,,the ,,atlantic ,,monthly4 ,a ,,magazine ,,of ,,literature1 ,,art1 ,,and ,,politics4 ,,vol4 ,,ix4--,,april1 #ahfb4--,,no4 ,,liv4 ,,letter ,,to ,a ,,young ,,contributor4 ,my dear young gentleman or young lady1--for many are the ,cecil ,dreemes of literature who superscribe their offered manuscripts with very masculine names in very feminine handwriting1--it seems wrong not to meet your accumulated and urgent epistles with one comprehensive reply1 thus condensing many private letters into a printed one4 ,and so large a proportion of ,atlantic readers either might1 would1 could1 or should be ,atlantic contributors also1 that this epistle will be sure of perusal1 though ,mrs4 ,stowe remain uncut and the ,autocrat go for an hour without readers4 ,far from me be the wild expectation that every author will not habitually measure the merits of a periodical by its appreciation of his or her last manuscript4 ,i should as soon ask a young lady not to estimate the management of a ball by her own private luck in respect to partners4 ,but it is worth while at least to point out that in the treatment of every contribution the real interests of editor and writer are absolutely the same1 and any antagonism is merely traditional1 like the supposed hostility between ,france and ,england1 or between ,england and ,slavery4 ,no editor can ever afford the rejection of a good thing1 and no author the publication of a bad one4 ,the only difficulty lies in drawing the line4 ,were all offered manuscripts unequivocally good or bad1 there would be no great trouble2 it is the vast range of mediocrity which perplexes3 the majority are too bad for blessing and too good for banning2 so that no conceivable reason can be given for either fate1 save that upon the destiny of any single one may hang that of a hundred others just like it4 ,but whatever be the standard fixed1 it is equally for the interest of all concerned that it be enforced without flinching4 ,nor is there the slightest foundation for the supposed editorial prejudice against new or obscure contributors4 ,on the contrary1 every editor is always hungering and thirsting after novelties4 ,to take the lead in bringing forward a new genius is as fascinating a privilege as that of the physician who boasted to ,sir ,henry ,halford of having been the first man to discover the ,asiatic cholera and to communicate it to the public4 ,it is only stern necessity which compels the magazine to fall back so constantly on the regular old staff of contributors1 whose average product has been gauged already2 just as every country-lyceum attempts annually to arrange an entirely new list of lecturers1 and ends with no bolder experiment than to substitute ,chapin and ,beecher in place of last year's ,beecher and ,chapin4 ,of course no editor is infallible1 and the best magazine contains an occasional poor article4 ,do not blame the unfortunate conductor4 ,he knows it as well as you do1--after the deed is done4 ,the newspapers kindly pass it over1 still preparing their accustomed opiate of sweet praises1 so much for each contributor1 so much for the magazine collectively1--like a hostess with her tea-making1 a spoonful for each person and one for the pot4 ,but ,i can tell you that there is an official person who meditates and groans1 meanwhile1 in the night-watches1 to think that in some atrocious moment of good-nature or sleepiness he left the door open and let that ungainly intruder in4 ,do you expect him to acknowledge the blunder1 when you tax him with it8 ,never1--he feels it too keenly4 ,he rather stands up stoutly for the surpassing merits of the misshapen thing1 as a mother for her deformed child2 and as the mother is nevertheless inwardly imploring that there may never be such another born to her1 so be sure that it is not by reminding the editor of this calamity that you can allure him into risking a repetition of it4 ,an editor thus shows himself to be but human2 and it is well enough to remember this fact1 when you approach him4 ,he is not a gloomy despot1 no ,nemesis or ,rhadamanthus1 but a bland and virtuous man1 exceedingly anxious to secure plenty of good subscribers and contributors1 and very ready to perform any acts of kindness not inconsistent with this grand design4 ,draw near him1 therefore1 with soft approaches and mild persuasions4 ,do not treat him like an enemy1 and insist on reading your whole manuscript aloud to him1 with appropriate gestures4 ,his time has some value1 if yours has not2 and he has therefore educated his eye till it has become microscopic1 like a naturalist's1 and can classify nine out of ten specimens by one glance at a scale or a feather4 ,fancy an ambitious echinoderm claiming a private interview with ,agassiz1 to demonstrate by verbal arguments that he is a mollusk6 ,besides1 do you expect to administer the thing orally to each of the two hundred thousand1 more or less1 who turn the leaves of the ,atlantic8 ,you are writing for the average eye1 and must submit to its verdict4 ,do not trouble yourself about the light on your statue2 it is the light of the public square which must test its value4 ,do not despise any honest propitiation1 however small1 in dealing with your editor4 ,look to the physical aspect of your manuscript1 and prepare your page so neatly that it shall allure instead of repelling4 ,use good pens1 black ink1 nice white paper and plenty of it4 ,do not emulate paper-sparing ,pope1 whose chaotic manuscript of the ,iliad1 written chiefly on the backs of old letters1 still remains in the ,british ,museum4 ,if your document be slovenly1 the presumption is that its literary execution is the same1 ,pope to the contrary notwithstanding4 ,an editor's eye becomes carnal1 and is easily attracted by a comely outside4 ,if you really wish to obtain his good-will for your production1 do not first tax his time for deciphering it1 any more than in visiting a millionnaire to solicit a loan you would begin by asking him to pay for the hire of the carriage which takes you to his door4 ,on the same principle1 send your composition in such a shape that it shall not need the slightest literary revision before printing4 ,many a bright production dies discarded which might have been made thoroughly presentable by a single day's labor of a competent scholar1 in shaping1 smoothing1 dovetailing1 and retrenching4 ,the revision seems so slight an affair that the aspirant cannot conceive why there should be so much fuss about it4 ,the piece1 you think1 is incorrect2 why1 take it2 ,i'm all submission2 what you'd have it1 make it4 ,but to discharge that friendly office no universal genius is salaried2 and for intellect in the rough there is no market4 ,rules for style1 as for manners1 must be chiefly negative3 a positively good style indicates certain natural powers in the individual1 but an unexceptionable style is merely a matter of culture and good models4 ,dr4 ,channing established in ,new ,england a standard of style which really attained almost the perfection of the pure and the colorless1 and the disciplinary value of such a literary influence1 in a raw and crude nation1 has been very great2 but the defect of this standard is that it ends in utterly renouncing all the great traditions of literature1 and ignoring the magnificent mystery of words4 ,human language may be polite and powerless in itself1 uplifted with difficulty into expression by the high thoughts it utters1 or it may in itself become so saturated with warm life and delicious association that every sentence shall palpitate and thrill with the mere fascination of the syllables4 ,the statue is not more surely included in the block of marble than is all conceivable splendor of utterance in ,worcester's ,unabridged4 ,and as ,ruskin says of painting that it is in the perfection and precision of the instantaneous line that the claim to immortality is made1 so it is easy to see that a phrase may outweigh a library4 ,keats heads the catalogue of things real with sun1 moon1 and passages of ,shakspeare2 and ,keats himself has left behind him winged wonders of expression which are not surpassed by ,shakspeare1 or by any one else who ever dared touch the ,english tongue4 ,there may be phrases which shall be palaces to dwell in1 treasure-houses to explore2 a single word may be a window from which one may perceive all the kingdoms of the earth and the glory of them4 ,oftentimes a word shall speak what accumulated volumes have labored in vain to utter3 there may be years of crowded passion in a word1 and half a life in a sentence4 ,such being the majesty of the art you seek to practise1 you can at least take time and deliberation before dishonoring it4 ,disabuse yourself especially of the belief that any grace or flow of style can come from writing rapidly4 ,haste can make you slipshod1 but it can never make you graceful4 ,with what dismay one reads of the wonderful fellows in fashionable novels1 who can easily dash off a brilliant essay in a single night6 ,when ,i think how slowly my poor thoughts come in1 how tardily they connect themselves1 what a delicious prolonged perplexity it is to cut and contrive a decent clothing of words for them1 as a little girl does for her doll1--nay1 how many new outfits a single sentence sometimes costs before it is presentable1 till it seems at last1 like our army on the ,potomac1 as if it never could be thoroughly clothed1--,i certainly should never dare to venture into print1 but for the confirmed suspicion that the greatest writers have done even so4 ,i can hardly believe that there is any autograph in the world so precious or instructive as that scrap of paper1 still preserved at ,ferrara1 on which ,ariosto wrote in sixteen different revisions one of his most famous stanzas4 ,do you know1 my dear neophyte1 how ,balzac used to compose8 ,as a specimen of the labor that sometimes goes to make an effective style1 the process is worth recording4 ,when ,balzac had a new work in view1 he first spent weeks in studying from real life for it1 haunting the streets of ,paris by day and night1 note-book in hand4 ,his materials gained1 he shut himself up till the book was written1 perhaps two months1 absolutely excluding everybody but his publisher4 ,he emerged pale and thin1 with the complete manuscript in his hand1--not only written1 but almost rewritten1 so thoroughly was the original copy altered1 interlined1 and rearranged4 ,this strange production1 almost illegible1 was sent to the unfortunate printers2 with infinite difficulty a proof-sheet was obtained1 which1 being sent to the author1 was presently returned in almost as hopeless a chaos of corrections as the manuscript first submitted4 ,whole sentences were erased1 others transposed1 everything modified4 ,a second and a third followed1 alike torn to pieces by the ravenous pen of ,balzac4 ,the despairing printers labored by turns1 only the picked men of the office being equal to the task1 and they relieving each other at hourly intervals1 as beyond that time no one could endure the fatigue4 ,at last1 by the fourth proof-sheet1 the author too was wearied out1 though not contented4 ,i work ten hours out of the twenty-four1 said he1 over the elaboration of my unhappy style1 and ,i am never satisfied1 myself1 when all is done4 ,do not complain that this scrupulousness is probably wasted1 after all1 and that nobody knows4 ,the public knows4 ,people criticize higher than they attain4 ,when the ,athenian audience hissed a public speaker for a mispronunciation1 it did not follow that any one of the malcontents could pronounce as well as the orator4 ,in our own lyceum-audiences there may not be a man who does not yield to his own private eccentricities of dialect1 but see if they do not appreciate elegant ,english from ,phillips or ,everett6 ,men talk of writing down to the public taste who have never yet written up to that standard4 ,there never yet was a good tongue1 said old ,fuller1 that wanted ears to hear it4 ,if one were expecting to be judged by a few scholars only1 one might hope somehow to cajole them2 but it is this vast1 unimpassioned1 unconscious tribunal1 this average judgment of intelligent minds1 which is truly formidable1--something more undying than senates and more omnipotent than courts1 something which rapidly cancels all transitory reputations1 and at last becomes the organ of eternal justice and infallibly awards posthumous fame4 ,the first demand made by the public upon every composition is1 of course1 that it should be attractive4 ,in addressing a miscellaneous audience1 whether through eye or ear1 it is certain that no man living has a right to be tedious4 ,every editor is therefore compelled to insist that his contributors should make themselves agreeable1 whatever else they may do4 ,to be agreeable1 it is not necessary to be amusing2 an essay may be thoroughly delightful without a single witticism1 while a monotone of jokes soon grows tedious4 ,charge your style with life1 and the public will not ask for conundrums4 ,but the profounder your discourse1 the greater must necessarily be the effort to refresh and diversify4 ,i have observed1 in addressing audiences of children in schools and elsewhere1 that there is no fact so grave1 no thought so abstract1 but you can make it very interesting to the small people1 if you will only put in plenty of detail and illustration2 and ,i have not observed that in this respect grown men are so very different4 ,if1 therefore1 in writing1 you find it your mission to be abstruse1 fight to render your statement clear and attractive1 as if your life depended on it3 your literary life does depend on it1 and1 if you fail1 relapses into a dead language1 and becomes1 like that of ,coleridge1 only a ,biographia ,literaria4 ,labor1 therefore1 not in thought alone1 but in utterance2 clothe and reclothe your grand conception twenty times1 until you find some phrase that with its grandeur shall be lucid also4 ,it is this unwearied literary patience that has enabled ,emerson not merely to introduce1 but even to popularize1 thoughts of such a quality as never reached the popular mind before4 ,and when such a writer1 thus laborious to do his utmost for his disciples1 becomes after all incomprehensible1 we can try to believe that it is only that inevitable obscurity of vast thought which ,coleridge said was a compliment to the reader4 ,in learning to write availably1 a newspaper-office is a capital preparatory school4 ,nothing is so good to teach the use of materials1 and to compel to pungency of style4 ,being always at close quarters with his readers1 a journalist must shorten and sharpen his sentences1 or he is doomed4 ,yet this mental alertness is bought at a severe price2 such living from hand to mouth cheapens the whole mode of intellectual existence1 and it would seem that no successful journalist could ever get the newspaper out of his blood1 or achieve any high literary success4 ,for purposes of illustration and elucidation1 and even for amplitude of vocabulary1 wealth of accumulated materials is essential2 and whether this wealth be won by reading or by experience makes no great difference4 ,coleridge attended ,davy's chemical lectures to acquire new metaphors1 and it is of no consequence whether one comes to literature from a library1 a machine-shop1 or a forecastle1 provided he has learned to work with thoroughness the soil he knows4 ,after all is said and done1 however1 books remain the chief quarries4 ,johnson declared1 putting the thing perhaps too mechanically1 ,the greater part of an author's time is spent in reading in order to write2 a man will turn over half a library to make one book4 ,addison collected three folios of materials before publishing the first number of the ,spectator4 ,remember1 however1 that copious preparation has its perils also1 in the crude display to which it tempts4 ,the object of high culture is not to exhibit culture1 but its results4 ,you do not put guano on your garden that your garden may blossom guano4 ,indeed1 even for the proper subordination of one's own thoughts the same self-control is needed2 and there is no severer test of literary training than in the power to prune out one's most cherished sentence1 when it grows obvious that the sacrifice will help the symmetry or vigor of the whole4 ,be noble both in the affluence and the economy of your diction2 spare no wealth that you can put in1 and tolerate no superfluity that can be struck out4 ,remember the ,lacedemonian who was fined for saying that in three words which might as well have been expressed in two4 ,do not throw a dozen vague epithets at a thing1 in the hope that some one of them will fit2 but study each phrase so carefully that the most ingenious critic cannot alter it without spoiling the whole passage for everybody but himself4 ,for the same reason do not take refuge1 as was the practice a few years since1 in ,german combinations1 heart-utterances1 soul-sentiments1 and hyphenized phrases generally2 but roll your thought into one good ,english word4 ,there is no fault which seems so hopeless as commonplaceness1 but it is really easier to elevate the commonplace than to reduce the turgid4 ,how few men in all the pride of culture can emulate the easy grace of a bright woman's letter6 ,have faith enough in your own individuality to keep it resolutely down for a year or two4 ,a man has not much intellectual capital who cannot treat himself to a brief interval of modesty4 ,premature individualism commonly ends either in a reaction against the original whims1 or in a mannerism which perpetuates them4 ,for mannerism no one is great enough1 because1 though in the hands of a strong man it imprisons us in novel fascination1 yet we soon grow weary1 and then hate our prison forever4 ,how sparkling was ,reade's crisp brilliancy in ,peg ,woffington6--but into what disagreeable affectations it has since degenerated6 ,carlyle was a boon to the human race1 amid the lameness into which ,english style was declining2 but who is not tired of him and his catchwords now8 ,he was the ,jenner of our modern style1 inoculating and saving us all by his quaint frank ,germanism1 then dying of his own disease4 ,now the age has outgrown him1 and is approaching a mode of writing which unites the smoothness of the eighteenth century with the vital vigor of the seventeenth1 so that ,sir ,thomas ,browne and ,andrew ,marvell seem quite as near to us as ,pope or ,addison1--a style penetrated with the best spirit of ,carlyle1 without a trace of ,carlylism4 ,be neither too lax nor too precise in your use of language3 the one fault ends in stiffness1 the other in slang4 ,some one told the ,emperor ,tiberius that he might give citizenship to men1 but not to words4 ,to be sure1 ,louis ,,xiv4 in childhood1 wishing for a carriage1 called for mon carrosse1 and made the former feminine a masculine to all future ,frenchmen4 ,but do not undertake to exercise these prerogatives of royalty until you are quite sure of being crowned4 ,the only thing ,i remember of our college text-book of ,rhetoric is one admirable verse of caution which it quoted3-- ,in words1 as fashions1 the same rule will hold1 ,alike fantastic1 if too new or old2 ,be not the first by whom the new are tried1 ,nor yet the last to lay the old aside4 ,especially do not indulge any fantastic preference for either ,latin or ,anglo-,saxon1 the two great wings on which our magnificent ,english soars and sings2 we can spare neither4 ,the combination gives an affluence of synonymes and a delicacy of discrimination such as no unmixed idiom can show4 ,while you utterly shun slang1 whether native-or foreign-born1--7at present1 by the way1 our popular writers use far less slang than the ,english17--yet do not shrink from ,americanisms1 so they be good ones4 ,american literature is now thoroughly out of leading-strings2 and the nation which supplied the first appreciative audience for ,carlyle1 ,tennyson1 and the ,brownings1 can certainly trust its own literary instincts to create the new words it needs4 ,to be sure1 the inelegancies with which we are chiefly reproached are not distinctively ,american3 ,burke uses pretty considerable2 ,miss ,burney says1 ,i trembled a few2 the ,english ,bible says reckon1 ,locke has guess1 and ,southey realize1 in the exact senses in which one sometimes hears them used colloquially here4 ,nevertheless such improprieties are of course to be avoided2 but whatever good ,americanisms exist1 let us hold to them by all means4 ,the diction of ,emerson alone is a sufficient proof1 by its unequalled range and precision1 that no people in the world ever had access to a vocabulary so rich and copious as we are acquiring4 ,to the previous traditions and associations of the ,english tongue we add resources of contemporary life such as ,england cannot rival4 ,political freedom makes every man an individual2 a vast industrial activity makes every man an inventor1 not merely of labor-saving machines1 but of labor-saving words2 universal schooling popularizes all thought and sharpens the edge of all language4 ,we unconsciously demand of our writers the same dash and the same accuracy which we demand in railroading or dry-goods-jobbing4 ,the mixture of nationalities is constantly coining and exchanging new felicities of dialect3 ,ireland1 ,scotland1 ,germany1 ,africa are present everywhere with their various contributions of wit and shrewdness1 thought and geniality2 in ,new ,york and elsewhere one finds whole thoroughfares of ,france1 ,italy1 ,spain1 ,portugal2 on our ,western railways there are placards printed in ,swedish2 even ,china is creeping in4 ,the colonies of ,england are too far and too provincial to have had much reflex influence on her literature1 but how our phraseology is already amplified by our relations with ,spanish-,america6 ,the life-blood of ,mexico flowed into our newspapers while the war was in progress2 and the gold of ,california glitters in our primer3 ,many foreign cities may show a greater variety of mere national costumes1 but the representative value of our immigrant tribes is far greater from the very fact that they merge their mental costume in ours4 ,thus the ,american writer finds himself among his phrases like an ,american sea-captain amid his crew3 a medley of all nations1 waiting for the strong organizing ,new-,england mind to mould them into a unit of force4 ,there are certain minor matters1 subsidiary to elegance1 if not elegancies1 and therefore worth attention4 ,do not habitually prop your sentences on crutches1 such as ,italics and exclamation-points1 but make them stand without aid2 if they cannot emphasize themselves1 these devices are commonly but a confession of helplessness4 ,do not leave loose ends as you go on1 straggling things1 to be caught up and dragged along uneasily in foot-notes1 but work them all in neatly1 as ,biddy at her bread-pan gradually kneads in all the outlying bits of dough1 till she has one round and comely mass4 ,reduce yourself to short allowance of parentheses and dashes2 if you employ them merely from clumsiness1 they will lose all their proper power in your hands4 ,economize quotation-marks also1 clear that dust from your pages1 assume your readers to be acquainted with the current jokes and the stock epithets3 all persons like the compliment of having it presumed that they know something1 and prefer to discover the wit or beauty of your allusion without a guide-board4 ,the same principle applies to learned citations and the results of study4 ,knead these thoroughly in1 supplying the maximum of desired information with a minimum of visible schoolmaster4 ,it requires no pedantic mention of ,euclid to indicate a mathematical mind1 but only the habitual use of clear terms and close connections4 ,to employ in argument the forms of ,whately's ,logic would render it probable that you are juvenile and certain that you are tedious2 wreathe the chain with roses4 ,the more you have studied foreign languages1 the more you will be disposed to keep ,ollendorff in the background3 the proper result of such acquirements is visible in a finer ear for words2 so that ,goethe said1 the man who had studied but one language could not know that one4 ,but spare the raw material2 deal as cautiously in ,latin as did ,general ,jackson when ,jack ,downing was out of the way2 and avoid ,french as some fashionable novelists avoid ,english4 ,thus far1 these are elementary and rather technical suggestions1 fitted for the very opening of your literary career4 ,supposing you fairly in print1 there are needed some further counsels4 ,do not waste a minute1 not a second1 in trying to demonstrate to others the merit of your own performance4 ,if your work does not vindicate itself1 you cannot vindicate it1 but you can labor steadily on to something which needs no advocate but itself4 ,it was said of ,haydon1 the ,english artist1 that1 if he had taken half the pains to paint great pictures that he took to persuade the public he had painted them1 his fame would have been secure4 ,similar was the career of poor ,horne1 who wrote the farthing epic of ,orion with one grand line in it1 and a prose work without any1 on ,the ,false ,medium excluding ,men of ,genius from the ,public4 ,he spent years in ineffectually trying to repeal the exclusion in his own case1 and has since manfully gone to the grazing regions in ,australia1 hoping there at least to find the sheep and the goats better discriminated4 ,do not emulate these tragedies4 ,remember how many great writers have created the taste by which they were enjoyed1 and do not be in a hurry4 ,toughen yourself a little1 and perform something better4 ,inscribe above your desk the words of ,rivarol1 ,genius is only great patience4 ,it takes less time to build an avenue of shingle palaces than to hide away unseen1 block by block1 the vast foundation-stones of an observatory4 ,most by-gone literary fames have been very short-lived in ,america1 because they have lasted no longer than they deserved4 ,happening the other day to recur to a list of ,cambridge lyceum-lecturers in my boyish days1 ,i find with dismay that the only name now popularly remembered is that of ,emerson3 death1 oblivion1 or a professorship has closed over all the rest1 while the whole standard of ,american literature has been vastly raised meanwhile1 and no doubt partly through their labors4 ,to this day1 some of our most gifted writers are being dwarfed by the unkind friendliness of too early praise4 ,it was ,keats1 the most precocious of all great poets1 the stock victim of critical assassination1--though the charge does him utter injustice1--who declared that nothing is finer for purposes of production than a very gradual ripening of the intellectual powers4 ,yet do not be made conceited by obscurity1 any more than by notoriety4 ,many fine geniuses have been long neglected2 but what would become of us1 if all the neglected were to turn out geniuses8 ,it is unsafe reasoning from either extreme4 ,you are not necessarily writing like ,holmes because your reputation for talent began in college1 nor like ,hawthorne because you have been before the public ten years without an admirer4 ,above all1 do not seek to encourage yourself by dwelling on the defects of your rivals3 strength comes only from what is above you4 ,northcote1 the painter1 said1 that1 in observing an inferior picture1 he always felt his spirits droop1 with the suspicion that perhaps he deceived himself and his own paintings were no better2 but the works of the mighty masters always gave him renewed strength1 in the hope that perhaps his own had in their smaller way something of the same divine quality4 ,do not complacently imagine1 because your first literary attempt proved good and successful1 that your second will doubtless improve upon it4 ,the very contrary sometimes happens4 ,a man dreams for years over one projected composition1 all his reading converges to it1 all his experience stands related to it1 it is the net result of his existence up to a certain time1 it is the cistern into which he pours his accumulated life4 ,emboldened by success1 he mistakes the cistern for a fountain1 and instantly taps his brain again4 ,the second production1 as compared with the first1 costs but half the pains and attains but a quarter part of the merit2 a little more of fluency and facility perhaps1--but the vigor1 the wealth1 the originality1 the head of water1 in short1 are wanting4 ,one would think that almost any intelligent man might write one good thing in a lifetime1 by reserving himself long enough3 it is the effort after quantity which proves destructive4 ,the greatest man has passed his zenith1 when he once begins to cheapen his style of work and sink into a book-maker3 after that1 though the newspapers may never hint at it1 nor his admirers own it1 the decline of his career is begun4 ,yet the author is not alone to blame for this1 but also the world which first tempts and then reproves him4 ,goethe says1 that1 if a person once does a good thing1 society forms a league to prevent his doing another4 ,his seclusion is gone1 and therefore his unconsciousness and his leisure2 luxuries tempt him from his frugality1 and soon he must toil for luxuries2 then1 because he has done one thing well1 he is urged to squander himself and do a thousand things badly4 ,in this country especially1 if one can learn languages1 he must go to ,congress2 if he can argue a case1 he must become agent of a factory3 out of this comes a variety of training which is very valuable1 but a wise man must have strength to call in his resources before middle-life1 prune off divergent activities1 and concentrate himself on the main work1 be it what it may4 ,it is shameful to see the indeterminate lives of many of our gifted men1 unable to resist the temptations of a busy land1 and so losing themselves in an aimless and miscellaneous career4 ,yet it is unjust and unworthy in ,marsh to disfigure his fine work on the ,english language by traducing all who now write that tongue4 ,none seek the audience1 fit1 though few1 which contented the ambition of ,milton1 and all writers for the press now measure their glory by their gains1 and so indefinitely onward1--which is simply cant4 ,does ,sylvanus ,cobb1 ,jr41 who honestly earns his annual five thousand dollars from the ,new ,york ,ledger1 take rank as head of ,american literature by virtue of his salary8 ,because the profits of true literature are rising1--trivial as they still are beside those of commerce or the professions1--its merits do not necessarily decrease1 but the contrary is more likely to happen2 for in this pursuit1 as in all others1 cheap work is usually poor work4 ,none but gentlemen of fortune can enjoy the bliss of writing for nothing and paying their own printer4 ,nor does the practice of compensation by the page work the injury that has often been ignorantly predicted4 ,no contributor need hope to cover two pages of a periodical with what might be adequately said in one1 unless he assumes his editor to be as foolish as himself4 ,the ,spartans exiled ,ctesiphon for bragging that he could speak the whole day on any subject selected2 and a modern magazine is of little value1 unless it has a ,spartan at its head4 ,strive always to remember--though it does not seem intended that we should quite bring it home to ourselves--that ,to-,day is a king in disguise1 and that this ,american literature of ours will be just as classic a thing1 if we do our part1 as any which the past has treasured4 ,there is a mirage over all literary associations4 ,keats and ,lamb seem to our young people to be existences as remote and legendary as ,homer1 yet it is not an old man's life since ,keats was an awkward boy at the door of ,hazlitt's lecture-room1 and ,lamb was introducing ,talfourd to ,wordsworth as his own only admirer4 ,in reading ,spence's ,anecdotes1 ,pope and ,addison appear no farther off2 and wherever ,i open ,bacon's ,essays1 ,i am sure to end at last with that one magical sentence1 annihilating centuries1 ,when ,i was a child1 and ,queen ,elizabeth was in the flower of her years4 ,and this imperceptible transformation of the commonplace present into the storied past applies equally to the pursuits of war and to the serenest works of peace4 ,be not misled by the excitements of the moment into overrating the charms of military life4 ,in this chaos of uniforms1 we seem to be approaching times such as existed in ,england after ,waterloo1 when the splenetic ,byron declared that the only distinction was to be a little undistinguished4 ,no doubt1 war brings out grand and unexpected qualities1 and there is a perennial fascination in the ,elizabethan ,raleighs and ,sidneys1 alike heroes of pen and sword4 ,but the fact is patent1 that there is scarcely any art whose rudiments are so easy to acquire as the military2 the manuals of tactics have no difficulties comparable to those of the ordinary professional text-books2 and any one who can drill a boat's crew or a ball-club can learn in a very few weeks to drill a company or even a regiment4 ,given in addition the power to command1 to organize1 and to execute1--high qualities1 though not rare in this community1--and you have a man needing but time and experience to make a general4 ,more than this can be acquired only by an exclusive absorption in this one art2 as ,napoleon said1 that1 to have good soldiers1 a nation must be always at war4 ,if1 therefore1 duty and opportunity call1 count it a privilege to obtain your share in the new career2 throw yourself into it as resolutely and joyously as if it were a summer-campaign in the ,adirondack1 but never fancy for a moment that you have discovered any grander or manlier life than you might be leading every day at home4 ,it is not needful here to decide which is intrinsically the better thing1 a column of a newspaper or a column of attack1 ,wordsworth's ,lines on ,immortality or ,wellington's ,lines of ,torres ,vedras2 each is noble1 if nobly done1 though posterity seems to remember literature the longest4 ,the writer is not celebrated for having been the favorite of the conqueror1 but sometimes the conqueror only for having favored or even for having spurned the writer4 ,when the great ,sultan died1 his power and glory departed from him1 and nothing remained but this one fact1 that he knew not the worth of ,ferdousi4 ,there is a slight delusion in this dazzling glory4 ,what a fantastic whim the young lieutenants thought it1 when ,general ,wolfe1 on the eve of battle1 said of ,gray's ,elegy1 ,gentlemen1 ,i would rather have written that poem than have taken ,quebec4 ,yet1 no doubt1 it is by the memory of that remark that ,wolfe will live the longest1--aided by the stray line of another poet1 still reminding us1 not needlessly1 that ,wolfe's great name's cotemporal with our own4 ,once the poets and the sages were held to be pleasing triflers1 fit for hours of relaxation in the lulls of war4 ,now the pursuits of peace are recognized as the real1 and war as the accidental4 ,it interrupts all higher avocations1 as does the cry of fire3 when the fire is extinguished1 the important affairs of life are resumed4 ,six years ago the ,london ,times was bewailing that all thought and culture in ,england were suspended by the ,crimean ,war4 ,we want no more books4 ,give us good recruits1 at least five feet seven1 a good model for a floating-battery1 and a gun to take effect at five thousand yards1--and ,whigs and ,tories1 ,high and ,low ,church1 the poets1 astronomers1 and critics1 may settle it among themselves4 ,how remote seems that epoch now6 and how remote will the present soon appear6 while art and science will resume their sway serene1 beneath skies eternal4 ,yesterday ,i turned from treatises on gunnery and fortification to open ,milton's ,latin ,poems1 which ,i had never read1 and there1 in the ,sylvarum ,liber1 ,i came upon a passage as grand as anything in ,paradise ,lost1--his description of ,plato's archetypal man1 the vast ideal of the human race1 eternal1 incorrupt1 coeval with the stars1 dwelling either in the sidereal spaces1 or among the ,lethean mansions of souls unborn1 or pacing the unexplored confines of the habitable globe4 ,there stood the majestic image1 veiled in a dead language1 yet still visible2 and it was as if one of the poet's own sylvan groves had been suddenly cut down1 and opened a view of ,olympus4 ,then all these present fascinating trivialities of war and diplomacy ebbed away1 like ,greece and ,rome before them1 and there seemed nothing real in the universe but ,plato's archetypal man4 ,indeed1 it is the same with all contemporary notorieties4 ,in all free governments1 especially1 it is the habit to overrate the dramatis personae of the hour4 ,how empty to us are now the names of the great politicians of the last generation1 as ,crawford and ,lowndes6--yet it is but a few years since these men filled in the public ear as large a space as ,clay or ,calhoun afterwards1 and when they died1 the race of the giants was thought ended4 ,the path to oblivion of these later idols is just as sure2 even ,webster will be to the next age but a mighty tradition1 and all that he has left will seem no more commensurate with his fame than will his statue by ,powers4 ,if anything preserves the statesmen of to-day1 it will be only because we are coming to a contest of more vital principles1 which may better embalm the men4 ,of all gifts1 eloquence is the most short-lived4 ,the most accomplished orator fades forgotten1 and his laurels pass to some hoarse1 inaudible ,burke1 accounted rather a bore during his lifetime1 and possessed of a faculty of scattering1 not convincing1 the members of the ,house4 ,after all1 said the brilliant ,choate1 with melancholy foreboding1 a book is the only immortality4 ,so few men in any age are born with a marked gift for literary expression1 so few of this number have access to high culture1 so few even of these have the personal nobleness to use their powers well1 and this small band is finally so decimated by disease and manifold disaster1 that it makes one shudder to observe how little of the embodied intellect of any age is left behind4 ,literature is attar of roses1 one distilled drop from a million blossoms4 ,think how ,spain and ,portugal once divided the globe between them in a treaty1 when ,england was a petty kingdom of illiterate tribes6--and now all ,spain is condensed for us into ,cervantes1 and all ,portugal into the fading fame of the unread ,camoens4 ,the long magnificence of ,italian culture has left us only ,i ,quattro ,poeti1 the ,four ,poets4 ,the difference between ,shakspeare and his contemporaries is not that he is read twice1 ten times1 a hundred times as much as they3 it is an absolute difference2 he is read1 and they are only printed4 ,yet1 if our life be immortal1 this temporary distinction is of little moment1 and we may learn humility1 without learning despair1 from earth's evanescent glories4 ,who cannot bear a few disappointments1 if the vista be so wide that the mute inglorious ,miltons of this sphere may in some other sing their ,paradise as ,found8 ,war or peace1 fame or forgetfulness1 can bring no real injury to one who has formed the fixed purpose to live nobly day by day4 ,i fancy that in some other realm of existence we may look back with some kind interest on this scene of our earlier life1 and say to one another1--,do you remember yonder planet1 where once we went to school8 ,and whether our elective study here lay chiefly in the fields of action or of thought will matter little to us then1 when other schools shall have led us through other disciplines4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,john ,,lamar4 ,the guard-house was1 in fact1 nothing but a shed in the middle of a stubble-field4 ,it had been built for a cider-press last summer2 but since ,captain ,dorr had gone into the army1 his regiment had camped over half his plantation1 and the shed was boarded up1 with heavy wickets at either end1 to hold whatever prisoners might fall into their hands from ,floyd's forces4 ,it was a strong point for the ,federal troops1 his farm1--a sort of wedge in the ,rebel ,cheat counties of ,western ,virginia4 ,only one prisoner was in the guard-house now4 ,the sentry1 a raw boat-hand from ,illinois1 gaped incessantly at him through the bars1 not sure if the ,secesh were limbed and headed like other men2 but the ,november fog was so thick that he could discern nothing but a short1 squat man1 in brown clothes and white hat1 heavily striding to and fro4 ,a negro was crouching outside1 his knees cuddled in his arms to keep warm3 a field-hand1 you could be sure from the face1 a grisly patch of flabby black1 with a dull eluding word of something1 you could not tell what1 in the points of eyes1--treachery or gloom4 ,the prisoner stopped1 cursing him about something3 the only answer was a lazy rub of the heels4 ,got any 'baccy1 ,mars' ,john8 he whined1 in the middle of the hottest oath4 ,the man stopped abruptly1 turning his pockets inside out4 ,that's all1 ,ben1 he said1 kindly enough4 ,now begone1 you black devil6 ,dem's um1 ,mars'6 ,goin' 'mediate1--catching the tobacco1 and lolling down full length as his master turned off again4 ,dave ,hall1 the sentry1 stared reflectively1 and sat down4 ,ben8 ,who air you next8--nursing his musket across his knees1 baby-fashion4 ,ben measured him with one eye1 polished the quid in his greasy hand1 and looked at it4 ,pris'ner o' war1 he mumbled1 finally1--contemptuously2 for ,dave's trousers were in rags like his own1 and his chilblained toes stuck through the shoe-tops4 ,cheap white trash1 clearly4 ,yer master's some at swearin'4 ,heow many1 neow1 hes he like you1 down to ,georgy8 ,the boatman's bony face was gathering a woful pity4 ,he had enlisted to free the ,uncle ,toms1 and carry ,god's vengeance to the ,legrees4 ,here they were1 a pair of them4 ,ben squinted another critical survey of the miss'able ,linkinite4 ,how many wells hev yer poisoned since yer set out8 he muttered4 ,the sentry stopped4 ,how many 'longin' to de ,lamars8 ',bout as many as der's dam' ,yankees in ,richmond 'baccy-houses6 ,something in ,dave's shrewd1 whitish eye warned him off4 ,ki yi6 yer white nigger1 yer6 he chuckled1 shuffling down the stubble4 ,dave clicked his musket1--then1 choking down an oath into a grim ,methodist psalm1 resumed his walk1 looking askance at the coarse-moulded face of the prisoner peering through the bars1 and the diamond studs in his shirt1--bought with human blood1 doubtless4 ,the man was the black curse of slavery itself in the flesh1 in his thought somehow1 and he hated him accordingly4 ,our men of the ,northwest have enough brawny ,covenanter muscle in their religion to make them good haters for opinion's sake4 ,lamar1 the prisoner1 watched him with a lazy drollery in his sluggish black eyes4 ,it died out into sternness1 as he looked beyond the sentry4 ,he had seen this ,cheat country before2 this very plantation was his grandfather's a year ago1 when he had come up from ,georgia here1 and loitered out the summer months with his ,virginia cousins1 hunting4 ,that was a pleasant summer6 ,something in the remembrance of it flashed into his eyes1 dewy1 genial2 the man's leather-covered face reddened like a child's4 ,only a year ago1--and now----,the plantation was ,charley ,dorr's now1 who had married ,ruth4 ,this very shed he and ,dorr had planned last spring1 and now ,charley held him a prisoner in it4 ,the very thought of ,charley ,dorr warmed his heart4 ,why1 he could thank ,god there were such men4 ,true grit1 every inch of his little body6 ,there1 last summer1 how he had avoided ,ruth until the day when he 7,lamar7 was going away6--then he told him he meant to try and win her4 ,she cared most for you always1 ,lamar had said1 bitterly2 why have you waited so long8 ,you loved her first1 ,john1 you know4 ,that was like a man6 ,he remembered that even that day1 when his pain was breathless and sharp1 the words made him know that ,dorr was fit to be her husband4 ,dorr was his friend4 ,the word meant much to ,john ,lamar4 ,he thought less meanly of himself1 when he remembered it4 ,charley's prisoner6 ,an odd chance6 ,better that than to have met in battle4 ,he thrust back the thought1 the sweat oozing out on his face1--something within him muttering1 ,for ,liberty6 ,i would have killed him1 so help me ,god6 ,he had brought despatches to ,general ,lee1 that he might see ,charley1 and the old place1 and--,ruth again2 there was a gnawing hunger in his heart to see them4 ,fool6 what was he to them8 ,the man's face grew slowly pale1 as that of a savage or an animal does1 when the wound is deep and inward4 ,the ,november day was dead1 sunless3 since morning the sky had had only enough life in it to sweat out a few muddy drops1 that froze as they fell3 the cold numbed his mouth as he breathed it4 ,this stubbly slope was where he and his grandfather had headed the deer3 it was covered with hundreds of dirty1 yellow tents now4 ,around there were hills like uncouth monsters1 swathed in ice1 holding up the soggy sky2 shivering pine-forests2 unmeaning1 dreary flats2 and the ,cheat1 coiled about the frozen sinews of the hills1 limp and cold1 like a cord tying a dead man's jaws4 ,whatever outlook of joy or worship this region had borne on its face in time gone1 it turned to him to-day nothing but stagnation1 a great death4 ,he wondered idly1 looking at it1 7for the old ,huguenot brain of the man was full of morbid fancies17 if it were winter alone that had deadened color and pulse out of these full-blooded hills1 or if they could know the colder horror crossing their threshold1 and forgot to praise ,god as it came4 ,over that farthest ridge the house had stood4 ,the guard 7he had been taken by a band of ,snake-hunters1 back in the hills7 had brought him past it4 ,it was a heap of charred rafters4 ,burned in the night1 they said1 when the old ,colonel was alone4 ,they were very willing to show him this1 as it was done by his own party1 the ,secession ,bush-whackers2 took him to the wood-pile to show him where his grandfather had been murdered1 7there was a red mark17 and buried1 his old hands above the ground4 ,colonel said 't was a job fur us to pay up2 so we went to the village an' hed a scrimmage1--pointing to gaps in the hedges where the dead ,bush-whackers yet lay unburied4 ,he looked at them1 and at the besotted faces about him1 coolly4 ,snake-hunters and ,bush-whackers1 he knew1 both armies used in ,virginia as tools for rapine and murder3 the sooner the ,devil called home his own1 the better4 ,and yet1 it was not ,god's fault1 surely1 that there were such tools in the ,north1 any more than that in the ,south ,ben was--,ben4 ,something was rotten in freer ,states than ,denmark1 he thought4 ,one of the men went into the hedge1 and brought out a child's golden ringlet as a trophy4 ,lamar glanced in1 and saw the small face in its woollen hood1 dimpled yet1 though dead for days4 ,he remembered it4 ,jessy ,birt1 the ferryman's little girl4 ,she used to come up to the house every day for milk4 ,he wondered for which flag she died4 ,ruth was teaching her to write4 ,ruth6 ,some old pain hurt him just then1 nearer than even the blood of the old man or the girl crying to ,god from the ground4 ,the sergeant mistook the look4 ,they'll be buried1 he said1 gruffly4 ,ye brought it on yerselves4 ,and so led him to the ,federal camp4 ,the afternoon grew colder1 as he stood looking out of the guard-house4 ,snow began to whiten through the gray4 ,he thrust out his arm through the wicket1 his face kindling with childish pleasure1 as he looked closer at the fairy stars and crowns on his shaggy sleeve4 ,if ,floy were here6 ,she never had seen snow4 ,when the flakes had melted off1 he took a case out of his pocket to look at ,floy4 ,his sister1--a little girl who had no mother1 nor father1 nor lover1 but ,lamar4 ,the man among his brother officers in ,richmond was coarse1 arrogant1 of dogged courage1 keen palate at the table1 as keen eye on the turf4 ,sickly little ,floy1 down at home1 knew the way to something below all this3 just as they of the ,rommany blood see below the muddy boulders of the streets the enchanted land of ,boabdil bare beneath4 ,lamar polished the ivory painting with his breath1 remembering that he had drunk nothing for days4 ,a child's face1 of about twelve1 delicate1--a breath of fever or cold would shatter such weak beauty2 big1 dark eyes1 7her mother was pure ,castilian17 out of which her little life looked irresolute into the world1 uncertain what to do there4 ,the painter1 with an unapt fancy1 had clustered about the ,southern face the ,southern emblem1 buds of the magnolia1 unstained1 as yet1 as pearl4 ,it angered ,lamar1 remembering how the creamy whiteness of the full-blown flower exhaled passion of which the crimsonest rose knew nothing1--a content1 ecstasy1 in animal life4 ,would ,floy----,well1 ,god help them both6 they needed help4 ,three hundred souls was a heavy weight for those thin little hands to hold sway over1--to lead to hell or heaven4 ,up ,north they could have worked for her1 and gained only her money4 ,so ,lamar reasoned1 like a ,georgian3 scribbling a letter to ,my ,baby on the wrapper of a newspaper1--drawing the shapes of the snowflakes1--telling her he had reached their grandfather's plantation1 but have not seen our ,cousin ,ruth yet1 of whom you may remember ,i have told you1 ,floy4 ,when you grow up1 ,i should like you to be just such a woman2 so remember1 my darling1 if ,i----,he scratched the last words out3 why should he hint to her that he could die8 ,holding his life loose in his hand1 though1 had brought things closer to him lately1--,god and death1 this war1 the meaning of it all4 ,but he would keep his brawny body between these terrible realities and ,floy1 yet awhile4 ,i want you1 he wrote1 to leave the plantation1 and go with your old maumer to the village4 ,it will be safer there4 ,he was sure the letter would reach her4 ,he had a plan to escape to-night1 and he could put it into a post inside the lines4 ,ben was to get a small hand-saw that would open the wicket2 the guards were not hard to elude4 ,glancing up1 he saw the negro stretched by a camp-fire1 listening to the gaunt boatman1 who was off duty4 ,preaching ,abolitionism1 doubtless3 he could hear ,ben's derisive shouts of laughter4 ,and so1 good bye1 ,baby ,florence6 he scrawled4 ,i wish ,i could send you some of this snow1 to show you what the floor of heaven is like4 ,while the snow fell faster--without1 he stopped writing1 and began idly drawing a map of ,georgia on the tan-bark with a stick4 ,here the ,federal troops could effect a landing3 he knew the defences at that point4 ,if they did8 ,he thought of these ,snake-hunters who had found in the war a peculiar road for themselves downward with no gallows to stumble over1 fancied he saw them skulking through the fields at ,cedar ,creek1 closing around the house1 and behind them a mass of black faces and bloody bayonets4 ,floy alone1 and he here1--like a rat in a trap6 ,god keep my little girl6 he wrote1 unsteadily4 ,god bless you1 ,floy6 ,he gasped for breath1 as if he had been writing with his heart's blood4 ,folding up the paper1 he hid it inside his shirt and began his dogged walk1 calculating the chances of escape4 ,once out of this shed1 he could baffle a blood-hound1 he knew the hills so well4 ,his head bent down1 he did not see a man who stood looking at him over the wicket4 ,captain ,dorr4 ,a puny little man1 with thin yellow hair1 and womanish face3 but not the less the hero of his men1--they having found out1 somehow1 that muscle was not the solidest thing to travel on in war-times4 ,our regiments of roughs were not altogether crowned with laurel at ,manassas6 ,so the men built more on the old ,greatheart soul in the man's blue eyes3 one of those souls born and bred pure1 sent to teach1 that can find breath only in the free ,north4 ,his hearty ,hillo6 startled ,lamar4 ,how are you1 old fellow8 he said1 unlocking the gate and coming in4 ,lamar threw off his wretched thoughts1 glad to do it4 ,what need to borrow trouble8 ,he liked a laugh1--had a lazy1 jolly humor of his own4 ,dorr had finished drill1 and come up1 as he did every day1 to freshen himself with an hour's talk to this warm1 blundering fellow4 ,in this dismal war-work1 7though his whole soul was in that1 too17 it was like putting your hands to a big blaze4 ,dorr had no near relations2 ,lamar--they had played marbles together--stood to him where a younger brother might have stood4 ,yet1 as they talked1 he could not help his keen eye seeing him just as he was4 ,poor ,john6 he thought3 the same uncouth-looking effort of humanity that he had been at ,yale4 ,no wonder the ,northern boys jeered him1 with his sloth-ways1 his mouthed ,english1 torpid eyes1 and brain shut up in that worst of mud-moulds1--belief in caste4 ,even now1 going up and down the tan-bark1 his step was dead1 sodden1 like that of a man in whose life ,god had not yet wakened the full live soul4 ,it was wakening1 though1 ,dorr thought4 ,some pain or passion was bringing the man in him out of the flesh1 vigilant1 alert1 aspirant4 ,a different man from ,dorr4 ,in fact1 ,lamar was just beginning to think for himself1 and of course his thoughts were defiant1 intolerant4 ,he did not comprehend how his companion could give his heresies such quiet welcome1 and pronounce sentence of death on them so coolly4 ,because ,dorr had gone farther up the mountain1 had he the right to make him follow in the same steps8 ,the right1--that was it4 ,by brute force1 too8 ,human freedom1 eh8 ,consequently1 their talks were stormy enough4 ,to-day1 however1 they were on trivial matters4 ,i've brought the ,general's order for your release at last1 ,john4 ,it confines you to this district1 however4 ,lamar shook his head4 ,no parole for me6 ,my stake outside is too heavy for me to remain a prisoner on anything but compulsion4 ,i mean to escape1 if ,i can4 ,floy has nobody but me1 you know1 ,charley4 ,there was a moment's silence4 ,i wish1 said ,dorr1 half to himself1 the child was with her cousin ,ruth4 ,if she could make her a woman like herself6 ,you are kind1 ,lamar forced out1 thinking of what might have been a year ago4 ,dorr had forgotten4 ,he had just kissed little ,ruth at the door-step1 coming away3 thinking1 as he walked up to camp1 how her clear thought1 narrow as it was1 was making his own higher1 more just2 wondering if the tears on her face last night1 when she got up from her knees after prayer1 might not help as much in the great cause of truth as the life he was ready to give4 ,he was so used to his little wife now1 that he could look to no hour of his past life1 nor of the future coming ages of event and work1 where she was not present1--very flesh of his flesh1 heart of his heart4 ,a gulf lay between them and the rest of the world4 ,it was hardly probable he could see her as a woman towards whom another man looked across the gulf1 dumb1 hopeless1 defrauded of his right4 ,she sent you some flowers1 by the way1 ,john1--the last in the yard1--and bade me be sure and bring you down with me4 ,your own colors1 you see8--to put you in mind of home1--pointing to the crimson asters flaked with snow4 ,the man smiled faintly3 the smell of the flowers choked him3 he laid them aside4 ,god knows he was trying to wring out this bitter old thought3 he could not look in ,dorr's frank eyes while it was there4 ,he must escape to-night3 he never would come near them again1 in this world1 or beyond death1--never6 ,he thought of that like a man going to drag through eternity with half his soul gone4 ,very well3 there was man enough left in him to work honestly and bravely1 and to thank ,god for that good pure love he yet had4 ,he turned to ,dorr with a flushed face1 and began talking of ,floy in hearty earnest1--glancing at ,ben coming up the hill1 thinking that escape depended on him4 ,i ordered your man up1 said ,captain ,dorr4 ,some canting ,abolitionist had him open-mouthed down there4 ,the negro came in1 and stood in the corner1 listening while they talked4 ,a gigantic fellow1 with a gladiator's muscles4 ,stronger than that ,yankee captain1 he thought1--than either of them3 better breathed1--drawing the air into his brawny chest4 ,a man and a brother4 ,did the fool think he didn't know that before8 ,he had a contempt for ,dave and his like4 ,lamar would have told you ,dave's words were true1 but despised the man as a crude1 unlicked bigot4 ,ben did the same1 with no words for the idea4 ,the negro instinct in him recognized gentle blood by any of its signs1--the transparent animal life1 the reticent eye1 the mastered voice3 he had better men than ,lamar at home to learn it from4 ,it is a trait of serfdom1 the keen eye to measure the inherent rights of a man to be master4 ,a negro or a ,catholic ,irishman does not need ,sartor ,resartus to help him to see through any clothes4 ,ben leaned1 half-asleep1 against the wall1 some old thoughts creeping out of their hiding-places through the torpor1 like rats to the sunshine3 the boatman's slang had been hot and true enough to rouse them in his brain4 ,so1 ,ben1 said his master1 as he passed once1 your friend has been persuading you to exchange the cotton-fields at ,cedar ,creek for ,new-,york alleys1 eh8 ,ki6 laughed ,ben1 white darkey4 ,mind ole dad1 ,mars' ,john1 as took off in der swamp8 ,um asked dat ,linkinite ef him saw dad up ,norf4 ,guess him's free now4 ,ki6 ole dad6 ,the swamp was the place for him1 said ,lamar4 ,i remember4 ,dunno1 said the negro1 surlily3 him's dad1 af'er all3 tink him's free now1--and mumbled down into a monotonous drone about ,oh yo1 bredern1 is yer gwine ober ,jordern8 ,half-asleep1 they thought1--but with dull questionings at work in his brain1 some queer notions about freedom1 of that unknown ,north1 mostly mixed with his remembrance of his father1 a vicious old negro1 that in ,pennsylvania would have worked out his salvation in the under cell of the penitentiary1 but in ,georgia1 whipped into heroism1 had betaken himself into the swamp1 and never returned4 ,tradition among the ,lamar slaves said he had got off to ,ohio1 of which they had as clear an idea as most of us have of heaven4 ,at any rate1 old ,kite became a mystery1 to be mentioned with awe at fish-bakes and barbecues4 ,he was this uncouth wretch's father1--do you understand8 ,the flabby-faced boy1 flogged in the cotton-field for whining after his dad1 or hiding away part of his flitch and molasses for months in hopes the old man would come back1 was rather a comical object1 you would have thought4 ,very different his1 from the feeling with which you left your mother's grave1--though as yet we have not invented names for the emotions of those people4 ,we'll grant that it hurt ,ben a little1 however4 ,even the young polypus1 when it is torn from the old one1 bleeds a drop or two1 they say4 ,as he grew up1 the great ,north glimmered through his thought1 a sort of big field1--a paradise of no work1 no flogging1 and white bread every day1 where the old man sat and ate his fill4 ,the second point in ,ben's history was that he fell in love4 ,just as you did1--with the difference1 of course3 though the hot sun1 or the perpetual foot upon his breast1 does not make our black ,prometheus less fierce in his agony of hope or jealousy than you1 ,i am afraid4 ,it was ,nan1 a pale mulatto house-servant1 that the field-hand took into his dull1 lonesome heart to make life of1 with true-love defiance of caste4 ,i think ,nan liked him very truly4 ,she was lame and sickly1 and if ,ben was black and a picker1 and stayed in the quarters1 he was strong1 like a master to her in some ways3 the only thing she could call hers in the world was the love the clumsy boy gave her4 ,white women feel in that way sometimes1 and it makes them very tender to men not their equals4 ,however1 old ,mrs4 ,lamar1 before she died1 gave her house-servants their free papers1 and ,nan was among them4 ,so she set off1 with all the finery little ,floy could give her3 went up into that great1 dim ,north4 ,she never came again4 ,the ,north swallowed up all ,ben knew or felt outside of his hot1 hated work1 his dread of a lashing on ,saturday night4 ,all the pleasure left him was 'possum and hominy for ,sunday's dinner4 ,it did not content him4 ,the spasmodic religion of the field-negro does not teach endurance4 ,so it came1 that the slow tide of discontent ebbing in everybody's heart towards some unreached sea set in his ignorant brooding towards that vague country which the only two who cared for him had found4 ,if he forgot it through the dogged1 sultry days1 he remembered it when the overseer scourged the dull tiger-look into his eyes1 or when1 husking corn with the others at night1 the smothered negro-soul1 into which their masters dared not look1 broke out in their wild1 melancholy songs4 ,aimless1 unappealing1 yet no prayer goes up to ,god more keen in its pathos4 ,you find1 perhaps1 in ,beethoven's seventh symphony the secrets of your heart made manifest1 and suddenly think of a ,somewhere to come1 where your hope waits for you with late fulfilment4 ,do not laugh at ,ben1 then1 if he dully told in his song the story of all he had lost1 or gave to his heaven a local habitation and a name4 ,from the place where he stood now1 as his master and ,dorr walked up and down1 he could see the purplish haze beyond which the sentry had told him lay the ,north4 ,the ,north6 ,just beyond the ridge4 ,there was a pain in his head1 looking at it2 his nerves grew cold and rigid1 as yours do when something wrings your heart sharply3 for there are nerves in these black carcasses1 thicker1 more quickly stung to madness than yours4 ,yet if any savage longing1 smouldering for years1 was heating to madness now in his brain1 there was no sign of it in his face4 ,vapid1 with sordid content1 the huge jaws munching tobacco slowly1 only now and then the beady eye shot a sharp glance after ,dorr4 ,the sentry had told him the ,northern army had come to set the slaves free2 he watched the ,federal officer keenly4 ,what ails you1 ,ben8 said his master4 ,thinking over your friend's sermon8 ,ben's stolid laugh was ready4 ,done forgot dat1 ,mars'4 ,wouldn't go1 nohow4 ,since ,mars' sold dat cussed ,joe1 gorry good times 't home4 ,dam' ,abolitioner say we ums all goin' ,norf1--with a stealthy glance at ,dorr4 ,that's more than your philanthropy bargains for1 ,charley1 laughed ,lamar4 ,the men stopped2 the negro skulked nearer1 his whole senses sharpened into hearing4 ,dorr's clear face was clouded4 ,this slave question must be kept out of the war4 ,it puts a false face on it4 ,i thought one face was what it needed1 said ,lamar4 ,you have too many slogans4 ,strong government1 tariff1 ,sumter1 a bit of bunting1 eleven dollars a month4 ,it ought to be a vital truth that would give soul and vim to a body with the differing members of your army4 ,you1 with your ideal theory1 and ,billy ,wilson with his ',blood and ,baltimore6' ,try human freedom4 ,that's high and sharp and broad4 ,ben drew a step closer4 ,you are shrewd1 ,lamar4 ,i am to go below all constitutions or expediency or existing rights1 and tell ,ben here that he is free8 ,when once the ,government accepts that doctrine1 you1 as a ,rebel1 must be let alone4 ,the slave was hid back in the shade4 ,dorr1 said ,lamar1 you know ,i'm a groping1 ignorant fellow1 but it seems to me that prating of constitutions and existing rights is surface talk2 there is a broad common-sense underneath1 by whose laws the world is governed1 which your statesmen don't touch often4 ,you in the ,north1 in your dream of what shall be1 shut your eyes to what is4 ,you want a republic where every man's voice shall be heard in the council1 and the majority shall rule4 ,granting that the free population are educated to a fitness for this1--7,god forbid ,i should grant it with the ,snake-hunters before my eyes67--look here6 ,he turned round1 and drew the slave out into the light3 he crouched down1 gaping vacantly at them4 ,there is ,ben4 ,what1 in ,god's name1 will you do with him8 ,keep him a slave1 and chatter about self-government8 ,pah6 ,the country is paying in blood for the lie1 to-day4 ,educate him for freedom1 by putting a musket in his hands8 ,we have this mass of heathendom drifted on our shores by your will as well as mine4 ,try to bring them to a level with the whites by a wrench1 and you'll waken out of your dream to a sharp reality4 ,your ,northern philosophy ought to be old enough to teach you that spasms in the body-politic shake off no atom of disease1--that reform1 to be enduring1 must be patient1 gradual1 inflexible as the ,great ,reformer4 ',the mills of ,god1' the old proverb says1 'grind surely4' ,but1 ,dorr1 they grind exceeding slow6 ,dorr watched ,lamar with an amused smile4 ,it pleased him to see his brain waking up1 eager1 vehement4 ,as for ,ben1 crouching there1 if they talked of him like a clod1 heedless that his face deepened in stupor1 that his eyes had caught a strange1 gloomy treachery1--we all do the same1 you know4 ,what is your remedy1 ,lamar8 ,you have no belief in the right of ,secession1 ,i know1 said ,dorr4 ,it's a bad instrument for a good end4 ,let the white ,georgian come out of his sloth1 and the black will rise with him4 ,jefferson ,davis may not intend it1 but ,god does4 ,when we have our ,lowell1 our ,new ,york1 when we are a self-sustaining people instead of lazy land-princes1 ,ben here will have climbed the second of the great steps of ,humanity4 ,do you laugh at us8 said ,lamar1 with a quiet self-reliance4 ,charley1 it needs only work and ambition to cut the brute away from my face1 and it will leave traits very like your own4 ,ben's father was a ,guinea fetich-worshipper2 when we stand where ,new ,england does1 ,ben's son will be ready for his freedom4 ,and while you theorize1 laughed ,dorr1 ,i hold you a prisoner1 ,john1 and ,ben knows it is his right to be free4 ,he will not wait for the grinding of the mill1 ,i fancy4 ,lamar did not smile4 ,it was womanish in the man1 when the life of great nations hung in doubt before them1 to go back so constantly to little ,floy sitting in the lap of her old black maumer4 ,but he did it1--with the quick thought that to-night he must escape1 that death lay in delay4 ,while ,dorr talked1 ,lamar glanced significantly at ,ben4 ,the negro was not slow to understand1--with a broad grin1 touching his pocket1 from which projected the dull end of a hand-saw4 ,i wonder what sudden pain made the negro rise just then1 and come close to his master1 touching him with a strange affection and remorse in his tired face1 as though he had done him some deadly wrong4 ,what is it1 old fellow8 said ,lamar1 in his boyish way4 ,homesick1 eh8 ,there's a little girl in ,georgia that will be glad to see you and your master1 and take precious good care of us when she gets us safe again4 ,that's true1 ,ben6 laying his hand kindly on the man's shoulder1 while his eyes went wandering off to the hills lying ,south4 ,yes1 ,mars'1 said ,ben1 in a low voice1 suddenly bringing a blacking-brush1 and beginning to polish his master's shoes1--thinking1 while he did it1 of how often ,mars' ,john had interfered with the overseers to save him from a flogging1--7,lamar1 in his lazy way1 was kind to his slaves17--thinking of little ,mist' ,floy with an odd tenderness and awe1 as a gorilla might of a white dove3 trying to think thus1--the simple1 kindly nature of the negro struggling madly with something beneath1 new and horrible4 ,he understood enough of the talk of the white men to know that there was no help for him1--none4 ,always a slave4 ,neither you nor ,i can ever know what those words meant to him4 ,the pale purple mist where the ,north lay was never to be passed4 ,his dull eyes turned to it constantly1--with a strange look1 such as the lost women might have turned to the door1 when ,jesus shut it3 they forever outside4 ,there was a way to help himself8 ,the stubby black fingers holding the brush grew cold and clammy1--noting withal1 the poor wretch in his slavish way1 that his master's clothes were finer than the ,northern captain's1 his hands whiter1 and proud that it was so1--holding ,lamar's foot daintily1 trying to see himself in the shoe1 smoothing down the trousers with a boorish1 affectionate touch1--with the same fierce whisper in his ear1 ,would the shoes ever be cleaned again8 would the foot move to-morrow8 ,it grew late4 ,lamar's supper was brought up from ,captain ,dorr's1 and placed on the bench4 ,he poured out a goblet of water4 ,come1 ,charley1 let's drink4 ,to ,liberty6 ,it is a war-cry for ,satan or ,michael4 ,they drank1 laughing1 while ,ben stood watching4 ,dorr turned to go1 but ,lamar called him back1--stood resting his hand on his shoulder3 he never thought to see him again1 you know4 ,look at ,ruth1 yonder1 said ,dorr1 his face lighting4 ,she is coming to meet us4 ,she thought you would be with me4 ,lamar looked gravely down at the low field-house and the figure at the gate4 ,he thought he could see the small face and earnest eyes1 though it was far off1 and night was closing4 ,she is waiting for you1 ,charley4 ,go down4 ,good night1 old chum6 ,if it cost any effort to say it1 ,dorr saw nothing of it4 ,good night1 ,lamar6 ,i'll see you in the morning4 ,he lingered4 ,his old comrade looked strangely alone and desolate4 ,john6 ,what is it1 ,dorr8 ,if ,i could tell the ,colonel you would take the oath8 ,for ,floy's sake4 ,the man's rough face reddened4 ,you should know me better4 ,good bye4 ,well1 well1 you are mad4 ,have you no message for ,ruth8 ,there was a moment's silence4 ,tell her ,i say1 ,god bless her6 ,dorr stopped and looked keenly in his face1--then1 coming back1 shook hands again1 in a different way from before1 speaking in a lower voice1-- ,god help us all1 ,john6 ,good night6--and went slowly down the hill4 ,it was nearly night1 and bitter cold4 ,lamar stood where the snow drifted in on him1 looking out through the horizon-less gray4 ,come out o' dem cold1 ,mars' ,john1 whined ,ben1 pulling at his coat4 ,as the night gathered1 the negro was haunted with a terrified wish to be kind to his master4 ,something told him that the time was short4 ,here and there through the far night some tent-fire glowed in a cone of ruddy haze1 through which the thick-falling snow shivered like flakes of light4 ,lamar watched only the square block of shadow where ,dorr's house stood4 ,the door opened at last1 and a broad1 cheerful gleam shot out red darts across the white waste without2 then he saw two figures go in together4 ,they paused a moment2 he put his head against the bars1 straining his eyes1 and saw that the woman turned1 shading her eyes with her hand1 and looked up to the side of the mountain where the guard-house lay1--with a kindly look1 perhaps1 for the prisoner out in the cold4 ,a kind look3 that was all4 ,the door shut on them4 ,forever3 so1 good night1 ,ruth6 ,he stool there for an hour or two1 leaning his head against the muddy planks1 smoking4 ,perhaps1 in his coarse fashion1 he took the trouble of his manhood back to the same ,god he used to pray to long ago4 ,when he turned at last1 and spoke1 it was with a quiet1 strong voice1 like one who would fight through life in a manly way4 ,there was a grating sound at the back of the shed3 it was ,ben1 sawing through the wicket1 the guard having lounged off to supper4 ,lamar watched him1 noticing that the negro was unusually silent4 ,the plank splintered1 and hung loose4 ,done gone1 ,mars' ,john1 now1--leaving it1 and beginning to replenish the fire4 ,that's right1 ,ben4 ,we'll start in the morning4 ,that sentry at two o'clock sleeps regularly4 ,ben chuckled1 heaping up the sticks4 ,go on down to the camp1 as usual4 ,at two1 ,ben1 remember6 ,we will be free to-night1 old boy6 ,the black face looked up from the clogging smoke with a curious stare4 ,ki6 we'll be free to-night1 ,mars'6--gulping his breath4 ,soon after1 the sentry unlocked the gate1 and he shambled off out into the night4 ,lamar1 left alone1 went closer to the fire1 and worked busily at some papers he drew from his pocket3 maps and schedules4 ,he intended to write until two o'clock2 but the blaze dying down1 he wrapped his blanket about him1 and lay down on the heaped straw1 going on sleepily1 in his brain1 with his calculations4 ,the negro1 in the shadow of the shed1 watched him4 ,a vague fear beset him1--of the vast1 white cold1--the glowering mountains1--of himself2 he clung to the familiar face1 like a man drifting out into an unknown sea1 clutching some relic of the shore4 ,when ,lamar fell asleep1 he wandered uncertainly towards the tents4 ,the world had grown new1 strange2 was he ,ben1 picking cotton in the swamp-edge8--plunging his fingers with a shudder in the icy drifts4 ,down in the glowing torpor of the ,santilla flats1 where the ,lamar plantations lay1 ,ben had slept off as maddening hunger for life and freedom as this of to-day2 but here1 with the winter air stinging every nerve to life1 with the perpetual mystery of the mountains terrifying his bestial nature down1 the strength of the man stood up3 groping1 blind1 malignant1 it may be2 but whose fault was that8 ,he was half-frozen3 the physical pain sharpened the keen doubt conquering his thought4 ,he sat down in the crusted snow1 looking vacantly about him1 a man1 at last1--but wakening1 like a new-born soul1 into a world of unutterable solitude4 ,wakened dully1 slowly2 sitting there far into the night1 pondering stupidly on his old life2 crushing down and out the old parasite affection for his master1 the old fears1 the old weight threatening to press out his thin life2 the muddy blood heating1 firing with the same heroic dream that bade ,tell and ,garibaldi lift up their hands to ,god1 and cry aloud that they were men and free3 the same1--,god-given1 burning in the imbruted veins of a ,guinea slave4 ,to what end8 ,may ,god be merciful to ,america while she answers the question6 ,he sat1 rubbing his cracked1 bleeding feet1 glancing stealthily at the southern hills4 ,beyond them lay all that was past2 in an hour he would follow ,lamar back to--what8 ,he lifted his hands up to the sky1 in his silly way sobbing hot tears4 ,gor-a'mighty1 ,mars' ,lord1 ,i'se tired1 was all the prayer he made4 ,the pale purple mist was gone from the ,north2 the ridge behind which love1 freedom waited1 struck black across the sky1 a wall of iron4 ,he looked at it drearily4 ,utterly alone3 he had always been alone4 ,he got up at last1 with a sigh4 ,it's a big world1--with a bitter chuckle1--but der's no room in it fur poor ,ben4 ,he dragged himself through the snow to a light in a tent where a voice in a wild drone1 like that he had heard at negro camp-meetings1 attracted him4 ,he did not go in3 stood at the tent-door1 listening4 ,two or three of the guard stood around1 leaning on their muskets2 in the vivid fire-light rose the gaunt figure of the ,illinois boatman1 swaying to and fro as he preached4 ,for the men were honest1 ,god-fearing souls1 members of the same church1 and ,dave1 in all integrity of purpose1 read aloud to them1--the cry of ,jeremiah against the foul splendors of the doomed city1--waving1 as he spoke1 his bony arm to the ,south4 ,the shrill voice was that of a man wrestling with his ,maker4 ,the negro's fired brain caught the terrible meaning of the words1--found speech in it3 the wide1 dark night1 the solemn silence of the men1 were only fitting audience4 ,the man caught sight of the slave1 and1 laying down his book1 began one of those strange exhortations in the manner of his sect4 ,slow at first1 full of unutterable pity4 ,there was room for pity4 ,pointing to the human brute crouching there1 made once in the image of ,god1--the saddest wreck on ,his green foot-stool3 to the great stealthy body1 the revengeful jaws1 the foreboding eyes4 ,soul1 brains1--a man1 wifeless1 homeless1 nationless1 hawked1 flung from trader to trader for a handful of dirty shinplasters4 ,lord ,god of hosts1 cried the man1 lifting up his trembling hands1 lay not this sin to our charge6 ,there was a scar on ,ben's back where the lash had buried itself3 it stung now in the cold4 ,he pulled his clothes tighter1 that they should not see it2 the scar and the words burned into his heart3 the childish nature of the man was gone2 the vague darkness in it took a shape and name4 ,the boatman had been praying for him2 the low words seemed to shake the night3-- ,hear the prayer of ,thy servant1 and his supplications6 ,is not this what ,thou hast chosen3 to loose the bands1 to undo the heavy burdens1 and let the oppressed go free8 ,o ,lord1 hear6 ,o ,lord1 hearken and do6 ,defer not for ,thine own sake1 ,o my ,god6 ,what shall ,i do8 said the slave1 standing up4 ,the boatman paced slowly to and fro1 his voice chording in its dull monotone with the smothered savage muttering in the negro's brain4 ,the day of the ,lord cometh2 it is nigh at hand4 ,who can abide it8 ,what saith the prophet ,jeremiah8 ',take up a burden against the ,south4 ,cry aloud1 spare not4 ,woe unto ,babylon1 for the day of her vengeance is come1 the day of her visitation6 ,call together the archers against ,babylon2 camp against it round about2 let none thereof escape4 ,recompense her3 as she hath done unto my people1 be it done unto her4 ,a sword is upon ,babylon3 it shall break in pieces the shepherd and his flock1 the man and the woman1 the young man and the maid4 ,i will render unto her the evil she hath done in my sight1 saith the ,lord4' ,it was the voice of ,god3 the scar burned fiercer2 the slave came forward boldly1-- ,mars'er1 what shall ,i do8 ,give the poor devil a musket1 said one of the men4 ,let him come with us1 and strike a blow for freedom4 ,he took a knife from his belt1 and threw it to him1 then sauntered off to his tent4 ,a blow for freedom8 mumbled ,ben1 taking it up4 ,let us sing to the praise of ,god1 said the boatman1 the sixty-eighth psalm1 lining it out while they sang1--the scattered men joining1 partly to keep themselves awake4 ,in old times ,david's harp charmed away the demon from a human heart4 ,it roused one now1 never to be laid again4 ,a dull1 droning chant1 telling how the ,god of ,vengeance rode upon the wind1 swift to loose the fetters of the chained1 to make desert the rebellious land2 with a chorus1 or refrain1 in which ,ben's wild1 melancholy cry sounded like the wail of an avenging spirit3-- ,that in the blood of enemies ,thy foot imbrued may be3 ,and of thy dogs dipped in the same ,the tongues thou mayest see4 ,the meaning of that was plain2 he sang it lower and more steadily each time1 his body swaying in cadence1 the glitter in his eye more steely4 ,lamar1 asleep in his prison1 was wakened by the far-off plaintive song3 he roused himself1 leaning on one elbow1 listening with a half-smile4 ,it was ,naomi they sang1 he thought1--an old-fashioned ,methodist air that ,floy had caught from the negroes1 and used to sing to him sometimes4 ,every night1 down at home1 she would come to his parlor-door to say good-night3 he thought he could see the little figure now in its white nightgown1 and hear the bare feet pattering on the matting4 ,when he was alone1 she would come in1 and sit on his lap awhile1 and kneel down before she went away1 her head on his knee1 to say her prayers1 as she called it4 ,only ,god knew how many times he had remained alone after hearing those prayers1 saved from nights of drunken debauch4 ,he thought he felt ,floy's pure little hand on his forehead now1 as if she were saying her usual ,good night1 ,bud4 ,he lay down to sleep again1 with a genial smile on his face1 listening to the hymn4 ,it's the same ,god1 he said1--,floy's and theirs4 ,outside1 as he slept1 a dark figure watched him4 ,the song of the men ceased4 ,midnight1 white and silent1 covered the earth4 ,he could hear only the slow breathing of the sleeper4 ,ben's black face grew ashy pale1 but he did not tremble1 as he crept1 cat-like1 up to the wicket1 his blubber lips apart1 the white teeth clenched4 ,it's for ,freedom1 ,mars' ,lord6 he gasped1 looking up to the sky1 as if he expected an answer4 ,gor-a'mighty1 it's for ,freedom6 ,and went in4 ,a belated bird swooped through the cold moonlight into the valley1 and vanished in the far mountain-cliffs with a low1 fearing cry1 as though it had passed through ,hades4 ,they had broken down the wicket3 he saw them lay the heavy body on the lumber outside1 the black figures hurrying over the snow4 ,he laughed low1 savagely1 watching them4 ,free now6 ,the best of them despised him2 the years past of cruelty and oppression turned back1 fused in a slow1 deadly current of revenge and hate1 against the race that had trodden him down4 ,he felt the iron muscles of his fingers1 looked close at the glittering knife he held1 chuckling at the strange smell it bore4 ,would the ,illinois boatman blame him1 if it maddened him8 ,and if ,ben took the fancy to put it to his throat1 what right has he to complain8 ,has not he also been a dweller in ,babylon8 ,he hesitated a moment in the cleft of the hill1 choosing his way1 exultantly4 ,he did not watch the ,north now2 the quiet old dream of content was gone2 his thick blood throbbed and surged with passions of which you and ,i know nothing3 he had a lost life to avenge4 ,his native air1 torrid1 heavy with latent impurity1 drew him back3 a fitter breath than this cold snow for the animal in his body1 the demon in his soul1 to triumph and wallow in4 ,he panted1 thinking of the saffron hues of the ,santilla flats1 of the white1 stately dwellings1 the men that went in and out from them1 quiet1 dominant1--feeling the edge of his knife4 ,it was his turn to be master now6 ,he ploughed his way doggedly through the snow1--panting1 as he went1--a hotter glow in his gloomy eyes4 ,it was his turn for pleasure now3 he would have his fill6 ,their wine and their gardens and----,he did not need to choose a wife from his own color now4 ,he stopped1 thinking of little ,floy1 with her curls and great listening eyes1 watching at the door for her brother4 ,he had watched her climb up into his arms and kiss his cheek4 ,she never would do that again6 ,he laughed aloud1 shrilly4 ,by ,god6 she should keep the kiss for other lips6 ,why should he not say it8 ,up on the hill the night-air throbbed colder and holier4 ,the guards stood about in the snow1 silent1 troubled4 ,this was not like a death in battle3 it put them in mind of home1 somehow4 ,all that the dying man said was1 ,water1 now and then4 ,he had been sleeping1 when struck1 and never had thoroughly wakened from his dream4 ,captain ,poole1 of the ,snake-hunters1 had wrapped him in his own blanket1 finding nothing more could be done4 ,he went off to have the ,colonel summoned now1 muttering that it was a damned shame4 ,they put snow to ,lamar's lips constantly1 being hot and parched2 a woman1 ,dorr's wife1 was crouching on the ground beside him1 chafing his hands1 keeping down her sobs for fear they would disturb him4 ,he opened his eyes at last1 and knew ,dorr1 who held his head4 ,unfasten my coat1 ,charley4 ,what makes it so close here8 ,dorr could not speak4 ,shall ,i lift you up1 ,captain ,lamar8 asked ,dave ,hall1 who stood leaning on his rifle4 ,he spoke in a subdued tone1 ,babylon being far off for the moment4 ,lamar dozed again before he could answer4 ,don't try to move him1--it is too late1 said ,dorr1 sharply4 ,the moonlight steeped mountain and sky in a fresh whiteness4 ,lamar's face1 paling every moment1 hardening1 looked in it like some solemn work of an untaught sculptor4 ,there was a breathless silence4 ,ruth1 kneeling beside him1 felt his hand grow slowly colder than the snow4 ,he moaned1 his voice going fast1-- ,at two1 ,ben1 old fellow6 ,we'll be free to-night6 ,dave1 stooping to wrap the blanket1 felt his hand wet3 he wiped it with a shudder4 ,as he hath done unto ,my people1 be it done unto him6 he muttered1 but the words did not comfort him4 ,lamar moved1 half-smiling4 ,that's right1 ,floy4 ,what is it she says8 ',now ,i lay me down'----,i forget4 ,good night4 ,kiss me1 ,floy4 ,he waited1--looked up uneasily4 ,dorr looked at his wife3 she stooped1 and kissed his lips4 ,charley smoothed back the hair from the damp face with as tender a touch as a woman's4 ,was he dead8 ,the white moonlight was not more still than the calm face4 ,suddenly the night-air was shattered by a wild1 revengeful laugh from the hill4 ,the departing soul rushed back1 at the sound1 to life1 full consciousness4 ,lamar started from their hold1--sat up4 ,it was ,ben1 he said1 slowly4 ,in that dying flash of comprehension1 it may be1 the wrongs of the white man and the black stood clearer to his eyes than ours3 the two lives trampled down4 ,the stern face of the boatman bent over him3 he was trying to stanch the flowing blood4 ,lamar looked at him3 ,hall saw no bitterness in the look1--a quiet1 sad question rather1 before which his soul lay bare4 ,he felt the cold hand touch his shoulder1 saw the pale lips move4 ,was this well done8 they said4 ,before ,lamar's eyes the rounded arch of gray receded1 faded into dark2 the negro's fierce laugh filled his ear3 some woful thought at the sound wrung his soul1 as it halted at the gate4 ,it caught at the simple faith his mother taught him4 ,yea1 he said aloud1 though ,i walk through the valley of the shadow of death1 ,i will fear no evil2 for ,thou art with me4 ,dorr gently drew down the uplifted hand4 ,he was dead4 ,it was a manly soul1 said the ,northern captain1 his voice choking1 as he straightened the limp hair4 ,he trusted in ,god8 ,a strange delusion6 muttered the boatman4 ,yet he did not like that they should leave him alone with ,lamar1 as they did1 going down for help4 ,he paced to and fro1 his rifle on his shoulder1 arming his heart with strength to accomplish the vengeance of the ,lord against ,babylon4 ,yet he could not forget the murdered man sitting there in the calm moonlight1 the dead face turned towards the ,north1--the dead face1 whereon little ,floy's tears should never fall4 ,the grave1 unmoving eyes seemed to the boatman to turn to him with the same awful question4 ,was this well done8 they said4 ,he thought in eternity they would rise before him1 sad1 unanswered4 ,the earth1 he fancied1 lay whiter1 colder1--the heaven farther off2 the war1 which had become a daily business1 stood suddenly before him in all its terrible meaning4 ,god1 he thought1 had met in judgment with ,his people4 ,yet he uttered no cry of vengeance against the doomed city4 ,with the dead face before him1 he bent his eyes to the ground1 humble1 uncertain1--speaking out of the ignorance of his own weak1 human soul4 ,the day of the ,lord is nigh1 he said2 it is at hand2 and who can abide it8 ,,mountain ,,pictures4 ,,ii4 ,,monadnock ,,from ,,wachuset4 ,i would ,i were a painter1 for the sake ,of a sweet picture1 and of her who led1 ,a fitting guide1 with light1 but reverent tread1 ,into that mountain mystery6 ,first a lake ,tinted with sunset2 next the wavy lines ,of far receding hills2 and yet more far1 ,monadnock lifting from his night of pines ,his rosy forehead to the evening star4 ,beside us1 purple-zoned1 ,wachuset laid ,his head against the ,west1 whose warm light made ,his aureole2 and o'er him1 sharp and clear1 ,like a shaft of lightning in mid launching stayed1 ,a single level cloud-line1 shone upon ,by the fierce glances of the sunken sun1 ,menaced the darkness with its golden spear6 ,so twilight deepened round us4 ,still and black ,the great woods climbed the mountain at our back2 ,and on their skirts1 where yet the lingering day ,on the shorn greenness of the clearing lay1 ,the brown old farm-house like a bird's nest hung4 ,with home-life sounds the desert air was stirred3 ,the bleat of sheep along the hill we heard1 ,the bucket plashing in the cool1 sweet well1 ,the pasture-bars that clattered as they fell2 ,dogs barked1 fowls fluttered1 cattle lowed2 the gate ,of the barn-yard creaked beneath the merry weight ,of sun-brown children1 listening1 while they swung1 ,the welcome sound of supper-call to hear2 ,and down the shadowy lane1 in tinklings clear1 ,the pastoral curfew of the cow-bell rung4 ,thus soothed and pleased1 our backward path we took1 ,praising the farmer's home4 ,he only spake1 ,looking into the sunset o'er the lake1 ,like one to whom the far-off is most near3 ,yes1 most folks think it has a pleasant look2 ,i love it for my good old mother's sake1 ,who lived and died here in the peace of ,god6 ,the lesson of his words we pondered o'er1 ,as silently we turned the eastern flank ,of the mountain1 where its shadow deepest sank1 ,doubling the night along our rugged road3 ,we felt that man was more than his abode1-- ,the inward life than ,nature's raiment more2 ,and the warm sky1 the sundown-tinted hill1 ,the forest and the lake1 seemed dwarfed and dim ,before the saintly soul1 whose human will ,meekly in the ,eternal footsteps trod1 ,making her homely toil and household ways ,an earthly echo of the song of praise ,swelling from angel lips and harps of seraphim6 ,,individuality4 ,at a certain depth1 as has already been intimated in our literature1 all bosoms communicate1 all hearts are one4 ,hector and ,ajax1 in ,homer's great picture1 stand face to face1 each with advanced foot1 with levelled spear1 and turgid sinew1 eager to kill1 while on either side ten thousand slaughterous wishes poise themselves in hot breasts1 waiting to fly with the flying weapons2 yet1 though the combatants seem to surrender themselves wholly to this action1 there is in each a profound element that is no party to these hostilities4 ,it is the pure nature of man4 ,ajax is not all ,greek1 nor is ,hector wholly ,trojan3 both are also men2 and to the extent of their mutual participation in this pure and perpetual element of ,manhood1 they are more than friends1 more than relatives1--they are of identical spirit4 ,for there is an imperishable nature of ,man1 ever and everywhere the same1 of which each particular man is a testimony and representation4 ,as the solid earth underruns the dissociating sea--,oceano dissociabili--and joins in one all sundered lands1 so does this nature dip beneath the dividing parts of our being1 and make of all men one simple and inseparable humanity4 ,in love1 in friendship1 in true conversation1 in all happiness of communion between men1 it is this unchangeable substratum or substance of man's being that is efficient and supreme3 out of divers bosoms1 ,same calls1 and replies to ,same with a great joy of self-recognition4 ,it is only in virtue of this nature that men understand1 appreciate1 admire1 trust each other1--that books of the earliest times remain true in the latest1--that society is possible2 and he in whom the virtue of it dwells divinely is admitted to the secret confidence of all bosoms1 lives in all times1 and converses with each soul and age in its own vernacular4 ,socrates looked beyond the gates of death for happy communion with ,homer and all the great2 but already we interchange words with these1 whenever we are so sweetly prospered as to become1 in some good degree1 identical with the absolute nature of man4 ,not only1 moreover1 is this immortal substance of man's being common and social1 but it is so great and venerable that no one can match it with an equal report4 ,all the epithets by which we would extol it are disgraced by it1 as the most brilliant artificial lights become blackness when placed between the eye and the noonday sun4 ,it is older1 it is earlier in existence than the earliest star that shone in heaven2 and it will outlive the fixed stars that now in heaven seem fixed forever4 ,there is nothing in the created universe of which it was not the prophecy in its primal conception2 there is nothing of which it is not the interpretation and ultimatum in its final form4 ,the laws which rule the world as forces are1 in it1 thoughts and liberties4 ,all the grand imaginations of men1 all the glorified shapes1 the ,olympian gods1 cherubic and seraphic forms1 are but symbols and adumbrations of what it contains4 ,as the sun1 having set1 still leaves its golden impress on the clouds1 so does the absolute nature of man throw up and paint1 as it were1 on the sky testimonies of its power1 remaining itself unseen4 ,only1 therefore1 is one a poet1 as he can cause particular traits and events1 without violation of their special character1 or concealment of their peculiar interest1 to bear the deep1 sweet1 and infinite suggestion of this4 ,all princeliness and imperial worth1 all that is regal1 beautiful1 pure in men1 comes from this nature2 and the words by which we express reverence1 admiration1 love1 borrow from it their entire force3 since reverence1 admiration1 love1 and all other grand sentiments1 are but modes or forms of noble unification between men1 and are therefore shown to spring from that spiritual unity of which persons are exponents2 while1 on the other hand1 all evil epithets suggest division and separation4 ,of this nature all titles of honor1 all symbols that command homage and obedience on earth1 are pensioners4 ,how could the claims of kings survive successions of ,stuarts and ,georges1 but for a royalty in each peasant's bosom that pleads for its poor image on the throne8 ,in the high sense1 no man is great save he that is a large continent of this absolute humanity4 ,the common nature of man it is2 yet those are ever1 and in the happiest sense1 uncommon men1 in whom it is liberally present4 ,but every man1 besides the nature which constitutes him man1 has1 so to speak1 another nature1 which constitutes him a particular individual4 ,he is not only like all others of his kind1 but1 at the same time1 unlike all others4 ,by physical and mental feature he is distinguished1 insulated2 he is endowed with a quality so purely in contrast with the common nature of man1 that in virtue of it he can be singled out from hundreds of millions1 from all the myriads of his race4 ,so far1 now1 as one is representative of absolute humanity1 he is a ,person2 so far as1 by an element peculiar to himself1 he is contrasted with absolute humanity1 he is an ,individual4 ,and having duly chanted our ,credo concerning man's pure and public nature1 let us now inquire respecting this dividing element of ,individuality1--which1 with all the force it has1 strives to cut off communication1 to destroy unity1 and to make of humanity a chaos or dust of biped atoms4 ,not for a moment must we make this surface nature of equal estimation with the other4 ,it is secondary1 very secondary1 to the pure substance of man4 ,the ,person first in order of importance2 the ,individual next1-- ,proximus huic1 longo sed proximus intervallo1-- next with an exceeding wide remove4 ,take from ,epaminondas or ,luther all that makes him man1 and the rest will not be worth selling to the ,jews4 ,individuality is an accompaniment1 an accessory1 a red line on the map1 a fence about the field1 a copyright on the book4 ,it is like the particular flavors of fruits1--of no account but in relation to their saccharine1 acid1 and other staple elements4 ,it must therefore keep its place1 or become an impertinence4 ,if it grow forward1 officious1 and begin to push in between the pure nature and its divine ends1 at once it is a meddling ,peter1 for whom there is no due greeting but ,get thee behind me1 ,satan4 ,if the fruit have a special flavor of such ambitious pungency that the sweets and acids cannot appear through it1 be sure that to come at this fruit no young ,wilhelm ,meister will purloin keys4 ,if one be so much an ,individual that he wellnigh ceases to be a ,man1 we shall not admire him4 ,it is the same in mental as in physical feature4 ,let there1 by all means1 be slight divergence from the common type2 but by all means let it be no more than a slight divergence4 ,too much is monstrous3 even a very slight excess is what we call ugliness4 ,gladly ,i perceive in my neighbor's face1 voice1 gait1 manner1 a certain charm of peculiarity2 but if in any the peculiarity be so great as to suggest a doubt whether he be not some other creature than man1 may he not be neighbor of mine6 ,a little of this surface nature suffices2 yet that little cannot be spared4 ,its first office is to guard frontiers4 ,we must not lie quite open to the inspection or invasion of others3 yet1 were there no medium of unlikeness interposed between one and another1 privacy would be impossible1 and one's own bosom would not be sacred to himself4 ,but ,nature has secured us against these profanations2 and as we have locks to our doors1 curtains to our windows1 and1 upon occasion1 a passport system on our borders1 so has she cast around each spirit this veil to guard it from intruding eyes1 this barrier to keep away the feet of strangers4 ,homer represents the divinities as coming invisibly to admonish their favored heroes2 but ,nature was beforehand with the poet1 and every one of us is1 in like manner1 a celestial nature walking concealed4 ,who sees you1 when you walk the street8 ,who would walk the street1 did be not feel himself fortressed in a privacy that no foreign eyes can enter8 ,but for this1 no cities would be built4 ,society1 therefore1 would be impossible1 save for this element1 which seems to hinder society4 ,each of us1 wrapt in his opaque individuality1 like ,apollo or ,athene in a blue mist1 remains hidden1 if he will2 and therefore do men dare to come together4 ,but this superficial element1 while securing privacy to the pure nature1 also aids it to expression4 ,it emphasizes the outlines of ,personality by gentle contrast4 ,it is like the shadow in the landscape1 without which all the sunbeams of heaven could not reveal with precision a single object4 ,assured lovers resort to happy banter and light oppositions1 to give themselves a sweeter sense of unity of heart4 ,the child1 with a cunning which only ,nature has taught1 will sometimes put a little honey of refusal into its kisses before giving them2 the maiden adds to her virgin blooms the further attraction of virgin coyness and reserve2 the civilizing dinner-table would lose all its dignity in losing its delays2 and so everywhere1 delicate denial1 withholding reserve have an inverse force1 and add a charm of emphasis to gift1 assent1 attraction1 and sympathy4 ,how is the word ,immortality emphasized to our hearts by the perpetual spectacle of death6 ,the joy and suggestion of it could1 indeed1 never visit us1 had not this momentary loud denial been uttered in our ears4 ,such1 therefore1 as have learned to interpret these oppositions in ,nature1 hear in the jarring note of ,death only a jubilant proclamation of life eternal2 while all are thus taught the longing for immortality1 though only by their fear of the contrary4 ,and so is the pure universal nature of man affirmed by these provocations of contrast and insulation on the surface4 ,we feel the personality far more1 and far more sweetly1 for its being thus divided from our own4 ,from behind this veil the pure nature comes to us with a kind of surprise1 as out of another heaven4 ,the joy of truth and delight of beauty are born anew for us from each pair of chanting lips and beholding eyes2 and each new soul that comes promises another gift of the universe4 ,whoever1 in any time or under any sky1 sees the worth and wonder of existence1 sees it for me2 whatever language he speak1 whatever star he inhabit1 we shall one day meet1 and through the confession of his heart all my ancient possessions will become a new gain2 he shall make for me a natal day of creation1 showing the producing breath1 as it goes forth from the lips of ,god1 and spreads into the blue purity of sky1 or rounds into the luminance of suns2 the hills and their pines1 the vales and their blooms1 and heroic men and beauteous women1 all that ,i have loved or reverenced1 shall come again1 appearing and trooping out of skies never visible before4 ,because of these dividing lines between souls1 each new soul is to all the others a possible factor of heaven4 ,such uses does individuality subserve4 ,yet it is capable of these ministries only as it does indeed minister4 ,all its uses are lost with the loss of its humility and subordinance4 ,it is the porter at the gate1 furthering the access of lawful1 and forbidding the intrusion of unlawful visitors to the mansion2 who becomes worse than useless1 if in surly excess of zeal he bar the gate against all1 or if in the excess of self-importance he receive for himself what is meant for his master1 and turn visitors aside into the porter's lodge4 ,beautiful is virgin reserve1 and true it is that delicate half-denial reinforces attraction2 yet the maiden who carries only ,no upon her tongue1 and only refusal in her ways1 shall never wake before dawn on the day of espousal1 nor blush beneath her bridal veil1 like ,morning behind her clouds4 ,this surface element1 we must remember1 is not income and resource1 but an item of needful1 and1 so far as needful1 graceful and economical expenditure4 ,excess of it is wasteful1 by causing ,life to pay for that which he does not need1 by increase of social fiction1 and by obstruction of social flow with the fructifications which this brings1 not to be spared by any mortal4 ,nay1 by extreme excess1 it may so cut off and sequester a man1 that no word or aspect of another soul can reach him2 he shall see in mankind only himself1 he shall hear in the voices of others only his own echoes4 ,many and many a man is there1 so housed in his individuality1 that it goes1 like an impenetrable wall1 over eye and ear2 and even in the tramp of the centuries he can find hint of nothing save the sound of his own feet4 ,it is a frequent tragedy1--but profound as frequent4 ,one great task1 indeed the great task of good-breeding is1 accordingly1 to induce in this element a delicacy1 a translucency1 which1 without robbing any action or sentiment of the hue it imparts1 shall still allow the pure human quality perfectly and perpetually to shine through4 ,the world has always been charmed with fine manners2 and why should it not8 ,for what are fine manners but this3 to carry your soul on your lip1 in your eye1 in the palm of your hand1 and yet to stand not naked1 but clothed upon by your individual quality1--visible1 yet inscrutable1--given to the hearts of others1 yet contained in your own bosom1--nobly and humanly open1 yet duly reticent and secured from invasion8 ,polished manners often disappoint us2 good manners never4 ,the former may be taken on by indigent souls3 the latter imply a noble and opulent nature4 ,and wait you not for death1 according to the counsel of ,solon1 to be named happy1 if you are permitted fellowship with a man of rich mind1 whose individual savor you always finely perceive1 and never more than finely1--who yields you the perpetual sense of community1 and never of confusion1 with your own spirit4 ,the happiness is all the greater1 if the fellowship be accorded by a mind eminently superior to one's own2 for he1 while yet more removed1 comes yet nearer1 seeming to be that which our own soul may become in some future life1 and so yielding us the sense of our own being more deeply and powerfully than it is given by the consciousness in our own bosom4 ,and going forward to the supreme point of this felicity1 we may note that the worshipper1 in the ecstasy of his adoration1 feels the ,highest to be also ,nearest1--more remote than the borders of space and fringes of heaven1--more intimate with his own being than the air he breathes or the thought be thinks2 and of this double sense is the rapture of his adoration1 and the joy indeed of every angel1 born4 ,divineness appertains to the absolute nature of man2 piquancy and charm to that which serves and modifies this4 ,infinitude and immortality are of the one2 the strictest finiteness belongs to the other4 ,in the first you can never be too deep and rich2 in the second never too delicate and measured4 ,yet you will easily find a man in whom the latter so abounds as not only to shut him out from others1 but to absorb all the vital resource generated in his own bosom1 leaving to the pure personality nothing4 ,the finite nature fares sumptuously every day2 the other is a heavenly ,lazarus sitting at the gate4 ,of such individuals there are many classes2 and the majority of eccentric men constitute one class4 ,if a man have very peculiar ways1 we readily attribute to him a certain depth and force1 and think that the polished citizen wants character in comparison4 ,probably it is not so4 ,singularity may be as shallow as the shallowest conformity4 ,there are numbers of such from whom if you deduct the eccentricity1 it is like subtracting red from vermilion or six from half a dozen4 ,they are grimaces of humanity1--no more4 ,in particular1 ,i make occasion to say1 that those oddities1 whose chief characteristic it is to slink away from the habitations of men1 and claim companionship with musk-rats1 are1 despite ,mr4 ,thoreau's pleasant patronage of them1 no whit more manly or profound than the average citizen1 who loves streets and parlors1 and does not endure estrangement from the ,post-,office4 ,mice lurk in holes and corners2 could the cat speak1 she would say that they have a genius only for lurking in holes4 ,bees and ants are1 to say the least1 quite as witty as beetles1 proverbially blind2 yet they build insect cities1 and are as invincibly social and city-loving as ,socrates himself4 ,aside1 however1 from special eccentricity1 there are men1 like the ,earl of ,essex1 ,bacon's soi-disant friend1 who possess a certain emphatic and imposing individuality1 which1 while commonly assumed to indicate character and force1 is really but the succedaneum for these4 ,they are like oysters1 with extreme stress of shell1 and only a blind1 soft1 acephalous body within4 ,these are commonly great men so long as little men will serve2 and are something less than little ever after4 ,as an instance of this1 ,i should select the late chief magistrate of this nation4 ,his whole ability lay in putting a most imposing countenance upon commonplaces4 ,he made a mere air seem solid as rock4 ,owing to this possibility of presenting all force on the outside1 and so creating a false impression of resource1 all great social emergencies are followed by a speedy breaking down of men to whom was generally attributed an able spirit2 while others of less outward mark1 and for this reason hitherto unnoticed1 come forward1 and prove to be indeed the large vessels of manhood accorded to that generation4 ,our tendency to assume individual mark as the measure of personality is flattered by many of the books we read4 ,it is1 of course1 easier to depict character1 when it is accompanied by some striking individual hue2 and therefore in romances and novels this is conferred upon all the forcible characters1 merely to favor the author's hand3 as microscopists feed minute creatures with colored food to make their circulations visible4 ,it is only the great master who can represent a powerful personality in the purest state1 that is1 with the maximum of character and the minimum of individual distinction2 while small artists1 with a feeble hold upon character1 habitually resort to extreme quaintnesses and singularities of circumstance1 in order to confer upon their weak portraitures some vigor of outline4 ,it takes a ,giotto to draw readily a nearly perfect ,o2 but a nearly perfect triangle any one can draw4 ,shakspeare is able to delineate a ,gentleman1--one1 that is1 who1 while nobly and profoundly a man1 is so delicately individualized1 that the impression of him1 however vigorous and commanding1 cannot be harsh3 ,shakspeare is equal to this task1 but even so very able a painter as ,fielding is not4 ,his ,squire ,western and ,parson ,adams are exquisite1 his ,allworthy is vapid3 deny him strong pigments of individualism1 and he is unable to portray strong character4 ,scott1 among ,british novelists1 is1 perhaps1 in this respect most ,shakspearian1 though the ,colonel ,esmond of ,thackeray is not to be forgotten2 but even ,scott's ,dandie ,dinmonts1 or gentlemen in the rough1 sparkle better than his polished diamonds4 ,yet in this respect the ,waverley ,novels are singularly and admirably healthful1 comparing to infinite advantage with the rank and file of novels1 wherein the characters are but bundles of quaintnesses1 and the action is impossible4 ,written history has somewhat of the same infirmity with fictitious literature1 though not always by the fault of the historian4 ,far too little can it tell us respecting those of whom we desire to know much2 while1 on the other hand1 it is often extremely liberal of information concerning those of whom we desire to know nothing4 ,the greatest of men approach a pure personality1 a pure representation of man's imperishable nature2 individual peculiarity they far less abound in2 and what they do possess is held in transparent solution by their manhood1 as a certain amount of vapor is always held by the air4 ,the higher its temperature1 the more moisture can the atmosphere thus absorb1 exhibiting it not as cloud1 but only as immortal azure of sky3 and so the greater intensity there is of the pure quality of man1 the more of individual peculiarity can it master and transform into a simple heavenliness of beauty1 of which the world finds few words to say4 ,men1 in general1 have1 perhaps1 no more genius than novelists in general1--though it seems a hard speech to make1--and while profoundly impressed by any manifestation of the pure genius of man1 can observe and relate only peculiarities and exceptional traits4 ,incongruities are noted2 congruities are only felt4 ,if a two-headed calf be born1 the newspapers hasten to tell of it2 but brave boys and beautiful girls by thousands grow to fulness of stature without mention4 ,we know so little of ,homer and ,shakspeare partly because they were ,homer and ,shakspeare4 ,smaller men might afford more plentiful materials for biography1 because their action and character would be more clouded with individualism4 ,the biography of a supreme poet is the history of his kind4 ,he transmits himself by pure vital impression4 ,his remembrance is committed1 not to any separable faculty1 but to a memory identical with the total being of men4 ,if you would learn his story1 listen to the sprites that ride on crimson steeds along the arterial highways1 singing of man's destiny as they go4 ,,the ,,german ,,burns4 ,the extreme southwestern corner of ,germany is an irregular right-angle1 formed by the course of the ,rhine4 ,within this angle and an hypothenuse drawn from the ,lake of ,constance to ,carlsruhe lies a wild mountain-region--a lateral offshoot from the central chain which extends through ,europe from west to east--known to all readers of robber-romances as the ,black ,forest4 ,it is a cold1 undulating upland1 intersected with deep valleys which descend to the plains of the ,rhine and the ,danube1 and covered with great tracts of fir-forest4 ,here and there a peak rises high above the general level1 the ,feldberg attaining a height of five thousand feet4 ,the aspect of this region is stern and gloomy3 the fir-woods appear darker than elsewhere2 the frequent little lakes are as inky in hue as the pools of the ,high ,alps2 and the meadows of living emerald give but a partial brightness to the scenery4 ,here1 however1 the solitary traveller may adventure without fear4 ,robbers and robber-castles have long since passed away1 and the people1 rough and uncouth as they may at first seem1 are as kindly-hearted as they are honest4 ,among them was born--and in their incomprehensible dialect wrote--,hebel1 the ,german ,burns4 ,we dislike the practice of using the name of one author as the characteristic designation of another4 ,it is1 at best1 the sign of an imperfect fame1 implying rather the imitation of a scholar than the independent position of a master4 ,we can1 nevertheless1 in no other way indicate in advance the place which the subject of our sketch occupies in the literature of ,germany4 ,a contemporary of ,burns1 and ignorant of the ,english language1 there is no evidence that he had ever even heard of the former2 but ,burns1 being the first truly great poet who succeeded in making classic a local dialect1 thereby constituted himself an illustrious standard1 by which his successors in the same path must be measured4 ,thus1 ,bellman and ,branger have been inappropriately invested with his mantle1 from the one fact of their being song-writers of a democratic stamp4 ,the ,gascon1 ,jasmin1 better deserves the title2 and ,longfellow1 in translating his ,blind ,girl of ,castl-,cuill1 says1-- ,only the lowland tongue of ,scotland might ,rehearse this little tragedy aright3-- a conviction which we have frequently shared1 in translating our ,german author4 ,it is a matter of surprise to us1 that1 while ,jasmin's poems have gone far beyond the bounds of ,france1 the name of ,john ,peter ,hebel--who possesses more legitimate claims to the peculiar distinction which ,burns achieved--is not only unknown outside of ,germany1 but not even familiarly known to the ,germans themselves4 ,the most probable explanation is1 that the ,alemannic dialect1 in which he wrote1 is spoken only by the inhabitants of the ,black ,forest and a portion of ,suabia1 and cannot be understood1 without a glossary1 by the great body of the ,north-,germans4 ,the same cause would operate1 with greater force1 in preventing a translation into foreign languages4 ,it is1 in fact1 only within the last twenty years that the ,germans have become acquainted with ,burns1--chiefly through the admirable translations of the poet ,freiligrath4 ,to ,hebel belongs the merit of having bent one of the harshest of ,german dialects to the uses of poetry4 ,we doubt whether the lyre of ,apollo was ever fashioned from a wood of rougher grain4 ,broad1 crabbed1 guttural1 and unpleasant to the ear which is not thoroughly accustomed to its sound1 the ,alemannic patois was1 in truth1 a most unpromising material4 ,the stranger1 even though he were a good ,german scholar1 would never suspect the racy humor1 the nave1 childlike fancy1 and the pure human tenderness of expression which a little culture has brought to bloom on such a soil4 ,the contractions1 elisions1 and corruptions which ,german words undergo1 with the multitude of terms in common use derived from the ,gothic1 ,greek1 ,latin1 and ,italian1 give it almost the character of a different language4 ,it was ,hebel's mother-tongue1 and his poetic faculty always returned to its use with a fresh delight which insured success4 ,his ,german poems are inferior in all respects4 ,let us first glance at the poet's life1--a life uneventful1 perhaps1 yet interesting from the course of its development4 ,he was born in ,basle1 in ,may1 #agfj1 in the house of ,major ,iselin1 where both his father and mother were at service4 ,the former1 a weaver by trade1 afterwards became a soldier1 and accompanied the ,major to ,flanders1 ,france1 and ,corsica4 ,he had picked up a good deal of stray knowledge on his campaigns1 and had a strong natural taste for poetry4 ,the qualities of the son were inherited from him rather than from the mother1 of whom we know nothing more than that she was a steady1 industrious person4 ,the parents lived during the winter in the little village of ,hausen1 in the ,black ,forest1 but with the approach of spring returned to ,basle for their summer service in ,major ,iselin's house4 ,the boy was but a year old when his father died1 and the discipline of such a restless spirit as he exhibited in early childhood seems to have been a task almost beyond the poor widow's powers4 ,an incorrigible spirit of mischief possessed him4 ,he was an arrant scape-grace1 plundering cupboards1 gardens1 and orchards1 lifting the gates of mill-races by night1 and playing a thousand other practical and not always innocent jokes4 ,neither counsel nor punishment availed1 and the entire weight of his good qualities1 as a counterbalance1 barely sufficed to prevent him from losing the patrons whom his bright1 eager1 inquisitive mind attracted4 ,something of this was undoubtedly congenital1 and there are indications that the strong natural impulse1 held in check only by a powerful will and a watchful conscience1 was the torment of his life4 ,in his later years1 when he filled the posts of ,ecclesiastical ,counsellor and ,professor in the ,gymnasium at ,carlsruhe1 the phrenologist ,gall1 in a scientific sance1 made an examination of his head4 ,a most remarkable development of----1 said ,gall1 abruptly breaking off1 nor could he be induced to complete the sentence4 ,hebel1 however1 frankly exclaimed1--,you certainly mean the thievish propensity4 ,i know ,i have it by nature1 for ,i continually feel its suggestions4 ,what a picture is presented by this confession6 ,a pure1 honest1 and honorable life1 won by a battle with evil desires1 which1 commencing with birth1 ceased their assaults only at the brink of the grave6 ,a daily struggle1 and a daily victory6 ,hebel lost his mother in his thirteenth year1 but was fortunate in possessing generous patrons1 who contributed enough to the slender means he inherited to enable him to enter the ,gymnasium at ,carlsruhe4 ,leaving this institution with the reputation of a good classical scholar1 he entered the ,university of ,erlangen as a student of theology4 ,here his jovial1 reckless temperament1 finding a congenial atmosphere1 so got the upperhand that he barely succeeded in passing the necessary examination1 in #aghj4 ,at the end of two years1 during which time he supported himself as a private tutor1 he was ordained1 and received a meagre situation as teacher in the ,academy at ,lrrach1 with a salary of one hundred and forty dollars a year6 ,laboring patiently in this humble position for eight years1 he was at last rewarded by being transferred to the ,gymnasium at ,carlsruhe1 with the rank of ,sub-,deacon4 ,hither1 the ,markgraf ,frederick of ,baden1 attracted by the warmth1 simplicity1 and genial humor of the man1 came habitually to listen to his sermons4 ,he found himself1 without seeking it1 in the path of promotion1 and his life thenceforth was a series of sure and moderate successes4 ,his expectations1 indeed1 were so humble that they were always exceeded by his rewards4 ,when ,baden became a ,grand ,duchy1 with a constitutional form of government1 it required much persuasion to induce him to accept the rank of ,prelate1 with a seat in the ,upper ,house4 ,his friends were disappointed1 that1 with his readiness and fluent power of speech1 he took so little part in the legislative proceedings4 ,to one who reproached him for this timidity he naively wrote1--,oh1 you have a right to talk3 you are the son of ,pastor ,n4 in ,x4 ,before you were twelve years old1 you heard yourself called ,mr4 ,gottlieb2 and when you went with your father down the street1 and the judge or a notary met you1 they took off their hats1 you waiting for your father to return the greeting1 before you even lifted your cap4 ,but ,i1 as you well know1 grew up as the son of a poor widow in ,hausen2 and when ,i accompanied my mother to ,schopfheim or ,basle1 and we happened to meet a notary1 she commanded1 ',peter1 jerk your cap off1 there's a gentleman6'--but when the judge or the counsellor appeared1 she called out to me1 when they were twenty paces off1 ',peter1 stand still where you are1 and off with your cap quick1 the ,lord ,judge is comin'6' ,now you can easily imagine how ,i feel1 when ,i recall those times1--and ,i recall them often1--sitting in the ,chamber among ,barons1 ,counsellors of ,state1 ,ministers1 and ,generals1 with ,counts and ,princes of the reigning ,house before me4 ,hebel may have felt that rank is but the guinea-stamp1 but he never would have dared to speak it out with the defiant independence of ,burns4 ,socially1 however1 he was thoroughly democratic in his tastes2 and his chief objection to accepting the dignity of ,prelate was the fear that it might restrict his intercourse with humbler friends4 ,his ambition appears to have been mainly confined to his theological labors1 and he never could have dreamed that his after-fame was to rest upon a few poems in a rough mountain-dialect1 written to beguile his intense longing for the wild scenery of his early home4 ,after his transfer to ,carlsruhe1 he remained several years absent from the ,black ,forest2 and the pictures of its dark hills1 its secluded valleys1 and their rude1 warm-hearted1 and unsophisticated inhabitants1 became more and more fresh and lively in his memory4 ,distance and absence turned the quaint dialect to music1 and out of this mild home-sickness grew the ,alemannic poems4 ,a healthy oyster never produces a pearl4 ,these poems1 written in the years #ahja and #ahjb1 were at first circulated in manuscript among the author's friends4 ,he resisted the proposal to collect and publish them1 until the prospect of pecuniary advantage decided him to issue an anonymous edition4 ,the success of the experiment was so positive that in the course of five years four editions appeared1--a great deal for those days4 ,not only among his native ,alemanni1 and in ,baden and ,wrtemberg1 where the dialect was more easily understood1 but from all parts of ,germany1 from poets and scholars1 came messages of praise and appreciation4 ,jean ,paul 7,richter7 was one of ,hebel's first and warmest admirers4 ,our ,alemannic poet1 he wrote1 has life and feeling for everything1--the open heart1 the open arms of love2 and every star and every flower are human in his sight4444 ,in other1 better words1--the evening-glow of a lovely1 peaceful soul slumbers upon all the hills he bids arise2 for the flowers of poetry he substitutes the flower-goddess ,poetry herself2 he sets to his lips the ,swiss ,alp-horn of youthful longing and joy1 while pointing with the other hand to the sunset-gleam of the lofty glaciers1 and dissolved in prayer1 as the sound of the chapel-bells is flung down from the mountains4 ,contrast this somewhat confused rhapsody with the clear1 precise1 yet genial words wherewith ,goethe welcomed the new poet4 ,he instantly seized1 weighed in the fine balance of his ordered mind1 and valued with nice discrimination1 those qualities of ,hebel's genius which had but stirred the splendid chaos of ,richter with an emotion of vague delight4 ,the author of these poems1 says he1 in the ,jena ,literaturzeitung1 7#ahjd17 is about to achieve a place of his own on the ,german ,parnassus4 ,his talent manifests itself in two opposite directions4 ,on the one hand1 he observes with a fresh1 cheerful glance those objects of ,nature which express their life in positive existence1 in growth and in motion1 7objects which we are accustomed to call lifeless17 and thereby approaches the field of descriptive poetry2 yet he succeeds1 by his happy personifications1 in lifting his pictures to a loftier plane of ,art4 ,on the other hand1 he inclines to the didactic and the allegorical2 but here1 also1 the same power of personification comes to his aid1 and as1 in the one case1 he finds a soul for his bodies1 so1 in the other1 he finds a body for his souls4 ,as the ancient poets1 and others who have been developed through a plastic sentiment for ,art1 introduce loftier spirits1 related to the gods1--such as nymphs1 dryads1 and hamadryads1--in the place of rocks1 fountains1 and trees3 so the author transforms these objects into peasants1 and countrifies verbauert the universe in the most nave1 quaint1 and genial manner1 until the landscape1 in which we nevertheless always recognize the human figure1 seems to become one with man in the cheerful enchantment exercised upon our fancy4 ,this is entirely correct1 as a poetic characterization4 ,hebel1 however1 possesses the additional merit--no slight one1 either--of giving faithful expression to the thoughts1 emotions1 and passions of the simple people among whom his childhood was passed4 ,the hearty native kindness1 the tenderness1 hidden under a rough exterior1 the lively1 droll1 unformed fancy1 the timidity and the boldness of love1 the tendency to yield to temptation1 and the unfeigned piety of the inhabitants of the ,black ,forest1 are all reproduced in his poems4 ,to say that they teach1 more or less directly1 a wholesome morality1 is but indifferent praise2 for morality is the cheap veneering wherewith would-be poets attempt to conceal the lack of the true faculty4 ,we prefer to let our readers judge for themselves concerning this feature of ,hebel's poetry4 ,the ,alemannic dialect1 we have said1 is at first harsh to the ear4 ,it requires1 indeed1 not a little practice1 to perceive its especial beauties2 since these consist in certain quaint1 playful inflections and elisions1 which1 like the speech of children1 have a fresh1 natural1 simple charm of their own4 ,the changes of pronunciation1 in ,german words1 are curious4 ,k becomes a light guttural ch1 and a great number of monosyllabic words--especially those ending in ut and h--receive a peculiar twist from the introduction of e or ei3 as gut1 frh1 which become guet1 freih4 ,this seems to be a characteristic feature of the ,south-,german dialects1 though in none is it so pronounced as in the ,alemannic4 ,the change of ist into isch1 hast into hesch1 ich into i1 dich into de1 etc41 is much more widely spread1 among the peasantry1 and is readily learned1 even by the foreign reader4 ,but a good ,german scholar would be somewhat puzzled by the consolidation of several abbreviated words into a single one1 which occurs in almost every ,alemannic sentence3 for instance1 in woni he would have some difficulty in recognizing wo ich2 sgene does not suggest sage ihnen1 nor uffeme1 auf einem4 ,these singularities of the dialect render the translation of ,hebel's poems into a foreign language a work of great difficulty4 ,in the absence of any ,english dialect which possesses corresponding features1 the peculiar quaintness and raciness which they confer must inevitably be lost4 ,fresh1 wild1 and lovely as the ,schwarzwald heather1 they are equally apt to die in transplanting4 ,how much they lose by being converted into classical ,german was so evident to us 7fancy1 ,scots who have with ,wallace bled67 that we at first shrank from the experiment of reproducing them in a language still farther removed from the original4 ,certainly1 classical ,english would not answer2 the individual soul of the poems could never be recognized in such a garb4 ,the tongue of ,burns can be spoken only by a born ,scot2 and our ,yankee1 which is rather a grotesque ,english than a dialect1 is unfortunately so associated with the coarse and the farcical--,lowell's little poem of ',zekel's ,courtship being the single exception--that it seems hardly adapted to the simple and tender fancies of ,hebel4 ,like the comedian whose one serious attempt at tragic acting was greeted with roars of laughter1 as an admirable burlesque1 the reader might1 in such a case1 persist in seeing fun where sentiment was intended4 ,in this dilemma1 it occurred to us that the common1 rude form of the ,english language1 as it is spoken by the uneducated everywhere1 without reference to provincial idioms1 might possibly be the best medium4 ,it offers1 at least1 the advantage of simplicity1 of a directness of expression which overlooks grammatical rules1 of natural pathos1 even1--and therefore1 so far as these traits go1 may reproduce them without detracting seriously from the original4 ,those other qualities of the poems which spring from the character of the people of whom and for whom they were written must depend1 for their recognition1 on the sympathetic insight of the reader4 ,we can only promise him the utmost fidelity in the translation1 having taken no other liberty than the substitution of common idiomatic phrases1 peculiar to our language1 for corresponding phrases in the other4 ,the original metre1 in every instance1 has been strictly adhered to4 ,the poems1 only fifty-nine in number1 consist principally of short songs or pastorals1 and narratives4 ,the latter are written in hexameter1 but by no means classic in form4 ,it is a rough1 irregular metre1 in which the trochees preponderate over the dactyls3 many of the lines1 in fact1 would not bear a critical scansion4 ,we have not scrupled to imitate this irregularity1 as not inconsistent with the plain1 ungrammatical speech of the characters introduced1 and the homely air of even the most imaginative passages4 ,the opening poem is a charmingly wayward idyl1 called ,the ,meadow1 7,die ,wiese17 the name of a mountain-stream1 which1 rising in the ,feldberg1 the highest peak of the ,black ,forest1 flows past ,hausen1 ,hebel's early home1 on its way to the ,rhine4 ,an extract from it will illustrate what ,jean ,paul calls the hazardous boldness of ,hebel's personifications3-- ,beautiful ,meadow1 daughter o' ,feldberg1 ,i welcome and greet you4 ,listen3 ,i'm goin' to sing a song1 and all in y'r honor1 ,makin' a music beside ye1 follerin' wherever you wander4 ,born unbeknown in the rocky1 hidden heart o' the mountain1 ,suckled o' clouds and fogs1 and weaned by the waters o' heaven1 ,there you slep' like a babblin' baby1 a-kep' in the bed-room1 ,secret1 and tenderly cared-for3 and eye o' man never saw you1-- ,never peeked through a key-hole and saw my little girl sleepin' ,sound in her chamber o' crystal1 rocked in her cradle o' silver4 ,neither an ear o' man ever listened to hear her a-breathin'1 ,no1 nor her voice all alone to herself a-laughin' or cryin'4 ,only the close little spirits that know every passage and entrance1 ,in and out dodgin'1 they brought ye up and teached ye to toddle1 ,gev' you a cheerful natur'1 and larnt you how to be useful3 ,yes1 and their words didn't go into one ear and out at the t'other4 ,stand on your slippery feet as soon as may be1 and use 'em1 ,that you do1 as you slyly creep from your chamber o' crystal ,out o' doors1 barefoot1 and squint up to heaven1 mischievously smilin'4 ,oh1 but you're pretty1 my darlin'1 y'r eyes have a beautiful sparkle6 ,isn't it nice1 out o' doors8 you didn't guess 't was so pleasant8 ,listen1 the leaves is rustlin'1 and listen1 the birdies a-singin'6 ,yes1 says you1 but ,i'm goin' furder1 and can't stay to hear 'm3 ,pleasant1 truly1 's my way1 and more so the furder ,i travel4 ,only see how spry my little one is at her jumpin'6 ,ketch me6 she shouts1 in her fun1--if you want me1 foller and ketch me6 ,every minute she turns and jumps in another direction4 ,there1 you'll fall from the bank6 ,you see1 she's done it3 ,i said so4 ,didn't ,i say it8 ,and now she wobbles furder and furder1 ,creepin' along on all-fours1 then off on her legs she's a-toddlin'1-- ,slips in the bushes1--,hunt me6--and there1 on a sudden1 she peeks out4 ,wait1 ,i'm a-comin'6 ,back o' the trees ,i hear her a-callin'3 ,guess where ,i am6--she's whims of her own1 a plenty1 and keeps 'em4 ,but1 as you go1 you're growin' han'somer1 bigger1 and stronger4 ,where the breath o' y'r breathin' falls1 the meadows is greener1 ,fresher o' color1 right and left1 and the weeds and the grasses ,sprout up as juicy as can be1 and posies o' loveliest colors ,blossom as brightly as wink1 and bees come and suck 'em4 ,water-wagtails come tiltin'1--and1 look6 there's the geese o' the village6 ,all are a-comin' to see you1 and all want to give you a welcome2 ,yes1 and you're kind o' heart1 and you prattle to all of 'em kindly2 ,come1 you well-behaved creeturs1 eat and drink what ,i bring you1-- ,i must be off and away3 ,god bless you1 well-behaved creeturs6,a ,footnote ,a3 ,as the reader of ,german may be curious to see a specimen of the original1 we give this last passage1 which contains1 in a brief compass1 many distinctive features of the ,alemannic dialect3-- ,nei so lucg me doch1 wie cha mi ,meiddeli springe6 ',chunnsch mi ber1' seits und lacht1 'und witt mi1 se hol mi6' ,all' wil en andere ,weg1 und alliwil anderi ,sprngli6 ,fall mer nit sel ,reiuli ab6--,do hemmer's1 i sags io-- ,hani's denn nit gseit8 ,doch gauckelet's witers und witers1 ,groblet uf alle ,vieren1 und stellt si wieder uf d' ,beinli1 ,schlieft in d' ,hrst--iez such mer's eisl--drt gggelet's use1 ,wart1 i chumm6 ,druf refts mer wieder hinter de ,bume3 ',roth wo bin i iez6'--und het si urige ,phatest4 ,aber wie de gosch1 wirsch sichtli grsser und schner4 ,wo di liebligen ,othern weiht1 so frbt si der ,rase ,grener rechts und links1 es sthn in saftige ,triebe ,gras und ,chrter uf1 es sthn in frischere ,gstalte ,farbigi ,blemli do1 und d' ,immli chmmen und suge4 ',s ,wasserstelzli chunnt1 und lueg doch1's ,wuli vo ,todtnau6 ,alles will di bschauen1 und ,alles will di bigrsse1 ,und di frndlig ,herz git alle frndligi ,rede3 ',chmmet ihr ordlige ,thierli1 do hender1 esset und trinket6 ,witers goht mi ,weg1 ,gsegott1 ihr ordlige ,thierli6' ,the poet follows the stream through her whole course1 never dropping the figure1 which is adapted1 with infinite adroitness1 and with the play of a fancy as wayward and unrestrained as her own waters1 to all her changing aspects4 ,beside the ,catholic chapel of ,fair-,beeches she pauses to listen to the mass2 but farther down the valley becomes an apostate1 and attends the ,lutheran service in the ,husemer church4 ,stronger and statelier grown1 she trips along with the step of a maiden conscious of her own beauty1 and the poet clothes her in the costume of an ,alemannic bride1 with a green kirtle of a hundred folds1 and a stomacher of ,milan gauze1 like a loose cloud on a morning sky in spring-time4 ,thus equipped1 she wanders at will over the broader meadows1 around the feet of vineyard-hills1 visits villages and churches1 or stops to gossip with the lusty young millers4 ,but the woman's destiny is before her2 she cannot escape it2 and the time is drawing near when her wild1 singing1 pastoral being shall be absorbed in that of the strong male stream1 the bright-eyed son of the ,alps1 who has come so far to woo and win her4 ,daughter o' ,feldberg1 half-and-half ,i've got a suspicion ,how as you've virtues and faults enough now to choose ye a husband4 ,castin' y'r eyes down1 are you8 ,pickin' and plattin' y'r ribbons8 ,don't be so foolish1 wench6--,she thinks ,i know nothin' about it1 ,how she's already engaged1 and each is a-waitin' for t'other4 ,don't ,i know him1 my darlin'1 the lusty young fellow1 y'r sweetheart8 ,over powerful rocks1 and through the hedges and thickets1 ,right away from the snowy ,swiss mountains he plunges at ,rheineck ,down to the lake1 and straight ahead swims through it to ,constance1 ,sayin'3 ',t's no use o' talkin'1 ,i'll have the gal ,i'm engaged to6 ,but1 as he reaches ,stein1 he goes a little more slowly1 ,leavin' the lake where he's decently washed his feet and his body4 ,diessenhofen don't please him1--no1 nor the convent beside it4 ,for'ard he goes to ,schaffhausen1 onto the rocks at the corner2 ,there he says3 ,it's no use o' talkin'1 ,i'll git to my sweetheart3 ,body and life ,i'll stake1 cravat and embroidered suspenders4 ,woop6 but he jumps6 ,and now he talks to hisself1 goin' furder1 ,giddy1 belike1 in his head1 but pushes for'ard to ,rheinau1 ,eglisau1 and ,kaiserstuhl1 and ,zurzach1 and ,waldshut1-- ,all are behind him1 passin' one village after another ,down to ,grenzach1 and out on the broad and beautiful bottoms ,nigh unto ,basle2 and there he must stop and look after his license4 99 99 99 99 99 ,look6 isn't that y'r bridegroom a-comin' down yonder to meet you8-- ,yes1 it's him1 it's him1 ,i hear't1 for his voice is so jolly6 ,yes1 it's him1 it's him1--with his eyes as blue as the heavens1 ,with his ,swiss knee-breeches o' green1 and suspenders o' velvet1 ,with his shirt o' the color o' pearl1 and buttons o' crystal1 ,with his powerful loins1 and his sturdy back and his shoulders1 ,grand in his gait1 commandin'1 beautiful1 free in his motions1 ,proud as a ,basle ,councilman1--yes1 it's the big boy o' ,gothard6,b ,footnote ,b3 ,the ,rhine4 ,the daring with which ,hebel countrifies 7or1 rather1 farmerizes1 to translate ,goethe's--word more literally7 the spirit of natural objects1 carrying his personifications to that point where the imaginative borders on the grotesque1 is perhaps his strongest characteristic4 ,his poetic faculty1 putting on its ,alemannic costume1 seems to abdicate all ambition of moving in a higher sphere of society1 but within the bounds it has chosen allows itself the utmost range of capricious enjoyment4 ,in another pastoral1 called ,the ,oatmeal ,porridge1 he takes the grain which the peasant has sown1 makes it a sentient creature1 and carries it through the processes of germination1 growth1 and bloom1 without once dropping the figure or introducing an incongruous epithet4 ,it is not only a child1 but a child of the ,black ,forest1 uttering its hopes1 its anxieties1 and its joys in the familiar dialect4 ,the beetle1 in his eyes1 becomes a gross1 hard-headed boor1 carrying his sacks of blossom-meal1 and drinking his mug of ,,xx morning-dew2 the stork parades about to show his red stockings2 the spider is at once machinist and civil engineer2 and even the sun1 moon1 and morning-star are not secure from the poet's familiarities4 ,in his pastoral of ,the ,field-,watchmen1 he ventures to say1-- ,mister ,schoolmaster ,moon1 with y'r forehead wrinkled with teachin'1 ,with y'r face full o' larnin'1 a plaster stuck on y'r cheek-bone1 ,say1 do y'r children mind ye1 and larn their psalm and their texes8 ,we much fear that this over-quaintness of fancy1 to which the ,alemannic dialect gives such a racy flavor1 and which belongs1 in a lesser degree1 to the minds of the people who speak that dialect1 cannot be successfully clothed in an ,english dress4 ,let us try1 therefore1 a little poem1 the sentiment whereof is of universal application3-- ,,the ,,contented ,,farmer4 ,i guess ,i'll take my pouch1 and fill ,my pipe just once1--yes1 that ,i will6 ,turn out my plough and home'ards go3 ,buck thinks1 enough's been done1 ,i know4 ,why1 when the ,emperor's council's done1 ,and he can hunt1 and have his fun1 ,he stops1 ,i guess1 at any tree1 ,and fills his pipe as well as me4 ,but smokin' does him little good3 ,he can't have all things as he would4 ,his crown's a precious weight1 at that3 ,it isn't like my old straw hat4 ,he gits a deal o' tin1 no doubt1 ,but all the more he pays it out2 ,and everywheres they beg and cry ,heaps more than he can satisfy4 ,and when1 to see that nothin' 's wrong1 ,he plagues hisself the whole day long1 ,and thinks1 ,i guess ,i've fixed it now1 ,nobody thanks him1 anyhow4 ,and so1 when in his bloody clo'es ,the ,gineral out o' battle goes1 ,he takes his pouch1 too1 ,i'll agree1 ,and fills his pipe as well as me4 ,but in the wild and dreadfle fight1 ,his pipe don't taste ezackly right3 ,he's galloped here and galloped there1 ,and things a'n't pleasant1 anywhere4 ,and sich a cursin'3 ,thunder6 ,hell6 ,and ,devil6 7worse nor ,i can tell37 ,his grannydiers in blood lay down1 ,and yonder smokes a burnin' town4 ,and when1 a-travellin' to the ,fairs1 ,the merchant goes with all his wares1 ,he takes a pouch o' th' best1 ,i guess1 ,and fills and smokes his pipe1 no less4 ,poor devil1 't isn't good for you6 ,with all y'r gold1 you've trouble1 too4 ,twice two is four1 if stocks'll rise3 ,i see the figgers in your eyes4 ,it's hurry1 worry1 tare and tret2 ,ye ha'n't enough1 the more ye get1-- ,and couldn't use it1 if ye had3 ,no wonder that y'r pipe tastes bad6 ,but good1 thank ,god6 and wholesome's mine3 ,the bottom-wheat is growin' fine1 ,and ,god1 o' mornin's1 sends the dew1 ,and sends his breath o' blessin'1 too4 ,and1 home1 there's ,nancy bustlin' round3 ,the supper's ready1 ,i'll be bound1 ,and youngsters waitin'4 ,lord6 ,i vow ,i dunno which is smartest1 now4 ,my pipe tastes good2 the reason's plain3 7,i guess ,i'll fill it once again37 ,with cheerful heart1 and jolly mood1 ,and goin' home1 all things is good4 ,hebel's narrative poems abound with the wayward pranks of a fancy which seems a little too restive to be entirely controlled by his artistic sense2 but they possess much dramatic truth and power4 ,he delights in the supernatural element1 but approaches it from the gentler human side4 ,in ,the ,carbuncle1 only1 we find something of that weird1 uncanny atmosphere which casts its glamour around the ,tam ,o',shanter of ,burns4 ,a more satisfactory illustration of his peculiar qualities is ,the ,ghost's ,visit on the ,feldberg1--a story told by a loafer of ,basle to a group of beer-drinkers in the tavern at ,todtnau1 a little village at the foot of the mountain4 ,this is1 perhaps1 the most popular of ,hebel's poems1 and we therefore translate it entire4 ,the superstition that a child born on ,sunday has the power of seeing spirits is universal among the ,german peasantry4 ,,the ,,ghost',s ,,visit ,,on ,,the ,,feldberg4 ,hark ye1 fellows o' ,todtnau1 if ever ,i told you the ,scythe-,ghost,c ,was a spirit of ,evil1 ,i've now got a different story4 ,out of the town am ,i1--yes1 that ,i'll honestly own to1-- ,related to merchants1 at seven tables free to take pot-luck4 ,but ,i'm a ,sunday's child2 and wherever the ghosts at the cross-roads ,stand in the air1 in vaults1 and cellars1 and out-o'-way places1-- ,guardin' hidden money with eyes like fiery sauce-pans1 ,washin' with bitter tears the spot where somebody's murdered1 ,shovellin' the dirt1 and scratchin' it over with nails all so bloody1-- ,clear as day ,i can see1 when it lightens4 ,ugh6 how they whimper6 ,also1 whenever with beautiful blue eyes the heavenly angels1 ,deep in the night1 in silent1 sleepin' villages wander1 ,peekin' in at the windows1 and talkin' together so pleasant1 ,smilin' one at the t'other1 and settin' outside o' the house-doors1 ,so that the pious folks shall take no harm while they're sleepin'3 ,then ag'in1 when in couples or threes they walk in the grave-yard1 ,talkin' in this like3 ,there a faithful mother is layin'2 ,and here's a man that was poor1 but took no advantage o' no one3 ,take your rest1 for you're tired1--we'll waken ye up when the time comes6 ,clearly ,i see by the light o' the stars1 and ,i hear them a-talkin'4 ,many ,i know by their names1 and speak to1 whenever ,i meet 'em1 ,give 'em the time o' day1 and ask 'em1 and answer their questions4 ,how do ye do8 ,how's y'r watch8 ,praise ,god1 it's tolerable1 thank you6 ,believe it1 or not6 ,well1 once on a time my cousin1 he sent me ,over to ,todtnau1 on business with all sorts o' troublesome people1 ,where you've coffee to drink1 and biscuit they give you to soak in 't4 ,don't you stop on the road1 nor gabble whatever comes foremost1 ,hooted my cousin at startin'1 nor don't you let go o' your snuff-box1 ,leavin' it round in the tavern1 as gentlemen do1 for the next time4 ,up and away ,i went1 and all that my cousin he'd ordered ,fairly and squarely ,i fixed4 ,at the sign o' the ,eagle in ,todtnau ,set for a while2 then1 sure o' my way1 tramped off ag'in1 home'ards1 ,nigh by the village1 ,i reckoned1--but found myself climbin' the ,feldberg1 ,lured by the birdies1 and down by the brooks the beautiful posies3 ,that's a weakness o' mine1--,i ran like a fool after such things4 ,now it was dusk1 and the birdies hushed up1 settin' still on the branches4 ,hither and yonder a starlie stuck its head through the darkness1 ,peekin' out1 as oncertain whether the sun was in bed yet1-- ,whether it mightn't come1 and called to the other ones3 ,come now6 ,then ,i knowed ,i was lost1 and laid myself down1--,i was weary3 ,there1 you know1 there's a hut1 and ,i found an armful o' straw in 't4 ,here's a go6 ,i thinks to myself1 and ,i wish ,i was safely ,cuddled in bed to home1--or 't was midnight1 and some little spirit ,somewhere popped out1 as o' nights when it's twelve they're accustomed1 ,passin' the time with me1 friendly1 till winds that blow early o' mornin's ,blow out the heavenly lights1 and ,i see the way back to the village4 ,now1 as thinkin' in this like1 ,i felt all over my watch-face1-- ,dark as pitch all around1--and felt with my finger the hour-hand1 ,found it was nigh onto 'leven1 and hauled my pipe from my pocket1 ,thinkin'3 ,maybe a bit of a smoke'll keep me from snoozin'3 ,thunder6 all of a sudden beside me was two of 'em talkin'1 ,like as they'd business together6 ,you'd better believe that ,i listened4 ,say1 a'n't ,i late a-comin'8 ,because there was1 over in ,mambach1 ,dyin'1 a girl with pains in the bones and terrible fever3 ,now1 but she's easy6 ,i held to her mouth the drink o' departure1 ,so that the sufferin' ceased1 and softly lowered the eyelids1 ,sayin'3 ',sleep1 and in peace1--,i'll waken thee up when the time comes6' ,do me the favor1 brother3 fetch in the basin o' silver ,water1 ever so little3 my scythe1 as you see1 must be whetted4 ,whetted8 says ,i to myself1 and a spirit8 and peeked from the window4 ,lo and behold1 there sat a youngster with wings that was golden2 ,white was his mantle1 white1 and his girdle the color o' roses1 ,fair and lovely to see1 and beside him two lights all a-burnin'4 ,all the good spirits1 says ,i1 ,mr4 ,angel1 ,god have you in keepin'6 ,praise their ,master1 the ,lord1 said the angel2 ,god thank you1 as ,i do6 ,take no offence1 ,mr4 ,ghost1 and by y'r good leave and permission1 ,tell me1 what have you got for to mow8 ,why1 the scythe6 was his answer4 ,yes1 says ,i1 for ,i see it2 and that is my question exackly1 ,what you're goin' to do with the scythe4 ,why1 to mow6 was his answer4 ,then ,i ventur'd to say3 ,and that is my question exackly1 ,what you're goin' to mow1 supposin' you're willin' to tell me4 ,grass6 ,and what is your business so late up here in the night-time8 ,nothin' special1 ,i answered2 ,i'm burnin' a little tobacco4 ,lost my way1 or most likely ,i'd be at the ,eagle1 in ,todtnau4 ,but to come to the subject1 supposin' it isn't a secret1 ,tell me1 what do you make o' the grass8 ,and he answered me3 ,fodder6 ,don't understand it1 says ,i2 for the ,lord has no cows up in heaven4 ,not precisely a cow1 he remarked1 but heifers and asses4 ,seest1 up yonder1 the star8 and he pointed one out with his finger4 ,there's the ass o' the ,christmas-,child1 and ,fridolin's heifers1,d ,breathin' the starry air1 and waitin' for grass that ,i bring 'em3 ,grass doesn't grow there1--nothin' grows but the heavenly raisins1 ,milk and honey a-runnin' in rivers1 plenty as water3 ,but they're particular cattle1--grass they must have every mornin'1 ,mouthfuls o' hay1 and drink from earthly fountains they're used to4 ,so for them ,i'm a-whettin' my scythe1 and soon must be mowin'3 ,wouldn't it be worth while1 if politely you'd offer to help me8 ,so the angel he talked1 and this way ,i answered the angel3 ,hark ye1 this it is1 just3 and ,i'll go wi' the greatest o' pleasure4 ,folks from the town know nothin' about it3 we write and we cipher1 ,reckon up money1--that we can do6--and measure and weigh out1 ,unload1 and on-load1 and eat and drink without any trouble4 ,all that we want for the belly1 in kitchen1 pantry1 and cellar1 ,comes in lots through every gate1 in baskets and boxes1 ,runs in every street1 and cries at every corner3 ',buy my cherries6' and ',buy my butter6' and ',look at my salad6' ',buy my onions6' and ',here's your carrots6' and ',spinage and parsley6' ',lucifer matches6 ,lucifer matches6' ',cabbage and turnips6' ',here's your umbrellas6' ',caraway-seed and juniper-berries6 ,cheap for cash1 and all to be traded for sugar and coffee6' ,say1 ,mr4 ,angel1 didst ever drink coffee8 how do you like it8 ,stop with y'r nonsense6 then he said1 but he couldn't help laughin'2 ,no1 we drink but the heavenly air1 and eat nothin' but raisins1 ,four on a day o' the week1 and afterwards five on a ,sunday4 ,come1 if you want to go with me1 now1 for ,i'm off to my mowin'1 ,back o' ,todtnau1 there on the grassy holt by the highway4 ,yes1 ,mr4 ,angel1 that will ,i truly1 seein' you're willin'3 ,seems to me that it's cooler3 give me y'r scythe for to carry3 ,here's a pipe and a pouch1--you're welcome to smoke1 if you want to4 ,while ,i was talkin'1 ,poohoo6 cried the angel4 ,a fiery man stood1 ,quicker than lightnin'1 beside me4 ,light us the way to the village6 ,said he4 ,and truly before us marched1 a-burnin'1 the ,poohoo1 ,over stock and rock1 through the bushes1 a travellin' torch-light4 ,handy1 isn't it8 laughin'1 the angel said4 --,what are ye doin'8 ,why do you nick at y'r flint8 ,you can light y'r pipe at the ,poohoo4 ,use him whenever you like3 but it seems to me you're a-frightened1-- ,you1 and a ,sunday's-child1 as you are3 do you think he will bite you8 ,no1 he ha'n't bit me2 but this you'll allow me to say1 ,mr4 ,angel1-- ,half-and-half ,i mistrust him3 besides1 my tobacco's a-burnin'4 ,that's a weakness o' mine1--,i'm afeard o' them fiery creeturs3 ,give me seventy angels1 instead o' this big burnin' devil6 ,really1 it's dreadfle1 the angel says he1 that men is so silly1 ,fearful o' ghosts and spectres1 and skeery without any reason4 ,two of 'em only is dangerous1 two of 'em hurtful to mankind3 ,one of 'em's known by the name o' ,delusion1 and ,worry the t'other4 ,him1 ,delusion1 's a dweller in wine3 from cans and decanters ,up to the head he rises1 and turns your sense to confusion4 ,this is the ghost that leads you astray in forest and highway3 ,undermost1 uppermost1 hither and yon the ground is a-rollin'1 ,bridges bendin'1 and mountains movin'1 and everything double4 ,hark ye1 keep out of his way6 ,aha6 ,i says to the angel1 ,there you prick me1 but not to the blood3 ,i see what you're after4 ,sober am ,i1 as a judge4 ,to be sure1 ,i emptied my tankard ,once1 at the ,eagle1--once1--and the landlord 'll tell you the same thing1 ,s'posin' you doubt me4 ,and now1 pray1 tell me who is the t'other8 ,who is the t'other8 ,don't know without askin'8 answered the angel4 ,he's a terrible ghost3 the ,lord forbid you should meet him6 ,when you waken early1 at four or five in the mornin'1 ,there he stands a-waitin' with burnin eyes at y'r bed-side1 ,gives you the time o' day with blazin switches and pinchers3 ,even prayin' don't help1 nor helps all your ,ave ,marias6 ,when you begin 'em1 he takes your jaws and claps 'em together2 ,look to heaven1 he comes and blinds y'r eyes with his ashes2 ,be you hungry1 and eat1 he pizons y'r soup with his wormwood2 ,take you a drink o' nights1 he squeezes gall in the tankard2 ,run like a stag1 he follows as close on y'r trail as a blood-hound2 ,creep like a shadow1 be whispers3 ',good6 we had best take it easy'2 ,kneels at y'r side in the church1 and sets at y'r side in the tavern4 ,go wherever you will1 there's ghosts a-hoverin' round you4 ,shut your eyes in y'r bed1 they mutter3 ',there 's no need o' hurry2 ,by-and-by you can sleep1 but listen6 we've somethin' to tell you3 ,have you forgot how you stoled8 and how you cheated the orphans8 ,secretly sinned8'--and this1 and t'other2 and when they have finished1 ,say it over ag'in1 and you get little good o' your slumber4 ,so the angel he talked1 and1 like iron under the hammer1 ,sparked and spirited the ,poohoo4 ,surely1 ,i says to the angel1 ,born on a ,sunday was ,i1 and friendly with many a preacher1 ,yet the ,father protect me from these6 ,says he to me1 smilin'3 ,keep y'r conscience pure2 it is better than crossin' and blessin'4 ,here we must part1 for y'r way turns off and down to the village4 ,take the ,poohoo along1 but mind6 put him out1 in the meadow1 ,lest he should run in the village1 settin' fire to the stables4 ,god be with you and keep you6 ,and then says ,i3 ,mr4 ,angel1 ,god1 the ,father1 protect you6 ,be sure1 when you come to the city1 ,christmas evenin'1 call1 and ,i'll hold it an honor to see you3 ,raisins ,i'll have at your service1 and hippocras1 if you like it4 ,chilly 's the air1 o' evenin's1 especially down by the river4 ,day was breakin' by this1 and right there was ,todtnau before me6 ,past1 and onward to ,basle ,i wandered1 i' the shade and the coolness4 ,when into ,mambach ,i came1 they bore a dead girl to the grave-yard1 ,after the ,holy ,cross1 and the faded banner o' ,heaven1 ,with the funeral garlands upon her1 with sobbin' and weepin'4 ,ah1 but she 'd heard what he said6 he'll waken her up when the time comes4 ,afterwards1 ,tuesday it was1 ,i got safely back to my cousin2 ,but it turned out as he said1--,i'd somewhere forgotten my snuff-box6 ,footnote ,c3 ,dengle-,geist1 literally1 ,whetting-,spirit4 ,the exact meaning of dengeln is to sharpen a scythe by hammering the edge of the blade1 which was practised before whetstones came in use4 ,footnote ,d3 ,according to an old legend1 ,fridolin 7a favorite saint with the ,catholic population of the ,black ,forest7 harnessed two young heifers to a mighty fir-tree1 and hauled it into the ,rhine near ,sckingen1 thereby damming the river and forcing it to take a new course1 on the other side of the town4 ,in this poem the hero of the story unconsciously describes himself by his manner of telling it1--a reflective action of the dramatic faculty1 which ,browning1 among living poets1 possesses in a marked degree4 ,the moral is so skilfully inwoven into the substance of the narrative as to conceal the appearance of design1 and the reader has swallowed the pill before its sugar-coating of fancy has dissolved in his mouth4 ,there are few of ,hebel's poems which were not written for the purpose of inculcating some wholesome lesson1 but in none does this object prominently appear4 ,even where it is not merely implied1 but directly expressed1 he contrives to give it the air of having been accidentally suggested by the theme4 ,in the following1 which is the most pointedly didactic of all his productions1 the characteristic fancy still betrays itself3-- ,,the ,,guide-,,post4 ,d' ye know the road to th' bar'l o' flour8 ,at break o' day let down the bars1 ,and plough y'r wheat-field1 hour by hour1 ,till sundown1--yes1 till shine o' stars4 ,you peg away1 the livelong day1 ,nor loaf about1 nor gape around2 ,and that's the road to the thrashin'-floor1 ,and into the kitchen1 ,i'll be bound6 ,d' ye know the road where dollars lays8 ,follow the red cents1 here and there3 ,for if a man leaves them1 ,i guess1 ,he won't find dollars anywhere4 ,d' ye know the road to ,sunday's rest8 ,jist don't o' week-days be afeard2 ,in field and workshop do y'r best1 ,and ,sunday comes itself1 ,i've heerd4 ,on ,saturdays it's not fur off1 ,and brings a basketful o' cheer1-- ,a roast1 and lots o' garden-stuff1 ,and1 like as not1 a jug o' beer6 ,d' ye know the road to poverty8 ,turn in at any tavern-sign3 ,turn in1--it's temptin' as can be3 ,there's bran'-new cards and liquor fine4 ,in the last tavern there's a sack1 ,and1 when the cash y'r pocket quits1 ,jist hang the wallet on y'r back1-- ,you vagabond6 see how it fits6 ,d' ye know what road to honor leads1 ,and good old age8--a lovely sight6 ,by way o' temperance1 honest deeds1 ,and tryin' to do y'r dooty right4 ,and when the road forks1 ary side1 ,and you're in doubt which one it is1 ,stand still1 and let y'r conscience guide3 ,thank ,god1 it can't lead much amiss6 ,and now1 the road to church-yard gate ,you needn't ask6 ,go anywhere6 ,for1 whether roundabout or straight1 ,all roads1 at last1 'll bring you there4 ,go1 fearin' ,god1 but lovin' more6-- ,i've tried to be an honest guide1-- ,you'll find the grave has got a door1 ,and somethin' for you t'other side4 ,we could linger much longer over our simple1 brave old poet1 were we sure of the ability of the reader approximately to distinguish his features through the veil of translation4 ,in turning the leaves of the smoky book1 with its coarse paper and rude type1--which suggests to us1 by-the-by1 the fact that ,hebel was accustomed to hang a book1 which he wished especially to enjoy1 in the chimney1 for a few days1--we are tempted by ,the ,market-,women in ,town1 by ,the ,mother on ,christmas-,eve1 ,the ,morning-,star1 and the charming fairy-story of ,riedliger's ,daughter1 but must be content to close our specimens1 for the present1 with a song of love1--,hans und ,verene1--under the equivalent title of ,,jack ,,and ,,maggie4 ,there's only one ,i'm after1 ,and she's the one1 ,i vow6 ,if she was here1 and standin' by1 ,she is a gal so neat and spry1 ,so neat and spry1 ,i'd be in glory now6 ,it's so1--,i'm hankerin' for her1 ,and want to have her1 too4 ,her temper's always gay1 and bright1 ,her face like posies red and white1 ,both red and white1 ,and eyes like posies blue4 ,and when ,i see her comin'1 ,my face gits red at once2 ,my heart feels chokin'-like1 and weak1 ,and drops o' sweat run down my cheek1 ,yes1 down my cheek1-- ,confound me for a dunce6 ,she spoke so kind1 last ,tuesday1 ,when at the well we met3 ,jack1 give a lift6 ,what ails you8 ,say6 ,i see that somethin' 's wrong to-day3 ,what's wrong to-day8 ,no1 that ,i can't forget6 ,i know ,i'd ought to tell her1 ,and wish ,i'd told her then2 ,and if ,i wasn't poor and low1 ,and sayin' it didn't choke me so1 7,it chokes me so17 ,i'd find a chance again4 ,well1 up and off ,i'm goin'3 ,she's in the field below3 ,i'll try and let her know my mind2 ,and if her answer isn't kind1 ,if 't isn't kind1 ,i'll jine the ranks1 and go6 ,i'm but a poor young fellow1 ,yes1 poor enough1 no doubt3 ,but ha'n't1 thank ,god1 done nothin' wrong1 ,and be a man as stout and strong1 ,as stout and strong1 ,as any roundabout4 ,what's rustlin' in the bushes8 ,i see a movin' stalk3 ,the leaves is openin'3 there's a dress6 ,o ,lord1 forbid it6 but ,i guess-- ,i guess--,i guess ,somebody's heard me talk6 ,ha6 here ,i am6 you've got me6 ,so keep me1 if you can6 ,i've guessed it ever since last ,fall1 ,and ,tuesday morn ,i saw it all1 ,i saw it all6 ,speak out1 then1 like a man6 ,though rich you a'n't in money1 ,nor rich in goods to sell1 ,an honest heart is more than gold1 ,and hands you've got for field and fold1 ,for house and fold1 ,and--,jack--,i love you well6 ,o ,maggie1 say it over6 ,o ,maggie1 is it so8 ,i couldn't longer bear the doubt3 ',twas hell1--but now you've drawed me out1 ,you've drawed me out6 ,and will ,i8 ,won't ,i1 though6 ,the later years of ,hebel's life quietly passed away in the circle of his friends at ,carlsruhe4 ,after the peculiar mood which called forth the ,alemannic poems had passed away1 he seems to have felt no further temptation to pursue his literary success4 ,his labors1 thenceforth1 were chiefly confined to the preparation of a ,biblical ,history1 for schools1 and the editing of the ,rhenish ,house-,friend1 an illustrated calendar for the people1 to which he gave a character somewhat similar to that of ,franklin's ,poor ,richard4 ,his short1 pithy narratives1 each with its inevitable1 though unobtrusive moral1 are models of style4 ,the calendar became so popular1 under his management1 that forty thousand copies were annually printed4 ,he finally discontinued his connection with it1 in #ahai1 in consequence of an interference with his articles on the part of the censor4 ,in society ,hebel was a universal favorite4 ,possessing1 in his personal appearance1 no less than in his intellect1 a marked individuality1 he carried a fresh1 vital1 inspiring element into every company which he visited4 ,his cheerfulness was inexhaustible1 his wit keen and lambent without being acrid1 his speech clear1 fluent1 and genial1 and his fund of anecdote commensurate with his remarkable narrative power4 ,he was exceedingly frank1 joyous1 and unconstrained in his demeanor2 fond of the pipe and the beer-glass2 and as one of his maxims was1 ,not to close any door through which ,fortune might enter1 he not only occasionally bought a lottery-ticket1 but was sometimes to be seen1 during the season1 at the roulette-tables of ,baden-,baden4 ,one of his friends declares1 however1 that he never obtruded the clergyman at inappropriate times6 ,in person he was of medium height1 with a body of massive ,teutonic build1 a large1 broad head1 inclined a little towards one shoulder1 the eyes small1 brown1 and mischievously sparkling1 the hair short1 crisp1 and brown1 the nose aquiline1 and the mouth compressed1 with the commencement of a smile stamped in the corners4 ,he was careless in his gait1 and negligent in his dress4 ,warm-hearted and tender1 and especially attracted towards women and children1 the cause of his celibacy always remained a mystery to his friends4 ,the manner of his death1 finally1 illustrated the genuine humanity of his nature4 ,in ,september1 #ahbf1 although an invalid at the time1 he made a journey to ,mannheim for the sake of procuring a mitigation of the sentence of a condemned poacher1 whose case appealed strongly to his sympathy4 ,his exertions on behalf of the poor man so aggravated his disease that he was soon beyond medical aid4 ,only his corpse1 crowned with laurel1 returned to ,carlsruhe4 ,nine years afterwards a monument was erected to his memory in the park attached to the ,ducal palace4 ,nor have the inhabitants of the ,black ,forest failed in worthy commemoration of their poet's name4 ,a prominent peak among the mountains which inclose the valley of his favorite ,meadow has been solemnly christened ,hebel's ,mount2 and a flower of the ,forest--the ,anthericum of ,linnaeus--now figures in ,german botanies as the ,hebelia ,alemannica4 ,,the ,,forester4 ,then bless thy secret growth1 nor catch ,at noise1 but thrive unseen and dumb1 ,keep clean1 bear fruit1 earn life1 and watch ,till the white-winged reapers come4--,henry ,vaughan ,i had never thought of knowing a man so thoroughly of the country as this friend of mine1 and so purely a son of ,nature4 ,perhaps he has the profoundest passion for it of any one living2 and had the human sentiment been as tender from the first1 and as pervading1 we might have had pastorals of which ,virgil and ,theocritus would have envied him the authorship1 had they chanced to be his contemporaries4 ,as it is1 he has come nearer the antique spirit than any of our native poets1 and touched the fields and groves and streams of his native town with a classic interest that shall not fade4 ,some of his verses are suffused with an elegiac tenderness1 as if the woods and fields bewailed the absence of their forester1 and murmured their griefs meanwhile to one another1--responsive like idyls4 ,living in close companionship with ,nature1 his ,muse breathes the spirit and voice of poetry2 his excellence lying herein3 for when the heart is once divorced from the senses and all sympathy with common things1 then poetry has fled1 and the love that sings4 ,the most welcome of companions1 this plain countryman4 ,one shall not meet with thoughts invigorating like his often2 coming so scented of mountain and field breezes and rippling springs1 so like a luxuriant clod from under forest-leaves1 moist and mossy with earth-spirits4 ,his presence is tonic1 like ice-water in dog-days to the parched citizen pent in chambers and under brazen ceilings4 ,welcome as the gurgle of brooks1 the dripping of pitchers1--then drink and be cool6 ,he seems one with things1 of ,nature's essence and core1 knit of strong timbers1 most like a wood and its inhabitants4 ,there are in him sod and shade1 woods and waters manifold1 the mould and mist of earth and sky4 ,self-poised and sagacious as any denizen of the elements1 he has the key to every animal's brain1 every plant1 every shrub2 and were an ,indian to flower forth1 and reveal the secrets hidden in his cranium1 it would not be more surprising than the speech of our ,sylvanus4 ,he must belong to the ,homeric age1--is older than pastures and gardens1 as if he were of the race of heroes1 and one with the elements4 ,he1 of all men1 seems to be the native ,new-,englander1 as much so as the oak1 the granite ledge1 our best sample of an indigenous ,american1 untouched by the ,old ,country1 unless he came down from ,thor1 the ,northman2 as yet unfathered by any1 and a nondescript in the books of natural history4 ,a peripatetic philosopher1 and out of doors for the best parts of his days and nights1 he has manifold weather and seasons in him1 and the manners of an animal of probity and virtues unstained4 ,of our moralists he seems the wholesomest2 and the best republican citizen in the world1--always at home1 and minding his own affairs4 ,perhaps a little over-confident sometimes1 and stiffly individual1 dropping society clean out of his theories1 while standing friendly in his strict sense of friendship1 there is in him an integrity and sense of justice that make possible and actual the virtues of ,sparta and the ,stoics1 and all the more welcome to us in these times of shuffling and of pusillanimity4 ,plutarch would have made him immortal in his pages1 had he lived before his day4 ,nor have we any so modern as be1--his own and ours2 too purely so to be appreciated at once4 ,a scholar by birthright1 and an author1 his fame has not yet travelled far from the banks of the rivers he has described in his books2 but ,i hazard only the truth in affirming of his prose1 that in substance and sense it surpasses that of any naturalist of his time1 and that he is sure of a reading in the future4 ,there are fairer fishes in his pages than any now swimming in our streams1 and some sleep of his on the banks of the ,merrimack by moonlight that ,egypt never rivalled2 a morning of which ,memnon might have envied the music1 and a greyhound that was meant for ,adonis2 some frogs1 too1 better than any of ,aristophanes4 ,perhaps we have had no eyes like his since ,pliny's time4 ,his senses seem double1 giving him access to secrets not easily read by other men3 his sagacity resembling that of the beaver and the bee1 the dog and the deer2 an instinct for seeing and judging1 as by some other or seventh sense1 dealing with objects as if they were shooting forth from his own mind mythologically1 thus completing ,nature all round to his senses1 and a creation of his at the moment4 ,i am sure he knows the animals1 one by one1 and everything else knowable in our town1 and has named them rightly as ,adam did in ,paradise1 if he be not that ancestor himself4 ,his works are pieces of exquisite sense1 celebrations of ,nature's virginity1 exemplified by rare learning and original observations4 ,persistently independent and manly1 he criticizes men and times largely1 urging and defending his opinions with the spirit and pertinacity befitting a descendant of him of the ,hammer4 ,a head of mixed genealogy like his1 ,franco-,norman crossed by ,scottish and ,new-,england descent1 may be forgiven a few characteristic peculiarities and trenchant traits of thinking1 amidst his great common sense and fidelity to the core of natural things4 ,seldom has a head circumscribed so much of the sense of ,cosmos as this footed intelligence1--nothing less than all out-of-doors sufficing his genius and scopes1 and1 day by day1 through all weeks and seasons1 the year round4 ,if one would find the wealth of wit there is in this plain man1 the information1 the sagacity1 the poetry1 the piety1 let him take a walk with him1 say of a winter's afternoon1 to the ,blue ,water1 or anywhere about the outskirts of his village-residence4 ,pagan as he shall outwardly appear1 yet he soon shall be seen to be the hearty worshipper of whatsoever is sound and wholesome in ,nature1--a piece of russet probity and sound sense that she delights to own and honor4 ,his talk shall be suggestive1 subtile1 and sincere1 under as many masks and mimicries as the shows he passes1 and as significant1--,nature choosing to speak through her chosen mouth-piece1--cynically1 perhaps1 sometimes1 and searching into the marrows of men and times he chances to speak of1 to his discomfort mostly1 and avoidance4 ,nature1 poetry1 life1--not politics1 not strict science1 not society as it is1--are his preferred themes3 the new ,pantheon1 probably1 before he gets far1 to the naming of the gods some coming ,angelo1 some ,pliny1 is to paint and describe4 ,the world is holy1 the things seen symbolizing the ,unseen1 and worthy of worship so1 the ,zoroastrian rites most becoming a nature so fine as ours in this thin newness1 this worship being so sensible1 so promotive of possible pieties1--calling us out of doors and under the firmament1 where health and wholesomeness are finely insinuated into our souls1--not as idolaters1 but as idealists1 the seekers of the ,unseen through images of the ,invisible4 ,i think his religion of the most primitive type1 and inclusive of all natural creatures and things1 even to the sparrow that falls to the ground1--though never by shot of his1--and1 for whatsoever is manly in man1 his worship may compare with that of the priests and heroes of pagan times4 ,nor is he false to these traits under any guise1--worshipping at unbloody altars1 a favorite of the ,unseen1 ,wisest1 and ,best4 ,certainly he is better poised and more nearly self-reliant than other men4 ,perhaps he deals best with matter1 properly1 though very adroitly with mind1 with persons1 as he knows them best1 and sees them from ,nature's circle1 wherein he dwells habitually4 ,i should say he inspired the sentiment of love1 if1 indeed1 the sentiment he awakens did not seem to partake of a yet purer sentiment1 were that possible1--but nameless from its excellency4 ,friendly he is1 and holds his friends by bearings as strict in their tenderness and consideration as are the laws of his thinking1--as prompt and kindly equitable1--neighborly always1 and as apt for occasions as he is strenuous against meddling with others in things not his4 ,i know of nothing more creditable to his greatness than the thoughtful regard1 approaching to reverence1 by which he has held for many years some of the best persons of his time1 living at a distance1 and wont to make their annual pilgrimage1 usually on foot1 to the master1--a devotion very rare in these times of personal indifference1 if not of confessed unbelief in persons and ideas4 ,he has been less of a housekeeper than most1 has harvested more wind and storm1 sun and sky2 abroad night and day with his leash of keen scents1 bounding any game stirring1 and running it down1 for certain1 to be spread on the dresser of his page1 and served as a feast to the sound intelligences1 before he has done with it4 ,we have been accustomed to consider him the salt of things so long that they must lose their savor without his to season them4 ,and when he goes hence1 then ,pan is dead1 and ,nature ailing throughout4 ,his friend sings him thus1 with the advantages of his ,walden to show him in ,nature3-- ,it is not far beyond the ,village church1 ,after we pass the wood that skirts the road1 ,a ,lake1--the blue-eyed ,walden1 that doth smile ,most tenderly upon its neighbor ,pines2 ,and they1 as if to recompense this love1 ,in double beauty spread their branches forth4 ,this ,lake has tranquil loveliness and breadth1 ,and1 of late years1 has added to its charms2 ,for one attracted to its pleasant edge ,has built himself a little ,hermitage1 ,where with much piety he passes life4 ,more fitting place ,i cannot fancy now1 ,for such a man to let the line run off ,the mortal reel1--such patience hath the ,lake1 ,such gratitude and cheer is in the ,pines4 ,but more than either lake or forest's depths ,this man has in himself3 a tranquil man1 ,with sunny sides where well the fruit is ripe1 ,good front and resolute bearing to this life1 ,and some serener virtues1 which control ,this rich exterior prudence1--virtues high1 ,that in the principles of ,things are set1 ,great by their nature1 and consigned to him1 ,who1 like a faithful ,merchant1 does account ,to ,god for what he spends1 and in what way4 ,thrice happy art thou1 ,walden1 in thyself6 ,such purity is in thy limpid springs1-- ,in those green shores which do reflect in thee1 ,and in this man who dwells upon thy edge1 ,a holy man within a ,hermitage4 ,may all good showers fall gently into thee1 ,may thy surrounding forests long be spared1 ,and may the ,dweller on thy tranquil marge ,there lead a life of deep tranquillity1 ,pure as thy ,waters1 handsome as thy ,shores1 ,and with those virtues which are like the ,stars6 ,,methods ,,of ,,study ,,in ,,natural ,,history4 ,,vii4 ,i come now to an obscure part of my subject1 very difficult to present in a popular form1 and yet so important in the scientific investigations of our day that ,i cannot omit it entirely4 ,i allude to what are called by naturalists ,collateral ,series or ,parallel ,types4 ,these are by no means difficult to trace1 because they are connected by seeming resemblances1 which1 though very likely to mislead and perplex the observer1 yet naturally suggest the association of such groups4 ,let me introduce the subject with the statement of some facts4 ,there are in ,australia numerous ,mammalia1 occupying the same relation and answering the same purposes as the ,mammalia of other countries4 ,some of them are domesticated by the natives1 and serve them with meat1 milk1 wool1 as our domesticated animals serve us4 ,representatives of almost all types1 ,wolves1 ,foxes1 ,sloths1 ,bears1 ,weasels1 ,martens1 ,squirrels1 ,rats1 etc41 are found there2 and yet1 though all these animals resemble ours so closely that the ,english settlers have called many of them by the same names1 there are no genuine ,wolves1 ,foxes1 ,sloths1 ,bears1 ,weasels1 ,martens1 ,squirrels1 or ,rats in ,australia4 ,the ,australian ,mammalia are peculiar to the region where they are found1 and are all linked together by two remarkable structural features which distinguish them from all other ,mammalia and unite them under one head as the so-called ,marsupials4 ,they bring forth their young in an imperfect condition1 and transfer them to a pouch1 where they remain attached to the teats of the mother till their development is as far advanced as that of other ,mammalia at the time of their birth2 and they are further characterized by an absence of that combination of transverse fibres forming the large bridge which unites the two hemispheres of the brain in all the other members of their class4 ,here1 then1 is a series of animals parallel with ours1 separated from them by anatomical features1 but so united with them by form and external features that many among them have been at first associated together4 ,this is what ,cuvier has called subordination of characters1 distinguishing between characters that control the organization and those that are not essentially connected with it4 ,the skill of the naturalist consists in detecting the difference between the two1 so that he may not take the more superficial features as the basis of his classification1 instead of those important ones which1 though often less easily recognized1 are more deeply rooted in the organization4 ,it is a difference of the same nature as that between affinity and analogy1 to which ,i have alluded before1 when speaking of the ingrafting of certain features of one type upon animals of another type1 thus producing a superficial resemblance1 not truly characteristic4 ,in the ,reptiles1 for instance1 there are two groups1--those devoid of scales1 with naked skin1 laying numerous eggs1 but hatching their young in an imperfect state1 and the ,scaly ,reptiles1 which lay comparatively few eggs1 but whose young1 when hatched1 are completely developed1 and undergo no subsequent metamorphosis4 ,yet1 notwithstanding this difference in essential features of structure1 and in the mode of reproduction and development1 there is such an external resemblance between certain animals belonging to the two groups that they were associated together even by so eminent a naturalist as ,linnaeus4 ,compare1 for instance1 the ,serpents among the ,scaly ,reptiles with the ,caecilians among the ,naked ,reptiles4 ,they have the same elongated form1 and are both destitute of limbs2 the head in both is on a level with the body1 without any contraction behind it1 such as marks the neck in the higher ,reptiles1 and moves only by the action of the back-bone2 they are singularly alike in their external features1 but the young of the ,serpent are hatched in a mature condition1 while the young of the type to which the ,caecilians belong undergo a succession of metamorphoses before attaining to a resemblance to the parent4 ,or compare the ,lizard and the ,salamander1 in which the likeness is perhaps even more striking2 for any inexperienced observer would mistake one for the other4 ,both are superior to the ,serpents and ,caecilians1 for in them the head moves freely on the neck and they creep on short imperfect legs4 ,but the ,lizard is clothed with scales1 while the body of the ,salamander is naked1 and the young of the former is complete when hatched1 while the ,tadpole born from the ,salamander has a life of its own to live1 with certain changes to pass through before it assumes its mature condition2 during the early part of its life it is even destitute of legs1 and has gills like the ,fishes4 ,above the ,lizards and ,salamanders1 highest in the class of ,reptiles1 stand two other collateral types1--the ,turtles at the head of the ,scaly ,reptiles1 the ,toads and ,frogs at the ,lead of the ,naked ,reptiles4 ,the external likeness between these two groups is perhaps less striking than between those mentioned above1 on account of the large shield of the ,turtle4 ,but there are ,turtles with a soft covering1 and there are some ,toads with a hard shield over the head and neck at least1 and both groups are alike distinguished by the shortness and breadth of the body and by the greater development of the limbs as compared with the lower ,reptiles4 ,but here again there is the same essential difference in the mode of development of their young as distinguishes all the rest4 ,the two series may thus be contrasted3-- ,naked ,reptiles4 ,toads and ,frogs1 ,salamanders1 ,caecilians4 ,scaly ,reptiles4 ,turtles1 ,lizards1 ,serpents4 ,such corresponding groups or parallel types1 united only by external resemblance1 and distinguished from each other by essential elements of structure1 exist among all animals1 though they are less striking among ,birds on account of the uniformity of that class4 ,yet even there we may trace such analogies1--as between the ,palmate or ,aquatic ,birds1 for instance1 and the ,birds of ,prey1 or between the ,frigate ,bird and the ,kites4 ,among ,fishes such analogies are very common1 often suggesting a comparison even with land animals1 though on account of the scales and spines of the former the likeness may not be easily traced4 ,but the common names used by the fishermen often indicate these resemblances1 --as1 for instance1 ,sea-,vulture1 ,sea-,eagle1 ,cat-,fish1 ,flying-,fish1 ,sea-,porcupine1 ,sea-,cow1 ,sea-,horse1 and the like4 ,in the branch of ,mollusks1 also1 the same superficial analogies are found4 ,in the lowest class of this division of the ,animal ,kingdom there is a group so similar to the ,polyps1 that1 until recently1 they have been associated with them1--the ,bryozoa4 ,they are very small animals1 allied to the ,clams by the plan of their structure1 but they have a resemblance to the ,polyps on account of a radiating wreath of feelers around the upper part of their body3 yet1 when examined closely1 this wreath is found to be incomplete2 it does not1 form a circle1 but leaves an open space between the two ends1 where they approach each other1 so that it has a horseshoe outline1 and partakes of the bilateral symmetry characteristic of its type and on which its own structure is based4 ,these series have not yet been very carefully traced1 and young naturalists should turn their attention to them1 and be prepared to draw the nicest distinction between analogies and true affinities among animals4 ,,viii4 ,after this digression1 let us proceed to a careful examination of the natural groups of animals called ,families by naturalists1--a subject already briefly alluded to in a previous chapter4 ,families are natural assemblages of animals of less extent than ,orders1 but1 like ,orders1 ,classes1 and ,branches1 founded upon certain categories of structure1 which are as distinct for this kind of group as for all the other divisions in the classification of the ,animal ,kingdom4 ,that we may understand the true meaning of these divisions1 we must not be misled by the name given by naturalists to this kind of group4 ,here1 as in so many other instances1 a word already familiar1 and that had become1 as it were1 identified with the special sense in which it had been used1 has been adopted by science and has received a new signification4 ,when naturalists speak of ,families among animals1 they do not allude to the progeny of a known stock1 as we designate1 in common parlance1 the children or the descendants of known parents by the word family2 they understand by ,families natural groups of different kinds of animals1 having no genetic relations so far as we know1 but agreeing with one another closely enough to leave the impression of a more or less remote common parentage4 ,the difficulty here consists in determining the natural limits of such groups1 and in tracing the characteristic features by which they may be defined2 for individual investigators differ greatly as to the degree of resemblance existing between the members of many ,families1 and there is no kind of group which presents greater diversity of circumscription in the classifications of animals proposed by different naturalists than these so-called ,families4 ,it should be remembered1 however1 that1 unless a sound criterion be applied to the limitation of ,families1 they1 like all other groups introduced into zological systems1 must forever remain arbitrary divisions1 as they have been hitherto4 ,a retrospective glance at the progress of our science during the past century1 in this connection1 may perhaps help us to solve the difficulty4 ,linnaeus1 in his ,system of ,nature1 does not admit ,families2 he has only four kinds of groups1--,classes1 ,orders1 ,genera1 and ,species4 ,it was among plants that naturalists first perceived those general traits of resemblance which exist everywhere among the members of natural families1 and added this kind of group to the framework of their system4 ,in ,france1 particularly1 this method was pursued with success2 and the improvements thus introduced by the ,french botanists were so great1 and rendered their classification so superior to that of ,linnaeus1 that the botanical systems in which ,families were introduced were called natural systems1 in contradistinction especially to the botanical classification of ,linnaeus1 which was founded upon the organs of reproduction1 and which received thenceforth the name of the sexual system of plants4 ,the same method so successfully used by botanists was soon introduced into ,zology by the ,french naturalists of the beginning of this century1--,lamarck1 ,latreille1 and ,cuvier4 ,but1 to this day1 the limitation of ,families among animals has not yet reached the precision which it has among plants1 and ,i see no other reason for the difference than the absence of a leading principle to guide us in ,zology4 ,families1 as they exist in ,nature1 are based upon peculiarities of form as related to structure2 but though a very large number of them have been named and recorded1 very few are characterized with anything like scientific accuracy4 ,it has been a very simple matter to establish such groups according to the superficial method that has been pursued1 for the fact that they are determined by external outline renders the recognition of them easy and in many instances almost instinctive2 but it is very difficult to characterize them1 or1 in other words1 to trace the connection between form and structure4 ,indeed1 many naturalists do not admit that ,families are based upon form2 and it was in trying to account for the facility with which they detect these groups1 while they find it so difficult to characterize them1 that ,i perceived that they are always associated with peculiarities of form4 ,naturalists have established ,families simply by bringing together a number of animals resembling each other more or less closely1 and1 taking usually the name of the ,genus to which the best known among them belongs1 they have given it a patronymic termination to designate the ,family1 and allowed the matter to rest there1 sometimes without even attempting any description corresponding to those by which ,genus and ,species are commonly defined4 ,for instance1 from ,canis1 the ,dog1 ,canidae has been formed1 to designate the whole ,family of ,dogs1 ,wolves1 ,foxes1 etc4 ,nothing can be more superficial than such a mode of classification2 and if these groups actually exist in ,nature1 they must be based1 like all the other divisions1 upon some combination of structural characters peculiar to them4 ,we have seen that ,branches are founded upon the general plan of structure1 ,classes on the mode of executing the plan1 ,orders upon the greater or less complication of a given mode of execution1 and we shall find that form1 as determined by structure1 characterizes ,families4 ,i would call attention to this qualification of my definition2 since1 of course1 when speaking of form in this connection1 ,i do not mean those superficial resemblances in external features already alluded to in my remarks upon ,parallel or ,collateral ,types4 ,i speak now of form as controlled by structural elements2 and unless we analyze ,families in this way1 the mere distinguishing and naming them does not advance our science at all4 ,compare1 for instance1 the ,dogs1 the ,seals1 and the ,bears4 ,these are all members of one ,order1--that of the ,carnivorous ,mammalia4 ,their dentition is peculiar and alike in all1 7cutting teeth1 canine teeth1 and grinders17 adapted for tearing and chewing their food2 and their internal structure bears a definite relation to their dentition4 ,but look at these animals with reference to form4 ,the ,dog is comparatively slender1 with legs adapted for running and hunting his prey2 the ,bear is heavier1 with shorter limbs2 while the ,seal has a continuous uniform outline adapted for swimming4 ,they form separate ,families1 and are easily recognized as such by the difference in their external outline2 but what is the anatomical difference which produces the peculiarity of form in each1 by which they have been thus distinguished8 ,it lies in the structure of the limbs1 and especially in that of the wrist and fingers4 ,in the ,seal the limbs are short1 and the wrists are on one continuous line with them1 so that it has no power of bending the wrist or the fingers1 and the limbs1 therefore1 act like flappers or oars4 ,the ,bear has a well-developed paw with a flexible wrist1 but it steps on the whole sole of the foot1 from the wrist to the tip of the toe1 giving it the heavy tread so characteristic of all the ,bears4 ,the ,dogs1 on the contrary1 walk on tip-toe1 and their step1 though firm1 is light1 while the greater slenderness and flexibility of their legs add to their nimbleness and swiftness4 ,by a more extensive investigation of the anatomical structure of the limbs in their connection with the whole body1 it could easily be shown that the peculiarity of form in these animals is essentially determined by1 or at least stands in the closest relation to1 the peculiar structure of the wrist and fingers4 ,take the ,family of ,owls as distinguished from the ,falcons1 ,kites1 etc4 ,here the difference of form is in the position of the eyes4 ,in the ,owl1 the sides of the head are prominent and the eye-socket is brought forward4 ,in the ,falcons and ,kites1 on the contrary1 the sides of the head are flattened and the eyes are set back4 ,the difference in the appearance of the birds is evident to the most superficial observer2 but to call the one ,strigidae and the other ,falconidae tells us nothing of the anatomical peculiarities on which this difference is founded4 ,these few examples1 selected purposely among closely allied and universally known animals1 may be sufficient to show1 that1 beyond the general complication of the structure which characterizes the ,orders1 there is a more limited element in the organization of animals1 bearing chiefly upon their form1 which1 if it have any general application as a principle of classification1 may well be considered as essentially characteristic of the ,families4 ,there are certainly closely allied natural groups of animals1 belonging to the same ,order1 but including many ,genera1 which differ from each other chiefly in their form1 while that form is determined by peculiarities of structure which do not influence the general structural complication upon which ,orders are based1 or relate to the minor details of structure on which ,genera are founded4 ,i am therefore convinced that form is the criterion by which ,families may be determined4 ,the great facility with which animals may be combined together in natural groups of this kind without any special investigation of their structure1 a superficial method of classification in which zologists have lately indulged to a most unjustifiable degree1 convinces me that it is the similarity of form which has unconsciously led such shallow investigators to correct results1 since upon close examination it is found that a large number of the ,families so determined1 and to which no characters at all are assigned1 nevertheless bear the severest criticism founded upon anatomical investigation4 ,the questions proposed to themselves by all students who would characterize ,families should be these3 ,what are1 throughout the ,animal ,kingdom1 the peculiar patterns of form by which ,families are distinguished8 and on what structural features are these patterns based8 ,only the most patient investigations can give us the answer1 and it will be very long before we can write out the formulae of these patterns with mathematical precision1 as ,i believe we shall be able to do in a more advanced stage of our science4 ,but while the work is in progress1 it ought to be remembered that a mere general similarity of outline is not yet in itself evidence of identity of form or pattern1 and that1 while seemingly very different forms may be derived from the same formula1 the most similar forms may belong to entirely different systems1 when their derivation is properly traced4 ,our great mathematician1 in a lecture delivered at the ,lowell ,institute last winter1 showed that in his science1 also1 similarity of outline does not always indicate identity of character4 ,compare the different circles1--the perfect circle1 in which every point of the periphery is at the same distance from the centre1 with an ellipse in which the variation from the true circle is so slight as to be almost imperceptible to the eye2 yet the latter1 like all ellipses1 has its two foci by which it differs from a circle1 and to refer it to the family of circles instead of the family of ellipses would be overlooking its true character on account of its external appearance2 and yet ellipses may be so elongated1 that1 far from resembling a circle1 they make the impression of parallel lines linked at their extremities4 ,or we may have an elastic curve in which the appearance of a circle is produced by the meeting of the two ends2 nevertheless it belongs to the family of elastic curves1 in which may even be included a line actually straight1 and is formed by a process entirely different from that which produces the circle or the ellipse4 ,but it is sometimes exceedingly difficult to find the relation between structure and form in ,families1 and ,i remember a case which ,i had taken as a test of the accuracy of the views ,i entertained upon this subject1 and which perplexed and baffled me for years4 ,it was that of our fresh-water ,mussels1 the ,family of ,unios4 ,there is a great variety of outline among them1--some being oblong and very slender1 others broad with seemingly square outlines1 others having a nearly triangular form1 while others again are almost circular2 and ,i could not detect among them all any feature of form that was connected with any essential element of their structure4 ,at last1 however1 ,i found this test-character1 and since that time ,i have had no doubt left in my mind that form1 determined by structure1 is the true criterion of ,families4 ,in the ,unios it consists of the rounded outline of the anterior end of the body reflected in a more or less open curve of the shell1 bending more abruptly along the lower side with an inflection followed by a bulging1 corresponding to the most prominent part of the gills1 to which alone1 in a large number of ,american ,species of this ,family1 the eggs are transferred1 giving to this part of the shell a prominence which it has not in any of the ,european ,species4 ,at the posterior end of the body this curve then bends upwards and backwards again1 the outline meeting the side occupied by the hinge and ligament1 which1 when very short1 may determine a triangular form of the whole shell1 or1 when equal to the lower side and connected with a great height of the body1 gives it a quadrangular form1 or1 if the height is reduced1 produces an elongated form1 or1 finally1 a rounded form1 if the passage from one side to the other is gradual4 ,a comparison of the position of the internal organs of different ,species of ,unios with the outlines of their shells will leave no doubt that their form is determined by the structure of the animal4 ,a few other and more familiar examples may complete this discussion4 ,among ,climbing ,birds1 for instance1 which are held together as a more comprehensive group by the structure of their feet and by other anatomical features1 there are two ,families so widely different in their form that they may well serve as examples of this principle4 ,the ,woodpeckers 7,picidae7 and the ,parrots 7,psittacidae71 once considered as two ,genera only1 have both been subdivided1 in consequence of a more intimate knowledge of their generic characters1 into a large number of ,genera2 but all the ,genera of ,woodpeckers and all the ,genera of the ,parrots are still held together by their form as ,families1 corresponding as such to the two old ,genera of ,picus and ,psittacus4 ,they are now known as the ,families of ,woodpeckers and ,parrots2 and though each group includes a number of ,genera combined upon a variety of details in the finish of special parts of the structure1 such as the number of toes1 the peculiarities of the bill1 etc41 it is impossible to overlook the peculiar form which is characteristic of each4 ,no one who is familiar with the outline of the ,parrot will fail to recognize any member of that ,family by a general form which is equally common to the diminutive ,nonpareil1 the gorgeous ,ara1 and the high-crested ,cockatoo4 ,neither will any one1 who has ever observed the small head1 the straight bill1 the flat back1 and stiff tail of the ,woodpecker1 hesitate to identify the family form in any of the numerous ,genera into which this group is now divided4 ,the family characters are even more invariable than the generic ones2 for there are ,woodpeckers which1 instead of the four toes1 two turning forward and two backward1 which form an essential generic character1 have three toes only1 while the family form is always maintained1 whatever variations there may be in the characters of the more limited groups it includes4 ,the ,turtles and ,terrapins form another good illustration of family characters4 ,they constitute together a natural ,order1 but are distinguished from each other as two ,families very distinct in general form and outline4 ,among ,fishes ,i may mention the ,family of ,pickerels1 with their flat1 long snout1 and slender1 almost cylindrical body1 as contrasted with the plump1 compressed body and tapering tail of the ,trout ,family4 ,or compare1 among ,insects1 the ,hawk-,moths with the ,diurnal ,butterfly1 or with the so-called ,miller1--or1 among ,crustacea1 the common ,crab with the ,sea-,spider1 or the ,lobsters with the ,shrimps1--or1 among ,worms1 the ,leeches with the ,earth-,worms1--or1 among ,mollusks1 the ,squids with the ,cuttle-,fishes1 or the ,snails with the ,slugs1 or the ,periwinkles with the ,limpets and ,conchs1 or the ,clam with the so-called ,venus1 or the ,oyster with the ,mother-of-,pearl shell1--everywhere1 throughout the ,animal ,kingdom1 difference of form points at difference of ,families4 ,there is a chapter in the ,natural ,history of ,animals that has hardly been touched upon as yet1 and that will be especially interesting with reference to ,families4 ,the voices of animals have a family character not to be mistaken4 ,all the ,canidae bark and howl3 the ,fox1 the ,wolf1 the ,dog have the same kind of utterance1 though on a somewhat different pitch4 ,all the ,bears growl1 from the ,white ,bear of the ,arctic snows to the small ,black ,bear of the ,andes4 ,all the ,cats miau1 from our quiet fireside companion to the ,lions and ,tigers and ,panthers of the forest and jungle4 ,this last may seem a strange assertion2 but to any one who has listened critically to their sounds and analyzed their voices1 the roar of the ,lion is but a gigantic miau1 bearing about the same proportion to that of a ,cat as its stately and majestic form does to the smaller1 softer1 more peaceful aspect of the ,cat4 ,yet1 notwithstanding the difference in their size1 who can look at the ,lion1 whether in his more sleepy mood as he lies curled up in the corner of his cage1 or in his fiercer moments of hunger or of rage1 without being reminded of a ,cat8 ,and this is not merely the resemblance of one carnivorous animal to another2 for no one was ever reminded of a ,dog or ,wolf by a ,lion4 ,again1 all the ,horses and ,donkeys neigh2 for the bray of the ,donkey is only a harsher neigh1 pitched on a different key1 it is true1 but a sound of the same character1--as the ,donkey himself is but a clumsy and dwarfish ,horse4 ,all the ,cows low1 from the ,buffalo roaming the prairie1 the ,musk-,ox of the ,arctic ice-fields1 or the ,jack of ,asia1 to the ,cattle feeding in our pastures4 ,among the ,birds1 this similarity of voice in ,families is still more marked4 ,we need only recall the harsh and noisy ,parrots1 so similar in their peculiar utterance4 ,or take as an example the web-footed ,family1--do not all the ,geese and the innumerable host of ,ducks quack8 ,does not every member of the ,crow ,family caw1 whether it be the ,jackdaw1 the ,jay1 the ,magpie1 the ,rook in some green rookery of the ,old ,world1 or the ,crow of our woods1 with its long1 melancholy caw that seems to make the silence and solitude deeper8 ,compare all the sweet warblers of the ,songster ,family1--the ,nightingales1 the ,thrushes1 the ,mocking-,birds1 the ,robins2 they differ in the greater or less perfection of their note1 but the same kind of voice runs through the whole group4 ,these affinities of the vocal systems among animals form a subject well worthy of the deepest study1 not only as another character by which to classify the ,animal ,kingdom correctly1 but as bearing indirectly also on the question of the origin of animals4 ,can we suppose that characteristics like these have been communicated from one animal to another8 ,when we find that all the members of one zoological ,family1 however widely scattered over the surface of the earth1 inhabiting different continents and even different hemispheres1 speak with one voice1 must we not believe that they have originated in the places where they now occur with all their distinctive peculiarities8 ,who taught the ,american ,thrush to sing like his ,european relative8 ,he surely did not learn it from his cousin over the waters4 ,those who would have us believe that all animals have originated from common centres and single pairs1 and have been distributed from such common centres over the world1 will find it difficult to explain the tenacity of such characters and their recurrence and repetition under circumstances that seem to preclude the possibility of any communication1 on any other supposition than that of their creation in the different regions where they are now found4 ,we have much yet to learn in this kind of investigation1 with reference not only to ,families among animals1 but to nationalities among men also4 ,i trust that the nature of languages will teach us as much about the origin of the races as the vocal systems of the animals may one day teach us about the origin of the different groups of animals4 ,at all events1 similarity of vocal utterance among animals is not indicative of identity of ,species2 ,i doubt1 therefore1 whether similarity of speech proves community of origin among men4 ,the similarity of motion in ,families is another subject well worth the consideration of the naturalist3 the soaring of the ,birds of ,prey1--the heavy flapping of the wings in the ,gallinaceous ,birds1--the floating of the ,swallows1 with their short cuts and angular turns1--the hopping of the ,sparrows1--the deliberate walk of the ,hens and the strut of the ,cocks1--the waddle of the ,ducks and ,geese1--the slow1 heavy creeping of the ,land-,turtle1--the graceful flight of the ,sea-,turtle under the water1--the leaping and swimming of the ,frog1--the swift run of the ,lizard1 like a flash of green or red light in the sunshine1--the lateral undulation of the ,serpent1--the dart of the ,pickerel1--the leap of the ,trout1--the rush of the ,hawk-,moth through the air1--the fluttering flight of the ,butterfly1--the quivering poise of the ,humming-,bird1--the arrow-like shooting of the ,squid through the water1 --the slow crawling of the ,snail on the land1--the sideway movement of the ,sand-,crab1--the backward walk of the ,crawfish1--the almost imperceptible gliding of the ,sea-,anemone over the rock1--the graceful1 rapid motion of the ,pleurobrachia1 with its endless change of curve and spiral4 ,in short1 every ,family of animals has its characteristic action and its peculiar voice2 and yet so little is this endless variety of rhythm and cadence both of motion and sound in the organic world understood1 that we lack words to express one-half its richness and beauty4 ,,ix4 ,the well-known meaning of the words generic and specific may serve1 in the absence of a more precise definition1 to express the relative importance of those groups of animals called ,genera and ,species in our scientific systems4 ,the ,genus is the more comprehensive of the two kinds of groups1 while the ,species is the most precisely defined1 or at least the most easily recognized1 of all the divisions of the ,animal ,kingdom4 ,but neither the term ,genus nor ,species has always been taken in the same sense4 ,genus especially has varied in its acceptation1 from the time when ,aristotle applied it indiscriminately to any kind of comprehensive group1 from the ,classes down to what we commonly call ,genera1 till the present day4 ,but we have already seen1 that1 instead of calling all the various kinds of more comprehensive divisions by the name of ,genera1 modern science has applied special names to each of them1 and we have now ,families1 ,orders1 ,classes1 and ,branches above ,genera proper4 ,if the foregoing discussion upon the nature of these groups is based upon trustworthy principles1 we must admit that they are all founded upon distinct categories of characters1--the primary divisions1 or the ,branches1 on plan of structure1 the ,classes upon the manner of its execution1 the ,orders upon the greater or less complication of a given mode of execution1 the ,families upon form2 and it now remains to be ascertained whether ,genera also exist in ,nature1 and by what kind of characteristics they may be distinguished4 ,taking the practice of the ablest naturalists in discriminating ,genera as a guide in our estimation of their true nature1 we must1 nevertheless1 remember that even now1 while their classifications of the more comprehensive groups usually agree1 they differ greatly in their limitation of ,genera1 so that the ,genera of some authors correspond to the ,families of others1 and vice versa4 ,this undoubtedly arises from the absence of a definite standard for the estimation of these divisions4 ,but the different categories of structure which form the distinctive criteria of the more comprehensive divisions once established1 the question is narrowed down to an inquiry into the special category upon which ,genera may be determined2 and if this can be accurately defined1 no difference of opinion need interfere hereafter with their uniform limitation4 ,considering all these divisions of the ,animal ,kingdom from this point of view1 it is evident that the more comprehensive ones must be those which are based on the broadest characters1--,branches1 as united upon plan of structure1 standing of course at the head2 next to these the ,classes1 since the general mode of executing the plan presents a wider category of characters than the complication of structure on which ,orders rest2 after ,orders come ,families1 or the patterns of form in which these greater or less complications of structure are clothed2 and proceeding in the same way from more general to more special considerations1 we can have no other category of structure as characteristic of ,genera than the details of structure by which members of the same ,family may differ from each other1 and this ,i consider as the only true basis on which to limit ,genera1 while it is at the same time in perfect accordance with the practice of the most eminent modern zoologists4 ,it is in this way that ,cuvier has distinguished the large number of ,genera he has characterized in his great ,natural ,history of the ,fishes1 in connection with ,valenciennes4 ,latreille has done the same for the ,crustacea and ,insects2 and ,milne ,edwards1 with the coperation of ,haime1 has recently proceeded upon the same principle in characterizing a great number of ,genera among the ,corals4 ,many others have followed this example1 but few have kept in view the necessity of a uniform mode of proceeding1 or1 if they have done their researches have covered too limited a ground1 to be taken into consideration in a discussion of principles4 ,it is1 in fact1 only when extending over a whole ,class that the study of ,genera acquires a truly scientific importance1 as it then shows in a connected manner1 in what way1 by what features1 and to what extent a large number of animals are closely linked together in ,nature4 ,considering the ,animal ,kingdom as a single complete work of one ,creative ,intellect1 consistent throughout1 such keen analysis and close criticism of all its parts have the same kind of interest1 in a higher degree1 as that which attaches to other studies undertaken in the spirit of careful comparative research4 ,these different categories of characters are1 as it were1 different peculiarities of style in the author1 different modes of treating the same material1 new combinations of evidence bearing on the same general principles4 ,the study of ,genera is a department of ,natural ,history which thus far has received too little attention even at the hands of our best zoologists1 and has been treated in the most arbitrary manner2 it should henceforth be made a philosophical investigation into the closer affinities which naturally bind in minor groups all the representatives of a natural ,family4 ,genera1 then1 are groups of a more restricted character than any of those we have examined thus far4 ,some of them include only one ,species1 while others comprise hundreds2 since certain definite combinations of characters may be limited to a single ,species1 while other combinations may be repeated in many4 ,we have striking examples of this among ,birds3 the ,ostrich stands alone in its ,genus1 while the number of ,species among the ,warblers is very great4 ,among ,mammalia the ,giraffe also stands alone1 while ,mice and ,squirrels include many ,species4 ,genera are founded1 not1 as we have seen1 on general structural characters1 but on the finish of special parts1 as1 for instance1 on the dentition4 ,the ,cats have only four grinders in the upper jaw and three in the lower1 while the ,hyenas have one more above and below1 and the ,dogs and ,wolves have two more above and two more below4 ,in the last1 some of the teeth have also flat surfaces for crushing the food1 adapted especially to their habits1 since they live on vegetable as well as animal substances4 ,the formation of the claws is another generic feature4 ,there is a curious example with reference to this in the ,cheetah1 which is again a ,genus containing only one ,species4 ,it belongs to the ,cat ,family1 but differs from ordinary ,lions and ,tigers in having its claws so constructed that it cannot draw them back under the paws1 though in every other respect they are like the claws of all the ,cats4 ,but while it has the ,cat-like claw1 its paws are like those of the ,dog1 and this singular combination of features is in direct relation to its habits1 for it does not lie in wait and spring upon its prey like the ,cat1 but hunts it like the ,dog4 ,while ,genera themselves are1 like ,families1 easily distinguished1 the characters on which they are founded1 like those of ,families1 are difficult to trace4 ,there are often features belonging to these groups which attract the attention and suggest their association1 though they are not those which may be truly considered generic characters4 ,it is easy to distinguish the ,genus ,fox1 for instance1 by its bushy tail1 and yet that is no true generic character2 the collar of feathers round the neck of the ,vultures leads us at once to separate them from the ,eagles1 but it is not the collar that truly marks the ,genus1 but rather the peculiar structure of the feathers which form it4 ,no ,bird has a more striking plumage than the ,peacock1 but it is not the appearance merely of its crest and spreading fan that constitutes a ,genus1 but the peculiar structure of the feathers4 ,thousands of examples might be quoted to show how easily ,genera may be singled out1 named1 and entered in our systems1 without being duly characterized1 and it is much to be lamented that there is no possibility of checking the loose work of this kind with which the annals of our science are daily flooded4 ,it would1 of course1 be quite inappropriate to present here any general revision of these groups2 but ,i may present a few instances to illustrate the principle of their classification1 and to show on what characters they are properly based4 ,among ,reptiles1 we find1 for instance1 that the ,genera of our fresh-water ,turtles differ from each other in the cut of their bill1 in the arrangement of their scales1 in the form of their claws1 etc4 ,among ,fishes1 the different ,genera included under the ,family of ,perches are distinguished by the arrangement of their teeth1 by the serratures of their gill-covers1 and of the arch to which the pectoral fins are attached1 by the nature and combination of the rays of their fins1 by the structure of their scales1 etc4 ,among ,insects1 the various ,genera of the ,butterflies differ in the combination of the little rods which sustain their wings1 in the form and structure of their antennae1 of their feet1 of the minute scales which cover their wings1 etc4 ,among ,crustacea1 the ,genera of ,shrimps vary in the form of the claws1 in the structure of the parts of the mouth1 in the articulations of their feelers1 etc4 ,among ,worms1 the different ,genera of the ,leech ,family are combined upon the form of the disks by which they attach themselves1 upon the number and arrangement of their eyes1 upon the structure of the hard parts with which the mouth is armed1 etc4 ,among ,cephalopods1 the ,family of ,squids contains several ,genera distinguished by the structure of the solid shield within the skin of the back1 by the form and connection of their fins1 by the structure of the suckers with which their arms are provided1 by the form of their beak1 etc4 ,in every ,class1 we find throughout the ,animal ,kingdom that there is no sound basis for the discrimination of ,genera except the details of their structure2 but in order to define them accurately an extensive comparison of them is indispensable1 and in characterizing them only such features should be enumerated as are truly generic2 whereas in the present superficial method of describing them1 features are frequently introduced which belong not only to the whole ,family1 but even to the whole ,class which includes them4 ,x4 ,there remains but one more division of the ,animal ,kingdom for our consideration1 the most limited of all in its circumscription1--that of ,species4 ,it is with the study of this kind of group that naturalists generally begin their investigations4 ,i believe1 however1 that the study of ,species as the basis of a scientific education is a great mistake4 ,it leads us to overrate the value of ,species1 and to believe that they exist in ,nature in some different sense from other groups2 as if there were something more real and tangible in ,species than in ,genera1 ,families1 ,orders1 ,classes1 or ,branches4 ,the truth is1 that to study a vast number of ,species without tracing the principles that combine them under more comprehensive groups is only to burden the mind with disconnected facts1 and more may be learned by a faithful and careful comparison of a few ,species than by a more cursory examination of a greater number4 ,when one considers the immense number of ,species already known1 naturalists might well despair of becoming acquainted with them all1 were they not constructed on a few fundamental patterns1 so that the study of one ,species teaches us a great deal for all the rest4 ,de ,candolle1 who was at the same time a great botanist and a great teacher1 told me once that he could undertake to illustrate the fundamental principles of his science with the aid of a dozen plants judiciously selected1 and that it was his unvarying practice to induce students to make a thorough study of a few minor groups of plants1 in all their relations to one another1 rather than to attempt to gain a superficial acquaintance with a large number of species4 ,the powerful influence he has had upon the progress of ,botany vouches for the correctness of his views4 ,indeed1 every profound scholar knows that sound learning can be attained only by this method1 and the study of ,nature makes no exception to the rule4 ,i would therefore advise every student to select a few representatives from all the ,classes1 and to study these not only with reference to their specific characters1 but as members also of a ,genus1 of a ,family1 of an ,order1 of a ,class1 and of a ,branch4 ,he will soon convince himself that ,species have no more definite and real existence in ,nature than all the other divisions of the ,animal ,kingdom1 and that every animal is the representative of its ,branch1 ,class1 ,order1 ,family1 and ,genus as much as of its ,species1 ,specific characters are only those determining size1 proportion1 color1 habits1 and relations to surrounding circumstances and external objects4 ,how superficial1 then1 must be any one's knowledge of an animal who studies it only with relation to its specific characters6 ,he will know nothing of the finish of special parts of the body1--nothing of the relations between its form and its structure1--nothing of the relative complication of its organization as compared with other allied animals1--nothing of the general mode of execution1--nothing of the plan expressed in that mode of execution4 ,yet1 with the exception of the ordinal characters1 which1 since they imply relative superiority and inferiority1 require1 of course1 a number of specimens for comparison1 his one animal would tell him all this as well as the specific characters4 ,all the more comprehensive groups1 equally with ,species1 have a positive1 permanent1 specific principle1 maintained generation after generation with all its essential characteristics4 ,individuals are the transient representatives of all these organic principles1 which certainly have an independent1 immaterial existence1 since they outlive the individuals that embody them1 and are no less real after the generation that has represented them for a time has passed away than they were before4 ,from a comparison of a number of well-known ,species belonging to a natural ,genus1 it is not difficult to ascertain what are essentially specific characters4 ,there is hardly among ,mammalia a more natural ,genus than that which includes the ,rabbits and ,hares1 or that to which the ,rats and ,mice are referred4 ,let us see how the different ,species differ from one another4 ,though we give two names in the vernacular to the ,genus ,hare1 both ,hares and ,rabbits agree in all the structural peculiarities which constitute a ,genus2 but the different ,species are distinguished by their absolute size when full-grown1--by the nature and color of their fur1--by the size and form of the ear1--by the relative length of their legs and tail1--by the more or less slender build of their whole body1--by their habits1 some living in open grounds1 others among the bushes1 others in swamps1 others burrowing under the earth1--by the number of young they bring forth1--by their different seasons of breeding1--and by still minor differences1 such as the permanent color of the hair throughout the year in some1 while in others it turns white in winter4 ,the ,rats and ,mice differ in a similar way3 there being large and small ,species1--some gray1 some brown1 others rust-colored1--some with soft1 others with coarse hair2 they differ also in the length of the tail1 and in having it more or less covered with hair1--in the cut of the ears1 and their size1--in the length of their limbs1 which are slender and long in some1 short and thick in others1--in their various ways of living1--in the different substances on which they feed1--and also in their distribution over the surface of the earth1 whether circumscribed within certain limited areas or scattered over a wider range4 ,what is now the nature of these differences by which we distinguish ,species8 ,they are totally distinct from any of the categories on which ,genera1 ,families1 ,orders1 ,classes1 or ,branches are founded1 and may readily be reduced to a few heads4 ,they are differences in the proportion of the parts and in the absolute size of the whole animal1 in the color and general ornamentation of the surface of the body1 and in the relations of the individuals to one another and to the world around4 ,a farther analysis of other ,genera would show us that among ,birds1 ,reptiles1 ,fishes1 and1 in fact1 throughout the ,animal ,kingdom1 ,species of well-defined natural ,genera differ in the same way4 ,we are therefore justified in saying that the category of characters on which ,species are based implies no structural differences1 but presents the same structure combined under certain minor differences of size1 proportion1 and habits4 ,all the specific characters stand in direct reference to the generic structure1 the family form1 the ordinal complication of structure1 the mode of execution of the ,class1 and the plan of structure of the ,branch1 all of which are embodied in the frame of each individual in each ,species1 even though all these individuals are constantly dying away and reproducing others2 so that the specific characters have no more permanency in the individuals than those which characterize the ,genus1 the ,family1 the ,order1 the ,class1 and the ,branch4 ,i believe1 therefore1 that naturalists have been entirely wrong in considering the more comprehensive groups to be theoretical and in a measure arbitrary1 an attempt1 that is1 of certain men to classify the ,animal ,kingdom according to their individual views1 while they have ascribed to ,species1 as contrasted with the other divisions1 a more positive existence in ,nature4 ,no further argument is needed to show that it is not only the ,species that lives in the individual1 but that every individual1 though belonging to a distinct ,species1 is built upon a precise and definite plan which characterizes its ,branch1--that that plan is executed in each individual in a particular way which characterizes its ,class1--that every individual with its kindred occupies a definite position in a series of structural complications which characterizes its ,order1--that in every individual all these structural features are combined under a definite pattern of form which characterizes its ,family1--that every individual exhibits structural details in the finish of its parts which characterize its ,genus1--and finally that every individual presents certain peculiarities in the proportion of its parts1 in its color1 in its size1 in its relations to its fellow-beings and surrounding things1 which constitute its specific characters2 and all this is repeated in the same kind of combination1 generation after generation1 while the individuals die4 ,if we accept these propositions1 which seem to me self-evident1 it is impossible to avoid the conclusion that ,species do not exist in ,nature in any other sense than the more comprehensive groups of the zoological systems4 ,there is one question respecting ,species that gives rise to very earnest discussions in our day1 not only among naturalists1 but among all thinking people4 ,how far are they permanent1 and how far mutable8 ,with reference to the permanence of ,species1 there is much to be learned from the geological phenomena that belong to our own period1 and that bear witness to the invariability of types during hundreds of thousands of years at least4 ,i hope to present a part of this evidence in a future article upon ,coral ,reefs1 but in the mean time ,i cannot leave this subject without touching upon a point of which great use has been made in recent discussions4 ,i refer to the variability of ,species as shown in domestication4 ,the domesticated animals with their numerous breeds are constantly adduced as evidence of the changes which animals may undergo1 and as furnishing hints respecting the way in which the diversity now observed among animals has already been produced4 ,it is my conviction that such inferences are in no way sustained by the facts of the case1 and that1 however striking the differences may be between the breeds of our domesticated animals1 as compared with the wild ,species of the same ,genus1 they are of a peculiar character entirely distinct from those that prevail among the latter1 and are altogether incident to the circumstances under which they occur4 ,by this ,i do not mean the natural action of physical conditions1 but the more or less intelligent direction of the circumstances under which they live4 ,the inference drawn from the varieties introduced among animals in a state of domestication1 with reference to the origin of ,species1 is usually this3 that what the farmer does on a small scale ,nature may do on a large one4 ,it is true that man has been able to produce certain changes in the animals under his care1 and that these changes have resulted in a variety of breeds4 ,but in doing this1 he has1 in my estimation1 in no way altered the character of the ,species1 but has only developed its pliability to the will of man1 that is1 to a power similar in its nature and mode of action to that power to which animals owe their very existence4 ,the influence of man upon ,animals is1 in other words1 the action of mind upon them2 and yet the ordinary mode of arguing upon this subject is1 that1 because the intelligence of man has been able to produce certain varieties in domesticated animals1 therefore physical causes have produced all the diversities among wild ones4 ,surely1 the sounder logic would be to infer1 that1 because our finite intelligence can cause the original pattern to vary by some slight shades of difference1 therefore an infinite intelligence must have established all the boundless diversity of which our boasted varieties are but the faintest echo4 ,it is the most intelligent farmer that has the greatest success in improving his breeds2 and if the animals he has so fostered are left to themselves without that intelligent care1 they return to their normal condition4 ,so with plants3 the shrewd1 observing1 thoughtful gardener will obtain many varieties from his flowers2 but those varieties will fade out1 if left to themselves4 ,there is1 as it were1 a certain degree of pliability and docility in the organization both of animals and plants1 which may be developed by the fostering care of man1 and within which he can exercise a certain influence2 but the variations which he thus produces are of a peculiar kind1 and do not correspond to the differences of the wild ,species4 ,let us take some examples to illustrate this assertion4 ,every ,species of wild ,bull differs from the others in its size2 but all the individuals correspond to the average standard of size characteristic of their respective ,species1 and show none of those extreme differences of size so remarkable among our domesticated ,cattle4 ,every ,species of wild ,bull has its peculiar color1 and all the individuals of one ,species share in it3 not so with our domesticated ,cattle1 among which every individual may differ in color from every other4 ,all the individuals of the same ,species of wild ,bull agree in the proportion of their parts1 in the mode of growth of the hair1 in its quality1 whether fine or soft3 not so with our domesticated ,cattle1 among which we find in the same ,species overgrown and dwarfish individuals1 those with long and short legs1 with slender and stout build of the body1 with horns or without1 as well as the greatest variety in the mode of twisting the horns1--in short1 the widest extremes of development which the degree of pliability in that ,species will allow4 ,a curious instance of the power of man1 not only in developing the pliability of an animal's organization1 but in adapting it to suit his own caprices1 is that of the ,golden ,carp1 so frequently seen in bowls and tanks as the ornament of drawing-rooms and gardens4 ,not only an infinite variety of spotted1 striped1 variegated colors has been produced in these ,fishes1 but1 especially among the ,chinese1 so famous for their morbid love of whatever is distorted and warped from its natural shape and appearance1 all sorts of changes have been brought about in this single ,species4 ,a book of ,chinese paintings showing the ,golden ,carp in its varieties represents some as short and stout1 others long and slender1--some with the ventral side swollen1 others hunch-backed1--some with the mouth greatly enlarged1 while in others the caudal fin1 which in the normal condition of the ,species is placed vertically at the end of the tail and is forked like those of other ,fishes1 has become crested and arched1 or is double1 or crooked1 or has swerved in some other way from its original pattern4 ,but in all these variations there is nothing which recalls the characteristic specific differences among the representatives of the ,carp ,family1 which in their wild state are very monotonous in their appearance all the world over4 ,were it appropriate to accumulate evidence here upon this subject1 ,i could bring forward many more examples quite as striking as those above mentioned4 ,the various breeds of our domesticated ,horses present the same kind of irregularities1 and do not differ from each other in the same way as the wild ,species differ from one another4 ,or take the ,genus ,dog3 the differences between its wild ,species do not correspond in the least with the differences observed among the domesticated ones4 ,compare the differences between the various kinds of ,jackals and ,wolves with those that exist between the ,bull-,dog and ,greyhound1 for instance1 or between the ,st4 ,charles and the ,terrier1 or between the ,esquimaux and the ,newfoundland ,dog4 ,i need hardly add that what is true of the ,horses1 the ,cattle1 the ,dogs1 is true also of the ,donkey1 the ,goat1 the ,sheep1 the ,pig1 the ,cat1 the ,rabbit1 the different kinds of barn-yard fowl1--in short1 of all those animals that are in domesticity the chosen companions of man4 ,in fact1 all the variability among domesticated ,species is due to the fostering care1 or1 in its more extravagant freaks1 to the fancies of man1 and it has never been observed in the wild ,species1 where1 on the contrary1 everything shows the closest adherence to the distinct1 well-defined1 and invariable limits of the ,species4 ,it surely does not follow1 that1 because the ,chinese can1 under abnormal conditions1 produce a variety of fantastic shapes in the ,golden ,carp1 therefore water1 or the physical conditions established in the water1 can create a ,fish1 any more than it follows1 that1 because they can dwarf a tree1 or alter its aspect by stunting its growth in one direction and forcing it in another1 therefore the earth1 or the physical conditions connected with their growth1 can create a ,pine1 an ,oak1 a ,birch1 or a ,maple4 ,i confess that in all the arguments derived from the phenomena of domestication1 to prove that all animals owe their origin and diversity to the natural action of the conditions under which they live1 the conclusion does not seem to me to follow logically from the premises4 ,and the fact that the domesticated animals of all races of men1 equally with the white race1 vary among themselves in the same way and differ in the same way from the wild ,species1 makes it still more evident that domesticated varieties do not explain the origin of ,species1 except1 as ,i have said1 by showing that the intelligent will of man can produce effects which physical causes have never been known to produce1 and that we must therefore look to some cause outside of ,nature1 corresponding in kind1 though so different in degree1 to the intelligence of man1 for all the phenomena connected with the existence of animals in their wild state4 ,so far from attributing these original differences among animals to natural influences1 it would seem1 that1 while a certain freedom of development is left1 within the limits of which man can exercise his intelligence and his ingenuity1 not even this superficial influence is allowed to physical conditions unaided by some guiding power1 since in their normal state the wild ,species remain1 so far as we have been able to discover1 entirely unchanged1--maintained1 it is true1 in their integrity by the circumstances that were established for their support by the power that created both1 but never altered by them4 ,nature holds inviolable the stamp that ,god has set upon his creatures2 and if man is able to influence their organization in some slight degree1 it is because the ,creator has given to his relations with the animals he has intended for his companions the same plasticity which he has allowed to every other side of his life1 in virtue of which he may in some sort mould and shape it to his own ends1 and be held responsible also for its results4 ,the common sense of a civilized community has already pointed out the true distinction in applying another word to the discrimination of the different kinds of domesticated animals4 ,they are called ,breeds1 and ,breeds among animals are the work of man2--,species were created by ,god4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,strasburg ,,clock4 ,many and many a year ago1-- ,to say how many ,i scarcely dare1-- ,three of us stood in ,strasburg streets1 ,in the wide and open square1 ,where1 quaint and old and touched with the gold ,of a summer morn1 at stroke of noon ,the tongue of the great ,cathedral tolled1 ,and into the church with the crowd we strolled ,to see their wonder1 the famous ,clock4 ,well1 my love1 there are clocks a many1 ,as big as a house1 as small as a penny2 ,and clocks there be with voices as queer ,as any that torture human ear1-- ,clocks that grunt1 and clocks that growl1 ,that wheeze like a pump1 and hoot like an owl1 ,from the coffin shape with its brooding face ,that stands on the stair1 7you know the place17 ,saying1 ,click1 cluck1 like an ancient hen1 ,a-gathering the minutes home again1 ,to the kitchen knave with its wooden stutter1 ,doing equal work with double splutter1 ,yelping1 ,click1 clack1 with a vulgar jerk1 ,as much as to say1 ,just see me work6 ,but of all the clocks that tell ,time's bead-roll1 ,there are none like this in the old ,cathedral2 ,never a one so bids you stand ,while it deals the minutes with even hand3 ,for clocks1 like men1 are better and worse1 ,and some you dote on1 and some you curse2 ,and clock and man may have such a way ,of telling the truth that you can't say nay4 ,so in we went and stood in the crowd ,to hear the old clock as it crooned aloud1 ,with sound and symbol1 the only tongue ,the maker taught it while yet 't was young4 ,and we saw ,saint ,peter clasp his hands1 ,and the cock crow hoarsely to all the lands1 ,and the ,twelve ,apostles come and go1 ,and the solemn ,christ pass sadly and slow2 ,and strange that iron-legged procession1 ,and odd to us the whole impression1 ,as the crowd beneath1 in silence pressing1 ,bent to that cold mechanic blessing4 ,but ,i alone thought far in my soul ,what a touch of genius was in the whole1 ,and felt how graceful had been the thought ,which for the signs of the months had sought1 ,sweetest of symbols1 ,christ's chosen train2 ,and much ,i pondered1 if he whose brain ,had builded this clock with labor and pain ,did only think1 twelve months there are1 ,and the ,bible twelve will fit to a hair2 ,or did he say1 with a heart in tune1 ,well-loved ,john is the sign of ,june1 ,and changeful ,peter hath ,april hours1 ,and ,paul the stately1 ,october bowers1 ,and sweet1 or faithful1 or bold1 or strong1 ,unto each one shall a month belong4 ,but beside the thought that under it lurks1 ,pray1 do you think clocks are saved by their works8 ,,arthur ,,hugh ,,clough4 ,to win such love as ,arthur ,hugh ,clough won in life1 to leave so dear a memory as he has left1 is a happiness that falls to few men4 ,in ,america1 as in ,england1 his death is mourned by friends whose affection is better than fame1 and who in losing him have met with an irreparable loss4 ,outside the circle of his friends his reputation had no large extent2 but though his writings are but little known by the great public of readers1 they are prized by all those of thoughtful and poetic temper to whose hands they have come1 as among the most precious and original productions of the time4 ,to those who knew him personally his poems had a special worth and charm1 as the sincere expression of a character of the purest stamp1 of rare truthfulness and simplicity1 not less tender than strong1 and of a genius thoroughly individual in its form1 and full of the promise of a large career4 ,he was by ,nature endowed with subtile and profound powers of thought1 with feeling at once delicate and intense1 with lively and generous sympathies1 and with conscientiousness so acute as to pervade and control his whole intellectual disposition4 ,loving1 seeking1 and holding fast to the truth1 he despised all falseness and affectation4 ,with his serious and earnest thinking was joined the play of a genial humor and the brightness of poetic fancy4 ,liberal in sentiment1 absolutely free from dogmatism and pride of intellect1 of a questioning temper1 but of reverent spirit1 faithful in the performance not only of the larger duties1 but also of the lesser charities and the familiar courtesies of life1 he has left a memory of singular consistency1 purity1 and dignity4 ,he lived to conscience1 not for show1 and few men carry through life so white a soul4 ,a notice of ,mr4 ,clough understood to be written by one who knew him well gives the outline of his life4 ,arthur ,hugh ,clough was educated at ,rugby1 to which school he went very young1 soon after ,dr4 ,arnold had been elected head-master4 ,he distinguished himself at once by gaining the only scholarship which existed at that time1 and which was open to the whole school under the age of fourteen4 ,before he was sixteen he was at the head of the fifth form1 and1 as that was the earliest age at which boys were then admitted into the sixth1 had to wait for a year before coming under the personal tuition of the headmaster4 ,he came in the next 7school7 generation to ,stanley and ,vaughan1 and gained a reputation1 if possible1 even greater than theirs4 ,at the yearly speeches1 in the last year of his residence1 when the prizes are given away in the presence of the school and the friends who gather on such occasions1 ,arnold took the almost unexampled course of addressing him1 7when he and two fags went up to carry off his load of splendidly bound books17 and congratulating him on having gained every honor which ,rugby could bestow1 and having also already distinguished himself and done the highest credit to his school at the ,university4 ,he had just gained a scholarship at ,balliol1 then1 as now1 the blue ribbon of undergraduates4 ,at school1 although before all things a student1 he had thoroughly entered into the life of the place1 and before he left had gained supreme influence with the boys4 ,he was the leading contributor to the ',rugby ,magazine'2 and though a weakness in his ankles prevented him from taking a prominent part in the games of the place1 was known as the best goal-keeper on record1 a reputation which no boy could have gained without promptness and courage4 ,he was also one of the best swimmers in the school1 his weakness of ankle being no drawback here1 and in his last half passed the crucial test of that day1 by swimming from ,swift's 7the bathing-place of the sixth7 to the mill on the ,leicester road1 and back again1 between callings over4 ,he went to reside at ,oxford when the whole ,university was in a ferment4 ,the struggle of ,alma ,mater to humble or cast out the most remarkable of her sons was at its height4 ,ward had not yet been arraigned for his opinions1 and was a fellow and tutor of ,balliol1 and ,newman was in residence at ,oriel1 and incumbent of ,st4 ,mary's4 ,clough's was a mind which1 under any circumstances1 would have thrown itself into the deepest speculative thought of its time4 ,he seems soon to have passed through the mere ecclesiastical debatings to the deep questions which lay below them4 ,there was one lesson--probably one only--which he had never been able to learn from his great master1 namely1 to acknowledge that there are problems which intellectually are not to be solved by man1 and before these to sit down quietly4 ,whether it were from the harass of thought on such matters which interfered with his regular work1 or from one of those strange miscarriages in the most perfect of examining machines1 which every now and then deprive the best men of the highest honors1 to the surprise of every one ,clough missed his first class4 ,but he completely retrieved this academical mishap shortly afterwards by gaining an ,oriel fellowship4 ,in his new college1 the college of ,pusey1 ,newman1 ,keble1 ,marriott1 ,wilberforce1 presided over by ,dr4 ,hawkins1 and in which the influence of ,whately1 ,davidson1 and ,arnold had scarcely yet died out1 he found himself in the very centre and eye of the battle4 ,his own convictions were by this time leading him far away from both sides in the ,oxford contest2 he1 however1 accepted a tutorship at the college1 and all who had the privilege of attending them will long remember his lectures on logic and ethics4 ,his fault 7besides a shy and reserved manner7 was that he was much too long-suffering to youthful philosophic coxcombry1 and would rather encourage it by his gentle ',ah6 you think so8' or1 ',yes1 but might not such and such be the case8' ,clough was at ,oxford in #ahdg1--the year of the terrible ,irish famine1 and with others of the most earnest men at the ,university he took part in an association which had for its object ,retrenchment for the sake of the ,irish4 ,such a society was little likely to be popular with the comfortable dignitaries or the luxurious youth of the ,university4 ,many objections1 frivolous or serious as the case might be1 were raised against so subversive a notion as that of the self-sacrifice of the rich for the sake of the poor4 ,disregarding all personal considerations1 ,clough printed a pamphlet entitled1 ,a ,consideration of ,objections against the ,retrenchment ,association1 in which he met the careless or selfish arguments of those who set themselves against the efforts of the society4 ,it was a characteristic performance4 ,his heart was deeply stirred by the harsh contrast between the miseries of the ,irish poor and the wasteful extravagance of living prevalent at ,oxford4 ,he wrote with vehement indignation against the selfish pleas of the indifferent and the thoughtless possessors of wealth1 wasters of the goods given them as a trust for others4 ,his words were chiefly addressed to the young men at the ,university1--and they were not without effect4 ,such views of the rights and duties of property as he put forward1 of the claims of labor1 and of the responsibilities of the aristocracy1 had not been often heard at ,oxford4 ,he was called a ,socialist and a ,radical1 but it mattered little to him by what name he was known to those whose consciences were not touched by his appeal4 ,will you say1 he writes toward the end of this pamphlet1 this is all rhetoric and declamation8 ,there is1 ,i dare say1 something too much in that kind4 ,what with criticizing style and correcting exercises1 we college tutors perhaps may be likely1 in the heat of composition1 to lose sight of realities1 and pass into the limbo of the factitious1--especially when the thing must be done at odd times1 in any case1 and1 if at all1 quickly4 ,but if ,i have been obliged to write hurriedly1 believe me1 ,i have obliged myself to think not hastily4 ,and believe me1 too1 though ,i have desired to succeed in putting vividly and forcibly that which vividly and forcibly ,i felt and saw1 still the graces and splendors of composition were thoughts far less present to my mind than ,irish poor men's miseries1 ,english poor men's hardships1 and your unthinking indifference4 ,shocking enough the first and the second1 almost more shocking the third4 ,it was about this time that the most widely known of his works1 ,the ,bothie of ,toper-na-,fuosich1 a ,long-,vacation ,pastoral1 was written4 ,it was published in #ahdh1 and though it at once secured a circle of warm admirers1 and the edition was very soon exhausted1 it is assuredly deserving of a far higher popularity than it has ever attained4 ,the poem was reprinted in ,america1 at ,cambridge1 in #ahdi1 and it may be safely asserted that its merit was more deeply felt and more generously acknowledged by ,american than by ,english readers4 ,the fact that its essential form and local coloring were purely and genuinely ,english1 and thus gratified the curiosity felt in this country concerning the social habits and ways of life in the mother-land1 while on the other hand its spirit was in sympathy with the most liberal and progressive thought of the age1 may sufficiently account for its popularity here4 ,but the lovers of poetry found delight in it1 apart from these characteristics1--in its fresh descriptions of ,nature1 its healthy manliness of tone1 its scholarly construction1 its lively humor1 its large thought quickened and deepened by the penetrating imagination of the poet4 ,any one who has read it will acknowledge that a tutorship at ,oriel was not the place for the author4 ,the intense love of freedom1 the deep and hearty sympathy with the foremost thought of the time1 the humorous dealing with old formulas and conventionalisms grown meaningless1 which breathe in every line of the ',bothie1' show this clearly enough4 ,he would tell in after-life1 with much enjoyment1 how the dons of the ,university1 who1 hearing that he had something in the press1 and knowing that his theological views were not wholly sound1 were looking for a publication on the ,articles1 were astounded by the appearance of that fresh and frolicsome poem4 ,oxford 7at least the ,oriel common room7 and he were becoming more estranged daily4 ,how keenly he felt the estrangement1 not from ,oxford1 but from old friends1 about this time1 can be read only in his own words4 ,it is in such poems as the ,qua ,cursum ,ventus1 or the sonnet beginning1 ,well1 well1--,heaven bless you all from day to day6 that it is to be read4 ,these1 with a few other fugitive pieces1 were printed1 in company with verses by a friend1 as one part of a small volume entitled1 ,ambarvalia1 which never attained any general circulation1 although containing some poems which will take their place among the best of ,english poetry of this generation4 ,qua ,cursum ,ventus4 ,as ships1 becalmed at eve1 that lay ,with canvas drooping1 side by side1 ,two towers of sail at dawn of day1 ,are scarce long leagues apart descried3 ,when fell the night1 upsprung the breeze1 ,and all the darkling hours they plied1 ,nor dreamt but each the self-same seas ,by each was cleaving side by side3 ,e'en so----,but why the tale reveal ,of those whom1 year by year unchanged1 ,brief absence joined anew to feel1 ,astounded1 soul from soul estranged8 ,at dead of night their sails were filled1 ,and onward each rejoicing steered3 ,ah1 neither blame1 for neither willed1 ,or wist1 what first with dawn appeared6 ,to veer1 how vain6 ,on1 onward strain1 ,brave barks6 ,in light1 in darkness too1 ,through winds and tides one compass guides3 ,to that1 and your own selves1 be true6 ,but1 ,o blithe breeze6 and ,o great seas6 ,though ne'er1 that earliest parting past1 ,on your wide plain they join again1 ,together lead them home at last6 ,one port1 methought1 alike they sought1 ,one purpose hold where'er they fare3 ,o bounding breeze6 ,o rushing seas6 ,at last1 at last1 unite them there6 ,in #ahdh-di the revolutionary crisis came on ,europe1 and ,clough's sympathies drew him with great earnestness into the struggles which were going on4 ,he was in ,paris directly after the barricades1 and in ,rome during the siege1 where he gained the friendship of ,saffi and other leading ,italian patriots4 ,a part of his experiences and his thoughts while at ,rome are interwoven with the story in his ,amours de ,voyage1 a poem which exhibits in extraordinary measure the subtilty and delicacy of his powers1 and the fulness of his sympathy with the intellectual conditions of the time4 ,it was first published in the ,atlantic ,monthly for #aheh1 and was at once established in the admiration of readers capable of appreciating its rare and refined excellence4 ,the spirit of the poem is thoroughly characteristic of its author1 and the speculative1 analytic turn of his mind is represented in many passages of the letters of the imaginary hero4 ,had he been writing in his own name1 he could not have uttered his inmost conviction more distinctly1 or have given the clue to his intellectual life more openly than in the following verses3-- ,i will look straight out1 see things1 not try to evade them3 ,fact shall be ,fact for me2 and the ,truth the ,truth as ever1 ,flexible1 changeable1 vague1 and multiform and doubtful4 ,or1 again1-- ,ah1 the key of our life1 that passes all wards1 opens all locks1 ,is not ,i will1 but ,i must4 ,i must1--,i must1 --and ,i do it4 ,and still again1-- ,but for the steady fore-sense of a freer and larger existence1 ,think you that man could consent to be circumscribed here into action8 ,but for assurance within of a limitless ocean divine1 o'er ,whose great tranquil depths unconscious the wind-tost surface ,breaks into ripples of trouble that come and change and endure not1-- ,but that in this1 of a truth1 we have our being1 and know it1 ,think you we men could submit to live and move as we do here8 ,to keep on doing right1--not to speculate only1 but to act1 not to think only1 but to live1--was1 it has been said1 characteristic of the leading men at ,oxford during this period4 ,it was not so much a part of their teaching as a doctrine woven into their being4 ,and while they thus exercised a moral not less than an intellectual influence over their contemporaries and their pupils1 they themselves1 according to their various tempers and circumstances1 were led on into new paths of inquiry or of life4 ,some of them fell into the common temptations of an ,english ,university career1 and lost the freshness of energy and the honesty of conviction which first inspired them2 others1 holding their places in the established order of things1 were able by happy faculties of character to retain also the vigor and simplicity of their early purposes2 while others again1 among whom was ,clough1 finding the restraints of the ,university incompatible with independence1 gave up their positions at ,oxford to seek other places in which they could more freely search for the truth and express their own convictions4 ,it was not long after his return from ,italy that he became ,professor of ,english ,language and ,literature at ,university ,college1 ,london4 ,he filled this place1 which was not in all respects suited to him1 until #aheb4 ,after resigning it1 he took various projects into consideration1 and at length determined to come to ,america with the intention of settling here1 if circumstances should prove favorable4 ,in ,november1 #aheb1 he arrived in ,boston4 ,he at once established himself at ,cambridge1 proposing to give instruction to young men preparing for college1 or to take on in more advanced studies those who had completed the collegiate course4 ,he speedily won the friendship of those whose friendship was best worth having in ,boston and its neighborhood4 ,his thorough scholarship1 the result of the best ,english training1 and his intrinsic qualities caused his society to be sought and prized by the most cultivated and thoughtful men4 ,he had nothing of insular narrowness1 and none of the hereditary prejudices which too often interfere with the capacity of ,english travellers or residents among us to sympathize with and justly understand habits of life and of thought so different from those to which they have been accustomed4 ,his liberal sentiments and his independence of thought harmonized with the new social conditions in which he found himself1 and with the essential spirit of ,american life4 ,the intellectual freedom and animation of this country were congenial to his disposition4 ,from the beginning he took a large share in the interests of his new friends4 ,he contributed several remarkable articles to the pages of the ,north ,american ,review and of ,putnam's ,magazine1 and he undertook a work which was to occupy his scanty leisure for several years1 the revision of the so-called ,dryden's ,translation of ,plutarch's ,lives4 ,although the work was undertaken simply as a revision1 it turned out to involve little less labor than a complete new translation1 and it was so accomplished that henceforth it must remain the standard version of this most popular of the ancient authors4 ,but all that made the presence of such a man a great gain to his new friends made his absence felt by his old ones as a great loss4 ,in ,july1 #ahec1 he received the announcement that a place had been obtained for him by their efforts in the ,education ,department of the ,privy ,council1 and he was so strenuously urged to return to ,england1 that1 although unwilling to give up the prospect of a final settlement in ,america1 he felt that it was best to go home for a time4 ,some months after his return he was married to the granddaughter of the late ,mr4 ,william ,smith1 ,m4,p4 for ,norwich4 ,he established himself in a house in ,london1 and settled down to the hard routine-work of his office4 ,in a private letter written not long after his return1 he said1--,as for myself1 whom you ask about1 there is nothing to tell about me4 ,i live on contentedly enough1 but feel rather unwilling to be re-,englished1 after once attaining that higher transatlantic development4 ,however1 il faut s'y soumettre1 ,i presume1--though ,i fear ,i am embarked in the foundering ship4 ,i hope to ,heaven you'll get rid of slavery1 and then ,i shouldn't fear but you would really 'go ahead' in the long run4 ,as for us and our inveterate feudalism1 it is not hopeful4 ,in another letter about this time1 he wrote1--,i like ,america all the better for the comparison with ,england on my return4 ,certainly ,i think you are more right than ,i was willing to admit1 about the position of the poorer classes here4 ,such is my first reimpression4 ,however1 it will wear off soon enough1 ,i dare say2 so you must make the most of my admissions4 ,again1 a little later1 he wrote1--,i do truly hope that you will get the ,north erelong thoroughly united against any further encroachments4 ,i don't by any means feel that the slave-system is an intolerable crime1 nor do ,i think that our system here is so much better2 but it is clear to me that the only safe ground to go upon is that of your ,northern ,states4 ,i suppose the rich-and-poor difficulties must be creeping in at ,new ,york1 but one would fain hope that ,european analogies will not be quite accepted even there4 ,his letters were reflections of himself1--full of thought1 fancy1 and pleasant humor1 as well as of affectionateness and true feeling4 ,their character is hardly to be given in extracts1 but a few passages may serve to illustrate some of these qualities4 ,ambrose ,philips1 the ,roman ,catholic1 who set up the new ,st4 ,bernard ,monastery at ,charnwood ,forest1 has taken to spirit-rappings4 ,he avers1 inter alia1 that a ,buddhist spirit in misery held communication with him through the table1 and entreated his confessor1 ,father ,lorraine1 to say three masses for him4 ,pray1 convey this to ,t---- for his warning4 ,for1 moreover1 it remains uncertain whether ,father ,lorraine did say the masses2 so that perhaps ,t----'s deceased co-religionist is still in the wrong place4 ,some time after his return1 he wrote1--,really1 ,i may say ,i am only just beginning to recover my spirits after returning from the young and hopeful and humane republic1 to this cruel1 unbelieving1 inveterate old monarchy4 ,there are deeper waters of ancient knowledge and experience about one here1 and one is saved from the temptation of flying off into space2 but ,i think you have1 beyond all question1 the happiest country going4 ,still1 the political talk of ,america1 as one hears it here1 is not always true to the best intentions of the country1 is it8 ,writing on a ,july day from his office in ,whitehall1 he says1 after speaking of the heat of the weather1--,time has often been compared to a river3 if the ,thames at ,london represent the stream of traditional wisdom1 the comparison will indeed be of an ill odor2 the accumulated wisdom of the past will be proved upon analogy to be as it were the collected sewage of the centuries2 and the great problem1 how to get rid of it4 ,in ,march1 #ahed1 he wrote1--,people talk a good deal about that book of ,whewell's on the ,plurality of ,worlds4 ,i recommend ,fields to pirate it4 ,have you seen it8 ,it is to show that ,jupiter1 ,venus1 ,saturn1 etc41 are all pretty certainly uninhabitable1--being 7,jupiter1 ,saturn1 etc41 to wit7 strange washy limbos of places1 where at the best only mollusks 7or1 in the case of ,venus1 salamanders7 could exist4 ,hence we conclude we are the only rational creatures1 which is highly satisfactory1 and1 what is more1 quite ,scriptural4 ,owen1 on the other hand1 ,i believe1 and other scientific people1 declare it a most presumptuous essay1-- conclusions audacious1 and reasoning fallacious1 though the facts are allowed2 and in that opinion ,i1 on the ground that there are more things in heaven and earth than are dreamt of in the inductive philosophy1 incline to concur4 ,of his work he wrote1--,well1 ,i go on in the office1 operose nihil agenda1 very operose1 and very nihil too4 ,for lack of news1 ,i send you a specimen of my labors4--,we are here going on much as usual1 --occupied with nothing else but commerce and the money-market4 ,i do not think any one is thinking audibly of anything else4--,i have read with more pleasure than anything else that ,i have read lately ,kane's ,arctic ,explorations1 i4e41 his second voyage1 which is certainly a wonderful story4 ,the whole narrative is1 ,i think1 very characteristic of the differences between the ,english and the ,american-,english habits of command and obedience4 ,in the autumn of #aheg1 after speaking of some of the features of the ,sepoy revolt1 he said1--,i don't believe ,christianity can spread far in ,asia1 unless it will allow men more than one wife1--which isn't likely yet out of ,utah4 ,but ,i believe the old ,brahmin ',touch not and taste not1 and ,i am holier than thou1 because ,i don't touch and taste1' may be got rid of4 ,as for ,mahometanism1 it is a crystallized monotheism1 out of which no vegetation can come4 ,i doubt its being good even for the ,central negro4 ,march1 #ahei4 ,excuse this letter all about my own concerns4 ,i am pretty busy1 and have time for little else3 such is our fate after forty4 ,my figure #dj stands nearly three months behind me on the roadway1 unwept1 unhonored1 and unsung1 an octavum lustrum bound up and laid on the shelf4 ',so-and-so is dead1' said a friend to ,lord ,melbourne of some author4 ',dear me1 how glad ,i am6 ,now ,i can bind him up4' ,it was not until #ahei that the translation of ,plutarch1 begun six years before1 was completed and published4 ,it had involved much wearisome study1 and gave proof of patient1 exact1 and elegant scholarship4 ,clough's life in the ,council-,office was exceedingly laborious1 and for several years his work was increased by services rendered to ,miss ,nightingale1 a near relative of his wife4 ,he employed many hours1 both before and after his professional duties were over1 to aid her in those reforms of the military administration to which she has devoted the remaining energies of her overtasked life4 ,for this work he was the better fitted from having acted1 during a period of relief from his regular employment1 as ,secretary to a ,military ,commission appointed by ,government shortly after the ,crimean ,war to examine and report upon the military systems of some of the chief ,continental nations4 ,but at length his health gave way under the strain of continuous overwork4 ,he had for a long time been delicate1 and early in #ahfa he was obliged to give up work1 and was ordered to travel abroad4 ,he went to ,greece and ,constantinople1 and enjoyed greatly the charms of scenery and of association which he was so well fitted to appreciate4 ,but the release from work had come too late4 ,he returned to ,england in ,july1 his health but little improved4 ,in a letter written at that time he spoke of ,lord ,campbell's death1 which had just occurred4 ,lord ,campbell's death is rather the characteristic death of the ,english political man4 ,in the ,cabinet1 on the ,bench1 and at a dinner-party1 busy1 animated1 and full of effort to-day1 and in the early morning a vessel has burst4 ,it is a wonder they last so long4 ,but of himself he says1 in words of striking contrast1--,my nervous energy is pretty nearly spent for to-day1 so ,i must come to a stop4 ,i have leave till ,november1 and by that time ,i hope ,i shall be strong again for another good spell of work4 ,after a happy three weeks in ,england1 he went abroad again1 and spent some time with his friends the ,tennysons in ,auvergne and among the ,pyrenees4 ,in ,september he was joined by his wife in ,paris1 and thence went with her through ,switzerland to ,italy4 ,he had scarcely reached ,florence before he became alarmingly ill with symptoms of a low malaria fever4 ,his exhausted constitution never rallied against its attack4 ,he sank gradually away1 and died on the #acth of ,november4 ,i have leave till ,november1 and by that time ,i hope ,i shall be strong again for another good spell of work4 ,that hope is accomplished2-- ,for sure in the wide heaven there is room ,for love1 and pity1 and for helpful deeds4 ,he was buried in the little ,protestant cemetery at ,florence1 a fit resting-place for a poet1 the ,protestant ,santa ,croce1 where the tall cypresses rise over the graves1 and the beautiful hills keep guard around4 ,every one who knew ,clough even slightly1 says one of his oldest friends1 received the strongest impression of the unusual breadth and massiveness of his mind4 ,singularly simple and genial1 he was unfortunately cast upon a self-questioning age1 which led him to worry himself with constantly testing the veracity of his own emotions4 ,he has delineated in four lines the impression which his habitual reluctance to converse on the deeper themes of life made upon those of his friends who were attracted by his frank simplicity4 ,in one of his shorter poems he writes1-- ',i said1 ,my heart is all too soft2 ,he who would climb and soar aloft ,must needs keep ever at his side ,the tonic of a wholesome pride4' ,that expresses the man in a very remarkable manner4 ,he had a kind of proud simplicity about him singularly attractive1 and often singularly disappointing to those who longed to know him well4 ,he had a fear1 which many would think morbid1 of leaning much on the approbation of the world4 ,and there is one remarkable passage in his poems in which he intimates that men who live on the good opinion of others might even be benefited by a crime which would rob them of that evil stimulant3-- ',why1 so is good no longer good1 but crime ,our truest1 best advantage1 since it lifts us ,out of the stifling gas of men's opinion ,into the vital atmosphere of ,truth1 ,where ,he again is visible1 though in anger4' ,so eager was his craving for reality and perfect sincerity1 so morbid his dislike even for the unreal conventional forms of life1 that a mind quite unique in simplicity and truthfulness represents itself in his poems as ',seeking in vain1 in all my store1 ,one feeling based on truth4' ,indeed1 he wanted to reach some guaranty for simplicity deeper than simplicity itself4 ,we remember his principal criticism on ,america1 after returning from his residence in ,massachusetts1 was1 that the ,new-,englanders were much simpler than the ,english1 and that this was the great charm of ,new-,england society4 ,his own habits were of the same kind1 sometimes almost austere in their simplicity4 ,luxury he disliked1 and sometimes his friends thought him even ascetic4 ,this almost morbid craving for a firm base on the absolute realities of life was very wearing in a mind so self-conscious as ,clough's1 and tended to paralyze the expression of a certainly great genius4 ,he heads some of his poems with a line from ,wordsworth's great ode1 which depicts perfectly the expression often written in the deep furrows which sometimes crossed and crowded his massive forehead3-- ',blank misgivings of a creature moving about in worlds not realized4' ,nor did ,clough's great powers ever realize themselves to his contemporaries by any outward sign at all commensurate with the profound impression which they produced in actual life4 ,but if his powers did not1 there was much in his character that did produce its full effect upon all who knew him4 ,he never looked1 even in time of severe trial1 to his own interest or advancement4 ,he never flinched from the worldly loss which his deepest convictions brought on him4 ,even when clouds were thick over his own head1 and the ground beneath his feet seemed crumbling away1 he could still bear witness to an eternal light behind the cloud1 and tell others that there is solid ground to be reached in the end by the weary feet of all who will wait to be strong4 ,let him speak his own farewell3-- ',say not the struggle nought availeth1 ,the labor and the wounds are vain1 ,the enemy faints not nor faileth1 ,and as things have been things remain4 ',though hopes were dupes1 fears may be liars2 ,it may be1 in yon smoke concealed1 ,your comrades chase e'en now the fliers1 ,and but for you possess the field4 ',for though the tired wave1 idly breaking1 ,seems here no tedious inch to gain1 ,far back1 through creek and inlet making1 ,came1 silent flooding in1 the main4 ',and not through eastern windows only1 ,when daylight comes1 comes in the light2 ,in front the sun climbs slow1--how slowly6 ,but westward--look6 the land is bright4' ,,what ,,shall ,,we ,,do ,,with ,,them8 ,we have many precedents upon the part of the ,guardian of ,civilization1 which may or may not guide us4 ,not to return to that age whereunto the memory of man runneth not to the contrary1 the day of ,king ,richard our grandfather1 and to the ,wars of the ,roses1 we will begin with the happy occasion of the ,restoration of ,king ,charles of merry and disreputable fame4 ,since he came back to his kingdoms on sufferance and as a convenient compromise between anarchy and despotism1 he could hardly afford the luxury of wholesale proscription4 ,what the returning ,royalists could1 they did4 ,it was obviously unsafe1 as well as ungrateful1 to hang ,general ,monk in presence of his army1 many of whom had followed the ,son of the ,man from ,worcester ,fight in hot pursuit1 and had hunted him from thicket to thicket of ,boscobel ,wood4 ,but to dig up the dead ,cromwell and ,ireton1 to suspend them upon the gallows1 to mark out ,john ,milton1 old and blind1 for poverty and contempt1 was both safe and pleasant4 ,and civilization was guarded accordingly4 ,one little bit of comfort1 however1 was permitted4 ,scotland had been the ,virginia of his day1 and ,charles had the satisfaction of hearing that the ,whigs1 who had betrayed and sold his father1 and who had 7a far worse offence7 made himself listen to three-hours' sermons1 were chased like wild beasts among the hills1 after the defeat of ,bothwell ,brigg4 ,but what ,charles could not do was permitted to his brother4 ,after the rebellion of ,monmouth was put down1 the ,west of ,england was turned to mourning4 ,from the princely bastard who sued in agony and vain humiliation1 to the clown of ,devon forced into the rebel ranks1--from the peer who plotted1 to the venerable and ,christian woman whose sole crime was sheltering the houseless and starving fugitive1 there was given to the vanquished no mercy but the mercy of ,jeffreys1 no tenderness but the tenderness of ,kirk4 ,but the ,house of ,stuart was not always to represent the side of victory4 ,thirty years after the ,rout of ,sedgemoor1 the son of ,james1 whose name was clouded by rumor with the same stain of spuriousness as that of his unfortunate cousin1 was proclaimed by the ,earl of ,mar4 ,the ,jacobites were forced to drink to the dregs the cup of bitterness they had so gladly administered to others4 ,over ,temple ,bar and ,london ,bridge the heads of the defeated rebels bore witness to the guardianship of civilization as understood in the eighteenth century4 ,another thirty years brings us to the landing of ,moidart1 the rising of the clans1 the fall of ,edinburgh and ,carlisle1 the ,bull's ,run at ,prestonpans1 and the panic of ,london4 ,if we are anxious to guard our civilization according to ,hanoverian precedents1 there is one name commonly given to the ,commander-in-chief at ,culloden which ,congress should add to the titles it is preparing against ,mc,clellan's successful advance4 ,the ,butcher ,cumberland not only hounded on his troops with the tempting price of thirty thousand pounds for the ,pretender dead or alive1 but every adherent of the luckless ,jefferson ,davis of that day was in peril of life and wholesale confiscation4 ,the ,house of ,hanover not only broke the backbone of the ,rebellion1 but mangled without mercy its remains4 ,we come now1 in another thirty years1 to the next struggle of ,england with a portion of her people4 ,it is impossible1 as well as unfair1 to say what might have been done with ,mr4 ,washington1 the ,virginia colonel1 and ,mr4 ,franklin1 the ,philadelphia printer1 had they not been able to determine their own destiny4 ,we can only surmise1 by referring to two well-known localities in ,new ,york1 the ,old ,sugar-,house and the ,jersey ,prison-,ship1 how paternally ,george ,,iii was disposed then to resume his rights4 ,and without disposition to press historic parallels1 we cannot but compare ,arnold and ,tryon's raid along the south shore of ,connecticut with a certain sail recently made up the ,tennessee ,river to the foot of the ,muscle ,shoals by the command of a modern ,connecticut officer4 ,but as we were spared the necessity of testing the royal clemency to the submitted ,provinces of ,north ,america1 we had better pass on twenty years to the era of the ,act of ,union between ,great ,britain and ,ireland4 ,in this country the ,irishman need not fear to speak of '#ih1 and in this country he still treasures the memory of the whippings and pitch-caps of ,major ,beresford's riding-house1 and other pleasant souvenirs of the way in which1 sixty years ago1 loyalty dealt with rebellion4 ,there is no inherent proneness to treason in the ,hibernian nature1 as ,corcoran and the ,sixty-,ninth can bear witness2 nor is ,pat so fond of a riot that he cannot with fair play be a--well1 a good citizen4 ,yet at home he has been so civilized by his ,british guardian as to be in a chronic state of discontent and fretfulness4 ,we must1 however1 hasten to our latest precedent1--,england in ,india4 ,the ,sepoy ,rebellion had some features in common with our own4 ,it was inaugurated by premeditated military treachery4 ,it seized upon a large quantity of ,government munitions of war4 ,it only asked to be let alone4 ,it found the ,government wholly unprepared4 ,but it was the uprising of a conquered people4 ,the rebels were in circumstances1 as in complexion1 much nearer akin to that portion of our ,southern citizens which has not rebelled1 and which has lost no opportunity of seeking our lines to take the oath of allegiance or any other little favor which could be found there4 ,we do not defend their atrocities1 although a plea in mitigation might be put in1 that these were wisely planned to break the spell which ,british domination had woven over the native mind of ,india1 and that they were part of that decided and desperate policy which was designed to forever bar the way of reconstruction4 ,but toward the recaptured rebels there was used a course for which the only precedent1 so far as we know1 was furnished by that highly civilized guardian1 the ,dey of ,algiers4 ,these prisoners of war were in cold blood tied to the muzzles of cannon and blown into fragments4 ,the illustrated papers of that most ,christian land which is overcome with the barbarity of sinking old hulks in a channel through which privateers were wont to escape our blockade furnished effective engravings by our own artist of the scene4 ,wholesale plunder and devastation of the chief city of the revolt followed4 ,the rebellion was put down1 and put down1 we may say1 without any unnecessary tenderness1 any womanish weakness for the rebels4 ,we have thus established what we believe is called by theologians a catena of precedents1 coming down from the days of the ,commonwealth to our own time4 ,it covers about the whole period of ,new ,england history4 ,and we next propose to ask the question1 how far it may be desirable to be bound by such indisputable authority4 ,is it too late to reopen the question1 and to retry the issue between sovereign and rebel1 less with respect to ancient and immemorial usage1 and more according to eternal principle8 ,we answer1 ,no4 ,the same power that enables us to master this rebellion will give us original and final jurisdiction over it4 ,but one principle asserts itself out of the uniform coarse of history4 ,the restoration of the lawful authority over rebels does not restore them to their old status4 ,they are at the pleasure of the conquering power4 ,rights of citizenship1 having been abjured1 do not return with the same coercion which demands duties of citizenship4 ,thus1 to illustrate on an individual scale1 every wrong-doer is ipso facto a rebel4 ,he forfeits1 according to due course of law1 a measure of his privileges1 while constrained to the same responsibility of obedience4 ,his property is not exempt from taxes because he is in prison1 but his right of voting is gone2 he cannot bear arms1 but he must keep the peace1 he must labor compulsorily1 and attend such worship as the ,state provides4 ,in short1 he becomes a ward of the ,state1 while not ceasing to be a member4 ,his inalienable rights to life1 liberty1 and the pursuit of happiness were inalienable only so long as he remained obedient and true to the sovereign4 ,now this is equally true on the large scale as on the small4 ,the only difficulty is to apply it to broad masses of men and to ,states4 ,it may not be expedient to try ,south ,carolina collectively1 but we contend that the application of the principle gives us the right4 ,corporate bodies have again and again been punished by suspension of franchise1 while held to allegiance and duties4 ,the simple question for us is1 ,what will it be best to do8 ,the ,south may save us the trouble of deciding for the present a part of the many questions that occur4 ,we may put down the ,confederate ,government1 and take military occupation4 ,we cannot compel the ,southerners to hold elections and resume their share in the ,government4 ,it can go on without them4 ,the same force which reopens the ,mississippi can collect taxes or exact forfeitures along its banks4 ,if ,charleston is sullen1 the ,national ,government1 having restored its flag to ,moultrie and ,sumter1 can take its own time in the matter of clearing out the channel and rebuilding the light-houses4 ,if a secluded neighborhood does not receive a ,government postmaster1 but is disposed to welcome him with tarry hands to a feathery bed1 it can be left without the mails4 ,the rebel we can compel to return to his duties2 if necessary1 we can leave him to get back his rights as he best may4 ,but we are the representatives of a great political discovery4 ,the ,american ,union is founded on a fact unknown to the ,old ,world4 ,that fact is the direct ratio of the prosperity of the parts to the prosperity of the whole4 ,it is the principle upon which in every community our life is built4 ,we cannot1 therefore1 afford to have any part of the land languishing and suffering4 ,we are fighting1 not for conquest1 for we mean to abjure our power the moment we safely can1--not for vengeance1 for those with whom we fight are our brethren4 ,we are compelled by a necessity1 partly geographical and partly social1 into restoring a ,union politically which never for a day has actually ceased4 ,let us advert to one fact very patent and significant4 ,we have heard of nearly all our successes through ,rebel sources4 ,even where it made against them1 they could not help telling us 7we do not say the truth1 for that is rather strong1 but7 the news4 ,never did two nations at war know one-tenth part as much of each other's affairs4 ,like husband and wife1 the two parts of the country cannot keep secrets from one another1 let them try ever so hard4 ,and the end of all will be that we shall know and respect one another a great deal better for our sharp encounter4 ,but this necessity of union demands of the ,government1 imperatively demands1 that it take whatever step is necessary to its own preservation4 ,it is as with a ship at sea1--all must pull together1 or somebody must go overboard4 ,there can be no such order of things as an agreed state of mutiny1--forecastle seceding from cabin1 and steerage independent of both4 ,not only is rebellion to be put down1 therefore1 but to be kept from coming up again4 ,it is obvious to every one1 not thoroughly blinded by party1 how it did come up4 ,the ,gulf ,states were coaxed out1 the ,border ,states were bullied or conjured out4 ,a few leading men1 who had made the science of political management their own1 got the control of the popular mind4 ,one great secret of their success was their constant assumption that what was to be done had been done already4 ,it is the very art of the veteran seducer1 who ever persuades his victim that return is impossible1 in order that he may actually make it so4 ,north ,carolina1 as one expressively said1 found herself out of the ,union she hardly knew how4 ,virginia was dragged out4 ,tennessee was forced out4 ,missouri was declared out4 ,kentucky was all but out4 ,maryland hung in the crisis of life and death under the guns of ,fort ,mc,henry4 ,in ,south ,carolina alone can it be said that any fair expression of the popular will was on the ,secession side4 ,the ,rebellion was the work of a governing class1 all whose ideas and hopes were the aggrandizement of their own order4 ,terrorism opened the way1 reckless lying made the game sure4 ,if any one is inclined to doubt this1 let him look at the sway which ,robespierre and his few associates exercised in ,paris4 ,some seventy executions delivered that great city from its nightmare agony of months4 ,a dozen resolute1 united men1 with arms and without scruples1 could seize almost any ,new ,england village for a time1 provided they knew just what they wanted to do4 ,decision and energy are master-keys to almost most all doors not fortified by ,hobbs's patent locks4 ,a party of tipsy ,americans one night stormed a ,parisian guard-house1 disarmed the sentry1 and sent the guard flying in desperate fear1 thinking that a general mente was in progress4 ,now one issue of the ,rebellion must be to put down1 not only this governing class1 but also the system from which it springs4 ,we have no such class at the ,north4 ,we can have no such class4 ,the very collision of interests1 the rivalries of trade1 the thousand-and-one social relations1 all neutralize each other1 are checks and counterchecks1 which1 like the particles in a vessel of water1 always tend toward the level of an equilibrium4 ,two men meet in their lodge as ,odd-,fellows1 but they are opponents on town-meeting day4 ,two partners in business are1 one the most bitter of ,calvinists1 and the other the most progressive of ,universalists4 ,dr4 ,a4 and the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,b4 pull asunder the men whom ',change unites4 ,but with the ,southerner of the governing class it is not so4 ,one sympathy1 more potent than any other can be1 leagues them all4 ,all are masters of the ,helot race upon which their success and station are built4 ,it is a living relation1 the most powerful and vital which can bind men together1 that sense of authority borne by the few over the many4 ,the ,norman barons after the ,conquest1 the ,spanish conquerors in ,mexico and ,peru1 the ,englishmen of the days of ,clive and ,hastings in ,india1 are all examples of that thorough concentration of strength which must arise in the conflicts of races4 ,republics have fallen through their standing armies4 ,the proprietary class at the ,south was the most dangerous of standing armies1 for it was disciplined to the use of power night and day4 ,the overthrow of the ,rebellion will to a great degree ruin this class4 ,but since it is one not founded on birth or culture1 but simply on white blood and circumstance1 7for no ,secessionist is so fierce as your converted ,northerner17 it cannot fall like the ,norman nobility in the ,wars of the ,roses1 or waste by operation of climate like the masters of ,mexico and ,hindostan4 ,it renews itself whenever it touches slave-soil4 ,that gives it life4 ,we contend that ,government must for its own preservation go to the root of the matter4 ,and we cannot see that there is any ,constitutional difficulty4 ,there are probably not ten slave-proprietors in the ,south whom it has not the right to arrest1 try1 and hang1 for high-treason4 ,of course1 every one can see the practical difficulty1 as well as the manifest folly1 of doing this4 ,but if it has that right toward these individuals1 it certainly may say1 by ,act of ,congress1 if we choose1 that it will not waive it except upon conditions which shall secure it from any further trouble4 ,it seems to us fully within our power4 ,and we will use an illustration that may help to show what we mean4 ,president ,lincoln has no right to require of any citizen of the ,united ,states that he take the temperance-pledge4 ,but suppose a murderer who has taken life in a fit of drunkenness applies for pardon to the ,executive4 ,the ,executive1 ,governor or ,president1 as the case may be1 may surely then impose that condition before commuting the sentence or releasing the prisoner4 ,now the ,nation stands toward the ,rebels in a like attitude4 ,it may be good policy to take them back as fast as they submit1 it may be ,christian magnanimity to make the way as easy as possible for their return1 but they have no right to come back to anything but a prison and hard labor for life4 ,many of them have trebly forfeited their lives1--as traitors1 as deserters from the naval and military service1 and as paroled prisoners who have broken their parole4 ,and therefore we say1 since we cannot deal with all the individuals1 we must deal with the masses1 and that in their corporate capacity4 ,if ,south ,carolina is a sovereign ,state1 is in the ,union as a feudal chief in his king's court1 with power to carry from ,york to ,lancaster and from ,lancaster to ,york his subject vassals1 then ,south ,carolina has dared the hazard of rebellion1 and her political head is forfeit4 ,it is next to be asked1 what these conditions are to be4 ,and that is not to be answered in a breath4 ,that they can have but one result1 emancipation1 is a foregone conclusion2 but the mode of reaching it is not so easily determined4 ,a cotton-loaded ship took fire at sea4 ,it would have been easy to pump in water enough to drown the fire4 ,but the captain said1 ,no1 for that would swell the bales to such an extent as to open every seam and start every timber4 ,so with1 the ship now carrying ,king ,cotton3 you may indeed quench the fire1 but you may possibly turn the ship inside out into the bargain4 ,but something we have a right to insist on4 ,we have it1 over and above the ,constitutional right shown just now1 upon the broad principle of necessity4 ,slavery has proved itself a nuisance4 ,just as we say to the owner of a bone-boiling establishment1 ,you poison the air2 we cannot live here2 you must go farther off1--and if a fever break out which can be clearly traced to that source1 we say it emphatically3 so now ,slavery having proved itself pestilential1 we say1 ,march6 ,we are not disposed1 la ,staten ,island1 to burn down our yellow-feverish neighbor's house4 ,we will give everybody time to pack up4 ,we will make up a little purse for any specially hard case which the removal may show4 ,but stay and be plague-stricken we will no longer2 nor are we disposed to spend our whole income in burning sulphur1 saltpetre1 and charcoal to keep out infection4 ,and certainly1 when by neglect to pay ground-rent1 or other illegality1 the owner of our nuisance has forfeited his right to stay1 no mortal can blame us for taking the strictest and most decisive steps known to the law to remove him4 ,,agnes ,,of ,,sorrento4 ,,chapter ,,xxvii4 ,,the ,,saint',s ,,rest4 ,agnes entered the city of ,rome in a trance of enthusiastic emotion1 almost such as one might imagine in a soul entering the heavenly ,jerusalem above4 ,to her exalted ideas she was approaching not only the ground hallowed by the blood of apostles and martyrs1 not merely the tombs of the faithful1 but the visible general assembly and church of the first-born which are written in heaven4 ,here reigned the appointed representative of ,jesus1--and she imagined a benignant image of a prince clothed with honor and splendor1 who was yet the righter of all wrongs1 the redresser of all injuries1 the friend and succorer of the poor and needy2 and she was firm in a secret purpose to go to this great and benignant father1 and on her knees entreat him to forgive the sins of her lover1 and remove the excommunication that threatened at every moment his eternal salvation4 ,for she trembled to think of it1--a sudden accident1 a thrust of a dagger1 a fall from his horse might put him forever beyond the pale of repentance1--he might die unforgiven1 and sink to eternal pain4 ,if any should wonder that a ,christian soul could preserve within itself an image so ignorantly fair1 in such an age1 when the worldliness and corruption in the ,papal chair were obtruded by a thousand incidental manifestations1 and were alluded to in all the calculations of simple common people1 who looked at facts with a mere view to the guidance of their daily conduct1 it is necessary to remember the nature of ,agnes's religious training1 and the absolute renunciation of all individual reasoning which from infancy had been laid down before her as the first and indispensable prerequisite of spiritual progress4 ,to believe1--to believe utterly and blindly1--not only without evidence1 but against evidence1--to reject the testimony even of her senses1 when set against the simple affirmation of her superiors1--had been the beginning1 middle1 and end of her religious instruction4 ,when a doubt assailed her mind on any point1 she had been taught to retire within herself and repeat a prayer2 and in this way her mental eye had formed the habit of closing to anything that might shake her faith as quickly as the physical eye closes at a threatened blow4 ,then1 as she was of a poetic and ideal nature1 entirely differing from the mass of those with whom she associated1 she had formed that habit of abstraction and mental reverie which prevented her hearing or perceiving the true sense of a great deal that went on around her4 ,the conversations that commonly were carried on in her presence had for her so little interest that she scarcely heard them4 ,the world in which she moved was a glorified world1--wherein1 to be sure1 the forms of every-day life appeared1 but appeared as different from what they were in reality as the old mouldering daylight view of ,rome is from the warm translucent glory of its evening transfiguration4 ,so in her quiet1 silent heart she nursed this beautiful hope of finding in ,rome the earthly image of her ,saviour's home above1 of finding in the head of the ,church the real image of her ,redeemer1--the friend to whom the poorest and lowliest may pour out their souls with as much freedom as the highest and noblest4 ,the spiritual directors who had formed the mind of ,agnes in her early days had been persons in the same manner taught to move in an ideal world of faith4 ,the ,mother ,theresa had never seen the realities of life1 and supposed the ,church on earth to be all that the fondest visions of human longing could paint it4 ,the hard1 energetic1 prose experience of old ,jocunda1 and the downright way with which she sometimes spoke of things as a trooper's wife must have seen them1 were repressed and hushed1 down1 as the imperfect faith of a half-reclaimed worldling1--they could not be allowed to awaken her from the sweetness of so blissful a dream4 ,in like manner1 when ,lorenzo ,sforza became ,father ,francesco1 he strove with earnest prayer to bury his gift of individual reason in the same grave with his family name and worldly experience4 ,as to all that transpired in the real world1 he wrapped himself in a mantle of imperturbable silence2 the intrigues of popes and cardinals1 once well known to him1 sank away as a forbidden dream2 and by some metaphysical process of imaginative devotion he enthroned ,god in the place of the dominant powers1 and taught himself to receive all that came from them in uninquiring submission1 as proceeding from unerring wisdom4 ,though he had begun his spiritual life under the impulse of ,savonarola1 yet so perfect had been his isolation from all tidings of what transpired in the external world that the conflict which was going on between that distinguished man and the ,papal hierarchy never reached his ear4 ,he sought and aimed as much as possible to make his soul like the soul of one dead1 which adores and worships in ideal space1 and forgets forever the scenes and relations of earth2 and he had so long contemplated ,rome under the celestial aspects of his faith1 that1 though the shock of his first confession there had been painful1 still it was insufficient to shake his faith4 ,it had been ,god's will1 he thought1 that where he looked for aid he should meet only confusion1 and he bowed to the inscrutable will1 and blindly adored the mysterious revelation4 ,if such could be the submission and the faith of a strong and experienced man1 who can wonder at the enthusiastic illusions of an innocent1 trustful child8 ,agnes and her grandmother entered the city of ,rome just as the twilight had faded into night2 and though ,agnes1 full of faith and enthusiasm1 was longing to begin immediately the ecstatic vision of shrines and holy places1 old ,elsie commanded her not to think of anything further that night4 ,they proceeded1 therefore1 with several other pilgrims who had entered the city1 to a church specially set apart for their reception1 connected with which were large dormitories and a religious order whose business was to receive and wait upon them1 and to see that all their wants were supplied4 ,this religious foundation is one of the oldest in ,rome2 and it is esteemed a work of especial merit and sanctity among the citizens to associate themselves temporarily in these labors in ,holy ,week4 ,even princes and princesses come1 humble and lowly1 mingling with those of common degree1 and all1 calling each other brother and sister1 vie in kind attentions to these guests of the ,church4 ,when ,agnes and ,elsie arrived1 several of these volunteer assistants were in waiting4 ,agnes was remarked among all the rest of the company for her peculiar beauty and the rapt enthusiastic expression of her face4 ,almost immediately on their entrance into the reception-hall connected with the church1 they seemed to attract the attention of a tall lady dressed in deep mourning1 and accompanied by a female servant1 with whom she was conversing on those terms of intimacy which showed confidential relations between the two4 ,see6 she said1 my ,mona1 what a heavenly face is there6--that sweet child has certainly the light of grace shining through her4 ,my heart warms to her4 ,indeed1 said the old servant1 looking across1 and well it may1--dear lamb come so far6 ,but1 ,holy ,virgin1 how my head swims6 ,how strange6--that child reminds me of some one4 ,my ,lady1 perhaps1 may think of some one whom she looks like4 ,mona1 you say true4 ,i have the same strange impression that ,i have seen a face like hers1 but who or where ,i cannot say4 ,what would my ,lady say1 if ,i said it was our dear ,prince8--,god rest his soul6 ,mona1 it is so1--yes1 added the lady1 looking more intently1--how singular6--the very traits of our house in a peasant-girl6 ,she is of ,sorrento1 ,i judge1 by her costume1--what a pretty one it is6 ,that old woman is her mother1 perhaps4 ,i must choose her for my care1--and1 ,mona1 you shall wait on her mother4 ,so saying1 the ,princess ,paulina crossed the hall1 and1 bending affably over ,agnes1 took her hand and kissed her1 saying1-- ,welcome1 my dear little sister1 to the house of our ,father6 ,agnes looked up with strange1 wondering eyes into the face that was bent to hers4 ,it was sallow and sunken1 with deep lines of ill-health and sorrow1 but the features were noble1 and must once have been1 beautiful2 the whole action1 voice1 and manner were dignified and impressive4 ,instinctively she felt that the lady was of superior birth and breeding to any with whom she had been in the habit of associating4 ,come with me1 said the lady2 and this--your mother--she added4 ,she is my grandmother1 said ,agnes4 ,well1 then1 your grandmother1 sweet child1 shall be attended by my good sister ,mona here4 ,the ,princess ,paulina drew the hand of ,agnes through her arm1 and1 laying her hand affectionately on it1 looked down and smiled tenderly on her4 ,are you very tired1 my dear8 ,oh1 no6 no6 said ,agnes1--,i am so happy1 so blessed to be here6 ,you have travelled a long way8 ,yes1 from ,sorrento2 but ,i am used to walking1--,i did not feel it to be long1--my heart kept me up1--,i wanted to come home so much4 ,home8 said the ,princess4 ,yes1 to my soul's home1--the house of our dear ,father the ,pope4 ,the ,princess started1 and looked incredulously down for a moment2 then noticing the confiding1 whole-hearted air of the child1 she sighed and was silent4 ,come with me above1 she said1 and let me attend a little to your comfort4 ,how good you are1 dear lady6 said ,agnes4 ,i am not good1 my child1--,i am only your unworthy sister in ,christ2 and as the lady spoke1 she opened the door into a room where were a number of other female pilgrims seated around the wall1 each attended by a person whose peculiar care she seemed to be4 ,at the feet of each was a vessel of water1 and when the seats were all full1 a cardinal in robes of office entered1 and began reading prayers4 ,each lady present1 kneeling at the feet of her chosen pilgrim1 divested them carefully of their worn and travel-soiled shoes and stockings1 and proceeded to wash them4 ,it was not a mere rose-water ceremony1 but a good hearty washing of feet that for the most part had great need of the ablution4 ,while this service was going on1 the cardinal read from the ,gospel how a ,greater than they all had washed the feet of ,his disciples1 and said1 ,if ,i1 your ,lord and ,master1 have washed your feet1 ye also ought to wash one another's feet4 ,then all repeated in concert the ,lord's ,prayer1 while each humbly kissed the feet she had washed1 and proceeded to replace the worn and travel-soiled shoes and stockings with new and strong ones1 the gift of ,christian love4 ,each lady then led her charge into a room where tables were spread with a plain and wholesome repast of all such articles of food as the season of ,lent allowed4 ,each placed her protge at table1 and carefully attended to all her wants at the supper1 and afterwards dormitories were opened for their repose4 ,the ,princess ,paulina performed all these offices for ,agnes with a tender earnestness which won upon her heart4 ,the young girl thought herself indeed in that blessed society of which she had dreamed1 where the high-born and the rich become through ,christ's love the servants of the poor and lowly1--and through all the services she sat in a sort of dream of rapture4 ,how lovely this reception into the ,holy ,city6 how sweet thus to be taken to the arms of the great ,christian family1 bound together in the charity which is the bond of perfectness6 ,please tell me1 dear lady1 said ,agnes1 after supper1 who is that holy man that prayed with us8 ,oh1 he--he is the ,cardinal ,capello1 said the ,princess4 ,i should like to have spoken with him1 said ,agnes4 ,why1 my child8 ,i wanted to ask him when and how ,i could get speech with our dear ,father the ,pope1--for there is somewhat on my mind that ,i would lay before him4 ,my poor little sister1 said the ,princess1 much perplexed1 you do not understand things4 ,what you speak of is impossible4 ,the ,pope is a great king4 ,i know he is1 said ,agnes1--and so is our ,lord ,jesus1--but every soul may come to him4 ,i cannot explain to you now1 said the ,princess1--there is not time to-night4 ,but ,i shall see you again4 ,i will send for you to come to my house1 and there talk with you about many things which you need to know4 ,meanwhile1 promise me1 dear child1 not to try to do anything of the kind you spoke of until ,i have talked with you4 ,well1 ,i will not1 said ,agnes1 with a glance of docile affection1 kissing the hand of the ,princess4 ,the action was so pretty1--the great1 soft1 dark eyes looked so fawn-like and confiding in their innocent tenderness1 that the lady seemed much moved4 ,our dear ,mother bless thee1 child6 she said1 laying her hand on her head1 and stooping to kiss her forehead4 ,she left her at the door of the dormitory4 ,the ,princess and her attendant went out of the church-door1 where her litter stood in waiting4 ,the two took their seats in silence1 and silently pursued their way through the streets of the old dimly-lighted city and out of one of its principal gates to the wide ,campagna beyond4 ,the villa of the ,princess was situated on an eminence at some distance from the city1 and the night-ride to it was solemn and solitary4 ,they passed along the old ,appian ,way over pavements that had rumbled under the chariot-wheels of the emperors and nobles of a by-gone age1 while along their way1 glooming up against the clear of the sky1 were vast shadowy piles1--the tombs of the dead of other days4 ,all mouldering and lonely1 shaggy and fringed with bushes and streaming wild vines through which the night-wind sighed and rustled1 they might seem to be pervaded by the restless spirits of the dead2 and as the lady passed them1 she shivered1 and1 crossing herself1 repeated an inward prayer against wandering demons that walk in desolate places4 ,timid and solitary1 the high-born lady shrank and cowered within herself with a distressing feeling of loneliness4 ,a childless widow in delicate health1 whose paternal family had been for the most part cruelly robbed1 exiled1 or destroyed by the reigning ,pope and his family1 she felt her own situation a most unprotected and precarious one1 since the least jealousy or misunderstanding might bring upon her1 too1 the ill-will of the ,borgias1 which had proved so fatal to the rest of her race4 ,no comfort in life remained to her but her religion1 to whose practice she clung as to her all2 but even in this her life was embittered by facts to which1 with the best disposition in the world1 she could not shut her eyes4 ,her own family had been too near the seat of power not to see all the base intrigues by which that sacred and solemn position of ,head of the ,christian ,church had been traded for as a marketable commodity4 ,the pride1 the indecency1 the cruelty of those who now reigned in the name of ,christ came over her mind in contrast with the picture painted by the artless1 trusting faith of the peasant-girl with whom she had just parted4 ,her mind had been too thoroughly drilled in the non-reflective practice of her faith to dare to put forth any act of reasoning upon facts so visible and so tremendous1--she rather trembled at herself for seeing what she saw and for knowing what she knew1 and feared somehow that this very knowledge might endanger her salvation2 and so she rode homeward cowering and praying like a frightened child4 ,does my ,lady feel ill8 said the old servant1 anxiously4 ,no1 ,mona1 no1--not in body4 ,and what is on my ,lady's mind now8 ,oh1 ,mona1 it is only what is always there4 ,to-morrow is ,palm ,sunday1 and how can ,i go to see the murderers and robbers of our house in holy places8 ,oh1 ,mona1 what can ,christians do1 when such men handle holy things8 ,it was a comfort to wash the feet of those poor simple pilgrims1 who tread in the steps of the saints of old2 but how ,i felt when that poor child spoke of wanting to see the ,pope6 ,yes1 said ,mona1 it's like sending the lamb to get spiritual counsel of the wolf4 ,see what sweet belief the poor infant has6 ,should not the head of the ,christian ,church be such as she thinks8 ,ah1 in the old days1 when the ,church here in ,rome was poor and persecuted1 there were popes who were loving fathers and not haughty princes4 ,my dear ,lady1 said the servant1 pray1 consider1 the very stones have ears4 ,we don't know what day we may be turned out1 neck and heels1 to make room for some of their creatures4 ,well1 ,mona1 said the lady1 with some spirit1 ,i'm sure ,i haven't said any more than you have4 ,holy ,mother6 and so you haven't1 but somehow things look more dangerous when other people say them4--,a pretty child that was1 as you say2 but that old thing1 her grandmother1 is a sharp piece4 ,she is a ,roman1 and lived here in her early days4 ,she says the little one was born hereabouts2 but she shuts up her mouth like a vice1 when one would get more out of her4 ,mona1 ,i shall not go out to-morrow2 but you go to the services1 and find the girl and her grandmother1 and bring them out to me4 ,i want to counsel the child4 ,you may be sure1 said ,mona1 that her grandmother knows the ins and outs of ,rome as well as any of us1 for all she has learned to screw up her lips so tight ,at any rate1 bring her to me1 because she interests me4 ,well1 well1 it shall be so1 said ,mona4 ,,chapter ,,xxviii4 ,,palm ,,sunday4 ,the morning after her arrival in ,rome1 ,agnes was awakened from sleep by a solemn dropping of bell-tones which seemed to fill the whole air1 intermingled dimly at intervals with long-drawn plaintive sounds of chanting4 ,she had slept profoundly1 overwearied with her pilgrimage1 and soothed by that deep lulling sense of quiet which comes over one1 when1 after long and weary toils1 some auspicious goal is at length reached4 ,she had come to ,rome1 and been received with open arms into the household of the saints1 and seen even those of highest degree imitating the simplicity of the ,lord in serving the poor4 ,surely1 this was indeed the house of ,god and the gate of heaven2 and so the bell-tones and chants1 mingling with her dreams1 seemed naturally enough angel-harpings and distant echoes of the perpetual adoration of the blessed4 ,she rose and dressed herself with a tremulous joy4 ,she felt full of hope that somehow--in what way she could not say--this auspicious beginning would end in a full fruition of all her wishes1 an answer to all her prayers4 ,well1 child1 said old ,elsie1 you must have slept well2 you look fresh as a lark4 ,the air of this holy place revives me1 said ,agnes1 with enthusiasm4 ,i wish ,i could say as much1 said ,elsie4 ,my bones ache yet with the tramp1 and ,i suppose nothing will do but we must go out now to all the holy places1 up and down and hither and yon1 to everything that goes on4 ,i saw enough of it all years ago when ,i lived here4 ,dear grandmother1 if you are tired1 why should you not rest8 ,i can go forth alone in this holy city4 ,no harm can possibly befall me here4 ,i can join any of the pilgrims who are going to the holy places where ,i long to worship4 ,a likely story6 said ,elsie4 ,i know more about old ,rome than you do1 and ,i tell you1 child1 that you do not stir out a step without me2 so if you must go1 ,i must go too1--and like enough it's for my soul's health4 ,i suppose it is1 she added1 after a reflective pause4 ,how beautiful it was that we were welcomed so last night6 said ,agnes1--that dear lady was so kind to me6 ,ay1 ay1 and well she might be6 said ,elsie1 nodding her head4 ,but there's no truth in the kindness of the nobles to us1 child4 ,they don't do it because they love us1 but because they expect to buy heaven by washing our feet and giving us what little they can clip and snip off from their abundance4 ,oh1 grandmother1 said ,agnes1 how can you say so8 ,certainly1 if any one ever spoke and looked lovingly1 it was that dear lady4 ,yes1 and she rolls away in her carriage1 well content1 and leaves you with a pair of new shoes and stockings1--you1 as worthy of a carriage and a palace as she4 ,no1 grandmamma2 she said she should send for me to talk more with her4 ,she said she should send for you8 said ,elsie4 ,well1 well1 that is strange1 to be sure6--that is wonderful6 she added1 reflectively4 ,but come1 child1 we must hasten through our breakfast and prayers1 and go to see the ,pope1 and all the great birds with fine feathers that fly after him4 ,yes1 indeed6 said ,agnes1 joyfully4 ,oh1 grandmamma1 what a blessed sight it will be6 ,yes1 child1 and a fine sight enough he makes with his great canopy and his plumes and his servants and his trumpeters2--there isn't a king in ,christendom that goes so proudly as he4 ,no other king is worthy of it1 said ,agnes4 ,the ,lord reigns in him4 ,much you know about it6 said ,elsie1 between her teeth1 as they started out4 ,the streets of ,rome through which they walked were damp and cellar-like1 filthy and ill-paved2 but ,agnes neither saw nor felt anything of inconvenience in this3 had they been floored1 like those of the ,new ,jerusalem1 with translucent gold1 her faith could not have been more fervent4 ,rome is at all times a forest of quaint costumes1 a pantomime of shifting scenic effects of religious ceremonies4 ,nothing there1 however singular1 strikes the eye as out-of-the-way or unexpected1 since no one knows precisely to what religious order it may belong1 or what individual vow or purpose it may represent4 ,neither ,agnes nor ,elsie1 therefore1 was surprised1 when they passed through the door-way to the street1 at the apparition of a man covered from head to foot in a long robe of white serge1 with a high-peaked cap of the same material drawn completely down over his head and face4 ,two round holes cut in this ghostly head-gear revealed simply two black glittering eyes1 which shone with that singular elfish effect which belongs to the human eye when removed from its appropriate and natural accessories4 ,as they passed out1 the figure rattled a box on which was painted an image of despairing souls raising imploring hands from very red tongues of flame1 by which it was understood at once that he sought aid for souls in ,purgatory4 ,agnes and her grandmother each dropped therein a small coin and went on their way2 but the figure followed them at a little distance behind1 keeping carefully within sight of them4 ,by means of energetic pushing and striving1 ,elsie contrived to secure for herself and her grandchild stations in the piazza in front of the church1 in the very front rank1 where the procession was to pass4 ,a motley assemblage it was1 this crowd1 comprising every variety of costume of rank and station and ecclesiastical profession1--cowls and hoods of ,franciscan and ,dominican1--picturesque headdresses of peasant-women of different districts1--plumes and ruffs of more aspiring gentility1--mixed with every quaint phase of foreign costume belonging to the strangers from different parts of the earth2--for1 like the old ,jewish ,passover1 this celebration of ,holy ,week had its assemblage of ,parthians1 ,medes1 ,elamites1 dwellers in ,mesopotamia1 ,cretes1 and ,arabians1 all blending in one common memorial4 ,amid the strange variety of persons among whom they were crowded1 ,elsie remarked the stranger in the white sack1 who had followed them1 and who had stationed himself behind them1--but it did not occur to her that his presence there was other than merely accidental4 ,and now came sweeping up the grand procession1 brilliant with scarlet and gold1 waving with plumes1 sparkling with gems1--it seemed as if earth had been ransacked and human invention taxed to express the ultimatum of all that could dazzle and bewilder1--and1 with a rustle like that of ripe grain before a swaying wind1 all the multitude went down on their knees as the cortege passed4 ,agnes knelt1 too1 with clasped hands1 adoring the sacred vision enshrined in her soul2 and as she knelt with upraised eyes1 her cheeks flushed with enthusiasm1 her beauty attracted the attention of more than one in the procession4 ,there is the model which our master has been looking for1 said a young and handsome man in a rich dress of black velvet1 who1 by his costume1 appeared to hold the rank of first chamberlain in the ,papal suite4 ,the young man to whom he spoke gave a bold glance at ,agnes and answered1-- ,pretty little rogue1 how well she does the saint6 ,one can see1 that1 with judicious arrangement1 she might make a nymph as well as a saint1 said the first speaker4 ,a ,daphne1 for example1 said the other1 laughing4 ,and she wouldn't turn into a laurel1 either1 said the first4 ,well1 we must keep our eye on her4 ,and as they were passing into the church-door1 he beckoned to a servant in waiting and whispered something1 indicating ,agnes with a backward movement of his hand4 ,the servant1 after this1 kept cautiously within observing distance of her1 as she with the crowd pressed into the church to assist at the devotions4 ,long and dazzling were those ceremonies1 when1 raised on high like an enthroned ,god1 ,pope ,alexander ,,vi4 received the homage of bended knee from the ambassadors of every ,christian nation1 from heads of all ecclesiastical orders1 and from generals and chiefs and princes and nobles1 who1 robed and plumed and gemmed in all the brightest and proudest that earth could give1 bowed the knee humbly and kissed his foot in return for the palm-branch which he presented4 ,meanwhile1 voices of invisible singers chanted the simple event which all this splendor was commemorating1--how of old ,jesus came into ,jerusalem meek and lowly1 riding on an ass1--how ,his disciples cast their garments in the way1 and the multitude took branches of palm-trees to come forth and meet ,him1--how ,he was seized1 tried1 condemned to a cruel death1--and the crowd1 with dazzled and wondering eyes following the gorgeous ceremonial1 reflected little how great was the satire of the contrast1 how different the coming of that meek and lowly ,one to suffer and to die from this triumphant display of worldly-pomp and splendor in ,his professed representative4 ,but to the pure all things are pure1 and ,agnes thought only of the enthronement of all virtues1 of all celestial charities and unworldly purities in that splendid ceremonial1 and longed within herself to approach so near as to touch the hem of those wondrous and sacred garments4 ,it was to her enthusiastic imagination like the unclosing of celestial doors1 where the kings and priests of an eternal and heavenly temple move to and fro in music1 with the many-colored glories of rainbows and sunset clouds4 ,her whole nature was wrought upon by the sights and sounds of that gorgeous worship1--she seemed to burn and brighten like an altar-coal1 her figure appeared to dilate1 her eyes grew deeper and shone with a starry light1 and the color of her cheeks flushed up with a vivid glow1--nor was she aware how often eyes were turned upon her1 nor how murmurs of admiration followed all her absorbed1 unconscious movements4 ,ecco6 ,eccola6 was often repeated from mouth to mouth around her1 but she heard it not4 ,when at last the ceremony was finished1 the crowd rushed again out of the church to see the departure of various dignitaries4 ,there was a perfect whirl of dazzling equipages1 and glittering lackeys1 and prancing horses1 crusted with gold1 flaming in scarlet and purple1 retinues of cardinals and princes and nobles and ambassadors all in one splendid confused jostle of noise and brightness4 ,suddenly a servant in a gorgeous scarlet livery touched ,agnes on the shoulder1 and said1 in a tone of authority1-- ,young maiden1 your presence is commanded4 ,who commands it8 said ,elsie1 laying her hand on her grandchild's shoulder fiercely4 ,are you mad8 whispered two or three women of the lower orders to ,elsie at once2 don't you know who that is8 ,hush1 for your life6 ,i shall go with you1 ,agnes1 said ,elsie1 resolutely4 ,no1 you will not1 said the attendant1 insolently4 ,this maiden is commanded1 and none else4 ,he belongs to the ,pope's nephew1 whispered a voice in ,elsie's ear4 ,you had better have your tongue torn out than say another word4 ,whereupon1 ,elsie found herself actually borne backward by three or four stout women4 ,agnes looked round and smiled on her1--a smile full of innocent trust1--and then1 turning1 followed the servant into the finest of the equipages1 where she was lost to view4 ,elsie was almost wild with fear and impotent rage2 but a low1 impressive voice now spoke in her ear4 ,it came from the white figure which had followed them in the morning4 ,listen1 it said1 and be quiet2 don't turn your head1 but hear what ,i tell you4 ,your child is followed by those who will save her4 ,go your ways whence you came4 ,wait till the hour after the ,ave ,maria1 then come to the ,porta ,san ,sebastiano1 and all will be well4 ,when ,elsie turned to look she saw no one1 but caught a distant glimpse of a white figure vanishing in the crowd4 ,she returned to her asylum1 wondering and disconsolate1 and the first person whom she saw was old ,mona4 ,well1 good morrow1 sister6 she said4 ,know that ,i am here on a strange errand4 ,the ,princess has taken such a liking to you that nothing will do but we must fetch you and your little one out to her villa4 ,i looked everywhere for you in church this morning4 ,where have you hid yourselves8 ,we were there1 said ,elsie1 confused1 and hesitating whether to speak of what had happened4 ,well1 where is the little one8 ,get her ready2 we have horses in waiting4 ,it is a good bit out of the city4 ,alack6 said ,elsie1 ,i know not where she is4 ,holy ,virgin6 said ,mona1 how is this8 ,elsie1 moved by the necessity which makes it a relief to open the heart to some one1 sat down on the steps of the church and poured forth the whole story into the listening ear of ,mona4 ,well1 well1 well6 said the old servant1 in our days1 one does not wonder at anything1--one never knows one day what may come the next1--but this is bad enough6 ,do you think1 said ,elsie1 there is any hope in that strange promise8 ,one can but try it1 said ,mona4 ,if you could but be there then1 said ,elsie1 and take us to your mistress4 ,well1 ,i will wait1 for my mistress has taken an especial fancy to your little one1 more particularly since this morning1 when a holy ,capuchin came to our house and held a long conference with her1 and after he was gone ,i found my lady almost in a faint1 and she would have it that we should start directly to bring her out here1 and ,i had much ado to let her see that the child would do quite as well after services were over4 ,i tired myself looking about for you in the crowd4 ,the two women then digressed upon various gossiping particulars1 as they sat on the old mossy1 grass-grown steps1 looking up over house-tops yellow with lichen1 into the blue spring air1 where flocks of white pigeons were soaring and careering in the soft1 warm sunshine4 ,brightness and warmth and flowers seemed to be the only idea natural to that charming weather1 and ,elsie1 sad-hearted and foreboding as she was1 felt the benign influence4 ,rome1 which had been so fatal a place to her peace1 yet had for her1 as it has for every one1 potent spells of a lulling and soothing power4 ,where is the grief or anxiety that can resist the enchantment of one of ,rome's bright1 soft1 spring days8 ,,chapter ,,xxix4 ,,the ,,night-,,ride4 ,the villa of the ,princess ,paulina was one of those soft1 idyllic paradises which lie like so many fairy-lands around the dreamy solitudes of ,rome4 ,they are so fair1 so wild1 so still1 these villas6 ,nature in them seems to run in such gentle sympathy with ,art that one feels as if they had not been so much the product of human skill as some indigenous growth of ,arcadian ages4 ,there are quaint terraces shadowed by clipped ilex-trees whose branches make twilight even in the sultriest noon2 there are long-drawn paths1 through wildernesses where cyclamens blossom in crimson clouds among crushed fragments of sculptured marble green with the moss of ages1 and glossy-leaved myrtles put forth their pale blue stars in constellations under the leafy shadows4 ,everywhere is the voice of water1 ever lulling1 ever babbling1 and taught by ,art to run in many a quaint caprice1--here to rush down marble steps slippery with sedgy green1 there to spout up in silvery spray1 and anon to spread into a cool1 waveless lake1 whose mirror reflects trees and flowers far down in some visionary underworld4 ,then there are wide lawns1 where the grass in spring is a perfect rainbow of anemones1 white1 rose1 crimson1 purple1 mottled1 streaked1 and dappled with ever varying shade of sunset clouds4 ,there are soft1 moist banks where purple and white violets grow large and fair1 and trees all interlaced with ivy1 which runs and twines everywhere1 intermingling its dark1 graceful leaves and vivid young shoots with the bloom and leafage of all shadowy places4 ,in our day1 these lovely places have their dark shadow ever haunting their loveliness3 the malaria1 like an unseen demon1 lies hid in their sweetness4 ,and in the time we are speaking of1 a curse not less deadly poisoned the beauties of the ,princess's villa1--the malaria of fear4 ,the gravelled terrace in front of the villa commanded1 through the clipped arches of the ilex-trees1 the ,campagna with its soft1 undulating bands of many-colored green1 and the distant city of ,rome1 whose bells were always filling the air between with a tremulous vibration4 ,here1 during the long sunny afternoon while ,elsie and ,monica were crooning together on the steps of the church1 the ,princess ,paulina walked restlessly up and down1 looking forth on the way towards the city for the travellers whom she expected4 ,father ,francesco had been there that morning and communicated to her the dying message of the aged ,capuchin1 from which it appeared that the child who had so much interested her was her near kinswoman4 ,perhaps1 had her house remained at the height of its power and splendor1 she might have rejected with scorn the idea of a kinswoman whose existence had been owing to a msalliance2 but a member of an exiled and disinherited family1 deriving her only comfort from unworldly sources1 she regarded this event as an opportunity afforded her to make expiation for one of the sins of her house4 ,the beauty and winning graces of her young kinswoman were not without their influence in attracting a lonely heart deprived of the support of natural ties4 ,the ,princess longed for something to love1 and the discovery of a legitimate object of family affection was an event in the weary monotony of her life2 and therefore it was that the hours of the afternoon seemed long while she looked forth towards ,rome1 listening to the ceaseless chiming of its bells1 and wondering why no one appeared along the road4 ,the sun went down1 and all the wide plain seemed like the sea at twilight1 lying in rosy and lilac and purple shadowy bands1 out of which rose the old city1 solemn and lonely as some enchanted island of dream-land1 with a flush of radiance behind it and a tolling of weird music filling all the air around4 ,now they are chanting the ,ave ,maria in hundreds of churches1 and the ,princess worships in distant accord1 and tries to still the anxieties of her heart with many a prayer4 ,twilight fades and fades1 the ,campagna becomes a black sea1 and the distant city looms up like a dark rock against the glimmering sky1 and the ,princess goes within and walks restlessly through the wide halls1 stopping first at one open window and then at another to listen4 ,beneath her feet she treads a cool mosaic pavement where laughing ,cupids are dancing4 ,above1 from the ceiling1 ,aurora and the ,hours look down in many-colored clouds of brightness4 ,the sound of the fountains without is so clear in the intense stillness that the peculiar voice of each one can be told4 ,that is the swaying noise of the great jet that rises from marble shells and falls into a wide basin1 where silvery swans swim round and round in enchanted circles2 and the other slenderer sound is the smaller jet that rains down its spray into the violet-borders deep in the shrubbery2 and that other1 the shallow babble of the waters that go down the marble steps to the lake4 ,how dreamlike and plaintive they all sound in the night stillness6 ,the nightingale sings from the dark shadows of the wilderness2 and the musky odors of the cyclamen come floating ever and anon through the casement1 in that strange1 cloudy way in which flower-scents seem to come and go in the air in the night season4 ,at last the ,princess fancies she hears the distant tramp of horses' feet1 and her heart beats so that she can scarcely listen3 now she hears it1--and now a rising wind1 sweeping across the ,campagna1 seems to bear it moaning away4 ,she goes to a door and looks out into the darkness4 ,yes1 she hears it now1 quick and regular1--the beat of many horses' feet coming in hot haste along the road4 ,surely the few servants whom she has sent cannot make all this noise6 and she trembles with vague affright4 ,perhaps it is a tyrannical message1 bringing imprisonment and death4 ,she calls a maid1 and bids her bring lights into the reception-hall4 ,a few moments more1 and there is a confused stamping of horses' feet approaching the house1 and she hears the voices of her servants4 ,she runs into the piazza1 and sees dismounting a knight who carries ,agnes in his arms pale and fainting4 ,old ,elsie and ,monica1 too1 dismount1 with the ,princess's men-servants2 but1 wonderful to tell1 there seems besides them to be a train of some hundred armed horsemen4 ,the timid ,princess was so fluttered and bewildered that she lost all presence of mind1 and stood in uncomprehending wonder1 while ,monica pushed authoritatively into the house1 and beckoned the knight to bring ,agnes and lay her on a sofa1 when she and old ,elsie busied themselves vigorously with restoratives4 ,the ,lady ,paulina1 as soon as she could collect her scattered senses1 recognized in ,agostino the banished lord of the ,sarelli family1 a race who had shared with her own the hatred and cruelty of the ,borgia tribe2 and he in turn had recognized a daughter of the ,colonnas4 ,he drew her aside into a small boudoir adjoining the apartment4 ,noble lady1 he said1 we are companions in misfortune1 and so1 ,i trust1 you will pardon what seems a tumultuous intrusion on your privacy4 ,i and my men came to ,rome in disguise1 that we might watch over and protect this poor innocent1 who now finds asylum with you4 ,my ,lord1 said the ,princess1 ,i see in this event the wonderful working of the good ,god4 ,i have but just learned that this young person is my near kinswoman2 it was only this morning that the fact was certified to me on the dying confession of a holy ,capuchin1 who privately united my brother to her mother4 ,the marriage was an indiscretion of his youth2 but afterwards he fell into more grievous sin in denying the holy sacrament1 and leaving his wife to die in misery and dishonor1 and perhaps for this fault such great judgments fell upon him4 ,i wish to make atonement in such sort as is yet possible by acting as a mother to this child4 ,the times are so troublous and uncertain1 said ,agostino1 that she must have stronger protection than that of any woman4 ,she is of a most holy and religious nature1 but as ignorant of sin as an angel who never has seen anything out of heaven2 and so the ,borgias enticed her into their impure den1 from which1 ,god helping1 ,i have saved her4 ,i tried all ,i could to prevent her coming to ,rome1 and to convince her of the vileness that ruled here2 but the poor little one could not believe me1 and thought me a heretic only for saying what she now knows from her own senses4 ,the ,lady ,paulina shuddered with fear4 ,is it possible that you have come into collision with the dreadful ,borgias8 ,what will become of us8 ,i brought a hundred men into ,rome in different disguises1 said ,agostino1 and we gained over a servant in their household1 through whom ,i entered and carried her off4 ,their men pursued us1 and we had a fight in the streets1 but for the moment we mustered more than they4 ,some of them chased us a good distance4 ,but it will not do for us to remain here4 ,as soon as she is revived enough1 we must retreat towards one of our fastnesses in the mountains1 whence1 when rested1 we shall go northward to ,florence1 where ,i have powerful friends1 and she has also an uncle1 a holy man1 by whose counsels she is much guided4 ,you must take me with you1 said the ,princess1 in a tremor of anxiety4 ,not for the world would ,i stay1 if it be known you have taken refuge here4 ,for a long time their spies have been watching about me2 they only wait for some occasion to seize upon my villa1 as they have on the possessions of all my father's house4 ,let me flee with you4 ,i have a brother-in-law in ,florence who hath often urged me to escape to him till times mend1--for1 surely1 ,god will not allow the wicked to bear rule forever4 ,willingly1 noble lady1 will we give you our escort1--the more so that this poor child will then have a friend with her beseeming her father's rank4 ,believe me1 lady1 she will do no discredit to her lineage4 ,she was trained in a convent1 and her soul is a flower of marvellous beauty4 ,i must declare to you here that ,i have wooed her honorably to be my wife1 and she would willingly be so1 had not some scruples of a religious vocation taken hold on her1 to dispel which ,i look for the aid of the holy father1 her uncle4 ,it would be a most fit and proper thing1 said the ,princess1 thus to ally our houses1 in hope of some good time to come which shall restore their former standing and possessions4 ,of course some holy man must judge of the obstacle interposed by her vocation2 but ,i doubt not the ,church will be an indulgent mother in a case where the issue seems so desirable4 ,if ,i be married to her1 said ,agostino1 ,i can take her out of all these strifes and confusions which now agitate our ,italy to the court of ,france1 where ,i have an uncle high in favor with the ,king1 and who will use all his influence to compose these troubles in ,italy1 and bring about a better day4 ,while this conversation was going on1 bountiful refreshments had been provided for the whole party1 and the attendants of the ,princess received orders to pack all her jewels and valuable effects for a sudden journey4 ,as soon as preparations could be made1 the whole party left the villa of the ,princess for a retreat in the ,alban ,mountains1 where ,agostino and his band had one of their rendezvous4 ,only the immediate female attendants of the ,princess1 and one or two men-servants1 left with her4 ,the silver plate1 and all objects of particular value1 were buried in the garden4 ,this being done1 the keys of the house were intrusted to a gray-headed servant1 who with his wife had grown old in the family4 ,it was midnight before everything was ready for starting4 ,the moon cast silver gleams through the ilex-avenues1 and caused the jet of the great fountain to look like a wavering pillar of cloudy brightness1 when the ,princess led forth ,agnes upon the wide veranda4 ,two gentle1 yet spirited little animals from the ,princess's stables were there awaiting them1 and they were lifted into their saddles by ,agostino4 ,fear nothing1 ,madam1 he said1 observing how the hands of the ,princess trembled2 a few hours will put us in perfect safety1 and ,i shall be at your side constantly4 ,then lifting ,agnes to her seat1 he placed the reins in her hand4 ,are you rested8 he asked4 ,it was the first time since her rescue that he had spoken to ,agnes4 ,the words were brief1 but no expressions of endearment could convey more than the manner in which they were spoken4 ,yes1 my ,lord1 said ,agnes1 firmly1 ,i am rested4 ,you think you can bear the ride8 ,i can bear anything1 so ,i escape1 she said4 ,the company were now all mounted1 and were marshalled in regular order4 ,a body of armed men rode in front2 then came ,agnes and the ,princess1 with ,agostino between them1 while two or three troopers rode on either side2 ,elsie1 ,monica1 and the servants of the ,princess followed close behind1 and the rear was brought up in like manner by armed men4 ,the path wound first through the grounds of the villa1 with its plats of light and shade1 its solemn groves of stone-pines rising like palm-trees high in air above the tops of all other trees1 its terraces and statues and fountains1--all seeming so lovely in the midnight stillness4 ,perhaps ,i am leaving all this forever1 said the ,princess4 ,let us hope for the best1 said ,agostino4 ,it cannot be that ,god will suffer the seat of the ,apostles to be subjected to such ignominy and disgrace much longer4 ,i am amazed that no ,christian kings have interfered before for the honor of ,christendom4 ,i have it from the best authority that the ,king of ,naples burst into tears when he heard of the election of this wretch to be ,pope4 ,he said that it was a scandal which threatened the very existence of ,christianity4 ,he has sent me secret messages divers times expressive of sympathy1 but he is not of himself strong enough4 ,our hope must lie either in the ,king of ,france or the ,emperor of ,germany3 perhaps both will engage4 ,there is now a most holy monk in ,florence who has been stirring all hearts in a wonderful way4 ,it is said that the very gifts of miracles and prophecy are revived in him1 as among the holy ,apostles1 and he has been bestirring himself to have a ,general ,council of the ,church to look into these matters4 ,when ,i left ,florence1 a short time ago1 the faction opposed to him broke into the convent and took him away4 ,i myself was there4 ,what6 said ,agnes1 did they break into the convent of the ,san ,marco8 ,my uncle is there4 ,yes1 and he and ,i fought side by side with the mob who were rushing in4 ,uncle ,antonio fight6 said ,agnes1 in astonishment4 ,even women will fight1 when what they love most is attacked1 said the knight4 ,he turned to her1 as he spoke1 and saw in the moonlight a flash from her eye1 and an heroic expression on her face1 such as he had never remarked before2 but she said nothing4 ,the veil had been rudely torn from her eyes2 she had seen with horror the defilement and impurity of what she had ignorantly adored in holy places1 and the revelation seemed to have wrought a change in her whole nature4 ,even you could fight1 ,agnes1 said the knight1 to save your religion from disgrace4 ,no1 said she2 but1 she added1 with gathering firmness1 ,i could die4 ,i should be glad to die with and for the holy men who would save the honor of the true faith4 ,i should like to go to ,florence to my uncle4 ,if he dies for his religion1 ,i should like to die with him4 ,ah1 live to teach it to me6 said the knight1 bending towards her1 as if to adjust her bridle-rein1 and speaking in a voice scarcely audible4 ,in a moment he was turned again towards the ,princess1 listening to her4 ,so it seems1 she said1 that we shall be running into the thick of the conflict in ,florence4 ,yes1 but my uncle hath promised that the ,king of ,france shall interfere4 ,i have hope something may even now have been done4 ,i hope to effect something myself4 ,agostino spoke with the cheerful courage of youth4 ,agnes glanced timidly up at him4 ,how great the change in her ideas6 ,no longer looking on him as a wanderer from the fold1 an enemy of the ,church1 he seemed now in the attitude of a champion of the faith1 a defender of holy men and things against a base usurpation4 ,what injustice had she done him1 and how patiently had he borne that injustice6 ,had he not sought to warn her against the danger of venturing into that corrupt city8 ,those words which so much shocked her1 against which she had shut her ears1 were all true2 she had found them so2 she could doubt no longer4 ,and yet he had followed her1 and saved her at the risk of his life4 ,could she help loving one who had loved her so much1 one so noble and heroic8 ,would it be a sin to love him8 ,she pondered the dark warnings of ,father ,francesco1 and then thought of the cheerful1 fervent piety of her old uncle4 ,how warm1 how tender1 how life-giving had been his presence always6 how full of faith and prayer1 how fruitful of heavenly words and thoughts had been all his ministrations6--and yet it was for him and with him and his master that ,agostino ,sarelli was fighting1 and against him the usurping head of the ,christian ,church4 ,then there was another subject for pondering during this night-ride4 ,the secret of her birth had been told her by the ,princess1 who claimed her as kinswoman4 ,it had seemed to her at first like the revelations of a dream2 but as she rode and reflected1 gradually the idea shaped itself in her mind4 ,she was1 in birth and blood1 the equal of her lover1 and henceforth her life would no more be in that lowly plane where it had always moved4 ,she thought of the little orange-garden at ,sorrento1 of the gorge with its old bridge1 the ,convent1 the sisters1 with a sort of tender1 wondering pain4 ,perhaps she should see them no more4 ,in this new situation she longed once more to see and talk with her old uncle1 and to have him tell her what were her duties4 ,their path soon began to be a wild clamber among the mountains1 now lost in the shadow of groves of gray1 rustling olives1 whose knotted1 serpent roots coiled round the rocks1 and whose leaves silvered in the moonlight whenever the wind swayed them4 ,whatever might be the roughness and difficulties of the way1 ,agnes found her knight ever at her bridle-rein1 guiding and upholding1 steadying her in her saddle when the horse plunged down short and sudden descents1 and wrapping her in his mantle to protect her from the chill mountain-air4 ,when the day was just reddening in the sky1 the whole troop made a sudden halt before a square stone tower which seemed to be a portion of a ruined building1 and here some of the men dismounting knocked at an arched door4 ,it was soon swung open by a woman with a lamp in her hand1 the light of which revealed very black hair and eyes1 and heavy gold earrings4 ,have my directions been attended to8 said ,agostino1 in a tone of command4 ,are there places made ready for these ladies to sleep8 ,there are1 my ,lord1 said the woman1 obsequiously1--the best we could get ready on so short a notice4 ,agostino came up to the ,princess4 ,noble ,madam1 he said1 you will value safety before all things2 doubtless the best that can be done here is but poor1 but it will give you a few hours for repose where you may be sure of being in perfect safety4 ,so saying1 he assisted her and ,agnes to dismount1 and ,elsie and ,monica also alighting1 they followed the woman into a dark stone passage and up some rude stone steps4 ,she opened at last the door of a brick-floored room1 where beds appeared to have been hastily prepared4 ,there was no furniture of any sort except the beds4 ,the walls were dusty and hung with cobwebs4 ,a smaller apartment opening into this had beds for ,elsie and ,monica4 ,the travellers1 however1 were too much exhausted with their night-ride to be critical1 the services of disrobing and preparing for rest were quickly concluded1 and in less than an hour all were asleep1 while ,agostino was busy concerting the means for an immediate journey to ,florence4 ,,chapter ,,xxx4 ,,let ,,us ,,also ,,go1 ,,that ,,we ,,may ,,die ,,with ,,him4 ,father ,antonio sat alone in his cell in the ,san ,marco in an attitude of deep dejection4 ,the open window looked into the garden of the convent1 from which steamed up the fragrance of violet1 jasmine1 and rose1 and the sunshine lay fair on all that was without4 ,on a table beside him were many loose and scattered sketches1 and an unfinished page of the ,breviary he was executing1 rich in quaint tracery of gold and arabesques1 seemed to have recently occupied his attention1 for his palette was wet and many loose brushes lay strewed around4 ,upon the table stood a ,venetian glass with a narrow neck and a bulb clear and thin as a soap-bubble1 containing vines and blossoms of the passion-flower1 which he had evidently been using as models in his work4 ,the page he was illuminating was the prophetic ,psalm which describes the ignominy and sufferings of the ,redeemer4 ,it was surrounded by a wreathed border of thorn-branches interwoven with the blossoms and tendrils of the passion-flower1 and the initial letters of the first two words were formed by a curious combination of the hammer1 the nails1 the spear1 the crown of thorns1 the cross1 and other instruments of the ,passion2 and clear1 in red letter1 gleamed out those wonderful1 mysterious words1 consecrated by the remembrance of a more than mortal anguish1--,my ,god1 my ,god1 why hast thou forsaken me8 ,the artist-monk had perhaps fled to his palette to assuage the throbbings of his heart1 as a mourning mother flies to the cradle of her child2 but even there his grief appeared to have overtaken him1 for the work lay as if pushed from him in an access of anguish such as comes from the sudden recurrence of some overwhelming recollection4 ,he was leaning forward with his face buried in his hands1 sobbing convulsively4 ,the door opened1 and a man advancing stealthily behind laid a hand kindly on his shoulder1 saying softly1 ,so1 so1 brother6 ,father ,antonio looked up1 and1 dashing his hand hastily across his eyes1 grasped that of the new-comer convulsively1 and saying only1 ,oh1 ,baccio6 ,baccio6 hid his face again4 ,the eyes of the other filled with tears1 as he answered gently1-- ,nay1 but1 my brother1 you are killing yourself4 ,they tell me that you have eaten nothing for three days1 and slept not for weeks2 you will die of this grief4 ,would that ,i might6 ,why could not ,i die with him as well as ,fra ,domenico8 ,oh1 my master6 my dear master6 ,it is indeed a most heavy day to us all1 said ,baccio della ,porta1 the amiable and pure-minded artist better known to our times by his conventual name of ,fra ,bartolommeo4 ,never have we had among us such a man2 and if there be any light of grace in my soul1 his preaching first awakened it1 brother4 ,i only wait to see him enter ,paradise1 and then ,i take farewell of the world forever4 ,i am going to ,prato to take the ,dominican habit1 and follow him as near as ,i may4 ,it is well1 ,baccio1 it is well1 said ,father ,antonio2 but you must not put out the light of your genius in those shadows1--you must still paint for the glory of ,god4 ,i have no heart for painting now1 said ,baccio1 dejectedly4 ,he was my inspiration1 he taught me the holier way1 and he is gone4 ,at this moment the conference of the two was interrupted by a knocking at the door1 and ,agostino ,sarelli entered1 pale and disordered4 ,how is this8 he said1 hastily4 ,what devils' carnival is this which hath broken loose in ,florence8 ,every good thing is gone into dens and holes1 and every vile thing that can hiss and spit and sting is crawling abroad4 ,what do the princes of ,europe mean to let such things be8 ,only the old story1 said ,father ,antonio1--,principes convenerunt in unum adversus ,dominum1 adversus ,christum ejus4 ,so much were all three absorbed in the subject of their thoughts1 that no kind of greeting or mark of recognition passed among them1 such as is common when people meet after temporary separation4 ,each spoke out from the fulness of his soul1 as from an overflowing bitter fountain4 ,was there no one to speak for him1--no one to stand up for the pride of ,italy1--the man of his age8 said ,agostino4 ,there was one voice raised for him in the council1 said ,father ,antonio4 ,there was ,agnolo ,niccolini3 a grave man is this ,agnolo1 and of great experience in public affairs1 and he spoke out his mind boldly4 ,he told them flatly1 that1 if they looked through the present time or the past ages1 they would not meet a man of such a high and noble order as this1 and that to lay at our door the blood of a man the like of whom might not be born for centuries was too impious and execrable a thing to be thought of4 ,i'll warrant me1 he made a rustling among them when he said that1 and the ,pope's commissary--old ,romalino--then whispered and frowned2 but ,agnolo is a stiff old fellow when he once begins a thing1--he never minded it1 and went through with his say4 ,it seems to me he said that it was not for us to quench a light like this1 capable of giving lustre to the faith even when it had grown dim in other parts of the world1--and not to the faith alone1 but to all the arts and sciences connected with it4 ,if it were needed to put restraint on him1 he said1 why not put him into some fortress1 and give him commodious apartments1 with abundance of books1 and pen1 ink1 and paper1 where he would write books to the honor of ,god and the exaltation of the holy faith8 ,he told them that this might be a good to the world1 whereas consigning him to death without use of any kind would bring on our republic perpetual dishonor4 ,well said for him6 said ,baccio1 with warmth2 but ,i'll warrant me1 he might as well have preached to the north wind in ,march1 his enemies are in such a fury4 ,yes1 yes1 said ,antonio1 it is just as it was of old3 the chief priests and ,scribes and ,pharisees were instant with loud voices1 requiring he should be put to death2 and the easy ,pilates1 for fear of the tumult1 washed their hands of it4 ,and now1 said ,agostino1 they are putting up a great gibbet in the shape of a cross in the public square1 where they will hang the three holiest and best men of ,florence6 ,i came through there this morning1 said ,baccio1 and there were young men and boys shouting1 and howling1 and singing indecent songs1 and putting up indecent pictures1 such as those he used to preach against4 ,it is just as you say4 ,all things vile have crept out of their lair1 and triumph that the man who made them afraid is put down2 and every house is full of the most horrible lies about him1--things that they said he confessed4 ,confessed6 said ,father ,antonio1--was it not enough that they tore and tortured him seven times1 but they must garble and twist the very words that he said in his agony8 ,the process they have published is foully falsified1--stuffed full of improbable lies2 for ,i myself have read the first draught of all he did say1 just as ,signor ,ceccone took it down as they were torturing him4 ,i had it from ,jacopo ,manelli1 canon of our ,duomo here1 and he got it from ,ceccone's wife herself4 ,they not only can torture and slay him1 but they torture and slay his memory with lies4 ,would ,i were in ,god's place for one day6 said ,agostino1 speaking through his clenched teeth4 ,may ,i be forgiven for saying so4 ,we are hot and hasty1 said ,father ,antonio1 ever ready to call down fire from heaven1--but1 after all1 'the ,lord reigneth1 let the earth rejoice4' ',unto the upright there ariseth light in the darkness4' ,our dear father is sustained in spirit and full of love4 ,even when they let him go from the torture1 he fell on his knees1 praying for his tormentors4 ,good ,god6 this passes me6 said ,agostino1 striking his hands together4 ,oh1 wherefore hath a strong man arms and hands1 and a sword1 if he must stand still and see such things done8 ,if ,i had only my hundred mountaineers here1 ,i would make one charge for him to-morrow4 ,if ,i could only do something6 he added1 striding impetuously up and down the cell and clenching his fists4 ,what6 hath nobody petitioned to stay this thing8 ,nobody for him1 said ,father ,antonio4 ,there was talk in the city yesterday that ,fra ,domenico was to be pardoned2 in fact1 ,romalino was quite inclined to do it1 but ,battista ,albert talked violently against it1 and so ,romalino said1 ',well1 a monk more or less isn't much matter1' and then he put his name down for death with the rest4 ,the order was signed by both commissaries of the ,pope1 and one was ,fr ,turiano1 the general of our order1 a mild man1 full of charity1 but unable to stand against the ,pope4 ,mild men are nuisances in such places1 said ,agostino1 hastily2 our times want something of another sort4 ,there be many who have fallen away from him even in our house here1 said ,father ,antonio1--as it was with our blessed ,lord1 whose disciples forsook him and fled4 ,it seems to be the only thought with some how they shall make their peace with the ,pope4 ,and so the thing will be hurried through to-morrow1 said ,agostino1 and when it's done and over1 ,i'll warrant me there will be found kings and emperors to say they meant to have saved him4 ,it's a vile1 evil world1 this of ours2 an honorable man longs to see the end of it4 ,but1 he added1 coming up and speaking to ,father ,antonio1 ,i have a private message for you4 ,i am gone this moment1 said ,baccio1 rising with ready courtesy2 but keep up heart1 brother4 ,so saying1 the good-hearted artist left the cell1 and ,agostino said1-- ,i bring tidings to you of your kindred4 ,your niece and sister are here in ,florence1 and would see you4 ,you will find them at the house of one ,gherardo ,rosselli1 a rich citizen of noble blood4 ,why are they there8 said the monk1 lost in amazement4 ,you must know1 then1 that a most singular discovery hath been made by your niece at ,rome4 ,the sister of her father1 being a lady of the princely blood of ,colonna1 hath been assured of her birth by the confession of the priest that married him2 and being driven from ,rome by fear of the ,borgias1 they came hither under my escort1 and wait to see you4 ,so1 if you will come with me now1 ,i will guide you to them4 ,even so1 said ,father ,antonio4 ,,chapter ,,xxxi4 ,,martyrdom4 ,in a shadowy chamber of a room overlooking the grand square of ,florence might be seen1 on the next morning1 some of the principal personages of our story4 ,father ,antonio1 ,baccio della ,porta1 ,agostino ,sarelli1 the ,princess ,paulina1 ,agnes1 with her grandmother1 and mixed crowd of citizens and ecclesiastics who all spoke in hushed and tremulous voices1 as men do in the chamber of mourners at a funeral4 ,the great1 mysterious bell of the ,campanile was swinging with dismal1 heart-shaking toll1 like a mighty voice from the spirit-world2 and it was answered by the tolling of all the bells in the city1 making such wavering clangors and vibrating circles in the air over ,florence that it might seem as if it were full of warring spirits wrestling for mastery4 ,toll6 toll6 toll6 ,o great bell of the fair ,campanile6 for this day the noblest of the wonderful men of ,florence is to offered up4 ,toll6 for an era is going out1--the era of her artists1 her statesmen1 her poets1 and her scholars4 ,toll6 for an era is coming in1--the era of her disgrace and subjugation and misfortune6 ,the stepping of the vast crowd in the square was like the patter of a great storm1 and the hum of voices rose up like the murmur of the ocean2 but in the chamber all was so still that one could have heard the dropping of a pin4 ,under the balcony of this room were seated in pomp and state the ,papal commissioners1 radiant in gold and scarlet respectability2 and ,pilate and ,herod1 on terms of the most excellent friendship1 were ready to act over again the part they had acted fourteen hundred years by before4 ,now has arrived the moment when the three followers of the ,man of ,calvary are to be degraded from the fellowship of ,his visible ,church4 ,father ,antonio1 ,agostino1 and ,baccio stood forth in the balcony1 and1 drawing in their breath1 looked down1 as the three men of the hour1 pale and haggard with imprisonment and torture1 were brought up amid the hoots and obscene jests of the populace4 ,savonarola first was led before the tribunal1 and there1 with circumstantial minuteness1 endued with all his priestly vestments1 which again1 with separate ceremonies of reprobation and ignominy1 were taken from him4 ,he stood through it all serene as stood his ,master when stripped of ,his garments on ,calvary4 ,there is a momentary hush of voices and drawing in of breaths in the great crowd4 ,the ,papal legate takes him by the hand and pronounces the words1 ,jerome ,savonarola1 ,i separate thee from the ,church ,militant and the ,church ,triumphant4 ,he is going to speak4 ,what says he8 said ,agostino1 leaning over the balcony4 ,solemnly and clear that impressive voice which so often had thrilled the crowds in that very square made answer1-- ,from the ,church ,militant you may divide me2 but from the ,church ,triumphant1 no1--that is above your power6--and a light flashed out in his face as if a smile from ,christ had shone down upon him4 ,amen6 said ,father ,antonio2 he hath witnessed a good confession1--and turning1 he went in1 and1 burying his face in his hands1 remained in prayer4 ,when like ceremonies had been passed through with the others1 the three martyrs were delivered to the secular executioner1 and1 amid the scoffs and jeers of the brutal crowd1 turned their faces to the gibbet4 ,brothers1 let us sing the ,te ,deum1 said ,savonarola4 ,do not so infuriate the mob1 said the executioner1--for harm might be done4 ,at least let us repeat it together1 said he1 lest we forget it4 ,and so they went forward1 speaking to each other of the glorious company of the apostles1 the goodly fellowship of the prophets1 the noble army of martyrs1 and giving thanks aloud in that great triumphal hymn of the ,church of all ,ages4 ,when the lurid fires were lighted which blazed red and fearful through that crowded square1 all in that silent chamber fell on their knees1 and ,father ,antonio repeated prayers for departing souls4 ,to the last1 that benignant right hand which had so often pointed the way of life to that faithless city was stretched out over the crowd in the attitude of blessing2 and so loving1 not hating1 praying with exaltation1 and rendering blessing for cursing1 the souls of the martyrs ascended to the great cloud of witnesses above4 ,,chapter ,,xxxii4 ,,conclusion4 ,a few days after the death of ,savonarola1 ,father ,antonio was found one morning engaged in deep converse with ,agnes4 ,the ,princess ,paulina1 acting for her family1 desired to give her hand to the ,prince ,agostino ,sarelli1 and the interview related to the religious scruples which still conflicted with the natural desires of the child4 ,tell me1 my little one1 said ,father ,antonio1 frankly and truly1 dost thou not love this man with all thy heart8 ,yes1 my father1 ,i do1 said ,agnes2 but ought ,i not to resign this love for the love of my ,saviour8 ,i see not why1 said the monk4 ,marriage is a sacrament as well as holy orders1 and it is a most holy and venerable one1 representing the divine mystery by which the souls of the blessed are united to the ,lord4 ,i do not hold with ,saint ,bernard1 who1 in his zeal for a conventual life1 seemed to see no other way of serving ,god but for all men and women to become monks and nuns4 ,the holy order is indeed blessed to those souls whose call to it is clear and evident1 like mine2 but if there be a strong and virtuous love for a worthy object1 it is a vocation unto marriage1 which should not be denied4 ,so1 ,agnes1 said the knight1 who had stolen into the room unperceived1 and who now boldly possessed himself of one of her hands--,father ,antonio hath decided this matter1 he added1 turning to the ,princess and ,elsie1 who entered1 and everything having been made ready for my journey into ,france1 the wedding ceremony shall take place on the morrow1 and1 for that we are in deep affliction1 it shall be as private as may be4 ,and so on the next morning the wedding ceremony took place1 and the bride and groom went on their way to ,france1 where preparations befitting their rank awaited them4 ,old ,elsie was heard to observe to ,monica1 that there was some sense in making pilgrimages1 since this to ,rome1 which she had undertaken so unwillingly1 had turned out so satisfactory4 ,in the reign of ,julius ,,ii41 the banished families who had been plundered by the ,borgias were restored to their rights and honors at ,rome2 and there was a princess of the house of ,sarelli then at ,rome1 whose sanctity of life and manners was held to go back to the traditions of primitive ,christianity1 so that she was renowned not less for goodness than for rank and beauty4 ,in those days1 too1 ,raphael1 the friend of ,fr ,bartolommeo1 placed in one of the grandest halls of the ,vatican1 among the ,apostles and ,saints1 the image of the traduced and despised martyr whose ashes had been cast to the winds and waters in ,florence4 ,his memory lingered long in ,italy1 so that it was even claimed that miracles were wrought in his name and by his intercession4 ,certain it is1 that the living words he spoke were seeds of immortal flowers which blossomed in secret dells and obscure shadows of his beautiful ,italy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,exodus4 ,hear ye not how1 from all high points of ,time1-- ,from peak to peak adown the mighty chain ,that links the ages1--echoing sublime ,a ,voice ,almighty1--leaps one grand refrain1 ,wakening the generations with a shout1 ,and trumpet-call of thunder1--,come ye out6 ,out from old forms and dead idolatries2 ,from fading myths and superstitious dreams2 ,from ,pharisaic rituals and lies1 ,and all the bondage of the life that seems6 ,out1--on the pilgrim path1 of heroes trod1 ,over earth's wastes1 to reach forth after ,god6 ,the ,lord hath bowed ,his heaven1 and come down6 ,now1 in this latter century of time1 ,once more ,his tent is pitched on ,sinai's crown6 ,once more in clouds must ,faith to meet ,him climb6 ,once more ,his thunder crashes on our doubt ,and fear and sin1--,my people6 come ye out6 ,from false ambitions and base luxuries2 ,from puny aims and indolent self-ends2 ,from cant of faith1 and shams of liberties1 ,and mist of ill that ,truth's pure daybeam bends3 ,out1 from all darkness of the ,egypt-land1 ,into ,my sun-blaze on the desert sand6 ,leave ye your flesh-pots2 turn from filthy greed ,of gain that doth the thirsting spirit mock2 ,and heaven shall drop sweet manna for your need1 ,and rain clear rivers from the unhewn rock6 ,thus saith the ,lord6 ,and ,moses--meek1 unshod-- ,within the cloud stands hearkening to his ,god6 ,show us our ,aaron1 with his rod in flower6 ,our ,miriam1 with her timbrel-soul in tune6 ,and call some ,joshua1 in the ,spirit's power1 ,to poise our sun of strength at point of noon6 ,god of our fathers6 over sand and sea1 ,still keep our struggling footsteps close to ,thee6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,then ,,and ,,now ,,in ,,the ,,old ,,dominion4 ,the history of ,virginia opens with a romance4 ,no one will be surprised at this1 for it is a habit histories have4 ,there is ,plymouth ,rock1 for example2 it would be hard to find anything more purely romantic than that4 ,well do we remember the sad day when a friend took us to the perfectly flat wharf at ,plymouth1 and recited ,mrs4 ,hemans's humorous verse1-- ,the breaking waves dashed high1 ,on a stern and rock-bound coast4 ,such1 then1 we reflected1 is ,history6 ,if ,plymouth ,rock turns out to be a myth1 why may not ,columbus or ,santa ,claus or ,napoleon1 or anything or anybody8 ,since then we have been skeptical about history even where it seems most probable2 at times doubt whether ,rip ,van ,winkle really slept twenty years without turning over2 are annoyed with misgivings as to whether our ,western pioneers ,boone1 ,crockett1 and others1 did keep bears in their stables for saddle-horses1 and harness alligators as we do oxen4 ,so we doubted the story of ,john ,smith and ,pocahontas with which ,virginia opens4 ,in one thing we had already caught that ,state making a mythical statement3 it was named by ,queen ,elizabeth ,virginia in honor of her own virgin state1--which1 if ,cobbett is to be believed1 was also a romance4 ,well1 ,america was named after a pirate1 and ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 who suggested the name of the ,virgin ,queen1 was fond of a joke4 ,but notwithstanding the suspicion with which we entered upon the investigation1 we are convinced that the romance of ,pocahontas is true4 ,as only a portion of the story of this ,indian maiden1 the colonial angel1 as she was termed by the settlers1 is known1 and that not generally with exactness1 we will reproduce it here4 ,it will be remembered that ,pocahontas1 when about thirteen years of age1 saved the young ,english captain1 ,john ,smith1 from the death which her father1 ,powhatan1 had resolved he should suffer4 ,as the tomahawk was about to descend on his head1 the girl rushed forward and clasped that head in her arms4 ,the stern heart of ,powhatan relented1 and he consented that the captive should live to make tomahawks for him and beads and bells for ,pocahontas4 ,afterward ,powhatan agreed that ,smith should return to ,jamestown1 on condition of his sending him two guns and a grindstone4 ,soon1 after this ,jamestown with all its stores was destroyed by fire1 and the colonists came near perishing from cold and hunger4 ,half of them died2 and the rest were saved only by ,pocahontas1 who appeared in the midst of their distress1 bringing bread1 raccoons1 and venison4 ,john ,smith and his companions after this explored a large portion of the ,state1 and a second time came to rest at the home of ,powhatan and his beautiful daughter4 ,the name of the place was ,werowocomoco4 ,his visit this time fell on the eve of the coronation of ,powhatan4 ,the king1 being absent when ,smith came1 was sent for2 meanwhile ,pocahontas called together a number of ,indian maidens to get up a dramatic entertainment and ballet for the handsome young ,englishman and his companions4 ,they made a fire in a level field1 and ,smith sat on a mat before it4 ,a hideous noise and shrieking were suddenly heard in the adjoining woods4 ,the ,english snatched up their arms1 apprehending foul play4 ,pocahontas rushed forward1 and asked ,smith to slay her rather than suspect her of perfidy2 so their apprehensions were quieted4 ,then thirty young ,indian maidens issued suddenly from the wood1 all naked except a cincture of green leaves1 their bodies painted4 ,pocahontas was a complete picture of an ,indian ,diana3 a quiver hung on her shoulder1 and she held a bow and arrow in her hand2 she wore1 also1 on her head a beautiful pair of buck's horns1 an otter's skin at her girdle1 and another on her arm4 ,the other nymphs had antlers on their heads and various savage decorations4 ,bursting from the forest1 they circled around the fire and ,john ,smith1 singing and dancing for an hour4 ,they then disappeared into the wood as suddenly as they had come forth4 ,when they reappeared1 it was to invite ,smith to their habitations1 where they danced around him again1 singing1 ,love you not me8 ,love you not me8 ,they then feasted him richly1 and1 lastly1 with pine-knot torches lighted him to his finely decorated apartments4 ,captain ,john ,smith was1 without doubt1 an imperial kind of man4 ,his personal appearance was fine1 his sense and tact excellent1 his manners both cordial and elegant4 ,there is no doubt1 as there is no wonder1 that the ,indian maiden felt some tender palpitations on his account4 ,once again1 when1 owing to some misunderstanding1 ,powhatan had decreed the death of all the whites1 ,pocahontas spent the whole pitch-dark night climbing hills and toiling through pathless thickets1 to save ,smith and his friends by warning them of the imminent danger4 ,smith offered her many beautiful presents on this occasion1 evidently not appreciating the sentiment that was animating her4 ,to this offer of presents she replied with tears2 and when their acceptance was urged1 ,smith himself relates1 that1 with the teares running downe her cheeks1 she said she durst not be seen to have any1 for1 if ,powhatan should know it1 she were but dead2 and so she ran away by herself1 as she came4 ,there is no doubt what the ,muse of ,history ought to do here3 were she a dame of proper sensibilities1 she would have ,mr4 ,john ,smith married to ,miss ,p4 ,powhatan as soon as a parson could be got from ,jamestown4 ,were it a romance1 this would be the result4 ,as it is1 we find ,smith going off to ,england in two years1 and living unmarried until his death2 and ,pocahontas married to the ,englishman ,john ,rolfe1 for reasons of state1 we fear1--a link of friendship between the ,reds and the ,whites being thought desirable4 ,she was of course ,christianized and baptized1 as any one may see by ,chapman's picture in the ,rotunda at ,washington1 unless ,zouave criticism has demolished it4 ,immediately she went with her husband to ,england4 ,at ,brentford1 where she was staying14 ,captain ,john ,smith went to visit her4 ,their meeting was significant and affecting4 ,after a modest salutation1 without uttering a word1 she turned away and hid her face as if displeased44 ,she remained thus motionless for two or three hours4 ,who can know what struggles passed through the heart of the ,indian bride at this moment1--emotions doubly unutterable to this untaught stranger8 ,it seems that she had been deceived by ,rolfe and his friends into thinking that ,smith was dead1 under the conviction that she could not be induced to marry him1 if she thought ,smith alive4 ,after her long1 sad silence1 before mentioned1 she came forward to ,smith and touchingly reminded him1 there in the presence of her husband and a large company1 of the kindness she had shown him in her own country1 saying1 ,you did promise ,powhatan what was yours should be his1 and he the like to you2 you called him ',father1' being in his land a stranger1 and for the same reason so ,i must call you4 ,after a pause1 during which she seemed to be under the influence of strong emotion1 she said1 ,i will call you ,father1 and you shall call me ,child1 and so ,i will be forever and ever your countrywoman4 ,then she added1 slowly and with emphasis1 ,they did tell us always you were dead1 and ,i knew no other till ,i came to ,plimoth2 yet ,powhatan did command ,uttamattomakin to seeke you and know the truth1 because your countrymen will lie much4 ,it was not long after this interview that ,pocahontas died3 she never returned to ,virginia4 ,her death occurred in #afag4 ,the issue of her marriage was one child1 ,thomas ,rolfe2 so it is through him that the ,first ,families of ,virginia are so invariably descended from the ,indian ,princess4 ,captain ,smith lived until #afca1 and1 as we have said1 never married4 ,he was a noble and true man1 and ,pocahontas was every way worthy to be his wife2 and one feels very ill-natured at ,rolfe and ,company for the cruel deception which1 we must believe1 was all that kept them asunder1 and gave to the story of the lovely maiden its almost tragic close4 ,one can scarcely imagine a finer device for ,virginia to have adopted than that of the ,indian maiden protecting the white man from the tomahawk4 ,but1 alas6 with the departure of ,smith the soul seems to have left the ,colony4 ,the beautiful lands became a prey to the worn-out ,english gentry1 who spent their time cheating the simple-hearted red men4 ,these called themselves gentlemen1 because they could do nothing4 ,in a classification of seventy-eight persons at ,jamestown we are informed that there were four carpenters1 twelve laborers1 one blacksmith1 one bricklayer1 one sailor1 one barber1 one mason1 one tailor1 one drummer1 one chirurgeon1 and fifty-four gentlemen4 ,to this day there seems to be a large number in that vicinity who have no other occupation than that of being gentlemen1 and it is evidently in many cases just as much as they can do4 ,when ,pocahontas died1 the last link was broken between the ,indian and the settler4 ,unprovoked wars of extermination were begun to dispossess these children of ,nature of the very breasts of their mother1 which had sustained them so long and so peacefully4 ,for a century the ,indian's name for ,virginian was ,longknife4 ,the very missionaries robbed him with one hand whilst baptizing him with the other4 ,one story concerning the missionaries strikes us as sufficiently characteristic of the wit of the ,indian and the temper of the period to be preserved4 ,there was a branch of the ,catawbas on the ,potomac1 in which river are to be found the best shad in the world4 ,the missionaries who settled among this tribe taught them that it would be a good investment in their soul-assurance to catch large quantities of the shad for them1 the missionaries4 ,the ,indians earnestly set themselves to the work2 their reverend teachers taking the fish and sending them off secretly to various settlements in ,virginia and ,maryland1 and making thereby large sums of money4 ,the ,indians worked on for several months without receiving any compensation1 and the missionaries were getting richer and richer1--when by some means the red men discovered the trick1 and routed the holy men from their neighborhood4 ,many years afterward the ,catholics made an effort to establish a mission with this same tribe4 ,the priest who first addressed them took as his text1 ,ho1 every one that thirsteth1 come ye to the waters1--and went on in figurative style to describe the waters of life4 ,when the sermon was ended1 the ,indians held a council to consider what they had just heard1 and finally sent three of their number to the missionaries1 who said1 ,white men1 you speak in fine words of the waters of life2 but before we decide on what we have heard1 we wish to know whether any shad swim in those waters4 ,it is very certain that ,christianity1 as illustrated by the ,virginians1 did not make a good impression on these savages4 ,they were always willing to compare their own religion with that of the whites1 and generally regarded the contrast as in their favor4 ,one of them said to ,colonel ,barnett1 the commissioner to run the boundary-line of lands ceded by the ,indians1 ,as to religion1 you go to your churches1 sing loud1 pray loud1 and make great noise4 ,the red people meet once a year at the feast of ,new ,corn1 extinguish all their fires and kindle up a new one1 the smoke of which ascends to the ,great ,spirit as a grateful incense and sacrifice4 ,now what better is your religion than ours8 ,one of the chiefs1 it is said1 received an ,episcopal divine who wished to indoctrinate him into the mystery of the ,trinity4 ,the ,indian1 who was a model of deportment1 heard his argument2 and then1 when he was through1 began in turn to indoctrinate the divine in his faith1 speaking of the ,great ,spirit1 whose voice was the thunder1 whose eye was the sun4 ,the clergyman interrupted him rather rudely1 saying1 ,but that is not true1--that is all heathen trash6 ,the chief turned to his companions and said gravely1 ,this is the most impolite man ,i have ever met2 he has just declared that he has three gods1 and now will not let me have one6 ,the valley of ,virginia1 its ,el ,dorado in every sense1 had a different settlement1 and by a different people4 ,they were1 for the most part1 ,germans1 of the same class with those that settled in the great valleys of ,pennsylvania1 and who have made so large a portion of that ,state into a rich ingrain-carpet of cultivation upon a floor of limestone4 ,one day the history of the ,germans of ,pennsylvania and ,virginia will be written1 and it will be full of interest and value4 ,they were the first strong sinews strung in the industrial arm of the ,colonies to which they came2 and although mingled with nearly every ,european race1 they remain to this day a distinct people4 ,a partition-wall rarely broken down has always inclosed them1 and to this1 perhaps1 is due that slowness of progress which marks them4 ,the restless ambition of ,le ,grand ,monarque and the cruelties of ,turenne converted the beautiful valley of the ,rhine into a smoking desert1 and the wretched peasantry of the ,palatinate fled from their desolated firesides to seek a more hospitable home in the forests of ,new ,york and ,pennsylvania1 and thence1 somewhat later1 found their way into ,virginia4 ,the exodus of the ,puritans has had more celebrity1 but was scarcely attended with more hardship and heroism4 ,the greater part of the ,german exiles landed in ,america stripped of their all4 ,they came to the forests of the ,susquehanna and the ,shenandoah armed only with the woodman's axe4 ,they were ignorant and superstitious1 and brought with them the legends of their fatherland4 ,the spirits of the ,hartz ,mountains and the genii of the ,black ,forest1 which ,christianity had not been able entirely to exorcise1 were transferred to the wild mountains and dark caverns of the ,old ,dominion1 and the same unearthly visitants which haunted the old castles of the ,rhine continued their gambols in some deserted cabin on the banks of the ,sherandah 7as the ,shenandoah was then called74 ,since these men left their fatherland1 a great ,literature and ,philosophy have breathed like a tropic upon that land1 and the superstitions have been wrought into poetry and thought2 but that raw material of legend which in ,germany has been woven into finest tissues on the brain-looms of ,wieland1 ,tieck1 ,schiller1 and ,goethe1 has remained raw material in the great valley that stretches from ,new ,york to ,upper ,alabama4 ,whole communities are found which in manners and customs are much the same with their ancestors who crossed the ocean4 ,the horseshoe is still nailed above the door as a protection against the troublesome spook1 and the black art is still practised4 ,rough in their manners1 and plain in their appearance1 they yet conceal under this exterior a warm hospitality1 and the stranger will much sooner be turned away from the door of the chivalry than from that of the ,german farmer4 ,seated by his blazing fire1 with plenty of apples and hard cider1 the ,dutchman of the ,kanawha enjoys his condition with gusto1 and is contented with the limitations of his fence4 ,we have seen one within two miles of the great ,natural ,bridge who could not direct us to that celebrated curiosity2 his wife remarking1 that a great many people passed that way to the hills1 but for what she could not see3 for her part1 give her a level country4 ,the first ,german settler who came to ,virginia was one ,jacob ,stover1 who went there from ,pennsylvania1 and obtained a grant of five thousand acres of land on the ,shenandoah4 ,stover was very shrewd1 and does not at all justify the character we have ascribed to his race3 there is a story that casts a suspicion on his proper ,teutonism4 ,the story runs1 that1 on his application to the colonial governor of ,virginia for a grant of land1 he was refused1 unless he could give satisfactory assurance that he would have the land settled with the required number of families within a given time4 ,being unable to do this1 he went over to ,england1 and petitioned the ,king himself to direct the issuing of his grant2 and in order to insure success1 had given human names to every horse1 cow1 hog1 and dog he owned1 and which he represented as heads of families1 ready to settle the land4 ,his ,majesty1 ignorant that the ,williams1 ,georges1 and ,susans seeking royal consideration were some squeaking in pig-pens1 others braying in the luxuriant meadows for which they petitioned1 issued the huge grant2 and to-day there is serious reason to suppose that many of the wealthiest and oldest families around ,winchester are enjoying their lands by virtue of titles given to ancestral flocks and herds4 ,the condition of ,virginia for the period immediately preceding the ,revolution was one which well merits the consideration of political philosophers4 ,for many years the extent of the territory of the ,old ,dominion was undecided1 no lines being fixed between that ,state and ,ohio and ,pennsylvania4 ,virginia claimed a large part of both these ,states as hers2 and1 indeed1 there seems to be in that ,state an hereditary unconsciousness of the limits of her dominion4 ,the question of jurisdiction superseded every other for the time1 and the formal administration of the law itself ceased4 ,there is a period lasting through a whole generation in which society in the western part of the ,state went on without courts or authorities4 ,there was no court but of public opinion1 no administration but of the mob4 ,judges were ermined and juries impanelled by the community when occasion demanded4 ,kercheval1 who grew from that vicinity and state of things1 and whose authority is excellent1 says1--,they had no civil1 military1 or ecclesiastical laws1--at least1 none were enforced2 yet we look in vain for any period1 before or since1 when property1 life1 and morals were any better protected4 ,a statement worth pondering by those who tell us that man is nought1 government all4 ,the tongue-lynchings and other punishments inflicted by the community upon evil-doers were adapted to the reformation of the culprit or his banishment from the community4 ,the punishment for idleness1 lying1 dishonesty1 and ill-fame generally1 was that of hating the offender out1 as they expressed it4 ,this was about equivalent to the ,greek3 atimia among the ,greeks4 ,it was a public expression1 in various ways1 of the general indignation against any transgressor1 and commonly resulted either in the profound repentance or the voluntary exile of the person against whom it was directed3 it was generally the fixing of any epithet which was proclaimed by each tongue when the sinner appeared1--e4g41 ,foultongue1 ,lawrence1 ,snakefang4 ,the name of ,extra-,billy ,smith is a quite recent case of this tongue-lynching4 ,it was in these days of no laws1 however1 that the practice of duelling was imported into ,virginia4 ,with this exception1 the ,state can trace no evil results to the period when society was resolved into its simplest elements4 ,indeed1 it was at this time that there began to appear there signs of a sturdy and noble race of ,americanized ,englishmen4 ,the average size of the ,european ,englishman was surpassed4 ,a woman was equal to an ,indian4 ,a young ,virginian one day killed a buffalo on the ,alleghany ,mountains1 stretched its skin over ribs of wood1 and on the boat so made sailed the full length of the ,ohio and ,mississippi ,rivers4 ,but this development was checked by the influx of ,english gentry1 who brought laws and fashions from ,london4 ,the old books are full of the conflicts which these fastidious gentlemen and ladies had with the rude pioneer customs and laws4 ,the fine ladies found that there was an old statute of the ,colony which read1--,it shall be permitted to none but the ,council and ,heads of ,hundreds to wear gold in their clothes1 or to wear silk till they make it themselves4 ,what1 then1 could ,miss ,softdown do with the silks and breastpins brought from ,london8 ,let her wear deer-skin and arrow-head1 said the natives4 ,but ,miss ,softdown soon had her way4 ,still more were these new families shocked1 when1 on ringing for some newly purchased negro domestic1 the said negro came into the parlor nearly naked4 ,then began one of the most extended controversies in the history of ,virginia1--the question being1 whether out-door negroes should wear clothes1 and domestics dress like other people4 ,the popular belief1 in which it seems the negroes shared1 was1 that the race would perish1 if subjected to clothing the year round4 ,the custom of negro men going about in puris naturalibus prevailed to a much more recent period than is generally supposed4 ,one by one1 the barbarisms of ,old ,virginia were eradicated1 and the danger was then that effeminacy would succeed2 but a better class of families began to come from ,england1 now that the ,colony was somewhat prepared for them4 ,these aimed to make ,virginia repeat ,england3 it might have repeated something worse1 and in the end has4 ,about one or two old mansions in ,maryland and ,virginia the long silvery grass characteristic of the ,english park is yet found3 the seed was carefully brought from ,england by those gentlemen who came under ,raleigh's administration1 and who regarded their residence in these ,colonies as patriotic self-devotion4 ,on one occasion1 the writer1 walking through one of these fields1 startled an ,english lark1 which rose singing and soaring skyward4 ,it sang a theme of the olden time4 ,governor ,spottswood brought with him1 when he came1 a number of these larks1 and made strenuous efforts to domesticate them in the neighborhood of ,fredericksburg1 ,virginia4 ,he did not succeed4 ,now and then we have heard of one's being seen1 companionless4 ,it is a sad symbol of that nobler being who tried to domesticate himself in ,virginia1 the fine old ,english gentleman4 ,he is now seen but little oftener than the silver grass and the lark which he brought with him4 ,but let no one think1 whilst ridiculing those who can now only hide their poor stature under the lion-skin of ,f-,f-,v-ism1 that the race of old ,virginia gentlemen is a mythic race4 ,through the fair slopes of ,eastern ,virginia we have wandered and counted the epitaphs of as princely men and women as ever trod this continent4 ,yonder is the island1 floating on the crystal ,rappahannock1 which1 instead of1 as now1 masking the guns which aim at ,freedom's heart1 once bore witness to the noble ,spottswood's effort to realize for the working-man a ,utopia in the ,new ,world4 ,yonder is the house1 on the same river1 frowning now with the cannon which defend the slave-shamble1 7for the ,richmond railroad passes on its verge17 where ,washington was reared to love justice and honor2 and over to the right its porch commands a marble shaft on which is written1 ,here lies ,mary1 the ,mother of ,washington4 ,a little lower is the spot where ,john ,smith gave the right hand to the ambassadors of ,king ,powhatan4 ,in that old court-house the voice of ,patrick ,henry thundered for ,liberty and ,union4 ,time was when the brave men on whose hearts rested the destinies of the ,new ,world made this the centre of activity and rule upon the continent2 they lived and acted here as ,anglo-,saxon blood should live and act1 wherever it bears its rightful sceptre2 but now one walks here as through the splendid ruins of some buried ,nineveh1 and emerges to find the very sunlight sad1 as it reveals those who garnish the sepulchres of their ancestors with one hand1 whilst with the other they stone and destroy the freedom and institutions which their fathers lived to build and died to defend4 ,and this1 alas6 is the first black line in the sketch of ,virginia as it now is4 ,the true preface to the present edition of ,virginia1 which1 unhappily1 has been for many years stereotyped1 may be found in a single entry of ,captain ,john ,smith's journal3-- ,august1 #afai4 ,a ,dutch man-of-war visited ,jamestown and sold the settlers twenty negroes1 the first that have ever touched the soil of ,virginia4 ,they have scarcely made it sacred soil4 ,a little entry it is1 of what seemed then1 perhaps1 an unimportant event1--but how pregnant with evil6 ,the very year in which that ,dutch ship arrived with its freight of slaves at ,jamestown1 the ,mayflower sailed with its freight of freemen for ,plymouth4 ,let us pause a moment and consider the prospects and opportunities which opened before the two bands of pilgrim4 ,how hard and bleak were the shores that received the ,mayflower pilgrims6 ,winter seemed the only season of the land to which they had come2 when the snow disappeared1 it was only to reveal a landscape of sand and rock4 ,to have soil they must pulverize rock4 ,nature said to these exiles from a rich soil1 with her sternest voice1--,here is no streaming breast3 sand with no gold mined3 all the wealth you get must be mined from your own hearts and coined by your own right hands6 ,how different was it in ,virginia6 ,old ,john ,rolfe1 the husband of ,pocahontas1 writing to the ,king in #afaf1 said1--,virginia is the same as it was1 ,i meane for the goodness of the scate1 and the fertilenesse of the land1 and will1 no doubt1 so continue to the worlds end1--a countrey as worthy of good report as can be declared by the pen of the best writer2 a countrey spacious and wide1 capable of many hundred thousands of inhabitants4 ,it must be borne in mind that ,rolfe's idea of an inhabitant's needs was that he should own a county or two to begin with1 which will account for his moderate estimate of the number that could be accommodated upon a hundred thousand square miles4 ,he continues1--,for the soil1 most fertile to plant in2 for ayre1 fresh and temperate1 somewhat hotter in summer1 and not altogether so cold in winter as in ,england1 yet so agreable is it to our constitutions that now 't is more rare to hear of a man's death than in ,england2 for water1 most wholesome and verie plentifull2 and for fayre navigable rivers and good harbors1 no countrey in ,christendom1 in so small a circuite1 is so well stored4 ,any one who has passed through the ,state1 or paid any attention to its resources1 may go far beyond the old settler's statement4 ,virginia is a ,state combining1 as in some divinely planned garden1 every variety of soil known on earth1 resting under a sky that ,italy alone can match1 with a ,valley anticipating in vigor the loam of the prairies3 up to that ,valley and ,piedmont stretch throughout the ,state navigable rivers1 like fingers of the ,ocean-hand1 ready to bear to all marts the produce of the soil1 the superb vein of gold1 and the iron which1 unlocked from mountain-barriers1 could defy competition4 ,but in her castle ,virginia is still1 a sleeping beauty awaiting the hero whose kiss shall recall her to life4 ,comparing what free labor has done for the granite rock called ,massachusetts1 and what slave labor has done for the enchanted garden called ,virginia1 one would say1 that1 though the ,dutch ship that brought to our shores the ,norway rat was bad1 and that which brought the ,hessian fly was worse1 the most fatal ship that ever cast anchor in ,american waters was that which brought the first twenty negroes to the settlers of ,jamestown4 ,like the ,indian in her own aboriginal legend1 on whom a spell was cast which kept the rain from falling on him and the sun from shining on him1 ,virginia received from that ,dutch ship a curse which chained back the blessings which her magnificent resources would have rained upon her1 and the sun of knowledge shining everywhere has left her to-day more than eighty thousand white adults who cannot read or write4 ,it was at an early period as manifest as now that a slave population implied and rendered necessary a large poor-white population4 ,and whilst the pilgrims of ,plymouth inaugurated the free-school system in their first organic law1 which now renders it impossible for one sane person born in their land to be unable to read and write1 ,virginia was boasting with ,lord ,douglas in ,marmion1 ,thanks to ,saint ,bothan1 son of mine ,could never pen a written line4 ,sir ,william ,berkeley1 ,governor of ,virginia for thirty-six years1 beginning with #afda1 wrote to the ,king as follows3--,i thank ,god1 there are no free schools nor printing1 and ,i hope we shall not have these hundred years2 for learning has brought disobedience and heresy and sects into the world1 and printing has divulged them1 and libels upon the best governments4 ,god keep us from both6 ,most fearfully has the prayer been answered4 ,in ,berkeley's track nearly all the succeeding ones went on4 ,henry ,a4 ,wise boasted in ,congress that no newspaper was printed in his district1 and he soon became governor4 ,it gives but a poor description of the poor-white trash to say that they cannot read4 ,the very slaves cannot endure to be classed on their level4 ,they are inconceivably wretched and degraded4 ,for every rich slave-owner there are some eight or ten families of these miserable tenants4 ,both sexes are almost always drunk4 ,there is no better man than the ,anglo-,saxon man who labors2 there is no worse animal than the same man when bred to habits of idleness4 ,when ,watts wrote1 ,satan finds some mischief still ,for idle hands to do1 he wrote what is much truer of his own race than of any other4 ,this law has been the ,nemesis of the young ,virginian4 ,his descent demands excitement and activity2 and unless he becomes emasculated into a clay-eater1 he obtains the excitement that his ancestors got in war1 and the ,new-,englander gets in work1 in gaming1 horse-racing1 and all manner of dissipation4 ,his life verifies the proverb1 that the idle brain is the ,devil's workshop4 ,he is trained to despise labor1 for it puts him on a level with his father's slaves4 ,at the ,university of ,virginia one may see the extent of demoralization to which eight generations of idleness can bring ,english blood4 ,there the spree1 the riot1 and we might almost say the duel1 are normal4 ,about five years ago we spent some time at ,charlottesville4 ,the evening of our arrival was the occasion of witnessing some of the ways of the students4 ,a hundred or more of them with blackened or masked faces were rushing about the college yard2 a large fire was burning around a stake1 upon which was the effigy of a woman4 ,a gentleman connected with the ,university1 with whom we were walking1 informed us that the special occasion of this affair was1 that a near relative of ,mrs4 ,stowe's1 a sister1 perhaps1 had that day arrived to visit her relative1 ,mrs4 ,mc,guffey4 ,the effigy of ,mrs4 ,stowe was burned for her benefit4 ,the lady and her friends were very much alarmed1 and left on the early train next morning1 without completing their visit4 ,they will close up by all getting dead-drunk1 said our friend1 the ,professor4 ,but1 we asked1 why does not the faculty at once interfere in this disgraceful procedure8 ,they have got us lately1 he replied1 where we are powerless4 ,whenever they wish a spree1 they tackle it on to the slavery question1 and know that their parents will pardon everything to the spirit of the ,south when it is burning the effigy of ,mrs4 ,stowe or ,charles ,sumner1 or the last person who furnishes a chance for a spree4 ,to arrest them ends only in casting suspicion of unsoundness on the professor who does it4 ,virginia has had1 for these same causes1 no religious development whatever4 ,the people spend four-and-a-half fifths of their time arguing about politics and religion1--questions of the latter being chiefly as to the best method of being baptized1 or whether sudden conversions are the safest1--but they never take a step forward in either4 ,archbishop ,purcell1 of ,cincinnati1 stated to us1 that1 once being in ,richmond1 he resolved to give a little religious exploration to the surrounding country4 ,about seven miles out from the city he saw a man lying down1--the ,virginian's natural posture1--and approaching1 he made various inquiries1 and received lazy ,yes and ,no replies4 ,presently he inquired to what churches the people in that vicinity usually went4 ,well1 not much to any4 ,what are their religious views8 ,well1 not much of any4 ,well1 my friend1 may ,i inquire what are your opinions on religious subjects8 ,the man1 yet reclining1 said the ,archbishop1 looked at me sleepily a moment1 and replied1-- ',my opinion is that them as made me will take care of me4' ,the ,archbishop came off discouraged2 but we assured him that the man was far ahead of many specimens we had met4 ,we never see an opossum in ,virginia--a fossil animal in most other places--but it seems the sign of the moral stratification around4 ,there are many varieties of opossum in ,virginia1--political and religious3 ,saturn1 who devours his offspring1 has not come to ,virginia yet4 ,old formulas have1 doubtless1 to a great extent1 lost their power there also1 but there is not vitality enough to create a higher form4 ,for no new church can ever be anywhere inaugurated in this world until the period has come when its chief corner-stone can be ,humanity4 ,till then the old creeds in ,virginia must wander like ghosts1 haunting the old ruins which their once exquisite churches have become4 ,nothing can be more picturesque1 nothing more sad1 than these old churches1--every brick in them imported from ,old ,england1 every prayer from the past world and its past need3 the high and wide pews where the rich sat lifted some feet above the seats of the poor represent still the faith in a ,god who subjects the weak to the strong4 ,these old churches1 rarely rebuilt1 are ready now to become rocks imbedding fossil creeds4 ,in these old aisles one walks1 and the snake glides away on the pavement1 and the bat flutters in the high pulpit1 whilst moss and ivy tenderly enshroud the lonely walls2 and over all is written the word ,,desolation4 ,symbol it is of the desolation which caused it1 even the trampled fanes and altars of the human soul1--the temple of ,god1 whose profanation the church has suffered to go on unrebuked1 till now both must crumble into the same grave4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,american ,,civilization4 ,a certain degree of progress from the rudest state in which man is found1--a dweller in caves1 or on trees1 like an ape1 a cannibal1 an eater of pounded snails1 worms1 and offal1--a certain degree of progress from this extreme is called ,civilization4 ,it is a vague1 complex name1 of many degrees4 ,nobody has attempted a definition4 ,mr4 ,guizot1 writing a book on the subject1 does not4 ,it implies the evolution of a highly organized man1 brought to supreme delicacy of sentiment1 as in practical power1 religion1 liberty1 sense of honor1 and taste4 ,in the hesitation to define what it is1 we usually suggest it by negations4 ,a nation that has no clothing1 no alphabet1 no iron1 no marriage1 no arts of peace1 no abstract thought1 we call barbarous4 ,and after many arts are invented or imported1 as among the ,turks and ,moorish nations1 it is often a little complaisant to call them civilized4 ,each nation grows after its own genius1 and has a civilization of its own4 ,the ,chinese and ,japanese1 though each complete in his way1 is different from the man of ,madrid or the man of ,new ,york4 ,the term imports a mysterious progress4 ,in the brutes is none2 and in mankind1 the savage tribes do not advance4 ,the ,indians of this country have not learned the white man's work2 and in ,africa1 the negro of to-day is the negro of ,herodotus4 ,but in other races the growth is not arrested2 but the like progress that is made by a boy1 when he cuts his eye-teeth1 as we say1--childish illusions pricing daily away1 and he seeing things really and comprehensively1--is made by tribes4 ,it is the learning the secret of cumulative power1 of advancing on one's self4 ,it implies a facility of association1 power to compare1 the ceasing from fixed ideas4 ,the ,indian is gloomy and distressed1 when urged to depart from his habits and traditions4 ,he is overpowered by the gaze of the white1 and his eye sinks4 ,the occasion of one of these starts of growth is always some novelty that astounds the mind1 and provokes it to dare to change4 ,thus there is a ,manco ,capac at the beginning of each improvement1 some superior foreigner importing new and wonderful arts1 and teaching them4 ,of course1 he must not know too much1 but must have the sympathy1 language1 and gods of those he would inform4 ,but chiefly the sea-shore has been the point of departure to knowledge1 as to commerce4 ,the most advanced nations are always those who navigate the most4 ,the power which the sea requires in the sailor makes a man of him very fast1 and the change of shores and population clears his head of much nonsense of his wigwam4 ,where shall we begin or end the list of those feats of liberty and wit1 each of which feats made an epoch of history8 ,thus1 the effect of a framed or stone house is immense on the tranquillity1 power1 and refinement of the builder4 ,a man in a cave1 or in a camp1 a nomad1 will die with no more estate than the wolf or the horse leaves4 ,but so simple a labor as a house being achieved1 his chief enemies are kept at bay4 ,he is safe from the teeth of wild animals1 from frost1 sunstroke1 and weather2 and fine faculties begin to yield their fine harvest4 ,invention and art are born1 manners and social beauty and delight4 ',t is wonderful how soon a piano gets into a log-hut on the frontier4 ,you would think they found it under a pine-stump4 ,with it comes a ,latin grammar1 and one of those towhead boys has written a hymn on ,sunday4 ,now let colleges1 now let senates take heed6 for here is one1 who1 opening these fine tastes on the basis of the pioneer's iron constitution1 will gather all their laurels in his strong hands4 ,when the ,indian trail gets widened1 graded1 and bridged to a good road1--there is a benefactor1 there is a missionary1 a pacificator1 a wealth-bringer1 a maker of markets1 a vent for industry4 ,the building three or four hundred miles of road in the ,scotch ,highlands in #agbf to #agdi effectually tamed the ferocious clans1 and established public order4 ,another step in civility is the change from war1 hunting1 and pasturage1 to agriculture4 ,our ,scandinavian forefathers have left us a significant legend to convey their sense of the importance of this step4 ,there was once a giantess who had a daughter1 and the child saw a husbandman ploughing in the field4 ,then she ran and picked him up with her finger and thumb1 and put him and his plough and his oxen into her apron1 and carried them to her mother1 and said1 ',mother1 what sort of a beetle is this that ,i found wriggling in the sand8' ,but the mother said1 ',put it away1 my child2 we must begone out of this land1 for these people will dwell in it4' ,another success is the post-office1 with its educating energy1 augmented by cheapness1 and guarded by a certain religious sentiment in mankind1 so that the power of a wafer or a drop of wax or gluten to guard a letter1 as it flies over sea1 over land1 and comes to its address as if a battalion of artillery brought it1 ,i look upon as a fine metre of civilization4 ,the division of labor1 the multiplication of the arts of peace1 which is nothing but a large allowance to each man to choose his work according to his faculty1 to live by his better hand1 fills the ,state with useful and happy laborers1--and they1 creating demand by the very temptation of their productions1 are rapidly and surely rewarded by good sale3 and what a police and ten commandments their work thus becomes6 ,so true is ,dr4 ,johnson's remark1 that men are seldom more innocently employed than when they are making money4 ,the skilful combinations of civil government1 though they usually follow natural leadings1 as the lines of race1 language1 religion1 and territory1 yet require wisdom and conduct in the rulers1 and in their result delight the imagination4 ,we see insurmountable multitudes obeying1 in opposition to their strongest passions1 the restraints of a power which they scarcely perceive1 and the crimes of a single individual marked and punished at the distance of half the earth4,a ,footnote ,a3 ,dr4 ,thomas ,brown4 ,right position of woman in the ,state is another index4 ,poverty and industry with a healthy mind read very easily the laws of humanity1 and love them3 place the sexes in right relations of mutual respect1 and a severe morality gives that essential charm to woman which educates all that is delicate1 poetic1 and self-sacrificing1 breeds courtesy and learning1 conversation and wit1 in her rough mate2 so that ,i have thought it a sufficient definition of civilization to say1 it is the influence of good women4 ,another measure of culture is the diffusion of knowledge1 overrunning all the old barriers of caste1 and1 by the cheap press1 bringing the university to every poor man's door in the newsboy's basket4 ,scraps of science1 of thought1 of poetry are in the coarsest sheet1 so that in every house we hesitate to tear a newspaper until we have looked it through4 ,the ship1 in its latest complete equipment1 is an abridgment and compend of a nation's arts3 the ship steered by compass and chart1 longitude reckoned by lunar observation1 and1 when the heavens are hid1 by chronometer2 driven by steam2 and in wildest sea-mountains1 at vast distances from home1 ,the pulses of her iron heart ,go beating through the storm4 ,no use can lessen the wonder of this control1 by so weak a creature1 of forces so prodigious4 ,i remember ,i watched1 in crossing the sea1 the beautiful skill whereby the engine in its constant working was made to produce two hundred gallons of fresh water out of salt water1 every hour1--thereby supplying all the ship's want4 ,the skill that pervades complex details2 the man that maintains himself2 the chimney taught to burn its own smoke2 the farm made to produce all that is consumed on it2 the very prison compelled to maintain itself and yield a revenue1 and1 better than that1 made a reform school1 and a manufactory of honest men out of rogues1 as the steamer made fresh water out of salt3 all these are examples of that tendency to combine antagonisms1 and utilize evil1 which is the index of high civilization4 ,civilization is the result of highly complex organization4 ,in the snake1 all the organs are sheathed3 no hands1 no feet1 no fins1 no wings4 ,in bird and beast1 the organs are released1 and begin to play4 ,in man1 they are all unbound1 and full of joyful action4 ,with this unswaddling1 he receives the absolute illumination we call ,reason1 and thereby true liberty4 ,climate has much to do with this melioration4 ,the highest civility has never loved the hot zones4 ,wherever snow falls1 there is usually civil freedom4 ,where the banana grows1 the animal system is indolent and pampered at the cost of higher qualities3 the man is grasping1 sensual1 and cruel4 ,but this scale is by no means invariable4 ,for high degrees of moral sentiment control the unfavorable influences of climate2 and some of our grandest examples of men and of races come from the equatorial regions1--as the genius of ,egypt1 of ,india1 and of ,arabia4 ,these feats are measures or traits of civility2 and temperate climate is an important influence1 though not quite indispensable1 for there have been learning1 philosophy1 and art in ,iceland1 and in the tropics4 ,but one condition is essential to the social education of man1--namely1 morality4 ,there can be no high civility without a deep morality1 though it may not always call itself by that name1 but sometimes the point of honor1 as in the institution of chivalry2 or patriotism1 as in the ,spartan and ,roman republics2 or the enthusiasm of some religious sect which imputes its virtue to its dogma2 or the cabalism1 or esprit du corps1 of a masonic or other association of friends4 ,the evolution of a highly destined society must be moral2 it must run in the grooves of the celestial wheels4 ,it must be catholic in aims4 ,what is moral8 ,it is the respecting in action catholic or universal ends4 ,hear the definition which ,kant gives of moral conduct3 ,act always so that the immediate motive of thy will may become a universal rule for all intelligent beings4 ,civilization depends on morality4 ,everything good in man leans on what is higher4 ,this rule holds in small as in great4 ,thus1 all our strength and success in the work of our hands depend on our borrowing the aid of the elements4 ,you have seen a carpenter on a ladder with a broad-axe chopping upward chips and slivers from a beam4 ,how awkward6 at what disadvantage he works6 ,but see him on the ground1 dressing his timber under him4 ,now1 not his feeble muscles1 but the force of gravity brings down the axe2 that is to say1 the planet itself splits his stick4 ,the farmer had much ill-temper1 laziness1 and shirking to endure from his hand-sawyers1 until1 one day1 he bethought him to put his saw-mill on the edge of a waterfall2 and the river never tires of turning his wheel3 the river is good-natured1 and never hints an objection4 ,we had letters to send3 couriers could not go fast enough1 nor far enough2 broke their wagons1 foundered their horses2 bad roads in spring1 snow-drifts in winter1 heats in summer2 could not get the horses out of a walk4 ,but we found out that the air and earth were full of electricity2 and it was always going our way1--just the way we wanted to send4 ,would he take a message8 ,just as lief as not2 had nothing else to do2 would carry it in no time4 ,only one doubt occurred1 one staggering objection1--he had no carpet-bag1 no visible pockets1 no hands1 not so much as a mouth1 to carry a letter4 ,but1 after much thought and many experiments1 we managed to meet the conditions1 and to fold up the letter in such invisible compact form as he could carry in those invisible pockets of his1 never wrought by needle and thread1--and it went like a charm4 ,i admire still more than the saw-mill the skill which1 on the sea-shore1 makes the tides drive the wheels and grind corn1 and which thus engages the assistance of the moon1 like a hired hand1 to grind1 and wind1 and pump1 and saw1 and split stone1 and roll iron4 ,now that is the wisdom of a man1 in every instance of his labor1 to hitch his wagon to a star1 and see his chore done by the gods themselves4 ,that is the way we are strong1 by borrowing the might of the elements4 ,the forces of steam1 gravity1 galvanism1 light1 magnets1 wind1 fire1 serve us day by day1 and cost us nothing4 ,our astronomy is full of examples of calling in the aid of these magnificent helpers4 ,thus1 on a planet so small as ours1 the want of an adequate base for astronomical measurements is early felt1 as1 for example1 in detecting the parallax of a star4 ,but the astronomer1 having by an observation fixed the place of a star1 by so simple an expedient as waiting six months1 and then repeating his observation1 contrived to put the diameter of the earth's orbit1 say two hundred millions of miles1 between his first observation and his second1 and this line afforded him a respectable base for his triangle4 ,all our arts aim to win this vantage4 ,we cannot bring the heavenly powers to us1 but1 if we will only choose our jobs in directions in which they travel1 they will undertake them with the greatest pleasure4 ,it is a peremptory rule with them1 that they never go out of their road4 ,we are dapper little busybodies1 and run this way and that way superserviceably2 but they swerve never from their fore-ordained paths1--neither the sun1 nor the moon1 nor a bubble of air1 nor a mote of dust4 ,and as our handiworks borrow the elements1 so all our social and political action leans on principles4 ,to accomplish anything excellent1 the will must work for catholic and universal ends4 ,a puny creature walled in on every side1 as ,donne wrote1-- ------unless above himself he can ,erect himself1 how poor a thing is man6 but when his will leans on a principle1 when he is the vehicle of ideas1 he borrows their omnipotence4 ,gibraltar may be strong1 but ideas are impregnable1 and bestow on the hero their invincibility4 ,it was a great instruction1 said a saint in ,cromwell's war1 that the best courages are but beams of the ,almighty4 ,hitch your wagon to a star4 ,let us not fag in paltry works which serve our pot and bag alone4 ,let us not lie and steal4 ,no god will help4 ,we shall find all their teams going the other way1--,charles's ,wain1 ,great ,bear1 ,orion1 ,leo1 ,hercules3--every god will leave us4 ,work rather for those interests which the divinities honor and promote1--justice1 love1 freedom1 knowledge1 utility4 ,if we can thus ride in ,olympian chariots by putting our works in the path of the celestial circuits1 we can harness also evil agents1 the powers of darkness1 and force them to serve against their will the ends of wisdom and virtue4 ,thus1 a wise ,government puts fines and penalties on pleasant vices4 ,what a benefit would the ,american ,government1 now in the hour of its extreme need1 render to itself1 and to every city1 village1 and hamlet in the ,states1 if it would tax whiskey and rum almost to the point of prohibition6 ,was it ,bonaparte who said that he found vices very good patriots8--he got five millions from the love of brandy1 and he should be glad to know which of the virtues would pay him as much4 ,tobacco and opium have broad backs1 and will cheerfully carry the load of armies1 if you choose to make them pay high for such joy as they give and such harm as they do4 ,these are traits1 and measures1 and modes2 and the true test of civilization is1 not the census1 nor the size of cities1 nor the crops1--no1 but the kind of man the country turns out4 ,i see the vast advantages of this country1 spanning the breadth of the temperate zone4 ,i see the immense material prosperity1--towns on towns1 states on states1 and wealth piled in the massive architecture of cities1 ,california quartz-mountains dumped down in ,new ,york to be re-piled architecturally along-shore from ,canada to ,cuba1 and thence westward to ,california again4 ,but it is not ,new-,york streets built by the confluence of workmen and wealth of all nations1 though stretching out towards ,philadelphia until they touch it1 and northward until they touch ,new ,haven1 ,hartford1 ,springfield1 ,worcester1 and ,boston1--not these that make the real estimation4 ,but1 when ,i look over this constellation of cities which animate and illustrate the land1 and see how little the ,government has to do with their daily life1 how self-helped and self-directed all families are1--knots of men in purely natural societies1--societies of trade1 of kindred blood1 of habitual hospitality1 house and house1 man acting on man by weight of opinion1 of longer or better-directed industry1 the refining influence of women1 the invitation which experience and permanent causes open to youth and labor1--when ,i see how much each virtuous and gifted person whom all men consider lives affectionately with scores of excellent people who are not known far from home1 and perhaps with great reason reckons these people his superiors in virtue1 and in the symmetry and force of their qualities1 ,i see what cubic values ,america has1 and in these a better certificate of civilization than great cities or enormous wealth4 ,in strictness1 the vital refinements are the moral and intellectual steps4 ,the appearance of the ,hebrew ,moses1 of the ,indian ,buddh1--in ,greece1 of the ,seven ,wise ,masters1 of the acute and upright ,socrates1 and of the ,stoic ,zeno1--in ,judea1 the advent of ,jesus1--and in modern ,christendom1 of the realists ,huss1 ,savonarola1 and ,luther1 are causal facts which carry forward races to new convictions1 and elevate the rule of life4 ,in the presence of these agencies1 it is frivolous to insist on the invention of printing or gunpowder1 of steam-power or gas-light1 percussion-caps and rubber-shoes1 which are toys thrown off from that security1 freedom1 and exhilaration which a healthy morality creates in society4 ,these arts add a comfort and smoothness to house and street life2 but a purer morality1 which kindles genius1 civilizes civilization1 casts backward all that we held sacred into the profane1 as the flame of oil throws a shadow when shined upon by the flame of the ,bude-light4 ,not the less the popular measures of progress will ever be the arts and the laws4 ,but if there be a country which cannot stand any one of these tests1--a country where knowledge cannot be diffused without perils of mob-law and statute-law1--where speech is not free1--where the post-office is violated1 mail-bags opened1 and letters tampered with1--where public debts and private debts outside of the ,state are repudiated1--where liberty is attacked in the primary institution of their social life1--where the position of the white woman is injuriously affected by the outlawry of the black woman1--where the arts1 such as they have1 are all imported1 having no indigenous life1--where the laborer is not secured in the earnings of his own hands1--where suffrage is not free or equal1--that country is1 in all these respects1 not civil1 but barbarous1 and no advantages of soil1 climate1 or coast can resist these suicidal mischiefs4 ,morality is essential1 and all the incidents of morality1--as1 justice to the subject1 and personal liberty4 ,montesquieu says1--,countries are well cultivated1 not as they are fertile1 but as they are free2 and the remark holds not less1 but more1 true of the culture of men than of the tillage of land4 ,and the highest proof of civility is1 that the whole public action of the ,state is directed on securing the greatest good of the greatest number4 ,our ,southern ,states have introduced confusion into the moral sentiments of their people1 by reversing this rule in theory and practice1 and denying a man's right to his labor4 ,the distinction and end of a soundly constituted man is his labor4 ,use is inscribed on all his faculties4 ,use is the end to which he exists4 ,as the tree exists for its fruit1 so a man for his work4 ,a fruitless plant1 an idle animal1 is not found in the universe4 ,they are all toiling1 however secretly or slowly1 in the province assigned them1 and to a use in the economy of the world1--the higher and more complex organizations to higher and more catholic service2 and man seems to play a certain part that tells on the general face of the planet1--as if dressing the globe for happier races of his own kind1 or1 as we sometimes fancy1 for beings of superior organization4 ,but thus use1 labor of each for all1 is the health and virtue of all beings4 ,,ich ,,dien1 ,i serve1 is a truly royal motto4 ,and it is the mark of nobleness to volunteer the lowest service1--the greatest spirit only attaining to humility4 ,nay1 ,god is ,god because he is the servant of all4 ,well1 now here comes this conspiracy of slavery1--they call it an institution1 ,i call it a destitution1--this stealing of men and setting them to work1--stealing their labor1 and the thief sitting idle himself2 and for two or three ages it has lasted1 and has yielded a certain quantity of rice1 cotton1 and sugar4 ,and standing on this doleful experience1 these people have endeavored to reverse the natural sentiments of mankind1 and to pronounce labor disgraceful1 and the well-being of a man to consist in eating the fruit of other men's labor4 ,labor3 a man coins himself into his labor1--turns his day1 his strength1 his thought1 his affection into some product which remains as the visible sign of his power2 and to protect that1 to secure that to him1 to secure his past self to his future self1 is the object of all government4 ,there is no interest in any country so imperative as that of labor2 it covers all1 and constitutions and governments exist for that1--to protect and insure it to the laborer4 ,all honest men are daily striving to earn their bread by their industry4 ,and who is this who tosses his empty head at this blessing in disguise1 the constitution of human nature1 and calls labor vile1 and insults the faithful workman at his daily toil8 ,i see for such madness no hellebore1--for such calamity no solution but servile war1 and the ,africanization of the country that permits it4 ,at this moment in ,america the aspects of political society absorb attention4 ,in every house1 from ,canada to the ,gulf1 the children ask the serious father1--,what is the news of the war to-day8 and when will there be better times8 ,the boys have no new clothes1 no gifts1 no journeys2 the girls must go without new bonnets2 boys and girls find their education1 this year1 less liberal and complete4 ,all the little hopes that heretofore made the year pleasant are deferred4 ,the state of the country fills us with anxiety and stern duties4 ,we have attempted to hold together two states of civilization3 a higher state1 where labor and the tenure of land and the right of suffrage are democratical2 and a lower state1 in which the old military tenure of prisoners or slaves1 and of power and land in a few hands1 makes an oligarchy3 we have attempted to hold these two states of society under one law4 ,but the rude and early state of society does not work well with the later1 nay1 works badly1 and has poisoned politics1 public morals1 and social intercourse in the ,republic1 now for many years4 ,the times put this question1--,why cannot the best civilization be extended over the whole country1 since the disorder of the less civilized portion menaces the existence of the country8 ,is this secular progress we have described1 this evolution of man to the highest powers1 only to give him sensibility1 and not to bring duties with it8 ,is he not to make his knowledge practical8 to stand and to withstand8 ,is not civilization heroic also8 ,is it not for action8 has it not a will8 ,there are periods1 said ,niebuhr1 when something much better than1 happiness and security of life is attainable4 ,we live in a new and exceptional age4 ,america is another word for ,opportunity4 ,our whole history appears like a last effort of the ,divine ,providence in behalf of the human race2 and a literal slavish following of precedents1 as by a justice of the peace1 is not for those who at this hour lead the destinies of this people4 ,the evil you contend with has taken alarming proportions1 and you still content yourself with parrying the blows it aims1 but1 as if enchanted1 abstain from striking at the cause4 ,if the ,american people hesitate1 it is not for want of warning or advices4 ,the telegraph has been swift enough to announce our disasters4 ,the journals have not suppressed the extent of the calamity4 ,neither was there any want of argument or of experience4 ,if the war brought any surprise to the ,north1 it was not the fault of sentinels on the watch-towers1 who had furnished full details of the designs1 the muster1 and the means of the enemy4 ,neither was anything concealed of the theory or practice of slavery4 ,to what purpose make more big books of these statistics8 ,there are already mountains of facts1 if any one wants them4 ,but people do not want them4 ,they bring their opinions into the world4 ,if they have a comatose tendency in the brain1 they are pro-slavery while they live2 if of a nervous sanguineous temperament1 they are abolitionists4 ,then interests were never persuaded4 ,can you convince the shoe interest1 or the iron interest1 or the cotton interest1 by reading passages from ,milton or ,montesquieu8 ,you wish to satisfy people that slavery is bad economy4 ,why1 the ,edinburgh ,review pounded on that string1 and made out its case forty years ago4 ,a democratic statesman said to me1 long since1 that1 if he owned the ,state of ,kentucky1 he would manumit all the slaves1 and be a gainer by the transaction4 ,is this new8 ,no1 everybody knows it4 ,as a general economy it is admitted4 ,but there is no one owner of the ,state1 but a good many small owners4 ,one man owns land and slaves2 another owns slaves only4 ,here is a woman who has no other property1--like a lady in ,charleston ,i knew of1 who owned fifteen chimney-sweeps and rode in her carriage4 ,it is clearly a vast inconvenience to each of these to make any change1 and they are fretful and talkative1 and all their friends are2 and those less interested are inert1 and1 from want of thought1 averse to innovation4 ,it is like free trade1 certainly the interest of nations1 but by no means the interest of certain towns and districts1 which tariff feeds fat2 and the eager interest of the few overpowers the apathetic general conviction of the many4 ,banknotes rob the public1 but are such a daily convenience that we silence our scruples1 and make believe they are gold4 ,so imposts are the cheap and right taxation2 but by the dislike of people to pay out a direct tax1 governments are forced to render life costly by making them pay twice as much1 hidden in the price of tea and sugar4 ,in this national crisis1 it is not argument that we want1 but that rare courage which dares commit itself to a principle1 believing that ,nature is its ally1 and will create the instruments it requires1 and more than make good any petty and injurious profit which it may disturb4 ,there never was such a combination as this of ours1 and the rules to meet it are not set down in any history4 ,we want men of original perception and original action1 who can open their eyes wider than to a nationality1 namely1 to considerations of benefit to the human race1 can act in the interest of civilization4 ,government must not be a parish clerk1 a justice of the peace4 ,it has1 of necessity1 in any crisis of the ,state1 the absolute powers of a ,dictator4 ,the existing ,administration is entitled to the utmost candor4 ,it is to be thanked for its angelic virtue1 compared with any executive experiences with which we have been familiar4 ,but the times will not allow us to indulge in compliment4 ,i wish ,i saw in the people that inspiration which1 if ,government would not obey the same1 it would leave the ,government behind1 and create on the moment the means and executors it wanted4 ,better the war should more dangerously threaten us1--should threaten fracture in what is still whole1 and punish us with burned capitals and slaughtered regiments1 and so exasperate the people to energy1 exasperate our nationality4 ,there are ,scriptures written invisibly on men's hearts1 whose letters do not come out until they are enraged4 ,they can be read by war-fires1 and by eyes in the last peril4 ,we cannot but remember that there have been days in ,american history1 when1 if the ,free ,states had done their duty1 ,slavery had been blocked by an immovable barrier1 and our recent calamities forever precluded4 ,the ,free ,states yielded1 and every compromise was surrender1 and invited new demands4 ,here again is a new occasion which ,heaven offers to sense and virtue4 ,it looks as if we held the fate of the fairest possession of mankind in our hands1 to be saved by our firmness or to be lost by hesitation4 ,the one power that has legs long enough and strong enough to cross the ,potomac offers itself at this hour2 the one strong enough to bring all the civility up to the height of that which is best prays now at the door of ,congress for leave to move4 ,emancipation is the demand of civilization4 ,that is a principle2 everything else is an intrigue4 ,this is a progressive policy1--puts the whole people in healthy1 productive1 amiable position1--puts every man in the ,south in just and natural relations with every man in the ,north1 laborer with laborer4 ,we shall not attempt to unfold the details of the project of emancipation4 ,it has been stated with great ability by several of its leading advocates4 ,i will only advert to some leading points of the argument1 at the risk of repeating the reasons of others4,b ,footnote ,b3 ,i refer mainly to a ,discourse by the ,rev4 ,m4,d4 ,conway1 delivered before the ,emancipation ,league1 in ,boston1 in ,january last4 ,the war is welcome to the ,southerner3 a chivalrous sport to him1 like hunting1 and suits his semi-civilized condition4 ,on the climbing scale of progress1 he is just up to war1 and has never appeared to such advantage as in the last twelve-month4 ,it does not suit us4 ,we are advanced some ages on the war-state1--to trade1 art1 and general cultivation4 ,his laborer works for him at home1 so that he loses no labor by the war4 ,all our soldiers are laborers2 so that the ,south1 with its inferior numbers1 is almost on a footing in effective war-population with the ,north4 ,again1 as long as we fight without any affirmative step taken by the ,government1 any word intimating forfeiture in the rebel ,states of their old privileges under the law1 they and we fight on the same side1 for ,slavery4 ,again1 if we conquer the enemy1--what then8 ,we shall still have to keep him under1 and it will cost as much to hold him down as it did to get him down4 ,then comes the summer1 and the fever will drive our soldiers home2 next winter1 we must begin at the beginning1 and conquer him over again4 ,what use1 then1 to take a fort1 or a privateer1 or get possession of an inlet1 or to capture a regiment of rebels8 ,but one weapon we hold which is sure4 ,congress can1 by edict1 as a part of the military defence which it is the duty of ,congress to provide1 abolish slavery1 and pay for such slaves as we ought to pay for4 ,then the slaves near our armies will come to us3 those in the interior will know in a week what their rights are1 and will1 where opportunity offers1 prepare to take them4 ,instantly1 the armies that now confront you must run home to protect their estates1 and must stay there1 and your enemies will disappear4 ,there can be no safety until this step is taken4 ,we fancy that the endless debate1 emphasized by the crime and by the cannons of this war1 has brought the ,free ,states to some conviction that it can never go well with us whilst this mischief of ,slavery remains in our politics1 and that by concert or by might we must put an end to it4 ,but we have too much experience of the futility of an easy reliance on the momentary good dispositions of the public4 ,there does exist1 perhaps1 a popular will that the ,union shall not be broken1--that our trade1 and therefore our laws1 must have the whole breadth of the continent1 and from ,canada to the ,gulf4 ,but1 since this is the rooted belief and will of the people1 so much the more are they in danger1 when impatient of defeats1 or impatient of taxes1 to go with a rush for some peace1 and what kind of peace shall at that moment be easiest attained3 they will make concessions for it1--will give up the slaves2 and the whole torment of the past half-century will come back to be endured anew4 ,neither do ,i doubt1 if such a composition should take place1 that the ,southerners will come back quietly and politely1 leaving their haughty dictation4 ,it will be an era of good feelings4 ,there will be a lull after so loud a storm2 and1 no doubt1 there will be discreet men from that section who will earnestly strive to inaugurate more moderate and fair administration of the ,government1 and the ,north will for a time have its full share and more1 in place and counsel4 ,but this will not last1--not for want of sincere good-will in sensible ,southerners1 but because ,slavery will again speak through them its harsh necessity4 ,it cannot live but by injustice1 and it will be unjust and violent to the end of the world4 ,the power of ,emancipation is this1 that it alters the atomic social constitution of the ,southern people4 ,now their interest is in keeping out white labor2 then1 when they must pay wages1 their interest will be to let it in1 to get the best labor1 and1 if they fear their blacks1 to invite ,irish1 ,german1 and ,american laborers4 ,thus1 whilst ,slavery makes and keeps disunion1 ,emancipation removes the whole objection to union4 ,emancipation at one stroke elevates the poor white of the ,south1 and identifies his interest with that of the ,northern laborer4 ,now1 in the name of all that is simple and generous1 why should not this great right be done8 ,why should not ,america be capable of a second stroke for the well-being of the human race1 as eighty or ninety years ago she was for the first8 an affirmative step in the interests of human civility1 urged on her1 too1 not by any romance of sentiment1 but by her own extreme perils8 ,it is very certain that the statesman who shall break through the cobwebs of doubt1 fear1 and petty cavil that lie in the way1 will be greeted by the unanimous thanks of mankind4 ,men reconcile themselves very fast to a bold and good measure1 when once it is taken1 though they condemned it in advance4 ,a week before the two captive commissioners were surrendered to ,england1 every one thought it could not be done3 it would divide the ,north4 ,it was done1 and in two days all agreed it was the right action4 ,and this action which costs so little 7the parties injured by it being such a handful that they can very easily be indemnified7 rids the world1 at one stroke1 of this degrading nuisance1 the cause of war and ruin to nations4 ,this measure at once puts all parties right4 ,this is borrowing1 as ,i said1 the omnipotence of a principle4 ,what is so foolish as the terror lest the blacks should be made furious by freedom and wages8 ,it is denying these that is the outrage1 and makes the danger from the blacks4 ,but justice satisfies everybody1--white man1 red man1 yellow man1 and black man4 ,all like wages1 and the appetite grows by feeding4 ,but this measure1 to be effectual1 must come speedily4 ,the weapon is slipping out of our hands4 ,time1 say the ,indian ,scriptures1 drinketh up the essence of every great and noble action which ought to be performed1 and which is delayed in the execution4 ,i hope it is not a fatal objection to this policy that it is simple and beneficent thoroughly1 which is the attribute of a moral action4 ,an unprecedented material prosperity has not tended to make us ,stoics or ,christians4 ,but the laws by which the universe is organized reappear at every point1 and will rule it4 ,the end of all political struggle is to establish morality as the basis of all legislation4 ,it is not free institutions1 't is not a republic1 't is not a democracy1 that is the end1--no1 but only the means4 ,morality is the object of government4 ,we want a state of things in which crime shall not pay4 ,this is the consolation on which we rest in the darkness of the future and the afflictions of to-day1 that the government of the world is moral1 and does forever destroy what is not4 ,it is the maxim of natural philosophers1 that the natural forces wear out in time all obstacles1 and take place3 and 't is the maxim of history1 that victory always falls at last where it ought to fall2 or1 there is perpetual march and progress to ideas4 ,but1 in either case1 no link of the chain can drop out4 ,nature works through her appointed elements2 and ideas must work through the brains and the arms of good and brave men1 or they are no better than dreams4 99 99 99 99 99 ,since the above pages were written1 ,president ,lincoln has proposed to ,congress that the ,government shall coperate with any ,state that shall enact a gradual abolishment of ,slavery4 ,in the recent series of national successes1 this ,message is the best4 ,it marks the happiest day in the political year4 ,the ,american ,executive ranges itself for the first time on the side of freedom4 ,if ,congress has been backward1 the ,president has advanced4 ,this state-paper is the more interesting that it appears to be the ,president's individual act1 done under a strong sense of duty4 ,he speaks his own thought in his own style4 ,all thanks and honor to the ,head of the ,state6 ,the ,message has been received throughout the country with praise1 and1 we doubt not1 with more pleasure than has been spoken4 ,if ,congress accords with the ,president1 it is not yet too late to begin the emancipation2 but we think it will always be too late to make it gradual4 ,all experience agrees that it should be immediate4 ,more and better than the ,president has spoken shall1 perhaps1 the effect of this ,message be1--but1 we are sure1 not more or better than he hoped in his heart1 when1 thoughtful of all the complexities of his position1 he penned these cautious words4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,compensation4 ,in the strength of the endeavor1 ,in the temper of the giver1 ,in the loving of the lover1 ,lies the hidden recompense4 ,in the sowing of the sower1 ,in the fleeting of the flower1 ,in the fading of each hour1 ,lurks eternal recompense4 ,a ,,message ,,of ,,jeff ,,davis ,,in ,,secret ,,session4 ,,conjecturally ,,reported ,,by ,h4 ,,biglow4 ,to the ,editors of the ,,atlantic ,,monthly4 ,jaalam1 #ajth ,march1 #ahfb4 ,,gentlemen1--,my leisure has been so entirely occupied with the hitherto fruitless endeavour to decypher the ,runick inscription whose fortunate discovery ,i mentioned in my last communication1 that ,i have not found time to discuss1 as ,i had intended1 the great problem of what we are to do with slavery1 a topick on which the publick mind in this place is at present more than ever agitated4 ,what my wishes and hopes are ,i need not say1 but for safe conclusions ,i do not conceive that we are yet in possession of facts enough on which to bottom them with certainty4 ,acknowledging the hand of ,providence1 as ,i do1 in all events1 ,i am sometimes inclined to think that they are wiser than we1 and am willing to wait till we have made this continent once more a place where freemen can live in security and honour1 before assuming any further responsibility4 ,this is the view taken by my neighbour ,habakkuk ,sloansure1 ,esq41 the president of our bank1 whose opinion in the practical affairs of life has great weight with me1 as ,i have generally found it to be justified by the event1 and whose counsel1 had ,i followed it1 would have saved me from an unfortunate investment of a considerable part of the painful economies of half a century in the ,northwest-,passage ,tunnel4 ,after a somewhat animated discussion with this gentleman1 a few days since1 ,i expanded1 on the audi alteram partem principle1 something which he happened to say by way of illustration1 into the following fable4 ,,festina ,,lente4 ,once on a time there was a pool ,fringed all about with flag-leaves cool ,and spotted with cow-lilies garish1 ,of frogs and pouts the ancient parish4 ,alders the creaking redwings sink on1 ,tussocks that house blithe ,bob o' ,lincoln4 ,hedged round the unassailed seclusion1 ,where muskrats piled their cells ,carthusian2 ,and many a moss-embroidered log1 ,the watering-place of summer frog1 ,slept and decayed with patient skill1 ,as watering-places sometimes will4 ,now in this ,abbey of ,theleme1 ,which realized the fairest dream ,that ever dozing bull-frog had1 ,sunned on a half-sunk lily-pad1 ,there rose a party with a mission ,to mend the polliwogs' condition1 ,who notified the selectmen ,to call a meeting there and then4 ,some kind of steps4 they said1 are needed2 ,they don't come on so fast as we did3 ,let's dock their tails2 if that don't make 'em ,frogs by brevet1 the ,old ,one take 'em6 ,that boy1 that came the other day ,to dig some flag-root down this way1 ,his jack-knife left1 and 't is a sign ,that ,heaven approves of our design3 ',t were wicked not to urge the step on1 ,when ,providence has sent the weapon4 ,old croakers1 deacons of the mire1 ,that led the deep batrachiain choir1 ,uk6 ,uk6 ,caronk6 with bass that might ,have left ,lablache's out of sight1 ,shook knobby heads1 and said1 ,no go6 ,you'd better let 'em try to grow3 ,old ,doctor ,time is slow1 but still ,he does know how to make a pill4 ,but vain was all their hoarsest bass1 ,their old experience out of place1 ,and1 spite of croaking and entreating1 ,the vote was carried in marsh-meeting4 ,lord knows1 protest the polliwogs1 ,we're anxious to be grown-up frogs2 ,but do not undertake the work ,of ,nature till she prove a shirk2 ',t is not by jumps that she advances1 ,but wins her way by circumstances3 ,pray1 wait awhile1 until you know ,we're so contrived as not to grow2 ,let ,nature take her own direction1 ,and she'll absorb our imperfection2 ,you mightn't like 'em to appear with1 ,but we must have the things to steer with4 ,no1 piped the party of reform1 ,all great results are ta'en by storm2 ,fate holds her best gifts till we show ,we've strength to make her let them go3 ,no more reject the ,age's chrism1 ,your cues are an anachronism2 ,no more the ,future's promise mock1 ,but lay your tails upon the block1 ,thankful that we the means have voted ,to have you thus to frogs promoted4 ,the thing was done1 the tails were cropped1 ,and home each philotadpole hopped1 ,in faith rewarded to exult1 ,and wait the beautiful result4 ,too soon it came2 our pool1 so long ,the theme of patriot bull-frogs' song1 ,next day was reeking1 fit to smother1 ,with heads and tails that missed each other1-- ,here snoutless tails1 there tailless snouts3 ,the only gainers were the pouts4 ,,moral4 ,from lower to the higher next1 ,not to the top1 is ,nature's text2 ,and embryo ,good1 to reach full stature1 ,absorbs the ,evil in its nature4 ,i think that nothing will ever give permanent peace and security to this continent but the extirpation of ,slavery therefrom1 and that the occasion is nigh2 but ,i would do nothing hastily or vindictively1 nor presume to jog the elbow of ,providence4 ,no desperate measures for me till we are sure that all others are hopeless1--flectere si nequeo ,,superos1 ,acheronta movebo4 ,to make ,emancipation a reform instead of a revolution is worth a little patience1 that we may have the ,border ,states first1 and then the non-slaveholders of the ,cotton ,states with us in principle1--a consummation that seems to me nearer than many imagine4 ,fiat justitia1 ruat coelum1 is not to be taken in a literal sense by statesmen1 whose problem is to get justice done with as little jar as possible to existing order1 which has at least so much of heaven in it that it is not chaos4 ,i rejoice in the ,president's late ,message1 which at last proclaims the ,government on the side of freedom1 justice1 and sound policy4 ,as ,i write1 comes the news of our disaster at ,hampton ,roads4 ,i do not understand the supineness which1 after fair warning1 leaves wood to an unequal conflict with iron4 ,it is not enough merely to have the right on our side1 if we stick to the old flint-lock of tradition4 ,i have observed in my parochial experience 7haud ignarus mali7 that the ,devil is prompt to adopt the latest inventions of destructive warfare1 and may thus take even such a three-decker as ,bishop ,butler at an advantage4 ,it is curious1 that1 as gunpowder made armour useless on shore1 so armour is having its revenge by baffling its old enemy at sea1--and that1 while gunpowder robbed land-warfare of nearly all its picturesqueness to give even greater stateliness and sublimity to a sea-fight1 armour bids fair to degrade the latter into a squabble between two iron-shelled turtles4 ,yours1 with esteem and respect1 ,,homer ,,wilbur1 ,a4,m4 ,p4,s4 ,i had wellnigh forgotten to say that the object of this letter is to inclose a communication from the gifted pen of ,mr4 ,biglow4 ,i sent you a messige1 my friens1 t' other day1 ,to tell you ,i'd nothin' pertickler to say3 ',t wuz the day our new nation gut kin' o' stillborn1 ,so't wuz my pleasant dooty t' acknowledge the corn1 ,an' ,i see clearly then1 ef ,i didn't before1 ,thet the augur in inauguration means bore4 ,i needn't tell you thet my messige wuz written ,to diffuse correc' notions in ,france an' ,gret ,britten1 ,an' agin to impress on the poppylar mind ,the comfort an' wisdom o' goin' it blind1-- ,to say thet ,i didn't abate not a hooter ,o' my faith in a happy an' glorious futur'1 ,ez rich in each soshle an' p'litickle blessin' ,ez them thet we now hed the joy o' possessin'1 ,with a people united1 an' longin' to die ,for wut we call their country1 without askin' why1 ,an' all the gret things we concluded to slope for ,ez much within reach now ez ever--to hope for4 ,we've all o' the ellermunts1 this very hour1 ,thet make up a fus'-class1 self-governin' power3 ,we've a war1 an' a debt1 an' a flag2 an' ef this ,ain't to be inderpendunt1 why1 wut on airth is8 ,an' nothin' now henders our takin' our station ,ez the freest1 enlightenedest1 civerlized nation1 ,built up on our bran'-new politickle thesis ,thet a ,guv'ment's fust right is to tumble to pieces1-- ,i say nothin' henders our takin' our place ,ez the very fus'-best o' the whole human race1 ,a-spittin' tobacker ez proud ez you please ,on ,victory's bes' carpets1 or loafin' at ease ,in the ,tool'ries front-parlor1 discussin' affairs ,with our heels on the backs o' ,napoleon's new chairs1 ,an' princes a-mixin' our cocktails an' slings1-- ,excep'1 wal1 excep' jest a very few things1 ,sech ez navies an' armies an' wherewith to pay1 ,an' gittin' our sogers to run t' other way1 ,an' not be too over-pertickler in tryin' ,to hunt up the very las' ditches to die in4 ,ther' are critters so base thet they want it explained ,jes' wut is the totle amount thet we've gained1 ,ez ef we could maysure stupenjious events ,by the low ,yankee stan'ard o' dollars an' cents3 ,they seem to forgit1 thet1 sence last year revolved1 ,we've succeeded in gittin' seceshed an' dissolved1 ,an' thet no one can't hope to git thru dissolootion ',thout sonic kin' o' strain on the best ,constitootion4 ,who asks for a prospec' more flettrin' an' bright1 ,when from here clean to ,texas it's all one free fight8 ,hain't we rescued from ,seward the gret leadin' featurs ,thet makes it wuth while to be reasonin' creaturs8 ,hain't we saved ,habus ,coppers1 improved it in fact1 ,by suspending the ,unionists 'stid o' the ,act8 ,ain't the laws free to all8 ,where on airth else d' ye see ,every freeman improvin' his own rope an' tree8 ,it's ne'ssary to take a good confident tone ,with the public2 but here1 jest amongst us1 ,i own ,things looks blacker 'n thunder4 ,ther' 's no use denyin' ,we're clean out o' money1 an' 'most out o' lyin'1-- ,two things a young nation can't mennage without1 ,ef she wants to look wal at her fust comin' out2 ,for the fust supplies physickle strength1 while the second ,gives a morril edvantage thet's hard to be reckoned3 ,for this latter ,i'm willin' to du wut ,i can2 ,for the former you'll hev to consult on a plan1-- ,though our fust want 7an' this pint ,i want your best views on7 ,is plausible paper to print ,i4,o4,u4s on4 ,some gennlemen think it would cure all our cankers ,in the way o' finance1 ef we jes' hanged the bankers2 ,an' ,i own the proposle 'ud square with my views1 ,ef their lives wuzn't all thet we'd left 'em to lose4 ,some say thet more confidence might be inspired1 ,ef we voted our cities an' towns to be fired1-- ,a plan thet 'ud suttenly tax our endurance1 ,coz 't would be our own bills we should git for th' insurance2 ,but cinders1 no metter how sacred we think 'em1 ,mightn't strike furrin minds ez good sources of income1 ,nor the people1 perhaps1 wouldn't like the eclaw ,o' bein' all turned into paytriots by law4 ,some want we should buy all the cotton an' burn it1 ,on a pledge1 when we've gut thru the war1 to return it1-- ,then to take the proceeds an' hold them ez security ,for an issue o' bonds to be met at maturity ,with an issue o' notes to be paid in hard cash ,on the fus' ,monday follerin' the 'tarnal ,allsmash3 ,this hez a safe air1 an'1 once hold o' the gold1 ',ud leave our vile plunderers out in the cold1 ,an' might temp' ,john ,bull1 ef it warn't for the dip he ,once gut from the banks o' my own ,massissippi4 ,some think we could make1 by arrangin' the figgers1 ,a hendy home-currency out of our niggers2 ,but it wun't du to lean much on ary sech staff1 ,for they're gittin' tu current a'ready1 by half4 ,one gennleman says1 ef we lef' our loan out ,where ,floyd could git hold on 't1 he'd take it1 no doubt2 ,but 't ain't jes' the takin'1 though 't hez a good look1 ,we mus' git sunthin' out on it arter it's took1 ,an' we need now more 'n ever1 with sorrer ,i own1 ,thet some one another should let us a loan1 ,sence a soger wun't fight1 on'y jes' while he draws his ,pay down on the nail1 for the best of all causes1 ',thout askin' to know wut the quarrel's about1-- ,an' once come to thet1 why1 our game is played out4 ,it's ez true ez though ,i shouldn't never hev said it ,thet a hitch hez took place in our system o' credit2 ,i swear it's all right in my speeches an' messiges1 ,but ther' 's idees afloat1 ez ther' is about sessiges3 ,folks wun't take a bond ez a basis to trade on1 ,without nosin' round to find out wut it's made on1 ,an' the thought more an' more thru the public min' crosses ,thet our ,treshry hez gut 'mos' too many dead hosses4 ,wut's called credit1 you see1 is some like a balloon1 ,thet looks while it's up 'most ez harnsome 'z a moon1 ,but once git a leak in 't an' wut looked so grand ,caves righ' down in a jiffy ez flat ez your hand4 ,now the world is a dreffle mean place1 for our sins1 ,where ther' ollus is critters about with long pins ,a-prickin' the globes we've blowcd up with sech care1 ,an' provin' ther' 's nothin' inside but bad air3 ,they're all ,stuart ,millses1 poor-white trash1 an' sneaks1 ,without no more chivverlry 'n ,choctaws or ,creeks1 ,who think a real gennleman's promise to pay ,is meant to be took in trade's ornery way3 ,them fellers an' ,i couldn' never agree2 ,they're the nateral foes o' the ,southun ,idee2 ,i'd gladly take all of our other resks on me ,to be red o' this low-lived politikle 'con'my6 ,now a dastardly notion is gittin' about ,thet our bladder is bust an' the gas oozin' out1 ,an' onless we can mennage in some way to stop it1 ,why1 the thing's a gone coon1 an' we might ez wal drop it4 ,brag works wal at fust1 but it ain't jes' the thing ,for a stiddy inves'ment the shiners to bring1 ,an' votin' we're prosp'rous a hundred times over ,wun't change bein' starved into livin' on clover4 ,manassas done sunthin' tow'rds drawin' the wool ,o'er the green1 anti-slavery eyes o' ,john ,bull3 ,oh1 warn't it a godsend1 jes' when sech tight fixes ,wuz crowdin' us mourners1 to throw double-sixes6 ,i wuz tempted to think1 an' it wuzn't no wonder1 ,ther' wuz reelly a ,providence1--over or under1-- ,when1 all packed for ,nashville1 ,i fust ascertained ,from the papers up ,north wut a victory we'd gained1 ',t wuz the time for diffusin' correc' views abroad ,of our union an' strength an' relyin' on ,god2 ,an'1 fact1 when ,i'd gut thru my fust big surprise1 ,i much ez half b'lieved in my own tallest lies1 ,an' conveyed the idee thet the whole ,southun popperlace ,wuz ,spartans all on the keen jump for ,thermopperlies1 ,thet set on the ,lincolnites' bombs till they bust1 ,an' fight for the priv'lege o' dyin' the fust2 ,but ,roanoke1 ,bufort1 ,millspring1 an' the rest ,of our recent starn-foremost successes out ,west1 ,hain't left us a foot for our swellin' to stand on1-- ,we've showed too much o' wut ,buregard calls abandon1 ,for all our ,thermopperlies 7an' it's a marcy ,we hain't hed no more7 hev ben clean vicy-varsy1 ,an' wut ,spartans wuz lef' when the battle wuz done ,wuz them thet wuz too unambitious to run4 ,oh1 ef we hed on'y jes' gut ,reecognition1 ,things now would ha' ben in a different position6 ,you'd ha' hed all you wanted3 the paper blockade ,smashed up into toothpicks1--unlimited trade ,in the one thing thet's needfle1 till niggers1 ,i swow1 ,hed ben thicker 'n provisional shinplasters now1-- ,quinine by the ton 'ginst the shakes when they seize ye1-- ,nice paper to coin into ,c4,s4,a4 specie2 ,the voice of the driver'd be heerd in our land1 ,an' the univarse scringe1 ef we lifted our hand3 ,wouldn't thet be some like a fulfillin' the prophecies1 ,with all the fus' fem'lies in all the best offices8 ',t wuz a beautiful dream1 an' all sorrer is idle1-- ,but ef ,lincoln would ha' hanged ,mason an' ,slidell6 ,they ain't o' no good in ,european pellices1 ,but think wut a help they'd ha' ben on their gallowses6 ,they'd ha' felt they wuz truly fulfillin' their mission1 ,an'1 oh1 how dog-cheap we'd ha' gut ,reecognition6 ,but somehow another1 wutever we've tried1 ,though the the'ry's fust-rate1 the facs wun't coincide3 ,facs are contrary 'z mules1 an' ez hard in the mouth1 ,an' they allus hev showed a mean spite to the ,south4 ,sech bein' the case1 we hed best look about ,for some kin' o' way to slip our necks out3 ,le''s vote our las' dollar1 ef one can be found1 7,an'1 at any rate1 votin' it hez a good sound17-- ,le''s swear thet to arms all our people is flyin'1 7,the critters can't read1 an' wun't know how we're lyin'17-- ,thet ,toombs is advancin' to sack ,cincinnater1 ,with a rovin' commission to pillage an' slarter1-- ,thet we've throwed to the winds all regard for wut's lawfle1 ,an' gone in for sunthin' promiscu'sly awfle4 ,ye see1 hitherto1 it's our own knaves an' fools ,thet we've used1--those for whetstones1 an't' others ez tools1-- ,an' now our las' chance is in puttin' to test ,the same kin' o' cattle up ,north an' out ,west4 ,i----,but1 ,gennlemen1 here's a despatch jes' come in ,which shows thet the tide's begun turnin' agin1-- ,gret ,cornfedrit success6 ,c'lumbus eevacooated6 ,i mus' run down an' hev the thing properly stated1 ,an' show wut a triumph it is1 an' how lucky ,to fin'lly git red o' thet cussed ,kentucky1-- ,an' how1 sence ,fort ,donelson1 winnin' the day ,consists in triumphantly gittin' away4 ,,reviews ,,and ,,literary ,,notices4 ,the ,sisters1 ,inisfail1 and other ,poems4 ,by ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,london4 ,whatever ,mr4 ,de ,vere writes is welcomed by a select audience4 ,not taking rank among the great masters of ,english poetry1 he yet possesses a genuine poetic faculty which distinguishes him from the small harpers with their glees who counterfeit the true gift of ,nature4 ,in refined and delicate sensibility1 in purity of feeling1 in elevation of tone1 there is no ,english writer of verse at the present day who surpasses him4 ,the fine instinct of a poet is united in him with the cultivated taste of a scholar4 ,there is nothing forced or spasmodic in his verse2 it is the true expression of character disciplined by thought and study1 of fancy quickened by ready sympathies1 of feeling deepened and calmed by faith4 ,as is the case with most ,english poets since ,wordsworth1 he invests the impressions received from the various aspects of ,nature with moral associations1 and with fine spiritual insight he seeks out the inner meaning of the external life of the earth4 ,no one describes more truthfully than he those transient beauties of ,nature which in their briefness and their exquisite variety of change elude the coarse grasp of the common observer1 and too frequently pass half unnoticed and unfelt even by those whose temperament is susceptive of their inspiring influences1 but whose thoughts are occupied with the cares and business of living4 ,but it is especially as the poet of ,ireland1 and of the ,roman ,church1 that ,mr4 ,de ,vere presents himself to us in this last volume2 and while1 consequently1 the subject and treatment of many of the poems contained in it give to them a special rather than a universal interest1 the patriotic spirit and the fervor of faith manifest in them appeal powerfully to the sympathies of readers in other countries and of other creeds4 ',inisfail' may be regarded as a sort of ,national ,chronicle1 cast in a form partly lyrical1 partly narrative4444 ,its aim is to record the past alone1 and that chiefly as its chances might have been sung by those old bards1 who1 consciously or unconsciously1 uttered the voice which comes from a people's heart4 ,in this attempt ,mr4 ,de ,vere has had an uncommon measure of success4 ,the strings of the ,irish harp sound with the cadences of fitting harmonies under his hand1 as he sings of the sorrows and the joys of ,ireland1 of the wild storms and the rare sunshine of her pathetic history1--as he denounces vengeance on her oppressors1 or blesses the saints and the heroes who have made the land dear and beautiful to its children4 ,the key-note of the series of poems which form this poetic chronicle is struck in the fine verses with which it begins1 entitled ,history1 and of which our space allows us to quote but the opening stanza3-- ,at my casement ,i sat by night1 while the wind far off in dark valleys ,voluminous gathered and grew1 and waxing swelled to a gale2 ,an hour ,i heard it1 or more1 ere yet it sobbed on my lattice3 ,far off1 't was a ,people's moan2 hard by1 but a widow's wail4 ,atoms we are1 we men3 of the myriad sorrow around us ,our littleness little grasps2 and the selfish in that have no part3 ,yet time with the measureless chain of a world-wide mourning hath wound us2 ,history but counts the drops as they fall from a ,nation's heart4 ,one of the most vigorous poems in the volume is that called ,the ,bard ,ethell1 and which represents this bard of the thirteenth century telling in his old age of himself and his country1 of his memories1 and of the wrongs that he and his land had alike suffered3-- ,i am ,ethell1 the son of ,conn2 ,here ,i live at the foot of the hill2 ,i am clansman to ,brian1 and servant to none2 ,whom ,i hated1 ,i hate2 whom ,i loved1 love still4 ,here is a passage from near the end of this poem3-- ,ah me1 that man who is made of dust ,should have pride toward ,god6 ',t is an angel's sin6 ,i have often feared lest ,god1 the ,all-,just1 ,should bend from heaven and sweep earth clean1 ,should sweep us all into corners and holes1 ,like dust of the house-floor1 both bodies and souls2 ,i have often feared ,he would send some wind ,in wrath1 and the nation wake up stone-blind6 ,in age or youth we have all wrought ill4 ,but a large part of the volume before us is made up of poems that do not belong to this ,irish series1 and the readers of the ,atlantic will find in it several pieces which they will recognize with pleasure as having first appeared in our own pages1 and which1 once read1 were not to be readily forgotten4 ,mr4 ,de ,vere has expressed in several passages his warm sympathy in our national affairs1 and his clear appreciation of the great cause1 so little understood abroad1 which we of the ,north are engaged in upholding and maintaining4 ,and although in these days of war there is little reading of poetry1 and little chance that this volume will find the welcome it deserves and would receive in quieter times in ,america1 we yet trust that it will meet with worthy readers among those who possess their souls in quietness in the midst of the noise of arms1 and to such we heartily commend it4 ,a ,book about ,doctors4 ,by ,j4 ,,cordy ,,jeaffreson1 ,author of ,novels and ,novelists1 ,crewe ,else1 etc41 etc4 ,new ,york3 ,rudd ,carleton4 #abmo4 ,mr4 ,jeaffreson is not usually either a brilliant or a sensible man with pen in hand1 albeit he dates from ,rolls ,chambers1 ,chancery ,lane4 ,he is apt to select slow coaches1 whenever he attempts a ride4 ,his ,novels and ,novelists is a sad move in the deadly lively direction1 and his ,crewe ,rise has not risen to much distinction among the reading crew4 ,in those volumes of departed rubbish he sinks very low1 whenever he essays to mount2 but his dulness is innoxious1 for few there be who can say1 ,we have read him4 ,his ,book about ,doctors is the best literary venture he has yet made4 ,it is not a dull volume4 ,the anecdotes so industriously collected keep attention alert1 and one feels inclined to applaud ,mr4 ,jeaffreson as the leaves of his book are turned4 ,everything about ,doctors is interesting4 ,here are a few ,bible verses which it will do no harm to quote in connection with ,mr4 ,jeaffreson's volume3-- ,honor a physician with the honor due unto him for the uses which you have made of him3 for the ,lord hath created him4 ,for of the ,most ,high cometh healing1 and he shall receive honor of the king4 ,the skill of the physician shall lift up his head2 and in the sight of great men he shall be in admiration4 ,the ,lord hath created medicines out of the earth2 and he that is wise will not abhor them4 ,it was no unwise thing in ,mr4 ,jeaffreson to bring so many noble men together1 as it were into one family4 ,what names embalmed one meets with in the collection6 ,here are ,sydenham1 ,goldsmith1 ,smollett1 ,sir ,thomas ,browne1 and a golden line of other ,doctors1 nearly all the way down to our own time4 7,our well-beloved ,m4,d4 ,monthly ,diamond contributor is too young to be included47 ,keats is among the worthies1 although he got no farther into the mysteries than the apothecary's counter4 ,meeting with this interesting series of splendid medicine-men leads us to muse a good deal about the ,faculty1 and to re-read several good anecdotes about the great symptom-watchers of the past and the present day4 ,when ,sir ,richard ,blackmore asked the great ,sydenham1 ,prince of ,english physicians1 what he would advise him for medical reading1 he is said to have replied1 ,read ,don ,quixote1 ,sir4 ,sensible and witty old man6 ,we are struck with the cheerful character of nearly all the ,m4,d4s mentioned in the volume1 and are constantly reminded of the advice we once read of an old ,doctor to a young one3--,moreover1 let me tell you1 my young doctor friend1 that a cheerful face1 and step1 and neckcloth1 and button-hole1 and an occasional hearty and kindly joke1 a power of executing and setting a-going a good laugh1 are stock in our trade not to be despised4 ,i may give an instance1 says the same good-natured physician1 when a joke was more and better than itself4 ,a comely young wife1 the 'cynosure' of her circle1 was in bed1 apparently dying from swelling and inflammation of the throat1 an inaccessible abscess stopping the way2 she could swallow nothing2 everything had been tried4 ,her friends were standing round the bed in misery and helplessness4 ',try her wi' a compliment1' said her husband1 in a not uncomic despair4 ,she had genuine humor1 as well as he2 and an physiologists know1 there is a sort of mental tickling which is beyond and above control1 being under the reflex system1 and instinctive as well as sighing4 ,she laughed with her whole body1 and burst the abscess1 and was well4 ,mr4 ,jeaffreson's book might be better1 but it might be worse4 ,we cannot forgive him for his ,novels and ,novelists and his ,crewe ,rise1 two works which go far to prove their author a person of indefatigable incoherency2 but we thank him for the industry which brought together so much that is very readable about ,doctors4 ,john ,brent4 ,by ,,theodore ,,winthrop1 ,author of ,cecil ,dreeme4 ,boston3 ,ticknor ,fields4 #afmo4 ,it is probable that we have not yet completely appreciated the value of the bright and noble life which a wretched ,rebel sharp-shooter extinguished in the disastrous fight of ,great ,bethel4 ,john ,brent is a book which gives us important aid in the attempt to form an adequate conception of ,winthrop's character4 ,its vivid pages shine throughout with the author's brave and tender spirit4 ,cecil ,dreeme was an embodiment of his thoughts1 observations1 and imaginations2 ,john ,brent shows us the inbred poetry and romance of the man in the grander form of action4 ,the scene is placed in the wild ,western plains of ,america1 among men entirely free from the restraints of conventional life2 and the book has a buoyancy and brisk vitality1 a dashing1 daring1 and jubilant vigor1 such as we are not accustomed to in ordinary romances of ,american life4 ,sir ,philip ,sidney is the type of the ,anglo-,saxon hero2 but we think that ,winthrop was fully his match in delicacy and intrepidity1 in manly courage1 and in sweet1 instinctive tenderness4 ,as to style1 the ,american far exceeds the ,englishman4 ,a certain conventional artifice and dainty affectation clouded the clear and beautiful nature of ,sidney1 when he wrote4 ,the elaborate embroidery of thought1 the stiff and cumbrous ,elizabethan dress of language1 with all its ruffles and laces1 make the ,arcadia an imperfect exponent of ,sidney's nature4 ,his intense thoughts1 delicate emotions1 and burning passions are half concealed in the form he adopts for their expression4 ,but ,winthrop is as fresh1 natural1 strong1 and direct in his language as in his life4 ,he used words1 not for ornament1 but for expression4 ,every phrase is stamped by a die supplied by reflection or feeling1 and not a paragraph in ,john ,brent differs in spirit from the practical heroism which urged the author to expose himself to certain death at ,great ,bethel4 ,the condensed1 lucid1 picturesque1 and sharp-cut sentences1 flooded with will1 show the nature of the man1--a man who announced no sentiments and principles he was not willing to sacrifice himself to disseminate or defend4 ,a living energy of soul glows over the whole book1--swift1 fiery1 brave1 wholesome1 sincere1 impatient of all physical obstacles to the operation of thought and affection1 and eager to make stubborn facts yield to the impatient pressure of spiritual purpose4 ,we cannot say much in praise of the plot of ,john ,brent1 but it at least enables the author to supply a good framework for his incidents1 descriptions1 and characters4 ,the plot is based rather on possibilities than probabilities2 but the men and women he depicts are thoroughly natural4 ,it would be difficult to point to any other ,american novel which furnishes incidents that can compare in vigor and vividness with some of the incidents in this romance4 ,the ride to rescue ,helen ,clitheroe from her kidnappers is a masterpiece1 worthy to rank with the finest passages of ,cooper or ,scott4 ,the fierce1 swift black stallion1 ,don ,fulano1 a horse superior to any which ,homer has immortalized1 is almost the hero of the romance4 ,that ,winthrop1 with all his sympathy with the advanced ideas and sentiments of the reformers and philanthropists of the time1 was not a mere prattling and scribbling sentimentalist1 is proved by his glorious idealization of this magnificent horse4 ,he raises the beast into a moral and intellectual sympathy with his human rider1 and there is a poetic justice in making him die at last in an attempt to further the escape of a fugitive slave4 ,the characterization of the book is original4 ,gerrian1 ,jake ,shamberlain1 ,armstrong1 ,sizzum1 the ,mormon preacher1 are absolutely new creations4 ,hugh ,clitheroe may suggest ,dickens's ,skimpole and ,hawthorne's ,clifford1 but the character is developed under entirely new circumstances4 ,as for ,wade and ,brent1 they are persons whom we all recognize as the old heroes of romance1 though the conditions under which they act are changed4 ,helen1 the heroine of the story1 is a more puzzling character to the critic2 but1 on the whole1 we are bound to say that she is a new development of womanhood4 ,the author exhausts all the resources of his genius in giving a local habitation and a name to this fond creation of his imagination1 and he has succeeded4 ,helen ,clitheroe promises to be one of those beings of the mind which will he permanently remembered4 ,heroism1 active or passive1 is the lesson taught by this romance1 and we know that the author1 in his life1 illustrated both phases of the quality4 ,his novels1 which1 when he was alive1 the booksellers refused to publish1 are now passing through their tenth and twelfth editions4 ,everybody reads ,cecil ,dreeme and ,john ,brent1 and everybody must catch a more or less vivid glimpse of the noble nature of their author4 ,but these books give but an imperfect expression of the soul of ,theodore ,winthrop4 ,they have great merits1 but they are still rather promises than performances4 ,they hint of a genius which was denied full development4 ,the character1 however1 from which they derive their vitality and their power to please1 shines steadily through all the imperfections of plot and construction4 ,the novelist1 after all1 only suggests the power and beauty of the man2 and the man1 though dead1 will keep the novels alive4 ,through them we can commune with a rare and noble spirit1 called away from earth before all its capacities of invention and action were developed1 but still leaving brilliant traces in literature of the powers it was denied the opportunity adequately to unfold4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,foreign ,,literature4 ,to keep pace with the productions of foreign literature is a task beyond the possibilities of any reader4 ,the bibliographical journals of ,france1 ,germany1 ,italy1 and ,spain weekly present such copious lists of new works1 that a mere mention of only the principal ones would far exceed the limits we have proposed to ourselves4 ,however1 from the chaos of contemporary productions it is our intention to sift1 as far as lies in our power1 such works as may with justice be styled representative of the country in which they are produced4 ,ranging in this introductory article through the year #ahfa1 we shall limit ourselves to a few of the contributions upon ,french literary history4 ,no branch of letters is richer at the present time than that in which the writer1 laying aside all thought of direct creativeness1 confines himself to the criticism of the works of the past or present1 analyzing and studying the influences that have been brought to hear upon the poet1 historian1 or novelist1 anatomizing literature and resolving it into its elements1 pointing out the action exercised upon thought and expression by the age1 and seeking the effects of these upon society and politics as well as upon the general tastes and moral being of a generation4 ,methods of writing are now discussed rather than put in practice4 ,we are in a transition age more than politically4 ,creative genius seems to be resting for more marked and permanent channels to be formed2 so that1 though every year gives birth to numberless works in every branch of art1 original production is rarer than the activity1 the restlessness of the time might lead us to expect4 ,in no country has literary criticism more life than in ,france4 ,it engages the attention of the best minds4 ,no writer1 whatever be his speciality1 thinks it derogatory to give long and elaborate notices in the daily press of new books or new editions of old books4 ,thus1 ,sainte-,beuve in the ,moniteur1 ,de ,sacy1 ,saint-,marc ,girardin1 ,philarte ,chasles1 ,prvost-,paradol in the ,journal des ,dbats1 not to mention the numerous writers of the ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 the ,europenne1 and the ,nationale1 vie with each other in extracting from all that appears what is most acceptable to the general reader4 ,m4 ,sainte-,beuve may be taken as a type of the avowedly professional critic4 ,whatever he may accomplish as the historian of ,port-,royal1 it is to his weekly articles1 informal and disconnected as they are1 that he owes his high rank among ,french authors4 ,these ,causeries du ,lundi have now reached the fourteenth volume4,a ,in the last we find the same easy admiration1 facility of approbation1 and suppleness that enable him to praise the ,fanny of ,feydeau1 calling it a poem1 and on the next page to do justice to the last volume of ,thiers's ,consulate and ,empire1 or to the recent publication of the ,correspondence of ,buffon4 ,the most important articles in the volume are those on ,vauvenargues1 on the ,abb de ,marolles1 and on ,bonstetten4 ,footnote ,a3 ,causeries du ,lundi4 ,par ,c4,a4 ,sainte-,beuve1 de l',acadmie ,franaise4 ,tome ,quatorzime4 ,paris3 ,garnier ,frres4 #abmo4 pp4 #dhj4 ,of quite a different school is ,m4 ,armand de ,pontmartin1 who1 under the titles of ,causeries du ,samedi1 ,causeries ,littraires1 etc41 has now issued over a dozen volumes touching on all points of contemporary letters1 often very severe in their strictures4 ,the last1 ,les ,semaines ,littraires1,b contains notices of late works by ,cousin1 ,about1 ,quinet1 ,laprade1 and others1 and concludes with an article on ,scribe4 ,pontmarlin represents the ,catholic sentiment in literature4 ,he measures everything as it agrees or disagrees with ,legitimacy and ,ultramontanism4 ,his works are a continual defence of the ,bourbons and the ,pope4 ,modern democracy he cannot pardon4 ,without seeking to deny the excesses and shortcomings of his own party1 he finds an explanation for all in the levelling tendencies of the age4 ,he cannot be too severe on the first ,french ,revolution and its results4 ,in letters1 he tells us1 it has led to materialism and anarchy1 while the ,bourbons personify for ,france peace1 glory1 etc4 ,footnote ,b3 ,les ,semaines ,littraires4 ,troisime ,srie des ,causeries ,littraires4 ,par ,armand de ,pontmartin4 ,paris3 ,michel ,lvy ,frres4 #abmo4 pp4 #cfd4 ,pontmartin is an able representative of the side he has taken4 ,he believes in and ably defends those heroes of literature so well characterized as ,prophets of the ,past1 ,chateaubriand1 ,de ,bonald1 and ,j4 de ,maistre4 ,his special objects of antipathy are writers like ,michelet and ,quinet1 pamphleteers like ,about1 and critics like ,sainte-,beuve4 ,the last he cannot pardon for his work on ,chateaubriand1,c published in the early part of the year #ahfa4 ,the time is past for giving a fuller account of this remarkable production of the historian of ,port-,royal4 ,suffice it to say1 that1 though it deals in very small criticism indeed1 though its author seems to have made it his task to sum up all the weaknesses of one the prestige of whose name fills1 in ,france at least1 the first half of this century1 yet there exists no more valuable contribution to the history of literature under the first ,empire4 ,it has been called a work no one would wish to have written1 yet which is read by all with exquisite pleasure4 ,nothing could be truer4 ,footnote ,c3 ,chateaubriand et son ,groupe ,littraire sous l',empire4 ,cours profess ,lige en #ahdh-ahdi1 par ,c4,a4 ,sainte-,beuve1 de l',acadmie ,franaise4 ,paris3 ,garnier ,frres4 #b vols4 #hvo4 pp4 #daj1 #deg4 ,chateaubriand and his ,literary ,group under the ,empire is a course of twenty-one lectures delivered by ,sainte-,beuve at ,lige1 whither he repaired soon after the ,revolution of #ahdh broke out in ,paris4 ,fragments of the work appeared in the ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 among others the paper on ,chnedoll1 which forms the most interesting portion of the second division4 ,in this are to be found several original letters1 now published for the first time1 casting much new light on the life of that unfortunate poet4 ,of more general interest1 however1 are the pages on ,chateaubriand himself4 ,it was the fate of this writer to be flattered beyond measure in his lifetime1 and now come the first judgments of posterity1 which deals with him no less harshly than it has already begun to deal with another idol of the ,french people1 ,branger4 ,sainte-,beuve has constituted himself judge1 reversing even his own adulatory articles1 as they may be read in the earlier volumes of the ,causeries4 ,it is at best an ungrateful task to dissect a reputation in the way in which we find it done in the present work4 ,it must seem strange to many a reader that the very man who in early life could utter such sweet flattery1 who long was the foremost to bear incense1 should now consider it his duty to seek the foot of clay beneath the splendid drapery1 and to replace about the statue the aromas of the sanctuary by the perfumes of the boudoir4 ,in spite of this1 ,chateaubriand and his ,literary ,group must be ranked among the most remarkable of literary biographies4 ,here the critic gives full scope to his inclination for minute analysis2 the history of the author of ,ren explains his works1 and these in turn are made to tell his life1--that life so full of love of effect1 and constant painstaking to seem rather than to be4 ,even in his religious sentiments the author of the ,genius of ,christianity appears lukewarm1 not to say more4 ,in comprehensive works on literary history ,france is far from being as rich as ,germany4 ,beyond the native literature little has been accomplished2 and even in this1 works of importance may be counted on the fingers4 ,the past year saw the conclusion of ,nisard's work1 the most comprehensive history of ,french literature4 ,the fourth volume,d is devoted to the eighteenth century1 and concludes with a few general chapters on the nineteenth4 ,footnote ,d3 ,histoire de la ,literature ,franaise4 ,par ,d4 ,nisard1 de l',acadmie ,franaise1 ,inspecteur-,gnral de l',enseignement ,suprieur4 ,tome ,quatrime1 ,paris3 ,firmin ,didot ,frres1 ,fils1 et ,cie4 #hvo4 pp4 #ehd4 ,the work of ,m4 ,gerusez1 ,history of ,french ,literature from its ,origin to the ,devolution1,e although it had the honor of being considered worthy of the prix ,gobert by the ,french ,academy1 is far from satisfying the requirements of general literary history4 ,it may rather be considered a systematic series of essays1 beginning with the ,chansons de ,geste1 analyzing several poems of the cycle of ,charlemagne1 and followed by successive independent chapters on the ,middle ,ages1 the revival of letters1 and modern times down to the ,revolution4 ,it will be remembered that in #ahei ,m4 ,gerusez published a ,history of ,literature during the ,french ,revolution1 #aghi-ahjj4 ,this also obtained a prize from the ,academy1--much more deservedly1 we think1 than the last production1 when we consider the interest he cast over the literary efforts of a period much more marked by action than by artistic productiveness of any kind4 ,the ,german writer ,schmidt-,weiszenfels in the same year issued a work with the pretentious title1 ,history of the ,revolution-,literature of ,france4,f ,this is little more than a declamatory production1 wanting in what is most characteristic of the ,german mind1 original research4 ,the ,literary ,history of the ,national ,convention1 ,g by ,e4 ,maron1 is devoted more to politics than to letters4 ,footnote ,e3 ,histoire de la ,littrature ,franaise1 depuis ses ,origines jusqu' la ,revolution4 ,par ,eugne ,gerusez4 ,paris3 ,didier et ,cie4 #b vols4 #hvo4 pp4 #dhh1 #ejg4 ,footnote ,f3 ,geschichte der ,franzsischen ,revolutions-,literatur1 #aghi-agie4 ,von ,schmidt-,weiszenfels4 ,prague3 ,kober und ,markgraf4 #hvo4 pp4 #cie4 ,footnote ,g3 ,histoire ,littraire de la ,convention ,nationale4 ,par ,eugne ,maron4 ,paris3 ,poulet-,malassis et ,de ,boise4 #abmo4 pp4 #cei4 ,to return to the volumes of ,m4 ,gerusez4 ,it is rather a sign of poverty in general literary history1 that detached sketches1 with little connection beyond their chronological order1 should have been deemed worthy of the prize and the praises awarded to them4 ,however1 though lacking in comprehensive views such as we have a right to expect from an author who attempts to portray the rise1 growth1 and full expansion of a literature1 the work of ,m4 ,gerusez may be perused with pleasure and profit by the student4 ,it is clear and satisfactory in the details4 ,thus1 the pages devoted to the writers of the ,encyclopdie1 though few1 may vie with any that have been written to set in their true light men whose influence was so great on the generation that succeeded them4 ,if impartiality consisted in always steering in the juste-milieu1 ,m4 ,gerusez would be the most impartial of historians4 ,as it is1 we have to thank him for a good book1 regretting only that he has gone no farther4 ,far otherwise is it with ,m4 ,saint-,marc ,girardin4 ,the eloquent ,sorbonne professor has seen his fame increase with every new volume of his ,course of ,dramatic ,literature4 ,we have now the fourth volume4,h ,a ,course of ,dramatic ,literature2--it is more4 ,it is the history of the expression of ,passion among the ancients and the moderns1 by no means confined to the drama4 ,the present volume1 as well as the third1 published several years ago1 is devoted to the analysis of ,love as expressed in different ages and by different nations1 under the two divisions of ,l',amour ,ingnu and ,l',amour ,conjugal4 ,footnote ,h3 ,cours de ,littrature ,dramatique4 ,par ,saint-,marc ,girardin1 de l',acadmie ,franaise1 ,professeur la ,facult des ,lettres de ,paris1 ,membre du ,conseil ,imprial de l',instruction ,publique4 ,tome ,,iv4 ,paris3 ,charpentier4 ,the first he had studied in the authors of antiquity in his third volume1 beginning in this with the episode of ,cupid and ,psyche in ,apuleius2 then following up1 through the moderns1 the expression of ,ingenuous ,love in ,corneille1 ,la ,fontaine1 ,sdaine1 ,bernardin de ,saint-,pierre1 ,milton1 ,gessner1 ,voss1 ,andr ,chnier1 and ,chateaubriand4 ,for the last he finds more blame than praise4 ,indeed1 this effect-seeking writer1 with all his genius1 seemed less fitted than any one to express the natural and spontaneous4 ,his ,atala1 who charms us so at the first reading1 deals in studied emotions4 ,as to ,ren1 his is the vain sentimentality parading its own impotency for higher feelings1 a virtual boasting of want of soul1--the sickly dissatisfaction of ,werther1 without his passion for an excuse4 ,m4 ,saint-,marc ,girardin then follows up his subject through later authors1 even in ,madame ,george ,sand and in ,madame mile de ,girardin4 ,he is particularly severe upon ,lamartine1 that poet who for more than thirty years seemed best to express love as our century understands it1 but who in ,raphael and ,graziella destroyed1 by disclosing too much1 the power of his ,mditations ,potiques4 ,on ,conjugal ,love the classic models are first consulted1--,oenone1 ,evadne1 ,medea1--these characters being followed through the delineation of modern dramatists4 ,we know of no more exquisite criticism than the pages devoted to ,griseldis4 ,analyzing the accounts of ,boccaccio1 ,chaucer1 and ,perault1 our author concludes with the play of ,munck ,bellinghausen4 ,the last chapters1 on ,love and ,duty1 are among the most eloquently written in the volume4 ,for style1 ,m4 ,saint-,marc ,girardin is second to no living author of ,france4 ,in this course we find an evident predilection for the models of antiquity4 ,when a comparison is instituted between the ancients and the moderns1 we feel pretty certain of the result before the writer has proceeded very far4 ,not that we ever find a systematic idolizing of all that is classic merely4 ,far from it4 ,modern writers are not neglected4 ,in this particular a genuine service is done to critical literature4 ,it often seems as if literary lecturers and historians were attacked by an aesthetic presbyopy4 ,for them the present age never produces anything worth even a passing remark4 ,the masterpieces they notice must be old and time-honored4 ,not so in the present studies on the passions4 ,ponsard finds his place side by side with older names4 ,after an appreciative notice of the ,lucretia of ,livy1 we find a comment on the ,lucretia which may have been played the week before at the ,thtre ,franais4 ,nor is it a slight service done to contemporary letters1 when a master-critic turns his thoughts to works which1 if they do not hold the first rank1 yet1 by the talent of their authors and the nature of their subjects1 have attracted all eyes for a time4 ,such are the writings of ,madame ,george ,sand4 ,of these1 ,andr1 ,la ,mare au ,diable1 and ,la ,petite ,fadette are reviewed with praise in the work under consideration1 while the force of criticism is expended on ,indiana1 ,lelia1 and ,jacques4 99 99 99 99 99 ,whatever claims the academician ,victor de ,laprade may have to poetic talent1 he certainly sinks below mediocrity when he attempts to discuss the principles of the art he practises4 ,since it has been his good-fortune to be numbered among the illustrious ,forty he has several times attempted literary criticism1 but never so extensively as in his last work1 ,questions d',art et de ,morale4,i ,this is a series of discursive essays1 a few upon art in general1 the greater part1 however1 restricted to letters2 the whole written in a poetic prose not without a certain charm1 but wearisome for continuous reading4 ,footnote ,i3 ,questions d',art et de ,morale4 ,par ,victor de ,laprade1 de l',acadmie ,franaise4 ,paris3 ,didier et ,cie4 #hvo4 ,the object of ,m4 de ,laprade is to defend what he calls ,spiritualism in ,art4 ,he wages an unrelenting war against the modern school of ,realism4 ,it is not the representation of visible ,nature that the artist must seek2 his aim must be the representation of the invisible4 ,he grows eloquent when he develops his favorite theories1 and always succeeds in interesting when he applies them successively to all the arts4 ,as to the author's political opinions1 he takes no pains to conceal them4 ,his work is an outcry against equality and universal suffrage4 ,he traces the apathy of poetic creativeness in ,france to the sovereignty usurped everywhere by the inferior elements of intelligence in the ,state4 ,he seems to think1 that1 as humanity grows older1 art falls from its divine ideal4 ,of contemporary architecture1 he says that it can produce nothing original save railroad depots and crystal palaces4 ,a glass architecture is the only one that fully belongs to our age4 ,music1 the vaguest and most sensuous of all the arts1 he regards as the art of the present4 ,the religious worship of the future appears to him a symphony with a thousand instruments executed under a dome of glass4 ,as to the purely literary essays of ,m4 de ,laprade1 they may be read both with more pleasure and more profit than those in which he attempts to discuss the principles of aesthetics4 ,french ,tradition in ,literature1 and ,poetry1 and ,industrialism1 are full of suggestive thoughts1 and1 coming in the latter half of the volume1 make us forget the pretentious nature of the first4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m4 ,gustave ,merlet is a more modest opponent of some of the tendencies of the age4 ,he presents his first book to the public under the title1 ,ralisme et ,fantaisie1,j earnestly and loyally attacking the two extremes of literature4 ,footnote ,j3 ,le ,ralisme et la ,fantaisie dans la ,littrature4 ,par ,gustave ,merlet4 ,paris3 ,didier et ,cie4 #abmo4 pp4 #dca4 ,two styles of writing1 diametrically opposed in every particular1 have of late years flourished in the lighter productions of ,france4 ,some there are who would seek to incarnate in letters ,nature as it is1 without adornings1 without ideal additions4 ,the cry of the upholders of this doctrine is3 ,truth in art1 war against the freaks of the imagination that colors all in unreal tints4 ,the writers who have adopted such sentiments have been termed ,realists1 much to their dissatisfaction4 ,balzac was the greatest of them4 ,champfleury may be called the most strenuous supporter of the system4 ,there is a certain force1 a false air of truth1 in this daguerreotype process of writing1 that seduces at first sight4 ,when a man of some genius1 as ,gustave ,flaubert in ,madame ,bovary1 undertakes to paint ,nature1 he sets details otherwise revolting in such relief that the very novelty and boldness of the attempt put us off our guard1 and we are in danger of admitting as beauties what1 after all1 are only audacities4 ,the other extreme into which the literature of the day in ,france has fallen is an excess of fancy4 ,a writer like ,arsne ,houssaye will write his ,king ,voltaire or his ,madame de ,pompadour1 or ,capefigue his ,madame de la ,vallire1 in which the judgment seems to have been set aside1 and historical facts accumulated in some opium-dream are strangely woven into a narrative representing reality1 with about as much truth as ,oriental arabesques1 or the adornings of richly wrought tapestry4 ,this extreme is even more dangerous than the former1 for it makes of letters a mere plaything1 and recommends itself to many by its very faults4 ,paradox and overdrawn scenes usurp the place of the real4 ,the world presented by the exclusive worshippers of fancy is little better than that ,pompadour style of painting in which the carnation-tipped checks of shepherds and shepherdesses take the place of a too healthy ,rubens-like portraiture4 ,there are dainty1 well-trimmed lambs1 with pretty blue favors tied about their necks1 just like drages and bonbons4 ,as we wander among those opera-swains in silk hose and those shepherdesses in satin bodices1 their perfumes tire and nauseate1 till we fairly wish for a good breeze wafted from some farm-yard1 reconciled in a measure to the extravagances of the so-called school of ,nature4 ,m4 ,merlet's subject1 it may be seen1 is of interest merely to the student of the latest ,french literature4 ,a more comprehensive study would not have been out of place in his volume4 ,to those who may be interested in writers like ,murger1 ,feydeau1 ,houssaye1 and ,brifaut1 the book is full of interesting matter4 ,to the general reader it may be of value as characterizing with fidelity some of the tendencies of ,french thought4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we must not omit mentioning a work published in ,germany on the ,literature of the ,second ,empire since the ,coup d'tat of the ,second of ,december1 #aheb4,k ,the nature of this sketch could almost be predicated with certainty from the state of feeling towards ,france in the capital in which it was issued1 and the encomiums it received from the ,prussian political press4 ,the author1 ,william ,reymond1 who has proved himself no mean critic in some of his former essays upon the modern productions of ,france1 addresses himself almost exclusively to a ,german public4 ,his work1 as he himself seemed to fear1 is not calculated for the taste of ,paris1 even if it were considered unobjectionable there on the score of the political strictures that are introduced1 whether in the discussion of the last play or in the analysis of the last volume of poems4 ,footnote ,k3 tudes sur la ,littrature du ,second ,empire ,franais1 depuis le ,coup d'tat du deux ,decembre4 ,par ,william ,reymond4 ,berlin3 ,a4 ,charisius4 #abmo4 pp4 #bbg4 ,the truth is1 ,m4 ,reymond1 with much apparent praise1 very nearly comes to the conclusion that the second ,empire has no literature1 and very little philosophy is granted to it in the chapter1 ,what remains of ,philosophy in ,france4 ,the ,novel and the ,theatre fare little better at his hands4 ,he has literally made a police investigation of what is most objectionable in ,french letters1 citing now and then some great name1 but dwelling with complacency on what is deserving of censure4 ,the influence of ,france1 and of ,paris in particular1 on the tastes of the ,continent1 irritates him4 ,he seeks to impress upon his readers the venality of letters and the general debasement of character and of talent that are prevalent in that capital4 ,such is the spirit of these tudes4 ,the author has1 unfortunately1 not to seek far for a practical corroboration of his theory1 though it is but justice to say that the verses he quotes as characteristic are far from being so4 ,it is to be feared that ,m4 ,reymond has rather sought out the blemishes4 ,he has found many1 we admit4 ,his readers will thank him for his clever exposition of them1 satisfied in many cases to accept the results he presents1 without feeling inclined to make such a personal investigation into the lower regions of letters4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,political and ,literary ,history of the ,press in ,france1,l by ,eugene ,hatin1 is now concluded4 ,as early as #ahdf1 this author published a small work1 ,histoire du ,journal en ,france4 ,since that time he has devoted himself exclusively to the study of ,french journalism4 ,though liberal in his views1 he is not in favor of unlimited liberty of the press4 ,he believes it to be the interest of society that a curb should be put on its excesses4 ,what we must hope for is a liberty that may have full power for good1 but not for evil4 ,footnote ,l3 ,histoire ,politique et ,littraire de la ,presse en ,france4 ,avec une ,introduction ,historique sur les ,origines du ,journal et la ,bibliographie ,gnrale des ,journaux1 depuis leur ,origine4 ,par ,eugne ,hatin4 ,paris3 ,poulet-,malassis et ,de ,boise4 #h vols4 #abmo4 ,the two volumes published in #ahfa contain the history of journalism during the latter part of the ,french ,revolution1 under the first ,empire1 the ,restoration1 and the ,government of ,july4 ,the work may be said to conclude with #ahdh1 as less than twenty pages are devoted to the twelve years following4 ,in this1 however1 the writer has done all he could be expected to do4 ,this is no time for the candid historian to utter his thoughts of the present rgime in ,france4 ,since the fatal decree of the #agth of ,february1 #aheb1 the press has had only so much of life as the present sovereign has thought fit to grant it4 ,then it was that a representative of the people uttered the words1--,we must overthrow the press1 as we have overthrown the barricades4 ,such were the sentiments of the ,national ,assembly1--not understanding1 that1 when it struck at such an ally1 it destroyed itself4 ,and1 indeed1 it was but a short time before the tribune shared the fate of journalism4 ,better things had been hoped on the accession of the present ,minister of the ,interior1 but as yet they have not been realized4 ,,recent ,,american ,,publications ,,received ,,by ,,the ,,editors ,,of ,,the ,,atlantic ,,monthly4 ,the ,soldier's ,guide4 ,a ,complete ,manual and ,drill-,book for the ,use of ,volunteers and ,militia4 ,revised1 corrected1 and adapted to the ,discipline of the ,soldier of the ,present ,day4 ,by an ,officer of the ,u4,s4 ,army4 ,philadelphia4 ,t4,b4 ,peterson ,brothers4 #afmo4 paper1 pp4 #fc4 #be cts4 ,the ,artist's ,married ,life2 being that of ,albert ,drer4 ,translated from the ,german of ,leopold ,scheffer1 by ,mrs4 ,j4,r4 ,stoddart4 ,revised ,edition1 with ,memoir4 ,boston and ,cambridge4 ,j4 ,munroe ,co4 #afmo4 pp4 xxviii41 #bjd4 #a4jj4 ,young ,benjamin ,franklin2 or1 ,the ,right ,road through ,life4 ,a ,boy's ,book on a ,boy's ,own ,subject4 ,by ,henry ,mayhew1 ,author of ,the ,peasant-,boy ,philosopher1 etc4 ,with ,illustrations by ,john ,gilbert4 ,new ,york4 ,harper ,brothers4 #afmo4 pp4 #efa4 #a4jj4 ,the ,stokesley ,secret2 or1 ,how the ,pig paid the ,rent4 ,by the ,author of ,the ,heir of ,redclyffe1 etc4 ,new ,york4 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahmo4 pp4 #bde4 #ej cts4 ,chinese and ,indo-,european ,roots and ,analogues4 ,first ,number4 ,by ,pliny ,earle ,chase1 ,a4,m4 ,philadelphia4 ,butler ,co4 #hvo4 paper1 pp4 #dh4 #ej cts4 ,the ,works of ,charles ,dickens4 ,household ,edition4 ,illustrated from ,drawings by ,f4,o4,c4 ,darley and ,john ,gilbert4 ,christmas ,stories4 ,in ,two ,volumes4 ,new ,york4 ,j4,g4 ,gregory4 #afmo4 pp4 #cjj1 #cjj4 #a4ej4 ,hickory ,hall2 or1 ,the ,outcast4 ,a ,romance of the ,blue ,ridge4 ,by ,mrs4 ,emma ,d4,e4,n4 ,southworth4 ,philadelphia4 ,t4,b4 ,peterson ,brothers4 #hvo4 paper1 pp4 #acf4 #ej cts4 ,alleghania3 ,a ,geographical and ,statistical ,memoir1 exhibiting the ,strength of the ,union and the ,weakness of ,slavery in the ,mountain ,districts of the ,south4 ,by ,james ,w4 ,taylor4 ,st4 ,paul4 ,j4 ,davenport4 #hvo4 paper1 pp4 #bd4 #aj cts4 ,a ,treatise on ,ordnance and ,naval ,gunnery4 ,compiled and arranged as a ,text-,book for the ,u4,s4 ,naval ,academy4 ,by ,lieutenant ,edward ,simpson1 ,u4,s4 ,navy4 ,second ,edition1 revised and enlarged4 ,new ,york4 ,d4 ,van ,nostrand4 #hvo4 pp4 #dic4 #d4jj4 ,the ,constitutional ,history of ,england1 since the ,accession of ,george the ,third4 #agfj-ahfj4 ,by ,thomas ,erskine ,may1 ,c4,b4 ,in ,two ,volumes4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,boston4 ,crosby ,nichols4 #abmo4 pp4 #dhd4 #a4be4 ,dinah4 ,new ,york4 ,c4 ,scribner4 #abmo4 pp4 #dff4 #a4be4 ,tom ,tiddler's ,ground4 ,christmas and ,new-,year's ,story for #ahfb4 ,from ,all the ,year ,round4 ,by ,charles ,dickens4 ,philadelphia4 ,t4,b4 ,peterson ,brothers4 #hvo4 paper4 pp4 #fd4 #be cts4 ,a ,pedestrian ,tour of ,thirty-,seven ,days in the ,alps of ,switzerland and ,savoy4 ,by ,charles ,henry ,jones4 ,reading1 ,pa4 ,j4,l4 ,getz4 #ahmo4 paper4 pp4 #aah4 #be cts4 ,practical ,christianity4 ,a ,treatise specially designed for ,young ,men4 ,by ,john ,s4,c4 ,abbott4 ,new ,york4 ,harper ,brothers4 #afmo4 pp4 #cjb4 #ej cts4 ,the ,sutherlands4 ,by the ,author of ,rutledge4 ,new ,york4 ,g4,w4 ,carleton4 #abmo4 pp4 #dgd4 #a4be4 ,memoir of the ,duchess of ,orlans4 ,by the ,marquess de ,h4 ,together with ,biographical ,souvenirs and ,original ,letters4 ,collected by ,professor ,g4,h4 de ,schubert4 ,translated from1 the ,french4 ,second ,edition4 ,new ,york4 ,c4 ,scribner4 #abmo4 pp4 #cia4 #a4jj4 ,the ,uprising of a ,great ,people4 ,the ,united ,states in #ahfa4 ,to which is added1 ,a ,word of ,peace on the ,difference between ,england and the ,united ,states4 ,from the ,french of ,count ,agnor de ,gasparin4 ,by ,mary ,l4 ,booth4 ,new ,american ,edition1 from the ,author's ,revised ,edition4 ,new ,york4 ,c4 ,scribner4 #abmo4 pp4 xiv41 #bih4 #ge cts4 ,fort ,lafayette2 or1 ,love and ,secession4 ,a ,novel4 ,by ,benjamin ,wood4 ,new ,york4 ,g4,w4 ,carleton4 #abmo4 pp4 #cjj4 #a4jj4 ,the ,national ,school for the ,soldier4 ,an ,elementary ,work on ,military ,tactics1 in ,question and ,answer4 ,conforming to the ,army-,regulations adopted and approved by the ,war ,department of the ,united ,states4 ,by ,captain ,w4,w4 ,van ,ness4 ,new ,york4 ,g4,w4 ,carleton4 #bdmo4 pp4 #ge4 #ej cts4 ,the ,privilege of the ,writ of ,habeas ,corpus under the ,constitution4 ,by ,horace ,binney4 ,philadelphia4 ,t4,b4 ,pugh4 #afmo4 pp4 #eb4 #be cts4 ,the ,army-,officer's ,pocket-,companion2 principally designed for ,staff-,officers in the ,field4 ,partly translated from the ,french of ,m4 de ,rouvre1 ,lieutenant-,colonel of the ,french ,staff-,corps2 with ,additions from ,standard ,american1 ,english1 and ,french ,authorities4 ,by ,william ,p4 ,craighill1 ,first ,lieutenant ,u4,s4 ,corps of ,engineers1 ,assistant ,professor of ,engineering at the ,u4,s4 ,military ,academy4 ,new ,york4 ,d4 ,van ,nostrand4 #ahmo4 pp4 #cad4 #a4ej4 ,saint ,gildas2 or1 ,the ,three ,paths4 ,by ,julia ,kavanagh1 ,author of ,nathalie1 etc4 ,concord1 ,n4,h4 ,e4,c4 ,eastman4 #afmo4 pp4 #bai4 #fc cts4 ,infantry ,tactics1 for the ,instruction1 ,exercise1 and ,manoeuvres of the ,soldier1 a ,company1 ,line of ,skirmishers1 ,battalion1 ,brigade1 or ,corps d',arme4 ,by ,brigadier-,general ,silas ,casey1 ,u4,s4 ,army4 ,in ,three ,volumes4 ,new ,york4 ,d4 ,van ,nostrand4 #ahmo4 pp4 #bgi1 #bgb1 #ahc4 #b4ej4 ,a ,text-,book of the ,history of ,doctrines4 ,by ,dr4 ,k4,r4 ,hagenbach1 ,professor of ,theology in the ,university of ,basle4 ,the ,edinburgh ,translation of ,c4,w4 ,buch1 revised1 with ,large ,additions from the ,fourth ,german ,edition1 and other ,sources4 ,by ,henry ,b4 ,smith1 ,d4,d41 ,professor in the ,union ,theological ,seminary of the ,city of ,new ,york4 ,volume ,,ii4 ,new ,york4 ,sheldon ,co4 #hvo4 pp4 #eeh4 #b4ej4 ,the ,true ,story of the ,barons of the ,south2 or1 ,the ,rationale of the ,american ,conflict4 ,by ,e4,w4 ,reynolds1 ,author of ,the ,records of ,bubbleton ,parish1 etc4 ,boston4 ,walker1 ,wise1 ,co4 #afmo4 pp4 xii41 #bdj4 #ge cts4 ,charles ,o',malley1 the ,irish ,dragoon4 ,by ,charles ,lever4 ,philadelphia4 ,t4,b4 ,peterson ,brothers4 #hvo4 paper1 pp4 #cbd4 #ej cts4 ,the ,flower of the ,prairie4 ,by ,gustave ,aimard4 ,philadelphia4 ,t4,b4 ,peterson ,brothers4 #hvo4 paper1 pp4 #afe4 #ej cts4 ,mistakes of ,educated ,men4 ,by ,john ,s4 ,hart1 ,,ll4,d4 ,philadelphia4 ,j4,c4 ,garrigues4 #afmo4 paper1 pp4 #gg4 #be cts4 ,a ,strange ,story4 ,a ,novel4 ,by ,sir ,e4 ,bulwer ,lytton1 ,author of ,the ,caxtons4 ,with ,illustrations4 ,new ,york4 ,harper ,brothers4 #hvo4 paper1 pp4 #aie4 #be cts4 ,teach ,us to ,pray2 being ,experimental1 ,doctrinal1 and ,practical ,observations on the ,lord's ,prayer4 ,by the ,rev4 ,john ,cumming1 ,d4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,author of ,the ,great ,tribulation1 etc4 ,new ,york4 ,g4,w4 ,carleton4 #abmo4 pp4 #cjc4 #a4jj4 ,the ,law of ,freedom and ,bondage in the ,united ,states4 ,by ,john ,codman ,kurd1 ,counsellor-at-,law4 ,in ,two ,volumes4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,boston4 ,little1 ,brown1 ,co4 ,new ,york4 ,d4 ,van ,nostrand4 #hvo4 pp4 xliv41 #hjj4 #c4ej4 ,the ,young ,step-,mother2 or1 ,a ,chronicle of ,mistakes4 ,by the ,author of ,the ,heir of ,redclyffe1 ,heartsease1 etc4 ,in ,two ,volumes4 ,new ,york4 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #afmo4 pp4 #bid1 #cjg4 #a4ej4 ,a ,primary ,geography1 on the ,basis of the ,object ,method of ,instruction4 ,illustrated with ,numerous ,engravings and ,pictorial ,maps4 ,by ,fordyce ,a4 ,allen1 ,principal of the ,chester-,county ,normal ,school1 ,west ,chester1 ,pa4 ,philadelphia4 ,lippincott ,co4 #dto4 pp4 #ef4 #ej cts4 ,report of the ,superintendent of ,common ,schools of ,pennsylvania1 for the ,year ending ,june #c1 #ahfa4 ,harrisburg4 ,printed for the ,state4 #hvo4 pp4 #bed4 ,the ,works of ,francis ,bacon1 ,baron of ,verulam1 ,viscount ,st4 ,albans1 and ,lord ,high ,chancellor of ,england4 ,collected and ,edited by ,james ,spedding1 ,m4,a41 of ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge2 ,robert ,leslie ,ellis1 ,m4,a41 late ,fellow of ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge2 and ,douglas ,denon ,heath1 ,barrister-at-,law1 late ,fellow of ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,boston4 ,brown ,taggard4 #abmo4 pp4 #ejb4 #a4ej4 ,the ,spirit of the ,hebrew ,poetry4 ,by ,isaac ,taylor1 ,author of ,saturday ,evening1 etc41 etc4 ,with a ,biographical ,introduction by ,wm4 ,adams1 ,d4,d41 ,pastor of the ,madison-,square ,presbyterian ,church1 ,n4,y4 ,new ,york4 ,g4,w4 ,carleton4 #hvo4 pp4 #chf4 ,ethical and ,physiological ,inquiries1 chiefly ,relative to ,subjects of ,popular ,interest4 ,by ,a4,h4 ,dana4 ,new ,york4 ,c4 ,scribner4 #abmo4 pp4 #cjh4 #a4jj4 ,the ,new ,american ,cyclopaedia3 ,a ,popular ,dictionary of ,general ,knowledge4 ,edited by ,george ,ripley and ,charles ,a4 ,dana4 ,volume ,,xiv4 ,reed-,spire4 ,new ,york4 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #hvo4 pp4 #hej1 viii4 #c4jj4 ,tracts for ,priests and ,people4 ,by ,various ,writers4 ,boston4 ,walker1 ,wise1 ,co4 #abmo4 pp4 #cgb4 #a4jj4 ,method of ,teachers' ,institutes1 and the ,theory of ,education4 ,by ,samuel ,p4 ,bates4 ,a4,m41 ,deputy-,superintendent of the ,common ,schools of ,pennsylvania1 and ,author of ,institute ,lectures4 ,new ,york4 ,barnes ,burr4 #hvo4 pp4 #ge4 #ej cts4