,a ,,plurali/ic ,,univ]se ,hibb]t ,lectures at ,man*e/] ,college on ! ,pres5t ,situation 9 ,philosophy ,,by ,,william ,,james #aiji ,,cont5ts ,,lecture ,i ,,! ,,types ,,( ,,philosophic ,,?9k+ #a ,our age is gr[+ philosophical aga91 #c4 ,*ange ( tone s9ce #ahfj1 #d4 ,empiricism & ,rationalism def9$1 #g4 ,! process ( ,philosophiz+3 ,philosoph]s *oose "s "p ( ! _w to int]pret ! :ole by1 #h4 ,!y seek to make x seem less /range1 #aa4 ,_! temp]am5tal diff]5ces1 #ab4 ,_! sy/ems mu/ be reason$ out1 #ac4 ,_! t5d5cy to ov]-te*nicality1 #ae4 ,excess ( ?is 9 ,g]many1 #ag4 ,! type ( vision is ! important ?+ 9 a philosoph]1 #bj4 ,primitive ?\ght1 #ba4 ,spiritualism & ,mat]ialism3 ,spiritualism %[s two types1 #bc4 ,!ism & ,pan!ism1 #bd4 ,!ism makes a duality ( ,man & ,god1 & leaves ,man an outsid]1 #be4 ,pan!ism id5tifies ,man ) ,god1 #bi4 ,! contempor>y t5d5cy is t[>ds ,pan!ism1 #cj4 ,legitimacy ( our dem& to be ess5tial 9 ! ,univ]se1 #cc4 ,pluralism v]sus ,monism3 ,! 'ea*- =m' & ! 'all-=m' ( repres5t+ ! _w1 #cd4 ,pr(essor ,jacks quot$1 #ce4 ,absolute ,idealism *>act]iz$1 #cf4 ,peculi>ities ( ! f9ite consci\sness :i* ! ,absolute _c %>e1 #ch4 ,! f9ite /ill rema9s outside ( absolute reality1 #dj4 ,,lecture ,,ii ,,moni/ic ,,idealism #da ,recapitulation1 #dc4 ,radical ,pluralism is to be ! !sis ( ^! lectures1 #dd4 ,mo/ philosoph]s contemn x1 #de4 ,=eignness to u ( ,bradley's ,absolute1 #df4 ,sp9oza & 'quat5us1'#dg4 ,difficulty ( sympa?iz+ ) ! ,absolute1 #dh4 ,ideali/ic attempt to int]pret x1 #ej4 ,pr(essor ,jones quot$1 #eb4 ,absoluti/ refutations ( ,pluralism1 #ed4 ,criticism ( ,lotze's pro( ( ,monism by ! analysis ( :at int]action involves1 #ee4 ,vici\s intellectualism def9$1 #fj4 ,royce's alt]native3 ei!r ! complete disunion or ! absolute union ( ?+s1 #fa4 ,bradley's dialectic difficulties ) relations1 #fi4 ,ineffici5cy ( ! ,absolute z a rationaliz+ rem$y1 #ga4 ,t5d5cy ( ,rationali/s to fly to extremes1 #gd4 ,! "q ( 'ext]nal' relations1 #gi4 ,transition to ,hegel1 #ia4 ,,lecture ,,iii ,,hegel ,,& ,,8 ,,me?od #hc ,hegel's influ5ce4 #he4 ,! type ( 8 vision is impressioni/ic1 #hg4 ,! 'dialectic' elem5t 9 reality1 #hh4 ,pluralism involves possible conflicts among ?+s1 #ij4 ,hegel expla9s conflicts by ! mutual contradictor9ess ( concepts1 #ia4 ,criticism ( 8 attempt to transc5d ord9>y logic1 #ib4 ,examples ( ! 'dialectic' con/itution ( ?+s1 #ie4 ,! rationali/ic ideal3 propositions self-secur+ by means ( d\ble negation1 #aja4 ,sublimity ( ! conception1 #ajd4 ,criticism ( ,hegel's acc\nt3 x involves vici\s intellectualism1 #aje4 ,hegel is a se] r ?an a reason]1 #ajg4 ',! ,absolute' & ',god' are two diff]5t notions1 #aaj4 ,utility ( ! ,absolute 9 conf]r+ m5tal peace1 #aad4 ,b ?is is c\nt]balanc$ by ! peculi> p>adoxes :i* x introduces into philosophy1 #aaf4 ,leibnitz & ,lotze on ! 'fall' involv$ 9 ! creation ( ! f9ite1 #aai4 ,joa*im on ! fall ( tru? into error1 #aba4 ,! _w ( ! absoluti/ _c be p]fect1 #abc4 ,plurali/ic conclusions1 #abe4 ,,lecture ,,iv ,,conc]n+ ,,fe*n] #aca ,sup]human consci\sness does n necess>ily imply an absolute m9d1 #acd4 ,?9ness ( contempor>y absolutism1 #ace4 ,! tone ( ,fe*n]'s empirici/ pan!ism contra/$ ) t ( ! rationali/ic sort1 #add4 ,fe*n]'s life1 #ade4 ,8 vision1 ! 'daylight view1' #aej4 ,8 way ( reason+ by analogy1 #aea4 ,! :ole univ]se animat$1 #aeb4 ,8 moni/ic =mula is uness5tial1 #aec4 ,! ,e>?-,s\l1 #aef4 ,its diff]5ces f our s\ls1 #afj4 ,! e>? z an angel1 #afd4 ,! ,plant-,s\l1 #afe4 ,! logic us$ by ,fe*n]1 #afh4 ,8 !ory ( immortality1 #agj4 ,! '?ickness' ( 8 imag9ation1 #agc4 ,inf]iority ( ! ord9>y transc5d5tali/ pan!ism1 to 8 vision1 #agd4 ,,lecture ,v ,,! ,,comp\nd+ ,,( ,,consci\sness #agi ,! assumption t /ates ( m9d may comp\nd !mselves1 #aha4 ,?is assumption is held 9 common by naturali/ic psy*ology1 by transc5d5tal idealism1 & by ,fe*n]1 #ahd4 ,criticism ( x by ! pres5t writ] 9 a =m] book1 #ahh4 ,physical comb9ations1 s-call$1 _c be invok$ z analog\s1 #aid4 ,nev]!less1 comb9ation mu/ be po/ulat$ among ! p>ts ( ! ,univ]se1 #aig4 ,! logical objections to admitt+ x1 #aih4 ,rationali/ic treatm5t ( ! "q br+s u to an impasse1 #bjh4 ,a radical brea* ) intellectualism is requir$1 #bab4 ,transition to ,b]gson's philosophy1 #bad4 ,abusive use ( concepts1 #bai4 ,,lecture ,,vi ,,b]gson ,,& ,,8 ,,critique ,,( ,,intellectualism #bbc ,pr(essor ,b]gson's p]sonality1 #bbe4 ,a*illes & ! tortoise1 #bbh4 ,n a sophism1 #bbi4 ,we make motion un9telligible :5 we treat x by /atic concepts1 #bcc4 ,conceptual treatm5t is nev]!less ( imm5se practical use1 #bce4 ,! traditional rationalism gives an ess5tially /atic univ]se1 #bcg4 ,intol]abl5ess ( ! intellectuali/ view1 #bdj4 ,no rationali/ acc\nt is possible ( action1 *ange1 or imm$iate life1 #bdd4 ,! function ( concepts is practical r ?an !oretical1 #bdg4 ,b]gson rem&s u to intuition or s5sational exp]i5ce = ! und]/&+ ( h[ life makes itself g1 #beb4 ,:at ,b]gson means by ?is1 #bee4 ,manyness 9 on5ess mu/ be admitt$1 #bef4 ,:at really exi/s is n ?+s made1 b ?+s 9 ! mak+1 #bfc4 ,b]gson's orig9ality1 #bfd4 ,impot5ce ( intellectuali/ logic to def9e a univ]se :]e *ange is cont9u\s1 #bfg4 ,liv+ly1 ?+s are _! own o!rs1 s t !re is a s5se 9 :i* ,hegel's logic is true1 #bgj4 ,,lecture ,,vii ,,! ,,cont9uity ,,( ,,exp]i5ce #bge ,gre5's critique ( ,s5sationalism1 #bgh4 ,relations are z imm$iately felt z t]ms are1 #bhj4 ,! union ( ?+s is giv5 9 ! imm$iate flux1 n 9 any conceptual reason t ov]comes ! flux's aborig9al incoh]5ce1 #bhb4 ,! m9ima ( exp]i5ce z vehicles ( cont9uity1 #bhd4 ,fallacy ( ! objections to self-comp\nd+1 #bhf4 ,! concrete units ( exp]i5ce are '_! own o!rs1' #bhg4 ,reality is conflu5t f next to next1 #bij4 ,intellectualism mu/ be s9c]ely r5\nc$1 #bia4 ,! ,absolute is only an hypo!sis1 #bib4 ,fe*n]'s ,god is n ! ,absolute1 #bih4 ,! ,absolute solves no intellectuali/ difficulty1 #bif4 ,does sup]human consci\sness probably exi/8 #bih4 ,,lecture ,,viii ,,conclusions #cja ,specifically religi\s exp]i5ces occur1 #cjc4 ,_! nature1 #cjd4 ,!y corroborate ! notion ( a l>g] life ( :i* we are a "p1 #cjh4 ,?is life mu/ be f9ite if we are to escape ! p>adoxes ( monism1 #caj4 ,god z a f9ite be+1 #caa4 ,empiricism is a bett] ally ?an rationalism1 ( religion1 #cac4 ,empirical pro(s ( l>g] m9d may op5 ! door to sup]/itions1 #cae4 ,b ?is objection %\ld n be deem$ fatal1 #caf4 ,our beliefs =m p>ts ( reality1 #cag4 ,9 plurali/ic empiricism our relation to ,god rema9s lea/ =eign1 #cah4 ,! ^w 'rationality' _h bett] be replac$ by ! ^w 'intimacy1' #cai4 ,monism & pluralism di/+ui%$ & def9$1 #cba4 ,pluralism involves indet]m9ism1 #cbd4 ,all m5 use ! 'fai?-ladd]' 9 rea*+ _! decision1 #cbh4 ,conclusion1 #ccj4 ,,notes #ccc ,,app5dices ,a4 ,,! ,,?+ ,,& ,,its ,,relations #hdg ,b4 ,,! ,,exp]i5ce ,,( ,,activity #hgj ,c4 ,,on ,,! ,,notion ,,( ,,reality ,,z ,,*ang+ #hie ,,index #dja ,,lecture ,i ,,! ,,types ,,( ,,philosophic ,,?9k+ ,z ^! lectures are meant to be public1 & s few1 ,i h assum$ all v special problems to be exclud$1 & "s topic ( g5]al int]e/ requir$4 ,=tunately1 our age seems to be gr[+ philosophical aga9--/ill 9 ! a%es live ! wont$ fires4 ,ox=d1 long ! se$-b$1 = ! engli% _w1 ( ! idealism inspir$ by ,kant & ,hegel1 has rec5tly become ! nurs]y ( a v diff]5t way ( ?9k+4 ,ev5 non-philosoph]s h begun to take an int]e/ 9 a controv]sy ov] :at is kn[n z pluralism or humanism4 ,x looks a little z if ! anci5t engli% empirism1 s long put out ( fa%ion "h by nobl] s\nd+ g]manic =mulas1 might be replum+ itself & gett+ ready = a /rong] flight ?an ev]4 ,x looks z if f\ndations 7 be+ s\nd$ & exam9$ afre%4 ,individuality outruns all classification1 yet we insi/ on classify+ e "o we meet "u "s g5]al head4 ,z ^! heads usually sugge/ prejudicial associations to "s he>] or o!r1 ! life ( philosophy l>gely consi/s ( res5tm5ts at ! class+1 & compla9ts ( be+ misund]/ood4 ,b !re are signs ( cle>+ up1 &1 on ! :ole1 less acrimony 9 discussion1 = :i* bo? ,ox=d & ,h>v>d are p>tly to be ?ank$4 ,z ,i look back into ! sixties1 ,mill1 ,ba91 & ,hamilton 7 ! only (ficial philosoph]s 9 ,brita94 ,sp5c]1 ,m>t9eau1 & ,hodgson 7 j beg9n+4 ,9 ,france1 ! pupils ( ,c\s9 7 delv+ into hi/ory only1 & ,r5\vi] alone _h an orig9al sy/em4 ,9 ,g]many1 ! hegelian impetus _h sp5t itself1 &1 ap>t f hi/orical s*ol>%ip1 no?+ b ! mat]iali/ic controv]sy rema9$1 ) su* m5 z ,b*n] & ,ulrici z its *ampions4 ,lotze & ,fe*n] 7 ! sole orig9al ?9k]s1 & ,fe*n] 0 n a pr(essional philosoph] at all4 ,! g5]al impression made 0 ( crude issues & oppositions1 ( small subtlety & ( a widely spread ignorance4 ,amateuri%ness 0 rampant4 ,samuel ,bailey's 'lett]s on ! philosophy ( ! human m9d1' publi%$ 9 #ahee1 are "o ( ! able/ expressions ( engli% associationism1 & a book ( real p[]4 ,yet he> h[ he writes ( ,kant3 ',no "o1 aft] read+ ! extracts1 etc41 c be surpris$ to he> ( a decl>ation by m5 ( em95t abilities1 t1 aft] ye>s ( /udy1 !y _h n succe$$ 9 ga!r+ "o cle> idea f ! speculations ( ,kant4 ,i %\ld h be5 almo/ surpris$ if !y _h4 ,9 or ab\t #ahah1 ,"l ,gr5ville1 :5 visit+ ! ,lakes ( ,engl&1 obs]v$ to ,pr(essor ,wilson t1 aft] five ye>s' /udy ( ,kant's philosophy1 he _h n ga!r$ f x "o cle> idea4 ,wilb]=ce1 ab\t ! same "t1 made ! same confession to ano!r fri5d ( my own4 ,i am endeavor+1 exclaims ,sir ,james ,mack9to%1 9 ! irritation1 evid5tly1 ( baffl$ ef=ts1 to und]/& ?is accurs$ g]man philosophy4#a ,:at ,ox=d ?9k] w\ld d>e to pr9t su* naf & prov9cial-s\nd+ citations ( au?ority to-day8 ,! tor* ( le>n+ passes f l& to l& z ! _s bl[e? ! flame4 ,! deep5+ ( philosophic consci\sness came to u engli% folk f ,g]many1 z x w probably pass back ere long4 ,f]ri]1 ,j4,h4 ,/irl+1 &1 mo/ ( all1 ,t4,h4 ,gre5 are to be ?ank$4 ,if ask$ to tell 9 broad /rokes :at ! ma9 doctr9al *ange has be51 ,i %\ld call x a *ange f ! crudity ( ! old] engli% ?9k+1 its ultra-simplicity ( m9d1 bo? :5 x 0 religi\s & :5 x 0 anti-religi\s1 t[>d a rationalism d]iv$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance f ,g]many1 b reliev$ f g]man te*nicality & %rillness1 & cont5t to sugge/1 & to rema9 vague1 & to be1 91 ! engli% fa%ion1 dev\t4 ,by ! "t ,t4,h4 ,gre5 began at ,ox=d1 ! g5]ation seem$ to feel z if x _h f$ on ! *opp$ /raw ( psy*ology & ( associationism long en\gh1 & z if a little va/ness1 ev5 ?\gh x w5t ) vagu5ess1 z ( "s moi/ w9d f f> away1 rem9d+ u ( our pre-natal sublimity1 w\ld be welcome4 ,gre5's great po9t ( attack 0 ! disconnect$ness ( ! reign+ engli% s5sationalism4 ,relat+ 0 ! great intellectual activity = him1 & ! key to ?is relat+ 0 believ$ by him to lodge itself at la/ 9 :at mo/ ( y "k z ,kant's unity ( app]ception1 trans=m$ into a liv+ _s ( ! _w4 ,h5ce a monism ( a dev\t k9d4 ,9 "s way we mu/ be fall5 angels1 "o ) intellig5ce z su*2 & a great disda9 = empiricism ( ! s5sationali/ sort has always *>act]iz$ ?is s*ool ( ?\ght1 :i*1 on ! :ole1 has reign$ supreme at ,ox=d & 9 ! ,scotti% univ]sities until ! pres5t day4 ,b n[ !re are signs ( its giv+ way to a wave ( revis$ empiricism4 ,i confess t ,i %\ld be glad to see ?is late/ wave prevail2 s--! soon] ,i am frank ab\t x ! bett]--,i hope to h my voice c\nt$ 9 its favor z "o ( ! results ( ?is lecture-c\rse4 ,:at d ! t]ms empiricism & rationalism mean8 ,r$uc$ to _! mo/ pregnant diff]5ce1 empiricism means ! habit ( expla9+ :oles by p>ts1 & rationalism means ! habit ( expla9+ p>ts by :oles4 ,rationalism ?us pres]ves aff9ities ) monism1 s9ce :ol5ess goes ) union1 :ile empiricism incl9es to plurali/ic views4 ,no philosophy c ev] be any?+ b a summ>y sket*1 a picture ( ! _w 9 abridgm5t1 a =e%ort5$ bird's-eye view ( ! p]spective ( ev5ts4 ,& ! fir/ ?+ to notice is ?is1 t ! only mat]ial we h at our disposal = mak+ a picture ( ! :ole _w is suppli$ by ! v>i\s portions ( t _w ( :i* we h already _h exp]i5ce4 ,we c inv5t no new =ms ( conception1 applicable to ! :ole exclusively1 & n sugge/$ orig9ally by ! p>ts4 ,all philosoph]s1 accord+ly1 h conceiv$ ( ! :ole _w aft] ! analogy ( "s p>ticul> feature ( x :i* has p>ticul>ly captivat$ _! att5tion4 ,?us1 ! !i/s take _! cue f manufacture1 ! pan!i/s f gr[?4 ,= "o man1 ! _w is l a ?\ght or a grammatical s5t5ce 9 :i* a ?\ght is express$4 ,= su* a philosoph]1 ! :ole mu/ logically be prior to ! p>ts2 = lett]s w\ld nev] h be5 inv5t$ )\t syllables to spell1 or syllables )\t words to utt]4 ,ano!r man1 /ruck by ! disconnect$ness & mutual accid5tality ( s _m ( ! _w's details1 takes ! univ]se z a :ole to h be5 su* a disconnect$ness orig9ally1 & supposes ord] to h be5 sup]9duc$ ^u x 9 ! second in/ance1 possibly by attrition & ! gradual we>+ away by int]nal friction ( portions t orig9ally int]f]$4 ,ano!r w conceive ! ord] z only a /ati/ical appe>ance1 & ! univ]se w be = him l a va/ grab-bag ) black & :ite balls 9 x1 ( :i* we guess ! quantities only probably1 by ! frequ5cy ) :i* we exp]i5ce _! egress4 ,= ano!r1 aga91 !re is no really inh]5t ord]1 b x is we :o project ord] into ! _w by select+ objects & trac+ relations s z to gratify our intellectual int]e/s4 ,we c>ve out ord] by leav+ ! disord]ly p>ts out2 & ! _w is conceiv$ ?us aft] ! analogy ( a =e/ or a block ( m>ble f :i* p>ks or /atues may be produc$ by elim9at+ irrelevant trees or *ips ( /one4 ,"s ?9k]s foll[ sugge/ions f human life1 & treat ! univ]se z if x 7 ess5tially a place 9 :i* ideals are realiz$4 ,o!rs are m /ruck by its l[] features1 & = !m1 brute necessities express its "* bett]4 ,all foll[ "o analogy or ano!r2 & all ! analogies are ) "s "o or o!r ( ! univ]se's subdivisions4 ,e "o is nev]!less prone to claim t 8 conclusions are ! only logical ones1 t !y are necessities ( univ]sal reason1 !y be+ all ! :ile1 at bottom1 accid5ts m or less ( p]sonal vision :i* _h f> bett] be av[$ z su*2 = "o man's vision may be mu* m valuable ?an ano!r's1 & our visions are usually n only our mo/ int]e/+ b our mo/ respectable contributions to ! _w 9 :i* we play our "p4 ,:at 0 reason giv5 to m5 =1 said "s eighte5? c5tury writ]1 except to enable !m to f9d reasons = :at !y want to ?9k & d8--& ,i ?9k ! hi/ory ( philosophy l>gely be>s him out1 ',! aim ( k1' says ,hegel1#b 'is to dive/ ! objective _w ( its /rang5ess1 & to make u m at home 9 x4' ,diff]5t m5 f9d _! m9ds m at home 9 v diff]5t fragm5ts ( ! _w4 ,let me make a few comm5ts1 "h1 on ! curi\s antipa?ies :i* ^! p>tialities ar\se4 ,!y are sov]eignly unju/1 = all ! p>ties are human be+s ) ! same ess5tial int]e/s1 & no "o ( !m is ! :olly p]v]se demon :i* ano!r (t5 imag9es him to be4 ,bo? are loyal to ! _w t be>s !m2 nei!r wi%es to spoil x2 nei!r wi%es to reg>d x z an insane incoh]5ce2 bo? want to keep x z a univ]se ( "s k9d2 & _! diff]5ces are all second>y to ?is deep agreem5t4 ,!y may be only prop5sities to emphasize diff]5tly4 ,or "o man may c>e = f9ality & security m ?an ! o!r4 ,or _! ta/es 9 language may be diff]5t4 ,"o may l a univ]se t l5ds itself to l(ty & exalt$ *>act]ization4 ,to ano!r ?is may seem s5tim5tal or rhetorical4 ,"o may wi% = ! "r to use a cl]ical vocabul>y1 ano!r a te*nical or pr(essorial "o4 ,a c]ta9 old f>m] ( my acqua9tance 9 ,am]ica 0 call$ a rascal by "o ( 8 neighbors4 ,he imm$iately smote ! man1 say+1',i won't /& none ( y\r dim9utive epi!ts4' ,empirici/ m9ds1 putt+ ! p>ts be=e ! :ole1 appe> to rationali/s1 :o />t f ! :ole1 & consequ5tly enjoy magniloqu5t privileges1 to use epi!ts (f5sively dim9utive4 ,b all su* diff]5ces are m9or matt]s :i* ought to be subord9at$ 9 view ( ! fact t1 :e!r we be empirici/s or rationali/s1 we are1 ourselves1 p>ts ( ! univ]se & %>e ! same "o deep conc]n 9 its de/9ies4 ,we crave alike to feel m truly at home ) x1 & to contribute our mite to its amelioration4 ,x w\ld be pitiful if small ae/hetic discords 7 to keep hone/ m5 asund]4 ,i %all myself h use = ! dim9utive epi!ts ( empiricism4 ,b if y look beh9d ! words at ! _s1 ,i am sure y w n f9d x matricidal4 ,i am z good a son z any rationali/ among y to our common "m4 ,:at tr\bles me m ?an ?is misappreh5sion is ! g5u9e ab/rus5ess ( _m ( ! matt]s ,i %all be oblig$ to talk ab\t1 & ! difficulty ( mak+ !m intelligible at "o he>+4 ,b !re two pieces1 'zwei /cke1' z ,kant w\ld h said1 9 e philosophy--! f9al outlook1 belief1 or attitude to :i* x br+s u1 & ! reason+s by :i* t attitude is rea*$ & m$iat$4 ,a philosophy1 z ,james ,f]ri] us$ to tell u1 mu/ inde$ be true1 b t is ! lea/ ( its requirem5ts4 ,"o may be true )\t be+ a philosoph]1 true by guesswork or by revelation4 ,:at di/+ui%es a philosoph]'s tru? is t x is reason$4 ,argum5t1 n supposition1 mu/ h put x 9 8 possession4 ,common m5 f9d !mselves inh]it+ _! beliefs1 !y "k n h[4 ,!y jump into !m ) bo? feet1 & /& !re4 ,philosoph]s mu/ d m2 !y mu/ fir/ get reason's lic5se = !m2 & to ! pr(essional philosophic m9d ! op]ation ( procur+ ! lic5se is usually a ?+ ( mu* m pi? & mom5t ?an any p>ticul> beliefs to :i* ! lic5se may give ! rights ( access4 ,suppose1 = example1 t a philosoph] believes 9 :at is call$ free-w4 ,t a common man alongside ( him %\ld also %>e t belief1 possess+ x by a sort ( inborn intuition1 does n ende> ! man to ! philosoph] at all--he may ev5 be a%am$ to be associat$ ) su* a man4 ,:at int]e/s ! philosoph] is ! p>ticul> premises on :i* ! free-w he believes 9 is e/abli%$1 ! s5se 9 :i* x is tak51 ! objections x eludes1 ! difficulties x takes acc\nt (1 9 %ort ! :ole =m & temp] & mann] & te*nical app>atus t goes ) ! belief 9 "q4 ,a philosoph] across ! way :o %\ld use ! same te*nical app>atus1 mak+ ! same di/9ctions1 etc41 b draw+ opposite conclusions & d5y+ free-w entirely1 w\ld fasc9ate ! fir/ philosoph] f> m ?an w\ld ! naf co-believ]4 ,_! common te*nical int]e/s w\ld unite !m m ?an _! opposite conclusions sep>ate !m4 ,ea* w\ld feel an ess5tial consangu9ity 9 ! o!r1 w\ld ?9k ( him1 write at him1 c>e = 8 good op9ion4 ,! simple-m9d$ believ] 9 free-w w\ld be disreg>d$ by ei!r4 ,nei!r z ally nor z oppon5t w\ld 8 vote be c\nt$4 ,9 a measure ?is is d\btless z x %\ld be1 b l all pr(essionalism x c g to abusive extremes4 ,! end is aft] all m ?an ! way1 9 mo/ ?+s human1 & =ms & me?ods may easily fru/rate _! own purpose4 ,! abuse ( te*nicality is se5 9 ! infrequ5cy ) :i*1 9 philosophical lit]ature1 metaphysical que/ions are discuss$ directly & on _! own m]its4 ,almo/ always !y are h&l$ z if ?r\gh a heavy wool5 curta91 ! veil ( previ\s philosoph]s' op9ions4 ,alt]natives are wrapp$ 9 prop] names1 z if x 7 indec5t = a tru? to g nak$4 ,! late ,pr(essor ,john ,grote ( ,cambridge has "s good rem>ks ab\t ?is4 ',?\ght1' he says1'is n a pr(essional matt]1 n some?+ = s-call$ philosoph]s only or = pr(ess$ ?9k]s4 ,! be/ philosoph] is ! man :o c ?9k mo/ simply4 444 ,i wi% t p w\ld consid] t ?\ght--& philosophy is no m ?an good & me?odical ?\ght--is a matt] intimate to !m1 a portion ( _! real selves 444 t !y w\ld value :at !y ?9k1 & be int]e/$ 9 x4444 ,9 my own op9ion1' he goes on1 '!re is some?+ depress+ 9 ?is weight ( le>n+1 ) no?+ t c come into "o's m9d b "o is told1 ,oh1 t is ! op9ion ( su* & su* a p]son long ago4 444 ,i c conceive ( no?+ m noxi\s = /ud5ts ?an to get into ! habit ( say+ to !mselves ab\t _! ord9>y philosophic ?\ght1 ,oh1 somebody mu/ h ?\ght x all be=e4'#c ,yet ?is is ! habit mo/ enc\rag$ at our seats ( le>n+4 ,y mu/ tie y\r op9ion to ,ari/otle's or ,sp9oza's2 y mu/ def9e x by its di/ance f ,kant's2 y mu/ refute y\r rival's view by id5tify+ x ) ,protagoras's4 ,?us does all spontaneity ( ?\ght1 all fre%ness ( conception1 get de/roy$4 ,ev]y?+ y t\* is %opworn4 ,! ov]-te*nicality & consequ5t dre>9ess ( ! y\ng] disciples at our am]ican univ]sities is appall+4 ,x comes f too mu* foll[+ ( g]man models & mann]s4 ,let me f]v5tly express ! hope t 9 ?is c\ntry y w h>k back to ! m humane engli% tradition4 ,am]ican /ud5ts h to rega9 direct relations ) our subject by pa9ful individual ef=t 9 lat] life4 ,"s ( u h done s4 ,"s ( ! y\ng] ones1 ,i fe>1 nev] w1 s /rong are ! pr(essional %op-habits already4 ,9 a subject l philosophy x is really fatal to lose connexion ) ! op5 air ( human nature1 & to ?9k 9 t]ms ( %op-tradition only4 ,9 ,g]many ! =ms are s pr(essionaliz$ t anybody :o has ga9$ a tea*+ *air & writt5 a book1 h[ev] di/ort$ & ecc5tric1 has ! legal "r to figure =ev] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! subject l a fly 9 amb]4 ,all lat] com]s h ! duty ( quot+ him & measur+ _! op9ions ) 8 op9ion4 ,su* are ! rules ( ! pr(essorial game--!y ?9k & write f ea* o!r & = ea* o!r & at ea* o!r exclusively4 ,) ?is exclusion ( ! op5 air all true p]spective gets lo/1 extremes & oddities c\nt z mu* z sanities1 & comm& ! same att5tion2 & if by *ance any "o writes popul>ly & ab\t results only1 ) 8 m9d directly focuss$ on ! subject1 x is reckon$ ob]fl*li*es zeug & ganz unwiss5s*aftli*4 ,pr(essor ,pauls5 has rec5tly writt5 "s feel+ l9es ab\t ?is ov]-pr(essionalism1 f ! reign ( :i* 9 ,g]many 8 own writ+s1 :i* s9 by be+ 'lit]>y1' h suff]$ loss ( cr$it4 ,philosophy1 he says1 has long assum$ 9 ,g]many ! "* ( be+ an esot]ic & occult sci5ce4 ,!re is a g5u9e fe> ( popul>ity4 ,simplicity ( /atem5t is deem$ synonym\s ) holl[ness & %all[ness4 ,he recalls an old pr(essor say+ to him once3 ',yes1 we philosoph]s1 :5ev] we wi%1 c g s f> t 9 a c\ple ( s5t5ces we c put ourselves :]e nobody c foll[ u4' ,! pr(essor said ?is ) consci\s pride1 b he ought to h be5 a%am$ ( x4 ,great z te*nique is1 results are great]4 ,to tea* philosophy s t ! pupils' int]e/ 9 te*nique exce$s t 9 results is surely a vici\s ab]ration4 ,x is bad =m1 n good =m1 9 a discipl9e ( su* univ]sal human int]e/4 ,moreov]1 te*nique = te*nique1 doesn't ,david ,hume's te*nique set1 aft] all1 ! k9d ( patt]n mo/ difficult to foll[8 ,isn't x ! mo/ admirable8 ,! engli% m9d1 ?ank heav51 & ! fr5* m9d1 are /ill kept1 by _! av]sion to crude te*nique & b>b>ism1 clos] to tru?'s natural probabilities4 ,_! lit]atures %[ few] obvi\s falsities & mon/rosities ?an t ( ,g]many4 ,?9k ( ! g]man lit]ature ( ae/hetics1 ) ! prepo/]\sness ( su* an unae/hetic p]sonage z ,immanuel ,kant en?ron$ 9 its c5tre6 ,?9k ( g]man books on religions-philosophie1 ) ! he>t's battles translat$ into conceptual j>gon & made dialectic4 ,! mo/ p]si/5t sett] ( que/ions1 feel] ( objections1 insi/] on satisfactions1 is ! religi\s life4 ,yet all its tr\bles c be treat$ ) absurdly little te*nicality4 ,! wond] is t1 ) _! way ( work+ philosophy1 individual ,g]mans %\ld pres]ve any spontaneity ( m9d at all4 ,t !y /ill manife/ fre%ness & orig9ality 9 s em95t a degree1 proves ! inde/ructible ri*ness ( ! g]man c]ebral end[m5t4 ,let me repeat once m t a man's vision is ! great fact ab\t him4 ,:o c>es = ,c>lyle's reasons1 or ,s*op5hau]'s1 or ,sp5c]'s8 ,a philosophy is ! expression ( a man's intimate "*1 & all def9itions ( ! univ]se are b ! delib]ately adopt$ reactions ( human *>act]s ^u x4 ,9 ! rec5t book f :i* ,i quot$ ! words ( ,pr(essor ,pauls51 a book ( successive *apt]s by v>i\s liv+ g]man philosoph]s1#d we pass f "o idiosyncratic p]sonal atmosph]e into ano!r almo/ z if we 7 turn+ ov] a photograph album4 ,if we take ! :ole hi/ory ( philosophy1 ! sy/ems r$uce !mselves to a few ma9 types :i*1 "u all ! te*nical v]biage 9 :i* ! +5i\s intellect ( man envelops !m1 are j s _m visions1 modes ( feel+ ! :ole pu%1 & see+ ! :ole drift ( life1 =c$ on "o by "o's total "* & exp]i5ce1 & on ! :ole pref]r$--!re is no o!r tru?ful ^w--z "o's be/ work+ attitude4 ,cynical *>act]s take "o g5]al attitude1 sympa!tic *>act]s ano!r4 ,b no g5]al attitude is possible t[>ds ! _w z a :ole1 until ! intellect has develop$ consid]able g5]aliz+ p[] & le>n$ to take pleasure 9 syn!tic =mulas4 ,! ?\ght ( v primitive m5 has h>dly any t9cture ( philosophy4 ,nature c h little unity = savages4 ,x is a ,walpurgis-na*t procession1 a *eck]$ play ( light & %ad[1 a m$ley ( impi% & elfi% fri5dly & inimical p[]s4 ',close to nature' ?\gh !y live1 !y are any?+ b ,wordswor?ians4 ,if a bit ( cosmic emotion ev] ?rills !m1 x is likely to be at midnight1 :5 ! camp smoke rises /raight to ! wick$ full moon 9 ! z5i?1 & ! =e/ is all :isp]+ ) wit*]y & dang]4 ,! e]9ess ( ! _w1 ! mis*ief & ! manyness1 ! littl5ess ( ! =ces1 ! magical surprises1 ! unacc\ntability ( e ag5t1 ^! surely are ! *>act]s mo/ impressive at t /age ( culture1 ^! communicate ! ?rills ( curiosity & ! e>lie/ intellectual /irr+s4 ,tempe/s & conflagrations1 pe/il5ces & e>?quakes1 reveal supramundane p[]s1 & in/igate religi\s t]ror r ?an philosophy4 ,nature1 m demonic ?an div9e1 is above all ?+s multif>i\s4 ,s _m creatures t fe$ or ?reat51 t help or cru%1 s _m be+s to hate or love1 to und]/& or />t at--:i* is on top & :i* subord9ate8 ,:o c tell8 ,!y are co-ord9ate1 r1 & to adapt ourselves to !m s+ly1 to 'squ>e' ! dang]\s p[]s & keep ! o!rs fri5dly1 reg>dless ( consi/5cy or unity1 is ! *ief problem4 ,! symbol ( nature at ?is /age1 z ,pauls5 well says1 is ! sph9x1 "u ^: n\ri%+ brea/s ! te>+ claws are visible4 ,b 9 due c\rse ( "t ! intellect awoke1 ) its passion = g5]aliz+1 simplify+1 & subord9at+1 & !n began ^? div]g5ces ( conception :i* all lat] exp]i5ce seems r to h deep5$ ?an to h effac$1 because objective nature has contribut$ to bo? sides imp>tially1 & has let ! ?9k]s emphasize diff]5t p>ts ( h]1 & pile up opposite imag9>y supplem5ts4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ opposition is t :i* results f ! cla% betwe5 :at ,i lately call$ ! sympa!tic & ! cynical temp]4 ,mat]iali/ic & spirituali/ic philosophies are ! rival types t result3 ! =m] def9+ ! _w s z to leave man's s\l ^u x z a soil ( outside pass5g] or ali51 :ile ! latt] insi/s t ! intimate & human mu/ surr\nd & und]lie ! brutal4 ,?is latt] is ! spiritual way ( ?9k+4 ,n[ !re are two v di/9ct types or /ages 9 spirituali/ic philosophy1 & my next purpose 9 ?is lecture is to make _! contra/ evid5t4 ,bo? types atta9 ! s\ght-= intimacy ( view1 b ! "o atta9s x some:at less successfully ?an ! o!r4 ,! g5]ic t]m spiritualism1 :i* ,i began by us+ m]ely z ! opposite ( mat]ialism1 ?us subdivides into two species1 ! m intimate "o ( :i* is moni/ic & ! less intimate duali/ic4 ,! duali/ic species is ! !ism t rea*$ its elaboration 9 ! s*ola/ic philosophy1 :ile ! moni/ic species is ! pan!ism spok5 ( sometimes simply z idealism1 & sometimes z 'po/-kantian' or 'absolute' idealism4 ,duali/ic !ism is pr(ess$ z firmly z ev] at all ca?olic seats ( le>n+1 :]eas x has ( late ye>s t5d$ to disappe> at our briti% & am]ican univ]sities1 & to be replac$ by a moni/ic pan!ism m or less op5 or disguis$4 ,i h an impression t ev] s9ce ,t4,h4 ,gre5's "t absolute idealism has be5 decid$ly 9 ! asc5d5t at ,ox=d4 ,x is 9 ! asc5d5t at my own univ]sity ( ,h>v>d4 ,absolute idealism atta9s1 ,i said1 to ! m intimate po9t ( view2 b ! /atem5t ne$s "s explanation4 ,s f> z !ism repres5ts ! _w z ,god's _w1 & ,god z :at ,mat!w ,arnold call$ a magnifi$ non-natural man1 x w\ld seem z if ! inn] quality ( ! _w rema9$ human1 & z if our relations ) x might be intimate en\gh--= :at is be/ 9 ourselves appe>s !n also outside ( ourselves1 & we & ! univ]se are ( ! same spiritual species4 ,s f>1 s good1 !n2 & "o might consequ5tly ask1 ,:at m ( intimacy d y require8 ,to :i* ! answ] is t to be l a ?+ is n z intimate a relation z to be sub/antially fus$ into x1 to =m "o cont9u\s s\l & body ) x2 & t pan!i/ic idealism1 mak+ u entitatively "o ) ,god1 atta9s ?is high] rea* ( intimacy4 ,! !i/ic conception1 pictur+ ,god & 8 creation z entities di/9ct f ea* o!r1 /ill leaves ! human subject outside ( ! deepe/ reality 9 ! univ]se4 ,god is f et]nity complete1 x says1 & suffici5t unto himself2 he ?r[s (f ! _w by a free act & z an extrane\s sub/ance1 & he ?r[s (f man z a ?ird sub/ance1 extrane\s to bo? ! _w & himself4 ,betwe5 !m1 ,god says '"o1' ! _w says 'two1' & man says '?ree1'--t is ! or?odox !i/ic view4 ,& or?odox !ism has be5 s jeal\s ( ,god's glory t x has tak5 pa9s to exagg]ate ev]y?+ 9 ! notion ( him t c\ld make = isolation & sep>at5ess4 ,page ^u page 9 s*ola/ic books g to prove t ,god is 9 no s5se implicat$ by 8 creative act1 or involv$ 9 8 creation4 ,t 8 relation to ! creatures he has made %\ld make any diff]5ce to him1 c>ry any consequ5ce1 or qualify 8 be+1 is repudiat$ z a pan!i/ic slur ^u 8 self-suffic+ness4 ,i said a mom5t ago t !ism treats u & ,god z ( ! same species1 b f ! or?odox po9t ( view t 0 a slip ( language4 ,god & 8 creatures are toto g5]e di/9ct 9 ! s*ola/ic !ology1 !y h absolutely no?+ 9 common2 nay1 x degrades ,god to attribute to him any g5]ic nature :atev]2 he c be class$ ) no?+4 ,!re is a s5se1 !n1 9 :i* philosophic !ism makes u outsid]s & keeps u =eign]s 9 relation to ,god1 9 :i*1 at any rate1 8 connexion ) u appe>s z unilat]al & n reciprocal4 ,8 action c affect u1 b he c nev] be affect$ by our reaction4 ,our relation1 9 %ort1 is n a /rictly social relation4 ,( c\rse 9 common m5's religion ! relation is believ$ to be social1 b t is only "o ( ! _m diff]5ces betwe5 religion & !ology4 ,?is ess5tial dualism ( ! !i/ic view has all sorts ( collat]al consequ5ces4 ,man be+ an outsid] & a m]e subject to ,god1 n 8 intimate p>tn]1 a "* ( ext]nality invades ! field4 ,god is n he>t ( our he>t & reason ( our reason1 b our magi/rate1 r2 & me*anically to obey 8 comm&s1 h[ev] /range !y may be1 rema9s our only moral duty4 ,conceptions ( crim9al law h 9 fact play$ a great "p 9 def9+ our relations ) him4 ,our relations ) speculative tru? %[ ! same ext]nality4 ,"o ( our duties is to "k tru?1 & rationali/ ?9k]s h always assum$ x to be our sov]eign duty4 ,b 9 s*ola/ic !ism we f9d tru? already in/itut$ & e/abli%$ )\t our help1 complete ap>t f our kn[+2 & ! mo/ we c d is to ackn[l$ge x passively & adh]e to x1 al?o su* adhesion z ours c make no jot ( diff]5ce to :at is adh]$ to4 ,! situation "h aga9 is radically duali/ic4 ,x is n z if ! _w came to "k itself1 or ,god came to "k himself1 p>tly ?r\gh u1 z pan!i/ic ideali/s h ma9ta9$1 b tru? exi/s p] se & absolutely1 by ,god's grace & decree1 no matt] :o ( u kn[s x or is ignorant1 & x w\ld cont9ue to exi/ unalt]$1 ev5 ?\gh we f9ite kn[]s 7 all annihilat$4 ,x has to be confess$ t ?is dualism & lack ( intimacy has always op]at$ z a drag & h&icap on ,*ri/ian ?\ght4 ,or?odox !ology has _h to wage a /eady fight )9 ! s*ools aga9/ ! v>i\s =ms ( pan!i/ic h]esy :i* ! my/ical exp]i5ces ( religi\s p]sons1 on ! "o h&1 & ! =mal or ae/hetic sup]iorities ( monism to dualism1 on ! o!r1 kept produc+4 ,god z intimate s\l & reason ( ! univ]se has always seem$ to "s p a m wor?y conception ?an ,god z ext]nal creator4 ,s conceiv$1 he appe>$ to unify ! _w m p]fectly1 he made x less f9ite & me*anical1 & 9 comp>ison ) su* a ,god an ext]nal creator seem$ m l ! product ( a *ildi% fancy4 ,i h be5 told by ,h9doos t ! great ob/acle to ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity 9 _! c\ntry is ! pu]ility ( our dogma ( creation4 ,x has n sweep & inf9ity en\gh to meet ! requirem5ts ( ev5 ! illit]ate natives ( ,india4 ,assur$ly mo/ memb]s ( ?is audi5ce are ready to side ) ,h9duism 9 ?is matt]4 ,^? ( u :o are sexag5>ians h witness$ 9 our own p]sons "o ( ^? gradual mutations ( intellectual climate1 due to innum]able influ5ces1 t make ! ?\ght ( a pa/ g5]ation seem z =eign to its successor z if x 7 ! expression ( a diff]5t race ( m54 ,! !ological ma*9]y t spoke s liv+ly to our ance/ors1 ) its f9ite age ( ! _w1 its creation out ( no?+1 its juridical morality & es*atology1 its reli% = rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 its treatm5t ( ,god z an ext]nal contriv]1 an 'intellig5t & moral gov]nor1' s\nds z odd to mo/ ( u z if x 7 "s outl&i% savage religion4 ,! va/] vi/as :i* sci5tific evolutionism has op5$1 & ! ris+ tide ( social democratic ideals1 h *ang$ ! type ( our imag9ation1 & ! old] mon>*ical !ism is obsolete or obsolesc5t4 ,! place ( ! div9e 9 ! _w mu/ be m organic & intimate4 ,an ext]nal creator & 8 in/itutions may /ill be v]bally confess$ at ,*ur* 9 =mulas t l+] by _! m]e in]tia1 b ! life is out ( !m1 we avoid dwell+ on !m1 ! s9c]e he>t ( u is else:]e4 ,i %all leave cynical mat]ialism entirely out ( our discussion z n call+ = treatm5t be=e ?is pres5t audi5ce1 & ,i %all ignore old-fa%ion$ duali/ic !ism = ! same reason4 ,our contempor>y m9d hav+ once = all grasp$ ! possibility ( a m intimate ,weltans*auung1 ! only op9ions q wor?y ( arre/+ our att5tion w fall )9 ! g5]al scope ( :at may r\ghly be call$ ! pan!i/ic field ( vision1 ! vision ( ,god z ! indwell+ div9e r ?an ! ext]nal creator1 & ( human life z "p & p>cel ( t deep reality4 ,z we h f\nd t spiritualism 9 g5]al breaks into a m intimate & a less intimate species1 s ! m intimate species itself breaks into two subspecies1 ( :i* ! "o is m moni/ic1 ! o!r m plurali/ic 9 =m4 ,i say 9 =m1 = our vocabul>y gets unmanageable if we don't di/+ui% betwe5 =m & sub/ance "h4 ,! inn] life ( ?+s mu/ be sub/antially ak9 anyh[ to ! t5d]] p>ts ( man's nature 9 any spirituali/ic philosophy4 ,! ^w 'intimacy' probably cov]s ! ess5tial diff]5ce4 ,mat]ialism holds ! =eign 9 ?+s to be m prim>y & la/+1 x s5ds u to a lonely corn] ) our intimacy4 ,! brutal aspects ov]lap & outwe>2 ref9em5t has ! feebl] & m ephem]al hold on reality4 ,f a pragmatic po9t ( view ! diff]5ce betwe5 liv+ aga9/ a backgr\nd ( =eignness & "o ( intimacy means ! diff]5ce betwe5 a g5]al habit ( w>9ess & "o ( tru/4 ,"o might call x a social diff]5ce1 = aft] all1 ! common socius ( u all is ! great univ]se ^: *ildr5 we are4 ,if mat]iali/ic1 we mu/ be suspici\s ( ?is socius1 cauti\s1 t5se1 on gu>d4 ,if spirituali/ic1 we may give way1 embrace1 & keep no ultimate fe>4 ,! contra/ is r\gh en\gh1 & c be cut across by all sorts ( o!r divisions1 drawn f o!r po9ts ( view ?an t ( =eignness & intimacy4 ,we h s _m diff]5t bus9esses ) nature t no "o ( !m yields u an all-embrac+ clasp4 ,! philosophic attempt to def9e nature s t no "o's bus9ess is left out1 s t no "o lies outside ! door say+ ',:]e d ,i come 98' is sure 9 advance to fail4 ,! mo/ a philosophy c hope = is n to lock out any int]e/ =ev]4 ,no matt] :at doors x closes1 x mu/ leave o!r doors op5 = ! int]e/s :i* x neglects4 ,i h begun by %utt+ ourselves up to intimacy & =eignness because t makes s g5]ally int]e/+ a contra/1 & because x w conv5i5tly introduce a f>!r contra/ to :i* ,i wi% ?is h\r to lead4 ,! majority ( m5 are sympa!tic4 ,comp>atively few are cynics because !y l cynicism1 & mo/ ( our exi/+ mat]iali/s are su* because !y ?9k ! evid5ce ( facts impels !m1 or because !y f9d ! ideali/s !y are 9 contact ) too private & t5d]-m9d$2 s1 r ?an jo9 _! company1 !y fly to ! opposite extreme4 ,i !re=e propose to y to disreg>d mat]iali/s altoge!r = ! pres5t1 & to consid] ! sympa!tic p>ty alone4 ,x is normal1 ,i say1 to be sympa!tic 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i use ! t]m4 ,n to dem& intimate relations ) ! univ]se1 & n to wi% !m satisfactory1 %\ld be acc\nt$ signs ( some?+ wrong4 ,accord+ly :5 m9ds ( ?is type rea* ! philosophic level1 & seek "s unification ( _! vision1 !y f9d !mselves compell$ to correct t aborig9al appe>ance ( ?+s by :i* savages are n tr\bl$4 ,t sph9x-l pres5ce1 ) its brea/s & claws1 t fir/ bald multif>i\sness1 is too discrepant an object = philosophic contemplation4 ,! intimacy & ! =eignness _c be writt5 d[n z simply coexi/+4 ,an ord] mu/ be made2 & 9 t ord] ! high] side ( ?+s mu/ dom9ate4 ,! philosophy ( ! absolute agrees ) ! plurali/ic philosophy :i* ,i am go+ to contra/ ) x 9 ^! lectures1 9 t bo? id5tify human sub/ance ) ! div9e sub/ance4 ,b :]eas absolutism ?9ks t ! said sub/ance becomes fully div9e only 9 ! =m ( totality1 & is n its real self 9 any =m b ! all-=m1 ! plurali/ic view :i* ,i pref] to adopt is will+ to believe t !re may ultimately nev] be an all-=m at all1 t ! sub/ance ( reality may nev] get totally collect$1 t "s ( x may rema9 outside ( ! l>ge/ comb9ation ( x ev] made1 & t a di/ributive =m ( reality1 ! ea*-=m1 is logically z acceptable & empirically z probable z ! all-=m commonly acquiesc$ 9 z s obvi\sly ! self-evid5t ?+4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ^! two =ms ( a reality :i* we w agree to suppose sub/antially spiritual is practically ! topic ( ?is c\rse ( lectures4 ,y see n[ :at ,i mean by pan!ism's two subspecies4 ,if we give to ! moni/ic subspecies ! "n ( philosophy ( ! absolute1 we may give t ( radical empiricism to its plurali/ic rival1 & x may be well to di/+ui% !m occasionally lat] by ^! names4 ,z a conv5i5t way ( ent]+ into ! /udy ( _! diff]5ces1 ,i may ref] to a rec5t article by ,pr(essor ,jacks ( ,man*e/] ,college4 ,pr(essor ,jacks1 9 "s brilliant pages 9 ! ',hibb]t ,j\rnal' = la/ ,octob]1 /udies ! relation betwe5 ! univ]se & ! philosoph] :o describes & def9es x = u4 ,y may assume two cases1 he says4 ,ei!r :at ! philosoph] tells u is extrane\s to ! univ]se he is acc\nt+ =1 an indiff]5t p>asitic outgr[?1 s to speak2 or ! fact ( 8 philosophiz+ is itself "o ( ! ?+s tak5 acc\nt ( 9 ! philosophy1 & self-includ$ 9 ! description4 ,9 ! =m] case ! philosoph] means by ! univ]se ev]y?+ except :at 8 own pres5ce br+s2 9 ! latt] case 8 philosophy is itself an intimate "p ( ! univ]se1 & may be a "p mom5t\s en\gh to give a diff]5t turn to :at ! o!r p>ts signify4 ,x may be a supreme reaction ( ! univ]se ^u itself by :i* x rises to self-compreh5sion4 ,x may h&le itself diff]5tly 9 consequ5ce ( ?is ev5t4 ,n[ bo? empiricism & absolutism br+ ! philosoph] inside & make man intimate1 b ! "o be+ plurali/ic & ! o!r moni/ic1 !y d s 9 diff]+ ways t ne$ mu* explanation4 ,let me !n contra/ ! "o ) ! o!r way ( repres5t+ ! /atus ( ! human ?9k]4 ,= monism ! _w is no collection1 b "o great all-inclusive fact outside ( :i* is no?+--no?+ is its only alt]native4 ,:5 ! monism is ideali/ic1 ?is all-envelop+ fact is repres5t$ z an absolute m9d t makes ! p>tial facts by ?9k+ !m1 j z we make objects 9 a dream by dream+ !m1 or p]sonages 9 a /ory by imag9+ !m4 ,to be1 on ?is s*eme1 is1 on ! "p ( a f9ite ?+1 to be an object = ! absolute2 & on ! "p ( ! absolute x is to be ! ?9k] ( t assemblage ( objects4 ,if we use ! ^w 'cont5t' "h1 we see t ! absolute & ! _w h an id5tical cont5t4 ,! absolute is no?+ b ! k ( ^? objects2 ! objects are no?+ b :at ! absolute kn[s4 ,! _w & ! all-?9k] ?us comp5etrate & soak ea* o!r up )\t residuum4 ,!y are b two names = ! same id5tical mat]ial1 consid]$ n[ f ! subjective1 & n[ f ! objective po9t ( view--g$anke & g$a*tes1 z we w\ld say if we 7 ,g]mans4 ,we philosoph]s naturally =m "p ( ! mat]ial1 on ! moni/ic s*eme4 ,! absolute makes u by ?9k+ u1 & if we ourselves are enlight5$ en\gh to be believ]s 9 ! absolute1 "o may !n say t our philosophiz+ is "o ( ! ways 9 :i* ! absolute is consci\s ( itself4 ,?is is ! full pan!i/ic s*eme1 ! id5tittsphilosophie1 ! imman5ce ( ,god 9 8 creation1 a conception sublime f its trem5d\s unity4 ,& yet t unity is incomplete1 z clos] exam9ation w %[4 ,! absolute & ! _w are "o fact1 ,i said1 :5 mat]ially consid]$4 ,our philosophy1 = example1 is n num]ically di/9ct f ! absolute's own k ( itself1 n a duplicate & copy ( x1 x is "p ( t v k1 is num]ically id5tical ) z mu* ( x z our ?\ght cov]s4 ,! absolute j is our philosophy1 along ) ev]y?+ else t is kn[n1 9 an act ( kn[+ :i* 7to use ! words ( my gift$ absoluti/ colleague ,royce7 =ms 9 its :ol5ess "o lum9\sly transp>5t consci\s mom5t4 ,b "o z we are 9 ?is mat]ial s5se ) ! absolute sub/ance1 t be+ only ! :ole ( u1 & we only ! p>ts ( x1 yet 9 a =mal s5se some?+ l a pluralism breaks out4 ,:5 we speak ( ! absolute we take ! "o univ]sal kn[n mat]ial collectively or integrally2 :5 we speak ( its objects1 ( our f9ite selves1 etc41 we take t same id5tical mat]ial di/ributively & sep>ately4 ,b :at is ! use ( a ?+'s be+ only once if x c be tak5 twice ov]1 & if be+ tak5 9 diff]5t ways makes diff]5t ?+s true ( x8 ,z ! absolute takes me1 = example1 ,i appe> ) ev]y?+ else 9 its field ( p]fect k4 ,z ,i take myself1 ,i appe> )\t mo/ o!r ?+s 9 my field ( relative ignorance4 ,& practical diff]5ces result f its k & my ignorance4 ,ignorance bre$s mi/ake1 curiosity1 mis=tune1 pa91 = me2 ,i suff] ^? consequ5ces4 ,! absolute kn[s ( ^? ?+s1 ( c\rse1 = x kn[s me & my suff]+1 b x doesn't itself suff]4 ,x c't be ignorant1 = simultane\s ) its k ( ea* "q goes its k ( ea* answ]4 ,x c't be pati5t1 = x has to wait = no?+1 hav+ ev]y?+ at once 9 its possession4 ,x c't be surpris$2 x c't be guilty4 ,no attribute connect$ ) succession c be appli$ to x1 = x is all at once & :olly :at x is1 ') ! unity ( a s+le in/ant1' & succession is n ( x b 9 x1 = we are cont9ually told t x is 'timeless4' ,?+s true ( ! _w 9 its f9ite aspects1 !n1 are n true ( x 9 its inf9ite capacity4 ,qu f9ite & plural its acc\nts ( itself to itself are diff]5t f :at its acc\nt to itself qu inf9ite & "o mu/ be4 ,) ?is radical discrepancy betwe5 ! absolute & ! relative po9ts ( view1 x seems to me t almo/ z great a b> to intimacy betwe5 ! div9e & ! human breaks out 9 pan!ism z t :i* we f\nd 9 mon>*ical !ism1 & hop$ t pan!ism might n %[4 ,we humans are incurably root$ 9 ! temporal po9t ( view4 ,! et]nal's ways are utt]ly unlike our ways4 ',let u imitate ! ,all1' said ! orig9al prospectus ( t admirable ,*icago qu>t]ly call$ ! ',moni/4' ,z if we c\ld1 ei!r 9 ?\ght or conduct6 ,we are inv9cibly p>ts1 let u talk z we w1 & mu/ always appreh5d ! absolute z if x 7 a =eign be+4 ,if :at ,i mean by ?is is n :olly cle> to y at ?is po9t1 x ought to gr[ cle>] z my lectures proce$4 ,,lecture ,,ii ,,moni/ic ,,idealism ,let me recall to y ! programme :i* ,i indicat$ to y at our la/ meet+4 ,aft] agree+ n to consid] mat]ialism 9 any %ape1 b to place ourselves /raightway ^u a m spirituali/ic plat=m1 ,i po9t$ out ?ree k9ds ( spiritual philosophy betwe5 :i* we are ask$ to *oose4 ,! fir/ way 0 t ( ! old] duali/ic !ism1 ) ourselves repres5t$ z a second>y ord] ( sub/ances creat$ by ,god4 ,we f\nd t ?is all[$ ( a degree ( intimacy ) ! creative pr9ciple inf]ior to t impli$ 9 ! pan!i/ic belief t we are sub/antially "o ) x1 & t ! div9e is !re=e ! mo/ intimate ( all our possessions1 he>t ( our he>t1 9 fact4 ,b we saw t ?is pan!i/ic belief c\ld be held 9 two =ms1 a moni/ic =m :i* ,i call$ philosophy ( ! absolute1 & a plurali/ic =m :i* ,i call$ radical empiricism1 ! =m] conceiv+ t ! div9e exi/s au!ntically only :5 ! _w is exp]i5c$ all at once 9 its absolute totality1 :]eas radical empiricism all[s t ! absolute sum-total ( ?+s may nev] be actually exp]i5c$ or realiz$ 9 t %ape at all1 & t a dissem9at$1 di/ribut$1 or incompletely unifi$ appe>ance is ! only =m t reality may yet h a*iev$4 ,i may contra/ ! moni/ic & plurali/ic =ms 9 "q z ! 'all-=m' & ! 'ea*-=m4' ,at ! end ( ! la/ h\r ,i animadv]t$ on ! fact t ! all-=m is s radically diff]5t f ! ea*-=m1 :i* is our human =m ( exp]i5c+ ! _w1 t ! philosophy ( ! absolute1 s f> z insight & und]/&+ g1 leaves u almo/ z mu* outside ( ! div9e be+ z duali/ic !ism does4 ,i believe t radical empiricism1 on ! contr>y1 hold+ to ! ea*-=m1 & mak+ ( ,god only "o ( ! ea*es1 af=ds ! high] degree ( intimacy4 ,! g5]al !sis ( ^! lectures ,i said w\ld be a def5ce ( ! plurali/ic aga9/ ! moni/ic view4 ,?9k ( ! univ]se z exi/+ solely 9 ! ea*-=m1 & y w h on ! :ole a m reasonable & satisfactory idea ( x ?an if y insi/ on ! all-=m be+ necess>y4 ,! re/ ( my lectures w d little m ?an make ?is !sis m concrete1 & ,i hope m p]suasive4 ,x is curi\s h[ little c\nt5ance radical pluralism has ev] _h f philosoph]s4 ,:e!r mat]iali/ically or spirituali/ically m9d$1 philosoph]s h always aim$ at clean+ up ! litt] ) :i* ! _w app>5tly is fill$4 ,!y h sub/itut$ economical & ord]ly conceptions = ! fir/ s5sible tangle2 & :e!r ^! 7 morally elevat$ or only intellectually neat !y 7 at any rate always ae/hetically pure & def9ite1 & aim$ at ascrib+ to ! _w some?+ clean & intellectual 9 ! way ( inn] /ructure4 ,z comp>$ ) all ^! rationaliz+ pictures1 ! plurali/ic empiricism :i* ,i pr(ess (f]s b a sorry appe>ance4 ,x is a turbid1 muddl$1 go?ic sort ( an affair1 )\t a sweep+ outl9e & ) little pictorial nobility4 ,^? ( y :o are accu/om$ to ! classical con/ructions ( reality may be excus$ if y\r fir/ reaction ^u x be absolute contempt--a %rug ( ! %\ld]s z if su* ideas 7 unwor?y ( explicit refutation4 ,b "o mu/ h liv$ "s "t ) a sy/em to appreciate its m]its4 ,p]haps a little m famili>ity may mitigate y\r fir/ surprise at su* a programme z ,i (f]4 ,fir/1 "o ^w m ?an :at ,i said la/ "t ab\t ! relative =eignness ( ! div9e pr9ciple 9 ! philosophy ( ! absolute4 ,^? ( y :o h read ! la/ two *apt]s ( ,mr4 ,bradley's wond]ful book1 ',appe>ance & reality1' w rememb] :at an elaborately =eign aspect 8 absolute is f9ally made to assume4 ,x is nei!r intellig5ce nor w1 nei!r a self nor a collection ( selves1 nei!r tru?ful1 good1 nor beautiful1 z we und]/& ^! t]ms4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 a metaphysical mon/]1 all t we are p]mitt$ to say ( x be+ t :atev] x is1 x is at any rate wor? m 7wor? m to itself1 t is7 ?an if any eulogi/ic adjectives ( ours appli$ to x4 ,x is u1 & all o!r appe>ances1 b none ( u z su*1 = 9 x we are all 'transmut$1' & its own z-su*ness is ( ano!r d5om9ation altoge!r4 ,sp9oza 0 ! fir/ great absoluti/1 & ! impossibility ( be+ intimate ) 8 ,god is univ]sally recogniz$4 ,quat5us inf9itus e/ he is o!r ?an :at he is quat5us humanam m5tem con/ituit4 ,sp9oza's philosophy has be5 rightly said to be work$ by ! ^w quat5us4 ,conjunctions1 prepositions1 & adv]bs play inde$ ! vital "p 9 all philosophies2 & 9 contempor>y idealism ! words 'z' & 'qu' be> ! burd5 ( reconcil+ metaphysical unity ) ph5om5al div]sity4 ,qu absolute ! _w is "o & p]fect1 qu relative x is _m & faulty1 yet x is id5tically ! self-same _w--in/ead ( talk+ ( x z _m facts1 we call x "o fact 9 _m aspects4 ,z absolute1 !n1 or sub specie et]nitatis1 or quat5us inf9itus e/1 ! _w repels our sympa?y because x has no hi/ory4 ,z su*1 ! absolute nei!r acts nor suff]s1 nor loves nor hates2 x has no ne$s1 desires1 or aspirations1 no failures or successes1 fri5ds or enemies1 victories or defeats4 ,all su* ?+s p]ta9 to ! _w qu relative1 9 :i* our f9ite exp]i5ces lie1 & ^: vicissitudes alone h p[] to ar\se our int]e/4 ,:at boots x to tell me t ! absolute way is ! true way1 & to exhort me1 z ,em]son says1 to lift m9e eye up to its /yle1 & mann]s ( ! sky1 if ! feat is impossible by def9ition8 ,i am f9ite once = all1 & all ! categories ( my sympa?y are knit up ) ! f9ite _w z su*1 & ) ?+s t h a hi/ory4 ',aus dies] erde quell5 me9e freud51 und ihre sonne s*e9et me95 leid54' ,i h nei!r eyes nor e>s nor he>t nor m9d = any?+ ( an opposite description1 & ! /agnant felicity ( ! absolute's own p]fection moves me z little z ,i move x4 ,if we 7 read]s only ( ! cosmic novel1 ?+s w\ld be diff]5t3 we %\ld !n %>e ! au?or's po9t ( view & recognize villa9s to be z ess5tial z h]oes 9 ! plot4 ,b we are n ! read]s b ! v p]sonages ( ! _w-drama4 ,9 y\r own eyes ea* ( y "h is its h]o1 & ! villa9s are y\r respective fri5ds or enemies4 ,! tale :i* ! absolute read] f9ds s p]fect1 we spoil = "o ano!r ?r\gh our sev]al vital id5tifications ) ! de/9ies ( ! p>ticul> p]sonages involv$4 ,! doctr9e on :i* ! absoluti/s lay mo/ /ress is ! absolute's 'timeless' "*4 ,= plurali/s1 on ! o!r h&1 "t rema9s z real z any?+1 & no?+ 9 ! univ]se is great or /atic or et]nal en\gh n to h "s hi/ory4 ,b ! _w t ea* ( u feels mo/ intimately at home ) is t ( be+s ) hi/ories t play into our hi/ory1 :om we c help 9 _! vicissitudes ev5 z !y help u 9 ours4 ,?is satisfaction ! absolute d5ies u2 we c nei!r help nor h9d] x1 = x /&s outside ( hi/ory4 ,x surely is a m]it 9 a philosophy to make ! v life we lead seem real & e>ne/4 ,pluralism1 9 exorcis+ ! absolute1 exorcises ! great de-realiz] ( ! only life we are at home 91 & ?us r$eems ! nature ( reality f ess5tial =eignness4 ,e end1 reason1 motive1 object ( desire or av]sion1 gr\nd ( sorr[ or joy t we feel is 9 ! _w ( f9ite multif>i\sness1 = only 9 t _w does any?+ really happ51 only !re d ev5ts come to pass4 ,9 "o s5se ?is is a f>-fet*$ & r *ildi% objection1 = s mu* ( ! hi/ory ( ! f9ite is z =midably =eign to u z ! /atic absolute c possibly be--9 fact t entity d]ives its own =eignness l>gely f ! bad "* ( ! f9ite :i* x simultane\sly is--t ?is s5tim5tal reason = pref]r+ ! plurali/ic view seems small4#a ,i %all return to ! subject 9 my f9al lecture1 & mean:ile1 ) y\r p]mission1 ,i w say no m ab\t ?is objection4 ,! m s z ! necess>y =eignness ( ! absolute is cancell$ emotionally by its attribute ( totality1 :i* is univ]sally consid]$ to c>ry ! fur!r attribute ( p]fection 9 its tra94 ',philosophy1' says a rec5t am]ican philosoph]1 'is humanity's hold on totality1' & !re is no d\bt t mo/ ( u f9d t ! b>e notion ( an absolute all-"o is inspir+4 ',i yield$ myself to ! p]fect :ole1' writes ,em]son2 & :]e c y f9d a m m9d-dilat+ object8 ,a c]ta9 loyalty is call$ =? by ! idea2 ev5 if n prov$ actual1 x mu/ be believ$ 9 someh[4 ,only an enemy ( philosophy c speak lightly ( x4 ,rationalism />ts f ! idea ( su* a :ole & builds d[nw>d4 ,movem5t & *ange are absorb$ into its immutability z =ms ( m]e appe>ance4 ,:5 y accept ?is beatific vision ( :at is1 9 contra/ ) :at goes on1 y feel z if y _h fulfill$ an intellectual duty4 ',reality is n 9 its true/ nature a process1' ,mr4 ,mc,taggart tells u1 'b a /able & timeless /ate4'#b ',! true k ( ,god beg9s1' ,hegel writes1 ':5 we "k t ?+s z !y imm$iately are h no tru?4'#c ',! consummation ( ! inf9ite aim1' he says else:]e1 'consi/s m]ely 9 remov+ ! illusion :i* makes x seem yet unaccompli%$4 ,good & absolute goodness is et]nally accompli%+ itself 9 ! _w3 & ! result is t x ne$s n wait ^u u1 b is already 444 accompli%$4 ,x is an illusion "u :i* we live4 444 ,9 ! c\rse ( its process ! ,idea makes itself t illusion1 by sett+ an anti!sis to confront x1 & its action consi/s 9 gett+ rid ( ! illusion :i* x has creat$4'#d ,b ab/ract emotional appeals ( any k9d s\nd amateuri% 9 ! bus9ess t conc]ns u4 ,impressioni/ic philosophiz+1 l impressioni/ic wat*mak+ or l&-survey+1 is intol]able to exp]ts4 ,s]i\s discussion ( ! alt]native be=e u =ces me1 !re=e1 to become m te*nical4 ,! great claim ( ! philosophy ( ! absolute is t ! absolute is no hypo!sis1 b a presupposition implicat$ 9 all ?9k+1 & ne$+ only a little ef=t ( analysis to be se5 z a logical necessity4 ,i w !re=e take x 9 ?is m rigor\s "* & see :e!r its claim is 9 effect s co]cive4 ,x has seem$ co]cive to an enorm\s numb] ( contemporane\s ?9k]s4 ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,jones ?us describes ! range & influ5ce ( x ^u ! social & political life ( ! pres5t "t3#e ',= _m ye>s adh]5ts ( ?is way ( ?\ght h deeply int]e/$ ! briti% public by _! writ+s4 ,almo/ m important ?an _! writ+s is ! fact t !y h occupi$ philosophical *airs 9 almo/ e univ]sity 9 ! k+dom4 ,ev5 ! pr(essional critics ( idealism are = ! mo/ "p ideali/s--aft] a fa%ion4 ,& :5 !y are n1 !y are z a rule m occupi$ ) ! refutation ( idealism ?an ) ! con/ruction ( a bett] !ory4 ,x foll[s f _! position ( academic au?ority1 7 x f no?+ else1 t idealism ex]cises an influ5ce n easily measur$ ^u ! y\? ( ! nation--^u ^?1 t is1 :o f ! educational opportunities !y enjoy may naturally be expect$ to become ! lead]s ( ! nation's ?\ght & practice4444 ,difficult z x is to measure ! =ces 444 x is h>dly to be d5i$ t ! p[] ex]cis$ by ,b5?am & ! utilit>ian s*ool has1 = bett] or = worse1 pass$ into ! h&s ( ! ideali/s4444 ,! ,rh9e has fl[$ into ! ,?ames is ! w>n+ note rung out by ,mr4 ,hobh\se4 ,c>lyle introduc$ x1 br++ x z f> z ,*elsea4 ,!n ,j[ett & ,?omas ,hill ,gre51 & ,william ,wallace & ,lewis ,nettle%ip1 & ,arnold ,toynbee & ,david ,eit*ie--to m5tion only ^? tea*]s ^: voices n[ are sil5t--guid$ ! wat]s into ^? upp] rea*es kn[n locally z ! ,isis4 ,john & ,edw>d ,caird br\ght !m up ! ,clyde1 ,hut*ison ,/irl+ up ! ,fir? ( ,=?4 ,!y h pass$ up ! ,m]sey & up ! ,sev]n & ,dee & ,don4 ,!y pollute ! bay ( ,/4 ,&rews & swell ! wat]s ( ! ,cam1 & h someh[ crept ov]l& into ,birm+ham4 ,! /ream ( g]man idealism has be5 diffus$ ov] ! academical _w ( ,great ,brita94 ,! disa/] is univ]sal4' ,evid5tly if weight ( au?ority 7 all1 ! tru? ( absolutism w\ld be ?us decid$4 ,b let u fir/ pass 9 review ! g5]al /yle ( argum5tation ( t philosophy4 ,z ,i read x1 its favorite way ( meet+ pluralism & empiricism is by a r$uctio ad absurdum fram$ some:at z foll[s3 ,y cont5d1 x says to ! plurali/1 t ?+s1 ?\gh 9 "s respects connect$1 are 9 o!r respects indep5d5t1 s t !y are n memb]s ( "o all-inclusive individual fact4 ,well1 y\r position is absurd on ei!r po9t4 ,= admit 9 fact ! slighte/ modicum ( indep5d5ce1 & y f9d 7if y w only ?9k accurately7 t y h to admit m & m ( x1 until at la/ no?+ b an absolute *aos1 or ! prov$ impossibility ( any connexion :atev] betwe5 ! p>ts ( ! univ]se1 rema9s ^u y\r h&s4 ,admit1 on ! o!r h&1 ! mo/ incipi5t m9imum ( relation betwe5 any two ?+s1 & aga9 y c't /op until y see t ! absolute unity ( all ?+s is impli$4 ,if we take ! latt] r$uctio ad absurdum fir/1 we f9d a good example ( x 9 ,lotze's well-kn[n pro( ( monism f ! fact ( int]action betwe5 f9ite ?+s4 ,suppose1 ,lotze says 9 effect1 & = simplicity's sake ,i h to p>aphrase him1 = 8 own words are too long to quote--_m di/9ct be+s a1 b1 c1 etc41 to exi/ indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r3 c a 9 t case ev] act on b8 ,:at is x to act8 ,is x n to ex]t an influ5ce8 ,does ! influ5ce deta* itself f a & f9d b8 ,if s1 x is a ?ird fact1 & ! problem is n h[ a acts1 b h[ its 'influ5ce' acts on b4 ,by ano!r influ5ce p]haps8 ,& h[ 9 ! end does ! *a9 ( influ5ces f9d b r ?an c unless b is someh[ prefigur$ 9 !m already8 ,& :5 !y h f\nd b1 h[ d !y make b respond1 if b has no?+ 9 common ) !m8 ,:y don't !y g "r ?r\gh b8 ,! *ange 9 b is a response1 due to b's capacity = tak+ acc\nt ( a's influ5ce1 & t aga9 seems to prove t b's nature is someh[ fitt$ to a's nature 9 advance4 ,a & b1 9 %ort1 are n really z di/9ct z we at fir/ suppos$ !m1 n sep>at$ by a void4 ,7 ?is s !y w\ld be mutually imp5etrable1 or at lea/ mutually irrelevant4 ,!y w\ld =m two univ]ses ea* liv+ by itself1 mak+ no diff]5ce to ea* o!r1 tak+ no acc\nt ( ea* o!r1 mu* z ! univ]se ( y\r day dreams takes no acc\nt ( m9e4 ,!y mu/ !re=e belong toge!r be=eh&1 be co-implicat$ already1 _! natures mu/ h an inborn mutual ref]5ce ea* to ea*4 ,lotze's own solution runs z foll[s3 ,! multiple indep5d5t ?+s suppos$ _c be real 9 t %ape1 b all ( !m1 if reciprocal action is to be possible betwe5 !m1 mu/ be reg>d$ z p>ts ( a s+le real be+1 ,m4 ,! pluralism ) :i* our view began has to give place to a monism2 & ! 'transeunt' int]action1 be+ un9telligible z su*1 is to be und]/ood z an imman5t op]ation4#f ,! words 'imman5t op]ation' seem "h to mean t ! s+le real be+ ,m1 ( :i* a & b are memb]s1 is ! only ?+ t *anges1 & t :5 x *anges1 x *anges inw>dly & all ov] at once4 ,:5 "p a 9 x *anges1 consequ5tly1 "p b mu/ also *ange1 b )\t ! :ole ,m *ang+ ?is w\ld n occur4 ,a pretty argum5t1 b a purely v]bal "o1 z ,i appreh5d x4 ,call y\r a & b di/9ct1 !y c't int]act2 call !m "o1 !y c4 ,= tak5 ab/ractly & )\t qualification ! words 'di/9ct' & 'indep5d5t' sugge/ only disconnection4 ,if ?is be ! only prop]ty ( y\r a & b 7& x is ! only prop]ty y\r words imply71 !n ( c\rse1 s9ce y c't d$uce _! mutual influ5ce f x1 y c f9d no gr\nd ( its occurr+ betwe5 !m4 ,y\r b>e ^w 'sep>ate1' contradict+ y\r b>e ^w 'jo9$1' seems to exclude connexion4 ,lotze's rem$y = ! impossibility ?us v]bally f\nd is to *ange ! fir/ ^w4 ,if1 in/ead ( call+ a & b indep5d5t1 we n[ call !m 'int]dep5d5t1' 'unit$1' or '"o1' he says1 ^! words d n contradict any sort ( mutual influ5ce t may be propos$4 ,if a & b are '"o1' & ! "o *anges1 a & b ( c\rse mu/ co-ord9ately *ange4 ,:at "u ! old "n !y c\ldn't d1 !y n[ h lic5se to d "u ! new "n4 ,b ,i ask y :e!r giv+ ! "n ( '"o' to ! =m] '_m' makes u really und]/& ! modus op]&i ( int]action any bett]4 ,we h n[ giv5 v]bal p]mission to ! _m to *ange all toge!r1 if !y c2 we h remov$ a v]bal impossibility & sub/itut$ a v]bal possibility1 b ! new "n1 ) ! possibility x sugge/s1 tells u no?+ ( ! actual process by :i* real ?+s t are "o c & d *ange at all4 ,9 po9t ( fact ab/ract on5ess z su* doesn't *ange1 nei!r has x p>ts--any m ?an ab/ract indep5d5ce z su* int]acts4 ,b !n nei!r ab/ract on5ess nor ab/ract indep5d5ce exi/s2 only concrete real ?+s exi/1 :i* add to ^! prop]ties ! o!r prop]ties :i* !y possess1 to make up :at we call _! total nature4 ,to con/rue any "o ( _! ab/ract names z mak+ _! total nature impossible is a misuse ( ! function ( nam+4 ,! real way ( rescue f ! ab/ract consequ5ces ( "o "n is n to fly to an opposite "n1 equally ab/ract1 b r to correct ! fir/ "n by qualify+ adjectives t re/ore "s concret5ess to ! case4 ,don't take y\r 'indep5d5ce' simplicit]1 z ,lotze does1 take x secundum quid4 ,only :5 we "k :at ! process ( int]action lit]ally & concretely consi/s 9 c we tell :e!r be+s indep5d5t 9 def9ite respects1 di/9ct1 = example1 9 orig91 sep>ate 9 place1 diff]5t 9 k9d1 etc41 c or _c int]act4 ,! treat+ ( a "n z exclud+ f ! fact nam$ :at ! "n's def9ition fails positively to include1 is :at ,i call 'vici\s intellectualism4' ,lat] ,i %all h m to say ab\t ?is intellectualism1 b t ,lotze's argum5t is ta9t$ by x ,i h>dly ?9k we c d5y4 ,z well might y cont5d 7to use an in/ance f ,sigw>t7 t a p]son :om y h once call$ an 'eque/rian' is !reby =ev] made unable to walk on 8 own feet4 ,i almo/ feel z if ,i %\ld apologize = criticis+ su* subtle argum5ts 9 rapid lectures ( ?is k9d4 ,! criticisms h to be z ab/ract z ! argum5ts1 & 9 expos+ _! unreality1 take on su* an unreal s\nd !mselves t a he>] n nurs$ 9 ! intellectuali/ atmosph]e kn[s n :i* ( !m to accuse4 ,b le v9 e/ v]s1 il faut le boire1 & ,i mu/ cite a c\ple m in/ances be=e ,i /op4 ,if we are empirici/s & g f p>ts to :oles1 we believe t be+s may fir/ exi/ & fe$ s to speak on _! own exi/5ce1 & !n second>ily become kn[n to "o ano!r4 ,b philosoph]s ( ! absolute tell u t su* indep5d5ce ( be+ f be+ kn[n w\ld1 if once admitt$1 dis9tegrate ! univ]se beyond all hope ( m5d+4 ,! argum5t is "o ( ,pr(essor ,royce's pro(s t ! only alt]native we h is to *oose ! complete disunion ( all ?+s or _! complete union 9 ! absolute ,"o4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! prov]b 'a cat may look at a k+' & adopt ! reali/ic view t ! k+'s be+ is indep5d5t ( ! cat's witness+4 ,?is assumption1 :i* am\nts to say+ t x ne$ make no ess5tial diff]5ce to ! royal object :e!r ! fel9e subject cognizes him or n1 t ! cat may look away f him or may ev5 be annihilat$1 & ! k+ rema9 un*ang$1--?is assumption1 ,i say1 is consid]$ by my +5i\s colleague to lead to ! absurd practical consequ5ce t ! two be+s c nev] lat] acquire any possible l9kages or connexions1 b mu/ rema9 et]nally z if 9 diff]5t worlds4 ,= suppose any connexion :atev] to ensue1 ?is connexion w\ld simply be a ?ird be+ additional to ! cat & ! k+1 :i* w\ld itself h to be l9k$ to bo? by additional l9ks be=e x c\ld connect !m1 & s on ad inf9itum1 ! argum5t1 y see1 be+ ! same z ,lotze's ab\t h[ a's influ5ce does its influ5c+ :5 x influ5ces b4 ,9 ,royce's own words1 if ! k+ c be )\t ! cat kn[+ him1 !n k+ & cat 'c h no common features1 no ties1 no true relations2 !y are sep>at$1 ea* f ! o!r1 by absolutely impassable *asms4 ,!y c nev] come to get ei!r ties or community ( nature2 !y are n 9 ! same space1 nor 9 ! same "t1 nor 9 ! same natural or spiritual ord]4'#g ,!y =m 9 %ort two unrelat$ univ]ses1--:i* is ! r$uctio ad absurdum requir$4 ,to escape ?is prepo/]\s /ate ( ?+s we mu/ accord+ly revoke ! orig9al hypo!sis4 ,! k+ & ! cat are n indiff]5t to ea* o!r 9 ! way suppos$4 ,b if n 9 t way1 !n 9 no way1 = connexion 9 t way c>ries connexion 9 o!r ways2 s t1 pursu+ ! rev]se l9e ( reason+1 we end ) ! absolute itself z ! smalle/ fact t c exi/4 ,cat & k+ are co-involv$1 !y are a s+le fact 9 two names1 !y c nev] h be5 abs5t f ea* o!r1 & !y are bo? equally co-implicat$ ) all ! o!r facts ( :i* ! univ]se consi/s4 ,pr(essor ,royce's pro( t :oso admits ! cat's witness+ ! k+ at all mu/ !reupon admit ! integral absolute1 may be briefly put z foll[s3-- ,fir/1 to "k ! k+1 ! cat mu/ int5d t k+1 mu/ someh[ pass ov] & lay hold ( him individually & specifically4 ,! cat's idea1 9 %ort1 mu/ transc5d ! cat's own sep>ate m9d & someh[ include ! k+1 = 7 ! k+ utt]ly outside & indep5d5t ( ! cat1 ! cat's pure o!r1 ! bea/'s m9d c\ld t\* ! k+ 9 no wise4 ,?is makes ! cat mu* less di/9ct f ! k+ ?an we _h at fir/ navely suppos$4 ,!re mu/ be "s prior cont9uity betwe5 !m1 :i* cont9uity ,royce int]prets ideali/ically z mean+ a high] m9d t owns !m bo? z objects1 & own+ !m c also own any relation1 su* z ! suppos$ witness+1 t may obta9 betwe5 !m4 ,tak5 purely plurali/ically1 nei!r ( !m c own any "p ( a betwe51 because1 s tak51 ea* is suppos$ %ut up to itself3 ! fact ( a betwe5 ?us commits u to a high] kn[]4 ,b ! high] kn[] t kn[s ! two be+s we />t ) proves to be ! same kn[] t kn[s ev]y?+ else4 ,= assume any ?ird be+1 ! que51 say1 & z ! cat knew ! k+1 s let ! k+ "k 8 que51 & let ?is second k1 by ! same reason+1 require a high] kn[] z its presupposition4 ,t kn[] ( ! k+'s kn[+ mu/1 x is n[ cont5d$1 be ! same high] kn[] t 0 requir$ = ! cat's kn[+2 = if y suppose o!rwise1 y h no long] ! same k+4 ,?is may n seem imm$iately obvi\s1 b if y foll[ ! intellectuali/ic logic employ$ 9 all ^! reason+s1 ,i don't see h[ y c escape ! admission4 ,if x be true t ! indep5d5t or indiff]5t _c be relat$1 = ! ab/ract words 'indep5d5t' or 'indiff]5t' z su* imply no relation1 !n x is j z true t ! k+ kn[n by ! cat _c be ! k+ t kn[s ! que51 = tak5 m]ely 'z su*1' ! ab/ract t]m ':at ! cat kn[s' & ! ab/ract t]m ':at kn[s ! que5' are logically di/9ct4 ,! k+ ?us logically breaks into two k+s1 ) no?+ to connect !m1 until a high] kn[] is introduc$ to recognize !m z ! self-same k+ conc]n$ 9 any previ\s acts ( k :i* he may h br\ght ab\t4 ,?is he c d because he possesses all ! t]ms z 8 own objects & c treat !m z he w4 ,add any f\r? or fif? t]m1 & y get a l result1 & s on1 until at la/ an all-own+ kn[]1 o!rwise call$ ! absolute1 is rea*$4 ,! co-implicat$ '?r\gh-&-?r\gh' _w ( monism ?us /&s prov$ by irrefutable logic1 & all pluralism appe>s z absurd4 ,! reason+ is pleas+ f its +5uity1 & x is almo/ a pity t s /raight a bridge f ab/ract logic to concrete fact %\ld n be> our weight4 ,to h ! alt]native =c$ ^u u ( admitt+ ei!r f9ite ?+s ea* cut (f f all relation ) its environm5t1 or else ( accept+ ! integral absolute ) no environm5t & all relations pack$ )9 itself1 w\ld be too delici\s a simplification4 ,b ! purely v]bal "* ( ! op]ation is undisguis$4 ,because ! names ( f9ite ?+s & _! relations are disjo9$1 x doesn't foll[ t ! realities nam$ ne$ a deus ex ma*9a f on high to conjo9 !m4 ,! same ?+s disjo9$ 9 "o respect appe> z conjo9$ 9 ano!r4 ,nam+ ! disjunction doesn't deb> u f also nam+ ! conjunction 9 a lat] modify+ /atem5t1 = ! two are absolutely co-ord9ate elem5ts 9 ! f9ite tissue ( exp]i5ce4 ,:5 at ,a!ns x 0 f\nd self-contradictory t a boy c\ld be bo? tall & %ort 7tall namely 9 respect ( a *ild1 %ort 9 respect ( a man71 ! absolute _h n yet be5 ?\ght (1 b x might j z well h be5 invok$ by ,socrates z by ,lotze or ,royce1 z a relief f 8 peculi> intellectuali/ic difficulty4 ,ev]y:]e we f9d rationali/s us+ ! same k9d ( reason+4 ,! primal :ole :i* is _! vision mu/ be !re n only z a fact b z a logical necessity4 ,x mu/ be ! m9imum t c exi/--ei!r t absolute :ole is !re1 or !re is absolutely no?+4 ,! logical pro( alleg$ ( ! irrationality ( suppos+ o!rwise1 is t y c d5y ! :ole only 9 words t implicitly ass]t x4 ,if y say 'p>ts1' ( :at are !y p>ts8 ,if y call !m a '_m1' t v ^w unifies !m4 ,if y suppose !m unrelat$ 9 any p>ticul> respect1 t 'respect' connects !m2 & s on4 ,9 %ort y fall into hopeless contradiction4 ,y mu/ /ay ei!r at "o extreme or ! o!r4#h ',p>tly ?is & p>tly t1' p>tly rational1 = in/ance1 & p>tly irrational1 is no admissible description ( ! _w4 ,if rationality be 9 x at all1 x mu/ be 9 x ?r\gh\t2 if irrationality be 9 x any:]e1 t also mu/ p]vade x ?r\gh\t4 ,x mu/ be :olly rational or :olly irrational1 pure univ]se or pure multiv]se or nulliv]se2 & r$uc$ to ?is viol5t alt]native1 no "o's *oice ought long to rema9 d\btful4 ,! individual absolute1 ) its p>ts co-implicat$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 s t !re is no?+ 9 any "p by :i* any o!r "p c rema9 inw>dly unaffect$1 is ! only rational supposition4 ,connexions ( an ext]nal sort1 by :i* ! _m became m]ely cont9u\s in/ead ( be+ consub/antial1 w\ld be an irrational supposition4 ,mr4 ,bradley is ! patt]n *ampion ( ?is philosophy 9 extremis1 z "o might call x1 = he %[s an intol]ance to pluralism s extreme t ,i fancy few ( 8 read]s h be5 able fully to %>e x4 ,8 reason+ exemplifies ev]y:]e :at ,i call ! vice ( intellectualism1 = ab/ract t]ms are us$ by him z positively exclud+ all t _! def9ition fails to include4 ,"s ,greek sophi/s c\ld d5y t we may say t man is good1 = man1 !y said1 means only man1 & good means only good1 & ! ^w is c't be con/ru$ to id5tify su* disp>ate mean+s4 ,mr4 ,bradley revels 9 ! same type ( argum5t4 ,no adjective c rationally qualify a sub/antive1 he ?9ks1 = if di/9ct f ! sub/antive1 x c't be unit$ ) x2 & if n di/9ct1 !re is only "o ?+ !re1 & no?+ left to unite4 ,our :ole plurali/ic proc$ure 9 us+ subjects & pr$icates z we d is fundam5tally irrational1 an example ( ! desp]ation ( our f9ite intellectual e/ate1 infect$ & und]m9$ z t is by ! sep>ati/ discursive =ms :i* are our only categories1 b :i* absolute reality mu/ someh[ absorb into its unity & ov]come4 ,read]s ( ',appe>ance & reality' w rememb] h[ ,mr4 ,bradley suff]s f a difficulty id5tical ) t to :i* ,lotze & ,royce fall a prey--h[ %all an influ5ce influ5ce8 h[ %all a relation relate8 ,any conjunctive relation betwe5 two ph5om5al exp]i5ces a & b mu/1 9 ! intellectuali/ philosophy ( ^! au?ors1 be itself a ?ird entity2 & z su*1 in/ead ( bridg+ ! "o orig9al *asm1 x c only create two small] *asms1 ea* to be fre%ly bridg$4 ,in/ead ( hook+ a to b1 x ne$s itself to be hook$ by a fre% relation r to a & by ano!r r to b4 ,^! new relations are b two m entities :i* !mselves require to be hit*$ 9 turn by f\r /ill new] relations--s behold ! v]tig9\s regressus ad inf9itum 9 full c>e]4 ,s9ce a regressus ad inf9itum is deem$ absurd1 ! notion t relations come 'betwe5' _! t]ms mu/ be giv5 up4 ,no m]e ext]nal g-betwe5 c logically connect4 ,:at occurs mu/ be m intimate4 ,! hook+ mu/ be a p5etration1 a possession4 ,! relation mu/ involve ! t]ms1 ea* t]m mu/ involve x1 & m]g+ ?us _! be+ 9 x1 !y mu/ someh[ m]ge _! be+ 9 ea* o!r1 ?o1 z !y seem /ill ph5om5ally s sep>ate1 we c nev] conceive exactly h[ x is t !y are inw>dly "o4 ,! absolute1 h[ev]1 mu/ be suppos$ able to p]=m ! unify+ feat 9 8 own inscrutable fa%ion4 ,9 old times1 :5ev] a philosoph] 0 assail$ = "s p>ticul>ly t\gh absurdity 9 8 sy/em1 he 0 wont to p>ry ! attack by ! argum5t f ! div9e omnipot5ce4 ',d y mean to limit ,god's p[]8' he w\ld reply3 'd y mean to say t ,god c\ld n1 if he w\ld1 d ?is or t8' ,?is retort 0 suppos$ to close ! m\?s ( all objectors ( prop]ly decor\s m9d4 ,! functions ( ! bradleian absolute are 9 ?is p>ticul> id5tical ) ^? ( ! !i/ic ,god4 ,suppositions treat$ z too absurd to pass mu/] 9 ! f9ite _w :i* we inhabit1 ! absolute mu/ be able to make good 'someh[' 9 8 ineffable way4 ,fir/ we he> ,mr4 ,bradley convict+ ?+s ( absurdity2 next1 call+ on ! absolute to v\* = !m qu& mme4 ,invok$ = no o!r duty1 t duty x mu/ & %all p]=m4 ,! /range/ discont9uity ( our _w ( appe>ance ) ! suppos$ _w ( absolute reality is ass]t$ bo? by ,bradley & by ,royce2 & bo? writ]s1 ! latt] ) great +5uity1 seek to s(t5 ! viol5ce ( ! jolt4 ,b x rema9s viol5t all ! same1 & is felt to be s by mo/ read]s4 ,:oev] feels ! viol5ce /rongly sees z on a diagram 9 j :at ! peculi>ity ( all ?is philosophy ( ! absolute consi/s4 ,fir/1 !re is a heal?y fai? t ! _w mu/ be rational & self-consi/5t4 ',all sci5ce1 all real k1 all exp]i5ce presuppose1' z ,mr4 ,rit*ie writes1 'a coh]5t univ]se4' ,next1 we f9d a loyal cl++ to ! rationali/ belief t s5se-data & _! associations are incoh]5t1 & t only 9 sub/itut+ a conceptual ord] = _! ord] c tru? be f\nd4 ,?ird1 ! sub/itut$ conceptions are treat$ intellectuali/ically1 t is z mutually exclusive & discont9u\s1 s t ! fir/ innoc5t cont9uity ( ! fl[ ( s5se-exp]i5ce is %att]$ = u )\t any high] conceptual cont9uity tak+ its place4 ,f9ally1 s9ce ?is brok5 /ate ( ?+s is intol]able1 ! absolute deus ex ma*9a is call$ on to m5d x 9 8 own way1 s9ce we _c m5d x 9 ours4 ,any o!r picture ?an ?is ( po/-kantian absolutism ,i am unable to frame4 ,i see ! intellectuali/ic criticism de/roy+ ! imm$iately giv5 coh]5ce ( ! ph5om5al _w1 b unable to make its own conceptual sub/itutes coh]e1 & ,i see ! resort to ! absolute = a coh]5ce ( a high] type4 ,! situation has dramatic livel9ess1 b x is inw>dly incoh]5t ?r\gh\t1 & ! "q inevitably comes up :e!r a mi/ake may n some:]e h crept 9 9 ! process t has br\ght x ab\t4 ,may n ! rem$y lie r 9 revis+ ! intellectuali/ criticism ?an 9 fir/ adopt+ x & !n try+ to undo its consequ5ces by an arbitr>y act ( fai? 9 an un9telligible ag5t4 ,may n ! flux ( s5sible exp]i5ce itself conta9 a rationality t has be5 ov]look$1 s t ! real rem$y w\ld consi/ 9 h>k+ back to x m intellig5tly1 & n 9 advanc+ 9 ! opposite direction away f x & ev5 away beyond ! intellectuali/ criticism t dis9tegrates x1 to ! pseudo-rationality ( ! suppos$ absolute po9t ( view4 ,i myself believe t ?is is ! real way to keep rationality 9 ! _w1 & t ! traditional rationalism has always be5 fac+ 9 ! wrong direction4 ,i hope 9 ! end to make y %>e1 or at any rate respect1 ?is belief1 b !re is mu* to talk ( be=e we get to t po9t4 ,i employ$ ! ^w 'viol5t' j n[ 9 describ+ ! dramatic situation 9 :i* x pleases ! philosophy ( ! absolute to make its camp4 ,i don't see h[ any "o c help be+ /ruck 9 absoluti/ writ+s by t curi\s t5d5cy to fly to viol5t extremes ( :i* ,i h already said a ^w4 ,! univ]se mu/ be rational2 well & good2 b h[ rational8 9 :at s5se ( t eulogi/ic b ambigu\s ^w8--?is w\ld seem to be ! next po9t to br+ up4 ,!re are surely degrees 9 rationality t might be discrim9at$ & describ$4 ,?+s c be consi/5t or coh]5t 9 v div]se ways4 ,b no m 9 its conception ( rationality ?an 9 its conception ( relations c ! moni/ic m9d suff] ! notion ( m or less4 ,rationality is "o & indivisible3 if n rational ?us indivisibly1 ! univ]se mu/ be completely irrational1 & no %ad+s or mixtures or compromises c obta94 ,mr4 ,mc,taggart writes1 9 discuss+ ! notion ( a mixture3 ',! two pr9ciples1 ( rationality & irrationality1 to :i* ! univ]se is !n ref]r$1 w h to be absolutely sep>ate & indep5d5t4 ,= if !re 7 any common unity to :i* !y %\ld be ref]r$1 x w\ld be t unity & n its two manife/ations :i* w\ld be ! ultimate explanation 444 & ! !ory1 hav+ ?us become moni/ic1'#i w\ld resolve itself into ! same alt]native once m3 is ! s+le pr9ciple rational ?r\gh & ?r\gh or n8 ',c a plurality ( reals be possible8' asks ,mr4 ,bradley1 & answ]s1 ',no1 impossible4' ,= x w\ld mean a numb] ( be+s n dep5d5t on ea* o!r1 & ?is indep5d5ce _! plurality w\ld contradict4 ,= to be '_m' is to be relat$1 ! ^w hav+ no mean+ unless ! units are someh[ tak5 toge!r1 & x is impossible to take !m 9 a sort ( unreal void1 s !y mu/ belong to a l>g] reality1 & s c>ry ! ess5ce ( ! units beyond _! prop] selves1 into a :ole :i* possesses unity & is a l>g] sy/em4#aj ,ei!r absolute indep5d5ce or absolute mutual dep5d5ce--?is1 !n1 is ! only alt]native all[$ by ^! ?9k]s4 ,( c\rse 'indep5d5ce1' if absolute1 w\ld be prepo/]\s1 s ! only conclusion all[able is t1 9 ,rit*ie's words1 'e s+le ev5t is ultimately relat$ to e o!r1 & det]m9$ by ! :ole to :i* x belongs4' ,! :ole complete block-univ]se ?r\gh-&-?r\gh1 !re=e1 or no univ]se at all6 ,pr(essor ,taylor is s naf 9 ?is habit ( ?9k+ only 9 extremes t he *>ges ! plurali/s ) cutt+ ! gr\nd f "u _! own feet 9 n consi/5tly foll[+ x !mselves4 ,:at plurali/s say is t a univ]se really connect$ loosely1 aft] ! patt]n ( our daily exp]i5ce1 is possible1 & t = c]ta9 reasons x is ! hypo!sis to be pref]r$4 ,:at ,pr(essor ,taylor ?9ks !y naturally mu/ or %\ld say is t any o!r sort ( univ]se is logically impossible1 & t a totality ( ?+s int]relat$ l ! _w ( ! moni/s is n an hypo!sis t c be s]i\sly ?\ght out at all4#aa ,mean:ile no s5sible plurali/ ev] flies or wants to fly to ?is dogmatic extreme4 ,if *ance is spok5 ( z an +r$i5t ( ! univ]se1 absoluti/s int]pret x to mean t d\ble sev5s are z likely to be ?r[n out ( a dice box z d\ble sixes are4 ,if free-w is spok5 (1 t mu/ mean t an engli% g5]al is z likely to eat 8 prison]s to-day z a ,maori *ief 0 a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,x is z likely--,i am us+ ,mr4 ,mc,taggart's examples--t a majority ( ,london]s w burn !mselves alive to-morr[ z t !y w p>take ( food1 z likely t ,i %all be hang$ = bru%+ my hair z = committ+ a murd]1#ab & s =?1 ?r\gh v>i\s suppositions t no indet]m9i/ ev] sees real reason to make4 ,?is habit ( ?9k+ only 9 ! mo/ viol5t extremes rem9ds me ( :at ,mr4 ,wells says ( ! curr5t objections to socialism1 9 8 wond]ful little book1 ',new worlds = old4' ,! commone/ vice ( ! human m9d is its disposition to see ev]y?+ z yes or no1 z black or :ite1 its incapacity = discrim9ation ( int]m$iate %ades4 ,s ! critics agree to "s h>d & fa/ impossible def9ition ( socialism1 & extract absurdities f x z a conjur] gets rabbits f a hat4 ,socialism aboli%es prop]ty1 aboli%es ! family1 & ! re/4 ,! me?od1 ,mr4 ,wells cont9ues1 is always ! same3 ,x is to assume t :atev] ! sociali/ po/ulates z desirable is want$ )\t limit ( qualification1--= sociali/ read plurali/ & ! p>allel holds good1--x is to imag9e t :atev] proposal is made by him is to be c>ri$ out by uncontroll$ monomaniacs1 & s to make a picture ( ! sociali/ dream :i* c be pres5t$ to ! simple-m9d$ p]son 9 d\bt--',?is is socialism'--or pluralism1 z ! case may be4 ',surely6--,,surely6 y don't want ?is6' ,h[ (t5 h ,i be5 repli$ to1 :5 express+ d\bts ( ! logical necessity ( ! absolute1 ( fly+ to ! opposite extreme3 ',b surely1 ,,surely !re mu/ be "s connexion among ?+s6' ,z if ,i mu/ necess>ily be an uncontroll$ monomanic insanely d5y+ any connexion :atev]4 ,! :ole "q revolves 9 v tru? ab\t ! ^w '"s4' ,radical empiricism & pluralism /& out = ! legitimacy ( ! notion ( "s3 ea* "p ( ! _w is 9 "s ways connect$1 9 "s o!r ways n connect$ ) its o!r p>ts1 & ! ways c be discrim9at$1 = _m ( !m are obvi\s1 & _! diff]5ces are obvi\s to view4 ,absolutism1 on its side1 seems to hold t '"s' is a category ru9\sly infect$ ) self-contradictor9ess1 & t ! only categories inw>dly consi/5t & !re=e p]t95t to reality are 'all' & 'none4' ,! "q runs into ! /ill m g5]al "o ) :i* ,mr4 ,bradley & lat] writ]s ( ! moni/ic s*ool h made u abundantly famili>--! "q1 namely1 :e!r all ! relations ) o!r ?+s1 possible to a be+1 are pre-includ$ 9 its intr9sic nature & ent] into its ess5ce1 or :e!r1 9 respect to "s ( ^! relations1 x c be )\t ref]5ce to !m1 &1 if x ev] does ent] into !m1 d s adv5titi\sly & z x 7 by an aft]-?\ght4 ,?is is ! great "q z to :e!r 'ext]nal' relations c exi/4 ,!y seem to1 und\bt$ly4 ,my manuscript1 = example1 is 'on' ! desk4 ,! relation ( be+ 'on' doesn't seem to implicate or involve 9 any way ! inn] mean+ ( ! manuscript or ! inn] /ructure ( ! desk--^! objects engage 9 x only by _! outsides1 x seems only a tempor>y accid5t 9 _! respective hi/ories4 ,moreov]1 ! 'on' fails to appe> to our s5ses z "o ( ^? un9telligible 'betwe5s' t h to be sep>ately hook$ on ! t]ms !y pret5d to connect4 ,all ?is innoc5t s5se-appe>ance1 h[ev]1 we are told1 _c pass mu/] 9 ! eyes ( reason4 ,x is a tissue ( self-contradiction :i* only ! complete absorption ( ! desk & ! manuscript into ! high] unity ( a m absolute reality c ov]come4 ,! reason+ by :i* ?is conclusion is support$ is too subtle & complicat$ to be prop]ly dealt ) 9 a public lecture1 & y w ?ank me = n invit+ y to consid] x at all4#ac ,i feel ! m free to pass x by n[ z ,i ?9k t ! cursory acc\nt ( ! absoluti/ic attitude :i* ,i h already giv5 is suffici5t = our pres5t purpose1 & t my own v]dict on ! philosophy ( ! absolute z 'n prov5'--please obs]ve t ,i g no f>!r n[--ne$ n be back$ by argum5t at e special po9t4 ,flank+ op]ations are less co/ly & 9 "s ways m effective ?an frontal attacks4 ,possibly y w y\rselves ?9k aft] he>+ my rema9+ lectures t ! alt]native ( an univ]se absolutely rational or absolutely irrational is =c$ & /ra9$1 & t a via m$ia exi/s :i* "s ( y may agree ) me is to be pref]r$4 ,"s rationality c]ta9ly does *>act]ize our univ]se2 &1 weigh+ "o k9d ) ano!r1 we may deem t ! incomplete k9ds t appe> are on ! :ole z acceptable z ! ?r\gh-&-?r\gh sort ( rationality on :i* ! moni/ic sy/ematiz]s insi/4 ,all ! said sy/ematiz]s :o h writt5 s9ce ,hegel h ow$ _! inspiration l>gely to him4 ,ev5 :5 !y h f\nd no use = 8 p>ticul> triadic dialectic1 !y h drawn confid5ce & c\rage f 8 au?oritative & conqu]+ tone4 ,i h said no?+ ab\t ,hegel 9 ?is lecture1 s ,i mu/ repair ! omission 9 ! next4 ,,lecture ,,iii ,,hegel ,,& ,,8 ,,me?od ,directly or indirectly1 t /range & p[]ful g5ius ,hegel has done m to /r5g!n ideali/ic pan!ism 9 ?\ghtful circles ?an all o!r influ5ces put toge!r4 ,i mu/ talk a little ab\t him be=e draw+ my f9al conclusions ab\t ! cog5cy ( ! argum5ts = ! absolute4 ,9 no philosophy is ! fact t a philosoph]'s vision & ! te*nique he uses 9 pro( ( x are two diff]5t ?+s m palpably evid5t ?an 9 ,hegel4 ,! vision 9 8 case 0 t ( a _w 9 :i* reason holds all ?+s 9 solution & acc\nts = all ! irrationality t sup]ficially appe>s by tak+ x up z a 'mom5t' into itself4 ,?is vision 0 s int5se 9 ,hegel1 & ! tone ( au?ority ) :i* he spoke f out ( ! mid/ ( x 0 s weighty1 t ! impression he made has nev] be5 effac$4 ,once dilat$ to ! scale ( ! ma/]'s eye1 ! disciples' sight c\ld n contract to any less] prospect4 ,! te*nique :i* ,hegel us$ to prove 8 vision 0 ! s-call$ dialectic me?od1 b "h 8 =tune has be5 q contr>y4 ,h>dly a rec5t disciple has felt 8 p>ticul> applications ( ! me?od to be satisfactory4 ,_m h let !m drop entirely1 treat+ !m r z a sort ( provisional /op-gap1 symbolic ( :at might "s day prove possible ( execution1 b hav+ no lit]al cog5cy or value n[4 ,yet ^! v same disciples hold to ! vision itself z a revelation t c nev] pass away4 ,! case is curi\s & wor?y ( our /udy4 ,x is /ill m curi\s 9 t ^! same disciples1 al?o !y are usually will+ to ab&on any p>ticul> in/ance ( ! dialectic me?od to its critics1 are un%akably sure t 9 "s %ape ! dialectic me?od is ! key to tru?4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! dialectic me?od8 ,x is itself a "p ( ! hegelian vision or intuition1 & a "p t f9ds ! /ronge/ e*o 9 empiricism & common s5se4 ,great inju/ice is done to ,hegel by treat+ him z prim>ily a reason]4 ,he is 9 reality a navely obs]vant man1 only beset ) a p]v]se pref]5ce = ! use ( te*nical & logical j>gon4 ,he plants himself 9 ! empirical flux ( ?+s & gets ! impression ( :at happ5s4 ,8 m9d is 9 v tru? impressioni/ic2 & 8 ?\ght1 :5 once y put y\rself at ! animat+ c5tre ( x1 is ! easie/ ?+ 9 ! _w to cat* ! pulse ( & to foll[4 ,any au?or is easy if y c cat* ! c5tre ( 8 vision4 ,f ! c5tre 9 ,hegel come ^? t[]+ s5t5ces ( 8 t are comp>able only to ,lu!r's1 z :]e1 speak+ ( ! ontological pro( ( ,god's exi/5ce f ! concept ( him z ! ens p]fectissimum to :i* no attribute c be lack+1 he says3 ',x w\ld be /range if ! ,notion1 ! v he>t ( ! m9d1 or1 9 a ^w1 ! concrete totality we call ,god1 7 n ri* en\gh to embrace s poor a category z ,be+1 ! v poore/ & mo/ ab/ract ( all--= no?+ c be m insignificant ?an ,be+4' ,b if ,hegel's c5tral ?\ght is easy to cat*1 8 abom9able habits ( spee* make 8 application ( x to details exce$+ly difficult to foll[4 ,8 passion = ! slip%od 9 ! way ( s5t5ces1 8 unpr9cipl$ play+ fa/ & loose ) t]ms2 8 dreadful vocabul>y1 call+ :at completes a ?+ its 'negation1' = example2 8 sy/ematic refusal to let y "k :e!r he is talk+ logic or physics or psy*ology1 8 :ole delib]ately adopt$ policy ( ambiguity & vagu5ess1 9 %ort3 all ^! ?+s make 8 pres5t-day read]s wi% to te> _! hair--or 8--out 9 desp]ation4 ,l ,byron's corsair1 he has left a "n 'to o!r times1 l9k$ ) "o virtue & a ?\s& crimes4' ,! virtue 0 ! vision1 :i* 0 really 9 two p>ts4 ,! fir/ "p 0 t reason is all-inclusive1 ! second 0 t ?+s are 'dialectic4' ,let me say a ^w ab\t ?is second "p ( ,hegel's vision4 ,! impression t any naf p]son gets :o plants himself innoc5tly 9 ! flux ( ?+s is t ?+s are (f _! balance4 ,:atev] equilibriums our f9ite exp]i5ces atta9 to are b provisional4 ,m>t9ique volcanoes %att] our wordswor?ian equilibrium ) nature4 ,accid5ts1 ei!r moral1 m5tal1 or physical1 break up ! sl[ly built-up equilibriums m5 rea* 9 family life & 9 _! civic & pr(essional relations4 ,intellectual enigmas fru/rate our sci5tific sy/ems1 & ! ultimate cruelty ( ! univ]se upsets our religi\s attitudes & outlooks4 ,( no special sy/em ( good atta9$ does ! univ]se recognize ! value z sacr$4 ,d[n x tumbles1 ov] x goes1 to fe$ ! rav5\s appetite = de/ruction1 ( ! l>g] sy/em ( hi/ory 9 :i* x /ood = a mom5t z a l&+-place & /epp+-/one4 ,?is dogg+ ( ev]y?+ by its negative1 its fate1 its undo+1 ?is p]petual mov+ on to some?+ future :i* %all sup]s$e ! pres5t1 ?is is ! hegelian intuition ( ! ess5tial provisionality1 & consequ5t unreality1 ( ev]y?+ empirical & f9ite4 ,take any concrete f9ite ?+ & try to hold x fa/4 ,y _c1 = s held1 x proves n to be concrete at all1 b an arbitr>y extract or ab/ract :i* y h made f ! rema9d] ( empirical reality4 ,! re/ ( ?+s invades & ov]fl[s bo? x & y toge!r1 & defeats y\r ra% attempt4 ,any p>tial view :atev] ( ! _w te>s ! "p out ( its relations1 leaves out "s tru? conc]n+ x1 is untrue ( x1 falsifies x4 ,! full tru? ab\t any?+ involves m ?an t ?+4 ,9 ! end no?+ less ?an ! :ole ( ev]y?+ c be ! tru? ( any?+ at all4 ,tak5 s f>1 & tak5 9 ! r\gh1 ,hegel is n only h>mless1 b accurate4 ,!re is a dialectic movem5t 9 ?+s1 if su* x please y to call x1 "o t ! :ole con/itution ( concrete life e/abli%es2 b x is "o t c be describ$ & acc\nt$ = 9 t]ms ( ! plurali/ic vision ( ?+s f> m naturally ?an 9 ! moni/ic t]ms to :i* ,hegel f9ally r$uc$ x4 ,plurali/ic empiricism kn[s t ev]y?+ is 9 an environm5t1 a surr\nd+ _w ( o!r ?+s1 & t if y leave x to "w !re x w inevitably meet ) friction & opposition f its neighbors4 ,its rivals & enemies w de/roy x unless x c buy !m (f by compromis+ "s "p ( its orig9al pret5sions4 ,b ,hegel saw ?is und5iable *>act]i/ic ( ! _w we live 9 9 a non-empirical light4 ,let ! m5tal idea ( ! ?+ "w 9 y\r ?\ght all alone1 he fanci$1 & j ! same consequ5ces w foll[4 ,x w be negat$ by ! opposite ideas t dog x1 & c survive only by ent]+1 along ) !m1 into "s k9d ( treaty4 ,?is treaty w be an in/ance ( ! s-call$ 'high] syn!sis' ( ev]y?+ ) its negative2 & ,hegel's orig9ality lay 9 transport+ ! process f ! sph]e ( p]cepts to t ( concepts & treat+ x z ! univ]sal me?od by :i* e k9d ( life1 logical1 physical1 or psy*ological1 is m$iat$4 ,n to ! s5sible facts z su*1 !n1 did ,hegel po9t = ! secret ( :at keeps exi/5ce go+1 b r to ! conceptual way ( treat+ !m4 ,concepts 7 n 9 8 eyes ! /atic self-conta9$ ?+s t previ\s logicians _h suppos$1 b 7 g]m9ative1 & pass$ beyond !mselves into ea* o!r by :at he call$ _! imman5t dialectic4 ,9 ignor+ ea* o!r z !y d1 !y virtually exclude & d5y ea* o!r1 he ?\ght1 & ?us 9 a mann] introduce ea* o!r4 ,s ! dialectic logic1 accord+ to him1 _h to sup]s$e ! 'logic ( id5tity' 9 :i*1 s9ce ,ari/otle1 all ,europe _h be5 br\ght up4 ,?is view ( concepts is ,hegel's revolution>y p]=mance2 b s /udi\sly vague & ambigu\s are all 8 expressions ( x t "o c h>dly tell :e!r x is ! concepts z su*1 or ! s5sible exp]i5ces & elem5ts conceiv$1 t ,hegel really means to "w )4 ,! only ?+ t is c]ta9 is t :atev] y may say ( 8 proc$ure1 "s "o w accuse y ( misund]/&+ x4 ,i make no claim to und]/&+ x1 ,i treat x m]ely impressioni/ically4 ,s treat+ x1 ,i regret t he %\ld h call$ x by ! "n ( logic4 ,cl++ z he did to ! vision ( a really liv+ _w1 & refus+ to be cont5t ) a *opp$-up intellectuali/ picture ( x1 x is a pity t he %\ld h adopt$ ! v ^w t intellectualism _h already pre-empt$4 ,b he clung fa/ to ! old rationali/ contempt = ! imm$iately giv5 _w ( s5se & all its squalid p>ticul>s1 & nev] tol]at$ ! notion t ! =m ( philosophy might be empirical only4 ,8 own sy/em _h to be a product ( et]nal reason1 s ! ^w 'logic1' ) its sugge/ions ( co]cive necessity1 0 ! only ^w he c\ld f9d natural4 ,he pret5d$ !re=e to be us+ ! a priori me?od1 & to be work+ by a scanty equipm5t ( anci5t logical t]ms--position1 negation1 reflection1 univ]sal1 p>ticul>1 individual1 & ! l4 ,b :at he really work$ by 0 8 own empirical p]ceptions1 :i* exce$$ & ov]fl[$ 8 mis]ably insuffici5t logical categories 9 e in/ance ( _! use4 ,:at he did ) ! category ( negation 0 8 mo/ orig9al /roke4 ,! or?odox op9ion is t y c advance logically ?r\gh ! field ( concepts only by go+ f ! same to ! same4 ,hegel felt deeply ! /]ility ( ?is law ( conceptual ?\ght2 he saw t 9 a fa%ion negation also relates ?+s2 & he _h ! brilliant idea ( transc5d+ ! ord9>y logic by treat+ advance f ! diff]5t to ! diff]5t z if x 7 also a necessity ( ?\ght4 ',! s-call$ maxim ( id5tity1' he wrote1 'is suppos$ to be accept$ by ! consci\sness ( e "o4 ,b ! language :i* su* a law dem&s1 a planet is a planet1 magnetism is magnetism1 m9d is m9d1 des]ves to be call$ sill9ess4 ,no m9d ei!r speaks or ?9ks or =ms conceptions 9 accordance ) ?is law1 & no exi/5ce ( any k9d :atev] con=ms to x4 ,we mu/ nev] view id5tity z ab/ract id5tity1 to ! exclusion ( all diff]5ce4 ,t is ! t\*/one = di/+ui%+ all bad philosophy f :at alone des]ves ! "n ( philosophy4 ,if ?9k+ 7 no m ?an regi/]+ ab/ract id5tities1 x w\ld be a mo/ sup]flu\s p]=mance4 ,?+s & concepts are id5tical ) !mselves only 9 s f> z at ! same "t !y involve di/9ction4'#a ,! di/9ction t ,hegel has 9 m9d "h is naturally 9 ! fir/ in/ance di/9ction f all o!r ?+s or concepts4 ,b 9 8 h&s ?is quickly develops into contradiction ( !m1 & f9ally1 reflect$ back ^u itself1 into self-contradiction2 & ! imman5t self-contradictor9ess ( all f9ite concepts !nce=? becomes ! propulsive logical =ce t moves ! _w4#b ',isolate a ?+ f all its relations1' says ,dr4 ,edw>d ,caird1#c exp\nd+ ,hegel1 '& try to ass]t x by itself2 y f9d t x has negat$ itself z well z its relations4 ,! ?+ 9 itself is no?+4' ,or1 to quote ,hegel's own words3 ',:5 we suppose an exi/5t ,a1 & ano!r1 ,b1 ,b is at fir/ def9$ z ! o!r4 ,b ,a is j z mu* ! o!r ( ,b4 ,bo? are o!rs 9 ! same fa%ion4444 ,o!r is ! o!r by itself1 !re=e ! o!r ( e o!r1 consequ5tly ! o!r ( itself1 ! simply unlike itself1 ! self-negator1 ! self-alt]]1' etc4#d ,hegel writes else:]e3 ',! f9ite1 z implicitly o!r ?an :at x is1 is =c$ to surr5d] its own imm$iate or natural be+1 & to turn sudd5ly into its opposite4444 ,dialectic is ! univ]sal & irresi/ible p[] be=e :i* no?+ c /ay4444 ,summum jus1 summa injuria--to drive an ab/ract "r to excess is to commit inju/ice4444 ,extreme an>*y & extreme despotism lead to "o ano!r4 ,pride comes be=e a fall4 ,too mu* wit outwits itself4 ,joy br+s te>s1 melan*oly a s>donic smile4'#e ,to :i* "o well might add t mo/ human in/itutions1 by ! purely te*nical & pr(essional mann] 9 :i* !y come to be adm9i/]$1 end by becom+ ob/acles to ! v purposes :i* _! f\nd]s _h 9 view4 ,once cat* well ! knack ( ?is s*eme ( ?\ght & y are lucky if y ev] get away f x4 ,x is all y c see4 ,let any "o pron\nce any?+1 & y\r feel+ ( a contradiction be+ impli$ becomes a habit1 almo/ a motor habit 9 "s p]sons :o symbolize by a /]eotyp$ ge/ure ! position1 sublation1 & f9al re9/atem5t involv$4 ,if y say 'two' or '_m1' y\r spee* betraye? y1 = ! v "n collects !m into "o4 ,if y express d\bt1 y\r expression contradicts its cont5t1 = ! d\bt itself is n d\bt$ b affirm$4 ,if y say 'disord]1' :at is t b a c]ta9 bad k9d ( ord]8 if y say 'indet]m9ation1' y are det]m9+ j t4 ,if y say 'no?+ b ! unexpect$ happ5s1' ! unexpect$ becomes :at y expect4 ,if y say 'all ?+s are relative1' to :at is ! all ( !m itself relative8 ,if y say 'no m1' y h said m already1 by imply+ a region 9 :i* no m is f\nd2 to "k a limit z su* is consequ5tly already to h got beyond x2 ,& s =?1 ?r\gh\t z _m examples z "o c>es to cite4 ,:atev] y posit appe>s ?us z "o-sid$1 & negates its o!r1 :i*1 be+ equally "o-sid$1 negates x2 &1 s9ce ?is situation rema9s un/able1 ! two contradictory t]ms h toge!r1 accord+ to ,hegel1 to eng5d] a high] tru? ( :i* !y bo? appe> z indisp5sable memb]s1 mutually m$iat+ aspects ( t high] concept ( situation 9 ?\ght4 ,e high] total1 h[ev] provisional & relative1 ?us reconciles ! contradictions :i* its p>ts1 ab/ract$ f x1 prove implicitly to conta94 ,rationalism1 y rememb]1 is :at ,i call$ ! way ( ?9k+ t me?odically subord9ates p>ts to :oles1 s ,hegel "h is rationali/ic ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,! only :ole by :i* all contradictions are reconcil$ is = him ! absolute :ole ( :oles1 ! all-inclusive reason to :i* ,hegel himself gave ! "n ( ! absolute ,idea1 b :i* ,i %all cont9ue to call '! absolute' purely & simply1 z ,i h done hi!rto4 ,empirical in/ances ( ! way 9 :i* high] unities reconcile contradictions are innum]able1 s "h aga9 ,hegel's vision1 tak5 m]ely impressioni/ically1 agrees ) c\ntless facts4 ,someh[ life does1 out ( its total res\rces1 f9d ways ( satisfy+ opposites at once4 ,?is is precisely ! p>adoxical aspect :i* mu* ( our civilization pres5ts4 ,peace we secure by armam5ts1 lib]ty by laws & con/itutions2 simplicity & naturalness are ! consummate result ( artificial bre$+ & tra9+2 heal?1 /r5g?1 & weal? are increas$ only by lavi% use1 exp5se1 & we>4 ,our mi/ru/ ( mi/ru/ eng5d]s our comm]cial sy/em ( cr$it2 our tol]ance ( an>*i/ic & revolution>y utt]ances is ! only way ( less5+ _! dang]2 our *>ity has to say no to begg>s 9 ord] n to defeat its own desires2 ! true epicurean has to obs]ve great sobriety2 ! way to c]ta9ty lies ?r\gh radical d\bt2 virtue signifies n innoc5ce b ! k ( s9 & its ov]com+2 by obey+ nature1 we comm& h]1 etc4 ,! e?ical & ! religi\s life are full ( su* contradictions held 9 solution4 ,y hate y\r enemy8--well1 =give him1 & !reby heap coals ( fire on 8 head2 to realize y\rself1 r5\nce y\rself2 to save y\r s\l1 fir/ lose x2 9 %ort1 die to live4 ,f su* massive examples "o easily g5]alizes ,hegel's vision4 ,r\ghly1 8 'dialectic' picture is a fair acc\nt ( a good deal ( ! _w4 ,x s\nds p>adoxical1 b :5ev] y once place y\rself at ! po9t ( view2 ( any high] syn!sis1 y see exactly h[ x does 9 a fa%ion take up opposites into itself4 ,z an example1 consid] ! conflict betwe5 our c>nivor\s appetites & hunt+ in/9cts & ! sympa?y ) animals :i* our ref9em5t is br++ 9 its tra94 ,we h f\nd h[ to reconcile ^! opposites mo/ effectively by e/abli%+ game-laws & close seasons & by keep+ dome/ic h]ds4 ,! creatures pres]v$ ?us are pres]v$ = ! sake ( slaught]1 truly1 b if n pres]v$ = t reason1 n "o ( !m w\ld be alive at all4 ,_! w to live & our w to kill !m ?us h>moni\sly comb9e 9 ?is peculi> high] syn!sis ( dome/ication4 ,m]ely z a report] ( c]ta9 empirical aspects ( ! actual1 ,hegel1 !n1 is great & true4 ,b he aim$ at be+ some?+ f> great] ?an an empirical report]1 s ,i mu/ say some?+ ab\t t ess5tial aspect ( 8 ?\ght4 ,hegel 0 dom9at$ by ! notion ( a tru? t %\ld prove incontrov]tible1 b9d+ on e "o1 & c]ta91 :i* %\ld be ! tru?1 "o1 indivisible1 et]nal1 objective1 & necess>y1 to :i* all our p>ticul> ?9k+ mu/ lead z to its consummation4 ,?is is ! dogmatic ideal1 ! po/ulate1 uncriticis$1 und\bt$1 & un*all5g$1 ( all rationaliz]s 9 philosophy4 ',i h nev] d\bt$1' a rec5t ,ox=d writ] says1 t tru? is univ]sal & s+le & timeless1 a s+le cont5t or significance1 "o & :ole & complete4#f ,advance 9 ?9k+1 9 ! hegelian univ]se1 has1 9 %ort1 to proce$ by ! apodictic words mu/ be r ?an by ^? inf]ior hypo!tic words may be1 :i* are all t empirici/s c use4 ,n[ ,hegel f\nd t 8 idea ( an imman5t movem5t ?r\gh ! field ( concepts by way ( 'dialectic' negation play$ mo/ beautifully into ! h&s ( ?is rationali/ic dem& = some?+ absolute & inconcussum 9 ! way ( tru?4 ,x is easy to see h[4 ,if y affirm any?+1 = example t ,a is1 & simply leave ! matt] ?us1 y leave x at ! m]cy ( any "o :o may sup]v5e & say 'n ,a1 b ,b is4' ,if he does say s1 y\r /atem5t doesn't refute him1 x simply contradicts him1 j z 8 contradicts y4 ,! only way ( mak+ y\r affirmation ab\t ,a self-secur+ is by gett+ x into a =m :i* w by implication negate all possible negations 9 advance4 ,! m]e abs5ce ( negation is n en\gh2 x mu/ be pres5t1 b pres5t ) its fangs drawn4 ,:at y posit z ,a mu/ already h cancell$ ! alt]native or made x innocu\s1 by hav+ negat$ x 9 advance4 ,d\ble negation is ! only =m ( affirmation t fully plays into ! h&s ( ! dogmatic ideal4 ,simply & innoc5tly affirmative /atem5ts are good en\gh = empirici/s1 b unfit = rationali/ use1 ly+ op5 z !y d to e accid5tal contradictor1 & expos$ to e puff ( d\bt4 ,! f9al tru? mu/ be some?+ to :i* !re is no imag9able alt]native1 because x conta9s all its possible alt]natives inside ( itself z mom5ts already tak5 acc\nt ( & ov]come4 ,:atev] involves its own alt]natives z elem5ts ( itself is1 9 a phrase (t5 repeat$1 its 'own o!r1' made s by ! me?ode d] absolut5 negativitt4 ,=mally1 ?is s*eme ( an organism ( tru? t has already f$ z x 7 on its own liability to dea?1 s t1 dea? once dead = x1 !re's no m dy+ !n1 is ! v fulfilm5t ( ! rationali/ic aspiration4 ,t "o & only :ole1 ) all its p>ts involv$ 9 x1 negat+ & mak+ "o ano!r impossible if ab/ract$ & tak5 s+ly1 b necessitat+ & hold+ "o ano!r 9 place if ! :ole ( !m be tak5 integrally1 is ! lit]al ideal s\ght aft]2 x is ! v diagram & picture ( t notion ( ! tru? ) no outly+ alt]native1 to :i* no?+ c be add$1 nor f x any?+ )drawn1 & all v>iations f :i* are absurd1 :i* s dom9ates ! human imag9ation4 ,once we h tak5 9 ! features ( ?is diagram t s successfully solves ! _w-old problem1 ! old] ways ( prov+ ! necessity ( judgm5ts cease to give u satisfaction4 ,hegel's way we ?9k mu/ be ! "r way4 ,! true mu/ be ess5tially ! self-reflect+ self-conta9$ recurr5t1 t :i* secures itself by includ+ its own o!r & negat+ x2 t makes a sph]ical sy/em ) no loose ends hang+ out = =eignness to get a hold ^u2 t is =ev] r\nd$ 9 & clos$1 n /rung along rectil9e>ly & op5 at its ends l t univ]se ( simply collective or additive =m :i* ,hegel calls ! _w ( ! bad inf9ite1 & :i* is all t empiricism1 />t+ ) simply posit$ s+le p>ts & elem5ts1 is ev] able to atta9 to4 ,no "o c possibly d5y ! sublimity ( ?is hegelian conception4 ,x is surely 9 ! gr& /yle1 if !re be su* a ?+ z a gr& /yle 9 philosophy4 ,= u1 h[ev]1 x rema9s1 s f>1 a m]ely =mal & diagrammatic conception2 = ) ! actual cont5t ( absolute tru?1 z ,hegel mat]ially tries to set x =?1 few disciples h be5 satisfi$1 & ,i d n propose to ref] at all to ! concret] p>ts ( 8 philosophy4 ,! ma9 ?+ n[ is to grasp ! g5]aliz$ vision1 & feel ! au?ority ( ! ab/ract s*eme ( a /atem5t self-secur$ by involv+ d\ble negation4 ,absoluti/s :o make no use ( ,hegel's own te*nique are really work+ by 8 me?od4 ,y rememb] ! pro(s ( ! absolute :i* ,i in/anc$ 9 my la/ lecture1 ,lotze's & ,royce's pro(s by r$uctio ad absurdum1 to ! effect t any smalle/ connexion ra%ly suppos$ 9 ?+s w logically "w out into absolute union1 & any m9imal disconnexion into absolute disunion1--^! are really argum5ts fram$ on ! hegelian patt]n4 ,! tru? is t :i* y implicitly affirm 9 ! v attempt to d5y x2 x is t f :i* e v>iation refutes itself by prov+ self-contradictory4 ,?is is ! supreme insight ( rationalism1 & to-day ! be/ mu/-be's ( rationali/ argum5tation are b s _m attempts to communicate x to ! he>]4 ,?us1 y see1 my la/ lecture & ?is lecture make connexion aga9 & we c consid] ,hegel & ! o!r absoluti/s to be support+ ! same sy/em4 ,! next po9t ,i wi% to dwell on is ! "p play$ by :at ,i h call$ vici\s intellectualism 9 ?is wond]ful sy/em's /ructure4 ,rationalism 9 g5]al ?9ks x gets ! fulness ( tru? by turn+ away f s5sation to conception1 conception obvi\sly giv+ ! m univ]sal & immutable picture4 ,intellectualism 9 ! vici\s s5se ,i h already def9$ z ! habit ( assum+ t a concept excludes f any reality conceiv$ by its means ev]y?+ n includ$ 9 ! concept's def9ition4 ,i call$ su* intellectualism illegitimate z ,i f\nd x us$ 9 ,lotze's1 ,royce's1 & ,bradley's pro(s ( ! absolute 7:i* absolute ,i consequ5tly held to be non-prov5 by _! argum5ts71 & ,i left (f by ass]t+ my own belief t a plurali/ic & incompletely integrat$ univ]se1 describable only by ! free use ( ! ^w '"s1' is a legitimate hypo!sis4 ,n[ ,hegel himself1 9 build+ up 8 me?od ( d\ble negation1 (f]s ! vivide/ possible example ( ?is vice ( intellectualism4 ,e idea ( a f9ite ?+ is ( c\rse a concept ( t ?+ & n a concept ( any?+ else4 ,b ,hegel treats ?is n be+ a concept ( any?+ else z if x 7 equival5t to ! concept ( any?+ else n be+1 or 9 o!r words z if x 7 a d5ial or negation ( ev]y?+ else4 ,!n1 z ! o!r ?+s1 ?us implicitly contradict$ by ! ?+ fir/ conceiv$1 also by ! same law contradict x1 ! pulse ( dialectic comm5ces to beat & ! fam\s triads beg9 to gr9d out ! cosmos4 ,if any "o f9ds ! process "h to be a lum9\s "o1 he mu/ be left to ! illum9ation1 he mu/ rema9 an undi/urb$ hegelian4 ,:at o!rs feel z ! intol]able ambiguity1 v]bosity1 & unscrupul\sness ( ! ma/]'s way ( d$uc+ ?+s1 he w probably ascribe--s9ce div9e oracles are notori\sly h>d to int]pret--to ! 'difficulty' t habitually accompanies pr(undity4 ,= my own "p1 !re seems some?+ grotesque & saugr5u 9 ! pret5sion ( a /yle s disob$i5t to ! fir/ rules ( s\nd communication betwe5 m9ds1 to be ! au!ntic "m-tongue ( reason1 & to keep /ep m accurately ?an any o!r /yle does ) ! absolute's own ways ( ?9k+4 ,i d n !re=e take ,hegel's te*nical app>atus s]i\sly at all4 ,i reg>d him r z "o ( ^? num]\s orig9al se]s :o c nev] le>n h[ to articulate4 ,8 w\ld-be co]cive logic c\nts = no?+ 9 my eyes2 b t does n 9 ! lea/ impugn ! philosophic importance ( 8 conception ( ! absolute1 if we take x m]ely hypo!tically z "o ( ! great types ( cosmic vision4 ,tak5 ?us hypo!tically1 ,i wi% to discuss x briefly4 ,b be=e do+ s ,i mu/ call y\r att5tion to an odd peculi>ity 9 ! hegelian proc$ure4 ,! peculi>ity is "o :i* w come be=e u aga9 = a f9al judgm5t 9 my sev5? lecture1 s at pres5t ,i only note x 9 pass+4 ,hegel1 y rememb]1 consid]s t ! imm$iate f9ite data ( exp]i5ce are 'untrue' because !y are n _! own o!rs4 ,!y are negat$ by :at is ext]nal to !m4 ,! absolute is true because x & x only has no ext]nal environm5t1 & has atta9$ to be+ its own o!r4 7,^! words s\nd que] en\gh1 b ^? ( y :o "k some?+ ( ,hegel's text w foll[ !m47 ,grant+ 8 premise t to be true a ?+ mu/ 9 "s sort be its own o!r1 ev]y?+ h+es on :e!r he is "r 9 hold+ t ! sev]al pieces ( f9ite exp]i5ce !mselves _c be said to be 9 any wise _! own o!rs4 ,:5 conceptually or intellectuali/ically treat$1 !y ( c\rse _c be _! own o!rs4 ,e ab/ract concept z su* excludes :at x doesn't include1 & if su* concepts are adequate sub/itutes = reality's concrete pulses1 ! latt] mu/ squ>e !mselves ) intellectuali/ic logic1 & no "o ( !m 9 any s5se c claim to be its own o!r4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! conceptual treatm5t ( ! fl[ ( reality %\ld prove = any good reason to be inadequate & to h a practical r ?an a !oretical or speculative value1 !n an indep5d5t empirical look into ! con/itution ( reality's pulses might possibly %[ t "s ( !m are _! own o!rs1 & inde$ are s 9 ! self-same s5se 9 :i* ! absolute is ma9ta9$ to be s by ,hegel4 ,:5 we come to my six? lecture1 on ,pr(essor ,b]gson1 ,i %all 9 effect def5d ?is v view1 /r5g!n+ my !sis by 8 au?ority4 ,i am unwill+ to say any?+ m ab\t ! po9t at ?is "t1 & :at ,i h j said ( x is only a sort ( surveyor's note ( :]e our pres5t position lies 9 ! g5]al framework ( ^! lectures4 ,let u turn n[ at la/ to ! great "q ( fact1 ,does ! absolute exi/ or n8 to :i* all our previ\s discussion has be5 prelim9>y4 ,i may sum up t discussion by say+ t :e!r !re really be an absolute or n1 no "o makes himself absurd or self-contradictory by d\bt+ or d5y+ x4 ,! *>ges ( self-contradiction1 :]e !y d n re/ on purely v]bal reason+1 re/ on a vici\s intellectualism4 ,i w n recapitulate my criticisms4 ,i w simply ask y to *ange ! v5ue1 & to discuss ! absolute n[ z if x 7 only an op5 hypo!sis4 ,z su*1 is x m probable or m improbable8 ,b fir/ ( all ,i mu/ p>5!tically ask y to di/+ui% ! notion ( ! absolute c>efully f t ( ano!r object ) :i* x is liable to become he$lessly entangl$4 ,t o!r object is ! ',god' ( common p 9 _! religion1 & ! creator-,god ( or?odox *ri/ian !ology4 ,only ?or\ghgo+ moni/s or pan!i/s believe 9 ! absolute4 ,! ,god ( our popul> ,*ri/ianity is b "o memb] ( a plurali/ic sy/em4 ,he & we /& outside ( ea* o!r1 j z ! devil1 ! sa9ts1 & ! angels /& outside ( bo? ( u4 ,i c h>dly conceive ( any?+ m diff]5t f ! absolute ?an ! ,god1 say1 ( ,david or ( ,isaiah4 ,t ,god is an ess5tially f9ite be+ 9 ! cosmos1 n ) ! cosmos 9 him1 & inde$ he has a v local habitation !re1 & v "o-sid$ local & p]sonal atta*m5ts4 ,if x %\ld prove probable t ! absolute does n exi/1 x w n foll[ 9 ! slighte/ degree t a ,god l t ( ,david1 ,isaiah1 or ,jesus may n exi/1 or may n be ! mo/ important exi/5ce 9 ! univ]se = u to ackn[l$ge4 ,i pray y1 !n1 n to conf\nd ! two ideas z y li/5 to ! criticisms ,i %all h to pr(f]4 ,i hold to ! f9ite ,god1 = reasons :i* ,i %all t\* on 9 ! sev5? ( ^! lectures2 b ,i hold t 8 rival & competitor--,i feel almo/ tempt$ to say 8 enemy--! absolute1 is n only n =c$ on u by logic1 b t x is an improbable hypo!sis4 ,! great claim made = ! absolute is t by suppos+ x we make ! _w appe> m rational4 ,any hypo!sis t does t w always be accept$ z m probably true ?an an hypo!sis t makes ! _w appe> irrational4 ,m5 are once = all s made t !y pref] a rational _w to believe 9 & to live 94 ,b rationality has at lea/ f\r dim5sions1 intellectual1 ae/hetical1 moral1 & practical2 & to f9d a _w rational to ! maximal degree 9 all ^! respects simultane\sly is no easy matt]4 ,intellectually1 ! _w ( me*anical mat]ialism is ! mo/ rational1 = we subject its ev5ts to ma!matical calculation4 ,b ! me*anical _w is ugly1 z ari?metic is ugly1 & x is non-moral4 ,morally1 ! !i/ic _w is rational en\gh1 b full ( intellectual fru/rations4 ,! practical _w ( affairs1 9 its turn1 s supremely rational to ! politician1 ! milit>y man1 or ! man ( conqu]+ bus9ess-faculty t he nev] w\ld vote to *ange ! type ( x1 is irrational to moral & arti/ic temp]am5ts2 s t :atev] dem& = rationality we f9d satisfi$ by a philosophic hypo!sis1 we are liable to f9d "s o!r dem& = rationality unsatisfi$ by ! same hypo!sis4 ,! rationality we ga9 9 "o co9 we ?us pay = 9 ano!r2 & ! problem accord+ly seems at fir/ sight to resolve itself into t ( gett+ a conception :i* w yield ! l>ge/ balance ( rationality r ?an "o :i* w yield p]fect rationality ( e description4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t if a man's conception ( ! _w lets loose any action 9 him t is easy1 or any faculty :i* he is fond ( ex]cis+1 he w deem x rational 9 s f> =?1 be ! faculty t ( comput+1 fight+1 lectur+1 classify+1 fram+ s*ematic tabulations1 gett+ ! bett] end ( a b>ga91 pati5tly wait+ & endur+1 prea*+1 joke-mak+1 or :at y l4 ,albeit ! absolute is def9$ z be+ necess>ily an embodim5t ( objectively p]fect rationality1 x is fair to its engli% advocates to say t ^? :o h esp\s$ ! hypo!sis mo/ concretely & s]i\sly h usually av[$ ! irrationality to _! own m9ds ( c]ta9 elem5ts 9 x4 ,probably ! weightie/ contribution to our feel+ ( ! rationality ( ! univ]se :i* ! notion ( ! absolute br+s is ! assurance t h[ev] di/urb$ ! surface may be1 at bottom all is well ) ! cosmos--c5tral peace abid+ at ! he>t ( endless agitation4 ,?is conception is rational 9 _m ways1 beautiful ae/hetically1 beautiful intellectually 7c\ld we only foll[ x into detail71 & beautiful morally1 if ! enjoym5t ( security c be acc\nt$ moral4 ,practically x is less beautiful2 =1 z we saw 9 our la/ lecture1 9 repres5t+ ! deepe/ reality ( ! _w z /atic & )\t a hi/ory1 x loos5s ! _w's hold ^u our sympa?ies & leaves ! s\l ( x =eign4 ,nev]!less x does give peace1 & t k9d ( rationality is s p>am\ntly dem&$ by m5 t to ! end ( "t !re w be absoluti/s1 m5 :o *oose belief 9 a /atic et]nal1 r ?an admit t ! f9ite _w ( *ange & /riv+1 ev5 ) a ,god z "o ( ! /riv]s1 is itself et]nal4 ,= su* m9ds ,pr(essor ,royce's words w always be ! true/3 ',! v pres5ce ( ill 9 ! temporal ord] is ! condition ( ! p]fection ( ! et]nal ord]4444 ,we long = ! absolute only 9 s f> z 9 u ! absolute also longs1 & seeks ?r\gh our v temporal /riv+1 ! peace t is n[h]e 9 "t1 b only1 & yet absolutely1 9 et]nity4 ,7 !re no long+ 9 "t !re w\ld be no peace 9 et]nity4444 ,god i4e4 ! absolute :o "h 9 me aims at :at ,i n[ temporally miss1 n only possesses 9 ! et]nal _w ! goal aft] :i* ,i /rive1 b comes to possess x ev5 ?r\gh & because ( my sorr[4 ,?r\gh ?is my tribulation ! absolute triumph !n is won4444 ,9 ! absolute ,i am fulfill$4 ,yet my v fulfilm5t dem&s & !re=e c transc5d ?is sorr[4'#g ,royce is p>ticul>ly felicit\s 9 8 ability to cite p>ts ( f9ite exp]i5ce to :i* he f9ds 8 picture ( ?is absolute exp]i5ce analog\s4 ,b x is h>d to portray ! absolute at all )\t ris+ into :at might be call$ ! 'inspir$' /yle ( language--,i use ! ^w n ironically1 b prosaically & descriptively1 to designate ! only lit]>y =m t goes ) ! k9d ( emotion t ! absolute ar\ses4 ,"o c foll[ ! pa?way ( reason+ sob]ly en\gh1#h b ! picture itself has to be effulg5t4 ,?is admirable faculty ( transc5d+1 :il/ inw>dly pres]v+1 e contr>iety1 is ! absolute's *>act]i/ic =m ( rationality4 ,we are b syllables 9 ! m\? ( ! ,"l2 if ! :ole s5t5ce is div9e1 ea* syllable is absolutely :at x %\ld be1 9 spite ( all appe>ances4 ,9 mak+ up ! balance = or aga9/ absolutism1 ?is emotional value weights heavily ! cr$it side ( ! acc\nt4 ,! tr\ble is t we are able to see s little into ! positive detail ( x1 & t if once admitt$ n to be co]cively prov5 by ! intellectuali/ argum5ts1 x rema9s only a hypo!tic possibility4 ,on ! debit side ( ! acc\nt ! absolute1 tak5 s]i\sly1 & n z a m]e "n = our "r occasionally to drop ! /r5u\s mood & take a moral holiday1 introduces all ^? trem5d\s irrationalities into ! univ]se :i* a frankly plurali/ic !ism escapes1 b :i* h be5 flung z a reproa* at e =m ( moni/ic !ism or pan!ism4 ,x introduces a speculative 'problem ( evil' namely1 & leaves u wond]+ :y ! p]fection ( ! absolute %\ld require j su* p>ticul> hide\s =ms ( life z d>k5 ! day = our human imag9ations4 ,if !y 7 =c$ on x by some?+ ali51 & to 'ov]come' !m ! absolute _h /ill to keep hold ( !m1 we c\ld und]/& its feel+ ( triumph1 ?\gh we1 s f> z we 7 ourselves among ! elem5ts ov]come1 c\ld acquiesce b sull5ly 9 ! resultant situation1 & w\ld nev] j h *os5 x z ! mo/ rational "o conceivable4 ,b ! absolute is repres5t$ z a be+ )\t environm5t1 ^u :i* no?+ ali5 c be =c$1 & :i* has spontane\sly *os5 f )9 to give itself ! spectacle ( all t evil r ?an a spectacle ) less evil 9 x4#i ,its p]fection is repres5t$ z ! s\rce ( ?+s1 & yet ! fir/ effect ( t p]fection is ! trem5d\s imp]fection ( all f9ite exp]i5ce4 ,9 :atev] s5se ! ^w 'rationality' may be tak51 x is va9 to cont5d t ! impression made on our f9ite m9ds by su* a way ( repres5t+ ?+s is altoge!r rational4 ,!ologians h felt its irrationality acutely1 & ! 'fall1' ! pr$e/9ation1 & ! election :i* ! situation involves h giv5 !m m tr\ble ?an any?+ else 9 _! attempt to pan!ize ,*ri/ianity4 ,! :ole bus9ess rema9s a puzzle1 bo? intellectually & morally4 ,grant t ! spectacle or _w-romance (f]$ to itself by ! absolute is 9 ! absolute's eyes p]fect4 ,:y w\ld n ! _w be m p]fect by hav+ ! affair rema9 9 j ^? t]ms1 & by n hav+ any f9ite spectators to come 9 & add to :at 0 p]fect already _! innum]able imp]fect mann]s ( see+ ! same spectacle8 ,suppose ! entire univ]se to consi/ ( "o sup]b copy ( a book1 fit = ! ideal read]4 ,is t univ]se improv$ or det]iorat$ by hav+ myriads ( g>bl$ & mispr9t$ sep>ate leaves & *apt]s also creat$1 giv+ false impressions ( ! book to :oev] looks at !m8 ,to say ! lea/1 ! balance ( rationality is n obvi\sly 9 favor ( su* add$ mutilations4 ,s ?is "q becomes urg5t3 ,:y1 ! absolute's own total vision ( ?+s be+ s rational1 0 x necess>y to comm9ute x into all ^! coexi/+ inf]ior fragm5t>y visions8 ,leibnitz 9 8 !odicy repres5ts ,god z limit$ by an antec$5t reason 9 ?+s :i* makes c]ta9 comb9ations logically incompatible1 c]ta9 goods impossible4 ,he surveys 9 advance all ! univ]ses he might create1 & by an act ( :at ,leibnitz calls 8 antec$5t w he *ooses our actual _w z ! "o 9 :i* ! evil1 unhappily necess>y anyh[1 is at its m9imum4 ,x is ! be/ ( all ! worlds t are possible1 !re=e1 b by no means ! mo/ ab/ractly desirable _w4 ,hav+ made ?is m5tal *oice1 ,god next proce$s to :at ,leibnitz calls 8 act ( consequ5t or decretory w3 he says ',fiat' & ! _w select$ spr+s into objective be+1 ) all ! f9ite creatures 9 x to suff] f its imp]fections )\t %>+ 9 its creator's aton+ vision4 ,lotze has made "s p5etrat+ rem>ks on ?is conception ( ,leibnitz's1 & !y exactly fall 9 ) :at ,i say ( ! absoluti/ conception4 ,! _w project$ out ( ! creative m9d by ! fiat1 & exi/+ 9 deta*m5t f its au?or1 is a sph]e ( be+ :]e ! p>ts realize !mselves only s+ly4 ,if ! div9e value ( !m is evid5t only :5 !y are collectively look$ at1 !n1 ,lotze rightly says1 ! _w surely becomes poor] & n ri*] = ,god's utt]ance ( ! fiat4 ,he might mu* bett] h rema9$ cont5t$ ) 8 m]ely antec$5t *oice ( ! s*eme1 )\t foll[+ x up by a creative decree4 ,! s*eme z su* 0 admirable2 x c\ld only lose by be+ translat$ into reality4#aj ,:y1 ,i simil>ly ask1 %\ld ! absolute ev] h laps$ f ! p]fection ( its own integral exp]i5ce ( ?+s1 & refract$ itself into all our f9ite exp]i5ces8 ,x is b fair to rec5t engli% absoluti/s to say t _m ( !m h confess$ ! imp]fect rationality ( ! absolute f ?is po9t ( view4 ,mr4 ,mc,taggart1 = example1 writes3 ',does n our v failure to p]ceive ! p]fection ( ! univ]se de/roy x8 444 ,9 s f> z we d n see ! p]fection ( ! univ]se1 we are n p]fect ourselves4 ,& z we are p>ts ( ! univ]se1 t _c be p]fect4'#aa ,& ,mr4 ,joa*im f9ds j ! same difficulty4 ,call+ ! hypo!sis ( ! absolute by ! "n ( ! 'coh]5ce !ory ( tru?1' he calls ! problem ( und]/&+ h[ ! complete coh]5ce ( all ?+s 9 ! absolute %\ld involve z a necess>y mom5t 9 its self-ma9t5ance ! self-ass]tion ( ! f9ite m9ds1 a self-ass]tion :i* 9 its extreme =m is error1--he calls ?is problem1 ,i say1 an insoluble puzzle4 ,if tru? be ! univ]sal fons et origo1 h[ does error slip 98 ',! coh]5ce !ory ( tru?1' he concludes1 'may ?us be said to suff] %ipwreck at ! v entrance ( ! h>bor4'#ab ,yet 9 spite ( ?is r bad =m ( irrationality1 ,mr4 ,joa*im /\tly ass]ts 8 'imm$iate c]ta9ty'#ac ( ! !ory %ipwreck$1 ! correctness ( :i* he says he has 'nev] d\bt$4' ,?is c&id confession ( a fix$ attitude ( fai? 9 ! absolute1 :i* ev5 "o's own criticisms & p]plexities fail to di/urb1 seems to me v significant4 ,n only empirici/s1 b absoluti/s also1 w\ld all1 if !y 7 z c&id z ?is au?or1 confess t ! prime ?+ 9 _! philosophy is _! vision ( a tru? possible1 :i* !y !n employ _! reason+ to conv]t1 z be/ x c1 into a c]ta9ty or probability4 ,i c imag9e a believ] 9 ! absolute retort+ at ?is po9t t he at any rate is n deal+ ) m]e probabilities1 b t ! nature ( ?+s logically requires ! multitud9\s errone\s copies1 & t !re=e ! univ]se _c be ! absolute's book alone4 ,=1 he w ask1 is n ! absolute def9$ z ! total consci\sness ( ev]y?+ t is8 ,mu/ n its field ( view consi/ ( p>ts8 ,& :at c ! p>ts ( a total consci\sness be unless !y be fractional consci\snesses8 ,our f9ite m9ds mu/ !re=e coexi/ ) ! absolute m9d4 ,we are its con/itu5ts1 & x _c live )\t u4--,b if any "o ( y feels tempt$ to retort 9 ?is wise1 let me rem9d y t y are frankly employ+ plurali/ic weapons1 & !reby giv+ up ! absoluti/ cause4 ,! notion t ! absolute is made ( con/itu5ts on :i* its be+ dep5ds is ! ranke/ empiricism4 ,! absolute z su* has objects1 n con/itu5ts1 & if ! objects develop selfhoods ^u _! own sev]al acc\nts1 ^? selfhoods mu/ be set d[n z facts additional to ! absolute consci\sness1 & n z elem5ts implicat$ 9 its def9ition4 ,! absolute is a rationali/ conception4 ,rationalism goes f :oles to p>ts1 & always assumes :oles to be self-suffic+4#ad ,my conclusion1 s f>1 !n1 is ?is1 t al?o ! hypo!sis ( ! absolute1 9 yield+ a c]ta9 k9d ( religi\s peace1 p]=ms a mo/ important rationaliz+ function1 x nev]!less1 f ! intellectual po9t ( view1 rema9s decid$ly irrational4 ,! ideally p]fect :ole is c]ta9ly t :ole ( :i* ! p>ts also are p]fect--if we c dep5d on logic = any?+1 we c dep5d on x = t def9ition4 ,! absolute is def9$ z ! ideally p]fect :ole1 yet mo/ ( its p>ts1 if n all1 are admitt$ly imp]fect4 ,evid5tly ! conception lacks int]nal consi/5cy1 & yields u a problem r ?an a solution4 ,x creates a speculative puzzle1 ! s-call$ my/]y ( evil & ( error1 f :i* a plurali/ic metaphysic is entirely free4 ,9 any plurali/ic metaphysic1 ! problems t evil pres5ts are practical1 n speculative4 ,n :y evil %\ld exi/ at all1 b h[ we c less5 ! actual am\nt ( x1 is ! sole "q we ne$ !re consid]4 ',god1' 9 ! religi\s life ( ord9>y m51 is ! "n n ( ! :ole ( ?+s1 heav5 =bid1 b only ( ! ideal t5d5cy 9 ?+s1 believ$ 9 z a sup]human p]son :o calls u to co-op]ate 9 8 purposes1 & :o fur!rs ours if !y are wor?y4 ,he works 9 an ext]nal environm5t1 has limits1 & has enemies4 ,:5 ,john ,mill said t ! notion ( ,god's omnipot5ce mu/ be giv5 up1 if ,god is to be kept z a religi\s object1 he 0 surely accurately "r2 yet s preval5t is ! lazy monism t idly haunts ! region ( ,god's "n1 t s simple & tru?ful a say+ 0 g5]ally treat$ z a p>adox3 ,god1 x 0 said1 c\ld n be f9ite4 ,i believe t ! only ,god wor?y ( ! "n mu/ be f9ite1 & ,i %all return to ?is po9t 9 a lat] lecture4 ,if ! absolute exi/ 9 addition--& ! hypo!sis mu/1 9 spite ( its irrational features1 /ill be left op5--!n ! absolute is only ! wid] cosmic :ole ( :i* our ,god is b ! mo/ ideal portion1 & :i* 9 ! m usual human s5se is h>dly to be t]m$ a religi\s hypo!sis at all4 ',cosmic emotion' is ! bett] "n = ! reaction x may awak54 ,obs]ve t all ! irrationalities & puzzles :i* ! absolute gives rise to1 & f :i* ! f9ite ,god rema9s free1 are due to ! fact t ! absolute has no?+1 absolutely no?+1 outside ( itself4 ,! f9ite ,god :om ,i contra/ ) x may conceivably h almo/ no?+ outside ( himself2 he may already h triumph$ ov] & absorb$ all b ! m9ute/ fraction ( ! univ]se2 b t fraction1 h[ev] small1 r$uces him to ! /atus ( a relative be+1 & 9 pr9ciple ! univ]se is sav$ f all ! irrationalities incid5tal to absolutism4 ,! only irrationality left w\ld be ! irrationality ( :i* pluralism z su* is accus$1 & ( ?is ,i hope to say a ^w m lat]4 ,i h tir$ y ) s _m subtleties 9 ?is lecture t ,i w add only two o!r c\nts to my indictm5t4 ,fir/1 !n1 let me rem9d y t ! absolute is useless = d$uctive purposes4 ,x gives u absolute safety if y w1 b x is compatible ) e relative dang]4 ,y _c ent] ! ph5om5al _w ) ! notion ( x 9 y\r grasp1 & "n be=eh& any detail :i* y are likely to meet !re4 ,:atev] ! details ( exp]i5ce may prove to be1 aft] ! fact ( !m ! absolute w adopt !m4 ,x is an hypo!sis t functions retrospectively only1 n prospectively4 ,t1 :atev] x may be1 w h be5 9 po9t ( fact ! sort ( _w :i* ! absolute 0 pleas$ to (f] to itself z a spectacle4 ,aga91 ! absolute is always repres5t$ ideali/ically1 z ! all-kn[]4 ,?9k+ ?is view consi/5tly out leads "o to frame an almo/ ridicul\s conception ( ! absolute m9d1 ow+ to ! enorm\s mass ( unpr(itable in=mation :i* x w\ld !n seem oblig$ to c>ry4 ,"o ( ! _m r$uctiones ad absurdum ( pluralism by :i* idealism ?9ks x proves ! absolute ,"o is z foll[s3 ,let !re be _m facts2 b s9ce on ideali/ pr9ciples facts exi/ only by be+ kn[n1 ! _m facts w !re=e mean _m kn[]s4 ,b t !re are s _m kn[]s is itself a fact1 :i* 9 turn requires its kn[]1 s ! "o absolute kn[] has ev5tually to be br\ght 94 ,all facts lead to him4 ,if x be a fact t ?is table is n a *air1 n a rh9oc]os1 n a log>i?m1 n a mile away f ! door1 n wor? five hundr$ p\nds /]l+1 n a ?\s& c5turies old1 ! absolute mu/ ev5 n[ be articulately aw>e ( all ^! negations4 ,along ) :at ev]y?+ is x mu/ also be consci\s ( ev]y?+ :i* x is n4 ,?is inf9ite atmosph]e ( explicit negativity--obs]ve t x has to be explicit--ar\nd ev]y?+ seems to u s useless an encumbrance z to make ! absolute /ill m =eign to our sympa?y4 ,fur!rmore1 if x be a fact t c]ta9 ideas are silly1 ! absolute has to h already ?\ght ! silly ideas to e/abli% !m 9 sill9ess4 ,! rubbi% 9 its m9d w\ld ?us appe> easily to outweigh 9 am\nt ! m desirable mat]ial4 ,"o w\ld expect x fairly to bur/ ) su* an obesity1 ple?ora1 & sup]foetation ( useless in=mation4#ae ,i w sp>e y fur!r objections4 ,! sum ( x all is t ! absolute is n =c$ on our belief by logic1 t x involves features ( irrationality peculi> to itself1 & t a ?9k] to :om x does n come z an 'imm$iate c]ta9ty' 7to use ,mr4 ,joa*im's words71 is 9 no way b\nd to treat x z any?+ b an emotionally r sublime hypo!sis4 ,z su*1 x might1 ) all its defects1 be1 on acc\nt ( its peace-conf]r+ p[] & its =mal gr&eur1 m rational ?an any?+ else 9 ! field4 ,b mean:ile ! /rung-along unf9i%$ _w 9 "t is its rival3 reality ,,may exi/ 9 di/ributive =m1 9 ! %ape n ( an all b ( a set ( ea*es1 j z x seems to--?is is ! anti-absoluti/ hypo!sis4 ,prima facie !re is ?is 9 favor ( ! ea*es1 t !y are at any rate real en\gh to h made !mselves at lea/ appe> to e "o1 :]eas ! absolute has z yet appe>$ imm$iately to only a few my/ics1 & inde$ to !m v ambigu\sly4 ,! advocates ( ! absolute assure u t any di/ributive =m ( be+ is infect$ & und]m9$ by self-contradiction4 ,if we are unable to assimilate _! argum5ts1 & we h be5 unable1 ! only c\rse we c take1 x seems to me1 is to let ! absolute bury ! absolute1 & to seek reality 9 m promis+ directions1 ev5 among ! details ( ! f9ite & ! imm$iately giv54 ,if ^! words ( m9e s\nd 9 bad ta/e to "s ( y1 or ev5 sacrilegi\s1 ,i am sorry4 ,p]haps ! impression may be mitigat$ by :at ,i h to say 9 lat] lectures4 ,,lecture ,,iv ,,conc]n+ ,,fe*n] ,! pre/ige ( ! absolute has r crumbl$ 9 our h&s4 ,! logical pro(s ( x miss fire2 ! portraits :i* its be/ c\rt-pa9t]s %[ ( x are featureless & foggy 9 ! extreme2 &1 ap>t f ! cold com=t ( assur+ u t ) x all is well1 & t to see t all is well ) u also we ne$ only rise to its et]nal po9t ( view1 x yields u no relief :atev]4 ,x introduces1 on ! contr>y1 into philosophy & !ology c]ta9 poison\s difficulties ( :i* b = its intrusion we nev] %\ld h he>d4 ,b if we drop ! absolute out ( ! _w1 mu/ we !n conclude t ! _w conta9s no?+ bett] 9 ! way ( consci\sness ?an our consci\sness8 ,is our :ole in/9ctive belief 9 high] pres5ces1 our p]si/5t inn] turn+ t[>ds div9e companion%ip1 to c\nt = no?+8 ,is x b ! pa!tic illusion ( be+s ) incorrigibly social & imag9ative m9ds8 ,su* a negative conclusion w\ld1 ,i believe1 be desp]ately ha/y1 a sort ( p\r+ out ( ! *ild ) ! ba?4 ,logically x is possible to believe 9 sup]human be+s )\t id5tify+ !m ) ! absolute at all4 ,! treaty ( (f5sive & def5sive alliance :i* c]ta9 gr\ps ( ! ,*ri/ian cl]gy h rec5tly made ) our transc5d5tali/ philosoph]s seems to me to be bas$ on a well-mean+ b baleful mi/ake4 ,nei!r ! ,jehovah ( ! old te/am5t nor ! heav5ly fa!r ( ! new has any?+ 9 common ) ! absolute except t !y are all ?ree great] ?an man2 & if y say t ! notion ( ! absolute is :at ! gods ( ,abraham1 ( ,david1 & ( ,jesus1 aft] fir/ develop+ into ea* o!r1 7 inevitably de/9$ to develop into 9 m reflective & mod]n m9ds1 ,i reply t al?\gh 9 c]ta9 specifically philosophical m9ds ?is may h be5 ! case1 9 m9ds m prop]ly to be t]m$ religi\s ! developm5t has foll[$ q ano!r pa?4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( evangelical ,*ri/ianity is !re to prove x4 ,i propose 9 ^! lectures to plead = t o!r l9e ( developm5t4 ,to set ! doctr9e ( ! absolute 9 its prop] framework1 s t x %all n fill ! :ole welk9 & exclude all alt]native possibilities ( high] ?\ght--z x seems to d = _m /ud5ts :o approa* x ) a limit$ previ\s acqua9tance ) philosophy--,i w contra/ x ) a sy/em :i*1 ab/ractly consid]$1 seems at fir/ to h mu* 9 common ) absolutism1 b :i*1 :5 tak5 concretely & temp]am5tally1 really /&s at ! opposite pole4 ,i ref] to ! philosophy ( ,gu/av ,!odor ,fe*n]1 a writ] b little kn[n z yet to ,engli% read]s1 b de/9$1 ,i am p]suad$1 to wield m & m influ5ce z "t goes on4 ,x is ! int5se concret5ess ( ,fe*n]1 8 f]tility ( detail1 :i* fills me ) an admiration :i* ,i %\ld l to make ?is audi5ce %>e4 ,among ! philosophic cranks ( my acqua9tance 9 ! pa/ 0 a lady all ! t5ets ( ^: sy/em ,i h =gott5 except "o4 ,_h %e be5 born 9 ! ,ionian ,ar*ipelago "s ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 t "o doctr9e w\ld probably h made h] "n sure ( a place 9 e univ]sity curriculum & exam9ation pap]4 ,! _w1 %e said1 is compos$ ( only two elem5ts1 ! ,?ick1 namely1 & ! ,?94 ,no "o c d5y ! tru? ( ?is analysis1 z f> z x goes 7?\gh 9 ! light ( our contempor>y k ( nature x has itself a r '?9' s\nd71 & x is n[h]e tru] ?an 9 t "p ( ! _w call$ philosophy4 ,i am sure1 = example1 t _m ( y1 li/5+ to :at poor acc\nt ,i h be5 able to give ( transc5d5tal idealism1 h receiv$ an impression ( its argum5ts be+ /rangely ?91 & ( ! t]ms x leaves u ) be+ %iv]+ly ?9 wrapp+s = s ?ick & burly a _w z ?is4 ,"s ( y ( c\rse w *>ge ! ?9ness to my exposition2 b ?9 z t has be51 ,i believe ! doctr9es report$ on to h be5 ?9n]4 ,f ,gre5 to ,haldane ! absolute propos$ to u to /raight5 out ! confusions ( ! ?icket ( exp]i5ce 9 :i* our life is pass$ rema9s a pure ab/raction :i* h>dly any "o tries to make a :it concret]4 ,if we op5 ,gre51 we get no?+ b ! transc5d5tal ego ( app]ception 7,kant's "n = ! fact t to be c\nt$ 9 exp]i5ce a ?+ has to be witness$71 bl[n up into a sort ( timeless soap-bubble l>ge en\gh to mirror ! :ole univ]se4 ,nature1 ,gre5 keeps insi/+1 consi/s only 9 relations1 & ^! imply ! action ( a m9d t is et]nal2 a self-di/+ui%+ consci\sness :i* itself escapes f ! relations by :i* x det]m9es o!r ?+s4 ,pres5t to :atev] is 9 succession1 x is n 9 succession itself4 ,if we take ! ,cairds1 !y tell u little m ( ! pr9ciple ( ! univ]se--x is always a return into ! id5tity ( ! self f ! diff]5ce ( its objects4 ,x sep>ates itself f !m & s becomes consci\s ( !m 9 _! sep>ation f "o ano!r1 :ile at ! same "t x b9ds !m toge!r z elem5ts 9 "o high] self-consci\sness4 ,?is seems ! v qu9tess5ce ( ?9ness2 & ! matt] h>dly gr[s ?ick] :5 we ga!r1 aft] enorm\s am\nts ( read+1 t ! great envelop+ self 9 "q is absolute reason z su*1 & t z su* x is *>act]iz$ by ! habit ( us+ c]ta9 jejune 'categories' ) :i* to p]=m its em95t relat+ "w4 ,! :ole active mat]ial ( natural fact is tri$ out1 & only ! b>e/ intellectuali/ic =malism rema9s4 ,hegel tri$1 z we saw1 to make ! sy/em concret] by mak+ ! relations betwe5 ?+s 'dialectic1' b if we turn to ^? :o use 8 "n mo/ wor%ipfully1 we f9d !m giv+ up all ! p>ticul>s ( 8 attempt1 & simply prais+ 8 int5tion--mu* z 9 our mann] we h prais$ x ourselves4 ,mr4 ,haldane1 = example1 9 8 wond]fully clev] ,gif=d lectures1 praises ,hegel to ! skies1 b :at he tells ( him am\nts to little m ?an ?is1 t '! categories 9 :i* ! m9d arranges its exp]i5ces1 & gives mean+ to !m1 ! univ]sals 9 :i* ! p>ticul>s are grasp$ 9 ! individual1 are a logical *a91 9 :i* ! fir/ presupposes ! la/1 & ! la/ is its presupposition & its tru?4' ,he h>dly tries at all to ?ick5 ?is ?9 logical s*eme4 ,he says inde$ t absolute m9d 9 itself1 & absolute m9d 9 its het]eity or o!rness1 "u ! di/9ction :i* x sets up ( itself f itself1 h z _! real prius absolute m9d 9 syn!sis2 &1 ?is be+ absolute m9d's true nature1 its dialectic "* mu/ %[ itself 9 su* concrete =ms z ,goe!'s & ,wordswor?'s poetry1 z well z 9 religi\s =ms4 ',! nature ( ,god1 ! nature ( absolute m9d1 is to exhibit ! triple movem5t ( dialectic1 & s ! nature ( ,god z pres5t$ 9 religion mu/ be a triplicity1 a tr9ity4' ,b beyond ?us nam+ ,goe! & ,wordswor? & e/abli%+ ! tr9ity1 ,mr4 ,haldane's ,hegelianism c>ries u h>dly an in* into ! concrete detail ( ! _w we actually inhabit4 ,equally ?9 is ,mr4 ,taylor1 bo? 9 8 pr9ciples & 9 _! results4 ,foll[+ ,mr4 ,bradley1 he />ts by assur+ u t reality _c be self-contradictory1 b to be relat$ to any?+ really outside ( "o's self is to be self-contradictory1 s ! ultimate reality mu/ be a s+le all-inclusive sy/ematic :ole4 ,yet all he c say ( ?is :ole at ! end ( 8 excell5tly writt5 book is t ! notion ( x 'c make no addition to our in=mation & c ( itself supply no motives = practical endeavor4' ,mr4 ,mc,taggart treats u to almo/ z ?9 a f>e4 ',! ma9 practical int]e/ ( ,hegel's philosophy1' he says1 'is to be f\nd 9 ! ab/ract c]ta9ty :i* ! logic gives u t all reality is rational & righte\s1 ev5 :5 we _c see 9 ! lea/ h[ x is s4444 ,n t x %[s u h[ ! facts ar\nd u are good1 n t x %[s u h[ we c make !m bett]1 b t x proves t !y1 l o!r reality1 are sub specie et]nitatis1 p]fectly good1 & sub specie temporis1 de/9$ to become p]fectly good4' ,"h aga91 no detail :atev]1 only ! ab/ract c]ta9ty t :atev] ! detail may prove to be1 x w be good4 ,common non-dialectical m5 h already ?is c]ta9ty z a result ( ! g5]\s vital en?usiasm ab\t ! univ]se ) :i* !y are born4 ,! peculi>ity ( transc5d5tal philosophy is its sov]eign contempt = m]ely vital functions l en?usiasm1 & its pret5sion to turn our simple & imm$iate tru/s & fai?s into ! =m ( logically m$iat$ c]ta9ties1 to "q :i* w\ld be absurd4 ,b ! :ole basis on :i* ,mr4 ,mc,taggart's own c]ta9ty s solidly re/s1 settles d[n into ! "o nut%ell ( an ass]tion into :i* he puts ,hegel's gospel1 namely1 t 9 e bit ( exp]i5ce & ?\ght1 h[ev] f9ite1 ! :ole ( reality 7! absolute idea1 z ,hegel calls x7 is 'implicitly pres5t4' ,?is inde$ is ,hegel's vision1 & ,hegel ?\ght t ! details ( 8 dialectic prov$ its tru?4 ,b disciples :o treat ! details ( ! pro( z unsatisfactory & yet cl+ to ! vision1 are surely1 9 spite ( _! pret5sion to a m rational consci\sness1 no bett] ?an common m5 ) _! en?usiasms or delib]ately adopt$ fai?s4 ,we h ourselves se5 "s ( ! weakness ( ! moni/ic pro(s4 ,mr4 ,mc,taggart picks pl5ty ( holes ( 8 own 9 ,hegel's logic1 & f9ally concludes t 'all true philosophy mu/ be my/ical1 n inde$ 9 its me?ods b 9 its f9al conclusions1' :i* is z mu* z to say t ! rationali/ic me?ods leave u 9 ! lur*1 9 spite ( all _! sup]iority1 & t 9 ! end vision & fai? mu/ eke !m out4 ,b h[ ab/ract & ?9 is "h ! vision1 to say no?+ ( ! fai?6 ,! :ole ( reality1 explicitly abs5t f our f9ite exp]i5ces1 mu/ nev]!less be pres5t 9 !m all implicitly1 al?o no "o ( u c ev] see h[--! b>e ^w 'implicit' "h be>+ ! :ole pyramid ( ! moni/ic sy/em on its sl5d] po9t4 ,mr4 ,joa*im's moni/ic sy/em ( tru? re/s on an ev5 sl5d]] po9t4--,i h nev] d\bt$1' he says1 't univ]sal & timeless tru? is a s+le cont5t or significance1 "o & :ole & complete1' & he c&idly confesses ! failure ( rationali/ic attempts 'to raise ?is imm$iate c]ta9ty' to ! level ( reflective k4 ,!re is1 9 %ort1 no m$iation = him betwe5 ! ,tru? 9 capital lett]s & all ! little 'l[]-case' tru?s--& errors--:i* life pres5ts4 ,! psy*ological fact t he nev] has 'd\bt$' is en\gh4 ,! :ole moni/ic pyramid1 re/+ on po9ts z ?9 z ^!1 seems to me to be a ma*tspru*1 a product ( w f> m ?an "o ( reason4 ,unity is good1 !re=e ?+s %all coh]e2 !y %all be "o2 !re %all be categories to make !m "o1 no matt] :at empirical disjunctions may appe>4 ,9 ,hegel's own writ+s1 ! %all-be temp] is ubiquit\s & t[]+2 x ov]rides v]bal & logical resi/ances alike4 ,hegel's error1 z ,pr(essor ,royce s well says1 'lay n 9 introduc+ logic into passion1' z "s p *>ge1 'b 9 conceiv+ ! logic ( passion z ! only logic4444 ,he is ?us sugge/ive1' ,royce says1 'b nev] f9al4 ,8 sy/em z a sy/em has crumbl$1 b 8 vital compreh5sion ( our life rema9s =ev]4'#a ,t vital compreh5sion we h already se54 ,x is t !re is a s5se 9 :i* real ?+s are n m]ely _! own b>e selves1 b may vaguely be treat$ z also _! own o!rs1 & t ord9>y logic1 s9ce x d5ies ?is1 mu/ be ov]come4 ,ord9>y logic d5ies ?is because x sub/itutes concepts = real ?+s1 & concepts are _! own b>e selves & no?+ else4 ,:at ,royce calls ,hegel's 'sy/em' 0 ,hegel's attempt to make u believe t he 0 work+ by concepts & gr9d+ out a high] /yle ( logic1 :5 9 reality s5sible exp]i5ces1 hypo!ses1 & passion furni%$ him ) all 8 results4 ,:at ,i myself may mean by ?+s be+ _! own o!rs1 we %all see 9 a lat] lecture4 ,x is n[ "t to take our look at ,fe*n]1 ^: ?ickness is a refre%+ contra/ to ! ?91 ab/ract1 indig5t1 & ?readb>e appe>ance1 ! />v+1 s*ool-room aspect1 :i* ! speculations ( mo/ ( our absoluti/ philosoph]s pres5t4 ,!re is some?+ really weird & uncanny 9 ! contra/ betwe5 ! ab/ract pret5sions ( rationalism & :at rationali/ic me?ods concretely c d4 ,if ! 'logical prius' ( our m9d 7 really ! 'implicit pres5ce' ( ! :ole 'concrete univ]sal1' ! :ole ( reason1 or reality1 or _s1 or ! absolute idea1 or :atev] x may be call$1 9 all our f9ite ?9k+1 & if ?is reason work$ 7= example7 by ! dialectical me?od1 doesn't x seem odd t 9 ! greate/ in/ance ( rationalization mank9d has kn[n1 9 'sci5ce1' namely1 ! dialectical me?od %\ld nev] once h be5 tri$8 ,n a solit>y in/ance ( ! use ( x 9 sci5ce occurs to my m9d4 ,hypo!ses1 & d$uctions f ^!1 controll$ by s5se-obs]vations & analogies ) :at we "k else:]e1 are to be ?ank$ = all ( sci5ce's results4 ,fe*n] us$ no me?ods b ^! latt] ones 9 argu+ = 8 metaphysical conclusions ab\t reality--b let me fir/ rehe>se a few ( ! facts ab\t 8 life4 ,born 9 #ahja1 ! son ( a poor c\ntry pa/or 9 ,saxony1 he liv$ f #ahag to #ahhg1 :5 he di$1 sev5ty ye>s !re=e1 at ,leipzig1 a typical gelehrt] ( ! old-fa%ion$ g]man /ripe4 ,8 means 7 always scanty1 s 8 only extravagances c\ld be 9 ! way ( ?\ght1 b ^! 7 gorge\s ones4 ,he pass$ 8 m$ical exam9ations at ,leipzig ,univ]sity at ! age ( tw5ty-"o1 b decid$1 in/ead ( becom+ a doctor1 to devote himself to physical sci5ce4 ,x 0 t5 ye>s be=e he 0 made pr(essor ( physics1 al?\gh he soon 0 au?oriz$ to lecture4 ,mean:ile1 he _h to make bo? ends meet1 & ?is he did by volum9\s lit]>y labors4 ,he translat$1 = example1 ! f\r volumes ( ,biot's treatise on physics1 & ! six ( ,?n>d's "w on *emi/ry1 & took c>e ( _! enl>g$ editions lat]4 ,he edit$ rep]tories ( *emi/ry & physics1 a ph>maceutical j\rnal1 & an encyclopa$ia 9 eight volumes1 ( :i* he wrote ab\t "o ?ird4 ,he publi%$ physical treatises & exp]im5tal inve/igations ( 8 own1 especially 9 electricity4 ,electrical measurem5ts1 z y "k1 are ! basis ( electrical sci5ce1 & ,fe*n]'s measurem5ts 9 galvanism1 p]=m$ ) ! simple/ self-made app>atus1 are classic to ?is day4 ,dur+ ?is "t he also publi%$ a numb] ( half-philosophical1 half-humor\s writ+s1 :i* h gone ?r\gh sev]al editions1 "u ! "n ( ,dr4 ,mises1 besides poems1 lit]>y & arti/ic essays1 & o!r occasional articles4 ,b ov]work1 pov]ty1 & an eye-tr\ble produc$ by 8 obs]vations on aft]-images 9 ! ret9a 7also a classic piece ( inve/igation7 produc$ 9 ,fe*n]1 !n ab\t ?irty-eight ye>s old1 a t]rific attack ( n]v\s pro/ration ) pa9ful hyp]ae/hesia ( all ! functions1 f :i* he suff]$ ?ree ye>s1 cut (f entirely f active life4 ,pres5t-day m$ic9e w\ld h class$ poor ,fe*n]'s malady quickly en\gh1 z p>tly a habit-neurosis1 b its sev]ity 0 su* t 9 8 day x 0 treat$ z a visitation incompreh5sible 9 its malignity2 & :5 he sudd5ly began to get well1 bo? ,fe*n] & o!rs treat$ ! recov]y z a sort ( div9e miracle4 ,?is illness1 br++ ,fe*n] face to face ) inn] desp]ation1 made a great crisis 9 8 life4 ',_h ,i n !n clung to ! fai?1' he writes1 't cl++ to fai? w\ld someh[ or o!r "w its rew>d1 s htte i* j5e zeit ni*t ausgehalt54' ,8 religi\s & cosmological fai?s sav$ him--!nce=w>d "o great aim ) him 0 to "w out & communicate ^! fai?s to ! _w4 ,he did s on ! l>ge/ scale2 b he did _m o!r ?+s too ere he di$4 ,a book on ! atomic !ory1 classic also2 f\r elaborate ma!matical & exp]im5tal volumes on :at he call$ psy*ophysics--_m p]sons consid] ,fe*n] to h practically f\nd$ sci5tific psy*ology 9 ! fir/ ( ^! books2 a volume on organic evolution1 & two works on exp]im5tal ae/hetics1 9 :i* aga9 ,fe*n] is consid]$ by "s judges to h laid ! f\ndations ( a new sci5ce1 mu/ be includ$ among ^! o!r p]=mances4 ,( ! m religi\s & philosophical works1 ,i %all imm$iately give a fur!r acc\nt4 ,all ,leipzig m\rn$ him :5 he di$1 = he 0 ! patt]n ( ! ideal g]man s*ol>1 z d>+ly orig9al 9 8 ?\ght z he 0 homely 9 8 life1 a mode/1 g5ial1 labori\s slave to tru? & le>n+1 & )al ! own] ( an admirable lit]>y /yle ( ! v]nacul> sort4 ,! mat]iali/ic g5]ation1 t 9 ! fifties & sixties call$ 8 speculations fanta/ic1 _h be5 replac$ by "o ) great] lib]ty ( imag9ation1 & a ,prey]1 a ,wundt1 a ,pauls51 & a ,lasswitz c\ld n[ speak ( ,fe*n] z _! ma/]4 ,8 m9d 0 inde$ "o ( ^? multitud9\sly organiz$ cross-roads ( tru? :i* are occupi$ only at r>e int]vals by *ildr5 ( m51 & f :i* no?+ is ei!r too f> or too ne> to be se5 9 due p]spective4 ,pati5te/ obs]vation1 exacte/ ma!matics1 %rewde/ discrim9ation1 humane/ feel+1 fl\ri%$ 9 him on ! l>ge/ scale1 ) no app>5t detrim5t to "o ano!r4 ,he 0 9 fact a philosoph] 9 ! 'great' s5se1 al?o he c>$ s mu* less ?an mo/ philosoph]s c>e = ab/ractions ( ! '?9' ord]4 ,= him ! ab/ract liv$ 9 ! concrete1 & ! hidd5 motive ( all he did 0 to br+ :at he call$ ! daylight view ( ! _w into ev] great] evid5ce1 t daylight view be+ ?is1 t ! :ole univ]se 9 its diff]5t spans & wave-l5g?s1 exclusions & envelopm5ts1 is ev]y:]e alive & consci\s4 ,x has tak5 fifty ye>s = 8 *ief book1 ',z5d-ave/a1' to pass into a second edition 7#aija74 ',"o swall[1' he *e]fully writes1 'does n make a summ]4 ,b ! fir/ swall[ w\ld n come unless ! summ] 7 com+2 & = me t summ] means my daylight view "s "t prevail+4' ,! orig9al s91 accord+ to ,fe*n]1 ( bo? our popul> & our sci5tific ?9k+1 is our invet]ate habit ( reg>d+ ! spiritual n z ! rule b z an exception 9 ! mid/ ( nature4 ,in/ead ( believ+ our life to be f$ at ! brea/s ( ! great] life1 our individuality to be su/a9$ by ! great] individuality1 :i* mu/ necess>ily h m consci\sness & m indep5d5ce ?an all t x br+s =?1 we habitually treat :atev] lies outside ( our life z s mu* slag & a%es ( life only2 or if we believe 9 a ,div9e ,_s1 we fancy him on ! "o side z bodiless1 & nature z s\lless on ! o!r4 ,:at com=t1 or peace1 ,fe*n] asks1 c come f su* a doctr9e8 ,! fl[]s )] at its brea?1 ! />s turn into /one2 our own body gr[s unwor?y ( our _s & s9ks to a t5em5t = c>nal s5ses only4 ,! book ( nature turns into a volume on me*anics1 9 :i* :atev] has life is treat$ z a sort ( anomaly2 a great *asm ( sep>ation yawns betwe5 u & all t is high] ?an ourselves2 & ,god becomes a ?9 ne/ ( ab/ractions4 ,fe*n]'s great in/rum5t = vivify+ ! daylight view is analogy2 n a rationali/ic argum5t is to be f\nd 9 all 8 _m pages--only reason+s l ^? :i* m5 cont9ually use 9 practical life4 ,= example3 ,my h\se is built by "s "o1 ! _w too is built by "s "o4 ,! _w is great] ?an my h\se1 x mu/ be a great] "s "o :o built ! _w4 ,my body moves by ! influ5ce ( my feel+ & w2 ! sun1 moon1 sea1 & w9d1 be+ !mselves m p[]ful1 move by ! influ5ce ( "s m p[]ful feel+ & w4 ,i live n[1 & *ange f "o day to ano!r2 ,i %all live h]eaft]1 & *ange /ill m1 etc4 ,ba9 def9es g5ius z ! p[] ( see+ analogies4 ,! numb] t ,fe*n] c\ld p]ceive 0 prodigi\s2 b he insi/$ on ! diff]5ces z well4 ,neglect to make all[ance = ^!1 he said1 is ! common fallacy 9 analogical reason+4 ,mo/ ( u1 = example1 reason+ ju/ly t1 s9ce all ! m9ds we "k are connect$ ) bodies1 !re=e ,god's m9d %\ld be connect$ ) a body1 proce$ to suppose t t body mu/ be j an animal body ov] aga91 & pa9t an altoge!r human picture ( ,god4 ,b all t ! analogy comports is a body--! p>ticul> features ( our body are adaptations to a habitat s diff]5t f ,god's t if ,god h a physical body at all1 x mu/ be utt]ly diff]5t f ours 9 /ructure4 ,?r\gh\t 8 writ+s ,fe*n] makes diff]5ce & analogy walk abrea/1 & by 8 extraord9>y p[] ( notic+ bo?1 he conv]ts :at w\ld ord9>ily pass = objections to 8 conclusions into factors ( _! support4 ,! va/] ord]s ( m9d g ) ! va/] ord]s ( body4 ,! entire e>? on :i* we live mu/ h1 accord+ to ,fe*n]1 its own collective consci\sness4 ,s mu/ ea* sun1 moon1 & planet2 s mu/ ! :ole sol> sy/em h its own wid] consci\sness1 9 :i* ! consci\sness ( our e>? plays "o "p4 ,s has ! entire />ry sy/em z su* its consci\sness2 & if t />ry sy/em be n ! sum ( all t is1 mat]ially consid]$1 !n t :ole sy/em1 along ) :atev] else may be1 is ! body ( t absolutely totaliz$ consci\sness ( ! univ]se to :i* m5 give ! "n ( ,god4 ,speculatively ,fe*n] is ?us a moni/ 9 8 !ology2 b !re is room 9 8 univ]se = e grade ( spiritual be+ betwe5 man & ! f9al all-inclusive ,god2 & 9 sugge/+ :at ! positive cont5t ( all ?is sup]-humanity may be1 he h>dly lets 8 imag9ation fly beyond simple spirits ( ! planet>y ord]4 ,! e>?-s\l he passionately believes 92 he treats ! e>? z our special human gu>dian angel2 we c pray to ! e>? z m5 pray to _! sa9ts2 b ,i ?9k t 9 8 sy/em1 z 9 s _m ( ! actual hi/oric !ologies1 ! supreme ,god m>ks only a sort ( limit ( enclosure ( ! worlds above man4 ,he is left ?9 & ab/ract 9 8 maje/y1 m5 pref]r+ to c>ry on _! p]sonal transactions ) ! _m less remote & ab/ract mess5g]s & m$iators :om ! div9e ord] provides4 ,i %all ask lat] :e!r ! ab/ractly moni/ic turn :i* ,fe*n]'s speculations took 0 necessitat$ by logic4 ,i believe x n to h be5 requir$4 ,mean:ile let me lead y a little m into ! detail ( 8 ?\ght4 ,inevitably "o does him mis]able inju/ice by summ>iz+ & abridg+ him4 ,= al?o ! type ( reason+ he employs is almo/ *ildlike = simplicity1 & 8 b>e conclusions c be writt5 on a s+le page1 ! p[] ( ! man is due altoge!r to ! pr(us5ess ( 8 concrete imag9ation1 to ! multitude ( ! po9ts :i* he consid]s successively1 to ! cumulative effect ( 8 le>n+1 ( 8 ?or\ghness1 & ( ! +5uity ( 8 detail1 to 8 admirably homely /yle1 to ! s9c]ity ) :i* 8 pages gl[1 & f9ally to ! impression he gives ( a man :o doesn't live at second-h&1 b :o sees1 :o 9 fact speaks z "o hav+ au?ority1 & n z if he 7 "o ( ! common h]d ( pr(essorial philosophic scribes4 ,ab/ractly set d[n1 8 mo/ important conclusion = my purpose 9 ^! lectures is t ! con/itution ( ! _w is id5tical ?r\gh\t4 ,9 ourselves1 visual consci\sness goes ) our eyes1 tactile consci\sness ) our sk94 ,b al?o nei!r sk9 nor eye kn[s aught ( ! s5sations ( ! o!r1 !y come toge!r & figure 9 "s sort ( relation & comb9ation 9 ! m inclusive consci\sness :i* ea* ( u names 8 self4 ,q simil>ly1 !n1 says ,fe*n]1 we mu/ suppose t my consci\sness ( myself & y\rs ( y\rself1 al?o 9 _! imm$iacy !y keep sep>ate & "k no?+ ( ea* o!r1 are yet kn[n & us$ toge!r 9 a high] consci\sness1 t ( ! human race1 say1 into :i* !y ent] z con/itu5t p>ts4 ,simil>ly1 ! :ole human & animal k+doms come toge!r z conditions ( a consci\sness ( /ill wid] scope4 ,?is comb9es 9 ! s\l ( ! e>? ) ! consci\sness ( ! vegetable k+dom1 :i* 9 turn contributes its %>e ( exp]i5ce to t ( ! :ole sol> sy/em1 & s on f syn!sis to syn!sis & height to height1 till an absolutely univ]sal consci\sness is rea*$4 ,a va/ analogical s]ies1 9 :i* ! basis ( ! analogy consi/s ( facts directly obs]vable 9 ourselves4 ,! supposition ( an e>?-consci\sness meets a /rong in/9ctive prejudice :i* ,fe*n] +5i\sly tries to ov]come4 ,man's m9d is ! highe/ consci\sness ^u ! e>?1 we ?9k--! e>? itself be+ 9 all ways man's inf]ior4 ,h[ %\ld its consci\sness1 if x h "o1 be sup]ior to 88 ,:at are ! m>ks ( sup]iority :i* we are tempt$ to use "h8 ,if we look m c>efully into !m1 ,fe*n] po9ts out t ! e>? possesses ea* & all ( !m m p]fectly ?an we4 ,he consid]s 9 detail ! po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 u1 & %[s !m all to make = ! e>?'s high] rank4 ,i w t\* on only a few ( ^! po9ts4 ,"o ( !m ( c\rse is indep5d5ce ( o!r ext]nal be+s4 ,ext]nal to ! e>? are only ! o!r heav5ly bodies4 ,all ! ?+s on :i* we ext]nally dep5d = life--air1 wat]1 plant & animal food1 fell[ m51 etc4--are includ$ 9 h] z h] con/itu5t p>ts4 ,%e is self-suffic+ 9 a million respects 9 :i* we are n s4 ,we dep5d on h] = almo/ ev]y?+1 %e on u = b a small portion ( h] hi/ory4 ,%e sw+s u 9 h] orbit f w9t] to summ] & revolves u f day into night & f night into day4 ,complexity 9 unity is ano!r sign ( sup]iority4 ,! total e>?'s complexity f> exce$s t ( any organism1 = %e includes all our organisms 9 h]self1 along ) an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s t our organisms fail to include4 ,yet h[ simple & massive are ! phases ( h] own prop] life6 ,z ! total be>+ ( any animal is s$ate & tranquil comp>$ ) ! agitation ( its blood corpuscles1 s is ! e>? a s$ate & tranquil be+ comp>$ ) ! animals :om %e supports4 ,to develop f )91 in/ead ( be+ fa%ion$ f )\t1 is also c\nt$ z some?+ sup]ior 9 m5's eyes4 ,an egg is a high] /yle ( be+ ?an a piece ( clay :i* an ext]nal model] makes into ! image ( a bird4 ,well1 ! e>?'s hi/ory develops f )94 ,x is l t ( a wond]ful egg :i* ! sun's heat1 l t ( a "m-h51 has /imulat$ to its cycles ( evolution>y *ange4 ,individuality ( type1 & diff]5ce f o!r be+s ( its type1 is ano!r m>k ( rank4 ,! e>? diff]s f e o!r planet1 & z a class planet>y be+s are extraord9>ily di/9ct f o!r be+s4 ,long ago ! e>? 0 call$ an animal2 b a planet is a high] class ( be+ ?an ei!r man or animal2 n only quantitatively great]1 l a va/] & m awkw>d :ale or elephant1 b a be+ ^: enorm\s size requires an altoge!r diff]5t plan ( life4 ,our animal organization comes f our inf]iority4 ,our ne$ ( mov+ to & fro1 ( /ret*+ our limbs & b5d+ our bodies1 %[s only our defect4 ,:at are our legs b crut*es1 by means ( :i*1 ) re/less ef=ts1 we g hunt+ aft] ! ?+s we h n inside ( ourselves4 ,b ! e>? is no su* cripple2 :y %\ld %e :o already possesses )9 h]self ! ?+s we s pa9fully pursue1 h limbs analog\s to ours8 ,%all %e mimic a small "p ( h]self8 ,:at ne$ has %e ( arms1 ) no?+ to rea* =8 ( a neck1 ) no head to c>ry8 ( eyes or nose :5 %e f9ds h] way ?r\gh space )\t ei!r1 & has ! millions ( eyes ( all h] animals to guide _! movem5ts on h] surface1 & all _! noses to smell ! fl[]s t gr[8 ,=1 z we are ourselves a "p ( ! e>?1 s our organs are h] organs4 ,%e is1 z x 71 eye & e> ov] h] :ole ext5t--all t we see & he> 9 sep>ation %e sees & he>s at once4 ,%e br+s =? liv+ be+s ( c\ntless k9ds ^u h] surface1 & _! multitud9\s consci\s relations ) ea* o!r %e takes up into h] high] & m g5]al consci\s life4 ,mo/ ( u1 consid]+ ! !ory t ! :ole t]re/rial mass is animat$ z our bodies are1 make ! mi/ake ( work+ ! analogy too lit]ally1 & all[+ = no diff]5ces4 ,if ! e>? be a s5ti5t organism1 we say1 :]e are h] bra9 & n]ves8 ,:at corresponds to h] he>t & lungs8 ,9 o!r words1 we expect functions :i* %e already p]=ms ?r\gh u1 to be p]=m$ outside ( u aga91 & 9 j ! same way4 ,b we see p]fectly well h[ ! e>? p]=ms "s ( ^! functions 9 a way unlike our way4 ,if y speak ( circulation1 :at ne$ has %e ( a he>t :5 ! sun keeps all ! %[]s ( ra9 t fall ^u h] & all ! spr+s & brooks & riv]s t irrigate h]1 go+8 ,:at ne$ has %e ( int]nal lungs1 :5 h] :ole s5sitive surface is 9 liv+ comm]ce ) ! atmosph]e t cl+s to x8 ,! organ t gives u mo/ tr\ble is ! bra94 ,all ! consci\sness we directly "k seems ti$ to bra9s4--,c !re be consci\sness1 we ask1 :]e !re is no bra98 ,b our bra91 :i* prim>ily s]ves to correlate our muscul> reactions ) ! ext]nal objects on :i* we dep5d1 p]=ms a function :i* ! e>? p]=ms 9 an entirely diff]5t way4 ,%e has no prop] muscles or limbs ( h] own1 & ! only objects ext]nal to h] are ! o!r />s4 ,to ^! h] :ole mass reacts by mo/ exquisite alt]ations 9 its total gait1 & by /ill m exquisite vibratory responses 9 its sub/ance4 ,h] ocean reflects ! lights ( heav5 z 9 a mighty mirror1 h] atmosph]e refracts !m l a mon/r\s l5s1 ! cl\ds & sn[-fields comb9e !m into :ite1 ! woods & fl[]s disp]se !m into colors4 ,pol>ization1 int]f]5ce1 absorption1 awak5 s5sibilities 9 matt] ( :i* our s5ses are too co>se to take any note4 ,= ^! cosmic relations ( h]s1 !n1 %e no m ne$s a special bra9 ?an %e ne$s eyes or e>s4 ,our bra9s d inde$ unify & correlate innum]able functions4 ,our eyes "k no?+ ( s\nd1 our e>s no?+ ( light1 b1 hav+ bra9s1 we c feel s\nd & light toge!r1 & comp>e !m4 ,we acc\nt = ?is by ! fibres :i* 9 ! bra9 connect ! optical ) ! ac\/ic c5tre1 b j h[ ^! fibres br+ toge!r n only ! s5sations1 b ! c5tres1 we fail to see4 ,b if fibres are inde$ all t is ne$$ to d t trick1 has n ! e>? pa?ways1 by :i* y & ,i are physically cont9u\s1 m ?an en\gh to d = our two m9ds :at ! bra9-fibres d = ! s\nds & sights 9 a s+le m9d8 ,mu/ e high] means ( unification betwe5 ?+s be a lit]al bra9-fibre1 & g by t "n8 ,_c ! e>?-m9d "k o!rwise ! cont5ts ( our m9ds toge!r8 ,fe*n]'s imag9ation1 insi/+ on ! diff]5ces z well z on ! resemblances1 ?us tries to make our picture ( ! :ole e>?'s life m concrete4 ,he revels 9 ! ?\ght ( its p]fections4 ,to c>ry h] preci\s freight ?r\gh ! h\rs & seasons :at =m c\ld be m excell5t ?an h]s--be+ z x is horse1 :eels1 & wagon all 9 "o4 ,?9k ( h] beauty--a %9+ ball1 sky-blue & sun-lit ov] "o half1 ! o!r ba!d 9 />ry night1 reflect+ ! heav5s f all h] wat]s1 myriads ( lights & %ad[s 9 ! folds ( h] m\nta9s & w9d+s ( h] valleys1 %e w\ld be a spectacle ( ra9b[ glory1 c\ld "o only see h] f af> z we see p>ts ( h] f h] own m\nta9-tops4 ,e quality ( l&scape t has a "n w\ld !n be visible 9 h] at once--all t is delicate or graceful1 all t is quiet1 or wild1 or romantic1 or desolate1 or *e]ful1 or luxuriant1 or fre%4 ,t l&scape is h] face--a peopl$ l&scape1 too1 = m5's eyes w\ld appe> 9 x l diamonds among ! dew-drops4 ,gre5 w\ld be ! dom9ant color1 b ! blue atmosph]e & ! cl\ds w\ld enfold h] z a bride is %r\d$ 9 h] veil--a veil ! vapory transp>5t folds ( :i* ! e>?1 ?r\gh h] m9i/]s ! w9ds1 nev] tires ( lay+ & fold+ ab\t h]self anew4 ,e elem5t has its own liv+ d5iz5s4 ,c ! cele/ial ocean ( e!r1 ^: waves are light1 9 :i* ! e>? h]self floats1 n h h]s1 high] by z mu* z _! elem5t is high]1 swimm+ )\t f9s1 fly+ )\t w+s1 mov+1 imm5se & tranquil1 z by a half-spiritual =ce ?r\gh ! half-spiritual sea :i* !y inhabit1 rejoic+ 9 ! ex*ange ( lum9\s influ5ce ) "o ano!r1 foll[+ ! slighte/ pull ( "o ano!r's attraction1 & h>bor+1 ea* ( !m1 an inexhau/ible inw>d weal?8 ,m5 h always made fables ab\t angels1 dwell+ 9 ! light1 ne$+ no e>?ly food or dr9k1 mess5g]s betwe5 ourselves & ,god4 ,"h are actually exi/5t be+s1 dwell+ 9 ! light & mov+ ?r\gh ! sky1 ne$+ nei!r food nor dr9k1 int]m$i>ies betwe5 ,god & u1 obey+ 8 comm&s4 ,s1 if ! heav5s really are ! home ( angels1 ! heav5ly bodies mu/ be ^? v angels1 = o!r creatures !re are none4 ,yes6 ! e>? is our great common gu>dian angel1 :o wat*es ov] all our int]e/s comb9$4 ,9 a /rik+ page ,fe*n] relates "o ( 8 mom5ts ( direct vision ( ?is tru?4 ',on a c]ta9 spr+ morn+ ,i w5t out to walk4 ,! fields 7 gre51 ! birds sang1 ! dew gli/5$1 ! smoke 0 ris+1 "h & !re a man appe>$2 a light z ( transfiguration lay on all ?+s4 ,x 0 only a little bit ( ! e>?2 x 0 only "o mom5t ( h] exi/5ce2 & yet z my look embrac$ h] m & m x seem$ to me n only s beautiful an idea1 b s true & cle> a fact1 t %e is an angel1 an angel s ri* & fre% & fl[]-l1 & yet go+ h] r\nd 9 ! skies s firmly & s at "o ) h]self1 turn+ h] :ole liv+ face to ,heav51 & c>ry+ me along ) h] into t ,heav51 t ,i ask$ myself h[ ! op9ions ( m5 c\ld ev] h s spun !mselves away f life s f> z to deem ! e>? only a dry clod1 & to seek = angels above x or ab\t x 9 ! empt9ess ( ! sky1--only to f9d !m n[h]e4444 ,b su* an exp]i5ce z ?is passes = fanta/ic4 ,! e>? is a globul> body1 & :at m %e may be1 "o c f9d 9 m9]alogical cab9ets4'#b ,:]e !re is no vision ! p p]i%4 ,few pr(essorial philosoph]s h any vision4 ,fe*n] _h vision1 & t is :y "o c read him ov] & ov] aga91 & ea* "t br+ away a fre% s5se ( reality4 ,8 e>lie/ book 0 a vision ( :at ! inn] life ( plants may be l4 ,he call$ x ',nanna4' ,9 ! developm5t ( animals ! n]v\s sy/em is ! c5tral fact4 ,plants develop c5trifugally1 spread _! organs abroad4 ,= t reason p suppose t !y c h no consci\sness1 = !y lack ! unity :i* ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em provides4 ,b ! plant's consci\sness may be ( ano!r type1 be+ connect$ ) o!r /ructures4 ,viol9s & pianos give out s\nds because !y h /r+s4 ,does x foll[ t no?+ b /r+s c give out s\nd8 ,h[ !n ab\t flutes & organ-pipes8 ,( c\rse _! s\nds are ( a diff]5t quality1 & s may ! consci\sness ( plants be ( a quality correlat$ exclusively ) ! k9d ( organization t !y possess4 ,nutrition1 respiration1 propagation take place 9 !m )\t n]ves4 ,9 u ^! functions are consci\s only 9 unusual /ates1 normally _! consci\sness is eclips$ by t :i* goes ) ! bra94 ,no su* eclipse occurs 9 plants1 & _! l[] consci\sness may !re=e be all ! m lively4 ,) no?+ to d b to dr9k ! light & air ) _! leaves1 to let _! cells prolif]ate1 to feel _! rootlets draw ! sap1 is x conceivable t !y %\ld n consci\sly suff] if wat]1 light1 & air are sudd5ly )drawn8 or t :5 ! fl[]+ & f]tilization :i* are ! culm9ation ( _! life take place1 !y %\ld n feel _! own exi/5ce m int5sely & enjoy some?+ l :at we call pleasure 9 ourselves8 ,does ! wat]-lily1 rock+ 9 h] triple ba? ( wat]1 air1 & light1 reli% 9 no wise h] own beauty8 ,:5 ! plant 9 our room turns to ! light1 closes h] blossoms 9 ! d>k1 responds to our wat]+ or prun+ by increase ( size or *ange ( %ape & bloom1 :o has ! "r to say %e does n feel1 or t %e plays a purely passive "p8 ,truly plants c =esee no?+1 nei!r ! scy! ( ! m[]1 nor ! h& ext5d$ to pluck _! fl[]s4 ,!y c nei!r run away nor cry out4 ,b ?is only proves h[ diff]5t _! modes ( feel+ life mu/ be f ^? ( animals t live by eyes & e>s & locomotive organs1 x does n prove t !y h no mode ( feel+ life at all4 ,h[ scanty & scatt]$ w\ld s5sation be on our globe1 if ! feel+-life ( plants 7 blott$ f exi/5ce4 ,solit>y w\ld consci\sness move ?r\gh ! woods 9 ! %ape ( "s de] or o!r quadrup$1 or fly ab\t ! fl[]s 9 t ( "s insect1 b c we really suppose t ! ,nature ?r\gh :i* ,god's brea? bl[s is su* a b>r5 wild]ness z ?is8 ,i h probably by ?is "t said en\gh to acqua9t ^? ( y :o h nev] se5 ^! metaphysical writ+s ( ,fe*n] ) _! m g5]al *>act]i/ics1 & ,i hope t "s ( y may n[ feel l read+ !m y\rselves4#c ,! special ?\ght ( ,fe*n]'s ) :i* 9 ^! lectures ,i h mo/ practical conc]n1 is 8 belief t ! m inclusive =ms ( consci\sness are 9 "p con/itut$ by ! m limit$ =ms4 ,n t !y are ! m]e sum ( ! m limit$ =ms4 ,z our m9d is n ! b>e sum ( our sights plus our s\nds plus our pa9s1 b 9 add+ ^! t]ms toge!r also f9ds relations among !m & weaves !m into s*emes & =ms & objects ( :i* no "o s5se 9 its sep>ate e/ate kn[s any?+1 s ! e>?-s\l traces relations betwe5 ! cont5ts ( my m9d & ! cont5ts ( y\rs ( :i* nei!r ( our sep>ate m9ds is consci\s4 ,x has s*emes1 =ms1 & objects proportionate to its wid] field1 :i* our m5tal fields are f> too n>r[ to cognize4 ,by ourselves we are simply out ( relation ) ea* o!r1 = x we are bo? ( u !re1 & diff]5t f ea* o!r1 :i* is a positive relation4 ,:at we are )\t kn[+1 x kn[s t we are4 ,we are clos$ aga9/ its _w1 b t _w is n clos$ aga9/ u4 ,x is z if ! total univ]se ( inn] life _h a sort ( gra9 or direction1 a sort ( valvul> /ructure1 p]mitt+ k to fl[ 9 "o way only1 s t ! wid] might always h ! n>r[] "u obs]vation1 b nev] ! n>r[] ! wid]4 ,fe*n]'s great analogy "h is ! relation ( ! s5ses to our individual m9ds4 ,:5 our eyes are op5 _! s5sations ent] into our g5]al m5tal life1 :i* gr[s incessantly by ! addition ( :at !y see4 ,close ! eyes1 h[ev]1 & ! visual additions /op1 no?+ b ?\ghts & memories ( ! pa/ visual exp]i5ces rema9--9 comb9ation ( c\rse ) ! enorm\s /ock ( o!r ?\ghts & memories1 & ) ! data com+ 9 f ! s5ses n yet clos$4 ,our eye-s5sations ( !mselves "k no?+ ( ?is enorm\s life into :i* !y fall4 ,fe*n] ?9ks1 z any common man w\ld ?9k1 t !y are tak5 into x directly :5 !y occur1 & =m "p ( x j z !y are4 ,!y don't /ay outside & get repres5t$ inside by _! copies4 ,x is only ! memories & concepts ( !m t are copies2 ! s5sible p]ceptions !mselves are tak5 9 or wall$ out 9 _! own prop] p]sons accord+ z ! eyes are op5 or %ut4 ,fe*n] lik5s our individual p]sons on ! e>? unto s _m s5se-organs ( ! e>?'s s\l4 ,we add to its p]ceptive life s long z our own life la/s4 ,x absorbs our p]ceptions1 j z !y occur1 into its l>g] sph]e ( k1 & comb9es !m ) ! o!r data !re4 ,:5 "o ( u dies1 x is z if an eye ( ! _w 7 clos$1 = all p]ceptive contributions f t p>ticul> qu>t] cease4 ,b ! memories & conceptual relations t h spun !mselves r\nd ! p]ceptions ( t p]son rema9 9 ! l>g] e>?-life z di/9ct z ev]1 & =m new relations & gr[ & develop ?r\gh\t all ! future1 9 ! same way 9 :i* our own di/9ct objects ( ?\ght1 once /or$ 9 memory1 =m new relations & develop ?r\gh\t our :ole f9ite life4 ,?is is ,fe*n]'s !ory ( immortality1 fir/ publi%$ 9 ! little ',b*le9 des leb5s na* dem tode1' 9 #ahcf1 & re-edit$ 9 greatly improv$ %ape 9 ! la/ volume ( 8 ',z5d-ave/a4' ,we rise ^u ! e>? z wavelets rise ^u ! ocean4 ,we gr[ out ( h] soil z leaves gr[ f a tree4 ,! wavelets cat* ! sunbeams sep>ately1 ! leaves /ir :5 ! bran*es d n move4 ,!y realize _! own ev5ts ap>t1 j z 9 our own consci\sness1 :5 any?+ becomes emphatic1 ! backgr\nd fades f obs]vation4 ,yet ! ev5t works back ^u ! backgr\nd1 z ! wavelet works ^u ! waves1 or z ! leaf's movem5ts "w ^u ! sap inside ! bran*4 ,! :ole sea & ! :ole tree are regi/]s ( :at has happ5$1 & are diff]5t = ! wave's & ! leaf's action hav+ occurr$4 ,a graft$ twig may modify its /ock to ! roots3--s our outliv$ private exp]i5ces1 impress$ on ! :ole e>?-m9d z memories1 lead ! immortal life ( ideas !re1 & become p>ts ( ! great sy/em1 fully di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r1 j z we ourselves :5 alive 7 di/9ct1 realiz+ !mselves no long] isolat$ly1 b along ) "o ano!r z s _m p>tial sy/ems1 ent]+ ?us into new comb9ations1 be+ affect$ by ! p]ceptive exp]i5ces ( ^? liv+ !n1 & affect+ ! liv+ 9 _! turn--al?o !y are s seldom recogniz$ by liv+ m5 to d s4 ,if y imag9e t ?is entrance aft] ! dea? ( ! body into a common life ( high] type means a m]g+ & loss ( our di/9ct p]sonality1 ,fe*n] asks y :e!r a visual s5sation ( our own exi/s 9 any s5se less = itself or less di/9ctly1 :5 x ent]s into our high] relational consci\sness & is !re di/+ui%$ & def9$4 --,b "h ,i mu/ /op my report+ & s5d y to 8 volumes4 ,?us is ! univ]se alive1 accord+ to ?is philosoph]6 ,i ?9k y w admit t he makes x m ?ickly alive ?an d ! o!r philosoph]s :o1 foll[+ rationali/ic me?ods solely1 ga9 ! same results1 b only 9 ! ?9ne/ outl9es4 ,bo? ,fe*n] & ,pr(essor ,royce1 = example1 believe ultimately 9 "o all-inclusive m9d4 ,bo? believe t we1 j z we /& "h1 are con/itu5t p>ts ( t m9d4 ,no o!r cont5t has x ?an u1 ) all ! o!r creatures l or unlike u1 & ! relations :i* x f9ds betwe5 u4 ,our ea*es1 collect$ into "o1 are sub/antively id5tical ) its all1 ?o ! all is p]fect :ile no ea* is p]fect1 s t we h to admit t new qualities z well z unp]ceiv$ relations accrue f ! collective =m4 ,x is ?us sup]ior to ! di/ributive =m4 ,b hav+ rea*$ ?is result1 ,royce 7?o 8 treatm5t ( ! subject on its moral side seems to me inf9itely ri*] & ?ick] ?an t ( any o!r contempor>y ideali/ic philosoph]7 leaves u v mu* to our own devices4 ,fe*n]1 on ! contr>y1 tries to trace ! sup]iorities due to ! m collective =m 9 z mu* detail z he c4 ,he m>ks ! v>i\s int]m$i>y /ages & halt+ places ( collectivity1--z we are to our sep>ate s5ses1 s is ! e>? to u1 s is ! sol> sy/em to ! e>?1 etc41--& if1 9 ord] to escape an inf9itely long summation1 he posits a complete ,god z ! all-conta9] & leaves him ab\t z indef9ite 9 feature z ! ideali/s leave _! absolute1 he yet provides u ) a v def9ite gate ( approa* to him 9 ! %ape ( ! e>?-s\l1 ?r\gh :i* 9 ! nature ( ?+s we mu/ fir/ make connexion ) all ! m envelop+ sup]human realms1 & ) :i* our m imm$iate religi\s comm]ce at any rate has to be c>ri$ on4 ,ord9>y moni/ic idealism leaves ev]y?+ int]m$i>y out4 ,x recognizes only ! extremes1 z if1 aft] ! fir/ rude face ( ! ph5om5al _w 9 all its p>ticul>ity1 no?+ b ! supreme 9 all its p]fection c\ld be f\nd4 ,fir/1 y & ,i1 j z we are 9 ?is room2 & ! mom5t we get bel[ t surface1 ! unutt]able absolute itself6 ,doesn't ?is %[ a s+ul>ly indig5t imag9ation8 ,isn't ?is brave univ]se made on a ri*] patt]n1 ) room 9 x = a long hi]>*y ( be+s8 ,mat]iali/ic sci5ce makes x inf9itely ri*] 9 t]ms1 ) its molecules1 & e!r1 & electrons1 & :at n4 ,absolute idealism1 ?9k+ ( reality only "u intellectual =ms1 kn[s n :at to d ) bodies ( any grade1 & c make no use ( any psy*ophysical analogy or correspond5ce4 ,! resultant ?9ness is />tl+ :5 comp>$ ) ! ?ickness & articulation ( su* a univ]se z ,fe*n] pa9ts4 ,may n satisfaction ) ! rationali/ic absolute z ! alpha & omega1 & treatm5t ( x 9 all its ab/raction z an adequate religi\s object1 argue a c]ta9 native pov]ty ( m5tal dem&8 ,?+s reveal !mselves soone/ to ^? :o mo/ passionately want !m1 = our ne$ %>p5s our wit4 ,to a m9d cont5t ) little1 ! mu* 9 ! univ]se may always rema9 hid4 ,to be c&id1 "o ( my reasons = say+ s mu* ab\t ,fe*n] has be5 to make ! ?9ness ( our curr5t transc5d5talism appe> m evid5t by an effect ( contra/4 ,s*ola/icism ran ?ick2 ,hegel himself ran ?ick2 b engli% & am]ican transc5d5talisms run ?94 ,if philosophy is m a matt] ( passionate vision ?an ( logic1--& ,i believe x is1 logic only f9d+ reasons = ! vision aft]w>ds1--mu/ n su* ?9ness come ei!r f ! vision be+ defective 9 ! disciples1 or f _! passion1 mat*$ ) ,fe*n]'s or ) ,hegel's own passion1 be+ z moonlight unto sunlight or z wat] unto w9e8#d ,b ,i h also a mu* deep] reason = mak+ ,fe*n] a "p ( my text4 ,8 assumption t consci\s exp]i5ces freely comp\nd & sep>ate !mselves1 ! same assumption by :i* absolutism expla9s ! relation ( our m9ds to ! et]nal m9d1 & ! same by :i* empiricism expla9s ! composition ( ! human m9d out ( subord9ate m5tal elem5ts1 is n "o :i* we ought to let pass )\t scrut9y4 ,i %all scrut9ize x 9 ! next lecture4 ,,lecture ,v ,,! ,,comp\nd+ ,,( ,,consci\sness ,9 my la/ lecture ,i gave a mis]ably scanty outl9e ( ! way ( ?9k+ ( a philosoph] rem>kable = ! almo/ unexampl$ ri*ness ( 8 imag9ation ( details4 ,i owe to ,fe*n]'s %ade an apology = pres5t+ him 9 a mann] s unfair to ! mo/ ess5tial quality ( 8 g5ius2 b ! "t allott$ is too %ort to say m ab\t ! p>ticul>s ( 8 "w1 s ,i proce$ to ! programme ,i sugge/$ at ! end ( our la/ h\r4 ,i wi% to discuss ! assumption t /ates ( consci\sness1 s-call$1 c sep>ate & comb9e !mselves freely1 & keep _! own id5tity un*ang$ :ile =m+ p>ts ( simultane\s fields ( exp]i5ce ( wid] scope4 ,let me fir/ expla9 j :at ,i mean by ?is4 ,:ile y li/5 to my voice1 = example1 y are p]haps inatt5tive to "s bodily s5sation due to y\r clo?+ or y\r po/ure4 ,yet t s5sation w\ld seem probably to be !re1 = 9 an in/ant1 by a *ange ( att5tion1 y c h x 9 "o field ( consci\sness ) ! voice4 ,x seems z if x exi/$ fir/ 9 a sep>ate =m1 & !n z if1 )\t itself *ang+1 x comb9$ ) y\r o!r co-exi/5t s5sations4 ,x is aft] ?is analogy t pan!i/ic idealism ?9ks t we exi/ 9 ! absolute4 ,! absolute1 x ?9ks1 makes ! _w by kn[+ ! :ole ( x at once 9 "o undivid$ et]nal act4#a ,to 'be1' really to be1 is to be z x kn[s u to be1 along ) ev]y?+ else1 namely1 & clo!d ) ! fulness ( our mean+4 ,mean:ile we are at ! same "t n only really & z x kn[s u1 b also app>5tly1 = to our sep>ate s+le selves we appe> )\t mo/ o!r ?+s & unable to decl>e ) any fulness :at our own mean+ is4 ,n[ ! classic doctr9e ( pan!i/ic idealism1 f ! ,upani%ads d[n to ,josiah ,royce1 is t ! f9ite kn[]s1 9 spite ( _! app>5t ignorance1 are "o ) ! kn[] ( ! all4 ,9 ! mo/ limit$ mom5ts ( our private exp]i5ce1 ! absolute idea1 z ,dr4 ,mc,taggart told u1 is implicitly conta9$4 ,! mom5ts1 z ,royce says1 exi/ only 9 relation to x4 ,!y are true or errone\s only ?r\gh its ov]%ad[+ pres5ce4 ,( ! l>g] self t alone et]nally is1 !y are ! organic p>ts4 ,!y are1 only inasmu* z !y are implicat$ 9 its be+4 ,!re is ?us 9 reality b ?is "o self1 consci\sly inclusive ( all ! less] selves1 logos1 problem-solv]1 & all-kn[]2 & ,royce +5i\sly comp>es ! ignorance t 9 our p]sons breaks out 9 ! mid/ ( its complete k & isolates me f y & bo? ( u f x1 to ! inatt5tion into :i* our f9ite m9ds are liable to fall ) respect to su* implicitly pres5t details z ^? corporeal s5sations to :i* ,i made allusion j n[4 ,^? s5sations /& to our total private m9ds 9 ! same relation 9 :i* our private m9ds /& to ! absolute m9d4 ,privacy means ignorance--,i /ill quote ,royce--& ignorance means inatt5tion4 ,we are f9ite because our wills1 z su*1 are only fragm5ts ( ! absolute w2 because w means int]e/1 & an incomplete w means an incomplete int]e/2 & because incomplet5ess ( int]e/ means inatt5tion to mu* t a full] int]e/ w\ld br+ u to p]ceive4#b ,9 ?is acc\nt ,royce makes by f> ! manlie/ ( ! po/-hegelian attempts to read "s empirically appreh5sible cont5t into ! notion ( our relation to ! absolute m9d4 ,i h to admit1 n[ t ,i propose to y to scrut9ize ?is assumption r closely1 t trepidation seizes me4 ,! subject is a subtle & ab/ruse "o4 ,x is "o ?+ to delve into subtleties by "o's self ) p5 9 h&1 or to /udy out ab/ruse po9ts 9 books1 b q ano!r ?+ to make a popul> lecture out ( !m4 ,nev]!less ,i mu/ n fl9* f my task "h1 = ,i ?9k t ?is p>ticul> po9t =ms p]haps ! vital knot ( ! pres5t philosophic situation1 & ,i imag9e t ! times are ripe1 or almo/ ripe1 = a s]i\s attempt to be made at its unty+4 ,x may p]haps help to less5 ! ardu\sness ( ! subject if ,i put ! fir/ "p ( :at ,i h to say 9 ! =m ( a direct p]sonal confession4 ,9 ! ye> #ahij ,i publi%$ a "w on psy*ology 9 :i* x became my duty to discuss ! value ( a c]ta9 explanation ( our high] m5tal /ates t _h come into favor among ! m biologically incl9$ psy*ologi/s4 ,sugge/$ p>tly by ! association ( ideas1 & p>tly by ! analogy ( *emical comp\nds1 ?is op9ion 0 t complex m5tal /ates are resultants ( ! self-comp\nd+ ( simpl] ones4 ,! ,mills _h spok5 ( m5tal *emi/ry2 ,wundt ( a 'psy*ic syn!sis1' :i* might develop prop]ties n conta9$ 9 ! elem5ts2 & su* writ]s z ,sp5c]1 ,ta9e1 ,fiske1 ,b>ratt1 & ,clif=d _h prop\nd$ a great evolution>y !ory 9 :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( s\ls1 selves1 or o!r pr9ciples ( unity1 primordial units ( m9d-/uff or m9d-du/ 7 repres5t$ z summ+ !mselves toge!r 9 successive /ages ( comp\nd+ & re-comp\nd+1 & ?us eng5d]+ our high] & m complex /ates ( m9d4 ,! elem5t>y feel+ ( ,a1 let u say1 & ! elem5t>y feel+ ( ,b1 :5 !y occur 9 c]ta9 conditions1 comb9e1 accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 into a feel+ ( ,a-plus-,b1 & ?is 9 turn comb9es ) a simil>ly g5]at$ feel+ ( ,c-plus-,d1 until at la/ ! :ole alphabet may appe> toge!r 9 "o field ( aw>5ess1 )\t any o!r witness+ pr9ciple or pr9ciples beyond ! feel+s ( ! sev]al lett]s !mselves1 be+ suppos$ to exi/4 ,:at ea* ( !m witnesses sep>ately1 'all' ( !m are suppos$ to witness 9 conjunction4 ,b _! di/ributive k doesn't give rise to _! collective k by any act1 x is _! collective k4 ,! l[] =ms ( consci\sness 'tak5 toge!r' are ! high]4 ,x1 'tak5 ap>t1' consi/s ( no?+ & is no?+ b !m4 ,?is1 at lea/1 is ! mo/ obvi\s way ( und]/&+ ! doctr9e1 & is ! way ,i und]/ood x 9 ! *apt] 9 my psy*ology4 ,sup]ficially look$ at1 ?is seems j l ! comb9ation ( ,h#b & ,o into wat]1 b look$ at m closely1 ! analogy halts badly4 ,:5 a *emi/ tells u t two atoms ( hydrog5 & "o ( oxyg5 comb9e !mselves ( _! own accord into ! new comp\nd sub/ance 'wat]1' he kn[s 7if he believes 9 ! me*anical view ( nature7 t ?is is only an elliptical /atem5t = a m complex fact4 ,t fact is t :5 ,h#b & ,o1 in/ead ( keep+ f> ap>t1 get into clos] qu>t]s1 say into ! position ,h-,o-,h1 !y affect surr\nd+ bodies diff]5tly3 !y n[ wet our sk91 dissolve sug>1 put out fire1 etc41 :i* !y didn't 9 _! =m] positions4 ',wat]' is b our "n = :at acts ?us peculi>ly4 ,b if ! sk91 sug>1 & fire 7 abs5t1 no witness w\ld speak ( wat] at all4 ,he w\ld /ill talk ( ! ,h & ,o di/ributively1 m]ely not+ t !y act$ n[ 9 ! new position ,h-,o-,h4 ,9 ! old] psy*ologies ! s\l or self took ! place ( ! sug>1 fire1 or sk94 ,! l[] feel+s produc$ effects on x1 & _! app>5t comp\nds 7 only its reactions4 ,z y tickle a man's face ) a fea!r1 & he laughs1 s :5 y tickle 8 intellectual pr9ciple ) a ret9al feel+1 say1 & a muscul> feel+ at once1 x laughs responsively by its category ( 'space1' b x w\ld be false to treat ! space z simply made ( ^? simpl] feel+s4 ,x is r a new & unique psy*ic creation :i* _! comb9$ action on ! m9d is able to evoke4 ,i f\nd myself oblig$1 9 discuss+ ! m9d-du/ !ory1 to urge ?is la/ alt]native view4 ,! s-call$ m5tal comp\nds are simple psy*ic reactions ( a high] type4 ,! =m itself ( !m1 ,i said1 is some?+ new4 ,we c't say t aw>5ess ( ! alphabet z su* is no?+ m ?an tw5ty-six aw>5esses1 ea* ( a sep>ate lett]2 = ^? are tw5ty-six di/9ct aw>5esses1 ( s+le lett]s )\t o!rs1 :ile _! s-call$ sum is "o aw>5ess1 ( e lett] ) its comrades4 ,!re is ?us some?+ new 9 ! collective consci\sness4 ,x kn[s ! same lett]s1 inde$1 b x kn[s !m 9 ?is novel way4 ,x is saf]1 ,i said 7= ,i f\ght %y ( admitt+ a self or s\l or o!r ag5t ( comb9ation71 to treat ! consci\sness ( ! alphabet z a tw5ty-sev5? fact1 ! sub/itute & n ! sum ( ! tw5ty-six simpl] consci\snesses1 & to say t :ile "u c]ta9 physiological conditions !y alone are produc$1 o!r m complex physiological conditions result 9 its production in/ead4 ,d n talk1 !re=e1 ,i said1 ( ! high] /ates consi/+ ( ! simpl]1 or be+ ! same ) !m2 talk r ( _! kn[+ ! same ?+s4 ,!y are diff]5t m5tal facts1 b !y appreh5d1 ea* 9 its own peculi> way1 ! same objective ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 & ,d4 ,! !ory ( comb9ation1 ,i 0 =c$ to conclude1 is ?us unt5able1 be+ bo? logically nons5sical & practically unnecess>y4 ,say :at y w1 twelve ?\ghts1 ea* ( a s+le ^w1 are n ! self-same m5tal ?+ z "o ?\ght ( ! :ole s5t5ce4 ,! high] ?\ghts1 ,i insi/$1 are psy*ic units1 n comp\nds2 b = all t1 !y may "k toge!r z a collective multitude ! v same objects :i* "u o!r conditions are kn[n sep>ately by z _m simple ?\ghts4 ,= _m ye>s ,i held rigor\sly to ?is view1#c & ! reasons = do+ s seem$ to me dur+ all ^? ye>s to apply also to ! op9ion t ! absolute m9d /&s to our m9ds 9 ! relation ( a :ole to its p>ts4 ,if unt5able 9 f9ite psy*ology1 t op9ion ought to be unt5able 9 metaphysics also4 ,! great transc5d5tali/ metaphor has always be51 z ,i lately rem9d$ y1 a grammatical s5t5ce4 ,physically su* a s5t5ce is ( c\rse compos$ ( clauses1 ^! ( words1 ! words ( syllables1 & ! syllables ( lett]s4 ,we may take ea* ^w 91 yet n und]/& ! s5t5ce2 b if sudd5ly ! mean+ ( ! :ole s5t5ce fla%es1 ! s5se ( ea* ^w is tak5 up into t :ole mean+4 ,j s1 accord+ to our transc5d5tali/ tea*]s1 ! absolute m9d ?9ks ! :ole s5t5ce1 :ile we1 accord+ to our rank z ?9k]s1 ?9k a clause1 a ^w1 a syllable1 or a lett]4 ,mo/ ( u are1 z ,i said1 m]e syllables 9 ! m\? ( ,allah4 ,& z ,allah comes fir/ 9 ! ord] ( be+1 s comes fir/ ! entire s5t5ce1 ! logos t =ms ! et]nal absolute ?\ght4 ,/ud5ts ( language tell u t spee* began ) m5's ef=ts to make /atem5ts4 ,! rude syn!tic vocal utt]ances fir/ us$ = ?is effect sl[ly got /]eotyp$1 & !n mu* lat] got decompos$ into grammatical p>ts4 ,x is n z if m5 _h fir/ inv5t$ lett]s & made syllables ( !m1 !n made words ( ! syllables & s5t5ces ( ! words2--!y actually foll[$ ! rev]se ord]4 ,s1 ! transc5d5tali/s affirm1 ! complete absolute ?\ght is ! pre-condition ( our ?\ghts1 & we f9ite creatures are only 9 s f> z x owns u z its v]bal fragm5ts4 ,! metaphor is s beautiful1 & applies1 moreov]1 s lit]ally to su* a multitude ( ! m9or :oles ( exp]i5ce1 t by m]ely he>+ x mo/ ( u are conv9c$ t x mu/ apply univ]sally4 ,we see t no smalle/ ra9drop c come into be+ )\t a :ole %[]1 no s+le fea!r )\t a :ole bird1 neck & crop1 beak & tail1 com+ into be+ simultane\sly3 s we unhesitat+ly lay d[n ! law t no "p ( any?+ c be except s f> z ! :ole also is4 ,& !n1 s9ce ev]y?+ :atev] is "p ( ! :ole univ]se1 & s9ce 7if we are ideali/s7 no?+1 :e!r "p or :ole1 exi/s except = a witness1 we proce$ to ! conclusion t ! unmitigat$ absolute z witness ( ! :ole is ! "o sole gr\nd ( be+ ( e p>tial fact1 ! fact ( our own exi/5ce includ$4 ,we ?9k ( ourselves z be+ only a few ( ! fea!rs1 s to speak1 :i* help to con/itute t absolute bird4 ,ext5d+ ! analogy ( c]ta9 :oles1 ( :i* we h famili> exp]i5ce1 to ! :ole ( :oles1 we easily become absolute ideali/s4 ,b if1 in/ead ( yield+ to ! s$uctions ( our metaphor1 be x s5t5ce1 %[]1 or bird1 we analyze m c>efully ! notion sugge/$ by x t we are con/itu5t p>ts ( ! absolute's et]nal field ( consci\sness1 we f9d grave difficulties aris+4 ,fir/1 ! difficulty ,i f\nd ) ! m9d-du/ !ory4 ,if ! absolute makes u by kn[+ u1 h[ c we exi/ o!rwise ?an z x kn[s u8 ,b x kn[s ea* ( u indivisibly f ev]y?+ else4 ,yet if to exi/ means no?+ b to be exp]i5c$1 z idealism affirms1 we surely exi/ o!rwise1 = we exp]i5ce ourselves ignorantly & 9 division4 ,we inde$ diff] f ! absolute n only by defect1 b by excess4 ,our ignorances1 = example1 br+ curiosities & d\bts by :i* x _c be tr\bl$1 = x owns et]nally ! solution ( e problem4 ,our impot5ce entails pa9s1 our imp]fection s9s1 :i* its p]fection keeps at a di/ance4 ,:at ,i said ( ! alphabet-=m & ! lett]s holds good ( ! absolute exp]i5ce & our exp]i5ces4 ,_! relation1 :atev] x may be1 seems n to be t ( id5tity4 ,x is impossible to reconcile ! peculi>ities ( our exp]i5ce ) our be+ only ! absolute's m5tal objects4 ,a ,god1 z di/+ui%$ f ! absolute1 creates ?+s by project+ !m beyond himself z s _m sub/ances1 ea* end[$ ) p]seity1 z ! s*ola/ics call x4 ,b objects ( ?\ght are n ?+s p] se4 ,!y are !re only = _! ?9k]1 & only z he ?9ks !m4 ,h[1 !n1 c !y become sev]ally alive on _! own acc\nts & ?9k !mselves q o!rwise ?an z he ?9ks !m8 ,x is z if ! *>act]s 9 a novel 7 to get up f ! pages1 & walk away & transact bus9ess ( _! own outside ( ! au?or's /ory4 ,a ?ird difficulty is ?is3 ,! bird-metaphor is physical1 b we see on reflection t 9 ! physical _w !re is no real comp\nd+4 ',:oles' are n realities !re1 p>ts only are realities4 ',bird' is only our "n = ! physical fact ( a c]ta9 gr\p+ ( organs1 j z ',*>les's ,wa9' is our "n = a c]ta9 gr\p+ ( />s4 ,! ':ole1' be x bird or con/ellation1 is no?+ b our vision1 no?+ b an effect on our s5sorium :5 a lot ( ?+s act on x toge!r4 ,x is n realiz$ by any organ or any />1 or exp]i5c$ ap>t f ! consci\sness ( an onlook]4#d ,9 ! physical _w tak5 by itself !re is ?us no 'all1' !re are only ! 'ea*es'--at lea/ t is ! 'sci5tific' view4 ,9 ! m5tal _w1 on ! contr>y1 :oles d 9 po9t ( fact realize !mselves p] se4 ,! mean+ ( ! :ole s5t5ce is j z mu* a real exp]i5ce z ! feel+ ( ea* ^w is2 ! absolute's exp]i5ce is = itself1 z mu* z y\rs is = y\rself or m9e = myself4 ,s ! fea!r-&-bird analogy won't "w unless y make ! absolute into a di/9ct sort ( m5tal ag5t ) a vision produc$ 9 x by our sev]al m9ds analog\s to ! 'bird'-vision :i* ! fea!rs1 beak1 etc41 produce 9 ^? same m9ds4 ,! ':ole1' :i* is its exp]i5ce1 w\ld !n be its unify+ reaction on our exp]i5ces1 & n ^? v exp]i5ces self-comb9$4 ,su* a view z ?is w\ld g ) !ism1 = ! !i/ic ,god is a sep>ate be+2 b x w\ld n g ) pan!i/ic idealism1 ! v ess5ce ( :i* is to insi/ t we are lit]ally p>ts ( ,god1 & he only ourselves 9 our totality--! ^w 'ourselves' "h /&+ ( c\rse = all ! univ]se's f9ite facts4 ,i am dragg+ y into dep?s unsuitable1 ,i fe>1 = a rapid lecture4 ,su* difficulties z ^! h to be teas$ out ) a ne$le1 s to speak1 & lectur]s %\ld take only bird's-eye views4 ,! practical up%ot ( ! matt]1 h[ev]1 s f> z ,i am conc]n$1 is ?is1 t if ,i _h be5 lectur+ on ! absolute a v few ye>s ago1 ,i %\ld unhesitat+ly h urg$ ^! difficulties1 & develop$ !m at /ill great] l5g?1 to %[ t ! hypo!sis ( ! absolute 0 n only non-co]cive f ! logical po9t ( view1 b self-contradictory z well1 its notion t p>ts & :ole are only two names = ! same ?+ n be>+ critical scrut9y4 ,if y /ick to purely physical t]ms l />s1 !re is no :ole4 ,if y call ! :ole m5tal1 !n ! s-call$ :ole1 in/ead ( be+ "o fact ) ! p>ts1 appe>s r z ! integral reaction on ^? p>ts ( an indep5d5t high] witness1 su* z ! !i/ic ,god is suppos$ to be4 ,s long z ?is 0 ! /ate ( my own m9d1 ,i c\ld accept ! notion ( self-comp\nd+ 9 ! sup]nal sph]es ( exp]i5ce no m easily ?an 9 t *apt] on m9d-du/ ,i _h accept$ x 9 ! l[] sph]es4 ,i f\nd myself compell$1 !re=e1 to call ! absolute impossible2 & ! untrammell$ fre$om ) :i* pan!i/ic or moni/ic ideali/s /epp$ ov] ! logical b>ri]s :i* ,lotze & o!rs _h set d[n long be=e ,i _h--,i _h done little m ?an quote ^! previ\s critics 9 my *apt]--surpris$ me n a little1 & made me1 ,i h to confess1 bo? res5tful & envi\s4 ,envi\s because 9 ! bottom ( my he>t ,i want$ ! same fre$om myself1 = motives :i* ,i %all develop lat]2 & res5tful because my absoluti/ fri5ds seem$ to me to be /eal+ ! privilege ( bl[+ bo? hot & cold4 ,to e/abli% _! absolute !y us$ an intellectuali/ type ( logic :i* !y disreg>d$ :5 employ$ aga9/ x4 ,x seem$ to me t !y ought at lea/ to h m5tion$ ! objections t _h /opp$ me s completely4 ,i _h yield$ to !m aga9/ my 'w to believe1' out ( pure logical scrupulosity4 ,!y1 pr(ess+ to loa! ! w to believe & to foll[ pure/ rationality1 _h simply ignor$ !m4 ,! me?od 0 easy1 b h>dly to be call$ c&id4 ,fe*n] inde$ 0 c&id en\gh1 = he _h nev] ?\ght ( ! objections1 b lat] writ]s1 l ,royce1 :o %\ld presumably h he>d !m1 _h pass$ !m by 9 sil5ce4 ,i felt z if ^! philosoph]s 7 grant+ _! w to believe 9 monism too easy a lic5se4 ,my own consci5ce w\ld p]mit me no su* lic5se4 ,s mu* = ! p]sonal confession by :i* y h all[$ me to introduce ! subject4 ,let u n[ consid] x m objectively4 ,! fundam5tal difficulty ,i h f\nd is ! numb] ( contradictions :i* ideali/ic moni/s seem to disreg>d4 ,9 ! fir/ place !y attribute to all exi/5ce a m5tal or exp]i5tial "*1 b ,i f9d _! simultane\s belief t ! high] & ! l[] 9 ! univ]se are entitatively id5tical1 incompatible ) ?is "*4 ,incompatible 9 consequ5ce ( ! g5]ally accept$ doctr9e t1 :e!r ,b]keley 7 "r or n 9 say+ ( mat]ial exi/5ce t its esse is s5tiri1 x is und\bt$ly "r to say ( m5tal exi/5ce t its esse is s5tiri or exp]iri4 ,if ,i feel pa91 x is j pa9 t ,i feel1 h[ev] ,i may h come by ! feel+4 ,no "o pret5ds t pa9 z su* only appe>s l pa91 b 9 itself is diff]5t1 = to be z a m5tal exp]i5ce is only to appe> to "s "o4 ,! ideali/s 9 "q ought !n to d "o ( two ?+s1 b !y d nei!r4 ,!y ought ei!r to refute ! notion t z m5tal /ates appe>1 s !y are2 or1 /ill keep+ t notion1 !y ought to admit a di/9ct ag5t ( unification to d ! "w ( ! all-kn[]1 j z our respective s\ls or selves 9 popul> philosophy d ! "w ( p>tial kn[]s4 ,o!rwise x is l a jo9t-/ock company all %>ehold]s & no treasur] or director4 ,if our f9ite m9ds =m$ a billion facts1 !n its m9d1 kn[+ our billion1 w\ld make a univ]se compos$ ( a billion & "o facts4 ,b transc5d5tal idealism is q z unfri5dly to active pr9ciples call$ s\ls z physiological psy*ology is1 ,kant hav+1 z x ?9ks1 def9itively demoli%$ !m4 ,& al?o "s disciples speak ( ! transc5d5tal ego ( app]ception 7:i* !y celebrate z ,kant's mo/ preci\s legacy to po/]ity7 z if x 7 a comb9+ ag5t1 ! drift ( moni/ic au?ority is c]ta9ly 9 ! direction ( treat+ x z only an all-witness1 ^: field ( vision we f9ite witnesses d n cause1 b con/itute r4 ,we are ! lett]s1 x is ! alphabet2 we are ! features1 x is ! face2 n inde$ z if ei!r alphabet or face 7 some?+ additional to ! lett]s or ! features1 b r z if x 7 only ano!r "n = ! v lett]s or features !mselves4 ,! all-=m assur$ly diff]s f ! ea*-=m1 b ! matt] is ! same 9 bo?1 & ! ea*-=m only an unacc\ntable appe>ance4 ,b ?is1 z y see1 contradicts ! o!r ideali/ pr9ciple1 ( a m5tal fact be+ j :at x appe>s to be4 ,if _! =ms ( appe>ance are s diff]5t1 ! all & ! ea*es _c be id5tical4 ,! way out 7unless1 inde$1 we are will+ to disc>d ! logic ( id5tity altoge!r7 w\ld seem to be frankly to write d[n ! all & ! ea*es z two di/9ct ord]s ( witness1 ea* m9or witness be+ aw>e ( its own 'cont5t' solely1 :ile ! great] witness kn[s ! m9or witnesses1 kn[s _! :ole cont5t pool$ toge!r1 kn[s _! relations to "o ano!r1 & kn[s ( j h[ mu* ea* "o ( !m is ignorant4 ,! two types ( witness+ are "h palpably non-id5tical4 ,we get a pluralism1 n a monism1 out ( !m4 ,9 my psy*ology-*apt] ,i _h resort$ op5ly to su* pluralism1 treat+ ea* total field ( consci\sness z a di/9ct entity1 & ma9ta9+ t ! high] fields m]ely sup]s$e ! l[] functionally by kn[+ m ab\t ! same objects4 ,! moni/s !mselves wri! l worms on ! hook to escape plurali/ic or at lea/ duali/ic language1 b !y _c escape x4 ,!y speak ( ! et]nal & ! temporal 'po9ts ( view'2 ( ! univ]se 9 its inf9ite 'aspect' or 9 its f9ite 'capacity'2 !y say t 'qu absolute' x is "o ?+1 'qu relative' ano!r2 !y contra/ its 'tru?' ) its appe>ances2 !y di/+ui% ! total f ! p>tial way ( 'tak+' x1 etc42 b !y =get t1 on ideali/ic pr9ciples1 to make su* di/9ctions is tantam\nt to mak+ diff]5t be+s1 or at any rate t v>y+ po9ts ( view1 aspects1 appe>ances1 ways ( tak+1 & ! l1 are mean+less phrases unless we suppose outside ( ! un*ang+ cont5t ( reality a div]sity ( witnesses :o exp]i5ce or take x v>i\sly1 ! absolute m9d be+ j ! witness t takes x mo/ completely4 ,= consid] ! matt] "o mom5t long]1 if y c4 ,ask :at ?is notion implies1 ( appe>+ diff]5tly f diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,if !re be no outside witness1 a ?+ c appe> only to itself1 ! ea*es or p>ts to _! sev]al selves temporally1 ! all or :ole to itself et]nally4 ,diff]5t 'selves' ?us break out inside ( :at ! absoluti/ insi/s to be intr9sically "o fact4 ,b h[ c :at is actually "o be effectively s _m8 ,put y\r witnesses any:]e1 :e!r outside or inside ( :at is witness$1 9 ! la/ resort y\r witnesses mu/ on ideali/ic pr9ciples be di/9ct1 = :at is witness$ is diff]5t4 ,i fe> t ,i am express+ myself ) t]rible obscurity--"s ( y1 ,i "k1 are groan+ ov] ! logic-*opp+4 ,be a plurali/ or be a moni/1 y say1 = heav5's sake1 no matt] :i*1 s long z y /op argu+4 ,x rem9ds "o ( ,*e/]ton's epigram t ! only ?+ t ev] drives human be+s insane is logic4 ,b :e!r ,i be sane or insane1 y _c fail1 ev5 ?o y be transc5d5tali/s y\rselves1 to recognize to "s degree by my tr\ble ! difficulties t beset moni/ic idealism4 ,:at boots x to call ! p>ts & ! :ole ! same body ( exp]i5ce1 :5 9 ! same brea? y h to say t ! all 'z su*' means "o sort ( exp]i5ce & ea* "p 'z su*' means ano!r8 ,difficulties1 !n1 s f>1 b no /able solution z yet1 = ,i h be5 talk+ only critically4 ,y w probably be reliev$ to he>1 !n1 t hav+ r\nd$ ?is corn]1 ,i %all beg9 to consid] :at may be ! possibilities ( gett+ f>!r4 ,to cle> ! pa?1 ,i beg y fir/ to note "o po9t4 ,:at has s tr\bl$ my logical consci5ce is n s mu* ! absolute by itself z ! :ole class ( suppositions ( :i* x is ! supreme example1 collective exp]i5ces namely1 claim+ id5tity ) _! con/itu5t p>ts1 yet exp]i5c+ ?+s q diff]5tly f ^! latt]4 ,if any su* collective exp]i5ce c be1 !n ( c\rse1 s f> z ! m]e logic ( ! case goes1 ! absolute may be4 ,9 a previ\s lecture ,i h talk$ aga9/ ! absolute f o!r po9ts ( view4 ,9 ?is lecture ,i h meant m]ely to take x z ! example mo/ prom95t at ,ox=d ( ! ?+ :i* has giv5 me su* logical p]plexity4 ,i don't logically see h[ a collective exp]i5ce ( any grade :atev] c be treat$ z logically id5tical ) a lot ( di/ributive exp]i5ces4 ,!y =m two diff]5t concepts4 ,! absolute happ5s to be ! only collective exp]i5ce conc]n+ :i* ,ox=d ideali/s h urg$ ! id5tity1 s ,i took x z my pr]ogative in/ance4 ,b ,fe*n]'s e>?-s\l1 or any /age ( be+ bel[ or above t1 w\ld h s]v$ my purpose j z well3 ! same logical objection applies to ^! collective exp]i5ces z to ! absolute4 ,s mu*1 !n1 9 ord] t y may n be confus$ ab\t my /rategical objective4 ,! real po9t to def5d aga9/ ! logic t ,i h us$ is ! id5tity ( ! collective & di/ributive anyh[1 n ! p>ticul> example ( su* id5tity kn[n z ! absolute4 ,s n[ = ! direct] "q4 ,%all we say t e complex m5tal fact is a sep>ate psy*ic entity succe$+ ^u a lot ( o!r psy*ic entities :i* are errone\sly call$ its p>ts1 & sup]s$+ !m 9 function1 b n lit]ally be+ compos$ ( !m8 ,?is 0 ! c\rse ,i took 9 my psy*ology2 & if foll[$ 9 !ology1 we %\ld h to d5y ! absolute z usually conceiv$1 & replace x by ! ',god' ( !ism4 ,we %\ld also h to d5y ,fe*n]'s 'e>?-s\l' & all o!r sup]human collections ( exp]i5ce ( e grade1 s f> at lea/ z ^! are held to be comp\nd$ ( our simpl] s\ls 9 ! way :i* ,fe*n] believ$ 92 & we %\ld h to make all ^! d5ials 9 ! "n ( ! incorruptible logic ( self-id5tity1 tea*+ u t to call a ?+ & its o!r ! same is to commit ! crime ( self-contradiction4 ,b if we realize ! :ole philosophic situation ?us produc$1 we see t x is almo/ intol]able4 ,loyal to ! logical k9d ( rationality1 x is disloyal to e o!r k9d4 ,x makes ! univ]se discont9u\s4 ,^! fields ( exp]i5ce t replace ea* o!r s punctually1 ea* kn[+ ! same matt]1 b 9 ev]-wid5+ contexts1 f simple/ feel+ up to absolute k1 c !y h no be+ 9 common :5 _! cognitive function is s manife/ly common8 ,! regul> succession ( !m is on su* t]ms an un9telligible miracle4 ,if y reply t _! common object is ( itself en\gh to make ! _m witnesses cont9u\s1 ! same implacable logic foll[s y--h[ c "o & ! same object appe> s v>i\sly8 ,its div]se appe>ances break x into a plurality2 & our _w ( objects !n falls into discont9u\s pieces q z mu* z did our _w ( subjects4 ,! resultant irrationality is really intol]able4 ,i said a:ile ago t ,i 0 envi\s ( ,fe*n] & ! o!r pan!i/s because ,i myself want$ ! same fre$om t ,i saw !m unscrupul\sly enjoy+1 ( lett+ m5tal fields comp\nd !mselves & s make ! univ]se m cont9u\s1 b t my consci5ce held me prison]4 ,9 my he>t ( he>ts1 h[ev]1 ,i knew t my situation 0 absurd & c\ld be only provisional4 ,t secret ( a cont9u\s life :i* ! univ]se kn[s by he>t & acts on e in/ant _c be a contradiction inc>nate4 ,if logic says x is "o1 s mu* ! worse = logic4 ,logic be+ ! less] ?+1 ! /atic incomplete ab/raction1 mu/ succumb to reality1 n reality to logic4 ,our intellig5ce _c wall itself up alive1 l a pupa 9 its *rysalis4 ,x mu/ at any co/ keep on speak+ t]ms ) ! univ]se t eng5d]$ x4 ,fe*n]1 ,royce1 & ,hegel seem on ! tru] pa?4 ,fe*n] has nev] he>d ( logic's veto1 ,royce he>s ! voice b cannily ignores ! utt]ances1 ,hegel he>s !m b to spurn !m--& all g on _! way rejoic+4 ,%all we alone obey ! veto8 ,s9c]ely1 & pati5tly z ,i c\ld1 ,i /ruggl$ ) ! problem = ye>s1 cov]+ hundr$s ( %eets ( pap] ) notes & memor&a & discussions ) myself ov] ! difficulty4 ,h[ c _m consci\snesses be at ! same "t "o consci\sness8 ,h[ c "o & ! same id5tical fact exp]i5ce itself s div]sely8 ,! /ruggle 0 va92 ,i f\nd myself 9 an impasse4 ,i saw t ,i mu/ ei!r =swe> t 'psy*ology )\t a s\l' to :i* my :ole psy*ological & kantian education _h committ$ me1--,i mu/1 9 %ort1 br+ back di/9ct spiritual ag5ts to "k ! m5tal /ates1 n[ s+ly & n[ 9 comb9ation1 9 a ^w br+ back s*ola/icism & common s5se--or else ,i mu/ squ>ely confess ! solution ( ! problem impossible1 & !n ei!r give up my intellectuali/ic logic1 ! logic ( id5tity1 & adopt "s high] 7or l[]7 =m ( rationality1 or1 f9ally1 face ! fact t life is logically irrational4 ,s9c]ely1 ?is is ! actual trilemma t confronts e "o ( u4 ,^? ( y :o are s*ola/ic-m9d$1 or simply common-s5se m9d$1 w smile at ! elaborate groans ( my p>turi5t m\nta9 result+ 9 no?+ b ?is m\se4 ,accept ! spiritual ag5ts1 = heav5's sake1 y w say1 & leave (f y\r ridicul\s p$antry4 ,let b our 's\ls' comb9e our s5sations by _! intellectual faculties1 & let b ',god' replace ! pan!i/ic _w-s\l1 & y\r :eels w g r\nd aga9--y w enjoy bo? life & logic toge!r4 ,?is solution is obvi\s & ,i "k t _m ( y w adopt x4 ,x is com=table1 & all our habits ( spee* support x4 ,yet x is n = idle or fanta/ical reasons t ! notion ( ! sub/antial s\l1 s freely us$ by common m5 & ! m popul> philosophies1 has fall5 ^u su* evil days1 & has no pre/ige 9 ! eyes ( critical ?9k]s4 ,x only %>es ! fate ( o!r unrepres5table sub/ances & pr9ciples4 ,!y are )\t exception all s b>r5 t to s9c]e inquir]s !y appe> z little m ?an names masqu]ad+--,wo die begriffe fehl5 da /ellt e9 wort zur re*t5 zeit si* e94 ,y see no deep] into ! fact t a hundr$ s5sations get comp\nd$ or kn[n toge!r by ?9k+ t a 's\l' does ! comp\nd+ ?an y see into a man's liv+ eighty ye>s by ?9k+ ( him z an octog5>ian1 or into our hav+ five f+]s by call+ u p5tadactyls4 ,s\ls h worn out bo? !mselves & _! welcome1 t is ! pla9 tru?4 ,philosophy ought to get ! manifolds ( exp]i5ce unifi$ on pr9ciples less empty4 ,l ! ^w 'cause1' ! ^w 's\l' is b a !oretic /op-gap--x m>ks a place & claims x = a future explanation to occupy4 ,?is be+ our po/-humian & po/-kantian /ate ( m9d1 ,i w ask y\r p]mission to leave ! s\l :olly out ( ! pres5t discussion & to consid] only ! residual dilemma4 ,"s day1 inde$1 s\ls may get _! inn+s aga9 9 philosophy--,i am q ready to admit t possibility--!y =m a category ( ?\ght too natural to ! human m9d to expire )\t prolong$ resi/ance4 ,b if ! belief 9 ! s\l ev] does come to life aft] ! _m fun]al-disc\rses :i* humian & kantian criticism h prea*$ ov] x1 ,i am sure x w be only :5 "s "o has f\nd 9 ! t]m a pragmatic significance t has hi!rto elud$ obs]vation4 ,:5 t *ampion speaks1 z he well may speak "s day1 x w be "t to consid] s\ls m s]i\sly4 ,let u leave out ! s\l1 !n1 & confront :at ,i j call$ ! residual dilemma4 ,c we1 on ! "o h&1 give up ! logic ( id5tity8--c we1 on ! o!r1 believe human exp]i5ce to be fundam5tally irrational8 ,nei!r is easy1 yet x w\ld seem t we mu/ d "o or ! o!r4 ,few philosoph]s h _h ! frankness fairly to admit ! necessity ( *oos+ betwe5 ! 'horns' (f]$4 ,reality mu/ be rational1 !y h said1 & s9ce ! ord9>y intellectuali/ logic is ! only usual te/ ( rationality1 reality & logic mu/ agree 'someh[4' ,hegel 0 ! fir/ non-my/ical writ] to face ! dilemma squ>ely & ?r[ away ! ord9>y logic1 sav+ a pseudo-rationality = ! univ]se by inv5t+ ! high] logic ( ! 'dialectic process4' ,bradley holds to ! intellectuali/ logic1 & by d9t ( x convicts ! human univ]se ( be+ irrationality inc>nate4 ,b :at mu/ be & c be1 is1 he says2 !re mu/ & c be relief f t irrationality2 & ! absolute mu/ already h got ! relief 9 secret ways ( its own1 impossible = u to guess at4 ,we ( c\rse get no relief1 s ,bradley's is a r ascetic doctr9e4 ,royce & ,taylor accept simil> solutions1 only !y emphasize ! irrationality ( our f9ite univ]se less ?an ,bradley does2 & ,royce 9 p>ticul>1 be+ unusually '?ick' = an ideali/1 tries to br+ ! absolute's secret =ms ( relief m sympa!tically home to our imag9ation4 ,well1 :at mu/ we d 9 ?is tragic pr$icam5t8 ,= my own "p1 ,i h f9ally f\nd myself compell$ to give up ! logic1 fairly1 squ>ely1 & irrevocably4 ,x has an imp]i%able use 9 human life1 b t use is n to make u !oretically acqua9t$ ) ! ess5tial nature ( reality--j :at x is ,i c p]haps sugge/ to y a little lat]4 ,reality1 life1 exp]i5ce1 concret5ess1 imm$iacy1 use :at ^w y w1 exce$s our logic1 ov]fl[s & surr\nds x4 ,if y l to employ words eulogi/ically1 z mo/ m5 d1 & s enc\rage confusion1 y may say t reality obeys a high] logic1 or enjoys a high] rationality4 ,b ,i ?9k t ev5 eulogi/ic words %\ld be us$ r to di/+ui% ?an to comm+le mean+s1 s ,i pref] bluntly to call reality if n irrational !n at lea/ non-rational 9 its con/itution1--& by reality "h ,i mean reality :]e ?+s happ51 all temporal reality )\t exception4 ,i myself f9d no good w>rant = ev5 suspect+ ! exi/5ce ( any reality ( a high] d5om9ation ?an t di/ribut$ & /rung-along & fl[+ sort ( reality :i* we f9ite be+s swim 94 ,t is ! sort ( reality giv5 u1 & t is ! sort ) :i* logic is s incomm5surable4 ,if !re be any high] sort ( reality--! 'absolute1' = example--t sort1 by ! confession ( ^? :o believe 9 x1 is /ill less am5able to ord9>y logic2 x transc5ds logic & is !re=e /ill less rational 9 ! intellectuali/ s5se1 s x _c help u to save our logic z an adequate def9] & conf9] ( exi/5ce4 ,^! say+s w s\nd que] & d>k1 probably !y w s\nd q wild or *ildi% 9 ! abs5ce ( explanatory comm5t4 ,only ! p]suasion t ,i soon c expla9 !m1 if n satisfactorily to all ( y1 at lea/ intelligibly1 embold5s me to /ate !m ?us baldly z a sort ( programme4 ,please take !m z a !sis1 !re=e1 to be def5d$ by lat] plead+4 ,i told y t ,i _h long & s9c]ely wre/l$ ) ! dilemma4 ,i h n[ to confess 7& ?is w probably re-animate y\r int]e/7 t ,i %\ld n n[ be emancipat$1 n n[ subord9ate logic ) s v light a he>t1 or ?r[ x out ( ! deep] regions ( philosophy to take its rightful & respectable place 9 ! _w ( simple human practice1 if ,i _h n be5 influ5c$ by a comp>atively "y & v orig9al fr5* writ]1 ,pr(essor ,h5ri ,b]gson4 ,read+ 8 works is :at has made me bold4 ,if ,i _h n read ,b]gson1 ,i %\ld probably /ill be black5+ endless pages ( pap] privately1 9 ! hope ( mak+ ends meet t 7 nev] meant to meet1 & try+ to discov] "s mode ( conceiv+ ! behavior ( reality :i* %\ld leave no discrepancy betwe5 x & ! accept$ laws ( ! logic ( id5tity4 ,x is c]ta91 at any rate1 t )\t ! confid5ce :i* be+ able to lean on ,b]gson's au?ority gives me ,i %\ld nev] h v5tur$ to urge ^! p>ticul> views ( m9e ^u ?is ultra-critical audi5ce4 ,i mu/ !re=e1 9 ord] to make my own views m intelligible1 give "s prelim9>y acc\nt ( ! b]gsonian philosophy4 ,b "h1 z 9 ,fe*n]'s case1 ,i mu/ conf9e myself only to ! features t are ess5tial to ! pres5t purpose1 & n entangle y 9 collat]al details1 h[ev] int]e/+ o!rwise4 ,= our pres5t purpose1 !n1 ! ess5tial contribution ( ,b]gson to philosophy is 8 criticism ( intellectualism4 ,9 my op9ion he has kill$ intellectualism def9itively & )\t hope ( recov]y4 ,i don't see h[ x c ev] revive aga9 9 its anci5t platoniz+ rle ( claim+ to be ! mo/ au!ntic1 intimate1 & exhau/ive def9] ( ! nature ( reality4 ,o!rs1 z ,kant = example1 h d5i$ intellectualism's pret5sions to def9e reality an si* or 9 its absolute capacity2 b ,kant /ill leaves x lay+ d[n laws--& laws f :i* !re is no appeal--to all our human exp]i5ce2 :ile :at ,b]gson d5ies is t its me?ods give any adequate acc\nt ( ?is human exp]i5ce 9 its v f9it5ess4 ,j h[ ,b]gson accompli%es all ?is ,i mu/ try to tell 9 my imp]fect way 9 ! next lecture2 b s9ce ,i h already us$ ! words 'logic1' 'logic ( id5tity1 intellectuali/ic logic1' & 'intellectualism' s (t51 & sometimes us$ !m z if !y requir$ no p>ticul> explanation1 x w be wise at ?is po9t to say at great] l5g? ?an h]et(ore 9 :at s5se ,i take ^! t]ms :5 ,i claim t ,b]gson has refut$ _! pret5sion to decide :at reality c or _c be4 ,j :at ,i mean by intellectualism is !re=e :at ,i %all try to give a full] idea ( dur+ ! rema9d] ( ?is pres5t h\r4 ,9 rec5t controv]sies "s p>ticipants h %[n res5tm5t at be+ class$ z intellectuali/s4 ,i mean to use ! ^w disp>ag+ly1 b %all be sorry if x works (f5ce4 ,intellectualism has its s\rce 9 ! faculty :i* gives u our *ief sup]iority to ! brutes1 our p[]1 namely1 ( translat+ ! crude flux ( our m]ely feel+-exp]i5ce into a conceptual ord]4 ,an imm$iate exp]i5ce1 z yet unnam$ or class$1 is a m]e t t we und]go1 a ?+ t asks1 ',:at am ,i8' ,:5 we "n & class x1 we say = ! fir/ "t :at x is1 & all ^! :ats are ab/ract names or concepts4 ,ea* concept means a p>ticul> k9d ( ?+1 & z ?+s seem once = all to h be5 creat$ 9 k9ds1 a f> m effici5t h&l+ ( a giv5 bit ( exp]i5ce beg9s z soon z we h class$ ! v>i\s p>ts ( x4 ,once class$1 a ?+ c be treat$ by ! law ( its class1 & ! advantages are endless4 ,bo? !oretically & practically ?is p[] ( fram+ ab/ract concepts is "o ( ! sublime/ ( our human pr]ogatives4 ,we come back into ! concrete f our j\rney into ^! ab/ractions1 ) an increase bo? ( vision & ( p[]4 ,x is no wond] t e>li] ?9k]s1 =gett+ t concepts are only man-made extracts f ! temporal flux1 %\ld h end$ by treat+ !m z a sup]ior type ( be+1 bright1 *angeless1 true1 div9e1 & utt]ly oppos$ 9 nature to ! turbid1 re/less l[] _w4 ,! latt] !n appe>s z b _! corruption & falsification4 ,intellectualism 9 ! vici\s s5se began :5 ,socrates & ,plato taught t :at a ?+ really is1 is told u by its def9ition4 ,ev] s9ce ,socrates we h be5 taught t reality consi/s ( ess5ces1 n ( appe>ances1 & t ! ess5ces ( ?+s are kn[n :5ev] we "k _! def9itions4 ,s fir/ we id5tify ! ?+ ) a concept & !n we id5tify ! concept ) a def9ition1 & only !n1 inasmu* z ! ?+ is :atev] ! def9ition expresses1 are we sure ( appreh5d+ ! real ess5ce ( x or ! full tru? ab\t x4 ,s f> no h>m is done4 ,! misuse ( concepts beg9s ) ! habit ( employ+ !m privatively z well z positively1 us+ !m n m]ely to assign prop]ties to ?+s1 b to d5y ! v prop]ties ) :i* ! ?+s s5sibly pres5t !mselves4 ,logic c extract all its possible consequ5ces f any def9ition1 & ! logician :o is un]bittli* consequ5t is (t5 tempt$1 :5 he _c extract a c]ta9 prop]ty f a def9ition1 to d5y t ! concrete object to :i* ! def9ition applies c possibly possess t prop]ty4 ,! def9ition t fails to yield x mu/ exclude or negate x4 ,?is is ,hegel's regul> me?od ( e/abli%+ 8 sy/em4 ,x is b ! old /ory1 ( a useful practice fir/ becom+ a me?od1 !n a habit1 & f9ally a tyranny t defeats ! end x 0 us$ =4 ,concepts1 fir/ employ$ to make ?+s intelligible1 are clung to ev5 :5 !y make !m un9telligible4 ,?us x comes t :5 once y h conceiv$ ?+s z 'indep5d5t1' y mu/ proce$ to d5y ! possibility ( any connexion :atev] among !m1 because ! notion ( connexion is n conta9$ 9 ! def9ition ( indep5d5ce4 ,= a l reason y mu/ d5y any possible =ms or modes ( unity among ?+s :i* y h begun by def9+ z a '_m4' ,we h ca/ a glance at ,hegel's & ,bradley's use ( ?is sort ( reason+1 & y w rememb] ,sigw>t's epigram t accord+ to x a horseman c nev] 9 8 life g on foot1 or a photograph] ev] d any?+ b photograph4 ,! classic extreme 9 ?is direction is ! d5ial ( ! possibility ( *ange1 & ! consequ5t br&+ ( ! _w ( *ange z unreal1 by c]ta9 philosoph]s4 ,! def9ition ( ,a is *angeless1 s is ! def9ition ( ,b4 ,! "o def9ition _c *ange into ! o!r1 s ! notion t a concrete ?+ ,a %\ld *ange into ano!r concrete ?+ ,b is made ,out to be contr>y to reason4 ,9 ,mr4 ,bradley's difficulty 9 see+ h[ sug> c be sweet intellectualism out/rips itself & becomes op5ly a sort ( v]balism4 ,sug> is j sug> & sweet is j sweet2 nei!r is ! o!r2 nor c ! ^w 'is' ev] be und]/ood to jo9 any subject to its pr$icate rationally4 ,no?+ 'betwe5' ?+s c connect !m1 = 'betwe5' is j t ?ird ?+1 'betwe51' & w\ld ne$ itself to be connect$ to ! fir/ & second ?+s by two /ill f9] betwe5s1 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,! p>ticul> intellectuali/ic difficulty t _h held my own ?\ght s long 9 a vise 01 z we h se5 at su* t$i\s l5g?1 ! impossibility ( und]/&+ h[ 'y\r' exp]i5ce & 'm9e1' :i* 'z su*' are def9$ z n consci\s ( ea* o!r1 c nev]!less at ! same "t be memb]s ( a _w-exp]i5ce def9$ expressly z hav+ all its p>ts co-consci\s1 or kn[n toge!r4 ,! def9itions are contradictory1 s ! ?+s def9$ c 9 no way be unit$4 ,y see h[ un9telligible intellectualism "h seems to make ! _w ( our mo/ accompli%$ philosoph]s4 ,nei!r z !y use x nor z we use x does x d any?+ b make nature look irrational & seem impossible4 ,9 my next lecture1 us+ ,b]gson z my pr9cipal topic1 ,i %all ent] into m concrete details & try1 by giv+ up intellectualism frankly1 to make1 if n ! _w1 at lea/ my own g5]al !sis1 less un9telligible4 ,,lecture ,,vi ,,b]gson ,,& ,,8 ,,critique ,,( ,,intellectualism ,i gave y a v /iff lecture la/ "t1 & ,i fe> t ?is "o c be little less s4 ,! be/ way ( ent]+ into x w be to beg9 imm$iately ) ,b]gson's philosophy1 s9ce ,i told y t t 0 :at _h l$ me p]sonally to r5\nce ! intellectuali/ic me?od & ! curr5t notion t logic is an adequate measure ( :at c or _c be4 ,pr(essor ,h5ri ,b]gson is a "y man1 comp>atively1 z influ5tial philosoph]s g1 hav+ be5 born at ,p>is 9 #ahei4 ,8 c>e] has be5 ! p]fectly r\t9e "o ( a successful fr5* pr(essor4 ,ent]+ ! cole normale suprieure at ! age ( tw5ty-two1 he sp5t ! next sev5te5 ye>s tea*+ at lyces1 prov9cial or p>isian1 until 8 =tie? ye>1 :5 he 0 made pr(essor at ! said cole normale4 ,s9ce #aijj he has be5 pr(essor at ! ,college de ,france1 & memb] ( ! ,in/itute s9ce #aijj4 ,s f> z ! outw>d facts g1 ,b]gson's c>e] has !n be5 commonplace to ! utmo/4 ,nei!r "o ( ,ta9e's fam\s pr9ciples ( explanation ( great m51 ! race1 ! environm5t1 or ! mom5t1 no1 nor all ?ree toge!r1 w expla9 t peculi> way ( look+ at ?+s t con/itutes 8 m5tal individuality4 ,orig9ality 9 m5 dates f no?+ previ\s1 o!r ?+s date f x1 r4 ,i h to confess t ,b]gson's orig9ality is s pr(use t _m ( 8 ideas baffle me entirely4 ,i d\bt :e!r any "o und]/&s him all ov]1 s to speak2 & ,i am sure t he w\ld himself be ! fir/ to see t ?is mu/ be1 & to confess t ?+s :i* he himself has n yet ?\ght out cle>ly1 _h yet to be m5tion$ & h a t5tative place assign$ !m 9 8 philosophy4 ,_m ( u are pr(usely orig9al1 9 t no man c und]/& u--viol5tly peculi> ways ( look+ at ?+s are no great r>ity4 ,! r>ity is :5 great peculi>ity ( vision is alli$ ) great lucidity & unusual comm& ( all ! classic expository app>atus4 ,b]gson's res\rces 9 ! way ( erudition are rem>kable1 & 9 ! way ( expression !y are simply ph5om5al4 ,?is is :y 9 ,france1 :]e l'art de bi5 dire c\nts = s mu* & is s sure ( appreciation1 he has imm$iately tak5 s em95t a place 9 public e/eem4 ,old-fa%ion$ pr(essors1 :om 8 ideas q fail to satisfy1 nev]!less speak ( 8 tal5t almo/ ) bat$ brea?1 :ile ! y\ng/]s flock to him z to a ma/]4 ,if any?+ c make h>d ?+s easy to foll[1 x is a /yle l ,b]gson's4 ,a '/raight=w>d' /yle1 an am]ican review] lately call$ x2 fail+ to see t su* /raight=w>dness means a flexibility ( v]bal res\rce t foll[s ! ?\ght )\t a crease or wr9kle1 z ela/ic silk und]clo?+ foll[s ! movem5ts ( "o's body4 ,! lucidity ( ,b]gson's way ( putt+ ?+s is :at all read]s are fir/ /ruck by4 ,x s$uces y & bribes y 9 advance to become 8 disciple4 ,x is a miracle1 & he a real magician4 ,m4 ,b]gson1 if ,i am rightly in=m$1 came into philosophy ?r\gh ! gateway ( ma!matics4 ,! old ant9omies ( ! inf9ite 71 ,i imag9e1 ! irritant t fir/ woke 8 faculties f _! dogmatic slumb]4 ,y all rememb] ,z5o's fam\s p>adox1 or sophism1 z _m ( our logic books /ill call x1 ( ,a*illes & ! tortoise4 ,give t reptile ev] s small an advance & ! swift runn] ,a*illes c nev] ov]take him1 mu* less get ahead ( him2 = if space & "t are inf9itely divisible 7z our intellects tell u !y mu/ be71 by ! "t ,a*illes rea*es ! tortoise's />t+-po9t1 ! tortoise has already got ahead ( t />t+-po9t1 & s on ad inf9itum1 ! int]val betwe5 ! pursu] & ! pursu$ gr[+ endlessly m9ut]1 b nev] becom+ :olly oblit]at$4 ,! common way ( %[+ up ! sophism "h is by po9t+ out ! ambiguity ( ! expression 'nev] c ov]take4' ,:at ! ^w 'nev]' falsely sugge/s1 x is said1 is an inf9ite duration ( "t2 :at x really means is ! inexhau/ible numb] ( ! /eps ( :i* ! ov]tak+ mu/ consi/4 ,b if ^! /eps are inf9itely %ort1 a f9ite "t w suffice = !m2 & 9 po9t ( fact !y d rapidly conv]ge1 :atev] be ! orig9al int]val or ! contra/$ spe$s1 t[>d inf9itesimal %ortness4 ,?is proportionality ( ! %ortness ( ! times to t ( ! spaces requir$ frees u1 x is claim$1 f ! sophism :i* ! ^w 'nev]' sugge/s4 ,b ?is criticism misses ,z5o's po9t entirely4 ,z5o w\ld h be5 p]fectly will+ to grant t if ! tortoise c be ov]tak5 at all1 he c be ov]tak5 9 7say7 tw5ty seconds1 b he w\ld /ill h insi/$ t he c't be ov]tak5 at all4 ,leave ,a*illes & ! tortoise out ( ! acc\nt altoge!r1 he w\ld h said--!y complicate ! case unnecess>ily4 ,take any s+le process ( *ange :atev]1 take ! tw5ty seconds !mselves elaps+4 ,if "t be inf9itely divisible1 & x mu/ be s on intellectuali/ pr9ciples1 !y simply _c elapse1 _! end _c be rea*$2 = no matt] h[ mu* ( !m has already elaps$1 be=e ! rema9d]1 h[ev] m9ute1 c h :olly elaps$1 ! e>li] half ( x mu/ fir/ h elaps$4 ,& ?is ev] re-aris+ ne$ ( mak+ ! e>li] half elapse fir/ leaves "t ) always some?+ to d be=e ! la/ ?+ is done1 s t ! la/ ?+ nev] gets done4 ,express$ 9 b>e numb]s1 x is l ! conv]g5t s]ies #a_/b plus #a_/d plus #a_/h4441 ( :i* ! limit is "o4 ,b ?is limit1 simply because x is a limit1 /&s outside ! s]ies1 ! value ( :i* approa*es x indef9itely b nev] t\*es x4 ,if 9 ! natural _w !re 7 no o!r way ( gett+ ?+s save by su* successive addition ( _! logically involv$ fractions1 no complete units or :ole ?+s w\ld ev] come into be+1 = ! fractions' sum w\ld always leave a rema9d]4 ,b 9 po9t ( fact nature doesn't make eggs by mak+ fir/ half an egg1 !n a qu>t]1 !n an eigh?1 etc41 & add+ !m toge!r4 ,%e ei!r makes a :ole egg at once or none at all1 & s ( all h] o!r units4 ,x is only 9 ! sph]e ( *ange1 !n1 :]e "o phase ( a ?+ mu/ ne$s come into be+ be=e ano!r phase c come t ,z5o's p>adox gives tr\ble4 ,& x gives tr\ble !n only if ! succession ( /eps ( *ange be inf9itely divisible4 ,if a bottle _h to be empti$ by an inf9ite numb] ( successive decrem5ts1 x is ma!matically impossible t ! empty+ %\ld ev] positively t]m9ate4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 h[ev]1 bottles & c(fee-pots empty !mselves by a f9ite numb] ( decrem5ts1 ea* ( def9ite am\nt4 ,ei!r a :ole drop em]ges or no?+ em]ges f ! sp\t4 ,if all *ange w5t ?us drop-wise1 s to speak1 if real "t spr\t$ or grew by units ( duration ( det]m9ate am\nt1 j z our p]ceptions ( x gr[ by pulses1 !re w\ld be no z5onian p>adoxes or kantian ant9omies to tr\ble u4 ,all our s5sible exp]i5ces1 z we get !m imm$iately1 d ?us *ange by discrete pulses ( p]ception1 ea* ( :i* keeps u say+ 'm1 m1 m1' or 'less1 less1 less1' z ! def9ite increm5ts or dim9utions make !mselves felt4 ,! discret5ess is /ill m obvi\s :51 in/ead ( old ?+s *ang+1 !y cease1 or :5 altoge!r new ?+s come4 ,fe*n]'s t]m ( ! '?re%old1' :i* has play$ su* a "p 9 ! psy*ology ( p]ception1 is only "o way ( nam+ ! quantitative discret5ess 9 ! *ange ( all our s5sible exp]i5ces4 ,!y come to u 9 drops4 ,"t itself comes 9 drops4 ,our ideal decomposition ( ! drops :i* are all t we feel into /ill f9] fractions is b an incid5t 9 t great trans=mation ( ! p]ceptual ord] into a conceptual ord] ( :i* ,i spoke 9 my la/ lecture4 ,x is made 9 ! int]e/ ( our rationaliz+ intellect solely4 ,! times directly felt 9 ! exp]i5ces ( liv+ subjects h orig9ally no common measure4 ,let a lump ( sug> melt 9 a glass1 to use "o ( ,m4 ,b]gson's in/ances4 ,we feel ! "t to be long :ile wait+ = ! process to end1 b :o kn[s h[ long or h[ %ort x feels to ! sug>8 ,all felt times coexi/ & ov]lap or comp5etrate ea* o!r ?us vaguely1 b ! artifice ( plott+ !m on a common scale helps u to r$uce _! aborig9al confusion1 & x helps u /ill m to plot1 aga9/ ! same scale1 ! successive possible /eps into :i* nature's v>i\s *anges may be resolv$1 ei!r s5sibly or conceivably4 ,we ?us /raight5 out ! aborig9al privacy & vagu5ess1 & c date ?+s publicly1 z x 71 & by ea* o!r4 ,! notion ( "o objective & 'ev5ly fl[+' "t1 cut into numb]$ in/ants1 applies itself z a common measure to all ! /eps & phases1 no matt] h[ _m1 into :i* we cut ! processes ( nature4 ,!y are n[ def9itely contempor>y1 or lat] or e>li] "o ?an ano!r1 & we c h&le !m ma!matically1 z we say1 & f> bett]1 practically z well z !oretically1 = hav+ ?us correlat$ !m "o to "o ) ea* o!r on ! common s*ematic or conceptual "t-scale4 ,motion1 to take a good example1 is orig9ally a turbid s5sation1 ( :i* ! native %ape is p]haps be/ pres]v$ 9 ! ph5om5on ( v]tigo4 ,9 v]tigo we feel t movem5t is1 & is m or less viol5t or rapid1 m or less 9 ?is direction or t1 m or less al>m+ or sick5+4 ,b a man subject to v]tigo may gradually le>n to co-ord9ate 8 felt motion ) 8 real position & t ( o!r ?+s1 & intellectualize x en\gh to succe$ at la/ 9 walk+ )\t /agg]+4 ,! ma!matical m9d simil>ly organizes motion 9 its way1 putt+ x into a logical def9ition3 motion is n[ conceiv$ z '! occupancy ( s]ially successive po9ts ( space at s]ially successive in/ants ( "t4' ,) su* a def9ition we escape :olly f ! turbid privacy ( s5se4 ,b d we n also escape f s5se-reality altoge!r8 ,:atev] motion really may be1 x surely is n /atic2 b ! def9ition we h ga9$ is ( ! absolutely /atic4 ,x gives a set ( "o-to-"o relations betwe5 space-po9ts & "t-po9ts1 :i* relations !mselves are z fix$ z ! po9ts are4 ,x gives positions assignable ad inf9itum1 b h[ ! body gets f "o position to ano!r x omits to m5tion4 ,! body gets !re by mov+1 ( c\rse2 b ! conceiv$ positions1 h[ev] num]\sly multipli$1 conta9 no elem5t ( movem5t1 s ,z5o1 us+ no?+ b !m 9 8 discussion1 has no alt]native b to say t our intellect repudiates motion z a non-reality4 ,intellectualism "h does :at ,i said x does--x makes exp]i5ce less in/ead ( m intelligible4 ,we ( c\rse ne$ a /able s*eme ( concepts1 /ably relat$ ) "o ano!r1 to lay hold ( our exp]i5ces & to co-ord9ate !m )al4 ,:5 an exp]i5ce comes ) suffici5t sali5cy to /& out1 we keep ! ?\ght ( x = future use1 & /ore x 9 our conceptual sy/em4 ,:at does n ( itself /& out1 we le>n to cut out2 s ! sy/em gr[s complet]1 & new reality1 z x comes1 gets nam$ aft] & conceptually /rung ^u ?is or t elem5t ( x :i* we h already e/abli%$4 ,! immutability ( su* an ab/ract sy/em is its great practical m]it2 ! same id5tical t]ms & relations 9 x c always be recov]$ & ref]r$ to--*ange itself is j su* an unalt]able concept4 ,b all ^! ab/ract concepts are b z fl[]s ga!r$1 !y are only mom5ts dipp$ out f ! /ream ( "t1 snap-%ots tak51 z by a k9etoscopic cam]a1 at a life t 9 its orig9al com+ is cont9u\s4 ,useful z !y are z samples ( ! g>d51 or to re-ent] ! /ream )1 or to ins]t 9 our revolv+ lant]n1 !y h no value b ^! practical values4 ,y _c expla9 by !m :at makes any s+le ph5om5on be or g--y m]ely dot out ! pa? ( appe>ances :i* x trav]ses4 ,= y _c make cont9u\s be+ out ( discont9uities1 & y\r concepts are discont9u\s4 ,! /ages into :i* y analyze a *ange are /ates1 ! *ange itself goes on betwe5 !m4 ,x lies along _! int]vals1 inhabits :at y\r def9ition fails to ga!r up1 & ?us eludes conceptual explanation altoge!r4 ',:5 ! ma!matician1' ,b]gson writes1 'calculates ! /ate ( a sy/em at ! end ( a "t t1 no?+ ne$ prev5t him f suppos+ t betwe5:iles ! univ]se vani%es1 9 ord] sudd5ly to appe> aga9 at ! due mom5t 9 ! new configuration4 ,x is only ! t-? mom5t t c\nts--t :i* fl[s ?r\gh\t ! int]vals1 namely real "t1 plays no "p 9 8 calculation4444 ,9 %ort1 ! _w on :i* ! ma!matician op]ates is a _w :i* dies & is born anew at e in/ant1 l ! _w :i* ,desc>tes ?\ght ( :5 he spoke ( a cont9u$ creation4' ,to "k adequately :at really happ5s we ought1 ,b]gson insi/s1 to see into ! int]vals1 b ! ma!matician sees only _! extremities4 ,he fixes only a few results1 he dots a curve & !n int]polates1 he sub/itutes a trac+ = a reality4 ,?is be+ s und5iably ! case1 ! hi/ory ( ! way 9 :i* philosophy has dealt ) x is curi\s4 ,! rul+ tradition 9 philosophy has always be5 ! platonic & ari/otelian belief t fixity is a nobl] & wor?i] ?+ ?an *ange4 ,reality mu/ be "o & unalt]able4 ,concepts1 be+ !mselves fixities1 agree be/ ) ?is fix$ nature ( tru?1 s t = any k ( ours to be q true x mu/ be k by univ]sal concepts r ?an by p>ticul> exp]i5ces1 = ^! notori\sly are mutable & corruptible4 ,?is is ! tradition kn[n z rationalism 9 philosophy1 & :at ,i h call$ intellectualism is only ! extreme application ( x4 ,9 spite ( sceptics & empirici/s1 9 spite ( ,protagoras1 ,hume1 & ,james ,mill1 rationalism has nev] be5 s]i\sly que/ion$1 = its %>pe/ critics h always _h a t5d] place 9 _! he>ts = x1 & h obey$ "s ( its m&ates4 ,!y h n be5 consi/5t2 !y h play$ fa/ & loose ) ! enemy2 & ,b]gson alone has be5 radical4 ,to %[ :at ,i mean by ?is1 let me contra/ 8 proc$ure ) t ( "s ( ! transc5d5tali/ philosoph]s :om ,i h lately m5tion$4 ,com+ aft] ,kant1 ^! pique !mselves on be+ 'critical1' on build+ 9 fact ^u ,kant's 'critique' ( pure reason4 ,:at t critique pr(ess$ to e/abli% 0 ?is1 t concepts d n appreh5d reality1 b only su* appe>ances z our s5ses fe$ out to !m4 ,!y give immutable intellectual =ms to ^! appe>ances1 x is true1 b ! reality an si* f :i* 9 ultimate resort ! s5se-appe>ances h to come rema9s =ev] un9telligible to our intellect4 ,take motion1 = example4 ,s5sibly1 motion comes 9 drops1 waves1 or pulses2 ei!r "s actual am\nt ( x1 or none1 be+ appreh5d$4 ,?is am\nt is ! datum or gabe :i* reality fe$s out to our intellectual faculty2 b our intellect makes ( x a task or aufgabe--?is pun is "o ( ! mo/ memorable ( ,kant's =mulas--& insi/s t 9 e pulse ( x an inf9ite numb] ( successive m9or pulses %all be asc]ta9able4 ,^! m9or pulses we c inde$ g on to asc]ta9 or to compute indef9itely if we h pati5ce2 b x w\ld contradict ! def9ition ( an inf9ite numb] to suppose ! endless s]ies ( !m to h actually c\nt$ !mselves out piecemeal4 ,z5o made ?is manife/2 s ! inf9ity :i* our intellect requires ( ! s5se-datum is ?us a future & pot5tial r ?an a pa/ & actual inf9ity ( /ructure4 ,! datum aft] x has made itself mu/ be decomposable ad inf9itum by our conception1 b ( ! /eps by :i* t /ructure actually got compos$ we "k no?+4 ,our intellect ca/s1 9 %ort1 no ray ( light on ! processes by :i* exp]i5ces get made4 ,kant's moni/ic successors h 9 g5]al f\nd ! data ( imm$iate exp]i5ce ev5 m self-contradictory1 :5 intellectually treat$1 ?an ,kant did4 ,n only ! "* ( inf9ity involv$ 9 ! relation ( v>i\s empirical data to _! 'conditions1' b ! v notion t empirical ?+s %\ld be relat$ to "o ano!r at all1 has seem$ to !m1 :5 ! intellectuali/ic fit 0 ^u !m1 full ( p>adox & contradiction4 ,we saw 9 a =m] lecture num]\s in/ances ( ?is f ,hegel1 ,bradley1 ,royce1 & o!rs4 ,we saw also :]e ! solution ( su* an intol]able /ate ( ?+s 0 s\ght = by ^! au?ors4 ,:]eas ,kant _h plac$ x outside ( & be=e our exp]i5ce1 9 ! d+e an si* :i* are ! causes ( ! latt]1 8 moni/ic successors all look = x ei!r aft] exp]i5ce1 z its absolute completion1 or else consid] x to be ev5 n[ implicit )9 exp]i5ce z its ideal signification4 ,kant & 8 successors look1 9 %ort1 9 diametrically opposite directions4 ,d n be misl$ by ,kant's admission ( !ism into 8 sy/em4 ,8 ,god is ! ord9>y duali/ic ,god ( ,*ri/ianity1 to :om 8 philosophy simply op5s ! door2 he has no?+ :atsoev] 9 common ) ! 'absolute _s' set up by 8 successors4 ,s f> z ?is absolute _s is logically d]iv$ f ,kant1 x is n f 8 ,god1 b f entirely diff]5t elem5ts ( 8 philosophy4 ,fir/ f 8 notion t an uncondition$ totality ( ! conditions ( any exp]i5ce mu/ be assignable2 & !n f 8 o!r notion t ! pres5ce ( "s witness1 or ego ( app]ception1 is ! mo/ univ]sal ( all ! conditions 9 "q4 ,! po/-kantians make ( ! witness-condition :at is call$ a concrete univ]sal1 an individualiz$ all-witness or _w-self1 :i* %all imply 9 its rational con/itution ea* & all ( ! o!r conditions put toge!r1 & !re=e necessitate ea* & all ( ! condition$ exp]i5ces4 ,abridgm5ts l ?is ( o!r m5's op9ions are v unsatisfactory1 !y always "w inju/ice2 b 9 ?is case ^? ( y :o are famili> ) ! lit]ature w see imm$iately :at ,i h 9 m9d2 & to ! o!rs1 if !re be any "h1 x w suffice to say t :at ,i am try+ s p$antically to po9t out is only ! fact t moni/ic ideali/s aft] ,kant h inv>iably s\ght relief f ! suppos$ contradictions ( our _w ( s5se by look+ =w>d t[>d an ens rationis conceiv$ z its integration or logical completion1 :ile he look$ backw>d t[>d non-rational d+e an si* conceiv$ z its cause4 ,plurali/ic empirici/s1 on ! o!r h&1 h rema9$ 9 ! _w ( s5se1 ei!r navely & because !y ov]look$ ! intellectuali/ic contradictions1 or because1 n able to ignore !m1 !y ?\ght !y c\ld refute !m by a sup]ior use ( ! same intellectuali/ic logic4 ,?us x is t ,john ,mill pret5ds to refute ! ,a*illes-tortoise fallacy4 ,! important po9t to notice "h is ! intellectuali/ logic4 ,bo? sides treat x z au?oritative1 b !y d s caprici\sly3 ! absoluti/s sma%+ ! _w ( s5se by its means1 ! empirici/s sma%+ ! absolute--= ! absolute1 !y say1 is ! qu9tess5ce ( all logical contradictions4 ,nei!r side atta9s consi/5cy4 ,! ,hegelians h to invoke a high] logic to sup]s$e ! purely de/ructive ef=ts ( _! fir/ logic4 ,! empirici/s use _! logic aga9/ ! absolute1 b refuse to use x aga9/ f9ite exp]i5ce4 ,ea* p>ty uses x or drops x to suit ! vision x has fai? 91 b nei!r impugns 9 pr9ciple its g5]al !oretic au?ority4 ,b]gson alone *all5ges its !oretic au?ority 9 pr9ciple4 ,he alone d5ies t m]e conceptual logic c tell u :at is impossible or possible 9 ! _w ( be+ or fact2 & he does s = reasons :i* at ! same "t t !y rule logic out f lord%ip ov] ! :ole ( life1 e/abli% a va/ & def9ite sph]e ( influ5ce :]e its sov]eignty is indisputable4 ,b]gson's own text1 felicit\s z x is1 is too intricate = quotation1 s ,i mu/ use my own inf]ior words 9 expla9+ :at ,i mean by say+ ?is4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 logic1 giv+ prim>ily ! relations betwe5 concepts z su*1 & ! relations betwe5 natural facts only second>ily or s f> z ! facts h be5 already id5tifi$ ) concepts & def9$ by !m1 mu/ ( c\rse /& or fall ) ! conceptual me?od4 ,b ! conceptual me?od is a trans=mation :i* ! flux ( life und]goes at our h&s 9 ! int]e/s ( practice ess5tially & only subord9ately 9 ! int]e/s ( !ory4 ,we live =w>d1 we und]/& backw>d1 said a dani% writ]2 & to und]/& life by concepts is to arre/ its movem5t1 cutt+ x up into bits z if ) scissors1 & immobiliz+ ^! 9 our logical h]b>ium :]e1 comp>+ !m z dri$ specim5s1 we c asc]ta9 :i* ( !m /atically includes or excludes :i* o!r4 ,?is treatm5t supposes life to h already accompli%$ itself1 = ! concepts1 be+ s _m views tak5 aft] ! fact1 are retrospective & po/ mortem4 ,nev]!less we c draw conclusions f !m & project !m into ! future4 ,we _c le>n f !m h[ life made itself g1 or h[ x w make itself g2 b1 on ! supposition t its ways ( mak+ itself g are un*ang+1 we c calculate :at positions ( imag9$ arre/ x w exhibit h]eaft] "u giv5 conditions4 ,we c compute1 = in/ance1 at :at po9t ,a*illes w be1 & :]e ! tortoise w be1 at ! end ( ! tw5tie? m9ute4 ,a*illes may !n be at a po9t f> ahead2 b ! full detail ( h[ he w h manag$ practically to get !re our logic nev] gives u--we h se51 inde$1 t x f9ds t its results contradict ! facts ( nature4 ,! computations :i* ! o!r sci5ces make diff] 9 no respect f ^? ( ma!matics4 ,! concepts us$ are all ( !m dots ?r\gh :i*1 by int]polation or extrapolation1 curves are drawn1 :ile along ! curves o!r dots are f\nd z consequ5ces4 ,! late/ ref9em5ts ( logic disp5se ) ! curves altoge!r1 & deal solely ) ! dots & _! correspond5ces ea* to ea* 9 v>i\s s]ies4 ,! au?ors ( ^! rec5t improvem5ts tell u expressly t _! aim is to aboli% ! la/ ve/iges ( intuition1 videlicet ( concrete reality1 f ! field ( reason+1 :i* !n w op]ate lit]ally on m5tal dots or b>e ab/ract units ( disc\rse1 & on ! ways 9 :i* !y may be /rung 9 nak$ s]ies4 ,?is is all v esot]ic1 & my own und]/&+ ( x is mo/ likely misund]/&+4 ,s ,i speak "h only by way ( brief rem9d] to ^? :o "k4 ,= ! re/ ( u x is en\gh to recognize ?is fact1 t al?o by means ( concepts cut out f ! s5sible flux ( ! pa/1 we c re-desc5d ^u ! future flux &1 mak+ ano!r cut1 say :at p>ticul> ?+ is likely to be f\nd !re2 & t al?o 9 ?is s5se concepts give u k1 & may be said to h "s !oretic value 7especially :5 ! p>ticul> ?+ =etold is "o 9 :i* we take no pres5t practical int]e/72 yet 9 ! deep] s5se ( giv+ insight !y h no !oretic value1 = !y q fail to connect u ) ! inn] life ( ! flux1 or ) ! causes t gov]n its direction4 ,in/ead ( be+ int]pret]s ( reality1 concepts negate ! inw>dness ( reality altoge!r4 ,!y make ! :ole notion ( a causal influ5ce betwe5 f9ite ?+s incompreh5sible4 ,no real activities & inde$ no real connexions ( any k9d c obta9 if we foll[ ! conceptual logic2 = to be di/+ui%able1 accord+ to :at ,i call intellectualism1 is to be incapable ( connexion4 ,! "w begun by ,z5o1 & cont9u$ by ,hume1 ,kant1 ,h]b>t1 ,hegel1 & ,bradley1 does n /op till s5sible reality lies entirely dis9tegrat$ at ! feet ( 'reason4' ,( ! 'absolute' reality :i* reason proposes to sub/itute = s5sible reality ,i %all h m to say pres5tly4 ,mean:ile y see :at ,pr(essor ,b]gson means by insi/+ t ! function ( ! intellect is practical r ?an !oretical4 ,s5sible reality is too concrete to be entirely manageable--look at ! n>r[ range ( x :i* is all t any animal1 liv+ 9 x exclusively z he does1 is able to compass4 ,to get f "o po9t 9 x to ano!r we h to pl\gh or wade ?r\gh ! :ole intol]able int]val4 ,no detail is sp>$ u2 x is z bad z ! b>b$-wire complications at ,port ,ar?ur1 & we gr[ old & die 9 ! process4 ,b ) our faculty ( ab/ract+ & fix+ concepts we are !re 9 a second1 almo/ z if we controll$ a f\r? dim5sion1 skipp+ ! int]m$i>ies z by a div9e w+$ p[]1 & gett+ at ! exact po9t we require )\t entanglem5t ) any context4 ,:at we d 9 fact is to h>ness up reality 9 our conceptual sy/ems 9 ord] to drive x ! bett]4 ,?is process is practical because all ! t]m9i to :i* we drive are p>ticul> t]m9i1 ev5 :5 !y are facts ( ! m5tal ord]4 ,b ! sci5ces 9 :i* ! conceptual me?od *iefly celebrates its triumphs are ^? ( space & matt]1 :]e ! trans=mations ( ext]nal ?+s are dealt )4 ,to deal ) moral facts conceptually1 we h fir/ to trans=m !m1 sub/itute bra9-diagrams or physical metaphors1 treat ideas z atoms1 int]e/s z me*anical =ces1 our consci\s 'selves' z '/reams1' & ! l4 ,p>adoxical effect6 z ,b]gson well rem>ks1 if our intellectual life 7 n practical b de/9$ to reveal ! inn] natures4 ,"o w\ld !n suppose t x w\ld f9d itself mo/ at home 9 ! doma9 ( its own intellectual realities4 ,b x is precisely !re t x f9ds itself at ! end ( its te!r4 ,we "k ! inn] movem5ts ( our _s only p]ceptually4 ,we feel !m live 9 u1 b c give no di/9ct acc\nt ( _! elem5ts1 nor def9itely pr$ict _! future2 :ile ?+s t lie along ! _w ( space1 ?+s ( ! sort t we lit]ally h&le1 are :at our intellects cope ) mo/ successfully4 ,does n ?is confirm u 9 ! view t ! orig9al & /ill surviv+ function ( our intellectual life is to guide u 9 ! practical adaptation ( our expectancies & activities8 ,"o c easily get into a v]bal mess at ?is po9t1 & my own exp]i5ce ) pragmatism' makes me %r9k f ! dang]s t lie 9 ! ^w 'practical1' & f> r ?an /& out aga9/ y = t ^w1 ,i am q will+ to "p company ) ,pr(essor ,b]gson1 & to ascribe a prim>ily !oretical function to our intellect1 provid$ y on y\r "p !n agree to discrim9ate '!oretic' or sci5tific k f ! deep] 'speculative' k aspir$ to by mo/ philosoph]s1 & conc$e t !oretic k1 :i* is k ab\t ?+s1 z di/+ui%$ f liv+ or sympa!tic acqua9tance ) !m1 t\*es only ! out] surface ( reality4 ,! surface :i* !oretic k tak5 9 ?is s5se cov]s may inde$ be enorm\s 9 ext5t2 x may dot ! :ole diamet] ( space & "t ) its conceptual creations2 b x does n p5etrate a millimet] into ! solid dim5sion4 ,t inn] dim5sion ( reality is occupi$ by ! activities t keep x go+1 b ! intellect1 speak+ ?r\gh ,hume1 ,kant ,co41 f9ds itself oblig$ to d5y1 & p]si/s 9 d5y+1 t activities h any intelligible exi/5ce4 ,:at exi/s = ?\ght1 we are told1 is at mo/ ! results t we illusorily ascribe to su* activities1 /rung along ! surfaces ( space & "t by regeln d] v]knpfung1 laws ( nature :i* /ate only coexi/5ces & successions4#a ,?\ght deals ?us solely ) surfaces4 ,x c "n ! ?ickness ( reality1 b x _c fa?om x1 & its insuffici5cy "h is ess5tial & p]man5t1 n tempor>y4 ,! only way 9 :i* to appreh5d reality's ?ickness is ei!r to exp]i5ce x directly by be+ a "p ( reality "o's self1 or to evoke x 9 imag9ation by sympa!tically div9+ "s "o else's inn] life4 ,b :at we ?us imm$iately exp]i5ce or concretely div9e is v limit$ 9 duration1 :]eas ab/ractly we are able to conceive et]nities4 ,c\ld we feel a million ye>s concretely z we n[ feel a pass+ m9ute1 we %\ld h v little employm5t = our conceptual faculty4 ,we %\ld "k ! :ole p]iod fully at e mom5t ( its passage1 :]eas we mu/ n[ con/ruct x labori\sly by means ( concepts :i* we project4 ,direct acqua9tance & conceptual k are ?us complem5t>y ( ea* o!r2 ea* rem$ies ! o!r's defects4 ,if :at we c>e mo/ ab\t be ! synoptic treatm5t ( ph5om5a1 ! vision ( ! f> & ! ga!r+ ( ! scatt]$ l1 we mu/ foll[ ! conceptual me?od4 ,b if1 z metaphysicians1 we are m curi\s ab\t ! inn] nature ( reality or ab\t :at really makes x g1 we mu/ turn our backs ^u our w+$ concepts altoge!r1 & bury ourselves 9 ! ?ickness ( ^? pass+ mom5ts ov] ! surface ( :i* !y fly1 & on p>ticul> po9ts ( :i* !y occasionally re/ & p]*4 ,pr(essor ,b]gson ?us inv]ts ! traditional platonic doctr9e absolutely4 ,in/ead ( intellectual k be+ ! pr(\nd]1 he calls x ! m sup]ficial4 ,in/ead ( be+ ! only adequate k1 x is grossly inadequate1 & its only sup]iority is ! practical "o ( enabl+ u to make %ort cuts ?r\gh exp]i5ce & !reby to save "t4 ,! "o ?+ x _c d is to reveal ! nature ( ?+s--:i* la/ rem>k1 if n cle> already1 w become cle>] z ,i proce$4 ,dive back into ! flux itself1 !n1 ,b]gson tells u1 if y wi% to "k reality1 t flux :i* ,platonism1 9 its /range belief t only ! immutable is excell5t1 has always spurn$2 turn y\r face t[>d s5sation1 t fle%-b\nd ?+ :i* rationalism has always load$ ) abuse4--,?is1 y see1 is exactly ! opposite rem$y f t ( look+ =w>d into ! absolute1 :i* our ideali/ic contempor>ies prescribe4 ,x violates our m5tal habits1 be+ a k9d ( passive & receptive li/5+ q contr>y to t ef=t to react noisily & v]bally on ev]y?+1 :i* is our usual intellectual pose4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! peculi> features 9 ! p]ceptual flux :i* ! conceptual translation s fatally leaves out8 ,! ess5ce ( life is its cont9u\sly *ang+ "*2 b our concepts are all discont9u\s & fix$1 & ! only mode ( mak+ !m co9cide ) life is by arbitr>ily suppos+ positions ( arre/ !re94 ,) su* arre/s our concepts may be made congru5t4 ,b ^! concepts are n p>ts ( reality1 n real positions tak5 by x1 b suppositions r1 notes tak5 by ourselves1 & y c no m dip up ! sub/ance ( reality ) !m ?an y c dip up wat] ) a net1 h[ev] f9ely me%$4 ,:5 we conceptualize1 we cut out & fix1 & exclude ev]y?+ b :at we h fix$4 ,a concept means a t-&-no-o!r4 ,conceptually1 "t excludes space2 motion & re/ exclude ea* o!r2 approa* excludes contact2 pres5ce excludes abs5ce2 unity excludes plurality2 indep5d5ce excludes relativity2 'm9e' excludes 'y\rs'2 ?is connexion excludes t connexion--& s on indef9itely2 :]eas 9 ! real concrete s5sible flux ( life exp]i5ces comp5etrate ea* o!r s t x is n easy to "k j :at is exclud$ & :at n4 ,pa/ & future1 = example1 conceptually sep>at$ by ! cut to :i* we give ! "n ( pres5t1 & def9$ z be+ ! opposite sides ( t cut1 are to "s ext5t1 h[ev] brief1 co-pres5t ) ea* o!r ?r\gh\t exp]i5ce4 ,! lit]ally pres5t mom5t is a purely v]bal supposition1 n a position2 ! only pres5t ev] realiz$ concretely be+ ! 'pass+ mom5t' 9 :i* ! dy+ re>w>d ( "t & its dawn+ future =ev] mix _! lights4 ,say 'n[' & x 0 ev5 :ile y say x4 ,x is j intellectualism's attempt to sub/itute /atic cuts = units ( exp]i5c$ duration t makes real motion s un9telligible4 ,! conception ( ! fir/ half ( ! int]val betwe5 ,a*illes & ! tortoise excludes t ( ! la/ half1 & ! ma!matical necessity ( trav]s+ x sep>ately be=e ! la/ half is trav]s$ /&s p]man5tly 9 ! way ( ! la/ half ev] be+ trav]s$4 ,mean:ile ! liv+ ,a*illes 7:o1 = ! purposes ( ?is discussion1 is only ! ab/ract "n ( "o ph5om5on ( impetus1 j z ! tortoise is ( ano!r7 asks no leave ( logic4 ,! velocity ( 8 acts is an indivisible nature 9 !m l ! expansive t5sion 9 a spr+ compress$4 ,we def9e x conceptually z s_/t1 b ! s & t are only artificial cuts made aft] ! fact1 & inde$ mo/ artificial :5 we treat !m 9 bo? runn]s z ! same tracts ( 'objective' space & "t1 = ! exp]i5c$ spaces & times 9 :i* ! tortoise inw>dly lives are probably z diff]5t z 8 velocity f ! same ?+s 9 ,a*illes4 ,! impetus ( ,a*illes is "o concrete fact1 & c>ries space1 "t1 & conque/ ov] ! inf]ior creature's motion indivisibly 9 x4 ,he p]ceives no?+1 :ile runn+1 ( ! ma!matician's homog5e\s "t & space1 ( ! inf9itely num]\s succession ( cuts 9 bo?1 or ( _! ord]4 ,end & beg9n+ come = him 9 ! "o onru%1 & all t he actually exp]i5ces is t1 9 ! mid/ ( a c]ta9 int5se ef=t ( 8 own1 ! rival is 9 po9t ( fact out/ripp$4 ,we are s invet]ately w$d$ to ! conceptual decomposition ( life t ,i "k t ?is w seem to y l putt+ muddie/ confusion 9 place ( cle>e/ ?\ght1 & relaps+ into a molluscoid /ate ( m9d4 ,yet ,i ask y :e!r ! absolute sup]iority ( our high] ?\ght is s v cle>1 if all t x c f9d is impossibility 9 tasks :i* s5se-exp]i5ce s easily p]=ms4 ,:at makes y call real life confusion is t x pres5ts1 z if !y 7 dissolv$ 9 "o ano!r1 a lot ( diff]5ts :i* conception breaks life's fl[ by keep+ ap>t4 ,b are n diff]5ts actually dissolv$ 9 "o ano!r8 ,hasn't e bit ( exp]i5ce its quality1 its duration1 its ext5sion1 its int5sity1 its urg5cy1 its cle>ness1 & _m aspects besides1 no "o ( :i* c exi/ 9 ! isolation 9 :i* our v]baliz$ logic keeps x8 ,!y exi/ only dur*e9&]4 ,reality always is1 9 ,m4 ,b]gson's phrase1 an endosmosis or conflux ( ! same ) ! diff]5t3 !y comp5etrate & telescope4 ,= conceptual logic1 ! same is no?+ b ! same1 & all sames ) a ?ird ?+ are ! same ) ea* o!r4 ,n s 9 concrete exp]i5ce4 ,two spots on our sk91 ea* ( :i* feels ! same z a ?ird spot :5 t\*$ along ) x1 are felt z diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,two tones1 nei!r di/+ui%able f a ?ird tone1 are p]fectly di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,! :ole process ( life is due to life's violation ( our logical axioms4 ,take its cont9uity z an example4 ,t]ms l ,a & ,c appe> to be connect$ by int]m$i>ies1 by ,b = example4 ,intellectualism calls ?is absurd1 = ',b-connect$-)-,a' is1 'z su*1' a diff]5t t]m f ',b-connect$-)-,c4' ,b real life laughs at logic's veto4 ,imag9e a heavy log :i* takes two m5 to c>ry x4 ,fir/ ,a & ,b take x4 ,!n ,c takes hold & ,a drops (f2 !n ,d takes hold & ,b drops (f1 s t ,c & ,d n[ be> x2 & s on4 ,! log mean:ile nev] drops1 & keeps its sam5ess ?r\gh\t ! j\rney4 ,ev5 s x is ) all our exp]i5ces4 ,_! *anges are n complete annihilations foll[$ by complete creations ( some?+ absolutely novel4 ,!re is p>tial decay & p>tial gr[?1 & all ! :ile a nucleus ( relative con/ancy f :i* :at decays drops (f1 & :i* takes into itself :atev] is graft$ on1 until at l5g? some?+ :olly diff]5t has tak5 its place4 ,9 su* a process we are z sure1 9 spite ( intellectuali/ logic ) its 'z su*es1' t x is ! same nucleus :i* is able n[ to make connexion ) :at goes & aga9 ) :at comes1 z we are sure t ! same po9t c lie on div]se l9es t int]sect !re4 ,)\t be+ "o ?r\gh\t1 su* a univ]se is cont9u\s4 ,its memb]s int]digitate ) _! next neighbors 9 manifold directions1 & !re are no clean cuts betwe5 !m any:]e4 ,! great cla% ( intellectuali/ logic ) s5sible exp]i5ce is :]e ! exp]i5ce is t ( influ5ce ex]t$4 ,intellectualism d5ies 7z we saw 9 lecture ii7 t f9ite ?+s c act on "o ano!r1 = all ?+s1 once translat$ into concepts1 rema9 %ut up to !mselves4 ,to act on any?+ means to get into x someh[2 b t w\ld mean to get out ( "o's self & be "o's o!r1 :i* is self-contradictory1 etc4 ,mean:ile ea* ( u actually is 8 own o!r to t ext5t1 liv+ly kn[+ h[ to p]=m ! trick :i* logic tells u c't be done4 ,my ?\ghts animate & actuate ?is v body :i* y see & he>1 & !reby influ5ce y\r ?\ghts4 ,! dynamic curr5t someh[ does get f me to y1 h[ev] num]\s ! int]m$i>y conductors may h to be4 ,di/9ctions may be insulators 9 logic z mu* z !y l1 b 9 life di/9ct ?+s c & d commune toge!r e mom5t4 ,! conflict ( ! two ways ( kn[+ is be/ summ$ up 9 ! intellectuali/ doctr9e t '! same _c exi/ 9 _m relations4' ,?is foll[s ( c\rse f ! concepts ( ! two relations be+ s di/9ct t ':at-is-9-!-"o' means 'z su*' some?+ di/9ct f :at ':at-is-9-!-o!r' means4 ,x is l ,mill's ironical say+1 t we %\ld n ?9k ( ,newton z bo? an ,engli%man & a ma!matician1 because an ,engli%man z su* is n a ma!matician & a ma!matician z su* is n an ,engli%man4 ,b ! real ,newton 0 someh[ bo? ?+s at once2 & ?r\gh\t ! :ole f9ite univ]se ea* real ?+ proves to be _m diff]5ts )\t und]go+ ! necessity ( break+ into disconnect$ editions ( itself4 ,^! few indications w p]haps suffice to put y at ! b]gsonian po9t ( view4 ,! imm$iate exp]i5ce ( life solves ! problems :i* s baffle our conceptual intellig5ce3 ,h[ c :at is manifold be "o8 h[ c ?+s get out ( !mselves8 h[ be _! own o!rs8 h[ be bo? di/9ct & connect$8 h[ c !y act on "o ano!r8 h[ be = o!rs & yet = !mselves8 h[ be abs5t & pres5t at once8 ,! intellect asks ^! que/ions mu* z we might ask h[ any?+ c bo? sep>ate & unite ?+s1 or h[ s\nds c gr[ m alike by cont9u+ to gr[ m diff]5t4 ,if y already "k space s5sibly1 y c answ] ! =m] "q by po9t+ to any int]val 9 x1 long or %ort2 if y "k ! musical scale1 y c answ] ! latt] by s\nd+ an octave2 b !n y mu/ fir/ h ! s5sible k ( ^! realities4 ,simil>ly ,b]gson answ]s ! intellectuali/ conundrums by po9t+ back to our v>i\s f9ite s5sational exp]i5ces & say+1 ',lo1 ev5 ?us2 ev5 s are ^! o!r problems solv$ liv+ly4' ,:5 y h brok5 ! reality into concepts y nev] c recon/ruct x 9 its :ol5ess4 ,out ( no am\nt ( discret5ess c y manufacture ! concrete4 ,b place y\rself at a b\nd1 or d'emble1 z ,m4 ,b]gson says1 inside ( ! liv+1 mov+1 active ?ickness ( ! real1 & all ! ab/ractions & di/9ctions are giv5 into y\r h&3 y c n[ make ! intellectuali/ sub/itutions to y\r he>t's cont5t4 ,in/all y\rself 9 ph5om5al movem5t1 = example1 & velocity1 succession1 dates1 positions1 & innum]able o!r ?+s are giv5 y 9 ! b>ga94 ,b ) only an ab/ract succession ( dates & positions y c nev] pat* up movem5t itself4 ,x slips ?r\gh _! int]vals & is lo/4 ,s x is ) e concrete ?+1 h[ev] complicat$4 ,our intellectual h&l+ ( x is a retrospective pat*work1 a po/-mortem dissection1 & c foll[ any ord] we f9d mo/ exp$i5t4 ,we c make ! ?+ seem self-contradictory :5ev] we wi% to4 ,b place y\rself at ! po9t ( view ( ! ?+'s int]ior do+1 & all ^! back-look+ & conflict+ conceptions lie h>moni\sly 9 y\r h&4 ,get at ! exp&+ c5tre ( a human "*1 ! lan vital ( a man1 z ,b]gson calls x1 by liv+ sympa?y1 & at a /roke y see h[ x makes ^? :o see x f )\t int]pret x 9 su* div]se ways4 ,x is some?+ t breaks into bo? hone/y & di%one/y1 c\rage & c[>dice1 /upidity & insight1 at ! t\* ( v>y+ circum/ances1 & y feel exactly :y & h[ x does ?is1 & nev] seek to id5tify x /ably ) any ( ^! s+le ab/ractions4 ,only y\r intellectuali/ does t1--& y n[ also feel :y he mu/ d x to ! end4 ,place y\rself simil>ly at ! c5tre ( a man's philosophic vision & y und]/& at once all ! diff]5t ?+s x makes him write or say4 ,b keep outside1 use y\r po/-mortem me?od1 try to build ! philosophy up out ( ! s+le phrases1 tak+ fir/ "o & !n ano!r & seek+ to make !m fit1 & ( c\rse y fail4 ,y crawl ov] ! ?+ l a myopic ant ov] a build+1 tumbl+ into e microscopic crack or fissure1 f9d+ no?+ b inconsi/5cies1 & nev] suspect+ t a c5tre exi/s4 ,i hope t "s ( ! philosoph]s 9 ?is audi5ce may occasionally h _h some?+ diff]5t f ?is intellectuali/ type ( criticism appli$ to _! own works6 ,:at really exi/s is n ?+s made b ?+s 9 ! mak+4 ,once made1 !y are dead1 & an inf9ite numb] ( alt]native conceptual decompositions c be us$ 9 def9+ !m4 ,b put y\rself 9 ! mak+ by a /roke ( intuitive sympa?y ) ! ?+ &1 ! :ole range ( possible decompositions com+ at once into y\r possession1 y are no long] tr\bl$ ) ! "q :i* ( !m is ! m absolutely true4 ,reality falls 9 pass+ into conceptual analysis2 x m\nts 9 liv+ its own undivid$ life--x buds & b\rgeons1 *anges & creates4 ,once adopt ! movem5t ( ?is life 9 any giv5 in/ance & y "k :at ,b]gson calls ! dev5ir rel by :i* ! ?+ evolves & gr[s4 ,philosophy %\ld seek ?is k9d ( liv+ und]/&+ ( ! movem5t ( reality1 n foll[ sci5ce 9 va9ly pat*+ toge!r fragm5ts ( its dead results4 ,?us mu* ( ,m4 ,b]gson's philosophy is suffici5t = my purpose 9 ^! lectures1 s "h ,i w /op1 leav+ unnotic$ all its o!r con/itu5t features1 orig9al & int]e/+ ?o !y be4 ,y may say1 & d\btless "s ( y n[ are say+ inw>dly1 t 8 rem&+ u to s5sation 9 ?is wise is only a regress1 a return to t ultra-crude empiricism :i* y\r own ideali/s s9ce ,gre5 h buri$ t5 times ov]4 ,i confess t x is inde$ a return to empiricism1 b ,i ?9k t ! return 9 su* accompli%$ %ape only proves ! latt]'s immortal tru?4 ,:at won't /ay buri$ mu/ h "s g5u9e life4 ,am anfang w> die tat2 fact is a fir/2 to :i* all our conceptual h&l+ comes z an inadequate second1 nev] its full equival5t4 ,:5 ,i read rec5t transc5d5tali/ lit]ature--,i mu/ p>tly except my colleague ,royce6--,i get no?+ b a sort ( m>k+ ( "t1 *amp+ ( jaws1 paw+ ( ! gr\nd1 & resettl+ into ! same attitude1 l a we>y horse 9 a /all ) an empty mang]4 ,x is b turn+ ov] ! same few ?readb>e categories1 br++ ! same objections1 & urg+ ! same answ]s & solutions1 ) nev] a new fact or a new horizon com+ into sight4 ,b op5 ,b]gson1 & new horizons loom on e page y read4 ,x is l ! brea? ( ! morn+ & ! song ( birds4 ,x tells ( reality itself1 in/ead ( m]ely reit]at+ :at du/y-m9d$ pr(essors h writt5 ab\t :at o!r previ\s pr(essors h ?\ght4 ,no?+ 9 ,b]gson is %op-worn or at second h&4 ,t he gives u no clos$-9 sy/em w ( c\rse be fatal to him 9 intellectuali/ eyes4 ,he only evokes & invites2 b he fir/ annuls ! intellectuali/ veto1 s t we n[ jo9 /ep ) reality ) a philosophical consci5ce nev] q set free be=e4 ,z a fr5* disciple ( 8 well expresses x3 ',b]gson claims ( u fir/ ( all a c]ta9 inn] cata/rophe1 & n e "o is capable ( su* a logical revolution4 ,b ^? :o h once f\nd !mselves flexible en\gh = ! execution ( su* a psy*ological *ange ( front1 discov] someh[ t !y c nev] return aga9 to _! anci5t attitude ( m9d4 ,!y are n[ ,b]gsonians 444 & possess ! pr9cipal ?\ghts ( ! ma/] all at once4 ,!y h und]/ood 9 ! fa%ion 9 :i* "o loves1 !y h caught ! :ole melody & c !reaft] admire at _! leisure ! orig9ality1 ! fecundity1 & ! imag9ative g5ius ) :i* its au?or develops1 transposes1 & v>ies 9 a ?\s& ways by ! or*e/ration ( 8 /yle & dialectic1 ! orig9al !me4'#b ,?is1 scant z x is1 is all ,i h to say ab\t ,b]gson on ?is occasion--,i hope x may s5d "s ( y to 8 orig9al text4 ,i mu/ n[ turn back to ! po9t :]e ,i f\nd x advisable to appeal to 8 ideas4 ,y rememb] my own intellectuali/ difficulties 9 ! la/ lecture1 ab\t h[ a lot ( sep>ate consci\snesses c at ! same "t be "o collective ?+4 ,h[1 ,i ask$1 c "o & ! same id5tical cont5t ( exp]i5ce1 ( :i* on ideali/ pr9ciples ! esse is to be felt1 be felt s div]sely if itself be ! only feel]8 ,! usual way ( escape by 'quat5us' or 'z su*' won't help u "h if we are radical intellectuali/s1 ,i said1 = appe>ance-toge!r is z su* n appe>ance-ap>t1 ! _w qu _m is n ! _w qu "o1 z absolutism claims4 ,if we hold to ,hume's maxim1 :i* lat] intellectualism uses s well1 t :atev] ?+s are di/+ui%$ are z sep>ate z if !re 7 no mann] ( connexion betwe5 !m1 !re seem$ no way out ( ! difficulty save by /epp+ outside ( exp]i5ce altoge!r & invok+ diff]5t spiritual ag5ts1 selves or s\ls1 to realize ! div]sity requir$4 ,b ?is rescue by 's*ola/ic entities' ,i 0 unwill+ to accept any m ?an pan!i/ic ideali/s accept x4 ,yet1 to quote ,fe*n]'s phrase aga91 'ni*ts wirkli*es kann unmgli* se91' ! actual _c be impossible1 & :at is actual at e mom5t ( our lives is ! sort ( ?+ :i* ,i n[ proce$ to rem9d y (4 ,y c he> ! vibration ( an electric contact-mak]1 smell ! ozone1 see ! sp>ks1 & feel ! ?rill1 co-consci\sly z x 7 or 9 "o field ( exp]i5ce4 ,b y c also isolate any "o ( ^! s5sations by %utt+ out ! re/4 ,if y close y\r eyes1 hold y\r nose1 & remove y\r h&1 y c get ! s5sation ( s\nd alone1 b x seems /ill ! same s5sation t x 02 & if y re/ore ! action ( ! o!r organs1 ! s\nd coalesces ) ! feel+1 ! sight1 & ! smell s5sations aga94 ,n[ ! natural way ( talk+ ( all ?is#c is to say t c]ta9 s5sations are exp]i5c$1 n[ s+ly1 & n[ toge!r ) o!r s5sations1 9 a common consci\s field4 ,fluctuations ( att5tion give analog\s results4 ,we let a s5sation 9 or keep x out by *ang+ our att5tion2 & simil>ly we let an item ( memory 9 or drop x out4 ,please don't raise ! "q "h ( h[ ^! *anges come to pass4 ,! imm$iate condition is probably c]ebral 9 e in/ance1 b x w\ld be irrelevant n[ to consid] x1 = n[ we are ?9k+ only ( results1 & ,i repeat t ! natural way ( ?9k+ ( !m is t :i* intellectuali/ criticism f9ds s absurd4 ,! absurdity *>g$ is t ! self-same %\ld function s diff]5tly1 n[ ) & n[ )\t some?+ else4 ,b ?is x s5sibly seems to d4 ,?is v desk :i* ,i /rike ) my h& /rikes 9 turn y\r eyes4 ,x functions at once z a physical object 9 ! out] _w & z a m5tal object 9 our sundry m5tal worlds4 ,! v body ( m9e t my ?\ght actuates is ! body ^: ge/ures are y\r visual object & to :i* y give my "n4 ,! v log :i* ,john help$ to c>ry is ! log n[ borne by ,james4 ,! v girl y love is simultane\sly entangl$ else:]e4 ,! v place beh9d me is 9 front ( y4 ,look :]e y w1 y ga!r only examples ( ! same amid ! diff]5t1 & ( diff]5t relations exi/+ z x 7 9 solution 9 ! same ?+4 ,qu ?is an exp]i5ce is n ! same z x is qu t1 truly en\gh2 b ! qus are conceptual %ots ( ours at its po/-mortem rema9s1 & 9 its s5sational imm$iacy ev]y?+ is all at once :atev] diff]5t ?+s x is at once at all4 ,x is be=e ,c & aft] ,a1 f> f y & ne> to me1 )\t ?is associate & ) t "o1 active & passive1 physical & m5tal1 a :ole ( p>ts & "p ( a high] :ole1 all simultane\sly & )\t int]f]5ce or ne$ ( d\bl+-up its be+1 s long z we keep to :at ,i call ! 'imm$iate' po9t ( view1 ! po9t ( view 9 :i* we foll[ our s5sational life's cont9uity1 & to :i* all liv+ language con=ms4 ,x is only :5 y try--to cont9ue us+ ! hegelian vocabul>y--to 'm$iate' ! imm$iate1 or to sub/itute concepts = s5sational life1 t intellectualism celebrates its triumph & ! imman5t-self-contradictor9ess ( all ?is smoo?-runn+ f9ite exp]i5ce gets prov$4 ,( ! oddity ( inv5t+ z a rem$y = ! inconv5i5ces result+ f ?is situation a sup]num]>y conceptual object call$ an absolute1 into :i* y pack ! self-same contradictions unr$uc$1 ,i w say some?+ 9 ! next lecture4 ,! absolute is said to p]=m its feats by tak+ up its o!r into itself4 ,b t is exactly :at is done :5 e individual morsel ( ! s5sational /ream takes up ! adjac5t morsels by coalesc+ ) !m4 ,?is is j :at we mean by ! /ream's s5sible cont9uity4 ,no elem5t !re cuts itself (f f any o!r elem5t1 z concepts cut !mselves f concepts4 ,no "p !re is s small z n to be a place ( conflux4 ,no "p !re is n really next its neighbors2 :i* means t !re is lit]ally no?+ betwe52 :i* means aga9 t no "p goes exactly s f> & no f>!r2 t no "p absolutely excludes ano!r1 b t !y comp5etrate & are cohesive2 t if y te> out "o1 its roots br+ out m ) !m2 t :atev] is real is telescop$ & diffus$ into o!r reals2 t1 9 %ort1 e m9ute/ ?+ is already its hegelian 'own o!r1' 9 ! fulle/ s5se ( ! t]m4 ,( c\rse ?is s\nds self-contradictory1 b z ! imm$iate facts don't s\nd at all1 b simply are1 until we conceptualize & "n !m vocally1 ! contradiction results only f ! conceptual or discursive =m be+ sub/itut$ = ! real =m4 ,b if1 z ,b]gson %[s1 t =m is sup]impos$ = practical ends only1 9 ord] to let u jump ab\t ov] life in/ead ( wad+ ?r\gh x2 & if x _c ev5 pret5d to reveal any?+ ( :at life's inn] nature is or ought to be2 :y !n we c turn a deaf e> to its accusations4 ,! resolve to turn ! deaf e> is ! inn] crisis or 'cata/rophe' ( :i* ,m4 ,b]gson's disciple :om ,i lately quot$ spoke4 ,we are s subject to ! philosophic tradition :i* treats logos or discursive ?\ght g5]ally z ! sole av5ue to tru?1 t to fall back on raw unv]baliz$ life z m ( a reveal]1 & to ?9k ( concepts z ! m]ely practical ?+s :i* ,b]gson calls !m1 comes v h>d4 ,x is putt+ (f our pr\d maturity ( m9d & becom+ aga9 z fooli% little *ildr5 9 ! eyes ( reason4 ,b difficult z su* a revolution is1 !re is no o!r way1 ,i believe1 to ! possession ( reality1 & ,i p]mit myself to hope t "s ( y may %>e my op9ion aft] y h he>d my next lecture4 ,,lecture ,,vii ,,! ,,cont9uity ,,( ,,exp]i5ce ,i fe> t few ( y w h be5 able to obey ,b]gson's call ^u y to look t[>ds ! s5sational life = ! full] k ( reality1 or to sympa?ize ) 8 attempt to limit ! div9e "r ( concepts to rule our m9d absolutely4 ,x is too mu* l look+ d[nw>d & n up4 ,philosophy1 y w say1 doesn't lie flat on its belly 9 ! middle ( exp]i5ce1 9 ! v ?ick ( its s& & gravel1 z ?is ,b]gsonism does1 nev] gett+ a peep at any?+ f above4 ,philosophy is ess5tially ! vision ( ?+s f above4 ,x doesn't simply feel ! detail ( ?+s1 x compreh5ds _! intelligible plan1 sees _! =ms & pr9ciples1 _! categories & rules1 _! ord] & necessity4 ,x takes ! sup]ior po9t ( view ( ! ar*itect4 ,is x conceivable t x %\ld ev] =sake t po9t ( view & ab&on itself to a slov5ly life ( imm$iate feel+8 ,to say no?+ ( y\r traditional ,ox=d devotion to ,ari/otle & ,plato1 ! leav5 ( ,t4,h4 ,gre5 probably works /ill too /rongly "h = 8 anti-s5sationalism to be outgr[n quickly4 ,gre5 m ?an any "o realiz$ t k ab\t ?+s 0 k ( _! relations2 b no?+ c\ld p]suade him t our s5sational life c\ld conta9 any relational elem5t4 ,he foll[$ ! /rict intellectuali/ me?od ) s5sations4 ,:at !y 7 n expressly def9$ z includ+1 !y mu/ exclude4 ,s5sations are n def9$ z relations1 s 9 ! end ,gre5 ?\ght t !y c\ld get relat$ toge!r only by ! action on !m f above ( a 'self-di/+ui%+' absolute & et]nal m9d1 pres5t to t :i* is relat$1 b n relat$ itself4 ',a relation1' he said1 'is n cont+5t ) ! cont+5cy ( feel+4 ,x is p]man5t ) ! p]man5ce ( ! comb9+ & comp>+ ?\ght :i* alone con/itutes x4'#a ,9 o!r words1 relations are purely conceptual objects1 & ! s5sational life z su* _c relate itself toge!r4 ,s5sation 9 itself1 ,gre5 wrote1 is fleet+1 mom5t>y1 unnameable 7because1 :ile we "n x1 x has become ano!r71 & = ! same reason unkn[able1 ! v negation ( kn[ability4 ,7 !re no p]man5t objects ( conception = our s5sations to be 'ref]r$ to1' !re w\ld be no significant names1 b only noises1 & a consi/5t s5sationalism mu/ be spee*less4#b ,gre5's intellectualism 0 s e>ne/ t x produc$ a natural & an inevitable effect4 ,b ! atomi/ic & unrelat$ s5sations :i* he _h 9 m9d 7 purely fictiti\s products ( 8 rationali/ fancy4 ,! psy*ology ( our own day disav[s !m utt]ly1#c & ,gre5's labori\s belabor+ ( poor old ,locke = n hav+ fir/ se5 t 8 ideas ( s5sation 7 j t impracticable sort ( ?+1 & !n fl$ to transc5d5tal idealism z a rem$y1--8 belabor+ ( poor old ,locke = ?is1 ,i say1 is pa!tic4 ,e exam9] ( ! s5sible life 9 concreto mu/ see t relations ( e sort1 ( "t1 space1 diff]5ce1 lik5ess1 *ange1 rate1 cause1 or :at n1 are j z integral memb]s ( ! s5sational flux z t]ms are1 & t conjunctive relations are j z true memb]s ( ! flux z disjunctive relations are4#d ,?is is :at 9 "s rec5t writ+s ( m9e ,i h call$ ! 'radically empirici/' doctr9e 79 di/9ction f ! doctr9e ( m5tal atoms :i* ! "n empiricism s (t5 sugge/s74 ,intellectuali/ic critics ( s5sation insi/ t s5sations are disjo9$ only4 ,radical empiricism insi/s t conjunctions betwe5 !m are j z imm$iately giv5 z disjunctions are1 & t relations1 :e!r disjunctive or conjunctive1 are 9 _! orig9al s5sible giv5ness j z fleet+ & mom5t>y 79 ,gre5's words71 & j z 'p>ticul>1' z t]ms are4 ,lat]1 bo? t]ms & relations get univ]saliz$ by be+ conceptualiz$ & nam$4#e ,b all ! ?ickness1 concret5ess1 & individuality ( exp]i5ce exi/s 9 ! imm$iate & relatively unnam$ /ages ( x1 to ! ri*ness ( :i*1 & to ! /&+ inadequacy ( our conceptions to mat* x1 ,pr(essor ,b]gson s emphatically calls our att5tion4 ,& n[ ,i am happy to say t we c beg9 to ga!r toge!r "s ( ! sep>ate ?reads ( our argum5t1 & see a little bett] ! g5]al k9d ( conclusion t[>d :i* we are t5d+4 ,pray g back ) me to ! lecture be=e ! la/1 & recall :at ,i said ab\t ! difficulty ( see+ h[ /ates ( consci\sness c comp\nd !mselves4 ,! difficulty seem$ to be ! same1 y rememb]1 :e!r we took x 9 psy*ology z ! composition ( f9ite /ates ( m9d out ( simpl] f9ite /ates1 or 9 metaphysics z ! composition ( ! absolute m9d out ( f9ite m9ds 9 g5]al4 ,x is ! g5]al conceptuali/ difficulty ( any "o ?+ be+ ! same ) _m ?+s1 ei!r at once or 9 succession1 = ! ab/ract concepts ( on5ess & manyness mu/ ne$s exclude ea* o!r4 ,9 ! p>ticul> in/ance t we h dwelt on s long1 ! "o ?+ is ! all-=m ( exp]i5ce1 ! _m ?+s are ! ea*-=ms ( exp]i5ce 9 y & me4 ,to call !m ! same we mu/ treat !m z if ea* 7 simultane\sly its own o!r1 a feat on conceptuali/ pr9ciples impossible ( p]=mance4 ,on ! pr9ciple ( go+ beh9d ! conceptual function altoge!r1 h[ev]1 & look+ to ! m primitive flux ( ! s5sational life = reality's true %ape1 a way is op5 to u1 z ,i tri$ 9 my la/ lecture to %[4 ,n only ! absolute is its own o!r1 b ! simple/ bits ( imm$iate exp]i5ce are _! own o!rs1 if t hegelian phrase be once = all all[$4 ,! concrete pulses ( exp]i5ce appe> p5t 9 by no su* def9ite limits z our conceptual sub/itutes = !m are conf9$ by4 ,!y run into "o ano!r cont9u\sly & seem to int]p5etrate4 ,:at 9 !m is relation & :at is matt] relat$ is h>d to disc]n4 ,y feel no "o ( !m z inw>dly simple1 & no two z :olly )\t conflu5ce :]e !y t\*4 ,!re is no datum s small z n to %[ ?is my/]y1 if my/]y x be4 ,! t9ie/ feel+ t we c possibly h comes ) an e>li] & a lat] "p & ) a s5se ( _! cont9u\s procession4 ,mr4 ,%adwor? ,hodgson %[$ long ago t !re is lit]ally no su* object z ! pres5t mom5t except z an unreal po/ulate ( ab/ract ?\ght4#f ,! 'pass+' mom5t is1 z ,i already h rem9d$ y1 ! m9imal fact1 ) ! 'app>ition ( diff]5ce' inside ( x z well z outside4 ,if we d n feel bo? pa/ & pres5t 9 "o field ( feel+1 we feel !m n at all4 ,we h ! same _m-9-"o 9 ! matt] t fills ! pass+ "t4 ,! ru% ( our ?\ght =w>d ?r\gh its fr+es is ! ev]la/+ peculi>ity ( its life4 ,we realize ?is life z some?+ always (f its balance1 some?+ 9 transition1 some?+ t %oots out ( a d>kness ?r\gh a dawn into a brightness t we feel to be ! dawn fulfill$4 ,9 ! v mid/ ( ! cont9uity our exp]i5ce comes z an alt]ation4 ',yes1' we say at ! full brightness1 '?is is :at ,i j meant4' ',no1' we feel at ! dawn+1 '?is is n yet ! full mean+1 !re is m to come4' ,9 e cresc5do ( s5sation1 9 e ef=t to recall1 9 e progress t[>ds ! satisfaction ( desire1 ?is succession ( an empt9ess & fulness t h ref]5ce to ea* o!r & are "o fle% is ! ess5ce ( ! ph5om5on4 ,9 e h9drance ( desire ! s5se ( an ideal pres5ce :i* is abs5t 9 fact1 ( an abs5t1 9 a ^w1 :i* ! only function ( ! pres5t is to mean1 is ev5 m notori\sly !re4 ,& 9 ! movem5t ( pure ?\ght we h ! same ph5om5on4 ,:5 ,i say ,socrates is mortal1 ! mom5t ,socrates is incomplete2 x falls =w>d ?r\gh ! is :i* is pure movem5t1 into ! mortal :i* is inde$ b>e mortal on ! tongue1 b = ! m9d is t mortal1 ! mortal ,socrates1 at la/ satisfactorily dispos$ ( & told (f4#g ,"h1 !n1 inside ( ! m9imal pulses ( exp]i5ce1 is realiz$ t v inn] complexity :i* ! transc5d5tali/s say only ! absolute c g5u9ely possess4 ,! gi/ ( ! matt] is always ! same--some?+ ev] goes indissolubly ) some?+ else4 ,y _c sep>ate ! same f its o!r1 except by ab&on+ ! real altoge!r & tak+ to ! conceptual sy/em4 ,:at is imm$iately giv5 9 ! s+le & p>ticul> in/ance is always some?+ pool$ & mutual1 some?+ ) no d>k spot1 no po9t ( ignorance4 ,no "o elem5t>y bit ( reality is eclips$ f ! next bit's po9t ( view1 if only we take reality s5sibly & 9 small en\gh pulses--& by u x has to be tak5 pulse-wise1 = our span ( consci\sness is too %ort to grasp ! l>g] collectivity ( ?+s except nom9ally & ab/ractly4 ,no m ( reality collect$ toge!r at once is extant any:]e1 p]haps1 ?an 9 my exp]i5ce ( read+ ?is page1 or 9 y\rs ( li/5+2 yet )9 ^? bits ( exp]i5ce z !y come to pass we get a fulness ( cont5t t no conceptual description c equal4 ,s5sational exp]i5ces are _! 'own o!rs1' !n1 bo? int]nally & ext]nally4 ,inw>dly !y are "o ) _! p>ts1 & outw>dly !y pass cont9u\sly into _! next neighbors1 s t ev5ts sep>at$ by ye>s ( "t 9 a man's life hang toge!r unbrok5ly by ! int]m$i>y ev5ts4 ,_! names1 to be sure1 cut !m into sep>ate conceptual entities1 b no cuts exi/$ 9 ! cont9uum 9 :i* !y orig9ally came4 ,if1 ) all ?is 9 our m9d1 we turn to our own p>ticul> pr$icam5t1 we see t our old objection to ! self-comp\nd+ ( /ates ( consci\sness1 our accusation t x 0 impossible = purely logical reasons1 is unf\nd$ 9 pr9ciple4 ,e smalle/ /ate ( consci\sness1 concretely tak51 ov]fl[s its own def9ition4 ,only concepts are self-id5tical2 only 'reason' deals ) clos$ equations2 nature is b a "n = excess2 e po9t 9 h] op5s out & runs into ! m2 & ! only "q1 ) ref]5ce to any po9t we may be consid]+1 is h[ f> into ! re/ ( nature we may h to g 9 ord] to get entirely beyond its ov]fl[4 ,9 ! pulse ( inn] life imm$iately pres5t n[ 9 ea* ( u is a little pa/1 a little future1 a little aw>5ess ( our own body1 ( ea* o!r's p]sons1 ( ^! sublimities we are try+ to talk ab\t1 ( ! e>?'s geography & ! direction ( hi/ory1 ( tru? & error1 ( good & bad1 & ( :o kn[s h[ mu* m8 ,feel+1 h[ev] dimly & subconsci\sly1 all ^! ?+s1 y\r pulse ( inn] life is cont9u\s ) !m1 belongs to !m & !y to x4 ,y c't id5tify x ) ei!r "o ( !m r ?an ) ! o!rs1 = if y let x develop into no matt] :i* ( ^? directions1 :at x develops into w look back on x & say1 ',t 0 ! orig9al g]m ( me4' ,9 pr9ciple1 !n1 ! real units ( our imm$iately-felt life are unlike ! units t intellectuali/ logic holds to & makes its calculations )4 ,!y are n sep>ate f _! own o!rs1 & y h to take !m at widely sep>at$ dates to f9d any two ( !m t seem unbl5t4 ,!n inde$ !y d appe> sep>ate ev5 z _! concepts are sep>ate2 a *asm yawns betwe5 !m2 b ! *asm itself is b an intellectuali/ fiction1 got by ab/ract+ f ! cont9u\s %eet ( exp]i5ces ) :i* ! int]m$i>y "t 0 fill$4 ,x is l ! log c>ri$ fir/ by ,william & ,h5ry1 !n by ,william1 ,h5ry1 & ,john1 !n by ,h5ry & ,john1 !n by ,john & ,pet]1 & s on4 ,all real units ( exp]i5ce ov]lap4 ,let a r[ ( equidi/ant dots on a %eet ( pap] symbolize ! concepts by :i* we intellectualize ! _w4 ,let a rul] long en\gh to cov] at lea/ ?ree dots /& = our s5sible exp]i5ce4 ,!n ! conceiv$ *anges ( ! s5sible exp]i5ce c be symboliz$ by slid+ ! rul] along ! l9e ( dots4 ,"o concept aft] ano!r w apply to x1 "o aft] ano!r drop away1 b x w always cov] at lea/ two ( !m1 & no dots less ?an ?ree w ev] adequately cov] x4 ,y falsify x if y treat x conceptually1 or by ! law ( dots4 ,:at is true "h ( successive /ates mu/ also be true ( simultane\s *>act]s4 ,!y also ov]lap ea* o!r ) _! be+4 ,my pres5t field ( consci\sness is a c5tre surr\nd$ by a fr+e t %ades ins5sibly into a subconsci\s m4 ,i use ?ree sep>ate t]ms "h to describe1 ?is fact2 b ,i might z well use ?ree hundr$1 = ! fact is all %ades & no b\nd>ies4 ,:i* "p ( x prop]ly is 9 my consci\sness1 :i* out8 ,if ,i "n :at is out1 x already has come 94 ,! c5tre works 9 "o way :ile ! m>g9s "w 9 ano!r1 & pres5tly ov]p[] ! c5tre & are c5tral !mselves4 ,:at we conceptually id5tify ourselves ) & say we are ?9k+ ( at any "t is ! c5tre2 b our full self is ! :ole field1 ) all ^? indef9itely radiat+ subconsci\s possibilities ( increase t we c only feel )\t conceiv+1 & c h>dly beg9 to analyze4 ,! collective & ! di/ributive ways ( be+ coexi/ "h1 = ea* "p functions di/9ctly1 makes connexion ) its own peculi> region 9 ! /ill wid] re/ ( exp]i5ce & t5ds to draw u into t l9e1 & yet ! :ole is someh[ felt z "o pulse ( our life1--n conceiv$ s1 b felt s4 ,9 pr9ciple1 !n1 z ,i said1 intellectualism's edge is brok52 x c only approximate to reality1 & its logic is inapplicable to our inn] life1 :i* spurns its vetoes & mocks at its impossibilities4 ,e bit ( u at e mom5t is "p & p>cel ( a wid] self1 x quiv]s along v>i\s radii l ! w9d-rose on a compass1 & ! actual 9 x is cont9u\sly "o ) possibles n yet 9 our pres5t sight4#h ,& j z we are co-consci\s ) our own mom5t>y m>g91 may n we ourselves =m ! m>g9 ( "s m really c5tral self 9 ?+s :i* is co-consci\s ) ! :ole ( u8 ,may n y & ,i be conflu5t 9 a high] consci\sness1 & conflu5tly active !re1 ?o we n[ "k x n8 ,i am tir+ myself & y1 ,i "k1 by va9ly seek+ to describe by concepts & words :at ,i say at ! same "t exce$s ei!r conceptualization or v]balization4 ,z long z "o cont9ues talk+1 intellectualism rema9s 9 undi/urb$ possession ( ! field4 ,! return to life c't come ab\t by talk+4 ,x is an act2 to make y return to life1 ,i mu/ set an example = y\r imitation1 ,i mu/ deaf5 y to talk1 or to ! importance ( talk1 by %[+ y1 z ,b]gson does1 t ! concepts we talk ) are made = purposes ( practice & n = purposes ( insight4 ,or ,i mu/ po9t1 po9t to ! m]e t ( life1 & y by inn] sympa?y mu/ fill out ! :at = y\rselves4 ,! m9ds ( "s ( y1 ,i "k1 w absolutely refuse to d s1 refuse to ?9k 9 non-conceptualiz$ t]ms4 ,i myself absolutely refus$ to d s = ye>s toge!r1 ev5 aft] ,i knew t ! d5ial ( manyness-9-on5ess by intellectualism mu/ be false1 = ! same reality does p]=m ! mo/ v>i\s functions at once4 ,b ,i hop$ ev] = a revis$ intellectuali/ way r\nd ! difficulty1 & x 0 only aft] read+ ,b]gson t ,i saw t to cont9ue us+ ! intellectuali/ me?od 0 itself ! fault4 ,i saw t philosophy _h be5 on a false sc5t ev] s9ce ! days ( ,socrates & ,plato1 t an intellectual answ] to ! intellectuali/'s difficulties w nev] come1 & t ! real way out ( !m1 f> f consi/+ 9 ! discov]y ( su* an answ]1 consi/s 9 simply clos+ "o's e>s to ! "q4 ,:5 conceptualism summons life to ju/ify itself 9 conceptual t]ms1 x is l a *all5ge address$ 9 a =eign language to "s "o :o is absorb$ 9 8 own bus9ess2 x is irrelevant to him altoge!r--he may let x lie unnotic$4 ,i w5t ?us ?r\gh ! 'inn] cata/rophe' ( :i* ,i spoke 9 ! la/ lecture2 ,i _h lit]ally come to ! end ( my conceptual /ock-9-trade1 ,i 0 bankrupt intellectuali/ically1 & _h to *ange my base4 ,no words ( m9e w probably conv]t y1 = words c be ! names only ( concepts4 ,b if any ( y try s9c]ely & p]t9aci\sly on y\r own sep>ate acc\nts to intellectualize reality1 y may be simil>ly driv5 to a *ange ( front4 ,i say no m3 ,i mu/ leave life to tea* ! lesson4 ,we h n[ rea*$ a po9t ( view f :i* ! self-comp\nd+ ( m9d 9 its small] & m accessible portions seems a c]ta9 fact1 & 9 :i* ! speculative assumption ( a simil> b wid] comp\nd+ 9 remot] regions mu/ be reckon$ ) z a legitimate hypo!sis4 ,! absolute is n ! impossible be+ ,i once ?\ght x4 ,m5tal facts d function bo? s+ly & toge!r1 at once1 & we f9ite m9ds may simultane\sly be co-consci\s ) "o ano!r 9 a sup]human intellig5ce4 ,x is only ! extravagant claims ( co]cive necessity on ! absolute's "p t h to be d5i$ by a priori logic4 ,z an hypo!sis try+ to make itself probable on analogical & inductive gr\nds1 ! absolute is entitl$ to a pati5t he>+4 ,:i* is z mu* z to say t our s]i\s bus9ess f n[ onw>d lies ) ,fe*n] & 8 me?od1 r ?an ) ,hegel1 ,royce1 or ,bradley4 ,fe*n] treats ! sup]human consci\sness he s f]v5tly believes 9 z an hypo!sis only1 :i* he !n recomm5ds by all ! res\rces ( induction & p]suasion4 ,x is true t ,fe*n] himself is an absoluti/ 9 8 books1 n actively b passively1 if ,i may say s4 ,he talks n only ( ! e>?-s\l & ( ! />-s\ls1 b ( an integrat$ s\l ( all ?+s 9 ! cosmos )\t exception1 & ?is he calls ,god j z o!rs call x ! absolute4 ,nev]!less he ?9ks only ( ! subord9ate sup]human s\ls1 & cont5t ) hav+ made 8 obeisance once = all to ! augu/ total s\l ( ! cosmos1 he leaves x 9 its lonely sublimity ) no attempt to def9e its nature4 ,l ! absolute1 x is 'out ( range1' & n an object = di/9ct] vision4 ,psy*ologically1 x seems to me t ,fe*n]'s ,god is a lazy po/ulate ( 81 r ?an a "p ( 8 sy/em positively ?\ght out4 ,z we envelop our sight & he>+1 s ! e>?-s\l envelops u1 & ! />-s\l ! e>?-s\l1 until--:at8 ,envelopm5t c't g on =ev]2 x mu/ h an abs*luss1 a total envelope mu/ t]m9ate ! s]ies1 s ,god is ! "n t ,fe*n] gives to ?is la/ all-envelop]4 ,b if no?+ escapes ?is all-envelop]1 he is responsible = ev]y?+1 includ+ evil1 & all ! p>adoxes & difficulties :i* ,i f\nd 9 ! absolute at ! end ( our ?ird lecture recur undim9i%$4 ,fe*n] tries s9c]ely to grapple ) ! problem ( evil1 b he always solves x 9 ! leibnitzian fa%ion by mak+ 8 ,god non-absolute1 plac+ him "u conditions ( 'metaphysical necessity' :i* ev5 8 omnipot5ce _c violate4 ,8 w has to /ruggle ) conditions n impos$ on t w by itself4 ,he tol]ates provisionally :at he has n creat$1 & !n ) endless pati5ce tries to ov]come x & live x d[n4 ,he has1 9 %ort1 a hi/ory4 ,:5ev] ,fe*n] tries to repres5t him cle>ly1 8 ,god becomes ! ord9>y ,god ( !ism1 & ceases to be ! absolutely totaliz$ all-envelop]4#i ,9 ?is %ape1 he repres5ts ! ideal elem5t 9 ?+s solely1 & is our *ampion & our help] & we 8 help]s1 aga9/ ! bad p>ts ( ! univ]se4 ,fe*n] 0 9 fact too little ( a metaphysician to c>e = p]fect =mal consi/5cy 9 ^! ab/ract regions4 ,he believ$ 9 ,god 9 ! plurali/ic mann]1 b p>tly f conv5tion & p>tly f :at ,i %\ld call intellectual laz9ess1 if laz9ess ( any k9d c\ld be imput$ to a ,fe*n]1 he let ! usual moni/ic talk ab\t him pass un*all5g$4 ,i propose to y t we %\ld discuss ! "q ( ,god )\t entangl+ ourselves 9 advance 9 ! moni/ic assumption4 ,is x probable t !re is any sup]human consci\sness at all1 9 ! fir/ place8 ,:5 t is settl$1 ! fur!r "q :e!r its =m be moni/ic or plurali/ic is 9 ord]4 ,be=e advanc+ to ei!r "q1 h[ev]1 & ,i %all h to deal ) bo? b v briefly aft] :at has be5 said already1 let me f9i% our retrospective survey by "o m rem>k ab\t ! curi\s logical situation ( ! absoluti/s4 ,= :at h !y invok$ ! absolute except z a be+ ! peculi> inn] =m ( :i* %all enable x to ov]come ! contradictions ) :i* intellectualism has f\nd ! f9ite _m z su* to be infect$8 ,! _m-9-"o "* t1 z we h se51 e smalle/ tract ( f9ite exp]i5ce (f]s1 is consid]$ by intellectualism to be fatal to ! reality ( f9ite exp]i5ce4 ,:at c be di/+ui%$1 x tells u1 is sep>ate2 & :at is sep>ate is unrelat$1 = a relation1 be+ a 'betwe51' w\ld br+ only a tw(old sep>ation4 ,hegel1 ,royce1 ,bradley1 & ! ,ox=d absoluti/s 9 g5]al seem to agree ab\t ?is logical absurdity ( manyness-9-on5ess 9 ! only places :]e x is empirically f\nd4 ,b see ! curi\s tactics6 ,is ! absurdity r$uc$ 9 ! absolute be+ :om !y call 9 to relieve x8 ,q o!rwise1 = t be+ %[s x on an inf9itely great] scale1 & flaunts x 9 its v def9ition4 ,! fact ( its n be+ relat$ to any outw>d environm5t1 ! fact t all relations are inside ( itself1 doesn't save x1 = ,mr4 ,bradley's great argum5t aga9/ ! f9ite is t 9 any giv5 bit ( x 7a bit ( sug>1 = in/ance7 ! pres5ce ( a plurality ( *>act]s 7:it5ess & sweetness1 = example7 is self-contradictory2 s t 9 ! f9al end all t ! absolute's "n appe>s to /& = is ! p]si/5t claim ( outrag$ human nature t reality %all n be call$ absurd4 ,some:]e !re mu/ be an aspect ( x guiltless ( self-contradiction4 ,all we c see ( ! absolute1 mean:ile1 is guilty 9 ! same way 9 :i* ! f9ite is4 ,intellectualism sees :at x calls ! guilt1 :5 comm9ut$ 9 ! f9ite object2 b is too ne>-sight$ to see x 9 ! m enorm\s object4 ,yet ! absolute's con/itution1 if imag9$ at all1 has to be imag9$ aft] ! analogy ( "s bit ( f9ite exp]i5ce4 ,take any real bit1 suppress its environm5t & !n magnify x to mon/rosity1 & y get id5tically ! type ( /ructure ( ! absolute4 ,x is obvi\s t all y\r difficulties "h rema9 & g ) y4 ,if ! relative exp]i5ce 0 inw>dly absurd1 ! absolute exp]i5ce is inf9itely m s4 ,intellectualism1 9 %ort1 /ra9s (f ! gnat1 b swall[s ! :ole camel4 ,b ?is polemic aga9/ ! absolute is z odi\s to me z x is to y1 s ,i w say no m ab\t t be+4 ,x is only "o ( ^? wills ( ! wisp1 ^? lights t d mislead ! morn1 t h s (t5 imp$$ ! cle> progress ( philosophy1 s ,i w turn to ! m g5]al positive "q ( :e!r sup]human unities ( consci\sness %\ld be consid]$ z m probable or m improbable4 ,9 a =m] lecture ,i w5t ov] "s ( ! fe*n]ian reasons = _! plausibility1 or reasons t at lea/ repli$ to our m obvi\s gr\nds ( d\bt conc]n+ !m4 ,! num]\s facts ( divid$ or split human p]sonality :i* ! g5ius ( c]ta9 m$ical m51 z ,janet1 ,freud1 ,pr9ce1 ,sidis1 & o!rs1 h une>!d 7 unkn[n 9 ,fe*n]'s "t1 & nei!r ! ph5om5a ( automatic writ+ & spee*1 nor ( m$ium%ip & 'possession' g5]ally1 _h be5 recogniz$ or /udi$ z we n[ /udy !m1 s ,fe*n]'s /ock ( analogies is scant comp>$ ) our pres5t "o4 ,he did ! be/ ) :at he _h1 h[ev]4 ,= my own "p ,i f9d 9 "s ( ^! abnormal or sup]normal facts ! /ronge/ sugge/ions 9 favor ( a sup]ior co-consci\sness be+ possible4 ,i d\bt :e!r we %all ev] und]/& "s ( !m )\t us+ ! v lett] ( ,fe*n]'s conception ( a great res]voir 9 :i* ! memories ( e>?'s inhabitants are pool$ & pres]v$1 & f :i*1 :5 ! ?re%old l[]s or ! valve op5s1 in=mation ord9>ily %ut out leaks into ! m9d ( exceptional individuals among u4 ,b ^? regions ( inquiry are p]haps too spook-haunt$ to int]e/ an academic audi5ce1 & ! only evid5ce ,i feel x n[ decor\s to br+ to ! support ( ,fe*n] is drawn f ord9>y religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,i ?9k x may be ass]t$ t !re are religi\s exp]i5ces ( a specific nature1 n d$ucible by analogy or psy*ological reason+ f our o!r sorts ( exp]i5ce4 ,i ?9k t !y po9t ) reasonable probability to ! cont9uity ( our consci\sness ) a wid] spiritual environm5t f :i* ! ord9>y prud5tial man 7:o is ! only man t sci5tific psy*ology1 s call$1 takes cognizance (7 is %ut (f4 ,i %all beg9 my f9al lecture by ref]r+ to !m aga9 briefly4 ,,lecture ,,viii ,,conclusions ,at ! close ( my la/ lecture ,i ref]r$ to ! exi/5ce ( religi\s exp]i5ces ( a specific nature4 ,i mu/ n[ expla9 j :at ,i mean by su* a claim4 ,briefly1 ! facts ,i h 9 m9d may all be describ$ z exp]i5ces ( an unexpect$ life succe$+ ^u dea?4 ,by ?is ,i don't mean immortality1 or ! dea? ( ! body4 ,i mean ! dea?like t]m9ation ( c]ta9 m5tal processes )9 ! individual's exp]i5ce1 processes t run to failure1 & 9 "s individuals1 at lea/1 ev5tuate 9 despair4 ,j z romantic love seems a comp>atively rec5t lit]>y inv5tion1 s ^! exp]i5ces ( a life t sup]v5es ^u despair seem to h play$ no great "p 9 (ficial !ology till ,lu!r's "t2 & possibly ! be/ way to indicate _! "* w be to po9t to a c]ta9 contra/ betwe5 ! inn] life ( ourselves & ( ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans4 ,mr4 ,*e/]ton1 ,i ?9k1 says some:]e1 t ! ,greeks & ,romans1 9 all t conc]n$ _! moral life1 7 an extraord9>ily solemn set ( folks4 ,! ,a!nians ?\ght t ! v gods mu/ admire ! rectitude ( ,phocion & ,ari/ides2 & ^? g5tlem5 !mselves 7 app>5tly ( mu* ! same op9ion4 ,cato's v]acity 0 s impeccable t ! extreme/ incr$ulity a ,roman c\ld express ( any?+ 0 to say1 ',i w\ld n believe x ev5 if ,cato _h told me4' ,good 0 good1 & bad 0 bad1 = ^! p4 ,hypocrisy1 :i* *ur*-,*ri/ianity br\ght 91 h>dly exi/$2 ! naturali/ic sy/em held firm2 its values %[$ no holl[ness & brook$ no irony4 ,! individual1 if virtu\s en\gh1 c\ld meet all possible requirem5ts4 ,! pagan pride _h nev] crumbl$4 ,lu!r 0 ! fir/ morali/ :o broke ) any effectiv5ess ?r\gh ! cru/ ( all ?is naturali/ic self-suffici5cy1 ?9k+ 7& possibly he 0 "r7 t ,sa9t ,paul _h done x already4 ,religi\s exp]i5ce ( ! lu!ran type br+s all our naturali/ic /&>ds to bankruptcy4 ,y are /rong only by be+ weak1 x %[s4 ,y _c live on pride or self-suffic+ness4 ,!re is a light 9 :i* all ! naturally f\nd$ & curr5tly accept$ di/9ctions1 excell5ces1 & safegu>ds ( our *>act]s appe> z utt] *ildi%ness4 ,s9c]ely to give up "o's conceit or hope ( be+ good 9 "o's own "r is ! only door to ! univ]se's deep] rea*es4 ,^! deep] rea*es are famili> to evangelical ,*ri/ianity & to :at is n[adays becom+ kn[n z 'm9d-cure' religion or 'new ?\ght4' ,! ph5om5on is t ( new ranges ( life succe$+ on our mo/ despair+ mom5ts4 ,!re are res\rces 9 u t naturalism ) its lit]al & legal virtues nev] recks (1 possibilities t take our brea? away1 ( ano!r k9d ( happ9ess & p[]1 bas$ on giv+ up our own w & lett+ some?+ high] "w = u1 & ^! seem to %[ a _w wid] ?an ei!r physics or phili/9e e?ics c imag9e4 ,"h is a _w 9 :i* all is well1 9 spite ( c]ta9 =ms ( dea?1 inde$ because ( c]ta9 =ms ( dea?--dea? ( hope1 dea? ( /r5g?1 dea? ( responsibility1 ( fe> & worry1 compet5cy & des]t1 dea? ( ev]y?+ t paganism1 naturalism1 & legalism p9 _! fai? on & tie _! tru/ to4 ,reason1 op]at+ on our o!r exp]i5ces1 ev5 our psy*ological exp]i5ces1 w\ld nev] h inf]r$ ^! specifically religi\s exp]i5ces 9 advance ( _! actual com+4 ,%e c\ld n suspect _! exi/5ce1 = !y are discont9u\s ) ! 'natural' exp]i5ces !y succe$ ^u & inv]t _! values4 ,b z !y actually come & are giv51 creation wid5s to ! view ( _! recipi5ts4 ,!y sugge/ t our natural exp]i5ce1 our /rictly morali/ic & prud5tial exp]i5ce1 may be only a fragm5t ( real human exp]i5ce4 ,!y s(t5 nature's outl9es & op5 out ! /range/ possibilities & p]spectives4 ,?is is :y x seems to me t ! logical und]/&+1 work+ 9 ab/raction f su* specifically religi\s exp]i5ces1 w always omit some?+1 & fail to rea* completely adequate conclusions4 ,dea? & failure1 x w always say1 are dea? & failure simply1 & c nev]more be "o ) life2 s religi\s exp]i5ce1 peculi>ly s call$1 ne$s1 9 my op9ion1 to be c>efully consid]$ & int]pret$ by e "o :o aspires to reason out a m complete philosophy4 ,! sort ( belief t religi\s exp]i5ce ( ?is type naturally eng5d]s 9 ^? :o h x is fully 9 accord ) ,fe*n]'s !ories4 ,to quote words :i* ,i h us$ else:]e1 ! believ] f9ds t ! t5d]] p>ts ( 8 p]sonal life are cont9u\s ) a m ( ! same quality :i* is op]ative 9 ! univ]se outside ( him & :i* he c keep 9 work+ t\* )1 & 9 a fa%ion get on bo>d ( & save himself1 :5 all 8 l[] be+ has gone to pieces 9 ! wreck4 ,9 a ^w1 ! believ] is cont9u\s1 to 8 own consci\sness1 at any rate1 ) a wid] self f :i* sav+ exp]i5ces fl[ 94 ,^? :o h su* exp]i5ces di/9ctly en\gh & (t5 en\gh to live 9 ! light ( !m rema9 q unmov$ by criticism1 f :atev] qu>t] x may come1 be x academic or sci5tific1 or be x m]ely ! voice ( logical common s5se4 ,!y h _h _! vision & !y "k--t is en\gh--t we inhabit an invisible spiritual environm5t f :i* help comes1 our s\l be+ my/]i\sly "o ) a l>g] s\l ^: in/rum5ts we are4 ,"o may !re=e plead1 ,i ?9k1 t ,fe*n]'s ideas are n )\t direct empirical v]ification4 ,!re is at any rate "o side ( life :i* w\ld be easily explicable if ^? ideas 7 true1 b ( :i* !re appe>s no cle> explanation s long z we assume ei!r ) naturalism t human consci\sness is ! highe/ consci\sness !re is1 or ) duali/ic !ism t !re is a high] m9d 9 ! cosmos1 b t x is discont9u\s ) our own4 ,x has always be5 a matt] ( surprise ) me t philosoph]s ( ! absolute %\ld h %[n s little int]e/ 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( life1 & s seldom put its ph5om5a 9 evid5ce1 ev5 :5 x seem$ obvi\s t p]sonal exp]i5ce ( "s k9d mu/ h made _! confid5ce 9 _! own vision s /rong4 ,! logician's bias has always be5 too mu* ) !m4 ,!y h pref]r$ ! ?9n] to ! ?ick] me?od1 dialectical ab/raction be+ s mu* m dignifi$ & academic ?an ! confus$ & un:olesome facts ( p]sonal biography4 ,9 spite ( rationalism's disda9 = ! p>ticul>1 ! p]sonal1 & ! un:olesome1 ! drift ( all ! evid5ce we h seems to me to sweep u v /rongly t[>ds ! belief 9 "s =m ( sup]human life ) :i* we may1 unkn[n to ourselves1 be co-consci\s4 ,we may be 9 ! univ]se z dogs & cats are 9 our libr>ies1 see+ ! books & he>+ ! conv]sation1 b hav+ no inkl+ ( ! mean+ ( x all4 ,! intellectuali/ objections to ?is fall away :5 ! au?ority ( intellectuali/ logic is und]m9$ by criticism1 & !n ! positive empirical evid5ce rema9s4 ,! analogies ) ord9>y psy*ology & ) ! facts ( pa?ology1 ) ^? ( psy*ical rese>*1 s call$1 & ) ^? ( religi\s exp]i5ce1 e/abli%1 :5 tak5 toge!r1 a decid$ly =midable probability 9 favor ( a g5]al view ( ! _w almo/ id5tical ) ,fe*n]'s4 ,! outl9es ( ! sup]human consci\sness ?us made probable mu/ rema91 h[ev]1 v vague1 & ! numb] ( functionally di/9ct 'selves' x comports & c>ries has to be left entirely problematic4 ,x may be poly!i/ically or x may be mono!i/ically conceiv$ (4 ,fe*n]1 ) 8 di/9ct e>?-s\l function+ z our gu>dian angel1 seems to me cle>ly poly!i/ic2 b ! ^w 'poly!ism' usually gives (f5ce1 s p]haps x is bett] n to use x4 ,only "o ?+ is c]ta91 & t is ! result ( our criticism ( ! absolute3 ! only way to escape f ! p>adoxes & p]plexities t a consi/5tly ?\ght-out moni/ic univ]se suff]s f z f a species ( auto-intoxication--! my/]y ( ! 'fall' namely1 ( reality laps+ into appe>ance1 tru? into error1 p]fection into imp]fection2 ( evil1 9 %ort2 ! my/]y ( univ]sal det]m9ism1 ( ! block-univ]se et]nal & )\t a hi/ory1 etc42--! only way ( escape1 ,i say1 f all ?is is to be frankly plurali/ic & assume t ! sup]human consci\sness1 h[ev] va/ x may be1 has itself an ext]nal environm5t1 & consequ5tly is f9ite4 ,pres5t day monism c>efully repudiates complicity ) sp9ozi/ic monism4 ,9 t1 x expla9s1 ! _m get dissolv$ 9 ! "o & lo/1 :]eas 9 ! improv$ ideali/ic =m !y get pres]v$ 9 all _! manyness z ! "o's et]nal object4 ,! absolute itself is ?us repres5t$ by absoluti/s z hav+ a plurali/ic object4 ,b if ev5 ! absolute has to h a plurali/ic vision1 :y %\ld we ourselves hesitate to be plurali/s on our own sole acc\nt8 ,:y %\ld we envelop our _m ) ! '"o' t br+s s mu* poison 9 its tra98 ,! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 !n1 z x seems to me1 bo? 9 !ology & 9 philosophy1 is to accept1 along ) ! sup]human consci\sness1 ! notion t x is n all-embrac+1 ! notion1 9 o!r words1 t !re is a ,god1 b t he is f9ite1 ei!r 9 p[] or 9 k1 or 9 bo? at once4 ,^!1 ,i ne$ h>dly tell y1 are ! t]ms 9 :i* common m5 h usually c>ri$ on _! active comm]ce ) ,god2 & ! moni/ic p]fections t make ! notion ( him s p>adoxical practically & morally are ! cold] addition ( remote pr(essorial m9ds op]at+ 9 di/ans ^u conceptual sub/itutes = him alone4 ,:y _c 'exp]i5ce' & 'reason' meet on ?is common gr\nd8 ,:y _c !y compromise8 ,may n ! godlessness usually b ne$lessly associat$ ) ! philosophy ( imm$iate exp]i5ce give way to a !ism n[ se5 to foll[ directly f t exp]i5ce m widely tak58 & may n rationalism1 satisfi$ ) see+ h] a priori pro(s ( ,god s effectively replac$ by empirical evid5ce1 abate some?+ ( h] absoluti/ claims8 ,let ,god b h ! lea/ inf9itesimal o!r ( any k9d beside him1 & empiricism & rationalism might /rike h&s 9 a la/+ treaty ( peace4 ,bo? might !n leave ab/ract ?9ness beh9d !m1 & seek toge!r1 z sci5tific m5 seek1 by us+ all ! analogies & data )9 rea*1 to build up ! mo/ probable approximate idea ( :at ! div9e consci\sness concretely may be l4 ,i v5ture to beg ! y\ng] ,ox=d ideali/s to consid] s]i\sly ?is alt]native4 ,few m5 are z qualifi$ by _! intellectual gifts to reap ! h>ve/s t seem c]ta9 to any "o :o1 l ,fe*n] & ,b]gson1 w leave ! ?9n] = ! ?ick] pa?4 ,compromise & m$iation are insep>able f ! plurali/ic philosophy4 ,only moni/ic dogmatism c say ( any ( its hypo!ses1 ',x is ei!r t or no?+2 take x or leave x j z x /&s4' ,! type ( monism preval5t at ,ox=d has kept ?is /eep & brittle attitude1 p>tly ?r\gh ! prov]bial academic pref]5ce = ?9 & elegant logical solutions1 p>tly f a mi/ak5 notion t ! only solidly gr\nd$ basis = religion 0 along ^? l9es4 ,if ,ox=d m5 c\ld be ignorant ( any?+1 x might almo/ seem t !y _h rema9$ ignorant ( ! great empirical movem5t t[>ds a plurali/ic panpsy*ic view ( ! univ]se1 into :i* our own g5]ation has be5 drawn1 & :i* ?reat5s to %ort-circuit _! me?ods entirely & become _! religi\s rival unless !y are will+ to make !mselves its allies4 ,yet1 w$d$ z !y seem to be to ! logical ma*9]y & te*nical app>atus ( absolutism1 ,i _c b believe t _! fidelity to ! religi\s ideal 9 g5]al is deep] /ill4 ,especially d ,i f9d x h>d to believe t ! m cl]ical adh]5ts ( ! s*ool w\ld hold s fa/ to its p>ticul> ma*9]y if only !y c\ld be made to ?9k t religion c\ld be secur$ 9 "s o!r way4 ,let empiricism once become associat$ ) religion1 z hi!rto1 ?r\gh "s /range misund]/&+1 x has be5 associat$ ) irreligion1 & ,i believe t a new era ( religion z well z ( philosophy w be ready to beg94 ,t great awak5+ ( a new popul> int]e/ 9 philosophy1 :i* is s /rik+ a ph5om5on at ! pres5t day 9 all c\ntries1 is und\bt$ly due 9 "p to religi\s dem&s4 ,z ! au?ority ( pa/ tradition t5ds m & m to crumble1 m5 naturally turn a wi/ful e> to ! au?ority ( reason or to ! evid5ce ( pres5t fact4 ,!y w assur$ly n be disappo9t$ if !y op5 _! m9ds to :at ! ?ick] & m radical empiricism has to say4 ,i fully believe t su* an empiricism is a m natural ally ?an dialectics ev] 71 or c be1 ( ! religi\s life4 ,x is true t sup]/itions & wild-gr[+ ov]-beliefs ( all sorts w und\bt$ly beg9 to ab\nd if ! notion ( high] consci\snesses envelop+ ours1 ( fe*n]ian e>?-s\ls & ! l1 gr[s or?odox & fa%ionable2 /ill m w !y sup]ab\nd if sci5ce ev] puts h] approv+ /amp on ! ph5om5a ( :i* ,fr$]ic ,my]s s e>ne/ly advocat$ ! sci5tific recognition1 ! ph5om5a ( psy*ic rese>* s-call$--& ,i myself firmly believe t mo/ ( ^! ph5om5a are root$ 9 reality4 ,b ought "o s]i\sly to all[ su* a timid consid]ation z t to det] "o f foll[+ ! evid5t pa? ( greate/ religi\s promise8 ,s9ce :51 9 ?is mix$ _w1 0 any good ?+ giv5 u 9 pure/ outl9e & isolation8 ,"o ( ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( life is life's r$undancy4 ,! sole condition ( our hav+ any?+1 no matt] :at1 is t we %\ld h s mu* ( x1 t we are =tunate if we d n gr[ sick ( ! sight & s\nd ( x altoge!r4 ,ev]y?+ is smo!r$ 9 ! litt] t is fat$ to accompany x4 ,)\t too mu* y _c h en\gh1 ( any?+4 ,lots ( inf]ior books1 lots ( bad /atues1 lots ( dull spee*es1 ( t5?-rate m5 & wom51 z a condition ( ! few preci\s specim5s 9 ei!r k9d be+ realiz$6 ,! gold-du/ comes to bir? ) ! qu>tz-s& all ar\nd x1 & ?is is z mu* a condition ( religion z ( any o!r excell5t possession4 ,!re mu/ be extrication2 !re mu/ be competition = survival2 b ! clay matrix & ! noble gem mu/ fir/ come into be+ unsift$4 ,once extricat$1 ! gem c be exam9$ sep>ately1 conceptualiz$1 def9$1 & insulat$4 ,b ?is process ( extrication _c be %ort-circuit$--or if x is1 y get ! ?9 inf]ior ab/ractions :i* we h se51 ei!r ! holl[ unreal god ( s*ola/ic !ology1 or ! un9telligible pan!i/ic mon/]1 in/ead ( ! m liv+ div9e reality ) :i* x appe>s c]ta9 t empirical me?ods t5d to connect m5 9 imag9ation4 ,arriv$ at ?is po9t1 ,i ask y to g back to my fir/ lecture & rememb]1 if y c1 :at ,i quot$ !re f y\r own ,pr(essor ,jacks--:at he said ab\t ! philosoph] himself be+ tak5 up into ! univ]se :i* he is acc\nt+ =4 ,?is is ! fe*n]ian z well z ! hegelian view1 & ?us our end rejo9s h>moni\sly our beg9n+4 ,philosophies are intimate p>ts ( ! univ]se1 !y express some?+ ( its own ?\ght ( itself4 ,a philosophy may inde$ be a mo/ mom5t\s reaction ( ! univ]se ^u itself4 ,x may1 z ,i said1 possess & h&le itself diff]5tly 9 consequ5ce ( u philosoph]s1 ) our !ories1 be+ "h2 x may tru/ itself or mi/ru/ itself ! m1 &1 by do+ ! "o or ! o!r1 des]ve m ! tru/ or ! mi/ru/4 ,:at mi/ru/s itself des]ves mi/ru/4 ,?is is ! philosophy ( humanism 9 ! wide/ s5se4 ,our philosophies swell ! curr5t ( be+1 add _! "* to x4 ,!y are "p ( all t we h met1 ( all t makes u be4 ,z a ,fr5* philosoph] says1 ',n\s sommes du rel dans le rel4' ,our ?\ghts det]m9e our acts1 & our acts r$et]m9e ! previ\s nature ( ! _w4 ,?us does =eignness get bani%$ f our _w1 & f> m s :5 we take ! sy/em ( x plurali/ically ?an :5 we take x moni/ically4 ,we are inde$ int]nal p>ts ( ,god & n ext]nal creations1 on any possible read+ ( ! panpsy*ic sy/em4 ,yet because ,god is n ! absolute1 b is himself a "p :5 ! sy/em is conceiv$ plurali/ically1 8 functions c be tak5 z n :olly dissimil> to ^? ( ! o!r small] p>ts1--z simil> to our functions consequ5tly4 ,hav+ an environm5t1 be+ 9 "t1 & work+ out a hi/ory j l ourselves1 he escapes f ! =eignness f all t is human1 ( ! /atic timeless p]fect absolute4 ,rememb] t "o ( our tr\bles ) t 0 its ess5tial =eignness & mon/rosity--!re really is no o!r ^w = x ?an t4 ,its hav+ ! all-inclusive =m gave to x an ess5tially het]og5e\s nature f ourselves4 ,& ?is great diff]5ce betwe5 absolutism & pluralism dem&s no diff]5ce 9 ! univ]se's mat]ial cont5t--x foll[s f a diff]5ce 9 ! =m alone4 ,! all-=m or moni/ic =m makes ! =eignness result1 ! ea*-=m or plurali/ic =m leaves ! intimacy undi/urb$4 ,no matt] :at ! cont5t ( ! univ]se may be1 if y only all[ t x is _m ev]y:]e & always1 t no?+ real escapes f hav+ an environm5t2 s f> f defeat+ its rationality1 z ! absoluti/s s unanim\sly pret5d1 y leave x 9 possession ( ! maximum am\nt ( rationality practically atta9able by our m9ds4 ,y\r relations ) x1 intellectual1 emotional1 & active1 rema9 flu5t & congru\s ) y\r own nature's *ief dem&s4 ,x w\ld be a pity if ! ^w 'rationality' 7 all[$ to give u tr\ble "h4 ,x is "o ( ^? eulogi/ic words t bo? sides claim--= almo/ no "o is will+ to adv]tise 8 philosophy z a sy/em ( irrationality4 ,b l mo/ ( ! words :i* p us$ eulogi/ically1 ! ^w 'rational' c>ries too _m mean+s4 ,! mo/ objective "o is t ( ! old] logic--! connexion betwe5 two ?+s is rational :5 y c inf] "o f ! o!r1 mortal f ,socrates1 e4g42 & y c d t only :5 !y h a quality 9 common4 ,b ?is k9d ( rationality is j t logic ( id5tity :i* all disciples ( ,hegel f9d insuffici5t4 ,!y sup]s$e x by ! high] rationality ( negation & contradiction & make ! notion vague aga94 ,!n y get ! ae/hetic or teleologic k9ds ( rationality1 say+ t :atev] fits 9 any way1 :atev] is beautiful or good1 :atev] is purposive or gratifies desire1 is rational 9 s f> =?4 ,!n aga91 accord+ to ,hegel1 :atev] is 'real' is rational4 ,i myself said a:ile ago t :atev] lets loose any action :i* we are fond ( ex]t+ seems rational4 ,x w\ld be bett] to give up ! ^w 'rational' altoge!r ?an to get into a m]ely v]bal fight ab\t :o has ! be/ "r to keep x4 ,p]haps ! words '=eignness' & 'intimacy1' :i* ,i put =w>d 9 my fir/ lecture1 express ! contra/ ,i insi/ on bett] ?an ! words 'rationality' & 'irrationality'--let u /ick to !m1 !n4 ,i n[ say t ! notion ( ! '"o' bre$s =eignness & t ( ! '_m' intimacy1 = reasons :i* ,i h urg$ at only too great l5g?1 & ) :i*1 :e!r !y conv9ce y or n1 ,i may suppose t y are n[ well acqua9t$4 ,b :at at bottom is meant by call+ ! univ]se _m or by call+ x "o8 ,pragmatically int]pret$1 pluralism or ! doctr9e t x is _m means only t ! sundry p>ts ( reality may be ext]nally relat$4 ,ev]y?+ y c ?9k (1 h[ev] va/ or inclusive1 has on ! plurali/ic view a g5u9ely 'ext]nal' environm5t ( "s sort or am\nt4 ,?+s are ')' "o ano!r 9 _m ways1 b no?+ includes ev]y?+1 or dom9ates ov] ev]y?+4 ,! ^w '&' trails along aft] e s5t5ce4 ,some?+ always escapes4 ',ev] n q' has to be said ( ! be/ attempts made any:]e 9 ! univ]se at atta9+ all-inclusiv5ess4 ,! plurali/ic _w is ?us m l a f$]al republic ?an l an empire or a k+dom4 ,h[ev] mu* may be collect$1 h[ev] mu* may report itself z pres5t at any effective c5tre ( consci\sness or action1 some?+ else is self-gov]n$ & abs5t & unr$uc$ to unity4 ,monism1 on ! o!r h&1 insi/s t :5 y come d[n to reality z su*1 to ! reality ( realities1 ev]y?+ is pres5t to ev]y?+ else 9 "o va/ in/antane\s co-implicat$ complet5ess--no?+ c 9 any s5se1 functional or sub/antial1 be really abs5t f any?+ else1 all ?+s int]p5etrate & telescope toge!r 9 ! great total conflux4 ,= pluralism1 all t we are requir$ to admit z ! con/itution ( reality is :at we ourselves f9d empirically realiz$ 9 e m9imum ( f9ite life4 ,briefly x is ?is1 t no?+ real is absolutely simple1 t e smalle/ bit ( exp]i5ce is a multum 9 p>vo plurally relat$1 t ea* relation is "o aspect1 "*1 or function1 way ( its be+ tak51 or way ( its tak+ some?+ else2 & t a bit ( reality :5 actively engag$ 9 "o ( ^! relations is n by t v fact engag$ 9 all ! o!r relations simultane\sly4 ,! relations are n all :at ! ,fr5* call solidaires ) "o ano!r4 ,)\t los+ its id5tity a ?+ c ei!r take up or drop ano!r ?+1 l ! log ,i spoke (1 :i* by tak+ up new c>ri]s & dropp+ old ones c travel any:]e ) a light escort4 ,= monism1 on ! contr>y1 ev]y?+1 :e!r we realize x or n1 drags ! :ole univ]se along ) itself & drops no?+4 ,! log />ts & arrives ) all its c>ri]s support+ x4 ,if a ?+ 7 once disconnect$1 x c\ld nev] be connect$ aga91 accord+ to monism4 ,! pragmatic diff]5ce betwe5 ! two sy/ems is ?us a def9ite "o4 ,x is j ?us1 t if a is once out ( sight ( b or out ( t\* ) x1 or1 m briefly1 'out' ( x at all1 !n1 accord+ to monism1 x mu/ always rema9 s1 !y c nev] get toge!r2 :]eas pluralism admits t on ano!r occasion !y may "w toge!r1 or 9 "s way be connect$ aga94 ,monism all[s = no su* ?+s z 'o!r occasions' 9 reality--9 real or absolute reality1 t is4 ,! diff]5ce ,i try to describe am\nts1 y see1 to no?+ m ?an ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at ,i =m]ly call$ ! ea*-=m & ! all-=m ( reality4 ,pluralism lets ?+s really exi/ 9 ! ea*-=m or di/ributively4 ,monism ?9ks t ! all-=m or collective-unit =m is ! only =m t is rational4 ,! all-=m all[s ( no tak+ up & dropp+ ( connexions1 = 9 ! all ! p>ts are ess5tially & et]nally co-implicat$4 ,9 ! ea*-=m1 on ! contr>y1 a ?+ may be connect$ by int]m$i>y ?+s1 ) a ?+ ) :i* x has no imm$iate or ess5tial connexion4 ,x is ?us at all times 9 _m possible connexions :i* are n necess>ily actualiz$ at ! mom5t4 ,!y dep5d on :i* actual pa? ( int]m$iation x may functionally /rike into3 ! ^w 'or' names a g5u9e reality4 ,?us1 z ,i speak "h1 ,i may look ahead or to ! "r or to ! left1 & 9 ei!r case ! int]v5+ space & air & e!r enable me to see ! faces ( a diff]5t portion ( ?is audi5ce4 ,my be+ "h is indep5d5t ( any "o set ( ^! faces4 ,if ! ea*-=m be ! et]nal =m ( reality no less ?an x is ! =m ( temporal appe>ance1 we /ill h a coh]5t _w1 & n an inc>nate incoh]5ce1 z is *>g$ by s _m absoluti/s4 ,our 'multiv]se' /ill makes a 'univ]se'2 = e "p1 ?o x may n be 9 actual or imm$iate connexion1 is nev]!less 9 "s possible or m$iat$ connexion1 ) e o!r "p h[ev] remote1 ?r\gh ! fact t ea* "p hangs toge!r ) its v next neighbors 9 inextricable int]fusion4 ,! type ( union1 x is true1 is diff]5t "h f ! moni/ic type ( all-e9heit4 ,x is n a univ]sal co-implication1 or integration ( all ?+s dur*e9&]4 ,x is :at ,i call ! /rung-along type1 ! type ( cont9uity1 contiguity1 or concat5ation4 ,if y pref] greek words1 y may call x ! syne*i/ic type4 ,at all ev5ts1 y see t x =ms a def9itely conceivable alt]native to ! ?r\gh-&-?r\gh unity ( all ?+s at once1 :i* is ! type oppos$ to x by monism4 ,y see also t x /&s or falls ) ! notion ,i h tak5 su* pa9s to def5d1 ( ! ?r\gh-&-?r\gh union ( adjac5t m9ima ( exp]i5ce1 ( ! conflu5ce ( e pass+ mom5t ( concretely felt exp]i5ce ) its imm$iately next neighbors4 ,! recognition ( ?is fact ( coalesc5ce ( next ) next 9 concrete exp]i5ce1 s t all ! insulat+ cuts we make !re are artificial products ( ! conceptualiz+ faculty1 is :at di/+ui%es ! empiricism :i* ,i call 'radical1' f ! bugaboo empiricism ( ! traditional rationali/ critics1 :i* 7rightly or wrongly7 is accus$ ( *opp+ up exp]i5ce into atomi/ic s5sations1 incapable ( union ) "o ano!r until a purely intellectual pr9ciple has swoop$ d[n ^u !m f on high & fold$ !m 9 its own conjunctive categories4 ,"h1 !n1 y h ! pla9 alt]native1 & ! full my/]y ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 pluralism & monism1 z cle>ly z ,i c set x =? on ?is occasion4 ,x packs up into a nut%ell3--,is ! manyness 9 on5ess t indubitably *>act]izes ! _w we inhabit1 a prop]ty only ( ! absolute :ole ( ?+s1 s t y mu/ po/ulate t "o-enorm\s-:ole indivisibly z ! prius ( !re be+ any _m at all--9 o!r words1 />t ) ! rationali/ic block-univ]se1 entire1 unmitigat$1 & complete8--or c ! f9ite elem5ts h _! own aborig9al =ms ( manyness 9 on5ess1 & :]e !y h no imm$iate on5ess /ill be cont9u$ into "o ano!r by int]m$i>y t]ms--ea* "o ( ^! t]ms be+ "o ) its next neighbors1 & yet ! total 'on5ess' nev] gett+ absolutely complete8 ,! alt]native is def9ite4 ,x seems to me1 moreov]1 t ! two horns ( x make pragmatically diff]5t e?ical appeals--at lea/ !y may d s1 to c]ta9 individuals4 ,b if y consid] ! plurali/ic horn to be intr9sically irrational1 self-contradictory1 & absurd1 ,i c n[ say no m 9 its def5ce4 ,hav+ done :at ,i c\ld 9 my e>li] lectures to break ! edge ( ! intellectuali/ic r$uctiones ad absurdum1 ,i mu/ leave ! issue 9 y\r h&s4 ,:atev] ,i may say1 ea* ( y w be sure to take pluralism or leave x1 j z y\r own s5se ( rationality moves & incl9es4 ,! only ?+ ,i emphatically insi/ ^u is t x is a fully co-ord9ate hypo!sis ) monism4 ,?is _w may1 9 ! la/ resort1 be a block-univ]se2 b on ! o!r h& x may be a univ]se only /rung-along1 n r\nd$ 9 & clos$4 ,reality may exi/ di/ributively j z x s5sibly seems to1 aft] all4 ,on t possibility ,i d insi/4 ,"o's g5]al vision ( ! probable usually decides su* alt]natives4 ,!y illu/rate :at ,i once wrote ( z ! 'w to believe4' ,9 "s ( my lectures at ,h>v>d ,i h spok5 ( :at ,i call ! 'fai?-ladd]1' z some?+ q diff]5t f ! sorites ( ! logic-books1 yet seem+ to h an analog\s =m4 ,i ?9k y w quickly recognize 9 y\rselves1 z ,i describe x1 ! m5tal process to :i* ,i give ?is "n4 ,a conception ( ! _w arises 9 y someh[1 no matt] h[4 ,is x true or n8 y ask4 ,x might be true some:]e1 y say1 = x is n self-contradictory4 ,x may be true1 y cont9ue1 ev5 "h & n[4 ,x is fit to be true1 x w\ld be well if x 7 true1 x ought to be true1 y pres5tly feel4 ,x mu/ be true1 some?+ p]suasive 9 y :isp]s next2 & !n--z a f9al result-- ,x %all be held = true1 y decide2 x %all be z if true1 = y4 ,& y\r act+ ?us may 9 c]ta9 special cases be a means ( mak+ x securely true 9 ! end4 ,n "o /ep 9 ?is process is logical1 yet x is ! way 9 :i* moni/s & plurali/s alike esp\se & hold fa/ to _! visions4 ,x is life exce$+ logic1 x is ! practical reason = :i* ! !oretic reason f9ds argum5ts aft] ! conclusion is once !re4 ,9 j ?is way d "s ( u hold to ! unf9i%$ plurali/ic univ]se2 9 j ?is way d o!rs hold to ! timeless univ]se et]nally complete4 ,mean:ile ! incomplet5ess ( ! plurali/ic univ]se1 ?us assum$ & held to z ! mo/ probable hypo!sis1 is also repres5t$ by ! plurali/ic philosophy z be+ self-rep>ative ?r\gh u1 z gett+ its disconnections rem$i$ 9 "p by our behavior4 ',we use :at we are & h1 to "k2 & :at we "k1 to be & h /ill m4'#a ,?us d philosophy & reality1 !ory & action1 "w 9 ! same circle indef9itely4 ,i h n[ f9i%$ ^! poor lectures1 & z y look back on !m1 !y d\btless seem rambl+ & inconclusive en\gh4 ,my only hope is t !y may possibly h prov$ sugge/ive2 & if inde$ !y h be5 sugge/ive ( "o po9t ( me?od1 ,i am almo/ will+ to let all o!r sugge/ions g4 ,t po9t is t x is high "t = ! basis ( discussion 9 ^! que/ions to be broad5$ & ?ick5$ up4 ,x is = t t ,i h br\ght 9 ,fe*n] & ,b]gson1 & descriptive psy*ology & religi\s exp]i5ces1 & h v5tur$ ev5 to h9t at psy*ical rese>* & o!r wild bea/s ( ! philosophic des]t4 ,ow+ possibly to ! fact t ,plato & ,ari/otle1 ) _! intellectualism1 are ! basis ( philosophic /udy "h1 ! ,ox=d br& ( transc5d5talism seems to me to h conf9$ itself too exclusively to ?9 logical consid]ations1 t w\ld hold good 9 all conceivable worlds1 worlds ( an empirical con/itution entirely diff]5t f ours4 ,x is z if ! actual peculi>ities ( ! _w t is 7 entirely irrelevant to ! cont5t ( tru?4 ,b !y _c be irrelevant2 & ! philosophy ( ! future mu/ imitate ! sci5ces 9 tak+ !m m & m elaborately into acc\nt4 ,i urge "s ( ! y\ng] memb]s ( ?is le>n$ audi5ce to lay ?is h9t to he>t4 ,if y c d s effectively1 mak+ /ill m concrete advances ^u ! pa? :i* ,fe*n] & ,b]gson h s entic+ly op5$ up1 if y c ga!r philosophic conclusions ( any k9d1 moni/ic or plurali/ic1 f ! p>ticul>s ( life1 ,i w say1 z ,i n[ d say1 ) ! *e]fulle/ ( he>ts1 ',r+ out1 r+ out my m\rnful rhymes1 b r+ ! full] m9/rel 94' ,,notes ,,lecture ,i ,note #a1 page #e4--;,bailey3 op4 cit41 ,fir/ ,s]ies1 p4 #eb4 ,note #b1 page #aa4--,small] ,logic1 #aid4 ,note #c1 page #af4--;,exploratio philosophica1 ,"p ,i1 #ahfe1 pp4 xxxviii1 #acj4 ,note #d1 page #bj4--;,h9neb]g3 ,die ,kultur d] ,geg5w>t3 ,sy/ematis*e ,philosophie4 ,leipzig3 ,teubn]1 #aijg4 ,,lecture ,,ii ,note #a1 page #ej4--,! diff]5ce is t ! bad p>ts ( ?is f9ite are et]nal & ess5tial = absoluti/s1 :]eas plurali/s may hope t !y w ev5tually get sl\gh$ (f & become z if !y _h n be54 ,note #b1 page #ea4--,quot$ by ,w4 ,wallace3 ,lectures & ,essays1 ,ox=d1 #ahih1 p4 #efj4 ,note #c1 page #ea4--,logic1 tr4 ,wallace1 #ahgd1 p4 #aha4 ,note #d1 page #eb4--;,ibid41 p4 #cjd4 ,note #e1 page #ec4--;,contempor>y ,review1 ,decemb]1 #aijg1 vol4 #ib1 p4 #fah4 ,note #f1 page #eg4--,metaphysic1 sec4 #fi ff4 ,note #g1 page #fb4--,! ,_w & ! ,individual1 vol4 i1 pp4 #aca-acb4 ,note #h1 page #fg4--;,a good illu/ration ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 a controv]sy betwe5 ,mr4 ,bradley & ! pres5t writ]1 9 ,m9d = #ahic1 ,mr4 ,bradley cont5d+ 7if ,i und]/ood him rightly7 t 'resemblance' is an illegitimate category1 because x admits ( degrees1 & t ! only real relations 9 comp>ison are absolute id5tity & absolute non-comp>ability4 ,note #i1 page #ge4--,/udies 9 ! ,hegelian ,dialectic1 p4 #ahd4 ,note #aj1 page #ge4--;,appe>ance & ,reality1 #ahic1 pp4 #ada-adb4 ,note #aa1 page #gf4--;,cf4 ,elem5ts ( ,metaphysics1 p4 #hh4 ,note #ab1 page #gg4--,"s ,dogmas ( ,religion1 p4 #ahd4 ,note #ac1 page #hj4--;,= a m detail$ criticism ( ,mr4 ,bradley's intellectualism1 see ,app5dix ,a4 ,,lecture ,,iii ,note #a1 page #id4--;,hegel1 ,small] ,logic1 pp4 #ahd-ahe4 ,note #b1 page #ie4--;,cf4 ,hegel's f9e v9dication ( ?is function ( contradiction 9 8 ,wiss5s*aft d] ,logik1 ,bk4 ii1 sec4 #a1 *ap1 ii1 ,c1 ,anm]kung #c4 ,note #c1 page #ie--;,hegel1 9 ,blackwood's ,philosophical ,classics1 p4 #afb4 ,note #d1 page #ie--,wiss5s*aft d] ,logik1 ,bk4 i1 sec4 #a1 *ap1 ii1 ,b1 a4 ,note #e1 page #if--,wallace's translation ( ! ,small] ,logic1 p4 #abh4 ,note #f1 page #aja--;,joa*im1 ,! ,nature ( ,tru?1 ,ox=d1 #aijf1 pp4 #bb1 #agh4 ,! argum5t 9 case ! belief %\ld be d\bt$ w\ld be ! high] syn!tic idea3 if two tru?s 7 possible1 ! duality ( t possibility w\ld itself be ! "o tru? t w\ld unite !m4 ,note #g1 page #aae4--,! ,_w & ! ,individual1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #che1 #chf1 #dji4 ,note #h1 page #aaf4--,! be/ uninspir$ argum5t 7aga9 n ironical67 :i* ,i "k is t 9 ,miss ,m4,w4 ,calk9s's excell5t book1 ,! ,p]si/5t ,problems ( ,philosophy1 ,macmillan1 #aijb4 ,note #i1 page #aag4--;,cf4 ,dr4 ,full]'s excell5t article1' ,e?ical monism & ! problem ( evil1' 9 ! ,h>v>d ,j\rnal ( ,!ology1 vol4 i1 ,no4 #b1 ,april1 #aijh4 ,note #aj1 page #abj4--,metaphysic1 sec4 #gi4 ,note #aa1 page #aba4--,/udies 9 ! ,hegelian ,dialectic1 secs4 #aej1 #aec4 ,note #ab1 page #aba4--,! ,nature ( ,tru?1 #aijf1 pp4 #agj-aga4 ,note #ac1 page #aba4--;,ibid41 p4 #agi4 ,note #ad1 page #abc4--,! psy*ological analogy t c]ta9 f9ite tracts ( consci\sness are compos$ ( isolable p>ts add$ toge!r1 _c be us$ by absoluti/s z pro( t su* p>ts are ess5tial elem5ts ( all consci\sness4 ,o!r f9ite fields ( consci\sness seem 9 po9t ( fact n to be simil>ly resolvable into isolable p>ts4 ,note #ae1 page #abh4--;,judg+ by ! analogy ( ! relation :i* our c5tral consci\sness seems to be> to t ( our sp9al cord1 l[] ganglia1 etc41 x w\ld seem natural to suppose t 9 :atev] sup]human m5tal syn!sis !re may be1 ! neglect & elim9ation ( c]ta9 cont5ts ( :i* we are consci\s on ! human level might be z *>act]i/ic a feature z is ! comb9ation & int]weav+ ( o!r human cont5ts4 ,,lecture ,,iv ,note #a1 page #adc4--,! ,_s ( ,mod]n ,philosophy1 p4 #bbg4 ,note #b1 page #afe4--;,fe*n]3 b] die ,seel5frage1 #ahfa1 p4 #agj4 ,note #c1 page #afh4--;,fe*n]'s late/ summ>iz+ ( 8 views1 ,die ,tagesansi*t geg5b] d] ,na*tansi*t1 ,leipzig1 #ahgi1 is n[1 ,i und]/&1 9 process ( translation4 ,8 ,little ,book ( ,life aft] ,dea? exi/s already 9 two ,am]ican v]sions1 "o publi%$ by ,little1 ,br[n ,co41 ,bo/on1 ! o!r by ! ,op5 ,c\rt ,co41 ,*icago4 ,note #d1 page #agf4--,mr4 ,bradley ought to be to "s degree exempt$ f my attack 9 ^! la/ pages4 ,comp>e especially :at he says ( non-human consci\sness 9 8 ,appe>ance & ,reality1 pp4 #bfi-bgb4 ,,lecture ,v ,note #a1 page #ahb4--,royce3 ,! ,_s ( ,mod]n ,philosophy1 p4 #cgi4 ,note #b1 page #ahd4--,! ,_w & ! ,individual1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #eh-fb4 ,note #c1 page #aij4--;,i hold to x /ill z ! be/ description ( an enorm\s numb] ( our high] fields ( consci\sness4 ,!y demon/rably d n conta9 ! l[] /ates t "k ! same objects4 ,( o!r fields1 h[ev] ?is is n s true2 s1 9 ! ,psy*ological ,review = #ahie1 vol4 ii1 p4 #aje 7see especially pp4 #aai-abj71 ,i frankly )drew1 9 pr9ciple1 my =m] objection to talk+ ( fields ( consci\sness be+ made ( simpl] 'p>ts1' leav+ ! facts to decide ! "q 9 ea* special case4 ,note #d1 page #aid4--;,i ab/ract f ! consci\sness atta*$ to ! :ole itself1 if su* consci\sness be !re4 ,,lecture ,,vi ,note #a1 page #bej4--;,= a m explicit v9dication ( ! notion ( activity1 see ,app5dix ,b1 :]e ,i try to def5d its recognition z a def9ite =m ( imm$iate exp]i5ce aga9/ its rationali/ic critics4 ,i subjo9 "h a few rem>ks de/9$ to dis>m "s possible critics ( ,pr(essor ,b]gson1 :o1 to def5d himself aga9/ misund]/&+s ( 8 mean+1 ought to amplify & m fully expla9 8 /atem5t t concepts h a practical b n a !oretical use4 ,und]/ood 9 "o way1 ! !sis s\nds indef5sible1 = by concepts we c]ta9ly increase our k ab\t ?+s1 & t seems a !oretical a*ievem5t1 :atev] practical a*ievem5ts may foll[ 9 its tra94 ,inde$1 ,m4 ,b]gson might seem to be easily refutable out ( 8 own m\?4 ,8 philosophy pret5ds1 if any?+1 to give a bett] insight into tru? ?an rationali/ic philosophies give3 yet :at is x 9 itself if n a conceptual sy/em8 ,does its au?or n reason by concepts exclusively 9 8 v attempt to %[ t !y c give no insight8 ,to ?is p>ticul> objection1 at any rate1 x is easy to reply4 ,9 us+ concepts ( 8 own to discr$it ! !oretic claims ( concepts g5]ally1 ,b]gson does n contradict1 b on ! contr>y emphatically illu/rates 8 own view ( _! practical role1 = !y s]ve 9 8 h&s only to 'ori5t' u1 to %[ u to :at qu>t] we mu/ practically turn if we wi% to ga9 t complet] insight into reality :i* he d5ies t !y c give4 ,he directs our hopes away f !m & t[>ds ! despis$ s5sible flux4 ,:at he rea*es by _! means is ?us only a new practical attitude4 ,he b re/ores1 aga9/ ! vetoes ( intellectuali/ philosophy1 our naturally cordial relations ) s5sible exp]i5ce & common s5se4 ,?is s]vice is surely only practical2 b x is a s]vice = :i* we may be almo/ immeasurably grateful4 ,to tru/ our s5ses aga9 ) a good philosophic consci5ce6--:o ev] conf]r$ on u s valuable a fre$om be=e8 ,by mak+ c]ta9 di/9ctions & additions x seems easy to meet ! o!r c\nts ( ! indictm5t4 ,concepts are realities ( a new ord]1 ) p>ticul> relations betwe5 !m4 ,^! relations are j z mu* directly p]ceiv$1 :5 we comp>e our v>i\s concepts1 z ! di/ance betwe5 two s5se-objects is p]ceiv$ :5 we look at x4 ,conception is an op]ation :i* gives u mat]ial = new acts ( p]ception1 !n2 & :5 ! results ( ^! are writt5 d[n1 we get ^? bodies ( 'm5tal tru?' 7z ,locke call$ x7 kn[n z ma!matics1 logic1 & a priori metaphysics4 ,to "k all ?is tru? is a !oretic a*ievem5t1 inde$1 b x is a n>r[ "o2 = ! relations betwe5 conceptual objects z su* are only ! /atic ones ( b>e comp>ison1 z diff]5ce or sam5ess1 congruity or contradiction1 inclusion or exclusion4 ,no?+ happ5s 9 ! realm ( concepts2 relations !re are 'et]nal' only4 ,! !oretic ga9 fails s f>1 !re=e1 to t\* ev5 ! out] hem ( ! real _w1 ! _w ( causal & dynamic relations1 ( activity & hi/ory4 ,to ga9 insight into all t mov+ life1 ,b]gson is "r 9 turn+ u away f conception & t[>ds p]ception4 ,by comb9+ concepts ) p]cepts1 we c draw maps ( ! di/ribution ( o!r p]cepts 9 di/ant space & "t4 ,to "k ?is di/ribution is ( c\rse a !oretic a*ievem5t1 b ! a*ievem5t is extremely limit$1 x _c be effect$ )\t p]cepts1 & ev5 !n :at x yields is only /atic relations4 ,f maps we le>n positions only1 & ! position ( a ?+ is b ! slighte/ k9d ( tru? ab\t x2 b1 be+ indisp5sable = =m+ our plans ( action1 ! conceptual map-mak+ has ! enorm\s practical importance on :i* ,b]gson s rightly insi/s4 ,b concepts1 x w be said1 d n only give u et]nal tru?s ( comp>ison & maps ( ! positions ( ?+s1 !y br+ new values into life4 ,9 _! mapp+ function !y /& to p]ception 9 g5]al 9 ! same relation 9 :i* sight & he>+ /& to t\*--,sp5c] calls ^! high] s5ses only organs ( anticipatory t\*4 ,b our eyes & e>s also op5 to u worlds ( indep5d5t glory3 music & decorative art result1 & an incr$ible enhancem5t ( life's value foll[s4 ,ev5 s does ! conceptual _w br+ new ranges ( value & ( motivation to our life4 ,its maps n only s]ve u practically1 b ! m]e m5tal possession ( su* va/ pictures is ( itself an inspir+ good4 ,new int]e/s & incitem5ts1 & feel+s ( p[]1 sublimity1 & admiration are ar\s$4 ,ab/ractness p] se seems to h a t\* ( ideality4 ,,royce',s 'loyalty to loyalty' is an excell5t example4 ',causes1' z anti-slav]y1 democracy1 lib]ty1 etc41 dw9dle :5 realiz$ 9 _! sordid p>ticul>s4 ,! v]itable 'ca%-value' ( ! idea seems to cleave to x only 9 ! ab/ract /atus4 ,tru? at l>ge1 z ,,royce cont5ds1 9 8 ,philosophy ( ,loyalty1 appe>s ano!r ?+ altoge!r f ! true p>ticul>s 9 :i* x is be/ to believe4 ,x transc5ds 9 value all ^? 'exp$i5cies1' & is some?+ to live =1 :e!r exp$i5t or inexp$i5t4 ,tru? ) a big ,t is a 'mom5t\s issue'2 tru?s 9 detail are 'poor scraps1' m]e 'crumbl+ successes4' 7,op4 cit41 ,lecture ,,vii1 especially v47 ,is1 n[1 su* br++ into exi/5ce ( a new value to be reg>d$ z a !oretic a*ievem5t8 ,! "q is a nice "o1 = al?o a value is 9 "o s5se an objective quality p]ceiv$1 ! ess5ce ( t quality is its relation to ! w1 & consi/s 9 its be+ a dynamog5ic spur t makes our action diff]5t4 ,s f> z _! value-creat+ function goes1 x w\ld ?us appe> t concepts connect !mselves m ) our active ?an ) our !oretic life1 s "h aga9 ,b]gson's =mulation seems unobjectionable4 ,p]sons :o h c]ta9 concepts are animat$ o!rwise1 pursue _! own vital c>e]s diff]5tly4 ,x doesn't necess>ily foll[ t !y und]/& o!r vital c>e]s m intimately4 ,aga9 x may be said t we comb9e old concepts into new ones1 conceiv+ ?us su* realities z ! e!r1 ,god1 s\ls1 or :at n1 ( :i* our s5sible life alone w\ld leave u altoge!r ignorant4 ,?is surely is an increase ( our k1 & may well be call$ a !oretical a*ievem5t4 ,yet "h aga9 ,b]gson's criticisms hold good4 ,mu* z conception may tell u ab\t su* invisible objects1 x %$s no ray ( light into _! int]ior4 ,! complet]1 inde$1 our def9itions ( e!r-waves1 atoms1 ,gods1 or s\ls become1 ! less in/ead ( ! m intelligible d !y appe> to u4 ,! le>n$ 9 su* ?+s are consequ5tly beg9n+ m & m to ascribe a solely in/rum5tal value to our concepts ( !m4 ,e!r & molecules may be l co-ord9ates & av]ages1 only s _m crut*es by ! help ( :i* we practically p]=m ! op]ation ( gett+ ab\t among our s5sible exp]i5ces4 ,we see f ^! consid]ations h[ easily ! "q ( :e!r ! function ( concepts is !oretical or practical may gr[ into a logoma*y4 ,x may be bett] f ?is po9t ( view to refuse to recognize ! alt]native z a %>p "o4 ,! sole ?+ t is c]ta9 9 ! mid/ ( x all is t ,b]gson is absolutely "r 9 cont5d+ t ! :ole life ( activity & *ange is inw>dly imp5etrable to conceptual treatm5t1 & t x op5s itself only to sympa!tic appreh5sion at ! h&s ( imm$iate feel+4 ,all ! :ats z well z ! ?ats ( reality1 relational z well z t]m9al1 are 9 ! end cont5ts ( imm$iate concrete p]ception4 ,yet ! remot] unp]ceiv$ arrangem5ts1 temporal1 spatial1 & logical1 ( ^! cont5ts1 are also some?+ t we ne$ to "k z well = ! pleasure ( ! kn[+ z = ! practical help4 ,we may call ?is ne$ ( arrangem5t a !oretic ne$ or a practical ne$1 accord+ z we *oose to lay ! emphasis2 b ,b]gson is accurately "r :5 he limits conceptual k to arrangem5t1 & :5 he insi/s t arrangem5t is ! m]e skirt & sk9 ( ! :ole ( :at we ought to "k4 ,note #b1 page #bff4--;,ga/on ,rageot1 ,revue ,philosophique1 vol4 lxiv1 p4 #he 7,july1 #aijg74 ,note #c1 page #bfh4--;,i h myself talk$ 9 o!r ways z plausibly z ,i c\ld1 9 my ,psy*ology1 & talk$ truly 7z ,i believe7 9 c]ta9 select$ cases2 b = o!r cases ! natural way inv9cibly comes back4 ,,lecture ,,vii ,note #a1 page #bgh4--;,introduction to ,hume1 #ahgd1 p4 #aea4 ,note #b1 page #bgi4--;,ibid41 pp4 #af1 #ba1 #cf1 et passim4 ,note #c1 page #bgi4--,see1 int] alia1 ! *apt] on ! ',/ream ( ,?\ght' 9 my own ,psy*ologies2 ,h4 ,cornelius1 ,psy*ologie1 #ahig1 *aps1 i & iii2 ,g4,h4 ,luquet1 ,ides ,gnrales de ,psy*ologie1 #aijf1 passim4 ,note #d1 page #bhj4--;,comp>e1 z to all ?is1 an article by ! pres5t writ]1 entitl$ ',a _w ( pure exp]i5ce1' 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,new ,york1 vol4 i1 pp4 #ecc1 #efa 7#aije74 ,note #e1 page #bhj4--;,gre5's attempt to discr$it s5sations by rem9d+ u ( _! 'dumbness1' 9 t !y d n come already nam$1 z concepts may be said to d1 only %[s h[ intellectualism is dom9at$ by v]bality4 ,! unnam$ appe>s 9 ,gre5 z synonym\s ) ! unreal4 ,note #f1 page #bhc4--,philosophy ( ,reflection1 i1 #bdh ff4 ,note #g1 page #bhd4--,mo/ ( ?is p>agraph is extract$ f an address ( m9e be=e ! ,am]ican ,psy*ological ,association1 pr9t$ 9 ! ,psy*ological ,review1 vol4 ii1 p4 #aje4 ,i take pleasure 9 ! fact t already 9 #ahie ,i 0 s f> advanc$ t[>ds my pres5t b]gsonian position4 ,note #h1 page #bhi4--,! consci\s self ( ! mom5t1 ! c5tral self1 is probably det]m9$ to ?is privileg$ position by its functional connexion ) ! body's imm95t or pres5t acts4 ,x is ! pres5t act+ self4 ,?o ! m t surr\nds x may be 'subconsci\s' to u1 yet if 9 its 'collective capacity' x also ex]ts an active function1 x may be consci\s 9 a wid] way1 consci\s1 z x 71 ov] our heads4 ,on ! relations ( consci\sness to action see ,b]gson's ,matire et ,mmoire1 passim1 especially *ap4 i4 ,comp>e also ! h9ts 9 ,mn/]b]g's ,grundzge d] ,psy*ologie1 *ap1 xv2 ^? 9 my own ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #eha-eib2 & ^? 9 ,w4 ,mc,dougall's ,physiological ,psy*ology1 *ap4 vii4 ,note #i1 page #bie4--;,comp>e ,z5d-,ave/a1 #b;d edition1 vol4 i1 pp4 #afe ff41 #aha1 #bjf1 #bdd ff41 etc42 ,die ,tagesansi*t1 etc41 *ap1 v1 #f2 & *ap4 xv4 ,,lecture ,,viii ,note #a1 page #ccj4--;,blondel3 ,annales de ,philosophie ,*rti5ne1 ,june1 #aijf1 p4 #bda4 ,,app5dices ,,app5dix ,a ,,! ,,?+ ,,& ,,its ,,relations#a ,exp]i5ce 9 its imm$iacy seems p]fectly flu5t4 ,! active s5se ( liv+ :i* we all enjoy1 be=e reflection %att]s our in/9ctive _w = u1 is self-lum9\s & sugge/s no p>adoxes4 ,its difficulties are disappo9tm5ts & unc]ta9ties4 ,!y are n intellectual contradictions4 ,:5 ! reflective intellect gets at "w1 h[ev]1 x discov]s incompreh5sibilities 9 ! fl[+ process4 ,di/+ui%+ its elem5ts & p>ts1 x gives !m sep>ate names1 & :at x ?us disjo9s x _c easily put toge!r4 ,pyrrhonism accepts ! irrationality & revels 9 its dialectic elaboration4 ,o!r philosophies try1 "s by ignor+1 "s by resi/+1 & "s by turn+ ! dialectic proc$ure aga9/ itself1 negat+ its fir/ negations1 to re/ore ! flu5t s5se ( life aga91 & let r$emption take ! place ( innoc5ce4 ,! p]fection ) :i* any philosophy may d ?is is ! measure ( its human success & ( its importance 9 philosophic hi/ory4 ,9 an article entitl$ ',a _w ( pure exp]i5ce1#b ,i tri$ my own h& sket*ily at ,footnote #a3 ,repr9t$ f ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology1 & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 vol4 ii1 ,new ,york1 #aije1 ) slight v]bal revision4 ,footnote #b3 ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology1 & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 vol4 i1 ,no4 #bj1 p4 #eff4 ! problem1 resi/+ c]ta9 fir/ /eps ( dialectics by insi/+ 9 a g5]al way t ! imm$iately exp]i5c$ conjunctive relations are z real z any?+ else4 ,if my sket* is n to appe> too nif1 ,i mu/ come clos] to details1 & 9 ! pres5t essay ,i propose to d s4 ,i ',pure exp]i5ce' is ! "n :i* ,i gave to ! imm$iate flux ( life :i* furni%es ! mat]ial to our lat] reflection ) its conceptual categories4 ,only new-born babes1 or m5 9 semi-coma f sleep1 drugs1 illnesses1 or bl[s1 may be assum$ to h an exp]i5ce pure 9 ! lit]al s5se ( a t :i* is n yet any def9ite :at1 ?o ready to be all sorts ( :ats2 full bo? ( on5ess & ( manyness1 b 9 respects t don't appe>2 *ang+ ?r\gh\t1 yet s confus$ly t its phases int]p5etrate & no po9ts1 ei!r ( di/9ction or ( id5tity1 c be caught4 ,pure exp]i5ce 9 ?is /ate is b ano!r "n = feel+ or s5sation4 ,b ! flux ( x no soon] comes ?an x t5ds to fill itself ) emphases1 & ^! sali5t p>ts become id5tifi$ & fix$ & ab/ract$2 s t exp]i5ce n[ fl[s z if %ot ?r\gh ) adjectives & n\ns & prepositions & conjunctions4 ,its purity is only a relative t]m1 mean+ ! proportional am\nt ( unv]baliz$ s5sation :i* x /ill embodies4 ,f> back z we g1 ! flux1 bo? z a :ole & 9 its p>ts1 is t ( ?+s conjunct & sep>at$4 ,! great cont9ua ( "t1 space1 & ! self envelop ev]y?+1 betwixt !m1 & fl[ toge!r )\t int]f]+4 ,! ?+s t !y envelop come z sep>ate 9 "s ways & z cont9u\s 9 o!rs4 ,"s s5sations coalesce ) "s ideas1 & o!rs are irreconcilable4 ,qualities comp5etrate "o space1 or exclude ea* o!r f x4 ,!y cl+ toge!r p]si/5tly 9 gr\ps t move z units1 or else !y sep>ate4 ,_! *anges are abrupt or discont9u\s2 & _! k9ds resemble or diff]2 &1 z !y d s1 !y fall into ei!r ev5 or irregul> s]ies4 ,9 all ?is ! cont9uities & ! discont9uities are absolutely co-ord9ate matt]s ( imm$iate feel+4 ,! conjunctions are z primordial elem5ts ( 'fact' z are ! di/9ctions & disjunctions4 ,9 ! same act by :i* ,i feel t ?is pass+ m9ute is a new pulse ( my life1 ,i feel t ! old life cont9ues into x1 & ! feel+ ( cont9uance 9 no wise j>s ^u ! simultane\s feel+ ( a novelty4 ,!y1 too1 comp5etrate h>moni\sly4 ,prepositions1 copulas1 & conjunctions1 'is1' 'isn't1' '!n1' 'be=e1' '91' 'on1' 'beside1' 'betwe51' 'next1' 'l1' 'unlike1' 'z1' 'b1' fl[] out ( ! /ream ( pure exp]i5ce1 ! /ream ( concretes or ! s5sational /ream1 z naturally z n\ns & adjectives d1 & !y melt into x aga9 z fluidly :5 we apply !m to a new portion ( ! /ream4 ,,ii ,if n[ we ask :y we mu/ translate exp]i5ce f a m concrete or pure into a m intellectualiz$ =m1 fill+ x ) ev] m ab\nd+ conceptual di/9ctions1 rationalism & naturalism give diff]5t replies4 ,! rationali/ic answ] is t ! !oretic life is absolute & its int]e/s imp]ative2 t to und]/& is simply ! duty ( man2 & t :o que/ions ?is ne$ n be argu$ )1 = by ! fact ( argu+ he gives away 8 case4 ,! naturali/ answ] is t ! environm5t kills z well z su/a9s u1 & t ! t5d5cy ( raw exp]i5ce to ext+ui% ! exp]i5t himself is less5$ j 9 ! degree 9 :i* ! elem5ts 9 x t h a practical be>+ ^u life are analyz$ out ( ! cont9uum & v]bally fix$ & c\pl$ toge!r1 s t we may "k :at is 9 ! w9d = u & get ready to react 9 "t4 ,_h pure exp]i5ce1 ! naturali/ says1 be5 always p]fectly heal?y1 !re w\ld nev] h aris5 ! necessity ( isolat+ or v]baliz+ any ( its t]ms4 ,we %\ld j h exp]i5c$ in>ticulately & un9tellectually enjoy$4 ,?is lean+ on 'reaction' 9 ! naturali/ acc\nt implies t1 :5ev] we intellectualize a relatively pure exp]i5ce1 we ought to d s = ! sake ( r$esc5d+ to ! pur] or m concrete level aga92 & t if an intellect /ays al(t among its ab/ract t]ms & g5]aliz$ relations1 & does n re9s]t itself ) its conclusions into "s p>ticul> po9t ( ! imm$iate /ream ( life1 x fails to f9i% out its function & leaves its normal race unrun4 ,mo/ rationali/s n[adays w agree t naturalism gives a true en\gh acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* our intellect arose at fir/1 b !y w d5y ^! latt] implications4 ,! case1 !y w say1 resembles t ( sexual love4 ,orig9at+ 9 ! animal ne$ ( gett+ ano!r g5]ation born1 ?is passion has develop$ second>ily su* imp]i\s spiritual ne$s t1 if y ask :y ano!r g5]ation ought to be born at all1 ! answ] is3 ',*iefly t love may g on4' ,j s ) our intellect3 x orig9at$ z a practical means ( s]v+ life2 b x has develop$ incid5tally ! function ( und]/&+ absolute tru?2 & life itself n[ seems to be giv5 *iefly z a means by :i* t function may be prosecut$4 ,b tru? & ! und]/&+ ( x lie among ! ab/racts & univ]sals1 s ! intellect n[ c>ries on its high] bus9ess :olly 9 ?is region1 )\t any ne$ ( r$esc5d+ into pure exp]i5ce aga94 ,if ! contra/$ t5d5cies :i* ,i ?us designate z naturali/ic & rationali/ic are n recogniz$ by ! read]1 p]haps an example w make !m m concrete4 ,mr4 ,bradley1 = in/ance1 is an ultra-rationali/4 ,he admits t our intellect is prim>ily practical1 b says t1 = philosoph]s1 ! practical ne$ is simply ,tru?4#a ,tru?1 moreov]1 mu/ be assum$ 'consi/5t4' ,imm$iate exp]i5ce has to be brok5 into subjects & qualities1 t]ms & relations1 to be und]/ood z tru? at all4 ,yet :5 s brok5 x is less consi/5t ?an ev]4 ,tak5 raw1 x is all undi/+ui%$4 ,intellectualiz$1 x is all di/9ction )\t on5ess4 ',su* an arrangem5t may "w1 b ! !oretic problem is n solv$' 7p4 #bc74 ,! "q is1 ',h[ ! div]sity c exi/ 9 h>mony ) ! on5ess' 7p4 #aah74 ,to g back to pure exp]i5ce is unavail+4 ',m]e feel+ gives no answ] to our riddle' 7p4 #ajd74 ,ev5 if y\r intuition is a fact1 x is n an und]/&+4 ',x is a m]e exp]i5ce1 & furni%es no consi/5t view' 7pp4 #ajh-aji74 ,! exp]i5ces (f]$ z facts or tru?s ',i f9d t my intellect rejects because !y contradict !mselves4 ,!y (f] a complex ( div]sities conjo9$ 9 a way :i* x feels is n its way & :i* x _c repeat z its own4444 ,= to be satisfi$1 my intellect mu/ und]/&1 & x _c und]/& by tak+ a cong]ies 9 ! lump' 7p4 #egj74 ,s ,mr4 ,bradley1 9 ! sole int]e/s ( 'und]/&+' 7z he conceives t function71 turns 8 back on f9ite ,footnote #a3 ,appe>ance & ,reality1 pp4 #aeb-acc4 exp]i5ce =ev]4 ,tru? mu/ lie 9 ! opposite direction1 ! direction ( ! absolute2 & ?is k9d ( rationalism & naturalism1 or 7z ,i w n[ call x7 pragmatism1 walk !nce=w>d ^u opposite pa?s4 ,= ! "o1 ^? intellectual products are mo/ true :i*1 turn+ _! face t[>ds ! absolute1 come ne>e/ to symboliz+ its ways ( unit+ ! _m & ! "o4 ,= ! o!r1 ^? are mo/ true :i* mo/ successfully dip back into ! f9ite /ream ( feel+ & gr[ mo/ easily conflu5t ) "s p>ticul> wave or wavelet4 ,su* conflu5ce n only proves ! intellectual op]ation to h be5 true 7z an addition may 'prove' t a subtraction is already rightly p]=m$71 b x con/itutes1 accord+ to pragmatism1 all t we mean by call+ x true4 ,only 9 s f> z !y lead u1 successfully or unsuccessfully1 into s5sible exp]i5ce aga91 are our ab/racts & univ]sals true or false at all4 ,,iii ,9 ,section ! #f? ( my article1 ',a _w ( pure exp]i5ce1' ,i adopt$ 9 a g5]al way ! common-s5se belief t "o & ! same _w is cogniz$ by our diff]5t m9ds2 b ,i left undiscuss$ ! dialectical argum5ts :i* ma9ta9 t ?is is logically absurd4 ,! usual reason giv5 = its be+ absurd is t x assumes "o object 7to wit1 ! _w7 to /& 9 two relations at once2 to my m9d1 namely1 & aga9 to y\rs2 :]eas a t]m tak5 9 a second relation _c logically be ! same t]m :i* x 0 at fir/4 ,i h he>d ?is reason urg$ s (t5 9 discuss+ ) absoluti/s1 & x w\ld de/roy my radical empiricism s utt]ly1 if x 7 valid1 t ,i am b\nd to give x an att5tive e>1 & s]i\sly to se>* its /r5g?4 ,= in/ance1 let ! matt] 9 dispute be a t]m ,m1 ass]t$ to be on ! "o h& relat$ to ,l1 & on ! o!r to ,n2 & let ! two cases ( relation be symboliz$ by ,l--,m & ,m--,n respectively4 ,:51 n[1 ,i assume t ! exp]i5ce may imm$iately come & be giv5 9 ! %ape ,l--,m--,n1 ) no trace ( d\bl+ or int]nal fission 9 ! ,m1 ,i am told t ?is is all a popul> delusion2 t ,l--,m--,n logically means two diff]5t exp]i5ces1 ,l--,m & ,m--,n1 namely2 & t al?\gh ! absolute may1 & inde$ mu/1 f its sup]ior po9t ( view1 read its own k9d ( unity into ,m's two editions1 yet z elem5ts 9 f9ite exp]i5ce ! two ,m's lie irretrievably asund]1 & ! _w betwe5 !m is brok5 & unbridg$4 ,9 argu+ ?is dialectic !sis1 "o mu/ avoid slipp+ f ! logical into ! physical po9t ( view4 ,x w\ld be easy1 9 tak+ a concrete example to fix "o's ideas by1 to *oose "o 9 :i* ! lett] ,m %\ld /& = a collective n\n ( "s sort1 :i* n\n1 be+ relat$ to ,l by "o ( its p>ts & to ,n by ano!r1 w\ld inw>dly be two ?+s :5 x /ood outw>dly 9 bo? relations4 ,?us1 "o might say3 ',david ,hume1 :o weigh$ s _m /one by 8 body1 influ5ces po/]ity by 8 doctr9e4' ,! body & ! doctr9e are two ?+s1 betwe5 :i* our f9ite m9ds c discov] no real sam5ess1 ?\gh ! same "n cov]s bo? ( !m4 ,& !n1 "o might cont9ue3 ',only an absolute is capable ( unit+ su* a non-id5tity4' ,we mu/1 ,i say1 avoid ?is sort ( example2 = ! dialectic insight1 if true at all1 mu/ apply to t]ms & relations univ]sally4 ,x mu/ be true ( ab/ract units z well z ( n\ns collective2 & if we prove x by concrete examples1 we mu/ take ! simple/1 s z to avoid irrelevant mat]ial sugge/ions4 ,tak5 ?us 9 all its g5]ality1 ! absoluti/ cont5tion seems to use z its major premise ,hume's notion 't all our di/9ct p]ceptions are di/9ct exi/5ces1 & t ! m9d nev] p]ceives any real connexion among di/9ct exi/5ces4' ,und\bt$ly1 s9ce we use two phrases 9 talk+ fir/ ab\t ',m's relation to ,l' & !n aga9 ab\t ',m's relation to ,n1' we mu/ be hav+1 or mu/ h _h1 two di/9ct p]ceptions2--& ! re/ w\ld !n seem to foll[ duly4 ,b ! />t+-po9t ( ! reason+ "h seems to be ! fact ( ! two phrases2 & ?is sugge/s t ! argum5t may be m]ely v]bal4 ,c x be t ! :ole dialectic a*ievem5t consi/s 9 attribut+ to ! exp]i5ce talk$-ab\t a con/itution simil> to t ( ! language 9 :i* we describe x8 ,mu/ we ass]t ! objective d\bl5ess ( ! ,m m]ely because we h to "n x twice ov] :5 we "n its two relations8 ,c&idly1 ,i c ?9k ( no o!r reason ?an ?is = ! dialectic conclusion6#a =1 if we ?9k1 n ( our words1 b ( any simple concrete matt] :i* !y may be held to signify1 ! exp]i5ce itself belies ! p>adox ass]t$4 ,we use inde$ two sep>ate concepts 9 analyz+ our object1 b we "k !m all ! :ile to be b sub/itutional1 & t ! ,m 9 ,l--,m & ! ,m 9 ,m--,n mean 7i4e41 are capable ( lead+ to & t]m9at+ 97 "o self-same piece1 ,m1 ( s5sible exp]i5ce4 ,?is p]si/5t id5tity ( c]ta9 units1 or emphases1 or po9ts1 or objects1 or memb]s--call !m :at y w--( ! exp]i5ce-cont9uum1 is j "o ( ^? conjunctive features ( x1 on :i* ,i am oblig$ to insi/ s emphatically4 ,= sam5esses are p>ts ( exp]i5ce's indefeasible /ructure4 ,:5 ,i he> a bell-/roke &1 z life fl[s on1 its aft]-image dies away1 ,i /ill h>k back to x z 't same ,footnote #a3 ,te*nically1 x seems classable z a 'fallacy ( composition4' ,a duality1 pr$icable ( ! two :oles1 ,l--,m & ,m--,n1 is =?) pr$icat$ ( "o ( _! p>ts1 ,m4 bell-/roke4' ,:5 ,i see a ?+ ,m1 ) ,l to ! left ( x & ,n to ! "r ( x1 ,i see x z "o ,m2 & if y tell me ,i h _h to 'take' x twice1 ,i reply t if ,i 'took' x a ?\s& times1 ,i %\ld /ill see x z a unit4#a ,its unity is aborig9al1 j z ! multiplicity ( my successive tak+s is aborig9al4 ,x comes unbrok5 z t ,m1 z a s+ul> :i* ,i enc\nt]2 !y come brok51 z ^? tak+s1 z my plurality ( op]ations4 ,! unity & ! sep>at5ess are /rictly co-ord9ate4 ,i d n easily fa?om :y my oppon5ts %\ld f9d ! sep>at5ess s mu* m easily und]/&able t !y mu/ ne$s infect ! :ole ( f9ite exp]i5ce ) x1 & relegate ! unity 7n[ tak5 z a b>e po/ulate & no long] z a ?+ positively p]ceivable7 to ! region ( ! absolute's my/]ies4 ,i d n easily fa?om ?is1 ,i say1 = ! said oppon5ts are above m]e v]bal quibbl+2 yet all t ,i c cat* 9 _! talk is ! sub/itution ( :at is true ( c]ta9 words = :at is true ( :at !y signify4 ,!y /ay ) ! words1--n return+ to ! /ream ( life :5ce all ! mean+ ( !m came1 & :i* is always ready to reabsorb !m4 ,footnote #a3 ,i may p]haps ref] "h to my ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 vol4 i1 pp4 #dei ff4 ,x really seems 'weird' to h to argue 7z ,i am =c$ n[ to d7 = ! notion t x is "o %eet ( pap] 7) its two surfaces & all t lies betwe57 :i* is bo? "u my p5 & on ! table :ile ,i write--! 'claim' t x is two %eets seems s braz54 ,yet ,i sometimes suspect ! absoluti/s ( s9c]ity6 ,,iv ,= aught ?is argum5t proves1 !n1 we may cont9ue to believe t "o ?+ c be kn[n by _m kn[]s4 ,b ! d5ial ( "o ?+ 9 _m relations is b "o application ( a /ill pr(\nd] dialectic difficulty4 ,man c't be good1 said ! sophi/s1 = man is man & good is good2 & ,hegel & ,h]b>t 9 _! day1 m rec5tly ,h4 ,spir1 & mo/ rec5tly & elaborately ( all1 ,mr4 ,bradley1 in=m u t a t]m c logically only be a puncti=m unit1 & t n "o ( ! conjunctive relations betwe5 ?+s1 :i* exp]i5ce seems to yield1 is rationally possible4 ,( c\rse1 if true1 ?is cuts (f radical empiricism )\t ev5 a %ill+4 ,radical empiricism takes conjunctive relations at _! face-value1 hold+ !m to be z real z ! t]ms unit$ by !m4 ,! _w x repres5ts z a collection1 "s p>ts ( :i* are conjunctively & o!rs disjunctively relat$4 ,two p>ts1 !mselves disjo9$1 may nev]!less hang toge!r by int]m$i>ies ) :i* !y are sev]ally connect$1 & ! :ole _w ev5tually may hang toge!r simil>ly1 inasmu* z "s pa? ( conjunctive transition by :i* to pass f "o ( its p>ts to ano!r may always be disc]nible4 ,su* det]m9ately v>i\s hang+-toge!r may be call$ concat5at$ union1 to di/+ui% x f ! '?r\gh-&-?r\gh' type ( union1 'ea* 9 all & all 9 ea*' 7union ( total conflux1 z "o might call x71 :i* moni/ic sy/ems hold to obta9 :5 ?+s are tak5 9 _! absolute reality4 ,9 a concat5at$ _w a p>tial conflux (t5 is exp]i5c$4 ,our concepts & our s5sations are conflu5t2 successive /ates ( ! same ego1 & feel+s ( ! same body are conflu5t4 ,:]e ! exp]i5ce is n ( conflux1 x may be ( cont]m9\sness 7?+s ) b "o ?+ betwe572 or ( contigu\sness 7no?+ betwe572 or ( lik5ess2 or ( ne>ness2 or ( simultane\sness2 or ( 9-ness2 or ( on-ness2 or ( =-ness2 or ( simple )-ness2 or ev5 ( m]e &-ness1 :i* la/ relation w\ld make ( h[ev] disjo9t$ a _w o!rwise1 at any rate = t occasion a univ]se '( disc\rse4' ,n[ ,mr4 ,bradley tells u t none ( ^! relations1 z we actually exp]i5ce !m1 c possibly be real4#a ,my next duty1 accord+ly1 mu/ be to rescue radical empiricism f ,mr4 ,bradley4 ,=tunately1 z x seems to me1 8 g5]al cont5tion1 t ! v notion ( relation is ,footnote #a3 ,"h aga9 ! read] mu/ bew>e ( slipp+ f logical into ph5om5al consid]ations4 ,x may well be t we attribute a c]ta9 relation falsely1 because ! circum/ances ( ! case1 be+ complex1 h deceiv$ u4 ,at a railway /ation we may take our own tra91 & n ! "o t fills our w9d[1 to be mov+4 ,we "h put motion 9 ! wrong place 9 ! _w1 b 9 its orig9al place ! motion is a "p ( reality4 ,:at ,mr4 ,bradley means is no?+ l ?is1 b r t su* ?+s z motion are n[h]e real1 & t1 ev5 9 _! aborig9al & empirically incorrigible seats1 relations are impossible ( compreh5sion4 un?9kable cle>ly1 has be5 successfully met by _m critics4#a ,x is a burd5 to ! fle%1 & an inju/ice bo? to read]s & to ! previ\s writ]s1 to repeat good argum5ts already pr9t$4 ,s1 9 notic+ ,mr4 ,bradley1 ,i w conf9e myself to ! int]e/s ( radical empiricism solely4 ,v ,! fir/ duty ( radical empiricism1 tak+ giv5 conjunctions at _! face-value1 is to class "s ( !m z m intimate & "s z m ext]nal4 ,:5 two t]ms are simil>1 _! v natures ent] into ! relation4 ,be+ :at !y are1 no matt] :]e or :51 ! lik5ess nev] c be d5i$1 if ass]t$4 ,x cont9ues pr$icable z long z ! t]ms cont9ue4 ,o!r relations1 ! :]e & ! :51 = example1 seem adv5titi\s4 ,! %eet ( pap] may be '(f' or 'on' ! table1 = example2 & 9 ei!r case ! relation involves only ! outside ( its t]ms4 ,hav+ an outside1 bo? ( !m1 !y contribute by x to ! relation4 ,x is ext]nal3 ! t]m's inn] nature is irrelevant to x4 ,any ,footnote #a3 ,p>ticul>ly s by ,&rew ,se? ,pr+le-,pattison1 9 8 ,man & ! ,cosmos2 by ,l4,t4 ,hobh\se1 9 *apt] xii 7! ,validity ( ,judgm5t7 ( 8 ,!ory ( ,k2 & by ,f4,c4,s4 ,s*ill]1 9 8 ,humanism1 ,essay ,,xi4 ,o!r fatal reviews 79 my op9ion7 are ,hodd]'s1 9 ! ,psy*ological ,review1 vol4 i1 #cjg2 ,/\t's1 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,ari/otelian ,society1 #aija-jb1 p4 #a2 & ,mac,lennan's1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 etc41 vol4 i1 #djc4 book1 any table1 may fall into ! relation1 :i* is creat$ pro hac vice1 n by _! exi/5ce1 b by _! casual situation4 ,x is j because s _m ( ! conjunctions ( exp]i5ce seem s ext]nal t a philosophy ( pure exp]i5ce mu/ t5d to pluralism 9 its ontology4 ,s f> z ?+s h space-relations1 = example1 we are free to imag9e !m ) diff]5t orig9s ev54 ,if !y c\ld get to be1 & get into space at all1 !n !y may h done s sep>ately4 ,once !re1 h[ev]1 !y are additives to "o ano!r1 &1 ) no prejudice to _! natures1 all sorts ( space-relations may sup]v5e betwe5 !m4 ,! "q ( h[ ?+s c\ld come to be1 anyh[1 is :olly diff]5t f ! "q :at _! relations1 once ! be+ accompli%$1 may consi/ 94 ,mr4 ,bradley n[ affirms t su* ext]nal relations z ! space-relations :i* we "h talk ( mu/ hold ( entirely diff]5t subjects f ^? ( :i* ! abs5ce ( su* relations might a mom5t previ\sly h be5 plausibly ass]t$4 ,n only is ! situation diff]5t :5 ! book is on ! table1 b ! book itself is diff]5t z a book1 f :at x 0 :5 x 0 (f ! table4 ,he admits t 'su* ext]nal relations ,footnote #a3 ,once m1 don't slip f logical into physical situations4 ,( c\rse1 if ! table be wet1 x w moi/5 ! book1 or if x be slight en\gh & ! book heavy en\gh1 ! book w break x d[n4 ,b su* collat]al ph5om5a are n ! po9t at issue4 ,! po9t is :e!r ! successive relations 'on' & 'n-on' c rationally 7n physically7 hold ( ! same con/ant t]ms1 ab/ractly tak54 ,pr(essor ,a4,e4 ,taylor drops f logical into mat]ial consid]ations :5 he in/ances color-contra/ z a pro( t ,a1 'z contra-di/+ui%$ f ,b1 is n ! same ?+ z m]e ,a n 9 any way affect$' 7,elem5ts ( ,metaphysics1 #aijc1 p4 #ade74 ,note ! sub/itution1 = 'relat$1' ( ! ^w 'affect$1' :i* begs ! :ole "q4 seem possible & ev5 exi/+4444 ,t y d n alt] :at y comp>e or re>range 9 space seems to common s5se q obvi\s1 & t on ! o!r side !re are z obvi\s difficulties does n occur to common s5se at all4 ,& ,i w beg9 by po9t+ out ^! difficulties4444 ,!re is a relation 9 ! result1 & ?is relation1 we he>1 is to make no diff]5ce 9 its t]ms4 ,b1 if s1 to :at does x make a diff]5ce8 doesn't x make a diff]5ce to u onlook]s1 at lea/8 & :at is ! mean+ & s5se ( qualify+ ! t]ms by x8 ,surely ! mean+ is to tell ! tru? ab\t _! relative position4#a ,if1 9 %ort1 x is ext]nal to ! t]ms1 h[ c x possibly be true ( !m8 ,is x ! 'intimacy' sugge/$ by ! little ^w '(1' "h1 :i* ,i h und]scor$1 t is ! root ( ,mr4 ,bradley's tr\ble84444 ,if ! t]ms f _! inn] nature d n ent] into ! relation1 !n1 s f> z !y are conc]n$1 !y seem relat$ = no reason at all4444 ,?+s are spatially relat$1 fir/ 9 "o way1 & !n become relat$ 9 ano!r way1 & yet 9 no way !mselves ,footnote #a3 ,b 'is !re any s5se1' asks ,mr4 ,bradley1 peevi%ly1 on p4 #egi1 '& if s1 :at s5se1 9 tru? t is only outside & ab\t ?+s8' ,surely su* a "q may be left unansw]$4 are alt]$2 = ! relations1 x is said1 are b ext]nal4 ,b ,i reply t1 if s1 ,i _c und]/& ! leav+ by ! t]ms ( "o set ( relations & _! adoption ( ano!r fre% set4 ,! process & its result to ! t]ms1 if !y contribute no?+ to x surely !y contribute to x all !re is '(' x6 seem irrational ?r\gh\t4 ,if 'irrational' "h means simply 'non-rational1' or non-d$ucible f ! ess5ce ( ei!r t]m s+ly1 x is no reproa*2 if x means 'contradict+' su* ess5ce1 ,mr4 ,bradley %\ld %[ :]e9 & h[4 ,b1 if !y contribute any?+1 !y mu/ surely be affect$ int]nally4 ,:y s1 if !y contribute only _! surface8 ,9 su* relations z 'on1' 'a foot away1' 'betwe51' 'next1' etc41 only surfaces are 9 "q4 444 ,if ! t]ms contribute any?+ :atev]1 !n ! t]ms are affect$ inw>dly alt]$8 by ! arrangem5t4444 ,t = work+ purposes we treat1 & d well to treat1 "s relations z ext]nal m]ely1 ,i d n d5y1 & t ( c\rse is n ! "q at issue "h4 ,t "q is 444 :e!r 9 ! end & 9 pr9ciple a m]e ext]nal relation i4e41 a relation :i* c *ange )\t =c+ its t]ms to *ange _! nature simultane\sly is possible & =c$ on u by ! facts4'#a ,mr4 ,bradley next rev]ts to ! ant9omies ( space1 :i*1 accord+ to him1 prove x to be unreal1 al?\gh x appe>s z s prolific a m$ium ( ext]nal relations2 ,footnote #a3 ,appe>ance & ,reality1 #b;d edition1 pp4 #ege-egf4 & he !n concludes t ',irrationality & ext]nality _c be ! la/ tru? ab\t ?+s4 ,some:]e !re mu/ be a reason :y ?is & t appe> toge!r4 ,& ?is reason & reality mu/ reside 9 ! :ole f :i* t]ms & relations are ab/ractions1 a :ole 9 :i* _! int]nal connexion mu/ lie1 & out ( :i* f ! backgr\nd appe> ^? fre% results :i* nev] c\ld h come f ! premises' 7p4 #egg74 ,& he adds t ',:]e ! :ole is diff]5t1 ! t]ms t qualify & contribute to x mu/ s f> be diff]5t4444 ,!y are alt]$ s f> only h[ f>8 f>!r ?an ext]nally1 yet n ?r\gh & ?r\gh81 b /ill !y are alt]$4444 ,i mu/ insi/ t 9 ea* case ! t]ms are qualifi$ by _! :ole qualifi$ h[8--d _! ext]nal relations1 situations1 dates1 etc41 *ang$ z ^! are 9 ! new :ole1 fail to qualify !m 'f>' en\gh81 & t 9 ! second case !re is a :ole :i* diff]s bo? logically & psy*ologically f ! fir/ :ole2 & ,i urge t 9 contribut+ to ! *ange ! t]ms s f> are alt]$' 7p4 #egi74 ,n m]ely ! relations1 !n1 b ! t]ms are alt]$3 und zw> 's f>4' ,b j h[ f> is ! :ole problem2 & '?r\gh-&-?r\gh' w\ld seem 79 spite ( ,mr4 ,bradley's some:at undecid$ utt]ances#a7 ,footnote #a3 ,i say 'undecid$1' because1 ap>t f ! 's f>1' :i* s\nds t]ribly half-he>t$1 !re are passages 9 ^! v pages 9 :i* ,mr4 ,bradley admits ! plurali/ic !sis4 ,read1 = example1 :at he says1 on p4 #egh1 ( a billi>d ball keep+ its '"*' un*ang$1 ?\gh1 9 its *ange ( place1 its 'exi/5ce' gets alt]$2 or :at he says1 on p4 #egi1 ( ! possibility t an ab/ract quality ,a1 ,b1 or ,c1 9 a ?+1 'may ?r\gh\t rema9 un*ang$' al?\gh ! ?+ be alt]$2 or 8 admission t 9 r$-hair$ness1 bo? z analyz$ out ( a man & :5 giv5 ) ! re/ ( him1 !re may be 'no *ange' 7p4 #ehj74 ,:y does he imm$iately add t = ! plurali/ to plead ! non-mutation ( su* ab/ractions w\ld be an ignoratio el5*i8 ,x is impossible to admit x to be su*4 ,! entire el5*us & inque/ is j z to :e!r p>ts :i* y c ab/ract f exi/+ :oles c also contribute to o!r :oles )\t *ang+ _! inn] nature4 ,if !y c ?us m\ld v>i\s :oles into new ge/alt-qualitt51 !n x foll[s t ! same elem5ts are logically able to exi/ 9 diff]5t :oles :e!r physically able w\ld dep5d on additional hypo!ses2 t p>tial *anges are ?9kable1 & ?r\gh-&-?r\gh *ange n a dialectic necessity2 t monism is only an hypo!sis2 & t an additively con/itut$ univ]se is a rationally respectable hypo!sis also4 ,all ! !ses ( radical empiricism1 9 %ort1 foll[4 to be ! full bradleyan answ]4 ,! ':ole' :i* he "h treats z prim>y & det]m9ative ( ea* "p's mann] ( 'contribut+1' simply mu/1 :5 x alt]s1 alt] 9 its entirety4 ,!re mu/ be total conflux ( its p>ts1 ea* into & ?r\gh ea* o!r4 ,! 'mu/' appe>s "h z a ,ma*tspru*1 z an ipse dixit ( ,mr4 ,bradley's absoluti/ically temp]$ 'und]/&+1' = he c&idly confesses t h[ ! p>ts d diff] z !y contribute to diff]5t :oles1 is unkn[n to him 7p4 #egh74 ,al?\gh ,i h e wi% to compreh5d ! au?ority by :i* ,mr4 ,bradley's und]/&+ speaks1 8 words leave me :olly unconv]t$4 ',ext]nal relations' /& ) _! )]s all unwrung1 & rema91 = aught he proves to ! contr>y1 n only practically workable1 b also p]fectly intelligible factors ( reality4 ,,vi ,mr4 ,bradley's und]/&+ %[s ! mo/ extraord9>y p[] ( p]ceiv+ sep>ations & ! mo/ extraord9>y impot5ce 9 compreh5d+ conjunctions4 ,"o w\ld naturally say 'nei!r or bo?1' b n s ,mr4 ,bradley4 ,:5 a common man analyzes c]ta9 :ats f out ! /ream ( exp]i5ce1 he und]/&s _! di/9ctness z ?us isolat$4 ,b ?is does n prev5t him f equally well und]/&+ _! comb9ation ) ea* o!r z orig9ally exp]i5c$ 9 ! concrete1 or _! conflu5ce ) new s5sible exp]i5ces 9 :i* !y recur z '! same4' ,return+ into ! /ream ( s5sible pres5tation1 n\ns & adjectives1 & ?ats & ab/ract :ats1 gr[ conflu5t aga91 & ! ^w 'is' names all ^! exp]i5ces ( conjunction4 ,mr4 ,bradley und]/&s ! isolation ( ! ab/racts1 b to und]/& ! comb9ation is to him impossible4#a ',to und]/& a complex ,,ab1' he ,footnote #a3 ,s f> z ,i cat* 8 /ate ( m9d1 x is some:at l ?is3 ',book1' 'table1' 'on'--h[ does ! exi/5ce ( ^! ?ree ab/ract elem5ts result 9 ?is book be+ liv+ly on ?is table8 ,:y isn't ! table on ! book8 ,or :y doesn't ! 'on' connect itself ) ano!r book1 or some?+ t is n a table8 ,mu/n't some?+ 9 ea* ( ! ?ree elem5ts already det]m9e ! two o!rs to x1 s t !y d n settle else:]e or float vaguely8 ,mu/n't ! :ole fact be prefigur$ 9 ea* "p1 & exi/ de jure be=e x c exi/ de facto8 ,b1 if s1 9 :at c ! jural exi/5ce consi/1 if n 9 a spiritual m9iature ( ! :ole fact's con/itution actuat+2 e p>tial factor z its purpose8 ,b is ?is any?+ b ! old metaphysical fallacy ( look+ beh9d a fact 9 esse = ! gr\nd ( ! fact1 & f9d+ x 9 ! %ape ( ! v same fact 9 posse8 ,some:]e we mu/ leave (f ) a con/itution beh9d :i* !re is no?+4 says1 ',i mu/ beg9 ) ,a or ,b4 ,& beg9n+1 say ) ,a1 if ,i !n m]ely f9d ,b1 ,i h ei!r lo/ ,a1 or ,i h got beside ,a1 ! ^w 'beside' seems "h vital1 z mean+ a conjunction 'ext]nal' & !re=e un9telligible some?+ else1 & 9 nei!r case h ,i und]/ood4#a ,= my intellect _c simply unite a div]sity1 nor has x 9 itself any =m or way ( toge!rness1 & y ga9 no?+ if1 beside ,a & ,b1 y (f] me _! conjunction 9 fact4 ,= to my intellect t is no m ?an ano!r ext]nal elem5t4 ,& facts1 once = all1 are = my intellect n true unless !y satisfy x4444 ,! intellect has 9 its nature no pr9ciple ( m]e toge!rness' 7pp4 #egj1 #egb74 ,( c\rse ,mr4 ,bradley has a "r to def9e 'intellect' z ! p[] by :i* we p]ceive sep>ations b n unions--provid$ he give due notice to ! read]4 ,b :y !n claim t su* a maim$ & amputat$ p[] mu/ reign supreme 9 philosophy1 & accuse on its beho( ! :ole empirical _w ( irrationality8 ,x is true t he else:]e 7p4 #efh7 attributes to ! intellect a proprius motus ( transition1 b says t ,footnote #a3 ,apply ?is to ! case ( 'book-on-table'6 ,w4,j4 :5 he looks = ^! transitions 9 ! detail ( liv+ exp]i5ce1 he 'is unable to v]ify su* a solution' 7p4 #efi74 ,yet he nev] expla9s :at ! intellectual transitions w\ld be l 9 case we _h !m4 ,he only def9es !m negatively--!y are n spatial1 temporal1 pr$icative1 or causal2 or qualitatively or o!rwise s]ial2 or 9 any way relational z we navely trace relations1 = relations sep>ate t]ms1 & ne$ !mselves to be hook$ on ad inf9itum4 ,! ne>e/ approa* he makes to describ+ a truly intellectual transition is :]e he speaks ( ,a & ,b z be+ 'unit$1 ea* f its own nature1 9 a :ole :i* is ! nature ( bo? alike' 7p4 #egj74 ,b ?is 7:i*1 pace ,mr4 ,bradley1 seems exquisitely analog\s to 'tak+ a cong]ies 9 a lump1' if n to 'swamp+'7 sugge/s no?+ b t conflux :i* pure exp]i5ce s abundantly (f]s1 z :5 'space1' ':ite1' & 'sweet' are conflu5t 9 a 'lump ( sug>1' or k9e/hetic1 d]mal1 & optical s5sations conflu5t 9 'my h&4'#a ,all t ,i c v]ify 9 ! transitions :i* ,mr4 ,bradley's intellect desid]ates z its proprius motus is a rem9isc5ce ( ^! & o!r s5sible conjunctions 7especially space-conjunctions71 ,footnote #a3 ,h[ mean+less is ! cont5tion t 9 su* :oles 7or 9 'book-on-table1' 'wat*-9-pocket1' etc47 ! relation is an additional entity betwe5 ! t]ms1 ne$+ itself to be relat$ aga9 to ea*6 ,bo? ,bradley 7,appe>ance & ,reality1 pp4 #cb-cc7 & ,royce 7,! ,_w & ! ,individual1 i1 #abh7 lov+ly repeat ?is piece ( pr(undity4 b a rem9isc5ce s vague t its orig9als are n recogniz$4 ,bradley1 9 %ort1 repeats ! fable ( ! dog1 ! bone1 & its image 9 ! wat]4 ,) a _w ( p>ticul>s1 giv5 9 lovelie/ union1 9 conjunction def9itely v>i\s1 & v>i\sly def9ite1 ! 'h[' ( :i* y 'und]/&' z soon z y see ! fact ( !m1#a = !re is no h[ except ! con/itution ( ! fact z giv52 ) all ?is giv5 him1 ,i say1 9 pure exp]i5ce1 he asks = "s ineffable union 9 ! ab/ract in/ead1 :i*1 if he ga9$ x1 w\ld only be a duplicate ( :at he has already 9 8 full possession4 ,surely he abuses ! privilege :i* society grants to all ( u philosoph]s1 ( be+ puzzle-head$4 ,polemic writ+ l ?is is odi\s2 b ) absolutism 9 possession 9 s _m qu>t]s1 omission to def5d my radical empiricism aga9/ its be/ kn[n *ampion w\ld c\nt z ei!r sup]ficiality or inability4 ,i h to conclude t its dialectic has n invalidat$ 9 ! lea/ degree ! usual conjunctions by :i* ! _w1 z exp]i5c$1 hangs s v>i\sly toge!r4 ,9 p>ticul> x leaves an empirical !ory ( k intact1 & lets u cont9ue to believe ) common s5se t "o object may be kn[n1 if we h any gr\nd = ?9k+ t x is kn[n1 to _m kn[]s4 ,footnote #a3 ,! ':y' & ! ':5ce' are entirely o!r que/ions1 n "u discussion1 z ,i und]/& ,mr4 ,bradley4 ,n h[ exp]i5ce gets itself born1 b h[ x c be :at x is aft] x is born1 is ! puzzle4 ,,app5dix ,b ,,! ,,exp]i5ce ,,( ,,activity#a 444 ,mr4 ,bradley calls ! "q ( activity a sc&al to philosophy1 & if "o turns to ! curr5t lit]ature ( ! subject--8 own writ+s includ$--"o easily ga!rs :at he means4 ,! oppon5ts _c ev5 und]/& "o ano!r4 ,mr4 ,bradley says to ,mr4 ,w>d3 ',i d n c>e :at y\r oracle is1 & y\r prepo/]\s psy*ology may "h be gospel if y please2 444 b if ! revelation does conta9 a mean+1 ,i w commit myself to ?is3 ei!r ! oracle is s confus$ t its signification is n discov]able1 or1 ^u ! o!r h&1 if x c be p9n$ d[n to any def9ite /atem5t1 !n t /atem5t w be false4'#b ,mr4 ,w>d 9 turn says ( ,mr4 ,bradley3 ',i _c ev5 imag9e ! /ate ( m9d to :i* 8 description applies4444 ,x reads l an un9t5tional trave/y ( ,h]b>tian ,psy*ology by "o :o has tri$ to improve ^u x )\t be+ at ! pa9s to ma/] x4' ,mn/]b]g excludes a view oppos$ to 8 own by say+ t ) any "o :o holds x a v]/ndigung ) him is 'grundstzli* ausges*loss5'2 & ,royce1 ,footnote #a3 ,presid5t's ,address be=e ! ,am]ican ,psy*ological ,association1 ,decemb]1 #aijd4 ,repr9t$ f ! ,psy*ological ,review1 vol4 xii1 #aije1 ) slight v]bal revision4 ,footnote #b3 ,appe>ance & ,reality1 p4 #aag4 ,obvi\sly writt5 at ,w>d1 ?\gh ,w>d's "n is n m5tion$4 9 a review ( ,/\t1#a hauls him ov] ! coals at great l5g? = def5d+ 'efficacy' 9 a way :i* ,i1 = "o1 nev] ga!r$ f read+ him1 & :i* ,i h he>d ,/\t himself say 0 q =eign to ! int5tion ( 8 text4 ,9 ^! discussions di/9ct que/ions are habitually jumbl$ & diff]5t po9ts ( view are talk$ ( dur*e9&]4 7#a7 ,!re is a psy*ological "q3 ,h we p]ceptions ( activity8 & if s1 :at are !y l1 & :5 & :]e d we h !m8 7#b7 ,!re is a metaphysical "q3 ,is !re a fact ( activity8 & if s1 :at idea mu/ we frame ( x8 ,:at is x l8 & :at does x d1 if x does any?+8 ,& f9ally !re is a logical "q3 7#c7 ,:5ce d we "k activity8 ,by our own feel+s ( x solely8 or by "s o!r s\rce ( in=mation8 ,?r\gh\t page aft] page ( ! lit]ature "o kn[s n :i* ( ^! que/ions is be=e "o2 & m]e description ( ! surface-%[ ( exp]i5ce is pr(f]$ z if x implicitly answ]$ e "o ( !m4 ,no "o ( ! disputants1 moreov]1 tries to %[ :at pragmatic consequ5ces 8 own view w\ld c>ry1 or :at assignable p>ticul> diff]5ces 9 any "o's exp]i5ce x w\ld make if 8 adv]s>y's 7 triumphant4 ,footnote #a3 ,m9d1 ,n4,s41 ,,vi1 #cgi4 ,x seems to me t if radical empiricism be good = any?+1 x ought1 ) its pragmatic me?od & its pr9ciple ( pure exp]i5ce1 to be able to avoid su* tangles1 or at lea/ to simplify !m some:at4 ,! pragmatic me?od />ts f ! po/ulate t !re is no diff]5ce ( tru? t doesn't make a diff]5ce ( fact some:]e2 & x seeks to det]m9e ! mean+ ( all diff]5ces ( op9ion by mak+ ! discussion h+e z soon z possible ^u "s practical or p>ticul> issue4 ,! pr9ciple ( pure exp]i5ce is also a me?odical po/ulate4 ,no?+ %all be admitt$ z fact1 x says1 except :at c be exp]i5c$ at "s def9ite "t by "s exp]i5t2 & = e feature ( fact ev] s exp]i5c$1 a def9ite place mu/ be f\nd some:]e 9 ! f9al sy/em ( reality4 ,9 o!r words3 ,ev]y?+ real mu/ be exp]i5ceable some:]e1 & e k9d ( ?+ exp]i5c$ mu/ some:]e be real4 ,arm$ ) ^! rules ( me?od1 let u see :at face ! problems ( activity pres5t to u4 ,by ! pr9ciple ( pure exp]i5ce1 ei!r ! ^w 'activity' mu/ h no mean+ at all1 or else ! orig9al type & model ( :at x means mu/ lie 9 "s concrete k9d ( exp]i5ce t c be def9itely po9t$ out4 ,:atev] ult]ior judgm5ts we may ev5tually come to make reg>d+ activity1 t sort ( ?+ w be :at ! judgm5ts are ab\t4 ,! fir/ /ep to take1 !n1 is to ask :]e 9 ! /ream ( exp]i5ce we seem to f9d :at we speak ( z activity4 ,:at we are to ?9k ( ! activity ?us f\nd w be a lat] "q4 ,n[ x is obvi\s t we are tempt$ to affirm activity :]ev] we f9d any?+ go+ on4 ,tak5 9 ! broade/ s5se1 any appreh5sion ( some?+ do+1 is an exp]i5ce ( activity4 ,7 our _w describable only by ! words 'no?+ happ5+1' 'no?+ *ang+1' 'no?+ do+1' we %\ld unque/ionably call x an 'inactive' _w4 ,b>e activity1 !n1 z we may call x1 means ! b>e fact ( ev5t or *ange4 ',*ange tak+ place' is a unique cont5t ( exp]i5ce1 "o ( ^? 'conjunctive' objects :i* radical empiricism seeks s e>ne/ly to rehabilitate & pres]ve4 ,! s5se ( activity is ?us 9 ! broade/ & vague/ way synonym\s ) ! s5se ( 'life4' ,we %\ld feel our own subjective life at lea/1 ev5 9 notic+ & proclaim+ an o!rwise inactive _w4 ,our own reaction on its monotony w\ld be ! "o ?+ exp]i5c$ !re 9 ! =m ( some?+ com+ to pass4 ,?is seems to be :at c]ta9 writ]s h 9 m9d :5 !y insi/ t = an exp]i5t to be at all is to be active4 ,x seems to ju/ify1 or at any rate to expla91 ,mr4 ,w>d's expression t we are only z we are active1#a ,footnote #a3 ,naturalism & ,agno/icism1 vol4 ii1 p4 #bde4 ,"o ?9ks naturally ( ! p]ipatetic actus primus & actus secundus "h4 = we are only z exp]i5ts2 & x rules out ,mr4 ,bradley's cont5tion t '!re is no orig9al exp]i5ce ( any?+ l activity4' ,:at we ought to say ab\t activities ?us simply giv51 ^: !y are1 :at !y effect1 or :e!r inde$ !y effect any?+ at all--^! are lat] que/ions1 to be answ]$ only :5 ! field ( exp]i5ce is enl>g$4 ,b>e activity w\ld ?us be pr$icable1 ?\gh !re 7 no def9ite direction1 no actor1 & no aim4 ,m]e re/less zigzag movem5t1 or a wild ide5flu*t1 or rhapsodie d] wahrnehmung51 z ,kant w\ld say1 w\ld con/itute an active z di/+ui%$ f an inactive _w4 ,b 9 ?is actual _w ( ours1 z x is giv51 a "p at lea/ ( ! activity comes ) def9ite direction2 x comes ) desire & s5se ( goal2 x comes complicat$ ) resi/ances :i* x ov]comes or succumbs to1 & ) ! ef=ts :i* ! feel+ ( resi/ance s (t5 provokes2 & x is 9 complex exp]i5ces l ^! t ! notions ( di/9ct ag5ts1 & ( passivity z oppos$ to activity arise4 ,"h also ! notion ( causal efficacy comes to bir?4 ,p]haps ! mo/ elaborate "w ev] done 9 descriptive psy*ology has be5 ! analysis by v>i\s rec5t writ]s ( ! m complex activity-situations4 ,9 _! descriptions1 exquisitely subtle "s ( !m1#a ! activity appe>s z ! ge/alt-qualitt ,footnote #a3 ,_! exi/5ce =ms a curi\s comm5t>y on ,pr(essor ,mun/]b]g's dogma t w-attitudes are n describable4 ,he himself has contribut$ 9 a sup]ior way to _! description1 bo? 9 8 ,will5%&lung1 & 9 8 ,grundzge1 ,"p ,,ii1 *ap1 ix1 #g4 or ! fundirte inhalt 7or z :atev] else y may please to call ! conjunctive =m7 :i* ! cont5t falls into :5 we exp]i5ce x 9 ! ways :i* ! describ]s set =?4 ,^? factors 9 ^? relations are :at we mean by activity-situations2 & to ! possible enum]ation & accumulation ( _! circum/ances & +r$i5ts !re w\ld seem to be no natural b\nd4 ,e h\r ( human life c\ld contribute to ! picture gall]y2 & ?is is ! only fault t "o c f9d ) su* descriptive indu/ry--:]e is x go+ to /op8 ,ought we to li/5 =ev] to v]bal pictures ( :at we h already 9 concrete =m 9 our own brea/s8#a ,!y nev] take u (f ! sup]ficial plane4 ,we knew ! facts already--less spread out & sep>at$1 to be sure--b we knew !m /ill4 ,we always felt our own activity1 = example1 z '! expansion ( an idea ) :i* our ,self is id5tifi$1 aga9/ an ob/acle'2 & ! foll[+ out ( su* a def9ition ?r\gh a multitude ( cases elaborates ! obvi\s s z to be little m ?an an ex]cise 9 synonymic spee*4 ,all ! descriptions h to trace famili> outl9es1 & to use famili> t]ms4 ,! activity is1 = example1 ,footnote #a3 ,i ought myself to cry peccavi1 hav+ be5 a volum9\s s9n] 9 my own *apt] on ! w4 attribut$ ei!r to a physical or to a m5tal ag5t1 & is ei!r aimless or direct$4 ,if direct$1 x %[s t5d5cy4 ,! t5d5cy may or may n be resi/$4 ,if n1 we call ! activity imman5t1 z :5 a body moves 9 empty space by its mom5tum1 or our ?\ghts w&] at _! own sweet w4 ,if resi/ance is met1 its ag5t complicates ! situation4 ,if n[1 9 spite ( resi/ance1 ! orig9al t5d5cy cont9ues1 ef=t makes its appe>ance1 & along ) ef=t1 /ra9 or squeeze4 ,w1 9 ! n>r[] s5se ( ! ^w1 !n comes ^u ! sc5e1 :5ev]1 along ) ! t5d5cy1 ! /ra9 & squeeze are su/a9$4 ,b ! resi/ance may be great en\gh to *eck ! t5d5cy1 or ev5 to rev]se its pa?4 ,9 t case1 we 7if 'we' 7 ! orig9al ag5ts or subjects ( ! t5d5cy7 are ov]p[]$4 ,! ph5om5on turns into "o ( t5sion simply1 or ( necessity succumb$--to1 accord+ z ! oppos+ p[] is only equal1 or is sup]ior to ourselves4 ,:osoev] describes an exp]i5ce 9 su* t]ms z ^!1 describes an exp]i5ce ( activity4 ,if ! ^w h any mean+1 x mu/ d5ote :at !re is f\nd4 ,!re is complete activity 9 its orig9al & fir/ int5tion4 ,:at x is 'kn[n-z' is :at !re appe>s4 ,! exp]i5c] ( su* a situation possesses all t ! idea conta9s4 ,he feels ! t5d5cy1 ! ob/acle1 ! w1 ! /ra91 ! triumph1 or ! passive giv+ up1 j z he feels ! "t1 ! space1 ! swiftness or int5sity1 ! movem5t1 ! weight & color1 ! pa9 & pleasure1 ! complexity1 or :atev] rema9+ *>act]s ! situation may involve4 ,he goes ?r\gh all t ev] c be imag9$ :]e activity is suppos$4 ,if we suppose activities to g on outside ( our exp]i5ce1 x is 9 =ms l ^! t we mu/ suppose !m1 or else give !m "s o!r "n2 = ! ^w 'activity' has no imag9able cont5t :atev] save ^! exp]i5ces ( process1 ob/ruction1 /riv+1 /ra91 or release1 ultimate qualia z !y are ( ! life giv5 u to be kn[n4 ,7 ?is ! end ( ! matt]1 "o might ?9k t :5ev] we _h successfully liv$ ?r\gh an activity-situation we %\ld h to be p]mitt$1 )\t provok+ contradiction1 to say t we _h be5 really active1 t we _h met real resi/ance & _h really prevail$4 ,lotze some:]e says t to be an entity all t is necess>y is to gelt5 z an entity1 to op]ate1 or be felt1 exp]i5c$1 recogniz$1 or 9 any way realiz$1 z su*4 ,9 our activity-exp]i5ces ! activity assur$ly fulfils ,lotze's dem&4 ,x makes itself gelt54 ,x is witness$ at its "w4 ,no matt] :at activities !re may really be 9 ?is extraord9>y univ]se ( ours1 x is impossible = u to conceive ( any "o ( !m be+ ei!r liv$ ?r\gh or au!ntically kn[n o!rwise ?an 9 ?is dramatic %ape ( some?+ su/a9+ a felt purpose aga9/ felt ob/acles & ov]com+ or be+ ov]come4 ,:at 'su/a9+' means "h is cle> to any "o :o has liv$ ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce1 b to no "o else2 j z 'l\d1' 'r$1' 'sweet1' mean some?+ only to be+s ) e>s1 eyes1 & tongues4 ,! p]cipi 9 ^! orig9als ( exp]i5ce is ! esse2 ! curta9 is ! picture4 ,if !re is any?+ hid+ 9 ! backgr\nd1 x ought n to be call$ activity1 b %\ld get itself ano!r "n4 ,?is seems s obvi\sly true t "o might well exp]i5ce a/oni%m5t at f9d+ s _m ( ! able/ writ]s on ! subject flatly d5y+ t ! activity we live ?r\gh 9 ^! situations is real4 ,m]ely to feel active is n to be active1 9 _! sight4 ,! ag5ts t appe> 9 ! exp]i5ce are n real ag5ts1 ! resi/ances d n really resi/1 ! effects t appe> are n really effects at all4#a ,x is evid5t f ?is t ,footnote #a3 ,v]borum grati3',! feel+ ( activity is n able1 qu feel+1 to tell u any?+ ab\t activity' 7,lov$ay3 ,m9d1 ,n4,s41 ,x41 #djc72 ',a s5sation or feel+ or s5se ( activity 444 is n1 look$ at 9 ano!r way1 a feel+ ( activity at all4 ,x is a m]e s5sation %ut up )9 :i* y c\ld by no reflection get ! idea ( activity4444 ,:e!r ?is exp]i5ce is or is n lat] on a "* ess5tial to our p]ception & our idea ( activity1 x1 z x comes fir/1 is n 9 itself an exp]i5ce ( activity at all4 ,x1 z x comes fir/1 is only s = extrane\s reasons & only s = an outside obs]v]' 7,bradley1 ,appe>ance & ,reality1 #b;d edition1 p4 #fje72 ',9 dem ttigkeitsgefhle leigt an si* ni*t d] g]+/e beweis fr das vorh&5se9 e9] psy*is*5 ttigkeit' 7,mn/]b]g3 ,grundzge1 etc41 p4 #fg74 ,i c\ld multiply simil> quotations1 & w\ld h introduc$ "s ( !m into my text to make x m concrete1 save t ! m+l+ ( diff]5t po9ts ( view 9 mo/ ( ^! au?or's discussions 7n 9 ,mn/]b]g's7 make x impossible to dis5tangle exactly :at !y mean4 ,i am sure 9 any case to be accus$ ( misrepres5t+ !m totally1 ev5 9 ?is note1 by omission ( ! context1 s ! less ,i "n names & ! m ,i /ick to ab/ract *>act]ization ( a m]ely possible /yle ( op9ion1 ! saf] x w be4 ,& apropos ( misund]/&+s1 ,i may add to ?is note a compla9t on my own acc\nt4 ,pr(essor ,/\t1 9 ! excell5t *apt] on ',m5tal ,activity1' 9 vol4 i ( 8 ,analytic ,psy*ology1 takes me to task = id5tify+ spiritual activity ) c]ta9 muscul> feel+s1 & gives quotations to be> him out4 ,!y are f c]ta9 p>agraphs on '! ,self1' 9 :i* my attempt 0 to %[ :at ! c5tral nucleus ( ! activities t we call 'ours' is4 ,i f\nd x 9 c]ta9 intracephalic movem5ts :i* we habitually oppose1 z 'subjective1' to ! activities ( ! transcorporeal _w4 ,i s\ght to %[ t !re is no direct evid5ce t we feel ! activity ( an inn] spiritual ag5t z su* 7,i %\ld n[ say ! activity ( 'consci\sness' z su*1 see my pap] ',does consci\sness exi/8' 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 vol4 i1 p4 #dgg74 ,!re are1 9 fact1 ?ree di/+ui%able 'activities' 9 ! field ( discussion3 ! elem5t>y activity involv$ 9 ! m]e t ( exp]i5ce1 9 ! fact t some?+ is go+ on1 & ! f>!r specification ( ?is some?+ into two :ats1 an activity felt z 'ours1' & an activity ascrib$ to objects4 ,/\t1 z ,i appreh5d him1 id5tifies 'our' activity ) t ( ! total exp]i5ce-process1 & :5 ,i circumscribe x z a "p !re(1 accuses me ( treat+ x z a sort ( ext]nal app5dage to itself 7pp4 #afb-afc71 z if ,i 'sep>at$ ! activity f ! process :i* is active4' ,b all ! processes 9 "q are active1 & _! activity is insep>able f _! be+4 ,my book rais$ only ! "q ( :i* activity des]v$ ! "n ( 'ours4' ,s f> z we are 'p]sons1' & contra/$ & oppos$ to an 'environm5t1' movem5ts 9 our body figure z our activities2 & ,i am unable to f9d any o!r activities t are ours 9 ?is /rictly p]sonal s5se4 ,!re is a wid] s5se 9 :i* ! :ole '*oir ( heav5 & furniture ( ! e>?1' & _! activities1 are ours1 = !y are our 'objects4' ,b 'we' are "h only ano!r "n = ! total process ( exp]i5ce1 ano!r "n = all t is1 9 fact2 & ,i 0 deal+ ) ! p]sonal & individualiz$ self exclusively 9 ! passages ) :i* ,pr(essor ,/\t f9ds fault4 ,! individualiz$ self1 :i* ,i believe to be ! only ?+ prop]ly call$ self1 is a "p ( ! cont5t ( ! _w exp]i5c$4 ,! _w exp]i5c$ 7o!rwise call$ ! 'field ( consci\sness'7 comes at all times ) our body z its c5tre1 c5tre ( vision1 c5tre ( action1 c5tre ( int]e/4 ,:]e ! body is is '"h'2 :5 ! body acts is 'n['2 :at ! body t\*es is '?is'2 all o!r ?+s are '!re' & '!n' & 't4' ,^! words ( emphasiz$ position imply a sy/ematization ( ?+s ) ref]5ce to a focus ( action & int]e/ :i* lies 9 ! body2 & ! sy/ematization is n[ s in/9ctive 70 x ev] n s87 t no develop$ or active exp]i5ce exi/s = u at all except 9 t ord]$ =m4 ,s f> z '?\ghts' & 'feel+s' c be active1 _! activity t]m9ates 9 ! activity ( ! body1 & only ?r\gh fir/ ar\s+ its activities c !y beg9 to *ange ^? ( ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,! body is ! /orm c5tre1 ! orig9 ( co-ord9ates1 ! con/ant place ( /ress 9 all t exp]i5ce-tra94 ,ev]y?+ circles r\nd x1 & is felt f its po9t ( view4 ,! ^w ',i1' !n1 is prim>ily a n\n ( position1 j l '?is' & '"h4' ,activities atta*$ to '?is' position h pr]ogative emphasis1 &1 if activities h feel+s1 mu/ be felt 9 a peculi> way4 ,! ^w 'my' designates ! k9d ( emphasis4 ,i see no inconsi/5cy :atev] 9 def5d+1 on ! "o h&1 'my' activities z unique & oppos$ to ^? ( out] nature1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 9 affirm+1 aft] introspection1 t !y consi/ 9 movem5ts 9 ! head4 ,! 'my' ( !m is ! emphasis1 ! feel+ ( p]spective-int]e/ 9 :i* !y are dy$4 m]e descriptive analysis ( any "o ( our activity-exp]i5ces is n ! :ole /ory1 t !re is some?+ /ill to tell ab\t !m t has l$ su* able writ]s to conceive ( a ,simon-pure activity1 ( an activity an si*1 t does1 & doesn't m]ely appe> to u to d1 & comp>$ ) ^: real do+ all ?is ph5om5al activity is b a speci\s %am4 ,! metaphysical "q op5s "h2 & ,i ?9k t ! /ate ( m9d ( "o possess$ by x is (t5 some?+ l ?is3 ',x is all v well1' we may imag9e him say+1 'to talk ab\t c]ta9 exp]i5ce-s]ies tak+ on ! =m ( feel+s ( activity1 j z !y might take on musical or geometric =ms4 ,suppose t !y d s2 suppose t :at we feel is a w to /& a /ra94 ,does our feel+ d m ?an record ! fact t ! /ra9 is su/a9$8 ,! real activity1 mean:ile1 is ! do+ ( ! fact2 & :at is ! do+ made ( be=e ! record is made8 ,:at 9 ! w enables x to act ?us8 ,& ^! tra9s ( exp]i5ce !mselves1 9 :i* activities appe>1 :at makes !m g at all8 ,does ! activity 9 "o bit ( exp]i5ce br+ ! next bit into be+8 ,z an empirici/ y _c say s1 = y h j decl>$ activity to be only a k9d ( syn!tic object1 or conjunctive relation exp]i5c$ betwe5 bits ( exp]i5ce already made4 ,b :at made !m at all8 ,:at propels exp]i5ce b]haupt into be+8 ,!re is ! activity t op]ates2 ! activity felt is only its sup]ficial sign4' ,to ! metaphysical "q1 popp$ ^u u 9 ?is way1 ,i mu/ pay s]i\s att5tion ere ,i end my rem>ks1 b1 be=e do+ s1 let me %[ t )\t leav+ ! imm$iate reticulations ( exp]i5ce1 or ask+ :at makes activity itself act1 we /ill f9d ! di/9ction betwe5 less real & m real activities =c$ ^u u1 & are driv5 to mu* s\l-se>*+ on ! purely ph5om5al plane4 ,we mu/ n =get1 namely1 9 talk+ ( ! ultimate "* ( our activity-exp]i5ces1 t ea* ( !m is b a portion ( a wid] _w1 "o l9k 9 ! va/ *a9 ( processes ( exp]i5ce out ( :i* hi/ory is made4 ,ea* p>tial process1 to him :o lives ?r\gh x1 def9es itself by its orig9 & its goal2 b to an obs]v] ) a wid] m9d-span :o %\ld live outside ( x1 t goal w\ld appe> b z a provisional halt+-place1 & ! subjectively felt activity w\ld be se5 to cont9ue into objective activities t l$ f> beyond4 ,we ?us acquire a habit1 9 discuss+ activity-exp]i5ces1 ( def9+ !m by _! relation to some?+ m4 ,if an exp]i5ce be "o ( n>r[ span1 x w be mi/ak5 z to :at activity x is & ^:4 ,y ?9k t y are act+ :ile y are only obey+ "s "o's pu%4 ,y ?9k y are do+ ?is1 b y are do+ some?+ ( :i* y d n dream4 ,= in/ance1 y ?9k y are b dr9k+ ?is glass2 b y are really creat+ ! liv]-cirrhosis t w end y\r days4 ,y ?9k y are j driv+ ?is b>ga91 b1 z ,/ev5son says some:]e1 y are lay+ d[n a l9k 9 ! policy ( mank9d4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! onlook]1 ) 8 wid] field ( vision1 reg>ds ! ultimate outcome ( an activity z :at x is m really do+2 & ! mo/ previ\s ag5t asc]ta9able1 be+ ! fir/ s\rce ( action1 he reg>ds z ! mo/ real ag5t 9 ! field4 ,! o!rs b transmit t ag5t's impulse2 on him we put responsibility2 we "n him :5 "o asks u1 ',:o's to blame8' ,b ! mo/ previ\s ag5ts asc]ta9able1 in/ead ( be+ ( long] span1 are (t5 ( mu* %ort] span ?an ! activity 9 view4 ,bra9-cells are our be/ example4 ,my bra9-cells are believ$ to excite ea* o!r f next to next 7by contigu\s transmission ( katabolic alt]ation1 let u say71 & to h be5 do+ s long be=e ?is pres5t /ret* ( lectur+-activity on my "p began4 ,if any "o cell-gr\p /ops its activity1 ! lectur+ w cease or %[ disord] ( =m4 ,cessante causa1 cessat et effectus--does n ?is look z if ! %ort-span bra9 activities 7 ! m real activities1 & ! lectur+ activities on my "p only _! effects8 ,moreov]1 z ,hume s cle>ly po9t$ out1 9 my m5tal activity-situation ! words physically to be utt]$ are repres5t$ z ! activity's imm$iate goal4 ,^! words1 h[ev]1 _c be utt]$ )\t int]m$iate physical processes 9 ! bulb & vagi n]ves1 :i* processes nev]!less fail to figure 9 ! m5tal activity-s]ies at all4 ,t s]ies1 !re=e1 s9ce x leaves out vitally real /eps ( action1 _c repres5t ! real activities4 ,x is some?+ purely subjective2 ! facts ( activity are else:]e4 ,!y are some?+ f> m int]/itial1 s to speak1 ?an :at my feel+s record4 ,! real facts ( activity t h 9 po9t ( fact be5 sy/ematically plead$ = by philosoph]s h1 s f> z my in=mation goes1 be5 ( ?ree pr9cipal types4 ,! fir/ type takes a consci\sness ( wid] "t-span ?an ours to be ! vehicle ( ! m real activity4 ,its w is ! ag5t1 & its purpose is ! action done4 ,! second type assumes t 'ideas' /ruggl+ ) "o ano!r are ! ag5ts1 & t ! preval5ce ( "o set ( !m is ! action4 ,! ?ird type believes t n]ve-cells are ! ag5ts1 & t resultant motor dis*>ges are ! acts a*iev$4 ,n[ if we mu/ de-realize our imm$iately felt activity-situations = ! b5efit ( ei!r ( ^! types ( sub/itute1 we ought to "k :at ! sub/itution practically involves4 ,:at practical diff]5ce ought x to make if1 in/ead ( say+ naively t ',i' am active n[ 9 deliv]+ ?is address1 ,i say t a wid] ?9k] is active1 or t c]ta9 ideas are active1 or t c]ta9 n]ve-cells are active1 9 produc+ ! result8 ,?is w\ld be ! pragmatic mean+ ( ! ?ree hypo!ses4 ,let u take !m 9 succession 9 seek+ a reply4 ,if we assume a wid] ?9k]1 x is evid5t t 8 purposes envelop m9e4 ,i am really lectur+ = him2 & al?o ,i _c surely "k to :at end1 yet if ,i take him religi\sly1 ,i c tru/ x to be a good end1 & will+ly connive4 ,i c be happy 9 ?9k+ t my activity transmits 8 impulse1 & t 8 ends prolong my own4 ,s long z ,i take him religi\sly1 9 %ort1 he does n de-realize my activities4 ,he t5ds r to corroborate ! reality ( !m1 s long z ,i believe bo? !m & him to be good4 ,:5 n[ we turn to ideas1 ! case is diff]5t1 inasmu* z ideas are suppos$ by ! association psy*ology to influ5ce ea* o!r only f next to next4 ,! 'span' ( an idea1 or pair ( ideas1 is assum$ to be mu* small] in/ead ( be+ l>g] ?an t ( my total consci\s field4 ,! same results may get work$ out 9 bo? cases1 = ?is address is be+ giv5 anyh[4 ,b ! ideas suppos$ to 'really' "w x out _h no prevision ( ! :ole ( x2 & if ,i 0 lectur+ = an absolute ?9k] 9 ! =m] case1 s1 by simil> reason+1 are my ideas n[ lectur+ = me1 t is1 accompli%+ unwitt+ly a result :i* ,i approve & adopt4 ,b1 :5 ?is pass+ lecture is ov]1 !re is no?+ 9 ! b>e notion t ideas h be5 its ag5ts t w\ld seem to gu>antee t my pres5t purposes 9 lectur+ w be prolong$4 ,i may h ult]ior developm5ts 9 view2 b !re is no c]ta9ty t my ideas z su* w wi% to1 or be able to1 "w !m out4 ,! l is true if n]ve-cells be ! ag5ts4 ,! activity ( a n]ve-cell mu/ be conceiv$ ( z a t5d5cy ( exce$+ly %ort rea*1 an 'impulse' b>ely spann+ ! way to ! next cell--= surely t am\nt ( actual 'process' mu/ be 'exp]i5c$' by ! cells if :at happ5s betwe5 !m is to des]ve ! "n ( activity at all4 ,b "h aga9 ! gross resultant1 z ,i p]ceive x1 is indiff]5t to ! ag5ts1 & nei!r wi%$ or will$ or =ese54 ,_! be+ ag5ts n[ congru\s ) my w gives me no gu>antee t l results w recur aga9 f _! activity4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 all sorts ( o!r results d occur4 ,my mi/akes1 impot5cies1 p]v]sions1 m5tal ob/ructions1 & fru/rations g5]ally1 are also results ( ! activity ( cells4 ,al?o ^! are lett+ me lecture n[1 on o!r occasions !y make me d ?+s t ,i w\ld will+ly n d4 ,! "q ,^: is ! real activity8 is ?us tantam\nt to ! "q ,:at w be ! actual results8 ,its int]e/ is dramatic2 h[ w ?+s "w out8 ,if ! ag5ts are ( "o sort1 "o way2 if ( ano!r sort1 !y may "w out v diff]5tly4 ,! pragmatic mean+ ( ! v>i\s alt]natives1 9 %ort1 is great4 ,x makes m ?an a m]ely v]bal diff]5ce :i* op9ion we take up4 ,y see x is ! old dispute come back6 ,mat]ialism & teleology2 elem5t>y %ort-span actions summ+ !mselves 'bl9dly1' or f> =ese5 ideals com+ ) ef=t into act4 ,navely we believe1 & humanly & dramatically we l to believe1 t activities bo? ( wid] & ( n>r[] span are at "w 9 life toge!r1 t bo? are real1 & t ! long-span t5d5cies yoke ! o!rs 9 _! s]vice1 enc\rag+ !m 9 ! "r direction1 & damp+ !m :5 !y t5d 9 o!r ways4 ,b h[ to repres5t cle>ly ! modus op]&i ( su* /e]+ ( small t5d5cies by l>ge ones is a problem :i* metaphysical ?9k]s w h to rum9ate ^u = _m ye>s to come4 ,ev5 if su* control %\ld ev5tually gr[ cle>ly picturable1 ! "q h[ f> x is successfully ex]t$ 9 ?is actual _w c be answ]$ only by inve/igat+ ! details ( fact4 ,no philosophic k ( ! g5]al nature & con/itution ( t5d5cies1 or ( ! relation ( l>g] to small] ones1 c help u to pr$ict :i* ( all ! v>i\s compet+ t5d5cies t int]e/ u 9 ?is univ]se are likelie/ to prevail4 ,we "k z an empirical fact t f>-see+ t5d5cies (t5 c>ry out _! purpose1 b we "k also t !y are (t5 defeat$ by ! failure ( "s contemptibly small process on :i* success dep5ds4 ,a little ?rombus 9 a /atesman's m5+eal art]y w ?r[ an empire out ( ge>4 ,!re=e ,i _c ev5 h9t at any solution ( ! pragmatic issue4 ,i h only wi%$ to %[ y t t issue is :at gives ! real int]e/ to all inquiries into :at k9ds ( activity may be real4 ,are ! =ces t really act 9 ! _w m =esee+ or m bl9d8 ,z betwe5 'our' activities z 'we' exp]i5ce !m1 & ^? ( our ideas1 or ( our bra9-cells1 ! issue is well def9$4 ,i said a:ile back 7p4 #cha7 t ,i %\ld return to ! 'metaphysical' "q be=e end+2 s1 ) a few words ab\t t1 ,i w n[ close my rem>ks4 ,9 :atev] =m we he> ?is "q prop\nd$1 ,i ?9k t x always arises f two ?+s1 a belief t causality mu/ be ex]t$ 9 activity1 & a wond] z to h[ causality is made4 ,if we take an activity-situation at its face-value1 x seems z if we caught 9 flagrante delicto ! v p[] t makes facts come & be4 ,i n[ am eag]ly /riv+1 = example1 to get ?is tru? :i* ,i seem half to p]ceive1 into words :i* %all make x %[ m cle>ly4 ,if ! words come1 x w seem z if ! /riv+ itself _h drawn or pull$ !m into actuality out f ! /ate ( m]ely possible be+ 9 :i* !y 74 ,h[ is ?is feat p]=m$8 ,h[ does ! pull+ pull8 ,h[ d ,i get my hold on words n yet exi/5t1 & :5 !y come1 by :at means h ,i made !m come8 ,really x is ! problem ( creation2 = 9 ! end ! "q is3 ,h[ d ,i make !m be8 ,real activities are ^? t really make ?+s be1 )\t :i* ! ?+s are n1 & ) :i* !y are !re4 ,activity1 s f> z we m]ely feel x1 on ! o!r h&1 is only an impression ( ours1 x may be ma9ta9$2 & an impression is1 = all ?is way ( ?9k+1 only a %ad[ ( ano!r fact4 ,arriv$ at ?is po9t1 ,i c d little m ?an indicate ! pr9ciples on :i*1 z x seems to me1 a radically empirical philosophy is oblig$ to rely 9 h&l+ su* a dispute4 ,if !re be real creative activities 9 be+1 radical empiricism mu/ say1 some:]e !y mu/ be imm$iately liv$4 ,some:]e ! t ( efficaci\s caus+ & ! :at ( x mu/ be exp]i5c$ 9 "o1 j z ! :at & ! t ( 'cold' are exp]i5c$ 9 "o :5ev] a man has ! s5sation ( cold "h & n[4 ,x boots n to say t our s5sations are fallible4 ,!y are inde$2 b to see ! !rmomet] contradict u :5 we say 'x is cold' does n aboli% cold z a specific nature f ! univ]se4 ,cold is 9 ! arctic circle if n "h4 ,ev5 s1 to feel t our tra9 is mov+ :5 ! tra9 beside our w9d[ moves1 to see ! moon ?r\gh a telescope come twice z ne>1 or to see two pictures z "o solid :5 we look ?r\gh a /]eoscope at !m1 leaves motion1 ne>ness1 & solidity /ill 9 be+--if n "h1 yet ea* 9 its prop] seat else:]e4 ,& :]ev] ! seat ( real causality is1 z ultimately kn[n '= true' 79 n]ve-processes1 if y w1 t cause our feel+s ( activity z well z ! movem5ts :i* ^! seem to prompt71 a philosophy ( pure exp]i5ce c consid] ! real causation z no o!r nature ( ?+ ?an t :i* ev5 9 our mo/ errone\s exp]i5ces appe>s to be at "w4 ,exactly :at appe>s !re is :at we mean by work+1 ?o we may lat] come to le>n t work+ 0 n exactly !re4 ,su/a9+1 p]sev]+1 /riv+1 pay+ ) ef=t z we g1 hang+ on1 & f9ally a*iev+ our int5tion--?is is action1 ?is is effectuation 9 ! only %ape 9 :i*1 by a pure exp]i5ce-philosophy1 ! :]eab\ts ( x any:]e c be discuss$4 ,"h is creation 9 its fir/ int5tion1 "h is causality at "w4#a ,to treat ?is (fh& z ! b>e illusory ,footnote #a3 ,let me n be told t ?is contradicts a =m] article ( m9e1 ',does consci\sness exi/8' 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy = ,septemb] #a1 #aijd 7see especially page #dhi71 9 :i* x 0 said t :ile '?\ghts' & '?+s' h ! same natures1 ! natures "w 'en]getically' on ea* o!r 9 ! ?+s 7fire burns1 wat] wets1 etc471 b n 9 ! ?\ghts4 ,m5tal activity-tra9s are compos$ ( ?\ghts1 yet _! memb]s d "w on ea* o!r3 !y *eck1 su/a91 & introduce4 ,!y d s :5 ! activity is m]ely associational z well z :5 ef=t is !re4 ,b1 & ?is is my reply1 !y d s by o!r p>ts ( _! nature ?an ^? t en]gize physically4 ,"o ?\ght 9 e develop$ activity-s]ies is a desire or ?\ght ( purpose1 & all ! o!r ?\ghts acquire a feel+ tone f _! relation ( h>mony or oppugnancy to ?is4 ,! int]play ( ^! second>y tones 7among :i* 'int]e/1' 'difficulty1' & 'ef=t' figure7 runs ! drama 9 ! m5tal s]ies4 ,9 :at we t]m ! physical drama ^! qualities play absolutely no "p4 ,! subject ne$s c>eful work+ out2 b ,i c see no inconsi/5cy4 surface ( a _w ^: real causality is an unimag9able ontological pr9ciple hidd5 9 ! cubic deeps1 is1 = ! m empirical way ( ?9k+1 only animism 9 ano!r %ape4 ,y expla9 y\r giv5 fact by y\r 'pr9ciple1' b ! pr9ciple itself1 :5 y look cle>ly at x1 turns out to be no?+ b a previ\s little spiritual copy ( ! fact4 ,away f t "o & only k9d ( fact y\r m9d1 consid]+ causality1 c nev] get4#a ,footnote #a3 ,i h f\nd myself m ?an once accus$ 9 pr9t ( be+ ! ass]tor ( a metaphysical pr9ciple ( activity4 ,s9ce lit]>y misund]/&+s ret>d ! settlem5t ( problems1 ,i %\ld l to say t su* an int]pretation ( ! pages ,i h publi%$ on ef=t & on w is absolutely =eign to :at ,i meant to express4 ,i owe all my doctr9es on ?is subject to ,r5\vi]2 & ,r5\vi]1 z ,i und]/& him1 is 7or at any rate !n 07 an out & out ph5om5i/1 a d5i] ( '=ces' 9 ! mo/ /r5u\s s5se4 ,s+le clauses 9 my writ+1 or s5t5ces read out ( _! connexion1 may possibly h be5 compatible ) a transph5om5al pr9ciple ( en]gy2 b ,i defy any "o to %[ a s+le s5t5ce :i*1 tak5 ) its context1 %\ld be naturally held to advocate t view4 ,! mis9t]pretation probably arose at fir/ f my hav+ def5d$ 7aft] ,r5\vi]7 ! indet]m9ism ( our ef=ts4 ',free w' 0 suppos$ by my critics to involve a sup]natural ag5t4 ,z a matt] ( pla9 hi/ory1 ! only 'free w' ,i h ev] ?\ght ( def5d+ is ! "* ( novelty 9 fre% activity-situations4 ,if an activity-process is ! =m ( a :ole 'field ( consci\sness1' & if ea* field ( consci\sness is n only 9 its totality unique 7z is n[ commonly admitt$71 b has its elem5ts unique 7s9ce 9 t situation !y are all dy$ 9 ! total71 !n novelty is p]petually ent]+ ! _w & :at happ5s !re is n pure repetition1 z ! dogma ( ! lit]al uni=mity ( nature requires4 ,activity-situations come1 9 %ort1 ea* ) an orig9al t\*4 ,a 'pr9ciple' ( free w1 if !re 7 "o1 w\ld d\btless manife/ itself 9 su* ph5om5a1 b ,i nev] saw1 nor d ,i n[ see1 :at ! pr9ciple c\ld d except rehe>se ! ph5om5on be=eh&1 or :y x ev] %\ld be invok$4 ,i conclude1 !n1 t real effectual causation z an ultimate nature1 z a 'category1' if y l1 ( reality1 is j :at we feel x to be1 j t k9d ( conjunction :i* our own activity-s]ies reveal4 ,we h ! :ole butt & be+ ( x 9 our h&s2 & ! heal?y ?+ = philosophy is to leave (f grubb+ und]gr\nd = :at effects effectuation1 or :at makes action act1 & to try to solve ! concrete que/ions ( :]e effectuation 9 ?is _w is locat$1 ( :i* ?+s are ! true causal ag5ts !re1 & ( :at ! m remote effects consi/4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! great] sublimity traditionally attribut$ to ! metaphysical inquiry1 ! grubb+ inquiry1 entirely disappe>s4 ,if we c\ld "k :at causation really & transc5d5tally is 9 itself1 ! only use ( ! k w\ld be to help u to recognize an actual cause :5 we _h "o1 & s to track ! future c\rse ( op]ations m intellig5tly out4 ,! m]e ab/ract inquiry into causation's hidd5 nature is n m sublime ?an any o!r inquiry equally ab/ract4 ,causation inhabits no m sublime level ?an any?+ else4 ,x lives1 app>5tly1 9 ! dirt ( ! _w z well z 9 ! absolute1 or 9 man's unconqu]able m9d4 ,! wor? & int]e/ ( ! _w consi/s n 9 its elem5ts1 be ^! elem5ts ?+s1 or be !y ! conjunctions ( ?+s2 x exi/s r 9 ! dramatic outcome ( ! :ole process1 & 9 ! mean+ ( ! succession /ages :i* ! elem5ts "w out4 ,my colleague & ma/]1 ,josiah ,royce1 9 a page ( 8 review ( ,/\t's ,analytic ,psy*ology1 9 ,m9d = #ahig1 has "s f9e words on ?is po9t ) :i* ,i cordially agree4 ,i _c agree ) 8 sep>at+ ! notion ( efficacy f t ( activity altoge!r 7?is ,i und]/& to be "o cont5tion ( 871 = activities are efficaci\s :5ev] !y are real activities at all4 ,b ! inn] nature bo? ( efficacy & ( activity are sup]ficial problems1 ,i und]/& ,royce to say2 & ! only po9t = u 9 solv+ !m w\ld be _! possible use 9 help+ u to solve ! f> deep] problem ( ! c\rse & mean+ ( ! _w ( life4 ,life1 says our colleague1 is full ( significance1 ( mean+1 ( success & ( defeat1 ( hop+ & ( /riv+1 ( long+1 ( desire1 & ( inn] value4 ,x is a total pres5ce t embodies wor?4 ,to live our own lives bett] 9 ?is pres5ce is ! true reason :y we wi% to "k ! elem5ts ( ?+s2 s ev5 we psy*ologi/s mu/ end on ?is pragmatic note4 ,! urg5t problems ( activity are ?us m concrete4 ,!y all are problems ( ! true relation ( long]-span to %ort]-span activities4 ,:51 = example1 a numb] ( 'ideas' 7to use ! "n traditional 9 psy*ology7 gr[ conflu5t 9 a l>g] field ( consci\sness1 d ! small] activities /ill coexi/ ) ! wid] activities !n exp]i5c$ by ! consci\s subject8 ,&1 if s1 d ! wide activities accompany ! n>r[ ones in]tly1 or d !y ex]t control8 ,or d !y p]haps utt]ly supplant & replace !m & %ort-circuit _! effects8 ,aga91 :5 a m5tal activity-process & a bra9-cell s]ies ( activities bo? t]m9ate 9 ! same muscul> movem5t1 does ! m5tal process /e] ! neural processes or n8 ,or1 on ! o!r h&1 does x indep5d5tly %ort-circuit _! effects8 ,su* are ! que/ions t we mu/ beg9 )4 ,b s f> am ,i f sugge/+ any def9itive answ] to su* que/ions1 t ,i h>dly yet c put !m cle>ly4 ,!y lead1 h[ev]1 into t region ( panpsy*ic & ontologic speculation ( :i* ,pr(essors ,b]gson & ,/rong h lately enl>g$ ! lit]ature 9 s able & int]e/+ a way4 ,! results ( ^! au?ors seem 9 _m respects dissimil>1 & ,i und]/& !m z yet b imp]fectly2 b ,i _c help suspect+ t ! direction ( _! "w is v promis+1 & t !y h ! hunt]'s in/9ct = ! fruitful trails4 ,,app5dix ,c ,,on ,,! ,,notion ,,( ,,reality ,,z ,,*ang+ ,9 my ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology 7vol4 ii1 p4 #fdf7 ,i gave ! "n ( ! 'axiom ( skipp$ int]m$i>ies & transf]r$ relations' to a s]ial pr9ciple ( :i* ! f\ndation ( logic1 ! dictum de omni et nullo 7or1 z ,i express$ x1 ! rule t :at is ( a k9d is ( t k9d's k9d71 is ! mo/ famili> in/ance4 ,m ?an ! m is m ?an ! less1 equals ( equals are equal1 sames ( ! same are ! same1 ! cause ( a cause is ! cause ( its effects1 are o!r examples ( ?is s]ial law4 ,al?o x applies infallibly & )\t re/riction ?r\gh\t c]ta9 ab/ract s]ies1 :]e ! 'sames1' 'causes1' etc41 spok5 (1 are 'pure1' & h no prop]ties save _! sam5ess1 causality1 etc41 x _c be appli$ (fh& to concrete objects ) num]\s prop]ties & relations1 = x is h>d to trace a /raight l9e ( sam5ess1 causation1 or :atev] x may be1 ?r\gh a s]ies ( su* objects )\t sw]v+ into "s 'respect' :]e ! relation1 z pursu$ orig9ally1 no long] holds3 ! objects h s _m 'aspects' t we are con/antly deflect$ f our orig9al direction1 & f9d1 we "k n :y1 t we are foll[+ some?+ diff]5t f :at we />t$ )4 ,?us a cat is 9 a s5se ! same z a m\se-trap1 & a m\se-trap ! same z a bird-cage2 b 9 no valuable or easily intelligible s5se is a cat ! same z a bird-cage4 ,commodore ,p]ry 0 9 a s5se ! cause ( ! new rgime 9 ,japan1 & ! new rgime 0 ! cause ( ! russian ,d\ma2 b x w\ld h>dly pr(it u to insi/ on hold+ to ,p]ry z ! cause ( ! ,d\ma3 ! t]ms h gr[n too remote to h any real or practical relation to ea* o!r4 ,9 e s]ies ( real t]ms1 n only d ! t]ms !mselves & _! associates & environm5ts *ange1 b we *ange1 & _! mean+ = u *anges1 s t new k9ds ( sam5ess & types ( causation cont9ually come into view & appeal to our int]e/4 ,our e>li] l9es1 hav+ gr[n irrelevant1 are !n dropp$4 ,! old t]ms c no long] be sub/itut$ nor ! relations 'transf]r$1' because ( s _m new dim5sions into :i* exp]i5ce has op5$4 ,in/ead ( a /raight l9e1 x n[ foll[s a zigzag2 & to keep x /raight1 "o mu/ d viol5ce to its spontane\s developm5t4 ,n t "o might n possibly1 by c>eful seek+ 7?o ,i d\bt x71 f9d "s l9e 9 nature along :i* t]ms lit]ally ! same1 or causes causal 9 ! same way1 might be s]ially /rung )\t limit1 if "o's int]e/ lay 9 su* f9d+4 ,)9 su* l9es our axioms might hold1 causes might cause _! effect's effects1 etc42 b su* l9es !mselves w\ld1 if f\nd1 only be p>tial memb]s ( a va/ natural network1 )9 ! o!r l9es ( :i* y c\ld n say1 9 any s5se t a wise man or a sane man w\ld ev] ?9k (1 9 any s5se t w\ld n be concretely silly1 t ! pr9ciple ( skipt int]m$i>ies /ill held good4 ,9 ! practical _w1 ! _w ^: significances we foll[1 sames ( ! same are c]ta9ly n sames ( "o ano!r2 & ?+s con/antly cause o!r ?+s )\t be+ held responsible = ev]y?+ ( :i* ^? o!r ?+s are causes4 ,pr(essor ,b]gson1 believ+ z he does 9 a h]aclitean 'dev5ir rel1' ought1 if ,i rightly und]/& him1 positively to d5y t 9 ! actual _w ! logical axioms hold good )\t qualification4 ,n only1 accord+ to him1 d t]ms *ange1 s t aft] a c]ta9 "t ! v elem5ts ( ?+s are no long] :at !y 71 b relations also *ange1 s z no long] to obta9 9 ! same id5tical way betwe5 ! new ?+s t h succe$$ ^u ! old ones4 ,if ?is 7 really s1 !n h[ev] indef9itely sames might /ill be sub/itut$ = sames 9 ! logical _w ( no?+ b pure sam5ess1 9 ! _w ( real op]ations e l9e ( sam5ess actually />t$ & foll[$ up w\ld ev5tually give out1 & cease to be traceable any f>!r4 ,sames ( ! same1 9 su* a _w1 w n always 7or r1 9 a /rict s5se w nev]7 be ! same z "o ano!r1 = 9 su* a _w !re is no lit]al or ideal sam5ess among num]ical diff]5ts4 ,nor 9 su* a _w w x be true t ! cause ( ! cause is unres]v$ly ! cause ( ! effect2 = if we foll[ l9es ( real causation1 in/ead ( cont5t+ ourselves ) ,hume's & ,kant's evisc]at$ s*ematism1 we f9d t remot] effects are seldom aim$ at by causal int5tions1#a t no "o k9d ( causal activity cont9ues indef9itely1 & t ! pr9ciple ( skipt int]m$i>ies c be talk$ ( only 9 ab/racto4#b ,volumes i1 ii1 & iii ( ! ,moni/ 7#ahij-ahic7 conta9 a numb] ( articles by ,mr4 ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce1 articles ! orig9ality ( :i* has app>5tly prev5t$ _! mak+ an imm$iate impression1 b :i*1 if ,i mi/ake n1 w prove a gold-m9e ( ideas = ?9k]s ( ! com+ g5]ation4 ,mr4 ,peirce's views1 ?o rea*$ s diff]5tly1 are altoge!r congru\s ) ,b]gson's4 ,bo? philosoph]s believe t ! appe>ance ( novelty 9 ?+s is g5u9e4 ,to an obs]v] /&+ outside ( its g5]at+ causes1 novelty c appe> only z s mu* '*ance'2 to "o :o /&s inside x is ! expression ( 'free creative activity4' ,peirce's 'ty*ism' is ?us practically synonym\s ) ,b]gson's 'dev5ir rel4' ,! common objection to admitt+ novelties is t by jump+ abruptly 91 ex nihilo1 !y %att] ! _w's rational cont9uity4 ,peirce meets ?is objection by comb9+ 8 ty*ism ,footnote #a3 ,comp>e ! d\ma ) :at ,p]ry aim$ at4 ,footnote #b3 ,comp>e ,app5dix ,b1 z to :at ,i mean "h by 'real' casual activity4 ) an express doctr9e ( 'syne*ism' or cont9uity1 ! two doctr9es m]g+ into ! high] syn!sis on :i* he be/[s ! "n ( 'agapa/icism 7loc4 cit41 iii1 #ahh71 :i* means exactly ! same ?+ z ,b]gson's 'volution cratrice4' ,novelty1 z empirically f\nd1 doesn't arrive by jumps & jolts1 x leaks 9 ins5sibly1 = adjac5ts 9 exp]i5ce are always int]fus$1 ! smalle/ real datum be+ bo? a com+ & a go+1 & ev5 num]ical di/9ctness be+ realiz$ effectively only aft] a concrete int]val has pass$4 ,! int]vals also deflect u f ! orig9al pa?s ( direction1 & all ! old id5tities at la/ give out1 = ! fatally cont9u\s infiltration ( o!rness w>ps ?+s out ( e orig9al rut4 ,j s1 9 a curve1 ! same direction is nev] foll[$1 & ! conception ( x z a myriad-sid$ polygon falsifies x by suppos+ x to d s = h[ev] %ort a "t4 ,peirce speaks ( an 'inf9itesimal' t5d5cy to div]sification4 ,! ma!matical notion ( an inf9itesimal conta9s1 9 tru?1 ! :ole p>adox ( ! same & yet ! nasc5t o!r1 ( an id5tity t won't keep except s f> z x keeps fail+1 t won't transf]1 any m ?an ! s]ial relations 9 "q transf]1 :5 y apply !m to reality in/ead ( apply+ !m to concepts alone4 ,a fri5d ( m9e has an idea1 :i* illu/rates on su* a magnifi$ scale ! impossibility ( trac+ ! same l9e ?r\gh reality1 t ,i w m5tion x "h4 ,he ?9ks t no?+ m is ne$$ to make hi/ory 'sci5tific' ?an to get ! cont5t ( any two epo*s 7say ! end ( ! ?irte5? & ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury7 accurately def9$1 !n accurately to def9e ! direction ( ! *ange t l$ f ! "o epo* into ! o!r1 & f9ally to prolong ! l9e ( t direction into ! future4 ,s prolong+ ! l9e1 he ?9ks1 we ought to be able to def9e ! actual /ate ( ?+s at any future date we please4 ,we all feel ! ess5tial unreality ( su* a conception ( 'hi/ory' z ?is2 b if su* a syne*i/ic pluralism z ,peirce1 ,b]gson1 & ,i believe 91 be :at really exi/s1 e ph5om5on ( developm5t1 ev5 ! simple/1 w\ld prove equally rebelli\s to our sci5ce %\ld ! latt] pret5d to give u lit]ally accurate in/ead ( approximate1 or /ati/ically g5]aliz$1 pictures ( ! developm5t ( reality4 ,i c give no fur!r acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,peirce's ideas 9 ?is note1 b ,i e>ne/ly advise all /ud5ts ( ,b]gson to comp>e !m ) ^? 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