,,the ,,oxford ,,movement    ,,twelve   
,,years #ahcc-ahde    ,r4,w4 ,,church1  
,m4,a41 ,d4,c4,l4    ,,sometime ,,dean  
,,of ,,st4 ,,paul',s ,,and ,,fellow ,,of
 ,,oriel ,,college1 ,,oxford            
,,advertisement      ,the revision of   
these papers was a task to which the    
late ,dean of ,st4  ,paul's gave all the
 work he could during the last months of
 his life4 ,at  the time of his death1  
fourteen of the papers had1 so far as   
can be  judged1 received the form in    
which he wished them to be published2   
and  these1 of course1 are printed here 
exactly as he left them4 ,one more he   
had all but prepared for publication2   
the last four were mainly in the        
condition in which1 six years ago1 he   
had them privately put into type1  for  
the convenience of his own further work 
upon them1 and for the  reading of two  
or three intimate friends4 ,those into  
whose care his work  has now come have  
tried1 with the help of his pencilled   
notes1 to bring  these four papers as   

nearly as they can into the form which  
they believe  he would have had them    
take4 ,but it has seemed better to leave
 unaltered  a sentence here and there to
 which he might have given a more       
perfect  shape1 rather than to run the  
risk of swerving from the thought which 
was in his mind4    ,it is possible that
 the ,dean would have made considerable 
changes in  the preface which is here   
printed2 for only that which seems the  
first  draft of it has been found4 ,but 
even thus it serves to show his wish and
  purpose for the work he had in hand2  
and it has therefore been thought  best 
to publish it4 ,leave has been obtained 
to add here some fragments  from a      
letter which1 three years ago1 he wrote 
to ,lord ,acton about these  papers3    
,if ,i ever publish them1 ,i must say   
distinctly what ,i want to do1 which    
is1 not to pretend to write a history of
 the movement1 or to account for  it or 
adequately to judge it and put it in its
 due place in relation to  the religious

 and philosophical history of the time1 
but simply to  preserve a contemporary  
memorial of what seems to me to have    
been a true  and noble effort which     
passed before my eyes1 a short scene of 
religious  earnestness and aspiration1  
with all that was in it of              
self-devotion1  affectionateness1 and   
high and refined and varied character1  
displayed  under circumstances which are
 scarcely intelligible to men of the    
present time2 so enormous have been the 
changes in what was assumed and  acted  
upon1 and thought practicable and       
reasonable1 'fifty years since4'  ,for  
their time and opportunities1 the men of
 the movement1 with all  their imperfect
 equipment and their mistakes1 still    
seem to me the salt  of their           
generation4444 ,i wish to leave behind  
me a record that one who  lived with    
them1 and lived long beyond most of     
them1 believed in the  reality of their 
goodness and height of character1 and   
still looks back  with deepest reverence

 to those forgotten men as the          
companions to whose  teaching and       
example he owes an infinite debt1 and   
not he only1 but  religious society in  
,england of all kinds4    ,january      
#cast1 #ahia4          ,,preface        
,the following pages relate to that     
stage in the ,church revival of this    
century which is familiarly known as the
 ,oxford ,movement1 or1 to use its      
nickname1 the ,tractarian ,movement4    
,various side influences and  conditions
 affected it at its beginning and in its
 course2 but the  impelling and         
governing force was1 throughout the     
years with which these  pages are       
concerned1 at ,oxford4 ,it was naturally
 and justly associated  with ,oxford1   
from which it received some of its most 
marked  characteristics4 ,oxford men    
started it and guided it4 ,at ,oxford   
were  raised its first hopes1 and       
,oxford was the scene of its first      
successes4  ,at ,oxford were its deep   
disappointments1 and its apparently     

fatal  defeat4 ,and it won and lost1 as 
a champion of ,english theology and     
religion1 a man of genius1 whose name is
 among the illustrious names of  his    
age1 a name which will always be        
connected with modern ,oxford1 and  is  
likely to be long remembered wherever   
the ,english language is  studied4      
,we are sometimes told that enough has  
been written about the ,oxford          
,movement1 and that the world is rather 
tired of the subject4 ,a good deal  has 
certainly been both said and written    
about it1 and more is probably  still to
 come2 and it is true that other        
interests1 more immediate or  more      
attractive1 have thrown into the        
background what is severed from us  by  
the interval of half a century4 ,still  
that movement had a good deal  to do    
with what is going on in everyday life  
among us now2 and feelings  both of     
hostility to it1 and of sympathy with   
it1 are still lively and  keen among    
those to whom religion is a serious     

subject1 and even among  some who are   
neutral in the questions which it       
raised1 but who find in  it a study of  
thought and character4 ,i myself doubt  
whether the interest  of it is so       
exhausted as is sometimes assumed4 ,if  
it is1 these pages  will soon find their
 appropriate resting-place4 ,but ,i     
venture to present  them1 because1      
though a good many judgments upon the   
movement have been  put forth1 they have
 come mostly from those who have been   
more or less  avowedly opposed to it4#a 
,the men of most account among those who
 were  attracted by it and represented  
it have1 with one illustrious exception1
  passed away4 ,a survivor of the       
generation which it stirred so deeply   
may  not have much that is new to tell  
about it4 ,he may not be able to affect 
much the judgment which will finally be 
accepted about it4 ,but the fact  is not
 unimportant1 that a number of able and 
earnest men1 men who both               
intellectually and morally would have   

been counted at the moment as part  of  
the promise of the coming time1 were    
fascinated and absorbed by it4  ,it     
turned and governed their lives1 lifting
 them out of custom and  convention to  
efforts after something higher1         
something worthier of what  they were4  
,it seemed worth while to exhibit the   
course of the movement  as it looked to 
these men--as it seemed to them viewed  
from the inside4  ,my excuse for adding 
to so much that has been already written
 is1 that ,i  was familiar with many of 
the chief actors in the movement4 ,and  
,i do not  like that the remembrance of 
friends and associates1 men of singular 
purity of life and purpose1 who raised  
the tone of living round them1  and by  
their example1 if not by their ideas1   
recalled both ,oxford and  the ,church  
to a truer sense of their               
responsibilities1 should1 because  no   
one would take the trouble to put things
 on record1 pass away like a  dream4    
,the following pages were1 for the most 

part1 written1 and put into  printed    
shape1 in #ahhd and #ahhe4 ,since they  
were written1 books have  appeared1 some
 of them important ones1 going over most
 of the same  ground2 while yet more    
volumes may be expected4 ,we have had   
ingenious  theories of the genesis of   
the movement1 and the filiation of its  
ideas4  ,attempts have been made to     
alter the proportions of the scene and  
of the  several parts played upon it1   
and to reduce the common estimate of the
  weight and influence of some of the   
most prominent personages4 ,the  point  
of view of those who have thus written  
is not mine1 and they tell  their story 
7with a full right so to do7 as ,i tell 
mine4 ,but ,i do not  purpose to compare
 and adjust our respective accounts--to 
attack theirs1  or to defend my own4 ,i 
have not gone through their books to    
find  statements to except to1 or to    
qualify4 ,the task would be a tiresome  
and  unprofitable one4 ,i understand    
their point of view1 though ,i do not   

accept it4 ,i do not doubt their good   
faith1 and ,i hope that they will  allow
 mine4    ,,footnotes3    #a ,it is     
hardly necessary to say that these and  
the following words  were written before
 ,dr4 ,newman's death1 and the          
publication of his  letters4            
,,contents      ,,chapter ,i  ,,the     
,,church ,,in ,,the ,,reform ,,days     
,,chapter ,,ii  ,,the ,,beginning ,,of  
,,the ,,movement--,,john ,,keble        
,,chapter ,,iii  ,,richard ,,hurrell    
,,froude    ,,chapter ,,iv  ,,mr4       
,,newman',s ,,early ,,friends--,,isaac  
,,williams    ,,chapter ,v  ,,charles   
,,marriott    ,,chapter ,,vi  ,,the     
,,oxford ,,tracts    ,,chapter ,,vii    
,,the ,,tractarians    ,,chapter ,,viii 
,,subscription ,,at ,,matriculation     
,,and ,,admission ,,of ,,dissenters     
,,chapter ,,ix  ,,dr4 ,,hampden         
,,chapter ,x  ,,growth ,,of ,,the       
,,movement1 #ahce-ahdj    ,,chapter ,,xi
  ,,the ,,roman ,,question    ,,chapter 
,,xii  ,,changes    ,,chapter ,,xiii    

,,the ,,authorities ,,and ,,the         
,,movement    ,,chapter ,,xiv  ,,no4 #ij
    ,,chapter ,,xv  ,,after ,,no4 #ij   
,,chapter ,,xvi  ,,the ,,three          
,,defeats3 ,,isaac ,,williams1          
,,macmullen1 ,,pusey    ,,chapter ,,xvii
  ,w4,g4 ,,ward    ,,chapter ,,xviii    
,,the ,,ideal ,,of ,a ,,christian       
,,church    ,,chapter ,,xix  ,,the      
,,catastrophe          ,,the ,,oxford   
,,movement          ,,chapter ,i        
,,the ,,church ,,in ,,the ,,reform      
,,days      ,what is called the ,oxford 
or ,tractarian movement began1 without  
doubt1  in a vigorous effort for the    
immediate defence of the ,church against
  serious dangers1 arising from the     
violent and threatening temper of the   
days of the ,reform ,bill4 ,it was one  
of several and widely differing         
efforts4 ,viewed superficially it had   
its origin in the accident of an  urgent
 necessity4#b ,the ,church was really at
 the moment imperilled amid  the crude  
revolutionary projects of the ,reform   

epoch2#c and something  bolder and more 
effective than the ordinary apologies   
for the ,church  was the call of the    
hour4 ,the official leaders of the      
,church were almost  stunned and        
bewildered by the fierce outbreak of    
popular hostility4 ,the  answers put    
forth on its behalf to the clamour for  
extensive and even  destructive change  
were the work of men surprised in a     
moment of  security4 ,they scarcely     
recognised the difference between what  
was  indefensible and what must be      
fought for to the death2 they mistook   
subordinate or unimportant points for   
the key of their position3 in  their    
compromises or in their resistance they 
wanted the guidance of  clear and       
adequate principles1 and they were      
vacillating and  ineffective4 ,but      
stronger and far-seeing minds perceived 
the need of a  broad and intelligible   
basis on which to maintain the cause of 
the  ,church4 ,for the air was full of  
new ideas2 the temper of the time was   

bold and enterprising4 ,it was felt by  
men who looked forward1 that to  hold   
their own they must have something more 
to show than custom or  alleged         
expediency--they must sound the depths  
of their own convictions1  and not be   
afraid to assert the claims of these    
convictions on men's  reason and        
imagination as well as on their         
associations and feelings4  ,the same   
dangers and necessities acted           
differently on different minds2  but    
among those who were awakened by them to
 the presence of a great  crisis were   
the first movers in what came to be     
known as the ,tractarian  movement4 ,the
 stir around them1 the perils which     
seemed to threaten1  were a call to them
 to examine afresh the meaning of their 
familiar  words and professions4    ,for
 the ,church1 as it had been in the     
quiet days of the eighteenth  century1  
was scarcely adapted to the needs of    
more stirring times4 ,the  idea of      
clerical life had certainly sunk1 both  

in fact and in the  popular estimate of 
it4 ,the disproportion between the      
purposes for which  the ,church with its
 ministry was founded and the actual    
tone of feeling  among those responsible
 for its service had become too great4  
,men were  afraid of principles2 the one
 thing they most shrank from was the    
suspicion of enthusiasm4 ,bishop        
,lavington wrote a book to hold up to   
scorn the enthusiasm of ,methodists and 
,papists2 and what would have  seemed   
reasonable and natural in matters of    
religion and worship in the  age of     
,cranmer1 in the age of ,hooker1 in the 
age of ,andrewes1 or in the  age of     
,ken1 seemed extravagant in the age     
which reflected the spirit of           
,tillotson and ,secker1 and even        
,porteus4 ,the typical clergyman in     
,english  pictures of the manners of the
 day1 in the ,vicar of ,wakefield1 in   
,miss  ,austen's novels1 in ,crabbe's   
,parish ,register1 is represented1 often
  quite unsuspiciously1 as a kindly and 

respectable person1 but certainly  not  
alive to the greatness of his calling4  
,he was often much1 very much1  to the  
society round him4 ,when communication  
was so difficult and  infrequent1 he    
filled a place in the country life of   
,england which no  one else could fill4 
,he was often the patriarch of his      
parish1 its  ruler1 its doctor1 its     
lawyer1 its magistrate1 as well as its  
teacher1  before whom vice trembled and 
rebellion dared not show itself4 ,the   
idea  of the priest was not quite       
forgotten2 but there was much--much even
 of  what was good and useful--to       
obscure it4 ,the beauty of the ,english 
,church in this time was its family life
 of purity and simplicity2 its  blot was
 quiet worldliness4 ,it has sometimes   
been the fashion in later  days of      
strife and disquiet to regret that      
unpretending estimate of  clerical duty 
and those easy-going days2 as it has    
sometimes been the  fashion to regret   
the pomp and dignity with which         

well-born or scholarly  bishops1        
furnished with ample leisure and        
splendid revenues1 presided in          
unapproachable state over their clergy  
and held their own among the  great     
county families4 ,most things have a    
side for which something can  be said2  
and we may truthfully and thankfully    
recall that among the  clergy of those  
days there were not a few but many      
instances1 not only  of gentle manners1 
and warm benevolence1 and cultivated    
intelligence1  but of simple piety and  
holy life4#d ,but the fortunes of the   
,church are  not safe in the hands of a 
clergy1 of which a great part take their
  obligations easily4 ,it was slumbering
 and sleeping when the visitation  of   
days of change and trouble came upon it4
    ,against this state of things the   
,oxford movement was a determined       
revolt2 but1 as has been said1 it was   
not the only one1 nor the first4 ,a     
profound discontent at the state of     
religion in ,england had taken          

possession of many powerful and serious 
minds in the generation which  was      
rising into manhood at the close of the 
first quarter of the  century2 and      
others besides the leaders of the       
movement were feeling  their way to     
firmer ground4 ,other writers of very   
different principles1  and with         
different objects1 had become alive1    
among other things1 to the  importance  
of true ideas about the ,church1        
impatient at the ignorance  and         
shallowness of the current views of it1 
and alarmed at the dangers  which       
menaced it4 ,two ,oxford teachers who   
commanded much attention by  their force
 and boldness--,dr4 ,whately and ,dr4   
,arnold--had developed  their theories  
about the nature1 constitution1 and     
functions of the  ,church4 ,they were   
dissatisfied with the general stagnation
 of religious  opinion1 on this as on   
other subjects4 ,they agreed in         
resenting the  unintelligent            
shortsightedness which relegated such a 

matter to a third  or fourth rank in the
 scale of religious teaching4 ,they     
agreed also in  seizing the spiritual   
aspect of the ,church1 and in raising   
the idea of  it above the level of the  
poor and worldly conceptions on the     
assumption  of which questions relating 
to it were popularly discussed4 ,but in 
their  fundamental principles they were 
far apart4 ,i assume1 on the authority  
of ,cardinal ,newman1 what was widely   
believed in ,oxford1 and never          
apparently denied1 that the volume      
entitled ,letters of an                 
,episcopalian1#e #ahbf1 was1 in some    
sense at least1 the work of ,dr4        
,whately4 ,in it is sketched forth the  
conception of an organised body1        
introduced into the world by ,christ    
,himself1 endowed with definite         
spiritual powers and with no other1 and1
 whether connected with the  ,state or  
not1 having an independent existence and
 inalienable claims1  with its own      
objects and laws1 with its own moral    

standard and spirit  and character4     
,from this book ,cardinal ,newman tells 
us that he learnt  his theory of the    
,church1 though it was1 after all1 but  
the theory  received from the first     
appearance of ,christian history2 and he
 records  also the deep impression which
 it made on others4 ,dr4 ,arnold's view 
was  a much simpler one4 ,he divided the
 world into ,christians and             
non-,christians3 ,christians were all   
who professed to believe in ,christ  as 
a ,divine ,person and to worship ,him1#f
 and the brotherhood1 the  ,societas of 
,christians1 was all that was meant by  
the ,church in the  ,new ,testament4 ,it
 mattered1 of course1 to the conscience 
of each  ,christian what he had made up 
his mind to believe1 but to no one else4
  ,church organisation was1 according to
 circumstances1 partly inevitable  or   
expedient1 partly mischievous1 but in no
 case of divine authority4  ,teaching1  
ministering the word1 was a thing of    
divine appointment1 but  not so the mode

 of exercising it1 either as to persons1
 forms1 or  methods4 ,sacraments there  
were1 signs and pledges of divine love  
and  help1 in every action of life1 in  
every sight of nature1 and eminently    
two most touching ones1 recommended to  
,christians by the ,redeemer  ,himself2 
but except as a matter of mere order1   
one man might deal with  these as       
lawfully as another4 ,church history    
there was1 fruitful in  interest1       
instruction1 and warning2 for it was the
 record of the long  struggle of the    
true idea of the ,church against the    
false1 and of the  fatal disappearance  
of the true before the forces of        
blindness and  wickedness4#g ,dr4       
,arnold's was a passionate attempt to   
place the true  idea in the light4 ,of  
the difficulties of his theory he made  
light  account4 ,there was the vivid    
central truth which glowed through his  
soul  and quickened all his thoughts4   
,he became its champion and militant    
apostle4 ,these doctrines1 combined with

 his strong political liberalism1  made 
the ,midlands hot for ,dr4 ,arnold4 ,but
 he liked the fighting1 as he  thought1 
against the narrow and frightened       
orthodoxy round him4 ,and he  was in the
 thick of this fighting when another set
 of ideas about the  ,church--the ideas 
on which alone it seemed to a number of 
earnest and  anxious minds that the     
cause of the ,church could be           
maintained--the  ideas which were the   
beginning of the ,oxford movement1      
crossed his path4  ,it was the old      
orthodox tradition of the ,church1 with 
fresh life put  into it1 which he       
flattered himself that he had so        
triumphantly  demolished4 ,this         
intrusion of a despised rival to his own
 teaching about  the ,church--teaching  
in which he believed with deep and      
fervent  conviction--profoundly         
irritated him2 all the more that it came
 from men  who had been among his       
friends1 and who1 he thought1 should    
have known  better4#h    ,but neither   

,dr4 ,whately's nor ,dr4 ,arnold's      
attempts to put the old  subject of the 
,church in a new light gained much hold 
on the public  mind4 ,one was too       
abstract2 the other too unhistorical and
  revolutionary4 ,both in ,oxford and in
 the country were men whose hearts      
burned within them for something less   
speculative and vague1 something  more  
reverent and less individual1 more in   
sympathy with the inherited  spirit of  
the ,church4 ,it did not need much      
searching to find in the  facts and     
history of the ,church ample evidence of
 principles distinct  and inspiring1    
which1 however long latent1 or overlaid 
by superficial  accretions1 were as well
 fitted as they ever were to animate its
  defenders in the struggle with the    
unfriendly opinion of the day4 ,they    
could not open their ,prayer-,books1 and
 think of what they read there1  without
 seeing that on the face of it the      
,church claimed to be something  very   
different from what it was assumed to be

 in the current  controversies of the   
time1 very different from a mere        
institution of the  ,state1 from a vague
 collection of ,christian professions   
from one form  or denomination of       
religion among many1 distinguished by   
larger  privileges and larger revenues4 
,they could not help seeing that it     
claimed an origin not short of the      
,apostles of ,christ1 and took for      
granted that it was to speak and teach  
with their authority and that of  their 
,master4 ,these were theological        
commonplaces2 but now1 the pressure  of 
events and of competing ideas made them 
to be felt as real and  momentous       
truths4 ,amid the confusions and        
inconsistencies of the  semi-political  
controversy on ,church reform1 and on   
the defects and  rights of the ,church1 
which was going on in ,parliament1 in   
the press1  and in pamphlets1 the deeper
 thoughts of those who were interested  
in  its fortunes were turned to what was
 intrinsic and characteristic in its    

constitution3 and while these thoughts  
in some instances only issued in  theory
 and argument1 in others they led to    
practical resolves to act  upon them and
 enforce them4    ,at the end of the    
first quarter of the century1 say about 
#ahbe-cj1 two  characteristic forms of  
,church of ,england ,christianity were  
popularly  recognised4 ,one inherited   
the traditions of a learned and sober   
,anglicanism1 claiming as the           
authorities for its theology the great  
line  of ,english divines from ,hooker  
to ,waterland1 finding its patterns of  
devotion in ,bishop ,wilson1 ,bishop    
,horne1 and the ,whole ,duty of ,man1   
but not forgetful of ,andrewes1 ,jeremy 
,taylor1 and ,ken1--preaching1  without 
passion or excitement1 scholarlike1     
careful1 wise1 often  vigorously        
reasoned discourses on the capital      
points of faith and  morals1 and        
exhibiting in its adherents1 who were   
many and important1  all the varieties  
of a great and far-descended school1    

which claimed for  itself rightful      
possession of the ground which it held4 
,there was  nothing effeminate about it1
 as there was nothing fanatical2 there  
was  nothing extreme or foolish about   
it2 it was a manly school1 distrustful  
of high-wrought feelings and            
professions1 cultivating self-command   
and  shy of display1 and setting up as  
its mark1 in contrast to what seemed  to
 it sentimental weakness1 a reasonable  
and serious idea of duty4 ,the  divinity
 which it propounded1 though it rested  
on learning1 was rather  that of strong 
common sense than of the schools of     
erudition4 ,its better  members were    
highly cultivated1 benevolent men1      
intolerant of  irregularities both of   
doctrine and life1 whose lives were     
governed by  an unostentatious but solid
 and unfaltering piety1 ready to burst  
forth  on occasion into fervid devotion4
 ,its worse members were jobbers and    
hunters after preferment1 pluralists who
 built fortunes and endowed  families   

out of the ,church1 or country gentlemen
 in orders1 who rode to  hounds and shot
 and danced and farmed1 and often did   
worse things4 ,its  average was what    
naturally in ,england would be the      
average1 in a state  of things in which 
great religious institutions have been  
for a long  time settled and            
unmolested--kindly1 helpful1            
respectable1 sociable  persons of good  
sense and character1 workers rather in a
 fashion of  routine which no one       
thought of breaking1 sometimes keeping  
up their  ,university learning1 and apt 
to employ it in odd and not very        
profitable  inquiries2 apt1 too1 to     
value themselves on their cheerfulness  
and quick  wit2 but often dull and      
dogmatic and quarrelsome1 often         
insufferably  pompous4 ,the custom of   
daily service and even of fasting was   
kept up  more widely than is commonly   
supposed4 ,the ,eucharist1 though       
sparingly  administered1 and though it  
had been profaned by the operation of   

the  ,test ,acts1 was approached by     
religious people with deep reverence4   
,but  besides the better1 and the worse1
 and the average members of this1  which
 called itself the ,church party1 there 
stood out a number of men of  active and
 original minds1 who1 starting from the 
traditions of the  party1 were in       
advance of it in thought and knowledge1 
or in the desire  to carry principles   
into action4 ,at the ,universities      
learning was still  represented by      
distinguished names4 ,at ,oxford1 ,dr4  
,routh was still  living and at work1   
and ,van ,mildert was not forgotten4    
,bishop ,lloyd1 if  he had lived1 would 
have played a considerable part2 and a  
young man of  vast industry and great   
,oriental learning1 ,mr4 ,pusey1 was    
coming on the  scene4 ,davison1 in an   
age which had gone mad about the study  
of  prophecy1 had taught a more         
intelligent and sober way of regarding  
it2  and ,mr4 ,john ,miller's ,bampton  
,lectures1 now probably only remembered 

by  a striking sentence1 quoted in a    
note to the ,christian ,year1#i had     
impressed his readers with a deeper     
sense of the uses of ,scripture4        
,cambridge1 besides scholars like       
,bishop ,kaye1 and accomplished writers 
like ,mr4 ,le ,bas and ,mr4 ,lyall1     
could boast of ,mr4 ,hugh ,james ,rose1 
the  most eminent person of his         
generation as a divine4 ,but the        
influence of  this learned theology was 
at the time not equal to its value4     
,sound  requires atmosphere2 and there  
was as yet no atmosphere in the public  
mind in which the voice of this theology
 could be heard4 ,the person who  first 
gave body and force to ,church theology1
 not to be mistaken or  ignored1 was    
,dr4 ,hook4 ,his massive and thorough   
,churchmanship was the  independent     
growth of his own thoughts and reading4 
,resolute1 through  good report and evil
 report1 rough but very generous1 stern 
both against  ,popery and ,puritanism1  
he had become a power in the ,midlands  

and the  ,north1 and first ,coventry1   
then ,leeds1 were the centres of a new  
influence4 ,he was the apostle of the   
,church to the great middle class4      
,these were the orthodox ,churchmen1    
whom their rivals1 and not their  rivals
 only1#aj denounced as dry1 unspiritual1
 formal1 unevangelical1  self-righteous2
 teachers of mere morality at their     
best1 allies and  servants of the world 
at their worst4 ,in the party which at  
this time  had come to be looked upon   
popularly as best entitled to be the    
religious party1 whether they were      
admired as ,evangelicals1 or abused  as 
,calvinists1 or laughed at as the       
,saints1 were inheritors not of         
,anglican traditions1 but of those which
 had grown up among the zealous         
clergymen and laymen who had sympathised
 with the great ,methodist  revival1 and
 whose theology and life had been       
profoundly affected by it4  ,it was the 
second or third generation of those     
whose religious ideas had  been formed  

and governed by the influence of        
teachers like ,hervey1  ,romaine1       
,cecil1 ,venn1 ,fletcher1 ,newton1 and  
,thomas ,scott4 ,the fathers of  the    
,evangelical school were men of         
naturally strong and vigorous           
understandings1 robust and rugged1 and  
sometimes eccentric1 but quite  able to 
cope with the controversialists1 like   
,bishop ,tomline1 who  attacked them4   
,these ,high ,church controversialists  
were too half-hearted  and too shallow1 
and understood their own principles too 
imperfectly1 to  be a match for         
antagonists who were in deadly earnest1 
and put them to  shame by their zeal and
 courage4 ,but ,newton and ,romaine and 
the ,milners  were too limited and      
narrow in their compass of ideas to     
found a  powerful theology4 ,they       
undoubtedly often quickened conscience4 
,but  their system was a one-sided and  
unnatural one1 indeed in the hands of   
some of its expounders threatening      
morality and soundness of  character4#aa

 ,it had none of the sweep which carried
 the justification  doctrines of        
,luther1 or the systematic              
predestinarianism of ,calvin1 or  the   
platform of discipline of ,john ,knox   
and the ,puritans4 ,it had to  deal with
 a society which laid stress on what was
 reasonable1 or  polite1 or ingenious1  
or genteel1 and unconsciously it had    
come to  have respect to these          
requirements4 ,the one thing by which   
its preachers  carried disciples with   
them was their undoubted and serious    
piety1 and  their brave1 though often   
fantastic and inconsistent1 protest     
against  the world4 ,they won           
consideration and belief by the mild    
persecution  which this protest brought 
on them--by being proscribed as         
enthusiasts  by comfortable dignitaries1
 and mocked as ,methodists and ,saints  
by  wits and worldlings4 ,but the       
austere spirit of ,newton and ,thomas   
,scott  had1 between #ahbj and #ahcj1   
given way a good deal to the influence  

of  increasing popularity4 ,the         
profession of ,evangelical religion had 
been  made more than respectable by the 
adhesion of men of position and  weight4
 ,preached in the pulpits of fashionable
 chapels1 this religion  proved to be no
 more exacting than its ,high and ,dry  
rival4 ,it gave a  gentle stimulus to   
tempers which required to be excited by 
novelty4 ,it  recommended itself by     
gifts of flowing words or high-pitched  
rhetoric to  those who expected some    
demands to be made on them1 so that     
these  demands were not too strict4 ,yet
 ,evangelical religion had not been     
unfruitful1 especially in public        
results4 ,it had led ,howard and        
,elizabeth ,fry to assail the           
brutalities of the prisons4 ,it had led 
,clarkson and ,wilberforce to overthrow 
the slave trade1 and ultimately  slavery
 itself4 ,it had created great          
,missionary ,societies4 ,it had given   
motive and impetus to countless         
philanthropic schemes4 ,what it failed  

in  was the education and development of
 character2 and this was the result  of 
the increasing meagreness of its writing
 and preaching4 ,there were  still      
,evangelical preachers of force and     
eloquence--,robert ,hall1 ,edward       
,irving1 ,chalmers1 ,jay of ,bath--but  
they were not ,churchmen4 ,the circle   
of themes dwelt on by this school in the
 ,church was a contracted one1  and no  
one had found the way of enlarging it4  
,it shrank1 in its fear of  mere        
moralising1 in its horror of the idea of
 merit or of the value of  good works1  
from coming into contact with the       
manifold realities of the  spirit of    
man3 it never seemed to get beyond the  
first beginnings of  ,christian         
teaching1 the call to repent1 the       
assurance of forgiveness3 it  had       
nothing to say to the long and varied   
process of building up the new  life of 
truth and goodness3 it was nervously    
afraid of departing from  the           
consecrated phrases of its school1 and  

in the perpetual iteration of  them it  
lost hold of the meaning they may once  
have had4 ,it too often  found its      
guarantee for faithfulness in jealous   
suspicions1 and in  fierce bigotries1   
and at length it presented all the      
characteristics of  an exhausted        
teaching and a spent enthusiasm4        
,claiming to be exclusively  spiritual1 
fervent1 unworldly1 the sole announcer  
of the free grace of  ,god amid         
self-righteousness and sin1 it had come1
 in fact1 to be on very  easy terms with
 the world4 ,yet it kept its hold on    
numbers of  spiritually-minded persons1 
for in truth there seemed to be nothing 
better for those who saw in the         
affections the main field of religion4  
,but even of these good men1 the        
monotonous language sounded to all but  
themselves inconceivably hollow and     
wearisome2 and in the hands of the      
average teachers of the school1 the idea
 of religion was becoming poor  and thin
 and unreal4    ,but besides these two  

great parties1 each of them claiming to 
represent  the authentic and unchanging 
mind of the ,church1 there were         
independent  thinkers who took their    
place with neither and criticised both4 
,paley  had still his disciples at      
,cambridge1 or if not disciples1 yet    
representatives of his masculine but not
 very profound and reverent way  of     
thinking2 and a critical school1        
represented by names afterwards  famous1
 ,connop ,thirlwall and ,julius ,hare1  
strongly influenced by ,german          
speculation1 both in theology and       
history1 began to attract attention4    
,and at ,cambridge was growing1 slowly  
and out of sight1 a mind and an         
influence which were to be at once the  
counterpart and the rival of the        
,oxford movement1 its ally for a short  
moment1 and then its earnest and  often 
bitter enemy4 ,in spite of the dominant 
teaching identified with  the name of   
,mr4 ,simeon1 ,frederic ,maurice1 with  
,john ,sterling and other  members of   

the ,apostles' ,club1 was feeling for   
something truer and  nobler than the    
conventionalities of the religious      
world4#ab ,in ,oxford1  mostly in a     
different way1 more dry1 more           
dialectical1 and1 perhaps it  may be    
said1 more sober1 definite1 and         
ambitious of clearness1 the same  spirit
 was at work4 ,there was a certain drift
 towards ,dissent among the  warmer     
spirits4 ,under the leading of ,whately1
 questions were asked about  what was   
supposed to be beyond dispute with both 
,churchmen and  ,evangelicals4 ,current 
phrases1 the keynotes of many a sermon1 
were  fearlessly taken to pieces4 ,men  
were challenged to examine the meaning  
of their words4 ,they were cautioned or 
ridiculed as the case might be1  on the 
score of confusion of thought and       
inaccuracy of mind2 they  were convicted
 of great logical sins1 ignoratio       
elenchi1 or  undistributed middle terms2
 and bold theories began to make their  
appearance about religious principles   

and teaching1 which did not easily      
accommodate themselves to popular       
conceptions4 ,in very different ways    
and degrees1 ,davison1 ,copleston1      
,whately1 ,hawkins1 ,milman1 and not    
least1 a brilliant naturalised ,spaniard
 who sowed the seeds of doubt  around   
him1 ,blanco ,white1 had broken through 
a number of accepted  opinions1 and had 
presented some startling ideas to men   
who had thought  that all religious     
questions lay between the orthodoxy of  
,lambeth and  the orthodoxy of ,clapham 
and ,islington4 ,and thus the foundation
 was  laid1 at least1 at ,oxford of what
 was then called the ,liberal ,school of
  ,theology4 ,its theories and          
paradoxes1 then commonly associated with
 the  ,noetic character of one college1 
,oriel1 were thought startling and      
venturesome when discussed in           
steady-going common-rooms and country   
parsonages2 but they were still cautious
 and old-fashioned compared  with what  
was to come after them4 ,the distance is

 indeed great between  those early      
disturbers of lecture-rooms and         
,university pulpits1 and  their         
successors4    ,while this was going on 
within the ,church1 there was a great   
movement of  thought going on in the    
country4 ,it was the time when          
,bentham's  utilitarianism had at length
 made its way into prominence and       
importance4 ,it had gained a hold on a  
number of powerful minds in  society and
 political life4 ,it was threatening to 
become the dominant  and popular        
philosophy4 ,it began1 in some ways     
beneficially1 to affect  and even       
control legislation4 ,it made desperate 
attempts to take  possession of the     
whole province of morals4 ,it forced    
those who saw  through its mischief1 who
 hated and feared it1 to seek a reason1 
and a  solid and strong one1 for the    
faith which was in them as to the       
reality  of conscience and the          
mysterious distinction between right and
 wrong4  ,and it entered into a close   

alliance with science1 which was        
beginning  to assert its claims1 since  
then risen so high1 to a new and        
undefined  supremacy1 not only in the   
general concerns of the world1 but      
specially  in education4 ,it was the day
 of ,holland ,house4 ,it was the time   
when a  ,society of which ,lord         
,brougham was the soul1 and which       
comprised a great  number of important  
political and important scientific      
names1 was  definitely formed for the   
,diffusion of ,useful ,knowledge4 ,their
 labours  are hardly remembered now in  
the great changes for which they paved  
the  way2 but the ,society was the means
 of getting written and of publishing   
at a cheap rate a number of original and
 excellent books on science1  biography1
 and history4 ,it was the time of the   
,library of ,useful  ,knowledge1 and its
 companion1 the ,library of             
,entertaining ,knowledge2  of the ,penny
 ,magazine1 and its ,church rival1 the  
,saturday ,magazine1  of the ,penny     

,cyclopaedia1 and ,lardner's ,cabinet   
,cyclopaedia1 and  ,murray's ,family    
,library3 popular series1 which         
contained much of the  work of the      
ablest men of the day1 and which1 though
 for the most part  superseded now1 were
 full of interest then4 ,another        
creation of this  epoch1 and an         
unmistakable indication of its          
tendencies1 was the ,british            
,association for the ,advancement of    
,science1 which met for the first time  
at ,oxford in ,june #ahcb1 not without a
 good deal of jealousy and  misgiving1  
partly unreasonable1 partly not         
unfounded1 among men in whose  hearts   
the cause and fortunes of religion were 
supreme4    ,thus the time was ripe for 
great collisions of principles and aims2
 for  the decomposition of elements     
which had been hitherto united2 for     
sifting them out of their old           
combinations1 and regrouping them       
according to their more natural         
affinities4 ,it was a time for the      

formation and development of unexpected 
novelties in teaching and  practical    
effort4 ,there was a great historic     
,church party1 imperfectly  conscious of
 its position and responsibilities2#ac  
there was an active  but declining      
pietistic school1 resting on a feeble   
intellectual basis  and narrow and      
meagre interpretations of ,scripture1   
and strong only in  its circle of       
philanthropic work2 there was1          
confronting both1 a rising  body of     
inquisitive and1 in some ways1 menacing 
thought4 ,to men deeply  interested in  
religion1 the ground seemed confused and
 treacherous4  ,there was room1 and     
there was a call1 for new effort2 but to
 find the  resources for it1 it seemed  
necessary to cut down deep below the    
level  of what even good men accepted as
 the adequate expression of             
,christianity1 and its fit application  
to the conditions of the  nineteenth    
century4 ,it came to pass that there    
were men who had the  heart to make this

 attempt4 ,as was said at starting1 the 
actual movement  began in the conviction
 that a great and sudden danger to the  
,church was  at hand1 and that an       
unusual effort must be made to meet it4 
,but if the  occasion was in a measure  
accidental1 there was nothing haphazard 
or  tentative in the line chosen to     
encounter the danger4 ,from the first it
  was deliberately and distinctly taken4
 ,the choice of it was the result  of   
convictions which had been forming      
before the occasion came which  called  
on them4 ,the religious ideas which     
governed the minds of those  who led the
 movement had been traced1 in outline at
 least1 firmly and  without faltering4  
,the movement had its spring in the     
consciences and character of its        
leaders4 ,to these men religion really  
meant the most awful and most  seriously
 personal thing on earth4 ,it had not   
only a theological basis2  it had still 
more deeply a moral one4 ,what that     
basis was is shown in a  variety of     

indications of ethical temper and       
habits1 before the  movement1 in those  
who afterwards directed it4 ,the        
,christian ,year was  published in      
#ahbg1 and tells us distinctly by what  
kind of standard ,mr4  ,keble moulded   
his judgment and aims4 ,what ,mr4       
,keble's influence and  teaching did1 in
 training an apt pupil to deep and      
severe views of truth  and duty1 is to  
be seen in the records of purpose and   
self-discipline1  often so painful1 but 
always so lofty and sincere1 of ,mr4    
,hurrell  ,froude's journal4 ,but these 
indications are most forcibly given in  
,mr4  ,newman's earliest preaching4 ,as 
tutor at ,oriel1 ,mr4 ,newman had made  
what  efforts he could1 sometimes       
disturbing to the authorities1 to raise 
the  standard of conduct and feeling    
among his pupils4 ,when he became a     
parish priest1 his preaching took a     
singularly practical and  plain-spoken  
character4 ,the first sermon of the     
series1 a typical  sermon1 ,holiness    

necessary for future ,blessedness1 a    
sermon which has  made many readers     
grave when they laid it down1 was       
written in #ahbf1  before he came to    
,st4 ,mary's2 and as he began he        
continued4 ,no sermons1  except those   
which his great opposite1 ,dr4 ,arnold1 
was preaching at  ,rugby1 had appealed  
to conscience with such directness and  
force4 ,a  passionate and sustained     
earnestness after a high moral rule1    
seriously  realised in conduct1 is the  
dominant character of these sermons4    
,they  showed the strong reaction       
against slackness of fibre in the       
religious  life2 against the poverty1   
softness2 restlessness1 worldliness1 the
  blunted and impaired sense of truth1  
which reigned with little check in  the 
recognised fashions of professing       
,christianity2 the want of depth  both  
of thought and feeling2 the strange     
blindness to the real  sternness1 nay   
the austerity1 of the ,new ,testament4  
,out of this ground  the movement grew4 

,even more than a theological reform1 it
 was a protest  against the loose       
unreality of ordinary religious         
morality4 ,in the first  stage of the   
movement1 moral earnestness and         
enthusiasm gave its impulse  to         
theological interest and zeal4          
,,footnotes3    #b ,the suppression of  
the ,irish bishoprics4 ,palmer1         
,narrative 7#ahhc71  pp4 #dd1 #aja4     
,maurice1 ,life1 i4 #ahj4    #c ,the    
,church1 as it now stands1 no human     
power can save 7,arnold to  ,tyler1     
,june #ahcb4 ,life1 i4 #cbf74 ,nothing1 
as it seems to me1 can save  the ,church
 but an union with the ,dissenters2 now 
they are leagued with  the antichristian
 party1 and no merely internal reforms  
will satisfy  them 7,arnold to ,whately1
 ,january #ahcc1 i4 #cdh74 ,he          
afterwards thought  this exaggerated    
7,life1 i4 #ccf74 ,the ,church has been 
for one hundred  years without any      
government1 and in such a stormy season 
it will not go  on much longer without a

 rudder 7,whately to ,bp4 ,copleston1   
,july #ahcb4  ,life1 i1 #afg74 ,if such 
an arrangement of the ,executive        
,government is  completed1 it will be a 
difficult1 but great and glorious feat  
for your  ,lordship's ministry to       
preserve the establishment from utter   
overthrow  7,whately to ,lord ,grey1    
,may #ahcb4 ,life1 i4 #aef74 ,it is     
remarkable that  ,dean ,stanley should  
have been satisfied with ascribing to   
the movement  an origin entirely        
political and should have seen a proof  
of this  thoroughly political origin in 
,newman's observing the date of ,mr4    
,keble's sermon ,national ,apostasy as  
the birthday of the movement1  ,edin4   
,rev4 ,april #ahhj1 pp4 #cji1 #caj4     
#d ,readers of ,wordsworth will remember
 the account of ,mr4 ,r4 ,walker        
7,notes to the ,river ,duddon74    #e   
,compare ,life of ,whately 7ed4 #ahff71 
i4 #eb1 #fh4    #f ,arnold to ,w4       
,smith1 ,life1 i4 #cef-ceh2 ii4 #cb4    
#g ,life1 i4 #bbe sqq4    #h ,i am vexed

 to find how much hopeless bigotry      
lingers in minds1     7,arnold to       
,whately1 ,sept4 #ahcb4 ,life1 i4 #cca2 
ii4 #c-g74    #i ,st4 ,bartholomew's    
,day    #aj ,the mere barren orthodoxy  
which1 from all that ,i can hear1 is    
characteristic of ,oxford4 ,maurice in  
#ahbi 7,life1 i4 #ajc74 ,in #ahcb he    
speaks of his high endeavours to rouse  
,oxford from its lethargy having  so    
signally failed 7i4 #adc74    #aa ,abbey
 and ,overton1 ,english ,church in the  
,eighteenth ,century1 ii4  #ahj1 #bjd4  
#ab ,v4 ,maurice1 ,life1 i4 #ajh-aaa2   
,trench's ,letters2 ,carlyle's          
,sterling4    #ac ,in what concerns the 
,established ,church1 the ,house of     
,commons  seems to feel no other        
principle than that of vulgar policy4   
,the old  ,high ,church race is worn    
out4 ,alex4 ,knox 7,june #ahaf71 i4 #ed4
          ,,chapter ,,ii    ,,the       
,,beginning ,,of ,,the                  
,,movement--,,john ,,keble      ,long   
before the ,oxford movement was thought 

of1 or had any definite  shape1 a number
 of its characteristic principles and   
ideas had taken  strong hold of the mind
 of a man of great ability and great    
seriousness1  who1 after a brilliant    
career at ,oxford as student and tutor1 
had  exchanged the ,university for a    
humble country cure4 ,john ,keble1 by   
some  years the senior1 but the college 
friend and intimate of ,arnold1 was the 
son of a ,gloucestershire country       
clergyman of strong character and       
considerable scholarship4 ,he taught and
 educated his two sons at home1  and    
then sent them to ,oxford1 where both of
 them made their mark1 and  the elder1  
,john1 a mere boy when he first appeared
 at his college1  ,corpus1 carried off  
almost everything that the ,university  
could give in  the way of distinction4  
,he won a double first2 he won the      
,latin and  ,english ,essays in the same
 year2 and he won what was the still    
greater  honour of an ,oriel            
,fellowship4 ,his honours were borne    

with meekness and  simplicity2 to his   
attainments he joined a temper of       
singular sweetness  and modesty1 capable
 at the same time1 when necessary1 of   
austere  strength and strictness of     
principle4 ,he had become one of the    
most  distinguished men in ,oxford1 when
 about the year #ahbc he felt himself   
bound to give himself more exclusively  
to the work of a clergyman1 and  left   
,oxford to be his father's curate4      
,there was nothing very unusual in  his 
way of life1 or singular and showy in   
his work as a clergyman2 he  went in and
 out among the poor1 he was not averse  
to society1 he  preached plain1         
unpretending1 earnest sermons2 he kept  
up his literary  interests4 ,but he was 
a deeply convinced ,churchman1 finding  
his standard  and pattern of doctrine   
and devotion in the sober earnestness   
and  dignity of the ,prayer ,book1 and  
looking with great and intelligent      
dislike at the teaching and practical   
working of the more popular system      

which1 under the name of ,evangelical   
,christianity1 was aspiring to  dominate
 religious opinion1 and which1 often    
combining some of the most  questionable
 features of ,methodism and ,calvinism1 
denounced with fierce  intolerance      
everything that deviated from its       
formulas and watchwords4  ,and as his   
loyalty to the ,church of ,england was  
profound and intense1  all who had      
shared her fortunes1 good or bad1 or who
 professed to serve  her1 had a place in
 his affections2 and any policy which   
threatened to  injure or oppress her1   
and any principles which were hostile to
 her  influence and teaching1 roused his
 indignation and resistance4 ,he was a  
strong ,tory1 and by conviction and     
religious temper a thorough ,high       
,churchman4    ,but there was nothing in
 him to foreshadow the leader in a bold 
and  wide-reaching movement4 ,he was    
absolutely without ambition4 ,he hated  
show and mistrusted excitement4 ,the    
thought of preferment was steadily  put 

aside both from temper and definite     
principle4 ,he had no popular           
aptitudes1 and was very suspicious of   
them4 ,he had no care for the           
possession of influence2 he had         
deliberately chosen the fallentis       
semita vitae1 and to be what his father 
had been1 a faithful and  contented     
country parson1 was all that he desired4
 ,but idleness was not  in his nature4  
,born a poet1 steeped in all that is    
noblest and tenderest  and most         
beautiful in ,greek and ,roman          
literature1 with the keenest  sympathy  
with that new school of poetry which1   
with ,wordsworth as its  representative1
 was searching out the deeper relations 
between nature  and the human soul1 he  
found in poetical composition a vent and
 relief  for feelings stirred by the    
marvels of glory and of awfulness1 and  
by  the sorrows and blessings1 amid     
which human life is passed4 ,but his    
poetry was for a long time only for     
himself and his intimate friends2  his  

indulgence in poetical composition was  
partly playful1 and it was  not till    
after much hesitation on his own part   
and also on theirs1 and  with a         
contemptuous undervaluing of his work1  
which continued to the end  of his life1
 that the anonymous little book of poems
 was published which  has since become  
familiar wherever ,english is read1 as  
the ,christian  year4 ,his serious      
interests were public ones4 ,though     
living in the  shade1 he followed with  
anxiety and increasing disquiet the     
changes  which went on so rapidly and so
 formidably1 during the end of the first
  quarter of this century1 in opinion   
and in the possession of political      
power4 ,it became more and more plain   
that great changes were at hand1  though
 not so plain what they would be4 ,it   
seemed likely that power  would come    
into the hands of men and parties       
hostile to the ,church in  their        
principles1 and ready to use to its     
prejudice the advantages which  its     

position as an establishment gave them2 
and the anticipation grew in  ,keble's  
mind1 that in the struggles which seemed
 likely1 not only for  the legal rights 
but for the faith of the ,church1 the   
,church might have  both to claim more1 
and to suffer more1 at the hands of     
,government4 ,yet  though these thoughts
 filled his mind1 and strong things were
 said in  the intercourse with friends  
about what was going on about them1 no  
definite course of action had been even 
contemplated when ,keble went  into the 
country in #ahbc4 ,there was nothing to 
distinguish him from  numbers of able   
clergymen all over ,england1 who were   
looking on with  interest1 with anxiety1
 often with indignation1 at what was    
going on4  ,mr4 ,keble had not many     
friends and was no party chief4 ,he was 
a  brilliant university scholar         
overlaying the plain1 unworldly country 
parson2 an old-fashioned ,english       
,churchman1 with great veneration for   
the ,church and its bishops1 and a great

 dislike of ,rome1 ,dissent1 and        
,methodism1 but with a quick heart2 with
 a frank1 gay humility of soul1  with   
great contempt of appearances1 great    
enjoyment of nature1 great              
unselfishness1 strict and severe        
principles of morals and duty4    ,what 
was it that turned him by degrees into  
so prominent and so  influential a      
person8 ,it was the result of the action
 of his convictions  and ideas1 and     
still more of his character1 on the     
energetic and  fearless mind of a pupil 
and disciple1 ,richard ,hurrell ,froude4
 ,froude  was ,keble's pupil at ,oriel1 
and when ,keble left ,oriel for his     
curacy at  the beginning of the ,long   
,vacation of #ahbc1 he took ,froude with
 him to  read for his degree4 ,he took  
with him ultimately two other pupils1   
,robert ,wilberforce and ,isaac         
,williams of ,trinity4 ,one of them1    
,isaac  ,williams1 has left some        
reminiscences of the time1 and of the   
terms on  which the young men were with 

their tutor1 then one of the most famous
  men at ,oxford4 ,they were on terms of
 the utmost freedom4 ,master is the     
greatest boy of them all1 was the       
judgment of the rustic who was          
gardener1 groom1 and parish clerk to    
,mr4 ,keble4 ,froude's was a keen       
logical mind1 not easily satisfied1     
contemptuous of compromises and         
evasions1 and disposed on occasion to be
 mischievous and aggressive2 and  with  
,keble1 as with anybody else1 he was    
ready to dispute and try every  form of 
dialectical experiment4 ,but he was open
 to higher influences  than those of    
logic1 and in ,keble he saw what subdued
 and won him to  boundless veneration   
and affection4 ,keble won the love of   
the whole  little society2 but in       
,froude he had gained a disciple who was
 to be the  mouthpiece and champion of  
his ideas1 and who was to react on      
himself  and carry him forward to larger
 enterprises and bolder resolutions than
  by himself he would have thought of4  

,froude took in from ,keble all he  had 
to communicate--principles1 convictions1
 moral rules and standards  of life1    
hopes1 fears1 antipathies4 ,and his     
keenly-tempered intellect1  and his     
determination and high courage1 gave a  
point and an impulse of  their own to   
,keble's views and purposes4 ,as things 
came to look darker1  and dangers seemed
 more serious to the ,church1 its faith 
or its rights1  the interchange of      
thought between master and disciple1 in 
talk and in  letter1 pointed more and   
more to the coming necessity of action2 
and  ,froude at least had no objections 
to the business of an agitator4 ,but    
all this was very gradual2 things did   
not yet go beyond discussion2  ideas1   
views1 arguments were examined and      
compared2 and ,froude1 with all  his    
dash1 felt as ,keble felt1 that he had  
much to learn about himself1  as well as
 about books and things4 ,in his respect
 for antiquity1 in his  dislike of the  
novelties which were invading ,church   

rules and  sentiments1 as well as its   
creeds1 in his jealousy of the ,state1  
as well  as in his seriousness of       
self-discipline1 he accepted ,keble's   
guidance  and influence more and more2  
and from ,keble he had more than one    
lesson  of self-distrust1 more than one 
warning against the temptations of      
intellect4 ,froude told me many years   
after1 writes one of his friends1  that 
,keble once1 before parting with him1   
seemed to have something on  his mind   
which he wished to say1 but shrank from 
saying1 while waiting1  ,i think1 for a 
coach4 ,at last he said1 just before    
parting1 ',froude1 you  thought ,law's  
,serious ,call was a clever book2 it    
seemed to me as if  you had said the    
,day of ,judgment will be a pretty      
sight4' ,this speech1  ,froude told me1 
had a great effect on his after life4#ad
    ,at ,easter #ahbf ,froude was       
elected ,fellow of ,oriel4 ,he came back
 to  ,oxford1 charged with ,keble's     
thoughts and feelings1 and from his more

  eager and impatient temper1 more on   
the look-out for ways of giving them    
effect4 ,the next year he became tutor1 
and he held the tutorship till  #ahcj4  
,but he found at ,oriel a colleague1 a  
little his senior in age and  standing1 
of whom ,froude and his friends as yet  
knew little except that  he was a man of
 great ability1 that he had been a      
favourite of  ,whately's1 and that in a 
loose and rough way he was counted among
 the  few ,liberals and ,evangelicals in
 ,oxford4 ,this was ,mr4 ,newman4 ,keble
 had  been shy of him1 and ,froude would
 at first judge him by ,keble's         
standard4 ,but ,newman was just at this 
time moving1 as he expresses it1  out of
 the shadow of ,liberalism4 ,living not 
apart like ,keble1 but in  the same     
college1 and meeting every day1 ,froude 
and ,newman could not but  be either    
strongly and permanently repelled1 or   
strongly attracted4 ,they  were         
attracted2 attracted with a force which 
at last united them in the  deepest and 

most unreserved friendship4 ,of the     
steps of this great  change in the mind 
and fortunes of each of them we have no 
record3  intimacies of this kind grow in
 college out of unnoticed and           
unremembered talks1 agreeing or         
differing1 out of unconscious           
disclosures of temper and purpose1 out  
of walks and rides and quiet  breakfasts
 and common-room arguments1 out of      
admirations and dislikes1  out of       
letters and criticisms and questions2   
and nobody can tell  afterwards how they
 have come about4 ,the change was       
gradual and  deliberate4 ,froude's      
friends in ,gloucestershire1 the ,keble 
family1 had  their misgivings about     
,newman's supposed liberalism2 they did 
not much  want to have to do with him4  
,his subtle and speculative temper did  
not  always square with ,froude's       
theology4 ,n4 is a fellow that ,i like  
more1  the more ,i think of him1 ,froude
 wrote in #ahbh2 only ,i would give a   
few  odd pence if he were not a         

heretic4#ae ,but ,froude1 who saw him   
every  day1 and was soon associated with
 him in the tutorship1 found a spirit   
more akin to his own in depth and       
freedom and daring1 than he had yet     
encountered4 ,and ,froude found ,newman 
just in that maturing state of          
religious opinion in which a powerful   
mind like ,froude's would be likely  to 
act decisively4 ,each acted on the      
other4 ,froude represented ,keble's     
ideas1 ,keble's enthusiasm4 ,newman gave
 shape1 foundation1 consistency1        
elevation to the ,anglican theology1    
when he accepted it1 which ,froude  had 
learned from ,keble4 ,i knew him first1 
we read in the ,apologia1  in #ahbf1 and
 was in the closest and most            
affectionate friendship with  him from  
about #ahbi till his death in #ahcf4af  
,but this was not all4  ,through        
,froude1 ,newman came to know and to be 
intimate with ,keble2 and  a sort of    
camaraderie arose1 of very independent  
and outspoken people1  who acknowledged 

,keble as their master and counsellor4  
,the true and primary author of it 7the 
,tractarian movement71 we read  in the  
,apologia1 as is usual with great motive
 powers1 was out of  sight4444 ,need ,i 
say that ,i am speaking of ,john ,keble8
 ,the statement is  strictly true4      
,froude never would have been the man he
 was but for his  daily and hourly      
intercourse with ,keble2 and ,froude    
brought to bear upon  ,newman's mind1 at
 a critical period of its development1  
,keble's ideas  and feelings about      
religion and the ,church1 ,keble's      
reality of thought  and purpose1        
,keble's transparent and saintly        
simplicity4 ,and ,froude1 as  we know   
from a well-known saying of his1#ag     
brought ,keble and ,newman to           
understand one another1 when the elder  
man was shy and suspicious of the       
younger1 and the younger1 though full of
 veneration for the elder1 was  hardly  
yet in full sympathy with what was most 
characteristic and most  cherished in   

the elder's religious convictions4      
,keble attracted and  moulded ,froude3  
he impressed ,froude with his strong    
,churchmanship1 his  severity and       
reality of life1 his poetry and high    
standard of scholarly  excellence4      
,froude learned from him to be          
anti-,erastian1  anti-methodistical1    
anti-sentimental1 and as strong in his  
hatred of the  world1 as contemptuous of
 popular approval1 as any ,methodist4   
,yet all  this might merely have made a 
strong impression1 or formed one more   
marked school of doctrine1 without the  
fierce energy which received it  and    
which it inspired4 ,but ,froude1 in     
accepting ,keble's ideas1 resolved  to  
make them active1 public1 aggressive2   
and he found in ,newman a  colleague    
whose bold originality responded to his 
own4 ,together they  worked as tutors2  
together they worked when their         
tutorships came to an  end2 together    
they worked when thrown into            
companionship in their  ,mediterranean  

voyage in the winter of #ahcb and the   
spring of #ahcc4 ,they  came back1 full 
of aspirations and anxieties which      
spurred them on2  their thoughts had    
broken out in papers sent home from time
 to time to  ,rose's ,british           
,magazine--,home ,thoughts ,abroad1 and 
the ,lyra  ,apostolica4 ,then came the  
meeting at ,hadleigh1 and the beginning 
of the  ,tracts4 ,keble had given the   
inspiration1 ,froude had given the      
impulse2  then ,newman took up the work1
 and the impulse henceforward1 and the  
direction1 were his4    ,doubtless1 many
 thought and felt like them about the   
perils which beset  the ,church and     
religion4 ,loyalty to the ,church1      
belief in her divine  mission1          
allegiance to her authority1 readiness  
to do battle for her  claims1 were      
anything but extinct in her ministers   
and laity4 ,the  elements were all about
 of sound and devoted ,churchmanship4   
,higher ideas  of the ,church than the  
popular and political notion of it1     

higher  conceptions of ,christian       
doctrine than those of the ordinary     
evangelical  theology--echoes of the    
meditations of a remarkable ,irishman1  
,mr4  ,alexander ,knox--had in many     
quarters attracted attention in the     
works  and sermons of his disciple4     
,bishop ,jebb1 though it was not till   
the  movement had taken shape that their
 full significance was realised4        
,others besides ,keble and ,froude and  
,newman were seriously considering  what
 could best be done to arrest the       
current which was running strong        
against the ,church1 and discussing     
schemes of resistance and defence4      
,others were stirring up themselves and 
their brethren to meet the new          
emergencies1 to respond to the new call4
 ,some of these were in  communication  
with the ,oriel men1 and ultimately took
 part with them in  organising vigorous 
measures4 ,but it was not till ,mr4     
,newman made up his  mind to force on   
the public mind1 in a way which could   

not be evaded1  the great article of the
 ,creed--,i believe one ,catholic and   
,apostolic  ,church--that the movement  
began4 ,and for the first part of its   
course1  it was concentrated at ,oxford4
 ,it was the direct result of the       
searchings of heart and the communings  
for seven years1 from #ahbf to  #ahcc1  
of the three men who have been the      
subject of this chapter4    ,,footnotes3
    #ad ,isaac ,williams's ,,ms4        
,memoir4    #ae ,rem4 i4 #bcb1 #bcc4 ,in
 #ahbh1 ,newman had preferred ,hawkins  
to ,keble1  for ,provost4    #af ,apol4 
p4 #hd4    #ag ,remains1 i4 #dch2 ,apol4
 p4 #gg4 ,do you know the story of the  
murderer who had done one good thing in 
his life8 ,well1 if ,i was asked  what  
good deed ,i have ever done1 ,i should  
say ,i had brought ,keble and  ,newman  
to understand each other4               
,,chapter ,,iii#ah    ,,richard         
,,hurrell ,,froude      ,the names of   
those who took the lead in this movement
 are  familiar--,keble1 ,newman1 ,pusey1

 ,hugh ,james ,rose1 ,william ,palmer4  
,much  has been written about them by   
friends and enemies1 and also by one of 
themselves1 and any special notice of   
them is not to the purpose of the       
present narrative4 ,but besides these1  
there were men who are now almost       
forgotten1 but who at the time          
interested their contemporaries1 because
  they were supposed to represent in a  
marked way the spirit and character  of 
the movement1 or to have exercised      
influence upon it4 ,they ought not  to  
be overlooked in an account of it4 ,one 
of them has been already  mentioned1    
,mr4 ,hurrell ,froude4 ,two others were 
,mr4 ,isaac ,williams and  ,mr4 ,charles
 ,marriott4 ,they were all three of them
 men whom those who  knew them could    
never forget--could never cease to      
admire and love4    ,hurrell ,froude    
soon passed away before the brunt of the
 fighting came4  ,his name is associated
 with ,mr4 ,newman and ,mr4 ,keble1 but 
it is little  more than a name to those 

who now talk of the origin of the       
movement4  ,yet all who remember him    
agree in assigning to him an importance 
as  great as that of any1 in that little
 knot of men whose thoughts and  whose  
courage gave birth to it4    ,richard   
,hurrell ,froude was born in #ahjc1 and 
was thus two years younger  than ,mr4   
,newman1 who was born in #ahja4 ,he went
 to ,eton1 and in #ahba to  ,oriel1     
where he was a pupil of ,mr4 ,keble1 and
 where he was elected  ,fellow1 along   
with ,robert ,wilberforce1 at ,easter   
#ahbf4 ,he was ,college  ,tutor from    
#ahbg to #ahcj1 having ,mr4 ,newman and 
,r4 ,wilberforce for  colleagues4 ,his  
health failed in #ahca and led to much  
absence in warm  climates4 ,he went with
 ,mr4 ,newman to the south of ,europe in
 #ahcb-cc1 and  was with him at ,rome4  
,the next two winters1 with the         
intervening year1  he spent in the ,west
 ,indies4 ,early in #ahcf he died at    
,dartington--his  birthplace4 ,he was at
 the ,hadleigh meeting1 in ,july #ahcc1 

when the  foundations of the movement   
were laid2 he went abroad that winter1  
and  was not much in ,england           
afterwards4 ,it was through             
correspondence that  he kept up his     
intercourse with his friends4    ,thus  
he was early cut off from direct and    
personal action on the course  which    
things took4 ,but it would be a great   
mistake to suppose that his  influence  
on the line taken and on the minds of   
others was  inconsiderable4 ,it would be
 more true to say that with one         
exception no  one was more responsible  
for the impulse which led to the        
movement2 no  one had more to do with   
shaping its distinct aims and its moral 
spirit  and character in its first      
stage2 no one was more daring and more  
clear1  as far as he saw1 in what he was
 prepared for4 ,there was no one to whom
  his friends so much looked up with    
admiration and enthusiasm4 ,there was   
no wasted shade#ai in ,hurrell ,froude's
 disabled1 prematurely  shortened life4 

,like ,henry ,martyn he was made by     
strong and even merciless               
self-discipline over a strong and for a 
long time refractory nature4 ,he  was a 
man of great gifts1 with much that was  
most attractive and noble2  but joined  
with this them was originally in his    
character a vein of  perversity and     
mischief1 always in danger of breaking  
out1 and with  which he kept up a long  
and painful struggle4 ,his inmost       
thought and  knowledge of himself have  
been laid bare in the papers which his  
friends  published after his death4 ,he 
was in the habit of probing his motives 
to  the bottom1 and of recording without
 mercy what he thought his  self-deceits
 and affectations4 ,the religious world 
of the day made merry  over his methods 
of self-discipline2 but whatever may be 
said of them1  and such things are not  
easy to judge of1 one thing is manifest1
 that  they were true and sincere       
efforts to conquer what he thought evil 
in  himself1 to keep himself in order1  

to bring his inmost self into           
subjection to the law and will of ,god4 
,the self-chastening1 which his  private
 papers show1 is no passion or value for
 asceticism1 but a purely  moral effort 
after self-command and honesty of       
character2 and what makes  the struggle 
so touching is its perfect reality and  
truth4 ,he turned  his thoughts on that 
desolate wilderness1 his own conscience1
 and said  what he saw there4#bj ,a man 
who has had a good deal to conquer in   
himself1 and has gone a good way to     
conquer it1 is not apt to be  indulgent 
to self-deceit or indolence1 or even    
weakness4 ,the basis of  ,froude's      
character was a demand which would not  
be put off for what was  real and       
thorough2 an implacable scorn and hatred
 for what he counted  shams and         
pretences4 ,his highest ambition1 he    
used to say1 was to be  a humdrum4#ba   
,the intellectual and the moral parts of
 his character  were of a piece4 ,the   
tricks and flimsinesses of a bad        

argument provoked  him as much as the   
imposture and flash of insincere        
sentiment and fine  talking2 he might be
 conscious of flash in himself and his  
friends1  and he would admit it         
unequivocally2 but it was as unbearable 
to him to  pretend not to see a fallacy 
as soon as it was detected1 as it would 
have been to him to arrive at the right 
answer of a sum or a problem by         
tampering with the processes4 ,such a   
man1 with strong affections and  keen   
perception of all forms of beauty1 and  
with the deepest desire to  be reverent 
towards all that had a right to         
reverence1 would find  himself in the   
most irritating state of opposition and 
impatience with  much that passed as    
religion round him4 ,principles not     
attempted to be  understood and carried 
into practice1 smooth self-complacency  
among  those who looked down on a blind 
and unspiritual world1 the continual    
provocation of worthless reasoning and  
ignorant platitudes1 the dull           

unconscious stupidity of people who     
could not see that the times were       
critical--that truth had to be defended1
 and that it was no easy or             
light-hearted business to defend        
it--threw him into an habitual attitude 
of defiance1 and half-amused1           
half-earnest contradiction1 which made  
him  feared by loose reasoners and      
pretentious talkers1 and even by quiet  
easy-going friends1 who unexpectedly    
found themselves led on blindfold1  with
 the utmost gravity1 into traps and     
absurdities by the wiles of his         
mischievous dialectic4 ,this was the    
outside look of his relentless          
earnestness4 ,people who did not like   
him1 or his views1 and who1  perhaps1   
had winced under his irony1 naturally   
put down his strong  language1 which on 
occasion could certainly be             
unceremonious1 to  flippancy and        
arrogance4 ,but within the circle of    
those whom he trusted1  or of those who 
needed at anytime his help1 another side

 disclosed  itself--a side of the most  
genuine warmth of affection1 an awful   
reality  of devoutness1 which it was his
 great and habitual effort to keep      
hidden1 a high simplicity of            
unworldliness and generosity1 and in    
spite  of his daring mockeries of what  
was commonplace or showy1 the most      
sincere and deeply felt humility with   
himself4 ,dangerous as he was often     
thought to be in conversation1 one of   
the features of his character  which has
 impressed itself on the memory of one  
who knew him well1 was  his patient1    
winning considerateness in discussion1  
which1 with other  qualities1 endeared  
him to those to whom he opened his      
heart4#bb ,it  is impossible1 writes    
,james ,mozley in #ahcc1 with a mixture 
of  amusement1 speaking of the views    
about celibacy which were beginning to  
be current1 to talk with ,froude without
 committing one's self on such  subjects
 as these1 so that by and by ,i expect  
the tergiversants will be  a            

considerable party4 ,his letters1 with  
their affectionately playful  addresses1
 1 1 1 ,carissime1 ,sir1 my dear friend 
or  ' 1 have you not been a spoon8 are  
full of the most  delightful ease and   
verve and sympathy4    ,with a keen     
sense of ,english faults he was1 as     
,cardinal ,newman has said1  an         
,englishman to the backbone2 and he was1
 further1 a fastidious1  high-tempered  
,english gentleman1 in spite of his     
declaiming about  pampered aristocrats  
and the gentleman heresy4 ,his friends  
thought  of him as of the young         
,achilles1 with his high courage1 and   
noble  form1 and eagle eye1 made for    
such great things1 but appointed so soon
  to die4 ,who can refrain from tears at
 the thought of that bright and         
beautiful ,froude8 is the expression of 
one of them shortly before his  death1  
and when it was quite certain that the  
doom which had so long  hung over him   
was at hand4#bc ,he had the love of     
doing1 for the mere  sake of doing1 what

 was difficult or even dangerous to do1 
which is the  mainspring of             
characteristic ,english sports and      
games4 ,he loved the sea2  he liked to  
sail his own boat1 and enjoyed rough    
weather1 and took  interest in the      
niceties of seamanship and shipcraft4   
,he was a bold  rider across country4   
,with a powerful grasp on mathematical  
truths and  principles1 he entered with 
whole-hearted zest into inviting        
problems1  or into practical details of 
mechanical or hydrostatic or            
astronomical  science4 ,his letters are 
full of such observations1 put in a way 
which  he thought would interest his    
friends1 and marked by his strong habit 
of  getting into touch with what was    
real and of the substance of questions4 
,he applied his thoughts to architecture
 with a power and originality  which at 
the time were not common4 ,no one who   
only cared for this world  could be more
 attracted and interested than he was by
 the wonder and  beauty of its facts and

 appearances4 ,with the deepest         
allegiance to his  home and reverence   
for its ties and authority1 a home of   
the  old-fashioned ecclesiastical sort1 
sober1 manly1 religious1 orderly1 he    
carried into his wider life the feelings
 with which he had been brought  up2    
bold as he was1 his reason and his      
character craved for authority1  but    
authority which morally and reasonably  
he could respect4 ,mr4 ,keble's         
goodness and purity subdued him1 and    
disposed him to accept without  reserve 
his master's teaching3 and towards ,mr4 
,keble1 along with an  outside show of  
playful criticism and privileged        
impertinence1 there was  a reverence    
which governed ,froude's whole nature4  
,in the wild and rough  heyday of       
reform1 he was a ,tory of the ,tories4  
,but when authority failed  him1 from   
cowardice or stupidity or self-interest1
 he could not easily  pardon it2 and he 
was ready to startle his friends by     
proclaiming  himself a ,radical1        

prepared for the sake of the highest and
 greatest  interests to sacrifice all   
second-rate and subordinate ones4       
,when his friends1 after his death1     
published selections from his  journals 
and letters1 the world was shocked by   
what seemed his amazing  audacity both  
of thought and expression about a number
 of things and  persons which it was    
customary to regard as almost beyond the
 reach of  criticism4 ,the ,remains lent
 themselves admirably to the            
controversial  process of culling choice
 phrases and sentences and epithets     
surprisingly at variance with           
conventional and popular estimates4     
,friends were pained and disturbed2 foes
 naturally enough could not hold  in    
their overflowing exultation at such a  
disclosure of the spirit of  the        
movement4 ,sermons and newspapers drew  
attention to ,froude's  extravagances   
with horror and disgust4 ,the truth is  
that if the off-hand  sayings in        
conversation or letters of any man of   

force and wit and  strong convictions   
about the things and persons that he    
condemns1 were  made known to the world1
 they would by themselves have much the 
same  look of flippancy1 injustice1     
impertinence to those who disagreed in  
opinion with the speaker or writer they 
are allowed for1 or they are not        
allowed for by others1 according to what
 is known of his general  character4    
,the friends who published ,froude's    
,remains knew what he  was2 they knew   
the place and proportion of the fierce  
and scornful  passages2 they knew that  
they really did not go beyond the       
liberty and  the frank speaking which   
most people give themselves in the      
abandon  and understood exaggeration of 
intimate correspondence and talk4 ,but  
they miscalculated the effect on those  
who did not know him1 or whose  interest
 it was to make the most of the         
advantage given them4 ,they seem  to    
have expected that the picture which    
they presented of their friend's        

transparent sincerity and singleness of 
aim1 manifested amid so much  pain and  
self-abasement1 would have touched      
readers more4 ,they  miscalculated in   
supposing that the proofs of so much    
reality of  religious earnestness would 
carry off the offence of vehement       
language1  which without these proofs   
might naturally be thought to show mere 
random violence4 ,at any rate the result
 was much natural and genuine           
irritation1 which they were hardly      
prepared for4 ,whether on general       
grounds they were wise in startling and 
vexing friends1 and putting  fresh      
weapons into the hands of opponents by  
their frank disclosure of  so           
unconventional a character1 is a        
question which may have more than  one  
answer2 but one thing is certain1 they  
were not wise1 if they only  desired to 
forward the immediate interests of their
 party or cause4 ,it  was not the act of
 cunning conspirators2 it was the act of
 men who were  ready to show their      

hands1 and take the consequences4       
,undoubtedly1 they  warned off many who 
had so far gone along with the movement1
 and who now  drew back4 ,but if the    
publication was a mistake1 it was the   
mistake of  men confident in their own  
straight-forwardness4    ,there is a    
natural ,nemesis to all over-strong and 
exaggerated language4  ,the weight of   
,froude's judgments was lessened by the 
disclosure of his  strong words1 and his
 dashing fashion of condemnation and    
dislike gave  a precedent for the       
violence of shallower men4 ,but to those
 who look  back on them now1 though     
there can be no wonder that at the time 
they  excited such an outcry1 their     
outspoken boldness hardly excites       
surprise4 ,much of it might naturally be
 put down to the force of first         
impressions2 much of it is the vehemence
 of an ,englishman who claims the       
liberty of criticising and finding fault
 at home2 much of it was the  inevitable
 vehemence of a reformer4 ,much of it   

seems clear foresight of  what has since
 come to be recognised4 ,his judgments  
on the ,reformers1  startling as they   
were at the time1 are not so very       
different1 as to the  facts of the case1
 from what most people on all sides now 
agree in2 and  as to their temper and   
theology1 from what most churchmen would
 now  agree in4 ,whatever allowances may
 be made for the difficulties of their  
time1 and these allowances ought to be  
very great1 and however well they  may  
have done parts of their work1 such as  
the translations and  adaptations of the
 ,prayer ,book1 it is safe to say that  
the divines of  the ,reformation never  
can be again1 with their confessed      
,calvinism1 with  their shifting        
opinions1 their extravagant deference to
 the foreign  oracles of ,geneva and    
,zurich1 their subservience to bad men  
in power1  the heroes and saints of     
churchmen4 ,but when all this is said1  
it still  remains true that ,froude was 
often intemperate and unjust4 ,in the   

hands  of the most self-restrained and  
considerate of its leaders1 the movement
  must anyhow have provoked strong      
opposition1 and given great offence4    
,the surprise and the general ignorance 
were too great2 the assault was  too    
rude and unexpected4 ,but ,froude's     
strong language gave it a  needless     
exasperation4    ,froude was a man      
strong in abstract thought and          
imagination1 who wanted  adequate       
knowledge4 ,his canons of judgment were 
not enlarged1 corrected1  and           
strengthened by any reading or          
experience commensurate with his        
original powers of reasoning or         
invention4 ,he was quite conscious of   
it1  and did his best to fill up the gap
 in his intellectual equipment4 ,he     
showed what he might have done under    
more favouring circumstances in a  very 
interesting volume on ,becket's history 
and letters4 ,but  circumstances were   
hopelessly against him2 he had not time1
 he had not  health and strength1 for   

the learning which he so needed1 which  
he so  longed for4 ,but wherever he     
could1 he learned4 ,he was quite ready  
to  submit his prepossessions to the    
test and limitation of facts4 ,eager and
  quick-sighted1 he was often apt to be 
hasty in conclusions from  imperfect or 
insufficient premisses2 but even about  
what he saw most  clearly he was willing
 to hold himself in suspense1 when he   
found that  there was something more to 
know4 ,cardinal ,newman has noted two   
deficiencies which1 in his opinion1 were
 noticeable in ,froude4 ,he had  no turn
 for theology as such2 and1 further1 he 
goes on3 ,i should say  that his power  
of entering into the minds of others was
 not equal to his  other gifts--a remark
 which he illustrates by saying that    
,froude could  not believe that ,i      
really held the ,roman ,church to be    
antichristian4  ,the want of this       
power--in which he stood in such sharp  
contrast to his  friend--might be either
 a strength or a weakness2 a strength1  

if his  business was only to fight2 a   
weakness1 if it was to attract and      
persuade4 ,but ,froude was made for     
conflict1 not to win disciples4 ,some   
wild solemn poetry1 marked by deep      
feeling and direct expression1 is       
scattered through his letters1#bd       
kindled always by things and thoughts   
of the highest significance1 and        
breaking forth with force and fire4 ,but
  probably the judgment passed on him by
 a clever friend1 from the  examination 
of his handwriting1 was a true one3     
,this fellow has a great  deal of       
imagination1 but not the imagination of 
a poet4 ,he felt that  even beyond      
poetry there are higher things than     
anything that  imagination can work     
upon4 ,it was a feeling which made him  
blind to the  grandeur of ,milton's     
poetry4 ,he saw in it only an intrusion 
into the  most sacred of sanctities4    
,it was this fearless and powerful      
spirit1 keen and quick to see           
inferences and intolerant of            

compromises1 that the disturbances of   
,roman  ,catholic ,emancipation and of  
the ,reform time roused from the common 
round of pursuits1 natural to a serious 
and thoughtful clergyman of  scholarlike
 mind and as yet no definite objects1   
and brought him with  all his enthusiasm
 and thoroughness into a companionship  
with men who  had devoted their lives1  
and given up every worldly object1 to   
save the  ,church by raising it to its  
original idea and spirit4 ,keble had    
lifted  his pupil's thoughts above mere 
dry and unintelligent orthodoxy1 and    
,froude had entered with earnest purpose
 into ,church ways of practical         
self-discipline and self-correction4    
,bishop ,lloyd's lectures had taught    
him and others1 to the surprise of many1
 that the familiar and venerated        
,prayer ,book was but the reflexion of  
mediaeval and primitive devotion1  still
 embodied in its ,latin forms in the    
,roman ,service books2 and so           
indirectly had planted in their minds   

the idea of the historical  connexion1  
and in a very profound way the spiritual
 sympathy1 of the  modern with the      
pre-,reformation ,church4 ,but it is not
 till #ahbi or #ahcj  that we begin in  
his ,remains to see in him the sense of 
a pressing and  anxious crisis in       
religious matters4 ,in the summer of    
#ahbi he came more  closely than        
hitherto across ,mr4 ,newman's path4    
,they had been ,fellows  together since 
#ahbf1 and ,tutors since #ahbg4 ,mr4    
,froude1 with his ,toryism  and         
old-fashioned churchmanship1 would not  
unnaturally be shy of a  friend of      
,whately's with his reputation for      
theological liberalism4  ,froude's first
 letter to ,mr4 ,newman is in ,august   
#ahbh4 ,it is the letter  of a friendly 
and sympathising colleague in college   
work1 glad to be  free from the images  
of impudent undergraduates2 he inserts  
some lines  of verse1 talks about       
,dollond and telescopes1 and relates how
 he and a  friend got up at half-past   

two in the morning1 and walked half a   
mile  to see ,mercury rise2 he writes   
about his mathematical studies and      
reading for orders1 and how a friend had
 read half through ,prideaux and  yet   
accuses himself of idleness2 but there  
is no interchange of  intimate thought4 
,mr4 ,newman was at this time1 as he has
 told us1  drifting away from under the 
shadow of liberalism2 and in ,froude he 
found a man who1 without being a        
liberal1 was as quick-sighted1 as       
courageous1 and as alive to great       
thoughts and new hopes as himself4      
,very different in many ways1 they were 
in this alike1 that the  commonplace    
notions of religion and the ,church were
 utterly  unsatisfactory to them1 and   
that each had the capacity for          
affectionate  and whole-hearted         
friendship4 ,the friendship began and   
lasted on1  growing stronger and deeper 
to the end4 ,and this was not all4      
,froude's  friendship with ,mr4 ,newman 
overcame ,mr4 ,keble's hesitations about

 ,mr4  ,newman's supposed liberalism4   
,mr4 ,newman has put on record what he  
thought and felt about ,froude2 no one1 
probably1 of the many whom  ,cardinal   
,newman's long life has brought round   
him1 ever occupied  ,froude's place in  
his heart4 ,the correspondence shows in 
part the way in  which ,froude's spirit 
rose1 under the sense of having such a  
friend to  work with in the cause which 
day by day grew greater and more sacred 
in  the eyes of both4 ,towards ,mr4     
,keble ,froude felt like a son to a     
father2  towards ,mr4 ,newman like a    
soldier to his comrade1 and him the most
  splendid and boldest of warriors4     
,each mind caught fire from the other1  
till the high enthusiasm of the one was 
quenched in an early death4    ,shortly 
after this friendship began1 the course 
of events also began  which finally gave
 birth to the ,oxford movement4 ,the    
break-up of parties  caused by the      
,roman ,catholic emancipation was       
followed by the ,french and  ,belgian   

revolutions of #ahcj1 and these changes 
gave a fresh stimulus to  all the       
reforming parties in ,england--,whigs1  
,radicals1 and liberal  religionists4   
,froude's letters mark the influence of 
these changes on  his mind4 ,they       
stirred in him the fiercest disgust and 
indignation1 and  as soon as the        
necessity of battle became evident to   
save the  ,church--and such a necessity 
was evident--he threw himself into it   
with  all his heart1 and his attitude   
was henceforth that of a determined and 
uncompromising combatant4 ,froude is    
growing stronger and stronger in  his   
sentiments every day1 writes ,james     
,mozley1 in #ahcb1 and cuts about  him  
on all sides4 ,it is extremely fine to  
hear him talk4 ,the aristocracy  of the 
country at present are the chief objects
 of his vituperation1 and  he decidedly 
sets himself against the modern         
character of the gentleman1  and thinks 
that the ,church will eventually depend 
for its support1 as it  always did in   

its most influential times1 on the very 
poorest classes4  ,i would not set down 
anything that ,froude says for his      
deliberate  opinion1 writes ,james      
,mozley a year later1 for he really     
hates the  present state of things so   
excessively that any change would be a  
relief  to him4 444 ,froude is staying  
up1 and ,i see a great deal of him4 444 
,froude is most enthusiastic in his     
plans1 and says1 ',what fun it is       
living in such times as these6 how could
 one now go back to the times of  old   
,tory humbug8' ,from henceforth his     
position among his friends was  that of 
the most impatient and aggressive of    
reformers1 the one who most  urged on   
his fellows to outspoken language and a 
bold line of action4  ,they were not men
 to hang back and be afraid1 but they   
were cautious and  considerate of       
popular alarms and prejudices1 compared 
with ,froude's  fearlessness4 ,other    
minds were indeed moving--minds as      
strong as his1  indeed1 it may be1      

deeper1 more complex1 more amply        
furnished1 with a  wider range of vision
 and a greater command of the field4    
,but while he  lived1 he appears as the 
one who spurs on and incites1 where     
others  hesitate4 ,he is the one by whom
 are visibly most felt the gaudia       
certaminis1 and the confidence of       
victory1 and the most profound  contempt
 for the men and the ideas of the       
boastful and short-sighted  present4    
,in this unsparing and absorbing        
warfare1 what did ,froude aim at--what  
was the object he sought to bring about1
 what were the obstacles he  sought to  
overthrow8    ,he was accused1 as was   
most natural1 of ,romanising2 of wishing
 to bring  back ,popery4 ,it is         
perfectly certain that this was not what
 he meant1  though he did not care for  
the imputation of it4 ,he was1 perhaps1 
the  first ,englishman who attempted to 
do justice to ,rome1 and to use         
friendly language of it1 without the    
intention of joining it4 ,but what  he  

fought for was not ,rome1 not even a    
restoration of unity1 but a  ,church of 
,england such as it was conceived of by 
the ,caroline divines  and the          
,non-jurors4 ,the great break-up of     
#ahcj had forced on men the  anxious    
question1 ,what is the ,church as spoken
 of in ,england8 ,is it the  ,church of 
,christ8 and the answers were various4  
,hooker had said it was  the nation2 and
 in entirely altered circumstances1 with
 some  qualifications4 ,dr4 ,arnold said
 the same4 ,it was the ,establishment   
according to the lawyers and            
politicians1 both ,whig and ,tory4 ,it  
was an  invisible and mystical body1    
said the ,evangelicals4 ,it was the     
aggregate  of separate congregations1   
said the ,nonconformists4 ,it was the   
parliamentary creation of the           
,reformation1 said the ,erastians4 ,the 
true  ,church was the communion of the  
,pope1 the pretended ,church was a      
legalised schism1 said the ,roman       
,catholics4 ,all these ideas were       

floating about1 loose and vague1 among  
people who talked much about the        
,church4 ,whately1 with his clear sense1
 had laid down that it was a  divine    
religious society1 distinct in its      
origin and existence1 distinct  in its  
attributes from any other4 ,but this    
idea had fallen dead1 till  ,froude and 
his friends put new life into it ,froude
 accepted ,whately's  idea that the     
,church of ,england was the one historic
 uninterrupted  ,church1 than which     
there could be no other1 locally in     
,england2 but into  this ,froude read a 
great deal that never was and never     
could be in  ,whately's thoughts4       
,whately had gone very far in viewing   
the ,church from  without as a great and
 sacred corporate body4 ,casting aside  
the ,erastian  theory1 he had claimed   
its right to exist1 and if necessary1   
govern  itself1 separate from the state4
 ,he had recognised excommunication as  
its natural and indefeasible instrument 
of government4 ,but what the  internal  

life of the ,church was1 what should be 
its teaching and organic  system1 and   
what was the standard and proof of      
these1 ,whately had left  unsaid4 ,and  
this outline ,froude filled up4 ,for    
this he went the way to  which the      
,prayer ,book1 with its ,offices1 its   
,liturgy1 its ,ordination  services1    
pointed him4 ,with the divines who had  
specially valued the  ,prayer ,book1 and
 taught in its spirit1 ,bishop ,wilson1 
,william ,law1  ,hammond1 ,ken1 ,laud1  
,andrewes1 he went back to the times and
 the sources  from which the ,prayer    
,book came to us1 the early ,church1 the
 reforming  ,church for such with all   
its faults it was--of the eleventh1     
twelfth1  and thirteenth centuries1     
before the hopelessly corrupt and fatal 
times  of the fourteenth and fifteenth  
centuries1 which led to the break-up of 
the sixteenth4 ,thus to the great       
question1 ,what is the ,church8 he gave 
without hesitation1 and gave to the end1
 the same answer that ,anglicans  gave  

and are giving still4 ,but he added two 
points which were then very  new to the 
ears of ,english ,churchmen3 7#a7 that  
there were great and to  most people    
unsuspected faults and shortcomings in  
the ,english ,church1  for some of which
 the ,reformation was gravely           
responsible2 7#b7 that the  ,roman      
,church was more right than we had been 
taught to think in many  parts both of  
principle and practice1 and that our    
quarrel with it on  these points arose  
from our own ignorance and prejudices4  
,to people who  had taken for granted   
all their lives that the ,church was    
thoroughly  ,protestant and thoroughly  
right in its ,protestantism1 and that   
,rome  was ,antichrist1 these confident 
statements came with a shock4 ,he did   
not  enter much into dogmatic questions4
 ,as far as can be judged from his      
,remains1 the one point of doctrine on  
which he laid stress1 as being          
inadequately recognised and taught in   
the then condition of the ,english      

,church1 was the primitive doctrine of  
the ,eucharist4 ,his other  criticisms  
pointed to practical and moral matters2 
the spirit of  ,erastianism1 the low    
standard of life and purpose and        
self-discipline in  the clergy1 the low 
tone of the current religious teaching4 
,the  ,evangelical teaching seemed to   
him a system of unreal words4 ,the      
opposite school was too self-complacent1
 too comfortable1 too secure in  its    
social and political alliances2 and he  
was bent on shaming people  into severer
 notions4 ,we will have a vocabularium  
apostolicum1 and ,i  will start it with 
four words3 'pampered aristocrats1'     
'resident  gentlemen1' 'smug parsons1'  
and 'pauperes ,christi'4 ,i shall use   
the  first on all occasions2 it seems to
 me just to hit the thing4 ,i think  of 
putting the view forward 7about new     
monasteries71 under the title of  a     
',project for ,reviving ,religion in    
,great ,towns4' ,certainly colleges of  
unmarried priests 7who might1 of course1

 retire to a living1 when they  could   
and liked7 would be the cheapest        
possible way of providing  effectively  
for the spiritual wants of a large      
population4 ,and his  great quarrel with
 the existing state of things was that  
the spiritual  objects of the ,church   
were overlaid and lost sight of in the  
anxiety not  to lose its political      
position4 ,in this direction he was1 as 
he  proclaims himself1 an out-and-out   
,radical1 and he was prepared at once   
to go very far4 ,if a national ,church  
means a ,church without discipline1  my 
argument for discipline is an argument  
against a national ,church2 and  the    
best thing we can do is to unnationalise
 ours as soon as possible2  let us tell 
the truth and shame the devil2 let us   
give up a national  ,church and have a  
real one4 ,his criticism did not        
diminish in  severity1 or his proposals 
become less daring1 as he felt that his 
time  was growing short and the hand of 
death was upon him4 ,but to the end1    

the elevation and improvement of the    
,english ,church remained his great     
purpose4 ,to his friend1 as we know1 the
 ,roman ,church was either the  ,truth  
or ,antichrist4 ,to ,froude it was      
neither the whole ,truth nor            
,antichrist2 but like the ,english      
,church itself1 a great and defective   
,church1 whose defects were the opposite
 to ours1 and which we should do  wisely
 to learn from rather than abuse4 ,but  
to the last his allegiance  never       
wavered to the ,english ,church4    ,it 
is very striking to come from ,froude's 
boisterous freedom in his  letters to   
his sermons and the papers he prepared  
for publication4 ,in  his sermons his   
manner of writing is severe and         
restrained even to  dryness4 ,if they   
startle it is by the force and searching
 point of an  idea1 not by any strength 
of words4 ,the style is chastened1      
simple1  calm1 with the most careful    
avoidance of over-statement or anything 
rhetorical4 ,and so in his papers1 his  

mode of argument1 forcible and  cogent  
as it is1 avoids all appearance of      
exaggeration or even  illustrative      
expansion2 it is all muscle and sinew2  
it is modelled on  the argumentative    
style of ,bishop ,butler1 and still     
more1 of ,william  ,law4 ,no one could  
suppose from these papers ,froude's     
fiery impetuosity1  or the frank daring 
of his disrespectful vocabulary4 ,those 
who can read  between the lines can     
trace the grave irony which clung       
everywhere to  his deep earnestness4    
,there was yet another side of ,froude's
 character which was little  thought of 
by his critics1 or recognised by all his
 friends4 ,with all  his keenness of    
judgment and all his readiness for      
conflict1 some who  knew him best were  
impressed by the melancholy which hung  
over his life1  and which1 though he    
ignored it1 they could detect4 ,it is   
remembered  still by ,cardinal ,newman4 
,i thought1 wrote ,mr4 ,isaac ,williams1
 that  knowing him1 ,i better understood

 ,hamlet1 a person most natural1 but so 
original as to be unlike any one else1  
hiding depth of delicate thought  in    
apparent extravagances4 ,hamlet1 and the
 ,georgics of ,virgil1 he  used to say1 
he should have bound together4 ,isaac   
,williams1 wrote ,mr4  ,copeland1       
mentioned to me a remark made on ,froude
 by ,s4 ,wilberforce in  his early days3
 ',they talk of ,froude's fun1 but      
somehow ,i cannot be in a  room with him
 alone for ten minutes without feeling  
so intensely  melancholy1 that ,i do not
 know what to do with myself4 ,at       
,brightstone1  in my ,eden days1 he was 
with me1 and ,i was overwhelmed with the
 deep  sense which possessed him of     
yearning which nothing could satisfy and
 of  the unsatisfying nature of all     
things4'#be    ,froude often reminds us 
of ,pascal4 ,both had that peculiarly   
bright1  brilliant1 sharp-cutting       
intellect which passes with ease through
 the  coverings and disguises which veil
 realities from men4 ,both had          

mathematical powers of unusual          
originality and clearness2 both had the 
same imaginative faculty2 both had the  
same keen interest in practical         
problems of science2 both felt and      
followed the attraction of deeper and   
more awful interests4 ,both had the same
 love of beauty2 both suppressed  it4   
,both had the same want of wide or deep 
learning2 they made skilful  use of what
 books came to their hand1 and used     
their reading as few  readers are able  
to use it2 but their real instrument of 
work was their  own quick and strong    
insight1 and power of close and vigorous
 reasoning4  ,both had the greatest     
contempt for fashionable and hollow     
shadows of  religion4 ,both had the same
 definite1 unflinching judgment4 ,both  
used  the same clear and direct         
language4 ,both had a certain grim      
delight in  the irony with which they   
pursued their opponents4 ,in both it is 
probable that their unmeasured and      
unsparing criticism recoiled on the     

cause which they had at heart4 ,but in  
the case of both of them it was  not the
 temper of the satirist1 it was no mere 
love of attacking what  was vulnerable1 
and indulgence in the cruel pleasure of 
stinging and  putting to shame1 which   
inspired them4 ,their souls were moved  
by the  dishonour done to religion1 by  
public evils and public dangers4 ,both  
of  them died young1 before their work  
was done4 ,they placed before           
themselves the loftiest and most        
unselfish objects1 the restoration of   
truth and goodness in the ,church1 and  
to that they gave their life and  all   
that they had4 ,and what they called on 
others to be they were  themselves4     
,they were alike in the sternness1 the  
reality1 the  perseverance1 almost      
unintelligible in its methods to        
ordinary men1 of  their moral and       
spiritual self-discipline4              
,,supplementary ,,to ,,chapter ,,iii#bf 
,hurrell ,froude was1 when ,i1 as an    
undergraduate1 first knew him in #ahbh1 

tall and very thin1 with something of a 
stoop1 with a large skull and  forehead1
 but not a large face1 delicate         
features1 and penetrating gray  eyes1   
not exactly piercing1 but bright with   
internal conceptions1 and  ready to     
assume an expression of amusement1      
careful attention1 inquiry1  or stern   
disgust1 but with a basis of softness4  
,his manner was cordial  and familiar1  
and assured you1 as you knew him well1  
of his affectionate  feeling1 which     
encouraged you to speak your mind       
7within certain  limits71 subject to the
 consideration that if you said anything
 absurd  it would not be allowed to fall
 to the ground4 ,he had more of the     
undergraduate in him than any don whom  
,i ever knew2 absolutely unlike  ,newman
 in being always ready to skate1 sail1  
or ride with his  friends--and1 if in a 
scrape1 not pharisaical as to his means 
of getting  out of it4 ,i remember1     
e4g41 climbing ,merton gate with him in 
my  undergraduate days1 when we had been

 out too late boating or skating4  ,and 
unless authority or substantial decorum 
was really threatened he was  very      
lenient--or rather had an amused        
sympathy with the irregularities  that  
are mere matters of mischief or high    
spirits4 ,in lecture it was1  mutatis   
mutandis1 the same man4 ,seeing1 from   
his ,remains1 the high  view of his own 
capacities of which he could not divest 
himself1 and  his determination not to  
exhibit or be puffed up by it1 and      
looking back  on his tutorial manner 7,i
 was in his lectures both in classics   
and  mathematics71 it was strange how he
 disguised1 not only his sense of       
superiority1 but the appearance of it1  
so that his pupils felt him more  as a  
fellow-student than as the refined      
scholar or mathematician which  he was4 
,this was partly owing to his           
carelessness of those formulae1  the    
familiarity with which gives even       
second-rate lecturers a position  of    
superiority which is less visible in    

those who1 like their pupils1  are      
themselves always struggling with       
principles--and partly to an  effort1   
perhaps sometimes overdone1 not to put  
himself above the level  of others4 ,in 
a lecture on the ,supplices of          
,aeschylus1 ,i have heard  him say tout 
bonnement1 ,i can't construe that--what 
do you make of  it1 ,a4,b48 turning to  
the supposed best scholar in the        
lecture2 or1 when  an objection was     
started to his mode of getting through a
 difficulty1  ,ah6 ,i had not thought of
 that--perhaps your way is the best4    
,and this  mode of dealing with himself 
and the undergraduates whom he liked1   
made  them like him1 but also made them 
really undervalue his talent1 which1  as
 we now see1 was what he meant they     
should do4 ,at the same time1  though   
watchful over his own vanity1 he was    
keen and prompt in  snubs--playful and  
challenging retort--to those he liked1  
but in the  nature of scornful exposure1
 when he had to do with coarseness or   

coxcombry1 or shallow display of        
sentiment4 ,it was a paradoxical        
consequence of his suppression of       
egotism that he was more solicitous to  
show that you were wrong than that he   
was right4    ,he also wanted1 like     
,socrates or ,bishop ,butler1 to make   
others1 if  possible1 think for         
themselves4    ,however1 it is not to be
 inferred that his conversation was made
 of  controversy4 ,to a certain extent  
it turned that way1 because he was fond 
of paradox4 7,his brother ,william used 
to say that he1 ,william1 never  felt he
 had really mastered a principle till he
 had thrown it into a  paradox47 ,and   
paradox1 of course1 invites             
contradiction1 and so  controversy4 ,on 
subjects upon which he considered       
himself more or less  an apostle1 he    
liked to stir people's minds by what    
startled them1  waking them up1 or      
giving them nuts to crack4 ,an almost   
solemn gravity  with amusement twinkling
 behind it--not invisible--and ready to 

burst  forth into a bright low laugh    
when gravity had been played out1 was a 
very frequent posture with him4    ,but 
he was thoroughly ready to amuse and    
instruct1 or to be amused and           
instructed1 as an eager and earnest     
speaker or listener on most matters  of 
interest4 ,i do not remember that he had
 any great turn for beauty of  colour2  
he had none1 ,i think1 or next to none1 
for music--nor do ,i  remember in him   
any great love of humour--but for beauty
 of physical  form1 for mechanics1 for  
mathematics1 for poetry which had a root
 in  true feeling1 for wit 7including   
that perception of a quasi-logical      
absurdity of position71 for history1 for
 domestic incidents1 his  sympathy was  
always lively1 and he would throw       
himself naturally and  warmly into them4
 ,from his general demeanour 7,i need   
scarcely say7 the  odour of sanctity was
 wholly absent4 ,i am not sure that his 
height and  depth of aim and lively     
versatility of talent did not leave his 

compassionate sympathies rather         
undeveloped2 certainly to himself1  and1
 ,i suspect1 largely in the case of     
others1 he would view suffering  not as 
a thing to be cockered up or made much  
of1 though of course to be  alleviated  
if possible1 but to be viewed calmly as 
a ,providential  discipline for those   
who can mitigate1 or have to endure it4 
,j4,h4,n4 was once reading me a letter  
just received from him in which 7in     
answer to ,j4,h4,n4's account of his    
work and the possibility of his         
breaking down7 he said in substance3 ,i 
daresay you have more to do than  your  
health will bear1 but ,i would not have 
you give up anything except  perhaps the
 deanery 7of ,oriel74 ,and then         
,j4,h4,n4 paused1 with a kind of  inner 
exultant chuckle1 and said1 ,ah6 there's
 a ,basil for you2 as if  the friendship
 which sacrificed its friend1 as it     
would sacrifice itself  to a cause1 was 
the friendship which was really worth   
having4    ,as ,i came to know him in a 

more manly way1 as a brother ,fellow1   
friend1  and collaborateur1 the         
character of ecclesiastical agitator was
 of  course added to this4    ,in this  
capacity his great pleasure was taking  
bulls by their horns4  ,like the gueux  
of the ,low ,countries1 he would have   
met half-way any  opprobrious nickname1 
and ,i believe coined the epithet       
apostolical for  his party because it   
was connected with everything in ,spain 
which was  most obnoxious to the        
,british public4 ,i remember one day his
 grievously  shocking ,palmer of        
,worcester1 a man of an opposite        
texture1 when a  council in ,j4,h4,n4's 
rooms had been called to consider some  
memorial or  other to which ,palmer     
wanted to collect the signatures of     
many1 and  particularly of dignified    
persons1 but in which ,froude wished to 
express  the determined opinions of a   
few4 ,froude stretched out his long     
length  on ,newman's sofa1 and broke in 
upon one of ,palmer's judicious         

harangues  about ,bishops and           
,archdeacons and such like1 with the    
ejaculation1 ,i  don't see why we should
 disguise from ourselves that our object
 is to  dictate to the clergy of this   
country1 and ,i1 for one1 do not want   
any  one else to get on the box4 ,he    
thought that true ,churchmen must be few
  before they were many--that the sin of
 the clergy in all ages was that  they  
tried to make out that ,christians were 
many when they were only  few1 and      
sacrificed to this object the force     
derivable from downright  and           
unmistakable enforcement of truth in    
speech or action4    ,as simplicity in  
thought1 word1 and deed formed no small 
part of his  ideal1 his tastes in       
architecture1 painting1 sculpture1      
rhetoric1 or  poetry were severe4 ,he   
had no patience with what was           
artistically  dissolute1 luscious1 or   
decorated more than in proportion to its
  animating idea--wishy-washy or        
sentimental4 ,the ornamental parts of   

his  own rooms 7in which ,i lived in his
 absence7 were a slab of marble to  wash
 upon1 a print of ,rubens's ,deposition1
 and a head 7life-size7 of  the ,apollo 
,belvidere4 ,and ,i remember still the  
tall scorn1 with  something of surprise1
 with which1 on entering my             
undergraduate room1 he  looked down on  
some ,venuses1 ,cupids1 and ,hebes1     
which1 freshman-like1 ,i  had bought    
from an ,italian4    ,he was not very   
easy even under conventional vulgarity1 
still less under  the vulgarity of      
egotism2 but1 being essentially a       
partisan1 he could  put up with both in 
a man who was really in earnest and on  
the right  side4 ,nothing1 however1 ,i  
think1 would have induced him to        
tolerate  false sentiment1 and he would1
 ,i think1 if he had lived1 have exerted
  himself very trenchantly to prevent   
his cause being adulterated by it4      
,he was1 ,i should say1 sometimes misled
 by a theory that genius cut  through a 
subject by logic or intuition1 without  

looking to the right or  left1 while    
common sense was always testing every   
step by consideration  of surroundings  
7,i have not got his terse mode of      
statement71 and that  genius was right1 
or at least had only to be corrected    
here and there by  common sense4 ,this1 
,i take it1 would hardly have answered  
if his  trenchancy had not been in      
practice corrected by ,j4,h4,n4's wider 
political circumspection4    ,he        
submitted1 ,i suppose1 to ,j4,h4,n4's   
axiom1 that if the movement was to  do  
anything it must become respectable2 but
 it was against his nature4    ,he would
 7as we see in the ,remains7 have wished
 ,ken to have the  courage of his       
convictions by excommunicating the      
,jurors in ,william  ,,iii4's time1 and 
setting up a little ,catholic ,church1  
like the  ,jansenists in ,holland4 ,he  
was not 7as has been observed7 a        
theologian1  but he was as jealous for  
orthodoxy as if he were4 ,he spoke      
slightingly  of ,heber as having        

ignorantly or carelessly communicated   
with 787  ,monophysites4 ,but he        
probably knew no more about that and    
other  heresies than a man of active and
 penetrating mind would derive from     
text-books4 ,and ,i think it likely     
enough--not that his reverence for the  
,eucharist1 but--that his special       
attention to the details of ,eucharistic
  doctrine was due to the consideration 
that it was the foundation of           
ecclesiastical discipline and           
authority--matters on which his mind    
fastened itself with enthusiasm4        
,,footnotes3    #ah ,i ought to say that
 ,i was not personally acquainted with  
,mr4  ,froude4 ,i have subjoined to this
 chapter some recollections of him by   
,lord ,blachford1 who was his pupil and 
an intimate friend4    #ai ,in this     
mortal journeying wasted shade ,is worse
 than wasted  sunshine4    ,,henry      
,,taylor1 ,sicilian ,summer1 v4 #c4     
#bj ,remains1 ,second ,part1 i4 #dg4    
#ba ,remains1 i4 #hb4    #bb ,apologia1 

p4 #hd4    #bc ,the following shows the 
feeling about him in friends apt to be  
severe critics3--,the contents of the   
present collection are rather  fragments
 and sketches than complete             
compositions4 ,this might be  expected  
in the works of a man whose days were   
few and interrupted by  illness1 if     
indeed that may be called an            
interruption1 which was every  day      
sensibly drawing him to his grave4 ,in  
,mr4 ,froude's case1 however1 we  cannot
 set down much of this incompleteness to
 the score of illness4 ,the  strength of
 his religious impressions1 the boldness
 and clearness of his  views1 his long  
habits of self-denial1 and his          
unconquerable energy of  mind1 triumphed
 over weakness and decay1 till men with 
all their health  and strength about    
them might gaze upon his attenuated     
form1 struck with  a certain awe of     
wonderment at the brightness of his wit1
 the  intenseness of his mental vision1 
and the iron strength of his            

argument4444 ,we will venture a remark  
as to that ironical turn1 which         
certainly does appear in various shapes 
in the first part of these  ,remains4   
,unpleasant as irony may sometimes be1  
there need not go with  it1 and in this 
instance there did not go with it1 the  
smallest real  asperity of temper4 ,who 
that remembers the inexpressible        
sweetness of  his smile1 and the deep   
and melancholy pity with which he would 
speak of  those whom he felt to be the  
victims of modern delusions1 would not  
be  forward to contradict such a        
suspicion8 ,such expressions1 we will   
venture to say1 and not harshness1      
anger1 or gloom1 animate the features   
of that countenance which will never    
cease to haunt the memory of those  who 
knew him4 ,his irony arose from that    
peculiar mode in which he viewed  all   
earthly things1 himself and all that was
 dear to him not excepted4  ,it was his 
poetry4 ,from an article in the ,british
 ,critic1 ,april #ahdj1  p4 #cif1 by    

,mr4 ,thomas ,mozley1 quoted in ,letters
 of ,j4,b4 ,mozley1 p4  #ajb4    #bd    
,such as the ,daniel in the ,lyra       
,apostolica1 the ,dialogue  between ,old
 ,self and ,new ,self1 and the lines in 
the ,remains 7i #bjh1  #bji74    #be ,a 
few references to the ,remains          
illustrating this are subjoined  if any 
one cares to compare them with these    
recollections1 i4 #g1 #ac1 #ah1  #bf1   
#ajf1 #ahd1 #aii1 #bjj-bjd4    #bf ,i am
 indebted for these recollections to the
 late ,lord ,blachford4  ,they were     
written in ,oct4 #ahhd4                 
,,chapter ,,iv    ,,mr4 ,,newman',s     
,,early ,,friends--,,isaac ,,williams   
,in the early days of the movement1     
among ,mr4 ,newman's greatest friends1  
and much in his confidence1 were two    
,fellows of ,trinity--a college  which  
never forgot that ,newman had once      
belonged to it1--,isaac ,williams  and  
,william ,john ,copeland4 ,in mind and  
character very different1 they  were    
close friends1 with the affection which 

was characteristic of those  days2 and  
for both of them ,mr4 ,newman had the   
love which passes that of  common       
relation4#bg ,isaac ,williams was born  
among the mountains of  ,wales1 and had 
the true poetic gift1 though his power  
of expression was  often not equal to   
what he wanted to say4 ,copeland was a  
,londoner1 bred  up in the strict school
 of ,churchmanship represented by ,mr4  
,norris of  ,hackney1 tempered by       
sympathies with the ,non-jurors4 ,at    
,oxford he lived1  along with ,isaac    
,williams1 in the very heart of the     
movement1 which was  the interest of his
 life2 but he lived1 self-forgetting or 
self-effacing1 a wonderful mixture of   
tender and inexhaustible sympathy1  and 
of quick and keen wit1 which yet1       
somehow or other1 in that time of       
exasperation and bitterness1 made him   
few enemies4 ,he knew more than  most   
men of the goings on of the movement1   
and he ought to have been its           
chronicler4 ,but he was fastidious and  

hard to satisfy1 and he left his  task  
till it was too late4    ,isaac         
,williams was born in ,wales in #ahjb1 a
 year after ,newman1 ten years  after   
,john ,keble4 ,his early life was spent 
in ,london1 but his affection  for      
,wales and its mountain scenery was     
great and undiminished to the end  of   
his life4 ,at ,harrow1 where ,henry     
,drury was his tutor1 he made his  mark 
by his mastery of ,latin composition and
 his devotion to ,latin  language and   
literature4 ,i was so used to think in  
,latin that when ,i  had to write an    
,english theme1 which was but seldom1 ,i
 had to translate  my ideas1 which ran  
in ,latin1 into ,english2#bh and later  
in life he  complained of the ,latin    
current which disturbed him when he had 
to write  ,english4 ,he was also a great
 cricketer2 and he describes himself as 
coming up to ,trinity1 where he soon got
 a scholarship1 an ambitious and        
careless youth1 who had never heard a   
word about ,christianity1 and to  whom  

religion1 its aims and its restraints1  
were a mere name4    ,this was changed  
by what1 in the language of devotional  
schools1 would  have been called his    
conversion4 ,it came about1 as men      
speak1 as the  result of accidents2 but 
the whole course of his thoughts and    
life was  turned into a channel from    
which it nevermore diverged4 ,an old    
,welsh  clergyman gave the undergraduate
 an introduction to ,john ,keble1 who   
then  held a place in ,oxford almost    
unique4 ,but the ,trinity undergraduate 
and  the ,oriel don saw little of one   
another till ,isaac ,williams won the   
,latin prize poem1 ,ars ,geologica4     
,keble then called on ,isaac ,williams  
and offered his help in criticising the 
poem and polishing it for  printing4    
,the two men plainly took to one another
 at first sight2 and  that service was  
followed by a most unexpected invitation
 on ,keble's  part4 ,he had chanced to  
come to ,williams's room1 and on        
,williams saying  that he had no plan of

 reading for the approaching vacation1  
,keble said1  ,i am going to leave      
,oxford for good4 ,suppose you come and 
read with me4  ,the ,provost has asked  
me to take ,wilberforce1 and ,i         
declined2 but if you  would come1 you   
would be companions4 ,keble was going   
down to ,southrop1  a little curacy near
 his father's2 there ,williams joined   
him1 with two  more--,robert            
,wilberforce and ,r4,h4 ,froude2 and    
there the ,long ,vacation of  #ahbc was 
spent1 and ,isaac ,williams's character 
and course determined4  ,it was this    
very trivial accident1 this short walk  
of a few yards1 and  a few words spoken1
 which was the turning-point of my life4
 ,if a  merciful ,god had miraculously  
interposed to arrest my course1 ,i could
  not have had a stronger assurance of  
,his presence than ,i always had in     
looking back to that day4 ,it determined
 ,isaac ,williams's character1  and it  
determined for good and all his         
theological position4 ,he had  before   

him all day long in ,john ,keble a      
spectacle which was absolutely  new to  
him4 ,ambitious as a rising and         
successful scholar at college1 he  saw a
 man1 looked up to and wondered at by   
every one1 absolutely without  pride and
 without ambition4 ,he saw the most     
distinguished academic of  his day1 to  
whom every prospect was open1 retiring  
from ,oxford in the  height of his fame 
to bury himself with a few hundreds of  
,gloucestershire peasants in a miserable
 curacy4 ,he saw this man caring  for   
and respecting the ignorant and poor as 
much as others respected the  great and 
the learned4 ,he saw this man1 who had  
made what the world  would call so great
 a sacrifice1 apparently unconscious    
that he had made  any sacrifice at all1 
gay1 unceremonious1 bright1 full of play
 as a boy1  ready with his pupils for   
any exercise1 mental or muscular--for a 
hard  ride1 or a crabbed bit of         
,aeschylus1 or a logic fence with       
disputatious  and paradoxical           

undergraduates1 giving and taking on    
even ground4 ,these  pupils saw one1 the
 depth of whose religion none could     
doubt1 always  endeavouring to do them  
good as it were unknown to themselves   
and in  secret1 and ever avoiding that  
his kindness should be felt and         
acknowledged2 showing in the whole      
course of daily life the purity of      
,christian love1 and taking the utmost  
pains to make no profession or  show of 
it4 ,this unostentatious and            
undemonstrative religion--so frank1  so 
generous in all its ways--was to ,isaac 
,williams quite a new world4  ,it turned
 his mind in upon itself in the deepest 
reverence1 but also  with something of  
morbid despair of ever reaching such a  
standard4 ,it  drove all dreams of      
ambition out of his mind4 ,it made      
humility1  self-restraint1              
self-abasement1 objects of unceasing1   
possibly not  always wise and healthy1  
effort4 ,but the result was certainly a 
character of great sweetness1           

tenderness1 and lowly unselfishness1    
pure1 free from all worldliness1 and    
deeply resigned to the will of ,god4    
,he caught from ,mr4 ,keble1 like       
,froude1 two characteristic habits of   
mind--a strong depreciation of mere     
intellect compared with the less  showy 
excellences of faithfulness to          
conscience and duty2 and a horror  and  
hatred of everything that seemed like   
display or the desire of  applause or of
 immediate effect4 ,intellectual        
depreciators of intellect  may deceive  
themselves1 and do not always escape the
 snare which they  fear2 but in ,isaac  
,williams there was a very genuine      
carrying out of the  ,psalmist's words3 
,surely ,i have behaved and quieted     
myself2 ,i refrain  my soul and keep it 
low1 as a child that is weaned from his 
mother4  ,this fear of display in a man 
of singularly delicate and fastidious   
taste came to have something forced and 
morbid in it4 ,it seemed  sometimes as  
if in preaching or talking he aimed at  

being dull and  clumsy4 ,but in all that
 he did and wrote he aimed at being true
 at all  costs and in the very depths of
 his heart2 and though1 in his words1 we
  may wish sometimes for what we should 
feel to be more natural and  healthy in 
tone1 we never can doubt that we are in 
the presence of one  who shrank from all
 conscious unreality like poison4       
,from ,keble1 or1 it may be said1 from  
the ,kebles1 he received his  theology4 
,the ,kebles were all of them men of the
 old-fashioned ,high  ,church orthodoxy1
 of the ,prayer ,book and the           
,catechism--the orthodoxy  which was    
professed at ,oxford1 which was         
represented in ,london by ,norris  of   
,hackney and ,joshua ,watson2 which     
valued in religion sobriety1  reverence1
 and deference to authority1 and in     
teaching1 sound learning  and the wisdom
 of the great ,english divines2 which   
vehemently disliked  the ,evangelicals  
and ,methodists for their poor and loose
 theology1 their  love of excitement and

 display1 their hunting after           
popularity4 ,this  ,church of ,england  
divinity was the theology of the old    
,vicar of ,coln ,st4  ,aldwyn's1 a good 
scholar and a good parish priest1 who   
had brought up  his two sons at home to 
be scholars2 and had impressed his solid
 and  manly theology on them so strongly
 that amid all changes they remained  at
 bottom true to their paternal training4
 ,john ,keble added to it great         
attainments and brilliant gifts of      
imagination and poetry2 but he never    
lost the plain1 downright1 almost       
awkward ways of conversation and  manner
 of his simple home--ways which might   
have seemed abrupt and rough  but for   
the singular sweetness and charm of his 
nature4 ,to those who  looked on the    
outside he was always the homely1       
rigidly orthodox country  clergyman4 ,on
 ,isaac ,williams1 with his ethical     
standard1 ,john ,keble also  impressed  
his ideas of religious truth2 he made   
him an old-fashioned  ,high ,churchman1 

suspicious of excitement and effect1    
suspicious of the  loud-talking         
religious world1 suspicious of its      
novelties and  shallowness1 and clinging
 with his whole soul to ancient ways and
 sound  ,church of ,england doctrine    
reflected in the ,prayer ,book4 ,and    
from ,john  ,keble's influence he passed
 under the influence of ,thomas ,keble1 
the  ,vicar of ,bisley1 a man of sterner
 type than his brother1 with strong and 
definite opinions on all subjects2 curt 
and keen in speech2 intolerant  of all  
that seemed to threaten wholesome       
teaching and the interests of  the      
,church2 and equally straightforward1   
equally simple1 in manners and  life4   
,under him ,isaac ,williams began his   
career as a clergyman2 he spent  two    
years of solitary and monotonous life in
 a small cure1 seeking  comfort from    
solitude in poetical composition 7,it   
was very calm and  subduing1 he writes72
 and then he was recalled to ,oxford as 
,fellow and  ,tutor of his college1 to  

meet a new and stronger influence1 which
 it was  part of the work and trial of  
the rest of his life both to assimilate 
and to resist4    ,for1 with ,newman1   
with whom he now came into contact1 he  
did both4 ,there  opened to him from    
intercourse with ,newman a new world of 
thought2 and  yet while feeling and     
answering to its charm1 he never was    
quite at ease  with him4 ,but ,williams 
and ,froude had always been great       
friends since  the reading party of     
#ahbc1 in spite of ,froude's audacities4
 ,froude was  now residing in ,oxford1  
and had become ,newman's most intimate  
friend1  and he brought ,newman and     
,williams together4 ,living at that     
time1 he  says1 so much with ,froude1 ,i
 was now in consequence for the first   
time  brought into intercourse with     
,newman4 ,we almost daily walked and    
often  dined together4 ,newman and      
,froude had ceased to be tutors2 their  
thoughts were turned to theology and the
 condition of the ,church4 ,newman  had 

definitely broken with the              
,evangelicals1 to whom he had been      
supposed to belong1 and ,whately's      
influence over him was waning1 and  with
 ,froude he looked up to ,keble as the  
pattern of religious wisdom4 ,he  had   
accepted the position of a ,churchman as
 it was understood by ,keble  and       
,froude2 and thus there was nothing to  
hinder ,williams's full  sympathy with  
him4 ,but from the first there seems to 
have been an almost  impalpable bar     
between them1 which is the more         
remarkable because  ,williams appears to
 have seen with equanimity ,froude's    
apparently more  violent and dangerous  
outbreaks of paradox and antipathy4     
,possibly1  after the catastrophe1 he   
may1 in looking back1 have exaggerated  
his  early alarms4 ,but from the first  
he says he saw in ,newman what he had   
learned to look upon as the gravest of  
dangers--the preponderance of  intellect
 among the elements of character and as 
the guide of life4 ,i  was greatly      

delighted and charmed with ,newman1 who 
was extremely kind to  me1 but did not  
altogether trust his opinions2 and      
though ,froude was in  the habit of     
stating things in an extreme and        
paradoxical manner1 yet  one always felt
 conscious of a ground of entire        
confidence and  agreement2 but it was   
not so with ,newman1 even though one    
appeared more  in unison with his more  
moderate views4    ,but1 in spite of all
 this1 ,newman offered and ,isaac       
,williams accepted  the curacy of ,st4  
,mary's4 ,things at ,oxford #ahcj-cb at 
that time were  very dull4 ,froude and  
,i seemed entirely alone1 with ,newman  
only  secretly1 as it were1 beginning to
 sympathise4 ,i became at once very     
much attached to ,newman1 won by his    
kindness and delighted by his good  and 
wonderful qualities2 and he proposed    
that ,i should be his curate at  ,st4   
,mary's4444 ,i can remember a strong    
feeling of difference ,i first  felt on 
acting together with him from what ,i   

had been accustomed to3  that he was in 
the habit of looking for effect1 and for
 what was  sensibly effective1 which    
from the ,bisley and ,fairford ,school  
,i had been  long habituated to avoid2  
but to do one's duty in faith and leave 
it to  ,god1 and that all the more      
earnestly1 because there were no        
sympathies  from without to answer4     
,there was a felt but unexpressed       
difference of  this kind1 but perhaps it
 became afterwards harmonised as we     
acted  together4#bi    ,thus early1     
among those most closely united1 there  
appeared the  beginnings of those       
different currents which became so      
divergent as time  went on4 ,isaac      
,williams1 dear as he was to ,newman1   
and returning to the  full ,newman's    
affection1 yet represented from the     
first the views of  what ,williams spoke
 of as the ,bisley and ,fairford        
,school1 which1  though sympathising and
 co-operating with the movement1 was    
never quite  easy about it1 and was not 

sparing of its criticism on the stir and
  agitation of the ,tracts4    ,isaac   
,williams threw himself heartily into   
the early stages of the  movement2 in   
his poetry into its imaginative and     
poetical side1 and also  into its       
practical and self-denying side4 ,but he
 would have been quite  content with its
 silent working1 and its apparent want  
of visible  success4 ,he would have been
 quite content with preaching simple    
homely  sermons on the obvious but hard 
duties of daily life1 and not seeing    
much come of them2 with finding a slow  
abatement of the self-indulgent  habits 
of university life1 with keeping        
,fridays1 with less wine in  common     
room4 ,the ,bisley maxims bade men to be
 very stiff and  uncompromising in their
 witness and in their duties1 but to    
make no show  and expect no recognition 
or immediate fruit1 and to be silent    
under  misconstruction4 ,but his was not
 a mind which realised great            
possibilities of change in the inherited

 ways of the ,english ,church4 ,the     
spirit of change1 so keenly discerned by
 ,newman1 as being both certain  and    
capable of being turned to good account 
as well as bad1 to him was              
unintelligible or bad4 ,more reality1   
more severity and consistency1  deeper  
habits of self-discipline on the        
accepted lines of ,english ,church      
orthodoxy1 would have satisfied him as  
the aim of the movement1 as it          
undoubtedly was a large part of its aim2
 though with ,froude and ,newman  it    
also aimed at a widening of ideas1 of   
interests and sympathies1  beyond what  
had been common in the ,english ,church4
    ,in the history of the movement     
,isaac ,williams took a forward part in 
two  of its events1 with one of which   
his connexion was most natural1 with    
the other grotesquely and ludicrously   
incongruous4 ,the one was the plan  and 
starting of the series of ,plain        
,sermons in #ahci1 to which not only    
the ,kebles1 ,williams1 and ,copeland   

contributed their volumes1 but also     
,newman and ,dr4 ,pusey4 ,isaac         
,williams has left the following account
 of  his share in the work4    ,it      
seemed at this time 7about #ahch-ci7 as 
if ,oxford1 from the strength  of       
principle shown there 7and an almost    
unanimous and concentrated  energy71 was
 becoming a rallying point for the whole
 kingdom3 but ,i  watched from the      
beginning and saw greater dangers among 
ourselves than  those from without2     
which ,i endeavoured to obviate by      
publishing the  ,plain ,sermons4 ,plain 
,sermons1 by contributors to the ,tracts
 for  the ,times1 #ast ,series1 ,january
 #ahci4 ,i attempted in vain to get the 
,kebles to publish1 in order to keep    
pace with ,newman1 and so maintain a    
more practical turn in the movement4 ,i 
remember ,c4 ,cornish 7,c4,l4  ,cornish1
 ,fellow and ,tutor of ,exeter7 coming  
to me and saying as we  walked in       
,trinity ,gardens1 ',people are a little
 afraid of being carried  away by       

,newman's brilliancy2 they want more of 
the steady sobriety of  the ,kebles     
infused into the movement to keep us    
safe2 we have so much  sail and want    
ballast4' ,and the effect of the        
publication of the ,plain  ,sermons was 
at the time very quieting4 ,in first    
undertaking the ,plain  ,sermons1 ,i had
 no encouragement from any one1 not even
 from ,john ,keble2  acquiescence was   
all that ,i could gain4 ,but ,i have    
heard ,j4,k4 mention a  saying of ,judge
 ,coleridge1 long before the ,tracts    
were thought of3 ',if  you want to      
propagate your opinions you should lend 
your sermons2 the  clergy would then    
preach them1 and adopt your opinions4'  
,now this has  been the effect of the   
publication of the ,plain ,sermons4     
,isaac ,williams1 if any man1           
represented in the movement the moderate
 and  unobtrusive way of religious      
teaching4 ,but it was his curious fate  
to be  dragged into the front ranks of  
the fray1 and to be singled out as      

almost the most wicked and dangerous of 
the ,tractarians4 ,he had the  strange  
fortune to produce the first of the     
,tracts#cj which was by  itself held up 
to popular indignation as embodying all 
the mischief of  the series and the     
secret aims of the movement4 ,the ,tract
 had another  effect4 ,it made ,williams
 the object of the first great          
,tractarian battle  in the ,university1 
the contest for the ,poetry             
,professorship3 the first  decisive and 
open trial of strength1 and the first   
,tractarian defeat4  ,the contest1 even 
more than the result1 distressed him    
greatly2 and the  course of things in   
the movement itself aggravated his      
distress4 ,his  general distrust of     
intellectual restlessness had now passed
 into the  special and too well grounded
 fear that the movement1 in some of its 
most prominent representatives1 was     
going definitely in the direction of    
,rome4 ,a new generation was rising into
 influence1 to whom the old ,church     

watchwords and maxims1 the old ,church  
habits of mind1 the old ,church         
convictions1 had completely lost their  
force1 and were become almost  objects  
of dislike and scorn2 and for this      
change ,newman's approval and           
countenance were freely and not very    
scrupulously quoted4 ,williams's        
relation to him had long been a curious 
mixture of the most affectionate        
attachment and intimacy with growing    
distrust and sense of divergence4       
,newman was now giving more and more    
distinct warning that he was likely  to 
go where ,williams could not follow him1
 and the pain on both sides  was        
growing4 ,but things moved fast1 and at 
length the strain broke4    ,the        
estrangement was inevitable2 but both   
cherished the warmest feelings  of      
affection1 even though such a friendship
 had been broken4 ,but ,oxford  became  
distasteful to ,williams1 and he soon   
afterwards left it for  ,bisley and     
,stinchcombe1 the living of his         

brother-in-law1 ,sir ,g4  ,prevost4     
,there he married 7#bb;d ,june #ahdb71  
and spent the remainder of  his life    
devoting himself to the preparation of  
those devotional  commentaries1 which   
are still so well known4 ,he suffered   
for the  greatest part of his life from 
a distressing and disabling chronic     
asthma--from the time that he came back 
to ,oxford as ,fellow and  ,tutor--and  
he died in #ahfe4 ,the old friends met  
once more shortly before  ,isaac        
,williams's death2 ,newman came to see  
him1 and at his departure  ,williams    
accompanied him to the station4         
,isaac ,williams wrote a great deal of  
poetry1 first during his solitary       
curacy at ,windrush1 and afterwards at  
,oxford4 ,it was in a lower and  sadder 
key than the ,christian ,year1 which no 
doubt first inspired it2  it wanted the 
elasticity and freshness and variety of 
,keble's verse1 and  it was often       
careless in structure and wanting in    
concentration4 ,but it  was the         

outpouring of a very beautiful mind1    
deeply impressed with the  realities of 
failure in the ,church and religion1 as 
well as in human  life1 full of         
tenderness and pathetic sweetness1 and  
seeking a vent for  its feelings1 and   
relief for its trouble1 in calling up   
before itself  the images of ,god's     
goodness and kingdom of which nature and
 the world  are full4 ,his poetry is a  
witness to the depth and earnestness and
  genuine delicacy of what seemed hard  
and narrow in the ,bisley ,school2      
there are passages in it which are not  
easily forgotten2 but it was not  strong
 enough to arrest the excitement which  
soon set in1 and with its  continual    
obscurity and its want of finish it     
never had the recognition  really due to
 its excellence4 ,newman thought it too 
soft4 ,it certainly  wanted the fire and
 boldness and directness which he threw 
into his own  verse when he wrote2 but  
serious earnestness and severity of tone
 it  certainly did not want4            

,,footnotes3    #bg ,mozley1            
,reminiscences1 i4 #ah4    #bh ,i4      
,williams1 ,,ms4 ,memoir4    #bi ,i4    
,williams1 ,,ms4 ,memoir4    #cj ,the   
history of this famous ,tract1 ,no4 #hj1
 on ,reserve in  communicating          
,religious ,knowledge1 belongs to a     
later stage of the  movement4           
,,chapter ,v    ,,charles ,,marriott    
,charles ,marriott was a man who was    
drawn into the movement1 almost in      
spite of himself1 by the attraction of  
the character of the leaders1  the      
greatness of its object1 and the purity 
and nobleness of the motives  which     
prompted it4 ,he was naturally a man of 
metaphysical mind1 given  almost from a 
child to abstract and indeed abstruse   
thought4#ca ,he had  been a student of  
,s4,t4 ,coleridge1 whom the ,oriel men  
disliked as a misty  thinker4 ,he used  
to discuss ,coleridge with a man little 
known then1 but  who gained a high      
reputation on the ,continent as a       
first-rate ,greek  scholar1 and became  

afterwards ,professor of ,greek in the  
,university of  ,sydney1 ,charles       
,badham4 ,marriott also appreciated     
,hampden as a  philosopher1 whom the    
,oriel men thoroughly distrusted as a   
theologian4  ,he might easily under     
different conditions have become a      
divine of the  type of ,f4,d4 ,maurice4 
,he was by disposition averse to        
anything like  party1 and the rough and 
sharp proceedings which party action    
sometimes  seems to make natural4 ,his  
temper was eminently sober1 cautious and
  conciliatory in his way of looking at 
important questions4 ,he was a man  with
 many friends of different sorts and    
ways1 and of boundless though           
undemonstrative sympathy4 ,his original 
tendencies would have made him an       
eclectic1 recognising the strength of   
position in opposing schools or         
theories1 and welcoming all that was    
good and high in them4 ,he was          
profoundly and devotedly religious1     
without show1 without extravagance4     

,his father1 who died when he was only  
fourteen1 had been a distinguished  man 
in his time4 ,he was a ,christ ,church  
man1 and one of two in the first  of the
 ,oxford ,honour lists in #ahjb1 with   
,e4 ,copleston1 ,h4 ,phillpotts1  and   
,s4,p4 ,rigaud for his examiners4 ,he   
was afterwards tutor to the ,earl  of   
,dalkeith1 and he became the friend of  
,walter ,scott1 who dedicated to  him   
the ,second ,canto of ,marmion2 and     
having ready and graceful  poetical     
talent1 he contributed several ballads  
to the ,minstrelsy of  the ,scottish    
,border1 ,the ,feast of ,spurs1 and     
,archie ,armstrong's ,aith4  ,he was a  
good preacher2 his sympathies--of       
friendship1 perhaps1 rather  than of    
definite opinion--were with men like    
,mr4 ,john ,bowdler and the  ,thorntons4
 ,while he lived he taught ,charles     
,marriott himself4 ,after his  death1   
,charles1 a studious boy1 with ways of  
his own of learning1 and  though        
successful and sure in his work1 very   

slow in the process of  doing it1 after 
a short and discouraging experiment at  
,rugby1 went to  read with a private    
tutor till he went to ,oxford4 ,he was  
first at  ,exeter1 and then gained a    
scholarship at ,balliol4 ,he gained a   
,classical  ,first ,class and a         
,mathematical ,second in the ,michaelmas
 ,term of #ahcb1  and the following     
,easter he was elected ,fellow at       
,oriel4    ,for a man of his power and  
attainments he was as a speaker1 and in 
conversation1 surprisingly awkward4 ,he 
had a sturdy1 penetrating1  tenacious1  
but embarrassed intellect--embarrassed1 
at least1 by the  crowd and range of    
jostling thoughts1 in its outward       
processes and  manifestations1 for he   
thoroughly trusted its inner workings1  
and was  confident of the accuracy of   
the results1 even when helplessly unable
 to  justify them at the moment4#cb ,in 
matters of business he seemed at  first 
sight utterly unpractical4 ,in          
discussing with keen1 rapid1 and        

experienced men like the ,provost1 the  
value of leases1 or some question  of   
the management of ,college property1    
,marriott1 who always took great        
interest in such inquiries1 frequently  
maintained some position which to  the  
quicker wits round him seemed a paradox 
or a mare's nest4 ,yet it  often        
happened that after a dispute1 carried  
on with a brisk fire of not  always     
respectful objections to ,marriott's    
view1 and in which his only  advantage  
was the patience with which he clumsily1
 yet surely1 brought  out the real point
 of the matter1 overlooked by others1   
the debate  ended in the recognition    
that he had been right4 ,it was often a 
strange  and almost distressing sight to
 see the difficulty under which he      
sometimes laboured of communicating his 
thoughts1 as a speaker at a  meeting1 or
 as a teacher to his hearers1 or even in
 the easiness of  familiar talk4 ,the   
comfort was that he was not really      
discouraged4 ,he  was wrestling with his

 own refractory faculty of exposition   
and speech2  it may be1 he was busy     
deeper down in the recesses and         
storehouses of  his mind2 but he was too
 much taken up with the effort to notice
 what  people thought of it1 or even if 
they smiled2 and what he had to say was 
so genuine and veracious1 as an         
expression of his meaning1 so full of   
benevolence1 charity1 and generosity1   
and often so weighty and  unexpected1   
that men felt it a shame to think much  
of the peculiarities  of his long look  
of blank silence1 and the odd1 clumsy   
explanations  which followed it4 ,he was
 a man1 under an uncouth exterior1 of   
the  noblest and most affectionate      
nature2 most patient1 indulgent1 and    
hopeful to all in whom he took an       
interest1 even when they sorely tried   
his kindness and his faith in them4     
,where he loved and trusted and         
admired1 he was apt to rate very highly1
 sometimes too highly4 ,his  gratitude  
was boundless4 ,he was one of those who 

deliberately gave up  the prospect of   
domestic life1 to which he was naturally
 drawn1 for the  sake of his cause4     
,capable of abstract thought beyond most
 men of his  time1 and never unwilling  
to share his thoughts with those at all 
disposed to venture with him into deep  
waters1 he was always ready to  converse
 or to discuss on much more ordinary    
ground4 ,as an undergraduate  and a     
young bachelor1 he had attained1 without
 seeking it1 a position of  almost      
unexampled authority in the junior      
,university world that was  hardly      
reached by any one for many years at    
least after him4 ,he was  hopeless as a 
speaker in the ,union2 but with all his 
halting and  bungling speeches1 that    
democratic and sometimes noisy assembly 
bore  from him with kindly amusement and
 real respect what they would bear  from
 no one else1 and he had an influence in
 its sometimes turbulent  debates which 
seems unaccountable4 ,he was the vir    
pietate gravis4 ,in a  once popular     

squib1 occasioned by one of the fiercest
 of these debates1  this unique position
 is noticed and commemorated--      '  1
               99       99       99     
99       99        1   ' 1     1    4#cc
    ,his ways and his talk were such as 
to call forth not unfrequent mirth      
among those who most revered him4 ,he   
would meet you and look you in the  face
 without speaking a word4 ,he was not   
without humour2 but his jokes1  carried 
off by a little laugh of his own1 were  
apt to be recondite in  their meaning   
and allusions4 ,with his great power of 
sympathy1 he yet  did not easily divine 
other men's lighter or subtler moods1   
and odd and  sometimes even distressing 
mistakes were the consequence4 ,his     
health was  weak1 and a chronic         
tenderness of throat and chest made him 
take  precautions which sometimes seemed
 whimsical2 and his well-known figure   
in a black cloak1 with a black veil over
 his college cap1 and a black  comforter
 round his neck1 which at one time in   

,oxford acquired his name1  sometimes   
startled little boys and sleepy college 
porters when he came  on them suddenly  
at night4    ,with more power than most 
men of standing alone1 and of arranging 
his  observations on life and the world 
in ways of his own1 he had              
pre-eminently above all men round him1  
in the highest and noblest form1  the   
spirit of a disciple4 ,like most human  
things1 discipleship has its  good and  
its evil1 its strong and its poor and   
dangerous side2 but it  really has1 what
 is much forgotten now1 a good and a    
strong side4 ,both  in philosophy and   
religion1 the  is a distinct character1 
and  ,charles ,marriott was an example  
of it at its best4 ,he had its manly and
  reasonable humility1 its generous     
trustfulness1 its self-forgetfulness2   
he had1 too1 the enthusiasm of having   
and recognising a great master and      
teacher1 and doing what he wanted done2 
and he learned from the love of  his    
master to love what he believed truth   

still more4 ,the character of  the      
disciple does not save a man from       
difficulties1 from trouble and          
perplexity2 but it tends to save him    
from idols of his own making4 ,it is    
something1 in the trials of life and    
faith1 to have the consciousness of     
knowing or having known some one greater
 and better and wiser than  oneself1 of 
having felt the spell of his guidance   
and example4  ,marriott's mind1 quick to
 see what was real and strong1 and at   
once  reverent to it as soon as he saw  
it1 came very much1 as an undergraduate 
at ,balliol1 under the influence of a   
very able and brilliant tutor1          
,moberly1 afterwards ,headmaster of     
,winchester and ,bishop of ,salisbury2  
and to the last his deference and       
affection to his old tutor remained     
unimpaired4 ,but he came under a still  
more potent charm when he moved to      
,oriel1 and became the friend of ,mr4   
,newman4 ,master and disciple were as   
unlike as any two men could be2 they    

were united by their sympathy in  the   
great crisis round them1 by their       
absorbing devotion to the cause of  true
 religion4 ,marriott brought to the     
movement1 and especially to its  chief1 
a great ,university character1 and an   
unswerving and touching  fidelity4 ,he  
placed himself1 his life1 and all that  
he could do1 at the  service of the     
great effort to elevate and animate the 
,church2 to the  last he would gladly   
have done so under him whom he first    
acknowledged  as his master4 ,this was  
not to be2 and he transferred his       
allegiance1 as  unreservedly1 with equal
 loyalty and self-sacrifice1 to his     
successor4  ,but to the end1 while his  
powers lasted1 with all his great gifts 
and  attainments1 with every temptation 
to an independent position and          
self-chosen employment1 he continued a  
disciple4 ,he believed in men  wiser    
than himself2 he occupied himself with  
what they thought best for  him to do4  
,this work was1 for the most part1 in   

what was done to raise the standard  of 
knowledge of early ,christian           
literature1 and to make that knowledge  
accurate and scholarlike4 ,he was1 for a
 time1 the ,principal of the            
,theological ,college at ,chichester1   
under ,bishop ,otter4 ,he was also for a
  time ,tutor at ,oriel1 and later1     
,vicar of ,st4 ,mary's4 ,he was long    
bent on  setting on foot some kind of   
,hall for poor students2 and he took    
over  from ,mr4 ,newman the buildings at
 ,littlemore1 which he turned into a    
place for printing religious works4 ,but
 though he was connected more or  less  
closely with numberless schemes of      
,christian work in ,oxford and out  of  
it1 his special work was that of a      
theological student4 ,marriott had  much
 to do with the ,library of the         
,fathers1 with correcting  translations1
 collating manuscripts1 editing         
texts4#cd ,somehow1 the  most           
interesting portions hardly came to his 
share2 and what he did in  the way of   

original writing1 little as it was1     
causes regret that so  much of his time 
was spent on the drudgery of editing4   
,some sermons1 a  little volume of      
,thoughts on ,private ,devotion1 and    
another on the  ,epistle to the ,romans1
 are nearly all that he has left of his 
own4  ,novelty of manner or thought in  
them there is none1 still less anything 
brilliant or sharp in observation or    
style2 but there is an undefinable      
sense1 in their calm1 severe pages1 of a
 deep and serious mind dwelling  on deep
 and very serious things4 ,it is        
impossible not to wish that a  man who  
could so write and impress people might 
have had the leisure to  write more4    
,but ,marriott never had any leisure4   
,it has been said above that he  placed 
himself at the service of those whom he 
counted his teachers4 ,but  the truth is
 that he was at every one's service who 
wanted or who asked  his help4 ,he had a
 large1 and what must have been often a 
burdensome1  correspondence4 ,with      

pupils or friends he was always ready   
for some  extra bit of reading4 ,to     
strangers he was always ready to show   
attention  and hospitality1 though      
,marriott's parties were as quaint as   
himself4  ,his breakfast parties in his 
own room were things to have seen--a    
crowd  of undergraduates1 finding their 
way with difficulty amid lanes and      
piles of books1 amid a scarcity of      
chairs and room1 and the host1          
perfectly unconscious of anything       
grotesque1 sitting silent during the    
whole of the meal1 but perfectly happy1 
at the head of the table4 ,but  there   
was no claimant on his purse or his     
interest who was too strange  for his   
sympathy--raw freshmen1 bores of every  
kind1 broken-down  tradesmen1 old women1
 distressed foreigners1 converted ,jews1
 all the odd  and helpless wanderers    
from beaten ways1 were to be heard of at
  ,marriott's rooms2 and all1 more or   
less1 had a share of his time and       
thoughts1 and perhaps counsel4 ,he was  

sensible of worry as he grew  older2 but
 he never relaxed his efforts to do what
 any one asked of him4  ,there must be  
even now some still living who know what
 no one else  knows1 how much they owe1 
with no direct claim on him1 to ,charles
  ,marriott's inexhaustible patience and
 charity4 ,the pains which he would     
take with even the most uncongenial and 
unpromising men1 who somehow had  come  
in his way1 and seemed thrown on his    
charge1 the patience with  which he     
would bear and condone their follies and
 even worse1 were not  to be told1 for1 
indeed1 few knew what they were4    ,he 
was always ready to be the friend of any
 one whose conduct gave  proofs of high 
principle1 however inferior to himself  
in knowledge or  acquirements1 and his  
friendship once gained was not easily   
lost4 ,i  believe there was nothing in  
his power which he was not ready to do  
for  a friend who wanted his help4 ,it  
is not easy to state instances of such  
kindness without revealing what for many

 reasons had better be left  untold4    
,but many such have come to my          
knowledge1 and ,i believe there are     
many more known only to himself and to  
those who derived benefit from  his     
disinterested friendship4#ce            
,marriott's great contribution to the   
movement was his solid1 simple          
goodness1 his immovable hope1 his       
confidence that things would come       
right4 ,with much imaginativeness open  
to poetical grandeur and charm1  and not
 without some power of giving expression
 to feeling1 he was  destitute of all   
that made so many others of his friends 
interesting as  men4 ,he was nothing1 as
 a person to know and observe1 to the   
genius of  the two ,mozleys1 to the     
brilliant social charm of ,frederic     
,faber1 to the  keen1 refined           
intelligence of ,mark ,pattison1 to the 
originality and  clever eccentricity of 
,william ,palmer of ,magdalen4 ,and he  
was nothing as  a man of practical power
 for organising and carrying out        

successful  schemes3 such power was not 
much found at ,oxford in those days4    
,but his  faith in his cause1 as the    
cause of goodness and truth1 was proof  
against mockery or suspicion or         
disaster4 ,when ominous signs disturbed 
other people he saw none4 ,he had an    
almost perverse subtlety of mind  which 
put a favourable interpretation on what 
seemed most formidable4 ,as  his master 
drew more and more out of sympathy with 
the ,english ,church1  ,marriott1       
resolutely loyal to it and to him1      
refused to understand hints  and        
indications which to others were but too
 plain4 ,he vexed and even  provoked    
,newman1 in the last agonies of the     
struggle1 by the optimism  with which he
 clung to useless theories and          
impossible hopes4 ,for that             
unquenchable hoping against hope1 and   
hope unabated still when the            
catastrophe had come1 the ,english      
,church at least owes him deep          
gratitude4 ,throughout those anxious    

years he never despaired of her4    ,all
 through his life he was a beacon and an
 incitement to those who  wished to make
 a good use of their lives4 ,in him all 
men could see1  whatever their opinions 
and however little they liked him1 the  
simplicity and the truth of a           
self-denying life of suffering--for he  
was  never well--of zealous hard work1  
unstinted1 unrecompensed2 of unabated   
lofty hopes for the great interests of  
the ,church and the ,university2 of     
deep unpretending matter-of-course      
godliness and goodness--without form  or
 comeliness to attract any but those who
 cared for them1 for  themselves alone4 
,it is almost a sacred duty to those who
 remember one  who cared nothing for his
 own name or fame to recall what is the 
truth--that no one did more to persuade 
those round him of the solid            
underground religious reality of the    
movement4 ,mr4 ,thomas ,mozley1 among   
other generous notices of men whom the  
world and their contemporaries  have    

forgotten1 has said what is not more    
than justice4#cf ,speaking of  the      
enthusiasm of the movement1 and the     
spirit of its members1 ,there  had never
 been seen at ,oxford1 indeed seldom    
anywhere1 so large and  noble a         
sacrifice of the most precious gifts and
 powers to a sacred  cause1 he points   
out what each of the leaders gave to it3
 ,charles  ,marriott threw in his       
scholarship and something more1 for he  
might have  been a philosopher1 and he  
had poetry in his veins1 being the son  
of the  well-known author of the        
',devonshire ,lane4' ,no one sacrificed 
himself so  entirely to the cause1      
giving to it all that he had and all    
that he was1  as ,charles ,marriott4 ,he
 did not gather large congregations2 he 
did not  write works of genius to spread
 his name over the land1 and to all     
time2  he had few of the pleasures or   
even of the comforts that spontaneously 
offer themselves in any field of        
enterprise4 ,he laboured day and night  

in the search and defence of ,divine    
,truth4 ,his admirers were not the      
thousands1 but the scholars who could   
really appreciate4 ,i confess to  have  
been a little ashamed of myself when    
,bishop ,burgess asked me about         
,charles ,marriott1 as one of the most  
eminent scholars of the day4  ,through  
sheer ignorance ,i had failed in        
adequate appreciation4 ,in his  later   
years he became a member of the new     
,hebdomadal ,council at ,oxford1  and   
took considerable part in working the   
new constitution of the  ,university4   
,in an epidemic of smallpox at ,oxford  
in #ahed1 he took his  full share in    
looking after the sick1 and caught the  
disorder2 but he  recovered4 ,at length1
 in the midst of troublesome work and   
many  anxieties1 his life of toil was   
arrested by a severe paralytic seizure1 
#bith ,june #ahee4 ,he partially        
rallied1 and survived for some time     
longer2  but his labours were ended4 ,he
 died at ,bradfield1 #beth ,september   

#aheh4  ,he was worn out by variety and 
pressure of unintermitted labour1 which 
he would scarcely allow any change or   
holiday to relieve4 ,exhaustion  made   
illness1 when it came1 fatal4           
,,footnotes3    #ca ,he told me1 writes 
a relative1 that questions about trade  
used  to occupy him very early in life4 
,he used to ponder how it could be      
right to sell things for more than they 
cost you4    #cb ,he had his own way of 
doing everything1 and used most stoutly 
to  protest that it was quite impossible
 that he should do it in any            
other4--,,ms4 ,memoir by his brother1   
,john ,marriott4    #cc ,uniomachia1    
#ahcc4    #cd ,this became the main task
 of his life us long as health was      
continued to him4 ,all who knew him well
 will remember how laboriously he       
worked at it1 and how1 in one shape or  
another1 it was always on hand4  ,either
 he was translating1 or correcting the  
translation of others2 or  he was       
collating ,,mss41 or correcting the     

press4 ,this last work was  carried on  
at all times and wherever he was--on a  
journey1 after  dinner--even in a boat1 
he would pull out a sheet and go to     
write upon  it in haste to get it       
finished for the next post4 ,the number 
of volumes  in the ,library of the      
,fathers which bear the signature ,c4,m4
 attest his  diligence4--,john          
,marriott's ,memoir of him 7,,ms47      
#ce ,j4,m41 ,,ms4 ,memoir4    #cf ,rem4 
i4 #ddg4          ,,chapter ,,vi        
,,the ,,oxford ,,tracts      ,on #adth  
,july #ahcc1 we read in ,cardinal       
,newman's ,apologia1 ,mr4 ,keble        
preached the assize sermon in the       
,university ,pulpit4 ,it was published  
under the title of ,national ,apostasy4 
,i have ever considered and kept  the   
day as the start of the religious       
movement of #ahcc4cg    ,this memorable 
sermon was a strong expression of the   
belief common to a  large body of       
,churchmen amid the triumphs of the     
,reform ,bill1 that the  new governors  

of the country were preparing to invade 
the rights1 and to  alter the           
constitution1 and even the public       
documents1 of the ,church4  ,the        
suppression of ten ,irish ,bishoprics1  
in defiance of ,church opinion1  showed 
how ready the ,government was to take   
liberties in a high-handed  way with the
 old adjustments of the relations of    
,church and ,state4  ,churchmen had     
hitherto taken for granted that ,england
 was a nation  which had for centuries  
acknowledged1 as an essential part of   
its  theory of government1 that1 as a   
,christian nation1 she is also a part   
of ,christ's ,church1 and bound1 in all 
her legislation and policy1 by the      
fundamental laws of that ,church4 ,when 
a ,government and people1 so            
constituted1 threw off the restraint    
which in many respects such a  principle
 would impose upon them1 nay1 disavowed 
the principle itself1  this1 to those   
whose ideas ,mr4 ,keble represented1    
seemed nothing short  of a direct       

disavowal of the sovereignty of ,god4   
,if it be true anywhere  that such      
enactments are forced on the legislature
 by public opinion1 is  ,apostasy too   
hard a word to describe the temper of   
such a nation8 ,the  sermon was a call  
to face in earnest a changed state of   
things1 full of  immediate and pressing 
danger2 to consider how it was to be met
 by  ,christians and ,churchmen1 and to 
watch motives and tempers4 ,surely it   
will be no unworthy principle if any man
 is more circumspect in his  behaviour1 
more watchful and fearful of himself1   
more earnest in his  petitions for      
spiritual aid1 from a dread of          
disparaging the holy name  of the       
,english ,church in her hour of peril by
 his own personal fault and  negligence4
 ,as to those who1 either by station or 
temper1 feel  themselves more deeply    
interested1 they cannot be too careful  
in  reminding themselves that one chief 
danger in times of change and           
excitement arises from their tendency to

 engross the whole mind4 ,public        
concerns1 ecclesiastical or civil1 will 
prove indeed ruinous to those  who      
permit them to occupy all their care and
 thought1 neglecting or  undervaluing   
ordinary duties1 more especially those  
of a devotional  kind4 ,these cautions  
being duly observed1 ,i do not see how  
any person  can devote himself too      
entirely to the cause of the ,apostolic 
,church in  these realms4 ,there may be1
 as far as he knows1 but a very few to  
sympathise with him4 ,he may have to    
wait long1 and very likely pass out  of 
this world1 before he see any abatement 
in the triumph of disorder  and         
irreligion4 ,but1 if he be consistent1  
he possesses to the utmost  the personal
 consolations of a good ,christian2 and 
as a true ,churchman1  he has the       
encouragement which no other cause in   
the world can impart in  the same       
degree3 he is calmly1 soberly1          
demonstrably sure that1 sooner  or      
later1 his will be the winning side1 and

 that the victory will be  complete1    
universal1 eternal4    ,but if ,mr4     
,keble's sermon was the first word of   
the movement1 its first  step was taken 
in a small meeting of friends1 at ,mr4  
,hugh ,james ,rose's  parsonage at      
,hadleigh1 in ,suffolk1 between the     
#beth and the #bith of the  same ,july4 
,at this little gathering1 the ideas and
 anxieties which for  some time past had
 filled the thoughts of a number of     
earnest ,churchmen1  and had brought    
them into communication with one        
another1 came to a  head1 and issued in 
the determination to move4 ,mr4 ,rose1 a
 man of high  character and distinction 
in his day1 who had recently started the
  ,british ,magazine1 as an organ of    
,church teaching and opinion1 was the   
natural person to bring about such a    
meeting4#ch ,it was arranged that a  few
 representative men1 or as many as were 
able1 should meet towards the  end of   
,july at ,hadleigh ,rectory4 ,they were 
men in full agreement on the  main      

questions1 but with great differences in
 temperament and habits of  thought4    
,mr4 ,rose was the person of most       
authority1 and next to him1 ,mr4        
,palmer2 and these1 with ,mr4 ,a4       
,perceval1 formed as it were the right  
wing of the little council4 ,their      
,oxford allies were the three ,oriel    
men1 ,mr4 ,keble1 ,mr4 ,froude1 and ,mr4
 ,newman1 now fresh from his escape     
from death in a foreign land1 and from  
the long solitary musings in his        
,mediterranean orange-boat1 full of     
joyful vigour and ready for  enterprise 
and work4#ci ,in the result1 ,mr4 ,keble
 and ,mr4 ,newman were  not present1 but
 they were in active correspondence with
 the others4#dj  ,from this meeting     
resulted the ,tracts for the ,times1 and
 the agitation  connected with them4    
,these friends were all devoted         
,churchmen1 but1 as has been said1 each 
had his marked character1 not only as a 
man but as a ,churchman4 ,the most      
important among them was as yet the     

least prominent4 ,two of them were  men 
of learning1 acquainted with the great  
world of ,london1 and who1  with all    
their zeal1 had some of the caution     
which comes of such  experience4 ,at the
 time1 the most conspicuous was ,mr4    
,hugh ,james ,rose4    ,mr4 ,rose was a 
man whose name and whose influence1 as  
his friends  thought1 have been         
overshadowed and overlooked in the      
popular view of  the ,church revival4   
,it owed to him1 they held1 not only its
 first  impulse1 but all that was best  
and most hopeful in it2 and when it lost
  him1 it lost its wisest and ablest    
guide and inspirer4 ,it is certainly    
true that when that revival began he was
 a much more distinguished and          
important person than any of the other  
persons interested in it4 ,as far  as   
could be seen at the time1 he was the   
most accomplished divine and  teacher in
 the ,english ,church4 ,he was a really 
learned man4 ,he had the  intellect and 
energy and literary skill to use his    

learning4 ,he was a  man of singularly  
elevated and religious character2 he had
 something of  the eye and temper of a  
statesman1 and he had already a high    
position4  ,he was profoundly loyal to  
the ,church1 and keenly interested in   
whatever  affected its condition and its
 fortunes4 ,as early as #ahbe he had in 
some  lectures at ,cambridge called the 
attention of ,english ,churchmen to the 
state of religious thought and          
speculation in ,germany1 and to the     
mischiefs likely to react on ,english   
theology from the rationalising  temper 
and methods which had supplanted the old
 ,lutheran teaching2 and  this had led  
to a sharp controversy with ,mr4 ,pusey1
 as he was then1 who  thought that ,mr4 
,rose#da had both exaggerated the fact  
itself and had  not adequately given the
 historical account of it4 ,he had the  
prudence1  but not the backwardness1 of 
a man of large knowledge1 and           
considerable  experience of the world4  
,more alive to difficulties and dangers 

than his  younger associates1 he showed 
his courage and his unselfish           
earnestness  in his frank sympathy with 
them1 daring and outspoken as they were1
 and  in his willingness to share with  
them the risks of an undertaking of     
which no one knew better than he what   
were likely to be the  difficulties4 ,he
 certainly was a person who might be    
expected to have a  chief part in       
directing anything with which he was    
connected4 ,his  countenance and his    
indirect influence were very important  
elements1  both in the stirring of      
thought which led to the ,hadleigh      
resolutions1  and in giving its form to 
what was then decided upon4 ,but his    
action in  the movement was impeded by  
his failure in health1 and cut short by 
his  early death1 ,january #ahci4 ,how  
he would have influenced the course of  
things if he had lived1 it is not now   
easy to say4 ,he must have been         
reckoned with as one of the chiefs4 ,he 
would have been opposed to  anything    

that really tended towards ,rome4 ,but  
there is no reason to  think that he    
would have shrunk from any step only    
because it was bold4  ,he had sympathy  
for courage and genius1 and he had      
knowledge and  authority which would    
have commanded respect for his judgment 
and  opinion4 ,but it is too much to say
 either that the movement could not     
have been without him1 or that it was   
specially his design and plan1 or  that 
he alone could have given the impulse   
which led to it2 though it  seemed at   
one time as if he was to be its leader  
and chief4 ,certainly he  was the most  
valuable and the most loyal of its early
 auxiliaries4    ,another coadjutor1    
whose part at the time also seemed      
rather that of a  chief1 was ,mr4       
,william ,palmer1 of ,worcester         
,college4 ,he had been  educated at     
,trinity ,college1 ,dublin1 but he had  
transferred his home to  ,oxford1 both  
in the ,university and the city4 ,he was
 a man of exact and  scholastic mind1   

well equipped at all points in          
controversial theology1  strong in clear
 theories and precise definitions1      
familiar with  objections current in the
 schools and with the answers to them1  
and well  versed in all the questions1  
arguments1 and authorities belonging to 
the  great debate with ,rome4 ,he had   
definite and well-arranged ideas about  
the nature and office of the ,church2   
and1 from his study of the ,roman       
controversy1 he had at command the      
distinctions necessary to  discriminate 
between things which popular views      
confused1 and to protect  the doctrines 
characteristic of the ,church from being
 identified with  ,romanism4 ,especially
 he had given great attention to the    
public  devotional language and forms of
 the ,church1 and had produced by far   
the  best book in the ,english language 
on the history and significance of the  
offices of the ,english ,church--the    
,origines ,liturgicae1 published at  the
 ,university ,press in #ahcb4 ,it was a 

book to give a man authority with       
divines and scholars2 and among those   
with whom at this time he acted no  one 
had so compact and defensible a theory1 
even if it was somewhat  rigid and      
technical1 of the peculiar constitution 
of the ,english ,church  as ,mr4        
,palmer4 ,with the deepest belief in    
this theory1 he saw great  dangers      
threatening1 partly from general        
ignorance and looseness of  thought1    
partly from antagonistic ideas and      
principles only too distinct  and too   
popular2 and he threw all his learning  
and zeal on the side of  those who1 like
 himself1 were alive to those dangers1  
and were prepared  for a great effort to
 counteract them4    ,the little company
 which met at ,hadleigh ,rectory1 from  
#beth to #bith ,july  #ahcc1 met--as    
other knots of men have often met1 to   
discuss a question  or a policy1 or to  
found an association1 or a league1 or a 
newspaper--to  lay down the outlines of 
some practical scheme of work2 but with 

little  foresight of the venture they   
were making1 or of the momentous issues 
which depended on their meeting4 ,later 
on1 when controversy began1 it  became a
 favourite rhetorical device to call it 
by the ugly name of a  conspiracy4      
,certainly ,froude called it so1 and    
,mr4 ,palmer2 and ,mr4  ,perceval wrote 
a narrative to answer the charge4 ,it   
was a conspiracy1  as any other meeting 
would be of men with an object which    
other men  dislike4    ,of the ,oriel   
men1 only ,froude went to ,hadleigh4    
,keble and ,newman were  both absent1   
but in close correspondence with the    
others4 ,their plans  had not taken any 
definite shape2 but they were ready for 
any sacrifice  and service1 and they    
were filled with wrath against the      
insolence of  those who thought that the
 ,church was given over into their      
hands1 and  against the apathy and      
cowardice of those who let her enemies  
have their  way4 ,yet with much         
impatience and many stern determinations

 in their  hearts1 they were all of them
 men to be swayed by the judgment and   
experience of their friends4    ,the    
state of mind under which the four      
friends met at the ,hadleigh  conference
 has been very distinctly and           
deliberately recorded by all of  them4  
,churchmen in our days hardly realise   
what the face of things then  looked    
like to men who1 if they felt deeply1   
were no mere fanatics or  alarmists1 but
 sober and sagacious observers1 not     
affected by mere  cries1 but seeing     
dearly beneath the surface of things    
their certain and  powerful tendencies4 
,we felt ourselves1 writes ,mr4 ,palmer 
some years  afterwards1#db assailed by  
enemies from without and foes within4   
,our  ,prelates insulted and threatened 
by ,ministers of ,state4 ,in ,ireland   
ten  bishoprics suppressed4 ,we were    
advised to feel thankful that a more    
sweeping measure had not been adopted4  
,what was to come next8444 ,was the     
same principle of concession to popular 

clamour 444 to be exemplified in  the   
dismemberment of the ,english           
,church8444 ,we were overwhelmed with   
pamphlets on ,church reform4 ,lord      
,henley1 brother-in-law of ,sir ,robert 
,peel1 ,dr4 ,burton1 and others of name 
and influence led the way4 ,dr4  ,arnold
 of ,rugby ventured to propose that all 
sects should be united by  ,act of      
,parliament with the ,church of         
,england4 ,reports1 apparently well     
founded1 were prevalent that some of the
 ,prelates were favourable to           
alterations in the ,liturgy4 ,pamphlets 
were in wide circulation  recommending  
the abolition of the ,creeds 7at least  
in public worship71  especially urging  
the expulsion of the ,athanasian ,creed2
 the removal of  all mention of the     
,blessed ,trinity2 of the doctrine of   
baptismal  regeneration2 of the practice
 of absolution4 ,we knew not to what    
quarter  to look for support4 ,a        
,prelacy threatened and apparently      
intimidated2 a  ,government making its  

power subservient to agitators1 who     
avowedly  sought the destruction of the 
,church 444 ,and1 worst of all1 no      
principle in the public mind to which we
 could appeal2 an utter  ignorance of   
all rational grounds of attachment to   
the ,church2 an  oblivion of its        
spiritual character1 as an institution  
not of man but of  ,god2 the grossest   
,erastianism most widely prevalent1     
especially amongst  all classes of      
politicians4 ,there was in all this     
enough to appal the  stoutest heart2 and
 those who can recall the feeling of    
those days will  at once remember the   
deep depression into which the ,church  
had fallen1  and the gloomy forebodings 
universally prevalent4    ,before the   
spirit and temper of those who met at   
the conference is  condemned as         
extravagant1 writes ,mr4 ,perceval in   
#ahdb1dc let the  reader call to mind   
what was then actually the condition as 
well as the  prospect of the ,church and
 nation3 an agrarian and civic          

insurrection  against the bishops and   
clergy1 and all who desired to adhere to
 the  existing institutions of the      
country2 the populace goaded on1 openly 
by  the speeches1 covertly 7as was fully
 believed at the time7 by the paid      
emissaries of the ministers of the      
,crown2 the chief of those ministers  in
 his place in ,parliament bidding the   
bishops 'set their house in  order'2 the
 mob taking him at his word1 and burning
 to the ground the  palace of the       
,bishop of ,bristol1 with the public    
buildings of the city1  while they      
shouted the ,premier's name in triumph  
on the ruins4 ,the  pressing imminence  
of the danger is taken for granted by   
the calmest and  most cautious of the   
party1 ,mr4 ,rose1 in a letter of       
,february #ahcc4  ,that something is    
requisite1 is certain4 ,the only thing  
is1 that  whatever is done ought to be  
quickly done1 for the danger is         
immediate1 and ,i should have little    
fear if ,i thought that we could  stand 

for ten or fifteen years as we are4#dd  
,in the ,apologia  ,cardinal ,newman    
recalls what was before him in those    
days4 ,the ,whigs  had come into power2 
,lord ,grey had told the bishops to 'set
 their house  in order1' and some of the
 prelates had been insulted and         
threatened in  the streets of ,london4  
,the vital question was4 ,how were we to
 keep the  ,church from being           
,liberalised8 ,there was so much apathy 
on the subject  in some quarters1 such  
imbecile alarm in others2 the true      
principles of  ,churchmanship seemed so 
radically decayed1 and there was such   
distraction in the councils of the      
clergy4 ,the ,bishop of ,london of the  
day1 an active and open-hearted man1 had
 been for years engaged in  diluting the
 high orthodoxy of the ,church by the   
introduction of the  ,evangelical body  
into places of influence and trust4 ,he 
had deeply  offended men who agreed with
 myself by an off-hand saying 7as it was
  reported7 to the effect that belief in

 the apostolical succession had  gone   
out with the ,non-jurors4 ',we can count
 you1' he said to some of  the gravest  
and most venerated persons of the old   
school4444 ,i felt  affection for my own
 ,church1 but not tenderness3 ,i felt   
dismay at her  prospects1 anger and     
scorn at her do-nothing perplexity4 ,i  
thought that  if ,liberalism once got a 
footing within her1 it was sure of      
victory in  the event4 ,i saw that      
,reformation principles were powerless  
to rescue  her4 ,as to leaving her1 the 
thought never crossed my imagination3   
still  ,i ever kept before me that there
 was something greater than the         
,established ,church1 and that that was 
the ,church ,catholic and ,apostolic1   
set up from the beginning1 of which she 
was but the local presence and  organ4  
,she was nothing unless she was this4   
,she must be dealt with  strongly or she
 would be lost4 ,there was need of a    
second ,reformation4    ,if ,i thought  
that we could stand ten or fifteen years

 as we are1 ,i  should have little fear1
 said ,mr4 ,rose4 ,he felt that1 if only
 he could  secure a respite1 he had the 
means and the hope of opening the eyes  
of  ,churchmen4 ,they were secure and   
idle from long prosperity1 and now they 
were scared and perplexed by the        
suddenness of an attack for which they  
were wholly unprepared4 ,but he had     
confidence in his own convictions4  ,he 
had around him ability and zeal1 in     
which he had the best reason to  trust4 
,he might hope1 if he had time1 to turn 
the tide4 ,but this time to  stand to   
arms was just what he had not4 ,the     
danger1 he felt1 was upon  him4 ,he     
could not wait4 ,so he acquiesced in an 
agitation which so  cautious and steady 
a man would otherwise hardly have       
chosen4 ,that  something must be done is
 certain4 ,the only thing is1 that      
whatever is  done ought to be quickly   
done4 ,nothing can show more forcibly   
the  imminence and pressure of the      
crisis than words like these1 not merely

  from ,froude and his friends1 but from
 such a man as ,mr4 ,hugh ,james ,rose4 
,something must be done1 but what8 ,this
 was not so easy to say4 ,it was        
obvious that men must act in concert1   
and must write2 but beyond these        
general points1 questions and           
difficulties arose4 ,the first idea that
  suggested itself at ,hadleigh was a   
form of association1 which would have   
been something like the ,english ,church
 ,union or the ,church ,defence         
,association of our days4 ,it probably  
was ,mr4 ,palmer's idea2 and for  some  
time the attempt to carry it into effect
 was followed up at ,oxford4  ,plans of 
,association were drawn up and rejected4
 ,the endeavour brought  out differences
 of opinion--differences as to the      
rightness or the  policy of specific    
mention of doctrines2 differences as to 
the union of  ,church and ,state1 on the
 importance of maintaining which1 as    
long as  possible1 ,mr4 ,newman sided   
with ,mr4 ,palmer against ,mr4 ,keble's 

more  uncompromising view4 ,a third     
formulary was at length adopted4        
,events1 it said1 have occurred within  
the last few years calculated  to       
inspire the true members and friends of 
the ,church with the deepest            
uneasiness4 ,it went on to notice that  
political changes had thrown  power into
 the hands of the professed enemies of  
the ,church as an  establishment2 but it
 was not merely as an establishment that
 it was in  most serious danger4 ,every 
one1 it says1 who has become acquainted 
with the literature of the day1 must    
have observed the sedulous attempts     
made in various quarters to reconcile   
members of the ,church to  alterations  
in its doctrines and discipline4        
,projects of change1 which  include the 
annihilation of our ,creeds and the     
removal of doctrinal  statements        
incidentally contained in our worship1  
have been boldly and  assiduously put   
forth4 ,our services have been subjected
 to licentious  criticism1 with the view

 of superseding some of them and of     
entirely  remodelling others4 ,the very 
elementary principles of our ritual and 
discipline have been rudely questioned2 
our apostolical polity has been         
ridiculed and denied4 ,the condition of 
the times made these things  more than  
ordinarily alarming1 and the pressing   
danger was urged as a  reason for the   
formation1 by members of the ,church in 
various parts of  the kingdom1 of an    
association on a few broad principles of
 union for  the defence of the ,church4 
,they feel strongly1 said the authors of
 the  paper1 that no fear of the        
appearance of forwardness should        
dissuade  them from a design1 which     
seems to be demanded of them by their   
affection towards that spiritual        
community to which they owe their hopes 
of the world to come2 and by a sense of 
duty to that ,god and ,saviour who  is  
its ,founder and ,defender4 ,but the    
plan of an ,association1 or of  separate
 ,associations1 which was circulated in 

the autumn of #ahcc1 came  to nothing4  
,jealousy was entertained of it in high 
quarters4 ,froude  objected to any      
association less wide than the ,church  
itself4 ,newman had  a horror of        
committees and meetings and great people
 in ,london4 ,and  thus1 in spite of    
,mr4 ,palmer's efforts1 favoured by a   
certain number of  influential and      
dignified friends1 the ,association     
would not work4 ,but  the stir about it 
was not without result4 ,mr4 ,palmer    
travelled about the  country with the   
view of bringing the state of things    
before the clergy4  ,in place of the    
,association1 an ,address to the        
,archbishop of ,canterbury  was resolved
 upon4 ,it was drawn up by ,mr4 ,palmer1
 who undertook the  business of         
circulating it4 ,in spite of great      
difficulties and trouble  of the alarm  
of friends like ,mr4 ,rose1 who was     
afraid that it would  cause schism in   
the ,church2 of the general timidity of 
the dignified  clergy2 of the distrust  

and the crotchets of others2 of the     
coldness of  the bishops and the        
opposition of some of them--it was      
presented with  the signatures of some  
#gjjj clergy to the ,archbishop in      
,february #ahcd4  ,it bore the names1   
among others1 of ,dr4 ,christopher      
,wordsworth1 ,master  of ,trinity2 ,dr4 
,gilbert1 of ,brasenose ,college2 ,dr4  
,faussett1 and ,mr4  ,keble4 ,and this  
was not all4 ,a ,lay ,address followed4 
,there were  difficulties about the     
first form proposed1 which was thought  
to say too  much about the doctrine and 
discipline of the ,church2 and it was   
laid  aside for one with more vague     
expressions about the consecration of   
the  ,state1 and the practical benefits 
of the ,established ,church4 ,in this   
form it was signed by #bcj1jjj heads of 
families1 and presented to the          
,archbishop in the following ,may4 ,from
 these two events1 writes ,mr4          
,perceval in #ahdb1 we may date the     
commencement of the turn of the tide1   

which had threatened to overwhelm our   
,church and our religion4#de  ,there    
can1 at any rate1 be little doubt that  
as regards the external  position of the
 ,church in the country1 this agitation 
was a success4 ,it  rallied the courage 
of ,churchmen1 and showed that they were
 stronger and  more resolute than their 
enemies thought4 ,the revolutionary     
temper of  the times had thrown all     
,churchmen on the ,conservative side2   
and these  addresses were partly helped 
by political ,conservatism1 and also    
reacted  in its favour4    ,some of the 
,hadleigh friends would probably have   
been content to go on  in this course1  
raising and keeping alive a strong      
feeling in favour of  things as they    
were1 creating a general sympathy with  
the ,church1 and  confidence in the     
peculiar excellency of its wise and     
sober  institutions1 sedulously but     
cautiously endeavouring to correct      
popular  mistakes about them1 and to    
diffuse a sounder knowledge and a       

sounder  tone of religious feeling4     
,this is what ,mr4 ,h4,j4 ,rose would   
have wished1  only he felt that he could
 not insure the ten or fifteen years    
which  he wanted to work this gradual   
change4 ,both he and ,mr4 ,palmer would 
have  made ,london1 to use a military   
term1 their base of operations4 ,the    
,oriel  men1 on the other hand1 thought 
that ,universities are the natural      
centres of intellectual movements2 they 
were for working more  spontaneously in 
the freedom of independent study2 they  
had little faith  in organisation2      
living movements1 they said1 do not come
 of  committees4 ,but at ,hadleigh it   
was settled that there was writing to be
  done1 in some way or other2 and on    
this1 divergence of opinion soon  showed
 itself1 both as to the matter and the  
tone of what was to be  written4    ,for
 the writers of real force1 the men of  
genius1 were the three ,oriel  men1 with
 less experience1 at that time1 with    
less extensive learning1  than ,mr4     

,rose and ,mr4 ,palmer4 ,but they were  
bolder and keener spirits2  they pierced
 more deeply into the real condition and
 prospects of the  times2 they were not 
disposed to smooth over and excuse what 
they  thought hollow and untrue1 to put 
up with decorous compromises and        
half-measures1 to be patient towards    
apathy1 negligence1 or insolence4  ,they
 certainly had more in them of the      
temper of warfare4 ,we know from  their 
own avowals that a great anger possessed
 them1 that they were  indignant at the 
sacred idea of the ,church being lost   
and smothered by  selfishness and       
stupidity2 they were animated by the    
spirit which makes  men lose patience   
with abuses and their apologists1 and   
gives them no  peace till they speak    
out4 ,mr4 ,newman felt that1 though     
associations and  addresses might be    
very well1 what the ,church and the     
clergy and the  country wanted was plain
 speaking2 and that plain speaking could
 not be  got by any papers put forth as 

joint manifestoes1 or with the revision 
and sanction of safe and judicious      
advisers4 ,it was necessary to  write1  
and to write as each man felt3 and he   
determined that each man  should write  
and speak for himself1 though working in
 concert and  sympathy with others      
towards the supreme end--the cause and  
interests of  the ,church4    ,and thus 
were born the ,tracts for the ,times4#df
 ,for a time ,mr4  ,palmer's line and   
,mr4 ,newman's line ran on side by side2
 but ,mr4  ,palmer's plan had soon done 
all that it could do1 important as that 
was2  it gradually faded out of sight1  
and the attention of all who cared for1 
or who feared or who hated the movement1
 was concentrated on the ,oxford        
,tracts4 ,they were the watchword and   
the symbol of an enterprise which  all  
soon felt to be a remarkable            
one--remarkable1 if in nothing else1 in 
the form in which it was started4 ,great
 changes and movements have been  begun 
in various ways2 in secret and          

underground communications1 in  daring  
acts of self-devotion or violence1 in   
the organisation of an  institution1 in 
the persistent display of a particular  
temper and set of  habits1 especially in
 the form of a stirring and enthralling 
eloquence1  in popular preaching1 in    
fierce appeals to the passions4 ,but    
though  tracts had become in later times
 familiar instruments of religious      
action1 they had1 from the fashion of   
using them1 become united in the  minds 
of many with rather disparaging         
associations4 ,the pertinacity of  good 
ladies who pressed them on chance       
strangers1 and who extolled their       
efficacy as if it was that of a quack   
medicine1 had lowered the general       
respect for them4 ,the last thing that  
could have been thought of was a  great 
religions revolution set in motion by   
tracts and leaflets1 and  taking its    
character and name from them4    ,but   
the ring of these early ,tracts was     
something very different from  anything 

of the kind yet known in ,england4 ,they
 were clear1 brief1 stern  appeals to   
conscience and reason1 sparing of words1
 utterly without  rhetoric1 intense in  
purpose4 ,they were like the short1     
sharp1 rapid  utterances of men in pain 
and danger and pressing emergency4 ,the 
first  one gave the keynote of the      
series4 ,mr4 ,newman had out of his own 
head  begun the ,tracts3 he wrote the   
opening one in a mood which he has      
himself described4 ,he was in the       
exultation of health restored and home  
regained3 he felt1 he says1 an exuberant
 and joyous energy which he  never had  
before or since2 his health and strength
 had come back to  him with such a      
rebound that some of his friends did not
 know him4 ,i  had the consciousness    
that ,i was employed in that work which 
,i had been  dreaming about1 and which  
,i felt to be so momentous and          
inspiring4 ,i had  a supreme confidence 
in our cause2 we were upholding that    
primitive  ,christianity which was      

delivered for all time by the early     
teachers of  the ,church1 and which was 
registered and attested in the ,anglican
  formularies and by the ,anglican      
divines4 ,that ancient religion had     
well-nigh faded out of the land through 
the political changes of the  last #aej 
years1 and it must be restored4 ,it     
would be1 in fact1 a second             
,reformation--a better ,reformation1 for
 it would return1 not to the  sixteenth 
century1 but to the seventeenth4 ,no    
time was to be lost1 for  the ,whigs had
 come to do their worst1 and the rescue 
might come too  late4 ,bishoprics were  
already in course of suppression2       
,church property  was in course of      
confiscation2 sees would be soon        
receiving unsuitable  occupants4 ,we    
knew enough to begin preaching1 and     
there was no one else  to preach4 ,i    
felt1 he goes on1#dg with a             
characteristic recollection  of his own 
experience when he started on his voyage
 with ,froude in the  ,hermes1 as on a  

vessel1 which first gets under weigh1   
and then clears  out the deck1 and      
stores away luggage and live stock into 
their proper  receptacles4 ,the first   
three ,tracts bear the date of #ith     
,september  #ahcc4 ,they were the first 
public utterance of the movement4 ,the  
opening  words of this famous series    
deserve to be recalled4 ,they are new to
 most  of the present generation4       
,,to ,,my ,,brethren ,,in ,,the ,,sacred
 ,,ministry1 ,,the ,,presbyters ,,and   
,,deacons ,,of    ,,the ,,church ,,of   
,,christ ,,in ,,england1 ,,ordained     
,,thereunto ,,by ,,the ,,holy ,,ghost   
,,and ,,the ,,imposition ,,of ,,hands4  
,,fellow-,,labourers1--,i am but one of 
yourselves--,presbyter2 and    therefore
 ,i conceal my name1 lest ,i should take
 too much on myself by    speaking in my
 own person4 ,yet speak ,i must2 for the
 times are very    evil1 yet no one     
speaks against them4      ,is not this  
so8 ,do not we look one upon another1   
yet perform    nothing8 ,do we not all  

confess the peril into which the ,church
 is    come1 yet sit still each in his  
own retirement1 as if mountains and     
seas cut off brother from brother8      
,therefore suffer me1 while ,i try to   
draw you forth from those pleasant      
retreats1 which it has been our         
blessedness hitherto to enjoy1 to       
contemplate the condition and           
prospects of our ,holy ,mother in a     
practical way2 so that one and all      
may unlearn that idle habit1 which has  
grown upon us1 of owning the    state of
 things to be bad1 yet doing nothing to 
remedy it4      ,consider a moment4 ,is 
it fair1 is it dutiful1 to suffer our   
bishops to    stand the brunt of the    
battle without doing our part to support
 them8    ,upon them comes the care of  
all the ,churches4 ,this cannot be      
helped2    indeed it is their glory4    
,not one of us would wish in the least  
to    deprive them of the duties1 the   
toils1 the responsibilities of their    
high office4 ,and1 black event as it    

would be for the country1 yet 7as    far
 as they are concerned7 we could not    
wish them a more blessed    termination 
of their course than the spoiling of    
their goods and    martyrdom4      ,to  
them then we willingly and              
affectionately relinquish their high    
privileges and honours2 we encroach not 
upon the rights of the    ,,successors  
,,of ,,the ,,apostles2 we touch not     
their sword and crozier4 ,yet    surely 
we may be their shield-bearers in the   
battle without offence2    and by our   
voice and deeds be to them what ,luke   
and ,timothy were to    ,st4 ,paul4     
,now then let me come at once to the    
subject which leads me to address       
you4 ,should the ,government and the    
,country so far forget their ,god as    
to cast off the ,church1 to deprive it  
of its temporal honours and             
substance1 on what will you rest the    
claim of respect and attention    which 
you make upon your flocks8 ,hitherto you
 have been upheld by your    birth1 your

 education1 your wealth1 your           
connexions2 should these    secular     
advantages cease1 on what must ,christ's
 ,ministers depend8 ,is    not this a   
serious practical question8 ,we know how
 miserable is the    state of religious 
bodies not supported by the ,state4     
,look at the    ,dissenters on all sides
 of you1 and you will see at once that  
their    ,ministers1 depending simply   
upon the people1 become the creatures of
    the people4 ,are you content that   
this should be your case8 ,alas6 can a  
greater evil befall ,christians1 than   
for their teachers to be guided    by   
them1 instead of guiding8 ,how can we   
hold fast the form of sound    words1   
and keep that which is committed to our 
trust1 if our    influence is to depend 
simply on our popularity8 ,is it not our
 very    office to oppose the world8    
,can we then allow ourselves to court   
it8 to preach smooth things and prophesy
 deceits8 to make the way of    life    
easy to the rich and indolent1 and to   

bribe the humbler classes    by         
excitements and strong intoxicating     
doctrine8 ,surely it must not be        
so2--and the question recurs1 on what   
are we to rest our authority    when the
 ,state deserts us8      ,christ has not
 left ,his ,church without claim of its 
own upon the    attention of men4       
,surely not4 ,hard ,master ,he cannot   
be1 to bid us    oppose the world1 yet  
give us no credentials for so doing4    
,there are    some who rest their divine
 mission on their own unsupported       
assertion2    others1 who rest it upon  
their popularity2 others1 on their      
success2    and others1 who rest it upon
 their temporal distinctions4 ,this last
    case has1 perhaps1 been too much our
 own2 ,i fear we have neglected the     
real ground on which our authority is   
built--,,our ,,apostolical ,,descent4   
,we have been born1 not of blood1 nor of
 the will of the flesh1 nor of    the   
will of man1 but of ,god4 ,the ,lord    
,jesus ,christ gave ,his ,spirit to     

,his ,apostles2 they in turn laid their 
hands on those who should    succeed    
them2 and these again on others2 and so 
the sacred gift has    been handed down 
to our present bishops1 who have        
appointed us as    their assistants1 and
 in some sense representatives4         
,now every one of us believes this4 ,i  
know that some will at first deny       
they do2 still they do believe it4      
,only1 it is not sufficiently1          
practically impressed on their minds4   
,they do believe it2 for it is the      
doctrine of the ,ordination    ,service1
 which they have recognised as truth in 
the most solemn season    of their      
lives4 ,in order1 then1 not to prove1   
but to remind and    impress1 ,i entreat
 your attention to the words used when  
you were made    ministers of ,christ's 
,church4      ,the office of ,deacon was
 thus committed to you3 ,take thou      
authority    to execute the office of a 
,deacon in the ,church of ,god committed
 unto    thee3 ,in the name1 etc4       

,and the ,priesthood thus3      ,receive
 the ,holy ,ghost1 for the office and   
work of a ,priest1 in the    ,church of 
,god1 now committed unto thee by the    
imposition of our hands4    ,whose sins 
thou dost forgive1 they are forgiven2   
and whose sins thou    dost retain1 they
 are retained4 ,and be thou a faithful  
dispenser of    the ,word of ,god1 and  
of ,his ,holy ,sacraments3 ,in the name1
 etc4      ,these1 ,i say1 were words   
spoken to us1 and received by us1 when  
we    were brought nearer to ,god than  
at any other time of our lives4 ,i know 
the grace of ordination is contained in 
the laying on of hands1 not in    any   
form of words2--yet in our own case 7as 
has ever been usual in the    ,church7  
words of blessing have accompanied the  
act4 ,thus we have    confessed before  
,god our belief that the bishop who     
ordained us gave    us the ,holy ,ghost1
 gave us the power to bind and to loose1
 to    administer the ,sacraments1 and  
to preach4 ,now how is he able to give  

these great gifts8 ,whence is his right8
 ,are these words idle 7which    would  
be taking ,god's name in vain71 or do   
they express merely a wish    7which    
surely is very far below their meaning71
 or do they not rather    indicate that 
the speaker is conveying a gift8 ,surely
 they can mean    nothing short of this4
 ,but whence1 ,i ask1 his right to do   
so8 ,has he    any right1 except as     
having received the power from those who
    consecrated him to be a bishop8 ,he 
could not give what he had never        
received4 ,it is plain then that he but 
transmits2 and that the    ,christian   
,ministry is a succession4 ,and if we   
trace back the power    of ordination   
from hand to hand1 of course we shall   
come to the    ,apostles at last4 ,we   
know we do1 as a plain historical fact2 
and    therefore all we1 who have been  
ordained clergy1 in the very form of    
our ordination acknowledged the doctrine
 of the ,,apostolical    ,,succession4  
,and for the same reason1 we must       

necessarily consider none to be         
really ordained who have not thus been  
ordained4 ,for if ordination    is a    
divine ordinance1 it must be necessary2 
and if it is not a divine    ordinance1 
how dare we use it8 ,therefore all who  
use it1 all of us1    must consider it  
necessary4 ,as well might we pretend the
 ,sacraments    are not necessary to    
salvation1 while we make use of the     
offices in    the ,liturgy2 for when    
,god appoints means of grace1 they are  
the    means4      ,i do not see how any
 one can escape from this plain view of 
the    subject1 except 7as ,i have      
already hinted7 by declaring that the   
words    do not mean all that they say4 
,but only reflect what a most unseemly  
time for random words is that in which  
ministers are set apart for    their    
office4 ,do we not adopt a ,liturgy in  
order to hinder    inconsiderate idle   
language1 and shall we1 in the most     
sacred of all    services1 write down1  
subscribe1 and use again and again forms

 of    speech which have not been       
weighed1 and cannot be taken strictly8  
,therefore1 my dear brethren1 act up to 
your professions4 ,let it not    be said
 that you have neglected a gift2 for if 
you have the ,spirit of    the ,apostles
 on you1 surely this is a great gift4   
,stir up the gift    of ,god which is in
 you4 ,make much of it4 ,show your value
 of it4 ,keep    it before your minds as
 an honourable badge1 far higher than   
that    secular respectability1 or      
cultivation1 or polish1 or learning1 or 
rank1 which gives you a hearing with the
 many4 ,tell them of your    gift4 ,the 
times will soon drive you to do this1 if
 you mean to be    still anything4 ,but 
wait not for the times4 ,do not be      
compelled1 by    the world's forsaking  
you1 to recur as if unwillingly to the  
high    source of your authority4 ,speak
 out now1 before you are forced1 both   
as glorying in your privilege and to    
insure your rightful honour from    your
 people4 ,a notion has gone abroad that 

they can take away your    power4 ,they 
think they have given and can take it   
away4 ,they think it    lies in the     
,church property1 and they know that    
they have politically    the power to   
confiscate that property4 ,they have    
been deluded into a    notion that      
present palpable usefulness1 producible 
results1    acceptableness to your      
flocks1 that these and such like are the
 tests    of your divine commission4    
,enlighten them in this matter4 ,exalt  
our    ,holy ,fathers the bishops1 as   
the representatives of the ,apostles1   
and    the ,angels of the ,churches2 and
 magnify your office1 as being ordained 
by them to take part in their ,ministry4
      ,but1 if you will not adopt my    
view of the subject1 which ,i offer to  
you1 not doubtingly1 yet 7,i hope7      
respectfully1 at all events1 ,,choose   
,,your ,,side4 ,to remain neuter much   
longer will be itself to take a part4   
,choose your side2 since side you       
shortly must1 with one or other         

party1 even though you do nothing4 ,fear
 to be of those whose line is    decided
 for them by chance circumstances1 and  
who may perchance find    themselves    
with the enemies of ,christ1 while they 
think but to remove    themselves from  
worldly politics4 ,such abstinence is   
impossible in    troublous times4 ,,he  
,,that ,,is ,,not ,,with ,,me ,,is      
,,against ,,me1 ,,and ,,he ,,that       
,,gathereth ,,not ,,with ,,me           
,,scattereth ,,abroad4    ,while ,mr4   
,palmer was working at the ,association 
and the ,address1 ,mr4  ,newman with his
 friends was sending forth the ,tracts1 
one after another1  in rapid succession1
 through the autumn and winter of #ahcc4
 ,they were  short papers1 in many cases
 mere short notes1 on the great         
questions  which had suddenly sprung    
into such interest1 and were felt to be 
full  of momentous consequence1--the    
true and essential nature of the        
,christian ,church1 its relation to the 
primitive ages1 its authority and  its  

polity and government1 the current      
objections to its claims in  ,england1  
to its doctrines and its services1 the  
length of the prayers1  the ,burial     
,service1 the proposed alterations in   
the ,liturgy1 the neglect  of           
discipline1 the sins and corruptions of 
each branch of ,christendom4  ,the same 
topics were enforced and illustrated    
again and again as the  series went on2 
and then there came extracts from       
,english divines1 like  ,bishop         
,beveridge1 ,bishop ,wilson1 and ,bishop
 ,cosin1 and under the title  ,records  
of the ,church1 translations from the   
early ,fathers1 ,ignatius1  ,justin1    
,irenaeus1 and others4 ,mr4 ,palmer     
contributed to one of these  papers1 and
 later on ,mr4 ,perceval wrote two or   
three2 but for the most  part these     
early ,tracts were written by ,mr4      
,newman1 though ,mr4 ,keble and  one or 
two others also helped4 ,afterwards1    
other writers joined in the  series4    
,they were at first not only published  

with a notice that any one  might       
republish them with any alterations he  
pleased1 but they were  distributed by  
zealous coadjutors1 ready to take any   
trouble in the  cause4 ,mr4 ,mozley has 
described how he rode about             
,northamptonshire1  from parsonage to   
parsonage1 with bundles of the ,tracts4 
,the ,apologia  records the same story4 
,i called upon clergy1 says the writer1 
in  various parts of the country1       
whether ,i was acquainted with them or  
not1  and ,i attended at the houses of  
friends where several of them were from 
time to time assembled4444 ,i did not   
care whether my visits were made to     
,high ,church or ,low ,church3 ,i wished
 to make a strong pull in union with    
all who were opposed to the principles  
of ,liberalism1 whoever they might  be4 
,he adds that he does not think that    
much came of these visits1 or  of       
letters written with the same purpose1  
except that they advertised  the fact   
that a rally in favour of the ,church   

was commencing4    ,the early ,tracts   
were intended to startle the world1 and 
they succeeded  in doing so4 ,their very
 form1 as short earnest leaflets1 was   
perplexing2  for they came1 not from the
 class of religionists who usually deal 
in  such productions1 but from          
distinguished ,university scholars1     
picked men  of a picked college2 and    
from men1 too1 who as a school were the 
representatives of soberness and        
self-control in religious feeling and   
language1 and whose usual style of      
writing was specially marked by its     
severe avoidance of excitement and      
novelty2 the school from which had      
lately come the ,christian ,year1 with  
its memorable motto ,in  quietness and  
confidence shall be your strength4      
,their matter was  equally unusual4     
,undoubtedly they brought strange things
 to the ears  of their generation4 ,to  
,churchmen now these strange things are 
such  familiar commonplaces1 that it is 
hard to realise how they should have    

made so much stir4 ,but they were       
novelties1 partly audacious1 partly     
unintelligible1 then4 ,the strong and   
peremptory language of the ,tracts1     
their absence of qualifications or      
explanations1 frightened friends like   
,mr4 ,palmer1 who1 so far1 had no ground
 to quarrel with their doctrine1  and he
 wished them to be discontinued4 ,the   
story went that one of the  bishops1 on 
reading one of the ,tracts on the       
,apostolical ,succession1  could not    
make up his mind whether he held the    
doctrine or not4 ,they  fell on a time  
of profound and inexcusable ignorance on
 the subjects  they discussed1 and they 
did not spare it4 ,the cry of ,romanism 
was  inevitable1 and was soon raised1   
though there was absolutely nothing in  
them but had the indisputable sanction  
of the ,prayer ,book1 and of the  most  
authoritative ,anglican divines4 ,there 
was no ,romanism in them1 nor  anything 
that showed a tendency to it4 ,but      
custom1 and the prevalence of  other    

systems and ways1 and the interest of   
later speculations1 and the  slackening 
of professional reading and scholarship 
in the ,church1 had  made their readers 
forget some of the most obvious facts in
 ,church  history1 and the most certain 
,church principles2 and men were at sea 
as  to what they knew or believed on the
 points on which the ,tracts  challenged
 them4 ,the scare was not creditable2 it
 was like the ,italian  scare about     
cholera with its quarantines and        
fumigations2 but it was  natural4 ,the  
theological knowledge and learning were 
wanting which would  have been familiar 
with the broad line of difference       
between what is  ,catholic and what is  
specially ,roman4 ,there were many whose
 teaching was  impugned1 for it was     
really ,calvinist or ,zwinglian1 and not
 ,anglican4  ,there were hopeful and    
ambitious theological ,liberals1 who    
recognised in  that appeal to           
,anglicanism the most effective         
counter-stroke to their  own schemes and

 theories4 ,there were many whom the    
movement forced to  think1 who did not  
want such addition to their             
responsibilities4 ,it  cannot be thought
 surprising that the new ,tracts were   
received with  surprise1 dismay1        
ridicule1 and indignation4 ,but they    
also at once  called forth a response of
 eager sympathy from numbers to whom    
they  brought unhoped-for relief and    
light in a day of gloom1 of rebuke and  
blasphemy4 ,mr4 ,keble1 in the preface  
to his famous assize sermon1 had        
hazarded the belief that there were     
hundreds1 nay1 thousands of             
,christians1 and that there soon will be
 tens of thousands1 unaffectedly        
anxious to be rightly guided in regard  
to subjects that concern the  ,church4  
,the belief was soon justified4    ,when
 the first forty-six ,tracts were       
collected into a volume towards the  end
 of #ahcd1 the following advertisement  
explaining their nature and  objects was
 prefixed to it4 ,it is a contemporary  

and authoritative  account of what was  
the mind of the leaders of the movement2
 and it has  a significance beyond the  
occasion which prompted it4      ,the   
following-,tracts were published with   
the object of    contributing-something 
towards the practical revival of        
doctrines1    which1 although held by   
the great divines of our ,church1 at    
present    have become obsolete with the
 majority of her members1 and are       
withdrawn from public view even by the  
more learned and orthodox few    who    
still adhere to them4 ,the ,apostolic   
succession1 the ,holy ,catholic         
,church1 were principles of action in   
the minds of our predecessors of    the 
seventeenth century2 but1 in proportion 
as the maintenance of the    ,church has
 been secured by law1 her ministers have
 been under the    temptation of leaning
 on an arm of flesh instead of her own  
divinely-provided discipline1 a         
temptation increased by political       
events and arrangements which need not  

here be more than alluded to4 ,a        
lamentable increase of sectarianism has 
followed2 being occasioned 7in          
addition to other more obvious causes71 
first1 by the cold aspect    which the  
new ,church doctrines have presented to 
the religious    sensibilities of the   
mind1 next to their meagreness in       
suggesting    motives to restrain it    
from seeking out a more influential     
discipline4    ,doubtless obedience to  
the law of the land1 and the careful    
maintenance of decency and order 7the   
topics in usage among us71    are plain 
duties of the ,gospel1 and a reasonable 
ground for keeping in    communion with 
the ,established ,church2 yet1 if       
,providence has    graciously provided  
for our weakness more interesting and   
constraining    motives1 it is a sin    
thanklessly to neglect them2 just as it 
would be    a mistake to rest the duties
 of temperance or justice on the mere   
law    of natural religion1 when they   
are mercifully sanctioned in the ,gospel

    by the more winning authority of our
 ,saviour ,christ4 ,experience has      
shown the inefficacy of the mere        
injunctions of ,church order1 however   
scripturally enforced1 in restraining   
from schism the awakened and    anxious 
sinner2 who goes to a dissenting        
preacher because 7as he    expresses it7
 he gets good from him3 and though he   
does not stand    excused in ,god's     
sight for yielding to the temptation1   
surely the    ministers of the ,church  
are not blameless if1 by keeping back   
the more    gracious and consoling      
truths provided for the little ones of  
,christ1    they indirectly lead him    
into it4 ,had he been taught as a child1
 that    the ,sacraments1 not preaching1
 are the sources of ,divine ,grace2 that
    the ,apostolical ministry had a     
virtue in it which went out over the    
whole ,church1 when sought by the prayer
 of faith2 that fellowship with    it   
was a gift and privilege1 as well as a  
duty1 we could not have had    so many  

wanderers from our fold1 nor so many    
cold hearts within it4      ,this       
instance may suggest many others of the 
superior influence of    an apostolical 
over a mere secular method of teaching4 
,the awakened    mind knows its wants1  
but cannot provide for them2 and in its 
hunger    will feed upon ashes1 if it   
cannot obtain the pure milk of the word4
    ,methodism and ,popery are in       
different ways the refuge of those whom 
the ,church stints of the gifts of      
grace2 they are the foster-mothers    of
 abandoned children4 ,the neglect of the
 daily service1 the    desecration of   
festivals1 the ,eucharist scantily      
administered1    insubordination        
permitted in all ranks of the ,church1  
orders and    offices imperfectly       
developed1 the want of societies for    
particular    religious objects1 and the
 like deficiencies1 lead the feverish   
mind1    desirous of a vent to its      
feelings1 and a stricter rule of life1  
to    the smaller religious communities1

 to prayer and ,bible meetings1 and     
ill-advised institutions and societies1 
on the one hand1 on the other1    to the
 solemn and captivating services by     
which ,popery gains its    proselytes4  
,moreover1 the multitude of men cannot  
teach or guide    themselves2 and an    
injunction given them to depend on their
 private    judgment1 cruel in itself1  
is doubly hurtful1 as throwing them on  
such    teachers as speak daringly and  
promise largely1 and not only aid but   
supersede individual exertion4          
,these remarks may serve as a clue1 for 
those who care to pursue it1 to    the  
views which have led to the publication 
of the following ,tracts4    ,the       
,church of ,christ was intended to cope 
with human nature in all its    forms1  
and surely the gifts vouchsafed it are  
adequate for that    gracious purpose4  
,there are zealous sons and servants of 
her ,english    branch1 who see with    
sorrow that she is defrauded of her full
    usefulness by particular theories   

and principles of the present age1      
which interfere with the execution of   
one portion of her commission2    and   
while they consider that the revival of 
this portion of truth is    especially  
adapted to break up existing parties in 
the ,church1 and to    form instead a   
bond of union among all who love the    
,lord ,jesus ,christ    in sincerity1   
they believe that nothing but these     
neglected doctrines1    faithfully      
preached1 will repress that extension of
 ,popery1 for which    the ever         
multiplying divisions of the religious  
world are too clearly    preparing the  
way4    ,another publication ought to be
 noticed1 a result of the ,hadleigh     
meeting1 which exhibited the leading    
ideas of the conference1 and  especially
 of the more conservative members of it4
 ,this was a little  work in question   
and answer1 called the ,churchman's     
,manual1 drawn up  in part some time    
before the meeting by ,mr4 ,perceval1   
and submitted to  the revision of ,mr4  

,rose and ,mr4 ,palmer4 ,it was intended
 to be a  supplement to the ,church     
,catechism1 as to the nature and claims 
of the  ,church and its ,ministers4 ,it 
is a terse1 clear1 careful1 and1 as was 
inevitable1 rather dry summary of the   
,anglican theory1 and of the  position  
which the ,english ,church holds to the 
,roman ,church1 and to the  ,dissenters4
 ,it was further revised at the         
conference1 and some  important         
suggestions were made by ,froude2 and   
then ,mr4 ,perceval1 who  had great     
hopes from the publication1 and spared  
himself no pains to  make it perfect1   
submitted it for revision and advice to 
a number of  representative ,churchmen4 
,the ,scotch ,bishops whom he consulted 
were warm  in approval1 especially the  
venerable and saintly ,bishop ,jolly2 as
 were  also a number of men of weight   
and authority in ,england3 ,judge ,allan
  ,park1 ,joshua ,watson1 ,mr4 ,sikes of
 ,guilsborough1 ,mr4 ,churton of        
,crayke1  ,mr4 ,h4,h4 ,norris1 ,dr4     

,wordsworth1 and ,dr4 ,routh4 ,it was   
then laid before  the ,archbishop for   
correction1 or1 if desirable1           
suppression2 and for  his sanction if   
approved4 ,the answer was what might    
have been expected1  that there was no  
objection to it1 but that official      
sanction must be  declined on general   
grounds4 ,after all this ,mr4 ,perceval 
not unnaturally  claimed for it special 
importance4 ,it was really1 he observed1
 the  first ,tract1 systematically put  
forth1 and its preparation apparently   
gave rise to the series2 and it was the 
only one which received the  approval of
 all immediately concerned in the       
movement4 ,the care  bestowed on it1 he 
says1 probably exceeds that which any   
theological  publication in the ,english
 communion received for a long time2 and
  further1 it shows that the foundation 
of the movement with which ,mr4  ,rose  
was connected1 was laid with all the    
care and circumspection that  reason    
could well suggest4 ,it appears to have 

had a circulation1 but  there is no     
reason to think that it had any         
considerable influence1 one  way or     
other1 on opinion in the ,church4 ,when 
it was referred to in  after-years by   
,mr4 ,perceval in his own vindication1  
it was almost  forgotten4 ,more         
interesting1 if not more important1     
,tracts had thrown it  into the shade4  
,,footnotes3    #cg ,apol4 p4 #ajj4     
#ch ,palmer1 ,narrative1 #ahdc          
7republished #ahhc71 pp4 #e1 #ah4    #ci
 ,palmer 7#ahhc71 pp4 #dj1 #dc1 ,june   
#ahcc1 when he joined us at  ,oxford4   
#dj ,see ,palmer's account 7#ahhc71 pp4 
#de-dg1 and 7#ahdc71 pp4 #f1g4    #da   
,mr4 ,rose 444 was the one commanding   
figure and very lovable man1  that the  
frightened and discomfited ,church      
people were now rallying  round4 ,few   
people have left so distinct an         
impression of themselves as  this       
gentleman4 ,for many years after1 when  
he was no more1 and ,newman  had left   
,rose's standpoint far behind1 he could 

never speak of him or  think of him     
without renewed tenderness 7,mr4 ,t4    
,mozley1  ,reminiscences1 i4 #cjh74     
,in ,november #ahch1 shortly before ,mr4
 ,rose's death1 ,mr4 ,newman had        
dedicated a volume of sermons to        
him--who1 when hearts were failing1     
bade us stir up the gift that was in us1
 and betake ourselves to our  true      
mother 7,parochial ,sermons1 vol4 iv47  
#db ,narrative of ,events connected with
 the publication of ,tracts for  the    
,times1 by ,w4 ,palmer 7published #ahdc1
 republished #ahhc71 pp4 #if-ajj        
7abridged74    #dc ,collection of       
,papers connected with the ,theological 
,movement of  #ahcc1 by ,a4,p4 ,perceval
 7#ahdb71 p4 #be4    #dd ,palmer's      
,narrative 7#ahcc71 p4 #aja    #de      
,collection of ,papers1 p4 #ab4    #df  
,that portentous birth of time1 the     
,tracts for the  ,times4--,mozley1      
,remin1 i4 #caa4    #dg ,froude1        
,remains1 i4 #bfe4          ,,chapter   
,,vii    ,,the ,,tractarians      ,thus 

had been started--hurriedly perhaps1 yet
 not without counting the  cost--a great
 enterprise1 which had for its object to
 rouse the ,church  from its lethargy1  
and to strengthen and purify religion1  
by making it  deeper and more real2 and 
they who had put their hands to the     
plough  were not to look back any more4 
,it was not a popular appeal2 it        
addressed itself not to the many but to 
the few2 it sought to inspire  and to   
teach the teachers4 ,there was no       
thought as yet of acting on the  middle 
classes1 or on the ignorance and        
wretchedness of the great towns1  though
 ,newman had laid down that the ,church 
must rest on the people1 and  ,froude   
looked forward to colleges of unmarried 
priests as the true way  to evangelise  
the crowds4 ,there was no display about 
this attempt1 no  eloquence1 nothing    
attractive in the way of original       
speculation or  sentimental interest4   
,it was suspicious1 perhaps too         
suspicious1 of the  excitement and want 

of soberness1 almost inevitable in      
strong appeals to  the masses of        
mankind4 ,it brought no new doctrine1   
but professed to go  back to what was   
obvious and old-fashioned and           
commonplace4 ,it taught  people to think
 less of preaching than of what in an   
age of excitement  were invidiously     
called forms--of the sacraments and     
services of the  ,church4 ,it           
discouraged1 even to the verge of an    
intended dryness1 all  that was showy1  
all that in thought or expression or    
manner it condemned  under the name of  
flash4 ,it laid stress on the exercise  
of an inner  and unseen self-discipline1
 and the cultivation of the less        
interesting  virtues of industry1       
humility1 self-distrust1 and obedience4 
,if from its  writers proceeded works   
which had impressed people--a volume    
like the  ,christian ,year1 poems       
original in their force and their       
tenderness1  like some of those in the  
,lyra ,apostolica1 sermons which        

arrested the  hearers by their keenness 
and pathetic undertone--the force of all
 this  was not the result of literary   
ambition and effort1 but the reflexion1 
unconscious1 unsought1 of thought and   
feeling that could not otherwise        
express itself1 and that was thrown into
 moulds shaped by habitual  refinement  
and cultivated taste4 ,it was from the  
first a movement from  which1 as much by
 instinct and temper as by deliberate   
intention1  self-seeking in all its     
forms was excluded4 ,those whom it      
influenced  looked not for great things 
for themselves1 nor thought of making a 
mark  in the world4    ,the first year  
after the ,hadleigh meeting 7#ahcd7     
passed uneventfully4  ,the various      
addresses in which ,mr4 ,palmer was     
interested1 the election  and           
installation of the ,duke of ,wellington
 as ,chancellor1 the enthusiasm  and    
hopes called forth by the occasion1 were
 public and prominent  matters4 ,the    
,tracts were steadily swelling in       

number2 the busy  distribution of them  
had ceased1 and they had begun to excite
 interest  and give rise to questions4  
,mr4 ,palmer1 who had never liked the   
,tracts1  became more uneasy2 yet he did
 not altogether refuse to contribute to 
them4 ,others gave their help1 among    
them ,mr4 ,perceval1 ,froude1 the two   
,kebles1 and ,mr4 ,newman's friend1 a   
layman1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,bowden2 some of the   
younger scholars furnished translations 
from the ,fathers2 but the bulk  and    
most forcible of the ,tracts were still 
the work of ,mr4 ,newman4 ,but  the     
,tracts were not the most powerful      
instruments in drawing sympathy to  the 
movement4 ,none but those who remember  
them can adequately estimate  the effect
 of ,mr4 ,newman's four o'clock sermons 
at ,st4 ,mary's4#dh ,the  world knows   
them1 has heard a great deal about them1
 has passed its  various judgments on   
them4 ,but it hardly realises that      
without those  sermons the movement     
might never have gone on1 certainly     

would never  have been what it was4     
,even people who heard them continually1
 and felt  them to be different from any
 other sermons1 hardly estimated their  
real  power1 or knew at the time the    
influence which the sermons were having 
upon them4 ,plain1 direct1 unornamented1
 clothed in ,english that was only  pure
 and lucid1 free from any faults of     
taste1 strong in their  flexibility and 
perfect command both of language and    
thought1 they were  the expression of a 
piercing and large insight into         
character and  conscience and motives1  
of a sympathy at once most tender and   
most stern  with the tempted and the    
wavering1 of an absolute and burning    
faith in  ,god and ,his counsels1 in    
,his love1 in ,his judgments1 in the    
awful glory  of ,his generosity and ,his
 magnificence4 ,they made men think of  
the  things which the preacher spoke of1
 and not of the sermon or the  preacher4
 ,since #ahbh this preaching had been   
going on at ,st4 ,mary's1  growing in   

purpose and directness as the years went
 on1 though it could  hardly be more    
intense than in some of its earliest    
examples4 ,while men  were reading and  
talking about the ,tracts1 they were    
hearing the  sermons2 and in the sermons
 they heard the living meaning1 and     
reason1  and bearing of the ,tracts1    
their ethical affinities1 their moral   
standard4 ,the sermons created a moral  
atmosphere1 in which men judged  the    
questions in debate4 ,it was no dry     
theological correctness and             
completeness which were sought for4 ,no 
love of privilege1 no formal            
hierarchical claims1 urged on the       
writers4 ,what they thought in danger1  
what they aspired to revive and save1   
was the very life of religion1 the      
truth and substance of all that makes it
 the hope of human society4    ,but     
indeed1 by this time1 out of the little 
company of friends which a  common      
danger and a common loyalty to the      
,church had brought together1  one ,mr4 

,newman1 had drawn ahead1 and was now in
 the front4 ,unsought  for1 as the      
,apologia makes so clear--unsought for1 
as the contemporary  letters of         
observing friends attest--unsought for1 
as the whole tenor of  his life has     
proved--the position of leader in a     
great crisis came to  him1 because it   
must come4 ,he was not unconscious that1
 as he had felt  in his sickness in     
,sicily1 he had a work to do4 ,but there
 was shyness  and self-distrust in his  
nature as well as energy2 and it was the
 force  of genius1 and a lofty          
character1 and the statesman's eye1     
taking in and  judging accurately the   
whole of a complicated scene1 which     
conferred the  gifts1 and imposed       
inevitably and without dispute the      
obligations and  responsibilities of    
leadership4 ,dr4 ,pusey of course was a 
friend of  great account1 but he was as 
yet in the background1 a venerated and  
rather awful person1 from his position  
not mixing in the easy  intercourse of  

common-room life1 but to be consulted on
 emergencies4  ,round ,mr4 ,newman      
gathered1 with a curious mixture of     
freedom1 devotion1  and awe--for1 with  
unlimited power of sympathy1 he was     
exacting and even  austere in his       
friendships--the best men of his        
college1 either  ,fellows--,r4          
,wilberforce1 ,thomas ,mozley1 ,frederic
 ,rogers1 ,j4,f4 ,christie2  or old     
pupils--,henry ,wilberforce1 ,r4,f4     
,wilson1 ,william ,froude1 ,robert      
,williams1 ,s4,f4 ,wood1 ,james ,bliss1 
,james ,mozley2 and in addition some    
outsiders--,woodgate of ,st4 ,john's1   
,isaac ,williams and ,copeland1 of his  
old ,college1 ,trinity4 ,these1 members 
of his intimate circle1 were bound  to  
him not merely by enthusiastic          
admiration and confidence1 but by a     
tenderness of affection1 a mixture of   
the gratitude and reliance of           
discipleship with the warm love of      
friendship1 of which one has to go  back
 far for examples1 and which has had    

nothing like it in our days at  ,oxford4
 ,and ,newman was making his mark as a  
writer4 ,the ,arians1 though  an        
imperfect book1 was one which1 for      
originality and subtlety of  thought1   
was something very unlike the usual     
theological writing of the  day4 ,there 
was no doubt of his power1 and his mind 
was brimming over  with ideas on the    
great questions which were rising into  
view4 ,it was  clear to all who know him
 that he could speak on them as no one  
else  could4    ,towards the end of     
#ahcd1 and in the course of #ahce1 an   
event happened  which had a great and   
decisive influence on the character and 
fortunes  of the movement4 ,this was the
 accession to it of ,dr4 ,pusey4 ,he had
  looked favourably on it from the      
first1 partly from his friendship with  
,mr4 ,newman1 partly from the workings  
of his own mind4 ,but he had nothing  to
 do with the starting of it1 except that
 he early contributed an  elaborate     
paper on ,fasting4 ,the ,oxford branch  

of the movement1 as  distinguished from 
that which ,mr4 ,palmer represented1    
consisted up to  #ahcd almost           
exclusively of junior men1 personal     
friends of ,mr4 ,newman1  and most of   
them ,oriel men4 ,mr4 ,newman's deep    
convictions1 his fiery  enthusiasm1 had 
given the ,tracts their first stamp and 
impress1 and had  sent them flying over 
the country among the clergy on his own 
responsibility4 ,they answered their    
purpose4 ,they led to widespread and    
sometimes deep searchings of heart2 to  
some they seemed to speak forth  what   
had been long dormant within them1 what 
their minds had  unconsciously and      
vaguely thought and longed for2 to some 
they seemed a  challenge pregnant with  
danger4 ,but still they were but an     
outburst of  individual feeling and     
zeal1 which1 if nothing more came of its
  fragmentary displays1 might blaze and 
come to nothing4 ,there was  nothing yet
 which spoke outwardly of the           
consistency and weight of a  serious    

attempt to influence opinion and to     
produce a practical and  lasting effect 
on the generation which was passing4    
,cardinal ,newman1 in  the ,apologia1   
has attributed to ,dr4 ,pusey's         
unreserved adhesion to the  cause which 
the ,tracts represented a great change  
in regard to the  weight and            
completeness of what was written and    
done4 ,dr4 ,pusey1 he  writes1 gave us  
at once a position and a name4 ,without 
him we should  have had no chance1      
especially at the early date of #ahcd1  
of making any  serious resistance to the
 liberal aggression4 ,but ,dr4 ,pusey   
was a  ,professor and ,canon of ,christ 
,church2 he had a vast influence in     
consequence of his deep religious       
seriousness1 the munificence of his     
charities1 his ,professorship1 his      
family connexions1 and his easy         
relations with the ,university          
authorities4 ,he was to the movement all
  that ,mr4 ,rose might have been1 with 
that indispensable addition1 which  was 

wanting to ,mr4 ,rose1 the intimate     
friendship and the familiar daily       
society of the persons who had commenced
 it4 ,and he had that special  claim on 
their attachment which lies in the      
living presence of a  faithful and loyal
 affectionateness4 ,there was henceforth
 a man who  could be the head and centre
 of the zealous people in every part of 
the  country who were adopting the new  
opinions2 and not only so1 but there    
was one who furnished the movement with 
a front to the world1 and gained  for it
 a recognition from other parties in the
 ,university4#di    ,this is not too    
much to say of the effect of ,dr4       
,pusey's adhesion4 ,it  gave the        
movement a second head1 in close        
sympathy with its original  leader1 but 
in many ways very different from him4   
,dr4 ,pusey became1 as  it were1 its    
official chief in the eyes of the world4
 ,he became also1 in  a remarkable      
degree1 a guarantee for its stability   
and steadiness3 a  guarantee that its   

chiefs knew what they were about1 and   
meant nothing  but what was for the     
benefit of the ,english ,church4 ,he    
was1 we read in  the ,apologia1 a man of
 large designs2 he had a hopeful1       
sanguine  mind2 he had no fear of       
others2 he was haunted by no            
intellectual  perplexities4444 ,if      
confidence in his position is 7as it is7
 a first  essential in the leader of a  
party1 ,dr4 ,pusey had it4 ,an          
inflexible  patience1 a serene          
composure1 a meek1 resolute             
self-possession1 was the  habit of his  
mind1 and never deserted him in the most
 trying days4 ,he  never for an instant1
 as the paragraph witnesses1 wavered or 
doubted  about the position of the      
,english ,church4    ,he was eminently1 
as his friend justly observes1 a man of 
large  designs4 ,it is doubtless true1  
as the ,apologia goes on to say1 that   
it was due to the place which he now    
took in the movement that great  changes
 were made in the form and character of 

the ,tracts4 ,to ,dr4  ,pusey's mind1   
accustomed to large and exhaustive      
theological reading1  they wanted       
fulness1 completeness1 the importance   
given by careful  arrangement and       
abundant knowledge4 ,it was not for     
nothing that he had  passed an          
apprenticeship among the divines of     
,germany1 and been the  friend and      
correspondent of ,tholuck1              
,schleiermacher1 ,ewald1 and ,sack4 ,he 
knew the meaning of real learning4 ,in  
controversy it was his  sledge-hammer   
and battle-mace1 and he had the strong  
and sinewy hand to  use it with effect4 
,he observed that when attention had    
been roused to  the ancient doctrines of
 the ,church by the startling and       
peremptory  language of the earlier     
,tracts1 fairness and justice demanded  
that these  doctrines should be fully   
and carefully explained and defended    
against  misrepresentation and mistake4 
,forgetfulness and ignorance had thrown 
these doctrines so completely into the  

shade that1 identified as they  were    
with the best ,english divinity1 they   
now wore the air of amazing  novelties2 
and it was only due to honest inquirers 
to satisfy them with  solid and adequate
 proof4 ,dr4 ,pusey's influence was felt
 at once4 ,he  saw that there ought to  
be more sobriety1 more gravity1 more    
careful  pains1 more sense of           
responsibility in the ,tracts and in the
 whole  movement4 ,at the end of #ahce  
,dr4 ,pusey gave an example of what he  
meant4 ,in place of the short and       
incomplete papers1 such as the  earlier 
,tracts had been1 ,nos4 #fg1 #fh1 and   
#fi formed the three parts of a         
closely-printed pamphlet of more than   
#cjj pages4#ej ,it was a treatise  on   
,baptism1 perhaps the most elaborate    
that has yet appeared in the  ,english  
language4 ,it is to be regarded1 says   
the advertisement to the  second volume 
of the ,tracts1 not as an inquiry into a
 single or  isolated doctrine1 but as a 
delineation and serious examination of a

  modern system of theology1 of         
extensive popularity and great          
speciousness1 in its elementary and     
characteristic principles4 ,the  ,tract 
on ,baptism was like the advance of a   
battery of heavy artillery on  a field  
where the battle has been hitherto      
carried on by skirmishing and  musketry4
 ,it altered the look of things and the 
condition of the  fighting4 ,after ,no4 
#fg the earlier form of the ,tracts     
appeared no more4  ,except two or three 
reprints from writers like ,bishop      
,wilson1 the ,tracts  from ,no4 #gj to  
,no4 #ij were either grave and carefully
 worked out essays  on some question    
arising out of the discussions of the   
time1 or else  those ponderous catenae  
of patristic or ,anglican divinity1 by  
which  the historical continuity and    
,church authority of various points of  
doctrine were established4    ,dr4      
,pusey was indeed a man of large        
designs4 ,the vision rose before  him of
 a revived and instructed ,church1      

earnest in purpose and strict in  life1 
and of a great ,christian ,university   
roused and quickened to a  sense of its 
powers and responsibilities4 ,he thought
 of the enormous  advantages offered by 
its magnificent foundations for serious 
study and  the production of works for  
which time and deep learning and        
continuous  labour were essential4 ,such
 works1 in the hands of single-minded   
students1 living lives of simplicity and
 hard toil1 had in the case of  the     
,portroyalists1 the ,oratorians1 and    
above all1 the ,benedictines of  ,st4   
,maur1 splendidly redeemed the ,church  
of ,france1 in otherwise evil  days1    
from the reproach of idleness and       
self-indulgence4 ,he found under  his   
hand men who had in them something of   
the making of students2 and he  hoped to
 see college fellowships filled more and
 more by such men1 and  the life of a   
college fellow more and more recognised 
as that of a man  to whom learning1 and 
especially sacred learning1 was his call

 and  sufficient object1 as pastoral or 
educational work might be the call of   
others4 ,where fellowships were not to  
be had1 he encouraged such men to  stay 
up in ,oxford2 he took them into his own
 house2 later1 he tried a  kind of hall 
to receive them4 ,and by way of         
beginning at once1 and  giving them     
something to do1 he planned on a large  
scale a series of  translations and also
 editions of the ,fathers4 ,it was      
announced1 with an  elaborate           
prospectus1 in #ahcf1 under the title1  
in conformity with the  usage of the    
time1 which had ,libraries of ,useful   
,knowledge1 etc41 of a  ,library of     
,fathers of the ,holy ,catholic ,church 
anterior to the ,division  of the ,east 
and ,west1 under the editorship of ,dr4 
,pusey1 ,mr4 ,keble1  and ,mr4 ,newman4 
,it was dedicated to the ,archbishop of 
,canterbury1 and  had a considerable    
number of ,bishops among its            
subscribers4 ,down to a  very late date1
 the ,library of the ,fathers1 in which 

,charles ,marriott  came to take a      
leading part1 was a matter of much      
concern to ,dr4 ,pusey4  ,and to bring  
men together1 and to interest them in   
theological subjects1  he had evening   
meetings at his own house1 where papers 
were read and  discussed4 ,some persons1
 writes a gossiping chronicler of the   
time1#ea thought that these meetings    
were liable to the statute1 ,de         
conventiculis illicitis reprimendis4    
,some important papers were the  result 
of these meetings2 but the meetings     
themselves were irresistibly  sleepy1   
and in time they were discontinued4 ,but
 indefatigable and  powerful in all     
these beginnings ,dr4 ,pusey stirred men
 to activity and  saw great ground of   
hope4 ,he was prepared for opposition1  
but he had  boundless reliance on his   
friends and his cause4 ,his forecast of 
the  future1 of great days in store for 
the ,church of ,england1 was1 not       
unreasonably1 one of great promise4 ,ten
 years might work wonders4 ,the  last   

fear that occurred to him was that      
within ten years a hopeless  rift1 not  
of affection but of conviction1 would   
have run through that  company of       
friends1 and parted irrevocably their   
course and work in  life4               
,,footnotes3    #dh ,the subjoined      
extracts record the impression made by  
,mr4 ,newman's  preaching on            
contemporaries well qualified to judge1 
and standing  respectively in very      
different relations to the movement4    
,this is the  judgment of a very close  
observer1 and very independent critic1  
,james  ,mozley4 ,in an article in the  
,christian ,remembrancer1 ,january #ahdf
 7p4  #afi71 after speaking of the      
obvious reasons of ,mr4 ,newman's       
influence1 he proceeds3--      ,we      
inquire further1 and we find that this  
influence has been of a    peculiarly   
ethical and inward kind2 that it has    
touched the deepest    part of our      
minds1 and that the great work on which 
it has been    founded is a practical1  

religious one--his ,sermons4 ,we speak  
not from    our own fixed impression1   
however deeply felt1 but from what we   
have    heard and observed everywhere1  
from the natural1 incidental1           
unconscious remarks dropped from        
persons' mouths1 and evidently          
showing what they thought and felt4 ,for
 ourselves1 we must say1 one of    ,mr4 
,newman's sermons is to us a marvellous 
production4 ,it has perfect    power1   
and perfect nature2 but the latter it is
 which makes it so    great4 ,a sermon  
of ,mr4 ,newman's enters into all our   
feelings1 ideas1    modes of viewing    
things4 ,he wonderfully realises a state
 of mind1    enters into a difficulty1 a
 temptation1 a disappointment1 a grief2 
he    goes into the different turns and 
incidental1 unconscious symptoms of    a
 case1 with notions which come into the 
head and go out again1 and    are       
forgotten1 till some chance recalls     
them4444 ,to take the first    instance 
that happens to occur to us 444 we have 

often been struck by    the keen way in 
which he enters into a regular          
tradesman's    vice--avarice1           
fortune-getting1 amassing capital1 and  
so on4 ,this is    not a temper to which
 we can imagine ,mr4 ,newman ever having
 felt in    his own mind even the       
temptation2 but he understands it1 and  
the    temptation to it1 as perfectly as
 any merchant could4 ,no man of         
business could express it more          
naturally1 more pungently1 more ex      
animo4444 ,so with the view that worldly
 men take of religion1 in a    certain  
sense1 he quite enters into it1 and the 
world's point of view3    he sees1 with 
a regular worldly man's eye1 religion   
vanishing into    nothing1 and becoming 
an unreality1 while the visible system  
of life    and facts1 politics and      
society1 gets more and more solid and   
grows    upon him4 ,the whole influence 
of the world on the imagination2 the    
weight of example2 the force of         
repetition2 the way in which maxims1    

rules1 sentiments1 by being simply      
sounded in the ear from day to day1     
seem to prove themselves1 and make      
themselves believed by being often      
heard1--every part of the easy1 natural1
 passive process by which a    man      
becomes a man of the world is entered   
into1 as if the preacher    were going  
to justify or excuse him1 rather than   
condemn him4 ,nay1 he    enters deeply  
into what even scepticism has to say for
 itself2 he puts    himself into the    
infidel's state of mind1 in which the   
world1 as a    great fact1 seems to give
 the lie to all religions1 converting   
them    into phenomena which            
counterbalance and negative each other1 
and he    goes down into that lowest    
abyss and bottom of things1 at which the
    intellect undercuts spiritual truth 
altogether4 ,he enters into the         
ordinary common states of mind just in  
the same way4 ,he is most    consoling1 
most sympathetic4 ,he sets before       
persons their own feelings    with such 

truth of detail1 such natural expressive
 touches1 that they    seem not to be   
ordinary states of mind which everybody 
has1 but very    peculiar ones2 for he  
and the reader seem to be the only two  
persons    in the world that have them  
in common4 ,here is the point4 ,persons 
look    into ,mr4 ,newman's sermons and 
see their own thoughts in them4 ,this   
is1    after all1 what as much as       
anything gives a book hold upon         
minds4444    ,wonderful pathetic power1 
that can so intimately1 so subtilely and
    kindly1 deal with the soul6--and    
wonderful soul that can be so dealt     
with4    ,compare with this the judgment
 pronounced by one of quite a different 
school1 the late ,principal ,shairp3--  
,both ,dr4 ,pusey and ,mr4 ,keble at    
that time were quite second in          
importance to ,mr4 ,newman4 ,the centre 
from which his power went forth    was  
the pulpit of ,st4 ,mary's1 with those  
wonderful afternoon sermons4    ,sunday 
after ,sunday1 year by year1 they went  

on1 each continuing and    deepening the
 impression produced by the last4 ,as   
the hour interfered    with the         
dinner-hour of the ,colleges1 most men  
preferred a warm dinner    without      
,newman's sermon to a cold one with it2 
so the audience was not    crowded--the 
large church little more than half      
filled4 ,the service    was very simple1
 no pomp1 no ritualism2 for it was      
characteristic of    the leading men of 
the movement that they left these things
 to the    weaker brethren4 ,their      
thoughts1 at all events1 were set on    
great    questions which touched the    
heart of unseen things4 ,about the      
service1    the most remarkable thing   
was the beauty1 the silver intonation of
 ,mr4    ,newman's voice as he read the 
lessons4444 ,when he began to preach1 a 
stranger was not likely to be much      
struck4 ,here was no vehemence1 no      
declamation1 no show of elaborated      
argument1 so that one who came          
prepared to hear a great intellectual   

effort was almost sure to go    away    
disappointed4 ,indeed1 we believe that  
if he had preached one of    his ,st4   
,mary's sermons before a ,scotch town   
congregation1 they would    have thought
 the preacher a silly body4444 ,those   
who never heard him    might fancy that 
his sermons would generally be about    
apostolical    succession1 or rights of 
the ,church1 or against ,dissenters4    
,nothing of    the kind4 ,you might hear
 him preach for weeks without an        
allusion to    these things4 ,what there
 was of ,high ,church teaching was      
implied    rather than enforced4 ,the   
local1 the temporary1 and the modern    
were    ennobled by the presence of the 
,catholic truth belonging to all ages   
that pervaded the whole4 ,his power     
showed itself chiefly in the new    and 
unlooked-for way in which he touched    
into life old truths1 moral    or       
spiritual1 which all ,christians        
acknowledge1 but most have ceased    to 
feel--when he spoke of unreal words1 of 

the individuality of the    soul1 of the
 invisible world1 of a particular       
,providence1 or    again1 of the        
ventures of faith1 warfare the condition
 of victory1    the ,cross of ,christ   
the measure of the world1 the ,church a 
,home for    the lonely4 ,as he spoke1  
how the old truth became new2 how it    
came    home with a meaning never felt  
before6 ,he laid his finger how gently1 
yet how powerfully1 on some inner place 
in the hearer's heart1 and    told him  
things about himself he had never known 
till then4 ,subtlest    truths1 which it
 would have taken philosophers pages of 
circumlocution    and big words to      
state1 were dropt out by the way in a   
sentence or two    of the most          
transparent ,saxon4 ,what delicacy of   
style1 yet what    strength6 how simple1
 yet how suggestive6 how homely1 yet how
 refined6    how penetrating1 yet how   
tender-hearted6 ,if now and then there  
was a    forlorn undertone which at the 
time seemed inexplicable1 you might be  

perplexed at the drift of what he said1 
but you felt all the more    drawn to   
the speaker4 444 ,after hearing these   
sermons you might come    away still not
 believing the tenets peculiar to the   
,high ,church    system2 but you would  
be harder than most men1 if you did not 
feel    more than ever ashamed of       
coarseness1 selfishness1 worldliness1 if
 you    did not feel the things of faith
 brought closer to the soul4--,john     
,keble1 by ,j4 ,c4 ,shairp1 ,professor  
of ,humanity1 ,st4 ,andrews 7#ahff71    
pp4 #ab-ag4    ,i venture to add the    
judgment of another contemporary1 on the
 effect of  this preaching1 from the    
,reminiscences of ,sir ,f4 ,doyle1 p4   
#ade3--      ,that great man's          
extraordinary genius drew all those     
within his    sphere1 like a magnet1 to 
attach themselves to him and his        
doctrines4    ,nay1 before he became a  
,romanist1 what we may call his mesmeric
    influence acted not only on his     
,tractarian adherents1 but even in some 

degree on outsiders like myself4        
,whenever ,i was at ,oxford1 ,i used to 
go regularly on ,sunday afternoons to   
listen to his sermon at ,st4    ,mary's1
 and ,i have never heard such preaching 
since4 ,i do not know    whether it is a
 mere fancy of mine1 or whether those   
who know him    better will accept and  
endorse my belief1 that one element of  
his    wonderful power showed itself    
after this fashion4 ,he always began as 
if he had determined to set forth his   
idea of the truth in the    plainest and
 simplest language--language1 as men    
say1 intelligible to    the meanest     
understanding4 ,but his ardent zeal and 
fine poetical    imagination were not   
thus to be controlled4 ,as ,i hung upon 
his words1    it seemed to me as if ,i  
could trace behind his will1 and        
pressing1 so    to speak1 against it1 a 
rush of thoughts1 of feelings which he  
kept    struggling to hold back1 but in 
the end they were generally too strong  
for him1 and poured themselves out in a 

torrent of eloquence all the    more    
impetuous from having been so long      
repressed4 ,the effect of these         
outbursts was irresistible1 and carried 
his hearers beyond themselves    at     
once4 ,even when his efforts of         
self-restraint were more successful1    
those very efforts gave a life and      
colour to his style which riveted    the
 attention of all within the reach of   
his voice4 ,mr4 ,justin    ,mc,carthy1  
in his ,history of ,our ,own ,times1    
says of him3 ,in all the    arts that   
make a great preacher or orator1        
,cardinal ,newman was    deficient4 ,his
 manner was constrained and ungraceful1 
and even    awkward2 his voice was thin 
and weak1 his bearing was not at first  
impressive in any way--a gaunt emaciated
 figure1 a sharp eagle face1    and a   
cold meditative eye1 rather repelled    
than attracted those who    saw him for 
the first time4 ,i do not think ,mr4    
,mc,carthy's phrases    very happily    
chosen to convey his meaning4 ,surely a 

gaunt emaciated    frame and a sharp    
eagle face are the very characteristics 
which we    should picture to ourselves 
as belonging to ,peter the ,hermit1 or  
,scott's ,ephraim ,macbriar in ,old     
,mortality4 ,however unimpressive the   
look of an eagle may be in ,mr4         
,mc,carthy's opinion1 ,i do not agree   
with    him about ,dr4 ,newman4         
,when ,i knew him at ,oxford1 these     
somewhat disparaging remarks would      
not have been applicable4 ,his manner1  
it is true1 may have been               
self-repressed1 constrained it was not4 
,his bearing was neither    awkward nor 
ungraceful2 it was simply quiet and     
calm1 because under    strict control2  
but beneath that calmness1 intense      
feeling1 ,i think1    was obvious to    
those who had any instinct of sympathy  
with him4 ,but if    ,mr4 ,mc,carthy's  
acquaintance with him only began when he
 took office in    an ,irish ,catholic  
university1 ,i can quite understand that
 7flexibility    not being one of his   

special gifts7 he may have failed now   
and again    to bring himself into      
perfect harmony with an ,irish audience4
 ,he was    probably too much of a      
typical ,englishman for his place2      
nevertheless    ,mr4 ,mc,carthy1 though 
he does not seem to have admired him in 
the    pulpit1 is fully sensible of his 
intellectual powers and general         
eminence4      ,dr4 ,pusey1 who used    
every now and then to take ,newman's    
duties at ,st4    ,mary's1 was to me a  
much less interesting person4 ,a learned
 man1 no    doubt1 but dull and tedious 
as a preacher4 ,certainly1 in spite of  
the    name ,puseyism having been given 
to the ,oxford attempt at a new         
,catholic departure1 he was not the     
,columbus of that voyage of    discovery
 undertaken to find a safer haven for   
the ,church of ,england4    ,i may1     
however1 be more or less unjust to him1 
as ,i owe him a sort of    grudge4 ,his 
discourses were not only less attractive
 than those of ,dr4    ,newman1 but     

always much longer1 and the result of   
this was that the    learned ,canon of  
,christ ,church generally made me late  
for dinner at my    ,college1 a calamity
 never inflicted on his ,all ,souls'    
hearers by the    terser and swifter    
fellow of ,oriel whom he was replacing4 
#di ,apologia1 p #acf4    #ej ,it       
swelled in the second edition to #djj   
pages in spite of the fact  that in that
 edition the historical range of the    
treatise was greatly  reduced4    #ea   
,recollections of ,oxford1 by ,g4,v4    
,cox1 p4 #bgh4          ,,chapter ,,viii
    ,,subscription ,,at ,,matriculation 
,,and ,,admission ,,of ,,dissenters     
,depend upon it1 an earnest ,high       
,churchman of the ,joshua ,watson type  
had said to one of ,mr4 ,newman's       
friends1 who was a link between the old 
,churchmanship and the new--depend upon 
it1 the day will come when those  great 
doctrines connected with the ,church1   
now buried1 will be brought  out to the 
light of the day1 and then the effect   

will be quite  fearful4#eb ,with the    
publication of the ,tracts for the      
,times1 and  the excitement caused by   
them1 the day had come4    ,their       
unflinching and severe proclamation of  
,church principles and  ,church         
doctrines coincided with a state of     
feeling and opinion in the  country1 in 
which two very different tendencies     
might be observed4 ,they  fell on the   
public mind just when one of these      
tendencies would help  them1 and the    
other be fiercely hostile4 ,on the one  
hand1 the issue of  the political       
controversy with the ,roman ,catholics1 
their triumph all  along the line1 and  
the now scarcely disguised contempt     
shown by their  political               
representatives for the pledges and     
explanations on which  their relief was 
supposed to have been conceded1 had left
 the public  mind sore1 angry1 and      
suspicious4 ,orthodox and ,evangelicals 
were alike  alarmed and indignant2 and  
the ,evangelicals1 always doctrinally   

jealous  of ,popery1 and of anything    
unsound in that direction1 had been     
roused  to increased irritation by the  
proceedings of the ,reformation         
,society1  which had made it its        
business to hold meetings and           
discussions all over  the country1 where
 fervid and sometimes eloquent and able 
,irishmen1 like  ,mr4 ,e4 ,tottenham1   
afterwards of ,laura ,chapel1 ,bath1 had
 argued and  declaimed1 with ,roman     
text-books in hand1 on such questions as
 the ,right  of ,private ,judgment1 the 
,rule of ,faith1 and the articles of the
  ,tridentine ,creed--not always with   
the effect which they intended on  those
 who heard them1 with whom their        
arguments1 and those which they         
elicited from their opponents1 sometimes
 left behind uncomfortable  misgivings1 
and questions even more serious than the
 controversy itself4  ,on the other     
hand1 in quarters quite unconnected with
 the recognised  religious schools1     
interest had been independently and     

strongly awakened  in the minds of      
theologians and philosophical thinkers1 
in regard to the  idea1 history1 and    
relations to society of the ,christian  
,church4 ,in  ,ireland1 a recluse1 who  
was the centre of a small knot of       
earnest  friends1 a man of deep piety   
and great freedom and originality of    
mind1  ,mr4 ,alexander ,knox1 had been  
led1 partly1 it may be1 by his intimacy 
with ,john ,wesley1 to think out for    
himself the character and true          
constitution of the ,church1 and the    
nature of the doctrines which it was    
commissioned to teach4 ,in ,england1    
another recluse1 of splendid genius  and
 wayward humour1 had dealt in his own   
way1 with far-reaching insight1  with   
vast reading1 and often with impressive 
eloquence1 with the same  subject2 and  
his profound sympathy and faith had been
 shared and  reflected by a great poet4 
,what ,coleridge and ,wordsworth had put
 in the  forefront of their speculations
 and poetry1 as the object of their     

profoundest interest1 and of their      
highest hopes for mankind1 might1 of    
course1 fail to appear in the same light
 to others2 but it could not  fail1 in  
those days at least1 to attract         
attention1 as a matter of grave  and    
well-founded importance4 ,coleridge's   
theories of the ,church were his  own1  
and were very wide of theories          
recognised by any of those who had  to  
deal practically with the question1 and 
who were influenced1 in one  way or     
another1 by the traditional doctrines of
 theologians4 ,but  ,coleridge had      
lifted the subject to a very high level4
 ,he had taken the  simple but          
all-important step of viewing the       
,church in its spiritual  character as  
first and foremost and above all things 
essentially a  religious society of     
divine institution1 not dependent on the
 creation  or will of man1 or on the    
privileges and honours which man might  
think  fit to assign to it2 and he had  
undoubtedly familiarised the minds of   

many with this way of regarding it1     
however imperfect1 or cloudy1 or        
unpractical they might find the         
development of his ideas1 and his       
deductions from them4 ,and in ,oxford   
the questions which had stirred the     
friends at ,hadleigh had stirred others 
also1 and had waked up various          
responses4 ,whately's acute mind had not
 missed these questions1 and had  given 
original if insufficient answers to     
them4 ,blanco ,white knew only  too well
 their bearing and importance1 and had  
laboured1 not without  success1 to leave
 behind him his own impress on the way  
in which they  should be dealt with4    
,dr4 ,hampden1 the man in ,oxford best  
acquainted  with ,aristotle's works and 
with the scholastic philosophy1 had     
thrown  ,christian doctrines into a     
philosophical calculus which seemed to  
leave  them little better than the      
inventions of men4 ,on the other hand1 a
  brilliant scholar1 whose after-career 
was strangely full of great  successes  

and deplorable disasters1 ,william      
,sewell of ,exeter ,college1  had       
opened1 in a way new to ,oxford1 the    
wealth and magnificence of  ,plato2 and 
his thoughts had been dazzled by seeming
 to find in the  truths and facts of the
 ,christian ,church the counterpart and 
realisation  of the grandest of ,plato's
 imaginations4 ,the subjects treated    
with such  dogmatic severity and such   
impetuous earnestness in the ,tracts    
were1 in  one shape or another1 in all  
men's minds1 when these ,tracts broke on
 the  ,university and ,english society  
with their peremptory call to men to    
take their side4    ,there was just a   
moment of surprise and                  
uncertainty--uncertainty as to  what the
 ,tracts meant2 whether they were to be 
a new weapon against the  enemies of the
 ,church1 or were simply extravagant and
 preposterous  novelties--just a certain
 perplexity and hesitation at their     
conflicting  aspects2 on the one hand1  
the known and high character of the     

writers1  their evident determination   
and confidence in their cause1 the      
attraction of their religious warmth and
 unselfishness and nobleness1  the dim  
consciousness that much that they said  
was undeniable2 and on  the other hand1 
the apparent wildness and recklessness  
of their words3  and then public opinion
 began steadily to take its ply1 and to 
be  agreed in condemning them4 ,it soon 
went farther1 and became vehement in    
reprobating them as scandalous and      
dangerous publications4 ,they incensed  
the ,evangelicals by their alleged      
,romanism1 and their unsound views      
about justification1 good works1 and the
 sacraments2 they angered the           
two-bottle orthodox by their            
asceticism--the steady men1 by their    
audacity and strong words--the liberals1
 by their dogmatic severity2  their     
seriously practical bearing was early   
disclosed in a tract on  ,fasting4 ,but 
while they repelled strongly1 they      
attracted strongly2  they touched many  

consciences1 they won many hearts1 they 
opened new  thoughts and hopes to many  
minds4 ,one of the mischiefs of the     
,tracts1  and of those sermons at ,st4  
,mary's which were the commentaries on  
them1  was that so many people seemed to
 like them and to be struck by them4    
,the gathering storm muttered and       
growled for some time at a distance1    
and men seemed to be taking time to make
 up their minds2 but it began to  lour  
from early days1 till after various     
threatenings it broke in a  furious     
article in the ,edinburgh1 by ,dr4      
,arnold1 on the ,oxford  ,malignants2   
and the ,tract-writers and their friends
 became1 what they  long continued to   
be1 the most unpopular and suspected    
body of men in  the ,church1 whom       
everybody was at liberty to insult1 both
 as dishonest  and absurd1 of whom      
nothing was too cruel to say1 nothing   
too ridiculous  to believe4 ,it is only 
equitable to take into account the      
unprepared  state of the public mind1   

the surprise and novelty of even the    
commonest things when put in a new      
light1 the prejudices which the         
,tract-writers were thought wantonly to 
offend and defy1 their militant  and    
uncompromising attitude1 where          
principles were at stake4 ,but          
considering what these men were known to
 be in character and life1 what  was the
 emergency and what were the pressing   
motives which called for  action1 and   
what is thought of them now that their  
course is run1 it is  strange indeed to 
remember who they were1 to whom the     
courtesies of  controversy were denied1 
not only by the vulgar herd of          
pamphleteers1  but by men of ability and
 position1 some of whom had been their  
familiar  friends4 ,of course a nickname
 was soon found for them3 the word      
,tractarian was invented1 and           
,archbishop ,whately thought it worth   
while1 but not successfully1 to improve 
it into ,tractites4 ,archbishop         
,whately1 always ingenious1 appears to  

have suspected that the real but        
concealed object of the movement was to 
propagate a secret infidelity2  they    
were ,children of the ,mist1 or ,veiled 
,prophets2#ec and he  seriously         
suggested to a friend who was writing   
against it1--this  rapidly spreading    
pestilence1--to parallel it1 in its     
characteristics  and modes of working1  
with ,indian ,thuggee4#ed    ,but these 
things were of gradual growth4 ,towards 
the end of #ahcd a  question appeared in
 ,oxford interesting to numbers besides 
,mr4 ,newman  and his friends1 which was
 to lead to momentous consequences4 ,the
 old1  crude ideas of change in the     
,church had come to appear1 even to     
their  advocates1 for the present       
impracticable1 and there was no more    
talk for  a long time of schemes which  
had been in favour two years before4    
,the  ground was changed1 and a point   
was now brought forward on the ,liberal 
side1 for which a good deal might be    
plausibly said4 ,this was the           

requirement of subscription to the      
,thirty-nine ,articles from young men   
at matriculation2 and a strong pamphlet 
advocating its abolition1 with  the     
express purpose of admitting            
,dissenters1 was published by ,dr4      
,hampden1 the ,bampton ,lecturer of two 
years before4    ,oxford had always been
 one of the great schools of the        
,church4 ,its  traditions1 its tone1 its
 customs1 its rules1 all expressed or   
presumed  the closest attachment to that
 way of religion which was specially    
identified with the ,church1 in its     
doctrinal and historical aspect4        
,oxford was emphatically definite1      
dogmatic1 orthodox1 compared even with  
,cambridge1 which had largely favoured  
the ,evangelical school1 and had        
leanings to ,liberalism4 ,oxford1 unlike
 ,cambridge1 gave notice of its         
attitude by requiring every one who     
matriculated to subscribe the           
,thirty-nine ,articles3 the theory of   
its ,tutorial system1 of its lectures   

and examinations1 implied what of late  
years in the better colleges1  though   
certainly not everywhere1 had been      
realised in fact--a  considerable amount
 of religious and theological teaching4 
,and whatever  might have been said     
originally of the lay character of the  
,university1  the colleges1 which had   
become coextensive with the ,university1
 were for  the most part1 in the        
intention of their founders1 meant to   
educate and  support theological        
students on their foundations for the   
service of the  ,church4 ,it became in  
time the fashion to call them lay       
institutions3  legally they may have    
been so1 but judged by their statutes1  
they were  nearly all of them as        
ecclesiastical as the ,chapter of a     
,cathedral4 ,and  ,oxford was the       
fulcrum from which the theological      
revival hoped to move  the ,church4 ,it 
was therefore a shock and a challenge of
 no light kind1  when not merely the    
proposal was made to abolish the        

matriculation  subscription with the    
express object of attracting            
,dissenters1 and to  get ,parliament to 
force the change on the ,university if  
the ,university  resisted1 but the      
proposal itself was vindicated and      
enforced in a  pamphlet by ,dr4 ,hampden
 by a definite and precise theory which 
stopped  not short of the position that 
all creeds and formularies--everything  
which represented the authority of the  
teaching ,church--however  incidentally 
and temporarily useful1 were in their   
own nature the  inventions of a mistaken
 and corrupt philosophy1 and invasions  
of  ,christian liberty4 ,this was       
cutting deep with a vengeance1 though   
the  author of the theory seemed alone  
unable to see it4 ,it went to the root  
of the whole mutter2 and if ,dr4        
,hampden was right1 there was neither   
,church nor doctrine worth contending   
for1 except as men contend about  the   
,newtonian or the undulatory theory of  
light4    ,no one ought now to affect1  

as some people used to affect at the    
time1  that the question was of         
secondary importance1 and turned mainly 
on the  special fitness of the          
,thirty-nine ,articles to be offered for
 the proof  of a young man's belief4 ,it
 was a much more critical question4 ,it 
was  really1 however disguised1 the     
question1 asked then for the first time1
  and since finally decided1 whether    
,oxford was to continue to be a  school 
of the ,church of ,england2 and it also 
involved the wider  question1 what part 
belief in definite religion should have 
in higher  education4 ,it is speciously 
said that you have no right to forestall
 a  young man's inquiries and           
convictions by imposing on him in his   
early  years opinions which to him      
become prejudices4 ,and if the world    
consisted simply of individuals1        
entirely insulated and self-sufficing2  
if men could be taught anything         
whatever1 without presuming what is     
believed by those who teach them2 and if

 the attempt to exclude  religious      
prejudice did not necessarily1 by the   
mere force of the  attempt1 involve the 
creation of anti-religious prejudice1   
these  reasoners1 who try in vain to get
 out of the conditions which hem them   
in1 might have more to say for          
themselves4 ,to the men who had made    
such  an effort to restore a living     
confidence in the ,church1 the demand   
implied giving up all that they had done
 and all that they hoped for4 ,it  was  
not the time for yielding even a clumsy 
proof of the religious  character of the
 ,university4 ,and the beginning of a   
long and doubtful  war was inevitable4  
,a war of pamphlets ensued4 ,by the one 
side the distinction was strongly       
insisted on between mere instruction and
 education1 the distinctly  religious   
character of the ,university education  
was not perhaps  overstated in its      
theory1 but portrayed in stronger       
colours than was  everywhere the fact2  
and assertions were made1 which sound   

strange in  their boldness now1 of the  
independent and constitutional right to 
self-government in the great ,university
 corporations4 ,by the other side1  the 
ordinary arguments were used1 about the 
injustice and mischief of  exclusion1   
and the hurtfulness of tests1 especially
 such tests as the  ,articles applied to
 young and ignorant men4 ,two pamphlets 
had more than  a passing interest3 one1 
by a then unknown writer who signed     
himself  ,rusticus1 and whose name was  
,mr4 ,f4,d4 ,maurice1 defended          
subscription  on the ground that the    
,articles were signed1 not as tests and 
confessions of faith1 but as conditions 
of thought1 the expressly  stated       
conditions1 such as there must be in all
 teaching1 under which  the learners are
 willing to learn and the teacher to    
teach3 and he  developed his view at    
great length1 with great wealth of      
original  thought and illustration and  
much eloquence1 but with that fatal want
 of  clearness which1 as so often       

afterwards1 came from his struggles to  
embrace in one large view what appeared 
opposite aspects of a difficult         
subject4 ,the other was the pamphlet1   
already referred to1 by ,dr4  ,hampden3 
and of which the importance arose1 not  
from its conclusions1  but from its     
reasons4 ,its ground was the distinction
 which he had argued  out at great      
length in his ,bampton ,lectures--the   
distinction between the  ,divine facts  
of revelation1 and all human            
interpretations of them and  inferences 
from them4 ,divine facts1 he maintained1
 were of course  binding on all         
,christians1 and in matter of fact were 
accepted by all  who called themselves  
,christians1 including ,unitarians4     
,human  interpretations and             
inferences--and all ,church formularies 
were  such--were binding on no one but  
those who had reason to think them      
true2 and therefore least of all on     
undergraduates who could not have       
examined them4 ,the distinction1 when   

first put forward1 seemed to mean  much2
 at a later time it was explained to    
mean very little4 ,but at  present its  
value as a ground of argument against   
the old system of the  ,university was  
thought much of by its author and his   
friends4 ,a warning  note was at once   
given that its significance was         
perceived and  appreciated4 ,mr4        
,newman1 in acknowledging a presentation
 copy1 added  words which foreshadowed  
much that was to follow4 ,while ,i      
respect1 he  wrote1 the tone of piety   
which the pamphlet displays1 ,i dare not
 trust  myself to put on paper my       
feelings about the principles contained 
in it2  tending1 as they do1 in my      
opinion1 to make ship-wreck of          
,christian  faith4 ,i also lament that1 
by its appearance1 the first step has   
been  taken towards interrupting that   
peace and mutual good understanding     
which has prevailed so long in this     
place1 and which1 if once seriously     
disturbed1 will be succeeded by         

discussions the more intractable1       
because justified in the minds of those 
who resist innovation by a  feeling of  
imperative duty4 ,since that time1 he   
goes on in the  ,apologia1 where he     
quotes this letter1 ,phaeton has got    
into the  chariot of the sun4#ee ,but   
they were early days then2 and when the 
,heads of ,houses1 who the year before  
had joined with the great body of  the  
,university in a declaration against the
 threatened legislation1 were  persuaded
 to propose to the ,oxford ,convocation 
the abolition of  subscription at       
matriculation in ,may #ahce1 this       
proposal was rejected by  a majority of 
five to one4    ,this large majority was
 a genuine expression of the sense of   
the  ,university4 ,it was not specially 
a ,tractarian success1 though most of   
the arguments which contributed to it   
came from men who more or less          
sympathised with the effort to make a   
vigorous fight for the ,church and  its 
teaching2 and it showed that they who   

had made the effort had  touched springs
 of thought and feeling1 and awakened   
new hopes and  interest in those around 
them1 in ,oxford1 and in the country4   
,but graver  events were at hand4       
,towards the end of the year 7#ahce71   
,dr4 ,burton1 the  ,regius ,professor of
 ,divinity1 suddenly died1 still a young
 man4 ,and ,lord  ,melbourne was induced
 to appoint as his successor1 and as the
 head of  the theological teaching of   
the ,university1 the writer who had just
 a  second time seemed to lay the axe to
 the root of all theology2 who had  just
 reasserted that he looked upon creeds1 
and all the documents which  embodied   
the traditional doctrine and collective 
thought of the ,church1  as invested by 
ignorance and prejudice with an         
authority which was  without foundation1
 and which was misleading and           
mischievous4    ,,footnotes3    #eb ,the
 conversation between ,mr4 ,sikes of    
,guilsborough and ,mr4 ,copeland  is    
given in full in ,dr4 ,pusey's ,letter  

to the ,archbishop of ,canterbury       
7#ahdb71 pp4 #cb-cd4    #ec ,dr4 ,wilson
 was mightily pleased with my calling   
the traditionals  the ',children of the 
,mist4' ,the title of ',veiled          
,prophets' he thought  too severe       
7#ahch71 ,life1 ed4 #ahge1 p4 #afg4     
,compare ,hints to  ,transcendentalists 
for ,working ,infidel ,designs through  
,tractarianism1 a  jeu d'esprit 7#ahdj71
 ib4 p4 #ahh4 ,as for the suspicion of  
secret  infidelity1 ,i have said no more
 than ,i sincerely feel1 ib4 p4 #aha4   
#ed ,it would be a curious thing if you 
7the ,provost of ,oriel7 were to  bring 
into your ,bampton ,lectures a mention  
of the ,thugs4444 ,observe  their       
submissive piety1 their faith in        
long-preserved tradition1 their  regular
 succession of ordinations to their     
offices1 their faith in the  sacramental
 virtue of the consecrated governor2 in 
short1 compare our  religion with the   
,thuggee1 putting out of account all    
those  considerations which the         

traditionists deprecate the discussion  
of1  and where is the difference8       
7#ahdj71 ib4 p4 #aid4    #ee ,apologia1 
pp4 #aca1 #acb4          ,,chapter ,,ix 
,,dr4 ,,hampden      ,the stage on which
 what is called the ,oxford movement ran
 through its  course had a special      
character of its own1 unlike the        
circumstances in  which other religious 
efforts had done their work4 ,the scene 
of  ,jansenism had been a great capital1
 a brilliant society1 the precincts  of 
a court1 the cells of a convent1 the    
studies and libraries of the  doctors of
 the ,sorbonne1 the council chambers of 
the ,vatican4 ,the scene  of ,methodism 
had been ,english villages and country  
towns1 the moors of  ,cornwall1 and the 
collieries of ,bristol1 at length       
,london fashionable  chapels4 ,the scene
 of this new movement was as like as it 
could be in  our modern world to a      
,greek polis1 or an ,italian            
self-centred city of  the ,middle ,ages4
 ,oxford stood by itself in its meadows 

by the rivers1  having its relations    
with all ,england1 but1 like its sister 
at  ,cambridge1 living a life of its    
own1 unlike that of any other spot in   
,england1 with its privileged powers1   
and exemptions from the general  law1   
with its special mode of government and 
police1 its usages and  tastes and      
traditions1 and even costume1 which the 
rest of ,england  looked at from the    
outside1 much interested but much       
puzzled1 or knew  only by transient     
visits4 ,and ,oxford was as proud and   
jealous of its own  ways as ,athens or  
,florence2 and like them it had its     
quaint fashions of  polity2 its         
democratic ,convocation and its         
oligarchy2 its social ranks2  its       
discipline1 severe in theory and usually
 lax in fact2 its  self-governed bodies 
and corporations within itself2 its     
faculties and  colleges1 like the guilds
 and arts of ,florence2 its internal    
rivalries  and discords2 its sets and   
factions4 ,like these1 too1 it professed

 a  special recognition of the supremacy
 of religion2 it claimed to be a  home  
of worship and religious training1      
,dominus illuminatio mea1 a  claim too  
often falsified in the habit and tempers
 of life4 ,it was a  small sphere1 but  
it was a conspicuous one2 for there was 
much strong  and energetic character1   
brought out by the aims and conditions  
of  ,university life2 and though moving 
in a separate orbit1 the influence of   
the famous place over the outside       
,england1 though imperfectly            
understood1 was recognised and great4   
,these conditions affected the          
character of the movement1 and of the   
conflicts which it caused4 ,oxford      
claimed to be eminently the guardian of 
true religion and sound  learning2 and  
therefore it was eminently the place    
where religion  should be recalled to   
its purity and strength1 and also the   
place where  there ought to be the most 
vigilant jealousy against the           
perversions and  corruptions of         

religion1 ,oxford was a place where     
every one knew his  neighbour1 and      
measured him1 and was more or less      
friendly or repellent2  where the       
customs of life brought men together    
every day and all day1 in  converse or  
discussion2 and where every fresh       
statement or every new  step taken      
furnished endless material for          
speculation or debate1 in  common rooms 
or in the afternoon walk4 ,and for this 
reason1 too1  feelings were apt to be   
more keen and intense and personal than 
in the  larger scenes of life2 the man  
who was disliked or distrusted was so   
close to his neighbours that he was more
 irritating than if he had been         
obscured by a crowd2 the man who        
attracted confidence and kindled        
enthusiasm1 whose voice was continually 
in men's ears1 and whose private        
conversation and life was something ever
 new in its sympathy and charm1  created
 in those about him not mere admiration1
 but passionate  friendship1 or         

unreserved discipleship4 ,and these     
feelings passed from  individuals into  
parties2 the small factions of a limited
 area4 ,men  struck blows and loved and 
hated in those days in ,oxford as they  
hardly  did on the wider stage of       
,london politics or general religious   
controversy4    ,the conflicts which for
 a time turned ,oxford into a kind of   
image of  what ,florence was in the days
 of ,savonarola1 with its nicknames1    
,puseyites1 and ,neomaniacs1 and ,high  
and ,dry1 counterparts to the  ,piagnoni
 and ,arrabbiati1 of the older strife1  
began around a student  of retired      
habits1 interested more than was usual  
at ,oxford in abstruse  philosophy1 and 
the last person who might be expected to
 be the occasion  of great dissensions  
in the ,university4 ,dr4 ,hampden was a 
man who1 with  no definite intentions of
 innovating on the received doctrines of
 the  ,church--indeed1 as his sermons   
showed1 with a full acceptance of       
them--had taken a very difficult subject

 for a course of ,bampton  ,lectures1   
without at all fathoming its depth and  
reach1 and had got into  a serious      
scrape in consequence4 ,personally he   
was a man of serious but  cold religion1
 having little sympathy with others1 and
 consequently not  able to attract any4 
,his isolation during the whole of his  
career is  remarkable2 he attached no   
one1 as ,whately or ,arnold attached    
men4 ,his  mind1 which was a speculative
 one1 was not one1 in its own order1 of 
the  first class4 ,he had not the grasp 
nor the subtlety necessary for his      
task4 ,he had a certain power of        
statement1 but little of co-ordination2 
he seems not to have had the power of   
seeing when his ideas were really       
irreconcilable1 and he thought that     
simply by insisting on his  distinctly  
orthodox statements he not only         
balanced1 but neutralised1  and did away
 with his distinctly unorthodox ones4   
,he had read a good  deal of ,aristotle 
and something of the ,schoolmen1 which  

probably no one  else in ,oxford had    
done except ,blanco ,white2 and the     
temptation of  having read what no one  
else knows anything about sometimes     
leads men to  make an unprofitable use  
of their special knowledge1 which they  
consider  their monopoly4    ,the creed 
and dogmas of the ,christian ,church are
 at least in their  broad features1 not 
a speculation1 but a fact4 ,that not    
only the  ,apostles' ,creed1 but the    
,nicene and ,constantinopolitan ,creeds1
 are  assumed as facts by the whole of  
anything that can be called the ,church1
  is as certain as the reception by the 
same body1 and for the same time1  of   
the ,scriptures4 ,not only the ,creed1  
but1 up to the sixteenth century1  the  
hierarchy1 and not only ,creed and      
hierarchy and ,scriptures1 but the      
sacramental idea as expressed in the    
liturgies1 are equally in the same      
class of facts4 ,of course it is open to
 any one to question the genuine  origin
 of any of these great portions of the  

constitution of the ,church2  but the   
,church is so committed to them that he 
cannot enter on his  destructive        
criticism without having to criticise1  
not one only1 but all  these beliefs1   
and without soon having to face the     
question whether the  whole idea of the 
,church1 as a real and divinely ordained
 society1 with  a definite doctrine and 
belief1 is not a delusion1 and whether  
,christianity1 whatever it is1 is       
addressed solely to each individual1    
one by one1 to make what he can of it4  
,it need hardly be said that  within the
 limits of what the ,church is committed
 to there is room for  very wide        
differences of opinion2 it is also true 
that these limits  have1 in different   
times of the ,church1 been              
illegitimately and  mischievously       
narrowed by prevailing opinions1 and by 
documents and  formularies respecting   
it4 ,but though we may claim not to be  
bound by  the ,augsburg ,confession1 or 
by the ,lambeth articles1 or the ,synod 

of  ,dort1 or the ,bull ,unigenitus1 it 
does not follow that1 if there is a     
,church at all1 there is no more binding
 authority in the theology of the       
,nicene and ,athanasian ,creeds4 ,and it
 is the province of the divine who      
believes in a ,church at all1 and in its
 office to be the teacher and  witness  
of religious truth1 to distinguish      
between the infinitely  varying degrees 
of authority with which professed       
representations of  portions of this    
truth are propounded for acceptance4 ,it
 may be  difficult or impossible to     
agree on a theory of inspiration2 but   
that  the ,church doctrine of some kind 
of special inspiration of ,scripture is 
part of ,christianity is1 unless        
,christianity be a dream1 certain4 ,no  
one  can reasonably doubt1 with history 
before him1 that the answer of the      
,christian ,church was1 the first time  
the question was asked1 and has         
continued to be through ages of         
controversy1 against ,arianism1  against

 ,socinianism1 against ,pelagianism1    
against ,zwinglianism4 ,it  does not    
follow that the ,church has settled     
everything1 or that there  are not      
hundreds of questions which it is vain  
and presumptuous to  attempt to settle  
by any alleged authority4    ,dr4       
,hampden was in fact unexceptionably1   
even rigidly orthodox in his  acceptance
 of ,church doctrine and ,church creeds4
 ,he had published a  volume of sermons 
containing1 among other things1 an able 
statement of  the ,scriptural argument  
for the doctrine of the ,trinity1 and an
 equally  able defence of the           
,athanasian ,creed4 ,but he felt that   
there are  formularies which may be only
 the interpretations of doctrine and    
inferences from ,scripture of a         
particular time or set of men2 and he   
was desirous of putting into their      
proper place the authority of such      
formularies4 ,his object was to put an  
interval between them and the           
,scriptures from which they professed to

 be derived1 and to prevent them  from  
claiming the command over faith and     
conscience which was due only  to the   
authentic evidences of ,god's           
revelation4 ,he wished to make room  for
 a deeper sense of the weight of        
,scripture4 ,he proposed to himself  the
 same thing which was aimed at by the   
,german divines1 ,arndt1  ,calixtus1 and
 ,spener1 when they rose up against the 
grinding oppression  which ,lutheran    
dogmatism had raised on its ,symbolical 
,books1#ef and  which had come to outdo 
the worst extravagances of              
scholasticism4 ,this  seems to have been
 his object--a fair and legitimate one4 
,but in arguing  against investing the  
,thirty-nine ,articles with an authority
 which did  not belong to them1 he      
unquestionably1 without seeing what he  
was doing1  went much farther--where he 
never meant to go4 ,in fact1 he so      
stated his  argument that he took in    
with the ,thirty-nine ,articles every   
expression  of collective belief1 every 

document1 however venerable1 which the  
,church had sanctioned from the first4  
,strangely enough1 without  observing   
it1 he took in--what he meant to        
separate by a wide interval  from what  
he called dogma--the doctrine of the    
infallible authority and  sufficiency of
 ,scripture4 ,in denying the worth of   
the consensus and  immemorial judgment  
of the ,church1 he cut from under him   
the claim to  that which he accepted as 
the source and witness of divine facts4 
,he  did not mean to do this1 or to do  
many other things2 but from want of     
clearness of head1 he certainly1 in     
these writings which were complained    
of1 did it4 ,he was1 in temper and      
habit1 too desirous to be orthodox1  as 
,whately feared1 to accept in its       
consequences his own theory4 ,the       
theory which he put forward in his      
,bampton ,lectures1 and on which he     
founded his plan of comprehension in his
 pamphlet on ,dissent1 left  nothing    
standing but the authority of the letter

 of ,scripture4 ,all  else--right or    
wrong as it might be--was speculation1  
human  inference1 dogma4 ,with perfect  
consistency1 he did not pretend to  take
 even the ,creeds out of this category4 
,but the truth was1 he did not          
consciously mean all that he said2 and  
when keener and more powerful and  more 
theological minds pointed out with      
relentless accuracy what he had  said he
 was profuse and overflowing with       
explanations1 which showed how  little  
he had perceived the drift of his words4
 ,there is not the least  reason to     
doubt the sincerity of these            
explanations2 but at the same  time they
 showed the unfitness of a man who had  
so to explain away his  own speculations
 to be the official guide and teacher of
 the clergy4 ,the  criticisms on his    
language1 and the objections to it1 were
 made before  these explanations were   
given2 and though he gave them1 he was  
furious  with those who called for them1
 and he never for a moment admitted that

  there was anything seriously wrong or 
mistaken in what he had said4 ,to  those
 who pointed out the meaning and effect 
of his words and theories1  he replied  
by the assertion of his personal belief4
 ,if words mean  anything1 he had said  
that neither ,unitarians nor any one    
else could get  behind the bare letter1 
and what he called facts1 of ,scripture1
 which  all equally accepted in good    
faith2 and that therefore there was no  
reason for excluding ,unitarians as long
 as they accepted the facts4  ,but when 
it was pointed out that this reasoning  
reduced all belief in  the realities    
behind the bare letter to the level of  
personal and  private opinion1 he       
answered by saying that he valued       
supremely the  ,creeds and ,articles1   
and by giving a statement of the great  
,christian  doctrines which he held1 and
 which the ,church taught4 ,but he never
  explained what their authority could  
be with any one but himself4 ,there     
might be interpretations and inferences 

from ,scripture1 by the hundred  or the 
thousand1 but no one certain and        
authoritative one2 none that  warranted 
an organised ,church1 much more a       
,catholic and ,apostolic  ,church1      
founded on the assumption of this       
interpretation being the one  true      
faith1 the one truth of the ,bible4 ,the
 point was brought out  forcibly in a   
famous pamphlet written by ,mr4 ,newman1
 though without his  name1 called       
,elucidations of ,dr4 ,hampden's        
,theological ,statements4  ,this        
pamphlet was a favourite object of      
attack on the part of ,dr4  ,hampden's  
supporters as a flagrant instance of    
unfairness and garbled  extracts4 ,no   
one1 they said1 ever read the ,bampton  
,lectures1 but took  their estimate of  
the work from ,mr4 ,newman's quotations4
 ,extracts are  often open to the charge
 of unfairness1 and always to suspicion4
 ,but in  this case there was no need of
 unfairness4 ,dr4 ,hampden's theory lay 
on  the very surface of his ,hampton    

,lectures and pamphlet2 and any         
unbiassed  judge may be challenged to   
read these works of his1 and say whether
 the  extracts in the ,elucidations do  
not adequately represent ,dr4 ,hampden's
  statements and arguments1 and whether 
the comments on them are forced or      
strained4 ,they do not represent his    
explanations1 for the explanations  had 
not been given2 and when the            
explanations came1 though they said     
many things which showed that ,dr4      
,hampden did not mean to be unorthodox  
and unevangelical1 but only             
anti-scholastic and anti-,roman1 they   
did not  unsay a word which he had said4
 ,and what this was1 what had been ,dr4 
,hampden's professed theological theory 
up to the time when the  ,university    
heard the news of his appointment1 the  
,elucidations  represent as fairly as   
any adverse statement can represent the 
subject  of its attack4    ,in quieter  
times such an appointment might have    
passed with nothing more  than a paper  

controversy or protest1 or more probably
 without more than  conversational      
criticism4 ,but these wore not quiet and
 unsuspicious  times4 ,there was reason 
for disquiet4 ,it was fresh in men's    
minds what  language and speculation    
like that of the ,bampton ,lectures had 
come to  in the case of ,whately's      
intimate friend1 ,blanco ,white4 ,the   
unquestionable hostility of ,whately's  
school to the old ideas of the  ,church 
had roused alarm and a strong spirit of 
resistance in ,churchmen4  ,each party  
was on the watch1 and there certainly   
was something at stake  for both        
parties4 ,coupled with some recent      
events1 and with the part  which ,dr4   
,hampden had taken on the subscription  
question1 the  appointment naturally    
seemed significant4 ,probably it was not
 so  significant as it seemed on the    
part at least of ,lord ,melbourne1 who  
had  taken pains to find a fit man4 ,dr4
 ,hampden was said to have been         
recommended by ,bishop ,copleston1 and  

not disallowed by ,archbishop  ,howley4 
,in the ,university1 up to this time1   
there had been no  authoritative protest
 against ,dr4 ,hampden's writings4 ,and 
there were not  many ,liberals to choose
 from4 ,in the appointment there is     
hardly  sufficient ground to blame ,lord
 ,melbourne4 ,but the outcry against it 
at  ,oxford1 when it came1 was so       
instantaneous1 so strong1 and so        
unusual1  that it might have warned     
,lord ,melbourne that he had been led   
into a  mistake1 out of which it would  
be wise to seek at least a way of       
escape4  ,doubtless it was a strong     
measure for the ,university to protest  
as it  did2 but it was also a strong    
measure1 at least in those days1 for a  
,minister of the ,crown to force so     
extremely unacceptable a ,regius        
,professor of ,divinity on a great      
,university4 ,dr4 ,hampden offered to   
resign2 and there would have been plenty
 of opportunities to compensate  him for
 his sacrifice of a post which could    

only be a painful one4 ,but  the temper 
of both sides was up4 ,the remonstrances
 from ,oxford were  treated with        
something like contempt1 and the affair 
was hurried through  till there was no  
retreating2 and ,dr4 ,hampden became    
,regius ,professor4    ,mr4 ,palmer has 
recorded how various efforts were made  
to neutralise the  effect of the        
appointment4 ,but the ,heads of ,houses1
 though angry1 were  cautious4 ,they    
evaded the responsibility of stating    
,dr4 ,hampden's  unsound positions2 but 
to mark their distrust1 brought in a    
proposal to  deprive him of his vote in 
the choice of ,select ,preachers till   
the  ,university should otherwise       
determine4 ,it was defeated in          
,convocation by  the veto of the two    
,proctors 7,march #ahcf71 who exercised 
their right  with the full approval of  
,dr4 ,hampden's friends1 and the        
indignation of  the large majority of   
the ,university4 ,but it was not        
unfairly used3 it  could have only a    

suspending effect1 of which no one had a
 right to  complain2 and when new       
,proctors came into office1 the proposal
 was  introduced again1 and carried     
7,may #ahcf7 by #dgd to #id4 ,the       
,liberal  minority had increased since  
the vote on subscription1 and ,dr4      
,hampden  went on with his work as if   
nothing had happened4 ,the attempt was  
twice  made to rescind the vote3 first1 
after the outcry about the ,ninetieth   
,tract and the contest about the ,poetry
 ,professorship1 by a simple  repeal1   
which was rejected by #ccd to #bai      
7,june #ahdb72 and next1  indirectly by 
a statute enlarging the ,professor's    
powers over ,divinity  degrees1 which   
was also rejected by #cda to #ba 7,may  
#ahdd74 ,from first to  last1 these     
things and others were the unfortunate  
incidents of an  unfortunate            
appointment4    ,the persecution of ,dr4
 ,hampden has been an unfailing subject 
of  reproach to the party of the ,oxford
 movement1 since the days when the      

,edinburgh ,review held them up to      
public scorn and hatred in an article   
of strange violence4 ,they certainly had
 their full share in the  opposition to 
him1 and in the measures by which that  
opposition was  carried out4 ,but it    
would be the greatest mistake to suppose
 that in  this matter they stood alone4 
,all in the ,university at this time1   
except  a small minority1 were of one   
mind1 ,heads of ,houses and country     
parsons1  ,evangelicals and ,high       
,churchmen--all who felt that the       
grounds of a  definite belief were      
seriously threatened by ,dr4 ,hampden's 
speculations4  ,all were angry at the   
appointment2 all were agreed that       
something ought  to be done to hinder   
the mischief of it4 ,in this matter ,mr4
 ,newman and  his friends were          
absolutely at one with everybody round  
them1 with those  who were soon to be   
their implacable opponents4 ,whatever   
deeper view  they might have of the evil
 which had been done by the appointment1

 and  however much graver and more      
permanent their objections to it1 they  
were  responsible only as the whole     
,university was responsible for what was
  done against ,dr4 ,hampden4 ,it was   
convenient afterwards to single them    
out1 and to throw this responsibility   
and the odium of it on them alone2  and 
when they came under the popular ban1 it
 was forgotten that ,dr4  ,gilbert1 the 
,principal of ,brasenose1 ,dr4 ,symons1 
the ,warden of ,wadham1  ,dr4 ,faussett1
 afterwards the denouncer of ,dr4       
,pusey1 ,mr4 ,vaughan ,thomas1  and ,mr4
 ,hill of ,st4 ,edmund ,hall1 were quite
 as forward at the time as  ,dr4 ,pusey 
and ,mr4 ,newman in protesting against  
,dr4 ,hampden1 and in the  steps to make
 their protest effective4 ,mr4 ,palmer1 
in his  ,narrative1#eg anxious to       
dissociate himself from the movement    
under  ,mr4 ,newman's influence1 has    
perhaps underrated the part taken by    
,mr4  ,newman and ,dr4 ,pusey2 for they1
 any rate1 did most of the argumentative

  work4 ,but as far as personal action  
goes1 it is true1 as he says1 that  the 
movement against ,dr4 ,hampden was not  
guided by the ,tract writers4  ,the     
condemnation of ,dr4 ,hampden1 then1 was
 not carried by the ,tract  writers2 it 
was carried by the independent body of  
the ,university4 ,the  fact is that1 had
 those writers taken any leading part1  
the measure  would have been a failure1 
for the number of their friends at that 
time  was a very small proportion to the
 ,university at large1 and there was  a 
general feeling of distrust in the      
soundness of their views4    ,we are a  
long way from those days in time1 and   
still more in habits and  sentiment2 and
 a manifold and varied experience has   
taught most of us  some lessons against 
impatience and violent measures4 ,but if
 we put  ourselves back equitably into  
the ways of thinking prevalent then1 the
  excitement about ,dr4 ,hampden will   
not seem so unreasonable or so          
unjustifiable as it is sometimes assumed

 to be4 ,the ,university  legislation1  
indeed1 to which it led was poor and    
petty1 doing small and  annoying things1
 because the ,university rulers dared   
not commit  themselves to definite      
charges4 ,but1 in the first place1 the  
provocation  was great on the part of   
the ,government in putting into the     
chief  theological chair an unwelcome   
man who could only save his orthodoxy by
  making his speculations mean next to  
nothing--whose prim facie  unguarded and
 startling statements were resolved into
 truisms put in a  grand and obscure    
form4 ,and in the next place1 it was    
assumed in those  days to be the most   
natural and obvious thing in the world  
to condemn  unsound doctrine1 and to    
exclude unsound teachers4 ,the principle
 was  accepted as indisputable1 however 
slack might have been in recent times   
the application of it4 ,that it was     
accepted1 not on one side only1 but  on 
all1 was soon to be shown by the        
subsequent course of events4 ,no one    

suffered more severely and more         
persistently from its application than  
the ,tractarians2 no one was more ready 
to apply it to them than ,dr4  ,hampden 
with his friends2 no one approved and   
encouraged its vigorous  enforcement    
against them more than ,dr4 ,whately4   
,the idle distinction set  up1 that they
 were not merely unsound but dishonest1 
was a mere insolent  pretext to save    
trouble in argument1 and to heighten the
 charge against  them2 no one could     
seriously doubt that they wrote in good 
faith as much  as ,dr4 ,whately or ,dr4 
,faussett4 ,but unless acts like ,dr4   
,pusey's  suspension1 and the long      
proscription that went on for years     
after it1  were mere instances of       
vindictive retaliation1 the reproach of 
persecution must be shared by all       
parties then1 and by none more than by  
the party which in general terms most   
denounced it4 ,those who think the      
,hampden agitation unique in its        
injustice ought to ask themselves what  

their party would have done if at any   
time between #ahcf and #ahdc ,mr4       
,newman had been placed in ,dr4         
,hampden's seat4    ,people in our days 
mean by religious persecution what      
happens when the  same sort of          
repressive policy is applied to a       
religious party as is  applied to       
vaccination recusants1 or to the        
,peculiar ,people4 ,all  religious      
persecution1 from the days of ,socrates1
 has taken a legal  form1 and justified 
itself on legal grounds4 ,it is the     
action of  authority1 or of strong      
social judgments backed by authority1   
against a  set of opinions1 or the      
expression of them in word or           
act--usually  innovating opinions1 but  
not by any means necessarily such4 ,the 
disciples of ,m4 ,monod1 the ,momiers of
 ,geneva1 were persecuted by the        
,liberals of ,geneva1 not because they  
broke away from the creed of  ,calvin1  
but because they adhered to it4 ,the    
word is not properly applied  to the    

incidental effects in the way of        
disadvantage1 resulting from  some broad
 constitutional settlement--from the    
government of the ,church  being        
,episcopal and not ,presbyterian1 or its
 creed ,nicene and not  ,arian--any more
 than it is persecution for a nation to 
change its  government1 or for a        
legitimist to have to live under a      
republic1 or for  a ,christian to have  
to live in an infidel state1 though     
persecution may  follow from these      
conditions4 ,but the privilegium passed 
against ,dr4  ,hampden was an act of    
persecution1 though a mild one compared 
with what  afterwards fell on his       
opponents with his full sanction4       
,persecution is  the natural impulse1 in
 those who think a certain thing right  
and  important or worth guarding1 to    
disable those who1 thinking it wrong1   
are trying to discredit and upset it1   
and to substitute something  different4 
,it implies a state of war1 and the     
resort to the most  available weapons to

 inflict damage on those who are        
regarded as  rebellious and dangerous4  
,these weapons were formidable enough   
once3  they are not without force still4
 ,but in its mildest form--personal     
disqualification or proscription--it is 
a disturbance which only war  justifies4
 ,it may1 of course1 make itself odious 
by its modes of  proceeding1 by meanness
 and shabbiness and violence1 by        
underhand and  ignoble methods of       
misrepresentation and slander1 or by    
cruelty and  plain injustice2 and then  
the odium of these things fairly falls  
upon  it4 ,but it is very hard to draw  
the line between conscientious          
repression1 feeling itself bound to do  
what is possible to prevent  mischief1  
and what those who are opposed1 if they 
are the weaker party1  of course call   
persecution4    ,if persecution implies 
a state of war in which one side is     
stronger1 and  the other weaker1 it is  
hardly a paradox to say that 7#a7 no one
 has a  right to complain of persecution

 as such1 apart from odious             
accompaniments1 any more than of        
superior numbers or hard blows in       
battle2 and 7#b7 that every one has a   
right to take advantage and make  the   
most of being persecuted1 by appeals to 
sympathy and the principle  of doing as 
you would be done by4 ,no one likes to  
be accused of  persecution1 and few     
people like to give up the claim to use 
it1 if  necessary4 ,but no one can help 
observing in the course of events the   
strange way in which1 in almost all     
cases1 the wheel comes full  circle4    
--,chi la fa1 l' aspetti1#eh are some of
 the  expressions of ,greek awe and     
,italian shrewdness representing the    
experience of the world on this subject2
 on a large scale and a small4          
,protestants and ,catholics1 ,churchmen 
and ,nonconformists1 have all in  their 
turn made full proof of what seems like 
a law of action and  reaction4 ,except  
in cases beyond debate1 cases where no  
justification is  possible1 the note of 

failure is upon this mode of repression4
  ,providence1 by the visible ,nemesis  
which it seems always to bring round1   
by the regularity with which it has     
enforced the rule that infliction  and  
suffering are bound together and in time
 duly change places1 seems  certainly   
and clearly to have declared against it4
 ,it may be that no  innovating party   
has a right to complain of persecution2 
but the  question is not for them4 ,it  
is for those who have the power1 and who
  are tempted to think that they have   
the call1 to persecute4 ,it is for  them
 to consider whether it is right1 or    
wise1 or useful for their  cause2       
whether it is agreeable to what seems   
the leading of ,providence  to have     
recourse to it4    ,,footnotes3    #ef  
,see ,pusey's ,theology of ,germany     
7#ahbh71 p4 #ah sqq4    #eg ,narrative  
pp4 #bi1 #cj1 ed4 #ahda2 p #aca4 ed4    
#ahhc4    #eh  1    4 ,aesch4 ,choeph4  
#caj4  ,italian proverb1 in ,landucci1  
,diario ,fiorentino1 #aeac1 p4 #cdc4    

,,chapter ,x    ,,growth ,,of ,,the     
,,movement    #ahce-ahdj      ,by the   
end of #ahce1 the band of friends1 whom 
great fears and great  hopes for the    
,church had united1 and others who      
sympathised with them  both within and  
outside the ,university1 had grown into 
what those who  disliked them naturally 
called a party4 ,the ,hampden           
controversy1 though  but an episode in  
the history of the movement1 was an     
important one1 and  undoubtedly gave a  
great impulse to it4 ,dr4 ,hampden's    
attitude and  language seemed to be its 
justification--a palpable instance of   
what the  ,church had to expect4 ,and in
 this controversy1 though the feeling   
against ,dr4 ,hampden's views was so    
widely shared1 and though the  majority 
which voted against him was a very mixed
 one1 and contained  some who hoped that
 the next time they were called to vote 
it might be  against the ,tractarians1  
yet the leaders of the movement had     
undertaken  the responsibility1         

conspicuously and almost alone1 of      
pointing out  definitely and            
argumentatively the objections to ,dr4  
,hampden's teaching4  ,the number of    
,mr4 ,newman's friends might be1 as ,mr4
 ,palmer says1  insignificant1 but it   
was they who had taken the trouble to   
understand  and give expression to the  
true reasons for alarm4#ei ,even in this
  hasty and imperfect way1 the          
discussion revealed to many how much    
deeper  and more various the treatment  
of the subject was in the hands of ,mr4 
,newman and ,dr4 ,pusey compared with   
the ordinary criticisms on ,dr4         
,hampden4 ,he had learned in too subtle 
a school to be much touched by the      
popular exceptions to his theories1     
however loudly expressed4 ,the  mischief
 was much deeper4 ,it was that he had1  
unconsciously1 no doubt1  undermined the
 foundation of definite ,christian      
belief1 and had resolved  it into a     
philosophy1 so-called scholastic1 which 
was now exploded4 ,it  was the sense of 

the perilous issues to which this       
diluted form of  ,blanco ,white's       
speculations1 so recklessly patronised  
by ,whately1 was  leading theological   
teaching in the ,university1 which      
opened the eyes of  many to the meaning 
of the movement1 and brought some fresh 
friends to  its side4    ,there was no  
attempt to form a party1 or to          
proselytise2 there was no  organisation1
 no distinct and recognised party marks4
 ,i would not have  it called a party1  
writes ,dr4 ,newman in the ,apologia4   
,but a party it  could not help being3  
quietly and spontaneously it had grown  
to be what  community of ideas1 aims1   
and sympathies1 naturally1 and without  
blame1  leads men to become4 ,and it had
 acquired a number of recognised        
nicknames1 to friends and enemies the   
sign of growing concentration4 ,for  the
 questions started in the ,tracts and   
outside them became of  increasing      
interest to the more intelligent men who
 had finished their  ,university course 

and were preparing to enter into life1  
the ,bachelors  and younger ,masters of 
,arts4 ,one by one they passed from     
various states  of mind--alienation1    
suspicion1 fear1 indifference1 blank    
ignorance--into a consciousness that    
something beyond the mere  commonplace  
of religious novelty and eccentricity1  
of which there had  been a good deal    
recently1 was before them2 that         
doctrines and  statements running       
counter to the received religious       
language of the  day1 doctrines about   
which1 in confident prejudice1 they had 
perhaps  bandied about off-hand         
judgments1 had more to say for          
themselves than  was thought at first2  
that the questions thus raised drove    
them in on  themselves1 and appealed to 
their honesty and seriousness2 and that1
 at  any rate1 in the men who were      
arresting so much attention1 however    
extravagant their teaching might be     
called1 there was a remarkable  degree  
of sober and reserved force1 an         

earnestness of conviction which  could  
not be doubted1 an undeniable and subtle
 power of touching souls  and attracting
 sympathies4 ,one by one1 and in many   
different ways1 these  young men went   
through various stages of curiosity1 of 
surprise1 of  perplexity1 of doubt1 of  
misgiving1 of interest2 some were       
frightened1  and wavered1 and drew back 
more or less reluctantly2 others1 in    
spite of  themselves1 in spite of       
opposing influences1 were led on step by
 step1  hardly knowing whither1 by a    
spell which they could not resist1 of   
intellectual1 or still more1 moral      
pressure4 ,some found their old home    
teaching completed1 explained1 lighted  
up1 by that of the new school4  ,others1
 shocked at first at hearing the old    
watchwords and traditions of  their     
homes decried and put aside1 found      
themselves1 when they least  expected   
it1 passing from the letter to the      
spirit1 from the technical  and formal  
theory to the wide and living truth4    

,and thus1 though many of  course held  
aloof1 and not a few became hostile1 a  
large number1 one by  one1 some rapidly1
 others slowly1 some unreservedly1      
others with large  and jealous reserves1
 more and more took in the leading idea 
of the  movement1 accepted the influence
 of its chiefs1 and looked to them for  
instruction and guidance4 ,as it        
naturally happens1 when a number of     
minds are drawn together by a common and
 strong interest1 some men1 by          
circumstances1 or by strength of        
conviction1 or by the mutual affinities 
of tastes and character1 came more and  
more into direct personal and  intimate 
relations with the leaders1 took        
service1 as it were1 under  them1 and   
prepared to throw themselves into their 
plans of work4 ,others1  in various     
moods1 but more independent1 more       
critical1 more disturbed  about         
consequences1 or unpersuaded on special 
points1 formed a kind of  fringe of     
friendly neutrality about the more      

thoroughgoing portion of  the party4    
,and outside of these were thoughtful   
and able men1 to whom  the whole        
movement1 with much that was utterly    
displeasing and utterly  perplexing1 had
 the interest of being a break-up of    
stagnation and dull  indolence in a     
place which ought to have the highest   
spiritual and  intellectual aims2 who1  
whatever repelled them1 could not help  
feeling  that great ideas1 great        
prospects1 a new outburst of bold       
thought1 a new  effort of moral purpose 
and force1 had disturbed the old        
routine2 could  not help being          
fascinated1 if only as by a spectacle1  
by the strange and  unwonted teaching1  
which partly made them smile1 partly    
perhaps  permanently disgusted them1 but
 which also1 they could not deny1 spoke 
in a language more fearless1 more       
pathetic1 more subtle1 and yet more     
human1 than they had heard from the     
religious teachers of the day4 ,and     
thus the circle of persons interested in

 the ,tracts1 of persons who            
sympathised with their views1 of persons
 who more and more gave a warm  and     
earnest adherence to them1 was gradually
 extended in the  ,university--and1 in  
time1 in the country also4 ,the truth   
was that the  movement1 in its many     
sides1 had almost monopolised for the   
time both  the intelligence and the     
highest religious earnestness of the    
,university1#fj and either in curiosity 
or inquiry1 in approval or in           
condemnation1 all that was deepest and  
most vigorous1 all that was most        
refined1 most serious1 most high-toned1 
and most promising in ,oxford was  drawn
 to the issues which it raised4 ,it is  
hardly too much to say that  wherever   
men spoke seriously of the grounds and  
prospects of religion1  in ,oxford1 or  
in ,vacation reading-parties1 in their  
walks and social  meetings1 in their    
studies or in common-room1 the          
,tractarian  doctrines1 whether assented
 to or laughed at1 deplored or fiercely 

denounced1 were sure to come to the     
front4 ,all subjects in discussion      
seemed to lead up to them--art and      
poetry1 ,gothic architecture and        
,german romance and painting1 the       
philosophy of language1 and the novels  
of ,walter ,scott and ,miss ,austen1    
,coleridge's transcendentalism and      
,bishop ,butler's practical wisdom1     
,plato's ideas and ,aristotle's         
analysis4 ,it was difficult to keep them
 out of lecture-rooms and  examinations 
for ,fellowships4    ,but in addition to
 the intrinsic interest of the questions
 and  discussions which the movement    
opened1 personal influence played a     
great  and decisive part in it4 ,as it  
became a party1 it had chiefs4 ,it was  
not  merely as leaders of thought but as
 teachers with their disciples1 as      
friends with friends1 as witnesses and  
examples of high self-rule and  refined 
purity and goodness1 that the chiefs    
whose names were in all  men's mouths   
won the hearts and trust of so many1 in 

the crowds that  stood about them4      
,foremost1 of course1 ever since he had 
thrown himself  into it in #ahce1 was   
,dr4 ,pusey4 ,his position1 his         
dignified office1 his  learning1 his    
solidity and seriousness of character1  
his high standard  of religious life1   
the charm of his charity1 and the       
sweetness of his  temper naturally gave 
him the first place in the movement in  
,oxford and  the world4 ,it came to be  
especially associated with him4 ,its    
enemies  fastened on it a nickname from 
his name1 and this nickname1 partly from
  a greater smoothness of sound1 partly 
from an odd suggestion of  something    
funny in it1 came more into use than    
others2 and the terms  ,puseismus1      
,pusisme1 ,puseista found their way into
 ,german  lecture-halls and ,paris      
salons and remote convents and police   
offices in  ,italy and ,sicily2 indeed1 
in the shape of  it might be lighted  on
 in a ,greek newspaper4 ,dr4 ,pusey was 
a person who commanded the utmost       

interest and reverence2 he was more in  
communication with the great  world     
outside than ,oxford people generally1  
and lived much in retirement  from      
,oxford society2 but to all interested  
in the movement he was its              
representative and highest authority4   
,he and ,mr4 ,newman had the fullest    
confidence in one another1 though       
conscious at times of not perfect       
agreement2 yet each had a line of his   
own1 and each of them was apt to  do    
things out of his own head4 ,dr4 ,pusey 
was accessible to all who  wished to see
 him2 but he did not encourage visits   
which wasted time4  ,and the person who 
was pre-eminently1 not only before their
 eyes1 but  within their reach in the   
ordinary intercourse of man with man1   
was ,mr4  ,newman4 ,mr4 ,newman1 who    
lived in ,college in the ordinary way of
 a  resident ,fellow1 met other         
university men1 older or younger1 on    
equal  terms4 ,as time went on1 a       
certain wonder and awe gathered round   

him4  ,people were a little afraid of   
him2 but the fear was in themselves1 not
  created by any intentional stiffness  
or coldness on his part4 ,he did not    
try to draw men to him1 he was no       
proselytiser2 he shrank with fear and   
repugnance from the character--it was an
 invasion of the privileges of  the     
heart4#fa ,but if men came to him1 he   
was accessible2 he allowed his  friends 
to bring their friends to him1 and met  
them more than half-way4  ,he was       
impatient of mere idle worldliness1 of  
conceit and impertinence1  of men who   
gave themselves airs2 he was very       
impatient of pompous and  solemn        
emptiness4 ,but he was very patient with
 those whom he believed to  sympathise  
with what was nearest his heart2 no one1
 probably1 of his  power and penetration
 and sense of the absurd1 was ever so   
ready to  comply with the two demands   
which a witty prelate proposed to put   
into  the examination in the            
,consecration ,service of ,bishops3     

,wilt thou  answer thy letters8 ,wilt   
thou suffer fools gladly8 ,but          
courteous1  affable1 easy as he was1 he 
was a keen trier of character2 he       
gauged1  and men felt that he gauged1   
their motives1 their reality and        
soundness  of purpose2 he let them see1 
if they at all came into his intimacy1  
that if they were not1 he1 at any rate1 
was in the deepest earnest4  ,and at an 
early period1 in a memorable sermon1#fb 
the vivid impression  of which at the   
time still haunts the recollection of   
some who heard it1  he gave warning to  
his friends and to those whom his       
influence touched1  that no child's play
 lay before them2 that they were making1
 it might be  without knowing it1 the   
,ventures of ,faith4 ,but feeling that  
he had  much to say1 and that a         
university was a place for the          
circulation and  discussion of ideas1 he
 let himself be seen and known and felt1
 both  publicly and in private4 ,he had 
his breakfast parties and his evening   

gatherings4 ,his conversation ranged    
widely1 marked by its peculiar          
stamp--entire ease1 unstudied perfection
 of apt and clean-cut words1  unexpected
 glimpses of a sure and piercing        
judgment4 ,at times1 at more  private   
meetings1 the violin1 which he knew how 
to touch1 came into  play4    ,he had   
great gifts for leadership4 ,but as a   
party chief he was also  deficient in   
some of the qualities which make a      
successful one4 ,his  doctrine of the   
,church had the disadvantage of an      
apparently  intermediate and ambiguous  
position1 refusing the broad1           
intelligible  watchwords and reasonings 
of popular religionism4 ,it was not     
without  clearness and strength2 but    
such a position naturally often leads to
  what seem over-subtle modes of        
argument1 seemingly over-subtle because 
deeper and more original than the common
 ones2 and he seemed sometimes  to want 
sobriety in his use of dialectic        
weapons1 which he wielded with  such    

force and effect4 ,over-subtlety in the 
leader of a party tends to  perplex     
friends and give a handle to opponents4 
,and with all his  confidence in his    
cause1 and also in his power and his    
call to use it1  he had a curious       
shyness and self-distrust as to his own 
way of doing  what he had to do2 he was 
afraid of wilfulness1 of too great      
reliance  on intellect4 ,he had long    
been accustomed to observe and judge    
himself1  and while conscious of his    
force1 he was fully alive to the        
drawbacks1  moral and intellectual1     
which wait on the highest powers4 ,when 
attacks  were made on him by            
authorities1 as in the case of the      
,tract ,no4 #ij1 his  more eager friends
 thought him too submissive2 they would 
have liked a  more combative temper and 
would not accept his view that          
confidence in  him was lost1 because it 
might be shaken4#fc ,but if he bent     
before  official authority the          
disapproval of friends was a severer    

trouble4  ,most tender in his           
affections1 most trustful in his        
confidence1 craving  for sympathy1 it   
came like a shock and chill when things 
did not go  right between himself and   
his friends4 ,he was too sensitive under
 such  disapproval for a successful     
party chief4 ,the true party leader     
takes  these things as part of that     
tiresome human stupidity and            
perverseness  with which he must make   
his account4 ,perhaps they sting for the
 moment1  but he brushes them away and  
goes forward1 soon forgetting them4 ,but
  with ,mr4 ,newman1 his cause was      
identified with his friendships and even
  his family affections4 ,and as a      
leader1 he was embarrassed by the       
keenness with which he sympathised with 
the doubts and fears of friends2  want  
of sympathy and signs of distrust       
darkened the prospect of the  future2   
they fell like a blight on his stores of
 hope1 never  over-abundant2 they       
tempted him1 not to assert himself1 but 

to throw up  the game as convicted of   
unfitness1 and retire for good and all  
to his  books and silence4 ,let them1 he
 seemed to say1 have their way1 as  they
 will not let me have mine2 they have   
the right to take theirs1 only  not to  
make me take it4 ,in spite of his       
enthusiasm and energy1 his  unceasing   
work1 his occasional bursts of severe   
punishment inflicted on  those who      
provoked him1 there was always present  
this keen  sensitiveness1 the source of 
so much joy and so much pain4 ,he would 
not  have been himself without it4 ,but 
he would have been a much more  powerful
 and much more formidable combatant if  
he had cared less for  what his friends 
felt1 and followed more unhesitatingly  
his own line and  judgment4 ,this keen  
sensitiveness made him more quickly     
alive than other  people to all that lay
 round him and before2 it made him      
quicker to  discern danger and disaster2
 it led him to give up hope and to      
retire  from the contest long before he 

had a right to do so4 ,the experience of
  later years shows that he had         
despaired too soon4 ,such delicate      
sensitiveness1 leading to impatience1   
was not capable of coping with the      
rough work involved in the task of      
reform1 which he had undertaken4    ,all
 this time the four o'clock sermons at  
,st4 ,mary's were always going  on4     
,but1 besides these1 he anticipated a   
freedom--familiar now1 but  unknown     
then--of public lecturing4 ,in ,advent  
and after ,easter a company1  never very
 large1 used to gather on a week-day    
afternoon in ,adam de  ,brome's         
,chapel--the old ,chapel of ,our ,lady  
of ,littlemore--to hear him  lecture on 
some theological subject4 ,it is a dark1
 dreary appendage to  ,st4 ,mary's on   
the north side1 in which ,adam de       
,brome1 ,edward ,,ii4's  almoner1 and   
the founder of ,oriel ,college1 is      
supposed to lie1 beneath  an unshapely  
tomb1 covered by a huge slab of ,purbeck
 marble1 from which  the brass has been 

stripped4 ,the place is called a chapel1
 but is more  like a court or place of  
business1 for which1 indeed1 it was used
 in the  old days by one of the         
,faculties of the ,house of             
,convocation1 which held  its assemblies
 there4 ,at the end is a high seat and  
desk for the person  presiding1 and an  
enclosure and a table for officials     
below him2 and  round the rest of the   
dingy walls run benches fixed to the    
wall1 dingy  as the walls themselves4   
,but it also had another use4 ,on       
occasions of a  university sermon1 a few
 minutes before it began1 the ,heads of 
,houses  assembled1 as they still       
assemble1 in the chapel1 ranging        
themselves on  the benches round the    
walls4 ,the ,vice-,chancellor has his   
seat on one  side1 the preacher1 with   
the two ,proctors below him1 sits       
opposite2 and  there all sit in their   
robes1 more or less grand1 according to 
the day1  till the beadle comes to      
announce that it is time to form the    

procession  into church4 ,this desolate 
place ,mr4 ,newman turned into his      
lecture-room2 in it he delivered the    
lectures which afterwards became  the   
volume on the ,prophetical ,character of
 the ,church1 or ,romanism  and ,popular
 ,protestantism2 the lectures which     
formed the volume on  ,justification2   
those on ,antichrist1 and on            
,rationalism and the  ,canon of         
,scripture1 which afterwards became     
,nos4 #hc and #he of the  ,tracts for   
the ,times4#fd ,the force1 the boldness1
 the freedom from  the trammels of      
commonplace1 the breadth of view and    
grasp of the  subject which marked those
 lectures1 may be seen in them still4   
,but it  is difficult to realise now the
 interest with which they were heard at 
the time by the first listeners to that 
clear and perfectly modulated  voice1   
opening to them fresh and original ways 
of regarding questions  which seemed    
worn out and exhausted4 ,the volumes    
which grew out of the  ,adam de ,brome  

lectures were some of the most          
characteristic portions of  the         
theological literature of the early     
movement4 ,they certainly greatly       
influenced the course of thought in it1 
and some of its most serious  issues4   
,the movement was not one of mere       
opinion4 ,it took two distinct though   
connected lines4 ,it was1 on the one    
hand1 theological2 on the other1        
resolutely practical4 ,theologically1 it
 dealt with great questions of          
religious principle--,what is the       
,church8 ,is it a reality or a mode of  
speech8 ,on what grounds does it rest8  
,how may it be known8 ,is it among  us8 
,how is it to be discriminated from its 
rivals or counterfeits8 ,what  is its   
essential constitution8 ,what does it   
teach8 ,what are its  shortcomings8     
,does it nerd reform8 ,but1 on the other
 hand1 the movement  was marked by its  
deep earnestness on the practical side  
of genuine  ,christian life4 ,very early
 in the movement 7#ahcc7 a series of    

sketches of primitive ,christian life   
appeared in the ,british                
,magazine--afterwards collected under   
the title of the ,church of the         
,fathers 7#ahdj7--to remind people who  
were becoming interested in  ancient and
 patristic theology that1 besides the   
doctrines to be found  in the vast      
folios of the ,fathers1 there were to be
 sought in them and  laid to heart the  
temptations and trials1 the aspirations 
and moral  possibilities of actual life1
 the tone and modes of thought1 the     
habits  and manners of the early times  
of the ,church4 ,the note struck in the 
first of ,mr4 ,newman's published       
sermons--,holiness necessary for future 
blessedness--was never allowed to be out
 of mind4 ,the movement was1  above all1
 a moral one2 it was nothing1 allowed to
 be nothing1 if it  was not this4#fe    
,seriousness1 reverence1 the fear of    
insincere words  and unsound            
professions1 were essential in the      
character1 which alone it  would        

tolerate in those who made common cause 
with it4    ,its ethical tendency was   
shown in two things1 which were         
characteristic  of it4 ,one was the     
increased care for the ,gospels1 and    
study of them1  compared with other     
parts of the ,bible4 ,evangelical       
theology had dwelt  upon the work of    
,christ1 and laid comparatively little  
stress on ,his  example1 or the picture 
left us of ,his ,personality and ,life4 
,it regarded  the ,epistles of ,st4     
,paul as the last word of the ,gospel   
message4 ,people  who can recall the    
popular teaching1 which was spoken of   
then as sound  and faithful1 and        
preaching ,christ1 can remember how the 
,epistles  were ransacked for texts to  
prove the sufficiency of ,scripture or  
the  right of private judgment1 or the  
distinction between justification  and  
sanctification1 while the ,gospel       
narrative was imperfectly studied  and  
was felt to be much less interesting4   
,the movement made a great  change4 ,the

 great ,name stood no longer for an     
abstract symbol of  doctrine1 but for a 
living ,master1 who could teach as well 
as save4 ,and  not forgetting whither   
,he had gone and what ,he was1 the      
readers of  ,scripture now sought ,him  
eagerly in those sacred records1 where  
we can  almost see and hear ,his going  
in and out among men4 ,it was a change  
in  the look and use of ,scripture1     
which some can still look back to as an 
epoch in their religious history4 ,the  
other feature was the increased  and    
practical sense of the necessity of     
self-discipline1 of taking real  trouble
 with one's self to keep thoughts and   
wishes in order1 to lay the  foundation 
of habits1 to acquire the power of      
self-control4 ,deeply fixed  in the mind
 of the teachers1 this serious          
governance of life1 this  direction and 
purification of its aims1 laid strong   
hold on the  consciences of those who   
accepted their teaching4 ,this training 
was not  showy2 it was sometimes        

austere1 even extravagantly austere2 but
 it was  true1 and enduring1 and it     
issued often in a steady and unconscious
  elevation of the religious character4 
,how this character was fed and         
nurtured and encouraged--how1 too1 it   
was frankly warned of its dangers1  may 
be seen in those ,parochial ,sermons at 
,st4 ,mary's1 under whose  inspiration  
it was developed1 and which will always 
be the best  commentary on the character
 thus formed4 ,even among those who     
ultimately  parted from the movement1   
with judgment more or less unfavourable 
to its  theology and general line1 it   
left1 as if uneffaceable1 this moral    
stamp2 this value for sincerity and     
simplicity of feeling and life1 this    
keen sense of the awfulness of things   
unseen4 ,there was something sui        
generis in the profoundly serious1      
profoundly reverent tone1 about         
everything that touched religion in all 
who had ever come strongly under  its   
influence4    ,of course the party soon 

had the faults of a party1 real and     
imputed4#ff ,is it conceivable that     
there should ever have been a  religious
 movement1 which has not provoked smiles
 from those outside of  it1 and which   
has not lent itself to caricature8      
,there were weaker  members of it1 and  
headstrong ones1 and imitative ones2    
there were  grotesque and absurd ones2  
some were deeper1 some shallower2 some  
liked  it for its excitement1 and some  
liked it for its cause2 there were those
  who were for pushing on1 and those who
 were for holding back2 there were  men 
of combat1 and men of peace2 there were 
those whom it made conceited  and       
self-important1 and those whom it drove 
into seriousness1 anxiety1  and         
retirement4 ,but1 whatever faults it    
had1 a pure and high spirit  ruled in   
it2 there were no disloyal members1 and 
there were none who  sought their own in
 it1 or thought of high things for      
themselves in  joining it4 ,it was this 
whole-heartedness1 this supreme         

reverence for  moral goodness1 more even
 than the great ability of the leaders1 
and in  spite of mistakes and failures1 
which gave its cohesion and its momentum
  to the movement in its earlier stages4
    ,the state of feeling and opinion   
among ,churchmen towards the end of     
#ahce1 two years after the ,tracts had  
begun1 is thus sketched by one who  was 
anxiously observing it1 in the preface  
to the second volume of the  ,tracts    
7,november #ahce74      ,in completing  
the second volume of a publication1 to  
which the    circumstances of the day   
have given rise1 it may be right to     
allude to    a change which has taken   
place in them since the date of its     
commencement4 ,at that time1 in         
consequence of long security1 the       
attention of members of our ,church had 
been but partially engaged1 in          
ascertaining the grounds of their       
adherence to it2 but the imminent       
peril to all which is dear to them which
 has since been confessed1 has          

naturally turned their thoughts that    
way1 and obliged them to defend    it on
 one or other of the principles which   
are usually put forward in    its       
behalf4 ,discussions have thus been     
renewed in various quarters1 on         
points which had long remained          
undisturbed2 and though numbers         
continue undecided in opinion1 or take  
up a temporary position in some    one  
of the hundred middle points which may  
be assumed between the two    main      
theories in which the question issues2  
and others1 again1 have    deliberately 
entrenched themselves in the modern or  
ultra-,protestant    alternative2 yet1  
on the whole1 there has been much hearty
 and    intelligent adoption1 and much  
respectful study1 of those more         
primitive views maintained by our great 
,divines4 ,as the altered state    of   
public information and opinion has a    
necessary bearing on the    efforts of  
those who desire to excite attention to 
the subject 7in    which number the     

writers of these ,tracts are to be      
included71 it will    not be            
inappropriate briefly to state in this  
place what it is    conceived is the    
present position of the great body of   
,churchmen with    reference to it4     
,while we have cause to be thankful for 
the sounder and more accurate           
language1 which is now very generally   
adopted among well-judging men    on    
ecclesiastical subjects1 we must beware 
of over-estimating what has    been     
done1 and so becoming sanguine in our   
hopes of success1 or    slackening our  
exertions to secure it4 ,many more      
persons1 doubtless1    have taken up a  
profession of the main doctrine in      
question1 that1    namely1 of the one   
,catholic and ,apostolic ,church1 than  
fully enter    into it4 ,this was to be 
expected1 it being the peculiarity of   
all    religious teaching1 that words   
are imparted before ideas4 ,a child     
learns his ,creed or ,catechism before  
he understands it2 and in    beginning  

any deep subject we are all but children
 to the end of our    lives4 ,the       
instinctive perception of a rightly     
instructed mind1 prim    facie force of 
the argument1 or the authority of our   
celebrated    writers1 have all had     
their due and extensive influence in    
furthering    the reception of the      
doctrine1 when once it was openly       
maintained2 to    which must be added   
the prospect of the loss of ,state      
protection1    which made it necessary  
to look out for other reasons for       
adherence to    the ,church besides that
 of obedience to the civil magistrate4  
,nothing    which has spread quickly has
 been received thoroughly4 ,doubtless   
there    are a number of                
seriously-minded persons who think that 
they admit the    doctrine in question  
much more fully than they do1 and who   
would be    startled at seeing that     
realised in particulars which they      
confess in    an abstract form4 ,many   
there are who do not at all feel that it

 is    capable of a practical           
application2 and while they bring it    
forward on    special occasions1 in     
formal expositions of faith1 or in      
answer to a    direct interrogatory1 let
 it slip from their minds almost        
entirely in    their daily conduct or   
their religious teaching1 from the long 
and    inveterate habit of thinking and 
acting without it4 ,we must not1 then1  
at all be surprised at finding that to  
modify the principles and    motives on 
which men act is not the work of a day2 
nor at undergoing    disappointments1 at
 witnessing relapses1 misconceptions1   
sudden    disgusts1 and1 on the other   
hand1 abuses and perversions of the true
    doctrine1 in the case of those who  
have taken it up with more warmth       
than discernment4    ,from the end of   
#ahce1 or the beginning of #ahcf1 the   
world outside of  ,oxford began to be   
alive to the force and the rapid growth 
of this new  and1 to the world at large1
 not very intelligible movement4 ,the   

ideas  which had laid hold so powerfully
 on a number of leading minds in the    
,university began to work with a spell1 
which seemed to many  inexplicable1 on  
others unconnected with them4 ,this     
rapidity of  expansion1 viewed as a     
feature of a party1 was noticed on all  
sides1 by  enemies no less than friends4
 ,in an article in the ,british ,critic 
of  ,april #ahci1 by ,mr4 ,newman1 on   
the ,state of ,religious ,parties1 the  
fact  is illustrated from contemporary  
notices4      ,there is at the present  
moment a reaction in the ,church1 and a 
growing    reaction1 towards the views  
which it has been the endeavours of the 
,tract writers and1 as it seemed at the 
commencement1 almost hopeless           
endeavours1 to advocate4 ,the fairness  
of the prospect at present is    proved 
by the attack made on them by the public
 journals1 and is    confessed by the   
more candid and the more violent among  
their    opponents4 ,thus the amiable   
,mr4 ,bickersteth speaks of it as having

    manifested itself with the most     
rapid growth of the hot-bed of    these 
evil days4 ,the scoffing author of the  
,via ,media says3 ,at    this moment the
 ,via is crowded with young enthusiasts 
who never    presume to argue1 except   
against the propriety of arguing at all4
 ,the    candid ,mr4 ,baden-,powell1 who
 sees more of the difficulties of the   
controversy than the rest of their      
antagonists pot together1 says that     
it is clear that these views 444 have   
been extensively adopted1 and    are    
daily gaining ground among a            
considerable and influential portion    
of the members1 as well as the ministers
 of the ,established ,church4    ,the   
author of the ,natural ,history of      
,enthusiasm says3 ,the spread of        
these doctrines is in fact having the   
effect of rendering all other           
distinctions obsolete4 ,soon there will 
be no middle ground left1 and    every  
man1 especially every clergyman1 will be
 compelled to make his    choice between

 the two4 444 ,the ,bishop of ,chester  
speaks of the    subject daily assuming 
a more serious and alarming aspect3 a   
gossiping writer of the moment describes
 these doctrines as having    insinuated
 themselves not only into popular       
churches and fashionable    chapels1 and
 the columns of newspapers1 but into the
 ,house of    ,commons4    ,and the     
writer of the article goes on3--        
,now1 if there be any truth in these    
remarks1 it is plainly idle and         
perverse to refer the change of opinions
 which is now going on to the    acts of
 two or three individuals1 as is        
sometimes done4 ,of course    every     
event in human affairs has a beginning2 
and a beginning implies    a when1 and a
 where1 and a by whom1 and how4 ,but    
except in these    necessary            
circumstance1 the phenomenon in question
 is in a manner    quite independent of 
things visible and historical4 ,it is   
not here or    there2 it has no         
progress1 no causes1 no fortunes3 it is 

not a    movement1 it is a spirit1 it is
 a spirit afloat1 neither in the        
secret chambers nor in the desert1 but  
everywhere4 ,it is within us1    rising 
up in the heart where it was least      
expected1 and working its    way1 though
 not in secret1 yet so subtly and       
impalpably1 as hardly to    admit of    
precaution or encounter on any ordinary 
human rules of    opposition4 ,it is an 
adversary in the air1 a something one   
and entire1    a whole wherever it is1  
unapproachable and incapable of being   
grasped1    as being the result of      
causes far deeper than political or     
other    visible agencies1 the spiritual
 awakening of spiritual wants4          
,nothing can show more strikingly the   
truth of this representation than    to 
refer to what may be called the         
theological history of the              
individuals who1 whatever be their      
differences from each other on          
important or unimportant points1 yet are
 associated together in the    advocacy 

of the doctrines in question4 ,dr4 ,hook
 and ,mr4 ,churton    represent the     
,high ,church dignitaries of the last   
generation2 ,mr4    ,perceval1 the ,tory
 aristocracy2 ,mr4 ,keble is of the     
country clergy1    and comes from       
valleys and woods1 far removed both from
 notoriety and    noise2 ,mr4 ,palmer   
and ,mr4 ,todd are of ,ireland2 ,dr4    
,pusey became what    he is from among  
the ,universities of ,germany1 and after
 a severe and    tedious analysis of    
,arabic ,,mss4 ,mr4 ,dodsworth is said  
to have begun in    the study of        
,prophecy2 ,mr4 ,newman to have been    
much indebted to the    friendship of   
,archbishop ,whately2 ,mr4 ,froude1 if  
any one1 gained his    views from his   
own mind4 ,others have passed over from 
,calvinism and    kindred religions4    
,years afterwards1 and in changed       
circumstances1 the same writer has left 
the following record of what came before
 his experience in those  years3--#fg   
,from beginnings so small 7,i said71    

from elements of thought so             
fortuitous1 with prospects so           
unpromising1 the ,anglo-,catholic party 
suddenly became a power in the ,national
 ,church1 and an object of    alarm to  
her rulers and friends4 ,its originators
 would have found it    difficult to say
 what they aimed at of a practical kind3
 rather1 they    put forth views and    
principles1 for their own sake1 because 
they were    true1 as if they were      
obliged to say them2 and1 as they might 
be    themselves surprised at their     
earnestness in uttering them1 they had  
as great cause to be surprised at the   
success which attended their            
propagation4 ,and1 in fact1 they could  
only say that those doctrines    were in
 the air2 that to assert was to prove1  
and that to explain was    to persuade2 
and that the movement in which they were
 taking part was    the birth of a      
crisis rather than of a place4 ,in a    
very few years a    school of opinion   
was formed1 fixed in its principles1    

indefinite and    progressive in their  
range2 and it extended itself into every
 part of    the country4 ,if we inquire 
what the world thought of it1 we have   
still    more to raise our wonder2 for1 
not to mention the excitement it caused 
in ,england1 the movement and its       
party-names were known to the police    
of ,italy and to the backwoods-men of   
,america4 ,and so it proceeded1         
getting stronger and stronger every     
year1 till it came into collision       
with the ,nation and that ,church of the
 ,nation1 which it began by             
professing especially to serve4         
,,footnotes3    #ei ,i answered1 the    
person whom we were opposing had        
committed himself  in writing1 and we   
ought to commit ourselves1              
too4--,apologia1 p4 #adc4    #fj ,i very
 much doubt between ,oxford and         
,cambridge for my boy4 ,oxford1  which  
,i should otherwise prefer1 on many     
accounts1 has at present  two-thirds of 
the steady-reading men1 ,rabbinists1    

i4e4 ,puseyites4 ,but  this was probably
 an exaggeration4--,whately's ,life2    
letter of ,oct4  #ahch1 p4 #afc 7ed4    
#ahge74    #fa ,the sagacious and       
aspiring man of the world1 the          
scrutiniser  of the heart1 the          
conspirator against its privileges and  
rights4--,prophetical ,office of the    
,church1 p4 #acb4    #fb ,parochial     
,sermons1 iv4 #bj4 ,feb4 #ahcf4    #fc  
,vide ,j4,b4 ,mozley1 ,letters1 pp4     
#aad1 #aae4 ,confidence in me was  lost1
 but ,i had already lost confidence in  
myself4 ,this1 to a friend  like ,j4,b4 
,mozley1 seemed exaggeration4 ,though   
admiring the letter to  the ,vice       
,chancellor ,i confess1 for my own part1
 ,i think a general  confession of      
humility was irrelevant to the present  
occasion1 the  question being simply on 
a point of theological interpretation4  
,i have  always had a prejudice against 
general confessions4 ,mozley plainly    
thought ,newman's attitude too meek4 ,he
 would have liked something more        

spirited and pugnacious4    #fd         
,romanism and ,popular ,protestantism1  
from #ahcd to #ahcf1 published  ,march  
#ahcg2 ,justification1 after ,easter    
#ahcg1 published ,march #ahch2  ,canon  
of ,scripture1 published ,may #ahch2    
,antichrist1 published ,june  #ahch4    
#fe ,cf4 ,lyra ,apostolica1 ,no4 #fe3   
,thou to wax fierce    ,in the cause of 
the ,lord6             99       99      
99       99       99      ,anger and    
zeal1    ,and the joy of the brave1     
,who bade thee to feel1       ,sin's    
slave8      #ff ,this weak side was     
portrayed with severity in a story      
published by  ,mr4 ,newman in #ahdh1    
after he left the ,english              
,church--,loss and ,gain4    #fg        
,apologia1 p4 #aef4          ,,chapter  
,,xi    ,,the ,,roman ,,question        
,the ,hampden controversy had           
contributed to bring to the front a     
question1 which from the first starting 
of the ,tracts had made itself  felt1   
but which now became a pressing one4 ,if

 the ,church of ,england  claimed to be 
part of the ,catholic ,church1 what was 
the answer of the  ,church of ,england  
to the claims and charges of the ,church
 of ,rome8 ,what  were the true         
distinctions between the doctrines of   
the two ,churches on  the great points  
on which they were supposed to be at    
issue8 ,the vague  outcry of ,popery had
 of course been raised both against the 
general  doctrine of the ,church1       
enforced in the ,tracts1 and against    
special  doctrines and modes of         
speaking1 popularly identified with     
,romanism2 and  the answer had been an  
appeal to the authority of the most     
learned and  authoritative of our       
writers4 ,but1 of course1 to the general
 public this  learning was new2 and the 
cry went on with a dreary and stupid    
monotony4  ,but the charges against ,dr4
 ,hampden led his defenders to adopt as 
their  best weapon an aggressive policy4
 ,to the attack on his orthodoxy1 the   
counter buffet was the charge against   

his chief opponents of secret or  open  
,romanising4 ,in its keenest and most   
popular form it was put forth  in a     
mocking pamphlet written probably under 
,whately's inspiration by  his most     
trusted confidant1 ,dr4 ,dickinson1 in  
which1 in the form of a  ,pastoral      
,epistle from his ,holiness the ,pope to
 some ,members of the  ,university of   
,oxford1 the ,tract-writers are made to 
appear as the  emissaries and secret    
tools of ,rome1 as in a jeu d'esprit of 
,whately's  they are made to appear as  
the veiled prophets of infidelity4#fh   
,it was  clever1 but not clever enough  
to stand1 at least in ,oxford1 against  
,dr4  ,pusey's dignified and gravely    
earnest ,remonstrance against its       
injustice and trifling4 ,but the fire of
 all ,dr4 ,hampden's friends had  been  
drawn on the leaders of the movement4   
,with them1 and almost alone  with them1
 the opposition to him was made a       
personal matter4 ,as time  went on1     
those who had been as hot as they       

against ,dr4 ,hampden managed  to get   
their part in the business forgotten4   
,old scores between  ,orthodox1         
,evangelicals1 and ,liberals were wiped 
out1 and the ,tractarians  were left to 
bear alone the odium of the persecution 
of ,dr4 ,hampden4  ,it must be said that
 they showed no signs of caring for it4 
,but the ,roman controversy was looming 
in earnest1 and it was idle to  expect  
to keep it long out of sight4 ,the      
,tracts had set forth with  startling   
vehemence the forgotten claims of the   
,church4 ,one reason why  this had been 
done was the belief1 as stated in the   
first volume of  them1 that nothing but 
these neglected doctrines1 faithfully   
preached1  will repress the extension of
 ,popery1 for which the ever-multiplying
  divisions of the religious world are  
too clearly preparing the way4#fi  ,the 
question1 ,what is the ,church8 was one 
which the conditions of the  times would
 not permit men any longer to leave     
alone4 ,it had become  urgent to meet it

 clearly and decisively4 ,we could not  
move a step in  comfort till this was   
done4#gj ,the controversy with the      
,romanists1  writes ,mr4 ,newman in ,no4
 #ga of the ,tracts1 about the end of   
#ahce1 has  overtaken us 'like a        
summer's cloud4' ,we find ourselves in  
various parts  of the country preparing 
for it1 yet1 when we look back1 we      
cannot  trace the steps by which we     
arrived at our present position4 ,we do 
not  recollect what our feelings were   
this time last year on the subject2     
what was the state of our apprehensions 
and anticipations4 ,all we know  is1    
that here we are1 from long security    
ignorant why we are not ,roman          
,catholics1 and they on the other side  
are said to be spreading and            
strengthening on all sides of us1       
vaunting of their success1 real or      
apparent1 and taunting us with our      
inability to argue with them4    ,the   
attitude taken by ,mr4 ,newman at this  
time1 as regards the ,roman  ,church1   

both in the ,tracts and in his book on  
,romanism and ,popular  ,protestantism1 
published in the early months of #ahcf1 
was a new one4 ,he  had started1 as he  
tells us1 with the common belief that   
the ,pope was  ,antichrist1 and that the
 case was so clear against the whole    
system1  doctrinal and practical1 of the
 ,church of ,rome1 that it scarcely     
needed  further examination4 ,his       
feeling against ,rome had been increased
 by the  fierce struggle about          
,emancipation1 and by the political     
conduct of the  ,roman ,catholic party  
afterwards2 and his growing             
dissatisfaction with  the ordinary      
,protestantism had no visible effect in 
softening this  feeling4 ,hurrell       
,froude's daring questions had made his 
friends feel  that there might be more  
to be known about the subject than they 
yet  knew2 yet what the                 
fellow-travellers saw of things abroad  
in their visit  to the ,south in #ahcb  
did not impress them favourably4 ,they  

are wretched  ,tridentines everywhere1  
was ,froude's comment4 ,but attention   
had been  drawn to the subject1 and its 
deep interest and importance and        
difficulty recognised4 ,men began to    
read with new eyes4 ,froude's keen  and 
deep sense of shortcomings at home      
disposed him to claim equity and        
candour in judging of the alleged faults
 and corruptions of the ,church  abroad4
 ,it did more1 it disposed              
him--naturally enough1 but still        
unfairly1 and certainly without adequate
 knowledge--to treat ,roman             
shortcomings with an indulgence which he
 refused to ,english4 ,mr4 ,newman1     
knowing more1 and more comprehensive in 
his view of things1 and  therefore more 
cautious and guarded than ,froude1 was  
much less ready to  allow a favourable  
interpretation of the obvious           
allegations against  ,rome4 ,but thought
 and reading1 and the authority of our  
own leading  divines1 had brought him to
 the conviction that whatever was to be 

said  against the modern ,roman         
,church--and the charges against it were
 very  heavy--it was still1 amid serious
 corruption and error1 a teacher to the 
nations of the ,christian creed and     
hope2 it had not forfeited1 any more    
than the ,english ,church1 its title to 
be a part of that historic body  which  
connects us with the ,apostles of our   
,lord4 ,it had a strong and  consistent 
theory to oppose to its assailants2 it  
had much more to say  for itself than   
the popular traditions supposed4 ,this  
was no new idea in  ,anglican divinity1 
however ill it might sort with the      
current language  of ,protestant        
controversy4 ,but our old divines1 more 
easily satisfied  than we with the      
course of things at home under the      
protection of the  ,stuart kings1 and   
stung to bitter recrimination by the    
insults and the  unscrupulous political 
intrigues of ,roman ,catholic agents1   
had exhausted  the language of          
vituperation against a great aggressive 

rival1 which was  threatening everything
 that they held dear4 ,they had damaged 
their own  character for fairness1 and  
overlaid their substantial grounds of   
objection and complaint1 by this        
unbalanced exaggeration4 ,mr4 ,newman1  
in  his study of these matters1 early   
saw both the need and the difficulty  of
 discrimination in the ,roman           
controversy4 ,it had to be waged1 not as
  of old1 with penal legislation behind1
 but against adversaries who  could now 
make themselves listened to1 and before 
a public sufficiently  robust in its    
,protestantism1 to look with amused     
interest on a  dialectical triumph of   
the ,roman over the ,anglican claims4   
,romanism1 he  thought1 was fatal both  
to his recent hopes for the ,english    
,church1 and  to the honour and welfare 
of ,christianity at large4 ,but in      
opposing it1  ground loosely taken of   
old must be carefully examined1 and if  
untenable1 abandoned4 ,arguments which  
proved too much1 which availed  against 

any ,church at all1 must be given up4   
,popular objections1 arising  from      
ignorance or misconception1 must be     
reduced to their true limits or  laid   
aside4 ,the controversy was sure to be a
 real one1 and nothing but  what was    
real and would stand scrutiny was worth 
anything in it4    ,mr4 ,newman had     
always been impressed with the greatness
 of the ,roman  ,church4 ,of old it had 
seemed to him great with the greatness  
of  ,antichrist4 ,now it seemed great   
with the strange weird greatness of a   
wonderful mixed system1 commanding from 
its extent of sway and its  imperial    
authority1 complicated and mysterious in
 its organisation and  influence1 in its
 devotion and its superstitions1 and    
surpassing every  other form of religion
 both in its good and its evil4#ga ,what
 now  presented itself to ,mr4 ,newman's
 thoughts1 instead of the old notion of 
a pure ,church on one side1 and a       
corrupt ,church on the other1 sharply   
opposed to one another1 was the more    

reasonable supposition of two great     
portions of the divided ,church1 each   
with its realities of history and  fact 
and character1 each with its special    
claims and excellences1 each  with its  
special sins and corruptions1 and       
neither realising in practice  and fact 
all it professed to be on paper2 each of
 which further1 in the  conflicts of    
past days1 had deeply1 almost           
unpardonably1 wronged the  other4 ,the  
,church of ,england was in possession1  
with its own call and  its immense work 
to do1 and striving to do it4 ,whatever 
the ,church of  ,rome was abroad1 it was
 here an intruder and a disturber4 ,that
 to his  mind was the fact and the true 
position of things2 and this ought to   
govern the character and course of      
controversy4 ,the true line was not to  
denounce and abuse wholesale1 not to    
attack with any argument1 good or  bad1 
not to deny or ignore what was solid in 
the ,roman ground1 and good  and        
elevated in the ,roman system1 but      

admitting all that fairly ought to  be  
admitted1 to bring into prominence1 not 
for mere polemical  denunciation1 but   
for grave and reasonable and judicial   
condemnation1  all that was extravagant 
and arrogant in ,roman assumptions1 and 
all that  was base1 corrupt1 and        
unchristian in the popular religion1    
which1 with  all its claims to          
infallibility and authority1 ,rome not  
only permitted  but encouraged4 ,for us 
to condemn ,rome wholesale1 as was      
ordinarily the  fashion1 even in        
respectable writers1 was as wrong1 as   
unfair1 as  unprofitable to the cause of
 truth and ,christianity1 as the ,roman 
charges against us were felt by us to be
 ignorant and unjust4 ,rome  professes  
like ,england to continue the           
constitution1 doctrine1  traditions1 and
 spirit of the ancient and undivided    
,church3 and so far  as she does so--and
 she does so in a great degree--we can  
have no  quarrel with her4 ,but in a    
great degree also1 she does this only in

  profession and as a theory3 she claims
 the witness and suffrage of  antiquity1
 but she interprets it at her own       
convenience and by her own  authority4  
,we cannot claim exemption from         
mistakes1 from deviations from  our own 
standard and principles1 any more than  
,rome2 but while she  remains as she is1
 and makes the monstrous claims of      
infallibility and  supremacy1 there is  
nothing for ,english ,churchmen but to  
resist her4  ,union is impossible4      
,submission is impossible4 ,what we have
 to beware of  for our own sake1 as well
 as for our cause1 are false arguments1 
unreal  objections1 ignorant            
allegations4 ,there is enough on the    
very surface1  in her audacious         
assertions and high-handed changes1 for 
popular  arguments against her1 without 
having recourse to exaggeration and     
falsehood2 she may be a very faulty     
,church1 without being ,babylon and     
,antichrist4 ,and in the higher forms of
 argument1 there is abundance in  those 

provinces of ancient theology and       
ecclesiastical history and law1  which  
,protestant controversialists have      
commonly surrendered and left  open to  
their opponents1 to supply a more       
telling weapon than any which  these    
controversialists have used4    ,this   
line1 though substantially involved in  
the theory of our most  learned divines1
 from ,andrewes to ,wake1 was new in its
 moderation and  reasonable caution2 in 
its abstention from insult and vague    
abuse1 in  its recognition of the prim  
facie strength of much of the ,roman    
case1  in its fearless attempt1 in      
defiance of the deepest prejudices1 to  
face  the facts and conditions of the   
question4 ,mr4 ,newman dared to know and
  to acknowledge much that our insular  
self-satisfaction did not know1 and  did
 not care to know1 of real ,christian   
life in the ,church of ,rome4 ,he  dared
 to admit that much that was popularly  
held to be ,popish was  ancient1        
,catholic1 edifying2 he dared to warn   

,churchmen that the loose  unsifted     
imputations1 so securely hazarded       
against ,rome1 were both  discreditable 
and dangerous4 ,all this1 from one whose
 condemnation of  ,rome was decisive and
 severe1 was novel4 ,the attempt1 both  
in its spirit  and its ability1 was not 
unworthy of being part of the general   
effort to  raise the standard of thought
 and teaching in the ,english ,church4  
,it  recalled men from slovenly         
prejudices to the study of the real     
facts of  the living world4 ,it narrowed
 the front of battle1 but it            
strengthened  it enormously4 ,the volume
 on ,romanism and ,popular              
,protestantism is not  an exhaustive    
survey of the controversy with ,rome or 
of the theory of  the ,church4 ,there   
are great portions of the subject1 both 
theological  and historical1 which it   
did not fall within the scope of the    
book to  touch4 ,it was unsystematic and
 incomplete4 ,but so far as its argument
  extended1 it almost formed an epoch in

 this kind of controversial  writing4   
,it showed the command of a man of      
learning over all the  technical points 
and minutiae of a question highly       
scholastical in its  conceptions and its
 customary treatment1 and it presented  
this question  in its bearings and      
consequences on life and practice with  
the freedom  and breadth of the most    
vigorous popular writing4 ,the          
indictment against  ,rome was no vague  
or general one4 ,it was one of those    
arguments which  cut the ground from    
under a great established structure of  
reasonings  and proofs4 ,and its        
conclusions1 clear and measured1 but    
stern1 were  the more impressive1       
because they came from one who did not  
disguise his  feeling that there was    
much in what was preserved in the ,roman
 system to  admire and to learn from4   
,the point which he chose for his       
assault was indeed the key of the ,roman
  position--the doctrine of             
,infallibility4 ,he was naturally led to

 this  side of the question by the      
stress which the movement had laid on   
the  idea of the ,church as the witness 
and teacher of revealed truth3 and the  
immediate challenge given by the critics
 or opponents of the movement  was1 how 
to distinguish this lofty idea of the   
,church1 with its claim to  authority1  
if it was at all substantial1 from the  
imposing and  consistent theory of      
,romanism4 ,he urged against the ,roman 
claim of  ,infallibility two leading    
objections4 ,one was the way in which   
the  assumed infallibility of the       
present ,church was made to override and
  supersede1 in fact1 what in words was 
so ostentatiously put forward1 the      
historical evidence of antiquity to     
doctrine1 expressed by the phrase1  the 
consent of the ,fathers4 ,the other     
objection was the inherent              
contradiction of the notion of          
infallibility to the conditions of human
  reception of teaching and knowledge1  
and its practical uselessness as an     

assurance of truth1 its partly delusive1
 partly mischievous1 working4  ,but he  
felt1 as all deep minds must feel1 that 
it is easier to overthrow  the ,roman   
theory of ,church authority than to     
replace it by another1  equally complete
 and commanding1 and more unassailable4 
,he was quite  alive to the difficulties
 of the ,anglican position2 but he was a
  disciple in the school of ,bishop     
,butler1 and had learned as a first     
principle to recognise the limitations  
of human knowledge1 and the             
unphilosophical folly of trying to round
 off into finished and  pretentious     
schemes our fragmentary yet certain     
notices of our own  condition and of    
,god's dealings with it4 ,he followed   
his teacher in  insisting on the reality
 and importance of moral evidence as    
opposed to  demonstrative proof2 and he 
followed the great ,anglican divines in 
asserting that there was a true         
authority1 varying in its degrees1 in   
the historic ,church2 that on the most  

fundamental points of religion  this    
authority was trustworthy and supreme2  
that on many other questions  it was    
clear and weighty1 though it could not  
decide everything4 ,this  view of the   
prophetical office of the ,church had   
the dialectical  disadvantage of        
appearing to be a compromise1 to many   
minds a fatal  disadvantage4 ,it got the
 name of the ,via ,media2 a satisfactory
 one to  practical men like ,dr4 ,hook1 
to whom it recommended itself for use in
  popular teaching2 but to others1 in   
aftertimes1 an ill-sounding phrase  of  
dislike1 which summed up the weakness of
 the ,anglican case4 ,yet it  only      
answered to the certain fact1 that in   
the early and undivided  ,church there  
was such a thing as authority1 and there
 was no such thing  known as            
,infallibility4 ,it was an appeal to the
 facts of history and  human nature     
against the logical exigencies of a     
theory4 ,men must  transcend the        
conditions of our experience if they    

want the certainty  which the theory of 
,infallibility speaks of4    ,there were
 especially two weak points in this view
 of ,anglicanism4 ,mr4  ,newman felt and
 admitted them1 and of course they were 
forced on his  attention by             
controversialists on both sides2 by the 
,ultra ,protestant  school1 whose modes 
of dealing with ,scripture he had       
exposed with  merciless logic and by the
 now eager ,roman disputants1 of whom   
,dr4  ,wiseman was the able and not     
over-scrupulous chief4 ,the first of    
these  points was that the authority of 
the undivided ,church1 which            
,anglicanism  invoked1 though it        
completely covered the great foundations
 of ,christian  doctrine1 our faith as  
to the nature of ,god1 did not cover    
with equal  completeness other important
 points of controversy1 such as those   
raised at the ,reformation as to the    
,sacraments1 and the justification of   
the sinner4 ,the ,anglican answer was   
that though the formal and conciliar    

authority was not the same in each case1
 the patristic literature of the  time  
of the great councils1 all that it took 
for granted and preserved  as current   
belief and practice1 all that resulted  
from the questions and  debates of the  
time1 formed a body of proof1 which     
carried with it moral  evidence only    
short of authoritative definition1 and  
was so regarded in  the ,anglican       
formularies4 ,these formularies implied 
the authority of the  ,church to speak2 
and what was defined on this authority  
was based on  good evidence1 though     
there were portions of its teaching     
which had even  better4 ,the other point
 was more serious4 ,your theory1 was the
  objection1 is nothing but a paper     
theory2 it never was a reality2 it      
never can be4 ,there may be an ideal    
halting-place1 there is neither a       
logical nor an actual one1 between      
,romanism and the ordinary negations  of
 ,protestantism4 ,the answer to the     
challenge then was1 ,let us see if  it  

cannot be realised4 ,it has recognised  
foundations to build upon1 and  the     
impediments and interruptions which have
 hindered it are well known4  ,let us   
see if it will not turn out something   
more than a paper theory4  ,that was the
 answer given at the time1 abandoned ten
 years afterwards4  ,but this at least  
may be said1 that the longer experience 
of the last  fifty years has shown that 
the ,church of ,england has been working
 more  and more on such a theory1 and   
that the ,church of ,england1 whatever  
its  faults may be1 is certainly not a  
,church only on paper4    ,but on the   
principles laid down in this volume1 the
 ,roman controversy1  in its varying    
forms1 was carried on--for the time by  
,mr4 ,newman1  permanently by the other 
leaders of the movement4 ,in its main   
outlines1  the view has become the      
accepted ,anglican view4 ,many other    
most  important matters have come into  
the debate4 ,the publicly altered       
attitude of the ,papacy has indefinitely

 widened the breach between  ,england   
and ,rome4 ,but the fundamental idea of 
the relations and  character of the two 
,churches remains the same as it was    
shadowed forth  in #ahcf4    ,one very  
important volume on these questions     
ought not to be passed by  without      
notice4 ,this was the ,treatise on the  
,church of ,christ1 #ahch1  by ,mr4 ,w4 
,palmer1 who had already by his         
,origines of the ,english  ,ritual1     
#ahcb1 done much to keep up that        
interest of ,churchmen in the  early    
devotional language of the ,church1     
which had first been called  forth by   
,bishop ,lloyd's lectures on the ,prayer
 ,book4 ,the ,treatise on  the ,church  
was an honour to ,english theology and  
learning2 in point of  plan and         
structure we have few books like it4#gb 
,it is comprehensive1  methodical1      
well-compacted1 and1 from its own point 
of view1  exhaustive4 ,it is written    
with full knowledge of the state of the 
question at the time1 both on the       

,anglican side and on the ,roman4 ,its  
author evades no objection1 and is aware
 of most4 ,it is rigorous in  form1 and 
has no place for anything but           
substantial argument4 ,it is a  book    
which1 as the ,apologia tells us1       
commanded the respect of such an        
accomplished controversialist as        
,perrone2 and1 it may be added1 of a    
theologian of an opposite school1 ,dr4  
,dllinger4 ,it is also one on which  the
 highest value has been set by ,mr4     
,gladstone4 ,it is remarkable that  it  
did not exercise more influence on      
religious thought in ,oxford at the     
critical time when it appeared4 ,but it 
had defects1 and the moment was  against
 it4 ,it was dry and formal--inevitably 
so1 from the scientific  plan           
deliberately adopted for it2 it treated 
as problems of the  theological schools1
 to be discussed by the rules of severe 
and  passionless disputation1 questions 
which were once more1 after the         
interval of more than a century1        

beginning to touch hearts and           
consciences1 and were felt to be fraught
 with the gravest practical  issues4    
,and ,mr4 ,newman1 in his mode of       
dealing with them1 unsystematic1        
incomplete1 unsatisfactory in many ways 
as it was1 yet saw in them not  abstract
 and scholastic inquiries1 however      
important1 but matters in  which not    
only sound argument1 but sympathy and   
quick intelligence of  the conditions   
and working of the living minds around  
him1 were needed  to win their attention
 and interest4 ,to persons accustomed to
 ,mr4  ,newman's habit of mind and way  
of writing1 his ease1 his frankness1 his
  candour1 his impatience of            
conventionality1 his piercing insight   
into  the very centre of questions1 his 
ever-ready recognition of nature and    
reality1 his range of thought1 his      
bright and clear and fearless style  of 
argument1 his undisplayed but never     
unfelt consciousness of the true        
awfulness of anything connected with    

religion1 any stiff and heavy way  of   
treating questions which he had treated 
would have seemed  unattractive and     
unpersuasive4 ,he had spoiled his       
friends for any mere  technical         
handling1 however skilful1 of great and 
critical subjects4 ,he  himself pointed 
out in a review the unique merit and the
 real value of  ,mr4 ,palmer's book1    
pointing out also1 significantly enough1
 where it  fell short1 both in substance
 and in manner4 ,observing that the     
scientific system of the ,english       
,church is not yet sufficiently  cleared
 and adjusted1 and adding a variety of  
instances of this  deficiency1 he lets  
us see what he wanted done1 where       
difficulties most  pressed upon himself1
 and where ,mr4 ,palmer had missed the  
real substance  of such difficulties4   
,looking at it by the light of          
after-events1 we can  see the           
contradiction and reaction produced by  
,mr4 ,palmer's too  optimist statements4
 ,still1 ,mr4 ,newman's praise was      

sincere and  discriminating4 ,but ,mr4  
,palmer's book1 though never forgotten1 
scarcely  became1 what it at another    
time might well have become1 an ,english
  text-book4    ,,footnotes3    #fh     
,whately's ,life1 ed4 #ahge1 pp4        
#ahg-aij4    #fi ,advertisement to vol4 
i4 #ast ,nov4 #ahcd4    #gj ,apologia1  
p4 #aci4    #ga ,vide ,lyra ,apostolica1
 ,nos4 #agj1 #agb3      ,how shall ,i   
name thee1 ,light of the wide ,west1    
,or heinous error-seat8444    ,oh1 that 
thy creed were sound6    ,for thou dost 
soothe the heart1 thou ,church of ,rome1
    ,by thy unwearied watch and varied  
round    ,of service1 in thy ,saviour's 
holy home4    ,and comp4 ,no4 #aga1 ,the
 ,cruel ,church4    #gb ,the most       
important theological work which has    
lately appeared is  ,mr4 ,palmer's      
,treatise on the ,church4444 ,whatever  
judgment may be  formed of the          
conclusions to which he has come on the 
variety of points  which he had to      
consider1 we cannot contemplate without 

admiration1 and  7if it were right7     
without envy1 the thorough treatment    
which his  subject has received at his  
hands4 ,it is indeed a work quite in    
character with the religious movement   
which has commenced in various  parts of
 the ,church1 displaying a magnificence 
of design similar to that  of the       
,bishop of ,london's plan of fifty new  
churches1 and ,dr4 ,pusey1 of           
,oxford's1 projected translation of the 
,fathers4--,brit4 ,crit44 ,july  #ahch4 
,short ,notices4          ,,chapter     
,,xii    ,,changes      ,the first seven
 years of the movement1 as it is said in
 the ,apologia1  had been years of      
prosperity4 ,there had been mistakes2   
there had been  opposition2 there had   
been distrust and uneasiness4 ,there was
 in some  places a ban on the friends of
 ,mr4 ,newman2 men like ,mr4 ,james     
,mozley and  ,mr4 ,mark ,pattison found 
their connexion with him a difficulty in
 the way  of fellowships4 ,but on the   
whole1 things had gone smoothly1 without

 any  great breakdown1 or any open      
collision with authority4 ,but after    
#ahdj  another period was to begin of   
trouble and disaster4 ,the seeds of this
  had been partially sown before in the 
days of quiet1 and the time was  come   
for their development4 ,differences in  
the party itself had been  growing      
sharper2 differences between the more   
cautious and the more  fearless1 between
 the more steady-going and the more     
subtle thinkers4  ,the contrast between 
the familiar and customary1 and the     
new--between  the unknown or forgotten1 
and a mass of knowledge only recently   
realised--became more pronounced4       
,consequences of a practical kind1 real 
or supposed2 began to show themselves1  
and to press4 ,and above all1 a  second 
generation1 without the sobering        
experience of the first1 was  starting  
from where the first had reached to1    
and1 in some instances1  was rising up  
against their teachers' caution and     
patience4 ,the usual  dangers of all    

earnest and aggressive assertions of    
great principles  appeared3 contempt for
 everything in opinion and practice that
 was not  advanced1 men vying with each 
other in bold inferences1 in the        
pleasure  of talking strong4 ,with this 
grew fear and exasperation on the other 
side1 misunderstandings1 misgivings1    
strainings of mutual confidence1        
within4 ,dr4 ,hook alternated between   
violent bursts of irritation and        
disgust1 and equally strong returns of  
sympathy1 admiration1 and  gratitude2   
and he represented a large amount of    
feeling among ,churchmen4  ,it was but  
too clear that storms were at hand4     
,they came perhaps quicker  than they   
were anticipated4    ,towards the end of
 #ahch1 a proposal was brought forward1 
for which in  its direct aspect much    
might plausibly be said1 but which was  
in  intention and indirectly a test     
question1 meant to put the ,tractarians 
in a difficulty1 and to obtain the      
weight of authority in the ,university  

against them4 ,it was proposed to raise 
a subscription1 and to erect a  monument
 in ,oxford1 to the martyrs of the      
,reformation1 ,cranmer1 ,ridley1  and   
,latimer4 ,considering that the current 
and popular language dated  the ,church 
of ,england from the ,reformation of the
 sixteenth century1 and  cited the      
,reformers as ultimate and paramount    
authorities on its  doctrine1 there was 
nothing unreasonable in such a proposal4
 ,dr4 ,hook1  strong ,churchman as he   
was1 called to union on the principles  
of the  ,english ,reformation4 ,but the 
criticism which had been set afloat by  
the  movement had discovered and        
realised1 what defenders of the ,english
  ,church had hitherto felt it an act of
 piety to disbelieve1 when put  before  
them by ,romanists like ,lingard1 and   
radicals like ,cobbett4 that  the       
,reformers had been accomplices in many 
indefensible acts1 and had  been        
inconsistent and untrustworthy          
theologians4 ,providentially1 it was    

felt1 the force of old convictions and  
tradition and the historical  events of 
the time had obliged them to respect the
 essentials of  ,catholic truth and     
polity and usage2 we owed to them much  
that was  beautiful and devotional in   
the ,prayer ,book2 and their ,articles1 
clear  in all matters decided by the    
early theology1 avoided foreign extremes
  in dealing with later controversies4  
,but their own individual language  was 
often far in advance of the public and  
official language of  formularies1 in   
the direction of the great ,protestant  
authorities of  ,geneva and ,zurich4    
,there were still1 even among the       
movement party1 many  who respected the 
,reformers for the work which they had  
attempted1 and  partly and imperfectly  
done1 to be more wisely and soberly     
carried on by  their successors of the  
seventeenth century4 ,but the charges   
against  their ,calvinistic and even    
,zwinglian language were hard to parry2 
even  to those who respected them for   

their connexion with our present order  
of things1 their learning1 their        
soundness1 their authority appeared to  
be greatly exaggerated2 and the reaction
 from excessive veneration made  others 
dislike and depreciate them4 ,this was  
the state of feeling when  the ,martyrs'
 ,memorial was started4 ,it was eagerly 
pressed with ingenious  and persevering 
arguments by ,mr4 ,golightly1 the       
indefatigable and  long-labouring       
opponent of all that savoured of        
,tractarianism4 ,the  appeal seemed so  
specious that at first many even of the 
party gave in  their adhesion4 ,even    
,dr4 ,pusey was disposed to subscribe to
 it4 ,but ,mr4  ,newman1 as was natural1
 held aloof2 and his friends for the    
most part  did the same4 ,it was what   
was expected and intended4 ,they were   
either to  commit themselves to the     
,reformation as understood by the       
promoters of  the ,memorial2 or they    
were to be marked as showing their      
disloyalty to  it4 ,the subscription was

 successful4 ,the ,memorial was set up1 
and stood1  a derisive though unofficial
 sign of the judgment of the ,university
  against them4    ,but the ,memorial   
made little difference to the progress  
of the  movement4 ,it was an indication 
of hostility in reserve1 but this was   
all2 it formed an ornament to the city1 
but failed as a religious and  effective
 protest4 ,up to the spring of #ahci1   
,anglicanism1 placed on an  intellectual
 basin by ,mr4 ,newman1 developed       
practically in different  ways by ,dr4  
,pusey and ,dr4 ,hook1 sanctioned in    
theory by divines who  represented the  
old divinity of the ,english ,church1   
like ,bishop  ,phillpotts and ,mr4      
,h4,j4 ,rose1 could speak with confident
 and hopeful  voice4 ,it might well seem
 that it was on its way to win over the 
coming  generations of the ,english     
clergy4 ,it had on its side all that    
gives  interest and power to a          
cause1--thought1 force of character1    
unselfish  earnestness2 it had unity of 

idea and agreement in purpose1 and was  
cemented by the bonds of warm affection 
and common sympathies4 ,it had  the     
promise of a nobler religion1 as        
energetic and as spiritual as           
,puritanism and ,wesleyanism1 while it  
drew its inspiration1 its canons of     
doctrine1 its moral standards1 from     
purer and more venerable  sources2--from
 communion1 not with individual teachers
 and partial  traditions1 but with the  
consenting teaching and authoritative   
documents  of the continuous ,catholic  
,church4    ,anglicanism was agreed1 up 
to this time--the summer of #ahci--;as  
to its  general principles4 ,charges of 
an inclination to ,roman views had been 
promptly and stoutly met2 nor was there 
really anything but the  ignorance or   
ill-feeling of the accusers to throw    
doubt on the sincerity  of these        
disavowals4 ,the deepest and strongest  
mind in the movement was  satisfied2 and
 his steadiness of conviction could be  
appealed to if his  followers talked    

wildly and rashly4 ,he had kept one     
unwavering path2 he  had not shrunk from
 facing with fearless honesty the real  
living array  of reasons which the most 
serious ,roman advocates could put      
forward4  ,with a frankness new in      
controversy1 he had not been afraid to  
state  them with a force which few of   
his opponents could have put forth4     
,with  an eye ever open to that supreme 
,judge of all our controversies1 who    
listens to them on ,his throne on high1 
he had with conscientious  fairness     
admitted what he saw to be good and just
 on the side of his  adversaries1       
conceded what in the confused wrangle of
 conflicting claims  he judged ought to 
be conceded4 ,but after all admissions  
and all  concessions1 the comparative   
strength of his own case appeared all   
the  more undeniable4 ,he had stripped  
it of its weaknesses1 its incumbrances1 
its falsehoods2 and it did not seem the 
weaker for being presented in  its real 
aspect and on its real grounds4 ,people 

felt that he had gone to  the bottom of 
the question as no one had yet dared to 
do4 ,he was yet  staunch in his         
convictions2 and they could feel secure4
    ,but a change was at hand4 ,in the  
course of #ahci1 the little cloud showed
  itself in the outlook of the future2  
the little rift opened1 small and       
hardly perceptible1 which was to widen  
into an impassable gulf4  ,anglicanism  
started with undoubted confidence in its
 own foundations and  its own position1 
as much against ,romanism as against the
 more recent  forms of religion4 ,in the
 consciousness of its strength1 it could
 afford  to make admissions and to      
refrain from tempting but unworthy      
arguments  in controversy with ,rome2   
indeed the necessity of such controversy
 had  come upon it unexpectedly and by  
surprise4 ,with ,english frankness1 in  
its impatience of abuses and desire for 
improvement within1 it had dwelt        
strongly on the faults and shortcomings 
of the ,english ,church which it        

desired to remedy2 but while allowing   
what was undeniably excellent in  ,rome1
 it had been equally outspoken and      
emphatic in condemnation of the  evils  
of ,rome4 ,what is there to wonder at in
 such a position8 ,it is the  position  
of every honest reforming movement1 at  
least in ,england4 ,but  ,anglican      
self-reliance was unshaken1 and         
,anglican hope waxed stronger as  the   
years went on1 and the impression made  
by ,anglican teaching became  wider and 
deeper4 ,outside attacks1 outside       
persecution1 could now do  little harm2 
the time was past for that4 ,what might 
have happened had  things gone on as    
they began1 it is idle to inquire4 ,but 
at the moment  when all seemed to       
promise fair1 the one fatal influence1  
the presence  of internal uncertainty   
and doubt1 showed itself4 ,the body of  
men who  had so for acted together began
 to show a double aspect4 ,while one    
portion of it continued on the old      
lines1 holding the old ground1          

defending the old principles1 and       
attempting to apply them for the        
improvement of the practical system of  
the ,english ,church1 another  portion  
had asked the question1 and were        
pursuing the anxious inquiry1  whether  
the ,english ,church was a true ,church 
at all1 a true portion of  the one      
uninterrupted ,catholic ,church of the  
,redeemer4 ,and the question  had forced
 itself with importunate persistence on 
the leading mind of  the movement4 ,from
 this time the fate of ,tractarianism1  
as a party1 was  decided4    ,in this   
overthrow of confidence1 two sets of    
influences may be traced4    #a4 ,one1  
which came from above1 from the highest 
leading authority in the  movement1 was 
the unsettlement of ,mr4 ,newman's mind4
 ,he has told the  story1 the story as  
he believed of his enfranchisement and  
deliverance2  and he has told the story1
 though the story of a deliverance1 with
 so  keen a feeling of its pathetic and 
tragic character1--as it is indeed  the 

most tragic story of a conversion to    
peace and hope on record1--that  it will
 never cease to be read where the       
,english language is spoken4 ,up  to the
 summer of #ahci1 his view of the       
,english position had satisfied         
him--satisfied him1 that is1 as a       
tenable one in the anomalies of         
existing ,christendom4 ,all seemed clear
 and hopeful1 and the one thing to  be  
thought of was to raise the ,english    
,church to the height of its own        
standard4 ,but in the autumn of that    
year 7#ahci71 as he has told us1 a      
change took place4 ,in the summer of    
#ahci1 he had set himself to study  the 
history of the ,monophysite controversy4
 ,i have no reason1 he  writes1 to      
suppose that the thought of ,rome came  
across my mind at  all4444 ,it was      
during this course of reading that for  
the first time a  doubt came across me  
of the tenableness of ,anglicanism4 ,i  
had seen the  shadow of a hand on the   
wall4 ,he who has seen a ghost cannot be

 as if he  had never seen it4 ,the      
heavens had opened and closed again4 ,to
 less  imaginative and slower minds this
 seems an overwrought description of a  
phenomenon1 which must present itself   
sometime or other to all who  search the
 foundations of conviction2 and by      
itself he was for the time  proof       
against its force4 ,the thought for the 
moment had been1 ,the  ,church of ,rome 
will be found right after all2 and then 
it had vanished4  ,my old convictions   
remained as before4 ,but another blow   
came1 and then  another4 ,an article by 
,dr4 ,wiseman on the ,donatists greatly 
disturbed  him4 ,the words of ,st4      
,augustine about the ,donatists1 securus
 judicat  orbis terrarum1 rang          
continually in his ears1 like words out 
of the  sky4 ,he found the threatenings 
of the ,monophysite controversy renewed 
in  the ,arian3 the ghost had come a    
second time4 ,it was a most             
uncomfortable article1 he writes in his 
letters2 the first real hit  from       

,romanism which has happened to me2 it  
gave him1 as he says1 a  stomach-ache4  
,but he still held his ground1 and      
returned his answer to  the attack in an
 article in the ,british ,critic1 on the
 ,catholicity of  the ,english ,church4 
,he did not mean to take the attack for 
more than it  was worth1 an able bit of 
ex parte statement4 ,but it told on him1
 as  nothing had yet told on him4 ,what 
it did1 was to open a vista which was   
closed before1 and of which he could not
 see the end2 we are not at  the bottom 
of things1 was the sting it left behind 
,from this time1 the  hope and          
exultation with which1 in spite of      
checks and misgivings1 he  had watched  
the movement1 gave way to uneasiness and
 distress4 ,a new  struggle was         
beginning1 a long struggle with himself1
 a long struggle  between rival claims  
which would not be denied1 each equally 
imperious1  and involving fatal         
consequences if by mistake the wrong one
 was  admitted4 ,and it was not only the

 effect of these thoughts on his own    
mind which filled him with grief and    
trouble4 ,he always thought much for    
others2 and now there was the misery of 
perhaps unsettling  others--others who  
had trusted him with their very         
souls--others1 to  whom it was          
impossible to explain the conflicts     
which were passing in  his own mind4 ,it
 was so bitter to unsettle their hope   
and confidence4  ,all through this time1
 more trying than his own difficulties1 
were the  perplexities and sorrows which
 he foresaw for those whom he loved4    
,very  illogical and inconsecutive1     
doubtless2 if only he had had the hard  
heart of a proselytiser1 he would have  
seen that it was his duty to  undermine 
and shatter their old convictions4 ,but 
he cared more for the  tempers and      
beliefs in which he was at one with his 
,anglican friends1  than for those in   
which they could not follow him4 ,but   
the struggle came  on gradually4 ,what  
he feared at first was not the triumph  

of ,rome1 but  the break-up of the      
,english ,church2 the apparent          
probability of a great  schism in it4 ,i
 fear ,i see more clearly that we are   
working up to a  schism in the ,english 
,church1 that is1 a split between       
,peculiars and  ,apostolicals 444 ,i    
never can be surprised at individuals   
going off to  ,rome1 but that is not my 
chief fear1 but a schism2 that is1 those
 two  parties1 which have hitherto got  
on together as they could1 from the     
times of ,puritanism downwards1         
gathering up into clear1 tangible1 and  
direct forces1 and colliding4 ,our      
,church is not at one with itself1      
there is no denying it4 ,that was at    
first the disaster before him4 ,his     
thought for himself began to turn1 not  
to ,rome1 but to a new life  without    
office and authority1 but still within  
the ,english ,church4 ,you  see1 if     
things come to the worst1 ,i should turn
 brother of charity in  ,london4 ,and he
 began to prepare for a move from       

,oxford1 from ,st4  ,mary's1 from his   
fellowship4 ,he bought land at          
,littlemore1 and began to  plant4 ,he   
asks his brother-in-law for plans for   
building what he calls a  4 ,he looks   
forward to its becoming a sort of       
,monastic school1 but  still connected  
with the ,university4    ,in ,mr4       
,newman's view of the debate between    
,england and ,rome1 he had all  along   
dwelt on two broad features1            
,apostolicity and ,catholicity1         
likeness to the ,apostolic teaching1 and
 likeness to the uninterrupted  unity   
and extent of the undivided ,church2 and
 of those two features he  found the    
first signally wanting in ,rome1 and the
 second signally  wanting in ,england4  
,when he began to distrust his own      
reasonings1 still  the disturbing and   
repelling element in ,rome was the      
alleged defect of  ,apostolicity1 the   
contrast between primitive and ,roman   
religion2 while  the attractive one was 
the apparent widely extended            

,catholicity in all  lands1 ,east and   
,west1 continents and isles1 of the     
world-wide spiritual  empire of the     
,pope4 ,it is these two great points    
which may be traced in  their action on 
his mind at this crisis4 ,the contrast  
between early and  ,roman doctrine and  
practice1 in a variety of ways1 some of 
them most  grave and important1 was long
 a great difficulty in the way of       
attempting to identify the ,roman       
,church1 absolutely and exclusively1    
with the ,primitive ,church4 ,the study 
of antiquity indisposed him1  indeed1   
more and more to the existing system of 
the ,english ,church2 its  claims to    
model itself on the purity and          
simplicity of the ,early ,church  seemed
 to him1 in the light of its documents1 
and still more of the  facts of history 
and life1 more and more questionable4   
,but modern ,rome  was just as distant  
from the ,early ,church though it       
preserved many  ancient features1 lost  
or unvalued by ,england4 ,still1 ,rome  

was not the  same thing as the ,early   
,church2 and ,mr4 ,newman ultimately    
sought a way  out of his difficulty--and
 indeed there was no other--in the      
famous  doctrine of ,development4 ,but  
when the difficulty about ,apostolicity 
was thus provided for1 then the force of
 the great vision of the  ,catholic     
,church came upon him1 unchecked and    
irresistible4 ,that was a  thing        
present1 visible1 undeniable as a fact  
of nature2 that was a thing  at once old
 and new2 it belonged as truly1 as      
manifestly1 to the recent  and modern   
world of democracy and science1 as it   
did to the ,middle ,ages  and the       
,fathers1 to the world of ,gregory and  
,innocent1 to the world of  ,athanasius 
and ,augustine4 ,the majesty1 the       
vastness of an imperial  polity1        
outlasting all states and kingdoms1 all 
social changes and  political           
revolutions1 answered at once to the    
promises of the  prophecies1 and to the 
antecedent idea of the universal kingdom

 of ,god4  ,before this great idea1     
embodied in concrete form1 and not a    
paper  doctrine1 partial scandals and   
abuses seemed to sink into              
insignificance4 ,objections seemed petty
 and ignoble2 the pretence of  rival    
systems impertinent and absurd4 ,he     
resented almost with impatience         
anything in the way of theory or        
explanation which seemed to him narrow1 
technical1 dialectical4 ,he would look  
at nothing but what had on it the  mark 
of greatness and largeness which        
befitted the awful subject1 and  was    
worthy of arresting the eye and         
attention of an ecclesiastical          
statesman1 alive to mighty interests1   
compared to which even the most  serious
 human affairs were dwarfed and         
obscured4 ,but all this was  gradual in 
coming4 ,his recognition of the claims  
of the ,english ,church1  faulty and    
imperfect as he thought it1 did not give
 way suddenly and at  once4 ,it survived
 the rude shock of #ahci1 ,from first to

 almost the last  she was owned as his  
mother--owned in passionate accents of  
disappointment and despair as a ,church 
which knew not how to use its  gifts2   
yet still1 even though life seemed      
failing her1 and her power of  teaching 
and ruling seemed paralysed1 his mother2
 and as long as there  seemed to him a  
prospect of restoration to health1 it   
was his duty to  stay by her4#gc ,this  
was his first attitude for three or four
 years  after #ahci4 ,he could not speak
 of her with the enthusiasm and triumph 
of  the first years of the movement4    
,when he fought her battles1 it was with
  the sense that her imperfections made 
his task the harder4 ,still he  clung to
 the belief that she held a higher      
standard than she had yet  acted up to1 
and discouraged and perplexed he yet    
maintained her cause4  ,but now two     
things happened4 ,the ,roman claims1 as 
was natural when  always before him1    
seemed to him more and more             
indisputable4 ,and in  ,england his     

interpretation of ,anglican theology    
seemed to be more and  more             
contradicted1 disavowed1 condemned1 by  
all that spoke with any  authority in   
the ,church4 ,the ,university was not an
 ecclesiastical body1  yet it had       
practically much weight in matters of   
theology2 it  informally1 but           
effectually1 declared against him4 ,the 
,bishops1 one by  one1 of course only   
spoke as individuals2 but they were the 
official  spokesmen of the ,church1 and 
their consent1 though not the act of a  
,synod1 was weighty--they too had       
declared against him4 ,and finally that 
vague but powerful voice of public      
opinion1 which claims to represent at   
once the cool judgment of the unbiassed1
 and the passion of the  zealous--it too
 declared against him4 ,could he claim  
to understand the  mind of the ,church  
better than its own organs8    ,then at 
length a change came2 and it was marked 
outwardly by a curious  retractation of 
his severe language about ,rome1        

published in a paper  called the        
,conservative ,journal1 in ,january     
#ahdc2 and more distinctly1  by his     
resignation of ,st4 ,mary's in          
,september #ahdc1 a step contemplated   
for some time1 and by his announcement  
that he was preparing to resign  his    
fellowship4 ,from this time he felt that
 he could no longer hold  office1 or be 
a champion of the ,english ,church2 from
 this time1 it was  only a matter of    
waiting1 waiting to make quite certain  
that he was  right and was under no     
delusion1 when he should leave her for  
the ,roman  ,communion4 ,and to his     
intimate friends1 to his sisters1 he    
gave notice  that this was now          
impending4 ,to the world outside1 all   
that was known  was that he was much    
unsettled and distressed by             
difficulties4    ,it may be asked why   
this change was not at this time        
communicated1 not  to a few intimates1  
but to the world8 ,why did he not at    
this time hoist  his quarantine flag and

 warn every one that he was dangerous to
 come  near8 ,so keen a mind must1 it   
was said1 have by this time foreseen how
  things would end2 he ought to have    
given earlier notice4 ,his answer was   
that he was sincerely desirous of       
avoiding1 as far as possible1 what      
might prejudice the ,church in which he 
had ministered1 even at the  moment of  
leaving her4 ,he saw his own way        
becoming clearer and clearer2  but he   
saw it for himself alone4 ,he was not   
one of those who forced the  convictions
 of others2 he was not one of those who 
think it a great  thing to be followed  
in a serious change by a crowd of       
disciples4  ,whatever might be at the   
end1 it was now an agonising wrench to  
part  from the ,english body1 to part   
from the numbers of friends whose       
loyalty  was immovable1 to part from    
numbers who had trusted and learned from
  him4 ,of course1 if he was in the     
right way1 he could wish them nothing   
better than that they should follow him4

 ,but they were in ,god's hands2  it was
 not his business to unsettle them2 it  
was not his business to  ensnare and    
coerce their faith4 ,and so he tried for
 this time to steer  his course alone4  
,he wished to avoid observation4 ,he was
 silent on all  that went on round him1 
exciting as some of the incidents were4 
,he would  not he hurried2 he would give
 himself full time2 he would do what he 
could to make sure that he was not      
acting under the influence of a         
delusion4    ,the final result of all   
this was long in coming2 there was1 we  
know1 a  bitter agony of five years1 a  
prolonged and obstinate and cruel       
struggle  between the deepest affections
 and ever-growing convictions4 ,but this
  struggle1 as has been said1 did not   
begin with the conviction in which  it  
ended4 ,it began and long continued with
 the belief that though  ,england was   
wrong1 ,rome was not right2 that though 
the ,roman argument  seemed more and    
more unanswerable1 there were           

insuperable difficulties  of certain    
fact which made the ,roman conclusion   
incredible2 that there  was so much good
 and truth in ,england1 with all its    
defects and faults1  which was          
unaccountable and unintelligible on the 
,roman hypothesis2 that  the real upshot
 was that the whole state of things in  
,christendom was  abnormal2 that to     
,english ,churchmen the ,english ,church
 had immediate and  direct claims which 
nothing but the most irresistible       
counter-claims  could overcome or       
neutralise--the claims of a shipwrecked 
body cut off  from country and home1 yet
 as a shipwrecked body still organised1 
and  with much saved from the wreck1 and
 not to be deserted1 as long as it  held
 together1 in an uncertain attempt to   
rejoin its lost unity4  ,resignation1   
retirement1 silence1 lay communion1 the 
hope of ultimate1  though perhaps       
long-deferred reunion--these were his   
first thoughts4  ,misgivings could not  
be helped1 would not be denied1 but need

 not be  paraded1 were to be kept at    
arm's-length as long as possible4 ,this 
is  the picture presented in the        
autobiography of these painful and      
dreary  years2 and there is every       
evidence that it is a faithful one4 ,it 
is  conceivable1 though not very        
probable1 that such a course might go on
  indefinitely4 ,it is conceivable that 
under different circumstances he  might1
 like other perplexed and doubting      
seekers after truth1 have  worked round 
through doubt and perplexity to his     
first conviction4 ,but  the actual      
result1 as it came1 was natural enough2 
and it was  accelerated by provocation1 
by opponents without1 and by the        
pressure of  advanced and impatient     
followers and disciples in the party    
itself4    #b4 ,this last was the second
 of the two influences spoken of above4 
,it  worked from below1 as the first    
worked from above4    ,discussions and  
agitations1 such as accompanied the     
movement1 however  much under the       

control of the moral and intellectual   
ascendancy of the  leaders1 could not of
 course be guaranteed from escaping from
 that  control4 ,and as the time went   
on1 men joined the movement who had but 
qualified sympathy with that passionate 
love and zeal for the actual  ,english  
,church1 that acquaintance with its     
historical theology1 and that  temper of
 discipline1 sobriety1 and              
self-distrust1 which marked its  first  
representatives4 ,these younger         
disciples shared in the growing         
excitement of the society round them4   
,they were attracted by visible  height 
of character1 and brilliant intellectual
 power4 ,they were alive  to vast and   
original prospects1 opening a new world 
which should be a  contrast to the      
worn-out interest of the old4 ,some of  
these were men of  wide and abstruse    
learning2 quaint and eccentric scholars 
both in habit  and look1 students of the
 ancient type1 who even fifty years ago 
seemed  out of date to their generation4

 ,some were men of considerable force of
  mind1 destined afterwards to leave a  
mark on their age as thinkers and       
writers4 ,to the former class belonged  
,charles ,seager1 and ,john ,brande     
,morris1 of ,exeter ,college1 both      
learned ,orientalists1 steeped in       
recondite knowledge of all kinds2 men   
who had worked their way to  knowledge  
through hardship and grinding labour1   
and not to be outdone in  ,germany      
itself for devouring love of learning   
and a scholar's plainness  of life4 ,in 
the other class may be mentioned        
,frederic ,faber1 ,j4,d4  ,dalgairns1   
and ,w4,g4 ,ward1 men who have all since
 risen to eminence in  their different  
spheres4 ,faber was a man with a high   
gift of  imagination1 remarkable powers 
of assimilating knowledge1 and a great  
richness and novelty and elegance of    
thought1 which with much melody of      
voice made him ultimately a very        
attractive preacher4 ,if the promise of 
his powers has not been adequately      

fulfilled1 it is partly to be traced  to
 a want of severity of taste and        
self-restraint1 but his name will  live 
in some of his hymns1 and in some very  
beautiful portions of his  devotional   
writings4 ,dalgairns's mind was of a    
different order4 ,that  man has an eye  
for theology1 was the remark of a       
competent judge on  some early paper of 
,dalgairns's which came before him4 ,he 
had something  of the ,frenchman about  
him4 ,there was in him1 in his ,oxford  
days1 a  bright and frank briskness1 a  
mixture of modesty and arch daring1     
which  gave him an almost boyish        
appearance2 but beneath this boyish     
appearance  there was a subtle and      
powerful intellect1 alive to the        
problems of  religious philosophy1 and  
impatient of any but the most thorough  
solutions of them2 while1 on the other  
hand1 the religious affections  were    
part of his nature1 and mind and will   
and heart yielded an  unreserved and    
absolute obedience to the leading and   

guidance of faith4  ,in his later days1 
with his mind at ease1 ,father          
,dalgairns threw himself  into the great
 battle with unbelief2 and few men have 
commanded more  the respect of opponents
 not much given to think well of the    
arguments  for religion1 by the         
freshness and the solidity of his       
reasoning4 ,at  this time1 enthusiastic 
in temper1 and acute and exacting as a  
thinker1  he found the ,church movement 
just1 as it were1 on the turn of the    
wave4  ,he was attracted to it at first 
by its reaction against what was unreal 
and shallow1 by its affinities with what
 was deep in idea and earnest in  life2 
then1 and finally1 he was repelled from 
it1 by its want of  completeness1 by its
 ,english acquiescence in compromise1 by
 its  hesitations and clinging to       
insular associations and sympathies1    
which  had little interest for him4     
,another person1 who was at this time   
even more prominent in the advanced     
portion of the movement party1 and whose

 action had more decisive  influence on 
its course1 was ,mr4 ,w4,g4 ,ward1      
,fellow of ,balliol4 ,mr4 ,ward1  who   
was first at ,christ ,church1 had       
distinguished himself greatly at the    
,oxford ,union as a vigorous speaker1 at
 first on the ,tory side2 he came       
afterwards under the influence of       
,arthur ,stanley1 then fresh from       
,rugby1  and naturally learned to admire
 ,dr4 ,arnold2 but ,dr4 ,arnold's       
religious  doctrines did not satisfy    
him2 the movement1 with its boldness and
  originality of idea and ethical       
character1 had laid strong hold on him1 
and he passed into one of the most      
thoroughgoing adherents of ,mr4         
,newman4 ,there was something to smile  
at in his person1 and in some of  his   
ways--his unbusiness-like habits1 his   
joyousness of manner1 his racy  stories2
 but few more powerful intellects passed
 through ,oxford in his  time1 and he   
has justified his ,university reputation
 by his distinction  since1 both as a   

,roman ,catholic theologian and         
professor1 and as a  profound           
metaphysical thinker1 the equal         
antagonist on their own ground  of ,j4  
,stuart ,mill and ,herbert ,spencer4    
,but his intellect at that time  was as 
remarkable for its defects as for its   
powers4 ,he used to divide  his friends1
 and thinking people in general1 into   
those who had facts  and did not know   
what to do with them1 and those who had 
in perfection  the logical faculties1   
but wanted the facts to reason upon4 ,he
 belonged  himself to the latter class4 
,he had1 not unnaturally1 boundless     
confidence in his argumentative powers2 
they were subtle1 piercing1  nimble1    
never at a loss1 and they included a    
power of exposition which1  if it was   
not always succinct and lively1 was     
always weighty and  impressive4         
,premises in his hands were not long in 
bringing forth their  conclusions2 and  
if abstractions always corresponded     
exactly to their  concrete embodiments1 

and ideals were fulfilled in realities1 
no one  could point out more            
perspicuously and decisively the        
practical  judgments on them which      
reason must sanction4 ,but that         
knowledge of  things and of men which   
mere power of reasoning will not give   
was not  one of his special endowments4 
,the study of facts1 often in their     
complicated and perplexing reality1 was 
not to his taste4 ,he was apt to  accept
 them on what he considered adequate    
authority1 and his  argumentation1      
formidable as it always was1 recalled1  
even when most  unanswerable at the     
moment1 the application of pure         
mathematics without  allowance for the  
actual forces1 often difficult to       
ascertain except by  experiment1 which  
would have to be taken account of in    
practice4    ,the tendency of this      
section of able men was unquestionably  
,romewards1  almost from the beginning  
of their connexion with the movement4   
,both the  theory and the actual system 

of ,rome1 so far as they understood it1 
had  attractions for them which nothing 
else had4 ,but with whatever  perplexity
 and perhaps impatience1 ,mr4 ,newman's 
power held them back4 ,he  kept before  
their minds continually those           
difficulties of fact which  stood in the
 way of their absolute and peremptory   
conclusions1 and of  which they were not
 much inclined to take account4 ,he     
insisted on those  features1 neither few
 nor unimportant nor hard to see1 which 
proved the  continuity of the ,english  
,church with the ,church ,universal4    
,sharing  their sense of anomaly in the 
,anglican theory and position1 he       
pointed  out with his own force and     
insight that anomaly was not in ,england
 only1  but everywhere4 ,there was much 
to regret1 there was much to improve1   
there were many unwelcome and dangerous 
truths1 invidiosi veri1 to be  told and 
defended at any cost4 ,but patience1 as 
well as honesty and  courage1 was a     
,christian virtue2 and they who had     

received their  ,christianity at the    
hands of the ,english ,church had duties
 towards it  from which neither         
dissatisfaction nor the idea of         
something better  could absolve them4   
,spartam nactus es1 hanc exorna is the  
motto for  every one whose lot is cast  
in any portion of ,christ's ,church4    
,and as  long as he could speak with    
this conviction1 the strongest of them  
could  not break away from his          
restraint4 ,it was when the tremendous  
question  took shape1 ,is the ,english  
,church a true ,church1 a real part of  
the  ,church ,catholic8--when the       
question became to his mind more and    
more  doubtful1 at length               
desperate--that they1 of course1 became 
more  difficult to satisfy1 more        
confident in their own allegations1 more
  unchecked in their sympathies1 and1 in
 consequence1 in their dislikes4  ,and  
in the continued effort--for it did     
continue--to make them pause and  wait  
and hope1 they reacted on him2 they     

asked him questions which he  found it  
hard to answer2 they pressed him with   
inferences which he might  put by1 but  
of which he felt the sting2 they forced 
on him all the  indications1 of which   
every day brought its contribution1 that
 the  actual living system of the       
,english ,church was against what he had
  taught to be ,catholic1 that its      
energetic temper and spirit condemned   
and rejected him4 ,what was it that     
private men were staunch and            
undismayed8 ,what was it that month by  
month all over ,england hearts and      
minds were attracted to his side1 felt  
the spell of his teaching1 gave  him    
their confidence8 ,suspicion and        
disapprobation1 which had only too  much
 to ground itself upon1 had taken       
possession of the high places of  the   
,church4 ,authority in all its shapes   
had pronounced as decisively as  his    
opponents could wish2 as decisively as  
they too could wish1 who  desired no    
longer a barrier between themselves and 

,rome4    ,thus a great and momentous   
change had come over the movement1 over 
its  action and prospects4 ,it had      
started in a heroic effort to save the  
,english ,church4 ,the claims1 the      
blessings1 the divinity of the ,english 
,church1 as a true branch of ,catholic  
,christendom1 had been assumed as  the  
foundation of all that was felt and said
 and attempted4 ,the ,english  ,church  
was the one object to which ,english    
,christians were called upon  to turn   
their thoughts4 ,its spirit animated the
 ,christian ,year1 and  the teaching of 
those whom the ,christian ,year         
represented4 ,its  interests were what  
called forth the zeal and the           
indignation recorded  in ,froude's      
,remains4 ,no one seriously thought of  
,rome1 except as a  hopelessly corrupt  
system1 though it had some good and     
,catholic things1  which it was         
,christian and honest to recognise4 ,the
 movement of #ahcc  started out of the  
,anti-,roman feelings of the            

,emancipation time4 ,it was             
,anti-,roman as much as it was          
,anti-,sectarian and ,anti-,erastian4   
,it was to  avert the danger of people  
becoming ,romanists from ignorance of   
,church  principles4 ,this was all      
changed in one important section of the 
party4  ,the fundamental conceptions and
 assumptions were reversed4 ,it was not 
the ,roman ,church1 but the ,english    
,church1 which was put on its trial2 it 
was not the ,roman ,church1 but the     
,english1 which was to be1 if possible1 
apologised for1 perhaps borne with for a
 time1 but which was to be  regarded as 
deeply fallen1 holding an untenable     
position1 and  incomparably1            
unpardonably1 below both the standard   
and the practical  system of the ,roman 
,church4 ,from this point of view the   
object of the  movement was no longer to
 elevate and improve an independent     
,english  ,church1 but to approximate it
 as far as possible to what was assumed 
to  be undeniable--the perfect          

,catholicity of ,rome4 ,more almost than
 ideas  and assumptions1 the tone of    
feeling changed4 ,it had been1 towards  
the  ,english ,church1 affectionate1    
enthusiastic1 reverential1 hopeful4 ,it 
became contemptuous1 critical1          
intolerant1 hostile with the hostility  
not merely of alienation but disgust    
,this was not of course the work of  a  
moment1 but it was of very rapid growth4
 ,how ,i hate these ,anglicans6  was the
 expression of one of the younger men of
 this section1 an  intemperate and      
insolent specimen of it4 ,it did not    
represent the tone  or the language of  
the leader to whom the advanced section 
deferred1  vexed as he often was with   
the course of his own thoughts1 and     
irritated  and impatient at the course  
of things without4 ,but it expressed but
 too  truly the difference between #ahcc
 and #ahdj4    ,,footnotes3    #gc ,see 
,sermons on ,subjects of the ,day1      
#ahdc4          ,,chapter ,,xiii        
,,the ,,authorities ,,and ,,the         

,,movement      ,while the movement was 
making itself felt as a moral force1    
without a  parallel in ,oxford for more 
than two centuries1 and was impressing  
deeply and permanently some of the most 
promising men in the rising  generation 
in the ,university1 what was the        
attitude of the ,university             
authorities8 ,what was the attitude of  
the ,bishops8    ,at ,oxford it was that
 of contemptuous indifference1 passing  
into  helpless and passionate hostility4
 ,there is no sadder passage to be      
found in the history of ,oxford than the
 behaviour and policy of the  heads of  
this great ,christian ,university       
towards the religious movement  which   
was stirring the interest1 the hopes1   
the fears of ,oxford4 ,the  movement    
was1 for its first years at least1 a    
loyal and earnest effort  to serve the  
cause of the ,church4 ,its objects were 
clear and reasonable2  it aimed at      
creating a sincere and intelligent zeal 
for the ,church1 and  at making the     

,church itself worthy of the great      
position which her  friends claimed for 
her4 ,its leaders were men well known in
 the  ,university1 in the first rank in 
point of ability and character2 men of  
learning1 who knew what they were       
talking about2 men of religious and     
pure1 if also severe lives4 ,they were  
not men merely of speculation and       
criticism1 but men ready to forego      
anything1 to devote everything for  the 
practical work of elevating religious   
thought and life4 ,all this did  not    
necessarily make their purposes and     
attempts wise and good2 but it  did     
entitle them to respectful attention4   
,if they spoke language new to  the     
popular mind or the religious world1 it 
was not new--at least it  ought not to  
have been new--to orthodox ,churchmen1  
with opportunities of  study and        
acquainted with our best divinity4 ,if  
their temper was eager  and             
enthusiastic1 they alleged the presence 
of a great and perilous  crisis4 ,their 

appeal was mainly not to the general    
public1 but to the  sober and the       
learned2 to those to whom was entrusted 
the formation of  faith and character in
 the future clergy of the ,church2 to   
those who  were responsible for the     
discipline and moral tone of the first  
,university of ,christendom1 and who    
held their conspicuous position on  the 
understanding of that responsibility4   
,it behoved the heads of the            
,university to be cautious1 even to be  
suspicious2 movements might be  hollow  
or dangerous things4 ,but it behoved    
them also to become  acquainted with so 
striking a phenomenon as this2 to judge 
it by what it  appealed to--the learning
 of ,english divines1 the standard of a 
high and  generous moral rule2 to       
recognise its aims at least1 with equity
 and  sympathy1 if some of its methods  
and arguments seemed questionable4 ,the 
men of the movement were not mere       
hostile innovators2 they were fighting  
for what the ,university and its chiefs 

held dear and sacred1 the  privileges   
and safety of the ,church4 ,it was the  
natural part of the  heads of the       
,university to act as moderators2 at any
 rate1 to have  shown1 with whatever    
reserve1 that they appreciated what they
 needed  time to judge of4 ,but while on
 the one side there was burning and     
devouring earnestness1 and that power of
 conviction which doubles the  strength 
of the strong1 there was on the other a 
serene ignoring of all  that was going  
on1 worthy of a set of dignified ,french
 abbs on the  eve of the ,revolution4   
,this sublime or imbecile security was  
occasionally interrupted by bursts of   
irritation at some fresh piece of       
,tractarian oddness or audacity1 or at  
some strange story which made its  way  
from the gossip of common rooms to the  
society of the ,heads of  ,houses4 ,and 
there was always ready a stick to beat  
the offenders2  everything could be     
called ,popish4 ,but for the most part  
they looked on1  with smiles1 with      

jokes1 sometimes with scolding4#gd ,thus
 the men who  by their place ought to   
have been able to gauge and control the 
movement1 who might have been expected  
to meet half-way a serious  attempt to  
brace up the religious and moral tone of
 the place1 so  incalculably important  
in days confessed to be anxious ones1   
simply set  their faces steadily to     
discountenance and discredit it4 ,they  
were good  and respectable men1 living  
comfortably in a certain state and ease4
  ,their lives were mostly simple       
compared with the standard of the outer 
world1 though ,fellows of ,colleges     
thought them luxurious4 ,but they were  
blind and dull as tea-table gossips as  
to what was the meaning of the          
movement1 as to what might come of it1  
as to what use might be made of  it by  
wise and just and generous recognition1 
and1 if need be1 by wise  and just      
criticism and repression4 ,there were   
points of danger in it2  but they could 
only see what seemed to be dangerous1   

whether it was  so or not2 and they     
multiplied these points of danger by all
 that was  good and hopeful in it4 ,it  
perplexed and annoyed them2 they had not
  imagination nor moral elevation to    
take in what it aimed at2 they were     
content with the routine which they had 
inherited2 and1 so that men read  for   
honours and took first classes1 it did  
not seem to them strange or a           
profanation that a whole mixed crowd of 
undergraduates should be  expected to go
 on a certain ,sunday in term1 willing  
or unwilling1 fit or  unlit1 to the     
,sacrament1 and be fined if they did not
 appear4 ,doubtless  we are all of us   
too prone to be content with the        
customary1 and to be  prejudiced against
 the novel1 nor is this condition of    
things without  advantage4 ,but we must 
bear our condemnation if we stick to the
  customary too long1 and so miss our   
signal opportunities4 ,in their  apathy1
 in their self-satisfied ignorance1 in  
their dulness of  apprehension and      

forethought1 the authorities of the     
,university let pass  the great         
opportunity of their time4 ,as it       
usually happens1 when this  posture of  
lofty ignoring what is palpable and     
active1 and the object of  everybody's  
thought1 goes on too long1 it is apt to 
turn into impatient  dislike and bitter 
antipathy4 ,the ,heads of ,houses       
drifted insensibly  into this position4 
,they had not taken the trouble to      
understand the  movement1 to            
discriminate between its aspects1 to put
 themselves frankly  into communication 
with its leading persons1 to judge with 
the knowledge  and justice of scholars  
and clergymen of its designs and ways4  
,they let  themselves be diverted from  
this1 their proper though troublesome   
task1  by distrust1 by the jealousies of
 their position1 by the impossibility   
of conceiving that anything so strange  
could really be true and sound4  ,and at
 length they found themselves going     
along with the outside current  of      

uninstructed and ignoble prejudice1 in a
 settled and pronounced  dislike1 which 
took for granted that all was wrong in  
the movement1  which admitted any       
ill-natured surmise and foolish         
misrepresentation1  and really allowed  
itself to acquiesce in the belief that  
men so well  known in ,oxford1 once so  
admired and honoured1 had sunk down to  
deliberate corrupters of the truth1 and 
palterers with their own  intellects and
 consciences4 ,it came in a few years to
 be understood on  both sides1 that the 
authorities were in direct antagonism to
 the  movement2 and though their efforts
 in opposition to it were feeble and    
petty1 it went on under the dead weight 
of official ,university  disapproval4   
,it would have been a great thing for   
the ,english  ,church--though it is hard
 to see how1 things being as they were1 
it  could have come about--if the       
movement had gone on1 at least with the 
friendly interest1 if not with the      
support1 of the ,university rulers4     

,instead of that1 after the first two or
 three years there was one long  and    
bitter fight in ,oxford1 with the anger 
on one side created by the  belief of   
vague but growing dangers1 and a sense  
of incapacity in  resisting them1 and   
with deep resentment at injustice and   
stupidity on  the other4    ,the        
,bishops were farther from the immediate
 scene of the movement1 and  besides1   
had other things to think of4 ,three or 
four of them might be  considered       
theologians--,archbishop ,howley1       
,phillpotts of ,exeter1 ,kaye of        
,lincoln1 ,marsh of ,peterborough4 ,two 
or three belonged to the ,evangelical   
school1 ,ryder of ,lichfield1 and the   
two ,sumners at ,winchester and         
,chester4 ,the most prominent among     
them1 and next to the ,bishop of ,exeter
  the ablest1 alive to the real dangers 
of the ,church1 anxious to infuse       
vigour into its work1 and busy with     
plans for extending its influence1  was 
,blomfield1 ,bishop of ,london4 ,but    

,blomfield was not at his best as a     
divine1 and1 for a man of his           
unquestionable power1 singularly unsure 
of  his own mind4 ,he knew1 in fact1    
that when the questions raised by the   
,tracts came before him he was          
unqualified to deal with them2 he was no
  better furnished by thought or        
knowledge or habits to judge of them    
than  the average ,bishop of the time1  
appointed1 as was so often the case1 for
  political or personal reasons4 ,at the
 first start of the movement1 the       
,bishops not unnaturally waited to see  
what would come of it4 ,it was  indeed  
an effort in favour of the ,church1 but 
it was in irresponsible  hands1 begun by
 men whose words were strong and        
vehement and of unusual  sound1 and who1
 while they called on the clergy to     
rally round their  fathers the ,bishops1
 did not shrink from wishing for the    
,bishops the  fortunes of the early     
days3 we could not wish them a more     
blessed  termination of their course    

than the spoiling of their goods and    
martyrdom4#gf ,it may reasonably be     
supposed that such good wishes were  not
 to the taste of all of them4 ,as the   
movement developed1 besides that  it    
would seem to them extravagant and      
violent1 they would be perplexed  by its
 doctrine4 ,it took strong ground for   
the ,church2 but it did so in  the teeth
 of religious opinions and prejudices1  
which were popular and  intolerant4 ,for
 a moment the ,bishops were in a        
difficulty2 on the one  hand1 no one for
 generations had so exalted the office  
of a ,bishop as  the ,tractarians2 no   
one had claimed for it so high and      
sacred an origin2  no one had urged with
 such practical earnestness the duty of 
,churchmen  to recognise and maintain   
the unique authority of the ,episcopate 
against  its despisers or oppressors4   
,on the other hand1 this was just the   
time  when the ,evangelical party1 after
 long disfavour1 was beginning to gain  
recognition1 for the sake of its past   

earnestness and good works1 with  men in
 power1 and with ecclesiastical         
authorities of a different and  hitherto
 hostile school2 and in the ,tractarian 
movement the ,evangelical  party saw    
from the first its natural enemy4 ,the  
,bishops could not have  anything to do 
with the ,tractarians without deeply    
offending the  ,evangelicals4 ,the      
result was that1 for the present1 the   
,bishops held  aloof4 ,they let the     
movement run on by itself4 ,sharp       
sarcasms1  worldly-wise predictions1    
kind messages of approval1 kind         
cautions1  passed from mouth to mouth1  
or in private correspondence from high  
quarters1 which showed that the movement
 was watched4 ,but for some time  the   
authorities spoke neither good nor bad  
of it publicly4 ,in his ,charge  at the 
close of #ahcf1 ,bishop ,phillpotts     
spoke in clear and unfaltering          
language--language remarkable for its   
bold decision--of the necessity of      
setting forth the true idea of the      

,church and the sacraments2 but he was  
silent about the call of the same kind  
which had come from ,oxford4 ,it  would 
have been well if the other ,bishops    
later on1 in their charges1  had        
followed his example4 ,the ,bishop of   
,oxford1 in his ,charge of #ahch1       
referred to the movement in balanced    
terms of praise and warning4 ,the  first
 who condemned the movement was the     
,bishop of ,chester1 ,j4 ,bird  ,sumner2
 in a later ,charge he came to describe 
it as the work of ,satan2  in #ahch he  
only denounced the undermining of the   
foundations of our  ,protestant ,church 
by men who dwell within her walls1 and  
the bad faith  of those who sit in the  
,reformers' seat1 and traduce the       
,reformation4    ,these were grave      
mistakes on the part of those who were  
responsible for  the government of the  
,university and the ,church4 ,they      
treated as absurd1  mischievous1 and at 
length traitorous1 an effort1 than which
 nothing  could be more sincere1 to     

serve the ,church1 to place its claims  
on  adequate grounds1 to elevate the    
standard of duty in its clergy1 and in  
all its members4 ,to have missed the aim
 of the movement and to have been       
occupied and irritated by obnoxious     
details and vulgar suspicions was a     
blunder which gave the measure of those 
who made it1 and led to great  evils4   
,they alienated those who wished for    
nothing better than to help  them in    
their true work4 ,their unkindness was  
felt to be1 in ,bacon's  phrase1#gg     
injuriae potentiorum4 ,but on the side  
of the party of the  movement there were
 mistakes also4    #a4 ,the rapidity    
with which the movement had grown1      
showing that some  deep need had long   
been obscurely felt1 which the movement 
promised to  meet1#gh had been too great
 to be altogether wholesome4 ,when we   
compare  what was commonly received     
before #ahcc1 in teaching1 in habits of 
life1  in the ordinary assumptions of   
history1 in the ideas and modes of      

worship1 public and private--the almost 
sacramental conception of  preaching1   
the neglect of the common prayer of the 
,prayer ,book1 the  slight regard to the
 sacraments--with what the teaching of  
the ,tracts  and their writers had      
impressed for good and all1 five years  
later1 on  numbers of earnest people1   
the change seems astonishing4 ,the      
change was  a beneficial one and it was 
a permanent one4 ,the minds which it    
affected1 it affected profoundly4 ,still
 it was but a short time1 for  young    
minds especially1 to have come to a     
decision on great and debated           
questions4 ,there was the possibility1  
the danger1 of men having been          
captivated and carried away by the      
excitement and interest of the time2  of
 not having looked all round and thought
 out the difficulties before  them2 of  
having embraced opinions without        
sufficiently knowing their  grounds or  
counting the cost or considering the    
consequences4 ,there was  the danger of 

precipitate judgment1 of ill-balanced   
and disproportionate  views of what was 
true and all-important4 ,there was an   
inevitable  feverishness in the way in  
which the movement was begun1 in the way
 in  which it went on4 ,those affected  
by it were themselves surprised at the  
swiftness of the pace4 ,when a cause so 
great and so sacred seemed thus  to be  
flourishing1 and carrying along with it 
men's assent and  sympathies1 it was    
hardly wonderful that there should often
 be  exaggeration1 impatience at        
resistance1 scant consideration for the 
slowness or the scruples or the alarms  
of others4 ,eager and sanguine men      
talked as if their work was             
accomplished1 when in truth it was but  
beginning4 ,no one gave more serious    
warnings against this and other  dangers
 than the leaders2 and their warnings   
were needed4#gi    #b4 ,another mistake1
 akin to the last1 was the frequent     
forgetfulness of  the apostolic maxim1  
,all things are lawful for me1 but all  

things are  not expedient4 ,in what     
almost amounted to a revolution in many 
of the  religious ideas of the time1 it 
was especially important to keep        
distinct the great central truths1 the  
restoration of which to their  proper   
place justified and made it necessary1  
and the many subordinate  points allied 
with them and naturally following from  
them1 which yet  were not necessary to  
their establishment or acceptance4 ,but 
it was on  these subordinate points that
 the interest of a certain number of    
followers of the movement was fastened4 
,conclusions which they had a  perfect  
right to come to1 practices innocent and
 edifying to themselves1  but of        
secondary account1 began to be thrust   
forward into prominence1  whether or not
 these instances of self-will really    
helped the common  cause1 whether or not
 they gave a handle to ill-nature and   
ill-will4  ,suspicion must always have  
attached to such a movement as this2 but
 a  great deal of it was provoked by    

indiscreet defiance1 which was rather   
glad to provoke it4    #c4 ,apart from  
these incidents--common wherever a      
number of men are  animated with zeal   
for an inspiring cause--there were what 
to us now  seem mistakes made in the    
conduct itself of the movement4         
,considering  the difficulties of the   
work1 it is wonderful that there were   
not more2  and none of them were        
discreditable1 none but what arose from 
the  limitation of human powers matched 
against confused and baffling           
circumstances4    ,in the position      
claimed for the ,church of ,england1    
confessedly unique  and anomalous in the
 history of ,christendom1 between ,roman
 authority and  infallibility on one    
side1 and ,protestant freedom of private
 judgment on  the other1 the question   
would at once arise as to the grounds of
 belief4  ,what1 if any1 are the        
foundations of conviction and certitude1
 apart  from personal inquiry1 and      
examination of opposing arguments on    

different sides of the case1 and        
satisfactory logical conclusions8 ,the  
old antithesis between ,faith and       
,reason1 and the various problems       
connected with it1 could not but come to
 the front1 and require to be  dealt    
with4 ,it is a question which faces us  
from a hundred sides1 and1  subtly and  
insensibly transforming itself1 looks   
different from them  all4 ,it was among 
the earliest attempted to be solved by  
the chief  intellectual leader of the   
movement1 and it has occupied his mind  
to the  last4#hj ,however near the human
 mind seems to come to a solution1 it   
only1 if so be1 comes near2 it never    
arrives4 ,in the early days of the      
movement it found prevailing the        
specious but shallow view that          
everything in the search for truth was  
to be done by mere producible and       
explicit argumentation2 and yet it was  
obvious that of this two-thirds  of the 
world are absolutely incapable4 ,against
 this ,mr4 ,newman and his  followers   

pressed1 what was as manifestly certain 
in fact as it accorded  with any deep   
and comprehensive philosophy of the     
formation and growth  of human belief1  
that not arguments only1 but the whole  
condition of the  mind to which they    
were addressed--and not the reasonings  
only which  could be stated1 but those  
which went on darkly in the mind1 and   
which  there was not at the moment      
strength to bring forth1 real and       
weighty  reasons which acted like the   
obscure rays of the spectrum1 with their
  proper force1 yet eluding distinct    
observation--had their necessary and    
inevitable and legitimate place in      
determining belief4 ,all this was       
perfectly true2 but it is obvious how   
easily it might be taken hold of1  on   
very opposite sides1 as a ground for    
saying that ,tractarian or ,church      
views did not care about argument1 or1  
indeed1 rather preferred weak  arguments
 to strong ones in the practical work of
 life4 ,it was ludicrous  to say it in a

 field of controversy1 which1 on the    
,tractarian side1  was absolutely       
bristling with argument1 keen1 subtle1  
deep1 living  argument1 and in which the
 victory in argument was certainly not  
always  with those who ventured to      
measure swords with ,mr4 ,newman or ,dr4
 ,pusey4  ,still1 the scoff could be    
plausibly pointed at the young          
enthusiasts  who crowded the ,via       
,media1 and who never presumed to argue1
 except  against the propriety of       
arguing at all4 ,there was a good deal  
of  foolish sneering at reason2 there   
was a good deal of silly bravado about  
not caring whether the avowed grounds of
 opinions taken up were strong  or      
feeble4 ,it was not merely the assent of
 a learner to his teacher1 of  a mind   
without means of instruction to the     
belief which it has  inherited1 or of   
one new to the ways and conditions of   
life to the  unproved assertions and    
opinions of one to whom experience had  
given an  open and sure eye4 ,it was a  

positive carelessness1 almost accounted 
meritorious1 to inquire and think1 when 
their leaders called them to do  so4    
,the ,gospel of ,christ is not a matter 
of mere argument4 ,it is not1  indeed1  
when it comes in its full reality1 in   
half a hundred different  ways1 known   
and unsearchable1 felt and unfelt1 moral
 and intellectual1  on the awakened and 
quickened soul4 ,but the wildest fanatic
 can take the  same words into his      
mouth4 ,their true meaning was variously
 and  abundantly illustrated1 especially
 in ,mr4 ,newman's sermons4 ,still1 the 
adequate1 the emphatic warning against  
their early abuse was hardly  pressed on
 the public opinion and sentiment of the
 party of the movement  with the force  
which really was requisite4 ,to the end 
there were men who  took up their belief
 avowedly on insufficient and precarious
 grounds1  glorying in the              
venturesomeness of their faith and      
courage1 and  justifying their temper of
 mind and their intellectual attitude by

  alleging misinterpreted language of   
their wiser and deeper teachers4 ,a     
recoil from ,whately's hard and barren  
dialectics1 a sympathy with many  tender
 and refined natures which the movement 
had touched1 made the  leaders patient  
with intellectual feebleness when it was
 joined with  real goodness and         
,christian temper2 but this also        
sometimes made them  less impatient than
 they might well have been with that    
curious form of  conceit and affectation
 which veils itself under an intended   
and  supposed humility1 a supposed      
distrust of self and its own powers4    
,another difficult matter1 not          
altogether successfully managed--at     
least  from the original point of view  
of the movement1 and of those who saw in
  it a great effort for the good of the 
,english ,church--was the treatment  of 
the ,roman controversy4 ,the general    
line which the leaders proposed to  take
 was the one which was worthy of        
,christian and truth-loving  teachers4  

,they took a new departure2 and it was  
not less just than it  was brave1 when1 
recognising to the full the overwhelming
 reasons why  we should not be          
,romanists1 they refused to take up the 
popular and  easy method of regarding   
the ,roman ,church as apostate and      
antichristian2  and declined to commit  
themselves to the vulgar and            
indiscriminate abuse  of it which was   
the discreditable legacy of the old days
 of controversy4  ,they did what all the
 world was loudly professing to do1 they
 looked  facts in the face2 they found1 
as any one would find who looked for    
himself into the realities of the ,roman
 ,church1 that though the bad was  often
 as bad as could be1 there was still1   
and there had been all  along1 goodness 
of the highest type1 excellence both of 
system and of  personal life which it   
was monstrous to deny1 and which we     
might well  admire and envy4 ,to ignore 
all this was to fail in the first duty1 
not  merely of ,christians1 but of      

honest men2 and we at home were not so  
blameless that we could safely take this
 lofty tone of contemptuous             
superiority4 ,if ,rome would only leave 
us alone1 there would be  estrangement1 
lamentable enough among ,christians1 but
 there need be no  bitterness4 ,but     
,rome would not leave us alone4 ,the    
moment that there  were signs of        
awakening energy in ,england1 that      
moment was chosen by its  agents1 for   
now it could be done safely1 to assail  
and thwart the  ,english ,church4       
,doubtless they were within their       
rights1 but this made  controversy      
inevitable1 and for controversy the     
leaders of the movement  prepared       
themselves4 ,it was an obstacle which   
they seemed hardly to have  expected1   
but which the nature of things placed in
 their way4 ,but the  old style of      
controversy was impossible2 impossible  
because it was so  coarse1 impossible   
because it was so hollow4    ,if the    
argument 7says the writer of ,tract #ga1

 in words which are  applicable to every
 controversy7 is radically unreal1 or   
7what may be  called7 rhetorical or     
sophistical1 it may serve the purpose of
  encouraging those who are really      
convinced1 though scarcely without      
doing mischief to them1 but certainly it
 will offend and alienate the  more     
acute and sensible2 while those who are 
in doubt1 and who desire  some real and 
substantial ground for their faith1 will
 not bear to be  put off with such      
shadows4 ,the arguments 7he continues7  
which we use  must be such as are likely
 to convince serious and earnest minds1 
which  are really seeking for the truth1
 not amusing themselves with            
intellectual combats1 or desiring to    
support an existing opinion anyhow4     
,however popular these latter methods   
may be1 of however long standing1       
however easy both to find and to use1   
they are a scandal2 and while they      
lower our religious standard from the   
first1 they are sure of hurting  our    

cause in the end4    ,and on this       
principle the line of argument in ,the  
,prophetical ,office of  the ,church was
 taken by ,mr4 ,newman4 ,it was         
certainly no make-believe1  or unreal   
argument4 ,it was a forcible and        
original way of putting part  of the    
case against ,rome4 ,it was part of the 
case1 a very important  part2 but it was
 not the whole case1 and it ought to    
have been evident  from the first that  
in this controversy we could not afford 
to do  without the whole case4 ,the     
argument from the claim of infallibility
  said nothing of what are equally real 
parts of the case--the practical        
working of the ,roman ,church1 its      
system of government1 the part which it 
and its rulers have played in the       
history of the world4 ,rome has not     
such a clean record of history1 it has  
not such a clean account of what  is    
done and permitted in its dominions     
under an authority supposed to be       
irresistible1 that it can claim to be   

the one pure and perfect ,church1       
entitled to judge and correct and govern
 all other ,churches4 ,and if the  claim
 is made1 there is no help for it1 we   
must not shrink from the task  of giving
 the answer4#ha ,and1 as experience has 
shown1 the more that  rigid good faith  
is kept to in giving the answer1 the    
more that  strictness and severity of   
even understatement are observed1 the   
more  convincing will be the result that
 the ,roman ,church cannot be that which
  it is alleged to be in its necessary  
theory and ideal4    ,but this task was 
never adequately undertaken4 ,it was one
 of no easy  execution4#hb ,other       
things1 apparently more immediately     
pressing1  intervened4 ,there was no    
question for the present of perfect and 
unfeigned confidence in the ,english    
,church1 with whatever regrets for  its 
shortcomings1 and desires for its       
improvement ,but to the outside  world  
it seemed as if there were a reluctance 
to face seriously the  whole of the     

,roman controversy2 a disposition to be 
indulgent to ,roman  defects1 and       
unfairly hard on ,english faults4 ,how  
mischievously this  told in the course  
of opinion outside and inside of the    
movement2 how it  was misinterpreted and
 misrepresented2 how these              
misinterpretations and                  
misrepresentations1 with the bitterness 
and injustice which they  engendered1   
helped to realise themselves1 was seen  
but too clearly at a  later stage4      
#d4 ,lastly1 looking back on the        
publications1 regarded as characteristic
  of the party1 it is difficult not to  
feel that some of them gave an          
unfortunate and unnecessary turn to     
things4    ,the book which made most    
stir and caused the greatest outcry was 
,froude's ,remains4 ,it was undoubtedly 
a bold experiment2 but it was not       
merely boldness4 ,except that it might  
be perverted into an excuse by the      
shallow and thoughtless for merely      
strong talk1 it may fairly be said  that

 it was right and wise to let the world 
know the full measure and  depth of     
conviction which gave birth to the      
movement2 and ,froude's  ,remains did   
that in an unsuspiciously genuine way   
that nothing else  could have done4     
,and1 besides1 it was worth while for   
its own sake to  exhibit with fearless  
honesty such a character1 so high1 so   
true1 so  refined1 so heroic4 ,so again1
 ,dr4 ,pusey's ,tract on ,baptism was a 
bold  book1 and one which brought heavy 
imputations and misconstructions on  the
 party4 ,in the teaching of his long    
life1 ,dr4 ,pusey has abundantly        
dispelled the charges of harshness and  
over-severity which were urged1  not    
always very scrupulously1 against the   
doctrine of the ,tract on               
,post-baptismal ,sin4 ,but it was       
written to redress the balance against  
the fatally easy doctrines then in      
fashion2 it was like the ,portroyalist  
protest against the fashionable         
,jesuits2 it was one-sided1 and         

sometimes1 in his earnestness1          
unguarded2 and it wanted as yet the     
complement of encouragement1            
consolation1 and tenderness which his   
future teaching was to supply so amply4 
,but it was a blow struck1 not  before  
it was necessary1 by a strong hand2 and 
it may safely be said  that it settled  
the place of the sacrament of baptism in
 the living  system of the ,english     
,church1 which the negations and        
vagueness of the  ,evangelical party had
 gravely endangered4 ,but two other     
essays appeared  in the ,tracts1 most   
innocent in themselves1 which ten or    
twenty years  later would have been     
judged simply on their merits1 but which
 at the  time became potent weapons     
against ,tractarianism4 ,they were the  
productions of two poets--of two of the 
most beautiful and religious  minds of  
their time2 but in that stage of the    
movement it is hardly too  much to say  
that they were out of place4 ,the cause 
of the movement  needed clear           

explanations2 definite statements of    
doctrines which were  popularly         
misunderstood2 plain1 convincing        
reasoning on the issues which  were     
raised by it2 a careful laying out of   
the ground on which ,english  theology  
was to be strengthened and enriched4    
,such were ,mr4 ,newman's  ,lectures on 
,justification1 a work which made its   
lasting mark on  ,english theological   
thought2 ,mr4 ,keble's masterly         
exposition of the  meaning of           
,tradition2 and not least1 the important
 collections which  were documentary and
 historical evidence of the character of
 ,english  theology1 the so-called      
laborious ,catenas4 ,these were the real
 tasks  of the hour1 and they needed all
 that labour and industry could give4   
,but the first of these inopportune     
,tracts was an elaborate essay1 by ,mr4 
,keble1 on the ,mysticism of the        
,fathers in the use and interpretation  
of  ,scripture4 ,it was hardly what the 
practical needs of the time required1   

and it took away men's thoughts from    
them2 the prospect was hopeless  that in
 that state of men's minds it should be 
understood1 except by a  very few2 it   
merely helped to add another charge1 the
 vague but  mischievous charge of       
mysticism1 to the list of accusations   
against the  ,tracts4 ,the other1 to the
 astonishment of every one1 was like the
  explosion of a mine4 ,that it should  
be criticised and objected to was       
natural2 but the extraordinary          
irritation caused by it could hardly    
have  been anticipated4 ,written in the 
most devout and reverent spirit by one  
of the gentlest and most refined of     
scholars1 and full of deep  ,scriptural 
knowledge1 it furnished for some years  
the material for the  most savage       
attacks and the bitterest sneers to the 
opponents of the  movement4 ,it was     
called ,on ,reserve in communicating    
,religious  ,knowledge2 and it was a    
protest against the coarseness and      
shallowness  which threw the most sacred

 words about at random in loud and      
declamatory appeals1 and which          
especially dragged in the awful mystery 
of the ,atonement1 under the crudest and
 most vulgar conception of it1 as  a    
ready topic of excitement in otherwise  
commonplace and helpless  preaching4    
,the word ,reserve was enough4 ,it meant
 that the  ,tract-writers avowed the    
principle of keeping back part of the   
counsel  of ,god4 ,it meant1 further1   
that the real spirit of the party was   
disclosed2 its love of secret and       
crooked methods1 its indifference to    
knowledge1 its disingenuous professions1
 its deliberate concealments1  its      
holding doctrines and its pursuit of    
aims which it dared not avow1  its      
disciplina arcani1 its conspiracies1 its
 ,jesuitical spirit4 ,all  this kind of 
abuse was flung plentifully on the party
 as the controversy  became warm2 and it
 mainly justified itself by the ,tract  
on ,reserve4  ,the ,tract was in many   
ways a beautiful and suggestive essay1  

full of  deep and original thoughts1    
though composed in that spirit of the   
recluse which was characteristic of the 
writer1 and which is in strong  contrast
 with the energetic temper of to-day4#hc
 ,but it could well have  been spared at
 the moment1 and it certainly offered   
itself to an  unfortunate use4 ,the     
suspiciousness which so innocently it   
helped to  awaken and confirm was never 
again allayed4    ,,footnotes3    #gd   
,fifty years ago there was much greater 
contrast than now between  old and      
young4 ,there was more outward respect  
for the authorities1 and  among the     
younger men1 graduates and              
undergraduates1 more inward  amusement  
at foibles and eccentricities4 ,there   
still lingered the  survivals of a more 
old-fashioned type of ,university life  
and character1  which1 quite apart from 
the movements of religious opinion1     
provoked  those     1#ge impertinences  
of  irresponsible juniors towards       
superiors1 which ,wordsworth1 speaking  

of  a yet earlier time1 remembered at   
,cambridge--      ,in serious mood1 but 
oftener1 ,i confess1    ,with playful   
zest of fancy1 did we note    7,how     
could we less87 the manners and the ways
    ,of those who lived distinguished by
 the badge    ,of good or ill report2 or
 those with whom    ,by frame of        
,academic discipline    ,we were        
perforce connected1 men whose sway      
,and known authority of office served   
,to set our minds on edge1 and did no   
more4    ,nor wanted we rich pastime of 
this kind1    ,found everywhere1 but    
chiefly in the ring    ,of the grave    
,elders1 men unsecured1 grotesque    ,in
 character1 tricked out like aged trees 
,which through the lapse of their       
infirmity    ,give ready place to any   
random seed    ,that chooses to be      
reared upon their trunks4      ,prelude1
 bk4 iii4      #ge ,plat4 ,r4,p4 iii4   
#cij4    #gf ,tracts for the ,times1    
,no4 #a1 #ith ,september #ahcc4    #gg  
,an ,advertisement touching the         

,controversies of the ,church of        
,england3 printed in the ,resuscitatio1 
p4 #ach 7ed4 #afga74    #gh ,see ,mr4   
,newman's article1 ,the ,state of       
,religious ,parties1 in the  ,british   
,critic1 ,april #ahci1 reprinted in his 
,essays ,historical and  ,critical1     
#ahga1 ,vol4 #a41 essay vi4    #gi ,it  
would not be at all surprising1 though1 
in spite of the  earnestness of the     
principal advocates of the views in     
question1 for  which every one seems to 
give them credit1 there should be among 
their  followers much that is           
enthusiastic1 extravagant1 or excessive4
 ,all  these aberrations will be and are
 imputed to the doctrines from which    
they proceed2 nor unnaturally1 but      
hardly fairly1 for aberrations there    
must be1 whatever the doctrine is1 while
 the human heart is sensitive1          
capricious1 and wayward4444 ,there will 
ever be a number of persons  professing 
the opinions of a movement party1 who   
talk loudly and  strangely1 do odd and  

fierce things1 display themselves       
unnecessarily1  and disgust other       
people2 there will ever be those who are
 too young to  be wise1 too generous to 
be cautious1 too warm to be sober1 or   
too  intellectual to be humble2 of whom 
human sagacity cannot determine1 only   
the event1 and perhaps not even that1   
whether they feel what they  say1 or how
 far2 whether they are to be encouraged 
or  discountenanced4--,british ,critic1 
,april #ahci1 ,state of ,religious      
,parties1 p4 #dje4    #hj ,cardinal     
,newman1 ,grammar of ,assent4    #ha    
,the argument from history is sketched  
fairly1 but only sketched in  ,the      
,prophetic ,office1 ,lect4 xiv4    #hb  
,in the ,roman controversy it is        
sometimes hard to be just without       
appearing to mean more than is said2 for
 the obligation of justice  sometimes   
forces one who wishes to be a fair judge
 to be apparently an  apologist or      
advocate4 ,yet the supreme duty in      
religious controversy is  justice4 ,but 

for the very reason that these          
controversialists wished to  be just to 
,rome1 they were bound to be just       
against her4 ,they meant to  be so2 but 
events passed quickly1 and leisure never
 came for a work  which involved a      
serious appeal to history4    #hc ,vide 
a striking review in the ,british       
,critic1 ,april #ahci1  partly          
correcting and guarding the view given  
in the ,tract4          ,,chapter ,,xiv 
,,no4 #ij      ,the formation of a      
strong ,romanising section in the       
,tractarian party was  obviously        
damaging to the party and dangerous to  
the ,church4 ,it was pro  tanto a       
verification of the fundamental charge  
against the party1 a  charge which on   
paper they had met successfully1 but    
which acquired  double force when this  
paper defence was traversed by facts4   
,and a great  blow was impending over   
the ,church1 if the zeal and ability    
which the  movement had called forth and
 animated were to be sucked away from   

the  ,church1 and not only lost to it1  
but educated into a special instrument  
against it4 ,but the divergence became  
clear only gradually1 and the hope  that
 after all it was only temporary and    
would ultimately disappear was  long    
kept up by the tenacity with which ,mr4 
,newman1 in spite of  misgivings and    
disturbing thoughts1 still recognised   
the gifts and  claims of the ,english   
,church4 ,and on the other hand1 the    
bulk of the  party1 and its other       
,oxford leaders1 ,dr4 ,pusey1 ,mr4      
,keble1 ,mr4 ,isaac  ,williams1 ,mr4    
,marriott1 were quite unaffected by the 
disquieting  apprehensions which were   
beginning to beset ,mr4 ,newman4 ,with a
 humbling  consciousness of the         
practical shortcomings of the ,english  
,church1 with  a ready disposition to be
 honest and just towards ,rome1 and even
 to  minimise our differences with it1  
they had not admitted for a moment any  
doubt of the reality of the ,english    
,church4 ,the class of arguments which  

specially laid hold of ,mr4 ,newman's   
mind did not tell upon them--the        
peculiar aspect of early precedents1    
about which1 moreover1 a good deal  of  
criticism was possible2 or the large and
 sweeping conception of a  vast1        
ever-growing1 imperial ,church1 great   
enough to make flaws and  imperfections 
of no account1 which appealed so        
strongly to his  statesmanlike          
imagination4 ,their content with the    
,church in which they  had been brought 
up1 in which they had been taught       
religion1 and in  which they had taken  
service1 their deep and affectionate    
loyalty and  piety to it1 in spite of   
all its faults1 remained unimpaired2 and
  unimpaired1 also1 was their sense of  
vast masses of practical evil in  the   
,roman ,church1 evils from which they   
shrank both as ,englishmen and as       
,christians1 and which seemed as        
incurable as they were undeniable4      
,beyond the hope which they vaguely     
cherished that some day or other1 by    

some great act of ,divine mercy1 these  
evils might disappear1 and the  whole   
,church become once more united1 there  
was nothing to draw them  towards ,rome2
 submission was out of the question1 and
 they could only  see in its attitude in
 ,england the hostility of a jealous and
  unscrupulous disturber of their       
,master's work4 ,the movement still went
  on1 with its original purpose1 and on 
its original lines1 in spite of  the    
presence in it1 and even the            
co-operation1 of men who might one day  
have other views1 and serious and fatal 
differences with their old  friends4    
,the change of religion when it comes on
 a man gradually1--when it is not       
welcomed from the first1 but1 on the    
contrary1 long resisted1 must  always be
 a mysterious and perplexing process1   
hard to realise and  follow by the      
person most deeply interested1 veiled   
and clouded to  lookers-on1 because     
naturally belonging to the deepest      
depths of the  human conscience1 and    

inevitably1 and without much fault on   
either side1  liable to be              
misinterpreted and misunderstood4 ,and  
this process is all  the more tangled   
when it goes on1 not in an individual   
mind1 travelling  in its own way on its 
own path1 little affected by others1 and
 little  affecting them1 but in a       
representative person1 with the         
responsibilities of a great cause upon  
him1 bound by closest ties of  every    
kind to friends1 colleagues1 and        
disciples1 thinking1 feeling1  leading1 
pointing out the way for hundreds who   
love and depend on him4  ,views and     
feelings vary from day to day1 according
 to the events and  conditions of the   
day4 ,how shall he speak1 and how shall 
he be silent8  ,how shall he let doubts 
and difficulties appear1 yet how shall  
he  suppress them8--doubts which may    
grow and become hopeless1 but which1 on 
the other hand1 may be solved and       
disappear4 ,how shall he go on as if    
nothing had happened1 when all the      

foundations of the world seem to have   
sunk from under him8 ,yet how shall he  
disclose the dreadful secret1 when  he  
is not yet quite sure whether his mind  
will not still rally from its  terror   
and despair8 ,he must in honesty1 in    
kindness1 give some warning1  yet how   
much8 and how to prevent it being taken 
for more than it means8  ,there are     
counter-considerations1 to which he     
cannot shut his eyes4  ,there are       
friends who will not believe his        
warnings4 ,there are watchful  enemies  
who are on the look-out for proofs of   
disingenuousness and bad  faith4 ,he    
could cut through his difficulties at   
once by making the  plunge in obedience 
to this or that plausible sign or train 
of  reasoning1 but his conscience and   
good faith will not let him take  things
 so easily2 and yet he knows that if he 
hangs on1 he will be  accused by and by1
 perhaps speciously1 of having been     
dishonest and  deceiving4 ,so subtle1 so
 shifting1 so impalpable are the steps  

by which  a faith is disintegrated2 so  
evanescent1 and impossible to follow1   
the  shades by which one set of         
convictions pass into others wholly     
opposite2  for it is not knowledge and  
intellect alone which come into play1   
but  all the moral tastes and habits of 
the character1 its likings and          
dislikings1 its weakness and its        
strength1 its triumphs and its          
vexations1 its keenness and its         
insensibilities1 which are in full      
action1 while the intellect alone seems 
to be busy with its problems4 ,a        
picture has been given us1 belonging to 
this time1 of the process1 by a  great  
master of human nature1 and a great     
sufferer under the process2 it  is1     
perhaps1 the greatest attempt ever made 
to describe it2 but it is  not wholly   
successful4 ,it tells us much1 for it is
 written with touching  good faith1 but 
the complete effect as an intelligible  
whole is wanting4    ,in the spring of  
#ahci1 we read in the ,apologia1 my     

position in the  ,anglican ,church was  
at its height4 ,i had a supreme         
confidence in my  controversial status1 
and ,i had a great and still growing    
success in  recommending it to          
others4#hd ,this1 then1 may be taken as 
the point  from which1 in the writer's  
own estimate1 the change is to be       
traced4 ,he  refers for illustration of 
his state of mind to the remarkable     
article  on the ,state of ,religious    
,parties1 in the ,april number of the   
,british  ,critic for #ahci1 which he   
has since republished under the title of
  ,prospects of the ,anglican           
,church4#he ,i have looked over it now1 
he  writes in #ahfd1 for the first time 
since it was published2 and have  been  
struck by it for this reason3 it        
contains the last words which ,i  ever  
spoke as an ,anglican to ,anglicans4444 
,it may now be read as my  parting      
address and valediction1 made to my     
friends4 ,i little knew it at  the time4
 ,he thus describes the position which  

he took in the article  referred to3--  
,conscious as ,i was that my opinions in
 religious matters were not    gained1  
as the world said1 from ,roman sources1 
but were1 on the    contrary1 the birth 
of my own mind and of the circumstances 
in which ,i    had been placed1 ,i had a
 scorn of the imputations which were    
heaped    upon me4 ,it was true that ,i 
held a large1 bold system of religion1  
very unlike the ,protestantism of the   
day1 but it was the concentration    and
 adjustment of the statements of great  
,anglican authorities1 and ,i    had as 
much right to do so as the ,evangelical 
party had1 and more    right than the   
,liberal1 to hold their own respective  
doctrines4 ,as ,i    spoke on occasion  
of ,tract #ij1 ,i claimed1 on behalf of 
the writer1    that he might hold in the
 ,anglican ,church a comprecation of the
 ,saints    with ,bramhall2 and the     
,mass1 all but ,transubstantiation1 with
    ,andrewes2 or with ,hooker that     
,transubstantiation itself is not a     

point    for ,churches to part communion
 upon2 or with ,hammond that a ,general 
,council1 truly such1 never did1 never  
shall err in a matter of faith2    or   
with ,bull that man lost inward grace by
 the ,fall2 or with ,thorndike    that  
penance is a propitiation for           
post-baptismal sin2 or with    ,pearson 
that the all-powerful name of ,jesus is 
no otherwise given than    in the       
,catholic ,church4 ,two can play at that
 game was often in my    mouth1 when men
 of ,protestant sentiments appealed to  
the ,articles1    ,homilies1 and        
,reformers1 in the sense that if they   
had a right to    speak loud ,i had both
 the liberty and the means of giving    
them tit for    tat4 ,i thought that the
 ,anglican ,church had been tyrannised  
over by a    ,party1 and ,i aimed at    
bringing into effect the promise        
contained in    the motto to the ,lyra3 
,they shall know the difference now4 ,i 
only    asked to be allowed to show them
 the difference4      ,i have said      

already 7he goes on7 that though the    
object of the    movement was to        
withstand the ,liberalism of the day1 ,i
 found and felt    that this could not  
be done by negatives4 ,it was necessary 
for me to    have a positive ,church    
theory erected on a definite basis4     
,this took    me to the great ,anglican 
divines2 and then1 of course1 ,i found  
at once    that it was impossible to    
form any such theory without cutting    
across    the teaching of the ,church of
 ,rome4 ,thus came in the ,roman        
controversy4 ,when ,i first turned      
myself to it ,i had neither doubt on    
the subject1 nor suspicion that doubt   
would ever come on me4 ,it was in       
this state of mind that ,i began to read
 up ,bellarmine on the one hand1    and 
numberless ,anglican writers on the     
other4#hf    ,and he quotes from the    
article the language which he used1 to  
show the  necessity of providing some   
clear and strong basis for religious    
thought  in view of the impending       

conflict of principles1 religious and   
anti-religious1 ,catholic and           
,rationalist1 which to far-seeing men1  
even at that comparatively early time1  
seemed inevitable3--      ,then indeed  
will be the stern encounter1 when two   
real and living    principles1 simple1  
entire1 and consistent1 one in the      
,church1 the    other out of it1 at     
length rush upon each other1 contending 
not for    names and words1 a half view1
 but for elementary notions and         
distinctive moral characters4 ,men will 
not keep standing in that very          
attitude which you call sound           
,church-of-,englandism or orthodox      
,protestantism4 ,they will take one view
 or another1 but it will be a           
consistent one 444 it will be real4444  
,is it sensible1 sober1    judicious1 to
 be so very angry with the writers of   
the day who point    to the fact1 that  
our divines of the seventeenth century  
have occupied    a ground which is the  
true and intelligible mean between      

extremes8444    ,would you rather have  
your sons and your daughters members of 
the    ,church of ,england or of the    
,church of ,rome8#hg    ,the last words 
that ,i spoke as an ,anglican to        
,anglicans1--so he  describes this      
statement of his position and its       
reasons2 so it seems to  him1 as he     
looks back4 ,and yet in the intimate and
 frank disclosures  which he makes1 he  
has shown us much that indicates both   
that his  ,anglicanism lasted much      
longer and that his ,roman sympathies   
began to  stir much earlier4 ,this only 
shows the enormous difficulties of      
measuring accurately the steps of a     
transition state4 ,the mind1 in such  a 
strain of buffeting1 is never in one    
stay4 ,the old seems impregnable1  yet  
it has been undermined2 the new is      
indignantly and honestly  repelled1 and 
yet leaves behind it its                
never-to-be-forgotten and  unaccountable
 spell4 ,the story1 as he tells it1 goes
 on1 how1 in the  full swing and        

confidence of his ,anglicanism1 and in  
the course of his  secure and fearless  
study of antiquity1 appearance after    
appearance  presented itself1           
unexpected1 threatening1 obstinate1 in  
the history of  the ,early ,church1 by  
which this confidence was first shaken  
and then  utterly broken down in the    
summer of #ahci4 ,and he speaks as      
though all  had been over after two     
years from that summer3 ,from the end of
 #ahda ,i  was on my death-bed1 as      
regards my membership with the ,anglican
 ,church1  though at the time ,i became 
aware of it only by degrees4 ,in truth1 
it  was only the end which showed that  
it was a death-bed4 ,he had not yet     
died to allegiance or to hope1 then or  
for some time afterwards4 ,he  speaks in
 later years of the result1 and reads   
what was then in the  light of what     
followed4 ,but after all that had       
happened1 and much1 of  course1         
disturbing happened in #ahda1 he was a  
long way off from what  then could have 

been spoken of as a death-bed4 ,deep and
 painful  misgivings may assail the     
sincerest faith2 they are not fatal     
signs till  faith has finally given way4
    ,what is true is1 that the whole    
state of religion1 and the whole aspect 
of ,christianity in the world1 had come 
to seem to him portentously  strange and
 anomalous4 ,no theory would take in and
 suit all the facts1  which the         
certainties of history and experience   
presented4 ,neither in  ,england1 nor in
 ,rome1 and much less anywhere else1 did
 the old1 to which  all appealed1 agree 
with the new2 it might agree variously  
in this point  or in that1 in others    
there were contrarieties which it was   
vain to  reconcile4 ,facts were against 
the ,english claim to be a ,catholic    
,church--how could ,catholicity be shut 
up in one island8 ,how could  ,england  
assert its continuity of doctrine8      
,facts were against the ,roman  claim to
 be an infallible1 and a perfect1 and   
the whole ,church--how  could that be   

perfect which was marked in the face of 
day with enormous  and undeniable       
corruptions8 ,how could that be         
infallible which was  irreconcilable    
with ancient teaching8 ,how could that  
be the whole  ,church1 which1 to say    
nothing of the break-up in the ,west1   
ignored1 as  if it had no existence1 the
 ancient and uninterrupted ,eastern     
,church8  ,theory after theory came up1 
and was tried1 and was found wanting4   
,each  had much to say for itself1 its  
strong points1 its superiority over its 
rivals in dealing with the difficulties 
of the case1 its plausibilities  and its
 imaginative attractions4 ,but all had  
their tender spot1 and  flinched when   
they were touched in earnest4 ,in the   
confusions and sins  and divisions of   
the last fifteen centuries1 profound    
disorganisation  had fastened on the    
,western ,church4 ,christendom was not1 
could not be  pretended to be1 what it  
had been in the fourth century2 and     
whichever  way men looked the reasons   

were not hard to see4 ,the first and    
characteristic feeling of the movement1 
one which ,mr4 ,newman had done so  much
 to deepen1 was that of shame and       
humiliation at the disorder at  home1 as
 well as in every part of the ,church4  
,it was not in ,rome only1  or in       
,england only2 it was everywhere4 ,what 
had been peculiar to  ,anglicanism among
 all its rivals1 was that it had        
emphatically and  without reserve       
confessed it4    ,with this view of the 
dislocation and the sins of the ,church1
 he could  at once with perfect         
consistency recognise the shortcomings  
of the  ,english branch of the ,church1 
and yet believe and maintain that it was
  a true and living branch4 ,the        
,english fragment was not what it should
  be1 was indeed much that it should not
 be2 the same could be said of the      
,roman1 though in different respects4   
,this1 as he himself reminds us1 was  no
 new thing to his mind when the         
unsettlement of #ahci began4 ,at the    

end of #ahce1 or the beginning of #ahcf1
 ,i had the whole state of the  question
 before me1 on which1 to my mind1 the   
decision between the  ,churches         
depended4 ,it did not1 he says1 depend  
on the claims of the  ,pope1 as centre  
of unity2 it turned on the ,faith of the
 ,church2 there  was a contrariety of   
claims between the ,roman and ,anglican 
religions2  and up to #ahci1 with the   
full weight of ,roman arguments         
recognised1 with  the full consciousness
 of ,anglican disadvantages1 he yet     
spoke clearly  for ,anglicanism4 ,even  
when misgivings became serious1 the     
balance still  inclined without question
 the old way4 ,he hardly spoke stronger 
in #ahcd  than he did in #ahda1 after   
,no4 #ij4      ,and now 7he writes in   
his ,letter to the ,bishop of           
,oxford#hh7 having    said1 ,i trust1 as
 much as your ,lordship requires on the 
subject of    ,romanism1 ,i will add a  
few words1 to complete my explanation1  
in    acknowledgment of the inestimable 

privilege ,i feel in being a member     
of that ,church over which your         
,lordship1 with others1 presides4       
,indeed1 did ,i not feel it to be a     
privilege which ,i am able to seek      
nowhere else on earth1 why should ,i be 
at this moment writing to your          
,lordship8 ,what motive have ,i for an  
unreserved and joyful submission    to  
your authority1 but the feeling that the
 ,church in which your    ,lordship     
rules is a divinely-ordained channel of 
supernatural grace to    the souls of   
her members8 ,why should ,i not prefer  
my own opinion1 and    my own way of    
acting1 to that of the ,bishop's1 except
 that ,i know full    well that in      
matters indifferent ,i should be acting 
lightly towards    the ,spouse of       
,christ and the awful ,presence which   
dwells in her1 if ,i    hesitated a     
moment to put your ,lordship's will     
before my own8 ,i know    full well that
 your ,lordship's kindness to me        
personally would be in    itself quite  

enough to win any but the most          
insensible heart1 and1 did    a clear   
matter of conscience occur in which ,i  
felt bound to act for    myself1 my     
feelings towards your ,lordship would be
 a most severe trial    to me1          
independently of the higher             
considerations to which ,i have         
alluded2 but ,i trust ,i have shown my  
dutifulness to you prior to the         
influence of personal motives2 and this 
,i have done because ,i think    that to
 belong to the ,catholic ,church is the 
first of all privileges    here below1  
as involving in it heavenly privileges1 
and because ,i    consider the ,church  
over which your ,lordship presides to be
 the    ,catholic ,church in this       
country4 ,surely then ,i have no need to
 profess    in words1 ,i will not say my
 attachment1 but my deep reverence      
towards    the ,mother of ,saints1 when 
,i am showing it in action2 yet that    
words    may not be altogether wanting1 
,i beg to lay before your ,lordship the 

following extract from a defence of the 
,english ,church1 which ,i wrote        
against a ,roman controversialist in the
 course of the last year4      ,the     
,church is emphatically a living body1  
and there can be no greater    proof of 
a particular communion being part of the
 ,church than the    appearance in it of
 a continued and abiding energy1 nor a  
more    melancholy proof of its being a 
corpse than torpidity4 ,we say an       
energy continued and abiding1 for       
accident will cause the activity of    a
 moment1 and an external principle give 
the semblance of self-motion4    ,on the
 other hand1 even a living body may for 
a while be asleep4           99       99
       99       99       99      ,it    
concerns1 then1 those who deny that we  
are the true ,church because    we have 
not at present this special note1       
intercommunion with other               
,christians1 to show cause why the      
,roman ,church in the tenth century     
should be so accounted1 with            

profligates1 or rather the profligate   
mothers of profligate sons for her      
supreme rulers4 ,and still              
notwithstanding life is a note of the   
,church2 she alone revives1    even if  
she declines2 heretical and schismatical
 bodies cannot keep    life2 they       
gradually became cold1 stiff1 and       
insensible4           99       99       
99       99       99      ,now if there 
ever were a ,church on whom the         
experiment has been    tried1 whether it
 had life in it or not1 the ,english is 
that one4 ,for    three centuries it has
 endured all vicissitudes of fortune4   
,it has    endured in trouble and       
prosperity1 under seduction1 and under  
oppression4 ,it has been practised upon 
by theorists1 browbeaten by    sophists1
 intimidated by princes1 betrayed by    
false sons1 laid waste    by tyranny1   
corrupted by wealth1 torn by schism1 and
 persecuted by    fanaticism4           
,revolutions have come upon it sharply  
and suddenly1 to and    fro1 hot and    

cold1 as if to try what it was made of4 
,it has been a sort of battlefield on   
which opposite principles have    been  
tried4 ,no opinion1 however extreme any 
way1 but may be found1 as    the        
,romanists are not slow to reproach us1 
among its ,bishops and    ,divines4 ,yet
 what has been its career upon the      
whole8 ,which way has it    been moving 
through #cjj years8 ,where does it find 
itself at the end8    ,lutherans have   
tended to ,rationalism2 ,calvinists have
 become    ,socinians2 but what has it  
become8 ,as far as its ,formularies are 
concerned1 it may be said all along to  
have grown towards a more    perfect    
,catholicism than that with which it    
started at the time of its              
estrangement2 every act1 every crisis   
which marks its course1 has been        
upward4           99       99       99  
99       99      ,what a note of the    
,church is the mere production of a man 
like    ,butler1 a pregnant fact much to
 be meditated on6 and how strange it    

is1 if it be as it seems to be1 that the
 real influence of his work is    only  
just now beginning6 and who can prophesy
 in what it will end8    ,thus our      
,divines grow with centuries1 expanding 
after their death in    the minds of    
their readers into more and more exact  
,catholicism as    years roll on4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,look across the ,atlantic to the       
daughter ,churches of ,england in the   
,states3 ',shall one that is barren bear
 a child in her old age8' yet    'the   
barren hath borne seven4' ,schismatic   
branches put out their    leaves at     
once1 in an expiring effort2 our ,church
 has waited three    centuries1 and then
 blossoms like ,aaron's rod1 budding and
 blooming    and yielding fruit1 while  
the rest are dry4 ,and lastly1 look at  
the    present position of the ,church  
at home2 there1 too1 we shall find a    
note of the true ,city of ,god1 the     
,holy ,jerusalem4 ,she is in warfare    
with the world1 as the ,church ,militant

 should be2 she is rebuking the         
world1 she is hated1 she is pillaged by 
the world4           99       99        
99       99       99      ,much might be
 said on this subject4 ,at all times1   
since ,christianity    came into the    
world1 an open contest has been going on
 between    religion and irreligion2 and
 the true ,church1 of course1 has ever  
been    on the religious side4 ,this1   
then1 is a sure test in every age where 
the ,christian should stand4444 ,now1   
applying this simple criterion to    the
 public ,parties of this ,,day1 it is   
very plain that the ,english    ,church 
is at present on ,god's side1 and       
therefore1 so far1 ,god's    ,church2 we
 are sorry to be obliged to add that    
there is as little    doubt on which    
side ,english ,romanism is4           99
       99       99       99       99    
,as for the ,english ,church1 surely she
 has notes enough1 'the signs of    an  
,apostle in all patience1 and signs and 
wonders and mighty deeds4'    ,she has  

the note of possession1 the note of     
freedom from party-titles2    the note  
of life1 a tough life and a vigorous2   
she has ancient    descent1 unbroken    
continuance1 agreement in doctrine with 
the ancient    ,church4 ,those of       
,bellarmine's ,notes1 which she         
certainly has not1 are    intercommunion
 with ,christendom1 the glory of        
miracles1 and the    prophetical light1 
but the question is1 whether she has not
 enough of    ,divinity about her to    
satisfy her sister ,churches on their   
own    principles1 that she is one body 
with them4      ,this may be sufficient 
to show my feelings towards my ,church1 
as far    as ,statements on paper can   
show them4    ,how earnestly1 how       
sincerely he clung to the ,english      
,church1 even after  he describes       
himself on his death-bed1 no one can    
doubt4 ,the charm of  the ,apologia is  
the perfect candour with which he       
records fluctuations  which to many are 
inconceivable and unintelligible1 the   

different and  sometimes opposite and   
irreconcilable states of mind through   
which he  passed1 with no attempt to    
make one fit into another4 ,it is clear1
 from  what he tells us1 that his words 
in #ahci were not his last words as an  
,anglican to ,anglicans4 ,with whatever 
troubles of mind1 he strove to be a     
loyal and faithful ,anglican long after 
that4 ,he spoke as an ,anglican4 ,he    
fought for ,anglicanism4 ,the theory1 as
 he says1 may have gone by the  board1  
in the intellectual storms raised by the
 histories of the  ,monophysites and    
,donatists4 ,by these great words of the
 ancient  father--,securus judicat orbis
 terrarum--the theory of the ,via ,media
  was absolutely pulverised4 ,he was    
sore1 as he says in #ahdj1 about  the   
great ,anglican divines1 as if they had 
taken me in1 and made me say  strong    
things against ,rome1 which facts did   
not justify4#hi ,yes1 he  felt1 as other
 men do not feel1 the weak points of    
even a strong  argument1 the            

exaggerations and unfairness of         
controversialists on his  own side1 the 
consciousness that you cannot have      
things in fact1 or in  theory1 or in    
reasoning1 smoothly and exactly as it   
would be convenient1  and as you would  
like to have them4 ,but his conclusion1 
on the whole1  was unshaken4 ,there was 
enough1 and amply enough1 in the        
,english ,church  to bind him to its    
allegiance1 to satisfy him of its truth 
and its life1  enough in the ,roman to  
warn him away4 ,in the confusions of    
,christendom1  in the strong and        
obstinate differences of schools and    
parties in the  ,english ,church1 he1   
living in days of inquiry and criticism1
 claimed to  take and recommend a       
theological position on many            
controverted  questions1 which many     
might think a new one1 and which might  
not be  exactly that occupied by any    
existing school or party4#ij ,we are    
all1  he writes to an intimate friend on
 #bb;d ,april #ahdb1 a year after ,no4  

#ij1  much quieter and more resigned    
than we were1 and are remarkably        
desirous of building up a position1 and 
proving that the ,english theory  is    
tenable1 or rather the ,english state of
 things4 ,if the ,bishops would  leave  
us alone1 the fever would subside4      
,he wanted1 when all other parties were 
claiming room for their  speculations1  
to claim room for his own preference for
 ancient doctrine4  ,he wished to make  
out that no branch of the ,church had   
authoritatively  committed itself to    
language which was hopelessly and       
fatally  irreconcilable with ,christian 
truth4 ,but he claimed nothing but what 
he  could maintain to be fairly within  
the authorised formularies of the       
,english ,church4 ,he courted inquiry1  
he courted argument4 ,if his claim      
seemed a new one1 if his avowed leaning 
to ancient and ,catholic views  seemed  
to make him more tolerant than had been 
customary1 not to ,roman  abuses1 but to
 ,roman authoritative language1 it was  

part of the more  accurate and the more 
temperate and charitable thought of our 
day  compared with past times4 ,it was  
part of the same change which has       
brought ,church opinions from the       
unmitigated ,calvinism of the ,lambeth  
,articles to what the authorities of    
those days would have denounced1        
without a doubt1 as ,arminianism4       
,hooker was gravely and seriously       
accused to the ,council for saying that 
a ,papist could be saved1 and had  some 
difficulty to clear himself2 it was as  
natural then as it is  amazing now4#ia  
,but with this sincere loyalty to the   
,english ,church1 as he believed it  to 
be1 there was1 no doubt1 in the         
background the haunting and  disquieting
 misgiving that the attempt to connect  
more closely the  modern ,church with   
the ancient1 and this widened theology  
in a direction  which had been hitherto 
specially and jealously barred1 was     
putting the  ,english ,church on its    
trial4 ,would it bear it8 ,would it     

respond to the  call to rise to a higher
 and wider type of doctrine1 to a higher
  standard of life8 ,would it justify   
what ,mr4 ,newman had placed in the     
forefront among the notes of the true   
,church1 the note of ,sanctity8  ,would 
the ,via ,media make up for its         
incompleteness as a theory by           
developing into reality and fruitfulness
 of actual results8 ,would the  ,church 
bear to be told of its defaults8 ,would 
it allow to the  maintainers of         
,catholic and ,anglican principles the  
liberty which  others claimed1 and which
 by large and powerful bodies of opinion
 was  denied to ,anglicans8 ,or would it
 turn out on trial1 that the ,via ,media
  was an idea without substance1 a      
dialectical fiction1 a mere theological 
expedient for getting out of            
difficulties1 unrecognised1 and when put
  forward1 disowned8 ,would it turn out 
that the line of thought and  teaching  
which connected the modern with the     
ancient ,church was but the  private and

 accidental opinion of ,hooker and      
,andrewes and ,bull and  ,wilson1       
unauthorised in the ,english ,church1   
uncongenial to its spirit1  if not      
contradictory to its formularies8 ,it is
 only just to ,mr4 ,newman  to say1 that
 even after some of his friends were    
frightened1 he long  continued to hope  
for the best2 but undoubtedly1 more and 
more1 his  belief in the reality of the 
,english ,church was undergoing a very  
severe1 and as time went on1            
discouraging testing4    ,in this state 
of things he published the ,tract ,no4  
#ij4 ,it was occasioned  by the common  
allegation1 on the side of some of the  
advanced section of  the ,tractarians1  
as well as on the side of their         
opponents1 that the  ,thirty-nine       
,articles were hopelessly irreconcilable
 with that ,catholic  teaching which    
,mr4 ,newman had defended on the        
authority of our great  divines1 but    
which both the parties above mentioned  
were ready to  identify with the        

teaching of the ,roman ,church4 ,the    
,tract was intended1  by a rigorous     
examination of the language of the      
,articles1 to traverse  this allegation4
 ,it sought to show that all that was   
clearly and  undoubtedly ,catholic1 this
 language left untouched3#ib that it was
  doubtful whether even the formal      
definitions of the ,council of ,trent   
were directly and intentionally         
contradicted2 and that what were really 
aimed at were the abuses and perversions
 of a great popular and  authorised     
system1 tyrannical by the force of      
custom and the obstinate  refusal of any
 real reformation4      ,it is often    
urged 7says the writer71 and sometimes  
felt and granted1    that there are in  
the ,articles propositions or terms     
inconsistent with    the ,catholic      
faith2 or1 at least1 if persons do not  
go so far as to    feel the objection as
 of force1 they are perplexed how best  
to answer    it1 or how most simply to  
explain the passages on which it is made

 to    rest4 ,the following ,tract is   
drawn up with the view of showing how   
groundless the objection is1 and        
further1 of approximating towards the   
argumentative answer to it1 of which    
most men have an implicit               
apprehension1 though they may have      
nothing more4 ,that there are real      
difficulties to a ,catholic ,christian  
in the ecclesiastical position of    our
 ,church at this day1 no one can deny2  
but the statements of the    ,articles  
are not in the number1 and it may be    
right at the present    moment to insist
 upon this4    ,when met by the         
objection that the ideas of the framers 
of the ,articles  were well known1 and  
that it was notorious that they had     
meant to put an  insuperable barrier    
between the ,english ,church and        
everything that  savoured of ,rome1 the 
writer replied that the actual ,english 
,church  received the ,articles not from
 them but from a much later authority1  
that we are bound by their words not by 

their private sentiments either  as     
theologians or ecclesiastical           
politicians1 and that in fact they had  
intended the ,articles to comprehend a  
great body of their countrymen1  who    
would have been driven away by any      
extreme and anti-,catholic  declarations
 even against ,rome4 ,the temper of     
compromise is  characteristic of the    
,english as contrasted with the foreign 
,reformation4 ,it is visible1 not only  
in the ,articles1 but in the polity  of 
the ,english ,church1 which clung so    
obstinately to the continuity and  forms
 of the ancient hierarchical system1 it 
is visible in the  sacramental offices  
of the ,prayer ,book1 which left so much
 out to  satisfy the ,protestants1 and  
left so much in to satisfy the          
,catholics4    ,the ,tract went in      
detail through the ,articles which were 
commonly looked  upon as either         
anti-,catholic or anti-,roman4 ,it went 
through them with a  dry logical way of 
interpretation1 such as a professed     

theologian might  use1 who was          
accustomed to all the niceties of       
language and the  distinctions of the   
science4 ,it was the way in which they  
would be  likely to be examined and     
construed by a purely legal court4 ,the 
effect  of it1 doubtless1 was like that 
produced on ordinary minds by the       
refinements of a subtle advocate1 or by 
the judicial interpretation of  an ,act 
of ,parliament which the judges do not  
like2 and some of the  interpretations  
undoubtedly seemed far-fetched and      
artificial4 ,yet some  of those which   
were pointed to at the time as flagrant 
instances of  extravagant               
misinterpretation have now come to look 
different4 ,nothing  could exceed the   
scorn poured on the interpretation of   
the ,twenty-second  ,article1 that it   
condemns the ,roman doctrine of         
,purgatory1 but not  all doctrine of    
purgatory as a place of gradual         
purification beyond  death4 ,but in our 
days a school very far removed from ,mr4

 ,newman's would  require and would     
claim to make the same distinction4 ,and
 so with the  interpretation of the     
,sacrifices of ,masses in the same      
article4 ,it was  the fashion in #ahda  
to see in this the condemnation of all  
doctrine of a  sacrifice in the         
,eucharist2 and when ,mr4 ,newman       
confined the phrase to  the gross abuses
 connected with the ,mass1 this was     
treated as an affront  to common sense  
and honesty4 ,since then we have become 
better acquainted  with the language of 
the ancient liturgies--1 and no         
instructed  theologian could now venture
 to treat ,mr4 ,newman's distinction as 
idle4  ,there was in fact nothing new in
 his distinctions on these two points4  
,they had already been made in two of   
the preceding ,tracts1 the reprint  of  
,archbishop ,ussher on ,prayers for the 
,dead1 and the ,catena on the           
,eucharistie ,sacrifice2 and in both    
cases the distinctions were supported   
by a great mass of ,anglican            

authority4#ic    ,but the ,tract had    
sufficient novelty about it to account  
for most of  the excitement which it    
caused4 ,its dryness and negative       
curtness were  provoking4 ,it was not a 
positive argument1 it was not an appeal 
to  authorities2 it was a paring down of
 language1 alleged in certain  portions 
of the ,articles to be somewhat loose1  
to its barest meaning2  and to those to 
whom that language had always seemed to 
speak with  fulness and decision1 it    
seemed like sapping and undermining a   
cherished  bulwark4 ,then it seemed to  
ask for more liberty than the writer in 
his  position at that time needed2 and  
the object of such an indefinite  claim1
 in order to remove1 if possible1       
misunderstandings between two           
long-alienated branches of the ,western 
,church1 was one to excite in many      
minds profound horror and dismay4 ,that 
it maintained without flinching  and as 
strongly as ever the position and the   
claim of the ,english ,church  was      

nothing to the purpose2 the admission1  
both that ,rome1 though  wrong1 might   
not be as wrong as we thought her1 and  
that the language of  the ,articles1    
though unquestionably condemnatory of   
much1 was not  condemnatory of as much  
as people thought1 and might possibly be
 even  harmonised with ,roman           
authoritative language1 was looked upon 
as  incompatible with loyalty to the    
,english ,church4    ,the question which
 the ,tract had opened1 what the        
,articles meant and to  what men were   
bound by accepting them1 was a most     
legitimate one for  discussion2 and it  
was most natural also that any one      
should hesitate to  answer it as the    
,tract answered it4 ,but it was         
distinctly a question for  discussion4  
,it was not so easy for any of the      
parties in the ,church to  give a clear 
and consistent answer1 as that the      
matter ought at once to  have been      
carried out of the region of discussion4
 ,the ,articles were the  ,articles of a

 ,church which had seen as great        
differences as those  between the       
,church of ,edward ,,vi and the ,church 
of the ,restoration4 ,take  them broadly
 as the condemnation--strong but loose  
in expression1 as1  for instance1 in the
 language on the five1 commonly called  
,sacraments--of a powerful and          
well-known antagonist system1 and there 
was no difficulty about them4 ,but take 
them as scientific and accurate  and    
precise enunciations of a systematic    
theology1 and difficulties  begin at    
once1 with every one who does not hold  
the special and  well-marked doctrines  
of the age when the ,german and ,swiss  
authorities  ruled supreme4 ,the course 
of events from that day to this has     
shown  more than once1 in surprising and
 even startling examples1 how much      
those who at the time least thought that
 they needed such strict  construing of 
the language of the ,articles1 and were 
fierce in  denouncing the kind of       
interpretation said to be claimed in    

,no4 #ij1  have since found that they   
require a good deal more elasticity of  
reading than even it asked for4 ,the    
whirligig of time was thought to  have  
brought its revenges1 when ,mr4 ,newman1
 who had called for the  exercise of    
authority against ,dr4 ,hampden1 found  
himself1 five years  afterwards1 under  
the ban of the same authority4 ,the     
difference between  ,mr4 ,newman's case 
and ,dr4 ,hampden's1 both as to the     
alleged offence and  the position of the
 men1 was considerable4 ,but the        
whirligig of time  brought about even   
stranger revenges1 when not only ,mr4   
,gorham and ,mr4  ,h4,b4 ,wilson in     
their own defence1 but the tribunals    
which had to decide  on their cases1    
carried the strictness of reading and   
the latitude of  interpretation1 quite  
as far1 to say the least1 as anything in
 ,no4 #ij4    ,unhappily ,tract #ij was 
met at ,oxford1 not with argument1 but  
with panic  and wrath4#id ,there is     
always a sting in every charge1 to which

 other  parts of it seem subordinate4   
,no4 #ij was charged of course with     
false  doctrine1 with false history1 and
 with false reasoning2 but the emphatic 
part of the charge1 the short and easy  
method which dispensed from the         
necessity of theological examination and
 argument1 was that it was  dishonest   
and immoral4 ,professors of ,divinity1  
and accomplished  scholars1 such as     
there were in ,oxford1 might very well  
have considered  it an occasion to      
dispute both the general principle of   
the ,tract1 if it  was so dangerous1 and
 the illustrations1 in the abundance of 
which the  writer had so frankly thrown 
open his position to searching          
criticism4  ,it was a crisis in which   
much might have been usefully said1 if  
there  had been any one to say it2 much 
too1 to make any one feel1 if he was    
competent to feel1 that he had a good   
deal to think about in his own          
position1 and that it would be well to  
ascertain what was tenable and  what    

untenable in it4 ,but it seemed as if   
the opportunity must not be  lost for   
striking a blow4 ,the ,tract was        
published on #bgth ,february4 ,on  the  
#hth of ,march four ,senior ,tutors1 one
 of whom was ,mr4 ,h4,b4 ,wilson1 of    
,st4 ,john's1 and another ,mr4 ,tait1 of
 ,balliol1 addressed the ,editor of  the
 ,tract1 charging ,no4 #ij with         
suggesting and opening a way1 by which  
men might1 at least in the case of      
,roman views1 violate their solemn      
engagements to their ,university4 ,on   
the #aeth of ,march1 the ,board of      
,heads of ,houses1 refusing to wait for 
,mr4 ,newman's defence1 which was  known
 to be coming1 and which bears date     
#acth ,march1 published their  judgment 
,they declared that in ,no4 #ij modes of
 interpretation were  suggested1 and    
have since been advocated in other      
publications  purporting to be written  
by members of the ,university1 by which 
subscription to the ,articles might be  
reconciled with the adoption of  ,roman 

,catholic error4 ,and they announced    
their resolution1 ,that modes  of       
interpretation1 such as are suggested in
 the said ,tract1 evading  rather than  
explaining the sense of the ,thirty-nine
 ,articles1 and  reconciling            
subscription to them with the adoption  
of errors which they  are designed to   
counteract1 defeat the object1 and are  
inconsistent with  the due observance of
 the above-mentioned statutes4#ie    ,it
 was an ungenerous and stupid blunder1  
such as men make1 when they  think or   
are told that something must be done1   
and do not know what4  ,it gave the     
writer an opportunity1 of which he took 
full advantage1 of  showing his         
superiority in temper1 in courtesy1 and 
in reason1 to those  who had not so much
 condemned as insulted him4 ,he was     
immediately ready  with his personal    
expression of apology and regret1 and   
also with his  reassertion in more      
developed argument of the principle of  
the ,tract2  and this was followed up by

 further explanations in a letter to the
  ,bishop4 ,and in spite of the         
invidious position in which the ,board  
had  tried to place him1 not merely as  
an unsound divine1 but as a dishonest   
man teaching others to palter with their
 engagements1 the crisis drew  forth    
strong support and sympathy where they  
were not perhaps to be  expected4 ,it   
rallied to him1 at least for the time1  
some of the friends  who had begun to   
hold aloof4 ,mr4 ,palmer1 of ,worcester1
 ,mr4 ,perceval1 ,dr4  ,hook1 with      
reserves according to each man's point  
of view1 yet came  forward in his       
defence4 ,the ,board was made to feel   
that they had been  driven by violent   
and partisan instigations to commit     
themselves to a  very foolish as well as
 a very passionate and impotent step2   
that they  had by very questionable     
authority simply thrown an ill-sounding 
and  ill-mannered word at an argument on
 a very difficult question1 to which    
they themselves certainly were not      

prepared with a clear and  satisfactory 
answer2 that they had made the double   
mistake of declaring  war against a     
formidable antagonist1 and of beginning 
it by creating the  impression that they
 had treated him shabbily1 and were     
really afraid to  come to close quarters
 with him4 ,as the excitement of hasty  
counsels  subsided1 the sense of this   
began to awake in some of them2 they    
tried  to represent the off-hand and    
ambiguous words of the condemnation as  
not  meaning all that they had been     
taken to mean4 ,but the seed of         
bitterness  had been sown4 ,very little 
light was thrown1 in the strife of      
pamphlets  which ensued1 on the main    
subject dealt with in ,no4 #ij1 the     
authority  and interpretation of such   
formularies as our ,articles4 ,the      
easier and  more tempting and very      
fertile topic of debate was the honesty 
and good  faith of the various          
disputants4 ,of the four ,tutors1 only  
one1 ,mr4 ,h4,b4  ,wilson1 published an 

explanation of their part in the matter2
 it was a  clumsy1 ill-written and      
laboured pamphlet1 which hardly gave    
promise of  the intellectual vigour     
subsequently displayed by ,mr4 ,wilson1 
when he  appeared1 not as the defender1 
but the assailant of received opinions4 
,the more distinguished of the          
combatants were ,mr4 ,ward and ,mr4 ,r4 
,lowe4  ,mr4 ,ward1 with his usual      
dialectical skill1 not only defended the
 ,tract1  but pushed its argument yet   
further1 in claiming tolerance for      
doctrines  alleged to be ,roman4 ,mr4   
,lowe1 not troubling himself either with
  theological history or the relation of
 other parties in the ,church to  the   
formularies1 threw his strength into the
 popular and plausible topic  of        
dishonesty1 and into a bitter and       
unqualified invective against the  bad  
faith and immorality manifested in the  
teaching of which ,no4 #ij was  the     
outcome4 ,dr4 ,faussett1 as was to be   
expected1 threw himself into the  fray  

with his accustomed zest and violence1  
and caused some amusement at  ,oxford1  
first by exposing himself to the        
merciless wit of a reviewer in  the     
,british ,critic1 and then by the fright
 into which he was thrown by  a rumour  
that his reelection to his professorship
 would be endangered by  ,tractarian    
votes4#if ,but the storm1 at ,oxford at 
least1 seemed to die  out4 ,the         
difficulty which at one moment          
threatened of a strike among  some of   
the college ,tutors passed2 and things  
went back to their  ordinary course4    
,but an epoch and a new point of        
departure had come into  the movement4  
,things after ,no4 #ij were never the   
same as to language and  hopes and      
prospects as they had been before2 it   
was the date from which  a new set of   
conditions in men's thoughts and        
attitude had to be  reckoned4 ,each side
 felt that a certain liberty had been   
claimed and  had been peremptorily      
denied4 ,and this was more than         

confirmed by the  public language of the
 greater part of the ,bishops4 ,the     
charges against  the ,tractarian party  
of ,romanising1 and of flagrant         
dishonesty1 long  urged by irresponsible
 opponents1 were now formally adopted by
 the  ,university authorities1 and      
specially directed against the foremost 
man  of the party4 ,from that time the  
fate of the party at ,oxford was        
determined4 ,it must break up4 ,sooner  
or later1 there must be a secession     
more or less discrediting and disabling 
those who remained4 ,and so the         
break-up came1 and yet1 so well grounded
 and so congenial to the ,english       
,church were the leading principles of  
the movement1 that not even that        
disastrous and apparently hopeless wreck
 prevented them from again  asserting   
their claim and becoming once more      
active and powerful4 ,the  ,via ,media1 
whether or not logically consistent1 was
 a thing of genuine  ,english growth1   
and was at least a working theory4      

,,footnotes3    #hd ,apologia1 p4 #ahj4 
#he ,essays ,critical and ,historical1  
#ahga4    #hf ,apologia1 pp4 #aha1 #ahb4
 ,comp4 ,letter to ,jelf1 p4 #ah4    #hg
 ,british ,critic1 ,april #ahci1 pp4    
#dai-dbf4 ,condensed in the  ,apologia1 
pp4 #aib-aid4    #hh ,letter to the     
,bishop of ,oxford 7#bith ,march #ahda71
 pp4 #cc-dj4  ,comp4 ,letter to ,jelf1  
pp4 #g1 #h4    #hi ,apologia1 pp4 #bab1 
#bba4    #ij ,letter to ,jelf especially
 p4 #ai4    #ia ,walton's ,life1 i4 #ei 
7,oxford3 #ahde74    #ib ,no4 #ij1 p4   
#bd4    #ic ,the following letter of    
,mr4 ,james ,mozley 7#hth ,march #ahda7 
gives the  first impression of the      
,tract3--,a new ,tract has come out this
 week1 and  is beginning to make a      
sensation4 ,it is on the ,articles1 and 
shows that  they bear a highly ,catholic
 meaning2 and that many doctrines1 of   
which  the ,romanist are corruptions1   
may be held consistently with them4     
,this  is no more than what we know as a
 matter of history1 for the ,articles   

were expressly worded to bring in ,roman
 ,catholics4 ,but people are  astonished
 and confused at the idea now1 as if it 
were quite new4 ,and  they have been so 
accustomed for a long time to look at   
the ,articles as  on a par with the     
,creed1 that they think1 ,i suppose1    
that if they  subscribe to them they are
 bound to hold whatever doctrines 7not  
positively stated in them7 are merely   
not condemned4 ,so if they will  have a 
,tractarian sense1 they are thereby all 
,tractarians4444 ,it is1 of  course1    
highly complimentary to the whole set of
 us to be so very much  surprised that  
we should think what we held to be      
consistent with the  ,articles which we 
have subscribed4 ,see also a clever     
,whateleian  pamphlet1 ,the ,controversy
 between ,tract ,no4 #ij and the ,oxford
 ,tutors4  7,how and ,parsons1 #ahda47  
#id ,see ,j4,b4 ,mozley's ,letters1     
#acth ,march #ahda4    #ie ,scil41 those
 cited in the preamble to this          
resolution4    #if ,j4,b4 ,mozley's     

,letters1 #acth ,july #ahda4            
,,chapter ,,xv    ,,after ,,no4 #ij     
,the proceedings about ,no4 #ij were a  
declaration of war on the part of  the  
,oxford authorities against the         
,tractarian party4 ,the suspicions1     
alarms1 antipathies1 jealousies1 which  
had long been smouldering among  those  
in power1 had at last taken shape in a  
definite act4 ,and it was a             
turning-point in the history of the     
movement4 ,after this it never was      
exactly what it had been hitherto4 ,it  
had been so far a movement within  the  
,english ,church1 for its elevation and 
reform indeed1 but at every  step       
invoking its authority with deep        
respect1 acknowledging allegiance  to   
its rulers in unqualified and even      
excessive terms1 and aiming  loyally to 
make it in reality all that it was in   
its devotional language  and its        
classical literature4 ,but after what   
passed about ,no4 #ij a  change came4   
,the party came under an official ban   

and stigma4 ,the common  consequences of
 harsh treatment on the tendencies and  
thought of a  party1 which considers    
itself unjustly proscribed1 showed      
themselves  more and more4 ,its mind was
 divided2 its temper was exasperated2   
while  the attitude of the governing    
authorities hardened more into          
determined  hostility4 ,from the time of
 the censure1 and especially after the  
events  connected with it1--the contest 
for the ,poetry ,professorship and the  
renewed ,hampden question1--it may be   
said that the characteristic  tempers of
 the ,corcyrean sedition were reproduced
 on a small scale in  ,oxford4#ig ,the  
scare of ,popery1 not without           
foundation--the reaction  against it1   
also not without foundation--had thrown 
the wisest off their  balance2 and what 
of those who were not wise8 ,in the heat
 of those days  there were few          
,tractarians who did not think ,dr4     
,wynter1 ,dr4 ,faussett1  and ,dr4      
,symons heretics in theology and        

persecutors in temper1 despisers  of    
,christian devotion and self-denial4    
,there were few of the party of  the    
,heads who did not think every          
,tractarian a dishonest and perjured    
traitor1 equivocating about his most    
solemn engagements1 the ignorant  slave 
of childish superstitions which he was  
conspiring to bring back4  ,it was the  
day of the violent on both sides3 the   
courtesies of life were  forgotten2 men 
were afraid of being weak in their      
censures1 their  dislike1 and their     
opposition2 old friendships were broken 
up1 and men  believed the worst of those
 whom a few years back they had loved   
and  honoured4    ,it is not agreeable  
to recall these long extinct            
animosities1 but they  are part of the  
history of that time1 and affected the  
course in which  things ran4 ,and it is 
easy to blame1 it is hard to do justice 
to1 the  various persons and parties who
 contributed to the events of that      
strange and confused time4 ,all was new1

 and unusual1 and without  precedent in 
,oxford2 a powerful and enthusiastic    
school reviving old  doctrines in a way 
to make them seem novelties1 and        
creating a wild  panic from a quarter   
where it was the least expected2 the    
terror of this  panic acting on         
authorities not in the least prepared   
for such a trial  of their sagacity1    
patience1 and skill1 driving them to    
unexampled  severity1 and to a desperate
 effort to expel the disturbing         
innovators--among them some of the first
 men in ,oxford in character and        
ability--from their places in the       
,university4#ih ,in order to do justice 
on each side at this distance of time1  
we are bound to make  allowance--both   
for the alarm and the mistaken violence 
of the  authorities1 and for the        
disaffection1 the irritation1 the       
strange  methods which grew up in the   
worried and suspected party--for the    
difficulties which beset both sides in  
the conflict1 and the                   

counter-influences which drew them      
hither and thither4 ,but the facts are  
as they are2 and even then a calmer     
temper was possible to those who  willed
 it2 and in the heat of the strife there
 were men among the  authorities1 as    
well as in the unpopular party1 who kept
 their balance1  while others lost it4  
,undoubtedly the publication of ,no4 #ij
 was the occasion of the aggravated     
form which dissension took1 and not     
unnaturally4 ,yet it was anything but   
what it was taken to mean by the        
authorities1 an intentional move in     
favour of ,rome4 ,it was intended to    
reconcile a large and growing class  of 
minds1 penetrated and disgusted with the
 ignorance and injustice of  much of the
 current controversial assumptions      
against ,rome1 to a larger  and more    
defensible view of the position of the  
,english ,church4 ,and this  was done by
 calling attention to that which was not
 now for the first  time observed--to   
the loose and unguarded mode of speaking

 visible in  the later controversial    
,articles1 and to the contrast between  
them and  the technical and precise     
theology of the first five ,articles4   
,the  ,articles need not mean all which 
they were supposed popularly to mean    
against what was ,catholic in ,roman    
doctrine4 ,this was urged in simple     
good faith2 it was but the necessary    
assumption of all who held with the     
,catholic theology1 which the           
,tractarians all along maintained that  
they  had a right to teach2 it left     
plenty of ground of difference with     
unreformed and usurping ,rome4 ,and we  
know that the storm which ,no4 #ij      
raised took the writer by surprise4 ,he 
did not expect that he should  give such
 deep offence4 ,but if he thought of the
 effect on one set of  minds1 he forgot 
the probable effect on another2 and he  
forgot1 or  under-estimated1 the effect 
not only of the things said1 but of the 
way  in which they were said4#ii ,no4   
#ij was a surprise1 in the state of     

ordinary theological knowledge at the   
time4 ,it was a strong thing to say     
that the ,articles left a great deal of 
formal ,roman language untouched2  but  
to work this out in dry1 bald1 technical
 logic1 on the face of it1  narrow in   
scope1 often merely ingenious1 was even 
a greater  stumbling-block4 ,it was1    
undoubtedly1 a great miscalculation1    
such as  men of keen and far-reaching   
genius sometimes make4 ,they mistake the
  strength and set of the tide2 they    
imagine that minds round them are  going
 as fast as their own4 ,we can see1     
looking back1 that such an              
interpretation of the ,articles1 with   
the view then taken of them in  ,oxford 
as the theological text-book1 and in the
 condition of men's  minds1 could not   
but be a great shock4    ,and what      
seemed to give a sinister significance  
to ,no4 #ij was that1 as  has been said1
 a strong current was beginning to set  
in the direction of  ,rome4 ,it was not 
yet of the nature1 nor of the force1    

which was  imagined4 ,the authorities   
suspected it where it was not4 ,they    
accepted  any contemptible bit of gossip
 collected by ignorance or ill-nature as
 a  proof of it4 ,the constitutional    
frankness of ,englishmen in finding     
fault  with what is their own--disgust  
at pompous glorification--scepticism as 
to our insular claims against all the   
rest of ,christendom to be exactly      
right1 to be alone1 pure and apostolic2 
real increase and enlargement  of       
knowledge1 theological and historical2  
criticism on portions of our            
,reformation history2 admiration for    
characters in mediaeval times2          
eagerness1 over-generous it might be1 to
 admit and repair wrong to an  opponent 
unjustly accused2 all were set down     
together with other more  unequivocal   
signs as leanings to ,rome4 ,it was     
clear that there was a  current setting 
towards ,rome2 but it was as clear that 
there was a much  stronger current in   
the party as a whole1 setting in the    

opposite  direction4 ,to those who chose
 to see and to distinguish1 the love1   
the  passionate loyalty of the bulk of  
the ,tractarians to the ,english ,church
  was as evident and unquestionable as  
any public fact could be4 ,at this  time
 there was no reason to call in question
 the strong assurances  given by the    
writer of ,no4 #ij himself of his yet   
unshaken faith in the  ,english ,church4
 ,but all these important features of   
the  movement--witnessing1 indeed1 to   
deep searchings of heart1 but to a      
genuine desire to serve the ,english    
,church--were overlooked in the one     
overwhelming fear which had taken       
possession of the authorities4          
,alarming symptoms of a disposition to  
acknowledge and even exaggerate  the    
claims and the attractions of the ,roman
 system were indeed apparent4  ,no doubt
 there were reasons for disquiet and    
anxiety4 ,but the test of  manliness and
 wisdom1 in the face of such reasons1 is
 how men measure  their proportion1 and 

how they meet the danger4    ,the ,heads
 saw a real danger before them2 but they
 met it in a wrong and  unworthy way4   
,they committed two great errors4 ,in   
the first place1 like  the ,jesuits in  
their quarrel with ,portroyal and the   
,jansenists1 they  entirely failed to   
recognise the moral elevation and       
religious purpose  of the men whom they 
opposed4 ,there was that before them    
which it was to  their deep discredit   
that they did not see4 ,the movement1   
whatever else  it was1 or whatever else 
it became1 was in its first stages a    
movement  for deeper religion1 for a    
more real and earnest self-discipline1  
for a  loftier morality1 for more       
genuine self-devotion to a serious life1
 than  had ever been seen in ,oxford4   
,it was an honest attempt to raise      
,oxford  life1 which by all evidence    
needed raising1 to something more       
laborious  and something more religious1
 to something more worthy of the great  
,christian foundations of ,oxford than  

the rivalry of colleges and of the      
schools1 the mere literary atmosphere of
 the tutor's lecture-room1 and  the easy
 and gentlemanly and somewhat idle      
fellowship of the  common-rooms4 ,it was
 the effort of men who had all the love 
of  scholarship1 and the feeling for it 
of the ,oxford of their day1 to add  to 
this the habits of ,christian students  
and the pursuit of ,christian  learning4
 ,if all this was dangerous and         
uncongenial to ,oxford1 so much  the    
worse for ,oxford1 with its great       
opportunities and great                 
professions--,dominus illuminatio mea4  
,but certainly this mark of moral       
purpose and moral force was so plain in 
the movement that the rulers of  ,oxford
 had no right to mistake it4 ,when the  
names come back to our minds  of those  
who led and most represented the        
,tractarians1 it must be a  matter of   
surprise to any man who has not almost  
parted with the idea of  ,christian     
goodness1 that this feature of the      

movement could escape or  fail to       
impress those who had known well all    
their lives long what these  leaders    
were4 ,but amid the clamour and the     
tell-tale gossip1 and1 it  must be      
admitted1 the folly round them1 they    
missed it4 ,perhaps they  were          
bewildered4 ,but they must have the     
blame1 the heavy blame1 which  belongs  
to all those who1 when good is before   
them1 do not recognise it  according to 
its due measure4#ajj    ,in the next    
place1 the authorities attacked and     
condemned the  ,tractarian teaching at  
once violently and ignorantly1 and in   
them  ignorance of the ground on which  
the battle was fought was hardly        
pardonable4 ,doubtless the ,tractarian  
language was in many respects novel  and
 strange4 ,but ,oxford was not only a   
city of libraries1 it was the  home of  
what was especially accounted ,church   
theology2 and the  ,tractarian teaching1
 in its foundation and main outlines1   
had little but  what ought to have been 

perfectly familiar to any one who chose 
to take  the trouble to study the great 
,church of ,england writers4 ,to one    
who1  like ,dr4 ,routh of ,magdalen1 had
 gone below the surface1 and was        
acquainted with the questions debated by
 those divines1 there was  nothing      
startling in what so alarmed his        
brethren1 whether he agreed  with it or 
not2 and to him the indiscriminate      
charge of ,popery meant  nothing4 ,but  
,dr4 ,routh stood alone among his       
brother ,heads in his  knowledge of what
 ,english theology was4 ,to most of them
 it was an  unexplored and misty region2
 some of the ablest1 under the influence
 of  ,dr4 ,whately's vigorous and       
scornful discipline1 had learned to     
slight  it4 ,but there it was4 ,whether 
it was read or not1 its great names were
  pronounced with honour1 and quoted on 
occasion4 ,from ,hooker to ,van         
,mildert1 there was an unbroken thread  
of common principles giving  continuity 
to a line of ,church teachers4 ,the     

,puritan line of doctrine1  though it   
could claim much sanction among the     
divines of the  ,reformation--the       
,latitudinarian idea1 though it had the 
countenance of  famous names and        
powerful intellects--never could aspire 
to the special  title of ,church        
theology4 ,and the teaching which had   
that name1 both in  praise1 and often in
 dispraise1 as technical1 scholastic1   
unspiritual1  transcendental1 nay1 even 
,popish1 countenanced the ,tractarians4 
,they  were sneered at for their        
ponderous ,catenae of authorities2 but  
on the  ground on which this debate     
raged1 the appeal was a pertinent and   
solid  one4 ,yet to ,high ,church       
,oxford and its rulers1 all this was    
strange  doctrine4 ,proof and quotation 
might lie before their eyes1 but their  
minds still ran in one groove1 and they 
could not realise what they saw4  ,the  
words meant no harm in the venerable    
folio2 they meant perilous  heresy in   
the modern ,tract4 ,when the authorities

 had to judge of the  questions raised  
by the movement1 they were unprovided   
with the adequate  knowledge2 and this  
was knowledge which they ought to have  
possessed for  its own sake1 as doctors 
of the ,theological ,faculty of the     
,university4    ,and it was not only for
 their want of learning1 manifest all   
through the  controversy1 that they were
 to blame4 ,their most telling charge   
against  the ,tractarians1 which was    
embodied in the censure of ,no4 #ij1 was
 the  charge of dishonesty4 ,the charge 
is a very handy one against opponents1  
and it may rest on good grounds2 but    
those who think right to make it  ought1
 both as a matter of policy and as a    
matter of conscience1 to be  quite      
assured of their own position4 ,the     
,articles are a public1 common          
document4 ,it is the differing          
interpretations of a common document    
which  create political and religious   
parties2 and only shallowness and       
prejudice will impute to an opponent    

dishonesty without strong and clear     
reason4 ,mr4 ,newman's interpretation in
 ,no4 #ij1--new1 not in claiming for    
the ,articles a ,catholic meaning1 but  
in limiting1 though it does not  deny1  
their anti-,roman scope1 was fairly open
 to criticism4 ,it might be  taken as a 
challenge1 and as a challenge might have
 to be met4 ,but it  would have been    
both fair and wise in the ,heads1 before
 proceeding to  unusual extremities1 to 
have shown that they had fully          
considered their  own theological       
doctrines in relation to the ,church    
formularies4 ,they  all had obvious     
difficulties1 and in some cases         
formidable ones4 ,the  majority of them 
were what would have been called in     
older controversial  days frank         
,arminians1 shutting their eyes by force
 of custom to the look  of some of the  
,articles1 which1 if of ,lutheran       
origin1 had been claimed  from the first
 by ,calvinists4 ,the ,evangelicals had 
long confessed  difficulties1 at least1 

in the ,baptismal ,service and the      
,visitation  ,office2 while the men most
 loud in denunciation of dishonesty were
 the  divines of ,whately's school1 who 
had been undermining the authority of   
all creeds and articles1 and had never  
been tired of proclaiming their  dislike
 of that solemn ,athanasian ,creed to   
which ,prayer ,book and  ,articles alike
 bound them4 ,men with these            
difficulties daily before them  had no  
right to ignore them4 ,doubtless they   
all had their explanations  which they  
bona fide believed in4 ,but what was    
there that excluded ,mr4  ,newman from  
the claim to bona fides8 ,he had        
attacked no foundation of               
,christianity2 he had denied or doubted 
no article of the ,creed4 ,he gave  his 
explanations1 certainly not more        
far-fetched than those of some of  his  
judges4 ,in a ,church divided by many   
conflicting views1 and therefore  bound 
to all possible tolerance1 he had       
adopted one view which certainly  was   

unpopular and perhaps was dangerous4 ,he
 might be confuted1 he might  be        
accused1 or1 if so be1 convicted of     
error1 perhaps of heresy4 ,but  nothing 
of this kind was attempted4 ,the        
incompatibility of his view1 not  merely
 with the ,articles1 but with morality  
in signing what all1 of  whatever party1
 had signed1 was asserted in a censure1 
which evaded the  responsibility of     
specifying the point which it condemned4
 ,the alarm of  treachery and conspiracy
 is one of the most maddening of human  
impulses4  ,the ,heads of ,houses1      
instead of moderating and sobering it1  
with the  authority of instructed and   
sagacious rulers1 blew it into a flame4 
,and  they acted in such a hurry that   
all sense of proportion and dignity was 
lost4 ,they peremptorily refused to wait
 even a few days1 as the writer         
requested1 and as was due to his        
character1 for explanation4 ,they dared 
not risk an appeal to the ,university at
 large4 ,they dared not abide the       

effect of discussion on the blow which  
they were urged to strike4 ,they  chose1
 that they might strike without delay1  
the inexpressibly childish  step of     
sticking up at the ,schools' gates1 and 
at ,college butteries1  without trial1  
or conviction1 or sentence1 a notice    
declaring that  certain modes of signing
 the ,articles suggested in a certain   
,tract were  dishonest4 ,it was1 they   
said1 to protect undergraduates2 as if  
undergraduates would be affected by a   
vague assertion on a difficult  subject1
 about which nothing was more certain   
than that those who issued  the notice  
were not agreed among themselves4       
,the men who acted thus were good and   
conscientious men1 who thought          
themselves in the presence of a great   
danger4 ,it is only fair to  remember   
this4 ,but it is also impossible to be  
fair to the party of the  movement      
without remembering this deplorable     
failure in consistency1 in  justice1 in 
temper1 in charity1 on the part of those

 in power in the  ,university4 ,the     
drift towards ,rome had not yet become  
an unmanageable  rush2 and though there 
were cases in which nothing could have  
stopped  its course1 there is no reason 
to doubt that generous and equitable    
dealing1 a more considerate             
reasonableness1 a larger and more       
comprehensive judgment of facts1 and a  
more patient waiting for strong  first  
impressions to justify and verify       
themselves1 would have averted  much    
mischief4 ,there was much that was to be
 regretted from this time  forward in   
the temper and spirit of the movement   
party4 ,but that which  nourished and   
strengthened impatience1 exaggeration of
 language and  views1 scorn of things as
 they were1 intolerance of everything   
moderate1 both in men and in words1 was 
the consciousness with which  every man 
got up in the morning and passed the    
day1 of the bitter  hostility of those  
foremost in place in ,oxford--of their  
incompetence to  judge fairly--of their 

incapacity to apprehend what was high   
and earnest  in those whom they         
condemned--of the impossibility of      
getting them to  imagine that           
,tractarians could be anything but fools
 or traitors--of  their hopeless        
blindness to any fact or any teaching to
 which they were  not accustomed4 ,if   
the authorities could only have stopped 
to consider  whether after all they were
 not dealing with real thought and real 
wish  to do right1 they might after all 
have disliked the movement1 but they    
would have seen that which would have   
kept them from violence4 ,they  would   
not listen1 they would not inquire1 they
 would not consider4 ,could  such       
ignorance1 could such wrong possibly be 
without mischievous  influence on those 
who were the victims of it1 much more on
 friends and  disciples who knew and    
loved them8 ,the ,tractarians had been  
preaching  that the ,church of ,england1
 with all its ,protestant feeling and   
all its  ,protestant acts and history1  

was yet1 as it professed to be1 part and
  parcel of the great historic ,catholic
 ,church1 which had framed the  ,creeds1
 which had continued the ,sacraments1   
which had preached and  taught out of   
the ,bible1 which had given us our      
immemorial prayers4 ,they  had spared no
 pains to make out this great           
commonplace from history and  theology3 
nor had they spared pains1 while        
insisting on this dominant  feature in  
the ,english ,church1 to draw strongly  
and broadly the lines  which            
distinguished it from ,rome4 ,was it    
wonderful1 when all guarding  and       
explanatory limitations were            
contemptuously tossed aside by          
all-daring ignorance1 and all was lumped
 together in the  indiscriminate charge 
of ,romanising1 that there should have  
been some  to take the authorities at   
their word8 ,was it wonderful when men  
were  told that the ,church of ,england 
was no place for them1 that they were   
breaking their vows and violating solemn

 engagements by acting as its           
ministers1 and that in order to preserve
 the respect of honest men they  should 
leave it--that the question of change1  
far off as it had once  seemed1 came    
within measurable distance8 ,the        
generation to which they  belonged had  
been brought up with strong exhortations
 to be real1 and to  hate shams2 and now
 the question was forced on them whether
 it was not a  sham for the ,english    
,church to call itself ,catholic2       
whether a body of  teaching which was   
denounced by its authorities1 however it
 might look  on paper and be defended by
 learning1 could be more than a         
plausible  literary hypothesis in       
contrast to the great working system of 
which the  head was ,rome4 ,when we     
consider the singular and anomalous     
position on  any theory1 including the  
,roman1 of the ,english ,church2 with   
what great  differences its various     
features and elements have been         
prominent at  different times2 how      

largely its history has been marked by  
contradictory facts and appearances2 and
 how hard it is for any one to  keep    
all1 according to their real importance1
 simultaneously in view2  when we       
remember also what are the temptations  
of human nature in great  collisions of 
religious belief1 the excitement and    
passion of the time1  the mixed         
character of all religious zeal1 the    
natural inevitable anger  which         
accompanies it when resisted1 the       
fervour which welcomes  self-sacrifice  
for the truth2 and when we think of all 
this kept aglow  by the continuous      
provocation of unfair and harsh dealing 
from persons  who were scarcely entitled
 to be severe judges2 the wonder is1    
human  nature being what it is1 not that
 so many went1 but that so many stayed4 
,,footnotes3    #ig      444       1    
444       1     4--,thuc4 iii4 #hb4     
,reckless daring was  held to be loyal  
courage2 moderation was the disguise of 
unmanly  weakness2 to know everything   

was to do nothing2 frantic energy was   
the  true character of a man2 the lover 
of violence was always trusted1 and  his
 opponent suspected4--,jowett's         
translation4    #ih ,one of the         
strangest features in the conflict was  
the entire  misconception shown of what 
,mr4 ,newman was--the blindness to his  
real  character and objects--the        
imputation to him not merely of grave   
faults1  but of small and mean ones4    
,his critics could not rise above the   
poorest  measure of his intellect and   
motives4 ,one of the ablest of them1 who
 had  once been his friend1 in a        
farewell letter of kindly remonstrance1 
specifies certain ,roman errors1 which  
he hopes that ,mr4 ,newman will not     
fall into--adoring images and           
worshipping saints--as if the pleasure  
and  privilege of worshipping images and
 saints were to ,mr4 ,newman the        
inducement to join ,rome and break the  
ties of a lifetime4 ,and so of his      
moral qualities4 ,a prominent           

,evangelical leader1 ,dr4 ,close of     
,cheltenham1 afterwards ,dean of        
,carlisle1 at a complimentary dinner1 in
  which he himself gloried in the foul1 
personal abuse to which he had  been    
subjected in his zeal for truth1        
proceeded to give his judgment on  ,mr4 
,newman3 ,when ,i first read ,no4 #ij1  
,i did not then know the author2  but ,i
 said then1 and ,i repeat here1 not with
 any personal reference to  the author1 
that ,i should be sorry to trust the    
author of that ,tract  with my          
purse1--,report of ,speech in           
,cheltenham ,examiner1 #ast ,march      
#ahdc4    #ii        1 '                
4--,arist4 ,rhet4 iii4 ,i4    #ajj ,dr4 
,richards1 the ,rector of ,exeter1 seems
 to have stood apart from  his brother  
heads4--,cf4 ,letters of the ,rev4      
,j4,b4 ,mozley1 p4 #aac4                
,,chapter ,,xvi4    ,,the ,,three       
,,defeats3    ,,isaac ,,williams1       
,,macmullen1 ,,pusey      ,the year     
#ahda1 though it had begun in storm1 and

 though signs were not  wanting of      
further disturbance1 was at ,oxford1    
outwardly at least1 a  peaceable one4 ,a
 great change had happened2 but1 when   
the first burst of  excitement was over1
 men settled down to their usual work1  
their  lectures1 or their reading1 or   
their parishes1 and by ,easter things   
seemed to go on as before4 ,the ordinary
 habits of ,university life  resumed    
their course with a curious quietness4  
,there was1 no doubt1 much  trouble     
brooding underneath4 ,mr4 ,ward and     
others continued a war of  pamphlets2   
and in ,june ,mr4 ,ward was dismissed   
from his ,mathematical  ,lectureship at 
,balliol4 ,but faith in the great leader
 was still strong4  ,no4 #ij1 if it had 
shocked or disquieted some1 had elicited
 equally  remarkable expressions of     
confidence and sympathy from others who 
might  have been1 at least1 silent4 ,the
 events of the spring had made men      
conscious of what their leader was1 and 
called forth warm and  enthusiastic     

affection4 ,it was not in vain that1    
whatever might be  thought of the wisdom
 or the reasonings of ,no4 #ij1 he had  
shown the  height of his character and  
the purity and greatness of his         
religious  purpose2 and that being what 
he was1 in the eyes of all ,oxford1 he  
had  been treated with contumely1 and   
had borne it with patience and loyal    
submission4 ,there were keen observers1 
to whom that patience told of  future   
dangers2 they would have liked him to   
show more fight4 ,but he  gave no signs 
of defeat1 nor1 outwardly1 of disquiet2 
he forbore to  retaliate at ,oxford3 and
 the sermons at ,st4 ,mary's continued1 
penetrating and searching as ever1      
perhaps with something more pathetic    
and anxious in their undertone than     
before4    ,but if he forbore at        
,oxford1 he did not let things pass     
outside4 ,sir  ,robert ,peel1 in opening
 a reading-room at ,tamworth1 had spoken
 loosely1  in the conventional and      
pompous way then fashionable1 of the    

all-sufficing and exclusive blessings of
 knowledge4 ,while ,mr4 ,newman was     
correcting the proofs of ,no4 #ij1 he   
was also writing to the ,times the      
famous letters of ,catholicus2 a warning
 to eminent public men of the  danger of
 declaiming on popular commonplaces     
without due examination of  their worth4
 ,but all seemed quiet4 ,in the summer  
of #ahda1 we read in  the ,apologia1 ,i 
found myself at ,littlemore without any 
harass or  anxiety on my mind4 ,i had   
determined to put aside all controversy1
 and  set myself down to my translation 
of ,st4 ,athanasius4 ,outside of ,oxford
  there was a gathering of friends in   
the summer at the consecration of  one  
of ,mr4 ,keble's district churches1     
,ampfield--an occasion less common  and 
more noticeable then than now4 ,again1  
what was a new thought then1 a  little  
band of young ,oxford men1 ten or       
twelve1 taxed themselves to  build a new
 church1 which was ultimately placed at 
,bussage1 in ,mr4  ,thomas ,keble's     

parish4 ,one of ,mr4 ,keble's curates1  
,mr4 ,peter ,young1 had  been refused   
,priest's orders by the ,bishop of      
,winchester1 for alleged  unsoundness on
 the doctrine of the ,eucharist4 ,mr4   
,selwyn1 not without  misgivings on the 
part of the ,whig powers1 had been      
appointed ,bishop of  ,new ,zealand4    
,dr4 ,arnold had been appointed to the  
,chair of ,modern  ,history at ,oxford4 
,in the course of the year there passed 
away one who  had had a very real though
 unacknowledged influence on much that  
had  happened--,mr4 ,blanco ,white4 ,and
 at the end of the year1 #bith ,october1
  ,mr4 ,keble gave his last lecture on  
,poetry1 and finished a course the  most
 original and memorable ever delivered  
from his chair4    ,towards the end of  
the year two incidents1 besides some    
roughly-worded  ,episcopal charges1     
disturbed this quiet4 ,they were only   
indirectly  connected with theological  
controversy at ,oxford2 but they had    
great  ultimate influence on it1 and    

they helped to marshal parties and      
consolidate animosities4 ,one was the   
beginning of the contest for the        
,poetry ,professorship which ,mr4 ,keble
 had vacated4 ,there was no one of      
equal eminence to succeed him2 but there
 was in ,oxford a man of  undoubted     
poetical genius1 of refined taste and   
subtle thought1 though  of unequal      
power1 who had devoted his gifts to the 
same great purpose  for which ,mr4      
,keble had written the ,christian ,year4
 ,no one who has  looked into the       
,baptistery1 whatever his feeling       
towards the writer1  can doubt whether  
,mr4 ,isaac ,williams was a poet and    
knew what poetry  meant4 ,he was an     
intimate friend of ,mr4 ,keble and ,mr4 
,newman1 and so he  was styled a        
,tractarian2 but no name offered itself 
so obviously to the  electors as his1   
and in due time his friends announced   
their intention  of bringing him        
forward4 ,his competitor was ,mr4       
7afterwards ,archdeacon7  ,garbett of   

,brasenose1 the college of ,heber and   
,milman1 an accomplished  gentleman of  
high culture1 believed to have an       
acquaintance1 not common  then in       
,oxford1 with foreign literature1 whose 
qualifications stood high  in the       
opinion of his ,university friends1 but 
who had given no evidence  to the public
 of his claims to the office4 ,it was   
inevitable1 it was no  one's special    
fault1 that the question of theological 
opinions should  intrude itself2 but at 
first it was only in private that       
objections were  raised or candidatures 
recommended on theological grounds4 ,but
 rumours  were abroad that the          
authorities of ,brasenose were          
canvassing their  college on these      
grounds3 and in an unlucky moment for   
,mr4 ,williams1 ,dr4  ,pusey1 not       
without the knowledge1 but without the  
assenting judgment of  ,mr4 ,newman1    
thought it well to send forth a circular
 in ,christ ,church  first1 but soon    
with wider publicity1 asking support for

 ,mr4 ,williams as  a person whose known
 religious views would ensure his making
 his office  minister to religious      
truth4 ,nothing could be more innocently
 meant4 ,it  was the highest purpose to 
which that office could be devoted4 ,but
 the  mistake was seen on all sides as  
soon as made4 ,the ,principal of ,mr4   
,garbett's college4 ,dr4 ,gilbert1 like 
a general jumping on his antagonist     
whom he has caught in the act of a false
 move1 put forth a dignified            
counter-appeal1 alleging that he had not
 raised this issue1 but adding  that as 
it had been raised and avowed on the    
other side1 he was quite  willing that  
it should be taken into account1 and the
 dangers duly  considered of that       
teaching with which ,dr4 ,pusey's letter
 had identified  ,mr4 ,williams4 ,no one
 from that moment could prevent the     
contest from  becoming almost entirely a
 theological one1 which was to try the  
strength of the party of the movement4  
,attempts were made1 but in vain1  to   

divest it of this character4 ,the war of
 pamphlets and leaflets  dispersed in   
the common-rooms1 which usually         
accompanied these contests1  began1 and 
the year closed with preparations for a 
severe struggle when  the ,university   
met in the following ,january4    ,the  
other matter was the establishment of   
the ,anglo-,prussian bishopric  at      
,jerusalem4 ,it was the object of the   
ambition of ,m4 ,bunsen to pave the  way
 for a recognition1 by the ,english     
,church1 of the new ,state ,church  of  
,prussia1 and ultimately for some closer
 alliance between the two  bodies2 and  
the plan of a ,protestant ,bishop of    
,jerusalem1 nominated  alternately by   
,england and ,prussia1 consecrated by   
,english ,bishops1 and  exercising      
jurisdiction over ,english and ,german  
,protestants in  ,palestine1 was        
proposed by him to ,archbishop ,howley  
and ,bishop  ,blomfield1 and somewhat   
hastily and incautiously accepted by    
them4 ,to  ,mr4 ,newman1 fighting a hard

 battle1 as he felt it1 for the         
historical  and constitutional          
catholicity of the ,english ,church1    
this step on their  part came as a      
practical and even ostentatious         
contradiction of his  arguments4        
,england1 it seemed1 which was out of   
communion with the ,east  and with      
,rome1 could lightly enter into close   
communion with ,lutherans  and          
,calvinists against them both4 ,he      
recorded an indignant and even  bitter  
protest2 and though the scheme had its  
warm apologists1 such as  ,dr4 ,hook and
 ,mr4 ,f4 ,maurice1 it had its          
keen-sighted critics1 and it was  never 
received with favour by the ,church at  
large4 ,and1 indeed1 it was  only active
 for mischief4 ,it created irritation1  
suspicion1 discord in  ,england1 while  
no ,german cared a straw about it4      
,never was an ambitious  scheme so      
marked by impotence and failure from its
 first steps to its  last4 ,but it was  
one1 as the ,apologia informs us1#aja in

 the chain of  events which destroyed   
,mr4 ,newman's belief in the ,english   
,church4 ,it  was one of the blows1 he  
writes1 which broke me4    ,the next    
year1 #ahdb1 opened with war2 war       
between the ,university  authorities and
 the party of the movement1 which was to
 continue in  various forms and with    
little intermission till the strange and
 pathetic  events of #ahde suspended the
 righting and stunned the fighters1 and 
for  a time hushed even anger in        
feelings of amazement1 sorrow1 and fear4
  ,those events imposed stillness on all
 who had taken part in the strife1  like
 the blowing up of the ,orient at the   
battle of the ,nile4    ,as soon as the 
,university met in ,january #ahdb1 the  
contest for the  ,poetry ,professorship 
was settled4 ,there was no meeting of   
,convocation1  but a comparison of votes
 gave a majority of three to two to ,mr4
  ,garbett1#ajb and ,mr4 ,williams      
withdrew4 ,the ,tractarians had been    
distinctly beaten2 it was their first   

defeat as a party4 ,it seems as if  this
 encouraged the ,hebdomadal ,board to a 
move1 which would be felt as a  blow    
against the ,tractarians1 and which1 as 
an act of reparation to ,dr4  ,hampden1 
would give satisfaction to the ablest   
section of their own  supporters1 the   
theological ,liberals4 ,they proposed to
 repeal the  disqualification which had 
been imposed on ,dr4 ,hampden in #ahcf4 
,but they  had miscalculated4 ,it was   
too evidently a move to take advantage  
of the  recent ,tractarian discomfiture 
to whitewash ,dr4 ,hampden's            
,liberalism4  ,the proposal1 and the way
 in which it was made1 roused a strong  
feeling  among the residents2 a request 
to withdraw it received the signatures  
not only of moderate ,anglicans and     
independent men1 like ,mr4 ,francis     
,faber of ,magdalen1 ,mr4 ,sewell1 the  
,greswells1 and ,mr4 ,w4 ,palmer of     
,worcester1 but of ,mr4 ,tait of        
,balliol1 and ,mr4 ,golightly4 ,dr4     
,hampden's  own attitude did not help   

it4 ,there was great want of dignity in 
his  ostentatious profession of         
orthodoxy and attachment to the         
,articles1 in  his emphatic adoption of 
,evangelical phraseology1 and in his    
unmeasured  denunciation of his         
opponents1 and especially of those whom 
he viewed as  most responsible for the  
censure of #ahcf--the ,tractarians or   
,romanisers4 ,and the difficulty with   
those who had passed and who now        
proposed to withdraw the censure1 was   
that ,dr4 ,hampden persistently and     
loudly declared that he had nothing to  
retract1 and retracted nothing2  and if 
it was right to pass it in #ahcf1 it    
would not be right to  withdraw it in   
#ahdb4 ,at the last moment1 ,mr4 ,tait  
and ,mr4 ,piers  ,claughton of          
,university made an attempt to get      
something from ,dr4  ,hampden which     
might pass as a withdrawal of what was  
supposed to be  dangerous in his        
,bampton ,lectures2 and there were some 
even among ,mr4  ,newman's friends1 who1

 disliking from the first the form of   
the censure1  might have found in such a
 withdrawal a reason for voting for its 
repeal4 ,but ,dr4 ,hampden was obdurate4
 ,the measure was pressed1 and in  ,june
 it was thrown out in ,convocation by a 
majority of three to  two#ajc--the same 
proportion1 though in smaller numbers1  
as in the vote  against ,mr4 ,williams4 
,the measure was not an honest one on   
the part of  the ,hebdomadal ,board1 and
 deserved to be defeated4 ,among the    
pamphlets  which the discussion         
produced1 two by ,mr4 ,james ,mozley    
gave early  evidence1 by their force of 
statement and their trenchant logic1 of 
the  power with which he was to take    
part in the questions which agitated the
  ,university4    ,dr4 ,hampden took his
 revenge1 and it was not a noble one4   
,the fellows of  certain colleges were  
obliged to proceed to the ,b4,d4 degree 
on pain of  forfeiting their            
fellowships4 ,the exercises for the     
degree1 which1 by  the ,statutes1 took  

the old-fashioned shape of formal ,latin
 disputations  between ,opponents and   
,respondents on given theses in the     
,divinity  ,school1 had by an           
arrangement introduced by ,dr4 ,burton1 
with no  authority from the ,statutes1  
come to consist of two ,english essays  
on  subjects chosen by the candidate and
 approved by the ,divinity ,professor4  
,the exercises for the degree had long  
ceased to be looked upon as very        
serious matters1 and certainly were     
never regarded as tests of the          
soundness of the candidate's faith4     
,they were usually on well-worn         
commonplaces1 of which the ,regius      
,professor kept a stock1 and about      
which no one troubled himself but the   
person who wanted the degree4 ,it  was  
not a creditable system1 but it was of a
 piece with the prevalent  absence of   
any serious examination for the superior
 degrees4 ,it would  have been quite    
befitting his position1 if ,dr4 ,hampden
 had called the  attention of the       

authorities to the evil of sham         
exercises for degrees  in his own       
important ,faculty4 ,it would have been 
quite right to make a  vigorous effort  
on public grounds to turn these sham    
trials into  realities2 to use them1    
like the examination for the ,b4,a4     
degree1 as  tests of knowledge and      
competent ability4 ,such a move on his  
part would  have been in harmony with   
the legislation which had recently added
 two  theological ,professors to the    
,faculty1 and had sketched out1 however 
imperfectly1 the outlines of a revived  
theological school4    ,this is what1   
with good reason1 ,dr4 ,hampden might   
have attempted on  general grounds1 and 
had he been successful 7though this in  
the  suspicious state of ,university    
feeling was not very likely7 he would   
have gained in a regular and lawful way 
that power of embarrassing his          
opponents which he was resolved to use  
in defiance of all existing  custom4    
,but such was not the course which he   

chose4 ,mr4 ,macmullen of  ,corpus1 who1
 in pursuance of the ,college ,statutes1
 had to proceed to the  ,b4,d4 degree1  
applied1 as the custom was1 for theses  
to the ,professor4  ,mr4 ,macmullen was 
known to hold the opinions of the       
movement school2 of  course he was      
called a ,tractarian2 he had put his    
name to some of the  many papers which  
expressed the sentiments of his friends 
on current  events4 ,dr4 ,hampden sent  
him two propositions1 which the         
candidate was  to support1 framed so as 
to commit him to assertions which ,mr4  
,macmullen1 whose high ,anglican        
opinions were well known1 could not     
consistently make4 ,it was a novel and  
unexampled act on the part of the       
,professor1 to turn what had been a mere
 formal exercise into a sharp and       
sweeping test of doctrine1 which would  
place all future ,divinity degrees  in  
the ,university at his mercy2 and the   
case was made more serious1 when  the   
very form of exercise which the         

,professor used as an instrument of     
such formidable power was itself without
 question unstatutable and  illegal1 and
 had been simply connived at by the     
authorities4 ,to  introduce by his own  
authority a new feature into a system   
which he had  no business to use at all1
 and to do this for the first time with 
the  manifest purpose of annoying an    
obnoxious individual1 was1 on ,dr4      
,hampden's part1 to do more to discredit
 his chair and himself1 than the        
censure of the ,university could do2 and
 it was as unwise as it was  unworthy4  
,the strength of his own case before the
 public was that he  could be made to   
appear as the victim of a personal and  
partisan attack2  yet on the first      
opportunity he acts in the spirit of an 
inquisitor1 and  that not in fair       
conflict with some one worthy of his    
hostility1 but to  wreak an injury1 in a
 matter of private interest1 on an      
individual1 in  no way known to him or  
opposed to him1 except as holding       

certain  unpopular opinions4    ,mr4    
,macmullen was not the person to take   
such treatment quietly4 ,the  right was 
substantially on his side1 and the      
,professor1 and the  ,university        
authorities who more or less played into
 the hands of the  ,professor in defence
 of his illegal and ultimately untenable
 claims1  appeared before the           
,university1 the one as a persecutor1   
the others as  rulers who were afraid to
 do justice on behalf of an ill-used man
  because he was a ,tractarian4 ,the    
right course was perfectly clear4 ,it   
was to put an end to these unauthorised 
exercises1 and to recall both           
candidates and ,professor to the        
statutable system which imposed         
disputations conducted under the        
moderatorship of the ,professor1 but    
which gave him no veto1 at the time1 on 
the theological sufficiency of  the     
disputations1 leaving him to state his  
objections1 if he was not  satisfied1   
when the candidate's degree was asked   

for in the ,house of  ,congregation4    
,this course1 after some hesitation1 was
 followed1 but only  partially2 and     
without allowing or disallowing the     
,professor's claim to  a veto1 the      
,vice-,chancellor on his own            
responsibility stopped the  degree4 ,a  
vexatious dispute lingered on for two or
 three years1 with  actions in the      
,vice-,chancellor's ,court1 and         
distinguished lawyers to  plead for each
 side1 and appeals to the ,university   
,court of ,delegates1  who reversed the 
decision of the ,vice-,chancellor's     
assessor4 ,somehow or  other1 ,mr4      
,macmullen at last got his degree1 but  
at the cost of a great  deal of         
ill-blood in ,oxford1 for which ,dr4    
,hampden1 by his unwarranted            
interference1 and the ,university       
authorities1 by their questionable      
devices to save the credit and claims of
 one of their own body1 must be  held   
mainly responsible4    ,before the      
matter was ended1 they were made to     

feel1 in rather a  startling way1 how   
greatly they had lost the confidence of 
the  ,university4 ,one of the attempts  
to find a way out of the tangle of the  
dispute was the introduction1 in        
,february #ahdd1 of a ,statute which    
should give to the ,professor the power 
which was now contested1 and            
practically place all the ,divinity     
degrees under the control of a ,board   
in conjunction with the                 
,vice-,chancellor4#ajd ,the proposed    
legislation  raised such indignation in 
the ,university1 that the ,hebdomadal   
,board  took back their scheme for      
further revision1 and introduced it     
again in  a modified shape1 which still 
however gave new powers to the          
,professor  and the ,vice-,chancellor4  
,but the ,university would have none of 
it4 ,no  one could say that the defeat  
of the altered ,statute by #cda to #ba  
was  the work merely of a party4#aje ,it
 was the most decisive vote given in    
the course of these conflicts4 ,and it  

was observed that on the same day  ,mr4 
,macmullen's degree was vetoed by the   
,vice-,chancellor at the instance  of   
,dr4 ,hampden at #aj o'clock in         
,congregation1 and the ,hebdomadal      
,board1  which had supported him1       
received the vote of want of confidence 
at noon  in ,convocation4    ,nothing   
could show more decisively that the     
authorities in the  ,hebdomadal ,board  
were out of touch with the feeling of   
the ,university1  or1 at all events1 of 
that part of it which was resident4 ,the
 residents  were not1 as a body1        
identified with the ,tractarians2 it    
would be more  true to say that the     
residents1 as a body1 looked on this    
marked school  with misgiving and       
apprehension2 but they saw what manner  
of men these  ,tractarians were2 they   
lived with them in college and          
common-room2 their  behaviour was before
 their brethren as a whole1 with its    
strength and  its weakness1 its moral   
elevation and its hazardous excitement1 

its  sincerity of purpose and its       
one-sidedness of judgment and sympathy1 
its  unfairness to what was ,english1   
its over-value for what was foreign4    
,types of those who looked at things    
more or less independently were ,mr4    
,hussey of ,christ ,church1 ,mr4 ,c4,p4 
,eden of ,oriel1 ,mr4 ,sewell of        
,exeter1  ,mr4 ,francis ,faber of       
,magdalen1 ,dr4 ,greenhill of ,trinity1 
,mr4 ,wall of  ,balliol1 ,mr4 ,hobhouse 
of ,merton1 with some of the more       
consistent  ,liberals1 like ,mr4        
,stanley of ,university1 and latterly   
,mr4 ,tait4 ,men of  this kind1 men of  
high character and weight in ,oxford1   
found much to  dislike and regret in the
 ,tractarians4 ,but they could also see 
that the  leaders of the ,hebdomadal    
,board laboured under a fatal incapacity
 to  recognise what these unpopular     
,tractarians were doing for the cause of
  true and deep religion2 they could see
 that the judgment of the ,heads of     
,houses1 living as they did apart1 in a 

kind of superior state1 was  narrow1    
ill-informed1 and harsh1 and that the   
warfare which they waged  was petty1    
irritating1 and profitless2 while they  
also saw with great  clearness that     
under cover of suppressing ,puseyism1   
the policy of the  ,board was1 in fact1 
tending to increase and strengthen the  
power of an  irresponsible and          
incompetent oligarchy1 not only over a  
troublesome  party1 but over the whole  
body of residents4 ,to the great honour 
of  ,oxford it must be said1 that       
throughout these trying times1 on to the
  very end1 there was in the body of    
,masters a spirit of fairness1 a        
recognition of the force both of        
argument and character1 a dislike of    
high-handedness and shabbiness1 which   
was in strong and painful contrast  to  
the short-sighted violence in which the 
,hebdomadal ,board was  unhappily       
induced to put their trust1 and which   
proved at last the main  cause of the   
overthrow of their power4 ,when changes 

began to threaten  ,oxford1 there was no
 one to say a word for them4    ,but1   
for the moment1 in spite of this defeat 
in ,convocation1 they had no  misgivings
 as to the wisdom of their course or the
 force of their  authority4 ,there was1 
no doubt1 much urging from outside1 both
 on  political and theological grounds1 
to make them use their power to stay    
the plague of ,tractarianism2 and they  
were led by three able and  resolute    
men1 unfortunately unable to understand 
the moral or the  intellectual character
 of the movement1 and having the highest
 dislike  and disdain for it in both    
aspects--,dr4 ,hawkins1 ,provost of     
,oriel1 the  last remaining disciple of 
,whately's school1 a man of rigid       
conscientiousness1 and very genuine     
though undemonstrative piety1 of  great 
kindliness in private life1 of keen and 
alert intellect1 but not  of breadth and
 knowledge proportionate to his         
intellectual power2 ,dr4  ,symons1      
,warden of ,wadham1 a courageous witness

 for ,evangelical divinity  in the days 
when ,evangelicals were not in fashion  
in ,oxford1 a man of  ponderous and     
pedantic learning and considerable      
practical acuteness2  and ,dr4          
,cardwell1 ,principal of ,st4 ,alban's  
,hall1 more a man of the world  than his
 colleagues1 with considerable knowledge
 of portions of ,english  ,church       
history4 ,under the inspiration of these
 chiefs1 the authorities  had adopted1  
as far as they could1 the policy of     
combat2 and the  ,vice-,chancellor of   
the time1 ,dr4 ,wynter of ,st4 ,john's1 
a kind-hearted  man1 but quite unfit to 
moderate among the strong wills and     
fierce  tempers round him1 was induced  
to single out for the severest blow yet 
struck1 the most distinguished person in
 the ranks of the movement1 ,dr4  ,pusey
 himself4    ,dr4 ,pusey was a person   
with whom it was not wise to meddle1    
unless his  assailants could make out a 
case without a flaw4 ,he was without    
question  the most venerated person in  

,oxford4 ,without an equal1 in ,oxford  
at  least1 in the depth and range of his
 learning1 he stood out yet more        
impressively among his fellows in the   
lofty moral elevation and  simplicity of
 his life1 the blamelessness of his     
youth1 and the profound  devotion of his
 manhood1 to which the family sorrows of
 his later years1  and the habits which 
grew out of them1 added a kind of       
pathetic and  solemn interest4 ,stern   
and severe in his teaching at one       
time1--at least  as he was              
understood1--beyond even the severity of
 ,puritanism1 he was  yet overflowing   
with affection1 tender and sympathetic  
to all who came  near him1 and1 in the  
midst of continual controversy1 he      
endeavoured1  with deep                 
conscientiousness1 to avoid the         
bitternesses of controversy4  ,he was   
the last man to attack2 much more the   
last man to be unfair to4  ,the men who 
ruled in ,oxford contrived1 in attacking
 him1 to make almost  every mistake     

which it was possible to make4    ,on   
the #bdth of ,may #ahdc ,dr4 ,pusey1    
intending to balance and complement  the
 severer1 and1 to many1 the disquieting 
aspects of doctrine in his  work on     
,baptism1 preached on the ,holy         
,eucharist as a comfort to the          
penitent4 ,he spoke of it as a disciple 
of ,andrewes and ,bramhall would  speak 
of it2 it was a high ,anglican sermon1  
full1 after the example of  the         
,homilies1 ,jeremy ,taylor1 and         
devotional writers like ,george ,herbert
  and ,bishop ,ken1 of the fervid       
language of the ,fathers2 and that was  
all4  ,beyond this it did not go2 its   
phraseology was strictly within         
,anglican  limits4 ,in the course of the
 week that followed1 the ,university was
  surprised by the announcement that    
,dr4 ,faussett1 the ,margaret ,professor
  of ,divinity1 had delated the sermon  
to the ,vice-,chancellor as  teaching   
heresy2 and even more surprised at the  
news that the  ,vice-,chancellor had    

commenced proceedings4 ,the ,statutes   
provided that  when a sermon was        
complained of1 or delated to the        
,vice-,chancellor1  the                 
,vice-,chancellor should demand a copy  
of the sermon1 and summoning to  him as 
his assessors ,six ,doctors of          
,divinity1 should examine the  language 
complained of1 and1 if necessary1       
condemn and punish the  preacher4 ,the  
,statute is thus drawn up in general    
terms1 and prescribes  nothing as to the
 mode in which the examination into the 
alleged offence  is to be carried on2   
that is1 it leaves it to the            
,vice-,chancellor's  discretion4 ,what  
happened was this4 ,the sermon was asked
 for1 but the  name of the accuser was  
not given2 the ,statute did not enjoin  
it4 ,the  sermon was sent1 with a       
request from ,dr4 ,pusey that he might  
have a  hearing4 ,the ,six ,doctors were
 appointed1 five of them being ,dr4     
,hawkins1  ,dr4 ,symons1 ,dr4 ,jenkyns1 
,dr4 ,ogilvie1 ,dr4 ,jelf2 the ,statute 

said the  ,regius ,professor was1 if    
possible1 to be one of the number2 as he
 was  under the ban of a special        
,statute1 he was spared the task1 and   
his  place was taken by the next        
,divinity ,professor1 ,dr4 ,faussett1   
the person  who had preferred the       
charge1 and who was thus1 from having   
been  accuser1 promoted to be a judge4  
,to ,dr4 ,pusey's request for a hearing1
  no answer was returned2 the ,statute1 
no doubt1 said nothing of a  hearing4   
,but after the deliberations of the     
judges were concluded1 and  after the   
decision to condemn the sermon had been 
reached1 one of them1  ,dr4 ,pusey's old
 friend1 ,dr4 ,jelf1 was privately      
charged with certain  communications    
from the ,vice-,chancellor1 on which the
 seal of absolute  secrecy was imposed1 
and which1 in fact1 we believe1 have    
never been  divulged from that day to   
this4 ,whatever passed between the      
,vice-,chancellor1 ,dr4 ,jelf1 and ,dr4 
,pusey1 it had no effect in arresting   

the sentence2 and it came out1 in       
informal ways1 and through ,dr4 ,pusey  
himself1 that on the #b;d of ,june ,dr4 
,pusey had been accused and condemned   
for having taught doctrine contrary to  
that of the ,church of ,england1  and   
that by the authority of the            
,vice-,chancellor he was suspended from 
preaching within the ,university for two
 years4 ,but no formal  notification of 
the transaction was ever made to the    
,university4    ,the summary suppression
 of erroneous and dangerous teaching had
 long  been a recognised part of the    
,university discipline2 and with the    
ideas  then accepted of the religious   
character of the ,university1 it was    
natural that some such power as that    
given in the ,statutes should be        
provided4 ,the power1 even after all the
 changes in ,oxford1 exists still1  and 
has been recently appealed to4 ,dr4     
,pusey1 as a member of the  ,university1
 had no more right than any other       
preacher to complain of his  doctrine   

being thus solemnly called in question4 
,but it is strange that  it should not  
have occurred to the authorities that1  
under the  conditions of modern times1  
and against a man like ,dr4 ,pusey1 such
 power  should be warily used4 ,for it  
was not only arbitrary power1 such as   
was  exerted in the condemnation of ,no4
 #ij1 but it was arbitrary power acting 
under the semblance of a judicial       
inquiry1 with accusers1 examination1    
trial1 judges1 and a heavy penalty4 ,the
 act of a court of justice which  sets  
at defiance the rules of justice is a   
very different thing from a             
straightforward act of arbitrary power1 
because it pretends to be what  it is   
not4 ,the information against ,dr4      
,pusey1 if accepted1 involved a         
trial--that was the fixed condition and 
point of departure from which  there was
 no escaping--and if a trial be held1   
then1 if it be not a fair  trial1 the   
proceeding becomes1 according to        
,english notions1 a flagrant  and       

cowardly wrong4 ,all this1 all the      
intrinsic injustice1 all the  scandal   
and discredit in the eyes of honest men1
 was forgotten in the  obstinate and    
blind confidence in the letter of a     
vague ,statute4 ,the  accused was not   
allowed to defend or explain himself2 he
 was refused the  knowledge of the      
definite charges against him2 he was    
refused1 in spite  of his earnest       
entreaties1 a hearing1 even an          
appearance in the presence  of his      
judges4 ,the ,statute1 it was said1     
enjoined none of these things4  ,the    
name of his accuser was not told him2 he
 was left to learn it by  report ,to the
 end of the business all was wrought in 
secrecy2 no one  knows to this day how  
the examination of the sermon was       
conducted1 or  what were the opinions of
 the judges4 ,the ,statute1 it was said1
 neither  enjoined nor implied          
publicity4 ,to this day no one knows    
what were the  definite passages1 what  
was the express or necessarily involved 

heresy  or contradiction of the         
formularies1 on which the condemnation  
was  based2 nor--except on the          
supposition of gross ignorance of       
,english  divinity on the part of the   
judges--is it easy for a reader to put  
his  finger on the probably incriminated
 passages4 ,to make the proceedings     
still more unlike ordinary public       
justice1 informal and private           
communications were carried on between  
the judge and the accused1 in  which the
 accused was bound to absolute silence1 
and forbidden to  consult his nearest   
friends4    ,and of the judges what can 
be said but that they were1 with one    
exception1 the foremost and sternest    
opponents of all that was  identified   
with ,dr4 ,pusey's name2 and that one of
 them was the colleague  who had        
volunteered to accuse him8 ,dr4         
,faussett's share in the matter is      
intelligible2 hating the movement in all
 its parts1 he struck with the          
vehemence of a mediaeval zealot4 ,but   

that men like ,dr4 ,hawkins and ,dr4    
,ogilvie1 one of them reputed to be a   
theologian1 the other one of the        
shrewdest and most cautious of men1 and 
in ordinary matters one of the  most    
conscientious and fairest1 should not   
have seen what justice1 or at  least the
 show of justice1 demanded1 and what the
 refusal of that demand  would look     
like1 and that they should have         
persuaded the ,vice-,chancellor  to     
accept the entire responsibility of     
haughtily refusing it1 is1 even  to     
those who remember the excitement of    
those days1 a subject of wonder4  ,the  
plea was actually put forth that such   
opportunities of defence of  his        
language and teaching as ,dr4 ,pusey    
asked for would have led to the         
inconvenience of an interminable debate1
 and confronting of texts and           
authorities4#ajf ,the fact1 with ,dr4   
,pusey as the accused person1 is  likely
 enough2 but in a criminal charge with a
 heavy penalty1 it would  have been     

better for the reputation of the judges 
to have submitted to  the inconvenience4
    ,it was a great injustice and a     
great blunder--a blunder1 because the   
gratuitous defiance of accepted rules of
 fairness neutralised whatever  there   
might seem to be of boldness and        
strength in the blow4 ,they were  afraid
 to meet ,dr4 ,pusey face to face4 ,they
 were afraid to publish the  reasons of 
their condemnation4 ,the effect on the  
,university1 both on  resident and      
non-resident members1 was not to be     
misunderstood4 ,the  ,protestantism of  
the ,vice-,chancellor and the ,six      
,doctors was1 of course1  extolled by   
partisans in the press with reckless    
ignorance and reckless  contempt at once
 for common justice and their own       
consistency4 ,one  person of some       
distinction at ,oxford ventured to make 
himself the  mouthpiece of those who    
were bold enough to defend the          
proceeding--the  recently-elected       
,professor of ,poetry1 ,mr4 ,garbett4   

,but deep offence was  given among the  
wiser and more reasonable men who had a 
regard for the  character of the        
,university4 ,a request to know the     
grounds of the  sentence from men who   
were certainly of no party was curtly   
refused by  the ,vice-,chancellor1 with 
a suggestion that it did not concern    
them4 ,a  more important memorial was   
sent from ,london1 showing how persons  
at a  distance were shocked by the      
unaccountable indifference to the       
appearance of justice in the proceeding4
 ,it was signed among others by  ,mr4   
,gladstone and ,mr4 ,justice ,coleridge4
 ,the ,vice-,chancellor lost his        
temper4 ,he sent back the memorial to   
,london by the hands of his bedel1  as  
if that in some way stamped his official
 disapprobation more than if  it had    
been returned through the post4 ,and he 
proceeded1 in language  wonderful even  
for that moment1 as ,resident ,governor 
of the  ,university1 to reprimand       
statesmen and lawyers of eminence and   

high  character1 not merely for         
presuming to interfere with his own     
duties1  but for forgetting the oaths on
 the strength of which they had received
  their degrees1 and for coming very    
near to that high1 almost highest1      
academical crime1 the crime of being    
perturbatores pacis--breaking the  peace
 of the ,university4    ,such           
foolishness1 affecting dignity1 only    
made more to talk of4 ,if the  men who  
ruled the ,university had wished to     
disgust and alienate the  ,masters of   
,arts1 and especially the younger ones  
who were coming forward  into power and 
influence1 they could not have done     
better4 ,the chronic  jealousy and      
distrust of the time were deepened4 ,and
 all this was  aggravated by what went  
on in private4 ,a system of espionage1  
whisperings1 backbitings1 and miserable 
tittle-tattle1 sometimes of the  most   
slanderous or the most ridiculous kind1 
was set going all over  ,oxford4 ,never 
in ,oxford1 before or since1 were       

busybodies more truculent  or more      
unscrupulous4 ,difficulties arose       
between ,heads of ,colleges and  their  
tutors4 ,candidates for fellowships were
 closely examined as to  their opinions 
and their associates4 ,men applying for 
testimonials were  cross-questioned on  
,no4 #ij1 as to the infallibility of    
general councils1  purgatory1 the       
worship of images1 the ,ora pro nobis   
and the  intercession of the saints3 the
 real critical questions upon which     
men's  minds were working being         
absolutely uncomprehended and ignored4  
,it was a  miserable state of           
misunderstanding and distrust1 and none 
of the  ,university leaders had the     
temper and the manliness to endeavour   
with  justice and knowledge to get to   
the bottom of it4 ,it was enough to     
suppose that a ,popish ,conspiracy was  
being carried on4    ,,footnotes3       
#aja ,pp4 #bdc1 #bec4    #ajb ,garbett1 
#iba4 ,williams1 #fbc4    #ajc ,the     
numbers were #ccd to #bai4    #ajd      

,christian ,remembrancer1 vol4 ix4 p4   
#age4    #aje ,ibid4 pp4 #agg-agi4      
#ajf ,cf4 ,british ,critic1 ,no4 xlvii4 
pp4 #bba-bbc4          ,,chapter ,,xvii 
,w4,g4 ,,ward      ,if only the ,oxford 
authorities could have had patience--if 
only they  could have known more largely
 and more truly the deep changes that   
were  at work everywhere1 and how things
 were beginning to look in the eyes of  
the generation that was coming1 perhaps 
many things might have been  different4 
,yes1 it was true that there was a      
strong current setting  towards ,rome4  
,it was acting on some of the most      
vigorous of the younger  men4 ,it was   
acting powerfully on the foremost mind  
in ,oxford4 ,whither1  if not arrested1 
it was carrying them was clear1 but as  
yet it was by no  means clear at what   
rate2 and time1 and thought1 and being  
left alone  and dealt with justly1 have 
a great effect on men's minds4          
,extravagance1  disproportion1          
mischievous1 dangerous exaggeration1 in 

much that was  said and taught--all this
 might have settled down1 as so many    
things are  in the habit of settling    
down1 into reasonable and practical     
shapes1  after a first burst of         
crudeness and strain--as1 in fact1 it   
did  settle down at last4 ,for          
,anglicanism itself was not ,roman2     
friends and  foes said it was not1 to   
reproach as well as to defend it4 ,it   
was not  ,roman in ,dr4 ,pusey1 though  
he was not afraid to acknowledge what   
was  good in ,rome4 ,it was not ,roman  
in ,mr4 ,keble and his friends1 in ,dr4 
,moberly of ,winchester1 and the        
,barters4 ,it was not ,roman in ,mr4    
,isaac  ,williams1 ,mr4 ,copeland1 and  
,mr4 ,woodgate1 each of them a centre of
  influence in ,oxford and the country4 
,it was not ,roman in the devoted       
,charles ,marriott1 or in ,isaac        
,williams's able and learned pupil1 ,mr4
  ,arthur ,haddan4 ,it was not ,roman in
 ,mr4 ,james ,mozley1 after ,mr4        
,newman1  the most forcible and         

impressive of the ,oxford writers4 ,a   
distinctively  ,english party grew up1  
both in ,oxford and away from it1 strong
 in  eminent names1 in proportion as    
,roman sympathies showed themselves4    
,these men were1 in any fair judgment1  
as free from ,romanising as any of      
their accusers2 but they made their     
appeal for patience and fair  judgment  
in vain4 ,if only the rulers could have 
had patience3--but  patience is a       
difficult virtue in the presence of what
 seem pressing  dangers4 ,their policy  
was wrong1 stupid1 unjust1 pernicious4  
,it was a  deplorable mistake1 and all  
will wish now that the discredit of it  
did  not rest on the history of ,oxford4
 ,and yet it was the mistake of upright 
and conscientious men4    ,doubtless    
there was danger2 the danger was that a 
number of men would  certainly not      
acquiesce much longer in ,anglicanism1  
while the ,heads  continued absolutely  
blind to what was really in these men's 
thoughts4  ,for the ,heads could not    

conceive the attraction which the ,roman
 ,church  had for a religious man2 they 
talked in the old-fashioned way about   
the  absurdity of the ,roman system4    
,they could not understand how          
reasonable  men could turn ,roman       
,catholics4 ,they accounted for it by   
supposing a  silly hankering after the  
pomp or the frippery of ,roman ,catholic
  worship1 and at best a craving after  
the romantic and sentimental4 ,their    
thoughts dwelt continually on image     
worship and the adoration of saints4    
,but what really was astir was something
 much deeper--something much more  akin 
to the new and strong forces which were 
beginning to act in very  different     
directions from this in ,english        
society--forces which were not  only    
leading minds to ,rome1 but making men  
,utilitarians1 ,rationalists1           
,positivists1 and1 though the word had  
not yet been coined1 ,agnostics4  ,the  
men who doubted about the ,english      
,church saw in ,rome a strong1  logical1

 consistent theory of religion1 not of  
yesterday nor to-day--not  only         
comprehensive and profound1 but actually
 in full work1 and fruitful  in great   
results2 and this1 in contrast to the   
alleged and undeniable  anomalies and   
shortcomings of ,protestantism and      
,anglicanism4 ,and next1  there was the 
immense amount which they saw in ,rome  
of self-denial and  self-devotion2 the  
surrender of home and family in the     
clergy2 the great  organised ministry of
 women in works of mercy2 the resolute  
abandonment  of the world and its       
attractions in the religious life4 ,if  
in ,england  there flourished the homely
 and modest types of goodness1 it was in
 ,rome  that1 at that day at least1 men 
must look for the heroic4 ,they were not
  indisposed to the idea that a true    
,church which had lost all this might   
yet regain it1 and they were willing to 
wait and see what the ,english  ,church 
would do to recover what it had lost2   
but there was obviously a  long way to  

make up1 and they came to think that    
there was no chance of  its overtaking  
its true position4 ,of course they knew 
all that was so  loudly urged about the 
abuses and mischiefs growing out of the 
professed  severity of ,rome4 ,they knew
 that in spite of it foreign society was
 lax2  that the discipline of the       
confessional was often exercised with a 
light  rein4 ,but if the good side of it
 was real1 they easily accounted for the
  bad3 the bad did not destroy1 it was a
 tacit witness to the good4 ,and  they  
knew the ,latin ,church mainly from     
,france1 where it was more in  earnest1 
and exhibited more moral life and       
intellectual activity1 than1  as far as 
,englishmen knew1 in ,italy or ,spain4  
,there was a strong rebound  from       
insular ignorance and unfairness1 when  
,english travellers came on  the        
poorly-paid but often intelligent and   
hard-working ,french clergy2 on  the    
great works of mercy in the towns2 on   
the originality and eloquence  of ,de   

,maistre1 ,la ,mennais1 ,lacordaire1    
,montalembert4    ,these ideas took     
possession of a remarkable mind1 the    
index and organ of  a remarkable        
character4 ,mr4 ,w4,g4 ,ward had learned
 the interest of  earnest religion from 
,dr4 ,arnold1 in part through his close 
friend  ,arthur ,stanley4 ,but if there 
was ever any tendency in him to combine 
with the peculiar elements of the ,rugby
 ,school1 it was interrupted in  its    
nascent state1 as chemists speak1 by the
 intervention of a still  more potent   
affinity1 the personality of ,mr4       
,newman4 ,mr4 ,ward had  developed in   
the ,oxford ,union1 and in a wide social
 circle of the most  rising men of the  
time--including ,tait1 ,cardwell1 ,lowe1
 ,roundell  ,palmer--a very unusual     
dialectical skill and power of          
argumentative  statement3 qualities     
which seemed to point to the ,house of  
,commons4 ,but  ,mr4 ,newman's ideas    
gave him material1 not only for argument
 but for  thought4 ,the lectures and    

sermons at ,st4 ,mary's subdued and led 
him  captive4 ,the impression produced  
on him was expressed in the formula     
that primitive ,christianity might have 
been corrupted into ,popery1 but  that  
,protestantism never could4#ajg ,for a  
moment he hung in the wind4  ,he might  
have been one of the earliest of ,broad 
,churchmen4 ,he might have  been a      
,utilitarian and ,necessitarian follower
 of ,mr4 ,j4,s4 ,mill4 ,but  moral      
influences of a higher kind prevailed4  
,and he became1 in the most             
thoroughgoing yet independent fashion1 a
 disciple of ,mr4 ,newman4 ,he  brought 
to his new side a fresh power of        
controversial writing2 but his  chief   
influence was a social one1 from his    
bright and attractive  conversation1 his
 bold and startling candour1 his frank1 
not to say  reckless1 fearlessness of   
consequences1 his unrivalled skill in   
logical  fence1 his unfailing           
good-humour and love of fun1 in which   
his personal  clumsiness set off the    

vivacity and nimbleness of his joyous   
moods4 ,he  was1 says ,mr4 ,mozley1 a   
great musical critic1 knew all the      
operas1 and  was an admirable buffo     
singer4--,no one could doubt that1      
having  started1 ,mr4 ,ward would go far
 and probably go fast4    ,mr4 ,ward was
 well known in ,oxford1 and his language
 might have warned  the ,heads that if  
there was a drift towards ,rome1 it came
 from something  much more serious than 
a hankering after a sentimental ritual  
or  mediaeval legends4 ,in ,mr4 ,ward's 
writings in the ,british ,critic1 as in 
his conversation--and he wrote much and 
at great length--three ideas  were      
manifestly at the bottom of his         
attraction to ,rome4 ,one was that      
,rome did1 and1 he believed1 nothing    
else did1 keep up the continuous        
recognition of the supernatural element 
in religion1 that consciousness  of an  
ever-present power not of this world    
which is so prominent a  feature in the 
,new ,testament1 and which is spoken of 

there as a  permanent and characteristic
 element in the ,gospel dispensation4   
,the  ,roman view of the nature and     
offices of the ,church1 of man's        
relations  to the unseen world1 of      
devotion1 of the ,eucharist and of the  
,sacraments  in general1 assumed and put
 forward this supernatural aspect2 other
  systems ignored it or made it mean    
nothing1 unless in secret to the        
individual and converted soul4 ,in the  
next place he revolted--no weaker  word 
can be used--from the popular exhibition
 in ,england1 more or less  ,lutheran   
and ,calvinistic1 of the doctrine of    
justification4 ,the  ostentatious       
separation of justification from        
morality1 with all its  theological     
refinements and fictions1 seemed to him 
profoundly  unscriptural1 profoundly    
unreal and hollow1 or else profoundly   
immoral4  ,in conscience and moral      
honesty and strict obedience he saw the 
only  safe and trustworthy guidance in  
regard to the choice and formation of   

religious opinions2 it was a principle  
on which all his philosophy was  built1 
that careful and individual moral       
discipline is the only  possible basis  
on which ,christian faith and practice  
can be reared4 ,in  the third place he  
was greatly affected1 not merely by the 
paramount  place of sanctity in the     
,roman theology and the professed ,roman
 system1  but by the standard of        
saintliness which he found there1       
involving  complete and heroic          
self-sacrifice for great religious ends1
 complete  abandonment of the world1    
painful and continuous self-discipline1 
purified and exalted religious          
affections1 beside which ,english piety 
and goodness at its best1 in such       
examples as ,george ,herbert and ,ken   
and  ,bishop ,wilson1 seemed unambitious
 and pale and tame1 of a different      
order from the ,roman1 and less closely 
resembling what we read of in the  first
 ages and in the ,new ,testament4       
,whether such views were right or       

wrong1 exaggerated or unbalanced1       
accurate or superficial1 they were      
matters fit to interest grave men2 but  
there is no reason to think that  they  
made the slightest impression on the    
authorities of the ,university4    ,on  
the other hand1 ,mr4 ,ward1 with the    
greatest good-humour1 was  unreservedly 
defiant and aggressive4 ,there was      
something intolerably  provoking in his 
mixture of jauntiness and seriousness1  
his avowal of  utter personal           
unworthiness and his undoubting         
certainty of being in the  right1 his   
downright charges of heresy and his     
ungrudging readiness to  make allowance 
for the heretics and give them credit   
for special virtues  greater than those 
of the orthodox4 ,he was not a person to
 hide his own  views or to let others   
hide theirs4 ,he lived in an atmosphere 
of  discussion with all around him1     
friends or opponents1 fellows and tutors
  in common-rooms1 undergraduates after 
lecture or out walking4 ,the most       

amusing1 the most tolerant man in       
,oxford1 he had round him perpetually   
some of the cleverest and brightest     
scholars and thinkers of the place2  and
 where he was1 there was debate1        
cross-questioning1 pushing  inferences1 
starting alarming problems1 beating out 
ideas1 trying the  stuff and mettle of  
mental capacity4 ,not always with real  
knowledge1 or  a real sense of fact1 but
 always rapid and impetuous1 taking in  
the  whole dialectical chess-board at a 
glance1 he gave no quarter1 and a man   
found himself in a perilous corner      
before he perceived the drift of the    
game2 but it was to clear his own       
thought1 not--for he was much too       
good-natured--to embarrass another4 ,if 
the old scholastic disputations  had    
been still in use at ,oxford1 his       
triumphs would have been signal and     
memorable4 ,his success1 compared with  
that of other leaders of the  movement1 
in influencing life and judgment1 was a 
pre-eminently  intellectual success2 and

 it cut two ways4 ,the stress which he  
laid on  the moral side of questions1   
his own generosity1 his earnestness on  
behalf of fair play and good faith1     
elevated and purified intercourse4  ,but
 he did not always win assent in        
proportion to his power of argument4    
,abstract reasoning1 in matters with    
which human action is concerned1 may  be
 too absolute to be convincing4 ,it may 
not leave sufficient margin for  the    
play and interference of actual         
experience4 ,and ,mr4 ,ward1 having     
perfect confidence in his conclusions1  
rather liked to leave them in a         
startling form1 which he innocently     
declared to be manifest and  inevitable4
 ,and so stories of ,ward's audacity and
 paradoxes flew all  over ,oxford1      
shocking and perplexing grave heads with
 fear of they knew  not what4 ,dr4      
,jenkyns1 the ,master of ,balliol1 one  
of those curious  mixtures of pompous   
absurdity with genuine shrewdness which 
used to pass  across the ,university    

stage1 not clever himself but an        
unfailing judge  of a clever man1 as a  
jockey might be of a horse1 liking ,ward
 and proud  of him for his cleverness1  
was aghast at his monstrous and         
unintelligible language1 and driven half
 wild with it4 ,mr4 ,tait1 a            
fellow-tutor1 though living on terms of 
hearty friendship with ,ward1  prevailed
 on the ,master after ,no4 #ij to       
dismiss ,ward from the office of        
teaching mathematics4 ,it seemed a petty
 step thus to mix up theology  with     
mathematics1 though it was not so absurd
 as it looked1 for ,ward  brought in    
theology everywhere1 and discussed it   
when his mathematics  were done4 ,but   
,ward accepted it frankly and defended  
it4 ,it was natural1  he said1 that     
,tait1 thinking his principles          
mischievous1 should wish to  silence him
 as a teacher2 and their friendship     
remained unbroken4    ,mr4 ,ward's      
theological position was really a       
provisional one1 though1 at  starting at

 least1 he would not have allowed it4   
,he had no early or  traditional        
attachment to the ,english ,church1 such
 as that which acted  so strongly on the
 leaders of the movement3 but he found  
himself a  member of it1 and ,mr4       
,newman had interpreted it to him4 ,he  
so accepted  it1 quite loyally and in   
earnest1 as a point of departure4 ,but  
he  proceeded at once to put our ,church
 7as he called it7 on its trial1 in     
comparison with its own professions1 and
 with the ideal standard of a  ,church  
which he had thought out for himself2   
and this rapidly led to  grave          
consequences4 ,he accepted from         
authority which satisfied him both      
intellectually and morally the main     
scheme of ,catholic theology1 as the    
deepest and truest philosophy of        
religion1 satisfying at once conscience 
and intellect4 ,the ,catholic theology  
gave him1 among other things1 the  idea 
and the notes of the ,church2 with      
these1 in part at least1 the  ,english  

,church agreed2 but in other respects1  
and these very serious  ones1 it        
differed widely2 it seemed inconsistent 
and anomalous4 ,the  ,english ,church   
was separate and isolated from          
,christendom4 ,it was  supposed to      
differ widely from other ,churches in   
doctrine4 ,it admitted  variety of      
opinion and teaching1 even to the point 
of tolerating alleged  heresy4 ,with    
such data as these1 he entered on an    
investigation which  ultimately came to 
the question whether the ,english       
,church could claim  to be a part of the
 ,church ,catholic4 ,he postulated from 
the first1 what  he afterwards developed
 in the book in which his ,anglican     
position  culminated1--the famous       
,ideal1--the existence at some time or  
another  of a ,catholic ,church which   
not only aimed at1 but fulfilled all the
  conditions of a perfect ,church in    
creed1 communion1 discipline1 and  life4
 ,of course the ,english and1 as at     
starting he held1 the ,roman  ,church1  

fell far short of this perfection4 ,but 
at starting1 the moral  which he drew   
was1 not to leave the ,english ,church1 
but to do his best  to raise it up to   
what it ought to be4 ,whether he took in
 all the  conditions of the problem1    
whether it was not far more complicated 
and  difficult than he supposed1 whether
 his knowledge of the facts of the  case
 was accurate and adequate1 whether he  
was always fair in his  comparisons and 
judgments1 and whether he did not       
overlook elements of  the gravest       
importance in the inquiry2 whether1 in  
fact1 save for  certain strong and broad
 lines common to the whole historic     
,church1 the  reign of anomaly1         
inconsistency1 difficulty did not extend
 much farther  over the whole field of  
debate than he chose to admit3 all this 
is  fairly open to question4 ,but within
 the limits which he laid down1 and     
within which he confined his reasonings1
 he used his materials with  skill and  
force2 and even those who least agreed  

with him and were most  sensible of the 
strong and hardly disguised bias which  
so greatly  affected the value of his   
judgments1 could not deny the frankness 
and  the desire to be fair and candid1  
with which1 as far as intention went1   
he conducted his argument4 ,his first   
appearance as a writer was in the       
controversy1 as has been said before1 on
 the subject of ,no4 #ij4 ,that  tract  
had made the well-worn distinction      
between what was ,catholic and  what was
 distinctively ,roman1 and had          
urged--what had been urged over  and    
over again by ,english divines--that the
 ,articles1 in their  condemnation of   
what was ,roman1 were drawn in such a   
way as to leave  untouched what was     
unquestionably ,catholic4 ,they were    
drawn indeed by  ,protestants1 but by   
men who also earnestly professed to hold
 with the  old ,catholic doctors and    
disavowed any purpose to depart from    
their  teaching1 and who further had to 
meet the views and gain the assent of   

men who were much less ,protestant than 
themselves--men who were willing  to    
break with the ,pope and condemn the    
abuses associated with his name1  but by
 no means willing to break with the old 
theology4 ,the ,articles  were the      
natural result of a compromise between  
two strong parties--the  ,catholics     
agreeing that the abuses should be      
condemned1 so that the  ,catholic       
doctrine was not touched2 the           
,protestants insisting that1 so  that   
the ,catholic doctrine was not touched1 
the abuses of it should be  denounced   
with great severity3 that there should  
be no question about  the condemnation  
of the abuses1 and of the system which  
had maintained  them4 ,the ,articles    
were undoubtedly anti-,roman2 that was  
obvious from  the historical position of
 the ,english ,church1 which in a very  
real  sense was anti-,roman2 but were   
they so anti-,roman as to exclude       
doctrines which ,english divines had    
over and over again maintained as       

,catholic and distinguished from        
,romanism1 but which the popular        
opinion1  at this time or that1         
identified therewith8#ajh ,with flagrant
  ignorance--ignorance of the history of
 thought and teaching in the  ,english  
,church1 ignorance far more inexcusable 
of the state of parties  and their      
several notorious difficulties in       
relation to the various  formularies of 
the ,church1 it was maintained on the   
other side that the  ,articles construed
 by themselves left no doubt that they  
were not only  anti-,roman but          
anti-,catholic1 and that nothing but the
 grossest  dishonesty and immorality    
could allow any doubt on the subject4   
,neither estimate was logical enough to 
satisfy ,mr4 ,ward4 ,the charge of      
insincerity1 he retorted with great     
effect on those who made it3 if  words  
meant anything1 the ,ordination         
,service1 the ,visitation ,service1  and
 the ,baptismal ,service were far       
greater difficulties to ,evangelicals1  

and to ,latitudinarians like ,whately   
and ,hampden1 than the words of any     
,article could be to ,catholics2 and    
there was besides the tone of the  whole
 ,prayer ,book1 intelligible1 congenial1
 on ,catholic assumptions1 and  on no   
other4 ,but as to the ,articles         
themselves1 he was indisposed to  accept
 the defence made for them4 ,he         
criticised indeed with acuteness  and   
severity the attempt to make the loose  
language of many of them  intolerant of 
primitive doctrine2 but he frankly      
accepted the allegation  that apart from
 this or that explanation1 their general
 look1 as regards  later controversies1 
was visibly against1 not only ,roman    
doctrines or  ,roman abuses1 but that   
whole system of principles and mode of  
viewing  religion which he called       
,catholic4 ,they were1 he said1 patient 
of a  ,catholic meaning1 but ambitious  
of a ,protestant meaning2 whatever      
their logic was1 their rhetoric was     
,protestant4 ,it was just possible1  but

 not more1 for a ,catholic to subscribe 
to them4 ,but they were the  creation   
and the legacy of a bad age1 and though 
they had not  extinguished ,catholic    
teaching and ,catholic belief in the    
,english  ,church1 they had been a      
serious hindrance to it1 and a support  
to its  opponents4    ,this was going   
beyond the position of ,no4 #ij4 ,no4   
#ij had made light of  the difficulties 
of the ,articles4    ,that there are    
real difficulties to a ,catholic        
,christian in the  ecclesiastical       
position of our ,church at this day1 no 
one can deny2 but  the statements of the
 ,articles are not in the number4 ,our  
present scope  is merely to show that1  
while our ,prayer ,book is acknowledged 
on all  hands to be of ,catholic origin1
 our ,articles also--the offspring of an
  uncatholic age--are1 through ,god's   
good providence1 to say the least1  not 
uncatholic1 and may be subscribed by    
those who aim at being ,catholic  in    
heart and doctrine4      ,mr4 ,ward not 

only went beyond this position1 but in  
the teeth of these  statements2 and he  
gave a new aspect and new issues to the 
whole  controversy4 ,the ,articles1 to  
him1 were a difficulty1 which they were 
not to the writer of ,no4 #ij1 or to    
,dr4 ,pusey1 or to ,mr4 ,keble4 ,to him 
they were not only the offspring of an  
uncatholic age1 but in  themselves      
uncatholic2 and his answer to the charge
 of dishonest  subscription was1 not    
that the ,articles in their natural     
meaning are  ,catholic1#aji but that the
 system of the ,english ,church is a    
compromise between what is ,catholic and
 what is ,protestant1 and that  the     
,protestant parties in it are involved  
in even greater difficulties1  in       
relation to subscription and use of its 
formularies1 than the  ,catholic4 ,he   
admitted that he did evade the spirit1  
but accepted the  statements of the     
,articles1 maintaining that this was the
 intention of  their original           
sanctioners4 ,with characteristic       

boldness1 inventing a  phrase which has 
become famous1 he wrote3 ,our twelfth   
,article is as  plain as words can make 
it on the ,evangelical side2 of course  
,i think  its natural meaning may be    
explained away1 for ,i subscribe it     
myself in  a non-natural sense3#aaj but 
he showed that ,evangelicals1 high      
church  ,anglicans1 and ,latitudinarians
 were equally obliged to have recourse  
to  explanations1 which to all but      
themselves were unsatisfactory4    ,but 
he went a step beyond this4 ,hitherto   
the distinction had been  uniformly     
insisted upon between what was ,catholic
 and what was ,roman2  between what was 
witnessed to by the primitive and the   
undivided ,church1  and what had been   
developed beyond that in the ,schools1  
and by the  definitions and decisions of
 ,rome1 and in the enormous mass of its 
post-,reformation theology1 at once so  
comprehensive1 and so minute in         
application4 ,this distinction was the  
foundation of what was1                 

characteristically1 ,anglican theology1 
from ,hooker downwards4 ,this           
distinction1 at least for all important 
purposes1 ,mr4 ,ward gradually  gave up4
 ,it was to a certain degree recognised 
in his early controversy  about ,no4    
#ij2 but it gradually grew fainter till 
at last it avowedly  disappeared4 ,the  
,anglican writers had drawn their ideas 
and their  inspiration from the         
,fathers2 the ,fathers lived long ago1  
and the  teaching drawn from them1      
however spiritual and lofty1 wanted the 
modern  look1 and seemed to recognise   
insufficiently modern needs4 ,the ,roman
  applications of the same principles   
were definite and practical1 and ,mr4   
,ward's mind1 essentially one of his own
 century1 and little alive to  what     
touched more imaginative and sensitive  
minds1 turned at once to  ,roman sources
 for the interpretation of what was     
,catholic4 ,in the  ,british ,critic1   
and still more in the remarkable volume 
in which his  ,oxford controversies     

culminated1 the substitution of ,roman  
for the old  conception of ,catholic    
appears1 and the absolute identification
 of  ,roman with ,catholic4 ,roman      
authorities become more and more the    
measure  and rule of what is ,catholic4 
,they belong to the present in a way in 
which the older fountains of teaching do
 not2 in the recognised teaching  of the
 ,latin ,church1 they have taken their  
place and superseded them4    ,it was   
characteristic of ,mr4 ,ward that his   
chief quarrel with the  ,articles was   
not about the ,sacraments1 not about    
their language on  alleged ,roman       
errors1 but about the doctrine of grace1
 the relation of  the soul of man to the
 law1 the forgiveness1 the holiness of  
,god1--the  doctrine1 that is1 in all   
its bearings1 of justification4 ,mr4    
,newman had  examined this doctrine and 
the various language held about it with 
great  care1 very firmly but very       
temperately1 and had attempted to       
reconcile  with each other all but the  

extreme ,lutheran statements4 ,it was1  
he  said1 among really religious men1 a 
question of words4 ,he had recognised   
the faulty state of things in the       
pre-,reformation ,church1 the faulty    
ideas about forgiveness1 merit1 grace1  
and works1 from which the  ,protestant  
language was a reaction1 natural1 if    
often excessive2 and in  the ,english   
authoritative form of this language1 he 
had found nothing  but what was         
perfectly capable of a sound and true   
meaning4 ,from the  first1 ,mr4 ,ward's 
judgment was far more severe than this4 
,to him1 the  whole structure of the    
,articles on ,justification and the     
doctrines  connected with it seemed     
based on the ,lutheran theory1 and for  
this  theory1 as fundamentally and      
hopelessly immoral1 he could not find   
words  sufficiently expressive of       
detestation and loathing4 ,for the basis
 of  his own theory of religious        
knowledge was a moral basis2 men came to
 the  knowledge of religious truth      

primarily not by the intellect1 but by  
absolute and unfailing loyalty to       
conscience and moral light2 and a       
doctrine which separated faith from     
morality and holiness1 which made  man's
 highest good and his acceptance with   
,god independent of what he  was as a   
moral agent1 which relegated the        
realities of moral discipline  and      
goodness to a secondary and subordinate 
place1--as a mere sequel to  follow1    
almost mechanically and of course1 on an
 act or feeling which  had nothing moral
 in it1--which substituted a fictitious 
and imputed  righteousness for an       
inherent and infused and real one1      
seemed to him  to confound the eternal  
foundations of right and wrong1 and to  
be a  blasphemy against all that was    
true and sacred in religion4    ,of the 
,lutheran doctrine#aaa of justification1
 and the principle of  private judgment1
 ,i have argued that1 in their abstract 
nature and  necessary tendency1 they    
sink below atheism itself4444 ,a        

religious  person who shall be          
sufficiently clear-headed to understand 
the meaning  of words1 is warranted in  
rejecting ,lutheranism on the very same 
grounds  which would induce him to      
reject atheism1 viz4 as being the       
contradiction of truths which he feels  
on most certain grounds to be  first    
principles4#aab    ,there is nothing    
which he looks back on with so much     
satisfaction in his  writings as on     
this1 that he has ventured to           
characterise that hateful  and fearful  
type of ,antichrist in terms not wholly 
inadequate to its  prodigious           
demerits4#aac    ,mr4 ,ward had started 
with a very definite idea of the ,church
 and of its  notes and tests4 ,it was   
obvious that the ,anglican ,church--and 
so1 it was  thought1 the ,roman--failed 
to satisfy these notes in their         
completeness2 but it seemed1 at least at
 first1 to satisfy some of them1  and to
 do this so remarkably1 and in such     
strong contrast to other  religious     

bodies1 that in ,england at all events  
it seemed the true  representative and  
branch of the ,church ,catholic2 and the
 duty of  adhering to it and serving it 
was fully recognised1 even by those who 
most felt its apparent departure from   
the more ,catholic principles and       
temper preserved in many points by the  
,roman ,church4 ,from this point of     
view ,mr4 ,ward avowedly began4 ,but the
 position gradually gave way before  his
 relentless and dissolving logic4 ,the  
whole course of his writing in  the     
,british ,critic may be said to have    
consisted in a prolonged and            
disparaging comparison of the ,english  
,church1 in theory1 in doctrine1 in     
moral and devotional temper1 in         
discipline of character1 in education1  
in its public and authoritative tone in 
regard to social1 political1 and  moral 
questions1 and in the type and standard 
of its clergy1 with those  of the       
,catholic ,church1 which to him was     
represented by the mediaeval  and later 

,roman ,church4 ,and in the general     
result1 and in all important  matters1  
the comparison became more and more     
fatally disadvantageous to  the ,english
 ,church4 ,in the perplexing condition  
of ,christendom1 it had  just enough    
good and promise to justify those who   
had been brought up in  it remaining    
where they were1 as long as they saw any
 prospect of  improving it1 and till    
they were driven out4 ,that was a       
duty--uncomfortable and thankless as it 
was1 and open to any amount of          
misconstruction and                     
misrepresentation--which they owed to   
their  brethren1 and to the ,lord of the
 ,church4 ,but it involved plain        
speaking  and its consequences2 and ,mr4
 ,ward never shrank from either4        
,most people1 looking back1 would       
probably agree1 whatever their general  
judgment on these matters1 and whatever 
they may think of ,mr4 ,ward's  case1   
that he was1 at the time at least1 the  
most unpersuasive of  writers4          

,considering his great acuteness1 and   
the frequent originality  of his        
remarks--considering1 further1 his moral
 earnestness1 and the  place which the  
moral aspects of things occupy in his   
thoughts1 this is  remarkable2 but so it
 is4 ,in the first place1 in dealing    
with these  eventful questions1 which   
came home with such awful force to      
thousands  of awakened minds and        
consciences1 full of hope and full of   
fear1 there  was an entire and          
ostentatious want of sympathy with all  
that was  characteristically ,english in
 matters of religion4 ,this arose partly
  from his deep dislike to habits1 very 
marked in ,englishmen1 but not  peculiar
 to them1 of self-satisfaction and      
national self-glorification2  but it    
drove him into a welcoming of opposite  
foreign ways1 of which he  really knew  
little1 except superficially4 ,next1 his
 boundless confidence  in the accuracy  
of his logical processes led him to     
habits of extreme  and absolute         

statement1 which to those who did not   
agree with him1 and  also to some who   
did1 bore on their face the character of
  over-statement1 exaggeration1         
extravagance1 not redeemed by an        
occasional and somewhat ostentatious    
candour1 often at the expense of  his   
own side and in favour of opponents to  
whom he could afford to be  frank4 ,and 
further1 while to the ,english ,church  
he was merciless in the  searching      
severity of his judgment1 he seemed to  
be blind to the whole  condition of     
things to which she1 as well as her     
rival1 had for the last  three centuries
 been subjected1 and in which she had   
played a part at  least as important for
 ,christian faith as that sustained by  
any portion  of ,christendom2 blind to  
all her special and characteristic      
excellences1  where these did not fit   
the pattern of the continental types    
7obviously1  in countless instances1    
matters of national and local character 
and  habits72 blind to the enormous     

difficulties in which the political game
  of her ,roman opponents had placed    
her2 blind to the fact that1 judged     
with the same adverse bias and          
prepossessions1 the same unsparing      
rigour1 the same refusal to give real   
weight to what was good1 on the  ground 
that it was mixed with something lower1 
the ,roman ,church would  show just as  
much deflection from the ideal as the   
,english4 ,indeed1 he  would have done a
 great service--people would have been  
far more  disposed to attend to his     
really interesting1 and1 to ,english    
readers1  novel1 proofs of the moral and
 devotional character of the ,roman     
popular  discipline1 if he had not been 
so unfair on the ,english3 if he had not
  ignored the plain fact that just such 
a picture as he gave of the  ,english   
,church1 as failing in required notes1  
might be found of the  ,roman before the
 ,reformation1 say in the writings of   
,gerson1 and in our  own days in those  
of ,rosmini4 ,mr4 ,ward1 if any one1    

appealed to fair  judgment2 and to this 
fair judgment he presented allegations  
on the face  of them violent and        
monstrous4 ,the ,english ,church1       
according to him1 was  in the anomalous 
position of being gifted with the power 
of dispensing  sacramental grace1#aad   
and yet1 at the same time1 wholly       
destitute  of external notes1 and wholly
 indefensible as to her position1 by    
external1 historical1 ecclesiastical    
arguments3 and he for his part          
declares1 correcting ,mr4 ,newman1 who  
speaks of outward notes as partly  gone 
and partly going1 that he is wholly     
unable to discern the  outward notes of 
which ,mr4 ,newman speaks1 during any   
part of the last  three hundred years4  
,he might as well have said at once that
 she did  not exist1 if the outward     
aspects of a ,church--orders1 creeds1   
sacraments1 and1 in some degree at any  
rate1 preaching and witnessing  for     
righteousness--are not some of the      
outward notes of a ,church4  ,should the

 pure light of the ,gospel be ever      
restored to this  benighted land1#aae he
 writes1 at the beginning1 as the last  
extract  was written at the end1 of his 
controversial career at ,oxford4 ,is not
  such writing as if he wished to       
emulate in a reverse sense the folly and
  falsehood of those who spoke of       
,english ,protestants having a monopoly 
of the ,gospel8 ,he was unpersuasive1 he
 irritated and repelled1 in spite  of   
his wish to be fair and candid1 in spite
 of having so much to teach1  in spite  
of such vigour of statement and         
argument1 because on the face  of all   
his writings he was so extravagantly    
one-sided1 so incapable of  an equitable
 view1 so much a slave to the unreality 
of extremes4    ,,footnotes3    #ajg    
,cf4 ,t4 ,mozley1 ,reminiscences1 vol4  
ii4 p4 #e4    #ajh ,in dealing with the 
,articles either as a test or as a      
text-book1  this question was manifestly
 both an honest and a reasonable one4   
,as a  test1 and therefore penal1 they  

must be construed strictly2 like        
judicial decisions1 they only ruled as  
much as was necessary1 and in the  wide 
field of theology confined themselves to
 the points at issue at the  moment4    
,and as a text-book for instruction1 it 
was obvious that while on  some points  
they were precise and clear1 on others  
they were vague and  imperfect4 ,the    
first five ,articles left no room for   
doubt4 ,when the  compilers came to the 
controversies of their day1 for all     
their strong  language1 they left all   
kinds of questions unanswered4 ,for     
instance1  they actually left unnoticed 
the primacy1 and much more the          
infallibility of the ,pope4 ,they       
condemned the sacrifices of             
,masses--did they condemn the ancient   
and universal doctrine of a             
,eucharistic sacrifice8 ,they condemned 
the ,romish doctrine of ,purgatory1     
with its popular tenet of material      
fire--did that exclude every doctrine   
of purgation after death8 ,they         

condemned ,transubstantiation--did they 
condemn the ,real ,presence8 ,they      
condemned a great popular system--did   
they condemn that of which it was a     
corruption and travesty8 ,these         
questions could not be foreclosed1      
unless on the assumption that there  was
 no doctrine on such points which could 
be called ,catholic except  the ,roman4 
,the inquiry was not new2 and divines so
 stoutly anti-,roman  as ,dr4 ,hook and 
,mr4 ,w4 ,palmer of ,worcester had      
answered it substantially  in the same  
sense as ,mr4 ,newman in ,no4 #ij4      
#aji ,w4,g4 ,ward1 ,the ,ideal of a     
,christian ,church1 p4 #dgh4    #aaj    
,the ,ideal1 etc41 p4 #dgi4    #aaa ,it 
is curious1 and characteristic of the   
unhistorical quality of  ,mr4 ,ward's   
mind1 that his whole hostility should   
have been concentrated  on ,luther and  
,lutheranism--on ,luther1 the           
enthusiastic1 declamatory1  unsystematic
 denouncer of practical abuses1 with his
 strong attachments  to portions of     

orthodoxy1 rather than on ,calvin1 with 
his cold love of  power1 and the iron   
consistency and strength of his logical 
anti-,catholic system1 which has really 
lived and moulded ,protestantism1  while
 ,lutheranism as a religion has passed  
into countless different  forms4 ,luther
 was to ,calvin as ,carlyle to ,j4,s4   
,mill or ,herbert ,spencer2  he defied  
system4 ,but ,luther had burst into     
outrageous paradoxes1 which  fastened on
 ,mr4 ,ward's imagination4--,yet        
outrageous language is not  always the  
most dangerous4 ,nobody would really    
find a provocation to  sin1 or an excuse
 for it1 in ,luther's ,pecca fortiter   
any more than in  ,escobar's ridiculous 
casuistry4 ,there may be much more      
mischief in the  delicate unrealities of
 a fashionable preacher1 or in many a   
smooth  sentimental treatise on the     
religious affections4    #aab ,the      
,ideal1 etc41 pp4 #ehg1 #cje4    #aac   
,ibid4 p4 #cje4    #aad ,ideal1 p #bhf4 
#aae ,british ,critic ,october #ahda1 p4

 #cdj4          ,,chapter ,,xviii       
,,the ,,ideal ,,of ,a ,,christian       
,,church      ,no4 #ij1 with the        
explanations of it given by ,mr4 ,newman
 and the other  leaders of the movement1
 might have raised an important and not 
very  easy question1 but one in no way  
different from the general character of 
the matters in debate in the theological
 controversy of the time4 ,but  ,no4    
#ij1 with the comments on it of ,mr4    
,ward1 was quite another matter1  and   
finally broke up the party of the       
movement4 ,it was one thing to show  how
 much there is in common between        
,england and ,rome1 and quite another   
to argue that there is no difference4   
,mr4 ,ward's refusal to allow a         
reasonable and a ,catholic              
interpretation to the doctrine of the   
,articles  on ,justification1 though    
such an understanding of it had not only
 been  maintained by ,bishop ,bull and  
the later orthodox divines1 but was     
impressed on all the popular books of   

devotion1 such as the ,whole ,duty  of  
,man and ,bishop ,wilson's ,sacra       
,privata2 and along with this1 the      
extreme claim to hold compatible with   
the ,articles the whole cycle of  ,roman
 doctrine1 introduced entirely new      
conditions into the whole  question4    
,non hoec in foedera was the natural    
reflection of numbers of  those who most
 sympathised with the ,tractarian       
school4 ,the ,english  ,church might    
have many shortcomings and want many    
improvements2 but  after all she had    
something to say for herself in her     
quarrel with ,rome2  and the witness of 
experience for fifteen hundred years    
must be not  merely qualified and       
corrected1 but absolutely wiped out1 if 
the  allegation were to be accepted that
 ,rome was blameless in all that        
quarrel1 and had no part in bringing    
about the confusions of  ,christendom4  
,and this contention was more and more  
enforced in ,mr4  ,ward's articles in   
the ,british ,critic--enforced1 more    

effectively than  by direct statement1  
by continual and passing assumption and 
implication4 ,they were papers of       
considerable power and acuteness1 and   
of great earnestness in their constant  
appeal to the moral criteria of  truth2 
though ,mr4 ,ward was not then at his   
best as a writer1 and they  were in     
composition heavy1 diffuse1 monotonous1 
and wearisome4 ,but the  attitude of    
deep depreciation1 steady1 systematic1  
unrelieved1 in regard  to that which    
ought1 if acknowledged at all1 to       
deserve the highest  reverence among all
 things on earth1 in regard to an       
institution which1  with whatever       
faults1 he himself in words still       
recognised as the ,church  of ,god1 was 
an indefensible and an unwholesome      
paradox4 ,the analogy is a  commonly    
accepted one between the ,church and the
 family4 ,how could any  household go on
 in which there was at work an animus of
 unceasing and  relentless1 though      
possibly too just criticism1 on its     

characteristic  and perhaps serious     
faults2 and of comparisons1 also        
possibly most just1  with the better    
ways of other families8 ,it might be the
 honest desire of  reform and           
improvement2 but charity1 patience1     
equitableness1 are  virtues of men in   
society1 as well as strict justice and  
the desire of  improvement4 ,in the case
 of the family1 such action could only  
lead to  daily misery and the wasting   
and dying out of home affections4 ,in   
the  case of a ,church1 it must come to 
the sundering of ties which ought no    
longer to bind4 ,mr4 ,ward all along    
insisted that there was no necessity    
for looking forward to such an event4   
,he wished to raise1 purify1 reform  the
 ,church in which ,providence had placed
 him2 utterly dissatisfied as  he was   
with it1 intellectually and morally1    
convinced more and more that  it was    
wrong1 dismally1 fearfully wrong1 it was
 his duty1 he thought1 to  abide in it  
without looking to consequences2 but it 

was also his duty to  shake the faith of
 any one he could in its present claims 
and working1  and to hold up an         
incomparably purer model of truth and   
holiness4 ,that  his purpose was what he
 considered real reform1 there is no    
reason to  doubt1 though he chose to    
shut his eyes to what must come of it4  
,the  position was an unnatural one1 but
 he had great faith in his own          
well-fenced logical creations1 and      
defied the objections of a homelier     
common sense4 ,he was not content to    
wait in silence the slow and sad        
changes of old convictions1 the painful 
decay and disappearance of              
long-cherished ties4 ,his mind was too  
active1 restless1 unreserved4 ,to  the  
last he persisted in forcing on the     
world1 professedly to influence  it1    
really to defy it1 the most violent     
assertions which he could  formulate of 
the most paradoxical claims on friends  
and opponents which  had ever been made4
    ,mr4 ,ward's influence was felt also

 in another way2 though here it is not  
easy to measure the degree of its force4
 ,he was in the habit of  appealing to  
,mr4 ,newman to pronounce on the        
soundness of his principles  and        
inferences1 with the view of getting    
,mr4 ,newman's sanction for them        
against more timid or more dissatisfied 
friends2 and he would come down  with   
great glee on objectors to some new and 
startling position1 with  the reply1    
,newman says so1 ,every one knows from  
the ,apologia what  was ,mr4 ,newman's  
state of mind after #ahda--;a state of  
perplexity1  distress1 anxiety2 he was  
moving undoubtedly in one direction1 but
  moving slowly1 painfully1 reluctantly1
 intermittently1 with views  sometimes  
clear1 sometimes clouded1 of that       
terribly complicated  problem1 the      
answer to which was full of such        
consequences to himself  and to others4 
,no one ever felt more keenly that it   
was no mere affair  of dexterous or     
brilliant logic2 if logic could have    

settled it1 the  question would never   
have arisen4 ,but in this fevered state1
 with mind1  soul1 heart all torn and   
distracted by the tremendous            
responsibilities  pressing on him1      
wishing above everything to be quiet1 to
 be silent1 at  least not to speak      
except at his own times and when he saw 
the  occasion1 he had1 besides bearing  
his own difficulties1 to return         
off-hand and at the moment some response
 to questions which he had not  framed1 
which he did not care for1 on which he  
felt no call to  pronounce1 which he was
 not perhaps yet ready to face1 and to  
answer  which he must commit himself    
irrevocably and publicly to more than he
  was prepared for4 ,every one is       
familiar with the proverbial            
distribution  of parts in the asking and
 the answering of questions2 but when   
the  asker is no fool1 but one of the   
sharpest-witted of mankind1 asking with 
little consideration for the condition  
or the wishes of the answerer1  with    

great power to force the answer he      
wants1 and with no great  tenderness in 
the use he makes of it1 the situation   
becomes a trying  one4 ,mr4 ,ward was   
continually forcing on ,mr4 ,newman     
so-called  irresistible inferences2 ,if 
you say so and so1 surely you must also 
say  something more8 ,avowedly ignorant 
of facts and depending for them on      
others1 he was only concerned with      
logical consistency4 ,and accordingly   
,mr4 ,newman1 with whom producible      
logical consistency was indeed a great  
thing1 but with whom it was very far    
from being everything1 had  continually 
to accept conclusions which he would    
rather have kept in  abeyance1 to make  
admissions which were used without their
  qualifications1 to push on and        
sanction extreme ideas which he himself 
shrank from because they were extreme4  
,but it was all over with his  command  
of time1 his liberty to make up his mind
 slowly on the great  decision4 ,he had 
to go at ,mr4 ,ward's pace1 and not his 

own4 ,he had to  take ,mr4 ,ward's      
questions1 not when he wanted to have   
them and at his  own time1 but at ,mr4  
,ward's4 ,no one can tell how much this 
state of  things affected the working of
 ,mr4 ,newman's mind in that pause of   
hesitation before the final step2 how   
far it accelerated the view which  he   
ultimately took of his position4 ,no one
 can tell1 for many other  influences   
were mixed up with this one4 ,but there 
is no doubt that ,mr4  ,newman felt the 
annoyance and the unfairness of this    
perpetual  questioning for the benefit  
of ,mr4 ,ward's theories1 and there can 
be  little doubt that1 in effect1 it    
drove him onwards and cut short his     
time of waiting4 ,engineers tell us     
that1 in the case of a ship rolling  in 
a sea-way1 when the periodic times of   
the ship's roll coincide with  those of 
the undulations of the waves1 a         
condition of things arises  highly      
dangerous to the ship's stability4 ,so  
the agitations of ,mr4  ,newman's mind  

were reinforced by the impulses of ,mr4 
,ward's4#aaf    ,but the great question 
between ,england and ,rome was not the  
only matter  which engaged ,mr4 ,ward's 
active mind4 ,in the course of his      
articles in  the ,british ,critic he    
endeavoured to develop in large outlines
 a  philosophy of religious belief4     
,restless on all matters without a      
theory1 he felt the need of a theory of 
the true method of reaching1  verifying1
 and judging of religious truth2 it     
seemed to him necessary  especially to a
 popular religion1 such as ,christianity
 claimed to be2  and it was not the     
least of the points on which he         
congratulated himself  that he had      
worked out a view which extended greatly
 the province and  office of conscience1
 and of fidelity to it1 and greatly     
narrowed the  province and office of the
 mere intellect in the case of the great
 mass  of mankind4 ,the ,oxford writers 
had all along laid stress on the        
paramount necessity of the single eye   

and disciplined heart in accepting  or  
judging religion2 moral subjects could  
be only appreciated by moral            
experience2 purity1 reverence1 humility 
were as essential in such  questions as 
zeal1 industry1 truthfulness1 honesty2  
religious truth is a  gift as well as a 
conquest2 and they dwelt on the great   
maxims of the  ,new ,testament3 ,to him 
that hath shall be given2 ,if any man   
will do  the will of the ,father1 he    
shall know of the doctrine4 ,but though 
,mr4  ,newman especially had thrown out 
deep and illuminating thoughts on this  
difficult question1 it had not been     
treated systematically2 and this        
treatment ,mr4 ,ward attempted to give  
to it4 ,it was a striking and  powerful 
effort1 full of keen insight into human 
experience and acute  observations on   
its real laws and conditions2 but on the
 face of it1 it  was laboured and       
strained2 it chose its own ground1 and  
passed unnoticed  neighbouring regions  
under different conditions2 it left     

undealt with  the infinite variety of   
circumstances1 history1 capacities1     
natural  temperament1 and those         
unexplored depths of will and character1
  affecting choice and judgment1 the    
realities of which have been brought    
home to us by our later ethical         
literature4 ,up to a certain point his  
task was easy4 ,it is easy to say that a
 bad life1 a rebellious temper1 a       
selfish spirit are hopeless             
disqualifications for judging spiritual 
things2 that we must take something for 
granted in learning any truths          
whatever2 that men must act as moral    
creatures to attain insight into  moral 
truths1 to realise and grasp them as    
things1 and not abstractions  and words4
 ,but then came the questions--,what is 
that moral training1  which1 in the case
 of the good heart1 will be practically 
infallible in  leading into truth8 ,and 
what is that type of character1 of      
saintliness1  which gives authority     
which we cannot do wrong in following2  

where1 if  question and controversy     
arise1 is the common measure binding on 
both  sides2 and can even the saints1   
with their immense variations and       
apparent mixtures and failings1 furnish 
that type8 ,and next1 where1 in  the    
investigations which may be endlessly   
diversified1 does intellect  properly   
come in and give its help8 ,for come in 
somewhere1 of course it  must2 and the  
conspicuous dominance of the            
intellectual element in ,mr4  ,ward's   
treatment of the subject is palpable on 
the face of it4 ,his  attempt is to make
 out a theory of the reasonableness of  
unproducible2  because unanalysed1      
reasons2 reasons which1 though the      
individual cannot  state them1 may be as
 real and as legitimately active as the 
obscure  rays of the spectrum4 ,but     
though the discussion in ,mr4 ,ward's   
hands was  suggestive of much1 though he
 might expose the superciliousness of   
,whately or the shallowness of ,mr4     
,goode1 and show himself no unequal     

antagonist to ,mr4 ,j4,s4 ,mill1 it left
 great difficulties unanswered1 and  it 
had too much the appearance of being    
directed to a particular end1  that of  
guarding the ,catholic view of a popular
 religion from formidable  objections4  
,the moral side of religion had been    
from the first a prominent subject  in  
the teaching of the movement ,its       
protests had been earnest and  constant 
against intellectual self-sufficiency1  
and the notion that mere  shrewdness and
 cleverness were competent judges of    
,christian truth1 or  that soundness of 
judgment in religious matters was       
compatible with  arrogance or an        
imperfect moral standard2 and it        
revolted against the  conventional and  
inconsistent severity of ,puritanism1   
which was shocked  at dancing but       
indulged freely in good dinners1 and was
 ostentatious in  using the phrases of  
spiritual life and in marking a         
separation from the  world1 while it    
surrounded itself with all the luxuries 

of modern  inventiveness4 ,but this     
moral teaching was confined to the      
statement of  principles1 and it was    
carried out in actual life with the     
utmost  dislike of display and with a   
shrinking from strong professions4 ,the 
motto of ,froude's ,remains1 which      
embodied his characteristic temper1  was
 an expression of the feeling of the    
school3      ,se sub serenis vultibus   
,austera virtus occulit3    ,timet      
videri1 ne suum1    ,dum prodit1 amittat
 decus1#aag    ,the heroic strictness   
and self-denial of the early ,church    
were the  objects of admiration1 as what
 ought to be the standard of            
,christians2  but people did not yet    
like to talk much about attempts to copy
 them4  ,such a book as the ,church of  
the ,fathers brought out with great     
force  and great sympathy the ascetic   
temper and the value put on celibacy in 
the early days1 and it made a deep      
impression2 but nothing was yet         
formulated as characteristic and        

accepted doctrine4    ,it was not       
unnatural that this should change4 ,the 
principles exemplified  in the high     
,christian lives of antiquity became    
concrete in definite  rules and         
doctrines1 and these rules and doctrines
 were most readily  found in the forms  
in which the ,roman schools and teachers
 had embodied  them4 ,the distinction   
between the secular life and the life of
  religion1 with all its consequences1  
became an accepted one4 ,celibacy  came 
to be regarded as an obvious part of the
 self-sacrifice of a  clergyman's life1 
and the belief and the profession of it 
formed a test1  understood if not       
avowed1 by which the more advanced or   
resolute members  of the party were     
distinguished from the rest4 ,this came 
home to men on  the threshold of life   
with a keener and closer touch than     
questions  about doctrine4 ,it was the  
subject of many a bitter1 agonising     
struggle  which no one knew anything of2
 it was with many the act of a supreme  

self-oblation4 ,the idea of the single  
life may be a utilitarian one as  well  
as a religious one4 ,it may be chosen   
with no thought of  renunciation or     
self-denial1 for the greater convenience
 and freedom of  the student or the     
philosopher1 the soldier or the man of  
affairs4 ,it  may also be chosen without
 any special feeling of a sacrifice by  
the  clergyman1 as most helpful for his 
work4 ,but the idea of celibacy1 in     
those whom it affected at ,oxford1 was  
in the highest degree a religious  and  
romantic one4 ,the hold which it had on 
the leader of the movement  made itself 
felt1 though little was directly said4  
,to shrink from it was  a mark of want  
of strength or intelligence1 of an      
unmanly preference for  ,english home   
life1 of insensibility to the generous  
devotion and purity  of the saints4 ,it 
cannot be doubted that at this period of
 the movement  the power of this idea   
over imagination and conscience was one 
of the  strongest forces in the         

direction of ,rome4    ,of all these    
ideas ,mr4 ,ward's articles in the      
,british ,critic were the  vigorous and 
unintermittent exposition4 ,he spoke    
out1 and without  hesitation4 ,there was
 a perpetual contrast implied1 when it  
was not  forcibly insisted on1 between  
all that had usually been esteemed      
highest  in the moral temper of the     
,english ,church1 always closely        
connected with  home life and much      
variety of character1 and the loftier   
and bolder but  narrower standard of    
,roman piety4 ,and ,mr4 ,ward was       
seconded in the  ,british ,critic by    
other writers1 all fervid in the same   
cause1 some  able and eloquent4 ,the    
most distinguished of his allies was    
,mr4 ,oakeley1  ,fellow of ,balliol and 
minister of ,margaret ,chapel in        
,london4 ,mr4 ,oakeley  was1 perhaps1   
the first to realise the capacities of  
the ,anglican ritual  for impressive    
devotional use1 and his services1 in    
spite of the  disadvantages of the time1

 and also of his chapel1 are still      
remembered  by some as having realised  
for them1 in a way never since          
surpassed1 the  secrets and the         
consolations of the worship of the      
,church4 ,mr4 ,oakeley1  without much   
learning1 was master of a facile and    
elegant pen4 ,he was a  man who followed
 a trusted leader with chivalrous       
boldness1 and was not  afraid of        
strengthening his statements4 ,without  
,mr4 ,ward's force and  originality1 his
 articles were more attractive reading4 
,his article on  ,jewel was more than   
anything else a landmark in the progress
 of ,roman  ideas4#aah    ,from the time
 of ,mr4 ,ward's connexion with the     
,british ,critic1 its  anti-,anglican   
articles had given rise to complaints   
which did not become  less loud as time 
went on4 ,he was a troublesome          
contributor to his  editor1 ,mr4 ,t4    
,mozley1 and he made the hair of many of
 his readers  stand on end with his     
denunciations of things ,english and    

eulogies of  things ,roman4      ,my    
first troubles 7writes ,mr4 ,mozley7    
were with ,oakeley and ,ward4 ,i    will
 not say that ,i hesitated much as to   
the truth of what they wrote1    for in 
that matter ,i was inclined to go very  
far1 at least in the way    of          
toleration4 ,yet it appeared to me quite
 impossible either that any    great    
number of ,english ,churchmen would ever
 go so far1 or that the    persons      
possessing authority in the ,church     
would fail to protest1 not    to say    
more4444 ,as to ,ward ,i did but touch a
 filament or two in one of    his       
monstrous cobwebs1 and off he ran       
instantly to ,newman to complain    of  
my gratuitous impertinence4 ,many years 
after ,i was forcibly    reminded of him
 by a pretty group of a little ,cupid   
flying to his    mother to show a       
wasp-sting he had just received4 ,newman
 was then in    this difficulty4 ,he did
 not disagree with what ,ward had       
written2 but1    on the other hand1 he  

had given neither me nor ,ward to       
understand that    he was likely to step
 in between us4 ,in fact1 he wished to  
be entirely    clear of the editorship4 
,this1 however1 was a thing that ,ward  
could    not or would not               
understand4#aai    ,the discontent of   
readers of the ,british ,critic was     
great4 ,it was  expressed in various    
ways1 and was represented by a pamphlet 
of ,mr4 ,w4  ,palmer's of ,worcester1 in
 which he contrasted1 with words of     
severe  condemnation1 the later writers 
in the ,review with the teaching of the 
earlier ,tracts for the ,times1 and     
denounced the ,romanising tendency      
shown in its articles4 ,in the autumn of
 #ahdc the ,review came to an end4  ,a  
field of work was thus cut off from ,mr4
 ,ward4 ,full of the interest of  the   
ideas which possessed him1 always       
equipped and cheerfully ready for  the  
argumentative encounter1 and keenly     
relishing the certaminis  gaudia1 he at 
once seized the occasion of ,mr4        

,palmer's pamphlet to  state what he    
considered his position1 and to set     
himself right in the  eyes of all fair  
and intelligent readers4 ,he intended a 
long pamphlet4  ,it gradually grew under
 his hands--he was not yet gifted with  
the power  of compression and           
arrangement--into a volume of #fjj      
pages3 the famous  ,ideal of a          
,christian ,church1 considered in       
,comparison with ,existing  ,practice1  
published in the summer of #ahdd4       
,the ,ideal is a ponderous and          
unattractive volume1 ill arranged and   
rambling1 which its style and other     
circumstances have caused to be  almost 
forgotten4 ,but there are interesting   
discussions in it which may  still repay
 perusal for their own sakes4 ,the      
object of the book was  twofold4        
,starting with an ideal of what the     
,christian ,church may be  expected to  
be in its various relations to men1 it  
assumes that the  ,roman ,church1 and   
only the ,roman ,church1 satisfies the  

conditions of  what a ,church ought to  
be1 and it argues in detail that the    
,english  ,church1 in spite of its      
professions1 utterly and absolutely     
fails to  fulfil them4 ,it is plaidoirie
 against everything ,english1 on the    
ground that it cannot be ,catholic      
because it is not ,roman4 ,it was not   
consistent1 for while the writer alleged
 that our ,church totally  neglected her
 duties both as guardian of and witness 
to morality1 and as  witness and teacher
 of orthodoxy1 yet he saw no difficulty 
in  attributing the revival of ,catholic
 truth to the inherent vitality and     
powers of our own ,church4#abj ,but this
 was not the sting and  provocation of  
the book4 ,that lay in the developed    
claim1 put forward by  implication in   
,mr4 ,ward's previous writings1 and now 
repeated in the  broadest and most      
unqualified form1 to hold his position  
in the ,english  ,church1 avowing and   
teaching all ,roman doctrine4      ,we  
find 7he exclaims71 oh1 most joyful1    

most wonderful1 most    unexpected      
sight6 we find the whole cycle of ,roman
 doctrine gradually    possessing       
numbers of ,english ,churchmen4444      
,three years have passed    since ,i    
said plainly that in subscribing the    
,articles ,i renounce no    ,roman      
doctrine2 yet ,i retain my fellowship   
which ,i hold on the tenure    of       
subscription1 and have received no      
ecclesiastical censure in any           
shape4#aba    ,there was much to learn  
from the book2 much that might bring    
home to the  most loyal ,churchman a    
sense of shortcomings1 a burning desire 
for  improvement2 much that might give  
every one a great deal to think about1  
on some of the deepest problems of the  
intellectual and religious life4  ,but  
it could not be expected that such a    
challenge1 in such sentences as  these1 
should remain unnoticed4    ,the book   
came out in the ,long ,vacation1 and it 
was not till the  ,university met in    
,october that signs of storm began to   

appear4 ,but  before it broke an        
incident occurred which inflamed men's  
tempers4 ,dr4  ,wynter's reign as       
,vice-,chancellor had come to a close1  
and the next  person1 according to the  
usual custom of succession1 was ,dr4    
,symons1  ,warden of ,wadham4 ,dr4      
,symons had never concealed his strong  
hostility to  the movement1 and he had  
been one of ,dr4 ,pusey's judges4 ,the  
prospect of  a partisan                 
,vice-,chancellor1 certainly very       
determined1 and supposed not  to be     
over-scrupulous1 was alarming4 ,the     
consent of ,convocation to the          
,chancellor's nomination of his         
substitute had always been given in     
words1 though no instance of its having 
been refused was known1 at least  in    
recent times4 ,but a great jealousy     
about the rights of ,convocation  had   
been growing up under the late          
autocratic policy of the ,heads1 and    
there was a disposition to assert1 and  
even to stretch these rights1 a         

disposition not confined to the party of
 the movement4 ,it was proposed  to     
challenge ,dr4 ,symons's nomination4    
,great doubts were felt and  expressed  
about the wisdom of the proposal2 but at
 length opposition was  resolved upon4  
,the step was a warning to the ,heads1  
who had been  provoking enough2 but     
there was not enough to warrant such a  
violent  departure from usage1 and it   
was the act of exasperation rather than 
of  wisdom4 ,the blame for it must be   
shared between the few who fiercely     
urged it1 and the many who disapproved  
and acquiesced4 ,on the day of          
nomination1 the scrutiny was allowed1   
salv auctoritate ,cancellarii2  but ,dr4
 ,symons's opponents were completely    
defeated by #hhc to #ahc4 ,it  counted1 
not unreasonably1 as a ,puseyite defeat4
    ,the attempt and its result made it 
certain that in the attack that was     
sure to come on ,mr4 ,ward's book1 he   
would meet with no mercy4 ,as soon as   
term began the ,board of ,heads of      

,houses took up the matter2 they were   
earnestly exhorted to it by a letter of 
,archbishop ,whately's1 which was  read 
at the ,board4 ,but they wanted no      
pressing1 nor is it astonishing  that   
they could not understand the claim to  
hold the whole cycle of  ,roman doctrine
 in the ,english ,church4 ,mr4 ,ward's  
view was that he was  loyally doing the 
best he could for our ,church1 not only 
in showing up  its heresies and faults1 
but in urging that the only remedy was  
wholesale submission to ,rome4 ,to the  
,university authorities this was  taking
 advantage of his position in the       
,church to assail and if possible       
destroy it4 ,and to numbers of much more
 sober and moderate ,churchmen1         
sympathisers with the general spirit of 
the movement1 it was evident  that ,mr4 
,ward had long passed the point when    
tolerance could be fairly  asked1       
consistently with any respect for the   
,english ,church1 for such  sweeping and
 paradoxical contradictions1 by her own 

servants1 of her  claims and title4 ,mr4
 ,ward's manner also1 which1 while it   
was serious  enough in his writings1 was
 easy and even jocular in social        
intercourse1  left the impression1 in   
reality a most unfair impression1 that  
he was  playing and amusing himself with
 these momentous questions4    ,a       
,committee of the ,board examined the   
book2 a number of startling             
propositions were with ease picked out1 
some preliminary skirmishing as  to     
matters of form took place1 and in      
,december #ahdd the ,board announced    
that they proposed to submit to         
,convocation without delay three        
measures3--7#a7 to condemn ,mr4 ,ward's 
book2 7#b7 to degrade ,mr4 ,ward by     
depriving him of all his ,university    
degrees2 and 7#c7 whereas the  existing 
,statutes gave the ,vice-,chancellor    
power of calling on any  member of the  
,university at any time to prove his    
orthodoxy by  subscribing the ,articles1
 to add to this a declaration1 to be    

henceforth  made by the subscriber1 that
 he took them in the sense in which they
  were both first published and were now
 imposed by the ,university1 with  the  
penalty of expulsion against any one1   
lay or clerical1 who thrice  refused    
subscription with this declaration4     
,as usual1 the ,board entirely mistook  
the temper of the ,university1 and  by  
their violence and want of judgment     
turned the best chance they ever  had1  
of carrying the ,university with them1  
into what their blunders  really made an
 ignominious defeat4 ,if they had       
contented themselves with  the          
condemnation1 in almost any terms1 of   
,mr4 ,ward's book1 and even of  its     
author1 the condemnation would have been
 overwhelming4 ,a certain  number of men
 would have still stood by ,mr4 ,ward1  
either from friendship  or sympathy1 or 
from independence of judgment1 or from  
dislike of the  policy of the ,board2   
but they would have been greatly        
outnumbered4 ,the  degradation--the     

,board did not venture on the logical   
consequence1  expulsion--was a poor and 
even ridiculous measure of punishment2  
to  reduce ,mr4 ,ward to an             
undergraduate in statu pupillari1 and a 
commoner's short gown1 was a thing to   
amuse rather than terrify4 ,the         
personal punishment seemed unworthy when
 they dared not go farther1  while to   
many the condemnation of the book seemed
 penalty enough2 and  the condemnation  
of the book by these voters was weakened
 by their  refusal to carry it into     
personal disgrace and disadvantage4     
,still1 if  these two measures had stood
 by themselves1 they could not have been
  resisted1 and the triumph of the      
,board would have been a signal one4    
,but  they could not rest4 ,they must   
needs attempt to put upon subscription1 
just when its difficulties were         
beginning to be felt1 not by one party1 
but by all1 an interpretation which set 
the ,university and ,church in a  flame4
 ,the cry1 almost the shriek1 arose that

 it was a new test1 and a  test which   
took for granted what certainly needed  
proof1 that the sense  in which the     
,articles were first understood and     
published was exactly  the same as that 
in which the ,university now received   
and imposed them4  ,it was in vain that 
explanations1 assurances1 protests1 were
 proffered2  no new test1 it was said1  
was thought of--the ,board would never  
think of  such a thing2 it was only     
something to ensure good faith and      
honesty4  ,but it was utterly useless to
 contend against the storm4 ,a test it  
was1  and a new test no one would have4 
,it was clear that1 if the third        
proposal was pushed1 it would endanger  
the votes about ,mr4 ,ward4 ,after  some
 fruitless attempts at justification the
 ,board had1 in the course  of a month1 
to recognise that it had made a great   
mistake4 ,the  condemnation of ,mr4     
,ward was to come on1 on the #acth of   
,february2 and on  the #bc;d of ,january
 the ,vice-,chancellor1 in giving notice

 of it1  announced that the third       
proposal was withdrawn4    ,it might    
have been thought that this was lesson  
enough to leave well  alone4 ,the ,heads
 were sure of votes against ,mr4 ,ward1 
more or less  numerous2 they were sure  
of a victory which would be a severe    
blow1 not  only to ,mr4 ,ward and his   
special followers1 but to the           
,tractarian party  with which he had    
been so closely connected4 ,but those   
bitter and  intemperate spirits which   
had so long led them wrong were not to  
be  taught prudence even by their last  
experience4 ,the mischief makers were   
at work1 flitting about the official    
lodgings at ,wadham and ,oriel4 ,could  
not something be done1 even at this late
 hour1 to make up for the loss  of the  
test8 ,could not something be done to   
disgrace a greater name than  ,mr4      
,ward's8 ,could not the opportunity     
which was coming of rousing the  feeling
 of the ,university against the disciple
 be turned to account to  drag forth his

 supposed master from his retirement and
 impunity1 and  brand the author of ,no4
 #ij with the public stigma--no longer  
this time  of a ,hebdomadal censure1 but
 of a ,university condemnation8 ,the    
temptation was irresistible to a number 
of disappointed  partisans--kindly1     
generous1 good-natured men in private   
life1 but  implacable in their fierce   
fanaticism4 ,in their impetuous         
vehemence  they would not even stop to  
think what would be said of the         
conditions  and circumstances under     
which they pressed their point4 ,on the 
#bc;d of  ,january the ,vice-,chancellor
 had withdrawn the test4 ,on the #beth  
of  ,january--those curious in          
coincidences may observe that it was the
 date  of ,no4 #ij in #ahda--;a circular
 was issued inviting signatures for a   
requisition to the ,board1 asking them  
to propose1 in the approaching          
,convocation of the #acth of ,february1 
a formal censure of the principles  of  
,no4 #ij4 ,the invitation to sign was   

issued in the names of ,dr4  ,faussett  
and ,dr4 ,ellerton of ,magdalen4 ,it    
received between four and five  hundred 
signatures1 as far as was known2 but it 
was withheld by the  ,vice-,chancellor  
from the inspection of those who        
officially had a right  to have it      
before them4 ,on the #dth of ,february  
its prayer came before  the ,hebdomadal 
,board4 ,the objection of haste--that   
not ten days  intervened between this   
new and momentous proposal and the day  
of  voting--was brushed aside4 ,the     
members of the ,board were mad enough   
not  to see1 not merely the odiousness  
of the course1 but the aggravated       
odiousness of hurry4 ,the proposal was  
voted by the majority1 sans  phrase4    
,and they ventured1 amid all the        
excitement and irritation of  the       
moment1 to offer for the sanction of the
 ,university a decree framed  in the    
words of their own censure4    ,the     
interval before the ,convocation was    
short1 but it was long enough  for      

decisive opinions on the proposal of the
 ,board to be formed and  expressed4    
,leading men in ,london1 ,mr4 ,gladstone
 among them1 were clear  that it was an 
occasion for the exercise of the joint  
veto with which  the ,proctors were     
invested4 ,the veto was intended1 if for
 anything1 to  save the ,university from
 inconsiderate and hasty measures2 and  
seldom1  except in revolutionary times1 
had so momentous and so unexpected a    
measure been urged on with such unseemly
 haste4 ,the feeling of the  younger    
,liberals1 ,mr4 ,stanley1 ,mr4 ,donkin1 
,mr4 ,jowett1 ,dr4 ,greenhill1  was in  
the same direction4 ,on the #ajth of    
,february the ,proctors  announced to   
the ,board their intention to veto the  
third proposal4 ,but  of course the     
thing went forward4 ,the ,proctors were 
friends of ,mr4  ,newman1 and the ,heads
 believed that this would counterbalance
 any effect  from their act of          
authority4 ,it is possible that the     
announcement may  have been regarded as 

a mere menace1 too audacious to be      
fulfilled4 ,on  the #acth of ,february1 
amid slush and snow1 ,convocation met in
 the  ,theatre4 ,mr4 ,ward asked leave  
to defend himself in ,english1 and      
occupied  one of the rostra1 usually    
devoted to the recital of prize poems   
and  essays4 ,he spoke with vigour and  
ability1 dividing his speech1 and       
resting in the interval between the two 
portions in the rostrum4#abb  ,there was
 no other address1 and the voting began4
 ,the first vote1 the  condemnation of  
the book1 was carried by #ggg to #chf4  
,the second1 by a  more evenly balanced 
division1 #efi to #eaa4 ,when the       
,vice-,chancellor put  the third1 the   
,proctors rose1 and the senior ,proctor1
 ,mr4 ,guillemard of  ,trinity1 stopped 
it in the words1 ,nobis procuratoribus  
non placet4  ,such a step1 of course1   
only suspended the vote1 and the year of
 office  of these ,proctors was nearly  
run4 ,but they had expressed the feeling
 of  those whom they represented4 ,it   

was shown not only in a largely-signed  
address of thanks4 ,all attempts to     
revive the decree at the expiration  of 
their year of office failed4 ,the wiser 
heads in the ,hebdomadal ,board         
recognised at last that they had better 
hold their hand4 ,mistakes men  may     
commit1 and defeats they may undergo1   
and yet lose nothing that  concerns     
their character for acting as men of a  
high standard ought to  act4 ,but in    
this case1 mistakes and defeat were the 
least of what the  ,board brought on    
themselves4 ,this was the last act of a 
long and  deliberately pursued course of
 conduct2 and if it was the last1 it was
  because it was the upshot and climax1 
and neither the ,university nor any  one
 else would endure that it should go on 
any longer4 ,the proposed  attack on    
,mr4 ,newman betrayed how helpless they 
were1 and to what paltry  acts of       
worrying it was1 in their judgment1     
right and judicious to  condescend4 ,it 
gave a measure of their statesmanship1  

wisdom1 and good  feeling in defending  
the interests of the ,church2 and it    
made a very  deep and lasting impression
 on all who were interested in the      
honour and  welfare of ,oxford4 ,men    
must have blinded themselves to the     
plainest  effects of their own actions  
who could have laid themselves open to  
such  a description of their conduct as 
is contained in the following extract   
from a paper of the time--a passage of  
which the indignant and pathetic        
undertone reflected the indignation and 
the sympathy of hundreds of men  of     
widely differing opinions4      ,the    
vote is an answer to a cry--that cry is 
one of dishonesty1 and    this          
dishonesty the proposed resolution1 as  
plainly as it dares to say    anything1 
insinuates4 ,on this part of the        
question1 those who have    ever been   
honoured by ,mr4 ,newman's friendship   
must feel it dangerous    to allow      
themselves thus to speak4 ,and yet they 
must speak2 for no one    else can      

appreciate it as truly as they do4 ,when
 they see the person    whom they have  
been accustomed to revere as few men are
 revered1 whose    labours1 whose       
greatness1 whose tenderness1 whose      
singleness and    holiness of purpose1  
they have been permitted to know        
intimately--not    allowed even the poor
 privilege of satisfying1 by silence and
    retirement--by the relinquishment of
 preferment1 position1 and              
influence--the persevering hostility of 
persons whom they cannot help           
comparing with him--not permitted even  
to submit in peace to those    irregular
 censures1 to which he seems to have    
been even morbidly    alive1 but dragged
 forth to suffer an oblique and tardy   
condemnation2    called again to account
 for matters now long ago accounted for2
 on    which a judgment has been        
pronounced1 which1 whatever others may  
think    of it1 he at least has accepted
 as conclusive--when they contrast his  
merits1 his submission1 his treatment1  

which they see and know1 with    the    
merits1 the bearing1 the fortunes of    
those who are doggedly    pursuing him1 
it does become very difficult to speak  
without sullying    what it is a kind of
 pleasure to feel is his cause by using 
hard    words1 or betraying it by not   
using them4 ,it is too difficult to     
speak1 as ought to be spoken1 of this   
ungenerous and gratuitous               
afterthought--too difficult to keep     
clear of what1 at least1 will be        
thought exaggeration2 too difficult to  
do justice to what they feel    to be   
undoubtedly true2 and ,i will not       
attempt to say more than enough    to   
mark an opinion which ought to be       
plainly avowed1 as to the nature    of  
this procedure4#abc    ,,footnotes3     
#aaf ,a pencilled note indicates that   
this illustration was suggested by      
experiments in naval engineering carried
 on at one time by ,mr4 ,w4  ,froude4   
,cf4 ,t4 ,mozley1 ,reminiscences1 vol4  
ii4 p4 #ag4    #aag ,hymn in ,paris     

,breviary1 ,commune ,sanctarum          
,mulierum4    #aah ,reminiscences1 ii4  
#bdc1 #bdd4 ,cf4 ,british ,critic1 ,july
 #ahda4    #aai ,reminiscences1 ii4     
#bbc4    #abj ,ideal1 p4 #eff4    #aba  
,ibid4 pp4 #efe-efg4    #abb ,it is part
 of the history of the time1 that during
 those anxious  days1 ,mr4 ,ward was    
engaged to be married4 ,the engagement  
came to the  knowledge of his friends1  
to their great astonishment and         
amusement1  very soon after the events  
in the ,theatre4    #abc ,from a ,short 
,appeal to ,members of ,convocation on  
the proposed  ,censure on ,no4 #ij4 ,by 
,frederic ,rogers1 ,fellow of ,oriel4   
7,dated  ,saturday1 #hth of ,february   
#ahde47          ,,chapter ,,xix        
,,the ,,catastrophe      ,the events of 
,february were a great shock4 ,the      
routine of ,oxford had  been broken as  
it had never been broken by the fiercest
 strifes before4  ,condemnations had    
been before passed on opinions1 and even
 on persons4  ,but to see an eminent    

man1 of blameless life1 a fellow of one 
of the  first among the ,colleges1      
solemnly deprived of his degree and all 
that  the degree carried with it1 and   
that on a charge in which bad faith and 
treachery were combined with alleged    
heresy1 was a novel experience1  where  
the kindnesses of daily companionship   
and social intercourse still  asserted  
themselves as paramount to official     
ideas of position4 ,and  when1 besides  
this1 people realised what more had been
 attempted1 and by  how narrow a chance 
a still heavier blow had been averted   
from one  towards whom so many hearts   
warmed1 how narrowly a yoke had been    
escaped  which would have seemed to     
subject all religious thought in the    
,university to the caprice or the blind 
zeal of a partisan official1 the  sense 
of relief was mixed with the still      
present memory of a desperate  peril    
,and then came the question as to what  
was to come next4 ,that the  old policy 
of the ,board would be revived and      

pursued when the end of the  ,proctors' 
year delivered it from their            
inconvenient presence1 was soon         
understood to be out of the question4   
,the very violence of the measures      
attempted had its reaction1 which       
stopped anything further4 ,the          
opponents of ,tractarianism1 ,orthodox  
and ,liberal1 were for the moment       
gorged with their success4 ,what men    
waited to see was the effect on the     
party of the movement2 how it would     
influence the advanced portion of  it2  
how it would influence the little       
company who had looked on in  silence   
from their retirement at ,littlemore4   
,the more serious aspect of  recent     
events was succeeded for the moment by a
 certain comic contrast1  created by    
,mr4 ,ward's engagement to be married1  
which was announced  within a week of   
his degradation1 and which gave the     
common-rooms  something to smile at     
after the strain and excitement of the  
scene in  the ,theatre4 ,but that       

passed1 and the graver outlook of the   
situation  occupied men's thoughts4     
,there was a widespread feeling of      
insecurity4 ,friends did not know of    
friends1 how their minds were working1  
how they might go4 ,anxious  letters    
passed1 the writers not daring to say   
too much1 or reveal too  much alarm4    
,and yet there was still some hope that 
at least with the  great leader matters 
were not desperate4 ,to his own friends 
he gave  warning2 he had already done so
 in a way to leave little to expect but 
at last to lose him2 he spoke of        
resigning his fellowship in ,october1   
though he wished to defer this till the 
following ,june2 but nothing  final had 
been said publicly4 ,even at the last it
 was only anticipated  by some that he  
would retire into lay communion4 ,but   
that silence was  awful and ominous4 ,he
 showed no signs of being affected by   
what had  passed in ,oxford4 ,he        
privately thanked the ,proctors for     
saving him from  what would have        

distressed him2 but he made no comments 
on the measures  themselves4 ,still it  
could not but be a climax of everything 
as far as  ,oxford was concerned4 ,and  
he was a man who saw signs in such      
events4    ,it was inevitable that the  
events of the end of #ahdd and the      
beginning  of #ahde should bring with   
them a great crisis in the development  
of  religious opinion1 in the relations 
of its different forms to one  another1 
and further1 in the thoughts of many    
minds as to their personal  position1   
their duty1 and their prospects4 ,there 
had been such a crisis  in #ahda at the 
publication of ,no4 #ij4 ,after the     
discussions which  followed that tract1 
,anglican theology could never be quite 
the same  that it had been before4 ,it  
was made to feel the sense of some grave
  wants1 which1 however they might be   
supplied in the future1 could no  longer
 be unnoticed or uncared for4 ,and      
individuals1 amid the strife of         
tongues1 had felt1 some strongly and    

practically1 but a much larger  number  
dimly and reluctantly1 the possibility1 
unwelcome to most1 but  not without     
interest to others1 of having to face   
the strange and at  one time            
inconceivable task of revising the very 
foundations of their  religion4 ,and    
such a revision had since that time been
 going on more or  less actively in many
 minds2 in some cases with very decisive
 results4  ,but after the explosion     
caused by ,mr4 ,ward's book1 a crisis of
 a much  more grave and wide-reaching   
sort had arrived4 ,to ordinary          
lookers-on it  naturally seemed that a  
shattering and decisive blow had been   
struck at  the ,tractarian party and    
their cause2 struck1 indeed1 formally   
and  officially1 only at its            
extravagances1 but struck1 none the     
less1  virtually1 at the premisses which
 led to these extravagances1 and at the 
party1 which1 while disapproving them1  
shrank1 with whatever  motives1--policy1
 generosity1 or secret sympathy1--from  

joining in the  condemnation of them4   
,it was more than a defeat1 it was a    
rout1 in which  they were driven and    
chased headlong from the field2 a wreck 
in which  their boasts and hopes of the 
last few years met the fate which wise  
men  had always anticipated4 ,oxford    
repudiated them4 ,their theories1 their 
controversial successes1 their learned  
arguments1 their appeals to the         
imagination1 all seemed to go down1 and 
to be swept away like chaff1  before the
 breath of straightforward common sense 
and honesty4  ,henceforth there was a   
badge affixed to them and all who       
belonged to  them1 a badge of suspicion 
and discredit1 and even shame1 which    
bade men  beware of them1 an overthrow  
under which it seemed wonderful that    
they  could raise their heads or expect 
a hearing4 ,it is true1 that to those   
who looked below the surface1 the       
overthrow might have seemed almost too  
showy and theatrical to be quite all    
that it was generally thought to  be4   

,there had been too much passion1 and   
too little looking forward to  the next 
steps1 in the proceedings of the        
victors4 ,there was too much  blindness 
to weak points of their own position1   
too much forgetfulness  of the wise     
generosity of cautious warfare4 ,the    
victory was easy to win2  the next      
moment it was quite obvious that they   
did not know what to do  with it1 and   
were at their wits' end to understand   
what it meant4 ,and  the defeated party1
 though defeated signally and           
conspicuously in the  sight of the      
,church and the country1 had in it too  
large a proportion of  the serious and  
able men of the ,university1 with too   
clear and high a  purpose1 and too      
distinct a sense of the strength and    
reality of their  ground1 to be in as   
disadvantageous a condition as from a   
distance might  be imagined4 ,a closer  
view would have discovered how much     
sympathy there  was for their objects   
and for their main principles in many   

who greatly  disapproved of much in the 
recent course and tendency of the       
movement4  ,it might have been seen how 
the unwise measures of the ,heads had   
awakened convictions among many who were
 not naturally on their side1  that it  
was necessary both on the ground of     
justice and policy to arrest  all       
extreme measures1 and to give a         
breathing time to the minority4         
,confidence in their prospects as a     
party might have been impaired in the   
,tractarians2 but confidence in their   
principles2 confidence that they  had   
rightly interpreted the spirit1 the     
claims1 and the duties of the  ,english 
,church1 confidence that devotion to its
 cause was the call of  ,god1 whatever  
might happen to their own fortunes1 this
 confidence was  unshaken by the        
catastrophe of ,february4    ,but that  
crisis had another important result1 not
 much noticed then1 but  one which made 
itself abundantly evident in the times  
that followed4 ,the  decisive breach    

between the old parties in the ,church1 
both ,orthodox and  ,evangelical1 and   
the new party of the movement1 with the 
violent and  apparently irretrievable   
discomfiture of the latter as the rising
 force  in ,oxford1 opened the way and  
cleared the ground for the formation and
  the power of a third school of        
opinion1 which was to be the most       
formidable rival of the ,tractarians1   
and whose leaders were eventually  to   
succeed where the ,tractarians had      
failed1 in becoming the masters and  the
 reformers of the ,university4          
,liberalism had hitherto been           
represented in ,oxford in forms which   
though respectable from  intellectual   
vigour were unattractive1 sometimes even
 repulsive4 ,they  were dry1 cold1      
supercilious1 critical2 they wanted     
enthusiasm2 they  were out of sympathy  
with religion and the religious temper  
and aims4  ,they played1 without knowing
 it1 on the edge of the most dangerous  
questions4 ,the older ,oxford ,liberals 

were either intellectually              
aristocratic1 dissecting the            
inaccuracies or showing up the          
paralogisms  of the current orthodoxy1  
or they were poor in character1         
,liberals from  the zest of sneering and
 mocking at what was received and       
established1  or from the convenience of
 getting rid of strict and troublesome  
rules  of life4 ,they patronised        
,dissenters2 they gave ,whig votes2 they
 made  free1 in a mild way1 with the pet
 conventions and prejudices of ,tories  
and ,high ,churchmen4 ,there was nothing
 inspiring in them1 however much  men   
might respect their correct and sincere 
lives4 ,but a younger set of  men       
brought1 mainly from ,rugby and         
,arnold's teaching1 a new kind of       
,liberalism4 ,it was much bolder and    
more independent than the older  forms1 
less inclined to put up with the        
traditional1 more searching and         
inquisitive in its methods1 more        
suspicious and daring in its criticism2 

but it was much larger in its views and 
its sympathies1 and1 above all1  it was 
imaginative1 it was enthusiastic1 and1  
without much of the  devotional temper1 
it was penetrated by a sense of the     
reality and  seriousness of religion4   
,it saw greater hopes in the present and
 the  future than the ,tractarians4 ,it 
disliked their reverence for the past   
and the received as inconsistent with   
what seemed evidence of the             
providential order of great and fruitful
 change4 ,it could not enter into  their
 discipline of character1 and shrank    
from it as antiquated1  unnatural1 and  
narrow4 ,but these younger ,liberals    
were interested in the  ,tractarian     
innovators1 and1 in a degree1           
sympathised with them as a  party of    
movement who had had the courage to risk
 and sacrifice much for  an unworldly   
end4 ,and they felt that their own      
opportunity was come when  all the      
parties which claimed to represent the  
orthodoxy of the ,english  ,church      

appeared to have broken for good with   
one another1 and when their  differences
 had thrown so much doubt and           
disparagement on so important  and      
revered a symbol of orthodoxy as the    
,thirty-nine ,articles4 ,they  looked on
 partly with amusement1 partly with     
serious anxiety1 at the  dispute2 they  
discriminated with impartiality between 
the strong and the  weak points in the  
arguments on both sides3 and they       
enforced with the  same impartiality on 
both of them the reasons1 arising out of
 the  difficulties in which each party  
was involved1 for new and large         
measures1 for a policy of forbearance   
and toleration4 ,they inflicted on  the 
beaten side1 sometimes with more        
ingenuity than fairness1 the lesson     
that the wheel had come round full      
circle with them2 that they were  but   
reaping as they themselves had          
sown3--but now that there seemed  little
 more to fear from the ,tractarians1 the
 victorious authorities  were the power 

which the ,liberals had to keep in      
check4 ,they used their  influence1 such
 as it was 7and it was not then what it 
was afterwards71  to protect the weaker 
party4 ,it was a favourite boast of     
,dean ,stanley's  in after-times1 that  
the intervention of the ,liberals had   
saved the  ,tractarians from complete   
disaster4 ,it is quite true that the    
younger  ,liberals disapproved the      
continuance of harsh measures1 and some 
of them  exerted themselves against such
 measures4 ,they did so in many ways and
  for various reasons2 from consistency1
 from feelings of personal  kindness1   
from a sense of justice1 from a sense of
 interest--some in a  frank and generous
 spirit1 others with contemptuous       
indifference4 ,but  the debt of the     
,tractarians to their ,liberal friends  
in #ahde was not so  great as ,dean     
,stanley1 thinking of the ,liberal party
 as what it had  ultimately grown to be1
 supposed to be the case4 ,the ,liberals
 of his  school were then still a little

 flock3 a very distinguished and a very 
earnest set of men1 but too young and   
too few as yet to hold the balance  in  
such a contest4 ,the ,tractarians were  
saved by what they were and what  they  
had done1 and could do1 themselves4 ,but
 it is also true1 that out  of these    
feuds and discords1 the ,liberal party  
which was to be dominant  in ,oxford    
took its rise1 soon to astonish         
old-fashioned ,heads of ,houses  with   
new and deep forms of doubt more        
audacious than ,tractarianism1 and      
ultimately to overthrow not only the    
victorious authorities1 but the  ancient
 position of the ,church1 and to recast 
from top to bottom the  institutions of 
the ,university4 ,the #acth of ,february
 was not only the  final defeat and     
conclusion of the first stage of the    
movement4 ,it was  the birthday of the  
modern ,liberalism of ,oxford4    ,but  
it was also a crisis in the history of  
many lives4 ,from that moment1  the     
decision of a number of good and able   

men1 who had once promised to  be among 
the most valuable servants of the       
,english ,church1 became  clear4 ,if it 
were doubtful before1 in many cases1    
whether they would  stay with her1 the  
doubt existed no longer4 ,it was now    
only a question  of time when they would
 break the tie and renounce their old   
allegiance4 ,in the bitter1 and in many 
cases agonising struggle which  they had
 gone through as to their duty to ,god  
and conscience1 a sign  seemed now to be
 given them which they could not        
mistake4 ,they were  invited1 on one    
side1 to come2 they were told sternly   
and scornfully1 on  the other1 to go4   
,they could no longer be accused of     
impatience if they  brought their doubts
 to an end1 and made up their minds that
 their call  was to submit to the claims
 of ,rome1 that their place was in its  
communion4    ,yet there was a pause4   
,it was no secret what was coming4 ,but 
men  lingered4 ,it was not till the     
summer that the first drops of the storm

  began to fall4 ,then through the      
autumn and the next year1 friends1 whose
  names and forms were familiar in      
,oxford1 one by one disappeared and were
  lost to it4 ,fellowships1 livings1    
curacies1 intended careers1 were given  
up4 ,mr4 ,ward went4 ,mr4 ,capes1 who   
had long followed ,mr4 ,ward's line1 and
  had spent his private means to build a
 church near ,bridgewater1 went  also4  
,mr4 ,oakeley resigned ,margaret ,chapel
 and went4 ,mr4 ,ambrose ,st4  ,john1   
,mr4 ,coffin1 ,mr4 ,dalgairns1 ,mr4     
,faber1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,meyrick1 ,mr4 ,albany 
,christie1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,simpson of ,oriel1 
were received in various places and     
various ways1 and in the next year1 ,mr4
 ,j4,s4 ,northcote1 ,mr4 ,j4,b4         
,morris1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,ryder1 ,mr4 ,david   
,lewis4 ,on the #c;d of ,october #ahde  
,mr4  ,newman requested the ,provost of 
,oriel to remove his name from the books
  of the ,college and ,university1 but  
without giving any reason4 ,the #fth of 
,october is the date of the             

,advertisement to the work which had    
occupied ,mr4 ,newman through the       
year--the ,essay on the ,development of 
,christian ,doctrine4 ,on the #hth he   
was1 as he has told us in the           
,apologia1 received by ,father ,dominic1
 the ,passionist4 ,to the               
,advertisement are subjoined the        
following words3                        
,postscript4--,since the above was      
written the ,author has joined the      
,catholic ,church4 ,it was his intention
 and wish to have carried his    volume 
through the press before deciding       
finally on this step4 ,but    when he   
got some way in the printing1 he        
recognised in himself a    conviction of
 the truth of the conclusion1 to which  
the discussion    leads1 so clear as to 
preclude further deliberation4 ,shortly 
afterwards circumstances gave him the   
opportunity of acting on it1 and    he  
felt that he had no warrant for refusing
 to act on it4    ,so the reality of    
what had been so long and often so      

lightly talked  about by those who dared
 it1 provoked it1 or hoped for it1 had  
come  indeed2 and a considerable portion
 of ,english society learned what it    
was to be novices in a religious system1
 hitherto not only alien and  unknown1  
but dreaded1 or else to have lost       
friends and relatives1 who  were        
suddenly transformed into severe and    
uncompromising opponents1  speaking in  
unfamiliar terms1 and sharply estranged 
in sympathies and  rules of life4 ,some 
of them1 especially those who had caught
 the spirit  of their leader1 began life
 anew1 took their position as humble    
learners  in the ,roman ,schools1 and   
made the most absolute sacrifice of a   
whole  lifetime that a man can make4 ,to
 others the change came and was accepted
  as an emancipation1 not only from the 
bonds of ,anglicanism1 but from the     
obligations of orders and priestly vows 
and devotion4 ,in some cases1  where    
they were married1 there was no help for
 it4 ,but in almost all  cases there was

 a great surrender of what ,english life
 has to offer to  those brought up in   
it4 ,of the defeated party1 those who   
remained had  much to think about1      
between grief at the breaking of old    
ties1 and the  loss of dear friends1 and
 perplexities about their own position4 
,the  anxiety1 the sorrow at differing  
and parting1 seem now almost            
extravagant and unintelligible4 ,there  
are those who sneer at the  distress of 
that time4 ,there had not been the same 
suffering1 the same  estrangement1 when 
,churchmen turned dissenters1 like      
,bulteel and ,baptist  ,noel4 ,but the  
movement had raised the whole scale of  
feeling about  religious matters so     
high1 the questions were felt to be so  
momentous1  the stake and the issue so  
precious1 the ,loss and ,gain so        
immense1  that to differ on such        
subjects was the differing on the       
greatest things  which men could differ 
about4 ,but in a time of distress1 of   
which few  analogous situations in our  

days can give the measure1 the leaders  
stood  firm4 ,dr4 ,pusey1 ,mr4 ,keble1  
,mr4 ,marriott accepted1 with unshaken  
faith  in the cause of the ,english     
,church1 the terrible separation4 ,they 
submitted to the blow--submitted to the 
reproach of having been  associates of  
those who had betrayed hopes and done so
 much mischief2  submitted to the charge
 of inconsistency1 insincerity1         
cowardice2 but  they did not flinch4    
,their unshrinking attitude was a new   
point of  departure for those who       
believed in the ,catholic foundation of 
the  ,english ,church4    ,among those  
deeply affected by these changes1 there 
were many who had  been absolutely      
uninfluenced by the strong ,roman       
current4 ,they had  recognised many good
 things in the ,roman ,church2 they were
 fully alive  to many shortcomings in   
the ,english ,church2 but the           
possibility of  submission to the ,roman
 claims had never been a question with  
them4 ,a  typical example of such minds 

was ,mr4 ,isaac ,williams1 a pupil of   
,mr4  ,keble1 an intimate friend of ,mr4
 ,newman1 a man of simple and saintly   
life1 with heart and soul steeped in the
 ancient theology of undivided          
,christendom1 and for that very reason  
untempted by the newer principles  and  
fashions of ,rome4 ,there were numbers  
who thought like him2 but there  were   
others also1 who were forced in afresh  
upon themselves1 and who had  to ask    
themselves why they stayed1 when a      
teacher1 to whom they had  looked up as 
they had to ,mr4 ,newman1 and into whose
 confidence they had  been admitted1    
thought it his duty to go4 ,with some   
the ultimate1 though  delayed1 decision 
was to follow him4 ,with others1 the old
 and fair  proejudicium against the     
claims of ,rome1 which had always       
asserted  itself even against the       
stringent logic of ,mr4 ,ward and the   
deep and  subtle ideas of ,mr4 ,newman1 
became1 when closed with1 and tested    
face to  face in the light of fact and  

history1 the settled conviction of life4
  ,some extracts from contemporary      
papers1 real records of the private     
perplexities and troubles actually felt 
at the time1 may illustrate what  was   
passing in the minds of some whom       
knowledge and love of ,mr4 ,newman      
failed to make his followers in his     
ultimate step4 ,the first extract       
belongs to some years before1 but it is 
part of the same train of  thinking4#abd
      ,as to myself1 ,i am getting into 
a very unsettled state as to aims and   
prospects4 ,i mean that as things are   
going on1 a man does not know    where  
he is going to2 one cannot imagine what 
state of things to look    forward to2  
in what way1 and under what             
circumstances1 one's coming    life--if 
it does come--is to be spent2 what is to
 become of one4 ,i    cannot at all     
imagine myself a convert2 but how am ,i 
likely1 in the    probable state of     
things1 to be able to serve as an       
,english clergyman8    ,shall ,i ever   

get ,priest's orders8 ,shall ,i be able 
to continue always    serving8 ,what is 
one's line to be2 what ought to be one's
 aims2 or can    one have any8      ,the
 storm is not yet come3 how it may come1
 and how soon it may blow    over1 and  
what it may leave behind1 is doubtful2  
but some sort of    crisis1 ,i think1   
must come before things settle4 ,with   
the ,bishops    against us1 and         
,puritanism aggressive1 we may see      
strange things    before the end4       
,when the storm had at length come1     
though1 before its final violence1  the 
same writer continues3      ,the present
 hopeless check and weight to our       
party--what has for the    time         
absolutely crushed us--is the total loss
 of confidence arising    from the      
strong tendency1 no longer to be        
dissembled or explained    away1 among  
many of us to ,rome4 ,i see no chance of
 our recovery1 or    getting our heads  
above water from this1 at least in      
,england1 for    years to come4 ,and it 

is a check which will one day be far    
greater    than it is now4 ,under the   
circumstances--having not the most      
distant    thought of leaving the       
,english ,church myself1 and yet having 
no means    of escaping the very natural
 suspicion of ,romanising without giving
 up    my best friends and the most     
saint-like men in ,england--how am ,i to
    view my position8 ,what am ,i       
witnessing to8 ,what1 if need be1 is one
 to    suffer for8 ,a man has no leaning
 towards ,rome1 does not feel1 as       
others do1 the strength of her exclusive
 claims to allegiance1 the    perfection
 of her system1 its right so to         
overbalance all the good    found in    
ours as to make ours absolutely         
untrustworthy for a ,christian    to    
rest in1 notwithstanding all            
circumstances of habit1 position1 and   
national character2 has such doubts on  
the ,roman theory of the    ,church1 the
 ,ultramontane1 and such instincts not  
only against many of    their popular   

religious customs and practical ways of 
going on1 but    against their          
principles of belief 7e4g4 divine faith 
relics71 as    to repel him from any    
wish to sacrifice his own communion for 
theirs2    yet withal1 and without any  
great right on his part to complain1 is 
set down as a man who may any day1 and  
certainly will some day1 go    over2 and
 he has no lawful means of removing the 
suspicion3--why is it    tanti to submit
 to this8      ,however little sympathy 
we ,englishmen have with ,rome1 the     
,western    ,churches under ,rome are   
really living and holy branches of the  
,church    ,catholic2 corruptions they  
may have1 so may we2 but putting these  
aside1 they are ,catholic ,christians1  
or ,catholic ,christianity has    failed
 out of the world3 we are no more       
,catholic than they4 ,but    this1      
public opinion has not for centuries1   
and does not now1    realise or allow4  
,so no one can express in reality and   
detail a    practical belief in their   

,catholicity1 in their equality 7setting
 one    thing against another7 with us  
as ,christians1 without being suspected 
of what such belief continually leads   
to--disloyalty to the ,english          
,church4 ,yet such belief is            
nevertheless well-grounded and right1   
and    there is no great hope for the   
,church till it gains ground1 soberly1  
powerfully1 and apart from all low views
 of proselytising1 or fear of    danger4
 ,what therefore the disadvantage of    
those among us who do not    really     
deserve the imputation of ,romanising   
may be meant for1 is to    break this   
practical belief to the ,english        
,church4 ,we may be silenced1    but1   
without any wish to leave the ,english  
,church1 we cannot give up    the       
belief1 that the ,western ,church under 
,rome is a true1 living1    venerable   
branch of the ,christian ,church4 ,there
 are dangers in such a    belief1 but   
they must be provided against1 they do  
not affect the    truth of the belief4  

,such searchings of heart were          
necessarily rendered more severe and    
acute  by ,mr4 ,newman's act4 ,there was
 no longer any respite2 his dearest     
friends must choose between him and the 
,english ,church4 ,and the choice  was  
made1 by those who did not follow him1  
on a principle little  honoured or      
believed in at the time on either side1 
,roman or  ,protestant2 but a principle 
which in the long-run restored hope and 
energy to a cause which was supposed to 
be lost4 ,it was not the revival  of the
 old ,via ,media2 it was not the        
assertion of the superiority of  the    
,english ,church2 it was not a return to
 the old-fashioned and  ungenerous      
methods of controversy with             
,rome--one-sided in all cases1          
ignorant1 coarse1 unchristian in many4  
,it was not the proposal of a new       
theory of the ,church--its functions1   
authority and teaching1 a  counter-ideal
 to ,mr4 ,ward's imposing ,ideal ,it was
 the resolute and  serious appeal from  

brilliant logic1 and keen sarcasm1 and  
pathetic and  impressive eloquence1 to  
reality and experience1 as well as to   
history1  as to the positive and        
substantial characteristics of the      
traditional  and actually existing      
,english ,church1 shown not on paper but
 in work1  and in spite of contradictory
 appearances and inconsistent elements2 
and  along with this1 an attempt to put 
in a fair and just light the            
comparative excellences and defects of  
other parts of ,christendom1            
excellences to be ungrudgingly admitted1
 but not to be allowed to bar  the      
recognition of defects4 ,the feeling    
which had often stirred1 even  when     
things looked at the worst1 that ,mr4   
,newman had dealt unequally and  hardly 
with the ,english ,church1 returned with
 gathered strength4 ,the  ,english      
,church was after all as well worth     
living in and fighting for as  any      
other2 it was not only in ,england that 
light and dark1 in teaching  and in     

life1 were largely intermingled1 and the
 mixture had to be  largely allowed for4
 ,we had our ,sparta1 a noble1 if a     
rough and an  incomplete one2 patiently 
to do our best for it was better than   
leaving  it to its fate1 in obedience to
 signs and reasonings which the heat of 
strife might well make delusive4 ,it was
 one hopeful token1 that boasting  had  
to be put away from us for a long time  
to come4 ,in these days of  stress and  
sorrow were laid the beginnings of a    
school1 whose main  purpose was to see  
things as they are2 which had learned by
 experience  to distrust unqualified    
admiration and unqualified              
disparagement2  determined not to be    
blinded even by genius to plain         
certainties2 not  afraid to honour all  
that is great and beneficent in ,rome1  
not afraid  with ,english frankness to  
criticise freely at home2 but not to be 
won  over1 in one case1 by the good     
things1 to condone and accept the bad   
things2 and not deterred1 in the other1 

from service1 from love1 from           
self-sacrifice1 by the presence of much 
to regret and to resist4    ,all this   
new sense of independence1 arising from 
the sense of having  been left almost   
desolate by the disappearance of a great
 stay and light  in men's daily life1   
led to various and different results4   
,in some  minds1 after a certain trial1 
it actually led men back to that        
,romeward  tendency from which they had 
at first recoiled4 ,in others1 the      
break-up  of the movement under such a  
chief led them on1 more or less1 and    
some  very far1 into a career of        
speculative ,liberalism like that of    
,mr4  ,blanco ,white1 the publication of
 whose biography coincided with ,mr4    
,newman's change4 ,in many others1      
especially in ,london and the towns1 it 
led to new and increasing efforts to    
popularise in various ways--through     
preaching1 organisation1 greater        
attention to the meaning1 the           
solemnities1 and the fitnesses of       

worship--the ideas of the ,church       
movement4 ,dr4 ,pusey and ,mr4 ,keble   
were still the recognised chiefs of  the
 continued yet remodelled movement4 ,it 
had its quarterly organ1 the  ,christian
 ,remembrancer1 which had taken the     
place of the old ,british  ,critic in   
the autumn of #ahdd4 ,a number of able  
,cambridge men had thrown  their        
knowledge and thoroughness of work into 
the ,ecclesiologist4  ,there were       
newspapers--the ,english ,churchman1    
and1 starting in #ahdf  from small and  
difficult beginnings1 in the face of    
long discouragement  and at times       
despair1 the ,guardian4 ,one mind of    
great and rare power1  though only      
recognised for what he was much later in
 his life1 one  undaunted heart1        
undismayed1 almost undepressed1 so that 
those who knew  not its inner fires     
thought him cold and stoical1 had lifted
 itself  above the wreck at ,oxford4    
,the shock which had cowed and almost   
crushed  some of ,mr4 ,newman's friends 

roused and fired ,mr4 ,james ,mozley4   
,to take leave of ,mr4 ,newman 7he      
writes on the morrow of the event7 is   
a heavy task4 ,his step was not         
unforeseen2 but when it is come those   
who knew him feel the fact as a real    
change within them--feel as if    they  
were entering upon a fresh stage of     
their own life4 ,may that very    change
 turn to their profit1 and discipline   
them by its hardness6 ,it    may do so  
if they will use it so4 ,let nobody     
complain2 a time must    come1 sooner or
 later1 in every one's life1 when he has
 to part with    advantages1 connexions1
 supports1 consolations1 that he has had
    hitherto1 and face a new state of   
things4 ,every one knows that he is     
not always to have all that he has now3 
he says to himself1 ,what    shall ,i do
 when this or that stay1 or connexion1  
is gone8 and the    answer is1 ,that he 
will do without it4 444 ,the time comes 
when this    is taken away2 and then the
 mind is left alone1 and is thrown back 

upon itself1 as the expression is4 ,but 
no religious mind tolerates the         
notion of being really thrown upon      
itself2 this is only to say in    other 
words1 that it is thrown back upon      
,god4444 ,secret mental    consolations1
 whether of innocent self-flattery or   
reposing    confidence1 are over2 a more
 real and graver life begins--a firmer1 
harder disinterestedness1 able to go on 
its course by itself4 ,let them    see  
in the change a call to greater         
earnestness1 sincerer simplicity1    and
 more solid manliness4 ,what were       
weaknesses before will be sins          
now4#abe    ,a new stage has begun4 ,let
 no one complain3--this1 the expression 
of  individual feeling1 represents      
pretty accurately the temper into which 
the ,church party settled when the first
 shock was over4 ,they knew that        
henceforward they had difficult times   
before them4 ,they knew that they  must 
work under suspicion1 even under        
proscription4 ,they knew that they  must

 expect to see men among themselves     
perplexed1 unsettled1 swept away  by the
 influences which had affected ,mr4     
,newman1 and still more by the          
precedent of his example4 ,they knew    
that they must be prepared to lose      
friends and fellow-helpers1 and to lose 
them sometimes unexpectedly and         
suddenly1 as the wont was so often at   
this time4 ,above all1 they knew  that  
they had a new form of antagonism to    
reckon with1 harder than any  they had  
yet encountered4 ,it had the peculiar   
sad bitterness which  belongs to civil  
war1 when men's foes are they of their  
own  households--the bitterness arising 
out of interrupted intimacy and         
affection4 ,neither side could be held  
blameless2 the charge from the one  of  
betrayal and desertion was answered by  
the charge from the other of            
insincerity and faithlessness to        
conscience1 and by natural but not      
always very fair attempts to            
proselytise2 and undoubtedly1 the       

,english  ,church1 and those who adhered
 to it1 had1 for some years after #ahde1
 to  hear from the lips of old friends  
the most cruel and merciless  invectives
 which knowledge of her weak points1    
wit1 argumentative power1  eloquence1   
and the triumphant exultation at once of
 deliverance and  superiority could     
frame4 ,it was such writing and such    
preaching as had  certainly never been  
seen on the ,roman side before1 at least
 in ,england4  ,whether it was adapted  
to its professed purpose may perhaps be 
doubted2  but the men who went certainly
 lost none of their vigour as           
controversialists or their culture as   
scholars4 ,not to speak of ,mr4         
,newman1 such men as ,mr4 ,oakeley1 ,mr4
 ,ward1 ,mr4 ,faber1 and ,mr4 ,dalgairns
  more than fulfilled in the great world
 of ,london their reputation at         
,oxford4 ,this was all in prospect      
before the eyes of those who had        
elected to cast in their lot with the   
,english ,church4 ,it was not an        

encouraging position4 ,the old          
enthusiastic sanguineness had been      
effectually quenched4 ,their ,liberal   
critics and their ,liberal friends  have
 hardly yet ceased to remind them how   
sorry a figure they cut in the  eyes of 
men of the world1 and in the eyes of men
 of bold and effective  thinking4#abf   
,the poor ,puseyites are spoken of in   
tones half of pity  and half of sneer4  
,their part seemed played out4 ,there   
seemed nothing  more to make them of    
importance4 ,they had not succeeded in  
,catholicising  the ,english ,church1   
they had not even shaken it by a wide   
secession4  ,henceforth they were only  
marked men4 ,all that could be said for 
them  was1 that at the worst1 they did  
not lose heart4 ,they had not forgotten 
the lessons of their earlier time4      
,it is not my purpose to pursue farther 
the course of the movement4 ,all  the   
world knows that it was not1 in fact1   
killed or even much arrested  by the    
shock of #ahde4 ,but after #ahde1 its   

field was at least as much out  of      
,oxford as in it4 ,as long as ,mr4      
,newman remained1 ,oxford was           
necessarily its centre1 necessarily1    
even after he had seemed to  withdraw   
from it4 ,when he left his place vacant1
 the direction of it was  not removed   
from ,oxford1 but it was largely shared 
by men in ,london and  the country4 ,it 
ceased to be strongly and prominently   
,academical4 ,no  one in deed held such 
a position as ,dr4 ,pusey's and ,mr4    
,keble's2 but  though ,dr4 ,pusey       
continued to be a great power at        
,oxford1 he now became  every day a much
 greater power outside of it2 while ,mr4
 ,keble was now  less than ever an      
,academic1 and became more and more     
closely connected  with men out of      
,oxford1 his friends in ,london and his 
neighbours at  ,hursley and ,winchester4
 ,the cause which ,mr4 ,newman had given
 up in  despair was found to be deeply  
interesting in ever new parts of the    
country3 and it passed gradually into   

the hands of new leaders more  widely   
acquainted with ,english society4 ,it   
passed into the hands of the            
,wilberforces1 and ,archdeacon ,manning2
 of ,mr4 ,bennett1 ,mr4 ,dodsworth1 ,mr4
  ,w4 ,scott1 ,dr4 ,irons1 ,mr4 ,e4     
,hawkins1 and ,mr4 ,upton ,richards in  
,london4  ,it had the sympathy and      
counsels of men of weight1 or men who   
were  rising into eminence and          
importance--some of the ,judges1 ,mr4   
,gladstone1  ,mr4 ,roundell ,palmer1    
,mr4 ,frederic ,rogers1 ,mr4 ,mountague 
,bernard1 ,mr4  ,hope ,scott 7as he     
afterwards was71 ,mr4 ,badeley1 and a   
brilliant recruit  from ,cambridge1 ,mr4
 ,beresford ,hope4 ,it attracted the    
sympathy of another  boast of           
,cambridge1 the great ,bishop of ,new   
,zealand1 and his friend ,mr4           
,whytehead4 ,those times were the link  
between what we are now1 so changed  in 
many ways1 and the original impulse     
given at ,oxford2 but to those  times ,i
 am as much of an outsider as most of   

the foremost in them were  outsiders to 
,oxford in the earlier days4 ,those     
times are almost more  important than   
the history of the movement2 for1       
besides vindicating it1  they carried on
 its work to achievements and successes 
which1 even in  the most sanguine days  
of ,tractarianism1 had not presented    
themselves  to men's minds1 much less to
 their hopes4 ,but that story must be   
told by  others4    ,show thy servants  
thy work1 and their children thy glory4 
,,footnotes3    #abd ,compare ,mozley's 
,reminiscences1 ii4 #a-c4    #abe       
,christian ,remembrancer1 ,january      
#ahdf1 pp4 #afg1 #afh4    #abf ,e4g4 the
 ,warden of ,merton's ,history of the   
,university of  ,oxford1 p4 #bab4 ,the  
first panic was succeeded by a reaction2
 some  devoted adherents followed him   
7,mr4 ,newman7 to ,rome2 others relapsed
  into lifeless conformity2 and the     
,university soon resumed its wonted     
tranquillity4 ,lifeless conformity      
sounds odd connected with ,dr4  ,pusey  

or ,mr4 ,j4,b4 ,mozley1 and the ,london 
men who were the founders of  the       
so-called ,ritualist schools4           
,,index      ,addresses to ,archbishop  
of ,canterbury1 by clergy and laity     
,anglicanism1 its features in #ahcj     
,newman's views on    ,newman's         
interpretation of  ,apologia1 quotations
 from  ,apostolic ,succession           
,newman's insistence on    its          
foundation on ,prayer ,book             
,apostolitity of ,english ,church       
,archbishop of ,canterbury4 ,see        
,addresses1 and ,howley  ,arians1 the   
,arnold1 ,dr41 theories on the ,church  
his proposal to unite all sects by law  
attack on ,tractarians    ,professorship
 at ,oxford    his influence shown in   
rise of third school  ,articles1 the1   
and ,dissenters    subscription of4 ,see
 ,dr4 ,hampden1 and ,thirty-nine        
,articles    ,baptism1 ,tract on        
,baptistery1 the  ,bennett1 ,mr4        
,bentham4 see ,utilitarianism  ,bernard1
 ,mr4 ,mountague  ,bishoprics1          

suppression of ten ,irish  ,bishops'    
attitude to movement    the first ,tract
 on  ,blachford1 ,lord1 reminiscences of
 ,froude  ,bliss1 ,james  ,blomfield1   
,bishop  ,british ,association1 a sign  
of the times  ,british ,critic on the   
movement  ,british ,magazine  ,brougham1
 ,lord  ,bunsen1 ,m41 and the ,bishopric
 of ,jerusalem  ,burton1 ,dr4           
,cambridge1 critical school of theology 
,capes1 ,mr4  ,cardwell1 ,dr4           
,catastrophe1 the  ,catholicity of      
,english ,church  ,catholicus's letters 
to the ,times  ,celibacy1 observations  
on  ,celibate clergy scheme  ,changes in
 movement  ,christian ,remembrancer     
,christian ,year  ,christianity1 ,church
 of ,england1 two schools of  ,christie1
 ,albany  ,christie1 ,j4,f4  ,church1   
the1 in eighteenth century    ,dr4      
,whately's theories on    ,dr4 ,arnold's
 theories    ,coleridge's theories      
,apostolic origin of    various         
conceptions of    political attacks on  
public mind indifferent to    ,dr4      

,pusey's theories on    theological     
aspect of    practical aspect of    and 
the ,roman question    ,catholicity of  
and the doctrine of ,development        
,church of the ,fathers  ,churchman's   
,manual    ,scotch ,bishops on          
,churton1 ,mr4 7of ,crayke7  ,claughton1
 ,mr4 ,piers  ,clergy of eighteenth     
century1 character of  ,close1 ,dr4 7of 
,cheltenham7  ,coffin1 ,mr4  ,coleridge1
 ,mr4 ,justice  ,coleridge1 ,s4,t41     
influence on ,charles ,marriott         
,church theories  ,conservative         
,journal1 ,newman's language towards    
,rome  ,copeland1 ,william ,john        
,cornish1 ,c4,l4  ,creeds1 the1         
pamphlets on    authority of            
,dalgairns1 ,mr4  ,defeats1 the ,three1 
#cab-cce4 ,see also ,isaac ,williams1   
,macmullen1 and ,pusey  ,dickinson1     
,dr41 ,pastoral ,epistle from his       
,holiness the ,pope  ,diffusion of      
,useful ,knowledge ,society  ,dissenters
 and the ,articles4 ,see also           
,thirty-nine ,articles  ,dodsworth1 ,mr4

  ,dominic1 ,father1 receives ,newman   
into ,church of ,rome  ,donkin1 ,mr4    
,doyle1 ,sir ,f41 on ,newman's sermons  
,ecclesiologist founded  ,eden1 ,c4,p4  
,edinburgh ,review1 article by ,dr4     
,arnold on ,tractarians  ,elucidations  
of ,dr4 ,hampden's ,theological         
,statements  ,english ,churchman founded
  ,evangelicism in #ahcj1 character of  
,faber1 ,francis  ,faber1 ,frederic     
,fasting1 ,tract on  ,faussett1 ,dr4    
attack on ,dr4 ,pusey  ,froude1 ,richard
 ,hurrell    pupil of ,keble    ,fellow 
of ,oriel    first meeting with ,newman 
early estimate of ,newman    travels    
with ,newman    influence on the        
movement    his severe self-discipline  
character    ,mozley's remarks on       
correspondence    his ,remains published
    effect of publication    a modern   
estimate of the ,remains    events of   
#ahcj    theory of the ,church          
sermons and writings    ,lord           
,blachford's reminiscences of  ,froude1 
,william    ,garbett1 ,mr41 elected     

,professor of ,poetry  ,gilbert1 ,dr4   
,gladstone1 ,mr4  ,golightly1 ,mr4      
,gorham1 ,mr4  ,grammar of ,assent on   
,faith and ,reason  ,greenhill1 ,dr4    
,guardian founded  ,guillemard1 ,mr4    
,haddan1 ,a4  ,hadleigh1 ,conference of 
leaders at    policy adopted  ,hampden1 
,dr4    advocates abolition of          
subscription of ,articles    his        
election as ,professor of ,divinity     
outcry against election of    ,bampton  
,lectures    so-called persecution of   
modern estimate of the persecution      
deprived of vote for ,select ,preachers 
his action in the ,b4,d4 degree contest 
,hare1 ,julius  ,hawkins1 ,dr4          
,hawkins1 ,e4  ,hill1 ,mr4  ,hobhouse1  
,mr4  ,holland ,house  ,home ,thoughts  
,abroad  ,hook1 ,dr4  ,hope1 ,mr4       
,beresford  ,howley1 ,archbishop        
,hussey1 ,mr4    ,ideal of a ,christian 
,church1 ,see ,w4,g4 ,ward              
,infallibility1 views on  ,irons1 ,dr4  
,jebb1 ,bishop  ,jelf1 ,dr4  ,jenkyns1  
,dr4  ,jerusalem1 ,bishopric of         

,jerusalem1 ,bishopric of1 ,newman's    
protest against  ,jolly1 ,bishop        
,jowett1 ,mr4    ,kaye1 ,bishop  ,keble1
 ,john    brilliant ,oxford career      
suspicions of ,evangelicism    a strong 
,tory    his poetic nature    influence 
on ,froude    his pupils    sermon on   
,national ,apostasy    tract on         
,mysticism of the ,fathers    resigns   
,poetry ,professorship  ,keble1 ,thomas 
,knox1 ,alexander    ,law's ,serious    
,call1 ,keble's remark on  ,le ,bas1    
,mr4  ,lectures on ,justification1      
,newman's1 influence of  ,letter to the 
,bishop of ,oxford1 ,newman's  ,letters 
of an ,episcopalian  ,lewis1 ,d4        
,library of the ,fathers  ,lloyd's1     
,bishop1 ,lectures1 influence of  ,lowe1
 ,r4  ,lyall1 ,mr4  ,lyra ,apostolica   
,macmullen1 ,mr4    his contest on      
,b4,d4 degree  ,manning1 ,archdeacon    
,marriott1 ,charles    influenced by    
,coleridge and ,dr4 ,hampden    aversion
 to party action    ,scholar of ,balliol
    ,fellow of ,oriel    ,newman's      

influence on    ,moberly's influence on 
,principal of ,chichester ,theological  
,college    scheme of poor students'    
hall    ,tutor of ,oriel    ,vicar of   
,st4 ,mary's    his sermons    rooms and
 parties    share in ,library of the    
,fathers    ,mozley's estimate of       
death  ,marsh1 ,bishop  ,martyrs'       
,memorial1 connexion with the movement  
,maurice1 ,f4,d41 views of  ,melbourne1 
,lord  ,meyrick1 ,t4  ,miller1 ,john 7of
 ,worcester71 ,bampton ,lectures1       
influence of  ,moberly1 ,dr4 7of        
,winchester7  ,monophysite ,controversy 
,morris1 ,john ,brande  ,mozley1 ,james 
on ,newman's sermons    on ,no4 #ij     
,mozley1 ,thomas    on ,charles         
,marriott    on ,froude  ,mysticism of  
the ,fathers in the use and             
interpretation of ,scripture1           
,keble's ,tract on    ,national         
,apostasy1 ,keble's sermon on  ,newman1 
,john ,henry--    his early preaching   
meeting with ,froude    ,froude's early 
estimate of    on ,apostolic            

,succession1 q4v4    on ,infallibility  
attitude at different times to ,rome    
early friends    first ,tract1 written  
by    his four o'clock sermons    chief 
coadjutors of    views on subscription  
of ,articles    on ,dr4 ,hampden's      
theology    character    ,lectures      
,lectures on ,justification             
,anglicanism1 views on    resigns ,st4  
,mary's    not a proselytiser    ,letter
 to ,bishop of ,oxford    interpretation
 of ,church formularies    on the       
,articles1 ,see ,no4 #ij    ,essay on   
the ,development of ,christian ,doctrine
    joins ,church of ,rome  ,nicknames  
,no4 #ij    ,newman's attitude on       
object to defend ,catholicity of the    
,articles    its reception    charge of 
dishonesty against    condemned by      
,board of ,heads    pamphlet war on     
the crisis of the movement    events    
after    ,oakeley1 ,mr4    article on   
,jewel  ,ogilvie1 ,dr4  ,ordination1    
validity of  ,origines ,liturgicae      
,oxford1 ,liberal ,school of ,theology  

,orthodoxy    as a ,church ,school      
,oxford ,movement--    political        
conditions of    beginnings of    ,keble
 the primary author of    early writings
 towards    the leaders    forced on the
 originators    object of    accession  
of ,dr4 ,pusey and his influence        
gradual growth of    attitude to        
,romanism    changes in    tendency to  
,romanism    in origin anti-,roman      
attitude of ,university authorities     
towards    attitude of ,bishops towards 
mistakes in conduct of  ,oxford         
,movement--    rise of third school     
secessions to ,rome    ,palmer1         
,william1 share in movement    ,origines
 ,liturgicae    ,narrative    ,treatise 
on the ,church of ,christ  ,palmer1 ,mr4
 ,roundell  ,park1 ,judge ,allan        
,parochial ,sermons  ,pattison1 ,mark   
,peel1 ,sir ,robert  ,perceval1 ,a41    
share in movement  ,phillpotts1 ,bishop 
,plain ,sermons  ,poetry ,professorship1
 contest for1 made a theological one    
,prophetical ,office of the ,church     

,prospects of the ,anglican ,church     
,newman's after-thoughts on  ,pusey1    
,dr4    joins the movement    effect of 
his adhesion    his ,remonstrance       
tract on ,baptism    attack on him      
sermon on the ,holy ,eucharist delated  
to ,vice-,chancellor    unfairness of   
proceedings against    memorial to      
,vice-,chancellor1 on his case          
,records of the ,church  ,reform days1  
state of ,church  ,reformers1 early1    
views of  ,remonstrance  ,reserve in    
communicating ,religious ,knowledge1    
,isaac    ,williams's tract on          
,richards1 ,mr4 ,upton  ,rogers1        
,frederic  ,romanism and ,popular       
,protestantism  ,romanism               
misconceptions of    ,newman's attitude 
towards    tendency in party of movement
 towards  ,rose1 ,hugh ,james    an     
estimate of    lectures on ,german      
speculation    controversy with ,dr4    
,pusey    early death  ,routh1 ,dr4     
,rusticus1 pamphlets by  ,ryder1 ,g4    
,st4 ,john1 ,mr4 ,ambrose  ,scott1 ,mr4 

,hope  ,scott1 ,w4  ,seager1 ,charles   
,selwyn1 ,bishop  ,sewell1 ,william     
,shairp1 ,principal1 on ,newman's       
sermons  ,sikes1 ,mr4 7of ,guilsborough7
  ,simpson1 ,mr4  ,stanley1 ,mr4 ,arthur
  ,sterling1 ,john  ,subscription4 ,see 
,thirty-nine ,articles  ,sumner1 ,j4    
,bird1 ,bishop  ,symons1 ,dr4           
opposition to1 as ,vice-,chancellor     
,tait1 ,mr4 7of ,balliol7  ,theologians 
of #ahcj  ,third party in ,church--     
rise of    influence  ,thirlwall1       
,connop  ,thirty-nine ,articles1        
subscription of    ,dr4 ,hampden and    
subscription    pamphlet war on         
subscription    ,newman on subscription 
their ,catholicity    ,and see ,w4,g4   
,ward ,no4 #ij on  ,thomas1 ,vaughan    
,times1 letters of ,catholicus to       
,tottenham1 ,e4  ,tractarian doctrines1 
discussion of    ,movement4 ,see ,oxford
  ,tractarians1 excitement against      
,tract1 text of the first  ,tracts1     
the--    topics of    mode of           
circulating    reception of    accused  

of ,romanism    first volume of    later
 numbers1 character of    public opinion
 against    ,no4 #ij1 q4v4              
contributors to    on ,reserve1 q4v4    
on ,mysticism1 q4v4  ,treatise on the   
,church of ,christ    ,utilitarianism1  
influence on religious belief    ,via   
,media    ,wall1 ,mr4  ,ward1 ,w4,g4    
dismissed from ,balliol ,lectureship    
writings on ,romanism    his criticisms 
of ,english ,church    ,ideal of a      
,christian ,church    on ,no4 #ij    on 
the ,articles    hostility to           
,lutheranism    his philosophy of       
religion    his book condemned          
himself degraded    joins ,church of    
,rome  ,watson1 ,joshua  ,wellington1   
,duke of  ,whately1 ,dr4--    theories  
on ,church    opposed to ,tractarians   
,letters of an ,episcopalian  ,white1   
,blanco  ,whytehead1 ,mr4  ,wilberforce1
 ,henry  ,wilberforce1 ,robert          
,williams1 ,isaac  ,williams1 ,isaac1   
,keble's influence on    ,fellow of     
,trinity    connexion with ,newman      

divergences from ,newman                
contributions to ,plain ,sermons        
aversion to ,rome    his poetry         
defeated for ,poetry ,professorship     
,tract on ,reserve  ,wilson1 ,h4,b4     
,wilson1 ,r4,f4  ,wiseman1 ,dr4         
article on ,donatists  ,wood1 ,s4,f4    
,woodgate1 ,mr4  ,wordsworth1 ,dr4      
,wynter1 ,dr4      ,,the ,,end