,,review ,,( ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,mr ,,john ,,/u>t ,,mill ,,entitl$1 ',,exam9ation ,,( ,,sir ,,william ,,hamiltons ,,philosophy' ,,by ,,george ,,grote ,,au?or ,,( ',,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,anci5t ,,greece1' ',,plato ,,& ,,! ,,o!r ,,companions ,,( ,,socrates1' ,,etc4 #ahfh ,repr9t$ f ! ',we/m9/] ,review1' ,janu>y #a1 #ahff4 ,,john ,,*ilds ,,& ,,son1 ,,pr9t]s ,an ,exam9ation ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton's ,philosophy1 & ( ! ,pr9cipal ,philosophical ,que/ions discuss$ 9 8 ,writ+s4 ,by ,,john ,,/u>t ,,mill4 ,london3 ,longmans4 #ahfe4 ,! "w be>+ ! above title is an octavo volume1 consi/+ ( tw5ty-eight *apt]s1 & five hundr$ & sixty pages4 ,?is is no great am\nt ( pr9t2 b ! am\nt ( matt] conta9$ 9 x is prodigi\s1 & ! quality ( t matt] su* z to require a full /ret* ( att5tion4 ,mr ,mill gives 8 read]s no sup]flu\s s5t5ces1 sc>cely ev5 a sup]flu\s ^w1 above :at is necess>y to express 8 mean+ briefly & cle>ly4 ,( su* a book no complete ab/ract c be giv5 9 ! space to :i* we are conf9$4 ,to /ud5ts ( philosophy--d\btless b a m9ority among ! g5]al circle ( ,engli% read]s--?is "w comes recomm5d$ by ! /ronge/ claims bo? ( int]e/ & in/ruction4 ,x pres5ts 9 direct anti!sis two mo/ conspicu\s repres5tatives ( ! mod]n speculative m9d ( ,engl&--,sir ,w4 ,hamilton & ,mr ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton has ex]cis$ p[]ful influ5ce ov] ! /ream ( ?\ght dur+ ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,! lectures on ,logic & ,metaphysics deliv]$ by him at ,ed9burgh1 = tw5ty ye>s1 det]m9$ ! view tak5 ( ^? subjects by a l>ge numb] ( aspir+ "y /ud5ts1 & det]m9$ t view = _m ( !m p]man5tly & irrevocably4#a ,sev]al em95t tea*]s & writ]s ( ! pres5t day are pr\d ( consid]+ !mselves 8 disciples1 enunciate 8 doctr9es 9 great] or less proportion1 & seldom contradict him )\t lett+ x be se5 t !y dep>t unwill+ly f su* a lead]4 ,v>i\s new phrases & psy*ological illu/rations h obta9$ foot+ 9 treatises ( philosophy1 *iefly f 8 au?ority4 ,we d n numb] ourselves among 8 foll[]s2 b we ?9k 8 influ5ce on philosophy 0 9 _m ways b5eficial4 ,he kept up ! idea ( philosophy z a subject to be /udi$ f its own po9ts ( view3 a dignity :i* 9 e>li] times x enjoy$1 p]haps1 to mis*iev\s excess1 b f :i* 9 rec5t times x has f> too mu* rec$$--especially 9 ,engl&4 ,he p]=m$ ! great s]vice ( lab\r+ /r5u\sly to piece toge!r ! pa/ traditions ( philosophy1 to re-discov] ^? :i* _h be5 all[$ to drop into oblivion1 & to make out ! g5ealogy ( op9ions z f> z neglig5t pr$ecessors _h /ill left ! possibility ( do+ s4 ,! =ty-six lectures on ,metaphysics1 & ! ?irty-five lectures on ,logic1 publi%$ by ,messrs ,mansel & ,veit*1 con/itute ! bi5nial c\rse actually deliv]$ by ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton 9 ! ,pr(essorial ,*air4 ,!y ought !re=e to be look$ at *iefly ) ref]5ce to ! m9ds ( y\?ful he>]s1 z pres]vatives aga9/ t mis*ief =cibly describ$ by ,r\sseau--',l'inhabitude de p5s] dans la jeunesse en te la capacit p5dant le re/e de la vie4' ,n[1 9 a subject s ab/ract1 obscure1 & g5]ally unpalatable1 z ,logic & ,metaphysics1 ! difficulty :i* ! tea*] f9ds 9 inspir+ int]e/ is extreme4 ,t ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton ov]came su* difficulty ) rem>kable success1 is ! affirmation ( 8 two editors2 & our impression1 z read]s ( 8 lectures1 disposes u to cr$it !m4 ,t ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton %\ld h done ?is effectively is 9 itself suffici5t to /amp him z a m]itori\s pr(essor--z a wor?y successor to ! *air ( ,dugald ,/ew>t1 ^: unrivall$ p]fection 9 t dep>tm5t is atte/$ by e "o4 ,_m a man :o ultimately adopt$ speculative op9ions oppos$ to ,dugald ,/ew>t1 receiv$ 8 fir/ impulse & guidance 9 ! pa? ( speculation f ! la/+ impression made by ,/ew>t's lectures4 ,b ?\gh we look at ^! lectures1 z !y ought to be look$ at1 *iefly ) a view to ! special purpose = :i* !y 7 de/9$1 we are f> f ins9uat+ t !y h no o!r m]its1 or t !y are useless = read]s :o h already a metaphysical cre$ ( _! own4 ,we h f\nd !m bo? in/ructive & int]e/+3 !y g ov] a l>ge proportion ( ! field ( speculative philosophy1 p>tly f ! po9t ( view 7n always ! same7 belong+ to ! au?or1 p>tly f t ( num]\s pr$ecessors :om he cites4 ,we recognize also 9 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton an am\nt ( intellectual indep5d5ce :i* seldom accompanies su* va/ erudition4 ,he recites _m diff]5t op9ions1 b he judges !m all = himself2 &1 :at is ( /ill great] mom5t1 he con/antly gives ! reasons = 8 judgm5ts4 ,to u ^! reasons are always ( m or less value1 :e!r we admit !m to be valid or n4 ,_m philosoph]s pres5t _! own doctr9e z if x 7 s mu* asc]ta9$ & ackn[l$g$ tru?1 ei!r intimat+1 or lead+ y to suppose1 t ?\gh errone\s beliefs to ! contr>y =m]ly prevail$1 ^! h n[ become discr$it$ ) e "o4 ,we d n c5sure ?is way ( proce$+1 b we pref] ! mann] ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton4 ,he always keeps be=e u div]g5ce & discrepancy ( view z ! normal condition ( reason$ tru? or philosophy2 ! *>act]i/ic po/ulate ( :i* is1 t e affirmative & e negative %all h its appropriate reasons cle>ly & fully enunciat$4 ,9 ?is po9t ( view ! app5dix annex$ to ! lectures is also valuable2 & ! f\r copi\s app5dixes or diss]tations foll[+ ! edition ( ,reid's works1 are m valuable /ill4 ,h[ f> ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton has !re furni%$ good pro( ( 8 own doctr9es on ,ext]nal ,p]ception1 & on ! ,prim>y ,qualities ( ,matt]1 we %all n n[ det]m9e2 b to ^? :o diss5t f him1 z well z to ^? :o agree ) him1 8 reason+s on ^! subjects are highly in/ructive3 :ile ! full citations f s _m o!r writ]s contribute mat]ially n only to elucidate ! po9ts directly approa*$1 b also to enl>ge our k ( philosophy g5]ally4 ,we set p>ticul> value ^u ?is pres]vation ( ! traditions ( philosophy1 & ^u ?is ma9t5ance ( a kn[n p]petual succession among ! speculative m9ds ( humanity1 ) prop] comp>isons & contra/s4 ,we h f\nd among ! names quot$ by ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 &1 ?anks to 8 c>e1 sev]al au?ors h>dly at all kn[n to u1 & op9ions cit$ f !m n less in/ructive ?an curi\s4 ,he des]ves ! m gratitude1 because he dep>ts h]e9 f receiv$ usage s9ce ,bacon & ,desc>tes4 ,! example set by ^! great m5 0 admirable1 s f> z x w5t to ?r[ (f ! au?ority ( pr$ecessors2 b p]nici\s s f> z x bani%$ ^? pr$ecessors out ( k1 l m]e magaz9es ( immaturity & error4 ,?r\gh\t ! eighte5? c5tury1 all /udy ( ! e>li] modes ( philosophiz+ 01 = ! mo/ "p1 neglect$4 ,( su* neglect1 rem>kable in/ances are po9t$ out by ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton4 ,:ile speak+ ab\t ! g5]al m]its & philosophical position ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 we h hi!rto said no?+ ab\t ^? ( ,mr ,mill4 ,b be=e we proce$ to analyze ! sep>ate *apt]s ( 8 volume1 we mu/ devote a few words to ! fulfilm5t ( ano!r obligation4 ,mr ,john ,/u>t ,mill has n be5 ! fir/ to be/[ hon\r on ! surname :i* he be>s4 ,8 fa!r1 ,mr ,james ,mill1 _h already ennobl$ ! "n4 ,an ampl] title to di/9ction 9 hi/ory & philosophy c seldom be produc$ ?an t :i* ,mr ,james ,mill left beh9d him4 ,we "k no "w :i* surpasses 8 ',hi/ory ( ,briti% ,india' 9 ! ma9 excell5cies atta9able by hi/orical writ]s3 indu/ri\s accumulation1 cont9u$ = _m ye>s1 ( orig9al au?orities--c>eful & consci5ti\s criticism ( _! /atem5ts--& a l>ge comm& ( psy*ological analysis1 enabl+ ! au?or to int]pret ph5om5a ( society1 bo? extremely complicat$1 & f> remov$ f 8 own p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,aga91 ,mr ,james ,mill's ',elem5ts ( ,political ,economy' 71 at ! "t :5 !y appe>$1 ! mo/ logical & cond5s$ exposition ( ! entire sci5ce !n exi/+4 ,la/ly1 8 late/ av[$ production1 ! ',analysis ( ! ,ph5om5a ( ! ,human ,m9d1' is a model ( p]spicu\s exposition ( complex /ates ( consci\sness1 c>ri$ f>!r ?an by any o!r au?or be=e him2 & illu/rat+ ! fulness :i* su* exposition may be made to atta91 by "o :o has fai? 9 ! compreh5sive pr9ciple ( association1 & has le>nt ! secret ( trac+ out its innum]able w9d+s4 ,x is1 moreov]1 ! fir/ "w 9 :i* ! great fact ( ,indissoluble ,association is br\ght into its due !oretical prom95ce4 ,^! are high m]its1 ( :i* la/+ evid5ce is be=e ! public2 b !re 7 o!r m]its 9 ,mr ,james ,mill1 less publicly au!nticat$1 yet n less real4 ,8 unprem$itat$ oral exposition 0 h>dly less effective ?an 8 prep>$ "w ) ! p52 8 colloquial f]tility on philosophical subjects1 8 p[] ( discuss+ himself1 & ( /imulat+ o!rs to discuss1 8 ready responsive inspirations ?r\gh all ! %ifts & w9d+s ( a sort ( ,platonic dialogue--all ^! accompli%m5ts 71 to ^? :o knew him1 ev5 m impressive ?an :at he compos$ = ! press4 ,conv]sation ) him 0 n m]ely in/ructive1 b provocative to ! dormant intellig5ce4 ,( all p]sons :om we h kn[n1 ,mr ,james ,mill 0 "o :o /ood lea/ remote f ! l(ty ,platonic ideal ( ,dialectic--,greek3 ,t\ didhonai kahi dhe*e/hai lhogon--7! giv+ & receiv+ ( reasons7 compet5t alike to exam9e o!rs1 or to be exam9$ by !m1 on philosophy4 ,:5 to ?is we add a /r5u\s "*1 e>ne/ convictions1 & s+le-m9d$ devotion to tru?1 ) an utt] disda9 ( m]e p>adox--x may be conceiv$ t su* a man ex]cis$ p[]ful intellectual asc5dancy ov] y\ng] m9ds4 ,sev]al ( ^? :o enjoy$ 8 society--m5 n[ at1 or pa/1 ! maturity ( life1 & "s ( !m 9 di/+ui%$ positions--rememb] & atte/ ) gratitude su* asc5dancy 9 _! own cases3 among !m ! writ] ( ! pres5t article1 :o owes to ! hi/orian ( ,briti% ,india an am\nt ( intellectual /imulus & guidance su* z he c nev] =get4 ,:5 a fa!r1 su* z we h describ$1 decl9+ to s5d 8 son ei!r to s*ool or college1 con/itut$ himself s*oolma/] f ! beg9n+1 & p]=m$ t duty ) labori\s solicitude--:51 besides full infusion ( mod]n k1 ! =c+ process appli$ by ! ,platonic ,socrates to ! y\?-,!ttus1 0 adm9i/]$ by ,mr ,james ,mill1 cont9u\sly & f an e>li] age1 to a y\?ful m9d n less pregnant ?an t ( ,!ttus--x w\ld be surpris+ if ! son ?us tra9$ _h n rea*$ ev5 a high] em95ce ?an 8 fa!r4 ,! fruit borne by ,mr ,john ,/u>t ,mill has be5 wor?y ( ! culture be/[$1 & ! volume be=e u is at once 8 late/ & 8 ripe/ product4 ,! ',exam9ation ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton's ,philosophy' is int5d$ by ,mr ,mill 7s he tells u 9 ! preface to ! six? publi%$ edition ( 8 ',sy/em ( ,logic1 ,ratioc9ative & ,inductive'7 z a sequel & complem5t to t sy/em4 ,we are happy to welcome s valuable an addition2 b ) or )\t t addition1 ! ',sy/em ( ,logic' appe>s to u to pres5t ! mo/ important advance 9 speculative !ory :i* ! pres5t c5tury has witness$4 ,ei!r half ( x1 ! ,ratioc9ative or ! ,inductive1 w\ld h surpass$ any previ\s "w on ! same subject4 ,! ,inductive half discrim9ates & br+s into cle> view1 = ! fir/ "t1 ^? virtues ( me?od :i* h ins5sibly gr[n into habits among consummate sci5tific inquir]s ( ! po/-,baconian age1 z well z ! fallacies by :i* "s ( ^! au?ors h be5 misl$4 ,! ,ratioc9ative half1 deal+ ) matt]s :i* _h already be5 well h&l$ by ,dutrieu & o!r s*ola/ic logicians1 inve/s _! dead ?\gh precise =malism ) a real life & application to ! actual process ( f9d+ & prov+ tru?4 ,b besides ?us work+ ea* half up to p]fection1 ,mr ,mill has p]=m$ ! /ill m difficult task ( ov]com+ ! repugnance1 app>5tly an invet]ate repugnance1 betwe5 !m1 s z *emically to comb9e ! two into "o homog5e\s comp\nd2 ?us pres5t+ ! problem ( ,reason$ ,tru?1 ,inf]5ce1 ,pro(1 & ,dispro(1 z "o connect$ :ole4 ,= ourselves1 we /ill recollect ! mi/ :i* 0 cle>$ f our m9ds :5 we fir/ read ! ',sy/em ( ,logic1' v soon aft] x 0 publi%$4 ,we 7 famili> ) ! ,syllogi/ic ,logic 9 ,burg]sdicius & ,dutrieu2 we 7 also famili> ) examples ( ! be/ proc$ure 9 mod]n inductive sci5ce2 b ! two /reams fl[$ altoge!r ap>t 9 our m9ds1 l two p>allel l9es nev] jo9+ nor approa*+4 ,! irreconcilability ( ! two 0 at once remov$1 :5 we _h read & ma/]$ ! second & ?ird *apt]s ( ! ,second ,book ( ! ',sy/em ( ,logic2' 9 :i* ,mr ,mill expla9s ! functions & value ( ! ,syllogism1 & ! real import ( its major premiss4 ,?is explanation /ruck u at ! "t z "o ( ! mo/ pr(\nd & orig9al ef=ts ( metaphysical ?\ght t we _h ev] p]us$1 & we see no reason to retract t op9ion n[4#b ,x appe>s all ! m valuable :5 we contra/ x ) :at is said by ,mr ,mill's two contempor>ies--,hamilton & ,:ately3 ! fir/ ( :om reta9s ! anci5t !ory ( reason+1 z be+ only a me?odiz$ transition f a :ole to its p>ts1 & f ! p>ts up to ! :ole--,induction be+ only ?is asc5d+ "p ( ! process1 :]eby1 aft] hav+ giv5 a complete enum]ation ( all ! comp\nd p>ts1 y conclude to ! sum total describ$ 9 "o ^w z a :ole2#c :ile ! second 7,:ately7 agrees 9 subord9at+ ,induction to ,syllogism1 b does s 9 a diff]5t way--by repres5t+ inductive reason+ z a syllogism1 ) its major premiss suppress$1 f :i* major premiss x d]iv$ its au?ority4 ,! explanation ( ,mr ,mill attacks ! problem f ! opposite side4 ,x subord9ates syllogism to induction1 ! te*nical to ! real2 x dive/s ! major premiss ( its illusory pret5ce to be itself ! prov+ au?ority1 or ev5 any real & ess5tial "p ( ! pro(--& ackn[l$ges x m]ely z a valuable precaution>y te/ & security = avoid+ mi/ake 9 ! process ( prov+4 ,tak+ ,mr ,mill's ',sy/em ( ,logic' z a :ole1 x is "o ( ! books by :i* we believe ourselves to h mo/ pr(it$4 ,! pr9ciples ( x are con/antly pres5t to our m9d :5 engag$ 9 inve/igations ( evid5ce1 :e!r sci5tific or hi/orical4 ,conc]n$ z we are "h ) ,mr ,mill only z a logician & philosoph]1 we feel preclud$ f adv]t+ to 8 works on o!r topics--ev5 to 8 ',elem5ts ( ,political ,economy1' by :i* he is probably m widely kn[n ?an by any?+ else4 ,( ! _m obligations :i* ,political ,economy owes to him1 "o only c be notic$ consi/5t ) ! scope ( ! pres5t article3 ! c>e :i* he has tak5--he alone1 or at lea/1 he m explicitly & =mally ?an any o!r expositor--to set =? ! g5]al position ( t sci5ce 9 ! aggregate field ( sci5tific rese>*2 its relation to sociology z a :ole1 or to o!r fractions !re(1 h[ f> d]ivative or co-ord9ate2 :at are its fundam5tal po/ulates or hypo!ses1 ) :at limits ! logical me?ods ( induction & d$uction are applicable to x1 & h[ f> its conclusions may be reli$ on z approximations to tru?4 ,all ^! po9ts w be f\nd in/ructively h&l$ 9 ! ,six? ,book ( ,mr ,mill's ',sy/em ( ,logic1' z well z 9 8 small] & less kn[n "w1 ',essays on ,"s ,unsettl$ ,que/ions 9 ,political ,economy4' ,we f9d him1 :ile me?odiz+ & illu/rat+ ! data ( ! special sci5ce1 uni=mly keep+ 9 view its relation to philosophy z a :ole4 ,b !re is yet ano!r "w 9 :i* ! int]e/s ( philosophy1 z a :ole1 come into ! =egr\nd & become ! special object ( v9dication 9 _! l>ge/ compass & mo/ vital requirem5ts4 ,we mean ,mr ,mill's ',essay on ,lib]ty1' "o half ( :i* takes = its !sis ! lib]tus philosoph&i4 ,he ma9ta9s1 emphatically1 9 ?is book1 ! full dignity ( reason$ tru? aga9/ all ! jeal\s exig5cies ( traditional dogma & self-ju/ify+ s5tim5t4 ,he claims ! mo/ unres]v$ lib]ty ( utt]ance = negative & affirmative on all que/ions--n m]ely = ! purpose ( discrim9at+ tru? f falsehood1 b also to keep up 9 individual m9ds ! full s5se & und]/&+ ( ! matt]s controv]t$1 9 place ( a m]e p>tial & "o-sid$ adhesion4 ,at fir/ sight1 inde$1 x might seem z if ,mr ,mill 0 fight+ ) a %ad[2 = lib]ty ( philosophiz+ is a po/ulate :i*1 9 g5]al t]ms1 e "o conc$es4 ,b :5 y come to fa?om ! real feel+s :i* und]lie ?is concession1 y discov] t almo/ e man makes x "u res]ves :i*1 ?\gh act+ 9 sil5ce1 are n ! less efficaci\s4 ,e "o has "s dogmas :i* he _c be> to he> advocat$1 & o!rs :i* he w n all[ to be controv]t$ 9 8 pres5ce4 ,a writ] has to consid] n m]ely by :at reasons any novelty ( belief or disbelief may be ju/ifi$1 b also h[ mu* x w be safe = him to publi%1 hav+ reg>d to ! irritable sore places ( ! public judgm5t4 ,9 ,july1 #ahfd1 we 7 pres5t at ! annual meet+ ( ! ,fr5* ,academy at ,p>is1 :]e ! prizes = essays s5t 91 pursuant to subjects ann\nc$ = /udy be=eh&1 are aw>d$4 ,we he>d ! titles ( v>i\s compositions ann\nc$ by ! ,presid5t 7,m4 ,villema971 ) a brief critical e/imate ( ea*4 ,_! comp>ative m]its 7 appreciat$1 & ! prize aw>d$ to "o ( ! competitors4 ,among ! compositions s5t to compete = ! prize1 "o 0 a "w by ,m4 ,ta9e1 ^u :i* ! ,presid5t be/[$ ! mo/ rem>kable encomiums1 9 e diff]5t po9t ( view3 ext5t ( k1 =ce ( ?\ght1 /yle1 arrangem5t1 all 7 prais$ 9 a mann] :i* we h r>ely he>d exce$$4 ,nev]!less1 ! prize 0 n aw>d$ to ?is "w1 b to ano!r :i* ! ,presid5t prais$ 9 a mann] decid$ly less m>k$ & emphatic4 ,:at 0 "h ! ratio decid5di8 ,! reason 01 & ! ,presid5t decl>$ x 9 ! mo/ explicit language1 t ! "w ( ,m4 ,ta9e 0 deeply ta9t$ ) mat]ialism4 ',sans d\te1' said ! e/eem$ vet]an ( ,fr5* lit]ature 9 pron\nc+ 8 aw>d1 'sans d\te les op9ions sont libres1 mais'--,x is precisely aga9/ ?is mais--u%]+ 9 ! special ana!matiz$ or consecrat$ conclusion :i* x is int5d$ to except f ! g5]al lib]ty ( en=c+ or impugn+--9 matt]s ( philosophical discussion1 t ,mr ,mill1 9 ! ',essay on ,lib]ty1' decl>es w> z *ampion ( ,reason$ ,tru?4 ,he h&les ?is gr& !me--eley?h]oys eley?h]s philosophe9--involv+ z x does ! be/ int]e/s ( philosophy1 z an in/ructress to m5's judgm5ts1 & a /imulus to _! intellig5ce--) great dep? ( psy*ological analysis su/a9$ by abundant hi/orical illu/ration4 ,& he 9 ! same volume discusses mo/ pr(itably ano!r "q ak9 to x--,to :at ext5t1 & by :at pr9ciples1 ! int]f]5ce ( o!rs is ju/ifiable1 9 re/ra9+ ! lib]ty ( ta/e & action = ea* individual8 ,a "q at once grave & neglect$1 b ! discussion ( :i* does n belong to our pres5t article4 ,a new "w f "o :o has already manife/$ su* ma/]y ( philosophy1 bo? 9 pr9ciple & 9 detail1 & a "w exhibit+ ! analysis & appreciation ( ! philosophical views ( an em95t contempor>y1 mu/ raise ! highe/ expectation4 ,we ?9k no read] w be disappo9t$ :o p]uses ,mr ,mill's ',exam9ation1' & we %all n[ endeav\r to give "s acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* he p]=ms x4 ,^u topics s ab/ract & subtle z ! cont5ts ( ?is volume1 ! anti!sis betwe5 two rival !ories is ! be/ way1 & (t5 ! only way1 = br++ tru? into cle> view2 & ! ',exam9ation' "h be=e u is pr(ess$ly controv]sy4 ,b ( controv]sy 9 its objectionable s5se--( capti\s or acrimoni\s p]sonality--n a trace w "h be f\nd4 ,a dignifi$1 judicial equanimity ( tone is pres]v$ f fir/ to la/4 ,moreov]1 ?\gh ! title & direct purpose ( ! volume is negative & critical1 yet ! de/ructive criticism is p]vad$ by _m copi\s ve9s ( con/ructive exposition1 embody+ ,mr ,mill's own views ^u "s ( ! mo/ intricate problems ( metaphysics4 ,mr ,mill beg9s 8 "w by analyz+ & expla9+ ! doctr9e call$ ! ,relativity ( ,human ,k3 ',! doctr9e 7*ap4 ii4 p4 #e7 :i* is ?\ght to belong 9 ! mo/ especial mann] to ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 & :i* 0 ! gr\nd ( 8 opposition to ! transc5d5talism ( ! lat] ,fr5* & ,g]man metaphysicians1 is t :i* he & o!rs h call$ ! ,relativity ( ,human ,k4 ,x is ! subject ( ! mo/ g5]ally kn[n & impressive ( all 8 writ+s--! "o :i* fir/ reveal$ to ! ,engli% metaphysical read] t a new p[] _h aris5 9 philosophy4 ,toge!r ) its developm5ts1 x composes ! ,philosophy ( ! ,condition$1 :i* he oppos$ to ! ,fr5* & ,g]man philosophies ( ! ,absolute1 & :i* is reg>d$ by mo/ ( 8 admir]s z ! greate/ ( 8 titles to a p]man5t place 9 ! hi/ory ( metaphysical ?\ght4 ,b1 ! relativity ( human k1 l mo/ o!r phrases into :i* ! words relative or relation ent]1 is vague1 & admits ( a great v>iety ( mean+s1' c4 ,mr ,mill !n proce$s to di/+ui% ^! v>i\s mean+s1 & to det]m9e 9 :i* ( !m ! phrase is und]/ood by ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton4 ,"o mean+ is1 t we only "k any?+ by kn[+ x z di/+ui%$ f some?+ else--t all consci\sness is ( diff]5ce4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 9 ?is s5se t ! expression is ord9>ily or int5tionally us$ by ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 ?\gh he fully recognizes ! tru? :i*1 :5 ?us us$1 x s]ves to express4 ,9 g5]al1 :5 he says t all our k is relative1 ! relation he has 9 view is n betwe5 ! ?+ kn[n & o!r objects comp>$ ) x1 b betwe5 ! ?+ kn[n & ! m9d kn[+--7p4 #f74 ,! doctr9e 9 ?is la/ mean+ is held by diff]5t philosoph]s 9 two diff]5t =ms4 ,"s 7e4g4 ,b]keley1 ,hume1 ,f]ri]1 c471 usually call$ ,ideali/s1 ma9ta9 n m]ely t all we c possibly "k ( any?+ is ! mann] 9 :i* x affects ! human faculties1 b t !re is no?+ else to be kn[n2 t affections ( human or ( o!r m9ds are all t we c "k to exi/--t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ego & ! non-ego is only a =mal di/9ction betwe5 two aspects ( ! same reality4 ,o!r philosoph]s 7,br[n1 ,mr ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,augu/e ,comte1 ) _m o!rs7 believe t ! ego & ! non-ego d5ote two realities1 ea* self-exi/5t1 & nei!r dep5d5t on ! o!r2 t ! ,n\m5on1 or '?+ p] se1' is 9 itself a diff]5t ?+ f ! ,ph5om5on1 & equally or m real1 b t1 ?\gh we "k its exi/5ce1 we h no means ( kn[+ :at x is4 ,all t we c "k is1 relatively to ourselves1 ! modes 9 :i* x affects u1 or ! ph5om5a :i* x produces--7pp4 #i--aa74 ,! doctr9e ( ,relativity1 z held by ,kant & 8 _m foll[]s1 is next di/+ui%$ f ! same doctr9e z held by ,h>tley1 ,james ,mill1 ,pr(essor ,ba91 c41 compatible ) ei!r acceptance or rejection ( ! ,b]keleian !ory4 ,kant ma9ta9s t ! attributes :i* we ascribe to outw>d ?+s1 or :i* are insep>able f !m 9 ?\ght1 conta9 additional elem5ts ov] & above s5sations plus an unkn[able cause--additional elem5ts add$ by ! m9d itself1 & !re=e /ill only relative1 b con/itut+ ! orig9al furniture ( ! m9d itself--inh]5t laws1 p>tly ( our s5sitive1 p>tly ( our intellectual faculty4 ,x is on ?is latt] po9t t ,h>tley & ^? go+ along ) him div]ge4 ,admitt+ ! same additional elem5ts1 ^! philosoph]s d n ascribe to ! m9d any innate =ms to acc\nt = !m1 b hold t place1 ext5sion1 sub/ance1 cause1 & ! re/1 c41 are conceptions put toge!r out ( ideas ( s5sation1 by ! kn[n laws ( ,association--7pp4 #ab--ad74 ,p>tial ,relativity is ! op9ion pr(ess$ by mo/ philosoph]s 7& by mo/ p]sons :o d n philosophize74 ,!y hold t we "k ?+s p>tly z !y are 9 !mselves1 p>tly z !y are m]ely 9 relation to u4 ,?is discrim9ation ( ! v>i\s s*ools ( philosoph]s is highly in/ructive1 & is giv5 ) ! full p]spicuity belong+ to ,mr ,mill's /yle4 ,he proce$s to exam9e 9 :at s5se ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton ma9ta9$ ! ,relativity ( ,human ,k4 ,he cites passages bo? f ! ',discussions on ,philosophy' & f ! ,lectures1 9 :i* t doctr9e is bo? affirm$ 9 its greate/ amplitude1 & enunciat$ 9 ! mo/ emphatic language--7pp4 #ag1 #ah1 #bb1 #bc74 ,b he also produces extracts f ! mo/ elaborate ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's ',diss]tations on ,reid1' 9 :i* a doctr9e q diff]5t & inconsi/5t is proclaim$--t our k is only p>tially1 n :olly1 relative2 t ! second>y qualities ( matt]1 inde$1 are kn[n to u only relatively1 b t ! prim>y qualities are kn[n to u z !y are 9 !mselves1 or z !y exi/ objectively1 & t !y may be ev5 evolv$ by demon/ration priori--7pp4 #ai-bf1 #cj74 ,! inconsi/5cy betwe5 ! two doctr9es1 pr(ess$ at diff]5t times1 & 9 diff]5t works1 by ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 is c]ta9ly manife/4 ,mr ,mill is ( op9ion t "o ( ! two mu/ be tak5 '9 a non-natural s5se1' & t ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton ei!r did n hold1 or _h ceas$ to hold1 ! doctr9e ( ! full relativity ( k 7pp4 #bj-bh7--! hypo!sis ( a flat contradiction be+ 9 8 view inadmissible4 ,b we ?9k x at lea/ equally possible t ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton held bo? ! two op9ions 9 _! natural s5se1 & en=c$ bo? ( !m at diff]5t times by argum5t2 8 att5tion nev] hav+ be5 call$ to ! contradiction betwe5 !m4 ,t su* =getfulness 0 q possible1 w appe> cle>ly 9 _m p>ts ( ! pres5t article4 ,8 argum5t 9 support ( bo? is equally *>act]iz$ by t peculi> en]gy ( /yle :i* is frequ5t ) him1 & :i* no way resembles ! qualify+ ref9em5ts ( "o /ruggl+ to keep cle> ( a p]ceiv$ contradiction4 ,f h5ce ,mr ,mill 7*ap4 iv47 proce$s to criticise at consid]able l5g? :at he ju/ly d5om9ates ! celebrat$ & /rik+ review ( ,c\s9's philosophy1 :i* =ms ! fir/ pap] 9 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's ',discussions on ,philosophy4' ,accord+ to ,mr ,mill-- ',! "q really at issue is ?is3 ,h we or h we n an imm$iate intuition ( ,god8 ,! "n ( ,god is veil$ "u two extremely ab/ract phrases1 ,! ,inf9ite & ! ,absolute1 p]haps f a rev]5tial feel+2 su*1 at lea/1 is ! reason giv5 by ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's disciple1 ,mr ,mansel1 = pref]r+ ! m vague expressions2 b x is "o ( ! mo/ unque/ionable ( all logical maxims1 t ! mean+ ( ! ab/ract mu/ be s\ght = 9 ! concrete1 & n conv]sely2 & we %all see1 bo? 9 ! case ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 & ( ,mr ,mansel1 t ! process _c be rev]s$ ) impunity4'--p4 #cb4 ,^u ?is we mu/ rem>k1 t ?\gh ! 'logical maxim' "h laid d[n by ,mr ,mill may be g5]ally s\nd1 we ?9k ! application ( x inconv5i5t 9 ! pres5t case4 ,discussions on po9ts ( philosophy are be/ conduct$ )\t ei!r invok+ or (f5d+ religi\s feel+4 ,m4 ,c\s9 ma9ta9s t we h a direct intuition ( ! ,inf9ite & ! ,absolute3 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton d5ies t we h4 ,^u ?is po9t ,mr ,mill sides entirely ) ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 & consid]s 't ! latt] has r5d]$ good s]vice to philosophy by refut+ ,m4 ,c\s91' ?\gh mu* ( ! reason+ employ$ 9 su* refutation seems to ,mr ,mill uns\nd4 ,b ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton goes fur!r1 & affirms t we h no faculties capable ( appreh5d+ ! ,inf9ite & ! ,absolute--t bo? ( !m are inconceivable to u1 & by consequ5ce unkn[able4 ,h]e9 ,mr ,mill is oppos$ to him1 & controv]ts 8 doctr9e 9 an elaborate argum5t4 ,( ?is argum5t1 able & +5i\s1 l all ^? 9 ! pres5t volume1 our limits only enable u to give a brief appreciation4 ,9 s f> z ,mr ,mill controv]ts ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 we ?9k him p]fectly successful1 ?\gh !re are "s po9ts 9 8 reason+ 9 :i* we d n fully concur4 ,9 our op9ion1 z 9 81 ! ,absolute alone 79 its s5se z oppos$ to relative7 c be necess>ily unkn[able1 inconceivable1 incogitable4 ,no?+ :i* falls "u ! condition ( relativity c be decl>$ to be s4 ,! /ructure ( our m9ds r5d]s u capable ( kn[+ ev]y?+ :i* is relative1 ?\gh !re are _m su* ?+s :i* we h no evid5ce1 nor %all ev] get evid5ce1 to enable u to "k4 ,n[ ! ,inf9ite falls )9 ! conditions ( relativity1 z inde$ ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton himself admits1 :5 he intimates 7p4 #eh7 t ?\gh x _c be kn[n1 x is1 mu/ be1 & ought to be1 believ$ by u1 accord+ to ! m>k$ di/9ction :i* he draws betwe5 belief & k4 ,we agree ) ,mr ,mill 9 ! op9ion t x is ?9kable1 conceivable1 kn[able4 ,d\btless we d n conceive x adequately1 b we conceive x suffici5tly to discuss & reason ^u x intelligibly to ourselves & o!rs4 ,t we conceive ! ,inf9ite inadequately1 is n to be held z pro( t we d n conceive x at all2 = 9 reg>d to f9ite ?+s also1 we conceive ! great] numb] ( !m only inadequately4 ,we _c con/rue to ! imag9ation a polygon ) an inf9ite numb] ( sides 7i4e4 ) a numb] ( sides great] ?an any giv5 numb]71 b nei!r c we con/rue to ! imag9ation a polygon ) a million ( sides2 nev]!less1 we und]/& :at is meant by ! fir/ description z well z by ! second1 & c reason ^u bo?4 ,!re is1 inde$1 ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! two3 ,t ! t]ms us$ 9 describ+ ! fir/1 proclaim at once 9 _! direct mean+ t we %\ld 9 va9 attempt to con/rue x to ! imag9ation2 :]eas ! t]ms us$ 9 describ+ ! second d n intimate t fact4 ,we "k ! fact only by trial1 or by an e/imate ( our own m5tal =ce :i* is ! result ( _m pa/ trials4 ,if ! diff]5ce "h not$ 7 all :i* ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton has 9 view :5 he decl>es ! ,inf9ite to be unkn[able & incogitable1 we %\ld acc$e to 8 op9ion2 b we appreh5d t he means mu* m1 & he c]ta9ly requires m to ju/ify ! m>k$ anti!sis 9 :i* he places himself aga9/ ,m4 ,c\s9 & ,hegel4 ,inde$1 ! facility ) :i* he decl>es matt]s to be incogitable1 :i* ^! two & o!r philosoph]s n only cogitate b ma9ta9 z tru?1 is to u truly surpris+4 ,! only "q :i* appe>s to u important is1 :e!r we c und]/& & reason ^u ! mean+ ( ! t]ms & propositions address$ to u4 ,if we c1 ! subjects prop\nd$ mu/ be cogitable & conceivable1 :e!r we admit ! propositions affirm$ conc]n+ !m or n2 if we _c1 !n ^! subjects are inde$ incogitable by ourselves 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 b !y may n be s to our oppon5t :o employs ! t]ms4 ,9 criticis+ ! argum5ts ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton aga9/ ,m4 ,c\s91 ,mr ,mill insi/s mu* on a di/9ction betwe5 7#a7 ! ,inf9ite1 & 7#b7 ! ,inf9ite 9 any "o or m positive attributes1 su* z inf9ite wisdom1 goodness1 r$ness1 h>dness1 c4#d ,he ?9ks t ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton has made out 8 case aga9/ ! fir/1 b n aga9/ ! la/2 t ! fir/ is really 'an unmean+ & s5seless ab/raction1' a fasciculus ( negations1 unkn[able & inconceivable1 b n ! la/4 ,we ?9k t ,mr ,mill makes m ( ?is di/9ction ?an ! case w>rants2 t ! fir/ is n unmean+1 b an intelligible ab/raction1 only a high] rea* ( ab/raction ?an ! la/2 t x is kn[able inadequately1 9 ! same way z ! la/--?\gh m inadequately1 because ( its high] ab/raction4 ,z ! f9ite is intelligible1 s also is its negation--! ,inf9ite3 we d n say 7) ,m4 ,c\s97 t ! two are conjo9tly giv5 9 consci\sness--b ! two are und]/ood & p>tially appreh5d$ by ! m9d conjo9tly & 9 contra/4 ,?\gh ! ,inf9ite is d\btless negative z to a degree1 x is n :olly or exclusively negative1 s9ce x includes a necess>y ref]5ce to "s positive attribute1 to :i* ! degree belongs2 ! positive elem5t is n elim9at$1 b m]ely left undet]m9$4 ,! ,inf9ite 7l ! ,f9ite1 ,greek3 to pep]asmh5on--to hapeiron7 is a g5us2 x compreh5ds "u x ! ,inf9itely ,h>d & ! ,inf9itely ,s(t1 ! ,inf9itely ,swift & ! ,inf9itely ,sl[--! inf9ite1 9 %ort1 ( any or all positive attributes4 ,x includes1 d\btless1 'a f>rago ( contradictions2' b s1 also1 does ! ,f9ite--& s1 also1 d ! actual manife/ations ( ! real1 concrete univ]se1 :i* manife/ations con/itute a portion ( ! ,f9ite4 ,:oev] attempts to give any philosophical acc\nt ( ! g5]ation ( ! univ]se1 trac+ its ph5om5a1 z an aggregate1 to "s ultra-ph5om5al orig91 mu/ include 9 8 s*eme a fundam5tum = all ^? opposite & contradictory manife/ations :i* exp]i5ce discloses 9 ! univ]se4 ,!re always h be51 & /ill are1 _m philosoph]s :o consid] ! ,ab/ract & ,g5]al to be prior bo? 9 nature & "t to ! ,concrete & ,p>ticul>2 & :o hold fur!r t ^! two la/ are expla9$1 :5 pres5t$ z det]m9ate & successive manife/ations ( ! two fir/1 :i* !y conceive z indet]m9ate & sempit]nal4 ,n[ ! ,inf9ite 7,ens ,inf9itum or ,entia ,inf9ita1 accord+ to ! po9t ( view 9 :i* we look at x7 is a g5]ic ^w1 includ+ all ^! suppos$ indet]m9ate antec$5ts2 & includ+ !re=e1 ( c\rse1 _m contradictory ag5cies4 ,b ?is does n make x s5seless or unmean+2 nor c we di/+ui% x f '! ,inf9ite 9 "s "o or m giv5 attributes1' by any o!r "* ?an by great] rea* ( ab/raction4 ,we _c admit ! m>k$ di/9ction :i* ,mr ,mill cont5ds =--t ! "o is unkn[able & ! o!r kn[able4 ,x may be prop] to add t ! mode ( philosophiz+ :i* we h j describ$ is n ours4 ,we d n agree 9 ?is way ei!r ( conceiv+1 or ( solv+1 ! problem ( philosophy4 ,b x is a mode s preval5t t ,tr5del5b]g speaks ( x1 ju/ly en\gh1 z '! anci5t ,hy/]on-,prot]on ( ,ab/raction4' ,! doctr9e ( ^! philosoph]s appe>s to u unf\nd$1 b we _c call x unmean+4 ,9 ano!r po9t1 also1 we diff] f ,mr ,mill respect+ t inf]ior ab/raction :i* he calls '! ,inf9ite 9 "s p>ticul> attribute4' ,he speaks z if ?is c\ld be kn[n n only z an ab/raction1 a conceivable1 an ideal--b also z a concrete reality2 z if 'we c\ld "k a concrete reality z inf9ite or z absolute' 7p4 #de72 z if !re really exi/$ 9 actual nature 'concrete p]sons or ?+s possess+ inf9itely or absolutely c]ta9 specific attributes'--7pp4 #ee--ic74 ,to ?is doctr9e we _c subscribe4 ,z we und]/& concrete reality1 we f9d no evid5ce to believe t !re exi/ 9 nature any real concrete p]sons or ?+s1 possess+ to an inf9ite degree su* attributes z !y d possess3 e4g4 any m5 inf9itely wise or inf9itely /rong1 any horses inf9itely swift1 any /ones inf9itely h>d4 ,su* concrete real objects appe> to u n admissible1 because exp]i5ce n only has n c]tifi$ _! exi/5ce 9 any s+le case1 b goes z f> to disprove _! exi/5ce z x c d to disprove any?+4 ,all ! real objects 9 nature kn[n to u by obs]vation are f9ite1 & possess only 9 a f9ite measure _! respective attributes4 ,^u ?is is f\nd$ ! process ( ,sci5ce1 s compreh5sively laid out by ,mr ,mill 9 8 ',sy/em ( ,logic '--,induction1 ,d$uction f g5]al facts atte/$ by ,induction1 ,v]ification by exp]i5ce ( ! results obta9$ by ,d$uction4 ,! attributes1 :it5ess or h>dness1 9 ! ab/ract1 are d\btless inf9ite2 t is1 ! t]m w designate1 alike & equally1 any degree ( :it5ess or h>dness :i* y may ?9k (1 & any unkn[n degree ev5 :it] & h>d] ?an :at y ?9k (4 ,b :5 p]ceiv$ z inve/$ 9 a giv5 mass ( sn[ or granite be=e u1 !y are dive/$ ( t indet]m9at5ess1 & become re/rict$ to a det]m9ate measure & degree4 ,hav+ ?us indicat$ ! po9ts on :i* we are compell$ to diss5t f ,mr ,mill's refutation ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton 9 ! plead+ aga9/ ,m4 ,c\s91 we %all pass to ! sev5? *apt]1 9 :i* occurs 8 fir/ controv]sy ) ,mr ,mansel4 ,?is passage has excit$ m int]e/1 & w probably be rememb]$ by a l>g] numb] ( read]s1 ?an any portion ( ! book4 ,we %all give x 9 8 own words 7pp4 #ii--ajc71 s9ce ! en]getic phraseology is q z rem>kable z ! ?\ght3-- ',!re is b "o way = ,mr ,mansel out ( ?is difficulty1 & he adopts x4 ,he mu/ ma9ta91 n m]ely t an ,absolute ,be+ is unkn[able 9 himself1 b t ! ,relative attributes ( an ,absolute ,be+ are unkn[able also4#e ,he mu/ say t we d n "k :at ,wisdom1 ,ju/ice1 ,b5evol5ce1 ,m]cy1 c41 are1 z !y exi/ 9 ,god4 ,accord+ly1 he does say s4 ,x is a fact 7says ,mr ,mansel7 :i* exp]i5ce =ces ^u u1 & :i* x is useless1 7 x possible1 to disguise1 t ! repres5tation ( ,god aft] ! model ( ! highe/ human morality :i* we are capable ( conceiv+1 is n suffici5t to acc\nt = all ! ph5om5a exhibit$ by ! c\rse ( 8 natural ,provid5ce4 ,! infliction ( physical suff]+1 ! p]mission ( moral evil1 ! adv]sity ( ! good1 ! prosp]ity ( ! wick$1 ! crimes ( ! guilty involv+ ! mis]y ( ! innoc5t1 ! t>dy appe>ance & p>tial di/ribution ( moral & religi\s k 9 ! _w--^! are facts1 :i* no d\bt are reconcilable1 we "k n h[1 ) ! ,inf9ite ,goodness ( ,god1 b :i* c]ta9ly are n to be expla9$ on ! supposition t its sole & suffici5t type is to be f\nd 9 ! f9ite goodness ( man4 ',9 o!r words' 7cont9ues ,mr ,mill comm5t+7 'x is necess>y to suppose t ! inf9ite goodness ascrib$ to ,god is n ! goodness :i* we "k & love 9 our fell[-creatures1 di/+ui%$ only z inf9ite 9 degree2 b is diff]5t 9 k9d1 & ano!r quality altoge!r4 ,accord+ly ,mr ,mansel combats z a h]esy ( 8 oppon5ts1 ! op9ion t inf9ite goodness diff]s only 9 degree f f9ite goodness4--,"h1 !n1 ,i take my /& ^u ! ackn[l$g$ pr9ciple ( logic & ( morality2 t :5 we mean diff]5t ?+s we h no "r to call !m by ! same "n1 & to apply to !m1 ! same pr$icates1 moral & intellectual4 ,if1 in/ead ( ! glad tid+s t !re exi/s a ,be+ 9 :om all ! excell5ces :i* ! highe/ human =m c conceive1 exi/ 9 a degree inconceivable to u1 ,i am in=m$ t ! _w is rul$ by a be+ ^: attributes are inf9ite1 b :at !y are we _c le>n1 except t ! highe/ human morality does n sanction !m--conv9ce me ( ?is & ,i w he> my fate z ,i may4 ,b :5 ,i am told t ,i mu/ believe ?is1 & at ! same "t call ?is be+ by ! names :i* express & affirm ! highe/ human morality1 ,i say1 9 pla9 t]ms1 t ,i w n4 ,:atev] p[] su* a be+ may h ov] me1 !re is "o ?+ he %all n d2 he %all n compel me to wor%ip him4 ,i w call no be+ good :o is n :at ,i mean :5 ,i apply t epi!t to my fell[-creatures2 & if su* a be+ c s5t5ce me to hell = n s call+ him1 to hell ,i w g4' ,?is conclud+ decl>ation is memorable 9 _m ways4 ,mr ,mill ann\nces 8 resolution to det]m9e = himself1 & accord+ to 8 own reason & consci5ce1 :at ,god he w wor%ip1 & :at ,god he w n wor%ip4 ,= ourselves1 we cordially sympa?ize ) 8 resolution4 ,b ,mr ,mill mu/ be aw>e t ?is is a po9t on :i* society is equally resolv$ t no individual %all det]m9e = himself1 if !y c help x4#f ,ea* new-born *ild f9ds 8 religi\s cre$ ready prep>$ = him4 ,9 8 e>lie/ days ( unconsci\s infancy1 ! /amp ( ! national1 g5tile1 phratric1 ,god1 or ,gods1 is impr9t$ ^u him by 8 eld]s2 & if ! future man1 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 own indep5d5t reason1 acquires su* convictions z compel him to r5\nce ^? ,gods1 proclaim+ op5ly t he does s--he mu/ c\nt ^u su* treatm5t z w g f> to spoil ! value ( ! pres5t life to him1 ev5 be=e he passes to ^? ult]ior liabilities :i* ,mr ,mill indicates 9 ! di/ance4 ,we are n surpris$ t a decl>ation s unusual & s impressive %\ld h be5 (t5 cit$ 9 critical notices ( ?is volume2 t dur+ ! mon? prec$+ ! la/ ,we/m9/] election1 x 0 /udi\sly br\ght =w>d by "s oppon5ts ( ,mr ,mill1 & m or less regrett$ by 8 fri5ds1 z likely to (f5d _m electors1 & damage 8 *ance ( success2 & t a conspicu\s & noble-m9d$ ecclesia/ic1 ! ,dean ( ,we/m9/]1 ?\ght ! occasion s grave z to come =w>d ) 8 *>act]i/ic g5]osity1 = ! purpose ( %ield+ a di/+ui%$ man suspect$ ( h]esy4 ,! sublime self-ass]tion1 address$ by ,prome!us to ,zeus1 "u ^: s5t5ce he 0 groan+1 has nev] be=e be5 put into su* pla9 ,engli%4#g ,mr ,mill's decl>ation rem9ds u also ( ,hippolytus1 ! *a/e & pure y\?1 ^: tragic fate is s beautifully describ$ by ,euripides4 ,hippolytus is exempl>y 9 8 devotions to ! ,goddess ,artemis2 b he diss5ts f all 8 c\ntrym51 & det]m9es = himself1 9 refus+ to be/[ ! smalle/ m>k ( hon\r or wor%ip ^u ,aphrodit1 because he consid]s h] to be a v bad ,goddess4#h ,9 ?is refusal he p]si/s ) inflexible pr9ciple 7ev5 aft] hav+ receiv$1 f an anxi\s att5dant1 w>n+ ( ! c]ta9 ru9 :i* x w br+ ^u him71 until ! insult$ ,aphrodit involves him1 along ) ! unhappy ,phdra & ,!seus himself1 9 "o common abyss ( mis]y4 ,9 l mann] ,mr ,mill's decl>ation /&s 9 m>k$ contra/ ) ! m cauti\s proce$+ ( m5 l ,h]odotus4 ,t hi/orian1 alike pi\s & prud5t1 is q aw>e t all ! ,gods are envi\s & mis*ief-mak+1 & expressly decl>es !m to be s4#i ,yet1 f> f refus+ to wor%ip !m on t acc\nt1 he is assidu\s 9 pray] & sacrifice--p]haps1 inde$1 all ! m assidu\s 9 consequ5ce ( :at he believes ab\t _! attributes2#aj be+ p]suad$ 7l ! att5dant :o w>n$ ,hippolytus7 t 8 only *ance ( mollify+ _! ung5tle dispositions 9 reg>d to himself is1 by honorific tribute 9 words & (f]+s4 ,:51 h[ev]1 aft] appreciat+ z we are b\nd to d ,mr ,mill's decl>ation ( subjective s5tim5t1 we pass to its logical be>+ on ! controv]sy betwe5 him & ,mr ,mansel1 we are oblig$ to confess t 9 ?is po9t ( view x has little objective relevancy4 ,! problem 01 h[ to reconcile ! actual evil & suff]+ 9 ! univ]se 7:i* is recit$ z a fact by ,mr ,mansel1 ?\gh 9 t]ms convey+ a mo/ inadequate idea ( its real magnitude7 ) ! goodness ( ,god4 ,mr ,mill repudiates ! explanatory hypo!sis t5d]$ by ,mr ,mansel1 z a solution1 b )\t sugge/+ any bett] hypo!sis ( 8 own4 ,= ourselves1 we are f> f endors+ ,mr ,mansel's solution z satisfactory2 yet we c h>dly be surpris$ if he consid]s x less unsatisfactory ?an no solution at all4 ,& :5 we reflect h[ frequ5tly & famili>ly pr$icates applicable to man are appli$ to ! ,supreme ,be+1 :5 !y _c possibly be und]/ood ab\t ,him 9 ! same s5se--we see no gr\nd = treat+ ! proce$+ z dis+5u\s1 :i* ,mr ,mill is dispos$ to d4 ,inde$1 x _c easily be avoid$3 & ,mr ,mill himself furni%es u ) "s examples 9 ! pres5t volume4 ,at page #dia1 he says3-- ',x w\ld be difficult to f9d a /rong] argum5t 9 fav\r ( ,!ism1 ?an t ! eye mu/ h be5 made by "o :o sees1 & ! e> by "o :o he>s4' ,9 ! words "h employ$1 see+ & he>+ are pr$ict$ ( ,god4 ,n[ :5 we pr$icate ( m51 t !y see or he>1 we affirm facts ( extreme complexity1 especially 9 ! case ( see+2 facts p>tly physical1 p>tly m5tal1 involv+ multif>i\s movem5ts & ag5cies ( n]ves1 muscles1 & o!r p>ts ( ! organism1 toge!r ) direct s5sational impressions1 & m5tal recon/ruction ( ! pa/1 insep>ably associat$ !re)2 all :i*1 s f> z !y are kn[n1 are p]spicu\sly enum]at$ 9 ! "w ( ,pr(essor ,ba9#aa on ! ',s5ses & ! ,intellect1' ,aga91 ,mr ,mill speaks 79 p4 #ajb & else:]e7 ( '! v]acity ( ,god4' ,:5 we say ( our neighb\r t he is a v]aci\s man1 we ascribe to him a habit ( speak+ ! tru?2 t is1 ( employ+ 8 physical app>atus ( spee*1 & 8 m5tal p[] ( recall+ & recomb9+ words lodg$ 9 ! memory1 = ! purpose ( ass]t+ no o!r propositions except su* z decl>e facts :i* he kn[s1 or beliefs :i* he really ent]ta9s4 ,b h[ ei!r see+1 or he>+1 or v]acity1 9 ^! s5ses1 c be pr$icat$ ( ,god1 we are at a loss to und]/&4 ,& if !y are to be pr$icat$ ( ,god 9 a diff]5t s5se1 ?is admits ! same lic5se z ,mr ,mansel cont5ds = 9 respect to ,goodness1 :5 he feels t und5iable facts preclude him f pr$icat+ t epi!t univocally respect+ ,god & respect+ man4#ab ,on ! :ole1 x seems to u1 t ?\gh ,mr ,mill w cons5t to wor%ip only a ,god ( p]fect goodness1 he has ?r[n no new light on ! grave problem--frankly /at$ ?\gh imp]fectly solv$1 by ,mr ,mansel--h[ su* a conception ( ,god is to be reconcil$ ) ! ext5t ( evil & suff]+ actually p]vad+ human life & animal life ?r\gh\t ! e>?4 ,we are compell$ to say1 respect+ ,mr ,mill's treatm5t ( ?is subject--:at we %\ld n say respect+ 8 treatm5t ( any o!r--t he has left an old p]plex+ problem n less p]plex+ ?an he f\nd x4 ,rev]t+1 n unwill+ly1 f !ology to philosophy1 we n[ pass on to ,mr ,mill's n9? *apt] 7p4 #abh seq471 ( ! ,int]pretation ( ,consci\sness4 ,!re is assur$ly no lesson m requir+ to be taught ?an ! prop] mode ( conduct+ su* int]pretation2 = ! numb] ( diff]5t modes 9 :i* ,consci\sness has be5 int]pret$ is a/oni%+4 ,mr ,mill beg9s by cit+ f ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's lectures a passage ( "s l5g?1 ^u :i* he be/[s consid]able praise1 reg>d+ x z-- ',"o ( ! pro(s t1 :atev] may be ! positive value ( 8 7,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's7 a*ievem5ts 9 metaphysics1 he _h a great] capacity = ! subject ?an _m metaphysicians ( high reputation2 & p>ticul>ly ?an 8 two di/+ui%$ pr$ecessors 9 ! same s*ool ( ?\ght--,reid & ,/ew>t4'--p4 #aca4 ,?is is "o ( ! greate/ complim5ts to ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton t ! book conta9s1 & z su* we are glad to cite x4 ,on ! subject ( ,consci\sness1 ,mr ,mill has cit$ f ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton o!r good obs]vations besides ! "o la/ allud$ to2 b1 un=tunately1 ^! are (t5 neutraliz$ by opposite or inconsi/5t op9ions also cit$ f o!r p>ts ( 8 works4 ,! numb] ( su* inconsi/5cies produc$ is inde$ "o rem>kable feature 9 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's philosophical "*4 ,he seems to foll[ out en]getically 7z ,plato 9 8 v>i\s dialogues7 ! ve9 ( ?\ght p]vad+ 8 m9d at ea* p>ticul> mom5t1 )\t tr\bl+ himself to look back ^u 8 own prior speculations4 ,ev5 comp>$ ) ! be/ views ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 h[ev]1 ,mr ,mill's mode ( h&l+ ! subject ( ,consci\sness exhibits signal improvem5t4 ,to "s ( 8 obs]vations we %all call p>ticul> att5tion4 ,all philosoph]s agree t :at ,consci\sness te/ifies is to be believ$2 b !y diff] mu* on ! "q--,to :at po9ts ,consci\sness does te/ify8 & ev5 on ! /ill deep] "q--,h[ %all we proce$ to asc]ta9 :at are ^! atte/$ po9ts8 ,:at is ! prop] me?od ( /udy+ or int]rogat+ ,consci\sness8 ,^u ?is ,mr ,mill rem>ks 7pp4 #ade--adg73-- ',"h em]ges ! di/9ction betwe5 two diff]5t me?ods ( /udy+ ! problems ( metaphysics2 =m+ ! radical diff]5ce betwe5 ! two great s*ools into :i* metaphysicians are divid$4 ,"o ( ^! ,i %all call = di/9ction1 ! introspective me?od2 ! o!r1 ! psy*ological4 ,m4 ,c\s9 obs]ves t ,locke w5t wrong f ! beg9n+1 by plac+ be=e himself1 z ! "q to be fir/ resolv$1 ! orig9 ( our ideas4 ,?is 7he says7 0 comm5c+ at ! wrong end4 ,! prop] c\rse w\ld h be5 to beg9 by det]m9+ :at ! ideas n[ are2 to asc]ta9 :at x is t ,consci\sness n[ tells u2 po/pon+ till aft]w>ds ! attempt to frame a !ory conc]n+ ! orig9 ( any ( ! m5tal ph5om5a4 ',i accept ! "q z ,m4 ,c\s9 /ates x2 & ,i cont5d t no attempt to det]m9e :at are ! direct revelations ( ,consci\sness c be successful1 or entitl$ to any reg>d1 unless prec$$ by :at ,m4 ,c\s9 says ought only to foll[ x--an inquiry into ! orig9 ( our acquir$ ideas4 ,= we h x n 9 our p[] to asc]ta91 by any direct process1 :at ,consci\sness told u at ! "t :5 its revelations 7 9 _! pri/9e purity4 ,x only (f]s itself to our inspection1 z x exi/s n[1 :5 ^? orig9al revelations are ov]laid & buri$ "u a m\nta9\s heap ( acquir$ notions & p]ceptions4 ',x seems to ,m4 ,c\s91 t if we exam9e ) c>e & m9ut5ess our pres5t /ates ( ,consci\sness1 di/+ui%+ & def9+ e +r$i5t :i* we f9d to ent] into !m--e elem5t t we seem to recognize z real1 & _c by m]ely conc5trat+ our att5tion ^u x analyze into any?+ simpl]--we rea* ! ultimate & prim>y tru?s1 :i* are ! s\rces ( all our k1 & :i* _c be d5i$ or d\bt$ )\t d5y+ or d\bt+ ! evid5ce ( ,consci\sness itself--t is1 ! only evid5ce t !re is = any?+4 ,i ma9ta9 ?is to be a misconception ( ! condition impos$ on inquir]s by ! difficulties ( psy*ological inve/igation4 ,to beg9 ! inquiry at ! po9t :]e ,m4 ,c\s9 takes x up is1 9 fact1 to beg ! "q4 ,= he mu/ be aw>e1 if n ( ! fact1 at lea/ ( ! belief ( 8 oppon5ts1 t ! laws ( ! m9d--! ,laws ( ,association1 accord+ to "o class ( ?9k]s1 ! ,categories ( ! ,und]/&+1 accord+ to ano!r--are capable ( creat+1 out ( ^? data ( ,consci\sness :i* are unconte/$1 purely m5tal conceptions1 :i* become s id5tifi$ 9 ?\ght ) all our /ates ( ,consci\sness1 t we seem1 & _c b seem1 to receive !m by direct intuition4 ,= example1 ! belief 9 matt] 9 ! op9ion ( ^! ?9k]s is1 or at lea/ may be1 ?us produc$3-- ',! pro( t any ( ! alleg$ ,univ]sal ,beliefs1 or ,pr9ciples ( ,common ,s5se1 are affirmations ( ,consci\sness--supposes two ?+s3 t ! beliefs exi/1 & t !y _c possibly h be5 acquir$4 ,! fir/ is1 9 mo/ cases1 undisput$2 b ! second is a subject ( inquiry :i* (t5 taxes ! utmo/ res\rces ( psy*ologi/s4 ,locke 0 !re=e "r 9 believ+ t '! orig9 ( our ideas' is ! ma9 /ress ( ! problem ( m5tal sci5ce1 & ! subject :i* mu/ be fir/ consid]$ 9 =m+ ! !ory ( ! ,m9d4' ,?is citation f ,mr ,mill's book is already almo/ too long1 yet we c\ld h wi%$ to prolong x /ill m1 f ! importance ( "s ( ! succe$+ p>agraphs4 ,x pres5ts1 9 cle> discrim9ation & contra/1 two opposite po9ts ( view accord+ to :i* ! ph5om5a ( m9d are reg>d$ by diff]5t philosoph]s1 & ! me?od ( /udy+ !m det]m9$3 ! introspective me?od1 adopt$ by ,m4 ,c\s9 & o!rs--! psy*ological or analytical me?od1 pursu$ by ,locke & by _m o!r em95t m5 s9ce ,locke--'! kn[n & approv$ me?od ( physical sci5ce1 adapt$ to ! necessities ( psy*ology'--7p4 #adh74 ,!re are passages ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's writ+s 9 :i* he appe>s to feel t ! introspective me?od alone is insuffici5t = ! int]pretation ( ,consci\sness1 & t ! analytical me?od mu/ be employ$ to re9=ce x4 ,b on ?is z on o!r po9ts he is n always consi/5t ) himself4 ,= 9 lay+ d[n ! pr9ciple ^u :i* ! prim>y tru?s ( ,consci\sness1 ! orig9al data ( intellig5ce1 are to be asc]ta9$ & di/+ui%$ f g5]alizations out ( exp]i5ce & cu/om1 he decl>es t ! "o s+le & c]ta9 m>k is ,necessity--!y mu/ be beliefs :i* we are "u ! necessity ( believ+--( :i* we _c get rid by any m5tal ef=t4 ,he decides ?is1 ( c\rse1 = himself1 by ! introspective me?od alone4 ,he 7) ,m4 ,c\s9 & o!r philosoph]s :o take ! same view7 does n apply ! analytical me?od to inquire :e!r 8 necessity ( belief may n be a purely acquir$ necessity & n[ise cong5ital4 ,x is1 inde$1 rem>kable t ^! philosoph]s d n ev5 seek to apply ! introspective me?od z f> z t me?od w really g4 ,!y are satisfi$ ) introspection ( _! own pres5t m9ds2 )\t collect+ results ( ! l process z appli$ to o!r m9ds1 9 diff]5t times & places4 ,!y decl>e v>i\s beliefs to be necess>y to ! human m9d univ]sally1 m]ely because su* is ! actual fact ) _! own m9ds & ) ^? imm$iately ar\nd !m2 sometimes ev5 9 defiance ( pro( t !re are 7or h be57 p]sons n %>+ su* beliefs1 & occasionally ev5 believ+ ! contr>y2 !re=e1 :5 ev5 ! introspective me?od really disall[s _! affirmative in/ead ( su/a9+ x4 ,?is is1 9 tru?1 an abuse ( ! introspective me?od2 yet ev5 if t me?od 7 employ$ 9 its fulle/ ext5t--if ! same incapability ( believ+ o!rwise c\ld be %[n z common to all mank9d--x might /ill be only ! effect ( a /rong association4 ,! analytical me?od mu/ /ill be call$ 9 to asc]ta9 :e!r we are =c$ to suppose su* incapability to be an orig9al fact ( consci\sness1 or :e!r x may n h be5 g5]at$ 9 ! m9d by circum/ances "u ! natural work+ ( ! laws ( association4 ,x is c]ta9 t ^! laws n only may1 b mu/1 give bir? to artificial inconceivabilities 9 ! m9d--& t "s ( ^! may be equal 9 /r5g? to su*1 if any1 z are natural4 ',! ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce' 7says ,mr ,mill1 foll[+ out ! same tra9 ( reason+ :i* we read 9 ! ?ird ,book ( 8 ',sy/em ( ,logic'7 'teems ) inconceivabilities :i* h be5 conqu]$2 & ) suppos$ necess>y tru?s1 :i* h fir/ ceas$ to be ?\ght necess>y1 !n to be ?\ght true1 & h f9ally come to be deem$ impossible4'--p4 #aej4 ,aft] v>i\s obs]vations1 *iefly exhibit+ ! ra%ness ( _m c5sures be/[$ by ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton on ,br[n1 ,mr ,mill gives u ?ree valuable *apt]s 7xi41 xii41 xiii471 :]e9 he analyzes ! belief 9 an ,ext]nal ,_w1 ! ,belief 9 ,m9d z a sep>ate sub/ance or ,n\m5on1 & ! ,prim>y ,qualities ( ,matt]4 ,to ea* ( ^! topics he applies :at he calls ! psy*ological me?od1 z contra/$ ) ! simply introspective me?od ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton 7! ,ego & ,non-,ego affirm$ to be giv5 toge!r 9 ! prim>y deliv]ance ( ,consci\sness7 & s _m o!r philosoph]s4 ,he proves t ^! beliefs are no way intuitive1 b acquir$ products2 & t ! kn[n laws ( ,association are suffici5t to expla9 h[ !y are acquir$2 especially ! ,law ( ,insep>able ,association1 toge!r ) t ( ,oblivisc5ce--a v useful1 discrim9at+ phrase1 :i* we fir/ f9d employ$ 9 ?is volume--7p4 #bei et passim74 ,he def9es ,matt] to be a p]man5t possibility ( ,s5sation2 he ma9ta9s t ?is is really all :i* 7ap>t f philosophical !ories7 mank9d 9 g5]al mean by x2 he %[s t m]e possibilities ( s5sation n only may1 b mu/1 accord+ to ! kn[n ,laws ( ,association1 come to pres5t 'to our artificializ$ ,consci\sness' a "* ( objectivity--7pp4 #aih1 #aii74 ,! correlative subject1 ?\gh pres5t 9 fact & indisp5sable1 is elim9at$ out ( consci\s notice1 accord+ to ! ,law ( ,oblivisc5ce4 ,^! *apt]s w well repay ! mo/ c>eful p]usal4 ,we c only f9d room = "o passage 7pp4 #bad1 #bae73-- ',?r\gh\t ! :ole ( our s5sitive life1 except its fir/ beg9n+s1 we unque/ionably ref] our s5sations to a me & n-me4 ,z soon z ,i h =m$1 on ! "o h&1 ! notion ( ,p]man5t ,possibilities ( ,s5sation1 & on ! o!r1 ( t cont9u$ s]ies ( feel+s :i* ,i call my life--bo? ^! notions are1 by an irresi/ible association1 recall$ by e s5sation ,i h4 ,!y repres5t two ?+s1 ) bo? ( :i* ! s5sation ( ! mom5t1 be x :at x may1 /&s 9 relation2 & ,i _c be consci\s ( ! s5sation )\t be+ consci\s ( x z relat$ to ^! two ?+s4 ,!y h accord+ly receiv$ relative names1 expressive ( ! d\ble relation 9 "q4 ,! ?read ( consci\sness :i* ,i appreh5d ! relation z a "p (1 is call$ ! ,subject2 ! gr\p ( ,p]man5t ,possibilities ( ,s5sation to :i* ,i ref] x1 & :i* is p>tially realiz$ & actualiz$ 9 x1 is call$ ! ,object ( ! s5sation4 ,! s5sation itself ought to h a correlative "n1 or r ought to h two su* names--"o d5ot+ ! s5sation z oppos$ to its ,subject1 ! o!r d5ot+ x z oppos$ to its ,object2 b x is a rem>kable fact t ?is necessity has n be5 felt1 & t ! ne$ ( a correlative "n to e relative "o has be5 consid]$ to be satisfi$ by ! t]ms ,object & ,subject !mselves4 ,x is true t ^! two are relat$ to "o ano!r1 b only ?r\gh ! s5sation4 ,we h no conception ( ei!r ,subject or ,object1 ei!r ,m9d or ,matt]1 except z some?+ to :i* we ref] our s5sations1 & :atev] o!r feel+s we are consci\s (4 ,! v exi/5ce ( !m bo?1 s f> z cognizable by u1 consi/s only 9 ! relation !y respectively be> to our /ates ( feel+4 ,_! relation to ea* o!r is only ! relation betwe5 ^? two relations4 ,! imm$iate correlatives are1 n ! pair1 ,object1 ,subject1 b ! two pairs1 ,object1 ,s5sation objectively consid]$--,subject1 ,s5sation subjectively consid]$4 ,! reason :y ?is is ov]look$ might easily be %[n1 & w\ld furni% a good illu/ration ( t important "p ( ! ,laws ( ,association1 :i* may be t]m$ ! ,laws ( ,oblivisc5ce4' ,?is *apt]1 on ! ,prim>y ,qualities ( ,matt]1 controv]ts ! op9ion ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 t ext5sion1 z consi/+ ( co-exi/5t p>tes extra p>tes1 is imm$iately & necess>ily appreh5d$ by our consci\sness4 ,x cites1 z well z confirms1 ! copi\s pro( giv5 by ,pr(essor ,ba9 79 8 "w on ! ,s5ses & ! ,intellect7 t our conception ( ext5sion is d]iv$ f our muscul> s5sibility3 t our s5sation ( muscul> motion imp$$ con/itutes t ( fill$ space3 t our conception ( ext5sion1 z an aggregate ( co-exi/5t p>ts1 arises f ! s5se ( sight1 :i* compreh5ds a great numb] ( p>ts 9 a succession s rapid z to be conf\nd$ ) simultaneity--& :i* n only becomes ! symbol ( muscul> & tactile succession1 b ev5 acquires su* asc5dancy z to sup]s$e bo? ( !m 9 our consci\sness4 ,confirmation is "h giv5 to ?is important doctr9e1 n m]ely by obs]vations f ,mr ,mill himself1 b also f ! v curi\s n>rative1 discov]$ & produc$ by ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 out ( a "w ( ! ,g]man philosoph]1 ,platn]4 ,platn] in/itut$ a c>eful exam9ation ( a man born bl9d1 & asc]ta9$ t ?is man did n conceive ext5sion z an aggregate ( simultane\s p>ts1 b z a s]ies ( s5sations exp]i5c$ or to be exp]i5c$ 9 succession--7pp4 #bcb1 #bcc74 ,! case report$ f ,platn] bo? corroborates ! !ory ( ,pr(essor ,ba91 & receives its prop] int]pretation f t !ory2 :ile x is altoge!r adv]se to ! doctr9e ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton--z is also ano!r case1 :i* he cites f ,ma9e de ,biran3-- ',x gives a v fav\rable idea ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's s9c]ity & devotion to tru? 7rem>ks ,mr ,mill1 p4 #bdg71 t he %\ld h drawn f obscurity1 & made g5]ally kn[n1 two cases s unfav\rable to 8 own op9ions4' ,we ?9k ?is rem>k p]fectly j2 & we w\ld po9t out besides1 9 appreciat+ ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's m]its1 t 8 appetite = facts 0 useful to philosophy1 z well z 8 appetite = speculation4 ,b ! p]son ^: usefulness to philosophy we pref] to br+ into ! =egr\nd1 is ,platn] himself4 ,he sp5t ?ree weeks 9 pati5t exam9ation ( ?is bl9d man1 & ! t5or ( 8 report proves t 8 sagacity 9 int]pret+ facts 0 equal to 8 pati5ce 9 collect+ !m4 ,! r>ity ( all su* c>eful & prem$itat$ obs]vation ( ! facts ( m9d1 appe>s to u "o ma9 reason :y 7:at ,mr ,mill calls7 ! psy*ological !ory f9ds s little acceptance2 & :y ^? :o ma9ta9 t :at n[ seems a m5tal integ] 0 once a multiplicity ( sep>ate m5tal fragm5ts1 c describe ! antec$5t /eps ( ! *ange only z a lat5s processus1 :i* ! read] nev] fully und]/&s1 & (t5 w n admit4 ,e man's m9d is gradually built up f infancy to maturity2 ! process is always go+ on be=e our eyes1 yet ! /ages ( x--especially ! e>lie/ /ages1 ! mo/ pregnant ) in/ruction--are nev] /udi$ & put on record by obs]v]s tra9$ 9 inductive logic1 kn[+ be=eh& :at !y ought to look = z ! s9e qu non = prov+ or disprov+ any propos$ !ory4 ,su* cases z t cit$ by ,platn]--cases ( "o m>k$ cong5ital defect ( s5se1 enabl+ u to apply ! ,me?od ( ,diff]5ce--are always )9 rea*2 b few ,platn]s are f\nd to scrut9ize & record !m4 ,hi/orians ( sci5ce describe to u ! labori\s & multipli$ obs]vations1 & ! elaborate precaution = ensur+ accuracy ( obs]vation1 :i* rec5t *emical & physical inquir]s h f\nd indisp5sable = ! e/abli%m5t ( _! results4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 be surpris$ t m5tal philosoph]s1 deal+ ) facts ev5 m obscure1 & c>eless ab\t enl>g+1 v>y+1 au!nticat+ _! records ( p>ticul> facts1 %\ld h _h little success 9 e/abli%+ any results at all4 ,b if ev5 ^?1 :o adopt ! psy*ological !ory1 h be5 remiss 9 ! obs]vation ( p>ticul> m5tal facts1--^? :o d5y ! !ory h be5 f> m ?an remiss2 !y h be5 bl9d to obvi\s facts contradict+ ! pr9ciples :i* !y lay d[n4 ,mr ,mill1 9 *ap1 xiv41 deals ) ?is d5ial1 common to ,mr ,mansel ) ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton4 ,t philosoph]s s em95t z bo? ( !m %\ld decl>e confid5tly--':at ,i _c b ?9k mu/ be priori1 or orig9al to ?\ght2 x _c be eng5d]$ by exp]i5ce ^u cu/om' 7p4 #bfd7--;appe>s to u z extraord9>y z x does to ,mr ,mill4 ,?\gh no "o ev] surpass$ ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton 9 l>ge acqua9tance ) ! actual div]sities ( human belief1 & human incapacities ( believ+--yet he nev] seems to h ?\ght ( br++ ?is acqua9tance into acc\nt1 :5 he assur$ ! /ud5ts 9 8 lecture-room1 t cu/om1 exp]i5ce1 indissoluble association1 7 altoge!r insuffici5t to eng5d] a felt necessity ( believ+4 ,su* =getfulness ( well-kn[n m5tal facts _c be reproa*$ to ! advocates ( ! psy*ological !ory4 ,9 *ap4 xv4 ,mr ,mill exam9es ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's doctr9e on unconsci\s m5tal modifications4 ,he po9ts out ! confus$ mann] 9 :i* ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton has conceiv$ m5tal lat5cy1 z well z ! inconclusive "* ( ! reason+ :]eby he refutes ! foll[+ doctr9e ( ,dugald ,/ew>t--,t 9 ! mo/ rapid tra9s ( association1 ea* sep>ate item mu/ h be5 successively pres5t to consci\sness1 ?\gh = a "t too %ort to leave any memory4 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton ?9ks t ! sep>ate items may pass1 & (t5 d pass1 unconsci\sly2 :i* op9ion ,mr ,mill also1 ?\gh n approv+ 8 reasons1 is incl9$ to adopt4 ',i am myself incl9$ 7p4 #bhe7 to admit unconsci\s m5tal modifications1 9 ! only s5se 9 :i* ,i c atta* any v di/9ct mean+ to !m--namely1 unconsci\s modifications ( ! n]ves4 ,x may well be believ$ t ! app>5tly suppress$ l9ks 9 a *a9 ( association1 ^? :i* ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton consid]s z lat5t1 really are s3 t !y are n ev5 mom5t>ily felt1 ! *a9 ( causation be+ cont9u$ only physically--by "o organic /ate ( ! n]ves succe$+ ano!r s rapidly1 t ! /ate ( m5tal consci\sness appropriate to ea* is n produc$4' ,mr ,mill gives v>i\s illu/rations 9 support ( ?is doctr9e4 ,he at ! same "t calls att5tion to a valuable lecture ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's1 ! ?irty-second lecture on ,metaphysics2 especially to ! in/ructive citation f ,c>daillac conta9$ !re91 not+ ! important fact1 :i* descriptions ( ! ,law ( ,association (t5 keep out ( sight--t ! sugge/ive ag5cy ( ,association is c>ri$ on1 n by s+le antec$5ts rais+ up s+le consequ5ts1 b by a mass ( antec$5ts rais+ up simultane\sly a mass ( consequ5ts1 among :i* att5tion is v unequally di/ribut$4 ,we %all say little ^u ,mr ,mill's rem>ks on ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's ,!ory ( ,causation--7*ap4 xvi474 ,?is !ory appe>s to ,mr ,mill absurd2 :ile ! !ory ( ,mr ,mill 7cont9u$ f ,hume1 ,br[n1 & ,james ,mill7 on ! same subject1 appe>s to ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton insuffici5t & unsatisfactory--'pr(ess+ to expla9 ! ph5om5on ( causality1 b1 previ\sly to explanation1 evacuat+ ! ph5om5on ( all t desid]ates explanation'--7p4 #bie74 ,= ourselves we embrace ! !ory ( ,mr ,mill3#ac yet we are aw>e t ! rem>k j cit$ f ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton repres5ts ! dissatisfaction ent]ta9$ t[>ds x by _m objectors4 ,! unsci5tific & antisci5tific ye>n+s1 preval5t among mank9d1 lead !m to put que/ions :i* no s\nd !ory ( ,causation w answ]2 & !y are ready to visit & tru/ any oracle :i* pr(esses to deliv] a confid5t affirmative solution ( su* que/ions4 ,among all ! t]ms employ$ by metaphysicians1 none is us$ 9 a great] v>iety ( mean+s ?an ! t]m ,cause4 ,9 ,mr ,mill's next *apt] 7xvi47 he comm5ts on ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's doctr9e ( ,concepts or ,g5]al ,notions4 ,!re are portions ( ?is *apt] ) :i* we agree less ?an ) mo/ o!r p>ts ( ! volume2 especially ) 8 m>k$ ho/ility to ! t]m ,concept1 & ! reasons giv5 = x1 :i* reasons appe> to u n v consi/5t ) :at he has himself said 9 ! ',sy/em ( ,logic1' ,book ,,iv4 *ap4 ii4 #a--c4 ,! t]m ,concept has no necess>y connection ) ! !ory call$ ,conceptualism4 ,x is equally available to designate ! idea call$ up by a g5]al "n1 z und]/ood ei!r by ,mr ,bailey or by ,james ,mill4 ,we ?9k x useful z an equival5t to ! ,g]man ^w ,begriff1 :i* s5se ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton has 9 view :5 he introduces x1 ?\gh he does n always adh]e to 8 pr(ession4 ,& :5 ,mr ,mill says 7p4 #cca7-- ',i consid] x no?+ less ?an a mis=tune1 t ! words ,concept1 ,g5]al ,notion1 or any o!r phrase to express ! suppos$ m5tal modification correspond+ to a g5]al "n1 %\ld ev] h be5 inv5t$4' we diss5t f 8 op9ion4 ,to talk ( '! ,concept ( an individual1' h[ev]1 z ,mr ,mansel does 7pp4 #cch1 #cci71 is improp] & inconsi/5t ) ! purpose = :i* ! "n is giv54 ,we are m fully 9 h>mony ) ,mr ,mill 9 8 two next *apt]s 7xviii4 et seq47 on ,judgm5t & ,reason+2 :i* are among ! be/ *apt]s 9 ?is volume4 ,he !re combats & ov]?r[s ! !ory ( ,reason+ laid d[n by ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton2 b we d\bt ! propriety ( 8 call+ ?is '! ,conceptuali/ !ory' 7pp4 #cfg1 #cfh72 s9ce x has no?+ to d ) ,conceptualism1 9 ! special s5se ( anti!sis to ,realism & ,nom9alism1--b is1 9 fact1 ! !ory ( ! ,syllogism z giv5 9 ! ,analytics ( ,ari/otle1 & g5]ally admitt$ s9ce4 ,n m]ely ,conceptuali/s1 b 7to use ,mr ,mill's own language1 p4 #cff7 'ne>ly all ! writ]s on logic1 taught a !ory ( ! sci5ce too small & n>r[ to conta9 _! own facts4' ,su*1 inde$1 0 ! !ory con/antly taught until ! publication ( ,mr ,mill's ',sy/em ( ,logic2' ! fir/ two books ( :i* correct$ x1 by argum5ts :i* are re9=c$ & amplifi$ 9 ^! two *apt]s on ,judgm5t & ,reason+1 z well z 9 ! two *apt]s next foll[+--*aps1 xx4 & xxi4--7',is ,logic ! ,sci5ce ( ! ,=ms ( ,?\ght--,on ! ,fundam5tal ,laws ( ,?\ght4'7 ,! contra/ :i* is !re pres5t$1 9 _m diff]5t ways1 betwe5 ! limit$ !ory ( logic taught by ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton & ,mr ,mansel1 & ! enl>g$ !ory ( ,mr ,mill1 is in/ructive 9 a high degree4 ,we consid] ,mr ,mill z ! real pres]v] ( all t is valuable 9 ,=mal ,logic1 f ! un=tunate consequ5ces ( an errone\s e/imate1 br\ght ^u x ?r\gh ! exagg]at$ pret5sions ( logicians4 ,:5 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton contra/s x po9t$ly ) physical sci5ce 7( :i* he talks ) a sort ( sup]cili\s condesc5sion1 9 "o ( ! wor/ passages ( 8 writ+s1 p4 #dja7--:5 all its app>5t fruits 7 produc$ 9 ! %ape ( +5i\s b b>r5 v]bal te*nicalities--:at hope c\ld be ent]ta9$ t ,=mal ,logic c\ld hold its gr\nd 9 ! e/imation ( ! rec5t g5]ation ( sci5tific m58 ,mr ,mill has dive/$ x ( t assum$ demon/rative au?ority :i* ,bacon call$ 'reg]e res p] syllogismum2' b he has at ! same "t giv5 to x a firm root amid/ ! g5]alities ( objective sci5ce4 ,he has %[n t 9 ! great problem ( ,evid5ce or ,pro(1 ! ,laws ( ,=mal ,logic1 ?\gh be>+ only on "o "p ( ! entire proc$ure1 yet be> ^u "o ess5tial "p1 prop] to be /udi$ sep>ately3 & t ! ma9t5ance ( consi/5cy betwe5 our affirmations 7:i* is ! only special prov9ce ( ,=mal ,logic71 has great importance & value z a "p ( ! process necess>y = asc]ta9+ & v9dicat+ _! tru?1 or expos+ _! "* :5 false or unc]tifi$--b no importance or value except z a "p ( t l>g] exig5cy4 ,:ile ,mr ,mill 0 am5d+ ! ,syllogi/ic !ory s z to ensure = ,=mal ,logic its legitimate place among ! ess5tials ( sci5tific proc$ure1 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton 0 at ! same "t enl>g+ x on its te*nical side1 9 two modes :i* are highly e/eem$ bo? by himself & by o!rs3 #a4 ,! recognition ( two k9ds ( ,syllogisms2 "o 9 ,ext5sion1 ! o!r 9 ,compreh5sion3 #b4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,quantification ( ! ,pr$icate4--,bo? ^! novelties are "h criticis$ by ,mr ,mill 9 *apt] xxii41 :i* we recomm5d ! read] to p]use conjo9tly ) ,lectures #ae & #af ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton on ,logic4 ,n[ :]eas ! ma9 objection1 by :i* ! /udy ( ! syllogi/ic logic has be5 weigh$ d[n & discr$it$ 9 mod]n times1 is ?is1 t x encumb]s ! memory ) =mal di/9ctions1 hav+ no useful application to ! real process & purposes ( reason+--! proc$ure ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton might almo/ lead u to imag9e t he himself 0 try+ to aggravate t objection to ! utt]mo/4 ,he introduces a v>iety ( new canons 7classify+ ,syllogisms z ,ext5sive & ,int5sive1 by a di/9ction f\nd$ on ! d\ble quantity ( notions1 9 ,ext5sion & 9 ,compreh5sion7 :i* he intimates t all =m] logicians h neglect$--:ile x pla9ly appe>s1 ev5 on 8 own %[+1 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 syllogisms1 9 respect to ^! two sorts ( quantity1 is ( no practical value2 & t 'we c always *ange a categorical syllogism ( ! "o quantity into a categorical syllogism ( ! o!r1 by rev]s+ ! ord] ( ! two premises1 & by rev]s+ ! mean+ ( ! copula' 7,lect4 xvi4 p4 #bif72 nay1 t e syllogism is already a syllogism 9 bo? quantities 7,mill1 p4 #dca74 ,aga9/ ^! useless c]emonial re=ms ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 we may set ! truly philosophical explanation "h giv5 by ,mr ,mill ( ! mean+ ( propositions4 ',all judgm5ts' 7he says--p4 #dbc71 'except :]e bo? ! t]ms are prop] names1 are really judgm5ts 9 ,compreh5sion2 ?\gh x is cu/om>y1 & ! natural t5d5cy ( ! m9d1 to express mo/ ( !m 9 t]ms ( ,ext5sion4 ,9 o!r words1 we nev] really pr$icate any?+ b attributes2 ?\gh1 9 ! usage ( language1 we commonly pr$icate !m by means ( words :i* are names ( concrete objects--because' 7p4 #dbf7--'we h no o!r conv5i5t & compact mode ( speak+4 ,mo/ attributes1 & ne>ly all l>ge bundles ( attributes1 h no names ( _! own4 ,we c only "n !m by a circumlocution4 ,we are accu/om$ to speak ( attributes1 n by names giv5 to !mselves1 b by means ( ! names :i* !y give to ! objects !y are attributes (4' ',all our ord9>y judgm5ts' 7p4 #dbh7 'are 9 ,compreh5sion only2 ,ext5sion n be+ ?\ght (4 ,b we may1 if we please1 make ! ,ext5sion ( our g5]al t]ms an express object ( ?\ght4 ,:5 ,i judge t all ox5 rum9ate1 ,i h no?+ 9 my ?\ghts b ! attributes & _! co-exi/5ce4 ,b :5 by reflection ,i p]ceive :at ! proposition implies1 ,i rem>k t o!r ?+s may rum9ate besides ox51 & t ! unkn[n multitude ( ?+s :i* rum9ate =m a mass1 ) :i* ! unkn[n multitude ( ?+s hav+ ! attributes ( ox5 is ei!r id5tical or is :olly compris$ 9 x4 ,:i* ( ^! two is ! tru? ,i may n "k1 & if ,i did1 took no notice ( x :5 ,i ass5t$ to ! proposition1 all ox5 rum9ate2 b ,i p]ceive1 on consid]ation1 t "o or o!r ( !m mu/ be true4 ,?\gh ,i _h n ?is 9 my m9d :5 ,i affirm$ t all ox5 rum9ate1 ,i c h x n[2 ,i c make ! concrete objects d5ot$ by ea* ( ! two names an object ( ?\ght1 z a collective ?\gh indef9ite aggregate2 9 o!r words1 ,i c make ! ,ext5sion ( ! names 7or notions7 an object ( direct consci\sness4 ,:5 ,i d ?is1 ,i p]ceive t ?is op]ation introduces no new fact1 b is only a diff]5t mode ( contemplat+ ! v fact :i* ,i _h previ\sly express$ by ! words1 all ox5 rum9ate4 ,! fact is ! same1 b ! mode ( contemplat+ x is diff]5t4 ,!re is ?us 9 all ,propositions a judgm5t conc]n+ attributes 7call$ by ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton a ,judgm5t 9 ,compreh5sion7 :i* we make z a matt] ( c\rse2 & a possible judgm5t 9 or conc]n+ ,ext5sion1 :i* we may make1 & :i* w be true if ! =m] is true4' ,f ! lucid explanation "h cit$ 7& f a foll[+ p>agraph too long to describe p4 #dcc71 we see t !re is no real di/9ction betwe5 ,judgm5ts 9 ,compreh5sion & ,judgm5ts 9 ,ext5sion2 t ! appe>ance ( di/9ction betwe5 !m arises f ! cu/om>y mode ( enunciation1 :i* cu/om is "h acc\nt$ =2 t ! addition to ! !ory ( ! ,syllogism1 = :i* ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton takes cr$it1 is alike tr\blesome & unpr(itable4 ,! l may also be said ab\t 8 o!r innovation1 ! ,quantification ( ! ,pr$icate4 ,/ill m ext5sive are ! *anges 7z /at$ by himself7 :i* ?is innovation w\ld introduce 9 ! canons ( ,syllogism4 ,inde$1 :5 we read 8 language 7,app5dix to ',lectures on ,logic1' pp4 #bia--big7 c5sur+ g5]ally ! prior logicians f ,ari/otle d[nw>ds1 & cont5d+ t 'm ?an half ! value ( logic _h be5 lo/' by _! mann] ( h&l+ x--we may appreciate ! magnitude ( ! re=m :i* he believ$ himself to be introduc+4 ,! l>g] ! re=m1 ! m x behov$ him to be sure ( ! gr\nd on :i* he 0 proce$+4 ,b on ?is po9t we rem>k a s]i\s defici5cy4 ,aft] lay+ d[n1 ) appropriate emphasis1 ! valuable logical po/ulate1 to /ate explicitly :at is ?\ght implicitly1 on :i*1 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton says1 ',logic ev] insi/s1 b :i* logicians h nev] fairly obey$--x foll[s t logically we ought to take into acc\nt ! quantity1 always und]/ood 9 ?\ght1 b usually1 & = manife/ reasons1 elid$ 9 expression1 n only ( ! subject1 b also ( ! pr$icate1 ( a judgm5t4'--7',discussions on ,philos41' p4 #fad47 ,"h ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton assumes t ! quantity ( ! pr$icate is always und]/ood 9 ?\ght2 & ! same assumption is (t5 repeat$1 9 ! ,app5dix to 8 ',lectures on ,logic1' p4 #bia & else:]e1 z if x 0 alike obvi\s & inconte/able4 ,n[ x is precisely on ?is po9t t issue is "h tak5 ) ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton4 ,mr ,mill d5ies altoge!r 7p4 #dcg7 t ! quantity ( ! pr$icate is always und]/ood or pres5t 9 ?\ght1 & appeals to e read]'s consci\sness = an answ]3-- ',does he1 :5 he judges t all ox5 rum9ate1 adv]t ev5 9 ! m9ute/ degree to ! "q1 :e!r !re is any?+ else t rum9ates8 ,is ?is consid]ation at all 9 8 ?\ghts1 any m ?an any o!r consid]ation =eign to ! imm$iate subject8 ,"o p]son may "k t !re are o!r rum9at+ animals1 ano!r may ?9k t !re are none1 a ?ird may be )\t any op9ion on ! subject2 b if !y all "k :at is meant by rum9at+1 !y all1 :5 !y judge t e ox rum9ates1 mean precisely ! same ?+4 ,! m5tal process !y g ?r\gh1 z f> z t "o judgm5t is conc]n$1 is precisely id5tical2 ?\gh "s ( !m may g on f>!r1 & add o!r judgm5ts to x4' ,! la/ s5t5ce cit$ f ,mr ,mill indicates ! vice ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's proce$+ 9 quantify+ ! pr$icate1 & expla9s :y x 0 t logicians be=e him decl9$ to d s4 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 9 ?is proce$+1 insi/s on /at+ explicitly1 n m]ely all t is ?\ght implicitly1 b a great deal m2#ad add+ to x some?+ else1 :i* may1 inde$1 be ?\ght conjo9tly1 b :i* m frequ5tly is n ?\ght at all4 ,he requires u to pack two di/9ct judgm5ts into "o & ! same proposition3 he int]polates ! mean+ ( ! ,propositio ,conv]sa simplicit] into ! =m ( ! ,propositio ,conv]t5da 7:5 an univ]sal ,affirmative71 & !n claims x z a great advantage1 t ! proposition ?us int]polat$ admits ( be+ conv]t$ simplicit]1 & n m]ely p] accid5s4 ,mr ,mill is1 nev]!less1 ( op9ion 7pp4 #dci-ddc7 t ?\gh '! quantifi$ syllogism is n a true expression ( :at is 9 ?\ght1 yet writ+ ! pr$icate ) a quantification may be sometimes a real help to ! ,art ( ,logic4' ,we see little advantage 9 provid+ a new complicat$ =m1 = ! purpose ( express+ 9 "o proposition :at naturally ?r[s itself into two1 & may easily be express$ 9 two4 ,if a man is prep>$ to give u in=mation on "o ,quaesitum1 :y %\ld he be con/ra9$ to use a mode ( spee* :i* =ces on 8 att5tion at ! same "t a second & di/9ct ,quaesitum--s t he mu/ ei!r give u in=mation ab\t ! two at once1 or confess himself ignorant respect+ ! second8 ,! two next *apt]s ( ,mr ,mill1 notic+ "s o!r m9or peculi>ities 7all ( !m un=tunate1 & "o1 p4 #ddg1 really unacc\ntable7 ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's ,=mal ,logic2 & "s ,fallaci\s ,modes ( ,?\ght c\nt5anc$ by ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton 7*s4 xxiii41 xxiv4--pp4 #ddf1 #dgh71 we are compell$ to pass ov]4 ,we mu/ f9d space1 h[ev]1 = a few words on ! ,fre$om ( ! ,w 7*4 xxv471 :i* 79 ,mr ,mill's language1 pp4 #dhh--edi71 '0 s fundam5tal ) ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 t x may be reg>d$ z ! c5tral idea ( 8 sy/em--! det]m9+ cause ( mo/ ( 8 philosophical op9ions4' ,prior to ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 we f9d "s writ]s :o ma9ta9 ! doctr9e ( ,free-w1 o!rs :o ma9ta9 t ( ,necessity3 ea* support+ _! respective conclusions by reasons :i* !y deem suffici5t4 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton decl>es t bo? ! "o doctr9e & ! o!r are inconceivable & incompreh5sible2 yet t1 by ! law ( ,exclud$ ,middle1 "o or o!r ( !m mu/ be true3 & he decides 9 fav\r ( ,free-w1 ( :i* he believes himself to be di/9ctly consci\s2 moreov]1 ,free-w is ess5tial 7he ?9ks7 to moral responsibility1 ( :i* also he feels himself consci\s4 ,he confesses himself1 h[ev]1 unable to expla9 ! possibility ( ,free-w2 b he ma9ta9s t ! same may be said ab\t ,necessity also4 ',! *ampions ( bo? ! two opposite doctr9es are at once resi/less 9 attack1 & impot5t 9 def5ce'--7,hamilton's ',footnotes on ,reid1' p4 #fjb47 ,mr ,mansel also ass]ts1 ev5 m confid5tly ?an ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 t we are directly consci\s ( ,free-w--7p4 #ejc74 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton has himself giv5 "s ( ! be/ argum5ts aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ,free-w1 9 refutation ( ,reid3 argum5ts1 "s ( :i* are "h cit$ by ,mr ,mill ) praise :i* !y well des]ve--7pp4 #dig1 #dih74 ,b ,mr ,mill's own reason+ on ! same side is ( a /ill high] ord]1 enl>g+ ! gr\nds previ\sly urg$ 9 ! la/ book ( 8 ',sy/em ( ,logic1' ,he prote/s aga9/ ! t]m ,necessity2 & disc>ds ! idea ( ,necessity1 if x be und]/ood to imply any?+ m ?an inv>iability ( antec$5ce & consequ5ce4 ,if x mean t1 exp]i5ce proves ?us mu* ab\t antec$5ts 9 ! _w ( m9d1 z 9 ! _w ( matt]3 if x mean m1 exp]i5ce does n prove m1 ei!r 9 ! _w ( matt] or 9 ! _w ( m9d3 nor h we any gr\nds = affirm+ x 9 ei!r--7p4 #eja47 ,if x 7 true1 !re=e1 t consci\sness atte/$ ,free-w1 we %\ld f9d ! te/imony ( consci\sness oppos$ to a full pro( f exp]i5ce & induction4 ,b does consci\sness really atte/ :at is call$ ,free-w8 ,mr ,mill analyzes ! case1 & decl>es 9 ! negative4 ',to be consci\s ( ,free-w1 mu/ mean to be consci\s1 be=e ,i h decid$1 t ,i am able to decide ei!r way2 exception may be tak5 9 lim9e to ! use ( ! ^w consci\sness 9 su* an application4 ,consci\sness tells me :at ,i d or feel4 ,b :at ,i am able to d1 is n a subject ( consci\sness4 ,consci\sness is n prophetic2 we are consci\s ( :at is1 n ( :at w or c be4 ,we nev] "k t we are able to d a ?+1 except f hav+ done x1 or some?+ simil> to x4 ,hav+ act$1 we "k1 z f> z t exp]i5ce rea*es1 h[ we are able to act2 & ?is k1 :5 x has become famili>1 is (t5 conf\nd$ )1 & call$ by1 ! "n ( consci\sness4 ,b x does n d]ive any increase ( au?ority f be+ misnam$3 its tru? is n supreme ov]1 b dep5ds ^u1 exp]i5ce4 ,if our s-call$ consci\sness is n borne out by exp]i5ce1 x is a delusion4 ,x has no title to cr$5ce1 b z an int]pretation ( exp]i5ce2 & if x is a false int]pretation1 x mu/ give way4'--pp4 #ejc1 #ejd ,aft] ?is salut>y & mu*-ne$$ w>n+ aga9/ ! confusion betwe5 consci\sness z an infallible au?ority1 & belief ^u exp]i5ce1 ( :i* we are consci\s z a belief--,mr ,mill proce$s to sift ! alleg$ self-evid5t connection betwe5 ,free-w & ,acc\ntability4 ,he %[s1 n m]ely t !re is no connection1 b t !re is a positive repugnance1 betwe5 ! two4 ,by ,free-w is meant t a volition is n det]m9$ by motives1 b is a spontane\s m5tal fact1 nei!r hav+ a cause1 nor admitt+ ( be+ pr$ict$4 ,n[1 ! v reason = giv+ notice t we int5d to puni% c]ta9 acts1 & = inflict+ puni%m5t if ! acts be committ$1 is1 t we tru/ 9 ! efficacy ( ! ?reat & ! puni%m5t z det]r+ motives4 ,if ! volition ( ag5ts be n influ5c$ by motives1 ! :ole ma*9]y ( law becomes unavail+1 & puni%m5t a purposeless infliction ( pa94 ,9 fact1 x is on t v gr\nd t ! madman is exempt$ f puni%m5t2 8 volition be+ presum$ to be n capable ( be+ act$ ^u by ! det]r+ motive ( legal sanction4 ,! free ag5t1 ?us und]/ood1 is "o :o c nei!r feel himself acc\ntable1 nor be r5d]$ acc\ntable1 to or by o!rs4 ,x is only ! necess>y ag5t 7! p]son ^: volitions are det]m9$ by motives1 &1 9 case ( conflict1 by ! /ronge/ desire or ! /ronge/ appreh5sion7 t c be held really acc\ntable1 or c feel himself to be s4 ',! true doctr9e ( ! ,causation ( human actions 7says ,mr ,mill1 p4 #eaf7 ma9ta9s1 9 opposition bo? to pure & to modifi$ ,fatalism1 t n only our conduct1 b our "*1 is 9 "p am5able to our w3 t we c1 by employ+ ! prop] means1 improve our "*3 & t if our "* is su* t1 :ile x rema9s :at x is1 x necessitates u to d wrong--x w be j to apply motives :i* w necessitate u to /rive = its improvem5t4 ,we %all n inde$ d s unless we desire our improvem5t1 & desire x m ?an we dislike ! means :i* mu/ he employ$ = ! purpose4' ,x ?us appe>s t ( ! two propositions1 #a1 volitions are necess>y1 or dep5d on causes2 #b1 volitions are free1 or d n dep5d on causes--nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r is inconceivable or incompreh5sible1 z ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton suppos$ !m to be4 ,t ! fir/ is true1 & ! second false1 we le>n by exp]i5ce1 & by t alone2 j z we le>n ! l 9 reg>d to ! ph5om5a ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,inde$1 ! fact t human volitions are bo? pr$ictable & modifiable1 q z mu* z all ^? physical ph5om5a t dep5d ^u a complication ( causes--:i* is only a coroll>y f :at has j be5 said--is s univ]sally recogniz$ & act$ ^u by all m51 t !re w\ld probably be little diff]5ce ( op9ion ab\t ?is "q1 if ! anti!sis 7 n obscur$ & my/ifi$ by ! famili>1 b equivocal1 phrases ( ,free-w & ,necessity4 ,pass+ ov] *apt] xxvii41 9 :i* ,mr ,mill refutes ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's op9ion t ! /udy ( ma!matics is wor?less1 or ne>ly s1 z an intellectual discipl9e--we %all n[ call att5tion to ! conclud+ rem>ks :i* sum up ! results ( ! volume4 ,aft] say+ t he 'diff]s f almo/ ev]y?+ 9 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's philosophy1 on :i* he p>ticul>ly valu$ himself1 or :i* is specially 8 own1' ,mr ,mill describes ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's g5]al m]its z foll[s3-- ',!y *iefly consi/ 9 8 cle> & di/9ct mode ( br++ be=e ! read] _m ( ! fundam5tal que/ions ( metaphysics3 "s good specim5s ( psy*ological analysis on a small scale3 & ! _m deta*$ logical & psy*ological tru?s :i* he has sep>ately seiz$1 & :i* are scatt]$ ?r\gh 8 writ+s1 mo/ly appli$ to resolve "s special difficulty1 & aga9 lo/ sight (4 ,i c h>dly po9t to any?+ he has done t[>ds help+ ! m ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! great] m5tal ph5om5a1 unless x be 8 !ory ( ,att5tion 7includ+ ,ab/raction71 :i* seems to me ! mo/ p]fect we h2 b ! subject1 ?\gh a highly important1 is comp>atively a simple "o4'--p4 #edg4 ,agree+ 9 ?is g5]al view ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's m]its1 we %\ld be dispos$ to describe !m 9 language /rong] & m emphatic z to degree1 ?an t :i* has j be5 cit$4 ,b :at is /at$ 9 ! pages imm$iately foll[+ 7pp4 #eej1 #eea7--,t ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's doctr9es appe> to be usually tak5 up "u ! /imulus ( "s special dispute1 & (t5 aft]w>ds =gott52 ,t he did n ?9k out subjects until !y 7 ?or\ghly ma/]$1 or until consi/5cy 0 atta9$ betwe5 ! diff]5t views :i* ! au?or took f diff]5t po9ts ( obs]vation2 ,t accord+ly1 8 philosophy seems made up ( scraps f sev]al conflict+ metaphysical sy/ems--,all ?is is lit]ally & amply borne out by ! _m inconsi/5cies & contradictions :i* ,mr ,mill has br\ght to view 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! controv]sial disposition 0 p[]ful ) ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 & t a pres5t impulse ( t sort 7z has be5 said respect+ ,bayle1 ,burke1 & o!rs7 n only s]v$ to provoke new intellectual comb9ations 9 8 m9d1 b also ex]cis$ a ,le?an influ5ce 9 caus+ oblivisc5ce ( ! old4 ,b we c h>dly foll[ ,mr ,mill 9 ascrib+ ! defect to 'excessive absorption ( "t & en]gy by ! /udy ( old writ]s' 7p4 #eea74 ,if ?is /udy did no o!r good1 x at lea/ kept ! memory 9 ex]cise4 ,n[1 :at surprises u mo/ 9 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's inconsi/5cies1 is ! am\nt ( self-=getfulness :i* !y imply4 ,:ile ! labori\s erudition ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton _c be fairly reg>d$ z hav+ produc$ any ( 8 intellectual defects1 x und\bt$ly /amp$ ^u him 8 special title ( excell5ce z a philosoph]4 ,?is is fully recogniz$ by ,mr ,mill2 ?\gh he treats x z belong+ n s mu* to a philosoph] z to an hi/orian ( philosophy4 ,he concludes 7pp4 #eeb--eed73-- ',x is mu* to be regrett$ t ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton did n write ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 in/ead ( *oos+1 z ! direct object ( 8 intellectual ex]tions1 philosophy itself4 ,he possess$ a k ( ! mat]ials su* z no "o1 probably = _m g5]ations1 w take ! tr\ble ( acquir+ aga94 ,indep5d5tly ( ! great int]e/ & value atta*+ to a k ( ! hi/orical developm5t ( speculation1 !re is mu* 9 ! old writ]s on philosophy1 ev5 ^? ( ! middle ages1 really wor? pres]v+ = its sci5tific value4 ,b ?is %\ld be extract$1 & r5d]$ into ! phraseology ( mod]n ?\ght1 by p]sons z famili> ) t z ) ! anci5t1 & possess+ a comm& ( its language3 a comb9ation nev] yet s p]fectly realiz$ z 9 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton4 ,?is1 :i* no "o b himself c\ld h done1 he has left undone1 & has giv5 u1 in/ead1 a contribution to m5tal philosophy1 :i* has be5 m ?an equall$ by _m n sup]ior to him 9 p[]s1 & :olly de/itute ( erudition4 ,( all p]sons 9 mod]n times entitl$ to ! "n ( philosoph]s1 ! two1 probably1 ^: read+ on ! subject 0 ! scantie/1 9 proportion to _! intellectual capacity1 7 ,ar*bi%op ,:ately & ,dr ,br[n4 ,accord+ly !y are ! only two ( :om ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 ?\gh ackn[l$g+ _! abilities1 speaks ) "s t+e ( sup]cili\sness4 ,x _c be d5i$ t bo? ,dr ,br[n & ,:ately w\ld h ?\ght & writt5 bett] ?an !y did1 if !y _h be5 bett] read 9 ! writ+s ( previ\s ?9k]s2 b ,i am n afraid t po/]ity w contradict me :5 ,i say1 t ei!r ( !m has done f> great] s]vice to ! _w 9 ! orig9ation & diffusion ( important ?\ght1 ?an ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton ) all 8 le>n+2 because1 ?\gh indol5t read]s1 !y 7 bo? ( !m active & f]tile ?9k]s4 ',x is n t ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's erudition is n frequ5tly ( real use to him on p>ticul> que/ions ( philosophy4 ,x does him "o valuable s]vice3 x enables him to "k all ! v>i\s op9ions :i* c be held on ! que/ions he discusses1 & to conceive & express !m cle>ly1 leav+ none ( !m out4 ,?is x does1 ?\gh ev5 ?is n always2 b x does little else1 ev5 ( :at might be expect$ f erudition :5 enlight5$ by philosophy4 ,he knew1 ) extraord9>y accuracy1 ! ,greek3 hoti ( ea* philosoph]'s op9ions1 b gave himself little tr\ble ab\t ! ,greek3 dihoti4 ,) "o exception1 ,i f9d no rem>k be>+ ^u t po9t 9 any "p ( 8 writ+s4 ,i imag9e he w\ld h be5 mu* at a loss if he _h be5 requir$ to draw up a philosophical e/imate ( ! m9d ( any great ?9k]4 ,he nev] seems to look at any op9ion ( a philosoph] 9 connection ) ! same philosoph]'s o!r op9ions4 ,accord+ly he is weak z to ! mutual relations ( philosophical doctr9es4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ examples ( ?is inability is 9 ! case ( ,leibnitz1' c4 ,"h we f9d 9 a few s5t5ces ! conclusion :i* ,mr ,mill conceives to be e/abli%$ by 8 book4 ,we %all /ate h[ f> we are able to concur ) x4 ,he has br\ght ! matt] to a direct issue1 by weigh+ ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton 9 ! balance aga9/ two o!r actual cotempor>ies2 in/ead ( comp>+ him ) "s unrealiz$ ideal f\nd only 9 ! fancy ( critics & review]s4 ,comp>+ ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton ) ,dr ,br[n1 we cordially subscribe to ! op9ion ( ,mr ,mill4 ,we ?9k t ,dr ,br[n has 'done f> great] s]vice to ! _w ?an ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 9 ! orig9ation & diffusion ( important ?\ght4' ,to speak only ( two *ief subjects 9 ! field ( important ?\ght--,causality & ! ,fre$om ( ! ,w--we n only adopt ! conclusions ( ,dr ,br[n1 b we admire bo? 8 acut5ess & 8 orig9ality 9 v9dicat+ & illu/rat+ ! fir/ ( ! two1 :ile we diss5t entirely f ! views ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton4 ,?is alone w\ld be suffici5t to make u approve ! sup]iority assign$ by ,mr ,mill to ,dr ,br[n4 ,we discov] no comp5sat+ item to be plac$ to ! cr$it ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton3 = ! great doctr9e ( ! ,relativity ( ,k1 :i* is our *ief po9t ( philosophical bro!rhood ) him1 0 ma9ta9$ by ,br[n also4 ,b 9 reg>d to ,dr ,:ately1 our judgm5t is altoge!r diff]5t4 ,we _c cons5t to admit him z a sup]ior1 or ev5 z an equal1 to ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 '9 ! orig9ation & diffusion ( important ?\ght4' ,he did mu* s]vice by reviv+ an incl9ation & respect = ,logic1 & by cle>+ up a "p ( ! te*nical obscurity :i* surr\nd$ x3 b we look ^u him z an acute & lib]al-m9d$ ,engli% !ologian1 enl>g+ usefully1 ?\gh timidly1 ! intellectual prison 9 :i* _m or?odox m9ds are conf9$--r ?an z a fit aspirant to ! cosmopolitan hon\rs ( philosophy4 ',an active & f]tile ?9k]1' ,mr ,mill calls ,:ately2 & su* he und\bt$ly 04 ,b su* also we consid] ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton to h be5 9 a degree1 at lea/ equal4 ,if ! s5t5ce :i* we h quot$ above be int5d$ to d5y ! pr$icate1 'active & f]tile ?9k]1' ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 we _c acquiesce 9 x4 ,8 intellect appe>s to u ?or\ghly active & f]tile1 ev5 :5 we diss5t f 8 reason+s--nay1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( 8 inconsi/5cies1 :5 a new gr[? ( op9ions is unexpect$ly pu%$ up on gr\nd :i* we suppos$ to be already pre-occupi$ by ano!r bo? old] & diff]5t4 ,& we f9d ?is same judgm5t impli$ 9 ! discrim9at+ rem>ks ^u 8 philosophical proc$ure made by ,mr ,mill himself--7pp4 #bga1 #bgb74 ,= example1 respect+ ,causality & ! ,fre$om ( ! ,w1 we detect no want ( activity & f]tility1 ?\gh m>k$ evid5ce ( o!r defects--especially ! unconditional surr5d] ( a p[]ful m9d to c]ta9 privileg$ inspirations1 wor%ipp$ z 'necessities ( ?\ght4' ,:ile ?us decl>+ h[ f> we concur 9 ! p>allel "h drawn ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton ) ,br[n & ,:ately1 we mu/ at ! same "t add t ! comp>ison is tak5 "u circum/ances unduly fav\rable to ^! two la/4 ,!re has be5 no exposure ( _! errors & inconsi/5cies1 equal 9 p5etration & complet5ess to ! cru%+ volume :i* ,mr ,mill has devot$ to ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton4 ,to make ! odds fair1 he ought to furni% a simil> sy/ematic exam9ation to ,br[n & ,:ately2 enabl+ u to read _! works 7z we n[ d ^? ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton7 ) ! advantage ( 8 unrivall$ microscope1 :i* detects ! m9ute/ brea* or incoh]5ce 9 ! tissue ( reason+--& ( 8 l>ge comm& ( philosophical premisses1 :i* br+s into full notice :at ! au?or _h ov]look$4 ,?us alone c\ld ! competition betwe5 ! ?ree be r5d]$ p]fectly fair4 ,we regret1 z ,mr ,mill does1 t ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton did n und]take ! composition ( a hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,nev]!less we mu/ confess t we %\ld h>dly feel su* regret1 if we c\ld see evid5ce to w>rant ,mr ,mill's judgm5t 7p4 #eed7 t ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton 0 'indiff]5t to ! ,greek3 dihoti ( a man's op9ions1 & t he 0 incompet5t to draw up an e/imate ( ! op9ions ( any great ?9k]1' c4 ,su* incompet5ce1 if prov$ to be frequ5t & consid]able1 w\ld deprive an au?or ( all *ance ( success 9 writ+ a hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,b ! /udy ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton's works does n prove x to u1 ?\gh ,mr ,mill has convict$ him ( an errone\s e/imate ( ,leibnitz4 ,we say frequ5t & consid]able1 because no hi/orian ( philosophy is exempt f ! defect m or less2 or r 7to pass out ( ! self-confid5ce ( ! ,absolute into ! mode/y ( ! ,relative7 we seldom f9d any hi/orian ^: e/imate ( great philosophical ?9k]s does n (t5 diff] f our own4 ,h5ce we are glad :5 ample orig9al extracts are produc$1 enabl+ u to te/ ! hi/orian1 & judge = ourselves--a practice :i* ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton w\ld h requir$ no /imulus to en=ce ^u him4 ,!re ought1 inde$1 to be v>i\s hi/ories ( philosophy1 compos$ f diff]5t po9ts ( view2 = ! able/ hi/orian _c get cle> ( a c]ta9 exclusiv5ess belong+ to himself4 ,b1 s f> z we c conjecture :at ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton w\ld or c\ld h done1 we ?9k t a hi/ory ( philosophy compos$ by him w\ld h surpass$ any "w ( ! k9d 9 our language4 ,we tru/ t ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's works w long cont9ue to be read1 along ) ,mr ,mill's exam9ation ( !m2 & we %\ld be glad if ! works ( o!r philosoph]s c\ld be read along ) a comm5t ( equal acut5ess & imp>tiality4 ,any po9t ( view :i* c\ld comm& ! adh]5ce ( su* a m9d z ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's1 des]ves to be fully consid]$4 ,moreov]1 ! liv+ =ce ( philosophy1 z directress ( human intellig5ce1 dep5ds ^u keep+ up 9 ea* ( h] devotees a full ma/]y ( _m div]g5t & opposite ve9s ( reason+--a k1 negative & affirmative1 ( ! full case ( oppon5ts z well z ( 8 own4 ,x is to ,philosophy alone t our allegiance is sworn2 & :ile we concur mo/ly ) ,mr ,mill's op9ions1 we numb] bo? him & ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton z a noble pair ( bre?r51 s]v+ alike 9 h] tra94 ,amicus ,hamilton2 magis amicus ,mill2 amica ante omnes ,philosophia4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,mr ,mansel & ,mr ,veit*1 ! editors ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's ,lectures on ,metaphysics1 po/hum\sly publi%$1 say 9 _! preface 7p4 xiii47-- ',= tw5ty ye>s--f #ahcf to #ahef--! c\rses ( logic & metaphysics 7 ! means ?r\gh :i* ,sir ,william ,hamilton s\ght to discipl9e & imbue ) 8 philosophical op9ions ! num]\s y\? :o ga!r$ f ,scotl& & o!r c\ntries to 8 classroom2 & :ile1 by ^! prelections1 ! au?or supplem5t$1 develop$1 & m\ld$ ! national philosophy1 leav+ !reon ! ineffaceable impress ( 8 g5ius & le>n+1 he1 at ! same "t & by ! same means1 ex]cis$ ov] ! intellects & feel+s ( 8 pupils an influ5ce :i*1 = dep?1 feel+1 & elevation1 0 c]ta9ly nev] surpass$ by t ( any philosophical in/ructor4 ,among 8 pupils !re are n a few :o1 hav+ liv$ = a season "u ! con/ra9+ p[] ( 8 intellect1 & be5 l$ to reflect on ^? great que/ions reg>d+ ! "*1 orig91 & b\nds ( human k1 :i* 8 tea*+ /irr$ & quick5$1 be> ! memory ( _! belov$ & rev]$ in/ructor insep>ably bl5d$ ) :at is highe/ 9 _! pres5t intellectual life1 z well z 9 _! practical aims & aspirations4' ,footnote #b3 ,we are happy to f9d su* high au?orities z ,dr ,:ewell1 ,mr ,samuel ,bailey1 & ,sir ,john ,h]s*el concurr+ 9 ?is e/imation ( ! new logical po9t ( view ?us op5$ by ,mr ,mill4 ,we w n call x a discov]y1 s9ce ,sir ,john ,h]s*el ?9ks ! expression unsuitable4--,see ! rec5t six? edition ( ! ',sy/em ( ,logic1' vol4 i4 p4 #bbi4 ,footnote #c3 ,see ,sir ,william4 ,hamilton's ',lectures on ,logic' 7,lect4 xvii4 p4 #cbj1 #cba2 also ,app5dix to ^? ,lectures1 p4 #cfa74 ,he "h di/+ui%es also =mal induction f1 mat]ial induction1 :i* latt] he br+s "u ! grasp ( syllogism1 by an hypo!sis 9 sub/ance simil> to t ( ,:ately4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 9 ,lecture xix4 7p4 #chj71 a passage 9 a v diff]5t _s1 :i* "o might almo/ imag9e to h be5 writt5 by ,mr ,mill3 ',9 reg>d to simple syllogisms1 x 0 an orig9al dogma ( ! ,platonic s*ool1 & an e>ly dogma ( ! ,p]ipatetic1 t sci5ce1 /rictly s call$1 0 only conv]sant )1 & 0 exclusively conta9$ 91 univ]sals2 & ! doctr9e ( ,ari/otle1 :i* taught t all our g5]al k is only an induction f an obs]vation ( p>ticul>s1 0 too easily =gott5 or p]v]t$ by 8 foll[]s4 ,x ?us obta9$ almo/ ! =ce ( an ackn[l$g$ pr9ciple t ev]y?+ to be kn[n mu/ be kn[n "u "s g5]al =m or notion4 ,h5ce ! exagg]at$ importance attribut$ to def9ition & d$uction2 x n be+ consid]$ t we only take out ( a g5]al notion :at we _h previ\sly plac$ !re91 & t ! amplification ( our k is n to be s\ght = f above b f bel[--n f speculation ab\t ab/ract g5]alities1 b f ! obs]vation ( concrete p>ticul>s4 ,bat h[ev] errone\s & irrational1 ! p]suasion _h its day & influ5ce1 & x p]haps det]m9$1 z "o ( its effects1 ! total neglect ( "o half1 & t n ! lea/ important half ( ! reason+ process4' ,^! v j obs]vations are sugge/$ to ,sir ,william ,hamilton by a tra9 ( ?\ght :i* has little natural t5d5cy to sugge/ !m1 viz41 by ! di/9ction ^u :i* he s mu* insi/s1 betwe5 ! logic ( compreh5sion & ! logic ( ext5sion1 & by 8 anxiety to expla9 :y ! =m] _h be5 exclusively cultivat$ & ! latt] neglect$4 ,t :i* ,sir ,william ,hamilton calls "h truly ! doctr9e ( ,ari/otle 7enunciat$ especially at ! close ( ! ,analyt4 ,po/471 & :i* he /ates to h be5 =gott5 by ,ari/otle's foll[]s1 0 n always rememb]$ by ,ari/otle himself4 ,footnote #d3 ,! di/9ction is giv5 by ,/i] & o!r logicians4 #a4 ,inf9itum simplicit]4 #b4 ,inf9itum secundum quid1 sive 9 c]to g5]e4 ,footnote #e3 ,?is doctr9e has be5 affirm$ 7s f> z reason is conc]n$1 ap>t f revelation7 n m]ely by ,mr ,mansel1 b also by ,pascal1 "o ( ! mo/ religi\s philosoph]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 9 ! ',p5ses'3-- ',p>lons selon les lumi]es naturelles4 ,s'il y a un ,dieu1 il e/ inf9im5t incomprh5sible2 puisque1 n'ayant ni pr9cipes ni bornes1 il n'a nul rapport n\s2 n\s sommes done incapables de connitre ni ce qn'il e/1 ni s'il e/4'--7,see ,arago1 ,biographie de ,condorcet1 p4 lxxxiv41 prefix$ to 8 edition ( ,condorcet's works47 ,footnote #f3 ,! indictm5t "u :i* ,socrates 0 condemn$ at ,a!ns1 z report$ by ,x5ophon at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,memorabilia1 ran ?us--',socrates is guilty ( crime1 inasmu* z he does n believe 9 ^? ,gods 9 :om ! ,city believes1 b introduces o!r novelties 9 reg>d to ! ,gods2 he is guilty also1 inasmu* z he corrupts ! y\?4' ,^! words express cle>ly a s5tim5t ent]ta9$ n m]ely by ! ,a!nian p1 b g5]ally by o!r societies also4 ,!y all agree 9 antipa?y to free1 individual1 diss5t+ reason2 ?\gh t antipa?y manife/s itself by acts1 m h>% 9 "o place1 less h>% 9 ano!r4 ,! ,h9doo :o decl>es himself a conv]t to ,*ri/ianity1 becomes at ! same "t an outca/ 7,greek3 aphrhtr1 a?hemi/os1 anhe/ios7 among ^? ^: ,gods he has des]t$4 ,z a g5]al fact1 ! man :o diss5ts f 8 fell[s ^u fundam5tals ( religion1 pur*ases an undi/urb$ life only by be+ cont5t ) t 'semi-lib]ty "u sil5ce & concealm5t1' = :i* ,cic]o 0 ?ankful "u ! dictator%ip ( ,julius ,cs>4 ',obsecro--abiiciamus i/a et semi-lib]i salt]n1 simus2 quod assequemur et tac5do et lat5do' 7,epi/4 ad ,attic1 xiii4 #ca74 ,contra/ ) ?is ! memorable decl>ation ( ,socrates1 9 ! ,platonic ,apology1 t sil5ce & ab/95ce f cross-exam9ation 7 intol]able to him2 t life w\ld n be wor? hav+ "u su* conditions4 ,footnote #g3 ,aes*yl4 ,prome?41 #iif-ajjf-- pros tauta1 rhip!/h m5 ai?al\ssa phlox1 leykop!rps de niphadi kai bron?mas9 *?onhiois kykhat phanta kahi t>as%et gnhampsei g> oud5 tndhe m'---- eisel!t se mhpot1 hs eg1 ,dios gnhmn phob!is1 ?lhynoys g5hsomai1 kai lip>hs ton mhega /ygohym5on gynaikomhimois hyptihysmas9 *]hn1 ly%ai me dhesmn tnde toy pantos ohe4 ,also v4 #ajdg1 et seq4 ,! memorable ode ( ,goe!1 entitl$ ,prome!us1 embodies a simil> ve9 ( s5tim5t 9 ! f9e/ poetry4 ,footnote #h3 ,euripid ,hippol41 #aj-- 7,aph7 oh g> me ?aeseos pais1 ',amazonos tokos monos politon taesde gaes ,troiza5ias legei kaki/a5 daimonon pephuk5ai ,phoib\ d' adelpha5 ,artem91-- tima1 megiota5 daimonon aeg\m5os-- 7,hipp47 ta5 sa5 dhe ,khypr9 pholl' heg ,*aire9 lhego-- 7#aab47 ,see also v4 #acbh--adjb4 ,footnote #i3 ,h]odot4 t4 #cb4 ,o ,kroise1 epi/um5on me to !ion pan eohn ph?on]ohn te kai t>axodes1 epeirotas ahn?ropaeion pragmhaton ph]i2 also iii4 #dj ,footnote #aj3 ,see ,eurip4 ,hipp41 #f-if-adi4 ,! language ( ! att5dant1 aft] 8 affectionate remon/rance to ,hippolytus _h be5 disreg>d$1 supplicat+ ,aphrodit to p>don ! recalcitrancy ( t virtu\s b ob/9ate y\?1 is *>act]i/ic & t\*+ 7#aad-abj47 ,footnote #aa3 ,see especially 8 *apt] ii4 on ! ,s5sations ( ,sight1 pp4 #bbb1 #bda--bdg1 9 ! second edition ( ?is "w4 ,footnote #ab3 ,desc>tes says1 9 8 ',pr9cipia ,philosophi1' i #ea--';,et quidem sub/antia qu null plan re indigeat1 unica tantum pote/ intelligi--nempe ,deus4 ,alias v]o omnes1 non nisi ope concurss ,dei exi/]e posse p]spicimus4 ,atque ideo nom5 sub/anti non conv5it ,deo et illis univoc1 ut dici solet 9 s*olis1 hoc e/1 nulla ejus nom9is significatio pote/ di/9ct intelligi1 qu ,deo et creaturis sit communis4' ,footnote #ac3 ,at ! same "t1 we _c g along ) ,mr ,mill 9 ! foll[+ affirmation 7p4 #bja73-- ',?is natural probability is conv]t$ into c]ta9ty :5 we take into consid]ation t univ]sal law ( our exp]i5ce :i* is t]m$ ! ,law ( ,causation1 & :i* makes u unable to conceive ! beg9n+ ( any?+ )\t an antec$5t condition1 or cause4' ,su* 'inability to conceive' appe>s to u n 9 correspond5ce ) facts4 ,fir/1 x _c be prop]ly ei!r affirm$ or d5i$1 until agreem5t is obta9$ :at ! ^w cause means4 ,if ?ree p]sons1 ,a1 ,b1 & ,c1 agree 9 affirm+ x--,a adopt+ ! mean+ ( ,ari/otle1 ,b t ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 & ,c t ( ,mr ,mill--! agreem5t is purely v]bal2 or r1 all ?ree concur 9 hav+ a m5tal exig5cy press+ = satisfaction1 b diff] z to ! hypo!sis :i* satisfies x4 ,next1 if we reason ^u ,mr ,mill's !ory z to ,cause1 c]ta9ly ^? :o d5y 8 !ory c h no difficulty 9 conceiv+ ev5ts )\t any cause 79 t s5se73 nor h ^? :o adopt ?is !ory any great] difficulty4 ,^! latt] believe t !re are1 ?r\gh\t1 con/ant & uni=m conditions on :i* ! occurr5ce ( e ev5t dep5ds2 b !y c p]fectly conceive ev5ts z occurr+ )\t any su* uni=m sequ5ce4 ,9 tru?1 ! belief 9 su* causation1 z p]vad+ all nature1 is an acquir$ result ( sci5tific tra9+4 ,! great] "p ( mank9d believe t "s ev5ts occur 9 regul>1 o!rs 9 irregul> succession4 ,moreov]1 a full half ( ! metaphysical _w esp\se ! doctr9e ( free-w1 & consid] t all volitions occur )\t any cause at all4 ,footnote #ad3 ,among ! v>i\s au?orities 7^u ?is "q ( quantify+ ! pr$icate7 collect$ by ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton 9 ! valuable ,app5dix to 8 ',lectures on ,logic1' we f9d "o 7p4 #caa7 :i* takes ! same gr\nd ( objection z ,mr ,mill1 9 ^! words3--',! cause :y ! quantitative note is n usually jo9$ ) ! pr$icate1 is1 t !re w\ld ?us be two qusita at once2 to wit1 :e!r ! pr$icate 7 affirm$ ( ! subject1 & :e!r x 7 d5i$ ( ev]y?+ beside4 ,= :5 we say1 all man is all rational1 we judge t all man is rational1 & judge likewise t rational is d5i$ ( ev]y?+ b man4 ,b ^! are1 9 reality1 two diff]5t qusita2 & !re=e x has become usual to /ate !m1 n 9 "o1 b 9 two sev]al propositions4 ,& ?is is self-evid5t1 see+ t a qusitum1 9 itself1 asks only--,does or does n ?is inh]e 9 t8 & n ,does or does n ?is inh]e 9 t1 & at ! same "t inh]e 9 no?+ else8' ,! au?or ( ?is j & sagaci\s rem>k--mu* surpass+ :at ! o!r writ]s quot$ 9 ! ,app5dix say--0 a ,jew :o di$ at ,p]pignan 9 or ne> #acgj1 nam$ ,levi ,b5 ,g]son or ,g]sonides4 ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ?is man1 em95t z a writ] & ?9k] 9 8 age1 w be f\nd 9 a biography by ,dr ,joel1 publi%$ at ,breslau 9 #ahfb1 ',levi ,b5 ,g]son als ,religions--philosoph4' ,he di/+ui%$ himself z a writ] on !ology1 philosophy1 & a/ronomy2 he 0 "o ( ! successors to ! free speculative ve9 ( ,maimonides1 & "o ( ! cont9uators ( ! ,arabic ,ari/otelian philosophy4 ,he bo? comm5t$ on & combat$ ! doctr9es ( ,av]roes4 ,dr ,joel ?9ks t he di$ e>li] ?an #acgj4