,,composition-,,rhetoric ,,by ,,/ratton ,d4 ,,brooks ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,& ,,m>ietta ,,hubb>d ,=m]ly ,engli% ,dep>tm5t1 ,high ,s*ool ,la ,salle1 ,ill9ois 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,york - ,,c9c9nati - ,,*icago ,,am]ican ,,book ,,company #aije ,,/ratton ,d4 ,,brooks4 ,ent]$ at ,/ation]s' ,hall1 ,london4 99 99 99 99 99 ,brooks's ,rhet4 ,w4,p4 #aj ,to ,,m>cia ,,/u>t ,,brooks ,^: tea*+ fir/ demon/rat$ to ! au?ors t composition c\ld become a delight & pleasure1 ?is book is d$icat$444444 ,,preface ,! aim ( ?is book is n to produce critical read]s ( lit]ature1 nor to prep>e ! pupil to answ] que/ions ab\t rhetorical !ory1 b to enable e pupil to express 9 writ+1 freely1 cle>ly1 & =cibly1 :atev] he may f9d )9 him wor?y ( expression4 ,?ree consid]ations ( fundam5tal importance und]lie ! plan ( ! book3-- ,fir/1 improvem5t 9 ! p]=mance ( an act comes f ! repetition ( t act accompani$ by a consci\s ef=t to omit ! imp]fections ( ! =m] attempt4 ,!re=e1 ! writ+ ( a new !me 9 :i*1 ! pupil attempts to avoid ! error :i* occurr$ 9 8 =m] !me is ( mu* great] educational value ?an is ! copy+ ( ! old !me = ! purpose ( correct+ ! errors 9 x4 ,to copy ! old !me is to correct a result1 to write a new !me correctly is to improve a process2 & x is ?is improvem5t ( process t is ! real aim ( composition tea*+4 ,second1 ! logical arrangem5t ( mat]ial %\ld be subord9at$ to ! ne$s ( ! pupils4 ,a !oretical discussion ( ! f\r =ms ( disc\rse w\ld require t ea* be completely treat$ 9 "o place4 ,su* a treatm5t w\ld ignore ! fact t a high s*ool pupil has daily ne$ to use ea* ( ! f\r =ms ( disc\rse1 & t "s assi/ance 9 ea* %\ld be giv5 him z e>ly 9 8 c\rse z possible4 ,! book1 !re=e1 gives 9 ,"p #a ! elem5ts ( description1 n>ration1 exposition1 & argum5t1 & res]ves = ,"p ,,ii a m complete treatm5t ( ea*4 ,9 ea* "p ! ef=t has be5 made to adapt ! mat]ial pres5t$ to ! maturity & p[] ( ?\ght ( ! pupil4 ,?ird1 expression _c be compell$2 x mu/ be coax$4 ,only "u favorable conditions c we hope to secure t reaction ( intellect & emotion :i* r5d]s possible a full expression ( self4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( ^! favorable conditions is t ! pupil %all write some?+ he wi%es to write1 = an audi5ce :i* wi%es to he> x4 ,! au?ors h1 !re=e1 sugge/$ subjects = !mes 9 :i* high s*ool pupils are int]e/$ & ab\t :i* !y w wi% to write4 ,x is hop$ t ! "w w be s conduct$ by ! tea*] t e !me w be read al\d be=e ! class4 ,x is ess5tial t ! criticism ( a !me s read %all1 9 ! ma91 be complim5t>y1 po9t+ out & emphasiz+ ^? ?+s :i* ! pupil has done well2 & t de/ructive criticism be l>gely imp]sonal & be direct$ t[>d a s+le def9ite po9t4 ,only ?us may we avoid p]sonal emb>rassm5t to ! pupil1 give him confid5ce 9 himself1 & assure him ( a sympa!tic audi5ce--conditions ess5tial to ! effective tea*+ ( composition4 ,! plan ( ! book is z foll[s3-- #a4 ,"p #a provides a s]ies ( !mes cov]+ description1 n>ration1 exposition1 & argum5t4 ,! purpose is to give ! pupil t inspiration & t confid5ce 9 himself :i* come f ! frequ5t repetition ( an act4 #b4 ,ea* !me diff]s f ! prec$+ usually by a s+le po9t1 & ! tea*+ ef=t %\ld be conf9$ to t po9t4 ,only a false /&>d ( accuracy dem&s t e error be correct$ e "t x appe>s4 ,su* a c\rse loses sight ( ! ma9 po9t 9 a multiplicity ( details1 r5d]s in/ruction ineffective by scatt]+ ef=t1 produces hopeless confusion 9 ! m9d ( ! pupil1 & robs composition ( t inspiration )\t :i* x _c succe$4 ,9 composition1 z 9 o!r ?+s1 x is bett] to d b "o ?+ at a "t4 #c4 ,accompany+ ! writt5 !mes is a s]ies ( ex]cises1 ea* design$ to emphasize ! po9t pres5t$ 9 ! text1 b m especially int5d$ to provide = frequ5t drills 9 oral composition4 #d4 ,?r\gh\t ! fir/ f\r *apt]s ! p>agraph is ! unit ( composition1 b = ! sake ( add$ int]e/ "s !mes ( great] l5g? h be5 includ$4 ,*apt] ,v1 on ! ,:ole ,composition1 s]ves z a review & summ>y ( ! me?ods ( p>agraph developm5t1 %[s h[ to make ! transition f "o p>agraph to ano!r1 & discusses ! m important rhetorical pr9ciples und]ly+ ! union ( p>agraphs into a coh]5t & unifi$ :ole4 #e4 ,! tra9+ furni%$ by ,"p #a %\ld result 9 giv+ to ! pupil "s flu5cy ( expression1 "s confid5ce 9 8 ability to make kn[n to o!rs t :i* he ?9ks & feels1 & "s p[] to det]m9e t ! !me he writes1 h[ev] r\gh-hewn & un%apely x may be1 yet 9 its major outl9es foll[s closely ! ?\ght t is )9 8 m9d4 ,if ! tra9+ has fail$ to give ! pupil ?is p[]1 x w be ( little advantage to him to h ma/]$ "s ( ! m9or matt]s ( te*nique1 or to h le>n$ h[ to improve 8 phras+1 poli% 8 s5t5ces1 & di/ribute 8 commas4 #f4 ,"p ,,ii provides a s]ies ( !mes cov]+ ! same gr\nd z ,"p ,i1 b ! treatm5t ( ^! !mes is m complete & ! mat]ial is adapt$ to ! increas$ maturity & ?\ght p[] ( ! pupils4 ,by means ( ref]5ces ! pupils are direct$ to all =m] treatm5ts ( ! topics !y are /udy+4 #g4 ,"p ,,ii discusses "s topics usually treat$ 9 college c\rses 9 rhetoric4 ,^! h be5 includ$ = ?ree reasons3 fir/1 because comp>atively few high s*ool pupils g to college2 second1 because ! increas$ am\nt ( "t n[ giv5 to composition enables ! high s*ool to cov] a wid] field ?an =m]ly2 & ?ird1 because su* topics c be /udi$ ) pr(it by pupils 9 ! upp] ye>s ( ! high s*ool c\rse4 #h4 ,x is n int5d$ t ! text %all be recit$4 ,its purpose is to furni% a basis = discussion betwe5 tea*] & pupils be=e ! pupils attempt to write4 ,! real te/ ( ! pupils' ma/]y ( a pr9ciple discuss$ 9 ! text w be _! ability to put x into practice4 ,any judgm5t ( ! success or failure ( ! book %\ld be bas$ ^u ! quality ( ! !mes :i* ! pupils write4 ,criticisms & sugge/ions w be welcom$ f ^? :o use ! book4 ,! au?ors wi% to express _! obligation = advice & assi/ance to ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,fulton1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,rhetoric1 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois2 ,messrs4 ,gilb]t ,s4 ,blakely & ,h4 ,e4 ,fo/]1 ,in/ructors 9 ,engli%1 ,morris ,high ,s*ool1 ,new ,york2 ,miss ,elizabe? ,ri*>dson1 ,girls' ,high ,s*ool1 ,bo/on2 ,miss ,ka!r9e ,h4 ,%ute1 ,bo/on ,normal ,s*ool2 ,miss ,e4 ,m>gu]ite ,/rau*on1 ,kansas ,city ,high ,s*ool4 ,! selections f ,haw?orne1 ,longfell[1 ,l[ell1 ,holmes1 ,:itti]1 ,w>n]1 ,burr\ghs1 ,h[ells1 & ,tr[bridge are us$ by p]mission ( & by special arrangem5t ) ,hoaghton1 ,miffl91 & ,company1 publi%]s ( _! works4 ,grateful ackn[l$gm5t is made to ,h>p] & ,bro!rs2 ,! ,c5tury ,company2 ,d\bl$ay1 ,page1 & ,company2 & ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons = p]mission to use ! selections to :i* _! names are atta*$3 to ! publi%]s ( ! ,=um1 ,c5tury1 ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,mc,clure's1 ,h>p]'s1 ,scribn]'s1 & ! ,outlook = p]mission to use extracts3 & to ,scott1 ,=esman1 & ,company2 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company2 ,h5ry ,holt & ,company2 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons2 ,?omas ,y4 ,cr[ell & ,company2 & ,b5jam9 ,h4 ,sanborn & ,company = p]mission to use copyright$ mat]ial4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i #a4 ,expression ( ,ideas aris+ f ,exp]i5ce ,,ii4 ,expression ( ,ideas furni%$ by ,imag9ation ,,iii4 ,expression ( ,ideas acquir$ ?r\gh ,language ,,iv4 ,! ,purpose ( ,expression ,v4 ,! ,:ole ,composition ,,vi4 ,lett] ,writ+ ,,vii4 ,poetry ,,"p ,,ii ,,viii4 ,description ,,ix4 ,n>ration ,x4 ,exposition ,,xi4 ,argum5t ,app5dix ,i4 ,elem5ts ( ,=m ,,ii4 ,review ( ,gramm> ,,iii4 ,figures ( ,spee* ,,iv4 ,! ,rhetorical ,features ( ! ,s5t5ce ,v4 ,li/ ( ,synonyms ,,vi4 ,li/ ( ,words = ,ex]cise 9 ,^w ,usage ,index ,,"p #a #a4 ,,expression ,,( ,,ideas ,,aris+ ,,f ,,exp]i5ce #a4 ,pleasure 9 ,express+ ,ideas4--,?\gh we all enjoy talk+1 we _c write s easily z we talk1 nor ) ! same pleasure4 ,we seldom talk ab\t topics 9 :i* we are n int]e/$ & conc]n+ :i* we "k little or no?+1 b we (t5 h su* topics assign$ to u z subjects = compositions4 ,"u su* conditions x is no wond] t !re is little pleasure 9 writ+4 ,! ideas t we express orally are ^? ) :i* we are famili> & 9 :i* we are int]e/$1 & we tell !m because we wi% to tell !m to "s "o :o is likewise int]e/$ & :o desires to he> :at we h to say4 ,su* expression ( ideas is enjoy$ by all4 ,if we b *oose to express ! same k9ds ( ideas & = ! same reason1 !re is an equal or ev5 great] pleasure to be d]iv$ f ! expression ( ideas 9 writ+4 ,! purpose ( ?is book is to %[ y h[ to express ideas cle>ly1 effectively1 & ) pleasure4 #b4 ,s\rces ( ,ideas4--,we mu/ h ideas be=e we c express !m4 ,!re are ?ree s\rces f :i* ideas arise4 ,we may ga9 !m f exp]i5ce2 we may recomb9e !m into new =ms by ! imag9ation2 & we may receive !m f o!rs ?r\gh ! m$ium ( language1 ei!r by conv]sation or by read+4 ,e day we add to our k ?r\gh our s5ses4 ,we see & he> & d1 & ?us1 ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 acquire ideas ab\t ?+s4 ,by f> ! great] "p ( expression has to d ) ideas t h orig9at$ 9 ?is way4 ,! fir/ *apt] 9 ?is book is conc]n$ ) ! expression ( ideas ga9$ ?r\gh exp]i5ce4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 ?9k ab\t ?+s t h n actually occurr$4 ,we may all[ our m9ds to picture a football game t we h n se51 or to plan a /ory ab\t a boy :o nev] exi/$4 ,ne>ly e "o takes pleasure 9 su* an ex]cise ( ! imag9ation4 ,! second *apt] has to d ) ! expression ( ideas ( ?is k9d4 ,we also add to our k ?r\gh ! m$ium ( language4 ,?r\gh conv]sation & read+ we le>n :at o!rs ?9k1 & x is (t5 ( value to re/ate ^! ideas4 ,! expression ( ideas s acquir$ is treat$ 9 ! ?ird *apt]4 #c4 ,advantages ( ,express+ ,ideas ,ga9$ f ,exp]i5ce4--,"y p sometimes f9d difficulty 9 writ+ because !y h no?+ to say4 ,su* a reason w n hold 9 reg>d to ideas ga9$ f exp]i5ce4 ,e "o has a multitude ( exp]i5ces e day1 & wi%es to tell ab\t "s ( !m4 ,_m ( ! ?+s :i* happ5 to y or to y\r fri5ds1 especially "s :i* occur outside ( ! regul> r\t9e ( s*ool "w1 are int]e/+ & wor? tell+ ab\t4 ,?us exp]i5ce furni%es an abundance ( mat]ial suitable = composition purposes1 & ?is mat]ial is ( ! be/ because ! ideas are sure to be y\r own4 ,! fir/ requisite ( successful composition is to h ?\ghts ( y\r own4 ,! express+ ( ideas t are n y\r own is m]e copy "w1 & seldom wor? do+4 ,ideas acquir$ ?r\gh exp]i5ce are n only int]e/+ & y\r own1 b !y are likely to be cle> & def9ite4 ,y "k :at y d & :at y see2 or1 if y d n1 ! ef=t to express y\r ideas s t !y w be cle> to o!rs w make y obs]ve closely = y\rself4 ,/ill ano!r advantage comes f ! fact t y\r exp]i5ces are n pres5t$ to y ?r\gh ! m$ium ( language4 ,:5 exp]i5ce furni%es ! ideas1 y are left free to *oose = y\rself ! words t be/ set =? :at y wi% to tell4 ,! ?+s ( y\r exp]i5ce are ! ?+s ) :i* y are mo/ famili>1 & !re=e ! words t be/ apply to !m are ^? :i* y mo/ (t5 use & ^: mean+s are be/ kn[n to y4 ,because exp]i5ce supplies an abundance ( int]e/+1 cle>1 & def9ite ideas1 :i* are y\r own & :i* may be express$ 9 famili> language1 x furni%es bett] mat]ial = tra9+ 9 expression ?an does ei!r imag9ation or read+4 #d4 ,ess5tials ( ,expression4--,! prop] expression ( ideas dep5ds ^u ! obs]vance ( two ess5tials3 fir/1 y %\ld say :at y mean2 & second1 y %\ld say x cle>ly4 ,)\t ^!1 :at y say may be n only valueless1 b positively mislead+4 ,if y wi% y\r he>] to und]/& :at occurr$ at a c]ta9 "t & place1 y mu/ fir/ ( all "k y\rself exactly :at did occur4 ,!n y mu/ express x 9 language t %all make him und]/& x z cle>ly z y d4 ,y w le>n mu* ab\t cle>ness1 lat]2 b ev5 n[ y c tell :e!r y "k :at is meant by ea* s5t5ce :i* y he> or read4 ,x is n s easy to tell :e!r :at y say w convey cle>ly to ano!r ! mean+ y int5d to convey1 b y w be help$ 9 ?is if y ask y\rself ! que/ions3 ,d ,i "k exactly :at happ5$8 ,h ,i said :at ,i int5d$ to say8 ,h ,i said x s t x w be cle> to ! li/5]8 ,oral ,composition #a4--,report orally on "o ( ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,7 y s int]e/$ 9 any?+ ye/]day t y told x to y\r p>5ts or fri5ds8 ,tell ! class ab\t x4 #b4 ,tell ab\t some?+ t y h done ?is week1 s t ! class may "k exactly :at y did4 #c4 ,"n "s ?+s 9 :i* y h be5 int]e/$ )9 ! la/ two or ?ree mon?s4 ,tell ! class ab\t "o ( !m4 #d4 ,tell ! class ab\t some?+ t happ5$ dur+ vacation4 ,h y told ! ev5t exactly z x occurr$8 #e4 ,int]e/4--,9 ord] to enjoy li/5+ to a /ory we mu/ take an int]e/ 9 x1 & ! /ory %\ld be s told z to ar\se & ma9ta9 ?is int]e/4 ,z y h li/5$ to ! reports ( y\r classmates y h be5 m pleas$ ) "s ?an ) o!rs4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! mean+ ( ea* 0 cle>1 yet ! int]e/ ar\s$ 0 9 ea* case diff]5t4 ,s9ce ! purpose ( a /ory is to ent]ta91 any /ory falls %ort ( its purpose :5 x ceases to be int]e/+4 ,we mu/ at all times say :at we mean & say x cle>ly2 b 9 /ory tell+ especially we mu/ also take c>e t :at we say %all ar\se & ma9ta9 int]e/4 #f4 ,! ,introduction4--,! /ory ( an ev5t %\ld be introduc$ 9 su* a mann] z to enable ! he>] to und]/& ! circum/ances t are relat$4 ,su* an introduction contributes to cle>ness & has an important be>+ ^u ! int]e/ ( ! entire composition4 ,9 ord] to r5d] our acc\nt ( an ev5t cle> & int]e/+ x is usually desirable to tell ! he>]s :5 & :]e ! ev5t occurr$ & :o 7 pres5t4 ,_! und]/&+ ( x may be help$ fur!r by tell+ su* ( ! att5dant circum/ances z w answ] ! "q1 ,:y8 ,if ,i beg9 my /ory by say+1 ,la/ summ] ,john ,&]son & ,i 7 on a camp+ trip 9 ! ,adirondacks1 ,i h told :51 :]e1 & :o2 & ! addition ( ! words on a camp+ trip tells :y we 7 9 ! ,adirondacks1 & may s]ve to expla9 "s ( ! ev5ts t are to foll[4 ,ev5 ! /atem5t ( ! place indicates 9 "s degree ! tr5d ( ! /ory1 = _m ?+s t might occur 9 ! ,adirondacks c\ld n occur 9 a c\ntry :]e !re are no m\nta9s4 ,c]ta9ly ! /ory t w\ld foll[ su* an introduction w\ld be expect$ to diff] f "o beg9n+ ) ! words1 ,la/ summ] ,john ,&]son & ,i w5t to visit a fri5d 9 ,new ,york4 ,x is n always necess>y to tell :51 :]e1 :o1 & :y 9 ! introduction1 b x is desirable to d s 9 mo/ cases ( oral /ory tell+4 ,^! f\r elem5ts may n always be /at$ 9 incid5ts tak5 f books1 = ! read] may be already famili> ) !m f ! prec$+ portions ( ! book4 ,! title ( a pr9t$ or writt5 /ory may s]ve z an introduction & give u all ne$$ in=mation4 ,9 relat+ p]sonal incid5ts ! "t elem5t is seldom omitt$1 ?\gh x may be /at$ indirectly or indef9itely by su* expressions z once or 'lately4' ,9 _m /ories ! int]e/ dep5ds ^u ! plot1 & ! "t is n def9itely /at$4 ,,ex]cise ,notice :at elem5ts are includ$ 9 ea* ( ! foll[+ introductions3-- #a4 ,saturday la/ at ,m\nt ,holly1 ab\t eight miles f ?is place1 ne>ly ?ree hundr$ p 7 ga!r$ toge!r to see an exp]im5t or two tri$ on "s p]sons accus$ ( wit*craft4 #b4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #aj? in/ant at sunrise1 !y 7 discov]$ f ,put-9-,bay1 :]e ,i lay at an*or ) ! squadron "u my comm&4 #c4 ,x 0 on ,sunday :5 ,i awoke to ! realization t ,i _h quitt$ civilization & 0 afloat on an unfamili> body ( wat] 9 an op5 boat4 #d4 ,up & d[n ! long corn r[s ,pap ,ov]holt guid$ ! old mule & ! small1 rickety1 ineffici5t pl[1 ^: l[ h&les b[$ 8 tall1 broad %\ld]s b5ea? ! mild heat ( a m\nta9 ,june sun4 ,z he w5t--ev] ) a furtive eye ^u ! cab9--he mutt]$ to himself1 %ak+ 8 head4 #e4 ,aft] breakfa/1 ,i w5t d[n to ! ,saponey ,indian t[n1 :i* is ab\t a musket %ot f ! =t4 #f4 ,! lonely /ret* ( uphill road1 ^u ^: yell[ clay ! midsumm] sun beat v]tically d[n1 w\ld h repres5t$ a toilsome climb to a gr[n & un5cumb]$ man4 ,to ! boy /agg]+ "u ! burd5 ( a brimful c>pet bag1 x seem$ fairly unscalable2 :]e=e he /opp$ at its base & look$ up 9 dismay to its f>-(f1 r$-hot summit4 #g4 ,"o aft]noon la/ summ]1 ?ree or f\r p f ,new ,york1 two f ,bo/on1 & a "y man f ! ,middle ,we/ 7 lun*+ at "o ( ! c\ntry clubs on ! s\? %ore ( ,long ,isl&1 & !re came ab\t a mild discussion ( ! ,am]ican univ]sities4 #h4 ,b :]e is ! /ation8 inquir$ ! ,judge4 ,a9't none1 boss4 ,dis heah is jes a cross+4 ,tra9's ab\t due n[1 sah2 y-all won't hab long f] to wait4 ,?anky1 sah2 good-by2 sorry y-all didn't f9d no birds4 ,! ,judge pick$ up 8 gun case & grip & walk$ t[>d 8 two companions wait+ on ! plat=m a few y>ds away4 ,silh\ett$ aga9/ ! moonlight !y made him ?9k ( ! figure #aj1 = ,mr4 ,appleton 0 tall & erect1 & ! little ,doctor %ort & circul>4 #i4 ,i sprang to ! /irrup1 & ,joris & he2 ,i gallop$1 ,dirck gallop$1 we gallop$ all ?ree2 ,good spe$6 cri$ ! wat*1 z ! gate bolts undrew1 ,spe$6 e*o$ ! wall to u gallop+ ?r\gh4 ,beh9d %ut ! po/]n1 ! lights sank to re/1 ,& into ! midnight we gallop$ abrea/4 --,br[n+4 ,oral ,composition ,,ii4--,relate orally to ! class "s incid5t 9 :i* y 7 p]sonally conc]n$4 ,! foll[+ may sugge/ a subject3-- #a4 ,h[ ,i made fri5ds ) ! squirrels4 #b4 ,a trick ( a tame cr[4 #c4 ,:y ,i miss$ ! tra94 #d4 ,h[ a horse 0 rescu$4 #e4 ,lo/ & f\nd4 #f4 ,my visit to a m5ag]ie4 7,:5 prep>+ to relate ?is incid5t ask y\rself fir/ :e!r y "k exactly :at happ5$4 ,consid] !n h[ to beg9 ! /ory s t y\r he>] w "k :5 & :]e x happ5$ & :o 7 !re4 ,include 9 ! beg9n+ any /atem5t t w assi/ ! read] 9 und]/&+ ! ev5ts :i* foll[47 #g4 ,! ,po9t ( a ,/ory4--,x is n necess>y t a /ory be conc]n$ ) a ?rill+ ev5t 9 ord] to be int]e/+4 ,ev5 a mo/ commonplace occurr5ce may be s told t x is wor? li/5+ to4 ,x is m important t a /ory h a po9t & be s told t ?is po9t w be readily appreciat$ ?an t x deal ) important or ?rill+ ev5ts4 ,! /ory %\ld lead easily & rapidly to its po9t1 & :5 ?is is rea*$ ! end ( ! /ory %\ld n be f> di/ant4 ,! beg9n+ ( a /ory w conta9 /atem5ts t w assi/ u 9 appreciat+ ! po9t :5 we come to x1 b if ! po9t is pla9ly /at$ ne> ! beg9n+1 or ev5 if x is too /rongly sugge/$1 our /ory w drag4 ,at :at po9t 9 ! foll[+ selection is ! int]e/ greate/8 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 ,i liv$ 9 t portion ( ,t5nessee :i* 0 alt]nately held by ! conflict+ armies4 ,my fa!r & bro!rs 7 away1 z 7 all ! o!r m5 9 ! neighborhood1 except a few v old ones & "s half-gr[n boys4 ,"m & ,i 7 9 con/ant fe> ( injury f /raggl]s f bo? armies4 ,we _h nev] be5 di/urb$1 = our f>m 0 a mile or m back f ! road along :i* su* deta*m5ts usually mov$4 ,we _h p]iods ( comp>ative quiet 9 :i* we felt at ease1 & !n w\ld come reports ( depr$ation ne> at h&1 or rumors ( ! pres5ce ( m>aud+ b&s 9 neighbor+ settlem5ts4 ,"o ev5+ su* a rumor came to u1 & we 7 consequ5tly anxi\s4 ,e>ly next morn+1 be=e ! fog _h lift$1 ,i caught sight ( two m5 cross+ ! road at ! f> end ( ! or*>d4 ,!y jump$ ov] ! f5ce into ! or*>d & disappe>$ among ! trees4 ,i _h b a brief glimpse ( !m1 b x 0 suffici5t to %[ me t "o _h a gun ov] 8 %\ld]1 :ile ! o!r c>ri$ a sab]4 ,quick1 ,"m1 quick6 ,i cri$4 ,come to ! w9d[4 ,!re are soldi]s 9 ! or*>d4 ,keep+ out ( sight1 we wat*$ ! progress ( ! m5 ?r\gh ! or*>d4 ,our brief glimpses ( !m ?r\gh ! trees %[$ t !y 7 n com+ directly to ! h\se1 b 7 head$ = ! b>n & %$s1 & 9 ord] to keep out ( sight1 7 foll[+ a slight rav9e :i* ran across ! or*>d & l$ to ! back ( ! b>ns4 ,"m & ,i 7 v mu* excit$ & h>dly knew :at to d4 ,f9ally x 0 det]m9$ to hide up/airs 9 hopes t ! m5 7 b5t on /eal+ *ick5s or pigs1 & might leave )\t di/urb+ ! h\se4 ,we lock$ ! doors & w5t up/airs1 tak+ ) u ! old musket & ! but*] knife4 ,we c\ld he> ! m5 ab\t ! b>n1 & aft] :at seem$ an int]m9able "t we he>d !m com+ t[>ds ! h\se4 ,?\gh %ak+ all ov]1 ,i summon$ c\rage en\gh to g to ! w9d[ & look out ( a hole 9 ! %ade4 ,z ! m5 came into sight ar\nd ! corn]1 ,i scream$ outright1 b f relief r ?an fe>1 = ! m5 7 n soldi]s1 b ,gr&pa ,smi? & 8 f\rte5-ye>-old gr&son4 ,!y /opp$ at ! well to get a dr9k1 & :5 we op5$ ! w9d[1 ! old man said1 ,we're j on our way to m[ ! back lot & /opp$ to gr9d ! scy! on y\r /one4 ,we broke ours ye/]day4 ,!n he pick$ up ! scy! :i* 9 ! fog ,i _h tak5 = a sab]1 :ile ! gr&son aga9 %\ld]$ 8 pit*=k musket4 ,:at effect w\ld x h on ! int]e/ ar\s$ by ! prec$+ /ory to beg9 x z foll[s8 ,"o morn+ dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 ,i saw two ( my neighbors1 ,gr&pa ,smi? & 8 gr&son1 cross+ our or*>d1 "o c>ry+ a scy! & ! o!r a pit*=k4 ,:y is ! expression1 be=e ! fog _h lift$1 us$ ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! /ory8 ,w\ld a description ( ! appe>ance ( ! h\se1 ! b>n1 or ! p]sons add to ! int]e/ ar\s$ by ! /ory8 ,is x necess>y to add any?+ to ! /ory8 ,,ex]cise ,9 ea* ( ! foll[+ selections decide :]e ! int]e/ rea*es its climax4 ,has any?+ be5 said 9 ! beg9n+ ( any ( !m :i* sugge/s :at ! po9t w be1 or :i* helps y to appreciate x :5 y come to x8 #a4 ,! next ev5+ our travel]s encamp$ on a s& b>1 or r a great bank ( s&1 t ran = miles along "o side ( ! riv]4 ,!y kept wat* z usual1 ,leon tak+ ! fir/ turn4 ,he seat$ himself on a pile ( s& & did 8 be/ to keep awake2 b 9 ab\t an h\r aft] ! re/ 7 asleep1 he felt v dr[sy & fell into a nap t la/$ ne>ly half an h\r1 & might h cont9u$ long] _h he n slid d[n ! s& hill & tumbl$ ov] on 8 side4 ,?is awoke him4 ,feel+ vex$ ) himself1 he rubb$ 8 eyes & look$ ab\t to see if any creature _h v5tur$ ne>4 ,he fir/ look$ t[>ds ! woods1 = ( c\rse t 0 ! direction f :i* ! tig]s w\ld come2 b he _h sc>cely turn$ himself :5 he p]ceiv$ a pair ( eyes glanc+ at him f ! o!r side ( ! fire4 ,close to !m ano!r pair1 !n ano!r & ano!r1 until1 hav+ look$ on e side1 he saw himself surr\nd$ by a complete circle ( glanc+ eyes4 ,x is true !y 7 small ones1 & "s ( ! heads :i* he c\ld see by ! blaze 7 small4 ,!y 7 n jagu>s1 b !y _h an ugly look4 ,!y look$ l ! heads ( s]p5ts4 ,0 x possible t a hundr$ s]p5ts c\ld h surr\nd$ ! camp8 ,br\ght sudd5ly to 8 feet1 ,leon /ood = "s mom5ts unc]ta9 :at to d4 ,he believ$ t ! eyes belong$ to snakes :i* _h j crept out ( ! riv]2 & he fe>$ t any movem5t on 8 "p w\ld lead !m to attack him4 ,hav+ ris5 to 8 feet1 8 eyes 7 above ! level ( ! blaze1 & he 0 able 9 a little :ile to see m cle>ly4 ,he n[ saw t ! snakelike heads belong$ to creatures ) l>ge oval bodies1 & t1 besides ! fifty or m :i* _h come up to look at ! fire1 !re 7 :ole droves ( !m ^u ! s&y bea* beyond4 ,z f> z he c\ld see on all sides1 ! bank 0 cov]$ ) !m4 ,a /range sight x 01 & mo/ fe>ful4 ,= 8 life he c\ld n make out :at x meant1 or by :at sort ( wild animals he 0 surr\nd$4 ,he c\ld see t _! bodies 7 n l>g] ?an ^? ( small %eep2 &1 f ! way 9 :i* !y gli/5$ 9 ! moonlight1 he 0 sure !y _h come out ( ! riv]4 ,he call$ to ! ,indian guide1 :o awoke & />t$ to 8 feet 9 al>m4 ,! movem5t fright5$ ! creatures r\nd ! fire2 !y ru%$ to ! %ore1 & 7 he>d plung+ by hundr$s into ! wat]4 ,! ,indian's e> caught ! s\nds1 & 8 eye took 9 ! :ole ?+ at a glance4 ,turtles1 he said4 ,oh1 said ! lad2 turtles1 are !y8 ,yes1 ma/]1 answ]$ ! guide4 ,i suppose ?is is "o ( _! great hat*+ places4 ,!y are go+ to lay _! eggs 9 ! s&4 --,capta9 ,mayne ,reid4 ,w\ld ! prec$+ incid5t be int]e/+ if we 7 told at ! beg9n+ t ! boy & ! ,indian _h encamp$ ne> a hat*+ place ( turtles8 #b4 ,n e /ory t reads l fiction is fact1 b ! ,brooklyn ,eagle assures its read]s t ! "o "h quot$ is q true4 ,! man :o told x 0 = _m ye>s an (fic] ( ! ,*icago1 ,burl+ton ,qu9cy ,railroad ,company 9 ,ill9ois1 & _h annual passes ov] all ! important railroads 9 ! c\ntry4 ,8 duties took him to ,spr+field1 ! /ate capital1 & z he g5]ally w5t by ! ,*icago1 ,alton ,/4 ,l\is road1 ! conductors on t l9e knew him s well t !y nev] ask$ to see 8 pass4 ,"o day ,i receiv$ a telegram summon+ me to meet "o ( ! (fic]s ( my company at ,aurora ! next morn+4 ,i _h only a %ort "t to cat* my tra9 to ,*icago1 & 9 my ha/e left my passbook beh9d4 ,i did n f9d ?is out until ,i rea*$ ,*icago1 & 0 ab\t to take ! la/ tra9 = ,aurora t night4 ,!n ,i saw t ! conductor1 a man br\ght ov] f ! ,i[a division1 0 a /rang]1 & ! fact t ,i w\ld ne$ my pass rem9d$ me t ,i did n h x4 ,i told ! conductor ! situation1 b he said he c\ld n c>ry me on my m]e repres5tation t ,i _h a pass4 ,:y1 man1 said ,i1 ,i am an (fic] ( ! company1 go+ to ,aurora on company bus9ess1 & ?is is ! la/ tra9 t w get me !re 9 "t4 ,y mu/ take me4 ,he 0 polite1 b firm4 ,he said he 0 a new man on ?is division1 & c\ld n af=d to make any mi/akes4 ,:5 ,i saw t he 0 det]m9$1 ,i ru%$ (f to ! telegraph (fice2 b x 0 too late to cat* anybody au?oriz$ to issue passes1 s ,i settl$ x 9 my m9d t ,i mu/ g by c>riage1 & ! prospect ( an all-night ride ov] bad roads ?r\gh ! d>k 0 any?+ b invit+4 ,inde$1 x 0 s =bidd+ t ,i resolv$ to make "o m appeal to ! conductor4 ,y simply mu/ take me to ,aurora6 ,i said1 ) int5se e>ne/ness4 ,i c't d x1 he answ]$4 ,b ,i believe y are :at y repres5t y\rself to be1 & ,i w l5d y ! money p]sonally4 ,x is only "o doll> & twelve c5ts4 ,well1 sir1 y c\ld h knock$ me d[n ) ! flat side ( a palm-leaf fan4 ,i _h m ?an two ?\s& doll>s 9 curr5cy 9 my pocket1 b x _h nev] = an in/ant occurr$ to me t ,i c\ld pay my f>e & ride on t tra94 ,i %[$ ! conductor a wad ( money t made 8 eyes /ick out4 ,i ?\ght x 0 funny1 said he1 t a man 9 y\r position c\ldn't raise "o doll> & twelve c5ts4 ,x 0 t t made me believe y 7 play+ a trick to see if ,i w\ld violate ! rule4 ,! simple tru? 01 ,i _h ridd5 ev]y:]e on passes s _m ye>s1 t x did n occur to me t ,i c\ld ride 9 any o!r way4 ,oral ,composition ,,iii4,footnote3 ,oral compositions %\ld be cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! c\rse4 ,a few m9utes may be pr(itably us$ once or twice ea* week 9 hav+ ea* memb] ( ! class /& be=e ! class & relate briefly "s incid5t :i* he has witness$ s9ce ! la/ meet+ ( ! class4 ,ex]cises l ^? on page #ec also w furni% opportunities = oral "w4--,relate to ! class "s p]sonal incid5t sugge/$ by "o ( ! foll[+ subjects3-- #a4 ,a day ) my c\s94 #b4 ,caught 9 ! act4 #c4 ,a joke on me4 #d4 ,my peculi> mi/ake4 #e4 ,my exp]i5ce on a f>m4 #f4 ,my exp]i5ce 9 a /range ,sunday s*ool4 #g4 ,:at ,i saw :5 ,i 0 com+ to s*ool4 7,9 prep>ation = ?is ex]cise1 consid] ! po9t ( y\r /ory4 ,:at mu/ y tell fir/ 9 ord] to enable ! he>]s to und]/& ! po9t8 ,c y say any?+ t w make !m want to "k :at ! po9t is )\t really tell+ !m8 ,c y lead up to x )\t too long a delay8 ,c y /op :5 ! po9t has be5 made87 #h4 ,!me ,writ+ & ,correct+4--,any writt5 ex]cise1 :e!r long or %ort1 is call$ a !me ?r\gh\t ?is book4 ,j z "o le>ns to skate by skat+1 s "o le>ns to write by writ+2 !re=e _m !mes w be requir$4 ,s9ce ! cle> expression ( ?\ght is "o ( ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( e !me1 !me correction %\ld be prim>ily direct$ to improvem5t 9 cle>ness4 ,! tea*] w ne$ to assi/ 9 ?is correction1 b ! really valuable "p is t :i* y d = y\rself4 ,aft] y leave s*ool y w ne$ to decide = y\rself :at is "r & :at is be/1 & x is ess5tial t y n[ le>n h[ to make su* decisions4 ,to aid y 9 acquir+ a habit ( self-correction1 que/ions or sugge/ions foll[ ! directions = writ+ ea* !me4 ,9 ,!me ,i y are to express cle>ly to o!rs some?+ t is already cle> to y4 ,!me ,i4-,write a %ort !me on "o ( ! subjects t y h us$ = an oral composition4 7,aft] writ+ ?is !me1 read x al\d to y\rself4 ,does x read smoo?ly8 ,h y told :at actually happ5$8 ,h y told x s t ! he>]s w und]/& y8 ,h y said :at y meant to say8 ,consid] ! introduction4 ,has ! /ory a po9t87 #i4 ,! ,conclusion4--,s9ce ! po9t ( a /ory m>ks ! climax ( int]e/1 x is evid5t t ! conclusion mu/ n be long delay$ aft] ! po9t has be5 rea*$4 ,if ! /ory has be5 well told1 ! po9t m>ks ! natural conclusion1 & a s5t5ce or two w s]ve to br+ ! /ory to a satisfactory end4 ,if a suitable end+ does n sugge/ itself1 x is bett] to omit ! conclusion altoge!r ?an to con/ruct a =c$ or fl[]y "o4 ,notice ! conclusion ( ! incid5t ( ! ,civil ,w> relat$ on page #ah4 ,!me ,,ii4-,write a %ort !me sugge/$ by "o ( ! foll[+ subjects3-- #a4 ,a s*ool picnic4 #b4 ,a race4 #c4 ,! l>ge/ fire ,i h se54 #d4 ,a skat+ accid5t4 #e4 ,a que] mi/ake4 #f4 ,an exp]i5ce ) a tramp4 7,correct ) ref]5ce to mean+ & cle>ness4 ,consid] ! introduction2 ! po9t2 ! conclusion47 #aj4 ,obs]vation ( ,actions4--,_m ( our mo/ int]e/+ exp]i5ces arise f obs]v+ ! actions ( o!rs4 ,a writt5 description ( :at we h obs]v$ w ga9 9 int]e/ to ! read]1 if1 9 addition to tell+ :at 0 done1 we give "s indication ( ! way 9 :i* x 0 done4 ,a li/ ( tools a c>p5t] uses & ! op]ations he p]=ms dur+ ! half h\r we wat* him1 may be dull & un9t]e/+2 b our description may h an add$ value if x %[s 8 mann] ( work+ s t ! read] c det]m9e :e!r ! c>p5t] is an ord]ly1 me?odical1 & rapid work] or a m]e putt]] :o is c>eless1 haphaz>d1 & sl[4 ,two p]sons w p]=m simil> actions 9 v diff]5t ways4 ,our description %\ld be s word$ z to %[ :at ! diff]5ces are4 ,!me ,,iii4--,write a !me relat+ actions4 ,sugge/$ subjects3-- #a4 ,a mason1 blacksmi?1 pa9t]1 or o!r me*anic at "w4 #b4 ,h[ my neighbor m[s 8 lawn4 #c4 ,:at a man does :5 8 automobile breaks d[n4 #d4 ,describe ! actions ( a cat1 dog1 rabbit1 squirrel1 or o!r animal4 #e4 ,wat* ! pu%-c>t man a half-h\r & report :at he did4 7,h y told exactly :at 0 done8 ,c y by ! *oice ( suitable words %[ m pla9ly ! way 9 :i* x 0 done8 ,does ?is !me ne$ to h an introduction8 ,a po9t8 ,a conclusion87 #aa4 ,selection ( ,details4--,y are at pres5t conc]n$ ) tell+ ev5ts t actually happ52 b ?is does n mean t y ne$ to include ev]y?+ t occurs4 ,if y wi% to tell a fri5d ab\t "s int]e/+ or excit+ incid5t at a picnic1 he w n c>e to he> ev]y?+ t took place dur+ ! day4 ,he may li/5 politely to a /atem5t ( :at tra9 y took & :at y _h 9 y\r lun* basket1 b he w be little int]e/$ 9 su* details4 ,9 ord] to ma9ta9 int]e/1 ! po9t ( y\r /ory mu/ n be too long delay$4 ,brevity is desirable1 & details t be> little relation to ! ma9 po9t1 & t d n prep>e ! li/5] to und]/& & appreciate ?is po9t1 are bett] omitt$4 ,!me ,,iv4--,write ab\t some?+ t y h done4 ,use any ( ! foll[+ subjects1 or "o sugge/$ by !m3-- #a4 ,my fir/ hunt4 #b4 ,:y ,i 0 t>dy4 #c4 ,my fir/ fi%+ trip4 #d4 ,my n>r[ escape4 #e4 ,a runaway4 #f4 ,:at ,i did la/ ,saturday4 7,read ! !me al\d to y\rself4 ,does x read smoo?ly8 ,h y said :at y meant to say8 ,h y express$ x cle>ly8 ,consid] ! introduction2 ! po9t2 ! conclusion4 ,reject unnecess>y details47 #ab4 ,ord] ( ,ev5ts4--,! ord] 9 :i* ev5ts occur w assi/ 9 e/abli%+ ! ord] 9 :i* to relate !m4 ,if y are tell+ ab\t only "o p]son1 y c foll[ ! "t ord] ( ! ev5ts z !y actually happ5$2 b if y are tell+ ab\t two or m p]sons :o 7 do+ diff]5t ?+s at ! same "t1 y w ne$ to tell fir/ :at "o did & !n :at ano!r did4 ,y mu/1 h[ev]1 make x cle> to ! read] t1 ?\gh y h told "o ev5t aft] ! o!r1 !y really happ5$ at ! same "t4 ,9 ! selection bel[ notice h[ ! italiciz$ portions indicate ! relation 9 "t t ! diff]5t ev5ts be> to "o ano!r4 ,at ! bea* ye/]day a fat woman & h] ?ree *ildr5 caus$ a great commotion4 ,!y _h rigg$ !mselves out 9 hir$ suits :i* might be describ$ z an av]age fit1 = t ( ! "m 0 z mu* too small z ^? ( ! *ildr5 7 too l>ge4 ,!y trott$ g+]ly out into ! surf1 :olly unconsci\s t ! cr[d ( bea* l\ng]s _h1 = ! "t1 turn$ _! att5tion f ea* o!r to ! qu>tet 9 ! wat]4 ,by degrees ! f\r work$ out f>!r & f>!r until a wave l>g] ?an usual wa%$ ! smalle/ *ild entirely (f 8 feet1 & caus$ ! "m to scream lu/ily = help4 ,! p on ! bea* />t$ up1 & two or ?ree m5 ha/5$ to ! rescue1 b _! progress 0 imp$$ by ! cr[d ( fright5$ girls & wom5 :o 7 scrambl+ & spla%+ t[>ds ! %ore4 ,! "m's frantic ef=ts to rea* ! little boy 7 r5d]$ ineffectual by ! two girls1 :o at ! mom5t ( ! fir/ al>m _h be5 /rangl$ by ! salt wat] & 7 n[ cl++ desp]ately to h] arms & attempt+ to climb up to h] %\ld]s4 ,mean:ile1 ! lifeboat man 0 r[+ rapidly t[>ds ! sc5e1 b x seem$ to ! onlook]s :o _h ru%$ to ! plat=m rail+ t he w\ld nev] arrive4 ,at ! same "t a "y man1 :o _h />t$ f ! div+ raft "s "t be=e1 0 swimm+ t[>ds %ore ) p[]ful /rokes4 ,he n[ rea*$ ! spot1 caught hold ( ! boy1 & lift$ him into ! lifeboat1 :i* _h at la/ arriv$4 ,su* expressions z mean:ile1 9 ! meantime1 dur+1 at la/1 :ile1 etc41 are regul>ly us$ to d5ote ! k9d ( "t relations n[ "u discussion4 ,!y %\ld be us$ :5 !y avoid confusion1 b (t5 a direct transition f "o set ( actions to ano!r c be made )\t _! use4 ,notice also ! use ( ! relative clause to indicate "t relations4 ,!me ,v4-,write a %ort !me1 us+ "s "o ( ! subjects nam$ "u ! prec$+ !mes or "o sugge/$ by !m4 ,select "o :i* y h n already us$4 7,h y told en\gh to enable ! read] to foll[ easily ! ?read ( ! /ory & to und]/& :at y meant to tell8 ,if y\r !me is conc]n$ ) m ?an "o set ( activities1 h y made ! transition f "o to ano!r 9 su* a way z to be cle> to ! read]8 ,h y express$ ! transitions ) ! prop] "t relations8 ,:at o!r que/ions %\ld y ask y\rself :ile correct+ ?is !me87 ,,summ>y #a4 ,!re is a pleasure to be d]iv$ f ! expression ( ideas4 #b4 ,!re are ?ree s\rces ( ideas3 exp]i5ce1 imag9ation1 language4 #c4 ,ideas ga9$ f exp]i5ce may be advantage\sly us$ = composition purposes because-- a4 ,!y are int]e/+4 b4 ,!y are y\r own4 c4 ,!y are likely to be cle> & def9ite4 d4 ,!y (f] free *oice ( language4 #d4 ,! two ess5tials ( expression are-- a4 ,to say :at y mean4 b4 ,to say x cle>ly4 #e4 ,a /ory %\ld be told s z to ar\se & ma9ta9 int]e/4 ,!re=e1-- a4 ,! introduction usually tells :51 :]e1 :o1 & :y4 b4 ,e /ory wor? tell+ has a po9t4 c4 ,only su* details are includ$ z are ess5tial to ! developm5t ( ! po9t4 d4 ,! conclusion is brief4 ,! /ory comes to an end %ortly aft] ! po9t is told4 #f4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to indicate ! "t ord]1 especially :5 two or m ev5ts occur at ! same "t4 #g4 ,! correction ( "o's own !me is ! mo/ valuable =m ( correction4 ,,ii4 ,,expression ,,( ,,ideas ,,furni%$ ,,by ,,imag9ation #ac4 ,relation ( ,imag9ation to ,exp]i5ce4--,all ideas are bas$ ^u & spr+ f exp]i5ce1 & ! imag9ation m]ely places !m 9 new comb9ations4 ,= ! purpose ( ?is book1 h[ev]1 x is conv5i5t to di/+ui% ^? !mes t relate real ev5ts z !y actually occurr$ f ^? !mes t relate ev5ts t did n happ54 ,t body ( writ+ :i* we call lit]ature is l>gely compos$ ( works ( an imag9ative "*1 & = ?is reason x has sometimes be5 c>elessly assum$ t 9 ord] to write "o mu/ be possess$ ( an excell5t imag9ation4 ,su* an assumption loses sight ( ! fact t imag9ative writ+s cov] b "o small "p ( ! :ole field4 ,! production ( lit]ature is ! bus9ess ( a few1 :ile e "o has occasion e day to express ideas4 ,x is evid5t t by f> ! great] "p ( ! ideas we are call$ ^u to express d n require ! use ( ! imag9ation1 b ex]cises 9 writ+ !mes ( an imag9ative "* are giv5 "h because !re is pleasure 9 writ+ su* !mes & because practice 9 writ+ !m w aid u 9 /at+ cle>ly & effectively ! _m ideas aris+ f our daily exp]i5ces4 #ad4 ,advantages & ,disadvantages ( ,imag9ative ,!me ,writ+4--,ideas furni%$ by ! imag9ation are no less y\r own ?an are ^? furni%$ by exp]i5ce1 & ! same fre$om 9 ! *oice ( language prevails4 ,su* ideas are1 h[ev]1 n likely to be s cle> & def9ite4 ,at ! "t ( _! occurr5ce !y d n make s deep & vital an impression ^u y4 ,if n record$ z !y occur1 !y c seldom be recall$ 9 ! orig9al =m4 ,ev5 ?\gh y attempt to write ^! imag9>y ideas z y ?9k !m1 y c & d *ange & modify !m z y g along4 ,?is lack ( cle>ness & p]man5t =m1 :ile x seems to give great] fre$om1 c>ries ) x disadvantages4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! ideas are less likely to be wor? record+1 & 9 ! second place x is m difficult to give !m a unity & directness ( /atem5t t w hold ! att5tion & int]e/ ( ! read] until ! *ief po9t is rea*$4 #ae4 ,probability4--,n ev]y?+ t ! imag9ation may furni% is equally wor? express+4 ,if y *oose to write ab\t some?+ = :i* imag9ation supplies ! ideas1 y may create = y\rself su* ideas z y wi%4 ,_! ord] ( occurr5ce & _! "t & place are n det]m9$ by outw>d ev5ts1 b solely by ! m9d itself4 ,! ev5ts are no long] real & actual1 b may be *ang$ & re>rang$ )\t limit4 ,an imag9ative s]ies ( ev5ts may con=m closely to ! real & probable1 or x may be manife/ly improbable4 ,:i* w be ( great] int]e/ w dep5d ^u ! read]1 b x w be f\nd t ! /ory :i* comes ne>e/ to reality is mo/ satisfactory4 ,9 relat+ fairy tales we confess$ly attempt to tell ev5ts n possible 9 ! real _w1 b 9 relat+ tales ( real life1 h[ev] imag9>y1 we %\ld tell ! ev5ts s t ev]y?+ seems bo? possible & probable4 ,an imag9ative /ory1 9 :i* ! p]sons seem to be real p]sons :o d & say ! ?+s t real p]sons d & say1 w be f\nd mu* m satisfactory ?an a /ory t dep5ds = its outcome on some?+ manife/ly impossible4 ,he :o really does ! be/ 9 imag9ative writ+ is ! "o :o has mo/ closely obs]v$ ! real ev5ts ( ev]yday life1 & /ates 8 imag9>y ev5ts s t !y seem real4 ,!me ,,vi4--,write a %ort !me1 us+ "o ( ! subjects bel[4 ,y ne$ n tell some?+ t actually happ5$1 b :at y tell %\ld be s told t y\r read]s w ?9k x might h happ5$4 #a4 ,a trip 9 a sailboat4 #b4 ,! travels ( a p5ny4 #c4 ,h[ ,i 0 lo/4 #d4 ,a cat's acc\nt ( a m\se hunt4 #e4 ,! m\se's acc\nt ( ! same hunt4 #f4 ,my exp]i5ce ) a burgl>4 #g4 ,! burgl>'s /ory4 #af4 ,euphony4--,besides cle>ness 9 a composition !re are o!r desirable qualities4 ,to "o ( ^!1 v>i\s names h be5 appli$1 z euphony1 ease1 elegance1 beauty1 etc4 ,( two selections equally cle> 9 mean+ "o may be m pleas+ ?an ! o!r4 ,"o may seem h>% & r\gh1 :ile ! o!r fl[s along ) a satisfy+ ease & smoo?ness4 ,if ! ?\ght t is 9 our m9d fails to clo! itself 9 suitable language & appropriate figures1 we c d little by consci\s ef=t t[>d improv+ ! beauty ( ! language2 b by avoid+ *oppy s5t5ces & inh>moni\s comb9ations ( words & phrases1 we may remove f our compositions mu* t is h>% & r\gh4 ,t quality :i* we call ease or euphony is bett] detect$ by ! e> ?an by ! eye1 & = ?is reason x has be5 sugge/$ t y read ea* !me al\d to y\rself be=e pres5t+ x to ! class4 ,su* a read+ w assi/ y to det]m9e :e!r y h made y\r mean+ cle> & to elim9ate "s ( ! m disagreeable comb9ations4 #ag4 ,v>iety4--,( ! _m elem5ts :i* affect ! euphony ( a !me none is m ess5tial ?an v>iety4 ,! con/ant repetition ( ! same ?+ gr[s monoton\s & di/a/eful1 :ile a pleas+ v>iety ma9ta9s int]e/ & improves ! /ory4 ,= ! sake ( ?is v>iety we avoid ! cont9ual use ( ! same words & phrases1 sub/itut+ synonyms & equival5t expressions if we h ne$ to repeat ! same idea _m times4 ,mo/ *ildr5 beg9 e s5t5ce ( a /ory ) &1 or p]haps x is bett] to say t !y conclude _m s5t5ces ) &-uh1 leav+ ! ?\ght 9 susp5se :ile !y are try+ to ?9k ( :at to say next4 ,high s*ool pupils are n :olly free f ?is habit1 & x is sometimes reta9$ 9 _! writt5 "w4 ,?is excessive use ( & ne$s to be correct$4 ,an exam9ation ( our language habits w %[ t ne>ly e "o has "o or m words :i* he uses to excess4 ,a pr(essor ( rhetoric1 aft] ye>s ( correct+ o!rs1 discov]$ by und]scor+ ! ^w t ea* "t x occurr$ 9 8 own writ+ t he 0 us+ x twice z (t5 z necess>y4 ,got is "o ( ! words us$ too frequ5tly1 & (t5 incorrectly4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,9 ! foll[+ selection notice h[ ea* s5t5ce beg9s4 ,comp>e x ) "o ( y\r own !mes4 ,i 0 witness to ev5ts ( a less peaceful "*4 ,"o day :5 ,i w5t out to my woodpile1 or r my pile ( /umps1 ,i obs]v$ two l>ge ants1 ! "o r$1 & ! o!r mu* l>g]1 ne>ly half an in* long1 & black1 fi]cely cont5d+ ) ea* o!r4 ,hav+ once got hold1 !y nev] let g1 b /ruggl$ & wre/l$ & roll$ on ! *ips incessantly4 ,look+ f>!r1 ,i 0 surpris$ to f9d t ! *ips 7 cov]$ ) su* combatants2 t x 0 n a duellum1 b a bellum1--a w> betwe5 two races ( ants1 ! r$ always pitt$ aga9/ ! black1 & frequ5tly two r$ ones to "o black4 ,! legions ( ^! ,myrmidons cov]$ all ! hills & vales 9 my woody>d1 & ! gr\nd 0 already /rewn ) ! dead & ! dy+1 bo? r$ & black4 ,x 0 ! only battle :i* ,i h ev] witness$--! only battlefield ,i ev] trod :ile ! battle 0 rag+4444 ,on e side !y 7 engag$ 9 deadly combat1 yet )\t any noise t ,i c\ld he>1 & human soldi]s nev] f\ght s resolutely4--,?oreau4 #b4 ,exam9e "o ( y\r own !mes4 ,if "s ^w occurs frequ5tly1 und]score x ea* "t1 & !n sub/itute words or expressions = x 9 z _m places z y c4 ,if necess>y1 recon/ruct ! s5t5ces s z to avoid us+ ! ^w 9 "s cases4 ,notice h[ ^! sub/itutions give a v>iety to y\r expression & improve ! euphony ( y\r composition4 ,!me ,,vii4--,write a %ort /ory sugge/$ by "o ( ! foll[+ subjects3-- #a4 ,! tr\t's rev5ge4 #b4 ,a sp>r['s mi/ake4 #c4 ,a =tunate %ot4 #d4 ,! fre%man & ! pr(essor4 #e4 ,:at ! bookcase ?\ght ab\t x4 7,correct ) ref]5ce to mean+ & cle>ness4 ,cross out unnecess>y &s4 ,consid] ! beg9n+s ( ! s5t5ces4 ,c y improve ! euphony by a diff]5t *oice ( words87 #ah4 ,s5t5ce ,l5g?4--,euphony is aid$ by secur+ a v>iety 9 ! l5g? ( s5t5ces4 ,9 endeavor+ to avoid ! excessive use ( &1 "s pupils obta9 results illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ example3-- ,jean pass$ ?r\gh ! door ( ! *ur*4 ,he saw a *ild sitt+ on "o ( ! /one /eps4 ,%e 0 fa/ asleep 9 ! mid/ ( ! sn[4 ,! *ild 0 ?9ly clad4 ,h] feet1 cold z x 01 7 b>e4 ,a !me compos$ :olly ( su* a succession ( %ort s5t5ces is t$i\s4 ,especially :5 read al\d does its monotony become app>5t4 ,?\gh ! ?\ght 9 ea* s5t5ce is complete1 ! effect is n satisfactory to ! read]1 because ! ?\ght ( ! :ole does n come to him z fa/ z 8 m9d c act4 ,su* an arrangem5t ( s5t5ces might be satisfactory to "y *ildr51 because x w\ld agree ) _! habits ( ?\ght2 b z "o gr[s 9 ability to ?9k m rapidly1 he f9ds t long] & m complicat$ s5t5ces be/ express 8 ?\ghts & are be/ und]/ood by ^? = :om he writes4 ,we introduce s5t5ces ( diff]5t l5g? & diff]5t /ructure1 because !y m cle>ly express ! ?\ght ( ! :ole & /ate x 9 a =m m 9 accordance ) ! m5tal activity ( ! he>]4 ,:5 we h done ?is1 we at ! same "t secure a v>iety t avoids monotony4 ,9 attempt+ to avoid a s]ies ( %ort s5t5ces1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to g to ! o!r extreme4 ,s5t5ces %\ld n be ov]load$4 ,too _m adjectives or p>ticiples or subord9ate clauses w r5d] ! mean+ obscure4 ,! numb] ( phrases & clauses t may safely be introduc$ w be det]m9$ by ! ability ( ! m9d to grasp ! mean+ readily & accurately4 ,x is sometimes q z important to sep>ate a long s5t5ce into %ort] ones z x is to comb9e %ort ones into ^? ( great] l5g?4 ,notice 9 ! foll[+ selection ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* sev]al ideas h be5 br\ght into ! same s5t5ce )\t r5d]+ ! mean+ obscure3-- ,loki made 8 way across a va/ des]t moorl&1 & came1 aft] ?ree days1 into ! b>r5 hill c\ntry & among ! rugg$ m\nta9s ( ! ,s\?4 ,!re an e>?quake _h split ! rocks asund]1 & op5$ d>k & bottomless gorges1 & holl[$ out _m a l[-wall$ cav]n1 :]e ! light ( day 0 nev] se54 ,along deep1 w9d+ ways1 ,loki w5t1 squeez+ ?r\gh n>r[ crevices1 creep+ "u huge rocks1 & glid+ ?r\gh crook$ clefts1 until he came at la/ into a great und]gr\nd hall1 :]e 8 eyes 7 dazzl$ by a light t 0 /rong] & bright] ?an ! day2 = on e side 7 gl[+ fires1 ro>+ 9 wond]ful little gorges1 & bl[n by wond]ful little bell[s4 ,!me ,,viii4--,write a /ory sugge/$ by "o ( ! foll[+ subjects3-- #a4 ,s*ool 9 ! ye> #bjjj4 #b4 ,! lo/ door key4 #c4 ,our big bonfire4 #d4 ,kidnapp$4 #e4 ,a be> hunt4 #f4 ,a mi/ake 9 ! telegram4 #g4 ,h[ ,fido rescu$ 8 ma/]4 7,c y r5d] ! mean+ m cle> by unit+ %ort s5t5ces into long] ones1 or by sep>at+ long s5t5ces into %ort] ones8 ,c y omit any &s8 ,h[ _m ( ! s5t5ces beg9 ) ! same ^w8 ,c y *ange any ( ^? words8 ,pick out ! words :i* %[ ! subord9ate relation ( "s p>ts to o!rs4 ,d all ( ! incid5ts 9 y\r /ory seem probable87 #ai4 ,conv]sation4--,x mu/ n be inf]r$ f ! prec$+ section t %ort s5t5ces are nev] to be us$4 ,!y are q z necess>y z long ones1 & 9 "s cases1 su* z ! portray+ ( /rong emotion1 are m effective4 ,ev5 a succession ( %ort s5t5ces may be us$ ) good results to describe rapid action4 ,9 conv]sation1 also1 s5t5ces are g5]ally %ort1 & (t5 grammatically incomplete1 ?\gh !y may be und]/ood by ! he>]4 ,sometimes ?is incomplet5ess is ju/ifi$ by ! idiom ( ! language1 b m (t5 x is ! result ( c>elessness on ! "p ( ! speak]4 ,! he>] und]/&s :at is said ei!r because he kn[s ab\t :at to expect1 or because ! expression is a famili> "o4 ,su* c>elessness n only causes ! omission ( words grammatically necess>y1 b br+s ab\t ! incorrect pronunciation ( words & _! faulty comb9ation into s5t5ces4 ,y speak mu* m (t5 ?an y write4 ,y\r habits ( spee* are likely to become p]man5t & y\r errors ( spee* w creep into y\r writt5 "w4 ,x is important !re=e t y wat* y\r spok5 language4 ,occasions w arise :5 ! slang expressions t y s freely use w seem inappropriate1 & x w be un=tunate inde$ if y f9d t y h us$ ! slang s long t y h no o!r words to take _! place4 ,an abbreviat$ =m ( gymnasium or ( ma!matics may n attract att5tion among y\r s*oolmates1 b !re are circles :]e su* abbreviations are n us$4 ,by wat*+ y\r own spee* y w f9d t "s incorrect =ms are v common4 ,improvem5t c be made by giv+ y\r att5tion to "o ( !m1 su* z ! use ( guess1 or ( got1 or ( don't & doesn't4 ,9 mak+ a writt5 report ( conv]sation y %\ld rememb] t %ort s5t5ces pr$om9ate4 ,a conv]sation compos$ ( long s5t5ces w\ld seem /ilt$ & made to ord]4 ,:at ea* p]son says1 h[ev] %ort1 is put into a sep>ate division & ind5t$4 ,explanatory matt] accompany+ ! conv]sation is plac$ ) ! spok5 "p to :i* x mo/ closely relates4 ,notice ! ind5tations & ! use ( quotation m>ks 9 sev]al pr9t$ reports ( conv]sation4 #bj4 ,ideas f ,pictures4--,if y look at a picture & !n attempt to tell "s "o else :at y see1 y w express ideas ga9$ by exp]i5ce4 ,a picture may1 h[ev]1 cause a v diff]5t set ( ideas to arise4 ,look at ! picture on page #ch4 ,c y imag9e ! circum/ances t prec$$ ! situation %[n by ! picture8 ,or aga91 c y n beg9 ) t situation & imag9e :at w\ld be done next8 ,if y write out ei!r ( ! s]ies ( ev5ts1 ! !me1 ?\gh sugge/$ by ! picture1 w be compos$ ( ideas furni%$ by ! imag9ation4 ,9 ! writ+ ( a /ory sugge/$ by a picture1 ! situation giv5 9 ! picture %\ld be made ! po9t ( greate/ int]e/1 & %\ld be acc\nt$ = by relat+ a s]ies ( ev5ts suppos$ to h prec$$ x4 ,!me ,,ix4--,write a /ory t w acc\nt = ! condition %[n 9 ! picture on page #ch4 7,correct ) ref]5ce to cle>ness & mean+4 ,d y ne$ to *ange ! s5t5ce l5g? ei!r = ! sake ( cle>ness or = ! sake ( v>iety8 ,cross out unnecess>y &s4 ,und]score got & !n ea* "t y h us$ !m4 ,c ! read] foll[ ! ?read ( y\r /ory to its *ief po9t87 ,illu/ration #ba4 ,vocabul>y4--,a ^w is ! symbol ( an idea1 & ! addition ( a ^w to "o's vocabul>y usually means t a new idea has be5 acquir$4 ,! m we see & he> & read1 ! great] our /ock ( ideas becomes4 ,z our life exp]i5ces increase1 s %\ld our supply ( words increase4 ,we may h ideas )\t hav+ ! words ) :i* to express !m1 & we may meet ) words ^: mean+s we d n "k4 ,9 ei!r case !re is *ance = improvem5t4 ,:5 y h a new idea1 f9d out h[ be/ to express x1 & :5 y meet ) a new ^w1 add x to y\r vocabul>y4 ,x is necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 our read+ vocabul>y & our writ+ vocabul>y4 ,!re are _m words t belong only to ! fir/4 ,we "k :at !y mean :5 we meet !m 9 our read+1 b we d n use !m 9 our writ+4 ,our speak+ vocabul>y also diff]s f t :i* we employ 9 writ+4 ,we use words & phrases on pap] t seldom appe> 9 our spee*1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 _m ( ! words t we speak d n appe> 9 our writ+4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a con/ant %ift+ ( words f "o to ano!r ( ^! ?ree gr\ps4 ,:5 we meet an unkn[n ^w1 x usually becomes a "p ( our read+ vocabul>y4 ,lat] x may appe> 9 our writt5 "w1 & f9ally we may use x 9 speak+4 ,we add a ^w to our read+ vocabul>y :5 we det]m9e its mean+1 b we mu/ use x 9 ord] to add x to our writ+ & speak+ vocabul>y4 ,a consci\s ef=t to aid 9 ?is acquisition ( words is highly desirable4 ,a limit$ vocabul>y indicates limit$ ideas4 ,if "o is limit$ to awfully 9 ord] to express a sup]lative2 if 8 use ( adjectives is re/rict$ to nice1 jolly1 lovely1 & elegant2 if he mu/ always abom9ate & nev] abhor1 dete/1 dislike1 or loa!2 if he c only adore & n admire1 respect1 rev]e1 or v5]ate1--!n he has fail$1 inde$1 to "k ! possibilities & beauties ( ,engli%4 ,su* a language habit %[s a m9d t has fail$ to di/+ui% betwe5 ideas4 ,! be/ way to /udy ! %ades ( mean+ & ! *oice ( words is 9 ! actual production ( a !me :]e9 !re is ne$ to br+ out ^! diff]5ces 9 mean+ by ! use ( words2 b "s help may be ga9$ f a =mal /udy ( synonyms & antonyms & ( ! di/9ction 9 use & mean+ betwe5 words :i* are commonly confus$ ) ea* o!r4 ,= ?is purpose su* ex]cises are giv5 9 ! ,app5dix4 #bb4 ,*oice ( ,words4--,ev5 ?\gh our words may express ! prop] mean+1 ! effect may n be a desirable "o unless we use words suit$ to ! occasion describ$ & to ! p]son writ+4 ,pupils ( high s*ool age "k ! mean+ ( _m words :i* are too booki% = daily use by !m4 ,edw>d ,ev]ett ,hale might use expressions :i* w\ld n be suitable = a fre%man's composition4 ,ta/e & good judgm5t w help y to avoid ! unsuitable or gr&iloqu5t4 ,! prop] selection ( words n only implies t we %all avoid ! wrong ^w1 b also t we %all *oose ! "r "o4 ,a suitable adjective may give a cle>] image ?an is express$ by a :ole s5t5ce2 a s+le v]b may tell bett] h[ "s "o act$ ?an c be told by a l5g?y explanation4 ,s9ce n>ration has to d ) action1 we ne$ 9 /ory tell+ to be especially c>eful 9 our *oice ( v]bs4 ,:at c y say ( ! suitability ( ! words 9 ! foll[+ selection1 tak5 f an old s*ool read]8 ,mrs4 ,lismore4 ,y are q brea?less1 ,*>les2 :]e h y be5 runn+ s viol5tly8 ,*>les4 ,f ! p\ltry y>d1 mamma1 :]e ,i h be5 div]t+ myself ) ! bravado ( ! old g&]4 ,i did n obs]ve him till he came t[>d me v fi]cely1 :51 to induce him to pursue me1 ,i ran f him4 ,he foll[$1 till1 suppos+ he _h beat5 me1 he return$ to ! geese1 :o appe>$ to receive him ) acclamations ( joy1 cackl+ v l\d1 & seem+ actually to laugh1 & to enjoy ! triumph ( _! gallant *ief4 ,emma4 ,i wi% ,i _h be5 ) y1 ,*>les2 ,i h (t5 admir$ ! gambols ( ^! beautiful birds1 & wond]$ h[ !y came by ! appellation ( silly1 :i* is g5]ally be/[$ on !m4 ,i rememb] ,m>?a1 our nurs]y maid1 us$ (t5 to call me a silly goose4 ,h[ came !y to des]ve t t]m1 mamma8 !y appe> to me to h z mu* intellig5ce z any ( ! fea!r$ tribe4 ,mrs4 ,lismore4 ,i h (t5 ?\ght ) y1 ,emma1 & suppos$ t t]m1 l _m o!rs1 misappli$1 = want ( exam9+ into ! ju/ice ( s degrad+ an epi!t4 #bc4 ,improbability4--,up to ?is po9t we h be5 conc]n$ ) relat+ ev5ts t c\ld exi/1 ?\gh we knew t !y did n4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 imag9e a s]ies ( ev5ts t are manife/ly impossible4 ,!re is a pleasure 9 inv5t+ improbable /ories1 & if we "k f ! beg9n+ t !y are to be s1 we enjoy li/5+ to !m4 ,su* tales are m satisfactory to "y p]sons ?an to old] ones1 z is %[n by our decl9+ int]e/ 9 fairy /ories z we gr[ old]4 ,by limit+ ! improbability to a "p ( ! /ory1 x is possible to give an air ( reality to ! :ole4 ,?\gh ! conditions describ$ 9 a /ory ab\t a trip to ! moon might be :olly impossible1 yet ! read] = ! "t be+ might feel t ! ev5ts 7 actually happ5+ if ! *>act]s 9 ! /ory 7 act+ z real m5 w\ld act "u simil> circum/ances4 ,9 /ories su* z ^? ( ,?ompson-,seton1 :]e ! animals are p]sonifi$1 ! impossibilities are =gott51 because ! actions & situations are s real4 ,9 fairy /ories & simil> tales nei!r *>act]s nor actions are 9 any way limit$ by probability4 ,!me ,x4--,write a %ort /ory sugge/$ by "o ( ! subjects bel[4 ,make ei!r ! *>act]s or _! surr\nd+s seem real4 #a4 ,a week 9 ,m>s4 #b4 ,explor+ ! lake bottom4 #c4 ,! cat's def5se ( h] kitt5s4 7a7 ,z told by ! cat4 7b7 ,z told by ! dog4 #d4 ,h[ ! fox fool$ ! h\nd4 #e4 ,di>y ( a donkey4 #f4 ,a biography ( ,jack ,fro/4 7,correct ) ref]5ce to mean+ & cle>ness & two o!r po9ts to be assign$ by ! tea*]47 #bd4 ,h[ to ,increase ,"o's ,vocabul>y4--,9 y\r daily "w d :at y c to add words to y\r read+ vocabul>y1 & especially to increase y\r writ+ vocabul>y4 ,9 ! conv]sation ( o!rs & 9 read+ y w meet ) _m new words1 & y %\ld attempt to make !m y\r own4 ,to d ?is1 f\r ?+s mu/ be att5d$ to3-- #a4 ,spell+4 ,def9ite att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ea* new ^w until its =m bo? z writt5 & z pr9t$ is indelibly /amp$ ^u ! m9d4 ,9 y\r g5]al read+ & 9 ea* ( ! subjects t y w /udy 9 ! high s*ool y w meet unfamili> words4 ,x is only by ma/]+ ! spell+ ( ea* new ^w :5 y fir/ meet x t y c insure y\rself aga9/ future *agr9 f bad spell+4 ,a "p ( ! "t 9 ea* high s*ool subject may well be devot$ to ! ma/]+ ( ! words peculi> to t subject4 #b4 ,pronunciation4 ,! complete acquisition ( a ^w includes its pronunciation4 ,9 read+ al\d & 9 speak+1 we h ne$ to "k x1 & faulty pronunciation is consid]$ an indication ( lack ( culture4 #c4 ,mean+4 ,?is includes m ?an ! ability to give ! def9ition z f\nd 9 ! diction>y4 ,x is possible to recite su* def9itions glibly )\t 9 reality kn[+ ! mean+ ( ! ^w def9$4 ,x is necess>y to connect ! ^w def9itely & p]man5tly 9 our m9d ) ! idea = :i* x is ! symbol & to be able to di/+ui% ! idea cle>ly f o!rs closely relat$ to x4 #d4 ,use4 ,! actual use ( a ^w is v important4 ,if a ^w is to come into our speak+ & writ+ vocabul>y1 we mu/ use x4 ,x is important t ! spell+1 pronunciation1 & mean+ be det]m9$ :5 y fir/ meet ! ^w1 & x is equally important t ! ^w be us$ soon & (t54 ,!me ,,xi4--,write a %ort /ory sugge/$ by "o ( ! foll[+ subjects4 ,x may be :olly improbable1 if y *oose4 #a4 ,! good fairy4 #b4 ,m>y's luck4 #c4 ,! man 9 ! moon4 #d4 ,! gold5 apple4 #e4 ,a wond]ful f\nta9 p54 #f4 ,! goob]goo & ! kantan4 7,correct ) ref]5ce to mean+ & cle>ness & two o!r po9ts to be assign$ by ! tea*]47 ,,summ>y #a4 ,! cle> expression ( ! ideas connect$ ) our daily exp]i5ces is ( great] importance to mo/ ( u ?an is ! production ( lit]ature4 #b4 ,ideas furni%$ by imag9ation may be advantage\sly us$ = composition purposes1 because-- a4 ,!y are y\r own4 b4 ,!y (f] free *oice ( language4 ,!y are less desirable ?an ^? ga9$ f exp]i5ce1 because-- a4 ,!y g5]ally lack cle>ness & p]man5cy4 b4 ,!y are less likely to be wor? record+4 c4 ,x is m difficult to give !m t unity & directness ( /atem5t t w keep ! int]e/ ( ! read]4 #c4 ,an imag9ative s]ies ( ev5ts may seem probable or improbable4 ,he :o mo/ closely obs]ves real life & /ates 8 imag9>y ev5ts s t !y seem real w succe$ be/ 9 imag9ative writ+4 #d4 ,euphony is a desirable quality 9 a composition4 #e4 ,v>iety aids euphony4 ,x is ga9$ by-- a4 ,avoid+ ! repetition ( ! same words & phrases4 b4 ,beg9n+ our s5t5ces 9 v>i\s ways4 c4 ,us+ s5t5ces ( diff]5t l5g?s4 #f4 ,conv]sation is usually compos$ ( %ort s5t5ces4 #g4 ,pictures may sugge/ ideas suitable = use 9 compositions4 #h4 ,our read+1 writ+1 & speak+ vocabul>ies diff]4 ,ea* %\ld be increas$4 ,) ea* new ^w att5tion %\ld be giv5 to-- a4 ,spell+4 b4 ,pronunciation4 c4 ,mean+4 d4 ,use4 ,,iii4 ,,expression ,,( ,,ideas ,,acquir$ ,,?r\gh ,,language #be4 ,language z a ,m$ium ?r\gh ,:i* ,ideas are ,acquir$4--,we h be5 consid]+ language z a means ( expression1 an in/rum5t by :i* we c convey to o!rs ! ideas :i* come to u f exp]i5ce & imag9ation4 ,we %all n[ consid] x f a diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,language is n m]ely a means ( express+ ideas1 b x is also a m$ium ?r\gh :i* ideas are acquir$4 ,x has a d\ble use3 ! writ] mu/ put ?\ght into language2 ! read] mu/ get x out4 ,a l>ge "p ( y\r s*ool+ has be5 devot$ to acquir+ ideas f language1 & ^! ideas may be us$ = purposes ( composition4 ,s9ce x is absolutely necess>y to h ideas be=e y c express !m1 x w be wor? :ile to consid] = a "t h[ to get !m f language4 #bf4 ,image ,mak+4--,read ! foll[+ selection f ,haw?orne & =m a cle> m5tal image ( ea* sc5e3-- ,at fir/1 my fancy saw only ! /]n hills1 lonely lakes1 & v5]able woods4 ,n a tree1 s9ce _! se$s 7 fir/ scatt]$ ov] ! infant soil1 _h felt ! ax1 b _h gr[n up & fl\ri%$ ?r\gh its long g5]ation1 _h fall5 b5ea? ! weight ( ye>s1 be5 buri$ 9 gre5 moss1 & n\ri%$ ! roots ( o!rs z gigantic4 ,h>k6 ,a light paddle dips into ! lake1 a bir* canoe glides ar\nd ! po9t1 & an ,indian *ief has pass$1 pa9t$ & fea!r-cre/$1 arm$ ) a b[ ( hickory1 a /one tomahawk1 & fl9t-head$ arr[s4 ,b ! ripple _h h>dly vani%$ f ! wat]1 :5 a :ite flag caught ! breeze1 ov] a ca/le 9 ! wild]ness1 ) fr[n+ ramp>ts & a hundr$ cannon4444 ,a w> p>ty ( ,fr5* & ,indians 7 issu+ f ! gate to lay wa/e "s village ( ,new ,engl&4 ,ne> ! =tress !re 0 a gr\p ( danc]s4 ,! m]ry soldi]s foot+ x ) ! sw>t savage maids2 deep] 9 ! wood1 "s r$ m5 7 gr[+ frantic ar\nd a keg ( ! fire-wat]2 & else:]e a ,jesuit prea*$ ! fai? ( high ca!drals b5ea? a canopy ( =e/ b\ghs4 ,did y =m cle> m5tal images8 ,c y picture !m all at ! same "t1 or mu/ y turn y\r att5tion f "o image to ano!r8 ,! =mation ( ! prop] m5tal images w be aid$ by mak+ a p]si/5t ef=t to create !m4 ,_m words d n cause u to =m images2 = example1 goodness1 innoc5ce1 position1 insurance2 b :5 ! purpose ( a ^w is to set =? an image1 we %\ld take c>e to get ! correct "o4 ,9 ?is ! diction>y w n always help u4 ,we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! ability to repeat a def9ition & ! p[] to =m an accurate image ( ! ?+ def9$4 ,! difficulty ( =m+ correct images by ! use ( diction>y def9itions is s great t ! def9itions are frequ5tly accompani$ by pictures4 ,,ex]cises ,notice ! diff]5t m5tal images t come to y z y read ea* ( ! foll[+ selections4 ,di/+ui% words t cause images to arise f ^? t d n4 #a4 ,be=e ^! fields 7 %orn & till$1 ,full to ! brim our riv]s fl[$2 ,! melody ( wat]s fill$ ,! fre% & b\ndless wood2 ,& torr5ts da%$1 & rivulets play$1 ,& f\nta9s sp\t$ 9 ! %ade4 --,bryant3 ,an ,indian at ! ,burial ,place ( 8 ,fa!rs4 #b4 ,at t mom5t ! woods 7 fill$ ) ano!r bur/ ( cries1 & at ! signal f\r savages sprang f ! cov] ( ! driftwood4 ,heyw>d felt a burn+ desire to ru% =w>d to meet !m1 s int5se 0 ! deliri\s anxiety ( ! mom5t2 b he 0 re/ra9$ by ! delib]ate examples ( ! sc\t & ,uncas4 ,:5 _! foes1 :o leap$ ov] ! black rocks t divid$ !m1 ) long b\nds1 utt]+ ! wilde/ yells1 7 )9 a few rods1 ! rifle ( ,hawkeye sl[ly rose among ! %rubs & p\r$ out its fatal cont5ts4 ,! =emo/ ,indian b\nd$ l a /rick5 de] & fell headlong among ! clefts ( ! isl&4 --,coop]3 ,la/ ( ! ,mohicans4 #c4 ,! t[]+ flames _h n[ surm\nt$ e ob/ruction1 & rose to ! ev5+ skies1 "o huge & burn+ beacon1 se5 f> & wide ?r\gh ! adjac5t c\ntry4 ,t[] aft] t[] cra%$ d[n1 ) blaz+ ro( & raft]2 & ! combatants 7 driv5 f ! c\rty>d4 ,! vanqui%$ ( :om v few rema9$1 scatt]$ & escap$ into ! neighbor+ wood4 ,! victors1 assembl+ 9 l>ge b&s1 gaz$ ) wond]1 n unmix$ ) fe>1 ^u ! flames1 9 :i* _! own ranks & arms glanc$ dusky r$4 ,! maniac figure ( ! ,saxon ,ulrica 0 = a long "t visible on ! l(ty /& %e _h *os51 toss+ h] arms abroad ) wild exaltation z if %e reign$ empress ( ! conflagration :i* %e _h rais$4 ,at l5g?1 ) a t]rific cra%1 ! :ole turret gave way & %e p]i%$ 9 ! flames :i* _h consum$ h] tyrant4 --,scott3 ,ivanhoe4 #d4 ,"u a spread+ *e/nut tree ,! village smi?y /&s2 ,! smi?1 a mighty man is he1 ,) l>ge & s9ewy h&s2 ,& ! muscles ( 8 brawny arms ,are /rong z iron b&s4 --,longfell[3 ,! ,village ,blacksmi?4 #e4 ,once ^u a midnight dre>y1 :ile ,i pond]$ weak & we>y1 ,ov] _m a qua9t & curi\s volume ( =gott5 lore-- ,:ile ,i nodd$1 ne>ly napp+1 sudd5ly !re came a tapp+1 ,z ( "s "o g5tly rapp+1 rapp+ at my *amb] door2 ',tis "s visitor1 ,i mutt]$1 tapp+ at my *amb] door-- ,only ?is1 & no?+ m4 --,edg> ,a4 ,poe3 ,! ,rav54 #f4 ,:]e ) black cliffs ! torr5ts toil1 ,he wat*'d ! :eel+ eddies boil1 ,till1 f _! foam1 8 dazzl$ eyes ,beheld ! ,riv] ,demon rise2 ,! m\nta9 mi/ took =m & limb ,( noontide hag or gobl9 grim4 --,scott3 ,lady ( ! ,lake4 #g4 ,on ne>] approa* he 0 /ill m surpris$ at ! s+ul>ity ( ! /rang]'s appe>ance4 ,he 0 a %ort1 squ>e-built old fell[1 ) ?ick1 bu%y hair & a grizzl$ be>d4 ,8 dress 0 ( ! antique ,dut* fa%ion--a clo? j]k9 /rapp$ ar\nd ! wai/--sev]al pairs ( bree*es1 ! out] ones ( ample volume1 decorat$ ) r[s ( buttons d[n ! sides & bun*es at ! knees4 ,he bore on 8 %\ld] a /\t keg t seem$ full ( liquor1 & made signs = ,rip to approa* & assi/ him ) 8 load4 --,wa%+ton ,irv+3 ,rip ,van ,w9kle4 #bg4 ,complete & ,incomplete ,images4--,"s s5t5ces h = _! purpose ! pres5tation ( an image1 b 9 ord] to =m t image correctly & completely1 we mu/ be famili> ) ! words us$4 ,if an unfamili> ^w is introduc$1 ! m9d may omit entirely ! image repres5t$1 or may sub/itute "s o!r = x4 ,notice ! image pres5t$ by ?is s5t5ce f ,h5ry ,james3 ,h] dress 0 d>k & ri*2 %e _h pe>ls ar\nd h] neck & an old rococo fan 9 h] h&4 ,if ! mean+ ( rococo is unkn[n to y1 ! image :i* y =m w n be exactly ! "o t ,mr4 ,james _h 9 m9d4 ,! pe>ls & ! dress may /& out cle>ly 9 y\r image1 b ! fan w be lack+ or indi/9ct4 ,! :ole may be comp>$ to a photograph ( :i* a "p is blurr$4 ,if y\r att5tion is direct$ to ! fan1 y may recall ! ^w rococo1 b n ! image repres5t$ by x4 ,if y\r att5tion is n call$ to ! fan1 ! m9d is satisfi$ ) ! indi/9ct image1 or sub/itutes = x an image ( "s o!r fan4 ,su* an image is !re=e ei!r incomplete or inaccurate4 ,an oa? 9 c\rt provides t we %all tell ! tru?1 ! :ole tru?1 & no?+ b ! tru?1 b1 9 =m+ images1 x is n always possible to hold our m9ds to su* exactness4 ,we are prone to picture m or less ?an ! words convey4 ,9 fact1 9 "s =ms ( prose1 & (t5 9 poetry1 ! au?or purposely takes advantage ( ?is habit ( ! m9d & wi%es u to enl>ge ) creations ( our own imag9ation ! b>e image t 8 words convey4 ,su* writ+1 h[ev]1 aims to give pleasure or to ar\se our emotions4 ,x calls out some?+ 9 ! read] ev5 m /rongly ?an x sets =? some?+ 9 ! writ]4 ,?is sugge/iv5ess 9 writ+ w be consid]$ lat]1 b = ! pres5t x w be well = y to be> 9 m9d t mo/ language has = its purpose ! exact expression ( a def9ite idea4 ,mu* ( ! failure 9 s*ool "w arises f ! c>eless sub/itution ( "o image = ano!r1 & f ! =mation ( incomplete & inaccurate images4 ,,ex]cises ,a4 ,make a li/ ( ! words 9 ! foll[+ selections ^: mean+s y ne$ to look up 9 ord] to make ! images exact & complete4 ,d n attempt to memorize ! language ( ! def9ition1 b to =m a correct image4 #a4 ,! sun />$ braz5ly d[n on a gray f>mh\se1 on ranges ( :itewa%$ outbuild+s1 & on a goodly array ( d>k-?at*$ ricks4 #b4 ,9 8 %abby frieze jacket & mud-lad5 brogans1 he 0 sc>cely an attractive object4 #c4 ,9 a sunlit corn] ( an old coqu9a =t !y came sudd5ly face to face ) a famili> figure4 #d4 ,some:at back f ! village /reet ,/&s ! old-fa%ion$ c\ntry seat4 ,across its antique portico ,tall popl> trees _! %ad[s ?r[1 ,& f its /ation 9 ! hall ,an anci5t timepiece says to all3 ,=ev]--nev]6 ,nev]--=ev]6 --,longfell[3 ,! ,old ,clock on ! ,/airs4 #e4 ,!re 0 a room :i* bore ! appe>ance ( a vault4 ,f\r sp&rels f ! corn]s ran up to jo9 a %>p cup-%ap$ ro(4 ,! ar*itecture 0 r\gh1 b v /rong4 ,x 0 evid5tly "p ( a great build+4 #f4 ,! (fic] proce$$1 )\t affect+ to he> ! words :i* escap$ ! s5t9el 9 8 surprise2 nor did he aga9 pause1 until he _h rea*$ ! l[ /r&1 & 9 a some:at dang]\s vic9ity to ! we/]n wat] ba/ion ( ! =t4 #g4 ,%e /ood on ! top /ep "u ! porte-co*re1 on ! extreme edge1 s t ! toes ( h] small slipp]s ext5d$ a little ov] x4 ,%e b5t =w>d1 & !n tipp$ back on ! high1 exigu\s heels aga94 #h4 ,be=e ! c>yatides ( ! fireplace1 "u ! ance/ral portraits1 a valet moves noiselessly ab\t1 arrang+ ! gli/5+ silv] s]vice on ! long table & putt+ 9 ord] ! fruits1 sweets1 & ices4 #i4 ,no soon] is ! heavy gate ( ! portal pass$ ?an "o sees f af> among ! leafage ! c\rt ( honor1 to :i* "o comes along an alley decorat$ uni=mly ) upright squ>e %afts l classic t]mae 9 /one & bronze4 ,! impression ( ! antique l9es is /rik+3 x spr+s at once to ! eyes1 at fir/ 9 ?is portico ) columns & a heavy entablature1 b lack+ a p$im5t4 ,b4 ,read aga9 ! selections beg9n+ on page #df4 ,d y =m complete images 9 e case8 ,c4 ,notice 9 ea* ( y\r lessons = to-day :at images are incomplete4 ,br+ to class a li/ ( ! words y w\ld ne$ to look up 9 ord] to =m complete images4 ,d n include all ! words ^: mean+s are n cle>1 b only ^? t assi/ 9 =m+ images4 ,!me ,,xii4--,=m a cle> m5tal image ( "s incid5t1 p]son1 or place4 ,write ab\t x1 us+ su* words z w give y\r classmates complete & accurate images4 ,! foll[+ may sugge/ a subject3-- #a4 ,a p>ty dress ,i %\ld l4 #b4 ,my room4 #c4 ,a cozy gl54 #d4 ,9 ! apple or*>d4 #e4 ,go+ to ! fire4 #f4 ,! h&-organ man4 #g4 ,a hornets' ne/4 #h4 ,! la/ inn+4 #i4 ,an excit+ race4 7,consid] :at y h writt5 ) ref]5ce to ! images :i* ! read] w =m4 ,d y ?9k t :5 ! memb]s ( ! class he> y\r !me1 ea* w =m ! same images t y _h 9 m9d :5 writ+8 ,notice h[ _m ( y\r s5t5ces beg9 9 ! same way4 ,c y rewrite !m s z to give v>iety87 #bh4 ,reproduction ( ,images4--,if we 7 ask$ to tell ab\t an accid5t :i* we _h se51 we c\ld recall ! v>i\s incid5ts 9 ! ord] ( _! occurr5ce4 ,if ! accid5t _h occurr$ rec5tly1 or _h made a vivid impression ^u u1 we c\ld easily =m m5tal images ( ea* sc5e4 ,if we _h only read a description ( ! accid5t1 x w\ld be m difficult to recall ! image2 because t :i* we ga9 ?r\gh language is less vitally a "p ( ourselves ?an is t :i* comes to u ?r\gh exp]i5ce4 ,:5 call$ ^u to reproduce ! images sugge/$ to u by language1 our memory is apt to conc]n itself ) ! words t sugge/$ ! image1 & our expression is hamp]$ r ?an aid$ by ?is remembrance4 ,! au?or has made1 or %\ld h made1 ! be/ possible selection ( words & phrases4 ,if we repeat 8 language1 we h b memory drill or copy "w2 & if we d n1 we are limit$ to su* second-class language z we may be able to f9d4 ,^w memory has its uses1 b x is less valuable ?an image memory4 ,x is necess>y to di/+ui% c>efully betwe5 ! images t a writ] pres5ts & ! words t he uses4 ,if a botany lesson %\ld consi/ ( a description ( fifte5 diff]5t leaves1 a pupil defici5t 9 image memory w attempt to memorize ! language ( ! book4 ,a bett]-tra9$ pupil1 on meet+ su* a t]m z s]rat$1 w ask himself3 ,h ,i ev] se5 su* a leaf8 ,c ,i =m an image ( x8 ,if s1 8 only task w be to give ! new "n1 s]rat$1 to ! idea t he already has4 ,9 a simil> way he w =m images = ea* ( ! fifte5 leaves describ$ 9 ! lesson4 ,! language ( ! book may help him =m ^! images1 b he w make no attempt to commit ! language to memory4 ,) him1 gett+ ! lesson means =m+ images & nam+ !m1 & recit+ ! lesson w be b talk+ ab\t an image t he has cle>ly 9 m9d4 ,try ?is 9 y\r own lessons4 ,if we are call$ ^u to reproduce ! incid5ts & sc5es ( "s /ory t has be5 read to u1 our success w dep5d ^u ! cle>ness ( ! images t we h =m$4 ,our ef=ts %\ld be direct$ to mak+ ! images z def9ite & vivid z possible1 & our memory w be conc]n$ ) ! recall+ ( ^! images 9 _! prop] ord]1 & n ) ! language t fir/ caus$ !m to appe>4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,report orally "s int]e/+ incid5t tak5 f a book :i* y h rec5tly read4 ,d n r]ead ! /ory4 ,use su* language z w cause ! class to =m cle> m5tal images4 #b4 ,report orally ^u "s *apt] select$ f ,coop]'s ,la/ ( ! ,mohicans or ,scott's ,ivanhoe4 #c4 ,read a portion ( ,scott's ,lady ( ! ,lake1 & report orally :at happ5$4 #d4 ,report orally "s incid5t t y h read ab\t 9 a magaz9e4 ,select "o t caus$ y to =m images1 & tell x s t ! he>]s w =m l images4 ,!me ,,xiii4--,reproduce a /ory read to y by ! tea*]4 7,be=e writ+1 picture to y\rself ! sc5es & recall ! ord] ( _! occurr5ce4 ,if x is necess>y to cond5se1 omit ev5ts ( ! lea/ importance47 #bi4 ,comp>ison4--,writ+ :i* conta9s unfamili> words fails to call up complete & def9ite images4 ,x is (t5 difficult to =m ! correct m5tal picture1 ev5 ?\gh ! words 9 !mselves are famili>4 ,def9itions1 explanations1 & descriptions may cause u to und]/& correctly1 b our und]/&+ usually c be improv$ by means ( a comp>ison4 ,we c =m an image ( an object z soon z we "k :at x is l4 ,if ,i wi%$ y to =m an image ( an okapi1 a l5g?y description w\ld give y a less vivid picture ?an ! /atem5t t x 0 a horselike animal1 hav+ /ripes simil> to ^? ( a zebra4 ,if an okapi 7 z well kn[n to y z is a horse1 ! "n alone w\ld call up ! prop] image1 & no comp>ison w\ld be necess>y4 ,by means ( x we are enabl$ to picture ! unfamili>4 ,9 ?is case ! comp>ison is lit]al4 ,if ! comp>ison is imag9ative r ?an lit]al1 our language becomes figurative1 & usually takes ! =m ( a simile or metaphor4 ,similes & metaphors are ( great value 9 r5d]+ ?\ght cle>4 ,!y make language =ceful & effective1 & !y may add mu* to ! beauty ( expression4 ,we may speak ( an object z be+ l ano!r1 or z act+ l ano!r4 ,if ! comp>ison is imag9ative r ?an lit]al1 & is directly /at$1 ! expression is a simile4 ,similes are introduc$ by l1 z1 etc4 ,he f\ght l a lion4 ,! riv] w\nd l a s]p5t ar\nd ! m\nta9s4 ,if two ?+s are ess5tially diff]5t1 b yet h a common quality1 _! impli$ comp>ison is a metaphor4 ,a metaphor takes ! =m ( a /atem5t t "o is ! o!r4 ,he 0 a lion 9 ! fight4 ,! riv] w\nd its s]p5t c\rse4 ,sometimes inanimate objects1 ab/ract ideas1 or ! l[] animals are giv5 ! attributes ( human be+s4 ,su* a figure is call$ p]sonification1 & is 9 fact a modifi$ metaphor1 s9ce x is bas$ ^u "s resemblance ( ! l[] to ! high]4 ,?is music crept by me ^u ! wat]s4 ,"t is a v bankrupt1 & owes m ?an he is wor? to season4 ,nay1 he's a ?ief1 too2 h y n he>d m5 say1 ,t "t comes /eal+ on by night & day8 --,%akespe>e4 #cj4 ,use ( ,figures ( ,spee*4--,! ?ree figures ( spee*1 simile1 metaphor1 & p]sonification1 are m frequ5tly us$ ?an are ! o!rs4 ,figures ( spee* are treat$ 9 a lat] *apt]1 b "s sugge/ions z to _! use w be ( value to beg9n]s4 #a4 ,nev] write = ! purpose ( us+ figures ( spee*4 ,ne>ly ev]y?+ t we ne$ to say c be well express$ 9 pla91 b>e ,engli%1 & ! ability to express our ?\ghts 9 ?is way is ! ess5tial ?+4 ,if a figure t adds to ! =ce & cle>ness ( y\r expression occurs to y1 use x )\t hesitation4 ,a figure may also add to ! beauty ( our expression4 ,! examples to be f\nd 9 lit]ature are l>gely ( ?is "*4 ,if well us$1 !y are effective1 b ! beg9n] %\ld bew>e ( a figure t is introduc$ = decorative purposes only4 ,an attempt to f9d figures ( spee* 9 ord9>y prose writ+ w %[ h[ r>ely !y are us$4 #b4 ,! figures %\ld fit ! subject 9 h&4 ,"s comp>isons are appropriate & "s are n4 ,if ! writ] is famili> ) 8 subject & deeply 9 e>ne/1 ! appropriate figures w rise spontane\sly 9 8 m9d4 ,if !y d n1 little is ga9$ by seek+ = !m4 #c4 ,! effectiv5ess ( a comp>ison1 :e!r lit]al or figurative1 dep5ds ^u ! famili>ity ( ! read] ) "o ( ! two ?+s comp>$4 ,to say t a petrel resembl$ a kite w\ld be ( no value to "o :o knew no?+ ( ei!r bird4 ,simil>ly a figure is defective if nei!r elem5t ( ! comp>ison is famili> to ! read]s4 #d4 ,suitable figures give picturesqu5ess & vivacity to language1 b hackney$ figures are worse ?an none4 #e4 ,elaborate & long-drawn-out figures1 or an ov]abundance ( %ort ones1 %\ld be avoid$4 #f4 ,a figure mu/ be consi/5t ?r\gh\t4 ,a comp>ison once begun mu/ be c>ri$ ?r\gh )\t *ange2 mix+ figures (t5 produces results :i* are ridicul\s4 ,! mix$ metaphor is a common blund] ( beg9n]s4 ,?is fault may arise ei!r f confus+ diff]5t metaphors 9 ! same s5t5ce1 or f bl5d+ lit]al language ) metaphorical4 ,! foll[+ w s]ve to illu/rate3-- #a4 ,confus$ metaphor4 ,let u p9 our fai? to ! rock ( p]sev]ance & hone/ toil1 :]e x may sail on to success on ! w+s ( hope4 #b4 ,lit]al & figurative bl5d$4 ,wa%+ton 0 ! fa!r ( 8 c\ntry & a surveyor ( ability4 #c4 ,:5 ! la/ awful mom5t came1 ! /> ( lib]ty w5t d[n ) all on bo>d4 #d4 ,! glori\s "w w nev] be accompli%$ until ! good %ip ,temp]ance %all sail f "o end ( ! l& to ! o!r1 & ) a cry ( ,victory6 at ea* /ep %e takes1 %all plant h] bann] 9 e city1 t[n1 & village 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #e4 ,all along ! untrodd5 pa?s ( ! future we see ! hidd5 footpr9ts ( an unse5 h&4 #f4 ,! ,briti% lion1 :e!r x is roam+ ! des]ts ( ,india1 or climb+ ! =e/s ( ,canada1 w nev] draw 9 its horns nor retire into its %ell4 #g4 ,"y man1 if y h ! sp>k ( g5ius 9 y1 wat] x4 ,,ex]cises ,are ! images :i* y =m made m vivid by ! use ( ! figures 9 ! foll[+ selections8 #a4 ,%e began to scree* z wild z ocean birds4 #b4 ,& :5 its =ce exp5d$1 ,! h>mless /orm 0 end$2 ,& z ! sunrise spl5did ,came blu%+ o'er ! sea-- #c4 ,z a demon is hurl$ by an angel's spe>1 ,heels ov] head1 to 8 prop] sph]e-- ,heels ov] head & head ov] heels1-- ,dizzily d[n ! abyss he :eels1-- ,s fell ,d>ius4 --,j4,t4 ,tr[bridge4 #d4 ,9 ?is republican c\ntry1 amid ! fluctuat+ waves ( our social life1 somebody is always at ! dr[n+ po9t4 --,haw?orne4 #e4 ,pov]ty1 tread+ close at h] heels = a lifetime1 has come up ) h] at la/4 --,haw?orne4 #f4 ,fri5d%ips beg9 ) lik+ or gratitude--roots t c be pull$ up4 --,george ,eliot4 #g4 ,ne>+ ! end ( ! n>rative1 ,b5 pac$ up & d[n ! n>r[ limits ( ! t5t 9 great excitem5t1 runn+ 8 f+]s ?r\gh 8 hair1 & b>k+ out a "q n[ & !n4 #h4 ,a sky above1 ,:]e "o :ite cl\d l a /ray lamb do? move4 --,l[ell4 #i4 ,9 days ( public commotion e faction1 l an ,ori5tal army1 is att5d$ by a cr[d ( camp foll[]s1 a useless & he>tless rabble1 :o pr[l r\nd its l9e ( m>* 9 ! hope ( pick+ up some?+ "u its protection1 b des]t x 9 ! day ( battle1 & (t5 jo9 to ext]m9ate x aft] a defeat4 --,macaulay4 #aj4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ! prose writ+s ( ,milton %\ld1 9 our "t1 be s little read4 ,z compositions1 !y des]ve ! att5tion ( e man :o wi%es to become acqua9t$ ) ! full p[] ( ! ,engli% language4 ,!y ab\nd ) passages comp>$ ) :i* ! f9e/ declamations ( ,burke s9k into insignificance4 ,!y are a p]fect field ( clo? ( gold4 ,! /yle is /iff ) gorge\s embroid]y4 --,macaulay4 #aa4 ,& close beh9d h] /ood ,eight daught]s ( ! pl[1 /rong] ?an m51 ,huge wom5 bl[z$ ) heal?1 & w9d1 & ra91 ,& labor4 ,ea* 0 l a ,druid rock1 ,or l a spire ( l& t /&s ap>t ,cleft f ! ma9 & wall'd ab\t ) mews4 --,t5nyson4 #ab4 ,b bl& ! smile t1 l a wr9kl+ w9d ,on glassy wat]1 drove 8 *eek 9 l9es4 --,t5nyson4 #ac4 ,! ru% ( affairs drifts words f _! orig9al mean+s1 z %ips drag _! an*ors 9 a gale1 b t]ms %elt]$ f common use hold to _! moor+s =ev]4 --,mill4 ,!me ,,xiv4--,write a /ory sugge/$ by ! picture on page #ei or by "o ( ! foll[+ subjects3-- #a4 ,a mod]n fable4 #b4 ,! will[ :i/le4 #c4 ,h[ ,i bak$ a cake4 #d4 ,! delay$ picnic4 #e4 ,! miss+ slipp]4 #f4 ,a misdirect$ lett]4 #g4 ,a ride on a raft4 #h4 ,! rescue ( ,ezekiel4 #i4 ,a railway exp]i5ce4 #aj4 ,a soldi]'s soldi]4 7,d y ?9k ! read] w =m ! images y wi% him to =m8 ,consid] :at y h writt5 ) ref]5ce to climax4 7,see ,section #g47 ,h y ne$$ to use figures8 ,if s1 h y us$ !m 9 accordance ) ! sugge/ions on page #ee8 ,if y h us$ ! ^w only1 is x plac$ s z to give ! correct mean+87 #ca4 ,det]m9ation ( ,mean+ ,requires ,m ?an ,image ,mak+4--,! emphasis laid ^u image mak+ %\ld n lead to ! belief t ?is is all t is necess>y 9 ord] to det]m9e :at is meant by ! language we he> or read4 ,image mak+ is important1 b mu* ( our language is conc]n$ ) pres5t+ ideas ( :i* no m5tal pictures c be =m$4 ,illu/ration ,?is v p>agraph w s]ve z an illu/ration ( su* language4 ,our und]/&+ ( language ( ?is k9d dep5ds ^u our k ( ! mean+s ( words1 ^u our und]/&+ ( ! relations betwe5 ^w gr\ps1 or p>ts ( s5t5ces1 & especially ^u our appreciation ( ! relations 9 ?\ght t s5t5ces be> to "o ano!r4 ,ea* ( ^! w be discuss$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,lat] x w be necess>y to consid] ! relations 9 ?\ght exi/+ among p>agraphs4 #cb4 ,^w ,relations4--,9 ord] to get ! ?\ght ( a s5t5ce1 we mu/ und]/& ! relations t exi/ betwe5 ! words & ^w gr\ps 7phrases & clauses7 t compose x4 ,if ! ?\ght is simple1 & express$ 9 /raight=w>d t]ms1 we grasp x readily & )\t any consci\s ef=t to det]m9e ^! relations4 ,if ! ?\ght is complex1 ! relations become m complicat$1 & be=e we are sure t we "k :at ! writ] int5ds to say x may be necess>y to note ) c>e :i* is ! ma9 clause & :i* are ! subord9ate clauses4 ,9 ei!r case our acquir+ ! ?\ght dep5ds ^u our und]/&+ ! relations betwe5 words & ^w gr\ps4 ,we may und]/& !m )\t any k ( ! names t h be5 appli$ to !m 9 gramm>1 b a k ( ! names w assi/ some:at4 ,^! relations are treat$ 9 ! gramm> review 9 ! ,app5dix & ne$ n be repeat$ "h4 #cc4 ,incomplete ,?\ghts4--,we h le>n$ 7,section #bg7 t ! introduction ( unfamili> words may cause u to =m incomplete images4 ,:5 ! language is n design$ to pres5t images1 we may1 9 a simil> way1 fail to get its real mean+ if we are unfamili> ) ! words us$4 ,if y d n "k ! mean+ ( flu5t & visc\s1 y w fail to und]/& correctly ! /atem5t1 ,fluids range f ! peculi>ly flu5t to ! peculi>ly visc\s4 ,if we wi% to ?9k precisely :at ! writ] int5d$ u to ?9k1 we mu/ "k ! mean+s ( ! words he uses4 ,_m ( u are incl9$ to sub/itute o!r ideas ?an ^? prop]ly convey$ by ! words ( ! writ]1 & s get confus$ or incomplete or inaccurate ideas4 ,! ability to det]m9e exactly :at images ! writ] sugge/s1 & :at ideas 8 language expresses1 is ! fir/ requisite ( s*ol>%ip & an important elem5t ( success 9 life4 ,,ex]cises ,a4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 acquir+ k is to det]m9e :at x is t we d n "k4 ,j :i* ^w or words 9 ea* ( ! foll[+ s5t5ces keep y f und]/&+ ! full mean+ ( ! s5t5ce8 ,notice t a diction>y def9ition w n always make ! mean+ cle>4 #a4 ,x is really m sci5tific to repeat a quotation f a political spee* correctly1 or to pass on a /ory undi/ort$1 ?an x is to "k ( ! r+s ( ,saturn or ! /riation ( diatoms4 #b4 ,! process ( te/+ a hypo!sis requires great caution 9 ord] to prev5t mi/akes4 #c4 ,! arial foliage /em is ! mo/ favorable = /udy+ /em /ructure4 #d4 ,tak5 collectively1 iso!rms indicate ! di/ribution ( mean temp]ature ov] ! region embrac$ 9 ! map4 #e4 ,vibrations ( ! membrane ( ! tympanum are damp$ by ! ossicles ( ! middle e>1 :i* also receive & pass on ! auditory tremors to ! membrane clos+ ! oval w9d[4 #f4 ,9 ! battle :i* foll[$1 ! mobile ,roman legion1 arrang$ 9 op5 ord] ?ree ranks deep1 prov$ its sup]iority ov] ! massive ,mac$onian phalanx4 #g4 ,! n>r[ & dissect$ =ms h be5 attribut$ to ! sc>city ( c>bon dioxide & oxyg5 9 ! wat]4 ,b4 ,make a li/ ( words 9 y\r lessons 9 o!r subjects = to-day t y ne$ to look up 9 ord] to und]/& ! lessons4 ,?is %\ld be done daily1 :e!r assign$ or n4 #cd4 ,*oice ( ,words ,adapt$ to ! ,read]4--,words famili> to ! read] %\ld be us$4 ,s9ce ! read]'s ability to und]/& ! ?\ght ( a p>agraph dep5ds to "s ext5t ^u 8 und]/&+ ( ! words employ$1 x is necess>y = ! writ] to *oose words t w be und]/ood by ^? :om he addresses4 ,( c\rse we _c tell :e!r a p>ticul> ^w w be und]/ood by our read]s1 b1 9 case !re is d\bt1 x is well to sub/itute "o t is m likely to be und]/ood4 ,:5 y h writt5 any?+1 x is well to ask y\rself ! "q1 ,h ,i us$ words ) :i* ! read] is probably famili>8 ,!me ,,xv4---,write a !me ab\t "o ( ! foll[+ subjects1 us+ words t y ?9k w be und]/ood by y\r read]s3-- #a4 ,h[ we brea!4 #b4 ,h[ to make a kite4 #c4 ,! causes ( ! seasons4 #d4 ,:y wood floats on wat]4 #e4 ,! use ( bak+ p[d]4 #f4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ari?metic & algebra4 7,h y said :at y meant to say8 ,h y us$ words t y\r read] w und]/&8 ,f9d y\r longe/ s5t5ce4 ,is its mean+ cle>8 ,notice ! %ort s5t5ces4 ,%\ld "s ( !m be unit$ into a long] "o87 #ce4 ,^w ,selection4--,!re are _m %ades ( mean+ :i* diff] b little1 & a c>eful writ] w select j ! ^w t be/ conveys 8 ?\ght4 ,! read] ne$s to be no less c>eful 9 det]m9+ ! exact mean+ t ! writ] int5ds to convey4 ,ex]cises 9 synonyms are ?us ( d\ble importance 7,section #ba74 ,ano!r s\rce ( error1 bo? 9 acquir+ & express+ ?\ght1 arises f ! confusion ( simil> words4 ,"s simil>ity ( spell+ causes "o ^w to be sub/itut$ = ano!r4 ,!re are _m words & expressions t are s (t5 int]*ang$ t "s "t may be sp5t ) pr(it ^u ex]cises 9 det]m9+ _! correct usage4 ,^! usually consi/ ( brief reports to ! class t set =? ! mean+s ( ! words1 %[ _! uses1 & illu/rate _! diff]5ces4 ,9 prep>+ su* reports1 det]m9e ! mean+ ( ! words f z _m s\rces z are available4 ,! usual mean+ c be det]m9$ f ! diction>y4 ,a full] treatm5t is giv5 9 "s diction>ies 9 a *apt] on faulty diction4 ,additional mat]ial may be f\nd 9 _m ( ! text-books on rhetoric1 & 9 special books treat+ ( ^w usage4 ,aft] y are sure t y "k ! correct use1 prep>e a report = ! class t %all make t use cle> to o!rs4 ,9 ! simple/ =m ?is w consi/ ( def9itions & s5t5ces 9 :i* ! words are correctly us$4 ,! foll[+ examples1 h&$ 9 by pupils1 w s]ve to illu/rate su* reports3-- #a4 ,a c\ncil is an assembly ( p]sons conv5$ = consultation or delib]ation4 ,c\nsel is us$ to indicate ei!r 7#a7 an op9ion z ! result ( consultation or 7#b7 a lawy] engag$ to give advice or to act z advocate 9 c\rt4 ,lewis furni%es ! foll[+ example ( ! use ( ^! two words3 ,! pla9tiff's c\nsel held a c\ncil ) 8 p>tn]s 9 law1 & f9ally gave him z 8 be/ c\nsel ! advice t he %\ld drop ! suit2 b1 z ,swift says1 ',no man w take c\nsel1 b e man w take money1' & ! pla9tiff refus$ to accept ! advice unless ! c\nsel c\ld p]suade ! def5dant to settle ! case out ( c\rt by pay+ a l>ge sum4 #b4 ,! correct mean+ ( transpire may p]haps be be/ und]/ood by consid]+ its d]ivations4 ,x comes f trans1 ?r\gh1 & spiro1 to brea!1 f :i* x gets its mean+1 to escape gradually f secrecy4 ,x is frequ5tly us$ incorrectly 9 ! s5se ( to happ51 b bo? ,web/] & ! ,/&>d diction>y condemn ?is use ( ! ^w4 ,! latt] says t x is (t5 s misus$ especially 9 c>elessly edit$ newspap]s1 z 9 ,comm5ts on ! he>t-r5d+ disa/] :i* transpir$ ye/]day are unnecess>y1 b1 etc4 ,:5 transpire is correctly us$1 x is n a synonym ( happ54 ,a ?+ t happ5$ a ye> ago may transpire to-day1 t is1 x may become kn[n ?r\gh unnotic$ *annels1 exhale1 z x 71 ?r\gh invisible pores l a vapor or a gas dis5gag+ itself4 ,_m ?+s :i* happ5 9 s*ool1 ?us become kn[n by be+ pass$ along 9 a semi-secret mann] until ne>ly all "k ( !m ?\gh few c tell j h[ ! in=mation 0 spread4 ,transpire may prop]ly be appli$ to su* a diffusion ( k4 ,!me ,,xvi4--,report z sugge/$ above on any "o ( ! foll[+ gr\ps ( words3-- #a4 ,allude1 m5tion4 #b4 ,beside1 besides4 #c4 ,"*1 reputation4 #d4 ,degrade1 demean1 debase4 #e4 ,la/1 late/1 prec$+4 #f4 ,c\ple1 pair4 #g4 ,balance1 re/1 rema9d]4 7,h y made cle> ! correct use ( ! words "u discussion8 ,c y give examples :i* d n foll[ ! diction>ies s closely z d ! illu/rative reports above87 ,,note4--,li/s ( words suitable = ex]cises simil> to ! above are giv5 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,! tea*] w assign !m to su* an ext5t & at su* times z seems desirable4 ,"o su* lesson a week w be f\nd pr(itable4 #cf4 ,s5t5ce ,relations4--,:at we read or he> usually consi/s ( sev]al s5t5ces writt5 or spok5 toge!r4 ,! mean+ ( any p>ticul> s5t5ce may dep5d ^u ! s5t5ce or s5t5ces prec$+4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e accurately ! mean+ ( ! :ole1 we mu/ und]/& ! relation 9 ?\ght t ea* s5t5ce be>s to ! o!rs4 ,notice ! two s5t5ces3 ,guns are dang]\s4 ,boys %\ld n use !m4 ,?\gh ! la/ s5t5ce is indep5d5t1 x gets its mean+ f ! fir/4 ,9 ! foll[+ selection consid] ea* s5t5ce ap>t f ! o!rs4 ,notice t ! mean+ ( ! :ole becomes intelligible only :5 ! s5t5ces are consid]$ 9 _! relations to ea* o!r4 ,once ^u a "t1 a notion 0 />t$1 t if all ! p 9 ! _w w\ld %\t at once1 x might be he>d 9 ! moon4 ,s ! projectors agre$ x %\ld be done 9 j t5 ye>s4 ,"s ?\s& %iploads ( *ronomet]s 7 di/ribut$ to ! selectm5 & o!r great folks ( all ! diff]5t nations4 ,= a ye> be=eh&1 no?+ else 0 talk$ ab\t b ! awful noise t 0 to be made on ! great occasion4 ,:5 ! "t came1 ev]ybody _h 8 e>s s wide op51 to he> ! univ]sal ejaculation ( ,boo1--! ^w agre$ ^u1--t nobody spoke except a deaf man 9 "o ( ! ,fiji ,isl&s1 & a woman 9 ,pek91 s t ! _w 0 nev] s /ill s9ce ! creation4--,holmes4 ,gut5b]g did a great deal ( 8 "w 9 secret1 = he ?\ght x 0 mu* bett] t 8 neighbors %\ld "k no?+ ( :at he 0 do+4 ,s he look$ = a work%op :]e no "o w\ld be likely to f9d him4 ,he 0 n[ liv+ 9 ,/rasburg1 & !re 0 9 t city a ru9$ old build+ :]e1 long be=e 8 "t1 a numb] ( monks _h liv$4 ,!re 0 "o room 9 ! build+ :i* ne$$ only a little repair+ to make x fit to be us$4 ,s he got ! "r to repair ! room & use x z 8 work%op4 ,9 all good writ+ we f9d a simil> dep5d5ce 9 ?\ght4 ,ea* s5t5ce takes a mean+ because ( its relation to "s o!r4 ,! p]sonal pron\ns & pronom9al adjectives1 adv]bial phrases indicat+ "t or place1 conjunctions1 & su* expressions z c]ta9ly1 h[ev]1 on ! o!r h&1 etc41 are us$ to indicate m or less directly a relation 9 ?\ght betwe5 ! phrase or s5t5ce 9 :i* !y occur & "s prec$+ "o4 ,if ! read] _c readily det]m9e to :at !y ref]1 ! mean+ becomes obscure or ambigu\s4 ,! pronom9al adjectives & ! p]sonal pron\ns are especially likely to be us$ 9 su* a way z to cause ambiguity4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to use !m s z to keep ! mean+ cle>1 & y\r own good s5se w help y 9 ?is m ?an rules4 ,notice 9 y\r read+ h[ frequ5tly expressions simil> to ^? m5tion$ above are us$4 ,!me ,,xvii4--,write a !me sugge/$ by "o ( ! foll[+ subjects3-- #a4 ,! la/ qu>t]4 #b4 ,an excursion ) ! physical geography class4 #c4 ,:at ,i saw :ile rid+ to t[n4 #d4 ,! brok5 bicycle4 #e4 ,an h\r 9 ! /udy hall4 #f4 ,se5 f my /udy w9d[4 7,are y\r s5t5ces s arrang$ t ! relation 9 ?\ght is cle>8 ,are ! p]sonal pron\ns & pronom9al adjectives us$ s z to avoid ambiguity8 ,does y\r /ory relate real ev5ts or imag9>y ones8 ,if imag9>y ev5ts are relat$1 h y made !m seem probable87 #cg4 ,gett+ ! ,ma9 ,?\ght4--,9 _m cases ! relation 9 ?\ght is n directly indicat$1 & we are left to det]m9e x f ! context1 j z we decide ^u ! mean+ ( a ^w because ( :at prec$es or foll[s x4 ,9 ?is case ! mean+ ( a p>ticul> s5t5ce may be made cle> if we h 9 m9d ! ma9 topic "u discussion4 ,_m pupils fail 9 recitations because !y d n di/+ui% t :i* is m important f t :i* is less s4 ,if a doz5 pages ( hi/ory are assign$1 !y _c ma/] ! lesson because x is too long to be memoriz$1 & !y are n able to select ! ?ree or f\r ?+s ( importance ) :i* x is really conc]n$4 ,?irty or =ty m9or details are jumbl$ toge!r )\t any cle> k ( ! relations t !y be> ei!r to "o ano!r or to ! ma9 ?\ghts ( ! lesson4 ,9 ! foll[+ selection b ?ree ?+s are discuss$4 ,det]m9e :at !y are1 b n :at is said ab\t !m4 ,9 all ! ages ! ext5t & value ( flood pla9s h be5 increas$ by artificial means4 ,dikes or levees are built to regulate ! spread & fl[ ( ! wat] & to protect ! l& f de/ructive floods4 ,dams & res]voirs are con/ruct$ = ! /orage ( wat]1 :i* is l$ by a sy/em ( canals & dit*es to irrigate l>ge tracts ( l& :i* w\ld be o!rwise wor?less4 ,by means ( irrigation1 ! f>m] has control ( 8 wat] supply & is able to get l>g] returns ?an are possible :]e he dep5ds ^u ! irregul> & unc]ta9 ra9fall4 ,x is e/imat$ t 9 ! arid regions ( we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates !re are #aej1jjj squ>e miles ( l& :i* may be made available = agriculture by irrigation4 ,p]haps 9 ! future ! valley ( ! l[] ,colorado may become z productive z t ( ! ,nile4 ,/reams are ! easie/ r\tes ( travel & comm]ce4 ,a riv] usually furni%es f its m\? well up t[>d its s\rce a smoo?1 grad$ highway1 ^u :i* a c>go may be transport$ ) mu* less ef=t ?an ov]l&4 ,if ob/ructions occur 9 ! =m ( rapids or falls1 boat & c>go are c>ri$ ar\nd !m4 ,x is (t5 easy to pass by a %ort portage or c>ry f "o /ream sy/em across ! divide to ano!r4 ,9 regions :i* are n v level ! easie/ grades 9 e direction are f\nd along ! /reams1 & ! ma9 r\tes ( l& travel foll[ ! /ream valleys4 ,9 trav]s+ a m\nta9\s region1 a railroad foll[s ! w9d+s ( "s riv] up to ! cre/ ( ! divide1 :i* x crosses ?r\gh a pass1 or (t5 by a tunnel1 & desc5ds ! valley ( "s /ream on ! o!r side4 ,man is l>gely indebt$ to /reams = ! v>iety & beauty ( sc5]y4 ,runn+ wat] itself is attractive to "y & old4 ,a l&scape )\t wat] lacks its *ief *>m4 ,a *ild in/9ctively f9ds its way to ! brook1 & ! man seeks beside ! riv] ! pleasure & recreation :i* no o!r place af=ds4 ,/reams h c>v$ ! surface ( ! l& into an endless v>iety ( beautiful =ms1 & a l& :]e /ream valleys are few or %all[ is monoton\s & tiresome4 ,! mo/ common z well z ! mo/ celebrat$ beauty ( sc5]y 9 ! _w1 f ! t9y me&]s ( a mead[ brook to ! unequal$ gr&eur ( ! ,colorado canyons1 is l>gely due to ! pres5ce & action ( /reams4 --,dry]3 ,lessons 9 ,physical ,geography4 ,9 ! above selection we f9d t ea* gr\p ( s5t5ces is relat$ to "s ma9 topic4 ,a m ext5d$ obs]vation ( good writ+ w give ! same result4 ,m5 naturally ?9k 9 s5t5ce gr\ps4 ,a gr\p ( s5t5ces relat$ to ea* o!r & to ! c5tral idea is call$ a p>agraph4 #ch4 ,topic ,/atem5t4--,9 ! ?ree p>agraphs ( ! selection on page #fg1 notice t ! fir/ s5t5ce 9 ea* tells :at ! p>agraph is ab\t4 ,9 a well-writt5 p>agraph x is possible to select ! phrase or s5t5ce t /ates ! ma9 ?\ght4 ,if su* a s5t5ce does n occur 9 ! p>agraph itself1 "o c be fram$ t w express cle>ly & concisely ! *ief idea ( ! p>agraph4 ,?is brief1 compreh5sive summ>y ( ! cont5ts ( a p>agraph is call$ ! topic /atem5t4 ,9 ord] to ma/] ! ?\ght ( :at we read we mu/ be able to select or to make ! successive topic /atem5ts1 & 9 ord] to express our own ?\ghts cle>ly we mu/ write our p>agraphs s t our read]s may easily grasp ! topic /atem5t ( ea*4 ,:5 express$ 9 ! p>agraph1 ! topic /atem5t may be a "p ( a s5t5ce1 a :ole s5t5ce1 or x may ext5d ?r\gh two s5t5ces4 ,x is usual to place ! topic /atem5t fir/1 b x may be prec$$ by "o or m introductory s5t5ces1 or ev5 )held until ! end ( ! p>agraph4 ,= emphasis x may be repeat$1 ?\gh usually 9 a slightly diff]5t =m4 ,,ex]cises ,det]m9e ! topic /atem5ts ( ! foll[+ p>agraphs4 ,if "o is n express$1 make "o4 #a4 ,no less valuable is ! m5tal /imulus ( play4 ,! *ild is tra9$ by x to quick p]ception1 rapid judgm5t1 prompt decision4 ,8 imag9ation cunn+ly sugge/s a ?\s& ?+s to be done1 & !n tra9s ! w & e p[] ( body & m9d 9 ! ef=t to d !m4 ,! sports ( *ildhood are admirably adapt$ to quick5 ! s5ses & %>p5 ! wits4 ,nature has effective ways 9 h] s*ool ( secur+ ! ex]cise :i* is ne$$ to develop e m5tal & e bodily p[]4 ,%e fills ! activity brimful ( enjoym5t1 & !n gives h] *ildr5 fre$om1 assur$ t !y w be _! own be/ tea*]s4 --,bradley #b4 ,our ,common ,law comes f ,engl&1 & orig9at$ !re 9 cu/om4 ,x is (t5 call$ ! unwritt5 law1 because unwritt5 9 orig91 ?\gh !re are n[ _m books describ+ x4 ,its pr9ciples orig9at$ z habits ( ! p1 five hundr$1 eight hundr$1 ye>s ago1 p]haps "s ( !m back 9 ! "t :5 ! half-savage ,saxons l&$ on ! %ores ( ,engl&4 ,:5 ! "t came t ! gov]nm5t1 ?r\gh its c\rts1 puni%$ ! brea* ( a cu/om1 f t "t ! cu/om 0 a law4 ,& s ! ,engli% p acquir$ ^! laws1 "o aft] ano!r1 j z !y 7 acquir+ at ! same "t ! habits ( mak+ roads1 us+ =ks at table1 manufactur+1 meet+ 9 ,p>liam5t1 us+ fire>ms1 & all ! o!r habits ( civilization4 ,:5 ! coloni/s came to ,am]ica1 !y br\ght ! ,engli% ,common ,law ) !m1 n 9 a book1 b 9 _! m9ds1 a "p ( _! life1 l _! religion4 --,cl>k3 ,! ,gov]nm5t4 #c4 ,accuracy is always to be /riv5 = b x c nev] be atta9$4 ,?is fact is only fully realiz$ by sci5tific work]s4 ,! bank] c be accurate because he only c\nts or weighs masses ( metal :i* he assumes to be exactly equal4 ,! ,ma/] ( ! ,m9t kn[s t two co9s are nev] exactly equal 9 weight1 al?\gh he /rives by improv+ ma*9]y & processes to make ! diff]5ces z small z possible4 ,:5 ! utmo/ c>e is tak51 ! f9e/ balances :i* h be5 con/ruct$ c weigh #a lb4 ( a metal ) an unc]ta9ty less ?an ! hundr$? "p ( a gra94 ,9 o!r words1 ! weight is n accurate1 b ! inaccuracy is v small4 ,no p]son is s /upid z n to feel sure t ! height ( a man he sees is betwe5 #c ft4 & #i ft42 "s are able by ! eye to e/imate ! height z betwe5 #e ft4 #f 94 & #e ft4 #h 942 measurem5t may %[ x to be betwe5 #e ft4 #f 94 & #e ft4 #g 941 b to g clos] ?an t requires _m precautions4 ,tra9+ 9 obs]vation & ! use ( delicate in/rum5ts ?us n>r[ ! limits ( approximation4 ,simil>ly ) reg>d to space & "t1 !re are in/rum5ts ) :i* "o million? ( an in*1 or ( a second1 c be measur$1 b ev5 ?is approximation1 al?\gh f> clos] ?an is ev] practically necess>y1 is n accuracy4 ,9 ! /atem5t ( measurem5ts !re is no mean+ 9 m ?an six significant figures1 & only ! mo/ c>eful obs]vations c be tru/$ s f>4 ,! height ( ,m\nt ,ev]e/ is giv5 z #bi1jjb feet2 b "h ! fif? figure is mean+less1 ! height ( t m\nta9 n be+ kn[n s accurately t two feet m or less w\ld be detect$4 ,simil>ly1 ! radius ( ! e>? is sometimes giv5 z #cifc4biehcc miles1 :]eas no obs]vation c get ne>] ! tru? ?an #cifc4cj miles4 --,mill3 ,! ,realm ( ,nature4 7,copyright1 #ahib1 by ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons47 #d4 ,! *ief cause :i* made ! fusion ( ! diff]5t elem5ts ( society s imp]fect 0 ! extreme difficulty :i* our ance/ors f\nd 9 pass+ f place to place4 ,( all ! inv5tions1 ! alphabet & ! pr9t+ press alone except$1 ^? inv5tions :i* abridge di/ance h done mo/ = ! civilization ( our species4 ,e improvem5t ( ! means ( locomotion b5efits mank9d morally & intellectually z well z mat]ially1 & n only facilitates ! int]*ange ( ! v>i\s productions ( nature & art1 b t5ds to remove national & prov9cial prejudices1 & to b9d toge!r all ! bran*es ( ! great human family4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! inhabitants ( ,london 7 = almo/ e practical purpose f>!r f ,read+ ?an !y are n[ f ,ed9burgh1 & f>!r f ,ed9burgh ?an !y are n[ f ,vi5na4 --,macaulay3 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&4 #e4 ,he t\*$ ,new ,engl& at e po9t4 ,he 0 born a fronti]sman4 ,he 0 br$ a f>m]4 ,he 0 a fi%]man 9 ! m\nta9 brooks & (f ! %ore4 ,he nev] =got 8 orig91 & he nev] 0 a%am$ ( x4 ,amid all ! c>e & honor ( 8 great place "h he 0 homesick = ! company ( 8 old neighbors & fri5ds4 ,:e!r he /ood 9 ,wa%+ton1 ! un*all5g$ pr9ce & *ief 9 ! ,s5ate1 or 9 =eign l&s1 ! k+lie/ man ( 8 "t 9 ! pres5ce ( k+s1 8 he>t 0 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,:5 ! spr+ came1 he he>d f> (f ! fife bird & ! bobol9k call+ him to 8 ,new ,hamp%ire m\nta9s1 or ( ! waves on ! %ore at ,m>%field allur+ him ) a sweet] ?an sir5's voice to 8 home by ! summ] sea4 --,george ,f4 ,ho>3 ,daniel ,web/]4 #f4 ,nor mu/ ,i =get ! sudd5ly *ang+ seasons ( ! nor!rn clime4 ,!re is no long & l+]+ spr+1 unfold+ leaf & blossom "o by "o2 no long & l+]+ autumn1 pomp\s ) _m-color$ leaves & ! gl[ ( ,indian summ]4 ,b w9t] & summ] are wond]ful1 & pass into ea* o!r4 ,! quail has h>dly ceas$ pip+ 9 ! corn :5 w9t]1 f ! folds ( trail+ cl\ds1 s[s broadca/ ov] ! l& sn[1 icicles1 & rattl+ hail4 ,! days wane apace4 ,erelong ! sun h>dly rises above ! horizon1 or does n rise at all4 ,! moon & ! />s %9e ?r\gh ! day2 only at noon !y are pale & wan1 & 9 ! s\!rn sky a r$1 fi]y gl[1 z ( a sunset1 burns along ! horizon & !n goes out4 ,& pleasantly "u ! silv] moon1 & "u ! sil5t1 solemn />s1 r+ ! /eel %oes ( ! skat]s on ! froz5 sea1 & voices1 & ! s\nd ( bells4 --,longfell[3 ,rural ,life 9 ,sw$54 #g4 ,extreme busyness1 :e!r at s*ool or college1 kirk or m>ket1 is a symptom ( defici5t vitality2 & a faculty = idl5ess implies a ca?olic appetite & a /rong s5se ( p]sonal id5tity4 ,!re is a sort ( dead-alive1 hackney$ p ab\t1 :o are sc>cely consci\s ( liv+ except 9 ! ex]cise ( "s conv5tional occupation4 ,br+ ^! fell[s into ! c\ntry1 or set !m abo>d %ip1 & y w see h[ !y p9e = _! desk or _! /udy4 ,!y h no curiosity2 !y _c give !mselves ov] to r&om provocations2 !y d n take pleasure 9 ! ex]cise ( _! faculties = its own sake2 & unless ,necessity lays ab\t !m ) a /ick1 !y w ev5 /& /ill4 ,x is no good speak+ to su* folk3 !y _c be idle1 _! nature is n g5]\s en\gh2 & !y pass ^? h\rs 9 a sort ( coma1 :i* are n d$icat$ to furi\s moil+ 9 ! gold mill4 ,:5 !y d n require to g to ! (fice1 :5 !y are n hungry & h no m9d to dr9k1 ! :ole brea?+ _w is a blank to !m4 ,if !y h to wait an h\r or s = a tra91 !y fall into a /upid trance1 ) _! eyes op54 ,to see !m1 y w\ld suppose !re 0 no?+ to look at & no "o to speak )2 y w\ld imag9e !y 7 p>alyz$ or ali5at$2 & yet v possibly !y are h>d work]s 9 _! own way1 & h good eyesight = a flaw 9 a de$ or a turn ( ! m>ket4 ,!y h be5 to s*ool & college1 b all ! "t !y _h _! eye on ! m$al2 !y h gone ab\t 9 ! _w & mix$ ) clev] p1 b all ! "t !y 7 ?9k+ ( _! own affairs4 ,z if a man's s\l 7 n too small to beg9 )1 !y h dw>f$ & n>r[$ !irs by a life ( all "w & no play2 until "h !y are at =ty1 ) a li/less att5tion1 a m9d vacant ( all mat]ial amusem5t1 & n "o ?\ght to rub aga9/ ano!r :ile !y wait = ! tra94 ,be=e he 0 bree*$1 he might h clamb]$ on ! boxes2 :5 he 0 tw5ty1 he w\ld h />$ at ! girls2 b n[ ! pipe is smok$ out1 ! snuffbox is empty1 & my g5tleman sits bolt upright on a b5*1 ) lam5table eyes4 ,?is does n appeal to me z be+ ,success 9 ,life4 --,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son4 7,copyright1 by ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons47 ,b4 ,exam9e ! !mes :i* y h writt54 ,does ea* p>agraph h a topic /atem5t8 ,h y introduc$ s5t5ces :i* d n be> ^u ?is topic /atem5t8 ,are ! p>agraphs real ones treat+ ( a s+le topic1 or are !y m]ely gr\ps ( s5t5ces writt5 toge!r )\t any close connection 9 ?\ght8 ,!me ,,xviii4--,/ate two or ?ree advantages ( public high s*ools ov] private bo>d+ s*ools4 ,use ea* z a topic /atem5t & develop x into a %ort p>agraph4 7,add to ea* topic /atem5t su* s5t5ces z w prove to a pupil ( y\r own age t ! topic /atem5t /ates a real advantage4 ,include 9 ea* p>agraph only t :i* be>s ^u ! topic /atem5t4 ,consid] ! def9ition ( a p>agraph on page #fh4 ,does ?is def9ition apply to y\r p>agraphs87 #ci4 ,reproduction ( ! ,?\ght ( a ,p>agraph4--,our ability to reproduce ! ?\ght ( :at we read w dep5d l>gely ^u our ability to select ! topic /atem5ts4 ,9 prep>+ a lesson = recitation x is evid5t t we mu/ fir/ det]m9e def9itely ! topic /atem5t ( ea* p>agraph4 ,^! may be> ^u "o g5]al subject or ^u diff]5t subjects4 ,! ?ree p>agraphs on page #fg are all conc]n$ ) "o subject1 ! uses ( riv]s4 ,a pupil prep>+ to recite !m w\ld h 9 m9d1 :5 he w5t to class1 an outl9e ab\t z foll[s3-- ,g5]al subject3 ,! uses ( riv]s4 ,fir/ topic /atem5t3 ,! f]tility ( flood pla9s is improv$ by irrigation4 ,second topic /atem5t3 ,/reams are ! easie/ r\tes ( travel & comm]ce4 ,?ird topic /atem5t3 ,man is indebt$ to /reams = beauty ( sc5]y4 ,:ile su* a cle> /atem5t is ! fir/ /ep t[>d a prop] und]/&+ ( ! lesson1 x is n en\gh4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ?or\ghly a topic /atem5t1 we ne$ explanation or illu/ration4 ,! idea is n really our own until we h ?\ght ab\t x 9 its relations to o!r k already 9 our possession4 ,9 ord] to "k :e!r y und]/& ! topic /atem5ts1 ! tea*] w ask y to discuss !m4 ,?is may be done by tell+ :at ! writ] said ab\t !m1 or by giv+ ?\ghts & illu/rations ( y\r own1 b be/ ( all1 by do+ bo?4 ,x is necess>y1 !n1 to "k 9 :at way ! writ] develops ea* topic /atem5t4 ,read ! foll[+ p>agraph3-- ,! mo/ productive l&s 9 ! _w are flood pla9s4 ,at e p]iod ( high wat]1 a /ream br+s d[n mantle rock f ! high] gr\nds1 & deposits x z a lay] ( f9e s$im5t ov] its flood pla94 ,a soil ?us frequ5tly enri*$ & r5ew$ is lit]ally inexhau/ible4 ,9 a r\gh1 hilly1 or m\nta9\s c\ntry ! f9e/ f>ms & ! d5se/ population are f\nd on ! bottom l&s along ! /reams4 ,! flood pla9 mo/ fam\s 9 hi/ory is t ( ! riv] ,nile 9 ,egypt4 ,= a di/ance ( #aejj miles above its m\? ?is riv] fl[s ?r\gh a ra9less des]t1 & has no tribut>y4 ,! heavy spr+ ra9s :i* fall ^u ! highl&s ab\t its s\rces produce 9 summ] a rise ( ! wat]1 :i* ov]fl[s ! valley on ei!r side4 ,?us ! l[] ,nile valley became "o ( ! e>lie/ c5t]s ( civilization1 & has support$ a d5se population = #gjjj ye>s4 ,! conditions 9 ,mesopotamia1 along ! ,tigris & ,euphrates riv]s1 are simil> to ^? along ! l[] ,nile1 & 9 anci5t times ?is region 0 ! seat ( a civilization p]haps old] ?an t ( ,egypt4 ,! flood pla9s ( ! ,ganges 9 ,india1 & ! ,hoang 9 ,*9a1 are ! mo/ ext5sive 9 ! _w1 & 9 mod]n times ! mo/ popul\s4 ,! alluvial valley ( ! ,mississippi is extremely productive ( corn1 cotton1 & sug> cane4 --,dry]3 ,lessons 9 ,physical ,geography4 ,notice t ! fir/ s5t5ce gives ! topic /atem5t1 flood pla9s are productive4 ,! second & ?ird s5t5ces tell :y ?is is s1 & ! re/ ( ! p>agraph is giv5 up to illu/rations4 ,9 prep>+ ?is p>agraph = recitation ! pupil %\ld h 9 m9d an outl9e ab\t z foll[s3-- ,topic /atem5t3 ,flood pla9s are ! mo/ productive l&s 9 ! _w4 #a4 ,reasons4 #b4 ,examples3 7a7 ,bottom l&s4 7b7 ,nile4 7c7 ,tigris & ,euphrates4 7d7 ,ganges4 7e7 ,hoang4 7f7 ,mississippi4 ,9 ord] to make su* an outl9e1 ! relative importance ( ! ideas 9 ! p>agraph mu/ be ma/]$4 ,a recitation t omitt$ ! topic /atem5t or ! reasons w\ld be defective1 :ile "o t omitt$ "o or m ( ! examples might be p]fect1 especially if ! pupil c\ld furni% o!r examples f 8 own k4 ,! illu/ration ab\t bottom l&s is a g5]al "o1 & %\ld sugge/ specific cases t c\ld be includ$ 9 ! recitation4 ,! details 9 reg>d to ! ,nile might be includ$ if !y happ5$ to be recall$ at ! "t ( ! recitation1 b ev5 ! omission ( all m5tion ( ! ,nile might n mat]ially detract f ! value ( ! recitation4 ,! ef=t to rememb] m9or details h9d]s real ?\ght-gett+ p[]4 ,x is bett] n to write ?is outl9e4 ,! use ( notes or writt5 outl9es at ! "t ( ! recitation soon e/abli%es a habit ( dep5d5ce t r5d]s real s*ol>%ip an impossibility4 ,) su* an analysis ( ! ?\ght cle>ly 9 m9d1 ! pupil ne$ n attempt to rememb] ! language ( ! writ]4 ,,ex]cises ,a4 ,complete ! p>tial outl9e giv5 = ! p>agraph bel[4 ,:i* ( ! illu/rations might be omitt$ f a recitation8 ,= :i* c y furni% diff]5t illu/rations8 ,m\nta9 ranges h great influ5ce ^u climate1 political geography1 & comm]ce4 ,_m ( !m =m climatic b\nd>ies4 ,! ,cordill]as ( we/]n ,am]ica & ! ,sc&9avian m\nta9s arre/ ! w>m1 moi/1 we/]n w9ds :i* rise along ^? great rock b>ri]s to cool] altitudes1 :]e _! wat] vapor is cond5s$ & falls z ra91 s t ! c\ntry on ! w9dw>d side ( ! m\nta9s is wet & t on ! leew>d side is dry4 ,m\nta9 *a9s /ret*+ ea/ & we/ across c5tral ,asia protect ! s\!rn "p ( ! cont95t f frigid arctic w9ds4 ,! l>ge w9t] t\ri/ traffic ( ! ,rivi]a is due to ! m\nta9s t %ield ?is favor$ ,fr5*-,italian coa/ f ! nor? & nor!a/ cont95tal w9ds1 giv+ x a consid]ably w>m] w9t]'s temp]ature ?an t ( ,rome1 two & a half degrees f>!r s\?4 ,z ,nor? ,am]ica has no m\nta9 b>ri]s across ! pa?way ( pol> w9ds1 !y sweep s\?w>d ev5 to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico & h twice de/roy$ ,florida's orange groves )9 a decade4 ,m\nta9 ranges are conspicu\s 9 political geography because !y are ! natural b\nd>y betwe5 _m nations & languages1 z ! ,pyr5ees betwe5 ,france & ,spa91 ! ,alps betwe5 ,au/ria & ,italy1 & ! ,himalayas betwe5 ,tibet & ,india4 ,m\nta9s sometimes gu>d nations f attack by ! isolation !y give1 & !re=e promote national unity4 ,?us ! ,swiss are among ! few peoples 9 ,europe :o h ma9ta9$ ! integrity ( _! /ate4 ,comm]cially1 m\nta9s are ( great importance z a s\rce ( wat]1 :i* !y /ore 9 sn[1 glaci]s1 & lakes4 ,sn[ & ice1 melt+ sl[ly on ! m\nta9s1 are an unfail+ s\rce ( supply = p]5nial riv]s1 & ?us promote navigation4 ,m\nta9s are ! l>ge/ s\rce ( wat]-p[]1 :i* is m valuable ?an ev] n[ t electricity is employ$ to transmit x to conv5i5t c5t]s = use 9 ! indu/ries4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! m9+ ma*9]y 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is run by wat] p[]4 ,switz]l&1 :i* has no coal1 turns ! :eels ( its mills ) wat]4 ,m\nta9s supply mo/ ( ! metals & m9]als1 & are !re=e ! sc5e ( ! l>ge/ m9+ indu/ry4 ,!y are also among ! greate/ s\rces ( =e/ weal?4 ,?\gh ! slopes are n favorable = agriculture !y af=d good pa/urage1 & ! dbris ( ! rocks wa%$ into ! valleys & pla9s by m\nta9 torr5ts supplies good soil4 ,?us ! ,appala*ians h be5 worn d[n to a comp>atively l[ level1 & ! soil =m$ f _! rock p>ticles is ! basis ( l>ge husb&ry4 ,! sc5ic attractions ( _m m\nta9 regions is a s\rce ( l>ge rev5ue4 ,! ,alps attract cr[ds ( t\ri/s1 :o sp5d ab\t tw5ty million doll>s a ye> 9 ,switz]l& & ,au/ria1 & give to _m ?\s&s ( p]sons4 --,adams3 ,comm]cial ,geography4 ,,outl9e 7to be complet$7 ,m\nta9 ranges h great influ5ce ^u-- ,i4 ,climate4 ,:y8 ,:]e8 a1 b1 etc4 ,,ii4 ,political geography4 ,:y8 ,:]e8 a1 b1 etc4 ,,iii4 ,comm]ce4 ,:y8 ,:]e8 a1 b1 etc4 ,b4 ,make an outl9e ( ! foll[+ p>agraph3-- #a4 ,! armor ( ! diff]5t classes 0 also accurately ord]$ by ! law4 ,! fir/ class 0 ord]$ to we> = ! def5se ( ! body1 braz5 helmets1 %ields1 & coats ( mail1 & to be> spe>s & swords1 except+ ! me*anics1 :o 7 to c>ry ! necess>y milit>y eng9es & to s]ve )\t arms4 ,! memb]s ( ! second class1 except+ t !y _h buckl]s in/ead ( %ields & wore no coats ( mail1 7 p]mitt$ to be> ! same armor & to c>ry ! sword & spe>4 ,! ?ird class _h ! same armor z ! second1 except+ t !y c\ld n we> greaves = ! protection ( _! legs4 ,! f\r? _h no arms except+ a spe> & a long javel94 ,! fif? m]ely c>ri$ sl+s & /ones = use 9 !m4 ,to ?is class belong$ ! trumpet]s & horn bl[]s4 --,gilman3 ,/ory ( ,rome4 ,c4 ,9 prep>+ y\r o!r lessons = to-day1 make outl9es ( ! p>agraphs4 ,!me ,,xix4--,reproduce ! ?\ght ( "s p>agraph read to y by ! tea*]4 7,d n attempt to rememb] ! language4 ,try to get ! ma9 ?\ght ( :at is read & !n write a p>agraph :i* sets =? t same idea4 ,use diff]5t illu/rations if y c47 ,,note4--,?is !me may be repeat$ z _m times z seems desirable4 #dj4 ,importance ( ! ,p>agraph4--,emphasis ne$s to be laid ^u ! importance ( ! p>agraph4 ,our ability to express our ?\ghts cle>ly dep5ds1 to a l>ge ext5t1 ^u our skill 9 con/ruct+ p>agraphs4 ,! writ+ ( correct s5t5ces is n suffici5t4 ,?\gh ea* ( a s]ies ( s5t5ces may be correct1 !y may1 z a :ole1 say b little1 & t v poorly2 :ile ano!r set ( s5t5ces1 :i* clu/] ar\nd "s c5tral idea1 may set x =? mo/ effectively4 ,x is only by giv+ our s5t5ce gr\ps t unity ( ?\ght :i* comb9es !m into p>agraphs t we make !m mo/ effective4 ,a well-con/ruct$ p>agraph w make cle> "s idea1 & a s]ies ( su* p>agraphs1 relat$ to ea* o!r & prop]ly arrang$1 w set =? ! sum ( our ?\ghts on any subject4 #da4 ,p>agraph ,l5g?4--,! prop] l5g? ( a p>agraph _c be det]m9$ by rule4 ,sometimes ! ?\ght to be pres5t$ w require sev]al s5t5ces2 sometimes two or ?ree w be suffici5t4 ,a s+le illu/ration may make a topic /atem5t cle>1 or sev]al illu/rations may be requir$4 ,! writ] mu/ judge :5 he has includ$ en\gh to make 8 mean+ und]/ood1 & mu/ avoid includ+ s mu* t ! read] w become we>y4 ,usually a p>agraph t exce$s ?ree hundr$ words w be f\nd too long1 or else x w conta9 m ?an "o ma9 idea1 ea* ( :i* c\ld h be5 pres5t$ m effectively 9 a sep>ate p>agraph4 #db4 ,ind5tation4--,9 writt5 & pr9t$ matt] ! beg9n+ ( a p>agraph is indicat$ by an ind5tation4 ,ind5tation does n make a p>agraph1 b we ind5t because we are beg9n+ a new p>agraph4 ,ind5tation ?us s]ves ! same purpose z punctuation4 ,x helps ! read] to det]m9e :5 we h f9i%$ "o ma9 ?\ght & are ab\t to beg9 ano!r4 ,beg9n]s are apt to use ind5tations too frequ5tly4 ,!re are "s special uses ( ind5tation 9 lett] writ+1 pr9t$ conv]sation1 & o!r =ms1 b = ord9>y p>agraph division ! ind5tation is det]m9$ by ! ?\ght1 & its correct use dep5ds ^u cle> ?9k+4 ,c ! foll[+ selection be improv$ by rep>agraph+8 ,outside 9 ! d>kness1 gray ) :irl+ sn[flakes1 he saw ! wet lamps ( cabs %9+1 & he d>t$ along ! l9e ( hansoms & c\ps 9 frantic se>* = 8 own4 ,oh1 !re y are1 he pant$1 fl++ 8 suit case up to a sn[-cov]$ driv]4 ,d y\r be/ n[2 we're late6 ,& he leap$ into ! d>k c\p1 slamm$ ! door1 & sank back on ! cu%ions1 turn+ up ! coll> ( 8 heavy ov]coat4 ,!re 0 a "y lady 9 ! f>!r corn] ( ! cab1 buri$ to h] nose 9 a fur coat4 ,at int]vals %e %iv]$ & press$ a fluffy muff aga9/ h] face4 ,a glimm] f ! sleet-sme>$ lamps fell across h] knees4 ,d[n t[n flew ! cab1 sway+ ar\nd icy corn]s1 bump+ ov] c> tracks1 lur*+1 rattl+1 j\nc+1 :ile its sil5t occupants1 huddl$ 9 sep>ate corn]s1 brood$ moodily at _! respective w9d[s4 ,sn[ blott$ ! glass1 melt+ & runn+ d[n2 & ov] ! wat]y panes yell[ light f %op w9d[s play$ fanta/ically1 di/ort+ vision4 ,pres5tly ! "y man pull$ out 8 wat*1 fumbl$ = a mat* box1 /ruck a light1 & groan$ z he read ! "t4 ,at ! s\nd ( ! mat* /rik+1 ! "y lady turn$ h] head4 ,!n1 z ! bright flame illum9at$ ! "y man's face1 %e sat bolt upright1 dropp+ ! muff to h] lap ) a cry ( dismay4 ,he look$ up at h]4 ,! mat* burn$ 8 f+]s2 he dropp$ x & hurri$ly light$ ano!r2 & ! flick]+ radiance bright5$ ^u ! face ( a girl :om he _h nev] be=e laid eyes on4 ,good heav5s6 he said1 :]e's my si/]8 ,! "y lady 0 />tl$ b resolute4 ,y h made a dreadful mi/ake1 %e said2 y are 9 ! wrong cab-- ,!me ,,xx4--,write a !me us+ "o ( ! subjects bel[3-- #a4 ,a p]sonal incid5t4 #b4 ,! advantages & disadvantages ( recesses4 #c4 ,complete ! /ory comm5c$ 9 ! selection j prec$+4 7,make a note ( ! diff]5t ideas y may discuss4 ,:i* are important en\gh to become topic /atem5ts8 ,:i* may be gr\p$ toge!r 9 "o p>agraph8 ,9 :at ord] %all !y occur8 ,aft] y\r !me is writt51 consid] ! p>agraphs4 ,does ! def9ition apply to !m8 ,are any ( !m too %ort or too long87 #dc4 ,reasons = ,/udy+ ,p>agraph ,/ructure4--,a k ( ! way 9 :i* a p>agraph is con/ruct$ w aid u 9 det]m9+ ! ?\ght x conta9s4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods ( develop+ p>agraphs1 & usually "o ( ^! is bett] suit$ ?an ano!r to ! expression ( our ?\ght4 ,att5tion giv5 to ! me?ods us$ by o!rs w enable u bo? to und]/& bett] :at we read1 & to employ m effectively 9 our own writ+ t k9d ( p>agraph :i* be/ expresses our ?\ght4 ,h5ce we %all give att5tion to ! m common =ms ( p>agraph developm5t4 #dd4 ,developm5t by ,giv+ ,specific ,in/ances4--,if y he> a g5]al /atem5t1 su* z1 ,dogs are useful animals1 y naturally ?9k at once ( "s ( ! ways 9 :i* !y are useful1 or ( "s p>ticul> occasion on :i* a dog 0 ( use4 ,if a fri5d %\ld say1 ,my dog1 ,fido1 kn[s _m amus+ tricks1 y w\ld expect ! fri5d to tell y "s ( !m4 ,a l>ge "p ( our ?9k+ consi/s ( furni%+ specific in/ances to illu/rate g5]al ideas :i* arise4 ,s9ce ! language we use is b ! expression ( ! ?\ghts we h1 x happ5s t _m ( our p>agraphs are made up ( g5]al /atem5ts & ! specific in/ances us$ to illu/rate ^! /atem5ts4 ,:5 ! topic s5t5ce is a g5]al /atem5t1 we naturally seek to supply specific in/ances1 & ! writ] w mo/ readily make 8 mean+ cle> by furni%+ su* illu/rations4 ,ei!r "o or _m in/ances may be us$4 ,! object is to expla9 ! topic /atem5t or to prove its tru?1 & a good writ] w use t numb] ( in/ances :i* be/ accompli%es 8 purpose4 ,9 ! foll[+ selection notice h[ ! topic /atem5t1 set =? & repeat$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! p>agraph1 is illu/rat$ 9 ! la/ "p by means ( sev]al specific in/ances3-- ,n9e t5?s ( all t goes wrong 9 ?is _w is because "s "o does n m9d 8 bus9ess4 ,:5 a t]rible accid5t occurs1 ! fir/ cry is t ! means ( prev5tion 7 n suffici5t4 ,ev]ybody decl>es we mu/ h a new pat5t fire escape1 an automatic eng9e swit*1 or a high-pro( non-combu/ible sort ( lamp oil4 ,b a little inve/igation w usually %[ t all ! contrivances 7 on h& & 9 good work+ ord]2 ! real tr\ble 0 t somebody didn't m9d 8 bus9ess2 he didn't obey ord]s2 he ?\ght he knew a bett] way ?an ! way he 0 told2 he said1 ,j ?is once ,i'll take ! risk1 & 9 s do+1 he made o!r p take ! risk too2 & ! risk 0 too great4 ,at ,toronto1 ,canada1 n long ago1 a conductor1 aga9/ ord]s1 ran 8 tra9 on a c]ta9 sid+1 :i* result$ 9 ! dea? ( ?irty or =ty p4 ,! eng9e] ( a mill1 at ,ro*e/]1 ,n4,y41 ?\ght ! eng9e w\ld /& a high] pressure ?an ! safety valve indicat$1 s he ti$ a few bricks to ! valve to hold x d[n2 result--f\r workm5 kill$1 a numb] w\nd$1 & a mill bl[n to pieces4 ,! ,city ( ,columbus1 an iron vessel fitt$ out ) all ! means ( pres]vation & escape 9 use on %ipbo>d1 0 wreck$ on ! be/-kn[n portion ( ! ,atlantic coa/1 on a moonlight night1 at ! co/ ( "o hundr$ lives1 because ! (fic] 9 comm& took x into 8 head to save a few %ip-l5g?s 9 di/ance by hugg+ ! %ore1 9 direct disob$i5ce to ! capta9's p>t+ ord]s4 ,! be/-v5tilat$ m9e 9 ,colorado 0 turn$ into a dea? trap = half a hundr$ m9]s because "o ( ! numb] ent]$ ) a light$ lamp ! gall]y he _h be5 w>n$ aga9/4 ,nobody surviv$ to expla9 ! explosion ( ! dynamite-c>tridge factory 9 ,p5nsylvania1 b z t type ( disa/] almo/ always is due to he$lessness1 x is probable t ?is in/ance is n an exception to ! rule4 --,wol/an ,dixey3 ,m9d ,y\r ,bus9ess4 ,,ex]cises ,a4 ,:i* s5t5ces make ! g5]al /atem5ts1 & :i* furni% specific in/ances1 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs8 ,my contemplations 7 (t5 int]rupt$ by /rang]s :o came d[n f ,=sy?'s to take _! fir/ view ( ! falls4 ,a %ort1 ruddy1 middle-ag$ g5tleman1 fre% f ,old ,engl&1 peep$ ov] ! rock1 & ev9c$ 8 approbation by a broad gr94 ,8 sp\se1 a v robu/ lady1 af=d$ a sweet example ( mat]nal solicitude1 be+ s int5t on ! safety ( h] little boy t %e did n ev5 glance at ,niag>a4 ,z = ! *ild1 he gave himself :olly to ! enjoym5t ( a /ick ( c&y4 ,ano!r travel]1 a native ,am]ican1 & no r>e "* among u1 produc$ a volume ( ,capta9 ,hall's t\r1 & labor$ e>ne/ly to adju/ ,niag>a to ! capta9's description1 dep>t+1 at la/1 )\t "o new idea or s5sation ( 8 own4 ,! next com] 0 provid$1 n ) a pr9t$ book1 b ) a blank %eet ( foolscap1 f top to bottom ( :i*1 by means ( an ev] po9t$ p5cil1 ! cat>act 0 made to ?und]4 ,9 a little talk :i* we _h toge!r1 he aw>d$ 8 approbation to ! g5]al view1 b c5sur$ ! position ( ,goat ,isl&1 obs]v+ t x %\ld h be5 ?r[n f>!r to ! "r1 s z to wid5 ! ,am]ican falls1 & contract ^? ( ! ,horse%oe4 ,next appe>$ two trad]s ( ,mi*igan1 :o decl>$ t1 ^u ! :ole1 ! sight 0 wor? look+ at2 !re c]ta9ly 0 an imm5se wat] p[] "h2 b t1 aft] all1 !y w\ld g twice z f> to see ! noble /one works ( ,lockport1 :]e ! ,gr& ,canal is lock$ d[n a desc5t ( sixty feet4 ,!y 7 succe$$ by a "y fell[1 9 a homespun cotton dress1 ) a /aff 9 8 h&1 & a pack ov] 8 %\ld]s4 ,he advanc$ close to ! edge ( ! rock1 :]e 8 att5tion1 at fir/ wav]+ among ! diff]5t compon5ts ( ! sc5e1 f9ally became fix$ 9 ! angle ( ! ,horse%oe falls1 :i* is1 inde$1 ! c5tral po9t ( int]e/4 ,8 :ole s\l seem$ to g =? & be transport$ ?i!r1 till ! /aff slipp$ f 8 relax$ grasp1 & fall+ d[n--d[n-- d[n--/ruck ^u ! fragm5t ( ! ,table ,rock4 --,haw?orne3 ,my ,visit to ,niag>a4 ,no wond] he le>n$ ,engli% quickly1 = he 0 ev] on ! al]t--no /range ^w escap$ him1 no unusual t]m4 ,he w\ld say x ov] & ov] till he met a fri5d1 & !n dem& its mean+4 ,"o day he came to me ) a v tr\bl$ face4 ,madame1 he said1 please tell me :y %all a man1 l me1 l any man1 be a 'blu5ose'8 ,a :at8 ,i ask$4 ,a 'blu5ose4' ,s he 0 call$ 9 ! re/aurant1 b he seem$ n (f5d$ ab\t x4 ,i h look$ 9 my books2 ,i c't f9d any disease ( t "n4 ,) ill-suppress$ laught] ,i ask$1 ,d y "k ,nova ,scotia & ,newf\ndl&8 ,i he> ! laugh 9 y\r voice1 he said2 !n add$1 ,yes1 ,i "k bo? ^! places4 ,!y are v cold & foggy & wet1 ,i expla9$4 ,b ) bright5+ eyes he caught up ! s5t5ce & cont9u$3 ,& ! p h blue noses1 eh8 ,ha6 ha6 ,excuse me1 !n1 b is a milksop a man f "s /ate1 or "s c\ntry1 too8 ,at tea "s "o us$ ! ^w claptrap4 ,:at's t8 quickly dem&$ ! /ud5t 9 our mid/4 ',claptrap'--'clap' is s 7he /ruck 8 h&s toge!r72 'trap' is = rats--:at is1 !n1 'claptrap'8 ,x is a vulg> or unwor?y bid = applause1 ,i expla9$4 ,bah6 he contemptu\sly exclaim$4 ,i "k him1--t *eap actor :o plays at ! gall]y4 ,he is1 !n1 9 ,engli% a 'clap-trapp]1' is he n8 ,x 0 h>dly possible to meet him )\t hav+ a ^w or a t]m (f]$ ?us = explanation4 --,cl>a ,morris3 ,aless&ro ,salv9i 7,mc,clure's74 ,b4 ,write six s5t5ces :i* might be develop$ into p>agraphs by giv+ specific in/ances4 ,!me ,,xxi4--,write a p>agraph by furni%+ specific in/ances = "o ( ! foll[+ topic /atem5ts3-- #a4 ,n9e t5?s ( all t goes wrong 9 ?is _w is because "s "o does n m9d 8 bus9ess4 #b4 ,x requires a man ( c\rage & p]sev]ance to become a pione]4 #c4 ,ev5 ! wise/ tea*] does n always puni% ! boy :o is mo/ at fault4 #d4 ,x is impossible to tea* a dog _m amus+ tricks4 #e4 ,ev5 s /upid a creature z a *ick5 may sometimes exhibit mu* intellig5ce4 #f4 ,c>elessness (t5 leads into difficulty4 #g4 ,our s*ool clock mu/ see _m int]e/+ ?+s4 #h4 ,our fir/ impressions are n always our be/ ones4 #i4 ,i am a v busy lead p5cil1 = my duties are num]\s4 #aj4 ,dick5s's *>act]s are tak5 f ! l[] classes ( p4 #aa4 ,"s portions ( ! book ,i am read+ are v int]e/+4 7,d y\r specific in/ances really illu/rate ! topic /atem5t8 ,h y said :at y int5d$ to say8 ,c y omit any words or s5t5ces8 ,h y us$ & or got unnecess>ily874 #de4 ,developm5t by ,giv+ ,details4--,_m g5]al /atem5ts lead to a desire to "k ! details1 & ! writ] may make 8 idea cle>] by giv+ !m4 ,! /atem5t1 ,! w$d+ c]emony 0 impressive1 at once ar\ses a desire to "k ! details4 ,if a fri5d %\ld say1 ,i enjoy$ my trip to ! city1 we wi% him to relate t :i* pleas$ him4 ,^! details assi/ u 9 und]/&+ ! topic /atem5t1 & increase our int]e/ 9 x4 ,notice 9 ! p>agraphs bel[ h[ mu* is add$ to our und]/&+ ( ! topic /atem5t by ! s5t5ces t give ! details3-- #a4 ,i left my g>d5 = a week1 j at ! close ( a dry spell4 ,a season ( ra9 imm$iately set 91 & :5 ,i return$ ! trans=mation 0 wond]ful4 ,9 "o week e vegetable _h fairly jump$ =w>d4 ,! tomatoes1 :i* ,i left sl5d] plants1 eat5 ( bugs & debat+ :e!r !y w\ld g backw>d or =w>d1 _h become /\t & lu/y1 ) ?ick /ems & d>k leaves1 & "s ( !m _h blossom$4 ,! corn wav$ l t :i* gr[s s rank out ( ! ,fr5*-,engli% mixture at ,wat]loo4 ,! squa%es--,i w n speak ( ! squa%es4 ,! mo/ rem>kable gr[? 0 ! asp>agus4 ,!re 0 n a spe> above gr\nd :5 ,i w5t away2 & n[ x _h sprung up1 & gone to se$1 & !re 7 /alks high] ?an my head4 --,w>n]3 ,my ,summ] 9 a ,g>d54 #b4 ,! w$d+ c]emony 0 solemn & beautiful1 9 ! *ur* on ! e/ate4 ,at ! door ( ! palace /ood ! "m ( ! bride1 to greet h] return f ! c]emony ) ! bless+1 ,may y always h bread & salt1 z %e s]v$ h] f a loaf ( black bread1 ) a salt cell> 9 ! c5t]1 z is ! ,russian cu/om = pr9ce & peasant4 ,j at ?is dramatic mom5t a c\ri] da%$ up ) a telegram f ! ,cz> & ,cz>9a1 & _! gifts = ! bride1--a magnific5t ti>a & necklace ( diamonds4 ,! o!r pres5ts 7 already display$ 9 a magnific5t room2 b we saw _! spl5dor ?r\gh ! glass ( lock$ cases1--a precaution surpris+ to an ,engli%woman4 ,! l>ge swan ( =cemeat 0 ! only rem9d] ( boy> cu/oms at ! r ,p>isian fea/4 ,w9e 0 s]v$ betwe5 ! c\rses1 ) a toa/2 :ile gue/s 9 turn left _! seats to express _! s5tim5ts to bride & groom1 :o /ood to receive !m4 --,m>y ,l\ise ,dunb>3 ,! ,h\sehold ( a ,russian ,pr9ce 7,atlantic ,mon?ly 74 ,!me ,,xxii4--,write a p>agraph by giv+ details = "o ( ! foll[+ topic /atem5ts3-- #a4 ,!re 7 _m int]e/+ ?+s on ! f>m :]e ,i sp5t my summ] vacation4 #b4 ,! s\nds he>d 9 ! =e/ at night are some:at al>m+ to "o :o is n us$ to ! language ( ! woods4 #c4 ,i am always mu* amus$ :5 ! ,sew+ ,circle meets at my "m's h\se4 #d4 ,good roads are ( advantage to f>m]s 9 _m ways4 #e4 ,a baseball game furni%es abundant opportunity to ex]cise good judgm5t4 #f4 ,i rememb] well ! fir/ "t t ,i visit$ a l>ge city4 #g4 ,i %all nev] =get my fir/ attempt at milk+ a c[4 #h4 ,! haunt$ h\se is a squ>e1 old-fa%ion$ "o ( ! colonial type4 #i4 ,a m\se sudd5ly ent]+ ! class room caus$ mu* di/urbance4 #aj4 ,a fre%man's trials are num]\s4 7,d ! details be> ^u ! ma9 idea8 ,if ! p>agraph is long & rambl+1 cond5se by omitt+ ! lea/ important p>ts4 ,by *ang+ ! ord] ( ! s5t5ces1 c y improve ! p>agraph87 #df4 ,details ,relat$ 9 ,"t-,ord]4--,! exp]i5ces ( daily life foll[ ea* o!r 9 "t1 & :5 we read ( a s]ies ( ev5ts we at once ?9k ( !m z hav+ occurr$ 9 a c]ta9 "t-ord]4 ,to assi/ 9 e/abli%+ ! correct "t-ord]1 ! writ] %\ld g5]ally /ate ! details ( 8 /ory 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y occurr$4 ,! me?od ( %[+ "t relations = simultane\s ev5ts has be5 discuss$ 9 ,section #aa4 ,if ! n>rative is ( consid]able l5g?1 x may be divid$ into p>agraphs1 ea* deal+ ) "s p>ticul> /age ( its progress4 ,! "t relations among ! s5t5ces )9 ! p>agraph & among ! p>agraphs !mselves %\ld be su* t ! read] may readily foll[ ! ?read ( ! /ory to its ma9 po9t4 ,n>rative p>agraphs (t5 d n h topic s5t5ces4 ,9 ! foll[+ selection f ,black ,beauty notice h[ ! "t relations give unity ( ?\ght bo? to ! p>agraphs & to ! :ole selection3-- ,he hung my re9 on "o ( ! iron spikes1 & 0 soon hidd5 among ! trees4 ,lizzie 0 /&+ quietly by ! side ( ! road1 a few paces (f1 ) h] back to me4 ,my "y mi/ress 0 sitt+ easily1 ) a loose re91 humm+ a little song4 ,i li/5$ to my rid]'s foot/eps until he rea*$ ! h\se1 & he>d him knock at ! door4 ,!re 0 a mead[ on ! opposite side ( ! road1 ! gate ( :i* /ood op54 ,z ,i look$1 "s c>t horses & sev]al "y colts came trott+ out 9 a v disord]ly mann]1 :ile a boy beh9d 0 crack+ a great :ip4 ,! colts 7 wild & frolicsome4 ,"o ( !m bolt$ across ! road & blund]$ up aga9/ ,lizzie4 ,:e!r x 0 ! /upid colt or ! l\d crack+ ( ! :ip1 or bo? toge!r1 ,i _c say1 b %e gave a viol5t kick & da%$ (f into a headlong gallop4 ,x 0 s sudd5 t ,lady ,anne 0 ne>ly unseat$1 b %e soon recov]$ h]self4 ,i gave a long1 %rill neigh = help4 ,aga9 & aga9 ,i neigh$1 paw+ ! gr\nd impati5tly1 & toss+ my head to get ! re9 loose4 ,i _h n long to wait4 ,blantyre came runn+ to ! gate4 ,he look$ anxi\sly ab\t1 & j caught sight ( ! fly+ figure n[ f> away on ! road4 ,9 an in/ant he sprang to ! saddle4 ,i ne$$ no :ip1 no spur1 = ,i 0 z eag] z my rid]4 ,he saw x2 & giv+ me a free re91 & lean+ a little =w>d1 we da%$ aft] !m4 ,= ab\t a mile & a half ! road ran /raight1 !n b5t to ! "r2 aft] ?is x divid$ into two roads4 ,long be=e we came to ! b5d my mi/ress 0 out ( sight4 ,:i* way _h %e turn$8 ,a woman 0 /&+ at h] g>d5 gate1 %ad+ h] eyes ) h] h&1 & look+ eag]ly up ! road4 ,sc>cely draw+ re91 ,"l ,blantyre %\t$1 ,:i* way8 ,to ! "r6 cri$ ! woman1 po9t+ ) h] h&1 & away we w5t up ! "r-h& road4 ,= a mom5t we caught sight ( ,lady ,anne2 ano!r b5d1 & %e 0 hidd5 aga94 ,sev]al times we caught glimpses ( ! fly+ rid]1 only to lose h] aga94 ,we sc>cely seem$ to ga9 gr\nd ^u h] at all4 ,an old road m5d] 0 /&+ ne> a heap ( /ones1 8 %ovel dropp$ & 8 h&s rais$4 ,z we came ne> he made a sign to speak4 ,"l ,blantyre drew ! re9 a little4 ,to ! common1 to ! common1 sir6 ,%e has turn$ (f !re4 ,i knew ?is common v well4 ,x 01 = ! mo/ "p1 v unev5 gr\nd1 cov]$ ) hea!r & d>k-gre5 bu%es1 ) "h & !re a scrubby ?orn tree4 ,!re 7 also op5 spaces ( f9e1 %ort grass1 ) ant-hills & mole turns ev]y:]e--! wor/ place ,i ev] knew = a headlong gallop4 ,we _h j turn$ on to ! common1 :5 we caught sight aga9 ( ! gre5 habit fly+ on be=e u4 ,my mi/ress's hat 0 gone1 & h] long br[n hair 0 /ream+ beh9d h]4 ,h] head & body 7 ?r[n back1 z if %e 7 pull+ ) all h] rema9+ /r5g?1 & z if t /r5g? 7 ne>ly exhau/$4 ,x 0 cle> t ! r\ghness ( ! gr\nd _h v mu* less5$ ,lizzie's spe$1 & !re seem$ a *ance t we might ov]take h]4 ,:ile we 7 on ! highroad1 ,"l ,blantyre _h giv5 me my head2 b n[1 ) a light h& & a practic$ eye1 he guid$ me ov] ! gr\nd 9 su* a ma/]ly mann] t my pace 0 sc>cely slack5$1 & we ga9$ on !m e mom5t4 ,ab\t halfway across ! common a wide dike _h rec5tly be5 cut & ! e>? f ! cutt+ ca/ up r\ghly on ! o!r side4 ,surely ?is w\ld /op !m6 ,b no2 sc>cely paus+1 ,lizzie took ! leap1 /umbl$ among ! r\gh clods1 & fell4 --,anne ,sewell3 ,black ,beauty4 ,!me ,,xxiii4--,write a brief n>rative giv+ unity to ! p>agraphs by means ( ! "t relations4 ,sugge/$ subjects3-- #a4 ,an adv5ture on horseback4 #b4 ,a trip ) ! eng9e]4 #c4 ,a day on ! riv]4 #d4 ,fido's mi%aps4 #e4 ,an inquisitive cr[4 #f4 ,! un=tunate lett] c>ri]4 #g4 ,tea*+ a calf to dr9k4 #h4 ,! /ory ( a silv] doll>4 #i4 ,a n>r[ escape4 #aj4;,an aft]noon at ! circus4 #aa4;,a /ory acc\nt+ = ! situation %[n 9 ! picture on page #ij4 7,d y ne$ m ?an "o p>agraph8 ,if s1 is ea* a gr\p ( s5t5ces treat+ ( a s+le topic8 ,c ! read] foll[ ! ?read ( y\r /ory8 ,leave out details n ess5tial to ! ma9 po9t47 #dg4 ,ord] ( ,details ,det]m9$ by ,position 9 ,space4--,! ord] ( pres5tation ( details may be det]m9$ by ! position t ! details !mselves occupy 9 space4 ,9 description we wi% bo? to give a correct g5]al impression ( ! ?+ describ$1 & to make c]ta9 details cle>4 ,! g5]al impression %\ld be giv5 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce or two & ! details %\ld foll[4 ,! effectiv5ess ( ! details w dep5d ^u _! ord] ( pres5tation4 ,:5 "o looks at a sc5e ! eye passes f "o object to ano!r ne> x2 simil>ly :5 "o is recall+ ! sc5e ! image ( "o ?+ naturally recalls t ( an adjo9+ "o4 ,a skillful writ] takes advantage ( ?is habit ( ?9k+1 & /ates ! details 9 8 description 9 ! ord] 9 :i* we w\ld naturally see !m if we 7 actually look+ at !m4 ,by s do+ he mo/ easily pres5ts to our m9ds ! image he wi%es to convey4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs notice t we get fir/ an impression ( ! g5]al appe>ance1 to :i* we are enabl$ to add new details z ! description proce$s4 ,! companion ( ! *ur* dignit>y 0 a man pa/ =ty1 ?91 /rong1 tall1 & muscul>2 an a?letic figure1 :i* long fatigue & con/ant ex]cise seem$ to h left none ( ! s(t] "p ( ! human =m1 hav+ r$uc$ ! :ole to brawn1 bones1 & s9ews1 :i* _h su/a9$ a ?\s& toils1 & 7 ready to d>e a ?\s& m4 ,8 head 0 cov]$ ) a sc>let cap1 fac$ ) fur1 ( t k9d :i* ! ,fr5* call morti]1 f its resemblance to ! %ape ( an inv]t$ mort>4 ,8 c\nt5ance 0 !re=e fully display$1 & its expression 0 calculat$ to impress a degree ( awe1 if n ( fe>1 ^u /rang]s4 ,high features1 naturally /rong & p[]fully expressive1 _h be5 burnt almo/ into negro blackness by con/ant exposure to ! tropical sun1 & might1 9 _! ord9>y /ate1 be said to slumb] aft] ! /orm ( passion _h pass$ away2 b ! projection ( ! ve9s ( ! =ehead1 ! read9ess ) :i* ! upp] lip & its ?ick black mu/a*e quiv]$ ^u ! slighte/ emotion1 pla9ly intimat$ t ! tempe/ might be aga9 & easily awak5$4 ,8 ke51 pi]c+1 d>k eyes told 9 e glance a hi/ory ( difficulties subdu$ & dang]s d>$1 & seem$ to *all5ge opposition to 8 wi%es1 = ! pleasure ( sweep+ x f 8 road by a det]m9$ ex]tion ( c\rage & ( w2 a deep sc> on 8 br[ gave additional /]nness to 8 c\nt5ance & a s9i/] expression to "o ( 8 eyes1 :i* _h be5 slightly injur$ on ! same occasion1 & ( :i* ! vision1 ?\gh p]fect1 0 9 a slight & p>tial degree di/ort$4 ,! upp] dress ( ?is p]sonage resembl$ t ( 8 companion 9 %ape1 be+ a long mona/ic mantle2 b ! color1 be+ sc>let1 %[$ t he did n belong to any ( ! f\r regul> ord]s ( monks4 ,on ! "r %\ld] ( ! mantle !re 0 cut1 9 :ite clo?1 a cross ( a peculi> =m4 ,?is upp] robe conceal$ :at at fir/ view seem$ r inconsi/5t ) its =m1 a %irt1 namely1 ( l9k$ mail1 ) sleeves & gloves ( ! same1 curi\sly plait$ & int]wov51 z flexible to ! body z ^? :i* are n[ wr\ght 9 ! /ock+ loom out ( less obdurate mat]ials4 ,! =e "p ( 8 ?ighs1 :]e ! folds ( 8 mantle p]mitt$ !m to be se51 7 also cov]$ ) l9k$ mail2 ! knees & feet 7 def5d$ by spl9ts1 or ?9 plates ( /eel1 +5i\sly jo9t$ ^u ea* o!r2 & mail hose1 rea*+ f ! ankle to ! knee1 effectually protect$ ! legs1 & complet$ ! rid]'s def5sive armor4 ,9 8 girdle he wore a long & d\ble-edg$ dagg]1 :i* 0 ! only (f5sive weapon ab\t 8 p]son4 ,he rode1 n a mule1 l 8 companion1 b a /rong hackney = ! road1 to save 8 gallant w> horse1 :i* a squire l$ beh9d1 fully acc\t]$ = battle1 ) a *amfron or plait$ headpiece ^u 8 head1 hav+ a %ort spike project+ f ! front4 ,on "o side ( ! saddle hung a %ort battle-ax1 ri*ly inlaid ) ,damasc5e c>v+2 on ! o!r ! rid]'s plum$ headpiece & hood ( mail1 ) a long two-h&$ sword1 us$ by ! *ivalry ( ! p]iod4 ,a second squire held al(t 8 ma/]'s lance1 f ! extremity ( :i* flutt]$ a small b&]ole1 or /ream]1 be>+ a cross ( ! same =m ) t embroid]$ ^u 8 cloak4 ,he also c>ri$ 8 small triangul> %ield1 broad en\gh at ! top to protect ! brea/1 & f !nce dim9i%+ to a po9t4 ,x 0 cov]$ ) a sc>let clo?1 :i* prev5t$ ! device f be+ se54 --,scott3 ,ivanhoe4 ,notice also h[ ! description proce$s 9 an ord]ly way f "o ?+ to ano!r1 plac+ toge!r 9 ! description ^? :i* occur toge!r 9 ! p]son describ$4 ,j z we turn our eyes naturally f "o ?+ to ano!r ne> x 9 space1 s 9 a p>agraph %\ld our att5tion be call$ f "o ?+ to t :i* naturally accompanies x4 ,if ! fir/ s5t5ce describes a man's eyes1 ! second 8 feet1 & a ?ird 8 =ehead1 our m5tal image is likely to become confus$4 ,if a description cov]s sev]al p>agraphs1 ea* may be giv5 a unity by plac+ 9 x ^? ?+s :i* are associat$ 9 space4 ,,ex]cises ,a4 ,if y 7 to write ?ree p>agraphs describ+ a man1 :i* ( ! foll[+ details %\ld be includ$ 9 ea* p>agraph8 7a7 eyes1 7b7 %oes1 7c7 size1 7d7 complexion1 7e7 g5]al appe>ance1 7f7 hair1 7g7 c>riage1 7h7 tr\s]s17i7 m\?1 7j7 coat1 7k7 nose4 ,b4 ,make a li/ ( ! details :i* might be m5tion$ 9 describ+ ! outside ( a *ur*4 ,arrange !m 9 appropriate gr\ps4 ,c4 ,9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs :i* s5t5ces give ! g5]al outl9e & :i* give details8 ,are ! details arrang$ ) ref]5ce to _! position 9 space8 ,c ! p>agraph be improv$ by re>rang+ !m8 #a4 ,we came f9ally to a brook m wild & my/]i\s ?an ! o!rs4 ,!re 7 a half doz5 /epp+-/ones betwe5 ! pa? we 7 on & ! place :]e x began aga9 on ! opposite side4 ,aft] a few mis/eps & mu* laught] we 7 l&$ at la/1 b sev]al ( ! p>ty _h wet feet to rememb] ! exp]i5ce by4 ,we f\nd ourselves 9 a space t _h once be5 a cle>+4 ,a tumbl$[n *imney ov]gr[n ) brambles & v9es told ( an ab&on$ he>?/one4 ,! black5$ remnants ( _m a picnic camp fire /rew$ ! gr\nd4 ,a slight turn br\ght u to ! spot :]e ! ,indian ,spr+ well$ out ( ! hillside4 ,! sett+ 0 all t we c\ld h hop$ =1--great moss-gr[n rocks wet & slipp]y1 deep %ade :i* almo/ made u d\bt ! exi/5ce ( ! hot ,augu/ sun%9e at ! edge ( ! =e/1 cool wat] dripp+ & t9kl+4 ,a half-doz5 great trees _h be5 s und]m9$ by ! action ( ! wat] long ago t !y _h tumbl$ headlong into ! /ream b$4 ,!re !y lay1 heads d[n1 crisscross--"o completely spann+ ! brook j bel[ ! spr+--_! tangl$ roots l great dragons twi/+ & ?ru/+ at ! %ad[s4 ,! wat] trickl$ sl[ly ov] ! smoo? rocky bottom z if reluctant to leave a spot en*ant$4 ,a few y>ds bel[1 ! ov]fl[ f ,indian ,spr+ jo9$ ! ma9 /ream1 & _! wat]s m+l$ 9 a pretty little cat>act4 ,we w5t bel[ & look$ back at x4 ,h[ x wr9kl$ & paus$ ov] ! level spaces1 play$ ) ! bubbles 9 ! eddies1 & ran laugh+ & turn+ som]saults :]ev] ! l$ges 7 abrupt4 --,m>y ,rodg]s ,mill]3 ,! ,brook ,book4 7,copyright1 #aijb1 by ,d\bl$ay1 ,page ,co47 #b4 ,r[5a 0 tall 9 /ature1 yet n s mu* s z to attract obs]vation on acc\nt ( sup]ior height4 ,h] complexion 0 exquisitely fair1 b ! noble ca/ ( h] head & features prev5t$ ! insipidity :i* sometimes atta*es to fair beauties4 ,h] cle> blue eyes1 :i* sat en%r9$ b5ea? a graceful eyebr[ ( br[n1 suffici5tly m>k$ to give expression to ! =ehead1 seem$ capable to k9dle z well z to melt1 to comm& z well z to besee*4 ,h] pr(use hair1 ( a color betwixt br[n & flax51 0 arrang$ 9 a fanciful & graceful mann] 9 num]\s r+lets1 to =m :i* art _h probably be5 aid$ by nature4 ,^! locks 7 braid$ ) gems1 & be+ worn at full l5g?1 intimat$ ! noble bir? & free-born condition ( ! maid54 ,a gold5 *a91 to :i* 0 atta*$ a small reliqu>y ( ! same metal1 hung ar\nd h] neck4 ,%e wore bracelets on h] arms1 :i* 7 b>e4 ,h] dress 0 an "u g[n & kirtle ( pale sea-gre5 silk1 ov] :i* hung a long loose robe1 :i* rea*$ to ! gr\nd1 hav+ v wide sleeves1 :i* came d[n1 h[ev]1 v little bel[ ! elb[4 ,?is robe 0 crimson1 & manufactur$ out ( ! v f9e/ wool4 ,a veil ( silk1 int]wov5 ) gold1 0 atta*$ to ! upp] "p ( x1 :i* c\ld be1 at ! we>]'s pleasure1 ei!r drawn ov] ! face & bosom aft] ! ,spani% fa%ion1 or dispos$ z a sort ( drap]y r\nd ! %\ld]s4 --,scott3 ,ivanhoe4 ,!me ,,xxiv4--,write a p>agraph & arrange ! details ) ref]5ce to _! association 9 space4 ,sugge/$ subjects3-- #a4 ,i*abod ,crane4 #b4 ,rip ,van ,w9kle4 #c4 ,! man :o lives ne> u4 #d4 ,a m9i/] ,i met ye/]day4 #e4 ,our family doctor4 #f4 ,! gymnasium4 #g4 ,a fire eng9e4 #h4 ,! old *ur*4 #i4 ,! %oe factory4 #aj4 ,"s "* 9 ! book y are read+4 7,:i* s5t5ce gives ! g5]al impression & :i* s5t5ces give ! details8 ,are ! details arrang$ ) ref]5ce to _! real space ord]8 ,%\ld o!rs be add$8 ,c any be omitt$8 ,w ! read] =m ! m5tal image y wi% him to =m87 #dh4 ,developm5t by ,comp>ison4--,9 ,section #bi we f\nd t comp>ison1 :e!r lit]al or figurative1 aid$ u 9 =m+ m5tal images ( objects4 ,9 a simil> way ev5ts & g5]al pr9ciples may be expla9$ by mak+ suitable comp>isons4 ,we are cont9ually comp>+ "o ?+ ) ano!r4 ,e idea t5ds to recall o!r ideas t are simil> to x or 9 contra/ ) x4 ,:5 an unfamili> idea is pres5t$ to u we at once seek to associate x ) simil> ideas already kn[n to u4 ,a writ]1 !re=e1 w make 8 mean+ cle> by furni%+1 ! desir$ comp>isons4 ,if ^! are famili> to u1 !y enable u to und]/& ! new ideas pres5t$4 ,ev5 :5 bo? ideas 9 ! comp>ison are unfamili>1 ea* may ga9 9 cle>ness by comp>ison ) ! o!r4 ,9 comp>+ two objects1 ev5ts1 or pr9ciples we may po9t out t !y are n alike 9 c]ta9 respects4 ,a comp>ison t ?us emphasizes diff]5ces1 r ?an lik5esses1 becomes a contra/4 ,! contra/ may be giv5 9 a s+le s5t5ce or 9 a s+le p>agraph1 b (t5 a p>agraph or m may be requir$ = ea* ( ! two ideas contra/$4 ,,ex]cise ,notice h[ comp>isons & contra/s are us$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs3-- #a4 ,niag>a is ! l>ge/ cat>act 9 ! _w1 :ile ,yosemite is ! highe/2 x is ! volume t impresses y at ,niag>a1 & x is ! height ( ,yosemite & ! gr& surr\nd+s t make its beauty4 ,niag>a is z wide z ,yosemite is high1 & if x _h no m wat] ?an ,yosemite has1 x w\ld n be ( mu* consequ5ce4 ,! s\nd ( ! two falls is q diff]5t3 ,niag>a makes a /eady ro>1 deep & /rong1 ?\gh n oppressive1 :ile ,yosemite is a cra% & rattle1 ow+ to ! =ce ( ! wat] z x /rikes ! solid rock aft] its imm5se leap4 #b4 ,x is n only 9 appe>ance t ,london & ,new ,york diff] widely4 ,!y also speak ) diff]5t acc5ts1 = cities h di/9ctive acc5ts z well z p4 ,t5nyson wrote ab\t /ream+ ,london's c5tral ro>2 ! ro> is a g5tle hum comp>$ ) ! d9 :i* t+les ! e>s ( visitors to ,new ,york4 ,! acc5t ( ,new ,york is h>%1 grat+1 j>r+4 ,! rattle ( ! elevat$ railroad1 ! :ir ( ! cable c>s1 ! r++ ( electric-c> bells1 ! rumble ( vehicles ov] ! h>d /ones1 ! ro> ( ! traffic z x re*oes ?r\gh ! n>r[ canyons ( d[n-t[n /reets1 produce an appall+ comb9ation ( discords4 ,! /reets ( ,new ,york are n m cr[d$ ?an ^? ( ,london1 b ! noise 9 ,london is subdu$4 ,x is m regul>1 less j>r+ & pi]c+4 ,! muffl$ s\nds 9 ,london are due p>tly to ! wood5 & asphalt pavem5ts1 :i* dead5 ! s\nds4 ,london mu/ be soo?+ to ! ,new ,york]1 z ! noise ( ,new ,york is at fir/ disconc]t+ to ! ,london]4--,outlook4 #c4 ,n[ _! sep>ate *>act]s are briefly ^!4 ,! man's p[] is active1 progressive1 def5sive4 ,he is em95tly ! do]1 ! creator1 ! discov]]1 ! def5d]4 ,8 intellect is = speculation & inv5tion2 8 en]gy = adv5ture1 = w>1 & = conque/ :]ev] w> is j1 :]ev] conque/ necess>y4 ,b ! woman's p[] is = rule1 n = battle1 & h] intellect is n = inv5tion or creation1 b = sweet ord]+1 arrangem5t1 & decision4 ,%e sees ! qualities ( ?+s1 _! claims1 & _! places4 --,rusk93 ,sesame & ,lilies4 ,!me ,,xxv4--,write a p>agraph us+ comp>ison or contra/4 ,sugge/$ topics3-- #a4 ,! s*ool1 a beehive4 #b4 ,! body1 a /eam eng9e4 #c4 ,two g5]als ab\t :om y h read4 #d4 ,girls1 boys4 #e4 ,two ( y\r /udies4 #f4 ,grad$ s*ool "w1 high s*ool "w4 #g4 ,animal life1 plant life4 #h4 ,two ( y\r classmates4 7,h y us$ comp>ison or contra/8 ,h y introduc$ any ( ! o!r me?ods ( developm5t8 ,h y develop$ ! p>agraph s t ! read] w und]/& fully y\r topic /atem5t8 ,omit s5t5ces n really ne$$47 #di4 ,developm5t by ,/at+ ,cause & ,effect4--,we are bett] satisfi$ ) our und]/&+ ( a ?+ if we "k ! causes :i* h produc$ x or ! effects :i* foll[ x4 ,likewise we feel t ano!r has ma/]$ ! topic /atem5t ( a p>agraph if he c answ] ! "q1 ,:y is ?is s8 or1 ,:at w result f ?is8 ,:5 ei!r is /at$1 we naturally beg9 to ?9k ab\t ! o!r4 ,! idea ( a topic /atem5t may1 !re=e1 be satisfactorily develop$ by /at+ its causes or its effects4 ,a cause may be /at$ & ! effects giv5 or ! effects may be made ! topic /atem5t = :i* we acc\nt by giv+ its causes4 ,! importance ( ! relation ( cause & effect to sci5tific /udy is discuss$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph f ,mill3-- ,! relation ( cause & effect is ! fundam5tal law ( nature4 ,!re is no record$ in/ance ( an effect appe>+ )\t a previ\s cause1 or ( a cause act+ )\t produc+ its full effect4 ,e *ange 9 nature is ! effect ( "s previ\s *ange & ! cause ( "s *ange to foll[2 j z ! movem5t ( ea* c>riage ne> ! middle ( a long tra9 is a result ( ! movem5t ( ! "o 9 front & a precursor ( ! movem5t ( ! "o beh9d4 ,facts or effects are to be se5 ev]y:]e1 b causes h usually to be s\ght =4 ,x is ! function ( sci5ce or organiz$ k to obs]ve all effects1 or ph5om5a1 & to seek = _! causes4 ,?is tw(old purpose gives ri*ness & dignity to sci5ce4 ,! obs]vation & classify+ ( facts soon become we>isome to all b ! speciali/ actually engag$ 9 ! "w4 ,b :5 reasons are assign$1 & classification expla9$1 :5 ! numb] ( causes is r$uc$ & ! effects beg9 to cry/allize into ess5tial & cle>ly relat$ p>ts ( "o :ole1 e intellig5t /ud5t f9ds int]e/1 & _m1 m =tunate1 ev5 fasc9ation 9 ! /udy4 --,mill3 ,! ,realm ( ,nature4 7,copyright1 #ahib1 by ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons47 ,,ex]cises ,a4 ,9 y\r read+1 notice h[ (t5 ! effects are indicat$ by ! use ( "s "o ( ! foll[+ expressions3 z a result1 accord+ly1 consequ5tly1 =1 h5ce1 s1 s t1 ?us4 ,b4 ,:i* s5t5ces /ate causes & :i* /ate effects 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs8 #a4 ,! p[] ( wat] to dissolve mo/ m9]als increases ) its temp]ature & ! am\nt ( gases x conta9s4 ,p]colat+ wat] at great dep?s1 !re=e1 g5]ally dissolves m m9]al matt] ?an x c hold 9 solution :5 x rea*es ! surface1 :]e x cools1 &1 be+ reliev$ ( pressure1 mu* ( its c>bonic acid gas escapes to ! atmosph]e or is absorb$ by aquatic plants or mosses4 ,h5ce1 deep-seat$ spr+s are usually surr\nd$ by a deposit ( ! m9]als ) :i* ! wat] is impregnat$4 ,sometimes ?is deposit may ev5 =m l>ge hills2 sometimes x =ms a m\nd ar\nd ! spr+1 ov] ! sides ( :i* ! wat] falls1 :ile ! spray1 evaporat+ f surr\nd+ objects1 leaves !m also incru/$ ) a m9]al deposit4 ,p]colat+ wat] evaporat+ on ! sides & ro( ( lime/one cav]ns1 leaves ! walls incru/$ ) c>bonate ( lime 9 beautiful masses ( cry/als4 ,wat] sl[ly evaporat+ z x drips f ! ro( ( cav]ns to ! floor b5ea? leaves a deposit on bo? places1 :i* gradually gr[s d[nw>d f ! ro( z a /alactite1 & upw>d f ! floor z a /alagmite1 until ^! meet & =m "o cont9u\s column ( /one4 --,h9man3 ,eclectic ,physical ,geography4 #b4 ,! frequ5t use ( cig>s or cig>ettes by ! "y s]i\sly affects ! quality ( ! blood4 ,! r$ blood corpuscles are n fully develop$ & *>g$ ) _! normal supply ( life-giv+ oxyg54 ,?is causes pal5ess ( ! sk91 (t5 notic$ 9 ! face ( ! "y smok]4 ,palpitation ( ! he>t is also a common result1 foll[$ by p]man5t weakness1 s t ! :ole sy/em is enfeebl$1 & m5tal vigor is impair$ z well z physical /r5g?4 ,obs]vant tea*]s c usually tell :i* ( ! boys "u _! c>e are addict$ to smok+1 simply by ! comp>ative inf]iority ( _! appe>ance1 & by _! intellectual & bodily indol5ce & feebl5ess4 ,aft] full maturity is atta9$ ! evil effects ( comm5c+ ! use ( tobacco are less app>5t2 b compet5t physicians ass]t t x _c be safely us$ by ^? "u ! age ( =ty4 --,macy-,norris3 ,physiology = ,high ,s*ools4 #c4 ,9 _m o!r ways1 too1 ! ,norman ,conque/ affect$ ,engl&4 ,= example1 be=e long all ! be/ places 9 ! ,*ur* 7 fill$ ) =eign]s4 ,b mo/ ( ! new bi%ops & abbots 7 f> sup]ior 9 morals & education to ! ,engli%m5 :om !y succe$$4 ,!y 7 also devot$ to ! ,pope ( ,rome1 & soon made ! ,engli% ,national ,*ur* a "p ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,b ,william1 :ile will+ to b[ to ! ,pope z 8 *ief 9 religi\s matt]s1 refus$ to give way to him 9 ?+s :i* conc]n$ only ?is _w4 ,no =m] ,engli% k+ _h done t1 he knew1 & no m w\ld he4 ,?is union ) ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* 0 ( ! greate/ b5efit to ,engl&1 z x br\ght h] once m into connection ) ! educat$ m5 ( ,europe4 ,inde$1 ,lanfranc1 ! ,conqu]or's ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 0 "o ( ! be/ & wise/ m5 ( 8 day4 --,higg9son & ,*ann+3 ,engli% ,hi/ory = ,am]ican ,read]s4 ,!me ,,xxvi4--,develop "o ( ! foll[+ topic /atem5ts into p>agraphs by /at+ causes or effects3-- #a4 ,a gov]nm5t :i* _h no soldi]s to call ^u 9 an em]g5cy w\ld n la/ long4 #b4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ne$s ( a new c\ntry is roads4 #c4 ,! numb] ( p receiv+ public support is small] 9 ?is c\ntry ?an 9 ,europe4 #d4 ,an effici5t po/al sy/em is a great aid to civilization4 #e4 ,a /raight /ream is an impossibility 9 nature4 #f4 ,m\nta9 ranges h great influ5ce ^u climate4 #g4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates holds fir/ place z a manufactur+ nation4 #h4 ,!re are _m swift riv]s 9 ,new ,engl&4 #i4 ,t[ns or cities are locat$ at ! m\?s ( navigable riv]s4 7,:i* s5t5ces /ate causes & :i* /ate effects8 ,w\ld ! effects :i* y h /at$ really foll[ ! giv5 causes87 #ej4 ,developm5t by ,repetition4--,! repetition ( a ?\ght 9 diff]5t =m w (t5 make pla9 t :i* we d n at fir/ und]/&4 ,?is is especially true if ! repetitions are accompani$ by new comp>isons4 ,9 e s*ool ! tea*] makes daily use ( repetition 9 h] ef=ts to expla9 to ! pupils t :i* !y d n und]/&4 ,9 a simil> way a writ] makes use ( ?is t5d5cy ( ours1 & develops ! idea ( ! topic s5t5ce by repetition4 ,ea* s5t5ce %\ld1 h[ev]1 d m ?an m]ely repeat4 ,x %\ld add some?+ to ! c5tral idea1 mak+ ?is idea cle>]1 m def9ite1 or m emphatic4 ,if repetition is excessive & purposeless1 x becomes a fault4 ,repetition may ext5d ?r\gh ! :ole p>agraph1 or x may be us$ to expla9 any s5t5ce or any "p ( a s5t5ce4 ,x may tell :at ! ?+ is or :at x is n1 & 9 effect becomes a def9ition sett+ limits to ! orig9al idea4 ,,ex]cise ,notice h[ ! idea 9 ! topic /atem5t ( ea* ( ! foll[+ p>agraphs is repeat$ 9 ^? :i* foll[3-- #a4 ,no man ev] made a complete new sy/em ( law & gave x to a p4 ,no mon>*1 h[ev] absolute or p[]ful1 ev] _h ! p[] to *ange ! habits ( a p to t ext5t4 ,revolution g5]ally means1 n a *ange ( law1 b m]ely a *ange ( gov]nm5t (ficials2 ev5 :5 x is a *ange f mon>*y to democracy4 ,our ,revolution made practically no *anges 9 ! crim9al & civil laws ( ! colonies4 --,cl>k3 ,! ,gov]nm5t4 #b4 ,p talk ( lib]ty z if x meant ! lib]ty to d j :at a man likes4 ,i call t man free :o fe>s do+ wrong1 b fe>s no?+ else4 ,i call t man free :o has le>n$ ! mo/ bless$ ( all tru?s1--t lib]ty consi/s 9 ob$i5ce to ! p[]1 & to ! w1 & to ! law t 8 high] s\l rev]5ces & approves4 ,he is n free because he does :at he likes2 b he is free because he does :at he ought1 & !re is no prote/ 9 8 s\l aga9/ ! do+4 --,fr$]ick ,william ,rob]tson4 #c4 ,?is d5se =e/ 0 to ! ,indians a home 9 :i* !y _h liv$ f *ildhood1 & :]e !y 7 z mu* at ease z a f>m] on 8 own acres4 ,to _! ke5 eyes1 tra9$ = g5]ations to m ?an a wild bea/'s wat*fulness1 ! wild]ness 0 an op5 book4 ,no?+ at re/ or 9 motion escap$ !m4 ,!y _h begun to track game z soon z !y c\ld walk2 a scrape on a tree trunk1 a bruis$ leaf1 a fa9t ind5tation ( ! soil1 :i* no :ite man c\ld see1 all told !m a tale z pla9ly z if x _h be5 %\t$ 9 _! e>s4 --,!odore ,roosevelt3 ,! ,w9n+ ( ! ,we/4 #d4 ,public ent]prises1 :e!r conduct$ by ! municipality or committ$ to ! public s]vice corporation1 exi/ to r5d] public s]vices4 ,/reets are public highways4 ,!y exi/ = ! p's use4 ,no?+ %\ld be plac$ 9 !m unless requir$ to facilitate _! use by or = ! p4 ,only ! g5]al ne$ ( wat]1 gas1 electricity1 & transportation ju/ifies ! plac+ ( pipes & wires & tracks 9 ! /reets4 ,! public ne$ is ! sole te/ & measure ( su* occupation4 ,to look ^u ! /reets z a s\rce ( private ga91 or ev5 municipal rev5ue1 except z incid5ts ( _! public use1 is to disreg>d _! public "*4 ,adequate s]vice at ! l[e/ practicable rates1 n ga9 or rev5ue1 is ! te/4 ,! "q is1 n h[ mu* ! public s]vice corporation may ga91 b :at c be sav$ to ! p by its employm5t4 --,edw9 ,burrett ,smi?3 ,! ,next ,/ep 9 ,municipal ,re=m 7,atlantic ,mon?ly74 ,!me ,,xxvii4--,develop "o ( ! foll[+ topic /atem5ts into a p>agraph1 us+ ! me?od1 ( repetition z f> z possible3-- #a4 ,x is difficult to become angry ) "o :o is always good-natur$4 #b4 ,x is gloomy 9 ! woods on a ra9y day4 #c4 ,! gov]nm5t is always 9 ne$ ( hone/ m54 #d4 ,rural free deliv]y ( mail w h a great effect on c\ntry life4 #e4 ,n e boy 9 s*ool uses 8 "t to ! be/ advantage4 #f4 ,ha/e is wa/e4 #g4 ,regul> ex]cise is "o ( ! ess5tials ( good heal?4 7,h ! repetitions really made ! idea ( ! topic s5t5ce cle>] or m emphatic or m def9ite8 ,:at o!r me?ods ( developm5t h y us$87 #ea4 ,developm5t by a ,comb9ation ( ,me?ods4--,a p>agraph %\ld h unity ( ?\ght1 &1 s long z ?is unity ( ?\ght is kept1 x does n matt] :at me?ods ( developm5t are us$4 ,a doz5 p>agraphs tak5 at r&om w %[ t comb9ations are v frequ5t4 ,(t5 x w be difficult to det]m9e j h[ a p>agraph has be5 develop$4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 x may be said t an indiscrim9ate mixture ( me?ods is confus+ & int]f]es ) unity ( ?\ght4 ,if m ?an "o is us$1 x requires skillful h&l+ to ma9ta9 su* a relation betwe5 !m t bo? contribute to ! cle> & emphatic /atem5t ( ! ma9 ?\ght4 ,! p>agraph f ,dry]1 page #gd1 %[s a comb9ation ( cause & effect ) specific illu/rations2 t f ,wol/an ,dixey1 page #ha1 %[s a comb9ation ( repetition ) specific in/ances4 ,,ex]cises ,:at me?ods ( p>agraph developm5t1 or :at comb9ations ( me?ods1 are us$ 9 ! foll[+ selections8 #a4 ,i believe ! fir/ te/ ( a truly great man is 8 humility4 ,i d n mean1 by humility1 d\bt ( 8 p[]1 or hesitation 9 speak+ ( 8 op9ions2 b a "r und]/&+ ( ! relation betwe5 :at he c d & say & ! re/ ( ! _w's say+s & do+s4 ,all great m5 n only "k _! bus9ess1 b usually "k t !y "k x2 & are n only "r 9 _! ma9 op9ions1 b !y usually "k t !y are "r 9 !m2 only !y d n ?9k mu* ( !mselves on t acc\nt4 ,arnolfo kn[s he c build a good dome at ,flor5ce2 ,alb]t ,dr] writes calmly to "o :o _h f\nd fault ) 8 "w1 ,x _c be bett] done2 ,sir ,isaac ,newton kn[s t he has work$ out a problem or two t w\ld h puzzl$ anybody else2 only !y d n expect _! fell[-m5 !re=e to fall d[n & wor%ip !m2 !y h a curi\s und]s5se ( p[]lessness1 feel+ t ! greatness is n 9 !m1 b ?r\gh !m2 t !y c\ld n d or be any?+ else ?an ,god made !m4 ,& !y see some?+ div9e & ,god-made 9 e o!r man !y meet1 & are endlessly1 fooli%ly1 & incr$ibly m]ciful4 --,rusk94 #b4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be not$ ab\t ! dress ( ! ,romans is t its preval5t mat]ial 0 always wool54 ,%eep rais+ = wool 0 practic$ among !m on an ext5sive scale1 f ! e>lie/ hi/oric times1 & ! *oice bre$s ( t animal1 orig9ally import$ f ,greece or ,asia ,m9or1 took s k9dly to ! soil & climate ( ,italy t home-gr[n wool came ev5 to be pref]r$ to ! =eign = f95ess & s(tness ( quality4 ,=eign wools 71 h[ev]1 always import$ m or less1 p>tly because ! supply ( native wools seems nev] to h be5 q suffici5t1 p>tly because ! natural colors ( wools f diff]5t p>ts v>i$ s consid]ably z to r5d] ! art ( ! dy] to "s ext5t unnecess>y4 ,?us1 ! wools ( ,canusium 7 br[n or r$di%1 ^? ( ,poll5tia 9 ,liguria 7 black1 ^? f ! ,spani% ,baetica1 :i* compris$ ,&alusia & a "p ( ,granada1 _h ei!r a gold5 br[n or a grayi% hue2 ! wools ( ,asia 7 almo/ r$2 & !re 0 a ,grecian fleece1 call$ ! cr[ color$1 ( :i* ! natural t9t 0 a peculi>ly deep & brilliant black4 --,pre/on & ,dodge3 ',! ,private ,life ( ! ,romans4 #c4 ,art has done ev]y?+ = ,muni*4 ,x lies on a l>ge flat pla9 sixte5 hundr$ feet above ! sea & cont9ually expos$ to ! cold w9ds f ! ,alps4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury x 0 b a ?ird-rate city1 & 0 r>ely visit$ by =eign]s2 s9ce t "t its population & limits h be5 d\bl$1 & magnific5t edifices 9 e /yle ( ar*itecture erect$1 r5d]+ x sc>cely second>y 9 ?is respect to any capital 9 ,europe4 ,e art t weal? or ta/e c\ld devise seems to h be5 sp5t 9 its decoration4 ,broad1 spaci\s /reets & squ>es h be5 laid out2 *ur*es1 halls1 & colleges erect$1 & s*ools ( pa9t+ & sculpture e/abli%$ :i* drew arti/s f all p>ts ( ! _w4 --,taylor3 ,views ,afoot4 #d4 ,9 all excursions to ! woods or to ! %ore ! /ud5t ( orni?ology has an advantage ov] 8 companions4 ,he has "o m1 av5ue ( delight4 ,he1 inde$1 kills two birds ) "o /one & sometimes ?ree4 ,if o!rs w&]1 he c nev] get out ( 8 way4 ,8 game is ev]y:]e4 ,! caw+ ( a cr[ makes him feel at home1 :ile a new note or a new song dr[ns all c>e4 ,audubon1 on ! desolate coa/ ( ,labrador1 is happi] ?an any k+ ev] 02 & on %ipbo>d is ne>ly cur$ ( 8 seasickness :5 a new gull appe>s 9 sight4 --,burr\ghs3 ,wake ,rob94 ,!me ,,xxviii4--,write a p>agraph1 us+ any me?od or comb9ation ( me?ods :i* be/ suits y\r ?\ght4 ,use any ( ! subjects hi!rto sugge/$ t y h n already us$4 7,is e s5t5ce relat$ to ! topic /atem5t s t y\r p>agraph possesses unity8 ,:at me?ods ( developm5t h y us$87 #eb4 ,! ,topical ,recitation4--,9 conduct+ a recitation ! tea*] may ask direct que/ions ab\t ea* "p ( a p>agraph or %e may ask a pupil to discuss "s topic4 ,su* a topical recitation %\ld be an ex]cise 9 cle> ?9k+ r ?an 9 ^w memory1 & 9 ord] to prep>e = x1 ! pupil %\ld h made a c>eful analysis ( ! ?\ght 9 ea* p>agraph simil> to t discuss$ on page #gd4 ,:5 ?is analysis has be5 made he w h cle>ly 9 m9d ! topic /atem5t & ! way x has be5 develop$1 & w be able to di/+ui% ! ess5tial f ! non-ess5tial elem5ts4 ,a topical recitation dem&s t ! pupil "k ! ma9 idea & be able to develop x 9 "o ( ! foll[+ me?ods1 or by a comb9ation ( !m3 7#a7 by giv+ specific in/ances1 7#b7 by giv+ details1 7#c7 by giv+ comp>isons or contra/s1 7#d7 by giv+ causes or effects1 & 7#e7 by repetition4 ,?\ghts s ma/]$ are our own4 ,we und]/& !m & believe !m2 & consequ5tly we c expla9 !m1 or describe !m1 or prove !m to o!rs4 ,we c furni% details or in/ances1 orig9ate comp>isons1 or /ate causes & effects4 ,:5 ideas ga9$ f language h ?us become our own1 we d n ne$ to rememb] ! language 9 :i* !y 7 express$1 & n until !n d !y become prop] mat]ial = composition purposes4 #ec4 ,outl9+ ,p>agraphs4--,mak+ an outl9e ( a p>agraph t we h read br+s ! ?\ght cle>ly be=e our m9d4 ,9 a simil> way we may make our own ?\ghts cle> & def9ite by attempt+ to prep>e 9 advance an outl9e ( a p>agraph t we are ab\t to write4 ,arrang+ ! mat]ial t we h 9 m9d & decid+ ^u ! ord] 9 :i* we %all pres5t x1 w bo? help u to und]/& ! ?\ght ourselves1 & enable u to pres5t x m effectively to o!rs4 ,,ex]cises ,a4 ,prep>e = recitation ! foll[+ selection f ,newcom]'s introduction to ,macaulay's ,milton & ,addison3-- ,!re 7 two faculties ( ,macaulay's m9d t set 8 "w f> ap>t f o!r "w 9 ! same field1--! faculties ( organization & illu/ration4 ,he saw ?+s 9 _! "r relation & he knew h[ to make o!rs see !m ?us4 ,if he 0 describ+1 he nev] ?ru/ m9or details into ! =egr\nd4 ,if he 0 n>rat+1 he nev] got ahead ( 8 /ory4 ,! importance ( ?is is n suffici5tly recogniz$4 ,_m writ]s d n "k :at organization means4 ,!y d n "k t 9 all great & successful lit]>y "w x is n9e t5?s ( ! labor4 ,yet consid] a mom5t4 ,hi/ory is a v complex ?+3 div]s ev5ts may be simultane\s 9 _! occurr5ce2 or "o crisis may be sl[ly evolv+ f _m causes 9 _m places4 ,x is no light task to tell ^! ?+s "o aft] ano!r & yet leave a unifi$ impression1 to take up a doz5 new ?reads 9 succession )\t tangl+ !m & )\t los+ ! old ones1 & to lay !m all d[n at ! "r mom5t & )\t confusion4 ,su* is ! n>rator's task1 & x 0 at ?is task t ,macaulay prov$ himself a pa/ ma/]4 ,he c\ld dispose ( a numb] ( trivial ev5ts 9 a s+le s5t5ce4 ,?us1 = example1 runs 8 acc\nt ( ! dramati/ ,wy*]ley's naval c>e]3 ,he emb>k$1 0 pres5t at a battle1 & celebrat$ x1 on 8 return1 9 a copy ( v]ses too bad = ! bellman4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 x is a "q ( a great crisis1 l ! impea*m5t ( ,w>r5 ,ha/+s1 he knew h[ to prep>e = x ) elaborate c]emony & to portray x 9 a sc5e ( ! highe/ dramatic p[]4 ,?is faculty ( organization %[s itself 9 :at we te*nically "n /ructure2 & logical & rhetorical /ructure may be /udi$ at _! v be/ 9 8 "w4 ,8 essays are p]fect units1 made up ( _m p>ts1 sy/ems )9 sy/ems1 t play toge!r )\t clog or friction4 ,y c take !m ap>t l a wat* & put !m toge!r aga94 ,b try to re>range ! p>ts & ! me*anism is spoil$4 ,ea* essay has its subdivisions1 :i* 9 turn are gr\ps ( p>agraphs4 ,& ea* p>agraph is a unit4 ,take ! fir/ p>agraph ( ! essay on ,milton3 ! ^w manuscript appe>s 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 & x reappe>s 9 ! la/2 cle>ly ! p>agraph deals ) a s+le v def9ite topic4 ,& s ) all4 ,( c\rse ! unity manife/s itself 9 a hundr$ ways1 b x is r>ely want+4 ,mo/ frequ5tly x takes ! =m ( an expansion ( a topic giv5 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 or a prep>ation = a topic to be ann\nc$ only 9 ! la/4 ,^! initial & f9al s5t5ces-- (t5 9 !mselves bo? aphori/ic & memorable--s]ve to m>k ) ! utmo/ cle>ness ! diff]5t /ages 9 ! progress ( ! essay4 ,illu/ration is ( m incid5tal s]vice1 b z us$ by ,macaulay becomes highly organic4 ,= 8 illu/rations are n f>fet*$ or labori\sly work$ out4 ,!y seem to be ( "o piece ) 8 /ory or 8 argum5t4 ,8 m9d 0 quick to detect resemblances & analogies4 ,he 0 ready ) a comp>ison = ev]y?+1 sometimes ) half a doz54 ,= example1 ,addison's essays1 he has occasion to say1 7 diff]5t e day ( ! week1 & yet1 to 8 m9d1 ea* day l some?+--l ,horace1 l ,lucian1 l ! ,tales ( ,s*eh]ezade4 ,he draws long comp>isons betwe5 ,walpole & ,t[n%5d1 betwe5 ,congreve & ,wy*]ley1 betwe5 ,essex & ,villi]s1 betwe5 ! fall ( ! ,c>lov+ians & ! fall ( ! ,moguls4 ,he foll[s up a g5]al /atem5t ) sw>ms ( in/ances4 ,h hi/orians be5 giv5 to exagg]at+ ! villa9y ( ,ma*iavelli8 ,macaulay c "n y half a doz5 :o did s4 ,did ! writ]s ( ,*>les's faction delight 9 mak+ _! oppon5ts appe> contemptible8 ,!y h told u t ,pym broke d[n 9 a spee*1 t ,ireton _h 8 nose pull$ by ,hollis1 t ! ,e>l ( ,nor?umb]l& cudgel$ ,h5ry ,m>t51 t ,/4 ,john's mann]s 7 sull51 t ,vane _h an ugly face1 t ,cromwell _h a r$ nose4 ,d m5 fail :5 !y quit _! own prov9ce = ano!r8 ,newton fail$ ?us2 ,b5tley fail$2 ,inigo ,jones fail$2 ,wilkie fail$4 ,9 ! same way he 0 ready ) quotations4 ,he writes 9 "o ( 8 lett]s3 ,x is a dang]\s ?+ = a man ) a v /rong memory to read v mu*4 ,i c\ld give y ?ree or f\r quotations ?is mom5t 9 support ( t proposition2 b ,i w br+ ! vici\s prop5sity "u subjection1 if ,i c4 ,?us we see 8 m9d do+ in/antly & involunt>ily :at o!r m9ds d ) inf9ite pa9s1 br++ toge!r all ?+s t h a lik5ess or a common be>+4 ,x is precisely ^! tal5ts t set ,macaulay among ! simple/ & cle>e/ ( writ]s1 & t acc\nts = mu* ( 8 popul>ity4 ,p f\nd t 9 tak+ up "o ( 8 articles !y simply read on & on1 nev] puzzl+ ov] ! mean+ ( a s5t5ce1 gett+ ! exact =ce ( e /atem5t1 & foll[+ ! tr5d ( ?\ght ) sc>cely a m5tal ef=t4 ,& 8 natural gift ( mak+ ?+s pla9 he took pa9s to support by v>i\s devices4 ,he con/ruct$ 8 s5t5ces aft] ! simple/ normal fa%ion1 subject & v]b & object1 sometimes inv]t+ = emphasis1 b r>ely complicat+1 & always r$uc+ expression to ! b>e/ t]ms4 ,he c\ld write1 = example1 ,"o advantage ! *apla9 _h1 b x is impossible to conceive ( 8 writ+1 ,n[1 amid all ! discom=ts & disadvantages ) :i* ! un=tunate *apla9 0 surr\nd$1 !re 0 "o ?+ :i* s]v$ to (fset !m1 & :i*1 if he *ose to take ! opportunity ( enjoy+ x1 might well be reg>d$ z a positive advantage4 ,"o w se>* 8 pages 9 va9 = loose1 trail+ clauses & involv$ con/ructions4 ,8 vocabul>y 0 ( ! same simple nature4 ,he _h a complete comm& ( ord9>y ,engli% & cont5t$ himself ) t4 ,he r>ely v5tur$ beyond ! mo/ abridg$ diction>y4 ,an occasional te*nical t]m might be requir$1 b he 0 %y ( ! unfamili>4 ,he w\ld co9 no words & he w\ld use no ar*aisms4 ,=eign words1 :5 fairly naturaliz$1 he employ$ sp>+ly4 ,we %all h no disputes ab\t diction1 he wrote to ,napi]1 ,jeffrey's successor2 ! ,engli% language is n s poor b t ,i may v well f9d 9 x ! means ( cont5t+ bo? y & myself4 ,b4 ,recite ^u "s topic tak5 f y\r o!r lessons = ! day4 ,let ! class tell :at me?od ( developm5t y h us$4 ,c4 ,make a collection ( well-writt5 p>agraphs illu/rat+ ea* ( ! me?ods ( developm5t4 ,!me ,,xxix4--,write two p>agraphs us+ ! same topic /atem5t1 b develop+ ea* by a diff]5t me?od4 ,sugge/$ topic /atem5ts3-- #a4 ,! pr9cipal tools ( gov]nm5t are build+s1 guns1 & money4 #b4 ,! civiliz$ _w 0 nev] s ord]ly z n[4 #c4 ,law suits take "t1 especially 9 cities2 sometimes !y take ye>s4 #d4 ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 law & ju/ice4 #e4 ,we cry = a multitude ( reasons ( surpris+ v>iety4 #f4 ,9 ! gr[? ( a *ild no?+ is m surpris+ ?an 8 ceaseless activity4 #g4 ,education = ! *ildr5 ( a nation is a b5efit to ! :ole nation4 7,h y said :at y int5d$ to say8 ,:at me?ods ( developm5t h y us$8 ,is ! ma9 ?\ght ( ! two p>agraphs ! same ev5 ?\gh !y beg9 ) ! same s5t5ce87 ,,summ>y #a4 ,language is 7#a7 a means ( express+ ideas1 & 7#b7 a m$ium ?r\gh :i* ideas are acquir$4 #b4 ,! acquisition ( ideas by means ( language requires3-- a4 ,t we "k ! mean+s ( words1 & s avoid =m+ incomplete images 7,section #bg7 & incomplete ?\ghts 7,section #cc74 b4 ,t we und]/& ! relations 9 ?\ght exi/+ among words1 phrases1 clauses1 s5t5ces1 & p>agraphs 7,section #cb74 #c4 ,ideas acquir$ ?r\gh language may be us$ = composition purposes-- a4 ,provid$ we =m complete & accurate images & d n confuse ! image ) ! language t sugge/$ x 7,section #bh74 b4 ,provid$ we make ! ma9 ?\ghts s ?or\ghly our own t we c furni% details & in/ances1 orig9ate comp>isons1 or /ate causes & effects1 & ?us become able to describe !m or expla9 !m1 or prove !m to o!rs 7,section #eb74 ,until bo? a & b z /at$ above are done1 ideas acquir$ ?r\gh language are undesirable = composition purposes4 #d4 ,comp>isons aid 9 ! =m+ ( correct images4 ,!y may be lit]al or imag9ative4 ,if imag9ative1 !y become figures ( spee*4 #e4 ,figures ( spee*4 7,complete li/ 9 ! ,app5dix47 a4 ,a simile is a direct comp>ison4 b4 ,a metaphor is an impli$ comp>ison4 c4 ,p]sonification is a modifi$ metaphor1 assign+ human attributes to objects1 ab/ract ideas1 or ! l[] animals4 #f4 ,sugge/ions z to ! use ( figures ( spee*4 a4 ,nev] write = ! purpose ( us+ !m4 b4 ,!y %\ld be appropriate to ! subject4 c4 ,"o ( ! two ?+s comp>$ mu/ be famili> to ! read]4 d4 ,avoid hackney$ figures4 e4 ,avoid long figures4 f4 ,avoid mix$ metaphors4 #g4 ,*oice ( words4 a4 ,use words presumably famili> to ! read]4 b4 ,use words t express y\r exact mean+4 ,d n confuse simil> words4 e4 ,avoid ! frequ5t use ( ! same ^w 7,section #ag74 #h4 ,ambiguity ( ?\ght mu/ be avoid$4 ,c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 ! use ( ! =ms :i* %[ relations 9 ?\ght betwe5 s5t5ces1 especially ) pron\ns & pronom9al adjectives 7,section #cf74 #i4 ,a p>agraph is a gr\p ( s5t5ces relat$ to ea* o!r & to "o c5tral idea4 #aj4 ,! topic /atem5t ( a p>agraph is a brief compreh5sive summ>y ( ! cont5ts ( ! p>agraph4 #aa4 ,me?ods ( p>agraph developm5t4 ,a p>agraph may be develop$-- a4 ,by giv+ specific in/ances 7,section #dd74 b4 ,by giv+ details 7,section #de74 ,! ord] 9 :i* ! details are told may be det]m9$ by-- 7#a7 ,! ord] ( _! occurr5ce 9 "t 7,section #df74 7#b7 ,_! position 9 space 7,section #dg74 c4 ,by comp>ison or contra/ 7,section #dh74 d4 ,by /at+ cause & effect 7,section #di74 e4 ,by repetition 7,section #ej74 f4 ,by any suitable comb9ation ( ! me?ods /at$ above4 #ab4 ,! topical recitation dem&s-- a4 ,t ! pupil get ! c5tral idea ( ! p>agraph & be able to make ! topic /atem5t4 b4 ,t he be able to det]m9e ! relative importance ( ! rema9+ ideas 9 ! p>agraph4 c4 ,t he "k by :i* ( ! five me?ods nam$ above ! p>agraph has be5 develop$4 d4 ,t he be able to furni% details1 in/ances1 & comp>isons ( 8 own4 7,see ,sections #cg1 #ch1 #ci1 #eb1 #ec47 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,purpose ,,( ,,expression #ed4 ,k9ds ( ,composition4--,:5 consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ! purpose 9 ! m9d ( ! writ]1 !re are two g5]al classes ( writ+1--t :i* in=ms1 & t :i* ent]ta9s4 ,! language t we use %\ld make our mean+ cle>1 ar\se int]e/1 & give vividness4 ,writ+ t in=ms w lay greate/ emphasis on cle>ness1 ?\gh x may at ! same "t be int]e/+ & vivid4 ,we d n add to ! value ( an explanation by mak+ x dull4 ,on ! o!r h&1 writ+ t ent]ta9s1 ?\gh x mu/ be cle>1 w lay great] emphasis on int]e/ & vividness4 ,t language is be/ :i* comb9es all ?ree ( ^! *>act]i/ics4 ,! writ]'s purpose w det]m9e to :i* ! emphasis %all be giv54 ,composition is also divid$ into description1 n>ration1 exposition1 & argum5t 7includ+ p]suasion74 ,^! are call$ =ms ( disc\rse4 ,x w be f\nd t ?is division is also bas$ ^u ! purpose = :i* ! composition is writt54 ,y h occasion to use ea* ( ^! =ms ( disc\rse daily2 y describe1 y n>rate1 y expla91 y argue1 y p]suade4 ,y h us$ language = ^! purposes f y\r infancy1 & y are n[ /udy+ composition 9 ord] to acquire facility & effectiv5ess 9 t use4 ,:5 ?is *apt] is complet$1 y w h consid]$ ea* ( ! f\r =ms ( disc\rse 9 an elem5t>y way4 ,a m ext5d$ treatm5t is giv5 9 lat] *apt]s4 ,,ex]cises ,a4 ,to :i* ( ! two g5]al classes ( composition w\ld ea* ( ! foll[+ belong8 #a4 ,a bus9ess lett]4 #b4 ,! /ory ( a runaway4 #c4 ,a description ( a lake writt5 by a geologi/4 #d4 ,a description ( a lake writt5 by a boy :o 0 camp+ ne> x4 #e4 ,a lett] to a fri5d describ+ a trip4 #f4 ,a text-book on algebra4 #g4 ,an application = a position z /5ograph]4 #h4 ,a recipe = mak+ cake4 #i4 ,h[ ,i made a cake4 #aj4 ,h[ to make a kite4 #aa4 ,a political spee*4 #ab4 ,a debate4 ,b4 ,c\ld a description be writt5 = ! purpose ( ent]ta9+8 ,c\ld ! same object be describ$ = ! purpose ( giv+ in=mation8 ,c4 ,to :i* g5]al class d n>ratives belong8 ,explanations8 ,argum5ts8 #ee4 ,disc\rse ,presupposes an ,audi5ce4--,! object ( composition is communication1 & communication is n conc]n$ ) "o's self alone4 ,x always involves two1--! "o :o gives & ! "o :o receives4 ,if its purpose is to in=m1 x mu/ in=m somebody2 if to ent]ta91 x mu/ ent]ta9 somebody4 ,to be sure1 disc\rse may be a pleasure to u1 because x is a means ( self-expression1 b x is useful to u because x conveys ideas to t o!r somebody :o he>s or reads x4 ,we describe 9 ord] t ano!r may picture t :i* we h exp]i5c$2 we n>rate1 ev5ts = ! ent]ta9m5t ( o!rs2 we expla9 to o!rs t :i* we und]/&2 & we argue 9 ord] to prove to "s "o ! tru? ( a proposition or to p]suade him to action4 ,?us all disc\rse1 to be useful1 dem&s an audi5ce4 ,its effective use requires t ! writ] %all give q z mu* att5tion to ! way 9 :i* t read] w receive 8 ideas z he gives to ! ideas !mselves4 ,speak+ or writ+ is1 !re=e1 a d\ble-end$ process4 ,x spr+s f me1 x p5etrates him2 & bo? ( ^! ends ne$ wat*+4 ,is :at ,i say precisely :at ,i mean8 ,t is an important "q4 ,is :at ,i say s %ap$ t x c readily be assimilat$ by him :o he>s8 ,?is is a "q ( q z great consequ5ce & mu* m likely to be =gott54444 ,z ,i write ,i mu/ unceas+ly /udy :at is ! l9e ( lea/ intellectual resi/ance along :i* my ?\ght may ent] ! diff]5tly con/itut$ m9d2 & to t l9e ,i mu/ subtly adju/1 )\t enfeebl+ my mean+4 ,w ?is comb9ation ( words or t make ! mean+ cle>8 ,w ?is ord] ( pres5tation facilitate swiftness ( appreh5sion or w x clog ! movem5t8,footnote3 ,pr(essor ,george ,h]b]t ,palm]3 ,self-cultivation 9 ,engli%4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s emphasis has be5 laid ^u ! c>e t a writ] mu/ give to say+ exactly :at he means4 ,?is mu/ nev] be neglect$1 b we ne$ to add to x a consid]ation ( h[ be/ to adapt :at we say to ! int]e/ & intellig5ce ( our read]s4 ,x w become cle> 9 writ+ ! foll[+ !me t ! discussion ( p>agraph developm5t 9 ,*apt] ,,iii 0 9 reality a discussion ( me?ods ( adapt+ our disc\rse to ! m5tal habits ( our read]s4 ,!me ,,xxx4--,write a !me %[+ :i* "o ( ! five me?ods ( p>agraph developm5t proce$s mo/ ne>ly 9 accordance ) ! way ! m9d usually acts4 7,?is !me w furni% a review ( ! me?ods ( p>agraph developm5t treat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,if possible1 write y\r !me )\t consult+ ! *apt]4 ,?9k x out = y\rself4 ,aft] ! !me has be5 writt51 review p>agraph developm5t treat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,c y improve y\r !me8 ,:at me?ods ( developm5t h y us$87 #ef4 ,select+ a ,subject4--,sometimes our !me subjects are *os5 = u1 b usually we %all ne$ to *oose our own subjects4 ,:at we %\ld *oose dep5ds bo? ^u ourselves & ^u ^? = :om we write4 ,! elem5ts :i* make a subject suitable = ! read] w be consid]$ lat]4 ,9 s f> z ! writ] is conc]n$1 two ?+s det]m9e ! suitabl5ess ( a subject3-- ,fir/1 ! writ]'s k ( ! subject4 ,we _c make ideas cle> to o!rs unless !y are cle> to u4 ,our in=mation mu/ be cle>ly & def9itely our own be=e we c hope to pres5t x effectively4 ,?is is "o ( ! advantages possess$ by subjects aris+ f exp]i5ce4 ,any subject ab\t :i* we "k little or no?+1 %\ld be reject$4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 reject a subject too soon4 ,:5 x is fir/ ?\ght ( we may f9d t we h b few ideas ab\t x1 b by ?9k+ we may discov] t our in=mation is great] ?an x at fir/ seem$4 ,we may be able to assign reasons or to give in/ances or to orig9ate comp>isons or to add details1 & by ^! processes to amplify our k4 ,ev5 if we f9d t we "k b little ab\t ! subject f our own exp]i5ce1 we may /ill be able to use x = a composition subject by gett+ our in=mation f o!rs4 ,we may f conv]sation or f read+ ga9 ideas t we c make our own & consequ5tly be able to write intellig5tly4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ?is read+ up on a subject does n fill our m9ds ) smatt]+s ( ideas t we ?9k we und]/& because we c rememb] ! language 9 :i* !y 7 express$2 b read+1 supplem5t$ by ?9k+1 may enable u to write well ab\t a subject conc]n+ :i* on fir/ ?\ght we seem to "k b little4 ,second1 ! writ]'s int]e/ 9 ! subject4 ,x w be f\nd difficult = ! writ] to pres5t vividly a subject 9 :i* he himself has no special int]e/4 ,en?usiasm is contagi\s1 & if ! writ] has a real int]e/ 9 8 subject1 he is likely to pres5t 8 mat]ial 9 su* a mann] z to ar\se int]e/ 9 o!rs4 ,9 our e>li] ye>s we are m int]e/$ 9 ! mat]ial pres5t$ by exp]i5ce & imag9ation ?an 9 t pres5t$ by read+1 b z we gr[ old] our int]e/ 9 ?\ghts convey$ to u by language increases4 ,z we enl>ge our k ( a subject by read+ & by conv]sation1 s we are likely to increase our int]e/ 9 t subject4 ,a boy may "k b little ab\t ,napoleon1 b ! ef=t to in=m himself may cause him to become greatly int]e/$4 ,?is int]e/ w lead him to a fur!r se>* = in=mation ab\t ,napoleon1 & w at ! same "t aid 9 mak+ :at he writes ent]ta9+ to o!rs4 ,,ex]cises ,a4 ,ab\t :i* ( ! foll[+ subjects d y n[ possess a suffici5t k to enable y to write a p>agraph8 ,9 :i* ( !m are y int]e/$8 ,:i* w\ld y ne$ to read up ab\t8 #a4 ,golf4 #b4 ,exam9ations4 #c4 ,w>%ips4 #d4 ,wireless telegraphy4 #e4 ,radium4 #f4 ,t5nis4 #g4 ,automobiles4 #h4 ,picnics4 #i4 ,pr9t+4 #aj4 ,bees4 #aa4 ,birds4 #ab4 ,pyrography4 #ac4 ,photography4 #ad4 ,beav]s4 #ae4 ,mak+ calls4 #af4 ,/amp collect+4 #ag4 ,! manufacture ( tacks4 #ah4 ,! manufacture ( cotton4 #ai4 ,! smelt+ ( z9c4 #bj4 ,! silv]-plat+ process4 ,b4 ,make a li/ ( ?irty ?+s ab\t :i* y "k some?+4 ,c4 ,br+ to class a li/ ( five subjects 9 :i* y are int]e/$4 ,d4 ,make a li/ ( five subjects ab\t :i* y n[ possess a suffici5t k to enable y to write a p>agraph4 ,!me ,,xxxi4--,write a %ort !me3 ,select a suitable subject f ! li/s 9 ! prec$+ ex]cise4 7,:at me?od or me?ods ( p>agraph developm5t h y us$8 ,h y\r p>agraphs unity ( ?\ght87 #eg4 ,subject ,adapt$ to ,read]4--,we may be int]e/$ 9 a subject & possess suffici5t k to enable u to treat x successfully1 b x may /ill be unsuitable because x is n adapt$ to ! read]4 ,"s k ( a subject & "s int]e/ 9 x are q z necess>y on ! "p ( ! read] z on t ( ! writ]1 ?\gh 9 ! beg9n+ ?is k & int]e/ may be meag]4 ,! possibility ( develop+ bo? k & int]e/ mu/ exi/1 h[ev]1 or ! writ+ w be a failure4 ,x w\ld be difficult to make ,imp]ialism int]e/+ to ?ird grade pupils1 or ,kant's ,philosophy to high s*ool pupils4 ,ev5 if y "k en\gh to write a valuable ,criticism ( ,silas ,m>n]1 or a real ,review ( ! ,vic> ( ,wakefield1 ! "w is "t wa/$ if y\r read]s d n h a bread? ( k suffici5t to insure a vital & appreciative int]e/ 9 ! subject4 ,y mu/ take c>e to select a subject t is ( pres5t1 vital int]e/ to y\r read]s4 #eh4 ,s\rces ( ,subjects4--,?\ght goes ev]y:]e1 & human int]e/ t\*es ev]y?+4 ,! s\rces ( subjects are !re=e unlimit$2 = any?+ ab\t :i* we ?9k & 9 :i* we are int]e/$ may become a suitable subject = a p>agraph1 an essay1 or a book4 ,su* subjects are ev]y:]e--9 :at we see & d1 9 :at we ?9k & feel1 9 :at we he> & read4 ,we relate to our p>5ts :at a neighbor said2 we discuss = ! tea*] an ev5t 9 hi/ory1 or a "* 9 lit]ature2 we %[ a companion h[ to make a kite or "w a problem 9 algebra2 we consid] ! advantages ( a comm]cial c\rse or relate ! pleasures ( a day's out+1--9 ea* case we are int]e/$1 we ?9k1 we express our ?\ghts1 & s are practic+ oral composition ) subjects t may be us$ = writt5 ex]cises4 #ei4 ,subjects %\ld be ,def9ite4--,bo? ! writ] & ! read] are m int]e/$ 9 def9ite & concrete subjects ?an 9 ! g5]al & ab/ract ones1 & we %all make our writ+ m int]e/+ by recogniz+ ?is fact4 ,"o might write ab\t ,birds1 or ,! ,intellig5ce ( ,birds1 or ,h[ ,birds ,protect _! ,"y1 or ,a ,family ( ,rob9s4 ,! la/ is a specific subject1 :ile ! o!r ?ree are g5]al subjects4 ,( ^!1 ! fir/ includes m ?an ! second2 & ! second1 m ?an ! ?ird4 ,a p]son ) suffici5t k might write ab\t any "o ( ^! g5]al subjects1 b x w\ld be difficult to give su* a subject adequate treatm5t 9 a %ort !me4 ,?\gh a g5]al subject may sugge/ m l9es ( ?\ght1 our k ab\t a specific subject is less vague1 & consequ5tly m usable4 ,we really "k m ab\t ! specific subject1 & we h a great] int]e/ 9 x4 ,! subject1 ,a ,family ( ,rob9s1 indicates t ! writ] kn[s some?+ int]e/+ t he int5ds to tell4 ,su* a subject compels expectant att5tion f ! read] & aids 9 ar\s+ an appreciative int]e/ on 8 "p4 ,on fir/ ?\ght1 x w\ld seem easi] to write ab\t a g5]al subject ?an ab\t a specific "o1 b ?is is n ! case4 ,a g5]al subject pres5ts s _m l9es ( ?\ght t ! writ] is confus$1 r ?an aid$1 by ! abundance ( mat]ial4 ,a skill$ & exp]i5c$ writ] possess+ a l>ge fund ( in=mation may treat g5]al subjects successfully1 b = ! beg9n] safety lies only 9 select+ def9ite subjects & 9 keep+ )9 ! limits prescrib$4 ,! ,wom5 ( ,%akespe>e might be an int]e/+ subject = a book by a ,%akespe>ean s*ol>1 b x is sc>cely suitable = a high s*ool pupil's !me4 #fj4 ,n>r[+ ! ,subject4--,x is (t5 necess>y to n>r[ a subject 9 ord] to br+ x )9 ! range ( ! k & int]e/ ( ourselves & ( our read]s4 ,a description ( ! transportation ( milk on ! electric roads ar\nd ,tol$o w\ld probably be m int]e/+ ?an an essay on ,freight ,transportation by ,electricity1 or on ,transportation4 ,! purpose t ! writ] has 9 m9d1 & ! l5g? ( ! article he int5ds to write1 w affect ! selection ( a subject4 ,transportation might be ! subject ( a book 9 :i* a *apt] 0 giv5 to ea* important subdivision ( x2 b x w\ld be q z difficult to treat su* a subject 9 ?ree hundr$ words z x w\ld be to make use ( ?ree hundr$ pages = ,! ,transportation ( ,milk at ,tol$o4 ,a g5]al subject may sugge/ _m l9es ( ?\ght4 ,x is ! task ( ! writ] to select "o ab\t :i* he kn[s some?+ or c le>n some?+1 9 :i* bo? he & 8 read]s are int]e/$1 or c become int]e/$1 & = :i* ! "t & space at 8 disposal are adequate4 ,,ex]cises ,a4 ,arrange ! subjects 9 ea* ( ! foll[+ gr\ps s t ! mo/ g5]al ones %all come fir/3-- #a4 ,! intellig5ce ( wild animals4 ,h[ a fox escap$ f ! h\nds4 ,h[ animals escape de/ruction by _! enemies4 ,animals4 #b4 ,! b5efits t arise f w>4 ,! defeat ( ! ,cimbri & ,teutons by ,m>ius4 ,w>4 ,! value ( milit>y /r5g? to ! ,romans4 #c4 ,pleasure4 ,a summ] out+ 9 ! ,adirondacks4 ,value ( vacations4 ,cat*+ bass4 ,b4 ,n>r[ t5 ( ! foll[+ subjects until ! result+ subject may be treat$ 9 a s+le p>agraph3-- #a4 ,fi%+4 #b4 ,eng9es4 #c4 ,lit]ature4 #d4 ,h]oes ( fiction4 #e4 ,cook+4 #f4 ,h\ses4 #g4 ,games4 #h4 ,basketball4 #i4 ,cats4 #aj4 ,can>ies4 #aa4 ,sympa?y4 #ab4 ,sailboats4 #ac4 ,baseball4 #ad4 ,riv]s4 #ae4 ,trees4 ,c4 ,a g5]al subject may sugge/ sev]al n>r[] subjects1 ea* ( :i* w\ld be ( int]e/ to a diff]5t class ( p]sons2 = example-- ,g5]al subject1--,education4 ,specific subjects1-- #a4 ,me?ods ( conduct+ recitations4 7,tea*]s47 #b4 ,s*ool taxes4 7,f>m]s47 #c4 ,v5tilation ( s*ool build+s4 7,ar*itects47 ,9 a simil> way1 n>r[ ea* ( ! foll[+ subjects s t ! result+ subjects w be ( int]e/ to two or m classes ( p]sons3-- ,subjects ,classes #a4 ,vacations4 #a4 ,f>m]s4 #b4 ,ma!matics4 #b4 ,high ,s*ool ,pupils4 #c4 ,picnics4 #c4 ,m9i/]s4 #d4 ,civil s]vice4 #d4 ,m]*ants4 #e4 ,elections4 #e4 ,sailors4 #f4 ,botany4 #f4 ,girls4 #g4 ,fi%4 #g4 ,boys4 ,!me ,,xxxii4--,write a p>agraph ab\t "o ( n>r[$ subjects4 7,does y\r p>agraph h unity ( ?\ght8 ,:at me?ods ( developm5t h y us$8 ,h y select$ a subject :i* w be ( int]e/ to y\r read]s87 #fa4 ,select+ a ,title4--,! subject & ! title may be ! same1 b n necess>ily s4 ,! /atem5t ( ! subject may require a s5t5ce ( consid]able l5g?1 :ile a title is be/ if %ort4 ,9 select+ ?is brief title1 x is well to get "o :i* w attract ! att5tion & ar\se ! curiosity ( a read] )\t appe>+ obvi\sly to d s4 ,a peculi> or unusual title is n at all necess>y1 ?\gh if prop]ly select$ su* a title may be ( value4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to h ! title make a promise t ! !me _c fulfill4 ,if x does1 ! effect is unsatisfactory4 ,,ex]cises ,a4 ,discuss ! appropriat5ess ( ! titles = ! subjects 9 ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,title3 ,my ,k+dom = a ,horse4 ,subject3 ,an acc\nt ( a breakd[n ( an automobile at an inconv5i5t "t4 #b4 ,title3 ,a ,blaze ( ,brilliance4 ,subject3 ,description ( a coa*+ p>ade4 #c4 ,title3 ,a ,brave ,def5se4 ,subject3 ,an acc\nt ( h[ a pair ( birds drove a snake away f _! ne/4 #d4 ,title3 ,! ,banquet ,book4 ,subject3 ,quotations design$ = g5]al ref]5ce1 & also z an aid 9 ! prep>ation ( ! toa/ li/1 ! aft]-d9n] spee*1 & ! occasional address4 #e4 ,title3 ,dragons ( ! ,air4 ,subject3 ,an acc\nt ( ext9ct fly+ reptiles4 #f4 ,title3 ,rugs & ,rags4 ,subject3 ,a comp>ison ( ! ri* & ! poor1 f a sociali/ic po9t ( view4 #g4 ,title3 ,lives ( ! ,hunt$4 ,subject3 ,a true acc\nt ( ! do+s ( five quadrup$s & ?ree birds4 #h4 ,title3 ,! ,*ildr5 ( ! ,nations4 ,subject3 ,a discussion ( colonies & ! problems ( colonization4 ,b4 ,supply an appropriate title = a /ory read by ! tea*]4 ,c4 ,sugge/ a title1 o!r ?an ! "o giv5 x1 = ea* magaz9e article y h read ?is mon?4 #fb4 ,language ,adapt$ to ! ,read]4--,a writ] may select a subject ) ref]5ce to ! k & int]e/ ( 8 read]s2 he may develop 8 p>agraphs 9 accordance ) ! me?ods /udi$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 & yet he may fail to make 8 mean+ cle>1 because he has n us$ language suit$ to ! read]4 ,=tunately1 ! language t we und]/& & use is t :i* is mo/ easily und]/ood by ^? ( equal atta9m5ts ) ourselves4 ,x !re=e happ5s t :5 writ+ = ^? ( our own age & atta9m5ts1 or = ^? ( high] atta9m5ts1 we usually be/ express = !m t :i* we make mo/ cle> & pleas+ to ourselves4 ,b if we write = y\ng] p1 or = ^? ( diff]5t int]e/s 9 life1 we mu/ give mu* att5tion to adapt+ :at we write to our read]s4 ,be=e writ+ x is well to ask1 ,= :om am ,i writ+8 ,!n1 if necess>y1 y %\ld modify y\r language s t x w be adapt$ to y\r read]s4 ,c y tell = :at k9d ( an audi5ce ea* ( ! foll[+ is int5d$8 ,9 ! field bo? teams play$ faultless ball1 n ! semblance ( an error be+ made4 ,besides back+ up _! pit*]s 9 ?is fa%ion1 bo? local & visit+ a?letes turn$ s5sational plays4 ,! elem5t ( luck figur$ l>gely 9 ! result4 ,9 ! fir/ inn+ ,d\gh]ty walk$ & ,coll9s s+l$4 ,d\gh]ty _h ?ird base sure on ! drive1 b /umbl$ & fell d[n betwe5 second & ?ird1 & he 0 an easy out4 ,bo/on got its only run 9 ! second4 ,p>5t s5t ! ball to extreme left = two bases4 ,he /ole ?ird nattily :5 cat*] ,sugd5 tri$ to cat* him napp+ at ! middle /ation4 ,f]ris scor$ him ) a drive to left4 ,/4 ,l\is promptly ti$ ! score 9 its half4 ,wallace op5$ ) a scree*+ triple to ! bullet9 bo>d4 ,at t he w\ld n h scor$ if ,j4 ,/ahl _h n contribut$ a pass$ ball1 ,heidrick1 ,friel1 & ,sugd51 ! next ?ree batt]s1 expir+ on weak infield taps4 ,! ,br[ns got ! w9n+ run 9 ! six? on ,m>t9's triple & ,hill's swift cut back ( fir/4 ,la*ance knock$ ! ball d[n & got 8 man at ! initial sack1 b c\ld n prev5t ! tally4 --,bo/on ,h]ald4 ,8 "n 0 ,riley1 & al?\gh 8 p>5ts _h call$ him ,?omas1 to ! boys he _h always be5 ,d5nis1 & by ! "t he _h rea*$ 8 s5ior ye> 9 college he 0 q ready to admit t 8 "n 0 ,d5nis1 ) all t slang impli$4 ,he _h tri$ = sev]al ?+s1 a?letics p>ticul>ly1 & _h be5 sub/itute on ! ball n9e1 "o ( ! immortal second elev5 backs ( ! football squad1 & at "o "t _h be5 look$ ^u z promis+ mat]ial = a mile runn] on ! track team4 ,b x 0 always 8 luck n q to make any?+4 ,he c\ldn't bat up to 'v>sity /&>d1 he wasn't q heavy en\gh = a ,v>sity back1 & 9 ! mile run he always came 9 fre% en\gh b c\ld n seem to get 8 spe$ up s z to run himself out1 & ! result 0 t1 al?\gh he f9i%$ /rong & ) lots ( runn+ 9 him1 ! o!r fell[s always rea*$ ! tape fir/1 ev5 ?\gh j b>ely gett+ ov] & ?or\ghly exhau/$4 ,n[ ,d5nis _h made up 8 m9d at ,*ri/mas "t t he actually w\ld h "o m trial on ! track1 & t 8 family1 consi/+ ( 8 "m & a y\ng] bro!r1 bo? ( !m great believ]s 9 & v pr\d ( ,?omas1 %\ld yet see him possess$ ( a long-covet$ ,y4 ,s he w5t out ) ! fir/ c&idates 9 ! spr+1 & ! addition ( ! two-mile ev5t to ! programme ( track conte/s gave him a di/ance bett] suit$ to 8 endurance4 ,!re 7 a half-doz5 o!r m5 runn+ 9 8 squad1 & ,d5nis1 f 8 =m] failures1 0 n look$ ^u ) mu* favor1 or z a v likely man4 ,b he kept at x4 ,:5 ! fir/ r$uction ( ! squad 0 made1 "s "o said1 ,d5ny's kept on j to p\nd ! track4 ,) ! middle ( ,m>* came "s class games1 & ,d5nis 0 among ! also rans1 gett+ no bett] ?an f\r? place 9 ! two-mile4 ,! wor/ ( x 0 t he knew he c\ld h run x fa/]1 = he felt /rong at ! f9i%1 b _h no bur/ ( spe$ :5 ! o!rs w5t up on ! la/ lap4 ,b 9 ,april he did bett]1 & x soon develop$ t he 0 improv+4 ,! week be=e ! ,yale-,h>v>d games he 0 notifi$ t he 0 to run 9 ! two-mile z pace mak] to ,lang & ,e>ly1 ! two be/ di/ance m5 on ! squad4 ,nobody believ$ t ,yale w\ld w9 ?is ev5t1 al?\gh x 0 und]/ood t ,lang /ood a fair *ance if ,d5nis & ,e>ly c\ld c>ry ! ,h>v>d crack1 ,ri*>ds1 along at a fa/ gait = ! fir/ mile4 ,s x 0 all arrang$ t ,e>ly %\ld set ! pace = ! fir/ half mile1 & ,d5nis %\ld !n g up & c>ry ! field along = a fa/ second half4 ,!n1 aft] ! fir/ mile 0 ov]1 ,e>ly & ,d5nis %\ld g out z fa/ z !y c\ld1 & /ay z long z !y c\ld 9 ! attempt to =ce ! ,h>v>d man & exhau/ him s t ,lang c\ld come up1 &1 hav+ run ! race m to 8 lik+1 be /rong en\gh to f9i% fir/4 ,! day ( ! games came1 & ) x a dr5*+ ra91 mak+ ! track heavy & ev]ybody uncom=table4 ,b z ! int]-collegiates 7 ! next week1 x 0 almo/ impossible to po/pone ! games1 & consequ5tly x 0 decid$ to run !m (f4 ,z ! conte/ progress$1 x develop$ t ! issue w\ld hang on ! two-mile ev5t1 & int]e/ grew int5se4 ,:5 ! call = />t]s came1 ,d5nis felt ! usual trepidation ( a man :o is be=e ! public = ! fir/ "t 9 a really important position4 ,b ! feel+ did n la/ long1 & by ! "t he w5t to 8 m>k he _h made up 8 m9d t t ,h>v>d runn] %\ld g ! mile & a half fa/ at any rate1 or else be a long way beh9d4 ,at ! crack ( ! pi/ol ! six m5 w5t (f1 &1 accord+ to ord]s1 dur+ ! fir/ mile ,e>ly & ,d5nis set ! pace well up4 ,ri*>ds1 ! ,h>v>d man1 let !m op5 up a gap on him 9 ! fir/ half-mile1 &1 be+ m or less bo!r$ by ! conditions ( ! wet track1 he seem$ unc]ta9 :e!r ! ,yale runn]s 7 sett+ ! pace too high or n1 & 9 ! second half comm5c$ to move up4 ,9 do+ ?is 8 team mates gradually fell back until !y 7 out ( x1 & ! ord] 0 ,d5nis1 ,e>ly1 ,ri*>ds1 & ,lang4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! second mile1 ,e>ly1 ^: duty x 0 to h gone up & help$ ,d5nis make ! pace at ! ?ird half-mile1 _h manife/ly _h en\gh ( x1 &1 aft] two or ?ree desp]ate /ruggles to keep up1 0 pass$ by ,ri*>ds4 ,:51 !re=e1 !y came to ! mile & a half1 ,d5nis 0 lead+ ,ri*>ds by "s fifte5 y>ds1 & ^? :o knew ! game expect$ to see ! ,h>v>d man try to ov]take ,d5nis1 & 9 s do+ exhau/ himself1 s t ,lang1 :o 0 runn+ easily 9 ! re>1 c\ld come up & 9 ! la/ qu>t] f9i% out /rong4 ,d5nis1 too1 0 expect+ to he> ! ,h>v>d man come up ) him pretty soon1 & knew t ?is w\ld be ! signal = him to make 8 dy+ ef=t 9 behalf ( 8 comrade1 ,lang4 ,z !y /raight5$ out into ! back /ret* ,ri*>ds did quick5 up some:at1 & ,d5nis let himself out4 ,9 fact1 he did ?is s well t z !y ent]$ ^u ! la/ qu>t] ,ri*>ds _h n decreas$ ! di/ance1 & inde$ x _h op5$ up a little wid]4 ,b :]e 0 ,lang8 ,d5nis 0 beg9n+ to expect "o or ! o!r ( ^! two m5 to come up1 &1 z he turn$ into ! back /ret* = ! la/ "t1 x began to dawn ^u him1 z x 0 dawn+ ^u ! cr[d1 t ! pace _h be5 too hot = ,lang1 &1 moreov]1 t ,yale's *ance dep5d$ on ! despis$ ,d5nis1 & t ! ,h>v>d runn] 0 f9d+ x a big contract to ov]haul ! /urdy p\nd] on ! wet track4 ,b ,ri*>ds 0 game1 & comm5c$ to cut ! gap d[n4 ,z !y turn$ into ! /raight1 he 0 )9 eight y>ds ( ,d5nis4 ,b ,d5nis knew x1 & he ran z he _h nev] run be=e4 ,he c\ld fairly feel ! spr++ tread ( ,ri*>ds beh9d him1 & knew x 0 com+ ne>] e second4 ,b into ! /raight !y came1 & ! cr[d sprang to its feet ) wild yells = ,d5nis4 ,tw5ty y>ds f home ,ri*>ds1 :o _h pick$ up all b two y>ds ( ! lead1 began to /agg] & wav]1 :ile ,d5nis hung to x true & /eady1 & brea/$ ! tape ?ree y>ds 9 advance1 w9n+ 8 ,y at la/6 --,walt] ,camp3 ,w9n+ a ,y 7,outlook7 ,9 :i* ( ! prec$+ acc\nts 7 y m int]e/$8 ,:i* made ! m vivid impression8 ,:i* w\ld be bett] suit$ = a s*ool class compos$ ( boys & girls8 ,:i* = a newspap] report8 ,9 attempt+ to relate a conte/ x is ess5tial t ! writ] "k :at really happ5$1 & 9 :at ord] x happ5$1 b 8 successful pres5tation w dep5d to "s ext5t ^u ! consid]ation giv5 to adapt+ ! /ory to ! audi5ce4 ,a p]son ?or\ghly conv]sant ) ! game w und]/& ! te*nical t]ms1 & may pref] ! fir/ acc\nt to ! second1 b ^? to :om ! game is n famili> w\ld ne$ to h s mu* explanation ( ! t]ms us$ t ! n>ration w\ld become t$i\s to ^? already famili> ) ! t]ms4 ,9 ord] to make an acc\nt ( a game int]e/+ to p]sons unfamili> ) t game1 we mu/ introduce en\gh ( explanation to make cle> ! mean+ ( ! t]ms we use4 ,!me ,,xxxiii4--,write a !me tell+ "s "o :o does n und]/& ! game ab\t "s conte/ :i* y h se54 ,sugge/$ subjects3-- #a4 ,a basket ball game4 #b4 ,a football game4 #c4 ,a t5nis mat*4 #d4 ,a baseball game4 #e4 ,a croquet mat*4 #f4 ,a golf t\rnam5t4 #g4 ,a ya*t race4 #h4 ,a relay race4 7,h y introduc$ te*nical t]ms )\t mak+ ! necess>y explanations8 ,h y expla9$ s _m t]ms t y\r n>rative is r5d]$ t$i\s8 ,h y relat$ :at really happ5$1 & 9 ! prop] "t ord]8 ,h y\r p>agraphs unity8 ,c y %ort5 ! !me )\t affect+ ! cle>ness or int]e/8 ,does !n occur too frequ5tly87 ,!me ,,xxxiv4--,write a !me1 us+ ! same subject t y us$ = ,!me ,,xxxiii4 ,assume t ! read] und]/&s ! game4 7,w ! read] get ! :ole conte/ cle>ly 9 m9d8 ,c y %ort5 ! acc\nt8 ,comp>e ?is !me ) ,!me ,,xxxiii47 #fc4 ,explanation ( ,t]ms4--,any ^w t alone or ) its modifi]s calls to m9d a s+le idea1 is a t]m4 ,:5 appli$ to a p>ticul> object1 quality1 or action1 x is a specific t]m2 b :5 appli$ to any "o ( a class ( objects1 qualities1 or actions1 x is a g5]al t]m4 ,= example3 ,! ,lake1 ref]r+ to a lake ne> at h&1 is a specific t]m2 b a lake1 ref]r+ to any lake1 is a g5]al t]m4 ,9 ,!me ,,xxxiii y _h occasion to expla9 "s ( ! t]ms us$4 ,if1 9 tell+ ab\t a baseball game1 y m5tion$ a p>ticul> fly1 y\r /atem5t 0 description or n>ration2 b if "s "o %\ld ask :at y meant by a fly1 y\r answ] w\ld be g5]al 9 "*2 t is1 x w\ld apply to all flies1 & w\ld belong to t division ( composition call$ exposition4 ,exposition is b ano!r "n = explanation4 ,x is always conc]n$ ) t :i* is g5]al1 :ile description & n>ration deal ) p>ticul> cases4 ,we may describe a p>ticul> lake2 b if we answ] ! "q1 ,:at is a lake8 ! answ] w\ld apply to any lake1 & w\ld be exposition4 ,explanation ( ! mean+ ( g5]al t]ms is "o =m ( exposition4 #fd4 ,def9ition by ,synonyms4--,if we are ask$ to expla9 ! mean+ ( a g5]al t]m1 our reply 9 _m cases w be a brief def9ition4 ,(t5 x is suffici5t to give a synonym4 ,= example1 9 answ] to ! "q1 ,:at is exposition8 we make its mean+ cle>] by say+1 ,exposition is explanation4 ,def9ition by synonym is frequ5tly us$ because ( its brevity4 ,9 ! small] diction>ies ! def9itions are l>gely ( ?is k9d4 ,= example3 to des]t1 to ab&on2 despot1 tyrant2 contemptible1 mean or vile2 to fuse1 to bl5d2 inviolable1 sacr$4 ,synonyms are1 h[ev]1 seldom exact1 b a fair und]/&+ ( a t]m may be ga9$ by comp>+ x ) its synonyms & discuss+ ! diff]5t %ades ( mean+4 ,su* a discussion1 especially if supplem5t$ by examples %[+ ! correct use ( ea* t]m1 is a pr(itable ex]cise 9 exposition4 ,= example3-- ,bo? discov]y & inv5tion d5ote g5]ally some?+ new t is f\nd out 9 ! arts & sci5ces4 ,b ! t]m discov]y involves 9 ! ?+ discov]$ n m]ely novelty1 b curiosity1 utility1 difficulty1 & consequ5tly "s degree ( importance4 ,all ?is is less /rongly involv$ 9 inv5tion4 ,b !re are yet wid] diff]5ces4 ,"o c only discov] :at has 9 its integrity exi/$ be=e ! discov]y1 :ile inv5tion br+s a ?+ into exi/5ce4 ,am]ica 0 discov]$4 ,pr9t+ 0 inv5t$4 ,fre% discov]ies 9 sci5ce (t5 lead to new inv5tions 9 ! indu/rial arts4 ,inde$1 discov]y belongs m to sci5ce2 inv5tion1 to art4 ,inv5tion increases ! /ore ( our practical res\rces1 & is ! fruit ( se>*4 ,discov]y ext5ds ! sph]e ( our k1 & has (t5 be5 made by accid5t4 --,smi?3 ,synonyms ,discrim9at$4 ,if exactness is desir$1 ?is is obta9$ by means ( ! logical def9ition1 :i* w be discuss$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,!me ,,xxxv4--,expla9 ! mean+ ( ! words 9 "o ( ! foll[+ gr\ps3-- #a4 ,cau/ic1 satirical1 bit+4 #b4 ,imply1 signify1 involve4 #c4 ,m>tial1 w>like1 milit>y1 soldi]like4 #d4 ,w&]1 deviate1 err1 /ray1 sw]ve1 div]ge4 #e4 ,abate1 decrease1 dim9i%1 less51 mod]ate4 #f4 ,emancipation1 fre$om1 indep5d5ce1 lib]ty4 #g4 ,old1 anci5t1 antique1 antiquat$1 obsolete4 #h4 ,adorn1 beautify1 b$eck1 decorate1 ornam5t1 #i4 ,active1 al]t1 brisk1 lively1 spry4 #fe4 ,use ( ,simpl] ,words4--,9 def9+ t]ms by giv+ a synonym we mu/ be c>eful to *oose a synonym :i* w be mo/ likely to be und]/ood by our li/5]s1 or our explanation w be ( no avail4 ,= in/ance1 9 expla9+ ! t]m abate to a *ild1 if we say x means to dim9i%1 & he is unfamili> ) t ^w1 he is made none ! wis] by our explanation4 ,if we tell him t x means to gr[ less1 he w1 9 all probability1 und]/& our explanation4 ,v _m words 9 our language h equival5ts t may be sub/itut$1 ! "o = ! o!r4 ,mu* ( our explanation to *ildr5 & to ^? ^: atta9m5ts are less ?an our own consi/s 9 sub/itut+ common1 ev]yday words = less famili> ones4 ,,ex]cise ,give famili> equival5ts = ! foll[+ words3-- #a4 emancipate4 #b4 procure4 #c4 opportunity4 #d4 p]use4 #e4 elaps$4 #f4 approximately4 #g4 abbreviate4 #h4 con/itute4 #i4 simultane\s4 #aj4 famili>4 #aa4 deceas$4 #ab4 oral4 #ac4 adh]e4 #ad4 edifice4 #ae4 collide4 #af4 suburban4 #ag4 repugnance4 #ah4 grotesque4 #ai4 equipage4 #bj4 exagg]ate4 #ba4 asc5d4 #bb4 f9ancial4 #bc4 nocturnal4 #bd4 mat]nal4 #be4 vision4 #bf4 aff9ity4 #bg4 coh]e4 #bh4 a?w>t4 #bi4 clavicle4 #cj4 omnipot5t4 #ca4 enum]ate4 #cb4 eradicate4 #cc4 application4 #cd4 con/itute4 #ce4 employ]4 #cf4 r5dezv\s4 #cg4 obscure4 #ch4 indicate4 #ci4 prev>icate4 #ff4 ,def9itions ,ne$ to be ,supplem5t$4--,! purpose ( exposition is to make cle> to o!rs t :i* we und]/& ourselves4 ,if ! m]e /atem5t ( a def9ition does n accompli% ?is result1 we may (t5 make our mean+ cle> by supplem5t+ ! def9ition ) suitable comp>isons & examples4 ,9 mak+ use ( comp>isons & examples we mu/ *oose ^? ) :i* our read]s are famili>1 & we mu/ be sure t !y fairly repres5t ! t]m t we wi% to illu/rate4 ,!me ,,xxxvi4--,expla9 any "o ( ! foll[+ t]ms4 ,beg9 ) z exact a def9ition z y c frame4 #a4 ,a fly 9 baseball4 #b4 ,a f\l 9 basket ball4 #c4 ,a sneak4 #d4 ,a h]o4 #e4 ,a spitfire4 #f4 ,a labor]4 #g4 ,a capitali/4 #h4 ,a c[>d4 #i4 ,a fre%man4 #aj4 ,a head]4 7,is y\r def9ition exact1 or only approximately s8 ,h[ h y made its mean+ cle>8 ,c y ?9k ( a bett] comp>ison or a bett] example8 ,c y\r mean+ be made cle>]1 or be m effectively pres5t$1 by arrang+ y\r mat]ial 9 a diff]5t ord]87 #fg4 ,g5]al ,description4--,we may (t5 make cle> ! mean+ ( a t]m by giv+ details4 ,9 describ+ a ,new ,engl& village we might enum]ate ! /reets1 ! h\ses1 ! t[n pump1 ! *ur*1 & o!r features4 ,?is w\ld be specific description if ! purpose 0 to h ! read] picture "s p>ticul> village2 b if ! purpose 0 to give ! read] a cle> conception ( ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( all ,new ,engl& villages1 ! p>agraph w\ld become a g5]al description4 ,su* a g5]al description w\ld include all ! *>act]i/ics common to all ! memb]s ( ! class "u discussion1 b w\ld omit any *>act]i/ic peculi> to "s ( !m4 ,= example1 a g5]al description ( a w9dmill includes ! ?+s common to all w9dmills4 ,if an object is describ$ m = ! purpose ( giv+ a cle> conception ( ! class ( :i* x is a type ?an = ! purpose ( pictur+ ! object describ$1 we h a g5]al description4 ,su* a description is 9 effect an enl>g$ def9ition1 & is exposition r ?an description4 ,x is sometimes call$ sci5tific description because x is s commonly employ$ by writ]s ( sci5tific books4 ,notice ! foll[+ examples ( g5]al description3-- #a4 ,ar\nd e h\se 9 ,broeck are buckets1 b5*es1 rakes1 hoes1 & /akes1 all color$ r$1 blue1 :ite1 or yell[4 ,! brilliancy & v>iety ( colors & ! cleanl9ess1 brightness1 & m9iature pomp ( ! place are wond]ful4 ,at ! w9d[s !re are embroid]$ curta9s ) rose-color$ ribbons4 ,! blades1 b&s1 & nails ( ! gayly pa9t$ w9dmills %9e l silv]4 ,! h\ses are brightly v>ni%$ & surr\nd$ ) r$ & :ite rail+s & f5ces4 ,! panes ( glass 9 ! w9d[s are bord]$ by _m l9es ( diff]5t hues4 ,! trunks ( all ! trees are pa9t$ gray f root to bran*4 ,across ! /reams are _m little wood5 bridges1 ea* pa9t$ z :ite z sn[4 ,! gutt]s are ornam5t$ ) a sort ( wood5 fe/oon p]=at$ l lace4 ,! po9t$ faades are surm\nt$ ) a small wea!rcock1 a little lance1 or some?+ resembl+ a bun* ( fl[]s4 ,ne>ly e h\se has two doors1 "o 9 front & "o beh9d1 ! la/ = ev]yday entrance & exit1 ! =m] op5$ only on great occasions1 su* z bir?s1 dea?s1 & m>riages4 ,! g>d5s are z peculi> z ! h\ses4 ,! pa?s are h>dly wide en\gh to walk 94 ,"o c\ld put 8 arms ar\nd ! fl[] b$s4 ,! da9ty arbors w\ld b>ely hold two p]sons sitt+ close toge!r4 ,! little myrtle h$ges w\ld sc>cely rea* to ! knees ( a f\r-ye>-old *ild4 #b4 ,g9s5g has a ?ick1 s(t1 :iti%1 bulb\s root1 f "o to ?ree in*es long1--g5]ally two or ?ree roots to a /alk1--) wr9kles runn+ ar\nd x1 & a few small fib]s atta*$4 ,x has a peculi>1 pleasant1 sweeti%1 slightly bitt]1 & aromatic ta/e4 ,! /em or /alk gr[s ab\t a foot high1 is smoo?1 r\nd1 ( a r$di% gre5 color1 divid$ at ! top into ?ree %ort bran*es1 ) ?ree to five leaves to ea* bran*1 & a fl[] /em 9 ! c5t] ( ! bran*es4 ,! fl[] is small & :ite1 foll[$ by a l>ge1 r$ b]ry4 ,x is f\nd gr[+ 9 mo/ ( ! /ates 9 ri*1 %ady soils4 #c4 ,z a g5]al proposition1 ! ,scotti% hotel is kept by a b5evol5t-look+ old lady1 :o kn[s absolutely no?+ ab\t ! tra9s1 no?+ ab\t ! t[n1 no?+ ab\t any?+ outside ( ! hotel1 & is non-committal reg>d+ matt]s ev5 )9 h] jurisdiction4 ,^u arrival y d n regi/]1 b /& up at ! desk & submit to a cross-exam9ation1 mu* z if y 7 be+ s5t5c$ 9 an ,am]ican police c\rt4 ,y\r ho/ess always wants twelve h\rs' notice ( y\r dep>ture1 s t %e c make out y\r bill--a v ardu\s1 =midable und]tak+4 ,! bill is ( prodigi\s dim5sions1 ab\t ! size ( a %eet ( foolscap pap]1 l9$ & cross-l9$ = a multitude ( entries4 ,:5 ! acc\nt f9ally rea*es y1 x closely resembles a design = a cobweb factory4 ,any attempt to deciph] ! v>i\s hi]oglyphics is useless--x c't be done4 ,! only ?+ t c be done is to read ! total at ! foot ( ! page & pay x4 --,hotels 9 ,scotl& 7,kansas ,city ,/>74 ,!me ,,xxxvii4--,write a g5]al description ( "o ( ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,a bicycle4 #b4 ,a c\ntry hay b>n4 #c4 ,a dog4 #d4 ,a summ] cottage4 #e4 ,an ,indian wigwam4 #f4 ,a ,dut* w9dmill4 #g4 ,a muskrat's h\se4 #h4 ,a rob9's ne/4 #i4 ,a blacksmi?'s %op4 #aj4 ,a *ipmunk4 #aa4 ,a ?re%+ ma*9e4 #ab4 ,a sew+ circle4 7,! purpose is n to picture a p>ticul> object1 b to give a g5]al notion ( a class ( objects4 ,cross out ev]y?+ 9 y\r !me t applies only to "s p>ticul> object4 ,h y includ$ en\gh to make y\r mean+ cle>87 ,!me ,,xxxviii4--,us+ ! same title z = ,!me ,,xxxvii1 write a specific description ( "s p>ticul> object4 7,h[ does x diff] f ! g5]al description8 ,:at elem5ts h y introduc$ :i* y did n h 9 ! o!r8 ,:i* s5t5ce gives ! g5]al outl9e8 ,are y\r details arrang$ ) reg>d to _! prop] position 9 space8 ,w ! read] =m a vivid picture--j ! "o y mean him to h87 #fh4 ,g5]al ,n>ration4--,explanations ( a process ( manufacture1 me?ods ( play+ a game1 & ! l1 (t5 take ! =m ( g5]aliz$ n>ration4 ,j z we ga9 a notion ( ! appe>ance ( a sod h\se f a g5]al description1 s may we ga9 a notion ( a s]ies ( ev5ts f a g5]al n>ration4 ,su* a n>ration w n tell :at "s "o actually did1 b w relate ! ?+s t are *>act]i/ic ( ! process or action "u discussion :5ev] x happ5s4 ,su* g5]al n>ration is really exposition4 ,,ex]cises ,a4 ,notice t ! selection bel[ is a g5]aliz$ n>ration1 %[+ :at a h>e does :5 hunt$4 ,9 x no incid5t peculi> to "s special occasion is introduc$4 ,%e ! h>e g5]ally returns to ! beat f :i* %e 0 put up1 runn+1 z all ! worlds kn[s1 9 a circle1 or sometimes some?+ l x1 we _h bett] say1 t we may keep on good t]ms ) ! ma!matical4 ,at />t+1 %e te>s away at h] utmo/ spe$ = a mile or m1 & di/ances ! dogs halfway2 %e !n turns1 div]g+ a little to ! "r or left1 t %e may n run into ! m\?s ( h] enemies--a necessity :i* acc\nts = :at we call ! circul>ity ( h] c\rse4 ,h] flight f home is direct & precipitate2 b on h] way back1 :5 %e has ga9$ a little "t = consid]ation & /ratagem1 %e describes a curi\s labyr9? ( %ort turn+s & w9d+s z if to p]plex ! dogs by ! intricacy ( h] track4 --,ri*>d ,atton4 ,b4 ,! selection bel[ n>rates an actual hunt4 ,notice 9 :at respects x diff]s f ! prec$+ selection4 ,sir ,rog] is s ke5 at ?is sport t he has be5 out almo/ e day s9ce ,i came d[n2 & ^u ! *apla9's (f]+ to l5d me 8 easy pad1 ,i 0 prevail$ on ye/]day morn+ to make "o ( ! company4 ,i 0 extremely pleas$1 z we rid along1 to obs]ve ! g5]al b5evol5ce ( all ! neighborhood t[>ds my fri5d4 ,! f>m]s' sons ?\ght !mselves happy if !y c\ld op5 a gate = ! good old knight z he pass$ by2 :i* he g5]ally requit$ ) a nod or a smile1 & a k9d inquiry aft] _! fa!rs & uncles4 ,aft] we _h rid ab\t a mile f home1 we came ^u a l>ge hea?1 & ! sportsm5 began to beat4 ,!y _h done s = "s "t1 :51 z ,i 0 at a little di/ance f ! re/ ( ! company1 ,i saw a h>e pop out f a small furze brake almo/ "u my horse's feet4 ,i m>k$ ! way %e took1 :i* ,i endeavor$ to make ! company s5sible ( by ext5d+ my arm2 b to no purpose1 till ,sir ,rog]1 :o kn[s t none ( my extraord9>y motions are insignificant1 rode up to me & ask$ me if puss 0 gone t way8 ,^u my answ]+ ,yes1 he imm$iately call$ 9 ! dogs1 & put !m ^u ! sc5t4 ,z !y 7 go+ (f1 ,i he>d "o ( ! c\ntry fell[s mutt]+ to 8 companion1 t 'twas a wond] !y _h n lo/ all _! sport1 = want ( ! sil5t g5tleman's cry+1 ,/ole away4 ,?is1 ) my av]sion to leap+ h$ges1 made me )draw to a ris+ gr\nd1 f :5ce ,i c\ld h ! pleasure ( ! :ole *ase1 )\t ! fatigue ( keep+ 9 ) ! h\nds4 ,! h>e imm$iately ?rew !m above a mile beh9d h]2 b ,i 0 pleas$ to f9d1 t in/ead ( runn+ /raight =w>ds1 or1 9 hunt]'s language1 fly+ ! c\ntry1 z ,i 0 afraid %e might h done1 %e :eel$ ab\t1 & describ$ a sort ( circle r\nd ! hill1 :]e ,i _h tak5 my /ation1 9 su* mann] z gave me a v di/9ct view ( ! sport4 ,i c\ld see h] fir/ pass by1 & ! dogs "s "t aft]w>ds1 unravel+ ! :ole track %e _h made1 & foll[+ h] ?r\gh all h] d\bles4 ,i 0 at ! same "t delight$ 9 obs]v+ t def]5ce :i* ! re/ ( ! pack paid to ea* p>ticul> h\nd1 accord+ to ! "* he _h acquir$ among !m3 if !y 7 at a fault1 & an old h\nd ( reputation op5$ b once1 he 0 imm$iately foll[$ by ! :ole cry2 :ile a raw dog1 or "o :o 0 a not$ li>1 might h yelp$ 8 he>t out )\t be+ tak5 notice (4 ,! h>e n[1 aft] hav+ squatt$ two or ?ree times1 & be5 put up aga9 z (t51 came /ill ne>] to ! place :]e %e 0 at fir/ />t$4 ,! dogs pursu$ h]1 & ^! 7 foll[$ by ! jolly knight1 :o rode ^u a :ite geld+1 encompass$ by 8 t5ants & s]vants1 & *e]+ 8 h\nds ) all ! gayety ( five & tw5ty4 ,"o ( ! sportsm5 rode up to me1 & told me t he 0 sure ! *ase 0 almo/ at an end1 because ! old dogs1 :i* _h hi!rto la9 beh9d1 n[ head$ ! pack4 ,! fell[ 0 9 ! "r4 ,our h>e took a l>ge field j "u u1 foll[$ by ! full cry 9 view4 ,i mu/ confess ! brightness ( ! wea!r1 ! *e]fulness ( ev]y?+ ar\nd me1 ! *id+ ( ! h\nds1 :i* 0 return$ ^u u 9 a d\ble e*o f two neighbor+ hills1 ) ! halloo+ ( ! sportsm51 & ! s\nd+ ( ! horn1 lift$ my spirits into a mo/ lively pleasure1 :i* ,i freely indulg$ because ,i 0 sure x 0 innoc5t4 ,if ,i 0 "u any conc]n1 x 0 on acc\nt ( ! poor h>e1 t 0 n[ q sp5t1 & almo/ )9 ! rea* ( h] enemies2 :5 ! huntsman gett+ =w>d1 ?rew d[n 8 pole be=e ! dogs4 ,!y 7 n[ )9 eight y>ds ( t game :i* !y _h be5 pursu+ = almo/ z _m h\rs2 yet on ! signal be=e m5tion$ !y all made a sudd5 /&1 & ?\gh !y cont9u$ op5+ z mu* z be=e1 dur/ n once attempt to pass beyond ! pole4 ,at ! same "t ,sir ,rog] rode =w>d1 & alight+1 took up ! h>e 9 8 arms2 :i* he soon aft] deliv]$ up to "o ( 8 s]vants ) an ord]1 if %e c\ld be kept alive1 to let h] g 9 8 great or*>d2 :]e x seems he has sev]al ( ^! prison]s ( w>1 :o live toge!r 9 a v com=table captivity4 ,i 0 highly pleas$ to see ! discipl9e ( ! pack1 & ! good nature ( ! knight1 :o c\ld n f9d 9 8 he>t to murd] a creature t _h giv5 him s mu* div]sion4 --,budgell3 ,sir ,rog] de ,cov]ley ,pap]s4 ,!me ,,xxxix4--,expla9 "o ( ! foll[+ by ! use ( g5]al n>ration3-- #a4 ,bak+ bread4 #b4 ,h[ pap] is made4 #c4 ,h[ to play t5nis 7or "s o!r game74 #d4 ,cat*+ tr\t4 #e4 ,life at s*ool4 #f4 ,h[ to pit* curves4 7,h y arrang$ y\r details ) ref]5ce to _! prop] "t-ord]8 ,h y introduc$ unnecess>y details8 ,h y\r p>agraphs unity8 ,und]score !n ea* "t y h us$ x47 #fi4 ,argum5t4--,especially 9 argum5t is x evid5t t language presupposes an audi5ce4 ,! fact t we argue implies t "s "o does n agree ) u4 ,! purpose ( our argum5t is to conv9ce "s "o else ( ! tru? ( a proposition :i* we ourselves believe1 & he :o wi%es to succe$ 9 ?is mu/ give c>eful att5tion to 8 audi5ce4 ,! "q :i* mu/ always be 9 ! m9d ( ! writ] is1 ,:at facts %all ,i select & 9 :at ord] %all ,i pres5t !m 9 ord] to conv9ce my read]8 ,! v>i\s ways ( argu+ are m fully treat$ 9 a lat] *apt]1 b a few ( !m are giv5 "h4 #gj4 ,! ,use ( ,explanation 9 ,argum5t4--,9 prep>+ an argum5t we mu/ consid] fir/ ! am\nt ( explanation t x w be necess>y to make4 ,we _c expect "o to believe a proposition ! mean+ ( :i* he does n und]/&4 ,(t5 ! explanation alone is suffici5t to conv9ce ! he>]4 ,suppose y are try+ to ga9 y\r p>5ts' cons5t to take "s c\rse ( /udy4 ,!y ask = an explanation ( ! diff]5t c\rses1 & :5 !y "k :at ea* conta9s !y are already conv9c$ z to :i* is be/ = y4 ,if y are try+ to conv9ce a memb] ( y\r s*ool bo>d t x w\ld be well to introduce dome/ic sci5ce into ! high s*ool1 & he already und]/&s :at is meant by ! t]m dome/ic sci5ce1 y n only wa/e "t 9 expla9+ x1 b y make him appe> ignorant ( :at he already und]/&s4 ,) him y %\ld proce$ at once to give y\r reasons = ! advisability ( ! introduction ( ?is bran* into y\r s*ool4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if y are talk+ ) a memb] :o does n und]/& ! t]m1 an explanation w be ! fir/ ?+ necess>y4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! am\nt ( explanation t we %all make dep5ds ^u ! previ\s k ( ! audi5ce address$4 ,if we expla9 too mu*1 we prejudice our case2 & if we expla9 too little1 ! read] may fail to appreciate ! argum5ts t foll[4 ,! po9t ( ! :ole matt]1 !n1 is t explanation is ! fir/ /ep 9 argum5t1 & t 9 ord] to det]m9e ! am\nt necess>y we mu/ consid] c>efully ! audi5ce = :i* our argum5t is int5d$4 #ga4 ,/atem5t ( ,advantages & ,disadvantages4 ,an argum5t is (t5 conc]n$ ) det]m9+ :e!r x is exp$i5t to d "o ?+ or ano!r4 ,su* an argum5t frequ5tly takes ! =m ( a /atem5t ( ! advantages t w foll[ ! adoption ( ! c\rse we recomm5d1 or ( ! disadvantages t ! foll[+ ( ! opposite c\rse w cause4 ,if a corporation %\ld ask = a fran*ise = a /reet railway1 ! city (ficials might hold ! op9ion t a d\ble track %\ld be laid4 ,9 support ( ?is op9ion !y w\ld "n ! advantage\s results t w\ld foll[ f ! use ( a d\ble track1 su* z ! avoidance ( delays on turn\ts1 ! less5+ ( ! liability ( accid5ts1 ! great] rapidity 9 transportation1 etc4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! p]sons seek+ ! fran*ise might reply t a d\ble track w\ld occupy too mu* ( ! /reet & become a h9drance to teams1 or t ! advantages 7 n suffici5t to w>rant ! extra exp5se4 ,conc]n+ su* a "q !re c be no absolute decision4 ,we are n discuss+ :at is "r1 b :at is exp$i5t1 & ! det]m9ation ( :at is exp$i5t is bas$ ^u a consid]ation ( advantages or disadvantages4 ,9 decid+1 we mu/ balance ! advantages aga9/ ! disadvantages & det]m9e :i* has ! great] weight4 ,if call$ ^u to take "o side or ! o!r1 we mu/ consid] c>efully ! value ( ! facts c\nt+ bo? = & aga9/ ! proposition be=e we c make up our m9d :i* side we favor4 ,y mu/ be> 9 m9d t a ?+ may n be an advantage because y believe x to be4 ,t :i* seems to y to be ! reason :y y %\ld take "s high s*ool subject1 may seem to y\r fa!r or y\r tea*] to be ! v reason :y y %\ld n4 ,9 writ+ argum5ts ( ?is k9d y mu/ take c>e to select facts t w appeal to y\r read]s z advantages4 ,notice ! foll[+ editorial :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,bo/on ,lat9 ,s*ool ,regi/] %ortly aft] a *ange 0 made :]eby ! pupils in/ead ( ! tea*]s mov$ f room to room = _! v>i\s recitations3-- ,! new sy/em ( hav+ ! classes move ab\t f room to room to _! recitations has be5 9 use = ne>ly a mon?1 & !re has be5 suffici5t opportunity = te/+ its practicability & its advantages4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! new sy/em alt]s ! old =m ( recesses1 %ort5+ ! two regul> ones1 b giv+ ?ree m9utes betwe5 recitations z a comp5sation = ?is loss4 ,al?\gh !oretically we h m recess "t ?an =m]ly1 9 ! practical work+ out ( ! sy/em we f9d t ! ?ree m9utes betwe5 recitations is occupi$ 9 ga!r+ up "o's books1 & rea*+ ! next recitation room2 besides ?is1 t !re is (t5 "s confusion 9 rea*+ ! v>i\s classrooms1 & t !re are _m little inconv5i5ces :i* w\ld n occur 7 we sitt+ at our own desks4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z an (fset to ^! disadvantages1 !re is ! advantage ( a *ange ( position1 & a respite f close att5tion1 ) a brea?+ spell 9 :i* to get ! m9d z well z ! books ready = ano!r lesson4 ,! ma/]s h 9 e recitation _! own maps & ref]5ce books1 ) :i* !y c (t5 make _! in/ruction mu* m =ceful & int]e/+4 ,besides t1 !y h entire control ( _! own blackbo>ds1 & c leave "w !re )\t fe> ( its be+ eras$ to make room = t ( "s o!r ma/]4 ,! confusion w d\btless be less5$ z "t goes on & we become m us$ to ! sy/em4 ,ev5 ! fir/ disadvantage is m or less (fset by ! fact t ! %ort ?ree-m9ute p]iods1 al?\gh !y _c be us$ l ord9>y recesses1 yet s]ve to give u brea?+ space betwe5 recitations & to less5 ! /ra9 ( cont9u\s application2 s t1 on ! :ole1 ! advantages seem to c\nt]balance ! disadvantages4 ,,ex]cises ,:at advantages & disadvantages c y ?9k ( = ea* ( ! foll[+ propositions8 ,/ate !m orally4 #a4 ,all telephone & telegraph wires 9 cities %\ld be put "u gr\nd4 #b4 ,! spe$ ( bicycles & automobiles %\ld be limit$ to eight miles p] h\r4 #c4 ,high s*ool football teams %\ld n play mat* games on regul> s*ool days4 #d4 ,high s*ool pupils %\ld n att5d ev5+ p>ties except+ on ,fridays & ,saturdays4 #e4 ,monday w\ld be a bett] day ?an ,saturday = a s*ool holiday4 #f4 ,! s*ool session %\ld be l5g!n$4 ,!me ,,xl4--,write two p>agraphs1 "o ( :i* %all give ! advantages & ! o!r ! disadvantages t w\ld arise f ! adoption ( any "o ( ! foll[+3 #a4 ,?is s*ool %\ld h a long] recess4 #b4 ,?is s*ool %\ld h two h\rs = ! noon recess4 #c4 ,?is s*ool %\ld be 9 session f eight o'clock until "o o'clock4 #d4 ,all ! pupils 9 ?is s*ool %\ld be seat$ 9 "o room4 #e4 ,! public libr>y %\ld be 9 ! high s*ool build+4 #f4 ,! football team %\ld be excus$ e>ly 9 ord] to practice4 #g4 ,?is s*ool %\ld h a great] numb] ( public ent]ta9m5ts4 #gb4 ,explanation & ,argum5t by ,specific ,in/ances4--,(t5 we may make ! mean+ ( a g5]al proposition cle> by cit+ specific in/ances4 ,if ^! in/ances are giv5 = ! purpose ( explanation m]ely1 ! p>agraph is exposition4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! aim is n m]ely to cause ! read] to und]/& ! proposition1 b also to believe t x is true1 we h argum5t4 ,9 ei!r case we h a p>agraph develop$ by specific in/ances z discuss$ 9 ,section #dd4 ,notice h[ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph ! au?or br+s =w>d specific cases 9 ord] to prove ! proposition3-- ,ne>ly ev]y?+ t an animal does is ! result ( an inborn in/9ct act$ ^u by an outw>d /imulus4 ,! m>g9 :]e9 intellig5t *oice plays a "p is v small4444 ,in/9ct is und\bt$ly (t5 modifi$ by intellig5ce1 & intellig5ce is z (t5 guid$ or prompt$ by in/9ct1 b "o ne$ n hesitate long z to :i* side ( ! l9e any giv5 act ( man or bea/ belongs4 ,:5 ! fox resorts to v>i\s tricks to outwit & delay ! h\nd 7if he ev] consci\sly does s71 he ex]cises a k9d ( intellig5ce--! l[] =m ( :i* we call cunn+--& he is prompt$ to ?is by an in/9ct ( self-pres]vation4 ,:5 ! birds set up a hue & cry ab\t a hawk1 or an owl1 or boldly attack him1 !y %[ intellig5ce 9 its simpl] =m1 ! intellig5ce t recognizes its enemies1 prompt$ aga9 by ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation4 ,:5 a hawk does n "k a man on horseback f a horse1 x %[s a want ( intellig5ce4 ,:5 a cr[ is kept away f a corn-field by a /r+ /ret*$ ar\nd x1 ! fact %[s h[ ma/]ful is its fe> & h[ %all[ its wit4 ,:5 a cat or a dog or a horse or a c[ le>ns to op5 a gate or a door1 x %[s a degree ( intellig5ce--p[] to imitate1 to pr(it by exp]i5ce4 ,a ma*9e c\ld n le>n to d x4 ,if ! animal 7 to close ! door or gate beh9d x1 t w\ld be ano!r /ep 9 intellig5ce4 ,b its direct wants h no relation to ! clos+ ( ! door1 only to ! op5+ ( x4 ,to close ! door involves an aft]?\ght t an animal is n capable (4 ,a horse w hesitate to g ^u ?9 ice or frail bridges4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 is an inh]it$ in/9ct :i* has aris5 9 its ance/ors f _! fund ( g5]al exp]i5ce ) ! _w4 ,h[ mu* ) !m has dep5d$ ^u a secure foot+6 ,a pair ( h\se-wr5s _h a ne/ 9 my well-curb2 :5 ! "y 7 p>tly gr[n & he>d any "o ent] ! curb1 !y w\ld set up a clamor\s call+ = food4 ,:5 ,i scrat*$ aga9/ ! sides ( ! curb b5ea? !m l "s animal try+ to climb up1 _! voices in/antly hu%$2 ! in/9ct ( fe> promptly ov]came ! in/9ct ( hung]6 ,in/9ct is intellig5ce1 b x is n ! same z acquir$ individual intellig5ce2 x is untaught4 ,john ,burr\ghs3 ,"s ,natural ,hi/ory ,d\bts 7,h>p]'s74 ,,ex]cises ,:at facts or in/ances d y "k :i* w\ld lead y to believe ei!r ! foll[+ propositions or _! opposites8 #a4 ,dogs are intellig5t4 #b4 ,only excell5t pupils c pass ! sev5? grade exam9ation4 #c4 ,"s tea*]s d n ask fair que/ions on exam9ation4 #d4 ,oak trees gr[ to be l>g] ?an maples4 #e4 ,/rikes increase ! co/ to ! consum]4 #f4 ,a college education pays4 #g4 ,dep>tm5t /ores injure ! trade ( small] /ores4 #h4 ,adv]tis+ pays4 ,!me ,,xli4--,write a p>agraph1 prov+ by "o or m examples "o ( ! propositions 9 ! prec$+ ex]cise3 7,d y\r examples really illu/rate :at y are try+ to prove8 ,d !y %[ t ! proposition is always true or m]ely t x is true = c]ta9 cases8 ,w\ld y\r argum5t cause ano!r to believe ! proposition87 #gc4 ,! ,value ( ,debate4--,p>ticipation 9 oral debate furni%es excell5t practice 9 accurate & rapid ?9k+4 ,we may *oose "o side ( a "q & may write out an argum5t :i*1 consid]$ alone1 & f our po9t ( view1 seems conv9c+1 b :5 ?is is submitt$ to ! criticism ( "s "o ( opposite views1 or :5 ! argum5ts 9 favor ( ! o!r side ( ! "q are br\ght =w>d1 we are n s sure t we h *os5 ! side :i* repres5ts ! tru?4 ,! ability to ?9k on "o's feet1 to pres5t argum5ts concisely & effectively1 & to reply to oppos+ argum5ts1 giv+ due weight to ^? t are true1 & detect+ & po9t+ out ^? t are false1 is an accompli%m5t ( great practical value4 ,su* ability comes only f practice1 & ! be/ prep>ation = x is ! c>eful writ+ out ( argum5ts4 #gd4 ,/atem5t ( ! ,"q4--,! subject ( debate may be /at$ 9 ! =m ( a resolution1 a decl>ative s5t5ce1 or a "q2 z1 ,resolv$ t ! recess %\ld be l5g!n$1 or ,! recess %\ld be l5g!n$1 or1 ,%\ld ! recess be l5g!n$8 ,9 any case1 ! affirmative mu/ %[ :y ! recess %\ld be l5g!n$1 & ! negative :y x %\ld n be l5g!n$4 ,9 a =mal debate ! /atem5t ( ! "q & its mean+ %\ld be def9itely det]m9$ 9 advance4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to /ate x s t no m]e quibbl+ ov] ! mean+s ( t]ms c take ! place ( real argum5ts4 ,ev5 if ! subject ( debate is s /at$ t ?is is possible1 any self-respect+ debat] w meet ! "q at issue fairly & squ>ely1 pref]r+ defeat to a victory won by juggl+ ) ! mean+s ( t]ms4 #ge4 ,is ,belief ,necess>y 9 ,debate8--,if we are really argu+ = a purpose1 we %\ld believe 9 ! tru? ( ! proposition :i* we support4 ,if ! memb]s ( ! s*ool bo>d 7 discuss+ ! desirability ( build+ a new s*oolh\se1 ea* w\ld speak 9 accordance ) 8 belief4 ,b if a class 9 s*ool %\ld debate su* a "q1 hav+ 9 m9d n ! det]m9ation ( ! "q1 b m]ely ! selection & arrangem5t ( ! argum5ts = & aga9/ ! proposition 9 ! mo/ effective way1 ea* pupil might pres5t ! side 9 :i* he did n really believe4 ,,ex]cises ,consid] ea* ( ! foll[+ propositions4 ,d y believe ! affirmative or ! negative8 #a4 ,?is city ne$s a new high s*ool build+4 #b4 ,all ! pupils 9 ! high s*ool %\ld be memb]s ( ! a?letic association4 #c4 ,! s*ool bo>d %\ld pur*ase an inclos$ a?letic field4 #d4 ,! /reet railway %\ld c>ry pupils to & f s*ool = half f>e4 #e4 ,!re %\ld be a lun* room 9 ?is s*ool4 #f4 ,fairy /ories %\ld n be told to *ildr54 ,!me ,,xlii4--,write a p>agraph tell+ :y y believe "o ( ! propositions 9 ! prec$+ ex]cise3 7,:at que/ions %\ld y ask y\rself :ile correct+ y\r !me87 #gf4 ,ord] ( ,pres5tation4--,if y 7 prep>+ to debate "o ( ! propositions 9 ! prec$+ ex]cise1 y w\ld ne$ to h 9 m9d bo? ! reasons = & aga9/ x4 ,next y w\ld consid] ! ord] 9 :i* ^! reasons %\ld be discuss$4 ,?is w be det]m9$ by ! circum/ances ( ea* debate1 b g5]ally ! emphatic positions1 t is1 ! fir/ & ! la/1 w be giv5 to ^? argum5ts t seem to y to h ! greate/ weight1 :ile ^? ( less importance w occupy ! c5tral portion ( y\r !me4 #gg4 ,! ,brief4--,if1 aft] mak+ a note ( ! v>i\s advantages1 examples1 & o!r argum5ts t y wi% to use 9 support ( "o ( ! propositions 9 ,section #ge1 y arrange ^! 9 ! ord] 9 :i* y ?9k !y c be mo/ effectively pres5t$1 ! outl9e s =m$ is call$ a brief4 ,its prep>ation requires cle> ?9k+1 b :5 x is made1 ! task ( writ+ out ! argum5t is n difficult4 ,:5 ! debate is to be spok51 n read1 ! brief1 if kept 9 m9d1 w s]ve to sugge/ ! argum5ts we wi% to make 9 ! ord] 9 :i* we wi% to pres5t !m4 ,! brief diff]s f ! ord9>y outl9e 9 t x is compos$ ( complete s5t5ces4 ,notice ! foll[+ brief3-- ,manual ,tra9+ %\ld be sub/itut$ = s*ool a?letics4 ,affirmative #a4 ,! ex]cise furni%$ by manual tra9+ is bett] adapt$ to ! develop+ ( ! :ole be+ bo? physical & m5tal2 =-- a4 ,x requires ! m9d to act 9 ord] to det]m9e :at to d & h[ to d x4 b4 ,x tra9s ! muscles to c>ry out ! ideal ( ! m9d4 #b4 ,! effect ( manual tra9+ on heal? is bett]2 =-- a4 ,excessive ex]cise1 h>mful to gr[+ *ildr51 is avoid$4 b4 ,dang]\s conte/s are avoid$4 #c4 ,! f9al results ( manual tra9+ are m valuable2 =-- a4 ,! objects made are valuable4 b4 ,! skill ( h& & eye may become ( great practical value 9 aft] life4 #d4 ,! moral effect ( manual tra9+ is bett]2 =-- a4 ,a?letics develops ! any?+ to w9 _s1 :ile manual tra9+ creates a :olesome desire to excel 9 ! creation ( some?+ useful or beautiful4 b4 ,di%one/y 9 games may escape notice1 b di%one/y 9 workman%ip _c be conceal$4 c4 ,a?letics fo/]s slov5l9ess ( dress & mann]s1 :ile manual tra9+ cultivates ! love ( ! beautiful4 #e4 ,! b5eficial results ( manual tra9+ h a wid] effect ^u ! s*ool2 =-- a4 ,b comp>atively few pupils make ! team & receive ! maximum a?letic drill1 :ile all pupils c take manual tra9+4 #gh4 ,refutation or ,indirect ,argum5t4--,9 debate we ne$ to consid] n only ! argum5ts 9 favor ( our own side1 b also ^? pres5t$ by our oppon5ts4 ,t "p ( our !me :i* /ates our own argum5ts is call$ direct argum5t1 & t "p 9 :i* we reply to our oppon5ts is call$ indirect argum5t or refutation4 ,x is (t5 v important to %[ t ! oppos+ argum5t is false or1 if true1 has be5 giv5 an exagg]at$ importance t x does n really possess4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! argum5t is true & ( weight1 ! fact %\ld be frankly ackn[l$g$4 ,our desire = victory %\ld n cause u to disreg>d ! tru?4 ,if ! argum5t ( our oppon5t has be5 s /rong t x seems to h tak5 possession ( ! audi5ce1 we mu/ reply to x 9 ! beg9n+4 ,if x is ( less weight1 ea* sep>ate po9t may be discuss$ z we take up relat$ po9ts 9 our own argum5t4 ,(t5 x w be f\nd be/ to give ! refutation a place j prec$+ our own la/ & /ronge/ argum5t4 ,f ! =ego+ x w be se5 t ea* case _c be det]m9$ by rule1 b mu/ be det]m9$ = itself1 & x is because ( ! ex]cise ( judgm5t requir$1 t practice 9 debat+ is s valuable4 ,a doz5 boys or girls may1 ) mu* pleasure & pr(it1 sp5d an ev5+ a week z a debat+ club4 ,!me ,,xliii4--,prep>e a writt5 argum5t = or aga9/ "o ( ! propositions 9 ,section #ge4 7,make a brief4 ,re-arrange ! argum5ts t y int5d to use until !y h :at seems to y ! be/ ord]4 ,consid] ! probable argum5ts on ! o!r side & :at reply c be made4 ,answ] "o or two ( ! /ronge/ ones4 ,if y h any trivial argum5ts = y\r own side1 ei!r omit !m or make _! discussion v brief47 #gi4 ,cautions 9 ,debat+4--,:5 we h made a fur!r /udy ( argum5t we %all ne$ to consid] aga9 ! subject ( debat+4 ,9 ! meantime a few cautions w be helpful4 #a4 ,be fair4 ,a debate is 9 ! nature ( a conte/1 & is q z int]e/+ z any o!r conte/4 ,! desire to w9 %\ld nev] lead y to take any unfair advantage or to desc5d to m]e quibbl+ ov] ! /atem5t ( ! proposition or ! mean+s ( ! t]ms4 ,w9 fairly or n at all4 #b4 ,be hone/ ) y\rself4 ,d n pres5t argum5ts :i* y "k to be false1 9 ! hope t y\r oppon5t _c prove _! falsity4 ,?is does n mean t y _c pres5t argum5ts 9 favor ( a proposition unless y believe x to be true1 b t ^? y d pres5t %\ld be real argum5ts = ! side t y uphold1 ev5 ?\gh y believe t !re are weighti] ones on ! o!r side4 ,d n use an example t seems to apply if y "k t x does n4 ,y are to tell ! tru? & no?+ b ! tru?1 b 9 debate y may tell only t "p ( ! :ole tru? :i* favors y\r side ( ! proposition4 #c4 ,d n all[ y\r desire = victory to ov]come y\r desire = tru?4 ,d n argue = ! sake ( w9n+1 nor develop ! habit ( argu+ 9 season & out4 ,9 ! s*ool & outside !re are p]sons :o1 l ,w ,c>leton's ,uncle ,sammy1 7 born = argu+4 ,!y use _! own "t 9 an unpr(itable way1 & :at is worse1 !y wa/e ! "t ( o!rs4 ,!y are n seek+ = tru?1 b = controv]sy4 ,x is q z bad to d\bt ev]y?+ y he> z x is to believe ev]y?+4 #d4 ,rememb] t m]e /atem5t is n argum5t4 ,! fact t y believe a proposition does n make x true4 ,9 ord] to c>ry weight1 a /atem5t mu/ be bas$ on pr9ciples & !ories t ! audi5ce believes4 #e4 ,rememb] t exhortation is n argum5t4 ,entreaty may p]suade "o to action1 b 9 debate y %\ld aim to conv9ce ! intellect4 ,cle>1 accurate ?9k+ on y\r own "p1 s t y may pres5t s\nd1 logical argum5ts1 is ! fir/ ess5tial4 ,!me ,,xliv4--,prep>e a writt5 argum5t = or aga9/ "o ( ! foll[+ propositions3-- #a4 ,boys :o _c g to college %\ld take a comm]cial c\rse 9 ! high s*ool4 #b4 ,novel read+ is a wa/e ( "t4 #c4 ,asphalt pav+ is m satisfactory ?an brick4 #d4 ,=eign skill$ labor %\ld be kept out ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #e4 ,our own t[n %\ld be light$ by electricity4 #f4 ,a?letic conte/s betwe5 high s*ools %\ld be prohibit$4 7,consid] y\r argum5t ) ref]5ce to ! cautions giv5 9 ,section #gi47 ,,summ>y #a4 ,! purpose ( disc\rse may be to in=m or to ent]ta94 #b4 ,! =ms ( disc\rse are-- a4 ,description4 b4 ,n>ration4 c4 ,exposition4 d4 ,argum5t 7,p]suasion74 #c4 ,disc\rse presupposes an audi5ce1 & we mu/ select a subject & use language adapt$ to t audi5ce4 #d4 ,! suitabl5ess ( a subject is det]m9$-- a4 ,by ! writ]'s k ( ! subject4 7#a7 ,?is may be bas$ on exp]i5ce1 or 7#b7 ,x may be ga9$ f o!rs ?r\gh conv]sation & read+4 b4 ,by ! writ]'s int]e/ 9 ! subject4 7#a7 ,?is may exi/ f ! fir/1 or 7#b7 ,x may be ar\s$ by our se>* = in=mation4 c4 ,by adaptability ( ! subject to ! read]4 ,x %\ld be ( pres5t1 vital int]e/ to him4 #e4 ,subjects4 a4 ,! s\rces ( subjects are unlimit$4 b4 ,subjects %\ld be def9ite4 ,!y (t5 ne$ to be n>r[$ 9 ord] to be made def9ite4 c4 ,! title %\ld be brief & %\ld be word$ s z to ar\se a desire to he> ! !me4 #f4 ,exposition is explanation4 #g4 ,we may make cle> ! mean+ ( a t]m-- a4 ,by us+ synonyms4 b4 ,by us+ simpl] words4 c4 ,by supplem5t+ our def9itions ) examples or comp>isons4 #h4 ,g5]al description includes ! *>act]i/ics common to all memb]s ( a class ( objects4 #i4 ,g5]al n>ration is "o =m ( exposition4 ,x relates ! ?+s t *>act]ize a process or action :5ev] x occurs4 #aj4 ,argum5t4 a4 ,explanation is ! fir/ /ep 9 argum5t4 b4 ,a /atem5t ( advantages & disadvantages may assi/ u to det]m9e :i* side ( a "q we believe4 c4 ,specific in/ances may be us$ ei!r = explanation or argum5t4 #aa4 ,debate4 a4 ,! subject ( ! debate may be /at$ 9 ! =m ( a resolution1 a decl>ative s5t5ce1 or a "q4 b4 ,! mo/ important argum5ts %\ld be giv5 ! fir/ & la/ positions4 c4 ,a brief w assi/ u 9 arrang+ our argum5ts 9 ! mo/ effective ord]4 d4 ,! refutation ( oppos+ argum5ts %\ld usually be plac$ j be=e our own la/ & /ronge/ argum5t4 e4 ,cautions 9 debat+4 7#a7 ,be fair4 7#b7 ,be hone/ ) y\rself4 7#c7 ,d n all[ y\r desire = victory to ov]come y\r desire = tru?4 7#d7 ,rememb] t m]e /atem5t is n argum5t4 7#e7 ,rememb] t exhortation is n argum5t4 ,v4 ,,! ,,:ole ,,composition #hj4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples ( ,composition4--,!re are ?ree important pr9ciples to be consid]$ 9 e composition3 unity1 coh]5ce1 & emphasis4 ,?\gh n always nam$1 ea* ( ^! has be5 consid]$ & us$ 9 our writ+ ( p>agraphs4 ,! consid]ation ( me?ods ( secur+ unity1 coh]5ce1 & emphasis 9 ! composition z a :ole is ! purpose ( ?is *apt]4 ,x w s]ve also z a review & especially z an enl>g$ view ( p>agraph developm5t z treat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 = ! me?ods discuss$ ) reg>d to ! :ole composition are ! same t are us$ 9 apply+ ! ?ree pr9ciples to s+le p>agraphs4 #ha4 ,unity4--,a composition possesses unity if all t x conta9s be>s directly ^u ! subject4 ,x is evid5t t ! title ( ! !me det]m9es 9 a l>ge degree ! matt] t %\ld be includ$4 ,mu* t is appropriate to a !me on ,bass ,fi%+ w be f\nd unnecess>y 9 a !me entitl$ ,h[ ,i caught a ,bass4 ,x is easi] to secure unity 9 a !me treat+ ( a n>r[1 limit$ subject ?an 9 "o treat+ ( a broad1 g5]al subject4 ,! fir/ /ep t[>d unity is1 !re=e1 ! selection ( a limit$ subject & a suitable title 7see ,sections #eh-fa72 ! second is ! collection ( all facts1 illu/rations1 & o!r mat]ial :i* may appropriately be us$ 9 a !me hav+ ! *os5 title4 #hb4 ,coh]5ce4--,a composition is giv5 coh]5ce by plac+ ! ideas 9 su* an ord] t ea* naturally sugge/s ! "o :i* foll[s4 ,if ! la/ p>agraph is m closely relat$ 9 ?\ght to ! fir/ p>agraph ?an x is to ! int]v5+ ones1 ! composition lacks coh]5ce4 ,simil>ly1 t p>agraph is coh]5t 9 :i* ! ?\ght moves =w>d 9 an ord]ly way ) ea* s5t5ce gr[+ out ( ! prec$+ "o4 ,9 describ+ ! capture ( a l>ge tr\t a boy might /ate t he broke 8 pole4 ,!n he might tell :at k9d ( pole he _h1 :y he did n h a bett] "o1 :at poles are be/ adapt$ to tr\t fi%+1 etc4 ,?\gh ea* ( ^! ideas is sugge/$ by ! prec$+1 ! /ory /ill lacks coh]5ce because ! boy w ne$ lat] to g back & tell u :at happ5$ to him or to ! tr\t :5 ! pole broke4 ,if a description ( ! k9d ( pole is necess>y 9 ord] to make ! po9t ( ! /ory cle>1 x %\ld h be5 introduc$ e>li]4 ,/opp+ at ! mom5t ( vital int]e/ to discuss fi%+ poles1 spoils ! effect ( ! /ory4 ,good writ]s are v skillful 9 ! e>ly introduc+ ( details t w enable ! read] to appreciate ! ev5ts z !y happ51 & !y are equally skillful 9 omitt+ unnecess>y details4 ,! prop] selection ( ^! details gives unity1 & _! introduction at ! prop] place gives coh]5ce to a n>rative4 ,by say+1 ,i am gett+ ahead ( my /ory1 ! n>rator confesses t coh]5ce is lack+4 ,read aga9 ! selection on page #ajf4 #hc4 ,emphasis4--,if we desire to make "o "p ( a !me m emphatic ?an ano!r1 we may d s by giv+ a prom95t position to t "p4 ,9 debat+ we give ! fir/ place & ! la/ to ! /ronge/ argum5ts4 ,9 simple n>ration ! ord] 9 :i* incid5ts mu/ be relat$ is fix$ by ! "t-ord] ( _! occurr5ce1 b ev5 9 a /ory ! po9t ga9s 9 =ce if x is ne> ! close4 ,because ^! two positions are ! ones ( greate/ emphasis1 a poor beg9n+ or a bad end+ w ru9 an o!rwise good /ory4 ,emphasis may also be affect$ by ! proportional am\nt ( att5tion & space giv5 to ! diff]5t p>ts ( a !me4 ,! ext5t to :i* any division ( a !me %\ld be develop$ dep5ds ^u ! purpose & ! total l5g? ( ! !me4 ,a biography ( ,grant might appropriately devote two or ?ree *apt]s to 8 boyhood1 :ile a %ort sket* ( 8 life w\ld treat 8 boyhood 9 a s+le p>agraph4 ,9 det]m9+ ! am\nt ( space to be giv5 to ! diff]5t p>ts ( a composition1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! space assign$ to ea* %all be proportional to its importance1 ! l>ge/ am\nt ( space be+ devot$ to ! "p :i* is ( greate/ wor?4 ,emphasis is sometimes giv5 by mak+ a s+le s5t5ce into a p>agraph4 ,?is me?od %\ld be us$ ) c>e1 = su* a p>agraph may be too %ort = unity because x does n include all t %\ld be said ab\t ! topic /atem5t1 & ?\gh x makes t /atem5t emphatic1 fails to make its mean+ cle>4 ,cle>ness1 unity1 & coh]5ce are ( m importance ?an emphasis1 & usually1 if a !me possesses ! fir/ ?ree qualities1 x w possess ! f\r? 9 suffici5t measure4 #hd4 ,! ,outl9e4--,an outl9e w assi/ u 9 secur+ unity1 coh]5ce1 & emphasis4 #a4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 mak+ an outl9e has relation to unity4 ,unity requires t a !me include only t :i* p]ta9s to ! subject4 ,!re are always _m m ideas t seem to be> ^u a subject ?an c be includ$ 9 ! !me4 ,we may !re=e jot d[n brief notes t w sugge/ our ideas on ! subject1 & !n we %\ld reject f ?is li/ all t seem irrelevant or trivial4 ,we %\ld also reject ! less important ideas :i* p]ta9 directly to ! subject if )\t !m we h all t are ne$$ 9 ord] to fulfill ! purpose ( ! !me4 ,:i* items 9 ! foll[+ %\ld be omitt$ z n necess>y to ! complete treatm5t ( ! subject indicat$ by ! title8 ,%\ld any?+ be add$8 ,my ,fir/ ,p>tridge ,:]e ,i liv$ t5 ye>s ago4 ,k9ds ( game3 p>tridge1 quail1 squirrels4 ,p>tridge drumm+4 ,my fa!r w5t hunt+ (t54 ,h[ he 0 injur$4 ,bir* bru% ne> hemlock2 p>tridge (t5 f\nd 9 su* localities4 ,load+ ! gun4 ,go+ to ! woods4 ,:y p>tridge live ne> bir* bru%4 ,fall season4 ,hunt+ = p>tridge all[$ f ,septemb] to ,decemb]4 ,tramp+ ?r\gh ! woods4 ,some?+ mov+4 ,creep+ up4 ,h[ ,i felt2 excit$2 h& %ook4 ,p>tridge on log4 ,gun fail$ to g (f2 cock+ x prop]ly4 ,! %ot2 ! recoil4 ,! flurry ( ! bird4 ,h[ p>tridges fly4 ,h[ !y ta/e :5 cook$4 ,gett+ ! bird4 ,go+ home4 ,p>tridges are f\nd 9 ! woods2 quail 9 ! fields4 ,:at my si/] said4 ,my bro!r's int]e/4 ,my fa!r's /ory ab\t %oot+ ?ree p>tridges ) "o %ot4 ,:at "m did4 #b4 ,! second /ep 9 outl9e mak+ has relation to coh]5ce4 ,aft] we h reject$ f our notes all items :i* w\ld int]f]e ) ! unity ( our !me1 we next arrange ! rema9+ items 9 a coh]5t ord]4 ,"o me?od ( secur+ coh]5ce is illu/rat$ by a simple n>rative :i* foll[s ! "t-ord]4 ,we naturally gr\p toge!r 9 our memory ^? ev5ts :i* occurr$ at a giv5 "t1 & 9 recall+ a s]ies ( ev5ts we pass 9 ord] f "o su* gr\p to ano!r4 ,^! gr\ps =m natural p>agraph units1 & ! plac+ ( !m 9 _! actual "t-ord] gives coh]5ce to ! composition4 ,aft] reject+ ! unnecess>y items 9 ! prec$+ li/1 re-arrange ! rema9+ ones 9 a coh]5t ord]4 ,h[ _m p>agraphs w\ld y make & :at w\ld y include 9 ea*8 #c4 ,! ?ird /ep 9 mak+ an outl9e has relation to emphasis4 ,9 "s outl9es emphasis is secur$ by plac+ ! m important po9ts fir/1 9 o!rs by plac+ !m la/4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> outl9e we h a natural "t-ord] to foll[1 & emphasis w be det]m9$ ma9ly by ! relative proportion to be giv5 to diff]5t p>agraphs4 ,d n give unimportant p>agraphs too mu* space4 ,be sure t ! introduction & ! conclusion are %ort4 ,!me ,,xlv4--,write a p]sonal n>rative at lea/ ?ree p>agraphs 9 l5g?4 ,sugge/$ subjects3-- #a4 ,h[ ,i 0 sav$ f dr[n+4 #b4 ,! l>ge/ /r+ ( fi% ,i ev] caught4 #c4 ,an incid5t ( ! skat+ season4 #d4 ,:at ,i did on ,*ri/mas day4 #e4 ,a ,saturday ) my gr&mo!r4 #f4 ,to ! city & back4 7,make an outl9e4 ,keep 9 m9d unity1 coh]5ce1 & emphasis4 ,consid] ea* p>agraph ) ref]5ce to unity1 coh]5ce1 & emphasis47 #he4 ,developm5t ( a ,composition ) ,ref]5ce to ! ,"t-,ord]4-- ,( ! sev]al me?ods ( develop+ a composition let u consid] fir/ t ( giv+ details 9 ! natural "t-ord]4 7,see ,section #df47 ,if a composition compos$ ( a s]ies ( p>agraphs possesses coh]5ce1 ea* p>agraph is s relat$ to ! prec$+ ones t ! ?\ght goes /eadily =w>d f "o to ano!r4 ,(t5 ! connection 9 ?\ght is s evid5t t no special indication ne$s to be made1 b if ! p>agraphs are arrang$ ) ref]5ce to a "t-ord]1 ?is "t-ord] is usually indicat$4 ,notice h[ ! relation 9 "t ( ea* p>agraph to ! prec$+ is %[n by ! foll[+ s5t5ces ( p>ts ( s5t5ces tak5 9 ord] f a magaz9e article entitl$ ,ya*t+ at ,kiel1 by ,james ,b4 ,connolly3-- #a4 ,x 0 sl[ wait+ 9 ,travemunde4 ,! long-endur+ twilight ( a summ]'s day at fifty-f\r nor? began to settle d[n444 #b4 ,! dusk comes on1 & on ! %ips ( w> !y seem to be gett+ n]v\s444 #c4 ,! dusk deep5s444 #d4 ,x is gett+ *illy 9 ! night air1 ) ! rations runn+ l[1 & ! *>t]]s ( "s ( ! fi%+ boats decide to g home444 #e4 ,x is elev5 o'clock--d>k night--& ! breeze is fre%5+1 :5 ! fir/ ( ! fleet heaves 9 sight444 #f4 ,aft] t !y arrive rapidly444 #g4 ,at midnight !re is /ill no ,meteor444 #h4 ,?r\gh ! entire night !y keep com+444 #i4 ,next morn+444 ,!me ,,xlvi4--,write a n>rative1 f\r or m p>agraphs 9 l5g?1 %[+ ! "t-ord]4 ,sugge/$ subjects3-- #a4 ,! race up ! riv]4 #b4 ,! life ( "s well-kn[n man4 #c4 ,! cake t fell4 #d4 ,retell "s incid5t t y h rec5tly read4 #e4 ,relate "s p]sonal exp]i5ce4 #f4 ,a /ory sugge/$ by ! picture on page #afj4 7,make an outl9e4 ,consid] ! unity1 coh]5ce1 & emphasis ( ea* p>agraph sep>ately4 ,!n consid] ! unity1 coh]5ce1 & emphasis ( ! :ole composition4 ,notice :at expressions y h us$ to indicate ! relations 9 "t4 ,h y us$ ! same expression too (t587 #hf4 ,developm5t ( a ,composition ) ,ref]5ce to ,position 9 ,space4-- ,a second me?od ( developm5t is to relate details ) ref]5ce to _! position 9 space4 ,illu/ration ,j z we may give ei!r a p>agraph or a :ole !me coh]5ce by foll[+ a giv5 "t-ord]1 s may we make a p>agraph or a :ole !me coh]5t by arrang+ ! p>ts 9 an ord] det]m9$ by _! position 9 space4 ,9 develop+ a !me by ?is me?od we simply apply to ! :ole !me ! pr9ciples discuss$ = ! developm5t ( a p>agraph 7,section #dg74 ,9 a description compos$ ( sev]al p>agraphs1 ea* p>agraph %\ld conta9 a gr\p ( details closely relat$ to "o ano!r 9 space4 ,! p>agraphs %\ld be con/ruct$ s t ea* %all possess unity & coh]5ce )9 itself1 & !y %\ld be s arrang$ t we may pass mo/ easily f ! gr\p ( images pres5t$ by "o p>agraph to ! images pres5t$ by ! next4 ,9 n>ration1 ! space arrangem5t may supplem5t "t-ord] 9 giv+ coh]5ce4 ,if ! mo/ attractive features ( an art room are its wall decorations1 five p>agraphs describ+ ! room may be z foll[s3-- #a4 ,po9t ( view3 g5]al impression4 #b4 ,! nor? wall3 g5]al impression2 details4 #c4 ,! ea/ wall3 g5]al impression2 details4 #d4 ,! s\? wall3 g5]al impression2 details4 #e4 ,! we/ wall3 g5]al impression2 details4 ,x is easy to imag9e a room 9 ! description ( :i* ! foll[+ p>agraphs w\ld be appropriate3-- #a4 ,po9t ( view4 #b4 ,! fireplace4 #c4 ,! easy-*air4 #d4 ,! table4 #e4 ,! bookcase4 #f4 ,! cozy nook4 ,su* an arrangem5t ( p>agraphs w\ld give coh]5ce4 ,unity w\ld be secur$ by includ+ 9 ea* only t :i* prop]ly belong$ to x4 ,!re are _m words & expressions :i* indicate ! relative position ( objects4 ,! p>agraph bel[ is an illu/ration ( ! me?od ( developm5t describ$ 9 ,section #dg4 ,notice ! words :i* indicate ! location ( ! diff]5t details 9 ! sc5e4 ,if ea* ( ^! details %\ld be develop$ into a p>agraph ! italiciz$ expressions w\ld s]ve to introduce ^! p>agraphs & w\ld %[ ! relative positions ( ! objects describ$4 ,! beauty ( ! sea & %ore 0 almo/ indescribable3 on "o side rose ,po9t ,loma1 grim1 gloomy z a =tress wall2 be=e me /ret*$ away to ! horizon ! ocean ) its miles ( break]s curl+ into foam2 betwe5 ! surf & ! city1 wrapp$ 9 its d>k blue mantle1 lay ! sleep+ bay2 ea/w>d ! m+l$ yell[1 r$1 & :ite ( ,san ,diego's build+s gli/5$ 9 ! sunlight l a b$ ( coleus2 beyond ! city heav$ ! roll+ pla9s ri* 9 _! g>b ( gold5 br[n1 f :i* rose ! di/ant m\nta9s1 ti] on ti]1 we>+ ! purple veil :i* ,nature "h loves (t5e/ to weave = !m2 :ile 9 ! =egr\nd1 l a jewel 9 a brilliant sett+1 /ood ! ,coronado4 --,/odd>d3 ,cali=nia4 ,!me ,,xlvii4--,write a description ?ree or m p>agraphs 9 l5g?4 ,sugge/$ subjects3-- #a4 ,"s well-kn[n build+ 7ext]ior74 #b4 ,a prom95t p]son4 #c4 ,an attractive room4 #d4 ,! int]ior ( a *ur*4 7,consid] y\r outl9e ) ref]5ce to unity1 coh]5ce1 & proportion ( p>ts4 ,:5 ! !me is complet$1 consid] ! unity1 coh]5ce1 & emphasis ( ea* p>agraph & ( ! composition z a :ole47 #hg4 ,p>agraph ,relations4--,relations 9 ?\ght o!r ?an ^? ( "t & space may be indicat$ by ! use ( c]ta9 words & phrases4 ,su* expressions z1 h[ev]1 nev]!less1 consequ5tly1 inde$1 moreov]1 at all ev5ts1 etc41 are (t5 us$ to indicate a relation 9 ?\ght betwe5 p>agraphs4 ,notice h[ nev]!less1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! selection bel[1 s]ves to connect x 9 ?\ght ) a prec$+ p>agraph n pr9t$ "h4 ,notice also ! relations 9 ?\ght %[n by ! italiciz$ words4 ,^! & simil> words are us$ to make ! transition f "o p>agraph to ! next4 ,nev]!less1 ,h[e 0 at la/ 9 possession ( ,philadelphia1 ! object ( 8 campaign1 & ) 8 communications by wat] op54 ,he _h consum$ f\r mon?s 9 ?is bus9ess s9ce he left ,new ,york1 ?ree mon?s s9ce he l&$ ne> ! ,elk ,riv]4 ,8 prize1 n[ t he _h got x1 0 wor? less ?an no?+ 9 a milit>y po9t ( view1 & he _h be5 made to pay a high price = x1 n m]ely 9 m51 b 9 preci\s "t1 = :ile he 0 /ruggl+ sluggi%ly = ,philadelphia1 ,burgoyne1 :o really meant some?+ v s]i\s1 _h gone to wreck & sunk out ( sight 9 ! nor!rn =e/s4 ,inde$1 ,h[e did n ev5 hold 8 de>ly b\ght t[n 9 peace4 ,aft] ! fall ( ! =ts1 ,gre5e1 aid$ by ,lafayette1 :o _h jo9$ ! army on its way to ! ,br&yw9e1 made a %>p da% & broke up an outly+ p>ty ( ,hessians4 ,su* ?+s 7 intol]able1 !y int]f]$ ) p]sonal com=t1 & !y emanat$ f ! ,am]ican army :i* ,wa%+ton _h n[ e/abli%$ 9 /rong l9es at ,:item>%4 ,s ,h[e ann\nc$ t 9 ord] to h a quiet w9t]1 he w\ld drive ,wa%+ton beyond ! m\nta9s4 ,h[e did n (t5 display milit>y intellig5ce1 b t he 0 pr(\ndly "r 9 ?is p>ticul> int5tion mu/ be admitt$4 ,9 pursuit ( 8 plan1 !re=e1 he m>*$ out ( ,philadelphia on ,decemb] #d?1 drove (f "s ,p5nsylvania militia on ! #e?1 consid]$ ! ,am]ican position = f\r days1 did n d>e to attack1 c\ld n draw 8 oppon5t out1 return$ to ! city1 & left ,wa%+ton to g into w9t] qu>t]s at ,valley ,=ge1 :5ce he c\ld easily /rike if any move 0 made by ! ,briti% army4 --,h5ry ,cabot ,lodge4 #hh4 ,! ,transition ,p>agraph4--,j z a ^w or phrase may s]ve to d5ote ! relation 9 ?\ght betwe5 p>agraphs1 s may a :ole p>agraph be us$ to c>ry ov] ! ?\ght f "o gr\p ( p>agraphs to ano!r 9 ! same !me4 ,su* a p>agraph makes a transition f "o g5]al topic or me?od ( treat+ ! subject ( ! !me to "s o!r g5]al topic or to ! consid]ation ( ! subject f a diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,?is transitional p>agraph may summ>ize ! ?\ght ( ! prec$+ p>agraph 9 addition to ann\nc+ a *ange ( topic2 or x may m>k ! transition to ! new topic & set x =? 9 g5]al t]ms4 #hi4 ,! ,summ>iz+ ,p>agraph4--,frequ5tly we give emphasis to our ?\ght by a f9al p>agraph summ>iz+ ! ma9 po9ts ( ! !me4 ,su* a summ>y is 9 effect a re/atem5t ( ! topic s5t5ces ( our p>agraphs4 ,if our !me has be5 coh]5t1 ^! s5t5ces /at$ 9 ord] w ne$ b little *ang+ to make a coh]5t p>agraph4 ,9 a simil> way1 x is ( advantage to close a long p>agraph ) a s5t5ce :i* repeats ! topic /atem5t or summ>izes ! ?\ght ( ! p>agraph4 ,see ! la/ s5t5ce 9 ,section #eg4 #ij4 ,developm5t ( a ,composition by ,comp>ison or ,contra/4--,! ?ird me?od ( developm5t is t ( comp>ison or contra/4 ,ne>ly e idea :i* we h sugge/s "o t is simil> to x or 9 contra/ ) x4 ,we are ?us l$ to make comp>isons or to /ate contra/s4 ,:5 ^! are few & brief1 !y may make a s+le p>agraph 7,section #dh74 ,if our comp>isons or contra/s are ext5d$1 !y may make sev]al p>agraphs1 & ?us a :ole !me may be develop$ by ?is me?od4 ,9 su* a !me no fix$ ord] ( pres5tation is det]m9$ by ! actual occurr5ce 9 "t or space ( t :i* we pres5t4 ,consequ5tly1 9 outl9+ a !me ( ?is k9d1 we mu/ devote special att5tion to arrang+ our p>agraphs 9 an ord] t %all give coh]5ce & emphasis4 ,!me ,,xlviii4--,write a !me ( ?ree or m p>agraphs develop$ by comp>ison4 ,sugge/$ subjects3-- #a4 ,comp>e m5 ) v]bs 7active1 passive1 transitive1 intransitive1 defective1 r$undant1 auxili>y1 copulative1 etc474 #b4 ,%[ t ! body resembles a ma*9e4 #c4 ,9 :at way is ! s*ool l a factory8 #d4 ,h[ d two books t y h read diff]8 #e4 ,comp>e ,l9coln & ,mc,kinley4 ,h[ alike8 ,h[ diff]5t8 #f4 ,h[ c y tell an oak tree f an elm tree8 #g4 ,)\t nam+ !m1 comp>e two ( y\r fri5ds ) ea* o!r4 #h4 ,comp>e ! advantages & disadvantages ( public high s*ools ) ^? ( private academies4 #ia4 ,developm5t ( a ,composition by ,use ( ,g5]alization & ,facts4-- ,us+ ! f\r? me?od ( developm5t1 we may give an entire composition to ! explanation ( ! mean+ ( a g5]al proposition or to ! demon/ration ( ! tru? ( su* a proposition4 ,to accompli% ?is purpose we /ate facts or in/ances t illu/rate ! mean+ ( ! proposition or t %[ x to be true4 ,9 su* a composition ea* important fact or in/ance may be giv5 a sep>ate p>agraph1 :ile sev]al m9or facts or illu/rations may be prop]ly comb9$ 9 ! same p>agraph4 7,see ,section #dd47 ,great] emphasis may also be giv5 ! m important facts by assign+ !m to ! emphatic positions4 ,notice h[ by specific in/ances ! foll[+ selection illu/rates ! tru? ( ! g5]alization set =? 9 ! second s5t5ce & re/at$ 9 ! la/ s5t5ce4 ,,deg5]ation ,,?r\gh ,,quiesc5ce ,:ile p>asitism is ! pr9cipal cause ( deg5]ation among animals1 yet x is n ! sole cause4 ,x is evid5t t if = any o!r reason animals %\ld become fix$1 & live inactive lives1 !y w\ld deg5]ate4 ,!re are n a few in/ances ( deg5]ation due simply to a quiesc5t life1 unaccompani$ by p>asitism4 ,! ,tunicata1 or sea squirts1 are animals :i* h become simple ?r\gh deg5]ation1 due to ! adoption ( a s$5t>y life1 ! )drawal f ! cr[d ( animals & f ! /ruggle :i* x necessitates4 ,! "y tunicate is a free-swimm+1 active1 tadpolelike1 or fi%like creature1 :i* possesses organs v l ^? ( ! adult ( ! simple/ fi%es or fi%like =ms4 ,t is1 ! sea squirt beg9s life z a primitively simple v]tebrate4 ,x possesses 9 its l>val /age a noto*ord1 ! delicate /ructure :i* prec$es ! =mation ( a backbone1 ext5d+ along ! upp] "p ( ! body bel[ ! sp9al cord4 ,! o!r organs ( ! "y tunicate are all ( v]tebral type4 ,b ! "y sea squirt passes a p]iod ( active & free life z a little fi%1 aft] :i* x settles d[n & atta*es itself to a %ell or wood5 pi] by means ( suck]s1 & rema9s = ! re/ ( its life fix$4 ,in/ead ( go+ on & develop+ into a fi%like creature1 x loses its noto*ord1 its special s5se organs1 & o!r organs2 x loses its complexity & high organization1 & becomes a m]e root$ bag ) a d\ble neck1 a ?or\ghly deg5]ate animal4 ,a b>nacle is ano!r example ( deg5]ation ?r\gh quiesc5ce4 ,! b>nacles are cru/aceans relat$ mo/ ne>ly to ! crabs & %rimps4 ,! "y b>nacle j f ! egg is a six-legg$1 free-swimm+ nauplius1 v l a "y prawn or crab1 ) a s+le eye4 ,9 its next l>val /age x has six pairs ( swimm+ feet1 two comp\nd eyes1 & two ant5nae or feel]s1 & /ill lives an indep5d5t free-swimm+ life4 ,:5 x makes its f9al *ange to ! adult condition1 x atta*es itself to "s /one1 or %ell1 or pile1 or %ip's bottom1 loses its comp\nd eyes & feel]s1 develops a protect+ %ell1 & gives up all p[] ( locomotion4 ,its swimm+ feet become *ang$ into grasp+ organs1 & x loses mo/ ( its outw>d resemblance to ! o!r memb]s ( its class4 ,c]ta9 insects live s$5t>y or fix$ lives4 ,all ! memb]s ( ! family ( scale insects 7,coccidae71 9 "o sex at lea/1 %[ deg5]ation t has be5 caus$ by quiesc5ce4 ,"o ( ^! coccids1 call$ ! r$ orange scale1 is v abundant 9 ,florida & ,cali=nia & 9 o!r fruit-gr[+ regions4 ,! male is a beautiful1 t9y1 two-w+$ midge1 b ! female is a w+less1 footless1 little sack1 )\t eyes or o!r organs ( special s5se1 :i* lies motionless "u a flat1 ?91 circul>1 r$di% scale compos$ ( wax & two or ?ree ca/ sk9s ( ! insect itself4 ,! insect has a long1 sl5d]1 flexible1 suck+ beak1 :i* is ?ru/ into ! leaf or /em or fruit ( ! orange on :i* ! scale bug lives1 & ?r\gh :i* ! insect sucks ! orange sap1 :i* is its only food4 ,x lays eggs "u its body1 & ?us also "u ! protect+ wax scale1 & dies4 ,f ! eggs hat* active little l>val scale bugs1 ) eyes & feel]s1 & six legs4 ,!y crawl f "u ! wax scale & roam ab\t ov] ! orange tree4 ,f9ally1 !y settle d[n1 ?ru/+ _! suck+ beak into ! plant tissue1 & ca/ _! sk94 ,! females lose at ?is molt _! legs & eyes & feel]s4 ,ea* becomes a m]e motionless sack capable only ( suck+ up sap & lay+ eggs4 ,! "y males1 h[ev]1 lose _! suck+ beak & c no long] take food1 b !y ga9 a pair ( w+s & an additional pair ( eyes4 ,!y fly ab\t & f]tilize ! sacklike females1 :i* !n molt aga9 & secrete ! ?9 wax scale ov] !m4 ,?r\gh\t ! animal k+dom loss ( ! ne$ ( movem5t is foll[$ by ! loss ( ! p[] to move & ( all /ructures relat$ to x4 --,jordon & ,kellogg3 ,animal ,life4 ,has ! pr9ciple ( unity be5 obs]v$ 9 ! above selection2 t is1 ( ! _m ?+s t might be told ab\t a sea squirt1 a b>nacle1 or a scale bug1 h ! au?ors select$ only ^? :i* s]ve to illu/rate deg5]ation ?r\gh quiesc5ce8 ,in/ead ( "o g5]alization support$ by a s]ies ( facts to ea* ( :i* a p>agraph is giv51 we may h sev]al subord9ate g5]alizations relat+ to ! subject ( ! !me4 ,ea* ( ^! subord9ate g5]alizations may become ! topic /atem5t ( a p>agraph :i* is fur!r develop$ by giv+ specific in/ances or by "s o!r me?od ( p>agraph developm5t4 ,su* an ord]1 t is1 g5]alization foll[$ by ! facts :i* illu/rate x1 is coh]5t2 b c>e mu/ be tak5 to give ea* fact "u ! g5]alization to :i* x is mo/ closely relat$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 our !me may be made coh]5t by giv+ ! facts fir/1 & !n ! g5]alization t !y e/abli%4 ,!me ,,xlix4--,write a !me ( ?ree or m p>agraphs illu/rat+ or prov+ "s g5]al /atem5t by means ( facts or specific in/ances4 ,sugge/$ subjects3-- #a4 ,"y p]sons %\ld n dr9k c(fee4 #b4 ,reasons = ! curfew bell4 #c4 ,girls we> _! hair 9 a v>iety ( ways4 #d4 ,!re are sev]al k9ds ( boys 9 ?is s*ool4 #e4 ,civilization increases z ! facilities = transportation increase4 #f4 ,trolley roads are ( great b5efit to ! c\ntry4 #g4 ,pres5ce ( m9d (t5 av]ts dang]4 #ib4 ,developm5t ( a ,composition by ,/at+ ,cause & ,effect4--,! /atem5t ( ! causes ( an ev5t or condition may be us$ z a fif? me?od ( developm5t4 ,! pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 is n diff]5t f t appli$ to ! developm5t ( a p>agraph by /at+ cause & effect 7,section #di74 ,if sev]al causes contribute to ! same effect1 ea* may be giv5 a sep>ate p>agraph1 or sev]al m9or ones may be comb9$ 9 "o p>agraph4 ,= ! sake ( unity we mu/ include ea* fact1 pr9ciple1 or /atem5t 9 ! p>agraph to :i* x really belongs4 ,! coh]5t ord] is usually t :i* proce$s f causes to effects r ?an t :i* traces ev5ts backw>d f effects to causes4 ,!me ,l4--,write a !me ( ?ree or m p>agraphs1 /at+ causes & effects4 ,sugge/$ subjects3-- #a4 ,:y hospitals are necess>y4 #b4 ,:y cig>ette smok+ is dang]\s4 #c4 ,:y girls %\ld take music lessons4 #d4 ,! effect ( climate ^u heal?4 #e4 ,! effect ( ra9fall ^u ! productivity & indu/ries ( a c\ntry4 #f4 ,! effect ( m\nta9s1 lakes1 or riv]s ^u exploration & travel4 #g4 ,:at connection is !re betwe5 occupation & height above ! sea level1 & :y8 #h4 ,:y our city is locat$ :]e x is4 #i4 ,:y ,i came late to s*ool4 #ic4 ,comb9ation ( ,me?ods ( ,developm5t4--,frequ5tly ! pres5tation ( our ?\ght is made mo/ effective by us+ "s comb9ation ( ! me?ods ( developm5t discuss$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,"t & place are (t5 int]wov51 comp>isons & contra/s fla% into m9d1 g5]al /atem5ts ne$ specific illu/ration1 or results dem& imm$iate explanation--all 9 ! same !me4 ,sometimes ! ord] ( coh]5ce w be 9 d\bt1 = cause & effect dem& a diff]5t ord] ( /atem5t f t :i* w\ld be giv5 7 we to foll[ ei!r "t-ord] or position 9 space4 ,9 su* cases we mu/ *oose :e!r x is mo/ important to tell fir/ :y or :5 or :]e4 ,! only rule t c be sugge/$ is to d t :i* w make our mean+ mo/ cle>1 because x is = ! sake ( ! cle> pres5tation ( our ?\ght t we seek unity1 coh]5ce1 & emphasis4 ,!me ,,li4--,write a !me ( sev]al p>agraphs4 ,use any me?od ( developm5t or any comb9ation ( me?ods4 7,*oose y\r own subject4 ,aft] ! !me is writt5 make a li/ ( all ! que/ions y %\ld ask y\rself ab\t x4 ,correct ! !me ) ref]5ce to ea* po9t 9 y\r li/ ( que/ions47 ,,summ>y #a4 ,g5]al pr9ciples ( composition4 a4 ,unity4 b4 ,coh]5ce4 c4 ,emphasis4 7#a7 ,by position4 7#b7 ,by proportion ( p>ts4 #b4 ,an outl9e assi/s 9 secur+ unity1 coh]5ce1 & emphasis4 #c4 ,me?ods ( composition developm5t3 ,a composition may be develop$-- a4 ,) ref]5ce to "t-ord]4 b4 ,) ref]5ce to position 9 space4 c4 ,by use ( comp>ison & contra/4 d4 ,by /at+ g5]alization & facts4 e4 ,by /at+ cause & effect4 f4 ,by any suitable comb9ation ( ! above me?ods4 #d4 ,transition & summ>y p>agraphs may occur 9 compositions4 ,,vi4 ,,lett] ,,writ+ #id4 ,importance ( ,good ,lett] ,writ+4--,lett] writ+ is ! =m ( writt5 language us$ by mo/ ( u m frequ5tly ?an any o!r =m4 ,! importance ( good lett] writ+ is !re=e obvi\s4 ,bus9ess1 p]sonal1 & social relations necessitate ! writ+ ( lett]s4 ,we are judg$ by ^? lett]s2 & 9 ord] t we may be consid]$ bus9esslike1 educat$1 & cultur$1 x is necess>y t we %\ld be able to write good lett]s1 n only z reg>ds ! =m b also z reg>ds ! subject-matt]4 ,! writ+ ( good lett]s is (t5 ! means ( secur+ desirable positions & ( keep+ up pleasant & helpful fri5d%ips4 ,s9ce ?is =m ( composition plays s important a "p 9 our lives & ! lives ( ^? ab\t u1 x is wor?y ( c>eful /udy4 ,! subject-matt] is ! mo/ important "p ( ! lett]1 b adh]5ce to usages g5]ally adopt$ is ess5tial to successful lett] writ+4 ,"s ( ^! usages may seem trivial 9 !mselves1 b a lack ( att5tion to !m %[s ei!r ignorance or c>elessness on ! "p ( ! writ]1 & ! consequ5ces result+ f ?is inatt5tion are (t5 any?+ b trivial4 ,applicants = good positions h be5 reject$ ei!r because !y did n "k ! correct usages ( lett] writ+1 or because !y did n he$ !m4 ,9 no o!r =m ( composition are ! rules conc]n+ =m s rigid2 h5ce ! ne$ ( k & c>efulness conc]n+ !m4 #ie4 ,pap]4--,! nature ( ! lett] det]m9es to "s ext5t our *oice ( pap]4 ,bus9ess lett]s are usually writt5 on l>ge pap]1 ab\t t5 by eight in*es 9 size1 :ile lett]s ( fri5d%ip & notes ( v>i\s k9ds are writt5 on pap] ( small] size4 ,:ite or delicately t9t$ pap] is always 9 good ta/e = all k9ds ( lett]s4 ,! use ( highly t9t$ pap] is occasionally 9 vogue ) "s p1 b failure to use x is nev] an (f5se aga9/ ! laws ( good ta/e4 ,x is cu/om>y n[ to use unrul$ pap] = all k9ds ( lett]s z well z = o!r =ms ( compositions4 ,= lett]s ( fri5d%ip f\r-page pap] is pref]r$ to t 9 tablet =m4 ,! ord] 9 :i* ! pages are us$ may v>y2 b :atev] ! ord] is1 x %\ld n be confus+ to ! read]4 ,black ink %\ld always be us$4 ,! writ+ %\ld be neat & legible4 ,att5tion %\ld be paid to m>g91 p>agraphs1 & ind5tation4 ,9 fact1 all ! rules ( !me writ+ apply to lett] writ+1 & to ^! are add$ sev]al o!rs4 #if4 ,! ,beg9n+ ( a ,lett]4--,c]ta9 =ms = ! beg9n+ ( lett]s h be5 agre$ ^u1 & ^! =ms %\ld be foll[$4 ,! beg9n+ ( a lett] usually includes ! head+1 ! address ( ! p]son or p]sons to :om ! lett] is s5t1 & ! salutation4 ,notice ! foll[+ examples3-- 7#a7 #aga ,miles ,ave41 ,clevel&1 ,ohio4 ,oct4 #ba1 #aije4 ,m>%all ,field ,co41 ,/ate ,/41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,g5tlem53 7#b7 ,ottawa1 ,ill4 ,nov4 #i1 #aije4 ,de> ,h>old1 7#c7 #ajbh ,jackson ,b\lev>d1 ,*icago ,ill4 ,nov4 #aj1 #aije4 ,messrs4 ,johnson ,foote1 #abj ,ma9 ,/41 ,pittsfield1 ,mass4 ,de> ,sirs1 7#d7 #abj ,p ,/reet1 ,l9coln1 ,neb4 ,oct4 #ag1 #aije4 ,my de> ,mrs4 ,scott1 7#e7 ,bo/on1 ,mass41 ,nov4 #bc1 #aije4 ,de> ,"m1 7#f7 #cc ,front ,/41 ,adrian1 ,mi*4 ,nov4 #cj1 #aije4 ,miss ,g]trude ,br[n1 #bbh ,w>r5 ,ave41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,de> ,madam3 7#g7 ,new ,h>t=d1 ,conn4 ,nov4 #c1 #aije4 ,my de> ,h5ry1 ,! head+ ( a lett] includes ! address ( ! writ] & ! date ( ! writ+4 ,:5 num]\s lett]s are s5t f "o place to ano!r1 ! /reet & numb] may aft] a "t be omitt$ f ! head+4 ,example 7#e7 illu/rates ?is4 ,a son liv+ 9 ,bo/on has writt5 to 8 "m frequ5tly & no long] consid]s x necess>y to write ! /reet & numb] 9 e lett]4 ,if !re is any d\bt 9 ! writ]'s m9d z to :e!r 8 address w be rememb]$ or n1 he %\ld include x 9 ! lett]4 ,if ! writ] lives 9 a small place :]e ! /reet & numb] w n be ne$$ 9 a reply s5t to him1 x is unnecess>y = him to make use ( x 9 8 lett]4 ,:5 ! /reet & numb] are omitt$1 ! head+ may be writt5 on "o l9e1 z 9 example 7#e71 b ! use ( two l9es is pref]able4 ,cu/om has decre$ t ! prop] place = ! head+ is 9 ! "r-h& upp] corn] ( ! fir/ page4 ,sometimes1 especially 9 bus9ess lett]s1 we f9d ! writ]'s address at ! close ( ! lett]1 b = ! sake ( conv5i5ce x is pref]ably plac$ at ! beg9n+4 ,! fir/ l9e %\ld be ab\t "o in* & a half f ! top ( ! page4 ,! second l9e %\ld beg9 a little to ! "r ( ! fir/ l9e1 & ! ?ird l9e1 a little to ! "r ( ! second l9e4 ,att5tion %\ld be paid to prop] punctuation 9 ea* l9e4 ,9 a comp>atively few cases we may f9d t ! omission ( ! date ( ! lett] w make no diff]5ce to ! recipi5t1 b 9 mo/ cases x w cause annoyance at lea/1 & 9 _m cases result 9 s]i\s tr\ble bo? to ourselves & to ^? :o receive our lett]s4 ,we %\ld n all[ ourselves to neglect ! date ev5 9 lett]s ( app>5tly no great importance4 ,if we all[ ! c>eless habit ( omitt+ dates to develop1 we may "s day omit a date :5 ! omission w affect affairs ( great importance4 ,?is date %\ld include ! day1 mon?1 & ye>4 ,x is bett] to write out ! entire ye>1 z #aije1 n '#je4 ,9 bus9ess lett]s x is cu/om>y to write ! address ( ! p]son or p]sons address$ at ! left side ( ! page4 ,ei!r two or ?ree l9es may be us$4 ,! fir/ l9e ( ?is address %\ld be "o l9e l[] ?an ! la/ l9e ( ! head+4 ,notice examples 7#a71 7#c71 & 7#f74 ,:5 ! address is ?us writt51 ! salutation is commonly writt5 "o l9e bel[ x4 ,sometimes ! salutation is comm5c$ at ! m>g91 & sometimes a little to ! "r ( ! address4 ,:]e !re is no address1 ! salutation is writt5 a l9e bel[ ! date & beg9s ) ! m>g91 z 9 examples 7#b71 7#d71 7#e71 & 7#g74 ,! =m ( salutation naturally dep5ds ^u ! relations exi/+ betwe5 ! correspond5ts4 ,! =ms ,de> ,sir1 ,my de> ,sir1 ,madam1 ,my de> ,madam1 ,de> ,sirs1 ,g5tlem51 are us$ 9 =mal bus9ess lett]s4 ,! =ms ,de> ,miss ,rob9son1 ,my de> ,mrs4 ,hob>t1 ,de> ,mr4 ,fras]1 ,my de> ,mr4 ,scott1 are us$ 9 bus9ess lett]s :5 ! correspond5ts are acqua9t$ ) ea* o!r4 ,! same =ms are also us$ 9 lett]s ( fri5d%ip :5 ! correspond5ts are n well en\gh acqua9t$ ) ea* o!r to w>rant ! use ( ! m famili> =ms1 ,my de> ,m>y1 ,de> ,edmund1 ,my de> ,fri5d1 ,de> ,c\s91 ,my de> little ,niece4 ,!re is no set rule conc]n+ ! punctuation ( ! salutation4 ,! comma1 ! colon1 or ! semicolon may be us$ ei!r alone or 9 connection ) ! da%4 ,! comma alone seems to be ! lea/ =mal ( all1 & ! colon ! mo/ s4 ,h5ce ! =m] is us$ m frequ5tly 9 lett]s ( fri5d%ip1 & ! latt] m frequ5tly 9 bus9ess lett]s4 #ig4 ,body ( ! ,lett]4--,! body ( ! lett] is ! important "p2 9 fact1 x is ! lett] itself1 s9ce x conta9s ! subject-matt]4 ,x w be discuss$ "u ano!r head lat]1 & is only m5tion$ "h 9 ord] to %[ its place 9 connection ) ! beg9n+ ( a lett]4 ,z a rule1 x is be/ to beg9 ! body ( our lett]s "o l9e bel[1 & ei!r directly und]nea? or to ! "r ( ! salutation4 ,x is n improp]1 h[ev]1 especially 9 bus9ess lett]s1 to beg9 x on ! same l9e ) ! salutation4 ,a few examples w be suffici5t to %[ ! v>iations ( ! place = beg9n+ ! ma9 "p ( ! lett]4 7#a7 #afid ,c$> ,ave41 ,clevel&1 ,ohio4 ,june #bc1 #aije4 ,messrs4 ,hanna1 ,scott ,co41 ,aurora1 ,ill4 ,g5tlem53--,i inclose a money ord] = #aj4jj1 etc4 7#b7 ,ev]ett1 ,wa%+ton4 ,oct4 #bj1 #aije4 ,my de> ,rob]t1 ,we are v glad t y h decid$ to make u a visit1 etc4 7#c7 ,gre5wi*1 ,n4,y4 ,sept4 #ai1 #aije4 ,my de> ,miss ,russ1 ,s9ce ,i h be5 ,miss ,cl>k's assi/ant1 etc4 7#d7 #b ,univ]sity ,ave41 ,na%ville1 ,t5n4 ,april #ai1 #aije4 ,! ,am]ican ,book ,company1 #cjj ,pike ,/41 ,c9nc9nati1 ,o4 ,de> ,sirs3--,please s5d me by express two copies ( ,halleck's ,engli% ,lit]ature1 etc4 #ih4 ,conclusion ( a ,lett]4--,! conclusion ( a lett] includes :at is t]m$ ! complim5t>y close & ! signature4 ,c]ta9 =ms h be5 agre$ ^u1 :i* %\ld be closely foll[$4 ,our *oice ( a complim5t>y close1 l t ( a salutation1 dep5ds ^u ! relations exi/+ betwe5 u & ^? to :om we are writ+4 ,su* =ms z ,y\r lov+ daught]1 ,) love1 ,ev] y\r fri5d1 ,y\r affectionate "m1 %\ld be us$ only :5 intimate relations exi/ betwe5 correspond5ts4 ,9 lett]s :]e exi/+ relations are n s intimate & 9 "s k9ds ( bus9ess lett]s ! =ms ,s9c]ely y\rs1 ,y\rs v s9c]ely1 may be us$ appropriately4 ,! mo/ common =ms 9 bus9ess lett]s are ,y\rs truly & ,v truly y\rs4 ,! =ms ,respectfully y\rs1 or ,y\rs v respectfully1 %\ld be us$ only :5 !re is occasion = "s special respect1 z 9 writ+ to a p]son ( high rank or position4 ,! complim5t>y close %\ld be writt5 "o l9e bel[ ! la/ l9e ( ! ma9 "p ( ! lett]1 & t[>d ! "r-h& side ( ! page4 ,its fir/ ^w %\ld comm5ce ) a capital1 & a comma %\ld be plac$ at its close4 ,! signature prop]ly belongs bel[ & a little to ! "r ( ! complim5t>y close4 ,except 9 cases ( famili> relation%ip1 ! "n %\ld be sign$ 9 full4 ,x is difficult to det]m9e ! spell+ ( unfamili> prop] names if !y are c>elessly writt54 ,x is !re=e important 9 writ+ to /rang]s t ! signature %\ld be made pla9ly legible 9 ord] t !y may "k h[ to address ! writ] 9 _! reply4 ,a lady %\ld make x pla9 :e!r %e is to be address$ z ,miss or ,mrs4 ,?is c be done ei!r by plac+ ! title ,miss or ,mrs4 9 p>5!ses be=e ! "n1 or by writ+ ! :ole address bel[ & to ! left ( ! signature4 ,boys & m5 may (t5 avoid confusion by sign+ _! fir/ "n in/ead ( us+ only initials4 ,notice ! foll[+ examples ( ! complim5t>y close & signature3-- 7#a7 ,appleton1 ,wiscons94 ,sept4 #c1 #aije4 ,my de> ,c\s91 7,body ( lett]47 ,y\rs ) love1 ,g]trude ,edmonds4 7#b7 #aib ,l9coln ,ave41 ,worce/]1 ,mass4 ,nov4 #be1 #aije4 ,l4,b4 ,bliss ,co41 #aji ,summ] ,/41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,de> ,sirs2 7,body ( lett]47 ,v truly y\rs1 ,walt] ,a4 ,cutl]4 7#c7 ,paxton1 ,ill4 ,july #c1 #aije4 ,am]ican ,typewrit] ,co41 #bfc ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,g5tlem53 7,body ( lett]47 ,v truly y\rs1 7,miss7 ,j5nie ,r4 ,mc,allister4 7#d7 ,may #e1 #aije4 ,daniel ,l[ ,co41 #bcb ,essex ,/41 ,salem1 ,mass4 ,de> ,sirs2 7,body ( lett]47 ,m>y ,e4 ,ball ,mrs4 ,george ,w4 ,ball1 #dae ,f\r? ,/41 ,la ,salle1 ,ill4 7#e7 ,m>%allt[n1 ,i[a4 ,oct4 #c1 #aije4 ,my de> ,miss ,mey]1 7,body ( lett]47 ,s9c]ely y\rs1 ,doro?y ,doddridge4 ,,ex]cise ,write suitable head+s1 salutations1 complim5t>y end+s1 & signatures = ! foll[+ lett]s3-- #a4 ,to ,spauld+ ,co41 ,waba% ,ave41 ,*icago1 ,ill41 ord]+ _! rules = basket ball4 #b4 ,to y\r old] bro!r4 #c4 ,to ! s*ool bo>d1 ask+ = a gymnasium4 #d4 ,to "s bus9ess h\se1 mak+ application = a position4 #e4 ,to ! gov]nor ( y\r /ate4 #f4 ,f "o /rang] to ano!r4 #g4 ,f an old] bro!r to 8 little si/]4 #h4 ,f a boy liv+ 9 ,new ,orleans to ! fa!r ( 8 mo/ intimate fri5d4 #ii4 ,! ,envelope4--,! direction on ! envelope1 commonly call$ ! sup]scription1 consi/s ( ! "n & address ( ! p]son or p]sons to :om ! lett] is s5t4 ,?is direction %\ld be writt5 9 a c>eful & c\rte\s mann]1 & %\ld include all t is necess>y to insure ! prompt deliv]y ( ! lett] to ! prop] de/9ation4 ,! sup]scription may be arrang$ 9 ?ree or f\r l9es1 ea* l9e beg9n+ a little to ! "r ( ! prec$+ l9e4 ,! "n %\ld be writt5 ab\t midway betwe5 ! upp] & l[] edges ( ! envelope1 & !re %\ld be ne>ly an equal am\nt ( space left at ea* side4 ,if !re is any diff]5ce1 !re %\ld be less space at ! "r ?an at ! left4 ,! /reet & numb] may be writt5 bel[ ! "n1 & ! city or t[n & /ate bel[4 ,! /reet & numb] may be prop]ly writt5 9 ! l[] left-h& corn]4 ,?is is also ! place = any special direction t may be necess>y = ! spe$y transmission ( ! lett]2 = example1 ,9 c>e ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,r4 ,br[n4 ,wom5 %\ld be address$ z ,miss or ,mrs4 ,9 case ! woman is m>ri$1 h] husb&'s fir/ "n & middle initial are commonly us$1 unless x is kn[n t %e pref]s to h h] own fir/ "n us$4 ,m5 %\ld be address$ z ,mr41 & a firm may 9 _m cases be address$ z ,messrs4 ,x is consid]$ prop] to use ! titles ,dr41 ,rev41 etc41 9 direct+ an envelope to a man be>+ su* a title1 b x w\ld be entirely out ( place to address ! wife ( a physician or cl]gyman z ,mrs4 ,dr4 or ,mrs4 ,rev4 ,! names ( /ates may be abbreviat$1 b c>e %\ld be tak5 t ^! abbreviations be pla9ly writt51 especially :5 !re are o!r simil> abbreviations4 ,9 comp\nd names1 z ,nor? ,dakota & ,we/ ,virg9ia1 d n abbreviate "o "p ( ! comp\nd & write out ! o!r4 ,ei!r abbreviate bo? or write out bo?4 ,if any punctuation besides ! p]iod aft] abbreviations is us$1 x consi/s ( a comma aft] ea* l9e4 ,x is ! cu/om n[ to omit su* punctuation4 ,ei!r =m is 9 good ta/e1 b :i*ev] =m is adopt$1 x %\ld be employ$ ?r\gh\t ! entire sup]scription4 ,! comma %\ld n be us$ 9 "o l9e & omitt$ 9 ano!r4 ,notice ! foll[+ =ms ( correct sup]scriptions3-- 7#a7 ,mr4 ,milo ,r4 ,maltbie #he ,we/ #aah? ,/4 ,new ,york4 7#b7 ,mr4 ,john ,d4 ,cl>k ,new ,york ,n4,y4 ,tea*]s ,college ,columbia ,univ]sity4 7#c7 ,mrs4 ,edg> ,n4 ,fo/] ,s\? ,hav5 ,mi*4 ,av]y ,bea* ,hotel4 7#d7 ,miss ,l\ise ,m4 ,bak] ,nott+ham ,ohio4 ,box #abi4 7#e7 ,dr4 ,james ,m4 ,po/le ,de ,kalb ,ill4 7#f7 ,miss ,ida ,morrison ,*icago ,ill4 #ajdh ,w>r5 ,ave4 ,,ex]cise ,write prop] sup]scriptions to lett]s writt5 to ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,?addeus ,bolton1 liv+ at #ebd ,q ,/reet1 ,l9coln1 ,nebraska4 #b4 ,! wife ( a physician ( y\r acqua9tance4 #c4 ,james ,b4 ,angell1 ,presid5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan1 ,ann ,arbor1 ,mi*igan4 #d4 ,y\r "m1 visit+ "s relative or fri5d4 #e4 ,! publi%]s ,allyn & ,bacon1 #hgh ,waba% ,av5ue1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 #f4 ,edw>d ,h>r+ton1 liv+ at #aifb ,sev5? ,av5ue1 ,new ,york4 #g4 ,to a fri5d at a seaside resort4 #h4 ,to a fri5d visit+ y\r uncle 9 ,oakl&1 ,cali=nia4 #ajj4 ,! ,great ,rule ( ,lett] ,writ+4--,! great rule ( lett] writ+ is1 ,nev] write a lett] :i* y w\ld n be will+ to see 9 pr9t ov] y\r own signature4 ,t :i* y say 9 ang] may be disc\rte\s & ( little cr$it to y1 b x may 9 "t be =gott52 t :i* y write1 h[ev]1 may be 9 exi/5ce an untold numb] ( ye>s4 ,?\s&s ( lett]s are n[ on exhibition ^: au?ors nev] _h su* a use ( !m 9 m9d4 ,if y ev] feel l writ+ at ! end ( a lett]1 ,burn ?is z soon z y read x1 d n s5d x1 b burn ! lett] y\rself4 ,be=e y sign y\r "n to any lett] read x ov] & ask y\rself1 ,is ?is lett] 9 =m & cont5ts "o :i* w\ld d me cr$it if x %\ld be publi%$8 #aja4 ,bus9ess ,lett]s4--,s9ce ! purpose ( bus9ess lett]s is to in=m1 !y %\ld1 fir/ ( all1 be *>act]iz$ by cle>ness4 ,9 ask+ = in=mation1 be sure t y /ate y\r que/ions s t !re %all be no d\bt 9 ! m9d ( ! recipi5t conc]n+ ! in=mation t y desire4 ,9 giv+ in=mation1 be equally sure to /ate facts s cle>ly t !re c be no possibility ( a mi/ake4 ,brevity is ! s\l ( bus9ess lett]s z well z ( wit4 ,bus9ess m5 are busy m54 ,!y h no "t to wa/e 9 read+ long lett]s1 b wi% to ga9 _! in=mation quickly4 ,h5ce we %\ld aim to /ate ! desir$ facts 9 z concise a mann] z possible1 & we %\ld give only p]t95t facts4 ,%ort explanations may sometimes be necess>y1 b no?+ =eign to ! subject-matt] %\ld ev] be introduc$4 ,:ile we %\ld aim to make our lett]s %ort1 !y %\ld n be s brief z to appe> abrupt & disc\rte\s4 ,x %[s lack ( c\rtesy to omit important words or to make too frequ5t use ( abbreviations4 ,we %\ld answ] a bus9ess lett] z soon z possible4 ,?is answ]1 besides giv+ ! desir$ in=mation1 %\ld include a ref]5ce to ! lett] receiv$ & an ackn[l$gm5t ( inclosures1 if !re 7 any4 ,all que/ions %\ld receive c\rte\s replies4 ,! facts %\ld be arrang$ 9 a =m t w be conv5i5t = ! recipi5t4 ,z a rule x is be/ to foll[ ! ord] :i* ! writ] has us$ 9 8 lett]1 b 9 "s cases we may be able to /ate our facts m def9itely & concisely if we foll[ "s o!r ord]4 ,:at has be5 said 9 g5]al ab\t att5tion to =ms 9 lett] writ+ might well be emphasiz$ "h1 = bus9ess m5 are ke5 critics conc]n+ lett]s receiv$4 ,be c>eful to use ! correct =ms already sugge/$4 ,also pay att5tion to punctuation1 spell+1 & gramm>4 ,write only on "o side ( ! pap] & fold ! lett] correctly4 ,9 fact1 be bus9esslike 9 ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! writ+ ( bus9ess lett]s4 ,a few examples are "h giv5 = y\r notice3-- 7#a7 ,ypsilanti1 ,mi*4 ,april #d1 #aije4 ,mr4 ,william ,wylie1 #hjg ,l9n ,/41 ,peoria1 ,ill4 ,de> ,mr4 ,wylie2 ,inclos$ is a lett] f ,sup]9t5d5t ,rog]s ( ,rock=d1 ,ill4 ,! position ( tea*] ( ma!matics is vacant4 ,! sal>y may n be s mu* z y n[ receive1 b 9 _m respects ! position is a desirable "o4 ,i advise y to apply = x4 ,s9c]ely y\rs1 ,*>les ,m4 ,gates4 7#b7 #ehf ,/ate ,/41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,july #bj1aije4 ,mrs4 ,*>les ,h4 ,mc,nett1 #bcde ,frankl9 ,/41 ,d5v]1 ,colorado4 ,de> ,madam3--,y\r c>d ( ,july #i? is at h&4 ,we beg to say t we s5t y ! books by express1 prepaid1 ,july #i?1 & !y h probably rea*$ y by ?is "t4 ,if y h n receiv$ !m1 please notify u1 & we w s5d a trac] aft] !m4 ,v truly y\rs1 ,br[n & ,%]man4 7#c7 ,elg9 ,high ,s*ool1 ,elg91 ,ill4 ,sept4 #d1 #aije4 ,miss ,ella ,b4 ,walk]1 ,h]kim]1 ,new ,york4 ,my de> ,miss ,walk]3 ,i am v sorry to h to tr\ble y1 b ,i am desir\s ( obta9+ "s in=mation conc]n+ ! ,high ,s*ool ,libr>y4 ,w y k9dly let me "k :e!r ! c>d catalogue 0 kept up to date prior to y\r dep>ture & also :e!r ! accession book 0 9 use up to t "t8 ,i %all be greatly indebt$ to y if y w give me ?is in=mation4 ,v s9c]ely y\rs1 ,edw>d ,j4 ,taylor4 ,,ex]cise ,write at lea/ ?ree ( ! foll[+ sugge/$ lett]s1 pay+ att5tion to ! rules = writ+ bus9ess lett]s3-- #a4 ,write to a dry goods firm1 ask+ !m to s5d y "o ( _! catalogues4 #b4 ,write to ! manag] ( a football team ( "s t[n ne> y\rs1 propos+ a game4 #c4 ,write ! reply4 #d4 ,9 reply to an adv]tisem5t1 write an application = ! position ( cl]k or bookkeep]4 #e4 ,write to ! publi%]s ( "s magaz9e1 ask+ !m to *ange y\r address f #bg ,k ,/reet1 ,tol$o1 ,ohio1 to #bjaa ,prospect ,av5ue1 ,beatrice1 ,nebraska4 #f4 ,suppose y\rself do+ po/graduate "w 9 y\r high s*ool4 ,write to ! presid5t ( "s college1 ask+ him conc]n+ advanc$ cr$it4 #ajb4 ,lett]s ( ,fri5d%ip4--,:ile a great deal ( in=mation may be obta9$ f "s lett]s ( fri5d%ip1 ! real purpose ( su* lett]s is1 usually1 n to give in=mation1 b to ent]ta94 ,y w notice t ! in=mation d]iv$ f lett]s ( fri5d%ip diff]s f t f\nd 9 bus9ess lett]s4 ,its nature is su* t ( itself x gives pleasure4 ,our lett]s to our relatives1 fri5ds1 & acqua9tances are b visits on pap]1 & x %\ld be our purpose to make ^! visits z enjoyable z possible4 ,s mu* dep5ds ^u ! circum/ances att5dant ^u ! writ+ ( lett]s ( fri5d%ip1 t x is impossible to make any def9ite /atem5t z to :at !y %\ld conta94 ,we may say 9 g5]al t !y %\ld conta9 matt] int]e/+ to ! recipi5t1 & t !y %\ld be *>act]iz$ by vividness & naturalness4 ,int]e/+ mat]ial is a requisite1 b t ( itself is n suffici5t to make an ent]ta9+ lett]4 ,int]e/+ mat]ial may be pres5t$ 9 s unattractive & lifeless a mann] t mu* ( its p[] to please is lo/4 ,let y\r lett]s be full ( life & _s4 ,9 y\r descriptions1 n>rations1 & explanations1 express y\rself s cle>ly & s vividly t ^? :o read y\r lett]s w be able to und]/& exactly :at y mean4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,write a lett] to a classmate :o has mov$ to ano!r t[n1 tell+ him ( ! s*ool ( :i* he 0 once a memb]4 #b4 ,write to a fri5d1 describ+ y\r visit to ! ,_w's ,fair at ,/4 ,l\is4 #c4 ,suppose y\rself away f home4 ,write a lett] to y\r little bro!r or si/] at home4 #d4 ,if y h ev] be5 abroad1 describe 9 a lett] "s place ( int]e/ t y h visit$4 #e4 ,write to a fri5d :o is fond ( camp+1 ab\t y\r camp+ exp]i5ce4 #f4 ,suppose y\r "m is away f home on a visit4 ,write h] ab\t ! home life4 #g4 ,write to a fri5d1 describ+ a p>ty t y rec5tly att5d$4 #h4 ,suppose y h mov$ f "o t[n to ano!r4 ,9 a lett] comp>e ! two t[ns4 #ajc4 ,adaptation to ! ,read]4--,! gold5 rule ( lett] writ+ is1 ,adapt ! lett] to ! read]4 ,al?\gh ! lett] is an expression ( y\rself1 yet x %\ld be t k9d ( expression :i* %all mo/ int]e/ & please y\r correspond5t4 ,9 bus9ess lett]s ! necessity ( brevity & cle>ness =ces att5tion to ! selection & arrangem5t ( details4 ,9 lett]s to memb]s ( ! family or to intimate fri5ds we mu/ include _m v m9or ?+s1 because we "k t our correspond5t w be int]e/$ 9 !m1 b a rambl+1 disjo9t$ jumble ( poorly select$ & ill-arrang$ details becomes t$i\s4 ,:at we %\ld m5tion is det]m9$ by ! int]e/s ( ! read]s1 & ! successful lett] writ] w endeavor to "k :at !y wi% to h m5tion$4 ,9 writ+ lett]s to our fri5ds we ought to %[ t sympa!tic int]e/ 9 !m & _! affairs :i* we %\ld h if we 7 visit+ ) !m4 ,on occasion1 our congratulations %\ld be prompt & s9c]e4 ,9 read+ lett]s we mu/ n be ha/y to take (f5se4 ,_m good fri5d%ips h be5 brok5 because "s /atem5t 9 a lett] 0 miscon/ru$4 ,! writt5 words convey a mean+ v diff]5t f t :i* w\ld h be5 giv5 by ! spok5 ^w1 ! tone ( voice1 ! smile1 & ! p]sonal pres5ce4 ,s 9 our writ+ we mu/ avoid all t :i* ev5 bord]s on compla9t1 or :i* may seem critical or fault-f9d+ to ! mo/ s5sitive4 #ajd4 ,notes4--,notes may be divid$ 9 a g5]al way into two classes1 =mal & in=mal4 ,=mal notes include =mal invitations1 replies1 reque/s1 & ann\ncem5ts4 ,in=mal notes include in=mal invitations & replies1 & also o!r %ort communications ( a p]sonal nature on almo/ e possible subject4 #aje4 ,=mal ,notes4--,a =mal invitation is always writt5 9 ! ?ird p]son4 ,! l9es may be ( ! same l5g?1 or !y may be s arrang$ t ! l9es %all be ( diff]5t l5g?s1 ?us giv+ ! page a some:at m pleas+ appe>ance4 ,! head+1 salutation1 complim5t>y close1 & signature are all omitt$4 ,! address ( ! s5d] may be writt5 bel[ ! body ( ! lett]4 ,_m pref] x a little to ! left1 & ! date is sometimes writt5 bel[ x4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 pref] x directly bel[ or a little to ! "r4 ,replies to =mal invitations %\ld always be writt5 9 ! ?ird p]son1 & %\ld 9 g5]al foll[ ! /yle ( ! invitation4 ,! date & ! h\r ( ! invitation %\ld be repeat$ 9 ! reply1 & ?is reply %\ld be s5t imm$iately aft] receiv+ ! invitation4 ,a few examples are "h giv5 to %[ ! correct =ms ( bo? invitations & replies3-- 7#a7 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,fr$]ick ,william ,?ompson reque/ ! pleasure ( y\r company on ,monday ev5+1 ,decemb] ?irtie?1 at half-pa/ eight o'clock4 7#b7 ,miss ,b>r[s accepts ) pleasure ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,?ompson's invitation = ,monday ev5+1 ,decemb] ?irtie?1 at half-pa/ eight o'clock4 7#c7 ,mr4 ,morris regrets t a previ\s engagem5t prev5ts 8 accept+ ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,?ompson's k9d invitation = ,monday ev5+1 ,decemb] ! ?irtie?4 7#d7 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,alb]t ,w4 ,elliott reque/ ! pleasure ( ,mr4 ,john ,b>k]'s company at d9n] on ,w$nesday1 ,decemb] six?1 at sev5 o'clock4 #ajfh ,euclid ,ave4 7#e7 ,mr4 ,b>k] regrets 8 inability to accept ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,alb]t ,w4 ,elliott's invitation to d9n] at sev5 o'clock1 ,w$nesday1 ,decemb] six?4 ,,ex]cise #a4 ,write an invitation to a gold5 w$d+4 #b4 ,mrs4 ,hom] ,a4 ,payne invites ,miss ,eva ,milton to d9e ) h] next week ,?ursday at eight o'clock4 ,write out a =mal invitation4 #c4 ,write regrets to ,mrs4 ,payne's invitation4 #d4 ,write an acceptance ( ! same invitation4 #e4 ,write a =mal invitation to a p>ty to be giv5 9 honor ( y\r gue/1 ,miss ,grace ,mason4 #ajf4 ,in=mal ,notes4--,in=mal invitations & replies may conta9 ! same subject-matt] z =mal invitations & replies4 ,! only diff]5ce is 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y are writt54 ,! in=mal invitation is 9 =m simil> to a lett] except t ! same exactness ab\t ! head+ is n requir$4 ,sometimes ! head+ is writt5 & sometimes x is omitt$ entirely4 ,! address ( ! "o s5d+ ! invitation & ! date may be writt5 bel[ ! body ( ! note to ! left ( ! signature4 ,! reply to an in=mal invitation %\ld always be in=mal1 b ! date & h\r %\ld be repeat$ z 9 replies to =mal invitations4 ,a great _m in=mal notes n includ$ 9 invitations & replies are con/antly writt54 ,^! are simply brief lett]s ( fri5d%ip1 & ! purposes = :i* !y are writt5 are exce$+ly v>i$4 ,:5 we write congratulations or words ( condol5ce1 :5 we introduce "o fri5d to ano!r1 :5 we ?ank "s "o = a gift1 & :5 we give words ( advice1 & 9 _m o!r in/ances1 we make use ( in=mal notes4 ,!y %\ld be simple1 p]sonal1 & z a rule conf9$ to b "o subject4 ,notice ! foll[+ examples ( in=mal notes3-- 7#a7 ,my de> ,mrs4 ,la?rop1 ,w y n give u ! pleasure ( y\r company at d9n]1 on next ,friday ev5+ at sev5 o'clock8 ,miss ,todd ( ,philadelphia is visit+ u1 & we wi% our fri5ds to meet h]4 ,v s9c]ely y\rs1 ,e!l ,m4 ,tra9or4 #hdj ,=e/ ,av5ue1 ,dec4 #e1 #aije4 7#b7 ,dec4 #f1 #aije4 ,my de> ,mrs4 ,tra9or1 ,i s9c]ely regret t ,i _c accept y\r invitation to d9n] next ,friday ev5+1 = ,i h made a previ\s engagem5t :i* x w be impossible = me to break4 ,y\rs mo/ s9c]ely1 ,emma ,la?rop4 7#c7 ,my de> ,blan*e1 ,mr4 ,gilmore & ,i are plann+ = a little p>ty ,?ursday ev5+ ( ?is week4 ,i hope y h no o!r engagem5t = t ev5+1 z we %all be pleas$ to h y ) u4 ,v cordially y\rs1 ,m>g>et ,gilmore4 7#d7 ,my de> ,m>g>et1 ,=tunately ,i h no o!r engagem5t = ?is week ,?ursday ev5+1 & ,i %all be delight$ to sp5d an ev5+ ) y & y\r fri5ds4 ,v s9c]ely y\rs1 ,blan*e ,a4 ,*ur*4 ,,ex]cise ,write ! foll[+ in=mal notes3-- #a4 ,write to a fri5d1 ask+ him or h] to l5d y a book4 #b4 ,write an invitation to an in=mal trolley1 t5nis1 or golf p>ty4 #c4 ,write ! reply4 #d4 ,invite "o ( y\r fri5ds to sp5d 8 or h] vacation ) y4 #e4 ,write a note to y\r si/]1 ask+ h] to s5d y y\r !me t y left at home ?is morn+4 #f4 ,mrs4 ,edg> ,a4 ,sn[ invites ,miss ,mabel ,m9>d to d9e ) h]4 ,write out ! invitation4 #g4 ,write ! acceptance4 ,,vii4 ,,poetry ,footnote3 ,to ! ,tea*]4--,s9ce ! expression ( ideas 9 metrical =m is seldom ! "o be/ suit$ to ! conditions ( mod]n life1 x has n seem$ desirable to cont9ue ! !mes ?r\gh\t ?is *apt]4 ,! /udy ( ?is *apt]1 ) suitable illu/rations f ! poems to :i* ! pupils h access1 may s]ve to aid !m 9 _! appreciation ( poetry4 ,?is appreciation ( poetry w be increas$ if ! pupils attempt "s con/ructive "w4 ,x is recomm5d$1 !re=e1 t "o or m ( ! simpl] k9ds ( metrical composition be tri$4 ,= example1 "o or two good ballads may be read & ! pupils ask$ to write simil> ones4 ,"s pupils may be able to write blank v]se4 #ajg4 ,purpose ( ,poetry4--,all writ+ aims to give in=mation or to furni% ent]ta9m5t 7,section #ed74 ,(t5 ! same !me may bo? in=m & ent]ta91 ?\gh "o ( ^! purposes may be m prom95t ?an ! o!r4 ,prose may m]ely ent]ta91 or x may s di/9ctly attempt to set =? ideas cle>ly t ! giv+ ( pleasure is entirely neglect$4 ,9 poetry ! ent]ta9m5t side is nev] ?us subord9at$4 ,poetry always aims to please by ! pres5tation ( t :i* is beautiful4 ,all real poetry produces an ae/hetic effect by appeal+ to our ae/hetic s5se2 t is1 to our love ( ! beautiful4 ,9 mak+ ?is appeal to our love ( ! beautiful1 poetry dep5ds bo? ^u ! ideas x conta9s & ^u ! =ms x uses4 ,l prose1 x may increase its ae/hetic effect by appropriate phras+1 effective arrangem5t1 & subtle sugge/iv5ess1 b x also makes use ( c]ta9 devices ( language su* z rhy?m1 rhyme1 etc41 :i*1 ?\gh !y may occur 9 writ+s t w\ld be class$ z prose1 are *>act]i/ic ( poetry4 ,mu* dep5ds ^u ! ideas t poetry conta9s2 = m]e nons5se1 ?\gh 9 p]fect rhyme & rhy?m1 is n poetry4 ,b x is n ! idea alone :i* makes a poem beautiful2 x is ! =m z well4 ,! m]ely trivial _c be made beautiful by giv+ x poetical =m1 b !re are _m poems conta9+ ideas ( small importance :i* please u because ( ! p]fection ( =m4 ,we enjoy !m z we d ! s++ ( ! birds or ! murmur+ ( ! brooks4 ,9 fact1 poetry is insep>able f its *>act]i/ic =ms4 ,to sort out1 re-arrange1 & p>aphrase into second-class prose ! ideas :i* a poem conta9s is a pr(itless & h>mful ex]cise1 because x emphasizes ! intellectual side ( a "w :i* 0 creat$ = ! purpose ( appeal+ to our ae/hetic s5se4 #ajh4 ,rhy?m4--,!re are sev]al =ms *>act]i/ic ( poetry1 by ! use ( :i* its beauty & effectiv5ess are enhanc$4 ,( ^!1 rhy?m is ! mo/ prom95t "o1 )\t :i* no poetry is possible4 ,9 its wide/ s5se1 rhy?m indicates a regul> succession ( motions1 impulses1 s\nds1 acc5ts1 etc41 produc+ an agreeable effect4 ,rhy?m 9 poetry consi/s ( ! recurr5ce ( acc5t$ & unacc5t$ syllables 9 regul> succession4 ,9 poetry1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to make ! acc5t$ syllable ( a ^w come at ! place :]e ! rhy?m dem&s an acc5t4 ,! regul> recurr5ce ( acc5t$ & unacc5t$ syllables produces a h>mony :i* appeals to our ae/hetic s5se & ?us enhances = u ! beauty ( poetry4 ,read ! foll[+ selections s z to %[ ! rhy?m3-- #a4 ,we 7 cr[d$ 9 ! cab92 ,n a s\l w\ld d>e to speak2 ,x 0 midnight on ! wat]s ,& a /orm 0 on ! deep4 --,james ,t4 ,fields4 #b4 ,break1 break1 break1 ,at ! foot ( ?y crags1 ,o sea6 ,b ! t5d] grace ( a day t is dead ,w nev] come back to me4 --,t5nyson4 #c4 ,ah1 di/9ctly ,i rememb]1 x 0 9 ! bleak ,decemb]1 ,& ea* sep>ate dy+ emb] wr\ght its gho/ ^u ! floor --,poe4 #d4 ,sweet & l[1 sweet & l[1 ,w9d ( ! we/]n sea1 ,l[1 l[1 brea! & bl[1 ,w9d ( ! we/]n sea6 ,ov] ! roll+ wat]s g1 ,come f ! dy+ moon & bl[1 ,bl[ him aga9 to me2 ,:ile my little "o1 :ile my pretty "o sleeps4 --,t5nyson4 #e4 ,/one walls d n a prison make1 ,nor iron b>s a cage2 ,m9ds innoc5t & quiet take ,t = a h]mitage4 --,lovelace4 #f4 ,m]rily sw++ on bri] & we$1 ,ne> to ! ne/ ( 8 little dame1 ,ov] ! m\nta9 side or mead1 ,rob]t ( ,l9coln is tell+ 8 "n3 ,bob-o'-l9k1 bob-o'-l9k1 ,sp9k1 spank1 sp9k1 ,snug & safe is ?is ne/ ( ours1 ,hidd5 among ! summ] fl[]s4 ,*ee1 *ee1 *ee4 --,bryant4 #g4 ,gr[ old along ) me6 ,! be/ is yet to be1 ,! la/ ( life1 = :i* ! fir/ 0 made3 ,our times are 9 ,8 h& ,:o sai?1 ,a :ole ,i plann$1 ,y\? %[s b half2 tru/ ,god3 see all1 nor be afraid6 --,br[n+4 #aji4 ,feet4--,! metrical effect ( ! prec$+ selections is produc$ by ! regul> recurr5ce ( acc5t$ & unacc5t$ syllables4 ,a gr\p ( acc5t$ & unacc5t$ syllables is call$ a foot4 ,!re are f\r regul> feet 9 ,engli% v]se1 ! iambus1 ! anape/1 ! tro*ee1 & ! dactyl4 ,?ree irregul> feet1 ! pyrrhic1 ! spondee1 ! amphibra*1 are occasionally f\nd 9 l9es1 b n 9 entire poems1 & are (t5 consid]$ m]ely z sub/itutes = regul> feet4 ,= ! sake ( conv5i5ce ! acc5t$ syllables are indicat$ ?us3 1 & ! unacc5t$ syllables ?us3 ,u4 ,an iambus is a foot consi/+ ( two syllables ) ! acc5t on ! la/4 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,let n ambition mock _! useful toil4 --,gray4 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,he praye? be/ :o love? be/ ,u ,u ,u ,all ?+s bo? great & small2 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,= ! de> ,god :o love? u1 ,u ,u ,u ,he made & love? all4 --,col]idge4 ,an anape/ is a foot consi/+ ( ?ree syllables ) ! acc5t on ! la/4 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,i am mon>* ( all ,i survey4 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,i w\ld hide ) ! bea/s ( ! *ase4 ,a tro*ee is a foot consi/+ ( two syllables ) ! acc5t on ! fir/4 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,d\ble1 d\ble1 toil & tr\ble4 --,%akespe>e4 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,let u !n be up & do+1 ,u ,u ,u ,) a he>t = any fate1 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,/ill a*iev+1 /ill pursu+1 ,u ,u ,u ,le>n to labor & to wait4 --,longfell[4 ,a dactyl is a foot consi/+ ( ?ree syllables ) ! acc5t on ! fir/4 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,cannon to "r ( !m1 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,cannon to left ( !m1 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,cannon 9 front ( !m1 ,u ,u ,u ,volley$ & ?und]$4 --,t5nyson4 ,x w be conv5i5t to rememb] t two ( ^!1 ! iambus & ! anape/1 h ! acc5t on ! la/ syllable1 & t two1 ! tro*ee & ! dactyl1 h ! acc5t on ! fir/ syllable4 ,a spondee is a foot consi/+ ( two syllables1 bo? ( :i* are acc5t$ ab\t equally4 ,x is an unusual foot 9 ,engli% poetry4 ,u ,u ,u ,come n[1 bl[1 ,w9d1 & waft u o'er4 ,a pyrrhic is a foot consi/+ ( two syllables bo? ( :i* are unacc5t$4 ,x is frequ5tly f\nd at ! end ( a l9e4 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,life is s full ( mis]y4 ,an amphibra* is a foot consi/+ ( ?ree syllables1 ) ! acc5t on ! second4 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,creator1 ,pres]v]1 ,r$eem] & fri5d4 #aaj4 ,names ( ,v]se4--,a s+le l9e ( poetry is call$ a v]se4 ,a /anza is compos$ ( sev]al v]ses4 ,:5 a v]se consi/s ( "o foot1 x is call$ a monomet]2 ( two feet1 a dimet]2 ( ?ree feet1 a trimet]2 ( f\r feet1 a tetramet]2 ( five feet1 a p5tamet]2 & ( six feet1 a hexamet]4 ,u ,monomet]4 ,sl[ly4 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,dimet]4 ,emblem ( happ9ess4 ,u ,u ,u ,trimet]4 ,l a poet hidd54 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,tetramet]4 ,tell me n 9 m\rnful numb]s4 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,p5tamet]4 ,o1 :at a goodly outside falsehood ha?4 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,hexamet]4 ,?is is ! =e/ primeval2 ! murmur+ p9es & ,u ,u ! hemlocks4 ,:5 we say t a v]se is ( any p>ticul> k9d1 we d n mean t e foot 9 t l9e is necess>ily ( ! same k9d4 ,v]se is nam$ by /at+ fir/ ! prevail+ foot :i* composes x1 & second ! numb] ( feet 9 a l9e4 ,a v]se hav+ f\r iambic feet is call$ iambic tetramet]4 ,s we h dactylic hexamet]1 tro*aic p5tamet]1 iambic trimet]1 anape/ic dimet]1 etc4 ,,ex]cises ,a4 ,m>k ! acc5t$ & unacc5t$ syllables 9 ! foll[+ selections1 & "n ! k9d ( v]se3-- #a4 ,build me /raight1 ,o wor?y ,ma/]6 ,/an* & /rong1 a goodly vessel ,t %all laugh at all disa/] ,& ) wave & :irlw9d wre/le4 --,longfell[4 #b4 ,i "k n :]e ,8 isl&s lift ,_! frond$ palms 9 air1 ,i only "k ,i _c drift ,beyond ,8 love & c>e4 --,:itti]4 #c4 ,= ?o' f out our b\rne ( ,"t & ,place ,! flood may be> me f>1 ,i hope to see my ,pilot face to face ,:5 ,i h cross$ ! b>4 --,t5nyson4 #d4 ,*ant+ ( labor & craft1 & ( ,weal? 9 ! pot & ! g>n]2 ,*ant+ ( valor & fame1 & ! man :o c1 fall ) ! =emo/1 ,fight+ = *ildr5 & wife1 & ! field :i* 8 fa!r bequea!d him1 ,sweetly & solemnly sang %e1 & plann$ new lessons = mortals4 --,k+sley4 #e4 ,h y read 9 ! ,talmud ( old1 ,9 ! ,leg5ds ! ,rabb9s h told1 ,( ! limitless realms ( ! air1 ,h y read x1--! m>vel\s /ory ,( ,s&alphon1 ! ,angel ( ,glory1 ,( ,s&alphon1 ! ,angel ( ,pray]8 --,longfell[4 ,b4 #a4 ,f9d ?ree poems writt5 9 iambic v]se1 & ?ree writt5 9 tro*aic v]se4 #b4 ,write at lea/ "o /anza1 us+ iambic v]se4 #c4 ,write at lea/ "o /anza1 us+ ! same k9d ( v]se t y f9d 9 ,t5nyson's ,*>ge ( ! ,light ,brigade4 #d4 ,write two anape/ic l9es4 #aaa4 ,v>iation 9 ,rhy?m4--,! "n giv5 to a v]se is det]m9$ by ! foot :i* prevails1 b n e foot 9 ! l9e ne$s to be ( ! same k9d4 ,j z 9 music we may sub/itute a qu>t] = two eigh? notes1 s may we 9 poetry sub/itute "o foot = ano!r1 provid$ x is giv5 ! same am\nt ( "t4 ,notice 9 ! foll[+ t ! rhy?m is p]fect & ! beat regul>1 al?\gh a ?ree-syllable anape/ has be5 sub/itut$ 9 ! second l9e = a two-syllable iambus3-- ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,b5ea? ^? rugg$ elms1 t yew tree's %ade1 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,:]e heaves ! turf 9 _m a moldr+ heap1 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,ea* 9 8 n>r[ cell = ev] laid1 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,! rude =efa!rs ( ! hamlet sleep4 ,! foll[+ f ,evangel9e illu/rates ! sub/itution ( tro*ees = dactyls3-- ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,wa/e are ^? pleasant f>ms1 & ! f>m]s =ev] dep>t$4 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,scatt]$ l du/ & leaves1 :5 ! mighty bla/s ( ,octob] ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,seize !m & :irl !m al(t1 & spr9kle !m f> o'er ! ocean4 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,naught b tradition rema9s ( ! beautiful village ( ,gr&-,pre4 ,x is evid5t t "o foot c be sub/itut$ = ano!r if ! acc5t is n *ang$4 ,s9ce bo? ! iambus & ! anape/ are acc5t$ on ! la/ syllable1 !y may be int]*ang$4 ,! tro*ee & ! dactyl are bo? acc5t$ on ! fir/ syllable & may1 !re=e1 be int]*ang$4 ,!re are "s exceptions to ! g5]al rule t 9 sub/itut+ "o foot = ano!r ! acc5t$ syllable mu/ be kept 9 ! same "p ( ! foot4 ,occasionally a poem 9 :i* ! prevail+ foot is iambic has a tro*ee = ! fir/ foot ( a l9e 9 ord] t x may beg9 ) an acc5t$ syllable4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( a l9e ! *ange ( acc5t is sc>cely noticeable4 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,ov] ! rail my h& ,i trail4 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,sil5t ! crumbl+ bridge we cross6 ,b if ! read] has once fall5 into ! sw+ ( iambic v]se1 ! sub/itution ( a tro*ee w br+ ! acc5t at an unexpect$ place1 int]rupt ! smoo? fl[ ( ! rhy?m1 & produce a h>% & j>r+ effect4 ,su* a *ange ( acc5t is ju/ifi$ only :5 ! s5se ( ! v]se leads ! read] to expect ! *ang$ acc5t1 or :5 ! emphasis ?us giv5 to ! s5se ( ! poem m ?an comp5sates = ! break 9 ! rhy?m produc$ by ! *ange ( acc5t4 ,ano!r =m ( metrical v>iation is t 9 :i* !re are too few or too _m syllables 9 a foot4 ,?is g5]ally occurs at ! end ( a l9e1 b may occur at ! beg9n+4 ,if a syllable is add$ or omitt$ skillfully1 ! rhy?m w be unbrok54 ,:5 ! feet are acc5t$ on ! la/ syllable1--t is1 :5 ! v]se is iambic or anape/ic1--an extra syllable may be add$ at ! end ( a l9e4 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,i /ood on ! bridge at midnight1 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,z ! clocks 7 /rik+ ! h\r2 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,& ! ,moon rose o'er ! city1 ,u ,u ,u ,beh9d ! d>k *ur* t[]4 --,longfell[4 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,girt r\nd ) rugg$ m\nta9s1 ! fair ,lake ,con/ance lies1 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,9 h] blue he>t reflected %9e back ! />ry skies2 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,& wat*+ ea* :ite cl\dlet float sil5tly & sl[1 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,y ?9k a piece ( heaven lies on our e>? bel[4 --,adelaide ,a4 ,proct]4 ,9 ! second illu/ration ! extra syllables h ! same relative position 9 ! metrical s*eme z 9 ! fir/1 ?\gh !y appe> to be 9 ! middle ( ! l9e4 ,! pauses fill 9 ! "t & pres]ve ! rhy?m unbrok54 ,:5 ! feet are acc5t$ on ! fir/ syllable--z 9 tro*aic or dactylic v]se--a syllable may be omitt$ f ! end ( a l9e z 9 ! second & f\r? bel[4 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,up ) ! l>k 9 ! fir/ flu% ( morn+1 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,ere ! _w wakes to its "w or its play2 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,(f = a sp9 to ! wide-/ret*+ c\ntry1 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,f> f ! close1 /ifl+ city away4 ,sometimes we f9d x necess>y to suppress a syllable 9 ord] to make ! rhy?m m ne>ly p]fect4 ,syllables may be suppress$ 9 two ways3 by suppress+ a v[el at ! end ( a ^w :5 ! next ^w comm5ces ) a v[el2 by suppress+ a v[el )9 a ^w4 ,! =m] me?od is t]m$ elision1 & ! latt]1 slurr+4 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,?\ glori\s mirror :]e ! ,almighty's =m ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,glasses itself 9 tempe/s4 --,byron4 ,an acc5t$ syllable (t5 takes ! place ( an entire foot4 ,?is occurs mo/ frequ5tly at ! end ( a l9e1 b x is sometimes f\nd at ! beg9n+4 ,occasionally :ole l9es are =m$ 9 ?is way4 ,if a pause or re/ is made1 ! rhy?m w be unbrok54 u u u ,break1 break1 break1 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,on ?y cold gray /ones1 ,o sea6 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,& ,i w\ld t my tongue c\ld utt] ,u ,u ,u ,u ,! ?\ghts t arise 9 me4 --,t5nyson4 ,we frequ5tly f9d v]ses 9 :i* a syllable is lack+ at ! close ( ! l9e2 we also f9d _m v]ses 9 :i* an extra syllable is add$4 ,v]se t conta9s ! numb] ( syllables requir$ by its met] is said to be acatalectic2 if x conta9s m ?an ! requir$ numb] ( syllables1 x is said to be hyp]catalectic2 & if x lacks a syllable1 x is t]m$ catalectic4 ,x is difficult to tell :e!r a l9e has ! requir$ numb] ( syllables or n :5 x is tak5 by itself2 b by comp>+ x ) ! l9e prevail+ 9 ! re/ ( ! /anza we are enabl$ to tell :e!r x is complete or n4 ,%akespe>e's ,julius ,caes> is writt5 9 iambic p5tamet] v]se4 ,kn[+ ?is1 we c detect ! hyp]catalectic & catalectic l9es4 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,y all did see t on ! ,lup]cal ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,i ?rice pres5t$ him a k+ly cr[n ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,:i* he did ?rice refuse4 ,0 ?is ambition8 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,u ,yet ,brutus says he 0 ambiti\s4 --,%akespe>e4 #aab4 ,cesura4--,besides ! pauses caus$ by re/s or sil5ces !re is ! cesural pause :i* ne$s to be consid]$ 9 read+ v]se4 ,a cesura is a pause det]m9$ by ! s5se4 ,x co9cides ) "s break 9 ! s5se4 ,x is f\nd 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! v]se & may be entirely lack+4 ,its obs]vance does n noticeably int]f]e ) ! rhy?m4 ,9 ! foll[+ selection x is m>k$ ?us3 4 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,! sun came up ^u ! left1 ,u ,u ,u ,out ( ! sea came he2 ,u ,u ,u ,u ,& he %one bright1 & on ! "r ,u ,u ,u ,w5t d[n into ! sea --,col]idge4 ,lives ( great m5 all rem9d u ,we c make our lives sublime1 ,&1 dep>t+1 leave beh9d u1 ,footpr9ts on ! s&s ( "t4 --,longfell[4 ,read ! selections on page #aig s z to indicate ! position ( ! cesural pauses4 #aac4 ,scansion4--,scansion is ! sep>ation ( a l9e into ! feet :i* compose x4 ,9 ord] to scan a l9e we mu/ det]m9e ! rhy?mic movem5t ( x4 ,! rhy?mic movem5t det]m9es ! acc5t$ syllables4 ,sometimes 9 scann+1 m]ely ! acc5t$ syllables are m>k$4 ,usually ! :ole metrical s*eme is indicat$1 z 9 ! examples on page #aii4 ,,ex]cise ,scan ! foll[+ selections4 ,note sub/itutions & elusions4 #a4 ,! night has a ?\s& eyes1 ,& ! day b "o2 ,yet ! light ( ! bright _w dies ,) ! dy+ sun4 ,! m9d has a ?\s& eyes1 ,& ! he>t b "o2 ,yet ! light ( a :ole life dies ,:5 love is gone4 --,francis ,w4 ,b\rdillon4 #b4 ,laugh1 & ! _w laughs ) y1 ,weep1 & y weep alone2 ,= ! sad old e>? mu/ borr[ its mir?1 ,b has tr\ble en\gh ( its own4 --,ella ,:eel] ,wilcox4 #c4 ,he> ! rob9 9 ! ra91 ,n a note does he compla94 ,b he fills ! /orm refra9 ,) music ( 8 own4 --,*>les ,coke ,woode4 #d4 ,! mi/letoe hung 9 ! ca/le hall1 ,! holly bran* %one on ! old back wall ,& ! b>on's reta9]s are bli! & gay1 ,& keep+ _! ,*ri/mas holiday4 --,?omas ,haynes ,bagley4 #aad4 ,rhyme4--,rhyme is a regul> recurr5ce ( simil> s\nds4 ,9 a broad s5se1 x may include s\nds ei!r t]m9al or n1 b z "h us$ x ref]s to t]m9al s\nds4 ,j z we expect a recurr5ce ( acc5t 9 a l9e1 s may we expect a recurr5ce ( simil> s\nds at ! end ( c]ta9 l9es ( poetry4 ,! int]val betwe5 ! rhymes may be ( diff]5t l5g?s 9 diff]5t poems1 b :5 ! int]val is once e/abli%$1 x %\ld be foll[$ ?r\gh\t ! poem4 ,a rhyme out ( place j>s ^u ! rhy?mic p]fection ( a /anza j z an acc5t out ( place int]f]es ) ! rhy?m ( ! v]se4 ,n only %\ld ! rhymes occur at expect$ places1 b !y %\ld be ! expect$ rhymes2 t is1 real rhymes4 ,if we are expect+ a ^w :i* w rhyme ) blossom & f9d bosom1 or if we are expect+ a rhyme = brea? & f9d b5ea?1 ! effect is unpleasant4 ,! rhymes nam$ above are bas$ on spell+1 :ile a real rhyme is bas$ on s\nd4 ,a correct rhyme %\ld h precisely ! same v[el s\nds & ! f9al consonants %\ld be ! same1 b ! initial consonant %\ld be diff]5t4 ,= example3 dea?1 brea?2 home1 roam2 tongue1 "y2 debat+1 relat+4 ,notice ! arrangem5t ( ! rhymes 9 ! foll[+ selections3-- #a4 ,my s\l to-day is f> away1 ,sail+ ! ,vesuvian ,bay2 ,my w+$ boat1 a bird afloat1 ,swims r\nd ! purple peaks remote4 --,t4 ,bu*anan ,read4 #b4 ,i come f haunts ( coot & h]n1 ,i make a sudd5 sally1 ,& sp>kle out among ! f]n1 ,to bick] d[n ! valley4 ,by ?irty hills ,i hurry d[n1 ,or slip betwe5 ! ridges1 ,by tw5ty ?orps1 a little t[n1 ,& half a hundr$ bridges4 --,t5nyson4 #c4 ,i "k x is a s9 ,= me to sit & gr9 ,at him "h2 ,b ! old ?ree-corn]$ hat ,& ! bree*es1 & all t1 ,are s que]6 --,holmes4 #d4 ,! spl5dor falls on ca/le walls ,& sn[y summits old 9 /ory2 ,! long light %akes across ! lakes ,& ! wild cat>act leaps 9 glory4 ,bl[1 bugle1 bl[1 set ! wild e*oes fly+2 ,bl[1 bugle2 answ]1 e*oes1 dy+1 dy+1 dy+4 --,t5nyson4 #e4 ,brea!s !re a man ) s\l s dead ,:o nev] to himself ha? said1 ,?is is my own1 my native l&6 ,^: he>t ha? ne'er )9 him burn$ ,z home 8 foot/eps he ha? turn$ ,f w&]+ 9 a =eign /r&6 ,if su* !re be1 g m>k him well3 ,= him no m9/rel raptures swell2 ,high ?\gh 8 titles1 pr\d 8 "n1 ,b\ndless 8 weal? z wi% c claim3 ,despite ^? titles1 p[]1 & pelf1 ,! wret* conc5t]$ all 9 self1 ,liv+1 %all =feit fair r5[n ,&1 d\bly dy+1 %all g d[n ,to ! vile du/ f :5ce he sprung1 ,unwept1 unhonor$1 & unsung4 --,scott4 #aae4 ,blank ,v]se4--,:5 rhyme is omitt$1 we h blank v]se4 ,?is is ! mo/ dignifi$ ( all k9ds ( v]se1 & is1 !re=e1 appropriate = epic & dramatic poetry1 :]e x is *iefly f\nd4 ,mo/ blank v]se makes use ( ! iambic p5tamet] measure1 b we f9d _m exceptions4 ,read ! foll[+ examples ( blank v]se s z to %[ ! rhy?m3-- #a4 ,s live1 t :5 ?y summons comes to jo9 ,! innum]able c>avan t moves ,to ! pale realms ( %ade1 :]e ea* %all take ,8 *amb] 9 ! sil5t halls ( dea?1 ,?\ g n l ! qu>ry slave at night ,sc\rg$ to 8 dungeon1 b1 su/a9$ & soo!d ,by an unfalt]+ tru/1 approa* ! grave ,l "o :o wraps ! drap]y ( 8 c\* ,ab\t him1 & lies d[n to pleasant dreams4 --,bryant4 #b4 ,i /ood ^u ! /eps-- ,! la/ :o left ! door--& !re ,i f\nd ,! lady & h] fri5d4 ,! eld] turn$ ,& ) a cordial greet+ took my h&1 ,& ralli$ me on my =getfulness4 ,h] eyes1 h] smile1 h] mann]1 & h] voice4 ,t\*$ ! quick spr+s ( memory1 & ,i spoke ,h] "n4 ,%e 0 my "m's e>ly fri5d ,^: face ,i _h n se5 9 all ! ye>s ,t _h fl[n ov] u1 s9ce1 f h] door1 ,i *as$ h] lamb to :]e ,i f\nd--myself4 --,holl&4 #aaf4 ,! ,/anza4--,"s ( our v]se is cont9u\s l ,milton's ,p>adise ,lo/ or ,%akespe>e's plays1 b mu* ( x is divid$ into gr\ps call$ /anzas4 ,! l9es or v]ses compos+ a /anza are b\nd toge!r by def9ite pr9ciples ( rhy?m & rhyme4 ,usually /anzas ( ! same poem h ! same /ructure1 b /anzas ( diff]5t poems %[ a v>iety ( /ructure4 ,two ( ! mo/ simple =ms are ! c\plet & ! triplet4 ,!y (t5 =m a "p ( a cont9u\s poem1 b !y are occasionally f\nd 9 divid$ poems4 #a4 ,! we/]n waves ( ebb+ day ,roll'd o'er ! gl5 _! level way4 --,scott4 #b4 ,a *iefta9's daught] seem$ ! maid2 ,h] sat9 snood1 h] silk5 plaid1 ,h] gold5 broo* su* bir? betray'd4 --,scott4 ,a /anza ( f\r l9es is call$ a quatra94 ,! l9es ( quatra9s %[ a v>iety 9 ! arrangem5t ( _! rhymes4 ,! fir/ two l9es may rhyme ) ea* o!r & ! la/ two ) ea* o!r2 ! fir/ & f\r? may rhyme & ! second & ?ird2 or ! rhymes may alt]nate4 ,notice ! example on page #bjh1 & also ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,i ask n weal?1 b p[] to take ,& use ! ?+s ,i h aright4 ,n ye>s1 b wisdom t %all make ,my life a pr(it & delight4 --,phoebe ,c>y4 #b4 ,i c\nt ?is ?+ to be gr&ly true3 ,t a noble de$ is a /ep t[>d ,god1-- ,lift+ ! s\l f ! common sod ,to a pur] air & a broad] view4 --,holl&4 ,a quatra9 consi/+ ( iambic p5tamet] v]se ) alt]nate rhymes is call$ an elegiac /anza4 ,n[ fades ! glimm]+ l&scape on ! sight1 ,& all ! air a solemn /illness holds1 ,save :]e ! beetle :eels 8 dron+ flight1 ,& dr[sy t9kl+s lull ! di/ant folds4 --,gray4 ,! ,t5nysonian /anza consi/s ( f\r iambic tetramet] l9es 9 :i* ! fir/ l9e rhymes ) ! f\r?1 & ! second ) ! ?ird4 ,let k gr[ f m to m1 ,b m ( rev]5ce 9 u dwell2 ,t m9d & s\l1 accord+ well1 ,may make "o music z be=e4 --,t5nyson4 ,five & six l9e /anzas are f\nd 9 a great v>iety4 ,! foll[+ are examples3-- #a4 ,we look be=e & aft]1 ,& p9e = :at is n2 ,our s9c]e/ laught] ,) "s pa9 is fraught2 ,our sweete/ songs are ^? t tell ( sadde/ ?\ght4 --,%elley4 #b4 ,& if ,i %\ld live to be ,! la/ leaf ^u ! tree ,9 ! spr+4 ,let !m smile z ,i d n[1 ,at ! old =sak5 b\gh ,:]e ,i cl+4 --,holmes4 #c4 ,! upp] air bur/ into life2 ,& a hundr$ fire flags %e51 ,to & fro !y 7 hurri$ ab\t2 ,& to & fro1 & 9 & out1 ,! wan />s danc$ betwe54 --,col]idge4 ,! ,sp5s]ian /anza consi/s ( n9e l9es3 ! fir/ eight are iambic p5tamet]s1 & ! la/ l9e is an iambic hexamet] or ,alex&r9e4 ,burns makes use ( ?is /anza 9 ,! ,cott]'s ,saturday ,night4 ,! foll[+ /anza f t poem %[s ! plan ( ! rhymes3-- ,o ,scotia6 my de>1 my native soil6 ,= :om my w>me/ wi% to ,heav5 is s5t6 ,long may ?y h>dy sons ( ru/ic toil ,be ble/ ) heal?1 & peace1 & sweet cont5t6 ,& oh6 may ,heav5 _! simple lives prev5t ,f luxury's contagion1 weak & vile6 ,!n1 h[e'er cr[ns & coronets be r5t1 ,a virtu\s populace may rise ! :ile1 ,& /& a wall ( fire ar\nd _! mu* belov$ isle4 ,,ex]cises ,a4 ,scan ! foll[+3-- ,our bir? is b a sleep & a =gett+3 ,! s\l t rises ) u1 our life's />1 ,ha? _h else:]e its sett+1 ,& come? f af>3 ,n 9 entire =getfulness1 ,& n 9 utt] nak$ness1 ,b trail+ cl\ds ( glory d we come ,f ,god1 :o is our home4 --,wordswor?4 ,into ! sun%9e1 ,full ( light1 ,leap+ & fla%+ ,f morn to night6 --,l[ell4 ,b4 ,"n ea* v]se 9 ! foll[+ /anza3-- ,he> ! sl$ges ) ! bells-- ,silv] bells6 ,:at a _w ( m]rim5t _! melody =etells6 ,h[ !y t9kle1 t9kle1 t9kle1 ,9 ! icy air ( night6 ,:ile ! />s t ov]spr9kle ,all ! heav5s seem to tw9kle ,) a cry/all9e delight-- ,keep+ "t1 "t1 "t1 ,9 a sort ( ,runic rhyme ,to ! t9t9nabulation t s musically wells ,f ! bells1 bells1 bells1 bells1 ,bells1 bells1 bells-- ,f ! j+l+ & ! t9kl+ ( ! bells4 --,poe4 #aag4 ,k9ds ( ,poetry4-,!re are ?ree g5]al classes ( poetry3 n>rative1 lyric1 & dramatic4 ,a4 ,n>rative poetry1 z may be inf]r$ f its "n1 relates ev5ts :i* may be ei!r real or imag9>y4 ,its *ief v>ieties are ! epic1 ! metrical romance or less] epic1 ! tale1 & ! ballad4 ,an epic poem is an ext5d$ n>rative ( an elevat$ "* t deals ) h]oic exploits :i* are frequ5tly "u sup]natural control4 ,?is k9d ( poetry is *>act]iz$ by ! intricacy ( plot1 by ! del9eation ( noble types ( "*1 by its descriptive effects1 by its elevat$ language1 & by its s]i\sness ( tone4 ,! epic is consid]$ z ! highe/ ef=t ( man's poetic g5ius4 ,x is s difficult to produce an epic t b few lit]atures conta9 m ?an "o4 ,hom]'s ,iliad & ,odyssey1 ,virgil's ,a5eid1 ! ,g]man ,nibelung5li$1 ! ,spani% ,cid1 ,dante's ,div9e ,com$y1 & ,milton's ,p>adise ,lo/ are important epics f\nd 9 diff]5t lit]atures4 ,a metrical romance or less] epic is a n>rative poem1 %ort] & less dignifi$ ?an ! epic4 ,longfell['s ,evangel9e & ,scott's ,m>mion & ,lady ( ! ,lake are examples ( ?is k9d ( poetry4 ,a metrical tale is a n>rative poem some:at simpl] & %ort] ?an ! metrical romance1 b m complex ?an ! ballad4 ,longfell['s ,tales ( a ,wayside ,inn1 ,t5nyson's ,eno* ,ard51 & ,l[ell's ,vision ( ,sir ,launfal are examples ( ! tale4 ,a ballad is ! %orte/ & mo/ simple ( all n>rative poems4 ,x relates b a s+le incid5t & has a v simple /ructure4 ,9 ?is k9d ( poetry ! int]e/ c5t]s ^u ! incid5t r ?an ^u any beauty or elegance ( language4 ,_m ( ! ,rob9 ,hood ,ballads are well kn[n4 ,macaulay's ,lays ( ,anci5t ,rome & ,longfell['s ,wreck ( ! ,hesp]us are o!r examples ( ! ballad4 ,x may be well to note "h t x is n always possible to draw def9ite l9es betwe5 two diff]5t k9ds ( n>rative poetry4 ,9 fact1 !re w sometimes be a diff]5ce ( op9ion z reg>ds ! classification4 ,b4 ,lyric poetry 0 ! "n orig9ally appli$ to poetry t 0 to be sung to ! accompanim5t ( ! lyre1 b n[ ! "n is (t5 appli$ to poems t are n int5d$ to be sung at all4 ,lyric poetry deals prim>ily ) ! feel+s & emotions4 ,love1 hate1 jeal\sy1 grief1 hope1 & praise are emotions t may be express$ 9 lyric poetry4 ,its *ief v>ieties are ! song1 ! ode1 ! elegy1 & ! sonnet4 ,a song is a %ort poem int5d$ to be sung4 ,songs may be divid$ into sacr$ & secul>4 ,j]usalem1 ! ,gold51 & ,lead1 ,k9dly ,light1 are examples ( sacr$ songs4 ,secul> songs may be patriotic1 convivial1 or s5tim5tal4 ,an ode expresses exalt$ emotion & is m complex 9 /ructure ?an ! song4 ,"s ( ! be/ odes 9 our language are ,dryd5's ,ode to ,/4 ,cecilia1 ,wordswor?'s ,ode on ,intimations ( ,immortality1 ,keats's ,ode on a ,grecian ,urn1 ,%elley's ,ode to a ,skyl>k1 & ,l[ell's ,commemoration ,ode4 ,an elegy is a lyric p]vad$ by ! feel+ ( grief or melan*oly4 ,milton's ,lycidas1 ,t5nyson's ,9 ,memoriam1 & ,gray's ,elegy 9 a ,c\ntry ,*ur*y>d are all not$ elegies4 ,a sonnet is a lyric poem ( f\rte5 l9es :i* deals ) a s+le idea or s5tim5t4 ,x is n a /anza tak5 f a poem1 b is a complete poem itself4 ,9 ! ,italian sonnet & ^? model$ aft] x1 ! emotional feel+ rises ?r\gh ! fir/ two quatra9s1 rea*+ its climax at or ne> ! end ( ! eigh? l9e1 & !n subsides ?r\gh ! two t]cets :i* make up ! rema9+ six l9es4 ,if ! s5tim5t express$ does n adju/ itself to ?is ebb & fl[1 x is n suitable = a sonnet4 ,milton's sonnet on 8 bl9dness is "o ( ! be/4 ,notice ! emotional transition 9 ! middle ( ! eigh? l9e4 ,?is sonnet w also illu/rate ! fix$ rhyme s*eme3-- ,:5 ,i consid] h[ my light is sp5t ,ere half my days1 9 ?is d>k _w & wide1 ,& t "o tal5t1 :i* is dea? to hide1 ,lodg$ ) me useless1 ?\gh my s\l m b5t ,to s]ve !re) my ,mak]1 & pres5t ,my true acc\nt1 le/ he1 return+1 *ide2 ,do? ,god exact day labor1 light d5i$8 ,i fondly ask4 ,b ,pati5ce1 to prev5t ,t murmur1 soon replies1 ,god do? n ne$1 ,ei!r man's "w or 8 own gifts4 ,:o be/ ,be> 8 mild yoke1 !y s]ve him be/4 ,8 /ate ,is k+ly2 ?\s&s at 8 bidd+ spe$1 ,& po/ o'er l& & ocean )\t re/2 ,!y also s]ve :o only /& & wait4 ,!re is a =m ( sonnet call$ ! ,%akespe>ean :i* diff]s 9 its arrangem5t f ! ,italian sonnet4 ,c4 ,dramatic poetry relates ! occurr5ce ( human ev5ts1 & is design$ to be spok5 on ! /age4 ,if ! drama has an unhappy end+1 x is a trag$y4 ,z is becom+ 9 su* a !me1 ! language is dignifi$ & impressive1 & ! :ole appeals to our deep] emotions4 ,if ! drama has a happy conclusion1 x is a com$y4 ,"h ! movem5t is quick]1 ! language less dignifi$1 & ! ef=t is to make ! :ole light & amus+4 ,,"p ,,ii ,description1 ,n>ration1 ,exposition1 & ,argum5t h be5 treat$ 9 an elem5t>y way 9 ,"p ,i4 ,a m ext5sive treatm5t ( ea* is giv5 9 ,"p ,,ii4 ,x has be5 deem$ undesirable to repeat 9 ,"p ,,ii _m ?+s :i* h be5 previ\sly treat$4 ,! treatm5t ( any "o ( ! =ms ( disc\rse z giv5 9 ,"p ,,ii is n complete4 ,by ref]5ce to ! index all ! sections treat+ ( any phase ( any "o subject may be f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,see page #bbd1 ,c4 ,,viii4 ,,description #aah4 ,description ,def9$4--,by means ( our s5ses we ga9 a k ( ! _w4 ,we see1 he>1 ta/e1 smell1 & feel2 & ! ideas s acquir$ are ! fundam5tal elem5ts ( our k1 )\t :i* ?9k+ w\ld be impossible4 ,x1 !re=e1 happ5s t mu* ( ! language t we use has = its purpose ! transmission to o!rs ( su* ideas4 ,su* writ+ is call$ description4 ,we may1 !re=e1 def9e description z t =m ( disc\rse :i* has = its purpose ! =mation ( an image4 ,z "h us$1 ! t]m image applies to any idea pres5t$ by ! s5ses4 ,9 a m limit$ s5se x means ! m5tal picture :i* is =m$ by aid ( sight4 ,x is = ! purpose ( pres5t+ images ( ?is k9d t description is mo/ (t5 employ$4 ,x is mo/ frequ5tly conc]n$ ) images ( objects se51 less frequ5tly ) s\nds1 & seldom ) ideas aris+ ?r\gh t\*1 ta/e1 & smell4 ,9 ?is *apt]1 !re=e1 we %all consid] *iefly ! me?ods ( us+ language = ! purpose ( ar\s+ images ( objects se54 #aai4 ,ord] ( ,obs]vation4--,9 description we %all f9d x ( advantage to use su* language t ! read] w =m ! image 9 ! same way z he w\ld =m an image f actual obs]vation4 ,!re is a cu/om>y & natural ord] ( obs]vation1 & if we pres5t our mat]ial 9 t same ord]1 ! m9d m easily =ms ! desir$ image4 ,our fir/ ne$ 9 ! /udy ( description is to det]m9e :at ?is natural ord] ( obs]vation is4 ,look at ! build+ across ! /reet4 ,y\r fir/ impression is t ( size1 %ape1 & color4 ,almo/ in/antly1 b nev]!less secondly1 y add c]ta9 details z to ro(1 door1 w9d[s1 & surr\nd+s4 ,fur!r obs]vation adds to ! numb] ( details1 su* z ! size ( ! w9d[ panes or ! patt]n ( ! lattice "w4 ,our fir/ glance may assure u t we see a tra91 our second w tell u h[ _m c>s1 our ?ird w %[ u t ea* c> is m>k$ ,mi*igan ,c5tral4 ,! (t5] we look or ! long] we look1 ! great] is ! numb] ( details ( :i* we become consci\s4 ,any numb] ( illu/rations w %[ t we fir/ see ! g5]al outl9e1 & aft] t ! details4 ,we d n obs]ve ! details "o by "o & !n comb9e !m into an object1 b we fir/ see ! object z a :ole1 & our fir/ impression becomes m vivid z we add detail aft] detail4 ,foll[+ ?is natural ord] ( obs]vation a description %\ld beg9 ) a s5t5ce t w give ! read] a g5]al impression ( ! :ole4 ,notice ! beg9n+s ( ! foll[+ selections4 ,aft] read+ ! italiciz$ s5t5ce 9 ea*1 consid] ! image t x has caus$ y to =m4 ,! door op5$ ^u ! ma9 or liv+ room4 ,x 0 a long ap>tm5t ) l[ ceil+ & walls ( hewn logs *9k$ & pla/]$ & all beautifully :itewa%$ & clean4 ,! tables1 *airs1 & b5*es 7 all homemade4 ,on ! floor 7 magnific5t sk9s ( wolf1 be>1 musk ox1 & m\nta9 goat4 ,! walls 7 decorat$ ) heads & horns ( de] & m\nta9 %eep1 eagle's w+s1 & a beautiful brea/ ( a loon1 :i* ,gw5 _h %ot & ( :i* %e 0 v pr\d4 ,at "o end ( ! room a huge /one fireplace /ood radiant 9 its summ] decorations ( f]ns & grasses & wildfl[]s4 ,at ! o!r end a door op5$ into ano!r room1 small]1 & ri*ly furni%$ ) relics ( =m] gr&eur4 --,connor3 ,! ,sky ,pilot4 ,! /rang] 0 ( middle height1 loosely knit & ?91 ) a cunn+1 brutal face4 ,he _h a bullet-%ap$ head1 ) f9e1 s(t1 r$di% br[n hair2 a r\nd1 /ubbly be>d %ot ) gray2 & small1 beady eyes set close toge!r4 ,he 0 clo!d 9 an old1 black1 grotesquely fitt+ cutaway coat1 ) co>se tr\s]s tuck$ into 8 boot tops4 ,a worn visor$ clo? cap 0 on 8 head4 ,9 8 "r h& he c>ri$ an old muzzle-load+ %otgun4 --,george ,kibbe ,turn]3 ,across ! ,/ate 7,mc,clure's74 #abj4 ,! ,fundam5tal ,image4--,! fir/ impression ( ! object z a :ole is call$ ! fundam5tal image4 ,! beg9n+ ( a description %\ld cause ! read] to =m a correct g5]al outl9e1 :i* w include ! ma9 *>act]i/ics ( ! object describ$4 ,:ile ! fundam5tal image lacks def9it5ess & exactness1 yet x mu/ be su* t x %all n ne$ to be revis$ z we add ! details4 ,if "o %\ld beg9 a description by say+1 ,opposite ! *ur* !re is a l>ge two-/ory1 brick h\se ) a cons]vatory on ! left1 ! read] w\ld =m at once a m5tal picture includ+ ! ess5tial features ( ! h\se4 ,fur!r /atem5ts ab\t ! ro(1 ! w9d[s1 ! doors1 ! por*1 ! y>d1 & ! f5ce1 w\ld ea* add some?+ to ! picture until x 0 complete4 ,! impression ) :i* ! read] />t$ w\ld be add$ to1 b n o!rwise *ang$4 ,b if we %\ld conclude ! description ) ! /atem5t1 ,?is h\se 0 di/+ui%$ f its neighbors by ! fact t x 0 n ( ! usual rectangul> =m1 b 0 octagonal 9 %ape1 ! read] w\ld f9d t ! image :i* he _h =m$ w\ld ne$ to be entirely *ang$4 ,x is evid5t t if ! ^w octagonal is to appe> at all1 x mu/ be at ! beg9n+4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to place all ! words t affect ! fundam5tal image 9 ! s5t5ce t gives ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( t :i* we are describ+4 ,haw?orne beg9s ,! ,h\se ( ! ,sev5 ,gables z foll[s3-- ,halfway d[n a by-/reet ( "o ( our ,new ,engl& t[ns /&s a ru/y wood5 h\se1 ) sev5 acutely peak$ gables1 fac+ t[>ds v>i\s po9ts ( ! compass1 & a huge1 clu/]$ *imney 9 ! mid/4 ,! /reet is ,pyn*eon /reet2 ! h\se is ! old ,pyn*eon h\se2 & an elm tree1 ( wide circumf]5ce1 root$ be=e ! door1 is famili> to e t[n-born *ild by ! title ( ! ,pyn*eon elm4 ,on my occasional visits to ! t[n a=esaid1 ,i seldom fail$ to turn d[n ,pyn*eon /reet1 = ! sake ( pass+ ?r\gh ! %ad[ ( ^! two antiquities1--! great elm tree & ! wea!r-beat5 edifice4 ,lat] he gives a detail$ description ( ! h\se on ! morn+ ( its completion z foll[s3-- ,maule's lane1 or ,pyn*eon /reet1 z x 7 n[ m decor\s to call x1 0 ?rong$1 at ! appo9t$ h\r1 z ) a congregation on its way to *ur*4 ,all1 z !y approa*$1 look$ upw>d at ! impos+ edifice1 :i* 0 h5ce=? to assume its rank among ! habitations ( mank9d4 ,!re x rose1 a little )drawn f ! l9e ( ! /reet1 b 9 pride1 n mode/y4 ,its :ole visible ext]ior 0 ornam5t$ ) qua9t figures1 conceiv$ 9 ! grotesqu5ess ( a ,go?ic fancy1 & drawn or /amp$ 9 ! glitt]+ pla/]1 compos$ ( lime1 pebbles1 & bits ( glass1 ) :i* ! woodwork ( ! walls 0 ov]spread4 ,on e side ! sev5 gables po9t$ %>ply t[>ds ! sky1 & pres5t$ ! aspect ( a :ole si/]hood ( edifices1 brea?+ ?r\gh ! spiracles ( "o great *imney4 ,! _m lattices1 ) _! small1 diamond-%ap$ panes1 admitt$ ! sunlight into hall & *amb]1 :ile1 nev]!less1 ! second /ory1 project+ f> ov] ! base1 & itself retir+ b5ea? ! ?ird1 ?rew a %ad[y & ?\ghtful gloom into ! l[] rooms4 ,c>v$ globes ( wood 7 affix$ "u ! jutt+ /ories4 ,little spiral rods ( iron beautifi$ ea* ( ! sev5 peaks4 ,on ! triangul> portion ( ! gable1 t front$ next ! /reet1 0 a dial1 put up t v morn+1 & on :i* ! sun 0 /ill m>k+ ! passage ( ! fir/ bright h\r 9 a hi/ory t 0 n de/9$ to be all s bright4 ,all ar\nd 7 scatt]$ %av+s1 *ips1 %+les1 & brok5 halves ( bricks2 ^!1 toge!r ) ! lately turn$ e>?1 on :i* ! grass _h n begun to gr[1 contribut$ to ! impression ( /rang5ess & novelty prop] to a h\se t _h yet its place to make among m5's daily int]e/s4 ,,ex]cises ,a4 ,select ! s5t5ce or "p ( a s5t5ce :i* gives ! fundam5tal image 9 ea* ( ! foll[+ selections3-- #a4 ,x 0 a big1 smoo?-/one-fac$ h\se1 product ( ! ',sev5ties1 fr[n+ "u an outrage\sly insi/5t ,mans>d1 capp$ by a cupola1 & />+ out ( long w9d[s ov]topp$ ) ornam5tal slabs4 ,two ca/-iron de]1 pa9t$ dea?-gray1 tw9s ( ! same mold1 /ood on opposite sides ( ! front walk1 _! backs t[>d x & ea* o!r1 _! bodies 9 pr(ile to ! /reet1 _! necks b5t1 h[ev]1 s t !y gaz$ ^u ! pass]-by--yet gaz$ )\t emotion4 ,two l>ge1 calm dogs gu>d$ ! top ( ! /eps lead+ to ! front door2 !y also 7 tw9s & ( ! same int]e/+ metal1 ?\gh honor$ beyond ! de] by coats ( black pa9t & %ellac4 --,boo? ,t>k+ton3 ,! ,conque/ ( ,canaan 7,h>p]'s74 #b4 ,at ! fir/ glance1 ,phoebe saw an eld]ly p]sonage1 9 an old-fa%ion$ dress+ g[n ( fad$ damask1 & we>+ 8 gray or almo/ :ite hair ( an unusual l5g?4 ,x q ov]%ad[$ 8 =ehead1 except :5 he ?ru/ x back1 & />$ vaguely ab\t ! room4 ,aft] a v brief inspection ( 8 face1 x 0 easy to conceive t 8 foot/ep mu/ necess>ily be su* an "o z t :i*1 sl[ly1 & ) z indef9ite an aim z a *ild's fir/ j\rney across a floor1 _h j br\ght him hi!rw>d4 ,yet !re 7 no tok5s t 8 physical /r5g? might n h suffic$ = a free & det]m9$ gait4 ,x 0 ! _s ( a man t c\ld n walk4 ,! expression ( 8 c\nt5ance--:ile1 not)/&+1 x _h ! light ( reason 9 x-- seem$ to wav]1 & glimm]1 & ne>ly to die away1 & feebly to recov] itself aga94 ,x 0 l a flame :i* we see tw9kl+ among half-ext+ui%$ emb]s2 we gaze at x m int5tly ?an if x 7 a positive blaze1 gu%+ vividly upw>d--m int5tly1 b ) a c]ta9 impati5ce1 z if x ought ei!r to k9dle itself into satisfactory spl5dor1 or be at once ext+ui%$4 --,haw?orne3 ,! ,h\se ( ! ,sev5 ,gables4 #c4 ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ! flycat*]s all ov] ! c\ntry is ! k+bird4 ,he is a little small] ?an a rob91 & all 9 br[ni% black1 ) :ite brea/4 ,he has also :ite tips to 8 tail fea!rs1 :i* look v f9e :5 he spreads x out wide 9 fly+4 ,among ! head fea!rs ( ! k+bird is a small spot ( orange color4 ,?is is call$ 9 ! books a conceal$ pat*1 because x is seldom se51 x is s hidd5 by ! d>k fea!rs4 --,m>y ,rog]s ,mill]3 ,! ,brook ,book4 7,copyright1 #aijb1 by ,d\bl$ay1 ,page & ,co47 ,notice ! use ( a comp>ison 9 e/abli%+ a correct fundam5tal image 9 example #c4 ,b4 ,select five build+s ) :i* ! memb]s ( ! class are famili>4 ,write a s+le s5t5ce = ea*1 giv+ ! fundam5tal image4 ,read ^! s5t5ces to ! class4 ,let !m det]m9e = :i* build+ ea* is writt54 ,c4 ,notice ! pictures on page #bah4 ,write a s+le s5t5ce = ea*1 giv+ ! fundam5tal image4 ,!me ,,lii4--,write a p>agraph1 describ+ some?+ ) :i* y are famili>4 ,sugge/$ subjects3-- #a4 ,! c\nty c\rt h\se4 #b4 ,! new *ur*4 #c4 ,my neighbor's h\se4 #d4 ,:]e we g fi%+4 #e4 ,a neighbor+ lake4 #f4 ,a cozy nook4 7,und]score ! s5t5ce t gives ! fundam5tal image4 ,w ! read] get f x at once a correct g5]al outl9e ( ! object to be describ$8 ,w he ne$ to *ange ! fundam5tal image z y\r description proce$s87 #aba4 ,po9t ( ,view4--,:at we %all see fir/ dep5ds ^u ! po9t ( view4 ,se5 f "o position1 an object or a l&scape w pres5t a diff]5t appe>ance f t :i* x w pres5t :5 view$ f ano!r position4 ,a c>eful writ] w give t fundam5tal image t w\ld come f actual obs]vation if ! read] 7 look+ at ! sc5e describ$ f ! po9t ( view *os5 by ! writ]4 ,he w n include details t _c be se5 f t position ev5 ?\gh he kn[s t !y exi/4 ,notice t ! foll[+ descriptions include only t :i* c be se5 f ! place indicat$ 9 ! italiciz$ phrases3-- ,=w>d f ! bridge he beheld a l&scape ( wide valleys & irregul> heights1 ) groves & lakes & fanciful h\ses l9k$ toge!r by :ite pa?s & %9+ /reams4 ,! valleys 7 spread bel[1 t ! riv] might be p\r$ ^u !m = refre%m5t 9 day ( dr\ght1 & !y 7 z gre5 c>pets figur$ ) b$s & fields ( fl[]s & fleck$ ) flocks ( %eep :ite z balls ( sn[2 & ! voices ( %eph]ds foll[+ ! flocks 7 he>d af>4 ,z if to tell him ( ! pi\s inscription ( all he beheld1 ! alt>s out "u ! op5 sky seem$ c\ntless1 ea* ) a :ite-g[n$ figure att5d+ x1 :ile processions 9 :ite w5t sl[ly hi!r & ?i!r betwe5 !m2 & ! smoke ( ! alt>s half ris5 hung collect$ 9 pale cl\ds ov] ! devot$ places4 ,wallace3 ,b5-,hur4 7,copyright1 #ahhj4 ,h>p] & ,bros47 ,! h\se /ood unusually ne> ! riv]1 fac+ ea/w>d1 & /&+ f\r-squ>e1 ) an imm5se v]&a ab\t its sides1 & a flight ( /eps 9 front1 spread+ broadly d[nw>d1 z we op5 our arms to a *ild4 ,f ! v]&a n9e miles ( riv] 7 se52 & 9 _! compass ne> at h&1 ! %ady g>d5 full ( r>e & beautiful fl[]s2 f>!r away broad fields ( cane & rice1 & ! di/ant qu>t]s ( ! slaves1 & on ! horizon ev]y:]e a d>k belt ( cypress =e/4 --,cable3 ,old ,creole ,days4 #abb4 ,selection ( ,details ,affect$ by ,po9t ( ,view4--,a skillful writ] w n ask 8 read] to p]=m impossible feats4 ,we _c see ! leaves ^u a tree a mile away1 & s %\ld n describe !m4 ,! f9] effects & m m9ute details %\ld be includ$ only :5 our *os5 po9t ( view br+s u ne> en\gh to appreciate !m4 ,9 ! selection bel[1 ,/ev5son tells only z mu* ab\t ,swan/on cottage z c be se5 at a di/ance ( six miles4 ,s say+ %e c>ri$ me ar\nd ! battlem5ts t[>ds ! opposite or s\!rn side ( ! =tress & inde$ to a ba/ion almo/ imm$iately ov]look+ ! place ( our project$ flight4 ,!nce we _h a view ( "s =e%ort5$ suburbs at our feet1 & beyond ( a gre51 op51 & irregul> c\ntry ris+ t[>ds ! ,p5tl& ,hills4 ,! face ( "o ( ^! summits 7say two leagues f :]e we /ood7 is m>k$ ) a procession ( :ite sc>s4 ,& to ?is %e direct$ my att5tion4 ,y see ^? m>ks8 %e said4 ,we call !m ! ,sev5 ,si/]s4 ,foll[ a little l[] ) y\r eye1 & y w see a fold ( ! hill1 ! tops ( "s trees1 & a tail ( smoke out ( ! mid/ ( !m4 ,t is ,swan/on cottage1 :]e my bro!r & ,i are liv+4 --,/ev5son3 ,/4 ,ives4 7,copyright1 #ahig4 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons47 ,notice 9 ! selection bel[ t = objects ne> at h& details s small z ! liz>d's eye are giv51 b t ^! details are n giv51 :5 we are ask$ to obs]ve ?+s f> away4 ,sl[ ?\gh _! m>* _h be51 by ?is "t !y _h come to ! end ( ! av5ue1 & 7 9 ! wide circul> sweep be=e ! ca/le4 ,!y /opp$ "h & /ood look+ (f ov] ! g>d51 ) its somb] cypresses & bright b$s ( g]anium1 d[n ^u ! valley1 dim & lum9\s 9 a mi/ ( gold4 ,great1 heavy1 fanta/ic-%ap$ cl\ds1 pe>l-:ite ) pe>l-gray %ad[s1 pil$ !mselves up aga9/ ! sc9tillant d>k blue ( ! sky4 ,9 & out among ! rose trees ne> at h&1 :]e ! sun 0 hotte/1 heavily flew1 ) a l\d b\rdonnem5t1 ! cock*af]s promis$ by ,annunziata1--big1 blund]+1 clumsy1 ! scorn ( _! light-w+$ & bus9esslike competitors1 ! bees4 ,liz>ds lay immobile z liz>ds ca/ 9 bronze1 only _! little glitt]+1 wat*ful p9 heads ( eyes giv+ sign ( life4 ,& ( c\rse ! blackcaps nev] = a mom5t left (f s++4 --,h5ry ,habl&3 ,my ,fri5d ,prosp]o 7,mc,clure's74 ,we r\nd a corn] ( ! valley1 & beyond1 f> bel[ u1 looms ! t[n ( ,sorata4 ,f ?is di/ance ! r$ tile ro(s1 ! s(t blue1 gre51 & yell[ ( its /ucco$ walls1 look indescribably fre% & grateful4 ,a clos] inspection w probably dissipate ?is impression2 x w be squalid & dirty1 ! riv]-/one pav+ ( its /reet w be deep 9 ! accumulation ( fil?1 dirty ,indian *ildr5 w sw>m 9 !m ) mangy dogs & b$raggl$ ducks1 ! gay frescoes ( its walls w peel 9 ragg$ pat*es1 reveal+ ! 'dobe ( _! base1 & ! tile ro(s w be crack$ & brok54 ,b f ! heights at ?is di/ance & 9 ! w>m gl[ ( ! aft]noon sun x looks l a da9ty fairy village gli/5+ 9 a magic spl5dor aga9/ ! ,titanic sett+ ( ! ,&es4 --,*>les ,johnson ,po/3 ,across ! ,highl&s ( ! ,_w 7,h>p]'s74 ,come on1 sir2 "h's ! place4 ,/& /ill4 ,h[ fe>ful ,& dizzy 'tis to ca/ "o's eyes s l[6 ,! cr[s & *\ghs t w+ ! midway air ,%[ sc>ce s gross z beetles4 ,halfway d[n ,hangs "o t ga!rs sampire1 dreadful trade6 ,me?9ks he seems no bigg] ?an 8 head4 ,! fi%]m5 t walk ^u ! bea* ,appe> l mice2 & yond tall an*or+ b>k ,dim9i%'d to h] cock2 h] cock1 a buoy ,almo/ too small = sight4 ,! murmur+ surge ,t on ! unnumb]'d idle pebble *afes1 ,_c be he>d s high4 ,i'll look no m1 ,le/ my bra9 turn & ! defici5t sight ,topple d[n headlong4 --,%akespe>3 ,k+ ,le> #abc4 ,impli$ ,po9t ( ,view4--,(t5 ! po9t ( view is n specifically /at$1 b ! language ( ! description %[s :]e ! obs]v] is locat$4 ,(t5 su* an impli$ po9t ( view gives a delicate t\* to a description t c\ld n be obta9$ by direct /atem5ts4 ,9 :i* ( ! foll[+ selections is ! po9t ( view m]ely impli$8 #a4 ,?us pond]+ & dream+1 he came by ! road d[n a g5tle hill ) close woods on ei!r h&2 & s into ! valley ) a swift riv] fl[+ ?r\gh x2 & on ! riv] a mill4 ,s :ite x /ood among ! trees1 & s m]rily :irr$ ! :eel z ! wat] turn$ x1 & s bright blossom$ ! fl[]s 9 ! g>d51 t ,m>timor _h joy ( ! sight1 = x rem9d$ him ( 8 own c\ntry4 --,h5ry ,van ,dyke3 ,! ,blue ,fl[]4 7,copyright1 #aijb4 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons47 #b4 ,!re is an isl& (f a c]ta9 "p ( ! coa/ ( ,ma9e1--a little rocky isl&1 heap$ & tumbl$ toge!r z if ,dame ,nature _h %ak5 d[n a heap ( /ones at r&om f h] apron1 :5 %e _h f9i%$ mak+ ! l>g] isl&s1 :i* lie betwe5 x & ! ma9l&4 ,at "o end1 ! %orew>d end1 !re is a t9y cove1 & a bit ( silv] s& bea*1 ) a gre5 mead[ beyond x1 & a s+le great p9e2 b all ! re/ is rocks1 rocks4 ,at ! f>!r end ! rocks are pil$ high1 l a ca/le wall1 mak+ a brave b>ri] aga9/ ! ,atlantic waves2 & on top ( ?is cairn rises ! ligh?\se1 rugg$ & /urdy z ! rocks !mselves2 b pa9t$ :ite1 & ) its w9d[s %9+ l great1 smoo? diamonds4 ,?is is ,light ,isl&4 --,laura ,e4 ,ri*>ds3 ,capta9 ,janu>y4 #abd4 ,*ang+ ,po9t ( ,view4--,we _c see ! f\r sides ( a h\se f ! same place1 ?\gh we may wi% to h our read] "k h[ ea* side looks4 ,x is1 !re=e1 necess>y to *ange our po9t ( view4 ,x is immat]ial :e!r ! successive po9ts ( view are nam$ or m]ely impli$1 provid+ ! read] has due notice t we h *ang$ f "o to ! o!r1 & t = ea* we describe only :at c be se5 f t position4 ,a description ( a cottage t by its word+ leads u to ?9k ourselves inside ( ! build+ & !n tells ab\t ! y>d w\ld be defective4 ,notice ! *ang+ po9t ( view 9 ! foll[+3-- ,at long di/ance1 look+ ov] ! blue wat]s ( ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce 9 cle> wea!r1 y might ?9k t y saw a lonely sea gull1 sn[-:ite1 p]*+ motionless on a cobble ( gray rock4 ,!n1 z y\r boat drift$ 91 foll[+ ! languid tide & ! s(t s\!rn breeze1 y w\ld p]ceive t ! cobble ( rock 0 a rugg$ hill ) a few bu%es & /unt$ trees gr[+ 9 ! crevices1 & t ! gleam+ speck ne> ! summit mu/ be "s k9d ( a build+1--if y 7 on ! coa/ ( ,italy or ,spa9 y w\ld say a villa or a f>mh\se4 ,!n z y float$ /ill f>!r nor? & drew ne>] to ! coa/1 ! desolate hill w\ld deta* itself f ! ma9l& & become a little m\nta9 isle1 ) a flock ( small] islets clu/]+ ar\nd x z a brood ( wild ducks keep close to _! "m1 & ) deep wat]1 ne>ly two miles wide1 fl[+ betwe5 x & ! %ore2 :ile ! %9+ speck on ! seaw>d side /ood cle>ly z a l[1 :itewa%$ dwell+ ) a /urdy1 r\nd t[] at "o end1 cr[n$ ) a big eight-sid$ lant]n--a solit>y ligh?\se4 --,h5ry ,van ,dyke3 ,! ,keep] ( ! ,light4 7,copyright1 #aije4 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons47 #abe4 ,place ( ,po9t ( ,view 9 ,p>agraph4--,! po9t ( view may be express$ or only impli$ or :olly omitt$1 b 9 any case ! read] mu/ assume "o 9 ord] to =m a cle> & accurate image4 ,beg9n]s w f9d t !y c be/ cause _! read]s to =m ! desir$ images by /at+ a po9t ( view4 ,:5 ! po9t ( view is /at$ x mu/ ( necessity come e>ly 9 ! p>agraph4 ,we h already le>n$ t ! beg9n+ ( a description %\ld pres5t ! fundam5tal image4 ,= ?is reason ! fir/ s5t5ce ( a description frequ5tly includes bo? ! po9t ( view & ! fundam5tal image4 ,,ex]cises ,a4 ,consid] ! foll[+ selections ) ref]5ce to-- 7a7 ,! po9t ( view4 7b7 ,! fundam5tal image4 7c7 ,! complet5ess ( ! images :i* y h =m$ 7see ,sections #bf1 #bg74 #a4 ,! ,lun>di balloon1 m\nt+ ?r\gh a /agnant calm 9 a l9e almo/ v]tical1 _h pi]c$ ! morn+ mi/s1 & n[ swam emancipat$ 9 a heav5 ( exquisite blue4 ,bel[ u by "s trick ( eyesight1 ! c\ntry _h gr[n concave1 its horizon curv+ up l ! rim ( a %all[ b[l--a b[l heap$1 9 po9t ( fact1 ) sea fog1 b to our eyes ) a fro? delicate & dazzl+ z a :ipp$ syllabub ( sn[4 ,^u x ! travel+ %ad[ ( ! balloon became no %ad[1 b a /a92 an ame?y/ 7y might call x7 purg$ ( all gross] prop]ties ?an color & luc5cy4 ,at times ?rill$ by no p]ceptible w9d1 r by ! pulse ( ! sun's rays1 ! fro? %ook & p>t$2 & !n behold1 deep 9 ! crevasses vignett$ & %9+1 an acre or two ( ! e>? ( man's bus9ess & fret--till$ slopes ( ! ,lo?ians1 %ips dott$ on ! ,fir?1 ! capital l a hive t "s *ild _h smok$--! e> ( fancy c\ld almo/ he> x buzz+4 --,/ev5son3 ,/4 ,ives4 7,copyright1 #ahig4 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons47 #b4 ,:5 ,aswald & ,cor9ne _h ga9$ ! top ( ! ,capitol1 %e %[$ him ! ,sev5 ,hills & ! city1 b\nd fir/ by ,m\nt ,palat9us1 !n by ! walls ( ,s]vius ,tullius1 :i* inclose ! hills1 & by ^? ( ,aurelian1 :i* /ill surr\nd ! greate/ "p ( ,rome4 ,m\nt ,palat9us once conta9$ all ,rome1 b soon did ! imp]ial palace fill ! space t _h suffic$ = a nation4 ,! ,sev5 ,hills are f> less l(ty n[ ?an :5 !y des]t$ ! title ( /eep m\nta9s1 mod]n ,rome be+ =ty feet high] ?an its pr$ecessor1 & ! valleys :i* sep>at$ !m almo/ fill$ up by ru9s2 b :at is /ill m /range1 two heaps ( %att]$ vases h =m$ new hills1 ,ce/>io & ,te/acio4 ,?us1 9 "t1 ! v refuse ( civilization levels ! rock ) ! pla91 effac+ 9 ! moral1 z 9 ! mat]ial _w1 all ! pleas+ inequalities ( nature4 --,madame ,de ,/al3 ,cor9ne3 ,italy4 ,b4--,select five descriptions f ! foll[+ books & note :e!r ea* has a po9t ( view express$ or impli$3-- ,coop]3 ,la/ ( ! ,mohicans4 ,scott3 ,ivanhoe4 ,scott3 ,lady ( ! ,lake4 ,irv+3 ,sket* ,book4 ,burr\ghs3 ,wake ,rob94 ,van ,dyke3 ,! ,blue ,fl[]4 ,h[ells3 ,! ,rise ( ,silas ,lapham4 ,muir3 ,our ,national ,p>ks4 ,kate ,d\glas ,wigg93 ,rebecca ( ,sunnybrook ,f>m4 ,!me ,,liii4--,write a descriptive p>agraph beg9n+ ) a po9t ( view & a fundam5tal image4 ,sugge/$ subjects3-- #a4 ,! crossroads inn4 #b4 ,a hi/orical build+4 #c4 ,! %oe factory4 #d4 ,! gri/mill4 #e4 ,! l>ge/ /ore 9 t[n4 #f4 ,! union /ation4 7,9 y\r description und]score ! s5t5ce giv+ ! po9t ( view4 ,c y improve ! description by us+ a diff]5t po9t ( view8 ,w ! read] =m at once a correct g5]al outl9e8 ,w ! entire description enable ! read] to =m a cle> & accurate image87 #abf4 ,cle> ,see+4-,cle> /atem5t dep5ds ^u cle> see+4 ,n only mu/ we *oose an advantage\s po9t ( view1 b we mu/ be able to reproduce :at c be se5 f t location4 ,we may write a description :ile we are look+ at ! object1 b x is frequ5tly conv5i5t to d ! writ+ :5 ! object is n visible4 ,oral descriptions are ne>ly always made )\t hav+ ! object at h&4 ,:5 we attempt to describe we exam9e n ! object itself1 b our m5tal image ( x4 ,x is evid5t t at lea/ ! ess5tial features ( ?is m5tal picture mu/ /& out cle>ly & def9itely1 or we %all be unable to make our description accurate4 ,! habit ( accurate obs]vation is a desirable acquisition1 & our ability 9 ?is direction c be improv$ by ef=t4 ,x is n ! prov9ce ( ?is book to provide a s]ies ( ex]cises :i* %all /r5g!n habits ( accurate obs]vation4 ,_m ( y\r /udies1 p>ticul>ly ! sci5ces1 devote mu* att5tion to tra9+ ! obs]v+ p[]s1 & w furni% _m suitable ex]cises4 ,a few h be5 sugge/$ bel[ m]ely to emphasize ! po9t t e successful ef=t 9 description mu/ be prec$$ by a def9ite ex]cise 9 cle> see+4 ,,ex]cise #a4 ,walk rapidly pa/ a build+4 ,=m a m5tal picture ( x4 ,write d[n z _m ( ! details z y c4 ,n[ look at ! build+ aga9 & det]m9e :at y h left out4 #b4 ,call to m9d "s build+ ) :i* y are famili>4 ,write a li/ ( ! details t y recall4 ,n[ visit ! build+ & see :at important ones y h omitt$4 #c4 ,:ile look+ at "s sc5e make a note ( ! important details4 ,lay ?is li/ away = a day4 ,!n recall ! sc5e4 ,aft] pictur+ ! sc5e z vividly z y c1 read y\r notes4 ,d !y add any?+ to y\r picture8 #d4 ,make a li/ ( ! ?+s on "s desk t y _c see b ) :i* y are famili>2 = example1 ! tea*]'s desk4 ,at ! fir/ opportunity notice h[ accurate y\r li/ is4 #e4 ,look = "s "t at ! /a9$ glass w9d[s ( a *ur* or at ! wall pap] ( ! room4 ,:at patt]ns d y notice t y did n see at fir/8 ,:at colors8 #f4 ,make a li/ ( ! objects visible f y\r b$room w9d[4 ,:5 y g home notice :at y h omitt$4 #g4 ,practice obs]vation conte/s simil> to ! foll[+3 ,let two or m p]sons pass a /ore w9d[4 ,ea* %all !n make a li/ ( :at ! w9d[ conta9s4 ,comp>e li/s ) "o ano!r4 ,!me ,,liv4--,write a description ( "s dwell+4 7,select a h\se t y c see on ! way home4 ,*oose a po9t ( view & notice c>efully :at c be se5 f x4 ,:5 y are ready to write1 =m z vivid a m5tal picture ( ! h\se z y c4 ,write ! s5t5ce t gives ! fundam5tal image4 ,add su* ( ! details z w enable ! read] to =m an accurate image47 #abg4 ,selection ( ,ess5tial ,details4--,aft] decid+ ^u a po9t ( view & su* g5]al *>act]i/ics z are ess5tial to ! =m+ ( a correct outl9e ( ! object to be describ$1 we mu/ next give our att5tion to ! selection ( ! details4 ,if our description has be5 prop]ly begun1 ?is g5]al outl9e w n be *ang$1 b ea* succe$+ phrase or s5t5ce w add to ! cle>ness & di/9ctness ( ! picture4 ,our fir/ impression ( a h\se may include w9d[s1 b ! m5tion ( !m lat] w br+ !m out cle>ly on our m5tal picture mu* z ! details appe> :5 "o is develop+ a negative 9 photography4 ,if ! peculi>ities ( an object are su* z to effect its g5]al =m1 !y ne$ to be /at$ 9 ! op5+ s5t5ce2 b :5 ! peculi> or di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic does n affect ! =m1 x may be introduc$ lat]4 ,if we say1 ,on ! corn] across ! /reet f ! po/ (fice !re is a l>ge1 two-/ory1 r$ brick /ore1 ! read] c =m at once a g5]al picture ( su* a /ore4 ,only ^? ?+s :i* give a g5]al outl9e h be5 includ$4 ,z yet no?+ has be5 m5tion$ to di/+ui% ! /ore f any o!r simil> "o4 ,if "s foll[+ s5t5ce %\ld be1 ,?\gh n wid]1 x yet pres5ts a m impos+ appe>ance ?an its neighbors1 because ! door is plac$ at "o side1 ?us mak+ room = a s+le wide display w9d[ in/ead ( two /uffy1 n>r[ ones1 a detail has be5 add$ :i*1 ?\gh n *ang+ ! g5]al outl9e1 makes ! picture cle>] & at ! same "t emphasizes ! di/+ui%+ feature ( ?is p>ticul> /ore4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,obs]ve y\r neighbor's b>n4 ,:at w\ld y select z its *>act]i/ic feature8 #b4 ,take a rapid glance at "s /rang] :om y meet4 ,:at did y notice mo/ vividly8 #c4 ,9 :at respect does ! ,me?odi/ *ur* 9 y\r city diff] f ! o!r *ur* build+s8 #d4 ,does y\r pet dog diff] f o!rs ( ! same bre$ 9 appe>ance8 ,9 actions8 ,!me ,,lv4--,write a descriptive p>agraph1 us+ "o ( ! foll[+ subjects3-- #a4 ,a m\nta9 view4 #b4 ,an omnibus4 #c4 ,a =t4 #d4 ,a ligh?\se4 #e4 ,a ,dut* w9dmill4 #f4 ,a b5d 9 ! riv]4 #g4 ,a peculi> /ructure4 #h4 ,! picture on ?is page4 7,und]score ! s5t5ce t pictures ! details mo/ ess5tial to ! description4 ,consid] ! unity ( y\r p>agraph4 ,section #ha47 ,illu/ration #abh4 ,selection & ,subord9ation ( ,m9or ,details4--,9 _m descriptions ! m9or details are :olly omitt$1 & 9 all descriptions _m t might h be5 includ$ h be5 omitt$4 ,a prop] numb] ( su* details adds int]e/ & cle>ness to ! images2 too _m b s]ve to r5d] ! :ole obscure4 ,if prop]ly select$ & effectively pres5t$1 m9or details add mu* to ! beauty or usefulness ( a description1 b if /rung toge!r 9 %ort s5t5ces1 ! effect may be bo? tiresome & confus+4 ,a m]e catalogue ( facts is n a good description4 ,!y mu/ be arrang$ s t ^? :i* are ! m important %all h ! great] prom95ce1 :ile ^? ( less importance %all be prop]ly subord9at$4 ,(t5 m9or details may be /at$ 9 a ^w or phrase ins]t$ 9 ! s5t5ce :i* gives ! g5]al view4 ,notice ! italiciz$ portion ( ! foll[+3 ,opposite ! *ur*1 & p>tly scre5$ by ! scraggly ev]gre5s ( a broad1 unkempt lawn1 !re is a l>ge1 octagonal1 brick h\se1 ) a cons]vatory on ! left4 ,?is arrangem5t adds to ! g5]al view & gives a bett] result ?an w\ld be obta9$ by describ+ ! lawn 9 a sep>ate s5t5ce4 ,(t5 a s+le adjective adds "s elem5t to a description m effectively ?an c be done ) a :ole s5t5ce4 ,notice h[ mu* is add$ by ! use ( scraggly & unkempt4 ,,ex]cises ,make a c>eful /udy ( ! foll[+ selections ) ref]5ce to ! way 9 :i* ! m9or details are pres5t$4 ,c any ( !m be improv$ by re-arrang+ !m8 #a4 ,at night1 z ,i look f my w9d[s ov] ,kassim ,pa%a1 ,i nev] tire ( t dull1 s(t color+1 gre5 & br[n1 9 :i* ! br[n ( ro(s & walls is h>dly m ?an a %ad+ ( ! gre5 ( ! trees4 ,!re is ! lonely curve ( ! holl[1 ) its small1 squ>e1 flat h\ses ( wood2 & above1 a %>p l9e ( blue-black cypresses on ! sp9e ( ! hill2 !n ! long des]t pla91 ) its s&y road1 %utt+ 9 ! horizon4 ,mi/s ?ick5 ov] ! valley1 & wipe out its colors be=e ! lights beg9 to glimm] out ( x4 ,bel[1 "u my w9d[s1 are ! cypresses ( ! ,little ,field ( ! ,dead1 va/1 motionless1 diff]5t e night4 ,la/ night ea* /ood cle>1 tall1 ap>t2 to-night !y huddle toge!r 9 ! mi/1 & seem to %udd]4 ,! sunset 0 brief1 & ! wat] has gr[n dull1 l slate4 ,/amb\l fades to a level mass ( smoky purple1 out ( :i* a few m9>ets rise black aga9/ a gray sky ) b&s ( orange fire4 ,la/ night1 aft] a gold5 sunset1 a fog ( ru/y iron came d[n1 & hung pois$ ov] ! jagg$ level ( ! hill4 ,! :ole mass ( ,/amb\l 0 l black smoke2 ! wat] dim gray1 a little flu%$1 & !n l pure light1 lucid1 transp>5t1 e %ip & e boat %>ply outl9$ 9 black on its surface2 ! boats seem$ to crawl l flies on a light$ pane4 --,ar?ur ,symons3 ,con/ant9ople3 ,an ,impression 7,h>p]'s74 #b4 ,! boy 0 advanc+ up ! road1 c>ry+ a half-fill$ pail ( milk4 ,he 0 a *ild ( p]haps t5 ye>s1 exce$+ly frail & ?91 ) a drawn1 wax5 face1 & sick1 colorless lips & e>s4 ,on 8 head he wore a ?ick plu% cap1 & co>se1 heavy %oes ^u 8 feet4 ,a fad$ coat1 too long 9 ! arms1 droop$ f 8 %\ld]s1 & long1 loose ov]alls ( gray jeans broke & wr9kl$ ab\t 8 sl5d] ankles4 --,george ,kibbe ,turn]3 ,across ! ,/ate 7,mc,clure's74 #c4 ,!y met few p abroad1 ev5 on pass+ f ! retir$ neighborhood ( ! ,h\se ( ! ,sev5 ,gables into :at 0 ord9>ily ! m ?rong$ & busi] portion ( ! t[n4 ,gli/5+ sidewalks1 ) little pools ( ra91 "h & !re1 along _! unequal surface2 umbrellas display$ o/5tati\sly 9 ! %op w9d[s1 z if ! life ( trade _h conc5t]$ itself 9 t "o article2 wet leaves ( ! horse-*e/nut or elm trees1 torn (f untimely by ! bla/1 & scatt]$ along ! public way2 an unsightly accumulation ( mud 9 ! middle ( ! /reet1 :i* p]v]sely grew ! m unclean = its long & labori\s wa%+2--^! 7 ! m def9able po9ts ( a v somb] picture4 ,9 ! way ( movem5t1 & human life1 !re 0 ! ha/y rattle ( a cab or coa*1 its driv] protect$ by a wat]-pro( cap ov] 8 head & %\ld]s2 ! =lorn figure ( an old man1 :o seem$ to h crept out ( "s subt]ranean sew]1 & 0 /oop+ along ! k5nel1 & pok+ ! wet rubbi% ) a /ick1 9 que/ ( ru/y nails2 a m]*ant or two1 at ! door ( ! po/ (fice1 toge!r ) an editor1 & a miscellane\s politician1 await+ a dilatory mail2 a few visages ( retir$ sea capta9s at ! w9d[ ( an insurance (fice1 look+ out vacantly at ! vacant /reet1 blasphem+ at ! wea!r1 & frett+ at ! de>? z well ( public news z local gossip4 ,:at a treasure trove to ^! v5]able quidnuncs1 c\ld !y h guess$ ! secret :i* ,hepzibah & ,clif=d 7 c>ry+ along ) !m6 --,haw?orne3 ,! ,h\se ( ! ,sev5 ,gables4 ,!me ,,lvi4--,write a description ( "o ( ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,a /eamboat4 #b4 ,an or*>d4 #c4 ,a colonial mansion4 #d4 ,a :>f4 #e4 ,a /one qu>ry4 #f4 ,a %op4 7,consid] :at y h writt5 ) ref]5ce to ! po9t ( view1 fundam5tal image1 & ess5tial details4 ,aft] ^! h be5 arrang$ to suit y1 notice ! way 9 :i* ! m9or details h be5 introduc$4 ,h y giv5 undue prom95ce to any8 ,c a s+le adjective or phrase be sub/itut$ = a :ole s5t5ce8 ,?9k ( ! image :i* y\r words w produce 9 ! m9d ( ! read]4 ,consid] y\r !me ) ref]5ce to unity4 ,section #ha47 #abi4 ,arrangem5t ( ,details4--,! quality ( a description dep5ds z mu* ^u ! arrangem5t ( ! mat]ial z ^u ! selection4 ,"u p>agraph developm5t we h discuss$ ! necessity ( arrang+ ! details ) ref]5ce to _! natural position 9 space 7see ,sections #dg & #hf74 ,su* an arrangem5t is ! mo/ desirable "o & %\ld be dep>t$ f only ) good reason4 ,su* dep>tures may1 h[ev]1 be made1 z %[n 9 ! foll[+ selection3-- ,a pretty picture ! lad made z he lay !re dream+ ov] 8 e>?ly possessions--a pretty picture 9 ! %ade ( ! great elm1 t sultry morn+ ( ,augu/1 ?ree qu>t]s ( a c5tury ago4 ,! pres5ce ( ! crut* %[$ !re 0 some?+ sad ab\t x2 & s !re 02 = if y _h glanc$ at ! little b>e br[n foot1 set toes upw>d on ! curb/one1 y w\ld h discov]$ t ! fell[ to x 0 miss+-- cut (f ab\t two in*es above ! ankle4 ,& if ?is _h caus$ y to ?r[ a look ( sympa?y at 8 face1 some?+ yet sadd] mu/ long h held y\r att5tion4 ,set jauntily on ! back ( 8 head 0 a wea!r-beat5 d>k blue clo? cap1 ! pat5t lea!r frontlet ( :i* 0 gone2 & b5ea? ! ragg$ edge ( ?is !re fell d[n ov] 8 =ehead & temples & e>s a tangl$ mass ( s(t yell[ hair1 slightly curl+4 ,8 eyes 7 l>ge & ( a blue to mat* ! dep?s ( a calm sky above ! treetops3 ! long la%es :i* curta9$ !m 7 br[n2 8 lips 7 r$1 8 nose delicate & f9e1 & 8 *eek tann$ to ! color ( ripe pea*es4 ,x 0 a s+ul>ly w9n+ face1 intellig5t1 frank1 n describable4 ,on x n[ re/$ a smile1 half joy\s1 half sad1 z ?\gh 8 m9d 0 full ( bright hopes1 ! realization ( :i* 0 f> away4 ,f ! neck fell ! wide coll> ( a :ite cotton %irt1 clean b fray$ at ! elb[s1 & op5 & buttonless d[n to 8 bosom4 ,ov] ?is he wore an old-fa%ion$ sat9 wai/coat ( a man1 also fray$ & buttonless4 ,8 dress 0 complet$ by a pair ( baggy t[ bree*es1 held up by a s+le t[ susp5d] fa/5$ to big br[n horn buttons4 --,james ,lane ,all53 ,flute & ,viol94 7,copyright1 #ahib1 ,h>p] & ,bro!rs47 ,! details are n /at$ ) ref]5ce to _! natural position 9 space1 b !y are giv5 9 ! probable ord] ( obs]vation4 ,if we 7 to look ^u su* a boy1 ! crut* w\ld attract our att5tion & w\ld lead u to look at once = ! reason :y a crut* 0 ne$$4 ,! writ] skillfully uses ! sympa?y ?us ar\s$ z a means ( transition to ! face4 ,9 ! rema9d] ( ! description ! natural position 9 space is closely foll[$4 ,!me ,,lvii4-,write a description ( "o ( ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,! bay\4 #b4 ,look+ d[n ! m\nta94 #c4 ,look+ up ! m\nta94 #d4 ,! floorwalk]4 #e4 ,an old-fa%ion$ rig4 #f4 ,a h\se said to be haunt$4 #g4 ,! deacon4 7,consid] ! arrangem5t ( details ) ref]5ce to _! position 9 space4 ,consid] y\r p>agraphs ) ref]5ce to coh]5ce & emphasis4 ,sections #hb & #hc47 #acj4 ,effectiv5ess 9 ,description4--,e "p ( a description %\ld aid 9 r5d]+ x effective1 & ?is effectiv5ess is z mu* ! purpose ( ! pr9ciples previ\sly discuss$ z x is ( ^? :i* foll[4 ,?is p>agraph is ins]t$ "h to sep>ate m or less def9itely ^? ?+s :i* c be done "u direction f ^? :i* _c be det]m9$ by rule4 ,up to ?is po9t emphasis has be5 laid ^u ! cle> pres5tation ( a m5tal image z ! object ( description4 ,b ! cle> pres5tation ( m5tal images is n all !re is to description4 ,a po9t ( view1 a fundam5tal image1 a judici\s selection ( ess5tial & m9or details & ! relat+ ( !m ) ref]5ce to _! natural position 9 space1 may set =? an image cle>ly & yet fail to be satisfactory z a description4 ,= ! practical affairs ( life x may be suffici5t to limit ourselves to cle> images set =? b>ely & sp>ely1 b !re is a pleasure & a pr(it 9 us+ ! subtl] arts ( language1 9 plac+ a ^w "h or a phrase !re t %all give a t\* ( beauty or a fla% ( sugge/iv5ess & s save our descriptions f ! commonplace4 ,x is to ^! less easily demon/rat$ me?ods ( giv+ /r5g? & beauty t we wi% n[ to turn our att5tion4 #aca4 ,^w ,selection4--,! effectiv5ess ( our description w dep5d l>gely ^u our "r *oice ( words4 ,if our range ( vocabul>y is limit$1 ! possibility ( effective description is correspond+ly limit$4 ,only :5 our work+ vocabul>y conta9s _m words may we hope to *oose ) ease ! "o mo/ suitable = ! effective expression ( ! idea we wi% to convey4 ,to prep>e a li/ ( words t may apply & !n attempt to write a !me t %all make use ( !m is a me*anical process ( little value4 ,! idea we wi% to express %\ld call up ! ^w t exactly expresses x4 ,if our ideas are n cle> or our vocabul>y is limit$1 we may be satisfi$ ) ! trite & commonplace2 b if our exp]i5ce has be5 broad or our read+ ext5d$1 we may h at comm& ! ^w :i*1 because x is j ! "r "o1 gives individuality & =ce to our phras+4 ,e "o is famili> ) dogs1 & has 9 8 vocabul>y _m words :i* he applies to !m1 b a read+ ( "o or two good dog /ories1 su* z ,bob1 ,son ( ,battle1 or ,! ,call ( ! ,wild1 w %[ h[ wide is ! range ( su* words & h[ mu* ! description is enhanc$ by _! c>eful use4 ,,ex]cise ,consid] ! foll[+ selections ) ref]5ce to ! *oice ( words :i* add to ! effectiv5ess ( ! descriptions3-- #a4 ,%e 0 a little1 br[n1 ?91 almo/ sk9ny woman ) big1 roll+1 violet-blue eyes & ! sweete/ mann]s 9 ! _w4 #b4 ,! s\nds & ! /raits & ! sea ) its plump1 sleepy isl&s lay nor? & ea/ & s\?4 #c4 ,! mi/s ( ! ,cu*ull9s are n fat1 dull1 & /ill1 l l[l& & inl& mi/s1 b hagg>d1 & /ream+ f ! black peaks1 & full ( gu/y l9es4 ,we saw !m fir/ f ! top ( ,beimna-,cailla*1 a r$1 r\nd-head$ m\nta9 h>d by ,brad=d1 9 ! isle ( ,skye4 ,%ortly aft] noon ! ra9 came up f ! sea & drew long delicate gray l9es aga9/ ! cliffs4 ,x came up lick+ & lisp+ ov] ! surface ( ,cornisk1 & drove u to ! lee ( rocks & ! %elt] ( our pon*os1 to wat* ! mi/s drift+1 to li/5 to ! swell & lull ( ! w9d & ! patt] ( ! cold ra94 ,!re 7 glimpses n[ & !n ( ! inn] ,cu*ull9s1 a fragm5t ( ragg$ sky l9e1 ! sudd5 jab ( a black p9nacle ?r\gh ! mi/1 ! op5 m\? ( a gorge /eam+ ) mi/4 ,we climb$ ! great ridge1 at l5g?1 ( rock & wet hea? t sep>ates ,cornisk f ,gl5 ,sliga*an1 sl[ly ?r\gh ! fitful ra9 & driv+ cl\d1 & saw ,sgurr-nan-,gillian1 %>p1 black1 & pitiless1 ! nor!rnmo/ peak & s5t9el ( ! ,cu*ull9s4 ,! yell[ trail c\ld be se5 twi/+ along ! flat1 empty gl54 ,sev5 miles away 0 a :ite spot1 ! ,sliga*an ,hotel4 ,i ?9k x mu/ be ! dre>ie/ gl5 9 ,scotl&4 ,! trail twi/s 9 a futile mann]1 &1 aft] all1 is ma9ly bog holes & roll+ rocks4 ,! ,r$ ,hills are on ! "r1 ru/y1 r$di%1 ( ! color ( dri$ blood1 & ga%$ ) slid+ b[ld]s4 ,_! heads seem beat5 d[n1 a ,helot population1 & ! ,cu*ull9s /& back l an army ( iron conqu]ors4 ,! ,r$ ,hills w be a vani%$ race "o day1 & ! ,cu*ull9s rema94 ,ar?ur ,colton3 ,! ,mi/s o' ,skye 7,h>p]'s74 #acb4 ,additional ,aids to ,effectiv5ess4--,comp>ison & figures ( spee* n only aid 9 mak+ our picture cle> & vivid1 b !y may add a spice & flavor to our language1 :i* c\nts = mu* 9 ! effectiv5ess & beauty ( our description4 ,notice ! foll[+ descriptions3-- ,he 0 a mongoose1 r l a little cat 9 8 fur & 8 tail1 b q l a weasel 9 8 head & 8 habits4 ,8 eyes & ! end ( 8 re/less nose 7 p9k2 he c\ld scrat* himself any:]e he pleas$1 ) any leg1 front or back1 t he *ose to use2 he c\ld fluff up 8 tail till x look$ l a bottle bru%1 & 8 w> cry z he scuttl$ ?r\gh ! long grass 0 ,rikk-tikk-tikki-tikki-tikk4 --,kipl+3 ,jungle ,book4 ,i*abod 0 a suitable figure = su* a /e$4 ,he rode ) %ort /irrups1 :i* br\ght 8 knees ne>ly up to ! pommel ( 8 saddle2 8 %>p elb[s /uck out l gras%opp]s' legs2 he c>ri$ 8 :ip p]p5dicul>ly 9 8 h&1 l a scept]1 &1 z 8 horse jogg$ on1 ! motion ( 8 arms 0 n unlike ! flapp+ ( a pair ( w+s4 ,a small wool hat re/$ on ! top ( 8 nose1 = s 8 scanty /rip ( =ehead might be call$2 & ! skirts ( 8 black coat flutt]$ out almo/ to ! horse's tail4 ,su* 0 ! appe>ance ( ,i*abod & 8 /e$1 z !y %ambl$ out ( ! gate ( ,hans ,van ,ripp]1 & x 0 altoge!r su* an app>ition z is seldom to be met ) 9 broad daylight4 --,irv+3 ,leg5d ( ,sleepy ,holl[4 ,!me ,,lviii4--,write a description ( "o ( ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,my cat4 #b4 ,! pony at ! f>m4 #c4 ,! gl54 #d4 ,! prairie4 #e4 ,! milldam4 #f4 ,! motorman4 #g4 ,! picture on ?is page4 ,illu/ration 7,consid] ! effectiv5ess ( y\r description4 ,c y improve y\r *oice ( words8 ,h y us$ comp>isons or figures1 & if s1 d !y improve y\r description8 ,consid] y\r !me ) ref]5ce to euphony4 ,section #af47 #acc4 ,classes ( ,objects ,frequ5tly ,describ$4--,!re is no limit to ! ?+s t we may wi% to describe1 b !re are c]ta9 g5]al classes ( objects t are describ$ m frequ5tly ?an o!rs4 ,we h great] occasion to describe m5 or places ?an we h to describe pictures or trees4 ,a p]son may be an accurate obs]v] hav+ a l>ge vocabul>y applicable to "o class ( objects1 & ?us be able to describe objects ( t class cle>ly & effectively2 ?\gh at ! same "t1 on acc\nt ( limit$ exp]i5ce & small vocabul>y1 he _c well describe objects belong+ to "s o!r class4 ,! ability to obs]ve accurately ! classes ( objects nam$ bel[1 & to appreciate descriptions ( su* objects :5 made by o!rs1 is a desirable acquisition4 ,e ef=t %\ld be made to ma/] z _m z possible ( ! words applicable to ea* class ( objects4 ,a slight inve/igation w %[ h[ great is ! numb] ( su* words ) :i* we are unfamili>4 #a4 ,descriptions ( build+s or portions ( build+s4 ,9 mo/ build+s ! basem5t /ory is heavie/1 & ea* succe$+ /ory increases 9 lightness2 9 ! ,ducal palace ?is is rev]s$1 mak+ x unique among/ build+s4 ,! out] walls re/ ^u ! pill>s ( op5 colonnades1 :i* h a m /umpy appe>ance ?an 0 int5d$1 ow+ to ! rais+ ( ! pavem5t 9 ! piazza4 ,!y _h1 h[ev]1 no base1 b 7 support$ by a cont9u\s /ylobate4 ,! *ief decorations ( ! palace 7 employ$ ^u ! capitals ( ^! ?irty-six pill>s1 & x 0 felt t ! peculi> prom95ce & importance giv5 to its angles r5d]$ x necess>y t !y %\ld be enri*$ & s(t5$ by sculpture1 :i* is int]e/+ & (t5 mo/ beautiful4 ,! ?ron$ figure ( ,v5ice above be>s a scroll inscrib$3 ,=tis1 ju/a1 trono furias1 m>e sub p$e1 pono4 7,/rong & j1 ,i put ! furies b5ea? my ?rone1 & ! sea b5ea? my foot47 ,"o ( ! corn]s ( ! palace jo9$ ! irregul> build+s connect$ ) ,/4 ,m>k's1 & is n g5]ally se54 ,!re rema9$1 !re=e1 only ?ree angles to be decorat$4 ,! fir/ ma9 sculpture may be call$ ! ,fig-tree angle1 & its subject is ! ,fall ( ,man4 ,! second is ! ,v9e angle1 & repres5ts ! ,drunk5ness ( ,noah4 ,! ?ird sculpture is ! ,judgm5t angle1 & portrays ! ,judgm5t ( ,solomon4 --,h>e3 ,v5ice4 ,!me ,,lix4--,write a description ( ! ext]ior ( "s build+4 ,!me ,,lx4--,write a description ( "s room4 ,!me ,,lxi4--,write a description ( "s portion ( a build+1 su* z an entrance1 spire1 w9d[1 or /airway4 7,consid] ea* description ) ref]5ce to-- a4 ,po9t ( view4 b4 ,fundam5tal image4 c4 ,selection ( ess5tial details4 d4 ,selection & subord9ation ( m9or details4 e4 ,arrangem5t ( details ) ref]5ce to _! natural positions 9 space4 f4 ,effective *oice ( words & comp>isons47 #b4 ,natural features3 valleys1 riv]s1 m\nta9s1 etc4 ,beyond ! great prairies & 9 ! %ad[ ( ! ,rockies lie ! ,foo?ills4 ,= n9e hundr$ miles ! prairies spread !mselves out 9 va/ level rea*es1 & !n beg9 to climb ov] s(tly r\nd$ m\nds t ev] gr[ high] & %>p]1 till "h & !re1 !y break into jagg$ po9ts & at la/ re/ ^u ! great bases ( ! mighty m\nta9s4 ,^! r\nd$ hills t jo9 ! prairies to ! m\nta9s =m ! ,foo?ill ,c\ntry4 ,!y ext5d = ab\t a hundr$ miles only1 b no o!r hundr$ miles ( ! great ,we/ are s full ( int]e/ & romance4 ,! natural features ( ! c\ntry comb9e ! beauties ( prairie & ( m\nta9 sc5]y4 ,!re are valleys s wide t ! f>!r side melts into ! horizon1 & upl&s s va/ z to sugge/ ! unbrok5 prairie4 ,ne>] ! m\nta9s ! valleys dip deep & ev] deep] till !y n>r[ into canyons ?r\gh :i* m\nta9 torr5ts p\r _! blue-gray wat]s f glaci]s t lie gli/5+ betwe5 ! :ite peaks f> away4 --,connor3 ,! ,sky ,pilot4 ,long l9es ( cliff break+ h left a *asm2 ,& 9 ! *asm are foam & yell[ s&s2 ,beyond1 r$ ro(s ab\t a n>r[ :>f ,9 clu/]2 !n a mold]'d *ur*2 & high] ,a long /reet climbs to "o tall t[]'d mill2 ,& high 9 heav5 beh9d x a gray d[n ,) ,dani% b>r[s1 & a hazelwood1 ,by autumn nutt]s haunt$1 fl\ri%es ,gre5 9 a cuplike holl[ ( ! d[n4 --,t5nyson3 ,eno* ,ard54 ,!me ,,lxii4--,write a description ( "s valley1 m\nta91 field1 woods1 or prairie4 ,!me ,,lxiii4--,write a description ( "s /ream1 pond1 lake1 dam1 or wat]fall4 7,consid] especially y\r *oice ( words47 #c4 ,s\nds or ! use ( s\nds4 ,& ! noise ( ,niag>a8 ,al>m+ ?+s h be5 said ab\t x1 b !y are n true4 ,x is a great & mighty noise1 b x is n1 z ,h5nep9 ?\ght1 an outrage\s noise4 ,x is n a ro>4 ,x does n dr[n ! voice or /un ! e>4 ,ev5 at ! actual foot ( ! falls x is n oppressive4 ,x is mu* less r\gh ?an ! s\nd ( heavy surf-- /eadi]1 m homog5e\s1 less metallic1 v deep & /rong1 yet mell[ & s(t2 s(t1 ,i mean1 9 its quality4 ,z to ! noise ( ! rapids1 !re is none m musical4 ,x is nei!r rumbl+ nor %>p4 ,x is cle>1 plang5t1 silv]y4 ,x is s l ! voice ( a /eep brook-- mu* magnifi$1 b n made co>s] or m h>%--t1 aft] we h kn[n x1 ea* liquid call f a =e/ hillside w seem1 l ! odor ( grapev9es1 a greet+ f ,niag>a4 ,x is an inspirit+1 an exhil>at+ s\nd1 l fre%ness1 coolness1 vitality itself made audible4 ,& yet x is a lull+ s\nd4 ,:5 we h look$ out ^u ! ,am]ican rapids = _m days1 x is h>d to rememb] cont5t$ life amid motionless surr\nd+s2 & s1 :5 we h slept beside !m = _m nights1 x is h>d to ?9k ( happy sleep 9 an empty sil5ce4 --,mrs4 ,van ,r5ssela]3 ,niag>a 7,c5tury74 ,yell'd on ! view ! op5+ pack2 ,rock1 gl51 & cav]n1 paid !m back2 ,to _m a m+l$ s\nd at once ,! awak5'd m\nta9 gave response4 ,a hundr$ dogs bay'd deep & /rong1 ,clatt]'d a hundr$ /e$s along1 ,_! peal ! m]ry horns rung out1 ,a hundr$ voices jo9'd ! %\t2 ,) h>k1 & :oop1 & wild halloo1 ,no re/ ,b5voirli*'s e*oes knew4 ,f> f ! tumult fl$ ! roe1 ,close 9 h] cov]t c[]'d ! doe2 ,! falcon1 f h] cairn on high1 ,ca/ on ! r\t a wond]+ eye1 ,till f> beyond h] pi]c+ k5 ,! hurricane _h swept ! gl54 ,fa9t1 & m fa9t1 its fail+ d9 ,return'd f cav]n1 cliff1 & l9n1 ,& sil5ce settl$1 wide & /ill1 ,on ! lone wood & mighty hill4 --,,scott3 ,lady ( ! ,lake4 ,!me ,,lxiv4--,describe "s s\nd or comb9ation ( s\nds1 or write a description introduc+ s\nds4 ,sugge/$ subjects3-- #a4 ,alone 9 ! h\se4 #b4 ,9 ! woods at night4 #c4 ,beside ! brook4 #d4 ,9 ! factory4 #e4 ,a day at ! bea*4 #f4 ,be=e ! ,f\r?4 #g4 ,on ! sea%ore4 7,notice especially ! words t indicate s\nd47 #d4 ,color or ! use ( color4 ,a gray day6 s(t gray sky1 l ! brea/ ( a dove2 %e5y gray sea ) gleams ( /eel runn+ across2 trail+ skirts ( mi/ %utt+ (f ! ma9l&1 leav+ ,light ,isl& alone ) ! ocean2 ! :ite t[] gleam+ spectral among ! fold+ mi/s2 ! d>k p9e tree po9t+ a somb] f+] to heav52 ! wet1 black rocks1 f :i* ! tide _h gone d[n1 huddl+ toge!r 9 fanta/ic gr\ps z if to hide _! nak$ness4 --,laura ,e4 ,ri*>ds3 ,capta9 ,janu>y4 ,! l>ge bran* ( ! ,po we cross$ came d[n f ! m\nta9s :i* we 7 approa*+4 ,z we rea*$ ! po/ road aga9 !y 7 gl[+ 9 ! la/ rays ( ! sun1 & ! ev5+ vapors t settl$ ov] ! pla9 conceal$ ! di/ant ,alps1 al?\gh ! sn[y top ( ! ,jungfrau & h] companions ! ,wett]horn & ,s*reckhorn rose above x l ! hills ( ano!r _w4 ,a ca/le or *ur* ( brilliant :ite m>ble glitt]$ on ! summit ( "o ( ! m\nta9s ne> u1 &1 z ! sun w5t d[n )\t a cl\d1 ! di/ant summits *ang$ 9 hue to a gl[+ purple1 m\nt+ almo/ to crimson1 :i* aft]w>ds d>k5$ into a deep violet4 ,! we/]n half ( ! sky 0 ( a pale orange & ! ea/]n a d>k r$1 :i* bl5d$ toge!r 9 ! blue ( ! z5i?1 t deep5$ z twilight came on4 --,taylor3 ,views ,afoot4 ,!me ,,lxv4--,write a description 9 :i* ! color elem5t ent]s l>gely4 #e4 ,animals1 birds1 fi%es1 etc4 ,! ,tailless ,tyke _h n[ gr[n into an imm5se dog1 heavy ( muscle & huge ( bone4 ,a great bull head2 und]%ot jaw1 squ>e & l5g?y & t]rible2 vici\s yell[ gleam+ eyes2 cropp$ e>s2 & an expression incomp>ably savage4 ,8 coat 0 a tawny lionlike yell[1 %ort1 h>%1 d5se2 & 8 back runn+ up f %\ld] to lo9s end$ abruptly 9 a knoblike tail4 ,he look$ l ! devil ( a dog's hell1 & 8 reputation 0 z bad z 8 looks4 ,he nev] attack$ unprovok$2 b a *all5ge 0 nev] ignor$ & he 0 gre$y ( insults4 --,alfr$ ,ollivant3 ,bob1 ,son ( ,battle4 7,copyright1 ,d\bl$ay & ,mc,clure47 ,read ! description ( ! k+bird 7page #bbd71 & ( ! mongoose 7page #bdb74 ,!me ,,lxvi4--,write a description ( "s animal1 bird1 or fi%4 7,:at que/ions %\ld y ask y\rself ab\t ea* description y write87 #f4 ,trees & plants4 ,h[ %all k9nik9nick be told to !m :o "k x n8 ,to a ,new ,engl&] x might be said t a :ortleb]ry bu% *ang$ its m9d "o day & decid$ to be a v9e1 ) leaves z glossy z laurel1 bells p9k-/rip$ & sweet l ! arbutus1 & b]ries 9 clu/]s & ( sc>let in/ead ( black4 ,! ,indians call x k9nik9nick1 & smoke x 9 _! pipes4 ,:ite m5 call x be>b]ry1 ,i believe2 & !re is a ,lat9 "n = x1 no d\bt1 9 ! books4 ,b k9nik9nick is ! be/1--da9ty1 /urdy1 indefatigable k9nik9nick1 gre5 & glossy all ! ye> r\nd1 lovely at ,*ri/mas & lovely among fl[]s at midsumm]1 z cont5t & ?rifty on b>e1 rocky hillsides z 9 grassy nooks1 gr[+ 9 long1 trail+ wrea?s1 five feet long1 or 9 tangl$ mats1 five feet across1 z ! rock or ! valley may ne$1 & liv+ bravely _m weeks )\t wat]1 to make a h\se beautiful4 ,i d\bt if !re be 9 ! _w a v9e ,i %\ld hold s preci\s1 indoors & out4 --,hel5 ,hunt ,jackson3 ,bits ( ,travel at ,home4 ,a mango tree is beautiful & attractive4 ,x gr[s z l>ge z ! oak1 & has a ri* & glossy foliage4 ,! fruit is %ap$ some?+ l a %ort1 ?ick cucumb]1 & is z l>ge z a l>ge pe>4 ,x has a ?ick1 t\gh sk91 & a delici\s1 juicy pulp4 ,:5 ripe x is a gold5 color4 ,a tree (t5 be>s a hundr$ bu%els ( mangoes4 --,m>ian ,m4 ,george4 ,!me ,,lxvii4--,write a description ( "s tree t y h se54 7,consid] y\r !me ) ref]5ce to ! g5]al pr9ciples ( composition treat$ 9 ,*apt] ,v47 #acd4 ,description ( ,p]sons3 ,"* ,sket*es4--,! g5]al pr9ciples ( description are applicable to ! description ( a p]son1 & %\ld be foll[$ = ! purpose ( pres5t+ a cle> & vivid image4 ,our int]e/1 h[ev]1 s naturally runs beyond ! appe>ance & is conc]n$ ) ! "*1 t mo/ descriptions ( p]sons become "* sket*es4 ,ev5 ! commone/ t]ms ( description1 su* z ke5 gray eyes1 squ>e *91 rugg$ c\nt5ance1 are int]pret$ z %[+ "*1 & dep>t to "s degree f pure description4 ,(t5 ! sole purpose ( description is to %[ "*1 & only ^? details are introduc$ :i* accompli% ?is purpose4 ,9 life we judge a man's "* by 8 actions1 & s 9 ! "* sket* we are l$ to inf] 8 "* f :at he does4 ,! "* indicat$ by 8 appe>ance is corroborat$ by a /atem5t ( 8 actions & especially by %[+ h[ he acts4 7,see ,section #aj47 ,sometimes no descriptive matt] is giv51 b we are left to make our own picture to fit ! "* indicat$ by ! actions4 ,9 _m books ! descriptive elem5ts :i* w\ld enable u to =m an image ( "s p]son are di/ribut$ ov] sev]al pages1 ea* be+ introduc$ :]e x supplem5ts & emphasizes ! "* %[n by ! actions4 ,notice ! foll[+ examples3-- ,! ,rev4 ,daniel ,true /ood beside ! holy table4 ,= su* a sc5e1 p]haps = any sc5e1 he 0 a memorable figure4 ,he _h ! dignity ( e>ly middle life1 b none ( its signs ( advanc+ age4 ,8 hair 0 q black1 & curl$ on 8 temples boyi%ly2 8 mu/a*e1 n )\t a worldly cut1 0 z d>k z 8 hair1 & conceal$ a m\? s clean & f9e t x 0 an e?ical mi/ake to cov] x4 ,he _h /urdy %\ld]s1 al?\gh n q /raight2 !y _h ! s*ol>'s /oop2 8 h&s 7 ?91 ) long f+]s2 8 ge/ures 7 sp>+ & significant2 8 expression 0 s s9c]e t its evid5t dev\tness comm&$ respect2 s did 8 voice1 :i* 0 au?oritative en\gh to be a little prie/ly & lack+ some:at 9 elocution>y f9i% z ! voices ( m9i/]s are apt to be1 b g5u9e1 musical1 p]suasive1 at mom5ts vibrant ) oratorical p[]4 ,he _h a w>m eye & a lovable smile4 ,he 0 e in* a m9i/]1 b he 0 e n]ve a man4 --,elizabe? ,/u>t ,phelps3 ,a ,sacram5t 7,h>p]'s74 ,%e 0 n m ?an fifte54 ,h] =m1 voice1 & mann] belong$ to ! p]iod ( transition f girlhood4 ,h] face 0 p]fectly oval1 h] complexion m pale ?an fair4 ,! nose 0 faultless2 ! lips1 slightly p>t$1 7 full & ripe1 giv+ to ! l9es ( ! m\? w>m?1 t5d]ness1 & tru/2 ! eyes 7 blue & l>ge1 & %ad$ by droop+ lids & long la%es2 &1 9 h>mony ) all1 a flood ( gold5 hair1 9 ! /yle p]mitt$ to ,jewi% brides1 fell unconf9$ d[n h] back to ! pillion on :i* %e sat4 ,! ?roat & neck _h ! d[ny s(tness sometimes se5 :i* leaves ! arti/ 9 d\bt :e!r x is an effect ( cont\r or color4 ,to ^! *>ms ( feature & p]son 7 add$ o!rs m--an indef9able air ( purity :i* only ! s\l c imp>t1 & ( ab/raction natural to su* z ?9k mu* ( ?+s impalpable4 ,(t51 ) trembl+ lips1 %e rais$ h] eyes to heav51 itself n m deeply blue2 (t5 %e cross$ h] h&s ^u h] brea/1 z 9 adoration & pray]2 (t5 %e rais$ h] head l "o li/5+ eag]ly = a call+ voice4 ,n[ & !n mid/ 8 sl[ utt]ance1 ,joseph turn$ to look at h]1 &1 cat*+ ! expression k9dl+ h] face z ) light1 =got 8 !me1 & ) b[$ head1 wond]+1 plodd$ on4 --,lew ,wallace3 ,b5-,hur4 7,copyright1 #ahhj1 ,h>p] & ,bros47 ,:5 ,wa%+ton 0 elect$ g5]al ( ! army he 0 =ty-?ree ye>s ( age4 ,9 /ature he a little exce$$ six feet2 8 limbs 7 s9ewy & well proportion$2 8 *e/ broad1 8 figure /ately1 bl5d+ dignity ( pres5ce ) ease ( mann]4 ,8 robu/ con/itution _h be5 tri$ & invigorat$ by 8 e>ly life 9 ! wild]ness1 8 habit ( occupation out ( doors1 & 8 rigid temp]ance1 s t few equall$ him 9 /r5g? ( arm or p[] ( endurance4 ,8 complexion 0 florid1 8 hair d>k br[n1 8 head 9 %ape p]fectly r\nd4 ,8 broad no/rils seem$ =m$ to give expression & escape to scornful ang]4 ,8 d>k blue eyes1 :i* 7 deeply set1 _h an expression ( resignation & an e>ne/ness t 0 almo/ sad4 --,bancr(t4 ,!re 7 _m ,engli%m5 ( great di/9ction !re1 & ,t5nyson 0 ! mo/ conspicu\s among ! gue/s4 ,t5nyson's appe>ance 0 v /rik+ & 8 figure might h be5 tak5 z a liv+ illu/ration ( romantic poetry4 ,he 0 tall & /ately1 wore a great mass ( ?ick1 long hair--long hair 0 !n /ill worn ev5 by m5 :o did n affect orig9ality2 8 frame 0 slightly /oop+1 8 %\ld]s 7 b5t z if ) ! weight ( ?\ght2 !re 0 some?+ entirely out ( ! common & v comm&+ 9 8 :ole pres5ce1 & a /rang] meet+ him 9 :atev] cr[d w\ld probably h assum$ at once t he mu/ be a lit]>y k+4 --,ju/9 ,mc,carthy3 ,lit]>y ,portraits f ! ,sixties 7,h>p]'s74 ,! door op5$ & !re appe>$ to ^! two a visitor4 ,he 0 a "y man1 & tall1--s tall t1 ev5 ) 8 hat (f1 8 head b>ely cle>$ ! ceil+ ( ! l[-/udd$ room4 ,he 0 slim & fair-hair$ & r\nd-%\ld]$4 ,he _h ! p9k & :ite complexion ( a girl2 s(t1 fair hair2 d>k1 s]i\s eyes2 ! high1 :ite br[ ( a ?9k]2 ! nose ( an ari/ocrat2 & he 0 9 cl]ical g>b4 --,sewall ,=d3 ,! ,r5unciation ( ,petruo 7,h>p]'s74 ,,ex]cise ,notice ! pictures on page #bec4 ,c y det]m9e f ! picture any?+ ab\t ! "* ( ! p]son8 ,j :at feature 9 ea* helps y 9 ?is8 ,!me ,,lxviii4--,describe "s p]son kn[n to mo/ ( ! class4 7,d n "n ! p]son1 b comb9e description & "* sket*+ s t ! class may be able to tell :om y mean47 ,illu/rations #ace4 ,impression ( a ,description4--,(t5 ! effectiv5ess ( a description is det]m9$ m by ! impression :i* x makes ^u our feel+s ?an by ! vividness ( ! picture :i* x pres5ts4 ,read ! foll[+ description ( ! ,batt]y 9 ,new ,york by ,h[ells4 ,notice h[ ! details :i* h be5 select$ emphasize ! impression ( =lornness4 ,! sickly trees1 ! decrepit %ade1 ! mangy grass plots1 hungry-ey$ & holl[ *ildr51 ! jad$ wom51 sil5t & hopeless1 ! %ameless h\ses1 ! h>d-look+ m51 unite to give ! "o impression4 ,ev5 ! fre% blue wat] ( ! bay1 :i* laughs & dances beyond1 by its v contra/ gives great] emphasis to ! melan*oly & =lorn appe>ance ( ! ,batt]y4 ,all places t fa%ion has once lov$ & ab&on$ are v melan*oly2 b ( all su* places1 ,i ?9k ! ,batt]y is ! mo/ =lorn4 ,are !re "s sickly locu/ trees !re t ca/ a tremul\s & decrepit %ade ^u ! mangy grass plots8 ,i believe s1 b ,i d n make sure2 ,i am c]ta9 only ( ! mangy grass plots1 or r ! spaces betwe5 ! pa?s1 ?9ly ov]gr[n ) "s k9d ( refuse & opprobri\s we$1 a /unt$ & paup] vegetation prop] solely to ! ,new ,york ,batt]y4 ,at t h\r ( ! summ] morn+ :5 our fri5ds1 ) ! aimlessness ( /rang]s :o are wait+ to d some?+ else1 saw ! anci5t prom5ade1 a few scant & hungry-ey$ little boys & girls 7 w&]+ ov] ?is we$y gr[?1 n play+1 b mov+ li/lessly to & fro1 fanta/ic 9 ! wild inaptness ( _! co/umes4 ,"o ( ^! little creatures wore1 ) an odd1 involunt>y jaunt9ess1 ! ca/-(f be/ dress ( "s happi] *ild1 a gay little g>m5t cut l[ 9 ! neck & %ort 9 ! sleeves1 :i* gave h] ! grotesque effect ( hav+ be5 at a p>ty ! night be=e4 ,pres5tly came two jad$ wom51 a "m & a gr&mo!r1 t appe>$1 :5 !y crawl$ out ( _! b$s1 to h put on only s mu* clo?+ z ! law compell$4 ,!y ab&on$ !mselves ^u ! gre5 /uff1 :atev] x 01 &1 ) _! lean h&s clasp$ outside _! knees1 sat & />$1 sil5t & hopeless1 at ! ea/]n sky1 at ! he>t ( ! t]rible furnace1 into :i* 9 ^? days ! _w seem$ ca/ to be burnt up1 :ile ! *ild :i* ! y\ng] woman _h br\ght ) h] feebly wail$ unhe$$ at h] side4 ,on "o side ( ! wom5 7 ! %ameless h\ses out ( :i* !y might h crept1 & :i* someh[ sugge/$ riot\s m>itime dissipation2 on ! o!r side 7 ^? h\ses 9 :i* _h once dwelt ri* & fam\s folk1 b :i* 7 n[ dropp+ d[n to ! bo>d+-h\se scale ?r\gh v>i\s unhomelike occupations to f9al di%onor & despair4 ,d[n ne>] ! wat]1 & n f> f ! ca/le t 0 once a playh\se & is n[ ! depot ( emigration1 /ood c]ta9 express wagons1 & ab\t ^! l\ng$ a few h>d-look+ m54 ,beyond laugh$ & danc$ ! fre% blue wat] ( ! bay1 dott$ ) sails & smoke/acks4 --,h[ells3 ,_! ,w$d+ ,j\rney4 ,! successive images ( ! prec$+ selection are cle> en\gh1 b !y are b\nd toge!r by a common purpose1 :i* is ! creation ( a s+le impression4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 a description may pres5t1 n a s+le impression1 b a s]ies ( su* impressions1 to :i* a unity is giv5 by ! fact t !y are all connect$ ) "o ev5t1 or occur at ! same "t1 or 9 ! same place4 ,su* a s]ies ( impressions is illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+3-- ,x is a ph5om5on ^: commonness alone prev5ts x f be+ mo/ impressive1 t dep>ture ( ! night-express4 ,! two hundr$ miles x is to travel /ret* be=e x1 trac$ by ^? sl5d] clews1 to lose :i* is ru91 & ab\t :i* hang s _m dang]s4 ,! drawbridges t gape ^u ! way1 ! tra9s t /& smok+ & /eam+ on ! track1 ! rail t has borne ! we> s long t x mu/ soon snap "u x1 ! deep cut :]e ! ov]hang+ mass ( rocks trembles to its fall1 ! ob/ruction t a pitiless malice may h plac$ 9 y\r pa?1 y ?9k ( ^! aft] ! j\rney is done1 b !y seldom haunt y\r fancy :ile x la/s4 ,! k ( y\r helplessness 9 any circum/ances is s p]fect t x begets a s5se ( irresponsibility1 almo/ ( security2 & z y dr[se ^u ! pallet ( ! sleep+ c> & feel y\rself hurl$ =w>d ?r\gh ! obscurity1 y are almo/ ?ankful t y c d no?+1 = x is ^u ?is condition only t y c endure x2 & "s su* condition z ?is1 ,i suppose1 acc\nts = _m h]oic acts 9 ! _w4 ,to ! fanta/ic mood :i* possesses y equally1 sleep+ or wak+1 ! /oppages ( ! tra9 h a weird "*1 & ,worce/]1 ,spr+field1 ,new ,hav51 & ,/am=d are r po9ts 9 dreaml& ?an well-kn[n t[ns ( ,new ,engl&4 ,z ! tra9 /ops y dr[se if y h be5 wak+1 & wake if y h be5 9 a doze2 b 9 any case y are aw>e ( ! locomotive hiss+ & c\gh+ beyond ! /ation1 ( fl>+ gas-jets1 ( clatt]+ feet ( pass5g]s gett+ on & (f2 !n ( "s "o1 conductor or /ation ma/]1 walk+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! tra92 & !n y are aw>e ( an insane satisfaction 9 r5ew$ flight ?r\gh ! d>kness4 ,y ?9k hazily ( ! folk 9 _! b$s 9 ! t[n left beh9d1 :o /ir uneasily at ! s\nd ( y\r tra9's dep>t+ :i/le2 & s all is blank vigil or a blank slumb]4 --,h[ells3 ,_! ,w$d+ ,j\rney4 #acf4 ,impression z ! ,purpose ( ,description4--,! impression t x gives may become ! c5tral purpose ( a description4 ,x is evid5t 9 ,h[ells's description ( ! ,batt]y t ! purpose 0 ! creat+ ( an impression ( =lornness1 & t ! au?or kept ?is purpose 9 m9d :5 *oos+ ! details4 ,if 8 aim _h be5 to enable u to =m a cle> picture ( ! ,batt]y 9 its physical outl9es1 he w\ld h *os5 diff]5t details & w\ld h pres5t$ !m 9 diff]5t language4 ,! same sc5e or object may pres5t a diff]5t appe>ance to two diff]5t obs]v]s because ea* may discov] a diff]5t set ( lik5esses or resemblances & s select diff]5t ess5tial *>act]i/ics4 ,an arti/ w pa9t a picture t c5t]s ar\nd "s "o feature4 ,ea* add$ detail seems b to set =? & increase ! effect ( ?is c5tral elem5t ( ! picture4 ,simil>ly ! obs]v] w 9 8 description lay emphasis on ! c5tral po9t & w select details t be> a helpful relation to x4 ,if he wi%es to pres5t ! picture ( a valley1 he w lay emphasis on its fundam5tal image & ess5tial details ) ref]5ce to its appe>ance2 b if 8 desire is to pres5t ! impression ( f]tility or ( rural simplicity & quiet1 ! elem5ts t are important = ! produc+ ( ! desir$ impression may n be at all ! ones ess5tial to 8 =m] picture4 ,:5 ! pres5tation ( a picture is our c5tral purpose1 we attempt to pres5t x z x appe>s to u1 & select details t w enable o!rs to =m ! desir$ image2 b if we desire to set =? h[ a sc5e affect$ u1 we mu/ *oose details t w make our read] feel z we felt4 #acg4 ,necessity ( ,obs]v+ our ,impressions4--,9 ord] to write a description :i* %all give our impression ( an object or sc5e1 we mu/ "k def9itely :at t impression is4 ,j z cle> see+ is necess>y = ! reproduction ( def9ite images1 s is ! cle> p]ception ( our impressions necess>y to _! reproduction4 ,fur!rmore1 we may "k :at our impressions are )\t be+ able to select ^? elem5ts 9 a sc5e t h produc$ !m2 b 9 ord] to write a description t %all affect o!rs z ! sc5e itself affect$ u1 we mu/ "k :at ^! elem5ts are & emphasize !m 9 ! description4 ,?us x becomes necess>y to pay att5tion bo? to our impression & to ! selection ( ^? details :i* create t impression4 ,"o glance at a room may cause u to believe t ! h\sekeep] is untidy4 ,if we wi% to convey ?is impression to our read]1 our description mu/ include ! details t give t impression ( untid9ess to u4 ,nor are we limit$ to sight alone1 = our impressions may be made /rong] by ! aid ( ! o!r s5ses4 ,s\nd & smell & ta/e may supplem5t ! sight1 & ?\gh !y add little to ! cle>ness1 yet !y add mu* to ! impression :i* we get4 ,)9 ! cab91 ?r\gh :i* ,basil & ,isabel n[ sl[ly mov$1 !re 7 numb]s ( p l\ng+ ab\t on ! s(as1 9 v>i\s attitudes ( talk or vacancy2 & at ! tables !re 7 o!rs read+ ,lo?air1 a new book 9 ! remote epo* ( :i* ,i write1 & a v fa%ionable book inde$4 ,!re 0 9 ! air t odor ( pa9t & c>pet :i* prevails on /eamboats2 ! glass drops ( ! *&eli]s tick$ s(tly aga9/ ea* o!r1 z ! vessel %ook ) h] respiration1 l a com=table sleep]1 & imp>t$ a delici\s feel+ ( coz9ess & security to our travel]s4 --,h[ells3 ,_! ,w$d+ ,j\rney4 #ach4 ,impression ,limit$ to ,exp]i5ce4--,if we attempt to write a description = ! sake ( giv+ an impression1 x mu/ be an impression t we h ourselves exp]i5c$4 ,if ! sight ( ! gorge ( ,niag>a has fill$ u ) a feel+ ( sublimity & awe1 we %all f9d x h>d to write a humor\s acc\nt ( x4 ,if we see ! humor\s elem5ts ( a situation1 we _c easily make our description give ! impression ( grief4 ,nei!r c we successfully imitate ! impressions ( o!rs4 ,no two p]sons are affect$ 9 ! same way by ! same ?+4 ,our age1 our temp]am5t1 our emotional attitude1 & all ( our pa/ exp]i5ces affect our way ( look+ at ?+s & modify ! impressions :i* we get4 ,! successful pres5tation ( our impression w dep5d l>gely ^u ! def9ite p]ception ( our feel+s4 #aci4 ,impression ,affect$ by ,mood4--,n only is our impression affect$ by details 9 ! sc5e obs]v$1 b x is ev5 m l>gely influ5c$ by our mood at ! "t ( ! obs]vation4 ,! same l&scape may *e] at "o "t & di%e>t5 at ano!r4 ,to-day we see ! ridicul\s2 to-morr[1 ! sad & sorr[ful4 ,a ?\s& ?+s may *ange our mood1 b "u c]ta9 g5]al conditions1 c]ta9 impressions are likely to arise4 ,!re is some?+ 9 ! air ( spr+1 or ! heat ( summ]1 :i* affects u all4 ,! wea!r1 too1 has its effect4 ,sun%9e & %ad[ f9d answ]+ attitudes 9 our feel+s1 & ! skillful writ] takes advantage ( ^! emotional t5d5cies4 ,n f> we f>$-- ,! riv] left beh9d--:51 look+ back1 ,i saw ! m\nta9 9 ! se>*+ light ,( ! l[ sun4 ,sur*>g$ ) y\?ful pride ,9 my adv5ture1 ,i c ne'er =get ,! disappo9tm5t & *agr9 :i* fell ,^u me2 = a *ange _h pass$4 ,! /eep ,:i* 9 ! morn+ sprang to kiss ! sun1 ,_h left ! sc5e2 & 9 its place ,i saw ,a %runk5 pile1 ^: pa?s my /eps _h climb$1 ,^: pr\de/ height my humble feet _h trod4 ,its gr& impossibilities & all ,its /ore ( m>vels & ( my/]ies ,7 fl[n away1 & w\ld n be recall$4 --,holl&3 ,katr9a4 #adj4 ,union ( ,image & ,impression4--,because we h discuss$ image mak+ & impression giv+ sep>ately1 x mu/ n be judg$ t !y necess>ily occur sep>ately4 ,!y are 9 fact always unit$4 ,no image1 h[ev] cle>1 c fail to make "s impression1 & no description1 h[ev] /rong ! impression x gives1 fails to create "s image4 ,x is r ! plac+ ( ! emphasis t c\nts4 ,"s descriptions h = _! purpose ! giv+ ( an image1 & ! impression is ( little mom5t4 ,o!r descriptions aim at produc+ impressions1 & ! images are ( less importance4 ,9 ! description ( ! ,batt]y 7page #bed7 ! images are cle> en\gh1 b !y are subord9ate to ! impression4 ,?is subord9ation may ev5 g f>!r4 ,(t5 ! impression is made prom95t & we are l$ by sugge/ion to =m images :i* fit x1 :ile 9 reality few def9ite images h be5 set4 ,notice 9 ! foll[+ selection t ! impression ( desolation is giv5 )\t attempt+ to picture exactly :at 0 se53-- ,! c\ntry at ! foot ( ,vesuvius is ! mo/ f]tile & be/ cultivat$ ( ! k+dom1 mo/ favor$ by ,heav5 9 all ,europe4 ,! celebrat$ ,lacrym ,*ri/i v9e fl\ri%es beside l& totally deva/at$ by lava1 z if nature "h made a la/ ef=t1 & resolv$ to p]i% 9 h] ri*e/ array4 ,z y asc5d1 y turn to gaze on ,naples1 & on ! fair laud ar\nd x--! sea sp>kles 9 ! sun z if /rewn ) jewels2 b all ! spl5dors ( creation are ext+ui%$ by degrees1 z y ent] ! region ( a%es & smoke1 t ann\nces y\r approa* to ! volcano4 ,! iron waves ( o!r ye>s h trac$ _! l>ge black furr[s 9 ! soil4 ,at a c]ta9 height birds are no long] se52 fur!r on1 plants become v sc>ce2 !n ev5 insects f9d no n\ri%m5t4 ,at la/ all life disappe>s4 ,y ent] ! realm ( dea? & ! sla9 e>?'s du/ alone sleeps b5ea? y\r unassur$ feet4 --,madame ,de ,/al3 ,cor9ne3 ,italy4 ,,ex]cises ,discuss ! foll[+ selections ) ref]5ce to ! impression giv5 by ea*3-- ,! ?ird ( ! fl[] v9es is ,wood-,magic4 ,x be>s nei!r fl[]s nor fruit4 ,its leaves are h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f ! leaves ( ! o!r v9es4 ,p]haps !y are a little r\nd] ?an ! ,sn[b]ry's1 a little m po9t$ ?an ! ,p>tridge-b]ry's2 sometimes y might mi/ake !m = ! "o1 sometimes = ! o!r4 ,no m>ks ( w>n+ h be5 writt5 ^u !m4 ,if y f9d !m1 x is y\r =tune2 if y ta/e !m1 x is y\r fate4 ,= z y br[se y\r way ?r\gh ! =e/1 nipp+ "h & !re a rosy leaf ( "y w9t]gre51 a fragrant em]ald tip ( balsam fir1 a twig ( spicy bir*1 if by *ance y pluck ! leaves ( ,wood-,magic & eat !m1 y w n "k :at y h done1 b ! en*antm5t ( ! treel& w ent] y\r he>t & ! *>m ( ! wildwood w fl[ ?r\gh y\r ve9s4 ,y w nev] get away f x4 ,! sigh+ ( ! w9d ?r\gh ! p9e trees & ! laught] ( ! /ream 9 its rapids w s\nd ?r\gh all y\r dreams4 ,on b$s ( silk5 s(tness y w long = ! sleep-song ( :isp]+ leaves above y\r head1 & ! smell ( a c\* ( balsam b\ghs4 ,at tables spread ) da9ty f>e y w be hungry = ! joy ( ! hunt1 & = ! angl]'s sylvan fea/4 ,9 pr\d cities y w we>y = ! sight ( a m\nta9 trail2 9 great ca!drals y w ?9k ( ! long1 ar*+ aisles ( ! woodl&3 & 9 ! noisy solitude ( cr[d$ /reets y w hone aft] ! fri5dly =e/4 --,h5ry ,van ,dyke3 ,! ,blue ,fl[]4 7,copyright1 #aijb1 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons47 ,runn+ y\r eye across ! map ( ! ,/ate1 y see two sl[ly conv]g+ l9es ( railroad wri?+ out betwe5 ! hills to ! sea-coa/4 ,?ree o!r l9es come d[n f nor? to s\? by ! riv] valleys & ! jagg$ %ore4 ,along ^!1 huddl$ 9 ! corn]s ( ! hills & ! sea l9e1 lie ! cities & ! l>g] t[ns4 ,a great majority ( mank9d1 sw>m+ 9 ^! little spots1 or scuttl+ to & fro along ! valleys on ^? sl5d] l9es1 fondly dream !y are acqua9t$ ) ! l& 9 :i* !y live4 ,b beyond & ar\nd all ?is rises ! wide1 b>e face ( ! c\ntry1 :i* !y w nev] "k-- ! great pat*es ( second-gr[? woods1 ! m\nta9 pa/ures s[n ?ick ) /ones1 ! b>r5 acres ( ! hillside f>m]--a desolate l&1 lattic$ ) gray ,new ,engl& roads1 dott$ ) commonplace or neglect$ h\ses1 & pitt$ ) ! />+ cell>s ( ! ab&on$ homes ( di%e>t5$ & defeat$ m54 ,out "h 9 ?is semi-obscurity1 :]e ! regulat+ =ces ( society gr[ t>dy & weak1 /range & dang]\s be+s move to & fro1 avoid+ ! appreh5sion ( ! law4 ,occasionally we he> ( !m--( "s %rewd & desp]ate city fugitives br\ght to bay 9 a corn] ( ! woods1 or "s brutal f>mh\se murd]] /ill lurk+ uncaptur$ among ! hills4 ,(t5 !y pass ?r\gh ! c\ntry & out beyond1 :]e !y are nev] se5 aga94 ,9 ! extreme s\?we/]n corn] ( ! ,/ate ! railroads d n come2 ! vacant spaces gr[ betwe5 ! c\ntry roads1 & ! cities dw9dle d[n to half-des]t$ crossroads hamlets4 ,"h ! surface ( ! map is cov]$ up ) ! tortu\s wr9kles ( ! hills4 ,x is a beautiful b useless place4 ,z f> z y c see1 l[1 un=m$ lumps ( m\nta9s lie jumbl$ aimlessly toge!r betwe5 ! ragg$ sky l9es1 or little sil5t cups ( valleys />e up betwe5 !m at _! solit>y pat* ( sky4 ,x seems a sort ( wa/e y>d ( creation1 flung full ( ! remnants ( ! mak+ ( ! e>?4 --,george ,kibbe ,turn]3 ,across ! ,/ate 7,mc,clure's74 ,:5 once ! %r9k+ dizzy spell 0 gone1 ,i saw bel[ me1 l a jewel$ cup1 ,! valley holl[$ to its heav5-kiss$ lip-- ,! s]rate gre5 aga9/ ! s]rate blue-- ,brimm+ ) beauty's ess5ce2 palpitant ,) a div9e elixir--luc5t floods ,p\r$ f ! gold5 *alice ( ! sun1 ,at :i* my _s drank ) consci\s gr[?1 ,& drank aga9 ) /ill exp&+ scope ,( compreh5sion & ( faculty4 ,i felt ! bud ( be+ 9 me bur/ ,) full1 unfold+ petals to a rose1 ,& fragrant brea? t flood$ all ! sc5e4 ,by sudd5 insight ( myself ,i knew ,t ,i 0 great] ?an ! sc5e1--t deep ,)9 my nature 0 a wondr\s _w1 ,broad] ?an t ,i gaz$ on1 & in=m$ ,) a div9] beauty1--t ! ?+s ,i saw 7 b ! types ( ^? ,i held1 ,& t above !m bo?1 ,high ,prie/ & ,k+1 ,i /ood supreme1 to *oose & to comb9e1 ,& build f t )9 me & )\t ,new =ms ( life1 ) mean+ ( my own1 ,& !n alone ^u ! m\nta9 top1 ,kneel+ beside ! lamb1 ,i b[$ my head ,b5ea? ! *rismal light & felt my s\l ,baptiz$ & set ap>t = poetry4 --,holl&3 ,katr9a4 ,!me ,,lxix4--,write a description ! purpose ( :i* is to give an impression t y h exp]i5c$4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,description is t =m ( disc\rse :i* has = its purpose ! creation ( an image4 #b4 ,! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( a description are3-- a4 ,a po9t ( view1 7#a7 ,x may be fix$ or *ang+4 7#b7 ,x may be express$ or impli$4 7#c7 ,only ^? details %\ld be includ$ t c be se5 f ! po9t ( view *os54 b4 ,a correct fundam5tal image4 c4 ,a few *>act]i/ic & ess5tial details 7#a7 ,close obs]vation on ! "p ( ! writ] is necess>y 9 ord] to select ! ess5tial details4 d4 ,a prop] selection & subord9ation ( m9or details4 e4 ,a suitable arrangem5t ( details ) ref]5ce to _! natural position 9 space4 f4 ,t additional effectiv5ess :i* comes f 7#a7 ,prop] *oice ( words4 7#b7 ,suitable comp>isons & figures4 7#c7 ,v>iety ( s5t5ce /ructures4 #c4 ,! =ego+ pr9ciples ( description apply 9 ! describ+ ( _m classes ( objects4 ,a description ( a p]son usually gives "s indication ( 8 "* & s becomes to "s ext5t a "* sket*4 #d4 ,a description may also h = its purpose ! giv+ ( an impression4 a4 ,! writ] mu/ select details :i* w aid 9 convey+ ! impression he desires 8 read]s to receive4 b4 ,! writ] mu/ obs]ve 8 own impressions accurately1 because he _c convey to o!rs t :i* he has n himself exp]i5c$4 c4 ,! impression receiv$ is affect$ by ! mood ( ! p]son4 d4 ,impression & image are nev] entirely sep>at$4 ,,ix4 ,,n>ration #ada4 ,k9ds ( ,n>ration4--,n>ration consi/s ( an acc\nt ( happ5+s1 &1 = ?is reason1 x is1 )\t d\bt1 ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all =ms ( disc\rse4 ,x is natural = u all to be int]e/$ 9 life1 movem5t1 action2 h5ce we enjoy read+ & talk+ ab\t !m4 ,to be conv9c$ t !re is ev]y:]e a great int]e/ 9 n>ration we ne$ only to li/5 to conv]sations1 notice :at con/itutes ! subject-matt] ( lett]s ( fri5d%ip1 read newspap]s & magaz9es1 & obs]ve :at classes ( books are mo/ frequ5tly drawn f our libr>ies4 ,n>ration assumes a v>iety ( =ms4 ,s9ce x relates happ5+s1 x mu/ include anecdotes1 incid5ts1 %ort /ories1 lett]s1 novels1 dramas1 hi/ories1 biographies1 & /ories ( travel & exploration4 ,x also includes _m newspap] articles su* z ^? t give acc\nts ( accid5ts & games & reports ( v>i\s k9ds ( meet+s4 ,evid5tly ! field ( n>ration is a broad "o1 = :]ev] life or action may be f\nd or imag9$1 a subject = a n>rative exi/s4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,"n f\r diff]5t ev5ts t h actually tak5 place 9 y\r s*ool 9 :i* y ?9k y\r classmates are int]e/$4 #b4 ,"n ?ree ev5ts t h tak5 place 9 o!r s*ools t may be ( int]e/ to memb]s ( y\r s*ool4 #c4 ,"n f\r ev5ts ( g5]al int]e/ t h occurr$ 9 y\r city dur+ ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s4 #d4 ,f a daily pap]1 pick out a n>rative t is int]e/+ to y4 #e4 ,select "o t y ?9k ought to int]e/ ! mo/ ( y\r classmates4 #f4 ,"n ?ree national ev5ts ( rec5t occurr5ce4 #g4 ,"n ?ree or f\r /range or my/]i\s ev5ts ( :i* y h he>d4 #h4 ,"n an actual occurr5ce t int]e/$ y because y want$ to see h[ x turn$ out4 #i4 ,w\ld an ord9>y acc\nt ( a bicycle or automobile trip be int]e/+8 ,if n1 :y n8 ,!me ,,lxx4--4,write a lett] to a pupil 9 a neighbor+ high s*ool1 tell+ ab\t some?+ int]e/+ t has happ5$ 9 y\r own s*ool4 7,review =ms ( lett] writ+4 ,consid] y\r use ( p>agraphs47 #adb4 ,plot4--,by plot we mean ! outl9e ( ! /ory told 9 a few words4 ,all n>ratives consi/ ( acc\nts ( connect$ happ5+s1 9 :i* action on ! "p ( ! *>act]s is naturally impli$4 ,! pr9cipal action briefly told con/itutes ! plot4 ,! simple plot ( ,t5nyson's ,pr9cess is z foll[s3-- ,a pr9ce ( ! ,nor?1 aft] be+ affianc$ z a *ild to a pr9cess ( ! ,s\?1 has fall5 9 love ) h] portrait & a lock ( h] hair4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! embassy appe>s to fet* home ! bride1 %e s5ds back ! message t %e is n dispos$ to be m>ri$4 ,^u receipt ( ?is ^w ! ,pr9ce & two fri5ds1 ,florian & ,cyril1 /eal away to seek ! ,pr9cess1 & le>n on rea*+ h] fa!r's c\rt t %e has e/abli%$ a ,woman's ,college on a di/ant e/ate4 ,hav+ got lett]s au?oriz+ !m to visit ! ,pr9cess1 !y ride into h] doma91 :]e !y det]m9e to g dress$ l girls & apply = admission z /ud5ts 9 ! ,college4 ,!y arrive 9 disguise1 & are admitt$4 ,on ! fir/ day ! "y m5 enroll !mselves z /ud5ts ( ,lady ,psy*e1 :o recognizes ,florian z h] bro!r & agrees n to expose !m1 s9ce--by a law ( ! ,college inscrib$ above ! gates1 :i* d>kness has kept !m f see+--! p5alty ( _! discov]y w\ld be dea?4 ,melissa1 a /ud5t1 ov]he>s !m1 & is b\nd ov] to keep ! secret4 ,lady ,blan*e1 "m ( ,melissa & rival to ,lady ,psy*e1 also le>ns ( ! al>m+ invasion1 & rema9s sil5t = s9i/] reasons ( h] own4 ,on ! second day ! pr9cipal p]sonages picnic 9 a wood4 ,at d9n] ,cyril s+s a song t is bett] fit = ! smok+ room ?an = ! e>s ( ladies2 ! ,pr9ce1 9 8 ang]1 betrays 8 sex by a too mascul9e repro(2 & dire confusion is ! result4 ,! ,pr9cess 9 h] flight falls into ! riv]1 f :i* %e is rescu$ by ! ,pr9ce4 ,cyril & ,lady ,psy*e escape toge!r1 b ! ,pr9ce & ,florian are br\ght be=e ! ,pr9cess4 ,at ?is important mom5t despat*es are br\ght f h] fa!r say+ t ! ,pr9ce's fa!r has surr\nd$ h] palace ) soldi]s1 tak5 him prison]1 & holds him z a ho/age4 ,! ,pr9ce1 aft] plead+ to deaf e>s1 is s5t away at dawn ) ,florian1 & goes ) him to ! camp4 ,meantime dur+ ! night1 ! ,pr9cess's ?ree bro!rs h come to h] aid ) an army4 ,an agreem5t is rea*$ to decide ! case & end ! w> by a t\rnam5t betwe5 ! bro!rs1 ) fifty m51 on "o side2 ! ,pr9ce & 8 two fri5ds1 ) fifty m51 on ! o!r4 ,?is happ5s on ! ?ird day4 ,! ,pr9ce & 8 m5 are vanqui%$1 & he himself is badly w\nd$4 ,b ! ,pr9cess is n[ gradually to discov] t %e has ov]?r[n m ?an h] enemy1--t %e has defeat$ yet sav$ h]self4 ,%e has said ( ,lady ,psy*e's little *ild3-- ,i took x = an h\r 9 m9e own b$ ,?is morn+3 !re ! t5d] orphan h&s ,felt at my he>t1 & seem'd to *>m f !nce ,! wra? ,i nurs$ aga9/ ! _w4 ,:5 ,cyril pleads ) h] to give ! *ild back to its "m1 %e kisses x & feels t h] he>t is b>r54 ,:5 %e passes ne> ! w\nd$ ,pr9ce1 & is %[n by 8 fa!r--8 be>d wet ) 8 son's blood--h] hair & picture on h] lov]'s he>t1 ,h] iron w 0 brok5 9 h] m9d1 ,h] noble he>t 0 brok5 9 h] brea/4 ,f ! ,pr9cess's cry !n1 ,grant me y\r son to nurse1 x is b a natural result t %e %\ld br+ ! ,pr9ce's w\nd$ m5 ) him into ! ,college1 n[ a hospital4 ,?r\gh m9i/]+ to h] lov]1 %e comes to love him2 & !ories yield to ! "l ( all4 --,copel&-,ride\t3 ,introduction to ,t5nyson's ,pr9cess4 ,!me ,,lxxi4--,write ! plot ( "o ( ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,lo*9v>1 ,scott4 #b4 ,rip ,van ,w9kle1 ,irv+4 #c4 ,"o /ory f ,a ,tale ( ,two ,cities1 ,dick5s4 #d4 ,silas ,m>n]1 ,george ,eliot4 #e4 ,! la/ magaz9e /ory y h read4 #f4 ,"s /ory assign$ by ! tea*]4 ,!me ,,lxxii4--,write ?ree brief plots4 ,h ! class *oose ! "o t w make ! mo/ int]e/+ /ory4 ,!me ,,lxxiii4--,write a /ory1 us+ ! plot select$ by ! class 9 ! prec$+ !me4 7,are ! ev5ts relat$ 9 y\r /ory probable or improbable87 #adc4 ,! ,introduction4--,our pleasure 9 a /ory dep5ds ^u our cle> und]/&+ ( ! v>i\s situations1 & ?is und]/&+ may (t5 be be/ giv5 by an introduction t /ates some?+ ( ! "t1 place1 *>act]s1 & circum/ances z %[n 9 ,section #f4 ,! purpose ( ! introduction is to make ! /ory m effective1 & :at x %all conta9 is det]m9$ by ! ne$s ( ! /ory itself4 ,! la/ half ( a well-writt5 /ory w n be int]e/+ to "o :o has n read ! fir/ half1 because ! fir/ half w conta9 mu* t is ess5tial to ! complete und]/&+ ( ! ma9 po9t ( ! /ory4 ,a /ory begun ) conv]sation at once ar\ses int]e/1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 to see t ! read] gets suffici5t descriptive & explanatory matt] to enable him to und]/& ! /ory z ! plot develops1 or ! int]e/ w beg9 to lag4 ,!me ,,lxxiv4--,write a n>rative4 ,sugge/$ subjects3-- #a4 ,! ,*ri/mas surprise4 #b4 ,h[ ! mortgage 0 paid4 #c4 ,! race betwe5 ! /eam roll] & ! traction eng9e4 #d4 ,! new girl 9 ! bo>d+ s*ool4 #e4 ,! ,boss1 & h[ he won 8 title4 7,be sure t y\r introduction is su* t ! entire situation is und]/ood4 ,"n diff]5t po9ts 9 ! /ory t l$ y to say :at y h 9 ! introduction4 ,h y m5tion$ any unnecess>y po9ts87 #add4 ,! ,inc5tive ,mom5t4--,! *ief bus9ess ( a /ory-tell] is to ar\se ! int]e/ ( 8 read]s1 & ! soon] he succe$s1 ! bett]4 ,usually he tries to ar\se int]e/ f ! v beg9n+ ( 8 /ory4 ,he !re=e places 9 ! introduction or ne> x a /atem5t design$ to /imulate ! curiosity ( 8 read]s4 ,! po9t at :i* int]e/ beg9s has be5 t]m$ ! inc5tive mom5t4 ,9 ! foll[+ selection notice t ! fir/ s5t5ce tells :o1 :51 & :]e4 7,section #f47 ,! second s5t5ce causes u to ask1 :at 0 x8 & by ! "t t is answ]$ we are curi\s to "k :at happ5$ & h[ ! adv5ture end$4 ,on a mell[ moonlight ev5+ a cycli/ 0 rid+ along a lonely road 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,ma%onal&4 ,z he rode1 enjoy+ ! somb] beauty ( ! ,african ev5+1 he sudd5ly became consci\s ( a s(t1 /eal?y1 heavy tread on ! road beh9d him4 ,x seem$ l ! jog trot ( "s heavy1 cu%ion-foot$ animal foll[+ him4 ,turn+ r\nd1 he 0 sc>$ v badly to f9d himself look+ into ! gl>+ eyes ( a l>ge lion4 ,! puzzl$ animal act$ v /rangely1 n[ rais+ 8 head1 n[ l[]+ x1 & all ! "t sniffl+ ! air 9 a mo/ p]plex$ mann]4 ,"h 0 a surprise = ! lion4 ,he c\ld n make out :at k9d ( animal x 0 t c\ld roll1 walk1 & sit /ill all at ! same "t2 an animal ) a r$ eye on ea* side1 & a bright] "o 9 front4 ,he hesitat$ to p\nce ^u su* an outl&i% be+--a be+ ^: blood smell$ s oily4 ,i believe no cycli/ ev] scor*$ ) m hone/y & s+le-m9d$ness ( purpose4 ,b al?\gh he p$al$ & p$al$1 al?\gh he p]spir$ & pant$1 8 ef=t to get away did n seem to place any m space betwe5 him & ! lion2 ! animal kept up 8 annoy+ly calm jog trot1 & nev] seem$ to tire4 ,! poor rid] 0 f9ally s exhau/$ f t]ror & ex]tion t he decid$ to h ! matt] settl$ "r away4 ,sudd5ly sl[+ d[n1 he jump$ f 8 :eel1 &1 fac+ abruptly ab\t1 ?ru/ ! brilliant headlight full into ! face ( ! lion4 ,?is 0 too mu* = ! bea/4 ,! sudd5 gl>e de/roy$ ! lion's n]ve1 = at ?is fre% evid5ce ( my/]y on ! "p ( ! /range rid]-animal1 :o broke himself into halves & !n ca/ 8 big eye 9 any direction he pleas$1 ! mon>* ( ! =e/ turn$ tail1 & ) a wild ru% retreat$ 9 a v hy5a-l mann] into ! jungle1 evid5tly ?ank+ 8 />s = 8 miracul\s escape f t awful be+4 ,!reupon ! bicycli/1 ) new /r5g? return+ & dev\tly bless+ 8 acetyl5e lamp1 p$al$ 8 way back to civilization4 --,p4,l4 ,wessels4 ,!me ,,lxxv4--,write a %ort imag9ative /ory4 ,sugge/$ subjects3-- #a4 ,a bicycle race ) an unfri5dly dog4 #b4 ,an unpleasant exp]i5ce4 #c4 ,a /ory told by ! s*ool clock4 #d4 ,di/urb+ a hornet's ne/4 #e4 ,! fate ( an ,ea/] bonnet4 #f4 ,*as$ by a wolf4 7,:]e is ! inc5tive mom5t8 ,is x introduc$ naturally87 #ade4 ,climax4--,y h already notic$ 9 y\r read+ t usually some:]e ne> ! close ( ! /ory1 !re is a turn+ po9t4 ,t turn+ po9t is call$ ! climax4 ,at ?is po9t1 ! susp5se ( m9d is greate/1 = ! fate ( ! pr9cipal "* is be+ decid$4 ,if ! /ory is well writt5 z reg>ds ! plot1 our int]e/ w cont9ually increase f ! inc5tive mom5t to ! climax4 ,9 ! novel & ! drama1 bo? ( :i* may h a complicat$ plot1 sev]al m9or climaxes or crises may be f\nd4 ,!re may be a crisis to ea* s+le ev5t or episode1 yet !y %\ld all be a "p ( & lead up to ! pr9cipal or f9al climax4 ,in/ead ( detract+ f1 !y add to ! int]e/ ( a c>efully wov5 plot4 ,= example1 9 ! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice1 we h a crisis 9 bo? ! casket /ory & ! ,lor5zo & ,jessica episode2 b s skillfully are ! /ories int]wov5 t ! m9or climaxes d n less5 our int]e/ 9 ! pr9cipal "o4 ,9 %ort /ories1 ! turn+ po9t %\ld come ne> ! close4 ,!re %\ld be b little said aft] t po9t is rea*$4 ,9 novels1 & especially 9 dramas1 we f9d t ! climax is n "r at ! close1 & consid]able action sometimes takes place aft] ! climax has be5 rea*$4 ,,ex]cises ,a4 ,po9t out ! climax 9 ea* ( five /ories t y h read4 ,b4 ,:]e is ! climax 9 ! foll[+ selection8 ,we spoke1 & ,sohrab k9dl$ at 8 taunts1 ,& he too drew 8 sword2 at once !y ru%$ ,toge!r1 z two eagles on "o prey ,come ru%+ d[n toge!r f ! cl\ds1 ,"o f ! ea/1 "o f ! we/2 _! %ields ,da%$ ) a clang toge!r1 & a d9 ,rose1 su* z t ! s9ewy woodcutt]s ,make (t5 9 ! =e/'s he>t at morn1 ,( hew+ axes1 cra%+ trees--su* bl[s ,ru/um & ,sohrab on ea* o!r hail$4 ,& y w\ld say t sun & />s took "p ,9 t unnatural conflict2 = a cl\d ,grew sudd5ly 9 heav51 & d>k$ ! sun ,ov] ! fight]s' heads2 & a w9d rose ,"u _! feet1 & moan+ swept ! pla91 ,& 9 a s&y :irlw9d wrapp$ ! pair4 ,9 gloom !y twa9 7 wrapp$1 & !y alone2 ,= bo? ! onlook+ ho/s on ei!r h& ,/ood 9 broad daylight1 & ! sky 0 pure1 ,& ! sun sp>kl$ on ! ,oxus /ream4 ,b 9 ! gloom !y f\ght1 ) blood%ot eyes ,& labor+ brea?2 fir/ ,ru/um /ruck ! %ield ,:i* ,sohrab held /iff out2 ! /eel-spik$ spe> ,r5t ! t\gh plates1 b fail$ to rea* ! sk91 ,& ,ru/um pluck$ x back ) angry groan4 ,!n ,sohrab ) 8 sword smote ,ru/um's helm1 ,nor clove its /eel q ?r\gh2 b all ! cre/ ,he %ore away1 & t pr\d horsehair plume1 ,nev] till n[ d5i$1 sank to ! du/2 ,& ,ru/um b[$ 8 head2 b !n ! gloom ,grew black]1 ?und] rumbl$ 9 ! air1 ,& lightn+s r5t ! cl\d2 & ,ruk%1 ! horse1 ,:o /ood at h&1 utt]$ a dreadful cry2-- ,no horse's cry 0 t1 mo/ l ! ro> ,( "s pa9$ des]t lion1 :o all day ,ha? trail$ ! hunt]'s javel9 9 8 side1 ,& comes at night to die ^u ! s&4 ,! two ho/s he>d t cry1 & quak$ = fe>1 ,& ,oxus curdl$ z x cross$ 8 /ream4 ,b ,sohrab he>d1 & quail$ n1 b ru%$ on1 ,& /ruck aga92 & aga9 ,ru/um b[$ ,8 head2 b ?is "t all ! blade1 l glass1 ,sprang 9 a ?\s& %iv]s on ! helm1 ,& 9 ! h& ! hilt rema9$ alone4 ,!n ,ru/um rais$ 8 head2 8 dreadful eyes ,gl>$1 & he %ook on high 8 m5ac+ spe>1 ,& %\t$3 ,ru/um6--,sohrab he>d t %\t1 ,& %rank amaz$3 back he recoil$ "o /ep1 ,& scann$ ) bl9k+ eyes ! advanc+ =m2 ,& !n he /ood bewild]$2 & he dropp$ ,8 cov]+ %ield1 & ! spe> pi]c$ 8 side4 ,he reel$1 &1 /agg]+ back1 sank to ! gr\nd1 ,& !n ! gloom disp]s$1 & ! w9d fell1 ,& ! bright sun broke =?1 & melt$ all ,! cl\d2 & ! two armies saw ! pair-- ,saw ,ru/um /&+1 safe ^u 8 feet1 ,& ,sohrab w\nd$1 on ! bloody s&4 --,mat!w ,arnold3 ,sohrab & ,ru/um4 ,!me ,,lxxvi4--,write a /ory & give special att5tion to ! climax4 ,sugge/$ subjects3-- #a4 ,! immigrant's error4 #b4 ,a critical mom5t4 #c4 ,an intellig5t dog4 #d4 ,! lo/ key4 #e4 ,cat*+ a burgl>4 #f4 ,a h>d te/4 #g4 ,won by ! la/ hit4 #h4 ,a /ory sugge/$ by a picture y h se54 7,"n ! incid5ts lead+ up to ! climax4 ,is ! m9d held 9 susp5se until ! climax is rea*$8 ,are any unnecess>y details introduc$87 #adf4 ,conv]sation 9 ,n>ration4--,:5 introduc$ into n>ration1 a conv]sation is brief] ?an :5 actually spok54 ,x is necess>y to h ! conv]sation move quickly1 = we read ) less pati5ce ?an we li/54 ,! s5t5ces mu/ be = ! mo/ "p %ort1 & ! *anges f "o speak] to ano!r frequ5t1 or ! dialogue w h a made to ord] effect4 ,notice ! conv]sation 9 z _m diff]5t /ories z possible4 ,obs]ve h[ v>iation is secur$ 9 indicat+ ! speak]4 ,h[ _m sub/itutes = ,he said c y "n8 ,9 relat+ conv]sation orally1 we are less likely to secure su* v>iety4 ,notice 9 y\r own spee* & t ( o!rs h[ (t5 ,i said & ,he said occur4 ,,ex]cises ,a4 ,notice ! ind5tation & s5t5ce l5g? 9 ! foll[+ selection3-- ,l\d5 look$ up calmly at ! big figure t[]+ above him4 ,x won't d1 ,judge1 he said2 t 0 all1 b !re 0 a significance 9 8 mann] & a c]ta9ty 9 8 voice :i* caus$ ! uplift$ h& to drop limply4 ,h y any bus9ess to set foot ^u my prop]ty8 he dem&$4 ,yes1 answ]$ ,joe4 ,t's :y ,i came4 ,:at bus9ess h y got ) me8 ,en\gh to satisfy y1 ,i ?9k4 ,b !re's "o ?+ ,i don't want to d--,joe glanc$ at ! op5 door--& t is to talk ab\t x "h--= y\r own sake & because ,i ?9k ,miss ,tabor %\ld be pres5t4 ,i call$ to ask y to come to h] h\se at eight o'clock to-night4 ,y did6 ,m>t9 ,pike spoke angrily1 b n 9 ! bull bass ( yore4 ,my acc\nts ) h] e/ate are clos$1 he said h>%ly4 ,if %e wants any?+ let h] come "h4 ,joe %ook 8 head4 ,no4 ,y mu/ be !re at eight o'clock4 --,boo? ,t>k+ton3 ,! ,conque/ ( ,canaan 7,h>p]'s74 ,b4 ,notice ! conv]sation 9 ! foll[+ n>rative4 ,consid] also ! inc5tive mom5t & ! climax4 ,sugge/ improvem5ts4 ,:5 ,wid[ ,p]k9s saw ,wid[] ,p>sons com+ d[n ! road %e look$ z mad z a hornet & /epp$ to ! back door4 ,william ,h5ry1 %e call$ to ! lank y\? *opp+ wood1 y've work$ h>d en\gh = "o day4 ,come 9 & re/4 ,guess t's ! fir/ "t y ev] ?\ght ,i ne$$ a re/ s9ce ,i 0 born4 ,i'll keep "r on *opp+ till y get ?r\gh accept9' old ,hull1 he repli$1 :]eupon ! wid[ slamm$ ! door & look$ twice z mad z be=e4 ,morn9'1 widdy1 rem>k$ ! wid[]1 /alk+ into ! room1 tak+ a *air )\t an invitation1 & hang+ 8 hat on 8 knee4 ,cold day1 he add$ *e]fully4 ,! wid[ nodd$ %ortly1 at ! same "t inw>dly prophesy+ a /ill cold] day = him be=e he /ruck ! wea!r aga94 ,be5 buy9' a new c[1 resum$ ! call]1 impressively4 ,h1 eh8 return$ ! wid[1 ) a j]k1 br++ out ! iron+ bo>d & slamm+ x d[n on ! table4 ,an' two hogs1 w5t on ! wid[]1 wi%+ ! wid[ w\ld glance at him j once & see h[ affectionate he look$4 ,!y'll make pork en\gh = all next w9t] & spr+4 ,w1 eh8 respond$ ! wid[1 ) a bang ( ! iron t ne>ly wreck$ ! table4 ,an' a--a--lot o' odd ?+s 'r\nd ! h\se2 an' ! fact is1 widdy1 y see--t is1 y "k--0 go+ to say if y'll agree--! wid[] lo/ 8 words1 & 9 8 desp]ation hung 8 hat on ! o!r knee & hit*$ a trifle ne>] ! iron+ bo>d4 ,no1 ,hull ,p>sons1 ,i don't see a s+le mite1 nor ,i don't "k a p>ticle1 an' ,i a9't agree9' ! lea/ bit1 snapp$ ! wid[1 p\nd+ ! creases out ( ! tableclo?4 ,b say1 widdy1 don't get ril$ s soon1 aga9 v5tur$ ,p>sons4 ,i 0 je/ go9' to tell y t ,i've be5 propos+ to ,c>p5t] ,br[n to build a new-- ,by ?is "t ! wid[ 0 glanc+ at him 9 a way he wi%$ %e w\ldn't4 ,is t all ! propos9' y've done 9 ! la/ five m\?s1 ,hull ,p>sons8 %e dem&$ /ormily4 ,y a9't ask$ e old maid = miles ar\nd to m>ry y1 h y1 ,hull ,p>sons8 ,an' y didn't tell ! la/ "o y propos$ to t if %e didn't take y !re w\ld be only "o m *ance left--t old pepp]-box ( a ,wid[ ,p]k9s8 ,y didn't say t1 n[1 did y1 ,hull ,p>sons8 & ! wid['s eyes & voice snapp$ fire all at once4 ,! call] turn$ sev]al diff]5t %ades ( r$ & realiz$ t he _h /ruck ! bigge/ snag he'd ev] /ruck 9 any c\rt+ c>e]1 pa/ or pres5t4 ,he laugh$ viol5tly = a second or two1 tri$ to hang 8 hat on bo? knees at ! same "t1 & f9ally sank 8 voice to a confid5tial und]tone3-- ,n[1 widdy1 t's ! woman's way o' putt9' x4 ,!y've be5 jeal\s o' y all 'long1 fur !y knew :]e my m9d 0 sot4 ,i w\ldn't m>ri$ "o o' !m wom5 = no?+1 add$ ! wid[]1 ) ano!r hit* t[>d ! iron+ bo>d4 ,huh6 respond$ ! wid[1 los+ a trifle ( h] w>like ca/ ( c\nt5ance4 ,s'pose all !m wom5 hadn't refus$ y1 ,hull ,p>sons1 :at !n8 ,!y didn't refuse me1 widdy1 return$ ! wid[]1 try+ to look %eepi%1 & dropp+ 8 voice an octave l[]4 ,s'pose ,i hadn't ought] tell on 'em1 b--er--c y keep a secret1 widdy8 ,i a9't l ! woman :o c't1 rem>k$ ! wid[1 %ortly4 ,well1 !n1 ,i 0 ! "o :o did ! refus9'--! hull gang w5t f] me "r heavy1 guess 'cause 'twas leap ye>1 or !y 0 try9' on "s o' !m new wom5's ways1 or some?9' l t4 ,b my m9d 0 sot all along1 d'ye see1 widdy8 ,& ! ,wid[ ,p]k9s invit$ ,wid[] ,p>sons to /ay to d9n]1 because %e ?\ght %e saw4 ,!me ,,lxxvii4--,complete ! /ory on pages #gi-hj1 or "o ( ! foll[+3-- ,,! ,,audaci\s ,,report] ,soon aft] ,f5imore ,dayton became a report] 8 city editor s5t him to int]view ,james ,m\nta94 ,t fam\s f9anci] 0 !n approa*+ ! z5i? ( 8 p[] ov] ,wall ,/reet & ,lomb>d ,/reet4 ,x _h j be5 ann\nc$ t he _h absorb$ ! ,great ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,railway ,sy/em--( c\rse1 by ! me?ods :i* h made "s m5 & "s newspap]s habitually speak ( him z ! ,royal ,b&it4 ,! city editor _h two reasons = s5d+ ,dayton--fir/ because he did n l him2 second1 because any o!r man on ! /aff w\ld walk ab\t = an h\r & come back ) ! report t ,m\nta9 _h refus$ to receive him1 :ile ,dayton w\ld make an hone/ ef=t4 ,see+ ,dayton saunt] d[n ,nassau ,/reet--tall1 sl5d]1 calm1 & *e]ful--y w\ld nev] h ?\ght t he 0 on 8 way to int]view "o ( ! wor/-temp]$ m5 9 ,new ,york1 = a newspap] :i* t man peculi>ly dete/$1 & on a subject :i* he did n c>e to discuss ) ! public4 ,dayton turn$ 9 at ! ,equitable ,build+ & w5t up to ! floor occupi$ by ,m\nta91 ,rang]1 ,blakehill4 ,he nodd$ to ! att5dant at ! door ( ,m\nta9's own suite ( (fices1 /roll$ tranquilly d[n ! aisle betwe5 ! sev]al r[s ( desks at :i* sat ,m\nta9's p]sonal cl]ks1 & knock$ at ! glass door on :i* 0 pr9t$ ,mr4 ,m\nta9 9 small gilt lett]s4 ,come6 ,x 0 an angry voice--,m\nta9's at its wor/4 ,dayton op5$ ! door4 ,m\nta9 glanc$ up f a mass ( pap]s be=e him4 ,8 r$ =ehead became a network ( wr9kles & 8 scant :ite eyebr[s bri/l$4 ,& :o are y8 he sn>l$4 ,my "n is ,dayton--,f5imore ,dayton1 repli$ ! report]1 ) a gracefully polite b[4 ,mr4 ,m\nta91 ,i believe8 ,x 0 impossible = ,mr4 ,m\nta9 altoge!r to resi/ ! impulse to b[ 9 return4 ,dayton's mann] 0 compell+4 ,& :at ! dev--:at c ,i d = y8 ,i'm a report] f ! ---- ,:at6 ro>$ ,m\nta91 leap+ to 8 feet 9 a purple1 swoll5 ve9$ fury4444 --,david ,graham ,philips 7,mc,clure's74 ,,caught ,,masqu]ad+ ,:5 ,i took my aunt & si/] to ! ,pequot hotel1 ! night be=e ! ,yale-,h>v>d boat race1 ,i f\nd a gang ( ,h>v>d boys !re4 ,!y celebrat$ a good deal t night1 9 ! usual ,h>v>d way4 ,"s ( ! ,h>v>d m5 _h a room next to m9e4 ,ab\t ?ree a4m4 ?+s quiet$ d[n4 ,:5 ,i woke up next morn+1 x 0 broad daylight1 & ,i 0 utt]ly alone4 ,! race 0 to be at elev5 o'clock4 ,i jump$ out ( b$ & look$ at my wat*--x 0 ne>ly t56 ,i look$ = my clo!s4 ,my valise 0 gone6 ,i rang ! bell1 b 9 ! excitem5t d[n/airs1 ,i suppose1 no "o answ]$ x4 ,:at 0 ,i to d8 ,^? ,h>v>d fri5ds ( m9e ?\ght x a good joke on me to /eal my clo!s & take !mselves (f to ! race )\t wak+ me up4 ,i don't "k :at ,i %\ld h done 9 my angui%1 :51 ?ank goodness1 ,i he>d a tap at my door1 & w5t to x4 ,well1 d hurry6 7,x 0 my si/]'s voice47 ,aunt won't g to ! race2 we'll h to g )\t h]4 ,!y've /ol5 my clo!s1 ,mollie--^? ,h>v>d fell[s4 ,hav5't y any?+8 %e ask$ ?r\gh ! keyhole4 ,n a ?+1 de>4 ,oh1 well6 x's a j puni%m5t to y aft] la/ night6 ,t ---- noise 0 dreadful6 ,p]haps x is1 ,i said1 b don't prea* n[1 si/] de>--get me some?+ to put on4 ,i want to see ! race4 ,i hav5't any?+ except "s dresses & "o ( aunt's4 ,get me ,aunt ,s>ah's black silk1 ,i cri$4 ,i w we> any?+ r ?an n see ! race1 & x's half-pa/ t5 ne>ly n[4 7,correct y\r !me ) ref]5ce to ! po9ts m5tion$ 9 ,section #adf47 #adg4 ,numb] & ,*oice ( ,details--,unity4--,9 relat+ exp]i5ces ! *oice ( details w be det]m9$ by ! purpose ( ! n>rative & by ! p]son or p]sons = :om we are writ+4 ,a brief acc\nt ( an accid5t = a newspap] w ne$ to include only a cle> & concise /atem5t ( a few important facts4 ,a travel+ exp]i5ce may be made int]e/+ & vivid if we select sev]al facts & treat ea* q fully4 ,?is is especially true if ! exp]i5ce took place 9 a c\ntry or "p ( a c\ntry n famili> to our read]s4 ,if we are writ+ = ^? ) :om we are acqua9t$1 we c easily decide :at w int]e/ !m4 ,if we write to diff]5t p]sons an acc\nt ( ! same ev5t1 we f9d t ^! acc\nts diff] f "o ano!r4 ,we "k :at ea* p]son w enjoy1 & we try to adapt our writ+ to ea* individual ta/e4 ,our n>rative w be improv$ by adapt+ x to an imag9>y audi5ce 9 case we d n "k exactly :o our read]s w be4 ,9 y\r high s*ool "w y "k y\r read]s & c select y\r facts accord+ly4 ,to summ>ize3 a n>ration %\ld possess unity1 t is1 x %\ld say all t %\ld be said ab\t ! subject & n m ?an ne$s to be said4 ,! l5g? ( ! !me1 ! "* ( ! audi5ce to :i* x is address$1 & ! purpose = :i* x is writt51 det]m9e :at facts are necess>y & h[ _m to *oose 9 ord] to give unity4 7,see ,section #ha47 #adh4 ,arrangem5t ( ,details--,coh]5ce4--,we %\ld use an arrangem5t ( our facts t w give coh]5ce to our !me4 ,9 a coh]5t !me ea* s5t5ce or p>agraph is naturally sugge/$ by ! prec$+ "o4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out 9 ,sections #hb-he t 9 n>ration we ga9 coh]5ce by relat+ our facts 9 ! ord] ( _! occurr5ce4 ,:5 a s+le s]ies ( ev5ts is set =?1 we c foll[ ! real "t-ord]1 omitt+ su* details z are n ess5tial to ! unity ( ! /ory4 ,if1 h[ev]1 m ?an "o s]ies ( ev5ts are giv51 we _c foll[ ! exact "t-ord]1 =1 ?\gh two ev5ts occur at ! same "t1 "o mu/ be told be=e ! o!r4 ,"h1 ! actual "t relations mu/ be c>efully indicat$ by ! use ( expressions2 z1 at ! same "t1 mean:ile1 already1 etc4 7,see ,section #ab47 ,two or m s]ies ( ev5ts belong 9 ! same /ory only if !y f9ally come toge!r at "s "t1 usually at ! po9t ( ! /ory4 ,!y %\ld be c>ri$ along toge!r s t ! read] %all h 9 m9d all t is necess>y = ! und]/&+ ( ! po9t :5 x is rea*$4 ,9 %ort /ories ! *anges f "o s]ies to ano!r are close toge!r4 ,9 a long book "o or m *apt]s may give "o s]ies ( incid5ts1 :ile ! foll[+ *apt]s may be conc]n$ ) a p>allel s]ies ( incid5ts4 ,notice ! introductory p>agraph ( ea* *apt] 9 ,scott's ,ivanhoe or ,coop]'s ,! ,la/ ( ! ,mohicans4 ,_m ( ^! indicate t a new s]ies ( ev5ts is to be relat$4 ,x w be ( advantage 9 writ+ a n>rative to con/ruct an outl9e z indicat$ 9 ,section #hd4 ,su* an outl9e w assi/ u 9 mak+ our n>rative cle> by giv+ x unity1 coh]5ce1 & emphasis4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,"n ev5ts t h occurr$ 9 y\r s*ool or city :i* c\ld be relat$ 9 _! exact "t-ord]4 ,relate "o ( !m orally4 #b4 ,"n two accid5ts t c\ld n be relat$ 9 _! exact "t-ord]4 ,relate "o ( !m orally4 #c4 ,"n subjects = real n>ratives t w\ld ne$ to be writt5 9 ! fir/ p]son2 9 ! ?ird p]son4 #d4 ,9 tell+ ab\t a runaway accid5t1 :at po9ts w\ld y m5tion if y 7 writ+ a %ort acc\nt = a newspap]8 #e4 ,:at po9ts w\ld y add if y 7 writ+ to "s "o :o 0 acqua9t$ ) ! p]sons 9 ! accid5t8 #f4 ,consid] ! *oice & arrangem5t ( details 9 ! next magaz9e /ory t y read4 ,!me ,,lxxviii4--,write a p]sonal n>rative 9 :i* ! "t-ord] c be c>efully foll[$4 ,sugge/$ subjects3-- #a4 ,! irate conductor4 #b4 ,a p]sonal adv5ture ) a w9d[4 #c4 ,an int]rupt$ nap4 #d4 ,lo/ 9 ! woods4 #e4 ,9 a runaway4 #f4 ,an amus+ adv5ture4 #g4 ,a day at gr&fa!r's4 7,consid] ! unity & coh]5ce ( ! !me47 ,!me ,,lxxix4--,write 9 ! ?ird p]son a true n>rative 9 :i* diff]5t ev5ts are go+ on at ! same "t4 ,sugge/$ subjects3-- #a4 ,a skat+ accid5t4 #b4 ,! hunt]s hunt$4 #c4 ,capsiz$ on ! riv]4 #d4 ,h[ he won ! race4 #e4 ,an exp]i5ce ) a balky horse4 #f4 ,! se>* = a lo/ *ild4 #g4 ,h[ !y miss$ ea* o!r4 #h4 ,a /range adv5ture4 #i4 ,a tip ov] 9 a bobsleigh4 7,h[ _m s]ies ( ev5ts h y 9 y\r n>rative8 ,are !y well connect$8 ,:at words h y us$ to %[ ! "t-ord] ( ! diff]5t ev5ts87 #adi4 ,int]relation ( ,plot & ,"*4--,?\gh 9 n>ration ! int]e/ c5t]s prim>ily 9 ! action1 yet 9 ! high] types ( n>ration int]e/ 9 "* is closely int]wov5 ) int]e/ 9 plot4 ,9 read+1 our att5tion is held by ! plot2 we foll[ its developm5t1 notic+ ! addition ( incid5ts1 _! relation to "o ano!r & to ! l>g] elem5ts ( action 9 ! /ory1 & _! union 9 ! f9al dis5tanglem5t ( ! plot2 b our complete appreciation ( ! /ory runs f> beyond ! plot & dep5ds to a l>ge ext5t ^u our int]pretation ( ! "* ( ! individuals conc]n$4 ,! m]e /ory may be excit+ & int]e/+1 b its effect w be ( little p]man5t value if x does n /ir )9 u "s appreciation ( "*1 :i* we %all f9d reflect$ 9 our own lives or 9 ! lives ( ^? ab\t u4 ,we may read ! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice = its /ory1 b a deep] /udy ( ! play sets =? & ren=ces ! "* ( ,portia1 ,%ylock1 & ! o!rs4 ,) _m ( ! celebrat$ *>act]s ( lit]ature ?is int]e/ has gr[n q ap>t f int]e/ 9 ! plot1 & !y /& to-day z ! embodim5t ( phases ( human nature4 ,?us by means ( action does ! skillful au?or portray 8 conception ( human life & human "*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 we write we %all ne$ to di/+ui% action t indicates "* f t :i* is m]ely incid5tal to ! plot4 ,9 ord] to develop a /ory to its climax we may ne$ to h ! p]sons conc]n$ p]=m c]ta9 actions4 ,if by skillful word+ we c %[ n only :at 0 done b also to "s ext5t ! way 9 :i* x 0 done1 we may give our read]s "s notion ( ! "* ( ! individuals 9 our /ory4 7,see ,section #aj47 ,?is portrayal ( "* may be aid$ by ! use ( description4 7,see ,section #acd47 ,notice t ! purpose ( ! foll[+ selection is to indicate ! "* ( ,pitk9 r ?an to relate ! incid5t4 ,if ! au?or 7 to relate o!r do+s ( ,pitk91 he w\ld ne$ to make ! actions ( ,pitk9 9 ea* case consi/5t ) ! "* indicat$ by ?is sket*4 ,x 0 ! day ( our great football game ) ,h>v>d1 & :5 ,i he>d my fri5d ,pitk9 return+ to ! room we %>$ 9 common1 ,i knew t he 0 mad4 ,& :5 ,i say mad ,i mean x1--n angry1 nor exasp]at$1 nor aggravat$1 nor provok$1 b mad3 n mad accord+ to ! diction>y1 t is1 crazy1 b mad z we common folk use ! t]m4 ,s ,i say my fri5d ,pitk9 0 mad4 ,i ?\ght s :5 ,i he>d ! angry click-clack ( 8 heels on ! cem5t walk1 & ,i c>efully put all ! *airs aga9/ ! wall2 ,i 0 sure ( x :5 ! door slamm$1 & ,i set ! coal scuttle 9 ! corn] beh9d ! /ove4 ,!re 0 no d\bt ( x :5 he m\nt$ ! /airs ?ree /eps at a "t1 & ,i ha/ily cle>$ 8 side ( ! desk4 ,y may wond] :y ,i did all ^! ?+s1 b y h nev] se5 ,pitk9 mad4 ,:y 0 ,pitk9 mad8 ,i did n !n "k4 ,i _h n se5 him yet1 = ,i 0 s busy--s v1 v busy--t ,i did n look up :5 he slamm$ 8 books on ! desk ) a res\nd+ :ack :i* caus$ ! ink bottle to tremble & ! lamp%ade to clatt] z ?\gh *att]+ its tee? ) fe>1 :ile ! p5s & p5cils1 tumbl+ f ! hold]1 scurri$ away to hide !mselves "u ! desk4 ,i 0 /ill busily engag$ ) my books :ile he ?rew 8 wet ov]coat & dripp+ hat on ! :ite b$spread & kick$ 8 rubb]s "u ! /ove1 ! smell ( :i* soon w>n$ me to rescue !m be=e !y melt$4 ,pitk9 mu/ be v mad ?is "t4 ,he 0 tak+ (f 8 coll> & ev5 8 %oes4 ,pitk9 always took (f 8 coll> :5 v mad1 & if especially s1 put on 8 slipp]s1 ev5 if he _h to *ange !m aga9 9 fifte5 m9utes4 ,:at are y do+8 ,:y don't y say some?+8 ,y are a pretty fell[ n to speak or ev5 look up4 ,su* 0 ,pitk9's fir/ rem>k4 ,sometimes he 0 talkative & w\ld insi/ on giv+ 8 op9ion ( ?+s 9 g5]al4 ,at o!r times he pref]r$ to be left alone to bury himself & 8 wra? 9 8 books4 ,s9ce he _h fail$ to poke ! fire1 ?\gh ! room 0 v w>m1 ,i _h decid$ t he w\ld dive into 8 books & be he>d no m until a half h\r pa/ 8 supp]time1 b ,i _h made a mi/ake4 ,today he 0 9 a talkative mood1 & kn[+ t "w 0 impossible1 ,i devot$ ! next half h\r to li/5+ to a diss]tation on ! g5]al p]v]s5ess ( human nature1 & to an elaborate description ( my fri5d ,pitk9's s*eme = end[+ a rival in/itution ) a hundr$ million1 & mak+ ?+s s *eap & attractive t our univ]sity w\ld h to g out ( bus9ess4 ,:5 ,pitk9 rea*$ ?is po9t1 ,i knew t ,i c\ld safely ask ! special reason ( 8 ang] & t1 hav+ answ]$1 he w\ld settle d[n to 8 regul> "w4 ,i g5tly ins9uat$ t ,i 0 /ill ignorant ( ! matt]1 & receiv$ ! reply q 9 keep+ ) ,pitk9's nature1 ,i bet on ,h>v>d & won4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,read "o ( ,dick5s's books & br+ to class selections t w %[ h[ ,dick5s portrays "* by use ( action4 #b4 ,:at k9d ( man is ,silas ,m>n]8 ,:at leads y to ?9k z y d8 #c4 ,select ?ree p]sons f ,ivanhoe & /ate y\r op9ion ( _! "*4 #d4 ,notice ! relative importance ( plot & "* 9 ?ree magaz9e /ories4 #e4 ,select "s p]son f a magaz9e /ory4 ,tell ! class :at makes y =m ! e/imate ( 8 "* t y d4 ,to :at ext5t does ! descriptive matt] help y det]m9e 8 "*8 ,!me ,,lxxx4--,write a "* sket* or a /ory :i* %[s "* by means ( action4 ,sugge/$ subjects3-- #a4 ,! girl f ,texas4 #b4 ,! ,*9ese cook4 #c4 ,tak+ c>e ( ! baby4 #d4 ,na?an's temptation4 #e4 ,! small boy's triumph4 #f4 ,a village "*4 #g4 ,! meane/ man ,i ev] knew4 7,consid] ! developm5t ( ! plot4 ,to :at ext5t h y %[n "* by action8 ,c y make ! impression ( "* /rong] by add+ "s description87 #aej4 ,hi/ory & ,biography4--,hi/orical & biographical n>ratives may be highly ent]ta9+ & at ! same "t furni% u ) mu* valuable in=mation4 ,su* writ+s (t5 conta9 mu* t is n pure n>ration4 ,a hi/orian may set =? m]ely ! program ( ev5ts1 b mo/ hi/ories conta9 besides a l>ge am\nt ( description & explanation4 ,frequ5tly1 too1 all ( ?is is b ! basis ( ei!r a direct or an impli$ argum5t4 ,likewise a biograph] may be *iefly conc]n$ ) ! acts ( a man1 b he usually f9ds t ! introduction ( description & explanation aids him 9 mak+ cle> ! life purpose ( ! man ab\t :om he writes4 ,9 %ort] hi/ories & biographies1 ! expository & descriptive matt] (t5 displaces ! n>rative matt] to su* an ext5t t ! /ory ceases to be int]e/+4 ,! actual "t-ord] ( ev5ts ne$ n be foll[$4 ,x w (t5 make our acc\nt cle>] to discuss ! lit]>y works ( a man at "o "t1 8 education at ano!r1 & 8 practical a*ievem5ts at a ?ird4 ,c]ta9 portions ( 8 life may ne$ to be emphasiz$ :ile o!rs are neglect$4 ,:at we include 9 a biography & :at we emphasize w be det]m9$ by ! purpose = :i* x is writt54 ,= pure in=mation1 a %ort acc\nt is desirable1 b a long acc\nt is ( great] int]e/4 ,if a man is really great1 ! mo/ insignificant ev5ts 9 8 life w be read ) int]e/1 b a good biograph] w select su* ev5ts ) good ta/e & !n w pres5t !m s t !y w h a be>+ ^u ! m important phases ( ! man's life & "*4 ,hundr$s ( ! /ories told ab\t ,l9coln w\ld be trivial b = ! fact t !y help u bett] to und]/& ! real "* ( ! man4 ,,ex]cise #a4 ,select "s topic briefly m5tion$ 9 ! hi/ory text y /udy4 ,look up a m ext5d$ acc\nt ( x & come to ! class prep>$ to recite ! topic orally4 ,make y\r report cle>1 concise1 & int]e/+4 ,decide be=eh& j :at facts y w relate & 9 :at ord]4 7,see ,sections #ci1 #eb1 #ec47 ,!me ,,lxxxi4--,come to class prep>$ to write ^u "s topic assign$ by ! tea*]1 or ^u "o ( ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,pontiac's conspiracy4 #b4 ,! battle ( ,m>a?on4 #c4 ,! ,bo/on tea p>ty4 #d4 ,! battle ( ,bannockburn4 #e4 ,%]man's m>* to ! sea4 #f4 ,passage ( ! ,alps by ,napoleon4 7,is y\r n>rative told 9 an int]e/+ way8 ,are any facts necess>y to ! cle> und]/&+ ( x omitt$87 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,"n an ,engli% orator1 an ,engli% /atesman1 & an ,engli% writ] ab\t ea* ( :om an int]e/+ biography might be writt54 #b4 ,) ! same purpose 9 view "n two ,am]ican orators1 two ,am]ican writ]s1 & two ,am]ican /atesm54 ,!me ,,lxxxii4--,write a %ort biography ( "s prom95t p]son4 ,include only well-kn[n & important facts1 b d n give 8 "n4 ,read ! biography be=e ! class & h !m tell ^: biography x is4 #aea4 ,description 9 ,n>ration4--,! descriptive elem5ts1 ( n>ration %\ld always h = _! purpose some?+ m ?an ! m]e creat+ ( images4 ,if a h\se is describ$1 ! description %\ld enable u to br+ to m9d m vividly ! ev5ts t take place )9 or ar\nd x4 ,if ! description aids u 9 und]/&+ h[ or :y ! ev5ts occur1 x is helpful2 b if x fails to d ?is1 x has no place 9 ! n>rative4 ,description :5 ?us us$ s]ves z a backgr\nd = ! actions told 9 ! /ory1 & has = its purpose ! explanation ( h[ or :y !y occur4 ,sometimes ! descriptions are giv5 be=e ! incid5t & sometimes ! two are int]mix$4 ,9 ! foll[+ incid5t f ! ,leg5d ( ,sleepy ,holl[1 notice h[ ! description prep>es ! m9d = ! action t foll[s4 ,we are told t ! brook :i* ,i*abod mu/ cross runs into a m>%y & ?ickly wood$ gl52 t ! oaks & *e/nuts matt$ ) grapev9es ?r[ a gloom ov] ! place1 & already we feel t x is a dreadful spot aft] d>k4 ,! fact t ,&r 0 captur$ "h adds to ! feel+4 ,we are prep>$ to h "s excit+ action take place1 & _h ,i*abod ridd5 quietly across ! bridge1 we %\ld h be5 disappo9t$4 ,ab\t two hundr$ y>ds f ! tree a small brook cross$ ! road1 & ran into a m>%y & ?ickly wood$ gl51 kn[n by ! "n ( ,wiley's swamp4 ,a few r\gh logs1 laid side by side1 s]v$ = a bridge ov] ?is /ream4 ,on t side ( ! road :]e ! brook ent]$ ! woods1 a gr\p ( oaks & *e/nuts1 matt$ ?ick ) wild grapev9es1 ?rew a cav]n\s gloom ov] x4 ,to pass ?is bridge 0 ! sev]e/ trial4 ,x 0 at ?is id5tical spot t ! un=tunate ,&r 0 captur$1 & "u cov]t ( ^? v9es 7 ! /urdy yeom5 conceal$ :o surpris$ him4 ,?is has ev] s9ce be5 consid]$ a haunt$ /ream1 & fe>ful are ! feel+s ( ! s*oolboy :o has to pass x alone aft] d>k4 ,z he approa*$ ! /ream 8 he>t began to ?ump2 he summon$ up1 h[ev]1 all 8 resolution1 gave 8 horse half a score ( kicks 9 ! ribs1 & attempt$ to da% briskly across ! bridge2 b in/ead ( />t+ =w>d1 ! p]v]se old animal made a lat]al movem5t1 & ran broadside aga9/ ! f5ce4 ,i*abod1 ^: fe>s increas$ ) ! delay1 j]k$ ! re9s on ! o!r side1 & kick$ lu/ily ) ! contr>y foot4 ,x 0 all 9 va92 8 /e$ />t$1 x is true1 b x 0 only to plunge to ! opposite side ( ! road into a ?icket ( brambles & ald] bu%es4 ,! s*oolma/] n[ be/[$ bo? :ip & heel ^u ! />vel+ ribs ( old ,gunp[d]1 :o da%$ =w>d1 snuffl+ & snort+1 b came to a /& j by ! bridge1 ) a sudd5ness t _h ne>ly s5t 8 rid] sprawl+ ov] 8 head4 ,j at ?is mom5t a pla%y tramp1 by ! side ( ! bridge caught ! s5sitive e> ( ,i*abod4 ,9 ! d>k %ad[ ( ! grove1 on ! m>g9 ( ! brook1 he beheld some?+ huge1 mis%ap51 black1 & t[]+4 ,x /irr$ n1 b seem$ ga!r$ up 9 ! gloom l "s gigantic mon/] ready to spr+ ^u ! travel]4 --,irv+3 ,leg5d ( ,sleepy ,holl[4 ,! mo/ important use ( description 9 connection ) n>ration is t ( portray+ "*4 ,?\gh x is by _! actions t ! "* ( p]sons is mo/ /rongly br\ght out1 yet ! descriptive matt] may d mu* to /r5g!n ! impression ( "* :i* we =m4 7,section #acd47 ,mu* ( ! description f\nd 9 lit]ature is ( ?is nature4 ,/ripp$ ( its context su* a description may fail to satisfy our ideals z judg$ by ! pr9ciples ( description discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,nev]!less1 9 its place x may be p]fectly adapt$ to its purpose & give j ! impression ! au?or wi%$ to give4 ,su* descriptions mu/ be judg$ 9 _! sett+s1 & ! sole /&>d ( judgm5t is n _! beauty or complet5ess z descriptions1 b h[ well !y give ! desir$ impressions4 ,!me ,,lxxxiii4--,write a %ort p]sonal n>rative conta9+ "s description :i* expla9s h[ or :y ev5ts occur4 7,is !re any?+ 9 ! descriptive "p t does n be> on ! n>ration87 ,!me ,,lxxxiv4--,write a n>rative conta9+ description t aids 9 giv+ an impression ( "*4 ,sugge/$ subjects3-- #a4 ,hold+ ! =t4 #b4 ,a /eam] trip4 #c4 ,h[ ,i play$ truant4 #d4 ,kidnapp$4 #e4 ,! mis=tunes ( our circus4 #f4 ,acc\nt = ! situation %[n 9 a picture t y h se54 7,w ! read] =m ! impression ( "* :i* y wi% him to =m8 ,consid] y\r !me ) ref]5ce to its introduction1 inc5tive mom5t1 selection & arrangem5t ( details1 & climax47 ,,summ>y #a4 ,n>ration assumes a v>iety ( =ms1--incid5ts1 anecdotes1 /ories1 lett]s1 novels1 hi/ories1 biographies1 etc41--all conc]n$ ) ! relation ( ev5ts4 #b4 ,! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( a n>ration are1-- a4 ,an introduction :i* tells ! *>act]s1 ! "t1 ! place1 & en\gh ( ! att5dant circum/ances to make cle> ! po9t ( ! n>rative4 b4 ,! e>ly introduction ( an inc5tive mom5t4 c4 ,a climax pres5t$ 9 su* a way z to ma9ta9 ! int]e/ ( ! read]4 d4 ,! selection ( details ess5tial to ! climax 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( unity4 e4 ,! arrangem5t ( ^! details 9 a coh]5t ord]4 f4 ,! skillful introduction ( m9or details :i* w assi/ 9 ! appreciation ( ! po9t4 g4 ,! introduction ( all necess>y description & explanation4 h4 ,t additional effectiv5ess :i* comes f 7#a7 ,prop] *oice ( words4 7#b7 ,suitable comp>isons & figures4 7#c7 ,v>iety ( s5t5ce /ructure4 i4 ,a brief conclusion4 ,x4 ,,exposition #aeb4 ,purpose ( ,exposition4--,x is ! purpose ( exposition to make cle> to o!rs t :i* we ourselves und]/&4 ,its prim>y object is to give in=mation4 ,h]e9 lies "o ( ! *ief diff]5ces betwe5 ! two =ms ( disc\rse j /udi$ & ! "o t we are ab\t to /udy4 ,! prim>y object ( mo/ description & n>ration is to please1 :ile t ( exposition is to in=m4 ,exposition answ]s su* que/ions z h[8 :y8 :at does x mean8 :at is x us$ =8 & by ^! answ]s attempts to satisfy dem&s = k4 ,9 ! foll[+ selections notice t ! fir/ tells u h[ to burni% a photograph2 ! second1 h[ to split a %eet ( pap]3-- #a4 ,:5 ! pr9ts are almo/ dry !y c be burni%$4 ,! burni%+ iron %\ld be heat$ & kept hot dur+ ! burni%+1 ab\t ! same heat z a flatiron 9 iron+ clo!s4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep ! poli%$ surface ( ! burni%] bright & clean4 ,:5 ! iron is hot en\gh ! pr9ts %\ld be rubb$ ) a glac poli%1 :i* is sold = ?is purpose1 & is appli$ ) a small wad ( flannel4 ,!n ! pr9ts %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh ! burni%] two or ?ree times1 ! burni%] be+ s adju/$ t ! pressure on ! pr9ts is r light2 ! degree ( pressure w be quickly le>n$ by exp]i5ce1 m pressure be+ requir$ if ! pr9ts h be5 all[$ to become dry be=e be+ poli%$4 ,:ite ca/ile soap w d v well z a lubricator = ! pr9ts be=e burni%+1 & is appli$ 9 ! same mann] z above4 --,! ,amateur ,photograph]'s ,h&book4 #b4 ,pap] c be split into two or ev5 ?ree p>ts1 h[ev] ?9 ! %eet4 ,x may be conv5i5t to "k h[ to d ?is sometimes2 z1 = in/ance1 :5 "o wi%es to pa/e 9 a scrapbook an article pr9t$ on bo? sides ( ! pap]4 ,get a piece ( plate glass & place x on a %eet ( pap]4 ,!n let ! pap] be ?or\ghly soak$4 ,) c>e & a little skill ! %eet c be split by ! top surface be+ remov$4 ,! be/ plan1 h[ev]1 is to pa/e a piece ( clo? or /rong pap] to ea* side ( ! %eet to be split4 ,:5 dry1 quickly1 & )\t hesitation1 pull ! two pieces asund]1 :5 "o "p ( ! %eet w be f\nd to h adh]$ to "o1 & "p to ! o!r4 ,s(t5 ! pa/e 9 wat]1 & ! two pieces c easily be remov$ f ! clo?4 ,,ex]cises ,a4 ,expla9 orally any two ( ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,h[ to fly a kite4 #b4 ,h[ a rob9 builds h] ne/4 #c4 ,h[ oats are h>ve/$4 #d4 ,h[ tacks are made4 #e4 ,h[ to make a popgun4 #f4 ,h[ fi%es brea!4 #g4 ,h[ to swim4 #h4 ,h[ to hem/it* a h&k]*ief4 #i4 ,h[ to play golf4 #aj4 ,h[ salt is obta9$4 ,b4 ,"n sev]al subjects ) ! explanation ( :i* y are unfamili>4 ,!me ,,lxxxv4--,select = a subject some?+ t y "k h[ to d4 ,write a !me on ! subject *os54 7,h y made use ( ei!r g5]al description or g5]al n>ration8 ,see ,sections #fg & #fh47 ,v frequ5tly explanations ( h[ & :y any?+ is done are comb9$1 z 9 ! foll[+3-- ,9 cases ( sun/roke1 place ! p]son attack$ 9 a cool1 airy place4 ,d n all[ a cr[d to collect closely ab\t him4 ,remove 8 clo?+1 & lay him flat ^u 8 back4 ,da% him all ov] ) cold wat]--ice-wat]1 if x c be obta9$--& rub ! entire body ) pieces ( ice4 ,?is treatm5t is us$ to r$uce ! heat ( ! body1 = 9 all cases ( sun/roke ! temp]ature ( ! body is greatly increas$4 ,:5 ! body has become cool]1 wipe x dry & remove ! p]son to a dry locality4 ,if respiration ceases1 or becomes exce$+ly sl[1 practice artificial respiration4 ,aft] ! pati5t has app>5tly recov]$1 he %\ld be kept quiet 9 b$ = "s "t4 --,baldw93 ,ess5tial ,lessons 9 ,human ,physiology & ,hygi5e4 ,notice t ! foll[+ selection answ]s nei!r ! "q h[8 nor :y8 b expla9s :at j\rnalism is3-- ,,j\rnalism ,:at is a j\rnal8 ,:at is a j\rnali/8 ,:at is j\rnalism8 ,is x a trade1 a comm]cial bus9ess1 or a pr(ession8 ,our ^w j\rnal comes f ! ,fr5*4 ,x has diff]5t =ms 9 ! sev]al ,romantic languages1 & all g back to ! ,lat9 diurnalis1 daily1 f dies1 a day4 ,diurnal & di>y are d]iv$ f ! same s\rce4 ,! fir/ j\rnals 7 9 fact di>ies1 daily records ( happ5+s1 compil$ (t5 = ! pleasure & use ( ! compil] alone1 sometimes = mon>*s or /atesm5 or fri5ds2 lat] to be circulat$ = ! in=mation ( a circle ( read]s1 or di/ribut$ 9 copies to subscrib]s among ! public at l>ge4 ,^! 7 ! fir/ newspap]s4 ,:ile we /ill 9 a specific s5se speak ( daily newspap]s z j\rnals1 ! t]m is (t5 enl>g$ to comprise ne>ly all publications t are issu$ p]iodically & di/ribut$ to subscrib]s4 ,a j\rnali/ is "o ^: bus9ess is publi%+ a j\rnal 7or m ?an "o71 or edit+ a j\rnal1 or writ+ = j\rnals1 especially a p]son :o is regul>ly employ$ 9 "s responsible direct+ or creative "w on a j\rnal1 z a publi%]1 editor1 writ]1 report]1 critic1 etc4 ,?is use ( ! ^w is comp>atively mod]n1 & x is commonly re/rict$ to p]sons connect$ ) daily or weekly newspap]s4 ,_m old] newspap] m5 sc\t x1 pref]r+ to be kn[n z publi%]s1 editors1 writ]s1 or contributors4 ,j\rnalism1 h[ev]1 is a ^w t is ne$$ = its compreh5siv5ess4 ,x includes ! !ory1 ! bus9ess1 & ! art ( produc+ newspap]s 9 all dep>tm5ts ( ! "w4 ,h5ce1 any s*ool ( pr(essional j\rnalism mu/ be presum$ to comprise 9 its scope & detail ( in/ruction ! k t is ess5tial to ! mak+ & conduct ( newspap]s4 ,x mu/ h = its aim ! ideal newspap] :i* is ideally p]fect 9 e dep>tm5t4 ,j\rnalism1 s f> z x is m ?an m]e report+ & m]e money mak+1 s f> z x und]takes to frame & guide op9ion1 to educate ! ?\ght & in/ruct ! consci5ce ( ! community1 by editorial comm5t1 int]pretation & homily1 bas$ on ! news1 is "u obligation to ! community to be tru?ful1 s9c]e1 & uncorrupt$2 to enlight5 ! und]/&+1 n to d>k5 c\nsel2 to uphold ju/ice & honor ) unfail+ resolution1 to *ampion morality & ! public welf>e ) intellig5t zeal1 to expose wrong & antagonize x ) unfl9*+ c\rage4 ,if j\rnalism has any mission 9 ! _w besides & beyond ! dissem9ation ( news1 x is a mission ( ma9ta9+ a high /&>d ( ?\ght & life 9 ! community x s]ves1 /r5g!n+ all its =ces t make = righte\sness & beauty & fair gr[?4 ,?is is n solely1 nor peculi>ly1 ! (fice ( :at is call$ ! editorial page4 ,to be mo/ influ5tial1 x mu/ be a consi/5t expression 9 all dep>tm5ts1 giv+ ! newspap] a totality ( p[] 9 su* aim4 ,?is is ! "r ideal ( j\rnalism :5ev] x is consid]$ z m ?an a =m ( comm]cialism4 ,no newspap] atta9s its ideal 9 complet5ess4 ,if x /eadfa/ly works t[>d atta9m5t1 x gives pro( ( its "r to be4 ,! advanc+ newspap]1 go+ on f good to bett] 9 ! sub/ance ( its "* & ! ability ( its endeavor1 is ! type ( j\rnalism :i* af=ds hope = ! future4 ,& "o /rong enc\ragem5t to fidelity 9 a high motive is public appreciation4 --,! ,bo/on ,h]ald4 ,,ex]cises ,give z complete an answ] z possible to any two ( ! foll[+ que/ions3-- #a4 ,:y d fi% bite bett] on a cl\dy day ?an on a bright "o8 #b4 ,:y %\ld we /udy hi/ory8 #c4 ,:y does a baseball curve8 #d4 ,:y did ! ,am]ican colonies revolt aga9/ ,engl&8 #e4 ,:y did ! e>ly settl]s ( ,new ,engl& p]secute ! ,quak]s8 #f4 ,:y %\ld trees be plant$ ei!r 9 e>ly spr+ or late autumn8 #g4 ,:y d we lose a day 9 go+ f ,am]ica to ,*9a8 #h4 ,9 lay+ a railroad track1 :y is !re a space left betwe5 ! ends ( ! rails8 ,!me ,,lxxxvi4--,*oose "o ( ! above or a simil> "q z a subject = a !me4 ,write out z complete & exact an explanation z possible4 ,,ex]cise ,write out a li/ ( subjects ! explanation ( :i* w\ld n answ] ! que/ions :y8 or h[8 ,h[ _m ( !m c y expla98 ,!me ,,lxxxvii4--,write out ! explanation ( "o ( ! subjects 9 ! above li/4 7,read :at y h writt5 & consid] x ) ref]5ce to cle>ness1 unity1 & coh]5ce47 #aec4 ,importance ( ,exposition4--,?is =m ( disc\rse is important because x deals s ext5sively ) important subjects1 su* z que/ions ( gov]nm5t1 facts 9 sci5ce1 po9ts 9 hi/ory1 me?ods 9 education1 & processes ( manufacture4 ,x ent]s vitally into our lives1 no matt] :at our occupation may be4 ,bus9ess m5 make con/ant use ( ?is k9d ( disc\rse4 ,9 fact1 x w\ld be impossible = bus9ess to be transact$ ) any degree ( success )\t explanations4 ,loans ( money w\ld n be made if m5 did n und]/& h[ !y c\ld h security = ! sums loan$4 ,a manufactur] _c expect to h good articles produc$ if he is unable to give ne$ful explanations conc]n+ _! manufacture4 ,9 ord] t a m]*ant be successful he mu/ be able to expla9 ! relative m]its ( 8 goods to 8 cu/om]s4 ,v mu* ( ! "w done 9 our s*ools is ( an expository nature4 ,! text-books us$ are expositions4 ,:5 !y ( !mselves are n suffici5t = ! cle> und]/&+ ( ! subject1 x is necess>y to consult ref]5ce books4 ,!n1 if ! subject is /ill lack+ 9 cle>ness1 ! tea*] is call$ ^u = additional explanation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! great] "p ( ! pupil's recitations consi/s simply 9 expla9+ ! subjects "u discussion4 ,mu* ( ! class-room "w 9 our s*ools consi/s ( ei!r receiv+ or giv+ explanations4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,"n any?+ outside ( s*ool "w t y h be5 call$ ^u to expla9 dur+ ! la/ week or two4 #b4 ,"n any?+ outside ( s*ool "w t y h rec5tly le>n$ ?r\gh explanation4 #c4 ,"n ?ree topics 9 ea* ( y\r /udies = to-day t call = explanation4 #d4 ,"n "s topic 9 :i* ! text-book did n seem to make ! explanation cle>4 ,!me ,,lxxxviii4--,write out "o ( ! topics m5tion$ 9 numb] ?ree ( ! prec$+ ex]cise4 7,h y includ$ ev]y?+ t is necess>y to make y\r explanation cle>8 ,c any?+ be omitt$ )\t affect+ ! cle>ness87 #aed4 ,cle> ,und]/&+4--,! fir/ requisite ( a good explanation is a cle> und]/&+ on ! "p ( ! "o :o is giv+ ! explanation4 ,x is evid5t t if we d n und]/& a subject ourselves we _c make our explanations cle> to o!rs4 ,if ! ideas 9 our m9d are 9 a confus$ /ate1 our explanation w be equally confus$4 ,if y d n und]/& a problem 9 algebra1 y\r attempt to expla9 x to o!rs w prove a failure4 ,if y attempt to expla9 h[ a canal boat is tak5 ?r\gh a lock )\t ?or\ghly und]/&+ ! process y\rself1 y w give y\r li/5]s only a confus$ idea ( h[ x is done4 ,! pr9cipal reason :y pupils fail 9 _! recitations & exam9ations is t 9 prep>+ _! lessons1 !y d n make !mselves ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! topics t !y are /udy+4 ,!y (t5 g ov] ! lessons hurri$ly & c>elessly & come to class ) confus$ ideas4 ,consequ5tly :5 ! pupils attempt to recite1 !re is1 if any?+1 an additional confusion ( ideas1 & ! recitation proves a failure4 ,c>elessness 9 ! prep>ation ( daily recitations1 neglig5ce 9 ask+ = additional explanations1 & inatt5tion to ! explanations t are giv51 inevitably cause failure :5 te/s or exam9ations are call$ =4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,"n five subjects ab\t :i* y "k s little t x w\ld be useless to attempt an explanation4 #b4 ,"n five ab\t :i* y "k some?+1 b n en\gh to give cle> explanations ( !m4 #c4 ,"n f\r ab\t :i* y "k b little1 b conc]n+ :i* y feel sure t y c obta9 in=mation4 #d4 ,"n six t y ?9k y cle>ly und]/&4 ,report orally on "o ( !m4 ,!me ,,lxxxiv4--,write out an explanation ( "o ( ! subjects nam$ 9 numb] f\r ( ! prec$+ ex]cise4 7,read y\r !me & criticise x z to cle>ness4 ,9 li/5+ to ! !mes read by o!r memb]s ( ! class consid] !m z to cle>ness4 ,call = fur!r explanation ( any "p n p]fectly cle> to y47 #aee4 ,selection ( ,facts--,unity4--,aft] we h be5 giv5 a subject = explanation or h *os5 "o = ourselves1 we mu/ decide conc]n+ ! facts to be pres5t$4 ,9 "s k9ds ( exposition ?is selection is r difficult4 ,s9ce ! purpose is to make our mean+ cle> to ! p]son address$1 we secure unity by includ+ all t is necess>y to t purpose & by omitt+ all t is n necess>y4 ,x is evid5t t selection ( facts to secure unity dep5ds to "s ext5t ^u ! audi5ce4 ,if a *ild asks u to expla9 :at a tru/ is1 our explanation w diff] v mu* f t :i* we w\ld give if we 7 address+ a body ( m5 :o 7 famili> ) ! t]m tru/s1 b d n und]/& ! advantages & disadvantages aris+ f _! exi/5ce4 ,exam9e ! foll[+ z to selection ( facts4 ,= :at class ( p d y ?9k x 0 writt58 ,:at seems to be ! purpose ( x8 ,,! ,,feudal ,,sy/em ,?is connection ( k+ z sov]eign1 ) 8 pr9ces & great m5 z vassals1 mu/ be att5d$ to & und]/ood1 9 ord] t y may compreh5d ! hi/ory :i* foll[s4 ,a great k+1 or sov]eign pr9ce1 gave l>ge prov9ces1 or grants ( l&1 to 8 dukes1 e>ls1 & noblem52 & ea* ( ^! possess$ ne>ly z mu* p[]1 )9 8 own di/rict1 z ! k+ did 9 ! re/ ( 8 dom9ions4 ,b !n ! vassal1 :e!r duke1 e>l1 or "l1 or :atev] he 01 0 oblig$ to come ) a c]ta9 numb] ( m5 to assi/ ! sov]eign1 :5 he 0 engag$ 9 w>2 & 9 "t ( peace1 he 0 b\nd to att5d on 8 c\rt :5 summon$1 & d homage to him1 t is1 ackn[l$ge t he 0 8 ma/] & liege "l4 ,9 l mann]1 ! vassals ( ! cr[n1 z !y 7 call$1 divid$ ! l&s :i* ! k+ _h giv5 !m into e/ates1 :i* !y be/[$ on knights1 & g5tlem51 :om !y ?\ght fitt$ to foll[ !m 9 w>1 & to att5d !m 9 peace2 = !y1 too1 held c\rts1 & adm9i/]$ ju/ice1 ea* 9 8 own prov9ce4 ,!n ! knights & g5tlem51 :o _h ^! e/ates f ! great nobles1 di/ribut$ ! prop]ty among an inf]ior class ( proprietors1 "s ( :om cultivat$ ! l& !mselves1 & o!rs by means ( husb&m5 & peasants1 :o 7 treat$ z a sort ( slaves1 be+ b\ght & sold l brute bea/s1 along ) ! f>ms :i* !y labor$4 ,?us1 :5 a great k+1 l t ( ,france or ,engl&1 w5t to w>1 he summon$ all 8 cr[n vassals to att5d him1 ) ! numb] ( arm$ m5 correspond+ to 8 fief1 z x 0 call$1 t is1 t]ritory :i* _h be5 grant$ to ea* ( !m4 ,! pr9ce1 duke1 or e>l1 9 ord] to obey ! summons1 call$ ^u all ! g5tlem5 to :om he _h giv5 e/ates1 to att5d 8 /&>d ) _! foll[]s 9 arms4 ,! g5tlem51 9 _! turn1 call$ on ! frankl9s1 a l[] ord] ( g5try1 & ^u ! peasants2 & ?us ! :ole =ce ( ! k+dom 0 assembl$ 9 "o array4 ,?is sy/em ( hold+ l&s = milit>y s]vice1 t is1 = fight+ = ! sov]eign :5 call$ ^u1 0 call$ ! feudal sy/em4 ,x 0 g5]al ?r\gh\t all ,europe = a great _m ages4 --,scott3 ,tales ( a ,gr&fa!r4 ,!me ,,lxxxv4--,write a !me on "o ( ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,tell y\r y\ng] bro!r h[ to make a :i/le4 #b4 ,expla9 "s game to a fri5d ( y\r own age4 #c4 ,give an explanation ( ! heat+ sy/em ( y\r s*ool to a memb] ( ! s*ool bo>d ( an adjo9+ city4 #d4 ,expla9 to a city girl h[ butt] is made4 #e4 ,expla9 to a city boy h[ hay is cur$4 #f4 ,expla9 to a fri5d h[ to run an automobile4 7,consid] ! selection ( facts z det]m9$ by ! p]son address$47 #aef4 ,arrangem5t--,coh]5ce4--,"s expositions are ( su* a nature t !re is b little "q conc]n+ ! prop] arrangem5t ( ! topics compos+ !m4 ,9 ord] to be coh]5t1 all we d is to foll[ ! natural ord] ( occurr5ce 9 "t & place4 ,?is is especially true ( g5]al n>rations & ( "s g5]al descriptions4 ,9 expla9+ ! circulation ( ! blood1 = in/ance1 x is mo/ natural = u to foll[ ! c\rse :i* ! blood takes 9 circulat+ ?r\gh ! body4 ,9 expla9+ ! manufacture ( articles we naturally beg9 ) ! mat]ial z x comes to ! factory1 & trace ! process ( manufacture 9 ord] ?r\gh its successive /ages4 ,9 o!r k9ds ( exposition a coh]5t arrangem5t is some:at difficult4 ,we %\ld n1 h[ev]1 fail to pay att5tion to x4 ,a cle> und]/&+ ( ! subject1 on ! "p ( ! li/5]1 dep5ds l>gely ^u ! prop] arrangem5t ( topics4 ,z y /udy examples ( expositions ( "s l5g?1 y w notice t !re are topics :i* naturally belong toge!r4 ,^! topics =m gr\ps1 & ! gr\ps are treat$ sep>ately4 ,if ! expositions are good ones1 ! relat$ facts w n only be unit$ into gr\ps1 b ! gr\ps w also be s arrang$ & ! transition f "o gr\p to ano!r be s naturally made t x w cause no confusion4 ,9 brief explanations ( b "o p>agraph !re %\ld be b "o gr\p ( facts4 ,ev5 ^! facts ne$ to be s arrang$ z to make ! :ole idea cle>4 ,! writ] may h a cle> und]/&+ ( ! :ole idea1 b 9 ord] to give ! read] ! same cle> und]/&+1 c]ta9 facts mu/ be pres5t$ be=e o!rs are4 ,9 ord] to make an explanation cle>1 ! facts mu/ be s arrang$ t ^? :i* are necess>y to ! und]/&+ ( o!rs %all come fir/4 ,exam9e ! foll[+ expositions z to ! gr\p+ ( relat$ facts & ! arrangem5t ( ^? gr\ps3-- ,fre%1 pure air at all times is ess5tial to bodily com=t & good heal?4 ,air may become impure f _m causes4 ,poison\s gases may be mix$ ) x2 sew] gas is especially to be gu>d$ aga9/2 coal gas :i* is us$ = illum9at+ purposes is v poison\s & dang]\s if inhal$2 ! air aris+ f decay+ sub/ances1 f\l cell>s1 or /agnant pools1 is impure & unheal?y1 & bre$s diseases2 ! f\l & poison\s air :i* has be5 expell$ f ! lungs1 if brea!d aga91 w cause _m di/ress+ symptoms4 ,v5tilation has = its object ! removal ( impure air & ! supply+ ( fre%1 :olesome air 9 its place4 ,prop] v5tilation %\ld be secur$ 9 all rooms & build+s1 & its importance _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,9 ! summ] "t & 9 climates :i* p]mit ( x ) com=t1 v5tilation may be secur$ by hav+ ! doors & w9d[s op51 ?us all[+ ! fre% air to circulate freely ?r\gh ! h\se4 ,9 /ormy & cold wea!r1 h[ev]1 "s o!r means ( v5tilation mu/ be suppli$4 ,if op5 fires or grates are us$ = heat+ purposes1 good v5tilation exi/s1 = "u su* circum/ances1 ! f\l & impure air is drawn out ( ! rooms ?r\gh ! *imneys1 & ! fre% air ent]s ?r\gh ! cracks ( ! doors & w9d[s4 ,:]e op5 fireplaces are n us$1 sev]al plans ( v5tilation may be us$1 z !y all op]ate on ! same pr9ciple4 ,two op5+s %\ld be 9 ! room1 "o ( !m ne> ! floor1 ?r\gh :i* ! fre% air may ent]1 ! o!r high] up1 & connect$ ) a %aft or *imney1 :i* produc+ a draft1 may s]ve to free ! room f impure air4 ,! size ( ^! op5+s may be regulat$ accord+ to ! size ( ! room4 --,baldw93 ,ess5tial ,lessons 9 ,human ,physiology4 ,,! ,,que5 ,,bee ,x is a s+ul> fact1 also1 t ! que5 is made1 n born4 ,if ! entire population ( ,spa9 or ,great ,brita9 7 ! (fspr+ ( "o "m1 x might be f\nd necess>y to hit ^u "s device by :i* a royal baby c\ld be manufactur$ out ( an ord9>y "o1 or else give up ! fa%ion ( royalty4 ,all ! bees 9 ! hive h a common p>5tage1 & ! que5 & ! work] are ! same 9 ! egg & 9 ! *ick2 ! pat5t ( royalty is 9 ! cell & 9 ! food2 ! cell be+ mu* l>g]1 & ! food a peculi> /imulat+ k9d ( jelly4 ,9 c]ta9 cont+5cies1 su* z ! loss ( ! que5 ) no eggs 9 ! royal cells1 ! work]s take ! l>va ( an ord9>y bee1 enl>ge ! cell by tak+ 9 ! two adjo9+ ones1 & nurse x & /uff x & coddle x1 till at ! end ( sixte5 days x comes out a que54 ,b ord9>ily1 9 ! natural c\rse ( ev5ts1 ! "y que5 is kept a prison] 9 h] cell till ! old que5 has left ) ! sw>m4 ,n only kept1 b gu>d$ aga9/ ! "m que51 :o only wants an opportunity to murd] e royal scion 9 ! hive4 ,bo? ! que5s1 ! "o a prison] & ! o!r at l>ge1 pipe defiance at ea* o!r at ?is "t1 a %rill1 f9e1 trumpetlike note t any e> w at once recognize4 ,?is *all5ge1 n be+ all[$ to be accept$ by ei!r p>ty1 is foll[$1 9 a day or two1 by ! abdication ( ! old que52 %e leads out ! sw>m1 & h] successor is lib]at$ by h] keep]s1 :o1 9 h] turn1 abdicates 9 favor ( ! next y\ng]4 ,:5 ! bees h decid$ t no m sw>ms c issue1 ! reign+ que5 is all[$ to use h] /iletto ^u h] unhat*$ si/]s4 ,cases h be5 kn[n :]e two que5s issu$ at ! same "t1 :5 a mortal combat ensu$1 enc\rag$ by ! work]s1 :o =m$ a r+ ab\t !m1 b %[$ no pref]5ce1 & recogniz$ ! victor z ! lawful sov]eign4 ,= ^! & _m o!r curi\s facts we are indebt$ to ! bl9d ,hub]4 ,x is wor?y ( note t ! position ( ! que5 cells is always v]tical1 :ile t ( ! drones & work]s is horizontal2 maje/y /&s on its head1 :i* fact may be a "p ( ! secret4 ,! notion has always v g5]ally prevail$ t ! que5 ( ! bees is an absolute rul]1 & issues h] royal ord]s to will+ subjects4 ,h5ce ,napoleon ! ,fir/ spr9kl$ ! symbolic bees ov] ! imp]ial mantle t bore ! arms ( 8 dyna/y2 & 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,ph>aohs ! bee 0 us$ z ! emblem ( a p sweetly submissive to ! ord]s ( its k+4 ,b ! fact is1 a sw>m ( bees is an absolute democracy1 & k+s & despots c f9d no w>rant 9 _! example4 ,! p[] & au?ority are entirely ve/$ 9 ! great mass1 ! work]s4 ,!y furni% all ! bra9s & =esight ( ! colony1 & adm9i/] its affairs4 ,_! ^w is law1 & bo? k+ & que5 mu/ obey4 ,!y regulate ! sw>m+1 & give ! signal = ! sw>m to issue f ! hive2 !y select & make ready ! tree 9 ! woods & conduct ! que5 to x4 ,! peculi> (fice & sacr$ness ( ! que5 consi/s 9 ! fact t %e is ! "m ( ! sw>m1 & ! bees love & *]i% h] z a "m & n z a sov]eign4 ,%e is ! sole female bee 9 ! hive1 & ! sw>m cl+s to h] because %e is _! life4 ,depriv$ ( _! que51 & ( all brood f :i* to re> "o1 ! sw>m loses all he>t & soon dies1 ?\gh !re be an abundance ( honey4 ,! common bees w nev] use _! /+ ^u ! que51--if %e is to be dispos$ ( !y />ve h] to dea?2 & ! que5 h]self w /+ no?+ b royalty--no?+ b a rival que54 --,john ,burr\ghs3 ,birds & ,bees4 ,!me ,,lxxxvi4--,write an expository !me4 ,sugge/$ subjects3-- #a4 ,duties ( ! %]iff4 #b4 ,h[ a motor works4 #c4 ,h[ :eat is h>ve/$4 #d4 ,:y ! tide exi/s4 #e4 ,h[ our s*oolh\se is v5tilat$4 #f4 ,:at is meant by ! !ory ( evolution4 #g4 ,! manufacture ( ----4 #h4 ,h[ to make a ----4 7,consid] ! arrangem5t ( y\r /atem5ts47 #aeg4 ,use ( an ,outl9e4--,be=e beg9n+ to write an explanation we ne$ to consid] :at we "k ab\t ! subject & :at our purpose is2 we ne$ to select facts t w make our explanations cle> to our read]s2 & we ne$ to decide :at arrangem5t ( ^! facts w be/ %[ _! relation to ea* o!r4 ,we %all f9d x ( advantage1 especially 9 l5g?y explanations1 to express our ?\ghts 9 ! =m ( an outl9e4 ,an outl9e helps u to see cle>ly :e!r our facts are well *os51 & x also helps u to see :e!r ! arrangem5t is ord]ly or n4 ,cle>ness is above all ! ess5tial ( exposition1 & outl9es aid cle>ness by giv+ unity & coh]5ce4 ,,ex]cises ,select ?ree ( ! foll[+ subjects & make li/s ( facts t y "k ab\t !m4 ,f ^! select ^? :i* w\ld be necess>y 9 mak+ a cle> explanation ( ea*4 ,aft] mak+ out ^! li/s ( facts1 arrange !m 9 :at seems to y ! be/ possible ord] = mak+ ! explanation cle> to y\r classmates4 #a4 ,! value ( a s*ool libr>y4 #b4 ,sponges4 #c4 ,! manufacture ( clocks4 #d4 ,draw+4 #e4 ,a?letics 9 ! high s*ool4 #f4 ,exam9ations4 #g4 ,debat+ societies4 ,!me ,,lxxxvii4--,foll[+ ! outl9e1 write an exposition on "o ( ! subjects *os54 7,notice ! transition f "o p>agraph to ano!r4 ,see ,section #hg47 #aeh4 ,exposition ( ,t]ms--,def9ition4--,explanation ( ! mean+ ( g5]al t]ms is "o =m ( exposition 7,section #fc74 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! exposition ( a t]m is ! giv+ ( a def9ition4 ,?is may be accompli%$ by ! use ( a synonym 7,section #fd74 ,we make a t]m intelligible to ! read] by ! use ( a synonym ) :i* he is famili>2 & ?\gh su* a def9ition is inexact1 x gives a r\gh idea ( ! mean+ ( ! t]m 9 "q1 & s s]ves a useful purpose4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we wi% exactness1 we %all ne$ to make use ( ! logical def9ition4 #aei4 ,! ,logical ,def9ition4--,! logical def9ition sets exact limits to ! mean+ ( a t]m4 ,an exact def9ition mu/ include all ! memb]s ( a class indicat$ by ! t]m def9$1 & x mu/ exclude ev]y?+ t does n belong to t class4 ,a logical def9ition is compos$ ( two p>ts4 ,x fir/ names ! class to :i* ! t]m to be def9$ belongs1 & !n x names ! *>act]i/ic t di/+ui%es t t]m f all o!r memb]s ( ! same class4 ,! class is t]m$ ! g5us1 & ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( ! diff]5t memb]s ( ! class are t]m$ ! diff]5tia4 ,notice ! foll[+ division into g5us & diff]5tia4 ,,t]m ,,to ,,be ,,class ,,di/+ui%+ ,,def9$ 7,g5us7 ,,*>act]i/ic 7,diff]5tia7 ,a p>allelogram is a quadrilat]al ^: opposite sides are p>allel ,exposition is t =m ( :i* seeks to expla9 disc\rse ! mean+ ( a t]m4 ,ea* def9ition includes ?ree elem5ts3 ! t]m to be def9$1 ! g5us1 & ! diff]5tia2 b ^! are n necess>ily arrang$ 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,,ex]cise ,select ! ?ree elem5ts 7! t]m to be def9$1 ! g5us1 & ! diff]5tia7 9 ea* ( ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,a polygon ( ?ree sides is call$ a triangle4 #b4 ,a squ>e is an equilat]al rectangle4 #c4 ,a rectangle ^: sides are equal is a squ>e4 #d4 ,description is t =m ( disc\rse :i* aims to pres5t a picture4 #e4 ,! *>act]s compos+ writt5 words are call$ lett]s4 #f4 ,! olfactory n]ves are ! fir/ pair ( cranial n]ves4 #g4 ,p]son is t modification ( a n\n or pron\n :i* d5otes ! speak]1 ! p]son spok5 to1 or ! p]son or ?+s spok5 (4 #h4 ,! dipt]a1 or true flies1 are readily di/+ui%able f o!r insects by _! hav+ a s+le pair ( w+s in/ead ( two pairs1 ! h9d w+s be+ trans=m$ into small knob-head$ p$icles call$ balanc]s or halt]s4 #afj4 ,difficulty ( ,fram+ ,exact ,def9itions4--,9 ord] to frame a logical def9ition1 exactness ( ?\ght is ess5tial4 ,ev5 :5 ! ?\ght is exact1 x w be f\nd difficult & (t5 impossible to frame a satisfactory def9ition4 ,usually !re is little difficulty 9 select+ ! g5us1 /ill c>e %\ld be tak5 to select "o t includes ! t]m to be def9$4 ,we might beg9 ! def9ition ( iron by say+1 ,iron is a metal1 s9ce all iron is metal1 b x w\ld be incorrect to beg9 ! def9ition ( rod5t by say+1 ,a rod5t is a beav]1 because ! t]m beav] does n include all rod5ts4 ,we mu/ also take c>e to *oose = ! g5us "s t]m famili> to ! read]1 because ! object ( ! def9ition is to make ! mean+ cle> to him4 ,! *ief difficulty ( fram+ logical def9itions arises 9 ! selection ( diff]5tia4 ,9 _m cases x is n easy to decide j :at *>act]i/ics di/+ui% "o memb] ( a class f all o!r memb]s ( t class4 ,we all "k t iron is a metal1 b mo/ ( u w\ld f9d x difficult to add to ! def9ition j ^? ?+s :i* di/+ui% iron f o!r metals4 ,we may say1 ,a flute is a musical in/rum5t2 s mu* ( ! def9ition is easily giv54 ,! difficulty lies 9 di/+ui%+ x f all o!r musical in/rum5ts4 ,,ex]cises ,a4 ,select prop] diff]5tia = ! foll[+3-- ,,t]m ,,to ,,be ,,def9$ ,,class 7,g5us7 ,,di/+ui%+ ,,*>act]i/ic 7,diff]5tia7 #a4 ,n>ration is t =m ( disc\rse 8 #b4 ,a circle is a portion ( a plane 8 #c4 ,a dog is an animal 8 #d4 ,a hawk is a bird 8 #e4 ,physiography is ! sci5ce 8 #f4 ,a sneak is a p]son 8 #g4 ,a quadrilat]al is a plane figure 8 #h4 ,a b>n is a build+ 8 #i4 ,a bicycle is a ma*9e 8 #aj4 ,a lady is a woman 8 ,b4 ,give logical def9itions = at lea/ f\r words 9 ! li/ bel[4 #a4 ,telephone4 #b4 ,squ>e4 #c4 ,hamm]4 #d4 ,novel #e4 ,curiosity4 #f4 ,door4 #g4 ,cam]a4 #h4 ,brick4 #i4 ,microscope4 #afa4 ,inexact ,def9itions4--,if ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics are n prop]ly select$1 ! def9ition ?\gh logical 9 =m may be inexact1 because ! diff]5tia d n exclude all b ! t]m to be def9$4 ,if we say1 ,exposition is t =m ( disc\rse :i* gives in=mation1 ! def9ition is inexact because !re are o!r =ms ( disc\rse t give in=mation4 ,_m def9itions giv5 9 text-books are inexact4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to di/+ui% !m f ^? :i* are logically exact4 ,,ex]cise ,:i* ( ! foll[+ are exact8 #a4 ,a %eep is a greg>i\s animal t produces wool4 #b4 ,a squa% is a g>d5 plant mu* lik$ by /rip$ bugs4 #c4 ,a pron\n is a ^w us$ = a n\n4 #d4 ,! diaphragm is a %eet ( muscle & t5don1 convex on its upp] side1 & atta*$ by b&s ( /rip$ muscle to ! l[] ribs at ! side1 to ! /]num1 & to ! c>tilage ( ! ribs :i* jo9 x 9 front1 & at ! back by v /rong b&s to ! lumb> v]tebrae4 #e4 ,a man is a two-legg$ animal )\t fea!rs4 #f4 ,argum5t is t =m ( disc\rse :i* has = its object ! pro( ( ! tru? or falsity ( a proposition4 #g4 ,! base ( an isosceles triangle is t side :i* is equal to no o!r4 #h4 ,z9c is a metal us$ "u /oves4 #i4 ,! epid]mis ( a leaf is a delicate1 transp>5t sk9 :i* cov]s ! :ole leaf4 ,!me ,,lxxxviii4--,write an expository p>agraph ab\t "o ( ! foll[+3-- ,sugge/$ subjects3-- #a4 ,h\sehold sci5ce & arts4 #b4 ,ar*itecture4 #c4 ,ae/hetics4 #d4 ,poetry4 #e4 ,fiction4 #f4 ,half tones4 #g4 ,/eam fitt+4 #h4 ,swimm+4 7,consid] ! def9itions y h us$47 #afb4 ,division4--,! second /ep 9 ! exposition ( a t]m is division4 ,def9ition e/abli%es ! limits ( ! t]m4 ,division sep>ates into its p>ts t :i* is includ$ by ! t]m4 ,by def9ition we di/+ui% triangles f squ>es1 circles1 & o!r plane figures4 ,by division we may sep>ate !m into scal5e1 isosceles1 & equilat]al1 or if we divide !m accord+ to a diff]5t pr9ciple into "r & oblique triangles4 ,9 ei!r case ! division is complete & exact4 ,by complet5ess is meant t e object d5ot$ by ! t]m expla9$ is includ$ 9 ! division giv51 ?us mak+ ! sum ( ^! divisions equal to ! :ole4 ,by exactness is meant t b a s+le pr9ciple has be5 us$1 & s no object d5ot$ by ! t]m expla9$ w be includ$ 9 m ?an "o ( ! divisions made4 ,!re are no triangles :i* are nei!r "r nor oblique1 s ! division is complete2 & no triangle c be bo? "r & oblique1 s ! division is exact4 ,su* a complete & exact division is call$ classification4 ,ne>ly e t]m may be divid$ accord+ to m ?an "o pr9ciple4 ,we may divide ! t]m books into anci5t & mod]n1 or into religi\s & secul>1 or 9 any "o ( a doz5 o!r ways4 ,:i* pr9ciple ( division we %all *oose w dep5d ^u our purpose4 ,if we wi% to discuss sponges ) ref]5ce to _! %apes1 our division w be diff]5t f :at x w\ld be if we 7 to discuss !m ) ref]5ce to _! uses4 ,:5 a pr9ciple ( division has once be5 *os5 x is ess5tial t x be foll[$ ?r\gh\t4 ,! use ( two pr9ciples causes an ov]lapp+ ( divisions1 ?us produc+ :at is call$ cross division4 ,us+ ! pr9ciple ( use1 a tailor may sort 8 bolts ( clo? into clo? = ov]coats1 clo? = suits1 & clo? = tr\s]s2 us+ ! pr9ciple ( weight1 into heavy weight & light weight2 or he may sort !m ) ref]5ce to color or price4 ,9 any case b a s+le pr9ciple is us$4 ,x w\ld n d to divide !m into clo? = suits1 light weight goods1 & br[n clo?4 ,su* a division w\ld be nei!r complete nor exact2 = "s ( ! clo? w\ld belong to none ( ! classes :ile o!r pieces might prop]ly be plac$ 9 all ?ree4 ,9 ! exact sci5ces complete exposition is ! aim1 & classification is necess>y2 b 9 o!r writ+ ! purpose 9 h& is (t5 bett] accompli%$ by omitt+ m9or divisions4 ,a writ] ( hi/ory might consid] ! political gr[?1 ! w>s1 & ! religion ( a nation & omit its dome/ic life & educational progress1 especially if ^! did n greatly influ5ce ! result t he wi%es to make pla94 ,if we wi%$ to expla9 ! plan ( ! organization ( a high s*ool1 x w\ld be satisfactory to divide ! pupils into fre%m51 sophomores1 juniors1 & s5iors1 ev5 ?\gh1 9 any p>ticul> s*ool1 !re might be a few special & irregul> pupils :o belong$ to none ( ^! classes4 ,an exposition ( ! use ( hamm]s w\ld omit _m occasional & unimportant uses4 ,su* a classification ?\gh exact is incomplete & is call$ p>tition4 ,,ex]cises ,a4 ,c y tell :i* ( ! foll[+ are classifications8 ,:i* are p>titions8 ,:i* are defective8 #a4 ,! inhabitants ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ,am]icans1 ,indians1 & negroes4 #b4 ,l9es are /raight1 curv$1 & crook$4 #c4 ,lit]ature is compos$ ( prose1 poetry1 & fiction4 #d4 ,! political p>ties 9 ! la/ campaign 7 ,republican & ,democrat4 #e4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t has control ( /ates & t]ritories #f4 ,plants are divid$ into two gr\ps3 7#a7 ! phan]ogams1 or fl[]+ plants1 & 7#b7 cryptogams1 or fl[]less plants4 #g4 ,all phan]ogam\s plants consi/ ( 7#a7 root & 7#b7 %oot2 ! %oot consi/+ ( 7a7 /em & 7b7 leaf4 ,x is true t "s exceptional plants1 9 maturity1 lack leaves1 or lack root4 ,^! exceptions are few4 #h4 ,we may divide ! activities ( ! gov]nm5t into3 keep+ ord]1 mak+ law1 protect+ individual rights1 provid+ public s*ools1 provid+ & m5d+ roads1 c>+ = ! de/itute1 c>ry+ ! mail1 manag+ =eign relations1 mak+ w>1 & collect+ taxes4 ,b4 ,notice ! foll[+ p>agraphs1 ,/ate briefly ! divisions made4 #a4 ,plan ( ! ,book4--,:at is gov]nm5t8 ,:o is ! gov]nm5t8 ,we %all beg9 by consid]+ ! ,am]ican answ]s to ^! que/ions4 ,:at does ,! ,gov]nm5t d8 ,t w be our next inquiry4 ,& ) reg>d to ! ord9>y practical "w ( gov]nm5t1 we %all see t gov]nm5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is n v diff]5t f gov]nm5t 9 ! o!r civiliz$ c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,!n we %all inquire h[ gov]nm5t (ficials are *os5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & h[ ! "w ( gov]nm5t is p>cel$ out among !m4 ,?is "p ( ! book w %[ :at is meant by self-gov]nm5t & local self-gov]nm5t1 & w %[ t our sy/em diff]s f ,european sy/ems *iefly 9 ^! v matt]s ( self-gov]nm5t & local self-gov]nm5t4 ,com+ !n to ! details ( our subject1 we %all consid] ! names & duties ( ! pr9cipal (ficials 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 fir/1 ^? ( ! t[n%ip1 c\nty1 & city1 !n ^? ( ! /ate1 & !n ^? ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,f9ally1 we %all exam9e c]ta9 op]ations 9 ! ,am]ican sy/em1 su* z a trial 9 c\rt1 & nom9ations = (fice1 & conclude ) an outl9e ( int]national relations1 & a summ>y ( ! commone/ laws ( bus9ess & prop]ty4 --,cl>k3 ,! ,gov]nm5t4 #b4 ,zology & its ,divisions4--,:at ?+s we d "k ab\t ! dog1 h[ev]1 & ab\t its relatives1 & :at ?+s o!rs "k c be classifi$ into sev]al gr\ps2 namely1 ?+s or facts ab\t :at a dog does or its behavior1 ?+s ab\t ! make-up ( its body1 ?+s ab\t its gr[? & developm5t1 ?+s ab\t ! k9d ( dog x is & ! k9ds ( relatives x has1 & ?+s ab\t its relations to ! out] _w & its special fitness = life4 ,all t is kn[n ( ^! diff]5t k9ds ( facts ab\t ! dog con/itutes our k ( ! dog & its life4 ,all t is kn[n by sci5tific m5 & o!rs ( ^! diff]5t k9ds ( facts ab\t all ! #ejj1jjj or m k9ds ( liv+ animals1 con/itutes our k ( animals & is ! sci5ce zology4 ,names h be5 giv5 to ^! diff]5t gr\ps ( facts ab\t animals4 ,! facts ab\t ! bodily make-up or /ructure ( animals con/itute t "p ( zology call$ animal anatomy or morphology2 ! facts ab\t ! ?+s animals d1 or ! functions ( animals1 compose animal physiology2 ! facts ab\t ! developm5t ( animals f "y to adult condition are ! facts ( animal developm5t2 ! k ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( animals & _! relation%ips to ea* o!r is call$ sy/ematic zology or animal classification2 & f9ally ! k ( ! relations ( animals to _! ext]nal surr\nd+s1 includ+ ! inorganic _w1 plants & o!r animals1 is call$ animal ecology4 ,any /udy ( animals & _! life1 t is1 ( zology1 may include all or any ( ^! p>ts ( zology4 --,kellogg3 ,elem5t>y ,zology4 #c4 ,are n ^! outl9es ( ,am]ican de/9y 9 ! ne>-by future rational8 ,9 ^! pap]s an attempt has be5 made3-- ,fir/1 to picture ! physical situation & equipm5t ( ! ,am]ican 9 ! mod]n _w4 ,second1 to outl9e ! l>ge & fundam5tal elem5ts ( ,am]ican "*1 :i* are3-- 7a7 ,cons]vatism--mod]ation1 ?\ghtfulness1 & poise4 7b7 ,?or\ghness--consci5ti\s p]=mance1 to ! m9ute/ detail1 ( any "w :i* we z individuals or p may h 9 h&4 7c7 ,ju/ice--t _s :i* weighs ) ! scales ( righte\sness our conduct t[>d ea* o!r & our conduct z a nation t[>d ! _w4 7d7 ,religion--! s5se ( dep5d5ce ^u & responsibility to ! ,high] ,p[]2 ! pr(\nd ,am]ican belief t our de/9y is 9 ,8 h&s4 7e7 ,! m9or elem5ts ( ,am]ican "*--su* z ! t5d5cy to organize1 ! elem5t ( humor1 impati5ce ) frauds1 & ! movem5t 9 ,am]ican life t[>d ! simple & s9c]e4 --,bev]idge3 ,am]icans ( ,to-day & ,to-morr[4 ,c4 ,consult ! table ( cont5ts or op5+ *apt]s ( any text-book & notice ! ma9 divisions4 ,d4 ,f9d 9 text-books five examples ( classification or division4 ,e4 ,make "o or m divisions ( ea* ( ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,! pupils 9 y\r s*ool4 #b4 ,y\r neighbors4 #c4 ,! books 9 ! s*ool libr>y4 #d4 ,! build+s y see on ! way to s*ool4 #e4 ,! games y "k h[ to play4 #f4 ,dogs4 #g4 ,results ( competition4 ,!me ,,lxxxix4--,write an introductory p>agraph %[+ :at divisions y1 w\ld make if call$ ^u1 to write ab\t "o ( ! foll[+ topics3-- #a4 ,ma!matics4 #b4 ,! s*ool sy/em ( our city4 #c4 ,! *ur*es ( our t[n4 #d4 ,me?ods ( transportation4 #e4 ,our manufactur+ int]e/s4 #f4 ,games t girls l4 #g4 ,! inhabitants ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7,h y m5tion$ all important divisions ( y\r subject8 ,h y includ$ any m9or & unimportant divisions8 ,consid] o!r possible pr9ciples ( division ( y\r subject4 ,h y *os5 ! "o be/ suit$ to y\r purpose87 #afc4 ,exposition ( a ,proposition4--,two t]ms unit$ into a s5t5ce s t "o is affirm$ ( ! o!r become a proposition4 ,propositions1 l t]ms1 may be ei!r specific or g5]al4 ,napoleon 0 ambiti\s is a specific proposition2 ,politicians are ambiti\s is a g5]al "o4 ,:5 a proposition is pres5t$ to ! m9d1 its mean+ may n at once be cle>4 ,! obscurity may arise f ! fact t "s ( ! t]ms 9 ! proposition are unfamili>1 or are obscure1 or mislead+4 ,9 ?is case ! fir/ /ep1 & (t5 ! only /ep necess>y1 is ! explanation ( ! t]ms 9 ! proposition4 ,! foll[+ selection tak5 f ,dewey's ,psy*ology illu/rates ! exposition ( a proposition by expla9+ its t]ms3-- ,! habitual act ?us occurs automatically & me*anically4 ,:5 we say t x occurs automatically1 we mean t x takes place1 z x 71 ( itself1 spontane\sly1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! w4 ,by say+ t x is me*anical1 we mean t !re exi/s no consci\sness ( ! process involv$1 nor ( ! relation ( ! means1 ! v>i\s muscul> adju/m5ts1 to ! end1 locomotion4 ,x is possible = our li/5]s or read]s to und]/& ea* t]m 9 a proposition & yet n be able to und]/& ! mean+ ( ! proposition z a :ole4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 we %all f9d x necess>y to make use ( me?ods ( exposition discuss$ lat]4 ,,ex]cises ,expla9 orally ! foll[+ propositions by expla9+ any ( ! t]ms likely to be unfamili> or misund]/ood3 #a4 ,! purpose ( muscul> contraction is ! production ( motion4 #b4 ,p+-pong is lawn t5nis 9 m9iature1 ) a few modifications4 #c4 ,an inevitable dualism bisects nature4 #d4 ,nev] inflict corporal *a/isem5t = intellectual faults4 #e4 ,*ildr5 %\ld be l$ to make _! own inve/igations & to draw _! own inf]5ces4 #f4 ,! black will[ is an excell5t tonic z well z a p[]ful antiseptic4 #g4 ,give ! ,anglo-,saxon equival5t = nocturnal4 #h4 ,a negative expon5t signifies ! reciprocal ( :at ! expression w\ld be if ! expon5t 7 positive4 ,!me ,,xc4--,write an explanation ( "o ( ! foll[+3 #a4 ,birds ( a fea!r flock toge!r4 #b4 ,tru?s & roses h ?orns ab\t !m4 #c4 ,:]e !re's a w1 !re's a way4 #d4 ,:o keeps company ) a wolf w le>n to h[l4 #e4 ,he gives no?+ b wor?less gold1 :o gives f a s5se ( duty4 #f4 ,all ?+s t are1 ,are ) m _s *as$ ?an enjoy$4 #g4 ,be n simply good--be good = some?+4 #h4 ,he t ha? light )9 8 own cle> brea/1 ,may sit i' ! c5t]1 & enjoy bright day2 ,b he t hides a d>k s\l & f\l ?\ghts ,b5ight$ walks "u ! midday sun2 ,himself is 8 own dungeon4 7,select ! s5t5ce t seems mo/ difficult to y1 det]m9e :at x means1 & !n attempt to make an explanation t w %[ t y ?or\ghly und]/& its mean+47 #afd4 ,exposition by ,repetition4--,9 discuss+ p>agraph developm5t 7,section #ej7 we h already le>n$ t ! mean+ ( a proposition may be made cle>] by ! repetition ( ! topic /atem5t4 ,?is repetition may be us$ to supplem5t ! def9ition ( t]ms1 or x may by itself make cle> bo? ! mean+ ( ! t]ms & ( ! proposition4 ,ea* repetition ( ! proposition pres5ts x to ! read] 9 a new light or 9 a /rong] light4 ,ea* "t ! idea is pres5t$ x seems m def9ite1 m famili>1 m cle>4 ,su* /atem5ts ( a proposition take advantage ( ! fact t ! read] is ?9k+1 & we m]ely attempt to direct 8 ?\ght 9 su* a way t he w turn ! proposition ov] & ov] 9 8 m9d until x is und]/ood4 ,notice h[ ! foll[+ propositions are expla9$ l>gely by means ( repetitions1 ea* ( :i* adds a little to ! orig9al /atem5t4 ,h[ to live8--t is ! ess5tial "q = u4 ,n h[ to live 9 ! m]e mat]ial s5se only1 b 9 ! wide/ s5se4 ,! g5]al problem1 :i* compreh5ds e special problem1 is ! "r rul+ ( conduct 9 all directions "u all circum/ances4 ,9 :at way to treat ! body2 9 :at way to treat ! m9d2 9 :at way to manage our affairs2 9 :at way to br+ up a family2 9 :at way to behave z a citiz52 9 :at way to utilize all ^? s\rces ( happ9ess :i* nature supplies--h[ to use all our faculties to ! greate/ advantage ( ourselves & o!rs--h[ to live completely8 ,& ?is be+ ! great ?+ ne$ful = u to le>n1 is1 by consequ5ce1 ! great ?+ :i* education has to tea*4 ,to prep>e u = complete liv+ is ! function :i* education has to dis*>ge3 & ! only radical mode ( judg+ ( any educational c\rse1 is1 to judge 9 :at degree x dis*>ges su* functions4 --,h]b]t ,sp5c]3 ,education4 ,! gray squirrel is rem>kably graceful 9 all 8 movem5ts4 ,x seems z ?\gh "s subtle curve 0 always produc$ by ! l9e ( ! back & tail at e light b\nd ( ! a?letic little creature4 ,he nev] moves abruptly or j]ks himself impati5tly1 z ! r$ squirrel is cont9ually do+4 ,on ! contr>y1 all 8 movem5ts are measur$ & delib]ate1 b swift & sure4 ,he nev] makes a bungl+ leap1 & 8 c\rse is m>k$ by a numb] ( s9u\s curves almo/ equal to ^? ( a snake4 ,he is "h "o m9ute1 & ! next he has slipp$ away almo/ beyond ! ability ( our eyes to foll[4 --,f4 ,s*uyl] ,mat!ws3 ,am]ican ,nut ,ga!r]s4 ,!me ,,xci4--,write a p>agraph expla9+ "o ( ! propositions bel[ by means ( repetition4 #a4 ,physical tra9+ %\ld be made compulsory 9 ! high s*ool4 #b4 ,"s p :o seem to be selfi% are n really s4 #c4 ,! dang]s ( a?letic conte/s are ov]e/imat$4 #d4 ,! ,monroe ,doctr9e is a w>n+ to ,european p[]s to keep _! h&s (f t]ritory 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 #e4 ,by ! treadmill ( life we mean ! daily r\t9e ( duties4 #f4 ,! ?ir/ = novelty is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful inc5tives t take a man to di/ant c\ntries4 #g4 ,!re are unque/ionably increas+ opportunities = an honorable & useful c>e] 9 ! civil s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7,h y us$ any me?od besides t ( repetition8 ,does y\r p>agraph really expla9 ! proposition87 #afe4 ,exposition by ,use ( ,examples4--,exposition treats ( g5]al subjects1 & ! topic /atem5t ( a p>agraph is1 !re=e1 a g5]al /atem5t4 ,9 ord] to und]/& :at su* a g5]al /atem5t means1 ! read] may ne$ to ?9k ( a concrete case4 ,! writ] may develop 8 p>agraph by furni%+ concrete cases4 7,see ,section #dd47 ,9 _m cases no fur!r explanation is necess>y4 ,! foll[+ p>agraph illu/rates ?is me?od ( explanation3-- ,! l[] portions ( /ream valleys :i* h sunk bel[ sea level are call$ dr[n$ valleys4 ,! l[] ,/4 ,lawr5ce is p]haps ! greate/ example ( a dr[n$ valley 9 ! _w1 b _m o!r riv]s are 9 ! same condition4 ,! old *annel ( ! ,hudson ,riv] may be trac$ ^u ! sea bottom ab\t #abe miles beyond its pres5t m\?1 & its valley is dr[n$ z f> up z ,troy1 #aej miles4 ,! sea ext5ds up ! ,delaw>e ,riv] to ,tr5ton1 & ,*esapeake ,bay ) its _m arms is ! dr[n$ valleys ( ! ,susquehanna & its =m] tribut>ies4 ,_m ( ! mo/ fam\s h>bors 9 ! _w1 z ,san ,francisco ,bay1 ,puget ,s\nd1 ! e/u>ies ( ! ,?ames & ! ,m]sey1 & ! ,scotti% fir?s1 are dr[n$ valleys4 --,dry]3 ,lessons 9 ,physical ,geography4 ,!me ,,xcii4--,develop "o ( ! foll[+ topic /atem5ts into an expository p>agraph by use ( examples3-- #a4 ,wea!r dep5ds to a great ext5t ^u w9ds4 #b4 ,progress 9 civilization has be5 mat]ially aid$ by ! use ( nails4 #c4 ,habit is =m$ by ! repetition ( ! same act4 #d4 ,m5 become crim9als by a gradual process4 #e4 ,m5's lives are affect$ by small ?+s4 #f4 ,defeat (t5 proves to be real success4 7,h y made y\r mean+ cle>8 ,does y\r example really illu/rate ! topic /atem5t8 ,c y ?9k ( o!r illu/rations87 #aff4 ,exposition by ,comp>ison or ,contra/4--,we c frequ5tly make our explanations cle> by comp>+ ! subject "u discussion ) some?+ t is already famili> to ! read]4 ,9 su* a case we %all ne$ to %[ 9 :at respect ! subject we are expla9+ is simil> to or diff]s f t ) :i* x is comp>$4 7,section #dh47 ,?\gh cu/om>y x is n necess>y to comp>e ! t]m "u discussion ) "s well-kn[n t]m4 ,9 ! example bel[ ! t]m socialism is probably no m famili> ?an ! t]m an>*ism4 ,bo? are expla9$ 9 ! selection1 & ! explanations are made cle>] by contra/+ ! "o ) ! o!r4 ,socialism1 :i* is curi\sly conf\nd$ by ! indiscrim9at+ ) ,an>*ism1 is its exact opposite4 ,an>*y is ! doctr9e t !re %\ld be no gov]nm5t control2 ,socialism--t is1 ,/ate ,socialism--is ! doctr9e t gov]nm5t %\ld control ev]y?+4 ,/ate ,socialism affirms t ! /ate--t is1 ! gov]nm5t--%\ld own all ! tools & implem5ts ( indu/ry1 %\ld direct all occupations1 & %\ld give to e man accord+ to 8 ne$ & require f e man accord+ to 8 ability4 ,/ate ,socialism po9ts to ! evils ( ov]production 9 "s fields & insuffici5t production 9 o!rs1 "u our competitive sy/em1 & proposes to rem$y ^! evils by assign+ to gov]nm5t ! duty ( det]m9+ :at %all be produc$ & :at ea* work] %all produce4 ,if !re are too _m prea*]s & too few %oemak]s1 ! prea*] w be tak5 f ! pulpit & assign$ to ! b5*2 if !re are too _m %oemak]s & too few prea*]s1 ! %oemak] w be tak5 f ! b5* & assign$ to ! pulpit4 ,an>*y says1 no gov]nm5t2 ,socialism says1 all gov]nm5t2 ,an>*y leaves ! w ( ! individual absolutely unfett]$1 ,socialism leaves no?+ to ! individual w2 ,an>*ism w\ld h no social organism :i* is n dep5d5t on ! entirely volunt>y ass5t ( ea* individual memb] ( ! organism at e in/ant ( its hi/ory2 ,socialism w\ld h e individual ( ! social organism :olly subord9ate 9 all 8 lifework to ! au?ority ( ! :ole body express$ ?r\gh its prop]ly con/itut$ (fic]s4 ,x is true t !re are "s writ]s :o endeavor to unite ^! two antagoni/ic doctr9es by tea*+ t society %\ld be organiz$ :olly = indu/ry1 n at all = gov]nm5t4 ,b h[ a cop]ative indu/ry c be c>ri$ on )\t a gov]nm5t :i* controls z well z c\nsels1 no writ]1 s f> z ,i h be5 able to discov]1 has ev] ev5 sugge/$4 --,lyman ,abbott3 ,an>*ism3 ,its ,cause & ,cure4 ,!me ,,xciii4--,write an exposition t makes use ( comp>ison3-- ,sugge/$ subjects3-- #a4 ,a bad habit is a tyrant4 #b4 ,typewritt5 lett]s4 #c4 ,! muskrat's h\se4 #d4 ,comp>e ,%ylock ) ,b>abas 9 ,m>l[e's ,jew ( ,malta4 #e4 ,me?ods ( read+4 #f4 ,all ! _w's a /age4 #g4 ,comp>e life to a fl[]4 7,c y sugge/ any o!r comp>isons :i* y might h us$8 ,h y be5 c>eful 9 y\r selection ( facts & arrangem5t87 #afg4 ,exposition by ,obv]se ,/atem5ts4--,9 expla9+ an idea x is necess>y to di/+ui% x f any relat$ or simil> idea ) :i* x may be confus$ 9 ! m9ds ( our read]s4 ,cle>ness is add$ by ! /atem5t t "o is n ! o!r4 ,to say t socialism is n an>*y is a good prep>ation = ! explanation ( :at socialism really is4 ,9 ! foll[+ selection ,burke excludes diff]5t k9ds ( peace & by ?is exclusion emphasizes ! k9d ( peace :i* he has 9 m9d4 ,! proposition is peace4 ,n peace ?r\gh ! m$ium ( w>2 n peace to be hunt$ ?r\gh ! labyr9? ( intricate & endless negotiations2 n peace to arise out ( univ]sal discord1 fom5t$ f pr9ciple1 9 all p>ts ( ! empire2 n peace to dep5d on ! juridical det]m9ation ( p]plex+ que/ions1 or ! precise m>k+ ! %ad[y b\nd>ies ( a complex gov]nm5t4 ,x is simple peace2 s\ght 9 its natural c\rse1 & 9 its ord9>y haunts4--,x is peace s\ght 9 ! _s ( peace2 & laid 9 pr9ciples purely pacific4 ,i propose1 by remov+ ! gr\nd ( ! diff]5ce1 & by re/or+ ! =m] unsuspect+ confid5ce ( ! colonies 9 ! ,"m ,c\ntry1 to give p]man5t satisfaction to y\r p2 & 7f> f a s*eme ( rul+ by discord7 to reconcile !m to ea* o!r 9 ! same act1 & by ! bond ( ! v same int]e/ :i* reconciles !m to ,briti% gov]nm5t4 #afh4 ,exposition by ,giv+ ,p>ticul>s or ,details4--,"o ( ! mo/ natural me?ods ( expla9+ is to give p>ticul>s or details4 ,aft] a g5]al /atem5t has be5 made1 our m9ds naturally look = details to make ! mean+ ( t /atem5t cle>]4 7,see ,sections #de-dg47 ,?is me?od is us$ v l>gely 9 g5]aliz$ descriptions & n>rations4 ,notice ! use ( p>ticul>s or details 9 ! foll[+ examples3-- ,happy ! boy :o kn[s ! secret ( mak+ a will[ :i/le6 ,he mu/ "k ! be/ k9d ( will[ = ! purpose1 & ! exact "t ( ye> :5 ! b>k w slip4 ,! c\ntry boy seems to "k ^! ?+s by in/9ct4 ,:5 ! day = :i/les arrives he puts away m>bles & hunts ! :et/one4 ,8 jackknife mu/ be 9 good %ape1 = ! mak+ ( a :i/le is a delicate piece ( h&icraft4 ,! knife has se5 s]vice 9 mumblepeg & z nut pick s9ce :i/le-mak+ "t la/ ye>4 ,surr\nd$ by a cr[d ( spectators1 "s admir+1 "s skeptical1 ! boy selects 8 bran*4 ,!re is an air ( my/]y ab\t ! proce$+4 ,) a pati5t indulg5t smile he rejects all (f]s ( assi/ance4 ,he does n attempt to expla9 :y ?is or t bran* w n d4 ,:5 f9ally he raises 8 %9+ knife & cuts ! bran* on :i* 8 *oice has fall51 all cr[d r\nd & wat*4 ,f ! l>ge end betwe5 two twigs he takes a section ab\t six in*es long4 ,its b>k is light gre5 & smoo?4 ,he trims "o end neatly & passes 8 ?umb ?\ghtfully ov] x to be sure x is f9i%$ to 8 ta/e4 ,he !n cuts ! o!r end ( ! /ick at an angle ( ab\t #de1 mak+ a clean s+le cut4 ,! %>p edge ( ?is is n[ cut (f to make a m\?piece4 ,?is is a delicate op]ation1 = ! b>k is apt to cru% or split if ! knife is dull1 or ! h& is unskillful4 ,! boy holds x up1 inspect+ 8 own "w critically4 ,sometimes he is dissatisfi$ & cuts aga94 ,if he makes a ?ird cut & is /ill unsuccessful he tosses ! spoil$ piece away4 ,x is too %ort n[4 ,a half doz5 eag] h&s rea* = ! disc>d$ /ick1 & ! "o :o gets x fondles x lov+ly4 ,i once _h su* a treasure & *]i%$ x until ,i le>n$ ! secret ( ! :i/le-mak]'s art4 ,he next places ! knife edge ab\t half an in* back f ! end ( ! m\?piece & cuts /raight t[>ds ! c5t] ( ! bran* ab\t "o-f\r? ! way ?r\gh4 ,a ?ree-corn]$ piece is n[ cut out1 & ! *ip falls to ! gr\nd unhe$$4 ,:5 ?is is f9i%$ ! boy's eye runs along ! /ick ) a calculat+ squ9t4 ,! knife edge is plac$ at ! middle1 !n mov$ a %ort di/ance t[>ds ! m\?piece4 ,) skillful h& he cuts ?r\gh ! b>k 9 a p]fect circle r\nd ! /ick4 ,:ile we wat* 9 fasc9at$ sil5ce1 he takes ! knife by ! blade & re/+ ! unf9i%$ :i/le on 8 knees he /rikes firmly b g5tly ! "p ( ! /ick betwe5 ! r+ & ! m\?piece4 ,only ! wood5 "p ( ! h&le t\*es ! b>k4 ,he goes ov] & ov] x until e spot on its surface has felt 8 light bl[4 ,n[ he lays ! knife aside1 & grasp+ ! /ick ) a firm h& bel[ ! r+ 9 ! b>k1 ) ! "r h& he holds ! p\nd$ end4 ,he tries x ) a c>eful twi/4 ,x /icks4 ,back to 8 knees x goes & ! tap1 tap1 beg9s aga94 ,:5 he twi/s x aga9 x slips1 & ! b>k comes (f smoo?ly 9 "o piece1 :ile we brea! a sigh ( relief4 ,h[ :ite ! /ick is "u ! b>k6 ,x %9es & looks slipp]y4 ,n[ ! boy takes 8 knife aga94 ,he cuts t[>ds ! /raight jog :]e ! *ip 0 tak5 out1 p>+ ! wood away1 slop+ up to )9 an in* ( ! end ( ! b>k4 ,n[ he cuts a ?9 slice ( ! wood betwe5 ! edge ( ! v]tical cut & ! m\?piece4 ,! :i/le is ne>ly f9i%$4 ,we h all se5 him make !m be=e & "k :at comes next4 ,our tongues seek ov] moi/ lips sympa!tically1 = we "k ! ta/e ( peel$ will[4 ,he puts ! end ( ! /ick into 8 m\? & draws x 9 & out until x is ?or\ghly wet4 ,!n he lifts ! c>efully gu>d$ section ( b>k & slips x back into place1 fitt+ ! p>ts nicely toge!r4 ,! will[ :i/le is f9i%$4 ,!re rema9s b to try x4 ,w x g8 ,does he d>e bl[ into x & risk our je]s if x is dumb8 ,) all ! f9e c]ta9ty ( ! ,pi$ ,pip] ! boy lifts ! humble in/rum5t to 8 lips4 ,8 eyes h a f>-(f look1 8 face *anges2 :ile we /ra9 eyes & e>s1 he takes 8 own "t4 ,! sil5ce is brok5 by a note1 s s(t1 s t5d]1 yet s weird & unlike o!r s\nds6 ,our h&s quiv]1 our he>ts beat fa/]4 ,x is z if ! _s ( ! will[ tree _h jo9$ ) ! _s ( *ildhood 9 ! natural song ( e>?4 ,x goes6 --,m>y ,rog]s ,mill]3 ,! ,brook ,book4 7,copyright1 #aijb1 ,d\bl$ay1 ,page & ,co47 ,!me ,,xciv4--,write an exposition on "o ( ! foll[+ subjects1 mak+ use ( p>ticul>s or details3-- #a4 ,h[ ice cream is made4 #b4 ,! cultivation ( rice4 #c4 ,greek ar*itecture4 #d4 ,h[ pap] is made4 #e4 ,a tornado4 #f4 ,description ( a /eam eng9e4 #g4 ,! circulatory sy/em ( a frog4 #h4 ,a we/]n ran*4 #i4 ,/reet furniture4 #aj4 ,a /reet fair4 7,h y us$ p>ticul>s suffici5t to make y\r mean+ cle>8 ,h y us$ any unnecess>y p>ticul>s8 ,:y is ! arrangem5t ( y\r topics easy 9 ?is !me87 #afi4 ,exposition by ,cause & ,effect4--,:5 our g5]al /atem5t is 9 ! =m ( a cause or causes1 ! "q naturally arises 9 our m9d z to ! effects result+ f ^? causes4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 ! g5]al /atem5t takes ! =m ( an effect1 we want to "k :at ! causes are t produce su* an effect4 ,f ! v nature ( exposition we may expect to f9d mu* ( ?is k9d ( disc\rse relat+ to causes & effects4 7,see ,section #di47 ,notice ! foll[+ example3-- ,! effect ( ! pol> :irls may be se5 9 ! rapid rotation ( wat] 9 a pan or b[l4 ,! c5trifugal =ce ?r[s ! wat] away f ! c5t]1 :]e ! surface becomes depress$1 & piles x up ar\nd ! sides1 :]e ! surface becomes elevat$4 ,! wat] be+ deep] at ! sides ?an at ! c5t]1 its pressure ^u ! bottom is proportionately great]4 ,a simil> effect is produc$ by ! :irl ( ! air ar\nd ! pol> regions4 ,x is ?r[n away f ! pol> regions & pil$ up ar\nd ! circumf]5ce ( ! :irl4 ,!re is less air above ! pol> regions ?an above latitude #cj-dj1 & ! atmosph]ic pressure is correspond+ly l[ at "o place & high at ! o!r4 ,?us ! c5trifugal =ce ( ! pol> :irl makes ! pressure l[ 9 spite ( ! l[ temp]ature4 ,! position ( ! tropical belts ( high pressure is a resultant ( ! high temp]ature ( ! equatorial regions on "o side & ! pol> :irls on ! o!r4 --,dry]3 ,lessons 9 ,physical ,geography4 ,!me ,,xcv4--,write an expository !me us+ cause or effect4 ,sugge/$ subjects3-- #a4 ,! causes ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 #b4 ,h[ rav9es are =m$4 #c4 ,irrigation4 #d4 ,effects ( smok+4 #e4 ,lack ( ex]cise4 #f4 ,volcanic eruptions4 7,did y f9d x necess>y to make use ( any o!r me?od ( explanation8 ,did y make use ( description 9 any place87 ,,summ>y #a4 ,exposition is t =m ( disc\rse ! purpose ( :i* is to expla94 #b4 ,! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( an exposition are-- a4 ,t x possess unity because x conta9s only ^? facts ess5tial to its purpose4 b4 ,t ! facts us$ be arrang$ 9 a coh]5t ord]4 #c4 ,exposition is conc]n$ ) 7a7 g5]al t]ms or 7b7 g5]al propositions4 #d4 ,! /eps 9 ! exposition ( a t]m are-- a4 ,def9ition4 ,?is may be-- 7#a7 ,by synonym 7inexact74 7#b7 ,by use ( ! logical def9ition 7exact74 b4 ,division4 ,?is may be-- 7#a7 ,complete 7classification74 7#b7 ,incomplete 7p>tition74 ,! same pr9ciple ( division %\ld be foll[$ ?r\gh\t4 #e4 ,exposition ( a proposition may use any "o ( ! foll[+ me?ods-- a4 ,by repetition4 b4 ,by giv+ examples4 c4 ,by /at+ comp>isons & contra/s4 d4 ,by mak+ obv]se /atem5ts4 e4 ,by relat+ p>ticul>s or details4 f4 ,by /at+ cause or effect4 g4 ,by any suitable comb9ation ( ^! me?ods4 ,,xi4 ,,argum5t #agj4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,argum5t & ,exposition4--,argum5t diff]s f exposition 9 its purpose4 ,by exposition we endeavor to make cle> ! mean+ ( a proposition2 by argum5t we attempt to prove its tru?4 ,if a p]son does n und]/& :at we mean1 we expla92 if1 aft] he does und]/&1 he does n believe1 we argue4 ,(t5 a simple explanation is suffici5t to conv9ce4 ,z soon z ! read] und]/&s ! real mean+ ( a proposition1 he accepts our view ( ! case4 ,a heat$ discussion may end ) ! /atem5t1 ,oh1 if t is :at y mean1 ,i agree ) y4 ,9 ,section #gj1 we h le>n$ t ! fir/ /ep 9 argum5t is explanation1 by :i* we make cle> ! mean+ ( ! proposition ! tru? ( :i* we wi% to e/abli%4 ,?is explanation may include bo? ! exp\nd+ ( ! t]ms 9 ! proposition & ! explanation ( ! proposition z a :ole4 ,!re is ano!r diff]5ce betwe5 exposition & argum5t4 ,we _c argue ab\t s+le t]ms1 ?\gh we may expla9 !m4 ,we may expla9 :at is meant by ! t]m elective /udies1 or civil s]vice2 b an argum5t requires a proposition su* z1 ,pupils %\ld be all[$ to *oose _! own /udies1 or1 ,civil ,s]vice %\ld be e/abli%$4 ,ev5 ) su* a topic z ,expansion or ,re/rict$ ,immigration1 :i* seems to be a subject ( argum5t1 !re is really an impli$ proposition "u discussion2 z1 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld acquire control ( t]ritory outside ( its pres5t b\nd>ies2 or1 ,x %\ld be ! policy ( our gov]nm5t to re/rict immigration4 ,we may expla9 ! mean+ ( s+le t]ms or ( propositions1 b 9 ord] to argue1 we mu/ h a proposition ei!r express$ or impli$4 #aga4 ,proposition ( ,fact & ,proposition ( ,!ory4--,"s propositions /ate facts & "s propositions /ate !ories4 ,e argum5t !re=e aims ei!r to prove ! occurr5ce ( a fact or ! tru? ( a !ory4 ,! fir/ w\ld attempt to %[ ! actual or probable tru? ( a specific proposition2 = example3-- ,n]o 0 guilty ( burn+ ,rome4 ,joan ( ,arc 0 burn$ at ! /ake4 ,b>b>a ,friet*ie actually exi/$4 ,%]idan nev] made ! ride f ,w9*e/]4 ,hom] 0 born at ,*ios4 ,! second w\ld try to e/abli% ! probable tru? ( a g5]al !ory2 = example3-- ,a college education is a pr(itable inve/m5t4 ,light is caus$ by a wave motion ( e!r4 #agb4 ,/atem5t ( ! ,proposition4--,! subject ab\t :i* we argue may be /at$ 9 any "o ( ! ?ree =ms discuss$ 9 ,section #gd2 t is1 z a decl>ative s5t5ce1 a resolution1 or a "q4 ,! /atem5t does n necess>ily appe> fir/ 9 ! argum5t1 b x mu/ be cle>ly =mulat$ 9 ! m9d ( ! writ] be=e he attempts to argue4 ,be=e try+ to conv9ce o!rs he mu/ "k exactly :at he himself believes1 & ! attempt to /ate 8 belief 9 ! =m ( a proposition w assi/ 9 mak+ 8 own ?\ght cle> & def9ite4 ,if we are go+ to argue conc]n+ elective /udies1 we %\ld fir/ ( all be sure t we und]/& ! mean+ ( ! t]m ourselves4 ,!n we mu/ consid] c>efully :at we believe ab\t x1 & /ate our proposition s t x %all express exactly ?is belief4 ,on fir/ ?\ght we may believe ! proposition t pupils %\ld be all[$ to *oose _! own /udies4 ,b is ?is proposition true ( pupils 9 ! grades z well z 9 ! high s*ools8 ,or is x true only ( ! upp] classes 9 ! high s*ool or only ( college /ud5ts8 ,c y /ate ?is proposition s t x w express y\r own belief on ! subject8 ,,ex]cises ,a4 ,use ! foll[+ t]ms 9 express$ propositions3-- #a4 ,immigration4 #b4 ,elevat$ railways4 #c4 ,am]ican hi/ory4 #d4 ,milit>y tra9+4 #e4 ,s+le session4 #f4 ,a?letics4 ,b4 ,expla9 ! foll[+ propositions3-- #a4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld adopt a free-trade policy4 #b4 ,is vivisection ju/ifiable8 #c4 ,! au?or has great] influ5ce ?an ! orator4 #d4 ,! civil s]vice sy/em %\ld be aboli%$4 #e4 ,! be/ is always *eape/4 ,c4 ,c y re/ate ! foll[+ propositions s t ! mean+ ( ea* w be made m def9ite8 #a4 ,a?letics %\ld be aboli%$4 7,%\ld all a?letic ex]cises be aboli%$87 #b4 ,lat9 is bett] ?an algebra4 7,bett] = :at purpose8 ,bett] = :om87 #c4 ,tra9+ 9 dome/ic arts & sci5ces %\ld be provid$ = high s*ool pupils4 7,def9e dome/ic arts & sci5ces4 ,%\ld !y be taught to all high s*ool pupils87 #d4 ,punctuality is m important ?an effici5cy4 #e4 ,! comm]cial c\rse is bett] ?an ! classical c\rse4 #f4 ,a city %\ld control ! transportation facilities )9 its limits4 ,!me ,,xcvi4--,write out an argum5t favor+ "o ( ! propositions z re/at$ 9 ,ex]cise ,c above4 7,be=e writ+1 make a brief z indicat$ 9 ,section #gg4 ,consid] ! arrangem5t ( y\r argum5t47 #agc4 ,cle> ,?9k+ ,ess5tial to ,argum5t4--,hav+ cle>ly 9 m9d ! proposition :i* we wi% to prove1 we next proce$ to give argum5ts 9 its support4 ,! v fact t we argue at all assumes t !re are two sides to ! "q4 ,if we hope to h ano!r accept our view we mu/ pres5t good reasons4 ,we _c conv9ce ano!r t a proposition is true unless we c tell him :y x is true2 & c]ta9ly we _c tell him :y until we "k def9itely our own reasons = believ+ ! /atem5t4 ,9 ord] to pres5t a good argum5t we mu/ be cle> logical ?9k]s ourselves2 t is1 we mu/ be able to /ate def9ite reasons = our beliefs & to draw ! correct conclusions4 #agd4 ,inductive ,reason+4--,"o ( ! be/ prep>ations = try+ to conv9ce o!rs is = u to consid] c>efully our own reasons = believ+ z we d4 ,m9ds act 9 a simil> mann]1 & :at leads y & me to believe c]ta9 tru?s w be likely to cause o!rs to believe !m also4 ,a brief consid]ation ( h[ our belief 9 ! tru? ( a proposition has be5 e/abli%$ w indicate ! way 9 :i* we %\ld pres5t our mat]ial 9 ord] to cause o!rs to believe ! same proposition4 ,if y ask y\rself ! "q1 ,:at leads me to believe z ,i d8 ! answ] w und\bt$ly be effective 9 conv9c+ o!rs4 ,are ! foll[+ propositions true or false8 ,:y d y believe or refuse to believe ea*8 #a4 ,maple trees %$ _! leaves 9 w9t]4 #b4 ,dogs b>k4 #c4 ,kettles are made ( iron4 #d4 ,gras%opp]s jump4 #e4 ,giraffes h long necks4 #f4 ,raccoons sleep 9 ! daytime4 #g4 ,! sun w rise to-morr[4 #h4 ,exam9ations are n fair te/s ( a pupil's k4 #i4 ,hone/ p are respect$4 #aj4 ,wat] freezes at #cb ,fahr5heit4 #aa4 ,boys get high] /&+s 9 ma!matics ?an girls d4 ,x is at once evid5t t we believe a proposition su* z "o ( ^!1 because we h kn[n ( _m examples4 ,if we reject any ( ! propositions x is because we "k ( exceptions 7we h se5 kettles n made ( iron71 or because we d n "k ( in/ances 7we may nev] h se5 a raccoon1 & s n "k :at he does 9 ! daytime74 ,! great] ! numb] ( cases :i* h occurr$ )\t pres5t+ an exception1 ! /rong] our belief 9 ! tru? ( ! proposition 7we expect ! sun to rise because x has nev] fail$74 ,! process by :i*1 f _m individual cases1 we e/abli% ! tru? ( a proposition is call$ inductive reason+4 #age4 ,e/abli%+ a ,g5]al ,!ory4--,a g5]al !ory is e/abli%$ by %[+ t = all kn[n p>ticul> cases x w (f] an acceptable explanation4 ,by inve/igation or exp]im5t we note t a c]ta9 fact is true 9 "o p>ticul> in/ance1 &1 aft] a l>ge numb] ( individual cases h be5 not$1 & ! same fact f\nd to be true 9 ea*1 we assume t su* is true ( all l cases1 & a g5]al law is e/abli%$4 ,?is is ! natural sci5tific me?od & is con/antly be+ made use ( 9 pursu+ sci5tific /udies4 ,by exp]im5t1 x 0 f\nd t "o p>ticul> k9d ( acid turn$ blue litmus r$4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 0 n suffici5t pro( to e/abli% a g5]al law1 b :51 ^u fur!r inve/igation1 x 0 f\nd to be true ( all kn[n acids1 sci5ti/s felt ju/ifi$ 9 /at+ ! g5]al law t acids turn blue litmus r$4 ,9 e/abli%+ a new !ory 9 sci5ce x is necess>y to br+ =w>d _m facts :i* seem to e/abli% x1 & ! argum5t w consi/ 9 po9t+ out ^! facts4 ,frequ5tly ! g5]al pr9ciple is assum$ to be true1 & ! argum5t !n consi/s 9 %[+ t x w apply to & acc\nt = all ! facts ( a giv5 k9d4 ,!ories :i* h be5 = a "t believ$ h1 z ! _w progress$ 9 le>n+1 be5 f\nd unable to acc\nt = all ( a giv5 class ( conditions4 ,!y h be5 replac$1 !re=e1 by o!r !ories1 j z ! ,cop]nican !ory ( a/ronomy has displac$ ! ,ptolemaic !ory4 ,our belief may be bas$ ^u ! abs5ce ( facts prov+ ! contr>y z well z ^u ! pres5ce ( facts prov+ ! proposition4 ,if ,a has nev] told an untru?1 t fact is an argum5t 9 favor ( 8 tru?fulness on ! pres5t occasion4 ,a man :o has nev] be5 di%one/ may po9t to ?is z an argum5t 9 favor ( plac+ him 9 a position ( tru/4 ,(t5 ! /ronge/ evid5ce t we c (f] 9 favor ( a proposition is ! abs5ce ( any fact t w\ld support ! negative conclusion4 ,! po9t ( ! :ole matt] is t f ! obs]vation ( a l>ge numb] ( cases1 we may e/abli% ! probable tru? ( a proposition1 b emphasis ne$s to be laid ^u ! probability4 ,we _c be sure4 ,n all cr[s are black1 ?\gh y may nev] h se5 a :ite "o4 ,! sun may n rise to-morr[1 ?\gh x has nev] fail$ up to ?is "t4 ,/ill x is by ?is obs]vation ( _m individual cases t ! tru? ( ! propositions t m5 d believe has be5 e/abli%$4 ,we realize t our inductions are (t5 imp]fect1 b ! g5]al tru?s s e/abli%$ w be f\nd to und]lie e process ( reason+1 & w be ei!r directly or indirectly ! basis ^u :i* we build up all argum5t4 ,we may !n r$ef9e inductive reason+ z ! process by :i* f _m individual cases we e/abli% ! probable tru? ( a g5]al proposition4 ,,ex]cises ,notice 9 ! foll[+ selections t ! tru? ( ! conclusion is %[n by giv+ p>ticul> examples3-- #a4 ,x is curi\s en\gh t we always rememb] p by _! wor/ po9ts1 & /ill m curi\s t we always suppose t we ourselves are rememb]$ by our be/4 ,i once knew a hun*back :o _h a well-%ap$ h&1 & 0 cont9ually %[+ x4 ,he nev] believ$ t anybody notic$ 8 hump1 b liv$ & di$ 9 ! conviction t ! :ole t[n spoke ( him no o!rwise ?an z ! man ) ! beautiful h&1 :]eas1 9 fact1 !y only look$ at 8 hump1 & nev] s mu* z notic$ :e!r he _h a h& at all4 ,?is "y lady1 s pretty & s clev]1 is simply ! girl :o _h t awkw>d hi/ory ) ,s-&-s2 t man1 :o has "s ( ! v greate/ qualities1 is no?+ m ?an ! "o :o behav$ s badly on su* an occasion4 ,x is a t]rible ?+ to ?9k t we are all always at wat* "o ^u ! o!r1 to cat* ! false /ep 9 ord] t we may h ! grateful satisfaction ( hold+ our neighbor = "o :o _c walk /raight4 ,no reg>d is paid to ! bett] qualities & acts1 h[ev] num]\s2 all ! att5tion is fix$ ^u ! wor/1 h[ev] slight4 ,if ,/4 ,pet] 7 alive he w\ld be kn[n z ! man :o d5i$ 8 ,ma/]2 ,/4 ,paul w\ld be ! man :o /on$ ,/eph52 & ,/4 ,?omas w\ld nev] be m5tion$ 9 any dec5t society )\t allusions to t un=tunate reque/ = fur!r evid5ce4 ,probably ?is may be ! reason :y we all h s mu* great] a contempt = & di/ru/ ( ea* o!r ?an w\ld be w>rant$ by a correct balance betwe5 ! good & ! evil t are 9 ea*4 --,?omas ,gibson ,b[les3 ,flotsam & ,jetsam4 #b4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 #bbg )]$ leaves ( v>i\s k9ds1 mo/ly ( ,engli% plants1 7 pull$ out ( worm burr[s 9 sev]al places4 ,( ^!1 #aha _h be5 drawn into ! burr[s by or ne> _! tips1 s t ! foot/alk project$ ne>ly upright f ! m\? ( ! burr[2 #bj _h be5 drawn 9 by _! bases1 & 9 ?is case ! tips project$ f ! burr[s2 & #bf _h be5 seiz$ ne> ! middle1 s t ^! _h be5 drawn 9 transv]sely & 7 mu* crumpl$4 ,!re=e #hj p] c5t 7always us+ ! ne>e/ :ole numb]7 _h be5 drawn 9 by ! tip1 #i p] c5t by ! base or foot/alk1 & #aa p] c5t transv]sely or by ! middle4 ,?is alone is almo/ suffici5t to %[ t *ance does n det]m9e ! mann] 9 :i* leaves are dragg$ into ! burr[s4 --,d>w93 ,vegetable ,mold & ,e>?worms4 #c4 ,! cata/rophe ( e play is caus$ always by ! folly or fault ( a man2 ! r$emption1 if !re be any1 is by ! wisdom & virtue ( a woman1 &1 fail+ t1 !re is none4 ,! cata/rophe ( ,k+ ,le> is ow+ to 8 own want ( judgm5t1 8 impati5t vanity1 8 misund]/&+ ( 8 *ildr52 ! virtue ( 8 "o true daught] w\ld h sav$ him f all ! injuries ( ! o!rs1 unless he _h ca/ h] away f him2 z x is1 %e all b saves him4 ,( ,o!llo1 ,i ne$ n trace ! tale2 nor ! "o weakness ( 8 s mighty love2 nor ! inf]iority ( 8 p]ceptive intellect to t ev5 ( ! second woman "* 9 ! play1 ! ,emilia :o dies 9 wild te/imony aga9/ 8 error3-- ,oh1 murd]\s coxcomb6 :at %\ld su* a fool ,d ) s good a wife8 ,9 ,romeo & ,juliet1 ! wise & brave /ratagem ( ! wife is br\ght to ru9\s issue by ! reckless impati5ce ( h] husb&4 ,9 ,! ,w9t]'s ,tale1 & 9 ,cymbel9e1 ! happ9ess & exi/5ce ( two pr9cely h\seholds1 lo/ ?r\gh long ye>s1 & imp]il$ to ! dea? by ! folly & ob/9acy ( ! husb&s1 are r$eem$ at la/ by ! que5ly pati5ce & wisdom ( ! wives4 ,9 ,measure = ,measure1 ! f\l inju/ice ( ! judge1 & ! f\l c[>dice ( ! bro!r1 are oppos$ to ! victori\s tru? & adamant9e purity ( a woman4 ,9 ,coriolanus1 ! "m's c\nsel1 act$ ^u 9 "t1 w\ld h sav$ h] son f all evil2 8 mom5t>y =getfulness ( x is 8 ru92 h] pray]1 at la/1 grant$1 saves him--n1 inde$1 f dea?1 b f ! curse ( liv+ z ! de/roy] ( 8 c\ntry4 --,rusk93 ,sesame & ,lilies4 #d4 ,bas4 ,s may ! outw>d %[s be lea/ !mselves2 ,! _w is /ill deceiv$ ) ornam5t4 ,9 law1 :at plea s ta9t$ & corrupt ,b1 be+ season'd ) a graci\s voice1 ,obscures ! %[ ( evil8 ,9 religion1 ,:at damn$ error1 b "s sob] br[ ,w bless x & approve x ) a text1 ,hid+ ! grossness ) fair ornam5t8 ,!re is no vice s simple b assumes ,"s m>k ( virtue on 8 outw>d p>ts3 ,h[ _m c[>ds1 ^: he>ts are all z false ,z /airs ( s&1 we> yet ^u _! *9s ,! be>ds ( ,h]cules & fr[n+ ,m>s1 ,:o1 inw>d se>*'d1 h liv]s :ite z milk2 ,& ^! assume b valor's excrem5t ,to r5d] !m r$\bt$6 ,look on beauty1 ,& y %all see 'tis pur*as$ by ! weight2 ,:i* !re9 works a miracle 9 nature1 ,mak+ !m lighte/ t we> mo/ ( x3 ,s are ^? crisp$ snaky gold5 locks ,:i* make su* wanton gambols ) ! w9d1 ,^u suppos$ fairness1 (t5 kn[n ,to be ! d[ry ( a second head1 ,! skull t br$ !m 9 ! sepul*]4 ,?us ornam5t is b ! guil$ %ore ,to a mo/ dang]\s sea2 ! beaute\s sc>f ,veil+ an ,indian beauty2 9 a ^w1 ,! seem+ tru? :i* cunn+ times put on ,to entrap ! wise/4 ,!re=e1 ?\ gaudy gold1 ,h>d food = ,midas1 ,i w none ( !e2 ,nor none ( !e1 ?\ pale & common drudge ',twe5 man & man3 b ?\1 ?\gh meag] lead1 ,:i* r ?reat5e/ ?an do/ promise aught1 ,?y pal5ess moves me m ?an eloqu5ce2 ,& "h *oose ,i3 joy be ! consequ5ce6 --,%akespe>e3 ,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice4 ,!me ,,xcvii4--,write a p>agraph prov+ ! tru? ( "o ( ! foll[+ /atem5ts3-- #a4 ,x is a di/9ct advantage to a l>ge t[n to be connect$ ) ! small] t[ns by electric c> l9es4 #b4 ,v]tical p5man%ip %\ld be taught 9 all elem5t>y s*ools4 #c4 ,exam9ations develop di%one/y4 #d4 ,novel read+ is a wa/e ( "t4 #e4 ,tramps ought n to be f$4 7,make a brief4 ,consid] ! arrangem5t ( y\r argum5ts4 ,read ,section #gb47 #agf4 ,errors ( ,induction4--,a common error is t ( too ha/y g5]alization4 ,we conclude t some?+ is always s because x happ5$ to be s 9 ! few cases t h come "u our obs]vation4 ,a broad] exp]i5ce frequ5tly %[s t ! ha/ily made g5]alization w n hold4 ,"s p are l$ to lose fai? 9 all humanity because "o or two ( _! acqua9tances h %[n !mselves unwor?y ( _! tru/4 ,o!rs are ready to pron\nce a m]*ant di%one/ because "s article pur*as$ at 8 /ore has n prov$ to be s good z x 0 expect$ to be4 ,!re are ^? :o are sup]/iti\s conc]n+ ! we>+ ( opals1 claim+ t ^! jewels br+ ! we>] ill luck1 because !y h he>d ( "s in/ances :]e mis=tune seem$ to foll[ ! we>+ ( t p>ticul> /one4 ,:at may seem to be causes & effects at fir/ may1 ^u fur!r inve/igation or inquiry1 prove to be m]ely *ance co9cid5ces4 ,9 y\r "w 9 argum5t1 :e!r = ! class room or outside1 be c>eful ab\t ?is po9t4 ,rememb] t y\r induction w be weak or ev5 wor?less if y draw conclusions f too few examples4 ,(t5 "o example seems suffici5t to cause belief4 ,we might believe t all giraffes h long necks1 ev5 ?\gh we _h se5 b "o2 b su* a belief w\ld exi/ because1 by _m examples ( o!r animals1 we h le>n$ t a s+le specim5 w fairly repres5t all o!r specim5s ( ! same class4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ?is "o giraffe %\ld possess "o br[n eye & "o :ite eye1 we %\ld n expect all o!r giraffes to h su* eyes1 = our obs]vation ( _m hundr$s ( animals tea*es u t ! eyes ( an animal are usually alike 9 color4 ,9 ord] to e/abli% a true g5]alization1 ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics mu/ be select$1 & ^! _c be det]m9$ by rule1 b r by common s5se4 #agg4 ,d$uctive ,reason+4--,:5 once a g5]al pr9ciple has be5 e/abli%$1 we may demon/rate ! tru? ( a specific proposition by %[+ t ! g5]al pr9ciple applies to x4 ,we see a gold r+ & say1 ,?is r+ is valuable1 because we believe ! g5]al proposition1 ,all articles made ( gold are valuable4 ,express$ 9 full1 ! process ( reason+ w\ld be-- ,a4 ,all articles made ( gold are valuable4 ,b4 ,?is r+ is made ( gold4 ,c4 ,!re=e ?is r+ is valuable4 ,a s]ies ( /atem5ts su* z ! above is call$ a syllogism4 ,x consi/s ( a major premise 7,a71 a m9or premise 7,b71 & a conclusion 7,c74 ,( c\rse we %all n be call$ ^u to prove s simple a proposition z ! "o giv51 b ) m difficult ones ! me?od ( reason+ is ! same4 ,! process :i* applies a g5]al proposition 7,a7 to a specific in/ance 7,c71 is call$ d$uctive reason+4 #agh4 ,relation betwe5 ,inductive & ,d$uctive ,reason+4--,d$uctive reason+ is %ort] & seems m conv9c+ ?an inductive reason+1 = if ! premises are true & ! /atem5t is made 9 correct =m1 ! conclusions are irresi/ible4 ,ea* conclusion c>ries ) x1 h[ev]1 ! weakness ( ! premises on :i* x is bas$1 & z ^! premises are g5]al pr9ciples t h be5 !mselves e/abli%$ by inductive reason+1 ! conclusions ( d$uctive reason+ c be no m sure ?an ^? ( inductive reason+4 ,ea* may prove only t ! proposition is probably true r ?an t x is surely true1 ?\gh 9 _m cases ?is probability becomes almo/ a c]ta9ty4 #agi4 ,! ,en?ymeme4--,we seldom ne$ to /ate our argum5t 9 ! syllogi/ic =m4 ,"o ( ! premises is usually omitt$1 & we pass directly f "o premise to ! conclusion4 ,if we say1 ,h5ry w n succe$ z an eng9e]1 & :5 ask$ :y he w n1 we reply1 ,because he is n good 9 ma!matics1 we h omitt$ ! premise1 ,a k ( ma!matics is necess>y = success 9 eng9e]+4 ,a %ort5$ syllogism1 t is1 a syllogism ) "o premise omitt$1 is call$ an en?ymeme4 ,?us 9 ord9>y matt]s our ?\ght turns at once to ! conclusion 9 connection ) b "o premise4 ,we make a ?\s& /atem5ts :i* a mom5t's ?\ght w %[ t we believe because we believe "s unexpress$ g5]al pr9ciple4 ,if ,i %\ld say ( my dog1 ,fido w die sometime1 no s5sible p]son w\ld d\bt ! tru? ( ! /atem5t4 ,if ask$ to prove x1 ,i w\ld say1 ,because he is a dog1 & all dogs die sometime4 ,?us ,i apply to a specific proposition1 ,fido w die1 ! g5]al "o1 ,all dogs die1 a proposition ab\t :i* !re is no d\bt4 ,frequ5tly ! suppress$ premise is n s well e/abli%$ z 9 ?is case1 & ! belief or nonbelief ( ! proposition w be det]m9$ by ! individuals address$1 ea* 9 accordance ) 8 exp]i5ce4 ,suppose t 9 read+ we f9d ! /atem5t1 ,a boy ( f\rte5 ought n to be all[$ to *oose 8 own subjects ( /udy1 because he w *oose all ! easy ones & avoid ! m difficult ?\gh m valuable ones4 ,! omitt$ premise t all boys w *oose easy /udies1 ne$s to be e/abli%$ by induction4 ,if a high s*ool pr9cipal _h notic$ t out ( five hundr$ boys1 f\r hundr$ elect$ ! easy /udies1 he w\ld admit ! tru? ( ! omitt$ premise1 & s ( ! conclusion4 ,b if only "o hundr$ _h *os5 ! easy subjects1 he w\ld reject ! major premise & likewise ! conclusion4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ord] to be sure ( ! tru? ( a proposition we mu/ det]m9e ! tru? ( ! premises ^u :i* x is bas$4 ,an argum5t !re=e is frequ5tly giv5 ov] :olly to e/abli%+ ! premises4 ,if _! tru? c be demon/rat$1 ! conclusion inevitably foll[s4 ,,ex]cises ,a4 ,supply ! miss+ premise = ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,john w succe$ because he has a college education4 #b4 ,h5ry is happy because he has pl5ty ( money4 #c4 ,c&y is nutriti\s because x is made ( sug>4 #d4 ,^! biscuits w make me ill because !y are heavy4 #e4 ,?is dog mu/ be angry because he is gr[l+4 #f4 ,?is fi% c swim4 #g4 ,! plural ( ! ,g]man n\n d] ,g>t5 is die ,grt54 #h4 ,x w hurt to h ?is too? fill$4 ,b4 ,supply ! reasons & complete ! syllogism = ea* ( ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,?is book %\ld n be read4 #b4 ,?is hamm] is useful4 #c4 ,t dog w bite4 #d4 ,?is greyh\nd c run rapidly4 #e4 ,! leaves h fall5 f ! trees4 #f4 ,t boy ought to be puni%$4 #g4 ,x is too e>ly to g nutt+4 #h4 ,?is boy %\ld n /udy4 #i4 ,y ought n to vote = ?is man = mayor4 ,!me ,,xcviii4--,write a p>agraph prov+ ! tru? ( "o ( ! foll[+ propositions3-- #a4 ,labor-sav+ ma*9]y is ( p]man5t advantage to mank9d4 #b4 ,new ,orleans w "s day be a great] %ipp+ port ?an ,new ,york4 #c4 ,poetry has a great] influ5ce on ! morals ( a nation ?an prose writ+4 #d4 ,boycott+ injures innoc5t p]sons & %\ld nev] be employ$4 #e4 ,irel& %\ld h ,home ,rule4 #f4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be elect$ by ! direct vote ( ! p4 7,consid] y\r argum5t ) ref]5ce to ! suppress$ premises47 #ahj4 ,errors ( ,d$uction4--,! d$uctive me?od ( reason+1 if prop]ly us$1 is effective1 b mu* c>e ne$s to be tak5 to avoid false conclusions4 ,a complete exposition ( ! v>iations ( ! syllogism is n necess>y "h1 b x w be ( value to consid] briefly ?ree *ief errors4 ,if ! t]ms are n us$ ) ! same mean+ ?r\gh\t1 ! conclusion is valueless4 ,a p]son might agree ) y t dome/ic arts %\ld be taught to girls 9 s*ool1 b if y cont9u$ by say+ t scrubb+ ! floor is a =m ( dome/ic art1 !re=e ! girls %\ld be taught to scrub ! floor1 he w\ld reject y\r conclusion because ! mean+ ( ! t]m dome/ic art z he und]/ood x 9 ! fir/ /atem5t1 is n t us$ 9 ! second4 ,x w be notic$ t ea* syllogism includes ?ree t]ms4 ,= example1 ! syllogism1-- ,all hawks eat fle%2 ,?is bird is a hawk2 ,!re=e ?is bird eats fle%1-- conta9s ! ?ree t]ms1 hawk1 eats fle%1 ?is bird2 ( ^! b two appe> 9 ! conclusion4 ,! "o :i* does n 79 ?is case hawk7 is call$ ! middle t]m4 ,if ! major premise does n make a /atem5t ab\t e memb] ( ! class d5ot$ by ! middle t]m1 ! conclusion may n be valid ev5 ?\gh ! premises are true4 ,= example3-- ,all hawks are birds2 ,?is *ick5 is a bird2 ,!re=e ?is *ick5 is a hawk4 ,9 ?is case ! middle t]m is birds1 & ! major premise1 ,all hawks are birds1 does n make a /atem5t :i* applies to all birds4 ,! conclusion is !re=e untrue4 ,su* an argum5t is a fallacy4 ,! validity ( ! conclusion is impair$ if ei!r premise is false4 ,9 ! en?ymeme1 ,h5ry is a c[>d2 he d>e n run away f s*ool1 ! suppress$ premise1 ,all p]sons :o w n run away f s*ool1 are c[>ds1 is n true1 & s invalidates ! conclusion4 ,x is well to te/ ! validity ( y\r own argum5t & t ( y\r oppon5t by seek+ = ! suppress$ premise & /at+ x1 = ?is may reveal a fatal weakness 9 ! ?\ght4 ,,ex]cises ,:i* ( ! foll[+ are incorrect8 #a4 ,! gov]nm5t %\ld pay = ! education ( its p2 ,travel is a =m ( education2 ,!re=e ! gov]nm5t %\ld pay ! travel+ exp5ses ( ! p4 #b4 ,all horses are useful2 ,?is animal is useful2 ,!re=e ?is animal is a horse4 #c4 ,i ought n to /udy algebra because x is a v difficult subject4 #d4 ,pupils ought n to write notes because note writ+ int]f]es ) ! rights ( o!rs4 #e4 ,all fi% c swim2 ,*>les c swim2 ,!re=e ,*>les is a fi%4 #f4 ,h5ry is a fool because he we>s a :ite necktie4 #g4 ,all dogs b>k2 ,?is animal b>ks2 ,!re=e ?is animal is a dog4 ,!me ,,xcix4--,write a p>agraph prov+ ! tru? ( "o ( ! foll[+ propositions3-- #a4 ,! gov]nm5t %\ld e/abli% a p>cels po/4 #b4 ,! laws ( m9d det]m9e ! =ms ( composition4 #c4 ,tra9+ = citiz5%ip %\ld be giv5 great] att5tion 9 ! public s*ools4 #d4 ,! memb]s ( ! s*ool bo>d %\ld be appo9t$ by ! mayor ( ! city4 #e4 ,9 ! e/imation ( future ages ---- w be consid]$ ! greate/ ,presid5t s9ce ,l9coln4 7,/ate y\r premises4 ,h y %[n t !y are true87 #aha4 ,evid5ce4--,we may rea* belief 9 ! tru? ( a specific /atem5t by means ( d$uctive reason+4 ,commonly1 h[ev]1 :5 deal+ ) an actual /ate or occurr5ce1 we pres5t o!r facts or circum/ances t %[ its exi/5ce4 ,! facts pres5t$ may be ^? ( exp]i5ce1 ! te/imony ( witnesses1 ! op9ion ( ^? consid]$ z exp]ts 9 ! subject1 or a comb9ation ( circum/ances kn[n to h exi/$4 ,to be ( any value z argum5ts1 !y mu/ be true1 & !y mu/ be relat$ to ! fact t we are try+ to prove4 ,^! true & p]t95t facts we t]m evid5ce4 ,evid5ce may be direct or indirect4 ,if a man sees a boy /eal a bag ( apples f ! or*>d across ! way1 8 evid5ce is direct4 ,if in/ead1 he only sees him ) an empty bag & lat] ) a full "o1 ! evid5ce w be indirect4 ,if y te/ify t e>ly 9 ! ev5+ y saw a tramp ent] a b>n :i* lat] 9 ! ev5+ caught fire1 y\r te/imony z reg>ds ! cause ( ! fire w\ld be indirect evid5ce aga9/ ! tramp4 ,if y c te/ify t y saw sp>ks fall f 8 light$ pipe & ignite a pile ( hay 9 ! b>n1 ! evid5ce :i* y give w be direct4 ,direct evid5ce has m weight ?an indirect1 b (t5 ! latt] is ne>ly equal to ! =m] & is suffici5t to conv9ce u4 ,ev5 ! direct te/imony ( eye-witnesses mu/ be c>efully consid]$4 ,sev]al p]sons may see ! same ?+ & yet make v diff]5t reports1 ev5 ?\gh !y may all desire to tell ! tru?4 ,! weight t we %all give to a p]son's te/imony w dep5d ^u 8 ability to obs]ve & to report accurately :at he has exp]i5c$1 & ^u 8 desire to tell ! tru?4 ,notice 9 ! foll[+ selection :at facts1 specific in/ances1 & circum/ances are advanc$ 9 support ( ! proposition4 ,assum+ t !y are true1 are !y p]t95t to ! proposition8 ,c]ta9 species ( ^! army ants :i* inhabit tropical ,am]ica1 ,mr4 ,belt consid]$ to be ! mo/ intellig5t ( all ! insects ( t "p ( ! _w4 ,on "o occasion he notic$ a wide column ( !m try+ to pass along a ne>ly p]p5dicul> slope ( crumbl+ e>?1 on :i* !y f\nd great difficulty 9 obta9+ a foo?old4 ,a numb] succe$$ 9 reta9+ _! positions1 & fur!r /r5g!n$ !m by lay+ hold ( _! neighbors4 ,!y !n rema9$ 9 ?is position1 & all[$ ! column to m>* securely & easily ov] _! bodies4 ,on ano!r occasion a column 0 cross+ a /ream ( wat] by a v n>r[ bran* ( a tree1 :i* only p]mitt$ !m to g 9 s+le file4 ,! ants wid5$ ! bridge by a numb] cl++ to ! sides & to ea* o!r1 & ?is all[$ ! column to pass ov] ?ree or f\r deep4 ,^! ants1 hav+ no p]man5t ne/s1 c>ry _! l>vae & pupae ) !m :5 m>*+4 ,! prey !y capture is cut up & c>ri$ to ! re> ( ! army to be di/ribut$ z food4 --,rob]t ,br[n3 ,sci5ce = ,all4 ,!me ,c4--,pres5t all ! evid5ce y c ei!r to prove or disprove "o ( ! foll[+ propositions3-- ,select "s "q ( local int]e/ z3-- #a4 ,! la/ fire 9 our t[n 0 ( inc5di>y orig94 #b4 ,! football team f ---- indulg$ 9 slugg+ at ! la/ game4 #c4 ,our heat+ sy/em is inadequate4 #d4 ,x ra9$ la/ night4 ,if y pref]1 *oose "o ( ! foll[+ subjects3-- #a4 ,! ,/u>t k+s 7 arbitr>y rul]s4 #b4 ,! climate ( our c\ntry is *ang+4 #c4 ,gut5b]g did n inv5t ! pr9t+ press4 #d4 ,! ,am]ican ,indians h be5 unju/ly treat$ by ! :ites4 #e4 ,nations h _! p]iods ( rise & decay4 7,are ! facts y use true8 ,are !y p]t95t8 ,d y "k ( facts t w\ld t5d to %[ t y\r proposition is n true87 #ahb4 ,numb] & ,value ( ,reasons4--,al?\gh a /atem5t may be true & p]t95t x is seldom suffici5t = pro(4 ,we ne$1 z a rule1 sev]al su* /atem5ts4 ,if y are try+ to conv9ce a fri5d t "o k9d ( automobile is sup]ior to ano!r1 & c give only "o reason = its sup]iority1 y no d\bt w fail 9 y\r attempt4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y c give sev]al reasons1 y may succe$ 9 conv9c+ him4 ,suppose y g to y\r pr9cipal & ask p]mission to take an extra /udy4 ,y may give z a reason ! fact t y\r p>5ts wi% y to take x4 ,he may n ?9k t is a suffici5t reason = y\r do+ s1 b :5 he f9ds t ) y\r pres5t /udies y d n ne$ to /udy ev5+s1 t "o ( !m is a review1 & t y h be5 /&+ well 9 all y\r /udies1 he may be l$ to ?9k t x w be wise = y to take ! desir$ extra /udy4 ,:ile we mu/ gu>d aga9/ insuffici5cy ( reasons1 we mu/ n =get t numb]s alone d n conv9ce4 ,"o good reason is m conv9c+ ?an sev]al weak ones4 ,two or ?ree good reasons1 cle>ly & def9itely /at$1 w h mu* m weight ?an a l>ge numb] ( less important ones4 ,,ex]cises ,a4 ,give a reason or two 9 addition to ! reasons already giv5 9 ea* ( ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,x is bett] to att5d a l>ge college ?an a small "o1 because ! tea*]s are z a rule great] exp]ts 9 _! l9es ( "w4 #b4 ,! s*ool bo>d ought to give u a field = a?letics z ! s*ool gr\nd is n l>ge en\gh = practice4 #c4 ,gymnasium "w ought to be made compulsory4 ,o!rwise _m :o ne$ physical tra9+ w neglect x4 #d4 ,! game ( basket ball is an injury to a s*ool1 s9ce x detracts f int]e/ 9 /udies4 #e4 ,rudolph ,horton w make a good class presid5t because he has _h exp]i5ce4 ,b4 ,be able to answ] orally any two ( ! foll[+3 #a4 ,prove to a timid p]son t !re is no m dang] 9 rid+ 9 an automobile ?an !re is 9 rid+ 9 a c>riage drawn by horses4 ,use b "o argum5t1 b make x z /rong z possible4 #b4 ,give two good reasons :y ! sup]/ition conc]n+ ,friday is absurd4 #c4 ,:at1 9 y\r m9d1 is ! /ronge/ reason :y y wi% to graduate f a high s*ool8 ,= y\r wi%+ to g into bus9ess aft] leav+ ! high s*ool8 ,= y\r wi%+ to att5d college8 #d4 ,:at are two or ?ree ( ! /rong argum5ts 9 favor ( woman suffrage8 ,"n two or ?ree argum5ts 9 opposition to woman suffrage4 ,c4 ,"n all ! po9ts t y c 9 favor ( ! foll[+4 ,select ! "o t y consid] ! mo/ important4 #a4 ,try to conv9ce a fri5d t he ought to give up ! practice ( cig>ette smok+4 #b4 ,%[ t a?letics 9 a high s*ool ought to be "u ! managem5t ( ! faculty4 #c4 ,%[ t a?letics %\ld be "u ! managem5t ( ! pupils !mselves4 #d4 ,macbe?'s ambition & n 8 wife 0 ! cause ( 8 ru94 #e4 ,macbe?'s wife 0 ! cause ( 8 ru94 ,!me ,,ci4--,select "o ( ! subjects 9 ! ex]cise above1 & write out two or ?ree ( ! /ronge/ argum5ts 9 its favor4 7,consid] ! premises1 especially ^? :i* are n express$4 ,is y\r argum5t d$uctive or inductive87 #ahc4 ,! ,basis ( ,belief4--,if y ask y\rself1 ,:y d ,i believe ?is8 ! answ] w 9 _m cases %[ t y\r belief 9 ! p>ticul> case "u consid]ation arises because y believe "s g5]al pr9ciple or !ory :i* applies to x4 ,"o p]son may believe t political economy %\ld be taught 9 high s*ools because he believes t x is ! function ( ! high s*ool to tra9 its pupils = citiz5%ip1 & t ! /udy ( political economy w furni% ?is tra9+4 ,ano!r p]son may oppose ! tea*+ ( political economy because he believes t pupils ( high s*ool age are n suffici5tly mature 9 judgm5t to discuss intellig5tly ! pr9ciples ( political economy1 & t ! /udy ( ^! pr9ciples at t age does n furni% desirable tra9+ = citiz5%ip4 ,x is evid5t t an argum5t betwe5 ^! two conc]n+ ! tea*+ ( political economy 9 any p>ticul> s*ool w\ld consi/ 9 a discussion ( ! conflict+ g5]al !ories :i* ea* believ$ to be true4 ,we h %[n 9 ,section #agi t "o high s*ool pr9cipal might believe t boys %\ld be all[$ to *oose _! own /udies because he believ$ t !y w\ld n g5]ally select ! easy ones2 :ile ano!r pr9cipal w\ld oppose free electives because he believes t boys w\ld *oose ! less difficult /udies4 ,! proposition t ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld reta9 its hold on ! ,philipp9es involves conflict+ !ories ( ! function ( ?is gov]nm5t4 ,s x w be f\nd ) _m ( our beliefs t ei!r consci\sly or unconsci\sly !y are bas$ on g5]al !ories4 ,x is important 9 argum5t to "k :at ^! !ories are1 & especially to consid] :at may be ! g5]al !ories ( ^? :om we wi% to conv9ce4 #ahd4 ,appeals to ,g5]al ,!ory1 ,au?ority1 & ,maxims4--,a successful argum5t 9 d$uctive =m mu/ be bas$ ^u pr9ciples & !ories t ! audi5ce believes4 ,a m9i/] 9 prea*+ to ! memb]s ( 8 *ur* may ) success proce$ by d$uctive me?ods1 because ! memb]s believe ! g5]al pr9ciples ^u :i* he bases 8 argum5ts4 ,b 9 address+ a mix$ audi5ce1 _m ( :om are n *ur* memb]s1 su* an argum5t might n be conv9c+1 because 8 he>]s might d5y ! validity ( ! premises f :i* 8 conclusions 7 drawn4 ,9 su* a case he mu/ ei!r keep to g5]al !ories :i* 8 auditors d believe1 or by inductive me?ods seek to prove ! tru? ( ! g5]al pr9ciples !mselves4 ,if 9 support ( our view we quote ! op9ion ( "s "o :om we believe compet5t to speak ) weight & au?ority ^u ! "q1 we mu/ rememb] t x w h weight ) our audi5ce only if !y too look ^u ! p]son z an au?ority4 ,x proves no?+ to a body ( tea*]s to say t "s educational exp]t believes z y d unless !y h confid5ce 9 him z a man ( s\nd judgm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may c\nt aga9/ a proposition to %[ t x has n be5 endors$ by any "o ( importance or prom95ce4 ,9 a simil> way a maxim or prov]b may be quot$ 9 support ( a proposition4 ,if a boy associates ) bad company1 we may (f] ! maxim1 ,birds ( a fea!r flock toge!r1 9 pro( t he is probably bad too4 ,su* maxims or prov]bs are brief /atem5ts ( pr9ciples g5]ally believ$1 & ! use ( !m 9 an argum5t is 9 effect ! pres5tation ( a g5]al !ory 9 a =m :i* appeals to ! m9d ( ! he>] & causes him to believe our proposition4 #ahe4 ,argum5t by ,inf]5ce4--,! /atem5t ( a fact may be introduc$ into an argum5t1 n because ! fact itself applies directly to ! proposition we wi% to prove1 b because x by inf]5ce sugge/s a g5]al !ory :i* does s apply4 ,?\gh ! read] may n be consci\s ( x1 ! pres5ce ( ?is g5]al !ory may influ5ce 8 decision ev5 m ?an ! explicit /atem5t ( ! g5]al !ory w\ld4 ,an argum5t implies t !re are two sides to a "q4 ,:i* y %all take dep5ds on ! way y look on x1 t is1 on :at may be call$ y\r m5tal po9t ( view4 ,!re=e any fact1 allusion1 maxim1 comp>ison1 or o!r /atem5t :i* may cause y to look at ! "q 9 a diff]5t light or f a diff]5t po9t ( view may be us$ z an argum5t4 ,9 effect1 x calls up a g5]al !ory ^: pres5ce affects y\r decision4 ,notice h[ brief ! argum5t is 9 ! foll[+ selection f ,macaulay3-- ,_m politicians ( our "t are 9 ! habit ( lay+ x d[n z a self-evid5t proposition1 t no p ought to be free till !y are fit to use _! fre$om4 ,! maxim is wor?y ( ! fool 9 ! old /ory1 :o resolv$ n to g into ! wat] till he _h le>n$ to swim4 ,if m5 are to wait = lib]ty till !y become wise & good 9 slav]y1 !y may inde$ wait =ev]4 --,macaulay3 ,milton4 #ahf4 ,summ>y4--,to summ>ize ! prec$+ p>agraphs1 ! au?ority we quote1 ! maxims we /ate1 ! facts we adduce become valuable because !y appeal to g5]al !ories already believ$ by ! read]4 ,success 9 argum5t dem&s1 !re=e1 t we consid] c>efully :at !ories may probably be 9 ! m9d ( our audi5ce1 & t we pres5t our argum5t 9 su* a way z to appeal to ^? !ories4 ,!me ,,cii4--,write a %ort argum5t1 us+ "o ( ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,a "y boy is urg+ 8 fa!r to p]mit him to att5d an ent]ta9m5t4 ,give 8 reasons z he w\ld give !m to 8 fa!r4 #b4 ,suppose ! fa!r refuses ! reque/4 ,write out 8 reasons4 #c4 ,try to conv9ce a companion j ent]+ high s*ool to take ! college prep>atory c\rse in/ead ( ! comm]cial c\rse4 7,are y\r reasons true & p]t95t8 ,to :at g5]al !ories h y appeal$8 ,consid] ! coh]5ce ( ea* p>agraph47 #ahg4 ,arrangem5t ( ,argum5ts4--,we h le>n$ t 9 argu+ we ne$ to consid] h[ ^? :om we address arrive at ! belief !y hold1 & t x w assi/ u to ?is k ( o!rs if we consid] our own beliefs & ! mann] ( _! e/abli%+4 ,we mu/ pres5t our mat]ial 9 ! ord] t conv9ces4 ,ea* case may diff] s f e o!r t no g5]al rule c be foll[$1 b ! consid]ation ( "s g5]al pr9ciples ( arrangem5t w be ( assi/ance4 ,x is ! purpose ( ! foll[+ p>agraphs to po9t out 9 s f> z possible ! mo/ effective ord] ( arrangem5t4 #ahh4 ,possibility1 ,probability1 & ,actuality4--,x has be5 /at$1 9 ,section #age1 t reason+ leads to probable tru?1 & t ?is probability may become s /rong z to be accept$ z c]ta9ty4 ,9 common spee* ?is diff]5ce is borne 9 m9d1 & we di/+ui% a fact or ev5t t is only possible f "o t is probable2 & likewise "o t is only probable f "o 9 :i* ! probability approa*es s ne> to c]ta9ty z to conv9ce u t x actually did exi/ or occur4 ,our argum5ts may !re=e be direct$ to prov+ possibility1 probability1 or actuality4 ,if we believe t an ev5t actually occurr$1 ! belief implies bo? possibility & probability4 ,!re=e1 if we wi% a p]son to believe 9 ! actual occurr5ce ( an ev5t1 we mu/ fir/ be sure t he does n "q ! possibility ( its exi/5ce1 & !n we mu/ %[ him t x probably did take place4 ,only :5 we h %[n t an ev5t is extremely probable h we ! "r to say t we h %[n its actual occurr5ce4 ,a "m f9d+ "s damage done to "o ( ! pictures on ! wall c\ld n ju/ly accuse h] "y son unless by ! pres5ce ( a *air or /epladd] x _h be5 possible = him to rea* ! picture4 ,?is possibility1 ren=c$ by a k ( 8 t5d5cy to mis*ief1 & by ! fact t he 0 9 ! h\se at ! "t ! damage 0 done1 w\ld lead to ! belief t he probably 0 guilty4 ,pro( t he 0 actually responsible = ! damage w\ld /ill be lack+1 & x might lat] be discov]$ t ! injury _h be5 done accid5tally by "o ( ! s]vants4 ,possibility1 probability1 & actuality m]ge into "o ano!r s gradually t no %>ply def9$ di/9ctions c be obs]v$4 ,x is impossible to say t a c]ta9 argum5t e/abli%es possibility1 ano!r probability1 & a ?ird ! actuality ( an ev5t4 ,"o /atem5t may d all ?ree1 b any pro( ( actuality mu/ include argum5ts %[+ bo? possibility & probability4 ,a p]son accus$ ( murd] attempts to demon/rate 8 innoc5ce by prov+ an alibi2 t is1 he attempts to %[ t he 0 at "s o!r place at ! "t ! murd] 0 committ$ & s _c possibly be guilty4 ,su* an alibi1 e/abli%$ by reliable witnesses1 is positive pro( ( innoc5ce1 no matt] h[ /rong ! evid5ce po9t+ to probable guilt may be4 #ahi4 ,argum5t f ,cause4--,we h le>n$1 9 ,section #di1 t ! relation ( cause & effect is "o :i* is +ra9$ 9 our nature4 ,we accept a proposition z plausible if a cause :i* we consid] adequate has be5 assign$4 ,our belief 9 a proposition (t5 dep5ds ^u our belief 9 "s o!r proposition :i* may be accept$ z a cause4 ,?us1 9 ! foll[+ /atem5ts1 ! tru? ( "o proposition leads to ! belief t ! o!r is also true3-- a4 ,h5ry has /udi$ h>d ?is ye>2 !re=e he w pass 8 college entrance exam9ations4 b4 ,! man has sev]$ an art]y2 !re=e he w probably ble$ to dea? be=e ! physician arrives4 c4 ,x w soon gr[ w>m]1 because ! sun has ris54 ,an argum5t f cause may be ( itself conclusive evid5ce ( ! fact4 ,b1 = ! mo/ "p1 su* argum5ts m]ely e/abli% ! possibility or probability ( ! proposition & s r5d] x ready = pro(4 ,9 our arrangem5t ( mat]ial1 we !re=e place su* argum5ts fir/4 #aij4 ,argum5t f ,sign4--,cause & effect are s closely unit$ t :5 an effect is obs]v$ we assume t !re has be5 a cause1 & we direct our argum5t to prov+ :at x is4 ,an effect is s associat$ ) its cause t ! exi/5ce ( an effect is a sign ( ! exi/5ce ( a cause1 & su* an argum5t is call$ an argum5t f sign4 ,reason+ f sign is v common 9 our daily life4 ,! wild geese fly+ s\? indicate ! approa* ( cold wea!r4 ,! baby's toys %[ t ! baby has be5 9 ! room4 ,a man's hat f\nd beside a rifl$ safe w convict ! man ( ! crime4 ,a dog's track 9 ! g>d5 is pro( t a dog has be5 !re4 ,if ! effect obs]v$ is always associat$ ) ! same cause1 ! argum5t is conclusive4 ,if ,i obs]ve z an effect t ! riv] has froz5 ov] dur+ ! night1 ,i h no d\bt t x has be5 caus$ by a l[]+ ( ! temp]ature4 ,if two or ?ree possible causes exi/1 our argum5t becomes conclusive only by consid]+ !m all & by %[+ t all b "o did n produce ! obs]v$ effect4 ,if ! pr9cipal ( a s*ool kn[s t "o ( ?ree boys broke a w9d[ light1 he may be able to prove :i* "o did x by f9d+ out ! two :o did n4 ,if a man is f\nd %ot to dea?1 ! coron]'s jury may prove t he 0 murd]$ by %[+ t he did n commit suicide4 ,if !re are _m possible causes1 ! me?od ( elim9ation becomes too t$i\s & mu/ be ab&on$4 ,if y f9d t y\r horse is lame1 x w\ld be difficult to prove :i* ( ! _m possible causes actually op]at$ to produce ! lam5ess1 ?\gh ! att5dant circum/ances might po9t to "s "o cause & s lead y to assume t x 0 ! "o4 ,"u argum5ts f sign %\ld be includ$ also ^? cases :5 we pass directly f "o effect to ano!r t arises f ! same cause2 z1 ,i he> ! w9dmill turn+1 x w be a good day to sail2 or1 ,^! beans are ?rifty1 !re=e if ,i plant potatoes "h ,i %all get a good crop4 ,9 ^! s5t5ces ! w9d & ! f]tile soil are n m5tion$1 b we pass directly f "o effect to ano!r4 ,z us$ by rhetoricians1 argum5ts f sign include also argum5ts f att5dant circum/ances4 ,if we h obs]v$ t two ev5ts h happ5$ ne> toge!r 9 "t1 we accept ! occurr5ce ( "o z a sign t ! o!r w foll[4 ,:5 we he> ! factory :i/le bl[1 we conclude t 9 a few m9utes ! workm5 w pass our w9d[ on _! way home4 ,su* a conclusion is bas$ ^u a belief e/abli%$ by an inductive process4 ,! degree ( probability t x gives dep5ds ^u ! numb] ( times t x has be5 obs]v$ to act )\t failure4 ,if we h se5 two boys frequ5tly toge!r1 ! pres5ce ( "o is a sign ( ! probable pres5ce ( ! o!r4 ,a camp fire w\ld po9t to ! rec5t pres5ce ( "s "o :o k9dl$ x4 ,9 us+ an argum5t f sign c>e mu/ be tak5 n to confuse ! relation ( cause & effect ) t ( contiguity 9 "t or place4 ,d n allege t :i* happ5$ at ! same "t or ne> ! same place z a cause4 ,if y d use an att5dant circum/ance1 be sure t x adds some?+ to ! probability4 #aia4 ,argum5t f ,example4--,x has be5 po9t$ out 9 ! /udy ( inductive reason+ 7,section #agf7 t a s+le example may suffice to e/abli% a g5]al notion ( a class4 ,9 deal+ ) objects ( ! physical _w1 if ess5tial & inv>iable qualities ( ! object are consid]$1 !y may be ass]t$ to be qualities ( ea* memb] ( ! class1 & su* an argum5t f an individual to all ! memb]s ( ! class is conv9c+4 ,!y ?us rank ) argum5ts f sign z effective 9 prov+ ! c]ta9ty ( a proposition4 ,9 deal+ ) human actions1 on ! o!r h&1 examples are seldom pro(s ( fact4 ,we _c say t all m5 w act 9 a c]ta9 way "u giv5 circum/ances because "o man has s act$4 ,nev]!less1 argum5ts by examples are frequ5tly us$ & are especially p[]ful :5 we wi% n only to conv9ce a man1 b also to p]suade him to action4 ,?is p]suasion to action mu/ be bas$ on conviction1 & 9 su* a case ! argum5t f sign t conv9ces ! man ( ! tru? ( a proposition %\ld prec$e ! example t urges him to action4 ,aft] conv9c+ a fri5d t !re are advantages to be d]iv$ f jo9+ a society1 we may p]suade him to jo9 by nam+ ^? :o h jo9$4 #aib4 ,argum5t f ,analogy4--,analogy is v mu* reli$ ^u 9 practical life4 ,reason+ f analogy dep5ds ^u ! recognition ( simil>ity 9 reg>d to "s p>ticul>s foll[$ by ! inf]5ce t ! simil>ity ext5ds to o!r p>ticul>s4 ,z soon z x 0 kn[n t ! atmosph]ic conditions ( ! planet ,m>s are simil> to ^? ( ! e>?1 x 0 argu$ by analogy t ,m>s mu/ also1 be inhabit$4 ,an analogy is seldom conclusive &1 ?\gh x is (t5 effective 9 argum5t1 x mu/ n be tak5 z pro( ( fact4 ,! m9d v readily obs]ves lik5esses1 & :5 direct$ t[>d ! e/abli%+ ( a proposition easily ov]looks ! diff]5ces4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! /r5g? ( an argum5t f analogy1 att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! diff]5ces exi/+ betwe5 ! two propositions consid]$4 ,false analogies are v common4 ,we mu/ gu>d aga9/ us+ !m1 & especially aga9/ all[+ ourselves to be conv9c$ by !m4 ,ev5 :5 ! resemblance is s slight z to r5d] analogy impossible1 x may s]ve to produce a metaphor t (t5 has ! effect ( argum5t4 ,x is mu* easi] to captivate ! fancy ) a pretty or /rik+ figure ?an to move ! judgm5t ) s\nd reason4444 ,8 7! speak]'s7 picture appeals to ! m9d's visible s5se1 h5ce 8 p[] ov] u1 ?\gh 8 analogies are m apt to be false ?an true4444 ,! use ( metaphor1 comp>ison1 analogy1 is tw(old--to enliv5 & to conv9ce2 to illu/rate & en=ce an accept$ tru?1 & to press home & cl9* "o 9 dispute4 ,an apt figure may put a new face ^u an old & mu* worn truism1 & a vital analogy may rea* & move ! reason4 ,?us :5 ,r5an1 ref]r+ to ! decay ( ! old religi\s beliefs1 says t ! p are no poor] = be+ robb$ ( false bank notes & bogus %>es1 8 comp>ison has a logical validity4444 ,! accid5tal analogies or lik5esses are limitless1 & are ! great /ock 9 trade ( mo/ writ]s & speak]s4 ,an +5i\s m9d f9ds types ev]y:]e1 b real analogies are n s common4 ,! lik5ess ( "o ?+ to ano!r may be valid & real1 b ! lik5ess ( a ?\ght ) a ?+ is (t5 m]ely fanciful4444 ,i rec5tly h met ) ! same fallacy 9 a lead+ article 9 "o ( ! magaz9es4 ,! fact reveal$ by ! spectroscope1 says ! writ]1 t ! physical elem5ts ( ! e>? exi/ also 9 ! />s1 supports ! fai? t a moral nature l our own inhabits ! univ]se4 ,a trem5d\s leap--a leap f ! physical to ! moral4 ,we "k t ^! e>? elem5ts are f\nd 9 ! />s by actual obs]vation & exp]i5ce2 b a moral nature l our own--?is is assum$1 & is n support$ by ! analogy4 ,john ,burr\ghs3 ,analogy1 ,true & ,false4 ,notice ! use ( analogy 9 ! argum5t bel[4 ,!re is only "o cure = ! evils :i* newly acquir$ fre$om produces2 & t cure is fre$om4 ,:5 a prison] fir/ leaves 8 cell he _c be> ! light ( day3 he is unable to discrim9ate colors1 or recognize faces4 ,b ! rem$y is1 n to rem& him into 8 dungeon1 b to accu/om him to ! rays ( ! sun4 ,! blaze ( tru? & lib]ty may at fir/ dazzle & bewild] nations :i* h become bl9d 9 ! h\se ( bondage4 ,b1 let !m gaze on1 & !y w soon be able to be> x4 ,9 a few ye>s m5 le>n to reason4 ,! extreme viol5ce ( op9ions subsides4 ,ho/ile !ories correct ea* o!r4 ,! scatt]$ elem5ts ( tru? cease to cont5d & beg9 to coalesce1 & at l5g? a sy/em ( ju/ice & ord] is educ$ out ( ! *aos4 --,macaulay3 ,milton4 #aic4 ,summ>y ( ,arrangem5t4--,! necessity ( argum5t arises because "s "o does n believe ! tru? ( a proposition4 ,to e/abli% 9 8 m9d a belief1 we mu/ pres5t our argum5ts 9 an ord]ly & conv9c+ way4 ,! ord] w usually be to %[ him fir/ ! possibility & !n ! probability1 & f9ally to lead him z ne> to c]ta9ty z we c4 ,we may say1 !re=e1 t we %\ld use argum5ts f cause1 argum5ts f sign1 & argum5ts f example 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,ano!r pr9ciple ( arrangem5t is t inductive argum5t w usually prec$e d$uctive argum5t4 ,we naturally proce$ by induction to e/abli% g5]al tru?s :i*1 :5 e/abli%$1 we may apply4 ,if our audi5ce already believe ! g5]al !ories1 ! inductive "p may be omitt$4 ,bo? ( ^! pr9ciples ( arrangem5t %\ld be consid]$ ) ref]5ce to t ( a ?ird1 namely1 climax4 ,climax means no?+ m ?an ! ord]ly progression ( our argum5t to ! po9t :]e x conv9ces our he>]4 ,we call t argum5t :i* f9ally conv9ces him ! /ronge/1 & naturally ?is %\ld be ! end ( ! argum5t4 ,( sev]al pro(s ( equal grade1 "o t w attract ! att5tion ( ! he>] %\ld come fir/1 :ile ! mo/ conv9c+ "o %\ld come la/4 ,9 arrang+ argum5ts att5tion ne$s also to be giv5 to coh]5ce4 ,"o pro( may be s relat$ to ano!r t ! pres5tation ( "o naturally sugge/s ! o!r4 ,sometimes1 = ! sake ( climax1 ! coh]5t ord] mu/ be ab&on$4 ,m (t5 ! climax is made m effective by foll[+ ! ord] :i* gives ! greate/ coh]5ce4 ,!me ,,cii4--,prove "o ( ! foll[+ propositions3 #a4 ,! ,presid5tial t]m %\ld be ext5d$4 #b4 ,bookkeep+ is ( great] practical value ?an any o!r high s*ool /udy4 #c4 ,9 cities all build+s %\ld be re/rict$ to ?ree /ories 9 height4 #d4 ,sumptu>y laws are nev] desirable4 #e4 ,no pupil %\ld c>ry m ?an f\r /udies4 #f4 ,?is s*ool %\ld h a debat+ society4 7,h y prov$ possibility1 probability1 or actuality8 ,h y us$ argum5ts f cause1 sign1 or example8 ,consid] ! arrangem5t ( y\r argum5ts4 ,consid] ! analogies y h us$1 if any4 ,c y %ort5 y\r !me )\t weak5+ x87 #aid4 ,! ,brief4--,arrangem5t is ( v great importance 9 argum5t4 ,9 fact1 x is s important t mu* m c>e & att5tion ne$s to be giv5 to ! outl9e 9 argum5t1 & ! outl9e itself may be m def9itely kn[n to ! he>] ?an 9 ! o!r =ms ( disc\rse4 ,9 description & n>ration especially1 x detracts f ! value ( ! impressions if ! read] becomes aw>e ( ! plan ( composition4 ,9 exposition a view ( ! framework may n h9d] cle> und]/&+1 b 9 argum5t x may be ( di/9ct advantage to h ! ord]ly arrangem5ts ( our argum5ts def9itely kn[n to him :om we seek to conv9ce4 ,! brief n only assi/s u 9 mak+ our own ?\ght ord]ly & exact1 b enables u to exclude t :i* is trivial or untrue4 ,an explanation may fail to make e po9t cle> & yet reta9 "s valuable elem5ts1 b an argum5t fails ( its purpose if x does n e/abli% a belief4 ,a s+le false argum5t or ev5 a trivial "o may s appeal to a m9d prejudic$ aga9/ ! proposition t all ! valid pro(s fail to conv9ce4 ,?is s+le weakness is at once us$ by our oppon5t to %[ t our o!r argum5ts are false because ?is "o is4 ,a committee once endeavor$ to p]suade ! gov]nor ( a /ate n to sign a c]ta9 bill1 b !y defeat$ !mselves because _! oppon5ts po9t$ out to ! gov]nor t two ( ! t5 reasons :i* !y pres5t$ 7 false & t ! committee pres5t+ !m knew !y 7 false4 ,?is ca/ a d\bt ^u ! hone/y ( ! committee & ! validity ( _! :ole argum5t1 & ! gov]nor sign$ ! bill4 ,! brief diff]s f ! ord9>y outl9e 9 t x is compos$ ( complete s5t5ces r ?an ( topics4 ,notice ! foll[+ example4 ,t]m exam9ations %\ld be aboli%$4 ,,affirmative ,i4 ,!re is no necessity = su* exam9ations4 #a4 ,! tea*] kn[s ! pupil's /&+ f 8 daily recitations4 #b4 ,mon?ly reviews or te/s may be sub/itut$ if desirable4 ,,ii4 ,! evils aris+ f exam9ations m ?an (fset any advantages t may be d]iv$ f !m4 #a4 ,! be/ pupils are likely to "w h>de/1 & to ov]tax _! /r5g?4 #b4 ,pupils (t5 aim to pass r ?an to "k _! subject4 #c4 ,a temptation to *eat is plac$ be=e !m4 ,,iii4 ,exam9ations are n a fair te/ ( a pupil's ability4 #a4 ,a pupil may "k 8 subject z a :ole & yet n be able to answ] "o or two ( ! que/ions giv5 him4 #b4 ,a pupil :o has done poor "w dur+ ! t]m may cram = an exam9ation & pass v cr$itably4 #c4 ,pupils are likely to be tir$ out at ! end ( ! t]m & (t5 are n able to d !mselves ju/ice4 ,,negative ,if ! writ] %\ld *oose to def5d ! negative ( ! above proposition1 ! brief might be z foll[s3-- ,i4 ,exam9ations are indisp5sable to s*ool "w4 #a4 ,9 no o!r way c tea*]s f9d out s well :at _! pupils "k ab\t _! subjects1 especially 9 l>ge classes4 #b4 ,!y are ess5tial z an inc5tive to pupils :o are incl9$ to let _! "w lag4 ,,ii4 ,z a rule !y are fair te/s ( a pupil's ability4 #a4 ,pupils :o prep>e ! daily recitations well are almo/ sure to pass a good exam9ation4 #b4 ,pupils :o cram are likely to write a hurri$1 faulty exam9ation4 #c4 ,x seldom happ5s t _m 9 a class are too worn out to take a t]m exam9ation4 ,,iii4 ,!y prep>e ! pupils = lat] exam9ations4 7#a7 ,= college entrance exam9ations4 7#b7 ,= exam9ations at college4 7#c7 ,= civil s]vice exam9ations4 7#d7 ,= exam9ations = tea*]s' c]tificates4 ,,ex]cises ,a4 ,write out subord9ate propositions prov+ ! ma9 subdivisions4 ,also *ange ! arrangem5t :5 y ?9k x desirable to d s4 #a4 ,two sessions are pref]able to "o 9 a high s*ool4 7#a7 ,"o long session is too fatigu+ to bo? tea*]s & pupils4 7#b7 ,boys & girls z a rule /udy bett] at s*ool ?an !y d at home4 7#c7 ,! "t aft] s*ool is long en\gh = recreation4 #b4 ,! pupils ( ?is high s*ool %\ld be grant$ a holiday dur+ ! /reet 7c\nty or /ate7 fair4 7#a7 ,!y w all g at lea/ "o day4 7#b7 ,x w cause less int]ruption 9 ! s*ool "w if !y all g ! same day4 #c4 ,wom5 %\ld be all[$ to vote4 7#a7 ,!y are n[ tax$ )\t repres5tation4 7#b7 ,:5ev] !y h be5 all[$ to take "p 9 ! affairs ( ! gov]nm5t1 x has be5 an advantage to t gov]nm5t4 7#c7 ,_m ( !m are mu* m intellig5t ?an "s m5 :o vote4 ,b4 ,write out briefs = ! foll[+ propositions 7affirmative or negative73-- #a4 ,high s*ool /udies %\ld be made elective 9 ! la/ two ye>s ( ! c\rse4 #b4 ,! gov]nm5t %\ld own & control ! railroads ( our c\ntry4 #c4 ,! old build+ on ! corn] ( ---- ,/reet ought to be remov$4 #d4 ,lat9 %\ld n be made a compulsory /udy4 #e4 ,read+ newspap]s is unpr(itable4 #f4 ,laws %\ld be made to prohibit all adult]ation ( foods4 #g4 ,we are all selfi%4 #h4 ,a sy/em ( self-gov]nm5t %\ld be introduc$ into our s*ool4 ,!me ,,civ4--,write out ! argum5t = "o ( ! prec$+ propositions4 7,exam9e ! brief c>efully be=e beg9n+ to write4 ,c y improve x8 7 ,!me ,,cv4--,write a !me prov+ "o ( ! foll[+ propositions3-- #a4 ,immigration is detrim5tal to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #b4 ,! descriptions 9 ,ivanhoe are bett] ?an ^? 9 ! ,h\se ( ! ,sev5 ,gables4 #c4 ,argum5t is ( great] practical value ?an exposition4 #d4 ,! ,mexican ,indians 7 a civiliz$ race :5 ,am]ica 0 discov]$4 #e4 ,! /&+ army ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be increas$4 #f4 ,all police (fic]s %\ld be controll$ by ! /ate & n by ! city4 7,h y us$ argum5ts f cause1 sign1 or example8 ,are !y arrang$ ) ref]5ce to ! pr9ciples ( arrangem5t8 7,section #aib47 ,consid] ea* p>agraph & ! :ole !me ) ref]5ce to unity47 ,!me ,,cvi4--,write a debate on "s "q assign$ by ! tea*]4 7,to :at po9ts %\ld y give att5tion 9 correct+ y\r !me8 ,read ,section #gi47 #aie4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,p]suasion & ,argum5t4--,up to ?is po9t we h consid]$ argum5t z hav+ = its aim ! pro( ( ! tru? ( a proposition4 ,if we consid] ! ?+s ab\t :i* we argue mo/ frequ5tly1 we %all f9d t 9 _m cases we attempt to d m ?an m]ely to conv9ce ! he>]4 ,we wi% to conv9ce him 9 ord] to cause him to act4 ,we argue ) him 9 ord] to p]suade him to d some?+4 ,su* an argum5t tries to e/abli% ! wisdom ( a c\rse ( action & is t]m$ p]suasion4 ,p]suasion diff]s f argum5t 9 its aim4 ,9 argum5t by an appeal pr9cipally to ! reason1 we endeavor to conv9ce2 9 p]suasion by an appeal ma9ly to ! feel+s1 we endeavor to move to action4 #aif4 ,importance ( ,p]suasion4--,p]suasion deals ) ! practical affairs ( life1 & = t reason ! "p t x p]=ms is a l>ge & important "o4 ,all que/ions ( advantage1 privilege1 & duty are includ$ 9 ! sph]e ( p]suasion4 ,s9ce su* que/ions are s directly relat$ to our bus9ess int]e/s1 to our happ9ess1 & to our mode ( conduct & action1 we are con/antly mak+ use ( p]suasion & q z con/antly are be+ influ5c$ by x4 ,our own welf>e & happ9ess dep5ds to s great an ext5t ^u ! actions ( o!rs t our success 9 life is (t5 measur$ by our ability to p]suade o!rs to act 9 accordance ) our desires4 #aig4 ,necessity ( ,p]suasion4--,x is frequ5tly n en\gh to conv9ce our he>] ( ! tru? ( a proposition4 ,(t5 a p]son believes a proposition1 yet does n act4 ,if we wi% action1 p]suasion mu/ be add$ to argum5t4 ,if we always act$ at ! "t we 7 conv9c$1 & 9 accordance ) our convictions1 !re w\ld be no ne$ ( p]suasion4 ,/range z x seems1 we (t5 believe "o ?+ & d j ! opposite1 or we are indiff]5t & d no?+ at all4 ,we all "k t disob$i5ce to ! laws ( heal? br+s its puni%m5t--yet h[ _m ( u act z if we did n believe x at all6 ,! indiff]5t pupil is positive t he w fail if he does n /udy4 ,he kn[s t he ought to apply himself dilig5tly to 8 "w4 ,!re is no excuse = do+ o!rwise1 yet he neglects to act & failure is ! result4 #aih4 ,motive 9 ,p]suasion4--,! motive ( p]suasion dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! "q4 ,! motives t we h 9 m9d may be selfi%1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 !y may be supremely unselfi%4 ,we may urge o!rs to act 9 ord] to br+ ab\t our own pleasure or pr(it2 we may urge !m to act = _! own self-int]e/ or = ! int]e/ ( o!rs4 ,we may appeal to private or public int]e/1 to social or religi\s duty4 ,:5 a boy urges 8 fa!r to buy him a bicycle1 he has 8 own pleasure 9 m9d4 ,:5 we urge p to take c>e ( _! heal?1 we h _! int]e/ 9 view2 & :5 we urge city improvem5ts or re=ms 9 politics1 we are ?9k+ ( ! welf>e ( p 9 g5]al4 #aii4 ,! ,mat]ial ( ,p]suasion4--,p]suasion aims to produce action & may make use ( any ( ! =ms ( disc\rse t w fit t purpose4 ,we may describe ! beauty ( ! ,adirondacks or n>rate our exp]i5ces !re 9 ord] to p]suade a fri5d to accompany u on a camp+ trip4 ,we may expla9 ! work+s ( a new inv5tion 9 ord] to p]suade a capitali/ to inve/ money 9 its manufacture4 ,or we may by argum5t demon/rate t !re is a great opportunity = "y m5 9 ,new ,orleans1 hop+ to p]suade an acqua9tance to move !re4 ,:5 ?us us$1 description1 n>ration1 exposition1 & argum5t may become p]suasion2 b _! effectiv5ess dep5ds ^u _! appeal to "s fundam5tal belief or feel+ 9 ! p]son address$4 ,our description & n>ration w\ld n br+ to ! ,adirondacks a man :o c>$ no?+ = sc5]y & :o dislik$ camp life4 ,! explanation ( our inv5tion w\ld n int]e/ a capitali/ unless he 0 seek+ a pr(itable inve/m5t4 ,our argum5t w\ld n induce a man to move to ,new ,orleans if 8 prejudice aga9/ ! ,s\? 0 great] ?an 8 desire = pr(it & position4 ,9 ea* case !re has be5 an appeal to "s belief or s5tim5t or desire ( ! p]son :om we seek to p]suade4 #bjj4 ,appeal to ! ,feel+s4--,p]suasion1 !re=e1 9 ord] to produce action mu/ appeal l>gely to ! feel+s4 ,b all p]sons are n affect$ 9 ! same way4 ,9 ord] to br+ ab\t ! same result we may ne$ to make a diff]5t appeal to diff]5t individuals4 ,"o p]son may be l$ to act by an appeal made to 8 s5se ( ju/ice1 ano!r by an appeal made to 8 patriotism1 :ile /ill ano!r1 unmov$ by ei!r ( ^! appeals1 may be l$ to act by an appeal made to 8 pride or to 8 love ( p[]4 ,if we w\ld be successful 9 p]suad+ o!rs1 we ought to be able to und]/& :at to appeal to 9 individual cases4 ,*ildr5 may be entic$ by c&y1 & old] p]sons may be q z readily influ5c$ if we b *oose ! prop] inc5tive4 ,x is our duty to see t we are p]suad$ only by ! pres5tation ( wor?y motives1 & t 9 our own ef=ts to p]suade o!rs we d n appeal to envy1 jeal\sy1 religi\s prejudices1 race hatr$1 or l[] motives4 ,,ex]cises ,%[ h[ an appeal to ! feel+s c\ld be made 9 ! foll[+4 ,to :at p>ticul> feel+ or feel+s w\ld y appeal 9 ea* case8 #a4 ,try to ga9 y\r p>5ts' p]mission to att5d college4 #b4 ,urge a fri5d to give up c>d play+4 #c4 ,try to p]suade y\r tea*]s n to give s long lessons4 #d4 ,p]suade o!rs to aid an un=tunate family liv+ 9 our community4 #e4 ,induce ! s*ool bo>d to give y a good gymnasium4 #f4 ,p]suade a tramp to give up 8 mode ( life4 #g4 ,try to get "s "o to buy y\r old bicycle4 #h4 ,urge y\r c\ntry to act 9 behalf ( "s oppress$ p4 #i4 ,urge a resid5t ( y\r t[n to give some?+ = a public p>k4 ,!me ,,cvii4--,write out "o ( ! prec$+4 7,consid] :at y h writt5 ) ref]5ce to coh]5ce & climax47 #bja4 ,argum5t ) ,p]suasion4--,9 "s cases we are sure t our he>]s are already conv9c$ z to ! tru? ( a proposition4 ,!n !re is no ne$ ( argum5t & p]suasion is us$ alone1 b m frequ5tly bo? are us$4 ,argum5t naturally prec$es p]suasion1 b ) few exceptions ! two are int]mix$ & ev5 s bl5d$ z to be sc>cely di/+ui%able1 ! "o f ! o!r4 ,a good example ( ! use ( bo? =ms is f\nd 9 ! spee* ( ,antony ov] ! dead body ( ,caes> 9 ,%akespe>e's ,julius ,caes>4 ,read ! spee* & note ! argum5t & p]suasion giv5 9 x4 ,:at ?ree argum5ts does ,antony advance to prove t ,caes> 0 n ambiti\s8 ,does he draw conclusions or leave t = 8 li/5]s to d8 ,:]e is !re an appeal to _! pity8 ,to _! curiosity8 ,to _! gratitude8 ,:at is ! result 9 ea* case ( ! v>i\s appeals8 ,9 ! foll[+ examples note ! argum5t & p]suasion4 ,rememb] t p]suasion comm5ces :5 we beg9 to urge to action4 ,notice :at feel+s are appeal$ to 9 ! p]suasive p>ts ( ! spee*es4 ,!y tell u1 ,sir1 t we are weak1 unable to cope ) s =midable an adv]s>y4 ,b1 :5 %all we be /rong]8 ,w x be ! next week1 or ! next ye>8 ,w x be :5 we are totally dis>m$ & :5 a ,briti% gu>d %all be /ation$ 9 e h\se8 ,%all we ga!r /r5g? by irresolution & inaction8 ,%all we acquire ! means ( effectual resi/ance1 by ly+ sup9ely on our backs & hugg+ ! delusive phantom ( hope1 until our enemies %all h b\nd u h& & foot8 ,sir1 we are n weak1 if we make a prop] use ( ! means :i* ! ,god ( nature ha? plac$ 9 our p[]4 ,?ree millions ( p1 arm$ 9 ! holy cause ( lib]ty1 & 9 su* a c\ntry z t :i* we possess1 are inv9cible by any =ce :i* our enemy c s5d aga9/ u4 ,besides1 ,sir1 we %all n fight our battles alone4 ,!re is a j ,god :o presides ov] ! de/9ies ( nations2 & :o w raise up fri5ds to fight our battles = u4 ,! battle1 ,sir1 is n to ! /rong alone2 x is to ! vigilant1 ! active1 ! brave4 ,besides1 ,sir1 we h no election4 ,if we 7 base en\gh to desire x1 x is n[ too late to retire f ! conte/4 ,!re is no retreat1 b 9 submission & slav]y4 ,our *a9s are =g$6 ,_! clank+ may be he>d on ! pla9s ( ,bo/on6 ,! w> is inevitable--& let x come6 ,i repeat x1 ,sir1 let x come6--,x is va91 sir1 to ext5uate ! matt]4 ,g5tlem5 may cry peace1 peace--b !re is no peace4 ,! w> is actually begun6 ,! next gale t sweeps f ! nor? w br+ to our e>s ! cla% ( res\nd+ arms6 ,our bre?r5 are already 9 ! field4 ,:y /& we "h1 idle8 ,is life s de>1 is peace s sweet1 z to be pur*as$ at ! price ( *a9s & slav]y8 ,=bid x1 ,almighty ,god6 ,i "k n :at c\rse o!rs may take2 b z = me1 give me lib]ty1 or give me dea?4 --,patrick ,h5ry4 ,! pictures 9 ! ,am]ican newspap]s ( ! />v+ reconc5trados are true4 ,!y c all be duplicat$ by ! ?\s&s4 ,i nev] be=e saw1 & please ,god1 ,i may nev] aga9 see1 s deplorable a sight z ! reconc5trados 9 ! suburbs ( ,matanzas4 ,i c nev] =get to my dy+ day ! hopeless angui% 9 _! despair+ eyes4 ,huddl$ ab\t _! little b>k huts1 !y rais$ no voice ( appeal to u = alms z we w5t among !m4444 ,m51 wom51 & *ildr5 /& sil5t1 fami%+ ) hung]4 ,_! only appeal comes f _! sad eyes1 ?r\gh :i* "o looks z ?r\gh an op5 w9d[ into _! agoniz+ s\ls4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ,spa9 has n appropriat$ & w n appropriate "o doll> to save ^! p4 ,!y are n[ be+ att5d$ & nurs$ & adm9i/]$ to by ! *>ity ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?9k ( ! spectacle6 ,we are fe$+ ! citiz5s ( ,spa92 we are nurs+ _! sick2 we are sav+ su* z c be sav$1 & yet !re are ^? :o /ill say x is "r = u to s5d food1 b we mu/ keep h&s (f4 ,i say t ! "t has come :5 muskets ought to g ) ! food4444 ,! "t = action has1 !n1 come4 ,no great] reason = x c exi/ to-morr[ ?an exi/s to-day4 ,e h\r's delay only adds ano!r *apt] to ! awful /ory ( mis]y & dea?4 ,only "o p[] c int]v5e--! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,ours is ! "o great nation ( ! ,new ,_w1 ! "m ( ,am]ican republics4 ,%e holds a position ( tru/ & responsibility t[>d ! peoples & ! affairs ( ! :ole ,we/]n ,hemisph]e4 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 !re is only "o action possible1 if any is tak5--t is1 int]v5tion = ! indep5d5ce ( ! isl&4 ,b we _c int]v5e & save ,cuba )\t ! ex]cise ( =ce1 & =ce means w>2 w> means blood4 ,! l[ly ,naz>5e on ! %ores ( ,galilee prea*$ ! div9e doctr9e ( love1 ,peace on e>?1 good w t[>d m54 ,n peace on e>? at ! exp5se ( lib]ty & humanity4 ,n good w t[>d m5 :o despoil1 enslave1 degrade1 & />ve to dea? _! fell[-m54 ,i believe 9 ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 ,i believe 9 ! doctr9e ( peace2 b1 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 m5 mu/ h lib]ty be=e !re c come abid+ peace4 ,int]v5tion means =ce4 ,=ce means w>4 ,w> means blood4 ,b x w be ,god's =ce4 ,:5 has a battle = humanity & lib]ty ev] be5 won except by =ce8 ,:at b>ricade ( wrong1 inju/ice1 & oppression has ev] be5 c>ri$ except by =ce8 ,=ce compell$ ! signature ( unwill+ royalty to ! great ,magna ,*>ta2 =ce put life into ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce & made effective ! ,emancipation ,proclamation2 =ce beat ) nak$ h&s ^u ! iron gateway ( ! ,ba/ile & made reprisal 9 "o awful h\r = c5turies ( k+ly crime2 =ce wav$ ! flag ( revolution ov] ,bunk] ,hill & m>k$ ! sn[s ( ,valley ,=ge ) blood-/a9$ feet2 =ce held ! brok5 l9e at ,%iloh1 climb$ ! flame-swept hill at ,*attanooga1 & /orm$ ! cl\ds on ,look\t heights2 =ce m>*$ ) ,%]man to ! sea1 rode ) ,%]idan 9 ! valley ( ,%5&oah1 & gave ,grant victory at ,appomattox2 =ce sav$ ! ,union1 kept ! />s 9 ! flag1 made nigg]s m54 ,o!rs may hesitate1 o!rs may procra/9ate1 o!rs may plead = fur!r diplomatic negotiations1 :i* means delay2 b = me1 ,i am ready to act n[1 & = my action ,i am ready to answ] to my consci5ce1 my c\ntry1 & my ,god4 --,john ,mell5 ,?ur/on3 ,spee* 9 ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate1 ,m>*1 #ahih4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,a "y boy is try+ to ga9 8 fa!r's p]mission to att5d an ev5+ ent]ta9m5t ) "s o!r boys4 ,make a li/ ( 8 appeals to 8 fa!r's reason2 to 8 fa!r's feel+s4 ,make a li/ ( 8 fa!r's objections4 ,is !re any appeal to 8 son's feel+s8 #b4 ,suppose y are ab\t to address ! vot]s ( y\r city on ! "q ( grant+ saloon lic5ses4 ,make a li/ ( appeals to _! reason2 to _! intellect4 ,rememb] t appeals to ! feel+s are made m =cible by descriptive & n>rative examples ?an by direct g5]al appeals4 #c4 ,urge y\r classmates to vote = "s memb] ( y\r class = presid5t4 ,:at qualifications %\ld a good class presid5t h8 ,!me ,,cviii4--,select "o ( ! subjects1 conc]n+ :i* y h writt5 an argum5t2 ei!r add p]suasion to ! argum5t or int]mix !m4 7,:at "p ( y\r !me is argum5t & :at "p p]suasion8 ,does ! introduction ( p]suasion affect ! ord] ( arrangem5t87 ,!me ,,cix4--,select "o ( ! subjects giv5 on page #cfa ( :i* y h n yet made use4 ,write a !me appeal+ to bo? feel+ & intellect4 7,are y\r facts true & p]t95t8 ,consid] ! arrangem5t47 ,!me ,,cx4--,write a lett] to a fri5d :o w5t to "w in/ead ( ent]+ ! high s*ool4 ,urge him to come to ! high s*ool4 7,:at argum5ts h y made8 ,to :at feel+s h y appeal$87 ,!me ,,cxi4--,use "o ( ! foll[+ z a subject = a p]suasive !me3-- #a4 ,induce y\r fri5ds n to play ball on ,memorial ,day4 #b4 ,ask p]mission to be excus$ f writ+ y\r next essay4 #c4 ,p]suade "o ( y\r fri5ds to play golf4 #d4 ,induce y\r fri5ds n to we> birds on _! hats4 #e4 ,write an address to "y *ildr51 try+ to p]suade !m n to be cruel to ! l[] animals4 #bjb4 ,que/ions ( ,"r & ,que/ions ( ,exp$i5cy4--,argum5ts t aim to conv9ce u ( ! wisdom ( an action are v common4 ,9 our home life & 9 our social & religi\s life ^! que/ions are always aris+4 ,!y may be classifi$ into two k9ds3 7#a7 ^? :i* answ] ! "q1 ,is x "r8 & 7#b7 ^? :i* answ] ! "q1 ,is x exp$i5t8 ,! moral elem5t ent]s into que/ions ( "r4 ,x is always wise = u to d t :i* is morally "r1 b sometimes we are 9 d\bt z to :at c\rse ( action is morally "r4 ,op9ions diff] conc]n+ :at is "r1 & = t reason we sp5d mu* "t 9 def5d+ our op9ions or 9 try+ to make o!rs believe z we d4 ,9 answ]+ su* a "q hone/ly1 we mu/ lose sight ( all advantage or disadvantage to ourselves4 ,:5 ask$ to d some?+ we %\ld at once ask ourselves1 ,is x "r8 & :5 once t is det]m9$ "o l9e ( action %\ld be cle>4 ,an argum5t :i* aims to answ] ! "q1 ,is x exp$i5t8 presupposes t !re are at lea/ two l9es ( action ea* ( :i* is "r4 ,x aims to prove t "o c\rse ( action w br+ great] advantages ?an any o!r4 ,tak+ all classes ( p into consid]ation we %all f9d t !y are argu+ m que/ions ( exp$i5cy ?an ( any o!r k9d4 ,e "o is look+ = advantages ei!r to himself or to ^? 9 :om he is int]e/$4 ,a "q ( exp$i5cy %\ld nev] be sep>at$ f ! "q ( "r4 ,9 det]m9+ ei!r our own c\rse ( action or t :i* we attempt to p]suade ano!r to foll[1 we %\ld nev] =get ! presupposition ( a "q ( exp$i5cy t ei!r c\rse is "r4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,"n five que/ions ! "r or wrong ( :i* y h be5 call$ ^u to decide4 #b4 ,"n five simil> que/ions t are likely to arise 9 e "o's exp]i5ce4 #c4 ,"n five que/ions ( "r conc]n+ :i* op9ions v (t5 diff]4 #d4 ,is an action t is "r = "o p]son ev] wrong = ano!r8 ,!me ,,cxii4--,write out ! reasons = or aga9/ "o ( ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,%\ld two pupils ev] /udy toge!r8 #b4 ,is a lie ev] ju/ifiable8 #c4 ,0 ,%ylock's puni%m5t too sev]e8 #d4 ,woman's suffrage %\ld be e/abli%$4 #e4 ,! regul> p>ty nom9ee %\ld n always be support$4 ,,ex]cises ,give reasons = or aga9/ ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,we %\ld aboli% class-day ex]cises4 #b4 ,! /udy ( sci5ce is m b5eficial ?an ! /udy ( language4 #c4 ,=eign skill$ labor]s %\ld be exclud$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #d4 ,hypnotic ent]ta9m5ts %\ld n be all[$4 #e4 ,! /udy ( algebra %\ld n be made compulsory 9 a high s*ool4 #f4 ,uncle ,tom's ,cab9 %\ld be exclud$ f s*ool libr>ies4 #g4 ,physical tra9+ %\ld be compulsory 9 public s*ools4 #h4 ,high s*ool secret societies %\ld n be all[$4 ,!me ,,cxiii4--,write an argum5t ( exp$i5cy us+ "o ( ! subjects nam$ 9 ! prec$+ ex]cise4 7,:at advantages h y made mo/ prom95t8 ,to :at feel+s h y appeal$87 ,!me ,,cxiv4--,write a n>ration 9 :i* ! h]o is call$ ^u to decide :e!r "s c\rse ( action is "r or wrong4 7,consid] ! !me z a n>ration4 ,does x fulfill ! requirem5ts ( ,*apt] ,,ix8 7,see ,summ>y47 ,consid] j ! argum5ts us$4 ,are ! argum5ts suffici5t to br+ conviction to ! read] t ! h]o decid$ rightly87 #bjc4 ,refutation4--,no "q is wor? argum5t unless !re are two sides to x--unless !re is a *ance = "s d\bt 9 ! m9d ( ! he>] z to :i* side seems mo/ reasonable4 ,_m que/ions are ( su* a nature t 9 try+ to conv9ce our he>]s ( "s tru?1 we (t5 f9d x necess>y to %[ !m1 n only ! tru? ( a proposition or ! exp$i5cy ( a c\rse ( action1 b also ! falsity ( "s oppos+ proposition or ! inexp$i5cy ( ! opposite c\rse ( action4 ,?is te>+ to pieces ano!r's argum5t1 is call$ refutation1 or de/ructive argum5t4 ,a successful debat] %[s ne>ly if n equal skill 9 te>+ d[n 8 oppon5t's argum5ts z 9 build+ up 8 own4 ,ev5 9 argum5ts 9 :i* no "o takes ! opposite side at ! giv5 "t1 we mu/ n =get t !re are po9ts on ! opposite side :i* are likely to arise 9 ! m9ds ( our he>]s4 ,j z ! skillful tea*] mu/ "k ! difficulties t w arise 9 ! m9ds ( ! pupils ev5 ?\gh !y are n express$1 s mu/ ! skillful debat] consid] ! objections t 8 he>] w m5tally set up aga9/ 8 argum5t4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 = ! debat] to avoid ov]emphasiz+ objections4 ,sometimes 8 discussion gives ! objections a weight t !y w\ld n o!rwise h4 ,x is n wise to set up a man ( /raw = ! purpose ( knock+ him d[n4 ,notice ! refutation 9 ! foll[+ argum5t3-- ,9 no respect is ! diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! me?ods ( fi%+ s pron\nc$ & di/urb+ among angl]s z ! div]se ones ( fi%+ up & d[n /ream4 ,fi%+ up /ream has _m advocates :o ass]t t z tr\t always lie ) _! heads up curr5t1 !y are less likely to see ! fi%]man or ! gl9t ( 8 rod :5 ! ca/s are made2 t ! discom=t & fatigue accompany+ wad+ aga9/ /rong rapids is amply repaid by ! increas$ scores secur$2 t ! flies deftly ?r[n a foot or two above ! head ( a fe$+ tr\t float m life-l d[n ! curr5t ?an ^? drawn aga9/ x by ! l9e1 :5 !y are apt to exhibit a muscul> p[] :i* 9 ! live insect w\ld be exagg]at$ & unnatural4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! d[n /ream fi%]man is equally ass]tive z to ! value ( 8 me?od4 ,he feels ! *>m ( gurgl+ wat]s ar\nd 8 limbs1 a d[n curr5t t aids r ?an ret>ds or fatigues him 9 ea* successive /ep ( enjoym5t 9 8 pa/ime2 z he ca/s 8 fifty or m feet ( l9e ad[n ! /ream1 he is assur$ t he is beyond ! k5 ( ! mo/ ke5-sight$ & w>y tr\t2 t 8 artificial bugs1 "u ! t5sion ( ! curr5t seam+ x f "r to left1 rea*es e squ>e in* ( ! swim1 z ,engli% rod/]s t]m a likely wat]1 & com+ naturally d[n /ream1 j ! direction f :5ce a hungry tr\t is await+ x1 are mu* m likely to be tak51 ?an ^? ?r[n aga9/ ! curr5t1 )1 d\btless1 a foot or m ( ! lead] droop+ & bagg+ be=e ! nose ( a tr\t1 ) a dead bug1 soak$ & b$raggl$1 foll[+ sl[ly beh9d4 ,by wad+ d[n /ream its advocates d n mean spla%+ & lift+ ! feet above ! surface1 s5d+ ! wat] hi!r & yon on to ! banks1 into ! pools1 ) ! soil ( silt or mud or f9e gravel f ! bottom1 pollut+ ! /ream _m y>ds ahead1 & caus+ e fi% to scurry to ! %elt] ( a hole 9 ! bank or "u a %elv+ rock4 ,!y int5d t ! rod/] %all ent] ! wat] quietly1 &1 aft] a few prelim9>y ca/s to get ! wat] ge> 9 good work+ ord] to proce$ d[n /ream by slid+ r ?an lift+ 8 feet f ! bottom1 noiselessly & cauti\sly approa*+ ! mo/ likely pools or eddies beh9d ! roots 9 mid /ream1 or /ill /ret*es close to ! banks1 :]e ! quiet rea*es broad5 d[n /ream1 :]e n9e *ances 9 t51 on a good tr\t wat]1 "o or m fi% w be se5 lazily ris+ & fe$+4 ,aga91 ! d[n-/ream angl] cont5ds t :5 a fi% is fa/5$ on a hook1 tak+ ! lure 9 a curr5t1 t he is m likely to be well hook$1 h5ce m c]ta9 ( capture :5 ! l9e is t5se1 ?an :5 ris+ to a float+ bug at ! end ( a loop+ l9e & lead]4 ,c]ta9ly x is v difficult :5 ca/+ aga9/ ! curr5t to keep ! l9e suffici5tly taut to /rike quickly & effectively a ris+ tr\t1 :i* z a rule ejects ! artificial lure ! in/ant he feels ! gritty impact ( ! /eel4 ,9 fi%+ d[n /ream1 ! advocate ( ! pr9ciple t ! great] ! surface commotion made by ! flies us$1 ! sur] ! rise & cat*1 has an advantage ov] 8 bro!r :o always fi%es f9e & ) flies t d n make a ripple4 ,draw+ ! artificial bugs across & slightly up /ream ov] ! mirror$ bosom ( a pool is apt to leave a wake beh9d !m :i* may n inaptly be comp>$ ) ! "o creat$ by a small /]n-:eel /eam]2 an unnatural condition ( ?+s1 b ( su* is a tr\t's make-up4 --,w4,c4 ,,h>ris3 ,fi%+ ,up or ,d[n ,/ream4 ,!me ,,cxv4--,p]suade a fri5d1 to *oose "s sport f "o ( ! foll[+ pairs3-- #a4 ,canoe+ or sail+4 #b4 ,bicycl+ or automobil+4 #c4 ,golf or polo4 #d4 ,basket ball or t5nis4 #e4 ,football or baseball4 ,!me ,,cxvi4--,*oose "o side ( a proposition4 ,"n ! probable po9ts on ! o!r side & write out a refutation ( !m4 ,!me ,,cxvii4--,/ate a proposition & write ! direct argum5t4 ,!me ,,cxviii4--,ex*ange !me ,,cxvii = "o writt5 by a classmate & write ! refutation ( ! argum5ts 9 ! !me y receive4 7,!me ,,cxvii & ! correspond+ ,!me ,,cxviii %\ld be read be=e ! class47 ,,summ>y #a4 ,argum5t is t =m ( disc\rse :i* attempts to prove ! tru? ( a proposition4 #b4 ,inductive reason+ is t process by :i* f _m individual cases we e/abli% ! probable tru? ( a g5]al proposition4 #c4 ,! e/abli%+ ( a g5]al tru? by induction requires-- a4 ,t !re be a l>ge numb] ( facts1 circum/ances1 or specific in/ances support+ x4 b4 ,t ^! facts be true4 c4 ,t !y be p]t95t4 d4 ,t !re be no facts prov+ ! tru? ( ! contr>y proposition4 #d4 ,d$uctive reason+ is t process :i* attempts to prove ! tru? ( a specific proposition by %[+ t a g5]al !ory applies to x4 #e4 ,! e/abli%+ ( ! tru? ( a specific proposition by d$uctive reason+ requires-- a4 ,a major premise t makes an affirmation ab\t all ! memb]s ( a class4 b4 ,a m9or premise t /ates t ! individual "u consid]ation belongs to ! class nam$4 c4 ,a conclusion t /ates t ! affirmation made ab\t ! class applies to ! individual4 ,^! ?ree /atem5ts con/itute a syllogism4 #f4 ,an en?ymeme is a syllogism ) b "o premise express$4 #g4 ,errors ( d$uction arise-- a4 ,if t]ms are n us$ ?r\gh\t ) ! same mean+4 b4 ,if ! major premise does n make a /atem5t ab\t e memb] ( ! class d5ot$ by ! middle t]m4 c4 ,if ei!r premise is false4 #h4 ,belief 9 a specific proposition may arise-- a4 ,because ( ! pres5tation ( evid5ce :i* is true & p]t95t4 b4 ,because ( a belief 9 "s g5]al pr9ciple or !ory :i* applies to x4 ,9 argu+ !re=e we-- a4 ,pres5t true & p]t95t facts1 or evid5ce2 or b4 ,appeal directly to g5]al !ories1 or by means ( facts1 maxims1 allusions1 inf]5ces1 or ! quot+ ( au?orities1 seek to call up su* !ories4 #i4 ,classes ( argum5ts3-- a4 ,argum5ts f cause4 b4 ,argum5ts f sign & att5dant circum/ances4 c4 ,argum5ts f example & analogy4 #aj4 ,arrangem5t4 a4 ,argum5ts f cause %\ld prec$e argum5ts f sign1 & argum5ts f sign %\ld prec$e argum5ts f example4 b4 ,inductive argum5ts usually prec$e d$uctive argum5ts4 c4 ,argum5ts %\ld be arrang$ ) ref]5ce to climax4 d4 ,argum5ts %\ld be arrang$1 :5 possible1 9 a coh]5t ord]4 #aa4 ,9 mak+ a brief ! above pr9ciples ( arrangem5t %\ld be obs]v$4 ,att5tion %\ld be giv5 to unity s t ! trivial & false may be exclud$4 #ab4 ,p]suasion is argum5t t aims to e/abli% ! wisdom ( a c\rse ( action4 #ac4 ,p]suasion appeals l>gely to ! feel+s4 a4 ,^? feel+s ( satisfaction result+ f approval1 comm5dation1 or praise1 or ! desire to avoid blame1 disa/]1 or loss ( self-e/eem4 b4 ,^? feel+s result+ f ! prop] & legitimate use ( "o's p[]s4 c4 ,^? feel+s :i* arise f possession1 ei!r actual or anticipat$4 #ad4 ,p]suasion is conc]n$ )-- a4 ,que/ions ( "r4 b4 ,que/ions ( exp$i5cy4 ,,app5dix ,i4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,=m #a4 ,importance ( ,=m4--,! sugge/ions :i* h be5 made = ! correction ( ! ,!mes h laid emphasis ^u ! ?\ght4 ,?\gh ! ?\ght side is ! m important1 yet c>eful att5tion mu/ also be giv5 to ! =m 9 :i* x is /at$4 ,if we wi% to express our ?\ghts s t !y w be und]/ood by o!rs1 we %all be sur] to succe$ if we use ! =ms to :i* our he>]s are accu/om$4 ,! great purpose ( composition is ! cle> expression ( ?\ght1 & ?is is aid$ by ! use ( ! =ms :i* are conv5tional & cu/om>y4 ,wrong habits ( spee* indicate loos5ess & c>elessness ( ?\ght1 & if n correct$ %[ a lack ( tra9+4 ,9 speak+1 our language goes directly to ! li/5] )\t revision4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ess5tial t we pay mu* att5tion to ! =m ( ! expression s t x may be correct :5 we use x4 ,our aim %\ld be to avoid an error r ?an to correct x4 ,simil>ly 9 writ+1 y\r ef=t %\ld be giv5 to avoid+ errors r ?an to correct+ ^? already made4 ,a misspell$ ^w or an incorrect grammatical =m 9 ! lett] t y s5d to a bus9ess man may %[ y to be s c>eless & inaccurate t he w n wi% to h y 9 8 employ4 ,9 su* a case x is only ! avoidance ( ! error t is ( value4 ,y mu/ det]m9e = y\rself t ! lett] is correct be=e y s5d x4 ,?is same condition %\ld prevail ) ref]5ce to y\r s*ool !mes4 ,! tea*] may return ^! = correction1 b y mu/ n =get t ! purpose ( ?is correction is m]ely to emphasize ! correct =m s t y w use x 9 y\r next !me4 ,x w be helpful to h "s "o po9t out y\r individual mi/akes1 b x is only by att5tion to !m on y\r own "p & by a def9ite & long-cont9u$ ef=t to avoid !m t y w really accompli% mu* t[>d ! e/abli%+ ( correct language habits4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 o!r ?+s1 ! mo/ rapid progress w be made by do+ b "o ?+ at a "t4 ,_m matt]s ( =m are already famili> to y4 ,a brief /atem5t ( ^! is made 9 ord] to s]ve z a review & to secure uni=mity 9 class "w4 #a4 ,neatness4--,all pap]s %\ld be free f blots & f+] m>ks4 ,corrections %\ld be neatly done4 ,c>e 9 correct+ or int]l9+ w (t5 r5d] copy+ unnecess>y4 #b4 ,legibility4--,excell5ce ( ?\ght is n dep5d5t ^u p5man%ip1 & ! be/ composition may be ! mo/ difficult to read4 ,a poorly writt5 composition is1 h[ev]1 m likely to be consid]$ bad ?an "o t is well writt54 ,a pla91 legible1 & rapid h&writ+ is s valuable an accompli%m5t t x is well wor? acquir+4 #c4 ,pap]4--,:ite1 unrul$ pap]1 ab\t #h-a_/b by #aa in*es1 is be/ = composition purposes4 ,! ability to write /raight across ! page )\t ! aid ( l9es c be acquir$ by practice4 ,x is cu/om>y to write on only "o side ( ! pap]4 #d4 ,m>g9s4--,leave a m>g9 ( ab\t "o in* at ! left ( ! %eet4 ,except 9 =mal notes & special =ms !re w be no m>g9 at ! "r4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to beg9 ! l9es at ! left exactly "u ea* o!r1 b ! v>y+ l5g? ( words makes x impossible to end ! l9es at ! "r at exactly ! same place4 ,a ^w %\ld n be cr[d$ into a space too small = x1 nor %\ld "p ( x be put on ! next l9e1 z is cu/om>y 9 pr9t+1 unless x is a comp\nd "o1 su* z /eam-boat4 ,spaces ( too great l5g? at ! end ( a l9e may be avoid$ by slightly l5g!n+ ! prec$+ words or ! spaces betwe5 !m4 #e4 ,spac+4--,ea* !me %\ld h a title4 ,x %\ld be plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! l9e above ! composition1 & %\ld h all important words capitaliz$4 ,titles too long = a s+le l9e may be writt5 z foll[s3-- ,,my ,,trip ,,to ,,*icago ,,on ,a ,,bicycle ,) unrul$ pap] "s c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep ! l9es ! same di/ance ap>t4 ,! spaces betwe5 s5t5ces %\ld be some:at great] ?an ^? betwe5 words4 ,p>agraphs are indicat$ by ind5tations4 #f4 ,corrections4--,^! are be/ made by us+ a %>p knife or an ink eras]4 ,sometimes1 if neatly done1 a l9e may be drawn ?r\gh an incorrect ^w & ! correct "o writt5 above x4 ,omitt$ words may be writt5 betwe5 ! l9es & ! place :]e !y belong indicat$ by a c>et4 ,if a page conta9s _m corrections1 x %\ld be copi$4 #g4 ,inscription & ,fold+4--,! tea*] w give directions z to inscription & fold+4 ,he w indicate :at in=mation he wi%es1 su* z "n1 class1 date1 etc41 & :]e x is to be writt54 ,ea* page %\ld be numb]$4 ,if ! pap] is fold$1 x %\ld be done ) neatness & precision4 #b4 ,capitals4--,! use ( capitals w s]ve to illu/rate ! value ( us+ conv5tional =ms4 ,we are s accu/om$ to see+ a prop] "n1 su* z ,mr4 ,br[n1 writt5 ) capitals t we %\ld be puzzl$ if we %\ld f9d x writt5 )\t capitals4 ,! s5t5ce1 ,b5-,hur 0 writt5 by ,lew ,wallace1 w\ld look unfamili> if writt5 )\t capitals4 ,we are s us$ to our pres5t =ms t beg9n+ s5t5ces ) small lett]s w\ld h9d] ! ready compreh5sion ( ! ?\ght4 ,ev]ybody agrees t capitals %\ld be us$ to beg9 s5t5ces1 direct que/ions1 names ( deity1 days ( ! week1 ! mon?s1 ea* l9e ( poetry1 ! pron\n ,i1 ! int]jection ,o1 etc41 & no good writ] w fail to use !m4 ,usage v>ies some:at 9 reg>d to capitals 9 "s o!r places4 ,su* expressions z ,ohio riv]1 ,l9coln s*ool1 ,jackson c\nty1 /ate ( ,ill9ois1 once _h bo? names capitaliz$4 ,! pres5t t5d5cy is to write !m z above4 ,ev5 titles ( honor are n capitaliz$ unless !y are us$ ) a prop] "n2 = example1 ,he introduc$ ,g5]al ,grant ,! g5]al !n spoke4 #c4 ,rules ( ,capitalization4--#a4 ,e s5t5ce & e l9e ( poetry beg9 ) capitals4 #b4 ,e direct quotation1 except brief phrases & subord9ate p>ts ( s5t5ces1 beg9s ) a capital4 #c4 ,prop] n\ns & adjectives d]iv$ f prop] n\ns beg9 ) capitals4 ,"s adjectives1 ?\gh d]iv$ f prop] n\ns1 are no long] capitaliz$2 e4g4 voltaic4 #d4 ,titles ( honor :5 us$ ) ! "n ( a p]son beg9 ) capitals4 #e4 ,! fir/ ^w & e important ^w 9 ! titles ( books1 etc41 beg9 ) capitals4 #f4 ,! pron\n ,i & ! int]jection ,o are always capitaliz$4 #g4 ,names appli$ to ! ,deity are capitaliz$ & pron\ns ref]r+ !reto1 especially if p]sonal1 are usually capitaliz$4 #h4 ,important words are (t5 capitaliz$ = emphasis1 especially words 9 text-books indicat+ topics4 #d4 ,punctuation4--,! mean+ ( a s5t5ce dep5ds l>gely on ! gr\p+ ( words t are relat$ 9 s5se to ea* o!r4 ,:5 we are read+ al\d we make ! s5se cle> by br++ out to ! he>] ?is gr\p+4 ,?is is accompli%$ by ! use ( pauses & by emphasis & inflection4 ,9 writ+ we mu/ d = ! eye :at inflection & pauses d = ! e>4 ,we !re=e use punctuation m>ks to indicate inflection & emphasis1 & especially to %[ ^w gr\p+4 ,punctuation m>ks are important because _! purpose is to assi/ 9 mak+ ! s5se cle>4 ,!re are _m special rules m or less famili> to y1 b !y may all be includ$ "u ! "o g5]al /atem5t3 ,use su* m>ks & only su* m>ks z w assi/ ! read] 9 gett+ ! s5se4 ,:at m>ks we %all use & h[ we %all use !m w be det]m9$ by cu/om4 ,9 ord] to b5efit a read]1 m>ks mu/ be us$ 9 ways ) :i* he is famili>4 ,punctuation *anges f "t to "t4 ,! pres5t t5d5cy is to omit all m>ks n absolutely necess>y to ! cle> und]/&+ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,!re are "s v def9ite rules1 b !re are o!rs t _c be made s def9ite1 & ! application ( !m requires c>e & judgm5t on ! "p ( ! writ]4 ,improvem5t w come only by practice4 ,s5t5ces %\ld n be writt5 = ! purpose ( illu/rat+ punctuation4 ,! mean+ ( :at y are writ+ ought to be cle> to y1 & ! punctuation m>ks %\ld be put 9 z y write1 n ins]t$ aft]w>d4 #e4 ,rules = ! ,use ( ! ,comma4--#a4 ,! comma is us$ to sep>ate words or phrases hav+ ! same con/ruction1 us$ 9 a s]ies4 ,judges1 s5ators1 & repres5tatives 7 imprison$4 ,! c\ntry is a good place to be born 91 a good place to die 91 a good place to live 9 at lea/ "p ( ! ye>4 ,if any conjunctions are us$ to connect ! la/ two memb]s1 ! comma may or may n be us$ 9 connection ) ! conjunction4 ,! cabbage palmetto af=ds %ade1 k9dl+1 b$1 & food4 #b4 ,words or expressions 9 apposition %\ld be sep>at$ by a comma4 ,! native ,indian dress is an evolution1 a survival f long ye>s ( wild life4 #c4 ,commas are us$ to sep>ate words 9 direct address f ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,b[ d[n1 de> ,l&1 = ?\ ha/ f\nd release4 ,o1 ,sohrab1 an unquiet he>t is ?9e6 #d4 ,introductory & p>5!tical words or expressions are set (f by commas4 ,h[ev]1 ! curr5t is n>r[ & v %all[ "h4 ,?is1 9 a g5]al way1 describes ! scope ( ! small p>ks or playgr\nds4 ,if ! p>5!tical expression is long & n v closely relat$ to ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce1 da%es or m>ks ( p>5!sis are frequ5tly us$4 ,"s writ]s use !m ev5 :5 ! connection is some:at close4 #e4 ,! comma is frequ5tly us$ to sep>ate ! p>ts ( a long comp\nd pr$icate4 ,p9e tor*es h no glass to break1 & are )9 ! rea* ( any man :o c wield an ax4 #f4 ,a comma is (t5 us$ to sep>ate a subject ) sev]al modifi]s1 or ) a long modifi]1 f ! pr$icate v]b4 ,"o ( ! mi/akes (t5 made 9 beg9n+ ! /udy ( birds ) small *ildr51 is 9 plac+ /ress ^u le>n+ by sight & "n z _m species ( birds z possible4 #g4 ,p>ticipial & adjective phrases & adv]b phrases out ( _! natural ord] %\ld be sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce by commas4 ,a knight1 clad 9 armor1 0 ! mo/ conspicu\s figure ( all4 ,to ! m9d ( ! writ]1 ?is explanation has mu* to comm5d x4 #h4 ,:5 negative expressions are us$ 9 ord] to %[ a contra/1 !y are set (f by commas4 ,!y believ$ 9 m51 n 9 m]e work]s 9 ! great human work%op4 #i4 ,commas are us$ 9 complex s5t5ces to sep>ate ! dep5d5t clause f ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,! great majority ( p w\ld be bett] (f1 if !y _h m money & sp5t x4 ,:ile ! fl\r is be+ made1 samples are s5t e h\r to ! te/+ dep>tm5t4 ,if ! connection is close1 ! comma is usually omitt$1 especially :5 ! dep5d5t clause comes la/4 ,i w be !re :5 ! tra9 arrives4 #aj4 ,:5 a relative clause furni%es an additional ?\ght1 x %\ld be sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce by a comma4 ,hiram ,watts1 :o has be5 liv+ 9 ,new ,york = six ye>s1 has j return$ to ,engl&4 ,if ! relative clause is re/rictive1 t is1 if x re/ricts or limits ! mean+ ( ! antec$5t1 ! comma is unnecess>y4 ,?is is ! be/ article t he ev] wrote4 #aa4 ,commas are us$ to sep>ate ! memb]s ( a comp\nd s5t5ce :5 !y are %ort or closely connect$4 ,irel& is ri* 9 m9]als1 yet !re is b little m9+ done !re4 ,brea! x1 exult 9 x1 ,all ! day long1 ,glide 9 x1 leap 9 x1 ,?rill x ) song4 #ab4 ,%ort quotations %\ld be sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce by a comma4 ,!re mu/ be a beav] dam "h1 he call$4 #ac4 ,! omissions ( important words 9 a s5t5ce %\ld be indicat$ by commas4 ,if y c1 come to-morr[2 if n1 come next week4 #f4 ,rules = ! ,use ( ! ,semicolon4--#a4 ,:5 ! memb]s ( a comp\nd s5t5ce are long or are n closely connect$1 semicolons %\ld be us$ to sep>ate !m4 ,web/] c\ld address a b5* ( judges2 ,ev]ett c\ld *>m a college2 ,*oate c\ld delude a jury2 ,clay c\ld magnetize a s5ate1 & ,tom ,corw9 c\ld hold ! mob 9 8 "r h&2 b no "o ( ^! m5 c\ld d m ?an ?is "o ?+4 --,w5dell ,phillips4 ,we might z well decide ! "q n[2 = we %all surely be oblig$ to soon4 #b4 ,:5 ! memb]s ( a comp\nd s5t5ce !mselves conta9 commas1 !y %\ld be sep>at$ f "o ano!r by semicolons4 ,z ,caes> lov$ me1 ,i weep = him2 z he 0 =tunate1 ,i rejoice at x2 z he 0 valiant1 ,i honor him2 b1 z he 0 ambiti\s1 ,i slew him4 --,%akespe>e4 #c4 ,! semicolon %\ld be us$ to prec$e z1 namely1 i4e41 e4g41 viz4 ,"s adjectives are comp>$ irregul>ly2 z1 good1 bad1 & little4 #d4 ,:5 a s]ies ( di/9ct /atem5ts all h a common dep5d5ce on :at prec$es or foll[s !m1 !y may be sep>at$ f ea* o!r by semicolons4 ,:5 subject to ! influ5ce ( cold we eat m2 we *oose m heat-produc+ foods1 z fatty food/uffs2 we take m vigor\s ex]cise2 we put on m clo?+1 especially ( ! non-conduct+ k9ds--wool5s4 #g4 ,rules = ! ,use ( ! ,colon4--#a4 ,! colon is us$ be=e long or =mal quotations1 be=e enum]ations1 & be=e ! conclusion ( a previ\s /atem5t4 ,old ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne %rewdly obs]ves3 ,e man is n only himself4 ,!re h be5 _m ,diog5eses & _m ,timons ?\gh b few ( ! "n4 ,m5 are liv$ ov] aga94 ,! _w is n[ z x 0 9 ages pa/4 ,!re 7 none !n1 b !re has be5 "o s9ce1 t p>allels him1 & is1 z x 71 reviv$ self4 --,george ,dana ,bo>dman4 ,adjectives are divid$ into two g5]al classes3 descriptive & def9itive adjectives4 ,! foll[+ memb]s s5t 9 _! resignations3 ,mrs4 ,william ,m4 ,murphy1 ,mrs4 ,ralph ,b4 ,wiltsie1 & ,mrs4 ,john ,c4 ,cl>k4 #b4 ,! colon is us$ to sep>ate ! diff]5t memb]s ( a comp\nd s5t5ce1 :5 !y !mselves are divid$ by semicolons4 ,x is too w>m to-day2 ! sun%9e is too bright2 ! %ade1 too pleasant3 we w wait until to-morr[ or we w h "s "o else d x :5 ! busy "t is ov]4 #h4 ,rules = ! ,use ( ! ,p]iod4--#a4 ,! p]iod is us$ at ! close ( imp]ative & decl>ative s5t5ces4 #b4 ,all abbreviations %\ld be foll[$ by a p]iod4 #i4 ,rule = ! ,use ( ! ,int]rogation ,m>k4--,! int]rogation m>k %\ld be us$ aft] all direct que/ions4 #aj4 ,rule = ! ,use ( ! ,exclamation ,m>k4--,int]jections & exclamatory words & expressions %\ld be foll[$ by ! exclamation m>k4 ,sometimes ! exclamatory ^w is only a "p ( ! :ole exclamation4 ,9 ?is case1 ! exclamatory ^w %\ld be foll[$ by a comma1 & ! entire exclamation by an exclamation m>k4 ,see1 h[ ! lightn+ fla%es6 #aa4 ,rules = ! ,use ( ! ,da%4--#a4 ,! da% is us$ to %[ sudd5 *anges 9 ?\ght or breaks 9 spee*4 ,i c speak ( ?is bett] :5 temptation comes my way--if x ev] does4 #b4 ,! da% is (t5 us$ 9 ! place ( commas or m>ks ( p>5!sis to set (f p>5!tical expressions4 ,9 ! m\nta9s ( ,new ,york ,/ate ?is mo/ valuable tree--! spruce-- ab\nds4 #c4 ,! da%1 ei!r alone or 9 connection ) ! comma1 is us$ to po9t out t "p ( a s5t5ce on :i* special /ress is to be plac$4 ,i saw unprun$ fruit trees1 brok5 f5ces1 & f>m implem5ts1 ru/+ 9 ! ra9--all evid5ces ( wa/$ "t4 #d4 ,! da% is sometimes us$ ) ! colon be=e long quotations1 be=e an enum]ation ( ?+s1 or be=e a =mally introduc$ /atem5t4 #ab4 ,rules = ! ,use ( ,quotation ,m>ks4--#a4 ,quotation m>ks are us$ to inclose direct quotations4 ,9 all ! great affairs ( life "o mu/ run "s risk1 %e rem>k$4 #b4 ,a quotation )9 a quotation is usually indicat$ by s+le quotation m>ks4 ,c y tell me :]e ,i c f9d ',ri5zi's ,address'8 ask$ a "y lady ( a cl]k 9 ,brooklyn4 #c4 ,:5 a quotation is int]rupt$ by p>5!tical expressions1 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! quotation %\ld be inclos$ 9 quotation m>ks4 ,br+ =?1 cri$ ! mon>*1 ! vessels ( gold4 #d4 ,:5 ! quotation consi/s ( sev]al p>agraphs1 ! quotation m>ks are plac$ at ! beg9n+ ( ea* p>agraph & at ! close ( ! la/ "o4 #ac4 ,rule = ! ,use ( ! ,apo/rophe4--,! apo/rophe is us$ to d5ote ! possessive case1 to indicate ! omission ( lett]s1 & to =m ! plural ( signs1 figures1 & lett]s4 ,9 ! tea*]'s copy book y w f9d sev]al fancy ,a's & #c's :i* c't be di/+ui%$ f engrav+s4 ,,ii4 ,,review ,,( ,,gramm> ,,! ,,s5t5ce #ad4 ,engli% gramm> is ! /udy ( ! =ms ( ,engli% words & _! relation%ip to "o ano!r z !y appe> 9 s5t5ces4 ,a s5t5ce is a gr\p ( words t expresses a complete ?\ght4 #ae4 ,elem5ts ( a ,s5t5ce4--,! elem5ts ( a s5t5ce1 z reg>ds ! (fice t !y p]=m1 are ! subject & ! pr$icate4 ,! subject is t ab\t :i* some?+ is ass]t$1 & ! pr$icate is t :i* ass]ts some?+ ab\t ! subject4 ,"s pr$icates may consi/ ( a s+le ^w or ^w-gr\p1 able 9 itself to complete a s5t5ce3 ,! ?ru% s+s4 ,! ?ru% has be5 s++4 ,"s require a foll[+ ^w or words3 ,william /ruck ,john 7object complem5t1 or object74 ,edw>d became k+ 7attribute complem5t74 ,! p made ,edw>d k+ 7objective complem5t74 ,! necess>y p>ts ( a s5t5ce are3 "s "n = ! object ( ?\ght 7to :i* ! g5]al t]m sub/antive may be giv572 "s ^w or gr\p ( words to make ass]tion conc]n+ ! sub/antive 7g5]al t]m1 ass]tive72 &1 9 case ( an incomplete ass]tive1 "o ( ! above giv5 completions ( its mean+ 7object complem5t1 attribute complem5t1 objective complem5t74 ,9 addition to ^! necess>y elem5ts ( ! s5t5ce1 words or gr\ps ( words may be add$ to make ! mean+ ( any "o ( ! elem5ts m exact4 ,su* additions are kn[n z modifi]s4 ,! ^w-gr\ps :i* are us$ z modifi]s are ! phrase & ! clause4 ,! ?ru%1 s+s 9 ! p9e woods 7phrase74 ,! wayf>] :o he>s ! ?ru% is inde$ =tunate 7clause74 ,bo? ! subject & ! pr$icate may be unmodifi$3 ,bees buzz2 bo? may be modifi$3 ,! honey bees buzz 9 ! clov]2 "o may be modifi$ & ! o!r unmodifi$3 ,bees buzz 9 ! clov]4 ,! unmodifi$ subject may be call$ ! simple subject1 or1 m]ely1 ! subject4 ,if modifi$1 x becomes ! complete subject4 ,! ass]tive elem5t1 toge!r ) ! attribute complem5t1 if "o is pres5t1 may be call$ ! simple pr$icate4 ,if modifi$1 x becomes ! complete pr$icate4 ,"s gramm>ians call ! ass]tive elem5t1 alone1 ! simple pr$icate2 modifi$ or complet$1 ! complete pr$icate4 #af4 ,classification ( ,s5t5ces z to ,purpose4--,s5t5ces are classifi$ accord+ to purpose into ?ree classes3 decl>ative1 int]rogative1 & imp]ative s5t5ces4 ,a decl>ative s5t5ce is "o t makes a /atem5t or decl>es some?+3 ,columbus cross$ ! ,atlantic4 ,an int]rogative s5t5ce is "o t asks a "q3 ,:o wrote ,"m ,goose84 ,an imp]ative s5t5ce is "o t expresses a comm& or entreaty3 ,fl+ away ambition4 ,ea* k9d ( s5t5ce may be ( an exclamatory nature1 & !n ! s5t5ce is said to be an exclamatory s5t5ce3 ,h[ happy all ! *ildr5 are6 7exclamatory decl>ative74 ,:o s base z be a slave8 7exclamatory int]rogative74 ,heap high ! f>m]'s w9try ho>d6 7exclamatory imp]ative74 ,notice t ! exclamation po9t foll[s ! decl>ative & imp]ative =ms1 b ! int]rogative =m is foll[$ by ! "q m>k4 ,,words ,,& ,,_! ,,(fices #ag4 ,! ,individual ,elem5ts ( :i* e s5t5ce is compos$ are words4 ,e ^w is ! sign ( "s idea4 ,ea* ( ! words horse1 he1 blue1 speaks1 m]rily1 at1 & because1 has a c]ta9 nam+ value1 m or less def9ite1 = ! m9d ( ! read]4 ,( ^!1 horse1 blue1 he1 m]rily1 h a fairly vivid descriptive p[]4 ,9 ! case ( at & because1 ! ma9 (fice is1 evid5tly1 to express a relation betwe5 o!r ideas3 ,i am at my po/1 ,i g because ,i mu/4 ,! ^w speaks is less cle>ly a relational ^w2 at fir/ ?\ght x w\ld seem to h only ! (fice ( pictur+ an activity4 ,t x also fills ! (fice ( a connective w be evid5t if we comp>e ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,he speaks 9 public4 ,he is a public speak]4 ,x is evid5t t speaks conta9s 9 itself ! nam+ value repres5t$ 9 ! ^w speak]1 b also has ! connect+ (fice fulfill$ 9 ! second s5t5ce by is4 ,all words h1 !re=e1 a nam+ (fice1 & "s h 9 addition a connect+ or relational (fice4 ,,p>ts ,,( ,,spee* #ah4 ,p>ts ( ,spee*4--,:5 we exam9e ! diff]5t words 9 s5t5ces we f9d t1 9 spite ( ^! fundam5tally simil> qualities1 ! words are s]v+ diff]5t purposes4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 purpose or use s]ves z ! basis = divid+ words into eight classes1 call$ ,p>ts ( ,spee*4 ,use alone det]m9es to :i* class a ^w 9 any giv5 s5t5ce %all belong4 ,n only are s+le words s classifi$1 b any "p ( spee* may be repres5t$ by a gr\p ( words4 ,su* a gr\p is ei!r a phrase or a clause4 ,a phrase is a gr\p ( words1 conta9+ nei!r subject nor pr$icate1 t is us$ z a s+le "p ( spee*4 ,a clause is a gr\p ( words1 conta9+ bo? subject & pr$icate1 t is us$ z "p ( a s5t5ce4 ,if us$ z a s+le "p ( spee*1 x is call$ a subord9ate1 or dep5d5t1 clause4 ,"s gramm>ians use ! ^w clause = a subord9ate /atem5t only4 #ai4 ,classification4--,! eight p>ts ( spee* may be classifi$ z foll[s3-- ,i4 ,sub/antives3 n\ns1 pron\ns4 ,,ii4 ,ass]tives3 v]bs4 ,,iii4 ,modifi]s3 adjectives1 adv]bs4 ,,iv4 ,connectives3 prepositions1 conjunctions4 ,v4 ,int]jections4 #bj4 ,def9itions4--,! p>ts ( spee* may be def9$ z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,a n\n is a ^w us$ z a "n4 7#b7 ,a pron\n is a ^w us$ 9 place ( a n\n1 designat+ a p]son1 place1 or ?+ )\t nam+ x4 7#c7 ,an adjective is a ^w t modifies a sub/antive4 7#d7 ,a v]b is a ^w t ass]ts some?+--action1 /ate1 or be+--- conc]n+ a sub/antive4 7#e7 ,an adv]b is a ^w t modifies a v]b1 adjective1 or ano!r adv]b4 7#f7 ,a preposition is a ^w t %[s ! relation ( ! sub/antive t foll[s x to "s o!r ^w or words 9 ! s5t5ce4 7#g7 ,a conjunction is a ^w t connects words or gr\ps ( words us$ 9 ! same way4 7#h7 ,an int]jection is a cry express+ emotion1 b n =m+ "p ( ! s5t5ce4 ,,n\ns #ba4 ,classes ( ,n\ns4--,n\ns are divid$ into two g5]al classes3 prop] n\ns ,e/h] & common n\ns girl4 ,common n\ns include ab/ract n\ns happ9ess & collective n\ns army4 ,any ^w m5tion$ m]ely z a ^w is a n\n3 ,& is a conjunction4 #bb4 ,inflection4--,a *ange 9 ! =m ( a ^w to d5ote a *ange 9 its mean+ is t]m$ inflection4 #bc4 ,numb]4--,! mo/ common inflection ( ! n\n is t :i* %[s u :e!r ! "n d5otes "o or m ?an "o4 ,! p[] ( ! n\n to d5ote "o or m ?an "o is t]m$ numb]4 ,a n\n t d5otes b "o object is s+ul> 9 numb]4 ,a n\n t d5otes m ?an "o object is plural 9 numb]4 ,! plural numb] ( n\ns is regul>ly =m$ by add+ s & es to ! s+ul> bank1 banks2 box1 boxes4 ,o!r po9ts to be not$ conc]n+ ! plural ( n\ns are z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! irregul> plural 9 en *ild1 *ildr54 #b4 ,=mation ( ! plural by int]nal *ange goose1 geese4 #c4 ,f\rte5 n\ns end+ 9 f or fe *ange ! f or fe into yes leaf1 leaves4 #d4 ,n\ns end+ 9 y1 prec$$ by a consonant1 *ange ! y to i & add es enemy1 enemies4 #e4 ,lett]s1 figures1 signs1 etc41 =m _! plural by add+ 's3,y h us$ too _m i's4 #f4 ,n\ns tak5 f o!r languages usually =m _! plurals accord+ to ! laws ( ^? languages ph5om5on1 ph5om5a4 #g4 ,a few n\ns 9 our language d n *ange _! =m to d5ote numb]4 7a7 ,"s n\ns h ! same =m1 = bo? ! s+ul> & ! plural %eep1 de]4 7b7 ,"s n\ns are us$ only 9 ! plural scissors1 ?anks4 7c7 ,"s n\ns h no plurals pride1 fle%4 7d7 ,"s n\ns1 plural 9 =m1 h a s+ul> mean+ measles1 news1 politics4 #h4 ,comp\nd n\ns usually =m _! plural by pluraliz+ ! n\n "p ( ! comp\nd si/]-9-law1 si/]s-9-law4 ,if ! words ( ! comp\nd are bo? n\ns1 & are ( equal importance1 bo? are giv5 a plural end+ mans]vant1 m5s]vants4 ,:5 ! comp\nd is ?\ght ( z a :ole1 ! la/ "p only is made plural spoonful1 spoonfuls4 #i4 ,prop] names usually =m _! plurals regul>ly4 ,if !y are prec$$ by titles1 !y =m _! plurals ei!r by pluraliz+ ! title or by pluraliz+ ! "n ,! ,misses ,hunt] or ! ,miss ,hunt]s4 ,! ,messrs4 ,ke5e or ! two ,mr4 ,ke5es4 ,! ,ma/]s ,burke4 ,! ,mrs4 ,h>risons4 #aj4 ,a few n\ns h two plurals diff]+ 9 mean+ or use clo?1 clo?s1 clo!s2 p5ny1 p5nies1 p5ce4 #bd4 ,case4--,case is ! relation t a n\n or pron\n be>s to "s o!r ^w 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,inflection ( n\ns or pron\ns = ! purpose ( d5ot+ case is t]m$ decl5sion4 ,!re are ?ree cases 9 ! ,engli% language3 ! nom9ative1 ! possessive1 & ! objective2 b n\ns %[ only two =ms = ea* numb]1 z ! nom9ative & objective cases h ! same =m4 #be4 ,=mation ( ! ,possessive4--,n\ns 9 ! s+ul>1 & ^? 9 ! plural n already end+ 9 s1 =m ! possessive regul>ly by add+ 's to ! nom9ative f+]1 f+]'s2 geese1 geese's4 ,9 case ! plural already ends 9 s1 ! possessive case adds only ! apo/rophe girls'4 ,a few s+ul> n\ns add only ! apo/rophe1 :5 ! addition ( ! 's w\ld make an unpleasant s\nd ,moses'4 ,comp\nd n\ns =m ! possessive case by add+ 's to ! la/ ^w4 ,?is is also ! rule :5 two names d5ot+ jo9t own]%ip are us$3 ,bradbury & ,em]y's ,algebra4 ,notice t 9 ! foll[+ expression ! 's is affix$ to ! second n\n only3 ,my si/] ,m>?a's book4 ,names ( inanimate objects usually sub/itute prepositional phrases to d5ote possession3 ,! h>dness ( ! rock1 n ,! rock's h>dness4 #bf4 ,g5d]4--,g5d] is ! p[] ( n\ns & pron\ns to d5ote sex4 ,n\ns or pron\ns d5ot+ males are ( ! mascul9e g5d]2 ^? d5ot+ females are ( ! fem99e g5d]2 & ^? d5ot+ ?+s )\t animal life are ( ! neut] g5d]4 #bg4 ,p]son4--,p]son is ! p[] ( "o class ( pron\ns to %[ :e!r ! speak]1 ! p]son spok5 to1 or ! p]son or ?+ spok5 ( is designat$4 ,accord+ to ! p]son d5ot$1 ! pron\n is said to be 9 ! fir/1 second1 or ?ird p]son4 ,n\ns & _m pron\ns are n inflect$ = p]son1 b mo/ gramm>ians attribute p]son to !m because ! context ( ! s5t5ce 9 :i* !y are us$ %[s :at p]sons !y repres5t4 #bh4 ,con/ructions ( ,n\ns4--,! foll[+ are ! usual con/ructions ( n\ns3-- 7a7 ,! possessive case ( ! n\n d5otes possession4 7b7 ,n\ns 9 ! nom9ative case are us$ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,z ! subject ( a v]b3 ,! we/]n sky is all aflame #b4 ,z an attribute complem5t3 ,autumn is ! mo/ gorge\s season ( ! ye>4 #c4 ,9 an exclamation3 ,alas1 poor s\l1 x c\ld n be64 #d4 ,9 direct address3 ,o hu% !e1 my baby64 #e4 ,absolutely3 ,! ra9 be+ ov]1 ! grass tw9kl$ 9 ! sun%9e4 #f4 ,z a n\n 9 apposition ) a nom9ative3 ,columbus2 a native ( ,g5oa1 discov]$ ,am]ica4 7c7 ,n\ns 9 ! objective case are us$ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,z ! direct object ( a v]b1 t]m$ ei!r ! direct object or ! object complem5t3 ,i saw a ho/ ( gold5 daffodils4 #b4 ,z ! objective complem5t3 ,!y cr[n$ him k+4 #c4 ,z ! indirect object ( a v]b3 ,we gave ,e!l a r+4 #d4 ,z ! object ( a preposition3 ,john ,smi? explor$ ! coa/ ( ,new ,engl&4 #e4 ,z ! subject ( an inf9itive3 ,he comm&$ ! man 7him7to g )\t delay4 #f4 ,z ! attribute ( an express$ subject ( ! inf9itive to be3 ,i ?\ght x to be ,john 7him74 #g4 ,z an adv]bial n\n3 ,he came la/ week4 #h4 ,z a n\n 9 apposition ) an object3 ,/anley f\nd ,liv+/one1 ! great explor]4 #bi4 ,equival5ts = ,n\ns4 #a4 ,pron\n3 ,john gave 8 fa!r a book = ,*ri/mas4 #b4 ,adjective3 ,! good alone are truly great4 #c4 ,adv]b3 ,i d n und]/& ! :ys & :]e=es ( ! process4 #d4 ,a g]und1 or inf9itive 9 +3 ,see+ is believ+4 #e4 ,an inf9itive or inf9itive phrase3 ,) him1 to ?9k is to act4 #f4 ,clause3 ,x is h>d = me to believe t %e took ! money4 ,n\n clauses may be us$ z subject1 object1 attribute complem5t1 & appositive4 #g4 ,a prepositional phrase3 ,ov] ! f5ce is out4 ,,pron\ns #cj4 ,antec$5t4--,! mo/ common equival5t = a n\n is ! pron\n4 ,! sub/antive = :i* ! pron\n is an equival5t is call$ ! antec$5t1 & ) ?is antec$5t ! pron\n mu/ agree 9 p]son1 numb]1 & g5d]1 b n necess>ily 9 case4 #ca4 ,classes ( ,pron\ns4--,pron\ns are commonly divid$ into five classes1 & sometimes a six? class is add$3 7#a7 p]sonal pron\ns1 7#b7 relative pron\ns1 7#c7 int]rogative pron\ns1 7#d7 demon/rative pron\ns1 7#e7 adjective pron\ns17#f7 indef9ite pron\ns 7n always add$74 #cb4 ,p]sonal ,pron\ns4--,p]sonal pron\ns are s call$ because !y %[ by _! =m :e!r !y ref] to ! fir/1 ! second1 or ! ?ird p]son4 ,!re are five p]sonal pron\ns 9 common use3 ,i1 y1 he1 %e1 & x4 #cc4 ,con/ructions ( ,p]sonal ,pron\ns4--,! p]sonal pron\ns are us$ 9 ! same ways 9 :i* n\ns are us$4 ,besides ! regul> uses t ! p]sonal pron\n has1 !re are "s special uses t %\ld be und]/ood4 #a4 ,! ^w x is (t5 us$ 9 an indef9ite way at ! beg9n+ ( a s5t5ce3 ,x sn[s4 ,:5 s us$1 x has no antec$5t1 & we say x is us$ imp]sonally4 #b4 ,! pron\n x is (t5 us$ z ! grammatical subject ( a s5t5ce 9 :i* ! logical subject is f\nd aft] ! pr$icate v]b3 ,x is impossible = u to g4 ,:5 s us$ ! pron\n x is call$ an expletive4 ,!re is us$ 9 ! same way4 #cd4 ,cautions & ,sugge/ions4 #a4 ,be c>eful n to use ! apo/rophe 9 ! possessive =ms its1 y\rs1 ours1 & !irs4 #b4 ,be c>eful to use ! nom9ative =m ( a pron\n us$ z an attribute complem5t3 ,x is ,i2 x is !y4 #c4 ,be sure t ! pron\n agrees 9 numb] ) its antec$5t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common violations ( ?is rule is 9 us+ _! 9 su* s5t5ces z ! foll[+3--,e boy & girl mu/ arrange 8 desk4 ,:o has lo/ 8 book8 ,! use ( e & ! =m has obliges u to make ! possessive pron\ns s+ul>4 ,8 may be reg>d$ z apply+ to females z well z males1 :]e x is conv5i5t n to use ! expression 8 or h]4 #d4 ,! s-call$ subject ( an inf9itive is always 9 ! objective case3 ,i ask$ him to g4 #e4 ,! attribute complem5t w agree 9 case ) ! subject ( ! v]b4 ,h5ce ! attribute complem5t ( an inf9itive is 9 ! objective case3 ,i knew x 7obj47 to be him2 b ! attribute complem5t ( ! subject ( a f9ite v]b is 9 ! nom9ative case3 ,i knew x 7nom47 0 he4 #f4 ,words %\ld be s arrang$ 9 a s5t5ce t !re w be no d\bt 9 ! m9d conc]n+ ! antec$5t ( ! pron\n4 #g4 ,d n use ! p]sonal pron\n =m !m = ! adjective ^?3 ,^? books are m9e4 #ce4 ,comp\nd ,p]sonal ,pron\ns4--,to ! p]sonal pron\ns my1 our1 y\r1 him1 h]1 x1 & !m1 ! syllables self 7s+ul>7 & selves 7plural7 may be add$1 ?us =m+ :at are t]m$ comp\nd p]sonal pron\ns4 ,^! pron\ns h only two uses3-- #a4 ,!y are us$ = emphasis3 ,he himself is an au?ority on ! subject4 #b4 ,!y are also us$ reflexively3 ,! boy injur$ himself4 #cf4 ,! ,relative or ,conjunctive ,pron\ns4--,! pron\ns :o1 :i*1 :at 7 t :i*71 t1 & z 7aft] su*7 are m ?an equival5ts = n\ns1 inasmu* z !y s]ve z connectives4 ,!y are (t5 nam$ relative pron\ns because !y relate to "s antec$5t ei!r express$ or impli$2 !y are equally well nam$ conjunctive pron\ns because !y are us$ z connectives4 ,!y introduce subord9ate clauses only2 ^! clauses are call$ relative clauses1 & s9ce !y modify sub/antives1 are also call$ adjective clauses4 #cg4 ,uses ( ,relative ,pron\ns4--,:o is us$ to repres5t p]sons1 & objects or ideas p]sonifi$2 :i* is us$ to repres5t ?+s2 t & z are us$ to repres5t bo? p]sons & ?+s4 ,:5 a clause is us$ = ! purpose ( po9t+ out "s p>ticul> p]son1 object1 or idea1 x is usually introduc$ by t2 b :5 ! clause supplies an additional ?\ght1 :o or :i* is m frequ5tly us$4 ,! =m] is call$ a re/rictive clause1 & ! latt]1 a non-re/rictive clause4 ,! boy t broke 8 leg has fully recov]$ 7re/rictive74 ,note ! omission ( ! comma be=e t4 ,my elde/ bro!r1 :o is n[ 9 ,engl&1 w return by ,june 7non-re/rictive74 ,note ! inclosure ( ! clause 9 commas4 ,see ,app5dix #e1 rule #aj4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce x is evid5t t ! int5t ( ! writ] is to sep>ate1 9 ?\ght1 ! boy t broke 8 leg f all o!r boys4 ,al?\gh ! clause does inde$ describe ! boy's condition1 x does s = ! purpose ( limit+ or re/rict+ ?\ght to "o especial boy among _m4 ,9 ! second s5t5ce ! especial p]son meant is indicat$ by ! ^w elde/4 ,! clause1 :o is n[ 9 ,engl&1 is put 9 = ! sake ( giv+ an additional bit ( in=mation4 #ch4 ,con/ructions ( ,relative ,pron\ns4--,relative pron\ns may be us$ z subject1 object1 object ( a preposition1 subject ( an inf9itive1 & possessive modifi]4 ,! relative pron\n is reg>d$ z agree+ 9 p]son ) its antec$5t4 ,its v]b1 !re=e1 takes ! p]son ( ! antec$5t3 ,i1 :o am y\r fri5d1 w assi/ y4 ,! case ( ! relative is det]m9$ by its con/ruction 9 ! clause 9 :i* x is f\nd3 ,he :om ! presid5t appo9t$ 0 fitt$ = ! position4 #ci4 ,comp\nd ,relative ,pron\ns4--,! comp\nd relative pron\ns are =m$ by add+ ev] & soev] to ! relative pron\ns :o1 :i*1 & :at4 ,^! h ! con/ructions ( ! simple relatives1 & ! same rules hold ab\t p]son & case3 ,give x to :oev] wi%es x4 ,give x to :omev] y see4 #dj4 ,int]rogative ,pron\ns4--,! pron\ns :o1 :i*1 & :at are us$ to ask que/ions1 & :5 s us$1 are call$ int]rogative pron\ns4 ,:o ref]s to p]sons2 :at1 to ?+s2 & :i*1 to p]sons or ?+s4 ,l ! relatives :o has ?ree case =ms2 :i* & :at are un9flect$4 ,! impli$ "q 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,i "k :om y saw1 is1 ,:om did y see8 ,! introductory :om is an int]rogative pron\n1 & ! clause itself is call$ an indirect "q4 ,! words :i*1 :at1 & ^: may also be us$ z modifi]s ( sub/antives1 & :5 s us$ !y are call$ int]rogative adjectives3 ,:at mann] ( man is ?is8 ,^: *ild is ?is8 ,:i* book did y *oose84 #da4 ,demon/rative ,pron\ns4--,?is & t1 ) _! plurals ^! & ^?1 are call$ demon/rative pron\ns1 because !y po9t out individual p]sons or ?+s4 #db4 ,indef9ite ,pron\ns4--,"s pron\ns1 z ea*1 ei!r1 "s1 any1 _m1 su*1 etc41 are indef9ite 9 "*4 ,_m indef9ites may be us$ ei!r z pron\ns or adjectives4 ,( ! indef9ites only two1 "o & o!r1 are inflect$4 ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,,nom4 ,,& ,,obj4 "o ones o!r o!rs ,,poss4 "o's ones' o!r's o!rs' #dc4 ,adjective ,pron\ns or ,pronom9al ,adjectives4--,_m words1 z has be5 not$ already1 are ei!r pron\ns or adjectives accord+ to ! (fice t !y p]=m4 ,if ! n\n is express$1 ! ^w 9 "q is call$ a pronom9al adjective2 b if ! n\n is omitt$ s t ! ^w 9 "q takes its place1 x is call$ an adjective pron\n4 ,t h\se is :ite 7adjective74 ,t is ! same h\se 7pron\n74 ,,adjectives #dd4 ,classes ( ,adjectives4--,!re are two g5]al classes ( adjectives3 ! descriptive blue1 high1 etc41 s call$ because !y describe1 & ! limit+ or def9itive adjectives yond]1 ?ree1 t1 etc41 s call$ because !y limit or def9e4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 true t any adjective :i* describes a n\n limits its mean+2 b ! adjective is nam$ f its descriptive p[]1 n f its limit+ p[]4 ,a v l>ge p] c5t ( all adjectives belong to ! fir/ class1--descriptive adjectives4 ,prop] adjectives & p>ticipial adjectives =m a small "p ( ?is l>ge class3 ,european c\ntries4 ,a runn+ brook4 #de4 ,limit+ or ,def9itive ,adjectives4--,! limit+ adjectives include ! v>i\s classes ( pronom9al adjectives 7all ( :i* h be5 m5tion$ "u pron\ns71 ! articles 7a1 an1 & !71 & adjectives d5ot+ place & numb]4 #df4 ,comp>ison ( ,adjectives4--,) ! exception ( ! words ?is & t1 adjectives are n inflect$ = numb]1 & none are inflect$ = case4 ,_m ( !m1 h[ev]1 *ange _! =m to express a diff]5ce 9 degree4 ,?is *ange ( =m is call$ comp>ison4 ,!re are ?ree degrees ( comp>ison3 ! positive1 ! comp>ative1 & ! sup]lative4 ,adjectives are regul>ly comp>$ by add+ ! syllables er & e/ to ! positive to =m ! comp>ative & sup]lative degrees4 ,9 "s cases1 especially 9 ! case ( adjectives ( m ?an "o syllable1 ! adv]bs m & mo/ are plac$ be=e ! positive degree 9 ord] to =m ! o!r two degrees long1 long]1 longe/2 beautiful1 m beautiful1 mo/ beautiful4 #dg4 ,irregul> ,comp>ison ( ,adjectives4--,a few adjectives are comp>$ irregul>ly4 ,^! adjectives are 9 common use & we %\ld be famili> ) ! correct =ms4 ,,positive ,,comp>ative ,,sup]lative bad evil worse wor/ ill f> f>!r f>!/ good bett] be/ well =e =m] =emo/ fir/ late lat] late/ latt] la/ little less lea/ _m m mo/ mu* ne> ne>] ne>e/ next old old] olde/ eld] elde/ ,! foll[+ words are us$ z adv]bs or prepositions 9 ! positive degree1 & z adjectives 9 ! o!r two degrees3-- 7=?7 fur!r fur!/ 797 inn] inn]mo/ inmo/ 7out7 out] out]mo/ utt] utmo/ utt]mo/ 7up7 upp] upmo/ upp]mo/ #dh4 ,cautions conc]n+ ! ,use ( ,adjectives4 #a4 ,:5 two or m adjectives modify ! same n\n1 ! article is plac$ only be=e ! fir/1 unless emphasis is desir$3 ,he is an indu/ri\s1 fai?ful pupil4 #b4 ,if ! adjectives ref] to diff]5t ?+s1 ! article %\ld be repeat$ be=e ea* adjective3 ,%e has a :ite & a blue dress4 #c4 ,:5 two or m n\ns are 9 apposition1 ! article is plac$ only be=e ! fir/3 ,i receiv$ a telegram f ,mr4 ,ri*>ds1 ! brok] & real e/ate ag5t4 #d4 ,?is1 ^!1 t1 & ^? mu/ agree 9 numb] ) ! n\n !y modify3 ,?is k9d ( fl[]s2 ^? sorts ( se$s4 #e4 ,:5 b two ?+s are comp>$1 ! comp>ative degree is us$3 ,?is is ! m complete ( ! two4 #f4 ,:5 ?an is us$ aft] a comp>ative1 :atev] is comp>$ %\ld be exclud$ f ! class ) :i* x is comp>$3 ,i l ?is h\se bett] ?an any o!r h\se2 n1 ,i l ?is h\se bett] ?an any h\se4 #g4 ,d n use a aft] k9d (1 sort (1 etc43 ,:at k9d ( man is he8 7n1 ,:at k9d ( a man74 ,"o man does n con/itute a class consi/+ ( _m k9ds4 #di4 ,con/ructions ( ,adjectives4--,adjectives t m]ely describe or limit are said to be attributive 9 con/ruction4 ,:5 ! adjective limits or describes1 &1 at ! same "t1 adds to ! pr$icate1 x is call$ a pr$icate adjective4,pr$icate adjectives may be us$ ei!r z attribute or objective complem5ts3 ,! sea is r\gh to-day 7attribute complem5t71 ,he pa9t$ ! boat gre5 7objective complem5t74 #ej4 ,equival5ts = ,adjectives4--,! foll[+ are us$ z equival5ts = ! typical adjective3-- #a4 ,a n\n us$ 9 apposition3 ,b>rie's /ory ( 8 "m1 ,m>g>et ,ogilvy1 is v beautiful4 #b4 ,a n\n us$ z an adjective3 ,a campaign song4 #c4 ,a prepositional phrase3 ,8 little1 nameless1 unrememb]'d acts ( k9dness & ( love4 #d4 ,p>ticiples or p>ticipial phrases3 ,we saw a brook runn+ betwe5 ! ald]s4 ,soldi]s hir$ to s]ve a =eign c\ntry are call$ m]c5>ies4 #e4 ,relative clauses3 ,?is is ! h\se t ,jack built4 #f4 ,an adv]b 7sometimes call$ ! locative adjective73 ,! book "h is ! "o ,i want4 ,,v]bs #ea4 ,uses ( ,v]bs4--,a v]b is ! ^w or ^w-gr\p t makes an ass]tion or /atem5t1 & x is !re=e ! mo/ important "p ( ! :ole s5t5ce4 ,x has be5 already %[n t su* a v]b z speaks s]ves ! d\ble purpose ( sugge/+ an activity & %[+ relation4 ,! mo/ purely relational v]b is ! v]b to be1 :i* is call$ ! copula or l9k+ v]b1 = ! v reason t x jo9s pr$icate words to ! subject3 ,! lake is beautiful4 ,to be1 h[ev]1 is n always a pure copula4 ,9 su* a s5t5ce z1 ,he t come? to ,god mu/ believe t ,he is1 ! ^w is means exi/s4,v]bs t are l ! copula1 su* z1 appe>1 become1 seem1 etc41 are call$ copulative v]bs4 ,v]bs t n only are relational b h descriptive p[]1 su* z s+s1 plays1 runs1 etc41 are call$ attributive v]bs4 ,!y attribute "s quality or *>act]i/ic to ! subject4 #eb4 ,classes ( ,v]bs4--,accord+ to _! uses 9 a s5t5ce v]bs are divid$ into two classes3 transitive & intransitive4 ,a transitive v]b is "o t takes a foll[+ sub/antive1 express$ or impli$1 call$ ! object1 to designate ! receiv] or ! product ( ! action3 ,!y seiz$ ! city4 ,!y built a city4 ,! transitive v]b may sometimes be us$ absolutely3,! horse eats4 ,"h ! object is impli$4 ,an intransitive v]b is "o t does n take an object to complete its mean+2 or1 9 o!r words1 an intransitive v]b is "o t d5otes an action1 /ate1 or feel+ t involves ! subject only3 ,he ran away4 ,!y 7 /&+ at ! wat]'s edge4 ,a few v]bs 9 our language are always transitive1 & a few o!rs are always intransitive4 ,! v]bs lie & lay1 rise & raise1 sit & set1 are s frequ5tly misus$ t att5tion is "h call$ to !m4 ,! v]bs lie1 rise1 & sit 7usually7 are intransitive 9 mean+1 :ile ! v]bs lay1 raise1 & set are transitive4 ,! ^w sit may sometimes take a reflexive object3 ,!y sat !mselves d[n to re/4 ,! majority ( v]bs 9 our language are ei!r transitive or intransitive1 accord+ to ! s5se 9 :i* !y are us$4 ,! fire burns m]rily 7intransitive74 ,! fire burn$ ! build+ 7transitive74 ,! bird flew swiftly 7intransitive74 ,! boy flew 8 kite 7transitive74 ,"s intransitive v]bs take :at is kn[n z a cognate object3 ,he di$ a noble dea?4 ,"h ! object repeats ! mean+ ( ! v]b4 #ec4 ,complete & ,incomplete ,v]bs4--,"s intransitive v]bs make a complete ass]tion or /atem5t )\t ! aid ( any o!r words4 ,su* v]bs are said to be ( complete pr$ication3 ,! sn[ melts4 ,all transitive v]bs & "s intransitive v]bs require "o or m words to complete ! mean+ ( ! pr$icate4 ,su* v]bs are said to be incomplete4 ,:atev] is add$ to complete ! mean+ ( ! pr$icate is t]m$ a complem5t4 ,! complem5t ( a transitive v]b is call$ ! object complem5t1 or simply ! object3 ,%e f\nd ! book4 ,"s transitive v]bs1 f ! nature ( _! mean+1 take also an indirect object3 ,i gave h] ! book4 ,:5 a ^w belong+ to ! subject is add$ to an intransitive v]b 9 ord] to complete ! pr$icate1 x is t]m$ an attribute complem5t4 ,?is complem5t may be ei!r a n\n or an adjective3 ,he is our treasur] 7n\n74 ,?is rose is fragrant 7adjective74 ,among ! incomplete intransitive v]bs ! mo/ conspicu\s are ! copula & ! copulative v]bs4 #ed4 ,auxili>y ,v]bs4--,engli% v]bs h s few *anges ( =m to express diff]5ces 9 mean+ t x is (t5 necess>y to use ! s-call$ auxili>y v]bs4 ,! mo/ common are3 d1 be1 h1 may1 mu/1 might1 c1 %all1 w1 %\ld1 w\ld1 c\ld1 & ought4 ,"s ( ^! may be us$ z pr9cipal v]bs4 ,a few notes & cautions are add$4 ,c is us$ to d5ote ! ability ( ! subject4 ,may is us$ to d5ote p]mission1 possibility1 purpose1 or desire4 ,?us ! reque/ = p]mission %\ld be1 ,may ,i8 n ,c ,i8 ,mu/ indicates necessity4 ,ought expresses obligation4 ,_h %\ld nev] be us$ ) ought4 ,to express a moral obligation 9 pa/ "t1 comb9e ought ) ! p]fect inf9itive3 ,i ought to h done x4 ,%\ld sometimes expresses duty3 ,y %\ld n g4 ,w\ld sometimes d5otes a cu/om3 ,he w\ld sit !re = h\rs4 ,sometimes x expresses a wi%3 ,w\ld he 7 "h64 ,= o!r uses ( %\ld & w\ld1 see ,app5dix #fj4 #ee4 ,pr9cipal ,p>ts4--,! ma9 =ms ( ! v]b--s important z to be call$ ! pr9cipal p>ts because ! o!r p>ts are =m$ f !m-- are ! root inf9itive1 ! pret]ite 7pa/7 indicative1 & ! pa/ p>ticiple move1 mov$1 mov$2 s+1 sang1 sung2 be1 01 be54 ,! pres5t p>ticiple is sometimes giv5 ) ! pr9cipal p>ts4 #ef4 ,inflection4--,z is evid5t f ! prec$+ p>agraph1 v]bs h c]ta9 *anges ( =m to indicate *ange ( mean+4 ,su* a *ange or inflection1 9 ! case ( ! n\n1 is call$ decl5sion2 9 ! case ( ! v]b x is call$ conjugation4 ,n\ns are decl9$2 v]bs are conjugat$4 #eg4 ,p]son & ,numb]4--,9 ,lat91 or any o!r highly inflect$ language1 !re are _m t]m9ations to indicate diff]5ces 9 p]son & numb]1 b 9 ,engli% !re is b "o 9 common use1 s 9 ! ?ird p]son s+ul>3 ,he runs1 ,/ or e/ is us$ aft] ?\ 9 ! second p]son s+ul>3 ,?\ love/4 #eh4 ,agreem5t4--,v]bs mu/ agree ) _! subjects 9 p]son & numb]4 ,! foll[+ sugge/ions conc]n+ agreem5t may be helpful3-- #a4 ,a comp\nd subject t expresses a s+le idea takes a s+ul> v]b3 ,bread & milk is :olesome food4 #b4 ,:5 ! memb]s ( a comp\nd subject1 connect$ by nei!r 444 nor1 diff] z reg>ds p]son & numb]1 ! v]b %\ld agree ) ! ne>] ( ! two3 ,nei!r !y nor ,i am to blame4 #c4 ,:5 ! subject consi/s ( s+ul> n\ns or pron\ns connect$ by or1 ei!r 444 or1 nei!r 444 nor1 ! v]b is s+ul>3 ,ei!r ?is book or t is m9e4 #d4 ,words jo9$ to ! subject by )1 toge!r )1 z well z1 etc41 d n affect ! numb] ( ! v]b4 ,! same is true ( any modifi] ( ! subject3 ,john1 z well z ! girls1 is play+ h\se4 ,"o ( my books is ly+ on ! table4 ,nei!r ( u is to blame4 #e4 ,:5 ! article ! prec$es ! ^w numb]1 us$ z a subject1 ! v]b %\ld be 9 ! s+ul>2 o!rwise ! v]b is plural3 ,! numb] ( pupils 9 our s*ools is on ! increase4 ,a numb] ( *ildr5 h be5 play+ 9 ! s& pile4 #f4 ,! pron\n y always takes a plural v]b1 ev5 if its mean+ is s+ul>3 ,y 7 "h ye/]day4 #g4 ,a collective n\n takes a s+ul> or plural v]b1 accord+ z ! collection is ?\ght ( z a :ole or z compos$ ( individuals4 #ei4 ,t5se4--,! p[] ( ! v]b to %[ diff]5ces ( "t is call$ t5se4 ,t5se %[s also ! complet5ess or incomplet5ess ( an act or condition at ! "t ( speak+4 ,!re are ?ree prim>y t5ses3 pres5t1 pret]ite 7pa/71 & future2 & ?ree second>y t5ses = complet$ action3pres5t p]fect1 pa/ p]fect 7plup]fect71 & future p]fect4 ,engli% has only two simple t5ses1 ! pres5t & ! pret]ite3 ,i love1 ,i lov$4 ,all o!r t5ses are =m$ by ! use ( ! auxili>y v]bs4 ,by comb9+ ! pres5t & pa/ t5ses ( w1 %all1 h1 be1 or d ) ^? p>ts ( ! v]b kn[n z inf9itives & p>ticiples1 ! v>i\s t5ses ( ! complete conjugation ( ! v]b are built up4 ,! =mation ( ! pret]ite t5se1 & ! consequ5t division ( v]bs into /rong & weak1 w be discuss$ lat]4 #fj4 ,! ,future ,t5se4--,! future t5se is =m$ by comb9+ %all or w ) ! root inf9itive1 )\t to4 ,! correct =m ( ! future t5se 9 ass]tions is "h giv53-- ,,s+ul> ,,plural #a4 ,i %all fall #a4 ,we %all fall #b4 ,?\ wilt fall #b4 ,y w fall #c4 ,he w fall #c4 ,!y w fall ,w1 9 ! fir/ p]son1 d5otes n simple futurity1 b det]m9ation3 ,i w 7 am det]m9$ to7 g4 ,%all1 9 ! second & ?ird p]sons1 is n simply ! sign ( ! future t5se 9 decl>ative s5t5ces4 ,x is us$ to d5ote ! det]m9ation ( ! speak] ) ref]5ce to o!rs4 ,notice3-- #a4 ,9 clauses introduc$ by t1 express$ or und]/ood1 if ! n\n clause & ! pr9cipal clause h diff]5t subjects1 ! same auxili>y is us$ t w\ld be us$ 7 ! subord9ate clause us$ indep5d5tly3 ,i fe> we %all be late4 ,my fri5d is det]m9$ t h] son %all n be left alone4 #b4 ,9 all o!r subord9ate clauses1 %all1 = all p]sons1 d5otes simple futurity2 w1 an expression ( will+ness or det]m9ation3 ,he ?9ks t he %all be !re4 ,he promises t he w be !re4 #c4 ,9 que/ions1 %all is always us$ 9 ! fir/ p]son2 9 ! second & ?ird p]sons ! same auxili>y is us$ :i* is expect$ 9 ! answ]4 7,,note4--,%\ld & w\ld foll[ ! rules = %all & w47 #fa4 ,t5ses = ! ,complet$ ,action4 #a4 ,to repres5t an action z complet$ at ! pres5t "t1 ! pa/ p>ticiple is us$ ) h 7ha/1 has74 ,?is =ms ! pres5t p]fect t5se3 ,i h f9i%$4 #b4 ,to repres5t an action z complet$ 9 pa/ "t1 ! pa/ p>ticiple is comb9$ ) _h 7had/74 ,?is =ms ! pa/ p]fect1 or plup]fect1 t5se3 ,i _h f9i%$4 #c4 ,to repres5t action t w be complet$ 9 future "t1 %all h or w h is comb9$ ) ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,?is =ms ! future p]fect t5se3 ,i %all h f9i%$4 #fb4 ,sequ5ce ( ,t5ses4--,x is1 9 g5]al1 true t ! t5se ( a subord9ate clause *anges :5 ! t5se ( ! ma9 v]b *anges4 ,?is is kn[n z ! ,law ( ! ,sequ5ce 7or foll[+7 ( ,t5ses3 ,i "k he means well4 ,i knew he meant well4 ,! v]b 9 ! ma9 clause & ! v]b 9 ! subord9ate clause are n necess>ily 9 ! same t5se4 ,i ?9k he is !re4 ,i ?\ght he 0 !re4 ,i ?9k he 0 !re4 ,i ?\ght he _h be5 !re4 ,i ?9k he w be !re4 ,i ?\ght he w\ld be !re4 ,9 g5]al1 ! pr9ciple may be laid d[n t 9 a complex s5t5ce ! t5se = bo? pr9cipal & subord9ate clauses is t :i* ! s5se requires4 ,g5]al tru?s & pres5t facts %\ld be express$ 9 ! pres5t t5se1 :atev] ! t5se ( ! pr9cipal v]b3 ,he believ$ t tru? is un*angeable4 ,:o did y say is presid5t ( y\r society84 ,! p]fect inf9itive is us$ to d5ote action complet$ at ! "t ( ! ma9 v]b3 ,i am sorry to h w\nd$ y4 #fc4 ,mode4--,a /atem5t may be reg>d$ z ! expression ( a fact1 ( a d\bt or supposition1 or ( a comm&4 ,! p[] ( ! v]b to %[ h[ an action %\ld be reg>d$ is call$ mode 7mood74 ,9 our language !re is b a slight *ange ( =m = ?is purpose4 ,! di/9ction ( mode :i* we mu/ make is a di/9ction t has reg>d to ! ?\ght or attitude ( m9d ( ! speak] r ?an to ! =m ( ! v]b4 ,! indicative mode is us$ to /ate a fact or to ask que/ions ( fact3 ,i %all write a lett]4 ,%all ,i write a lett]84 ,! subjunctive mode indicates unc]ta9ty1 unreality1 & "s =ms ( condition3 ,if %e 7 "h1 ,i %\ld be glad4 ,! imp]ative mode expresses a comm& or entreaty3 ,come "h4 #fd4 ,! ,subjunctive ,mode4--,! subjunctive is disappe>+ f colloquial spee*1 & ! indicative =m is us$ almo/ entirely4 ,! v]b to be has ! foll[+ indicative & subjunctive =ms 9 ! pres5t & pret]ite3-- ,,ind4 ,,subj4 ,,ind4 ,,subj4 ,i am ,i be ,i 0 ,i 7 ,?\ art ,?\ be ,?\ wa/ ,?\ 7 ,,pres5t ,he is ,he be ,,pret]ite ,he 0 ,he 7 ,we are ,we be ,we 7 ,we 7 ,y are ,y be ,y 7 ,y 7 ,!y are ,!y be ,!y 7 ,!y 7 ,9 o!r v]bs ! indicative & subjunctive =ms are ! same1 except t ! second & ?ird p]sons s+ul> subjunctive h no p]sonal end+s4 ,,indicative ,?\ le>ne/ ,he le>ns ,,subjunctive ,?\ le>n ,he le>n ,! subjunctive idea is sometimes express$ by v]b phrases1 conta9+ ! auxili>y v]bs may 7might71 w\ld1 or %\ld4 ,may1 w\ld1 & %\ld are n1 h[ev]1 always subjunctive4 ,9 ,i may g 7may am all[$ to71 may is indicative4 ,9 y %\ld g 7 ought to71 %\ld is indicative4 ,! subjunctive mode is us$ mo/ frequ5tly to express3-- #a4 ,a wi%3 ,! ,"l be ) y4 #b4 ,a condition reg>d$ z d\btful3 ,if x be true1 :at %all we ?9k81 or a condition reg>d$ z untrue3 ,if ,i 7 y1 ,i %\ld g4 ,:5 condition is express$ by ! subjunctive )\t if1 ! v]b prec$es ! subject3 ,7 my bro!r "h1 he c\ld g ) me4 #c4 ,a purpose3 ,he /udies t he may le>n4 #d4 ,exhortations3 ,s+ we ! song ( fre$om4 #e4 ,a concession1--suppos$1 n giv5 z a fact3 ,?\gh he be my enemy1 ,i %all pity him4 #f4 ,a possibility3 ,we fe> le/ he be too late4 ,! t5ses ( ! subjunctive require especial notice4 ,9 conditional clauses1 ! pres5t ref]s ei!r to pres5t or future "t3 ,?\gh ! e>? be remov$1 we %all n fe>4 ,! pret]ite ref]s to pres5t "t4 ,x implies t ! suppos$ case is n a fact3 ,if he 7 "h1 ,i %\ld be mu* pleas$4 ,! plup]fect subjunctive expresses a false supposition 9 pa/ "t3 ,if y _h be5 "h1 ?is w\ld n h happ5$4 ,! phrases ) may1 might1 c1 mu/1 c\ld1 w\ld1 & %\ld are sometimes call$ ! pot5tial mode1 b ! con/ructions all fall )9 ei!r ! indicative or ! subjunctive uses1 & a f\r? mode is only an incumbrance4 #fe4 ,! ,imp]ative ,mode4--,! imp]ative is ! mode ( comm& & entreaty4 ,x has b "o =m = bo? s+ul> & plural1 & b "o t5se1--! pres5t4 ,x has b "o p]son1--! second4 ,! subject is usually omitt$4 ,! case ( direct address1 frequ5tly us$ ) ! imp]ative1 %\ld n be confus$ ) ! subject4 ,91 ,john1 hold my books1 ! subject is y1 und]/ood4 ,7 ,john ! subject1 ! v]b mu/ be holds4 ,john is1 "h1 a compellative1 or vocative4 #ff4 ,voice4--,v]bs are said to be 9 ! active voice :5 !y repres5t ! subject z act+1 & 9 ! passive voice :5 !y repres5t ! subject z be+ act$ ^u4 ,intransitive v]bs1 f _! v nature1 h no passive voice4 ,transitive v]bs may h bo? voices1 = !y may repres5t ! subject ei!r z act+ or z be+ act$ ^u4 ,! direct object 9 ! active voice g5]ally becomes ! subject 9 ! passive2 if ! subject ( ! active appe>s 9 ! passive1 x is ! object ( ! preposition by3 ,my dog loves me 7active74 ,i am lov$ by my dog 7passive74 ,v]bs ( call+1 nam+1 mak+1 & ?9k+ may take two objects ref]r+ to ! same p]son or ?+4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! direct object & ! second is call$ ! objective complem5t3 ,john call$ him a c[>d4 ,! objective complem5t becomes an attribute complem5t :5 ! v]b is *ang$ f ! active to ! passive voice3 ,he 0 call$ a c[>d by ,john4 ,c]ta9 v]bs take bo? a direct & an indirect object 9 ! active3 ,john paid him n9e doll>s4 ,if ! indirect object becomes ! subject 9 ! passive voice1 ! direct object is kn[n z ! reta9$ object3 ,he 0 paid n9e doll>s by ,john4 #fg4 ,inf9itives4--,! inf9itive =m ( ! v]b is (t5 call$ a v]bal n\n1 because x p>takes ( ! nature bo? ( ! v]b & ( ! n\n4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ! f9ite1 or true1 v]b because x does n make an ass]tion1 & yet x assumes "o4 ,:ile x has ! modifi]s & complem5ts ( a v]b1 x at ! same "t has ! uses ( a n\n4 ,!re are two inf9itives3 ! root inf9itive 7commonly prec$$ by to1 ! s-call$ sign ( ! inf9itive71 & ! g]und1 or inf9itive 9 -+4 #a4 ,root inf9itive3 ,to write a !me requires practice4 #b4 ,g]und3 ,rid+ rapidly is dang]\s4 ,9 ea* ( ^! s5t5ces ! inf9itive1 9 its capacity z n\n1 /&s z ! subject ( ! s5t5ce4 ,9 #a1 to write %[s its v]b nature by gov]n+ ! object !me2 9 #b1 rid+ %[s its v]b nature by tak+ z a modifi] ! adv]b rapidly4 ,ea* =m ( ! inf9itive is f\nd z ! subject ( a v]b1 z its object1 z an attribute complem5t1 & z ! object ( a preposition4 ,! root inf9itive1 toge!r ) its subject 9 ! objective case1 is us$ z ! object ( v]bs ( kn[+1 tell+1 etc43 ,i "k him to be a good boy4 ,see also ,app5dix #he = adjective & adv]bial uses4 ,! inf9itive has two t5ses3 ! pres5t & ! p]fect4 ,! pres5t t5se d5otes action :i* is n complet$ at ! "t ( ! pr9cipal v]b3 ,he tries to write4 ,he tri$ to write4 ,he w try to write4 ,! p]fect inf9itive d5otes action complete ) ref]5ce to ! "t ( ! pr9cipal v]b3 ,i am glad to h kn[n h]4 #fh4 ,p>ticiples4--,p>ticiples are v]bal adjectives3 ,! girl play+ ! piano is my c\s94 ,play+1 z an adjective1 modifies ! n\n girl2 x %[s its v]bal nature by tak+ ! object piano4 ,! pres5t p>ticiple ends 9 -+4 ,:5 ! pa/ p>ticiple has an end+1 x is ei!r -d1 -ed1 -t1 or -en4 ,! p]fect p>ticiple is =m$ by comb9+ hav+ ) a pa/ p>ticiple2 z1 hav+ gone4 ,!re is dang] ( confus+ ! pres5t p>ticiple ) ! g]und1 or inf9itive 9 -+1 unless ! adjective "* ( ! "o & ! n\n "* ( ! o!r are cle>ly di/+ui%$3 ,! boy1 driv+ ! c[s to pa/ure1 0 p]=m+ 8 daily task 7p>ticiple74 ,driv+ ! c[s to pa/ure 0 8 daily task 7g]und74 ,p>ticiples are us$ to =m v]b-phrases4 ,! pres5t p>ticiple is us$ = ! =mation ( ! progressive conjugation2 ! pa/ p>ticiple1 = ! =mation ( ! comp\nd or p]fect t5ses4 ,p>ticiples are also us$ 9 all ! adjective con/ructions4 ,"o especial con/ruction requires notice1--! absolute con/ruction1 or ! nom9ative absolute1 z x is call$3 ,! c]emony hav+ be5 f9i%$1 ! p disp]s$4 ,! con/ruction "h is equival5t to a clause d5ot+ "t or cause or "s circum/ance att5dant on ! ma9 action ( ! s5t5ce4 ,! p>ticiple is sometimes omitt$1 b ! sub/antive mu/ n be1 le/ ! p>ticiple be left app>5tly belong+ to ! ne>e/ sub/antive2 z1 ,walk+ home1 ! ra9 began to fall4 ,z ! s5t5ce /&s1 walk+ modifies ra94 #fi4 ,conjugation4--,! complete & ord]ly arrangem5t ( ! v>i\s =ms ( a v]b is t]m$ its conjugation4 ,complete conjugations w be f\nd 9 any text-book on ,engli% gramm>4 ,! passive voice mu/ n be confus$ ) su* a =m z ! progressive conjugation ( ! v]b4 ,! passive consi/s ( a =m ( to be & a pa/ p>ticiple3 ,i am in/ruct$4 ,! progressive t5ses comb9e "s =m ( to be ) a pres5t p>ticiple3 ,i am in/ruct+4 ,x may be well to di/+ui% "h betwe5 ! passive voice & a pa/ p>ticiple us$ z an attribute complem5t ( ! v]b be4 ,bo? h ! same =m1 b !re is a diff]5ce ( mean+4 ,! passive voice always %[s action receiv$ by ! subject1 :ile ! p>ticiple is us$ only z an adjective d5ot+ condition3 ,james 0 tir$ by 8 day's "w 7passive voice74 ,james 0 tir$ 7attribute complem5t74 #gj4 ,weak & ,/rong ,conjugations4--,v]bs are divid$ into two classes z reg>ds _! conjugations4 ,x has be5 ! cu/om to call all v]bs :i* =m ! pret]ite & pa/ p>ticiple by add+ -d or -ed to ! pres5t1 regul> v]bs love1 lov$1 lov$1 & to call all o!rs irregul>4 ,a bett] classification1 bas$ on m c>eful /udy ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,engli% v]b1 divides v]bs into ^? ( ! weak & ^? ( ! /rong conjugations4 ,! weak v]bs are ^? :i* =m ! pret]ite by add+ -ed1 -d1 or -t to ! pres5t3 love1 lov$4 ,!re is also infrequ5tly a *ange ( v[el3 sell1 sold2 tea*1 taught4 ,all v]bs :i* =m ! pret]ite )\t ! addition ( an end+ are /rong v]bs4 ,!re is usually a *ange ( v[el4 ,! t]m9ation ( ! pa/ p>ticiple 9 -n or -en is a sure indication t a v]b is /rong4 ,"s v]bs %[ =ms ( bo? conjugations4 ,a complete li/ ( /rong v]bs _c be giv5 "h1 b a few ( ! mo/ common w be giv51 toge!r ) a few weak v]bs1 9 ! use ( :i* mi/akes occur4 ,,pres5t ,,pret]ite ,,pa/ ,,p>ticiple am 0 be5 arise rose aris5 be> bore borne1 born#a beg9 began begun bid 7comm&7 bade bidd5 bite bit bitt5 bl[ blew bl[n break broke brok5 br+ br\ght br\ght bur/ bur/ bur/ cat* caught caught *oose *ose *os5 climb climb$ climb$ come came come d did done dr9k drank drunk#b drive drove driv5 dr[n dr[n$ dr[n$ eat ate eat5 fall fell fall5 fly flew fl[n freeze froze froz5 get got got give gave giv5 g w5t gone gr[ grew gr[n h _h _h hide hid hidd5 hurt hurt hurt "k knew kn[n lay laid laid lie 7recl9e7 lay la9 lead l$ l$ read read read ride rode ridd5 r+ rang rung run ran run see saw se5 %ake %ook %ak5 %[ %[$ %[n s+ sang sung s9k sank sunk sit sat sat slay slew sla9 speak spoke spok5 spr+ sprang sprung /eal /ole /ol5 swell swell swell$ swoll5 swim swam swum take took tak5 te> tore torn ?r[ ?rew ?r[n we> wore worn wi% wi%$ wi%$ write wrote writt5 ,footnote #a3 ,us$ only 9 ! passive s5se ( born into ! _w4 ,footnote #b3 ,drunk5 is an adjective4 ,,caution4--,d n confuse ! pret]ite ) ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,always use ! pa/ p>ticiple =m 9 ! comp\nd t5ses4 ,,adv]bs #ga4 ,classes ( ,adv]bs4--,adv]bs v>y mu* z to _! use & mean+4 ,x is !re=e impossible to make a v accurate classification1 b we may divide !m1 accord+ to use1 into limit+1 int]rogative1 & conjunctive adv]bs4 ,limit+ adv]bs modify ! mean+ ( v]bs1 etc43 ,he r[s well4 ,int]rogative adv]bs are us$ to ask que/ions3 ,:5 %all y come8 ,he ask$ :]e we 7 go+ 7indirect "q74 ,conjunctive adv]bs introduce clauses3 ,we w5t to ! sea%ore1 :]e we /ay$ a mon?4 ,"h :]e is us$ z a connective & also z a modifi] ( /ay$4 ,conjunctive adv]bs introduce ! foll[+ k9ds ( clauses3 #a4 ,adv]bial clauses3 ,g :]e duty calls4 #b4 ,adjective clauses3 ,?is is ! v spot :]e ,i put !m4 #c4 ,n\n clause3 ,i d n "k h[ he w succe$4 ,adv]bs may also be classifi$1 accord+ to mean+1 into adv]bs ( mann]1 "t1 place1 & degree4 ,! classification is n1 h[ev]1 a rigid "o4 ,adv]bs ( mann] answ] ! "q ,h[8 ,mo/ ( ^! t]m9ate 9 -ly4 ,a few1 h[ev]1 are id5tical 9 =m ) adjectives ( l mean+3 ,%e sang v l\d4 ,adv]bs ( "t answ] ! "q ,:58 ,adv]bs ( place answ] ! "q ,:]e8 ,?is class1 toge!r ) ! prec$+ two classes1 usually modify v]bs4 ,adv]bs ( degree answ] ! "q ,to :at ext5t8 ,^! adv]bs modify v]bs1 adjectives1 & o!r adv]bs4 #gb4 ,phrasal ,adv]bs4--,c]ta9 phrases1 adv]bial 9 "*1 _c easily be sep>at$ into p>ts4 ,!y h be5 call$ phras$ adv]bs2 z1 arm-9-arm1 n[-a-days1 etc4 #gc4 ,inflection4--,"s adv]bs1 l adjectives1 are comp>$ = ! purpose ( %[+ diff]5t degrees ( quality or quantity4 ,! comp>ative & sup]lative degrees may be =m$ by add+ ! syllables er & e/ to ! positive degree4 ,! great majority ( adv]bs1 h[ev]1 make use ( ! words m & mo/ or less & lea/ to %[ a diff]5ce 9 degree3 ,fa/1 fa/]1 fa/e/2 skillfully1 m skillfully1 mo/ skillfully2 c>efully1 less c>efully1 lea/ c>efully4 ,"s adv]bs are comp>$ irregul>ly3-- badly worse wor/ ill 7evil7 f> f>!r f>!/ =? fur!r fur!/ late lat] late/ la/ little less lea/ mu* m mo/ nigh nigh] nigh] next well bett] be/ #gd4 ,sugge/ions & ,cautions conc]n+ ! ,use ( ,adv]bs4 #a4 ,"s words1 z fa/1 little1 mu*1 m1 & o!rs1 h ! same =m = bo? adjective & adv]b1 & use alone c det]m9e :at "p ( spee* ea* is4 7,adjective7 ,he is a fa/ driv]4 ,%e looks well 79 good heal?74 7,adv]b7 ,h[ fa/ he walks6 ,i le>n$ my lesson well4 #b4 ,correspond+ adjectives & adv]bs usually h diff]5t =ms :i* %\ld n be confus$4 7,adjective7 ,%e is a good /ud5t4 7,adv]b7 ,he works well4 #c4 ,! adjective1 & n ! adv]bial1 =m %\ld be us$ aft] a copulative v]b1 s9ce adv]bs _c modify sub/antives3 ,i feel bad2 n1 ,i feel badly4 #d4 ,two negatives imply an affirmative4 ,h5ce only "o %\ld be us$ to d5ote negation3 ,i h no?+ to say4 ,i h no pati5ce ) him4 #ge4 ,equival5ts = ,adv]bs4 #a4 ,a phrase3 ,! *ild ran away ) great glee4 #b4 ,a clause3 ,i w g canoe+ :5 ! lake is calm4 #c4 ,a n\n3 ,please come home4 ,i w /ay five m9utes4 ,,prepositions #gf4 ,classes ( ,prepositions4--,! simple prepositions are3 at1 aft]1 aga9/1 b1 by1 d[n1 =1 f1 91 (1 (f1 ov]1 on1 s9ce1 ?r\gh1 till1 to1 "u1 up1 & )4 ,o!r prepositions are ei!r d]iv$ or comp\nd3 su* z1 und]nea?1 across1 betwe51 conc]n+1 & not)/&+4 #gg4 ,sugge/ions conc]n+ ! ,use ( ,prepositions4--,mi/akes are frequ5tly made 9 ! use ( ! preposition4 ,?is use _c be fully discuss$ "h1 b a p>tial li/ ( words ) ! requir$ preposition w be giv54 afraid (4 agree ) a p]son4 agree to a proposal4 be/[ ^u4 comp>e to 7to %[ simil>ity74 comp>e ) 7to %[ simil>ity or diff]5ce74 comply )4 con=m to4 conv5i5t = or to4 correspond to or ) 7a ?+74 correspond ) 7a p]son74 dep5d5t on4 diff] f 7a p]son or ?+74 diff] f or ) 7an op9ion74 diff]5t f4 disappo9t$ 94 fright5$ at or by4 glad (4 ne$ (4 pr(it by4 sc>$ by4 ta/e ( 7food74 ta/e = 7art74 ?ir/ = or aft]4 ,l1 orig9ally an adjective or adv]b1 is (t51 9 "s ( its uses1 call$ a preposition4 ,x gov]ns ! objective case1 & %\ld n be us$ z a conjunction3 ,%e looks l me2 n1 ,%e looks l ,i d4 ,! appropriate conjunction "h w\ld be z3 ,%e speaks z ,i d4 ,! prepositions 9 & at d5ote re/ or motion 9 a place2 into d5otes motion t[>d a place3 ,he is 9 ! g>d54 ,he w5t into ! g>d54 #gh4 ,prepositional ,phrases4--,! preposition1 ) its object1 =ms :at is t]m$ a prepositional phrase4 ,?is phrase is adjective 9 =ce :5 x modifies a sub/antive2 & adv]bial1 :5 x modifies a v]b1 adjective1 or o!r adv]b3 ,9 ! cottage by ! sea 7adjective74 ,he sat on ! b5* 7adv]b74 ,"s prepositions 7 orig9ally adv]bs2 su* z1 91 on1 (f1 up1 & to4 ,_m ( !m are /ill us$ adv]bially or z adv]bial suffixes3 ,! %ip lay to4 ,a /orm came on4 ,,conjunctions #gi4 ,classes ( ,conjunctions4--,conjunctions are divid$ accord+ to _! use into two g5]al classes3 ! cord9ate & ! subord9ate conjunctions4 ,cord9ate conjunctions are us$ to connect words1 phrases1 & clauses ( equal rank2 subord9ate conjunctions connect clauses ( unequal rank4 ,! pr9cipal cord9ate conjunctions are &1 b1 or1 nor1 & =4 ,& is said to be copulative because x m]ely adds some?+ to :at has j be5 said4 ,o!r conjunctions hav+ a copulative use are also1 besides1 likewise1 moreov]1 & too2 & ! correlative conjunctions1 bo? 444 &1 n only 444 b also1 etc4 ,^! are t]m$ correlative because !y occur toge!r4 ,b is t]m$ ! adv]sative cord9ate conjunction because x usually introduces some?+ adv]se to :at has already be5 said4 ,o!r words ( an adv]sative nature are yet1 h[ev]1 nev]!less1 only1 not)/&+1 & /ill4 ,or is alt]native 9 its =ce4 ,?is conjunction implies t !re is a *oice to be made4 ,o!r simil> conjunctions are ei!r 444 or1 nei!r 444 nor1 or1 else4 ,ei!r 444 or & nei!r 444 nor are t]m$ correlative conjunctions1 & !y introduce alt]natives4 ,=1 because1 su*1 & z are cord9ate conjunctions only 9 su* a case z ! foll[+3 ,%e has be5 runn+1 = %e is out ( brea?4 ,"s ( ! mo/ common conjunctions ( ! subord9ate type are ^? ( place & "t1 cause1 condition1 purpose1 comp>ison1 concession1 & result4 ,t introduc+ a subord9ate clause may be call$ a sub/antive conjunction3 ,i knew t ,i ought to g4 ,!re are a numb] ( subord9ate conjunctions us$ 9 pairs :i* are call$ correlatives4 ,! pr9cipal pairs are z 444 s1 z 444 z1 s 444 z1 if 444 !n1 ?\gh 444 yet4 #hj4 ,simple & ,comp\nd ,s5t5ces4--,9 ! fir/ section ( ?is review ! p>ts ( a s5t5ce 7 nam$ z ! subject & pr$icate4 ,! subject may itself consi/ ( two p>ts jo9$ by "o ( ! cord9at+ conjunctions3 ,alice & h] c\s9 are "h4 ,! pr$icate may be =m$ 9 a simil> fa%ion3 ,john play$ & made m]ry all day long4 ,bo? subject & pr$icate may be s comp\nd$3 ,john & ,ri*>d climb$ ! ladd] & jump$ on ! hay4 ,9 all ^! cases ! s5t5ce1 consi/+ z x does ( b "o subject & "o pr$icate1 is said to be simple4 ,:5 two clauses--t is1 two gr\ps ( words conta9+ ea* a subject & pr$icate--are unit$ by a cord9ate conjunction1 ! s5t5ce is said to be comp\nd3 ,john wi%$ to play ,indian1 b ,ri*>d pref]r$ to play railroad4 ,! cord9at+ conjunction ne$ n actually appe> 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,its omission is !n indicat$ by ! punctuation3 ,john wi%$ to play ,indian2 ,ri*>d pref]r$ ano!r game4 #ha4 ,subord9ate ,conjunctions & ,complex ,s5t5ces4--,a subord9ate conjunction is us$ to jo9 a subord9ate clause to a pr9cipal clause1 ?us =m+ a complex s5t5ce4 ,! te/ to be appli$ to a clause 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r x is a subord9ate clause1 is ?is3 if any gr\p ( words 9 a s5t5ce1 conta9+ a subject & pr$icate1 fulfills ! (fice ( "s s+le "p ( spee*1 x is a subord9ate clause4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,i w5t because ,i knew t ,i mu/1 ! clause1 because ,i knew t ,i mu/ /ates ! reason = ! action nam$ 9 ! ma9 clause4 ,x1 !re=e1 /&s 9 adv]bial relation to ! v]b w5t4 ,t ,i mu/ is ! object ( knew4 ,x1 !re=e1 /&s 9 a sub/antive relation to ! v]b4 ,subord9ate clauses are (t5 introduc$ by subord9ate conjunctions 7sometimes by relative pron\ns or adv]bs72 b1 :5ev] su* a clause appe>s 9 a s5t5ce1 o!rwise simple1 ! s5t5ce is complex4 ,if x appe>s 9 a s5t5ce o!rwise comp\nd1 ! s5t5ce is comp\nd-complex4 ,! diff]5t types ( subord9ate clauses w be discuss$ lat]4 ,,s5t5ce ,,/ructure #hb4 ,phrases4--,phrases are classifi$ bo? z to /ructure & use4 ,f ! /&po9t ( /ructure1 a phrase is classifi$ f its introductory ^w or words1 z3-- #a4 ,prepositional3 ,!y 7 9 ! temple4 #b4 ,inf9itive3 ,he tri$ to make u he>4 #c4 ,p>ticipial3 ,hav+ f9i%$ my lett]4 ,classifi$ z to use1 a phrase may be-- #a4 ,a n\n3 ,to be good is to be truly great4 #b4 ,an adjective3 ,! horse is an animal ( mu* intellig5ce4 #c4 ,an adv]b3 ,he lives 9 ! city4 #hc4 ,clauses4--,x has be5 already %[n t clauses may be ei!r pr9cipal or subord9ate4 ,a pr9cipal clause is sometimes def9$ z "o t c /& alone1 & is !re=e indep5d5t ( ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,?is /atem5t is mislead+1 =1 al?\gh true 9 mo/ cases1 x does n hold 9 cases l ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,z ! tree falls1 s x mu/ lie4 #b4 ,t sun%9e is *e]+1 _c be d5i$4 ,! g5u9e te/ = ! subord9ate clause is ! "o already giv5 9 connection ) ! /udy ( ! subord9ate conjunction4 ,x mu/ s]ve ! purpose ( "s s+le "p ( spee*4 ,all o!r clauses are pr9cipal clauses4 #hd4 ,classification ( ,subord9ate ,clauses4--,a4 ,subord9ate clauses may be classifi$ into sub/antive & modify+ clauses4 ,sub/antive clauses %[ ! v>i\s sub/antive con/ructions4 ,?us3-- #a4 ,subject3 ,?\ %alt n covet1 is ! t5? comm&m5t4 #b4 ,object3 ,i "k :at y wi%4 #c4 ,appositive3 ,! tru? t ! e>? is sph]ical is g5]ally believ$4 #d4 ,attribute complem5t3 ,! tru? is t %e is n well4 ,modify+ clauses %[ adjective & adv]bial con/ructions4 ,?us3-- #a4 ,adjective3 ,! h\se :i* y see is m9e4 #b4 ,adv]b3 ,i w g :5 x is possible4 ,b4 ,subord9ate clauses may also be classifi$ accord+ to ! introductory ^w4 7a7 ,clauses introduc$ by relative or int]rogative pron\ns3 :o1 :i*1 :at1 t 7 :o or :i*71 z 7aft] su*71 & ! comp\nd relatives1 :oev]1 :i*ev]1 :atev] 7! fir/ ?ree are bo? relative & int]rogative73 ,! s*ool t /&s on ! hillside is pa9t$ :ite4 ,i "k :om y mean4 7b7 ,clauses introduc$ by a relative or int]rogative adjective3 ,! man ^: libr>y is well furni%$ is ri*4 ,i see :i* way ,i ought to take4 7c7 ,clauses introduc$ by a relative or int]rogative adv]b1 su* z :51 :5ev]1 s9ce 7ref]r+ to "t71 until1 be=e1 aft]1 :]e1 :5ce1 :i!r1 :]ev]1 :y1 z1 h[3 ,i "k ! h\se :]e lie lives4 7d7 ,clauses introduc$ by a subord9ate conjunction1 su* z because1 s9ce 7 because71 ?\gh1 al?\gh1 if1 unless1 t 7 9 ord] t71 z1 z if1 z ?\gh1 !n3 ,i w g s9ce y wi% x4 ,c4 ,subord9ate clauses may also be classifi$ accord+ to ! nature ( ! ?\ght express$4 7a7 ,g5]al description3 ,! h\se1 :i* /&s on ! hill1 has a f9e view4 7b7 ,place3 ,! h\se :]e he 0 born is torn d[n4 7c7 ,"t3 ,he works :5ev] he c4 7d7 ,cause3 ,s9ce y wi% x1 ,i w g4 7e7 ,concession3 ,al?\gh he is my fri5d1 ,i c see 8 faults4 7f7 ,purpose3 ,run1 t y may obta9 ! prize4 7g7 ,result3 ,%e 0 s tir$ t %e /umbl$4 7h7 ,condition3 ,if x ra9s1 we %all n g4 7i7 ,comp>ison3 ,y look z if y 7 tir$4 ,note t ! subord9ate clauses 9 ! above examples are modify+ clauses4 7j7 ,direct quotation3 ,%e said1 ,i w g4 7k7 ,indirect /atem5t3 ,%e said t %e w\ld g4 7l7 ,indirect "q3 ,i knew :]e 8 h\se 04 ,note t ! subord9ate clauses 9 ! above examples are sub/antive clauses4 #he4 ,! ,framework ( a ,s5t5ce has be5 already describ$ z consi/+ ( ! subject1 ! v]b1 &1 if ! v]b be incomplete1 ( "s complet+ elem5t1 object or attribute complem5t4 ,occasionally an objective complem5t mu/ be add$4 ,besides ^! elem5t>y p>ts1 bo? subject & pr$icate may h modifi]s4 ,! usual modifi]s ( ! subject are3-- #a4 ,adjective3 ,! gold5 b[l is brok54 #b4 ,adjective phrase3 ,! h\se on ! hill is beautiful4 #c4 ,adjective clause3 ,! h\se :i* /&s on ! hill is beautiful4 #d4 ,n\n or pron\n 9 possessive case3 ,hel5's pa9t box is lo/4 #e4 ,n\n 9 apposition3 ,mr4 ,m]rill1 ! presid5t ( ! club1 w op5 ! debate4 #f4 ,adv]b us$ z an adjective3 ,my sometime fri5d4 #g4 ,inf9itive us$ adjectively3 ,"w to d is a bless+4 #h4 ,p>ticiple3 ,! *ild1 lagg+ beh9d1 lo/ h] way4 ,! modifi]s ( ! pr$icate are3-- #a4 ,adv]b3 ,! sn[ melt$ v quickly4 #b4 ,n\n us$ adv]bially3 ,i walk$ a mile4 #c4 ,inf9itive us$ adv]bially3 ,we 7 call$ toge!r to decide an important "q4 #d4 ,adv]bial phrase3 ,%e ran along ! road4 #e4 ,adv]bial clause3 ,g :5 y c4 #f4 ,nom9ative absolute3 ,! spee*es be+ ov]1 ! audi5ce disp]s$4 ,occasionally1 adv]bs & phrases ( adv]bial "* modify ! entire ?\ght 9 a s5t5ce1 r ?an "s s+le ^w3 ,to speak pla9ly1 ,i _c g4 ,p]haps ,i may help y4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,special ,,words #hf4 ,special ,words4--,a li/ is "h giv5 ( words :i* appe> z v>i\s p>ts ( spee*3--- a 7#a7 ,adjective3 ,a book4 7#b7 ,preposition3 ,i g a-fi%+4 ab\t 7#a7 ,preposition3 ,walk ab\t ! h\se4 7#b7 ,adv]b3 ,we walk$ ab\t = an h\r4 ,by1 ov]1 up1 etc41 are us$ 9 ! same way4 above 7#a7 ,preposition3 ,! sun is above ! horizon4 7#b7 ,adv]b3 ,g above4 7#c7 ,n\n3 ,e good gift is f above4 7#d7 ,adjective3 ,! above rem>ks are discr$it$4 ,bel[ has ! same uses4 aft] 7#a7 ,preposition3 ,aft] our sail4 7#b7 ,conjunctive adv]b3 ,he came aft] %e w5t away4 all 7#a7 ,pron\n3 ,all w5t m]ry z a m>riage bell4 7#b7 ,n\n3 ,i gave my all4 7#c7 ,adjective3 ,all h&s to ! rescue4 7#d7 ,adv]b3 ,! "w is all "r4 z 7#a7 ,conjunctive pron\n3 ,i give su* z ,i h4 7#b7 ,conjunctive adv]b3 ,i am n s old z %e4 7#c7 ,adv]b3 ,:at o!r grief is z h>d to be>8 7#d7 ,conjunction3 ,z x 0 hot1 we did n g4 7#e7 ,preposition3 ,i w>n$ h] z a fri5d4 7#f7 ,comp\nd ,conjunction3 ,he looks z if he 7 n well4 be=e 7#a7 ,preposition3 ,he /ood be=e ! door4 7#b7 ,conjunctive ,adv]b3 ,i w d x be=e ,i g4 7#c7 ,adv]b3 ,%e has nev] be5 "h be=e4 bo? 7#a7 ,adjective3 ,bo? :ite & r$ p9es are beautiful4 7#b7 ,pron\n3 ,bo? are y\rs4 7#c7 ,conjunction3 ,%e is bo? good & beautiful4 b 7#a7 ,conjunction3 ,john reads b ,ri*>d plays4 7#b7 ,preposition3 ,all b him are at home4 7#c7 ,adv]b3 ,we c b fail4 ei!r 7#a7 ,adjective3 ,ei!r dress is becom+4 7#b7 ,conjunction3 ,ei!r ?is dress or ! o!r is becom+4 7#c7 ,pron\n3 ,ei!r is "r4 fa/ 7#a7 ,n\n3 ,a long fa/4 7#b7 ,v]b3 ,!y fa/ (t54 7#c7 ,adv]b3 ,! ra9 fell fa/4 7#d7 ,adjective3 ,he is a fa/ walk]4 = 7#a7 ,subord9ate ,conjunction3 ,i mu/ g1 = ,i promis$4 7#b7 ,cord9ate ,conjunction3 ,%e /ay$ at home1 = ,i saw h]4 7#c7 ,preposition3 ,i h no?+ = y4 h>d 7#a7 ,adjective3 ,h>d labor4 7#b7 ,adv]b3 ,he works h>d4 l 7#a7 ,n\n3 ,we may nev] see h] l aga94 7#b7 ,adjective3 ,?is process gives l results4 7#c7 ,adv]b3 ,l z a fa!r pitie? 8 *ildr54 7#d7 ,preposition3 ,%e looks l me4 7,by "s gramm>ians l 9 ?is case is consid]$ a adjective ) ! preposition to omitt$47 7#e7 ,v]b3 ,y l y\r "w4 little 7#a7 ,adjective3 ,a little bread4 7#b7 ,n\n3 ,i wi% a little4 7#c7 ,adv]b3 ,he laughs little4 ,mu* has ! same uses4 _m a 7#a7 ,adjective3 ,_m a tree4 not)/&+ 7#a7 ,preposition3 ,not)/&+ ! ra91 we 7 cont5t4 7#b7 ,conjunction or ,preposition3 ,%e is happy1 not)/&+ 7! fact t7 %e is an invalid4 only 7#a7 ,adjective3 ,?is is ! only way4 7#b7 ,adv]b3 ,only exp]i5c$ p]sons ne$ apply4 7#c7 ,conjunction3 ,i %\ld g1 only x is /ormy4 s9ce 7#a7 ,preposition3 ,s9ce t day ,i h n se5 h]4 7#b7 ,conjunction3 ,s9ce y lo/ x1 y mu/ replace x4 7#c7 ,adv]b3 ,i h n se5 h] s9ce4 7#d7 ,conjunctive ,adv]b3 ,y h be5 "h s9ce ,i h4 /ill 7#a7 ,adjective3 ,! lake is /ill4 7#b7 ,adv]b3 ,! tree is /ill ly+ :]e x fell4 7#c7 ,conjunction3 ,he is ent]ta9+2 /ill he talks too mu*4 7#d7 ,v]b3 ,oil is said to /ill ! waves4 7#e7 ,n\n3 ,9 ! /ill ( noonday ! song ( ! locu/ 0 l\d4 ?an 7#a7 ,conjunction3 ,i am old] ?an %e4 7#b7 ,preposition3 ,?an :om !re is none wis]4 t 7#a7 ,demon/rative ,pron\n3 ,t is "r4 7#b7 ,conjunctive ,pron\n3 ,he t lives nobly is happy4 7#c7 ,adjective3 ,t book is m9e4 7#d7 ,conjunction3 ,i say ?is t y may und]/& my position4 7#e7 ,sub/antive ,conjunction3 ,t ?is is true is evid5t4 ! 7#a7 ,adjective 7article73 ,! lake4 7#b7 ,adv]b3 ,! m 444 ! m]ri]4 !n 7#a7 ,adv]b3 ,i %all "k !n4 7#b7 ,conjunction3 ,if y s decide1 !n we may g4 !re 7#a7 ,adv]b3 ,! /ream runs !re4 7#b7 ,expletive3 ,!re are _m po9ts to be consid]$4 7#c7 ,int]jection3 ,!re6 !re6 x makes no diff]5ce6 :at 7#a7 ,conjunctive ,int]rogative ,pron\n3 ,i he>d :at y said4 ,pron\n3 ,:at %all ,i d8 7#c7 ,int]rogative ,adjective3 ,:at game d y pref]8 7#d7 ,conjunctive ,adjective3 ,i "k :at books he enjoys4 7#e7 ,adv]b3 ,:at ) ?is & :at ) t1 he f9ally got 8 wi%4 7#f7 ,int]jection3 ,:at6 :at6 :ile 7#a7 ,n\n3 ,a long :ile4 7#b7 ,v]b3 ,to :ile away ! "t4 7#c7 ,conjunctive ,adv]b3 ,i /ay 9 :ile x sn[s4 ,,iii4 ,,figures ,,( ,,spee* #hg4 ,figures ( ,spee*4--,a figure ( spee* is a *ange f ! usual =m ( expression = ! purpose ( produc+ a great] effect4 ,^! *anges may be effective ei!r because !y are m pleas+ to u or because !y are m =cible1 or = bo? reasons4 ,:ile figurative language is a *ange f ! usual mode ( expression1 we are n to ?9k ( x z be+ unnatural4 ,x is1 9 fact1 z natural z pla9 language1 & ne>ly e "o1 f ! illit]ate to ! mo/ le>n$1 makes use ( x1 m or less1 9 8 ord9>y conv]sation4 ,?is arises f1 ! fact t we all enjoy comp>isons & sub/itutions4 ,:5 we say t we h be5 pegg+ away all day at our "w1 or t ! w9d h[ls1 or t ! man has a he>t ( /eel1 we are mak+ use ( figures ( spee*4 ,figurative language ranges f ^! v simple expressions to ! beautiful figures ( spee* f\nd 9 s mu* ( our poetry4 ,writt5 prose conta9s _m beautiful & =cible examples1 b x is 9 poetry t we f9d mo/ ( !m4 #hh4 ,simile4--,a simile is an express$ comp>ison betwe5 objects belong+ to diff]5t classes4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 h[ev]1 t all resemblances d n con/itute similes4 ,if we comp>e two trees1 or two beehives1 or two riv]s1 our comp>ison is n a simile4 ,if we comp>e a tree to a p]son1 a beehive to a s*oolroom1 or "t to a riv]1 we may =m a good simile1 s9ce ! ?+s comp>$ d n belong to ! same class4 ,! be/ similes are ^? 9 :i* ! ideas comp>$ h "o /rong po9t ( resemblance1 & are unlike 9 all o!r respects4 #a4 ,h[ f> t little c&le ?r[s its beams6 ,s %9es a good de$ 9 a naughty _w4 --,%akespe>e4 #b4 ,= v "y he seem$1 t5d]ly re>$2 ,l "s "y cypress1 tall1 & d>k1 & /raight4 --,mat!w ,arnold4 #c4 ,9 ! primrose-t9t$ sky ,! wan little moon ,hangs l a jewel da9ty & r>e4 --,francis ,c4 ,rank94 #hi4 ,metaphor4--,a metaphor diff]s f a simile 9 t ! comp>ison is impli$ r ?an express$4 ,!y are ess5tially ! same z f> z ! comp>ison is conc]n$1 & usually ! "o k9d may be easily *ang$ to ! o!r4 ,9 a simile we say t "o object is l ano!r1 9 a metaphor we say t "o object is ano!r4 ,,ex]cises ,select ! metaphors 9 ! foll[+ & *ange !m to similes3-- #a4 ,9 arms ! ,au/rian phalanx /ood1 ,a liv+ wall1 a human wood4 --,james ,montgom]y4 #b4 ,! famili> l9es ,are footpa?s = ! ?\ghts ( ,italy4 --,longfell[4 #c4 ,life is a leaf ( pap] :ite1 ,:]eon ea* "o ( u may write ,8 ^w or two1 & !n comes night4 --,l[ell4 #ij4 ,p]sonification4--,p]sonification is a special =m ( ! metaphor 9 :i* life is attribut$ to inanimate objects or ! *>act]i/ics ( p]sons are attribut$ to objects1 animals1 or ev5 to ab/ract ideas4 ,,ex]cises ,expla9 :y ! foll[+ quotations are examples ( p]sonifications3-- #a4 ,! day is done2 & sl[ly f ! sc5e ,! /oop+ sun upga!rs 8 sp5t %afts ,& puts !m back into 8 gold5 quiv]4 --,longfell[4 #b4 ,"t is a cunn+ workman & no man c detect 8 jo9ts4 --,*>les ,pi]ce ,burton4 #c4 ,! sun is c\*$1 ! seaf[l gone to re/1 ,& ! wild /orm ha? some:]e f\nd a ne/4 --,wordswor?4 #d4 ,see ! m\nta9s kiss high heav51 ,& ! waves clasp "o ano!r2 ,no si/] fl[] w\ld be =giv5 ,if x disda9$ its bro!r4 --,%elley4 #ia4 ,apo/rophe4--,apo/rophe is l p]sonification1 b has an additional *>act]i/ic4 ,:5 we directly address inanimate objects or ! abs5t z if !y 7 pres5t1 we call ! figure ( spee* ?us =m$ apo/rophe4 ,! foll[+ are examples ( apo/rophe3-- #a4 ,break1 break1 break1 ,at ! foot ( ?y crags1 ,o ,sea6 --,t5nyson4 #b4 ,backw>d1 turn backw>d1 ,o ,"t1 9 y\r flight1 ,make me a *ild aga9 j = to-night6 ,"m1 come back f ! e*oless %ore1 ,take me aga9 to y\r he>t z ( yore4 --,elizabe? ,ak]s ,all54 #ib4 ,metonymy4--,metonymy consi/s 9 sub/itut+ "o object = ano!r1 ! two be+ s closely associat$ t ! m5tion ( "o sugge/s ! o!r4 #a4 ,! pupils are read+ ,george ,eliot4 #b4 ,ea* hamlet he>d ! call4 #c4 ,/rike = y\r alt>s & y\r fires4 #d4 ,gray hairs %\ld be respect$4 #ic4 ,synecdo*e4--,synecdo*e consi/s 9 sub/itut+ a "p ( any?+ = ! :ole or a :ole = ! "p4 #a4 ,a babe1 two summ]s old4 #b4 ,give u ?is day our daily bread4 #c4 ,r+ out ! ?\s& ye>s ( woe1 ,r+ 9 ! ?\s& ye>s ( peace4 #d4 ,fifty ma/ are on ! ocean4 #id4 ,o!r ,figures ( ,spee*4--,sometimes1 especially 9 old] rhetorics1 ! foll[+ s-call$ figures ( spee* are add$ to ! li/ already giv53 irony1 hyp]bole1 anti!sis1 climax1 & int]rogation4 ,! two =m] p]ta9 r to /yle1 9 fact1 are qualities ( /yle1 :ile ! la/ two might prop]ly be plac$ along ) k9ds ( s5t5ces or p>agraph developm5t4 ,s9ce ^! s-call$ figures are n all m5tion$ else:]e 9 ?is text1 a brief explanation & example ( ea* w be giv5 "h4 #a4 ,irony consi/s 9 say+ j ! opposite ( ! int5d$ mean+1 b 9 su* a way t x emphasizes t mean+4 ,:at has ! gray-hair$ prison] done8 ,has murd] /a9$ 8 h&s ) gore8 ,n s2 8 crime is a f\l] "o-- ,god made ! old man poor4 --,:itti]4 #b4 ,hyp]bole is an exagg]at$ expression us$ to increase ! effectiv5ess ( a /atem5t4 ,he 0 a man ( b\ndless k4 #c4 ,anti!sis consi/s m]ely ( contra/$ /atem5ts4 ,?is contra/ may be f\nd 9 a s+le s5t5ce or x may be ext5d$ ?r\gh an entire p>agraph4 ,look l ! innoc5t fl[]1 ,b be ! s]p5t "u x4 --,%akespe>e4 #d4 ,climax consi/s ( an asc5dant arrangem5t ( words or ideas4 ,i came1 ,i saw1 ,i conqu]$4 #e4 ,:5 a "q is ask$1 n = ! purpose ( obta9+ in=mation b 9 ord] to make spee* m effective1 x is call$ ! figure ( int]rogation4 ,an affirmative "q d5ies & a negative "q affirms4 #a4 ,am ,i my bro!r's keep]8 #b4 ,am ,i n free8 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,rhetorical ,,features ,,( ,,! ,,s5t5ce #ie4 ,unity1 ,coh]5ce1 & ,emphasis 9 ,s5t5ces4--,on pages #aec-aee we h consid]$ ! pr9ciples ( unity1 coh]5ce1 & emphasis z appli$ to ! :ole composition4 ,9 mu* ! same way ^! pr9ciples are applicable to ! s5t5ce4 ,a s5t5ce possesses unity if all t x conta9s makes "o complete /atem5t1 & no m2 & if all m9or ideas are made subord9ate to "o ma9 idea4 ,! effect mu/ be s+le4 ,a s5t5ce exhibits coh]5ce :5 ! relation ( all ( its p>ts is p]fectly cle>4 ,we secure emphasis 9 ! s5t5ce by plac+ ideas t des]ve di/9ction 9 conspicu\s positions2 by arrang+ ! memb]s ( a s]ies 9 ! ord] ( climax2 by us+ specific r ?an g5]al t]ms2 by express+ ?\ghts ) directness & simplicity2 & by employ+ ! devices ( balance & contra/4 ,we mu/ rememb] t1 9 ! s5t5ce z well z 9 ! :ole composition & ! p>agraph1 if coh]5ce & unity are secur$1 emphasis is q likely to foll[ naturally4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a violation ( coh]5ce or unity (t5 results 9 a lack ( emphasis4 #if4 ,unity 9 ! s5t5ce is affect$ unfavorably by-- #a4 ,! pres5ce ( m ?an "o ma9 ?\ght4 7,/onewall ,jackson 0 a g5]al 9 ! ,conf$]ate ,army1 & he is said to h be5 a v religi\s man47 ,9 ?is s5t5ce two di/9ct ?\ghts are embodi$1 & 9 su* a way t _! relation to ea* o!r is altoge!r illogical4 ,! effect is n t ( a s+le ?\ght4 ,to possess unity ! two or m ?\ghts ( a comp\nd s5t5ce %\ld su/a9 "s p>ticul> relation1 l cause & effect1 contra/1 s]ies1 details ( a picture4 ,we c unite ! two ?\ghts 9 a p]fectly logical s5t5ce1 ?us3 7,/onewall ,jackson1 ! ,conf$]ate g5]al1 is said to h be5 a v religi\s man47 #b4 ,! addition ( too _m dep5d5t clauses4 7,! boy 0 />tl$ :5 he awoke1 = he he>d ! plan ( 8 captors1 :o 7 prep>+ to seize ! boat1 :i* _h be5 left by 8 fri5ds :o _h s my/]i\sly des]t$ him at a "t :5 he ne$$ !m mo/47 ,"h1 ! num]\s dep5d5t clauses tack$ on obscure ! ma9 ?\ght4 ,! s5t5ce %\ld be brok5 up &1 :]e possible1 clauses %\ld be r$uc$ to phrases & words4 7,! boy 0 />tl$ :5 he awoke1 = he he>d ! plan ( 8 captors4 ,!y 7 prep>+ to seize ! boat left by 8 fri5ds1 :o _h des]t$ him 9 ! h\r ( greate/ ne$47 #c4 ,! pres5ce ( incongru\s ideas4 7,) 8 hair comb$ & 8 %oes black$1 he gave ! impression ( be+ a v /rong man47 ,! ideas ( ?is s5t5ce h no logical relation to ea* o!r4 ,!re is little likelihood1 too1 ( mak+ !m m congru\s by any *ange 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,black+ "o's %oes & comb+ "o's hair d n make "o look /rong4 ,! rem$y = su* a s5t5ce is to sep>ate ! incongru\s ideas4 #d4 ,a ne$less *ange ( con/ruction4 7,silas 0 k9dly receiv$ by ! m5 9 ! tav]n2 & :5 !y _h li/5$ to 8 /ory & 8 answ]s to _! que/ions _h be5 not$1 !y began to ?9k ( cat*+ ! ?ief47 ,confusion arises f su* sudd5 & ne$less *anges ( ! subject4 ,by keep+ ! same subject ?r\gh\t1 we secure unity ( impression4 7,! m5 9 ! tav]n receiv$ ,silas k9dly2 & :5 !y _h li/5$ to 8 /ory & _h not$ 8 answ]s to _! que/ions1 !y began to ?9k ( cat*+ ! ?ief47 #e4 ,mak+ ! s5t5ce too %ort & fragm5t>y to s]ve z a logical unit ( ! p>agraph4 7,i w5t to ! p>k ye/]day4 ,x 0 a pleasant day4 ,i saw _m animals4 ,i _h a good "t1 etc47 ,ea* ( ^! s5t5ces1 :5 consid]$ 9 its relation to ! o!rs1 & to ! developm5t ( ! ?\ght1 is altoge!r too incomplete & unimportant 9 ideas express$ to /& alone4 ,unity ( impression & dignity ( ?\ght are ga9$ by comb9+ ! s5t5ces4 7,ye/]day 0 a pleasant day2 s ,i w5t to ! p>k1 :]e ,i saw _m animals1 & _h a good "t47 #ig4 ,coh]5ce 9 ! s5t5ce is affect$ unfavorably by-- #a4 ,! wrong plac+ ( modifi]s4 7,! victori\s g5]al 0 return+ to 8 native city aft] _m h>d-f\ght campaigns ) 8 /aff (fic]s47 ,x is n likely t ! campaigns "h ref]r$ to 7 wag$ aga9/ ! /aff (fic]s4 ,by *ang+ ! position ( phrases we express ! ?\ght t ! writ] _h 9 m9d4 7,aft] _m h>d-f\ght campaigns1 ! victori\s g5]al1 ) 8 /aff (fic]s1 0 approa*+ 8 native city47 ,especial c>e %\ld be tak5 9 plac+ ! correlatives ei!r1 or2 nei!r1 nor2 n only1 b also2 & ! ^w only4 ,incoh]5ce frequ5tly arises ?r\gh ! wrong plac+ ( ^! words4 #b4 ,! c>eless use ( pron\ns4 7,argum5t plays a v little "p 9 t "w1 & ^? t d occur are n int]e/+47 7,he repeat$ to 8 fa!r :at he _h told him ! night be=e :5 he 0 9 8 room47 ,9 bo? s5t5ces1 ! relation betwe5 pron\ns & antec$5ts is n cle>1 & incoh]5ce results4 ,) ! ambiguity 9 ! use ( ! pron\ns rem$i$1 ! s5t5ces are entirely coh]5t4 7,argum5t plays a v little "p 9 t "w1 & :atev] argum5tative mat]ial is f\nd is n int]e/+47 7,he repeat$ to 8 fa!r :at he _h told ?is p>5t ! night be=e 9 8 room47 #c4 ,c>eless p>ticipial & inf9itive relations4 7,aft] c>efully prep>+ my lessons1 a fri5d came 947 7,/&+ on ,brooklyn ,bridge1 a great _m f]ryboats c be se547 ,! relation ( ! p>ts is manife/ly illogical & absurd4 ,! s5t5ces %\ld read3 7,aft] ,i _h c>efully prep>$ my lessons1 a fri5d came 947 7,:ile /&+ on ,brooklyn ,bridge1 "o c see a great _m f]ryboats47 #d4 ,! use ( wrong connectives4 7,x ra9$ ye/]day1 & ,i w5t to s*ool47 ,we assume t ! pupil wi%es to convey ! ?\ght t he w5t to s*ool ye/]day 9 spite ( ! ra94 ,b by 8 use ( ! coord9at+ conjunction1 &1 he has fail$ to e/abli% a logical relation betwe5 ! two clauses4 ,9 ?is case unity is violat$ z well z coh]5ce4 ,use diff]5t connectives & note ! result1 7,al?\gh x ra9$ ye/]day1 ,i w5t to s*ool7 or1 7,x ra9$ ye/]day1 b ,i w5t to s*ool74 #e4 ,failure to obs]ve p>allelism 9 =m4 7,! /rang] seem$ c\rte\s 9 8 conduct & to h a solicitude = my welf>e47 ,al?\gh ?is s5t5ce is grammatically correct1 ! %ift 9 /ructure f ! adjective & its phrase to ! inf9itive phrase leads to confusion 9 ?\ght4 ,h[ mu* cle>] & smoo!r ?is r5d]+3 7,! /rang] seem$ c\rte\s 9 8 conduct & solicit\s = my welf>e47 #ih4 ,emphasis 9 ! s5t5ce is affect$ unfavorably by-- #a4 ,weak beg9n+s & end+s4 7,a fire 9 ! city is an excit+ ev5t to ! av]age boy47 7,x seem$ t ! unpr9cipl$ fell[ _h =g$ 8 fa!r's "n47 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 ! important words are excit+ ev5t1 & !y %\ld occupy ! mo/ conspicu\s position1-- at ! end ( ! s5t5ce4 ,! effectiv5ess is mu* improv$ by ?is ord]3 7,to ! av]age boy1 a fire 9 ! city is an excit+ ev5t47 ,9 ! second s5t5ce ! weak place is ! beg9n+4 ,! subject & its modifi]s are /rik+ en\gh to dem& _! rightful position1--z ! introductory words2 9 =g$ 8 fa!r's "n we h ideas />tl+ en\gh = a place at ! end ( ! s5t5ce4 ,x seem$ t c be r$uc$ to "o ^w1 app>5tly1 & ?is c be made p>5!tical4 7,! unpr9cipl$ fell[1 app>5tly1 _h =g$ 8 fa!r's "n47 ,?is s5t5ce1 x w be obs]v$1 illu/rates ! p]iodic or susp5d$ /ructure1 a type p>ticul>ly effective to employ = su/a9+ int]e/ z well z = secur+ emphasis4 #b4 ,failure to obs]ve ! ord] ( climax4 7,daz$1 brok5-he>t$1 hungry1 ! poor "m resum$ h] daily tasks47 ,cle>ly1 ! /ronge/ idea is sugge/$ by brok5-he>t$4 ,a bett] ord] w\ld be3 7,hungry1 daz$1 brok5-he>t$1 ! poor "m resum$ h] daily tasks47 #c4 ,! use ( sup]flu\s words4 7,i ru%$ hurri$ly into ! burn+ h\se & ha/ily snat*$ my few possessions47 ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 ru%$ & snat*$ lose r ?an ga9 =ce by add+ hurri$ly & ha/ily4 ,look up def9itions ( ru% & snat*4 ,:5 we wi% to express /rong emotion or to describe action result+ f excitem5t1 we only weak5 ! impression by us+ unnecess>y words4 ,simple1 direct s5t5ces are mo/ =ceful4 ,9 aim+ to secure s5t5ce emphasis1 !n1 we %\ld avoid circumlocution1 r$undancy1 tautology1 & v]bosity4 7,look up ^! t]ms 9 ! ,c5tury ,diction>y47 #d4 ,! use ( g5]al r ?an specific t]ms4 7,he approa*$ ! brook cauti\sly1 & conceal+ himself 9 ! bu%es1 began fi%+47 ,a consid]ation ( ! *oice ( words 9 ! s5t5ce belongs /rictly to ! /udy ( diction2 h[ev]1 =ce 9 ! s5t5ce is dep5d5t 9 a l>ge measure on ! words employ$4 ,obs]ve h[ =ceful ! foll[+ s5t5ce is z contra/$ ) ! fir/ example3 7,he crept noiselessly to ! fi%+ hole1 & hid+ 9 ! will[s1 ?rew 8 hook into ! /ream47 #e4 ,failure to employ balance & contra/4 7,wor? makes ! man2 b ! fell[ is made by ! want ( x47 7,8 life 0 sp5t 9 rep5t+ ( pa/ misde$s2 9 do+ :at 0 wrong1 :ile he inculcat$ pr9ciples ( righte\sness47 ,comp>e ^! )3 7,wor? makes ! man2 ! want ( x1 ! fell[47 7,8 life 0 sp5t 9 s9n+ & rep5t+2 9 inculcat+ :at 0 "r1 & do+ :at 0 wrong47 ,"h ! regul>ity ( =m gives pleasure to ! ta/e1 :ile ! position ( balanc$ & p>allel p>ts adds cle>ness1 coh]5ce1 & emphasis to ! ?\ghts express$4 ,?is me?od ( s5t5ce /ructure1 if employ$ too frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 w lead to a mann]ism difficult to ov]come4 ,! caution to be he$$ 9 ! case ( ?is type ( s5t5ce z well z 9 ! case ( e o!r is1 ,no?+ too mu*4 ,obs]ve ! law ( v>iety4 ,,ex]cises ,po9t out ! specific faults & correct3-- #a4 ,he nei!r gave satisfaction z butl] nor z coa*man4 #b4 ,ela9e des]ves our sympa?y f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( ! novel4 #c4 ,john only play$ once & won2 & !n1 aft] wat*+ ! o!r play]s = a "t1 he got up & left ! room4 #d4 ,! boy _h an unconqu]able fe> ( reptiles :i* no reason+ c\ld ov]come4 #e ,! ,vic>'s son ,moses 0 a good /ud5t ( ! classics1 b he made a bad b>ga9 9 8 pur*ase ( ! gre5 spectacles4 #f4 ,9 all ( 8 behavior t[>d ,lynette1 ,g>e? 0 pati5t & c\rte\s1 :i* reflect$ mu* cr$it on 8 knightly "*4 #g4 ,johnson 0 a man ) a h]oic s\l1 a wond]ful intellect1 & a k9d he>t4 #h4 ,aft] !y _h all assembl$ & come toge!r1 ,odysseus address$ !m4 #i4 ,he _h rea*$ ! age ( sev5ty1 & 8 dea? 0 due to a n]v\s disord]4 #aj4 ,! boys 7 only injur$ a little4 #aa4 ,george ,eliot's writ+s are fill$ ) ! philosophy ( life1 if we are wise en\gh to discov] x4 #ab4 ,addison 0 s9c]e & k9dly 9 8 attitude t[>d m51 & ,pope 0 hypocritical & spiteful4 #ac4 ,) reputation1 "*1 & weal? gone1 ! poor man _h little to live =4 #ad4 ,lancelot lov$ ,que5 ,gu9ev]e de>ly1 & he 0 ,ar?ur's mo/ valor\s knight4 #ae4 ,we are at peace ) all ! _w & ! re/ ( mank9d4 #af4 ,c$ric liv$ ) two great ends 9 view1--! union ( ,a!l/ane & ,r[5a & to see a re/or$ ,saxon mon>*y4 #ag4 ,james 0 walk+ backw>d & =w>d on ! m\nta9 side1 :i* at ?is place 0 v precipit\s & f :i* a little silv]y /ream issu$ to beg9 its rapid desc5t to ! quiet hamlet t lay f> bel[4 #ah4 ,9 our ef=ts to succe$ 9 life we "w h>d t we may make names = ourselves & to acquire prop]ty4 #ai4 ,he is a good hunt]1 b 8 wife is a ,me?odi/4 #bj4 ,go+ up ! /reet ,i saw ! /range/-look+ man4 #ba4 ,james speaks ,g]man flu5tly1 & he did n beg9 to /udy x until la/ ye>4 #bb4 ,on return+ to ! deck1 ! sea assum$ a v diff]5t aspect4 ,v4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,synonyms ,ab&on1 ca/ (f1 des]t1 =swe>1 quit1 r5\nce1 )draw f4 ,abate1 decrease1 dim9i%1 mitigate1 mod]ate4 ,abhor1 abom9ate1 dete/1 dislike1 loa!4 ,abid+1 endur+1 la/+1 p]man5t1 p]petual4 ,ability1 capability1 capacity1 compet5cy1 efficacy1 p[]4 ,aboli%1 annul1 eradicate1 ext]m9ate1 oblit]ate1 root out1 wipe out4 ,abom9ation1 curse1 evil1 iniquity1 nuisance1 %ame4 ,abs5t1 abs5t-m9d$1 absorb$1 ab/ract$1 oblivi\s1 preoccupi$4 ,absolve1 acquit1 cle>4 ,ab/emi\sness1 ab/95ce1 frugality1 mod]ation1 sobriety1 temp]ance4 ,absurd1 ill-advis$1 ill-consid]$1 ludicr\s1 mon/r\s1 p>adoxical1 prepo/]\s1 unreasonable1 wild4 ,abundant1 adequate1 ample1 en\gh1 g5]\s1 lavi%1 pl5tiful4 ,accomplice1 ally1 colleague1 help]1 p>tn]4 ,active1 agile1 al]t1 brisk1 bu/l+1 en]getic1 lively1 supple4 ,actual1 au!ntic1 g5u9e1 real4 ,address1 adroitness1 c\rtesy1 read9ess1 tact4 ,adept1 adroit1 deft1 dext]\s1 h&y1 skillful4 ,adequate1 adjo9+1 bord]+1 ne>1 neighbor+4 ,admire1 adore1 respect1 rev]e1 v5]ate4 ,admit1 all[1 conc$e1 grant1 suff]1 tol]ate4 ,admixture1 alloy4 ,adv]se1 dis9cl9$1 indispos$1 loa?1 reluctant1 sl[1 unwill+4 ,a]ial1 airy1 animat$1 e!real1 frolicsome4 ,affectation1 cant1 hypocrisy1 pret5se1 %am4 ,affirm1 ass]t1 av[1 decl>e1 ma9ta91 /ate4 ,ag$1 anci5t1 antiquat$1 antique1 immemorial1 old1 v5]able4 ,air1 be>+1 c>riage1 demeanor4 ,ak91 alike1 id5tical4 ,al]t1 on ! al]t1 sleepless1 w>y1 wat*ful4 ,allay1 appease1 calm1 pacify4 ,alliance1 coalition1 compact1 f$]ation1 union1 fusion4 ,allude1 h9t1 imply1 ins9uate1 intimate1 sugge/4 ,allure1 attract1 cajole1 coax1 inveigle1 lure4 ,amateur1 connoisseur1 novice1 tyro4 ,am5d1 bett]1 m5d1 re=m1 repair4 ,amplify1 develop1 exp&1 ext5d1 unfold1 wid54 ,amusem5t1 div]sion1 ent]ta9m5t1 pa/ime4 ,ang]1 exasp]ation1 petulance1 rage1 res5tm5t4 ,animal1 bea/1 brute1 liv+ creature1 liv+ organism4 ,answ]1 rejo9d]1 rep>tee1 reply1 response1 retort4 ,anticipate1 =e/all1 preclude1 prev5t4 ,apiece1 individually1 sev]ally1 sep>ately4 ,app>5t1 cle>1 evid5t1 obvi\s1 tangible1 unmi/akable4 ,appreh5d1 compreh5d1 conceive1 p]ceive1 und]/&4 ,arraign1 *>ge1 cite1 impea*1 indict1 prosecute1 summon4 ,arrogance1 haught9ess1 presumption1 pride1 self-complac5cy1 sup]cili\sness1 vanity4 ,arti/1 artific]1 artisan1 me*anic1 op]ative1 workman4 ,artless1 boori%1 cl[ni%1 hoid5i%1 rude1 unc\?1 unsophi/icat$4 ,ass5t1 agree1 comply4 ,assurance1 effront]y1 h>dihood1 imp]t95ce1 impud5ce1 incivility1 insol5ce1 (fici\sness1 rud5ess4 ,atom1 gra91 scrap1 p>ticle1 %r$1 :it4 ,atroci\sness1 b>b>ic1 b>b>\s1 brutal1 m]ciless4 ,attack1 assault1 infr+em5t1 intrusion1 onslaught4 ,atta91 accompli%1 a*ieve1 arrive at1 compass1 rea*1 secure4 ,attempt1 endeavor1 essay1 /rive1 try1 und]take4 ,attitude1 pose1 position1 po/ure4 ,attribute1 ascribe1 assign1 *>ge1 impute4 ,axiom1 truism4 ,baffle1 balk1 b>1 *eck1 emb>rass1 foil1 fru/rate1 hamp]1 h9d]1 imp$e1 ret>d1 ?w>t4 ,bant]1 burlesque1 droll]y1 humor1 je/1 raill]y1 wit1 witticism4 ,beg1 plead1 press1 urge4 ,beguile1 div]t1 enliv51 ent]ta91 occupy4 ,bewild]m5t1 confusion1 di/raction1 emb>rassm5t1 p]plexity4 ,b9d1 fett]1 oblige1 re/ra91 re/rict4 ,blaze1 flame1 fl>e1 fla%1 flick]1 gl>e1 gleam1 gleam+1 glimm]1 glitt]1 light1 lu/]1 %imm]1 sp>kle4 ,bless$1 hall[$1 holy1 sacr$1 sa9tly4 ,boa/+1 display1 o/5tation1 pomp1 pomp\sness1 %[4 ,brave1 adv5tur\s1 bold1 c\rage\s1 d>+1 dauntless1 fe>less1 gallant1 h]oic1 undismay$4 ,brav]y1 coolness1 c\rage1 gallantry1 h]oism4 ,brief1 concise1 pi?y1 s5t5ti\s1 t]se4 ,br+ ov]1 conv9ce1 induce1 influ5ce1 p]suade1 prevail ^u1 w9 ov]4 ,calamity1 disa/]1 misadv5ture1 mis*ance1 mis=tune1 mi%ap4 ,c&id1 imp>tial1 op51 /raight=w>d1 transp>5t1 unbias$1 unprejudic$1 unres]v$4 ,c&or1 frankness1 tru?1 v]acity4 ,caprice1 humor1 vag>y1 :im4 ,c>icature1 burlesque1 p>ody1 trave/y4 ,cat*1 capture1 clasp1 clut*1 grip1 secure4 ,cause1 consid]ation1 design1 end1 gr\nd1 motive1 object1 reason1 purpose4 ,caution1 discretion1 prud5ce4 ,c5sure1 criticism1 rebuke1 repro(1 reprim&1 reproa*4 ,"*1 con/itution1 disposition1 reputation1 temp]1 temp]am5t4 ,*>act]i/ic1 peculi>ity1 prop]ty1 s+ul>ity1 trait4 ,*att]+1 g>rul\s1 loquaci\s1 talkative4 ,*e]1 com=t1 delight1 ec/asy1 gayety1 gladness1 gratification1 happ9ess1 jollity1 satisfaction4 ,*urli%1 cru/y1 gloomy1 gruff1 ill-natur$1 morose1 s\r1 sull51 surly4 ,class1 circle1 clique1 cot]ie4 ,cloak1 cov]1 gloss ov]1 mitigate1 palliate1 scre54 ,cloy1 sate1 satiate1 satisfy1 surfeit4 ,commit1 confide1 consign1 intru/1 relegate4 ,compassion1 =be>ance1 l5i5ce1 m]cy4 ,compassionate1 graci\s1 humane4 ,complete1 consummate1 faultless1 flawless1 p]fect4 ,confirm1 corroborate4 ,conflict+1 discordant1 discrepant1 incongru\s1 mismat$4 ,confus$1 discordant1 miscellane\s1 v>i\s4 ,conjecture1 guess1 suppose1 surmise4 ,consci\s1 aw>e1 c]ta94 ,consequ5ce1 issue1 outcome1 outgr[?1 result1 sequel1 up%ot4 ,cont9ual1 cont9u\s1 incessant1 unbrok51 un9t]rupt$4 ,cr$ible1 conceivable1 likely1 presumable1 probable1 reasonable4 ,cu/om>y1 habitual1 normal1 prevail+1 usual1 wont$4 ,damage1 detrim5t1 disadvantage1 h>m1 hurt1 injury1 prejudice4 ,dang]\s1 =midable1 t]rible4 ,defame1 deprecate1 disp>age1 sl&]1 vilify4 ,defile1 infect1 soil1 /a91 sully1 ta9t1 t>ni%4 ,delet]i\s1 detrim5tal1 hurtful1 h>mful1 mis*iev\s1 p]nici\s1 ru9\s4 ,delicate1 f9e1 m9ute1 ref9$1 sl5d]4 ,delightful1 grateful1 gratify+1 refre%+1 satisfy+4 ,difficult1 h>d1 labori\s1 toilsome1 try+4 ,digress1 div]ge1 /ray1 sw]ve1 w&]4 ,dis[n1 disclaim1 disav[1 recall1 r5\nce1 repudiate1 retract4 ,dispose1 draw1 incl9e1 induce1 influ5ce1 move1 prompt1 /ir4 ,e>li]1 =ego+1 previ\s1 prelim9>y4 ,effem9ate1 fem99e1 womani%1 womanly4 ,em]g5cy1 extremity1 necessity4 ,empty1 fruitless1 futile1 idle1 trifl+1 unavail+1 useless1 va91 vision>y4 ,erudition1 k1 pr(undity1 sagacity1 s5se1 wisdom4 ,et]nal1 imp]i%able1 int]m9able1 p]5nial1 p]petual1 unfail+4 ,excuse1 pret5se1 pretext1 subt]fuge4 ,exemption1 immunity1 lib]ty1 lic5se1 privilege4 ,explicit1 express4 ,fa9t1 fa9t-he>t$1 falt]+1 half-he>t$1 irresolute1 languid1 li/less1 purposeless4 ,fai?ful1 loyal1 /an*1 tru/wor?y1 tru/y4 ,fanciful1 fanta/ic1 grotesque1 imag9ative1 vision>y4 ,fl+1 gibe1 je]1 mock1 sc(f1 sne]1 taunt4 ,flock1 bevy1 brood1 covey1 drove1 h]d1 litt]1 pack4 ,fluctuate1 hesitate1 oscillate1 vacillate1 wav]4 ,folly1 imbecility1 s5selessness1 /upidity4 ,grief1 melan*oly1 regret1 sadness1 sorr[4 ,hale1 heal?ful1 heal?y1 salut>y1 s\nd1 vigor\s4 ,ignorant1 illit]ate1 un9=m$1 un9/ruct$1 unlett]$1 untaught4 ,impulsive1 involunt>y1 spontane\s1 unbidd51 volunt>y1 will+4 ,indisp5sable1 inevitable1 necess>y1 requisite1 unavoidable4 ,inquisitive1 inquir+1 intrusive1 m$dlesome1 peep+1 pry+4 ,intractable1 p]v]se1 petulant1 ungov]nable1 wayw>d1 willful4 ,irritation1 (f5se1 pique1 res5tm5t4 ,probably1 presumably4 ,reliable1 tru/wor?y1 tru/y4 ,remnant1 trace1 tok51 ve/ige4 ,requite1 repay1 retaliate1 satisfy4 ,,vi4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,words ,,= ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,^w ,,usage ,ability1 capacity4 ,accept1 except4 ,acceptance1 acceptation4 ,access1 accession4 ,accr$it1 cr$it4 ,act1 action4 ,admire1 l4 ,admittance1 admission4 ,advance1 advancem5t1 progress1 progression4 ,affect1 effect4 ,aft]1 aft]w>d4 ,aggravat+1 irritat+1 provok+1 exasp]at+4 ,allege1 ma9ta9 ,all[1 guess1 ?9k4 ,allusion1 illusion1 delusion4 ,almo/1 mo/1 mo/ly4 ,alone1 only4 ,alt]nate1 *oice4 ,among1 betwe54 ,am\nt1 numb]1 quantity4 ,angry1 mad4 ,app>5tly1 evid5tly4 ,apt1 likely1 liable4 ,arise1 rise4 ,at1 94 ,avocation1 vocation4 ,awfully1 v4 ,balance1 re/1 rema9d]4 ,beg91 comm5ce4 ,beside1 besides4 ,bo?1 ea*1 e4 ,br+1 fet*4 ,by1 )4 ,calculate1 int5d4 ,c>ry1 br+1 fet*4 ,casuality1 casualty4 ,"*1 reputation4 ,claim1 ass]t4 ,clev]1 pleasant4 ,college1 univ]sity1 s*ool4 ,complet5ess1 completion4 ,complim5t1 complem5t4 ,confess1 admit4 ,con/rue1 con/ruct4 ,contemptible1 contemptu\s4 ,cont9ual1 cont9u\s4 ,conv9ce1 convict4 ,c\ncil1 c\nsel4 ,c\ple1 pair4 ,cr$ible1 cr$itable1 cr$ul\s4 ,cu/om1 habit4 ,deadly1 dea?ly4 ,decid$1 decisive4 ,decimate1 de/roy4 ,decl>e1 ass]t4 ,degrade1 demean4 ,depot1 /ation1 ,r4,r4 ,discov]1 inv5t4 ,drive1 ride4 ,ea* o!r1 any o!r1 "o ano!r4 ,emigration1 immigration1 migration4 ,enormity1 enorm\sness4 ,e/imate1 e/eem4 ,exceptional1 exceptionable4 ,expect1 suppose4 ,fals5ess1 falsity4 ,fly1 flee4 ,funny1 odd4 ,grant1 give4 ,habit1 practice4 ,haply1 happily4 ,heal?y1 heal?ful1 :olesome4 ,human1 humane4 ,lady1 woman4 ,la/1 late/1 prec$+4 ,le>n1 tea*4 ,lease1 hire4 ,less1 few]4 ,lie1 lay4 ,loan1 l5d4 ,love1 l4 ,mad1 angry4 ,majority1 plurality4 ,manly1 manni%4 ,may1 c4 ,mutual1 common4 ,necessities1 necess>ies4 ,nice1 pleasant1 attractive4 ,not$1 notori\s4 ,obs]vation1 obs]vance4 ,(ficial1 (fici\s4 ,oral1 v]bal4 ,"p1 portion4 ,p>tly1 p>tially4 ,p]secute1 prosecute4 ,p]son1 p>ty4 ,practicable1 practical4 ,prescribe1 proscribe4 ,prom95t1 pr$om9ant4 ,purpose1 propose4 ,q1 v1 r4 ,relation1 relative4 ,repair1 m5d4 ,requirem5t1 requisite4 ,rise1 raise4 ,s*ol>1 pupil1 /ud5t4 ,s5sible (1 s5sitive to4 ,s]ies1 succession4 ,settle1 locate4 ,sewage1 sew]age4 ,%all1 w4 ,%\ld1 w\ld4 ,sit1 set4 ,spl5did1 elegant4 ,/atem5t1 ass]tion4 ,/atue1 /atute1 /ature4 ,/ay1 /op4 ,team1 c>riages4 ,transpire1 happ54 ,v]dict1 te/imony4 ,)\t1 unless4 ,womanly1 womani%4 ,,index ,abbott4 ,action3 obs]vation (4 ,actuality3 9 argum5t4 ,adams4 ,adjectives4 ,advantages3 ( express+ ideas ga9$ f exp]i5ce2 ( imag9ative !me writ+4 ,adv]bs4 ,agreem5t4 ,all51 ,elizabe? ,a4 ,all51 ,james ,lane4 ,ambiguity4 ,analogy3 argum5t f4 ,anti!sis4 ,apo/rophe3 rule =2 z figure ( spee*4 ,argum5t3 purpose (2 use ( explanation 92 by /at+ advantages & disadvantages2 by use ( specific in/ances2 refutation or indirect2 diff]s f exposition2 cle> ?9k+ ess5tial2 by inf]5ce2 f cause2 f sign2 f example2 f analogy2 diff]s f p]suasion2 ) p]suasion4 ,argum5tative !mes4 ,arnold4 ,arrangem5t3 see coh]5ce2 9 argum5t2 summ>y (4 ,att5dant circum/ances3 argum5t f4 ,au?ority3 appeals to 9 argum5t4 ,auxili>y v]bs4 ,ayton4 ,bagley4 ,baldw94 ,ballad4 ,bancr(t4 ,belief3 necessity 9 debate2 e/abli%+ a g5]al !ory2 basis (4 ,bev]idge4 ,biography4 ,blank v]se4 ,bo>dman4 ,b\rdillon4 ,b[les4 ,bradley4 ,brief4 ,br[n4 ,br[n+4 ,bryant4 ,budgell4 ,burke4 ,burns4 ,burr\ghs4 ,byron4 ,cable4 ,camp4 ,capitals4 ,c>y4 ,case4 ,cause & effect3 developm5t ( p>agraph by use (2 developm5t ( composition by use (2 use 9 exposition2 use 9 argum5t4 ,cautions & sugge/ions3 use ( figures ( spee*2 9 debat+2 use ( pron\ns2 use ( adjectives2 use ( v]bs2 use ( adv]bs2 prepositions4 ,"* sket*4 ,*oice ( words3 adapt$ to read]2 z to mean+2 simple4 ,cl>k4 ,classification4 ,clauses3 re/rictive & non-re/rictive4 ,cle>ness4 ,climax3 9 n>ration2 9 argum5t2 z figure ( spee*4 ,coh]5ce3 def9ition2 9 outl9e2 9 composition2 arrangem5t ( details2 arrangem5t ( facts 9 exposition2 aid$ by outl9e2 9 argum5t2 9 s5t5ces4 ,col]idge4 ,colon3 rules =4 ,colton4 ,comma3 rules =4 ,comp>ison3 z an aid to =mation ( images2 developm5t ( a p>agraph by2 def9itions supplem5t$ by2 z a me?od ( develop+ a composition2 z an aid 9 e/abli%+ fundam5tal image2 z an aid to effectiv5ess 9 description2 use 9 exposition2 analogy2 ( adjectives2 ( adv]bs4 ,complete & incomplete v]bs4 ,composition3 k9ds (2 g5]al pr9ciples (4 ,conclusion4 ,conjugation4 ,conjunctions4 ,connolly4 ,connor4 ,con/ructions3 ( n\ns2 ( p]sonal pron\ns2 ( relative pron\ns2 ( adjectives4 ,contra/3 developm5t ( a p>agraph by2 developm5t ( a composition by2 use 9 exposition4 ,conv]sation4 ,coop]4 ,copel&-,ride\t4 ,correction ( !mes4 ,d>w94 ,da%3 rules =4 ,debate3 value (2 /atem5t ( "q2 necessity ( belief2 ord] ( pres5tation2 cautions4 ,d$uctive reason+3 errors (4 ,def9ition3 by synonym2 by use ( simpl] words2 def9itions to be supplem5t$2 fir/ /ep 9 exposition2 logical2 difficulty 9 fram+2 inexact4 ,description3 ,*apt] ,,viii 7see also descriptive !mes72 def9$2 effectiv5ess 92 classes ( objects frequ5tly describ$3 build+s2 natural features2 s\nds2 color2 animals2 plants2 p]sons2 impression (2 impression z purpose (2 9 n>ration2 g5]al description4 ,descriptive !mes4 ,details3 selection (2 p>agraph develop$ by2 relat$ 9 "t-ord]2 relat$ ) ref]5ce to position 9 space2 us$ 9 g5]al description2 9 g5]al n>ration2 composition develop$ by giv+ details 9 "t-ord]2 by giv+ details ) ref]5ce to position 9 space2 selection (1 affect$ by po9t ( view2 selection ( ess5tial2 selection & subord9ation ( m9or2 arrangem5t (2 9 n>ration2 arrangem5t2 selection ( facts 9 exposition2 exposition by use (4 ,dewey4 ,diction4 ,disc\rse3 =ms ( presupposes an audi5ce4 ,division4 ,dixey4 ,dramatic poetry4 ,dry]4 ,dunb>1 ,m>y ,l\ise4 ,ease4 ,effectiv5ess 9 description comp>ison & figures ( spee*1 z aids to4 ,elegance4 ,elegy4 ,eliot1 ,george4 ,emphasis 9 s5t5ces4 ,en?ymeme4 ,epic4 ,equival5ts3 = n\ns = adjectives4 = adv]bs ,ess5tials ( expression4 ,euphony4 ,evid5ce4 ,examples3 use 9 exposition argum5t f 7see also specific in/ances74 ,exclamation m>k3 rule =4 ,exp$i5cy3 que/ions (4 ,exp]i5ce3 ideas ga9$ f1 ,*apt] ,i2 relation to imag9ation impressions limit$ to4 ,exposition3 ,*apt] ,x 7see also expository !mes72 purpose ( importance ( cle> und]/&+ necess>y ( t]ms ( propositions by repetition by examples by comp>ison & contra/ by obv]se /atem5ts by details by cause & effect by g5]al description by g5]al n>ration by use ( specific in/ances4 ,expository !mes4 ,expression3 ess5tials (4 ,fallacy4 ,feel+s3 appeal to1 9 p]suasion4 ,feet4 ,fields4 ,figures ( spee* use ( z an aid to effectiv5ess 9 description4 ,=d4 ,=m3 importance ( directions z to4 ,=ms ( disc\rse4 ,fundam5tal image4 ,g5d]4 ,g5]al !ory3 h[ e/abli%$1 basis ( appeals to4 ,george1 ,m>ian ,m4 ,gilman4 ,gramm> review4 ,gray4 ,h>e4 ,h>l&4 ,h>ris4 ,haw?orne4 ,h5ry4 ,higg9son & ,*ann+4 ,h9man4 ,hi/ory3 writ+ (4 ,ho>4 ,holl&4 ,holmes4 ,h[ells4 ,hyp]bole4 ,ideas3 f exp]i5ce1 ,*apt] ,i2 f imag9ation1 ,*apt] ,,ii2 f language1 ,*apt] ,,iii4 pleasure 9 express+ s\rces ( advantages ( express+ ideas ga9$ f exp]i5ce f imag9ation ideas f pictures acquir$ ?r\gh language4 ,images3 mak+ ( complete & incomplete reproduction ( o!r requirem5ts to det]m9e mean+ fundam5tal union ) impression4 ,imag9ation1 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,impression3 ( description1 z purpose ( description1 necessity ( obs]v+ impressions1 limit$ to exp]i5ce1 affect$ by mood1 union ) image4 ,improbability4 ,inc5tive mom5t4 ,ind5tation4 ,inductive reason+3 errors (4 ,inf]5ce3 use 9 argum5t4 ,inf9itives4 ,int]rogation4 ,int]rogation m>k3 rule =4 ,introduction4 ,invitations4 ,irony4 ,irv+4 ,jackson1 ,hel5 ,hunt4 ,jordan & ,kellogg4 ,kellogg4 ,k+sley4 ,kipl+4 ,language3 z a m$ium ?r\gh :i* ideas are acquir$1 adapt$ to read]1 ,lett] writ+3 ,*apt] ,,vi2 importance (1 pap]1 beg9n+1 body1 conclusion1 envelope1 rule (1 bus9ess lett]s1 lett]s ( fri5d%ip1 adaptation to read]1 notes4 ,lodge4 ,longfell[4 ,lovelace4 ,l[ell4 ,lyric poetry4 ,macaulay4 ,macy-,norris4 ,madame de ,/ael4 ,mat!ws4 ,maxims3 appeals to 9 argum5t4 ,mc,carthy1 ,ju/94 ,mean+ ( words4 ,memory4 ,metaphor3 mix$4 ,me?ods ( develop+ a composition3 ) ref]5ce to "t-ord]1 ) ref]5ce to position 9 space1 by use ( comp>ison or contra/1 by use ( g5]alization & facts1 by /at+ cause & effect1 by a comb9ation ( me?ods4 ,metonymy4 ,metrical romance4 ,metrical tale4 ,mill4 ,mill1 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill]1 ,m>y ,rog]s4 ,milton4 ,mode4 ,montgom]y4 ,morris1 ,cl>a4 ,motive1 9 p]suasion4 ,n>ration3 ,*apt] ,,ix 7see also n>rative !mes bel[72 k9ds (1 use ( description 91 g5]al n>ration1 n>rative poetry4 ,n>rative !mes4 ,newcom]4 ,notes3 =mal1 in=mal4 ,n\ns4 ,numb]4 ,obs]vation3 ( actions1 ord] (1 accuracy 91 obs]vation ( impression4 ,obv]se /atem5ts4 ,ode4 ,ollivaut4 ,oral compositions4 ,ord] ( ev5ts4 ,outl9e3 ( a p>agraph4 ! brief4 mak+ (4 use ( 9 exposition4 ,palm]4 ,p>agraph3 def9$1 topic /atem5t1 importance (1 l5g?1 ind5tation1 reasons = /udy+1 me?ods ( developm5t-- by specific in/ances1 by giv+ details1 9 "t-ord]1 z det]m9$ by position 9 space1 by comp>ison1 by cause & effect1 by repetition1 by a comb9ation ( me?ods4 ,p>aphras+4 ,p>ticiples4 ,p>tition4 ,p>ts ( spee*4 ,p]iod3 rules =4 ,p]son4 ,p]sonification4 ,p]suasion3 diff]s f argum5t1 importance & necessity (1 motive 91 mat]ial (1 appeal to feel+s1 ) argum5t4 ,phelps1 ,elizabe? ,/u>t4 ,philips1 ,david ,graham4 ,phillips1 ,w5dell4 ,phrases4 ,plot3 int]relation ) "*4 ,poe4 ,poetry3 ,*apt] ,,vii2 aim (1 k9ds (4 ,po9t3 ( a /ory1 see also climax4 ,po9t ( view3 selection ( details effect$ by1 impli$1 *ang+1 place 9 p>agraph4 ,possibility3 9 argum5t4 ,po/4 ,prepositions4 ,pre/on & ,dodge4 ,pr9cipal p>ts ( v]bs4 ,probability3 9 n>ration1 9 argum5t4 ,proct]1 ,adelaide4 ,pron\ns4 ,pronunciation4 ,proportion ( p>ts3 = emphasis4 ,propositions3 specific1 g5]al1 exposition (1 necess>y to argum5t1 ( fact & ( !ory1 /atem5t (4 ,prov]bs3 use 9 argum5t4 ,punctuation4 ,quotation m>ks3 rules =4 ,rank94 ,read4 ,reason+3 inductive1 errors ( induction1 d$uctive1 relation betwe5 inductive & d$uctive1 errors ( d$uction4 ,reasons3 numb] & value (4 ,recitations3 prep>ation =1 topical4 ,refutation4 ,reid1 ,capta9 ,mayne4 ,repetition3 develop+ a p>agraph by1 exposition by use (4 ,reproduction3 ( a /ory1 ( ! ?\ght ( a p>agraph4 ,re/rictive & nonre/rictive clauses4 ,rhyme4 ,rhy?m3 v>iation 94 ,ri*>ds1 ,laura ,e4 ,"r3 que/ions (4 ,rob]tson4 ,roosevelt4 ,rusk94 ,scansion4 ,scott4 ,semicolon3 rules =4 ,s5t5ces3 l5g?1 9 conv]sation1 relations1 rhetorical features4 ,sewell1 ,anna4 ,%akespe>e4 ,%elley4 ,sign3 argum5t f4 ,simile4 ,slang4 ,smi?4 ,song4 ,sonnet4 ,s\rces ( ideas4 ,specific in/ances3 developm5t ( a p>agraph by use (1 use 9 argum5t & exposition1 developm5t ( a composition by use (1 use 9 exposition4 ,spell+4 ,sp5c]4 ,/anza4 ,/ev5son4 ,/odd>d4 ,/rong v]bs4 ,subject3 selection (1 adapt$ to read]1 s\rces1 %\ld be def9ite1 n>r[+4 ,sugge/ions1 see cautions4 ,summ>ies1 at ! end ( ! *apt]s4 ,summ>iz+ p>agraph4 ,syllogism4 ,symons4 ,synecdo*e4 ,synonyms4 ,t>k+ton4 ,taylor4 ,t5nyson4 ,t5se4 ,t]ms3 specific1 g5]al1 explanation (1 exposition (1 use 9 argum5t & exposition4 ,!mes3 see descriptive1 n>rative1 expository1 argum5tative1 & reproduction !mes4 ,?oreau4 ,?ur/on4 ,"t-ord]4 ,title3 select+ (4 ,topic /atem5t4 ,transition f "o p>agraph to ano!r4 ,transition p>agraph4 ,tr[bridge4 ,turn]4 ,unity3 aid$ by "t relations1 aid$ by position 9 space1 def9ition1 9 life2 9 outl9e1 9 composition1 9 s5t5ces1 selection ( details giv+1 selection ( facts 9 exposition1 aid$ by outl9e4 ,van ,dyke4 ,van ,r5ssela] 7,mrs474 ,v>iety4 ,v]bs4 ,v]se3 names (4 ,vocabul>y3 h[ to increase1 words applicable to classes ( objects4 ,voice4 ,wallace4 ,w>n]4 ,wessels4 ,:itti]4 ,wilcox1 ,ella ,:eel]4 ,woode4 ,words3 *oice (1 spell+1 pronunciation1 mean+1 use1 relations (1 adapt$ to read]1 selection1 use ( simpl] words1 selection1 applicable to classes ( objects1 (fices (1 special li/ (4 ,wordswor?4