,transcrib]'s note3 ,! ext5sive & l5g?y footnotes h be5 r5umb]$ & plac$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,,roman ,,f>m ,,managem5t ,,! ,,treatises ,,( ,,cato ,,& ,,v>ro ,,done ,,into ,,engli%1 ,,) ,,notes ,,( ,,mod]n ,,in/ances ,,by ,a ,,virg9ia ,,f>m] #aiah ,,preface ,! pres5t editor made ! acqua9tance ( ,cato & ,v>ro /&+ at a book /all on ! ,quai ,voltaire 9 ,p>is1 & !y c>ri$ him away 9 imag9ation1 dur+ a pleasant half h\r1 n to ! v9ey>ds & olive y>ds ( ,roman ,italy1 b to ! blue hills ( a f> di/ant ,virg9ia :]e ! corn 0 beg9n+ to tassel & ! fat cattle 7 loaf+ 9 ! pa/ures4 ,subsequ5tly1 :5 x appe>$ t !re 0 !n no readily available ,engli% v]sion ( ! ,roman agronomi/s1 ?is translation 0 made1 9 ! _s ( old ,pi]o ,vettori1 ! k9dly ,flor5t9e s*ol>1 ^: portrait 0 pa9t$ by ,titian & ^: monum5t may /ill be se5 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santo ,spirito3 9 ! preface ( 8 edition ( ,v>ro he says t he und]took ! "w1 n = ! purpose ( display+ 8 le>n+1 b to aid o!rs 9 ! /udy ( an excell5t au?or4 ,victorius 0 ju/ifi$ by 8 s*ol>%ip & ! pres5t editor has no su* claim to att5tion3 he1 !re=e1 makes ! confession frankly 7to anticipate p]haps su* criticism z ,b5tley's a v pretty poem1 ,mr4 ,pope1 b don't call x ,hom]7 & (f]s ! little book to ^? :o love ! c\ntry1 & to read ab\t ! c\ntry amid/ ! cr[d$ life ( t[ns1 ) ! hope t !y may f9d 9 x "s measure ( ! pleasure x has af=d$ ! editor4 ,! texts & comm5t>ies us$ h be5 ^? ( ,s*neid] & ,keil1 ! latt] m accurate b ! =m] m sympa!tic4 ,f4,h4 ,,belvoir1 ,fauqui] ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia4 ,decemb]1 #aiab4 ,,=eword ,,to ,,second ,,edition ,! call = a repr9t ( ?is book has af=d$ ! opportunity to correct "s errors & to make sev]al additions to ! notes4 ,9 )hold+ 8 "n f ! title page ! editor s\ght n s mu* to conceal 8 id5tity z to avoid ! appe>ance ( a p>ade 9 :at 0 to him ! unwont$ field ( polite lit]ature4 ,z1 h[ev]1 he is nei!r a%am$ ( ! book nor essays ! rle ( ,a violet by a mossy /one ,half hidd5 f ! eye1 he n[ & "h signs 8 "n4 ,,fairfax ,,h>rison4 ,,belvoir ,,h\se1 ,*ri/mas1 #aiag4 ,,cont5ts ,,note ,,^u ,,! ,,roman ,,agronomi/s ,,note ,,on ,,! ,,obligation ,,( ,,virgil ,,to ,,v>ro 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cato',s ,,de ,,agricultura ,,synopsis ,introduction3 ,( ! ,dignity ( ! ,f>m] ,( ,buy+ a ,f>m ,( ! ,duties ( ! ,own] ,( ,lay+ out ! ,f>m ,( ,/ock+ ! ,f>m ,( ! ,duties ( ! ,ov]se] ,( ! ,duties ( ! ,h\sekeep] ,( ! ,h&s ,( ,dra9+ ,( ,prep>+ ! ,se$ ,b$ ,( ,manure ,( ,soil ,improvem5t ,( ,=age ,crops ,( ,plant+ ,( ,pa/ures ,( ,fe$+ ,live ,/ock ,( ! ,c>e ( ,live ,/ock ,( ,cakes & ,salad ,( ,cur+ ,hams ,,v>ro',s ,,r]um ,,ru/ic>um ,,libri ,,tres ,,synopsis ,,book ,i ,,! ,,husb&ry ,,( ,,agriculture ,,*apt] ,i4 ,introduction3 ! lit]>y tradition ( c\ntry life ,( ! def9ition ( ,agriculture3 ,,ii4 a4 ,:at x is n ,,iii4 b4 ,:at x is ,,iv4 ,! purposes ( ,agriculture are pr(it & pleasure ,v4 ,! f\r-fold division ( ! /udy ( ,agriculture ,i ,conc]n+ ! f>m itself3 ,,vi4 ,h[ con=mation ( ! l& affects ,agriculture ,,vii4 ,h[ "* ( soil affects ,agriculture ,,viii4 7,a digression on ! ma9t5ance ( v9ey>ds7 ,,ix4 ,( ! diff]5t k9ds ( soils ,x4 ,( ! units ( area us$ 9 measur+ l& ,( ! consid]ations on build+ a /ead+3 ,,xi4 a4 ,size b4 ,wat] supply ,,xii4 c4 ,location1 ) reg>d to heal? ,,xiii4 d4 ,arrangem5t ,( ! protection ( f>m b\nd>ies3 ,,xiv4 a4 ,f5ces ,,xv4 b4 ,monum5ts ,,xvi4 ,( ! consid]ations ( neighb\rhood #b ,conc]n+ ! equipm5t ( a f>m3 ,,xvii4 ,( agricultural lab\r]s ,,xviii4 ,,xix4 ,( draught animals ,,xx4 ,,xxi4 ,( wat* dogs ,,xxii4 ,( f>m+ implem5ts #c ,conc]n+ ! op]ation ( a f>m3 ,,xxiii4 ,( plant+ field crops ,,xxiv4 ,( plant+ olives ,,xxv4 ,( plant+ v9es ,,xxvi4 #d ,conc]n+ ! agricultural seasons3 ,,xxvii4 ,( ! sol> measure ( ! ye>1 illu/rat$ by ,,xxviii4 ,a ,,cal5d> ,,( ,,agricultural ,,op]ations ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 9 eight seasons1 viz3 ,,xxix4 #a ,febru>y #g-,m>* #bd ,,xxx4 #b ,m>* #bd-,may #g ,,xxxi4 #c ,may #g-;,june #bd ,,xxxii4 #d ,june #bd-;,july #ba ,,xxxiii4 #e ,july #ba-,septemb] #bf ,,xxxiv4 #f ,septemb] #bf-,octob] #bh ,,xxxv4 #g ,octob] #bh-;,decemb] #bd ,,xxxvi4 #h ,decemb] #bd-;,febru>y #g ,,xxxvii4 ,( ! influ5ce ( ! moon on ,agriculture to :i* is add$ ,,ano!r ,,cal5d> ,,( ,,six ,,agricultural ,,seasons ) a comm5t>y on _! sev]al occupations1 viz3 ,,*apt] #a ,prep>+ "t3 ,( tillage1 ,,xxxviii4 ,( manur+1 ,,xxxix4 #b ,plant+ "t3 ,( ! f\r me?ods ( propagat+ plants1 viz3 ,,xl4 a4 ,se$+ & "h ( se$ selection b4 ,transplant+ c4 ,cuttage d4 ,graftage1 & e4 ,a new me?od1 in>*+ ,,xli4 ,( :5 to use ^! diff]5t me?ods ,,xlii4 ,( se$+ alfalfa ,,xliii4 ,( se$+ clov] & cabbage ,,xliv4 ,( se$+ gra9 #c ,cultivat+ "t3 ,,xlv4 ,( ! conditions ( plant gr[? ,,xlvi4 ,( ! me*anical action ( plants ,,xlvii4 ,( ! protection ( nurs]ies & mead[s ,,xlviii4 ,( ! /ructure ( a :eat plant ,,xlix4 #d ,h>ve/ "t3 ,( ! hay h>ve/ ,l4 ,( ! :eat h>ve/ ,,li4 ,! ?re%+ floor ,,lii4 ,?re%+ & w9n[+ ,,liii4 ,glean+ ,,liv4 ,( ! v9tage ,,lv4 ,( ! olive h>ve/ #e ,h\s+ "t3 ,,lvi4 ,( /or+ hay ,,lvii4 ,( /or+ gra9 ,,lviii4 ,( /or+ legumes ,,lix4 ,( /or+ pome fruits ,,lx4 ,( /or+ olives ,,lxi4 ,( /or+ amurca ,,lxii4 #f ,consum+ "t3 ,,lxiii4 ,( clean+ gra9 ,,lxiv4 ,( cond5s+ amurca ,,lxv4 ,( rack+ w9e ,,lxvl4 ,( pres]v$ olives ,,lxvil4 ,( nuts1 dates & figs ,,lxviii4 ,( /or$ fruits ,,lxix4 ,( m>ket+ gra9 ,epilogue3 ! dang]s ( ! /reets ( ,rome ,,book ,,ii ,,! ,,husb&ry ,,( ,,live ,,/ock ,introduction3--! decay ( c\ntry life ,i4 ,( ! orig91 ! importance & ! economy ( live /ock husb&ry ,,ii4 ,( %eep ,,iii4 ,( goats ,,iv4 ,( sw9e ,v4 ,( neat cattle ,,vi4 ,( asses ,,vii4 ,( horses ,,viii4 ,( mules ,,ix4 ,( h]d dogs ,n4 ,( %eph]ds ,,xi4 ,( milk & *eese & wool ,,book ,,iii ,,! ,,husb&ry ,,( ,,! ,,/ead+ ,i4 ,introduction3 ! antiquity ( c\ntry life ,,ii4 ,( ! def9ition ( a ,roman villa ,,iii4 ,( ! ,roman developm5t ( ! indu/ries ( ! /ead+ ,,iv4 ,( avi>ies ,v4 a4 = pr(it b4 = pleasure 7includ+ "h ! description ( ,v>ro's own avi>y7 ,,vi4 ,( pea-cocks ,,vii4 ,( pigeons ,,viii4 ,( turtle doves ,,ix4 ,( p\ltry ,x4 ,( geese ,,xi4 ,( ducks ,,xii4 ,( rabbits ,,xiii4 ,( game pres]ves ,,xiv4 ,( snails ,,xv4 ,( dormice ,,xvi4 ,( bees ,,xvii4 ,( fi% ponds ,,index4 ,,roman ,,f>m ,,managem5t ,,note ,,^u ,,! ,,roman ,,agronomi/s ,quaecunque autem propt] discipl9am ruris no/rorum temporum cum priscis discrepant1 non det]r]e deb5t a lectione disc5tem4 ,nam multo plura rep]iuntur1 apud vet]es1 quae nobis prob&a s9t1 quam quae repudi&a4 ,,columella ,i1 ,i4 ,! /udy ( ! ,roman treatises on f>m managem5t is pr(itable to ! mod]n f>m] h[ev] practical & sci5tific he may be4 ,he w n f9d 9 !m any ?+ ab\t bact]ia & ! nodul> hypo!sis 9 respect ( legumes1 nor any ?+ ab\t plant metabolism1 nor ev5 any ?+ ab\t ! effects ( creat99e on gr[? & absorption2 b1 important & fasc9at+ z are ! illum9ations ( mod]n sci5ce ^u practical agriculture1 ! intellig5t f>m] ) imag9ation 7e successful f>m] has imag9ation1 :e!r or n he is intellig5t7 w f9d "s ?+ q z important to 8 welf>e 9 ! body ( ,roman husb&ry :i* has come d[n to u1 namely3 a backgr\nd = 8 daily r\t9e1 an appreciation t two ?\s& ye>s ago m5 7 /udy+ ! same problems & solv+ !m by intellig5t reason+4 ,columella well says t 9 read+ ! anci5t writ]s we may f9d 9 !m m to approve ?an to disapprove1 h[ev] mu* our new sci5ce may lead u to diff] f !m 9 practice4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,roman me?ods ( f>m managem5t1 view$ 9 ! light ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! art 9 ,am]ica1 7 ?or\ghness & pati5ce4 ,! ,romans _h le>n$ _m ?+s :i* we are n[ le>n+ aga91 su* z gre5 manur+ ) legumes1 soil+1 se$ selection1 ! te/+ ( soil = s\rness1 int5sive cultivation ( a fall[ z well z ( a crop1 cons]vative rotation1 ! importance ( live /ock 9 a sy/em ( g5]al f>m+1 ! pres]vation ( ! *emical cont5t ( manure & ! compo/+ ( ! rubbi% ( a f>m1 b !y br\ght to _! f>m+ op]ations "s ?+ m :i* we h n altoge!r le>n$--! "* :i* made !m a p ( endur+ a*ievem5t4 ,v>ro quotes "o ( _! prov]bs ,romanus s$5do v9cit1 :i* illu/rates my pres5t po9t4 ,! ,romans a*iev$ _! results by ?or\ghness & pati5ce4 ,x 0 ?us t !y defeat$ ,hannibal & x 0 ?us t !y built _! f>m h\ses & f5ces1 cultivat$ _! fields1 _! v9ey>ds & _! olivey>ds1 & br$ & f$ _! live /ock4 ,!y seem to h realiz$ t !re are no %ort cuts 9 ! processes ( nature1 & t ! law ( comp5sations is inv>iable4 ,! f\ndation ( _! agriculture 0 ! fall[#a & "o f9ds !m con/antly us+ x z a simile--9 ! advice n to bre$ a m>e e ye>1 z 9 t n to exact too mu* tribute f a bee hive4 ,ovid ev5 w>ns a lov] to all[ fall[ seasons to int]v5e 9 8 c\rt%ip4 ,:ile "o c f9d in/ruction 9 _! practice ev5 today1 "o c b5efit ev5 m f _! agricultural philosophy1 = ! *>act]i/ic ( ! ,am]ican f>m] is t he is 9 too mu* ( a hurry4 ,! anci5t lit]ature ( f>m managem5t 0 volum9\s4 ,v>ro cites fifty ,greek au?ors on ! subject ^: works he knew1 beg9n+ ) ,hesiod & ,x5ophon4 ,mago ( ,c>?age wrote a treatise 9 ! ,punic tongue :i* 0 s highly e/eem$ t ! ,roman ,s5ate ord]$ x translat$ into ,lat91 b1 l mo/ ( ! ,greeks1#b x is n[ lo/ to u except 9 ! lit]>y tradition4 ,columella says t x 0 ,cato :o taught ,agriculture to speak ,lat94 ,cato's book1 writt5 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury ,b4 ,c1 0 ! fir/ on ! subject 9 ,lat92 inde$1 x 0 "o ( ! v fir/ books writt5 9 t v]nacul> at all4 ,( ! o!r ,lat9 writ]s ^: bucolic works h surviv$1 ,v>ro & ,virgil wrote at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,augu/an ,age & 7 foll[$ by ! ,spani% ,columella "u ,tib]ius1 & by ,pl9y 7) 8 ,natural ,hi/ory7 "u ,titus4 ,aft] !m 7& a long way aft]1 z ,mr4 ,pun* says7 came 9 ! f\r? c5tury ! wor?y b dull ,palladius1 :o suppli$ ! hornbook us$ by ! agricultural monks ?r\gh\t ! ,d>k ,ages4 ,,m>cus ,,porcius ,,cato 7,b4,c4 #bcd-adi71 kn[n 9 hi/ory z ! eld] ,cato1 0 ! type ( ,roman produc$ by ! mo/ vigor\s days ( ! ,republic4 ,born at ,tusculum on ! n>r[ acres :i* 8 peasant =efa!rs _h till$ 9 ! int]vals ( milit>y s]vice1 he comm5c$ advocate at ! c\ntry assizes1 foll[$ 8 =tunes to ,rome & !re became a lead] ( ! metropolitan b>4 ,he saw gallant milit>y s]vice 9 ,spa9 & 9 ,greece1 comm&$ an army1 held all ! curule (fices ( /ate & end$ a cont5ti\s life 9 ! ,s5ate d5\nc+ ,c>?age & ! deg5]acy ( ! times4 ,he 0 an up/&+ man1 b z co>se z he 0 vigor\s 9 m9d & 9 body4 ,roman lit]ature is full ( anecdotes ab\t him & 8 wise & witty say+s4 ,unlike _m m5 :o h devot$ a toilsome y\? to agricultural lab\r1 :5 he atta9$ fame & =tune he ma9ta9$ 8 int]e/ 9 8 f>m1 & wrote 8 ,de re ru/ica 9 gre5 old age4 ,x tells :at sort ( f>m manag] he himself 01 or want$ to be ?\ght to be1 &1 ?\gh a m]e collection ( r&om notes1 sets =? m %rewd common s5se & agricultural exp]i5ce ?an x is possible to pack into ! same numb] ( ,engli% words4 ,x rema9s today ( mu* m ?an antiqu>ian int]e/4 ,,m>cus ,,t]5tius ,,v>ro 7,b4,c4 #aaf-bh7 :om ,qu9tilian call$ ! mo/ le>n$ ( ! ,romans1 & ,petr>* il t]zo gran lume ,romano1 rank+ him ) ,cic]o & ,virgil1 probably /udi$ agriculture be=e he /udi$ any ?+ else1 = he 0 born on a ,sab9e f>m1 & al?\gh ( a well to d family1 0 br$ 9 ! habits ( simplicity & rural indu/ry ) :i* ! poets h made t "n synonym\s4 ,all 8 life he amus$ ! leisure snat*$ f 8 /udies ) intellig5t sup]vision ( ! f>m+ ( 8 sev]al e/ates3 & he wrote 8 treatise ,r]um ,ru/ic>um 9 8 eightie? ye>4#c ,he _h 8 %>e ( active life1 b x 0 z a s*ol> t he di/+ui%$ himself4#d ,belong+ to ! ari/ocratic p>ty1 he became a fri5d & support] ( ,pompey1 &1 aft] hold+ a naval comm& "u him 9 ! w> aga9/ ! ,pirates 9 ,b4,c4 #fg1 0 8 legatus 9 ,spa9 at ! beg9n+ ( ! civil w>s & !re surr5d]$ to ,caes>4 ,he 0 aga9 on ! los+ side at ! battle ( ,ph>salia1 b 0 p>don$ by ,caes>1 :o select$ him to be libr>ian ( ! public libr>y he propos$ to e/abli% at ,rome4#e ,f ?is "t ,v>ro es*ew$ politics & devot$ himself to lett]s1 al?\gh 8 tr\bles 7 n yet at an end3 aft] ! dea? ( ,caes>1 ! ru?less ,antony despoil$ 8 villa at ,cas9um 7:]e ,v>ro _h built ! avi>y describ$ 9 book ,?ree71 & l ,cic]o he 0 includ$ 9 ! proscriptions :i* foll[$ ! compact ( ! triumvirs1 b 9 ! end unlike ,cic]o he escap$ & sp5t 8 la/ ye>s peacefully at 8 villas at ,cumae & ,tusculum4 ,8 lit]>y activity 0 a/oni%+3 he wrote at lea/ six hundr$ books cov]+ a wide range ( antiqu>ian rese>*4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o de>ly lov$ to turn a balanc$ phrase1 says t ,v>ro _h read s mu* t x is difficult to und]/& :5 he f\nd "t to write1 :ile on ! o!r h& he wrote s mu* t "o c sc>cely read all 8 books4 ,cic]o1 :o claim$ him z an intimate fri5d1 describes 7,acad4 ,ill7 :at ,v>ro _h writt5 be=e ,b4,c4 #df1 b he w5t on produc+ to ! end ( 8 long life1 eighte5 ye>s lat]3 ,=1 says ,cic]o1 :ile we are soj\rn]s1 s to speak1 9 our own city & w&]+ ab\t l /rang]s1 y\r books h conduct$ u1 z x 71 home aga91 s z to enable u at la/ to recognize :o & :5ce we are4 ,y h discuss$ ! antiquities ( our c\ntry & ! v>iety ( dates & *ronology relat+ to x4 ,y h expla9$ ! laws :i* regulate sacrifices & prie/s3 y h unfold$ ! cu/oms ( ! city bo? 9 w> & peace3 y h describ$ ! v>i\s qu>t]s & di/ricts3 y h omitt$ m5tion+ none ( ! names1 or k9ds1 or functions1 or causes ( div9e or human ?+s3 y h ?r[n a flood ( light on our poets & altoge!r on ,lat9 lit]ature & ! ,lat9 language3 y h y\rself compos$ a poem ( v>i$ beauties & elegant 9 almo/ e "p3 & y h 9 _m places t\*$ ^u philosophy 9 a mann] suffici5t to excite our curiosity1 ?\gh inadequate to in/ruct u4 ,( ,v>ro's works1 beside ! ,r]um ,ru/ic>um1 !re h surviv$ only fragm5ts1 includ+ a consid]able portion ( ! treatise on ! ,lat9 language3 ! /ory is t mo/ ( 8 books 7 delib]ately de/roy$ at ! procurem5t ( ! ,*ur* 7some?+ n impossible1 z witness ! ,emp]or ,!odosius 9 ,corpus ,juris ,civilis4 ,cod4 ,lib4 ,i1 tit4 ,i1 cap4 #c1 ,i7 to conceal ,/4 ,augu/9e's plagi>ism f !m2 yet ! ,de ,civitate ,dei1 :i* is l>gely devot$ to refut+ ,v>ro's pagan !ology1 is a p]5nial monum5t to 8 fame4 ,/4 ,augu/9e says 7,,vi1 #b73 ,al?\gh 8 elocution has less *>m1 he is s full ( le>n+ & philosophy t 444 he in/ructs ! /ud5t ( facts z mu* z ,cic]o delights ! /ud5t ( /yle4 ,v>ro's treatise on f>m managem5t is ! be/ practical book on ! subject :i* has come d[n to u f antiquity4 ,x has n ! spontane\s orig9ality ( ,cato1 nor ! detail & suave elegance ( ,columella4 ,walt] ,h>te 9 8 ,essays on ,husb&ry 7#agfd7 says t ,cato writes l an ,engli% squire & ,v>ro l a ,fr5* academician4 ,?is is j comm5t on ,cato b x is at once too mu* & too little to say ( ,v>ro3 a ,fr5* academician might be pr\d ( 8 antiqu>ian le>n+1 b w\ld balk at 8 awkw>d & homely ,lat91 z inde$ "o ,fr5* academician1 ,m4 ,boissi]1 has s9ce done4 ,! real m]it ( ,v>ro's book is t x is ! well dige/$ sy/em ( an exp]i5c$ & successful f>m] :o has se5 & practis$ all t he records4 ,! au?ority f :i* ,virgil drew ! practical f>m+ lore1 = :i* he has be5 extoll$ 9 all ages1 0 ,v>ro3 inde$1 z a f>m manual ! ,georgics g a/ray only :5 !y dep>t f ,v>ro4 ,x is wor? :ile to elaborate ?is po9t1 :i* ,pr(essor ,sell>1 9 8 argum5t = ! orig9ality ( ,virgil1 only sugge/s4#f ,aft] ,philippi ! times 7 ripe = books on agriculture4 ,! ,roman _w _h be5 divid$ betwe5 ,octavian & ,antony & !re 0 peace 9 ,italy3 m5 7 turn+ back to ! l&4 ,an agricultural reg5]ation ( ,italy 0 imp5d+1 *iefly 9 viticulture1 z ,f]r]o has po9t$ out4 ,) f> sight$ appreciation ( ! economic advantages ( ?is1 ,octavian det]m9$ to promote ! movem5t1 :i* became "o ( ! complet$ glories ( ! ,augu/an ,age1 :5 ,horace sang ,tua1 ,caes>1 aetas ,fruges et agris rettulit ub]es4 ,v>ro's book appe>$ 9 ,b4,c4 #cg & dur+ t ye> ,maec5as commission$ ,virgil to put into v]se ! _s ( ! times2 j z1 "u simil> circum/ances1 ,cromwell p5sion$ ,samuel ,h>tlib4 ,su* is ! co-incid5ce ( ! dates t x is n impossible t ! ,r]um ,ru/ic>um sugge/$ ! subject ( ! ,georgics1 ei!r to ,virgil or to ,maec5as4 ,!re is no evid5ce 9 ! ,bucolics t ,virgil ev] _h any practical k ( agriculture be=e he und]took to write ! ,georgics4 ,8 fa!r 01 x is true1 a f>m]1 b app>5tly 9 a small way & unsuccessful1 = he _h to eke out a frugal livelihood by keep+ bees & s]v+ z ! hirel+ deputy ( a viator or con/able4 ,?is type ( f>m] p]si/s & may be recogniz$ 9 any rural community3 b ! agricultural colleges d n enli/ su* m5 into _! faculties4 ,s x is possible t ,virgil ow$ little agricultural k to 8 fa!r's precepts or example4 ,virgil p]haps _h t5d$ 8 fa!r's flock1 z he pictures himself do+ "u ! guise ( ,tityrus2 c]ta9ly he sp5t _m h\rs ( y\? patulae recubans sub tegm9e fagi /eep+ 8 ,celtic s\l ) ! beauty & ! melan*oly poetry ( ! ,lomb>d l&scape3 & s he came to "k & to love bird & fl[] & ! ext]nal aspects ( :eat & woodl& til? & v9ey>d1 hive & horse & h]d1 b x does n appe> t he ev] foll[$ ! pl\gh1 or1 :at is m important1 ev] laid (f a pl\ghgate4 ,z a poet ( nature no "o 0 ev] bett] equipp$ 7! highe/ te/imony is t ( ,t5nyson71 b :5 x came to writ+ poetry ar\nd ! art ( f>m managem5t x 0 necess>y = him to turn to books = 8 facts4 ,he ackn[l$ges 7,geo4 ,i1 #agf7 8 obligation only to vet]um praecepta )\t nam+ !m1 b z ,m4 ,ga/on ,boissi] says he 0 evid5tly ref]r+ to ,v>ro le plus mod]ne de t\s les anci5s4#g ,virgil evid5tly reg>d$ ,v>ro's treatise z a solid f\ndation = 8 poem & he us$ x freely1 j z he drew on ,hesiod = lit]>y inspiration1 on ,lucretius = imag9ative philosophy1 & on ,mago & ,cato & ! two ,sas]nas = local col\r4 ,virgil probably _h also ! advantage ( p]sonal contact ) ,v>ro dur+ ! sev5 ye>s he 0 compos+ & poli%+ ! ,georgics4 ,he sp5t !m l>gely at ,naples 7,geo4 ,,iv1 #efc7 & ,v>ro 0 !n e/abli%$ 9 retirem5t at ,cumae3 ?us !y 7 neighb\rs1 &1 al?\gh !y belong$ to diff]5t political p>ties1 ! "y poet mu/ h kn[n & visit$ ! old polyma?2 !re 0 e reason = him to h tak5 advantage ( ! opportunity4 ,:atev] ju/ification !re may be = ?is conjecture1 ! fact rema9s t ,v>ro is 9 ! backgr\nd e :]e ?r\gh\t ! ,georgics1 z ! deadly p>allel 9 ! app5d$ note w indicate4 ,?is is p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ ?+ ab\t ,v>ro's treatise3 in/ructive & ent]ta9+ z x is to ! f>m]1 9 ! l>ge s5se ( ! effect ( lit]ature on mank9d1 ,virgil gave x w+s--! useful c>t horse became ,pegasus4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ! *orus ( praise ( ! ,georgics1 !re h be5 ^?1 9 all ages1 :o h sne]$ at ,virgil's f>m+4 ,! fir/ su* advocatus diaboli 0 ,s5eca1 :o1 writ+ to ,lucilius 7,ep4 #hf7 f ! f>m h\se ( ,scipio ,africanus1 fell f\l ( ! advice 7,geo1 ,i1 #baf7 to plant bo? beans & millet 9 ! spr+1 say+ t he _h j se5 at ! end ( ,june beans ga!r$ & millet s[$ on ! same day3 f :i* he g5]aliz$ t ,virgil disreg>d$ ! tru? to turn a graceful v]se1 & s\ght r to delight 8 read] ?an to in/ruct ! husb&man4 ,?is k9d ( *eap criticism does n increase our respect = ,n]o's philosophic m9i/]4#h ,:atev] may h be5 ,virgil's mi/akes1 e f>m] ( s5tim5t %\ld ?ank ,god t "o ( ! greate/ poems 9 any language conta9s z mu* z x does ( a s\nd tradition ( ! practical side ( 8 art1 & "h is :]e ,v>ro is entitl$ to ! appreciation :i* is always due ! s*oolma/] ( a g5ius4 ,,note ,,on ,,! ,,obligation ,,( ,,virgil ,,to ,,v>ro ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ ,georgic 7#a-e7 ,virgil lays out ! scope ( ! poem z deal+ ) ?ree subjects1 agriculture1 ! c>e ( live /ock & ! husb&ry ( bees4 ,?is 0 ,v>ro's plan 7,r4,r4 ,i1 ,i1 #b1 & ,i1 #b passim7 except t "u ! ?ird head ,v>ro includ$1 ) bees1 all ! o!r k9ds ( /ock :i* 7 usually kept at a ,roman /ead+4 ,v>ro ass]ts t 8 0 ! fir/ sci5tific classification ( ! subject ev] made4 ,virgil 7,g4 ,i1 #e-ac7 beg9s too ) ! invocation ( ! ,sun & ! ,moon & c]ta9 rural deities1 z did ,v>ro 7,r4,r4 ,i1 ,i1 #d74 ,! passages %\ld be comp>$ =1 z ,m4 ,ga/on ,boissi] has po9t$ out1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! po9t ( view ( ! two m5 is "h illu/rat$ by ! fact t ,v>ro appeals to purely ,roman deities1 :ile ,virgil invokes ! lit]>y gods ( ,greece4 ,foll[+ ! ,georgics ?r\gh1 "o :o has /udi$ ,v>ro w note o!r passages = :i* a sugge/ion may be f\nd 9 ,v>ro1 usually 9 facts1 b "s times 9 ?\ght & ev5 9 words1 viz3 ,be=e beg9n+ 8 agricultural op]ations a f>m] %\ld /udy ! "* ( ! c\ntry 7,g4 ,i1 #ej3 ,r4,r4 ,i1 #f71 ! prevail+ w9ds & ! climate 7,g4 ,i1 #ea3 ,r4,r4 ,i1 #b1 #c71 ! f>m+ practice ( ! neighb\rhood 7,g4 ,i1 #eb3 ,r4,r4 ,i1 #ah1 #g71 ?is l& is fit = corn1 t = v9es1 & ! o!r = trees1 7,g4 ,i1 #ed3 ,r4,r4 ,i1 #f1 #e74 ,he %\ld practise fall[ & rotation 7,g4 ,i1 #ga3 ,r4,r4 ,i1 #dd1 #b71 & comp5sate ! l& by plant+ legumes 7,g4 ,i1 #gd3 ,r4,r4 ,i1 #bc72 he %\ld irrigate 8 mead[s 9 summ] 7,g4 ,i1 #ajd3 ,r4,r4 ,i1 #ca1 #e71 & dra9 (f surface wat] 9 w9t] 7,g4 ,i1 #aac3 ,r4,r4 ,i1 #cf74 ,man has progress$ f a primitive /ate1 :5 he subsi/$ on nuts & b]ries1 to ! dome/ication ( animals & to agriculture 7,g4 ,i1 #aba-aei3 ,r4,r4 ,,ii1 #a1 #c74 ,! ?re%+ floor mu/ be protect$ f pe/s 7,g4 ,i1 #agh3 ,r4,r4 ,i1 #ea74 ,se$ %\ld be c>efully select$ 7,g4 ,i1 #aig3 ,r4,r4 #dj1 #b72 ! "t = s[+ gra9 is ! autumn 7,g4 ,i1 #bai3 ,r4,r4 ,i1 #cd74 ,ev]la/+ night prevails 9 ! ,arctic regions 7,g4 ,i1 #bdg3 ,r4,r4 ,i1 #b1 #e72 ! importance to ! f>m] ( ! f\r seasons 7,g4,i4 #beh2 ,r4,r4 ,i1 #bg7 & ! influ5ce ( ! ,moon 7,g4,i4 #bgf3 ,r4,r4 ,i1 #cg74 ,! sev]al me?ods ( propagat+ plants describ$ 7,g4 ,,ii1 #i-cd3 ,r4,r4 ,i1 #ci71 b "h ,v>ro foll[s ,!ophra/us 7,h4,p4 ,,ii1 #a72 trees gr[ sl[ly f se$ 7,g4 ,,ii1 #eg2 ,r4,r4 ,i1 #da1 #d72 olives are propagat$ f trun*eons 7,g4 ,,ii1 #fc2 ,r4,r4 ,i1 #da1 #f74 ,! praise ( ,italy 7,g4 ,,ii1 #acf-agf3 ,r4,r4 ,i1 #b1 #f71 :]e trees be> twice a ye> 7,g4 ,,ii1 #aej3 ,r4,r4 ,i1 #g1 #f74 ,c]ta9 plants affect c]ta9 soils 7,g4 ,,ii1 #agg3 ,r4,r4 ,i1 #i74 ,a physical exp]im5t 7,g4 ,,ii1 #bcj2 ,r4,r4 ,i1 #g72 ! advantage ( ! qu9cunx 9 plant+ 7,g4 ,,ii1 #bhf3 ,r4,r4 ,i1 #g74 ,f5ce ! v9ey>d to keep out live /ock 7,g4 ,,ii1 #cga3 ,r4,r4 ,i1 #ad72 ! goat a prop] sacrifice to ,bac*us 7,g4 ,,ii1 #chj3 ,r4,r4 ,i1 #b1 #ai74 ,be ! fir/ to put y\r v9e props "u cov] 7,g4 ,,ii1 #dji3 ,r4,r4 ,i1 #h1 #f74 ,! po9ts ( cattle 7,g4 ,,iii1 #ej3 ,r4,r4 ,,ii1 #e1 #g72 _! bre$+ age 7,g4 ,,iii1 #fa3 ,r4,r4 ,,ii1 #e1 #ac72 segregate ! bulls be=e ! bre$+ season 7,g4 ,,iii1 #bab3 ,r4,r4 ,,ii1 #e1 #ab74 ,recruit y\r h]d ) fre% blood 7,g4 ,,iii1 #fi3 ,r4,r4 ,,ii1 #e1 #ag74 ,h[ to break "y ox5 7,g4 ,,iii1 #afc3 ,r4,r4 ,i1 #bj74 ,( bre$+ live /ock1 ! males %\ld be fat1 ! females lean 7,g4 ,,iii1 #abc-abi3 ,r4,r4 ,,ii1 #e1 #ab74 ,! po9ts ( a horse 7,g4 ,,iii1 #gi3 ,r4,r4 ,,ii1 #g1 #e74 ,m>es fecundat$ by ! w9d 7,g4 ,,iii1 #bgc3 ,r4,r4 ,,ii1 #a1 #ai74 ,! c>e ( ! brood m>e 7,g4 ,,iii1 #ach3 ,r4,r4 ,,ii1 #g1 #aj74 ,! be>+ ( a spirit$ colt 9 ! field 7,g4 ,,iii1 #ge3 ,r4,r4 ,,ii1 #g1 #f72 ! tra9+ ( a colt1 rattl+ bridles 9 ! /able 7,g4 ,,iii1 #ahd3 ,r4,r4 ,,ii1 #g1 #ab74 ,supply b$d+ = ! %eep 7,g4 ,,iii1 #bih3 ,r4,r4 ,,ii1 #b1 #h71 ! goat /able %\ld face s\!a/ 7,g4 ,,iii1 #cjb3 ,r4,r4 ,,ii1 #c1 #f74 ,goats' hair us$ = milit>y purposes 7,g4 ,,iii1 #cac3 ,r4,r4 ,,ii1 #aa1 #aa47 ,goats affect r\gh pa/ure 7,g4 ,,iii1 #cad3 ,r4,r4 ,,ii1 #c1 #f74 ,a %eph]d's daily r\t9e 7,g4 ,,iii1 #cbb2 ,r4,r4 ,,ii1 #b1 #aj-aa74 ,! life ( %eph]ds 9 ! saltus 7,g4 ,,iii1 #cdj3 ,r4,r4 ,,ii1 #aj1 #f74 ,bew>e ( a ram ) a spott$ tongue 7,g4 ,,iii1 #chg3 ,r4,r4 ,,ii1 #b1 #d74 ,ano9t %eep z a precaution aga9/ scab 7,g4 ,,iii1 #ddh3 ,r4,r4 ,,ii1 #aa1 #g74 ,! location ( ! bee-/&3 a dr9k+ pool ) /ones 9 x 7,g4 ,,iv1 #bf3 ,r4,r4 ,,iii1 #af1 #bg72 plant$ r\nd ) bee plants 7,g4 ,,iv1 #be3 ,r4,r4 ,,iii1 #af1 #ac71 & free f an e*o 7,g4 ,,iv1 #ej3 ,r4,r4 ,,iii1 #af1 #ab74 ,:5 sav+ a sw>m spr9kle bees balm & beat cymbals 7,g4 ,,iv1 #fb3 ,r4,r4 ,,iii1 #af1 #g & #cj74 ,bees at w> obey _! lead]s 'z at ! s\nd ( a trumpet1' b may be quell$ by ! bee-keep] 7,g4 ,,iv1 #gj-hg3 ,r4,r4 ,,iii1 #af1 #i & #ce74 ,keep ! mottl$ k+ & de/roy ! black "o 7,g4 ,,iv1 #ij3 ,r4,r4 ,,iii1 #af1 #ah72 ! old ,corycian & ! bro!rs ,veiani 7,g4 ,,iv1 #abe3 ,r4,r4 ,,iii1 #af1 #aj73 ! bees' c>e ( _! k+ 7,g4 ,,iv1 #bab3 ,r4,r4 ,,iii1 #af1 #h74 ,take (f ! honey twice 9 ! season 7,g4 ,,iv1 #bba3 ,r4,r4 ,,iii1 #af1 #cd72 ! g5]ation ( bees f ! c>case ( an ox 7,g4 ,,iv1 #bha3 ,r4,r4 ,,ii1 #e1 #e7 & cf4 ! wisdom on ?is subject attribut$ to ,v>ro by ! ,geoponica 7,,xv1 #b74 ,,cato',s ,,de ,,agricultura ,introduction3 ( ! dignity ( ! f>m] ,! pursuits ( comm]ce w\ld be z admirable z !y are pr(itable if !y 7 n subject to s great risks3 & s1 likewise1 ( bank+1 if x 0 always hone/ly conduct$4 ,= our ance/ors consid]$1 & s orda9$ 9 _! laws1 t1 :ile ! ?ief %\ld be ca/ 9 d\ble damages1 ! usur] %\ld make f\r-fold re/itution4 ,f ?is we may judge h[ mu* less desirable a citiz5 !y e/eem$ ! bank] ?an ! ?ief4 ,:5 !y s\ght to comm5d an hone/ man1 !y t]m$ him good husb&man1 good f>m]4 ,?is !y rat$ ! sup]lative ( praise4#i ,p]sonally1 ,i ?9k highly ( a man actively & dilig5tly engag$ 9 comm]ce1 :o seeks !reby to make 8 =tune1 yet1 z ,i h said1 8 c>e] is full ( risks & pitfalls4 ,b x is f ! till]s ( ! soil t spr+ ! be/ citiz5s1 ! /an*e/ soldi]s2 & !irs are ! endur+ rew>ds :i* are mo/ grateful & lea/ envi$4 ,su* z devote !mselves to t pursuit are lea/ ( all m5 giv5 to evil c\nsels4 ,& n[1 to get to my subject1 ^! obs]vations w s]ve z preface to :at ,i h promis$ to discuss4 ,( buy+ a f>m 7,i7#aj ,:5 y h decid$ to pur*ase a f>m1 be c>eful n to buy ra%ly2 d n sp>e y\r visits & be n cont5t ) a s+le t\r ( inspection4 ,! m y g1 ! m w ! place please y1 if x be wor? y\r att5tion4 ,give he$ to ! appe>ance ( ! neighb\rhood1--a fl\ri%+ c\ntry %\ld %[ its prosp]ity4 ,:5 y g 91 look ab\t1 s t1 :5 ne$s be1 y c f9d y\r way out4 ,take c>e t y *oose a good climate1 n subject to de/ructive /orms1 & a soil t is naturally /rong4 ,if possible1 y\r f>m %\ld be at ! foot ( a m\nta91 look+ to ! ,s\?1 9 a heal?y situation1 :]e lab\r & cattle c be _h1 well wat]$1 ne> a good siz$ t[n1 & ei!r on ! sea or a navigable riv]1 or else on a good & mu* frequ5t$ road4 ,*oose a place :i* has n (t5 *ang$ own]%ip1 "o :i* is sold unwill+ly1 t has build+s 9 good repair4 ,bew>e t y d n ra%ly contemn ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs4 ,x is bett] to buy f a man :o has f>m$ successfully & built well4#aa ,:5 y inspect ! f>m1 look to see h[ _m w9e presses & /orage vats !re are2 :]e !re are none ( ^! y c judge :at ! h>ve/ is4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n ! numb] ( f>m+ implem5ts1 b :at is done ) !m1 t c\nts4 ,:]e y f9d few tools1 x is n an exp5sive f>m to op]ate4 ,"k t ) a f>m1 z ) a man1 h[ev] productive x may be1 if x has ! sp5d+ habit1 n mu* w be left ov]4#ab ,( ! duties ( ! own]4 7,,ii7 ,:5 y h arriv$ at y\r c\ntry h\se & h salut$ y\r h\sehold1 y %\ld make ! r\nds ( ! f>m ! same day1 if possible2 if n1 !n c]ta9ly ! next day4 ,:5 y h obs]v$ h[ ! field "w has progress$1#ac :at ?+s h be5 done1 & :at rema9s undone1 y %\ld summon y\r ov]se] ! next day1 & %\ld call = a report ( :at "w has be5 done 9 good season & :y x has n be5 possible to complete ! re/1 & :at w9e & corn & o!r crops h be5 ga!r$4 ,:5 y are advis$ on ^! po9ts y %\ld make y\r own calculation ( ! "t necess>y = ! "w1 if !re does n appe> to y to h be5 en\gh accompli%$4 ,! ov]se] w report t he himself has work$ dilig5tly1 b t "s slaves h be5 sick & o!rs truant1 ! wea!r has be5 bad1 & t x has be5 necess>y to "w ! public roads4 ,:5 he has giv5 ^! & _m o!r excuses1 y %\ld recall to 8 att5tion ! program ( "w :i* y _h laid out = him on y\r la/ visit & comp>e x ) ! results atta9$4 ,if ! wea!r has be5 bad1 c\nt h[ _m /ormy days !re h be51 & rehe>se :at "w c\ld h be5 done despite ! ra91 su* z wa%+ & pit*+ ! w9e vats1 clean+ out ! b>ns1 sort+ ! gra91 haul+ out & compo/+ ! manure1 clean+ se$1 m5d+ ! old ge>1 & mak+ new1 m5d+ ! smocks & hoods furni%$ = ! h&s4 ,on fea/ days ! old dit*es %\ld be m5d$1 ! public roads work$1 bri]s cut d[n1 ! g>d5 dug1 ! mead[ clean$1 ! h$ges trimm$ & ! clipp+s collect$ & burn$1 ! fi% pond clean$ out4 ,on su* days1 fur!rmore1 ! slaves' rations %\ld be cut d[n z comp>$ ) :at is all[$ :5 !y are work+ 9 ! fields 9 f9e wea!r4 ,:5 ?is r\t9e has be5 discuss$ quietly & ) good hum\r & is ?or\ghly und]/ood by ! ov]se]1 y %\ld give ord]s = ! completion ( ! "w :i* has be5 neglect$4 ,! acc\nts ( money1 supplies & provisions %\ld !n be consid]$4 ,! ov]se] %\ld report :at w9e & oil has be5 sold1 :at price he got1 :at is on h&1 & :at rema9s = sale4 ,security %\ld be tak5 = su* acc\nts z ought to be secur$4 ,all o!r unsettl$ matt]s %\ld be agre$ ^u4 ,if any ?+ is ne$$ = ! com+ ye>1 x %\ld be b\ght2 e ?+ :i* is n ne$$ %\ld be sold4 ,:atev] !re is = lease %\ld be leas$4 ,ord]s %\ld be giv5 7& take c>e t !y are 9 writ+7 = all "w :i* next x is desir$ to h done on ! f>m or let to contract4 ,y %\ld g ov] ! cattle & det]m9e :at is to be sold4 ,y %\ld sell ! oil1 if y c get y\r price1 ! surplus w9e & corn1 ! old cattle1 ! worn out ox51 & ! cull %eep1 ! wool & ! hides1 ! old & sick slaves1 & if any ?+ else is sup]flu\s y %\ld sell t4 ,! appetite ( ! good f>m] is to sell1 n to buy4#ad 7,,iv7 ,be a good neighb\r4 ,d n r\ghly give (f5ce to y\r own p4 ,if ! neighb\rhood reg>ds y k9dly1 y w f9d a readi] m>ket = :at y h to sell1 y w m easily get y\r "w done1 ei!r on ! place or by contract4 ,if y build1 y\r neighb\rs w aid y ) _! s]vices1 _! cattle & _! mat]ials4 ,if any mis=tune %\ld ov]take y 7:i* ,god =bid67 !y w protect y ) k9dly int]e/4#ae ,( lay+ out ! f>m 7,i7 ,if y ask me :at is ! be/ disposition to make ( y\r e/ate1 ,i w\ld say t %\ld y h b\ght a f>m ( "o hundr$ jug]a 7ab\t #ff acres7 all told1#af 9 ! be/ situation1 x %\ld be plant$ z foll[s3 #a a v9ey>d1 if x promises a good yield1 #b an irrigat$ g>d51 #c an osi] b$1 #d an olive y>d1 #e a mead[1 #f a corn field1 #g a wood lot1 #h a cultivat$ or*>d1 & #i a ma/ grove#ag4 7,,iii7 ,9 8 y\?1 ! f>m] ought1 dilig5tly to plant 8 l&1 b he %\ld pond] be=e he builds4 ,plant+ does n require reflection1 b dem&s action4 ,x is "t en\gh to build :5 y h rea*$ y\r ?irty-six? ye>1 if y h f>m$ y\r l& well mean:ile4 ,:5 y d build1 let y\r build+s be proportion$ to y\r e/ate1 & y\r e/ate to y\r build+s#ah4 ,x is fitt+ t ! f>m build+s %\ld be well con/ruct$1 t y %\ld h ample oil cell>s & w9e vats1 & a good supply ( casks1 s t y c wait = high prices1 some?+ :i* w r$\nd to y\r hon\r1 y\r pr(it & y\r self-respect4 7,,iv7 ,build y\r dwell+ h\se 9 accordance ) y\r means4 ,if y build well 9 a good situation & on a good prop]ty1 & furni% ! h\se suitably = c\ntry life1 y w come !re m (t5 & m will+ly#ai4 ,! f>m w !n be bett]1 few] mi/akes w be made1 & y w get l>g] crops4 ,! face ( ! ma/] is good = ! l&4#bj 7,,vi7 ,plant elm trees along ! roads & f5ce r[s1 s t y may h ! leaves to fe$ ! %eep & cattle1 & ! timb] w be available if y ne$ x4 ,if any :]e !re are banks ( /reams or wet places1 !re plant re$s2 & surr\nd !m ) will[s t ! osi]s may s]ve to tie ! v9es4 7,,vii7 ,x is mo/ conv5i5t to set out ! l& ne>e/ ! h\se z an or*>d1 :5ce fire wood & faggots may be sold & ! supply ( ! ma/] obta9$4 ,9 ?is enclosure %\ld be plant$ e ?+ fitt+ to ! l& & v9es %\ld be m>ri$ to ! trees4#ba 7,,viii7 ,ne> ! h\se lay out also a g>d5 ) g>l& fl[]s & vegetables#bb ( all k9ds1 & set x ab\t ) myrtle h$ges1 bo? :ite & black1 z well z ,delphic & ,cyprian laurel4 ,( /ock+ ! f>m 7,x7 ,an olive f>m ( two hundr$ & =ty jug]a 7#afj acres7 ought to be /ock$ z foll[s3 an ov]se]1 a h\se keep]1 five lab\r]s1 ?ree ox driv]s1 "o sw9eh]d1 "o ass driv]1 "o %eph]d2 9 all ?irte5 h&s3 ?ree pair ( ox51#bc ?ree asses ) pack saddles1 to haul out ! manure1 "o o!r ass to turn ! mill1 & "o hundr$ %eep4#bd ,( ! duties ( ! ov]se]4#be 7,v7 ,^! are ! duties ( ! ov]se]3 ,he %\ld ma9ta9 discipl9e4 ,he %\ld obs]ve ! fea/ days4 ,he %\ld respect ! rights ( o!rs & /eadfa/ly uphold 8 own4 ,he %\ld settle all qu>rels among ! h&s2 if any "o is at fault he %\ld adm9i/] ! puni%m5t4 ,he %\ld take c>e t no "o on ! place is 9 want1 or lacks food or dr9k2 9 ?is respect he c af=d to be g5]\s1 = he w ?us m easily prev5t pick+ & /eal+4#bf ,unless ! ov]se] is ( evil m9d1 he w himself d no wrong1 b if he p]mits wrong-do+ by o!rs1 ! ma/] %\ld n suff] su* indulg5ce to pass ) impunity4 ,he %\ld %[ appreciation ( c\rtesy1 to enc\rage o!rs to practise x4 ,he %\ld n be giv5 to gadd+ or conviviality1 b %\ld be always sob]4 ,he %\ld keep ! h&s busy1 & %\ld see t !y d :at ! ma/] has ord]$4 ,he %\ld n ?9k t he kn[s m ?an 8 ma/]4 ,! fri5ds ( ! ma/] %\ld be 8 fri5ds1 & he %\ld give he$ to ^? :om ! ma/] has recomm5d$ to him4 ,he %\ld conf9e 8 religi\s practices to *ur* on ,sunday1 or to 8 own h\se4#bg ,he %\ld l5d money to no man unbidd5 by ! ma/]1 b :at ! ma/] has l5t he %\ld collect4 ,he %\ld nev] l5d any se$ res]v$ = s[+1 fe$1 corn1 w9e1 or oil1 b he %\ld h relations ) two or ?ree o!r f>ms ) :i* he c ex*ange ?+s ne$$ 9 em]g5cy4 ,he %\ld /ate 8 acc\nts ) 8 ma/] frequ5tly4 ,he %\ld n keep any hir$ m5 or day h&s long] ?an is necess>y4 ,he %\ld n sell any ?+ )\t ! k ( ! ma/]1 nor %\ld he conceal any ?+ f ! ma/]4 ,he %\ld n h any hang]s-on1 nor %\ld he consult any soo?say]1 =tune tell]1 necromanc]1 or a/rolog]4 ,he %\ld n sp>e se$ 9 s[+1 = t is bad economy4 ,he %\ld /rive to be exp]t 9 all k9ds ( f>m "w1 &1 )\t exhau/+ himself1 (t5 l5d a h&4 ,by s do+1 he w bett] und]/& ! po9t ( view ( 8 h&s1 & !y w "w m cont5t$ly2 moreov]1 he w h less incl9ation to gad1 8 heal? w be bett]1 & he w sleep m refre%+ly4 ,fir/ up 9 ! morn+1 he %\ld be ! la/ to g to b$ at night2 & be=e he does1 he %\ld see t ! f>m gates are clos$1 & t ea* ( ! h&s is 9 8 own b$1 t ! /ock h be5 f$4 ,he %\ld see t ! be/ ( c>e is tak5 ( ! ox51 & %\ld pay ! highe/ complim5ts to ! team/]s :o keep _! cattle 9 ! be/ condition4 ,he %\ld see to x t ! pl\ghs & pl\gh %>es are kept 9 good repair4 ,plan all ! "w 9 ample "t1 = s x is ) f>m "w1 if "o ?+ is done late1 e ?+ w be late4 7,,xxxix7 ,:5 x ra9s try to f9d "s ?+ to d indoors4 ,clean up1 r ?an rema9 idle4 ,rememb] t :ile "w may /op1 exp5ses /ill g on4 ,( ! duties ( ! h\sekeep] 7,,cxliii7 ,! ov]se] %\ld be responsible = ! duties ( ! h\sekeep]4 ,if ! ma/] has giv5 h] to y = a wife1 y %\ld be satisfi$ ) h]1 & %e %\ld respect y4 ,require t %e be n giv5 to wa/eful habits2 t %e does n gossip ) ! neighb\rs & o!r wom54 ,%e %\ld n receive visitors ei!r 9 ! kit*5 or 9 h] own qu>t]s4 ,%e %\ld n g out to p>ties1 nor %\ld %e gad ab\t4#bh ,%e %\ld n practise religi\s obs]vances1 nor %\ld %e ask o!rs to d s = h] )\t ! p]mission ( ! ma/] or ! mi/ress4 ,rememb] t ! ma/] practises religion = ! entire h\sehold4 ,%e %\ld be neat 9 appe>ance & %\ld keep ! h\se swept & g>ni%$4 ,e night be=e %e goes to b$ %e %\ld see t ! he>? is swept & clean4 ,on ! ,kal5ds1 ! ,ides1 ! ,nones1 & on all fea/ days1 %e %\ld hang a g>l& ov] ! he>?4 ,on ^? days also %e %\ld pray f]v5tly to ! h\sehold gods4 ,%e %\ld take c>e t %e has food cook$ = y & = ! h&s4 ,%e %\ld h pl5ty ( *ick5s & an abundance ( eggs4#bi ,%e %\ld dilig5tly put up all k9ds ( pres]ves e ye>4 ,( ! h&s 7,,lvi7 ,! foll[+ are ! cu/om>y all[ances = food3 ,= ! h&s1 f\r pecks ( meal = ! w9t]1 & f\r & "o-half = ! summ]4 ,= ! ov]se]1 ! h\sekeep]1 ! wagon]1 ! %eph]d1 ?ree pecks ea*4 ,= ! slaves1 f\r p\nds ( bread = ! w9t]1 b :5 !y beg9 to cultivate ! v9es ?is is increas$ to five p\nds until ! figs are ripe1 !n return to f\r p\nds4 7,,lvii7 ,! sum ( ! w9e all[$ = ea* h& p] annum is eight quadrantals1 or ,amphora1 b add 9 ! proportion z !y d "w4 ,t5 quadrantals p] annum is n too mu* to all[ !m to dr9k4 7,,lviii7 ,save ! w9d fall olives z mu* z possible z reli%es = ! h&s4 ,lat] set aside su* ( ! ripe olives z w make ! lea/ oil4 ,be c>eful to make !m g z f> z possible4 ,:5 ! olives are all eat51 give !m fi% pickles & v9eg>4 ,"o peck ( salt p] annum is en\gh = ea* h&4 7,,lix7 ,all[ ea* h& a smock & a cloak e o!r ye>4 ,z (t5 z y give out a smock or cloak to any "o take up ! old "o1 s t caps c be made out ( x4 ,a pair ( heavy wood5 %oes %\ld be all[$ e o!r ye>4 ,( dra9+ 7,,xliii7 ,if ! l& is wet1 x %\ld be dra9$ ) tr\gh %ap$ dit*es dug ?ree feet wide at ! surface & "o foot at ! bottom & f\r feet deep4 ,bl9d ^! dit*es ) rock4 ,if y h no rock !n fill !m ) gre5 will[ poles brac$ crosswise4 ,if y h no poles1 fill !n ) faggots4 ,!n dig lat]al tr5*es ?ree feet deep & f\r feet wide 9 su* way t ! wat] w fl[ f ! tr5*es into ! dit*es4 7,,clv7 ,9 ! w9t] surface wat] %\ld be dra9$ (f ! fields4 ,on hillsides c\rses %\ld be kept cle> = ! wat] to fl[ (f4 ,dur+ ! ra9y season at ! beg9n+ ( ,autumn is ! greate/ risk f wat]4 ,:5 x beg9s to ra9 all ! h&s %\ld g out ) picks & %ovels & cle> out ! dra9s s t ! wat] may fl[ (f into ! roads1 & ! crops be protect$4 ,( prep>+ ! se$ b$ 7,,lxi7 ,:at is ! fir/ pr9ciple ( good agriculture8 ,to pl\gh well4 ,:at is ! second8 ,to pl\gh aga92 & ! ?ird is to manure4 ,:5 y pl\gh corn l&1 pl\gh well & 9 good wea!r1 le/ y turn a cloddy furr[4 ,! o!r ?+s ( good agriculture are to s[ se$ pl5tifully1 to ?9 ! "y spr\ts1 & to hill up ! roots ) e>?4 7,v7 ,nev] pl\gh rott5 l&#cj nor drive flocks or c>ts across x4 ,if c>e is n tak5 ab\t ?is1 ! l& s abus$ w be b>r5 = ?ree ye>s4 ,( manure 7,v7 ,plan to h a big compo/ heap & take ! be/ ( c>e ( ! manure4 ,:5 x is haul$ out see t x is well rott$ & spread4 ,! ,autumn is ! "t to d ?is4 7,,xxxvii7 ,y c make manure ( litt]1 lup9e /raw1 *aff1 bean /alks1 husks & ! leaves ( ilex & ( oak4#ca 7,,xxx7 ,fold y\r %eep on ! l& :i* y are ab\t to se$1 & !re fe$ !m leaves4#cb ,( soil improvem5t 7,,xxxvii7 ,! ?+s :i* are h>mful to corn l& are to pl\gh ! gr\nd :5 x is rott51 & to plant *ick peas :i* are h>ve/$ ) ! /raw & are salt4 ,b>ley1 f5ugreek & pulse all exhau/ corn l&1 z well z all o!r ?+s :i* are h>ve/$ ) ! /raw4 ,d n plant nut trees 9 ! corn l&4 ,on ! o!r h&1 lup9es1 field beans & vet* manure corn l&4#cc 7,,vi7 ,:]e ! soil is ri* & f]tile1 )\t %ade1 !re ! corn l& ought to be4 ,:]e ! l& lies l[1 plant rape1 millet1 & panic grass4 ,( =age crops 7,,viii7 ,if y h a wat] mead[ y w n want =age1 b if n !n s[ an upl& mead[1 s t hay may n be lack+4 7,,liii7 ,save y\r hay :5 ! times comes1 & bew>e le/ y m[ too late4 ,m[ be=e ! se$ is ripe4 ,h\se ! be/ hay by itself1 s t y may fe$ x to ! draft cattle dur+ ! spr+ pl\gh+1 be=e ! clov] is mature4 7,,xxvii7 ,s[1 = fe$ = ! cattle1 clov]1 vet*1 f5ugreek1 field beans & pulse4 ,s[ ^! crops a second & a ?ird "t4 ,( plant+ 7,,xxxiv7 ,:]ev] ! l& is cold & wet1 s[ !re fir/1 & la/ ( all 9 ! w>me/ places4 ,( pa/ures 7,l7 ,manure ! pa/ures 9 e>ly spr+ 9 ! d>k ( ! moon1 :5 ! we/ w9d beg9s to bl[4 ,:5 y close y\r pa/ures 7to ! /ock7 clean !m & root out all we$s4 ,( fe$+ live /ock 7,,xxx7 ,z long z !y are available1 fe$ gre5 leaves ( elm1 popl>1 oak & fig to y\r cattle & %eep4 7,v7 ,/ore leaves1 also1 to be f$ to ! %eep be=e !y h )]$4#cd 7,,xxx7 ,take ! be/ ( c>e ( y\r dry fodd]1 :i* y h\se = ! w9t]1 & rememb] always h[ long ! w9t] may la/4 7,,iv7 ,be sure y h well con/ruct$ /ables furni%$ ) sub/antial /alls & equipp$ ) lattic$ fe$ racks4 ,! int]vals betwe5 ! b>s ( ! racks %\ld be "o foot4 ,if y build !m 9 ?is way1 ! cattle w n wa/e _! food4 7,,liv7 ,?is is ! way t prov5d] %\ld be prep>$ & f$3 ,:5 ! se$+ is f9i%$1 ga!r ma/ & soak x 9 wat]4 ,fe$ a measure ( x e day to ea* /e]2 or if !y h n be5 work$ x w be suffici5t to let !m pa/ure ! ma/ b$s4 ,ano!r good fe$ is a measure ( grape husks :i* y %all h pres]v$ 9 j>s4 ,by day turn ! cattle out & at night fe$ tw5ty-five p\nds ( hay to ea* /e]4 ,if hay is %ort1 fe$ ! leaves ( ! ilex & ivy4#ce ,/ack ! /raw ( :eat1 b>ley1 beans1 vet* & lup9e1 inde$ all ! gra9 /raws1 b pick out & h\se ! be/ ( x4 ,scatt] y\r /raw ) salt & y c !n fe$ x 9 place ( hay4 ,:5 9 ! spr+ y beg9 to fe$ 7m heavily to prep>e = "w71 fe$ a measure ( ma/ or ( grape husks1 or a measure ( gr\nd lup9es1 & fifte5 p\nds ( hay4 ,:5 ! clov] is ripe1 fe$ t fir/4 ,ga!r x by h& s t x w bloom a second "t1 = :at y h>ve/ ) ! sickle blooms no m4 ,fe$ clov] until x is dry1 !n fe$ vet* & !n panic grass1 & aft] ! panic grass fe$ elm leaves4 ,if y h popl>1 mix t ) ! elm s t ! elm may la/ ! long]4 ,if y h no elm fe$ oak & fig leaves4 ,no?+ is m pr(itable ?an to take good c>e ( y\r cattle4 ,cattle %\ld n be put out to graze except 9 w9t] :5 !y are n work$2 = :5 !y eat gre5 /uff !y expect x all ! "t1 & x is !n necess>y to muzzle !m :ile !y pl\gh4 ,( ! c>e ( live /ock 7,v7 ,! flocks & h]ds %\ld be well suppli$ ) litt] & _! feet kept clean4 ,if litt] is %ort1 haul 9 oak leaves1 !y w s]ve z b$d+ = %eep & cattle4 ,bew>e ( scab among ! %eep & cattle4 ,?is comes f hung] & exposure to ra94 7,,lxxii7 ,to prev5t ! ox5 f we>+ d[n _! ho(s1 ano9t ! bottom ( ! ho( ) liquid pepp] be=e driv+ !m on ! highroad4 7,,lxxiii7 ,take c>e t dur+ ! summ] ! cattle dr9k only sweet & fre% wat]4 ,_! heal? dep5ds on x4 7,,xcvi7 ,to prev5t scab among %eep1 make a mixture ( equal p>ts ( well /ra9$ amurca1#cf ( wat] 9 :i* lup9e has be5 /eep$1 & ( lees ( good w9e4 ,aft] %e>+1 ano9t all ! flock ) ?is mixture1 & let !m sweat pr(usely = two or ?ree days4 ,!n dip !m 9 ! sea4 ,if y h no sea wat]1 make salt wat] & dip !n 9 t4 ,if y w d ?is !y w suff] no scab1 !y w h m & bett] wool & !y w n be mole/$ by ticks4 7,,lxxi7 ,if an ox beg9s to sick51 give him )\t delay a raw h5's egg & make him swall[ x :ole4 ,! next day make him dr9k f a wood5 b[l a measure ( w9e 9 :i* has be5 scrap$ ! head ( an onion4 ,bo? ! ox & 8 att5dant %\ld d ^! ?+s fa/+ & /&+ upright4 7,,cii7 ,if a s]p5t %all bite an ox1 or any o!r quadrup$1 take a cup ( t extract ( f5nel1 :i* ! physicians call smyrnean1 & mix x ) a measure ( old w9e4 ,inject ?is ?r\gh 8 no/rils & at ! same "t p\ltice ! w\nd ) hogs' dung4#cg ,y c treat a man ! same way4 7,,clx7 ,if a bone is dislocat$ x c be made s\nd by ?is incantation4 ,take a gre5 re$ f\r or five feet long1 split x d[n ! middle & let two m5 hold ! pieces aga9/ y\r hips4 ,beg9 !n to *ant z foll[s3 ,9 ,alio4 ,s4,f4 ,motas ,vaeta1 ,d>ies ,d>d>ies ,a/at>ies ,dissunapit] & cont9ue until ! free ends ( ! re$ are br\ght sl[ly toge!r 9 front ( y4 ,mean:ile1 wave a knife above ! re$s1 & :5 !y come toge!r & "o t\*es ! o!r1 seize !m 9 y\r h& & cut !m "r & left4 ,^! pieces ( re$ b\nd ^u a dislocat$ or fractur$ bone w cure x4#ch ,b e day repeat ! incantation1 or 9 place ( x ?is "o3 ,huat ,hanat ,huat ,i/a ,pi/a ,si/a ,domiabo ,damnau/ra#ci ,( cakes & salad#dj 7,,lxxv7 ,?is is ! recipe = *eese cake 7libum73 ,bray well two p\nds ( *eese 9 a mort>1 &1 :5 ?is is done1 p\r 9 a p\nd ( corn meal 7or1 if y want to be m da9ty1 a half p\nd ( fl\r7 & mix x ?or\ghly ) ! *eese4 ,add "o egg & beat x well4 ,pat into a cake1 place x on leaves & bake sl[ly on a hot he>? /one "u a di%4 7,,cxix7 ,?is is ! recipe = olive salad 7epityrum73 ,select "s :ite1 black & mottl$ olives & /one !m4 ,mix & cut !m up4 ,add a dress+ ( oil1 v9eg>1 cori&]1 cum91 f5nel1 rue & m9t4 ,mix well 9 an e>!n w>e di%1 & s]ve ) oil4 7,,cxxi7 ,?is is ! recipe = mu/ cake 7mu/aceus73 ,spr9kle a peck ( :eat fl\r ) mu/4 ,add anise1 cum91 two p\nds ( l>d1 a p\nd ( *eese & %r$d$ laurel twigs4 ,:5 y h knead$ ! d\gh1 put laurel leaves "u x & s bake4 ,( cur+ hams 7,,clxii7 ,?is is ! way to cure hams 9 j>s or tubs3 ,:5 y h b\ght y\r hams trim (f ! hocks4 ,take a half peck 7semodius7 ( gr\nd ,roman salt = ea* ham4 ,cov] ! bottom ( ! j> or tub ) salt & put 9 a ham1 sk9 d[n4 ,cov] ! :ole ) salt & put ano!r ham on top1 & cov] ?is 9 ! same mann]4 ,be c>eful t meat does n t\* meat4 ,s proce$1 & :5 y h pack$ all ! hams1 cov] ! top ) salt s t no meat c be se51 & smoo? x out ev54 ,:5 ! hams h be5 9 salt five days1 take !m all out ) ! salt & repack !m1 putt+ ^? :i* 7 on top at ! bottom4 ,cov] !m 9 ! same way ) salt & press !m d[n4 ,aft] ! twelf? day remove ! hams f9ally1 bru% (f ! salt & hang !m = two days 9 ! w9d4 ,on ! ?ird day wipe !m (f clean ) a sponge & rub !m ) 7olive7 oil4 ,!n hang !m 9 smoke = two days1 & on ! ?ird day rub !m ) a mixture ( 7olive7 oil & v9eg>4 ,!n hang !m 9 ! meat h\se1 & nei!r bats nor worms w t\* !m4#da ,,v>ro',s ,,r]um ,,ru/ic>um ,,libri ,,tres ,,book ,i ,,! ,,husb&ry ,,( ,,agriculture ,introduction3 ! lit]>y tradition ( c\ntry life ,i ,_h ,i leisure1 ,fundania1 ?is book w\ld be m wor?y ( y1 b ,i write z be/ ,i may1 consci\s always ( ! necessity ( ha/e3 =1 if1 z ! say+ is1 all life is b a bubble1 ! m fragile is t ( an old man1 & my eightie? ye> admoni%es me to pack my f>del & prep>e = ! long j\rney4 ,y h b\ght a f>m & wi% to increase its f]tility by good cultivation1 & y ask me :at ,i w\ld d ) x 7 x m9e4 ,n only :ile ,i am /ill alive w ,i try to advise y 9 ?is1 b ,i w make my c\nsel available to y aft] ,i am dead4 ,= z x befel ! ,sibyl to h be5 ( s]vice to mank9d n alone :ile %e liv$1 b ev5 to ! utt]mo/ g5]ations ( m5 aft] h] demise 7= we are wont aft] s _m ye>s /ill to h solemn rec\rse to h] books = guidance 9 int]pretation ( /range port5ts71 s may n ,i1 :ile ,i /ill live1 bequea? my c\nsel to my ne>e/ & de>e/4#db ,i w !n write ?ree books = y1 to :i* y may h rec\rse = guidance 9 all ?+s :i* mu/ be done 9 ! managem5t ( a f>m4 ,& s9ce1 z m5 say1 ! gods aid ^? :o propitiate !m1 ,i w beg9 my book by invok+ div9e approval1 n l ,hom] & ,ennius1 f ! ,muses1 nor inde$ f ! twelve great gods ( ! city ^: gold5 images /& 9 ! =um1 six male & z _m female1 b f a solemn c\ncil ( ^? twelve div9ities :o are ! tutel>ies ( husb&m54 99 99 99 99 99 ,fir/3 ,i call ^u ,fa!r ,jupit] & ,"m ,e>?1 :o fecundate all ! processes ( agriculture 9 ! air & 9 ! soil1 & h5ce are call$ ! great p>5ts4 ,second3 ,i invoke ! ,sun & ! ,moon by :om ! seasons = s[+ & reap+ are measur$4 ,?ird3 ,i invoke ,c]es & ,bac*us because ! fruits !y mature are mo/ necess>y to life1 & by _! aid ! l& yields food & dr9k4 ,f\r?3 ,i invoke ,robigus & ,flora by ^: influ5ce ! blight is kept f crop & tree1 & 9 due season !y be> fruit 7= :i* reason is ! annual fe/ival ( ! robigalia celebrat$ 9 hon\r ( ,robigus1 & t ( ! floralia 9 hon\r ( ,flora74#dc ,next3 ,i supplicate ,m9]va1 :o protects ! olive2 & ,v5us1 goddess ( ! g>d51 :]e=e is %e wor%ipp$ at ! rural w9e fe/ivals4 ,& la/3 ,i adjure ,lympha1 goddess ( ! f\nta9s1 & ,bonus ,ev5tus1 god ( good =tune1 s9ce )\t wat] all vegetation is />v$ & /unt$ & )\t due ord] & good luck all tillage is 9 va94 99 99 99 99 99 ,& s hav+ paid my duty to ! gods1 ,i proce$ to rehe>se "s conv]sations#dd conc]n+ agriculture 9 :i* ,i h rec5tly tak5 "p4 ,f !m y w d]ive all ! practical in/ruction y require1 b 9 case any ?+ is lack+ & y wi% fur!r au?ority1 ,i ref] y to ! treatises ( ! ,greeks & ( our own c\ntrym54 ,! ,greek writ]s :o h treat$ incid5tally ( agriculture are m ?an fifty 9 numb]4 ,^? :om y may consult ) pr(it are ,hi]on ( ,sicily & ,attalus ,philometor1 among ! philosoph]s2 ,democritus ! physici/2 ,x5ophon ! disciple ( ,socrates2 ,ari/otle & ,!ophra/us1 ! p]ipatetics2 ,ar*ytas ! py?agorean2 likewise ! ,a!nian ,amphilo*us1 ,anaxipolis ( ,?asos1 ,apollodorus ( ,lemnos1 ,ari/ophanes ( ,mallos1 ,antigonus ( ,cyme1 ,aga?ocles ( ,*ios1 ,apollonius ( ,p]gamum1 ,ari/&rus ( ,a!ns1 ,bac*ius ( ,miletus1 ,bion ( ,soli1 ,*a]e/eus & ,*a]eas ( ,a!ns1 ,diodorus ( ,pri5e1 ,dion ( ,colophon1 ,diophanes ( ,nicaea1 ,epig5es ( ,rhodes1 ,evagon ( ,?asos1 ,euphronius ( ,a!ns1 & 8 "n sake ( ,amphipolis1 ,hegesias ( ,m>onea1 ! two ,m5&]s1 "o ( ,pri5e1 ! o!r ( ,h]aclaea1 ,nicesius ( ,m>onea1 ,py?ion ( ,rhodes4 ,among ! re/ ^: c\ntries ,i d n "k1 are ,&iotion1 ,aes*rion1 ,ari/om5es1 ,a!nagoras1 ,crates1 ,dadis1 ,dionysius1 ,euphiton1 ,euphorion1 ,eubulus1 ,lysima*us1 ,mnaseas1 ,m5e/ratus1 ,pl5tiphanes1 ,p]sis1 & ,!ophilus4 ,all ^? :om ,i h nam$ wrote 9 prose1 b !re are ^? also :o h writt5 9 v]se1 z ,hesiod ( ,ascra & ,m5ecrates ( ,ephesus4 ,! agricultural writ] ( ! greate/ reputation is1 h[ev]1 ,mago ! ,c>?ag9ian#de :o wrote 9 ! ,punic tongue & collect$ 9 tw5ty-eight books all ! wisdom :i* be=e him _h be5 scatt]$ 9 _m works4 ,cassius ,dionysius ( ,utica translat$ ,mago into ,greek 9 tw5ty books 7& d$icat$ 8 "w to ! praetor ,sextilius71 & not)/&+ t he r$uc$ ,mago by eight books he cit$ freely f ! ,greek au?ors :om ,i h nam$4 ,diophanes made a useful dige/ ( ,cassius 9 six books1 :i* he d$icat$ to ,deiot>us1 ,k+ ( ,bi?ynia4 ,i h v5tur$ to compress ! subject into ! /ill small] compass ( ?ree books1 ! fir/ on ! husb&ry ( agriculture1 ! second on ! husb&ry ( live /ock & ! ?ird on ! husb&ry ( ! /ead+4 ,f ! fir/ book ,i h exclud$ all ^? ?+s :i* ,i d n deem to relate imm$iately to agriculture3 ?us hav+ fir/ limit$ my subject ,i proce$ to discuss x1 foll[+ its natural divisions4 ,my in=mation has be5 d]iv$ f ?ree s\rces1 my own exp]i5ce1 my read+1 & :at ,i h he>d f o!rs4 ,( ! def9ition ( agriculture a4 ,:at x is n ,,ii4 ,on ! holiday :i* we call ,sem5tivae ,i came to ! temple ( ,tellus at ! invitation ( ! ,sacri/an 7,i 0 taught by my ance/ors to call him ,a$itumus b ! mod]n puri/ tells me ,i mu/ say ,a$ituus74 ,!re ,i f\nd assembl$ ,c4 ,fundanius1 my fa!r-9-law1 ,c4 ,agrius1 a ,roman ,knight & a disciple ( ! ,socratic s*ool1 & ,p4 ,agrasius1 ( ! ,rev5ue s]vice3 !y 7 gaz+ on a map ( ,italy pa9t$ on ! wall4 ,:at are y do+ "h8 said ,i4 ,has ! fe/ival ( ! se$-s[+ drawn y hi!r to sp5d y\r holiday aft] ! mann] ( our ance/ors1 by pray+ = good crops8 ,we are "h1 said ,agrius1 = ! same reason t y are1 ,i imag9e--because ! ,sacri/an has invit$ u to d9n]4 ,if ?is be true1 z y\r nod admits1 wait ) u until he returns1 = he 0 summon$ by 8 *ief1 ! a$ile1 & has n yet return$ ?\gh he left ^w = u to wait = him4 ,until he comes !n1 said ,i1 let u make a practical application ( ! anci5t prov]b t ',! ,roman conqu]s by sitt+ d[n4' ,y're "r1 cri$ ,agrius1 &1 rememb]+ t ! fir/ /ep ( a j\rney is ! mo/ difficult1#df he lead ! way to ! b5*es =?) & we foll[$4 ,:5 we 7 seat$ ,agrasius spoke up4 ,y :o h travell$ ov] _m l&s1 said he1 h y se5 any c\ntry bett] cultivat$ ?an ,italy8 ,i1 = "o1 don't believe1 repli$ ,agrius1 t !re is any c\ntry :i* is s int5sely cultivat$4 ,by a v natural division ,erato/h5es has divid$ ! e>? into two p>ts1 t fac+ ,s\? & t fac+ ,nor?3 & z )\t d\bt ! ,nor? is heal?i] ?an ! ,s\?1 s x is m f]tile1 = a heal?y c\ntry is always ! mo/ f]tile4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ !n t ! ,nor? is fitt] = cultivation ?an ,asia1 & p>ticul>ly is ?is true ( ,italy2 fir/1 because ,italy is 9 ,europe1 &1 second1 because ?is "p ( ,europe has a m temp]ate climate ?an ! int]ior4 ,= almo/ ev]la/+ w9t] grips ! l&s to ! ,nor? ( u4 ,nor is ?is to be wond]$ at s9ce !re are regions )9 ! ,arctic ,circle & at ! pole :]e ! sun is n se5 = six mon?s at a "t4 ,yea1 x is ev5 said t x is n possible to sail a %ip 9 ^? p>ts because ! v sea is froz5 ov]4 ,w\ld y ?9k x possible1 said ,fundanius1 = any ?+ to gr[ 9 su* a region1 &1 if x did gr[1 h[ c\ld x be cultivat$8 ,! trag$ian ,pacuvius has spok5 soo? :]e he says3 ',%\ld sun or night ma9ta9 e'er la/+ reign1 ,!n all ! grateful fruits ( e>? mu/ die1 ,nipp$ by ! cold1 or bla/$ by ! heat4' ,ev5 "h 9 ?is pleasant region1 :]e night & day revolve punctually1 ,i am n able to live 9 summ] unless ,i divide ! day ) my appo9t$ midday nap4 ,h[ is x possible to plant or to cultivate or to h>ve/ any ?+ !re :]e ! days & nights are six mon?s long4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :at useful ?+ is !re :i* does n only gr[ b fl\ri% 9 ,italy8 ,:at spelt %all ,i comp>e ) t ( ,campania8 ,:at :eat ) t ( ,apulia8 ,:at w9e ) t ( ,fal]num8 ,:at oil ) t ( ,v5afrum8 ,is n ,italy s cov]$ ) fruit trees t x seems "o va/ or*>d8 ,is ,phrygia1 :i* ,hom] calls ,greek3 ampeloessa1 m teem+ ) v9es1 or is ,argos1 :i* ! same poet calls ,greek3 polupuros m ri* 9 corn8#dg ,9 :at l& does "o jug]um produce t51 nay ev5 fifte51 cullei ( w9e1 z 9 "s regions ( ,italy8 ,has n ,m4 ,cato writt5 9 8 book ( ,orig9es ',t region ly+ ?is side ( ,arim9ium & beyond ,pic5um1 :i* 0 allott$ to coloni/s1 is call$ ,roman ,gaul4 ,!re 9 sev]al places a s+le jug]um ( l& produces t5 cullei ( w9e4' ,is x n ! same 9 ! region ( ,fav5tia :]e ! v9es are call$ tre c5t>ia because a jug]um yields ?ree hundr$ amphorae ( w9e1 &1 look+ at me1 he add$1 inde$ ,l4 ,m>tius1 y\r *ief eng9e]1 said t ! v9es on 8 ,fav5t9e f>m yield$ t mu*4#dh ,! ,italian f>m] looks *iefly = two ?+s 9 consid]+ a f>m1 :e!r x w yield a h>ve/ proportion$ to ! capital & lab\r he mu/ inve/1 & :e!r ! location is heal?y4 ,:oev] neglects ei!r ( ^! consid]ations & despite !m proposes to c>ry on a f>m1 is a fool & %\ld be tak5 9 *>ge by a committee ( 8 relatives4#di ,= no sane man is will+ to sp5d on an agricultural op]ation "t & money :i* he kn[s he _c rec\p1 nor ev5 if he sees a likely pr(it1 if x mu/ be at ! risk ( los+ all by an evil climate4 ,b !re are "h pres5t ^? :o c disc\rse on ?is subject ) m au?ority ?an ,i1 = ,i see ,c4 ,lic9ius ,/olo & ,cn4 ,tremelius ,scr(a approa*+4 ,x 0 ! ance/or ( ! fir/ ( ^! :o br\ght 9 ! law = ! regulation ( l&-hold+2 = ! law :i* =bade a ,roman citiz5 to own m ?an #ejj jug]a ( l& 0 propos$ by t ,lic9ius :o acquir$ ! cognom5 ( ,/olo on acc\nt ( 8 dilig5ce 9 cultivat+ 8 l&3 he is said to h dug ar\nd 8 trees s ?or\ghly t !re c\ld n be f\nd on 8 f>m a s+le "o ( ^? suck]s :i* spr+ up f ! gr\nd at ! roots ( trees & are call$ /olones4 ,( ! same family 0 t o!r ,c4 ,lic9ius :o1 :5 he 0 tribune ( ! p1 #cfe ye>s aft] ! expulsion ( ! ,k+s1 fir/ transf]r$ ! ,sov]eign function ( law mak+ f ! ,comitium to ! ,=um1 ?us z x 7 con/itut+ t area ! 'f>m' ( ! entire p4#ej ,! o!r :om ,i see come hi!r is ,cn4 ,tremelius ,scr(a1 y\r colleague on ! ,committee ( ,tw5ty = ! division ( ! ,campanian l&s1 a man di/+ui%$ by all ! virtues & consid]$ to be ! ,roman mo/ exp]t 9 agriculture4#ea ,& ju/ly s1 ,i exclaim$1 = 8 f>ms are a m pleas+ spectacle to _m on acc\nt ( _! clean cultivation ?an ! /ately palaces ( o!rs2#eb :5 "o goes to visit 8 c\ntry place1 "o sees gran>ies & n picture gall]ies1 z at ! 'f>m' ( ,lucullus4#ec ,inde$1 ,i add$1 ! apple m>ket at ! head ( ! ,sacr$ ,way is ! v image ( ,scr(a's fruit h\se4 ,z ! new com]s jo9$ u1 ,/olo inquir$3 ,h we arriv$ aft] d9n] is ov]1 = we d n see ,l4 ,fundilius :o invit$ u4 ,be ( good *e]1 repli$ ,agrius1 = n only has t egg :i* indicates ! la/ lap ( ! *>iot race 9 ! games at ! circus n yet be5 remov$1 b we h n ev5 se5 t o!r egg :i* is ! fir/ c\rse ( d9n]4#ed ,& s until ! ,sacri/an returns & jo9s u d y disc\rse to u ( ! uses or ! pleasures ( agriculture1 or ( bo?4 ,= n[ ! sceptre ( agriculture is 9 y\r h&s1 :i* =m]ly1 !y say1 belong$ to ,/olo4 ,fir/ ( all1 began ,scr(a1 we mu/ h a def9ition4 ,are we to be limit$ 9 discuss+ agriculture to ! plant+ ( ! l& or are we to t\* also on ^? o!r occupations :i* are c>ri$ on 9 ! c\ntry1 su* z fe$+ %eep & cattle4 ,= ,i h obs]v$ t ^? :o write on agriculture1 :e!r 9 ,greek or ,punic or ,lat91 w&] widely f _! subject4 ,i d n ?9k t ^? au?ors %\ld be imitat$ 9 t1 said ,/olo1 = ,i deem !m to h done bett] :o h conf9$ ! subject to ! /raite/ limits1 exclud+ all consid]ations :i* are n /rictly p]t95t to ! subject4 ,:]e=e ! subject ( graz+1 :i* _m writ]s treat z a "p ( agriculture1 seems to me to belong r to a treatise on live /ock4 ,t ! occupations are diff]5t is app>5t f ! diff]5ce 9 ! names ( ^? we put 9 *>ge ( !m1 = we call "o ! f>m] 7villicus7 & ! o!r ! h]dsman 7magi/] pecoris74 ,! f>m] is *>g$ ) ! cultivation ( ! l& & is s call$ f ! villa or f>m h\se to :i* he hauls 9 ! crops f ! fields & f :i* he hauls !m away :5 !y are sold4 ,:]e=e also ! peasants say vea = via1 d]iv+ _! ^w = ! road ov] :i* !y haul f ! "n ( ! vehicle 9 :i* !y d ! haul+1 vectura1 & by ! same d]ivation vella = villa1 ! f>m h\se to & f :i* !y haul4 ,9 l mann] ! trade ( a c>ri] is call$ vellatura f ! practice ( driv+ a vectura1 or c>t4 ,surely1 said ,fundanius1 fe$+ cattle is "o ?+ & agriculture is ano!r1 b !y are relat$4 ,j z ! "r pipe ( ! tibia is diff]5t f ! left pipe1 yet are !y complem5ts because :ile ! "o leads1 x is to c>ry ! air1 & ! o!r foll[s1 x is = ! accompanim5t4 ,&1 to pu% y\r analogy fur!r1 x may be add$1 said ,i1 t ! pa/oral life1 l ! tibia dextra1 has l$ & giv5 ! cue to ! agricultural life1 z we h on ! au?ority ( t le>n$ man ,dicae>*us :o1 9 8 ,life ( ,greece f ! e>lie/ times1 %[s u h[ 9 ! beg9n+ m5 pursu$ a purely pa/oral life & knew n h[ to pl\gh nor to plant trees nor to prune !m2 only lat] tak+ up ! pursuits ( agriculture2 :5ce x may be said t agriculture is 9 h>mony ) ! pa/oral life b is subord9ate to x1 z ! left pipe is to ! "r pipe4 ,bew>e1 exclaim$ ,agrius1 ( pu%+ y\r musical analogy too f>1 = y w\ld n only rob ! f>m] ( 8 cattle & ! %eph]d ( 8 livelihood b y w\ld ev5 break ! law ( ! l& 9 :i* x is writt5 t a f>m] may n graze a "y or*>d ) t pe/if]\s animal :i* a/rology has plac$ 9 ! heav5s ne> ! ,bull4 ,see "h1 ,agrius1 said ,fundanius1 let !re be no mi/ake ab\t ?is4 ,! law y cite applies only to c]ta9 designat$ k9ds ( cattle1 z inde$ !re are k9ds ( cattle :i* are ! foes & ! bane ( agriculture su* z ^? y h m5tion$--! goats--= by _! nibbl+ !y ru9 "y plantations1 & n ! lea/ v9es & olives4 ,b1 because ! goat is ! greate/ (f5d] 9 ?is respect1 we h a rule = him :i* works bo? ways1 namely3 t victims ( 8 family are grateful (f]+s on ! alt> ( "o god b %\ld nev] come ne> ! fane ( ano!r2 s9ce by reason ( ! same hate "o god is n will+ ev5 to see a goat & ! o!r is pleas$ to see him kill$4 ,s x is t goats f\nd among ! v9es are sacrific$ to ,fa!r ,bac*us z x 7 t !y %\ld pay ! p5alty ( _! evil do+ ) _! lives2 :ile on ! contr>y no?+ ( ! goat k9d is ev] sacrific$ to ,m9]va1 because !y are said to make ! olive /]ile ev5 by lick+ x1 = _! v spittle is poison to ! fruit4 ,= ?is reason goats are nev] driv5 into ! ,acropolis ( ,a!ns1 except once a ye> = a c]ta9 necess>y sacrifice1 le/ ! olive tree1 :i* is said to h its orig9 !re1#ee might be t\*$ by a goat4 ,no k9d ( cattle1 said ,i1 are ( any use to agriculture except ^? :i* aid 9 ! cultivation ( ! l&1 z !y d :5 !y are yok$ to ! pl\gh4 ,if ?is 0 s1 said ,agrasius1 h[ c\ld we af=d to take cattle (f ! l&1 s9ce x is f our flocks & h]ds t we d]ive ! manure :i* is ( ! greate/ b5efit to our purely agricultural op]ations4 ,on y\r argum5t ( conv5i5ce1 said ,agrius1 we might claim t slave deal+ 0 a bran* ( agriculture1 if !y 7 agricultural slaves :i* we dealt 94 ,! error lies 9 ! assumption t because cattle are good = ! l&1 !y make crops gr[ on ! l&4 ,x does n foll[1 = by t reason+ o!r ?+s w\ld become "p ( agriculture :i* h no?+ to d ) x3 z = example sp9/]s & weav]s & o!r craftsm5 :i* y might keep on y\r f>m4 ,let u !n agree1 said ,scr(a1 to exclude live /ock f our consid]ation ( ! art ( agriculture4 ,does any "o want to exclude any ?+ else8 ,are we to foll[ ! book ( ! two ,sas]nas1 ,i inquir$1 & discuss :e!r ! manufacture ( pott]y is m relat$ to agriculture ?an m9+ = silv] or o!r metals8 ,d\btless ! mat]ial comes out ( ! gr\nd 9 bo? cases1 b no "o claims t qu>ry+ = /one or wa%+ s& has any ?+ to d ) agriculture1 s :y br+ 9 ! pott]8 ,x is n a "q ( :at comes out ( ! l&1 nor ( :at c be done pr(itably on a f>m1 = if x 7 x might z well be argu$ t _h "o a f>m ly+ along a frequ5t$ road & a site on x conv5i5t to travell]s1 x w\ld be ! f>m]'s bus9ess to build a cross-roads tav]n4 ,b surely1 h[ev] pr(itable ?is might prove1 x w\ld n make ! speculation any "p ( agriculture4 ,x is n1 ,i repeat1 :e!r ! bus9ess is c>ri$ on on acc\nt ( ! l&1 nor out ( ! l&1 t x may be class$ z a "p ( agriculture1 b only if f plant+ ! l& "o ga9s a pr(it4 ,y are jeal\s ( ?is great writ]1 int]rupt$ ,/olo4 ,because ( 8 un=tunate pott]ies y rebuke him capti\sly & give him no cr$it = all ! admirable ?+s :i* he says ab\t matt]s :i* c]ta9ly relate to agriculture4 ,at ?is sally1 ,scr(a1 :o knew ! book & ju/ly contemn$ x1 smil$1 :]eupon ,agrasius1 :o ?\ght t he & ,/olo alone knew ! book dem&$ ( ,scr(a a quotation f x4 ,"h is 8 recipe = gett+ rid ( bugs1 said ,scr(a4 ',/eep a wild cucumb] 9 wat] & :]e-ev] y spr9kle x ! bugs w disappe>1' & aga91 ',grease y\r b$ ) ox gall mix$ ) v9eg>4' ,fundanius look$ at ,scr(a4 ,& yet ,sas]na gives good advice ev5 if x is 9 a book on agriculture1 he said4 ,yes1 by ,h]cules1 said ,scr(a1 & especially 9 8 recipe = remov+ sup]flu\s hair1 9 :i* he bids y take a yell[ frog & /ew x d[n to a ?ird ( its size & !n rub ! body ) :at is left4#ef ,i w\ld r cite1 said ,i1 ,sas]nas' prescription = ! malady f :i* ,fundanius suff]s1 = 8 corns make wr9kles on 8 br[4 ,tell me1 pray1 quickly1 exclaim$ ,fundanius1 = ,i _h r le>n h[ to root out my corns ?an h[ to plant beet roots4 ,i w tell y1 said ,/olo1 9 ! v words he wrote x1 or at lea/ z ,i he>d ,t>qu5na read x3 ',:5 a man's feet beg9 to hurt he %\ld ?9k ( y to enable y to cure him4' ,i am ?9k+ ( y1 said ,fundanius1 n[ cure my feet4 ,li/5 to ! incantation1 said ,/olo4 ',may ! e>? keep ! malady1 ,may good heal? rema9 "h4' ,sas]na bids y *ant ?is =mula ?rice n9e times1 to t\* ! e>?1 to spit & be sure t y d x all be=e breakfa/4 ,y w f9d1 said ,i1 _m o!r wond]ful secrets 9 ,sas]na1 all equally =eign to agriculture1 & s all to be left :]e !y are4 ,b x mu/ be admitt$ t su* digressions are f\nd 9 _m o!r au?ors4 ,does n ! agricultural treatise ( ! great ,cato himself fairly bri/le ) !m1 z = in/ance 8 in/ructions h[ to make mu/ cake & *eese cake1 & h[ to cure hams8 ,y =get1 said ,agrius1 8 mo/ important precept3 ',if y wi% to dr9k freely & d9e well 9 company1 y %\ld eat five leaves ( raw cabbage /eep$ 9 v9eg>1 be=e sitt+ d[n to ! table4' b4 ,:at agriculture is ,,iii4 ,& s1 said ,agrasius1 z we h agre$ ^u & elim9at$ f ! discussion all ^? ?+s :i* agriculture is n1 x rema9s to discuss :at x is4 ,is x an art1 &1 if s1 :at are its pr9ciples & its purposes8 ,/olo turn$ to ,scr(a & said3 ,y are our s5ior 9 age1 9 reputation & 9 exp]i5ce1 y %\ld speak4 ,& ,scr(a1 no?+ loa?1 began z foll[s3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 agriculture is n only an art b an art :i* is z useful z x is important4 ,x is fur!rmore a sci5ce1 :i* tea*es h[ e k9d ( l& %\ld be plant$ & cultivat$1 & h[ to "k :at k9d ( l& w produce ! l>ge/ crops = ! longe/ "t4#eg ,! purposes ( agriculture are pr(it & pleasure ,,iv4 ,! elem5ts ) :i* ?is sci5ce deals are ! same z ^? :i* ,ennius says are ! elem5ts ( ! univ]se--wat]1 e>?1 air & fire4 ,be=e s[+ y\r se$ x behooves y to /udy ^! elem5ts because !y are ! orig9 ( all gr[+ ?+s4 ,s prep>$1 ! f>m] %\ld direct 8 ef=ts to two ends3 pr(it & pleasure1#eh "o solid ! o!r agreeable3 b he %\ld give ! pref]5ce to ! pursuit ( pr(it4#ei ,& yet ^? :o h reg>d = appe>ances 9 _! f>m+1 z = in/ance by plant+ _! or*>ds & olive y>ds 9 ord]ly array1 (t5 add n only to ! productiv5ess ( ! f>m b z well to its saleability1 & s d\bly increase ! value ( _! e/ate4 ,= ( two ?+s ( equal usefulness1 :o w\ld n pref] to buy ! bett] look+8 ,! f>m :i* is heal?ie/ is ! mo/ valuable1 = !re ! pr(it is c]ta94 ,on ! o!r h&1 on an unheal?y f>m1 h[ev] f]tile x may be1 mis=tune dogs ! /eps ( ! f>m]4 ,= :]e ! /ruggle is aga9/ ,dea?1 !re n only is ! pr(it unc]ta91 b "o's v exi/5ce is con/antly at risk3 & s agriculture becomes a gamble 9 :i* ! f>m] haz>ds bo? 8 life & 8 =tune4 ,& yet ?is risk c be dim9i%$ by =e?\ght1 =1 :5 heal? dep5ds ^u climate1 we c d mu* to control nature & by dilig5ce improve evil conditions4 ,if ! f>m is unheal?y by reason ( ! plight ( ! l& itself1 or ( ! wat] supply1 or is expos$ to ! miasma :i* bre$s 9 "s localities1 or if ! f>m is too hot on acc\nt ( ! climate1 or is expos$ to mis*iev\s w9ds1 ^! discom=ts c be mitigat$ by "o :o kn[s :at to d & is will+ to sp5d "s money4 ,:at is ( ! greate/ importance 9 ?is respect is ! situation ( ! f>m build+s1 _! plan & conv5i5ce1 & :at is ! aspect ( _! doors & gates & w9d[s4 ,dur+ ! great plague1 ,hippocrates ! physician sav$ n m]ely "o f>m b _m cities because he knew ?is4 ,b :y %\ld ,i summon him z a witness3 = :5 ! army & ! fleet lay at ,corcyra#fj & all ! h\ses 7 cr[d$ ) ! sick & dy+1 did n our ,v>ro "h contrive to op5 new w9d[s to ! heal?y ,nor? w9d & close ^? :i* gave entrance to ! infect$ breezes ( ! ,s\?1 to *ange doors & to d o!r su* ?+s1 & s succe$ 9 re/or+ 8 comrades safe & s\nd to _! native l&8 ,! f\rfold division ( ! /udy ( agriculture ,v4 ,i h rehe>s$ ! elem5ts & ! purposes ( agriculture1 x n[ rema9s to consid] 9 h[ _m divisions ?is sci5ce is to be /udi$4 ,i h suppos$ ^! to be )\t numb]1 said ,agrius1 :5 ,i h read ! _m books :i* ,!ophra/us wrote on ,! ,hi/ory ( ,plants & ,! ,causes ( ,vegetation4 ,^! books1 said ,/olo1 h always seem$ to me to be fitt] = use 9 ! s*ools ( ! philosoph]s ?an 9 ! h&s ( a practical f>m]4 ,i d n mean to say t !y d n conta9 _m ?+s :i* are bo? useful & practical4 ,h[ev] t may be1 d y r expla9 to u ! divisions 9 :i* agriculture %\ld be /udi$4 ,!re are f\r *apt]s = ! /udy ( agriculture1 ( ! highe/ practical importance1 resum$ ,scr(a1 namely3 #a ,:at are ! physical *>act]i/ics ( ! l& to be cultivat$1 includ+ ! con/itution ( ! soil2 #b ,:at lab\r & equipm5t are necess>y = su* cultivation2 #c ,:at sy/em ( f>m+ is to be practis$2 #d ,:at are ! season8 at :i* ! sev]al f>m+ op]ations are to be c>ri$ out4 ,ea* ( ^! f\r *apt]s may be divid$ 9 at lea/ two subdivisions3 ,! fir/ into 7a7 a /udy ( ! soil1 & 7b7 a survey ( ! build+s & /abl+4 ,! second into an enquiry z to 7c71 ! m5 :o w c>ry on ! f>m+ op]ations1 & 7d7 ! implem5ts !y w require4 ,! ?ird into 7e7 ! k9d ( "w to be plann$1 & 7f7 :]e t "w is to be done4 ,! f\r? into :at relates 7g7 to ! annual revolution ( ! sun1 & 7h7 ! mon?ly revolution ( ! moon4 ,i w speak ( ! f\r pr9cipal p>ts fir/1 & !n 9 detail ( ! eight subdivisions4 #a ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,f>m ,,itself ,h[ con=mation ( ! l& affects agriculture ,,vi4 ,f\r ?+s mu/ be consid]$ 9 respect ( ! physical *>act]i/ics ( ! f>m3 its con=mation1 ! quality ( ! soil1 its ext5t1 & :e!r x is naturally protect$4 ,! con=mation is ei!r natural1 or artificial z ! result ( cultivation1 & may be good or bad 9 ei!r case4 ,i w speak fir/ ( natural con=mation1 ( :i* !re are ?ree k9ds3 pla91 hill & m\nta9--al?\gh !re is a f\r? k9d made up ( a comb9ation ( any two or all ?ree ( ^? m5tion$1 z may be se5 9 _m places4 ,a diff]5t sy/em ( cultivation is requir$ = ea* ( ^! ?ree k9ds ( f>ms1 = )\t d\bt t :i* is suit$ = ! hot pla9 w\ld n suit ! w9dy m\nta91 :ile a hill f>m enjoys a m temp]ate climate ?an ei!r ( ! o!r two k9ds & s dem&s its own sy/em ( cultivation4 ,^! di/9ctions are mo/ app>5t :5 ! sev]al *>act]i/ic con=mations are ( l>ge ext5t1 z = example ! heat & ! humidity are great] 9 a broad pla91 l t ( ,apulia1 :ile on a m\nta9 l ,vesuvius ! climate is usually fre%] & s m heal?y4 ,^? :o cultivate ! l[l&s feel ! effects ( _! climate mo/ 9 summ]1 b !y are able to d _! plant+ e>li] 9 ! spr+1 :ile ^? :o dwell 9 ! m\nta9s suff] mo/ f _! climate 9 w9t]1 & bo? s[ & reap at lat] seasons4 ,frequ5tly ! w9t] is m propiti\s to ^? :o dwell 9 ! pla9s because !n ! pa/ures are fre% !re & ! trees may be prun$ m readily4 ,on ! o!r h& ! summ] is m k9dly 9 ! m\nta9s = !n ! upl& grass is ri* :5 ! pa/ures ( ! pla9s are burnt1 & x is m com=table to cultivate ! trees 9 a ke5 air4 ,a l[l& f>m is be/ :5 x is g5tly slop+ r ?an absolutely flat1 because on a flat f>m wat] _c run (f & s =ms swampy places4 ,b x is a disadvantage to h ! surface too roll+ because t causes ! wat] to collect & =m ponds4 ,c]ta9 trees1 l ! fir & ! p9e1 fl\ri% mo/ 9 ! m\nta9s on acc\nt ( ! eag] air1 :ile 9 ?is region :]e x is m temp]ate ! popl>s & ! will[s ?rive be/4 ,aga9 ! arbute & ! oak pref] ! m f]tile l&s1 :ile ! almond & ! fig trees love ! l[l&s4#fa ,! gr[? on ! l[ hills takes on m ( ! "* ( ! pla9s1 on ! high hills t ( ! m\nta9s4 ,= ^! reasons ! k9d ( crops to be plant$ mu/ be suit$ to ! physical *>act]i/ics ( ! f>m1 z gra9 = ! pla9s1 v9es = ! hills & =e/s = ! m\nta9s4 ,all ^! consid]ations %\ld be weigh$ sep>ately ) ref]5ce to ea* ( ! ?ree k9ds ( con=mation4 ,,vii4 ,x seems to me1 said ,/olo1 t1 s f> z conc]ns ! natural situation ( a f>m1 ,cato's op9ion is j4 ,he wrote1 y w recall1 t ! be/ f>m 0 "o :i* lay at ! foot ( a m\nta9 look+ to ! ,s\?4 ,scr(a resum$3 ,s f> z conc]ns ! lay+ out ( ! f>m1 ,i ma9ta9 t ! m appe>ances are consid]$ ! great] w be ! pr(it1 z1 = in/ance1 or*>ds %\ld be plant$ 9 /raight l9es arrang$ 9 qu9cunxes & at a reasonable di/ance ap>t4 ,x is a fact t1 because ( _! un9tellig5t plan ( plant+1 our ance/ors made less w9e & corn to ! acre ?an we d4 ,! po9t is t if ea* plant is set ) due ref]5ce to ! o!rs !y occupy less l& & are less likely to scre5 f "o ano!r ! influ5ce ( ! sun & ! moon & ! air4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ by an exp]im5t3 y c press a p>cel ( nuts ) _! %ells on into a measure hav+ only two ?irds ( ! capacity ( :at is requir$ to conta9 !m aft] !y h be5 crack$1 because ! %ells keep !m naturally compact$4 ,:5 trees are plant$ 9 r[s ! sun & ! moon h access to !m equally f all sides1 ) ! result t m rais9s & olives are develop$ & !n mature m quickly1 a d\ble result ) ! d\ble consequ5ce ( a l>g] crop ( mu/ & oil & a great] pr(it4 ,h[ "* ( soil affects agriculture ,we w n[ take up ! second consid]ation 9 respect ( ! physical *>act]i/ics ( a f>m1 namely3 ! quality ( ! soil1 :i* p>tly1 if n entirely1 det]m9es :e!r x is consid]$ a good or a bad f>m3 = on ?is dep5ds :at crops c be plant$ & h>ve/$ & h[ !y %\ld be cultivat$1 z x is n possible to plant ev]y?+ successfully on ! same soil4 ,= "o soil is suitable = v9es1 ano!r = corn1 & o!rs = o!r ?+s4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,crete1 ne> ,cortynia1 !re is said to be a plane tree :i* does n lose its leaves ev5 9 w9t]--a ph5om5on due d\btless to ! quality ( ! soil4 ,!re is ano!r ( ! same k9d 9 ,cyprus1 accord+ to ,!ophra/us4 ,likewise )9 sight ( ! city ( ,syb>is 7:i* is n[ call$ ,?urii7 /&s an oak hav+ ! same *>act]i/ic4 ,aga9 at ,elephant9e nei!r ! v9es nor ! fig trees lose _! leaves1 some?+ t nev] happ5s ) u4 ,= ! same reason _m trees be> fruit twice a ye>1 z d ! v9es ne> ! sea at ,smyrna1 & ! apples 9 ! fields ( ,cons5t9ium4 ,! effect ( soil appe>s also f ! fact t ^? plants :i* be> mo/ pr(usely 9 wild places produce bett] fruit "u cultivation4 ,! same explanation applies to ^? plants :i* _c live except 9 a m>%y place1 or inde$ 9 ! v wat]3 !y are ev5 nice ab\t ! k9d ( wat]1 "s gr[ 9 ponds l ! re$s at ,reate1 o!rs 9 /reams l ! ald]s 9 ,epirus1 "s ev5 9 ! sea l ! palms & ! squills ( :i* ,!ophra/us writes4 ,:5 ,i 0 9 ! army1 ,i saw 9 ,transalp9e ,gaul1 ne> ! ,rh9e1 l&s :]e nei!r ! v9e1 nor ! olive1 nor ! pe> tree grew1 :]e !y manur$ _! fields ) a :ite *alk :i* !y dug out ( ! gr\nd3#fb :]e !y _h no salt1 ei!r m9]al or m>9e1 b us$ 9 place ( x ! salty a%es obta9$ f burn+ a c]ta9 k9d ( wood4 ,/olo "h int]rupt$4 ,y w recall1 he said1 t ,cato 9 comp>+ ! diff]5t k9ds ( soil1 rank$ !m by _! m]it 9 n9e classes accord+ to :at !y w\ld produce1 ( :i* ! fir/ 0 t on :i* ! v9e w\ld gr[ a pl5tiful supply ( good w9e2 ! second t fit = an irrigat$ g>d52 ! ?ird = an osi] b$2 ! f\r? = an olive y>d2 ! fif? = a mead[2 ! six? = a corn field2 ! sev5? = a wood lot2 ! eigh? = a cultivat$ or*>d1 & ! n9? = a ma/ grove4 ,i "k he wrote t1 repli$ ,scr(a1 b e "o does n agree ) him4 ,!re are "s :o put a good pa/ure fir/1 & ,i am among !m4 ,our ance/ors 7 wont to call !m n prala1 z we d1 b p>ata 7because !y are always ready = use74 ,! s$ile ,caes> ,vopicus1 9 plead+ a cause be=e ! ,c5sors1 once said t ! prairie ( ,rosea 0 ! nurse ( ,italy1 because if "o left 8 survey+ in/rum5ts !re on ! gr\nd ov] night !y 7 lo/ next day 9 ! gr[? ( ! grass4#fc 7,a digression on ! ma9t5ance ( v9ey>ds7 ,,viii4 ,!re be ^? :o ass]t t ! co/ ( ma9ta9+ a v9ey>d eats up ! pr(it4 ,:at k9d ( v9ey>d8 ,i ask4 ,= !re are sev]al3 9 "o ! v9es gr[ on ! gr\nd )\t props1 z 9 ,spa92 9 ano!r1 :i* is ! k9d common 9 ,italy1 ! v9es climb & are tra9$ ei!r sep>ately on props or "o ) ano!r on a trellis1 :i* la/ is :at is call$ m>ry+ ! v9e4 ,!re are f\r k9ds ( trellis 9 use--made out ( poles1 ( re$s1 ( ropes & ( v9es !mselves1 :i* are 9 use respectively 9 ,fal]um1 9 ,arp9um1 9 ,brundisium & 9 ,m$iolanum4 ,!re are two me?ods ( tra9+ ! v9e on trellises1 "o upright1 z is done 9 ! c\ntry ( ,canusium2 ! o!r cross$ & int]wov51 z is ! practice g5]ally ?r\gh\t ,italy4 ,if "o obta9s ! mat]ial = 8 trellises f 8 own l&1 ! exp5se ( ma9ta9+ t k9d ( v9ey>d is negligible1 nor is x burd5some if ! mat]ial is procur$ f ! neighb\rhood4 ,su* trellis mat]ial1 z has be5 describ$1 c be gr[n at home by plant+ will[s1 re$s & ru%es1 or "s ?+ ( t k9d2 b if y propose to rely on ! v9es to =m _! own trellis1 !n y mu/ plant an arbu/um :]e ! v9es c be tra9$ on trees1 su* z maples1 :i* ! inhabitants ( ,m$iolanum use = t purpose2 or fig trees1 on :i* ! p ( ,canusium tra9 _! v9es4 ,likewise !re are f\r k9ds ( props us$ = ! cultivation ( unw$d$ v9es2 fir/1 ! plant$ po/1 :i* is call$ ridicum & is be/ :5 fa%ion$ out ( oak or junip]2 second1 poles cut 9 ! swamp1 & ! m season$ !y are ! long] !y w la/1 b x is ! practice to reset !m upside d[n :5 !y rot out 9 ! gr\nd2 ?ird1 = lack ( "s ?+ bett]1 a bundle ( re$s ti$ toge!r & ?ru/ into a po9t$ tube ( bak$ clay1 :i* is !n plant$ 9 ! gr\nd & s]ves to pres]ve ! re$s f wat] rot2 ! f\r? is :at may be call$ ! natural prop1 :5 v9es are swung f tree to tree4 ,v9es %\ld be tra9$ to ! height ( a man & ! int]val betwe5 ! props %\ld be suffici5t to give room = a yoke ( ox5 to pl\gh4 ,! lea/ exp5sive k9d ( a v9ey>d is t :i* br+s w9e to ! jug )\t ! aid ( any sort ( prop4 ,!re are two ( ?is k9d1 "o 9 :i* ! e>? s]ves z a b$ = ! grapes1 z 9 _m places 9 ,asia1 & :]e usually ! foxes %>e ! crop ) man2#fd or1 if mice appe>1 x is !y :o make ! v9tage1 unless y put a m\se trap 9 e v9e1 z !y d on ! isl& ( ,p&at>ia4 ,! o!r k9d ( v9ey>d1 is t :]e ea* %oot :i* promises to be> grapes is lift$ f ! e>? & support$ ab\t two feet (f ! gr\nd by a =k$ /ick3 by ?is means ! grapes1 z !y =m1 le>n to hang z x 7 f a bran* & d n h to be taught aft] ! v9tage2 !y are held 9 place ) a bit ( cord or by t k9d ( tie :i* ! anci5ts call$ a ce/us4 ,z soon z ! f>m] sees ! v9tag]s turn _! backs he c>ries ^! props "u cov] = ! w9t] s t he may use !m ano!r ye> )\t exp5se = t acc\nt4 ,9 ,italy ! p ( ,reate practise ?is cu/om4 ,?us !re are z _m me?ods ( cultivat+ ! v9e z !re are k9ds ( soil4 ,= :]e ! l& is wet ! v9e mu/ be tra9$ high because :5 w9e is be+ made & matur$ on ! v9e1 x ne$s sun1 n wat]--z :5 x is 9 ! cup6 ,= ?is reason x 01 ,i ?9k1 t fir/ ! v9e 0 made to gr[ on trees4 ,( ! diff]5t k9ds ( soil ,,ix4 ,x is exp$i5t !n1 z ,i 0 say+1 to /udy ea* k9d ( soil to det]m9e = :at x is1 & = :at x is n1 suitable4 ,! ^w t]ra is us$ 9 ?ree s5ses3 g5]al1 p>ticul> & mix$4 ,x is a g5]al designation :5 we speak ( ! orb ( ! e>?1 ! l& ( ,italy or any o!r c\ntry4 ,9 ?is designation is includ$ rock & s& & o!r su* ?+s4 ,9 ! second place1 t]ra is ref]r$ to p>ticul>ly :5 x is spok5 ( )\t qualification or epi!t4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 :i* is ! mix$ s5se1 :5 "o speaks ( t]ra z soil--t 9 :i* se$s are s[n & develop$2 z = example1 clay soil or rocky soil or o!rs4 ,9 ?is s5se !re are z _m k9ds ( e>? z !re are :5 "o speaks ( x 9 ! g5]al s5se1 on acc\nt ( ! mixtures ( sub/ances 9 x 9 v>y+ quantities :i* make x ( diff]5t he>t & /r5g?1 su* z rock1 m>ble1 s&1 loam1 clay1 r$ o*re1 du/1 *alk1 gravel1 c>buncle 7:i* is a condition ( soil =m$ by ! burn+ ( roots 9 ! int5se heat ( ! sun72 f :i* ea* k9d ( soil is call$ by a p>ticul> "n1 9 accordance ) ! sub/ances ( :i* x is compos$1 z a *alky soil1 a gravelly soil1 or :at ev] else may be its di/+ui%+ quality4 ,& z !re are diff]5t v>ieties ( soil s ea* v>iety may be subdivid$ accord+ to its quality1 z1 = example1 a rocky soil is ei!r v rocky1 mod]ately rocky or h>dly rocky at all4 ,s ?ree grades may be made ( o!r mix$ soils4 ,9 turn ea* ( ^! ?ree grades has ?ree qualities3 "s are v wet1 "s v dry1 "s mod]ate1 ,^! di/9ctions are ( ! greate/ importance 9 respect ( ! crops1 = ! skill$ husb&man plants spelt r ?an :eat 9 wet l&1 & on dry l& b>ley r ?an spelt1 9 m$ium l& bo?4 ,fur!rmore !re are /ill m subtle di/9ctions to be made 9 respect ( all ^! k9ds ( soil1 z = example x mu/ be consid]$ 9 respect ( loam1 :e!r x is :ite loam or r$ loam1 because :ite loam is unfit = nurs]y b$s1 :ile r$ loam is :at !y require4 ,b ! ?ree great di/9ctions ( quality ( soil are :e!r x is lean or fat1 or m$ium4 ,fat soils are app>5t f ! heavy gr[? ( _! vegetation1 & ! lean lie b>e2 z witness ! t]ritory ( ,pup9ia 79 ,latium71 :]e all ! foliage is meagre & ! v9es look />v$1 :]e ! scant /raw nev] /ools1 nor ! fig tree blooms1 :ile = ! mo/ "p ! trees are z cov]$ ) moss z are ! arid pa/ures4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a ri* soil l t ( ,etruria reveals itself heavy ) gra9 & =age crops & its umbrage\s trees are clean ( moss4 ,soil ( m$ium /r5g?1 l t ne> ,tibur1 :i* "o might say is r hungry ?an />v$1 repays cultivation 9 proportion z x takes on ! quality ( ri* l&4 ,diophanes ( ,bi?ynia1 said ,/olo1 0 v mu* to ! po9t :5 he wrote t ! be/ indication ( ! suitability ( soil = cultivation c be _h ei!r f ! soil itself or f :at gr[s 9 x3 s "o %\ld asc]ta9 :e!r x is :ite or black1 if x is light & friable :5 x is dug1 :e!r its consi/5cy is a%y1 or too heavy3 or x c be te/$ by evid5ce t ! wild gr[? ^u x is heavy & fruitful aft] its k9d4#fe ,b proce$ & tell u ( y\r ?ird division1 :i* relates to ! measurem5t & lay+ out ( ! f>m4 ,( ! units ( area us$ 9 measur+ l& ,x4 ,scr(a resum$3 ,e c\ntry has its own sy/em = measur+ l&4 ,9 ,fur!r ,spa9 ! unit ( area is ! jugum1 9 ,campania ! v]sus1 "h 9 ! ,roman c\ntry & among ! ,lat9s x is ! jug]um4 ,!y call a jugum ! area :i* a pair ( ox5 c pl\gh 9 a day4 ,! v]sus is "o hundr$ feet squ>e3 ! jug]um is ! area conta9+ two squ>e actus3 ! actus quadratus or acnua1 z x is call$ by ! ,lat9s1 measur+ #abj feet 9 wid? & z mu* 9 l5g?4#ff ,! smalle/ fraction ( a jug]um is call$ a scripulum & is t5 feet squ>e4 ,f ?is base ! surveyors "s times call ! butts ( l& :i* exce$ a jug]um unciae 7twelf?s7 or sextantes 7sev5ty seconds7 or "s o!r su* duodecimal division1 = ! jug]um conta9s #bhh scripula1 l ! anci5t p\nd weight :i* 0 9 use be=e ! ,punic w>s4 ,two jug]a1 :i* ,romulus fir/ made ! headright & :i* ?us became ! unit ( inh]itance1 are call$ an ha]$ium3#fg lat] "o hundr$ ha]$ia 7 call$ a c5turia1 :i* is #b1djj unciae squ>e4 ,f\r c5turiae adjo9+1 s t !re are two on ea* side1 are call$ a saltus 9 ! di/ribution ( ! public l&s4 ,( ! consid]ations on build+ a /ead+ a4 ,size ,,xi4 ,z ! result ( faulty surveys ( ! f>m x (t5 happ5s t ! /ead+ is con/ruct$ ei!r too small or too l>ge = ! f>m1 a mi/ake :i* 9 ei!r case is ( prejudice bo? to ! prop]ty & its rev5ue4 ,if "o builds too l>ge or too _m build+s he is eat5 up by ! exp5se ( ma9t5ance1 :ile if "o builds less ?an ! f>m requires ! h>ve/ is lo/1 = !re is no d\bt t ! l>ge/ w9e cell> mu/ be provid$ = t f>m on :i* ! v9tages are l>ge/1 or gran>y1 if x is a gra9 f>m4 b4 ,wat] supply ,if possible1 ! /ead+ %\ld be s built t x %all h wat] )9 ! walls1 or c]ta9ly ne> at h&3 x is pref]able t ?is %\ld be d]iv$ f a spr+1 or1 if n1 !n f an unfail+ /ream4 ,if no runn+ wat] is available a ci/]n %\ld be con/ruct$ )9 doors1 & a pond 9 ! op51 ! "o = ! use ( ! m51 ! o!r = ! use ( ! cattle4 c4 ,location1 ) reg>d to heal? ,,xii4 ,:5 y plan to build1 try y\r be/ to locate ! /ead+ at ! foot ( a wood$ hill :]e ! pa/ures are ri*1 & turn x s z to cat* ! heal?ie/ prevail+ breeze4 ,! be/ situation is fac+ ! ea/ s to secure %ade 9 summ] & sun 9 w9t]4 ,b if y mu/ build on ! bank ( a riv]1 take c>e t y d n let ! /ead+ face ! riv]1 = x w be v cold 9 w9t] & unheal?y 9 summ]4 ,l precautions mu/ be tak5 aga9/ swampy places = ! same reasons & p>ticul>ly because z !y dry1 swamps bre$ c]ta9 animalculae :i* _c be se5 ) ! eyes & :i* we brea! ?r\gh ! nose & m\? into ! body :]e !y cause grave maladies4#fh ,b1 said ,fundanius1 suppose ,i inh]it$ a f>m l t1 :at %\ld ,i d to avoid ! malady y describe8 ,! answ] to t "q is easy1 said ,agrius4 ,y %\ld sell ! f>m = :at y c get = x3 & if y c't sell x1 give x away4 ,scr(a resum$3 ,take c>e to avoid hav+ ! /ead+ face ! direction f :i* disagreeable w9ds bl[1 yet y %\ld n build 9 a holl[4 ,high gr\nd is ! be/ location = a /ead+3 = by v5tilation all noxi\s gases are dissipat$1 & ! /ead+ is heal?i] if expos$ to ! sun all day3 ) ! fur!r advantage t any insects :i* may be br$ 9 or br\ght ^u ! premises are ei!r bl[n away or quickly p]i% :]e !re is no damp4 ,sudd5 ra9s & ov]fl[$ /reams are dang]\s to ^? :o h _! /ead+s 9 l[ or holl[ places1 & !y are m at ! haz>d ( ! ru?less h& ( ! robb] because he is able to take advantage ( ^? :o are unprep>$4 ,aga9/ ei!r ( ^! risks ! high] places are saf]4 d4 ,arrangem5t ,,xiii4 ,9 arrang+ ! /ead+1 see t ! cattle are put :]e !y w be w>m 9 w9t]4 ,su* crops z w9e & oil %\ld be h\s$ bel[ gr\nd 9 cell>s1 or r 9 j>s plac$ 9 su* cell>s1 :ile dry crops l beans1 & hay1 are be/ /or$ on high bo>d floors4 ,a re/ room %\ld be provid$ = ! com=t ( ! h&s :]e !y c ga!r aft] ! day's "w or = protection f cold or heat & !re recruit !mselves 9 quiet4 ,! room ( ! ov]se] %\ld be ne> ! entrance to ! f>m h\se s t he may "k :o comes 9 & :o goes out dur+ ! night1 & :at !y br+ 9 or out1 especially if !re is no gate-keep]4 ,! kit*5 also %\ld be ne> ! ov]se]'s room because !re 9 w9t] is great activity be=e daylight :5 food is be+ prep>$ & eat54 ,good siz$ %$s %\ld be built 9 ! b>n y>d = ! wagons & o!r implem5ts :i* might be damag$ by ! ra94 ,= :ile !y may be kept safe f ! ?ief )9 ! gates1 yet if !y are expos$ to ! wea!r !y w be lo/ nev]!less4 ,x is bett] to h two b>n y>ds = a l>ge f>m4 ,! inn] c\rt %\ld conta9 a ci/]n l a little fi% pond into :i* ! dra9age f ! eaves may collect3 z "h ! cattle & sw9e & geese c dr9k & ba! 9 summ] :5 !y are driv5 9 f "w or pa/ure4 ,9 ! out] c\rt !re %\ld be ano!r pond :]e y c h&le lup9es & su* o!r ?+s z mu/ be soak$ 9 wat]4 ,?is ext]ior c\rt y>d %\ld be /rewn ?ick ) /raw & *aff1 :i*1 by be+ trampl$ "u ! feet ( ! cattle1 becomes ! h&maid ( ! f>m by reason ( ! s]vice x r5d]s :5 x is haul$ out4 ,e f>m %\ld h two manure pits1 or "o divid$ into two p>ts2 into "o division %\ld be put ! new manure f ! b>n1 9 ! o!r ! old manure :i* is ready = use on ! f>m3 = new manure is n z good z t :i* is well rott$4#fi ,! manure pit is m s]viceable :5 its sides & top are protect$ f ! sun by leaves & bran*es1 = ! sun draws out f ! manure ^? elem5ts :i* ! l& requires2 = ?is reason exp]i5c$ f>m]s spr9kle wat] on _! manure pits1 & s l>gely pres]ve its quality3 "h too "s e/abli% ! privies = ! slaves4 ,"o %\ld build a b>racks 7:at we call a nubil>ium because x af=ds protection f ! wea!r7 & x %\ld be l>ge en\gh to conta9 "u its ro( ! entire crop ( ! f>m3 ?is %\ld be plac$ ne> ! ?re%+ floor & left op5 only on ! side ( ! ?re%+ floor1 s t :ile ?re%+ y may conv5i5tly ?r[ out ! corn & if x beg9s to cl\d up !n quickly ?r[ x back aga9 "u %elt]4 ,!re %\ld be w9d[s 9 ?is b>racks on ! side mo/ fitt$ = v5tilation4 ,a f>m w\ld be m ( a f>m1 said ,fundanius1 if ! build+s 7 con/ruct$ ) ref]5ce to ! dilig5ce ( our ance/ors r ?an ! luxury ( _! desc5dants4 ,= !y built = use1 :ile we build to gratify an unbridl$ luxury4 ,_! b>ns 7 bigg] ?an _! h\ses1 b ! contr>y is (t5 ! case today4 ,!n a h\se 0 prais$ if x _h a good kit*51 roomy /ables & a cell> = w9e & oil fitt$1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry1 ) a floor dra9+ into a res]voir1 into :i* ! w9e c fl[ :51 z (t5 happ5s aft] ! new w9e has be5 laid by1 ! f]m5tation ( ! mu/ bur/s bo? ,spani% butts & our own ,italian tuns4 ,9 l mann] our ance/ors equipp$ a c\ntry h\se ) :atev] o!r ?+s 7 necess>y to agriculture1 b n[ on ! contr>y x is ! ef=t to make su* a h\se z va/ & z elegant z possible1 & we vie ) ^? palaces :i* m5 l ,metellus & ,lucullus h built1 to ! detrim5t ( ! v /ate itself3 9 !m ! ef=t is to contrive summ] d9+ rooms front+ ! cool ea/1 & ^? design$ = use 9 w9t] fac+ ! we/]n sun1 r ?an1 z ! anci5ts did1 to adju/ _! w9d[s ) reg>d *iefly to ! cell>s1 s9ce w9e 9 casks keeps be/ :5 x is cool1 :ile oil craves w>m?4 ,= ?is reason also x w\ld seem t ! be/ place to put a h\se is on a hill1 if no?+ ob/ructs x4 ,( ! protection ( f>m b\nd>ies a4 ,f5ces ,,xiv4 ,n[1 resum$ ,scr(a1 ,i w speak ( f5ces1 :i* are con/ruct$ = ! protection ( ! f>m or = divid+ ! fields4 ,!re are f\r k9ds ( su* b>ri]s3 natural1 dead wood1 milit>y & masonry4 ,! fir/ is ! natural f5ce ( live h$ge1 consi/+ ( plant$ %rubs or ?orns1 &1 z x has roots1 runs no risk f ! flam+ tor* ( ! pass+ travell] :o may be incl9$ to mis*ief4 ,! second k9d is built ( ! wood ( ! c\ntry1 b is n alive4 ,x is made ei!r ( pal+s plac$ close toge!r & wattl$ ) twigs1 or po/s plac$ at "s di/ance ap>t & pi]c$ to receive ! ends ( rails1 :i* are g5]ally built two or ?ree to ! panel1 or else ( trunks ( trees laid on ! gr\nd & jo9$ 9 l9e4 ,! ?ird1 or milit>y f5ce1 consi/s ( a dit* & a m\nd3 b su* a dit* %\ld be s con/ruct$ to collect all ! ra9 wat]1 or x %\ld be grad$ to dra9 ! surface wat] (f ! f>m4 ,! m\nd is be/ :5 con/ruct$ close adjo9+ ! dit*1 or else x %\ld be /eep s t x w be difficult to scale4 ,x is cu/om>y to con/ruct ?is k9d ( f5ce along ! public roads or along /reams4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,cru/um]ia "o c see 9 _m places along ! via ,sal>ia dit*es & m\nds con/ruct$ z dikes aga9/ damage by ! riv] 7,tib]74#gj ,m\nds are "s times built )\t dit*es & are call$ walls1 z 9 ! c\ntry ar\nd ,reate4 ,! f\r? & la/ k9d ( f5ce is ( built up masonry4 ,!re are usually f\r v>ieties3 ^? ( cut /one1 z 9 ! c\ntry ar\nd ,tusculum2 ^? ( burn$ brick1 z 9 ,gaul2 ^? ( unburn$ brick z 9 ! ,sab9e c\ntry2 ^? ( gravel concrete1#ga z 9 ,spa9 & ab\t ,t>5tum4 b4 ,monum5ts ,,xv4 ,lack+ f5ces1 ! m discreet e/abli% ! b\nd>ies ( _! prop]ty1 or ( _! s[+s1 by blaz$ trees1 & s prev5t neighb\rhood qu>rels & law+ ab\t corn]s4 ,"s plant p9es ar\nd _! b\nd>ies1 z my wife did on h] ,sab9e f>m1 or cypresses1 z ,i h on my prop]ty on ,vesuvius4#gb ,o!rs plant elms1 z _m h done 9 ! di/rict ( ,cru/um]ia3 inde$1 = plant+ 9 pla9s :]e x fl\ri%es !re is no tree :i* c be set out ) su* satisfaction or ) m pr(it ?an ! elm1 = x supports ! v9e & s fills _m a basket ) grapes1 yields its leaves to be a mo/ agreeable =age = flocks & h]ds1 & supplies rails = f5ces & wood = he>? & ov54 ,& n[1 said ,scr(a1 ,i h exp\nd$ my f\r po9ts ^u ! physical *>act]i/ics ( a f>m1 :i* 71 its con=mation1 ! quality ( ! soil1 its ext5t & lay\t1 its b\nd>ies & _! protection4 ,( ! consid]ations ( neighb\rhood ,,xvi4 ,x rema9s to discuss ! conditions outside ! f>m itself1 = ! "* ( ! neighb\rhood is ( ! utmo/ importance to agriculture on acc\nt ( ! necess>y relations ) x4 ,!re are f\r consid]ations 9 ?is respect also1 namely3 :e!r ! neighb\rhood be>s a bad reputation2 :e!r x af=ds a m>ket to :i* our products c be tak5 & :5ce we c br+ back :at we may require at home2 :e!r !re is a road or a riv] lead+ to t m>ket1 &1 if s1 :e!r x is fit = use2 & f\r? :e!r !re is 9 our imm$iate vic9ity any ?+ :i* may be to our advantage or disadvantage4 ,( ^! f\r consid]ations ! mo/ important is :e!r ! neighb\rhood be>s a bad reputation3 = !re are _m f>ms :i* are fit = cultivation b n exp$i5t to und]take on acc\nt ( ! brig&age 9 ! neighb\rhood1 z 9 ,s>d9ia ^? f>ms :i* adjo9 ,oelium1 & 9 ,spa9 ^? on ! bord]s ( ,lusitania4 ,on ! second po9t ^? f>ms are ! mo/ pr(itable :i* h opportunities 9 ! vic9ity = m>ket+ :at !y raise & buy+ :at !y mu/ consume3 = !re are _m f>ms :i* mu/ buy corn or w9e or :at ev] else !y lack1 & n a few :i* h a surplus ( ^! commodities = sale4 ,s 9 ! suburbs ( a city x is fitt+ to cultivate g>d5s on a l>ge scale1 & to gr[ violets & roses & _m o!r su* ?+s :i* a city consumes1 :ile x w\ld be folly to und]take ?is on a di/ant f>m ) no facilities = rea*+ ! m>ket4 ,s1 aga91 if !re is ne>by a t[n or a village or ev5 ! well furni%$ e/ate ( a ri* man :]e y c buy *eap :at y require on ! f>m1 & :]e y c trade y\r surplus ( su* ?+s z props & poles & re$s1 y\r f>m w be m pr(itable ?an if y _h to buy at a di/ance2 nay1 m pr(itable ev5 ?an if y 7 able to produce all y require at home3 because 9 ?is situation y c make annual arrangem5ts ) y\r neighb\rs to furni% on hire ! s]vices ( physicians1 full]s & blacksmi?s to bett] advantage ?an if !y 7 y\r own3 = ! dea? ( a s+le su* skill$ slave wipes out ! entire pr(it ( a f>m4 ,9 c>ry+ on ! op]ation ( a va/ e/ate1 ! ri* c af=d to provide su* s]vants = e dep>tm5t ( ! "w3 = if t[ns & villages are f> di/ant f ! f>m1 !y supply blacksmi?s & all o!r necess>y craftsm5 & keep !m on ! place1 9 ord] to prev5t ! h&s f leav+ ! f>m & sp5d+ work+ days 9 go+ leisurely to & f ! %op :5 !y might m pr(itably be engag$ on :at %\ld be done 9 ! fields4 ,s ,sas]na's book lays d[n ! rule t ,no "o may leave ! f>m except ! ov]se]1 ! butl]1 or su* a "o z ! ov]se] s5ds on an err&4 ,if any "o disobeys ?is rule1 he %all be puni%$ = x1 b if he disobeys a second "t ! ov]se] %all be puni%$4 ,?is rule may be bett] /at$ t no "o %\ld leave ! f>m )\t ! approval ( ! ov]se]1 &1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! ma/]1 n ev5 ! ov]se]1 = m ?an a day at a "t1 b 9 no ev5t m frequ5tly ?an ! bus9ess ( ! f>m requires4 ,on ! ?ird po9t1 conv5i5ces ( transportation make a f>m m pr(itable1 & ^! are :e!r ! roads are 9 su* condition t wagons c use !m smoo?ly1 or :e!r !re are riv]s ne>by :i* c be navigat$4 ,we "k t ea* ( ^! means ( transportation is available to _m f>ms4 ,! f\r? po9t1 :i* is conc]n$ ) h[ y\r neighb\r has plant$ 8 l&1 also relates to y\r pr(its3 because if he has an oak =e/ ne> y\r b\nd>y1 y _c pr(itably plant olives 9 t vic9ity1 = ! oak is s p]v]se 9 its effect ^u ! olive t n only w y\r trees be> less b !y w ev5 avoid ! oaks & b5d away f !m until !y are pro/rate on ! gr\nd1 z ! v9e is wont to d :5 plant$ ne> vegetables4 ,l ! oak1 a grove ( ?ickly plant$ full gr[n walnut trees r5d]s /]ile all ! surr\nd+ l&4 #b ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,equipm5t ,,( ,a ,,f>m ,,xvii4 ,i h spok5 ( ! f\r po9ts ( husb&ry :i* relate to ! l& to be cultivat$ & also ( ^? o!r f\r po9ts :i* h to d ) ! outside relations ( t l&3 n[ ,i w speak ( ^? ?+s :i* p]ta9 to ! cultivation ( ! l&4 ,"s divide ?is subject into two p>ts1 m5 & ^? assi/ants to m5 )\t :i* agriculture _c be c>ri$ on4 ,o!rs divide x into ?ree p>ts1 ! in/rum5ts ( agriculture :i* are articulate1 in>ticulate & mute3 ! articulate be+ ! s]vants1#gc ! in>ticulate ! draught animals1 & ! mute be+ ! wagons & o!r su* implem5ts4 ,( agricultural lab\r]s ,all m5 c>ry on agriculture by means ( slaves or freem5 or bo?4 ,! freem5 :o cultivate ! l& d s ei!r on _! own acc\nt1 z d _m poor p ) ! aid ( _! own *ildr51 or = wages1#gd z :5 ! heavie/ f>m op]ations1 l ! v9tage & ! h>ve/1 are accompli%$ ) ! aid ( hir$ freem53 9 :i* class may be includ$ ^? bond s]vants :om our ance/ors call$ oba]ati1 a class :i* may /ill be f\nd 9 ,asia1 9 ,egypt & 9 ,illyricum4 ,) respect to ! use ( freem5 9 agriculture1 my own op9ion is t x is m pr(itable to use hir$ h&s ?an "o's own slaves 9 cultivat+ unheal?y l&s1 &1 ev5 :]e ! c\ntry is salubri\s1 !y are to be pref]r$ = ! heavie/ k9d ( f>m "w1 su* z h>ve/+ & /or+ grapes & corn4 ,cassius has ?is to say on ! subject3 ',select = f>m h&s ^? :o are fitt$ = heavy lab\r1 :o are n less ?an tw5ty-two ye>s ( age & h "s aptitude = agriculture1 :i* c be asc]ta9$ by try+ !m on sev]al tasks & by enquir+ z to :at !y did = _! =m] ma/]4' ,slaves %\ld be nei!r timid nor ov]confid5t4 ,! =eman %\ld h "s little education1 a good disposition & economical habits1 & x is bett] t !y %\ld be "s :at old] ?an ! h&s1 = !n !y w be li/5$ to ) m respect ?an if !y 7 boys4 ,x is mo/ important to *oose z =em5 ^? :o are exp]i5c$ 9 agricultural "w1 = !y %\ld n m]ely give ord]s b l5d a h& at ! "w1 s t ! lab\r]s may le>n by imitation & may also appreciate t x is great] k & skill :i* entitles ! =eman to comm&4 ,! =eman %\ld nev] be au?oriz$ to en=ce 8 discipl9e ) ! :ip if he c accompli% 8 result ) words4 ,avoid hav+ _m slaves ( ! same nation1 = ?is gives rise to dome/ic r[s4 ,! =em5 w "w m *e]fully if rew>ds are (f]$ !m1 & p>ticul>ly pa9s mu/ be tak5 to see t !y h "s prop]ty ( _! own1 & t !y m>ry wives among _! fell[ s]vants1 :o may be> !m *ildr51 "s ?+ :i* w make !m m /eady & atta* !m to ! place4#ge ,on acc\nt ( su* relation%ips families ( ,epirote slaves are e/eem$ ! be/ & comm& ! highe/ prices4 ,m>ks ( consid]ation by ! ma/] w g f> 9 giv+ happ9ess to y\r h&s3 z1 = in/ance1 by ask+ ! op9ion ( ^? ( !m :o h done good "w1 z to h[ ! "w ought to be done1 :i* has ! effect ( mak+ !m ?9k less t !y are look$ d[n ^u1 & enc\rages !m to believe t !y are held 9 "s e/imation by ! ma/]4 ,^? slaves :o are mo/ att5tive to _! "w %\ld be treat$ m lib]ally ei!r 9 respect ( food or clo!s1 or 9 holidays1 or by giv+ !m p]mission to graze "s cattle ( _! own on ! place1 or "s ?+ ( t k9d4 ,su* lib]ality temp]s ! effect ( a h>% ord] or a heavy puni%m5t1 & re/ores ! slaves' good w & k9dly feel+ t[>ds _! ma/]4 ,,xviii4 ,on ! subject ( ! numb] ( slaves "o w require = op]at+ a f>m1 ,cato lays d[n ! two measures ( ! ext5t ( ! f>m & ! k9d ( f>m+ to be c>ri$ on4 ,writ+ ab\t ! cultivation ( olives & v9es he gives ^! =mulas1 viz43 ,= c>ry+ on an olive f>m ( two hundr$ & =ty jug]a1 ?irte5 slaves are necess>y1 to-wit3 an ov]se]1 a h\sekeep]1 five lab\r]s1 ?ree team/]s1 an ass driv]1 a sw9eh]d & a %eph]d3 = c>ry+ on a v9ey>d ( "o hundr$ jug]a1 fifte5 slaves are necess>y1 to-wit3 an ov]se]1 a h\sekeep]1 t5 lab\r]s1 a team/]1 an ass driv] & a sw9eh]d4 ,on ! o!r h& ,sas]na says t "o man is en\gh = e eight jug]a1#gf z a man %\ld cultivate t mu* l& 9 =ty-five days3 = :ile "o man c cultivate a jug]um 9 f\r days1 yet he all[s ?irte5 days extra = ! entire eight jug]a to provide aga9/ ! *ance ( bad wea!r1 ! illness or idl5ess ( ! lab\r] & ! indulg5ce ( ! ma/]4#gg ,at ?is ,lic9ius ,/olo put 94 ,nei!r ( ^! writ]s has giv5 u an adequate rule1 he said4 ,= if ,cato int5d$1 z he d\btless did1 t we %\ld add to or subtract f :at he prescribes 9 proportion z our f>m is ( great] or less ext5t ?an t he describes1 he %\ld h exclud$ ! ov]se] & ! h\sekeep] f 8 enum]ation4 ,if y cultivate less ?an two hundr$ & =ty jug]a ( olives y _c get along ) less ?an "o ov]se]1 :ile if y cultivate twice or m z mu* l& y w n require two or ?ree ov]se]s4 ,x is ! numb] ( lab\r]s & team/]s only :i* mu/ be add$ to or dim9i%$ 9 proportion to ! size ( ! f>m3 & ?is applies only if ! l& is all ( ! same "*1 = if "p ( x is ( a k9d :i* _c be pl\gh$1 z = example v rocky1 or on a /eep hillside1 !re is t mu* less necessity = teams & team/]s4 ,i pass ov] ! fact t ,cato's example ( a f>m ( two hundr$ & =ty jug]a is nei!r a fair nor a comp>able unit4#gh ,! true unit = comp>ison ( f>ms is a c5turia1 :i* conta9s two hundr$ jug]a1 b if "o d$ucts =ty jug]a1 or "o-six?1 f ,cato's two hundr$ & =ty jug]a1 ,i d n see h[ 9 apply+ ?is rule "o c d$uct also "o-six? ( 8 ?irte5 slaves2 or1 ev5 if we leave out ! ov]se] & ! h\sekeep]1 h[ "o c d$uct "o-six? ( elev5 slaves4 ,aga91 ,cato says t "o %\ld h fifte5 slaves = "o hundr$ jug]a ( v9ey>d1 b suppose "o _h a c5turia half 9 v9es & half 9 olives1 !n1 accord+ to ,cato's rule1 "o w\ld require two ov]se]s & two h\sekeep]s1 :i* is absurd4 ,:]e=e x is necess>y to f9d ano!r measure ?an ,cato's = det]m9+ ! numb] ( slaves1 & ,i myself ?9k bett] ( ,sas]na's rule1 :i* is t = ea* jug]um x suffices to provide f\r days "w ( "o h&4 ,yet1 if ?is 0 a good rule on ,sas]na's f>m 9 ,gaul1 x might n apply on a m\nta9 f>m 9 ,liguria4 ,9 f9e y w be/ det]m9e :at numb] ( slaves & :at o!r equipm5t y w require if y dilig5tly consid] ?ree ?+s1 t is to say1 :at k9d ( f>ms are !re 9 y\r neighb\rhood1 h[ l>ge are !y1 & h[ _m h&s are engag$ 9 cultivat+ !m1 & y %\ld add to or subtract f t numb] 9 proportion z y take up m or less "w4 ,= nature gave u two s*ools ( agriculture1 :i* are exp]i5ce & imitation4 ,! mo/ anci5t f>m]s e/abli%$ _m pr9ciples by exp]im5t & _! desc5dants = ! mo/ "p h simply imitat$ !m4 ,we %\ld d bo? ^! ?+s3 imitate o!rs & on our own acc\nt make exp]im5ts1 foll[+ always "s pr9ciple1 n *ance3#gi ?us we might "w our trees deep] or n s deep z o!rs d to see :at ! effect w\ld be4 ,x 0 ) su* intellig5t curiosity t "s f>m]s fir/ cultivat$ _! v9es a second & a ?ird "t1 & def]r$ graft+ ! figs f spr+ to summ]4 ,( draught animals ,,xix4 ,9 respect ( ^? in/rum5ts ( agriculture :i* are call$ in>ticulate1 ,sas]na says t two yokes ( ox5 w be en\gh = two hundr$ jug]a ( arable l&1 :ile ,cato prescribes ?ree yokes = two hundr$ & =ty jug]a 9 olives3 ?us if ,sas]na is correct1 "o yoke ( ox5 is requir$ = e hundr$ jug]a1 b if ,cato is correct a yoke is ne$$ = e eighty jug]a4 ,my op9ion is t nei!r ( ^! /&>ds is appropriate = all k9ds ( l&1 b ea* = "s k9d3 = "s l& is easy & "s difficult to pl\gh1 & ox5 are unable to break up "s l& except by great ef=t & (t5 !y leave ! pl\gh%>e 9 ! furr[ brok5 f ! beam3 :]e=e 9 ?is respect we %\ld obs]ve a triple rule on e f>m1 :5 we are new to x1 namely3 f9d out ! practice ( ! la/ own]2 t ( ! neighb\rs1 & make "s exp]im5ts ( our own4 ,cato adds1 resum$ ,scr(a1 t on 8 olive f>m !re are requir$ ?ree asses to haul out ! manure & "o to turn ! mill1 & on 8 hundr$ jug]a v9ey>d a yoke ( ox5 & a pair ( asses = ! manure1 & an ass = ! w9e press4 ,9 respect ( cattle kept = all ^! purposes1 :i* x is cu/om>y to fe$ 9 ! b>n y>d1 x %\ld be add$ t y %\ld keep z _m & only z _m z y ne$ = c>ry+ on ! "w ( ! f>m1 s t m easily y c secure dilig5t c>e ( !m f ! s]vants ^: *ief c>e is ( !mselves4 ,9 ?is connection ! keep+ ( %eep is pref]able to hogs n only by ^? :o h pa/ures b also by ^? :o h none1 = y %\ld keep !m n m]ely because y h pa/ure1 b = ! sake ( ! manure4 ,wat* dogs %\ld be kept 9 any ev5t = ! safety ( ! f>m4 ,,xx4 ,! mo/ important consid]ation ) respect to b>n y>d cattle is t ! draft ox5 %\ld be fit = _! "w3 :5 b\ght unbrok5 !y %\ld n be less ?an ?ree ye>s old nor m ?an f\r1 /rong1 b well mat*$1 le/ ! /rong] we> out ! weak]3 ) l>ge horns1 black r ?an any o!r color1 broad =eheads1 flat noses1 deep *e/s & heavy qu>t]s4 ,old /e]s :i* h work$ 9 ! pla9s _c be tra9$ to s]vice 9 r\gh & m\nta9 l&2 a rule z applicable :5 rev]s$4 ,9 break+ "y /e]s x is be/ to beg9 by fa/5+ a =k %ap$ yoke on _! necks & leav+ x !re ev5 :5 !y are f$2 9 a few days !y w become us$ to x & dispos$ to be docile4 ,!n !y %\ld be brok5 to "w gradually until !y are accu/om$ to x1 z may be done by yok+ a "y ox ) an old "o1 s t he may le>n :at is expect$ ( him by imitation4 ,x is be/ to "w !m fir/ on level gr\nd )\t a pl\gh1 !n ) a light pl\gh1 s t _! fir/ lessons may be easy & 9 s& & mell[ soil4 ,ox5 int5d$ = ! wagon %\ld be brok5 9 ! same way1 at fir/ by draw+ an empty c>t1 if possible ?r\gh ! /reets ( a village or a t[n1 :]e !y may become quickly inur$ to sudd5 noises & /range sights4 ,y %\ld n "w an ox always on ! same side ( ! team1 = an occasional *ange f "r to left relieves ! /ra9 ( ! "w4 ,:]e ! l& is light1 z 9 ,campania1 !y d n pl\gh ) heavy /e]s b ) c[s or asses1 z !y c be driv5 m easily to a light pl\gh4 ,= turn+ ! mill & = c>ry+ ab\t ! f>m "s use asses1 "s c[s & o!rs mules3 a *oice det]m9$ by ! supply ( prov5d]4 ,= an ass is *eap] to fe$ ?an a c[1 ?\gh a c[ is m pr(itable4#hj ,9 ! *oice ( ! k9d ( draft animals he is to keep1 a f>m] %\ld always take into consid]ation ! *>act]i/ics ( 8 soil3 ?us on rocky & difficult l& ! prime requirem5t is d\btless /r5g?1 b 8 purpose %\ld be to keep t k9d ( /ock :i* "u 8 conditions yields ! l>ge/ measure ( pr(it & /ill d all ! necess>y "w4 ,( wat* dogs ,,xxi4 ,x is m desirable to keep a few dogs & fi]ce ones ?an a pack ( curs4 ,!y %\ld be tra9$ to wat* by night & to sleep by day *a9$ 9 ! k5nel s t !y may be ! m al]t :5 set loose4 ,x rema9s to speak else:]e ( unyok$ cattle1 l ! flocks1 b if !re are mead[s on ! f>m & ! own] keeps no live /ock1 x is ! bus9ess ( a good f>m] aft] he has sold 8 hay to graze & fe$ ano!r's cattle on 8 l&4 ,( f>m+ implem5ts ,,xxii4 ,conc]n+ ! in/rum5ts ( agriculture :i* are call$ mute1 9 :i* are includ$ baskets1 w9e j>s & su* ?+s1 ?is may be said3 ,^? ut5sils :i* c be produc$ on ! f>m or made by ! s]vants %\ld nev] be b\ght1 among :i* are :at ev] may be made out ( osi]s or o!r wood ( ! c\ntry1 su* z hamp]s1 fruit baskets1 ?re%+ sl$ges1 mauls & mattocks1 or :at ev] is made out ( ! fibre plants l hemp1 flax1 ru%es1 palm leaves & nettles1 namely3 rope1 tw9e & mats4 ,^? implem5ts :i* _c be manufactur$ on ! f>m %\ld be b\ght m ) ref]5ce to _! utility ?an _! appe>ance t !y may n dim9i% y\r pr(it by useless exp5se1 a result :i* may be be/ secur$ by buy+ :]e ! ?+s y ne$ may be f\nd at once ( good quality1 ne> at h& & *eap4 ,! requirem5t ( ! k9d & numb] ( su* implem5ts is measur$ by ! ext5t ( ! f>m because ! fur!r y\r b\nd>ies lie ap>t ! m "w !re is to d4 ,9 ?is connection1 put 9 ,/olo1 giv5 ! size ( ! f>m1 ,cato recomm5ds ) respect to implem5ts z foll[s3 he :o cultivates #bdj jug]a 9 olives %\ld h five sets ( oil mak+ implem5ts1 :i* he enum]ates sev]ally1 su* z ! copp] ut5sils1 includ+ kettles1 pots1 ew]s ) ?ree sp\ts1 etc42 ! implem5ts made out ( wood & iron1 includ+ ?ree l>ge wagons1 six pl\ghs ) _! %>es1 f\r manure c>ri]s1 etc4 ,s ( ! iron tools1 :at !y are & h[ _m are ne$$1 he speaks 9 great detail1 z eight iron pit* =ks1 z _m hoes & half z _m %ovels1 etc4 ,9 l mann] he lays d[n ano!r =mula ( implem5ts = a v9ey>d1 viz43 if y cultivate #ajj jug]a y %\ld h ?ree sets ( implem5ts = ! w9e press & also cov]$ /orage vats ( a capacity ( eight hundr$ cullei1 z well z tw5ty h>ve/+ hamp]s = grapes & z _m = corn1 & o!r ?+s 9 l proportion4 ,o!r writ]s advise a small] quantity ( su* conv5i5ces1 b ,i believe ,cato prescrib$ s great a capacity 9 ord] t "o might n be compell$ to sell 8 w9e e ye>1 = old w9e sells bett] ?an new1 & ! same quality sells bett] at "o "t ?an ano!r4 ,cato writes fur!r 9 great detail ( ! k9d & numb] ( iron tools :i* are requir$ = a v9ey>d1 su* z ! falx or prun+ hook1 spades1 hoes4 ,s also sev]al ( ^! in/rum5ts are ( _m v>ieties1 z = in/ance ! falx1 ( :i* ?is au?or says t !re mu/ be provid$ =ty ( ! k9d suitable = use 9 a v9ey>d1 five = cutt+ ru%es1 ?ree = prun+ trees & t5 = cutt+ bri]s4 ,s f> ,/olo1 :5 ,scr(a began aga94 ,! own] %\ld h an inv5tory ( all ! f>m implem5ts & equipm5t1 ) a copy on file bo? at ! h\se & at ! /ead+1 & x %\ld be ! duty ( ! ov]se] to see t ev]y?+ is *eck$ aga9/ ?is inv5tory & is assign$ its appropriate keep+ place 9 ! b>n4 ,:at _c be kept "u lock & key %\ld be kept 9 pla9 sight1 & ?is is p>ticul>ly necess>y 9 respect ( ! ut5sils :i* are us$ only at int]vals1 z at h>ve/ "t1 l ! grape baskets & su* ?+s1 = :at ev] "o sees daily is 9 ! lea/ dang] f ! ?ief4 #c ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,op]ation ,,( ,a ,,f>m ,,xxiii4 ,& n[1 int]pos$ ,agrasius1 z we h discuss$ ! two fir/ p>ts ( ! f\r-fold division ( agriculture1 namely3 conc]n+ ! f>m itself & ! implem5ts ) :i* x is work$1 proce$ ) ! ?ird "p4 ,( plant+ field crops ,z ,i hold1 said ,scr(a1 t ! pr(it ( a f>m is t only :i* comes f s[+ ! l&1 !re are two consid]ations :i* rema9 = discussion1 :at "o %\ld s[ & :]e x is mo/ exp$i5t to s[ x1 = "s l&s are be/ suit$ = hay1 "s = corn1 "s = w9e & "s = oil4 ,s also %\ld be consid]$ ! =age crops l basil1 mix$ fodd]1 vet*1 alfalfa1 snail clov] & lup9es4 ,all ?+s %\ld n be s[n 9 ri* l&1 nor %\ld ?9 l& be left uns[n1 = x is bett] to s[ 9 light soil ^? ?+s :i* d n require mu* n\ri%m5t1 su* z snail clov] & ! legumes1 except always *ick peas 7= ?is also is a legume l ! o!r plants :i* are n reap$ b f :i* ! gra9 is pluck$7 because ^? ?+s :i* x is ! cu/om to pluck 7leg]e7 are call$ legumes4 ,9 ri* l& %\ld be s[n :at ev] require mu* n\ri%m5t1 su* z cabbage1 spr+ & w9t]1 :eat & flax4 ,c]ta9 plants are cultivat$ n s mu* = _! imm$iate yield z ) =e?\ght = ! com+ ye>1 because cut & left ly+ !y improve ! l&4 ,s1 if l& is too ?9 x is ! practice to pl\gh 9 = manure1 lup9es n yet podd$1 & likewise ! field bean1 if x has n yet rip5$ s t x is fitt+ to h>ve/ ! beans4#ha ,n less %\ld y make provision = cultivat+ :at yields y pr(it 9 m]e pleasure1 l arb\rs & fl[] g>d5s3 & ^? plantations :i* d n s]ve ei!r = ! support ( man or ! delight ( ! s5ses1 b are n ! less useful 9 ! economy ( ! f>m4 ,?us suitable places mu/ be set aside = gr[+ will[s & re$s & o!r su* ?+s :i* affect wet places4 ,on ! o!r h&1 y %\ld s[ field beans z mu* z possible 9 y\r corn l&4 ,!re are o!r plants :i* seek dry places1 & /ill o!rs dem& %ade1 l asp>agus1 bo? :5 wild & cultivat$3 :ile violets & g>d5 fl[]s1 :i* fl\ri% 9 ! sun %\ld be set out 9 ! op54 ,s o!r ?+s dem& o!r plant+ conditions1 l ! osi]s f :i* y d]ive y\r mat]ial = mak+ basket w>e1 = wagon frames1 w9n[+ baskets & grape hamp]s4 ,else:]e y might plant & cultivate a =e/ = cut wood & a sp9ney = f[l+4 ,s y %\ld res]ve gr\nd = plant+ hemp1 flax1 ru% & ,spani% broom 7sp>tum7 :i* s]ve to make %oes = ! cattle1 ?read1 cord & rope4 ,o!r situations are suitable = /ill o!r k9ds ( plant+1 z1 = example1 "s plant g>d5 truck & "s plant o!r ?+s1 9 a nurs]y1 or betwe5 ! r[s ( a "y or*>d be=e ! roots ( ! trees h spread f> out1 b ?is %\ld nev] be done :5 ! trees h gr[n le/ ! roots be injur$4 ,9 ?is respect1 said ,/olo1 :at ,cato says ab\t plant+ is 9 po9t1 t a field :i* is ri* & 9 good he>t & )\t %ade %\ld be plant$ 9 corn1 :ile a l[ ly+ field %\ld be set 9 turnips1 radi%es1 millet & panic grass4 ,( plant+ olives ,,xxiv4 ,scr(a resum$3 ,! v>ieties ( olives to plant 9 ri* & w>m l& are ! pres]v+ olive radius major1 ! olive ( ,sall5t9a1 ! r\nd or*is1 ! bitt] posea1 ! ,s]gian1 ! ,colm9ian1 & ! waxy albic]a3 :i* ev] ( ^! does be/ 9 y\r locality1 plant t mo/ ext5sively4 ,an olive y>d is n wor? cultivat+ unless x looks to ! we/ w9d & is expos$ to ! sun2 if ! soil is cold & ?9 !re y %\ld plant ! ,lic9ian olive1 = if y set out ?is v>iety 9 a ri* & w>m soil x w nev] make a ho/us & ! tree w exhau/ itself 9 be>+ & w become infect$ ) r$ moss4 7,ho/us is ! c\ntry "n = ! yield ( oil f a s+le tree at ea* factus or press+3 "s claim ?is %\ld am\nt to #afj modii1 :ile o!rs r$uce x to #abj modii1 & ev5 less 9 proportion to ! size & numb] ( _! /orage vats47 ,cato advises y to plant elms & popl>s ar\nd ! f>m s z to obta9 f !m leaves to fe$ ! %eep & cattle z well z a supply ( lumb]3 :ile ?is is n necess>y on all f>ms1 nor 9 "s = ! =age alone1 x may be done ) advantage z a w9d break aga9/ ! nor? :]e ! trees w n %ut out ! sun4 ,/olo add$ ! foll[+ advice f ! same au?or3 ',if y h a piece ( wet gr\nd !re plant cutt+s ( popl>s1 & also re$s :i* are set out z foll[s3 hav+ turn$ ! sod ) a hoe plant ! scions ( re$ ?ree feet "o f ! o!r4 ,wild asp>agus 7f :i* y may cultivate g>d5 asp>agus7 %\ld also be set out 9 su* a place because ! same k9d ( cultivation is suitable = x z = re$s4 ,y %\ld set out ,greek will[s ar\nd ! re$ b$ to supply ties = y\r v9es4' ,( plant+ v9es ,,xxv4 ,9 respect ( plant+ v9es1 resum$ ,scr(a1 x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! v>ieties fitt$ = ! be/ l& & exposure to ! sun are ! little ,am9ean1 ! tw9 ,eug5eam & ! little yell[ k9d3 :ile on ri* or wet l& ! be/ v>ieties are ! l>ge ,am9ean1 ! ,murg5t9e1 ! ,apician & ! ,lucanian4 ,o!r v9es1 & especially ! mix$ v>ieties1 d well 9 any k9d ( l&4 ,,xxvi4 ,9 all v9ey>ds c>e is tak5 t ! prop %\ld %elt] ! v9e aga9/ ! nor? w9d4 ,& if live cypresses are us$ z props !y are plant$ 9 alt]nate r[s & are n all[$ to gr[ high] ?an is necess>y = use z a prop4 ,cabbages are nev] plant$ ne> v9es because !y d ea* o!r damage4 ,i fe>1 said ,agrius1 turn+ to ,fundanius1 t ! ,sacri/an may get back be=e we h rea*$ ! f\r? head ( our subject1 t ( ! v9tage1 = ,i am look+ =w>d ?ir/ily to ! v9tage4 ,be ( good *e]1 said ,scr(a1 & prep>e ! grape baskets & ! ew]4 #d ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,agricultural ,,seasons ,,xxvii4 ,we h two /&>ds ( "t1 ! fir/ t ( ! revolution ( ! ye>1 because 9 x ! sun completes 8 circuit1 ! o!r ! measure ( ! mon?1 because x includes ! wax+ & ! wan+ ( ! moon4 ,( ! sol> measure ( ! ye> ,fir/ ,i w speak ( ! sun1 ^: recurr+ j\rney is divid$ ) ref]5ce to ! pursuits ( agriculture into f\r seasons ( ?ree mon?s ea*1 or m accurately into eight seasons ( a mon? & a half ea*4 ,! f\r seasons are ,spr+1 ,summ]1 ,autumn & ,w9t]4 ,9 ,spr+ c]ta9 crops are s[n & ! sod fields are brok5 up1#hb s t ! we$s 9 !m may be de/roy$ be=e !y h se$$ !mselves aga91 & ! clods1 by dry+ out 9 ! sun1 may become m accessible to ! ra9 & :5 brok5 d[n by its action easi] to cultivate4 ,su* l& %\ld be pl\gh$ n less ?an twice1 b ?ree times is bett]4#hc ,! ,summ] is ! season ( ! gra9 h>ve/2 ! ,autumn1 :5 ! wea!r is dry1 t ( ! v9tage3 & x is also ! fit "t = ?9n+ out ! woods1 :5 ! trees to be remov$ %\ld be cut d[n close to ! gr\nd & ! roots %\ld be dug up be=e ! fir/ ra9s to prev5t !m f /ool+4 ,9 ,w9t] ! trees may be prun$1 provid$ ?is is done at a "t :5 ! b>k is free f fro/ & ra9 & ice4 ,,xxviii4 ,spr+ beg9s :5 ! sun is 9 ,aqu>ius1 ,summ] :5 x is 9 ,taurus1 ,autumn :5 x is 9 ,leo1 & ,w9t] :5 x is 9 ,scorpio4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ea* ( ! f\r seasons is ! tw5ty-?ird day aft] ! entrance ( ! sun 9 ^! signs respectively1 x foll[s t ,spr+ has n9ety-"o days1 ,summ] n9ety-f\r1 ,autumn n9ety-"o & ,w9t] eighty-n9e3 :i*1 r$uc$ to ! dates ( our pres5t (ficial cal5d>1#hd makes ! beg9n+ ( ,spr+ on ! sev5? day be=e ! ,ides ( ,febru>y 7,febru>y #g71 ( ,summ] on ! sev5? day be=e ! ,ides ( ,may 7,may #i71 ( ,autumn on ! ?ird day be=e ! ,ides ( ,augu/ 7,augu/ #aa71 & ( ,w9t] on ! f\r? day be=e ! ,ides ( ,novemb] 7,novemb] #aj74 ,a ,,cal5d> ,,( ,,agricultural ,,op]ations ,by a m exact def9ition ( ! seasons1 ! ye> is divid$ into eight p>ts1 ! fir/ ( =ty-five days f ! date ( ! ris+ ( ! we/ w9d 7,febru>y #g7 to ! date ( ! v]nal equ9ox 7,m>* #bd71 ! second ( ! ensu+ =ty-f\r days to ! ris+ ( ! ,pleiades 7,may #g71 ! ?ird ( =ty-eight days to ! summ] sol/ice 7,june #bd71 ! f\r? ( tw5ty-sev5 days to ! ris+ ( ! ,dog ,/> 7,july #ba71 ! fif? ( sixty-sev5 days to ! ,autumn equ9ox 7,septemb] #bf71 ! six? ( ?irty-two days to ! sett+ ( ! ,pleiades 7,octob] #bh71 ! sev5? ( fifty-sev5 days to ! w9t] sol/ice 7,decemb] #bd71 & ! eigh? ( =ty-five days to ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/4#he #a ,febru>y #g-,m>* #bd ,,xxix4 ,^! are ! ?+s to be done dur+ ! fir/ ( ! seasons s enum]at$3 ,all k9ds ( nurs]ies %\ld be set out1 ! v9es %\ld be fir/ prun$1 !n dug1 & ! roots :i* h protrud$ f ! gr\nd %\ld be cut out1 ! mead[s %\ld be clean$1 will[s plant$ & ! corn ho$4 ,we call t corn l& 7seges7 :i* has be5 pl\gh$ & s[$ z di/+ui%$ f pl\gh l& 7arva7 :i* has be5 pl\gh$ b n yet s[$1 :ile t l& :i* 0 =m]ly s[$ & lies await+ a new pl\gh+ is call$ /ubble 7novalis74 ,:5 l& is pl\gh$ = ! fir/ "t x is said to be brok5 up 7prosc9d]e71 & at ! second pl\gh+ to be brok5 d[n 7(fr+]e7 because at ! fir/ pl\gh+ l>ge clods are turn$ up & at ! second pl\gh+ ^! are r$uc$4 ,! ?ird cultivation1 aft] ! se$ has be5 s[n1 is call$ ridg+ 7lir>e71 t is1 :5 by fa/5+ m\ld bo>ds on ! pl\gh1 ! s[n se$ is cov]$ up 9 ridges#hf & at ! same "t furr[s are cut by means ( :i* ! surface wat] may dra9 (f4 ,"s f>m]s :o cultivate small f>ms1 z 9 ,apulia1 are wont to h>r[ _! l& aft] x is ridg$1 if p]*ance any l>ge clods h be5 left 9 ! se$ b$4 ,! holl[ *annel left by ! %>e ( ! pl\gh is call$ ! furr[1 ! rais$ l& betwe5 two furr[s is call$ ! ridge 7porca17 because !re ! se$ is z x 7 laid ^u an alt> 7porric]e7 to secure a crop1 = :5 ! entrails are (f]$ to ! gods ?is ^w porric]e is us$ to describe ! oblation4 #b ,m>* #bd-,may #g ,,xxx4 ,^! are ! ?+s to be done dur+ ! second season betwe5 ! v]nal equ9ox & ! ris+ ( ! ,pleiades4 ,we$ ! corn l&1 break up old sod1 cut ! will[s1 close ! pa/ures 7to ! /ock7 & complete any ?+ left undone 9 ! prec$+ season4 ,plant trees be=e ! buds %oot & !y beg9 to blossom1 = decidu\s trees are n fit to transplant aft] !y put =? leaves4 ,plant & prune y\r olives4 #c ,may #g-;,june #bd ,,xxxi4 ,^! are ! ?+s to be done dur+ ! ?ird season betwe5 ! ris+ ( ! ,pleiades & ! summ] sol/ice4 ,dig ! "y v9es or pl\gh !m1 & aft]w>ds put ! l& 9 good ord]2 t is to say1 f9e ! soil s t no clods %all rema94 ,?is is call$ f9+ ! soil 7occ>e7 because x breaks d[n 7occid>e7 ! clods4 ,?9 out ! v9es1 b let x be done by "o :o kn[s h[1 = ?is op]ation :i* is consid]$ ( great importance is p]=m$ only on v9es & n on ! or*>d4 ,to ?9 a v9e is to select & res]ve ! "o1 two & "s times ev5 ?ree be/ new t5drils sprung f ! /em ( ! v9e1 cutt+ (f all ! o!rs1 le/ ! /em may be unable to furni% n\ri%m5t = ^? :i* h be5 res]v$4 ,s 9 a nurs]y x is ! cu/om to cut x back at fir/ s t ! v9e may gr[ ) a /rong] /em & may h great] /r5g? to produce fruitful t5drils3 = a /em :i* gr[s sl5d] l a ru% is /]ile ?r\gh weakness & _c ?r[ out t5drils4 ,?us x is ! cu/om to call a weak /em a flag1 & a /rong /em1 :i* be>s grapes1 a palm4 ,! "n flagellum1 indicat+ some?+ z un/able z a breeze1 is d]iv$ f flatus1 by ! *ange ( a lett]1 j z 9 ! case ( ! ^w flabellum1 :i* means fly fan4 ,! "n palma1 :i* is giv5 to ^? v9e %oots :i* are fruitful 9 grapes1 0 x seems1 at fir/1 p>ilema1 d]iv$ f p>ire 7to produce71 :5ce by a *ange ( lett]s1 su* z we f9d 9 _m in/ances1 x came to be call$ palma4 ,f ano!r "p ( ! v9e spr+s ! capreolus1 :i* is a little spiral t5dril1 l a curl$ hair1 by means ( :i* ! v9e holds on :ile x creeps t[>ds ! place ( :i* x w\ld take possession1 f :i* quality ( tak+ hold ( ?+s 7cap]e7 x is call$ capreolus4 ,all =age crops %\ld be sav$ at ?is season2 fir/1 basil1 !n mix$ fodd] 7f>rago7#hg & vet*1 & la/ ( all ! hay4 ,our "n = basil is oc9um1 :i* is d]iv$ f ! ,greek ^w ,greek3 o*eos & signifies t x comes quickly1 l ! pot h]b ( ! same "n4 ,x has ?is "n also because x quick5s ! action ( ! b[els ( cattle & s is f$ to !m z a purgative4 ,x is cut gre5 f a bean field be=e ! pods are =m$4 ,on ! o!r h& t =age :i* is cut ) a sickle f a field 9 :i* b>ley & vet* & o!r legumes h be5 s[n 9 mixture = =age1 is call$ f>rago f ! in/rum5t 7f]ro7 ) :i* x is cut1 or p]haps because x 0 fir/ s[n 9 ! /ubble ( a field ( corn 7f>74 ,x is f$ to horses & o!r cattle 9 ! spr+ to purge & to fatt5 !m4 ,vet* 7vicia7 is s call$ f its quality ( conqu]+ 7v9cire7 because ?is plant1 l ! v9e1 has t5drils by means ( :i* x creeps twi/+ upw>d on ! /alks ( lup9es or o!r plants :]e x cl+s until x ov]-tops its ho/4 ,if y h irrigat$ mead[s1 proce$ to wat] !m at ?is season1 z soon z y h sav$ ! hay4 ,dur+ dr\ghts wat] y\r graft$ fruit trees e ev5+4 ,!y probably d]ive _! "n1 7poma71 f _! appetite = dr9k 7potus74 #d ,june #bd-;,july #ba ,,xxxii4 ,dur+ ! f\r? season betwe5 ! summ] sol/ice & ! ris+ ( ! ,dog ,/> mo/ f>m]s make _! h>ve/1 because x is claim$ t to mature prop]ly corn %\ld be all[$ fifte5 days to g]m9ate & %oot1 fifte5 days to bloom & fifte5 days to rip54 ,f9i% y\r pl\gh+3 x w be m pr(itable 9 proportion z ! e>? is pl\gh$ w>m1 :5 ! l& is brok5 up1 f9e x1 t is1 "w x aga9 9 ord] t all ! clods may be r$uc$1 = at ! fir/ pl\gh+ l>ge clods are always turn$ up4 ,?is is ! "t also to s[ vet*1 l5tils1 ! small v>iety ( *ick peas1 pulse 7ervilia7 & ! o!r ?+s :i* we call legumes1 b :i* o!rs1 z = example ! ,gauls1 call leg>ica1 bo? ( :i* names come f ! practice ( pick+ _! fruit 7leg]e7 because !y are n cut b ga!r$4 ,"w ! old v9es a second "t & ! "y ones ?rice1 especially if !re are any clods left4 #e ,july #ba-,septemb] #bf ,,xxxiii4 ,dur+ ! fif? season betwe5 ! ris+ ( ! ,dog ,/> & ! autumn equ9ox ?re% y\r /raw & rick x1 cont9ue ! h>r[+ ( y\r fall[ l&1 prune y\r fruit trees1 & m[ y\r irrigat$ mead[ ! second "t4 #f ,septemb] #bf-,octob] #bh ,,xxxiv4 ,! au?orities advise y to beg9 to s[ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! six? season imm$iately aft] ! autumn equ9ox & to keep x up = ! foll[+ #ia days1 b n to attempt to s[ any ?+ aft] ! w9t] sol/ice1 unless x is absolutely necess>y1 because se$ s[n be=e ! w9t] sol/ice g]m9ates 9 sev5 days1 :ile t s[n lat] h>dly ev] spr\ts = #dj days4 ,9 l mann] ! au?orities say t y %\ld n beg9 y\r s[+ be=e ! equ9ox1 le/ cont9u$ ra9s cause ! se$ to rot 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! be/ "t to plant beans is at ! sett+ ( ! ,pleiades1 b ga!r ! grapes & make ! v9tage betwe5 ! equ9ox & ! sett+ ( ! ,pleiades4 ,imm$iately aft]w>d beg9 to prune ! v9es1 to propagate !m & plant fruit trees1 b 9 ^? regions :]e ! fro/ comes e>ly x is bett] to po/pone ^! op]ations until ! foll[+ spr+4 #g ,octob] #bh-;,decemb] #bd4 ,,xxxv4 ,^! are ! ?+s to d dur+ ! sev5? season betwe5 ! sett+ ( ! ,pleiades & ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,plant lilies & crocuses & propagate roses1 :i* may be done by mak+ cutt+s ab\t ?ree in*es 9 l5g? f a /em already root$1 set ^! out & lat]1 aft] !y h =m$ _! own roots1 transplant !m4 ,! cultivation ( violets has no place on a f>m because !y require elevat$ b$s = :i* ! soil is scrap$ up & ^! are damag$ or ev5 wa%$ away by heavy ra9s1 ?us wa/+ ! f]tility ( ! l&4 ,at any "t ( ! ye> betwe5 ! ris+ ( ! we/ w9d & ! ris+ ( ,arcturus 7,febru>y-,septemb]7 x is prop] to transplant f ! se$ b$s ?yme1 an h]b1 :i* owes its "n1 s]pyllum1 to its creep+ habit 7quod s]pit74 ,?is is ! season also to dig new dit*es1 clean ! old ones1 & to prune ! trees 9 ! arbu/um & ! v9es :i* are m>ri$ to !m1 b be c>eful t y susp5d mo/ ( y\r "w dur+ ! fifte5 days be=e & aft] ! w9t] sol/ice3 x is fitt+1 h[ev]1 to set out "s trees dur+ ?is p]iod1 z1 = example1 elms4 #h ,decemb] #bd-;,febru>y #g ,,xxxvi4 ,^! are ! ?+s to d dur+ ! eigh? season betwe5 ! w9t] sol/ice & ! ris+ ( ! we/ w9d4 ,dra9 ! fields1 if any wat] is /&+ on !m1 b if !y are dry & ! l& is friable1 h>r[ !m4 ,prune ! v9es & ! or*>d4 ,:5 x is n fitt+ to "w 9 ! fields !n ^? ?+s %\ld be done :i* c be done "u cov] dur+ ! w9t] twilight4 ,all ^! rules %\ld be writt5 out & po/$ 9 ! f>m/ead & ! ov]se] especially %\ld h !m at ! tip ( 8 tongue4 ,( ! influ5ce ( ! moon on agriculture ,,xxxvii4 ,! lun> seasons also mu/ be consid]$4 ,!y are divid$ into two t]ms1 t f ! new moon to ! full1 & t f ! full moon to ! next moon1 or until t day :i* we call int]m5/ruus1 or ! la/ & ! fir/ ( a moon1 :5ce at ,a!ns ?is day is call$ ,greek3 h5ae kai nea 7! old & ! new71 ?\gh ! o!r ,greeks call x ,greek3 triakas ! ?irtie? day4 ,"s agricultural op]ations may be und]tak5 ) m advantage dur+ ! increase ( ! moon1 o!rs dur+ ! decrease1#hh z1 = example1 ! h>ve/ or cutt+ ( wood4 ,i obs]ve a practice :i* ,i le>n$ f my fa!r1 said ,agrasius1 n only nev] to %e> my %eep1 b n ev5 to h my own hair cut on ! decrease ( ! moon1 = fe> t ,i might become bald4 ,:at are ! qu>t]s ( ! moon1 said ,agrius1 & :at be>+ h !y on agriculture8 ,h y nev] he>d 9 ! c\ntry1 said ,tremelius1 ! lore ab\t ! influ5ce ( ,jana 7,diana7 on ! eigh? day be=e h] wax+1 & aga9 on ! eigh? day be=e h] wan+2 h[ c]ta9 ?+s :i* ought to be done dur+ ! increase c be done to bett] advantage 9 ! second qu>t] ?an ! fir/1 & t :at ev] is fitt+ to d on ! wane ( ! moon c be bett] done :5 h] light is less8 ,?is is all ,i "k ab\t ! effect ( ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! moon ^u agriculture4 ,,ano!r ,,cal5d> ,,( ,,six ,,agricultural ,,seasons ,!re is ano!r division ( ! ye>1 said ,/olo1 :i* takes acc\nt ( bo? ! sun & ! moon1 namely3 into six seasons1 because almo/ all ! cultivat$ fruits ( ! e>? come to maturity & rea* ! vat or ! gran>y aft] five successive agricultural op]ations & are put to use by a six?1 & ^! are1 fir/1 ! prep>+ 7praep>&um72 second1 ! plant+ 7s]5dum72 ?ird1 ! cultivat+ ( ! gr[+ crop 7nutric&um72 f\r?1 ! +a!r+ 7leg5dum72 fif?1 ! /or+ 7cond5dum71 & six?1 ! consum+ 7prom5dum74 #a ,,prep>+ ,,"t ,( tillage ,9 ! matt] ( prep>ation !re are diff]5t ?+s to be done = diff]5t crops1 z1 if y wi% to make an or*>d or an arbu/um1 y tr5* & grub & pl\gh2 if y plant gra91 y pl\gh & h>r[2 :ile1 if y cultivate trees1 y mul* _! roots by break+ ! e>? ) a mattock1 m or less accord+ to ! nature ( ! tree1 = "s trees1 l ! cypress1 h a small1 & o!rs l ! plane tree h a l>ge1 root sy/em 7= example1 t 9 ! ,lyceum at ,a!ns describ$ by ,!opha/us1 :i*1 :5 x 0 /ill a "y tree1 _h a spread ( roots to ! ext5t ( #cc cubits74 ,if y break ! gr\nd ) a pl\gh & cattle1 x is well to "w ! l& a second "t be=e y s[ y\r se$4 ,s1 if y are mak+ a mead[ ! prep>ation is to close x to ! /ock1 & ?is is usually done :5 ! pe> tree is 9 bloom3 if x is an irrigat$ mead[ ! prep>ation is to turn 9 ! wat] at ! prop] "t4 ,( manur+ ,,xxxviii4 ,z "p ( ?is same op]ation %\ld be consid]$ :at places 9 a field ne$ manure & :at k9d ( manure y c use to ! greate/ advantage1 = ! sev]al k9ds h diff]5t qualities4 ,cassius says t ! be/ manure is t ( birds1 except swamp & sea birds1#hi b ! be/ ( all is1 he claims1 ! manure ( pigeons because x is ! hotte/ & causes ! l& to f]m5t4 ,?is ought to be s[n on ! l& l se$1 n di/ribut$ 9 heaps l ! dung ( cattle4 ,i myself ?9k ! be/ manure is t f avi>ies 9 :i* ?ru%es & blackbirds are kept1 because x is n only good = ! l& b s]ves z a fatt5+ food = cattle & hogs3 = :i* reason ^? :o f>m avi>ies pay less r5t :5 ! own] /ipulates t ! manure is to be us$ on ! f>m1 ?an ^? to :om x is a p]quisite4 ,cassius advises t ! manure next 9 value to t ( doves is human feces1 & ?ird t ( goats & %eep & asses4 ,! manure ( horses is ( ! lea/ value on corn l&1 b on mead[s x is ! be/1 because1 l ! manure ( o!r draught animals f$ on b>ley1 x br+s a heavy /& ( grass4 ,! manure pit %\ld be ne> ! b>n 9 ord] t x may be available ) ! lea/ lab\r4 ,if y plant a /ake ( oak wood 9 ! manure pit x w n h>b\r s]p5ts4 #b ,,plant+ ,,"t ,( ! f\r me?ods ( propagat+ plants ,,xxxix4 ,! second op]ation1 namely t ( propagat+1 mu/ be consid]$ 9 relation to ! prop] "t = s[+ ea* k9d ( se$1 = ?is conc]ns ! aspect ( ! field y are to s[ & ! season fitt+ = :at y are to plant4 ,d we n see "s ?+s gr[ be/ 9 ! spr+1 o!rs 9 summ]1 "s 9 autumn1 & o!rs aga9 9 w9t]8 ,= ea* plant is s[$ or propagat$ or h>ve/$ 9 season accord+ to its nature3 s :ile mo/ trees are graft$ mo/ successfully 9 spr+1 r ?an ! autumn1 yet figs may be graft$ at ! summ] sol/ice1 & *]ries ev5 9 w9t]4 ,& s9ce !re are f\r me?ods ( propagation ( plants1 by nature & by ! sev]al processes ( art1 namely3 transplant+ f "o place to ano!r1 z is done 9 lay]+ v9es1 :at is call$ cuttage or propagat+ quick sets cut f trees1 & graftage1 :i* consi/s 9 transf]r+ scions f "o tree to ano!r1 let u consid] at :at season & 9 :at locality y %\ld d ea* ( ^! ?+s4 a4 ,se$+1 & "h ( se$ selection ,,xl4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! se$1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( all g]m9ation1 is ( two k9ds1 t :i* is n appreciable by our s5ses & t :i* is4 ,se$ is hidd5 f u :5 x is dissem9at$ 9 ! air1 z ! physici/ ,anaxagoras holds1 or is di/ribut$ ov] ! l& by ! surface wat]1 z ,!ophra/us ma9ta9s4 ,! se$s :i* ! f>m] c see %\ld be /udi$ ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,!re are "s v>ieties1 l t ( ! cypress1 :i* are s small z to be almo/ invisible1 = ^? nuts :i* ! cypress be>s1 t look l little balls cov]$ ) b>k1 are n ! se$ b conta9 x4 ,nature gave ! pr9ciple ( g]m9ation to se$1 ! re/ ( agriculture 0 left = ! exp]i5ce ( man to discov]1 = 9 ! beg9n+ be=e ! int]f]5ce ( man plants 7 g5]at$ be=e !y 7 s[n1 aft]w>ds ^? se$s :i* 7 collect$ by man f ! orig9al plants did n g5]ate until aft] !y _h be5 s[n4 ,se$ %\ld be exam9$ to asc]ta9 t x is n /]ile by age1 t x is clean1 p>ticul>ly t x is n adult]at$ ) o!r v>ieties ( simil> appe>ances3 = age has su* effect ^u se$ z 9 "s respects to *ange its v nature1 ?us x is said t rape w gr[ f old cabbage se$1 & vice v]sa4#ij b4 ,transplant+ ,9 respect ( transplant+1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t x is done nei!r too soon nor too late4 ,! fit "t1 accord+ to ,!ophra/us1 is spr+ & autumn & midsumm]1 b ! same rule w n apply 9 all places & to all k9ds ( plants3 = 9 dry & ?9 clay soil1 :i* has little natural moi/ure1 ! wet spr+ is ! "t1 b 9 a ri* & fat soil x is safe to transplant 9 autumn4 ,"s limit ! practice ( transplant+ to a p]iod ( ?irty days4 c4 ,cuttage ,9 respect ( cuttage1 :i* consi/s 9 plant+ 9 ! gr\nd a live cutt+ f a tree1 x behooves y especially to see t ?is is done at ! prop] "t1 :i* is be=e ! tree has begun to bud or bloom3 t y take (f ! cutt+ c>efully r ?an break x f ! p>5t tree1 because ! cutt+ w be m firmly e/abli%$ 9 proportion z x has a broad foot+ :i* c readily put out roots3 & t x is plant$ promptly be=e ! sap dries out ( x4 ,9 propagat+ olives select a trun*eon ( new gr[n wood ab\t a foot 9 l5g? & ! same size at ea* end3 "s call ^! clavolae & o!rs call !m taleae4 d4 ,graftage ,9 respect ( graftage1 :i* consi/s 9 transf]r+ gr[+ wood f "o tree to ano!r1 c>e mu/ be tak5 9 select+ ! tree f :i* ! scion is tak51 ! tree on :i* x is graft$1 & ! "t & ! mann] 9 :i* x is done3 = ! pe> _c be graft$ on an oak1 ev5 ?\gh x may ^u ! apple4 ,9 ?is op]ation _m m5 :o h great fai? 9 ! say+s ( ! soo?say]s give he$ to _! w>n+ t z _m k9ds ( grafts !re may be on a tree s _m bolts ( lightn+ w /rike x1 because a bolt ( lightn+ is g5]at$ by ea* graft 7ictu74#ia ,if y graft a cultivat$ pe> ^u a wild pe> tree no matt] h[ good x may be1 ! result w n be z =tunate z if y _h graft$ on ano!r cultivat$ pe>4 ,hav+ reg>d = ! result1 on :at ev] k9d ( tree y graft1 if x is ( exactly ! same k9d1 z1 = in/ance1 apple on apple1 y %\ld take c>e t ! scion comes f a bett] tree ?an t on :i* x is graft$4 e4 ,a new me?od--in>*+ ,!re is ano!r op]ation rec5tly sugge/$1#ib = propagat+ "o tree f ano!r1 :5 ! trees are neighb\rs4 ,f ! tree f :i* y wi% to take a scion a bran* is tra9$ to t on :i* y wi% to make ! graft & ! scion is b\nd ^u an incision 9 a bran* ( ! /ock4 ,! place ( contact ( bo? scion & /ock is cut away ) a knife s t ! b>k ( "o jo9s ev5ly ) ! b>k ( ! o!r at ! po9t ( exposure to ! wea!r4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! gr[+ top ( ! scion is po9t$ /raight upw>ds4 ,! foll[+ ye> :5 ! graft has knitt$1 ! scion may be cut f its p>5t tree4 ,( :5 to use ^! diff]5t me?ods ,,xli4 ,! mo/ important consid]ation 9 propagat+ is1 h[ev]1 ! "t at :i* y d x3 ?us ?+s :i* =m]ly 7 propagat$ 9 ! spr+ n[ are propagat$ 9 summ]1 l ! fig1 ^: wood is n heavy & s craves heat1 z a consequ5ce ( :i* quality figs _c be gr[n 9 cold climates4 ,= ! same reason wat] is dang]\s to a new fig graft because its s(t wood rots easily4 ,= ^! reasons x is n[ consid]$ t midsumm] is ! be/ season to propagate figs4 ,on ! o!r h& x is ! cu/om to tie a pot ( wat] above a graft ( h>d wood trees s t x may drip on ! graft & prev5t ! scion f dry+ up be=e x has be5 incorporat$ ) ! /ock4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! b>k ( ! scion is kept intact1 & to t end x %\ld be %>p5$ b s t ! pi? 7m$ulla7 is n expos$4 ,to prev5t ! ra9 or ! heat f injur+ x f )\t1 x %\ld be sme>$ ) clay & b\nd ) b>k4 ,x is cu/om>y to take (f ! scion ( a v9e ?ree days be=e x is to be graft$ s t ! sup]fluity ( moi/ure may dra9 out be=e ! scion is ins]t$1 or1 if ! graft is already 9 place1 an incision is made 9 ! /ock a little bel[ ! graft f :i* ! adv5titi\s moi/ure may dra9 (f3 b ?is is n done ) figs & pomegranates1 = 9 all trees ( a comp>atively dry nature ! graft is made imm$iately4 ,inde$1 "s trees1 l ! fig1 are be/ graft$ :5 ! scion is 9 bud4 ,( ! f\r k9ds ( propagation :i* ,i h discuss$1 t ( graftage is pref]r$ 9 respect ( ^? trees :i*1 l ! fig1 are sl[ 9 develop+3 = ! natural se$s ( ! fig are ^? gra9s se5 9 ! fruit we eat & are s small z sc>cely to be capable ( spr\t+ ! sl5d]e/ %oots4 ,= all se$s :i* are small & h>d are sl[ 9 g]m9at+1 :ile ^? :i* are s(t are m spontane\s1 j z girls gr[ fa/] ?an boys4 ,?us by reason ( _! fem99e t5d]ness ! fig1 ! pomegranate & ! v9e are quick] to mature ?an ! palm1 ! cypress & ! olive1 :i* are r dry ?an humid by nature4 ,:]e=e we "s times propagate figs 9 nurs]ies f cutt+s r ?an attempt to raise !m f se$3 unless !re is no o!r way to secure !m1 z happ5s :5 "o wi%es to s5d or receive se$ across ! sea4 ,= ?is purpose ! ripe figs :i* we eat are /rung toge!r & :5 !y h dri$ out are pack$ & %ipp$ :]esoev] we wi%1 & !reaft] be+ plant$ 9 a nurs]y !y g]m9ate4 ,9 ?is way ! ,*ian1 ! ,*alcidian1 ! ,lydian1 ! ,african & o!r =eign v>ieties ( figs 7 import$ into ,italy4 ,= ! same reason olives are usually propagat$ 9 nurs]ies f trun*eons su* z ,i h describ$1 r ?an f its se$1 :i* is h>d l a nut & sl[ to g]m9ate4 ,( se$+ alfalfa ,,xlii4 ,y %\ld take c>e n to plant alfalfa#ic 9 soil :i* is ei!r too dry or half wet1#id b 9 good ord]4 ,! au?orities say t if ! soil is 9 prop] condition a modius 7peck7 & a half ( alfalfa se$ w suffice to s[ a jug]um ( l&4 ,?is se$ is s[$ broad-ca/ on ! l& l grass & gra94 ,( se$+ clov] & cabbage ,,xliii4 ,snail clov] 7cytisus7 & cabbage is s[$ 9 b$s well prep>$ & is transplant$ f !m & set out s t ! plants are a foot & a half ap>t1 also cutt+s are tak5 f ! /rong] plants & set out l ^? :i* 7 rais$ f se$4 ,( se$+ gra9 ,,xliv4 ,! quantity ( se$ requir$ = "o jug]um is1 ( beans1 f\r modii1 ( :eat five modii1 ( b>ley six modii1 & ( spelt t5 modii3 9 "s places a little m or a little less2 if ! soil is ri*1 m2 if x is ?91 less4 ,:]e=e y %\ld obs]ve h[ mu* x is ! cu/om to s[ 9 y\r locality 9 ord] t y may d :at ! region & ! quality ( ! soil dem&s1 :i* is ! m necess>y z ! same am\nt ( se$ w yield 9 "s localities t5 = "o1 & 9 o!rs fifte5 = "o1 z 9 ,etruria4 ,9 ,italy also1 9 ! region ( ,syb>is x is said t se$ yields z mu* z "o hundr$ = "o1 & z mu* is claim$ = ! soil ( ,syria at ,gad>a1 & 9 ,africa at ,byzacium4#ie ,x is also important to consid] :e!r y w s[ 9 l& :i* is cropp$ e ye> :i* we call re/ibilis1 or 9 fall[ l& 7v]vactum71 :i* is pl\gh$ 9 ! spr+ & s all[$ an int]val ( re/4 ,9 ,olyn?ia1 said ,agrius1 !y are said to crop ! l& e ye> b to get a great] yield e ?ird ye>4 ,a field ought to lie fall[ e o!r ye>1 said ,/olo1 or at lea/ be plant$ ) "s crop :i* makes less dem& ^u ! soil4 #c ,,cultivat+ ,,"t ,tell u1 said ,agrius1 ab\t ! ?ird op]ation :i* relates to ! cultivation & ! n\ri%m5t ( ! crops4 ,( ! conditions ( plant gr[? ,all ?+s :i* g]m9ate 9 ! soil1 repli$ ,lic9ius1 9 ! soil also are n\ri%$1 come to maturity1 conceive1 are pregnant & 9 due "t be> fruit or e>1 s ea* fruit aft] its k9d yields se$ simil> to t f :i* x is sprung4 ,?us if y pluck a blossom or a gre5 pe> f a pe> tree1 or ! l f any o!r tree1 no?+ w gr[ aga9 9 t place dur+ ! same ye>1 because a tree _c h two p]iods ( fruition 9 ! same season4 ,!y produce only z wom5 be> *ildr51 :5 _! "t has come4 ,,xlv4 ,b>ley usually spr\ts 9 sev5 days aft] x has be5 s[$1 & :eat n mu* lat]1 :ile ! legumes almo/ always spr\t 9 f\r or five days1 except ! bean1 :i* is some:at lat]4 ,millet & sesame & ! o!r simil> gra9s spr\t 9 ! same "t unless "s ?+ 9 ! nature ( ! soil or ! wea!r ret>ds !m4 ,if ! locality is cold1 ^? plants :i* are propagat$ 9 ! nurs]y & are t5d] by nature ought to be protect$ f ! fro/s by cov]+s ( leaves or /raw1 &1 if ra9s foll[1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t wat] is n p]mitt$ to /& any :]e ab\t !m1 = ice is a poison to t5d] roots "u gr\nd1 z to spr\ts above1 & prev5ts !m f develop+ normally4 ,9 autumn & w9t] ! roots develop m ?an does ! leaf ( ! plant because !y are n\ri%$ by ! w>m? ( ! ro( ( e>?1 :ile ! leaf above is cut d[n by ! fro/y air4 ,we c le>n ?is by obs]vation ( ! wild vegetation :i* gr[s )\t ! int]v5tion ( man1 = ! roots gr[ m rapidly ?an t :i* spr+s f !m1 b only s f> z !y are actuat$ by ! rays ( ! sun4 ,!re are two causes ( ! gr[? ( roots1 ! vitality ( ! root itself by :i* nature drives x =w>d1 & ! quality ( ! soil :i* yields a passage m easily 9 "s conditions ?an 9 o!rs4 ,( ! me*anical action ( plants ,,xlvi4 ,9 _! effect ^u plants su* natural =ces z ,i h m5tion$ produce "s curi\s me*anical results4 ,?us x is possible to det]m9e ! "t ( ! ye> f ! motion ( ! leaves ( c]ta9 trees l ! olive1 ! :ite popl> & ! will[1 = :5 ! summ] sol/ice has arriv$ _! leaves turn ov]4 ,n less curi\s is ! habit ( t fl[] :i* is call$ ! heliotrope1 :i* 9 ! morn+ looks ^u ! ris+ sun &1 foll[+ its j\rney to its sett+1 nev] turns away its face4 ,( ! protection ( nurs]ies & mead[s ,,xlvii4 ,^? plants1 :i*1 l olives & figs1 are gr[n 9 ! nurs]y f cutt+s & are ( a t5d] nature1 %\ld be protect$ by %$s built ( two planks fa/5$ at ea* end3 moreov] !y %\ld be we$$1 & ?is %\ld be done :ile ! we$s are /ill "y1 = aft] !y h become dry !y (f] resi/ance1 & m readily break (f 9 y\r h& ?an yield to y\r pull4 ,on ! o!r h& ! grass :i* spr+s 9 ! mead[s & gives y hope ( =age n only %\ld n be root$ out :ile x is gr[+1 b %\ld n ev5 be walk$ ^u2 h5ce bo? ! flock & ! h]d %\ld be exclud$ f ! mead[ at ?is "t & ev5 man himself %\ld keep away1 = grass disappe>s "u ! foot & ! track soon becomes a pa?4 ,( ! /ructure ( a :eat plant ,,xlviii4 ,a corn plant consi/s ( a culm be>+ at its head a spike1 :i*1 :5 x is n mutilat$1 has1 z 9 b>ley & :eat1 ?ree p>ts1 namely3 ! gra91 ! glume & ! be>d1 n to speak ( ! %ea? :i* conta9s ! spike :ile x is be+ =m$4 ,! gra9 is t solid int]ior "p ( ! spike1 ! glume is its hull & ! be>d ^? long ?9 ne$les :i* gr[ out ( ! glume4 ,?us z ! glume is ! pontifical robe ( ! gra91 ! be>d is its apex4 ,! be>d & ! gra9 are well kn[n to almo/ e "o1 b ! glume to v few3 inde$ ,i "k only "o book 9 :i* x is m5tion$1 ! translation :i* ,ennius made ( ! v]ses ( ,evhem]us4 ,! etymology ( ! ^w gluma seems to be f glub]e1 to /rip1 because ! gra9 mu/ be /ripp$ f ?is hull3 & by a l d]ivation ! hull ( ! fig :i* we eat is call$ a glume4 ,! be>d we call ari/a because x is ! fir/ "p ( ! corn to dry 7aresc]e71 :ile we call ! gra9 granum f ! fact t x is produc$ 7g]]e71 = we plant corn to produce gra91 n glumes or be>ds1 j z v9es are plant$ to produce grapes1 n t5drils4 ,! spike1 :i*1 by tradition1 ! c\ntry p call speca1 seems to get its "n f spes1 hope4 ,= m5 plant ) hope ( ! h>ve/4 ,a spike :i* has no be>d is call$ poll$ 7muticus71 =1 :5 ! spike is fir/ =m+1 ! be>d1 l ! horns ( a "y animal1 is n app>5t b lies hid l a sword 9 its scabb>d "u a wrapp+ ( foliage :i* h5ce is call$ ! %ea?4 ,:5 ! spike is mature its tap] end above ! gra9 is call$ ! frit1 :ile t bel[1 :]e ! spike jo9s ! /raw culm1 is call$ ! urruncum4 ,,xlix4 ,:5 ,/olo drew brea?1 no "o ask$ any que/ions1 & s1 believ+ t en\gh _h be5 said on ! subject ( ! c>e ( ! gr[+ crops1 he resum$4 #d ,,h>ve/ ,,"t ,i w n[ speak ab\t ! ga!r+ ( ! crops4 ,( ! hay h>ve/ ,& fir/ ( ! mead[s3 :5 ! grass ceases to gr[ & beg9s to dry out ) ! heat1 !n x %\ld be cut ) scy!s &1 z x beg9s to cure1 turn$ ) =ks4 ,:5 x is cur$ x %\ld be ti$ 9 bales & haul$ into ! /ead+2 !n :at hay 0 left ly+ %\ld be rak$ toge!r & /ack$1 &1 f9ally1 :5 ?is has all be5 done1 ! mead[ %\ld be glean$1 t is1 gone ov] ) ! sickle to save :at ev] grass escap$ ! m[+1 su* z t left /&+ on tussocks4 ,f ?is act ( cutt+ 7sect>e7 ,i ?9k t ! ^w sicilire 7to glean ) a sickle7 is d]iv$4 ,( ! :eat h>ve/ ,l4 ,! ^w h>ve/ 7messis7 is prop]ly us$ ) respect to ! +a!r+ ( ^? crops :i* are reap$1 & f ?is action 7met]e7 its "n is d]iv$1 b x is mo/ly us$ 9 respect ( corn4 ,!re are ?ree me?ods ( h>ve/+ corn1 "o z 9 ,umbria1 :]e !y cradle ! /raw close to ! e>? & %ock up ! %eaves z !y are cut3 :5 a suffici5t numb] ( %ocks has be5 made1 !y g ov] !m aga9 & cut ea* %eaf betwe5 ! spikes & ! /raw1 ! spikes be+ ?r[n into baskets & s5t (f to ! ?re%+ floor1 :ile ! /raw is left 9 ! field & /ack$4 ,a second me?od ( h>ve/+ is practis$ 9 ,pic5um1 :]e !y h a curv$ wood5 head]#if on ! edge ( :i* is fix$ an iron saw3 :5 ?is in/rum5t engages ! spikes ( gra9 x cuts !m (f1 leav+ ! /raw /&+ 9 ! field1 :]e x is aft]w>ds cut4 ,a ?ird me?od ( h>ve/+1 :i* is us$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,rome & 9 mo/ places1 is to cut ! /raw 9 ! middle & take away ! upp] "p ) ! left h& 7:5ce ! ^w to reap met]e is1 ,i ?9k1 d]iv$ f ! ^w m$ium--connot+ a cutt+ 9 ! middle74 ,! l[] "p ( ! /raw :i* rema9s /&+ is cut lat]1#ig :ile ! re/1 :i* goes ) ! gra91 is haul$ (f 9 baskets to ! ?re%+ floor & !re 9 an airy place is w9n[$ ) a %ovel 7pala7 f :i* p]haps ! *aff 7palea7 takes its "n4 ,"s d]ive ! "n ( /raw 7/ram5tum7 f ! fact t x /&s 7/>e71 z !y ?9k ! ^w /am5 is also d]iv$1 :ile o!rs d]ive x f ! fact t x is spread 7/r>e71 because /raw is us$ z litt] = cattle4 ,! gra9 %\ld be h>ve/$ :5 x is ripe3 x is consid]$ t "u normal conditions & 9 an easy field "o man %\ld reap almo/ a jug]um a day & /ill h "t to c>ry ! gra9 9 baskets to ! ?re%+ floor4 ,! ?re%+ floor ,,li4 ,! ?re%+ floor %\ld be on high gr\nd s t ! w9d c bl[ ^u x f all directions4 ,x %\ld be con/ruct$ ( a size proportion$ to y\r crops1 pref]ably r\nd & ) ! c5tre slightly rais$ s t if x ra9s ! wat] may n /& on x b dra9 (f z quickly z possible1 & !re is no %ort] di/ance f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce ( a circle ?an a radius3#ih x %\ld be pav$ ) well pack$ e>?1 be/ ( all ( clay1 s t x may n crack 9 ! sun & op5 honeycombs 9 :i* ! gra9 c hide itself1 & wat] collect & give v5t to ! burr[s ( mice & ants4 ,x is ! practice to ano9t ! ?re%+ floor ) amurca1#ii = t is an enemy ( grass & a poison to ants & to moles4 ,"s build up & ev5 pave _! ?re%+ floor ) rock to make x p]man5t1 & "s1 l ! p ( ,bagi5nae1 ev5 ro( x ov] because 9 t c\ntry /orms are preval5t at ! ?re%+ season4 ,9 a hot c\ntry :]e ! ?re%+ floor is uncov]$ x is desirable to build a %elt] ne> by :]e ! h&s c resort 9 ! heat ( ! day4 ,?re%+ & w9n[+ ,,lii4 ,! heavie/ & be/ ( ! %eaves %\ld be select$ on ! ?re%+ floor & ! spikes laid aside = se$4 ,! gra9 is ?re%$ f ! spikes on ! ?re%+ floor1 an op]ation :i* "s p]=m by means ( a sl$ge drawn by a yoke ( ox53 ?is sl$ge consi/+ ( a wood5 plat=m1 /udd$ und]nea? ) fl9ts or iron spikes1 on :i* ei!r ! driv] rides or "s heavy weight is impos$ 9 ord]1 z x is drawn ar\nd1 to sep>ate ! gra9 f ! *aff3 o!rs use = ?is purpose :at is call$ ! punic c>t1 consi/+ ( a s]ies ( axle trees1 equipp$ ) too!d roll]s1 on :i* "s "o sits & drives ! cattle :i* draw x1 z !y d 9 hi!r ,spa9 & o!r places4 ,o!rs cause ! gra9 to be trodd5 out "u ! ho(s ( a h]d ( driv5 cattle1 :i* are kept mov+ by goad+ !m ) long poles4 ,:5 ! gra9 has be5 ?re%$ x %\ld be toss$ f ! gr\nd by means ( a w9n[+ basket or a w9n[+ %ovel :5 ! w9d is bl[+ g5tly1 & ?is is done 9 su* way t ! lighte/ "p1 :i* is call$ ! *aff1 is bl[n away beyond ! ?re%+ floor1 :ile ! heavy "p1 :i* is ! corn1 comes clean into ! basket4#ajj ,glean+ ,,liii4 ,aft] ! h>ve/ is ov] ! gra9 fields %\ld be glean$ ( %att]$ gra91 & ! /raw left 9 ! field %\ld be ga!r$ & h\s$1 b if !re is little to be ga9$ by su* "w1 & ! exp5se is disproportionate1 ! /ubble %\ld be graz$3 = 9 f>m+ x is ( ! greate/ importance t ! exp5se ( an op]ation %all n exce$ ! return f x4 ,( ! v9tage ,,liv4 ,9 v9ey>ds ! v9tage %\ld beg9 :5 ! grape is ripe1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 ) :at k9d ( grapes & 9 :at "p ( ! v9ey>d y beg93 = ! e>ly grapes & ! mix$ v>iety1 :i* is call$ black1 rip5 "s "t be=e ! o!rs & %\ld be ga!r$ fir/1 l ! fruit gr[n on ! side ( ! arbu/um1 or ( ! v9ey>d1 :i* is expos$ to ! sun4 ,dur+ ! ga!r+ ^? grapes f :i* y expect to make w9e %\ld be sep>at$ f ^? res]v$ = ! table3 ! *oic] be+ c>ri$ to ! w9e press & collect$ 9 empty j>s1 :ile ^? res]v$ to eat are collect$ 9 sep>ate baskets1 transf]r$ to little pots & /or$ 9 j>s pack$ ) m>c1 ?\gh "s are imm]s$ 9 ! pond 9 j>s daub$ ) pit* & "s rais$ to a %elf 9 ! /ore room4 ,! /ems & ! sk9s ( ! grapes :i* h be5 trodd5 out %\ld be put "u ! press s t any mu/ left 9 !m may be add$ to ! supply 9 ! vat4 ,:5 ?is m>c ceases to yield a fl[1 x is *opp$ ) a knife & press$ aga91 & ! mu/ express$ by ?is f9al op]ation is h5ce call$ circumcisitum#aja & is kept by itself because x smacks ( ! knife4 ,! m>c f9ally rema9+ is ?r[n into j>s1 to :i* wat] is add$1 ?us prep>+ a dr9k :i* is call$ aft]-w9e or grape juice1 & is giv5 to ! h&s 9 ! w9t] in/ead ( w9e4 ,( ! olive h>ve/ ,,lv4 ,& n[ ( ! h>ve/ ( ! olive y>d4#ajb ,y %\ld pick by h&1 r ?an beat f ! tree1 all ! olives :i* c be rea*$ f ! gr\nd or f a ladd]1 because ?is fruit becomes arid :5 x has be5 /ruck & does n yield s mu* oil3 & 9 pick+ by h& x is bett] to d s ) ! b>e f+]s r ?an ) a tool because ! texture ( a tool n only injures ! b]ry b b>ks ! bran*es & leaves !m expos$ to ! fro/4 ,s x is bett] to use a re$ ?an a pole to /rike d[n ! fruit :i* _c be rea*$ by h&1 = 7z ! prov]b is7 ! heavi] ! bl[1 ! m ne$ !re is = a surgeon4 ,he :o beats 8 trees %\ld bew>e ( do+ injury1 = (t5 an olive :5 x is /ruck away br+s d[n ) x f ! bran* a twig1 & :5 ?is happ5s ! fruit ( ! foll[+ ye> is lo/3 & ?is is n ! lea/ reason :y x is said t ! olive be>s fruit1 or mu* fruit1 only e o!r ye>4 ,l ! grape1 ! olive s]ves a two-fold function aft] x is ga!r$4 ,"s are set aside to be eat5 & ! re/ are made into oil1 :i* com=ts ! body ( man n only )9 b )\t1 = x foll[s u into ! ba? & ! gymnasium4 ,^? b]ries f :i* x is propos$ to make oil are usually /or$ 9 heaps on tables = sev]al days :]e !y may mell[ a little4 ,ea* heap 9 turn is c>ri$ 9 crates to ! oil j>s & to ! trapetus1 or press+ mill1 :i* is equipp$ ) bo? h>d & r\gh /ones4 ,if ! olives are left too long 9 ! heap !y heat & spoil & ! oil is rancid1 s if y are unable to gr9d promptly ! heaps ( olives %\ld be v5tilat$ by mov+ !m4 ,! yield ( ! olive is ( two k9ds1 oil :i* is well kn[n & amurca1 ( ! use ( :i* _m are s ignorant t "o c (t5 see x /ream+ f ! mill & wa/+ ^u ! gr\nd :]e x n only discol\rs ! soil1 b 9 places :]e x collects ev5 makes x /]ile3 :ile if appli$ intellig5tly x has _m uses ( ! greate/ importance to agriculture1 z1 = in/ance1 by p\r+ x ar\nd ! roots ( trees1 *iefly ! olive itself1 or :]ev] x is desir$ to de/roy we$s4#ajc #e ,,h\s+ ,,"t ,,lvi4 ,up to ?is mom5t1 cri$ ,agrius1 ,i h be5 sitt+ 9 ! b>n ) ! keys 9 my h&s wait+ = y1 ,/olo1 to br+ 9 ! h>ve/4 ,lo1 ,i am "h at ! ?re%old1 repli$ ,/olo4 ,op5 ! gates = me4 ,( /or+ hay ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is bett] to h\se y\r hay ?an to leave x /ack$ 9 ! field1 = ?us x makes m palatable prov5d]1 z may be prov5 by putt+ bo? k9ds be=e ! cattle4 ,( /or+ gra9 ,,lvii4 ,b corn %\ld be /or$ 9 an elevat$ gran>y1 expos$ to ! w9ds f ! ea/ & ! nor?1 & :]e no damp air may rea* x f places ne> at h&4 ,! walls & ! floors %\ld be pla/]$ ) a /ucco ( m>ble du/ or at lea/ ) a mixture ( clay & *aff & amurca1 = amurca w s]ve to keep out mice & weevil & w make ! gra9 solid & heavy4 ,"s m5 ev5 spr9kle _! gra9 ) amurca 9 ! proportion ( a quadrantal to e ?\s& modii ( gra93 o!rs crumble or scatt] ov] x1 = ! same purpose1 o!r v]mifuges l ,*alcidian or ,c>ian *alk or wormwood1 & o!r ?+s ( t k9d4 ,"s f>m]s h _! gran>ies "u gr\nd1 l cav]ns1 :i* !y call silos1 z 9 ,cappadocia & ,?race1 :ile 9 hi!r ,spa91 9 ! vic9ity ( ,c>?age1 & at ,osca pits are us$ = ?is purpose1 ! bottoms ( :i* are cov]$ ) /raw3 & !y take c>e t nei!r moi/ure nor air has access to !m1 except :5 !y are op5$ = use1 a wise precaution because :]e ! air does n move ! weevil w n hat*4 ,corn /or$ 9 ?is way is pres]v$ = fifty ye>s1 & millet1 inde$1 = m ?an a c5tury4 ,on ! e!r h& aga91 9 hi!r ,spa9 & 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,apulia !y build elevat$ gran>ies above gr\nd1 :i* ! w9ds keep cool1 n only by w9d[s at ! sides b also f und]nea? ! floor4 ,( /or+ legumes ,,lviii4 ,beans & o!r legumes keep safe a long "t 9 oil j>s cov]$ ) a%es4 ,cato says ! little ,am9nean grape1 z well z ! l>ge v>iety & t call$ ,apician1 keep v well :5 buri$ 9 e>!n pots3 or !y may be pres]v$ q z well 9 boil$ new w9e1 or 9 fre% aft]-w9e4 ,! v>ieties :i* keep be/ :5 hung up are ! h>d grapes & ^? kn[n z ! ,am9nean ,scantian4 ,( /or+ pome fruits ,,lix4 ,! pome fruits1 l ! pres]v+ sp>r[ apples1 qu9ces & ! v>ieties ( apples kn[n z ,scantian1 & 'little r\nds' 7orbiculata7 & ^? :i* =m]ly 7 call$ w9esap 7mu/ea71 & n[ are call$ honey apples 7melimela71 c all be kept safely 9 a cold & dry place :5 laid on /raw1 & s ^? :o build fruit h\ses take c>e to h ! w9d[s give ^u ! nor? w9d & t x may bl[ ?r\gh !m3 b !y %\ld n be left )\t %utt]s = fe> t ! fruits %\ld lose _! moi/ure & become %rivell$ by ! effect ( ! cont9u\s w9d4 ,! vaults1 ! walls & ! pavem5ts ( ^! fruit]ies are usually laid 9 /ucco to keep !m cool3 ?us r5d]+ !m su* pleasant resorts t "s m5 ev5 spread !re _! d9+ c\*es3 z well !y may1 = if ! pursuit ( luxury impels "s ( u to turn our d9+ rooms into picture gall]ies 9 ord] to regale ev5 our eyes ) works ( art :ile we eat1 %\ld we n f9d /ill great] gratification 9 contemplat+ ! works ( nature display$ 9 a savory array ( beautiful fruits1 especially if ?is 0 n procur$1 z has be5 done1 by sett+ up 9 y\r fruit]y on ! occasion ( a p>ty a supply ( fruit pur*as$ = ! purpose 9 t[n8 ,"s ?9k be/ to dispose _! apples 9 ! fruit]y on concrete tables1 o!rs on b$s ( /raw1 & "s ev5 on flocks ( wool4 ,pomegranates are pres]v$ by /ick+ _! twigs 9 j>s ( s&1 qu9ces & sp>r[ apples are /rung toge!r & hung up1 b ! late matur+ ,anician pe>s are be/ pres]v$ 9 boil$ mu/4 ,sorbs & pe>s also are "s times cut up & dri$ 9 ! sun1 ?\gh ! sorb may be easily pres]v$ intact by keep+ !m 9 a dry place3 turnips are cut up & pres]v$ 9 mu/>d1 :ile walnuts keep well 9 s&1 z ,i h expla9$ ) respect to ripe pomegranates4 ,!re is a simil> way ( rip5+ pomegranates3 put ! fruit1 :ile x is /ill gre5 & atta*$ to its bran*1 9 a pot )\t a bottom1 bury ?is 9 ! e>? & scrape ! soil ar\nd ! protrud+ bran* s z to keep out ! air1 & :5 ! pomegranates are dug up !y w be f\nd to be n only intact b l>g] ?an if !y _h hung all ! "t on ! tree4 ,( /or+ olives ,,lx4 ,) respect to pres]v+ olives1 ,cato advises t table olives1 bo? ! r\nd & ! bitt] b]ri$ k9ds1 keep be/ 9 br9e bo? :5 !y are dry & :5 !y are gre51 b if !y are bruis$ x is well to put !m 9 ma/i* oil4 ,r\nd olives w reta9 _! black col\r if !y are pack$ 9 salt = five days1 & !n1 ! salt hav+ be5 bru%$ away1 are expos$ = two days 9 ! sun3 or !y may be pres]v$ 9 mu/ boil$ d[n to "o-?ird1 )\t ! use ( salt4 ,( /or+ amurca ,,lxi4 ,exp]i5c$ f>m]s d well to save _! amurca z !y d _! oil & _! w9e4 ,! me?od ( pres]v+ x is ?is3 imm$iately aft] ! oil has be5 press$ out1 draw (f ! amurca & boil x d[n to "o-?ird &1 :5 x has cool$1 /ore x 9 vats4 ,!re are o!r me?ods also1 z t 9 :i* mu/ is m+l$ ) ! amurca4 #f ,,consum+ ,,"t ,,lxii4 ,s9ce no "o /ores 8 crops except to br+ !m out aga91 x rema9s to make a few obs]vations ^u ! six? & la/ op]ation 9 our r\nd ( agriculture4 ,crops :i* h be5 /or$ are br\ght out ei!r to c>e = !m1 to consume !m or to sell !m1 & z all crops are n alike !re are diff]5t times = c>+ = !m & = consum+ !m4 ,( clean+ gra9 ,,lxiii4 ,gra9 is tak5 out ( /ore to be clean$1 :5 ! weevil beg9s to damage x4 ,:5 ?is is app>5t ! gra9 %\ld be laid out 9 ! sun & b[ls ( wat] plac$ ne>by & ! weevil w sw>m on ?is wat] & dr[n !mselves4 ,^? :o /ore _! gra9 9 ! pits :i* are call$ silos %\ld n attempt to br+ out ! gra9 = "s "t aft] ! silo has be5 op5$ because !re is dang] ( suffocation 9 ent]+ a rec5tly op5$ silo4 ,! corn :i*1 dur+ ! h>ve/ "t1 y /or$ 9 ! e> & :i* y contemplate us+ = food1 %\ld be br\ght out dur+ ! w9t] to be cru%$ & gr\nd 9 ! gri/ mill4 ,( cond5s+ amurca ,,lxiv4 ,:5 x fl[s f ! oil mill1 amurca is a wat]y fluid full ( dregs4 ,x is ! cu/om to /ore x 9 ?is /ate 9 e>!n j>s & fifte5 days lat] to skim (f ! scum f ! top & transf] ?is to o!r j>s1 an op]ation :i* is repeat$ at regul> int]vals twelve times dur+ ! foll[+ six mon?s1 tak+ c>e t ! la/ skimm+ is done on ! wane ( ! moon4 ,!n x is boil$ 9 a copp] kettle ov] a sl[ fire until x is r$uc$ two-?irds1 :5 x may be drawn (f = use4 ,( rack+ w9e ,,lxv4 ,:5 ! mu/ is /or$ 9 ! vat to make w9e1 x %\ld n be rack$ (f :ile x is f]m5t+ nor until ?is process has advanc$ s f> t ! w9e may be consid]$ to be made4 ,if y wi% to dr9k old w9e1 x is n made until a ye> is complet$2 :5 x is a ye> old1 !n draw x out4 ,b if y\r v9ey>d conta9s t k9d ( grape :i* turns s\r e>ly1 y %\ld eat ! fruit1 or sell x be=e ! succe$+ v9tage4 ,!re are k9ds ( w9e1 l t ( ,fal]num1 :i* improve ! long] y keep !m4 ,( pres]v$ olives ,,lxvi4 ,if y attempt to eat :ite olives imm$iately aft] y h put !m up & be=e !y are cur$ y\r palate w reject !m on acc\nt ( _! bitt]ness 7& ! same is true ( ! black olive7 unless y dip !m 9 salt to make !m palatable4 ,( nuts1 dates & figs ,,lxvii4 ,! soon] y use nuts1 dates & figs aft] !y h be5 /or$1 ! m palatable !y w be1 = by keep+ figs lose _! flav\r1 dates rot & nuts dry up4 ,( /or$ fruits ,,lxviii4 ,fruits :i* are /rung1 su* z grapes1 apples & sorbs %[ by _! appe>ance :5 !y may be tak5 d[n = use1 = by _! *ange ( col\r & %r9k+ !y reveal !mselves z de/9$ to ! g>bage pile unless !y are eat5 9 "t4 ,sorbs :i* h be5 laid by :5 !y are already dead-ripe %\ld be us$ promptly1 b ^? :i* 7 pick$ gre5 are sl[] to decay3 = gre5 fruit 9 ! /ore h\se mu/ !re g ?r\gh ! process ( rip5+ :i* 0 d5i$ x on ! tree4 ,( m>ket+ gra9 ,,lxix4 ,! spelt :i* y wi% to h prep>$ = food %\ld be tak5 out 9 ! w9t] to be gr\nd 9 ! mill3 b y\r se$ corn %\ld n be tak5 out until ! fields are ready to receive x1 a rule :i* obta9s 9 respect ( all k9ds ( se$4 ,:at y h = sale %\ld be tak5 out at ! appropriate "t also1 = "s ?+s :i* _c be kept long )\t spoil+ %\ld be tak5 out & sold promptly1 :ile o!rs :i* keep %\ld be reta9$ s t y may sell :5 ! price is high1 = (t5 commodities :i* are kept on h& a long "t1 w1 if put on ! m>ket at ! prop] "t1 n only yield int]e/ = ! "t y held !m b ev5 a d\ble pr(it4 ,z ,/olo 0 speak+1 ! fre$man ( ! ,sacri/an ran up to u ) 8 eyes full ( te>s &1 begg+ our p>don = hav+ kept u wait+ s long1 invit$ u to come to ! fun]al on ! foll[+ day4 ,we all sprang up & cri$ out toge!r ,:at8 ,to ! fun]al8 ,^: fun]al8 ,:at has happ5$8 ,! fre$man1 weep+1 told u t 8 ma/] _h be5 /ruck d[n by a bl[ ) a knife1 b :o did x he _h be5 unable to discov] by reason ( ! cr[d1 all t he he>d be+ an exclamation t a mi/ake _h be5 made4 ,he add$ t :5 he _h c>ri$ 8 ma/] home & _h s5t ! s]vants to call a doctor1 :om !y br\ght back ) !m quickly1 he tru/$ t x might seem reasonable to u t he _h wait$ to att5d ^u ! doctor r ?an come to notify u at once1 & :ile he _h n be5 able to be ( any s]vice to 8 ma/]1 :o _h giv5 up ! gho/ 9 a few m9utes1 yet he hop$ we might approve 8 conduct4 ,accept+ ^! excuses z amply ju/ifi$1 we desc5d$ f ! temple bewild]$ m by ! haz>d ( human life ?an surpris$ t su* a fate %\ld be possible at ,rome3#ajd & s we w5t our sev]al ways4 ,,book ,,ii ,,! ,,husb&ry ,,( ,,live ,,/ock ,introduction3 ! decay ( c\ntry life ,^? great m5 our ance/ors did well to e/eem ! ,romans :o liv$ 9 ! c\ntry above ^? :o dwelt 9 t[n4 ,= z our peasants today contemn ! t5ant ( a villa z an idl] 9 comp>ison ) ! busy life ( an agricultural lab\r]1 s our ance/ors reg>d$ ! s$5t>y occupations ( ! t[n z wa/e ( "t f _! habitual rural pursuits3 & 9 consequ5ce !y s divid$ _! "t t !y might h to devote only "o day ( ! week to _! affairs 9 t[n1 res]v+ ! rema9+ sev5 = c\ntry life4#aje ,s long z !y p]si/$ 9 ?is practice !y accompli%$ two ?+s bo? t _! f>ms 7 f]tile ?r\gh good cultivation & t !y !mselves enjoy$ ! be/ ( heal?3 !y felt no ne$ ( ^? ,greek gymnasia :i* n[ e "o ( u mu/ h 9 8 t[n h\se1 nor did !y deem t 9 ord] to enjoy a h\se 9 ! c\ntry "o mu/ give s\nd+ ,greek names to all its ap>tm5ts1 su* z ,greek3 prokoiton 7ante*amb]7 ,greek3 palai/ra 7ex]cis+ room7 ,greek3 apoduta]ion 7dress+ room7 ,greek3 p]i/ulon 7arcade7 ,greek3 orni?on or 7p\ltry h\se7 ,greek3 p]i/]eon 7dove cote7 ,greek3 oporo?aekae 7fruit]y7 & ! l4 ,s9ce n[ =soo? mo/ ( our g5try cr[d into t[n1 ab&on+ ! sickle & ! pl\gh & pref] to ex]cise _! h&s 9 ! !atre & ! circus r ?an 9 ! corn field & ! v9ey>d1 x has result$ t we mu/ fa9 buy ! v corn t fills our bellies & h x haul$ 9 = u1 yea1 out ( ,africa & ,s>d9ia1 :ile we br+ home ! v9tage 9 %ips f ! isl&s ( ,cos & ,*ios6 ,& s x has happ5$ t ^? l&s :i* ! %eph]ds :o f\nd$ ! city taught _! *ildr5 to cultivate are n[1 by _! lat] desc5dants1 conv]t$ aga9 f corn fields back to pa/ures1 ?us 9 _! gre$ ( ga9 violat+ ev5 ! law1 s9ce !y fail to di/+ui% ! diff]5ce betwe5 agriculture & graz+4#ajf ,= a %eph]d is "o ?+ & a pl\ghman ano!r1 nor = all t he may fe$ 8 /ock on f>m l& is a drov] ! same z a team/]3 h]d$ cattle1 inde$1 d no?+ to create :at gr[s 9 ! l&1 b de/roy x ) _! tee?1 :ile ! yok$ ox on ! contr>y conduces to ! maturity ( gra9 9 ! corn fields & =age 9 ! fall[ l&4 ,! practice & ! art ( ! f>m] is "o ?+1 ,i say2 t ( ! %eph]d ano!r2 ! f>m]'s object be+ t :at ev] may be produc$ by cultivat+ ! l& %\ld yield a pr(it2 t ( ! %eph]d to make 8 pr(it f ! increase ( 8 flock2 & yet ! relation betwe5 !m is intimate because x is mu* m desirable = a f>m] to fe$ 8 =age on ! l& ?an to sell x1 & a h]d ( cattle is ! be/ s\rce ( supply ( t :i* is ! mo/ available food ( gr[+ plants1 namely1 manure3#ajg s x foll[s t :oev] has a f>m ought to practise bo? arts1 t ( agriculture & t ( graz+ cattle1 inde$1 also t ( fe$+ game1 z is done at our c\ntry h\ses1 s9ce no little pr(it may be d]iv$ f avi>ies & rabbit w>r5s & fi% ponds4 ,& s9ce ,i h writt5 a book conc]n+ ! fir/ ( ^! occupations--t ( ! husb&ry ( agriculture--= my wife ,fundania because ( h] int]e/ 9 t subject1 n[1 my de> ,turranius ,nig]1 ,i write ?is "o on ! husb&ry ( live /ock = y1 :o are s ke5 a /ock fanci] t y are a frequ5t att5dant at ! cattle m>ket at ,macri ,campi1 :]e1 by y\r =tunate speculations1 y h f\nd means to make provision = _m cry+ exp5ses4 ,i c\ld d ?is on my own au?ority because ,i am myself a consid]able own] ( live /ock ) my flocks ( %eep 9 ,apulia & my /ud ( horses at ,reate1 b ,i w run ?r\gh ! subject1 briefly & summ>ily rehe>s+ :at ,i ga!r$ f conv]sation ) c]ta9 l>ge /ock fe$]s 9 ,epirus at ! "t :51 be+ 9 comm& ( ! fleet 9 ,greece dur+ ! w> ) ! pirates1 ,i lay betwe5 ,delos & ,sicily4#ajh ,( ! orig91 ! importance & ! economy ( live /ock husb&ry ,i4#aji ,:5 ,m5ates _h gone1 ,coss9ius said to me3 ,we %all n let y g until y h expla9$ ^? ?ree po9ts :i* y began to discuss ! o!r day :5 we 7 int]rupt$4 ,:at ?ree po9ts1 said ,murrius4 ,are !y ^? conc]n+ fe$+ cattle1 ( :i* y spoke to me ye/]day8 ,yes1 repli$ ,coss9ius1 !y are ! consid]ations ( :at 0 ! orig91 :at ! importance1 & :at ! economy ( ! husb&ry ( live /ock4 ,v>ro "h _h begun to disc\rse ^u !m :ile we 7 call+ on ,petus dur+ 8 illness1 :5 ! arrival ( ! physician int]rupt$ u4 ,( ! ?ree divisions ( ! ,greek3 hi/orikon or int]pretation ( ?is subject1 :i* y h m5tion$1 ,i w v5ture1 said ,i1 to speak only ( ! fir/ two1 ( ! orig9 & ( ! importance ( ?is indu/ry4 ,! ?ird division1 ( h[ x %\ld be practis$1 ,scr(a %all und]take = u1 z "o1 if ,i may speak ,greek to a company ( half ,greek %eph]ds ,greek3 hos p] m\ pollon ame9on 7:o is bett] qualifi$ ?an ,i am71#aaj = ,scr(a 0 ! tea*] ( ,c4 ,lucilius ,hirrus1 y\r son-9-law1 ^: flocks & h]ds 9 ,bruttii h su* reputation4 ,b1 int]rupt$ ,scr(a1 y %all he> :at we h to say only on condition t y1 :o come f ,epirus & are ma/]s ( ! art ( fe$+ cattle1 %all recomp5se u & %all give public te/imony ( :at y "k on ! subject3 = none ( u kn[s x all4 ,hav+ ?us assum$ t my %>e ( ! discussion %\ld be ! fir/ or !oretical "p ( ! subject 7:i* ,i did1 al?\gh ,i h a /ock f>m 9 ,italy1 because1 z ! prov]b is1 n e "o :o owns a lyre is a musician71 ,i began3 ,d\btless 9 ! v ord] ( nature bo? man & cattle h exi/$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( "t1 = :e!r we believe t !re 0 a ,fir/ ,cause ( ! g5]ation ( animals1 z ,?ales ( ,miletus & ,z5o ( ,citium ma9ta9$1 or t !re 0 none z 0 ! op9ion ( ,py?agoras ( ,samos & ,ari/otle ( ,/agira1 x is1 z ,dicae>*us po9ts out1 a necessity ( human life to h desc5d$ gradually f ! e>lie/ "t to ! pres5t day3 ?us 9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! primitive age :5 man liv$ on :atev] ! virg9 soil produc$ spontane\sly2 !nce he desc5d$ to ! second or pa/oral age1 :51 z he _h =m]ly ga!r$ = 8 use acorns1#aaa /rawb]ries1 mulb]ries & apples by pick+ !m f trees & bu%es1 s n[1 to satisfy a l ne$1 he captur$ 9 ! woods su* z he c\ld ( ! wild bea/s ( ! field1 &1 hav+ enclos$1 began to dome/icate !m4 ,among ^! x is consid]$ n )\t reason t %eep 7 =emo/1 bo? because ( _! utility & because ( _! docile nature1 = ?is animal is ! g5tle/ ( all & mo/ readily accommodat$ to ! life ( man1 & supplies him ) milk & *eese = food1 & sk9s & wool to clo! 8 body4 ,f9ally1 by ! ?ird /ep1 man desc5d$ f ! pa/oral age to t ( agriculture4 ,9 ?is !re h p]si/$ _m relics ( ! two prec$+ ages1 :i*1 long rema9+ 9 _! orig9al /ate1 are f\nd ev5 9 our day3 = 9 _m places may yet be se5 "s k9ds ( our dome/ic cattle /ill 9 _! wild /ate1 su* z ! l>ge flocks ( wild %eep 9 ,phrygia1 & 9 ,samo?race a species ( wild goats l ^? :i* are call$ big horns 7platyc]otes7 & ab\nd 9 ,italy on ! m\nta9s ( ,fiscellum & ,tetrica4 ,e body kn[s t !re are wild sw9e1 unless y ma9ta9 t ! wild bo> is n a true memb] ( ! sw9e family4 ,!re are /ill _m cattle runn+ at l>ge 9 ,d>dania1 ,m$ica & ,?race1 :ile !re are wild asses 9 ,phrygia & ,lycaonia1 & wild horses 9 c]ta9 regions ( hi!r ,spa94 ,i h n[ told y ( ! orig9 ( ! indu/ry ( fe$+ cattle4 ,z to its importance1 ,i h ?is to say3 ,! mo/ important p]sons ( antiquity 7 all keep]s ( live /ock1 z bo? ! ,greek & ,lat9 languages reveal1 z well z ! e>lie/ poets1 :o describe _! h]oes "s z ,greek3 poly>nos 7ri* 9 lambs71 "s z ,greek3 polymaelos 7ri* 9 %eep71 & o!rs z ,greek3 polyb\taes 7ri* 9 h]ds71 & tell ( flocks :i* on acc\nt ( _! value 7 said to h gold5 fleeces1 l t ( ,atreus 9 ,argos :i* he compla9$ t ,?ye/es /ole away f him3 or t ram :i* ,aeetes sacrific$ at ,col*is1 ^: fleece 0 ! que/ ( ^? pr9ces kn[n z ! ,argonauts3 or aga9 l ^? s call$ gold5 apples 7mala7 ( ! ,hesp]ides t ,h]cules br\ght back f ,africa into ,greece1 :i* 71 accord+ to ! anci5t tradition1 9 fact goats & %eep :i* ! ,greeks1 f ! s\nd ( _! voice1 call$ ,greek3 maela3 inde$1 mu* 9 ! same way our c\ntry p1 us+ a diff]5t lett] 7s9ce ! bleat ( a %eep seems to make m ( ! s\nd ( bee ?an ( me7 say t %eep be-al>e1 :5ce by ! elision ( a lett] z (t5 happ5s1 is d]iv$ ! ^w bel>e 7or bal>e71 to bleat4 ,if cattle _h n be5 held 9 ! highe/ e/eem among ! anci5ts ! a/rolog]s w\ld n h call$ ! signs ( ! zodiac by _! names 9 describ+ ! heav5s3 & !y n only did n hesitate to place !m !re b _m ev5 beg9 _! enum]ation ( ! twelve signs ) ^! animal names1 ?us giv+ ,aries & ,taurus prec$5ce ov] ,apollo & ,h]cules1 ^: signs1 v gods z !y are1 are subord9at$ "u ! "n ( ,gem9i3 nor did !y deem t a six? ( ^! twelve signs 0 a suffici5t proportion = ! names ( cattle1 b !y mu/ ev5 add ,capricornus & make x a qu>t]4 ,fur!rmore1 9 nam+ ! con/ellations !y select$ o!r names ( cattle1 z ! goat1 ! kid1 & ! dog4 ,& 9 l mann] h n c]ta9 p>ts bo? ( ! sea & ( ! l& tak5 _! names f cattle1 z witness ! ,aegean ,sea1 :i* is call$ aft] ! ,greek "n = goat ,greek3 aigeos1 & ,m\nt ,taurus 9 ,syria aft] ! bull1 & ,m\nt ,can!rius 9 ! ,sab9e c\ntry aft] ! horse1 & ! ,?racian1 z well z ! ,cimm]ian1 ,bosphorus1 aft] ! ox3 & aga9 _m place names on l& l ! t[n 9 ,greece kn[n z ,greek3 hippion ,argos1 or horse bre$+ ,argos4 ,yea1 ,italy itself d]ives its "n1 accord+ to ,piso1 f vitula1 our ^w = heif]4 ,:o c d5y t ! ,roman p !mselves are sprung f a race ( %eph]ds1 = e "o kn[s t ,fau/ulus1 ! fo/] fa!r ( ,romulus & ,remus1 :o br\ght !m up1 0 a %eph]d4 ,is x n pro( t !y 7 %eph]ds t !y *ose ! ,p>ilia1 or fea/ ( ! goddess ( ! %eph]ds1 9 pref]5ce to all o!r days1 = ! f\nd+ ( ! city2 t a p5alty ev5 to ?is day is assess$ 9 t]ms ( cattle or %eep1 accord+ to ! anci5t cu/om2 t our mo/ anci5t money1 ! z ( ca/ copp]1 always bore ! effigy ( "s dome/ic animal2 t :5ev] a t[n 0 f\nd$ ! limits ( ! walls & ! gates 7 laid (f ) a pl\gh drawn by a bull & a c[ yok$ toge!r2 t :5 ! ,roman p are purifi$ x is done by driv+ ar\nd !m a bo>1 a ram & a bull1 :5ce ! sacrifice is kn[n z ! ,suovetaurilia2 t we h _m family names among u d]iv$ f bo? ! great & small cattle3 ?us f small cattle ,porcius1 ,ov9ius1 ,caprilius1 & f great cattle ,equitius1 ,taurius1 & "s ( our families h receiv$ f cattle cognom5s :i* signify = :at !y are e/eem$1 z1 = in/ance1 ! ,annius family are call$ ,capra1 ! ,/atilius family are call$ ,taurus & ! ,pomponius family are call$ ,vitulus1 & s _m o!rs are d]iv$ f cattle4 ,x rema9s n[ to discuss ! art ( animal husb&ry1 & on ?is subject our fri5d ,scr(a1 to :om ?is age has aw>d$ ! palm = excell5ce 9 all bran*es ( f>m managem5t1 w say :at ev] is to be said1 z he is bett] qualifi$ ?an am ,i4 ,:5 all eyes _h be5 turn$ ^u him1 ,scr(a began3 ,d\btless ! art ( bre$+ & ( fe$+ cattle consi/s 9 gett+ ! maximum pr(it out ( ^? ?+s f :i* ! v "n ( money is d]iv$1 = our ^w = money 7pecunia7 comes f pecus1 cattle1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( all weal?4 ,our enquiry may be divid$ into n9e subjects1 or ?ree p>ts ea* ) ?ree subdivisions1 namely3 7i7 conc]n+ small cattle1 ( :i* ! ?ree k9ds are %eep1 goats & sw9e3 7#b7 conc]n+ l>ge cattle1 :i* are likewise divid$ by nature into ?ree species1 neat cattle1 asses & horses3 & 7#c7 conc]n+ ^? in/rum5ts ( animal husb&ry :i* are n kept = pr(it b = conv5i5ce1 namely3 mules1 dogs & %eph]ds4 ,ea* ( ^! n9e subjects mu/ be consid]$ "u n9e heads3 7a7 f\r relat+ to ! acquisition ( cattle1 7b7 f\r to ! c>e ( !m1 & 7c7 "o :i* has to d ) all ! o!rs4 ,s !re are at lea/ eighty-"o *apt]s = discussion ( ! subject1 all indisp5sable & all ( great importance4 ,"u ! head 7a7 ( acquisition1 x is fir/ ( all necess>y1 to enable y to buy good live /ock1 t y %\ld "k at :at age x is be/ to buy & to keep ea* diff]5t k9d4 ,= in/ance1 y may buy neat cattle = less money be=e !y are a ye> old & aft] !y are t51 because !y beg9 to bre$ at two or ?ree ye>s & leave (f soon aft] ! t5? ye>1 ! beg9n+ & ! end ( ! life ( all live /ock be+ /]ile4 ,! second consid]ation "u ?is head is a k ( ! con=mation ( ea* k9d ( cattle & :at x %\ld be1 = ?is is ( great importance 9 det]m9+ ! value ( all animals4 ,?us exp]i5c$ /ockm5 buy cattle ) black horns r ?an :ite1 l>ge goats r ?an small1 & sw9e ) long bodies & %ort heads4 ,! ?ird consid]ation "u ?is head is to make sure ( ! bre$+4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! asses ( ,arcadia are celebrat$ 9 ,greece1 z are ^? ( ,reate 9 ,italy1 s t ,i rememb] an ass t br\ght sixty ?\s& se/]ces1 & a f\r-9-h& team at ,rome t 0 held at f\r hundr$ ?\s&4 ,! f\r? consid]ation is ( ! legal precautions to be obs]v$ 9 buy+ live /ock1 = 9 ord] t title may pass f "o to ano!r c]ta9 =malities mu/ int]v5e1 s9ce nei!r a contract nor ev5 ! paym5t ( ! pur*ase money suffices 9 all cases to transf] a title3 ?us 9 buy+ y "s times /ipulate t ! animal is 9 good heal?1 "s times t x comes out ( a heal?y flock or h]d1 & "s times no /ipulation at all is made4 ,"u ! head 7b7 ( ! c>e ( live /ock1 ! f\r consid]ations are :at %\ld be done1 aft] y h b\ght y\r cattle1 9 respect ( fe$+1 ( bre$+1 ( rais+ !m1 & ( ma9ta9+ _! heal?4 ,9 ! matt] ( fe$+1 :i* is ! fir/ ( ^! consid]ations1 ! ?ree ?+s to be obs]v$ are :]e & h[ mu*1 :51 & on :at y\r cattle w graze3 ?us x suits goats bett] to graze on r\gh & m\nta9 l& ?an 9 fat pa/ures1 :ile ! contr>y is true ( horses4 ,nor are ! same places fit = graz+ = all k9ds ( cattle bo? 9 summ] & w9t]3 ?us flocks ( %eep are driv5 f ,apulia a long di/ance into ,samnium to sp5d ! summ]1 & are report$ to ! tax f>m] to be regi/]$ le/ !y violate ! regulations ( ! c5sor4#aab ,9 ! same way mules are driv5 9 ! summ] f ! prairie ( ,rosea to ! high m\nta9s ( ,gurgures4 ,! rules = fe$+ ea* k9d ( live /ock 9 ! b>n y>d mu/ also be /udi$1 z1 = in/ance1 t hay is f$ to ! horse & ! ox1 :ile x w n d = sw9e :i* require ma/1 & t b>ley & beans %\ld at int]vals be f$ to "s k9ds ( /ock1 lup9es to draft cattle & alfalfa & clov] to mil* c[s4 ,fur!rmore1 x is desirable to fe$ ! ram & ! bull m heavily = ?irty days be=e admitt+ !m to ! flock & ! h]d1 ! purpose be+ to increase _! /r5g?1 :ile on ! o!r h& ! fe$ ( ! c[s is cut d[n at t "t because x is deem$ t !y bre$ mo/ successfully :5 !y are ?94 ,! next consid]ation is conc]n+ bre$+1 :i* ,i call ! p]iod betwe5 conception & bir?1 = ^! are ! beg9n+ & ! end ( pregnancy4 ,fir/ ( all !n we %\ld consid] ! /9t+ & ! season at :i* ?is %\ld be accompli%$1 = z ! season f ! ris+ ( ! we/ w9d to ! v]nal equ9ox 7,febru>y-,m>*7 is consid]$ be/ = sw9e1 s t f ! sett+ ( ,arcturus to ! sett+ ( ,aquila 7,may-,july7 is be/ = %eep4 ,fur!rmore1 a rule %\ld be made t ! male animals are kept ap>t f ! females = "s "t be=e !y are br$1 a p]iod :i* nea!rds & %eph]ds usually fix at two mon?s4 ,! next consid]ation is ( ! rules to be obs]v$ :ile ! animal is pregnant1 because ! p]iods ( ge/ation diff] 9 ! sev]al dome/ic animals3 ?us ! m>e goes twelve mon?s1 ! c[ t51 ! ewe & ! goat five & ! s[ f\r4 ,9 ,spa9 is report$ a ph5om5on ( bre$+ :i* seems incr$ible1 b is nev]!less true1 namely3 t on ,m\nt ,tagnus on t "p ( ! coa/ ( ,lusitania ne> ! t[n ( ,olisippo1 m>es are "s times impregnat$ by ! w9d1#aac "s ?+ :i* (t5 happ5s ) respect to *ick5s1 :5ce _! eggs are call$ ,greek3 hypa5emios 7conceiv$ by ! w9d71#aad b ! foals born ( su* m>es nev] live m ?an ?ree ye>s4 ,:5 lambs are born 9 due season1 or :at we call *ordi 7t is to say ^? lambs :i* are born late & h rema9$ beyond _! season 9 ! belly ( ! dam1 ! "n *ordi1 be+ d]iv$ f ,greek3 *orion ! ,greek "n = ! membrane :i* is call$ ! aft] bir?71 c>e mu/ be tak5 to clean !m & set !m g5tly on _! feet & to prev5t ! dam f cru%+ !m4 ,on ! ?ird consid]ation ) respect to rais+ "y animals1 y mu/ consid] = h[ long !y %\ld be p]mitt$ to suck ! dam & :5 & :]e1 & if ! "m has an insuffici5t supply ( milk1 h[ y may put ! "y "o to nurse at ! udd] ( ano!r3 9 :i* case !y are call$ subrumi1 t is to say1 "u ! udd]1 = ,i ?9k t rumis is an old ^w = udd]4 ,lambs are wean$ usually at ! end ( f\r mon?s1 kids 9 ?ree1 pigs 9 two4 ,weanl+ pigs1 f ! fact t !y are consid]$ fit to be (f]$ = sacrifice at t age1 7 =m]ly call$ sacres z ,plautus calls !m :5 he says1 ,:at's ! price ( sacr$ pigs8#aae ,9 l mann] /all f$ cattle1 :i* are be+ fatt5$ = ! public sacrifices1 are call$ opimi4 ,! f\r? consid]ation relates to ! heal? ( ! cattle1 a subject z important z x is complex1 = a s+le bea/ :i* may be sick or infect$ & ail+ (t5 br+s a great calamity on an entire h]d4 ,!re are two degrees ( ! heal+ art1 "o :i* requires consultation ) a surgeon1 z = m53 ! o!r :i* ! skilful %eph]d c himself practise1 & ?is consi/s ( ?ree p>ts1 namely3 ! consid]ation ( :at are ! causes1 ! symptoms & ! treatm5t :i* %\ld be foll[$ 9 relation to ea* malady4 ,! common causes ( disease 9 cattle are excess ( heat or ( cold1 ov]work1 or its opposite lack ( ex]cise1 or1 if :5 !y h be5 work$1 y give !m food & dr9k at once )\t an int]val ( re/4 ,! symptoms ( fev] due to heat or ov]work are a gap+ m\?1 heavy humid brea? & a burn+ body4 ,! cure :5 su* is ! malady is ?is3 ba! ! animal ) wat]1 rub x ) a w>m mixture ( oil & w9e1 put x on a n\ri%+ diet1 blanket x z protection aga9/ *ills & give x tepid wat] :5 x is ?ir/y4#aaf ,if ?is treatm5t does n suffice1 let ! blood1 *iefly f ! head4 ,s !re are diff]5t causes & diff]5t symptoms ( ! maladies peculi> to ea* k9d ( cattle1 & ! flock ma/] %\ld h !m all writt5 d[n4 ,x rema9s to speak ( ! n9? head 7c71 :i* ,i m5tion$1 & ?is relates to ! numb] ( cattle to be kept & s conc]ns bo? ( ! o!r heads4 ,= :oev] buys cattle mu/ consid] ! numb] ( h]ds & h[ _m 9 ea* h]d he c fe$ on 8 l&1 le/ 8 pa/ures prove %ort or m ?an he ne$1 z s 9 ei!r case ! pr(it be lo/4 ,fur!r m1 "o %\ld "k h[ _m bre$+ ewes !re are 9 ! flock1 h[ _m rams1 h[ _m lambs ( ea* sex1 h[ _m culls to be we$$ out4 ,?us1 if a ewe has m lambs at a bir? ?an %e c n\ri%1 y %\ld d :at "s %eph]ds practise--take "p ( !m away f h]1 :i* is done to ! end t ^? rema9+ may prosp]4 ,bew>e6 put 9 ,atticus1 t y\r g5]alisations d n lead y a/ray1 & t y\r insi/5ce on ! rule ( n9e does n contradict y\r own def9ition ( small & l>ge cattle3 = h[ c all y\r pr9ciples be appli$ to mules & to %eph]ds1 s9ce ^? ) respect to bre$+ c]ta9ly _c be foll[$ s f> z !y are conc]n$4 ,z to dogs ,i c see _! application4 ,i admit ev5 t m5 may be includ$ 9 !m1 because !y h _! wives on ! f>m 9 w9t]1 & inde$ ev5 9 _! summ] pa/ure camps1 a concession :i* is deem$ b5eficial because x atta*es ! %eph]ds to _! flocks1 & by begett+ *ildr5 !y increase ! e/abli%m5t & ) x ! pr(it on y\r inve/m5t4 ,if ,scr(a's numb] _c be measur$ ) a c>p5t]'s rule1 said ,i1 nei!r c _m o!r g5]alisations1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 we say t a ?\s& %ips sail$ aga9/ ,troy1 or t a c]ta9 c\rt ( ,rome consi/s ( a hundr$ judges 7c5tumviri74 ,leave out1 if y wi%1 ! two *apt]s relat+ to bre$+ 9 s f> z mules are conc]n$4 ,b :y %\ld we1 exclaim$ ,vaccius1 = x is relat$ t on sev]al occasions at ,rome a mule has _h a foal4 ,to back up :at ,vaccius _h said1 ,i cit$ ,mago & ,dionysius z writ+ t :5 mules & m>es conceive !y be> 9 ! twelf? mon?4 ,if1 ,i add$1 x is consid]$ a prodigy 9 ,italy :5 a mule has a foal1 x is n necess>ily s 9 all c\ntries4 ,= is x n true t swall[s & swans bre$ 9 ,italy1 :i* d n lay 9 o!r l&s1 & don't y "k t ! ,syrian date palm1 :i* be>s fruit 9 ,judea1 does n yield 9 ,italy8 ,if y pref]1 said ,scr(a1 to make out ! entire eighty-"o *apt]s )\t any on ! c>e ( mules dur+ ! bre$+ season1 !re are subjects ) :i* y c fill ?is d\ble vacancy by add+ ^? two k9ds ( extraord9>y pr(it :i* is d]iv$ f live /ock4 ,"o ( ^! is ! fleece :i* m5 %e> or pull f %eep & goats1 ! o!r1 :i* is m widely practis$1 t f milk & *eese3 ! ,greek writ]s inde$ actually treat ?is sep>ately "u ! title ,greek3 turopoiia1 & h writt5 ext5sively ab\t x4 ,( %eep ,,ii4 ,& n[1 s9ce ,i h complet$ my task & ! economy ( live /ock husb&ry has be5 def9$1 d y1 m5 ( ,epirus1 requite u by exp\nd+ ! subject 9 detail1 s t we may see ( :at ! %eph]ds ( ,p]gamis & ,mal$os are capable4 ,at ?is *all5ge1 ,atticus 7:o !n 0 kn[n z ,t4 ,pomponius b n[ z ,q4 ,caecilius reta9+ ! same cognom57#aag began z foll[s3 ,i ga!r t ,i mu/ make ! beg9n+ s9ce y seem to turn y\r eyes ^u me3 s ,i w speak ( ^? cattle :i* y1 ,v>ro1 h call$ primitive1 = y say t %eep 7 ! fir/ ( ! wild bea/s ( ! field :i* 7 captur$ & dome/icat$ by man4 ,9 ! fir/ place y %\ld buy good %eep1 & !y are s judg$ prim>ily 9 respect ( _! age1 t !y are n :at is kn[n z ag$ nor yet undevelop$ lambs1 because nei!r c yield y any pr(it1 ! "o no long]1 ! o!r n yet3 b y may deem t age :i* holds out a promise pref]able to t ^: only future is dea?4 ,s f> z conc]ns con=mation1 a %eep %\ld h a r\nd b>rel1 wool ?ick & s(t & ) long fibre1 &1 :ile heavy all ov] ! body1 x %\ld be ?icke/ on ! back & neck1 & yet ! belly also %\ld be cov]$1 = unless ! belly 0 cov]$ our ance/ors 7 wont to call a %eep apica & ?r[ x out4 ,!y %\ld h %ort legs1#aah &1 if !y are ( ! ,italian bre$1 long tails1 or %ort tails if !y come f ,syria4 ,! mo/ important po9t to gu>d is t y\r flock is head$ by a good sire4 ,! quality ( a ram c usually be det]m9$ f 8 con=mation & f 8 get4 ,s f> z conc]ns con=mation1 a ram %\ld h a face well cov]$ ) wool1 horns twi/$ & conv]g+ on ! muzzle1 tawny eyes1 woolly e>s1 a deep *e/1 wide %\ld]s & lo91 a long & l>ge tail4 ,y %\ld see also :e!r he has a black or a spott$ tongue1#aai = su* rams usually get black or spott$ lambs4 ,y may judge !m by _! get1 if _! lambs are ( good quality4 ,9 buy+ %eep we practise ! =malities :i* ! law requires1 foll[+ !m m or less /rictly 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,"s m5 9 fix+ a price p] head /ipulate t two late lambs or two too?less ewes %all be c\nt$ z "o4 ,9 o!r respects ! traditional =mula is employ$ ?us3 ! buy] says to ! sell]1 ,d y sell me ^! %eep = s mu*8 ,& ! sell] answ]s1 ,!y are y\r %eep1 & /ates ! price4 ,:]eupon ! buy] /ipulates accord+ to ! anci5t =mula3 ,d y gu>antee t ^! %eep1 = :i* we h b>ga9$1 are 9 su* good heal? z %eep %\ld be2 t !re is none among !m "o-ey$1 deaf or b>e-belli$2 t !y d n come out ( an infect$ flock & t ,i w take !m by good "r & title8 ,ev5 :5 ?is is done ! title to ! flock does n pass until !y h be5 c\nt$1 b1 nev]!less1 ! pur*as] c hold ! sell] to ! b>ga9 if he does n make deliv]y1 ev5 ?\gh ! pur*ase money has n pass$1 & by a l "r ! sell] c hold ! buy] if he does n pay up4 ,i w next speak ab\t ^? o!r f\r subjects :i* ,scr(a outl9$1 namely3 ! fe$+1 bre$+1 rais+ & physick+ ( %eep4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 "o %\ld see t provision is made = fe$+ ! flock ?r\gh\t ! entire ye>1 z well indoors z out4 ,! /able %\ld be 9 a suitable location1 protect$ aga9/ ! w9d1 look+ r to ! ,ea/ ?an ! ,s\?1 on cle>$ & slop+ gr\nd s t x c be easily swept out & kept clean1 = moi/ure n only rots ! wool ( ! %eep b _! ho(s z well & causes scab4 ,:5 %eep h /ood = sev]al days y %\ld /rew ! /able ) new b$d+1 s t !y may be m com=table & be kept clean]1 & ?us eat ) m appetite4 ,y %\ld also contrive /alls sep>at$ f ! o!rs 9 :i* y may segregate ! ewes ab\t to yean1 z well z any :i* may be ail+4 ,?is precaution is practicable1 h[ev]1 only ) %eep f$ at ! /ead+1 b ^? :o graze _! %eep 9 ! m\nta9 pa/ures & f> f cov]1 c>ry ) !m wick] hurdles or nets1 & o!r su* conv5i5ces ) :i* !y contrive folds = su* sep>ation4 ,%eep inde$ are graz$ f> & wide s t (t5 x happ5s t _! w9t] qu>t]s are _m miles f _! summ] pa/ures4 ,i "k t to be true1 said ,i1 = my flocks w9t] 9 ,apulia & sp5d ! summ] 9 ! m\nta9s above ,reate3 ?us ! public cattle drifts betwe5 ^! two localities balance ! sep>at$ pa/ures1 z a yoke balances two baskets4#abj ,atticus resum$3 ,:5 %eep are f$ cont9ually 9 ! same locality di/9ction mu/ be made 9 ! times ( fe$+ !m accord+ to ! seasons3 ?us 9 summ] !y are driv5 out#aba to pa/ure at day break because !n ! dewy grass is m appetiz+ ?an at midday1 :5 x is dry4 ,at sunrise !y are driv5 to wat]1 to make !m m lick]i% on _! return4 ,ab\t noon & dur+ ! heat ( ! day !y are p]mitt$ to lie 9 ! %ade ( rocks or "u broad spread+ trees until ! fre%] ev5+ air invites !m to fe$ aga9 until sunset4#abb ,a %eep %\ld always graze ) ! sun beh9d x1 because its head is v s5sitive to heat4 ,at sunset ! flock %\ld be giv5 a %ort re/ & !n driv5 aga9 to wat]1 & s br\ght back to fe$ aga9 until x is d>k1 = at t "t ( day ! grass has r5ew$ its pleasant sav\r4 ,?is r\t9e is usually foll[$ f ! ris+ ( ! ,pleiades until ! autumn equ9ox4 ,aft] ! h>ve/ x is ( two-fold advantage to turn ! flock 9 on ! /ubble1 z !y w fatt5 on ! %att]$ gra9 & improve ! l& = next ye>'s plant+ by spread+ _! manure 9 ! trampl$ /raw4 ,! rules = pa/ur+ %eep 9 w9t] & spr+ diff] f ! summ] rules 9 ?is1 t at ^? seasons ! flock is n driv5 to pa/ure until ! ho> fro/ has evaporat$ & !y fe$ all day long1 "o wat]+ ab\t noon be+ en\gh4 ,?is is ab\t all !re to say on ! subject ( fe$+ %eep1 s ,i pass to ! consid]ation ( bre$+4 ,! rams :i* y are ab\t to use = bre$+ %\ld be sep>at$ f ! flock = two mon?s be=e ! season1 & f$ heavily by giv+ !m a ration ( b>ley :5 !y come into ! /able f ! pa/ure3 x w make !m /rong] = _! duty4 ,! be/ bre$+ season is f ! sett+ ( ,arcturus to ! sett+ ( ,aquila1 7,may-,july7 because lambs begott5 lat] are apt to be born runts1 & weak4 ,z a ewe is pregnant = "o hundr$ & fifty days1 ?is arrangem5t causes h] to drop h] lambs at ! end ( autumn :5 ! temp]ature is mild & ! grass is r5ew$ by ! fir/ ra9s4 ,dur+ ! bre$+ season ! flock %\ld dr9k only ! same k9d ( wat]1 s9ce a *ange n only makes spott$ wool b injures ! (fspr+4 ,:5 all ! ewes h be5 /9t$1 ! rams %\ld be sep>at$ f !m aga91 because x injures ewes to be teas$ :ile !y are pregnant4 ,ewe lambs %\ld nev] be br$ be=e !y are two ye>s old1 z !y _c e>li] produce /rong lambs1 b w !mselves deg5]ate3 inde$1 x is bett] to keep !m until ! ?ird ye>4 ,to ?is end "s %eph]ds protect _! ewe lambs f ! ram by ty+ baskets made ( ru%es or some?+ ( t k9d ov] _! rumps1 b x is bett] to fe$ !m ap>t f ! flock4 ,i come n[ to ! consid]ation ( h[ lambs %\ld be rais$4 ,:5 ! ewes beg9 to yean !y are driv5 into a /able :i* has /alls set ap>t = ! purpose1 :]e ! new born lambs c be plac$ ne> a fire to /r5g!n !m1 & !re ! ewes are kept two or !re days until ! lambs "k _! dams & are able to fe$ !mselves4 ,!reaft] ! lambs are /ill kept up b ! ewes are driv5 out to pa/ure ) ! flock1 be+ br\ght back to !m 9 ! ev5+ to be suckl$ & !n once m sep>at$1 le/ ! lambs be trampl$ by ! ewes at night4 ,9 ! morn+ be=e ! ewes g out to pa/ure !y are giv5 access to _! "y aga9 until ! lambs are satisfi$ ) milk4 ,aft] ab\t t5 days h elaps$ ! lambs are picket$ out ( doors1 be+ te!r$ ) fibre or su* o!r light mat]ial1 to /akes plant$ "s di/ance ap>t s t ! little fell[s may n injure !mselves z !y frisk toge!r all day4 ,if a lamb w n suck1 x %\ld be held up to ! teat & its lips greas$ ) butt] or suet1 & s made to smell at ! milk4 ,a few days lat] "s s(t vet* or t5d] grass may be giv5 !m be=e !y g out to pa/ure & aft] !y come 94 ,& s !y are nurs$ until !y are f\r mon?s old4 ,!re are "s %eph]ds :o d n milk ! ewes dur+ ! nurs+ p]iod1 b ^? :o d n milk !m at all d bett]1 z ?us !y be> m wool & m lambs4 ,:5 ! lambs are wean$ great att5tion is necess>y to prev5t !m f wa/+ away 9 _! long+ = ! dam3 !y %\ld be tempt$ to eat by giv+ !m appetiz+ food1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 t !y d n suff] f cold or heat4 ,:5 at la/ !y h =gott5 ! ta/e ( milk & no long] ye>n = ! dam1 !y may be driv5 out ) ! flock4 ,a ram lamb %\ld n be alt]$ until he is five mon?s old1 nor yet 9 v hot or v cold wea!r4 ,^? :i* y wi% to keep = rams %\ld be *os5 z f> z possible f dams :o are 9 ! habit ( hav+ tw9 lambs4 ,mo/ ( ^! recomm5dations apply equally to ^? f9e wool %eep :i* are call$ pellitae1 because !y are jacket$ ) sk9s1 z is done at ,t>5tum & 9 ,attica1 to protect _! wool f f\l+1 = by ?is precaution ! fleece is kept 9 bett] plight = dye+1 wa%+ or clean+4 ,great] dilig5ce is requir$ to keep clean ! folds & /ables ( su* %eep ?an is necess>y = ! ord9>y bre$s3 s !y are pav$ ) /one to ! end t no ur9e may /& any:]e 9 ! /able4 ,%eep eat :atev] is put be=e !m--fig leaves1 m>c1 ev5 /raw4 ,bran %\ld be f$ to !m 9 mod]ation1 le/ !y eat ei!r too mu* or too little ( x1 9 ei!r ( :i* cases x is bad = ! dige/ion1 b clov] & alfalfa agree ) !m be/ & make bo? fat & milk ) ! utmo/ facility4 ,s f> z conc]ns ! heal? ( ! flock1 !re are _m ?+s ,i might add1 b1 z ,scr(a has said1 ! flock ma/] keeps 8 prescriptions writt5 d[n 9 a book & c>ries ) him :at he ne$s 9 ! way ( physic4 ,x rema9s to speak ( ! numb] ( %eep 9 a flock4 ,"s make ?is m1 "s less1 = !re is no natural limit4 ,9 ,epirus almo/ all ( u h a rule n to all[ m ?an "o hundr$ %ort wool %eep or fifty f9e wool jacket$ %eep to a %eph]d4 ,( goats ,,iii4 ,z ,atticus /opp$1 ,coss9ius took him up4 ,come1 my de> ,fau/ulus1 he cri$1 y h bleat$ long en\gh4 ,take n[ f me1 z f a late born ,hom]ic ,melan?ius1#abc a small (f]+ f my flock ( goats1 & at ! same "t le>n a lesson 9 brevity4 ,he :o wi%es to =m a flock ( goats %\ld consid] 9 *oos+ !m3 fir/ ( all t !y are ( an age capable ( bre$+1 & t = "s "t to come1 = a tiro is m useful = t purpose ?an a vet]an4 ,z to con=mation1 see to x t !y are /rong & l>ge1 ) a smoo? body & ?ick coat3 b bew>e ( ! %ort hair$ goat1 = !re are bo? k9ds4 ,! %e goat %\ld h two excresc5ces1 l little teats1 hang+ "u ! muzzle3 ^? :i* h !m are fecund3#abd ! l>g] ! udd] ! m milk & butt] fat %e w yield4 ,! qualities ( a buck are t 8 coat %\ld be l>gely :ite3 8 cre/ & neck %ort & 8 gullet long4 ,y w h a bett] flock if y buy at "o "t goats :i* h be5 accu/om$ to run toge!r1 r ?an by putt+ toge!r a lot ( goats pick$ up "h & !re4 ,conc]n+ bre$+1 ,i ref] to :at ,atticus has said ab\t %eep1 ) ?is diff]5ce3 t :ile y select a bre$ ( %eep :i* are sl[ ( foot1 because !y are ( quiet] disposition1 all goats are z excitable z !y are agile4 ,(1 ?is la/ *>act]i/ic ,cato records 9 8 book ,orig9es3 ',9 ! m\nta9s ( ,socrate & ,fiscellus !re are wild goats :i* leap f rock to rock a di/ance ( m ?an sixty feet4' ,= z ! %eep :i* we fe$ are sprung f wild %eep1 s ! goats :i* we h]d are sprung f wild goats3 & x is f !m t ! isl& ( ,caprasia1 ne> ! coa/ ( ,italy1 gets its "n4 ,z x is recogniz$ t ! be/ bre$ ( goats is "o :i* be>s two kids at a bir?1 bre$+ bucks are *os5 f su* a race :5ev] possible4 ,"s fanci]s ev5 take ! tr\ble to import bucks f ! isl& ( ,melia1 :]e are br$ :at are consid]$ ! l>ge/ & mo/ beautiful specim5s ( ! race4 ,i hold t ! =mula = buy+ %eep _c altoge!r apply to goats because no sane man ev] gu>ante$ t goats are )\t malady1 = ! fact is t !y are =ev] 9 a fev]4 ,= ?is reason ! usual /ipulation has _h a few words cut out ( x = use 9 respect ( goats1 &1 z ,manilius gives x 9 8 treatise on ! law ( ,sales1 runs z foll[s3 ',d y gu>antee t ^! goats are well today2 t !y are able to dr9k1 & t ,i w get good title to !m8' ,!re is a wond]ful fact conc]n+ goats :i* has be5 /at$ by c]ta9 +5i\s %eph]ds & is ev5 record$ 9 ! book ( ,ar*elaus1 namely1 t !y d n brea! ?r\gh _! no/rils1 l o!r animals1 b ?r\gh _! e>s4#abe ,^u ,scr(a's f\r consid]ations :i* relate to ! c>e ( goats ,i h ?is to say4 ,! flock is bett] /abl$ 9 ! w9t] if its qu>t]s look t[>d ! ,s\!a/1 because goats are v s5sitive to cold4 ,s also1 z = mo/ cattle1 ! goat /able %\ld be pav$ ) /one or brick t ! flock may be less expos$ to damp & mud4 ,:5 ! flock passes ! night out ( doors1 a place %\ld be select$ hav+ ! same exposure & ! fold /rewn ) leaves to protect ! flock f f\l+ !mselves4 ,!re is n mu* diff]5ce 9 ! me?od ( h&l+ goats 9 ! pa/ure f %eep1 b goats h ?is *>act]i/ic1 t !y pref] ! m\nta9 woodl& pa/ures to mead[s1 = !y fe$ eag]ly on ! bru%wood & 9 cultivat$ places crop ! %rubb]y2 inde$1 _! "n caprae is d]iv$ f c>p]e1 to crop4 ,= ?is reason x is cu/om>y to /ipulate 9 f>m leases t ! t5ant %all n graze any goat on ! leas$ l&1 = _! tee? are ! enemies ( all plant$ crops3 :]e=e ! a/rolog]s 7 c>eful to /ation !m 9 ! heav5s outside ( ! pale ( ! twelve signs ( ! zodiac1 b !re are two kids & a goat n f> f ,taurus4 ,s f> z conc]ns bre$+1 x is ! cu/om to sep>ate ! bucks f ! pa/ur$ flock at ! end ( autumn & conf9e !m ap>t1 z has be5 said ) respect to rams4 ,! nannies :i* conceive at ?is "t drop _! kids 9 f\r mon?s1 & s 9 ! spr+4 ,9 :at reg>ds re>+ ! kids1 x is en\gh to say t :5 !y are ?ree mon?s old !y are rais$ & may jo9 ! flock4 ,:at %all ,i say ( ! heal? ( ^! animals :o nev] h any8 yet ! flock ma/] %\ld h writt5 d[n :at rem$ies are us$ = c]ta9 ( _! maladies & especially = ! w\nds :i* (t5 befall !m by reason ( _! con/ant fight+ among !mselves & _! fe$+ 9 ?orny places4 ,x rema9s to speak ( numb]3 ?is is less to ! h]d 9 ! case ( goats ?an ) %eep because ( ! wantonness & w&]+ habit ( ! goat3 %eep1 on ! o!r h&1 are wont to flock toge!r & keep 9 "o place4 ,= ano!r reason x is ! cu/om 9 ,gaul to divide ! goats into _m flocks r ?an conc5trate !m 9 l>ge ones1 because a pe/il5ce quickly takes possession ( a l>ge h]d & sweeps x to de/ruction4 ,ab\t fifty goats is consid]$ to be a l>ge en\gh flock4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ,gab]ius1 a ,roman ( ! eque/rian ord]1 w illu/rate ! reason = ?is3 = he1 :o _h a ?\s& jug]a ( l& ne> ,rome1 met "o day a c]ta9 goa!rd lead+ t5 goats to t[n1 & he>d him say t he made a d5i]#abf a day out ( ea* goat1 :]eupon ,gab]ius b\ght a ?\s& goats1 hop+ t he might !reby d]ive f 8 prop]ty an income ( a ?\s& d5i]s a day3 b s x fell out t he lo/ all 8 goats aft] a brief illness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 among ! ,sall5t9i & ne> ,cas9um !y graze _! goats 9 flocks ( "o hundr$4 ,almo/ ! same diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s z to ! relative numb] ( bucks to nannies1 = "s1 & ,i am among !m1 all[ a buck to e t5 nannies1 b o!rs1 l ,m5as1 make x fifte51 & "s ev5 tw5ty1 l ,murrius4 ,( sw9e ,,iv4 ,& n[1 conclud$ ,coss9ius1 :i* ( y ,italian sw9e bre$]s w /& =? & tell u ( 8 h]d8 ,surely he %\ld be able to speak ) ! mo/ au?ority ^: cognom5 is ,scr(a4 ,at ?is pleasantry1 ,tremelius turn$ ^u ,coss9ius & said3 ,y seem to be ignorant :y ,i am call$ ,scr(a1 b1 9 ord] t our fri5ds sitt+ beside y may und]/&1 y %\ld "k my family did n always be> ?is sw9i% cognom51 nor am ,i ( ! race ( ,eumaeus4 ,! fir/ ( u to be call$ ,scr(a 0 my gr&fa!r :o1 :5 he 0 quae/or "u ! praetor ,lic9ius ,n]va1 & 0 left 9 comm& ( ! army 9 ! prov9ce ( ,mac$onia dur+ ! abs5ce ( ! praetor1 x s happ5$ t ! enemy ?\ght !y _h an opportunity to ga9 a victory & began to attack ! camp4 ,my gr&fa!r1 9 exhort+ ! soldi]s to take up _! arms & g out aga9/ ! enemy1 exclaim$ t he w\ld soon scatt] !m z a s[ 7scr(a7 does h] pigs1 & he 0 z good z 8 ^w4 ,= 9 t battle he s ov]:elm$ & discomfit$ ! enemy1 t on acc\nt ( x ! praetor ,n]va 0 hail$ ,imp]ator & my gr&fa!r obta9$ 8 cognom5 & s 0 call$ ,scr(a4#abg ,s1 :ile nei!r my great gr&fa!r nor any ( my ance/ors ( ! ,tremelian family 0 ev] call$ ,scr(a1 yet z ,i am n less ?an ! six? ( our family 9 succession :o has atta9$ praetorian rank1 x ill becomes me to run away 9 ! face ( y\r *all5ge1 s ,i w tell y :at ,i "k ab\t sw9e4 ,inde$ f my y\? ,i h be5 devot$ to agriculture1 s t ,i am p]haps z well acqua9t$ ) t animal z is any ( y great /ockm53 = :o ( u cultivates a f>m b keeps hogs1 & :o has n he>d 8 fa!r say t t man is ei!r lazy or a sp5d?rift :o hangs 9 ! meat h\se a flit* ( bacon obta9$ f ! but*] r ?an f 8 own f>m4 ,he :o wi%es to h a prop] h]d ( sw9e ought to *oose !m1 9 ! fir/ place1 ( ! "r age1 & 9 ! second place1 ( good con=mation3 :i* means l>ge ev]y:]e except 9 ! head & feet & ( a solid col\r r ?an spott$3 b ! bo> %\ld h )\t fail a ?ick neck 9 addition to ^! o!r qualities4 ,sw9e ( good bre$ may be kn[n f _! appe>ance1 if bo? bo> & s[ are ( good con=mation2 f _! get1 if !y h _m pigs at a bir?2 & f _! orig91 if y buy !m 9 a place ) a reputation = produc+ fat r ?an lean hogs4 ,! usual =mula = buy+ runs ?us3 ',d y w>rant t ^! hogs are 9 good heal?2 t ,i %all take good title to !m2 t !y h committ$ no tort1 & t !y d n come out ( a diseas$ h]d8' ,"s add a p>ticul> /ipulation t !y are n affect$ ) *ol]a4 ,9 ! matt] ( pa/ure1 a m>%y place is well fitt$ = hogs1 because !y delight n only 9 wat]1 b 9 mud1 ! reason = :i* appe>s 9 ! tradition t :5 a wolf has fall5 ^u a hog he always drags ! c>cass into ! wat] because 8 tee? _c endure ! natural heat ( hog fle%4 ,sw9e are f$ mo/ly on ma/1 ?\gh also on beans1 b>ley & o!r k9ds ( corn1 :i* n only make !m fat b give ! meat an agreeable reli%4 ,9 summ] !y g out to pa/ure e>ly 9 ! morn+ & be=e ! heat ( ! day3 at midday !y are br\ght into "s %ady place1 pref]ably :]e !re is wat]3 9 ! aft]noon1 :5 ! heat has abat$1 !y are f$ aga94 ,9 ! w9t] "t !y d n g out to pa/ure until ! ho> fro/ has evaporat$ & ! ice has melt$4 ,9 ! matt] ( bre$+1 ! bo> %\ld be sep>at$ f ! h]d = two mon?s be=e ! season1 :i* %\ld be arrang$ betwe5 ! ris+ ( ! we/ w9d & ! v]nal equ9ox1 = ?us x w befall t ! s[s 7:i* are big = f\r mon?s7 w h _! litt]s 9 summ] :5 =age is pl5ty4 ,s[s %\ld n be br$ "u a ye> old1 b x is bett] to wait until ! tw5tie? mon? s t !y may h pigs at two ye>s4 ,!y are said to bre$ regul>ly = sev5 ye>s aft] ! fir/ litt]4 ,dur+ ! bre$+ season !y %\ld be giv5 access to muddy dit*es & sl\ghs1 s t !y may wall[ 9 ! mud1 :i* is ! same relaxation to !m t a ba? is to a man4 ,:5 all ! s[s are /9t$1 ! bo>s %\ld be segregat$ aga94 ,a bo> is fit = s]vice at eight mon?s & s cont9ues until 8 prime1 aft] :i* 8 vigor decreases until he is fit only = ! but*] to make ( 8 fle% a da9ty (f]+ = ! p4 ,our "n = ! hog1 sus1 is call$ ,greek3 hus 9 ,greek1 b =m]ly x 0 ,greek3 ?us1 d]iv$ f ,greek3 ?ue91 mean+ to (f] z a sacrifice1 = x seems t victims 7 *os5 f ! race ( sw9e = ! e>lie/ sacrifices2 evid5ce ( :i* rema9s 9 ! tradition t pigs are sacrific$ at ! initiation to ! my/]ies ( ,c]es1 t :5 a treaty is ratifi$ peace beg9s ) ! slaught] ( a pig1 & t 9 solemniz+ a m>riage ! anci5t k+s & mighty m5 ( ,etruria caus$ ! bride & ! bridegroom to sacrifice a pig at ! beg9n+ ( ! c]emony1 a practice :i* ! e>lie/ ,lat9s & ! ,greek coloni/s 9 ,italy seem also to h foll[$3 nam et no/rae muli]es1 maxime nutrices1 naturam qua fem9ae sunt 9 virg9ibus appellant porcum1 et graecae ,greek3 *oiron1 significantes esse dignum insigni nupti>um4#abh ,! hog is said to be creat$ by nature = ! food ( man#abi & s life & salt p]=m ! same functions = him1 z !y bo? pres]ve 8 fle%4 ,! ,gauls#acj are reput$ to put up n only ! l>ge/ quantity b ! be/ quality ( pork3 evid5ce ( its quality be+ t ev5 n[ hams1 sausage1#aca bacon & %\ld]s are import$ e ye> f ,gaul to ,rome3 :ile ,cato writes conc]n+ ! am\nt ( pork cur$ by ! ,gauls3 ',9 7nor!rn7 ,italy ! ,insubres are wont to put up ?ree or f\r ?\s& cuts ( pork ! bulk ( :i* c be appreciat$ f ! fact t among t p#acb ! hog "s times gr[s s fat t x is n able to /& on its feet or to walk1 s t x is necess>y to put x on a c>t to move x any :]e4' ,atilius ! ,spani>d1 :o is a tru?ful man & le>n$ 9 _m ?+s1 tells ( a hog :i* 0 kill$ 9 fur!r ,spa9 or ,lusitania f :i* two *ops1 s5t to ! ,s5ator ,l4 ,volumnius1 7 f\nd to weigh ?ree & tw5ty p\nds1 ! fat on !m be+ s ?ick t x measur$ a foot & ?ree f+]s f ! sk9 to ! bone4 ,i c te/ify to "s ?+ n less extraord9>y ?an :at y h relat$1 said ,i1 = 9 ,arcadia ,i saw ) my own eyes a hog :i* 0 s fat t n only 0 x unable to get up b a %rew m\se hav+ eat5 a hole 9 its back _h !re made its ne/ & 0 re>+ a family4 ,i h he>d t ?is same ?+ happ5$ 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,v5eti4 ,usually1 resum$ ,scr(a1 ! fecundity ( a s[ may be le>n$ f h] fir/ litt]1 = 9 lat] litt]s %e does n v>y mu* f ! numb] ( pigs 9 ! fir/4 ,9 ! matt] ( re>+ "y sw9e1 :i* we call porculatio x is cu/om>y to leave pigs ) ! s[ = two mon?s1 & !n :5 !y are able to fe$ !mselves to sep>ate !m4 ,pigs born 9 ! w9t] are apt to be runts on acc\nt ( ! cold & because ! s[ refuses to suckle !m1 p>tly by reason ( h] lack ( milk at t season & p>tly to protect h] teats f ! tee? ( ! hungry pigs4 ,ea* s[ %\ld suckle h] pigs 9 h] own /ye1 because a s[ w n drive /range pigs away f h]1 & x results t if ! litt]s are m+l$ ! bre$ det]iorates4 ,! ye> is naturally divid$ = ! s[ into two p>ts1 because !y bre$ twice a ye>1 be+ heavy 9 pig = f\r mon?s & suckl+ = two4 ,! /ye %\ld be built ab\t ?ree feet deep & a little m 9 wid? & su* a height f ! gr\nd z w p]mit a pregnant s[ to get out )\t /ra9+ h]self1 z t might cause h] to abort4 ,a good measure ( ! prop] height f ! gr\nd is :at is necess>y to enable ! sw9eh]d to keep wat* t no little pigs are cru%$ by ! s[1 & to clean out ! b$d+ easily4 ,!re %\ld be a door to ! /ye ) ! l[] sill elevat$ a foot & a palm high s z to prev5t ! pigs f foll[+ ! s[ :5 %e goes out4 ,z (t5 z ! sw9eh]d cleans out ! /ye he %\ld /rew ! floor ) s&1 or "s ?+ else to absorb moi/ure4 ,:5 a s[ has _h h] pigs %e %\ld be f$ lib]ally to enable h] to make milk3 = ?is ! ration is usually two p\nds ( boil$ b>ley1 inde$ "s fe$ ?is bo? at morn+ & at night if o!r fe$ is lack+4 ,:5 pigs are tak5 f _! dam !y are sometimes call$ delici or weanl+s be+ !n no long] lactantes or suckl+s4 ,pigs are consid]$ to be clean t5 days aft] bir?1 & = t reason 7 !n call$ by ! anci5ts sacr$1 z be+ !n fir/ fit = sacrifice3 & s 9 ! ,m5ae*mi ( ,plautus1 :5 a "* ?9k+ "s "o 9 ,epidamnus to be out ( 8 wits & seek+ to purify him1 asks3 ',h[ mu* are sacr$ pigs "h4' ,if ! f>m af=ds !m1 pigs %\ld be f$ grape husks & /alks4 ,aft] !y h lo/ ! "n ( lactantes ! %oats are call$ nefr5des because !y are n yet able to break d[n 7fr5d]e t is frang]e7 ! bean /alks4 ,porcus is ! anci5t ,greek "n = !m b is fall5 into disuse1 = ! ,greeks n[ call !m ,greek3 *oiros4 ,:ile %e is giv+ suck ! s[ %\ld be wat]$ twice a day to promote ! fl[ ( milk4 ,a s[ %\ld be> z _m pigs z %e has teats3 if %e has less x is consid]$ t %e is unpr(itable1 b if m1 a prodigy4 ,9 ?is respect !re is ! anci5t tradition t ! s[ ( ,a5eas bore ?irty :ite 7albos7 pigs at ,lav9ium1#acc :i* port5d$ t aft] ?irty ye>s ! inhabitants ( ,lav9ium w\ld f\nd ! t[n ( ,alba3 inde$1 ve/iges ( ?is s[ & ( h] pigs may /ill be se5 at ,lav9ium :]e !re is a braz5 image ( !m n[ 9 ! public squ>e1 & ! true body ( ! s[ is %[n by ! prie/s1 pres]v$ 9 pickle4 ,s[s are able at fir/ to suckle eight little pigs1 b z !y gr[ l>g] half ( !m are usually tak5 away by exp]i5c$ sw9eh]ds1 because ! s[ _c supply milk en\gh = all1 & too _m pigs f$ toge!r d n prosp] 9 any ev5t4 ,a s[ %\ld n be driv5 out ( ! /ye = t5 days aft] hav+ h] litt] except = wat]1 b aft] t "t %e is p]mitt$ to graze 9 a paddock s conv5i5tly ne> at h& t %e may return to ! /ye frequ5tly to suckle ! pigs4 ,:5 ! pigs are l>ge en\gh !y are p]mitt$ to foll[ ! s[ to pa/ure1 b at home !y %\ld be p5n$ ap>t f ! s[ & f$ by !mselves until !y ov]come _! ye>n+ = ! dam1 :i* usually happ5s 9 t5 days4 ,! sw9eh]d %\ld tra9 8 %oats to d e ?+ at ! s\nd ( ! trumpet4 ,?is tra9+ is begun by lett+ ! %oats he> ! trumpet outside _! p5s & !n at once come out to a place :]e b>ley has be5 scatt]$ broad ca/ 7= ?us less is wa/$ ?an if ! fe$ is put 9 heaps & m ( ! %oats c get to x easily74 ,by su* education x is possible to collect pa/ur+ hogs at ! s\nd ( a trumpet & prev5t _! be+ lo/ :5 scatt]$ 9 ! woods4#acd ,bo>s are alt]$ mo/ successfully :5 !y are a ye> old1 b 9 no case %\ld ?is be done :5 !y are less ?an six mon?s old4 ,aft] ! op]ation !y are no long] call$ bo>s1 b b>r[s4 ,conc]n+ ! heal? ( sw9e1 ,i w say "o ?+ only by way ( example3 if ! s[ is n able to supply milk ! suck+ pigs %\ld be f$1 until !y are ?ree mon?s old1 on roa/$ :eat 7= :5 x is raw x loos5s ! b[els7 or on b>ley boil$ 9 wat]4 ,z to numb]3 x is consid]$ t t5 bo>s to an hundr$ s[s is en\gh2 "s ev5 r$uce ?is proportion4 ,! practice v>ies z to ! numb] to a h]d1 b my judgm5t is t a hundr$ is a mod]ate numb]3 "s make x m1 say #aej3 "s fe$ two h]ds toge!r1 & "s d ev5 m ?an t4 ,a small h]d is less exp5sive ?an a l>ge "o because ! sw9eh]d requires less assi/ance4 ,a sw9efe$] %\ld fix ! numb] to be f$ z a h]d on a pr9ciple ( utility1 n by ! numb] ( bo>s he may happ5 to h1 = t is det]m9$ by nature4 ,s f> ,scr(a4 ,( neat cattle ,v4 ,at ?is po9t we 7 jo9$ by ! ,s5ator ,q4 ,luci5us1 a man z le>n$ z he is agreeable & intimate ) u all4 ,hail1 my fell[ citiz5s ( ,epirus1 he exclaim$ 9 ,greek1#ace & y1 my de> ,v>ro1 '%eph]d ( m51' = ,i h already greet$ ,scr(a ?is morn+4 ,:ile "o salut$ him1 ano!r reproa*$ him = hav+ come s late to our club4 ,i w see to t1 my m]ry m51 = ,i am ab\t to (f] y my back & a sc\rge3 or else1 ,murrius1 y :o are my fri5d3 come ) me :ile ,i pay a =feit to ! goddess ,pales1 s t y may be> me witness if our fri5ds "h seek to make me d x aga94 ,tell him1 said ,atticus1 turn+ to ,murrius1 :at we h be5 talk+ ab\t & :at is /ill on ! programme1 s t :5 8 turn comes he may be prep>$4 ,9 ! meantime we w take up ! second ord] ( dome/ic live /ock & proce$ to a discussion ( ! l>g] cattle4 ,9 ?is1 said ,vaccius1 my "n w\ld seem to assign me a "p1 s9ce c[s 7vaccae7 are includ$ 9 t category4 ,:]e=e ,i w tell :at ,i "k ab\t neat cattle1 s t he :o kn[s less may le>n1 :ile he :o kn[s m may correct me :5 ,i fall d[n4 ,be c>eful :at y d1 ,vaccius1 said ,i1 = ! g5us ,bos is ( ! fir/ importance among cattle1 c]ta9ly 9 ,italy1 :i* is ?\ght to h tak5 its v "n f t family1 =1 z ,timaeus records1 9 anci5t ,greece a bull 0 call$ ,greek3 italos1 :5ce is d]iv$ our ^w vitula1 & f ?is ,italy is suppos$ to h tak5 its "n because ( ! numb] & beauty ( its bre$1 ( cattle 7vituli74 ,o!rs claim t ! "n comes f t ( ! fam\s bull ,italus :i* ,h]cules drove out ( ,sicily into ?is c\ntry4 ,! ox is inde$ ! companion & fell[ lab\r] ( man & ! m9i/] ( ,c]es3 :]e=e ! anci5ts1 hold+ him inviolable1 made x a capital (f5ce to kill an ox4#acf ,bo? ,attica & ,peloponnesus be> witness ( ! reg>d 9 :i* ! ox 0 held3 = he :o fir/ yok$ ox5 to ! pl\gh is celebrat$ at ,a!ns "u ! "n ,buzyges & at ,argos "u t ( ,homogyros4 ,i "k1 repli$ ,vaccius1 ! importance ( ! ox & t 8 v "n is us$ to signify t quality1 z 9 words l ,greek3 b\sukon7big fig71 ,greek3 b\pais7a big boy71 ,greek3 b\limos 7a rav5\s hung]71,greek3 boopis 7l>ge ey$71 & aga9 t a c]ta9 l>ge grape is call$ bumamma 7c[ teat74 ,fur!rmore1 ,i "k x 0 ! =m ( a bull t ,jupit] assum$ :5 he woo$ ,europa & bore h] across ! sea f ,pho5icia3 t x 0 a bull :i* protect$ ! *ildr5 ( ,neptune & ,melanippe f be+ cru%$ 9 a /able by a h]d ( cattle3 ,i "k too t ! bees :i* give ! sweete/ honey are g5]at$ f ! c>case ( an ox1 :5ce ! ,greeks call !m ,greek3 b\g5eis 7born ( an ox71 an expression :i* ,plautius lat9iz$ on ! occasion :]e ! praetor ,hirrius1 0 accus$ at ,rome ( hav+ libel$ ! ,s5ate4 ',b be ( good *e]1 ,i w give y at lea/ z great satisfaction z did he :o wrote ! ,bugonia4'#acg ,9 ! fir/ place !re are said to be f\r ages ( cattle1 dur+ :i* !y are kn[n by ! successive designation ( calf 7vitulus71 ye>l+ 7juv5cus71 prime 7novellus7 & ag$ 7vetulus74 ,^! designations are fur!r divid$ accord+ to sex1 z bull-calf & heif]-calf1 or bull & c[4 ,a c[ :i* is /]ile is call$ taura3 :5 pregnant1 horda1 f :i* la/ "n a c]ta9 fe/ival is call$ ! hordicalia 7,=dicidia7 because c[s 9 calf are sacrific$ ^u x4 ,he :o wi%es to buy a h]d ( neat cattle %\ld take c>e fir/ t !y are ( an age to produce1 r ?an pa/ bre$+2 t !y are well set up1 clean limb$1 squ>e bodi$1 l>ge1 ) black horns & broad br[s1 l>ge black eyes1 hairy e>s1 flat *eek bones1 snub-nos$1 n hump-back$ b r ) ! back bone slightly roa*$1 wide no/rils1 blacki% lips1 a neck muscul> & long ) dew laps hang+ f x1 ! b>rel l>ge & well ribb$1 ! %\ld]s broad & ! qu>t]s good1 a tail sweep+ ! heels1 ! end be+ frizzl$ 9 a heavy bru%1 ! legs r %ort & /raight ) knees project+ a little & well sep>at$1 ! feet n>r[ & n incl9$ to spread 9 walk+1 ! ho(s n be+ splay$ b consi/+ ( light & ev5 bones1 & a hide :i* is n r\gh & h>d to ! t\*4 ,! be/ col\r is black1 next r$1 ?ird *e/nut & la/ :ite3 = a :ite coat indicates weakness1 z black indicates endurance3 ( ! o!r two col\rs r$ is m common ?an *e/nut1 & bo? ?an black & :ite4 ,9 addition y %\ld be p>ticul> t ! bull is ( good bre$1 :i* is det]m9$ f 8 con=mation & 8 get1 z calves usually reproduce ! qualities ( _! sire4 ,&1 f9ally1 x is ( importance :5ce !y come4 ,gallic cattle are consid]$ 9 ,italy to be ! be/ = "w1 :ile on ! o!r h& ,ligurian cattle are wor?less4 ,! =eign cattle ( ,epirus are n only bett] ?an all ! ,greek cattle b ev5 ?an ! ,italian3 nev]!less1 !re are ^? :o *oose ,italian cattle = victims & to s]ve z (f]+s to ! gods on acc\nt ( _! size3 & )\t d\bt !y may be pref]r$ = su* holy (fices1 s great is ! di/9ction ( _! maje/ic bulk & _! c&id coats3 & !y are ! m suitable = su* use because :ite cattle are n s common 9 ,italy z 9 ,?race at ! gulf ( ,melas1 :]e !re are few ( any o!r col\r4 ,:5 cattle are b\ght already brok5 = "w we /ipulate ?us3 ',d y gu>antee ^! cattle to be 9 good heal? & w>rant me aga9/ liability = any tort committ$ by !m8' ,:5 we buy !m unbrok51 we say3 ',d y gu>antee ^! ye>l+s to be 9 good heal? & to come out ( a heal?y h]d1 & w>rant me aga9/ liability = tort8' ,:5 but*]s buy = ! %ambles !y use a full] =mula recomm5d$ by ,manilius3 b ^? :o buy = ! alt> d n usually /ipulate = heal? 9 _! victims4 ,neat cattle pa/ure be/ 9 groves :]e !re is bru%wood & mu* leafage3 & s :5 !y are w9t]$ by ! sea !y are driv5 up to pa/ure 9 summ] 9 ! hills :]e %rubb]y ab\nds4 ,^! are my bre$+ rules3 ,= a mon? be=e bre$+ ,i cut d[n ! food & dr9k ( ! c[s because x is deem$ t !y bre$ m c]ta9ly :5 !y are ?94 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i fatt5 ! bulls up on grass & /raw & hay = two mon?s be=e ! bre$+ season1 & dur+ t "t ,i keep !m ap>t f ! c[s4 ,l ,atticus1 ,i h two = sev5ty c[s1 "o a ye>l+1 ! o!r two ye>s old4 ,:5 t con/ellation has ris5 :i* ! ,greeks call ,lyra1 & we ,romans1 ,fides1 ,i turn ! bull into ! h]d aga94 ,! bull indicates :e!r a male or a female calf has be5 conceiv$ by ! side on :i* he leaves ! c[3 if male1 on ! "r2 if female1 on ! left4 ,:y ?is is s1 said ,vaccius1 turn+ to me1 ,i leave to y :o read ,ari/otle4 ,a c[ %\ld n be s]v$ "u two ye>s1 s t %e may h h] fir/ calf 9 ! ?ird ye>3 x w\ld be bett] 9 ! f\r?4 ,mo/ c[s be> = t5 ye>s1 "s ev5 m4 ,! mo/ suitable "t = /9t+ c[s is dur+ ! =ty days foll[+ ! ris+ ( ! ,dolph91 or ev5 a little lat]1 = ?us !y w drop _! calves at ! mo/ temp]ate season ( ! ye>1 = a c[ goes t5 mon?s pregnant4 ,on ?is subject ,i h come ^u an extraord9>y /atem5t 9 a book t a bull :i* has j be5 alt]$ c get a c[ ) calf4 ,bre$+ c[s %\ld be pa/ur$ :]e !re is abundant grass & pl5ty ( wat]1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 to protect !m f cr[d+ too close toge!r1 & f be+ /ruck1 or f fight+ ) "o ano!r3 moreov]1 to protect !m aga9/ be+ worri$ 9 summ] by cattle flies & ^? m9ute insects :i* get "u _! tails1 "s f>m]s %ut !m up dur+ ! heat ( ! day 9 p5s1 :i* %\ld be /rewn ) leaves or "s o!r b$d+ on :i* !y c re/ com=tably4 ,9 summ] !y are driv5 to wat] twice a day1 9 w9t] once4 ,aga9/ ! "t :5 !y are due to drop _! calves y %\ld arrange to give !m access to fre% =age ne> ! /able :i* !y c eat ) appetite z !y g out1 = at t "t !y are v da9ty ab\t _! food4 ,a wat* out mu/ be kept to prev5t _! frequ5t+ *illy places1 = cold depresses ! vitality z mu* z hung]4 ,^! are ! rules = rais+ neat cattle3 ! suckl+ calves %\ld n be suff]$ to sleep ) _! dams1 = !y might cru% !m1 b %\ld be giv5 access to !m 9 ! morn+ & :5 !y return f pa/ure4 ,:5 ! calves are wean$ ! dams %\ld be com=t$ by hav+ gre5 /uff ?r[n into _! /alls = !m to eat4 ,! floor ( a calf /able1 l mo/ o!rs1 %\ld be pav$ ) /one to keep _! ho(s f rott+4 ,! calves may be pa/ur$ ) _! dams aft] ! autumn equ9ox4 ,bull calves %\ld n be alt]$ be=e !y are two ye>s old1 z !y recov] ) difficulty if ! op]ation is p]=m$ soon]1 :ile if x is done lat] !y are apt to be /ubborn & useless4 ,z 9 ! case ( o!r cattle1 ! h]d %\ld be gone ov] e ye> & ! culls ?r[n out because !y occupy ! room ( ^? :i* might be pr(itable4 ,if a c[ loses h] calf %e %\ld be giv5 ano!r to nurse1 tak5 f a c[ :i* has n a suffici5t supply ( milk4 ,calves six mon?s old are f$ :eat bran & b>ley meal & "y grass1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 t !y are wat]$ morn+ & ev5+4 ,! rules = tak+ c>e ( ! heal? ( neat cattle are _m4 ,i h ^? :i* ,mago has record$ writt5 out & ,i take c>e t my h]dsman reads !m frequ5tly4 ,i h already said t a ye>l+ & a two-ye> old bull %\ld be provid$ = e sixty c[s1 ?\gh "s h m or less c[s 9 ! h]d3 ?us ,atticus has two bulls = e sev5ty c[s4 ,"s obs]ve "o rule z to ! numb] ( cattle to ! h]d1 "s ano!r4 ,i am among ^? :o ?9k t "o hundr$ is en\gh1 b ,atticus "h1 l ,luci5us1 has "o hundr$ & tw5ty4 ,s f> ,vaccius4 ,( asses ,,vi4 ,:ile ,vaccius 0 speak+1 ,murrius _h return$ ) ,luci5us & n[ began3 ,i propose to tell ab\t asses z well ,i may1 because ,i am f ,reate :]e ! be/ & ! l>ge/ are f\nd2 inde$1 ,i h sold to ! ,arcadians !mselves asses ( ?is race & ( my own bre$+4 ,he :o wi%es to e/abli% a good h]d ( asses %\ld see 9 ! fir/ place t he procures jacks & j5nies ( prime age s t !y may bre$ z long z possible1 /rong1 well made 9 all p>ts1 ( full body & ( a good bre$1 t is to say d]iv$ f ^? localities :5ce ! be/ specim5s come2 ?us ! ,peloponnesians1 s f> z possible1 buy asses br$ 9 ,arcadia & we 9 ,italy ^? f ! valley ( ,reate4 ,= if ! be/ ( ^? delici\s fi% we call mura5ae flutae are tak5 on ! coa/ ( ,sicily & ! be/ /urgeons at ,rhodes1 x does n foll[ t !y are ( equal delicacy 9 all seas4 ,!re are two k9ds ( asses1 "o wild1 :i* is call$ ! onag]1 ( :i* !re1 are _m h]ds 9 ,phrygia & ,lycaonia2 ! o!r dome/ic1 z !y are all ov] ,italy4 ,! onag] is fit = use = bre$+ because he is easily tam$ & once dome/icat$ nev] rev]ts to a wild life4#ach ,because _! "y take aft] _! p>5ts1 x is important to *oose bo? jack & j5ny ( good con=mation4 ,! conditions ( buy+ & sell+ asses are mu* ! same z = o!r k9ds ( cattle & include /ipulations z to _! heal? & aga9/ tort4 ,!y are be/ f$ on corn & b>ley bran4 ,! j5nies are br$ be=e ! sol/ice s t !y may h _! foals at ! same season 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 = _! p]iod ( ge/ation is twelve mon?s4 ,! j5nies %\ld be reliev$ f "w :ile 9 foal = fatigue at t "t injures ! (fspr+3 b ! jacks1 on ! contr>y1 are work$ all ! "t1 because x is lack ( ex]cise :i* is bad = !m4 ,9 ! matt] ( re>+1 practically ! same rules apply to asses z to horses4 ,! foals are n sep>at$ f _! dams = ! fir/ ye> aft] !y are born3 dur+ ! second ye> !y are p]mitt$ to /ay ) _! dams at night1 b !y %\ld !n be ti$ ) a loose halt] or "s o!r su* re/ra9t4 ,9 ! ?ird ye> y beg9 to break !m = :atev] s]vice !y are int5d$4 ,z to ! numb]3 !y are n usually kept 9 h]ds unless x may be = transport s]vice2 g5]ally !y are us$ to turn ! mill1 or = c>ry+ ab\t ! f>m1 or ev5 = ! pl\gh :]e ! soil is light1 z 9 ,campania4 ,h]ds ( asses are "s times employ$ by m]*ants1 l ^? :o transport w9e1 or oil1 or corn1 or any o!r commodity1 f ,brundisium or ,apulia to ! sea1 by pack tra9s4 ,( horses ,,vii4 ,"h ,luci5us took up ! disc\rse4 ,x is my turn1 he said1 to op5 ! b>ri] & drive 9 my horses3 & !y are n only /allions1 ( :i*1 l ,atticus1 ,i keep "o = e t5 bre$+ m>es1 b m>es z well1 su* z ,q4 ,modius ,equiculus1 t gallant soldi]1 0 wont to e/eem = use ev5 9 w> ne>ly z mu* z /allions4#aci ,he :o wi%es to h su* /uds ( /allions & m>es z may be se5 9 ,peloponnesus & 9 ,apulia %\ld fir/ consid] age & see t he obta9s !m n less ?an ?ree nor m ?an t5 ye>s old4 ,! age ( a horse1 z also ( ne>ly all animals ^: ho(s are n clov51 ev5 horn$ animals1 may be kn[n f ! condition ( ! tee?3 ?us at ?irty mon?s ( age a colt is said to lose ! milk incisors f ! middle ( 8 m\?1 two above & two bel[4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? ye>1 9 l mann] he %$s ! same numb]1 be+ ! incisors adjo9+ ^? previ\sly lo/1 & at t age also ! tee? call$ can9e beg9 to appe>4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? ye> he loses two m incisors1 & at t "t ! new tee? %[ holl[4 ,9 ! six? ye> ! new tee? beg9 to fill out _! cavities1 & by ! sev5? usually all h be5 r5ew$ & ! p]man5t m\? is made4 ,:at is ! age ( a horse beyond ?is po9t x is n possible to det]m9e accurately1 except t :5 ! tee? project & ! eye br[s are :ite & h holl[s "u !m1 x is consid]$ t a horse is sixte5 ye>s old4 ,a bre$+ m>e %\ld be ( m$ium size1 = x is n fitt+ t !y %\ld be ei!r v l>ge or v small1 b ! qu>t]s & belly %\ld be broad4 ,a bre$+ /allion on ! o!r h& %\ld be *os5 ) a l>ge body1 well made & all 8 p>ts 9 h>mony4 ,:at sort ( horse x w turn out to be c be det]m9$ f ! po9ts ( ! foal1 = x %\ld exhibit a small head3 limbs well knit toge!r3 a black eye1 wide no/rils3 e>s well prick$3 a mane :i* is ?ick1 d>k & curly1 ( f9e hairs & fall+ on ! "r side ( ! neck3 a brea/ broad & well develop$3 /rong %\ld]s3 a mod]ate belly3 ! lo9s flat & ris+ to ! qu>t]s3 long %\ld] blades3 a back bone well d\bl$ ) ridges ( meat b if ^! are n prom95t 9 no ev5t %\ld ! bone itself /& out3 a tail l>ge & curly3 legs /raight & ev5 & r long3 knees r\nd & small & n turn$ 9 z y look at !m3 h>d ho(s3 ve9s visible all ov] ! body 7= a horse ( ?is k9d is fit = treatm5t :5 he is sick74 ,! bre$ is ( ! greate/ importance1 = !re are _m4 ,9 ?is respect ! celebrat$ bre$s take ! names ( ! c\ntries f :i* !y come3 ?us 9 ,greece we h ! ,!ssalian bre$3 9 ,italy ! ,apulian f ,apulia1 & ! ,rosean f ,rosea4#adj ,x is a sign t !y w make good horses if1 :5 at pa/ure ) ! h]d1 ! colts cont5d ) "o ano!r = sup]iority 9 runn+ or 9 any ?+ else1 or if :5 a /ream is to be cross$ !y leap x at ! head ( ! h]d & d n look back = ! o!rs4 ,horses are b\ght 9 almo/ ! same mann] z cattle or asses1 because !y *ange own]%ip by simil> =malities1 all ( :i* are set =? 9 ! book ( ,manilius4 ,horses %\ld be pa/ur$ :5ev] possible 9 mead[s ( grass1 & 9 ! /able & /all !y are f$ on hay4 ,:5 a m>e has foal$ %e %\ld be f$ on b>ley & wat]$ twice a day4 ,9 ! matt] ( bre$+1 ! p]iod ( s]vice is f ! v]nal equ9ox to ! sol/ice s t ! foal may come at a suitable season1 = !y are suppos$ to be born on ! t5? day ( ! twelf? mon? aft] ! m>e 0 /9t$4 ,^? :i* are born aft] ! "t are usually defective & unfit = use4 ,:5 ! season has come ! /allion %\ld be admitt$ to ! m>e twice a day1 9 ! morn+ & 9 ! ev5+1 "u ! direction ( ! origa 7s ! /udgroom is call$71 = a m>e held 9 h& is /9t$ m quickly1 nor does ! /allion wa/e 8 se$ by excess ( ardor4 ,:5 a m>e is /9t$ %e makes x kn[n by def5d+ h]self4 ,if ! /allion %[s an av]sion = a m>e1 h] p>ts %\ld be sme>$ :5 %e is 9 heat ) ! m>r[ ( a %rimp mac]at$ 9 wat] to ! consi/5cy ( honey1 & ! /allion all[$ to smell ( x4 ,al?\gh x may seem incr$ible1 :at ,i am ab\t to relate is true & %\ld be rememb]$4 ,once ^u a "t a /udgroom tri$ to make a /allion cov] 8 "m1 b c\ld nev] get him to come ne> h]3 s "o day ! groom muffl$ ! /allion's head & put him to 8 "m successfully3 b :5 ! b&age 0 remov$ & ! /allion saw :at he _h done1 he fell ^u ! groom & kill$ him ) 8 tee?4 ,:5 ! m>es h be5 /9t$ x mu/ be se5 to t !y are work$ only 9 mod]ation & are kept out ( cold places1 because cold is ( ! greate/ prejudice to a m>e 9 t condition4 ,= ?is reason ! floor ( _! /able %\ld be kept dry & ! w9d[s & doors %\ld be kept %ut3 & fur!rmore ! m>es %\ld be sep>at$ "o f ano!r by long poles fa/5$ back f ! mang] s t !y may n fight4 ,m>es 9 foal %\ld nei!r be ov]-f$ nor />v$4 ,!re are "s :o bre$ _! m>es only e o!r ye> & claim !y get bett] colts1 on ! same pr9ciple t z corn l& is exhau/$ by cont9u\s cropp+1 s is a m>e :i* is br$ e ye>4#ada ,! foal %\ld be l$ out to pa/ure ) its dam on ! t5? day aft] x is born1 s to avoid burn+ its t5d] ho(s by /&+ on manure 9 ! /able4 ,:5 five mon?s old a colt %\ld be f$1 :5ev] he is br\ght into ! /able1 a ration ( b>ley meal :ole ) its bran1 or any o!r product ( ! e>? :i* he w eat ) appetite4 ,:5 !y are a ye> old !y may be f$ b>ley 9 ! gra9 mix$ ) bran1 & ?is %\ld be kept up z long z !y suckle1 = !y %\ld n be wean$ until !y h complet$ ! second ye>4 ,f "t to "t :ile !y are /ill ) _! dams !y %\ld be h&l$ s t !y may n be wild aft] !y are sep>at$4 ,to ! same end x is well to hang bridles 9 _! /alls s t :ile !y are /ill colts !y may become accu/om$ to ! sight ( !m & ! s\nd ( _! clank+ z well4 ,:5 a colt has le>n$ to come to an out/ret*$ h& y %\ld put a boy on 8 back1 = ! fir/ two or ?ree times /ret*$ out flat on 8 belly1 b aft]w>ds sitt+ upright4 ,! "t to d ?is is :5 ! colt is ?ree ye>s old1 = !n he has 8 full gr[? & is beg9n+ to develop muscles4 ,!re are ^? :o say t a colt may be brok5 at eighte5 mon?s1 b x is bett] to wait until ! ?ird ye>4 ,!n is ! "t too to beg9 to fe$ him t mixture ( gra9 9 ! milk :i* we call f>rago1 = ?is is v good = a horse z a purgative4 ,x %\ld be f$ = t5 days to ! exclusion ( all o!r food4 ,on ! elev5? day & until ! f\rte5? y %\ld fe$ b>ley1 add+ a little to ! ration e day = f\r days & !n ma9ta9+ t quantity = ! t5 days succe$+3 dur+ ?is p]iod ! horse %\ld be ex]cis$ mod]ately1 & :5 9 a sweat rubb$ d[n ) oil4 ,if x is cold a fire %\ld be lit 9 ! /able4 ,z "s horses are suitable = milit>y s]vice1 "s = ! c>t1 "s = bre$+1 "s = rac+1 & o!rs = ! c>riage1 x foll[s t ! me?ods ( h&l+ & look+ aft] !m all are n ! same4 ,?us ! soldi] *ooses "s & re>s & tra9s !m = 8 p>ticul> use1 & s 9 turn does ! *>iote] & ! circus rid]4 ,nor does he :o wi%es a c>t horse *oose ! same con=mation or give ! same tra9+ z to a horse int5d$ = ! saddle or ! c>riage3 = z ! "o desires mettle = milit>y s]vice1 ! o!r pref]s a g5tle disposition = use on ! road4 ,x 0 to provide = ?is diff]5ce ( use t ! practice ( ca/rat+ horses 0 inaugurat$1 = horses t are alt]$ are ( a quiet] disposition3 !y are call$ geld+s1 z hogs 9 ! same /ate are call$ b>r[s & *ick5s are call$ capons4 ,z to m$ic9e = ! horse1 !re are s _m symptoms ( _! maladies & s _m cures t ! /udgroom mu/ h !m writt5 d[n3 inde$1 on ?is acc\nt 9 ,greece ! vet]9>ians are mo/ly call$ ,greek3 hippiatroi 7horse lee*es74 ,( mules ,,viii4 ,:ile we 7 talk+ a fre$man came f ,m5as & said t ! sacrificial cakes 7 cook$ & e ?+ ready = ! sacrifice--t :oev] wi%es to take "p _h only to come4 ,b ,i w n suff] y to g1 ,i prote/$1 until y h fulfill$ y\r promise & giv5 me ! ?ird *apt] ( our subject1 t conc]n+ mules & dogs & %eph]ds4 ,:at is to be said ab\t mules1#adb repli$ ,murrius1 may be said briefly4 ,mules & h9nies are mongrels & grafts z x 7 on a /ock ( a diff]5t species1 = a mule is got by an ass out ( a m>e1 & a h9ny by a horse out ( a %e ass4 ,bo? h _! uses1 b nei!r is fit to reproduce its k9d4 ,= ?is purpose x is ! cu/om to put a newborn ass colt to nurse to a m>e because m>es' milk w make x m vigor\s3 x is consid]$ bett] ?an asses' milk1 or inde$ ?an any o!r k9d ( milk4 ,lat] !y are f$ on /raw1 hay & b>ley4 ,! fo/] "m mu/ be giv5 good att5tion also1 z %e mu/ br+ up h] own colt 9 addition to h] s]vice z a wet nurse4 ,an ass rais$ 9 ?is way is fit to get mules :5 he is ?ree ye>s old1 nor w he contemn ! m>es because he has become us$ to _! k9d4 ,if y use him = bre$+ e>li] he w quickly exhau/ himself & 8 get w be poor4 ,if y h no ass foal to h br\ght up by a m>e & y wi% a bre$+ jackass1 y %\ld buy ! l>ge/ & h&some/ y c f9d2 ! be/ bre$1 z ! anci5ts said1 0 t ( ,arcadia1 b n[adays we :o "k ma9ta9 t ! bre$ ( ,reate is be/3 :]e bre$+ jacks h br\ght ?irty & ev5 =ty ?\s& se/]ces 7#a1hjj-b1jjj74 ,jacks are b\ght l horses1 ) ! same /ipulations & gu>antees4 ,we fe$ !m pr9cipally on hay & b>ley1 increas+ ! ration at ! bre$+ season s z to infuse /r5g? into _! get by means ( _! food4 ,! bre$+ season is ! same z = horses1 &1 l !m aga91 we h ! jack h&l$ by a /udgroom4 ,:5 a m>e has dropp$ a mule colt or filly we br+ x up ) c>e4 ,^? :i* are born 9 m>%y & swampy c\ntry h s(t ho(s1 b if !y are driv5 up into ! m\nta9 9 summ]1 z we d at ,reate1 _! ho(s become h>d5$4 ,9 buy+ mules y mu/ consid] age & con=mation1 ! "o t !y may be able to "w "u a load1 ! o!r t ! eye may h pleasure 9 look+ at !m3 = a team ( two good mules is capable ( draw+ any k9d ( a wagon on ! road4 ,y1 my fri5d f ,reate1 ,murrius add$1 turn+ to me1 c v\* = :at ,i h said1 z y y\rself h h]ds ( bre$+ m>es at home & h br$ & sold _m mules4 ,! get ( a horse out ( a %e ass is call$ a h9ny3 he is small] 9 ! body & usually r$d] 9 col\r ?an a mule1 & has e>s l a horse1 b mane & tail l an ass4 ,h9nies are c>ri$ by ! dam twelve mon?s1 l a horse1 &1 l ! horse too1 !y are rais$ & f$1 & _! age c be told by _! tee?4 ,( h]d dogs ,,ix4 ,x rema9s1 said ,atticus1 to speak ( ! la/ ( ! quadrup$s on our programme1 t is to say1 ( dogs1 :i* are ( ! greate/ importance to u :o fe$ ! woolly flock1 = ! dog is ! gu>dian ( su* cattle z lack ! means to def5d !mselves1 *iefly %eep & goats4 ,= ! wolf is wont to lie 9 wait = !m & we oppose our dogs to him z def5d]s4 ,hogs c def5d !mselves1 z well pigs1 bo>s1 b>r[s & s[s1 = !y are ne> ak9 to ! wild bo>1 :i* we "k (t5 kills dogs 9 ! woods1 ) _! tusks4 ,:at %all ,i say ( l>ge cattle8 ,i "k ( an in/ance ( a h]d ( mules pa/ur$ toge!r1 :i*1 :5 !y 7 attack$ by a wolf1 jo9$ 9 =m+ a circle ab\t him & kill$ him ) bl[s ( _! ho(s3 & aga91 bulls (t5 /& toge!r1 rump to rump1 & drive (f wolves ) _! horns4 ,b ( dogs !re are two k9ds1 hunt+ dogs1 :i* are us$ aga9/ wild bea/s & game1 & h]d dogs1 :i* are us$ by ! %eph]d4 ,i w discuss ! latt] me?odically1 foll[+ ,scr(a's n9e heads4 ,( ! fir/ importance is ! *oice ( dogs ( suitable age1 = puppies & old dogs _c protect !mselves1 mu* less ! %eep1 & s (t5 become !mselves ! prey ( wild bea/s4 ,9 appe>ance !y %\ld be h&some1 ( good size1 ) black or tawny eyes3 a symmetrical nose3 lips blacki% or ruddy1 nei!r drawn back above nor hang+ und]nea?3 a %ort muzzle1 %[+ two tee? on ei!r side1 ^? ( ! l[] jaw project+ a little1 ^? above r /raight & n s app>5t1 & ! o!r tee?1 :i* are cov]$ by ! lips1 v %>p3 a l>ge head1 e>s l>ge & turn$ ov]3 a ?ick cre/ & neck3 long jo9ts3 /raight legs1 r b[$ ?an knock-kne$3 feet l>ge & well develop$1 s t 9 walk+ !y may spread out3 toes slightly splay$3 claws h>d & curv$3 ! pad ( ! foot nei!r horny nor h>d b z x 7 puff$ & s(t3 %ort-c\pl$3 a back bone nei!r project+ nor roa*$3 a heavy tail3 a deep b>k1 & wide gap+ *ops4 ,! col\r to be pref]r$ is :ite because x gives ! dog a lion-l aspect 9 ! d>k4#adc ,f9ally1 ! females %\ld h l>ge teats equally di/ribut$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t !y are ( good bre$1 su* z ^? call$ = _! place ( orig91 ,laconian1 ,epirot & ,sall5tian4 ,be c>eful n to buy a %eep dog f a pr(essional hunt] or a but*]1 because ! "o is apt to be lazy ab\t foll[+ ! flock1 :ile ! o!r is m likely to make aft] a h>e or a de] :i* x might see1 ?an to t5d ! %eep4 ,x is bett] ei!r to buy1 f a %eph]d1 dogs :i* are accu/om$ to foll[ %eep or dogs :i* are )\t any tra9+ at all4 ,:ile a dog does readily :atev] he has be5 tra9$ to d1 8 affection is apt to be /rong] = ! %eph]ds ?an = ! flock4#add ,once ,p4 ,aufidius ,pontianus ( ,amit]num b\ght c]ta9 flocks ( %eep 9 fur!r ,umbria1 ! dogs :i* h]d$ !m be+ includ$ 9 ! b>ga91 b n ! %eph]ds1 :o 71 h[ev]1 to make ! deliv]y at ! ,saltus ( ,metapontum & ! m>ket ( ,h]aclea3 :5 ^! %eph]ds _h return$ home1 _! dogs1 long+ = _! ma/]s1 a few days lat] ( _! own w came back to ! %eph]ds 9 ,umbria1 hav+ made sev]al days j\rney )\t o!r food ?an :at ! fields af=d$4 ,nor _h any "o ( ^? %eph]ds done :at ,sas]na advises 9 8 books on agriculture1 ',:oev] wi%es to be foll[$ by a dog %\ld ?r[ him a cook$ frog4'#ade ,x is ( importance t all y\r dogs %\ld be ( ! same bre$1 = :5 !y are relat$ !y are ( ! greate/ aid to "o ano!r4 ,n[ z to ,scr(a's f\r? consid]ation1 t conc]n+ ! mann] ( buy+3 ?is is accompli%$ by deliv]y by ! =m] own] to ! pur*as]4 ,! same /ipulations z to heal? & aga9/ liability = tort are made z 9 ! case ( cattle1 leav+ out :atev] is inapplicable to dogs4 ,"s make a price on dogs at s mu* p] head1 o!rs /ipulate t ! puppies %all g ) ! "m1 o!rs t two puppies %all c\nt z "o dog--z two lambs usually c\nt z a %eep4 ,usually x is provid$ t all ! dogs :i* h be5 accu/om$ to be toge!r %\ld be includ$ 9 ! b>ga94 ,! food appropriate = dogs is m l t ( man ?an ( %eep1 = !y are f$ on scraps & bones r ?an on grass & leaves4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t !y are f$ regul>ly1 =1 if food is n provid$1 hung] w lead !m 9 se>* ( x away f ! flock1 unless1 inde$1 !y %all f9d x 9 "o ano!r1 !reby contradict+ ! old prov]b1#adf or p]*ance !y may realize ! fable ( ,actaeon & turn _! tee? aga9/ _! ma/] himself4 ,y w\ld d well to fe$ !m on b>ley bread soak$ 9 milk1 because :5 !y h become accu/om$ to t diet !y w n readily des]t ! flock4 ,!y %\ld nev] be suff]$ to ta/e ! fle% ( a c>rion %eep le/ ! reli% %\ld tempt !m to indulge 9 su* food aga94 ,!y may be f$ also bro? made out ( bones1 or bones !mselves :5 brok5 up1 = t makes _! tee? /rong] & ! m\? wid]3 & !reby ! jaws are /ret*$1 :ile ! ze/ ( ! m>r[ makes ! dog fi]c]4 ,!y %\ld be accu/om$ to take _! food 9 ! day "t :]e ! flock is fe$+ & at night :]e ! flock is fold$4 ,9 ! matt] ( bre$+ x is ! practice to l9e ! bit* at ! beg9n+ ( spr+1 = !n %e is said to be 9 heat1 t is to say1 to %[ a read9ess = bre$+4 ,:5 !y are l9$ at ?is season !y pup ab\t ! sol/ice1 = !y g ?ree mon?s4 ,:ile !y are 9 pup !y %\ld be f$ b>ley bread r ?an :eat bread1 = x is m n\ri%+ & makes m milk4 ,9 ! matt] ( br++ up ! puppies aft] bir?3 if !re are _m 9 ! litt] y %\ld *oose ^? y wi% to keep & de/roy ! o!rs3 ! few] y keep ! bett] !y w be n\ri%$1 = !n _! portion ( ! "m's milk w be l>g]4 ,*aff or "s ?+ else ( t sort %\ld be spread "u !m1 because ! bett] !y are b$d$ ! m easily !y are br\ght up4 ,puppies op5 _! eyes tw5ty days aft] bir?4#adg ,dur+ ! fir/ two mon?s !y are n sep>at$ f _! "m1 b wean !mselves gradually4 ,a numb] ( puppies %\ld be k5nel$ toge!r1 :]e !y may be enc\rag$ to fight1 :i* w make !m fi]c]1 b !y %\ld nev] be suff]$ to tire !mselves s9ce we>9ess develops c[>dice4 ,!y %\ld also be accu/om$ to be ti$1 at fir/ ) a light lea%1 & if !y attempt to gnaw x !y %\ld be puni%$ by :ipp+1 s t !y may n get ! habit4 ,on ra9y days _! k5nels %\ld be b$d$ ) leaves or grass1 = two reasons3 t !y may n soil !mselves or suff] f cold4 ,"s ca/rate _! puppies ?9k+ !m less likely to leave ! flock1 b o!rs d n1 ?9k+ t ! op]ation makes !m less fi]ce4 ,"s rub _! e>s & betwe5 _! toes ) a suffusion ( bitt] almonds /eep$ 9 wat] because flies1 ticks & fleas usually develop sores 9 ^? p>ts1 unless x is y\r practice to s ano9t !m4 ,to protect !m f w\nds f wild bea/s we place coll>s on !m1 ( ! k9d :i* we call melium1 :i* is a gir? ar\nd ! neck made f /rong lea!r /udd$ ) nails & l9$ ) s(t lea!r to protect ! neck f be+ *af$ by ! h>d iron heads ( ! nails3 = if a wolf or o!r wild bea/ is once w\nd$ by ^! nails all ! o!r dogs are safe f 8 attack1 ev5 if !y h no coll>s4 ,! numb] ( dogs to be kept is det]m9$ by ! size ( ! flock1 usually "o dog = e %eph]d is consid]$ en\gh1 b ! practice v>ies4 ,?us !re %\ld be m 9 localities :]e wild bea/s are pl5tiful1 & ^? increase ! numb] also :o are wont to drive _! flocks ov] ! long =e/ drift ways to _! summ] or _! w9t] fe$+ gr\nds4 ,b two dogs are en\gh = a flock kept on a f>m3 9 :i* case !y %\ld be male & female1 = !y are m atta*$ &1 by emulation1 fi]c]1 & if "o is sick = a protract$ "t ! flock w n be )\t a dog4 ,"h ,atticus look$ ar\nd z if to enquire :e!r he _h omitt$ any ?+4 ,?is is ! sil5ce1 said ,i1 :i* summons ano!r play] on ! bo>ds4 ,( %eph]ds ,x4 ,! re/ ( ?is act1 ,i add$1 relates to h[ _m & :at k9d ( %eph]ds are necess>y4 ,coss9ius took ! cue4 ,= l>ge cattle1 he said1 m5 ( full age are requir$2 = small cattle boys w d3 b 9 ei!r case ^? :o drive _! flocks & h]ds on ! drift ways mu/ be /\t] ?an ^? :o rema9 on ! f>m & return to ! /ead+ e day4 ,s 9 ! wood pa/ures 7saltus7 x behooves "o to h "y m5 & usually arm$ m51 :ile on ! f>m boys or ev5 girls may t5d ! flock4 ,^? :o use ! di/ant fe$+ gr\nds %\ld require _! %eph]ds to fe$ _! flocks toge!r all day1 b at night to rema9 ea* "o ) 8 own flock4 ,!y %\ld all be "u ! sup]vision ( "o flock ma/]1 :o %\ld be old] & m exp]i5c$ ?an ! o!rs1 because !y w obey m *e]fully "o :o surpasses !m 9 age & k2 & yet ! flock ma/] %\ld be ( su* ye>s t he may n be prev5t$ by age f h>d "w3 = nei!r old m5 nor boys c endure ! /eeps ( ! drift ways1 nor ! ard\rs & r\ghness ( ! m\nta9s1 :i* mu/ be suff]$ by ^? :o foll[ flocks1 especially cattle & goats1 to :om ! rocks & ! =e/s are pleasant graz+ places4 ,s f> z conc]ns ! con=mation ( ! m5 *os5 = ^! occupations1 !y %\ld be /rong & swift & active1 ) ready limbs n only able to foll[ ! cattle b to def5d !m f ! incursions ( wild bea/s & ( brig&s3 m5 :o c load ! packs on ! sumpt] bea/s3 c run & ?r[ a javel94#adh ,e nation is n fit = t5d+ cattle1 especially ! ,basculi & ! ,turduli ( ,spa94 ,! ,gauls are ! be/ ( all1 p>ticul>ly = draught cattle4 ,9 ! matt] ( ! pur*ase ( %eph]ds1 !re are six usual me?ods ( obta9+ lawful title to a slave3 7i7 by inh]itance1 7#b7 by due =m ( mancipation1 :i* is deliv]y ( possession by "o :o has ! legal "r1 7#c7 by ! legal process call$ surr5d] 9 c\rt 7cessio 9 jure7 f "o :o has t "r1 ! transf] tak+ place :]e x %\ld1 7#d7 by prescriptive use 7usucapion71 7#e7 by pur*ase ( a prison] ( w> "u ! cr[n 7#f7 by auction at ! di/ribution ( "s "o's prop]ty by ord] ( c\rt "u ! process kn[n z bonorum emptio4#adi ,! peculium or p]sonal prop]ty ( ! slave usually passes ) him to a new ma/] unless x is specially except$ 9 ! t]ms ( sale3 !re is also ! usual gu>anty z to ! heal? ( ! slave & t he has committ$ no !ft or tort = :i* 8 ma/] is legally responsible1 &1 unless ! pur*ase is by mancipation1 ! b>ga9 is b\nd by an obligation ( d\ble indemnity1 or 9 ! am\nt ( ! pur*ase price alone1 if t is ! agreem5t4 ,! %eph]ds %\ld take _! meals sep>ately dur+ ! day1 ea* "o ) 8 flock1 b 9 ! ev5+ !y %\ld meet at a common supp] "u ! sup]vision ( ! flock ma/]4#aej ,x %\ld be ! duty ( ! flock ma/] to see t e ?+ is provid$ :i* may be requir$ by ! flock or by ! %eph]ds1 *iefly ! victuals = ! m5 & m$ic9e = ! flock3 = :i* ! ma/] %\ld provide bea/s ( burd51 ei!r horses or "s ?+ else :i* c c>ry a load on its back4 ,z to :at relates to ! bre$+ ( %eph]ds1 x is easy1 s f> z conc]ns ^? :o rema9 on ! f>m all ! "t because !y c h a fell[ s]vant to wife at ! f>m/ead1 = ,v5us ,pa/oralis dem&s no m4 ,"s hold t x is exp$i5t also to furni% wom5#aea = ^? :o pa/ure ! flocks 9 ! ,saltus & ! =e/s & h no resid5ce b f9d _! %elt] f ! ra9 "u improvis$ %$s3 t su* wom5 foll[+ ! flocks & prep>+ ! food = ! %eph]ds keep ! m5 bett] satisfi$ & m devot$ to _! duty4 ,b !y mu/ ne$s be /rong ?\gh n de=m$1 & n less capable ( "w !n ! m5 !mselves1 z !y are 9 _m localities & z may be se5 ?r\gh\t ,illyricum1 :]e ! wom5 fe$ ! flocks or c>ry 9 wood = ! fire & cook ! food1 or keep wat* ov] ! h\sehold ut5sils 9 _! cottages4 ,z to ! me?od ( rais+ _! *ildr51 x suffices to say t ! %eph]d wom5 are usually bo? mo!rs & nurses at ! same "t4 ,at ?is ,coss9ius look$ at me & said3 ,i h he>d y relate t1 :5 y 7 9 ,liburnia1 y saw wom5 big ) *ild br++ 9 fire wood & at ! same "t c>ry+ a nurs+ *ild1 or ev5 two ( !m1 ?us putt+ to %ame ^? sl5d] re$s1 ! wom5 ( our class1 :o are wont to lie ab$ "u mosquito b>s = days at a "t :5 !y are pregnant4 ,t is true1 ,i repli$1 & ! contra/ is ev5 m m>k$ 9 ,illyricum1 :]e x (t5 happ5s t a pregnant woman ^: "t has come w leave h] "w = a little :ile & return ) a new born *ild :i* y w\ld ?9k %e _h f\nd r ?an borne4#aeb ,n only ?is1 ! cu/om ( t c\ntry p]mits ! girls z mu* z tw5ty ye>s ( age1 :om !y call virg9s1 to g ab\t unprotect$ & to give !mselves to :omev] !y wi% & to h *ildr5 be=e m>riage4 ,z to :at p]ta9s to ! heal? ( man & bea/1 resum$ ,coss9ius1 & ! lee* craft :i* may be practis$ )\t ! aid ( a physician1 ! flock ma/] %\ld h ! rules writt5 d[n3 inde$1 ! flock ma/] mu/ h "s education1 o!rwise he c nev] keep 8 flock acc\nts prop]ly4#aec ,z to ! numb] ( %eph]ds1 "s make a n>r[1 "s a broad1 all[ance4 ,i h "o %eph]d = e eighty long wool %eep3 ,atticus "h has "o = e hundr$4 ,"o c r$uce ! numb] ( m5 requir$ 9 respect ( l>ge flocks 7l ^? conta9+ a ?\s& head or m7 mu* m readily ?an 9 respect ( comp>atively small flocks1 l ,atticus' & m9e1 = ,i h only sev5 hundr$ head ( %eep1 & y1 ,atticus1 h1 ,i believe1 eight hundr$1 ?\gh we are alike 9 provid+ a ram = e t5 ewes4 ,two m5 are requir$ to c>e = a h]d ( fifty m>es3 & ea* ( !m %\ld h a m>e brok5 = rid+ to s]ve z a m\nt 9 ^? localities :]e x is ! cu/om to drive ! m>es to pa/ure1 z (t5 happ5s 9 ,apulia & ,lucania4 ,( milk & *eese & wool ,,xi4 ,& n[ t we h fulfill$ our promise1 let u g1 said ,coss9ius4 ,n until y h add$ "s ?+1 ,i cri$1 conc]n+ t supplem5tal pr(it f cattle :i* 0 promis$2 namely1 ( milk & *eese & ! %e>+ ( wool4 ,s ,coss9ius resum$3 ,ewes' milk1 &1 aft] x1 goats' milk1 is ! mo/ n\ri%+ ( all liquids :i* we dr9k4 ,z a purgative1 m>es' milk ranks fir/1 &1 aft] x1 9 ord]1 asses' milk1 c[s' milk & goats' milk1 b ! quality dep5ds ^u :at has be5 f$ to ! cattle1 ^u ! condition ( ! cattle1 & ^u :5 x is milk$4 ,s f> z conc]ns ! food ( ! cattle1 milk is n\ri%+ :i* is made f b>ley & /ov] & o!r su* k9ds ( dry & h>d cattle food4 ,s f> z conc]ns its purgative qualities1 milk is good :5 made f gre5 /uff1 especially if x is grass conta9+ plants :i*1 tak5 by !mselves1 h a purgative effect ^u ! human body4 ,s f> z conc]ns ! condition ( ! cattle1 t milk is be/ :i* comes f cattle 9 vigor\s heal? & f ^? /ill "y4 ,s f> z conc]ns ! "t ( milk+1 t milk is be/ :i* comes nei!r f a '/ripp]' nor f a rec5tly fre% dam4 ,! *eese made ( c[s' milk is ! mo/ agreeable to ! ta/e b ! mo/ difficult to dige/3 next1 t ( ewes' milk1 :ile ! lea/ agreeable 9 ta/e1 b ! mo/ easily dige/$1 is t ( goats' milk4 ,!re is also a di/9ction betwe5 *eese :5 x is s(t & new made & :5 x is dry & old1 = :5 x is s(t x is m n\ri%+ & dige/ible1 b ! opposite is true ( old & dry *eese4 ,! cu/om is to make *eese f ! ris+ ( ! ,pleiades 9 spr+ to _! ris+ 9 summ]1 & yet ! rule is n inv>iable1 because ( diff]5ce 9 locality & ! supply ( =age4 ,! practice is to add a quantity ( r5net1 equal to ! size ( an olive1 to two congii ( milk to make x curdle4 ,! r5net tak5 f ! /oma*s ( ! h>e & ! kid is bett] ?an t f lambs1 b "s use z a f]m5t ! milk ( ! fig tree mix$ ) v9eg>1 & "s times spr9kl$ ) o!r vegetable products4 ,9 p>ts ( ,greece ?is is call$ ,greek3 opos1 else:]e ,greek3 dakruos4 ,i am prep>$ to believe1 ,i said1 t ! fig tree /&+ beside ! *apel ( ! goddess ,rum9a#aed 0 plant$ by %eph]ds = ! purpose y m5tion1 = !re is x ! practice to make libations ( milk r ?an ( w9e or to sacrifice suckl+ pigs4 ,= m5 us$ to use ! ^w rumis or ruma :]e we n[ say mamma1 signify+ a teat3 h5ce ev5 n[ suckl+ lambs are call$ subrumi f ! teat !y suck1 j z we call suckl+ pigs lactantes f lac1 ! milk t comes f ! teat4 ,coss9ius resum$3 ,if y spr9kle y\r *eese ) salt x is bett] to use ! m9]al ?an ! m>9e k9d4 ,conc]n+ ! %e>+ ( %eep1 ! fir/ ?+ to be look$ into be=e y beg9 is t ! %eep are n suff]+ f scab or sores1 z x is bett] to wait1 if necess>y1 until !y are cur$ be=e %e>+4 ,! "t to %e> is betwe5 ! v]nal equ9ox & ! summ] sol/ice1 :5 ! %eep beg9 to sweat 7x is ! sweat :i* gives new clipp$ wool its "n sucida74 ,z soon z ! %eep are %e>$ !y are sme>$ ) a mixture#aee ( w9e & oil1 "s add :ite wax & hogs' grease4 ,if !y are %eep :i* are kept blanket$1 ! inside ( ! blanket %\ld be ano9t$ ) ?is mixture be=e x is put on aga94 ,if ! %eep has suff]$ any w\nd dur+ ! %e>+1 x %\ld be treat$ ) liquid t>4 ,long wool %eep are usually %e>$ ab\t ! "t ( ! b>ley h>ve/3 9 "s places be=e ! hay h>ve/4 ,"s m5 %e> _! %eep twice a ye>1 z 9 hi!r ,spa91 inve/+ d\ble "w because !y ?9k !y get m wool1 j z "s m5 m[ _! mead[s twice a ye>4 ,c>eful %eph]ds are wont to %e> on a mat s z n to lose any ( ! wool4 ,a cle> day %\ld be *os5 = ! %e>+ & x is usually done betwe5 ! f\r? & ! t5? h\rs 7#aj a4m4-#d p4m47 s9ce wool %e>$ 9 ! hot sun is s(t]1 heavi] & ( bett] col\r by reason ( ! sweat ( ! %eep4 ,wool :i* has be5 collect$ & pack$ 9 bags is call$ vell]a or velam9a1 words d]iv$ f vell]e1 to pull1 :5ce x may be conclud$ t ! practice ( pull+ wool is old] ?an %e>+4 ,^? :o pull ! wool today make a practice ( />v+ _! %eep = ?ree days be=e1 because :5 !y are weak ! wool yields m readily4 ,speak+ ( %e>+1 ,i said1 x is report$ t ! fir/ b>b]s 7 br\ght into ,italy f ,sicily 9 ! ye> #dec aft] ! f\ndation ( ,rome 7,b4,c4 #cjj7 by ,p4 ,tic9ius ,m5as1 z appe>s f ! inscription 9 ! public squ>e ( ,ardea4 ,! /atues ( ! anci5ts %[ t =m]ly !re 7 no b>b]s because mo/ ( !m h long hair & a heavy be>d4#aef ,coss9ius resum$3 ,z ! wool ( ! %eep s]ves to make clo!s1 s ! hair ( goats is employ$3 on %ips1 9 mak+ milit>y eng9es & c]ta9 implem5ts ( indu/ry4 ,c]ta9 nations1 inde$1 are clad 9 goat sk9s1 z 9 ,gaetulia & ,s>d9ia4 ,_! use = ?is purpose by ! anci5t ,greeks is app>5t1 because old m5 9 ! trag$ies are call$ ,greek3 diph!riai1 f ! fact t !y 7 clad 9 goat sk9s3 & x is ! cu/om also 9 our com$ies to dress ru/ic *>act]s 9 goat sk9s1 l ! y\? 9 ! ,hypobolimaeus 7! ,c\nt]feit7 ( ,caecilius1 & ! old man 9 ! ,heautontimorum5os 7! ,self ,torm5tor7 ( ,t]5ce4 ,x is ! practice to %e> goats 9 ! great] "p ( ,phrygia because !re ! goats h heavy coats1 ( :i* cilicia 7s call$ because ! practice ( %e>+ goats began 9 ! city ( t "n7 & o!r hair clo? mat]ials ( t k9d are made4 ,) ?is ,coss9ius /opp$1 &1 :ile he 0 wait+ = criticism ( :at he _h said1 ,vitulus' fre$man1 com+ into t[n f ! g>d5s ( 8 ma/] turn$ to u & said1 ,i 0 on my way to y\r h\se to invite y to come e>ly s z n to %ort5 ! holiday4 ,& s1 my de> ,turranius ,nig]1 we sep>at$3 ,scr(a & ,i go+ to ! g>d5s ( ,vitulus2 ! o!rs1 "s home & "s to see ,m5as4 ,,book ,,iii ,,! ,,husb&ry ,,( ,,! ,,/ead+ ,introduction3 ! antiquity ( c\ntry life ,i ,!re are two modes ( human life1 my de> ,p9nius1 :i* are manife/ly z diff]5t 9 ! "t ( _! orig9 z !y are 9 _! habitat1 t ( ! c\ntry & t ( ! t[n4 ,c\ntry life is mu* ! m anci5t1 = "t 0 :5 m5 liv$ altoge!r 9 ! c\ntry & _h no t[ns3 inde$1 ! olde/ t[n 9 ,greece1 accord+ to ! tradition1 is ! ,boeotian ,!bes1 :i* 0 f\nd$ by ,k+ ,ogyges1 & 9 our own l& t ( ,rome1 f\nd$ by ,k+ ,romulus ( :i* n[ x may be affirm$ ) confid5ce1 z 0 n possible :5 ,ennius wrote3 ',tis sev5 hundr$ ye>s1 or m or less1 ,s9ce fir/ illu/ri\s ,rome began h] sway1 ,) hall[$ augury4 ,n[1 if x is admitt$ t ,!bes 0 f\nd$ be=e ! deluge1 :i* is kn[n by ,ogyges' "n1 its age is n m ?an ab\t tw5ty-"o hundr$ ye>s3 & if t p]iod is comp>$ ) ! lapse ( "t s9ce m5 began to cultivate ! l& & to live 9 huts & hovels1 kn[+ naught ( city walls & gates1 x is evid5t t life 9 ! c\ntry prec$$ life 9 t[n by a tale ( immemorial ye>s4 ,nor is ?is to be wond]$ at s9ce ',god made ! c\ntry & man made ! t[n4'#aeg ,:ile ! tradition is t all ! arts 7 inv5t$ 9 ,greece )9 a ?\s& ye>s1 !re nev] 0 a "t :5 ! e>? c\ld n be cultivat$4 ,&1 z life 9 ! c\ntry is ! m anci5t1 s x is ! bett] life3 = x 0 n )\t good reason t our ance/ors 7 wont to plant colonies ( citiz5s 9 ! c\ntry1 because by !m !y 7 bo? f$ 9 times ( peace & protect$ 9 times ( w>3 nor 0 x )\t significance t !y call$ bo? ! ,e>? & ,c]es by ! common "n ( ,"m & e/eem$ t ^? :o wor%ipp$ h] lead a life at once pi\s & useful & 7 ! sole repres5tatives left on e>? ( ! race ( ,saturn4 ,a pro( ( ?is is t ! my/]ies peculi> to ! cult ( ,c]es 7 call$ ,initia1 ! v "n indicat+ t !y relat$ to ! beg9n+ ( ?+s4 ,a fur!r pro( t c\ntry life 0 e>li] ?an t ( t[n is f\nd 9 ! "n ( ! t[n ( ,!bes1 :i* 0 be/[$ f ! "* ( its situation r ?an f ! "n ( its f\nd]3 = 9 ! anci5t language1 & among ! ,aeolians :o _h _! orig9 9 ,boeotia1 a small hill is call$ tebas )\t ! aspirate2 & 9 ! ,sab9e c\ntry1 :]e ,pelasgians f ,greece settl$1 !y /ill h ! same locution3 witness t hill call$ ,tebae :i* /&s 9 ! ,sab9e c\ntry on ! via ,sal>ia n f> f ! mile /one ( ,reate4 ,at fir/ agriculture 0 conduct$ on s small a scale t x _h little di/9ction1 s9ce ^? :o foll[$ x1 be+ sprung f %eph]ds1 at once s[$ _! corn & pa/ur$ _! flocks on ! same l&1 b z lat] ?is art grew 9 importance ! husb&ry ( live /ock 0 sep>at$1 & x befel t "s m5 7 call$ f>m]s & o!rs %eph]ds4 ,! art ( fe$+ live /ock %\ld really be divid$ into two bran*es1 z is n yet fully appreciat$1 "o relat+ to ! /ock kept at ! /ead+1 ! o!r to ! /ock pa/ur$ 9 ! fields4 ,! latt]1 :i* is designat$ by ! "n pecu>ia1 is well kn[n & highly e/eem$ s t ri* m51 ei!r lease or buy mu* pa/ure l& 9 ord] to c>ry x on3 ! o!r1 :i* is kn[n z villatice1 has1 because x seem$ to be ( less importance1 be5 treat$ by "s z an incid5t ( ! husb&ry ( agriculture1 :5 9 fact x %\ld be made a "p ( ! husb&ry ( live /ock3 nor has x be5 describ$ sep>ately & at l5g? by any "o1 s f> z ,i "k4 ,& s1 z ,i ?9k t !re are ?ree bran*es ( f>m managem5t :i* are und]tak5 = pr(it1 namely3 agriculture1 live /ock & ! indu/ries peculi> to ! /ead+1 ,i h plann$ ?ree books1 ( :i* ,i h already writt5 two1 ! fir/ conc]n+ ! husb&ry ( agriculture1 :i* ,i d$icat$ to my wife ,fundania1 & ! second conc]n+ ! husb&ry ( live /ock to ,turranius ,nig]3 ! ?ird1 relat+ to ! pr(its ( ^? indu/ries :i* are c>ri$ on at ! /ead+1 ,i n[ s5d h]e) to y2 = ! fact t we are neighb\rs & ent]ta9 a mutual affection seems to dem& t x %\ld be d$icat$ to y above all o!rs4 ,al?\gh y h a villa1 :i* is rem>kable = ! beauty ( its workman%ip )9 & )\t1 & = ! spl5d\r ( its mosaic pavem5ts1 /ill y deem x to be b>e unless y h ! walls decorat$ also ) books3 s 9 l mann] t y\r villa may be m di/+ui%$ by ! pr(its y d]ive f x ?an by ! "* ( its con/ruction1 & t ,i may be ( assi/ance to t end1 s f> z may be1 ,i h s5t y ?is book1 :i* is a summ>y ( "s conv]sations :i* we h _h on ! subject ( :at makes ! p]fectly equipp$ villa3 & s ,i beg9 z foll[s3 ,( ! def9ition ( a ,roman villa ,,ii4 ,! ,s5ator ,q4 ,axius1 my fell[ tribesman1 & ,i _h ca/ our votes at ! comitia = ! election ( a$iles1 &1 al?\gh x 0 ! heat ( ! day1 we wi%$ to be on h& :5 ! c&idate :om we 7 support+ %\ld g home4 ,s ,axius said to me3 ,:at w\ld y ?9k ( tak+ %elt] 9 ! villa publica#aeh :ile ! votes are be+ sort$ r ?an 9 ! boo? ( our c&idate4 ,i hold1 said ,i1 n only ) ! prov]b t bad advice is wor/ = him :o gives x1 b t good advice is good = bo? ! giv] & ! tak]4 ,& s we made our way to ! villa publica1 :]e we f\nd ,appius ,claudius1#aei ! ,augur1 seat$ on a b5* wait+ = any call = 8 s]vices by ! ,consul3 on 8 left 0 ,cornelius ,m]ula 7blackbird7 ( ! ,consul> family ( t "n1 & ,fircellius ,pavo 7pea-cock7 ( ,reate1 & on 8 "r ,m9utius ,pica 7mag-pie7 & ,m4 ,petronius ,pass] 7sp>r[74 ,:5 we _h approa*$ !m ,axius1 smil+1 said to ,appius3 ,may we come into y\r avi>y :]e y are sitt+ among ! birds8 ,by all means1 repli$ ,appius1 & especially y :o set be=e me su* birds z /ill make my m\? wat]1 :5 ,i 0 y\r gue/ a few days ago at y\r ,reat9e villa on my way to lake ,vel9us to settle ! controv]sy betwe5 ! p ( ,int]amna & ,reate4#afj ,b he add$1 is n ?is villa1 :i* our ance/ors con/ruct$1 simpl] & s bett] ?an t elaborate "o ( y\rs at ,reate3 d y see any :]e "h any furniture ( citrus wood or ormolu1 any decorations ( v]million or blue1 any tessellations or mosaic "w1 all ( :i* on ! o!r h& 7 display$ 9 y\r h\se8 ,& :ile ?is is op5 to ! entire p1 y\rs is available to y alone3 ?is is ! resort = ! citiz5s aft] ! comitia 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius1 & = all alike1 :ile y\rs is res]v$ = m>es & asses4 ,& fur!rmore x %\ld be consid]$ t ?is build+ is useful 9 c>ry+ on ! public bus9ess1 = "h ! consuls review ! army on p>ade1 "h ! arms are inspect$1 "h ! c5sors enum]ate ! p4 ,tell me1 retort$ ,axius1 :i* is useful1 ?is villa ( y\rs giv+ on ! ,campus ,m>tius1 m extravagantly array$ ) objects ( art ?an all ,reate put toge!r1 s b$iz5$ is x ) pictures & g>ni%$ ) /atues1 or m9e :]e !re is no trace ( ! arti/s ,lysippus or ,antiphilus1 b !re are _m ( ! f>m h& & ! %eph]d8 ,& s9ce !re c be no villa :]e !re is no f>m & t well cultivat$1 h[ c y call ?is h\se ( y\rs a villa :i* has no l& appurt5ant to x & no cattle or horses8 ,aga91 tell me1 pray1 h[ does y\r villa comp>e ) t ( y\r gr&fa!r & great gr&fa!r1 = "o _c see at y\rs1 z "o c\ld always see at !irs1 cur$ hay 9 ! m[s1 ! v9tage 9 ! cell>1 & ! h>ve/ 9 ! gran>y8 ,because1 =soo?1 a h\se is situat$ out ( t[n1 x is no m a villa = t reason ?an ! h\ses ( ^? :o dwell beyond ! ,porta ,flum5t>ia or 9 ! ,aemiliana suburb4 ,s9ce x appe>s t ,i d n "k :at a villa is1 repli$ ,appius1 smil+1 ,i wi% y w\ld be good en\gh to in/ruct me1 s t ,i may n make a fool ( myself1 z ,i am plann+ to buy f ,m4 ,seius 8 villa at ,o/ia3 = if a m]e h\se is n a villa unless x is equipp$ ) a jackass co/+ =ty ?\s& se/]ces 7#b1jjj71 l t y %[$ me at y\r place1 ,i fe> t ,i w\ld be mak+ a mi/ake 9 buy+ ,seius' h\se on ! %ore at ,o/ia 9 ! belief t x is a villa4 ,b x 0 our fri5d ,m]ula "h :o put me 9 m9d ( buy+ ?is h\se1 = he told me t he _h sp5t sev]al days !re & t he _h nev] se5 a m delightful villa1 & yet he saw !re no pa9t+s1 nor any bronze or m>ble /atues1 nei!r did he see any w9e press1 or oil mill1 or oil j>s4 ,& :at k9d ( a villa is ?is1 said ,axius1 turn+ to ,m]ula1 :]e !re are nei!r ! ornam5ts ( a t[n h\se nor ! ut5sils ( a f>m8 ,d y consid]1 said ,m]ula1 t y\r h\se on ! bank ( ,vel9us1 :i* nei!r pa9t] nor ar*itect has ev] se51 is any less a villa ?an ! "o y h 9 ,rosea s elegantly decorat$ ) ! "w ( an ar*itect & :i* y %>e ) y\r fam\s jackass8 ,axius admitt$1 ) a nod1 t a simple f>m h\se 0 z mu* entitl$ to be call$ a villa z any h\se :i* unit$ ! *>act]i/ics ( bo? t[n & c\ntry1 & ask$ :at he d$uc$ f ?is4 ,:at8 said ,m]ula4 ,:y1 if y\r e/ate 9 ,rosea is to be approv$ by reason ( ! husb&ry :i* y c>ry on1 & is prop]ly call$ a villa because !re cattle are f$ & /abl$1 !n1 by ! same reason+1 all ^? h\ses %\ld be call$ villas 9 :i* l>ge pr(its are d]iv$ f husb&ry3 = :at diff]5ce does x make :e!r y d]ive y\r pr(it f %eep or f birds8 ,is ! income any sweet] :i* comes f cattle 9 :i* bees are g5]at$1 ?an f ! bees !mselves1 su* z "w 9 _! hives at ! villa ( ,seius8 ,d y sell to ! but*] ! hogs :i* y raise at y\r f>m = m ?an ,seius sells 8 wild bo>s to ! meat m>ket8 ,am ,i any less able1 repli$ ,axius1 to h ^! ?+s at my f>m at ,reate3 is ,sicilian honey made at ,seius' place & only ,corsican honey at ,reate1#afa & does ! ma/ :i* he buys = 8 wild bo>s make !m fat :ile t :i* ,i get = no?+ f my woods makes m9e lean8 ,b1 said ,appius1 ,m]ula does n d5y t y c c>ry on at y\r villa ! k9d ( husb&ry :i* ,seius does at 81 yet ,i myself h se5 t y don't4 ,= !re are two k9ds ( husb&ry ( live /ock3 "o 9 ! fields1 z ( cattle2 & ! o!r at ! /ead+1 z ( *ick5s & pigeons & bees & o!r su* ?+s :i* are usually kept at a villa4 ,ab\t ! latt]1 ,mago ! ,c>?ag9ian1 & ,cassius ,dionysius & o!rs h treat$ specially 9 diff]5t p>ts ( _! books1 & x w\ld seem t ,seius has read _! precepts & s has le>n$ h[ to make m pr(it f 8 villa alone by su* husb&ry ?an o!rs make out ( an entire f>m4 ,c]ta9ly1 agre$ ,m]ula1 = ,i h se5 !re great flocks ( geese1 *ick5s1 pigeons1 cranes & pea-cocks3 also dormice1 fi%1 wild bo>s & o!r su* game4#afb ,! fre$man :o keeps 8 books :i* ,v>ro has se51 assur$ me :5 he 0 do+ ! hon\rs 9 ! abs5ce ( 8 ma/]1 t ,seius d]ives an income ( m ?an fifty ?\s& se/]ces 7#b1ejj7 p] annum f 8 villa4 ,z ,axius seem$ a/oni%$1 ,i ask$ him3 ,surely y "k ! e/ate ( my aunt 9 ! ,sab9e c\ntry :i* is at ! tw5ty-f\r? mile /one f ,rome on ! via ,sal>ia4 ,( c\rse1 ,i d1 ,axius repli$1 = x is !re t ,i am wont to divide ! day 9 summ] on my way f ,reate to t[n & to sp5d ! night :5 ,i come !nce 9 w9t]4 ,well1 ,i cont9u$1 9 t villa !re is an avi>y f :i* ,i "k t !re 7 tak5 9 "o season five ?\s& ?ru%es1 :i*1 at ?ree d5i]s apiece1 means t t dep>tm5t ( ! e/abli%m5t br\ght 9 a rev5ue ( sixty ?\s& se/]ces t ye>1 or twice ! yield ( ! entire two hundr$ jug]a ( y\r f>m at ,reate4#afc ,:at1 sixty ?\s&1 exclaim$ ,axius1 sixty ?\s&3 y are mak+ game ( me6 ,sixty ?\s&1 ,i affirm$1 b 9 ord] t y might realize su* a lucky ?r[ y w require ei!r a public banquet or a triumph on ! scale ( t ( ,scipio ,metellus1 or club d9n]s1 :i* inde$ h n[ become s frequ5t z to raise ! price ( provisions ( ! m>ket4 ,y w p]*ance expect ?is return e ye>1 said ,m]ula1 s ,i tru/ t y\r avi>y may n lead y into a loss4 ,b surely 9 su* good times z ^! x c\ld n happ5 t y w\ld fail1 except r>ely1 = :at ye> is !re t does n see su* a fea/ or a triumph1 or club d9n]s1 su* z n[-a-days consume victuals )\t numb]4 ,nay1 he add$1 x seems t 9 our habit ( luxury su* a public banquet is a daily occurr5ce )9 ! gates ( ,rome4#afd ,to supplem5t ! examples ( su* pr(its3 ,l4 ,albutius1 a le>n$ man &1 z y "k1 ! au?or ( c]ta9 satires 9 ! mann] ( ,lucilius1 has said t ! returns f fe$+ live /ock on 8 ,alban f>m are always less ?an 8 income f 8 villa1 = ! f>m yields less ?an t5 ?\s& se/]ces & ! villa m ?an tw5ty4 ,he ev5 ma9ta9s t if he %\ld e/abli% a villa ne> ! sea 9 su* a place z he might *oose he c\ld d]ive f x an income ( m ?an a hundr$ ?\s& se/]ces4 ,did n ,m4 ,cato rec5tly sell =ty ?\s& se/]ces wor? ( fi%es f ! fi% ponds ( ,lucullus aft] he _h accept$ ! adm9i/ration ( 8 e/ate8 ,my de> ,m]ula1 exclaim$ ,axius1 take me1 ,i beg ( y1 z y\r pupil 9 ! art ( ! husb&ry ( ! /ead+4 ,i w beg91 repli$ ,m]ula1 z soon z y promise me a m9]val 9 ! =m ( a d9n]4#afe ,y %all h x1 said ,axius1 bo? today1 & h]eaft] z well1 (f ^? delicacies y w tea* me to re>4 ,i fe>1 repli$ ,m]ula1 t :at y may (f] me at ! beg9n+ ( y\r exp]i5ce ) villa fe$+ w be dead geese or deceas$ pea-cocks4 ,& :at diff]5ce w x make to y1 retort$ ,axius1 if ,i d s]ve y fi% or f[l :i* has come to an untimely end3 = 9 no ev5t c\ld y eat !m unless !y 7 dead3 b ,i beg y1 he add$1 matriculate me 9 ! s*ool ( villa husb&ry & exp\nd to me ! !ory & ! practice ( x4 ,m]ula accept$ ! invitation *e]fully4 ,( ! ,roman developm5t ( ! indu/ries ( ! /ead+ ,,iii4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he said1 y %\ld "k :at k9d ( creatures y may raise or fe$ 9 or ab\t a villa1 ei!r = y\r pr(it or = y\r pleasure4 ,!re are ?ree divisions = ?is /udy3 p\ltry h\ses1 w>r5s & fi% ponds4 ,i include "u ! head ( p\ltry h\ses ! fe$+ ( all k9ds ( f[ls :i* are usually kept )9 ! walls ( a /ead+3 "u ! head ( w>r5s n m]ely :at our great gr&fa!rs meant--places :]e rabbits 7 usually kept--b any enclosure adjo9+ a villa 9 :i* game animals are enclos$ to be f$4 ,9 l mann] ,i include "u ! head ( fi% ponds all ^? places 9 :i* fi% are kept at a villa ei!r 9 fre% or salt wat]4 ,ea* ( ^! divisions may be sep>at$ into at lea/ two p>ts3 ?us ! fir/1 t ) respect to p\ltry h\ses1 %\ld be treat$ ) ref]5ce to a classification ( f[ls z betwe5 ^? :i* are cont5t on l& alone1 su* z pea-cocks1 turtle doves1 ?ru%es2 & ^? :i* require access to wat] z well z l&1 su* z geese1 widgeons & ducks4 ,s ! second division1 t relat+ to game1 has two diff]5t classifications3 "o :i* includes ! wild bo>1 ! roe buck & h>es2 ! o!r bees1 snails & dormice4 ,! ?ird1 or aquatic division1 likewise has two classifications1 "o includ+ fre% wat] fi%1 ! o!r salt wat] fi%4 ,9 ord] to secure & ma9ta9 a supply ( ^! six classes ( /ock x is necess>y to provide a =ce ( ?ree k9ds ( artific]s1 namely3 f[l]s1 hunt]s & fi%]m51 or else y may buy bre$+ /ock f su* m51 & tru/ to ! dilig5ce ( y\r s]vants to re> & fatt5 _! (fspr+ until !y are ready = m>ket4 ,c]ta9 ( !m1 su* z dormice1 snails & *ick5s1 may1 h[ev]1 be obta9$ )\t ! aid ( a hunt]'s net1 & d\btless ! bus9ess ( keep+ !m began ) ! /ock native to e f>m3 = ! bre$+ ev5 ( *ick5s has n be5 a monopoly ( ! ,roman augurs1 to make provision = _! auspices1 b has be5 practis$ by all f>m]s f ! beg9n+ ( "t4#aff ,f su* a />t 9 ! k9d ( husb&ry we are n[ discuss+1 ! next /ep 0 to provide masonry enclosures ne> ! /ead+ to conf9e game1 & ^! s]v$ z well = %elt] = ! bee-/&1 = orig9ally ! bees 7 wont to make _! hives "u ! eaves ( ! f>m h\se itself4 ,! ?ird division1 t ( keep+ fi%1 _h its orig9 9 simple fre% wat] ponds 9 :i* fi% tak5 9 ! /reams 7 kept4 ,!re h be5 two /eps 9 ! developm5t ( ea* ( ^! ?ree conv5i5ces2 ! e>li] di/+ui%$ by ! anci5t simplicity1 ! lat] by our mod]n luxury4 ,! e>li] /age 0 t ( our ance/ors1 :o _h b two places = keep+ p\ltry3 "o ! c\rt y>d ( ! /ead+ 9 :i* *ick5s 7 f$ & _! pr(it d]iv$ f eggs & pullets1 ! o!r above gr\nd1 = _! pigeons 7 kept 9 ! dorm]s or on ! ro( ( ! f>m h\se4 ,n[-a-days1 on ! contr>y1 :at our ance/ors call$ h5-h\ses are kn[n z orni?ones1 & s]ve to h\se ?ru%es & pea-cocks to cat] to ! delicate appetite ( ! ma/]3 & inde$ su* /ructures n[ h l>g] ro(s ?an =m]ly suffic$ to cov] an entire f>m h\se4 ,su* has be5 ! progress 9 respect ( w>r5s also3 y\r fa!r1 ,axius1 nev] saw any game b rabbits1 nor did !re exi/ 9 8 "t any su* ext5sive enclosures z n[ are made1 _m jug]a 9 ext5t1 to hold wild bo>s & roe bucks4 ,y c witness1 he said1 turn+ to me1 t y f\nd _m wild bo>s 9 ! w>r5 ( y\r f>m at ,tusculum1 :5 y b\ght x f ,m4 ,piso4 ,9 respect ( ! ?ird class1 :o 0 !re :o us$ to h any k9d ( a fi% pond1 except ( fre% wat]1 /ock$ m]ely ) cat fi% & mullets1 :ile today our elegants decl>e t !y w\ld z soon h a pond /ock$ ) frogs z ) ^? fi% ,i h nam$4 ,y w recall ! /ory ( ,philippus :5 he 0 ent]ta9$ at ,cas9um by ,ummidius3 a pick]el caught 9 y\r riv]1 ,v>ro1 0 put be=e him1 he ta/$ x & =?) spat x out1 exclaim+ ,may ,i p]i%1 b ,i ?\ght x 0 fi%6#afg ,z ! luxury ( ?is age has enl>g$ our w>r5s1 s has x c>ri$ our fi% ponds ev5 to ! sea itself & has h]d$ %oals ( sea fi% into !m4 ,h n ,s]gius ,orata 7goldfi%7 & ,lic9ius ,mur5a 7lamprey7 tak5 _! cognom5s f fi%es = ?is reason8 ,& :o does n "k ! fame ( ! fi% ponds ( ,philippus1 ( ,hort5sius1 & ( ! bro!rs ,lucullus8 ,:]e1 !n1 ,axius1 d y wi% me to beg98 ,( avi>ies ,,iv4 ,i pref]1 repli$ ,axius1 t y %\ld beg9 ) ! sequel--po/pr9cipia1 z !y say 9 ! camps--t is1 ) ! pres5t day r ?an ) ! pa/1 because ! pr(its f pea-cocks are great] ?an ^? f h5s1 ,i w n dissemble t ,i wi% to he> fir/ ( orni?ones because ! ?ru%es :i* are kept 9 !m make ! v "n s\nd l money3 inde$1 ! #fj1jjj se/]ces ( ,fircel9a h consum$ me ) av>ice4 ,!re are two k9ds ( orni?ones1 repli$ ,m]ula2 "o = pleasure1 l t s mu* admir$ :i* our fri5d ,v>ro "h has at 8 villa ne> ,cas9um3 ! o!r = pr(it1 su* z are ma9ta9$ comm]cially1 "s ev5 indoors 9 t[n1 b *iefly 9 ! ,sab9e c\ntry :i* ab\nds 9 ?ru%es4 ,!re is a ?ird k9d1 consi/+ ( a comb9ation ( ! two ,i h m5tion$1 su* z ,lucullus ma9ta9$ at 8 ,tusculan villa1 :]e he contriv$ a d9+ room "u ! same ro( z 8 avi>y to ! end t he might fea/ delicately1 satisfy+ two s5ses1 n[ by eat+ ! birds cook$ & spread on a platt]1 n[ by see+ !m fly+ ab\t ! w9d[s3 b ! tru? is t he 0 disappo9t$1 = ! eyes did n take z mu* pleasure f ! sight ( ! fly+ birds z ! no/rils 7 (f5d$ by _! od\r4 a4 ,= pr(it ,v4 ,b1 z ,i ga!r y w\ld pref]1 ,axius1 ,i w speak ( t k9d ( orni?on :i* is e/abli%$ = pr(it1 :5ce1 b n :]e1 fat ?ru%es are s]v$4 ,= ?is purpose is built a dome1 9 ! =m ( a p]i/yle1 ) a ro( ov] x & enclos$ ) nett+1 suffici5tly l>ge to accommodate sev]al ?\s& ?ru%es#afh & blackbirds2 inde$1 "s also include o!r k9ds ( birds1 su* z ortolans & quail1 :i* sell = a good price :5 fat4 ,into ?is enclosure wat] %\ld be conduct$ ?r\gh a conduit & s dispos$ z to w9d ?r\gh ! avi>y 9 *annels n>r[ en\gh to be clean$ easily 7= if ! wat] spreads out x is quickly pollut$ & r5d]$ unfit to dr9k7 & dra9+ l a runn+ /ream to f9d its v5t ?r\gh ano!r conduit1 s t ! birds may n be expos$ to ! risk ( mud4 ,! door %\ld be l[ & n>r[ & well balanc$ on its h+es l ! doors !y h 9 ! amphi!atres :]e bulls are f\ght3 few w9d[s & s plac$ t ! birds _c see trees & wild birds )\t1 = t makes ! prison]s p9e & gr[ ?94 ,! place %\ld h only s mu* light z may be necess>y to enable ! birds to see :]e !y are to p]* & to eat & dr9k4 ,! doors & ! w9d[s %\ld be lightly /ucco$ r\nd ab\t to keep out rats & o!r su* v]m94 ,ar\nd ! wall ( ! build+ on ! inside are fa/5$ _m p]*es :]e ! birds c sit1 & ano!r su* conv5i5ce %\ld be contriv$ f poles set on ! gr\nd & lean+ aga9/ ! walls & ti$ toge!r ) o!r poles fa/5$ transv]sely at regul> int]vals1 ?us giv+ ! appe>ance ( ! ris+ degrees ( a !atre4 ,d[n on ! gr\nd ne> ! dr9k+ wat] y %\ld place ! birds' food1 :i* usually consi/s ( little balls ( a pa/e made out ( figs & corn meal3 b = tw5ty days be=e y int5d to m>ket y\r ?ru%es x is cu/om>y to fe$ !m m heavily1 bo? by giv+ !m m food & t *iefly ( f9] meal4 ,9 ?is enclosure !re %\ld also be cages ) wood5 floors :i* may s]ve ! birds z re/+ places supplem5t+ ! p]*es4 ,next to ! avi>y %\ld be contriv$ a small] /ructure1 call$ ! seclusorium1 9 :i* ! keep] may array ! birds f\nd dead1 to r5d] an acc\nt ( !m to 8 ma/]1 & :]e he may drive ! birds :i* are ready = m>ket f ! l>g] avi>y3 & to ?is end ?is small] room is connect$ ) ! ma9 cage by a l>ge door & has m light3 & !re1 :5 he has collect$ ! numb] he wi%es to m>ket1 ! keep] kills !m1 :i* is done secretly1 le/ ! o!rs might despond at ! sight & !mselves die be=e !y are ready = m>ket4 ,?ru%es are n l o!r birds ( passage :i* lay _! eggs 9 p>ticul> places1 z ! swan does 9 ! fields & ! swall[s "u ! ro(1 b !y lay any:]e3 =1 despite _! mascul9e "n 7turdus7 !re are female ?ru%es1 j z !re are male blackbirds1 al?\gh !y h a purely fem99e "n 7m]ula74 ,all birds are divid$ z betwe5 ^? :i* are ( passage1 l swall[s & cranes1 & ^? :i* are dome/ic1 l *ick5s & pigeons3 ?ru%es are birds ( passage & e ye> fly f across ! sea into ,italy ab\t ! "t ( ! autumn equ9ox1 return+ ab\t ! spr+ equ9ox4 ,at ano!r season doves & quail d ! same 9 imm5se numb]s1 z may be se5 9 ! neighb\r+ isl&s ( ,pontia1 ,palm>ia & ,p&at>ia1 = !re !y are wont to re/ a few days on _! arrival & aga9 be=e !y set out across ! sea f ,italy4 b4 ,= pleasure ,s1 said ,appius to ,axius1 if y enclose five ?\s& ?ru%es 9 su* an avi>y z ,m]ula has describ$ & !re happ5s to be a banquet or a triumph1 y w ga9 =?) t sixty ?\s& se/]ces :i* y s ke5ly covet & be able to l5d ! money out at good int]e/4 ,& !n1 turn+ to me1 he add$1 ,d y tell u ( t o!r k9d ( orni?on1 namely3 = pleasure m]ely1 = x is said t y h con/ruct$ "o ne> ,cas9um :i* surpasses n only ! orig9al built by ! inv5tor ( su* fly+ cages1 our fri5d ,m4 ,la5ius ,/rabo ( ,brundisium 7:o 0 ! fir/ to keep birds conf9$ 9 ! *amb] ( a p]i/yle & to fe$ !m ?r\gh ! net71 b also ! va/ /ructures ( ,lucullus at ,tusculum4 ,y "k1 ,i said1 t !re fl[s ?r\gh my e/ate ne> ,cas9um#afi a /ream :i* is bo? deep & cle> & fifty-sev5 feet wide betwe5 ! masonry embankm5ts1 s t x is necess>y to use bridges to get f "o "p ( ! prop]ty to ! o!r4 ,on ! upp] rea* ( ?is /ream is situat$ my ,museum#agj & at a di/ance ( #iej feet bel[ is an isl& =m$ by ! conflu5ce ( ano!r /ream4 ,along ! bank = ?is di/ance is an uncov]$ walk t5 feet broad & betwe5 ?is walk & ! field is ! location ( my avi>y enclos$ on bo? sides1 "r & left1 ) high masonry walls4 ,! orni?on itself is built 9 ! %ape ( a writ+ tablet ) a capital on x1 ! ma9 quadrangle be+ =ty-eight feet wide & sev5ty-two feet long1 ! capital semi-circul> ) a radius ( tw5ty-sev5 feet4 ,to ?is a cov]$ walk or portico is jo9$1 z x 7 across ! bottom ( ! page ( ! tablet1 ) passages lead+ on ei!r side ( ! orni?on prop] :i* conta9s ! cages1 to ! upp] end ( ! int]ior quadrangle adjo9+ ! capital4 ,?is portico is con/ruct$ ( a s]ies ( /one columns betwe5 :i* & ! ma9 outside walls are plant$ dw>f %rubs1 a net ( hemp be+ /ret*$ f ! top ( ! walls to ! ar*itrave ( ! portico1 & !nce d[n to ! /ylobate or floor4 ,! ext]ior spaces ?us enclos$ are fill$ ) all k9ds ( birds :i* are f$ ?r\gh ! net1 wat] be+ provid$ by a small runn+ /ream4 ,on ! int]ior sides ( ! porticos1 & adjo9+ !m at ! upp] end ( ! int]ior quadrangle1 are con/ruct$ on bo? sides two n>r[ oblong bas9s4 ,betwe5 ^! bas9s a pa? leads to ! ?olus1 or rotunda1 :i* is surr\nd$ ) two r[s ( columns1 l t 9 ! h\se ( ,catulus1 except t ,i h sub/itut$ columns = walls4 ,beyond ^! columns at ! end is a grove ( l>ge transplant$ trees =m+ a ro( ( leaves1 b admitt+ light und]nea?1 z t is entirely cut (f by ! high walls on ! sides4 ,betwe5 ! ext]ior r[ ( columns ( ! ?olus1 :i* are ( /one1 & ! int]ior r[1 :i* are ( p9e1 !re is a n>r[ space1 five feet 9 wid?4 ,! ext]ior columns are fill$ 9 ) a transp>5t net in/ead ( walls1 ?us p]mitt+ ! birds to look out ^u ! grove & ! wild birds !re b )\t escap+3 ! int]ior columns be+ fill$ 9 ) ! net ( ! ma9 avi>y4 ,! space betwe5 ! two r[s ( columns ?us enclos$ is equipp$ ) p]*es = ! birds 9 ! =m ( _m rods let into all ! columns 9 asc5d+ array l ! degrees ( a !atre2 & "h are enclos$ all k9ds ( birds1 b *iefly s++ birds1 l night+ales & blackbirds1 = :om wat] is conduct$ by means ( a small canal & food is suppli$ "u ! net4 ,"u ! lant]n ( ! ?olus is a bas9 ( wat]3 & ar\nd ?is a foot & n9e in*es bel[ ! /ylobate or p$e/al ( ! int]ior r[ ( columns1 runs a /one plat=m4 ,?is is five feet 9 wid? & two feet above ! level ( ! bas91 ?us af=d+ a space on :i* my bird gue/s may hop ab\t f ! cu%ions to ! little columns :i* are !re provid$ = !m4#aga ,! bas9 is imm$iately surr\nd$ ) a quay a foot 9 wid? adjo9+ b bel[ ! level ( ! plat=m & has a little isl& 9 ! middle4 ,ar\nd ! plat=m & ! quay are contriv$ docks = ducks4 ,on ! isl& is a little column arrang$ to turn on its axis & c>ry+ a :eel-%ap$ table ) holl[ drum-l di%es fa%ion$ at ! ends ( ! spokes two & a half feet wide & a palm 9 dep?4 ,?is is turn$ by a boy ^: bus9ess t is1 s t meat & dr9k is put be=e all my bird gue/s 9 turn4 ,f ! elevation ( ! plat=m1 :]e mats are usually plac$1 ! ducks g out to swim 9 ! bas91 & f ?is /reams fl[ into ! two bas9s ,i h already describ$1 & little fi% may be se5 d>t+ f "o to ! o!r1 :ile w>m or cold wat] may be turn$ on ! gue/s f ! circumf]5ce ( ! revolv+ table1 :i* ,i h describ$ z equipp$ ) spokes4 ,)9 ! dome is an arrangem5t to tell ! h\rs by m>k+ ! position 9 ! heav5s ( ! sun by day & ,hesp]us by night3 & fur!rmore1 z 9 ! clock :i* ,&ronicus ,cyrre/es con/ruct$ at ,a!ns1 ! eight w9ds are depict$ on ! dome1 &1 by means ( an arr[ connect+ ) a vane1 ! prevail+ w9d is indicat$ to ^? )94#agb ,z we 7 talk+ an upro> 0 he>d on ! ,campus ,m>tius4 ,:ile ?is did n a/oni% old p>liam5t>y h&s#agc l ourselves1 :o knew ! en?usiasm ( an election1 yet we 7 anxi\s to "k :at x meant1 & at ?is mom5t ,pantuleius ,p>ra came up & told u t :ile ! votes 7 be+ sort$ "s "o 0 caught /uff+ ! ballot box#agd & _h be5 hal$ be=e ! consul by ! support]s ( ! rival c&idate4 ,pavo rose to g1 = x 0 und]/ood t he :o _h be5 arre/$ 0 ! campaign manag] ( ,pavo's own c&idate4 ,( pea-cocks ,,vi4 ,n[ t ,fircellius is gone y c speak freely ( pea-cocks1 said ,axius1 = if y %\ld say any ?+ to _! disadvantage 9 8 pres5ce1 y might p]*ance h a cr[ to pluck ) him on acc\nt ( 8 relation%ip4#age ,)9 my memory1 said ,m]ula1 ! practice ( keep+ comm]cial flocks ( pea-cocks has l>gely develop$ & x has s develop$ t ,m4 ,aufidius ,lurco is said to d]ive an income ( sixty ?\s& se/]ces p] annum f !m4 ,if y keep !m = pr(it x is well to h some:at few] males ?an females2 :ile ! contr>y is true if y keep !m = pleasure1 = ! pea-cock f> surpasses 8 h5 9 beauty4 ,) u !y are f$ 9 ! c\ntry1 b abroad x is said t !y are kept on isl&s1 z at ,samos 9 ! grove ( ,juno & at ,planasia1 ! isl& ( ,m4 ,piso4 ,9 sett+ up a flock age & beauty mu/ be consid]$1 = nature has giv5 ! palm ( beauty to ! pea-cock among all ! birds4 ,! h5s are n fit = bre$+ "u two ye>s ( age1 nor :5 !y are ag$4 ,!y are f$ all k9ds ( gra9 b *iefly b>ley4 ,scius makes a practice ( fe$+ !m a modius ( b>ley apiece = ! mon? be=e !y beg9 to bre$1 8 purpose be+ to make !m m productive4 ,he expects 8 ov]se] to raise ?ree pea f[l = e h51 & he sells !m :5 matur$ = fifty d5i]s 7#aj7 a piece1 a price su* z "o nev] obta9s = a %eep4#agf ,fur!rmore1 he buys eggs & sets !m "u dunghill h5s1 transf]r+ ! "y pea f[ls s hat*$ to ! %elt] set ap>t = _! k9d4 ,?is h\se %\ld be built l>ge en\gh = ! numb] ( pea f[l to be kept & %\ld be equipp$ ) sep>ate roo/+ places smoo?ly /ucco$1 s t snakes & su* v]m9 may n be able to get into x3 &1 fur!rmore1 x %\ld h atta*$ to x a run 9 :i* ! pea f[l may fe$ on sunny days1 & bo? ^! places %\ld be kept clean1 z ?is k9d ( f[l dem&s4 ,! keep] %\ld make ! r\nds (t5 ) a %ovel to collect & pres]ve _! manure1 :i* is n only fit = use 9 agriculture b s]ves also z b$d+ = y\r pea *icks4 ,x is said t ,q4 ,hort5sius 0 ! fir/ to s]ve pea-cocks at d9n]1 on ! occasion ( 8 inauguration z an augur1 an evid5ce ( prodigality :i* 0 m approv$ by ! luxuri\s ?an by good m5 ( simple mann]s3 b _m o!rs quickly foll[$ 8 example1 s t ! price ( pea f[l 0 rais$ until an egg sold = five d5i]s 7#a7 & a pea f[l itself readily = fifty 7#aj71 ?us a flock ( an hundr$ ( !m easily yields an income ( =ty ?\s& se/]ces1 7#b1jjj71 or ev5 sixty 7#c1jjj71 if1 z ,abuccius advises1 "o obta9s ?ree *ick5s f e pea h54 ,( pigeons ,,vii4 ,9 ! mean:ile an app>itor came to ,appius f ! ,consul & said t ! augurs 7 summon$4 ,z ,appius w5t out f ! villa publica1 a flock ( pigeons flew 91 :]eupon ,m]ula said to ,axius3 ,if y _h e/abli%$ a ,greek3 p]i/]ogropheion y w\ld ?9k t ^! 7 y\r pigeons1 al?\gh !y are wild1 = x is ! cu/om to keep bo? k9ds 9 a ,greek3 p]i/]otropheion4 ,"o is ! wild dove 7or1 z "s call !m ! rock dove1 or saxatilis71 su* z live 9 ! t[]s & dorm]s 7colum9es7 ( a f>m h\se1 :5ce !y get ! "n columbae1 because1 on acc\nt ( _! natural timidity1 !y seek ! highe/ places on ! ro(4 ,on ?is acc\nt wild doves usually frequ5t t[]s1 to :i* !y may fly f ! fields ( _! own accord1 & return4#agg ,! o!r k9d ( pigeons is tam] & are wont to seek _! food at ! v ?re%old ( a h\se4 ,?is k9d is usually :ite 9 col\r1 ! wild v>iety be+ mottl$ b )\t any :ite4 ,f ^! two /ocks a ?ird or mix$ v>iety has be5 develop$ = comm]cial pr(it & ^! are collect$ 9 ! place :i* "s call a p]i/]eon 7pigeon h\se71 & o!rs a p]i/]otropheion 7place = rais+ pigeons71 :]e !re are (t5 conf9$ z _m z five ?\s& at a "t4 ,a pigeon h\se is made l a great dome1 ) ar*$ ro(1 a n>r[ entrance1 & grill$ w9d[s or ) wid] lattices on all sides s t ! int]ior may be well light$ & yet no snake or o!r su* pe/ may h access4 ,! walls & ! dome )9 & ! edges ( ! w9d[s )\t %\ld be sme>$ ) light /ucco to keep out rats & liz>ds1 = no?+ is s timid z a pigeon4 ,a r\nd ne/ %\ld be provid$ = ea* pair ( pigeons & ^! %\ld be arrang$ 9 close ord] s t !re may be e/abli%$ z _m z possible ( !m rank$ f ! gr\nd to ! v dome4 ,ea* ne/ %\ld h a door no bigg] ?an necess>y to enable ! pigeons to g 9 & out b )9 %\ld be ( ?ree palms 9 diamet]4 ,"u ea* rank ( ne/s %\ld be fa/5$ planks two palms broad = ! use ( ! pigeons z a ve/ibule on com+ out4 ,wat] %\ld be l$ into ! pigeon h\se1 bo? = !m to dr9k & to ba! 91 = pigeons are v clean birds4 ,= ?is reason ! keep] ( ! pigeons %\ld sweep out ! h\se sev]al times a mon?1 = t :i* soils x has s great a4 value 9 agriculture t "s writ]s ev5 claim t x is ! be/ ( all manures4 ,fur!rmore1 ! keep] 9 ^! r\nds may t5d any pigeon :i* is ail+1 remove any :i* are dead1 & take out su* squabs z are fit = m>ket4 ,likewise1 ^? :i* are sett+ %\ld be transf]r$ to a p>ticul> place1 sep>at$ f ! o!rs by a net b f :i* ! mo!rs may be free to get out ( doors3 :i* is done = two reasons3 fir/1 because if !y become we>y or decrepit f be+ coop$ too long1 !y w be refre%$ by ! free air :5 !y g abroad3 secondly1 because !y s]ve z decoys = o!r pigeons1 = _! squabs w always br+ !m home !mselves unless !y are /ruck d[n by a cr[ or cut (f by a hawk4 ,pigeon bre$]s rid !mselves ( ! la/ m5tion$ pe/s by plant+ 9 ! gr\nd two rods sme>$ ) birdlime & b5t 9 "o ^u ! o!r1 & !n tie on "s bait s dispos$ t :5 ! hawk falls ^u 8 prey he f9ds himself entangl$ 9 ! birdlime & is tak54 ,x may be not$ t ! pigeon has a hom+ in/9ct1 z is prov$ by ! practice ( _m 9 lett+ pigeons loose f _! bosoms 9 ! !atre expect+ !m to return home1 = if !y did n return ! practice w\ld n p]si/4 ,! food = pigeons is plac$ 9 mang]s fa/5$ ar\nd ! walls & fill$ f ! outside by means ( conduits4 ,!y ?rive on millet1 :eat1 b>ley1 peas1 beans & vet*4 ,?is regim5 %\ld be foll[$ also1 z f> z possible1 9 ! c>e ( ! wild pigeons1 :i* live on ! t[]s & ! ro(s ( ! b>n4 ,9 equipp+ a ,greek3 p]i/]eon pigeons ( good age %\ld be secur$1 nei!r squabs nor vet]ans1 & z _m males z females4 ,no?+ is m prolific ?an ! pigeon1 = 9 =ty days !y conceive1 lay1 hat* & raise a brood1 & !y keep ?is up ne>ly all ! ye>1 /opp+ only f ! w9t] sol/ice until spr+4 ,squabs are hat*$ 9 pairs1 & z soon z !y h gr[n up & h /r5g? bre$ ) _! own mo!rs4 ,^? :o fatt5 squabs 9 ord] to sell !m de>]1 make a practice ( isolat+ !m z soon z !y are cov]$ ) fea!rs1 !n !y cram !m ) :ite bread :i* has be5 *ew$3#agh 9 w9t] ?is is f$ twice a day1 9 summ] ?ree times a day1 morn+1 noon & night1 ! midday meal be+ omitt$ 9 w9t]4 ,^? :i* are j beg9n+ to h fea!rs are left 9 ! ne/s1 b _! legs are brok51 &1 9 ord] t !y may be cramm$1 ! food is put be=e ! mo!rs1 = !y w fe$ !mselves & _! squabs on x all day long4 ,squabs :i* are re>$ 9 ?is way become fat m quickly ?an o!rs & h :it] fle%4 ,a pair ( pigeons w commonly sell at ,rome = two hundr$ nummi1 if !y are well made1 ( good col\r1 )\t blemi%1 & ( good bre$3 "s times !y ev5 br+ a ?\s& nummi1 & !re is a report t rec5tly ,l4 ,axius1 a ,roman ( ! eque/rian ord]1 decl9$ t sum1 refus+ to sell = less ?an f\r hundr$ d5i]s4#agi ,if ,i c\ld procure a fully equipp$ ,greek3 p]i/]eon1 cri$ ,axius1 z readily z ,i h b\ght a supply ( e>!n w>e ne/s1 ,i w\ld h _h x already on ! way to my f>m4 ,z if1 rem>k$ ,pica1 !re 7 n _m ( !m "h 9 t[n4 ,b p]haps ^? :o h pigeon h\ses on _! ro(s d n seem to y to be ju/ifi$ 9 call+ !m ,greek3 p]i/]eonas ev5 ?\gh "s ( !m repres5t an inve/m5t ( m ?an "o hundr$ ?\s& se/]ces4 ,i advise y to buy out "o ( !m & le>n h[ to pocket a pr(it "h 9 t[n1 be=e y build on a l>ge scale 9 ! c\ntry4 ,( turtle doves ,,viii4 ,s mu* = t !n1 said ,axius4 ,proce$1 please1 to ! next subject1 ,m]ula4 ,= turtle doves1 said ,m]ula1 9 l mann] a h\se %\ld be con/ruct$ proportion$ to ! numb] y int5d to fe$1 & ?is1 l ! pigeon h\se1 ,i h describ$1 %\ld h a door & w9d[s & fre% wat] & walls & a vault$ ro(1 b 9 place ( bre$+ ne/s ! mutules %\ld be ext5d$ ?r\gh ! walls or poles set 9 !m 9 regul> ord] ) hemp5 mats on !m1 ! l[e/ rank be+ n m ?an ?ree feet f ! floor1 ! re/ at int]vals ( n9e in*es1 ! top rank six in*es f ! vault1 & ( equal bread? z ! mutule /&s out f ! wall4 ,on ^! ! doves are f$ day & night4 ,= food !y are giv5 dry :eat1 usually a half modius = e "o hundr$ & tw5ty doves4 ,e day ! h\se %\ld be clean$ out1 t !y may n be injur$ by ! accumulation ( manure1 & because also x has its place 9 ! economy ( ! f>m4 ,! be/ "t = fatt5+ doves is ab\t ! h>ve/1 = !n ! mo!rs are 9 _! be/ condition & produce "y ones n only 9 ! l>ge/ numb] b ! be/ = cramm+3 s t is ! "t :5 !y are mo/ pr(itable4 ,( p\ltry ,,ix4 ,tell me n[1 if y please1 ,m]ula1 said ,axius1 :at ,i %\ld "k ( rais+ & fatt5+ p\ltry & wood pigeons1 !n we c proce$ to ! discussion ( ! rema9d] ( our programme4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( f[ls usually class$ z p\ltry1 repli$ ,m]ula1 dunghill f[l1 jungle f[l & gu9ea f[l4 ,! dunghill f[l are ^? :i* are con/antly kept 9 ! c\ntry at f>ms4 ,he :o wi%es to e/abli% an ,greek3 orni?oboskeion f :i*1 by ! ex]cise ( intellig5ce & c>e1 he c take l>ge pr(its1 z ! p ( ,delos d ) su* great success1#ahj %\ld obs]ve five pr9cipal rules3 #a 9 reg>d to buy+1 :at k9d & h[ _m he w keep3 #b 9 reg>d to bre$+3 #c 9 reg>d to eggs1 h[ !y are set & hat*$3 #d 9 reg>d to *icks1 h[ & by :om !y are re>$1 & #e1 :i* is a supplem5t ( all ! =ego+1 h[ !y are fatt5$4 ,! females ( ! dunghill f[l are call$ h5s1 ! bre$+ males cocks1 & ! males :i* h be5 alt]$ capons4 ,cocks are caponiz$ by burn+ ! spurs#aha ) a hot iron until ! sk9 is brok51 ! w\nd be+ p\ltic$ ) pott]s' clay4 ,he :o wi%es to h a model ,greek3 orni?oboskeion %\ld equip x ) all ?ree k9ds ( f[ls1 ?\gh *iefly ! dunghill v>iety4 ,9 pur*as+ ^! la/ x is important to *oose f]tile h5s1 :i* are indicat$ by r$ fea!rs1 black w+s1 unequal toes1 l>ge heads1 combs up/&+ & heavy1 = su* h5s are m likely to lay4 ,a lu/y cock may be kn[n by 8 muscul> c>riage1 8 r$ comb1 a beak %ort1 /rong & %>p1 eyes tawny or black1 wattles a :iti% r$1 neck spott$ or t+$ ) gold1 ! second jo9t ( 8 legs well cov]$ ) fea!rs1 %ort legs long spurs1 a heavy tail1 & pr(use fea!rs1 also by 8 _s & 8 frequ5t cr[+1 8 read9ess to fight1 & t he is n only n afraid ( su* animals z d ! h5s h>m1 b ev5 goes out to fight !m4 ,y mu/ be c>eful1 h[ev]1 n to buy = bre$+ any f[ls ( ! bre$s kn[n z ,tanagran1 ,m$ean & ,*alcidean1 =1 :ile !y are beautiful to look at & are fit = fight+ ) "o ano!r1 !y are practically /]ile4 ,if y wi% to keep a flock ( two hundr$1 *oose an enclos$ place & !re con/ruct two l>ge p\ltry h\ses side by side & look+ to ! ,ea/1 ea* ab\t t5 by five feet & a little less ?an five feet 9 height1 & furni%$ ) w9d[s ?ree by f\r feet 9 :i* are fitt$ %utt]s ( wick]work1 :i* w s]ve to let 9 pl5ty ( fre% air & light & yet keep out su* v]m9 z prey ^u *ick5s4 ,betwe5 ! two h\ses %\ld be a door by :i* ! gall9>ius :o takes c>e ( !m1 may h access4 ,)9 ! h\ses en\gh poles are arrang$ to s]ve z roo/s = all ! *ick5s3 opposite ea* roo/ a ne/ %\ld be set 9 ! wall4 ,9 front ( ! h\se %\ld be an enclos$ y>d to :i* ! f[ls may h access 9 ! day "t & :]e !y c du/ !mselves1#ahb & !re %\ld be con/ruct$ ! keep]'s h\se1 :i* %\ld be equipp$ all ab\t ) ne/s1 ei!r set into ! walls or firmly fa/5$ to !m1 = ! lea/ di/urbance injures eggs :5 !y are sett+4 ,:5 ! h5s beg9 to lay1 /raw %\ld be spread 9 _! ne/s & ?is %\ld be r5ew$ :5 !y beg9 to set1 = 9 su* b$d+ are br$ mites & o!r insects :i* w n suff] ! h5 to be quiet1 ) ! result t ! eggs are hat*$ unequally or rot4 ,a h5 %\ld n be all[$ to set on m ?an tw5ty-five eggs1 al?\gh su* is h] fecundity t %e lays m ?an t 9 a season4 ,! be/ "t = hat*+ is f ! spr+ to ! autumn equ9ox4 ,eggs laid be=e or aft] ?is season1 or ! fir/ eggs laid by a pullet1 %\ld nev] be set4 ,h5s us$ = sett+ %\ld be old r ?an "y1 )\t %>p beaks & claws1 = ^? s equipp$ are bett] employ$ 9 lay+ ?an 9 sett+4 ,h5s a ye> or two ye>s old are bett] fitt$ = lay+4 ,if y set pea-cock eggs "u a h51 y %\ld wait t5 days be=e add+ h5 eggs to ! ne/1 to insure !m all hat*+ toge!r1 = ! p]iod ( incubation ( *ick5 eggs is ?rice sev5 days & t ( ! eggs ( pea-f[l is ?rice n9e4 ,sitt+ h5s %\ld be %ut up day & night1 except = a "t 9 ! morn+ & ev5+1 :5 !y are let out to eat & dr9k4 ,! keep] %\ld make ! r\nds e few days & turn ! eggs1 s t !y may be kept w>m all ov]4 ,x is said t y c tell :e!r an egg is f]tile or /]ile by putt+ x 9 wat]3 = if x is /]ile x w float1 :ile if x is f]tile x w s9k4 ,^? :o %ake _! eggs to asc]ta9 ?is fact make a mi/ake = !reby !y de/roy ! g]m 9 !m4 ,x is also said t y c tell a /]ile egg by ! fact t x is transp>5t :5 held aga9/ ! light4 ,to pres]ve eggs !y %\ld be rubb$ ) f9e salt or soak$ = ?ree or f\r h\rs 9 br9e1 & !n clean$ (f or pack$ 9 *aff or /raw4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to set eggs only 9 unev5 numb]s4 ,! keep] c tell :e!r an egg is f]tile or n f\r days aft] x is set1 by hold+ x to ! light1 :5 he %\ld ?r[ x out if x is f\nd to be empty & sub/itute ano!r = x4 ,! new hat*$ *ick5s %\ld be tak5 f e ne/ & giv5 to a h5 :o has only a few to c>e =4 ,:5 9 ?is way a sett+ h5 has less ?an half h] eggs left unhat*$1 !y %\ld be tak5 f h] & put "u ano!r h5 :i* has eggs /ill unhat*$4 ,x is n well to give m ?an ?irty *icks to a h54 ,*icks %\ld be f$ = ! fir/ fifte5 days 9 ! du/ to protect !m f injur+ _! t5d] beaks on ! h>d gr\nd3 _! diet be+ cru%$ b>ley mix$ ) cress se$ & soak$ 9 w9e1 = prep>$ 9 ?is way ! gra9 is dige/ible4 ,!y %\ld be kept away f wat] 9 ! beg9n+4 ,:5 !y beg9 to h fea!rs on _! legs ! mites %\ld be c>efully pick$ (f _! heads & necks1 = ^! banes (t5 de/roy !m4 ,de]'s horn %\ld be burnt ar\nd _! coops to keep snakes away1 = ! v smell ( ^? v]m9 is fatal to "y *ick5s4 ,!y %\ld be all[$ to run 9 ! sun & to scrat* 9 a dung heap1 :i* s]ves to develop !m4 ,?is rule applies n only to "y *ick5s b also to ! entire ,greek3 orni?oboskeion1 & %\ld be practis$ all summ] & ev5 9 w9t] on mild & sunny days4 ,a net %\ld be /ret*$ ov] ! *ick5 y>d to keep ! f[ls !mselves f fly+ out & to protect !m f hawks & o!r birds ( prey4 ,f[ls %\ld be protect$ f heat z well z cold1 = bo? are h>mful to !m4 ,:5 ! *icks h got _! fea!rs x is be/ to accu/om !m to foll[ "o or two h5s1 leav+ ! o!r h5s free to g to lay+1 9 :i* occupation !y are m useful ?an 9 re>+ *icks4 ,a h5 %\ld be set aft] ! new moon1 = ^? :i* beg9 e>li] seldom hat* _m *icks4 ,!y hat* usually 9 tw5ty days4 ,& n[ s9ce ,i h discuss$ ! dunghill f[l at "s l5g?1 ,i w make up to y by brevity ) respect to ! o!r k9ds ( f[ls4 ,jungle f[l are r>ely se5 at ,rome1 & !n usually 9 cages4 ,!y resemble gu9ea *ick5s m ?an dunghill f[ls4 ,:5 p]fect 9 =m & appe>ance !y are (t5 c>ri$ 9 ! public processions ) p>rots & :ite blackbirds & o!r su* r>ities4 ,!y d n usually lay or raise _! *ick5s on a f>m1 b 9 ! =e/s4 ,! isl& ( ,gall9>ia1 :i* lies 9 ! ,tuscan sea (f ! coa/ ( ,italy1 opposite ! ,ligurian m\nta9s 7& ! t[ns ( ,int]melii & ,alba ,+annua7 d]ives its "n f !m1 ?\gh "s ma9ta9 t ! "n comes f dunghill f[l :i* 7 c>ri$ to t isl& by sailors & h !re run wild4 ,gu9ea f[l 7gall9ae africanae7 are l>ge1 mottl$ & h _! humps 9 _! backs4 ,! ,greeks call !m ,greek3 meleagrs4#ahc ,!y are ! la/ f[ls :i* ! cul9>y art has introduc$ to our d9+ tables1 on acc\nt ( _! gamy flav\r4#ahd ,by reason ( _! r>ity !y sell = a high price4 ,( ! ?ree k9ds ( f[ls1 ! ord9>y dunghill f[l is us$ *iefly = cramm+4 ,= ?is purpose !y are %ut up 9 a small conf9$ & d>k5$ coop1 because bo? ex]cise & light are enemies ( fat4 ,any l>ge *ick5s may be select$ = ?is op]ation1 n necess>ily ( t bre$ :i* ! peasants call ,melica incorrectly1 = z ! anci5ts said ,!lis :5 !y meant ,!tis1 s ! c\ntry p /ill say ,melica = ,m$ica4 ,?is "n 0 giv5 at fir/ to ! f[ls :i* 7 import$ f ,m$ea on acc\nt ( _! great size & !n to all ( t bre$1 b n[ ! "n is giv5 indiscrim9ately to all l>ge f[ls by reason ( _! g5]al resemblance4 ,aft] ! fea!rs h be5 pull$ f _! tails & w+s !y are cramm$ ) balls ( b>ley pa/e1 ) :i* may be mix$ d>nel meal1 or flax se$ soak$ 9 s(t wat]4 ,!y are f$ twice a day b c>e mu/ be tak5 to see t ! la/ meal is dige/$ be=e ano!r is put be=e !m4 ,aft] !y h be5 f$ & _! heads h be5 clean$ ( mites1 !y are %ut up aga94 ,?is process is kept up = tw5ty-five days1 :5 !y w be fat4 ,"s cram !m on :eat bread soak$ 9 wat]1 or ev5 9 w9e ( good flav\r & b\quet1 claim+ t !y are !reby made fat & t5d] 9 tw5ty days4#ahe ,if 9 ! process ( cramm+ ! f[ls lose _! appetite f too mu* food1 ! ration %\ld be r$uc$ daily dur+ ! la/ t5 days 9 ! same proportion z x 0 increas$ dur+ ! fir/ t5 days1 s t ! ration w be ! same on ! tw5tie? z on ! fir/ day4 ,wood pigeons are cramm$ & fatt5$ 9 ! same way4 ,( geese ,x4 ,let u n[ pass1 said ,axius1 to t tribe :i* _c live 9 ! b>n y>d all ! "t1 or ev5 on l&1 b requires access to ponds4 ,i mean ^? :om y philhell5es call amphibia4 ,i und]/& t y call ! places 9 :i* geese are kept by ! ,greek "n ,greek3 *a5oboskeion1 & t ,scipio ,metellus & ,m4 ,seius h sev]al l>ge flocks ( geese4 ,x is ,seius' practice1 said ,m]ula1 to ma9ta9 8 flocks ( geese#ahf 9 accordance ) ! five rules ,i h laid d[n = p\ltry1 namely3 ) respect to *oice ( individuals1 bre$+1 eggs1 gosl+s & ! process ( cramm+4 ,on ! fir/ po9t he requires ! slave :o buys 8 geese to select !m ( good size & ( :ite plumage1 because !y reproduce _! own qualities 9 _! gosl+s4 ,?is is necess>y = !re is ano!r k9d ( geese ( v>iegat$ plumage1 :i* are call$ wild1 & d n flock freely ) ! o!r k9d & are dome/icat$ ) difficulty4 ,! be/ "t = bre$+ geese is at ! end ( w9t] & = lay+ & hat*+ f ! beg9n+ ( ,febru>y or ,m>* until ! summ] sol/ice4 ,!y bre$ usually 9 ! wat]1 div+ to ! bottom ( ! /ream or pond4#ahg ,a goose lays only ?ree times a ye>3 & ea* "o %\ld be furni%$ ) a coop ab\t two & a half feet squ>e & b$d$ ) /raw3 ea* ( _! eggs %\ld be m>k$ = id5tification1 = !y w n hat* any eggs b _! own4 ,!y are usually set on n9e or elev5 eggs1 nev] m ?an fifte51 nor less ?an five4 ,9 cold wea!r !y set = ?irty days1 9 w>m wea!r tw5ty-five4 ,:5 !y are hat*$ ! gosl+s are suff]$ to rema9 ) _! "m = five days1 & !n daily1 :5 ! wea!r is f9e1 !y are driv5 out to ! mead[s or to ! ponds or "s swampy place4 ,! gosl+ h\ses may be built ei!r above or bel[ gr\nd1 b nev] m ?an tw5ty %\ld be h\s$ toge!r & c>e mu/ be tak5 le/ ! floor be damp & t !y are b$d$ on *aff or "s ?+ ( t k9d1 & t ! h\se is s con/ruct$ z to keep out weasels & o!r bea/s :i* prey on gosl+s4 ,geese are f$ 9 wet places & x is ! practice to s[ especially = _! food supply1 us+ = ?is purpose any k9d ( gra91 b p>ticul>ly t salad plant call$ endive#ahh :i* keeps gre5 :]ev] !re is wat]1 fre%5+ at ! m]e contact ( wat] h[ev] dry x may be4 ,?is is ga!r$ to be f$ to !m1 = if !y h access to ! place :]e x is gr[+ !y w de/roy ! plant by trampl+ on x1 or else kill !mselves by eat+ too mu* ( x1 = !y are gre$y by nature4 ,= ?is reason !y mu/ be wat*$1 z (t5 9 fe$+ _! gre$9ess leads !m to seize a root & to break _! own necks 9 attempt+ to pull x f ! gr\nd3 = ! neck is weak1 z ! head is s(t4 ,if !re is none ( ?is plant !y %\ld be f$ b>ley or "s o!r gra94 ,:5 ! f>rago season is on1 fe$ t to !m1 b 9 ! same mann] z ,i h describ$ 9 respect ( endive4 ,:ile !y are sett+ !y may be f$ gr\nd b>ley soak$ 9 wat]4 ,! gosl+s may be f$ = ! fir/ two days on b>ley cake 7poll5ta7 or raw b>ley1 & = ! next ?ree days fre% wat] cress *opp$ f9e 9 a di%4 ,:5 !y are ( an age to be kept by !mselves 9 flocks ( tw5ty1 9 ! k9d ( h\se ,i h describ$1 !y are f$ on b>ley meal or f>rago or "s k9d ( "y h]bage cut up4 ,= cramm+1 gosl+s are pick$ out :5 !y are ab\t six mon?s old1 & are %ut up 9 ! fatt5+ p5 & !re are f$ ?ree times a day z mu* z !y w eat1 ( cru%$ b>ley & fl\r du/ mix$ ) wat]1 & aft] meals !y %\ld be made to dr9k copi\sly4 ,kept on ?is diet !y w be fat 9 ab\t two mon?s4#ahi ,aft] e meal ! fe$+ place mu/ be clean$1 =1 :ile geese l a clean place1 !y nev] leave any place clean 9 :i* !y h be54 ,( ducks ,,xi4 ,:oev] wi%es to keep a flock ( ducks & to e/abli% a ,greek3 naessotropheion1 %\ld *oose = x1 above all o!rs if x is possible1 a swampy location because t is mo/ agreeable to ! ducks1 b1 if n1 !n a situation slop+ to a natural lake or pool1 or to an artificial pond1 ) /eps lead+ d[n to x1 practicable = ! ducks4 ,! enclosure :]e !y are kept %\ld h a wall fifte5 feet high1 su* z y saw at ,seius' villa1 ) only "o door op5+ into x4 ,all ar\nd ! wall on ! inside %\ld run a broad plat=m on :i* are built aga9/ ! wall ! duck h\ses1 front+ on a level concrete ve/ibule 9 :i* is con/ruct$ a p]man5t *annel 9 :i* _! food c be plac$ 9 wat]1 = ducks are f$ 9 t way4 ,! entire wall %\ld be giv5 a smoo? coat+ ( /ucco to keep out polecats#aij & o!r animals ( prey1 & ! enclosure %\ld be cov]$ ) a net ( l>ge me% to prev5t eagles f p\nc+ 9 & ! ducks !mselves f fly+ out4#aia ,= food !y are giv5 :eat1 b>ley1 grape m>c1 & "s times ev5 lob/]s & o!r su* aquatic animals4 ,! pond 9 ! enclosure %\ld be f$ ) a l>ge head ( wat] s t x may be kept always fre%4 ,!re are o!r k9ds ( simil> birds1 l teals & coots :i* may be f$ 9 ! same way4 ,"s ev5 keep p>tridges1 :i*1 z ,ar*elaus writes1 conceive :5 !y he> ! voice ( ! male bird4 ,by reason ( ! natural abundance & ! delicacy ( _! fle%1 ^! la/ are n cramm$ l ^? dome/ic f[ls ,i h describ$1 b !y are fatt5$ by fe$+ 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,& n[1 z ,i ?9k t ,i h complet$ ! fir/ act ( ! drama ( ! b>n y>d1 ,i am done4 ,( rabbits ,,xii4 ,at ?is po9t ,appius return$ &1 aft] an ex*ange ( que/ions & answ]s z to :at _h be5 said & done dur+ 8 abs5ce1 he said3 ,"h beg9ne? ! second act ( ^? indu/ries :i* are wont to be practis$ at a villa1 namely ( ^? enclosures :i* are /ill kn[n z lepor>ia f _! anci5t special designation4 ,today a w>r5 no long] means an acre or two 9 :i* h>es are kept1 b "s times =e/s ( va/ ext5t 9 :i* troops ( r$ de] & roe de] are enclos$4 ,q4 ,fulvius ,lipp9us is said to h =ty jug]a enclos$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,t>qu9ii#aib :]e he keeps n only ^? animals ,i h nam$ b wild %eep z well4 ,p>ks ( /ill l>g] ext5t are f\nd 9 ! t]ritory ( ,/atonia 79 ,etruria7 & 9 c]ta9 o!r places3 inde$1 9 transalp9e ,gaul ,t4 ,pompeius has s great a game pres]ve t ! enclosure is ab\t f\r miles 9 ext5t4#aic ,x is ! practice to keep 9 su* enclosures n only ! animals ,i h nam$1 b also snail h\ses & bee hives & j>s 9 :i* dormice are f$1 b ! c>e & ! increase & ! fe$+ ( all ^! ?+s are easy1 except 9 ! case ( bees4 ,:o does n "k t a lepor>ium %\ld be enclos$ ) masonry walls :i* are at once smoo? & high ! "o to keep out wild cats & badg]s & o!r su* bea/s3 ! o!r to prev5t wolves f gett+ ov]4 ,)9 %\ld be cov]ts :]e ! h>es may lurk 9 ! day "t "u bu%es & grass1 & trees ) broad spread+ bran*es to w>d (f ! attacks ( ! eagle4 ,:o does n "k also t if he introduces only a few h>es ( bo? sexes 9 a %ort "t ! place w be full ( !m1 = su* is ! fecundity ( ?is quadrup$ t two pair are en\gh to /ock an entire w>r5 9 a %ort "t4 ,(t5 a "m :o has j _h h] litt] is f\nd to be big ) ano!r3 inde$1 ,ar*elaus says t if y want to "k h[ old a h>e is y h only to c\nt ! numb] ( op5+s 9 h] belly1 = )\t d\bt !re is "o = e ye> ( h] life4 ,x has rec5tly become ! practice to cram h>es z well z p\ltry1 & = ?is purpose !y are tak5 out ( ! w>r5 & %ut up 9 small hut*es :]e !y are fatt5$4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( h>es3 ! fir/1 our common ,italian k9d1 :i* has %ort front legs & long h9d legs1 ! upp] "p ( ! body d>k col\r$1 ! belly :ite1 & long e>s4 ,"s say t our h>e conceives a second "t :ile x is /ill big4 ,9 transalp9e ,gaul & ,mac$onia !y gr[ to a great size1 b 9 ,spa9 & 9 ,italy !y are n s l>ge4 ,! second k9d is native 9 ,gaul ne> ! ,alps1 & is :ite all ov] ! body3 ^! are br\ght to ,rome1 b r>ely4 ,! ?ird k9d is native 9 ,spa9 & is l our h>e 9 e way except t x is small] & is call$ rabbit 7cuniculus74#aid ,l4 ,aelius ?9ks t ! h>e 7lepus7 gets 8 "n f 8 swiftness1 z x 7 t he is light ( foot 7levipes71 b ,i ?9k ! "n is d]iv$ f ! anci5t ,greek1 because ! ,aeolians ( ,boeotia call him ,greek3 leporis4 ,! rabbits d]ive _! lat9 "n ( cuniculi f ! habit ( mak+ und]gr\nd burr[s to hide 9 = cuniculus is a ,spani% ^w = m9e4 ,if possible y %\ld h all ^! ?ree k9ds 9 y\r w>r54 ,i am sure y already h ! fir/ two k9ds1 ,apius add$1 turn+ to me1 &1 z y 7 s _m ye>s 9 ,spa9 d\btless "s rabbits foll[$ y home4 ,( game pres]ves ,,xiii4 ,!n address+ himself aga9 to ,axius1 ,appius cont9u$3 ,y "k1 ( c\rse1 t wild bo>s are kept 9 game p>ks1 & t ^? :i* are br\ght 9 wild are fatt5$ ) z little tr\ble z ! tame ones :i* are born 9 ! p>k1 = y h d\btless se5 at ! f>m ne> ,tusculum1 :i* ,v>ro "h b\ght f ,m4 ,pupius ,piso1 wild bo>s & roe bucks assemble at ! s\nd ( ! trumpet to be f$ at regul> h\rs1 :5 f a plat=m1 ! keep] scatt]s ma/ to ! wild bo>s & vet* or "s su* =age to ! roe bucks4 ,i saw ?is done1 put 9 ,axius1 m dramatically :5 ,i 0 a visitor at ! villa ( ,q4 ,hort5sius 9 ! c\ntry ne> ,laur5tum4 ,he has !re a wood ( m ?an fifty jug]a 9 ext5t1 all enclos$1 b x might bett] be call$ a ,greek3 !riotropheion ?an a w>r52 !re on high gr\nd he caus$ 8 d9n] table to be spread1 & :ile we supp$ ,hort5sius gave ord]s t ,orpheus be summon$3 :5 he came1 array$ 9 8 long robe1 ) a ci?>a 9 8 h&s1 he 0 desir$ to s+4 ,at t mom5t a trumpet 0 s\nd$ & at once ,orpheus 0 surr\nd$ by a l>ge audi5ce ( de] & wild bo>s & o!r quadrup$s3 x seem$ to be n less agreeable a spectacle ?an ! %[s ( game1 )\t ,african bea/s1 :i* ! ,a$iles provide 9 ! ,circus ,maximus4 ,( snails ,,xiv4 ,& turn+ to ,m]ula1 ,axius cont9u$3 ,appius has light5$ y\r task1 my de> ,m]ula1 s f> z conc]ns ! matt] ( game1 & briefly ! second act ( our drama may be br\ght to an end1 = ,i d n seek to le>n any ?+ ab\t snails & dormice1 :i* is all t is left on ! programme1 = !re c be no great tr\ble 9 keep+ !m4 ,x is n s simple z y seem to ?9k1 my de> ,axius1 repli$ ,m]ula1 = a place suitable = keep+ snails#aie ,i mu/ be n only 9 ! op5 air b entirely surr\nd$ by wat]1 o!rwise y w be kept runn+ n only aft] ! *ildr5 b also ! p>5ts :i* y h suppli$ = bre$+4 ,9 o!r words1 said ,i1 !y mu/ be enclos$ by wat] to save ! ma9t5ance ( a slave cat*]4 ,a place :i* is n bak$ by ! sun & on :i* ! dew rema9s is pref]able1 cont9u$ ,m]ula4 ,if ! place y use = y\r snails is n suppli$ ) dew naturally1 z (t5 is ! case 9 sunny situations1 & !re is no available %ady recess1 su* z is f\nd "u rocks or hills ^: feet are lav$ by a lake or a /ream1 !n y mu/ supply dew artificially4 ,?is may be done by lead+ into ! snail]y a pipe on ! end ( :i* is fix$ a rose nozzle1 ?r\gh :i* wat] is =c$ aga9/ a rock s t x scatt]s 9 spray4 ,! problem ( fe$+ snails is small1 = !y supply !mselves )\t help1 f9d+ :at !y require z !y creep ov] ! level gr\nd & also :ile cl++ to ! sides ( a wall1 if no runn+ wat] prev5ts _! access to x4 ,on ! huck/]s' /&s !y keep alive a long "t1 z x 7 *ew+ _! own cud1 all t is done = !m be+ to supply a few laurel leaves & scatt] a little bran ov] !m3 s a cook nev] kn[s :e!r he is cook+ !m alive or dead4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( snails1 su* z ! small :ite ones1 :i* come f ,reate3 ! l>ge v>iety :i* are import$ f ,illyricum1 & ! m$ium size :i* come f ,africa3 b !y v>y 9 size 9 c]ta9 localities ( ea* ( ^? c\ntries4 ,?us1 !re is f\nd 9 ,africa a v>iety :i* are call$ solitannae ( s great size t _! %ells w hold t5 qu>ts3#aif & s 9 ! o!r c\ntries ,i h nam$ !y are f\nd toge!r ( all sizes4 ,!y produce an innum]able prog5y1 :i* at fir/ are v small & s(t b develop _! h>d %ell ) "t4 ,if y h l>ge isl&s 9 ! enclosure y may expect a ri* haul f y\r snails4 ,snails are fatt5$ by plac+ !m 9 a j> sme>$ ) boil$ mu/ & corn meal1 on :i* !y fe$1 & pi]c$ ) holes to admit ! air1 b !y are naturally h>dy4 ,( dormice ,,xv4 ,dormice#aig are pres]v$ on a diff]5t sy/]n ?an snails1 = :ile ! "o is conf9$ by b>ri]s ( wat]1 ! o!r is kept 9 by a wall :i* mu/ be coat$ on ! inside ) smoo? /one or /ucco to prev5t _! escape4 ,"y nut trees %\ld be plant$ 9 ! enclosure1 & :5 ^! are n be>+1 ma/ & *e/nuts %\ld be ?r[n 9 to ! dormice1 = t is :at makes !m fat4 ,roomy cages %\ld be provid$ = !m 9 :i* to re> _! "y4#aih ,little wat] is necess>y1 = dormice d n require mu* wat]1 b on ! contr>y affect dry places4 ,!y are fatt5$ 9 j>s :i* are usually kept indoors4 ,! pott]s make ^! j>s 9 diff]5t %apes1 b ) pa?s = ! dormice to use contriv$ on ! sides & a holl[ to hold _! food1 :i* consi/s ( ma/1 walnuts & *e/nuts4#aii ,cov]s are plac$ on ! j>s & !re 9 ! d>k ! dormice are fatt5$4 ,( bees ,,xvi4 ,x rema9s n[1 said ,appius1 to rehe>se ! ?ird & la/ act ( our drama ( ! husb&ry ( ! /ead+ & to discuss ! keep+ ( fi%es4 ,! ?ird1 inde$1 exclaim$ ,axius1 %all we deprive ourselves ( honey because 9 y\r y\? y nev] drank mead 9 y\r own h\se1 su* 0 y\r practice ( frugality8 ,he speaks ! tru?1 said ,appius1 to u1 = ,i 0 inde$ left a poor orphan ) two bro!rs & two si/]s to provide =1 & x 0 n until ,i _h m>ri$ "o ( !m to ,lucullus )\t portion & he _h nam$ me 8 heir t ,i began to dr9k mead 9 my own h\se & to supply x to my h\sehold3 b !re nev] 0 a day :5 ,i did n (f] x to all my gue/s4 ,b ap>t f t1 x has be5 my =tune1 n y\rs1#bjj ,axius1 to h kn[n ^! w+$ creatures :om nature has end[$ s ri*ly ) indu/ry & art1 & t y may appreciate t ,i "k m ?an y d ( _! almo/ incr$ible natural art1 li/5 to :at ,i am to say4 ,x w !n be = ,m]ula to develop ! practice ( ! bee keep]1 or1 z ! ,greeks call x1 ,greek3 melitt\rgia1 z me?odically z he has 8 o!r subjects4 ,to beg9 !n1#bja bees are g5]at$ p>tly by o!r bees & p>tly f ! decay+ c>case ( an ox3 s ,ar*elaus 9 "o ( 8 epigrams calls !m 'flitt+ (fspr+ ( decay+ beef1' & else :]e he says1 'wasps spr+ f horses1 bees f calves4' ,bees are n ( a solit>y habit l eagles1 b are ( a social nature1 l m51 a *>act]i/ic !y %>e ) daws1 b n = ! same reason1 = bees live 9 colonies1 ! bett] to "w & build1 :ile daws congregate = gossip4 ,?us ! life ( a bee is "o ( intellig5ce & art1 = man has le>n$ f !m to manufacture1 to build1 & to /ore 8 food3 ?ree occupations :i* are n ! same b are div]se 9 _! nature1 = x is "o ?+ to provide food1 ano!r to manufacture wax & honey1 & /ill ano!r to build a h\se4 ,has n ea* cell 9 a honey comb six sides1 or z _m z a bee has feet1 ! art ( :i* arrangem5t appe>s 9 ! tea*+ ( ! geometricians t ( all polygons ! hexagon cov]s ! l>ge/ area )9 a circle4#bjb ,bees fe$ out ( doors1 b x is at home t !y manufacture t :i* is ! sweete/ ( all ?+s1 acceptable to gods & m5 alike3 = honey comb is (f]$ on ! alt>s & honey is s]v$ at ! beg9n+ ( a d9n] & aga9 at dess]t4 ,bees h in/itutions l our own1 consi/+ ( royalty1 gov]nm5t & organiz$ society4 ,cleanl9ess 9 all ?+s is _! aim3 & s !y nev] alight 9 any place :]e !re is fil? or an evil od\r1 or ev5 :]e !re is a /rong sav\r ( su* an ungu5t z we may consid] agreeable4 ,= ! same reason if "o :o approa*es !m is cov]$ ) p]fume1#bjc !y d n lick him z flies d1 b !y /+ him1 & by ! same tok5 no "o ev] sees bees crawl+ on meat & blood & grease1 z flies d4 ,& s !y only settle 9 places ( sweet sav\r4 ,!y d a m9imum ( damage because 9 _! h>ve/+ !y leave :at !y t\* none ! worse4#bjd ,!y are n s c[>dly z n to resi/ :o ev] attempts to di/urb !m1 & yet !y are fully consci\s ( _! own weakness4 ,!y are call$ ! ,w+$ ,s]vants ( ! ,muses1 because :5 !y sw>m !y are quickly br\ght toge!r by ! music ( cymbals & ! clapp+ ( h&s3 & z m5 assign ,helicon & ,olympus to be ! haunts ( ! ,muses1 s nature has attribut$ ! fl[]y & uncultivat$ m\nta9s to ! bees4 ,!y foll[ _! k+#bje :]esoev] he goes1 support+ him :5 he is tir$ & ev5 tak+ him ^u _! backs if he is unable to fly1 s d !y wi% to s]ve him4#bjf ,z !y are n idl]s !mselves1 s d !y hate ^? :o are1 & ?us driv+ out ! drones1 !y exclude !m f ! hive1 because !y are ( no s]vice b m]ely consume honey3 & x happ5s t a few bees1 buzz+ ) wra?1 w drive out a numb] ( drones4 ,!y sme> e ?+ ab\t ! entrance to ! hive ) a gum :i* is f\nd betwe5 ! cells :i* ! ,greeks call ,greek3 eri?akae4 ,!y live "u ! discipl9e ( an army1 tak+ turns 9 re/+ & all do+ _! equal %>e ( "w1 & !y s5d out colonies & c>ry out ! ord]s ( _! lead]s1 giv5 ) ! voice1 b z x 7 ) a trumpet3 & 9 l mann] !y h signs ( peace & ( w>4 ,b1 ,m]ula1 n[ 9 my c\rse ,i pass on ! tor* to y1 z our ,axius "h is d\btless langui%+ :ile he has li/5$ to all ?is natural hi/ory1 = ,i h said no?+ ( pr(it4 ,i d n "k1 said ,m]ula1 :e!r :at ,i c say on ! subject ( ! pr(it to be d]iv$ f bees w satisfy y1 ,axius1 b ,i h z my au?orities n only ,seius1 :o takes five ?\s& p\nds ( honey e ye> f ! hives he leases1#bjg b also our fri5d ,v>ro "h1 = ,i h he>d him tell ( two bro!rs ,veiani1 f ! ,fal]ian t]ritory1 :om he _h "u 8 comm& 9 ,spa9 & :o1 al?\gh _! fa!r left !m only a small h\se ) a curtilage ( n exce$+ a jug]um 9 ext5t1 nev]!less made !mselves ri*4 ,!y set bee hives all ab\t ! h\se & plant$ "p ( ! l& 9 a g>d5 & fill$ up ! re/ ) ?yme & clov] & t bee plant kn[n to u z apia/rum1 ?\gh "s call x ,greek3 meliphullon1 o!rs ,greek3 mellissophullon & /ill o!rs melitta5a3 & by ?is means !y 7 wont to d]ive1 z !y e/imat$1 an av]age income ( n less ?an t5 ?\s& se/]ces p] annum f honey2 b !y did ?is by be+ will+ to wait until !y c\ld sell at _! own "t & price r ?an by =c+ ! m>ket4 ,tell me1 exclaim$ ,axius1 :]e & h[ ,i %\ld e/abli% a bee-/& to make su* a h&some pr(it4 ,! api>y1 repli$ ,m]ula1 :i* "s call by ! ,greek names ,greek3 melitton & ,greek3 melittotropheion1 & o!rs mell>ium1 %\ld pref]ably be plac$ ne> ! h\se#bjh 9 a location :]e !re is no e*o 7= su* s\nds are deem$ to put !m to flight1 z timid m5 are by ! d9 ( a battle7 & :]e ! temp]ature is mild1 expos$ nei!r to ! heat ( summ] nor ! cold ( w9t]1 giv+ pref]ably to ! ,s\!a/ & ne> ( access to places :]e _! food is abundant & !re is a supply ( fre% wat]4 ,if !re is no natural supply ( food available y %\ld plant su* ?+s z be/ s]ve bees = pa/ure1 namely3 roses1 ?yme1 bee balm1#bji poppies1 beans1 l5tils1 peas1 basil1 gladiolus1 alfalfa1 & especially clov] :i* is ( great s]vice to ! bees :i* are sick1 = x beg9s to bloom at ! v]nal equ9ox & la/s until t ( autumn4 ,z clov] is ! be/ food = sick bees1 s ?yme is ! be/ = mak+ honey1 & x is because ,sicily ab\nds 9 good ?yme t x takes ! palm = produc+ honey4 ,on ?is acc\nt "s m5 bruise ?yme 9 a mort> & mix w>m wat] ) x & !n spray all _! nurs]y plants ) x = ! sake ( ! bees4 ,! hives %\ld be set z ne> ! h\se z conv5i5t3 "s m5 ev5 put !m "u ! v portico = great] safety4 ,hives are made 9 v>i\s %apes & sizes & ( diff]5t mat]ial2#baj ?us "s make !m r\nd out ( wick] "w3 o!rs ( frame cov]$ ) b>k3 o!rs use holl[ tree trunks3 o!rs vessels ( pott]y3 "s ev5 build !m squ>e out ( rods1 all[+ ab\t ?ree feet 9 l5g? & a foot 9 height1 b ^! dim5sions %\ld be r$uc$ :]e y h n en\gh bees to fill a hive ( t size1 = fe> t ! bees might become disc\rag$ by too l>ge an empty space4 ,! bee hive d]ives its "n alvus1 :i* is ! same z our ^w = belly1 f ! fact t x holds food1 t is to say1 honey2 & x is on ?is analogy t hives are usually %ap$ to imitate ! =m ( ! belly1 small 9 ! wai/ & bulg+ out bel[4 ,:5 ! hives are made ( wick] "w !y %\ld be coat$ ev5ly )9 & )\t ) ox dung#baa s t ! bees may n be driv5 away by ! r\ghness ( _! ro(4 ,! hives %\ld be s ord]$ "u ! %elt] ( a wall t !y may n be di/urb$ nor t\* "o ano!r :5 arrang$ 9 ranks1 = x is ! practice to place hives 9 two & "s times ?ree sep>at$ ranks1 b ! op9ion is t x is bett] to r$uce ! ranks to two ?an to increase !m to f\r4 ,9 ! middle ( ! hive small op5+s are made on ! "r & ! left to s]ve z entrances = ! bees1 & on top is plac$ a practicable cov]1 :i* may be remov$ to give access to ! honey comb4 ,?is is be/ :5 made ( b>k1 & wor/ ( pott]y1 because t is /rongly affect$ bo? by ! cold ( w9t] & ! heat ( summ]4 ,9 spr+ & summ] ! bee keep] %\ld inspect ea* hive at lea/ ?ree times a mon?1 fumigat+ !m lightly1 clean+ & ?r[+ out dirt & worms4 ,at ! same "t he %\ld take precautions to keep d[n ! numb] ( pr9ces1 = !y keep ! bees f "w by /irr+ up s$ition4 ,!re are said to be ?ree k9ds ( royalties among ! bees3 ! black1 ! r$ & ! mottl$1 or1 z ,m5ecrates writes1 two3 ! black & ! mottl$3 & z ! latt] is ! bett] x behooves ! bee keep]1 :5 he f9ds bo? k9ds 9 a hive1 to kill ! black "o1 z he is =ev] play+ politics#bab aga9/ ! o!r k+1 :]eby ! hive mu/ suff]1 = inevitably "o ( ! k+s w flee or be driv5 out1 9 ei!r case tak+ 8 p>ty ) him4 ,( work+ bees ! small r\nd mottl$ v>iety is consid]$ ! be/4 ,! drone1 or1 z "s call him1 ! ?ief1#bac is black ) a l>ge belly4 ,! wasp1 :i* has "s resemblance to a bee1 is n1 h[ev]1 a fell[ lab\r]1 b attacks ! bees ) 8 /+1 :]e=e ! bees keep him at a di/ance4 ,bees are !mselves di/+ui%$ z wild & tame4 ,i call ^? wild :i* fe$ 9 ! =e/s1 & ^? tame :i* fe$ 9 cultivat$ places4 ,! =e/ bees are small] 9 size & hairy b bett] workm54 ,9 buy+ bees x behooves ! pur*as] to see :e!r !y are well or ail+4 ,! signs ( heal? are a ?ick sw>m1 well groom$ appe>ance & a hive be+ fill$ 9 a workmanlike mann]4 ,! signs ( lack ( condition on ! o!r h& are a hairy & bri/l+ appe>ance & a du/y coat1 unless ?is la/ is caus$ by a pressure ( "w1 = "u su* circum/ances !y (t5 we> !mselves d[n & become ?94 ,if ! hives are to be transf]r$ f "o place to ano!r x is necess>y to *oose a fit "t to make ! move & a suitable place to receive !m4 ,z to "t1 spr+ is pref]able to w9t] because 9 w9t] !y h difficulty 9 adju/+ !mselves to a new location & s (t5 run away1 z !y d also if y move !m f a good location to a place :]e prop] pa/ure is n available4 ,nor is a transf] f "o hive to ano!r 9 ! same place to be und]tak5 c>elessly1 b t to :i* ! bees are to be transf]r$ %\ld be rubb$ ) bee balm1 :i* w s]ve z a bait = !m1 & "s pieces ( honey comb %\ld be plac$ 9 x1 n f> f ! entrances1 = fe> t ! bees might run away if !y f\nd ! l>d] ( _! new home empty4 ,m5ecrates says t bees contract a malady ( ! b[els f _! fir/ spr+ pa/ure on ! blossoms ( ! almond & ! cornel *]ry & are cur$ by giv+ !m ur9e to dr9k4#bad ,t gummy sub/ance :i* ! bees use1 *iefly 9 summ] to con/ruct a sort ( curta9 betwe5 ! entrance & ! hive1 is call$ propolis1 & by ! same "n is us$ by physicians 9 mak+ pla/]s3 by reason ( :i* use x sells 9 ! ,via ,sacra = m ?an honey itself4 ,t sub/ance :i* is call$ eri?ac51 & is us$ to glue ! cells toge!r1 is diff]5t f bo? honey & propolis3 x is suppos$ to h a quality ( attraction = bees & is accord+ly mix$ ) bee balm & sme>$ on ! bran* or o!r place on :i* x is desir$ to h a sw>m light4 ,! comb is made ( wax & is multicellul>1 ea* cell 9 x hav+ six sides or z _m z nature has giv5 ! bee feet4 ,x is said t bees d n ga!r f ! same plants all ! mat]ials :i* ent] 9 ^! f\r sub/ances :i* !y manufacture1 namely3 propolis1 eri?ac51 wax & honey4 ,?us f ! pomegranate & ! asp>agus !y ga!r food alone1 wax f ! olive tree1 honey f ! fig1 b n ( good quality3 o!r plants l ! bean1 ! bee balm1 ! g\rd & ! cabbage s]ve a d\ble purpose & yield bo? wax & food3 :ile ! apple & ! wild pe> s]ve a simil> d\ble purpose b = food & honey & ! poppy aga9 = wax & honey4 ,o!rs aga9 provide mat]ial = ?ree purposes1 food1 honey & wax1 su* z ! almond & ! *>lock4#bae ,9 l mann] !re are fl[]s f ea* ( :i* !y d]ive a diff]5t "o ( ^! sub/ances1 & o!rs f :i* !y d]ive sev]al ( !m3 :ile !y make di/9ctions 9 respect ( plants accord+ to ! quality ( ! product !y yield1--or r ! plants make ! di/9ction = !m--z ) respect to honey1 "s yield liquid honey1 l ! skirwort1#baf & o!rs ?ick honey l ! rosem>y4 ,s aga9 honey ( insipid flav\r is made f ! fig1 good honey f clov]1 & ! be/ ( all f ?yme4 ,& s9ce dr9k is "p ( a bee's diet & wat] is ! liquid !y use1 !re %\ld be provid$ ne> ! /& a place = !m to dr9k1 :i* may be ei!r a runn+ /ream or a res]voir n m ?an two or ?ree f+]s deep 9 :i* bricks or /ones are plac$ 9 su* a way z to project a little f ! wat]1 & s furni% a place = ! bees to sit & dr9k2 b ! greate/ c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep ?is wat] fre%1 z x is ( high importance to ! mak+ ( good honey4 ,z ! bees _c g out to di/ant pa/ure 9 all wea!rs1 food mu/ be prep>$ = !m1 z o!rwise !y w live on _! supply ( honey & s deplete ! /ore 9 ! hive4 ,= ?is purpose t5 p\nds ( ripe figs may be boil$ 9 six congii ( wat] & bits ( ! pa/e ?us prep>$ %\ld be set out ne> ! hives4 ,o!rs provide honey wat] 9 little di%es & float flocks ( clean wool on !m ?r\gh :i* ! bees may suck )\t risk ( ei!r gett+ m ?an is good = !m or ( be+ dr[n$4 ,"o su* di% %\ld be provid$ = ea* hive & !y %\ld be kept fill$4 ,o!rs aga9 bray dri$ grapes & figs toge!r &1 mix+ 9 "s boil$ mu/1 make a pa/e ( :i* bits are expos$ ne> ! hives dur+ su* "p ( ! w9t] z ! bees are /ill able to g =? 9 se>* ( food4 ,:5 a sw>m is ab\t to come out ( ! hive 7:i* happ5s :5 a numb] ( "y bees h matur$1 & ! hive det]m9es to s5d _! y\? out to f\nd a colony1 z =m]ly ! ,sab9es (t5 7 compell$ to d on acc\nt ( ! numb] ( _! *ildr57#bag !re are two signs by :i* ! int5tion may be kn[n3 "o t = sev]al days be=e h&1 & especially 9 ! ev5+1 _m bees weave !mselves toge!r & hang ^u ! entrance ( ! hive l grapes3 ! o!r t :5 !y are ab\t to g =? or h already begun to g !y buzz toge!r lu/ily1 z soldi]s d :5 !y break camp4 ,^? :o h come =? fir/ fly ab\t ! hive wait+ = ! o!rs1 :o h n yet collect$1 to jo9 !m4 ,:5 ! bee keep] notices ?is he has only to ?r[ du/ on !m & at ! same "t beat ^u "s copp] vessel to collect !m1 ?or\ghly fright5$1 :]e he desires 9 "s ne>by place on :i* he has sme>$ eri?ac5 & bees' balm & o!r ?+s 9 :i* !y delight4 ,:5 !y h settl$ d[n he %\ld place ne> !m a hive sme>$ )9 ) ! same baits1 & !n1 by bl[+ a light smoke ar\nd !m1 compel !m to ent] ! hive4 ,:5 ?us introduc$ into _! new abode ! sw>m makes itself at home *e]fully1 s t ev5 if plac$ next to ! p>5t hive !y w pref] _! new colonial settlem5t4 ,& n[1 hav+ told y all ,i "k ab\t ! c>e ( bees1 ,i w speak ( t = :i* ! indu/ry is c>ri$ on1 t is to say1 ( ! pr(it4 ,! honey is tak5 (f :5 ! hive is full1 z may be det]m9$ by remov+ ! cov] ( ! hive1 = if ! op5+s ( ! combs are se5 to be seal$1 z x 7 ) a sk91 !n ! hive is full ( honey3 b ! bees !mselves give notice ( ?is condition by keep+ up a l\d buzz+ )91 by _! agitation :5 !y g 9 & out & by driv+ out ! drones4 ,9 tak+ (f honey "s say t y %\ld be cont5t ) n9e p>ts1 leav+ ! t5?1 because if y take x all ! bees w des]t ! hive3 o!rs leave a /ill l>g] proportion ?an ,i h m5tion$4 ,z ^? :o crop _! corn l& e ye> obta9 good yields only at int]vals1 s x is ) bee hives3 y w h m indu/ri\s & m pr(itable bees if y d n exact ( !m ! same tribute e ye>4 ,x is consid]$ t honey %\ld be tak5 (f = ! fir/ "t at ! ris+ ( ! ,pleiades1 = ! second "t at ! end ( summ] be=e ,arcturus has rea*$ ! z5i?1 & = ! ?ird "t aft] ! sett+ ( ! ,pleiades1 b ?is la/ "t bew>e n to take m ?an "o-?ird ( ! /ore ev5 if ! hive is full1 leav+ ! o!r two-?irds = ! w9t] supply1 b if ! hive is only p>tially fill$ no?+ %\ld be tak5 (f4 ,9 any ev5t1 :5 a l>ge am\nt ( honey is to be tak5 (f a hive x %\ld n be done all at once or o/5tati\sly less ! bees be disc\rag$4 ,^? combs :i*1 on be+ tak5 (f1 are f\nd to be p>tly unfill$ ) honey or to be soil$1 %\ld be p>$ ) a knife4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! weak] bees 9 a hive are n oppress$ by ! /rong]1 = ?is dim9i%es ! pr(it3 to ?is end ! m9ority p>ty#bah may be coloniz$ "u ano!r k+4 ,:5 bees are giv5 to fight+ ) "o ano!r1 y %\ld spr9kle !m ) honey wat]1 ^u :i* !y w n only cease fight+ b w cr[d toge!r & kiss "o ano!r3 & ?is w prove ! case ev5 m if !y are spr9kl$ ) mead1 = ! sav\r ( ! w9e 9 x w cause !m to apply !mselves s gre$ily t !y w fuddle !mselves 9 suck+ x4 ,if ! bees seem lazy ab\t com+ out to "w & any "p ( !m get ! habit ( rema9+ 9 ! hive1 !y %\ld be fumigat$ & odorif]\s h]bs1 l bees' balm & ?yme1 %\ld be plac$ ne> ! hive4 ,wat*ful c>e is necess>y to protect !m f ru9 by heat or cold4 ,if ! bees are ov]tak5 by a sudd5 ra9 or cold :ile at pa/ure 7:i* r>ely happ5s = !y usually =esee su* ?+s7 & are /rick5 d[n by ! heavy ra9 drops & laid l[ & /unn$1 y %\ld ga!r !m 9 a di% & place !m "u cov] 9 a w>m place until ! wea!r has cle>$1 :5 !y %\ld be spr9kl$ ) a%es ( fig wood 7mak+ sure t ! a%es are r hot ?an w>m7 ! di% %\ld !n be %ak5 g5tly )\t t\*+ ! bees ) y\r h&1 & plac$ 9 ! sun4 ,:5 ! bees feel ?is w>m? !y revive & get on _! feet aga91 j z flies d aft] !y h be5 app>5tly dr[n$4 ,?is %\ld be done ne> ! hive s t :5 ! bees h come to !mselves !y may return home & to "w4 ,( fi% ponds ,,xvii4 ,"h ,pavo return$ & said3 ,y may weigh an*or n[ if y wi%4 ,! draw+ ( ! lots ( ! tribes to det]m9e a tie vote is ov] & ! h]ald is ann\nc+ ! result ( ! election4 ,appius arose )\t delay & w5t to congratulate 8 c&idate1 & escort him home4 ,m]ula said3 ,i w leave ! ?ird act ( our drama ( ! husb&ry ( ! /ead+ to y1 ,axius1 & w5t out ) ! o!rs1 leav+ ,axius ) me to wait = our c&idate :om we knew w\ld come to jo9 u4 ,axius said to me3 ,i d n regret ,m]ula's dep>ture at ?is po9t1 = ,i am q well up on ! subject ( fi% ponds1 :i* /ill rema9s to complete our programme4 ,!re are two k9ds ( fi% ponds1 ( fre% wat] & salt wat]4 ,! =m] are commonly ma9ta9$ by f>m]s & )\t mu* exp5se1 = ! ,lymphae1 ! homely goddesses ( ! ,f\nta9s1 supply ! wat] = !m1 :ile ! latt]1 ! sea ponds1 are ! play ?+s ( our nobles & are furni%$ ) bo? wat] & fi%es1 z x 7 by ,neptune himself3 s]v+ m ! purposes ( pleasure ?an ( utility1 _! accompli%m5t be+ r to empty ?an to fill ! ex*equ]s ( _! lords4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place !y are built at great exp5se1 !n !y are /ock$ at great exp5se1 & f9ally !y are ma9ta9$ at great exp5se4 ,hirrus 0 wont to d]ive an income ( twelve ?\s& se/]ces f ! build+s surr\nd+ 8 fi% ponds1 all ( :i* he sp5t = food = 8 fi%es3 & no wond]1 = ,i rememb] t on "o occasion he l5t two ?\s& mur5ae to ,caes>#bai by weight 7/ipulat+ = _! return 9 k9d71 s t 8 villa 7:i* 0 n o!rwise extraord9>y7 sold = f\r million se/]ces on acc\nt ( ! /ock ( fi%4 ,9 soo?1 ! inl& ponds ( our f>m] folk may well be call$ dulcis1 & ^? o!r am>a4#bbj ,a s+le fi% pond suffices u simple folk1 b ^? amateurs mu/ h a s]ies ( !m l9k$ toge!r3 = z ,pausias & o!r pa9t]s ( 8 s*ool h boxes ) z _m comp>tm5ts z !y h diff]5t col\r$ wax1 s mu/ !y fa9 h z _m ponds z !y h diff]5t v>ieties ( fi%4 ,^! fi% are fur!rmore sacr$1 m sacr$1 inde$1 ?an ^? fi% :i* y1 ,v>ro1 say y saw 9 ,lydia1 7at ! same "t t y saw ! danc+ isles7#bba :i* came to ! %ore1 :]e ! alt> 0 erect$ = a sacrifice1 9 %oals at ! s\nd ( ! ,greek pipe1 because no "o ev] v5tur$ to mole/ !m2 s no cook has ev] be5 kn[n to h 'sauc$' "o ( ^! fi%es4#bbb ,:5 our fri5d ,hort5sius _h ^? fi% ponds at ,baulii1 :i* repres5t$ s l>ge an inve/m5t1 he 0 wont to s5d to ,puteoli to buy ! fi% he s]v$ on 8 table1 z ,i h (t5 se5 :5 ,i 0 visit+ him4 ,& x 0 n en\gh t 8 fi%es did n supply 8 table1 b he 0 at pa9s to supply !irs1 tak+ great] precautions le/ 8 mullets 7mulli7 %\ld g hungry ?an ,i d = my mules 9 ,rosea1 & x 0 n at less co/ t he suppli$ meat & dr9k to 8 /ock ?an ,i d to m9e4 ,= ,i raise my asses1 :i* br+ su* fancy prices1 at ! co/ ( "o s]vant1 a little b>ley & ! wat] :i* spr+s f my l&1 :ile ,hort5sius mu/ ne$s ma9ta9 a fleet ( fi%]m5 to keep him suppli$ ) small fry to fe$ to 8 fi%1 or1 :5 ! sea runs high & su* deep sea =age is cut (f by a /orm1 & x is n possible ev5 to draw live bait a%ore 9 a net1 he is fa9 to buy 9 ! m>ket = ! delectation ( ! d5iz5s ( 8 ponds ! v salt fi% :i* is ! food ( ! p4 ,d\btless1 said ,i1 ,hort5sius w\ld pref] to h y take ! c>riage mules out ( 8 /able ?an "o ( 8 b>bel mules f ! fi% pond4 ,yes1 inde$1 agre$ ,axius1 & he w\ld r h a sick slave dr9k cold wat] ?an t 8 belov$ fi% %\ld be risk$ 9 t :i* is fre%4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,m4 ,lucullus 0 reput$ to be s c>eless & neglectful ( 8 fi% ponds t he did n provide any suitable qu>t]s = 8 fi%es 9 hot wea!r1 b p]mitt$ !m to rema9 9 ponds :i* 7 unheal?y ) /agnant wat]3 a practice v diff]5t f t ( 8 bro!r ,l4 ,lucullus1 :o yield$ no?+ to ,neptune himself 9 8 c>e ( 8 fi%es1 = he pi]c$ a m\nta9 at ,naples1 & s contriv$ t ! sea wat] 9 8 fi% ponds %\ld be r5ew$ by ! action ( ! tides4 ,fur!rmore1 he has arrang$ t 8 belov$ fi%es may be driv5 into a cool place dur+ ! heat ( ! day1 j z ! ,apulian %eph]ds d :5 !y drive _! flocks along ! drift ways to ! ,sab9e m\nta9s3 = s great 0 8 ard\r = ! welf>e ( 8 fi%es t he gave a commission to 8 ar*itect to drive at 8 sole co/ a tunnel f 8 fi% ponds at ,raise to ! sea1 & by ?r[+ out a mole contriv$ t ! tide %\ld fl[ 9 & out ( 8 fi% ponds twice a day1 f moon to moon1 & s cool !m (f4 ,at ?is mom5t1 :ile we 7 talk+1 !re 0 a s\nd ( foot /eps on ! "r & our c&idate came into ! villa publica array$ 9 ! broad purple ( 8 new rank z an a$ile4 ,we w5t to meet him &1 aft] congratulations1 escort$ him to ! ,capitol1 :5ce he dep>t$ = 8 home & we to ours4 ,s !re1 my de> ,p9nius1 is ! brief record ( our disc\rse on ! husb&ry ( ! /ead+4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! anci5ts manag$ _! fall[ is c]ta9ly mo/ wor?y ( our att5tion3 _! c>e 9 pl\gh+1 accord+ to ! situation ( ! l&1 & nature ( ! climate1 & _! mann] ( adapt+ ! k9d ( pl\gh+ to answ] ! purposes int5d$ by ! op]ation1 are also mo/ wor?y ( our imitation4 ,_! exactness 9 ^! ?+s exce$s any ?+ ( ! k9d f\nd among/ ! mod]ns1 & is ev5 beyond :at any practical writ] on agriculture has propos$4 ,?is is an evid5ce t tillage is n ev5 9 ?is age br\ght to t p]fection ( :i* x is capable3 & t1 not)/&+ all ! improvem5ts lately introduc$1 we may yet receive "s in/ruction f a prop] att5tion to ! precepts & practices ( ! anci5ts4 ,i am desir\s to add t ?is att5tion may be useful by prev5t+ improv]s f runn+ into e speci\s s*eme ( agriculture produc$ by a lively imag9ation & engag+ !m to /udy ! great v>iety ( soils & ev5 climates 9 ?is isl&1 & to be c>eful 9 adapt+ to ^! _! sev]al op]ations4 ,dickson ,husb&ry ( ! ,anci5ts1 ,,xxiii4 ,! ,rev4 ,&rew ,dickson1 :o di$ 9 #aggf1 0 m9i/] ( ,ab]lady 9 ! c\nty ( ,ea/ ,lo?ian1 ! son ( a progressive & successful ,scots f>m]1 & _h exp]i5ce 9 practical agriculture1 z well z 9 s*ol>%ip1 z 8 book %[s4 ,footnote #b3 ,! compilation ( rural lore1 kn[n z ! ,geoponica1 :i* exi/s 9 ,greek1 0 made at ,byzantium = ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e ,,vii ab\t ! middle ( ! t5? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,x is v l>gely a p>aphrase ( ! ,roman au?ors1 & is useful pr9cipally 9 elucidat+ _! textual difficulties4 ,footnote #c3 ,donald ,g4 ,mit*ell made an int]e/+ collation1 9 8 ,wet ,days at ,edgewood1 ( ! l>ge numb] ( books on agriculture :i* h be5 writt5 9 old age & by m5 ( affairs1 9 _m l&s & _m languages4 ,footnote #d3 ,x is int]e/+ to record1 h[ev]1 t ,v>ro receiv$ ! ,navalis ,corona = p]sonal gallantry 9 ! w> aga9/ ! pirates4 ,?is di/9ction 0 ev5 m r>e ?an our mod]n ,m$al ( ,honor or ,victoria ,cross1 & 0 aw>d$ only to a comm&] :o leapt "u arms on ! deck ( an enemies' %ip & !n succe$$ 9 captur+ h]4 ,footnote #e3 ,caes> did n live to accompli% ?is1 b "s ye>s aft] 8 dea? a public libr>y 0 e/abli%$ at ,rome by ,as9ius ,pollio1 :i* ,pl9y says 7,h4,n4 ,,vii1 #ca7 0 ! fir/ ev] built1 ^? at ,alex&ria & ,p]gamus hav+ be5 private in/itutions ( ! k+s4 ,9 a l& :]e public libr>ies h be5 e :]e f\nd$ out ( ! accumulations ( ,big ,bus9ess1 x is int]e/+ to note t ,pollio d]iv$ ! funds ) :i* ?is ! fir/ ( _! k9d 0 end[$1 f ! plund] ( ! ,illyrians6 ,footnote #f3 ,cf4 ,sell>1 ,roman ,poets ( ! ,augu/an ,age4 ,virgil ,*4 ,v4 ,boissi]1 ,etudes sur ,m4,t4 ,v>ron1 ,*4 ,,ix4 ,s]vius ,comm4 9 ,v]g4 ,georg4 ,i1 #dc4 ,x does n appe> t _m ( ! comm5tators on ,virgil h tak5 ! tr\ble to /udy ,v>ro ?or\ghly4 ,!y are usually bett] s*ol>s ?an f>m]s4 ,footnote #g3 ,x is n rem>kable t ,virgil fail$ to make ackn[l$gm5t to ,v>ro 9 ! ,georgics :5 he fail$ to make ackn[l$gm5t to ,hom] 9 ! ,a5eid4 ,see ,petr>*'s ,epi/le to ,hom] = a loyal b va9 attempt to ju/ify ?is neglect4 ,footnote #h3 ,cf4 ,w4,h4 ,my]s' ,classical ,essays1 p4 #aaj3 ,= 9 ! face ( "s ,g]man criticism x is necess>y to repeat t 9 ord] to judge poetry x is1 be=e all ?+s1 necess>y to enjoy x4 ,we may all desire t hi/orical & philological sci5ce %\ld pu% h] dom9ion into e recess ( human action & human spee*1 b we mu/ utt] "s prote/ :5 ! v heights ( ,p>nassus are invad$ by a _s :i* surely is n sci5ce1 b h] unmean+ %ad[2 a _s :i* w\ld degrade e ma/]piece ( human g5ius into ! m]e pabulum ( hungry pr(essors1 & :i* values a poet's text only z a field = ! rivalries ( /]ile p$antry & arbitr>y conjecture4 ,footnote #i3 ,x 0 p]haps ?is encomium ^u ! f>m] at ! exp5se ( ! bank] :i* inspir$ ,horace's fri5d ,alfius to )draw 8 capital f 8 bank+ bus9ess & dream a delici\s idyl ( a simple c>efree c\ntry life3 b1 x w be recall$ 7,epode ,,ii1 ! fam\s ,beatus ille qui procul negotiis7 t ,alfius1 l _m a mod]n amateur f>m]1 recruit$ f t[n1 soon rep5t$ t he _h ev] li/5$ to ! allur+ call ( back to ! l& & aft] a few weeks ( disillusion 9 ! c\ntry1 return$ to t[n & s\ght to get 8 money out aga9 at usury4 ,columella 7,i1 praef47 is n cont5t ) ,cato's contra/ ( ! virtue ( ! f>m] ) ! iniquity ( ! bank]1 b he br+s 9 ! lawy]'s pr(ession = animadv]sion also4 ,?is1 he says1 ! anci5t ,romans us$ to t]m a can9e pr(ession1 because x consi/$ 9 b>k+ at ! ri*4 ,footnote #aj3 ,! ,roman num]als at ! beg9n+ ( ! p>agraphs indicate ! *apt]s ( ,cato f :i* !y are translat$4 ,if ,cato _h n pret5d$ to despise e ?+ :i* smack$ ( ,greek lit]>y art he might h edit$ & arrang$ 8 mat]ial1 9 :i* ev5t 8 book w\ld h be5 easi] to read ?an x is1 & no less valuable4 ,mod]n s*ol>%ip w\ld n n[ v5ture to p]=m su* an (fice = su* a result1 because x involves tamp]+ ) a text 7z :o %\ld say1 %oot+ a fox67 & yet mod]n s*ol>%ip wond]s at ! decay ( classical /udies 9 an impati5t age4 ,at ! risk ( ana!ma ! pres5t v]sion has attempt$ to gr\p ,cato's mat]ial1 & 9 s do+ has omitt$ mo/ ( ^? portions :i* are n[ ( m]ely curi\s int]e/4 ,footnote #aa3 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 means buy+ at a high price1 except 9 extraord9>y cases4 ,!re is ano!r sy/em ( agriculture :i* admits ( ! pride ( mak+ two blades ( grass gr[ :]e none 0 be=e1 & ! pr(it :i* comes ( buy+ *eap & sell+ de>4 ,?is is f>m+ = improvem5t1 an art :i* 0 well describ$ two hundr$ ye>s be=e ,cato4 ,x5ophon 7,economicus ,,xx1 #bb7 says3 ,= ^? :o are able to att5d to _! affairs1 h[ev]1 & :o w apply !mselves to agriculture e>ne/ly1 my la!r bo? practis$ himself & taught me a mo/ successful me?od ( mak+ pr(it2 = he w\ld nev] all[ me to buy gr\nd already cultivat$1 b exhort$ me to pur*ase su* z f want ( c>e or want ( means 9 ^? :o _h possess$ x1 0 left untill$ & unplant$4 ,he us$ to say t well cultivat$ l& co/ a great sum ( money & admitt$ ( no improvem5t1 & he consid]$ t l& :i* is unsusceptible ( improvem5t did n give ! same pleasure to ! own] z o!r l&1 b he ?\ght t :atev] a p]son _h or b\ght up t 0 cont9ually gr[+ bett] af=d$ him ! highe/ gratification4 ,footnote #ab3 ,e rural community 9 ! ,ea/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has gr[n famili> ) ! contra/ betwe5 ! intellig5t amateur1 :o1 :ile endeavor+ e>ne/ly to set an example ( good agriculture1 fails to make exp5ses out ( 8 l&1 & ! born f>m] :o is self-support+ 9 ! practice ( me?ods contemn$ by ! agricultural colleges4 ,too (t5 ! conclusion is drawn t sci5tific agriculture w n pay2 b ,cato puts 8 f+] on ! true reason4 ,! man :o does n dep5d on 8 l& = 8 liv+ too (t5 p]mits 8 f>m to get :at ,cato calls ! sp5d+ habit4 ,pl9y 7,h4,n4 ,,xviii1 #g7 makes "s p]t95t obs]vations on ! subject3 ,i may possibly appe> guilty ( "s degree ( ra%ness 9 mak+ m5tion ( a maxim ( ! anci5ts :i* w v probably be look$ ^u z q incr$ible1 't no?+ is s disadvantage\s z to cultivate l& 9 ! highe/ /yle ( p]fection4' ,& he illu/rates by ! example ( a ,roman g5tleman1 :o1 l ,ar?ur ,"y 9 eighte5? c5tury ,engl&1 wa/$ a l>ge =tune 9 an attempt to br+ 8 l&s to p]fect cultivation4 ,to cultivate l& well is absolutely necess>y1 ,pl9y cont9ues1 b to cultivate x 9 ! v highe/ /yle is m]e extravagance1 unless1 inde$1 ! "w is done by ! h&s ( a man's own family1 8 t5ants1 or ^? :om he is oblig$ to keep at any rate4 ,footnote #ac3 ,9 ?is practice has be5 ! delight ( m5 ( affairs ( all ages :o turn to agriculture = relaxation4 ,horace cites x ) tell+ effect 9 ! ode 7,,iii1 #e7 9 :i* he describes ! noble s]5ity ( m9d ) :i* ,regulus return$ to ! torture & c]ta9 dea? :i* await$ him at ,c>?age3 & ,hom] makes an endur+ picture ( x 9 ! p]son ( ! ,k+ sup]vis+ 8 fall pl\gh+1 :i* ,hephse/us wr\ght ^u ! %ield ( ,a*illes 7,iliad1 ,,xviii1 #edj74 ,fur!rmore1 he set 9 ! %ield a s(t fre% pl\gh$ field1 ri* til? & wide1 ! ?ird "t pl\gh$1 & _m pl\gh]s !re9 drove _! yokes to & fro z !y :eel$ ab\t4 ,:5soev] !y came to ! b\nd>y ( ! field & turn$1 !n w\ld a man come to ea* & give into 8 h&s a goblet ( sweet w9e3 :ile o!rs w\ld be turn+ back along ! furr[s1 fa9 to rea* ! b\nd>y ( ! deep til?1 444 & among !m ! ,k+ 0 /&+ 9 sil5ce1 ) 8 /aff1 rejoic+ 9 8 he>t4 ,footnote #ad3 ,?is advice to sell ! worn out ox5 & ! sick slaves ju/ly excit$ ,plut>*'s g5]\s scorn1 & has be5 made ! text ( a sweep+ d5unciation by ,momms5 ( ! practice ( husb&ry by m5 ( affairs 9 ,cato's "t4 ,! :ole sy/em1 says ,momms51 0 p]vad$ by ! utt]ly unscrupul\s _s *>act]i/ic ( ! p[] ( capital4 ,& he adds1 ,if we h ris5 to t little-to-be-envi$ elevation ( ?\ght :i* values no feature ( an economy save ! capital inve/$ 9 x1 we _c d5y to ! managem5t ( ! ,roman e/ates ! praise ( consi/5cy1 en]gy1 punctuality1 frugality & solidity4 ,)\t any desire to def5d ,cato1 "o may sugge/1 out ( an exp]i5ce 9 a k9d ( f>m managem5t n v diff]5t f t ,cato pictures1 t x is d\btful :e!r ev5 ,cato himself 0 q z economical & effici5t1 & s z capitali/ic 9 8 f>m+1 z he advises o!rs to be3 c]ta9ly a :ole race ( contempor>y c\ntry g5tlem5 0 n equal to x4 ,x is mu* easi] to write ab\t bus9ess-l f>m+ ?an to practise x4 ,footnote #ae3 ,hesiod 7,w4 ,d4 #cch7 _h already giv5 ?is same advice to ! ,greek f>m]3 ,invite ! man t loves !e to a fea/1 b let alone ?9e enemy1 & especially invite him t dwelle? ne> !e1 = if1 m>k y1 any ?+ unt[>d %all h happ5$ at home neighb\rs are wont to come ungirt1 b k9sfolk gird !mselves fir/4 ,?is agreem5t ( ! ,sociali/ ,hesiod ) ! ,capitali/ ,cato is rem>kable only z x illu/rates t bo? sy/ems :5 wisely exp\nd$ re/ on human nature4 ,t ^u :i* !y "h agree is ! f\ndation ( ! mod]n ,european societies = rural co-op]ative cr$it :i* ,presid5t ,taft recomm5d$ to ! ,am]ican p4 ,^! societies1 says ! bullet9 ( ! ,int]national ,in/itute ( ,agriculture publi%$ at ,rome 9 #aiab1 re/ on ?ree *ief safegu>ds3 7a7 ,t memb]%ip is conf9$ to p]sons resid+ )9 a small di/rict1 &1 !re=e1 ! memb]s are p]sonally kn[n to "o ano!r2 7b7 ,t ! memb]s1 be+ mutually responsible1 x w be to ! int]e/ ( all memb]s to keep an eye ^u a borr[] & to see t he makes prop] use ( ! money l5t to him2 7c7 ,t 9 l mann]1 x is to ! int]e/ ( all memb]s to help a memb] :5 he is 9 difficulties4 ,footnote #af3 ,?is 0 an e/ate ( av]age size1 probably )9 ,virgil's precept1 7,georgic ,,ii1 #dab74 ,laudato +5tia rura1 exiguum colito4 ,"s s*ol>s h deem$ ?is phrase a quotation f ,cato1 b x is m likely d]iv$ f ,mago ! ,c>?ag9ian :o is report$ to h said3 ,imbecilliorem agrum quam agricolam1 esse deb]e1--! f>m] %\ld be bigg] ?an 8 f>m4 ,footnote #ag3 ,! philosophy ( ,cato's plan1 ( lay+ out a f>m is f\nd 9 ! agricultural hi/ory ( ! ,romans d[n to ! "t ( ! ,punic w>s4 ,momms5 7,,ii1 #cgj7 gives ! facts1 & ,f]r]o 9 8 fir/ volume makes brilliant use ( !m4 ,!re is sket*$ ! old peasant ari/ocrat liv+ on 8 few acres1 8 decay & ! creation ( comp>atively l>ge e/ates work$ by slaves 9 *>ge ( ov]se]s1 :i* foll[$ ! conque/ ( ! ,italian /ates ab\t ,b4,c4 #cjj4 ,?is 0 ! civilization 9 :i* ,cato _h be5 re>$1 b 9 8 "t ano!r important *ange 0 tak+ place4 ,! ,roman fronti] 0 aga9 wid5$ by ! conque/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean bas93 ! acquisition ( ,sicily & ,s>d9ia end$ bread/uff f>m+ z ! /aple on ! ,italian p59sul>4 ,! competition ( ! broad & f]tile acres ( ^? great ,isl&s _h ! effect 9 ,italy :i* ! cultivation ( ! ,dakota :eat l&s _h ^u ! gra9 f>m+ ( ,new ,york & ,virg9ia4 ,ab\t #aej ,b4,c4 ! v9e & ! olive became ! /aples ( ,italy & corn 0 sup]s$$4 ,al?\gh ?is 0 n accompli%$ until aft] ,cato's dea?1 he =esaw x1 & recomm5d$ t a f>m be laid out accord+ly1 & 8 s*eme ( putt+ "o's reliance ^u ! v9e & ! olive 0 d\btless v advanc$ doctr9e1 :5 x fir/ f\nd expression4 ,footnote #ah3 ,pl9y quotes ,cato z advis+ to buy :at o!rs h built r ?an build oneself1 & ?us1 z he says1 enjoy ! fruits ( ano!r's folly4 ,! cacoe!s a$ific&i is a famili> disease among c\ntry g5tlem54 ,footnote #ai3 ,columella 7,i1#d7 makes ! acute obs]vation t ! c\ntry h\se %\ld also be agreeable to ! own]'s wife if he wi%es to get ! full measure ( enjoym5t out ( x4 ,mago1 ! ,c>?ag9ian1 advis$ to1 if y buy a f>m1 sell y\r h\se 9 t[n1 le/ y be tempt$ to pref] ! cultivation ( ! urban gods to ^? ( ! c\ntry4 ,footnote #bj3 ,accord+ to ,g]man s*ol>%ip ! accept$ text ( ,cato's v]sion ( ?is immemorial epigram is a model ( ! brevity :i* is ! te/ ( wit1 ,frons occipitio prior e/4 ,pl9y probably quot+ f memory1 exp&s x to ,frons dom9i plus prode/ quam occpitum4 ,palladius 7,i1 #f7 gives ano!r v]sion3 ,praes5tia dom9i provectus e/ agri4 ,x is f\nd 9 "s =m 9 almo/ e book on agriculture s9ce ,cato1 until we rea* ! lit]ature 9 :i* sci5ce has tak5 ! place ( wisdom--9 ! ,byzant9e ,geoponica1 ! ,italian ,cresc5zi1 ! ,dut* ,h]esba*1 ! ,fr5* ,maison ,ru/ique1 & ! ,engli% ,g]vase ,m>kkam4 ,poor ,ri*>d's ,almanack gives x twice1 z ! foot ( a ma/] is ! be/ manure & ! eye ( a ma/] w d m "w ?an bo? 8 h&s4 ,x is p]5nial 9 its appeal4 ,! pres5t editor saw x rec5tly 9 ! ,g]man comic pap] ,flieg5de ,bltt]4 ,b ! je/ is mu* old] ?an ,cato4 ,x appe>s 9 ,aes*ylus1 ,p]sae1 #aga & ,x5ophon employs x 9 ,oeconomicus 7,,xii1 #bj73 ,! reply attribut$ to ! b>b>ian1 add$ ,is*oma*us1 appe>s to me to be exce$+ly to ! purpose1 = :5 ! ,k+ ( ,p]sia hav+ met ) a f9e horse & wi%+ to h x fatt5$ z soon z possible1 ask$ "o ( ^? :o 7 consid]$ kn[+ ab\t horses :at w\ld fatt5 a horse soone/1 x is said t he answ]$ '! ma/]'s eye4' ,footnote #ba3 ,! ,engli% ^w or*>d sc>cely translates arbu/um1 b e "o :o has be5 9 ,italy w recall ! endless procession ( small fields ( maize & rye & alfalfa ?r\gh :i* s]ri$ ranks ( mulb]ry or fea!ry elm trees1 l9k$ ) ! *>m+ drop & g>l& ( ! v9es1 seem to dance t[>d "o 9 ! brilliant sunlight1 l s _m ,greek maid5s on a frieze4 ,^! are arbu/a4 ,footnote #bb3 ,cato 0 a /rong advocate ( ! cabbage2 he call$ x ! be/ ( ! vegetables & urg$ t x be plant$ 9 e g>d5 = heal? & happ9ess4 ,horace records 7,odes4 ,,iii1 #ba1 #aa7 t old ,cato's virtue 0 frequ5tly w>m$ ) w9e1 & ,cato himself expla9s 7,,clvi7 h[ ?is c\ld be accompli%$ )\t loss ( dignity1 =1 he says1 if1 aft] y h d9$ well1 y w eat five cabbage leaves !y w make y feel z if y _h _h no?+ to dr9k1 s t y c dr9k z mu* m z y wi%--bibesque quantum voles6 ,?is 0 an anci5t ,egyptian precaution :i* ! ,greeks _h le>n$4 ,cf4 ,a!naeus1 ,i1 #fb4 ,footnote #bc3 ,h5ry ,home1 ,"l ,kames1 a ,scots judge ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :om ,dr4 ,johnson consid]$ a bett] f>m] ?an judge & a bett] judge ?an s*ol>1 b :o _h _m ( ! *>act]i/ics ( our priscus ,cato1 argues 7foll[+ an ,engli% tradition :i* _h previ\sly be5 voic$ by ,walt] ( ,h5ley & ,sir ,an?ony ,fitzh]b]t7 9 8 +5i\s ,g5tleman ,f>m] aga9/ ! exp5se ( pl\gh+ ) horses & urges a return to ox54 ,he po9ts out t horses involve a l>ge orig9al inve/m5t1 are worn out 9 f>m "w1 & aft] _! prime /eadily depreciate 9 value2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ox c be fatt5$ = m>ket :5 8 usefulness z a draught animal is ov]1 & !n sell = m ?an 8 orig9al co/2 t he is less subject to infirmities ?an ! horse2 c be f$ p] tractive unit m economically & gives m valuable manure4 ,^! are /rong argum5ts :]e ! co/ ( human lab\r is small & economical f>m managem5t does n require t ! "t ( ! pl\ghman %all be limit$ if ! unit co/ ( pl\gh+ is to be reasonable4 ,! ox is sl[1 b 9 slave times he might reasonably h be5 pref]r$ to ! horse4 ,today ,"l ,kames1 7or ev5 old ,hesiod1 :o urg$ t a pl\ghman ( =ty ye> & a yoke ( eight ye> /e]s be employ$ because !y turn$ a m delib]ate & s a bett] furr[7 w\ld be consid]+ ! economical practicability ( ! gasol5e motor z tractive p[] = a gang ( crook$ pl\ghs4 ,footnote #bd3 ,cato adds a long li/ ( implem5ts & o!r necess>y equipm5t4 ,footnote #be3 ,! ,roman ov]se] 0 usually a sup]ior1 & (t5 a mu* indulg$1 slave4 ,cf4 ,horace's lett] 7,epi/4 ,i1 #ad7 to 8 ov]se]4 ,footnote #bf3 ,?is 0 ! traditional wisdom :i* 0 prea*$ also 9 ,virg9ia 9 slave times4 ,9 8 ,arator 7#ahag7 ,col4 ,john ,taylor ( ,c>ol9e says ( agricultural slaves3 ,! be/ s\rce = secur+ _! happ9ess1 _! hone/y & _! usefulness is _! food4444 ,"o great value ( e/abli%+ a com=table diet = slaves is its conv5i5ce z an in/rum5t ( rew>d & puni%m5t1 s p[]ful z almo/ to aboli% ! !fts :i* (t5 dim9i% consid]ably ! own]'s ability to provide = !m4 ,footnote #bg3 ,read+ compitalibus 9 compito1 lit]ally ! cross roads alt> on fe/ival days4 ,footnote #bh3 ,x is evid5t t ,cato's h\sekeep] w\ld h welcom$ a visit f ,mr4 ,roosevelt's ,rural ,uplift ,commission4 ,we may add to ?is ,sir ,an?ony ,fitzh]b]t's description ( ! duties ( a f>m]'s wife 9 sixte5? c5tury ,engl&3 ,x is a wyues occupation to wyn[e all man] ( cornes1 to make malte1 to was%e & wrynge1 to make heye1 %]e corne1 & 9 tyme ( n$e to helpe h] husb&e to fyll ! mucke-wayne or d\nge-c>te1 dryue ! pl\ghe1 to loode hey1 corne & su*e o!r4 ,& to g or ride to ! m>ket1 to sel butt]1 *ese1 mylke1 egges1 *ekyns1 capons1 h5nes1 pygges1 gese1 & all man] ( cornes4 ,& also to bye all man] ( necess>ye ?ynges belongynge to h\s%olde1 & to make a trewe rek5ynge & acompte to h] husb&e :at %e ha? pay$4 ,sir ,an?ony ,fitzh]b]t 7#adgj-aech7 0 ! ,engli% judge ^: law books are1 or %\ld be1 kn[n to all lawy]s4 ,8 ,boke ( ,husb&ry1 publi%$ 9 #aecd1 is "o ( ! classics ( ,engli% agriculture1 & ju/ly1 = x is full ( %rewd obs]vation & delib]ate wisdom express$ 9 a virile /yle1 ) agreeable leav5 ( piety & hum\r4 ,fitzh]b]t anticipat$ a mod]n poet1 ,h5ley1 9 "o ( 8 mo/ happy phrases3 ,ryght s eu]y man is capitayne ( 8 owne s\le4 ,! ,husb&ry is be/ available to ! mod]n read] 9 ! edition by ,skeat publi%$ = ! ,engli% ,dialect ,society 9 #ahhb4 ,footnote #bi3 ,cato is c>eful n to und]take to say h[ ?is may be assur$2 ano!r evid5ce ( 8 wisdom4 ,footnote #cj3 ,9 8 in/ructive disc\rse on pl\gh+1 ,columella 7,,ii1 #d7 gives ! key to ,cato's w>n+ aga9/ pl\gh+ l& :5 x is 9 ! condition he calls rott5 7c>iosa73 ,ri* l&1 :i* holds moi/ure a long "t1 %\ld be brok5 up 7prosc9d]e7 at ! season :5 ! wea!r is beg9n+ to be w>m & ! we$s are develop+1 s t none ( _! se$ may mature3 b x %\ld be pl\gh$ ) su* close furr[s t "o c ) difficulty di/+ui% :]e ! pl\gh %>e has be51 = 9 t way all ! we$s are uproot$ & de/roy$4 ,! spr+ pl\gh+ %\ld be foll[$ up ) frequ5t /irr+ ( ! soil until x is r$uc$ to du/1 s t !re may be no necessity1 or v little1 ( h>r[+ aft] ! l& is se$$3 = ! anci5t ,romans said t a field 0 badly pl\gh$ :i* _h to be h>r[$ aft] ! se$ _h be5 s[n4 ,a f>m] %\ld himself make sure t 8 pl\gh+ has be5 well done1 n alone by inspection1 = ! eye is (t5 amus$ by a smoo? surface :i* 9 fact conceals clods1 b also by exp]im5t1 :i* is less likely to be deceiv$1 z by driv+ a /\t /ick ?r\gh ! furr[s3 if x p5etrates ! soil readily & )\t ob/ruction1 x w be evid5t t all ! l& !re ab\t is 9 good ord]3 b if "s "p h>d] ?an ! re/ resi/s ! pressure1 x w be cle> t ! pl\gh+ has be5 badly done4 ,:5 ! pl\ghm5 see ?is done f "t to "t !y are n guilty ( clod hopp+4 ,h5ce wet l& %\ld be brok5 up aft] ! ,ides ( ,april1 &1 :5 x has be5 pl\gh$ at t season1 x %\ld be work$ aga91 aft] an int]val ( tw5ty days1 ab\t ! "t ( ! sol/ice1 :i* is ! eigh? or n9? day be=e ! ,kal5ds ( ,july1 & aga9 ! ?ird "t ab\t ! ,kal5ds ( ,septemb]1 = x is n ! practice ( exp]i5c$ f>m]s to till ! l& 9 ! int]val aft] ! summ] sol/ice1 unless ! gr\nd %all h be5 soak$ ) a heavy d[n-p\r ( sudd5 ra91 l ^? ( w9t]1 z does "s times happ5 at ?is season4 ,9 t ev5t !re is no reason :y ! fall[ %\ld n be cultivat$ dur+ ! mon? ( ,july4 ,b :5 y d till at ?is season bew>e le/ ! l& be work$ :ile x is muddy3 or :51 hav+ be5 spr9kl$ by a %[]1 x is 9 ! condition :i* ! c\ntry p call v>ia & c>iosa1 t is to say1 :51 aft] a long dr\ght1 a light ra9 has moi/5$ ! surface ( ! upturn$ sod b has n soak$ to ! bottom ( ! furr[4 ,^? pl\gh l&s :i* are cultivat$ :5 !y are miry are r5d]$ useless = an entire ye>--!y c be nei!r se$$ nor h>r[$ nor ho$--b ^? :i* are work$ :5 !y are 9 ! /ate :i* has be5 describ$ z v>ia1 rema9 /]ile = ?ree ye>s on end4 ,we %\ld1 !re=e1 foll[ a m$ium c\rse & pl\gh :5 ! l& nei!r lacks moi/ure nor yet is deep 9 m>%4 ,footnote #ca3 ,columella 7,,ii1 #ac7 ju/ly says ab\t manure1 ,:]e=e if x is1 z x w\ld seem to be1 ! ?+ ( ! greate/ value to ! f>m]1 ,i consid] t x %\ld be /udi$ ) ! greate/ c>e1 especially s9ce ! anci5t au?ors1 :ile !y h n altoge!r neglect$ x1 h nev]!less discuss$ x ) too little elaboration4 ,he goes on 7,,ii1 #ad7 to lay d[n rules ab\t ! compo/ heap :i* %\ld be writt5 9 lett]s ( gold 9 e f>m h\se4 ,i appreciate t !re are c]ta9 k9ds ( f>ms on :i* x is impossible to keep ei!r live /ock or birds1 yet ev5 9 su* places x is a lazy f>m] :o lacks manure3 = he c collect leaves1 rubbi% f ! h$ge r[s1 & dropp+s f ! high ways3 )\t giv+ (f5ce1 & inde$ e>n+ gratitude1 he c cut f]ns f 8 neighb\r's l&3 & all ^! ?+s he c m+le ) ! sweep+s ( ! c\rty>d3 he c dig a pit1 l t we h c\nsell$ = ! protection ( /able manure1 & !re mix toge!r a%es1 sewage1 & /raw1 & inde$ e wa/e ?+ :i* is swept up on ! place4 ,b x is wise to bury a piece ( oak wood 9 ! mid/ ( ?is compo/1 = t w prev5t v5om\s snakes f lurk+ 9 x4 ,?is w suffice = a f>m )\t live /ock4 ,"o c see 9 ,fl&]s today ! happy l& smil+ its appreciation ( f>m managem5t su* z ?is1 b :at ,am]ican f>m] has yet le>n$ ?is k9d ( cons]vation ( 8 natural res\rces4 ,footnote #cb3 ,! occupants ( ! motor c>s :i* n[ roll s swiftly & s com=tably along ! ,fr5* national highway f ,p>is to ,t\rs1 ?r\gh ! pleasant pays de ,beauce1 c see ?is admirable & economical me?od ( manur+ /ill 9 practice4 ,! %eep are fold$ & f$ at night1 "u ! wat*ful eye ( ! %eph]d /ret*$ at ease 9 8 :eel$ cab91 on ! l& :i* 0 pl\gh$ ! day be=e4 ,footnote #cc3 ,^! ( c\rse are all legumes4 ,! intellig5t f>m] today sits "u 8 %ade tree & m$itates com=tably ^u ! lea/ exp5sive & mo/ pr(itable lab\r on 8 f>m1 ! c\ntless millions ( b5efic5t bact]ia :o1 8 will+ slaves1 are ceaselessly at "w dur+ hot wea!r =m+ root tub]cles on 8 legumes1 be x clov] or c[ peas1 & s fix+ = _! "l ! free atmosph]ic nitrog5 conta9$ 9 ! soil4 ,z ,macaulay w\ld say1 e s*ool boy kn[s n[ t legum9\s root nodules are endotrophic mycorrhiza1--b ! ,romans did n6 ,nev]!less _! empirical practice ( soil improvem5t ) legumes 0 q z good z ours4 ,v>ro 7,i1 #bc7 expla9s ! ,roman me?od ( gre5 manur+ m fully ?an ,cato4 ,columella 7,,ii1 #ac7 insi/s fur!r t if ! hay is sav$ ! /ubble ( legumes %\ld be promptly pl\gh$ = he says ! roots w evaporate _! own moi/ure & cont9ue to pump ! l& ( its f]tility unless !y are at once turn$ ov]4 ,if ! ,romans foll[$ ?is wise advice !y 7 bett] f>m]s ?an mo/ ( u today1 = we are usually cont5t to let ! /ubble dry out be=e pl\gh+4 ,footnote #cd3 ,0 ?is ensilage8 ,! anci5ts _h _! silo pits1 b !y us$ !m *iefly z gran>ies1 & z su* !y are describ$1 by ,v>ro 7,i1 #eg1 #fc71 by ,columella 7,i1 #f71 & by ,pl9y 7,,xviii1 #cj1 #gc74 ,footnote #ce3 ,! extravagant ,am]ican f>m] has n yet le>n$ to fe$ ! leaves ( trees1 b 9 old] & m economical civilizations ! practice is /ill obs]v$4 ,footnote #cf3 ,amurca 0 ! dregs ( olive oil4 ,cato recomm5ds its use = _m purposes 9 ! economy ( ! f>m1 = a mo? pro( 7,,xcviii71 z a reli% = cattle 7,,ciii71 z a f]tiliz] 7,,cxxx71 & z an ano9tm5t = ! ?re%+ floor to kill weevil 7,,xci74 ,footnote #cg3 ,!re is a simil> rem$y = scrat*es 9 horses1 :i* is traditional 9 ! cavalry s]vice today1 & is extraord9>ily efficaci\s4 ,footnote #ch3 ,cf4 ,pl9y ,h4,n4 ,,xvii1 #bfg & ,fras]1 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ,,xi1 #agg4 ,! pr9ciple is "o ( magical homeopa?y3 z ! split re$1 :5 b\nd toge!r1 may coh]e & heal by ! m$ic9e ( ! incantation1 s may ! brok5 bone4 ,footnote #ci3 ,^! examples w s]ve to illu/rate h[ f> ,cato's vet]9>y sci5ce 0 beh9d 8 agriculture1 & :at a curi\s confusion ( native good s5se & traditional sup]/ition !re 0 9 8 me?od ( c>+ = 8 live /ock4 ,on que/ions ( prev5t+ malady he _h ! wisdom ( exp]i5ce1 b malady once arriv$ he 0 a simple pagan4 ,!re 0 a notable advance 9 ! ,roman k ( h[ to treat sick cattle 9 ! c5tury aft] ,cato4 ,cf4 ,v>ro1 ,,ii1 #e4 ,! words ( ! incantations !mselves are m]e s\nd & fury signify+ no?+1 l ! c\nt+ out rhy?ms us$ by *ildr5 at _! games4 ,footnote #dj3 ,cato gives _m recipes ( h\sehold z well z agricultural economy4 ,out ( respect = ! pure food law mo/ ( !m h be5 "h suppress$1 b ^! samples are v5tur$ because ,v>ro m5tions !m & ! editor is advis$ t "s ent]pris+ "y ladies 9 ,wiscons9 h rec5tly _h ! c\rage to put !m to ! te/1 & v[ t !y ate _! h&iwork6 ,z !y live to tell ! tale1 x is assum$ t ! recipes are h>mless4 ,footnote #da3 ,cf4 ! foll[+ traditional =mula z practis$ 9 ,virg9ia3 ,a ,,virg9ia ,,recipe ,,= ,,cur+ ,,hams ,rub ea* ham sep>ately ) teaspoonful ( saltpetre 7use a small spoon72 !n rub ea* ham ) a l>ge tablespoonful( be/ black pepp]2 !n rub ea* ham ) a gill ( molasses 7black /rap is be/74 ,!n = #a1jjj lbs4 ( ham take #c-a_/d pecks ( co>se salt1 #b-a_/b lbs4 ( saltpetre1 #b qts4 hickory a%es1 #b qts4 molasses1 #b teacupfuls ( r$ pepp]4 ,mix all toge!r on ! salt+ table4 ,!n rub ea* ham ) ?is mixture1 &1 9 pack+1 spread "s ( x on ea* lay] ( ham4 ,use no m salt ?an has be5 mix$4 ,pack sk9 d[n & let /& = five weeks1 !n hang 9 ! smoke h\se = five or six weeks1 & smoke 9 damp wea!r1 us+ hickory wood4 ,z a ham1 h[ev] well cur$1 is ( no use to civiliz$ man until x is cook$1 & z ?is cr[n+ my/]y is seldom reveal$ out ( ,virg9ia1 x may n be out ( place to record "h ! process4 ,a ,,virg9ia ,,recipe ,,= ,,cook+ ,,hams ,soak ov] night 9 cold wat]1 hav+ fir/ scrubb$ ! ham ) a small bru% to remove all ! pepp]1 saltpetre1 etc41 left f ! cur+ process4 ,put on to boil next morn+ 9 tepid wat]1 sk9 d[nw>ds1 lett+ x simm] on back ( /ove1 nev] to boil h>d4 ,?is takes ab\t f\r h\rs 7or until x is done1 :5 ! ham is suppos$ to turn ov]1 sk9 upw>ds1 ( its own accord1 z x w if ! boil] is l>ge en\gh74 ,set aside ov] ano!r night 9 ! wat] x has boil$ 94 ,! foll[+ day1 sk9 & bake 9 ! ov51 hav+ cov]$ ! ham well ) br[n sug>1 ba/+ at int]vals ) cid]4 ,:5 x is well bak$1 take x out ( ! ov5 & ba/e ano!r t5 to tw5ty m9utes 9 ! pan on top ( ! /ove4 ,! sug> cru/ %\ld be q br[n & crisp :5 done4 ,to be ?or\ghly appreciat$ a ham %\ld be c>v$ on ! table1 by a pretty woman4 ,a ?ick slice ( ham is a crime aga9/ good bre$+4 ,footnote #db3 ,x is int]e/+ t ,v>ro has realiz$ ! hope1 "h express$1 t 8 wisdom might survive = ! b5efit ( ! utt]mo/ g5]ations ( m5 *iefly 9 ! case ( ?is treatise on ,husb&ry among ! _m monum5ts ( 8 indu/ry & le>n+4 ,petr>* 9 8 ,epi/le to ,v>ro 9 t fir/ delightful book ( ,lett]s to ,dead ,au?ors 7de rebus famili>ibus ,,xxiv1 #f7 rehe>ses ! loss ( ,v>ro's books &1 adapt+ ! ?\ght "h express$ 9 ! text1 regrets = t reason t ,v>ro _c be includ$ 9 t company ( m5 :om we love ev5 aft] _! dea? ow+ to ! good & righte\s de$s t live aft] !m1 m5 :o mold our "* by _! tea*+ & com=t u by _! example1 :5 ! re/ ( mank9d (f5ds bo? our eyes & our no/rils2 m5 :o1 ?\gh !y h gone h5ce to ! common abode ( all 7z ,plautus says 9 ,cas9a71 nev]!less cont9ue to be ( s]vice to ! liv+4 ,if ,petr>* _h be5 a f>m] he might h sav$ "s ( 8 regret1 = ,v>ro is surely1 by virtue ( ! ,r]um ,ru/ic>um1 a memb] ( ! fell[%ip ,petr>* describes4 ,footnote #dc3 ,v>ro 0 ess5tially an antiqu>y & x is amus+ to obs]ve t he is unable to suppress 8 le>n+ ev5 9 8 pray]s4 ,"o is rem9d$ ( ! anecdote ( ! ,new ,engl& m9i/]1 :o1 9 ! c\rse ( an unctu\s pray]1 proclaim$1 ) magi/]ial au?ority1 ,p>adoxical z x may appe>1 ,o ,"l1 x is nev]!less true1 etc4 ,footnote #dd3 ,foll[+ ,plato & ,x5ophon & ,cic]o1 ,v>ro ca/ 8 books into ! =m ( dialogues to make !m ent]ta9+ 7& :at is ! use ( a book1 ?\ght ,alice 9 ,wond]l&1 )\t pictures or conv]sations473 = ! same reason he 0 c>eful ab\t 8 local col\r4 ,?us ! sc5e ( ?is fir/ book1 :i* relates to agriculture prop]1 is laid at ,rome 9 ! temple ( ,e>? on ! fe/ival ( ! ,se$ ,s[+1 & ! *>act]s be> names ( punn+ ref]5ce to ! till+ ( ! soil4 ,v>ro 0 /rong on puns1 av[+ 7,cic]o ,acad4 ,i1 #b7 t t =m ( hum\r made x easi] = p ( small intellig5ce to swall[ 8 le>n+4 ,footnote #de3 ,! /ory is t :5 ,scipio captur$ ,c>?age he di/ribut$ ! ,punic libr>ies among ! native allies1 res]v+ only ! agricultural works ( ,mago1 :i* ! ,roman ,s5ate subsequ5tly ord]$ to be translat$ into ,lat91 s highly 7 !y e/eem$4 ,probably m real weal? 0 br\ght to ,rome 9 ! pages ( ^! preci\s volumes ?an 0 repres5t$ by all ! o!r plund] ( ,c>?age4 ,! improv+ a k+dom 9 matt] ( husb&ry is bett] ?an conqu]+ a new k+dom1 says old ,samuel ,h>tlib1 ,milton's fri5d1 9 8 ,legacie4 ,x is a curi\s fact t z ! ,romans d]iv$ agricultural wisdom f _! anci5t enemies1 s did ! ,engli%4 ,cf4 ,?orold ,rog]s' ,six ,c5turies ( ,"w & ,wages4 ,we owe ! improvem5ts 9 ,engli% agriculture to ,holl&4 ,f ?is c\ntry we borr[$1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! cultivation ( w9t] roots1 &1 at t ( ! eighte5?1 ! artificial grasses4 ,! ,dut* _h practis$ agriculture ) ! pati5t & m9ute indu/ry ( m>ket g>d5]s4 ,!y _h tri$ successfully to cultivate e ?+ to ! utt]mo/1 :i* c\ld be us$ = human food1 or c\ld give innoc5t gratification to a ref9$ ta/e4 ,!y taught agriculture & !y taught g>d5+4 ,!y 7 ! fir/ p to surr\nd _! home/eads ) fl[] b$s1 ) groves1 ) trim p>t]res1 ) ! f9e/ turf1 to improve fruit trees1 to seek out & p]fect edible roots & h]bs at once = man & cattle4 ,we owe to ! ,dut* t scurvy & leprosy h be5 bani%$ f ,engl&1 t cont9u\s crops h tak5 ! place ( b>r5 fall[s1 t ! true rotation ( crops has be5 discov]$ & p]fect$1 t ! population ( ^! isl&s has be5 increas$ & t ! cattle & %eep 9 ,engl& are t5 times :at !y 7 9 numb]s & ?ree times :at !y 7 9 size & quality4 ,footnote #df3 ,! ,roman prov]b :i* ,agrius _h 9 m9d rem9ds "o ( ! witty ,fr5* woman's comm5t ^u ! a*ievem5t ( ,/4 ,d5is 9 walk+ sev]al miles to ,montm>tre1 aft] 8 head _h be5 cut (f1 7z all ! _w c /ill see him do+ 9 ! v]rires ( ,notre ,dame de ,*>tres73 en p>eil cas1 ce n'e/ que le premi] pas qui cote4 ,footnote #dg3 ,to ?is gl[+ description ( agricultural ,italy 9 ! ,augu/an age may be annex$ t ( ,ma*iavelli on ! /ate ( ,tuscany 9 8 y\?3 ,ridotta tutta 9 somma pace e tranquillit1 coltivata non m5o ne' luoghi pi montuosi e pi /]ili *e nelle pianure e regioni pi f]tili4444 ,x is our privilege to see ! image ( ?is fruitful cultivation ( ! m\nta9 tops n only 9 ,ma*iavelli's prose1 b on ! walls ( ! ,palazzo ,ricc>di 9 ,gozzoli's ,j\rney ( ! ,magi1 :]e1 l ,k+ ,rob]t ( ,sicily1 ! ,magi cross$ ,into ! lovely l& ( ,italy ,^: lovel9ess 0 m respl5d5t made ,by ! m]e pass+ ( t cavalcade4 ,x seems almo/ a pity to contra/ ) ^! ! comm5t ( a c>eful & sympa!tic /ud5t ( ! agricultural ,italy ( ! age ( ,k+ ,umb]to3 ,to return to ! "q ( ! natural ri*ness ( agricultural ,italy1 says ,dr4 ,w4,n4 ,beaucl]k 9 8 ,rural ,italy 7#ahhh71 we may comp>e ! words ( ! ,g]man ballad3 ',9 ,italy mac>oni ready cook$ ra9s f ! sky1 & ! v9es are fe/oon$ ) sausages1' ) ! words today rife ?r\gh\t ! ,k+dom1 ',rural ,italy is poor & mis]able1 & has no future 9 /ore = h]4' ,! fact is t ,italy is ri* 9 capabilities ( production1 b exhau/$ 9 spontane\s f]tility4 ,h] va/ =e/s h be5 cut d[n1 giv+ place to /]ile & mal>i\s gr\nd3 ! pla9s & %ores =m]ly cov]$ ) weal?y & popul\s cities are n[ des]t$ m>%es3 ,s>d9ia & o!r anci5t gran>ies ( ! ,roman ,empire are empty & unproductive3 two-?irds ( ! ,k+dom are occupi$ by m\nta9s impossible ( cultivation1 & ! rema9d] is to a l>ge ext5t ill-f>m$ & unremun]ative4 ,to call ,italy ! ',g>d5 ( ,europe' "u ^! circum/ances seems cruel irony4 ,footnote #dh3 ,z we may assume t ! yields ( w9e ( :i* ,fundanius boa/s 7 ! l>ge/ ( :i* ,v>ro _h in=mation 9 ! ,italy ( 8 "t1 x is int]e/+ to comp>e !m ) ! l>ge/ yields ( ! mo/ productive w9e c\ntry ( ,france today4 ,fifte5 cullei1 or ?ree hundr$ amphorae p] jug]um1 is ! equival5t ( #bgjj gallons p] acre3 :ile accord+ to ,p4 ,joigneaux1 9 ! ,livre de la ,f]me1 ! l>ge/ yields 9 mod]n ,france are 9 ! ,midi 7specifically ,h]ault71 :]e 9 exceptional cases !y am\nt to z mu* z #bej hectolitres to ! hect>e1 or say #bfgb gallons p] acre4 ,x may be not$ t ! yields ( ! be/ mod]n w9es1 l ,burgundy1 are less ?an half ( ?is1 & x is probable t ! same 0 true ( ! v9um ,set9um ( ,augu/us1 if n ( ! ,horatian ,massic4 ,footnote #di3 ,! mod]n ,italian op9ion ( f>m+ 9 a f]tile b unheal?y situation is express$ ) a grim hum\r 9 ! ,tuscan prov]b3 9 ,m>emma s'arric*isce 9 un anno1 si muore 9 sei mesi4 ,footnote #ej3 ,?is is ,keil's +5i\s int]pretation ( an obscure passage4 ,we may comp>e ! ,engli% designation ( a *ur* y>d z ,god's acre4 ,:at ,lic9ius ,crassus actually did 01 :ile h>angu+ f ! ro/ra1 to turn 8 back ^u ! ,comitium1 :]e ! ,s5ators ga!r$1 & address himself directly to ! p assembl$ 9 ! ,=um4 ,! act 0 significant z indicat+ t ! sov]eignty _h *ang$ place4 ,footnote #ea3 ,tremelius ,scr(a 0 ! au?or ( a treatise on agriculture1 :i* ,columella cites1 b :i* has n o!rwise surviv$4 ,footnote #eb3 ,x 0 a receiv$ op9ion among/ ! anti5ts t a l>ge1 busy1 well peopl$ village1 situat$ 9 a c\ntry ?or\ghly cultivat$1 0 a m magnific5t sight ?an ! palaces ( noblem5 & pr9ces 9 ! mid/ ( neglect$ l&s4 ,h>te's ,essays on ,husb&ry1 p4 #aa4 ,?is is a delightful book1 ! ripe product ( a g5tleman & a s*ol>4 ,9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury x advocat$ :at we are /ill advocat+--t agriculture1 z ! basis ( national weal?1 des]ves ! /udy & att5tion ( ! highe/ intellig5ce2 specifically x propos$ ! introduction ( new grasses & =age crops 7alfalfa above all o!rs7 to enable ! l& to support m live /ock4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 #agfd1 j aft] ,france _h c$$ to ,engl& by ! ,treaty ( ,p>is all ( h] possessions 9 ,am]ica ea/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]2 & n ! lea/ int]e/+ passages ( ,h>te's book are ^? propos+ an agricultural developm5t ( ! newly acquir$ t]ritory betwe5 ,lake ,ill9ois 7,mi*igan7 & ! ,mississippi1 :i* he sugge/s may be readily br\ght "u cultivation ) ! aid ( ! buffaloes ( ! c\ntry4 ,he %rewdly says3 ,maize may be rais$ 9 ?is "p ( ,canada to :at quantity we please1 = x gr[s !re naturally 9 great abundance4 ,x happ5$1 h[ev]1 t a few ye>s lat]1 9 #aggh1 ,col4 ,george ,rog]s ,cl>k ( ,virg9ia made a c]ta9 exp$ition ?r\gh ! wild]ness to ! ,briti% outpo/ at ,v9c5nes1 :i* sav$ ,engl& ! tr\ble ( tak+ ,h>te's advice1 b t x has n be5 neglect$ may be evid5t f ! fact t less ?an a c5tury & a half lat]1 or 9 #aiaj1 ! ,/ate ( ,ill9ois produc$ #dae million bu%els ( maize1 besides twice z mu* oats & half z mu* :eat z did old ,engl& h]self 9 ! same ye> ( grace4 ,h>te 0 ! travell+ gov]nor ( t "y ,mr4 ,/anhope1 to :om my "l ,*e/]field wrote 8 fam\s worldly wise lett]s4 ,he 0 ! au?or also ( a ,life ( ,gu/avus ,adolphus1 :i* 0 a failure4 ,dr4 ,johnson1 :o lik$ ,h>te1 said3 ,x 0 unlucky 9 com+ out on ! same day ) ,rob]tson's ,hi/ory ( ,scotl&4 ,8 ,husb&ry1 h[ev]1 is good4 7,boswell1 ,,iv1 #ia74 ,) ?is judgm5t ( ,dr4 ,johnson !re has be51 & mu/ be1 g5]al concurr5ce4 ,footnote #ec3 ,pl9y records 7,h4,n4 ,,xviii1 #g7 t at ,lucullus' f>m !re 0 less gr\nd = pl\gh+ ?an ( floor = sweep+4 ,footnote #ed3 ,eggs 7 ! fir/ c\rse1 z apples 7 ! la/1 at a ,roman d9n]1 h5ce ! say+ ab ovo usque ad mala4 ,footnote #ee3 ,cf4 ,gilb]t ,murray's v]sion ( ,euripides' ,troades1 #gii3 ,9 ,salamis1 fill$ ) ! foam+ ,( bill[s & murmur ( bees1 ,old ,telamon /ay$ f 8 roam+1 ,long ago1 on a ?rone ( ! seas2 ,look+ out on ! hills olive lad51 ,en*ant$1 :]e fir/ f ! e>?4 ,! gray-gleam+ fruit ( ! ,maid5 ,a!na _h bir?4 ,! physical reason :y ! olive fl\ri%$ 9 ,attica1 z ,!ophra/us po9ts out 7,c4,p4,v4 ,,ii1 #b71 0 because x craves a ?9 soil1 & t ( ,attica1 ) its out-cropp+s ( calc>e\s rock1 suits ! olive p]fectly1 :ile fit = little else agricultural4 ,footnote #ef3 ,9 ! ,geoponica 7,,xiii1 #ae7 !re has be5 pres]v$ a rem$y = a simil> evil1 :i*1 9 all fairness1 %\ld be cr$it$ to ,sas]na4 ,9 any ev5t1 x is :at ! newspap]s us$ to call important1 if true1 viz3 ,if ev] y come into a place :]e fleas ab\nd1 cry ,o*6 ,o*6 7,greek3 o*1 o*7 & !y w n t\* y4 ,footnote #eg3 ,! editor ( an ,i[a f>m j\rnal1 :o has be5 mak+ a /udy ( agricultural ,europe1 has rec5tly report$ an int]e/+ comp>ison betwe5 ! results ( ext5sive f>m+ z practis$ 9 ,i[a & int5sive f>m+ z practis$ 9 ,bav>ia4 ,he beg9s ) ! !sis t ! object ( agriculture is to put ! en]gy ( ! sun's rays into =ms :i* animals & human be+s c use1 &1 r$uc+ ! crop production ( ea* c\ntry to !rmal units1 he f9ds t = e man1 woman & *ild connect$ ) f>m+ 9 ,i[a #ad1bjj !rms ( sun's en]gy 7 imprison$1 :ile = e man1 woman & *ild connect$ ) f>m+ 9 ,bav>ia only #b1fjj !rms 7 /or$ up4 ,9 o!r words1 ! av]age ,i[a f>m] is six times z successful 9 8 ef=ts to capture ! p[] ( ! sun's rays z ! av]age ,bav>ian f>m]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! av]age acre ( ,i[a l& is only ab\t "o-sev5? z successful z ! av]age acre ( ,bav>ian l& 9 support+ ^? :o live on x4 ,if we look on l& z ! unit1 !n ! ,bav>ians get bett] results ?an we 9 ,i[a1 b if we look on human labor z ! unit1 !n ! ,i[a f>m]s are f> ahead ( ^? ( ,bav>ia4 ,x may be rem>k$ t if ! ,i[a f>m]1 :o gets 8 results by ! use ( ma*9]y1 0 to adopt also ! int5sive practice ( ! ,bav>ian f>m]1 he w\ld secure at once ! greate/ effici5cy p] acre & p] man1 & t is ! true purpose ( agriculture4 ,footnote #eh3 ,x is "o ( ! *>ms ( ,v>ro's treatise t he always insi/s *e]fully on ! pleasure to be d]iv$ f ! l&4 ,x is ! same _s :i* ,con+ton has rem>k$ cropp+ out 9 _m places 9 ,virgil's ,georgics--! joy ( ! husb&man 9 8 "w1 z 9 ! iuvat ( iuvat ,ism>a ,bac*o ,cons]]e1 atque olea magnum ve/ire ,taburnum4 ,?is is ! bless$ surcease ( sorr[ ( :i* ! cr[d$ life ( ! mod]n city kn[s no?+3 b1 z ! practical ,roman indicates1 x w n support life ( its own m]e motion4 ,cf4 ,dr4 ,johnson's picture ( ,%5/one3 ,he began f ?is "t to entangle 8 walks & to w9d 8 wat]s3 :i* he did ) su* judgm5t & su* fancy z made 8 little doma9 ! envy ( ! great & ! admiration ( ! skillful4 ,8 h\se 0 mean1 & he did n improve x3 8 c>e 0 ( 8 gr\nds4444 ,9 "t 8 exp5ces br\ght clam\rs ab\t him1 t ov]p[]$ ! lambs' bleat & ! l9nets' song2 & 8 groves 7 haunt$ by be+s v diff]5t f fawns & fairies4 ,footnote #ei3 ,walt] ( ,h5ley1 9 ?irte5? c5tury ,engl&1 drove home a %rewd comm5t on ! c\ntry g5tleman :o f>ms )\t keep+ acc\nts & ?9ks he is engag$ 9 a pr(itable indu/ry4 ,y "k surely1 he says1 t an acre s[n ) :eat takes ?ree pl\gh+s1 except l&s :i* are s[n ye>ly1 & t "o ) ano!r ea* pl\gh+ is wor? six p5ce1 & h>r[+ a p5ny1 & on ! acre x is necess>y to s[ at lea/ two bu%els4 ,n[ two bu%els at ,mi*aelmas are wor? at lea/ twelve p5ce1 & we$+ a half p5ny & reap+ five p5ce1 & c>ry+ 9 ,augu/ a p5ny3 ! /raw w pay = ! ?re%+4 ,at ?ree times y\r s[+ y ought to h six bu%els1 wor? ?ree %ill+s2 & ! co/ am\nts to ?ree %ill+s & ?ree half p5ce1 & ! gr\nd is y\rs & n reckon$4 ,( ,walt] ( ,h5ley little is kn[n1 b x is conjectur$ t he 0 ! bailiff ( ! manors ne> ,h5ley :i* belong$ to ! ,abbey ( ,cant]bury4 ,8 curi\s & valuable ,dite de ,hosebondrie1 :i* is z orig9al 9 its way z ,cato's treatise1 be+ entirely free f m]e lit]>y tradition1 is n[ available to ! mod]n read] 9 a translation1 f ! orig9al b>b>\s ,engli% law ,fr5*1 by ,elizabe? ,lamond1 made = ! ,royal ,hi/orical ,society 9 #ahij4 ,footnote #fj3 ,?is 0 j be=e ,ph>salia1 & ! army 0 t ( ,pompey :i* ,v>ro _h jo9$ aft] surr5d]+ to ,caes> 9 ,spa94 ,footnote #fa3 ,9 ?is enum]ation ( trees ,v>ro does n include ! *e/nut :i* is n[ "o ( ! features ( ! ,italian m\nta9 l&scape & furni%es support = a consid]able "p ( ! ,italian population1 :o subsi/ on necci1 ^? indige/ible *e/nut fl\r cakes1 j z ! ,iri% peasants d on potatoes4 ,! *e/nut 0 late 9 gett+ a foo?old 9 ,italy b x 0 !re 9 ,v>ro's day4 ,he m5tions ! nuts z "p ( ! diet ( dormice 7,,iii1 #ae74 ,by ! ?irte5? c5tury *e/nuts _h become an e/abli%$ article ( human food 9 ,italy4 ,pietro ,cresc5zi 7#abcj-acjg7 describes two v>ieties1 ! cultivat$ & ! wild1 & quotes ! ,arabian physician ,avic5na to ! effect t *e/nuts are di t>da dige/ione ma di buono nuttim5to4 ,x is p]haps = ?is v reason t *e/nut bread is acceptable to ^? engag$ 9 heavy labor4 ,fynes ,moryson says 9 8 ,it9]>y 7#afag7 t masl9 bread made ( a mixture ( rye & :eat fl\r 0 us$ by lab\r]s 9 ,engl& because x abode long] 9 ! /oma* & 0 n s soon dige/$ ) _! lab\r4 ,cresc5zi1 :o 0 a lawy] & a judge1 says 9 8 preface t he _h left 8 native ,bologna because ( ! civil /rifes1 _h tak5 =eign s]vice 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,italy1 & s _h opportunity to see ! _w4 ,he wrote 8 book on agriculture because1 z he says1 ( all ! ?+s he le>n$ on 8 travels !re 0 no?+ piu a bondevole1 niuna piu dolce1 et niuna piu degna de l'huomo lib]o1 a s5tim5t :i* ,socrates _h express$ sixte5 hundr$ ye>s e>li] & :i* 0 e*o$ six hundr$ ye>s lat] by ano!r f>-sight$ ,italian1 ! /atesman ,cav\r4 ,footnote #fb3 ,! :ite *alk :i* ,scr(a saw us$ z manure 9 ,transalp9e ,gaul1 :5 he 0 s]v+ 9 ! army "u ,julius ,caes>1 0 und\bt$ly m>l1 ! use ( :i* 9 t region z 9 ,brita9 0 subsequ5tly not$ by ,pl9y 7,h4,n4 ,,xvii1 #d74 ,!re 7 no deposits ( m>l 9 ,italy1 & s ! ,romans knew no?+ ( its use1 f exp]i5ce1 b ,pl9y's treatm5t ( ! subject %[s a s\nd s\rce ( in=mation4 ,9 ,engl&1 :]e sev]al k9ds ( m>l are f\nd 9 quantities1 its use 0 probably nev] discont9u$ aft] ! ,roman times4 ,walt] ( ,h5ley discusses its use 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & ,sir ,an?ony ,fitzh]b]t cont9ues ! discussion 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 connection ) ! hi/ory ( ! use ( m>l 9 agriculture may be cit$ ! t5d] tribute :i* ,ar?ur ,"y record$ on ! tomb/one ( 8 wife 9 ,bradfield ,*ur*4 ,! lady's *ief virtue appe>s to h be51 9 ! memory ( h] husb&1 t %e 0 ! great-gr&-daught] ( ,john ,all51 esq4 ( ,lyng ,h\se 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,norfolk1 ! fir/ p]son accord+ to ! ,comte de ,b\la9villi]s1 :o !re us$ m>l4 ,! ,romans did n h ! fight aga9/ s\r l& :i* is ! h]itage ( ! mod]n f>m] aft] ye>s ( cont9u\s application to 8 l& ( phosphoric & sulphuric acid 9 ! =m ( m9]al f]tiliz]s4 ,:at s\r l& ! ,romans _h !y correct$ ) humus mak+ b>ny>d manure1 or ! ri* compo/ :i* ,cato & ,columella recomm5d4 ,!y _h1 h[ev]1 a te/ = s\rness ( l& :i* is /ill practis$ ev5 :]e ! conv5i5t litmus pap] is available4 ,virgil 7,georgic ,,ii1 #bda7 gives ! =mula3 ,fill a basket ) soil1 & /ra9 fre% wat] ?r\gh x4 ,! ta/e ( wat] /ra9$ ?r\gh s\r soil w twi/ awry ! ta/]'s face4 ,footnote #fc3 ,?is s\nds l ! boa/ ( ! mod]n proprietor ( an old blue grass sod 9 ,nor!rn ,virg9ia or ,k5tucky4 ,on ! g5]al "q ( pa/ure vs4 arable l&1 cf4 ,h>tlib's ,legacie3 ,x is a mis=tune t pa/ure l&s are n m improv$4 ,engl& ab\nds 9 pa/urage m ?an any o!r c\ntry1 & is1 !re=e1 ri*]4 ,9 ,france1 acre = acre1 ! l& is n comp>able to ours3 &1 !re=e1 ,=tescue1 *ancellor to ,h5ry ,,vi1 obs]ves t we get m 9 ,engl& by /&+ /ill 7allud+ to our mead[s7 ?an ! ,fr5* d by work+ 7t is1 cultivat+ _! v9ey>ds & corn l&s74 ,we may p]mit ,montesquieu 7,esprit des ,lois ,,ii1 #bc1 #ad7 to voice ! ,fr5* side ( ?is "q4 ,les pais de pturage sont p5 peupls4 ,les t]res bl$ occup5t plus d'hommes et les vignobles inf9im5t d'avantage4 ,en ,anglet]re on s'e/ s\v5t pla9t que l'augm5tation des pturage dim9uoit les habitans4 ,9 ! introduction to 8 ,book ,two 7po/1 p4 #agi7 ,v>ro /ates ! s\nd conclusion1 t ! two k9ds ( husb&ry %\ld be comb9$ on ! same l&4 ,sir ,an?ony ,fitzh]b]t knew ?is3 ,an h\sb&e c n well ?ryue by 8 corne )\t he haue o!r cattell1 nor by 8 cattell )\t corne4 ,= els he %all be a by]1 a borr[] or a begg>4 ,footnote #fd3 ,?is is ! explanation ( :y ,aesop's fox f\nd ! grapes to be s\r :i* grew on a trellis1 = he _h expect$ to f9d !m ( easy access on ! gr\nd4 ,aesop 0 a ,phrygian1 &1 :ile ,b5tley has prov$ t ,aesop nev] wrote ! exi/+ fables :i* g by t "n1 yet x is recogniz$ t !y are ( ,ori5tal orig9 & x is evid5t t t ( ! ,fox & ! ,grapes came out ( ,asia1 :]e1 z ,v>ro says1 ! grapes 7 usually all[$ to gr[ on ! gr\nd4 ,footnote #fe3 ,"o is tempt$ to include "h ,pl9y's obs]vations ^u ! te/s ( good soil if only = ! sake ( 8 description ( "o ( ! sweete/ s5sations ( ! f>m] e :]e1 ! aroma ( new pl\gh$ f]tile l&3-- ,^? ungu5ts :i* h a ta/e ( e>? are bett]1 says ,cic]o1 ?an ^? :i* smack ( saffron1 x seem+ to him m to ! purpose to express himself by ! ^w ta/e ?an smell4 ,& su* is ! fact no d\bt1 t soil is ! be/ :i* has ! sav\r ( a p]fume4 ,if ! "q %\ld be put to u1 :at is ?is od\r ( ! e>? t is held 9 su* e/imation2 our answ] is t x is ! same t is (t5 to be recogniz$ at ! mom5t ( sunset )\t ! necessity ev5 ( turn+ up ! gr\nd1 at ! spots :]e ! extremities ( ! ra9b[ h be5 obs]v$ to meet ! e>?3 z also1 :5 aft] long cont9u$ dr\ght1 ! ra9 has soak$ ! gr\nd4 ,!n x is t ! e>? exhales ! div9e od\r t is s peculi>ly its own1 & to :i*1 imp>t$ to x by ! sun1 !re is no p]fume h[ev] sweet t c possibly be comp>$4 ,x is ?is od\r :i* ! e>?1 :5 turn$ up1 ought to emit1 & :i*1 :5 once f\nd1 c nev] deceive any p]son3 & ?is w be f\nd ! be/ crit]ion = judg+ ( ! quality ( ! soil4 ,su*1 too1 is ! od\r t is usually p]ceiv$ 9 l& newly cle>$ :5 an anci5t =e/ has be5 j cut d[n2 its excell5ce is a ?+ t is univ]sally admitt$4 ,footnote #ff3 ,! actus 0 ! head l& or z mu* l& z a yoke ( ox5 c\ld pl\gh at a s+le spell )\t /opp+1 & measur$ #abj feet 9 l5g? & f\r feet 9 wid?4 ,cf4 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 ,,xviii1 #c4 ,h5ce ! squ>e ( ! head l& became ! basis ( ! ,roman l& measure4 ,) ! d]ivation ( ! actus may be comp>$ t ( ! ,engli% furlong 7furr[-long7 & ! ,fr5* arp5t 7lit]ally1 head l&74 ,footnote #fg3 ,on ! sociali/ic pr9ciple ( ,/repsiades 9 ,ari/ophanes' ,cl\ds t ! use ( geometry is to divide ! l& into equal p>ts4 ,footnote #fh3 ,z x is difficult to appreciate t ! ,roman ,campagna 0 =m]ly popul\s ) villas1 :5 "o contemplates its gre5 solitudes today1 s :5 "o faces ! dread mal>ia :i* !re bre$s1 "o wond]s h[ ! ,romans ( ! ,republic ma9ta9$ s long _! h>dy con/itutions4 ,x is n[ agre$ t !re 0 no mal>ia 9 ! ,l& ( ,saturn s long z ! volcanos 9 ! ,alban hills 7 active1 because _! gases purifi$ ! air & kept d[n ! mosquitoes1 & geology tells u t ,monte ,pila 0 9 eruption = two or ?ree c5turies aft] ! f\ndation ( ,rome4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ! fev] seems to h become endemic4 ,plautus & ,t]5ce bo? m5tion x & ,cato 7,,clvii7 describes its symptoms unmi/akably4 ,9 8 book on ! effect ( mal>ia 9 hi/ory1 ,w4,h4 ,jones expresses ! op9ion t ! malady 0 br\ght into ,italy f ,africa by ,hannibal's soldi]s1 b x is m probable t x 0 always !re4 ,see ! discussion 9 ,lanciani's ,w&]+s 9 ! ,roman ,campagna4 ,9 ,v>ro's "t ! ,roman fev] _h begun to sap ! vitality ( ! ,roman p1 & ! animalia m9uta 9 ?is passage sugge/s t ,v>ro _h a curi\s appreciation ( :at we call ! mod]n sci5ce ( ! subject4 ,columella 7,i1 #e1 #f7 inde$ specifically m5tions mosquitoes 7infe/is aculeis armata animalia7 z "o ( ! risks incid5t to liv+ ne> a swamp4 ,footnote #fi3 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ,ibn-al-,awam1 a le>n$ ,moor1 wrote at ,seville 8 ,kitab al-felahah1 or ,book ( ,agriculture1 :i* has pres]v$ = u n only ! wisdom ( ! ,moori% practice 9 agriculture & g>d5+ :i* made ,spa9 an en*ant$ p>adise1 b also ! tradition ( ! ,arabs 9 su* matt]s1 purport+ to g back1 ?r\gh ! ,nabataeans to ! ,*aldaean books1 :i* record$ ! agricultural me?ods t obta9$ by ! wat]s ( ,babylon4 ,ibn-al-,awam's book has1 !re=e1 a d\ble int]e/ = u1 & we are =tunate 9 hav+ x available 9 an admirable ,fr5* translation f ! ,arabic by ,j4,j4 ,clem5t-,mullet 7,p>is1 ,librairie ,a4 ,franck1 #ahfd74 ,n ! lea/ pr(itable *apt]s 9 ?is book are ^? devot$ to ! prep>ation ( manure 9 compo/s1 to be rip5$ 9 pits z ,v>ro advises 9 ! text4 ,!y %[ a ?or\ghness1 a c>e & an art 9 ! mix+ ( ! v>i\s animal dungs1 ) /raw1 woodse>? & c9d]s1 :i* few mod]n g>d5]s c\ld equal4 ,g]man s*ol>%ip has que/ion$ ! ,*aldaean orig9 ( ! au?orities quot$1 b !re is int]nal evid5ce :i* smacks ( an ori5tal despotism t might well be ,babylonian4 ,9 a recipe = a ri* compo/ suitable = small g>d5 plants1 we are advis$ 7,i1 #b1 ,i1 p4 #ie71 )\t a quiv]1 to mix 9 blood--t ( ! camel or ! %eep if necess>y--b human blood is to be pref]r$6 ,footnote #gj3 ,:at ,v>ro describes z ! milit>y f5ce ( dit* & bank 0 d\btless ! typical ,h]e=d%ire f5ce ( mod]n ,engl& :i* ,ar?ur ,"y1 9 ,! ,f>m]s' ,lett]s1 recomm5ds s highly z at once mo/ effective & mo/ economical4 ,! bank is topp$ ) a pla%$ h$ge ( :ite ?orn 9 :i* sall[1 a%1 hazel & bee* are plant$ = fir+4 ,! f5c+ practice ( ! ,am]ican f>m] has foll[$ ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance & is f\nd$ on ! l[e/ fir/ co/3 ! orig9al snake f5ces ( split rails1 ^u ! mak+ ( :i* a =m] g5]ation ( pione] ,am]ican boys qualifi$ !mselves = ,presid5tial campaigns1 be+ foll[$ by wov5 wire made by a tru/ & n ! mo/ endur+ a*ievem5t ( ,big ,bus9ess4 ,! practical f>m]1 z well z ! lov] ( rural sc5]y1 has cause = regret t ,am]ican agricultural practice has n yet _h ! pati5ce to enclose ! l& )9 live h$ges & dit*es4 ,footnote #ga3 ,! k9d ( f5ce :i* ,v>ro "h describes z ex t]ra et lapillis compositis 9 =mis is also describ$ by ,pl9y 7,h4,n4 ,,xxxv1 #afi71 z =maceos or m\ld$1 & he adds1 aevis durant4 ,x w\ld ?us cle>ly appe> to h be5 ( gravel concrete1 ! use ( :i* ! manufactur]s ( cem5t are n[ tell+ u1 is ! badge ( ! mod]n progressive f>m]4 ,cato 7,,xxxviii7 told h[ to burn lime on ! f>m1 & ^! concrete f5ces 71 ( c\rse1 =m$ ) lime z ! matrix4 ,:5 only a few ye>s ago1 ,portl& cem5t 0 fir/ produc$ 9 ,am]ica at a co/ & 9 a quantity to /imulate ! developm5t ( concrete con/ruction1 eng9e]s began ) r\gh brok5 /one & s& z ! con/itu5ts ( :at !y call ! aggregate1 b "s "o soon discov]$ t ! use ( smoo? natural gravel made m compact concrete & gravel concrete became ! la/ ^w 9 eng9e]+ practice4 ,b x 0 old] ev5 ?an ,v>ro4 ,a ,*icago bus9ess man visit+ ,myc5ae pick$ up & br\ght home a bit ( rubbi% f ,s*liemann's excavations ( ! anci5t masonry3 ly+ on 8 (fice desk x attract$ ! att5tion ( an eng9e]+ fri5d :o exclaim$1 ,t is "o ( ! be/ samples ( ! new gravel concrete ,i h se54 ,did x come out ( ! ,ill9ois tunnel8 ,no1 repli$ ! return$ travell]1 x came out ( ! tomb ( ,agamemnon6 ,footnote #gb3 ,v>ro "h seems to =get ! unities4 ,he speaks 9 8 own p]son1 :5 ,scr(a has ! floor4 ,footnote #gc3 ,x w be recall$ t ,ari/otle describ$ slaves z liv+ tools4 ,9 ,roman law a slave 0 n a p]sona b a res4 ,cf4 ,gaius ,,ii1 #ae4 ,footnote #gd3 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! freem5 lab\r]s ( :om we "k is t ,(ellus :om ,horace 7,satire ,,ii1 #b7 tells u 0 work+ ) *e]ful philosophy z a hir$ h& ^u 8 own ance/ral prop]ty f :i* he _h be5 turn$ out 9 ! confiscations foll[+ ! battle ( ,philippi4 ,?is might h be5 ! fate ( ,virgil also _h he n *anc$ to h p[]ful fri5ds4 ,footnote #ge3 ,mais lorsque1 malgr le dgt de la *ane dome/ique1 n\s voyons natre entre les males et les femelles ces s5tim5ts que la nature a p>t\t fonds sur un libre *oix3 lorsque l'am\r a comm5c a unir ces c\ples captifs1 alors leur esclavage1 dev5u p\r eux aussi d\x que la d\ce lib]t1 leur fait oubli] peu peu leur droits de fran*ise naturelle et les prrogatives de leur tat sauvage2 et ces lieux des premi]s plaisirs1 des premires am\rs1 ces lieux si *]s t\t tre s5sible1 devi5n5t leur demeure de prdilection et leur habitation de *oix3 l'ducation de la famille r5d encore cette affection plus pr(onde et la communique en mme temps aux petits1 qui s'tant tr\vs citoy5s p> naissance d'un sj\r adopt p> leur p>5ts1 ne *]*5t po9t en *ang]3 c> ne p\vant avoir que p5 ou po9t d'ide d'un tat diff]5t ni d'un autre sj\r ils s'atta*5t au lieu ou ils sont ns comme leur patrie2 et l'on sait que la t]re natale e/ *re a ceux mme qui l'habit5t en esclaves4 ,"o might assume t ?is eloqu5t & com=table essay on cont5tm5t 9 slav]y _h be5 writt5 to illu/rate ,v>ro's text at ?is po9t1 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 x is ,buffon's obs]vation 7,,viii1 #dfj7 on ! dome/ication ( wild ducks6 ,footnote #gf3 ,sas]na's rule w\ld be ! equival5t ( "o h& to e five acres cultivat$4 ,) slave lab\r1 c]ta9ly ) negro slave lab\r1 ! exp]i5ce ( ,am]ican cotton plant]s 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury v ne>ly confirm$ ?is requirem5t1 b "o ( ! economic advantages ( ! abolition ( slav]y is illu/rat$ by ?is v po9t4 ,9 ,latim]'s ,fir/ ,s]mon be=e ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vi1 animadv]t+ on ! advance 9 f>m r5ts 9 8 day1 he says t 8 fa!r1 a typical sub/antial ,engli% yeoman ( ! "t ( ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 0 able to employ pr(itably six lab\r]s 9 cultivat+ #abj acres1 or1 say1 "o h& = ea* tw5ty acres1 :i* 0 precisely :at ,ar?ur ,"y recomm5d$ z necess>y = high f>m+ at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury ! ,am]ican f>m] seldom employs m ?an "o h& = e eighty acres cultivat$1 b ?is is p>tly due to ! use ( improv$ ma*9]y & p>tly to ! fact t 8 l& is n ?or\ghly cultivat$4 ,footnote #gg3 ,?is example ( ,roman co/ acc\nt+ is mat*$ by ,walt] ( ,h5ley 9 ?irte5? c5tury ,engl&4 ,"s m5 w tell y t a pl\gh _c "w eight score or n9e score acres ye>ly1 b ,i w %[ y t x c4 ,y "k well t a furlong ought to be =ty p]*es long & f\r wide1 & ! ,k+'s p]* is sixte5 feet & a half3 !n an acre is sixty-six feet 9 wid?4 ,n[ 9 pl\gh+ g ?irty-six times r\nd to make ! ridge n>r[]1 & :5 ! acre is pl\gh$ !n y h made sev5ty-two furlongs1 :i* are six leagues1 = be x kn[n t twelve furlongs are a league4 ,& ! horse or ox mu/ be v poor t _c f ! morn+ g easily 9 pace ?ree leagues 9 l5g? f 8 />t+ place & return by ?ree o'clock4 ,& ,i w %[ y by ano!r reason t x c d z mu*4 ,y "k t !re are 9 ! ye> fifty-two weeks4 ,n[ take away eight weeks = holy days & o!r h9drances1 !n are !re =ty-f\r work+ weeks left4 ,& 9 all t "t ! pl\gh %all only h to pl\gh = fall[ or = spr+ or w9t] s[+ ?ree roods & a half daily1 & = second fall[+ an acre4 ,n[ see if a pl\gh 7 prop]ly kept & foll[$1 if x c\ld n d z mu* daily4 ,footnote #gh3 ,/olo is quibbl+4 ,cato's unit ( #bdj jug]a 0 bas$ on ! duodecimal sy/em ( weights & measures :i* ! ,romans _h orig9ally d]iv$ f ,babylon b aft]w>ds modifi$ by ! use ( a decimal sy/em4 ,! enlight5$ & progressive nations ( ! mod]n _w :o h foll[$ ! ,romans 9 adopt+ a decimal sy/em may p]haps approve ,/olo's rem>ks1 b x behooves ^? ( u :o /ill cl+ to ! duodecimal sy/em to def5d ,cato1 if only to keep up our own c\rage4 ,footnote #gi3 ,"h1 9 a few words1 is ! :ole doctr9e ( intellig5t agriculture4 ,cf4 ,donaldson's ,agricultural ,biography1 tit4 ,je?ro ,tull4 ,! "n ( ,tull w ev] desc5d to po/]ity z "o ( ! greate/ lum9>ies1 if n ! v greate/ b5efactor1 t ,briti% agriculture has ! pride to ackn[l$ge4 ,8 example furni%es ! va/ advantages ( educat$ m5 direct+ _! att5tion to ! cultivation ( ! soil1 z !y br+ enlight5$ m9ds to be> ^u its practice & look at ! object 9 a nak$ po9t ( view1 be+ dive/$ ( ! dogmas & trammels ( ! craft ) :i* ! practition]s ( r\t9e are inexpugnably provid$ & entr5*$4 ,footnote #hj3 ,pl9y quotes ,cato3 ,:at ev] c be done by ! help ( ! ass co/s ! lea/ money1 :i* is ! philosophy ( mod]n p[] ma*9]y on ! f>m1 z else:]e4 ,x is l>gely a "q ( ! co/ ( fuel1 z ,v>ro says4 ,footnote #ha3 ,gre5 manur+ is "o ( ! olde/1 z x is "o ( ! be/1 ( agricultural practices4 ,long be=e ,v>ro1 ,!ophra/us 7,,ii4,p4 #i1 ,i7 _h record$ :at ! agricultural colleges tea* today--t beans are valuable = ?is purpose because !y rot readily1 &1 he adds1 9 ,mac$onia & ,!ssaly x has always be5 ! cu/om to turn !m "u :5 !y bloom4 ,footnote #hb3 ,al?\gh ,v>ro advises ! fir/ pl\gh+ 9 ! spr+1 ! anci5ts 7 n unm9dful ( ! advantages ( w9t] pl\gh+ ( /iff & heavy clay4 ,!ophra/us1 :o di$ 9 ,b4,c4 #bhg1 advises x t ! e>? may feel ! cold4 ,inde$1 he 0 fully alive to ! reasons urg$ by ! mod]n pr(essors ( agronomy = int5sive cultivation4 ,= ! soil1 he says 7,c4,p4 ,,iii1 #be71 (t5 inv]t$ becomes free1 light & cle> ( we$s1 s t x c mo/ easily af=d n\ri%m5t4 ,k+ ,solomon gives ! same advice1 ,! slugg>d w n pl\gh by reason ( ! w9t]1 !re=e %all he beg9 h>ve/ & h no?+4 ,prov]bs1 ,,xx1 #d4 ,footnote #hc3 ,! ,romans und]/ood ! advantages ( ?or\gh cultivation ( ! soil4 ,z appe>s f ! text1 !y habitually broke up a sod 9 ! spr+1 pl\gh$ x aga9 at midsumm]1 & once m 9 ,septemb] be=e se$+4 ,pl9y prescribes t ! fir/ pl\gh+ %\ld be n9e in*es deep1 & says t ! ,etruscans "s times pl\gh$ _! /iff clay z _m z n9e times4 ,! accept$ ,roman reason = ?is 0 ! eradication ( we$s1 b x also accompli%$ 9 "s measure ! purpose ( dry f>m+--! cons]vation ( ! moi/ure cont5t ( ! soil1 z t _h be5 practis$ = c\ntless g5]ations 9 ! s&y ,valley ( ,mesopotamia4 ,v>ro makes no exception to ?is rule1 b ,virgil 0 "h1 z 9 o!r in/ances1 induc$ to dep>t f ,v>ro's wisdom1 ) ! result t he impos$ ^u ,roman agriculture sev]al ?or\ghly bad practices4 ,?us1 :ile he applies ,v>ro pl\gh+ rules to ri* l& & bids ! f>m] ex]cetque frequ5s tellurem atque imp]at arvis1 he says 7,geo4 ,i1 #fb7 t x w suffice to give s&y l& a s+le %all[ pl\gh+ 9 ,septemb] imm$iately be=e se$+1 = fe>1 =soo?1 t ! summ] suns w evaporate :atev] moi/ure !re is 9 x6 ,aga91 ,virgil recomm5ds1 :at ,v>ro does n1 cross-pl\gh+ & burn+ ! /ubble & ,virgil's advice 0 g5]ally foll[$4 ,9 ,william ,b5son's edition 7#agbe7 ( ! ,georgics ) notes critical & ru/ick1 x is /at$ t ! husb&ry ( ,engl& 9 g5]al is ,virgilian1 :i* is %[n by p>+ & burn+ ! surface3 by raft]+ & cross-pl\gh+1 & t 9 ^? p>ts ( ,engl& :]e ! ,romans pr9cipally inhabit$ all along ! ,s\!rn coa/ ,lat9 words rema9 to ?is h\r among %eph]ds & pl\ghm5 9 _! ru/ick affairs3 & :at w seem m /range at fir/ sight to affirm ?\gh 9 fact really true1 !re is m ( ,virgil's husb&ry put 9 practice 9 ,engl& at ?is in/ant ?an 9 ,italy itself4 ,t ?is 0 ! fact 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury is cle> f ! quotations we h made f ,walt] ( ,h5ley's ,dite de ,hosebondrie4 ,cf4 also ,sir ,an?ony ,fitzh]b]t & ! acc\nt ( ! manorial sy/em ( f>m+ 9 ,engl& 9 ,pro!ro's ,engli% ,f>m+ ,pa/ & ,pres5t4 ,x rema9$ = ,je?ro ,tull ( ! ,horse%oe+ ,husb&ry to unloose 9 ,engl& ! long spell ( ! magic ( ,virgil's poetry ^u practical agriculture4 ,footnote #hd3 ,! ,julian cal5d>1 :i* took effect on ,janu>y #a1 ,b4,c4 #de1 _h be5 9 use only eight ye>s :5 ,v>ro 0 writ+4 ,footnote #he3 ,s*neid] & o!rs h attempt$ to em5d ! enum]ation ( ! days 9 ?is succession ( seasons1 b ,keil ju/ly obs]ves3 ,z we d n "k :at pr9ciple ,v>ro foll[$ 9 e/abli%+ ^! divisions ( ! ye>1 x is saf] to set !m d[n z !y are writt5 9 ! codex ?an to be tempt$ by unc]ta9 em5dation4 ,i h accord+ly foll[$ ,keil "h4 ,footnote #hf3 ,! practice ( ridg+ l& se$$ to gra9 0 necess>y be=e ! inv5tion ( ! mod]n drill4 ,dickson1 9 8 ,husb&ry ( ! ,anci5ts1 ,,xxiv1 argues t1 :ile wa/eful ( l&1 x _h ! advantage ( prev5t+ ! gra9 f lodg+4 ,walt] ( ,h5ley1 :o foll[$ ! ,roman me?ods by tradition )\t kn[+ x1 advises ) !m t to be successful 9 ?is k9d ( se$+ ! furr[ at ! la/ pl\gh+ ( ! fall[ %\ld be s n>r[ z to be indi/+ui%able4 ,at s[+ d n pl\gh l>ge furr[s1 he says1 b little & well laid toge!r t ! se$ may fall ev5ly3 if y pl\gh a l>ge furr[ to be quick y w d h>m4 ,h[8 ,i w tell y4 ,:51 ! gr\nd is s[n !n ! h>r[ w come & pull ! corn into ! holl[ :i* is betwe5 ! two ridges & ! l>ge ridge %all be uncov]$1 !n no corn %all gr[ !re4 ,& w y see ?is8 ,:5 ! corn is above gr\nd g to ! end ( ! ridge & y w see t ,i tell y truly4 ,& if ! l& mu/ be s[n bel[ ! ridge see t x is pl\gh$ ) small furr[s & ! e>? rais$ z mu* z y are able4 ,& see t ! ridge :i* is betwe5 ! two furr[s is n>r[4 ,& let ! e>?1 :i* lies l a cre/ 9 ! furr[ "u ! left foot aft] ! pl\gh1 be ov]-turn$1 & !n %all ! furr[ be n>r[ en\gh4 ,footnote #hg3 ,f>rago 0 a mixture ( refuse f>1 or spelt1 ) vet*1 s[n ?ick & cut gre5 to be f$ to cattle 9 ! process n[ call$ soil+4 ,! ,engli% ^w =age comes f ?is ,lat9 orig9al4 ,footnote #hh3 ,spani% ,am]ican eng9e]s today ins]t 9 _! specifications = lumb] ! /ipulation t x be cut on ! wane ( ! moon4 ,! rural confid5ce 9 ! influ5ce ( ! moon ^u ! life ( a f>m /ill p]si/s vigor\sly3 ?us z ,pl9y 7,h4,n4 ,,xviii1 #ge7 c\nsell$ t "o wean a colt only :5 ! moon is on ! wane1 s x w be f\nd t ! moon is consult$ be=e a colt is wean$ on mo/ ,am]ican f>ms today3 = t may be safely done1 says ! rural oracle1 only :5 ! moon's sign1 z giv5 9 ! almanack1 corresponds ) a "p ( ! almanack's moon's man or anatomic at or bel[ ! knees1 i4e41 :5 ! moon is 9 "o or ! o!r ( ! signs ,pisces1 ,capricornus or ,aqu>ius3 b nev] at a "t ( day :5 ! moon is 9 its ,s\?+4 ,footnote #hi3 ,mod]n agricultural *emi/ry has contradict$ ?is judgm5t ( ,cassius1 = ! manure ( sea birds1 especially t br\ght f ! ,s\? ,am]ican isl&s 9 ! ,pacific1 kn[n comm]cially z ,p]uvian guano1 is f\nd on analysis to be high 9 ! elem5ts :i* are mo/ b5eficial to plant life4 ,footnote #ij3 ,se$ selection1 :i* is n[ prea*$ s e>ne/ly by ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z "o ( ! ?+s necess>y to increase ! yield ( :eat & corn1 has ev] be5 good practice4 ,foll[+ ,v>ro ,virgil 7,georgic ,i1 #aig7 insi/s ^u x3 ,i h se5 ^? se$s on ^: selection mu* "t & lab\r _h be5 sp5t1 nev]!less deg5]ate if m5 did n e ye> rigor\sly sep>ate by h& all ! l>ge/ specim5s4 ,footnote #ia3 ,cic]o 7de ,div4 ,,ii1 #bd7 records a mot ( ,cato's t he wond]$ t an h>uspex did n laugh :5 he saw ano!r--qui mir>i se aiebat1 quod non rid]et aruspex1 aruspicem quum vidisset4 ,footnote #ib3 ,?is process ( propagation :i* ,v>ro describes z new is /ill practis$ by curi\s or*>di/s "u ! "n in>*+4 ,! free end ( a gr[+ twig is introduc$ into a limb ( its own tree1 back ( a specim5 fruit1 ?us pu%+ its developm5t by means ( ! supplem5tal fe$+ s provid$4 ,cf4 ,cyc4 ,am4 ,hort4 ,,ii1 #ffd4 ,footnote #ic3 ,alfalfa is ! ,moori% "n :i* ! ,spani>ds br\ght to ,am]ica ) ! =age plant ,m$icago ,sativa1 ,l9n41 :i* all ov] ,s\!rn ,europe is kn[n by ! ,fr5* "n luc]ne4 ,x is prop] to hon\r ! ,moors by cont9u+ 9 use _! "n = ?is int]e/+ plant1 because und\bt$ly !y pres]v$ x = ! use ( ! mod]n _w1 j z und\bt$ly !y bequea!d to u t f9e s5tim5t kn[n z p]sonal hon\r4 ,alfalfa 0 "o ( ! /&bys ( anci5t agriculture4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y1 x 0 introduc$ into ,italy f ,greece1 :5ce x _h be5 br\ght f ,asia dur+ ! ,p]sian w>s1 & s d]iv$ its ,greek & ,roman "n ,m$ica4 ,z ,cato does n m5tion x ) ! o!r legumes he us$1 x is probable t ! ,romans _h n yet adopt$ x 9 ,cato's day1 b by ! "t ( ,v>ro & ,virgil x 0 well e/abli%$ 9 ,italy4 ,9 ,columella's day x 0 already a feature ( ! agriculture ( ,&al\sia1 & !re ! ,moors1 :o lov$ plants1 kept x alive1 z x 7 a ,ve/al fire1 :ile x di$ out ( ,italy dur+ ! ,d>k ,ages3 f ,spa9 x spread aga9 all ov] ,s\!rn ,europe1 & ) ,am]ica x 0 a fair ex*ange = tobacco4 ,alfalfa has always be5 ! subject ( high praise :]ev] x has be5 kn[n4 ,! ,greek ,amphilo*us devot$ a :ole book to x1 z h ! ,engli% ,walt] ,h>te 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury & ! ,am]ican ,coburn at ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 b none ( !m is m in/ructive on ! subject ( its culture ?an is ,columella 9 a few p>agraphs4 ,because ( ! difficulty ( gett+ a /& ( x 9 _m soils1 x is important to realize ! pa9s :i* ! ,romans took ) ! se$ b$1 = x is on ?is po9t t mo/ ,am]ican f>m]s fail4 ,says ,columella 7,,ii1 #aj73 ,b ( all ! legumes1 alfalfa is ! be/1 because1 :5 once x is s[n1 x la/s t5 ye>s3 because x c be m[$ f\r times1 & ev5 six times1 a ye>3 because x improves ! soil3 because all lean cattle gr[ fat by fe$+ ^u x3 because x is a rem$y = sick bea/s3 because a jug]um 7two-?irds ( an acre7 ( x w fe$ ?ree horses pl5tifully = a ye>4 ,we w tea* y ! mann] ( cultivat+ x1 z foll[s3 ,! l& :i* y wi% to set 9 alfalfa ! foll[+ spr+ %\ld be brok5 up ab\t ! ,kal5ds ( ,octob]1 s t x may mell[ ?r\gh ! entire w9t]4 ,ab\t ! ,kal5ds ( ,febru>y h>r[ x ?or\ghly1 remove all ! /ones & break up ! clods4 ,lat]1 ab\t ! mon? ( ,m>*1 h>r[ x = ! ?ird "t4 ,:5 y h s got ! l& 9 good ord]1 lay x (f aft] ! mann] ( a g>d51 9 b$s t5 feet wide & fifty feet long1 s t x may be possible to let 9 wat] by ! pa?s1 & access on e side may be _h by ! we$]s4 ,!n cov] ! b$s ) well rott$ manure4 ,at la/1 ab\t ! end ( ,april1 s[ pl5tifully s t a s+le measure 7cyan?us7 ( se$ w cov] a space t5 feet long & five wide4 ,:5 y h done ?is bru% 9 ! se$ ) wood5 rakes3 ?is is mo/ important = o!rwise ! spr\ts w be )]$ by ! sun4 ,aft] ! s[+ no iron tool %\ld t\* ! b$s2 b1 z ,i h said1 !y %\ld be cultivat$ ) wood5 rakes1 & 9 ! same mann] !y %\ld be we$$ s t no =eign grass c *oke out ! "y alfalfa4 ,! fir/ cutt+ %\ld be late1 :5 ! se$ beg9s to fall3 aft]w>ds1 :5 x is well root$1 y c cut x z "y z y wi% to fe$ to ! /ock4 ,fe$ x at fir/ sp>+ly1 until ! /ock becomes accu/om$ to x1 = x causes bloat & excess ( blood4 ,aft] cutt+1 irrigate ! b$s frequ5tly1 & aft] a few days1 :5 ! roots beg9 to spr\t1 we$ out all o!r k9ds ( grass4 ,cultivat$ 9 ?is way alfalfa c be m[$ six times a ye>1 & x w la/ = t5 ye>s4 ,footnote #id3 ,see ! explanation ( :at ! ,romans meant by t]ra v>ia 9 ! note on ,cato ,v4 ante1 p4 #dj4 ,footnote #ie3 ,x is int]e/+ to note f ! /atem5ts 9 ! text t 9 ,v>ro's "t ! ,roman f>m] 9 ,italy bo? s[$ & reap$ sub/antially ! same am\nt ( :eat z does ! ,am]ican f>m] today4 ,v>ro says t ! ,romans s[$ five modii ( :eat to ! jug]um & reap$ on ! maximum fifte5 = "o4 ,z ! modius 0 ne>ly ! equival5t ( our peck1 ! ,roman all[ance = s[+ corresponds to ! pres5t ,am]ican practice ( s[+ sev5 pecks ( :eat to ! acre3 & on ?is basis a yield ( #bf bu%els to ! acre1 :i* is n uncommon 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is ! equival5t ( ! ,roman h>ve/ ( fifte5 = "o4 ,x is fair to ! av]age ,italian f>m] ( ! pres5t day :o is held up by ! economi/s to scorn because he does n produce m ?an elev5 bu%els ( :eat to ! acre1 to record t 9 ,columella's "t1 :5 agriculture _h decl9$ z comp>$ ) ,v>ro's exp]i5ce1 ! av]age yield ( gra9 9 _m p>ts ( ,italy did n exce$ f\r = "o 7,columella1 ,,iii1 #c71 or say sev5 & a half bu%els to ! acre4 ,v>ro's /atem5t t at ,byzacium 9 ,africa :eat yield$ #ajj = "o1 :i* ,pl9y 7,,ii4,n4 ,,xviii1 #bc7 increases to #aej = "o1 means f #age to #bfj bu%els p] acre1 seems incr$ible to u1 b is confirm$ by ! te/imony ( agricultural practice 9 ,pale/9e4 ,isaac claim$ to reap an hundr$ fold1 & ! p>able ( ! ,s[] alludes to yields ( #cj1 #fj & #ajj fold4 ,h>te ,essays on ,husb&ry1 #ia1 says t ! av]age yield 9 ,engl& 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 sev5 = "o1 ?\gh he records ! case ( an aw>d by ! ,dubl9 ,society 9 #agfc to an ,iri% g5tleman :o rais$ #ej bu%els ( :eat f a s+le peck ( se$6 ,h>te 0 a p>son1 b app>5tly he did n br+ ! same unction into 8 agriculture z did ! ,rev4 ,rob]t ,h]rick to ! husb&ry ( 8 ,devon%ire glebe1 a c5tury e>li]4 ,9 ,h]rick's ,?anksgiv+ to ,god = 8 ,h\se he s+s3 ,"l1 'tis ?y pl5ty dropp+ h& ,t soils my l& ,& giv'/ me = my bu%el s[n ,twice t5 = "o4 ,?\ mak/ my teem+ h5 to lay ,h] egg ea* day3 ,besides my heal?ful ewes to be> ,me tw9s ea* ye>4 ,footnote #if3 ,z ! ,gallic head] "h describ$ by ,v>ro is ! direct ance/or ( our mod]n m>vell\s self-b9d+ h>ve/]1 x is ( int]e/ to rehe>se ! o!r anci5t ref]5ces to x4 ,pl9y 7,h4 ,n4 ,,xviii1 #gb7 says3 ,9 ! va/ doma9s ( ! prov9ces ( ,gaul a l>ge holl[ frame arm$ ) tee? & support$ on two :eels is driv5 ?r\gh ! /&+ corn1 ! bea/s be+ yok$ beh9d x1 ! result be+ t ! e>s are torn (f & fall )9 ! frame4 ,palladius 7,,vii1 #b7 goes m into detail3 ,! p ( ! m level regions ( ,gaul h devis$ a me?od ( h>ve/+ quickly & ) a m9imum ( human lab\r1 = !reby a s+le ox is made to be> ! burd5 ( ! entire h>ve/4 ,a c>t is con/ruct$ on two l[ :eels & is furni%$ ) a squ>e body1 ( :i* ! side bo>ds are adju/$ to slope upw>d & outw>d to make great] capacity4 ,! front ( ! body is left op5 & !re across ! wid? ( ! c>t are set a s]ies ( lance %ap$ tee? spac$ to ! di/ance betwe5 ! gra9 /alks & curv$ upw>d4 ,beh9d ! c>t two %ort %afts are fa%ion$1 l ^? ( a litt]1 :]e ! ox is yok$ & h>ness$ ) 8 head t[>ds ! c>t3 = ?is purpose x is well to use a well brok5 & s5sible ox1 :i* w n pu% ahead ( 8 driv]4 ,:5 ?is ma*9e is driv5 ?r\gh ! /&+ gra9 all ! heads are /ripp$ by ! tee? & are ?r[n back & collect$ 9 ! body ( ! c>t1 ! /raw be+ left /&+4 ,! ma*9e is s contriv$ t ! driv] c adju/ its height to t ( ! gra94 ,?us ) little go+ & com+ & 9 a few %ort h\rs ! entire h>ve/ is made4 ,?is me?od is available 9 level or prairie c\ntries & to ^? :o d n ne$ to save ! /raw4 ,t +5i\s ,dut*man ,conrad ,h]esba* ref]s1 9 8 ,husb&ry1 to ,palladius' description ( ! ,gallic head] ) small respect1 :i* indicates t 9 ! sixte5? c5tury x 0 no long] 9 use4 ,i quote f ,b>naby ,googe's translation ( ,h]esba* 7! book :i* s]v$ ,izaak ,walton z ! model = 8 ,compleat ,angl]73 ,?is tricke might be us$ 9 levell & *ampion c\ntries1 b ) u x w\ld make b ill-fav\r$ worke4 ,dondl+]1 9 8 excell5t ,book ( ,:eat 7#aijh71 :i* %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( e gra9 f>m]1 gives a picture reproduc+ ! ,gallic head] & says3 ,aft] be+ us$ dur+ hundr$s ( ye>s ! ,gallic head] disappe>$1 & x seems to h be5 completely =gott5 = sev]al c5turies4 ,only ?r\gh lit]ature did x escape ! fate ( p]man5t oblivion & become a h]itage = ! mod]n _w4 ,! publi%$ description ( ! ma*9e by ,pl9y & ,palladius furni%$ ! impulse 9 :i* mod]n h>ve/+ inv5tions orig9at$4 ,its di/9ctive features are reta9$ 9 sev]al mod]n inv5tions ( ?is class1 ma*9es :i* h a practical use & value "u conditions simil> to ^? :i* exi/$ on ! pla9s ( ,gaul4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! social1 economic & agricultural conditions 9 ,engl&1 on acc\nt ( increas+ competition & ! high] value ( lab\r1 7 ripe = ! movem5t ( inv5tion t 0 h]ald$ by ! pr9t$ acc\nt ( ! ,gallic head]4 ,! fir/ head] 0 con/ruct$ by ,william ,pitt 9 #aghf4 ,x 0 an attempt$ improvem5t on ! anci5t ma*9e 9 t ! /ripp+ tee? 7 plac$ 9 a cyl9d] :i* 0 revolv$ by p[] transmitt$ f ! :eels4 ,?is 'rippl+ cyl9d]' c>ri$ ! heads ( ! :eat into ! box ( ! ma*9e1 & gradually evolv$ into ! pres5t day reel4 ,x may be add$ t ! ,william ,pitt m5tion$ 0 n ! /atesman1 b a contempor>y agricultural writ] ( ! same "n4 ,footnote #ig3 ,accord+ to ,sir ,an?ony ,fitzh]b]t x 0 ! cu/om 9 ,engl& to %e> :eat & rye & to leave ! /raw /&+ aft] ! ?ird me?od describ$ by ,v>ro1 ! purpose be+ to pres]ve ! /raw to be cut lat] = ?at*+1 z ?re%+ x w\ld necess>ily de/roy its value = ?at*+4 ,x 0 ! cu/om 9 ,engl&1 h[ev]1 to m[ b>ley & oats4 ,footnote #ih3 ,pl9y advises t ! gra9 :i* collects on ! circumf]5ce ( a ?re%+ floor ( ?is description be sav$ = se$ because x is evid5tly ! heavie/4 ,footnote #ii3 ,9 ! ,ap5n9es today ! ?re%+ floor1 or aja1 is ano9t$ ) c[ dung sme>$ smoo? ) wat]1 d\btless = ! same reason t ! ,romans s us$ amurca4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,betwe5 h>ve/s ! w9n[+ basket is q g5]ally us$ 9 ,italy today = a cradle1 z x 0 f ! beg9n+ ( "t1 = !re is an anci5t gem repres5t+ ! infant ,bac*us asleep 9 a w9n[+ basket4 ,footnote #aja3 ,:at ! ,fr5* call1 f ! same practice1 v9 de rognure4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,v>ro does n m5tion ! season ( ! olive h>ve/1 b ,virgil tells u 7,g4 ,,ii1 #eai7 t 9 _! day z n[ x 0 w9t]4 ,cato 7,,xx-,,xxii7 describ$ ! con/ruction & op]ation ( ! trapetus 9 detail4 ',x c /ill be se5 9 op]ation 9 ,italy1 turn$ by a pati5t donkey & fl[+ ) ! new oil ( an int5se blue-gre5 col\r4 ,x is always flank$ by an array ( va/ /orage j>s 7,cato's dolii n[ call$ orci71 :i* make "o realize ! /ory ( ,ali ,baba & ! ,=ty ,?ieves4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,! ,roman wa/e ( amurca1 ?r\gh ignorance ( its value1 0 l ! ,am]ican wa/e ( ! cotton se$1 :i* = _m ye>s 0 ?r[n out f ! g9 to rot ^u ! gr\nd1 ev5 its f]tiliz+ use be+ neglect$4 ,n[ cotton se$ has a m>ket value equival5t to ne>ly #bj p] c5t ( t ( ! /aple4 ,x is us$ = cattle fe$ & also is made into l>d & pure olive oil1 be+ export$ 9 bulk & import$ aga9 9 bottles ) ,italian labels4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,cf4 ,f[l]1 ,social ,life at ,rome 9 ! ,age ( ,cic]o4 ,let u consid] t 9 a l>ge city today ! p]son & prop]ty ( all1 ri* or poor1 are adequately protect$ by a s\nd sy/em ( police & by c\rts ( fir/ in/ance :i* are sitt+ e day4 ,assault & murd]1 !ft & burgl>y are exceptional4 ,x might be go+ too f> to say t at ,rome !y 7 ! rule3 b x is ! fact t 9 :at we may call ! slums ( ,rome !re 0 no ma*9]y = *eck+ !m4444 ,x is ! great m]it ( ,augu/us t he made ,rome n only a city ( m>ble b "o 9 :i* ! p]sons & prop]ty ( all citiz5s 7 fairly secure4 ,!re are sev]al contempor>y ref]5ces to ! cr[d$ & dang]\s condition ( ! /reets ( ,rome at ! end ( ! ,republic4 ,cic]o 7,plancius1 #g7 tells h[ he 0 pu%$ aga9/ ! ar* ( ,fabius :ile /ruggl+ ?r\gh ! press ( ! ,via ,sacra1 & exon]ates f blame ! man :o 0 ! imm$iate cause ( 8 inconv5i5ce1 hold+ t ! "o next beyond 0 m responsible3 9 :i* judgm5t ,cic]o 0 ( ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,black/one 9 ! fam\s lead+ case ( ,scott v4 ,%eph]d 7#a ,smi?'s ,l4,c41 #dhj71 :]e ! "q 0 :o 0 liable = ! damage ev5tually done by ! burn+ squib :i* 0 pass$ ab\t ! m>ket h\se by successive h&s4 ,! majority ( ! c\rt held1 h[ev]1 aga9/ ,black/one & ,cic]o1 & e/abli%$ ! doctr9e ( proximate cause4 ,footnote #aje3 ,! ,roman week 7nund9um1 or m prop]ly int] nund9um7 0 ( eight days1 ! la/ be+ ! m>ket day on :i* ! citiz5s re/$ f agricultural lab\r & came into t[n to sell & buy & talk politics4 ,cf4 ,pl9y1 ,,xviii1 #c4 ,?is cu/om :i* ,v>ro regrets _h fall5 into desuetude s f> z ,rome 0 conc]n$ 0 9 8 day /ill practis$ 9 ! prov9ces4 ,?us ! five t5ants on ,horace's ,sab9e f>m 7 wont to g e nund9um to ! m>ket t[n ( ,v>ia 7! mod]n ,vicov>o7 to transact public bus9ess 7,epi/4 ,i1 #ad1 #b74 ,footnote #ajf3 ,v>ro "h ref]s to ! great economic *ange :i* 0 com+ ov] ,italian husb&ry 9 ! la/ days ( ! ,republic1 ! disappe>ance ( ! small f>ms1 ! septem jug]a :i* nurtur$ ! e>ly ,roman h]oes l ,c9c9natus & ,d5tatus1 & ev5 ! l>g]1 b /ill comp>atively small1 f>ms :i* ,cato describes1 & ! developm5t ( ! latifundia giv5 ov] to graz+4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,! tradition is1 says ,pl9y1 t ,k+ ,augeas 0 ! fir/ 9 ,greece to use manure1 & t ,h]cules introduc$ ! practice into ,italy4 ,to ! wise f>m] ! my? ( ! ,augean /ables is ! g5esis ( good agriculture4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,?is 0 ! cr[d$ h\r 9 ,v>ro's life1 &1 z ,m4 ,boissi] has po9t$ out1 he lov$ to dwell ^u its episodes4 ,x w be recall$ t ,pompey divid$ ! ,m$it]ranean into ?irte5 di/ricts = ! w> ) ! ,pirates & put a responsible lieut5ant 9 comm& ( ea*1 ?us enabl+ him by concurr5t action 9 all ! di/ricts to cle> ! seas 9 ?ree mon?s4 ,appian gives ! li/ ( (fic]s & ! limits ( _! comm&s1 say+3 ,! coa/s ( ,sicily & ! ,ionian sea z f> z ,ac>nania 7 entru/$ to ,plotius & ,v>ro4 ,x is difficult to und]/& ,v>ro's own ref]5ce to ,delos1 b ,appian makes cle> h[ x happ5$ t ,v>ro 0 /ation$ on ! coa/ ( ,epirus & s fell 9 ) ! company ( half ,greek %eph]ds :o are ! dramatis p]sonae ( ! second book4 ,z ! sc5e ( ! fir/ book 0 laid 9 a temple ( ,tellus1 s ?is relat+ to live /ock is ca/ 9 a temple ( ,pales1 ! goddess ( %eph]ds1 on ! occasion ( ! fe/ival ( ! ,p>ilia1 & ! names ( ! *>act]s h a punn+ ref]5ce to live /ock4 ,footnote #aji3 ,! codices "h conta9 an int]polation ( ! words ,,hic ,,int]misimus1 to indicate t a "p ( ! text is miss+1 ) :i* judgm5t ( "s e>ly /ud5t ( ! ar*etype ,victorius1 ,scalig] & ,urs9us1 z well z _! successors among ! comm5tators on ,v>ro1 h all agre$4 ,x is a pleasure to record ! agreem5t on ?is po9t1 because x is believ$ to be unique3 b _m prec$5ts = plung+ ! read] 9 m$ias res1 z does ! surviv+ text1 might be f\nd 9 ! mod]n %ort /ory ( ! arti/ 9 /yle4 ,z ,m4 ,boissi] po9ts out ,v>ro might h cit$ ! beg9n+ ( ! ,odyssey z a prec$5t = ?is4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,?is is a p>aphase ( a favorite locution ( ,hom]'s h]oes1 ^: *>act]i/ic mode/y does n1 h[ev]1 p]mit !m to apply x to !mselves1 z ,v>ro does4 ,?us 9 ,iliad1 ,,vii1 #aad1 ,agamemnon advises ,m5elaos n to v5ture aga9/ ,hector1 :om ev5 ,a*illes dreade? to meet 9 battle1 :]e9 is ! w>rior's glory1 & ,a*illes is bett] f> ?an ?\4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,virgil 7,a54 ,,vii1 #cad7 made a f9e l9e out ( ?is tradition1 end[+ ! /urdy race ( ,fauns & ,nymphs :o inhabit$ ! l& ( ,saturn be=e ! ,gold5 ,age1 ) ! qualities ( ! trees on ^: fruit !y subsi/$1 g5sque virum truncis et duro robore nata4 ,footnote #aab3 ,9 ! regi/]s ( ! c5sors e ?+ f :i* ! public rev5ues 7 d]iv$ 0 set d[n "u ! head ( pascua1 or pa/ure l&s1 because = a long "t ! pa/ure l&s 7 ! only s\rce ( su* rev5ue4 ,cf4 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 ,,xviii1 #c4 ,footnote #aac3 ,olisippo is ! mod]n ,lisbon4 ,?is tradition ab\t ! m>es ( ! region is repeat$ by ,virgil 7,geo4 ,,iii1 #bgb7 by ,columella 7,,vi1 #bg7 & by ,pl9y 7,,viii1 #fg74 ,pr(essor ,ridgeway 9 ,! ,orig9 & ,influ5ce ( ! ,?or\ghbr$ ,horse describes x z an aetiological my? to expla9 ! swiftness ( horses = ! fleete/ horses came out ( ! ,we/2 ?us ,pegasus 0 born at ! spr+s ( ! ocean1 & !re is ! passage 9 ,hom] 7,iliad1 ,,xvi1 #adi7 ab\t ! horses t flew z swift z ! w9ds1 ! horses t ! h>py ,pod>ge 7,swift ,foot7 b>e to ! ,we/ ,w9d z %e graz$ on ! mead[s by ! /ream ( ! ,ocean4 ,h5ce we may conclude t !re 0 a race ( swift horses 9 ,portugal 9 ! e>lie/ times1 :i* ,pr(essor ,ridgeway w\ld d\btless l v mu* to prove1 9 support ( 8 int]e/+ !sis1 7 d]iv$ f ,libya4 ,footnote #aad3 ,hyp5emia1 or b>r5 eggs1 are describ$ intellig5tly by ,ari/otle 7,h4,a4,v4 #a1 #d1 ,,vi4 #b1 #e71 &1 ) ,v>ro's confid5ce 9 ! c\ntry traditions1 by ,pl9y1 ,h4,n4 ,x1 #hj4 ,if he _h kn[n x1 ,v>ro might h "h cit$ ! fact t ! unf]tiliz$ que5 bee is p>!nog5etic1 ?\gh produc+ only male bees2 i4e41 drones3 b x rema9$ = a ,g]man cl]gyman1 ,dzi]zon1 to discov] ?is 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,footnote #aae3 ,cf4 ,plautus ,m5ae*mi1 ,,ii1 #b1 #bgi4 ,"o ( ! two ,m5ae*mi is1 on 8 arrival at ,epidamnus1 mi/ak5 = 8 bro!r1 ( ^: exi/5ce he does n "k1 & mu* to 8 amazem5t is introduc$ into ! bro!r's life & possessions4 ,at fir/ he expo/ulates1 accus+ ! slave ( ! bro!r1 :o has mi/ak5 8 id5tity1 ( be+ crazy & (f]s to exorcise him by a sacrifice ( weanl+ pigs1 :]e=e he asks ! "q quot$ 9 ! text4 ,v>ro 0 evid5tly fond ( ?is passage1 z he quotes x aga91 po/1 p4 #bba4 ,! ,m5ae*mi is "o ( ! immortal com$ies & has surviv$ 9 _m =ms on ! mod]n /age all ov] ,europe4 ,f x ,%akespe>e d]iv$ ! plot ( ! ,com$y ( ,errors4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ^! sane !rapeutics ) ,cato's practice less ?an two hundr$ ye>s previ\s 7ante1 p4 #dg71 :i* 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! sup]/iti\s peasant :o 9 ,italy /ill seeks ! prie/ to bless 8 ail+ live /ock4 ,footnote #aag3 ,?is ,atticus 0 ,cic]o's intimate fri5d to :om he address$ s _m ( 8 *>m+ lett]s4 ,he *ang$ 8 "n z /at$ 9 ! text1 ! new "n be+ t ( an uncle :o adopt$ him1 z we le>n f 8 life by ,nepos4 ,z is well kn[n to all /ud5ts ( ,cic]o1 ,atticus _h dwelt 9 ,a!ns _m ye>s & d]iv$ 8 income f e/ates 9 ,epirus1 :i* is ! po9t ( ,scr(a's je/4 ,footnote #aah3 ,?is requirem5t ( %ort legs is ! m rem>kable because ( ! long j\rneys :i* ,v>ro says ! ,roman %eep 7 requir$ to make betwe5 _! summ] & w9t] pa/ures4 ,a simil> necessity & bad roads creat$ 9 ,engl&1 be=e ! eighte5? c5tury1 a dem& = long legg$ %eep4 ,pro!ro 7,engli% ,f>m+ ,pa/ & ,pres5t7 quotes a description ( ! true old ,w>wick%ire ram 9 #aghi3 ,8 frame l>ge & rem>kably loose4 ,8 bone ?r\gh\t heavy4 ,8 legs long & ?ick1 t]m9at+ 9 l>ge splaw feet4 ,"o ( ! ?+s :i* ,bakewell accompli%$ 0 to %ort5 ! legs z well z to increase ! mutton on 8 ,new ,leice/]s4 ,( ,bakewell1 ,mr4 ,pro!ro ju/ly says1 ,by provid+ meat = ! million he contribut$ z mu* to ! weal? ( ! c\ntry z ,arkwright or ,watt4 ,footnote #aai3 ,%eph]ds /ill look = ! black or spott$ tongue 9 ! m\? ( ! ram1 = ! reason giv5 by ,v>ro1 b ! w>n+ is no long] put 9 ! %eph]ds' manual4 ,footnote #abj3 ,v>ro w\ld /ill feel at home 9 ,apulia1 = !re ! %eep indu/ry is c>ri$ on mu* z x 0 9 8 "t1 & !nce ! calles publicae1 to :i* he ref]s1 /ill lead to ! summ] pa/ures 9 ! ,ap5n9es4 ,cf4 ,beaucl]k ,rural ,italy1 *ap4 ,v4 ,! ext5sive pa/urages ( ! ',tavoli]e di ,puglia' 7,apulia7 are ( great importance & h a hi/ory ( _! own4 ,?is va/ doma9 cov]s #gej1jjj acres3 its orig9 belongs to ! "t ( ! ,roman ,conque/s & ! protract$ w>s ( ! ,republic1 :i* 7 f\ght out 9 ! pla9s1 :5ce !y became des]t$ & uncultivat$1 fit only = public pa/ures 9 w9t] "t 444 ! p]iodical emigrations ( ! flocks cont9ue z 9 ! pa/ times3 !y desc5d f ! m\nta9s into ! pla9s by a network ( wide grassy roads :i* trav]se ! region 9 e direction & are call$ tratturi4 ,^! lanes are ov] #ajj y>ds 9 wid? & cov] a total l5g? ( #idj miles4444 ,n less ?an #ej1jjj animals are pa/ur$ on ! ,tavoli]e1 requir+ ov] #a1ejj squ>e miles ( l& = _! subsi/5ce4444 ,five ?\s& p]sons are employ$ z %eph]ds4 ,footnote #aba3 ,v>ro q uni=mly uses words :i* indicate t he 0 accu/om$ to see %eep driv5 7abig]e1 propell]e1 adpell]e7 b we c see ! flocks l$ 9 ,italy today1 z !y 7 9 ,pale/9e soon aft] ,v>ro's dea?1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( t beautiful figure ( ! ,good ,%eph]d 7,/4 ,john1 ,x1 #d73 ,& :5 he putte? =? 8 own %eep he goe? be=e !m1 & ! %eep foll[ him1 = !y "k 8 voice4 ,r4 ,*ild1 9 8 ,l>ge ,lett] 9 ,h>tlib's ,legacie1 gives ! explanation ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! cu/om3 ,our %eep d n foll[ _! %eph]ds z !y d 9 all o!r c\ntries3 = ! %eph]d goe? be=e & ! %eep foll[ l a pack ( dogs4 ,?is disob$i5ce ( our %eep do? n happ5 to u1 z ! ,papi/ ,prie/s tell _! simple flocks1 because we h left _! great %eph]d ! ,pope2 b because we let our %eep range night & day 9 our fields )\t a %eph]d3 :i* o!r c\ntries d>e n = fe> ( wolves & o!r rav5\s bea/s1 b are compell$ to gu>d !m all day ) great dogs & to br+ !m home at night1 or to wat* !m 9 _! folds4 ,footnote #abb3 ,cf4 ,dante1 ,purg4 ,,xxvii1 #gi4 ,le capre ,tacite all' ombra m5tre *e'l sol f]ve ,gu>date dal pa/or *e'n su la v]ga ,poggiato s'e1 e lor poggiato s]ve4 ,footnote #abc3 ,x w be recall$ t :5 ,odysseus1 disguis$ z a begg>1 0 mak+ 8 way to 8 h\se 9 company ) ! fai?ful sw9eh]d ,eumaeus1 !y met ! goa!rd ,melan?ius lead+ 8 goats to fea/ ! woo]s1 ! be/ goats t 7 9 all ! h]ds4 7,odyssey1 ,,xvii1 #baf71 & t subsequ5tly he suff]$ a t]rible puni%m5t = ?is unfai?fulness to 8 ma/]'s int]e/s4 ,footnote #abd3 ,pl9y 7,,viii1 #gf7 calls ^! excresc5ces lanc9iae1 or folds1 & attributes !m exclusively to ! %e goat1 z ,v>ro seems to d also1 b ,columella 7,,vii1 #f7 attributes !m to ! buck4 ,footnote #abe3 ,ari/otle 7,h4,a4 ,i1 #i4a7 ref]s to ?is op9ion & d5\nces x z errone\s4 ,footnote #abf3 ,! ,roman d5>ius1 :i* has be5 "h & lat] translat$ d5i]1 may be consid]$ = ! purpose ( comp>+ values z1 r\ghly1 ! equival5t ( ! mod]n franc1 or lira1 say #bj c5ts ,unit$ ,/ates money4 ,footnote #abg3 ,macrobius 7,saturn4 ,i1 #f7 tells ano!r /ory ( ! orig9 ( ?is cognom51 :i*1 if n s h]oic z t 9 ! text1 is ent]ta9+4 ,x is relat$ t a neighb\r's s[ /ray$ on ,tremelius' l& & 0 caught & kill$ z a vagrant4 ,:5 ! own] came to claim x & ass]t$ ! "r to se>* ! premises ,tremelius hid ! c>cass 9 ! b$ 9 :i* 8 wife 0 ly+ & !n took a solemn oa? t !re 0 no s[ 9 8 h\se except t 9 ! b$4 ,footnote #abh3 ,x w\ld seem1 z ,gibbon says ( ! ,empress ,!odora1 t ?is passage c\ld be left veil$ 9 ! obscurity ( a le>n$ language2 b x may be not$ t ! locus classicus = ! play on ! ^w is ! incid5t ( ! ,meg>ian my/]y pigs 9 ,ari/ophanes' ,a*>nians1 #gbh ff4 ,cf4 also ,a!naeus1 ,,ix1 #ag1 #ah4 ,footnote #abi3 ,cf4 ,pl9y 7,h4,n4 ,,viii1 #gg73 ,!re is no animal t af=ds a great] v>iety to ! palate ( ! epicure3 all ! o!rs h _! own peculi> flav\r1 b ! fle% ( ! hog has ne>ly fifty diff]5t flav\rs4 ,footnote #acj3 ,9 8 /imulat+ book1 ,comm5t la r\te cre le type ,social1 ,edmond ,desmol9s submits an +5i\s hypo!sis to expla9 ! pre-em95ce ( ! ,gauls 9 ! gr[+ & mak+ ( pork1 & h[ t pre-em95ce 0 itself ! explanation ( _! e>ly success 9 cultivat+ ! c]eals4 ,he describes _! migrat+ ance/ors1 ! ,celts1 pu%+ _! way up ! ,danube z hordes ( nomad %eph]ds ) _! va/ flocks & h]ds ( horses & cattle1 on ! milk ( :i* !y _h hi!rto subsi/$4 ,s long z !y j\rney$ ?r\gh prairie /eppes1 ! la/ ( :i* 0 ,hung>y1 !y ma9ta9$ _! %eph]d "*1 b :5 !y once pass$ ! site ( ! pres5t city ( ,vi5na & ent]$ ! plateau ( ,bav>ia1 !y f\nd new physical conditions :i* caus$ !m to r$uce & to sep>ate _! h]ds ( l>ge cattle--an unbrok5 =e/ af=d+ little pa/ure ( grass4 ,"h !y f\nd ! wild bo> subsi/+ ^u ! ma/ ( ! =e/1 & him !y dome/icat$ out ( an economic necessity1 to take ! place ( _! l>g] cattle z a basis ( food supply4 ,until !n !y _h n be5 meat eat]s1 & s _h kn[n no necessity = c]eals1 = milk is a balanc$ ration 9 itself4 ,b ?is *ange ( diet requir$ !m also to take to agriculture & s to ab&on _! nomad life4 ',by reason ( ! habits ( ! animal1 sw9e husb&ry has a t5d5cy 9 itself to conf9e ^? engag$ 9 x to a m or less s$5t>y life1 b we are ab\t to see h[ ! ,celts 7 compell$ to accompli% ?is important evolution by an ev5 m p[]ful =ce4 ,meat _c be eat5 habitually except 9 conjunction ) a c]eal 444 & ( all ! meats pork is ! "o :i* dem&s ?is association mo/ insi/5tly1 because x is ! lea/ easily dige/$ & ! mo/ heat+ ( all ! meats4444 ,s t is h[ ! adoption ( sw9e husb&ry & a diet ( pork compell$ our nomad ,celts to take ! next /ep & settle d[n to agriculture4' ,footnote #aca3 ,?is ,gallic tomac9a 0 d\btless ! ance/or ( ! mortadella n[ produc$ 9 ! ,emilia & kn[n to ,engli% speak+ consum]s z ,bologna sausage4 ,footnote #acb3 ,! ,gaul ( :i* ,cato 0 "h writ+ is ! mod]n ,lomb>dy1 "o ( ! mo/ d5sely populat$ & ri*e/ agricultural di/ricts 9 ! _w4 ,"h are f\nd today ^? truly m>vell\s m>*ite or irrigat$ mead[s :i* owe ! initiative = _! exi/5ce to ! ,ci/]cian monks ( ! ,*i>avalle ,abbey1 :o began _! fruitful agricultural lab\rs 9 ! c\ntry ne> ,milan 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,!re is a record$ in/ance ( "o ( ^! mead[s :i* yield$ 9 a s+le season #adj tons ( grass p] hect>e1 equal to #ge tons ( hay1 or #cj tons p] acre6 ,! mead[s are m[$ six times a ye>1 & ! grass is f$ gre5 to ,swiss c[s1 :i* are kept 9 great numb]s = ! manufacture ( frommaggio di grana1 or ,p>mesan *eese4 ,?is sy/em ( gre5 soil+ ma9ta9s ! f]tility ( ! mead[s1 :ile ! by-product ( ! dairies is ! fe$+ ( hogs1 :i* are kept 9 su* quantity t !y are today export$ z !y 7 9 ! times ( ,cato & ,v>ro4 ,!re is no region ( ! e>?1 unless x be ,fl&]s1 ( :i* ! aspect s rejoices ! he>t ( a f>m] z ! ,milanese4 ,well may ! ,lomb>d prov]b say1 ,*i ha prato1 ha tutto4 ,footnote #acc3 ,virgil 7,a54 ,,vii1 #bf7 subsequ5tly made good use ( ?is tradition ( ! f\nd+ ( ,lav9ium1 ! sacr$ city ( ! ,romans :]e ! ,p5ates dwelt & :i!r solemn processions 7 wont to proce$ f ,rome until ,*ri/ianity became ! ,/ate religion4 ,! site has be5 id5tifi$ z t ( ! mod]n village ( ,practica1 :]e a few mis]able %eph]ds collect dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 flee+ to ! hills at ! approa* ( summ] & ! dread mal>ia4 ,footnote #acd3 ,cf4 ,polybius1 ,,xii1 #d3 ',= 9 ,italy ! sw9eh]ds manage ! fe$+ ( _! pigs 9 ! same way4 ,!y d n foll[ close beh9d ! bea/s1 z 9 ,greece1 b keep "s di/ance 9 front ( !m1 s\nd+ _! horn e n[ & !n3 & ! animals foll[ beh9d & run toge!r at ! s\nd4 ,inde$1 ! complete famili>ity :i* ! animals %[ ) ! p>ticul> horn to :i* !y belong seems at fir/ a/oni%+ & almo/ incr$ible4 ,=1 ow+ to ! popul\sness & weal? ( ! c\ntry1 ! droves ( sw9e 9 ,italy are exce$+ly l>ge1 especially along ! sea coa/ ( ! ,tuscans & ,gauls3 = "o s[ w br+ up a ?\s& pigs1 or "s times ev5 m4 ,!y1 !re=e1 drive !m out f _! night /yes to fe$ accord+ to _! litt]s & ages4 ,:5 if sev]al droves are tak5 to ! same place !y _c pres]ve ^! di/9ctions ( litt]s3 b !y1 ( c\rse1 get mix$ up ) ea* o!r bo? z !y are be+ driv5 out & z !y fe$1 & z !y are be+ br\ght home4 ,accord+ly1 ! device ( ! horn bl[+ has be5 inv5t$ to sep>ate !m :5 !y h got mix$ up toge!r1 )\t lab\r or tr\ble4 ,= z !y fe$ "o sw9eh]d goes 9 "o direction s\nd+ 8 horn1 & ano!r 9 ano!r & ?us ! animals sort !mselves ( _! own accord & foll[ _! own horn ) su* eag]ness t x is impossible by any means to /op or h9d] !m4 ,b 9 ,greece :5 ! sw9e get mix$ up 9 ! oak =e/s 9 _! se>* = ! ma/1 ! sw9eh]d :o has mo/ assi/ants & ! be/ help at 8 disposal1 :5 collect+ 8 own animals drives (f 8 neighb\rs' also4 ,"s times1 too1 a ?ief lies 9 wait & drives !m (f )\t ! sw9eh]d kn[+ h[ he has lo/ !m1 because ! bea/s /raggle a long way f _! driv]s 9 _! eag]ness to f9d acorns1 :5 !y are j beg9n+ to fall4' ,bi%op ,latim] 9 "o ( 8 s]mons quotes ! phrase us$ 9 8 y\?1 at ! "t ( ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 9 call+ hogs3 ',come to ?y m+lemangle1 come pur1 come pur4' ,x w\ld be impossible to transcribe ! traditional call us$ 9 ,virg9ia4 ,"o "s times ?9ks t x 0 ! orig9al ( ! celebrat$ 'rebel yell' ( ,g5]al ,lee's army4 ,footnote #ace3 ,! use ( ! ,greek salutation 0 e/eem$ by ! m au/]e ,romans ( ! age ( ,scipio an evid5ce ( preciosity1 to be laugh$ at3 & s ,luci5us' je/+ apology = ! use ( x "h d\btless 0 9 ref]5ce to ,lucilius' epigram :i* ,cic]o has pres]v$1 de ,f9ibus1 ,i1 #c4 ,graece ergo praetor ,a!nis ,id quod malui/i te1 quum ad me acc$i1 saluto ,greek3 ,*aire inquam1 ,tite3 lictores turma omni cohorsque ,greek3 ,*aire ,tite6 ,h9c ho/is mi ,albucius1 h9c inimicus4 ,x 0 ! ^w :i* ! ,romans taught _! p>rots4 ,cf4 ,p]sius1 ,prolog4 #h4 ,footnote #acf3 ,! work+ ox 0 respect$ by ! anci5t ,romans z a fell[ lab\r]4 ,val]ius ,maximus 7,,viii1 #h ad f947 cites a case ( a ,roman citiz5 :o 0 put to dea?1 because1 to satisfy ! crav+ ( "o ( 8 *ildr5 = beef to eat1 he slew an ox f ! pl\gh4 ,ovid puts ?is s5tim5t 9 ! m\? ( ,py?agoras1 :5 he agrees t pigs & goats are fit subjects = sacrifice1 b prote/s aga9/ su* use ( %eep & ox54 7,metamor4 ,,xv1 #aci47 ,quid m]u]e boves1 animal s9e fraude dolisque ,innocuum1 simplex1 natum tol]>e labores8 ,immemor e/ demum1 nee frugum man]e dignus ,qui potuit curvi demto modo pond]e arati ,ruricolam mact>e suum3 qui trita labore ,ilia quibus toties durum r5ovav]at arvum ,tot d$]se messes1 p]cussit colla securi4 ,footnote #acg3 ,! le>n$ comm5tators h be5 able to discov] no?+ ab\t ei!r ?is ,plautius or ?is ,hirrius1 b x appe>s t ,ar*elaus wrote a book "u ! title ,bugonia1 ( :i* no?+ survives4 ,x may be conjectur$1 h[ev]1 on ! analogy ( ,samson's riddle to ! ,phili/9es1 ,out ( ! eat] came =? meat1 & out ( ! /rong came =? sweetness1 7,judges1 ,,xiv1 #ad71 t ,plautius meant to imply t "s good might be ! consequ5ce ( ! evil ,hirrius _h done3 & t ,vaccius cit$ ! allusion to sugge/ to ,v>ro t1 :ile he might "k no?+ mu* ab\t cattle1 8 attempt to deal ) ! subject might provoke "s useful discussion4 ,footnote #ach3 ,d>w91 ,animals & ,plants1 ,,ii1 #bj1 cites ?is passage & says t at ! pres5t day ! natives ( ,java "s times drive _! cattle into ! =e/s to cross ) ! wild ,bant5g4 ,! cross+ ( wild blood on dome/ic animals is n1 h[ev]1 always successful4 ,a rec5t visitor to ! ,g]man agricultural exp]im5t /ation at ,halle describes a curi\s hairy bea/ ) great horns1 a wild look 9 8 eye1 a :ite /reak d[n 8 back & a bumpy =ehead1 :i* _h 9 x blood f cattle :i* _h liv$ on ! pla9s ( ,?ibet1 :i* _h graz$ on ! l[l& pa/ures ( ,holl&1 :i* _h roam$ ! =e/s ( nor!a/ ,india & ( ! ,malay ,p59sul>1 & _h w&]$ ?r\gh ! =e/s ( ,g]many4 ,we ,am]icans _h sympa?y = ?is bea/4 ,he 0 "s ?+ l ourselves1 ) ! blood ( _m diff]5t races fl[+ ?r\gh 8 ve9s4 ,footnote #aci3 ,pl9y 7,,viii1 #ff7 cites ! fact t ! ,scy?ians always pref]r$ m>es to /allions = w>1 & gives an +5i\s reason = ! pref]5ce4 ,ari/otle 7,h4,a4 ,,vi1 #bb7 says t ! ,scy?ians rode _! pregnant m>es until ! v la/1 say+ t ! ex]cise r5d]$ p>turition m easy4 ,e bre$] ( heavy draft horses has se5 a m>e tak5 f ! pl\gh & h h] foal 9 ! field1 ) no detrim5t to ei!r3 & ! /ory ( ! m>e ,keheilet ,ajuz1 :o f\nd$ ! be/ ( ! ,arab families1 is well kn[n1 b be>s repetition4 ,i quote f ,sp5c] ,bord51 ,! ,arab ,horse1 p4 #dd3 ,x is relat$ t a c]ta9 ,%eik 0 fly+ f an enemy1 m\nt$ on 8 fav\rite m>e4 ,arab w>riors tru/ !mselves only to m>es1 !y w n ride a /allion 9 w>4 ,! said m>e 0 at ! "t f> along t[>d p>turition3 inde$ %e became a "m :5 ! fly+ horseman /opp$ = re/ at noonday1 ! new com] be+ a filly4 ,be+ h>d press$ ! ,%eik 0 compell$ to rem\nt 8 m>e & aga9 seek safety 9 flight1 ab&on+ ! newborn filly to h] fate4 ,f9ally rea*+ safety among 8 own p1 great 0 ! surprise ( all :51 %ortly aft] ! arrival ( ! ,%eik on 8 fai?ful m>e1 ! little filly less ?an a day old came into camp also1 hav+ foll[$ h] "m across miles ( des]t4 ,%e 0 imm$iately giv5 into ! c>e ( an old woman ( ! tribe 7,ajuz an old woman71 h5ce h] "n ,keheilet ,ajuz1 '! m>e ( ! old woman1' & grew to be ! mo/ fam\s ( all ! animals 9 ! hi/ory ( ! bre$4 ,footnote #adj3 ,v>ro does n describe ! liv]y ( ! horses ( 8 day1 z he does ( cattle1 b ,virgil 7,georg4 ,,iii1 #ha7 supplies ! defici5cy1 ass]t+ t ! be/ horses 7 bay 7spadices7 & roan 7glauci7 :ile ! lea/ e/eem$ 7 :ite 7albi7 & dun 7gilvi71 :i* is v int]e/+ te/imony 9 support ( ! mo/ rec5t !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! ?or\ghbr$ horse4 ,pr(essor ,ridgeway :o1 oppos+ ,d>w9's conclusion1 cont5ds = a multiple orig9 ( ! hi/oric & rec5t races ( horses1 has collect$ a mass ( in=mation ab\t ! m>k+ ( fam\s horses ( all ages 9 8 ,orig9 & ,influ5ce ( ! ,?or\ghbr$ ,horse4 ,he ma9ta9s t a bay liv]y1 ) a :ite /> & /ock+s1 ! developm5t ( protective coloration f an orig9ally /rip$ coat1 su* z has gone on m rec5tly 9 ! case ( ! quaggas1 is absolute evid5ce ( ! ,nor? ,african orig9 ( a horse1 & he %[s t all ! swifte/ horses m5tion$ 9 hi/ory are ( t race1 :ile ! heavi] & less mettlesome horses ( ,nor!rn orig9 h be51 :5 pure br$1 dun col\r$ or :ite4 ,( ! ,italian bre$s m5tion$ by ,v>ro1 ,pr(essor ,ridgeway conjectures t ! ,etruscan 7or ,rosean7 0 probably an improv$ ,nor!rn horse1 :ile ! ,apulian1 f ! ,s\? ( ,italy1 repres5t$ an admixture ( ,libyan blood4 ,footnote #ada3 ,ari/otle 7,h4,a4 ,,vi1 #bb7 prec$$ ,v>ro ) ?is good advice1 say+ t a m>e produces bett] foals at ! end ( f\r or five ye>s4 ,x is q necess>y t %e %\ld wait "o ye> & %\ld pass ?r\gh a fall[1 z x 7--,greek3 poie9 osp] neion4 ,footnote #adb3 ,mules 7 employ$ 9 antiquity f ! e>lie/ times4 ,9 ,hom] !y 7 us$ = draw+ wagons3 ?us ,nausicaa drove a mule team to haul out ! family wa%1 & ,priam made 8 visit to ,a*illes 9 a mule litt]4 ,hom] pr(esses to pref] mules to ox5 = pl\gh+4 ,!re 7 mule races at ! ,greek games4 ,ari/otle 7,rhetoric1 ,,iii1 #b7 tells an amus+ /ory ( ,simonides1 :o1 :5 ! victor 9 ! mule race (f]$ him only a poor fee1 refus$ to compose an ode1 pret5d+ to be %ock$ at ! idea ( writ+ ab\t semi-asses1 b1 on receipt ( a prop] fee1 he wrote ! ode beg9n+3 ,hail1 daught]s ( /orm-foot$ m>es1 al?\gh !y 7 equally daught]s ( ! asses4 ,footnote #adc3 ,! bre$ ( ,m>emma %eep dogs1 /ill pref]r$ 9 ,italy1 is :ite4 ,he is d\btless ! desc5dant ( ! l>ge woolly ,spitz or ,pom]anian wolf dog :i* is figur$ on ,etruscan co9s4 ,footnote #add3 ,9 8 essay1,notre ami le *i51 ,maet]l9ck ma9ta9s eloqu5tly t ! dog alone among ! dome/ic animals has giv5 8 confid5ce & fri5d%ip to man4 ,we are alone1 absolutely alone1 on ?is *ance planet3 & amid all ! =ms ( life t surr\nd u n "o except+ ! dog has made alliance ) u4 ,a few creatures fe> u1 mo/ are unaw>e ( u1 & n "o loves u4 ,9 ! _w ( plants1 we h dumb & motionless slaves3 b !y s]ve u 9 spite ( !mselves4444 ,! rose & ! corn1 _h !y w+s1 w\ld fly at our approa*1 l birds4 ,among ! animals1 we numb] a few s]vants :o h submitt$ only ?r\gh indiff]5ce1 c[>dice or /upidity3 ! unc]ta9 & crav5 horse1 :o responds only to pa9 & is atta*$ to no?+ 444 ! c[ & ! ox happy s long z !y are eat+ & docile because = c5turies !y h n _h a ?\ght ( _! own4444 ,i d n speak ( ! cat1 to :om we are no?+ m ?an a too l>ge & uneatable prey3 ! f]oci\s cat ^: side long contempt tol]ates u only z encumb]+ p>asites 9 our own homes4 ,%e at lea/ curses u 9 h] my/]i\s he>t3 b all ! o!rs live beside u z !y might live beside a rock or a tree4 ,! effective use ( ?is !sis 9 ! sc5e ( ! revolt ( ! dome/ic animals 9 ! ,blue ,bird w be rememb]$4 ,footnote #ade3 ,?is me?od ( secur+ ! fai?ful affection ( a dog is solemnly recomm5d$1 )\t ackn[l$gm5t to ,sas]na1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury editions ( ! ,maison ,ru/ique 7,i1 #bg74 ,footnote #adf3 ,keil happily po9ts out t 9 8 book on ! ,lat9 language 7,,vii1 #ca71 ,v>ro quotes ! anci5t prov]b to :i* he "h ref]s1 viz43 canis can9am non e/ dog doesn't eat dog4 ,footnote #adg3 ,ari/otle 7,h4,a4 ,,vi1 #bj7 says t puppies are bl9d f twelve to sev5te5 days1 dep5d+ ^u ! season ( ! ye> at :i* !y are born4 ,pl9y 7,h ,n4 ,,viii1 #fb7 says f sev5 to tw5ty days1 dep5d+ ^u ! supply ( ! "m's milk4 ,footnote #adh3 ,x 0 among ^! h>dy %eph]d slaves t ,sp>tacus recruit$ 8 army 9 #gb-ga ,b4,c41 z did ,caelius & ,milo 9 #dh ,b4,c41 :ile _! desc5dants 7 ! brig&s :o infe/$ ,s\!rn ,italy ev5 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,footnote #adi3 ,gaius1 ,i1 #aai1 ,,ii1 #bd1 #da1 describes 9 detail ! processes "h ref]r$ to by :i* a slave 0 acquir$ "u ! ,roman law4 ,footnote #aej3 ,d5nis1 9 8 ,cities & ,cemet]ies ( ,etruria1 draws a picture ( mod]n ,italy :i* may s]ve to illu/rate ,v>ro's sket* ( ! m\nta9 life ( ! %eph]ds ( 8 day3 ,occasionally 9 my w&]+s on ?is site 7,veii7 ,i h ent]$1 ei!r f curiosity or = %elt]1 "o ( ! capanne scatt]$ ov] ! d[ns4 ,^! are tall conical ?at*$ huts :i* ! %eph]ds make _! w9t] abode4 ,= 9 ,italy1 ! l[l&s be+ g5]ally unheal?y 9 summ]1 ! flocks are driv5 to ! m\nta9s ab\t ,may1 & z soon z ! great heats are pa/ are br\ght back to ! ri* pa/ures ( ! pla9s4 ,x is a curi\s sight1 ! int]ior ( a capanna1 & af=ds an agreeable div]sity to ! antiquity hunt]4 ,a little boldness is requisite to pass ?r\gh ! pack ( dogs1 :ite z new dropt lambs1 b l>ge & fi]ce z wolves1 :i*1 7 ! %eph]d n at h&1 w\ld te> 9 pieces :oev] might v5ture to approa* ! hut3 b ) "o ( ! pecoraj = a ,teuc]1 no?+ is to be fe>$4 ,! capanne are ( v>i\s sizes4 ,"o ,i ent]$ n f> f ,veii 0 ?irty or =ty feet 9 diamet] & fully z high1 propp$ 9 ! c5tre by two r\gh ma/s1 betwe5 :i* a hole 0 left 9 ! ro( = ! escape ( smoke4 ,)9 ! door lay a l>ge pile ( lambs1 !re might be a hundr$1 kill$ t morn+ & already flay$1 & a numb] ( %eph]ds 7 busi$ 9 op]at+ on ! c>cases ( o!rs3 all ( :i* 7 to be dispat*$ =?) to ! ,roman m>ket4 ,?\gh a fi]ce ,may sun blaz$ )\t1 a huge fire ro>$ 9 ! middle ( ! hut3 b ?is 0 = ! sake ( ! ricotta1 :i* 0 be+ made 9 ano!r "p ( ! capanna4 ,"h /ood a huge cauldron1 full ( boil+ ewes' milk4 ,9 a w>m /ate ?is curd is a delici\s jelly & has (t5 tempt$ me to ent] a capanna 9 que/ ( x1 to ! amazem5t ( ! pecoraj1 to :om x is vilior alga4 ,"l ( ! cauldron1 /ood a man disp5s+ ladlefuls ( ! ri* simm]+ mess to 8 fell[s1 z !y br\ght _! b[ls = _! morn+ all[ance3 & he v>i$ 8 occupation by p\r+ ! same into c]ta9 small baskets1 ! s]\s "p runn+ (f ?r\gh ! wick] & ! residue cak+ z x cool$4 ,on ! same bo>d /ood ! *eeses1 previ\sly made f ! cream4 ,9 ?is hut liv$ tw5ty-five m51 _! ne!r limbs clad 9 goat sk9s1 ) ! hair outw>ds1 realiz+ ! satyrs ( anci5t fable3 b !y _h no nymphs to tease1 nor %eph]desses to woo1 & nev] 'sat all day ,play+ on pipes ( corn1 & v]s+ love ,to amor\s ,phillida4' ,!y 7 a b& ( celibates )\t ! v[s4 ,9 su* huts !y dwell all ! ye> r\nd1 flay+ lambs or %e>+ %eep1 liv+ on bread1 ricotta & wat]1 v r>ely ta/+ meat or w9e & sleep+ on %elves rang$ r\nd ! hut1 l b]?s 9 a %ip's cab94 ,?us are ! dreams ( ,arcadia dispell$ by realities4 ,footnote #aea3 ,9 mod]n ,italy ! %eph]ds d n take _! wom5 ) !m to ! saltus1 b1 z ,d5nis says1 lead !re ! life ( celibates1 )\t ! v[s4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,9 ! ,v5itian prov9ces ( ,italy today ! wom5 are /ill se5 at "w 9 ! h>ve/ & rice fields ) _! babes 9 _! bosoms3 b ! mo/ amaz+ mod]n spectacle ( ?is k9d is t ( wom5 coal+ %ips 9 ! ,ea/1 c>ry+ _! unhappy y\ng/]s up & d[n ! coal ladd]s ?r\gh\t ! "w4 ,footnote #aec3 ,! au?or ( ,maison ,ru/ique did n agree ) ,v>ro 9 ?is op9ion4 ,i quote f ,surflet's translation ( #afjf 7,i1 #g73 ,& = writ+ & read+ x skille? n :e!r he be able to doe x or no1 or t he %\ld h any o!r *>ge to looke unto besides t ( y\rs1 or else t he %\ld use ano!r to set d[ne 9 writ+ su* exp5ces z he ha? laid out3 = pap] w admit any ?+4 ,footnote #aed3 ,?is temple & fig tree /ood 9 ,rome at ! foot ( ! ,palat9e hill1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,lup]cal4 ,x 0 "u ?is fig tree t ,romulus & ,remus 7 suppos$ to h be5 suckl$ by ! wolf4 ,footnote #aee3 ',t is ! be/e grease t is to a %epe1 to grease hym 9 ! m\! ) good meate1' says ,sir ,an?ony ,fitzh]b]t4 ,footnote #aef3 ,pl9y 7,,vii1 #ei7 says t mo/ nations le>n ! use ( b>b]s next aft] t ( lett]s1 b t ! ,romans 7 late 9 ?is respect4 ,v>ro himself wore a be>d1 z appe>s on ! co9 he /ruck dur+ ! w> ) ! ,pirates4 ,x is reproduc$ 9 ,smi?s ,dict4 ,gr4 & ,rom4 ,biog41 ,,iii1 p4 #abbg4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,c[p]'s v]se 9 ,! ,task seems to be all t is happy 9 ! way ( translation ( ,v>ro's text1 div9a natura d$it agros1 ars humana a$ificavit urbes3 b ,c[ley's ,god ! fir/ g>d5 made1 & ! fir/ city ,ca9 0 probably ,c[p]'s s\rce4 ,c[ley 0 a read] ( ,v>ro1 z 8 pleasant & sane essay ,( ,agriculture %[s4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,foll[+ ! prec$5t ( ! fir/ & second books 9 ! matt] ( local col\r1 ! sc5e ( ?is ?ird book1 relat+ to villas & ! small de]1 :i* 7 !re re>$1 is laid 9 ! villa publica at ,rome1 & ! *>act]s ( ! dialogue are select$ = ! sugge/ion :i* _! names may make ( ! d5iz5s ( ! avi>y1 ! b>n y>d & ! bee-/&4 ,footnote #aei3 ,?is ,appius ,claudius ,pul*] s]v$ 9 ,asia "u 8 bro!r-9-law ,lucullus1 0 ,augur 9 ,b4,c4 #ei1 ,consul 9 #ed & ,c5sor 9 #ej4 ,he wrote a book on augural law & ! habits ( birds at :i* ,cic]o pok$ "s r mean fun4 ,he fixes ! date ( ! dialogue4 ,footnote #afj3 ,9 ,v>ro's "t1 z today1 ! riv] ,vel9us dra9$ ! fre% pa/ures ( ! ,umbrian prairie ( ,rosea1 ! nurse ( ,italy1 :i* lay bel[ ! t[n ( ,reate 7! mod]n ,rieti71 & 0 orig9ally ! b$ ( a lake4 ,its wat]s are s /rongly impregnat$ ) c>bonate ( lime t by _! deposit ( trav]t9e !y t5d to block _! own *annel4 ,! dra9age ( ,rosea has1 !re=e1 always be5 a matt] ( conc]n to ! live /ock indu/ry ( ,reate1 & 9 ,b4,c4 #bgb ,m4 ,curius ,d5tatus op5$ ! fir/ ( sev]al successful artificial canals 7! la/ dat+ f ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,a4,d471 :i* /ill s]ve to lead ! ,vel9us into ! ,n> at ! r5[n$ ,cascate delle ,m>more4 ,= two hundr$ ye>s ! p ( ,int]amna 7! mod]n ,t]ni7 _h compla9$ t _! situation bel[ ! falls 0 endang]$ by ,curius' canal1 & f9ally 9 ,b4,c4 #ed ! ,roman ,s5ate appo9t$ ! commission to :i* ,appius ,claudius ref]s 9 ! text1 to he> ! controv]sy4 ,cic]o 0 reta9$ z c\nsel = ! p ( ,reate1 & dur+ ! he>+ /opp$1 z ,appius ,claudius did1 ) our fri5d ,axius at 8 ,reat9e villa1 & wrote ab\t ! visit to ! same ,atticus :om we met 9 ,v>ro's second book1 z foll[s 7ad ,atticum1 ,,iv1 #ae73 ,aft] ?is 0 ov] ! p ( ,reate summon$ me to _! ,tempe to plead _! cause aga9/ ! p ( ,int]amna1 be=e ! ,consul & t5 commission]s1 ! "q be+ conc]n+ ! ,vel9e lake1 :i*1 dra9$ by ,m4 ,curius by means ( a *annel cut ?r\gh ! m\nta91 n[ fl[s into ! ,n>3 by ?is means ! fam\s ,rosea has be5 reclaim$ f ! swamp1 ?\gh /ill fairly moi/4 ,i /opp$ ) ,axius1 :o took me also to visit ! ,sev5 ,wat]s4 ,:at 0 once deem$ a dang] is a d\ble s\rce ( pr(it to ! mod]n folk ( ,int]amna4 ,t\ri/s today cr[d to see ! same wat]fall :i* ,cic]o visit$1 tak+ a tram f ! busy little indu/rial t[n ( ,t]ni3 & ! wat]s :i* fl[ f ,vel9us n[ s]ve to g5]ate p[] ) :i* arm\r plates are manufactur$ = ! ,italian navy on ! site ( ! anci5t ,int]amna4 ,footnote #afa3 ,sicilian honey 0 fam\s = its flav\r because ( ! bee pa/ure ( ?yme :i* !re ab\nd$1 especially at ,hybla4 ,!ophra/us 7,h4,p4 ,,iii1 #ae1 #e7 expla9s t ! honey ( ,corsica _h an acrid ta/e1 because ! bees pa/ur$ !re l>gely on box trees4 ,footnote #afb3 ,^! d5iz5s ( ! ,roman villa are all enum]at$ by ,m>tial 9 8 delightful v]ses 7,,iii1 #ch7 ^u ,fau/9us' villa at ,baiae4 ,! picture ( ! b>n y>d is v true to life 9 all ages1 especially ! t\* ( ! hungry pigs sniff+ aft] ! pail ( ! f>m]'s wife3 ,vagatur omnis turba sordidae cortis ,argutus ans]1 gemmeique pavones ,nom5que debet quae rub5tibus p5nis1 ,et picta p]dix1 ,numidicaeque guttatae ,et impiorum phasiana ,col*orum4 ,rhodias sup]bi fem9as prem5t galli ,sonantque turres plausibus columb>um1 ,gemit h9c palumbus1 inde c]eus turtur ,avidi sequuntur villicae s9um porci3 ,matremque pl5am mollis agnus exspectat4 ,footnote #afc3 ,! se/]tius 0 "o qu>t] ( a d5>ius1 or1 say1 ! equival5t ( five c5ts4 ,x 0 also call$ nummus1 z we say nickel4 ,! ord9>y unit us$ by ! ,romans 9 reckon+ consid]able sums ( money 0 #a1jjj se/]ces1 :i* may accord+ly be translat$ z ! equival5t ( 7say7 #ej4 ,axius' jackass ?us co/ #b1jjj1 :ile ,seius' income f 8 villa 0 #b1ejj p] annum1 t ( ,v>ro's aunt f h] avi>y 0 #c1jjj1 & t ( ,axius f 8 f>m #a1ejj4 ,cic]o records t ,axius 0 a money l5d]1 :i* expla9s ! fun "h made ( 8 av>ice4 ,footnote #afd3 ,columella1 writ+ ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s aft] ,v>ro1 ref]s to ?is passage & says t luxury _h s develop$ s9ce ,v>ro's "t t x no long] requir$ an extraord9>y occasion1 l a triumph1 to br+ ! price ( ?ru%es to ?ree d5>ii a piece1 b t t _h become a curr5t quotation4 ,footnote #afe3 ,a m9]val 0 ! fee 7( ,m9]va7 paid to a s*ool tea*]4 ,footnote #aff3 ,! inv5tor ( ! auspices ex tripudiis or ! fe$+ ( *ick5s 0 evid5tly an +5i\s p\ltry fanci] :o succe$$ 9 secur+ ! c>e ( 8 fav\rites at ! public *>ge4 ,footnote #afg3 ,?is 0 ,l4 ,m>cius ,philippus1 ! orator m5tion$ by ,horace 7,epi/4 ,i1 #g1 #df71 :o 0 ,consul 9 ,b4,c4 #ia1 & 0 celebrat$ = 8 luxuri\s habits1 :i* 8 weal? enabl$ him to gratify4 ,8 son m>ri$ ! wid[ ( ,c4 ,octavius & s became ! /ep-fa!r ( ! ,emp]or ,augu/us4 ,footnote #afh3 ,?is 0 turdus pil>is1 ! v>iety ( ?ru% :i* is call$ field f>e4 ,footnote #afi3 ,! travell] by railway f ,rome to ,naples passes ne> ,v>ro's e/ate ( ,cas9um1 & if he /ops at ! m$iaeval t[n ( ,san ,g]mano to visit ! neighb\r+ ,badia di ,monte ,cass9o1 :]e ! angelic doctor ,?omas ,aqu9as 0 educat$1 he w f9d ,v>ro's memory kept gre53 = he w be ent]ta9$ at ! ,alb]go ,v>rone 7v fair b b>ga9+ advisable1 sagely c\nsels ,mr4 ,ba$ek]7 & on 8 way up ! long w9d+ road to ! ,abbey !re w be po9t$ out to him ! riv] ,rapido1 on ! banks ( :i* ,v>ro's avi>y /ood1 & ne>by :at is reput$ to be ! site ( ! old polyma?'s villa :i* ,antony pollut$ ) ! orgies ,cic]o describ$ 9 ! second ,philippic4 ,antony's de/ruction ( 8 libr>y 0 a great bl[ to ,v>ro1 b "o likes to ?9k t 8 gho/ c take satisfaction 9 ! ma9t5ance1 s ne> ! haunts ( 8 fle%1 ( su* a noble collection ( books z is ! cont9u+ pride ( ! ,abbey on ! m\nta9 above4 ,footnote #agj3 ,v>ro's ,museum1 or /udy :]e he woo$ ! ,muses1 on 8 e/ate at ,cas9um 0 n unlike t ( ,cic]o at 8 native ,arp9um1 :i* he describ$ 7de ,leg4 ,,ii1 #c7 agreeably z on an isl& 9 ! cold & cle> ,fibr5us j above its conflu5ce ) ! m important riv] ,liris1 :]e1 l a plebeian m>ry+ into a patrician family1 x lo/ its "n b contribut$ its fre%ness4 ,! y\ng] ,pl9y built a /udy 9 ! g>d5 ( 8 ,laur5t9e villa ne> ,o/ia1 :i* he describes 7,,ii1 #ag7 ) en?usiasm3 horti diaeta e/1 amores mei1 re v]a amores3 & "h he f\nd refuge f ! tumult ( 8 h\sehold dur+ ! fe/ivities ( ! ,saturnalia1 :i* correspond$ ) our ,*ri/mas4 ,9 ! ante bellum days e ,virg9ia g5tleman _h su* an (fice 9 8 h\se y>d :]e he pret5d$ to transact 8 f>m bus9ess1 b :]e actually he 0 wont to escape f ! obligations ( family & cont9u\s hospitality4 ,footnote #aga3 ,! comm5tators on ?is int]e/+ b obscure description ( ,v>ro's avi>y h at ?is po9t usually endeav\r$ to expla9 ! arrangem5ts ( ! *amb] "u ! lant]n ( ! ?olus ) respect to its use z a d9+ room :i* ,v>ro frequ5t$ himself1 & h5ce h be5 amus$ into all k9ds ( difficulties ( int]pretation4 ,! ref]5ces to ! convivae are :at lead !m a/ray1 & x rema9$ = ,keil to sugge/ t ?is 0 a playful allusion to ! birds !mselves1 a conclusion :i* is /r5g!n$ by ,v>ro's previ\s /atem5t ( ! failure ( ,lucullus' attempt to ma9ta9 a d9+ room 9 8 avi>y4 ,footnote #agb3 ,cf4 ,vitruvius1 ,i1 #f3 ,&ronicus ,cyrrhe/es built at ,a!ns an octagonal m>ble t[]1 on ! sides ( :i* 7 c>v$ images ( ! eight w9ds1 ea* on ! side opposite t f :i* x blew4 ,on ! pyramidal ro( ( ?is t[] he plac$ a bronze ,triton hold+ a rod 9 8 "r h&1 & s contriv$ t ! ,triton1 revolv+ ) ! w9d1 always /ood oppos$ to t :i* prevail$1 & ?us po9t$ ) 8 rod to ! image on ! t[] ( ! w9d t 0 bl[+ at ! mom5t4 ,! ru9s ( ?is ,t[] ( ! ,w9ds may /ill be se5 9 ,a!ns4 ,!re is a picture ( x 9 ,h>p]'s ,diction>y ( ,classical ,antiquities 9 ! article ,&ronicus4 ,footnote #agc3 ,"o v5tures to translate a?letoe comitiorum by ,mr4 ,glad/one's fam\s phrase4 ,footnote #agd3 ,read+ tess]ulas coici5tem 9 loculum4 ,footnote #age3 ,a ,fr5* translator might bett] convey ! int5tion ( ! pun1 conta9$ 9 ! duc]e s]ram ( ! text1 by ! locution1 une prise de bec4 ,footnote #agf3 ,x probably w n com=t ! ultimate consum] :o holds 9 su* odium ! celebrat$ ,s*$ule ,k ( ! ,payne-,aldri* t>iff1 to realize t ! ,am]ican wool gr[] puts no high] value on 8 %eep ?an did 8 ,roman ance/or1 z reveal$ by ?is quotation f ! /ock y>ds ( ,v>ro's "t4 ,x is int]e/+1 h[ev]1 to ! bre$] to "k t a good price = wool has always /imulat$ ! production ( ! be/ /ock4 ,/rabo says t ! wool ( ,turdetania 9 ,spa9 0 s celebrat$ 9 ! g5]ation aft] ,v>ro t a ram ( ! bre$ 7! ance/ors ( ! mod]n ,m]9o7 fet*$ a tal5t1 say #a1bjj2 a price :i* may be comp>$ ) t ( ! prize ram rec5tly sold 9 ,engl& = export to ! ,arg5t9e = z mu* z a ?\s& p\nds /]l+1 & consid]$ a good comm]cial inve/m5t at t4 ,d\btless ! m>ket = ,rosean mules com=t$ ,axius 9 8 inve/m5t ( ! equival5t ( #djj 9 a bre$+ jack4 ,footnote #agg3 ,9 feudal times ! "r to ma9ta9 a dove cote 0 ! exclusive privilege ( ! "l ( ! manor4 ,accord+ to _! immemorial cu/om1 :i* ,v>ro notices1 ! pigeons prey$ on ! neighb\rhood crops & 7 dete/$ by ! community 9 consequ5ce4 ,dur+ ! ,fr5* revolution !y 7 "o ( ! c\nts 9 ! indictm5t ( ! l&-own+ ari/ocracy1 & 9 ! ev5t ! pigeons z well z _! own]s _h ! s9s ( _! =efa!rs ju/ly visit$ ^u !m4 ,! ,am]ican f>m] :o has a pigeon-keep+ neighb\r & is re/ra9$ by ! pett9ess ( ! annoyance f mak+ a po9t on _! trespasses1 feels some?+ ( ! bl9d & impot5t wra? ( ! ,fr5* peasant aga9/ ! :ole pigeon family4 ,footnote #agh3 ,x appe>s t ! ,romans actually hir$ m5 to *ew ! food int5d$ = cramm+ birds1 s z to relieve ! unhappy victims ev5 ( su* ex]cise z !y might get f assimilat+ _! diet4 ,columella 7,,vii1 #aj7 9 discuss+ ! diet ( ?ru%es deprecates ?is practice1 sagely say+ t ! wages ( ! *ew]s are out ( proportion to ! b5efit obta9$1 & t any way ! *ew]s swall[ a good "p ( :at !y are giv5 to mac]ate4 ,! typical tramp ( ! comic pap]s :o is =ev] look+ = occupation )\t "w might well envy ^! ,roman pr(essional *ew]s4 ,n ev5 ,dr4 ,wiley's poison squad employ$ to te/ food products c\ld comp>e ) !m4 ,footnote #agi3 ,^! prices ( #aj & #ej & ev5 #hj a pair = pigeons1 l>ge z !y seem1 7 surpass$ "u ! ,empire4 ,columella says 7,,viii1 #h73 ,t excell5t au?or1 ,m4 ,v>ro1 tells u t 9 8 m au/]e "t x 0 n unusual = a pair ( pigeons to sell = a ?\s& se/]ces1 a price at :i* ! pres5t day %\ld blu%1 if we may believe ! report t m5 h be5 f\nd to pay = a pair z mu* z f\r ?\s& nummi4 7#bjj47 ,footnote #ahj3 ,! m>ket = *ick5s & eggs 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld d\btless a/oni% ! p ( ,delos z mu* z ! /ati/ics d u 7ipsa suas mirantur ,g>g>a messes674 ,x is solemnly record$ t ! ,am]ican h5 produces a billion & a qu>t] doz5 eggs p] annum1 ( a value great] ?an t ( ei!r ! :eat or cotton crops1 & yet !re are _m ( u :o _c get our h5s to lay m ?an a hundr$ eggs a ye>6 ,footnote #aha3 ,read+ ad infirma crura4 ,?is practice is expla9$ m at l5g? by ,columella 7,,viii1 #b1 #c7 :o specifies ! spurs1 calc>ibus inu/is4 ,buffon1 :o describes a 'practice ( trimm+ ! combs ( capons1 adds 7,v1 #cjb7 an int]e/+ acc\nt ( an exp]im5t :i* he says he _h made une espece de greffe animale3 aft] trimm+ ! comb ( a gr[+ cock]el 8 budd+ spurs 7 cut out & graft$ on ! roots ( ! comb1 :]e !y took root & fl\ri%$1 gr[+ to a l5g? ( two & a half in*es1 9 "s cases curv+ =w>d l ! horns ( a ram1 & 9 o!rs turn+ back l ^? ( a goat4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,! du/+ y>d :i* ,v>ro "h describes 0 9 ! op51 b ,columella 7,,viii1 #c7 advises :at mod]n p\ltry f>m]s pride !mselves ^u hav+ rec5tly discov]$1--a cov]$ scrat*+ p5 /rewn ) litt] to af=d ex]cise = ! h5s 9 r\gh wea!r4 ,x w be obs]v$ t1 s f> z v5tilation is conc]n$1 ,v>ro recomm5ds a h5 h\se op5 to ! wea!r3 ?is is ano!r /&>d ( mod]n practice :i* has _h a h>d /ruggle aga9/ prejudice4 ,columella adds two m int]e/+ bits ( advice1 t = ! com=t ( ! h5s ! roo/s %\ld be cut squ>e1 & = cleanl9ess _! wat] tr\gh %\ld be enclos$ leav+ only op5+s l>ge en\gh to receive a h5's head4 ,) s mu* enlight5m5t & sanitation "o w\ld expect "o or ! o!r ( ^! ,romans to tell u ( "s teem+ h5 l ,h]rick's :o laid h] egg ea* day4 ,we are pr\d to be able to cite ! em95t ,roseburg ,indu/ri\s ,biddy :o1 9 ! ye> ( grace #aiab1 a*iev$ ! *ampion%ip ( ,am]ica ) a record ( #bff eggs 9 t5 mon?s & n9ete5 days1 & 0 sold = #hjj3 b ,v>ro is cont5t to sugge/ t a h5 w lay m eggs 9 a season ?an %e c hat*1 & ! cons]vative ,columella 7,,viii1 #e7 t ! numb] ( eggs dep5ds ^u diet4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,! gu9ea f[l got _! ,greek "n1 meleagrides1 because ! /ory 0 t ! si/]s ( ,meleag] 7 turn$ into gu9ea h5s4 ,pl9y 7,h4,n4 ,x1 #ch7 says t !y fight e ye> on ,meleag]'s tomb4 ,x is a fact t !y are a pugnaci\s f[l4 ,buffon says t gu9ea f[l disappe>$ f ,europe 9 ! ,d>k ,ages & 7 n kn[n aga9 until ! r\te to ! ,indies via ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope 0 op5$ :5 !y 7 import$ anew f ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,read+1 propt] fa/idium hom9um4 ,cf4 ,pl9y 7,x1 #ch71 ^: explanation is propt] +ratum virus4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,!re is a ,virg9ia practice ( fe$+ a fat turkey heavily on bread soak$ 9 w9e or liquor j be=e he is kill$1 ! result be+ t z ! turkey gets into t condition :i* us$ to put our ance/ors "u ! table1 he relaxes all 8 t5dons & s is sweet] & m t5d] :5 he comes above ! table4 ,!re is a humanit>ian side to ! practice :i* %\ld recomm5d x ev5 to ! ,w4,c4,t4,u4 z well z to ! epicure4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,_m ?\s&s ( geese us$ to be driv5 e ye> to ,rome f ! l& ( ! ,mor9i 9 ,nor!rn ,gaul1 b ! ,g]mans are ! mod]n consum]s4 ,a ,briti% consul> report says t 9 addition to ! dome/ic supply a special goose tra9 ( f fifte5 to =ty c>s is receiv$ daily 9 ,b]l9 f ,russia4 ,x w\ld seem t ! goose t lays ! gold5 egg has emigrat$ to ,muscovy4 ,buffon says t ! introduction ( ! ,virg9ia turkey into ,europe drove ! goose (f ! tables ( all civiliz$ peoples4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,columella 7,,viii1 #ad7 repeats ?is my?1 b ,ari/otle 7,h4,a4 ,v1 #b1 #i7 says t geese ba! aft] bre$+4 ,buffon gives a ,gallic t\*1 ces oiseaux prelud5t aux actes de l'am\r en allant d'abord s'egay] dans l'eau4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,read+ s]is4 ,x is ! ,ci*orium endivia ( ,l9naeus4 ,cf4 ,pl9y 7,h4,n4 ,,xx1 #cb47 ,footnote #ahi3 ,v>ro does n m5tion x1 b ! ,romans knew & priz$ pt de foie gras "u ! "n ficatum1 :i* indicates t !y produc$ x by cramm+ _! geese ) a diet ( figs4 ,cf4 ,horace's v]se p+uibus et ficis pa/um iecur ans]is albi4 ,9 ,t\l\se1 :5ce n[ comes ! be/ ( ?is da9ty ( ! epicure1 ! geese are cramm$ daily ) a d\gh ( corn meal mix$ ) ! oil ( poppies1 f$ ?r\gh a t9 funnel1 :i* is introduc$ into ! esophagus ( ! unhappy bird4 ,at ! end ( a mon? ! /]tor\s brea?+ ( ! victim proclaims ! "t ( sacrifice to ,apicius4 ,! liv] is expect$ to weigh a kilogram1 7say two p\nds71 :ile at lea/ two kilograms ( fat are sav$ 9 addition1 to g>ni% ! family plat ( vegetables dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! ye>4 ,footnote #aij3 ,read+ foeles1 :i* ,kell]1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! fauna ( anci5t ,italy 9 ! ,cambridge ,companion to ,lat9 ,/udies1 id5tifies ) ,m>tes vulg>is4 ,sir ,an?ony ,fitzh]b]t calls !m fullym>tes4 ,x does n appe> t ! ,romans _h 9 ,v>ro's "t br\ght f ,egypt our h\sehold cat1 ,f4 maniculata4 ,!y us$ weasels & tame snakes = cat*+ mice4 ,footnote #aia3 ,d>w9 7,animals & ,plants1 ,i1 #h7 cites ?is passage & argues t ,v>ro's advice to cov] ! duck y>d ) nett+ to keep ! ducks f fly+ out is evid5ce t 9 ,v>ro's "t ducks 7 n entirely dome/icat$1 & h5ce t ! mod]n dome/ic duck is ! same species z ! wild duck4 ,x may be not$1 h[ev]1 t ,v>ro gives ! same advice ab\t nett+ ! *ick5 y>d1 hav+ said t *ick5s _h be5 dome/icat$ f ! beg9n+ ( "t4 ,footnote #aib3 ,! anci5t ,etruscan city ( ,t>qu9ii is n[ kn[n z ,corneto4 ,! wild %eep :i* ,lipp9us !re kept 9 8 game pres]ves 7 probably ! m\flon :i* are /ill hunt$ 9 ,s>d9ia & ,corsica1 ?\gh !y may h be5 ! ,phrygian wild %eep 7,aegoc]os argali7 :i* ,v>ro m5tions 9 ,book ,,ii4 ,pl9y 7,h4,n4 ,,viii1 #baa7 says t ?is ,lipp9us 0 ! fir/ ( ! ,romans to keep wild animals enclos$2 t he e/abli%$ 8 pres]ves %ortly be=e ! ,civil ,w>s1 & t he soon _h imitators4 ,footnote #aic3 ,read+ 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ! prec$+ f\r 99s are actually f\r in/ances ( ! inf9ity symbol 7l a digit #h rotat$ horizontally7passum4 ,! ,roman mile1 mille passuum1 0 #adb y>ds less ?an ! ,engli% mile4 ,footnote #aid3 ,( ! ?ree k9ds ( h>es m5tion$ by ,v>ro ! common ,italian k9d 0 ,l4 timidus1 a roa/ %\ld] ( :i* ,horace vaunts z a delicacy3 ! ,alp9e h>e 0 ,l4 v>iabilis1 :i* gr[s :ite on ! approa* ( w9t]3 & ! cuniculus 0 ! common rabbit kn[n to our ,engli% ance/ors z ! coney4 ,/rabo records 7,casaub1 #add7 t ! inhabitants ( ! ,gymnesian 7,bale>ic7 ,isl&s 9 ,spa9 s5t a deputation to ,augu/us to reque/ a milit>y =ce to ext]m9ate ! pe/ ( rabbits1 = su* 0 _! multitude t ! p 7 be+ cr[d$ out ( _! homes by !m1 9 :i* _! plight 0 t ( mod]n ,au/ralia4 ,!y 7 usually hunt$ 9 ,spa9 ) muzzl$ f]rets import$ f ,africa4 ,footnote #aie3 ,! edible snail1 helix pomatia1 ,l41 is /ill an article ( comm]ce 9 ,france & ,italy4 ,!y prey ^u v9es & give evid5ce ( _! appreciation ( ! be/ by ab\nd+ 9 ! v9ey>ds ( ! ,cote d'or1 ! anci5t ,burgundy4 ,!re at ! end ( summ] !y are ga!r$ = ! d\ble purpose ( protect+ ! v9es & delight+ ! epicure3 are !n /or$ 9 a safe place until cold wea!r1 :5 !y consid]ately seal up _! own %ells ) a calc>e\s secretion & s are %ipp$ to m>ket4 ,"h is ! recipe = 'esc>gots la b\rguignonne1' :i* despite ! prejudice eng5d]$ by ,leviticus 7,,xi1 #cj47 may be recomm5d$ to ! ,am]ican palate jad$ by beef/eak & potatoes & ! high co/ ( liv+3 ,mettre les esc>gots a b\illir p5dant #e a #aj m9utes dans de l'eau sale1 les retir] de leur coquille1 les lav] a l'eau froide p\r les deb>rass] du limon1 les cuire dans un c\rt-b\illon =tem5t assaisonn4 ,apres cuisson les replac] dans le coquille bi5 nettoyee1 en les g>nissant au fond et p> dessus d'une f>ce de beurre frais manipule avec un f9 ha*is de p]sil1 c]feuil1 ail1 e*alote1 sel et poivre4 ,avant de s]vir1 faire *auff] au f\r4 ,footnote #aif3 ,read+ ,,lxxx quadrantes4 ,a comp>ison may be made ( ?is capacity ) t ( ! ord9>y snail kn[n to ! ,romans1 = _! smalle/ unit ( liquid measure 0 call$ a co*le>1 or snail %ell1 & conta9$4#jb ( a mod]n p9t1 or1 z we may say1 a spoonful3 inde$ ! ,fr5* ^w cuill] is d]iv$ f co*le>4 ,footnote #aig3 ,x is p]haps well to rem9d ! ,am]ican read] t ! ,european dorm\se 7,myoxus glis4 ,fr4 loir4 ,g]4 sieb5s*laf]7 is r a squirrel ?an a m\se1 & t he is /ill e/eem$ a da9ty edible1 z he 0 by ! ,romans3 inde$ :5 fat1 j be=e he retires to hib]nate1 he might be pref]r$ to 'possum & o!r /range di%es on :i* "s hospitable ,am]icans regale !mselves & ! pati5t palates ( t\r+ ,presid5ts4 ,9 8 treatise ,de re cul9>ia ,apicius gives a recipe = a rag\t ( dormice :i* s\nds appetiz+4 ,footnote #aih3 ,d>w9 7,animals & ,plants1 ,,xviii7 says3 ,i h nev] he>d ( ! dorm\se bre$+ 9 captivity4 ,footnote #aii3 ,v>ro makes no m5tion ( tea & bread & butt] z "p ( ! diet ( a dorm\se2 s we are bett] able to und]/& 8 ab/95ce at ! mad tea p>ty 9 ,alice 9 ,wond]l&4 ,z ,m>tial 7,,iii1 #eh7 calls him somniculosus1 x is probable t 8 table mann]s on t occasion 7 no?+ new & t 8 ,engli% & ,g]man names 7 always ju/ifi$4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,?is is "o ( ,v>ro's puns :i* requires a surgical op]ation to get x into "o's head4 ,appius is select$ to talk ab\t bees because 8 "n has "s e*o ( ! s\nd ( apis1 ! ^w = bee4 ,footnote #bja3 ,! /udy ( bees 0 z int]e/+ to ! anci5ts z x is to u4 ,!re h surviv$ f among _m o!rs ! treatises ( ,ari/otle1 ,v>ro1 ,virgil1 ,columella & ,pl9y1 b !y are all made up1 z ,maet]l9ck has rem>k$1 ( erreurs *>mantes1 & = t reason ! antique lore ( bees is read p]haps to be/ advantage 9 ! melliflu\s v]ses ( ! f\r? ,georgic1 :i* foll[ ,v>ro closely4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,he might h said also t ! hexagonal =m ( con/ruction employ$ by bees produces ! l>ge/ possible result ) ! lea/ lab\r & mat]ial4 ,maet]l9ck rehe>ses 7,la ,vie des ,abeilles1 #ach7 ! result ( ! /udy ( ?is problem 9 ! highe/ ma!matics3 ,raumur avait propos au clbre ma!matici5 ,ko5ig le problem suivant3 ',entre t\tes les cellules hexagonales a fond pyramidal compose de trois rhombes semblables et gaux1 det]m9] celle qui peut tre con/ruite avec le mo9s de matire8' ,ko5ig tr\va qu'une telle cellule avait son fond fait de trois rhombes dont *aque gr& angle tait de #aji degrs1 #bf m9utes et *aque petit de #gj degrs1 #cd m9utes4 ,or1 un autre savant1 ,m>aldi1 ayant mesur aussi exactem5t que possible les angles des rhombes con/ruits p> les abeilles fixa les gr&s #aji degrs1 #bh m9utes1 et les petits a #gj degrs1 #cb m9utes4 ,il n'y avait done1 entre les deux solutions qu'une diff]5ce de #b m9utes4 ,,ii e/ probable que l'erreur1 s'il y en a une1 doit tre imputee a ,m>aldi plutot qu'aux abeilles1 c> aucun in/rum5t ne p]met de mesur] avec une precision infallible les angles des cellules qui ne sont pas assez nettlem5t def9is4 ,maclaur91 a ,scot* physici/1 *eck$ ,ko5ig's computations & report$ to ! ,royal ,society 9 ,london 9 #agdc t he f\nd a solution 9 exact accord ) ,m>aldi's measurem5ts1 !reby completely ju/ify+ ! ma!matics ( ! bee ar*itect4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,! ,romans 7 z curi\s & z con/ant 9 ! use ( p]fumes z we are ( tobacco4 ,x is p]haps well to rememb] t !y might f9d our smoke z (f5sive z we w\ld _! ungu5ts4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,inde$ "o ( ! m>vels ( nature is ! s]vice :i* c]ta9 bees p]=m = c]ta9 plants 9 transf]r+ _! f]tiliz+ poll5 :i* has no o!r means ( transportation4 ,d>w9 is mo/ int]e/+ on ?is subject4 ,footnote #bje3 ,! anci5ts1 ev5 ,ari/otle1 did n "k t ! que5 bee is ! common "m ( ! hive4 ,!y call$ h] ! k+1 & x rema9$ = ,swamm]dam 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury to det]m9e ) ! microscope ?is important fact4 ,f t discov]y has develop$ our mod]n k ( ! bee2 t ! drones are ! males & are suff]$ by ! 7normally7 /]ile work]s to live only until "o ( !m has p]=m$ 8 (fice ( f]tiliz+ once = all ! new que5 9 t nuptial flight1 s dramatically fatal to ! successful swa91 :i* ,maet]l9ck has describ$ ) wond]ful rhetoric1 :]eupon ! work]s massacre ! surviv+ males )\t m]cy4 ,?is is ! driv+ out :i* ,v>ro m5tions4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,?is picture ( ! que5 bee is h>dly 9 accord ) mod]n obs]vations4 ,x seems t :ile ! que5 is treat$ ) ! utmo/ respect1 %e is r a royal prison] ?an a rul]1 &1 aft] h] nuptial flight1 is conf9$ to h] function ( lay+ eggs incessantly unless %e may be unwill+ly dragg$ =? to lead a sw>m4 ,maet]l9ck ?us pictures 7,la ,vie des ,abeilles1 #agd7 h] exi/5ce ) a ,gallic p5cil3 ,elle n'aura aucune des habitudes1 aucunes des passions que n\s croyons inh]5tes l'abeille4 ,elle n'epr\v]a ni le desir du soleil1 ni le beso9 de l'espace et m\rra sans avoir visite une fleur4 ,elle pass]a son exi/5ce dans l'ombre et l'agitation de la f\le la re*]*e infatigable de b]ceaux peupl]4 ,en revan*e1 elle connaitra seule l'inquietude de l'am\r4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,x w\ld h int]e/$ ,axius to "k t ! annual consumption ( honey 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates today is f #ajj to #abe million p\nds & t ! crop has a money value ( at lea/ t5 million doll>s4 ,to mat* ,seius1 we might put =w>d a bee f>m] 9 ,cali=nia :o produces annually #aej1jjj p\nds ( honey f #b1jjj hives4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,maet]l9ck has made a *>m+ picture ( ?is habit ( prop9quity ( ! bee-/& to ! human habitation4 ,he describes 7,la ,vie des ,abeilles1 #ad7 ! old man :o taught him to love bees :5 he 0 a boy 9 ,fl&]s1 an old man ^: entire happ9ess consi/ait aux beauts d'un j>d9 et p>mi ces beauts la mieux aimee et la plus visites etait un r\*]1 compos de d\ze clo*es de paille qu'il avait pe9t1 les unes de rose vif1 les autres de jaune clair1 la plup>t d'un bleu t5dre1 c> il avail obs]v1 bi5 avant les exp]i5ces de ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 que le bleu e/ la c\leur pref]e des abeilles4 ,il avait in/all ce r\*] c5tre le mur blan*i de la maison1 dans l'angle que =mait une des ces sav\reuses et frai*es cuis9es hollondaises aux dressoirs de fai5ce ou t9calai5t les eta9s et les cuivres qui1 p> la porte ouv]te1 se refltai5t dans un canal paisible4 ,et l'eau *>gs d'images familires1 s\s un rideau de peupli]s1 guidait les reg>ds jusqu'au rpos d'un horizon de m\l9s et de prs4 ,footnote #bji3 ,read+ ,apia/ro4 ,?is is ! ,melissa (fic9alis ( ,l9naeus4 ,cf4 ,pl9y1 ,,xx1 #de & ,,xxi1 #hf4 ,footnote #baj3 ,bee keep]s attribute to ,reaumur ! inv5tion ( ! mod]n glass obs]vation hive1 :i* has made possible s mu* ( our k ( ! bee1 b x may be not$ t ,pl9y 7,h4,n4 ,,xxi1 #dg7 m5tions hives ( lapis specul>is1 "s sort ( talc1 contriv$ = ! purpose ( obs]v+ bees at "w4 ,! great advance 9 bee hives is1 h[ev]1 ! sectional con/ruction attribut$ to ,lang/ro? & develop$ 9 ,am]ica by ,root4 ,footnote #baa3 ,columella1 7,,ix1 #ad7 ref]r+ to ! my? ( ! g5]ation ( bees 9 ! c>case ( an ox 7out ( :i* ,virgil made ! fable ( ! pa/or ,ari/aeus 9 ! ,f\r? ,georgic71 expla9s ! practice m5tion$ 9 ! text ) ! /atem5t hic enim quasi quadam cognatione g5]is maxime e/ apibus aptus4 ,! pla/]+ ( wick] hives ) ox dung p]si/$ & is recomm5d$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury editions ( ! ,maison ,ru/ique4 ,footnote #bab3 ,read+ s$itiosum4 ,footnote #bac3 ,?is is a mi/ake ^u :i* ,ari/otle c\ld h correct$ ,v>ro4 ,footnote #bad3 ,aft] /udy+ ! comm5tators on ?is obscure passage1 ,i h elect$ to foll[ ! em5dation ( ,urs9us1 :i*1 al?\gh ,keil sne]s at its lic5se1 has ! advantage ( mak+ s5se4 ,footnote #bae3 ,s9apis arv5sis1 ,l9n4 ,footnote #baf3 ,sium sis>um1 ,l9n4 ,footnote #bag3 ,! philosophy ( ! bee is n z selfi% z t human pr9ciple :i* ,v>ro attributes to !m4 ,! hive does n s5d =? its y\? to f\nd a colony1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ab&ons its home & its accumulat$ /ore ( weal? to its y\? & itself v5tures =? "u ! lead]%ip ( ! old que5 to face ! unc]ta9ties ( ! future1 leav+ only a small b& ( old bees to gu>d ! hive & re> ! "y until ! new que5 %all h suppli$ a new population4 ,footnote #bah3 ,read+ imbecilliores4 ,footnote #bai3 ,pl9y 7,h4,n4 ,,ix1 #ha7 relates t ?is loan 0 made to supply ! banquet on ! occasion ( "o ( ! triumphs ( ,caes> ! dictator1 b ,pl9y puts ! loan at six ?\s& fi%es4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,x is impossible to translate ?is pun into ,engli%1 dulcis be+ ! equival5t ( bo? fre% & agreeable1 & am>a ( salt & disagreeable4 ,a ,fr5* translator w\ld h at 8 comm& d\x & am]4 ,footnote #bba3 ,cf4 ,pl9y 7,h4,n4 ,,ii1 #if73 ,9 ,lydia ! isl&s call$ ,calam9ae are n only driv5 ab\t by ! w9d1 b may ev5 be pu%$ at pleasure f place to place1 by :i* means _m p sav$ !mselves 9 ! ,mi?ridatic w>4 ,!re are "s small isl&s 9 ! ,nymphaeus call$ ! ,danc]s1 because1 :5 *oruses are sung1 !y move 9 tune ) ! measure ( ! music4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,read+ 9 ius voc>e1 ) ! d\ble ent5dre ( s]vice 9 a sauce & br++ to ju/ice4 ,,index ,actus 7actus guadratus71 unit ( area 9 l& measurem5t ,aegean ,sea1 d]ivation ( "n ,aesop's fable ( ! fox ,agriculture1 di/+ui%$ f graz+1 pott]y-mak+1 etc4 def9ition ( scope ( purposes (1 are pr(it & pleasure f\r divisions = ! /udy ( effect ( con=mation ( ! l& on1 effect ( "* ( soil ,albutius1 ,l4 ,alfalfa1 advice conc]n+ ,alfius1 ,roman f>m] bank] ,alp9e h>es ,amurca1 f>m uses ( us$ = ano9t+ ?re%+ floors wa/e (1 by ,romans me?od ( pres]v+ cond5s+ ,api>ies1 location ( ,see ,bees4 ,apicius1 recipe = rag\t ( dormice by1 ,appian1 quot$ ,appius ,claudius ,pul*] ,apples1 /or+ ,apulian bre$ ( horses ,aqu9as1 ,?omas ,arbu/a1 ! ,italian ,ari/a1 etymology ( ^w ,ari/otle1 on bl9dness ( puppies cit$ on goats' brea?+ ?r\gh _! e>s on ex]cis+ ( pregnant m>es on bre$+ ( m>es /ory relat$ by ,arp5t1 d]ivation ( ,asp>agus plant+1 ,asses1 use (1 z comp>$ ) o!r draught animals manure ( c]ta9 *oice bre$s ( buy+1 bre$+1 c>e (1 etc4 milk ( ,atticus1 ,t4 ,pomponius ,augeas1 ,k+1 tradition conc]n+ ,augu/9e1 ,/41 on ,v>ro indebt$ness (1 to works ( ,v>ro ,avi>ies1 pr(its f two classes ( ^? kept = pr(it ^? kept = pleasure ,avi>y1 ,v>ro's1 at ,cas9um ,b ,bakewell1 bre$+ ( %eep by ,b>b]s1 ! fir/1 9 ,italy ,b>n y>ds1 arrangem5t ( ,b>r[s1 hogs call$ ,bav>ia1 agriculture 9 ,i[a contra/$ ) t 9 ,beans1 use (1 = gre5 manur+ /or+ ,beaucl]k1 ,w4,n41 on agriculture 9 mod]n ,italy quot$ ,bees1 eggs ( unf]tiliz$ que5 ! keep+ ( !ories conc]n+ g5]ation ( treatises on1 by anci5t writ]s habits & h\ses ( money to be made f location ( /&s = food =2 /ructure & c>e ( hives k9ds ( selection ( mov+ sw>m+ ( removal ( honey g5]al c>e ( ,b5son1 ,william1 edition ( ,georgics by1 quot$ ,birds1 manure ( ,blackbirds1 h\ses = keep+ ,black/one1 op9ion by1 cit$ ,bleat1 etymology ( ^w ,blood1 use (1 9 compo/s ,bo>s1 advice conc]n+ alt]+2 wild ,boissi]1 ,ga/on quot$ & cit$ ,boke ( ,husb&ry1 ,fitzh]b]t's ,bologna sausages ,bones1 rem$y = injuries to ,bord51 ,sp5c]1 ,! ,arab ,horse by1 quot$ ,b\nd>ies1 protection ( f>m ,buffon1 quotations f cit$ ,bugs1 recipe = ext]m9at+ ,build+s on f>m ,c ,cabbage1 ,cato's advocacy ( ! plant+ se$+ ,cakes1 recipes = ,cal5d> ( agricultural op]ations ,capons1 *ick5s call$ me?od ( caponiz+ cocks ,caprae1 goats1 d]ivation ( ^w ,capreolus1 a spiral t5dril ,cascate delle ,m>more ,cas9um1 ,v>ro's e/ate ( ,cassius1 quot$ ,cassius ,dionysius ,cat1 ! mod]n h\sehold1 unkn[n to ,v>ro ,cato1 ,m>cus ,porcius ! ,de re ru/ica ( lit]>y /yle (1 comp>$ ) ,v>ro ,cats1 contra/$ ) dogs 9 relations ) man ,cattle1 leaves z fodd] = fe$+ ( c>e ( numb] & selection (1 = a f>m hon\r paid to1 9 nam+ ,zodiacal signs & ! con/ellations advice on bre$+ & fe$+ numb] (1 to be kept advice on neat cattle ,c5turia1 def9$ ,*aff1 d]ivation ( ^w ,*eese1 v>ieties & qualities ( ,*eese cake ,*e/nuts z food 9 ,italy ,*ild1 ,r41 quot$ ,cic]o1 quot$ conc]n+ ,v>ro v]se f ,clean+ gra9 ,clem5t-,mullet1 ,j4,j41 translation by ,climate1 *oice (1 9 buy+ a f>m connection betwe5 con=mation ( l& & ,clov]1 advice on se$+ ,coburn1 book on alfalfa by ,col\rs ( horses1 significance ( ,columella cit$ on pl\gh+ rules ab\t ! compo/ heap on soil improvem5t ) legumes on dang]s f mosquitoes on alfalfa quot$ ,com$y ( ,errors1 orig9 ( ,compo/ heap1 rules conc]n+ ! ,concrete1 f5ces ( ,con=mation ( l&1 effect (1 on agriculture ,con/ellations1 names ( cattle giv5 to ,coots ,corn1 /ructure ( plant /or+ ,see ,gra9 ,corn l& z di/+ui%$ f pl\gh l& ,corsican honey ,cotton se$1 utilization ( ,c\ntry life1 antiquity ( ,c[p] & ,c[ley1 l9es by ,cresc5zi1 ,pietro1 cit$ ,cultivat+ "t ,cur+ hams ,cuttage ( plants ,cyrrhe/es1 ,t[] ( ! ,w9ds built by ,d ,dante1 quotation f ,d>w91 ,*>les1 ,animals & ,plants by quot$ on dormice ,dates1 eat+ pres]v$ ,d5>ius1 value ( ! ,d5nis1 ,cities & ,cemet]ies ( ,etruria by1 quot$ ,de re ru/ica1 ,cato's ,desmol9s1 ,edmond1 cit$ ,dickson1 ,&rew1 quot$ cit$ ,diophanes ( ,bi?ynia ,disease 9 cattle1 & rem$ies ,dislocations ( bones1 rem$y = ,dogs1 wat* h]d ,donaldson's ,agricultural ,biography1 quot$ ,dondl+]1 ,book ( ,:eat by1 quot$ ,dormice1 enclosures =1 fe$+1 etc4 ,dra9+ p]iod = ,draught animals on f>m numb] & *oice ( ,dry f>m+ ,ducks1 h\s+1 c>e (1 etc4 ,dunghill f[l ,du/+ y>d = p\ltry ,e ,eggs1 ! fir/ c\rse 9 ,roman d9n]s b>r5 numb] = sett+ pres]v+ ,elm trees1 plant+ ( = m>k+ b\nd>ies ,endive1 z food = geese ,ensilage1 "q ( use (1 by anci5ts ,equipm5t ( a f>m ,f ,fall[1 z manag$ by ! ,romans ,f>m1 buy+ a lay+ out ( ! /ock+ ! z a s\rce ( bo? pr(it & pleasure effect ( con=mation ( ! l& effect ( "* ( ! soil ,f>m h&s1 all[ances = selection1 treatm5t1 numb] (1 etc41 ,f>rago1 mix$ fodd] z food = geese ,fea/ days1 obs]vance ( ,fe$ racks1 con/ruction ( ,f5ces ,f]r]o1 cit$ ,field crops1 plant+ ( ,figs1 season = propagat+ eat+ pres]v$ ,f9+ ! soil ,fi%es1 fe$+ & c>e ( ,fi% ponds fre%-wat] & salt-wat] numb] (1 on "o e/ate ,fitzh]b]t1 ,sir ,an?ony quot$2 cit$ on comb9+ two k9ds ( husb&ry on greas+ ( %eep ,flock ma/]s1 duties ( ,=age1 d]ivation f f>rago ,=age crops ,=em5 ( f>m h&s1 qualifications ( ,f[l4 ,see ,p\ltry ,f[l]1 ,social ,life at ,rome by1 quot$ ,france1 yields ( w9e 9 ,freem5 z agricultural lab\r]s ,fruits1 pres]v+ "t = us+ /or$ ,furlong1 d]ivation ( ,g ,game pres]ves ,gauls1 pre-em95ce (1 9 gr[+ & mak+ ( pork high qualities z %eph]ds ,geese1 selection (1 bre$+1 c>e1 etc4 ,geld+s1 horses call$ ,geoponica1 !2 cit$ ,georgics1 ,virgil's1 passages bas$ on in=mation f ,v>ro ,ge/ation1 p]iods ( ,glean+ ( gra9 fields ,gluma1 etymology ( ^w ,goats1 z foes ( agriculture *>act]i/ics1 bre$+ & h&l+ milk (2 use ( hair & sk9s (2 %e>+ ( ,googe1 ,b>naby1 translation ( ,h]esba* by ,graftage ( plants ,gra91 advice on se$+ /or+ ( clean+1 :5 tak5 out ( /orage "t = m>ket+ ,gran>ies1 v>ieties ( ,granum1 etymology ( ^w ,grapes1 h>ve/+ ( advice on /or+ ,grapev9es1 trellises & props = ,graz+1 to be di/+ui%$ f agriculture ,greek writ]s on agriculture ,gre5 manur+ ,guano ,gu9ea f[l ,h ,ha]$ium1 def9$ ,hair1 removal ( sup]flu\s ,hams1 recipes = cur+ & cook+ ,h>es1 v>ieties ( ,see ,rabbits ,h>te1 ,walt]1 ,essays on ,husb&ry by on alfalfa quot$ ,h>tlib1 ,samuel quot$ on pa/ure vs4 arable l& ,h>ve/]1 anci5t =]unn]s ( ! mod]n ,h>ve/ "t ,hay1 h>ve/+ ! /or+ ( ,haymak+ ,heal?1 location ( f>m /ead+ ) reg>d to ,heal?fulness ( f>ms1 importance ( ,h$ges1 myrtle ,heliotrope1 habits ( ! ,h5s ,h]d dogs ,h]esba*1 ,conrad1 cit$ ,h]rick1 ,rob]t1 quot$ ,hesiod quot$ & cit$ ,h9nies ,hives = bees1 location & /ructure inv5tors ( mod]n devices ,hogs ,hom]1 quot$ on use ( mules ,honey1 ,sicilian & ,corsican pr(its f removal (1 f hive ,honeycomb1 /ructure ( ! ,horace1 cit$ quot$ ,horses1 ox5 vs4 manure ( bre$+1 fe$+1 c>e (1 etc4 ,h\se = resid5ce on f>m ,h\sekeep]1 duties ( ! ,i ,ibn-al-,awam1 book ( agriculture by ,implem5ts1 f>m+ ,in>*+1 propagation by ,incantations z cures ,int]amna1 t[n ( ,i[a1 f>m+ 9 ,bav>ia & ,italy1 agriculture 9 mod]n ,j ,johnson1 ,samuel1 on ,h>te's ,husb&ry quot$ on ,%5/one ,joigneaux1 ,p41 on yields ( w9e 9 ,france ,jones1 ,w4,h41 on mal>ia 9 ! ,roman ,campagna ,jug]um1 def9$ ,jugum1 def9$ ,jungle f[l ,k ,kames1 ,"l1 quot$ ,keil1 quot$ cit$ ,kell]1 cit$ ,kitab al-felahah ( ,ibn-al-,awam ,l ,lab\r]s1 agricultural ,lanciani1 cit$ ,l&1 effect ( con=mation (1 on agriculture ,leaves z fodd] = cattle ,legumes1 soil improvem5t ) /or+ ,lepor>ia ,libr>y1 public1 at ,rome ,lit]ature ( f>m managem5t1 anci5t ,live /ock1 fe$+ c>e ( orig9 & importance ( husb&ry ( ,see ,cattle ,lomb>dy1 agriculture 9 anci5t & mod]n ,m ,ma*iavelli1 quot$ ,maet]l9ck1 quot$ on dogs on ! antique lore ( bees on ! ma!matics ( ! honeycomb on ! que5 bee's life on ! ne>ness ( ! bee-/& to ! dwell+-h\se ,mago ! ,c>?ag5ian1 treatise on f>m managem5t by quot$ ,v>ro's acc\nt ( ,maison ,ru/ique1 cit$ & quot$ ,mal>ia 9 ,roman ,campagna ,manure1 prep>ation ( be/ k9ds ( ,manure pits1 arrangem5t ( ,manur+1 importance ( gre5 ,m>emma %eep dogs ,m>es1 use (1 = w> horses milk ( ,m>ket day among ! ,romans ,m>l1 use (1 z manure ,m>ry+ ! v9e ,m>tial1 quotation f ,mead[s1 protection ( irrigat$1 ( ,lomb>dy ,measurem5t ( l&1 units ( area us$ 9 ,mile1 ! ,roman ,milit>y f5ces ,milk & milk+1 advice on ,m9]val1 a ,mit*ell1 ,donald ,g4 ,momms51 quot$ ,montesquieu1 quot$ ,moon1 influ5ce (1 on agriculture ,moryson1 ,fynes1 quot$ ,mosquitoes1 p]ception by ,v>ro ( damages f ,mules1 rem>ks on foal+ by uses1 c>e (1 etc4 ,murray1 ,gilb]t1 translation ( ,euripides by ,mu/ cake ,my]s1 ,f4,w4,h41 cit$ ,n ,neat cattle1 buy+1 bre$+1 fe$+1 etc4 ,neighb\rhood1 consid]ations (1 9 locat+ f>m ,neighb\rs1 treatm5t ( "o's ,nummus1 a nickel1 ,nund9um1 ! ,roman week ,nurs]ies1 protection ( ,nuts1 eat+ pres]v$ ,o ,oaks1 effect (1 on olive trees ,obo]ati1 class ( bonds]vants call$ ,oc9um1 basil ,oil1 manufacture (1 f olives ,oil-mak+ implem5ts ,olive f>m1 numb] ( h&s = work+ an ,olives1 all[ances (1 = f>m h&s reasons = gr[? 9 ,attica effect ( oaks 9 neighb\rhood ( advice on plant+ propagat+ f trun*eons h>ve/+ ( me?ods ( pres]v+ eat+ pres]v$ ,olive salad ,onag]1 wild ass ,or*>ds lay+ out & plant+ ( olive ,orni?ones ,see ,avi>ies ,ortolans1 h\ses = keep+ ,ov]se] duties ( ! location ( room ( ,ovid1 quot$ ,ox5 sell+ ( worn-out comp>ison ( horses & c>e ( ho(s ( treatm5t ( sick numb] (1 suitable = a f>m qualities (1 to be consid]$ break+ ( respect 9 :i* held by anci5t ,romans ,p ,palladius quot$ on ! ,gallic h>ve/] ,palma1 palm ,p>tridges ,pa/ures c>e ( vs4 arable l& ,pt de foie gras1 kn[n & priz$ by ,romans ,peacocks1 discussion ( ,p]fumes among ! ,romans ,p]sius1 cit$ ,petr>* on ,v>ro on ! loss ( ,v>ro's books ,philippus1 ,l4 ,m>cius ,pigeon h\ses ,pigeons manure ( k9ds & c>e ( ,pigs1 weanl+1 call$ sacr$ ,plant+ field crops olives v9es "t ( ,plants f\r me?ods ( propagat+ transplant+ cuttage graftage in>*+ "t = us+ diff]5t me?ods ( propagation me*anical action ( ,plautus ,m5ae*mi ( quot$ ,plautius ,pleasure z a ma9 purpose ( agriculture ,pl9y quot$ use ( m>l z manure not$ by on ! ,gallic h>ve/] cit$ ,pl9y ! ,y\ng]1 /udy 9 g>d5 ( ,pl\gh+1 importance ( ?or\gh ( rott5 l& ,pl\gh l&1 z di/+ui%$ f corn l& ,polecats ,pollio1 ,as9ius1 libr>y at ,rome f\nd$ by ,polybius1 quot$ ,pome fruits1 /or+ ,pomegranates1 pres]v+ ,p\ltry1 k9ds1 fe$+1 & c>e ( ,p\ltry h\ses ,protection ( nurs]ies & mead[s ,pro!ro1 quot$ ,punn+1 ,v>ro's use ( ,py?agoras ,q ,quail1 h\ses = keep+ migrations ( ,que5 bees1 rec5cy ( k ab\t ,qu9ces1 /or+ ,qu9tilian1 on ,v>ro ,r ,rabbits1 w>r5s = bre$+ & fe$+ ( d]ivation ( ,lat9 "n = ,rack+ w9e ,reate1 asses f ,recipes ,r]um ,ru/ic>um ( ,v>ro ,virgil's indebt$ness to ,re/ room = f>m h&s ,ridgeway1 quot$ on m>k+s ( horses ,ridg+ l&1 cu/om ( ,rog]s1 ,?orold1 quot$ ,roman fev] ,rome1 insecurity ( life 9 anci5t ,rosea1 dra9age (1 by artificial canals ,rosean bre$ ( horses ,rott5 l&1 precautions reg>d+ ,s ,sacr$ pigs ,salad1 olive ,salt1 all[ance (1 = f>m h&s ,saltus1 def9$ ,salutations1 ,greek1 z us$ by ,romans ,sas]na1 z a writ] on agriculture quot$ on numb] ( f>m h&s necess>y on secur+ allegiance ( dogs ,sausages ,scab among %eep & cattle ,scrat*es 9 horses1 rem$y = ,scrat*+ p5 = h5s ,scripulum1 def9$ ,scr(a1 ,tremelius orig9 ( "n ,sea birds1 manure ( ,seasons1 agricultural ,se$1 selection ( ,se$ b$1 prep>+ ! ,sell>1 cit$ ,s5eca1 on ,virgil's f>m+ ,se/]tius1 value ( ! ,%eep1 value (1 = _! manure buy+ ( fe$+1 bre$+1 & c>e ( %e>+ ( ,%eep dogs ,%eph]ds1 di/+ui%$ f f>m]s numb] & k9d (1 requisite pur*ase ( slaves = life ( ,sicilian honey ,silos ,size ( f>m ,slaves1 sell+ ( old & sick importance ( food to cont5tm5t ( selection (1 = f>m h&s numb] (1 = op]at+ a f>m buy+1 to act z %eph]ds ,snails1 recipe = prep>+ cook$ me?od ( keep+ 9 enclosures v>ieties ( fatt5+ ( ,snakebite1 rem$y = ,soil1 improvem5t ( effect ( "* (1 on agriculture diff]5t k9ds ( f9+ ! ,sol> measure ( ye> ,solomon1 quotation on pl\gh+ f ,s\r l&1 treatm5t ( ,s[+1 p]iod = ,spr+ pl\gh+ ,squabs ,/ables = live /ock ,/ead+1 build+ a husb&ry ( ! developm5t ( ! indu/ries ( ! ,/am51 etymology ( ,/ock+ a f>m ,/or+ crops ,/rabo1 inv5tor ( avi>ies cit$ ,/raw1 d]ivation ( ^w ,sw9e1 select+1 fe$+1 bre$+1 etc4 ,t ,t>qu9ii1 anci5t ,etruscan city ,taylor1 ,john1 ,arator by1 quot$ ,teals ,tee?1 tell+ age ( animals by ! ,t]ra1 diff]5t s5ses ( ^w ,?ales ( ,miletus ,!bes1 d]ivation ( "n ,!ophra/us1 works by cit$ quot$ on honey ( ,corsica ,!ssalian horses ,?9n+ v9es ,?re%+ ,?re%+ floor1 ! ,?ru%es1 pr(its f h\ses = keep+ ,tillage1 advice on ,"t1 /&>ds ( ! ,roman week ,tools1 f>m+ ,t\l\se1 production ( pt de foie gras 9 ,transplant+ ,transportation1 importance ( ease ( ,trellises 9 v9ey>ds ,trumpet1 tra9+ hogs to obey s\nd ( assembl+ wild bo>s & roebucks by ! ,tull1 ,je?ro ,turkeys1 fatt5+ effect ( introduction into ,europe1 on geese ,turtle doves1 h\s+ & c>e ( ,v ,v>ro1 ,m>cus ,t]5tius ! ,r]um ,ru/ic>um ( works (1 besides ,r]um ,ru/ic>um1 activities (1 9 w> aga9/ pirates e/ate & museum ( ,vegetable g>d5s ,v]sus1 !1 def9$ ,vet*1 d]ivation ( "n ,vet]9>y sci5ce ( anci5t ,romans ,villa1 discussion ( ! ,roman ,v9es1 = m>k+ f>m b\nd>ies advice on plant+ ?9n+ ,v9ey>ds1 ! ma9t5ance ( implem5ts = ,v9tage1 "w ( ! ,virgil indebt$ness (1 to ,v>ro =mula = te/+ s\r l& by advice on pl\gh+ cit$ on col\rs ( horses ,vitruvius1 quot$ on ,cyrrhe/es' ,t[] ( ! ,w9ds ,w ,walnut trees1 effect (1 on surr\nd+ l& ,walt] ( ,h5ley quot$ on use ( m>l z manure ,w>r5s1 def9$ ,wat* dogs1 #aaf ,wat] = cattle ,wat] supply = a /ead+ ,wean+1 ( "y cattle ( lambs ,weanl+ pigs ,week1 ! ,roman ,:eat1 se$+ yields ( /ructure ( plant h>ve/+ ( ,wild asses ,wild bo>s1 keep+ (1 9 game pres]ves ,w9d1 impregnat+ ( m>es by ! ,w9d breaks = olive or*>ds ,w9e1 cabbage z an (fset to effects ( all[ances (1 = f>m h&s yields (1 9 anci5t ,italy rack+1 #agc us$ 9 cramm+ f[ls ,w9n[+ ,w9n[+ basket1 use (1 = a cradle ,w9t] pl\gh+ ,wood pigeons1 cramm+ & fatt5+ ,wool1 %e>+ %eep = ,x ,x5ophon1 z a writ] on agriculture quot$ ,y ,ye>1 sol> measure ( ! ,"y1 ,ar?ur inscription on tomb/one ( wife f5ces recomm5d$ by on necess>y numb] ( f>m lab\r]s ,z ,z5o ( ,citium ,zodiacal signs1 hon\r paid to cattle 9