,,bu%ido ,,! ,,s\l ,,( ,,japan ,,by ,,inazo ,,nitob1 ,a4,m41 ,ph4,d4 ,au?or's ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$ #ac? ,,edition #aijh ,,decemb]1 #aijd ,,to ,,my ,,belov$ ,,uncle ,,tokito%i ,,ota ,,:o ,,taught ,,me ,,to ,,rev]e ,,! ,,pa/ ,,& ,,to ,,admire ,,! ,,de$s ,,( ,,! ,,samurai ,i ,,d$icate ,,?is ,,little ,,book --8,t way ,ov] ! m\nta91 :i* :o /&s ^u1 ,is apt to d\bt if x be inde$ a road2 ,:ile if he views x f ! wa/e itself1 ,up goes ! l9e !re1 pla9 f base to br[1 ,n vague1 mi/akable6 ,:at's a break or two ,se5 f ! unbrok5 des]t ei!r side8 ,& !n 7to br+ 9 fre% philosophy7 ,:at if ! breaks !mselves %\ld prove at la/ ,! mo/ consummate ( contrivances ,to tra9 a man's eye1 tea* him :at is fai?80 --,,rob]t ,,br[n+1 ,bi%op ,bl\gram's ,apology4 8,!re are1 if ,i may s say1 ?ree p[]ful spirits1 :i* h f "t to "t1 mov$ on ! face ( ! wat]s1 & giv5 a pr$om9ant impulse to ! moral s5tim5ts & en]gies ( mank9d4 ,^! are ! spirits ( lib]ty1 ( religion1 & ( honor40 --,,hallam1 ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 8,*ivalry is itself ! poetry ( life40 --,,s*legel1 ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory4 ,,preface ,ab\t t5 ye>s ago1 :ile sp5d+ a few days "u ! hospitable ro( ( ! di/+ui%$ ,belgian juri/1 ! lam5t$ ,m4 de ,laveleye1 our conv]sation turn$1 dur+ "o ( our rambles1 to ! subject ( religion4 8,d y mean to say10 ask$ ! v5]able pr(essor1 8t y h no religi\s in/ruction 9 y\r s*ools80 ,on my reply+ 9 ! negative he sudd5ly halt$ 9 a/oni%m5t1 & 9 a voice :i* ,i %all n easily =get1 he repeat$ 8,no religion6 ,h[ d y imp>t moral education80 ,! "q /unn$ me at ! "t4 ,i c\ld give no ready answ]1 = ! moral precepts ,i le>n$ 9 my *ildhood days1 7 n giv5 9 s*ools2 & n until ,i began to analyze ! diff]5t elem5ts t =m$ my notions ( "r & wrong1 did ,i f9d t x 0 ,bu%ido t brea!d !m into my no/rils4 ,! direct inception ( ?is little book is due to ! frequ5t qu]ies put by my wife z to ! reasons :y su* & su* ideas & cu/oms prevail 9 ,japan4 ,9 my attempts to give satisfactory replies to ,m4 de ,laveleye & to my wife1 ,i f\nd t )\t und]/&+ ,feudalism & ,bu%ido1#a ! moral ideas ( pres5t ,japan are a seal$ volume4 ,footnote #a3 ,pron\nc$ ,bo-%ee-doh'4 ,9 putt+ ,japanese words & names into ,engli%1 ,hepburn's rule is foll[$1 t ! v[els %\ld be us$ z 9 ,european languages1 & ! consonants z 9 ,engli%4 ,tak+ advantage ( en=c$ idl5ess on acc\nt ( long illness1 ,i put d[n 9 ! ord] n[ pres5t$ to ! public "s ( ! answ]s giv5 9 our h\sehold conv]sation4 ,!y consi/ ma9ly ( :at ,i 0 taught & told 9 my y\?ful days1 :5 ,feudalism 0 /ill 9 =ce4 ,betwe5 ,lafcadio ,he>n & ,mrs4 ,hugh ,fras] on "o side & ,sir ,erne/ ,sat[ & ,pr(essor ,*amb]la9 on ! o!r1 x is inde$ disc\rag+ to write any?+ ,japanese 9 ,engli%4 ,! only advantage ,i h ov] !m is t ,i c assume ! attitude ( a p]sonal def5dant1 :ile ^! di/+ui%$ writ]s are at be/ solicitors & attorneys4 ,i h (t5 ?\ght1--8,_h ,i _! gift ( language1 ,i w\ld pres5t ! cause ( ,japan 9 m eloqu5t t]ms60 ,b "o :o speaks 9 a borr[$ tongue %\ld be ?ankful if he c j make himself intelligible4 ,all ?r\gh ! disc\rse ,i h tri$ to illu/rate :atev] po9ts ,i h made ) p>allel examples f ,european hi/ory & lit]ature1 believ+ t ^! w aid 9 br++ ! subject ne>] to ! compreh5sion ( =eign read]s4 ,%\ld any ( my allusions to religi\s subjects & to religi\s work]s be ?\ght slight+1 ,i tru/ my attitude t[>ds ,*ri/ianity itself w n be que/ion$4 ,x is ) ecclesia/ical me?ods & ) ! =ms :i* obscure ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/1 & n ) ! tea*+s !mselves1 t ,i h little sympa?y4 ,i believe 9 ! religion taught by ,him & h&$ d[n to u 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 z well z 9 ! law writt5 9 ! he>t4 ,fur!r1 ,i believe t ,god ha? made a te/am5t :i* maybe call$ 8old0 ) e p & nation1--,g5tile or ,jew1 ,*ri/ian or ,hea!n4 ,z to ! re/ ( my !ology1 ,i ne$ n impose ^u ! pati5ce ( ! public4 ,9 conclud+ ?is preface1 ,i wi% to express my ?anks to my fri5d ,anna ,c4 ,h>t%orne = _m valuable sugge/ions & = ! *>act]i/ically ,japanese design made by h] = ! cov] ( ?is book4 ,,inazo ,,nitobe4 ,malv]n1 ,pa41 ,twelf? ,mon?1 #ahii4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,t5? ,,& ,,revis$ ,,edition ,s9ce its fir/ publication 9 ,philadelphia1 m ?an six ye>s ago1 ?is little book has _h an unexpect$ hi/ory4 ,! ,japanese repr9t has pass$ ?r\gh eight editions1 ! pres5t ?us be+ its t5? appe>ance 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,simultane\sly ) ?is w be issu$ an ,am]ican & ,engli% edition1 ?r\gh ! publi%+-h\se ( ,messrs4 ,george ,h4 ,putnam's ,sons1 ( ,new ,york4 ,9 ! meantime1 ,bu%ido has be5 translat$ into ,mahratti by ,mr4 ,dev ( ,kh&e%1 into ,g]man by ,frule9 ,kaufmann ( ,hamburg1 into ,bohemian by ,mr4 ,hora ( ,*icago1 into ,poli% by ! ,society ( ,sci5ce & ,life 9 ,lemb]g1--al?\gh ?is ,poli% edition has be5 c5sur$ by ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t4 ,x is n[ be+ r5d]$ into ,norwegian & into ,fr5*4 ,a ,*9ese translation is "u contemplation4 ,a ,russian (fic]1 n[ a prison] 9 ,japan1 has a manuscript 9 ,russian ready = ! press4 ,a "p ( ! volume has be5 br\ght be=e ! ,hung>ian public & a detail$ review1 almo/ am\nt+ to a comm5t>y1 has be5 publi%$ 9 ,japanese4 ,full s*ol>ly notes = ! help ( y\ng] /ud5ts h be5 compil$ by my fri5d ,mr4 ,h4 ,sakurai1 to :om ,i also owe mu* = 8 aid 9 o!r ways4 ,i h be5 m ?an gratifi$ to feel t my humble "w has f\nd sympa!tic read]s 9 widely sep>at$ circles1 %[+ t ! subject matt] is ( "s int]e/ to ! _w at l>ge4 ,exce$+ly flatt]+ is ! news t has rea*$ me f (ficial s\rces1 t ,presid5t ,roosevelt has done x undes]v$ honor by read+ x & di/ribut+ sev]al doz5s ( copies among 8 fri5ds4 ,9 mak+ em5dations & additions = ! pres5t edition1 ,i h l>gely conf9$ !m to concrete examples4 ,i /ill cont9ue to regret1 z ,i inde$ h nev] ceas$ to d1 my inability to add a *apt] on ,filial ,piety1 :i* is consid]$ "o ( ! two :eels ( ! *>iot ( ,japanese e?ics--,loyalty be+ ! o!r4 ,my inability is due r to my ignorance ( ! ,we/]n s5tim5t 9 reg>d to ?is p>ticul> virtue1 ?an to ignorance ( our own attitude t[>ds x1 & ,i _c draw comp>isons satisfy+ to my own m9d4 ,i hope "o day to enl>ge ^u ?is & o!r topics at "s l5g?4 ,all ! subjects t are t\*$ ^u 9 ^! pages are capable ( fur!r amplification & discussion2 b ,i d n n[ see my way cle> to make ?is volume l>g] ?an x is4 ,?is ,preface w\ld be incomplete & unju/1 if ,i 7 to omit ! debt ,i owe to my wife = h] read+ ( ! pro(-%eets1 = helpful sugge/ions1 &1 above all1 = h] con/ant enc\ragem5t4 ,i4 ,n4 ,kyoto1 ,fif? ,mon? tw5ty-second1 #aije4 ,,cont5ts ,bu%ido z an ,e?ical ,sy/em ,s\rces ( ,bu%ido ,rectitude or ,ju/ice ,c\rage1 ! ,_s ( ,d>+ & ,be>+ ,b5evol5ce1 ! ,feel+ ( ,di/ress ,polit5ess ,v]acity or ,tru?fulness ,honor ,! ,duty ( ,loyalty ,education & ,tra9+ ( a ,samurai ,self-,control ,! ,in/itutions ( ,suicide & ,r$ress ,! ,sword1 ! ,s\l ( ! ,samurai ,! ,tra9+ & ,position ( ,woman ,! ,influ5ce ( ,bu%ido ,is ,bu%ido ,/ill ,alive8 ,! ,future ( ,bu%ido ,,bu%ido ,,z ,,an ,,e?ical ,,sy/em4 ,*ivalry is a fl[] no less indig5\s to ! soil ( ,japan ?an its emblem1 ! *]ry blossom2 nor is x a dri$-up specim5 ( an antique virtue pres]v$ 9 ! h]b>ium ( our hi/ory4 ,x is /ill a liv+ object ( p[] & beauty among u2 & if x assumes no tangible %ape or =m1 x n ! less sc5ts ! moral atmosph]e1 & makes u aw>e t we are /ill "u its pot5t spell4 ,! conditions ( society :i* br\ght x =? & n\ri%$ x h long disappe>$2 b z ^? f>-(f />s :i* once 7 & are n1 /ill cont9ue to %$ _! rays ^u u1 s ! light ( *ivalry1 :i* 0 a *ild ( feudalism1 /ill illum9ates our moral pa?1 surviv+ its "m in/itution4 ,x is a pleasure to me to reflect ^u ?is subject 9 ! language ( ,burke1 :o utt]$ ! well-kn[n t\*+ eulogy ov] ! neglect$ bi] ( its ,european prototype4 ,x argues a sad defect ( in=mation conc]n+ ! ,f> ,ea/1 :5 s erudite a s*ol> z ,dr4 ,george ,mill] did n hesitate to affirm t *ivalry1 or any o!r simil> in/itution1 has nev] exi/$ ei!r among ! nations ( antiquity or among ! mod]n ,ori5tals4#b ,su* ignorance1 h[ev]1 is amply excusable1 z ! ?ird edition ( ! good ,doctor's "w appe>$ ! same ye> t ,commodore ,p]ry 0 knock+ at ! portals ( our exclusivism4 ,m ?an a decade lat]1 ab\t ! "t t our feudalism 0 9 ! la/ ?roes ( exi/5ce1 ,c>l ,m>x1 writ+ 8 8,capital10 call$ ! att5tion ( 8 read]s to ! peculi> advantage ( /udy+ ! social & political in/itutions ( feudalism1 z !n to be se5 9 liv+ =m only 9 ,japan4 ,i w\ld likewise invite ! ,we/]n hi/orical & e?ical /ud5t to ! /udy ( *ivalry 9 ! ,japan ( ! pres5t4 ,footnote #b3 ,hi/ory ,philosophically ,illu/rat$1 7#crd ,ed4 #ahec71 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #b4 ,entic+ z is a hi/orical disquisition on ! comp>ison betwe5 ,european & ,japanese feudalism & *ivalry1 x is n ! purpose ( ?is pap] to ent] into x at l5g?4 ,my attempt is r to relate1 fir/ly1 ! orig9 & s\rces ( our *ivalry2 secondly1 its "* & tea*+2 ?irdly1 its influ5ce among ! masses2 &1 f\r?ly1 ! cont9uity & p]man5ce ( its influ5ce4 ,( ^! sev]al po9ts1 ! fir/ w be only brief & cursory1 or else ,i %\ld h to take my read]s into ! devi\s pa?s ( our national hi/ory2 ! second w be dwelt ^u at great] l5g?1 z be+ mo/ likely to int]e/ /ud5ts ( ,int]national ,e?ics & ,comp>ative ,e?ology 9 our ways ( ?\ght & action2 & ! re/ w be dealt ) z coroll>ies4 ,! ,japanese ^w :i* ,i h r\ghly r5d]$ ,*ivalry1 is1 9 ! orig9al1 m expressive ?an ,horseman%ip4 ,bu-%i-d means lit]ally ,milit>y-,knight-,ways--! ways :i* fight+ nobles %\ld obs]ve 9 _! daily life z well z 9 _! vocation2 9 a ^w1 ! 8,precepts ( ,knigh?ood10 ! noblesse oblige ( ! w>rior class4 ,hav+ ?us giv5 its lit]al significance1 ,i may be all[$ h5ce=? to use ! ^w 9 ! orig9al4 ,! use ( ! orig9al t]m is also advisable = ?is reason1 t a tea*+ s circumscrib$ & unique1 eng5d]+ a ca/ ( m9d & "* s peculi>1 s local1 mu/ we> ! badge ( its s+ul>ity on its face2 !n1 "s words h a national timbre s expressive ( race *>act]i/ics t ! be/ ( translators c d !m b scant ju/ice1 n to say positive inju/ice & grievance4 ,:o c improve by translation :at ! ,g]man 8,gem?0 signifies1 or :o does n feel ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two words v]bally s closely alli$ z ! ,engli% g5tleman & ! ,fr5* g5tilhomme8 ,bu%ido1 !n1 is ! code ( moral pr9ciples :i* ! knights 7 requir$ or in/ruct$ to obs]ve4 ,x is n a writt5 code2 at be/ x consi/s ( a few maxims h&$ d[n f m\? to m\? or com+ f ! p5 ( "s well-kn[n w>rior or savant4 ,m frequ5tly x is a code unutt]$ & unwritt51 possess+ all ! m ! p[]ful sanction ( v]itable de$1 & ( a law writt5 on ! fle%ly tablets ( ! he>t4 ,x 0 f\nd$ n on ! creation ( "o bra91 h[ev] able1 or on ! life ( a s+le p]sonage1 h[ev] r5[n$4 ,x 0 an organic gr[? ( decades & c5turies ( milit>y c>e]4 ,x1 p]haps1 fills ! same position 9 ! hi/ory ( e?ics t ! ,engli% ,con/itution does 9 political hi/ory2 yet x has _h no?+ to comp>e ) ! ,magna ,*>ta or ! ,habeas ,corpus ,act4 ,true1 e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ,milit>y ,/atutes 7,buk ,hatto7 7 promulgat$2 b _! ?irte5 %ort articles 7 tak5 up mo/ly ) m>riages1 ca/les1 leagues1 etc41 & didactic regulations 7 b meag]ly t\*$ ^u4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 po9t out any def9ite "t & place & say1 8,"h is its f\nta9 head40 ,only z x atta9s consci\sness 9 ! feudal age1 its orig91 9 respect to "t1 may be id5tifi$ ) feudalism4 ,b feudalism itself is wov5 ( _m ?reads1 & ,bu%ido %>es its intricate nature4 ,z 9 ,engl& ! political in/itutions ( feudalism may be said to date f ! ,norman ,conque/1 s we may say t 9 ,japan its rise 0 simultane\s ) ! asc5d5cy ( ,yoritomo1 late 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,z1 h[ev]1 9 ,engl&1 we f9d ! social elem5ts ( feudalism f> back 9 ! p]iod previ\s to ,william ! ,conqu]or1 s1 too1 ! g]ms ( feudalism 9 ,japan _h be5 long exi/5t be=e ! p]iod ,i h m5tion$4 ,aga91 9 ,japan z 9 ,europe1 :5 feudalism 0 =mally inaugurat$1 ! pr(essional class ( w>riors naturally came into prom95ce4 ,^! 7 kn[n z samurai1 mean+ lit]ally1 l ! old ,engli% cniht 7kne*t1 knight71 gu>ds or att5dants--resembl+ 9 "* ! soldurii :om ,cs> m5tion$ z exi/+ 9 ,aquitania1 or ! comitati1 :o1 accord+ to ,tacitus1 foll[$ ,g]manic *iefs 9 8 "t2 or1 to take a /ill lat] p>allel1 ! milites m$ii t "o reads ab\t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,m$ival ,europe4 ,a ,s9ico-,japanese ^w ,bu-k or ,bu-%i 7,fight+ ,knights7 0 also adopt$ 9 common use4 ,!y 7 a privileg$ class1 & mu/ orig9ally h be5 a r\gh bre$ :o made fight+ _! vocation4 ,?is class 0 naturally recruit$1 9 a long p]iod ( con/ant w>f>e1 f ! manlie/ & ! mo/ adv5tur\s1 & all ! :ile ! process ( elim9ation w5t on1 ! timid & ! feeble be+ sort$ out1 & only 8a rude race1 all mascul9e1 ) bruti% /r5g?10 to borr[ ,em]son's phrase1 surviv+ to =m families & ! ranks ( ! samurai4 ,com+ to pr(ess great honor & great privileges1 & correspond+ly great responsibilities1 !y soon felt ! ne$ ( a common /&>d ( behavior1 especially z !y 7 always on a bellig]5t foot+ & belong$ to diff]5t clans4 ,j z physicians limit competition among !mselves by pr(essional c\rtesy1 j z lawy]s sit 9 c\rts ( honor 9 cases ( violat$ etiquette1 s mu/ also w>riors possess "s resort = f9al judgm5t on _! misdemeanors4 ,fair play 9 fight6 ,:at f]tile g]ms ( morality lie 9 ?is primitive s5se ( savag]y & *ildhood4 ,is x n ! root ( all milit>y & civic virtues8 ,we smile 7z if we _h outgr[n x67 at ! boyi% desire ( ! small ,briti%]1 ,tom ,br[n1 8to leave beh9d him ! "n ( a fell[ :o nev] bulli$ a little boy or turn$ 8 back on a big "o40 ,& yet1 :o does n "k t ?is desire is ! corn]-/one on :i* moral /ructures ( mighty dim5sions c be re>$8 ,may ,i n g ev5 s f> z to say t ! g5tle/ & mo/ peace-lov+ ( religions endorses ?is aspiration8 ,?is desire ( ,tom's is ! basis on :i* ! greatness ( ,engl& is l>gely built1 & x w n take u long to discov] t ,bu%ido does n /& on a less] p$e/al4 ,if fight+ 9 itself1 be x (f5sive or def5sive1 is1 z ,quak]s rightly te/ify1 brutal & wrong1 we c /ill say ) ,less+1 8,we "k f :at fail+s our virtue spr+s40#c 8,sneaks0 & 8c[>ds0 are epi!ts ( ! wor/ opprobrium to heal?y1 simple natures4 ,*ildhood beg9s life ) ^! notions1 & knigh?ood also2 b1 z life gr[s l>g] & its relations _m-sid$1 ! e>ly fai? seeks sanction f high] au?ority & m rational s\rces = its own ju/ification1 satisfaction & developm5t4 ,if milit>y int]e/s _h op]at$ alone1 )\t high] moral support1 h[ f> %ort ( *ivalry w\ld ! ideal ( knigh?ood h fall56 ,9 ,europe1 ,*ri/ianity1 int]pret$ ) concessions conv5i5t to *ivalry1 infus$ x nev]!less ) spiritual data4 8,religion1 w> & glory 7 ! ?ree s\ls ( a p]fect ,*ri/ian knight10 says ,lam>t9e4 ,9 ,japan !re 7 sev]al ,,s\rces ,,( ,,bu%ido1 ( :i* ,i may beg9 ) ,buddhism4 ,x furni%$ a s5se ( calm tru/ 9 ,fate1 a quiet submission to ! inevitable1 t /oic composure 9 sight ( dang] or calamity1 t disda9 ( life & fri5dl9ess ) dea?4 ,a =emo/ tea*] ( swordsman%ip1 :5 he saw 8 pupil ma/] ! utmo/ ( 8 art1 told him1 8,beyond ?is my in/ruction mu/ give way to ,z5 tea*+40 8,z50 is ! ,japanese equival5t = ! ,dhyna1 :i* 8repres5ts human ef=t to rea* ?r\gh m$itation zones ( ?\ght beyond ! range ( v]bal expression40#d ,its me?od is contemplation1 & its purport1 z f> z ,i und]/& x1 to be conv9c$ ( a pr9ciple t und]lies all ph5om5a1 &1 if x c1 ( ! ,absolute itself1 & ?us to put oneself 9 h>mony ) ?is ,absolute4 ,?us def9$1 ! tea*+ 0 m ?an ! dogma ( a sect1 & :oev] atta9s to ! p]ception ( ! ,absolute raises himself above mundane ?+s & awakes1 8to a new ,heav5 & a new ,e>?40 ,footnote #c3 ,rusk9 0 "o ( ! mo/ g5tle-he>t$ & peace lov+ m5 t ev] liv$4 ,yet he believ$ 9 w> ) all ! f]vor ( a wor%ip] ( ! /r5u\s life4 8,:5 ,i tell y10 he says 9 ! ,cr[n ( ,wild ,olive1 8t w> is ! f\ndation ( all ! arts1 ,i mean also t x is ! f\ndation ( all ! high virtues & faculties ( m54 ,x is v /range to me to discov] ?is1 & v dreadful1 b ,i saw x to be q an und5iable fact4 99 99 99 ,i f\nd 9 brief1 t all great nations le>n$ _! tru? ( ^w & /r5g? ( ?\ght 9 w>2 t !y 7 n\ri%$ 9 w> & wa/$ by peace1 taught by w> & deceiv$ by peace2 tra9$ by w> & betray$ by peace2 9 a ^w1 t !y 7 born 9 w> & expir$ 9 peace40 ,footnote #d3 ,lafcadio ,he>n1 ,exotics & ,retrospectives1 p4 #hd4 ,:at ,buddhism fail$ to give1 ,%9toism (f]$ 9 abundance4 ,su* loyalty to ! sov]eign1 su* rev]5ce = ance/ral memory1 & su* filial piety z are n taught by any o!r cre$1 7 inculcat$ by ! ,%9to doctr9es1 imp>t+ passivity to ! o!rwise arrogant "* ( ! samurai4 ,%9to !ology has no place = ! dogma ( 8orig9al s940 ,on ! contr>y1 x believes 9 ! innate goodness & ,god-l purity ( ! human s\l1 ador+ x z ! adytum f :i* div9e oracles are proclaim$4 ,ev]ybody has obs]v$ t ! ,%9to %r9es are conspicu\sly devoid ( objects & in/rum5ts ( wor%ip1 & t a pla9 mirror hung 9 ! sanctu>y =ms ! ess5tial "p ( its furni%+4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is article is easy to expla93 x typifies ! human he>t1 :i*1 :5 p]fectly placid & cle>1 reflects ! v image ( ! ,deity4 ,:5 y /&1 !re=e1 9 front ( ! %r9e to wor%ip1 y see y\r own image reflect$ on its %9+ surface1 & ! act ( wor%ip is tantam\nt to ! old ,delphic injunction1 8,"k ,?yself40 ,b self-k does n imply1 ei!r 9 ! ,greek or ,japanese tea*+1 k ( ! physical "p ( man1 n 8 anatomy or 8 psy*o-physics2 k 0 to be ( a moral k9d1 ! introspection ( our moral nature4 ,momms51 comp>+ ! ,greek & ! ,roman1 says t :5 ! =m] wor%ip$ he rais$ 8 eyes to heav51 = 8 pray] 0 contemplation1 :ile ! latt] veil$ 8 head1 = 8 0 reflection4 ,ess5tially l ! ,roman conception ( religion1 our reflection br\ght into prom95ce n s mu* ! moral z ! national consci\sness ( ! individual4 ,its nature-wor%ip ende>$ ! c\ntry to our inmo/ s\ls1 :ile its ance/or-wor%ip1 trac+ f l9eage to l9eage1 made ! ,imp]ial family ! f\nta9-head ( ! :ole nation4 ,to u ! c\ntry is m ?an l& & soil f :i* to m9e gold or to reap gra9--x is ! sacr$ abode ( ! gods1 ! spirits ( our =efa!rs3 to u ! ,emp]or is m ?an ! ,ar* ,con/able ( a ,re*ts/aat1 or ev5 ! ,patron ( a ,cultur/aat--he is ! bodily repres5tative ( ,heav5 on e>?1 bl5d+ 9 8 p]son its p[] & its m]cy4 ,if :at ,m4 ,b\tmy#e says is true ( ,engli% royalty--t x 8is n only ! image ( au?ority1 b ! au?or & symbol ( national unity10 z ,i believe x to be1 d\bly & trebly may ?is be affirm$ ( royalty 9 ,japan4 ,footnote #e3 ,! ,engli% ,p1 p4 #ahh4 ,! t5ets ( ,%9toism cov] ! two pr$om9at+ features ( ! emotional life ( our race--,patriotism & ,loyalty4 ,ar?ur ,may ,knapp v truly says3 8,9 ,hebrew lit]ature x is (t5 difficult to tell :e!r ! writ] is speak+ ( ,god or ( ! ,commonweal?2 ( heav5 or ( ,j]usalem2 ( ! ,messiah or ( ! nation itself40#f ,a simil> confusion may be notic$ 9 ! nom5clature ( our national fai?4 ,i said confusion1 because x w be s deem$ by a logical intellect on acc\nt ( its v]bal ambiguity2 /ill1 be+ a framework ( national in/9ct & race feel+s1 ,%9toism nev] pret5ds to a sy/ematic philosophy or a rational !ology4 ,?is religion--or1 is x n m correct to say1 ! race emotions :i* ?is religion express$8--?or\ghly imbu$ ,bu%ido ) loyalty to ! sov]eign & love ( c\ntry4 ,^! act$ m z impulses ?an z doctr9es2 = ,%9toism1 unlike ! ,m$ival ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 prescrib$ to its vot>ies sc>cely any cr$5da1 furni%+ !m at ! same "t ) ag5da ( a /raight=w>d & simple type4 ,footnote #f3 8,feudal & ,mod]n ,japan0 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ahc4 ,z to /rictly e?ical doctr9es1 ! tea*+s ( ,confucius 7 ! mo/ prolific s\rce ( ,bu%ido4 ,8 enunciation ( ! five moral relations betwe5 ma/] & s]vant 7! gov]n+ & ! gov]n$71 fa!r & son1 husb& & wife1 old] & y\ng] bro!r1 & betwe5 fri5d & fri5d1 0 b a confirmation ( :at ! race in/9ct _h recogniz$ be=e 8 writ+s 7 introduc$ f ,*9a4 ,! calm1 b5ignant1 & worldly-wise "* ( 8 politico-e?ical precepts 0 p>ticul>ly well suit$ to ! samurai1 :o =m$ ! rul+ class4 ,8 ari/ocratic & cons]vative tone 0 well adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( ^! w>rior /atesm54 ,next to ,confucius1 ,m5cius ex]cis$ an imm5se au?ority ov] ,bu%ido4 ,8 =cible & (t5 q democratic !ories 7 exce$+ly tak+ to sympa!tic natures1 & !y 7 ev5 ?\ght dang]\s to1 & subv]sive (1 ! exi/+ social ord]1 h5ce 8 works 7 = a long "t "u c5sure4 ,/ill1 ! words ( ?is ma/] m9d f\nd p]man5t lodgm5t 9 ! he>t ( ! samurai4 ,! writ+s ( ,confucius & ,m5cius =m$ ! pr9cipal text-books = y\?s & ! highe/ au?ority 9 discussion among ! old4 ,a m]e acqua9tance ) ! classics ( ^! two sages 0 held1 h[ev]1 9 no high e/eem4 ,a common prov]b ridicules "o :o has only an intellectual k ( ,confucius1 z a man ev] /udi\s b ignorant ( ,analects4 ,a typical samurai calls a lit]>y savant a book-smell+ sot4 ,ano!r comp>es le>n+ to an ill-smell+ vegetable t mu/ be boil$ & boil$ be=e x is fit = use4 ,a man :o has read a little smells a little p$antic1 & a man :o has read mu* smells yet m s2 bo? are alike unpleasant4 ,! writ] meant !reby t k becomes really su* only :5 x is assimilat$ 9 ! m9d ( ! le>n] & %[s 9 8 "*4 ,an intellectual speciali/ 0 consid]$ a ma*9e4 ,intellect itself 0 consid]$ subord9ate to e?ical emotion4 ,man & ! univ]se 7 conceiv$ to be alike spiritual & e?ical4 ,bu%ido c\ld n accept ! judgm5t ( ,huxley1 t ! cosmic process 0 unmoral4 ,bu%ido made light ( k z su*4 ,x 0 n pursu$ z an end 9 itself1 b z a means to ! atta9m5t ( wisdom4 ,h5ce1 he :o /opp$ %ort ( ?is end 0 reg>d$ no high] ?an a conv5i5t ma*9e1 :i* c\ld turn out poems & maxims at bidd+4 ,?us1 k 0 conceiv$ z id5tical ) its practical application 9 life2 & ?is ,socratic doctr9e f\nd its greate/ expon5t 9 ! ,*9ese philosoph]1 ,wan ,yang ,m+1 :o nev] we>ies ( repeat+1 8,to "k & to act are "o & ! same40 ,i beg leave = a mom5t's digression :ile ,i am on ?is subject1 inasmu* z "s ( ! noble/ types ( bu%i 7 /rongly influ5c$ by ! tea*+s ( ?is sage4 ,we/]n read]s w easily recognize 9 8 writ+s _m p>allels to ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,mak+ all[ance = ! t]ms peculi> to ei!r tea*+1 ! passage1 8,seek ye fir/ ! k+dom ( ,god & 8 righte\sness2 & all ^! ?+s %all be add$ unto y10 conveys a ?\ght t may be f\nd on almo/ any page ( ,wan ,yang ,m+4 ,a ,japanese disciple#g ( 8 says--8,! "l ( heav5 & e>?1 ( all liv+ be+s1 dwell+ 9 ! he>t ( man1 becomes 8 m9d 7,kokoro72 h5ce a m9d is a liv+ ?+1 & is ev] lum9\s30 & aga91 8,! spiritual light ( our ess5tial be+ is pure1 & is n affect$ by ! w ( man4 ,spontane\sly spr++ up 9 our m9d1 x %[s :at is "r & wrong3 x is !n call$ consci5ce2 x is ev5 ! light t proce$e? f ! god ( heav540 ,h[ v mu* d ^! words s\nd l "s passages f ,isaac ,p5n+ton or o!r philosophic my/ics6 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! ,japanese m9d1 z express$ 9 ! simple t5ets ( ! ,%9to religion1 0 p>ticul>ly op5 to ! reception ( ,yang ,m+'s precepts4 ,he c>ri$ 8 doctr9e ( ! infallibility ( consci5ce to extreme transc5d5talism1 attribut+ to x ! faculty to p]ceive1 n only ! di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong1 b also ! nature ( psy*ical facts & physical ph5om5a4 ,he w5t z f> z1 if n f>!r ?an1 ,b]keley & ,fi*te1 9 ,idealism1 d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( ?+s outside ( human k54 ,if 8 sy/em _h all ! logical errors *>g$ to ,solipsism1 x _h all ! efficacy ( /rong conviction & its moral import 9 develop+ individuality ( "* & equanimity ( temp] _c be ga9said4 ,footnote #g3 ,miwa ,%issai4 ,?us1 :atev] ! s\rces1 ! ess5tial pr9ciples :i* ,bu%ido imbib$ f !m & assimilat$ to itself1 7 few & simple4 ,few & simple z ^! 71 !y 7 suffici5t to furni% a safe conduct ( life ev5 ?r\gh ! unsafe/ days ( ! mo/ unsettl$ p]iod ( our nation's hi/ory4 ,! :olesome1 unsophi/icat$ nature ( our w>rior ance/ors d]iv$ ample food = _! _s f a %eaf ( commonplace & fragm5t>y tea*+s1 glean$ z x 7 on ! highways & byways ( anci5t ?\ght1 &1 /imulat$ by ! dem&s ( ! age1 =m$ f ^! glean+s anew & unique type ( manhood4 ,an acute ,fr5* savant1 ,m4 de la ,mazelire1 ?us sums up 8 impressions ( ! sixte5? c5tury3--8,t[>d ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 all is confusion 9 ,japan1 9 ! gov]nm5t1 9 society1 9 ! *ur*4 ,b ! civil w>s1 ! mann]s return+ to b>b>ism1 ! necessity = ea* to execute ju/ice = himself1--^! =m$ m5 comp>able to ^? ,italians ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 9 :om ,ta9e praises #8! vigor\s initiative1 ! habit ( sudd5 resolutions & desp]ate und]tak+s1 ! gr& capacity to d & to suff]4' ,9 ,japan z 9 ,italy #8! rude mann]s ( ! ,middle ,ages made ( man a sup]b animal1 :olly militant & :olly resi/ant4' ,& ?is is :y ! sixte5? c5tury displays 9 ! highe/ degree ! pr9cipal quality ( ! ,japanese race1 t great div]sity :i* "o f9ds !re betwe5 m9ds 7esprits7 z well z betwe5 temp]am5ts4 ,:ile 9 ,india & ev5 9 ,*9a m5 seem to diff] *iefly 9 degree ( en]gy or intellig5ce1 9 ,japan !y diff] by orig9ality ( "* z well4 ,n[1 individuality is ! sign ( sup]ior races & ( civilizations already develop$4 ,if we make use ( an expression de> to ,nietzs*e1 we might say t 9 ,asia1 to speak ( humanity is to speak ( its pla9s2 9 ,japan z 9 ,europe1 "o repres5ts x above all by its m\nta9s40 ,to ! p]vad+ *>act]i/ics ( ! m5 ( :om ,m4 de la ,mazelire writes1 let u n[ address ourselves4 ,i %all beg9 ) ,,rectitude ,,or ,,ju/ice1 ! mo/ cog5t precept 9 ! code ( ! samurai4 ,no?+ is m loa?some to him ?an und]h& deal+s & crook$ und]tak+s4 ,! conception ( ,rectitude may be errone\s--x may be n>r[4 ,a well-kn[n bu%i def9es x z a p[] ( resolution2--8,rectitude is ! p[] ( decid+ ^u a c]ta9 c\rse ( conduct 9 accordance ) reason1 )\t wav]+2--to die :5 x is "r to die1 to /rike :5 to /rike is "r40 ,ano!r speaks ( x 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 8,rectitude is ! bone t gives firmness & /ature4 ,z )\t bones ! head _c re/ on ! top ( ! sp9e1 nor h&s move nor feet /&1 s )\t rectitude nei!r tal5t nor le>n+ c make ( a human frame a samurai4 ,) x ! lack ( accompli%m5ts is z no?+40 ,m5cius calls ,b5evol5ce man's m9d1 & ,rectitude or ,righte\sness 8 pa?4 8,h[ lam5table10 he exclaims1 8is x to neglect ! pa? & n pursue x1 to lose ! m9d & n "k to seek x aga96 ,:5 m5's f[ls & dogs are lo/1 !y "k to seek = !m aga91 b !y lose _! m9d & d n "k to seek = x40 ,h we n "h 8z 9 a glass d>kly0 a p>able prop\nd$ ?ree hundr$ ye>s lat] 9 ano!r clime & by a great] ,tea*]1 :o call$ ,himself ! ,way ( ,righte\sness1 ?r\gh :om ! lo/ c\ld be f\nd8 ,b ,i /ray f my po9t4 ,righte\sness1 accord+ to ,m5cius1 is a /raight & n>r[ pa? :i* a man ought to take to rega9 ! lo/ p>adise4 ,ev5 9 ! latt] days ( feudalism1 :5 ! long cont9uance ( peace br\ght leisure into ! life ( ! w>rior class1 & ) x dissipations ( all k9ds & g5tle accompli%m5ts1 ! epi!t ,gi%i 7a man ( rectitude7 0 consid]$ sup]ior to any "n t signifi$ ma/]y ( le>n+ or art4 ,! ,=ty-sev5 ,fai?fuls--( :om s mu* is made 9 our popul> education--are kn[n 9 common p>lance z ! ,=ty-sev5 ,gi%i4 ,9 times :5 cunn+ artifice 0 liable to pass = milit>y tact & d[nright falsehood = ruse de gu]re1 ?is manly virtue1 frank & hone/1 0 a jewel t %one ! brighte/ & 0 mo/ highly prais$4 ,rectitude is a tw9 bro!r to ,valor1 ano!r m>tial virtue4 ,b be=e proce$+ to speak ( ,valor1 let me l+] a little :ile on :at ,i may t]m a d]ivation f ,rectitude1 :i*1 at fir/ deviat+ slightly f its orig9al1 became m & m remov$ f x1 until its mean+ 0 p]v]t$ 9 ! popul> acceptance4 ,i speak ( ,gi-ri1 lit]ally ! ,"r ,reason1 b :i* came 9 "t to mean a vague s5se ( duty :i* public op9ion expect$ an incumb5t to fulfil4 ,9 its orig9al & unalloy$ s5se1 x meant duty1 pure & simple1--h5ce1 we speak ( ! ,giri we owe to p>5ts1 to sup]iors1 to inf]iors1 to society at l>ge1 & s =?4 ,9 ^! in/ances ,giri is duty2 = :at else is duty ?an :at ,"r ,reason dem&s & comm&s u to d4 ,%\ld n ,"r ,reason be our categorical imp]ative8 ,giri prim>ily meant no m ?an duty1 & ,i d>e say its etymology 0 d]iv$ f ! fact t 9 our conduct1 say to our p>5ts1 ?\gh love %\ld be ! only motive1 lack+ t1 !re mu/ be "s o!r au?ority to en=ce filial piety2 & !y =mulat$ ?is au?ority 9 ,giri4 ,v rightly did !y =mulate ?is au?ority--,giri--s9ce if love does n ru% to de$s ( virtue1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to man's intellect & 8 reason mu/ be quick5$ to conv9ce him ( ! necessity ( act+ aright4 ,! same is true ( any o!r moral obligation4 ,! in/ant ,duty becomes on]\s1 ,"r ,reason /eps 9 to prev5t our %irk+ x4 ,giri ?us und]/ood is a sev]e taskma/]1 ) a bir*-rod 9 8 h& to make slugg>ds p]=m _! "p4 ,x is a second>y p[] 9 e?ics2 z a motive x is inf9itely inf]ior to ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( love1 :i* %\ld be ! law4 ,i deem x a product ( ! conditions ( an artificial society--( a society 9 :i* accid5t ( bir? & unm]it$ fav\r in/itut$ class di/9ctions1 9 :i* ! family 0 ! social unit1 9 :i* s5iority ( age 0 ( m acc\nt ?an sup]iority ( tal5ts1 9 :i* natural affections _h (t5 to succumb be=e arbitr>y man-made cu/oms4 ,because ( ?is v artificiality1 ,giri 9 "t deg5]at$ into a vague s5se ( propriety call$ up to expla9 ?is & sanction t1--z1 = example1 :y a "m mu/1 if ne$ be1 sacrifice all h] o!r *ildr5 9 ord] to save ! fir/-born2 or :y a daught] mu/ sell h] *a/ity to get funds to pay = ! fa!r's dissipation1 & ! l4 ,/>t+ z ,"r ,reason1 ,giri has1 9 my op9ion1 (t5 /oop$ to casui/ry4 ,x has ev5 deg5]at$ into c[>dly fe> ( c5sure4 ,i might say ( ,giri :at ,scott wrote ( patriotism1 t 8z x is ! faire/1 s x is (t5 ! mo/ suspici\s1 mask ( o!r feel+s40 ,c>ri$ beyond or bel[ ,"r ,reason1 ,giri became a mon/r\s misnom]4 ,x h>bor$ "u its w+s e sort ( sophi/ry & hypocrisy4 ,x might easily h be5 turn$ into a ne/ ( c[>dice1 if ,bu%ido _h n a ke5 & correct s5se ( ,,c\rage1 ,,! ,,_s ,,( ,,d>+ ,,& ,,be>+1 to ! consid]ation ( :i* we %all n[ return4 ,c\rage 0 sc>cely deem$ wor?y to be c\nt$ among virtues1 unless x 0 ex]cis$ 9 ! cause ( ,righte\sness4 ,9 8 8,analects0 ,confucius def9es ,c\rage by expla9+1 z is (t5 8 wont1 :at its negative is4 8,p]ceiv+ :at is "r10 he says1 8& do+ x n1 argues lack ( c\rage40 ,put ?is epigram into a positive /atem5t1 & x runs1 8,c\rage is do+ :at is "r40 ,to run all k9ds ( haz>ds1 to jeop>dize "o's self1 to ru% into ! jaws ( dea?--^! are too (t5 id5tifi$ ) ,valor1 & 9 ! pr(ession ( arms su* ra%ness ( conduct--:at ,%akespe>e calls1 8valor misbegot0--is unju/ly applaud$2 b n s 9 ! ,precepts ( ,knigh?ood4 ,dea? = a cause unwor?y ( dy+ =1 0 call$ a 8dog's dea?40 8,to ru% into ! ?ick ( battle & to be sla9 9 x10 says a ,pr9ce ( ,mito1 8is easy en\gh1 & ! m]e/ *url is equal to ! task2 b10 he cont9ues1 8x is true c\rage to live :5 x is "r to live1 & to die only :5 x is "r to die10 & yet ! ,pr9ce _h n ev5 he>d ( ! "n ( ,plato1 :o def9es c\rage z 8! k ( ?+s t a man %\ld fe> & t he %\ld n fe>40 ,a di/9ction :i* is made 9 ! ,we/ betwe5 moral & physical c\rage has long be5 recogniz$ among u4 ,:at samurai y\? has n he>d ( 8,great ,valor0 & ! 8,valor ( a ,ville980 ,valor1 ,=titude1 ,brav]y1 ,fe>lessness1 ,c\rage1 be+ ! qualities ( s\l :i* appeal mo/ easily to juv5ile m9ds1 & :i* c be tra9$ by ex]cise & example1 71 s to speak1 ! mo/ popul> virtues1 e>ly emulat$ among ! y\?4 ,/ories ( milit>y exploits 7 repeat$ almo/ be=e boys left _! "m's brea/4 ,does a little booby cry = any a*e8 ,! "m scolds him 9 ?is fa%ion3 8,:at a c[>d to cry = a trifl+ pa96 ,:at w y d :5 y\r arm is cut (f 9 battle8 ,:at :5 y are call$ ^u to commit h>akiri80 ,we all "k ! pa!tic =titude ( a fami%$ little boy-pr9ce ( ,s5dai1 :o 9 ! drama is made to say to 8 little page1 8,see/ ?\ ^? t9y sp>r[s 9 ! ne/1 h[ _! yell[ bills are op5$ wide1 & n[ see6 !re comes _! "m ) worms to fe$ !m4 ,h[ eag]ly & happily ! little ones eat6 b = a samurai1 :5 8 /oma* is empty1 x is a disgrace to feel hung]40 ,anecdotes ( =titude & brav]y ab\nd 9 nurs]y tales1 ?\gh /ories ( ?is k9d are n by any means ! only me?od ( e>ly imbu+ ! _s ) d>+ & fe>lessness4 ,p>5ts1 ) /]nness sometimes v]g+ on cruelty1 set _! *ildr5 to tasks t call$ =? all ! pluck t 0 9 !m4 8,be>s hurl _! cubs d[n ! gorge10 !y said4 ,samurai's sons 7 let d[n ! /eep valleys ( h>d%ip1 & spurr$ to ,sisyphus-l tasks4 ,occasional deprivation ( food or exposure to cold1 0 consid]$ a highly efficaci\s te/ = inur+ !m to endurance4 ,*ildr5 ( t5d] age 7 s5t among utt] /rang]s ) "s message to deliv]1 7 made to rise be=e ! sun1 & be=e breakfa/ att5d to _! read+ ex]cises1 walk+ to _! tea*] ) b>e feet 9 ! cold ( w9t]2 !y frequ5tly--once or twice a mon?1 z on ! fe/ival ( a god ( le>n+1--came toge!r 9 small gr\ps & pass$ ! night )\t sleep1 9 read+ al\d by turns4 ,pilgrimages to all sorts ( uncanny places--to execution gr\nds1 to gravey>ds1 to h\ses reput$ to be haunt$1 7 favorite pa/imes ( ! "y4 ,9 ! days :5 decapitation 0 public1 n only 7 small boys s5t to witness ! gha/ly sc5e1 b !y 7 made to visit alone ! place 9 ! d>kness ( night & !re to leave a m>k ( _! visit on ! trunkless head4 ,does ?is ultra-,sp>tan sy/em ( 8drill+ ! n]ves0 /rike ! mod]n p$agogi/ ) horror & d\bt--d\bt :e!r ! t5d5cy w\ld n be brutaliz+1 nipp+ 9 ! bud ! t5d] emotions ( ! he>t8 ,let u see :at o!r concepts ,bu%ido _h ( ,valor4 ,! spiritual aspect ( valor is evid5c$ by composure--calm pres5ce ( m9d4 ,tranquillity is c\rage 9 repose4 ,x is a /atical manife/ation ( valor1 z d>+ de$s are a dynamical4 ,a truly brave man is ev] s]5e2 he is nev] tak5 by surprise2 no?+ ruffles ! equanimity ( 8 _s4 ,9 ! heat ( battle he rema9s cool2 9 ! mid/ ( cata/rophes he keeps level 8 m9d4 ,e>?quakes d n %ake him1 he laughs at /orms4 ,we admire him z truly great1 :o1 9 ! m5ac+ pres5ce ( dang] or dea?1 reta9s 8 self-possession2 :o1 = in/ance1 c compose a poem "u imp5d+ p]il or hum a /ra9 9 ! face ( dea?4 ,su* indulg5ce betray+ no tremor 9 ! writ+ or 9 ! voice1 is tak5 z an infallible index ( a l>ge nature--( :at we call a capaci\s m9d 7yoy71 :i*1 = f be+ press$ or cr[d$1 has always room = some?+ m4 ,x passes curr5t among u z a piece ( au!ntic hi/ory1 t z ta ,dokan1 ! great build] ( ! ca/le ( ,tokyo1 0 pi]c$ ?r\gh ) a spe>1 8 assass91 kn[+ ! poetical pr$ilection ( 8 victim1 accompani$ 8 ?ru/ ) ?is c\plet-- 8,ah6 h[ 9 mom5ts l ^! ,our he>t do? grudge ! light ( life20 :]eupon ! expir+ h]o1 n "o :it daunt$ by ! mortal w\nd 9 8 side1 add$ ! l9es-- 8,_h n 9 h\rs ( peace1 ,x le>n$ to lightly look on life40 ,!re is ev5 a sportive elem5t 9 a c\rage\s nature4 ,?+s :i* are s]i\s to ord9>y p1 may be b play to ! valiant4 ,h5ce 9 old w>f>e x 0 n at all r>e = ! p>ties to a conflict to ex*ange rep>tee or to beg9 a rhetorical conte/4 ,combat 0 n solely a matt] ( brute =ce2 x 01 z well1 an intellectual engagem5t4 ,( su* "* 0 ! battle f\ght on ! bank ( ! ,koromo ,riv]1 late 9 ! elev5? c5tury4 ,! ea/]n army r\t$1 its lead]1 ,sadato1 took to flight4 ,:5 ! pursu+ g5]al press$ him h>d & call$ al\d--8,x is a disgrace = a w>rior to %[ 8 back to ! enemy10 ,sadato re9$ 8 horse2 ^u ?is ! conqu]+ *ief %\t$ an impromptu v]se-- 8,torn into %r$s is ! w>p ( ! clo?0 7koromo74 ,sc>cely _h ! words escap$ 8 lips :5 ! defeat$ w>rior1 undismay$1 complet$ ! c\plet-- 8,s9ce age has worn its ?reads by use40 ,yo%iie1 ^: b[ _h all ! :ile be5 b5t1 sudd5ly un/rung x & turn$ away1 leav+ 8 prospective victim to d z he pleas$4 ,:5 ask$ ! reason ( 8 /range behavior1 he repli$ t he c\ld n be> to put to %ame "o :o _h kept 8 pres5ce ( m9d :ile hotly pursu$ by 8 enemy4 ,! sorr[ :i* ov]took ,antony & ,octavius at ! dea? ( ,brutus1 has be5 ! g5]al exp]i5ce ( brave m54 ,k5%91 :o f\ght = f\rte5 ye>s ) ,%+51 :5 he he>d ( ! latt]'s dea?1 wept al\d at ! loss ( 8! be/ ( enemies40 ,x 0 ?is same ,k5%9 :o _h set a noble example = all "t1 9 8 treatm5t ( ,%+51 ^: prov9ces lay 9 a m\nta9\s region q away f ! sea1 & :o _h consequ5tly dep5d$ ^u ! ,hj prov9ces ( ! ,tokaido = salt4 ,! ,hj pr9ce wi%+ to weak5 him1 al?\gh n op5ly at w> ) him1 _h cut (f f ,%+5 all traffic 9 ?is important article4 ,k5%91 he>+ ( 8 enemy's dilemma & able to obta9 8 salt f ! coa/ ( 8 own dom9ions1 wrote ,%+5 t 9 8 op9ion ! ,hj "l _h committ$ a v mean act1 & t al?\gh he 7,k5%97 0 at w> ) him 7,%+57 he _h ord]$ 8 subjects to furni% him ) pl5ty ( salt--add+1 8,i d n fight ) salt1 b ) ! sword10 af=d+ m ?an a p>allel to ! words ( ,camillus1 8,we ,romans d n fight ) gold1 b ) iron40 ,nietzs*e spoke = ! samurai he>t :5 he wrote1 8,y are to be pr\d ( y\r enemy2 !n1 ! success ( y\r enemy is y\r success also40 ,inde$ valor & honor alike requir$ t we %\ld own z enemies 9 w> only su* z prove wor?y ( be+ fri5ds 9 peace4 ,:5 valor atta9s ?is height1 x becomes ak9 to ,,b5evol5ce1 ,,! ,,feel+ ,,( ,,di/ress1 love1 magnanimity1 affection = o!rs1 sympa?y & pity1 :i* 7 ev] recogniz$ to be supreme virtues1 ! highe/ ( all ! attributes ( ! human s\l4 ,b5evol5ce 0 deem$ a pr9cely virtue 9 a tw(old s5se2--pr9cely among ! manifold attributes ( a noble _s2 pr9cely z p>ticul>ly befitt+ a pr9cely pr(ession4 ,we ne$$ no ,%akespe>e to feel--?\gh1 p]haps1 l ! re/ ( ! _w1 we ne$$ him to express x--t m]cy became a mon>* bett] ?an 8 cr[n1 t x 0 above 8 scept]$ sway4 ,h[ (t5 bo? ,confucius & ,m5cius repeat ! highe/ requirem5t ( a rul] ( m5 to consi/ 9 b5evol5ce4 ,confucius w\ld say1 8,let b a pr9ce cultivate virtue1 p w flock to him2 ) p w come to him l&s2 l&s w br+ =? = him weal?2 weal? w give him ! b5efit ( "r uses4 ,virtue is ! root1 & weal? an outcome40 ,aga91 8,nev] has !re be5 a case ( a sov]eign lov+ b5evol5ce1 & ! p n lov+ righte\sness10 ,m5cius foll[s close at 8 heels & says1 8,in/ances are on record :]e individuals atta9$ to supreme p[] 9 a s+le /ate1 )\t b5evol5ce1 b nev] h ,i he>d ( a :ole empire fall+ into ! h&s ( "o :o lack$ ?is virtue40 ,also1--8,x is impossible t any "o %\ld become rul] ( ! p to :om !y h n yield$ ! subjection ( _! he>ts40 ,bo? def9$ ?is indisp5sable requirem5t 9 a rul] by say+1 8,b5evol5ce--,b5evol5ce is ,man40 ,"u ! rgime ( feudalism1 :i* c\ld easily be p]v]t$ into milit>ism1 x 0 to ,b5evol5ce t we ow$ our deliv]ance f despotism ( ! wor/ k9d4 ,an utt] surr5d] ( 8life & limb0 on ! "p ( ! gov]n$ w\ld h left no?+ = ! gov]n+ b self-w1 & ?is has = its natural consequ5ce ! gr[? ( t absolutism s (t5 call$ 8ori5tal despotism10--z ?\gh !re 7 no despots ( occid5tal hi/ory6 ,let x be f> f me to uphold despotism ( any sort2 b x is a mi/ake to id5tify feudalism ) x4 ,:5 ,fr$]ick ! ,great wrote t 8,k+s are ! fir/ s]vants ( ! ,/ate10 juri/s ?\ght rightly t a new era 0 rea*$ 9 ! developm5t ( fre$om4 ,/rangely co9cid+ 9 "t1 9 ! backwoods ( ,nor?-we/]n ,japan1 ,yozan ( ,yonzawa made exactly ! same decl>ation1 %[+ t feudalism 0 n all tyranny & oppression4 ,a feudal pr9ce1 al?\gh unm9dful ( ow+ reciprocal obligations to 8 vassals1 felt a high] s5se ( responsibility to 8 ance/ors & to ,heav54 ,he 0 a fa!r to 8 subjects1 :om ,heav5 entru/$ to 8 c>e4 ,9 a s5se n usually assign$ to ! t]m1 ,bu%ido accept$ & corroborat$ pat]nal gov]nm5t--pat]nal also z oppos$ to ! less int]e/$ avuncul> gov]nm5t 7,uncle ,sam's1 to wit674 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a despotic & a pat]nal gov]nm5t lies 9 ?is1 t 9 ! "o ! p obey reluctantly1 :ile 9 ! o!r !y d s ) 8t pr\d submission1 t dignifi$ ob$i5ce1 t subord9ation ( he>t :i* kept alive1 ev5 9 s]vitude itself1 ! _s ( exalt$ fre$om40#h ,! old say+ is n entirely false :i* call$ ! k+ ( ,engl& ! 8k+ ( devils1 because ( 8 subjects' (t5 insurrections aga9/1 & depositions (1 _! pr9ces10 & :i* made ! ,fr5* mon>* ! 8k+ ( asses1 because ( _! inf9ite taxes & impositions10 b :i* gave ! title ( 8! k+ ( m50 to ! sov]eign ( ,spa9 8because ( 8 subjects' will+ ob$i5ce40 ,b en\gh6-- ,footnote #h3 ,burke1 ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,virtue & absolute p[] may /rike ! ,anglo-,saxon m9d z t]ms :i* x is impossible to h>monize4 ,poby$ono/seff has cle>ly set be=e u ! contra/ 9 ! f\ndations ( ,engli% & o!r ,european communities2 namely t ^! 7 organiz$ on ! basis ( common int]e/1 :ile t 0 di/+ui%$ by a /rongly develop$ indep5d5t p]sonality4 ,:at ?is ,russian /atesman says ( ! p]sonal dep5d5ce ( individuals on "s social alliance & 9 ! end ( ends ( ! ,/ate1 among ! cont95tal nations ( ,europe & p>ticul>ly among ,slavonic peoples1 is d\bly true ( ! ,japanese4 ,h5ce n only is a free ex]cise ( mon>*ical p[] n felt z heavily by u z 9 ,europe1 b x is g5]ally mod]at$ by p>5tal consid]ation = ! feel+s ( ! p4 8,absolutism10 says ,bism>ck1 8prim>ily dem&s 9 ! rul] imp>tiality1 hone/y1 devotion to duty1 en]gy & inw>d humility40 ,if ,i may be all[$ to make "o m quotation on ?is subject1 ,i w cite f ! spee* ( ! ,g]man ,emp]or at ,cobl5z1 9 :i* he spoke ( 8,k+%ip1 by ! grace ( ,god1 ) its heavy duties1 its trem5d\s responsibility to ! ,creator alone1 f :i* no man1 no m9i/]1 no p>liam5t1 c release ! mon>*40 ,we knew ,b5evol5ce 0 a t5d] virtue & "m-l4 ,if upright ,rectitude & /]n ,ju/ice 7 peculi>ly mascul9e1 ,m]cy _h ! g5tl5ess & ! p]suasiv5ess ( a fem99e nature4 ,we 7 w>n$ aga9/ indulg+ 9 indiscrim9ate *>ity1 )\t season+ x ) ju/ice & rectitude4 ,masamun express$ x well 9 8 (t-quot$ aphorism--8,rectitude c>ri$ to excess h>d5s into /iffness2 ,b5evol5ce indulg$ beyond measure s9ks into weakness40 ,=tunately ,m]cy 0 n s r>e z x 0 beautiful1 = x is univ]sally true t 8,! brave/ are ! t5d]e/1 ! lov+ are ! d>+40 8,bu%i no nasak0--! t5d]ness ( a w>rior--_h a s\nd :i* appeal$ at once to :atev] 0 noble 9 u2 n t ! m]cy ( a samurai 0 g5]ically diff]5t f ! m]cy ( any o!r be+1 b because x impli$ m]cy :]e m]cy 0 n a bl9d impulse1 b :]e x recogniz$ due reg>d to ju/ice1 & :]e m]cy did n rema9 m]ely a c]ta9 /ate ( m9d1 b :]e x 0 back$ ) p[] to save or kill4 ,z economi/s speak ( dem& z be+ effectual or ineffectual1 simil>ly we may call ! m]cy ( bu%i effectual1 s9ce x impli$ ! p[] ( act+ = ! good or detrim5t ( ! recipi5t4 ,prid+ !mselves z !y did 9 _! brute /r5g? & privileges to turn x into acc\nt1 ! samurai gave full cons5t to :at ,m5cius taught conc]n+ ! p[] ( ,love4 8,b5evol5ce10 he says1 8br+s "u its sway :atev] h9d]s its p[]1 j z wat] subdues fire3 !y only d\bt ! p[] ( wat] to qu5* flames :o try to ext+ui% ) a cupful a :ole burn+ wagon-load ( fagots40 ,he also says t 8! feel+ ( di/ress is ! root ( b5evol5ce1 !re=e a b5evol5t man is ev] m9dful ( ^? :o are suff]+ & 9 di/ress40 ,?us did ,m5cius long anticipate ,adam ,smi? :o f\nds 8 e?ical philosophy on ,sympa?y4 ,x is inde$ /rik+ h[ closely ! code ( knightly honor ( "o c\ntry co9cides ) t ( o!rs2 9 o!r words1 h[ ! mu* abus$ ori5tal ideas ( morals f9d _! c\nt]p>ts 9 ! noble/ maxims ( ,european lit]ature4 ,if ! well-kn[n l9es1 ,hae tibi erunt artes--pacisque impon]e morem1 ,p>c]e subjectis1 et debell>e sup]bos1 7 %[n a ,japanese g5tleman1 he might readily accuse ! ,mantuan b>d ( plagi>iz+ f ! lit]ature ( 8 own c\ntry4 ,b5evol5ce to ! weak1 ! d[ntrodd5 or ! vanqui%$1 0 ev] extoll$ z peculi>ly becom+ to a samurai4 ,lov]s ( ,japanese art mu/ be famili> ) ! repres5tation ( a prie/ rid+ backw>ds on a c[4 ,! rid] 0 once a w>rior :o 9 8 day made 8 "n a by-^w ( t]ror4 ,9 t t]rible battle ( ,sumano-ura1 7#aahd ,a4,d471 :i* 0 "o ( ! mo/ decisive 9 our hi/ory1 he ov]took an enemy & 9 s+le combat _h him 9 ! clut* ( 8 gigantic arms4 ,n[ ! etiquette ( w> requir$ t on su* occasions no blood %\ld be spilt1 unless ! weak] p>ty prov$ to be a man ( rank or ability equal to t ( ! /rong]4 ,! grim combatant w\ld h ! "n ( ! man "u him2 b he refus+ to make x kn[n1 8 helmet 0 ru?lessly torn (f1 :5 ! sight ( a juv5ile face1 fair & be>dless1 made ! a/oni%$ knight relax 8 hold4 ,help+ ! y\? to 8 feet1 9 pat]nal tones he bade ! /ripl+ g3 8,(f1 "y pr9ce1 to ?y "m's side6 ,! sword ( ,kumagaye %all nev] be t>ni%$ by a drop ( ?y blood4 ,ha/e & flee o'er yon pass be=e ?y enemies come 9 sight60 ,! "y w>rior refus$ to g & begg$ ,kumagaye1 = ! honor ( bo?1 to despat* him on ! spot4 ,above ! ho>y head ( ! vet]an gleams ! cold blade1 :i* _m a "t be=e has sund]$ ! *ords ( life1 b 8 /\t he>t quails2 !re fla%es a?w>t 8 m5tal eye ! vision ( 8 own boy1 :o ?is self-same day m>*$ to ! s\nd ( bugle to try 8 maid5 arms2 ! /rong h& ( ! w>rior quiv]s2 aga9 he begs 8 victim to flee = 8 life4 ,f9d+ all 8 entreaties va9 & he>+ ! approa*+ /eps ( 8 comrades1 he exclaims3 8,if ?\ art ov]tak51 ?\ maye/ fall at a m ignoble h& ?an m9e4 ,o1 ?\ ,inf9ite6 receive 8 s\l60 ,9 an in/ant ! sword fla%es 9 ! air1 & :5 x falls x is r$ ) adolesc5t blood4 ,:5 ! w> is end$1 we f9d our soldi] return+ 9 triumph1 b little c>es he n[ = honor or fame2 he r5\nces 8 w>like c>e]1 %aves 8 head1 dons a prie/ly g>b1 devotes ! re/ ( 8 days to holy pilgrimage1 nev] turn+ 8 back to ! ,we/1 :]e lies ! ,p>adise :5ce salvation comes & :i!r ! sun ha/es daily = 8 re/4 ,critics may po9t out flaws 9 ?is /ory1 :i* is casui/ically vuln]able4 ,let x be3 all ! same x %[s t ,t5d]ness1 ,pity & ,love1 7 traits :i* adorn$ ! mo/ sangu9>y exploits ( ! samurai4 ,x 0 an old maxim among !m t 8,x become? n ! f[l] to slay ! bird :i* takes refuge 9 8 bosom40 ,?is 9 a l>ge measure expla9s :y ! ,r$ ,cross movem5t1 consid]$ peculi>ly ,*ri/ian1 s readily f\nd a firm foot+ among u4 ,= decades be=e we he>d ( ! ,g5eva ,conv5tion1 ,bak91 our greate/ noveli/1 _h famili>iz$ u ) ! m$ical treatm5t ( a fall5 foe4 ,9 ! pr9cipality ( ,satsuma1 not$ = its m>tial _s & education1 ! cu/om prevail$ = "y m5 to practice music2 n ! bla/ ( trumpets or ! beat ( drums1--8^? clamor\s h>b+]s ( blood & dea?0--/irr+ u to imitate ! actions ( a tig]1 b sad & t5d] melodies on ! biwa1#i soo?+ our fi]y spirits1 draw+ our ?\ghts away f sc5t ( blood & sc5es ( c>nage4 ,polybius tells u ( ! ,con/itution ( ,arcadia1 :i* requir$ all y\?s "u ?irty to practice music1 9 ord] t ?is g5tle art might alleviate ! rigors ( t inclem5t region4 ,x is to its influ5ce t he attributes ! abs5ce ( cruelty 9 t "p ( ! ,arcadian m\nta9s4 ,footnote #i3 ,a musical in/rum5t1 resembl+ ! guit>4 ,nor 0 ,satsuma ! only place 9 ,japan :]e g5tl5ess 0 inculcat$ among ! w>rior class4 ,a ,pr9ce ( ,%irakawa jots d[n 8 r&om ?\ghts1 & among !m is ! foll[+3 8,?\gh !y come /eal+ to y\r b$side 9 ! sil5t wat*es ( ! night1 drive n away1 b r *]i% ^!--! fragrance ( fl[]s1 ! s\nd ( di/ant bells1 ! insect humm+ ( a fro/y night40 ,& aga91 8,?\gh !y may w\nd y\r feel+s1 ^! ?ree y h only to =give1 ! breeze t scatt]s y\r fl[]s1 ! cl\d t hides y\r moon1 & ! man :o tries to pick qu>rels ) y40 ,x 0 o/5sibly to express1 b actually to cultivate1 ^! g5tl] emotions t ! writ+ ( v]ses 0 enc\rag$4 ,our poetry has !re=e a /rong und]curr5t ( pa?os & t5d]ness4 ,a well-kn[n anecdote ( a ru/ic samurai illu/rates a case 9 po9t4 ,:5 he 0 told to le>n v]sification1 & 8,! ,w>bl]'s ,notes0#aj 0 giv5 him = ! subject ( 8 fir/ attempt1 8 fi]y _s rebell$ & he flung at ! feet ( 8 ma/] ?is unc\? production1 :i* ran ,footnote #aj3 ,! uguisu or w>bl]1 sometimes call$ ! night+ale ( ,japan4 8,! brave w>rior keeps ap>t ,! e> t might li/5 ,to ! w>bl]'s song40 ,8 ma/]1 undaunt$ by ! crude s5tim5t1 cont9u$ to enc\rage ! y\?1 until "o day ! music ( 8 s\l 0 awak5$ to respond to ! sweet notes ( ! uguisu1 & he wrote 8,/&s ! w>rior1 mail$ & /rong1 ,to he> ! uguisu's song1 ,w>bl$ sweet ! trees among40 ,we admire & enjoy ! h]oic incid5t 9 ,krn]'s %ort life1 :51 z he lay w\nd$ on ! battle-field1 he scribbl$ 8 fam\s 8,f>ewell to ,life40 ,incid5ts ( a simil> k9d 7 n at all unusual 9 our w>f>e4 ,our pi?y1 epigrammatic poems 7 p>ticul>ly well suit$ to ! improvisation ( a s+le s5tim5t4 ,ev]ybody ( any education 0 ei!r a poet or a poeta/]4 ,n infrequ5tly a m>*+ soldi] might be se5 to halt1 take 8 writ+ ut5sils f 8 belt1 & compose an ode1--& su* pap]s 7 f\nd aft]w>d 9 ! helmets or ! brea/-plates1 :5 ^! 7 remov$ f _! lifeless we>]s4 ,:at ,*ri/ianity has done 9 ,europe t[>d r\s+ compassion 9 ! mid/ ( bellig]5t horrors1 love ( music & lett]s has done 9 ,japan4 ,! cultivation ( t5d] feel+s bre$s consid]ate reg>d = ! suff]+s ( o!rs4 ,mode/y & complaisance1 actuat$ by respect = o!rs' feel+s1 are at ! root ( ,,polit5ess1 t c\rtesy & urbanity ( mann]s :i* has be5 notic$ by e =eign t\ri/ z a m>k$ ,japanese trait4 ,polit5ess is a poor virtue1 if x is actuat$ only by a fe> ( (f5d+ good ta/e1 :]eas x %\ld be ! outw>d manife/ation ( a sympa!tic reg>d = ! feel+s ( o!rs4 ,x also implies a due reg>d = ! fitness ( ?+s1 !re=e due respect to social positions2 = ^! latt] express no plutocratic di/9ctions1 b 7 orig9ally di/9ctions = actual m]it4 ,9 its highe/ =m1 polit5ess almo/ approa*es love4 ,we may rev]5tly say1 polit5ess 8suff]e? long1 & is k9d2 envie? n1 vaunte? n itself1 is n puff$ up2 do? n behave itself unseemly1 seeke? n h] own1 is n easily provok$1 take? n acc\nt ( evil40 ,is x any wond] t ,pr(essor ,dean1 9 speak+ ( ! six elem5ts ( ,humanity1 accords to ,polit5ess an exalt$ position1 inasmu* z x is ! ripe/ fruit ( social int]c\rse8 ,:ile ?us extoll+ ,polit5ess1 f> be x f me to put x 9 ! front rank ( virtues4 ,if we analyze x1 we %all f9d x correlat$ ) o!r virtues ( a high] ord]2 = :at virtue /&s alone8 ,:ile--or r because--x 0 exalt$ z peculi> to ! pr(ession ( arms1 & z su* e/eem$ 9 a degree high] ?an its des]ts1 !re came into exi/5ce its c\nt]feits4 ,confucius himself has repeat$ly taught t ext]nal appurt5ances are z little a "p ( propriety z s\nds are ( music4 ,:5 propriety 0 elevat$ to ! s9e qua non ( social int]c\rse1 x 0 only to be expect$ t an elaborate sy/em ( etiquette %\ld come into vogue to tra9 y\? 9 correct social behavior4 ,h[ "o mu/ b[ 9 acco/+ o!rs1 h[ he mu/ walk & sit1 7 taught & le>n$ ) utmo/ c>e4 ,table mann]s grew to be a sci5ce4 ,tea s]v+ & dr9k+ 7 rais$ to a c]emony4 ,a man ( education is1 ( c\rse1 expect$ to be ma/] ( all ^!4 ,v fitly does ,mr4 ,vebl51 9 8 int]e/+ book1#aa call decorum 8a product & an expon5t ( ! leisure-class life40 ,footnote #aa3 ,!ory ( ! ,leisure ,class1 ,n4,y4 #ahii1 p4 #df4 ,i h he>d slight+ rem>ks made by ,europeans ^u our elaborate discipl9e ( polit5ess4 ,x has be5 criticiz$ z absorb+ too mu* ( our ?\ght & 9 s f> a folly to obs]ve /rict ob$i5ce to x4 ,i admit t !re may be unnecess>y niceties 9 c]emoni\s etiquette1 b :e!r x p>takes z mu* ( folly z ! adh]5ce to ev]-*ang+ fa%ions ( ! ,we/1 is a "q n v cle> to my m9d4 ,ev5 fa%ions ,i d n consid] solely z freaks ( vanity2 on ! contr>y1 ,i look ^u ^! z a ceaseless se>* ( ! human m9d = ! beautiful4 ,mu* less d ,i consid] elaborate c]emony z altoge!r trivial2 = x d5otes ! result ( long obs]vation z to ! mo/ appropriate me?od ( a*iev+ a c]ta9 result4 ,if !re is any?+ to d1 !re is c]ta9ly a be/ way to d x1 & ! be/ way is bo? ! mo/ economical & ! mo/ graceful4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] def9es grace z ! mo/ economical mann] ( motion4 ,! tea c]emony pres5ts c]ta9 def9ite ways ( manipulat+ a b[l1 a spoon1 a napk91 etc4 ,to a novice x looks t$i\s4 ,b "o soon discov]s t ! way prescrib$ is1 aft] all1 ! mo/ sav+ ( "t & labor2 9 o!r words1 ! mo/ economical use ( =ce1--h5ce1 accord+ to ,sp5c]'s dictum1 ! mo/ graceful4 ,! spiritual significance ( social decorum1--or1 ,i might say1 to borr[ f ! vocabul>y ( ! 8,philosophy ( ,clo!s10 ! spiritual discipl9e ( :i* etiquette & c]emony are m]e outw>d g>m5ts1--is out ( all proportion to :at _! appe>ance w>rants u 9 believ+4 ,i might foll[ ! example ( ,mr4 ,sp5c] & trace 9 our c]emonial in/itutions _! orig9s & ! moral motives t gave rise to !m2 b t is n :at ,i %all endeavor to d 9 ?is book4 ,x is ! moral tra9+ involv$ 9 /rict obs]vance ( propriety1 t ,i wi% to emphasize4 ,i h said t etiquette 0 elaborat$ into ! f9e/ niceties1 s mu* s t diff]5t s*ools advocat+ diff]5t sy/ems1 came into exi/5ce4 ,b !y all unit$ 9 ! ultimate ess5tial1 & ?is 0 put by a great expon5t ( ! be/ kn[n s*ool ( etiquette1 ! ,ogasaw>a1 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 8,! end ( all etiquette is to s cultivate y\r m9d t ev5 :5 y are quietly seat$1 n ! r\ghe/ ruffian c d>e make onset on y\r p]son40 ,x means1 9 o!r words1 t by con/ant ex]cise 9 correct mann]s1 "o br+s all ! p>ts & faculties ( 8 body into p]fect ord] & into su* h>mony ) itself & its environm5t z to express ! ma/]y ( _s ov] ! fle%4 ,:at a new & deep significance ! ,fr5* ^w bi5sance#ab comes ?us to conta96 ,footnote #ab3 ,etymologically well-seat$ness4 ,if ! premise is true t gracefulness means economy ( =ce1 !n x foll[s z a logical sequ5ce t a con/ant practice ( graceful deportm5t mu/ br+ ) x a res]ve & /orage ( =ce4 ,f9e mann]s1 !re=e1 mean p[] 9 repose4 ,:5 ! b>b>ian ,gauls1 dur+ ! sack ( ,rome1 bur/ into ! assembl$ ,s5ate & d>$ pull ! be>ds ( ! v5]able ,fa!rs1 we ?9k ! old g5tlem5 7 to blame1 inasmu* z !y lack$ dignity & /r5g? ( mann]s4 ,is l(ty spiritual atta9m5t really possible ?r\gh etiquette8 ,:y n8--,all roads lead to ,rome6 ,z an example ( h[ ! simple/ ?+ c be made into an art & !n become spiritual culture1 ,i may take ,*a-no-yu1 ! tea c]emony4 ,tea-sipp+ z a f9e art6 ,:y %\ld x n be8 ,9 ! *ildr5 draw+ pictures on ! s&1 or 9 ! savage c>v+ on a rock1 0 ! promise ( a ,raphael or a ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,h[ mu* m is ! dr9k+ ( a bev]age1 :i* began ) ! transc5d5tal contemplation ( a ,h9doo an*orite1 entitl$ to develop into a h&maid ( ,religion & ,morality8 ,t calmness ( m9d1 t s]5ity ( temp]1 t composure & quietness ( demeanor1 :i* are ! fir/ ess5tials ( ,*a-no-yu are )\t d\bt ! fir/ conditions ( "r ?9k+ & "r feel+4 ,! scrupul\s cleanl9ess ( ! little room1 %ut (f f sight & s\nd ( ! madd+ cr[d1 is 9 itself conducive to direct "o's ?\ghts f ! _w4 ,! b>e int]ior does n engross "o's att5tion l ! innum]able pictures & bric-a-brac ( a ,we/]n p>lor2 ! pres5ce ( kakemono#ac calls our att5tion m to grace ( design ?an to beauty ( color4 ,! utmo/ ref9em5t ( ta/e is ! object aim$ at2 :]eas any?+ l display is bani%$ ) religi\s horror4 ,! v fact t x 0 inv5t$ by a contemplative recluse1 9 a "t :5 w>s & ! rumors ( w>s 7 incessant1 is well calculat$ to %[ t ?is in/itution 0 m ?an a pa/ime4 ,be=e ent]+ ! quiet prec9cts ( ! tea-room1 ! company assembl+ to p>take ( ! c]emony laid aside1 toge!r ) _! swords1 ! f]ocity ( ! battle-field or ! c>es ( gov]nm5t1 !re to f9d peace & fri5d%ip4 ,footnote #ac3 ,hang+ scrolls1 :i* may be ei!r pa9t+s or ideograms1 us$ = decorative purposes4 ,*a-no-yu is m ?an a c]emony--x is a f9e art2 x is poetry1 ) articulate ge/ures = rhy?m3 x is a modus op]&i ( s\l discipl9e4 ,its greate/ value lies 9 ?is la/ phase4 ,n infrequ5tly ! o!r phases prepond]at$ 9 ! m9d ( its vot>ies1 b t does n prove t its ess5ce 0 n ( a spiritual nature4 ,polit5ess w be a great acquisition1 if x does no m ?an imp>t grace to mann]s2 b its function does n /op "h4 ,= propriety1 spr++ z x does f motives ( b5evol5ce & mode/y1 & actuat$ by t5d] feel+s t[>d ! s5sibilities ( o!rs1 is ev] a graceful expression ( sympa?y4 ,its requirem5t is t we %\ld weep ) ^? t weep & rejoice ) ^? t rejoice4 ,su* didactic requirem5t1 :5 r$uc$ into small e-day details ( life1 expresses itself 9 little acts sc>cely noticeable1 or1 if notic$1 is1 z "o mission>y lady ( tw5ty ye>s' resid5ce once said to me1 8awfully funny40 ,y are out 9 ! hot gl>+ sun ) no %ade ov] y2 a ,japanese acqua9tance passes by2 y acco/ him1 & in/antly 8 hat is (f--well1 t is p]fectly natural1 b ! 8awfully funny0 p]=mance is1 t all ! :ile he talks ) y 8 p>asol is d[n & he /&s 9 ! gl>+ sun also4 ,h[ fooli%6--,yes1 exactly s1 provid$ ! motive 7 less ?an ?is3 8,y are 9 ! sun2 ,i sympa?ize ) y2 ,i w\ld will+ly take y "u my p>asol if x 7 l>ge en\gh1 or if we 7 famili>ly acqua9t$2 z ,i _c %ade y1 ,i w %>e y\r discom=ts40 ,little acts ( ?is k9d1 equally or m amus+1 are n m]e ge/ures or conv5tionalities4 ,!y are ! 8body+ =?0 ( ?\ghtful feel+s = ! com=t ( o!rs4 ,ano!r 8awfully funny0 cu/om is dictat$ by our canons ( ,polit5ess2 b _m sup]ficial writ]s on ,japan h dismiss$ x by simply attribut+ x to ! g5]al topsy-turvyness ( ! nation4 ,e =eign] :o has obs]v$ x w confess ! awkw>dness he felt 9 mak+ prop] reply ^u ! occasion4 ,9 ,am]ica1 :5 y make a gift1 y s+ its praises to ! recipi5t2 9 ,japan we depreciate or sl&] x4 ,! und]ly+ idea ) y is1 8,?is is a nice gift3 if x 7 n nice ,i w\ld n d>e give x to y2 = x w be an insult to give y any?+ b :at is nice40 ,9 contra/ to ?is1 our logic runs3 8,y are a nice p]son1 & no gift is nice en\gh = y4 ,y w n accept any?+ ,i c lay at y\r feet except z a tok5 ( my good w2 s accept ?is1 n = its intr9sic value1 b z a tok54 ,x w be an insult to y\r wor? to call ! be/ gift good en\gh = y40 ,place ! two ideas side by side2 & we see t ! ultimate idea is "o & ! same4 ,nei!r is 8awfully funny40 ,! ,am]ican speaks ( ! mat]ial :i* makes ! gift2 ! ,japanese speaks ( ! _s :i* prompts ! gift4 ,x is p]v]se reason+ to conclude1 because our s5se ( propriety %[s itself 9 all ! smalle/ ramifications ( our deportm5t1 to take ! lea/ important ( !m & uphold x z ! type1 & pass judgm5t ^u ! pr9ciple itself4 ,:i* is m important1 to eat or to obs]ve rules ( propriety ab\t eat+8 ,a ,*9ese sage answ]s1 8,if y take a case :]e ! eat+ is all-important1 & ! obs]v+ ! rules ( propriety is ( little importance1 & comp>e !m toge!r1 :y m]ely say t ! eat+ is ( ! m importance80 8,metal is heavi] ?an fea!rs10 b does t say+ h ref]5ce to a s+le clasp ( metal & a wagon-load ( fea!rs8 ,take a piece ( wood a foot ?ick & raise x above ! p9nacle ( a temple1 none w\ld call x tall] ?an ! temple4 ,to ! "q1 8,:i* is ! m important1 to tell ! tru? or to be polite80 ! ,japanese are said to give an answ] diametrically opposite to :at ! ,am]ican w say1--b ,i =be> any comm5t until ,i come to speak ( ,,v]acity ,,or ,,tru?fulness1 )\t :i* ,polit5ess is a f>ce & a %[4 8,propriety c>ri$ beyond "r b\nds10 says ,masamun1 8becomes a lie40 ,an anci5t poet has outdone ,polonius 9 ! advice he gives3 8,to ?yself be fai?ful3 if 9 ?y he>t ?\ /raye/ n f tru?1 )\t pray] ( ?9e ! ,gods w keep !e :ole40 ,! apo!osis ( ,s9c]ity to :i* ,tsu-tsu gives expression 9 ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean1 attributes to x transc5d5tal p[]s1 almo/ id5tify+ !m ) ! ,div9e4 8,s9c]ity is ! end & ! beg9n+ ( all ?+s2 )\t ,s9c]ity !re w\ld be no?+40 ,he !n dwells ) eloqu5ce on its f>-rea*+ & long endur+ nature1 its p[] to produce *anges )\t movem5t & by its m]e pres5ce to accompli% its purpose )\t ef=t4 ,f ! ,*9ese ideogram = ,s9c]ity1 :i* is a comb9ation ( 8,^w0 & 8,p]fect10 "o is tempt$ to draw a p>allel betwe5 x & ! ,neo-,platonic doctr9e ( ,logos--to su* height does ! sage so> 9 8 unwont$ my/ic flight4 ,ly+ or equivocation 7 deem$ equally c[>dly4 ,! bu%i held t 8 high social position dem&$ a l(ti] /&>d ( v]acity ?an t ( ! tradesman & peasant4 ,bu%i no i*i-gon--! ^w ( a samurai or 9 exact ,g]man equival5t e9 ,ritt]wort--0 suffici5t gu>anty ( ! tru?fulness ( an ass]tion4 ,8 ^w c>ri$ su* weight ) x t promises 7 g5]ally made & fulfill$ )\t a writt5 pl$ge1 :i* w\ld h be5 deem$ q b5ea? 8 dignity4 ,_m ?rill+ anecdotes 7 told ( ^? :o aton$ by dea? = ni-gon1 a d\ble tongue4 ,! reg>d = v]acity 0 s high t1 unlike ! g5]ality ( ,*ri/ians :o p]si/5tly violate ! pla9 comm&s ( ! ,tea*] n to swe>1 ! be/ ( samurai look$ ^u an oa? z d]ogatory to _! honor4 ,i am well aw>e t !y did swe> by diff]5t deities or ^u _! swords2 b nev] has swe>+ deg5]at$ into wanton =m & irrev]5t int]jection4 ,to emphasize our words a practice ( lit]ally seal+ ) blood 0 sometimes resort$ to4 ,= ! explanation ( su* a practice1 ,i ne$ only ref] my read]s to ,goe!'s ,fau/4 ,a rec5t ,am]ican writ] is responsible = ?is /atem5t1 t if y ask an ord9>y ,japanese :i* is bett]1 to tell a falsehood or be impolite1 he w n hesitate to answ] 8to tell a falsehood60 ,dr4 ,pe]y#ad is p>tly "r & p>tly wrong2 "r 9 t an ord9>y ,japanese1 ev5 a samurai1 may answ] 9 ! way ascrib$ to him1 b wrong 9 attribut+ too mu* weight to ! t]m he translates 8falsehood40 ,?is ^w 79 ,japanese uso7 is employ$ to d5ote any?+ :i* is n a tru? 7makoto7 or fact 7honto74 ,l[ell tells u t ,wordswor? c\ld n di/+ui% betwe5 tru? & fact1 & an ord9>y ,japanese is 9 ?is respect z good z ,wordswor?4 ,ask a ,japanese1 or ev5 an ,am]ican ( any ref9em5t1 to tell y :e!r he dislikes y or :e!r he is sick at 8 /oma*1 & he w n hesitate long to tell falsehoods & answ]1 8,i l y mu*10 or1 8,i am q well1 ?ank y40 ,to sacrifice tru? m]ely = ! sake ( polit5ess 0 reg>d$ z an 8empty =m0 7kyo-rei7 & 8deception by sweet words10 & 0 nev] ju/ifi$4 ,footnote #ad3 ,pe]y1 ,! ,gi/ ( ,japan1 p4 #hf4 ,i own ,i am speak+ n[ ( ! ,bu%ido idea ( v]acity2 b x may n be amiss to devote a few words to our comm]cial integrity1 ( :i* ,i h he>d mu* compla9t 9 =eign books & j\rnals4 ,a loose bus9ess morality has inde$ be5 ! wor/ blot on our national reputation2 b be=e abus+ x or ha/ily condemn+ ! :ole race = x1 let u calmly /udy x & we %all be rew>d$ ) consolation = ! future4 ,( all ! great occupations ( life1 none 0 f>!r remov$ f ! pr(ession ( arms ?an comm]ce4 ,! m]*ant 0 plac$ l[e/ 9 ! category ( vocations1--! knight1 ! till] ( ! soil1 ! me*anic1 ! m]*ant4 ,! samurai d]iv$ 8 income f l& & c\ld ev5 indulge1 if he _h a m9d to1 9 amateur f>m+2 b ! c\nt] & abacus 7 abhorr$4 ,we knew ! wisdom ( ?is social arrangem5t4 ,montesquieu has made x cle> t ! deb>r+ ( ! nobility f m]cantile pursuits 0 an admirable social policy1 9 t x prev5t$ weal? f accumulat+ 9 ! h&s ( ! p[]ful4 ,! sep>ation ( p[] & ri*es kept ! di/ribution ( ! latt] m ne>ly equable4 ,pr(essor ,dill1 ! au?or ( 8,roman ,society 9 ! ,la/ ,c5tury ( ! ,we/]n ,empire10 has br\ght afre% to our m9d t "o cause ( ! decad5ce ( ! ,roman ,empire1 0 ! p]mission giv5 to ! nobility to engage 9 trade1 & ! consequ5t monopoly ( weal? & p[] by a m9ority ( ! s5atorial families4 ,comm]ce1 !re=e1 9 feudal ,japan did n rea* t degree ( developm5t :i* x w\ld h atta9$ "u fre] conditions4 ,! obloquy atta*$ to ! call+ naturally br\ght )9 its pale su* z c>$ little = social repute4 8,call "o a ?ief & he w /eal30 put a /igma on a call+ & its foll[]s adju/ _! morals to x1 = x is natural t 8! normal consci5ce10 z ,hugh ,black says1 8rises to ! dem&s made on x1 & easily falls to ! limit ( ! /&>d expect$ f x40 ,x is unnecess>y to add t no bus9ess1 comm]cial or o!rwise1 c be transact$ )\t a code ( morals4 ,our m]*ants ( ! feudal p]iod _h "o among !mselves1 )\t :i* !y c\ld nev] h develop$1 z !y did1 su* fundam5tal m]cantile in/itutions z ! guild1 ! bank1 ! b\rse1 insurance1 *ecks1 bills ( ex*ange1 etc42 b 9 _! relations ) p outside _! vocation1 ! tradesm5 liv$ too true to ! reputation ( _! ord]4 ,?is be+ ! case1 :5 ! c\ntry 0 op5$ to =eign trade1 only ! mo/ adv5tur\s & unscrupul\s ru%$ to ! ports1 :ile ! respectable bus9ess h\ses decl9$ = "s "t ! repeat$ reque/s ( ! au?orities to e/abli% bran* h\ses4 ,0 ,bu%ido p[]less to /ay ! curr5t ( comm]cial di%onor8 ,let u see4 ,^? :o are well acqua9t$ ) our hi/ory w rememb] t only a few ye>s aft] our treaty ports 7 op5$ to =eign trade1 feudalism 0 aboli%$1 & :5 ) x ! samurai's fiefs 7 tak5 & bonds issu$ to !m 9 comp5sation1 !y 7 giv5 lib]ty to inve/ !m 9 m]cantile transactions4 ,n[ y may ask1 8,:y c\ld !y n br+ _! mu* boa/$ v]acity into _! new bus9ess relations & s re=m ! old abuses80 ,^? :o _h eyes to see c\ld n weep en\gh1 ^? :o _h he>ts to feel c\ld n sympa?ize en\gh1 ) ! fate ( _m a noble & hone/ samurai :o signally & irrevocably fail$ 9 8 new & unfamili> field ( trade & indu/ry1 ?r\gh %e] lack ( %rewdness 9 cop+ ) 8 artful plebeian rival4 ,:5 we "k t eighty p] c5t4 ( ! bus9ess h\ses fail 9 s indu/rial a c\ntry z ,am]ica1 is x any wond] t sc>cely "o among a hundr$ samurai :o w5t into trade c\ld succe$ 9 8 new vocation8 ,x w be long be=e x w be recogniz$ h[ _m =tunes 7 wreck$ 9 ! attempt to apply ,bu%ido e?ics to bus9ess me?ods2 b x 0 soon pat5t to e obs]v+ m9d t ! ways ( weal? 7 n ! ways ( honor4 ,9 :at respects1 !n1 7 !y diff]5t8 ,( ! ?ree inc5tives to ,v]acity t ,lecky enum]ates1 viz3 ! indu/rial1 ! political1 & ! philosophical1 ! fir/ 0 altoge!r lack+ 9 ,bu%ido4 ,z to ! second1 x c\ld develop little 9 a political community "u a feudal sy/em4 ,x is 9 its philosophical1 & z ,lecky says1 9 its highe/ aspect1 t ,hone/y atta9$ elevat$ rank 9 our catalogue ( virtues4 ,) all my s9c]e reg>d = ! high comm]cial integrity ( ! ,anglo-,saxon race1 :5 ,i ask = ! ultimate gr\nd1 ,i am told t 8,hone/y is ! be/ policy10 t x pays to be hone/4 ,is n ?is virtue1 !n1 its own rew>d8 ,if x is foll[$ because x br+s 9 m ca% ?an falsehood1 ,i am afraid ,bu%ido w\ld r indulge 9 lies6 ,if ,bu%ido rejects a doctr9e ( quid pro quo rew>ds1 ! %rewd] tradesman w readily accept x4 ,lecky has v truly rem>k$ t ,v]acity owes its gr[? l>gely to comm]ce & manufacture2 z ,nietzs*e puts x1 8,hone/y is ! y\nge/ ( virtues0--9 o!r words1 x is ! fo/]-*ild ( indu/ry1 ( mod]n indu/ry4 ,)\t ?is "m1 ,v]acity 0 l a blue-blood orphan :om only ! mo/ cultivat$ m9d c\ld adopt & n\ri%4 ,su* m9ds 7 g5]al among ! samurai1 b1 = want ( a m democratic & utilit>ian fo/]-"m1 ! t5d] *ild fail$ to ?rive4 ,indu/ries advanc+1 ,v]acity w prove an easy1 nay1 a pr(itable1 virtue to practice4 ,j ?9k1 z late z ,novemb] #ahhj1 ,bism>ck s5t a circul> to ! pr(essional consuls ( ! ,g]man ,empire1 w>n+ !m ( 8a lam5table lack ( reliability ) reg>d to ,g]man %ipm5ts int] alia1 app>5t bo? z to quality & quantity20 n[-a-days we he> comp>atively little ( ,g]man c>elessness & di%one/y 9 trade4 ,9 tw5ty ye>s h] m]*ants le>n$ t 9 ! end hone/y pays4 ,already our m]*ants are f9d+ t out4 ,= ! re/ ,i recomm5d ! read] to two rec5t writ]s = well-weigh$ judgm5t on ?is po9t4#ae ,x is int]e/+ to rem>k 9 ?is connection t integrity & honor 7 ! sure/ gu>anties :i* ev5 a m]*ant debtor c\ld pres5t 9 ! =m ( promissory notes4 ,x 0 q a usual ?+ to ins]t su* clauses z ^!3 8,9 default ( ! repaym5t ( ! sum l5t to me1 ,i %all say no?+ aga9/ be+ ridicul$ 9 public20 or1 8,9 case ,i fail to pay y back1 y may call me a fool10 & ! l4 ,footnote #ae3 ,knapp1 ,feudal & ,mod]n ,japan1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,*4 ,,iv4 ,ransome1 ,japan 9 ,transition1 ,*4 ,,viii4 ,(t5 h ,i wond]$ :e!r ! ,v]acity ( ,bu%ido _h any motive high] ?an c\rage4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any positive comm&m5t aga9/ be>+ false witness1 ly+ 0 n condemn$ z s91 b simply d5\nc$ z weakness1 &1 z su*1 highly di%onorable4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! idea ( hone/y is s intimately bl5d$1 & its ,lat9 & its ,g]man etymology s id5tifi$ ) ,,honor1 t x is high "t ,i %\ld pause a few mom5ts = ! consid]ation ( ?is feature ( ! ,precepts ( ,knigh?ood4 ,! s5se ( honor1 imply+ a vivid consci\sness ( p]sonal dignity & wor?1 c\ld n fail to *>act]ize ! samurai1 born & br$ to value ! duties & privileges ( _! pr(ession4 ,?\gh ! ^w ord9>ily giv5 n[-a-days z ! translation ( ,honor 0 n us$ freely1 yet ! idea 0 convey$ by su* t]ms z na 7"n7 m5-moku 7c\nt5ance71 guai-bun 7outside he>+71 rem9d+ u respectively ( ! biblical use ( 8"n10 ( ! evolution ( ! t]m 8p]sonality0 f ! ,greek mask1 & ( 8fame40 ,a good "n--"o's reputation1 ! immortal "p ( "o's self1 :at rema9s be+ be/ial--assum$ z a matt] ( c\rse1 any infr+em5t ^u its integrity 0 felt z %ame1 & ! s5se ( %ame 7,r5-*i-%97 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ to be *]i%$ 9 juv5ile education4 8,y w be laugh$ at10 8,x w disgrace y10 8,are y n a%am$80 7 ! la/ appeal to correct behavior on ! "p ( a y\?ful del9qu5t4 ,su* a rec\rse to 8 honor t\*$ ! mo/ s5sitive spot 9 ! *ild's he>t1 z ?\gh x _h be5 nurs$ on honor :ile x 0 9 its "m's womb2 = mo/ truly is honor a pr5atal influ5ce1 be+ closely b\nd up ) /rong family consci\sness4 8,9 los+ ! solid>ity ( families10 says ,balzac1 8society has lo/ ! fundam5tal =ce :i* ,montesquieu nam$ ,honor40 ,inde$1 ! s5se ( %ame seems to me to be ! e>lie/ indication ( ! moral consci\sness ( our race4 ,! fir/ & wor/ puni%m5t :i* befell humanity 9 consequ5ce ( ta/+ 8! fruit ( t =bidd5 tree0 01 to my m9d1 n ! sorr[ ( *ildbir?1 nor ! ?orns & ?i/les1 b ! awak5+ ( ! s5se ( %ame4 ,few incid5ts 9 hi/ory excel 9 pa?os ! sc5e ( ! fir/ "m ply+ ) heav+ brea/ & tremul\s f+]s1 h] crude ne$le on ! few fig leaves :i* h] deject$ husb& pluck$ = h]4 ,?is fir/ fruit ( disob$i5ce cl+s to u ) a t5acity t no?+ else does4 ,all ! s>torial +5uity ( mank9d has n yet succe$$ 9 sew+ an apron t w efficaci\sly hide our s5se ( %ame4 ,t samurai 0 "r :o refus$ to compromise 8 "* by a slight humiliation 9 8 y\?2 8because10 he said1 8di%onor is l a sc> on a tree1 :i* "t1 in/ead ( effac+1 only helps to enl>ge40 ,m5cius _h taught c5turies be=e1 9 almo/ ! id5tical phrase1 :at ,c>lyle has latt]ly express$1--namely1 t 8,%ame is ! soil ( all ,virtue1 ( good mann]s & good morals40 ,! fe> ( disgrace 0 s great t if our lit]ature lacks su* eloqu5ce z ,%akespe>e puts into ! m\? ( ,norfolk1 x nev]!less hung l ,damocles' sword ov] ! head ( e samurai & (t5 assum$ a morbid "*4 ,9 ! "n ( ,honor1 de$s 7 p]petrat$ :i* c f9d no ju/ification 9 ! code ( ,bu%ido4 ,at ! slighte/1 nay1 imag9>y insult1 ! quick-temp]$ bragg>t took (f5se1 resort$ to ! use ( ! sword1 & _m an unnecess>y /rife 0 rais$ & _m an innoc5t life lo/4 ,! /ory ( a well-mean+ citiz5 :o call$ ! att5tion ( a bu%i to a flea jump+ on 8 back1 & :o 0 =?) cut 9 two1 = ! simple & que/ionable reason t inasmu* z fleas are p>asites :i* fe$ on animals1 x 0 an unp>donable insult to id5tify a noble w>rior ) a bea/--,i say1 /ories l ^! are too frivol\s to believe4 ,yet1 ! circulation ( su* /ories implies ?ree ?+s2 7#a7 t !y 7 inv5t$ to ov]awe common p2 7#b7 t abuses 7 really made ( ! samurai's pr(ession ( honor2 & 7#c7 t a v /rong s5se ( %ame 0 develop$ among !m4 ,x is pla9ly unfair to take an abnormal case to ca/ blame ^u ! ,precepts1 any m ?an to judge ( ! true tea*+ ( ,*ri/ f ! fruits ( religi\s fanaticism & extravagance--inquisitions & hypocrisy4 ,b1 z 9 religi\s monomania !re is some?+ t\*+ly noble1 z comp>$ ) ! delirium trem5s ( a drunk>d1 s 9 t extreme s5sitiv5ess ( ! samurai ab\t _! honor d we n recognize ! sub/ratum ( a g5u9e virtue8 ,! morbid excess into :i* ! delicate code ( honor 0 incl9$ to run 0 /rongly c\nt]balanc$ by prea*+ magnanimity & pati5ce4 ,to take (f5se at slight provocation 0 ridicul$ z 8%ort-temp]$40 ,! popul> adage said3 8,to be> :at y ?9k y _c be> is really to be>40 ,! great ,iyyasu left to po/]ity a few maxims1 among :i* are ! foll[+3--8,! life ( man is l go+ a long di/ance ) a heavy load ^u ! %\ld]s4 ,ha/e n4 99 99 99 99 ,reproa* none1 b be =ev] wat*ful ( ?9e own %ort-com+s4 99 99 99 ,=be>ance is ! basis ( l5g? ( days40 ,he prov$ 9 8 life :at he prea*$4 ,a lit]>y wit put a *>act]i/ic epigram into ! m\?s ( ?ree well-kn[n p]sonages 9 our hi/ory3 to ,nobunaga he attribut$1 8,i w kill h]1 if ! night+ale s+s n 9 "t20 to ,hidyo%i1 8,i w =ce h] to s+ = me20 & to ,iyyasu1 8,i w wait till %e op5s h] lips40 ,pati5ce & long suff]+ 7 also highly comm5d$ by ,m5cius4 ,9 "o place he writes to ?is effect3 8,?\gh y d5ude y\rself & insult me1 :at is t to me8 ,y _c defile my s\l by y\r outrage40 ,else:]e he tea*es t ang] at a petty (f5se is unwor?y a sup]ior man1 b indignation = a great cause is righte\s wra?4 ,to :at height ( unm>tial & unresi/+ meekness ,bu%ido c\ld rea* 9 "s ( its vot>ies1 may be se5 9 _! utt]ances4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ?is say+ ( ,ogawa3 8,:5 o!rs speak all mann] ( evil ?+s aga9/ !e1 return n evil = evil1 b r reflect t ?\ wa/ n m fai?ful 9 ! dis*>ge ( ?y duties40 ,take ano!r ( ,kumazawa3--8,:5 o!rs blame !e1 blame !m n2 :5 o!rs are angry at !e1 return n ang]4 ,joy come? only z ,passion & ,desire "p40 ,/ill ano!r in/ance ,i may cite f ,saigo1 ^u ^: ov]hang+ br[s 8%ame is a%am$ to sit20--8,! ,way is ! way ( ,heav5 & ,e>?3 ,man's place is to foll[ x3 !re=e make x ! object ( ?y life to rev]5ce ,heav54 ,heav5 loves me & o!rs ) equal love2 !re=e ) ! love :]e) ?\ love/ ?yself1 love o!rs4 ,make n ,man ?y p>tn] b ,heav51 & mak+ ,heav5 ?y p>tn] d ?y be/4 ,nev] condemn o!rs2 b see to x t ?\ come/ n %ort ( ?9e own m>k40 ,"s ( ^? say+s rem9d u ( ,*ri/ian expo/ulations & %[ u h[ f> 9 practical morality natural religion c approa* ! reveal$4 ,n only did ^! say+s rema9 z utt]ances1 b !y 7 really embodi$ 9 acts4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t v few atta9$ ?is sublime height ( magnanimity1 pati5ce & =giv5ess4 ,x 0 a great pity t no?+ cle> & g5]al 0 express$ z to :at con/itutes ,honor1 only a few enlight5$ m9ds be+ aw>e t x 8f no condition rises10 b t x lies 9 ea* act+ well 8 "p3 = no?+ 0 easi] ?an = y\?s to =get 9 ! heat ( action :at !y _h le>n$ 9 ,m5cius 9 _! calm] mom5ts4 ,said ?is sage1 8',tis 9 e man's m9d to love honor3 b little do? he dream t :at is truly honorable lies )9 himself & n any:]e else4 ,! honor :i* m5 conf] is n good honor4 ,^? :om ,*o ! ,great ennobles1 he c make mean aga940 ,= ! mo/ "p1 an insult 0 quickly res5t$ & repaid by dea?1 z we %all see lat]1 :ile ,honor--too (t5 no?+ high] ?an va9 glory or worldly approbation--0 priz$ z ! summum bonum ( e>?ly exi/5ce4 ,fame1 & n weal? or k1 0 ! goal t[>d :i* y\?s _h to /rive4 ,_m a lad swore )9 himself z he cross$ ! ?re%old ( 8 pat]nal home1 t he w\ld n recross x until he _h made a "n 9 ! _w3 & _m an ambiti\s "m refus$ to see h] sons aga9 unless !y c\ld 8return home10 z ! expression is1 8cap>ison$ 9 brocade40 ,to %un %ame or w9 a "n1 samurai boys w\ld submit to any privations & und]go sev]e/ ordeals ( bodily or m5tal suff]+4 ,!y knew t honor won 9 y\? gr[s ) age4 ,9 ! memorable siege ( ,osaka1 a "y son ( ,iyyasu1 9 spite ( 8 e>ne/ entreaties to be put 9 ! vangu>d1 0 plac$ at ! re> ( ! army4 ,:5 ! ca/le fell1 he 0 s *agr9$ & wept s bitt]ly t an old c\ncillor tri$ to console him ) all ! res\rces at 8 comm&4 8,take com=t1 ,sire10 said he1 8at ?\ght ( ! long future be=e y4 ,9 ! _m ye>s t y may live1 !re w come div]s occasions to di/+ui% y\rself40 ,! boy fix$ 8 indignant gaze ^u ! man & said--8,h[ fooli%ly y talk6 ,c ev] my f\rte5? ye> come r\nd aga980 ,life itself 0 ?\ght *eap if honor & fame c\ld be atta9$ !re)3 h5ce1 :5ev] a cause pres5t$ itself :i* 0 consid]$ de>] ?an life1 ) utmo/ s]5ity & cel]ity 0 life laid d[n4 ,( ! causes 9 comp>ison ) :i* no life 0 too de> to sacrifice1 0 ,,! ,,duty ,,( ,,loyalty1 :i* 0 ! key-/one mak+ feudal virtues a symmetrical ar*4 ,o!r virtues feudal morality %>es 9 common ) o!r sy/ems ( e?ics1 ) o!r classes ( p1 b ?is virtue--homage & fealty to a sup]ior--is its di/9ctive feature4 ,i am aw>e t p]sonal fidelity is a moral adhesion exi/+ among all sorts & conditions ( m51--a gang ( pickpockets owe allegiance to a ,fag92 b x is only 9 ! code ( *ivalr\s honor t ,loyalty assumes p>am\nt importance4 ,9 spite ( ,hegel's criticism t ! fidelity ( feudal vassals1 be+ an obligation to an individual & n to a ,commonweal?1 is a bond e/abli%$ on totally unju/ pr9ciples1#af a great compatriot ( 8 made x 8 boa/ t p]sonal loyalty 0 a ,g]man virtue4 ,bism>ck _h good reason to d s1 n because ! ,treue he boa/s ( 0 ! monopoly ( 8 ,fa!rl& or ( any s+le nation or race1 b because ?is favor$ fruit ( *ivalry l+]s late/ among ! p :]e feudalism has la/$ longe/4 ,9 ,am]ica :]e 8ev]ybody is z good z anybody else10 &1 z ! ,iri%man add$1 8bett] too10 su* exalt$ ideas ( loyalty z we feel = our sov]eign may be deem$ 8excell5t )9 c]ta9 b\nds10 b prepo/]\s z enc\rag$ among u4 ,montesquieu compla9$ long ago t "r on "o side ( ! ,pyr5ees 0 wrong on ! o!r1 & ! rec5t ,dreyfus trial prov$ ! tru? ( 8 rem>k1 save t ! ,pyr5ees 7 n ! sole b\nd>y beyond :i* ,fr5* ju/ice f9ds no accord4 ,simil>ly1 ,loyalty z we conceive x may f9d few admir]s else:]e1 n because our conception is wrong1 b because x is1 ,i am afraid1 =gott51 & also because we c>ry x to a degree n rea*$ 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,griffis#ag 0 q "r 9 /at+ t :]eas 9 ,*9a ,confucian e?ics made ob$i5ce to p>5ts ! prim>y human duty1 9 ,japan prec$5ce 0 giv5 to ,loyalty4 ,at ! risk ( %ock+ "s ( my good read]s1 ,i w relate ( "o 8:o c\ld endure to foll[ a fall'n "l0 & :o ?us1 z ,%akespe>e assures1 8e>n$ a place i' ! /ory40 ,footnote #af3 ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory 7,eng4 trans4 by ,sibree71 ,pt4 ,,iv1 ,sec4 ,,ii1 ,*4 ,i4 ,footnote #ag3 ,religions ( ,japan4 ,! /ory is ( "o ( ! pure/ *>act]s 9 our hi/ory1 ,mi*izan1 :o1 fall+ a victim to jeal\sy & calumny1 is exil$ f ! capital4 ,n cont5t ) ?is1 8 unrel5t+ enemies are n[ b5t ^u ! ext9ction ( 8 family4 ,/rict se>* = 8 son--n yet gr[n--reveals ! fact ( 8 be+ secret$ 9 a village s*ool kept by "o ,g5zo1 a =m] vassal ( ,mi*izan4 ,:5 ord]s are dispat*$ to ! s*oolma/] to deliv] ! head ( ! juv5ile (f5d] on a c]ta9 day1 8 fir/ idea is to f9d a suitable sub/itute = x4 ,he pond]s ov] 8 s*ool-li/1 scrut9izes ) c>eful eyes all ! boys1 z !y /roll into ! class-room1 b none among ! *ildr5 born ( ! soil be>s ! lea/ resemblance to 8 protg4 ,8 despair1 h[ev]1 is b = a mom5t2 =1 behold1 a new s*ol> is ann\nc$--a comely boy ( ! same age z 8 ma/]'s son1 escort$ by a "m ( noble mi54 ,no less consci\s ( ! resemblance betwe5 infant "l & infant reta9]1 7 ! "m & ! boy himself4 ,9 ! privacy ( home bo? _h laid !mselves ^u ! alt>2 ! "o 8 life1--! o!r h] he>t1 yet )\t sign to ! out] _w4 ,unwitt+ ( :at _h pass$ betwe5 !m1 x is ! tea*] f :om comes ! sugge/ion4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! scape-goat6--,! re/ ( ! n>rative may be briefly told4--,on ! day appo9t$1 arrives ! (fic] commission$ to id5tify & receive ! head ( ! y\?4 ,w he be deceiv$ by ! false head8 ,! poor ,g5zo's h& is on ! hilt ( ! sword1 ready to /rike a bl[ ei!r at ! man or at himself1 %\ld ! exam9ation defeat 8 s*eme4 ,! (fic] takes up ! gruesome object be=e him1 goes calmly ov] ea* feature1 & 9 a delib]ate1 bus9ess-l tone1 pron\nces x g5u9e4--,t ev5+ 9 a lonely home awaits ! "m we saw 9 ! s*ool4 ,does %e "k ! fate ( h] *ild8 ,x is n = 8 return t %e wat*es ) eag]ness = ! op5+ ( ! wicket4 ,h] fa!r-9-law has be5 = a long "t a recipi5t ( ,mi*izan's b\nties1 b s9ce 8 bani%m5t circum/ances h =c$ h] husb& to foll[ ! s]vice ( ! enemy ( 8 family's b5efactor4 ,he himself c\ld n be untrue to 8 own cruel ma/]2 b 8 son c\ld s]ve ! cause ( ! gr&sire's "l4 ,z "o acqua9t$ ) ! exile's family1 x 0 he :o _h be5 entru/$ ) ! task ( id5tify+ ! boy's head4 ,n[ ! day's--yea1 ! life's--h>d "w is done1 he returns home & z he crosses its ?re%old1 he acco/s 8 wife1 say+3 8,rejoice1 my wife1 our d>l+ son has prov$ ( s]vice to 8 "l60 8,:at an atroci\s /ory60 ,i he> my read]s exclaim1--8,p>5ts delib]ately sacrific+ _! own innoc5t *ild to save ! life ( ano!r man's40 ,b ?is *ild 0 a consci\s & will+ victim3 x is a /ory ( vic>i\s dea?--z significant z1 & n m revolt+ ?an1 ! /ory ( ,abraham's int5d$ sacrifice ( ,isaac4 ,9 bo? cases x 0 ob$i5ce to ! call ( duty1 utt] submission to ! comm& ( a high] voice1 :e!r giv5 by a visible or an invisible angel1 or he>d by an outw>d or an inw>d e>2--b ,i ab/a9 f prea*+4 ,! individualism ( ! ,we/1 :i* recognizes sep>ate int]e/s = fa!r & son1 husb& & wife1 necess>ily br+s into /rong relief ! duties ow$ by "o to ! o!r2 b ,bu%ido held t ! int]e/ ( ! family & ( ! memb]s !re( is intact1--"o & insep>able4 ,?is int]e/ x b\nd up ) affection--natural1 in/9ctive1 irresi/ible2 h5ce1 if we die = "o we love ) natural love 7:i* animals !mselves possess71 :at is t8 8,= if ye love !m t love y1 :at rew>d h ye8 ,d n ev5 ! publicans ! same80 ,9 8 great hi/ory1 ,sanyo relates 9 t\*+ language ! he>t /ruggle ( ,%igemori conc]n+ 8 fa!r's rebelli\s conduct4 8,if ,i be loyal1 my fa!r mu/ be undone2 if ,i obey my fa!r1 my duty to my sov]eign mu/ g amiss40 ,poor ,%igemori6 ,we see him aft]w>d pray+ ) all 8 s\l t k9d ,heav5 may visit him ) dea?1 t he may be releas$ f ?is _w :]e x is h>d = purity & righte\sness to dwell4 ,_m a ,%igemori has 8 he>t torn by ! conflict betwe5 duty & affection4 ,inde$ nei!r ,%akespe>e nor ! ,old ,te/am5t itself conta9s an adequate r5d]+ ( ko1 our conception ( filial piety1 & yet 9 su* conflicts ,bu%ido nev] wav]$ 9 its *oice ( ,loyalty4 ,wom51 too1 enc\rag$ _! (fspr+ to sacrifice all = ! k+4 ,ev] z resolute z ,wid[ ,w9dham & h] illu/ri\s consort1 ! samurai matron /ood ready to give up h] boys = ! cause ( ,loyalty4 ,s9ce ,bu%ido1 l ,ari/otle & "s mod]n sociologi/s1 conceiv$ ! /ate z ant$at+ ! individual--! latt] be+ born into ! =m] z "p & p>cel !re(--he mu/ live & die = x or = ! incumb5t ( its legitimate au?ority4 ,read]s ( ,crito w rememb] ! argum5t ) :i* ,socrates repres5ts ! laws ( ! city z plead+ ) him on ! subject ( 8 escape4 ,among o!rs he makes !m 7! laws1 or ! /ate7 say3--8,s9ce y 7 begott5 & nurtur$ & educat$ "u u1 d>e y once to say y are n our (fspr+ & s]vant1 y & y\r fa!rs be=e y60 ,^! are words :i* d n impress u z any ?+ extraord9>y2 = ! same ?+ has long be5 on ! lips ( ,bu%ido1 ) ?is modification1 t ! laws & ! /ate 7 repres5t$ ) u by a p]sonal be+4 ,loyalty is an e?ical outcome ( ?is political !ory4 ,i am n entirely ignorant ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s view accord+ to :i* political ob$i5ce--,loyalty--is accr$it$ ) only a transitional function4#ah ,x may be s4 ,suffici5t unto ! day is ! virtue !re(4 ,we may complac5tly repeat x1 especially z we believe t day to be a long space ( "t1 dur+ :i*1 s our national an!m says1 8t9y pebbles gr[ into mighty rocks drap$ ) moss40 ,we may rememb] at ?is juncture t ev5 among s democratic a p z ! ,engli%1 8! s5tim5t ( p]sonal fidelity to a man & 8 po/]ity :i* _! ,g]manic ance/ors felt = _! *iefs1 has10 z ,monsieur ,b\tmy rec5tly said1 8only pass$ m or less into _! pr(\nd loyalty to ! race & blood ( _! pr9ces1 z evid5c$ 9 _! extraord9>y atta*m5t to ! dyna/y40 ,footnote #ah3 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 ,*4 ,x4 ,political subord9ation1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] pr$icts1 w give place to loyalty to ! dictates ( consci5ce4 ,suppose 8 induction is realiz$--w loyalty & its concomitant in/9ct ( rev]5ce disappe> =ev]8 ,we transf] our allegiance f "o ma/] to ano!r1 )\t be+ unfai?ful to ei!r2 f be+ subjects ( a rul] t wields ! temporal sceptre we become s]vants ( ! mon>* :o sits en?ron$ 9 ! p5etralia ( our he>t4 ,a few ye>s ago a v /upid controv]sy1 />t$ by ! misguid$ disciples ( ,sp5c]1 made havoc among ! read+ class ( ,japan4 ,9 _! zeal to uphold ! claim ( ! ?rone to undivid$ loyalty1 !y *>g$ ,*ri/ians ) treasonable prop5sities 9 t !y av[ fidelity to _! ,"l & ,ma/]4 ,!y array$ =? sophi/ical argum5ts )\t ! wit ( ,sophi/s1 & s*ola/ic tortuosities m9us ! niceties ( ! ,s*oolm54 ,little did !y "k t we c1 9 a s5se1 8s]ve two ma/]s )\t hold+ to ! "o or despis+ ! o!r10 8r5d]+ unto ,cs> ! ?+s t are ,cs>'s & unto ,god ! ?+s t are ,god's40 ,did n ,socrates1 all ! :ile he unfl9*+ly refus$ to conc$e "o iota ( loyalty to 8 dmon1 obey ) equal fidelity & equanimity ! comm& ( 8 e>?ly ma/]1 ! ,/ate8 ,8 consci5ce he foll[$1 alive2 8 c\ntry he s]v$1 dy+4 ,alack ! day :5 a /ate gr[s s p[]ful z to dem& ( its citiz5s ! dictates ( _! consci5ce6 ,bu%ido did n require u to make our consci5ce ! slave ( any "l or k+4 ,?omas ,m[bray 0 a v]itable spokesman = u :5 he said3 8,myself ,i ?r[1 dread sov]eign1 at ?y foot4 ,my life ?\ %alt comm&1 b n my %ame4 ,! "o my duty owes2 b my fair "n1 ,despite ( dea?1 t lives ^u my grave1 ,to d>k di%onor's use1 ?\ %alt n h40 ,a man :o sacrific$ 8 own consci5ce to ! caprici\s w or freak or fancy ( a sov]eign 0 accord$ a l[ place 9 ! e/imate ( ! ,precepts4 ,su* a "o 0 despis$ z nei-%91 a cr+el+1 :o makes c\rt by unscrupul\s fawn+ or z *-%91 a favorite :o /eals 8 ma/]'s affections by means ( s]vile compliance2 ^! two species ( subjects correspond+ exactly to ^? :i* ,iago describes1--! "o1 a dute\s & knee-crook+ knave1 dot+ on 8 own obsequi\s bondage1 we>+ out 8 "t mu* l 8 ma/]'s ass2 ! o!r trimm'd 9 =ms & visages ( duty1 keep+ yet 8 he>t att5d+ on himself4 ,:5 a subject diff]$ f 8 ma/]1 ! loyal pa? = him to pursue 0 to use e available means to p]suade him ( 8 error1 z ,k5t did to ,k+ ,le>4 ,fail+ 9 ?is1 let ! ma/] deal ) him z he wills4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d1 x 0 q a usual c\rse = ! samurai to make ! la/ appeal to ! intellig5ce & consci5ce ( 8 "l by demon/rat+ ! s9c]ity ( 8 words ) ! %$d+ ( 8 own blood4 ,life be+ reg>d$ z ! means :]eby to s]ve 8 ma/]1 & its ideal be+ set ^u honor1 ! :ole ,,education ,,& ,,tra9+ ,,( ,a ,,samurai1 7 conduct$ accord+ly4 ,! fir/ po9t to obs]ve 9 knightly p$agogics 0 to build up "*1 leav+ 9 ! %ade ! subtl] faculties ( prud5ce1 intellig5ce & dialectics4 ,we h se5 ! important "p /hetic accompli%m5ts play$ 9 8 education4 ,indisp5sable z !y 7 to a man ( culture1 !y 7 accessories r ?an ess5tials ( samurai tra9+4 ,intellectual sup]iority 01 ( c\rse1 e/eem$2 b ! ^w ,*i1 :i* 0 employ$ to d5ote intellectuality1 meant wisdom 9 ! fir/ in/ance & plac$ k only 9 a v subord9ate place4 ,! tripod t support$ ! framework ( ,bu%ido 0 said to be ,*i1 ,j91 ,yu1 respectively ,wisdom1 ,b5evol5ce1 & ,c\rage4 ,a samurai 0 ess5tially a man ( action4 ,sci5ce 0 )\t ! pale ( 8 activity4 ,he took advantage ( x 9 s f> z x conc]n$ 8 pr(ession ( arms4 ,religion & !ology 7 relegat$ to ! prie/s2 he conc]n$ himself ) !m 9 s f> z !y help$ to n\ri% c\rage4 ,l an ,engli% poet ! samurai believ$ 8'tis n ! cre$ t saves ! man2 b x is ! man t ju/ifies ! cre$40 ,philosophy & lit]ature =m$ ! *ief "p ( 8 intellectual tra9+2 b ev5 9 ! pursuit ( ^!1 x 0 n objective tru? t he /rove aft]1--lit]ature 0 pursu$ ma9ly z a pa/ime1 & philosophy z a practical aid 9 ! =mation ( "*1 if n = ! exposition ( "s milit>y or political problem4 ,f :at has be5 said1 x w n be surpris+ to note t ! curriculum ( /udies1 accord+ to ! p$agogics ( ,bu%ido1 consi/$ ma9ly ( ! foll[+1--f5c+1 ar*]y1 jiujutsu or yaw>a1 horseman%ip1 ! use ( ! spe>1 tactics1 caligraphy1 e?ics1 lit]ature & hi/ory4 ,( ^!1 jiujutsu & caligraphy may require a few words ( explanation4 ,great /ress 0 laid on good writ+1 probably because our logograms1 p>tak+ z !y d ( ! nature ( pictures1 possess arti/ic value1 & also because *irography 0 accept$ z indicative ( "o's p]sonal "*4 ,jiujutsu may be briefly def9$ z an application ( anatomical k to ! purpose ( (f5se or def5se4 ,x diff]s f wre/l+1 9 t x does n dep5d ^u muscul> /r5g?4 ,x diff]s f o!r =ms ( attack 9 t x uses no weapon4 ,its feat consi/s 9 clut*+ or /rik+ su* "p ( ! enemy's body z w make him numb & incapable ( resi/ance4 ,its object is n to kill1 b to incapacitate "o = action = ! "t be+4 ,a subject ( /udy :i* "o w\ld expect to f9d 9 milit>y education & :i* is r conspicu\s by its abs5ce 9 ! ,bu%ido c\rse ( in/ruction1 is ma!matics4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 c be readily expla9$ 9 "p by ! fact t feudal w>f>e 0 n c>ri$ on ) sci5tific precision4 ,n only t1 b ! :ole tra9+ ( ! samurai 0 unfavorable to fo/]+ num]ical notions4 ,*ivalry is uneconomical2 x boa/s ( p5ury4 ,x says ) ,v5tidius t 8ambition1 ! soldi]'s virtue1 r makes *oice ( loss1 ?an ga9 :i* d>k5s him40 ,don ,quixote takes m pride 9 8 ru/y spe> & sk9-&-bone horse ?an 9 gold & l&s1 & a samurai is 9 he>ty sympa?y ) 8 exagg]at$ confrre ( ,la ,man*a4 ,he disda9s money itself1--! art ( mak+ or ho>d+ x4 ,x is to him v]itably fil?y lucre4 ,! hackney$ expression to describe ! decad5ce ( an age is 8t ! civilians lov$ money & ! soldi]s fe>$ dea?40 ,nigg>dl9ess ( gold & ( life excites z mu* disapprobation z _! lavi% use is panegyriz$4 8,less ?an all ?+s10 says a curr5t precept1 8m5 mu/ grudge money3 x is by ri*es t wisdom is h9d]$40 ,h5ce *ildr5 7 br\ght up ) utt] disreg>d ( economy4 ,x 0 consid]$ bad ta/e to speak ( x1 & ignorance ( ! value ( diff]5t co9s 0 a tok5 ( good bre$+4 ,k ( numb]s 0 indisp5sable 9 ! mu/]+ ( =ces z well1 z 9 ! di/ribution ( b5efices & fiefs2 b ! c\nt+ ( money 0 left to mean] h&s4 ,9 _m feudatories1 public f9ance 0 adm9i/]$ by a l[] k9d ( samurai or by prie/s4 ,e ?9k+ bu%i knew well en\gh t money =m$ ! s9ews ( w>2 b he did n ?9k ( rais+ ! appreciation ( money to a virtue4 ,x is true t ?rift 0 enjo9$ by ,bu%ido1 b n = economical reasons s mu* z = ! ex]cise ( ab/95ce4 ,luxury 0 ?\ght ! greate/ m5ace to manhood1 & sev]e/ simplicity 0 requir$ ( ! w>rior class1 sumptu>y laws be+ en=c$ 9 _m ( ! clans4 ,we read t 9 anci5t ,rome ! f>m]s ( rev5ue & o!r f9ancial ag5ts 7 gradually rais$ to ! rank ( knights1 ! ,/ate !reby %[+ its appreciation ( _! s]vice & ( ! importance ( money itself4 ,h[ closely ?is 0 connect$ ) ! luxury & av>ice ( ! ,romans may be imag9$4 ,n s ) ! ,precepts ( ,knigh?ood4 ,^! p]si/$ 9 sy/ematically reg>d+ f9ance z some?+ l[--l[ z comp>$ ) moral & intellectual vocations4 ,money & ! love ( x be+ ?us dilig5tly ignor$1 ,bu%ido itself c\ld long rema9 free f a ?\s& & "o evils ( :i* money is ! root4 ,?is is suffici5t reason = ! fact t our public m5 h long be5 free f corruption2 b1 alas1 h[ fa/ plutocracy is mak+ its way 9 our "t & g5]ation6 ,! m5tal discipl9e :i* w\ld n[-a-days be *iefly aid$ by ! /udy ( ma!matics1 0 suppli$ by lit]>y exegesis & deontological discussions4 ,v few ab/ract subjects tr\bl$ ! m9d ( ! "y1 ! *ief aim ( _! education be+1 z ,i h said1 decision ( "*4 ,p ^: m9ds 7 simply /or$ ) in=mation f\nd no great admir]s4 ,( ! ?ree s]vices ( /udies t ,bacon gives1--= delight1 ornam5t1 & ability1--,bu%ido _h decid$ pref]5ce = ! la/1 :]e _! use 0 89 judgm5t & ! disposition ( bus9ess40 ,:e!r x 0 = ! disposition ( public bus9ess or = ! ex]cise ( self-control1 x 0 ) a practical end 9 view t education 0 conduct$4 8,le>n+ )\t ?\ght10 said ,confucius1 8is labor lo/3 ?\ght )\t le>n+ is p]il\s40 ,:5 "* & n intellig5ce1 :5 ! s\l & n ! head1 is *os5 by a tea*] = ! mat]ial to "w ^u & to develop1 8 vocation p>takes ( a sacr$ "*4 8,x is ! p>5t :o has borne me3 x is ! tea*] :o makes me man40 ,) ?is idea1 !re=e1 ! e/eem 9 :i* "o's preceptor 0 held 0 v high4 ,a man to evoke su* confid5ce & respect f ! "y1 mu/ necess>ily be end[$ ) sup]ior p]sonality )\t lack+ erudition4 ,he 0 a fa!r to ! fa!rless1 & an advis] to ! err+4 8,?y fa!r & ?y "m0--s runs our maxim--8are l heav5 & e>?2 ?y tea*] & ?y "l are l ! sun & moon40 ,! pres5t sy/em ( pay+ = e sort ( s]vice 0 n 9 vogue among ! adh]5ts ( ,bu%ido4 ,x believ$ 9 a s]vice :i* c be r5d]$ only )\t money & )\t price4 ,spiritual s]vice1 be x ( prie/ or tea*]1 0 n to be repaid 9 gold or silv]1 n because x 0 valueless b because x 0 invaluable4 ,"h ! non-ari?metical honor-in/9ct ( ,bu%ido taught a tru] lesson ?an mod]n ,political ,economy2 = wages & sal>ies c be paid only = s]vices ^: results are def9ite1 tangible1 & measurable1 :]eas ! be/ s]vice done 9 education1--namely1 9 s\l developm5t 7& ?is includes ! s]vices ( a pa/or71 is n def9ite1 tangible or measurable4 ,be+ immeasurable1 money1 ! o/5sible measure ( value1 is ( inadequate use4 ,usage sanction$ t pupils br\ght to _! tea*]s money or goods at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>2 b ^! 7 n paym5ts b (f]+s1 :i* inde$ 7 welcome to ! recipi5ts z !y 7 usually m5 ( /]n calibre1 boa/+ ( honorable p5ury1 too dignifi$ to "w ) _! h&s & too pr\d to beg4 ,!y 7 grave p]sonifications ( high spirits undaunt$ by adv]sity4 ,!y 7 an embodim5t ( :at 0 consid]$ z an end ( all le>n+1 & 7 ?us a liv+ example ( t discipl9e ( discipl9es1 ,,self-,,control1 :i* 0 univ]sally requir$ ( samurai4 ,! discipl9e ( =titude on ! "o h&1 inculcat+ endurance )\t a groan1 & ! tea*+ ( polit5ess on ! o!r1 requir+ u n to m> ! pleasure or s]5ity ( ano!r by manife/ations ( our own sorr[ or pa91 comb9$ to eng5d] a /oical turn ( m9d1 & ev5tually to confirm x into a national trait ( app>5t /oicism4 ,i say app>5t /oicism1 because ,i d n believe t true /oicism c ev] become ! *>act]i/ic ( a :ole nation1 & also because "s ( our national mann]s & cu/oms may seem to a =eign obs]v] h>d-he>t$4 ,yet we are really z susceptible to t5d] emotion z any race "u ! sky4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t 9 "o s5se we h to feel m ?an o!rs--yes1 d\bly m--s9ce ! v attempt to re/ra9 natural prompt+s entails suff]+4 ,imag9e boys--& girls too--br\ght up n to resort to ! %$d+ ( a te> or ! utt]+ ( a groan = ! relief ( _! feel+s1--& !re is a physiological problem :e!r su* ef=t /eels _! n]ves or makes !m m s5sitive4 ,x 0 consid]$ unmanly = a samurai to betray 8 emotions on 8 face4 8,he %[s no sign ( joy or ang]10 0 a phrase us$ 9 describ+ a /rong "*4 ,! mo/ natural affections 7 kept "u control4 ,a fa!r c\ld embrace 8 son only at ! exp5se ( 8 dignity2 a husb& w\ld n kiss 8 wife1--no1 n 9 ! pres5ce ( o!r p1 :atev] he might d 9 private6 ,!re may be "s tru? 9 ! rem>k ( a witty y\? :5 he said1 8,am]ican husb&s kiss _! wives 9 public & beat !m 9 private2 ,japanese husb&s beat !irs 9 public & kiss !m 9 private40 ,calmness ( behavior1 composure ( m9d1 %\ld n be di/urb$ by passion ( any k9d4 ,i rememb] :51 dur+ ! late w> ) ,*9a1 a regim5t left a c]ta9 t[n1 a l>ge conc\rse ( p flock$ to ! /ation to bid f>ewell to ! g5]al & 8 army4 ,on ?is occasion an ,am]ican resid5t resort$ to ! place1 expect+ to witness l\d demon/rations1 z ! nation itself 0 highly excit$ & !re 7 fa!rs1 mo!rs1 & swee!>ts ( ! soldi]s 9 ! cr[d4 ,! ,am]ican 0 /rangely disappo9t$2 = z ! :i/le blew & ! tra9 began to move1 ! hats ( ?\s&s ( p 7 sil5tly tak5 (f & _! heads b[$ 9 rev]5tial f>ewell2 no wav+ ( h&k]*iefs1 no ^w utt]$1 b deep sil5ce 9 :i* only an att5tive e> c\ld cat* a few brok5 sobs4 ,9 dome/ic life1 too1 ,i "k ( a fa!r :o sp5t :ole nights li/5+ to ! brea?+ ( a sick *ild1 /&+ beh9d ! door t he might n be caught 9 su* an act ( p>5tal weakness6 ,i "k ( a "m :o1 9 h] la/ mom5ts1 refra9$ f s5d+ = h] son1 t he might n be di/urb$ 9 8 /udies4 ,our hi/ory & ev]yday life are replete ) examples ( h]oic matrons :o c well be> comp>ison ) "s ( ! mo/ t\*+ pages ( ,plut>*4 ,among our peasantry an ,ian ,macl>5 w\ld be sure to f9d _m a ,m>get ,h[e4 ,x is ! same discipl9e ( self-re/ra9t :i* is acc\ntable = ! abs5ce ( m frequ5t revivals 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es ( ,japan4 ,:5 a man or woman feels 8 or h] s\l /irr$1 ! fir/ in/9ct is to quietly suppress any indication ( x4 ,9 r>e in/ances is ! tongue set free by an irresi/ible _s1 :5 we h eloqu5ce ( s9c]ity & f]vor4 ,x is putt+ a premium ^u a brea* ( ! ?ird comm&m5t to enc\rage speak+ lightly ( spiritual exp]i5ce4 ,x is truly j>r+ to ,japanese e>s to he> ! mo/ sacr$ words1 ! mo/ secret he>t exp]i5ces1 ?r[n out 9 promiscu\s audi5ces4 8,do/ ?\ feel ! soil ( ?y s\l /irr$ ) t5d] ?\ghts8 ,x is "t = se$s to spr\t4 ,di/urb x n ) spee*2 b let x "w alone 9 quietness & secrecy10--writes a "y samurai 9 8 di>y4 ,to give 9 s _m articulate words "o's inmo/ ?\ghts & feel+s--notably ! religi\s--is tak5 among u z an unmi/akable sign t !y are nei!r v pr(\nd nor v s9c]e4 8,only a pomegranate is he0--s runs a popul> say+--8:o1 :5 he gapes 8 m\?1 displays ! cont5ts ( 8 he>t40 ,x is n altoge!r p]v]s5ess ( ori5tal m9ds t ! in/ant our emotions are mov$ we try to gu>d our lips 9 ord] to hide !m4 ,spee* is v (t5 ) u1 z ! ,fr5*man def9$ x1 8! art ( conceal+ ?\ght40 ,call ^u a ,japanese fri5d 9 "t ( deepe/ affliction & he w inv>iably receive y laugh+1 ) r$ eyes or moi/ *eeks4 ,at fir/ y may ?9k him hy/]ical4 ,press him = explanation & y w get a few brok5 commonplaces--8,human life has sorr[20 8,!y :o meet mu/ "p20 8,he t is born mu/ die20 8,x is fooli% to c\nt ! ye>s ( a *ild t is gone1 b a woman's he>t w indulge 9 follies20 & ! l4 ,s ! noble words ( a noble ,hoh5zoll]n--8,l]ne zu leid5 ohne ,klag50--_h f\nd _m responsive m9ds among u1 long be=e !y 7 utt]$4 ,inde$1 ! ,japanese h rec\rse to risibility :5ev] ! frailties ( human nature are put to sev]e/ te/4 ,i ?9k we possess a bett] reason ?an ,democritus himself = our ,abd]ian t5d5cy2 = laught] ) u (t5e/ veils an ef=t to rega9 balance ( temp]1 :5 di/urb$ by any unt[>d circum/ance4 ,x is a c\nt]poise ( sorr[ or rage4 ,! suppression ( feel+s be+ ?us /eadily insi/$ ^u1 !y f9d _! safety-valve 9 poetical aphorism4 ,a poet ( ! t5? c5tury writes1 8,9 ,japan & ,*9a z well1 humanity1 :5 mov$ by sorr[1 tells its bitt] grief 9 v]se40 ,a "m :o tries to console h] brok5 he>t by fancy+ h] dep>t$ *ild abs5t on 8 wont$ *ase aft] ! dragon-fly1 hums1 8,h[ f> to-day 9 *ase1 ,i wond]1 ,has gone my hunt] ( ! dragon-fly60 ,i refra9 f quot+ o!r examples1 = ,i "k ,i c\ld d only scant ju/ice to ! pe>ly gems ( our lit]ature1 7 ,i to r5d] into a =eign tongue ! ?\ghts :i* 7 wrung drop by drop f ble$+ he>ts & ?read$ into beads ( r>e/ value4 ,i hope ,i h 9 a measure %[n t inn] work+ ( our m9ds :i* (t5 pres5ts an appe>ance ( call\sness or ( an hy/]ical mixture ( laught] & dejection1 & ^: sanity is sometimes call$ 9 "q4 ,x has also be5 sugge/$ t our endurance ( pa9 & indiff]5ce to dea? are due to less s5sitive n]ves4 ,?is is plausible z f> z x goes4 ,! next "q is1--,:y are our n]ves less tightly /rung8 ,x may be our climate is n s /imulat+ z ! ,am]ican4 ,x may be our mon>*ical =m ( gov]nm5t does n excite u z mu* z ! ,republic does ! ,fr5*man4 ,x may be t we d n read ,s>tor ,res>tus z zeal\sly z ! ,engli%man4 ,p]sonally1 ,i believe x 0 our v excitability & s5sitiv5ess :i* made x a necessity to recognize & en=ce con/ant self-repression2 b :atev] may be ! explanation1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt long ye>s ( discipl9e 9 self-control1 none c be correct4 ,discipl9e 9 self-control c easily g too f>4 ,x c well repress ! g5ial curr5t ( ! s\l4 ,x c =ce pliant natures into di/ortions & mon/rosities4 ,x c beget bigotry1 bre$ hypocrisy or hebetate affections4 ,be a virtue nev] s noble1 x has its c\nt]p>t & c\nt]feit4 ,we mu/ recognize 9 ea* virtue its own positive excell5ce & foll[ its positive ideal1 & ! ideal ( self-re/ra9t is to keep our m9d level--z our expression is--or1 to borr[ a ,greek t]m1 atta9 ! /ate ( eu?ymia1 :i* ,democritus call$ ! highe/ good4 ,! acme ( self-control is rea*$ & be/ illu/rat$ 9 ! fir/ ( ! two in/itutions :i* we %all n[ br+ to view2 namely1 ,,! ,,in/itutions ,,( ,,suicide ,,& ,,r$ress1 ( :i* 7! =m] kn[n z h>a-kiri & ! latt] z kataki-u*i7 _m =eign writ]s h treat$ m or less fully4 ,to beg9 ) suicide1 let me /ate t ,i conf9e my obs]vations only to seppuku or kappuku1 popul>ly kn[n z h>a-kiri--:i* means self-immolation by disemb[elm5t4 8,ripp+ ! abdom58 ,h[ absurd60--s cry ^? to :om ! "n is new4 ,absurdly odd z x may s\nd at fir/ to =eign e>s1 x c n be s v =eign to /ud5ts ( ,%akespe>e1 :o puts ^! words 9 ,brutus' m\?--8,?y 7,cs>'s7 _s walks abroad & turns our swords into our prop] entrails40 ,li/5 to a mod]n ,engli% poet1 :o 9 8 ,light ( ,asia1 speaks ( a sword pi]c+ ! b[els ( a que53--none blames him = bad ,engli% or brea* ( mode/y4 ,or1 to take /ill ano!r example1 look at ,gu]c9o's pa9t+ ( ,cato's dea?1 9 ! ,palazzo ,rossa 9 ,g5oa4 ,:oev] has read ! swan-song :i* ,addison makes ,cato s+1 w n je] at ! sword half-buri$ 9 8 abdom54 ,9 our m9ds ?is mode ( dea? is associat$ ) in/ances ( noble/ de$s & ( mo/ t\*+ pa?os1 s t no?+ repugnant1 mu* less ludicr\s1 m>s our conception ( x4 ,s wond]ful is ! trans=m+ p[] ( virtue1 ( greatness1 ( t5d]ness1 t ! vile/ =m ( dea? assumes a sublimity & becomes a symbol ( new life1 or else--! sign :i* ,con/ant9e beheld w\ld n conqu] ! _w6 ,n = extrane\s associations only does seppuku lose 9 our m9d any ta9t ( absurdity2 = ! *oice ( ?is p>ticul> "p ( ! body to op]ate ^u1 0 bas$ on an old anatomical belief z to ! seat ( ! s\l & ( ! affections4 ,:5 ,moses wrote ( ,joseph's 8b[els ye>n+ ^u 8 bro!r10 or ,david pray$ ! ,"l n to =get 8 b[els1 or :5 ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah & o!r inspir$ m5 ( old spoke ( ! 8s\nd+0 or ! 8tr\bl+0 ( b[els1 !y all & ea* endors$ ! belief preval5t among ! ,japanese t 9 ! abdom5 0 en%r9$ ! s\l4 ,! ,semites habitually spoke ( ! liv] & kidneys & surr\nd+ fat z ! seat ( emotion & ( life4 ,! t]m h>a 0 m compreh5sive ?an ! ,greek phr5 or ?umos & ! ,japanese & ,hell5ese alike ?\ght ! _s ( man to dwell some:]e 9 t region4 ,su* a notion is by no means conf9$ to ! peoples ( antiquity4 ,! ,fr5*1 9 spite ( ! !ory prop\nd$ by "o ( _! mo/ di/+ui%$ philosoph]s1 ,desc>tes1 t ! s\l is locat$ 9 ! p9eal gl&1 /ill insi/ 9 us+ ! t]m v5tre 9 a s5se1 :i*1 if anatomically too vague1 is nev]!less physiologically significant4 ,simil>ly entrailles /&s 9 _! language = affection & compassion4 ,nor is su* belief m]e sup]/ition1 be+ m sci5tific ?an ! g5]al idea ( mak+ ! he>t ! c5tre ( ! feel+s4 ,)\t ask+ a fri>1 ! ,japanese knew bett] ?an ,romeo 89 :at vile "p ( ?is anatomy "o's "n did lodge40 ,mod]n neurologi/s speak ( ! abdom9al & pelvic bra9s1 d5ot+ !reby sympa!tic n]ve-c5tres 9 ^? p>ts :i* are /rongly affect$ by any psy*ical action4 ,?is view ( m5tal physiology once admitt$1 ! syllogism ( seppuku is easy to con/ruct4 8,i w op5 ! seat ( my s\l & %[ y h[ x f>es ) x4 ,see = y\rself :e!r x is pollut$ or clean40 ,i d n wi% to be und]/ood z ass]t+ religi\s or ev5 moral ju/ification ( suicide1 b ! high e/imate plac$ ^u honor 0 ample excuse ) _m = tak+ "o's own life4 ,h[ _m acquiesc$ 9 ! s5tim5t express$ by ,g>?1 8,:5 honor's lo/1 'tis a relief to die2 ,dea?'s b a sure retreat f infamy10 & h smil+ly surr5d]$ _! s\ls to oblivion6 ,dea? :5 honor 0 involv$1 0 accept$ 9 ,bu%ido z a key to ! solution ( _m complex problems1 s t to an ambiti\s samurai a natural dep>ture f life seem$ a r tame affair & a consummation n dev\tly to be wi%$ =4 ,i d>e say t _m good ,*ri/ians1 if only !y are hone/ en\gh1 w confess ! fasc9ation (1 if n positive admiration =1 ! sublime composure ) :i* ,cato1 ,brutus1 ,petronius & a ho/ ( o!r anci5t wor?ies1 t]m9at$ _! own e>?ly exi/5ce4 ,is x too bold to h9t t ! dea? ( ! fir/ ( ! philosoph]s 0 p>tly suicidal8 ,:5 we are told s m9utely by 8 pupils h[ _! ma/] will+ly submitt$ to ! m&ate ( ! /ate--:i* he knew 0 morally mi/ak5--9 spite ( ! possibilities ( escape1 & h[ he took up ! cup ( hemlock 9 8 own h&1 ev5 (f]+ libation f its deadly cont5ts1 d we n disc]n 9 8 :ole proce$+ & demeanor1 an act ( self-immolation8 ,no physical compulsion "h1 z 9 ord9>y cases ( execution4 ,true ! v]dict ( ! judges 0 compulsory3 x said1 8,?\ %alt die1--& t by ?y own h&40 ,if suicide meant no m ?an dy+ by "o's own h&1 ,socrates 0 a cle> case ( suicide4 ,b nobody w\ld *>ge him ) ! crime2 ,plato1 :o 0 av]se to x1 w\ld n call 8 ma/] a suicide4 ,n[ my read]s w und]/& t seppuku 0 n a m]e suicidal process4 ,x 0 an in/itution1 legal & c]emonial4 ,an inv5tion ( ! middle ages1 x 0 a process by :i* w>riors c\ld expiate _! crimes1 apologize = errors1 escape f disgrace1 r$eem _! fri5ds1 or prove _! s9c]ity4 ,:5 en=c$ z a legal puni%m5t1 x 0 practic$ ) due c]emony4 ,x 0 a ref9em5t ( self-de/ruction1 & none c\ld p]=m x )\t ! utmo/ coolness ( temp] & composure ( demeanor1 & = ^! reasons x 0 p>ticul>ly befitt+ ! pr(ession ( bu%i4 ,antiqu>ian curiosity1 if no?+ else1 w\ld tempt me to give "h a description ( ?is obsolete c]emonial2 b see+ t su* a description 0 made by a f> abl] writ]1 ^: book is n mu* read n[-a-days1 ,i am tempt$ to make a some:at l5g?y quotation4 ,mit=d1 9 8 8,tales ( ,old ,japan10 aft] giv+ a translation ( a treatise on seppuku f a r>e ,japanese manuscript1 goes on to describe an in/ance ( su* an execution ( :i* he 0 an eye-witness3-- 8,we 7sev5 =eign repres5tatives7 7 invit$ to foll[ ! ,japanese witness into ! hondo or ma9 hall ( ! temple1 :]e ! c]emony 0 to be p]=m$4 ,x 0 an impos+ sc5e4 ,a l>ge hall ) a high ro( support$ by d>k pill>s ( wood4 ,f ! ceil+ hung a pr(usion ( ^? huge gilt lamps & ornam5ts peculi> to ,buddhi/ temples4 ,9 front ( ! high alt>1 :]e ! floor1 cov]$ ) beautiful :ite mats1 is rais$ "s ?ree or f\r in*es f ! gr\nd1 0 laid a rug ( sc>let felt4 ,tall c&les plac$ at regul> int]vals gave out a dim my/]i\s light1 j suffici5t to let all ! proce$+s be se54 ,! sev5 ,japanese took _! places on ! left ( ! rais$ floor1 ! sev5 =eign]s on ! "r4 ,no o!r p]son 0 pres5t4 8,aft] ! int]val ( a few m9utes ( anxi\s susp5se1 ,taki ,z5zaburo1 a /alw>t man ?irty-two ye>s ( age1 ) a noble air1 walk$ into ! hall attir$ 9 8 dress ( c]emony1 ) ! peculi> hemp5-clo? w+s :i* are worn on great occasions4 ,he 0 accompani$ by a kai%aku & ?ree (fic]s1 :o wore ! jimbaori or w> surcoat ) gold tissue fac+s4 ,! ^w kai%aku x %\ld be obs]v$1 is "o to :i* our ^w execution] is no equival5t t]m4 ,! (fice is t ( a g5tleman3 9 _m cases x is p]=m$ by a k9sman or fri5d ( ! condemn$1 & ! relation betwe5 !m is r t ( pr9cipal & second ?an t ( victim & execution]4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! kai%aku 0 a pupil ( ,taki ,z5zaburo1 & 0 select$ by fri5ds ( ! latt] f among _! own numb] = 8 skill 9 swordsman%ip4 8,) ! kai%aku on 8 left h&1 ,taki ,z5zaburo advanc$ sl[ly t[>ds ! ,japanese witnesses1 & ! two b[$ be=e !m1 !n draw+ ne> to ! =eign]s !y salut$ u 9 ! same way1 p]haps ev5 ) m def]5ce2 9 ea* case ! salutation 0 c]emoni\sly return$4 ,sl[ly & ) great dignity ! condemn$ man m\nt$ on to ! rais$ floor1 pro/rat$ himself be=e ! high alt> twice1 & seat$#ai himself on ! felt c>pet ) 8 back to ! high alt>1 ! kai%aku cr\*+ on 8 left h& side4 ,"o ( ! ?ree att5dant (fic]s !n came =w>d1 be>+ a /& ( ! k9d us$ 9 ! temple = (f]+s1 on :i*1 wrapp$ 9 pap]1 lay ! wakiza%i1 ! %ort sword or dirk ( ! ,japanese1 n9e in*es & a half 9 l5g?1 ) a po9t & an edge z %>p z a razor's4 ,?is he h&$1 pro/rat+ himself1 to ! condemn$ man1 :o receiv$ x rev]5tly1 rais+ x to 8 head ) bo? h&s1 & plac$ x 9 front ( himself4 ,footnote #ai3 ,seat$ himself--t is1 9 ! ,japanese fa%ion1 8 knees & toes t\*+ ! gr\nd & 8 body re/+ on 8 heels4 ,9 ?is position1 :i* is "o ( respect1 he rema9$ until 8 dea?4 8,aft] ano!r pr(\nd obeisance1 ,taki ,z5zaburo1 9 a voice :i* betray$ j s mu* emotion & hesitation z might be expect$ f a man :o is mak+ a pa9ful confession1 b ) no sign ( ei!r 9 8 face or mann]1 spoke z foll[s3-- #8,i1 & ,i alone1 unw>rantably gave ! ord] to fire on ! =eign]s at ,kobe1 & aga9 z !y tri$ to escape4 ,= ?is crime ,i disemb[el myself1 & ,i beg y :o are pres5t to d me ! honor ( witness+ ! act4' 8,b[+ once m1 ! speak] all[$ 8 upp] g>m5ts to slip d[n to 8 girdle1 & rema9$ nak$ to ! wai/4 ,c>efully1 accord+ to cu/om1 he tuck$ 8 sleeves "u 8 knees to prev5t himself f fall+ backw>d2 = a noble ,japanese g5tleman %\ld die fall+ =w>ds4 ,delib]ately1 ) a /eady h& he took ! dirk t lay be=e him2 he look$ at x wi/fully1 almo/ affectionately2 = a mom5t he seem$ to collect 8 ?\ghts = ! la/ "t1 & !n /abb+ himself deeply bel[ ! wai/ 9 ! left-h& side1 he drew ! dirk sl[ly across to 8 "r side1 & turn+ x 9 ! w\nd1 gave a slight cut upw>ds4 ,dur+ ?is sick5+ly pa9ful op]ation he nev] mov$ a muscle ( 8 face4 ,:5 he drew out ! dirk1 he lean$ =w>d & /ret*$ out 8 neck2 an expression ( pa9 = ! fir/ "t cross$ 8 face1 b he utt]$ no s\nd4 ,at t mom5t ! kai%aku1 :o1 /ill cr\*+ by 8 side1 _h be5 ke5ly wat*+ 8 e movem5t1 sprang to 8 feet1 pois$ 8 sword = a second 9 ! air2 !re 0 a fla%1 a heavy1 ugly ?ud1 a cra%+ fall2 ) "o bl[ ! head _h be5 sev]$ f ! body4 8,a dead sil5ce foll[$1 brok5 only by ! hide\s noise ( ! blood ?robb+ out ( ! in]t head be=e u1 :i* b a mom5t be=e _h be5 a brave & *ivalr\s man4 ,x 0 horrible4 8,! kai%aku made a l[ b[1 wip$ 8 sword ) a piece ( pap] :i* he _h ready = ! purpose1 & retir$ f ! rais$ floor2 & ! /a9$ dirk 0 solemnly borne away1 a bloody pro( ( ! execution4 8,! two repres5tatives ( ! ,mikado !n left _! places1 & cross+ ov] to :]e ! =eign witnesses sat1 call$ to u to witness t ! s5t5ce ( dea? ^u ,taki ,z5zaburo _h be5 fai?fully c>ri$ out4 ,! c]emony be+ at an end1 we left ! temple40 ,i might multiply any numb] ( descriptions ( seppuku f lit]ature or f ! relation ( eye-witnesses2 b "o m in/ance w suffice4 ,two bro!rs1 ,sakon & ,naiki1 respectively tw5ty-f\r & sev5te5 ye>s ( age1 made an ef=t to kill ,iyyasu 9 ord] to av5ge _! fa!r's wrongs2 b be=e !y c\ld ent] ! camp !y 7 made prison]s4 ,! old g5]al admir$ ! pluck ( ! y\?s :o d>$ an attempt on 8 life & ord]$ t !y %\ld be all[$ to die an honorable dea?4 ,_! little bro!r ,ha*im>o1 a m]e infant ( eight summ]s1 0 condemn$ to a simil> fate1 z ! s5t5ce 0 pron\nc$ on all ! male memb]s ( ! family1 & ! ?ree 7 tak5 to a mona/]y :]e x 0 to be execut$4 ,a physician :o 0 pres5t on ! occasion has left u a di>y f :i* ! foll[+ sc5e is translat$4 8,:5 !y 7 all seat$ 9 a r[ = f9al despat*1 ,sakon turn$ to ! y\nge/ & said--#8,g ?\ fir/1 = ,i wi% to be sure t ?\ doe/ x aright4' ,^u ! little "o's reply+ t1 z he _h nev] se5 seppuku p]=m$1 he w\ld l to see 8 bro!rs d x & !n he c\ld foll[ !m1 ! old] bro!rs smil$ betwe5 _! te>s3--#8,well said1 little fell[6 ,s can/ ?\ well boa/ ( be+ our fa!r's *ild4' ,:5 !y _h plac$ him betwe5 !m1 ,sakon ?ru/ ! dagg] into ! left side ( 8 own abdom5 & ask$--#8,look1 bro!r6 ,do/ und]/& n[8 ,only1 don't pu% ! dagg] too f>1 le/ ?\ fall back4 ,lean =w>d1 r1 & keep ?y knees well compos$4' ,naiki did likewise & said to ! boy--#8,keep ?y eyes op5 or else ?\ may/ look l a dy+ woman4 ,if ?y dagg] feels any?+ )9 & ?y /r5g? fails1 take c\rage & d\ble ?y ef=t to cut across4' ,! *ild look$ f "o to ! o!r1 & :5 bo? _h expir$1 he calmly half d5ud$ himself & foll[$ ! example set him on ei!r h&40 ,! glorification ( seppuku (f]$1 naturally en\gh1 no small temptation to its unw>rant$ committal4 ,= causes entirely incompatible ) reason1 or = reasons entirely undes]v+ ( dea?1 hot head$ y\?s ru%$ into x z insects fly into fire2 mix$ & dubi\s motives drove m samurai to ?is de$ ?an nuns into conv5t gates4 ,life 0 *eap--*eap z reckon$ by ! popul> /&>d ( honor4 ,! sadde/ feature 0 t honor1 :i* 0 always 9 ! agio1 s to speak1 0 n always solid gold1 b alloy$ ) bas] metals4 ,no "o circle 9 ! ,inf]no w boa/ ( great] d5sity ( ,japanese population ?an ! sev5?1 to :i* ,dante consigns all victims ( self-de/ruction6 ,& yet1 = a true samurai to ha/5 dea? or to c\rt x1 0 alike c[>dice4 ,a typical fight]1 :5 he lo/ battle aft] battle & 0 pursu$ f pla9 to hill & f bu% to cav]n1 f\nd himself hungry & alone 9 ! d>k holl[ ( a tree1 8 sword blunt ) use1 8 b[ brok5 & arr[s exhau/$--did n ! noble/ ( ! ,romans fall ^u 8 own sword 9 ,phillippi "u l circum/ances8--deem$ x c[>dly to die1 b ) a =titude approa*+ a ,*ri/ian m>tyr's1 *e]$ himself ) an impromptu v]se3 8,come6 ev]more come1 ,ye dread sorr[s & pa9s6 ,& heap on my burd5'd back2 ,t ,i n "o te/ may lack ,( :at /r5g? 9 me rema9s60 ,?is1 !n1 0 ! ,bu%ido tea*+--,be> & face all calamities & adv]sities ) pati5ce & a pure consci5ce2 = z ,m5cius#bj taught1 8,:5 ,heav5 is ab\t to conf] a great (fice on anyone1 x fir/ ex]cises 8 m9d ) suff]+ & 8 s9ews & bones ) toil2 x exposes 8 body to hung] & subjects him to extreme pov]ty2 & x conf\nds 8 und]tak+s4 ,9 all ^! ways x /imulates 8 m9d1 h>d5s 8 nature1 & supplies 8 incompet5cies40 ,true honor lies 9 fulfill+ ,heav5's decree & no dea? incurr$ 9 s do+ is ignom9i\s1 :]eas dea? to avoid :at ,heav5 has 9 /ore is c[>dly inde$6 ,9 t qua9t book ( ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne's1 ,religio ,m$ici1 !re is an exact ,engli% equival5t = :at is repeat$ly taught 9 our ,precepts4 ,let me quote x3 8,x is a brave act ( valor to contemn dea?1 b :]e life is m t]rible ?an dea?1 x is !n ! true/ valor to d>e to live40 ,a r5[n$ prie/ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury satirically obs]v$--8,talk z he may1 a samurai :o ne'er has di$ is apt 9 decisive mom5ts to flee or hide40 ,aga9--8,him :o once has di$ 9 ! bottom ( 8 brea/1 no spe>s ( ,sanada nor all ! arr[s ( ,tametomo c pi]ce40 ,h[ ne> we come to ! portals ( ! temple ^: ,build] taught 8he t lose? 8 life = my sake %all f9d x60 ,^! are b a few ( ! num]\s examples :i* t5d to confirm ! moral id5tity ( ! human species1 not)/&+ an attempt s assidu\sly made to r5d] ! di/9ction betwe5 ,*ri/ian & ,pagan z great z possible4 ,footnote #bj3 ,i use ,dr4 ,legge's translation v]batim4 ,we h ?us se5 t ! ,bu%ido in/itution ( suicide 0 nei!r s irrational nor b>b>\s z its abuse /rikes u at fir/ sight4 ,we w n[ see :e!r its si/] in/itution ( ,r$ress--or call x ,rev5ge1 if y w--has its mitigat+ features4 ,i hope ,i c dispose ( ?is "q 9 a few words1 s9ce a simil> in/itution1 or call x cu/om1 if t suits y bett]1 has at "s "t prevail$ among all peoples & has n yet become entirely obsolete1 z atte/$ by ! cont9uance ( duell+ & lyn*+4 ,:y1 has n an ,am]ican capta9 rec5tly *all5g$ ,e/]hazy1 t ! wrongs ( ,dreyfus be av5g$8 ,among a savage tribe :i* has no m>riage1 adult]y is n a s91 & only ! jeal\sy ( a lov] protects a woman f abuse3 s 9 a "t :i* has no crim9al c\rt1 murd] is n a crime1 & only ! vigilant v5geance ( ! victim's p pres]ves social ord]4 8,:at is ! mo/ beautiful ?+ on e>?80 said ,osiris to ,horus4 ,! reply 01 8,to av5ge a p>5t's wrongs10--to :i* a ,japanese w\ld h add$ 8& a ma/]'s40 ,9 rev5ge !re is some?+ :i* satisfies "o's s5se ( ju/ice4 ,! av5g] reasons3--8,my good fa!r did n des]ve dea?4 ,he :o kill$ him did great evil4 ,my fa!r1 if he 7 alive1 w\ld n tol]ate a de$ l ?is3 ,heav5 itself hates wrong-do+4 ,x is ! w ( my fa!r2 x is ! w ( ,heav5 t ! evil-do] cease f 8 "w4 ,he mu/ p]i% by my h&2 because he %$ my fa!r's blood1 ,i1 :o am 8 fle% & blood1 mu/ %$ ! murd]]'s4 ,! same ,heav5 %all n %elt] him & me40 ,! ratioc9ation is simple & *ildi% 7?\gh we "k ,hamlet did n reason mu* m deeply71 nev]!less x %[s an innate s5se ( exact balance & equal ju/ice 8,an eye = an eye1 a too? = a too?40 ,our s5se ( rev5ge is z exact z our ma!matical faculty1 & until bo? t]ms ( ! equation are satisfi$ we _c get ov] ! s5se ( some?+ left undone4 ,9 ,judaism1 :i* believ$ 9 a jeal\s ,god1 or 9 ,greek my?ology1 :i* provid$ a ,nemesis1 v5geance may be left to sup]human ag5cies2 b common s5se furni%$ ,bu%ido ) ! in/itution ( r$ress z a k9d ( e?ical c\rt ( equity1 :]e p c\ld take cases n to be judg$ 9 accordance ) ord9>y law4 ,! ma/] ( ! =ty-sev5 ,ron9s 0 condemn$ to dea?2--he _h no c\rt ( high] in/ance to appeal to2 8 fai?ful reta9]s address$ !mselves to ,v5geance1 ! only ,supreme ,c\rt exi/+2 !y 9 _! turn 7 condemn$ by common law1--b ! popul> in/9ct pass$ a diff]5t judgm5t & h5ce _! memory is /ill kept z gre5 & fragrant z are _! graves at ,s5gakuji to ?is day4 ,?\gh ,lao-tse taught to recomp5se injury ) k9dness1 ! voice ( ,confucius 0 v mu* l\d]1 :i* c\nsell$ t injury mu/ be recomp5s$ ) ju/ice2--& yet rev5ge 0 ju/ifi$ only :5 x 0 und]tak5 9 behalf ( our sup]iors & b5efactors4 ,"o's own wrongs1 includ+ injuries done to wife & *ildr51 7 to be borne & =giv54 ,a samurai c\ld !re=e fully sympa?ize ) ,hannibal's oa? to av5ge 8 c\ntry's wrongs1 b he scorns ,james ,hamilton = we>+ 9 8 girdle a h&ful ( e>? f 8 wife's grave1 z an et]nal inc5tive to av5ge h] wrongs on ! ,reg5t ,murray4 ,bo? ( ^! in/itutions ( suicide & r$ress lo/ _! raison d'tre at ! promulgation ( ! crim9al code4 ,no m d we he> ( romantic adv5tures ( a fair maid5 z %e tracks 9 disguise ! murd]] ( h] p>5t4 ,no m c we witness trag$ies ( family v5detta enact$4 ,! knight errantry ( ,miyamoto ,musa%i is n[ a tale ( ! pa/4 ,! well-ord]$ police spies out ! crim9al = ! injur$ p>ty & ! law metes out ju/ice4 ,! :ole /ate & society w see t wrong is right$4 ,! s5se ( ju/ice satisfi$1 !re is no ne$ ( kataki-u*i4 ,if ?is _h meant t 8hung] ( ! he>t :i* fe$s ^u ! hope ( glutt+ t hung] ) ! life-blood ( ! victim10 z a ,new ,engl& div9e has describ$ x1 a few p>agraphs 9 ! ,crim9al ,code w\ld n s entirely h made an end ( x4 ,z to seppuku1 ?\gh x too has no exi/5ce de jure1 we /ill he> ( x f "t to "t1 & %all cont9ue to he>1 ,i am afraid1 z long z ! pa/ is rememb]$4 ,_m pa9less & "t-sav+ me?ods ( self-immolation w come 9 vogue1 z its vot>ies are increas+ ) fe>ful rapidity ?r\gh\t ! _w2 b ,pr(essor ,morselli w h to conc$e to seppuku an ari/ocratic position among !m4 ,he ma9ta9s t 8:5 suicide is accompli%$ by v pa9ful means or at ! co/ ( prolong$ agony1 9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( a hundr$1 x may be assign$ z ! act ( a m9d disord]$ by fanaticism1 by madness1 or by morbid excitem5t40#ba ,b a normal seppuku does n savor ( fanaticism1 or madness or excitem5t1 utmo/ sang froid be+ necess>y to its successful accompli%m5t4 ,( ! two k9ds into :i* ,dr4 ,/rahan#bb divides suicide1 ! ,rational or ,quasi1 & ! ,irrational or ,true1 seppuku is ! be/ example ( ! =m] type4 ,footnote #ba3 ,morselli1 ,suicide1 p4 #cad4 ,footnote #bb3 ,suicide & ,insanity4 ,f ^! bloody in/itutions1 z well z f ! g5]al t5or ( ,bu%ido1 x is easy to inf] t ! sword play$ an important "p 9 social discipl9e & life4 ,! say+ pass$ z an axiom :i* call$ ,,! ,,sword ,,! ,,s\l ,,( ,,! ,,samurai1 & made x ! emblem ( p[] & pr[ess4 ,:5 ,mahomet proclaim$ t 8,! sword is ! key ( ,heav5 & ( ,hell10 he only e*o$ a ,japanese s5tim5t4 ,v e>ly ! samurai boy le>n$ to wield x4 ,x 0 a mom5t\s occasion = him :5 at ! age ( five he 0 app>ell$ 9 ! p>aph]nalia ( samurai co/ume1 plac$ ^u a g-bo>d#bc & initiat$ into ! rights ( ! milit>y pr(ession by hav+ ?ru/ into 8 girdle a real sword1 in/ead ( ! toy dirk ) :i* he _h be5 play+4 ,aft] ?is fir/ c]emony ( adoptio p] arma1 he 0 no m to be se5 outside 8 fa!r's gates )\t ?is badge ( 8 /atus1 ev5 if x 0 usually sub/itut$ = e-day we> by a gild$ wood5 dirk4 ,n _m ye>s pass be=e he we>s con/antly ! g5u9e /eel1 ?\gh blunt1 & !n ! %am arms are ?r[n aside & ) enjoym5t ke5] ?an 8 newly acquir$ blades1 he m>*es out to try _! edge on wood & /one4 ,:5 he rea*es man's e/ate at ! age ( fifte51 be+ giv5 indep5d5ce ( action1 he c n[ pride himself ^u ! possession ( arms %>p en\gh = any "w4 ,! v possession ( ! dang]\s in/rum5t imp>ts to him a feel+ & an air ( self-respect & responsibility4 8,he be>e? n 8 sword 9 va940 ,:at he c>ries 9 8 belt is a symbol ( :at he c>ries 9 8 m9d & he>t--,loyalty & ,honor4 ,! two swords1 ! long] & ! %ort]--call$ respectively daito & %oto or katana & wakiza%i--nev] leave 8 side4 ,:5 at home1 !y grace ! mo/ conspicu\s place 9 /udy or p>lor2 by night !y gu>d 8 pill[ )9 easy rea* ( 8 h&4 ,con/ant companions1 !y are belov$1 & prop] names ( ende>m5t giv5 !m4 ,be+ v5]at$1 !y are well-nigh wor%ip$4 ,! ,fa!r ( ,hi/ory has record$ z a curi\s piece ( in=mation t ! ,scy?ians sacrific$ to an iron scimit>4 ,_m a temple & _m a family 9 ,japan ho>ds a sword z an object ( adoration4 ,ev5 ! commone/ dirk has due respect paid to x4 ,any insult to x is tantam\nt to p]sonal affront4 ,woe to him :o c>elessly /eps ov] a weapon ly+ on ! floor6 ,footnote #bc3 ,! game ( g is sometimes call$ ,japanese *eck]s1 b is mu* m intricate ?an ! ,engli% game4 ,! g-bo>d conta9s #cfa squ>es & is suppos$ to repres5t a battle-field--! object ( ! game be+ to occupy z mu* space z possible4 ,s preci\s an object _c long escape ! notice & ! skill ( arti/s nor ! vanity ( its own]1 especially 9 times ( peace1 :5 x is worn ) no m use ?an a crosi] by a bi%op or a sceptre by a k+4 ,%>k-sk9 & f9e/ silk = hilt1 silv] & gold = gu>d1 lacqu] ( v>i$ hues = scabb>d1 robb$ ! deadlie/ weapon ( half its t]ror2 b ^! appurt5ances are play?+s comp>$ ) ! blade itself4 ,! swordsmi? 0 n a m]e artisan b an inspir$ arti/ & 8 work%op a sanctu>y4 ,daily he comm5c$ 8 craft ) pray] & purification1 or1 z ! phrase 01 8he committ$ 8 s\l & _s into ! =g+ & temp]+ ( ! /eel40 ,e sw+ ( ! sl$ge1 e plunge into wat]1 e friction on ! gr9d/one1 0 a religi\s act ( no slight import4 ,0 x ! _s ( ! ma/] or ( 8 tutel>y god t ca/ a =midable spell ov] our sword8 ,p]fect z a "w ( art1 sett+ at defiance its ,tol$o & ,damascus rivals1 !re is m ?an art c\ld imp>t4 ,its cold blade1 collect+ on its surface ! mom5t x is drawn ! vapors ( ! atmosph]e2 its immaculate texture1 fla%+ light ( blui% hue2 its mat*less edge1 ^u :i* hi/ories & possibilities hang2 ! curve ( its back1 unit+ exquisite grace ) utmo/ /r5g?2--all ^! ?rill u ) mix$ feel+s ( p[] & beauty1 ( awe & t]ror4 ,h>mless 7 its mission1 if x only rema9$ a ?+ ( beauty & joy6 ,b1 ev] )9 rea* ( ! h&1 x pres5t$ no small temptation = abuse4 ,too (t5 did ! blade fla% =? f its peaceful %ea?4 ,! abuse sometimes w5t s f> z to try ! acquir$ /eel on "s h>mless creature's neck4 ,! "q t conc]ns u mo/ is1 h[ev]1--,did ,bu%ido ju/ify ! promiscu\s use ( ! weapon8 ,! answ] is unequivocally1 no6 ,z x laid great /ress on its prop] use1 s did x d5\nce & abhor its misuse4 ,a da/>d or a bragg>t 0 he :o br&i%$ 8 weapon on undes]v$ occasions4 ,a self-possess$ man kn[s ! "r "t to use x1 & su* times come b r>ely4 ,let u li/5 to ! late ,c\nt ,katsu1 :o pass$ ?r\gh "o ( ! mo/ turbul5t times ( our hi/ory1 :5 assass9ations1 suicides1 & o!r sangu9>y practices 7 ! ord] ( ! day4 ,end[$ z he once 0 ) almo/ dictatorial p[]s1 repeat$ly m>k$ out z an object = assass9ation1 he nev] t>ni%$ 8 sword ) blood4 ,9 relat+ "s ( 8 rem9isc5ces to a fri5d he says1 9 a qua9t1 plebeian way peculi> to him3--8,i h a great dislike = kill+ p & s ,i hav5't kill$ "o s+le man4 ,i h releas$ ^? ^: heads %\ld h be5 *opp$ (f4 ,a fri5d said to me "o day1 #8,y don't kill en\gh4 ,don't y eat pepp] & egg-plants8' ,well1 "s p are no bett]6 ,b y see t fell[ 0 sla9 himself4 ,my escape may be due to my dislike ( kill+4 ,i _h ! hilt ( my sword s tightly fa/5$ to ! scabb>d t x 0 h>d to draw ! blade4 ,i made up my m9d t ?\gh !y cut me1 ,i w n cut4 ,yes1 yes6 "s p are truly l fleas & mosquitoes & !y bite--b :at does _! bit+ am\nt to8 ,x it*es a little1 t's all2 x won't endang] life40 ,^! are ! words ( "o ^: ,bu%ido tra9+ 0 tri$ 9 ! fi]y furnace ( adv]sity & triumph4 ,! popul> apo!gm--8,to be beat5 is to conqu]10 mean+ true conque/ consi/s 9 n oppos+ a riot\s foe2 & 8,! be/ won victory is t obta9$ )\t %$d+ ( blood10 & o!rs ( simil> import--w %[ t aft] all ! ultimate ideal ( knigh?ood 0 ,peace4 ,x 0 a great pity t ?is high ideal 0 left exclusively to prie/s & morali/s to prea*1 :ile ! samurai w5t on practic+ & extoll+ m>tial traits4 ,9 ?is !y w5t s f> z to t+e ! ideals ( womanhood ) ,amazonian "*4 ,"h we may pr(itably devote a few p>agraphs to ! subject ( ,,! ,,tra9+ ,,& ,,position ,,( ,,woman4 ,! female half ( our species has sometimes be5 call$ ! p>agon ( p>adoxes1 because ! intuitive work+ ( its m9d is beyond ! compreh5sion ( m5's 8ari?metical und]/&+40 ,! ,*9ese ideogram d5ot+ 8! my/]i\s10 8! unkn[able10 consi/s ( two p>ts1 "o mean+ 8"y0 & ! o!r 8woman10 because ! physical *>ms & delicate ?\ghts ( ! fair sex are above ! co>se m5tal calibre ( our sex to expla94 ,9 ! ,bu%ido ideal ( woman1 h[ev]1 !re is little my/]y & only a seem+ p>adox4 ,i h said t x 0 ,amazonian1 b t is only half ! tru?4 ,ideographically ! ,*9ese repres5t wife by a woman hold+ a broom--c]ta9ly n to br&i% x (f5sively or def5sively aga9/ h] conjugal ally1 nei!r = wit*craft1 b = ! m h>mless uses = :i* ! besom 0 fir/ inv5t$--! idea involv$ be+ ?us n less homely ?an ! etymological d]ivation ( ! ,engli% wife 7weav]7 & daught] 7duhit>1 milkmaid74 ,)\t conf9+ ! sph]e ( woman's activity to ,k*e1 ,kir*e1 ,k9d]1 z ! pres5t ,g]man ,kais] is said to d1 ! ,bu%ido ideal ( womanhood 0 preem95tly dome/ic4 ,^! seem+ contradictions--,dome/icity & ,amazonian traits--are n inconsi/5t ) ! ,precepts ( ,knigh?ood1 z we %all see4 ,bu%ido be+ a tea*+ prim>ily int5d$ = ! mascul9e sex1 ! virtues x priz$ 9 woman 7 naturally f> f be+ di/9ctly fem99e4 ,w9ckelmann rem>ks t 8! supreme beauty ( ,greek art is r male ?an female10 & ,lecky adds t x 0 true 9 ! moral conception ( ! ,greeks z 9 _! art4 ,bu%ido simil>ly prais$ ^? wom5 mo/ 8:o emancipat$ !mselves f ! frailty ( _! sex & display$ an h]oic =titude wor?y ( ! /ronge/ & ! brave/ ( m540#bd ,"y girls !re=e1 7 tra9$ to repress _! feel+s1 to indurate _! n]ves1 to manipulate weapons1--especially ! long-h&l$ sword call$ nagi-nata1 s z to be able to hold _! own aga9/ unexpect$ odds4 ,yet ! prim>y motive = ex]cises ( ?is m>tial "* 0 n = use 9 ! field2 x 0 tw(old--p]sonal & dome/ic4 ,woman own+ no suz]a9 ( h] own1 =m$ h] own bodygu>d4 ,) h] weapon %e gu>d$ h] p]sonal sanctity ) z mu* zeal z h] husb& did 8 ma/]'s4 ,! dome/ic utility ( h] w>like tra9+ 0 9 ! education ( h] sons1 z we %all see lat]4 ,footnote #bd3 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals ,,ii1 p4 #chc4 ,f5c+ & simil> ex]cises1 if r>ely ( practical use1 7 a :olesome c\nt]balance to ! o!rwise s$5t>y habits ( woman4 ,b ^! ex]cises 7 n foll[$ only = hygi5ic purposes4 ,!y c\ld be turn$ into use 9 times ( ne$4 ,girls1 :5 !y rea*$ womanhood1 7 pres5t$ ) dirks 7kai-k51 pocket poni>ds71 :i* might be direct$ to ! bosom ( _! assailants1 or1 if advisable1 to _! own4 ,! latt] 0 v (t5 ! case3 & yet ,i w n judge !m sev]ely4 ,ev5 ! ,*ri/ian consci5ce ) its horror ( self-immolation1 w n be h>% ) !m1 see+ ,pelagia & ,domn9a1 two suicides1 7 canoniz$ = _! purity & piety4 ,:5 a ,japanese ,virg9ia saw h] *a/ity m5ac$1 %e did n wait = h] fa!r's dagg]4 ,h] own weapon lay always 9 h] bosom4 ,x 0 a disgrace to h] n to "k ! prop] way 9 :i* %e _h to p]petrate self-de/ruction4 ,= example1 little z %e 0 taught 9 anatomy1 %e mu/ "k ! exact spot to cut 9 h] ?roat3 %e mu/ "k h[ to tie h] l[] limbs toge!r ) a belt s t1 :atev] ! agonies ( dea? might be1 h] corpse be f\nd 9 utmo/ mode/y ) ! limbs prop]ly compos$4 ,is n a caution l ?is wor?y ( ! ,*ri/ian ,p]petua or ! ,ve/al ,cornelia8 ,i w\ld n put su* an abrupt int]rogation1 7 x n = a misconception1 bas$ on our ba?+ cu/oms & o!r trifles1 t *a/ity is unkn[n among u4#be ,on ! contr>y1 *a/ity 0 a pre-em95t virtue ( ! samurai woman1 held above life itself4 ,a "y woman1 tak5 prison]1 see+ h]self 9 dang] ( viol5ce at ! h&s ( ! r\gh soldi]y1 says %e w obey _! pleasure1 provid$ %e be fir/ all[$ to write a l9e to h] si/]s1 :om w> has disp]s$ 9 e direction4 ,:5 ! epi/le is f9i%$1 (f %e runs to ! ne>e/ well & saves h] honor by dr[n+4 ,! lett] %e leaves beh9d ends ) ^! v]ses2-- 8,= fe> le/ cl\ds may dim h] light1 ,%\ld %e b graze ?is ne!r sph]e1 ,! "y moon pois$ above ! height ,do? ha/ily betake to flight40 ,footnote #be3 ,= a v s5sible explanation ( nudity & ba?+ see ,f9ck's ,lotos ,"t 9 ,japan1 pp4 #bhf-big4 ,x w\ld be unfair to give my read]s an idea t mascul9ity alone 0 our highe/ ideal = woman4 ,f> f x6 ,accompli%m5ts & ! g5tl] graces ( life 7 requir$ ( !m4 ,music1 danc+ & lit]ature 7 n neglect$4 ,"s ( ! f9e/ v]ses 9 our lit]ature 7 expressions ( fem99e s5tim5ts2 9 fact1 wom5 play$ an important role 9 ! hi/ory ( ,japanese belles lettres4 ,danc+ 0 taught 7,i am speak+ ( samurai girls & n ( gei%a7 only to smoo? ! angul>ity ( _! movem5ts4 ,music 0 to regale ! we>y h\rs ( _! fa!rs & husb&s2 h5ce x 0 n = ! te*nique1 ! art z su*1 t music 0 le>n$2 = ! ultimate object 0 purification ( he>t1 s9ce x 0 said t no h>mony ( s\nd is atta9able )\t ! play]'s he>t be+ 9 h>mony ) h]self4 ,"h aga9 we see ! same idea prevail+ :i* we notice 9 ! tra9+ ( y\?s--t accompli%m5ts 7 ev] kept subs]vi5t to moral wor?4 ,j en\gh ( music & danc+ to add grace & brightness to life1 b nev] to fo/] vanity & extravagance4 ,i sympa?ize ) ! ,p]sian pr9ce1 :o1 :5 tak5 into a ball-room 9 ,london & ask$ to take "p 9 ! m]rim5t1 bluntly rem>k$ t 9 8 c\ntry !y provid$ a p>ticul> set ( girls to d t k9d ( bus9ess = !m4 ,! accompli%m5ts ( our wom5 7 n acquir$ = %[ or social asc5d5cy4 ,!y 7 a home div]sion2 & if !y %one 9 social p>ties1 x 0 z ! attributes ( a ho/ess1--9 o!r words1 z a "p ( ! h\sehold contrivance = hospitality4 ,dome/icity guid$ _! education4 ,x may be said t ! accompli%m5ts ( ! wom5 ( ,old ,japan1 be !y m>tial or pacific 9 "*1 7 ma9ly int5d$ = ! home2 &1 h[ev] f> !y might roam1 !y nev] lo/ sight ( ! he>? z ! c5t]4 ,x 0 to ma9ta9 its honor & integrity t !y slav$1 drudg$ & gave up _! lives4 ,night & day1 9 tones at once firm & t5d]1 brave & pla9tive1 !y sang to _! little ne/s4 ,z daught]1 woman sacrific$ h]self = h] fa!r1 z wife = h] husb&1 & z "m = h] son4 ,?us f e>lie/ y\? %e 0 taught to d5y h]self4 ,h] life 0 n "o ( indep5d5ce1 b ( dep5d5t s]vice4 ,man's helpmeet1 if h] pres5ce is helpful %e /ays on ! /age ) him3 if x h9d]s 8 "w1 %e retires beh9d ! curta94 ,n infrequ5tly does x happ5 t a y\? becomes enamor$ ( a maid5 :o returns 8 love ) equal ardor1 b1 :5 %e realizes 8 int]e/ 9 h] makes him =getful ( 8 duties1 disfigures h] p]son t h] attractions may cease4 ,adzuma1 ! ideal wife 9 ! m9ds ( samurai girls1 f9ds h]self lov$ by a man :o1 9 ord] to w9 h] affection1 conspires aga9/ h] husb&4 ,^u pret5ce ( jo9+ 9 ! guilty plot1 %e manages 9 ! d>k to take h] husb&'s place1 & ! sword ( ! lov] assass9 desc5ds ^u h] own devot$ head4 ,! foll[+ epi/le writt5 by ! wife ( a "y daimio1 be=e tak+ h] own life1 ne$s no comm5t3--8,(t h ,i he>d t no accid5t or *ance ev] m>s ! m>* ( ev5ts "h bel[1 & t all moves 9 accordance ) a plan4 ,to take %elt] "u a common b\gh or a dr9k ( ! same riv]1 is alike orda9$ f ages prior to our bir?4 ,s9ce we 7 jo9$ 9 ties ( et]nal w$lock1 n[ two %ort ye>s ago1 my he>t ha? foll[$ !e1 ev5 z its %ad[ foll[e? an object1 insep>ably b\nd he>t to he>t1 lov+ & be+ lov$4 ,le>n+ b rec5tly1 h[ev]1 t ! com+ battle is to be ! la/ ( ?y labor & life1 take ! f>ewell greet+ ( ?y lov+ p>tn]4 ,i h he>d t ,k-u1 ! mighty w>rior ( anci5t ,*9a1 lo/ a battle1 lo? to "p ) 8 favorite ,gu4 ,yo%9aka1 too1 brave z he 01 br\ght disa/] to 8 cause1 too weak to bid prompt f>ewell to 8 wife4 ,:y %\ld ,i1 to :om e>? no long] (f]s hope or joy--:y %\ld ,i deta9 !e or ?y ?\ghts by liv+8 ,:y %\ld ,i n1 r1 await !e on ! road :i* all mortal k9d mu/ sometime tread8 ,nev]1 pri!e1 nev] =get ! _m b5efits :i* our good ma/] ,hideyori ha? heap$ ^u !e4 ,! gratitude we owe him is z deep z ! sea & z high z ! hills40 ,woman's surr5d] ( h]self to ! good ( h] husb&1 home & family1 0 z will+ & honorable z ! man's self-surr5d] to ! good ( 8 "l & c\ntry4 ,self-r5unciation1 )\t :i* no life-enigma c be solv$1 0 ! keynote ( ! ,loyalty ( man z well z ( ! ,dome/icity ( woman4 ,%e 0 no m ! slave ( man ?an 0 h] husb& ( 8 liege-"l1 & ! "p %e play$ 0 recogniz$ z ,naijo1 8! inn] help40 ,9 ! asc5d+ scale ( s]vice /ood woman1 :o annihilat$ h]self = man1 t he might annihilate himself = ! ma/]1 t he 9 turn might obey heav54 ,i "k ! weakness ( ?is tea*+ & t ! sup]iority ( ,*ri/ianity is n[h]e m manife/ ?an "h1 9 t x requires ( ea* & e liv+ s\l direct responsibility to its ,creator4 ,nev]!less1 z f> z ! doctr9e ( s]vice--! s]v+ ( a cause high] ?an "o's own self1 ev5 at ! sacrifice ( "o's individuality2 ,i say ! doctr9e ( s]vice1 :i* is ! greate/ t ,*ri/ prea*$ & is ! sacr$ keynote ( 8 mission--z f> z t is conc]n$1 ,bu%ido is bas$ on et]nal tru?4 ,my read]s w n accuse me ( undue prejudice 9 favor ( slavi% surr5d] ( volition4 ,i accept 9 a l>ge measure ! view advanc$ ) bread? ( le>n+ & def5d$ ) pr(undity ( ?\ght by ,hegel1 t hi/ory is ! unfold+ & realization ( fre$om4 ,! po9t ,i wi% to make is t ! :ole tea*+ ( ,bu%ido 0 s ?or\ghly imbu$ ) ! _s ( self-sacrifice1 t x 0 requir$ n only ( woman b ( man4 ,h5ce1 until ! influ5ce ( its ,precepts is entirely done away )1 our society w n realize ! view ra%ly express$ by an ,am]ican expon5t ( woman's rights1 :o exclaim$1 8,may all ! daught]s ( ,japan rise 9 revolt aga9/ anci5t cu/oms60 ,c su* a revolt succe$8 ,w x improve ! female /atus8 ,w ! rights !y ga9 by su* a summ>y process repay ! loss ( t sweetness ( disposition1 t g5tl5ess ( mann]1 :i* are _! pres5t h]itage8 ,0 n ! loss ( dome/icity on ! "p ( ,roman matrons foll[$ by moral corruption too gross to m5tion8 ,c ! ,am]ican re=m] assure u t a revolt ( our daught]s is ! true c\rse = _! hi/orical developm5t to take8 ,^! are grave que/ions4 ,*anges mu/ & w come )\t revolts6 ,9 ! meantime let u see :e!r ! /atus ( ! fair sex "u ! ,bu%ido regim5 0 really s bad z to ju/ify a revolt4 ,we he> mu* ( ! outw>d respect ,european knights paid to 8,god & ! ladies10--! incongruity ( ! two t]ms mak+ ,gibbon blu%2 we are also told by ,hallam t ! morality ( ,*ivalry 0 co>se1 t gallantry impli$ illicit love4 ,! effect ( ,*ivalry on ! weak] vessel 0 food = reflection on ! "p ( philosoph]s1 ,m4 ,guizot cont5d+ t ,feudalism & ,*ivalry wr\ght :olesome influ5ces1 :ile ,mr4 ,sp5c] tells u t 9 a militant society 7& :at is feudal society if n militant87 ! position ( woman is necess>ily l[1 improv+ only z society becomes m indu/rial4 ,n[ is ,m4 ,guizot's !ory true ( ,japan1 or is ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s8 ,9 reply ,i might av] t bo? are "r4 ,! milit>y class 9 ,japan 0 re/rict$ to ! samurai1 compris+ ne>ly #b1jjj1jjj s\ls4 ,above !m 7 ! milit>y nobles1 ! daimio1 & ! c\rt nobles1 ! kug--^! high]1 syb>itical nobles be+ fight]s only 9 "n4 ,bel[ !m 7 masses ( ! common p--me*anics1 tradesm51 & peasants--^: life 0 devot$ to arts ( peace4 ,?us :at ,h]b]t ,sp5c] gives z ! *>act]i/ics ( a militant type ( society may be said to h be5 exclusively conf9$ to ! samurai class1 :ile ^? ( ! indu/rial type 7 applicable to ! classes above & bel[ x4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ by ! position ( woman2 = 9 no class did %e exp]i5ce less fre$om ?an among ! samurai4 ,/range to say1 ! l[] ! social class--z1 = in/ance1 among small artisans--! m equal 0 ! position ( husb& & wife4 ,among ! high] nobility1 too1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! relations ( ! sexes 0 less m>k$1 *iefly because !re 7 few occasions to br+ ! diff]5ces ( sex into prom95ce1 ! leisurely nobleman hav+ become lit]ally effem9ate4 ,?us ,sp5c]'s dictum 0 fully exemplifi$ 9 ,old ,japan4 ,z to ,guizot's1 ^? :o read 8 pres5tation ( a feudal community w rememb] t he _h ! high] nobility especially "u consid]ation1 s t 8 g5]alization applies to ! daimio & ! kug4 ,i %all be guilty ( gross inju/ice to hi/orical tru? if my words give "o a v l[ op9ion ( ! /atus ( woman "u ,bu%ido4 ,i d n hesitate to /ate t %e 0 n treat$ z man's equal2 b until we le>n to discrim9ate betwe5 diff]5ce & inequalities1 !re w always be misund]/&+s ^u ?is subject4 ,:5 we ?9k 9 h[ few respects m5 are equal among !mselves1 e4g41 be=e law c\rts or vot+ polls1 x seems idle to tr\ble ourselves ) a discussion on ! equality ( sexes4 ,:51 ! ,am]ican ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce said t all m5 7 creat$ equal1 x _h no ref]5ce to _! m5tal or physical gifts3 x simply repeat$ :at ,ulpian long ago ann\nc$1 t be=e ! law all m5 are equal4 ,legal rights 7 9 ?is case ! measure ( _! equality4 ,7 ! law ! only scale by :i* to measure ! position ( woman 9 a community1 x w\ld be z easy to tell :]e %e /&s z to give h] avoirdupois 9 p\nds & ounces4 ,b ! "q is3 ,is !re a correct /&>d 9 comp>+ ! relative social position ( ! sexes8 ,is x "r1 is x en\gh1 to comp>e woman's /atus to man's z ! value ( silv] is comp>$ ) t ( gold1 & give ! ratio num]ically8 ,su* a me?od ( calculation excludes f consid]ation ! mo/ important k9d ( value :i* a human be+ possesses2 namely1 ! intr9sic4 ,9 view ( ! manifold v>iety ( requisites = mak+ ea* sex fulfil its e>?ly mission1 ! /&>d to be adopt$ 9 measur+ its relative position mu/ be ( a composite "*2 or1 to borr[ f economic language1 x mu/ be a multiple /&>d4 ,bu%ido _h a /&>d ( its own & x 0 b9omial4 ,x tri$ to guage ! value ( woman on ! battle-field & by ! he>?4 ,!re %e c\nt$ = v little2 "h = all4 ,! treatm5t accord$ h] correspond$ to ?is d\ble measurem5t2--z a social-political unit n mu*1 :ile z wife & "m %e receiv$ highe/ respect & deepe/ affection4 ,:y among s milit>y a nation z ! ,romans1 7 _! matrons s highly v5]at$8 ,0 x n because !y 7 matrona1 mo!rs8 ,n z fight]s or law-giv]s1 b z _! mo!rs did m5 b[ be=e !m4 ,s ) u4 ,:ile fa!rs & husb&s 7 abs5t 9 field or camp1 ! gov]nm5t ( ! h\sehold 0 left entirely 9 ! h&s ( mo!rs & wives4 ,! education ( ! "y1 ev5 _! def5ce1 0 entru/$ to !m4 ,! w>like ex]cises ( wom51 ( :i* ,i h spok51 7 prim>ily to enable !m intellig5tly to direct & foll[ ! education ( _! *ildr54 ,i h notic$ a r sup]ficial notion prevail+ among half-in=m$ =eign]s1 t because ! common ,japanese expression = "o's wife is 8my ru/ic wife0 & ! l1 %e is despis$ & held 9 little e/eem4 ,:5 x is told t su* phrases z 8my fooli% fa!r10 8my sw9i% son10 8my awkw>d self10 etc41 are 9 curr5t use1 is n ! answ] cle> en\gh8 ,to me x seems t our idea ( m>ital union goes 9 "s ways fur!r ?an ! s-call$ ,*ri/ian4 8,man & woman %all be "o fle%40 ,! individualism ( ! ,anglo-,saxon _c let g ( ! idea t husb& & wife are two p]sons2--h5ce :5 !y disagree1 _! sep>ate rights are recogniz$1 & :5 !y agree1 !y exhau/ _! vocabul>y 9 all sorts ( silly pet-names &--nons5sical bl&i%m5ts4 ,x s\nds highly irrational to our e>s1 :5 a husb& or wife speaks to a ?ird p>ty ( 8 o!r half--bett] or worse--z be+ lovely1 bright1 k9d1 & :at n4 ,is x good ta/e to speak ( "o's self z 8my bright self10 8my lovely disposition10 & s =?8 ,we ?9k prais+ "o's own wife or "o's own husb& is prais+ a "p ( "o's own self1 & self-praise is reg>d$1 to say ! lea/1 z bad ta/e among u1--& ,i hope1 among ,*ri/ian nations too6 ,i h div]g$ at "s l5g? because ! polite debasem5t ( "o's consort 0 a usage mo/ 9 vogue among ! samurai4 ,! ,teutonic races beg9n+ _! tribal life ) a sup]/iti\s awe ( ! fair sex 7?\gh ?is is really we>+ (f 9 ,g]many671 & ! ,am]icans beg9n+ _! social life "u ! pa9ful consci\sness ( ! num]ical insuffici5cy ( wom5#bf 7:o1 n[ increas+1 are1 ,i am afraid1 fa/ los+ ! pre/ige _! colonial mo!rs enjoy$71 ! respect man pays to woman has 9 ,we/]n civilization become ! *ief /&>d ( morality4 ,b 9 ! m>tial e?ics ( ,bu%ido1 ! ma9 wat]-%$ divid+ ! good & ! bad 0 s\ght else:]e4 ,x 0 locat$ along ! l9e ( duty :i* b\nd man to 8 own div9e s\l & !n to o!r s\ls1 9 ! five relations ,i h m5tion$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is pap]4 ,( ^! we h br\ght to our read]'s notice1 ,loyalty1 ! relation betwe5 "o man z vassal & ano!r z "l4 ,^u ! re/1 ,i h only dwelt incid5tally z occasion pres5t$ itself2 because !y 7 n peculi> to ,bu%ido4 ,be+ f\nd$ on natural affections1 !y c\ld b be common to all mank9d1 ?\gh 9 "s p>ticul>s !y may h be5 acc5tuat$ by conditions :i* its tea*+s induc$4 ,9 ?is connection1 !re comes be=e me ! peculi> /r5g? & t5d]ness ( fri5d%ip betwe5 man & man1 :i* (t5 add$ to ! bond ( bro!rhood a romantic atta*m5t d\btless int5sifi$ by ! sep>ation ( ! sexes 9 y\?1--a sep>ation :i* d5i$ to affection ! natural *annel op5 to x 9 ,we/]n *ivalry or 9 ! free int]c\rse ( ,anglo-,saxon l&s4 ,i might fill pages ) ,japanese v]sions ( ! /ory ( ,damon & ,py?ias or ,a*illes & ,patroclos1 or tell 9 ,bu%ido p>lance ( ties z sympa!tic z ^? :i* b\nd ,david & ,jona?an4 ,footnote #bf3 ,i ref] to ^? days :5 girls 7 import$ f ,engl& & giv5 9 m>riage = s _m p\nds ( tobacco1 etc4 ,x is n surpris+1 h[ev]1 t ! virtues & tea*+s unique 9 ! ,precepts ( ,knigh?ood did n rema9 circumscrib$ to ! milit>y class4 ,?is makes u ha/5 to ! consid]ation ( ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,bu%ido on ! nation at l>ge4 ,we h br\ght into view only a few ( ! m prom95t peaks :i* rise above ! range ( knightly virtues1 9 !mselves s mu* m elevat$ ?an ! g5]al level ( our national life4 ,z ! sun 9 its ris+ fir/ tips ! highe/ peaks ) russet hue1 & !n gradually ca/s its rays on ! valley bel[1 s ! e?ical sy/em :i* fir/ enlight5$ ! milit>y ord] drew 9 c\rse ( "t foll[]s f among/ ! masses4 ,democracy raises up a natural pr9ce = its lead]1 & ari/ocracy infuses a pr9cely _s among ! p4 ,virtues are no less contagi\s ?an vices4 8,!re ne$s b "o wise man 9 a company1 & all are wise1 s rapid is ! contagion10 says ,em]son4 ,no social class or ca/e c resi/ ! diffusive p[] ( moral influ5ce4 ,prate z we may ( ! triumphant m>* ( ,anglo-,saxon lib]ty1 r>ely has x receiv$ impetus f ! masses4 ,0 x n r ! "w ( ! squires & g5tlem58 ,v truly does ,m4 ,ta9e say1 8,^! ?ree syllables1 z us$ across ! *annel1 summ>ize ! hi/ory ( ,engli% society40 ,democracy may make self-confid5t retorts to su* a /atem5t & fl+ back ! "q--8,:5 ,adam delv$ & ,eve span1 :]e !n 0 ! g5tleman80 ,all ! m pity t a g5tleman 0 n pres5t 9 ,ed56 ,! fir/ p>5ts miss$ him sorely & paid a high price = 8 abs5ce4 ,_h he be5 !re1 n only w\ld ! g>d5 h be5 m ta/efully dress$1 b !y w\ld h le>n$ )\t pa9ful exp]i5ce t disob$i5ce to ,jehovah 0 disloyalty & di%onor1 treason & rebellion4 ,:at ,japan 0 %e ow$ to ! samurai4 ,!y 7 n only ! fl[] ( ! nation b its root z well4 ,all ! graci\s gifts ( ,heav5 fl[$ ?r\gh !m4 ,?\gh !y kept !mselves socially alo( f ! populace1 !y set a moral /&>d = !m & guid$ !m by _! example4 ,i admit ,bu%ido _h its esot]ic & exot]ic tea*+s2 ^! 7 eudemoni/ic1 look+ aft] ! welf>e & happ9ess ( ! commonalty1 :ile ^? 7 aretaic1 emphasiz+ ! practice ( virtues = _! own sake4 ,9 ! mo/ *ivalr\s days ( ,europe1 ,knights =m$ num]ically b a small fraction ( ! population1 b1 z ,em]son says--8,9 ,engli% ,lit]ature half ! drama & all ! novels1 f ,sir ,philip ,sidney to ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 pa9t ?is figure 7g5tleman740 ,write 9 place ( ,sidney & ,scott1 ,*ikamatsu & ,bak91 & y h 9 a nut%ell ! ma9 features ( ! lit]>y hi/ory ( ,japan4 ,! innum]able av5ues ( popul> amusem5t & in/ruction--! !atres1 ! /ory-tell]'s boo?s1 ! prea*]'s dais1 ! musical recitations1 ! novels--h tak5 = _! *ief !me ! /ories ( ! samurai4 ,! peasants r\nd ! op5 fire 9 _! huts nev] tire ( repeat+ ! a*ievem5ts ( ,yo%itsun & 8 fai?ful reta9] ,b5kei1 or ( ! two brave ,soga bro!rs2 ! dusky ur*9s li/5 ) gap+ m\?s until ! la/ /ick burns out & ! fire dies 9 its emb]s1 /ill leav+ _! he>ts agl[ ) ! tale t is told4 ,! cl]ks & ! %op-boys1 aft] _! day's "w is ov] & ! amado#bg ( ! /ore are clos$1 ga!r toge!r to relate ! /ory ( ,nobunaga & ,hidyo%i f> into ! night1 until slumb] ov]takes _! we>y eyes & transports !m f ! drudg]y ( ! c\nt] to ! exploits ( ! field4 ,! v babe j beg9n+ to toddle is taught to lisp ! adv5tures ( ,momot>o1 ! d>+ conqu]or ( ogre-l&4 ,ev5 girls are s imbu$ ) ! love ( knightly de$s & virtues t1 l ,desdemona1 !y w\ld s]i\sly incl9e to dev\r ) gre$y e> ! romance ( ! samurai4 ,footnote #bg3 ,outside %utt]s4 ,! samurai grew to be ! beau ideal ( ! :ole race4 8,z among fl[]s ! *]ry is que51 s among m5 ! samurai is "l10 s sang ! populace4 ,deb>r$ f comm]cial pursuits1 ! milit>y class itself did n aid comm]ce2 b !re 0 no *annel ( human activity1 no av5ue ( ?\ght1 :i* did n receive 9 "s measure an impetus f ,bu%ido4 ,intellectual & moral ,japan 0 directly or indirectly ! "w ( ,knigh?ood4 ,mr4 ,mallock1 9 8 exce$+ly sugge/ive book1 8,ari/ocracy & ,evolution10 has eloqu5tly told u t 8social evolution1 9 s f> z x is o!r ?an biological1 may be def9$ z ! un9t5d$ result ( ! int5tions ( great m520 fur!r1 t hi/orical progress is produc$ by a /ruggle 8n among ! community g5]ally1 to live1 b a /ruggle among/ a small section ( ! community to lead1 to direct1 to employ1 ! majority 9 ! be/ way40 ,:atev] may be said ab\t ! s\ndness ( 8 argum5t1 ^! /atem5ts are amply v]ifi$ 9 ! "p play$ by bu%i 9 ! social progress1 z f> z x w5t1 ( our ,empire4 ,h[ ! _s ( ,bu%ido p]meat$ all social classes is also %[n 9 ! developm5t ( a c]ta9 ord] ( m51 kn[n z otoko-dat1 ! natural lead]s ( democracy4 ,/aun* fell[s 7 !y1 e in* ( !m /rong ) ! /r5g? ( massive manhood4 ,at once ! spokesm5 & ! gu>dians ( popul> rights1 !y _h ea* a foll[+ ( hundr$s & ?\s&s ( s\ls :o pr(f]$ 9 ! same fa%ion t samurai did to daimio1 ! will+ s]vice ( 8limb & life1 ( body1 *attels & e>?ly honor40 ,back$ by a va/ multitude ( ra% & impetu\s work+-m51 ^? born 8bosses0 =m$ a =midable *eck to ! rampancy ( ! two-sword$ ord]4 ,9 manifold ways has ,bu%ido filt]$ d[n f ! social class :]e x orig9at$1 & act$ z leav5 among ! masses1 furni%+ a moral /&>d = ! :ole p4 ,! ,precepts ( ,knigh?ood1 begun at fir/ z ! glory ( ! lite1 became 9 "t an aspiration & inspiration to ! nation at l>ge2 & ?\gh ! populace c\ld n atta9 ! moral height ( ^? l(ti] s\ls1 yet ,yamato ,dama%ii1 ! ,s\l ( ,japan1 ultimately came to express ! ,volksgei/ ( ! ,isl& ,realm4 ,if religion is no m ?an 8,morality t\*$ by emotion10 z ,mat!w ,arnold def9es x1 few e?ical sy/ems are bett] entitl$ to ! rank ( religion ?an ,bu%ido4 ,motori has put ! mute utt]ance ( ! nation into words :5 he s+s3-- 8,isles ( ble/ ,japan6 ,%\ld y\r ,yamato _s ,/rang]s seek to scan1 ,say--sc5t+ morn's sun-lit air1 ,bl[s ! *]ry wild & fair60 ,yes1 ! sakura#bh has = ages be5 ! favorite ( our p & ! emblem ( our "*4 ,m>k p>ticul>ly ! t]ms ( def9ition :i* ! poet uses1 ! words ! wild *]ry fl[] sc5t+ ! morn+ sun4 ,footnote #bh3 ,c]asus pseudo-c]asus1 ,l9dley4 ,! ,yamato _s is n a tame1 t5d] plant1 b a wild--9 ! s5se ( natural--gr[?2 x is indig5\s to ! soil2 its accid5tal qualities x may %>e ) ! fl[]s ( o!r l&s1 b 9 its ess5ce x rema9s ! orig9al1 spontane\s outgr[? ( our clime4 ,b its nativity is n its sole claim to our affection4 ,! ref9em5t & grace ( its beauty appeal to our /hetic s5se z no o!r fl[] c4 ,we _c %>e ! admiration ( ! ,europeans = _! roses1 :i* lack ! simplicity ( our fl[]4 ,!n1 too1 ! ?orns t are hidd5 b5ea? ! sweetness ( ! rose1 ! t5acity ) :i* %e cl+s to life1 z ?\gh lo? or afraid to die r ?an drop untimely1 pref]r+ to rot on h] /em2 h] %[y colors & heavy odors--all ^! are traits s unlike our fl[]1 :i* c>ries no dagg] or poison "u its beauty1 :i* is ev] ready to dep>t life at ! call ( nature1 ^: colors are nev] gorge\s1 & ^: light fragrance nev] palls4 ,beauty ( color & ( =m is limit$ 9 its %[+2 x is a fix$ quality ( exi/5ce1 :]eas fragrance is volatile1 e!real z ! brea?+ ( life4 ,s 9 all religi\s c]emonies frank9c5se & myrrh play a prom95t "p4 ,!re is some?+ spirituelle 9 r$ol5ce4 ,:5 ! delici\s p]fume ( ! sakura quick5s ! morn+ air1 z ! sun 9 its c\rse rises to illum9e fir/ ! isles ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 few s5sations are m s]5ely exhil>at+ ?an to inhale1 z x 71 ! v brea? ( beaute\s day4 ,:5 ! ,creator himself is pictur$ z mak+ new resolutions 9 8 he>t ^u smell+ a sweet savor 7,g54 ,,viii1 #ba71 is x any wond] t ! sweet-smell+ season ( ! *]ry blossom %\ld call =? ! :ole nation f _! little habitations8 ,blame !m n1 if = a "t _! limbs =get _! toil & moil & _! he>ts _! pangs & sorr[s4 ,_! brief pleasure end$1 !y return to _! daily tasks ) new /r5g? & new resolutions4 ,?us 9 ways m ?an "o is ! sakura ! fl[] ( ! nation4 ,is1 !n1 ?is fl[]1 s sweet & evanesc5t1 bl[n :i!rsoev] ! w9d li/e?1 &1 %$d+ a puff ( p]fume1 ready to vani% =ev]1 is ?is fl[] ! type ( ! ,yamato _s8 ,is ! ,s\l ( ,japan s frailly mortal8 ,,is ,,bu%ido ,,/ill ,,alive8 ,or has ,we/]n civilization1 9 its m>* ?r\gh ! l&1 already wip$ out e trace ( its anci5t discipl9e8 ,x 7 a sad ?+ if a nation's s\l c\ld die s fa/4 ,t 7 a poor s\l t c\ld succumb s easily to extrane\s influ5ces4 ,! aggregate ( psy*ological elem5ts :i* con/itute a national "*1 is z t5aci\s z ! 8irr$ucible elem5ts ( species1 ( ! f9s ( fi%1 ( ! beak ( ! bird1 ( ! too? ( ! c>nivor\s animal40 ,9 8 rec5t book1 full ( %all[ assev]ations & brilliant g5]alizations1 ,m4 ,le,bon#bi says1 8,! discov]ies due to ! intellig5ce are ! common patrimony ( humanity2 qualities or defects ( "* con/itute ! exclusive patrimony ( ea* p3 !y are ! firm rock :i* ! wat]s mu/ wa% day by day = c5turies1 be=e !y c we> away ev5 its ext]nal asp]ities40 ,^! are /rong words & w\ld be highly wor? pond]+ ov]1 provid$ !re 7 qualities & defects ( "* :i* con/itute ! exclusive patrimony ( ea* p4 ,s*ematiz+ !ories ( ?is sort _h be5 advanc$ long be=e ,le,bon began to write 8 book1 & !y 7 explod$ long ago by ,!odor ,waitz & ,hugh ,murray4 ,9 /udy+ ! v>i\s virtues in/ill$ by ,bu%ido1 we h drawn ^u ,european s\rces = comp>ison & illu/rations1 & we h se5 t no "o quality ( "* 0 its exclusive patrimony4 ,x is true ! aggregate ( moral qualities pres5ts a q unique aspect4 ,x is ?is aggregate :i* ,em]son names a 8comp\nd result into :i* e great =ce ent]s z an +r$i5t40 ,b1 in/ead ( mak+ x1 z ,le,bon does1 an exclusive patrimony ( a race or p1 ! ,concord philosoph] calls x 8an elem5t :i* unites ! mo/ =cible p]sons ( e c\ntry2 makes !m intelligible & agreeable to ea* o!r2 & is some:at s precise t x is at once felt if an individual lack ! ,masonic sign40 ,footnote #bi3 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,peoples1 p4 #cc4 ,! "* :i* ,bu%ido /amp$ on our nation & on ! samurai 9 p>ticul>1 _c be said to =m 8an irr$ucible elem5t ( species10 b nev]!less z to ! vitality :i* x reta9s !re is no d\bt4 ,7 ,bu%ido a m]e physical =ce1 ! mom5tum x has ga9$ 9 ! la/ sev5 hundr$ ye>s c\ld n /op s abruptly4 ,7 x transmitt$ only by h]$ity1 its influ5ce mu/ be imm5sely widespread4 ,j ?9k1 z ,m4 ,*eysson1 a ,fr5* economi/1 has calculat$1 t suppos+ !re be ?ree g5]ations 9 a c5tury1 8ea* ( u w\ld h 9 8 ve9s ! blood ( at lea/ tw5ty millions ( ! p liv+ 9 ! ye> #ajjj ,a4,d40 ,! m]e/ peasant t grubs ! soil1 8b[$ by ! weight ( c5turies10 has 9 8 ve9s ! blood ( ages1 & is ?us a bro!r to u z mu* z 8to ! ox40 ,an unconsci\s & irresi/ible p[]1 ,bu%ido has be5 mov+ ! nation & individuals4 ,x 0 an hone/ confession ( ! race :5 ,yo%ida ,%91 "o ( ! mo/ brilliant pione]s ( ,mod]n ,japan1 wrote on ! eve ( 8 execution ! foll[+ /anza2-- 8,full well ,i knew ?is c\rse mu/ end 9 dea?2 ,x 0 ,yamato _s urg$ me on ,to d>e :ate'er betide40 ,un=mulat$1 ,bu%ido 0 & /ill is ! animat+ _s1 ! motor =ce ( our c\ntry4 ,mr4 ,ransome says t 8!re are ?ree di/9ct ,japans 9 exi/5ce side by side to-day1--! old1 :i* has n :olly di$ out2 ! new1 h>dly yet born except 9 _s2 & ! transition1 pass+ n[ ?r\gh its mo/ critical ?roes40 ,:ile ?is is v true 9 mo/ respects1 & p>ticul>ly z reg>ds tangible & concrete in/itutions1 ! /atem5t1 z appli$ to fundam5tal e?ical notions1 requires "s modification2 = ,bu%ido1 ! mak] & product ( ,old ,japan1 is /ill ! guid+ pr9ciple ( ! transition & w prove ! =mative =ce ( ! new era4 ,! great /atesm5 :o /e]$ ! %ip ( our /ate ?r\gh ! hurricane ( ! ,re/oration & ! :irlpool ( national rejuv5ation1 7 m5 :o knew no o!r moral tea*+ ?an ! ,precepts ( ,knigh?ood4 ,"s writ]s#cj h lately tri$ to prove t ! ,*ri/ian mission>ies contribut$ an appreciable quota to ! mak+ ( ,new ,japan4 ,i w\ld fa9 r5d] honor to :om honor is due3 b ?is honor c h>dly be accord$ to ! good mission>ies4 ,m fitt+ x w be to _! pr(ession to /ick to ! scriptural injunction ( pref]r+ "o ano!r 9 honor1 ?an to advance a claim 9 :i* !y h no pro(s to back !m4 ,= myself1 ,i believe t ,*ri/ian mission>ies are do+ great ?+s = ,japan--9 ! doma9 ( education1 & especially ( moral education3--only1 ! my/]i\s ?\gh n ! less c]ta9 work+ ( ! ,_s is /ill hidd5 9 div9e secrecy4 ,:atev] !y d is /ill ( indirect effect4 ,no1 z yet ,*ri/ian missions h effect$ b little visible 9 m\ld+ ! "* ( ,new ,japan4 ,no1 x 0 ,bu%ido1 pure & simple1 t urg$ u on = weal or woe4 ,op5 ! biographies ( ! mak]s ( ,mod]n ,japan--( ,sakuma1 ( ,saigo1 ( ,okubo1 ( ,kido1 n to m5tion ! rem9isc5ces ( liv+ m5 su* z ,ito1 ,okuma1 ,itagaki1 etc43--& y w f9d t x 0 "u ! impetus ( samuraihood t !y ?\ght & wr\ght4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,norman decl>$1 aft] 8 /udy & obs]vation ( ! ,f> ,ea/1#ca t only ! respect 9 :i* ,japan diff]$ f o!r ori5tal despotisms lay 9 8! rul+ influ5ce among h] p ( ! /ricte/1 l(tie/1 & ! mo/ punctili\s codes ( honor t man has ev] devis$10 he t\*$ ! ma9 spr+ :i* has made new ,japan :at %e is & :i* w make h] :at %e is de/9$ to be4 ,footnote #cj3 ,spe]2 ,missions & ,politics 9 ,asia1 ,lecture ,,iv1 pp4 #ahi-aij2 ,d5nis3 ,*ri/ian ,missions & ,social ,progress1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cb1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #gj1 etc4 ,footnote #ca3 ,! ,f> ,ea/1 p4 #cge4 ,! trans=mation ( ,japan is a fact pat5t to ! :ole _w4 ,9 a "w ( su* magnitude v>i\s motives naturally ent]$2 b if "o 7 to "n ! pr9cipal1 "o w\ld n hesitate to "n ,bu%ido4 ,:5 we op5$ ! :ole c\ntry to =eign trade1 :5 we introduc$ ! late/ improvem5ts 9 e dep>tm5t ( life1 :5 we began to /udy ,we/]n politics & sci5ces1 our guid+ motive 0 n ! developm5t ( our physical res\rces & ! increase ( weal?2 mu* less 0 x a bl9d imitation ( ,we/]n cu/oms4 ,a close obs]v] ( ori5tal in/itutions & peoples has writt53--8,we are told e day h[ ,europe has influ5c$ ,japan1 & =get t ! *ange 9 ^? isl&s 0 entirely self-g5]at$1 t ,europeans did n tea* ,japan1 b t ,japan ( h]self *ose to le>n f ,europe me?ods ( organization1 civil & milit>y1 :i* h s f> prov$ successful4 ,%e import$ ,european me*anical sci5ce1 z ! ,turks ye>s be=e import$ ,european artill]y4 ,t is n exactly influ5ce10 cont9ues ,mr4 ,t[ns5d1 8unless1 inde$1 ,engl& is influ5c$ by pur*as+ tea ( ,*9a4 ,:]e is ! ,european apo/le10 asks our au?or1 8or philosoph] or /atesman or agitator :o has re-made ,japan80#cb ,mr4 ,t[ns5d has well p]ceiv$ t ! spr+ ( action :i* br\ght ab\t ! *anges 9 ,japan lay entirely )9 our own selves2 & if he _h only prob$ into our psy*ology1 8 ke5 p[]s ( obs]vation w\ld easily h conv9c$ him t t spr+ 0 no o!r ?an ,bu%ido4 ,! s5se ( honor :i* _c be> be+ look$ d[n ^u z an inf]ior p[]1--t 0 ! /ronge/ ( motives4 ,pecuni>y or indu/rial consid]ations 7 awak5$ lat] 9 ! process ( trans=mation4 ,footnote #cb3 ,m]$i? ,t[ns5d1 ,asia & ,europe1 ,n4,y41 #aijj1 #bh4 ,! influ5ce ( ,bu%ido is /ill s palpable t he :o runs may read4 ,a glimpse into ,japanese life w make x manife/4 ,read ,he>n1 ! mo/ eloqu5t & tru?ful int]pret] ( ! ,japanese m9d1 & y see ! work+ ( t m9d to be an example ( ! work+ ( ,bu%ido4 ,! univ]sal polit5ess ( ! p1 :i* is ! legacy ( knightly ways1 is too well kn[n to be repeat$ anew4 ,! physical endurance1 =titude & brav]y t 8! little ,jap0 possesses1 7 suffici5tly prov$ 9 ! ,*9a-,japanese w>4#cc 8,is !re any nation m loyal & patriotic80 is a "q ask$ by _m2 & = ! pr\d answ]1 8,!re is n10 we mu/ ?ank ! ,precepts ( ,knigh?ood4 ,footnote #cc3 ,among o!r works on ! subject1 read ,ea/lake & ,yamada on ,h]oic ,japan1 & ,diosy on ,! ,new ,f> ,ea/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is fair to recognize t = ! v faults & defects ( our "*1 ,bu%ido is l>gely responsible4 ,our lack ( ab/ruse philosophy--:ile "s ( our "y m5 h already ga9$ int]national reputation 9 sci5tific rese>*es1 n "o has a*iev$ any?+ 9 philosophical l9es--is traceable to ! neglect ( metaphysical tra9+ "u ,bu%ido's regim5 ( education4 ,our s5se ( honor is responsible = our exagg]at$ s5sitiv5ess & t\*9ess2 & if !re is ! conceit 9 u ) :i* "s =eign]s *>ge u1 t1 too1 is a pa?ological outcome ( honor4 ,h y se5 9 y\r t\r ( ,japan _m a "y man ) unkempt hair1 dress$ 9 %abbie/ g>b1 c>ry+ 9 8 h& a l>ge cane or a book1 /alk+ ab\t ! /reets ) an air ( utt] indiff]5ce to mundane ?+s8 ,he is ! %osei 7/ud5t71 to :om ! e>? is too small & ! ,heav5s are n high en\gh4 ,he has 8 own !ories ( ! univ]se & ( life4 ,he dwells 9 ca/les ( air & fe$s on e!real words ( wisdom4 ,9 8 eyes beams ! fire ( ambition2 8 m9d is a?ir/ = k4 ,p5ury is only a /imulus to drive him onw>d2 worldly goods are 9 8 sight %ackles to 8 "*4 ,he is ! repository ( ,loyalty & ,patriotism4 ,he is ! self-impos$ gu>dian ( national honor4 ,) all 8 virtues & 8 faults1 he is ! la/ fragm5t ( ,bu%ido4 ,deep-root$ & p[]ful z is /ill ! effect ( ,bu%ido1 ,i h said t x is an unconsci\s & mute influ5ce4 ,! he>t ( ! p responds1 )\t kn[+ ! reason :y1 to any appeal made to :at x has inh]it$1 & h5ce ! same moral idea express$ 9 a newly translat$ t]m & 9 an old ,bu%ido t]m1 has a va/ly diff]5t degree ( efficacy4 ,a backslid+ ,*ri/ian1 :om no pa/oral p]suasion c\ld help f d[nw>d t5d5cy1 0 rev]t$ f 8 c\rse by an appeal made to 8 loyalty1 ! fidelity he once swore to 8 ,ma/]4 ,! ^w 8,loyalty0 reviv$ all ! noble s5tim5ts t 7 p]mitt$ to gr[ lukew>m4 ,a b& ( unruly y\?s engag$ 9 a long cont9u$ 8/ud5ts' /rike0 9 a college1 on acc\nt ( _! dissatisfaction ) a c]ta9 tea*]1 disb&$ at two simple que/ions put by ! ,director1--8,is y\r pr(essor a blameless "*8 ,if s1 y ought to respect him & keep him 9 ! s*ool4 ,is he weak8 ,if s1 x is n manly to pu% a fall+ man40 ,! sci5tific incapacity ( ! pr(essor1 :i* 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! tr\ble1 dw9dl$ into insignificance 9 comp>ison ) ! moral issues h9t$ at4 ,by ar\s+ ! s5tim5ts nurtur$ by ,bu%ido1 moral r5ovation ( great magnitude c be accompli%$4 ,"o cause ( ! failure ( mission "w is t mo/ ( ! mission>ies are grossly ignorant ( our hi/ory--8,:at d we c>e = hea!n records80 "s say--& consequ5tly e/range _! religion f ! habits ( ?\ght we & our =efa!rs h be5 accu/om$ to = c5turies pa/4 ,mock+ a nation's hi/ory6--z ?\gh ! c>e] ( any p--ev5 ( ! l[e/ ,african savages possess+ no record--7 n a page 9 ! g5]al hi/ory ( mank9d1 writt5 by ! h& ( ,god ,himself4 ,! v lo/ races are a palimpse/ to be deciph]$ by a see+ eye4 ,to a philosophic & pi\s m9d1 ! races !mselves are m>ks ( ,div9e *irography cle>ly trac$ 9 black & :ite z on _! sk92 & if ?is simile holds good1 ! yell[ race =ms a preci\s page inscrib$ 9 hi]oglyphics ( gold6 ,ignor+ ! pa/ c>e] ( a p1 mission>ies claim t ,*ri/ianity is a new religion1 :]eas1 to my m9d1 x is an 8old1 old /ory10 :i*1 if pres5t$ 9 intelligible words1--t is to say1 if express$ 9 ! vocabul>y famili> 9 ! moral developm5t ( a p--w f9d easy lodgm5t 9 _! he>ts1 irrespective ( race or nationality4 ,*ri/ianity 9 its ,am]ican or ,engli% =m--) m ( ,anglo-,saxon freaks & fancies ?an grace & purity ( its f\nd]--is a poor scion to graft on ,bu%ido /ock4 ,%\ld ! propagator ( ! new fai? uproot ! entire /ock1 root & bran*es1 & plant ! se$s ( ! ,gospel on ! ravag$ soil8 ,su* a h]oic process may be possible--9 ,hawaii1 :]e1 x is alleg$1 ! *ur* militant _h complete success 9 amass+ spoils ( weal? itself1 & 9 annihilat+ ! aborig9al race3 su* a process is mo/ decid$ly impossible 9 ,japan--nay1 x is a process :i* ,jesus himself w\ld nev] h employ$ 9 f\nd+ 8 k+dom on e>?4 ,x behooves u to take m to he>t ! foll[+ words ( a sa9tly man1 dev\t ,*ri/ian & pr(\nd s*ol>3--8,m5 h divid$ ! _w into hea!n & ,*ri/ian1 )\t consid]+ h[ mu* good may h be5 hidd5 9 ! "o1 or h[ mu* evil may h be5 m+l$ ) ! o!r4 ,!y h comp>$ ! be/ "p ( !mselves ) ! wor/ ( _! neighbors1 ! ideal ( ,*ri/ianity ) ! corruption ( ,greece or ! ,ea/4 ,!y h n aim$ at imp>tiality1 b h be5 cont5t$ to accumulate all t c\ld be said 9 praise ( _! own1 & 9 dispraise ( o!r =ms ( religion40#cd ,footnote #cd3 ,j[ett1 ,s]mons on ,fai? & ,doctr9e1 ,,ii4 ,b1 :atev] may be ! error committ$ by individuals1 !re is little d\bt t ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! religion !y pr(ess is a p[] :i* we mu/ take into acc\nt 9 reckon+ ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,bu%ido1 ^: days seem to be already numb]$4 ,om9\s signs are 9 ! air1 t betok5 its future4 ,n only signs1 b r$\btable =ces are at "w to ?reat5 x4 ,few hi/orical comp>isons c be m judici\sly made ?an betwe5 ! ,*ivalry ( ,europe & ! ,bu%ido ( ,japan1 &1 if hi/ory repeats itself1 x c]ta9ly w d ) ! fate ( ! latt] :at x did ) t ( ! =m]4 ,! p>ticul> & local causes = ! decay ( ,*ivalry :i* ,/4 ,palaye gives1 h1 ( c\rse1 little application to ,japanese conditions2 b ! l>g] & m g5]al causes t help$ to und]m9e ,knigh?ood & ,*ivalry 9 & aft] ! ,middle ,ages are z surely work+ = ! decl9e ( ,bu%ido4 ,"o rem>kable diff]5ce betwe5 ! exp]i5ce ( ,europe & ( ,japan is1 t1 :]eas 9 ,europe :5 ,*ivalry 0 wean$ f ,feudalism & 0 adopt$ by ! ,*ur*1 x obta9$ a fre% lease ( life1 9 ,japan no religion 0 l>ge en\gh to n\ri% x2 h5ce1 :5 ! "m in/itution1 ,feudalism1 0 gone1 ,bu%ido1 left an orphan1 _h to %ift = itself4 ,! pres5t elaborate milit>y organization might take x "u its patronage1 b we "k t mod]n w>f>e c af=d little room = its cont9u\s gr[?4 ,%9toism1 :i* fo/]$ x 9 its infancy1 is itself sup]annuat$4 ,! ho>y sages ( anci5t ,*9a are be+ supplant$ by ! intellectual p>v5u ( ! type ( ,b5?am & ,mill4 ,moral !ories ( a com=table k9d1 flatt]+ to ! ,*auv9i/ic t5d5cies ( ! "t1 & !re=e ?\ght well-adapt$ to ! ne$ ( ?is day1 h be5 inv5t$ & prop\nd$2 b z yet we he> only _! %rill voices e*o+ ?r\gh ! columns ( yell[ j\rnalism4 ,pr9cipalities & p[]s are array$ aga9/ ! ,precepts ( ,knigh?ood4 ,already1 z ,vebl5 says1 8! decay ( ! c]emonial code--or1 z x is o!rwise call$1 ! vulg>ization ( life--among ! indu/rial classes prop]1 has become "o ( ! *ief enormities ( latt]-day civilization 9 ! eyes ( all p]sons ( delicate s5sibilities40 ,! irresi/ible tide ( triumphant democracy1 :i* c tol]ate no =m or %ape ( tru/--& ,bu%ido 0 a tru/ organiz$ by ^? :o monopoliz$ res]ve capital ( intellect & culture1 fix+ ! grades & value ( moral qualities--is alone p[]ful en\gh to engulf ! remnant ( ,bu%ido4 ,! pres5t societ>y =ces are antagoni/ic to petty class _s1 & ,*ivalry is1 z ,freeman sev]ely criticizes1 a class _s4 ,mod]n society1 if x pret5ds to any unity1 _c admit 8purely p]sonal obligations devis$ 9 ! int]e/s ( an exclusive class40#ce ,add to ?is ! progress ( popul> in/ruction1 ( indu/rial arts & habits1 ( weal? & city-life1--!n we c easily see t nei!r ! ke5e/ cuts ( samurai's sword nor ! %>pe/ %afts %ot f ,bu%ido's bolde/ b[s c aught avail4 ,! /ate built ^u ! rock ( ,honor & =tifi$ by ! same--%all we call x ! ,ehr5/aat or1 aft] ! mann] ( ,c>lyle1 ! ,h]o>*y8--is fa/ fall+ into ! h&s ( quibbl+ lawy]s & gibb]+ politicians arm$ ) logic-*opp+ eng9es ( w>4 ,! words :i* a great ?9k] us$ 9 speak+ ( ,!resa & ,antigone may aptly be repeat$ ( ! samurai1 t 8! m$ium 9 :i* _! ard5t de$s took %ape is =ev] gone40 ,footnote #ce3 ,norman ,conque/1 ,vol4 ,v1 p4 #dhb4 ,alas = knightly virtues6 alas = samurai pride6 ,morality u%]$ into ! _w ) ! s\nd ( bugles & drums1 is de/9$ to fade away z 8! capta9s & ! k+s dep>t40 ,if hi/ory c tea* u any?+1 ! /ate built on m>tial virtues--be x a city l ,sp>ta or an ,empire l ,rome--c nev] make on e>? a 8cont9u+ city40 ,univ]sal & natural z is ! fight+ in/9ct 9 man1 fruitful z x has prov$ to be ( noble s5tim5ts & manly virtues1 x does n compreh5d ! :ole man4 ,b5ea? ! in/9ct to fight !re lurks a div9] in/9ct to love4 ,we h se5 t ,%9toism1 ,m5cius & ,wan ,yang ,m+1 h all cle>ly taught x2 b ,bu%ido & all o!r militant s*ools ( e?ics1 engross$1 d\btless1 ) que/ions ( imm$iate practical ne$1 too (t5 =got duly to emphasize ?is fact4 ,life has gr[n l>g] 9 ^! latt] times4 ,call+s nobl] & broad] ?an a w>rior's claim our att5tion to-day4 ,) an enl>g$ view ( life1 ) ! gr[? ( democracy1 ) bett] k ( o!r peoples & nations1 ! ,confucian idea ( ,b5evol5ce--d>e ,i also add ! ,buddhi/ idea ( ,pity8--w exp& into ! ,*ri/ian conception ( ,love4 ,m5 h become m ?an subjects1 hav+ gr[n to ! e/ate ( citiz5s3 nay1 !y are m ?an citiz5s1 be+ m54 ,?\gh w> cl\ds hang heavy ^u our horizon1 we w believe t ! w+s ( ! angel ( peace c disp]se !m4 ,! hi/ory ( ! _w confirms ! prophecy t 8! meek %all inh]it ! e>?40 ,a nation t sells its bir?right ( peace1 & backslides f ! front rank ( ,indu/rialism into ! file ( ,filibu/]ism1 makes a poor b>ga9 inde$6 ,:5 ! conditions ( society are s *ang$ t !y h become n only adv]se b ho/ile to ,bu%ido1 x is "t = x to prep>e = an honorable burial4 ,x is j z difficult to po9t out :5 *ivalry dies1 z to det]m9e ! exact "t ( its inception4 ,dr4 ,mill] says t ,*ivalry 0 =mally aboli%$ 9 ! ye> #aeei1 :5 ,h5ry ,,ii4 ( ,france 0 sla9 9 a t\rnam5t4 ,) u1 ! edict =mally aboli%+ ,feudalism 9 #ahgj 0 ! signal to toll ! knell ( ,bu%ido4 ,! edict1 issu$ two ye>s lat]1 prohibit+ ! we>+ ( swords1 rang out ! old1 8! unb\ght grace ( life1 ! *eap def5ce ( nations1 ! nurse ( manly s5tim5t & h]oic ent]prise10 x rang 9 ! new age ( 8sophi/]s1 economi/s1 & calculators40 ,x has be5 said t ,japan won h] late w> ) ,*9a by means ( ,murata guns & ,krupp cannon2 x has be5 said ! victory 0 ! "w ( a mod]n s*ool sy/em2 b ^! are less ?an half-tru?s4 ,does ev] a piano1 be x ( ! *oice/ workman%ip ( ,ehrb> or ,/e9way1 bur/ =? into ! ,rhapsodies ( ,liszt or ! ,sonatas ( ,bee?ov51 )\t a ma/]'s h&8 ,or1 if guns w9 battles1 :y did n ,l\is ,napoleon beat ! ,prussians ) 8 ,mitrailleuse1 or ! ,spani>ds ) _! ,maus]s ! ,filip9os1 ^: arms 7 no bett] ?an ! old-fa%ion$ ,rem+tons8 ,ne$less to repeat :at has gr[n a trite say+ t x is ! _s t quick5e?1 )\t :i* ! be/ ( implem5ts pr(ite? b little4 ,! mo/ improv$ guns & cannon d n %oot ( _! own accord2 ! mo/ mod]n educational sy/em does n make a c[>d a h]o4 ,no6 ,:at won ! battles on ! ,yalu1 9 ,corea & ,man*uria1 0 ! gho/s ( our fa!rs1 guid+ our h&s & beat+ 9 our he>ts4 ,!y are n dead1 ^? gho/s1 ! spirits ( our w>like ance/ors4 ,to ^? :o h eyes to see1 !y are cle>ly visible4 ,scrat* a ,japanese ( ! mo/ advanc$ ideas1 & he w %[ a samurai4 ,! great inh]itance ( honor1 ( valor & ( all m>tial virtues is1 z ,pr(essor ,cramb v fitly expresses x1 8b ours on tru/1 ! fief inali5able ( ! dead & ( ! g5]ation to come10 & ! summons ( ! pres5t is to gu>d ?is h]itage1 nor to bate "o jot ( ! anci5t _s2 ! summons ( ! future w be s to wid5 its scope z to apply x 9 all walks & relations ( life4 ,x has be5 pr$ict$--& pr$ictions h be5 corroborat$ by ! ev5ts ( ! la/ half c5tury--t ! moral sy/em ( ,feudal ,japan1 l its ca/les & its armories1 w crumble into du/1 & new e?ics rise pho5ix-l to lead ,new ,japan 9 h] pa? ( progress4 ,desirable & probable z ! fulfilm5t ( su* a prophecy is1 we mu/ n =get t a pho5ix rises only f its own a%es1 & t x is n a bird ( passage1 nei!r does x fly on p9ions borr[$ f o!r birds4 8,! ,k+dom ( ,god is )9 y40 ,x does n come roll+ d[n ! m\nta9s1 h[ev] l(ty2 x does n come sail+ across ! seas1 h[ev] broad4 8,god has grant$10 says ! ,koran1 8to e p a prophet 9 its own tongue40 ,! se$s ( ! ,k+dom1 z v\*$ = & appreh5d$ by ! ,japanese m9d1 blossom$ 9 ,bu%ido4 ,n[ its days are clos+--sad to say1 be=e its full fruition--& we turn 9 e direction = o!r s\rces ( sweetness & light1 ( /r5g? & com=t1 b among !m !re is z yet no?+ f\nd to take its place4 ,! pr(it & loss philosophy ( ,utilit>ians & ,mat]iali/s f9ds favor among logic-*opp]s ) half a s\l4 ,! only o!r e?ical sy/em :i* is p[]ful en\gh to cope ) ,utilit>ianism & ,mat]ialism is ,*ri/ianity1 9 comp>ison ) :i* ,bu%ido1 x mu/ be confess$1 is l 8a dimly burn+ wick0 :i* ! ,messiah 0 proclaim$ n to qu5* b to fan into a flame4 ,l ,8 ,hebrew precursors1 ! prophets--notably ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 ,amos & ,habakkuk--,bu%ido laid p>ticul> /ress on ! moral conduct ( rul]s & public m5 & ( nations1 :]eas ! ,e?ics ( ,*ri/1 :i* deal almo/ solely ) individuals & ,8 p]sonal foll[]s1 w f9d m & m practical application z individualism1 9 its capacity ( a moral factor1 gr[s 9 pot5cy4 ,! dom9e]+1 self-ass]tive1 s-call$ ma/]-morality ( ,nietzs*e1 itself ak9 9 "s respects to ,bu%ido1 is1 if ,i am n greatly mi/ak51 a pass+ phase or tempor>y reaction aga9/ :at he t]ms1 by morbid di/ortion1 ! humble1 self-d5y+ slave-morality ( ! ,naz>5e4 ,*ri/ianity & ,mat]ialism 7includ+ ,utilit>ianism7--or w ! future r$uce !m to /ill m ar*aic =ms ( ,hebraism & ,hell5ism8--w divide ! _w betwe5 !m4 ,less] sy/ems ( morals w ally !mselves on ei!r side = _! pres]vation4 ,on :i* side w ,bu%ido enli/8 ,hav+ no set dogma or =mula to def5d1 x c af=d to disappe> z an entity2 l ! *]ry blossom1 x is will+ to die at ! fir/ gu/ ( ! morn+ breeze4 ,b a total ext9ction w nev] be its lot4 ,:o c say t /oicism is dead8 ,x is dead z a sy/em2 b x is alive z a virtue3 its en]gy & vitality are /ill felt ?r\gh _m *annels ( life--9 ! philosophy ( ,we/]n nations1 9 ! jurisprud5ce ( all ! civiliz$ _w4 ,nay1 :]ev] man /ruggles to raise himself above himself1 :]ev] 8 _s ma/]s 8 fle% by 8 own ex]tions1 !re we see ! immortal discipl9e ( ,z5o at "w4 ,bu%ido z an indep5d5t code ( e?ics may vani%1 b its p[] w n p]i% f ! e>?2 its s*ools ( m>tial pr[ess or civic honor may be demoli%$1 b its light & its glory w long survive _! ru9s4 ,l its symbolic fl[]1 aft] x is bl[n to ! f\r w9ds1 x w /ill bless mank9d ) ! p]fume ) :i* x w enri* life4 ,ages aft]1 :5 its cu/om>ies %all h be5 buri$ & its v "n =gott51 its odors w come float+ 9 ! air z f a f>-(f unse5 hill1 8! wayside gaze beyond20--!n 9 ! beautiful language ( ! ,quak] poet1 8,! travel] owns ! grateful s5se ,( sweetness ne>1 he kn[s n :5ce1 ,&1 paus+1 takes ) =ehead b>e ,! b5$iction ( ! air40