,,progressive ,,morality ,,f[l] ,illu/ration ,,progressive ,,morality ,,an ,,essay ,,9 ,,e?ics ,,by ,,?omas ,,f[l]1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,presid5t ,,( ,,corpus ,,*ri/i ,,college ,,wykeham ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,logic ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ox=d #ahhd ,,preface4 ,^! pages repres5t an attempt to exhibit a sci5tific conception ( morality 9 a popul> =m1 & ) a view to practical applications r ?an ! discussion ( !oretical difficulties4 ,= ?is purpose x has be5 necess>y to /udy brevity & avoid controv]sy4 ,h5ce1 ,i h made few ref]5ces to o!r au?ors1 & ,i h almo/ altoge!r disp5s$ ) foot-notes4 ,b1 ?\gh ,i h attempt$ to /ate r ?an to def5d my views1 ,i believe t !y are1 9 ! ma91 ^? :i*1 mak+ exception = a few back eddies 9 ! /ream ( mod]n ?\ght1 are w9n+ _! way to g5]al acceptance among ! m in/ruct$ & reflective m5 ( our day4 ,x is necess>y t ,i %\ld /ate t ?is ,essay is indep5d5t ( a mu* l>g] "w1 entitl$ ! ',pr9ciples ( ,morals1' on :i* ,i 01 "s ye>s ago1 engag$ ) my pr$ecessor1 ! late ,pr(essor ,wilson4 ,ow+ to ! decl9+ /ate ( 8 heal? dur+ ! latt] ye>s ( 8 life1 t "w 01 at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 left 9 a condition :i* r5d]$ its completion v difficult & its publication probably undesirable4 ,= ! pres5t "w ,i am solely responsible1 ?\gh no "o c h be5 br\ght into close contact ) s p[]ful a m9d z t ( ,pr(essor ,wilson1 )\t d]iv+ f x mu* /imulus & reta9+ _m traces ( its influ5ce4 ,x has long be5 my belief t ! que/ions ( !oretical ,e?ics w\ld be f> less op5 to dispute1 z well z f> m intelligible1 if !y 7 consid]$ ) m direct ref]5ce to practice4 ,?is little book w1 ,i tru/1 furni% an example1 h[ev] slight & imp]fect1 ( su* a mode ( treatm5t4 ,c4,c4,c4 ,july #be1 #ahhd4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,introduction4 ,! ,sanctions ( ,conduct4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,moral ,sanction or ,moral ,s5tim5t4 ,its ,functions & ! ,ju/ification ( its claims to ,sup]iority4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,analysis & ,=mation ( ! ,moral ,s5tim5t4 ,its ,education & ,improvem5t4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,moral ,te/ & its ,ju/ification4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,examples ( ! ,practical ,application ( ! ,moral ,te/ to exi/+ ,morality4 ,,progressive ,,morality4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,,! ,,sanctions ,,( ,,conduct4 ,all reflect+ m5 ackn[l$ge t bo? ! !ory & ! practice ( morality h advanc$ ) ! g5]al advance 9 ! intellig5ce & civilisation ( ! human race4 ,b1 if ?is be s1 morality mu/ be a matt] capable ( be+ reason$ ab\t1 a subject ( inve/igation & ( tea*+1 9 :i* ! less intellig5t memb]s ( a community h always some?+ to le>n f ! m intellig5t1 & ! m intellig5t1 9 _! turn1 h ev] fre% problems to solve & new mat]ial to /udy4 ,x becomes1 !n1 ( prime importance to e educat$ man1 to ask :at are ! data ( ,e?ics1 :at is ! me?od by :i* its g5]al pr9ciples are inve/igat$1 :at are ! consid]ations :i* ! morali/ ought to apply to ! solution ( ! complex difficulties ( life & action4 ,& /ill1 9 spite ( ^! obvi\s facts1 e?ical inve/igation1 or any approa* to an indep5d5t review ( ! curr5t morality1 is always unpopul> ) ! great mass ( mank9d4 ,?\gh ! conduct ( _! own lives is ! subject :i* mo/ conc]ns m51 x is t 9 :i* !y are lea/ pati5t ( speculation4 ,no?+ is s w\nd+ to ! self-complac5cy ( a man ( indol5t habits ( m9d z to call 9 "q any ( ! moral pr9ciples on :i* he habitually acts4 ,praise & blame are usually apportion$1 ev5 by educat$ m51 accord+ to vague & g5]al rules1 ) little or no reg>d to ! individual circum/ances ( ! case4 ,& ( all innovators1 ! innovator on e?ical !ory is apt to be ! mo/ unpopul> & to be ! lea/ able to secure imp>tial att5tion to 8 speculations4 ,& h5ce x is t vague !ories1 c\*$ 9 un9telligible or only half-intelligible language1 & almo/ totally inapplicable to practice1 h usually done duty = :at is call$ a sy/em ( moral philosophy4 ,! au?ors or expon5ts ( su* !ories h ! good =tune at once to avoid odium & to acquire a reputation = pr(undity4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages1 ,i %all attempt 7#a7 to discrim9ate morality1 prop]ly s call$1 f o!r sanctions ( conduct2 7#b7 to det]m9e ! precise functions1 & ! ultimate ju/ification1 ( ! moral s5tim5t1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( ! moral sanction2 7#c7 to enquire h[ ?is s5tim5t has be5 =m$1 & h[ x may be fur!r educat$ & improv$2 7#d7 to discov] "s g5]al te/ ( conduct2 7#e7 to give examples ( ! application ( ?is te/ to exi/+ moral rules & moral feel+s1 ) a view to %ew h[ f> !y may be ju/ifi$ & h[ f> !y require ext5sion or re=mation4 ,z my subject is almo/ exclusively practical1 ,i %all /udi\sly avoid m]e !oretical puzzles1 su* z is pre-em95tly t ( ! fre$om ( ! w1 :i*1 9 :atev] way resolv$1 probably nev] influ5ces1 & nev] w influ5ce1 any sane man's conduct4 ,que/ions ( ?is k9d w always excite int]e/ 9 ! sph]e ( speculation1 & speculation is a necessity ( ! cultivat$ human intellect2 b x does n seem to me t !y c be pr(itably discuss$ 9 a treatise1 ! aim ( :i* is simply to sugge/ pr9ciples = exam9+1 = te/+1 &1 if possible1 = improv+ ! prevail+ s5tim5t on matt]s ( practical morals4 ,to beg9 ) ! fir/ division ( my subject1 ,h[ is morality1 prop]ly s call$1 discrim9at$ f o!r sanctions ( conduct8 ,by a sanction ,i may premise t ,i mean any pleasure :i* attracts to z well z any pa9 :i* det]s f a giv5 c\rse ( action4 ,9 books on ,jurisprud5ce1 ?is ^w is usually employ$ to designate m]ely pa9s or p5alties1 b ?is circum/ance arises f ! fact t1 at lea/ 9 mod]n times1 ! law seldom has rec\rse to rew>ds1 & effects its ends almo/ exclusively by means ( puni%m5ts4 ,:5 we are consid]+ conduct1 h[ev]1 9 its g5]al aspects & n exclusively 9 its relations to law1 we appe> to ne$ a ^w to express any inducem5t1 :e!r ( a pleasureable or pa9ful nature1 :i* may influ5ce a man's actions1 & su* a ^w ! t]m 'sanction' seems conv5i5tly to supply4 ,tak+ ! ^w 9 ?is ext5d$ s5se1 ! sanctions ( conduct may be enum]at$ z ! physical1 ! legal1 ! social1 ! religi\s1 & ! moral4 ,( ! physical sanction famili> examples may be f\nd 9 ! heada*e f :i* a man suff]s aft] a night's debau*1 ! pleasure ( relaxation :i* awaits a well-e>n$ holiday1 ! dang] to life or limb :i* is att5dant on reckless ex]cise1 or ! gl[ ( con/ant satisfaction :i* rew>ds a heal?y habit ( life4 ,^! pleasures & pa9s1 :5 once exp]i5c$1 ex]cise1 = ! future1 an attract+ or a det]r+ influ5ce1 z ! case may be1 on ! c\rses ( conduct ) :i* !y h respectively become associat$4 ,?us1 a man :o has once suff]$ f a sev]e heada*e1 aft] a night's dr9k+-b\t1 w be likely to ex]cise m discretion 9 future1 or ! prospect ( agreeable div]sion1 at ! end ( a h>d day's "w1 w quick5 a man's ef=ts to execute 8 task4 ,! legal sanction is too famili> to ne$ illu/ration4 ,)\t p5al laws1 no society ( any size c\ld exi/ = a day4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two *>act]i/ics ( ?is sanction :i* x is important to po9t out4 ,"o is t x works almo/ exclusively#a by means ( p5alties4 ,x w\ld be an endless & ?ankless bus9ess1 9 a society ( any size1 ev5 if x 7 possible1 to attempt to rew>d ! virtu\s = _! consid]ation 9 n break+ ! laws4 ,! *eap1 ! effective1 inde$1 9 mo/ cases1 ! only possible me?od is to puni% ! transgressor4 ,by a c>efully devis$ & prop]ly graduat$ sy/em ( p5alties ea* citiz5 is ?us furni%$ ) ! /ronge/ inducem5t to refra9 f ^? acts :i* may injure or annoy 8 neighb\r4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic ( ! legal sanction is t1 ?\gh x is pr(ess$ly address$ to all citiz5s alike1 x actually affects ! un$ucat$ & l[] classes f> m ?an ! educat$ & high] classes ( society4 ,?is circum/ance arises p>tly f ! fact t p]sons 9 a com=table position ( life are "u little temptation to commit ! m ord9>y crimes =bidd5 by law1 su* z are !ft1 assault1 & ! l1 & p>tly f ! fact t _! education & associations make !m m am5able to ! social1 &1 9 mo/ cases1 to ! moral & religi\s sanctions1 ab\t to be describ$ pres5tly4 ,few p]sons 9 :at are call$ ! high] or middle ranks ( life h any temptation to commit1 say1 an act ( !ft1 &1 if !y exp]i5c$ any su* temptation1 !y w\ld be at lea/ z likely to be re/ra9$ by ! consid]ation ( :at _! neighb\rs w\ld ?9k or say ab\t !m1 ev5 ap>t f _! own moral & religi\s convictions1 z by ! fe> ( imprisonm5t4 ,footnote #a3 ,!re are a few exceptions to ! rule t ! sanctions employ$ by ! /ate assume ! =m ( puni%m5ts r ?an ( rew>ds4 ,su* are titles & hon\rs1 p5sions aw>d$ = di/+ui%$ s]vice1 rew>ds to in=m]s1 c4 ,b ^! exceptions are almo/ insignificant1 :5 comp>$ ) ! num]\s examples ( ! g5]al rule4 ,"o ( ! mo/ effective sanctions 9 all conditions ( life1 b especially 9 ! upp] & bett] educat$ circles ( a civiliz$ society1 is :at may be call$ ! social sanction1 t is to say1 a reg>d = ! good op9ion & a dread ( ! evil op9ion ( ^? :o "k u1 & especially ( ^? among/ :om we habitually live4 ,x is "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is sanction t x is mu* m f>-rea*+ ?an ! legal sanction4 ,n only does x ext5d to _m acts ( a moral "* :i* are n affect$1 9 mo/ c\ntries1 by ! legal sanction1 su* z ly+1 backbit+1 +ratitude1 unk9dness1 c[>dice1 b also to m]e matt]s ( ta/e or fa%ion1 su* z dress1 etiquette1 & ev5 ! proprieties ( language4 ,inde$1 z to ! latt] class ( actions1 !re is always consid]able dang] ( ! social sanction becom+ too /rong4 ,society is apt to insi/ on all m5 be+ ca/ 9 "o m\ld1 )\t mu* c>+ to exam9e ! "* ( ! m\ld :i* x has adopt$4 ,& x frequ5tly happ5s t a :olly disproportionate value ?us comes to be atta*$ to ! obs]vance ( m]e rules ( etiquette & good-bre$+ z comp>$ ) acts & feel+s :i* really conc]n ! moral & social welf>e ( mank9d4 ,!re is _m a man1 mov+ 9 good society1 :o w\ld r be guilty (1 & ev5 detect$ 91 an act ( unk9dness or m5dacity1 ?an be se5 9 an unfa%ionable dress or commit a grammatical solecism or a broa* ( social etiquette4 ,vulg>ity to su* m5 is a worse reproa* ?an h>dness ( he>t or indiff]5t morality4 ,9 ^! cases1 z we %all see h]eaft]1 ! social sanction requires to be correct$ by ! moral & religi\s sanctions1 & x is ! special prov9ce ( ! moral & religi\s tea*] 9 ea* g5]ation to take c>e t ?is correction %all be duly & effectively appli$4 ,! task may1 f "t to "t1 require ! dra/ic h& ( ! moral or religi\s re=m]1 b1 unless "s "o has ! c\rage to und]take x1 we are 9 con/ant dang] ( neglect+ ! weighti] matt]s ( ! law1 :ile we are busy ) ! m9t & cumm9 & anise ( fa%ion & conv5tion4 ,b1 not)/&+ ! dang] ( exagg]ation & misapplication1 !re c be no d\bt ( ! va/ importance & ! g5]ally b5eficial results ( a ke5 s5sitiv5ess to ! op9ions ( our fell[-m54 ,)\t ! p[]ful aid ( ?is sanction1 ! re/ra9ts ( morality & religion w\ld (t5 be totally ineffective4 ,:5 ! social sanction op]ates1 n ?r\gh society g5]ally1 b ?r\gh p>ticul> sections ( society1 x may be call$ a ,law ( ,hon\r1 a t]m :i* orig9at$ 9 ! usages ( ,*ivalry4 ,9 a complex & civiliz$ =m ( society1 su* z our own1 !re may be _m su* laws ( hon\r1 & ! same individual may be subject to sev]al ( !m4 ,?us ea* pr(ession1 ! army1 ! navy1 ! cl]ical1 ! legal1 ! m$ical1 ! arti/ic1 ! dramatic pr(ession1 has its own peculi> code ( hon\r or rules ( pr(essional etiquette1 :i* its memb]s c only infr+e on pa9 ( o/racism1 or1 at lea/1 ( loss ( pr(essional reputation4 ,! same is ! case ) trades1 & is specially exemplifi$ 9 ! in/ance ( trades-unions1 or1 _! m$iaeval prototypes1 ! guilds4 ,a college or a s*ool1 aga91 has its own rules & traditions1 :i* ! tutor or und]graduate1 ! ma/] or boy1 c (t5 only violate at 8 extreme p]il4 ,almo/ e club1 in/itution1 & society af=ds ano!r in/ance 9 po9t4 ,! class ( 'g5tlem51' too1 t is to say1 speak+ r\ghly1 ! upp] & upp] middle ranks ( society1 claim to h a code ( hon\r ( _! own1 sup]ior to t ( ! ord9>y citiz54 ,a brea* ( ?is code is call$ 'ung5tlemanly' r ?an wrong or immoral or unju/ or unk9d4 ,s f> z ?is code insi/s on c\rtesy ( demean\r & delicacy ( feel+ & conduct1 x is a valuable complem5t to ! ord9>y rules ( morality1 ?\gh1 s f> z x fulfils ?is function1 x pla9ly ought n to be ! exclusive possession ( "o class1 b ought to be communicat$1 by means ( example & education1 to ! classes :o are n[ suppos$ to be b]eft ( x4 ,!re are po9ts 9 ?is code1 h[ev]1 su* z t ! paym5t ( 'debts ( hon\r' %\ld take prec$5ce ( t ( tradesm5's bills1 & t less c\rtesy is due to p]sons 9 an inf]ior /ation ?an to ^? 9 our own1 :i* at lea/ m]it re-consid]ation4 ,x may1 inde$1 be said ( all ^! laws or codes ( hon\r1 t1 ?\gh !y h probably1 on ! :ole1 a salut>y effect 9 ma9ta9+ a high /&>d ( conduct 9 ! v>i\s bodies or classes :]e !y obta91 !y require to be con/antly wat*$1 le/ !y %\ld become caprici\s or tyrannical1 & specially le/ !y %\ld conflict ) ! wid] int]e/s ( society or ! deep] in/9cts ( morality4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t we are 'm5' be=e we are 'g5tlem51' & t no claims ( any pr(ession1 in/itution1 or class c replace or supplant ^? ( humanity & citiz5%ip4 ,we see1 !n1 or r we are oblig$ at ! pres5t /age ( our enquiry to assume1 t ! social sanction1 :e!r x be d]iv$ f ! av]age s5tim5t ( society at l>ge or f ! cu/oms & op9ions ( p>ticul> aggregates ( society1 requires con/ant correction at ! h&s ( ! morali/4 ,! s5tim5t :i* x repres5ts may be only ! s5tim5t ( m5 ( av]age moral tone1 or x may ev5 be t ( m5 ( an inf]ior or degrad$ morality1 & h5ce x (t5 ne$s to be te/$ by ! application ( rules d]iv$ f a high] /&>d bo? ( feel+ & intellig5ce4 ,nor is x ! moral /&>d only :i* may be us$ to correct ! social /&>d4 ,we may (t5 advantage\sly h rec\rse to ! legal /&>d = ! same purpose4 ,= ! laws ( a c\ntry express1 z a rule1 ! s5tim5ts ( ! wise/ & mo/ exp]i5c$ ( its citiz5s1 & h5ce we might naturally expect t !y w\ld be 9 advance ( ! av]age moral s5tim5t ( ! p1 z well z ( ! social traditions ( p>ticul> pr(essions or classes4 ,& ?is ,i believe to be usually ! case4 ,= in/ances1 we h to g no fur!r ?an ! comp>ison betwe5 ! laws & ! popul> or pr(essional s5tim5t on brib]y at elections1 on smuggl+1 on evasion ( taxation1 on fraudul5t bus9ess transactions1 on duell+1 on prize-fight+1 or on gambl+4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be confess$ t1 z laws sometimes become antiquat$1 & ! lean+s ( lawy]s are prov]bially cons]vative1 x occasionally happ5s t1 on "s po9ts1 ! av]age moral s5tim5t is 9 advance ( ! law4 ,i may select z examples1 f comp>atively rec5t legal hi/ory1 ! cont9uance ( religi\s disabilities & ! excessive puni%m5t ( ord9>y or ev5 trivial crimes2 &1 p]haps1 ,i may v5ture to add1 z a possible re=m 9 ! future n[ l>gely dem&$ by popul> s5tim5t1 "s consid]able modifications ( ! laws regulat+ ! transf] ( & ! succession to l&$ prop]ty4 ,?us x w be se5 t law & ! s5tim5t ( society may ea* be employ$ z corrective ( ! o!r1 & t1 consequ5tly1 _! comp>ison implies a high] /&>d ?an ei!r1 by means ( :i* ea* may be te/$1 & to :i* ea*1 9 its turn1 may be ref]r$4 ,?is high] or common /&>d x w be our bus9ess to consid] 9 a subsequ5t "p ( ?is ,essay4 ,mean:ile1 x may be po9t$ out t1 9 addition to its function z an occasional corrective ( ! legal sanction1 ! social sanction subs]ves two great objects3 fir/1 x l>gely complem5ts ! legal sanction1 be+ applicable to numb]less cases :i* t sanction does n1 &1 9 fact1 _c rea*2 secondly1 ! legal sanction1 ev5 9 ^? cases :i* x rea*es1 is greatly re9=c$ by ! social sanction1 :i* adds ! pa9s aris+ f an evil reputation1 & all ! indef9able social inconv5i5ces :i* an evil reputation br+s ) x1 to ! actual p5alties inflict$ by ! law4 ,! religi\s sanction v>ies1 ( c\rse1 ) ! diff]5t religi\s cre$s1 &1 9 ! m imp]fect =ms ( religion1 by no means always op]ates 9 fav\r ( morality4 ,b x w be suffici5t "h to consid] ! religi\s sanction solely 9 relation to ,*ri/ianity4 ,z en=c$ by ! ,bible & ! ,*ur*1 ! religi\s sanctions ( conduct are two1 :i* ,i %all call ! high] & ! l[] sanctions4 ,by ! latt] ,i mean ! hope ( ! div9e rew>d or ! fe> ( ! div9e puni%m5t1 ei!r 9 ?is _w or ! next2 by ! =m]1 ! love ( ,god & t v5]ation = ,8 nature :i* irresi/ibly inspires ! ef=t to imitate ,8 p]fections4 ,! l[] religi\s sanction is pla9ly ! same 9 k9d ) ! legal sanction4 ,if a man is induc$ to d or to refra9 f do+ a c]ta9 action f fe> ( puni%m5t1 ! motive is ! same1 :e!r ! puni%m5t be = a long "t or a %ort "o1 :e!r x is to take imm$iate effect or to be def]r$ = a t]m ( ye>s4 ,&1 simil>ly1 ! same is ! case ) rew>ds4 ,no peculi> m]it1 z x appe>s to me1 c be claim$ by a man because he acts f fe> ( div9e puni%m5t r ?an ( human puni%m5t1 or f hope ( div9e rew>ds r ?an ( human rew>ds4 ,! only diff]5ces betwe5 ! two sanctions are 7#a7 t ! hopes & fe>s inspir$ by ! religi\s sanction are1 to "o :o believes 9 _! reality1 f> m int5se ?an ^? inspir$ by ! legal sanction1 ! two be+ relat$ z ! temporal to ! et]nal1 & 7#b7 t1 inasmu* z ,god is reg>d$ z omnipres5t & omnisci5t1 ! religi\s sanction is immeasurably m f>-rea*+ ?an ! legal sanction or ev5 ?an ! legal & ! social sanctions comb9$4 ,?us ! l[] religi\s sanction is1 to ^? :o really believe 9 x1 f> m effective ?an ! legal sanction1 ?\gh x is ! same 9 k9d4 ,b ! high] religi\s sanction appeals to a totally diff]5t class ( motives1 ! motives ( love & rev]5ce r ?an ( hope & fe>4 ,9 ?is high] frame ( m9d1 we keep ,god's comm&m5ts1 because we love ,him1 n because we hope = ,8 rew>ds or fe> ,8 puni%m5ts4 ,we rev]5ce ,god1 &1 !re=e1 we /rive to be l ,him1 to be p]fect ev5 z ,he is p]fect4 ,we h atta9$ to t /ate ( m9d 9 :i* p]fect love has ca/ out fe>1 &1 h5ce1 we simply d good & act righte\sly because ,god1 :o is ! supreme object ( our love & ! supreme ideal ( conduct1 is good & righte\s4 ,!re c be no "q t1 9 ?is case1 ! motives are f> l(ti] & pur] ?an 9 ! case ( ! legal & ! l[] religi\s sanctions4 ,b !re are few m51 probably1 capable ( ^! exalt$ feel+s1 &1 !re=e1 = ! great mass ( mank9d ! ext]nal inducem5ts to "r conduct mu/1 probably1 cont9ue to be s\ght 9 ! co>s] motives4 ,x may be m5tion$1 be=e conclud+ ?is notice ( ! religi\s sanctions1 t !re is a close aff9ity betwe5 ! high] religi\s sanction & t =m ( ! social sanction :i* op]ates ?r\gh respect = ! good op9ions ( ^? ( our fell[-m5 :om we love1 rev]5ce1 or admire4 ,b1 q di/9ct f all ! sanctions ?us f> enum]at$1 !re is ano!r sanction :i* is d]iv$ f our own reflexion on our own actions1 & ! approbation or disapprobation :i*1 aft] su* reflexion1 we be/[ ^u !m4 ,!re are actions :i*1 on no reasonable e/imate ( probabilities1 c ev] come to ! k ( any o!r p]son ?an ourselves1 b :i* we look back on ) pleasure or regret4 ,x may be said t1 ?\gh1 9 ^! cases1 ! legal & ! social sanctions are confess$ly exclud$1 ! sanction :i* really op]ates is ! religi\s sanction1 9 ei!r its high] or its l[] =m4 ,b x c h>dly be d5i$ t1 ev5 :]e !re is no belief 9 ,god1 or1 at lea/1 no vivid s5se ( ,8 pres5ce nor any effective expectation ( ,8 int]v5tion1 ! same feel+s are exp]i5c$4 ,^! feel+s1 !n1 appe> to be di/9ct 9 "* f any ( ! o!rs :i* we h s f> consid]$1 & !y con/itute :at may appropriately be call$ ! moral sanction1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m4 ,x is "o ( ! faults ( ,b5?am's sy/em t he conf\nds ?is sanction ) ! social sanction1 speak+ indiff]5tly ( ! moral or popul> 7t is to say1 social7 sanction2 b let any "o exam9e c>efully = himself ! feel+s ( satisfaction or dissatisfaction ) :i* he looks back ^u pa/ acts ( 8 own life1 & ask himself :e!r he c discov] 9 ^? feel+s any ref]5ce to ! praise or blame ( o!r p]sons1 actual or possible4 ,!re w1 if ,i mi/ake n1 be _m ( !m 9 :i* he c discov] no su* ref]5ce1 b 9 :i* ! feel+ is simply t ( satisfaction ) himself = hav+ done :at he ought to h done1 or dissatisfaction ) himself = hav+ done t :i* he ought n to h done4 ,:e!r ^! feel+s admit ( analysis & explanation is ano!r "q1 & "o ) :i* ,i %all deal pres5tly1 b ( _! reality & di/9ctness no compet5t & imp>tial p]son1 on c>eful self-exam9ation1 c well d\bt4 ,! answ]1 !n1 to our fir/ "q1 ,i conceive to be t ! moral sanction1 prop]ly s call$1 is di/+ui%$ f all o!r sanctions ( conduct 9 t x has no reg>d to ! prospect ( physical pleasure or pa91 or to ! hope ( rew>d or fe> ( puni%m5t1 or to ! e/imation 9 :i* we %all be held by any o!r be+ ?an ourselves1 b t x has reg>d simply & solely to ! int]nal feel+ ( satisfaction or dissatisfaction ) :i*1 on reflexion1 we %all look back ^u our own acts4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,moral ,,sanction ,,or ,,moral ,,s5tim5t4 ,,its ,,functions ,,& ,,! ,,ju/ification ,,( ,,its ,,claims ,,to ,,sup]iority4 ,i n[ proce$ to consid] m at l5g? :at are ! precise functions ( ! moral s5tim5t or moral sanction#a1 & :at is ! ju/ification ( ! weight :i* we atta* to x1 or r ( ! pref]5ce :i* we assign to x1 or feel t we ought to assign to x1 ov] all ! o!r sanctions ( conduct4 ,we h already se5 t ! moral s5tim5t or sanction is ! feel+ ( satisfaction or dissatisfaction :i* we exp]i5ce :5 we reflect on our own acts1 )\t any ref]5ce to any ext]nal au?ority or ext]nal op9ion4 ,n[ x is important to ask :e!r ?is feel+ is uni=mly felt on ! occurr5ce ( ! same acts1 or :e!r x ev] v>ies1 s t acts1 = in/ance1 :i* are at "o "t view$ ) satisfaction1 are at ano!r "t reg>d$ ) indiff]5ce or ) positive dissatisfaction4 ,x w\ld seem z if no man :o reflects on e?ical subjects1 & pr(its by ! obs]vation & exp]i5ce ( life1 c\ld possibly answ] ?is "q 9 any o!r ?an "o way4 ,!re mu/ be v few educat$ & reflective m5 :o h n se5 reason1 ) advanc+ ye>s1 to alt] _! op9ion on _m (1 at lea/1 ! m9or po9ts ( morality 9 :i* !y 7 in/ruct$ z *ildr54 ,a famili> in/ance occurs at once 9 ! diff]5t way 9 :i* mo/ ( u view c>d-play+ or att5dance at balls or !atres f ! mu* /rict] views :i* prevail$ 9 _m respectable ,engli% h\seholds a g5]ation ago4 ,on ! o!r h&1 excess 9 eat+ & dr9k+ is reg>d$ ) f> less indulg5ce n[ ?an x 0 9 ! days ( our fa!rs & gr&fa!rs4 ,on ^! po9ts1 !n1 at lea/1 & su* z ^!1 x mu/ be all[$ t !re is a v>iation ( moral s5tim5t1 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! acts condemn$ or approv$ by ! moral sanction are n inv>iably ! same4 ,moreov]1 any ( u :o are accu/om$ to reason on moral que/ions1 & c obs]ve c>efully ! processes ?r\gh :i* ! m9d passes1 w notice t !re is con/antly go+ on a re-adju/m5t1 s to speak1 ( our e?ical op9ions1 :e!r we are review+ ab/ract que/ions ( morality or ! specific acts ( ourselves or o!rs4 ,we at "o "t ?9k ourselves or o!rs m1 &1 at ano!r "t1 less blameable = ! self-same acts1 or we come to reg>d "s p>ticul> class ( acts 9 a diff]5t light f :at we us$ to d1 ei!r modify+ our praise or blame1 or1 9 extreme cases1 actually sub/itut+ "o = ! o!r4 ,b1 ?\gh ^! facts are pat5t1 & may be v]ifi$ by any "o 9 8 exp]i5ce ei!r ( himself or o!rs1 !re h actually be5 morali/s :o h appe>$ to ma9ta9 ! position t1 :5 a man is unbiass$ by passion or int]e/1 8 moral judgm5ts are & mu/ be inv>iably ! same4 ,?is error has1 und\bt$ly1 be5 l>gely fo/]$ by ! loose & popul> use ( ! t]ms consci5ce & moral s5se4 ,^! t]ms1 & especially ! ^w consci5ce1 are (t5 employ$ to designate a sort ( my/]i\s entity1 suppos$ to h be5 implant$ 9 ! m9d by ,god ,himself1 & end[$ by ,him ) ! unique pr]ogative ( infallibility4 ,ev5 s philosophical & sob] a writ] z ,bi%op ,butl] has giv5 "s c\nt5ance to ?is extravagant supposition1 & to ! exagg]at$ language :i* he employs on ! pr]ogatives ( consci5ce1 & to ! emphatic mann] 9 :i* he insi/s on ! absolute1 if n ! infallible1 "* ( its decisions1 may be trac$ mu* ( ! misconception :i* /ill prevails on ! subject4 ,b we h only to take acc\nt ( ! notori\s fact t ! consci5ces ( two equally consci5ti\s m5 may po9t 9 entirely opposite directions1 9 ord] to see t ! decisions ( consci5ce _c1 at all ev5ts1 be cr$it$ ) infallibility4 ,^? :o d5\nce & ^? :o def5d religi\s p]secution1 ^? :o insi/ on ! removal & ^? :o insi/ on ! ret5tion ( religi\s disabilities1 ^? :o are 9 fav\r ( & ^? :o are oppos$ to a relaxation ( ! m>riage laws1 ^? :o advocate a total ab/5tion f intoxicat+ liquors & ^? :o all[ ( a mod]ate use ( !m1--m5 on bo? sides 9 ^! controv]sies1 or1 at lea/1 ! majority ( !m1 d\btless act consci5ti\sly1 & yet1 z !y arrive at opposite conclusions1 ! consci5ce ( "o side or o!r mu/ be at fault4 ,!re is no act ( religi\s p]secution1 !re are few acts ( political or p]sonal cruelty1 = :i* ! au?ority ( consci5ce might n be invok$4 ,i d\bt n t ,que5 ,m>y act$ z consci5ti\sly 9 burn+ ! ,re=m]s z !y did 9 promulgat+ _! op9ions or we d 9 condemn+ h] acts4 ,x is pla91 !n1 n only t ! decisions ( consci5ce are n infallible1 b t !y mu/1 to a v l>ge ext5t1 be relative to ! circum/ances & op9ions ( ^? :o =m !m4 ,9 any intelligible or t5able s5se ( ! t]m1 consci5ce /&s simply = ! aggregate ( our moral op9ions re9=c$ by ! moral sanction ( self-approbation or self-disapprobation4 ,t we ought to act 9 accordance ) ^! op9ions1 & t we are act+ wrongly if we act 9 opposition to !m1 is a truism4 ',foll[ ,consci5ce' is ! only safe guide1 :5 ! mom5t ( action has arriv$4 ,b x is equally important to insi/ on ! fallibility ( consci5ce1 & to urge m51 by all means 9 _! p[]1 to be con/antly improv+ & in/ruct+ _! consci5ces1 or1 9 pla9 words1 to review &1 :]ev] occasion (f]s1 to correct _! conceptions ( "r & wrong4 ,! 'pla91 hone/ man' ( ,bi%op ,butl] w\ld1 und\bt$ly1 always foll[ 8 consci5ce1 b x is by no means c]ta9 t 8 consci5ce w\ld always guide him rightly1 & x is q c]ta9 t x w\ld (t5 prompt him diff]5tly f ! consci5ces ( o!r 'pla91 hone/ m5' tra9$ else:]e & "u o!r circum/ances4 ,to act contr>y to our op9ions ( "r & wrong w\ld be treason to our moral nature1 b x does n foll[ t ^? op9ions are n susceptible ( improvem5t & correction1 or t x is n z mu* our duty to take pa9s to =m true op9ions z to act 9 accordance ) our op9ions :5 we h =m$ !m4 ,footnote #a3 ,i use ! expressions 'moral sanction' & 'moral s5tim5t' z equival5t t]ms1 because ! pleasures & pa9s1 :i* con/itute ! moral sanction1 are insep>able1 ev5 9 ?\ght1 f ! moral feel+4 ,! moral feel+ ( self-approbation or self-disapprobation _c ev5 be conceiv$ ap>t f ! pleasures or pa9s :i* are att5dant on x1 & by means ( :i* x reveals itself to u4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t ! expression 'moral s5tim5t' is habitually us$ 9 two s5ses1 z ! equival5t 7#a7 ( ! moral feel+ only1 7#b7 ( ! entire moral process1 :i*1 z we %all see 9 ! ?ird *apt]1 consi/s p>tly ( a judgm5t1 p>tly ( a feel+4 ,x is 9 ! latt] s5se1 = in/ance1 t we speak ( ! 'curr5t moral s5tim5t' ( any giv5 age or c\ntry1 mean+ ! op9ions !n or !re preval5t on moral que/ions1 re9=c$ by ! feel+ ( approbation or disapprobation4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! moral feel+ always foll[s imm$iately & necess>ily on ! moral judgm5t1 :5ev] t judgm5t pron\nces decisively = or aga9/ an action1 & always implies a previ\s judgm5t 7,i am "h aga9 oblig$ to anticipate ! discussion 9 *apt] #c71 ! ambiguity is ( no practical importance at ! pres5t /age ( our enquiry4 ,x is almo/ ne$less to add t ! ^w 's5tim5t1' :5 us$ alone1 has ! d\ble mean+ ( a feel+ & an op9ion1 an ambiguity :i* is sometimes n )\t practical inconv5i5ce4 ,! t]ms 'consci5ce' & 'moral s5se' are v conv5i5t expressions = popul> use1 provid$ we always be> 9 m9d t 'illum9ate' or 'in/ruct' y\r 'consci5ce' or 'moral s5se' is q z ess5tial a rule z 'foll[' y\r 'consci5ce' or 'moral s5se4' ,b ! sci5tific morali/1 9 attempt+ to analyse ! spr+s ( moral action & to detect ! ultimate sanctions ( conduct1 w\ld d well to avoid ^! t]ms altoge!r4 ,! analysis ( moral z well z ( intellectual acts is (t5 only obscur$ by our introduc+ ! conception ( 'faculties1' &1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 x is f> bett] to conf9e ourselves to ! expressions 'acts' ( 'approbation or disapprobation1' 'satisfaction or dissatisfaction1' :i* we %all h]eaft] attempt to analyse1 ?an to feign1 or at lea/ assume1 c]ta9 'faculties' or 's5ses' z di/9ct entities f :i* su* acts are suppos$ to proce$4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 9 ! sequel ( ?is "w1 say little or no?+ ( 'consci5ce' or 'moral s5se1' n because ,i ?9k x desirable to bani% ^? words f popul> t]m9ology1 b because ,i ?9k t1 9 an attempt to pres5t ! pr9ciples ( e?ics 9 a sci5tific =m1 !y introduce ne$less complexity & obscurity4 ,if ! /atem5ts ?us f> made 9 ?is *apt] be accept$1 x foll[s t ! feel+s ( self-approbation & self-disapprobation1 :i* con/itute ! moral sanction1 by no means inv>iably sup]v5e on acts ( ! same k9d ev5 9 ! case ( ! same individual1 mu* less 9 ! case ( diff]5t individuals1 & t ! acts :i* elicit ! moral sanction dep5d1 to a consid]able ext5t1 on ! circum/ances & education ( ! p]son :o passes judgm5t on !m4 ,! moral sanction1 !re=e1 ?\gh x always consi/s 9 ! feel+s ( self-approbation1 or self-disapprobation1 ( satisfaction or dissatisfaction at "o's own acts1 is nei!r uni=m1 absolute1 nor infallible2 b v>ies1 z appli$ n only by diff]5t individuals b by ! same individual at diff]5t times1 9 relation to v>y+ conditions ( education1 temp]am5t1 nationality1 &1 g5]ally1 ( circum/ances bo? ext]nal & int]nal4 ,la/ly1 x admits ( con/ant improvem5t & correction4 ,h[1 !n1 x may be ask$1 d we ju/ify ! application ( ?is sanction1 & :y d we reg>d x z n only a legitimate sanction ( conduct1 b z ! mo/ important ( all sanctions1 &1 9 cases ( conflict1 ! supreme & f9al sanction8 ,! answ] to ?is "q is t1 if we reg>d an action z wrong1 no matt] :e!r our op9ion be correct or n1 no ext]nal consid]ations :atsoev] c comp5sate u = act+ contr>y to our convictions4 ,human nature1 9 its normal condition1 is s con/itut$ t ! remorse felt1 :5 we look back ^u a wrong action1 f> outweighs any pleasure we may h d]iv$ f x1 j z ! satisfaction ) :i* we look back ^u a "r action f> m ?an comp5sates = any pa9 ) :i* x may h be5 att5d$4 ,! 'm5s sibi conscia recti' is ! highe/ rew>d :i* a man c h1 z1 on ! o!r h&1 ! retrospect on base1 unju/1 or cruel actions con/itutes ! mo/ acute ( torm5ts4 ,n[1 :5 a man looks back ^u 8 pa/ actions1 :at he reg>ds is n s mu* ! result ( 8 acts z ! int5tion & ! motives by :i* ! int5tion 0 actuat$4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 :at he w\ld n[ ?9k ( ! act s mu* z :at he !n ?\ght ( x t is ! object ( 8 approbation or disapprobation4 ,&1 consequ5tly1 ev5 ?\gh 8 op9ions z to ! nature ( ! act may mean:ile h und]gone alt]ation1 he approves or disapproves ( :at 0 8 int5tion at ! mom5t ( p]=m+ x & ( ! /ate ( m9d f :i* x !n proce$$4 ,x is true t ! subsequ5t results ( our acts & any *ange 9 our e/imate ( _! moral "* may consid]ably modify ! feel+s ) :i* we look back ^u !m1 b1 /ill1 9 ! ma91 x holds good t ! approval or disapproval ) :i* we reg>d our pa/ conduct dep5ds r ^u ! op9ions ( "r & wrong :i* we ent]ta9$ at ! mom5t ( action ?an ^? :i* we h come to ent]ta9 s9ce4 ,to h act$1 at any "t1 9 a mann] contr>y to :at we !n suppos$ to be "r leaves beh9d x a trace ( dissatisfaction & pa91 :i* may1 at any future "t1 reappe> to tr\ble & di/ress u2 j z to h act$1 9 spite ( all conflict+ consid]ations1 9 a mann] :i* we !n conceiv$ to be "r1 may1 9 aft] ye>s1 be a p]5nial s\rce ( pleasure & satisfaction4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! pleasures & pa9s ( reflexion on our pa/ acts 7:i* pleasures & pa9s ( reflexion may1 ( c\rse1 connect !mselves ) o!r ?an purely moral consid]ations71 n only t !y admit ( be+ m int5se ?an any o!r pleasures & pa9s1 b t1 :5ev] !re is any conflict betwe5 ! moral sanction & any o!r sanction1 x is to ! moral sanction t !y atta* !mselves4 ,?us1 if a man has incurr$ physical suff]+1 or brav$ ! p5alties ( ! law or ! ill ^w ( society1 9 pursuance ( a c\rse ( conduct :i* he deem$ to be "r1 he looks back ^u 8 actions ) satisfaction1 & ! m important ! actions1 & ! cle>] 8 convictions ( "r & ! /rong] ! inducem5ts to act o!rwise1 ! m int5se w 8 satisfaction be4 ,b no su* satisfaction is felt1 :5 a man has sacrific$ 8 convictions ( "r to avoid physical pa91 or to escape ! p5alties ( ! law1 or to conciliate ! goodwill ( society2 ! feel+1 on ! o!r h&1 w be t ( dissatisfaction ) himself1 v>y+1 accord+ to circum/ances1 f regret to remorse4 ,&1 if no simil> rem>k has to be made ) ref]5ce to ! religi\s sanction1 x is because1 9 all ! high] =ms ( religion1 ! religi\s sanction is conceiv$ ( z apply+ to exactly ! same actions z ! moral sanction4 ,:at a man himself deems "r1 t he conceives ,god to approve (1 & :at he conceives ,god z disapprov+ (1 t he deems wrong4 ,b 9 a religion 9 :i* ,god 0 n reg>d$ z holy1 j1 & true1 or 9 :i* !re 0 a plurality ( gods1 "s good & "s evil1 ,i conceive t a man w\ld look back ) satisfaction1 & n ) dissatisfaction1 on ^? acts 9 :i* he _h foll[$ 8 own s5se ( "r r ?an ! suppos$ w ( ! ,deity1 j z1 :5 !re is a conflict betwe5 ! two1 he n[ congratulates himself on hav+ submitt$ to ! claims ( consci5ce r ?an to ^? ( ! law4 ,! ju/ification1 !n1 ( t claim to sup]iority1 :i* is ass]t$ by ! moral sanction1 consi/s1 ,i conceive1 9 two circum/ances3 fir/1 t ! pleasures & pa9s1 ! feel+s ( satisfaction & dissatisfaction1 ( self-approbation & self-disapprobation1 by means ( :i* x works1 are1 9 ! normally con/itut$ m9d1 f> m int5se & durable ?an any o!r pleasures & pa9s2 secondly1 t1 :5ev] ?is sanction comes into conflict ) any o!r sanction1 its defeat is sure1 on a c>eful retrospect ( our acts1 to br+ regret or remorse1 :]eas its victory is equally c]ta9 to br+ pleasure & satisfaction4 ,we arrive1 !n1 at ! conclusion t x is ! moral sanction :i* is ! di/9ctive guide ( conduct1 & to :i* we mu/ look1 9 ! la/ resort1 to en=ce "r action1 :ile ! o!r sanctions are ma9ly valuable 9 s f> z !y re9=ce ! moral sanction or correct its ab]rations4 ,a man mu/1 ultimately1 be ! judge ( 8 own conduct1 &1 z he acts or does n act accord+ to 8 own be/ judgm5t1 s he w subsequ5tly feel satisfaction or remorse2 b ^! facts af=d no reason :y he %\ld n take pa9s to in=m 8 judgm5t by all ! means :i* physical k1 law1 society1 & religion place at 8 disposal4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,analysis ,,& ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,s5tim5t4 ,,its ,,education ,,& ,,improvem5t4 ,be=e proce$+ to our ?ird "q1 namely1 h[ ! moral s5tim5t1 :i* is ! s\rce ( ! moral sanction1 has be5 =m$1 & h[ x may be fur!r educat$ & improv$1 x is desirable to discrim9ate c>efully betwe5 ! intellectual & ! emotional elem5ts 9 an act ( approbation or disapprobation4 ,we sometimes speak ( moral judgm5t1 sometimes ( moral feel+4 ,^! expressions ought n to be reg>d$ z ! symbols ( rival !ories on ! nature ( ! act ( moral approbation1 z has sometimes be5 ! case1 b z designat+ di/9ct p>ts ( ! process1 or1 to put ! same /atem5t r diff]5tly1 sep>ate elem5ts 9 ! analysis4 ,hume1 ^: treatm5t ( ?is subject is peculi>ly lucid1 z comp>$ ) t ( mo/ writ]s on e?ics1 aft] review+ ! reasons assign$ by ^? au?ors respectively :o resolve ! act ( approbation into an act ( judgm5t or an act ( feel+1 adds#a3 ',^! argum5ts on ea* side 7& _m m might be produc$7 are s plausible1 t ,i am apt to suspect !y may1 ! "o z well z ! o!r1 be solid & satisfactory1 & t reason & s5tim5t concur 9 almo/ all moral det]m9ations & conclusions4 ,! f9al s5t5ce2 x is probable1 :i* pron\nces *>act]s & actions amiable or odi\s1 praisewor?y or blameable2 t :i* /amps on !m ! m>k ( hon\r or infamy1 approbation or c5sure2 t :i* r5d]s morality an active pr9ciple1 & con/itutes virtue our happ9ess & vice our mis]y3 x is probable1 ,i say1 t ?is f9al s5t5ce dep5ds on "s int]nal s5se or feel+1 :i* nature has made univ]sal 9 ! :ole species4 ,= :at else c h an influ5ce ( ?is nature8 ,b1 9 ord] to pave ! way = su* a s5tim5t & give a prop] disc]nm5t ( its object1 x is (t5 necess>y1 we f9d1 t mu* reason+ %\ld prec$e1 t nice di/9ctions be made1 j conclusions drawn1 di/ant comp>isons =m$1 complicat$ relations exam9$1 & g5]al facts fix$ & asc]ta9$4 ,"s species ( beauty1 especially ! natural k9ds1 on _! fir/ appe>ance1 comm& our affection & approbation2 &1 :]e !y fail ( ?is effect1 x is impossible = any reason+ to r$ress _! influ5ce1 or adapt !m bett] to our ta/e & s5tim5t4 ,b 9 _m ord]s ( beauty1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! f9] arts1 x is requisite to employ mu* reason+1 9 ord] to feel ! prop] s5tim5t2 & a false reli% may frequ5tly be correct$ by argum5t & reflexion4 ,!re are j gr\nds to conclude t moral beauty p>takes mu* ( ?is latt] species1 & dem&s ! assi/ance ( our intellectual faculties1 9 ord] to give x a suitable influ5ce on ! human m9d4' ,footnote #a3 ,enquiry conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals1 ,section ,i4 ,?is passage1 :i* ,i h ?\ght x wor? :ile to quote at l5g?1 exhibits1 ) suffici5t cle>ness1 ! respective prov9ces ( reason & feel+ 9 ! e?ical e/imation ( action4 ,:e!r we are review+ ! actions ( ourselves or ( o!rs1 :at we seem to d1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 is to ref] !m to "s class1 or associate !m ) c]ta9 actions ( a simil> k9d :i* are famili> to u1 &1 !n1 :5 _! "* has ?us be5 det]m9$1 !y excite ! appropriate feel+ ( approbation or disapprobation1 praise or c5sure4 ,?us1 z soon z we h realis$ t a /atem5t is a lie or an act is fraudul5t1 we at once exp]i5ce a feel+ ( indignation or disgu/ at ! p]son :o has made ! /atem5t or committ$ ! act4 ,&1 9 ! same way1 z soon z we h recognis$ t an act is brave or g5]\s1 we reg>d ) e/eem or admiration ! do] ( x4 ,b1 ?\gh ! feel+ ( approbation or disapprobation foll[s in/antane\sly on ! act ( judgm5t1 ! recognition ( ! "* ( ! action1 or its ref]5ce to a class1 :i* con/itutes ?is act ( judgm5t1 may be1 & (t5 is1 a process ( consid]able l5g? & complexity4 ,take ! case ( a lie4 ,:at did ! man really say8 ,9 :at s5se did he employ ! words us$8 ,:at 0 ! ext5t ( 8 k at ! "t t he made ! /atem5t8 ,& :at 0 8 int5tion8 ,^! & possibly o!r que/ions h to be answ]$1 be=e we are ju/ifi$ 9 accus+ him ( hav+ told a lie4 ,:5 ! (f5ce is n only a moral b a legal "o1 ! act ( det]m9+ ! "* ( ! action 9 "q is (t5 ! result ( a prolong$ enquiry1 ext5d+ ov] weeks or mon?s4 ,no soon]1 h[ev]1 is ! intellectual process complet$1 & ! action duly labell$ z a lie1 or a !ft1 or a fraud1 or an act ( cruelty or +ratitude1 or ! l1 ?an ! appropriate e?ical emotion is at once excit$4 ,! intellectual process may also be exce$+ly rapid1 or ev5 in/antane\s1 & always is s :5 we h no d\bt z to ! nature ei!r ( ! action or ( ! int5tion or ( ! motives1 b its *>act]i/ic1 z di/+ui%$ f ! e?ical emotion1 is t x may take "t1 &1 except 9 p]fectly cle> cases or on v sudd5 em]g5cies requir+ subsequ5t action1 always ought to d s4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to see ! s\rce ( mu* confusion 9 ! ord9>y mode ( speak+ & writ+ on ! subject ( ! moral faculty1 ! moral judgm5t1 ! moral feel+1 ! moral s5se1 ! consci5ce1 & k9dr$ t]ms4 ,! in/antane\s1 & ! app>5tly in/9ctive1 au?oritative1 & absolute "* ( ! act ( moral approbation or disapprobation atta*es to ! emotional1 & n to ! intellectual "p ( ! process4 ,:5 an action has once be5 pron\nc$ to be "r or wrong1 morally good or evil1 or has be5 ref]r$ to "s well-kn[n class ( actions ^: e?ical "* is already det]m9$1 ! emotion ( approval or disapproval is excit$ & foll[s z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,!re is no reason+ or hesitation ab\t x1 simply because ! act is n a reason+ act4 ,h5ce1 x appe>s to be in/9ctive1 & becomes inve/$ ) ^? sup]ior attributes ( au?oritativ5ess1 absolut5ess1 & ev5 infallibility1 :i* are n unnaturally ascrib$ to an act 9 :i*1 !re be+ no process ( reason+1 !re seems to be no room = error4 ,&1 inde$1 ! feel+s ( moral approbation & disapprobation c nev] be prop]ly describ$ z errone\s1 ?\gh !y are frequ5tly misappli$4 ,! error atta*es to ! prelim9>y process ( reason+1 ref]5ce1 or classification1 &1 if ?is be wrongly conduct$1 !re is no ju/ification = ! feel+ :i* is consequ5t ^u x4 ,b1 in/ead ( our ask+ = ! ju/ification ( ! feel+ 9 ! rational process :i* has prec$$ x1 we (t5 unconsci\sly ju/ify our reason+ by ! feel+1 & ?us ! :ole process assumes ! unreflective "* :i* prop]ly belongs only to ! emotional "p ( x4 ,x is ! want ( a cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! logical process :i* det]m9es ! "* ( an act1--! moral judgm5t1--& ! emotion :i* imm$iately sup]v5es :5 ! "* ( ! act is det]m9$1--! moral feel+1--t acc\nts = ! exagg]at$ epi!ts :i* are (t5 attribut$ to ! op]ations ( ! moral faculty1 & = ! ha/e & neglig5ce 9 :i* m5 are consequ5tly enc\rag$ to indulge1 :5 arriv+ at _! moral decisions4 ,let x be recollect$ t1 :5 we h "t = reflexion1 we _c take too mu* pa9s 9 =m+ our decisions ^u conduct1 = !re is always a possibility ( error 9 our judgm5ts1 b t1 :5 our judgm5ts are =m$1 we ought to give free scope to ! emotions :i* !y naturally evoke1 & !n we %all develope a consci5ce1 s to speak1 at once enlight5$ & s5sitive1 we %all comb9e accuracy & ju/ness ( judgm5t ) delicacy & /r5g? ( feel+4 ,!re rema9s ! "q :e!r ! feel+s ( approval & disapproval1 :i* sup]v5e on our moral judgm5ts1 admit ( any explanation1 or :e!r !y are to be reg>d$ z ultimate facts ( our m5tal con/itution4 ,x seems to me t1 on a little reflexion1 we are l$ to adopt ! =m] alt]native4 ,:at are ! classes ( acts1 "u _! mo/ g5]al aspect1 :i* elicit ! feel+s ( moral approbation & disapprobation8 ,!y are su* z promote1 or t5d to promote1 ! good ei!r ( ourselves or ( o!rs4 ,n[ ! feel+s ( :i* ^! classes ( acts are ! direct object are respectively ! self-reg>d+ & ! sympa!tic feel+s1 or1 z !y h be5 some:at unc\?ly call$1 ! egoi/ic & altrui/ic feel+s4 ,we h a v>iety ( appetites & desires1 :i* c5tre 9 ourselves1 includ+ :at has be5 call$ rational self-love1 or a desire = :at1 on cool reflexion1 we conceive to be our own highe/ good on ! :ole1 z well z self-respect1 or a reg>d = our own dignity & "*1 & = our own op9ion ( ourselves4 ,:5 any ( ^! v>i\s appetites or desires are gratifi$1 we feel satisfaction1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 !y are ?w>t$1 we feel dissatisfaction4 ,simil>ly1 we h a numb] ( affections1 ( :i* o!rs are ! object1 "s ( !m ( a malevol5t or res5tful1 b mo/ ( !m ( a b5evol5t "*1 includ+ a g5]al desire to conf] all ! happ9ess t we c4 ,"h1 aga91 we feel satisfaction1 :5 our affections are gratifi$1 & dissatisfaction1 :5 !y are ?w>t$4 ,n[ ^! feel+s ( satisfaction & dissatisfaction1 :i* are call$ reflex feel+s1 because !y are reflect$1 z x 71 f ! objects ( our desires1 include1 ?\gh !y are by no means coext5sive )1 ! feel+s ( moral approbation & disapprobation4 ,:51 = in/ance1 we gratify ! appetites ( hung] or ?ir/1 or our love ( curiosity or p[]1 we feel satisfaction1 b we c h>dly be said to reg>d ! gratification ( ^! appetites or feel+s ) moral approval or disapproval4 ,we p]=m ?\s&s ( acts1 & see ?\s&s ( acts p]=m$1 e day1 :i* nev] excite any moral feel+ :atev]4 ,b !re are few m5 9 :om an und\bt$ act ( k9dness or g5]osity or resi/ance to temptation w\ld n at once elicit admiration or respect1 or1 if !y reflect$ on su* acts 9 _! own case1 ( self-approval4 ,n[1 :at are ! circum/ances :i* di/+ui% ^! acts :i* m]ely cause u satisfaction f ^? :i* elicit ! moral feel+ ( approbation8 ,?is "q is "o by no means easy to answ]1 & ! solution ( x mu/ obvi\sly dep5d to "s ext5t on ! moral surr\nd+s & prepossessions ( ! p]son :o und]takes to answ] x4 ,b1 attempt+ to take z wide a survey z possible ( ^? acts :i*1 9 diff]5t p]sons1 elicit moral approbation or disapprobation1 ,i w endeav\r to discrim9ate ! *>act]i/ics :i* !y h 9 common4 ,all ^? acts1 !n1 x seems to me1 :i* elicit a di/9ctively moral feel+ h be5 ! result ( "s conflict among/ ! v>i\s desires & affections1 or1 to adopt ! m ord9>y phraseology1 ( a conflict ( motives4 ,we nei!r approve nor disapprove ( acts ) reg>d to :i* !re seems to h be5 little or no *oice1 :i* appe> to h result$ naturally f ! pre-exi/+ circum/ances4 ,?us1 if a well-to-d man pays 8 debts promptly1 or a man ( kn[n pov]ty asks to h ! "t ( paym5t def]r$1 we nei!r visit ! "o ) praise nor ! o!r ) c5sure1 ?\gh1 if _! conduct 7 rev]s$1 we %\ld c5sure ! =m] & praise ! latt]4 ,! reason ( ?is diff]5ce ( treatm5t is pla94 ,!re is n1 or at lea/ ne$ n be1 any conflict1 9 ! case ( ! well-to-d man1 betwe5 8 own conv5i5ce or any reasonable gratification ( 8 desires & ! satisfaction ( a j claim4 ,h5ce1 9 pay+ ! debt promptly1 he is only act+ z we might expect him to act1 & 8 conduct excites no moral feel+ on our "p1 ?\gh1 if he 7 to act diff]5tly1 he w\ld incur our c5sure4 ,! poor man1 on ! o!r h&1 mu/ h put himself to "s inconv5i5ce & ex]cis$ "s self-d5ial 9 ord] to meet 8 engagem5t at ! exact "t at :i* ! paym5t became due1 & h5ce he m]its our praise1 ?\gh1 if he _h act$ o!rwise1 ! circum/ances might h excus$ him4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic ( acts :i* we praise or blame1 9 ! case ( o!rs1 or approve or disapprove1 on reflexion1 9 our own case1 seems to be t !y mu/ possess "s importance4 ,! great majority ( our acts are too trivial to m]it any notice1 su* z is impli$ 9 a moral judgm5t4 ,:5 a man makes way = ano!r 9 ! /reet1 or refra9s f eat+ or dr9k+ m ?an is good = him1 nei!r he nor ! by/&] probably ev] ?9ks ( reg>d+ ! act z a m]itori\s "o4 ,x is tak5 z a matt] ( c\rse1 ?\gh ! opposite conduct might1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 be ( suffici5t importance to incur c5sure4 ,x is impossible "h1 z 9 mo/ o!r cases :]e we speak ( 'importance1' to draw a def9ite l9e1 b x may at lea/ be laid d[n t an act1 9 ord] to be reg>d$ z moral or immoral1 mu/ be ( suffici5t importance to arre/ att5tion1 & /imulate reflexion4 ,?us f>1 !n1 we h arriv$ at ! conclusion t acts :i* are ! objects ( moral approbation & disapprobation mu/ h a c]ta9 importance1 & mu/ be ! result ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( conflict betwe5 diff]5t motives4 ,b we h n z yet attempt$ to detect any pr9ciple ( discrim9ation betwe5 ^? acts :i* are ! objects ( praise or approbation & ^? :i* are ! objects ( c5sure or disapprobation4 ,n[ x seems to me t su* a pr9ciple may be f\nd 9 ! fact t all ^? acts ( o!rs :i* we praise or ^? acts ( ourselves :i*1 on reflexion1 we approve involve "s am\nt ( sacrifice1 :]eas all ^? acts ( o!rs :i* we blame1 or ^? acts ( ourselves :i*1 on reflexion1 we disapprove involve "s am\nt ( self-indulg5ce4 ,! conflict is betwe5 a man's own l[] & high] good1 or betwe5 8 own good & ! great] good ( o!rs1 or1 9 c]ta9 cases1 z we %all see pres5tly1 betwe5 ! less] good ( "s1 re9=c$ by consid]ations ( self-int]e/ or p>tiality1 & ! great] good ( o!rs1 n s re9=c$1 or ev51 occasionally1 betwe5 ! pleasure or advantage ( o!rs & a disproportionate injury to himself2 & he :o1 9 ! /ruggle1 gives ! pref]5ce to ! =m] ( ^! motives usually becomes ! object ( c5sure or1 on reflexion1 ( self-disapprobation1 :ile he :o gives ! pref]5ce to ! latt] becomes ! object ( praise or1 on reflexion1 ( self-approbation4 ,i %all endeav\r to illu/rate ?is position by a few in/ances mo/ly tak5 f common life4 ,we praise a man :o1 by due economy1 makes dec5t provision = himself 9 old age1 z we blame a man :o fails to d s4 ,q ap>t f any public or social consid]ations1 we admire & applaud 9 ! "o man ! p[] ( self-re/ra9t & ! habit ( =esight1 :i* enable him to subord9ate 8 imm$iate gratifications to 8 l>g] int]e/s 9 ! remote future1 & to =ego s5sual & pass+ pleasures = ! purpose ( pres]v+ 8 self-respect & p]sonal indep5d5ce 9 lat] life4 ,& we admire & applaud him /ill m1 if to ^! purely self-reg>d+ consid]ations he adds ! social "o ( wi%+ to avoid becom+ a burd5 on 8 family or 8 fri5ds or ! public4 ,j 9 ! same way1 we condemn ! o!r man1 :o1 r ?an sacrifice 8 imm$iate gratification1 w incur ! risk ( =feit+ 8 self-respect & indep5d5ce 9 aft] ye>s z well z ( mak+ o!rs suff] = 8 improvid5ce4 ,a man :o1 by ! ex]cise ( simil> economy & =e?\ght1 makes provision = 8 family or relations we e/eem /ill m ?an ! man :o simply makes provision = himself1 because ! sacrifice ( pass+ pleasures is g5]ally /ill great]1 & because !re is also1 9 ?is case1 a total sacrifice ( all self-reg>d+ int]e/s1 except1 p]haps1 self-respect & reputation1 = ! sake ( o!rs4 ,simil>ly1 ! man :o has a family or relations dep5d5t ^u him1 & :o neglects to make future provision = !m1 des]v$ly incurs our c5sure f> m ?an ! man :o m]ely neglects to make provision = himself1 because 8 self-indulg5ce has to cont5d aga9/ ! full =ce ( ! social z well z ! high] self-reg>d+ motives1 & its p]si/5ce is1 !re=e1 ! less excusable4 ,i w next take ! famili> case ( a tru/1 volunt>ily und]tak51 b involv+ consid]able tr\ble to ! tru/ee1 a case ( a mu* m complicat$ "* ?an ! la/4 ,if ! tru/ee altoge!r neglects or does n devote a reasonable am\nt ( att5tion to ! affairs ( ! tru/1 !re is no d\bt t1 besides any legal p5alties :i* he may incur1 he m]its moral c5sure4 ,r ?an sacrifice 8 own ease or 8 own int]e/s1 he violates ! obligation :i* he has und]tak5 & br+s inconv5i5ce1 or possibly disa/]1 to ^? ^: int]e/s he has b\nd himself to protect4 ,b ! dem&s ( ! tru/ may become s excessive z to tax ! "t & pa9s ( ! tru/ee to a f> great] ext5t ?an c\ld ev] h be5 anticipat$1 & to int]f]e s]i\sly ) 8 o!r employm5ts4 ,9 ?is case no reasonable p]son1 ,i presume1 w\ld c5sure ! tru/ee = endeav\r+1 ev5 at "s inconv5i5ce or exp5se to ! p]sons = ^: b5efit ! tru/ exi/$1 to release himself f 8 obligation or to devolve "p ( ! "w on a pr(essional advis]4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ! "w connect$ ) ! tru/ did n int]f]e ) o!r obligations or ) ! promotion ( ! welf>e ( o!rs1 no "o1 ,i imag9e1 w\ld c5sure ! tru/ee = cont9u+ to p]=m x1 to 8 own inconv5i5ce or disadvantage1 if he *ose to d s4 ,8 neighb\rs might1 p]haps1 say t he 0 fooli%1 b !y w\ld h>dly g to ! l5g? ( say+ t he act$ wrongly4 ,nei!r1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld !y be likely to praise him1 z ! sacrifice he 0 und]go+ w\ld be out ( proportion to ! good atta9$ by x1 & ! int]e/s ( o!rs to :i* he 0 po/pon+ 8 own int]e/s w\ld n be s di/9ctly great] z to w>rant ! act ( self-effacem5t4 ,b n[ let u suppose t1 9 att5d+ to ! int]e/s ( ! tru/1 he is neglect+ ! int]e/s ( o!rs :o h a claim ^u him1 or impair+ 8 own effici5cy z a public s]vant or a pr(essional man4 ,if ! int]e/s ?us at /ake 7 pla9ly mu* great] ?an ^? ( ! tru/1 z !y might well be1 ! attitude ( neutrality w\ld soon be conv]t$ into "o ( positive c5sure1 unless he took means to extricate himself f ! difficulty 9 :i* he 0 plac$4 ,! supposition j made illu/rates ! fact t ! moral feel+s may atta* !mselves n only to cases 9 :i* ! collision is betwe5 a man's own high] & l[] good1 or betwe5 8 own good & t ( ano!r1 b also to ^? 9 :i* ! competition is entirely betwe5 ! good ( o!rs4 ,x may be wor? :ile to illu/rate ?is la/ class ( cases by "o or two additional examples4 ,a man tells a lie 9 ord] to scre5 a fri5d4 ,! act is a purely social "o1 = he /&s 9 no fe> ( 8 fri5d1 & expects no return4 ,x might be said t ! competition1 9 ?is example1 is betwe5 s]v+ 8 fri5d & w\nd+ 8 own self-respect4 ,b ! consci\sness ( c[>dice & meanness :i* att5ds a lie spok5 9 a man's own int]e/ h>dly atta*es to a lie spok5 = ! purpose ( protect+ ano!r4 ,&1 any way1 a little reflexion might %[ t ! app>5tly b5evol5t int5tion comes into collision ) a v ext5sive & v /r+5t social obligation1 t ( n impair+ our confid5ce 9 "o ano!r's ass]tions4 ,)\t ma9ta9+ t !re are no conceivable circum/ances "u :i* a man w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 committ+ a brea* ( v]acity1 x may at lea/ be said t1 9 ! lives ( mo/ m51 !re is n likely to occur any case 9 :i* ! great] social good w\ld n be atta9$ by ! obs]vation ( ! g5]al rule to tell ! tru? r ?an by ! recognition ( an exception 9 fav\r ( a lie1 ev5 ?\gh t lie 7 told = purely b5evol5t reasons4 ,9 all ^? circum/ances 9 :i* !re is a ke5 s5se ( comrade%ip1 z at s*ool or college1 or 9 ! army or navy1 ?is is a pr9ciple :i* requires to be con/antly kept 9 view1 & to be con/antly en=c$4 ,! n infrequ5t brea* ( x1 "u su* circum/ances1 af=ds a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! laws ( hon\r1 spok5 ( 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 occasionally ov]-ride ! wid] social s5tim5t & ev5 ! dictates ( p]sonal morality1 ,esprit de corps is1 d\btless1 a noble s5tim5t1 &1 on ! :ole1 productive ( mu* good1 b1 :5 x comes into collision ) ! m g5]al rules ( morality1 its effects are simply p]nici\s4 ,i w next take an example ( ! conflict betwe5 two impulses1 ea* hav+ = its object ! good ( o!rs1 f ! v famili> case ( a man hav+ to appo9t to1 or vote 9 ! election to1 a vacant (fice or situation4 ,! int]e/s ( ! public s]vice or ( "s in/itution require t ! mo/ compet5t c&idate %\ld be pref]r$4 ,b a relative1 or a fri5d1 or a political ally is /&+4 ,affection1 !re=e1 or fri5d%ip1 or loyalty to p>ty ties (t5 dictates "o c\rse ( conduct1 & reg>d = ! public int]e/s ano!r4 ,:5 ! case is ?us pla9ly /at$1 !re are probably few m5 :o w\ld s]i\sly ma9ta9 t we ought to subord9ate ! wid] to ! n>r[] consid]ations1 & /ill1 9 practice1 !re are few m5 :o h ! c\rage to act con/antly on :at is surely ! "r pr9ciple 9 ?is matt]1 &1 :at is worse /ill1 ev5 if !y did1 !y w\ld n always be su/a9$ by public op9ion1 :ile !y w\ld be almo/ c]ta9 to be condemn$ by ! circle 9 :i* !y move4 ,s frequ5tly d ! difficulties ( ?is position recur1 t ,i h (t5 he>d a %rewd fri5d obs]ve t no man :o 0 fit = ! ex]cise ( patronage w\ld ev] desire to be entru/$ ) x4 ,! moral rule 9 ord9>y cases is pla9 en\gh2 x is to appo9t or vote = ! c&idate :o is mo/ compet5t to fulfil ! duties ( ! po/ to be fill$ up4 ,!re are exceptional cases 9 :i* x may be all[able slightly to modify ?is rule1 z :]e x is desirable to enc\rage p>ticul> s]vices1 or p>ticul> nationalities1 or ! l1 b1 ev5 9 ^! cases1 ! rule ( sup]ior compet5cy ought to be ! prepond]at+ consid]ation4 ,p>liam5t>y &1 9 a less] degree1 municipal elections1 ( c\rse1 =m a class ap>t4 ,"h1 9 ! selection ( c&idates )9 ! p>ty1 sup]ior compet5cy ought to be ! guid+ consid]ation1 b1 9 ! election itself1 ! ma9 object be+ to promote or prev5t ! pass+ ( c]ta9 public measures1 ! elector q rightly votes = ^? :o w give effect to 8 op9ions1 irrespectively ( p]sonal qualifications1 ?\gh1 ev5 9 ^! cases1 !re might be an am\nt ( unfitness :i* w\ld w>rant neutrality or opposition4 ,peculi>ly p]plex+ cases ( competition betwe5 ! rival claims ( o!rs sometimes occur 9 ! doma9 ( ! res5tful feel+s1 :i*1 9 _! purifi$ & rationalis$ =m1 con/itute ! s5se ( ju/ice4 ,my s]vant1 or a fri5d1 or a relative1 has committ$ a !ft4 ,%all ,i prosecute him8 ,a g5]al reg>d to ! public welf>e und\bt$ly dem&s t ,i %\ld d s4 ,!re are few obligations m imp]ative on ! individual citiz5 ?an t ( d5\nc+ & prosecut+ crime4 ,b1 9 ! pres5t case1 !re is ! p]sonal tie1 involv+ ! obligation ( protection & assi/ance4 ,?is tie1 obvi\sly1 mu/ c\nt = some?+1 z a rival consid]ation4 ,no man1 except "u ! mo/ extreme circum/ances1 w\ld prosecute 8 wife1 or 8 fa!r1 or 8 "m4 ,! "q1 !n1 is h[ f> ?is consid]ation is to c\nt aga9/ ! o!r1 & mu* mu/1 evid5tly1 dep5d on ! degree ( relation%ip or ( previ\s intimacy1 ! "t & am\nt & k9d ( s]vice1 & ! l4 ,a simil> conflict ( motives arises :5 ! puni%m5t invok$ w\ld entail ! culprit's ru91 or t ( 8 wife or family or o!rs :o are dep5d5t ^u him4 ,x is impossible1 9 cases ( ?is k9d1 to lay d[n be=eh& any /rict rules ( conduct1 & ! rectitude ( ! decision mu/ l>gely turn on ! exp]i5ce1 skill1 & hone/y ( ! p]son :o attempts to resolve ! difficulty4 ,in/ances ( ! la/ division1 :]e ! conflict is betwe5 ! pleasure or advantage ( o!rs & a disproportionate injury to oneself1 are ( comp>atively infrequ5t occurr5ce4 ,x is n (t5 t a man hesitates suffici5tly betwe5 8 own manife/ disadvantage & ! small ga9s or pleasures ( 8 neighb\rs to make ?is class ( cases ( mu* importance to ! morali/4 ,z a rule1 we may be tru/$ to take c>e ( ourselves1 & o!r p cr$it u suffici5tly ) ?is capacity n to trade v mu* ^u ! weakness ( m]e good-nature1 h[ev] mu* !y may trade ^u our ignorance & folly4 ,! mo/ famili> example1 p]haps1 ( acts ( imprud5ce ( ! k9d "h contemplat$ is to be f\nd 9 ! facility ) :i* "s p yield to social temptations1 z :]e !y dr9k too mu*1 or bet1 or play c>ds1 :5 !y "k t !y w mo/ likely lose _! money1 out ( a feel+ ( m]e good fell[%ip2 or :]e1 f ! m]e desire to amuse o!rs1 !y give p>ties :i* are beyond _! means4 ,! grave/ example is to be f\nd 9 c]ta9 cases ( s$uction4 ,in/ances ( m5 mak+ l>ge & imprud5t sacrifices ( money = inadequate objects are v r>e1 & are r designat$ z fooli% ?an wrong4 ,) reg>d to all ! fail+s & (f5ces :i* fall "u ?is head1 x may be rem>k$ t1 f _! false %[ ( g5]osity1 society is apt to treat !m too v5ially1 except :]e !y entail degradation or disgrace4 ,if x be ask$ h[ actions ( ?is k9d1 see+ t !y are done out ( "s reg>d to o!rs1 c be describ$ z involv+ self-indulg5ce1 or ! resi/ance to !m c be look$ on 9 ! light ( sacrifice1 x may be repli$ t ! conflict is betwe5 a feel+ ( sociality or a _s ( ov]-complaisance or ! l1 on ! "o side1 & a man's self-respect or a reg>d to 8 own highe/ int]e/s1 on ! o!r1 & t "s natures f9d x mu* easi] to yield to ! =m] ?an to ma9ta9 ! latt]4 ,x is q possible t ! _s ( sacrifice may be exhibit$ 9 ! ma9t5ance1 aga9/ temptation1 ( a man's own high] int]e/s1 & ! _s ( self-indulg5ce 9 weakly yield+ to a p]v]t$ sympa?y or an exagg]at$ reg>d = ! op9ions ( o!rs4 ,be=e conclud+ ?is *apt]1 !re are a few objections to be met & explanations to be made4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x may be object$ t ! !ory ,i h adopt$1 t ! moral feel+ is excit$ only :]e !re has be5 a conflict ( motives1 runs c\nt] to ! ord9>y view1 t acts proce$+ f a virtu\s or vici\s habit are done )\t any /ruggle & almo/ )\t any consci\sness ( _! import4 ,i d n at all d5y t a habit may become s p]fect t ! acts proce$+ f x cease to involve any /ruggle betwe5 conflict+ motives1 b1 9 ?is case1 ,i conceive t our approbation or disapprobation is transf]r$ f ! individual acts to ! habit f :i* !y spr+1 & t :at we really applaud or condemn is ! "* r ?an ! actions1 or at lea/ ! actions simply z indicative ( ! "*4 ,& ! reason t we (t5 praise or blame acts proce$+ f habit m ?an acts proce$+ f mom5t>y impulse is t we associate su* acts ) a good or evil "*1 z ! case may be1 &1 !re=e1 include ! "* z well z ! acts 9 ! judgm5t :i* we pass ^u !m4 ,x may possibly h occurr$ to ! read] t1 9 ! latt] "p ( ?is *apt]1 ,i h be5 some:at inconsi/5t 9 ref]r+ usually to ! social sanction ( praise & blame r ?an to ! di/9ctively moral sanction ( self-approbation & self-disapprobation4 ,i h employ$ ?is language solely = ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 & to avoid ! cumbr\s phraseology :i* ! employm5t ( ! o!r phrases w\ld sometimes h occasion$4 ,9 a civiliz$ & educat$ community1 ! social s5tim5t may1 on almo/ all po9ts except ^? :i* involve obscure or delicate consid]ations ( morality1 be tak5 to be id5tical ) ! moral s5tim5t ( ! mo/ reflective memb]s ( ! society1 & h5ce 9 ! tol]ably obvi\s in/ances :i* ,i h select$ !re 0 no ne$ to draw any di/9ction betwe5 ! two1 & ,i h felt myself at lib]ty to be guid$ purely by consid]ations ( conv5i5ce4 ,all t ,i h said ( ! praise or blame1 ! applause or c5sure1 ( o!rs1 ( c\rse1 admits ( be+ transf]r$ to ! feel+s ) :i*1 on reflexion1 we reg>d our own acts4 ,i am aw>e t ! expressions1 'high] & l[] good1' 'great] & less] good1' are m or less vague4 ,b ! traditional acceptation ( ! t]ms suffici5tly fixes _! mean+ to enable !m to s]ve z a guide to moral conduct & moral feel+1 especially :5 modifi$ by ! exp]i5ce & reflexion ( m5 :o h giv5 habitual att5tion to ! work+ ( _! own motives & ! results ( _! own practice4 ,z ,i %all %ew 9 ! next *apt]1 any t]ms :i* we employ to designate ! te/ ( moral action & ! objects ( ! moral feel+ are indef9ite1 & mu/ dep5d1 to "s ext5t1 on ! subjective int]pretation ( ! individual4 ,all t we c d is to avail ourselves ( ! mo/ adequate & intelligible t]ms t we c f9d4 ,b1 admitt+ ! necess>y indef9it5ess ( ! t]ms1 x may be ask$ :e!r x c really be meant1 z a g5]al proposition1 t ! praise ( o!rs & our approbation ( ourselves1 on reflexion1 atta* to acts 9 :i* we subord9ate our own good to ! great] good ( o!rs1 h[ev] slight ! prepond]ance ( our neighb\r's good ov] out own may be4 ,if we h to und]go an almo/ equal risk 9 ord] to save ano!r1 or1 9 ord] to promote ano!r's int]e/s1 to =ego int]e/s almo/ z great1 is n our conduct m prop]ly designat$ z weak or quixotic1 ?an noble or g5]\s8 ,?is w\ld n1 ,i ?9k1 be ! answ] ( mank9d at l>ge to ! "q1 or t ( any p]son ^: moral s5tim5ts _h be5 develop$ "u heal?y influ5ces4 ,:5 a man1 at ! risk ( 8 own life1 saves ano!r f dr[n+1 or1 at a simil> risk1 protects 8 comrade 9 battle1 or1 ru%+ into ! mid/ ( a fire1 attempts to rescue ! helpless victims1 surely ! feel+ ( ! by/&]s is t ( admiration1 & n ( pity or contempt4 ,:5 a man1 ) 8 life 9 8 h&s1 goes =? on a mission>y or a philan?ropic ent]prise1 l ,xavi]1 or ,h5ry ,m>tyn1 or ,h[>d1 or ,liv+/one1 or ,patteson1 or :5 a man1 l ,fr$]ick ,vyn]1 insi/s on transf]r+ 8 own *ance ( escape f a murd]\s gang ( brig&s to 8 m>ri$ fri5d1 humanity at l>ge rightly reg>ds itself z 8 debtor1 & ord9>y m5 feel t _! v nature has be5 ennobl$ & exalt$ by 8 example4 ,b x is n only ^! acts ( widely recognis$ h]oism t exact a response f mank9d4 ,9 _m a dome/ic circle1 !re are m5 & wom51 :o habitually sacrifice _! own ease & com=t to ! ne$s ( an ag$ or sick or helpless relative1 &1 surely1 x is n ) scorn = _! weakness t _! neighb\rs1 :o "k _! privations1 reg>d !m1 b ) sympa?y & respect = _! pati5ce & self-d5ial4 ,! pecuni>y risks & sacrifices :i* m5 are ready to make = "o ano!r1 9 ! %ape ( sureties & bonds & loans & gifts1 are famili> to u all1 &1 ?\gh ^! are (t5 unscrupul\sly wrung f a ?\ghtless or ov]-pliant good-nature1 yet !re are _m in/ances 9 :i* m5 kn[+ly1 delib]ately1 & at consid]able dang] or loss to !mselves1 po/pone _! own security or conv5i5ce to ! protection or relief ( _! fri5ds4 ,x is 9 cases ( ?is k9d1 p]haps1 t ! l9e betwe5 weakness & g5]osity is mo/ difficult to draw1 &1 :]e a man has o!rs dep5d5t on him = assi/ance or support1 ! weakness :i* yields to ! solicitations ( a reckless or unscrupul\s fri5d may become positively culpable4 ,! la/ class ( in/ances w be suffici5t to %ew t x is n always easy to det]m9e :]e ! good ( o!rs is great] ?an our own4 ,nor is x ev] possible to det]m9e ?is "q ) ma!matical exactness4 ,m5 may1 !re=e1 be at lea/ excus$ if1 be=e sacrific+ _! own int]e/s or pleasures1 !y require t ! good ( o!rs = :i* !y make ! sacrifice %all be pla9ly prepond]ant4 ,&1 ev5 !n1 !re is a wide m>g9 betwe5 ! acts :i* we praise = _! h]oism1 or g5]osity1 or self-d5ial1 & ^? :i* we condemn = _! bas5ess1 or meanness1 or selfi%ness4 ,x mu/ nev] be =gott51 9 ! treatm5t ( que/ions ( morality1 t !re is a l>ge numb] ( acts :i* we nei!r praise nor blame1 & ?is is emphatically ! case :]e ! competition is betwe5 a man's own int]e/s & ^? ( 8 neighb\rs4 ,we applaud g5]osity2 we c5sure meanness3 b !re is a l>ge int]m$iate class ( acts :i* c nei!r be designat$ z g5]\s nor mean4 ,x w be obs]v$ t1 9 my enum]ation ( ! classes ( acts to :i* praise & blame1 self-approbation & self-disapprobation atta*1 ,i h c>efully drawn a di/9ction betwe5 ! inv>iable connexion :i* obta9s betwe5 c]ta9 acts & ! e?ical approval ( ourselves or o!rs1 & ! only g5]al connexion :i* obta9s betwe5 ! omission ( ^? acts & ! e?ical feel+ ( disapproval4 ,simply to fall %ort ( ! e?ical /&>d :i* we approve nei!r m]its nor receives c5sure1 ?\gh !re is a degree ( defici5cy1 det]m9$ r\ghly by society at l>ge & by ea* individual = himself1 at :i* ?is indiff]5ce is conv]t$ into positive condemnation4 ,a l neutral zone ( acts :i* we nei!r applaud nor condemn1 ( c\rse1 exi/s also 9 ! case ( acts :i* simply affect ourselves or simply affect o!rs1 ?\gh x does n seem to be s ext5sive z 9 ! case :]e ! conflict ( motives is betwe5 ! int]e/s ( o!rs & ^? ( ourselves4 ,9 det]m9+ ! cases 9 :i* we %all subord9ate our own int]e/s to ^? ( o!rs1 or d good to o!rs at our own risk or loss1 x is ess5tial t we %\ld take acc\nt ( ! remote z well z ! imm$iate effects ( actions2 &1 moreov]1 t we %\ld enquire into _! g5]al t5d5cies1 or1 9 o!r words1 ask ourselves :at w\ld happ5 if ev]ybody or _m p act$ z we propose to act4 ,?us1 at fir/ sight1 x might seem z if a ri* man1 at a comp>atively small sacrifice to himself1 might promote ! great] good ( 8 poor neighb\rs by di/ribut+ among/ !m :at to !m w\ld be consid]able sums ( money4 ,if ,i h t5 ?\s& a ye>1 :y %\ld ,i n make fifty poor families happy by end[+ !m ) a hundr$ a ye> ea*1 :i* to !m w\ld be a h&some compet5cy8 ,! loss ( five ?\s& a ye> w\ld be to me simply an abridgm5t ( sup]flu\s luxuries1 :i* ,i c\ld soon le>n to disp5se )1 :ile to !m ! ga9 ( a hundr$ a ye> w\ld be ! sub/itution ( com=t = p5ury & ( case = p]petual /ruggle4 ,! answ] is t1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,i %\ld probably n1 9 ! long run1 be mak+ ^! families really happy4 ,! *ange ( circum/ances w\ld1 und\bt$ly1 conf] consid]able pleasure1 :ile x cont9u$ to be a novelty1 b _! improv$ circum/ances1 :5 !y became accu/om$ to !m1 w\ld soon be out-balanc$ by ! ennui produc$ by want ( employm5t2 :ile1 ! motive to ex]tion be+ remov$1 & ! ta/e = luxuries /imulat$1 !y or ! next g5]ation w\ld probably lapse aga9 into pov]ty1 :i* w\ld be all ! m ke5ly felt = _! tempor>y enjoym5t ( prosp]ity4 ,moreov]1 ,i %\ld be injur+ ! community at l>ge1 by )draw+ a numb] ( p]sons f indu/rial employm5ts & transf]r+ !m to ! non-productive classes4 ,aga91 if ! five ?\s& a ye> 7 )drawn n f my p]sonal exp5diture1 b f indu/rial ent]prises 9 :i* ,i 0 engag$1 ,i %\ld be actually depriv+ ! families ( _m workm5 & artisans ( ! fruits ( _! hone/ lab\r = ! purpose ( enabl+ a small] numb] ( families to live 9 slo? & indol5ce4 ,b1 n[1 suppose ! case ,i h imag9$ to become a g5]al "o1 & t x 0 a common occurr5ce = ri* m5 to disp5se _! sup]flu\s weal? among/ _! poor] neighb\rs1 )\t dem&+ any return 9 lab\r or s]vices4 ,! result w\ld inevitably be ! creation ( a l>ge class ( idle p]sons1 :o w\ld probably soon become a torm5t to !mselves1 :ile _! desc5dants1 (t5 br\ght up to no employm5t & ) an insuffici5t income to support !m1 w\ld probably lapse into paup]ism4 ,! effect on ! community at l>ge1 if ! evil became widely spread1 w\ld be ! p>alysis ( trade & comm]ce4 ,( c\rse1 ,i am aw>e t ^! evils w\ld be1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 modifi$ 9 practice by ! good s5se ( ! recipi5ts1 "s ( :om might employ _! money on reproductive indu/ries in/ead ( on m]ely furni%+ !mselves ) ! means ( liv+ at _! ease2 b t ! g5]al t5d5cy w\ld be t :i* ,i h intimat$ no "o1 ,i ?9k1 :o is acqua9t$ ) ! indol5t prop5sities ( human nature1 c well d\bt4 ,simil> results might be %ewn to foll[ f an indiscrim9ate di/ribution ( *>ity on a small] scale4 ,x seems h>d-he>t$ to refuse a %ill+ to a begg>1 or a gu9ea to a *>itable association1 :5 "o w\ld h>dly miss ! sum at ! end ( ! week or ! mon?4 ,b1 if we c\ld trace all ! consequ5ces1 direct & remote1 ( ^! app>5t acts ( b5evol5ce1 we %\ld (t5 see t ! small act ( sacrifice on our own "p 0 by no means efficaci\s 9 promot+ ! 'great] good' ( ! recipi5t1 & /ill less ( society at l>ge4 ,a life ( vagrancy or indol5ce may easily be made m attractive ?an "o ( hone/ indu/ry1 & well-meant ef=ts to anticipate all ! wants & mis=tunes ( ! poor may (t5 h ! effect ( mak+ !m c>eless ( ! future & ( de/roy+ all elem5ts ( indep5d5ce & provid5ce 9 _! "*4 ,ano!r in/ance ( ! contra/ betwe5 ! imm$iate & remote1 or app>5t & real1 results ( acts ( int5d$ b5efic5ce is to be f\nd 9 ! prodigality ) :i* well-to-d p]sons (t5 di/ribute gratuities among/ s]vants4 ,^! gratuities h ! imm$iate effect ( giv+ gratification to ! recipi5ts & secur+ bett] s]vice to ! donors1 b !y h (t5 ! remote & m p]man5t effect ( r5d]+ ! recipi5ts s]vile & corrupt1 & 7z 9 ! case ( railway port]s7 ( depriv+ poor] or less prodigal p]sons ( s]vices to :i* !y are equally entitl$4 ,9 adduc+ ^! illu/rations1 ,i mu/ n be und]/ood to be advocat+ or def5d+ a selfi% employm5t ( sup]flu\s weal?1 b to be %ew+ ! evils :i* may result f an un5light5$ b5evol5ce1 & ! importance ( asc]ta9+ t ! 'great] good ( o!rs1' to :i* we sacrifice our own int]e/s or enjoym5ts1 is a real1 & n m]ely an app>5t good1 &1 moreov]1 t our conduct1 if x became g5]al1 w\ld promote ! welf>e ( ! community at l>ge1 & n m]ely p>ticul> sections ( x to ! injury ( ! re/4 ,to sum up ! results ( ?is *apt]1 we may repeat t we mu/ di/+ui% c>efully betwe5 ! intellectual act ( moral judgm5t1 or ! judgm5t we pass on matt]s ( conduct1 & ! emotional act ( moral feel+1 or ! feel+ :i* sup]v5es ^u t judgm5t1 & t1 s f> z we c give a precise def9ition ( ! latt]1 x is an indirect or reflex =m ( "o or o!r ( ! sympa!tic1 res5tful1 or self-reg>d+ feel+s1 occurr+ :51 on consid]ation1 we realise t1 9 matt]s involv+ a conflict ( motives & ( suffici5t importance to arre/ our att5tion & /imulate our reflexion1 "o or o!r ( ^! feel+s has be5 gratifi$ or ?w>t$3 moreov]1 t we praise1 9 ! case ( o!rs1 & approve1 9 our own case1 all ^? actions ( ! above k9d1 9 :i* a man subord9ates 8 own l[] to 8 high] good1 or 8 own good to ! great] good ( o!rs1 or1 :5 ! int]e/s only ( o!rs are at /ake1 ! less] good ( "s to ! great] good ( o!rs1 z well z1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 ^? actions 9 :i* he refuses to subord9ate 8 own great] good to ! less] good ( o!rs2 :ile we blame1 9 ! case ( o!rs1 & disapprove1 9 our own case1 all ^? actions ( ! above k9d1 9 :i* he manife/ly & di/9ctly 7= !re is a l>ge neutral zone ( actions1 :i* we nei!r applaud nor condemn7 subord9ates 8 own high] to 8 l[] good1 or ! great] good ( o!rs to 8 own less] good1 or1 :]e ! int]e/s only ( o!rs are at /ake1 ! great] good ( "s to ! less] good ( o!rs1 or1 la/ly1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 ! less] good ( o!rs to ! great] good ( himself1 especially :]e t great] good is ! good ( 8 high] nature4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t /age ( our enquiry1 x mu/ be tol]ably evid5t to ! read] t moral progress1 if su* a fact exi/1 w be due ma9ly to ! increas+ accuracy & ! ext5d$ applications ( our moral judgm5ts1 or1 9 o!r words1 to ! developm5t ( ! rational r ?an ! emotional elem5t 9 ! e?ical act4 ,! moral feel+ foll[s on ! moral judgm5t1 & aw>ds praise or blame1 exp]i5ces satisfaction or dissatisfaction1 9 accordance ) ! intellectual decisions :i* h prec$$ x4 ,! "* ( ! feel+1 !re=e1 z di/9ct f its int5sity1 is already det]m9$ = x by a previ\s process4 ,& its int5sity is und\bt$ly great] among/ primitive & un$ucat$ m5 ?an x is 9 civiliz$ life4 ,among/ ourselves1 n only are ! feel+s ( approbation & disapprobation !mselves l>gely modifi$ by ! acc\nt we take ( mix$ motives1 qualify+ circum/ances1 & ! l1 b ! expression (1 !m is /ill fur!r re/ra9$ by ! caution :i* ! civiliz$ man habitually practises 9 ! pres5ce ( o!rs4 ,inde$1 great1 9 _m respects1 z are ! advantages ( ?is mod]ation & re/ra9t1 !re is a c]ta9 dang] t1 z civilisation advances1 ! approval ( virtue & ! disapproval ( vice may cease to be express$ 9 suffici5tly pla9 & emphatic t]ms4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ) ! ext5sion ( exp]i5ce & ! ev]-improv+ discipl9e ( ! intellectual faculties1 ! moral judgm5t1 we may already presume 7= ! confirmation ( ?is presumption ,i mu/ ref] to ! next *apt]71 w always be gr[+ 9 accuracy1 receiv+ fur!r applications1 & becom+ a m & m adequate repres5tative ( facts4 ,! analysis1 !re=e1 ( ! moral act1 ) :i* we h be5 ma9ly engag$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt]1 besides be+ ess5tial to ! det]m9ation ( any !oretical problem ( e?ics1 has a mo/ important practical be>+ f ! indication :i* x af=ds ( ! direction 9 :i* moral progress is1 9 ! future1 mo/ likely to be f\nd4 ,x mu/ nev] be =gott51 h[ev]1 t m5 may "k :at is "r & d :at is wrong1 &1 h5ce1 ! due /imulation ( ! moral emotions1 s t !y may respond to ! improv$ moral judgm5ts1 is at once an indisp5sable bran* ( moral education & an indisp5sable condition ( moral progress4 ,b ?is is ! function1 n s mu* ( ! sci5tific morali/1 z ( ! p>5t1 ! in/ructor ( y\?1 ! poet1 ! dramati/1 ! noveli/1 ! j\rnali/1 ! arti/1 &1 above all1 ( ! religi\s tea*]4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,moral ,,te/ ,,& ,,its ,,ju/ification4 ,! moral feel+1 z we h se51 foll[s imm$iately & necess>ily on ! moral judgm5t4 ,b :at consid]ations guide ! moral judgm5t8 ,our moral judgm5ts1 z we h also se51 are ! result ( a logical process ( ref]5ce to a class or ( association ) simil>s4 ,?is p>ticul> action is l c]ta9 o!r actions1 or belongs to a class ( actions1 :i* we habitually reg>d z "r or wrong1 &1 consequ5tly1 z soon z ! ref]5ce or association is made1 ! moral feel+ sup]v5es4 ,n[1 9 ?is process1 !re are two possible s\rces ( error4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! act ( ref]5ce or association may be faulty1 & ! action may n really belong to ! class to :i* we ref] or really be l ! o!r actions ) :i* we associate x4 ,?is fault is "o ( classification1 & c only be rem$i$1 z all o!r faulty acts ( classification1 by le>n+ to discrim9ate betwe5 ! ess5tial & ! non-ess5tial m>ks ( simil>ity1 & insi/+ on ! pres5ce ( ! ess5tial m>ks4 ,9 crim9al cases1 ?is is "o ( ! functions ( ! jury1 &1 unless !y ex]cise great c>e1 !y may easily be mi/ak5 z to :e!r an alleg$ act ( fraud1 !ft1 assault1 c41 0 really an act ( t k9d4 ,b1 ev5 if ! action be ref]r$ to its "r head1 !re rema9s ! second "q :e!r we are really ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ ! class ( actions itself z "r or wrong4 ,failure to prosecute = or puni% h]esy or wit*craft 0 at "o "t reg>d$ at lea/ z wrong z failure to puni% or prosecute = !ft or murd] w\ld n[ be4 ,to decl9e to fight a duel 01 till q rec5tly1 to place y\rself outside ! pale ( g5tlem54 ,a reluctance to sacrifice h]self on ! fun]al pile ( h] dead husb& 01 till ! practice ( ,suttee 0 aboli%$ by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 "o ( ! mo/ immoral traits :i* a ,brahman wid[ c\ld exhibit4 ,n[1 h we any means ( discrim9at+1 &1 if s1 h[ d we discrim9ate1 betwe5 ^? acts :i* are really1 & ^? :i* are only reput$1 "r or wrong8 ,t !re is great ne$ ( su* a te/1 if x c be discov]$1 is pla94 ,! wide div]g5ces ( op9ion on matt]s ( conduct 9 diff]5t ages1 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 9 diff]5t classes ( society1 & ev5 among/ m5 ( ! same class ,9 ! same c\ntry & at ! same "t1 %ew at once ! va/ importance ( asc]ta9+ "s common measure ( actions1 & t !re is no uni=m rule ( "r & wrong to be f\nd 9 ! human m9d itself4 ,if !re is su* a rule1 x mu/ be d]iv$ f "s ext]nal consid]ations1 &1 if !re is no su* rule1 !n morality mu/ be1 to a l>ge ext5t1 a matt] ( prejudice1 fancy1 & caprice4 ,n[ ,i conceive t !re is a simple mode ( asc]ta9+ :e!r !re is any te/ ( actions o!r ?an ! m]ely subjective det]m9ations ( our own m9ds1 or1 9 o!r words1 :e!r !re are any reasons or ext]nal consid]ations by :i* ! m9d guides itself 9 its decisions on matt]s ( conduct4 ,d our moral op9ions m]ely v>y1 or d !y gr[8 ,is !re any progress to be trac$ 9 morality1 or does x simply oscillate1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 r\nd a fix$ po9t8 ,if "s 'simple' & 'innate' idea ( "r1 or "s univ]sal s5se1 7 ! te/ ( morality1 !n we might expect t ! moral decisions ( all m5 w\ld be uni=m1 or1 at lea/1 approximately uni=m2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 !re 7 no te/ at all1 or1 :at am\nts to mu* ! same ?+1 a m]ely p]sonal te/1 !n we might expect t ! moral judgm5ts ( mank9d w\ld v>y arbitr>ily accord+ to ! disposition & temp]am5t ( ea* individual man4 ,b1 if !re be a te/ d]iv$ f ext]nal consid]ations & capable ( be+ appli$ to p>ticul> cases by ! ord9>y processes ( reason+1 !n we may fairly expect t1 z ! opportunities ( obs]vation & exp]i5ce increase1 ! te/ w be appli$ m widely & m accurately1 & t ! sci5ce ( conduct w gr[1 l all o!r sci5ces1 ) ! advance ( k & ( g5]al civilisation4 ,n[1 :at1 z a mutt] ( fact1 has be5 ! case8 ,c anyone affect to d\bt t ! morality ( civiliz$ c\ntries is f> high] & pur]1 & f> bett] adapt$ to secure ! pres]vation & progress ( society1 ?an ! cu/oms ( savage or b>b>ic tribes8 ,or1 h[ev] enam\r$ a man may be ( classical antiquity1 is !re any "o :o w\ld be prep>$ to *ange ! e?ical code & ! prevail+ e?ical s5tim5t ( mod]n times = ^? ( ! ,greeks or ,romans8 ,or1 aga91 %\ld we be will+1 9 ?is respect1 to g back ?ree hundr$1 or two hundr$1 or ev5 "o hundr$ ye>s 9 our own hi/ory8 ,are n ! abolition ( slav]y1 ! improv$ & improv+ treatm5t ( captives tak5 9 w>1 ( wom5 & *ildr51 ( ! di/ress$ & un=tunate1 & ev5 ( ! l[] animals1 alone suffici5t to m>k ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! morality ( e>li] & ( lat] times8 ,i %all assume1 !n1 t !re is a te/ ( conduct1 & t ?is te/ is ( su* a "* t its cont9u$ application1 by individual ?9k]s or by mank9d at l>ge1 consci\sly or semi-consci\sly1 is suffici5t to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( a progressive morality4 ,b1 if s1 x mu/ be a te/ :i* exp]i5ce enables u to apply ) increas+ accuracy1 & :i* is d]iv$ f ext]nal consid]ations1 or1 9 o!r words1 f ! obs]vation ( ! effects & t5d5cies ( actions4 ,& "h ,i may obs]ve1 p>5!tically1 t to make 'consci5ce' or 'moral reason' or 'moral s5se' ! te/ ( action1 z1 = in/ance1 ,bi%op ,butl] appe>s to d 9 ! case ( consci5ce1 is1 ev5 on ! supposition ( ! indep5d5t exi/5ce ( ^! s-call$ 'faculties1' to conf\nd ! judge ) ! law :i* gov]ns 8 decisions1 ! 'faculty' ) ! rules 9 accordance ) :i* x op]ates4 ,limit+ ourselves1 !re=e1 to a te/ :i* is d]iv$ f a consid]ation ( ! results1 direct & indirect1 imm$iate & remote1 ( our actions1 we simply h to enquire :at is ! *>act]i/ic 9 ^! results :i* m5 h 9 view :5 !y try to act rightly1 & :i* !y mi/ake1 ignore1 or lose sight (1 :5 !y act wrongly4 ,!re are1 9 ! ma91 ?ree answ]s to ?is "q1 ?\gh !y are r diff]5t modes1 ,i conceive1 ( pres5t+ ! same idea1 ?an di/9ct & indep5d5t explanations4 ,x may be said t we look to ! mann] 9 :i* ! action w affect ! happ9ess or pleasure ( ^? :om x conc]ns1 or _! welf>e or well-be+1 or ! developm5t or p]fection ( _! "*4 ,n[ x seems to me t ^! are by no means necess>ily antagoni/ic modes ( speak+1 & t1 9 attempt+ to det]m9e ! te/ ( "r action1 !y are all useful z complem5t+ ea* o!r4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a view ( ! measure ( actions :i*1 ?\gh d]iv$ f ext]nal consid]ations1 is oppos$ to !m all1 & :i* x may be desirable to notice at once1 ) ! object ( elim9at+ x f our enquiry4 ,x is t we are only conc]n$ ) actions s f> z !y affect ourselves1 & t1 provid+ we obs]ve ! law ( ! l&1 :i* w puni% u if we d n obs]ve x1 we are "u no fur!r obligations to our fell[-citiz5s4 ,?is p>adox1 = su* x is1 has ma9ly acquir$ notoriety ?\gh ! advocacy ( ,hobbes1 ?\gh x has sometimes be5 ignorantly attribut$ to ,b5?am & o!r writ]s ( :at is call$ ! utilit>ian s*ool4 ,b1 be ?is z x may1 x is s pla9ly inconsi/5t ) "s ( ! mo/ obvi\s facts ( human nature1 & specially ) ! exi/5ce ( t l>ge & ess5tial gr\p ( emotions :i* we call ! sympa!tic feel+s1 z well z ) ! con/itution ( family1 social1 & civic life1 t x is unnecess>y "h fur!r to discuss x4 ,! views n[ g5]ally accept$ z to ! orig9 ( society 9 ! family or tribal relations are alike irreconcileable ) ! selfi% psy*ology f :i* ,hobbes educes 8 sy/em ( morality & ) t '/ate ( nature 9 :i* e man 0 at w> ) e man' f :i* he traces ! gr[? ( law & gov]nm5t4 ,rev]t+1 !re=e1 to ^? te/s ( conduct :i* recognise1 ! indep5d5t exi/5ce ( social z well z self-reg>d+ spr+s ( action1 ,i %all n[ make "s rem>ks on ! appropriat5ess & adequacy1 = ! purpose ( designat+ su* te/s1 ( ! ?ree classes ( t]ms1 notic$ above4 ,to beg9 ) happ9ess or pleasure4 ,tak+ happ9ess to mean ! balance ( pleasures ov] pa9s1 & degrees ( happ9ess ! proportions ( ?is balance1 x w be suffici5t if ,i conf9e myself to ! ^w 'pleasure4' ,"o /atem5t1 !n1 ( ! te/ ( ! morality or rightness ( an action is t x %\ld result 9 a l>g] am\nt ( pleasure ?an pa9 to all ^? :om x affects4 ,b x is at once object$ t !re is ! greate/ v>iety ( pleasures & pa9s1 intellectual1 moral1 ae/hetic1 sympa!tic1 s5sual1 & s on2 & x is ask$ h[ are we to det]m9e _! respective values1 & to /rike ! balance betwe5 ! conflict+ k9ds8 ,h[ mu* s5sual pleasure w\ld comp5sate = ! pangs ( an evil consci5ce1 or :at am\nt ( intellectual enjoym5t w\ld allay ! crav+s ( hung] or ?ir/8 ,! only escape f ?is difficulty is frankly to ackn[l$ge t !re are "s pleasures & pa9s :i* are incomm5surable ) "o o!r1 & t1 !re=e1 :]e !y are conc]n$1 we mu/ =ego ! attempt at comp>ison1 & s act z to compass ! immeasurably great] pleasure or avoid ! immeasurably great] pa94 ,especially is ?is ! case ) ! pleasures & pa9s att5dant on ! ex]cise ( ! moral feel+s4 ,a man :o is torm5t$ ) ! recollection ( hav+ committ$ a great crime w1 z ! phrase goes1 'take pleasure 9 no?+2' :ile1 simil>ly1 a man :o is enjoy+ ! retrospect ( hav+ done 8 duty1 9 "s important crisis1 w c>e little = obloquy or ev5 = ! infliction ( physical suff]+4 ,mak+ ?is admission1 !n1 z well z recognis+ ! fact t our pleasures diff] 9 quality z well z 9 volume1 s t ! pleasures ( ! high] "p ( our nature1 ! religi\s1 ! intellectual1 ! moral1 ! ae/hetic1 ! sympa!tic nature1 affect u ) a diff]5t k9d ( enjoym5t f ! s5sual pleasures1 or ^? :i* are d]iv$ f !m1 we may rightly reg>d ! t5d5cy to produce a balance ( pleasure ov] pa9 z ! te/ ( ! goodness ( an action1 & ! ef=t & int5tion to p]=m acts hav+ ?is t5d5cy z ! te/ ( ! morality ( ! ag5t4 ,b :5 we enunciate ! production ( pleasure z our aim1 or ! balance ( pleasure-produc+ ov] pa9-produc+ results z ! te/ ( "r action1 we are n always und]/ood to h admitt$ ^! explanations1 &1 consequ5tly1 !re is always a dang] ( our be+ suppos$ to degrade morality by id5tify+ x ) ! gratification1 9 ourselves & o!rs1 ( ! co>s] & m mat]ial impulses ( our nature4 ,?\gh1 !n1 if due di/9ctions & admissions be made1 ! t5d5cy to produce1 9 ! long run1 ! greate/ am\nt ( happ9ess or mis]y1 pleasure or pa91 may be tak5 z ! te/ ( ! goodness or badness ( an action1 ! phraseology is s mislead+1 & s liable to fru/rate ! practical objects ( ! morali/1 t x is desirable1 if possible1 to f9d t]ms n equally l5d+ !mselves to mis9t]pretation & p]v]sion4 ,let u n[1 !n1 consid] :e!r we are suppli$ ) su* t]ms 9 ! phrases 'p]fection' or 'developm5t' ( '"*4' ,x is a noble idea ( human action to suppose t its end is ! p]fection ( individual m51 or ! developm5t ( _! v>i\s capacities to ! utmo/ ext5t t is available4 ,& yet1 z ! phrases 'pleasure' & 'happ9ess' are apt too exclusively to sugge/ mat]ial well-be+ & ! gratification ( ! m animal p>ts ( our nature1 s ! phrases 'p]fection' or 'developm5t' ( '"*' are apt altoge!r to keep out ( sight ^! necess>y pre-suppositions ( a heal?y & progressive condition ( humanity4 ,unless !re 7 "s /&>d ( com=table liv+1 & a con/ant ef=t n only to ma9ta9 b to improve x1 & unless "s ze/ 7 giv5 to e-day life by ! gratification ( ! appetites1 )9 reasonable limits1 & ! endeav\r to obta9 ! means ( indulg+ !m1 m51 con/itut$ z !y are1 w\ld be 9 dang] ( s9k+ into slo?1 squalor1 & indig5ce1 &1 to ! great mass ( mank9d1 ! opportunity ( develop+ & p]fect+ _! high] nature w\ld nev] occur4 ,we seem1 !re=e1 to require "s t]m :i* w n only sugge/ ! highe/ results ( moral endeav\r1 b also ! conditions :i*1 9 ! case ( humanity1 are ess5tial to ! atta9m5t ( ^? results4 ,moreov]1 to a great] ext5t ev5 ?an ! words 'pleasure' & 'happ9ess1' ! expressions 'p]fection' & 'developm5t' ( '"*' are 9 dang] ( be+ suppos$ to imply an exclusive ref]5ce to self4 ,x is true t we _c prop]ly develope our *>act]s1 mu* less atta9 to all ! p]fection ( :i* !y are capable1 )\t quick5+ ! moral feel+ & giv+ l>g] scope to ! sympa!tic emotions2 b1 9 ! m]e attempt to improve _! own nature1 m5 are v apt to lose sight ( _! relations to o!rs4 ,! phrases ought1 h[ev]1 to be tak51 & usually are int5d$ to be tak51 to include ! ef=t to improve ! "* ( o!rs z well z our own2 & if ?is ext5sion ( _! mean+ be well und]/ood1 & x is also und]/ood t ! developm5t or p]fection ( "* implies c]ta9 conditions ( mat]ial com=t & ! gratification1 )9 reasonable limits1 ( our appetitive nature1 !re ought to be no objection on ! "p ( ! morali/ to _! employm5t = ! purpose ( designat+ ! te/ ( "r conduct2 &1 any way1 !y are useful z supplem5t+1 correct+1 & elevat+ ! associations atta*$ to ! m commonly employ$ t]ms1 pleasure & happ9ess4 ,b are !re no t]ms by :i* ! some:at exclusive associations connect$ ) ! two sets ( phrases already exam9$ may be avoid$8 ,i v5ture to sugge/ t su* t]ms may be f\nd by rev]t+ to ! old1 b n[ usually disc>d$1 expressions 'welf>e' & 'well-be+4' ,^! words1 x seems to me1 d n prim>ily sugge/ mat]ial prosp]ity1 l happ9ess1 nor ! gratification ( ! l[] p>ts ( our nature1 l pleasure1 nor ! exclusive developm5t ( ! high] p>ts ( our nature1 l p]fection1 b cov] ! :ole gr\nd ( heal?y human activity & ! conditions :i* are fav\rable to x4 ,correspond+1 too1 almo/ exactly ) ! ,greek3 eudaimonia ( ,ari/otle1 !y h ! advantage ( v5]able hi/oric associations4 ,la/ly1 !y seem to h less ( a p]sonal & m ( a social ref]5ce ?an any ( ! o!r t]ms employ$4 ,we speak1 ,i ?9k1 m naturally ( ! well-be+ or welf>e ( society1 ?an ( ! happ9ess1 pleasure1 or p]fection ( society4 ,i _c1 !re=e1 b ?9k t ! morali/ w\ld be wise 9 at lea/ try+ ! exp]im5t ( recurr+ to ^! t]ms 9 place ( ^? :i*1 9 rec5t sy/ems ( e?ics1 h usually sup]s$$ !m4 ,if x be said t !y are vague1 & t diff]5t p w atta* diff]5t mean+s to !m1 accord+ to _! own prepossessions & _! own !ories ( life1 ,i c only reply t ?is objection applies ) at lea/ equal =ce to any ( ! o!r t]ms :i* we h pass$ 9 review4 ,&1 if x be said t our conceptions ( well-be+ & welf>e are n fix$1 b t our ideas ( ! nature & prop] proportions ( _! con/itu5ts are und]go+ con/ant modification & gr[?1 ,i may ask if ?is is less ! case ) reg>d to happ9ess1 or ! sum ( pleasures1 or ! balance ( pleasures ov] pa9s1 or ! p]fection or due developm5t ( human "*1 all ( :i* expressions1 inde$1 :5 prop]ly qualifi$ & expla9$1 ,i ackn[l$ge to be ! equival5ts ( ^? = :i* ,i h /at$ a pref]5ce4 ,& "h occurs a difficulty ) respect to all ^! expressions & ideas4 ,if _! mean+ or cont5t is n fix$1 & specially if !y are und]go+ a con/ant *ange1 9 ! way ( gr[?1 ) ! progress ( reason & society1 h[ c we employ !m z a te/ ( morality1 :i* is itself also a v>iable conception8 ,surely ?is is to make "o indef9ite idea ! gauge ( ano!r indef9ite idea4 ,! answ] to ?is "q w1 ,i tru/1 br+ out cle>ly ! nature ( a moral te/1 z well z ! diff]5t modes ( its application4 ,! ultimate orig9 ( moral rules1 ,i conceive1 s f> at lea/ z sci5ce c trace !m1 is to be f\nd 9 ! ef=t ( m5 to adapt !mselves to ! circum/ances1 social & physical1 9 :i* !y are plac$4 ,at fir/1 probably1 ?is process ( adaptation 0 almo/ automatic & unconsci\s1 b1 :5 m5 once began consci\sly to adapt means to ends1 !y w\ld soon beg9 to reflect on _! acts1 & to ask !mselves ! reasons :y !y _h select$ ?is c\rse ( conduct r ?an ano!r4 ,! ju/ify+ reasons ( _! pa/ acts1 l ! impell+ motives ( _! future acts1 c\ld h ref]5ce to no?+ b ! conv5i5ce or gratification ( !mselves or ^? among/ :om !y liv$4 ,& ! acts :i* !y ju/ifi$ 9 !mselves !y w\ld approve ( 9 o!rs4 ,"h1 !n1 already we h a te/ consci\sly appli$ to ! e/imation ( conduct4 ,exp]i5ce %ews t ?is or t action promotes "s object :i* is includ$ 9 ! n>r[ conception ( well-be+ ent]ta9$ by ! primitive man4 ,he1 !re=e1 cont9ues to act 9 accordance ) ! rule :i* prescribes x1 or ! habit f :i* x proce$s4 ,&1 9 l mann]1 if he f9ds f exp]i5ce t ! action does n promote t object1 & he is free to ex]cise 8 own *oice1 he desi/s f x &1 p]haps1 tries ! exp]im5t ( sub/itut+ ano!r4 ,n[1 9 ^! cases1 x is pla9 t any judgm5t :i* ! man ex]cises indep5d5tly1 & ap>t f ! society ( :i* he is a memb]1 is guid$ solely by ! consid]ation :e!r ! c\rse ( conduct is efficaci\s 9 atta9+ its end1 t end be+ "p ( 8 conception ( ! well-be+ ( himself1 8 family1 or 8 tribe4 ,if he ?9ks ab\t ! matt] = himself at all1 ?is is ! only consid]ation ( :i* he c take acc\nt4 ,!re are ?ree c\rses op5 to him4 ,he ne$ n reflect on ! action at all1 b simply foll[ 9 ! wake ( 8 neighb\rs 7& ?is1 ( c\rse1 is f> ! commone/ case72 or1 if !re is any div]g5ce ( op9ion ab\t x among/ 8 neighb\rs1 he may delib]ate z to ^: op9ion x is safe/ to foll[2 or1 la/ly1 he may consid] = himself1 :e!r ! action is really ! be/ means ( atta9+ ! end aim$ at1 t is to say1 he may te/ ! means by its conduciv5ess to ! end1 :i* is always1 9 "s %ape1 ! welf>e ( himself or o!rs4 ,if he foll[s ! op9ion ( o!rs1 x is pla9 t _! op9ion1 s f> z x has be5 =m$ indep5d5tly1 has be5 =m$ 9 ! mann] above describ$4 ,! only alt]native1 !re=e1 is betwe5 ! acceptance ( exi/+ op9ions1 )\t any consid]ation or exam9ation1 & _! ref]5ce to ! conception ( well-be+1 or h[ev] else ! idea may be express$1 z a measure ( _! appropriat5ess & suffici5cy4 ,! idea ( well-be+ itself may be inadequate1 & ev5 9 p>ts incorrect1 &1 z society advances1 x is und\bt$ly und]go+ a con/ant process ( expansion & rectification2 b x seems to me t ?is reg>d = _! own welf>e or t ( o!rs1 h[ev] we may phrase x1 is ! only guid+-pr9ciple ( conduct1 9 ! light ( :i* m5 c reconsid] & review _! rules4 ,unless !y foll[ ! m]e bl9d impulses ( feel+ 79 :i* case !y d n foll[ rules at all1 b simply act irrationally71 or else obs]ve implicitly ! maxims ( conduct :i* !y f9d preval5t ar\nd !m1 !y mu/1 & c only1 ask ! "q :e!r x is possible to alt] _! conduct = ! bett]1 t is to say1 :e!r !y c bett] promote _! own welf>e or t ( o!rs by "s modification ( _! actions4 ,take ! case ( ,slav]y4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 savage or b>b>ic tribes1 mov$ by a reg>d to _! own int]e/s1 & also1 we may tru/1 t\*$ by "s compassion = _! victims1 began to sub/itute1 = ! :olesale but*]y ( _! enemies defeat$ 9 w>1 ! practice ( reta9+ "s or all ( !m = ! purposes ( dome/ic or agr>ian s]vice4 ,aga91 !re came a "t :51 view$ by ! side ( o!r =ms ( s]vice :i* _h mean:ile come into exi/5ce1 slav]y1 ) its v>i\s incid5ts1 began to %ock ! philan?ropic s5tim5ts ( ! m civiliz$ races ( mank9d1 :ile ! "q also began to be rais$ :e!r slave-lab\r 0 n economically at a disadvantage1 :5 comp>$ ) free lab\r1 & ! result ( ^! comb9$ consid]ations1 (t5 aid$ by a /rong & en?usia/ic outbur/ ( popul> feel+1 has be5 ! total disappe>ance ( slav]y among/ civiliz$1 & its almo/ total disappe>ance ev5 among/ b>b>ic or semi-civiliz$ races4 ,take1 too1 ! revolt+ practice1 common among _m savage tribes1 pa/ & pres5t1 ( kill+ & eat+ ag$ p>5ts or o!r infirm memb]s ( ! tribe1 :5 engag$ 9 w>4 ,?is practice :i*1 at fir/ sight1 seems s utt]ly unnatural1 0 d\btless dictat$1 9 "p at lea/1 by ! desire to save _! victims f ! worse fate ( be+ tortur$ & mutilat$ by _! enemies4 ,subsequ5tly1 9 ! hi/ory ( "s ( ^! tribes1 !re has come a "t :5 x has be5 discov]$ t a m humane mode ( atta9+ ! same object is to build /rong places & leave ! feebl] folk at home4 ,if we foll[ ! v>y+ m>riage cu/oms ( savage or b>b>ic tribes1 we %all f9d1 9 ! same way1 t !y h always be5 orig9ally fram$ on reasons ( conv5i5ce1 & t1 :5 !y h be5 *ang$1 x has be5 because diff]5t views ( well-be+1 includ+ ! ne$s ( purity1 clos] atta*m5t1 increas$ c>e ( *ildr51 & ! l1 h begun to prevail4 ,9 all ^! examples1 :i* might be multipli$ to any ext5t1 x is pla9 t *anges ( conduct are m\ld$ & det]m9$ by *anges ( op9ion z to :at is be/ & mo/ suitable = ! circum/ances ( ! individual1 ! family1 ! tribe1 or :atev] ! social aggregate may be4 ,& ,i may v5ture to affirm t1 :]ev] any *ange ( moral conduct takes place1 unless x be dictat$ by bl9d passion1 or m]e submission to au?ority1 en=c$ or volunt>y1 ! *ange is inv>iably due to "s *ange ( op9ion on :at con/itutes ! advantage ( ! p]sons :om x affects4 ,x is true1 !re=e1 t moral conduct v>ies1 & x is true t our conceptions ( well-be+ v>y1 b ! two d n v>y indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r1 or ei!r ( !m caprici\sly4 ,increas$ exp]i5ce ( ourselves & ( o!rs1 enl>g$ obs]vation ( ! ext]nal _w1 m matur$ reflexion are con/antly exp&+ & rectify+ our conceptions ( :at con/itutes human welf>e1 & to ?is con/antly am5d$ conception are readju/$1 f "t to "t1 our conduct & our s5tim5ts on ! conduct bo? ( ourselves & ( o!rs4 ,9 brief1 !n1 ! conduct ( m5 & ! s5tim5ts ( m5 on conduct v>y ) _! conceptions ( well-be+1 & _! conceptions ( well-be+ are det]m9$ by exp]i5ce 7includ+ ! opportunity = exp]i5ce7 & reflexion4 ,my conclusion may1 p]haps1 be illu/rat$ & en=c$ by "o fur!r consid]ation4 ,x g5]ally happ5s1 9 ! progress ( society1 t1 aft] a numb] ( rules ( conduct h be5 accumulat$1 !y become en%r9$ 9 "s sacr$ book1 "s code1 or1 at lea/1 "s con/ant & au?oritative tradition4 ,9 ?is mann] !y may be /]eotyp$ = ages4 ,n[1 aft] a "t1 ^! rules1 especially if !y are num]\s & m9ute1 become unsuit$1 at lea/ 9 "p1 to ! alt]$ circum/ances ( ! society1 & probably be> h>dly on _m ( ! individuals compos+ x4 ,:5 ?is condition ( ?+s is beg9n+ to be intol]able1 !re (t5 arises ! social re=m]1 & :at is ! c\rse :i* he pursues8 ,he endeav\rs to %ew h[ unsuitable ! rules h become to atta9 ! ends :i* !y 7 orig9ally int5d$ to compass1 9 h[ mu* bett] a mann] o!r rules w\ld atta9 ^! objects1 h[ griev\sly ! pres5t rules be> on _m classes & individuals 9 ! /ate1 h[ unequal !y are 9 _! incid5ce1 at :at a disadvantage !y place ! community 9 comp>ison ) neighb\r+ communities1 h[ easily !y may be alt]$1 & ! l4 ,9 fact1 ! consid]ations :i* he urges may all be includ$ 9 ! "o argum5t t ! exi/+ rules are oppos$ to ! well-be+ ( ! /ate1 & t ! advantages result+ f _! abrogation w m ?an comp5sate = any di/urbance ( exi/+ relations :i* may ensue f ! *ange4 ,ap>t f =ce1 or m]e rant1 rhetoric1 or impo/ure1 x is difficult to see :at o!r res\rce ! re=m] has op5 to him4 ,&1 9 ^? cases :]e !re is no accumulation ( antiquat$ rules & no ne$ ( ! individual re=m]1 b :]e society at l>ge has ! happy knack ( imp]ceptibly accommodat+ its practice & pr9ciples ( action to alt]$ circum/ances1 !re c be no d\bt t x is by consid]ations ( well-be+1 half consci\s ?\gh ! process ( application may be1 t ! *ange is direct$4 ,! pla/ic p[] by :i* m5 accommodate _! actions & ev5 _! maxims ( conduct to modifications 9 surr\nd+ circum/ances is "o ( ! advantages :i* !y ga9 by ! progress ( civilisation4 ,9 anci5t society ! tyranny ( cu/om is (t5 almo/ absolute4 ,9 mod]n society *anges1 :i* w\ld o!rwise require ! dra/ic h& ( ! re=m]1 are (t5 quietly effect$ by ! gradual & almo/ imp]ceptible action ( ! p !mselves4 ,x is ?us t ! equity bran* ( ,engli% law1 & mu* ( our case law1 grew up1 giv+ expression to *anges :i* _h already occurr$ 9 ! curr5t ( popul> op9ion4 ,x is ?us t ! obligation ( 'g5tlem5' to (f]1 on ! slighte/ provocation1 & to accept1 )\t que/ion+1 a '*all5ge' to take ea* o!r's lives1 has1 9 mo/ civiliz$ c\ntries1 n[ gr[n obsolete1 hav+ gradually become enfeebl$ toge!r ) ! exagg]at$ milit>y _s :i* gave x bir?4 ,x is ?us also t1 ) an increase ( ! indu/rial _s1 ) s(t5$ mann]s1 & ) t quick5+ ( our sympa!tic nature :i* has gradually be5 effect$ by ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity1 a /rong s5tim5t aga9/ slav]y1 a respect = human life z su*1 a reg>d = ! weak1 ! suff]+1 ! oppress$1 & _m t5d] feel+s ( a simil> k9d1 h almo/ ins5sibly be5 develop$ z an ess5tial elem5t 9 mod]n civilisation4 ,^! consid]ations naturally lead me to notice ! two diff]5t ways 9 :i* ! te/ ( conduct may be1 & z a fact is1 appli$4 ,"o mode is ! consci\s & int5tional application ( x by ! reflective man4 ,! o!r is ! semi-consci\s & almo/ in/9ctive application ( x by ! community at l>ge4 ,9 morals1 z 9 ! arts1 m51 almo/ )\t kn[+ x1 are con/antly re-adju/+ _! means to _! ends1 feel+ _! way to "s t5tative solution ( a new difficulty or a bett] solution ( an old "o1 %ap+ _! conduct ) ref]5ce to ! special ne$s ( ! situation 9 :i* !y are plac$4 ,x is ?us1 = ! mo/ "p1 t new circum/ances develope new rules1 & t ! simple maxims ( a primitive p are gradually replac$ by ! multif>i\s code ( law & morals ) :i* we are n[ famili>4 ,! guid+ pr9ciple ?r\gh\t ! process is ! conception ( _! own good1 compreh5d+1 z x does1 n only ease1 p]sonal com=t1 & gratification ( ! v>i\s appetites & desires1 :i*1 9 ! e>ly /ages ( society1 are ! prepond]at+ consid]ations1 b also ^? high] con/itu5ts ( welf>e1 bo? individual & social1 :i* atta9 an ev]-increas+ importance z society advances1 su* z are ! developm5t ( ! moral1 ! intellectual1 & ! ae/hetic faculties2 ! purification ( ! religi\s s5tim5ts1 ! expansion ( ! sympa!tic feel+s1 ! diffusion ( lib]ty & prosp]ity1 ! consolidation ( national unity1 ! elevation ( human life4 ,?is pr9ciple works ?r\gh\t ! community1 actuat+ "s m5 9 its high]1 o!rs 9 its l[] =ms2 b1 except :]e ! =ce ( tradition or prejudice is too /rong = x1 inv>iably m\ld+ conduct into accordance ) ! m complex requirem5ts ( advanc+ civilisation4 ,its action1 ( c\rse1 is n :olly advantage\s4 ,gr[+ ne$s & m complicat$ relations sugge/ to m5 fre% devices = compass+ _! selfi% ends1 su* z ! v>i\s =ms ( fraud1 =g]y1 & conspiracy1 z well z m enl>g$ or m effective s*emes ( b5efic5ce1 /rict] or m intellig5t applications ( ! pr9ciple ( ju/ice1 & possibilities ( high] & fre] developm5ts ( _! faculties4 ,b1 on ! :ole1 & sett+ aside z exceptional c]ta9 p]iods ( retrogression1 su* z ! decl9e ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ! evolution ( society seems to be att5d$ by ! progress ( morality1 & specially by ! amelioration ( social relations1 :e!r betwe5 individuals1 families1 or /ates4 ,! intellig5ce t appreh5ds ! great] good re-acts ^u ! desire to atta9 x1 & ! result is ! comb9ation ( m rational aims ) a pur] int]e/ 9 ! pursuit ( !m4 ,?is t5d5cy 9 society at l>ge to modify & re-adju/ its conduct 9 con=mity ) full] & m improv$ conceptions ( well-be+1 :i* are !mselves sugge/$ by a gr[+ exp]i5ce1 is re9=c$1 especially 9 ! lat] /ages ( civilisation1 by ! consci\sly reflective action ( philosoph]s & re=m]s4 ,x is ! function ( ^! classes n only to give expression to ! ?\ghts :i* are work+ obscurely 9 ! m9ds ( o!r m51 b also to detect ^? aspects & be>+s ( conduct :i* are n obvi\s to ! g5]al intellig5ce4 ,?is task is effect$ p>tly by trac+ actions to _! indirect & remote results1 p>tly by m di/9ctly realis+ _! results1 :e!r imm$iate or remote1 direct or indirect1 & p>tly by g5]alis+ !m1 t is to say1 by consid]+ :at w\ld happ5 to society if m5 g5]ally 7 to act 9 t mann]4 ,?us1 take ! case ( ly+4 ,9 primitive /ates ( society1 & ev5 9 "s m advanc$ nations1 no great opprobrium atta*es to tell+ a lie4 ,9 anci5t ,greece1 = in/ance1 v]acity by no means occupi$ ! same prom95t position among ! virtues t x does among ourselves1 &1 ev5 n[1 ,teutonic races are g5]ally cr$it$ ) a peculi> s5sitiv5ess on ! subject ( tru?fulness4 ,?is improv$ s5tim5t z reg>ds v]acity is1 no d\bt1 p>tly due to ! realisation ( its importance & ( ! inconv5i5ces :i* result f ! brea*es ( x1 especially 9 comm]cial affairs1 by ! memb]s ( a community at l>ge2 b x mu/ also1 to a great ext5t1 h be5 produc$ by ! def9ite tea*+ convey$ 9 books1 & by moral & religi\s in/ructors4 ,foll[ out a lie to all its consequ5ces1 realise ! feel+s ( ! p]son deceiv$ by x1 :5 he has discov]$ ! deception1 above all1 consid] :at w\ld be ! result if m5 7 commonly to deceive "o ano!r1 & no man c\ld place any dep5d5ce on ! in=mation :i* 8 neighb\r gave him2 & !n a falsehood excites v diff]5t feel+s f :at x does :5 reg>d$ simply z an isolat$ act4 ,or1 aga91 take ! evasion ( taxes4 ,!re is probably1 ev5 yet1 no c\ntry 9 :i* ! popul> s5tim5t on ?is subject is suffici5tly enlight5$ & sev]e4 ,a man smuggles a box ( cig>s1 or evades pay+ a tax = 8 dog1 or makes an insuffici5t return ( 8 income1 & few ( 8 neighb\rs1 if ! fact come to _! k1 ?9k ! worse ( him4 ,! "* & consequ5ces ( ! action are n obvi\s1 & h5ce !y d n p]ceive :at1 on reflexion1 or1 if guid$ by prop] in/ruction1 !y c\ld h>dly fail to realise1 t ! act is really a !ft1 only practis$ on ! community at l>ge in/ead ( on an individual memb] ( x1 & t1 if e "o 7 to act 9 ! same way1 ! collection ( taxes &1 consequ5tly1 ! adm9i/ration & def5ce ( ! c\ntry1 ! ma9t5ance ( its army & navy1 its police1 its h>b\rs & roads1 w\ld become an impossibility1 & x w\ld quickly relapse into b>b>ism4 ,o!r famili> in/ances ( ! advantage to be d]iv$ f ! consci\s & int5tional application ( ! reason+ p[]s to matt]s ( conduct may be f\nd 9 ! successive re=ms ( ! p5al code ( any civiliz$ c\ntry1 or 9 ! abolition ( slav]y4 ,puni%m5t is1 9 all v e>ly /ages ( society1 caprici\s1 mo/ly unregulat$ by any def9ite cu/oms or enactm5ts1 &1 consequ5tly1 (t5 disproportion$1 ei!r 9 ! way ( excess or defect1 to ! "* ( ! (f5ce4 ,z ! community advances 9 complexity & intellig5ce1 successive re=m]s arise :o attempt1 by def9ite enactm5t1 to regulate ! am\nt ( puni%m5t due to ea* description ( (f5ce1 &1 f "t to "t1 to increase or dim9i%1 z occasion seems to require1 ! sev]ity ( ! exi/+ code4 ,! consid]ations by :i*1 at lea/ 9 our own "t1 ^! re=ms are det]m9$ are su* z ^!3 ! adequacy or inadequacy ( ! puni%m5t to det] m5 f ! commission ( ! (f5ce1 ! t5d5cy ( excessive puni%m5t to produce a reaction ( s5tim5t 9 fav\r ( ! crim9al1 & a reluctance on ! "p ( ! judge or jury to convict1 ! sup]flu\s suff]+ inflict$ by t "p ( ! puni%m5t :i* is 9 excess ( ! requirem5ts ( ! case1 due publicity & notoriety z a means ( w>n+ o!rs1 ! re=m ( ! crim9al himself1 & s on4 ,all ^! consid]ations1 x w be obs]v$1 are d]iv$ f trac+ ! effects ( ! puni%m5t ei!r on ! crim9al himself1 or on p]sons :o are "u a simil> temptation to commit ! crime1 or on ! s5tim5t ( society at l>ge1 or ( t portion ( society :i* is connect$ ) ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 & x is only by ! ex]cise ( great circumspection1 & ( a ke5 intellig5ce on ! "p ( ! /atesman1 ! juri/1 or ! morali/1 t grave errors c be avoid$1 & an adequate e/imate ( ! probable results c be =m$4 ,! m]e in/9ct ( ! community1 unmodifi$ & uncorrect$ by ! consci\s speculations ( its m ?\ghtful memb]s1 w\ld be 9 mu* dang] ( ei!r caus+ a l>ge am\nt ( ne$less suff]+ to ! crim9al1 or ( s]i\sly dim9i%+ ! security ( society4 ,x w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly be guilty ( grave inequalities 9 ! apportionm5t ( puni%m5t to specific crimes4 ,! hi/ory ( slav]y simil>ly %ews ! importance ( ! functions ( ! morali/ & ! re=m]4 ,x mu/ h be5 at ! sugge/ion ( "s prom95t memb] ( a tribe1 ^: intellig5ce 0 9 advance ( t ( 8 fell[s1 t m5 fir/ took to captur+ _! defeat$ enemies1 ) a view to future s]vice1 in/ead ( slaught]+ !m on ! field ( battle4 ,& we "k t1 9 ! "t ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 !re _h already aris5 a /rong s5tim5t aga9/ ! enslav+ ( ,greeks by ,greeks1 orig9at+ probably 9 ! in/9ctive sympa?y ( race1 b quick5$ & fo/]$1 d\btless1 by ! sup]ior capacity :i* m5 possess ( realis+ suff]+ & mis=tune 9 ^? :o are con/itut$ & end[$ l !mselves1 by ! new conception ( a ,pan-hell5ic unity1 & by ! vivid s5se :i*1 on reflexion1 ! citiz5s ( ea* /ate mu/ h ent]ta9$ ( _! own liability to be r$uc$1 9 turn1 to ! same condition4 ,9 mod]n times1 ! movem5t :i* has l$ to ! entire abolition ( slav]y 9 civiliz$ c\ntries owes mu*1 und\bt$ly1 to ! s(t5$ mann]s & wid] sympa?ies ( a society l>gely trans=m$ by ! comb9$ op]ation ( ,*ri/ianity & culture1 b x has be5 promot$1 to no inconsid]able degree1 by consci\s reflexion & direct argum5t4 ,social & religi\s reasons1 d]iv$ f ! community ( nature & orig9 9 man1 re9=c$ by a vivid realisation ( ! suff]+s ( o!rs1 & appeal+ =cibly to ! t5d] & sympa!tic feel+s1 h co-op]at$ ) ! economical consid]ations drawn f ! wa/efulness & comp>ative ineffici5cy ( slave lab\r1 & ) :at may be call$ ! self-reg>d+ reason ( ! h>d5+ & debas+ effect ( slave-own+ on ! "* ( ! slave-own] himself4 ,x w be suffici5t1 9 ?is connexion1 simply to allude to ! ideals ( m]cy1 purity1 humility1 long-suff]+1 & self-d5ial1 :i* are p\rtray$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian tea*+ & h1 ev] s9ce ! e>ly days ( ,*ri/ianity1 ex]cis$ s va/ & p[]ful an influ5ce on l>ge sections ( mank9d4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a process ( con/ant ,int]action go+ on betwe5 ! two elem5ts 9 ! con/itution ( moral s5tim5t :i* ,i h be5 attempt+ to describe4 ,! circum/ances1 op9ions1 & feel+s ( ! society ( :i* he is a memb]1 mu/ necess>ily contribute to det]m9e ! op9ions & feel+s1 ! "* & aims1 ( ! morali/ or ! re=m]4 ,9 turn1 ! morali/ or re=m] modifies1 corrects1 & elevates ! curr5t moral s5tim5t ( ^? :o are br\ght )9 ! influ5ce ( 8 "w4 ,& ?is result is usually a p]man5t "o4 ,:5 ! av]age moral s5tim5t on a p>ticul> po9t ( conduct has be5 consci\sly rais$1 & ! *ange is fully realis$1 x seldom happ5s t x aft]w>ds rec$es1 ?\gh ! automatic or semi-consci\s adaptations ( society to new ne$s & circum/ances1 :5 reg>d$ f a m g5]al po9t ( view1 are n infrequ5tly f\nd to be regressive z well z progressive4 ,?us1 ?\gh we may imag9e ! di/9ctions betwe5 ! diff]5t classes ( society becom+ m num]\s or m acc5tuat$ 7z ,i believe to h actually occurr$ 9 ,engl& dur+ ! pres5t c5tury71 or ! evasion ( taxation becom+ m g5]al ?an x at pres5t is1 we c h>dly conceive a recurr5ce to slav]y1 or a ne$less increase 9 ! sev]ity ( puni%m5ts1 or a revival ( ! h>d-dr9k+ habits ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,:5 society is fully aw>e ( its moral ga9s1 x is n likely kn[+ly to surr5d] !m4 ,h5ce1 all[+ = occasional oscillations & = possible exceptions 9 c]ta9 dep>tm5ts ( conduct1 morality1 z a :ole1 almo/ necess>ily advances ) ! g5]al progress ( intellig5ce4 ,x is n altoge!r easy to adju/ ! respective claims ( society at l>ge & ( ! individual ?9k] 9 ! con/itution ( moral !ory1 or1 9 o!r words1 to det]m9e ! limits )9 :i* ! speculative morali/ may legitimately endeav\r to re=m ! exi/+ moral s5tim5t4 ,x is pla9 t x mu/ be op5 to ! morali/1 &1 9 fact1 to e intellig5t citiz51 to criticize ! curr5t morality1 or else moral progress1 ev5 if x took place at all1 w\ld1 on _m po9ts ( conduct1 be exce$+ly sl[4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is equally pla9 t a con/ant discussion ( ! accept$ rules ( conduct w\ld weak5 ! moral s5tim5t1 less5 ! s5se ( obligation1 & sugge/ a g5]al unc]ta9ty z to ! validity ( ! maxims :i*1 9 _! relations to "o ano!r1 m5 usually take = grant$4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh x w\ld be almo/ fatal to moral progress to disc\rage speculation on moral topics1 ! morali/ mu/ always be> 9 m9d t 8 task is "o :i* is n lightly to be und]tak51 & t1 ) an exception to be notic$ pres5tly1 ! presumption %\ld always be 9 fav\r ( exi/+ rules ( conduct4 ,if = no o!r reason1 ?is presumption ought to be made on ! practical gr\nd t a di/urbance ( ! moral s5tim5t on "o po9t is likely to weak5 its =ce g5]ally1 &1 be=e we expose m5 to ?is dang]1 we ought to h "s adequate ju/ification4 ,b !re is also ! speculative gr\nd t any giv5 society1 & inde$ mank9d g5]ally1 has be5 engag$ = ages 9 feel+ its way1 in/9ctively or semi-consci\sly1 t[>ds a solution ( ! self-same problems :i* ! philosoph] is attempt+ to solve consci\sly & ( set purpose4 ,t1 on ! :ole1 a society has solv$ ^! problems 9 ! mann] be/ suit$ to its exi/+ ne$s & circum/ances may fairly be tak5 = grant$1 &1 ev5 :]e ! e?ical /&-po9t ( ! re=m] is v sup]ior to ! /&-po9t ( ! society :i* he wi%es to re=m1 he w be wise 9 endeav\r+ to introduce 8 re=ms gradually1 &1 if possible1 9 connexion ) pr9ciples already ackn[l$g$1 r ?an 9 attempt+ to effect a moral revolution1 ! ultimate results ( :i* x may be impossible to =esee4 ,! "w ( ! morali/ is1 !re=e1 be/ reg>d$ z corrective (1 & supplem5t>y to1 ! "w :i* mank9d is con/antly do+ = itself1 & n z antagoni/ic to x4 ,! me?od is ! same 9 bo? cases3 only x is appli$ semi-consci\sly1 & m]ely z occasions sugge/ x1 9 ! "o case2 consci\sly & spontane\sly 9 ! o!r4 ,9 bo? cases alike ! guid+ pr9ciple1 :e!r ( action or ( speculation ^u action1 is ! adaptation ( conduct to surr\nd+ circum/ances1 physical & social1 ) a view to promote1 to ! utmo/ ext5t possible1 ! well-be+ ( ! individual & ( ! society ( :i* he is a memb]4 ,:]e ! int]e/s ( ! individual & ( ! society cla%1 society1 t is to say1 a man's fell[-citiz5s1 usually approves1 z we saw 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ( ! sacrifice ( individual to social int]e/s1 a c\rse ( conduct :i* is also1 on reflexion1 usually /amp$ by ! individual's own approbation1 & h5ce we may say briefly t _! t5d5cy to promote or impair ! welf>e ( society is ! te/ by :i*1 9 diff]5t ways1 all actions are e/imat$ alike by ! philosoph]1 9 8 h\rs ( speculation1 & by ! community at l>ge1 9 ! practical "w ( life4 ,9 lay+ d[n ! pr9ciple t ! presumption ( ! morali/ %\ld always be 9 fav\r ( exi/+ rules ( conduct1 ,i intimat$ t !re 0 "o exception to ?is pr9ciple4 ,! exception includes all ^? cases :i* are legitimate1 ?\gh n obvi\s1 applications ( exi/+ rules1 & to :i*1 !re=e1 ! ord9>y moral s5tim5t does n atta* 9 ! same way t x does to ! pla9] & m direct applications4 ,?us1 if x c be %ewn1 z x und\bt$ly c be1 t smuggl+ falls "u ! head ( /eal+1 & hold+ out false hopes "u t ( ly+1 ! morali/ ne$ take no acc\nt ( ! lax moral s5tim5t :i* exi/s ) reg>d to ^! practices1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 9 e/imat+ ! guilt ( ! individual z di/9ct f ! "* ( ! act1 due all[ance mu/ be made = 8 imp]fect appreciation ( ! moral be>+s ( 8 conduct4 ,?is exception1 z w be f\nd 9 ! next *apt]1 cov]s1 & !re=e at once ju/ifies1 a l>ge proportion ( ! criticisms :i*1 9 ! pres5t advanc$ /age ( morality1 :5 ! m fundam5tal pr9ciples h be5 already settl$1 x is /ill op5 to u to make4 ,x rema9s n[ to enquire :at is ! ju/ification ( ! te/ prop\nd$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,i d n f\nd x on any ext]nal consid]ations1 :e!r ( ,law or ,revelation1 bo? ( :i*1 ,i conceive1 presuppose morality1 b on ! v make & con/itution ( our nature4 ,! ju/ification ( ! moral te/ & ! s\rce ( ! moral feel+ are alike1 ,i conceive1 to be discov]$ by an exam9ation ( human nature1 &1 s f> z t nature has a div9e orig91 s f> is ! orig9 ( morality div9e4 ,:atev] ! ultimate s\rce ( morality may be1 to u1 at all ev5ts1 x c only be kn[n z reveal$ or reflect$ 9 ourselves4 ,:at1 !n1 is x 9 ! con/itution ( our nature1 :i* leads u to aim at ! well-be+ ( ourselves & ^? ar\nd u1 & to measure our own conduct & t ( o!rs by ! ext5t to :i* x promotes ^! ends8 ,9 answ]+ ?is "q1 ,i mu/ give a brief acc\nt ( ! ultimate pr9ciples ( human nature1 ?\gh ?is acc\nt has be5 p>tly anticipat$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,human nature1 9 its la/ analysis1 seems1 s f> z x is conc]n$ ) action1 to consi/ ( c]ta9 impulses or feel+s1 & a p[] ( comp>+ ) "o ano!r ! results :i* foll[ f ! gratification ( ^! feel+s1 :i* p[] reacts ^u ! sev]al feel+s !mselves by way ( int5sify+1 *eck+1 or controll+ !m4 ,?is p[] we call ,reason4 ,! feel+s !mselves fall into two pr9cipal gr\ps1 ! egoi/ic or self-reg>d+ feel+s1 :i* c5tre 9 a man's self1 & are develop$ by 8 p]sonal ne$s1 & ! altrui/ic or sympa!tic feel+s1 :i* c5tre 9 o!rs & are develop$ by ! social surr\nd+s 9 :i* he f9ds himself plac$4 ,^! two gr\ps ( feel+s1 ,i conceive1 7 indep5d5t ( "o ano!r f ! fir/1 or at lea/ z soon z man c\ld be call$ man1 & nei!r ( !m admits ( be+ resolv$ into ! o!r4 ,z ! "o 0 develop$ by & adapt$ to p]sonal ne$s1 s ! o!r 0 develop$ by & adapt$ to ! manifold requirem5ts ( family or tribal life1 :i*1 f ! fir/1 0 insep>able f ! life ( ! individual4 ,int]m$iate betwe5 ^! two gr\ps ( feel+s1 ! purely self-reg>d+ & ! purely sympa!tic1 & d]iv$ probably f ! int]action ( bo?1 is ano!r gr\p1 :i* may be call$ ! semi-social gr\p4 ,?is gr\p includes %ame1 love ( reputation1 love ( notoriety1 desire ( fame1 & ! l1 b1 on analysis1 x w be f\nd t all ^! feel+s admit ( be+ ref]r$ to two heads1 ! love ( approbation & ! fe> ( disapprobation4 ,la/ly1 if any ( our desires or feel+s are ?w>t$ by ! int5tional action ( o!r m51 ! result 9 our m9ds is a feel+ :i* we call ,res5tm5t1 & :i*1 ?\gh x reg>ds o!rs1 is1 unlike ! sympa!tic feel+s1 a malevol5t & n a b5evol5t feel+4 ,x is important1 9 consid]+ ! economy ( human nature1 to notice t ,res5tm5t1 z is also ! case ) ! love ( cruelty1 is a second>y n a prim>y1 a d]iv$ n an orig9al affection ( our m9ds2 =1 ap>t f ! desire to gratify "s self-reg>d+ or sympa!tic feel+1 or disappo9tm5t :5 t desire is n gratifi$1 !re is1 ,i conceive1 no su* ?+ z ill-feel+ 9 "o human be+ t[>ds ano!r4 ,res5tm5t is prop]ly a reflex =m ( sympa?y or self-reg>d1 aris+ :5 our sympa!tic feel+s are w\nd$ by an injury done to ano!r1 or our self-reg>d+ desires are fru/rat$ by an injury done to ourselves2 :51 9 fact1 any emotional elem5t 9 our nature is1 by ! int5tional int]v5tion ( ano!r1 disappo9t$ ( atta9+ its end4 ,ea* ( ^! gr\ps ( feel+s admits ( be+ /udi$ ap>t1 ?\gh 9 ! actual conduct ( life !y are seldom f\nd to op]ate alone1 & ea*1 "u ! cont9u$ action ( reason1 assumes a =m or =ms 9 :i* its v>i\s elem5ts are br\ght into h>moni\s work+ ) ea* o!r1 s z be/ to promote ! ends :i* ! :ole gr\p subs]ves4 ,^! =ms1 ?us rationalis$ or moralis$1 if ,i may be all[$ ! use ( su* expressions1 are1 9 ! case ( ! self-reg>d+ feel+s1 self-respect & rational self-love2 9 ! case ( ! sympa!tic feel+s1 rational b5evol5ce2 9 ! case ( ! semi-social feel+s1 a reasonable reg>d = ! op9ion ( o!rs2 & 9 ! case ( ! res5tful feel+s1 a s5se ( ju/ice4 ,^! high] =ms ( ! sev]al gr\ps ( feel+s !mselves require to be h>monis$1 be=e man c satisfy ! ne$s ( 8 nature z a :ole4 ,&1 :5 co-ord9at$ "u ! control ( reason1 !y become a rational desire = ! comb9$ welf>e ( ! individual & ( society1 or1 if we *oose to use diff]5t b equival5t expressions1 ( ! individual consid]$ z an unit ( society1 or ( society consid]$ z includ+ ! individual4 ,9 a settl$ /ate ( exi/5ce1 ! int]e/s ( ! individual & ( society1 ev5 leav+ out ( acc\nt ! pleasures & pa9s ( ! moral sanction1 are1 = ! mo/ "p1 id5tical4 ,if an individual pursues a selfi% c\rse ( conduct1 neglect+ ! int]e/s & feel+s ( o!rs1 he is almo/ c]ta9 to suff] = x 9 ! long run4 ,& ! prosp]ity & g5]al well-be+ ( ! community 9 :i* !y live is1 to citiz5s1 liv+ a normal life & pursu+ ord9>y avocations1 an ess5tial condition ( _! own prosp]ity & well-be+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is by ea* man att5d+ to 8 own bus9ess & direct+ 8 ef=ts to ! promotion ( 8 own int]e/s or ^? ( 8 family1 8 firm1 or :atev] may be ! small] social aggregate 9 :i* 8 "w *iefly lies1 t ! int]e/s ( ! community at l>ge are be/ secur$4 ,m5 ^: "t is ma9ly tak5 up ) philan?ropic ent]prises are v likely to neglect ! duties :i* lie imm$iately be=e !m4 ',to le>n & lab\r truly to get m9e own liv+1 & to d my duty 9 t /ate ( life1 unto :i* x %all please ,god to call me' is a v homely1 b x is an ess5tial lesson4 ,t ! great mass ( ! citiz5s ( a c\ntry %\ld lay x well to he>t1 & act habitually on x1 is ! fir/ condition ( national prosp]ity4 ,( c\rse1 ?is prim>y reg>d to our own int]e/s1 or ^? ( ! p]sons ) :om we are m imm$iately connect$1 mu/ be limit$ by wid] consid]ations4 ,a man has duties1 n only to himself & 8 own family1 b to 8 neighb\rs1 to ! v>i\s in/itutions ) :i* he is connect$1 to 8 t[n1 8 c\ntry1 mank9d at l>ge1 & ev5 ! :ole s5ti5t creation4 ,h[ f> ^! %\ld limit ea* o!r or a man's individual or family int]e/s is a "q by no means easy to answ]1 & is ! ma9 problem :i* ea* man has to be p]petually solv+ = himself1 & society at l>ge = u all4 ,!re is h>dly any wak+ h\r 9 :i* we h n to attempt to settle rival claims ( ?is k9d1 &1 accord+ z we settle !m to our own satisfaction or n1 s h we peace or tr\ble ( m9d4 ,no "o c reasonably d5y t ! m imm$iate int]e/s ( ! individual & ( ! v>i\s social aggregates1 includ+ society at l>ge1 are frequ5tly 9 conflict4 ,x seems to me1 ,i mu/ confess1 t x is also futile to d5y t !re are occasions1 ?\gh su* occasions may be r>e1 9 :i* ev5 a man's int]e/s 9 ! long run are incompatible ) 8 social duties4 ,to take "o or two in/ances4 ,x may sometimes be = ! good ( society t a man %\ld speak out 8 m9d freely on "s "q ( private conduct or public policy1 ?\gh 8 utt]ances may be on ! unpopul> side or (f5d p]sons ( consid]ation & influ5ce4 ,! man p]=ms :at he conceives to be 8 duty1 b he kn[s t1 9 do+ s1 he is sacrific+ 8 prospects4 ,or1 aga91 he is invit$ to jo9 9 "s popul> movem5t :i* he believes to be ( a que/ionable or p]nici\s t5d5cy1 &1 because he believes t to take "p 9 x w\ld be untrue to 8 own convictions & possibly h>mful to o!rs1 he refra9s f do+ s1 at ! risk ( los+ pref]m5t1 or cu/om1 or patronage4 ,!n1 we are all famili> ) ! difficulties 9 :i* m5 are (t5 plac$1 :5 !y h to record a vote2 _! convictions & ! claims ( ! public s]vice be+ on "o side1 & _! own int]e/s & prospects on ! o!r4 ,9 all ^! cases x is true t1 if _! moral nature be 9 a heal?y condition1 !y approve1 on reflexion1 ( hav+ tak5 ! m g5]\s c\rse1 :ile x is (t5 a matt] ( life-long regret if !y h sacrific$ _! nobl] impulses to _! selfi% int]e/s4 ,&1 tak+ into acc\nt ^! aft]-feel+s ( self-approbation & self-disapprobation1 x is (t5 ! case1 & is always ! case :]e ^! feel+s are v /rong1 t a man ga9s m happ9ess1 9 ! long run1 by foll[+ ! pa? ( duty & obey+ 8 social impulses ?an by conf9+ himself to ! n>r[ view :i* w\ld be dictat$ by a cool calculation ( :at is mo/ likely to conduce to 8 own private good4 ,b1 :]e ! moral feel+s are n /rong1 & /ill m :]e !y are almo/ 9 abeyance1 ,i fe> t ! !ory t virtue & happ9ess are inv>iably co9cid5t w h>dly be support$ by a c&id exam9ation ( facts4 ,to "s m51 ,i fe> x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 pres5t weal? & p[] & dignity are m ?an a suffici5t recomp5se = any remorse :i* !y may cont9ue to feel = pa/ gre$ or lack ( c&\r or tru?fulness4 ,^! consid]ations w s]ve to %ew ! imm5se importance ( moral education1 alike 9 ! family1 ! s*ool1 & ! /ate4 ,if we are to dep5d on m5 act+ rightly1 & ) a due reg>d to wid] int]e/s ?an _! own1 we mu/ take pa9s to develope 9 !m moral feel+s suffici5tly /rong & s5sitive to make ! reflexion on wrong or selfi% acts m pa9ful to !m ?an ! sacrifice :i* is ne$$ = dutiful & g5]\s conduct4 ,s f> z society1 ?r\gh its v>i\s in/rum5ts ( law & op9ion1 ( education & dome/ic influ5ces1 c effect ?is object1 s f> w x promote its own security & advancem5t4 ,our adoption1 !n1 ( a t5d5cy to promote social welf>e or well-be+1 z ! te/ ( conduct1 is ju/ifi$1 ,i conceive1 by an exam9ation ( ! int]nal con/itution ( human nature & ( ! conditions :i* are necess>y to secure ! h>moni\s work+ ( its v>i\s p>ts4 ,x may be object$ t ?is te/ is vague 9 its conception & difficult 9 its application4 ,bo? objections1 to a great ext5t1 hold good4 ,if !y did n1 moral !ory & moral practice w\ld be v easy matt]s1 b1 z a fact1 we "k t !y are by no means easy4 ,! conception ( social well-be+ mu/ be m or less vague1 because we are con/antly fill+ x up by exp]i5ce2 x is n a fix$1 b a gr[+ conception1 &1 ?\gh we may be c]ta9 ( ! "* & importance ( _m ( ! elem5ts :i* h already be5 detect$ 9 x by ! exp]i5ce ( pa/ g5]ations1 x seems impossible to fix any limits to its developm5t 9 ! future hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,man w con/antly be discov]+ new wants1 new & m ref9$ susceptibilities ( 8 nature1 & ) !m 8 conception ( human well-be+ mu/ necess>ily gr[4 ,b1 ?\gh n a fix$ or f9al conception1 ! idea ( social well-be+ is suffici5tly def9ite1 9 ea* g5]ation1 to act z a guide & inc5tive to conduct4 ,x is ! />1 gradually gr[+ bright] & bright]1 :i* lights our pa?1 &1 any way1 we "k t1 if x 7 n above u 9 ! heav5s1 we %\ld be walk+ 9 ! d>kness4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t ! te/ ( social well-be+ is n always easy ( application4 ,ev51 :5 we "k :at ! good ( ! community consi/s 91 x is n always easy to say :at c\rse ( action w promote x1 or :at c\rse ( action is likely to ret>d x4 ,society arrives1 9 a comp>atively e>ly p]iod ( its developm5t1 at c]ta9 broad rules ( conduct1 su* z ^? :i* condemn murd]1 !ft1 +ratitude to fri5ds1 disob$i5ce to p>5ts4 ,b ! m remote applications ( ^! rules1 ! nic] %ades ( conduct1 su* z ^? relat+ to social int]c\rse1 ! *oice betwe5 cla%+ duties1 ! realisation ( our obligations to ! community at l>ge1 require = _! appreciation a l>ge am\nt ( intellig5ce & an accumulat$ /ock ( exp]i5ce :i* are n to be f\nd 9 primitive societies4 ,h5ce1 ! rules ( conduct1 :i* at fir/ are few & simple1 gradually become m num]\s & complex4 ,nor h we yet arriv$ at ! "t1 nor d we seem to be )9 any appreciable di/ance ( x1 :5 ! code is complete1 or ev5 ! p>ts ( x :i* already exi/ are altoge!r free f d\bt & discussion4 ,9 ! simpl] relations ( life1 he t runs may read1 b ) increas+ complications comes increas+ unc]ta9ty4 ,to remove1 z f> z may be1 ?is unc]ta9ty f ! doma9 ( conduct is ! task ( advanc+ civilisation1 & specially ( ^? memb]s ( a community :o h suffici5t leisure1 education1 & intellig5ce to review ! motives & comp>e ! results ( actions4 ,! task has d\btless its special difficulties1 & ! conclusions ( ! morali/ w by no means always comm& ass5t1 b t ! art ( life is an easy "o1 :o is !re1 at all exp]i5c$ 9 affairs or accu/om$ to reflexion1 t w cont5d8 ,i may "h pause = a mom5t1 9 ord] to emphasise ! fact1 :i* is already abundantly app>5t f :at has prec$$1 t1 ) ev] wid5+ & deep5+ conceptions ( well-be+1 man is con/antly le>n+ to subord9ate 8 individual int]e/s to ^? ( society at l>ge1 or r to id5tify 8 int]e/s ) ^? ( ! l>g] organism ( :i* he is a "p4 ,x is ?us t we may ju/ify ! peculi> *>act]i/ic ( ! moral s5tim5t1 indicat$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 :i* seems1 9 all acts ( :i* x approves1 to dem& an elem5t ( sacrifice1 :e!r ( ! l[] to ! high] self1 or ( ! individual to 8 fell[s4 ,9 ord] ?or\ghly to realise ourselves1 we mu/ be consci\s ( our absorption1 or at lea/ ( our inclusion1 9 a great] & gr&] sy/em ?an t ( our individual surr\nd+s2 9 ord] to f9d our lives1 we mu/ fir/ discov] ! art ( los+ !m4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,practical ,,applications ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,te/4 ,9 ?is *apt] ,i propose1 )\t any attempt to be exhau/ive or sy/ematic1 to give "s examples ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! te/ ( conduct may be appli$ to practical que/ions1 ei!r by ext5d+ exi/+ rules to cases :i* d n obvi\sly fall "u !m1 or by sugge/+ m ref9$ maxims ( conduct ?an ^? :i* are commonly preval5t4 ,9 ei!r case1 ,i am accept+ ! some:at invidi\s task ( po9t+ out defects 9 ! commonly receiv$ !ory1 or ! commonly approv$ practice1 ( morality4 ,b1 if morality is progressive1 z ,i cont5d t x is1 & progresses by ! application to conduct ( a te/ :i* itself involves a gr[+ conception1 ! be/ mode ( exhibit+ ! application ( t te/ w be 9 ! m rec5t acquisitions or ! m subtle d$uctions ( morality1 r ?an 9 its fundam5tal rules or mo/ ackn[l$g$ maxims4 ,i %all beg9 ) a topic1 ! examples ( :i* are ready to h&1 & may easily be multipli$1 to almo/ any ext5t1 by ! read] = himself--! bett] realisation ( our duties to society at l>ge z di/9ct f p>ticul> individuals4 ,:5 ! prim>y mis*ief result+ f a wrong act falls ^u individuals1 & especially ^u our neighb\rs or ^? ) :om we are con/antly associat+1 x c h>dly escape our obs]vation4 ,&1 ev5 if x does1 ! probability is t our att5tion w be quickly call$ to x by ! reprobation ( o!rs4 ,b1 :5 ! consequ5ces ( ! act are diffus$ ov] ! :ole community1 or a l>ge aggregate ( p]sons1 s t ! effect on ea* individual is almo/ imp]ceptible1 we are v apt to ov]look ! mis*ief result+ f x1 & s n to recognise its wrongful "*1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 f lack ( p]sonal int]e/1 o!rs fail to call u to acc\nt4 ,h5ce x is t m51 almo/ )\t any ?\ght1 & c]ta9ly (t5 )\t any scruple1 commit (f5ces aga9/ ! public or aga9/ corporations or societies or companies1 :i* !y w\ld !mselves deem x impossible = !m to commit aga9/ individuals4 ,& yet ! "* ( ! acts is exactly ! same4 ,take smuggl+4 ,a man smuggles cig>s or tobacco to an am\nt by :i* he saves himself tw5ty %ill+s1 & defrauds ! /ate to ! same ext5t4 ,?is is simply an act ( !ft1 only t ! object ( ! !ft is ! community at l>ge & n an individual4 ,s f> z ! mis*ief or wrongfulness ( ! act goes1 ap>t f ! int5tion ( ! ag5t1 he might z well put 8 h&s into ! pocket ( "o ( 8 fell[-pass5g]s & extract ! same am\nt ( money4 ,! tw5ty %ill+s :i*1 by evad+ paym5t ( ! duty1 he has appropriat$ to 8 own uses1 has be5 tak5 f ! re/ ( ! tax-pay]s1 & he has simply %ift$ on to !m ! obligation :i* prop]ly atta*$ to himself4 ,soon] or lat] !y mu/ make up ! deficit4 ,if _m m5 7 to act 9 ! same way1 ! burd5 ( ! hone/ tax-pay] w\ld be l>gely increas$1 &1 if ! practice became g5]al1 ! /ate w\ld h to resort to "s o!r mode ( taxation or collect its cu/oms-rev5ue at a mo/ disproportionate co/4 ,?us1 a little reflexion %[s t smuggl+ is really !ft1 & ,i _c b ?9k t x w\ld be to ! moral z well z ! mat]ial advantage ( ! community if x 7 call$ by t "n1 & 7 visit$ ) ! same puni%m5t z petty l>c5y4 ,exactly ! same rem>ks1 ( c\rse1 apply to ! evasion ( income-tax1 or ( rates or taxes ( any k9d1 :i* are impos$ by a legitimate au?ority4 ,travell+ on a railway )\t a ticket or 9 a high] class or = a great] di/ance ?an t = :i* ! ticket 0 tak5 is1 simil>ly1 only a ?9ly disguis$ case ( !ft1 & %\ld be treat$ accord+ly4 ,! sale or pur*ase ( pirat$ editions ( books is ano!r case ( ! same k9d1 ! p]sons f :om ! money is /ol5 be+ ! au?ors or publi%]s4 ,_m paltry acts ( pilf]+1 su* z ! unau?oris$ use ( gov]nm5t-pap] or franks1 or purlo9+ novels or lett]-pap] f a club1 or pluck+ fl[]s 9 a public g>d51 fall "u ! same head ( real1 ?\gh n always obvi\s1 !fts4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a c]ta9 degree ( pett9ess :i* makes !m insignificant1 b !re is always a dang] le/ m5 %\ld ?9k too lightly ( acts ( ?is k9d1 :e!r done by !mselves or o!rs4 ,! be/ safegu>d1 p]haps1 aga9/ ?\ghtless wrong-do+ to ! community or l>ge social aggregates is to ask ourselves ^! two que/ions3 ,%\ld we commit ?is act1 or :at %\ld we ?9k ( a man :o did commit x1 9 ! case ( a private individual8 ,:at w\ld be ! result1 if e "o :o _h ! opportunity 7 to d ! same8 ,_m ( ^! acts w\ld1 !n1 /& out 9 _! true light1 & we %\ld recognise t !y are n only mean b crim9al4 ,o!r1 b analog\s1 in/ances ( ! failure ( m5 to realise _! obligations to society or to l>ge social aggregates are to be f\nd 9 ! c>eless & p]functory mann] 9 :i* p]sons employ$ by gov]nm5t1 or by corporations1 or l>ge companies1 (t5 p]=m _! duties4 ,if !y 7 9 ! s]vice ( a private employ]1 !y w\ld at all ev5ts realise1 ev5 if !y did n act on _! conviction1 t !y 7 defraud+ him by idl+ away _! "t or att5d+ to _! own affairs1 or ^? ( *>ities or in/itutions 9 :i* !y 7 int]e/$1 :5 !y ought to be att5d+ to ! conc]ns ( _! employ]4 ,b 9 a gov]nm5t or municipal (fice1 or ! e/abli%m5t ( a l>ge company1 no "o 9 p>ticul> seems to be injur$ by ! ineffective dis*>ge ( _! functions2 & h5ce x does n occur to !m t !y are receiv+ _! wages )\t r5d]+ ! equival5t ( !m4 ,! inadequate sup]vision :i* ov]looks or condones ?is li/lessness is1 ( c\rse1 itself also ! result ( a simil> failure to realise responsibility4 ,! _s 9 :i* patronage is (t5 adm9i/]$ af=ds an in/ance ( a simil> k9d4 ,if a man 7 engag+ a p]son to p]=m "s s]vice = himself or 8 family1 or "o ( 8 intimate fri5ds1 he w\ld simply look to compet5cy1 includ+1 p]haps1 moral "*1 = ! special "w to be done4 ,b1 :5 he has to appo9t to a public po/1 & especially if he is only "o ( a bo>d ( electors1 he is v apt to ?9k t !re is no great h>m 9 appo9t+ or vot+ = a relative or fri5d1 or a p]son :o has "s special bond ( connexion ) him1 su* z t ( political p>ty1 ?\gh he may n be ! c&idate be/ qualifi$ = ! position4 ,&1 if x does occur to him t he is act+ wrongly1 he is m likely to ?9k ( ! wrong :i* he is do+ to ! individual :o possesses ! highe/ qualifications 7& to him x is an und\bt$ wrong1 = x fru/rates j expectations7 ?an ( ! wrong :i* he is do+ to ! community or ! in/itution :i* he is depriv+ ( ! s]vices ( ! fitte/ man4 ,& yet1 if he takes ! tr\ble to reflect1 he mu/ see t he is guilty ( a brea* ( tru/2 t1 hav+ und]tak5 a public duty1 he has abus$ ! confid5ce repos$ 9 him4 ,a vote giv5 9 return = a bribe1 a case :i* n[ seldom occurs except 9 p>liam5t>y elections1 is op5 to ! same e?ical objections z a vote giv5 on gr\nds ( p>tiality2 &1 z ! motive :i* dictates ! brea* ( tru/ is purely selfi%1 x incurs ! additional reproa* ( meanness4 ,b :y1 x may be ask$1 %\ld n a man accept a bribe1 if1 on o!r gr\nds1 he w\ld vote = ! c&idate :o (f]s x8 ,simply1 because he is enc\rag+ a practice :i* w\ld1 9 "t1 deprive ,p>liam5t ( mo/ ( its m compet5t memb]s1 & r$uce x to an olig>*y ( millionaires1 z well z degrad+ himself by a sordid act4 ,to receive a pres5t = a vote1 ev5 if ! vote be giv5 consci5ti\sly1 is to l5d c\nt5ance to a practice :i* mu/ inevitably corrupt ! consci5ces1 & p]v]t ! judgm5t1 ( o!rs4 ,x h>dly ne$s to be po9t$ out t ! man :o (f]s ! bribe is act+ /ill m immorally ?an ! man :o accepts x4 ,he is n only caus+ o!rs to act immorally1 b1 z no man c be a prop] judge ( 8 own compet5cy1 he is attempt+ to ?ru/ himself into an (fice ( tru/ )\t any reg>d to 8 fitness to fill x4 ,intimidation1 on ! "p ( ! man :o practises x1 is on ! same e?ical level z brib]y1 ) respect to ! two po9ts j m5tion$2 b1 z x appeals to ! fe>s ( m5 in/ead ( _! love ( ga91 & co/s no?+ to him :o employs x1 x is m odi\s1 & des]ves1 at ! h&s ( ! law1 a /ill m sev]e puni%m5t4 ,to yield to intimidation is1 "u mo/ circum/ances1 m excusable ?an to yield to brib]y2 = ! fe> ( los+ :at "o has is to mo/ m5 a m p[]ful inducem5t ?an ! hope ( ga9+ :at "o has n1 &1 g5]ally speak+1 ! p5alty ?reat5$ by ! intimidator is f> 9 excess ( ! advantage (f]$ by ! brib]4 ,z x betrays a va9 & grasp+ disposition1 :5 a man attempts to ?ru/ himself into an (fice to :i* he is n call$ by ! spontane\s voice ( 8 fell[-citiz5s1 s to refuse (fice1 :5 !re is an evid5t opportunity ( do+ good s]vice to ! community1 betrays pride or indol5ce1 c\pl$ ) an indiff]5ce to ! public welf>e4 ,9 democratic communities1 !re is always a t5d5cy on ! "p ( :at may be call$ sup]f9e p]sons to hold alo( f public1 & especially municipal1 life4 ,if ?is s5tim5t ( fa/idi\sness or indiff]5ce 7 to spread widely1 & a fa%ion :i* beg9s 9 "o social /ratum quickly p]meates to ^? imm$iately bel[ x1 !re w\ld be great dang]1 z !re seems to be 9 ,am]ica1 ( ! public adm9i/ration becom+ s]i\sly & p]man5tly det]iorat$4 ,to prev5t ?is evil1 x is desirable to create1 9 e community1 a /rong s5tim5t aga9/ ! practice ( p]sons1 :o h ! requisite means1 leisure1 & ability1 )hold+ !mselves f public life1 :5 invit$ by _! fell[-citiz5s to take _! "p 9 x4 ,!re may1 ( c\rse1 be p>am\nt claims ( ano!r k9d1 su* z ^? ( sci5ce1 or art1 or lit]ature1 or education1 b ! sup]ior importance ( ^! claims on ! individuals !mselves1 :]e !y obvi\sly exi/1 & :]e ! claims ( ! public s]vice are n urg5t1 w\ld readily be all[$4 ,x seems to be a rapid transition f cases ( ?is k9d to suicide1 b1 among/ ! _m reasons1 moral & religi\s1 :i* may be urg$ aga9/ suicide1 !re is "o :i* connects itself closely ) ! consid]ations :i* h j be5 "u our notice4 ,z po9t$ out long ago by ,ari/otle1 ! suicide wrongs ! /ate r ?an himself4 ,:]e a man is /ill able to d any s]vice to ! /ate1 9 ei!r a private or a public capacity1 he is "u a social1 &1 !re=e1 a moral obligation to p]=m t s]vice1 &1 consequ5tly1 to )draw f x by a volunt>y dea? is to des]t ! po/ ( duty4 ,?is consid]ation1 ( c\rse1 holds only :]e a man's life is /ill ( value to society1 b x %\ld be po9t$ out t1 :]e ?is ceases to be ! case1 _m o!r consid]ations (t51 & "s always d1 int]v5e4 ,!re are few m5 :o h n relatives1 fri5ds1 or neighb\rs1 :o w be pa9$1 ev5 if !y are n injur$ mat]ially1 by an act ( suicide1 &1 :]ev] ! injury is a mat]ial "o1 z 9 ! case ( leav+ helpless relatives unprovid$ =1 x becomes an act ( cruelty4 ,!n1 "u all circum/ances1 !re rema9 ! evil example ( c[>dice &1 to ^? :o ackn[l$ge ! obligations ( religion1 ! s9 ( cutt+ %ort ! p]iod ( probation :i* ,god has assign$ u4 ,among/ duties to society1 :i* are seldom fully realis$ 9 _! social aspect1 is ! duty ( br++ up *ildr5 9 su* a mann] z to r5d] !m useful to ! /ate1 in/ead ( a burd5 ^u x4 ,"u ?is head1 !re are two di/9ct cases1 t ( ! ri* & t ( ! poor1 or1 m precisely1 t ( ^? :o are 9 suffici5tly good circum/ances to educate _! *ildr5 )\t ! assi/ance ( ! /ate or ( _! neighb\rs1 & t ( ^? :o require su* assi/ance4 ,9 ! latt] case1 x is ! duty ( society to co-op]ate ) ! p>5t 9 giv+ ! *ild an education :i* %all fit x = ! indu/rial occupations ( life1 & h5ce ! moral obligation on ! ri*] memb]s ( a community to provide elem5t>y s*ools1 aid$ by ! /ate or by "s small] political aggregate1 or else by volunt>y ef=ts4 ,! object ( ?is assi/ance is n s mu* *>ity to ! p>5t or ! individual *ildr51 z ! prev5tion ( crime & paup]ism1 & ! supply ( an ord]ly & compet5t indu/rial class4 ,9 r5d]+ ! assi/ance1 :e!r x come f public or private funds1 great c>e ought to be tak5 n to weak51 b1 r to /imulate1 ! int]e/ ( ! p>5t 9 ! *ild's progress1 bo? by assign+ to him a %>e ( ! responsibility ( sup]vision1 &1 if possible1 by compell+ him to contribute an equitable proportion ( ! co/4 ,s l>gely1 if n s fully1 are ! duties ( ! /ate & ( individuals ( ! weal?i] classes1 9 ! matt] ( educat+ ! *ildr5 ( ! poor1 n[ recognis$1 t ! dang]s aris+ f a defective or injudici\s education seem1 9 ! imm$iate future1 to ?reat5 ! ri*] r ?an ! poor] classes4 ,ov]-indulg5ce & ! enc\ragem5t ( luxuri\s habits dur+ *ildhood2 ! weak5$ s5se ( responsibility1 on ! "p ( ! p>5t1 :i* is (t5 caus$ by ! transf]5ce to o!rs ( au?ority & sup]vision dur+ boyhood or girlhood2 ! undue /imulation ( ! love ( amusem5t1 or ( ! crav+ = mat]ial com=ts1 dur+ ! op5+ ye>s ( manhood or womanhood2 ! failure to create s]i\s int]e/s or tea* adequately ! social responsibilities :i* weal? & position br+ ) !m1--all ^! mi/akes or defects 9 ! education ( ! *ildr5 ( ! upp] classes con/itute a grave p]il to society1 unless !y are rem$i$ 9 "t4 ,x seems1 s f> z we c =eca/ ! future1 t x is only by all classes tak+ pa9s to asc]ta9 _! respective duties & functions 9 su/a9+ & promot+ ! well-be+ ( ! community1 & mak+ s]i\s ef=ts to p]=m !m1 t ! society ( ! next few g5]ations c be sav$ f con/ant convulsions4 ,z intellig5ce exp&s1 & a s5se ( ! importance ( social co-op]ation becomes diffus$1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! exi/5ce ( a m]ely idle & self-indulg5t class w no long] be tol]at$4 ,h5ce1 x is z mu* to ! int]e/s ( ! weal?i] classes !mselves z ( society at l>ge1 t _! *ildr5 %\ld be educat$ ) a full s5se ( _! social responsibilities1 & equipp$ ) all ! moral & intellectual aptitudes :i* are requisite to enable !m to take a lead 9 ! developm5t ( ! community ( :i* !y are memb]s4 ,& "h1 p]haps1 ,i may take occasion to draw att5tion to ! importance ( ! acquisition ( political k by all citiz5s ( ! /ate1 & especially by ^? :o belong to ! leisur$ classes4 ,x is a pla9 duty to society1 t m5 %\ld n ex]cise political p[]1 unless !y h "s k ( ! que/ions at issue4 ,! am\nt ( ?is k may v>y almo/ inf9itely1 f t ( ! vet]an /atesman to t ( ! newly enfran*is$ elector1 b x is )9 ! p[] ( e "o1 :o c obs]ve & reason1 to acquire "s k ( at lea/ ! que/ions :i* affect 8 own employm5t & ! welf>e ( 8 own family & neighb\rhood1 &1 unless he w take ?us mu* pa9s1 he might surely h ! mode/y to =ego 8 vote4 ,to record a vote simply to please "s "o else is only "o degree bas] ?an to b>t] x = money or money's wor?1 & inde$ x is (t5 only an indirect mode ( do+ ! same ?+4 ,!re is a l>ge class ( cases1 prim>ily affect+ individuals r ?an society at l>ge1 :i*1 if we look a little bel[ ! surface & trace _! results1 are ( a mu* m p]nici\s "* ?an is usually recognis$1 &1 z e?ical k increases1 ought to incur f> m sev]e reprobation ?an !y n[ d4 ,=emo/ among/ ^! is :at ,i may call ! curr5t morality ( debts4 ,a man incurs a debt ) a tradesman :i* he has no int5tion or no reasonable prospect ( pay+1 kn[+ t ! tradesman has no gr\nds = suspect+ 8 inability to pay4 ,! tradesman p>ts ) ! goods1 suppos+ t he w receive ! equival5t2 ! cu/om] c>ries !m (f1 kn[+ t ?is equival5t is n1 & is n likely to be1 =?com+4 ,i confess t ,i am entirely unable to di/+ui% ?is case f t ( ord9>y !ft4 ,& /ill !re is _m a man1 well receiv$ 9 society1 :o habitually acts 9 ?is mann]1 & ^: practice mu/ be m ?an suspect$ by 8 fri5ds & associates4 ,he & 8 fri5ds w\ld be mu* a/oni%$ if he 7 acco/$ z a ?ief1 & /ill ,i _c see h[ he c\ld reasonably repudiate ?is title4 ,%ort ( ?is extreme case1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is by no means uncommon1 !re are _m degrees ( :at may be call$ crim9al neglig5ce or imprud5ce 9 contract+ debts1 z :]e a man runs up a l>ge bill ) only a sl5d] probability ( meet+ x1 or a l>g] bill ?an he c probably meet 9 full1 or "o ( :i* he mu/ def] ! paym5t beyond a reasonable "t4 ,9 all ^! cases1 :i* are mu* aggravat$1 if ! goods obta9$ are luxuries & n necess>ies 7= x is "o ( ! pla9e/ duties ( e man1 :o is remov$ f absolute want1 to live )9 8 means71 !re is ei!r actual di%one/y or a dang]\s approximation to x1 & x w\ld be a great advance 9 e-day morality if society 7 to recognise ?is fact di/9ctly1 & apportion its c5sures accord+ly4 ,:]e ! tradesman kn[s t he is runn+ a risk1 ! cu/om] be+ also aw>e t he kn[s x1 & adapts 8 *>ges to ! fact1 x is a case ( ',greek meet ,greek1' &1 ev5 if ! cu/om] des]ves reprobation1 ! tradesman c]ta9ly des]ves no compassion4 ,b ?is is a case outside ! range ( hone/ deal+ altoge!r1 & mu/ be regulat$ by o!r s5tim5ts & o!r laws ?an ^? :i* prevail 9 ord9>y comm]ce4 ,!re is ano!r well-kn[n1 & to _m m5 only too famili>1 exception to ! ord9>y relation ( debtor & cr$itor4 ,a fri5d 'borr[s' money ( y1 ?\gh x is und]/ood on bo? sides t he w h no opportunity ( repay+ x1 & t x is virtually a gift4 ,"h1 z ! cr$itor does n expect any repaym5t1 & ! debtor kn[s t he does n1 !re is no act ( di%one/y1 b ! debtor1 by ask+ = a loan & n a gift1 evades ! obligation ( gratitude & reciprocal s]vice :i* w\ld atta* to ! latt]1 & ?us takes a c]ta9 advantage ( 8 b5efactor4 ,9 ?is case x w\ld be f> m /raight=w>d1 ev5 if x involv$ "s humiliation1 to use pla9 words1 & to accept at once ! true position ( a recipi5t1 & n affect ! seem+ "o ( a borr[]4 ,connect$ ) ! subject ( debtor & cr$itor is ! ungr\nd$ notion1 to :i* ,i h already adv]t$1 t ! paym5t ( :at are call$ debts ( hon\r ought to take prec$5ce ( all o!r pecuni>y obligations4 ,z ^! 'debts ( hon\r' g5]ally arise f bets or play or loans contract$ ) fri5ds1 ! position assum$ is simply t debts incurr$ to memb]s ( our own class or p]sons :om we "k place u "u a great] obligation ?an debts incurr$ to /rang]s or p]sons belong+ to a l[] grade 9 society4 ,z ?us /at$1 ! maxim is evid5tly prepo/]\s & indef5sible1 & af=ds a good in/ance1 z ,i h notic$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 ( ! subord9ation ( ! laws ( g5]al morality to ! conv5i5ce & prejudices ( p>ticul> cliques & classes4 ,if !re is any competition at all admissible betwe5 j debts1 surely ^? :i* h be5 incurr$ 9 return = commodities suppli$ h a /rong] claim ?an ^?1 aris+ f play or bets1 :i* repres5t no sacrifice on ! "p ( ! cr$itor4 ,ano!r in/ance ( ! class ( cases :i* ,i am n[ consid]+ is to be f\nd 9 reckless gambl+4 ,m5 :o indulge 9 ?is practice are usually condemn$ z be+ simply h>e-bra9$ or fooli%2 b1 if we look a little bel[ ! surface1 we %all f9d t _! conduct is (t5 highly crim9al4 ,_m a "t a man risks on play or a bet or a horse-race or a transaction on ! /ock ex*ange ! p]man5t welf>e1 sometimes ev5 ! v subsi/5ce1 ( 8 wife & *ildr5 or o!rs dep5d+ on him2 or1 if he loses1 he cuts %ort a c>e] ( future usefulness1 or he r5d]s himself unable to develope1 or p]haps ev5 to reta91 8 bus9ess or 8 e/ates1 & s involves 8 t5ants1 or cl]ks1 or workm5 9 8 ru91 or1 p]haps1 he becomes bankrupt & is ?us ! cause ( wide-spread mis]y among/ 8 cr$itors4 ,&1 ev5 if ^! extreme results d n foll[1 8 ra% conduct may be ! cause ( mu* m9or suff]+ among/ 8 relatives or tradesm5 or dep5d5ts1 :o may h to =ego _m legitimate enjoym5ts 9 consequ5ce ( 8 "o act ( gre$ or ?\ghtlessness1 :ile1 9 all cases1 he is enc\rag+ by 8 example a practice :i*1 if n 8 own ru91 is c]ta9 to be ! ru9 ( o!rs4 ,! light-he>t$ness ) :i* _m a man risks 8 :ole =tune1 & ! welf>e ( all :o are dep5d5t on him1 = :at w\ld1 if ga9$1 be no great addition to 8 happ9ess1 is a /rik+ example ( ! frequ5t bl9dness ( m5 to all results except ^? :i* are remov$ b "o /ep f _! actions4 ,a game/]1 h[ev] sangu9e1 sees t he may lose 8 money1 b he does n see all ! ill consequ5ces to himself & o!rs :i* ! loss ( 8 money w involve4 ,h5ce an act1 :i*1 if we look to ! int5tion1 is (t5 only ?\ghtless1 becomes1 9 result1 crim9al1 & x is ( ! utmo/ importance t society1 by its reprobation1 %\ld make m5 realise :at ! true nature ( su* actions is4 ,i pass n[ to a case ( a diff]5t "*1 :i* has only1 )9 rec5t ye>s1 begun to attract ! att5tion ( ! morali/ & politician at all--! p]il to life & heal? ensu+ on ! neglect ( sanit>y precautions4 ,a man c>elessly neglects 8 dra9s1 or all[s a mass ( fil? to accumulate 9 8 y>d1 or uses well-wat] )\t te/+ its qualities or asc]ta9+ its surr\nd+s4 ,aft] a "t a fev] breaks out 9 8 h\sehold1 &1 p]haps1 communicates itself to 8 neighb\rs1 ! result be+ sev]al dea?s & mu* sickness & suff]+4 ,^! dea?s & ?is suff]+ are ! direct result ( 8 neglig5ce1 &1 ?\gh x w\ld1 d\btless1 be h>d & unju/ to call him a murd]]1 he is ?is 9 effect4 ,( c\rse1 if1 not)/&+ w>n+ or reflexion1 he p]si/s 9 8 neglig5ce1 ) a full consci\sness ( ! results :i* may possibly ensue f x1 he incurs a grave moral responsibility1 & x is difficult to conceive a case m fit = c5sure1 or ev5 puni%m5t4 ,nor are ! memb]s ( a corporation or a bo>d1 9 ! adm9i/ration ( an area ( :i* !y h und]tak5 ! *>ge1 less guilty1 "u ^! circum/ances1 ?an is a private individual 9 ! managem5t ( 8 own premises4 ,if m5 7 prop]ly in/ruct$ 9 ! results ( _! actions or pret]missions1 9 matt]s ( ?is nature1 & made fully consci\s ( ! responsibility :i* ^? results entail ^u !m1 !re w\ld soon be a m>k$ decrease 9 physical suff]+1 disease1 & premature dea?s4 ,! av]age duration ( life1 9 civiliz$ c\ntries1 has probably already be5 l5g!n$ by ! increas$ k & ! increas$ s5se ( responsibility :i* h ev5 n[ be5 atta9$4 ,closely connect$ ) ^! consid]ations on ! dim9ution ( dea?1 disease1 & suff]+ by improv$ sanit>y arrangem5ts1 is ! delicate subject ( ! propagation ( h]$it>y disease4 ,x is a commonplace t ! mo/ important ( all ! acts ( life1 is t on :i* m5 & wom5 v5ture mo/ ?\ghtlessly4 ,b exp]i5ce %ews1 unmi/akably1 t !re are _m =ms ( disease1 bo? m5tal & bodily1 :i* are transmitt$ f ! p>5ts to ! *ildr51 & t1 consequ5tly1 ! m>riage ( a diseas$ p>5t1 or ( a p>5t ) a t5d5cy to disease1 w probably be foll[$ by ! exi/5ce ( diseas$ *ildr54 ,9 a matt] ( ?is k9d1 ev]y?+1 ( c\rse1 dep5ds on ! am\nt ( ! risk incurr$1 t is to say1 on ! ext5t ( ! evil & ! probability ( its transmission4 ,! =m] ( ^! data is suppli$ by common obs]vation1 ! latt] by ! rese>*es ( ! pa?ologi/4 ,x is = ! morali/ simply to draw att5tion to ! subject1 & to insi/ on ! responsibility atta*+ to a k ( x4 ,! m>riages ( p]sons :o are v poor1 & h no reasonable prospect ( br++ up *ildr5 9 heal?1 dec5cy1 & com=t1 are op5 to simil> consid]ations b1 z 9 ! la/ case1 ,i mu/ cont5t myself ) simply adv]t+ to ! responsibility atta*+ to !m1 & not+ ! ext5t to :i* t responsibility is usually ignor$4 ,9 connexion ) ?is "q1 x may be add$ t _m ( ! attempts made by well-mean+ p to alleviate pov]ty & di/ress h1 un=tunately1 too (t5 ! effect ( ultimately aggravat+ ^? evils by div]t+ att5tion f _! real causes4 ,a n unnatural reluctance to discuss or reflect on matt]s ( ?is delicate "*1 comb9$ ) ! survival ( maxims & s5tim5ts d]iv$ f an entirely diff]5t condition ( society1 are1 d\btless1 to a great ext5t1 ! reasons ( ! backw>d condition ( morality on ?is subject4 ,! importance1 f a social po9t ( view1 ( ! c>eful education ( *ildr5 ) ref]5ce to _! future position 9 life has already be5 consid]$1 b1 9 connexion ) ! class ( duties ,i am n[ treat+1 ,i may draw att5tion to ! obligation "u :i* p>5ts lie1 9 ?is respect1 to _! *ildr5 !mselves4 ,! anci5t morality1 :i* 0 ! product ( ! patri>*al =m ( society1 :5 ! patria pote/as 0 /ill 9 vig\r1 laid peculi> /ress on ! duties ( *ildr5 to p>5ts1 :ile x almo/ ignor$ ! reciprocal duties ( p>5ts to *ildr54 ,:5 ! memb]s ( a family 7 seldom sep>at$1 & ! pressure ( population _h n yet begun to be felt1 ?is 0 ! natural ord] ( ideas ) respect to ! p>5tal relation4 ,b n[ t ! common lab\r ( ! h\sehold is replac$ by competition among/ individuals1 & mo/ "y m5 & wom5 h1 at an e>ly age1 to leave _! families & set ab\t e>n+ _! own liv+1 or c>v+ out _! own c>e]1 x is obvi\s1 on reflexion1 t p>5ts are guilty ( a gross brea* ( duty1 if !y d n use _! utmo/ endeav\rs to facilitate ! introduction ( _! *ildr5 to ! active "w ( life1 & to fit !m = ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y are likely to be plac$4 ,to br+ up a son or daught] 9 idl5ess or ignorance ought to be z great a reproa* to a p>5t z x is to a *ild to di%on\r its fa!r or "m4 ,& yet1 9 ! upp] & middle classes at all ev5ts1 !re are _m p>5ts :o1 )\t incurr+ mu* reprobation f _! fri5ds1 pref] to treat _! *ildr5 l play?+s or pet animals r ?an to take ! pa9s to tra9 !m ) a view to _! future trials & duties4 ,x ought to be ?or\ghly realis$1 &1 z ! moral consci\sness becomes bett] adapt$ to ! exi/+ circum/ances ( society1 x is to be tru/$ t x w be realis$1 t p>5ts h no moral "r to d :at !y *oose ) _! *ildr51 b t !y are "u a /rict obligation bo? to society & to _! *ildr5 !mselves s to m\ld _! dispositions & develope _! faculties & in=m _! m9ds & tra9 _! bodies z to r5d] !m good & useful citiz5s1 & hone/ & skilful m54 ,x is to be hop$ t1 "s day1 p w reg>d ) z mu* surprise ! notion t p>5ts h a "r to neglect ! education ( _! *ildr5 z we n[ reg>d ) wond]1 :5 we fir/ he> ( x2 ! maxim ( ar*aic law1 t a p>5t _h a "r to put 8 *ild to dea?4 ,mu* ( ! tr\ble1 vexation1 & mis]y ( :i* m5 are ! cause to !mselves is due to c[>dice1 or ! false %ame :i* results f atta*+ undue importance to cu/om1 fa%ion1 or ! op9ion ( o!rs1 ev5 :5 t op9ion is n confirm$ by _! own reflexion4 ,%ame is an invaluable protection to m51 z a re/ra9+ feel+4 ,b ! objects to :i* x prop]ly atta*es are wrong-do+1 unk9dness1 disc\rtesy1 to o!rs1 &1 z reg>ds ourselves1 ignorance1 imprud5ce1 intemp]ance1 impurity1 & avoidable defects or mis=tunes4 ,:ile x conf9es itself to objects su* z ^!1 x is "o ( ! /]ne/ &1 at ! same "t1 mo/ effective gu>dians ( virtue & self-respect4 ,b1 z soon z a man beg9s to c>e ab\t :at o!rs w say ( circum/ances n "u 8 own control1 su* z 8 race1 8 orig91 8 appe>ance1 8 physical defects1 or 8 lack ( weal? or natural tal5ts1 he may be lay+ up = himself a /ore ( incalculable mis]y1 & is c]ta9ly enfeebl+ 8 "* & impair+ 8 *ances ( future usefulness4 ,x is "u ! influ5ce ( ?is motive1 = in/ance1 t _m a man lives above 8 income1 n = ! purpose ( gratify+ any real wants ei!r ( himself or 8 family1 b = ! sake ( 'keep+ up appe>ances1' ?\gh he is expos+ 8 cr$itors to consid]able losses1 8 family to _m probable disadvantages1 & himself to almo/ c]ta9 disgrace 9 ! future4 ,x is "u ! influ5ce ( ?is motive1 too1 t _m m51 9 ! upp] & middle classes1 r ?an m>ry on a mode/ income1 & drop out ( ! society ( _! fa%ionable acqua9tance1 =m irregul> sexual connexions1 :i* are a s\rce ( injury to !mselves & ru9 to _! victims4 ,a circum/ance :i* has probably contribut$ l>gely1 9 rec5t times1 to aggravate ! feel+ ( false %ame is ! new dep>ture :i*1 9 comm]cial communities1 has be5 tak5 by class-di/9ctions4 ,! old l9e1 :i* =m$ a %>p sep>ation betwe5 ! nobility & all o!r classes1 has be5 almo/ effac$1 & 9 its place h be5 sub/itut$ _m %ades ( diff]5ce betwe5 diff]5t grades ( society1 toge!r ) a broad l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 :at may be call$ ! g5teel & ! ung5teel classes4 ,x 0 a c]ta9 advantage ( ! old l9e t x c\ld n be pass$1 &1 h5ce1 ?\gh !re might be "s jeal\sy felt t[>ds ! nobility z a class1 !re 7 none ( ! he>t-burn+s :i* atta* to an unc]ta9 position or a futile ef=t to rise4 ,9 mod]n society1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is h>dly any "o ^: position is s fix$1 t he may n easily rise above or fall bel[ x1 & h5ce !re is con/ant room = social ambition1 social disappo9tm5t1 & social jeal\sy4 ,aga91 ! broad l9e ( g5tility1 :i* n[ corresponds mo/ closely ) ! old di/9ction ( nobility1 is det]m9$ by su* a numb] ( consid]ations1--bir?1 connexions1 means1 mann]s1 education1 ) ! arbitr>y1 ?\gh almo/ ess5tial1 condition ( n be+ engag$ 9 retail trade1--t ^? :o are j exclud$ by x are apt to feel _! position some:at un9telligible1 &1 !re=e1 all ! m gall+ to _! pride & self-respect ,x w\ld be curi\s to asc]ta9 :at proportion ( ! m9or inconv5i5ces & vexations ( mod]n life is due to ! p]plexity1 on ! "o side1 & ! sor5ess1 on ! o!r1 creat$ by ! exclusiv5ess ( class-di/9ctions4 ,t ^! di/9ctions are an evil1 9 !mselves1 !re c1 ,i ?9k1 be no d\bt4 ,m5 _c1 ( c\rse1 all "k "o ano!r1 mu* less be on t]ms ( intimacy ) "o ano!r1 & ! degree ( _! acqua9tance or intimacy w always be l>gely dep5d5t on community ( ta/es1 int]e/s1 occupations1 & e>ly associations4 ,b ^! facts af=d no reason :y "o set ( m5 %\ld look d[n ) sup]cili\sness & disda9 on ano!r set ( m5 :o h n enjoy$ ! same e>ly advantages or are n at pres5t end[$ ) ! same gifts or accompli%m5ts z !mselves1 or :y !y %\ld hold alo( f !m :5 !re is any opportunity ( common action or social int]c\rse4 ,! pride ( class is em95tly unreasonable1 &1 9 ^? :o pr(ess to believe 9 ,*ri/ianity1 pre-em95tly inconsi/5t4 ,x w always1 probably1 cont9ue to exi/1 b we may hope t x w be progressively modifi$ by ! advance ( education1 by ! spread ( social sympa?y1 & by a gr[+ habit ( reflexion4 ,! ideal social condition w\ld be "o 9 :i*1 ?\gh m5 cont9u$ to =m !mselves into gr\ps1 no "o ?\ght ! worse or ! m lightly ( ano!r1 because he belong$ to a diff]5t gr\p f himself4 ,connect$ ) exagg]at$ class-feel+ are abuses (-esprit de corps4 ,unlike class-feel+1 esprit de corps is1 9 itself1 a good4 ,x b9ds m5 toge!r1 z 9 a vessel or a regim5t1 a s*ool or a college1 an in/itution or a municipality1 & leads !m to sacrifice _! ease or _! selfi% aims1 & to act loyally & cordially ) "o ano!r 9 view ( ! common int]e/4 ,x is only :5 x sacrifices to ! int]e/s ( its own body wid] int]e/s /ill1 & subord9ates patriotism or morality to ! n>r[] s5tim5t atta*+ to a special law ( hon\r1 t x incurs ! reprobation ( ! morali/4 ,b t x does sometimes des]v$ly incur ?is reprobation1 admits ( no "q4 ,a man1 to save ! hon\r ( 8 regim5t1 may impair ! effici5cy ( an army1 or1 to promote ! int]e/s ( 8 college or s*ool1 may inflict a la/+ injury on education1 or1 to protect 8 associates1 may )hold or p]v]t evid5ce1 or1 to aggr&ize 8 trade1 may ru9 8 c\ntry4 ,x is ! special prov9ce ( ! morali/1 9 ^! cases1 to int]v5e1 & po9t out h[ ! m g5]al is be+ sacrific$ to ! m special int]e/1 ! wid] to ! n>r[] s5tim5t1 morality itself to a po9t ( hon\r or etiquette4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 he mu/ recollect t ! esprit de corps ( any small aggregate ( m5 is1 z su*1 always an ennobl+ & inspirit+ s5tim5t1 & t1 unless x pla9ly deta* !m f ! re/ ( ! community1 & is att5d$ ) p]nici\s consequ5ces to society at l>ge1 x is unwise1 if n reckless1 to seek to impair x4 ,to desc5d to a subject ( less1 ?\gh /ill ( consid]able1 importance1 ,i may notice t c[>dice & fe> ( ':at p w say' lies at ! bottom ( mu* ill-consid]$ *>ity & ( t facility ) :i* m51 (t5 to ! injury ( !mselves or _! families1 if n ( ! v objects plead$ =1 li/5 to ! solicitations ( ! inconsid]ate or int]e/$ subscription-mong]4 ,x has n[ become a truism t enorm\s mis*ief is done by ! indiscrim9ate di/ribution ( alms to begg>s or paup]s4 ,x is no less true1 ?\gh n s obvi\s1 t mu* un9t5tional h>m is (t5 done by subscriptions = :at are call$ public objects4 ,p ought to h suffici5t m5tal indep5d5ce to ask !mselves :at w be ! ultimate effects ( subscrib+ _! money1 &1 if !y hone/ly believe t ^? effects w be p]nici\s or ( d\btful utility1 !y ought to h ! c\rage to refuse x4 ,!re is no good reason1 simply because a man asks me & ,i f9d t o!rs are yield+ to him1 :y ,i %\ld subscribe a gu9ea t[>ds disfigur+ a *ur*1 or erect+ an ugly & useless build+1 or ext5d+ paup]ism1 or enc\rag+ ! gr[? ( luxuri\s habits1 or spread+ op9ions :i* ,i d n believe4 ,& ,i may be ! m embold5$ 9 my refusal1 :5 ,i consid] h[ mix$1 or h[ selfi%1 are (t5 ! motives ( ^? :o solicit me1 & t ! love ( notoriety1 or ! gratification ( a feel+ ( self-importance1 or a fussy re/lessness1 or ! crav+ = pref]m5t is frequ5tly q z p[]ful an inc5tive ( _! activity z a desire to promote ! objects explicitly av[$4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 an important consid]ation1 connect$ ) ?is subject1 :i* (t5 escapes notice1 namely1 ! ext5t to :i* new & multipli$ appeals to *>ity (t5 int]f]e ) old]1 ne>]1 & m press+ claims4 ,?us1 ! manag]s ( ! local hospital or disp5s>y or *>ity organisation h (t5 too good cause to regret ! en?usia/ic philan?ropy1 :i* is s5d+ help1 ( que/ionable utility1 to di/ant p>ts ( ! _w4 ,p _c subscribe to ev]y?+1 & !y are too apt to fall 9 ) ! mo/ rec5t & mo/ fa%ionable movem5t4 ,9 v5tur+ on ^! rem>ks1 ,i tru/ x is ne$less to say t ,i am f> f deprecat+ ! g5]al practice ( subscrib+ to *>ities & public objects1 a =m ( co-op]ation :i* has be5 r5d]$ indisp5sable by ! habits & circum/ances ( mod]n life4 ,i am simply insi/+ on ! importance & responsibility ( asc]ta9+ :e!r ! aims propos$ are likely to be productive ( good or evil1 & deprecat+ ! c[>dice or li/lessness :i* yields to a solicitation1 irrespectively ( ! m]its ( ! proposal4 ,^! solicitations (t5 take ! (f5sive =m1 :i* is int5tionally emb>rass+ to ! p]son solicit$1 ( an appeal to relieve ! purveyor ( ! subscription-li/ himself f ! obligation incurr$ by a 'gu>antee4' ,! issue is ?us +5i\sly & unfairly transf]r$ f ! claims ( ! object1 :i* x is design$ to promote1 to ! "q ( reliev+ a fri5d or a neighb\r f a heavy pecuni>y obligation4 ',surely y w nev] all[ me to pay all ?is money myself4' ,b :y n1 unless ,i approve ( ! object1 &1 ev5 if ,i d1 :y %\ld ,i increase my subscription1 on acc\nt ( an obligation volunt>ily incurr$ by y1 )\t any enc\ragem5t f me8 ,9 a case ( ?is k9d1 ! 'gu>antee' ought to be reg>d$ z simply irrelevant1 & ! "q decid$ solely on ! m]its ( ! result to be atta9$4 ,( c\rse1 ,i mu/ be und]/ood to be speak+ "h only ( ^? cases 9 :i* ! 'gu>antee' is us$ z an additional argum5t = elicit+ subscriptions1 n ( ^? cases 9 :i*1 = conv5i5ce sake1 or 9 ord] to secure cel]ity ( execution1 a few weal?y p]sons g5]\sly advance ! :ole sum requir$ = a project1 be+ q will+ to pay x !mselves1 unless !y meet ) ready & *e]ful co-op]ation4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( social int]c\rse1 !re are sev]al applications ( exi/+ moral pr9ciples1 & specially ( ! s(t] virtues ( k9dness1 c\rtesy1 & consid]ation = o!rs1 ! obs]vance ( :i* w\ld s5sibly sweet5 our relations to our fell[-m5 &1 to p]sons ( a s5sitive temp]am5t1 r5d] life f> m agreeable & bett] wor? liv+ ?an x actually is4 ,a few ( ^! applications ,i %all attempt to po9t out4 ,among/ savage races1 & 9 ! less poli%$ ranks ( civiliz$ life1 m5 :o disagree1 or h any grudge aga9/ "o ano!r1 resort to physical bl[s or co>se invective4 ,9 polite & educat$ circles1 ^! weapons are replac$ by s>casm & innu5do4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 _m advantages ga9$ by ! sub/itution ( ?is m ref9$ mode ( w>f>e1 b ! m]e fact t ! intellectual skill :i* x displays gives pleasure to ! by/&]s1 & w9s social applause1 r5d]s its employm5t f> m frequ5t ?an1 on cool reflexion1 c\ld be ju/ifi$ by ! occasions = x4 ,!re c be no d\bt t x gives pa91 (t5 int5se pa91 especially :]e ! victim is n ready en\gh to retaliate effectively 9 k9d4 ,& !re c be no m ju/ification = inflict+ ?is peculi> k9d ( pa9 ?an any o!r1 unless ! circum/ances are su* z to dem& x4 ,any "o1 :o w take ! tr\ble to analyse 8 acts & motives1 w g5]ally f9d1 :5 he employs ^! weapons1 t he is actuat$ n s mu* by any desire to re=m ! object ( 8 attack or to det]1 by ^! means1 him or o!rs f wrong-do+1 z by a desire to %[ (f 8 own clev]ness & to leave beh9d him a m>k ( 8 p[] 9 ! sm>t :i* he inflicts4 ,^! unamiable motives are lea/ ju/ifiable1 :5 ! victim is a social inf]ior1 or a p]son :o1 by 8 age or position1 is unable to retaliate on equal t]ms4 ,to vanity & cruelty are !n add$ c[>dice1 &1 ?\gh all ^! vices may only be display$ on a v small scale1 !y are none ! less really pres5t4 ,x may be laid d[n1 h[ev] difficult1 ) our pres5t social habits1 x may be to keep ! rule1 t s>casm %\ld nev] be employ$1 except delib]ately1 & z a puni%m5t1 & t = innu5do1 if ju/ifiable by facts1 m5 %\ld always h ! c\rage to sub/itute direct ass]tion4 ,( ! m9or social vices1 "o ( ! commone/ is a disreg>d1 9 conv]sation1 ( o!r p]sons' feel+s4 ,m5 :o lay claim to ! "* ( g5tlem5 are specially b\nd to %ew _! tact & delicacy ( feel+ by avoid+ all subjects :i* h a disagreeable p]sonal ref]5ce or are likely to revive unpleasant associations 9 ! m9ds ( any ( ^? :o are pres5t4 ,& yet ^! are qualities :i* are (t5 /rangely conspicu\s by _! abs5ce ev5 9 educat$ & cultivat$ society4 ,"o ( ! mo/ repulsive & lea/ excusable =ms :i* ?is indiff]5ce to o!r p]sons' feel+s takes is 9 imp]t95t curiosity4 ,!re are "s p :o1 = ! sake ( satisfy+ a purposeless curiosity1 w ask que/ions :i* !y "k x _c be agreeable to answ]4 ,9 all cases1 curiosity ( ?is k9d is evid5ce ( want ( real ref9em5t1 & is a brea* ( ! f9] rules ( social morality2 b1 :5 ! que/ions ask$ are int5d$ to extract1 directly or indirectly1 unwill+ in=mation on a man's private life or circum/ances1 !y assume ! "* ( %e] vulg>ity4 ,a man's private affairs1 provid+ 8 conduct ( !m does n injuri\sly affect society1 are no "o's bus9ess b 8 own1 & mu* pa9 & vexation ( ! small] k9d w\ld be sav$1 if ?is v pla9 fact 7 duly recognis$ 9 social int]c\rse4 ,x may be notic$ 9 pass+1 t !re /ill l+]s on 9 society a m9or =m ( p]secution1 a sort ( inquisition on a small scale1 :i* consi/s 9 attempt+ to extract f a man a frank /atem5t ( 8 religi\s1 social1 or political op9ions1 ?\gh x is kn[n or suspect$ all ! "t1 t1 if he responds to ! invitation1 x w be to 8 social or mat]ial disadvantage4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d1 x becomes a casui/ical "q h[ f> a man is call$ on to disclose 8 real s5tim5ts at ! bidd+ ( any imp]t95t que/ion]4 ,t ! free expression ( op9ion %\ld be att5d$ ) ?is dang] is1 ( c\rse1 a pro( h[ f> remov$ we /ill are f p]fect intellectual tol]ation4 ,imp]t95t curiosity is (f5sive1 n only because x %ews an indiff]5ce to ! feel+s ( ! p]son que/ion$1 b because x sav\rs ( gratuit\s int]f]5ce 9 8 affairs4 ,?is quality x %>es ) ano!r ( ! m9or social vices1 ! t5d]+ ( unask$ = advice1 or1 9 brief1 imp]t95t advice4 ,!re are c]ta9 circum/ances & relations 9 :i* m5 h ! "r1 ev5 if !y are n "u ! obligation1 to give unsolicit$ advice1 z :]e a man is incurr+ an unkn[n dang] or =ego+ "s unsuspect$ advantage1 or to _! s]vants1 or *ildr51 or w>ds1 or pupils2 b1 9 all ^! cases1 ei!r ! special circum/ance or ! special relation implies sup]iority ( k or sup]iority ( position on ! "p ( ! p]son t5d]+ ! advice1 & to assume ?is sup]iority1 :]e x does n pla9ly exi/1 is an act ( imp]t95ce4 ,j z ! assumption ( sup]iority w\nds a man's self-respect1 s does ! disposition to m$dle 9 8 affairs1 :i* is g5]ally f\nd$ on t assumption1 affect 8 s5se ( indep5d5ce1 &1 h5ce1 an act :i* includes bo? gr\nds ( (f5ce seems to be a peculi>ly legitimate object ( res5tm5t4 ,! lesson ( lett+ o!r p alone is "o :i* m5 are sl[ to le>n1 ?\gh !re are few :o1 9 _! own case1 d n res5t any attack on _! lib]ty ( judgm5t or action4 ,?is is emphatically "o ( ! cases 9 :i* we %\ld try to put ourselves 9 ! place ( o!rs1 & act to !m z we w\ld t !y %\ld act t[>ds u4 ,excessive1 & (t5 ill-natur$1 criticism ( o!rs is "o ( ! m9or vices :i* seem to gr[ up ) advanc+ civilisation & intellig5ce r ?an to retreat be=e !m4 ,x seems1 z a rule1 to prevail mu* m 9 educat$ ?an 9 un$ucat$ society4 ,! reason is n difficult to f9d4 ,education naturally makes m5 m fa/idi\s & m ke5ly alive to ! defects ( ^? ) :om !y associate4 ,& !n1 :5 educat$ m5 conv]se toge!r1 !y are apt1 m]ely f ! facility ) :i* !y deal ) language1 to express 9 an exagg]at$ =m ! unfav\rable e/imate :i* !y h =m$ ( o!rs1 especially if ?is exagg]at$ =m c be compress$ into an epigram4 ,b x requires little reflexion to see t ?is ke5 & exagg]at$ habit ( criticism mu/ be productive ( mu* discom=t 9 a society 9 :i* x is g5]al1 & t1 :5 appli$ to lit]>y "w1 ev5 ?\gh x may be a protection aga9/ inaccuracy & brea*es ( ta/e1 x mu/ be a great disc\ragem5t to ! "y & repressive ( mu* hone/ & valuable ef=t4 ,to re/ra9 ! critical _s1 :e!r appli$ to m9d or conduct1 ) prop] limits1 x is necess>y1 keep+ ^! consid]ations 9 view1 to ask h[ mu* we c reasonably or pr(itably require ( m51 &1 above all1 nev] to lose t sympa!tic t\* ) o!rs :i* r5d]s u z ke5ly alive to _! difficulties z _! errors1 to _! aspirations z _! failure to fulfil !m4 ,i %all say no?+ "h ( detraction1 backbit+1 or malici\s repres5tation1 because ^! are social vices :i* are too obvi\s & too g5]ally ackn[l$g$ to be ( any s]vice z illu/rations ( ^? ext5sions or new applications ( morality :i* ,i h 9 view 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 ,i may1 h[ev]1 notice 9 pass+1 t ! inv5tion or exagg]ation ( /ories1 :i* h a t5d5cy to br+ m5 into ridicule or contempt1 is a practice :i*1 f ! ent]ta9m5t x af=ds1 is too easily tol]at$ by society1 & usually fails to meet ) ! reprobation x des]ves4 ,i %all adv]t to only "o o!r topic1 namely1 ! treatm5t ( ! l[] animals4 ,) r>e exceptions1 x is only ( late t ?is subject has be5 reg>d$ z fall+ )9 ! sph]e ( e?ics1 & x is greatly to ! cr$it ( ,b5?am t he 0 among/ ! fir/ to recognise its importance & to comm5d x to ! consid]ation ( ! legislator4 ,t ! l[] animals1 z s5ti5t be+s1 h a claim on our sympa?ies1 & t1 consequ5tly1 we h duties 9 respect ( !m1 ,i c no m d\bt ?an t we h duties 9 respect to ! inf]ior memb]s ( our own race4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 consid]+ _! place 9 ! economy ( nature1 ,i _c d\bt t man has a "r1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 to use !m1 & ev5 to kill !m1 = 8 own advantage4 ,:at ^! limits are is a "q by no means devoid ( difficulty4 ,!re are ^? :o ma9ta9 t we h no "r to kill animals = food1 :ile !re are ^? :o1 )\t ma9ta9+ ?is extreme position1 hold t we h no "r to cause !m pa9 = ! purposes ( our own amusem5t1 or ev5 = ! alleviation ( human suff]+ by means ( ! advancem5t ( physiological & m$ical sci5ce4 ,x w be se5 t ! ?ree que/ions "h rais$ are ! legitimacy ( ! use ( animal food1 ( field sports1 & ( vivisection4 ,z respects ! fir/1 ,i d n d\bt t1 consid]+ _! relative places 9 ! scale ( be+1 man is morally ju/ifi$ 9 sacrific+ ! lives ( ! l[] animals to ! ma9t5ance ( 8 own heal? & vig\r1 let alone ! probability t1 if he did n1 !y w\ld multiply to su* an ext5t z to endang] 8 exi/5ce1 & w\ld !mselves1 9 ! aggregate1 exp]i5ce m suff]+ f ! privation caus$ by ! /ruggle = life ?an !y n[ d by incurr+ viol5t dea?s4 ,at ! same "t1 ?\gh man may kill ! l[] animals = 8 own conv5i5ce1 he is b\nd n to inflict ne$less suff]+ on !m4 ,! torture ( an animal1 = no adequate purpose1 is absolutely indef5sible4 ,cock-fights1 bull-fights1 & ! l seem to me to admit ( no m ju/ification ?an ! gladiatorial %[s4 ,are field-sports1 !n1 9 ! same category8 ,! answ]1 ,i ?9k1 dep5ds on ?ree consid]ations3 7#a7 w\ld ! animal be kill$ any way1 ei!r = food1 or z a bea/ ( prey2 7#b7 :at is ! am\nt ( suff]+ inflict$ on x1 9 addition to t :i* w\ld be inflict$ by kill+ x in/antane\sly2 7#c7 = :at purpose is ?is additional suff]+ inflict$4 ,i %all n attempt to apply ^! consid]ations 9 detail1 b ,i %all simply /ate z my op9ion t1 among/ ! results ( a legitimate application ( !m1 w\ld be ! conclusions t worry+ a dog or a cat is altoge!r unju/ifiable2 t fox-hunt+ might be ju/ifi$ on ! gr\nd t ! additional suff]+ caus$ to ! fox is f> m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! b5eficial effects1 9 heal? & enjoym5t1 to ! hunt]2 t %oot+1 if ! sportsman be skilful1 is "o ( ! mo/ pa9less ways ( putt+ a bird or a /ag to dea?1 &1 !re=e1 requires no ju/ification1 :]eas1 if ! sportsman be unskilful1 ! suff]+s :i* he is liable to cause1 ?r\gh a l+]+ & pa9ful dea?1 ought to det] him f practis+ 8 art4 ,) reg>d to ! mu*-debat$ "q ( vivisection1 x seems to me utt]ly unt5able1 & em95tly inconsi/5t on ! "p ( ^? :o eat animal food or indulge 9 field-sports1 to ma9ta9 t1 "u no circum/ances1 is x morally ju/ifiable to inflict pa9 on ! l[] animals = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! causes or rem$ies ( disease4 ,b1 hav+ once made ?is admission1 ,i %\ld insi/ on ! necessity ( gu>d+ x by conf9+ ! p[] ( op]at+ on ! liv+ animal to p]sons duly au?oris$1 & by limit+ x to cases ( rese>* z di/9ct f demon/ration4 ,^?1 moreov]1 :o are inve/$ ) ?is s]i\s responsibility1 ought to feel morally b\nd to inflict no sup]flu\s suff]+1 & ought1 consequ5tly1 to employ anae/hetics1 :]ev] !y w\ld n unduly int]f]e ) ! conduct ( ! exp]im5t2 to resort1 z f> z possible1 to ! l[] r ?an ! high] organisms1 z be+ less susceptible ( pa92 & to limit _! exp]im5ts1 bo? 9 numb] & duration1 z f> z is consi/5t ) ! objects = :i* !y are p]mitt$ to p]=m !m4 ,?is :ole "q1 h[ev]1 ( our relation to ! l[] animals is "o :i* is fraught ) mu* difficulty1 & supplies a good in/ance ( ! range ( subjects )9 :i* ! moral s5tim5t is probably 9 ! c\rse ( developm5t4 ,rec5t rese>*es1 &1 /ill m1 rec5t speculations1 h t5d$ to impress u ) ! ne>ness ( our k9%ip to o!r animals1 &1 h5ce1 our sympa?ies ) !m & our int]e/ 9 _! welf>e h be5 s5sibly quick5$4 ,! ^w philan?ropy no long] expresses ! mo/ g5]al ( ! sympa!tic feel+s1 & we seem to require "s new t]m :i* %all d5ote our fell[-feel+ ) ! :ole s5ti5t creation4 ,su* is a sample1 & ,i mu/ repeat t x is int5d$ only z a sample1 ( ! class ( que/ions to :i*1 z x seems to me1 ! moral te/ /ill admits ( fur!r application4 ,morality1 or ! sci5ce & art ( conduct1 _h its small beg9n+s1 ,i conceive1 9 ! primeval h\sehold & has only atta9$ its pres5t gr& proportions by gradual increm5ts1 d]iv$ p>tly f ! semi-consci\s op]ations ( ! human intellig5ce adapt+ itself to ! circum/ances 9 :i* x is plac$1 p>tly f ! consci\s m$itations ( reflective m54 ,t x is likely to advance 9 ! future1 z x has done 9 ! pa/1 not)/&+ ! _m h9drances to its progress :i* confess$ly exi/1 is1 ,i ?9k1 an obvi\s inf]5ce f exp]i5ce4 ,we may n unreasonably hope t !re w be a /rict] s5se ( ju/ice1 a m complete realisation ( duty1 m delicacy ( feel+1 a great] ref9em5t ( mann]s1 m k9dl9ess1 quick] & wid] sympa?ies 9 ! com+ g5]ations ?an !re are among/ ourselves4 ,i h attempt$1 9 ?is ,essay1 briefly to del9eate ! nature ( ! feel+s on :i* ?is progress dep5ds1 & ( ! consid]ations by :i* x is guid$1 z well z to indicate "s few out ( ! _m directions :i* x is likely to take 9 ! future4 ,9 ! =m] "p ( my task1 ,i am aw>e t ,i h run c\nt] to _m prejudices ( long /&+1 & t ! !ories :i* ,i consid] to be alone consi/5t ) ! fact ( ! progress ( morality1 may by "s be ?\ght to impair its au?ority4 ,b if morality has its f\ndations 9 ! con/itution ( human nature1 :i* itself proce$s f ! ,div9e ,s\rce ( all ?+s1 ,i conceive t its cr$5tials are suffici5tly assur$4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt]1 ,i h1 9 attempt+ to illu/rate ! possibility ( future improvem5ts 9 ! art & !ory ( conduct1 be5 necess>ily l$ to note "s defici5cies 9 ! exi/+ moral s5tim5t4 ,?is is always an unwelcome & invidi\s task4 ,m5 d n l to be rem9d$ ( _! moral fail+s1 & !re is h>dly any man1 h[ev] critical he may be ( o!rs1 :o1 9 ! actual conduct ( life1 does n appe> to delude himself ) ! idea t 8 own moral practice is p]fect4 ,i appeal1 h[ev]1 f ! unconsci\s assumptions ( m5 to _! p[]s ( reflexion1 & ,i ask ea* man :o reads ?is book to consid] c>efully )9 himself :e!r1 on ! pr9ciples "h set out1 mu* ( ! conduct & _m ( ! e?ical maxims :i* are n[ g5]ally accept$ d n admit ( ref9em5t & improvem5t4 ,9 ! sph]e ( morals1 z 9 all o!r dep>tm5ts ( human activity1 we are b\nd to d = our successors :at our pr$ecessors 7 b\nd to d1 & mo/ly did1 = u--transmit ! h]itage we h receiv$ ) all ! additions & adaptations :i* ! new exp]i5ces & *ang+ conditions ( life h r5d]$ necess>y or desirable4