,,html file produc$ by ,david ,widg]    
,,essays ,,( ,,s*op5hau]3    ,,translat$
 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,rudolf ,,dircks4    ,,)  
,,an ,,introduction4          ,,cont5ts 
,,on ,,au?or%ip ,,& ,,/yle  ,,on ,,noise
  ,,on ,,education  ,,on ,,read+ ,,&    
,,books  ,,! ,,empt9ess ,,( ,,exi/5ce   
,,on ,,wom5  ,,?9k+ ,,= ,,oneself       
,,%ort ,,dialogue ,,on ,,!              
,,inde/ructibility ,,( ,,our ,,true     
,,be+ ,,by ,,dea?  ,,religion--,a       
,,dialogue  ,,psy*ological ,,obs]vations
  ,,metaphysics ,,( ,,love              
,,physiognomy  ,,on ,,suicide           
,,prelim9>y4      ,:5 ,s*op5hau] 0 ask$ 
:]e he wi%$ to be buri$1 he answ]$1     
,any:]e2 !y w f9d me2 & ! /one t m>ks 8 
grave at  ,frank=t be>s m]ely !         
inscription ,ar?ur ,s*op5hau]1 )\t  ev5 
! date ( 8 bir? or dea?4 ,s*op5hau]1 !  
pessimi/1 _h a  suffici5tly optimi/ic   
conviction t 8 message to ! _w w\ld     
ultimately be li/5$ to--a conviction t  
nev] fail$ him dur+ a  lifetime (       
disappo9tm5ts1 ( neglect 9 qu>t]s :]e   

p]haps he  w\ld h mo/ *]i%$             
appreciation2 a conviction t only %[$   
"s signs ( be+ ju/ifi$ a few ye>s be=e 8
 dea?4 ,s*op5hau]  0 no opportuni/2 he 0
 n ev5 conciliatory2 he nev] hesitat$ to
  decl>e 8 own fai? 9 himself1 9 8      
pr9ciples1 9 8 philosophy2  he did n ask
 to be li/5$ to z a matt] ( c\rtesy b z 
a  "r--a "r = :i* he w\ld /ruggle1 = :i*
 he f\ght1 &  :i* has 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 x 
may be admitt$1 be5 conc$$ to  him4     
,al?\gh ev]y?+ t ,s*op5hau] wrote 0     
writt5 m or less z  evid5ce to support 8
 ma9 philosophical !sis1 8 unify+       
philosophical pr9ciple1 ! essays 9 ?is  
volume h an int]e/1 if  n altoge!r ap>t1
 at lea/ ( a suffici5tly indep5d5t      
int]e/ to  enable !m to be consid]$ on  
_! own m]its1 )\t relation to  8 ma9    
idea4 ,& 9 dissociat+ !m1 if "o may d s 
= a mom5t  7_! au?or w\ld h sc>cely     
p]mitt$ x671 "o feels t "o  ent]s a     
field ( criticism 9 :i* op9ions c       
sc>cely v>y4 ,s f>  z 8 philosophy is   
conc]n$1 ?is unanimity does n exi/2 he  

is "o  ( ! be/ abus$ among/ philosoph]s2
 he has _m times be5  expla9$ & condemn$
 exhau/ively1 & no d\bt ?is w be z _m   
times repeat$4 ,:at ! tr5d ( 8 und]ly+  
philosophical pr9cipal  01 8            
metaphysical explanation ( ! _w1 is     
indicat$ 9 almo/  all ! foll[+ essays1 b
 *iefly 9 ! ,metaphysics ( ,love1 to    
:i* ! read] may be ref]r$4    ,^! essays
 are a valuable criticism ( life by a   
man :o _h a wide  exp]i5ce ( life1 a man
 ( ! _w1 :o possess$ an almo/ inspir$   
faculty ( obs]vation4 ,s*op5hau]1 ( all 
m51 unmi/akably obs]v$  life at fir/ h&4
 ,!re is no academic e*o 9 8 utt]ances2 
he is  n "o ( a s*ool2 8 voice has no   
=mal intonation2 x is deep1  full-*e/$1 
& r+s out its words ) all ! poignancy ( 
individual emphasis1 )\t blu/]1 b )     
unfail+ conviction4 ,he  0 = 8 "t1 & = 8
 c\ntry1 an adept at lit]>y =m2 b he    
us$ x only z a means4 ,complicat$ z 8   
s5t5ces occasionally are1  he says _m   
%>p1 _m brilliant1 _m epigrammatic ?+s1 
he has !  mann] ( ! fam\s essayi/s1 he  

is p>adoxical 7h[ _m ( 8  p>adoxes are  
n[ truisms672 "o fancies at times t "o  
is almo/  li/5+ to a creation ( ,molire1
 b ^! fireworks are n m]ely a  lit]>y   
display1 !y are us$ to illum9e :at he   
consid]s to be !  tru?4 ,ri5 n'e/ beau  
que le vrai2 le vrai seul e/ aimable1 he
  quotes2 he 0 a delib]ate & dilig5t    
se>*] aft] tru?1 always  /riv+ to atta9 
! he>t ( ?+s1 to arrive at a k (  fir/  
pr9ciples4 ,x is1 too1 n )\t a sort (   
grim hum\r t  ?is psy*ological          
vivisectioni/ attempts to lay b>e !     
skeleton (  ! human m9d1 to te> away all
 ! *>m+ little s5tim5ts &  hypocrisies  
:i* 9 ! c\rse ( "t become a "p & p>cel (
  human life4 ,a man influ5c$ by su*    
motives1 & possess+ a frank &  cau/ic   
tongue1 0 n likely to atta9 any v l>ge  
%>e ( popul>  fav\r or to be e/eem$ a   
companionable sort ( p]son4 ,! fabric ( 
social life is int]wov5 ) a multitude ( 
delicate evasions1 (  small hypocrisies1
 ( matt]s ( t9sel s5tim5t2 social       
int]c\rse  w\ld be impossible1 if x 7 n 

s4 ,!re is no sort ( social  exi/5ce    
possible = a p]son :o is +5u\s en\gh to 
say always  :at he ?9ks1 &1 on ! :ole1  
"o may be ?ankful t !re is  n4 ,"o      
naturally en\gh objects to =m ! subject 
( a critical  diagnosis & exposure2 "o  
*ooses = "o's fri5ds ! agreeable        
hypocrites ( life :o su/a9 = "o !       
illusions 9 :i* "o wi%es  to live4 ,!   
m]e conception ( a pla9-speak+ _w is    
calculat$ to  r$uce "o to ! la/ degree (
 despair2 x is ! conception ( !         
intol]able4 ,nev]!less x is good =      
mank9d n[ & aga9 to h a  pla9 speak]1 a 
m> fea/1 on ! sc5e2 a wiz>d :o devises =
 u  a spectacle ( disillusionm5t1 & lets
 u = a mom5t see ?+s z  he hone/ly      
conceives !m to be1 & n z we w\ld h !m  
to be4  ,b 9 e/imat+ ! value ( a lesson 
( ?is sort1 we mu/ n be  c>ri$ too f>1 n
 be altoge!r conv9c$4 ,we may fir/ take 
into  acc\nt ! temp]am5t ( ! tea*]2 we  
may ask1 is 8 vision  p]fect8 ,we may   
indulge 9 a trifl+ diagnosis on our own 
acc\nt4 ,&  9 an exam9ation ( ?is sort  

we f9d t ,s*op5hau] /&s ! te/  pretty   
well1 if n ) complete success4 ,x /rikes
 u t he suff]s  p]haps a little f a     
h]$it>y ta9t1 = we "k t !re is an       
unmi/akable pr$isposition to hypo*ondria
 9 8 family2 we "k1 =  in/ance1 t 8     
pat]nal gr&mo!r became practically      
insane  t[>ds ! end ( h] life1 t two (  
h] *ildr5 suff]$ f "s  sort ( m5tal     
incapacity1 & t a ?ird1 ,s*op5hau]'s    
fa!r1 0  a man ( curi\s temp] & t he    
probably end$ 8 own life4 ,he  himself  
w\ld also h atta*$ "s importance1 9 a   
consid]ation (  ?is sort1 to ! fact1 z  
he might h put x1 t 8 "m1 :5  %e m>ri$1 
act$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! individual in/ead (
  unconsci\sly fulfill+ ! w ( ! species1
 & t ! (fspr+  ( ! union suff]$ 9       
consequ5ce4 ,/ill1 tak+ all ^! ?+s  into
 acc\nt1 & atta*+ to !m :at importance  
!y may be wor?1  "o is amaz$ at !       
cle>ness ( 8 vision1 by 8 vigor\s & at  
mom5ts subtle p]ception4 ,if he did n   
see life :ole1 :at he did see  he saw ) 
8 own eyes1 & !n told u all ab\t x )    

unmi/akable v]acity1 & = ! mo/ "p       
simply1 brilliantly4 ,too  mu*          
importance _c be atta*$ to ?is quality (
 see+ ?+s =  oneself2 x is ! /amp ( a   
great & orig9al m9d2 x is !  pr9cipal   
quality ( :at "o calls g5ius4    ,9     
possess+ ,s*op5hau] ! _w possesses a    
p]sonality ! ri*]2  a some:at g>rul\s   
p]sonality x may be2 a curi\sly :imsical
 &  s5sitive p]sonality1 full ( q ord9>y
 sup]/itions1 (  extravagant vanities1  
selfi%1 at times viol5t1 r>ely g5]\s2 a 
man  :om dur+ 8 lifetime nobody q knew1 
an isolat$ creature1  self-absorb$1     
solely conc]n$ 9 8 elaboration ( !      
explanation (  ! _w1 & possess+         
subtleties :i* = ! mo/ "p escap$ !      
p]ception ( 8 fell[s2 at once a h]mit & 
a b\lev>di]4 ,8 0  ess5tially a great   
temp]am5t2 8 :ole life 0 a life ( ideas1
 an  intellectual life4 ,& 8 "w1 ! fruit
 ( 8 life1 w\ld seem to be  /&+ ! te/ ( 
all great "w--! te/ ( "t4 ,x is n a     
little curi\s t "o s little realis$ 9 8 
own day1 "o s little  lovable & s little

 lov$1 %\ld n[ speak to u f 8 pages )   
some?+ ( ! =ce ( p]sonal utt]ance1 z if 
he 7 actually  ) u & z if we knew him1  
ev5 z we "k ,*>les ,lamb & ,izaak       
,walton1 p]sonalities ( su* a diff]5t   
calibre4 ,& ?is man :om we  realise does
 n impress u unfav\rably2 if he is )\t  
*>m1 he is  surely imm5sely int]e/+ &   
attractive2 he is s /rong 9 8           
intellectual convictions1 he is s free f
 intellectual affectations1  he is su*  
an +5u\s egoti/1 s navely human2 he is s
 m]cilessly  hone/ & indep5d5t1 &1 at   
times 7"o may be p]mitt$ to ?9k71  s    
mi/ak54    ,r4,d4                       
,,biographical ,,note4      ,ar?ur      
,s*op5hau] 0 born at ,no4 #aag ( !      
,heilig5gei/ ,/rasse1 at  ,dantzic1 on  
,febru>y #bb1 #aghh4 ,8 p>5ts on bo?    
sides trac$ _!  desc5t f ,dut* ance/ry1 
! great-gr&fa!r ( 8 "m hav+  occupi$ "s 
ecclesia/ical position at ,gorcum4 ,dr4 
,gw9n] 9 8  ,life does n foll[ ! ,dut*  
ance/ry on ! fa!r's side1 b  m]ely /ates
 t ! great-gr&fa!r ( ,s*op5hau] at !    

beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury r5t$ a f>m1 !
 ,/u?(1 9 !  neighb\rhood ( ,dantzic4   
,?is ance/or1 ,&reas ,s*op5hau]1 receiv$
  "h on "o occasion an unexpect$ visit f
 ,pet] ! ,great &  ,ca!r9e1 & x is      
relat$ t !re be+ no /ove 9 ! *amb]  :i* 
! royal pair select$ = ! night1 _! ho/1 
= ! purpose  ( heat+ x1 set fire to     
sev]al small bottles ( br&y :i* _h  be5 
empti$ on ! /one floor4 ,8 son ,&reas   
foll[$ 9 !  foot/eps ( 8 fa!r1 comb9+ a 
comm]cial c>e] ) c\ntry  pursuits4 ,he  
di$ 9 #agid at ,ohra1 :]e he _h pur*as$ 
an e/ate1 &  to :i* he _h retir$ to sp5d
 8 clos+ ye>s4 ,8 wife 7!  gr&mo!r (    
,ar?ur7 surviv$ him = "s ye>s1 al?\gh   
%ortly  aft] 8 dea? %e 0 decl>$ insane &
 incapable ( manag+ h]  affairs4 ,?is   
c\ple _h f\r sons3 ! elde/1 ,mi*ael     
,&reas1 0  weak-m9d$2 ! second1 ,k>l    
,gottfri$1 0 also m5tally weak & _h     
des]t$ 8 p = evil companions2 ! y\nge/  
son1 ,he9ri*  ,floris1 possess$1 h[ev]1 
9 a consid]able degree ! qualities :i*  
8 bro!rs lack$4 ,he possess$            

intellig5ce1 a /rong "*1 &  _h great    
comm]cial sagacity2 at ! same "t1 he    
took a def9ite  int]e/ 9 intellectual   
pursuits1 read+ ,voltaire1 ( :om he 0 m 
or less a disciple1 & o!r ,fr5* au?ors1 
possess+ a ke5  admiration = ,engli%    
political & family life1 & furni%+ 8    
h\se aft] an ,engli% fa%ion4 ,he 0 a man
 ( fi]y temp]am5t &  8 appe>ance 0      
sc>cely prepossess+2 he 0 %ort & /\t2 he
  _h a broad face & turn$-up nose1 & a  
l>ge m\?4 ,?is 0 !  fa!r ( our          
philosoph]4    ,:5 he 0 ?irty-eight1    
,he9ri* ,s*op5hau] m>ri$1 on ,may #af1  
#aghe1 ,johanna ,h5riette ,trosi5]1 a "y
 lady ( eighte51 &  daught] ( a memb] ( 
! ,city ,c\ncil ( ,dantzic4 ,%e 0 at ?is
  "t an attractive1 cultivat$ "y p]son1 
( a placid disposition1  :o seems to h  
m>ri$ m because m>riage (f]$ h] a       
com=table settlem5t & assur$ position 9 
life1 ?an f any  passionate affection = 
h] woo]1 :i*1 x is j to h] to say1 %e   
did n pr(ess4 ,he9ri* ,s*op5hau] 0 s mu*
 influ5c$ by ,engli%  ideas t he desir$ 

t 8 fir/ *ild %\ld be born 9 ,engl&2  & 
?i!r1 "s two ye>s aft] _! m>riage1 !    
pair1 aft] mak+  a dt\r on ! ,cont95t1  
arriv$4 ,b aft] sp5d+ "s weeks 9        
,london ,mrs4 ,s*op5hau] 0 seiz$ )      
home-sickness1 & h] husb&  acc$$ to h]  
entreaties to return to ,dantzic1 :]e a 
*ild1 !  future philosoph]1 0 %ortly    
aft]w>ds born4 ,! fir/ five ye>s (  !   
*ild's life 7 sp5t 9 ! c\ntry1 p>tly at 
! ,/u?( :i*  _h =m]ly belong$ to ,&reas 
,s*op5hau]1 b _h rec5tly come  into !   
possession ( 8 mat]nal gr&fa!r4    ,five
 ye>s aft] ! bir? ( 8 son1 ,he9ri*      
,s*op5hau]1 9  consequ5ce ( ! political 
crisis1 :i* he seems to h tak5 ke5ly  to
 he>t1 9 ! affairs ( ! ,hanseatic t[n ( 
,dantzic1 transf]r$  8 bus9ess & 8 home 
to ,hamburg1 :]e 9 #agie a second *ild1 
,adele1 0 born4 ,two ye>s lat]1 ,he9ri*1
 :o int5d$ to tra9 8  son = a bus9ess   
life1 took him1 ) ?is idea1 to ,havre1  
by way (  ,p>is1 :]e !y sp5t a little   
"t1 & left him !re ) ,m4  ,grgoire1 a   
comm]cial connection4 ,ar?ur rema9$ at  

,havre = two  ye>s1 receiv+ private     
in/ruction ) ?is man's son ,an?ime1 )   
:om he /ruck up a /rong fri5d%ip1 & :5  
he return$ to ,hamburg  x 0 f\nd t he   
rememb]$ b few words ( 8 "m-tongue4 ,"h 
he 0 plac$ 9 "o ( ! pr9cipal private    
s*ools1 :]e he rema9$  = ?ree ye>s4 ,bo?
 8 p>5ts1 b especially 8 "m1 cultivat$  
at ?is "t ! society ( lit]>y p1 &       
ent]ta9$ at _!  h\se ,klop/ock & o!r    
notable p]sons4 ,9 ! summ] foll[+ 8     
return home f ,havre he accompani$ 8    
p>5ts on a cont95tal t\r1  /opp+ among/ 
o!r places at ,weim>1 :]e he saw        
,s*ill]4 ,8  "m1 too1 _h consid]able    
lit]>y ta/es1 & a di/9ct lit]>y  gift   
:i*1 lat]1 %e cultivat$ to "s advantage1
 & :i* br\ght  h] 9 ! production (      
acc\nts ( travel & fiction a n          
inconsid]able reputation4 ,x is1 !re=e1 
n surpris+ t  lit]>y t5d5cies began to  
%[ !mselves 9 h] son1 accompani$ by  a  
gr[+ di/a/e = ! c>e] ( comm]ce :i* 8    
fa!r wi%$  him to foll[4 ,he9ri*        
,s*op5hau]1 al?\gh deprecat+ ^!         

t5d5cies1 consid]$ ! "q ( pur*as+ a     
canonry = 8 son1  b ultimately gave up !
 idea on ! score ( exp5se4 ,he !n       
propos$ to take him on an ext5d$ trip to
 ,france1 :]e he might meet  8 "y fri5d 
,an?ime1 & !n to ,engl&1 if he w\ld give
 up !  idea ( a lit]>y call+1 & !       
proposal 0 accept$4    ,9 ! spr+ (      
#ahjc1 !n1 he accompani$ 8 p>5ts to     
,london1  :]e1 aft] sp5d+ "s "t 9       
sight-see+1 he 0 plac$ 9 !  s*ool ( ,mr4
 ,lanca/] at ,wimbl$on4 ,"h he rema9$ = 
?ree mon?s1  f ,july to ,septemb]1 lay+ 
! f\ndation ( 8 k ( !  ,engli% language1
 :ile 8 p>5ts proce$$ to ,scotl&4       
,engli%  =mality1 & :at he conceiv$ to  
be ,engli% hypocrisy1 did n  contra/    
fav\rably ) 8 e>li] & gay] exp]i5ces 9  
,france1  & made an extremely           
unfav\rable impression ^u 8 m9d2 :i*    
f\nd  expression 9 lett]s to 8 fri5ds & 
to 8 "m4    ,on return+ to ,hamburg aft]
 ?is ext5d$ excursion abroad1           
,s*op5hau] 0 plac$ 9 ! (fice ( a        
,hamburg s5ator call$  ,j5is*1 b he 0 z 

little incl9$ z ev] to foll[ a comm]cial
  c>e]1 & secretly %irk$ 8 "w s t he    
might pursue 8  /udies4 ,a little lat] a
 some:at unexpla9able calamity occurr$4 
,:5  ,dantzic ceas$ to be a free city1 &
 ,he9ri* ,s*op5hau] at a  consid]able   
co/ & monet>y sacrifice transf]r$ 8     
bus9ess to  ,hamburg1 ! ev5t caus$ him  
mu* bitt]ness ( _s4 ,at ,hamburg 8      
bus9ess seems to h und]gone             
fluctuations4 ,:e!r ^! fur!r  affect$ 8 
_s is n suffici5tly e/abli%$1 b x is    
c]ta91  h[ev]1 t he develop$            
peculi>ities ( mann]1 & t 8 temp]       
became m viol5t4 ,at any rate1 "o day 9 
,april #ahje x 0 f\nd  t he _h ei!r     
fall5 or ?r[n himself into ! canal f an 
upp]  /orey ( a gran>y2 x 0 g5]ally     
conclud$ t x 0 a case (  suicide4       
,s*op5hau] 0 sev5te5 at ! "t ( ?is      
cata/rophe1 by :i* he  0 naturally      
greatly affect$4 ,al?\gh by ! dea? ( 8  
fa!r !  influ5ce :i* impell$ him to a   
comm]cial c>e] 0 remov$1 8  v5]ation = !
 dead man rema9$ ) him ?r\gh life1 & on 

"o  occasion f\nd expression 9 a curi\s 
tribute to 8 memory 9 a  d$ication 7:i* 
0 n1 h[ev]1 pr9t$7 to ! second edition (
  ,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung4
 ,t ,i c\ld make use ( &  cultivate 9 a 
"r direction ! p[]s :i* nature gave me1 
he  concludes1 t ,i c\ld foll[ my       
natural impulse & ?9k & "w  = c\ntless  
o!rs )\t ! help ( any "o2 = t ,i ?ank   
!e1  my fa!r1 ?ank ?y activity1 ?y      
clev]ness1 ?y ?rift & c>e =  ! future4  
,!re=e ,i praise !e1 my noble fa!r4 ,& e
 "o :o  f my "w d]ives any pleasure1    
consolation1 or in/ruction %all  he> ?y 
"n & "k t if ,he9ri* ,floris ,s*op5hau] 
_h n be5  ! man he 01 ,ar?ur ,s*op5hau] 
w\ld h be5 a hundr$ times  ru9$4    ,!  
ye> succe$+ h] husb&'s dea?1 ,johanna   
,s*op5hau] remov$  ) h] daught] to      
,weim>1 aft] hav+ att5d$ to ! settlem5t 
(  h] husb&'s affairs1 :i* left h] 9    
possession ( a consid]able  income4 ,at 
,weim> %e devot$ h]self to ! pursuit (  
lit]ature1 &  held twice a week a sort (
 salon1 :i* 0 att5d$ by ,goe!1 ! two    

,s*legels1 ,wiel&1 ,he9ri* ,mey]1       
,grimm1 & o!r lit]>y p]sons (  note4 ,h]
 son mean:ile cont9u$ = ano!r ye> at !  
dead timb]  ( ! desk1 :5 8 "m1 act+ "u !
 advice ( h] fri5d  ,f]n[1 cons5t$1 to 8
 great joy1 to 8 foll[+ 8 lit]>y b5t4   
,dur+ ! next few ye>s we f9d ,s*op5hau] 
devot+ himself  assidu\sly to acquir+ ! 
equipm5t = a le>n$ c>e]2 at fir/ at  !  
,gymnasium at ,go?a1 :]e he p5n$ "s     
satirical v]ses on "o (  ! ma/]s1 :i*   
br\ght him into "s tr\ble4 ,he remov$ 9 
consequ5ce to ,weim>1 :]e he pursu$ 8   
classical /udies "u !  direction (      
,franz ,pass[1 at ^: h\se he lodg$4     
,unhappily1 dur+  8 soj\rn at ,weim> 8  
relations ) 8 "m became /ra9$4 ,"o      
feels t !re is a sort ( autobiographical
 int]e/ 9 8 essay on  wom51 t 8 view 0  
l>gely influ5c$ by 8 relations ) 8  "m1 
j z "o feels t 8 p>ticul> argum5t 9 8   
essay on  education is l>gely influ5c$  
by ! c\rse ( 8 own tra9+4    ,on 8 com+ 
( age ,s*op5hau] 0 entitl$ to a %>e ( ! 
pat]nal e/ate1 a %>e :i* yield$ him a   

ye>ly income ( ab\t  #aej4 ,he n[ ent]$ 
himself at ! ,univ]sity ( ,gtt+5        
7,octob]  #ahji71 enroll+ himself z a   
/ud5t ( m$ic9e1 & devot+ himself  to !  
/udy ( ! natural sci5ces1 m9]alogy1     
anatomy1 ma!matics1  & hi/ory2 lat]1 he 
includ$ logic1 physiology1 & e?nography4
 ,he  _h always be5 passionately devot$ 
to music & f\nd relaxation 9  le>n+ to  
play ! flute & guit>4 ,8 /udies at ?is  
"t did n  preoccupy him to ! ext5t (    
isolation2 he mix$ freely ) 8  fell[s1 &
 reckon$ among/ 8 fri5ds or             
acqua9tances1 ,f4,w4 ,kreise1  ,buns51 &
 ,ern/ ,s*ulze4 ,dur+ "o vacation he w5t
 on an exp$ition  to ,cassel & to !     
,h>tz ,m\nta9s4 ,x 0 ab\t ?is "t1 &     
p>tly  ow+ to ! influ5ce ( ,s*ulze1 !   
au?or ( ,a5esidemus1 & !n  a pr(essor at
 ! ,univ]sity ( ,gtt+51 t ,s*op5hau]    
came to  realise 8 vocation z t ( a     
philosoph]4    ,dur+ 8 holiday at ,weim>
 he call$ ^u ,wiel&1 !n sev5ty-eight    
ye>s old1 :o1 probably prompt$ by ,mrs4 
,s*op5hau]1 tri$ to  dissuade him f !   

vocation :i* he _h *os54 ,s*op5hau] 9   
reply said1 ,life is a difficult "q2 ,i 
h decid$ to sp5d my  life 9 ?9k+ ab\t x4
 ,!n1 aft] ! conv]sation _h cont9u$  =  
"s little "t1 ,wiel& decl>$ w>mly t he  
?\ght t he  _h *os5 rightly4 ,i und]/&  
y\r nature1 he said2 keep to            
philosophy4 ,&1 lat]1 he told ,johanna  
,s*op5hau] t he ?\ght  h] son w\ld be a 
great man "s day4    ,t[>ds ! close ( ! 
summ] ( #ahaa ,s*op5hau] remov$ to ,b]l9
  & ent]$ ! ,univ]sity4 ,he "h cont9u$ 8
 /udy ( ! natural  sci5ces2 he also     
att5d$ ! lectures on ! ,hi/ory (        
,philosophy by  ,s*lei]ma*]1 & on ,greek
 ,lit]ature & ,antiquities by ,f4,a4    
,wolf1  & ! lectures on ,facts (        
,consci\sness & ,!ory ( ,sci5ce by      
,fi*te1 = ! la/ ( :om1 z we "k inde$ f  
frequ5t ref]5ces  9 8 books1 he _h no   
little contempt4 ,a ye> or s lat]1 :5 ! 
news ( ,napoleon's disa/] 9 ,russia     
arriv$1 ! ,g]mans 7 ?r[n  into a /ate ( 
great excitem5t1 & made spe$y           
prep>ations = w>4  ,s*op5hau] contribut$

 t[>ds equipp+ volunte]s = ! army1 b  he
 did n ent] active s]vice2 inde$1 :5 !  
result ( ! battle  ( ,ltz5 0 kn[n &     
,b]l9 seem$ to be 9 dang]1 he fl$ =     
safety to ,dresd5 & !nce to ,weim>4 ,a  
little lat] we f9d him at  ,rudol/adt1  
:i!r he _h proce$$ 9 consequ5ce ( !     
recurr5ce (  diff]5ces ) 8 "m1 & rema9$ 
!re f ,june to ,novemb]  #ahac1         
pr9cipally engag$ 9 ! composition ( an  
essay1 ,a  ,philosophical ,treatise on !
 ,f\rfold ,root ( ! ,pr9ciple (         
,suffici5t ,reason1 :i* he (f]$ to !    
,univ]sity ( ,j5a z an  ex]cise to      
qualify = ! degree ( ,doctor (          
,philosophy1 & =  :i* a diploma 0       
grant$4 ,he publi%$ ?is essay at 8 own  
co/  t[>ds ! end ( ! ye>1 b x seems to h
 fall5 flatly f !  press1 al?\gh its    
argum5ts attract$ ! att5tion & ! sympa?y
  ( ,goe!1 :o1 meet+ him on 8 return to 
,weim> 9 ,novemb]1  discuss$ ) him 8 own
 !ory ( col\r4 ,a c\ple ( ye>s be=e1    
,goe!1 :o 0 oppos$ to ! ,newtonian !ory 
( light1 _h br\ght  out 8 ,f>b5lehre    

7col\r !ory74 ,9 ,goe!'s di>y           
,s*op5hau]'s  "n frequ5tly occurs1 & on 
! #bd? ,novemb] #ahac he wrote to       
,knebel3 ,"y ,s*op5hau] is a rem>kable &
 int]e/+ man4444 ,i  f9d him            
intellectual1 b ,i am undecid$ ab\t him 
z f> z o!r  ?+s g4 ,! result ( ?is      
association ) ,goe! 0 8 ,ueb]  das ,sehn
 und die ,f>b5 7,on ,vision & ,col\r71  
publi%$ at ,leipzig  9 #ahaf1 a copy (  
:i* he =w>d$ to ,goe! 7:o _h already se5
  ! ,,ms47 on ! #d? ,may ( t ye>4 ,a few
 days lat] ,goe! wrote to  ! di/+ui%$   
sci5ti/1 ,dr4 ,seebeck1 ask+ him to read
 ! "w4  ,9 ,gw9n]'s ,life we f9d ! copy 
( a lett] writt5 9 ,engli% to  ,sir     
,c4,l4 ,ea/lake3 ,9 ! ye> #ahcj1 z ,i 0 
go+ to publi% 9 ,lat9  ! same treatise  
:i* 9 ,g]man accompanies ?is lett]1 ,i  
w5t to ,dr4  ,seebeck ( ! ,b]l9         
,academy1 :o is univ]sally admitt$ to be
 !  fir/ natural philosoph] 79 ! ,engli%
 s5se ( ! ^w mean+  physik]7 ( ,g]many2 
he is ! discov]] ( !rmo-electricity & ( 
sev]al physical tru?s4 ,i que/ion$ him  

on 8 op9ion on !  controv]sy betwe5     
,goe! & ,newton2 he 0 extremely cauti\s 
&  made me promise t ,i %\ld n pr9t &   
publi% any?+ ( :at he  might say1 & at  
la/1 be+ h>d press$ by me1 he confess$ t
  inde$ ,goe! 0 p]fectly "r & ,newton   
wrong1 b t he _h no  bus9ess to tell !  
_w s4 ,he has di$ s9ce1 ! old c[>d6     
,9 ,may #ahad ,s*op5hau] remov$ f ,weim>
 to ,dresd51 9 consequ5ce  ( ! recurr5ce
 ( dome/ic diff]5ces ) 8 "m4 ,?is 0 !   
f9al break betwe5 ! pair1 & he did n see
 h] aga9 dur+ !  rema9+ tw5ty-f\r ye>s (
 h] life1 al?\gh !y resum$              
correspond5ce "s ye>s be=e h] dea?4 ,x 7
 futile to attempt to  revive ! dead    
bones ( ! cause ( ^! un=tunate diff]5ces
  betwe5 ,johanna ,s*op5hau] & h] son4  
,x 0 a "q ( oppos+  temp]am5ts2 bo? &   
nei!r 7 at once to blame4 ,!re is no    
reason  to suppose t ,s*op5hau] 0 ev] a 
conciliatory son1 or a  companionable   
p]son to live )2 9 fact1 !re is pl5ty to
 %[ t  he possess$ try+ & irritat+      
qualities1 & t he assum$ an  attitude ( 

criticism t[>ds 8 "m t c\ld n 9 any     
circum/ances be agreeable4 ,on ! o!r h&1
 ,anselm ,feu]ba* 9 8  ,memoirs furni%es
 u ) a sc>cely prepossess+ picture (    
,mrs4  ,s*op5hau]3 ,madame ,s*op5hau]1  
he writes1 a ri* wid[4 ,makes  pr(ession
 ( erudition4 ,au?oress4 ,prattles mu* &
 well1  intellig5tly2 )\t he>t & s\l4   
,self-complac5t1 eag] aft]  approbation1
 & con/antly smil+ to h]self4 ,god      
pres]ve u f  wom5 ^: m9d has %ot up into
 m]e intellect4    ,s*op5hau] mean:ile 0
 work+ out 8 philosophical sy/em1 !     
idea ( 8 pr9cipal philosophical "w4 ,"u 
my h&s1 he wrote 9  #ahac1 & /ill m 9 my
 m9d gr[s a "w1 a philosophy :i* w  be  
an e?ics & a metaphysics 9 "o3--two     
bran*es :i* hi!rto h  be5 sep>at$ z     
falsely z man has be5 divid$ into s\l & 
body4  ,! "w gr[s1 sl[ly & gradually    
aggregat+ its p>ts l !  *ild 9 ! womb4  
,i became aw>e ( "o memb]1 "o vessel1 "o
 "p  aft] ano!r4 ,9 o!r words1 ,i set   
ea* s5t5ce d[n )\t anxiety  z to h[ x w 
fit into ! :ole2 = ,i "k x has all      

sprung f  a s+le f\ndation4 ,x is ?us t 
an organic :ole orig9ates1 &  t alone w 
live4444 ,*ance1 ?\ rul] ( ?is s5se-_w6 
,let me  live & f9d peace = yet a few   
ye>s1 = ,i love my "w z !  "m h] *ild4  
,:5 x is matur$ & has come to bir?1 !n  
exact  f me ?y duties1 tak+ int]e/ = !  
po/ponem5t4 ,b1 if ,i s9k  be=e ! "t 9  
?is iron age1 !n grant t ^! m9iature    
beg9n+s1 ^! /udies ( m9e1 be giv5 to !  
_w z !y are &  = :at !y are3 "s day     
p]*ance w arise a k9dr$ _s1 :o  c frame 
! memb]s toge!r & 're/ore' ! fragm5t (  
antiquity4#a    ,by ,m>* #ahag he _h    
complet$ ! prep>atory "w ( 8 sy/em1 &   
began to put ! :ole ?+ toge!r2 a ye>    
lat] ,die ,welt als ,wille  und         
,vor/ellung3 vi] ,b*]1 neb/ e9em        
,anhange1 d] die ,kritik d]  ,kantis*5  
,philosophie en?lt 7,! ,_w z ,w & ,idea2
 f\r  books1 ) an app5dix conta9+ a     
criticism on ! philosophy (  ,kant74 ,"s
 delay occurr+ 9 ! publication1         
,s*op5hau] wrote "o  ( 8 *>act]i/ically 
abusive lett]s to ,brockhaus1 8 publi%]1

  :o retort$ t he mu/ decl9e all fur!r  
correspond5ce ) "o  ^: lett]s1 9 _!     
div9e co>s5ess & ru/icity1 sav\r$ m  ( !
 cabman ?an ( ! philosoph]1 & conclud$ )
 a hope t  8 fe>s t ! "w he 0 pr9t+ w\ld
 be good = no?+ b  wa/e pap]1 might n be
 realis$4#b ,! "w appe>$ ab\t ! end  (  
,decemb] #ahah ) #ahai on ! title-page4 
,s*op5hau] _h mean:ile  proce$$ 9       
,septemb] to ,italy1 :]e he revis$ !    
f9al pro(s4 ,s  f> z ! reception ( ! "w 
0 conc]n$ !re 0 reason to  believe t !  
fe>s ( ,brockhaus w\ld be realis$1 z1 9 
fact1 !y  came practically to be4 ,b 9 !
 face ( ?is g5]al want (  appreciation1 
,s*op5hau] _h "s crumbs ( consolation4  
,8 si/]  wrote to him 9 ,m>* 7he 0 !n   
/ay+ at ,naples7 t ,goe! _h  receiv$ x )
 great joy1 imm$iately cut ! ?ick book1 
& began  in/antly to read x4 ,an h\r    
lat] he s5t me a note to say t he  ?ank$
 y v mu* & ?\ght t ! :ole book 0 good4  
,he  po9t$ out ! mo/ important passages1
 read !m to u1 & 0  greatly delight$4444
 ,y are ! only au?or :om ,goe! has ev]  

read  s]i\sly1 x seems to me1 & ,i      
rejoice4 ,nev]!less ! book did n  sell4 
,sixte5 ye>s lat] ,brockhaus in=m$      
,s*op5hau] t a l>ge  numb] ( copies _h  
be5 sold at wa/e pap] price1 & t he _h  
ev5 !n a few 9 /ock4 ,/ill1 dur+ ! ye>s 
#ahdb-dc1 ,s*op5hau]  0 contemplat+ !   
issue ( a second edition & mak+         
revisions =  t purpose2 :5 he _h        
complet$ ! "w he took x to ,brockhaus1  
& agre$ to leave ! "q ( remun]ation op54
 ,9 ! foll[+  ye> ! second edition 0    
issu$ 7#ejj copies ( ! fir/ volume1 &   
#gej ( ! second71 & = ?is ! au?or 0 to  
receive no  remun]ation4 ,n to my       
contempor>ies1 says ,s*op5hau] ) f9e    
conviction 9 8 preface to ?is edition1 n
 to my compatriots--to  mank9d ,i commit
 my n[ complet$ "w1 9 ! confid5ce t x w 
n be )\t value = !m1 ev5 if ?is %\ld be 
late recognis$1  z is commonly ! lot (  
:at is good4 ,= x _c h be5 = !  pass+   
g5]ation1 engross$ ) ! delusion ( !     
mom5t1 t my  m9d1 almo/ aga9/ my w1 has 
un9t]rupt$ly /uck to its "w  ?r\gh !    

c\rse ( a long life4 ,& :ile ! lapse (  
"t has n  be5 able to make me d\bt !    
wor? ( my "w1 nei!r has ! lack (        
sympa?y2 = ,i con/antly saw ! false & ! 
bad1 & f9ally !  absurd & s5seless1 /& 9
 univ]sal admiration & hon\r1 & ,i      
be?\ght myself t if x 7 n ! case1 ^? :o 
are capable (  recognis+ ! g5u9e & "r   
are s r>e t we may look = !m  9 va9 = "s
 tw5ty ye>s1 !n ^? :o are capable (     
produc+  x c\ld n be s few t _! works   
aft]w>ds =m an exception to  !          
p]i%abl5ess ( e>?ly ?+s2 & ?us w\ld be  
lo/ !  reviv+ prospect ( po/]ity :i* e  
"o :o sets be=e himself a  high aim     
requires to /r5g!n him4#c    ,:5        
,s*op5hau] />t$ = ,italy ,goe! _h       
provid$ him ) a  lett] ( introduction to
 ,"l ,byron1 :o 0 !n /ay+ at ,v5ice1  b 
,s*op5hau] nev] made use ( ! lett]2 he  
said t he hadn't  ! c\rage to pres5t    
himself4 ,d y "k1 he says 9 a lett]1    
?ree great pessimi/s 7 9 ,italy at !    
same "t--,byron1 ,leop>di1  & myself6 ,&
 yet n "o ( u has made ! acqua9tance ( !

  o!r4 ,he rema9$ 9 ,italy until ,june  
#ahai1 :5 he proce$$ to  ,milan1 :]e he 
receiv$ di/ress+ news f 8 si/] to !     
effect  t a ,dantzic firm1 9 :i* %e & h]
 "m _h inve/$ all _!  capital1 & 9 :i*  
he himself _h inve/$ a little1 _h become
  bankrupt4 ,s*op5hau] imm$iately       
propos$ to %>e 8 own income )  !m4 ,b   
lat]1 :5 ! default+ firm (f]$ to its    
cr$itors a  composition ( ?irty p] c5t1 
,s*op5hau] w\ld accept no?+ less  ?an   
sev5ty p] c5t 9 ! case ( imm$iate       
paym5t1 or ! :ole if  ! paym5t 7 def]r$2
 & he 0 s indignant at 8 "m &  si/]     
fall+ 9 ) ! arrangem5t ( ! debtors1 t he
 did n  correspond ) !m aga9 = elev5    
ye>s4 ,) ref]5ce to ?is  affair he      
wrote3 ,i c imag9e t f y\r po9t ( view  
my  behavi\r may seem h>d & unfair4 ,t  
is a m]e illusion :i*  disappe>s z soon 
z y reflect t all ,i want is m]ely n to 
h  tak5 f me :at is mo/ rightly &       
inconte/ably m9e1 :at1  moreov]1 my :ole
 happ9ess1 my fre$om1 my le>n$ leisure  
dep5d  ^u2--a bless+ :i* 9 ?is _w p l me

 enjoy s r>ely  t x w\ld be almo/ z     
unconsci5ti\s z c[>dly n to def5d x  to 
! utt]mo/ & ma9ta9 x by e ex]tion4 ,y   
say1 p]haps1  t if all y\r cr$itors 7 ( 
?is way ( ?9k+1 ,i too %\ld  come badly 
(f4 ,b if all m5 ?\ght z ,i d1 !re w\ld 
be mu* m  ?9k+ done1 & 9 t case probably
 !re w\ld be nei!r  bankruptcies1 nor   
w>s1 nor gam+ tables4#d    ,9 ,july     
#ahai1 :5 he 0 at ,heidelb]g1 ! idea    
occurr$ to him (  turn+ univ]sity       
lectur]1 & took practical %ape ! foll[+ 
summ]1 :5 he deliv]$ a c\rse ( lectures 
on philosophy at !  ,b]l9 ,univ]sity4 ,b
 ! exp]im5t 0 n a success2 ! c\rse 0  n 
complet$ ?r\gh ! want ( att5dance1 :ile 
,hegel at ! same  "t & place 0 lectur+  
to a cr[d$ & en?usia/ic audi5ce4  ,?is  
failure embitt]$ him1 & dur+ ! next few 
ye>s !re is  little ( any mom5t 9 8 life
 to record4 ,!re 0 "o incid5t1  h[ev]1  
to :i* 8 detractors w\ld seem to h      
atta*$ m  importance ?an x 0 wor?1 b :i*
 mu/ h be5 suffici5tly  di/urb+ to      
,s*op5hau]--we ref] to ! ,m>quet affair4

 ,x appe>s  on 8 return+ home "o day he 
f\nd ?ree wom5 gossip+ outside 8  door1 
"o ( :om 0 a seam/ress :o occupi$ ano!r 
room 9 !  h\se4 ,_! pres5ce irritat$    
,s*op5hau] 7^: s5sitiv5ess 9  su* matt]s
 may be e/imat$ f 8 essay ,on ,noise71  
:o1 f9d+  !m occupy+ ! same position on 
ano!r occasion1 reque/$ !m to  g away1 b
 ! seam/ress repli$ t %e 0 an hone/     
p]son &  refus$ to move4 ,s*op5hau]     
disappe>$ into 8 ap>tm5ts &  return$ ) a
 /ick4 ,accord+ to 8 own acc\nt1 he (f]$
 8 arm  to ! woman 9 ord] to take h]    
out2 b %e w\ld n accept x1 &  rema9$ :]e
 %e 04 ,he !n ?reat5$ to put h] out1 &  
c>ri$  8 ?reat into execution by seiz+  
h] r\nd ! wai/ & putt+ h]  out4 ,%e     
scream$1 & attempt$ to return4          
,s*op5hau] n[ pu%$ h]  out2 ! woman     
fell1 & rais$ ! :ole h\se4 ,?is woman1  
,c>ol9e  ,luise ,m>quet1 br\ght an      
action aga9/ him = damages1 alleg+ t  he
 _h kick$ & beat5 h]4 ,s*op5hau] def5d$ 
8 own case1 )  ! result t ! action 0    
dismiss$4 ,! woman appeal$1 &           

,s*op5hau]1 :o 0 contemplat+ go+ to     
,switz]l&1 did n alt]  8 plans1 s t !   
appeal 0 he>d dur+ 8 abs5ce1 ! judgm5t  
rev]s$1 & he 0 mulct$ 9 a f9e ( tw5ty   
?al]s4 ,b !  un=tunate bus9ess did n end
 "h4 ,s*op5hau] proce$$ f  ,switz]l& to 
,italy1 & did n return to ,b]l9 until   
,may #ahbe4  ,c>ol9e ,m>quet r5ew$ h]   
compla9ts be=e ! c\rts1 /at+ t  8       
ill-usage _h occasion$ a fev] ?r\gh :i* 
%e _h lo/ !  p[] ( "o ( h] arms1 t h]   
:ole sy/em 0 entirely %ak51 &  dem&+ a  
mon?ly all[ance z comp5sation4 ,%e won  
h] case2 !  def5dant _h to pay ?ree     
hundr$ ?al]s 9 co/s & contribute sixty  
?al]s a ye> to h] ma9t5ance :ile %e     
liv$4 ,s*op5hau] on  return+ to ,b]l9   
did :at he c\ld to get ! judgm5t rev]s$1
 b  unsuccessfully4 ,! woman liv$ =     
tw5ty ye>s2 he inscrib$ on h]  dea?     
c]tificate1 ,obit anus1 obit onus    ,! 
idea ( m>riage seems to h m or less     
possess$ ,s*op5hau]  ab\t ?is "t1 b he  
c\ld n f9ally det]m9e to take ! /ep4    
,!re is suffici5t to %[ 9 ! foll[+      

essays 9 :at light he  reg>d$ wom54     
,m>riage 0 a debt1 he said1 contract$ 9 
y\? &  paid (f 9 old age4 ,m>ri$ p h !  
:ole burd5 ( life to  be>1 :ile !       
unm>ri$ h only half1 0 a *>act]i/ically 
selfi% apo!gm4 ,_h n all ! true         
philosoph]s be5  celibates--,desc>tes1  
,leibnitz1 ,malebran*e1 ,sp9oza1 &      
,kant8 ,!  classic writ]s 7 ( c\rse n to
 be consid]$1 because ) !m  woman       
occupi$ a subord9ate position4 ,_h n all
 ! great poets  m>ri$1 & ) disa/r\s     
consequ5ces8 ,pla9ly1 ,s*op5hau] 0 n  ! 
p]son to sacrifice ! individual to ! w (
 ! species4    ,9 ,augu/ #ahca he made a
 =tuit\s exp$ition to                   
,frank=t-on-!-,ma9--an exp$ition p>tly  
prompt$ by ! outbreak (  *ol]a at ,b]l9 
at ! "t1 & p>tly by ! port5t ( a dream  
7he  0 cr$ul\s 9 su* matt]s7 :i* at !   
beg9n+ ( ! ye> _h  intimat$ 8 dea?4 ,"h1
 h[ev]1 he practically rema9$ until 8   
dea?1 lead+ a quiet1 me*anically regul> 
life & devot+ 8  ?\ghts to ! developm5t 
( 8 philosophic ideas1 isolat$ at fir/1 

b z "t w5t on enjoy+ some:at gre$ily !  
success :i* _h  be5 d5i$ him 9 8 e>li]  
days4 ,9 ,febru>y #ahci he _h a mom5t ( 
elation :5 he he>d f ! ,sci5tific       
,society ( ,dron!im t he  _h won ! prize
 = ! be/ essay on ! "q1 ,:e!r free w    
c\ld be prov$ f ! evid5ce (             
consci\sness1 & t he _h  be5 elect$ a   
memb] ( ! ,society2 & a correspond+     
mom5t (  despond5cy :5 he 0 in=m$ by !  
,royal ,dani% ,academy ( !  ,sci5ces at 
,cop5hag51 9 a simil> competition1 t 8  
essay on  ,:e!r ! s\rce & f\ndation (   
e?ics 0 to be s\ght 9 an  intuitive     
moral idea1 & 9 ! analysis ( o!r        
d]ivative moral  conceptions1 or 9 "s   
o!r pr9ciple ( k1 _h fail$1  p>tly on ! 
gr\nd ( ! want ( respect :i* x %[$ to ! 
op9ions ( ! *ief philosoph]s4 ,he       
publi%$ ^! essays 9 #ahda  "u ! title ( 
,! ,two ,fundam5tal ,problems ( ,e?ics1 
& t5  ye>s lat] ,p>]ga und ,p>alipom5a !
 composition ( :i* _h  engag$ 8 att5tion
 = five or six ye>s4 ,! latt] "w1 :i*   
prov$ to be 8 mo/ popul>1 0 refus$ by   

?ree publi%]s1 & :5  ev5tually x 0      
accept$ by ,hayn ( ,b]l91 ! au?or only  
receiv$  t5 free copies ( 8 "w z paym5t4
 ,x is f ?is book t all  except "o ( !  
foll[+ essays h be5 select$2 ! exception
 is  ,! ,metaphysics ( ,love1 :i* appe>s
 9 ! supplem5t ( ! ?ird  book ( 8       
pr9cipal "w4 ,! second edition ( ,die   
,welt als ,wille  und ,vor/ellung appe>$
 9 #ahdd1 & 0 receiv$ ) gr[+            
appreciation4 ,hi!rto he _h be5 *iefly  
kn[n 9 ,frank=t z ! son  ( ! celebrat$  
,johanna ,s*op5hau]2 n[ he came to h a  
foll[+  :i*1 if at fir/ small 9 numb]s1 
7 suffici5tly en?usia/ic1 &  prov$1     
inde$1 s f> z 8 reputation 0 conc]n$1   
helpful4 ,arti/s  pa9t$ 8 portrait2 a   
bu/ ( him 0 made by ,elizabe? ,ney4 ,9 !
  ,april numb] ( ! ,we/m9/] ,review =   
#ahec ,john ,ox5=d1 9 an  article       
entitl$ ,iconoclasm 9 ,g]man            
,philosophy1 h]ald$ 9 ,engl&  8         
recognition z a writ] & ?9k]2 ?ree ye>s 
lat] ,sa9t-,r5  ,taill&i]1 9 ! ,revue   
des ,deux ,mondes1 did a simil> s]vice =

  him 9 ,france4 ,"o ( 8 mo/ en?usia/ic 
admir]s 0 ,ri*>d ,wagn]1  :o 9 #ahed s5t
 him a copy ( 8 ,d] ,r+ d] ,nibelung51 )
 !  inscription ,9 admiration &         
gratitude4 ,! ,philosophical ,faculty ( 
! ,univ]sity ( ,leipzic (f]$ a prize =  
an exposition &  criticism ( 8          
philosophical sy/em4 ,two ,fr5*m51 ,m4  
,f\*] de  ,c>eil & ,m4 ,*allemel ,lac\r1
 :o visit$ ,s*op5hau] dur+ 8 la/  days1 
h giv5 an acc\nt ( _! impressions ( !   
int]view1 !  latt] 9 an article entitl$1
 ,un ,b\ddhi/e ,contempora9 en          
,allemagne1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,revue des   
,deux ,mondes = ,m>*  #ae?1 #ahgj4 ,m4  
,f\*] de ,c>eil gives a *>m+ picture (  
him3--,qu& je le vis1 p\r la premire    
fois1 en #ahei1  la table de      l'htel
 d',anglet]re1  ,franc=t1 c'tait dj un  
vieill>d1       l'oeil d'un bleu vif et 
limpide1  la lvre m9ce et lgrem5t       
s>ca/ique1 aut\r de laquelle errait un  
f9 s\rire1 et dont le      va/e front1  
e/omp de deux t\ffes de *eveux blancs   
sur les      cts1 relevait d'un ca*et de

 noblesse et de di/9ction la            
physionomie petillante d'esprit et de   
malice4 ,les habits1 son jabot      de  
d5telle1 sa cravate blan*e rappelai5t un
 vieill>d de la f9      du rgne de ,l\is
 ,,xv2 ses manires tai5t celles d'un    
homme de      bonne compagnie4          
,habituellem5t rs]v et d'un naturel     
cra9tif      jusqu' la mfiance1 il ne se
 livrait qu'avec ses intimes ou les     
trang]s de passage  ,franc=t4 ,ses      
m\vem5ts tai5t vifs et      dev5ai5t    
d'une ptulance extraord9aire dans la    
conv]sation2 il      fuyait les         
discussions et les va9s combats de      
p>oles1 mais c'tait      p\r mieux j\ir 
du *>me d'une caus]ie intime4 ,il       
possdait et      p>lait avec une gale   
p]fection quatre langues3 le franais1   
l'anglais1 l'allem&1 l'itali5 et        
passablem5t l'espagnol4 ,qu&      il    
causait1 la v]ve du vieill>d brodait sur
 le canevas un peu      l\rd de l'allem&
 ses brilliantes arabesques lat9es1     
grecques1      franaises1 anglaises1    

itali5nes4 ,c'tait un entra91 une       
prcision      et des sailles1 une       
ri*esse de citations1 une exactitude de 
dtails      qui faisait c\l] les heures2
 et quelquefois le petit c]cle de ses   
intimes l'c\tait jusqu' m9uit1 sans     
qu'un mom5t de fatigue se      ft pe9t  
sur ses traits ou que le feu de son     
reg>d se ft un      in/ant amorti4 ,sa  
p>ole nette et acc5tue captivait        
l'auditoire3      elle peignait et      
analysait t\t ensemble2 une s5sibilit   
dlicate      en augm5tait le feu2 elle  
tait exacte et prcise sur t\tes sortes  
de sujets4    ,s*op5hau] di$ on ! #bj?  
,septemb] #ahfj1 9 8 sev5ty-?ird ye>1   
peacefully1 alone z he _h liv$1 b n )\t 
w>n+4 ,"o day 9  ,april1 tak+ 8 usual   
brisk walk aft] d9n]1 he suff]$ f       
palpitation ( ! he>t1 he c\ld sc>cely   
brea!4 ,^! symptoms  develop$ dur+ !    
next few mon?s1 & ,dr4 ,gw9n] advis$ him
 to  discont9ue 8 cold ba?s & to        
breakfa/ 9 b$2 b ,s*op5hau]1  not)/&+ 8 
e>ly m$ical tra9+1 0 little incl9$ to   

foll[ m$ical advice4 ,to ,dr4 ,gw9n]1 on
 ! ev5+ ( ! #ah?  ,septemb]1 :5 he      
express$ a hope t he might be able to g 
to  ,italy1 he said t x w\ld be a pity  
if he di$ n[1 z he wi%$ to  make sev]al 
important additions to 8 ,p>]ga2 he     
spoke ab\t 8  works & ( ! w>m           
recognition ) :i* !y _h be5 welcom$ 9  !
 mo/ remote places4 ,dr4 ,gw9n] _h nev] 
be=e f\nd him s eag]  & g5tle1 & left   
him reluctantly1 )\t1 h[ev]1 ! lea/     
premonition t he _h se5 him = ! la/ "t4 
,on ! second  morn+ aft] ?is int]view   
,s*op5hau] got up z usual1 & _h 8  cold 
ba? & breakfa/4 ,8 s]vant _h op5$ ! w9d[
 to let 9 !  morn+ air & _h !n left him4
 ,a little lat] ,dr4 ,gw9n] arriv$  &   
f\nd him recl9+ 9 a corn] ( ! s(a2 8    
face wore its  cu/om>y expression2 !re 0
 no sign ( !re hav+ be5 any  /ruggle )  
dea?4 ,!re _h be5 no /ruggle ) dea?2 he 
_h di$1  z he _h hop$ he w\ld die1      
pa9lessly1 easily4      ,9 prep>+ !     
above notice ! writ] has to ackn[l$ge h]
  indebt$ness to ,dr4 ,gw9n]'s ,life &  

,pr(essor ,wallace's little "w  on !    
same subject1 z well z to ! few o!r     
au?orities t h  be5 available4--,,!     
,,translator4    ,,footnotes3    #a     
,wallace's ,life1 pp4 #ie1 #if4    #b   
,wallace1 p4 #ajh4    #c ,haldane &     
,kemp's ,! ,_w z ,w & ,idea4    #d      
,wallace1 p4 #ade4          ,,essays ,,(
 ,,s*op5hau]4          ,,on ,,au?or%ip  
,,& ,,/yle4      ,!re are1 fir/ ( all1  
two k9ds ( au?ors3 ^? :o write = !      
subject's sake1 & ^? :o write = writ+'s 
sake4 ,! fir/ k9d  h _h ?\ghts or       
exp]i5ces :i* seem to !m wor?           
communicat+1  :ile ! second k9d ne$     
money & consequ5tly write = money4 ,!y  
?9k 9 ord] to write1 & !y may be        
recognis$ by _! sp9n+  out _! ?\ghts to 
! greate/ possible l5g?1 & also by ! way
  !y "w out _! ?\ghts1 :i* are          
half-true1 p]v]se1 =c$1 &  vacillat+2 !n
 also by _! love ( evasion1 s t !y may  
seem  :at !y are n2 & ?is is :y _! writ+
 is lack+ 9  def9it5ess & cle>ness4     
,consequ5tly1 x is soon recognis$ t !y  

write = ! sake (  fill+ up ! pap]1 & ?is
 is ! case sometimes ) ! be/  au?ors2 = 
example1 9 p>ts ( ,less+'s ,dramaturgie1
 & ev5 9  _m ( ,jean ,paul's romances4  
,z soon z ?is is p]ceiv$ ! book  %\ld be
 ?r[n away1 = "t is preci\s4 ,z a matt] 
( fact1 !  au?or is *eat+ ! read] z soon
 z he writes = ! sake (  fill+ up pap]2 
because 8 pretext = writ+ is t he has   
some?+ to imp>t4 ,writ+ = money &       
pres]vation ( copyright  are1 at bottom1
 ! ru9 ( lit]ature4 ,x is only ! man :o 
writes  absolutely = ! sake ( ! subject 
t writes any?+ wor?  writ+4 ,:at an     
ine/imable advantage x w\ld be1 if1 9 e 
bran*  ( lit]ature1 !re exi/$ only a few
 b excell5t books6 ,?is c  nev] come to 
pass s long z money is to be made by    
writ+4 ,x seems  z if money lay "u a    
curse1 = e au?or det]iorates directly he
  writes 9 any way = ! sake ( money4 ,! 
be/ works ( great m5 all  come f ! "t :5
 !y _h to write ei!r = no?+ or = v      
little pay4 ,?is is confirm$ by !       
,spani% prov]b3 honra y prove*o  no cab5

 en un saco 7,hon\r & money are n to be 
f\nd 9 ! same  purse74 ,! deplorable    
condition ( ! lit]ature ( to-day1 bo? 9 
,g]many & o!r c\ntries1 is due to ! fact
 t books are writt5  = ! sake ( e>n+    
money4 ,e "o :o is 9 want ( money sits  
d[n & writes a book1 & ! public is /upid
 en\gh to buy x4 ,!  second>y effect (  
?is is ! ru9 ( language4    ,a great    
numb] ( bad au?ors eke out _! exi/5ce   
entirely by !  fooli%ness ( ! public1   
:i* only w read :at has j be5  pr9t$4 ,i
 ref] to j\rnali/s1 :o h be5            
appropriately s-call$4  ,9 o!r words1 x 
w\ld be day lab\r]4           99        
99       99       99       99    ,aga91 
x may be said t !re are ?ree k9ds (     
au?ors4 ,9 !  fir/ place1 !re are ^? :o 
write )\t ?9k+4 ,!y write f  memory1 f  
rem9isc5ces1 or ev5 direct f o!r p's    
books4  ,?is class is ! mo/ num]\s4 ,9 !
 second1 ^? :o ?9k :il/  !y are writ+4  
,!y ?9k 9 ord] to write2 & !y are       
num]\s4  ,9 ! ?ird place1 !re are ^? :o 
h ?\ght be=e !y beg9  to write4 ,!y     

write solely because !y h ?\ght2 & !y   
are  r>e4    ,au?ors ( ! second class1  
:o po/pone _! ?9k+ until !y  beg9 to    
write1 are l a sportsman :o goes out at 
r&om--he is n  likely to br+ home v mu*4
 ,:ile ! writ+ ( an au?or ( !  ?ird1 !  
r>e class1 is l a *ase :]e ! game has   
be5 captur$  be=eh& & coop$ up 9 "s     
enclosure f :i* x is aft]w>ds  set free1
 s _m at a "t1 into ano!r enclosure1 :]e
 x is n  possible = x to escape1 & !    
sportsman has n[ no?+ to d b  to aim &  
fire--t is to say1 put 8 ?\ghts on pap]4
 ,?is is !  k9d ( sport :i* yields      
some?+4    ,b al?\gh ! numb] ( ^? au?ors
 :o really & s]i\sly ?9k  be=e !y write 
is small1 only extremely few ( !m ?9k   
ab\t !  subject itself2 ! re/ ?9k only  
ab\t ! books writt5 on ?is  subject1 &  
:at has be5 said by o!rs ^u x1 ,i mean4 
,9 ord] to  ?9k1 !y mu/ h ! m direct &  
p[]ful inc5tive ( o!r  p's ?\ghts4 ,^!  
become _! next !me1 & !re=e !y  always  
rema9 "u _! influ5ce & are nev]1 /rictly
 speak+1  orig9al4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! =m] 

are r\s$ to ?\ght ?r\gh !  subject      
itself1 h5ce _! ?9k+ is direct$         
imm$iately to x4 ,x  is only among !m t 
we f9d ! au?ors ^: names become         
immortal4  ,let x be und]/ood t ,i am   
speak+ "h ( writ]s ( ! high]  bran*es ( 
lit]ature1 & n ( writ]s on ! me?od (    
di/ill+  br&y4    ,x is only ! writ] :o 
takes ! mat]ial on :i* he writes direct 
out ( 8 own head t is wor? read+4 ,book 
manufactur]s1  compil]s1 & ! ord9>y     
hi/ory writ]s1 & o!rs l !m1 take  _!    
mat]ial /raight out ( books2 x passes   
into _! f+]s  )\t its hav+ paid transit 
duty or und]gone inspection :5 x 0  9 _!
 heads1 to say no?+ ( elaboration4 7,h[ 
le>n$ _m a man  w\ld be if he knew      
ev]y?+ t 0 9 8 own books67 ,h5ce _!     
talk is (t5 ( su* a vague nature t "o   
racks "o's bra9s 9 va9  to und]/& ( :at 
!y are really ?9k+4 ,!y are n ?9k+  at  
all4 ,! book f :i* !y copy is sometimes 
compos$ 9 ! same  way3 s t writ+ ( ?is  
k9d is l a pla/] ca/ ( a ca/ ( a  ca/1 &
 s on1 until f9ally all t is left is a  

sc>cely  recognisable outl9e ( ! face ( 
,ant9\s4 ,!re=e1 compilations  %\ld be  
read z seldom z possible3 x is difficult
 to avoid !m  entirely1 s9ce comp5dia1  
:i* conta9 9 a small space k t  has be5 
collect$ 9 ! c\rse ( sev]al c5turies1   
are includ$ 9  compilations4    ,no     
great] mi/ake c be made ?an to imag9e t 
:at has be5  writt5 late/ is always ! m 
correct2 t :at is writt5 lat] on  is an 
improvem5t on :at 0 writt5 previ\sly2 & 
t e *ange  means progress4 ,m5 :o ?9k & 
h correct judgm5t1 & p :o  treat _!     
subject e>ne/ly1 are all exceptions     
only4 ,v]m9 is !  rule ev]y:]e 9 ! _w3 x
 is always at h& & busily engag$ 9  try+
 to improve 9 its own way ^u ! mature   
delib]ations ( !  ?9k]s4 ,s t if a man  
wi%es to improve himself 9 any subject  
he  mu/ gu>d aga9/ imm$iately seiz+ !   
newe/ books writt5 ^u x1  9 ! assumption
 t sci5ce is always advanc+ & t ! old]  
books h be5 made use ( 9 ! compil+ ( !  
new4 ,!y h1 x  is true1 be5 us$2 b h[8  
,! writ] (t5 does n ?or\ghly  und]/& !  

old books2 he w1 at ! same "t1 n use _! 
exact  words1 s t ! result is he spoils 
& bungles :at has be5 said 9  a mu*     
bett] & cle>] way by ! old writ]s2 s9ce 
!y wrote f  _! own lively k ( ! subject4
 ,he (t5 leaves out ! be/  ?+s !y h     
writt51 _! mo/ /rik+ elucidations ( !   
matt]1 _! happie/ rem>ks1 because he    
does n recognise _!  value or feel h[   
pregnant !y are4 ,x is only :at is /upid
 &  %all[ t appeals to him4 ,an old &   
excell5t book is frequ5tly  %elv$ = new 
& bad ones2 :i*1 writt5 = ! sake (      
money1 we>  a pret5ti\s air & are mu*   
eulogis$ by ! au?ors' fri5ds4 ,9        
sci5ce1 a man :o wi%es to di/+ui%       
himself br+s some?+ new to  m>ket2 ?is  
frequ5tly consi/s 9 8 d5\nc+ "s pr9ciple
 t  has be5 previ\sly held z correct1 s 
t he may e/abli% a wrong  "o ( 8 own4   
,sometimes 8 attempt is successful = a  
%ort "t1  :5 a return is made to ! old &
 correct doctr9e4 ,^! innovators  are   
s]i\s ab\t no?+ else 9 ! _w ?an _! own  
priceless  p]son1 & x is ?is t !y wi% to

 make its m>k4 ,!y br+ ?is  quickly ab\t
 by beg9n+ a p>adox2 ! /]ility ( _! own 
heads  sugge/s _! tak+ ! pa? ( negation2
 & tru?s t h long  be5 recognis$ are n[ 
d5i$--= in/ance1 ! vital p[]1 !         
sympa!tic n]v\s sy/em1 g5]atio equivoca1
 ,bi*at's di/9ction  betwe5 ! work+ ( ! 
passions & ! work+ ( intellig5ce1 or  !y
 return to crass atomism1 etc41 etc4    
,h5ce ! c\rse ( sci5ce is  (t5          
retrogressive4    ,to ?is class ( writ]s
 belong also ^? translators :o1 besides 
translat+ _! au?or1 at ! same "t correct
 & alt] him1 a  ?+ t always seems to me 
imp]t95t4 ,write books y\rself :i*  are 
wor? translat+ & leave ! books ( o!r p z
 !y are4  ,"o %\ld read1 if x is        
possible1 ! real au?ors1 ! f\nd]s &     
discov]]s ( ?+s1 or at any rate !       
recognis$ great ma/]s 9  e bran* (      
le>n+1 & buy second-h& books r ?an read 
_! cont5ts 9 new ones4    ,x is true t  
inv5tis aliquid add]e facile e/1 !re=e a
 man1  aft] hav+ /udi$ ! pr9ciples ( 8  
subject1 w h to make  himself acqua9t$ )

 ! m rec5t in=mation writt5 ^u x4 ,9    
g5]al1 ! foll[+ rule holds good "h z    
else:]e1 namely3 :at  is new is seldom  
good2 because a good ?+ is only new = a 
%ort  "t4    ,:at ! address is to a     
lett] ! title %\ld be to a book--t  is1 
its imm$iate aim %\ld be to br+ ! book  
to t "p ( !  public t w be int]e/$ 9 its
 cont5ts4 ,!re=e1 ! title  %\ld be      
effective1 & s9ce x is ess5tially %ort1 
x %\ld be  concise1 laconic1 pregnant1 &
 if possible express ! cont5ts 9 a  ^w4 
,!re=e a title t is prolix1 or means    
no?+ at all1 or t  is indirect or       
ambigu\s1 is bad2 s is "o t is false &  
mislead+3 ?is la/ may prep>e = ! book ! 
same fate z t  :i* awaits a wrongly     
address$ lett]4 ,! wor/ titles are ^? t 
are /ol51 su* titles t is to say t o!r  
books already be>2  = 9 ! fir/ place !y 
are a plagi>ism1 & 9 ! second a mo/     
conv9c+ pro( ( an absolute want (       
orig9ality4 ,a man :o has n  en\gh      
orig9ality to ?9k out a new title = 8   
book w be mu*  less capable ( giv+ x new

 cont5ts4 ,ak9 to ^! are ^? titles  :i* 
h be5 imitat$1 9 o!r words1 half /ol52 =
 in/ance1 a  long "t aft] ,i _h writt5  
,on ,w 9 ,nature1 ,o]/$ wrote ,on  ,m9d 
9 ,nature4           99       99        
99       99       99    ,a book c nev]  
be any?+ m ?an ! impression ( its       
au?or's  ?\ghts4 ,! value ( ^! ?\ghts   
lies ei!r 9 ! matt] ab\t  :i* he has    
?\ght1 or 9 ! =m 9 :i* he develops 8    
matt]--t is to say1 :at he has ?\ght    
ab\t x4    ,! matt] ( books is v v>i\s1 
z also are ! m]its conf]r$ on  books on 
acc\nt ( _! matt]4 ,all matt] t is !    
outcome (  exp]i5ce1 9 o!r words ev]y?+ 
t is f\nd$ on fact1 :e!r  x be hi/orical
 or physical1 tak5 by itself & 9 its    
wide/ s5se1  is includ$ 9 ! t]m matt]4  
,x is ! motif t gives its  peculi> "* to
 ! book1 s t a book c be important :oev]
  ! au?or may h be52 :ile ) =m ! peculi>
 "* ( a  book re/s ) ! au?or ( x4 ,!    
subjects may be ( su* a nature  z to be 
accessible & well kn[n to ev]ybody2 b ! 
=m 9 :i*  !y are exp\nd$1 :at has be5   

?\ght ab\t !m1 gives ! book  its value1 
& ?is dep5ds ^u ! au?or4 ,!re=e if a    
book1 f  ?is po9t ( view1 is excell5t & 
)\t a rival1 s also is its  au?or4 ,f   
?is x foll[s t ! m]it ( a writ] wor?    
read+ is  all ! great] ! less he is     
dep5d5t on matt]--& ! bett] kn[n  & worn
 out ?is matt]1 ! great] w be 8 m]it4 ,!
 ?ree great  ,grecian trag$ians1 =      
in/ance1 all work$ at ! same subject4   
,s t :5 a book becomes fam\s "o %\ld    
c>efully di/+ui%  :e!r x is s on acc\nt 
( its matt] or its =m4    ,q ord9>y &   
%all[ m5 are able to produce books ( v  
great  importance because ( _! matt]1   
:i* 0 accessible to !m  alone4 ,take1 = 
in/ance1 books :i* give descriptions (  
=eign  c\ntries1 r>e natural ph5om5a1   
exp]im5ts t h be5 made1  hi/orical ev5ts
 ( :i* !y 7 witnesses1 or h sp5t bo? "t 
& tr\ble 9 inquir+ into & specially     
/udy+ ! au?orities =  !m4    ,on ! o!r  
h&1 x is on =m t we are dep5d5t1 :]e !  
matt] is accessible to e "o or v well   
kn[n2 & x is :at has  be5 ?\ght ab\t !  

matt] t w give any value to !           
a*ievem5t2 x w only be an em95t man :o w
 be able to write  any?+ t is wor?      
read+4 ,= ! o!rs w only ?9k :at is      
possible = e o!r man to ?9k4 ,!y give ! 
impress ( _!  own m9d2 b e "o already   
possesses ! orig9al ( ?is  impression4  
,h[ev]1 ! public is v mu* m int]e/$ 9   
matt] ?an 9 =m1  & x is = ?is v reason t
 x is beh9dh& 9 any high degree  (      
culture4 ,x is mo/ laughable ! way !    
public reveals its lik+  = matt] 9      
poetic works2 x c>efully inve/igates !  
real ev5ts or  p]sonal circum/ances ( ! 
poet's life :i* s]v$ to give !  motif ( 
8 works2 nay1 f9ally1 x f9ds ^! m       
int]e/+ ?an  ! works !mselves2 x reads m
 ab\t ,goe! ?an :at has be5  writt5 by  
,goe!1 & indu/ri\sly /udies ! leg5d (   
,fau/ 9  pref]5ce to ,goe!'s ,fau/      
itself4 ,& :5 ,brg] said t p  w\ld make 
le>n$ expositions z to :o ,leonora      
really 01 we see  ?is lit]ally fulfill$ 
9 ,goe!'s case1 = we n[ h _m le>n$      
expositions on ,fau/ & ! ,fau/ leg5d4   

,!y are & w rema9 ( a  purely mat]ial   
"*4 ,?is pref]5ce = matt] to =m is !    
same z a man ignor+ ! %ape & pa9t+ ( a  
f9e ,etruscan vase 9  ord] to make a    
*emical exam9ation ( ! clay & col\rs (  
:i* x  is made4 ,! attempt to be        
effective by means ( ! matt] us$1  !reby
 m9i/]+ to ?is evil prop5sity ( !       
public1 is absolutely  to be c5sur$ 9   
bran*es ( writ+ :]e ! m]it mu/ lie      
expressly  9 ! =m2 z1 = in/ance1 9      
poetical writ+4 ,h[ev]1 !re are  num]\s 
bad dramatic au?ors /riv+ to fill !     
!atre by means (  ! matt] !y are treat+4
 ,= in/ance1 !y place on ! /age any  k9d
 ( celebrat$ man1 h[ev] /ripp$ (        
dramatic incid5ts 8 life  may h be51    
nay1 sometimes )\t wait+ until ! p]sons 
:o  appe> ) him are dead4    ,!         
di/9ction betwe5 matt] & =m1 ( :i* ,i am
 "h speak+1 is  true also 9 reg>d to    
conv]sation4 ,x is *iefly intellig5ce1  
judgm5t1 wit1 & vivacity t enable a man 
to conv]se2 !y give  =m to !            
conv]sation4 ,h[ev]1 ! matt] ( !        

conv]sation mu/  soon come into         
notice--9 o!r words1 t ab\t :i* "o c    
talk  to ! man1 namely1 8 k4 ,if ?is is 
v small1 x w only  be 8 possess+ !      
above-nam$ =mal qualities 9 a q         
exceptionally high degree t w make 8    
conv]sation ( any value1  = 8 matt] w be
 re/rict$ to ?+s conc]n+ humanity &     
nature1 :i* are kn[n g5]ally4 ,x is j ! 
rev]se if a man is  want+ 9 ^! =mal     
qualities1 b has1 on ! o!r h&1 k  ( su* 
a k9d t x l5ds value to 8 conv]sation2  
?is value1  h[ev]1 w !n entirely re/ on 
! matt] ( 8 conv]sation1 =1  accord+ to 
! ,spani% prov]b1 mas sabe el necio en  
su casa1 que el  sabio en la ag5a4    ,a
 ?\ght only really lives until x has    
rea*$ ! b\nd>y l9e (  words2 x !n       
becomes petrifi$ & dies imm$iately2 yet 
x is z  ev]la/+ z ! fossilis$ animals & 
plants ( =m] ages4 ,its  exi/5ce1 :i* is
 really mom5t>y1 may be comp>$ to a     
cry/al !  in/ant x becomes cry/allis$4  
,z soon z a ?\ght has f\nd words x no   
long] exi/s 9 u or is  s]i\s 9 its      

deepe/ s5se4    ,:5 x beg9s to exi/ =   
o!rs x ceases to live 9 u2 j z a  *ild  
frees itself f its "m :5 x comes into   
exi/5ce4 ,!  poet has also said3        
,ihr ms/ mi* ni*t dur* ,wid]spru*       
v]wirr56    ,sobald man spri*t1 beg9nt  
man s*on zu irr54    ,! p5 is to ?\ght  
:at ! /ick is to walk+1 b "o walks mo/  
easily )\t a /ick1 & ?9ks mo/ p]fectly  
:5 no p5 is at  h&4 ,x is only :5 a man 
beg9s to get old t he likes to make use 
( a /ick & 8 p54    ,a hypo!sis t has   
once ga9$ a position 9 ! m9d1 or be5    
born  9 x1 leads a life resembl+ t ( an 
organism1 9 s f> z x  receives f ! out] 
_w matt] only t is advantage\s &        
homog5e\s to x2 on ! o!r h&1 matt] t is 
h>mful &  het]og5e\s to x is ei!r       
reject$1 or if x mu/ be receiv$1 ca/  (f
 aga9 entirely4    ,ab/ract & indef9ite 
t]ms %\ld be employ$ 9 satire only z !y 
are 9 algebra1 9 place ( concrete &     
specifi$ quantities4 ,moreov]1  x %\ld  
be us$ z sp>+ly z ! dissect+ knife on ! 
body ( a  liv+ man4 ,at ! risk ( =feit+ 

8 life x is an unsafe  exp]im5t4    ,= a
 "w to become immortal x mu/ possess s  
_m excell5ces t  x w n be easy to f9d a 
man :o und]/&s & values !m all2  s t !re
 w be 9 all ages m5 :o recognise &      
appreciate "s  ( ^! excell5ces2 by ?is  
means ! cr$it ( ! "w w be  reta9$       
?r\gh\t ! long c\rse ( c5turies &       
ev]-*ang+  int]e/s1 =1 z x is appreciat$
 fir/ 9 ?is s5se1 !n 9 t1  ! int]e/ is  
nev] exhau/$4    ,an au?or l ?is1 9 o!r 
words1 an au?or :o has a claim to live  
on 9 po/]ity1 c only be a man :o seeks 9
 va9 8 l among 8  contempor>ies ov] !   
wide _w1 8 m>k$ di/9ction mak+ him a    
/rik+ contra/ to e "o else4 ,ev5 if he  
exi/$ ?r\gh sev]al  g5]ations1 l ! w&]+ 
,jew1 he w\ld /ill occupy ! same        
position2 9 %ort1 he w\ld be1 z ,ario/o 
has put x1 lo fece natura1  e poi ruppe 
lo /ampo4 ,if ?is 7 n s1 "o w\ld n be   
able to  und]/& :y 8 ?\ghts %\ld n p]i% 
l ^? ( o!r m54    ,9 almo/ e age1 :e!r x
 be 9 lit]ature or art1 we f9d t if  a  
?or\ghly wrong idea1 or a fa%ion1 or a  

mann] is 9 vogue1 x is  admir$4 ,^? (   
ord9>y intellig5ce tr\ble !mselves      
inord9ately  to acquire x & put x 9     
practice4 ,an intellig5t man sees ?r\gh 
x  & despises x1 consequ5tly he rema9s  
out ( ! fa%ion4 ,"s ye>s  lat] ! public 
sees ?r\gh x & takes ! %am = :at x is   
wor?2 x n[ laughs at x1 & ! mu*-admir$  
col\r ( all ^!  works ( fa%ion falls (f 
l ! pla/] f a badly-built wall3 &  !y   
are 9 ! same dilapidat$ condition4 ,we  
%\ld be glad & n  sorry :5 a            
fundam5tally wrong notion ( :i* we h be5
 secretly  consci\s = a long "t f9ally  
ga9s a foot+ & is proclaim$ bo?  l\dly &
 op5ly4 ,! fals5ess ( x w soon be felt &
 ev5tually  proclaim$ equally l\dly &   
op5ly4 ,x is z if an abscess _h bur/4   
,! man :o publi%es & edits an article   
writt5 by an anonym\s  critic %\ld be   
held z imm$iately responsible = x z if  
he _h  writt5 x himself2 j z "o holds a 
manag] responsible = bad "w  done by 8  
workm54 ,9 ?is way ! fell[ w\ld be      
treat$ z he  des]ves to be--namely1 )\t 

any c]emony4    ,an anonym\s writ] is a 
lit]>y fraud aga9/ :om "o %\ld          
imm$iately cry out1 ,wret*1 if y d n wi%
 to admit :at x is y  say aga9/ o!r p1  
hold y\r sl&]\s tongue4    ,an anonym\s 
criticism c>ries no m weight ?an an     
anonym\s lett]1  & %\ld !re=e be look$  
^u ) equal mi/ru/4 ,or d we wi%  to     
accept ! assum$ "n ( a man1 :o 9 reality
 repres5ts a  socit anonyme1 z a        
gu>antee = ! v]acity ( 8 fri5ds8    ,!  
little hone/y t exi/s among au?ors is   
disc]nible 9 !  unconscionable way !y   
misquote f ! writ+s ( o!rs4 ,i f9d  :ole
 passages 9 my works wrongly quot$1 & x 
is only 9 my  app5dix1 :i* is absolutely
 lucid1 t an exception is made4 ,!      
misquotation is frequ5tly due to        
c>elessness1 ! p5 ( su* p  has be5 us$  
to write d[n su* trivial & banal phrases
 t x goes  on writ+ !m out ( =ce (      
habit4 ,sometimes ! misquotation is due 
to imp]t95ce on ! "p ( "s "o :o wants to
 improve ^u my  "w2 b a bad motive only 
too (t5 prompts ! misquotation--x is  !n

 horrid bas5ess & rogu]y1 &1 l a man :o 
commits =g]y1  he loses ! "* = be+ an   
hone/ man = ev]4    ,/yle is !          
physiognomy ( ! m9d4 ,x is a m reliable 
key to  "* ?an ! physiognomy ( ! body4  
,to imitate ano!r p]son's  /yle is l    
we>+ a mask4 ,h[ev] f9e ! mask1 x soon  
becomes  insipid & intol]able because x 
is )\t life2 s t ev5 !  uglie/ liv+ face
 is bett]4 ,!re=e au?ors :o write 9     
,lat9 &  imitate ! /yle ( ! old writ]s  
ess5tially we> a mask2 "o  c]ta9ly he>s 
:at !y say1 b "o _c wat* _!             
physiognomy--t is to say _! /yle4 ,"o   
obs]ves1 h[ev]1 !  /yle 9 ! ,lat9 writ+s
 ( m5 :o ?9k = !mselves1 ^? :o  h n     
deign$ to imitate1 z1 = in/ance1 ,scotus
 ,erig5a1 ,petr>*1  ,bacon1 ,desc>tes1  
,sp9oza1 etc4    ,affectation 9 /yle is 
l mak+ grimaces4 ,! language 9 :i* a    
man writes is ! physiognomy ( 8 nation2 
x e/abli%es a great _m  diff]5ces1      
beg9n+ f ! language ( ! ,greeks d[n to t
 (  ! ,c>ibbean isl&]s4    ,we %\ld seek
 = ! faults 9 ! /yle ( ano!r au?or's    

works1 s  t we may avoid committ+ ! same
 9 our own4    ,9 ord] to get a         
provisional e/imate ( ! value ( an      
au?or's  productions x is n exactly     
necess>y to "k ! matt] on :i* he  has   
?\ght or :at x is he has ?\ght ab\t     
x1--?is w\ld compel  "o to read ! :ole (
 8 works1--b x w be suffici5t to "k  h[ 
he has ?\ght4 ,8 /yle is an exact       
expression ( h[ he has  ?\ght1 ( !      
ess5tial /ate & g5]al quality ( 8       
?\ghts4  ,x %[s ! =mal nature--:i* mu/  
always rema9 ! same--( all  ! ?\ghts ( a
 man1 :atev] ! subject on :i* he has    
?\ght or  :at x is he has said ab\t x4  
,x is ! d\gh out ( :i* all 8  ideas are 
knead$1 h[ev] v>i\s !y may be4 ,:5      
,eul5spiegel 0  ask$ by a man h[ long he
 w\ld h to walk be=e rea*+ ! next       
place1 & gave ! app>5tly absurd answ]   
,walk1 8 int5tion 0  to judge f ! man's 
walk+ h[ f> he w\ld g 9 a giv5 "t4 ,&  s
 x is :5 ,i h read a few pages ( an     
au?or1 ,i "k ab\t h[ f>  he c help me4  
,9 ! secret consci\sness t ?is is !     

condition ( ?+s1 e  m$iocre writ] tries 
to mask 8 own natural /yle4 ,?is        
in/antly  necessitates 8 giv+ up all    
idea ( be+ nave1 a privilege :i*        
belongs to sup]ior m9ds s5sible ( _!    
sup]iority1 & !re=e  sure ( !mselves4 ,=
 in/ance1 x is absolutely impossible =  
m5 (  ord9>y intellig5ce to make up _!  
m9ds to write z !y ?9k2  !y res5t ! idea
 ( _! "w look+ too simple4 ,x w\ld      
always  be ( "s value1 h[ev]4 ,if !y    
w\ld only g hone/ly to "w & 9  a simple 
way express ! few & ord9>y ideas !y h   
really  ?\ght1 !y w\ld be readable & ev5
 in/ructive 9 _! own  sph]e4 ,b in/ead (
 t !y try to appe> to h ?\ght mu* m     
deeply ?an is ! case4 ,! result is1 !y  
put :at !y h to say  into =c$ & involv$ 
language1 create new words & prolix     
p]iods  :i* g r\nd ! ?\ght & cov] x up4 
,!y hesitate betwe5 !  two attempts (   
communicat+ ! ?\ght & ( conceal+ x4 ,!y 
want to make x look gr& s t x has !     
appe>ance ( be+  le>n$ & pr(\nd1 !reby  
giv+ "o ! idea t !re is mu*  m 9 x ?an  

"o p]ceives at ! mom5t4 ,accord+ly1 !y  
sometimes  put d[n _! ?\ghts 9 bits1 9  
%ort1 equivocal1 & p>adoxical  s5t5ces  
:i* appe> to mean mu* m ?an !y say 7a   
spl5did  example ( ?is k9d ( writ+ is   
furni%$ by ,s*ell+'s treatises on       
,natural ,philosophy72 sometimes !y     
express _! ?\ghts 9 a cr[d (  words & ! 
mo/ intol]able diffus5ess1 z if x 7     
necess>y to  make a s5sation 9 ord] to  
make ! pr(\nd mean+ ( _! phrases        
intelligible--:ile x is q a simple idea 
if n a trivial "o  7examples )\t numb]  
are suppli$ 9 ,fi*te's popul> works & 9 
! philosophical pamphlets ( a hundr$ o!r
 mis]able blockheads t  are n wor?      
m5tion+71 or else !y endeav\r to use a  
c]ta9 /yle  9 writ+ :i* x has pleas$ !m 
to adopt--= example1 a /yle t  is s     
?or\ghly ,kat' e'xo*ae'u pr(\nd &       
sci5tific1 :]e "o is  tortur$ to dea? by
 ! n>cotic effect ( long-spun p]iods t  
are  void ( all ?\ght 7examples ( ?is   
are specially suppli$ by ^?  mo/        
imp]t95t ( all mortals1 ! ,hegelians 9  

_! ,hegel newspap]  commonly kn[n z     
,jahrb*] d] wiss5s*aftli*5 ,lit]atur72  
or  aga91 !y aim at an intellectual /yle
 :]e x seems !n z if !y  wi% to g crazy1
 & s on4 ,all su* ef=ts :]eby !y try to 
po/pone ! nascetur ridiculus mus make x 
frequ5tly difficult to  und]/& :at !y   
really mean4 ,moreov]1 !y write d[n     
words1 nay1  :ole p]iods1 :i* mean no?+ 
9 !mselves1 9 ! hope1 h[ev]1  t "s "o   
else w und]/& some?+ f !m4 ,no?+ else is
  at ! bottom ( all su* endeav\rs b !   
inexhau/ible attempt :i*  is always     
v5tur+ on new pa?s1 to sell words =     
?\ghts1 & by  means ( new expressions1  
or expressions us$ 9 a new s5se1 turns (
  phrases & comb9ations ( all k9ds1 to  
produce ! appe>ance (  intellect 9 ord] 
to comp5sate = ! want ( x :i* is s      
pa9fully felt4 ,x is amus+ to see h[1 ) 
?is aim 9 view1 fir/  ?is mann]ism & !n 
t is tri$2 ^! !y int5d to repres5t  !   
mask ( intellect3 ?is mask may possibly 
deceive ! inexp]i5c$  = a :ile1 until x 
is recognis$ z be+ no?+ b a dead mask1  

:5 x is laugh$ at & ex*ang$ = ano!r4    
,we f9d a writ] ( ?is k9d sometimes     
writ+ 9 a di?yrambic /yle1  z if he 7   
intoxicat$2 at o!r times1 nay1 on ! v   
next page1  he w be high-s\nd+1 sev]e1 &
 deeply le>n$1 prolix to ! la/  degree (
 dulness1 & cutt+ ev]y?+ v small1 l !   
late  ,*ri/ian ,wolf1 only 9 a mod]n    
g>m5t4 ,! mask ( un9telligibility  holds
 out ! longe/2 ?is is only 9 ,g]many1   
h[ev]1 :]e x 0  introduc$ by ,fi*te1    
p]fect$ by ,s*ell+1 & atta9$ its highe/ 
climax f9ally 9 ,hegel1 always ) !      
happie/ results4 ,& yet  no?+ is easi]  
?an to write s t no "o c und]/&2 on !   
o!r h&1 no?+ is m difficult ?an to      
express le>n$ ideas s  t e "o mu/ und]/&
 !m4 ,all ! arts ,i h cit$ above are    
sup]flu\s if ! writ] really possesses   
any intellect1 = x all[s  a man to %[   
himself z he is & v]ifies = all "t :at  
,horace  said3 ,scrib5di recte sap]e e/ 
et pr9cipium et fons4    ,b ?is class ( 
au?ors is l c]ta9 work]s 9 metal1 :o try
 a  hundr$ diff]5t compositions to take 

! place ( gold1 :i* is !  only metal t c
 nev] h a sub/itute4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re 
is  no?+ an au?or %\ld gu>d aga9/ m ?an 
! app>5t endeav\r  to %[ m intellect ?an
 he has2 because ?is r\ses ! suspicion 9
  ! read] t he has v little1 s9ce a man 
always affects  some?+1 be its nature   
:at x may1 t he does n really possess4  
,& ?is is :y x is praise to an au?or to 
call him nave1 = x  signifies t he may  
%[ himself z he is4 ,9 g5]al1 navet     
attracts1 :ile any?+ t is unnatural     
ev]y:]e repels4 ,we also  f9d t e true  
?9k] endeav\rs to express 8 ?\ghts z    
purely1 cle>ly1 def9itely1 & concisely z
 ev] possible4 ,?is is :y  simplicity   
has always be5 look$ ^u z a tok51 n only
 ( tru?1  b also ( g5ius4 ,/yle receives
 its beauty f ! ?\ght  express$1 :ile ) 
^? writ]s :o only pret5d to ?9k x is  _!
 ?\ghts t are said to be f9e because (  
_! /yle4 ,/yle is  m]ely ! silh\ette (  
?\ght2 & to write 9 a vague or bad /yle 
means a /upid or confus$ m9d4    ,h5ce1 
! fir/ rule--nay1 ?is 9 itself is almo/ 

suffici5t = a  good /yle--is ?is1 t !   
au?or %\ld h some?+ to say4 ,ah6  ?is   
implies a great deal4 ,! neglect ( ?is  
rule is a fundam5tal  *>act]i/ic ( !    
philosophical1 & g5]ally speak+ ( all ! 
reflective au?ors 9 ,g]many1 especially 
s9ce ! "t ( ,fi*te4 ,x  is obvi\s t all 
^! writ]s wi% to appe> to h some?+ to   
say1 :ile !y h no?+ to say4 ,?is        
mann]ism 0 introduc$ by  !              
pseudo-philosoph]s ( ! ,univ]sities &   
may be disc]n$  ev]y:]e1 ev5 among !    
fir/ lit]>y notabilities ( ! age4 ,x is 
! "m ( t =c$ & vague /yle :i* seems to h
 two1 nay1  _m mean+s1 z well z ( t     
prolix & pond]\s /yle1 le /ile  empes2 &
 ( t no less useless bomba/ic /yle1 &   
f9ally (  t mode ( conceal+ ! mo/ awful 
pov]ty ( ?\ght "u a babble  (           
inexhau/ible *att] t resembles a clack+ 
mill & is j z  /upefy+3 "o may read =   
h\rs toge!r )\t gett+ hold ( a  s+le    
cle>ly def9$ & def9ite idea4 ,!         
,halles*51 aft]w>ds  call$ ! ,deuts*5   
,jahrb*]1 furni%es almo/ ?r\gh\t        

excell5t  examples ( ?is /yle ( writ+4  
,! ,g]mans1 by ! way1 f =ce  ( habit    
read page aft] page ( all k9ds ( su*    
v]biage )\t  gett+ any def9ite idea (   
:at ! au?or really means3 !y ?9k x  all 
v prop] & d n discov] t he is writ+     
m]ely = !  sake ( writ+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a
 good au?or :o is ri* 9 ideas  soon ga9s
 ! read]'s cr$it ( hav+ really & truly  
some?+ to  say2 & ?is gives ! intellig5t
 read] pati5ce to foll[ him  att5tively4
 ,an au?or ( ?is k9d w always express   
himself 9 !  simple/ & mo/ direct mann]1
 = ! v reason t he really has  some?+ to
 say2 because he wi%es to awak5 9 !     
read] ! same  idea he has 9 8 own m9d & 
no o!r4 ,accord+ly he w be able to  say 
) ,boileau--      ,ma p5se au gr& j\r   
p>t\t s'(fre et s'expose1    ,et mon    
v]s1 bi5 ou mal1 dit t\j\rs quelque     
*ose2    :ile ( ^? previ\sly describ$   
writ]s x may be said1 9 ! words  ( !    
same poet1 et qui p>lant beauc\p ne     
dis5t jamais ri54 ,x is  also a         
*>act]i/ic ( su* writ]s to avoid1 if x  

is possible1  express+ !mselves         
def9itely1 s t !y may be always able 9  
case ( ne$ to get out ( a difficulty2   
?is is :y !y always *oose  ! m ab/ract  
expressions3 :ile p ( intellect *oose ! 
m concrete2 because ! latt] br+ ! matt] 
clos] to view1  :i* is ! s\rce ( all    
evid5ce4 ,?is pref]5ce = ab/ract        
expressions may be confirm$ by num]\s   
examples3 a specially  ridicul\s example
 is ! foll[+4 ,?r\gh\t ,g]man lit]ature 
( !  la/ t5 ye>s we f9d to condition    
almo/ ev]y:]e us$ 9 place (  to cause or
 to effect4 ,s9ce x is m ab/ract &      
indef9ite x  says less ?an x implies1 & 
consequ5tly leaves a little back door   
op5 to please ^? ^: secret consci\sness 
( _! own incapacity  inspires !m ) a    
cont9ual fe> ( all def9ite expressions4 
,:ile  ) o!r p x is m]ely ! effect ( t  
national t5d5cy to  imm$iately imitate  
ev]y?+ t is /upid 9 lit]ature & wick$  9
 life2 ?is is %[n 9 ei!r case by ! quick
 way 9 :i* x  spreads4 ,! ,engli%man    
dep5ds on 8 own judgm5t bo? 9 :at he    

writes & :at he does1 b ?is applies less
 to ! ,g]man ?an to any  o!r nation4 ,9 
consequ5ce ( ! /ate ( ?+s ref]r$ to1 !  
words to cause & to effect h almo/      
entirely disappe>$ f  ! lit]ature ( !   
la/ t5 ye>s1 & p ev]y:]e talk ( to      
condition4 ,! fact is wor? m5tion+      
because x is  *>act]i/ically ridicul\s4 
,ev]yday au?ors are only half consci\s  
:5 !y write1 a fact :i* acc\nts = _!    
want ( intellect &  ! t$i\sness ( _!    
writ+s2 !y d n really !mselves  und]/& !
 mean+ ( _! own words1 because !y take  
ready-made  words & le>n !m4 ,h5ce !y   
comb9e :ole phrases m ?an               
words--phrases banales4 ,?is acc\nts = t
 obvi\sly  *>act]i/ic want ( cle>ly     
def9$ ?\ght2 9 fact1 !y lack !  die t   
/amps _! ?\ghts1 !y h no cle> ?\ght ( _!
 own2  9 place ( x we f9d an indef9ite1 
obscure int]weav+ ( words1  curr5t      
phrases1 worn-out t]ms ( spee*1 &       
fa%ionable expressions4  ,! result is t 
_! foggy k9d ( writ+ is l pr9t t has    
be5 done ) old type4 ,on ! o!r h&1      

intellig5t p really  speak to u 9 _!    
writ+s1 & ?is is :y !y are able to bo?  
move & ent]ta9 u4 ,x is only intellig5t 
writ]s :o place  individual words toge!r
 ) a full consci\sness ( _! use &       
select !m ) delib]ation4 ,h5ce _! /yle (
 writ+ be>s !  same relation to t ( ^?  
au?ors describ$ above1 z a picture  t is
 really pa9t$ does to "o t has be5      
execut$ ) /5cil4  ,9 ! fir/ in/ance e   
^w1 j z e /roke ( ! bru%1 has  "s       
special significance1 :ile 9 ! o!r      
ev]y?+ is done  me*anically4 ,! same    
di/9ction may be obs]v$ 9 music4 ,= x is
  ! omnipres5ce ( intellect t always &  
ev]y:]e *>act]ises  ! works ( ! g5ius2 &
 analog\s to ?is is ,li*t5b]g's         
obs]vation1 namely1 t ,g>rick's s\l 0   
omnipres5t 9 all !  muscles ( 8 body4 ,)
 reg>d to ! t$i\sness ( ! writ+s  ref]r$
 to above1 x is to be obs]v$ 9 g5]al t  
!re are two  k9ds ( t$i\sness--an       
objective & a subjective4 ,! objective  
=m ( t$i\sness spr+s f ! defici5cy ( :i*
 we h be5  speak+--t is to say1 :]e !   

au?or has no p]fectly cle>  ?\ght or k  
to communicate4 ,= if a writ] possesses 
any cle>  ?\ght or k x w be 8 aim to    
communicate x1 & he w  "w ) ?is end 9   
view2 consequ5tly ! ideas he furni%es   
are  ev]y:]e cle>ly def9$1 s t he is    
nei!r diffuse1 unmean+1  nor confus$1 & 
consequ5tly n t$i\s4 ,ev5 if 8          
fundam5tal idea  is wrong1 yet 9 su* a  
case x w be cle>ly ?\ght out & well     
pond]$2 9 o!r words1 x is at lea/ =mally
 correct1 & !  writ+ is always ( "s     
value4 ,:ile1 = ! same reason1 a "w t   
is objectively t$i\s is at all times )\t
 value4 ,aga91  subjective t$i\sness is 
m]ely relative3 ?is is because ! read]  
is n int]e/$ 9 ! subject ( ! "w1 & t :at
 he takes an  int]e/ 9 is ( a v limit$  
nature4 ,! mo/ excell5t "w may  !re=e be
 t$i\s subjectively to ?is or t p]son1 j
 z1 vice  v]s1 ! wor/ "w may be         
subjectively div]t+ to ?is or t  p]son3 
because he is int]e/$ 9 ei!r ! subject  
or ! writ] (  ! book4    ,x w\ld be (   
g5]al s]vice to ,g]man au?ors if !y     

disc]n$ t  :ile a man %\ld1 if possible1
 ?9k l a great m9d1 he %\ld  speak !    
same language z e o!r p]son4 ,m5 %\ld   
use common  words to say uncommon ?+s1 b
 !y d ! rev]se4 ,we f9d !m  try+ to     
envelop trivial ideas 9 gr& words & to  
dress _! v  ord9>y ?\ghts 9 ! mo/       
extraord9>y expressions & ! mo/         
outl&i%1 artificial1 & r>e/ phrases4 ,_!
 s5t5ces p]petually  /alk ab\t on /ilts4
 ,) reg>d to _! delight 9 bomba/1 & to  
_! writ+ g5]ally 9 a gr&1 puff$-up1     
unreal1 hyp]bolical1 &  acrobatic /yle1 
_! prototype is ,pi/ol1 :o 0 once       
impati5tly  reque/$ by ,fal/aff1 8      
fri5d1 to say :at y h to say1 l a  man (
 ?is _w6#e    ,!re is no expression 9 ! 
,g]man language exactly correspond+ to  
/ile empes2 b ! ?+ itself is all ! m    
preval5t4 ,:5  comb9$ ) unnaturalness x 
is 9 works :at affect$ gravity1         
gr&ness1 & unnaturalness are 9 social   
int]c\rse2 & x is j  z intol]able4      
,pov]ty ( intellect is fond ( we>+ ?is  
dress2 j  z /upid p 9 ev]yday life are  

fond ( assum+ gravity &  =mality4    ,a 
man :o writes 9 ?is prezis /yle is l a  
p]son :o dresses  himself up to avoid   
be+ mi/ak5 = or conf\nd$ ) ! mob2 a     
dang] :i* a g5tleman1 ev5 9 8 wor/      
clo!s1 does n run4  ,h5ce j z a plebeian
 is recognis$ by a c]ta9 display 9 8    
dress  & 8 tir  quatre p+les1 s is an   
ord9>y writ] recognis$ by  8 /yle4      
,if a man has some?+ to say t is wor?   
say+1 he ne$ n envelop  x 9 affect$     
expressions1 involv$ phrases1 &         
enigmatical  innu5does2 b he may re/    
assur$ t by express+ himself 9 a        
simple1 cle>1 & nave mann] he w n fail  
to produce ! "r  effect4 ,a man :o makes
 use ( su* artifices z h be5 allud$ to  
betrays 8 pov]ty ( ideas1 m9d1 & k4     
,nev]!less1 x is a mi/ake to attempt to 
write exactly z "o speaks4  ,e /yle (   
writ+ %\ld be> a c]ta9 trace (          
relation%ip )  ! monum5tal /yle1 :i* is1
 inde$1 ! ance/or ( all /yles2 s  t to  
write z "o speaks is j z faulty z to d !
 rev]se1 t  is to say1 to try & speak z 

"o writes4 ,?is makes ! au?or  p$antic1 
& at ! same "t difficult to und]/&4     
,obscurity & vagu5ess ( expression are  
at all times & ev]y:]e a  v bad sign4 ,9
 n9ety-n9e cases out ( a hundr$ !y arise
 f  vagu5ess ( ?\ght1 :i*1 9 its turn1  
is almo/ always fundam5tally            
discordant1 inconsi/5t1 & !re=e wrong4  
,:5 a "r ?\ght  spr+s up 9 ! m9d x      
/rives aft] cle>ness ( expression1 & x  
soon atta9s x1 = cle> ?\ght easily f9ds 
its appropriate  expression4 ,a man :o  
is capable ( ?9k+ c express himself at  
all  times 9 cle>1 compreh5sible1 &     
unambigu\s words4 ,^? writ]s :o         
con/ruct difficult1 obscure1 involv$1 & 
ambigu\s phrases mo/  c]ta9ly d n       
rightly "k :at x is !y wi% to say3 !y h 
only a dull consci\sness ( x1 :i* is    
/ill /ruggl+ to put itself  into ?\ght2 
!y also (t5 wi% to conceal f !mselves & 
o!r  p t 9 reality !y h no?+ to say4 ,l 
,fi*te1 ,s*ell+1  & ,hegel1 !y wi% to   
appe> to "k :at !y d n "k1 to ?9k  :at  
!y d n ?9k1 & to say :at !y d n say4    

,w a man1 !n1 :o has some?+ real to     
imp>t endeav\r to say x  9 a cle> or an 
indi/9ct way8 ,qu9tilian has already    
said1 pl]umque  accidit ut faciliora s9t
 ad intellig5dum et lucidiora multo1    
quae a  doctissimo quoque dicuntur4444  
,erit ergo etiam obscurior1 quo quisque 
det]ior4    ,a man's way ( express+     
himself %\ld n be enigmatical1 b he     
%\ld "k :e!r he has some?+ to say or    
:e!r he has n4 ,x is  an unc]ta9ty (    
expression :i* makes ,g]man writ]s s    
dull4 ,!  only exceptional cases are ^? 
:]e a man wi%es to express some?+  t is 
9 "s respect ( an illicit nature4 ,z    
any?+ t is  f>-fet*$ g5]ally produces ! 
rev]se ( :at ! writ] has aim$  at1 s d  
words s]ve to make ?\ght compreh5sible2 
b only up to a  c]ta9 po9t4 ,if words   
are pil$ up beyond ?is po9t !y make !   
?\ght t is be+ communicat$ m & m        
obscure4 ,to hit t  po9t is ! problem ( 
/yle & a matt] ( disc]nm5t2 = e         
sup]flu\s ^w prev5ts its purpose be+    
c>ri$ out4 ,voltaire means  ?is :5 he   

says3 l'adjectif e/ l'ennemi du         
sub/antif4 7,b1 truly1  _m au?ors try to
 hide _! pov]ty ( ?\ght "u a sup]fluity 
(  words47    ,accord+ly1 all prolixity 
& all b9d+ toge!r ( unmean+  obs]vations
 t are n wor? read+ %\ld be avoid$4 ,a  
writ] mu/  be sp>+ ) ! read]'s "t1      
conc5tration1 & pati5ce2 9 ?is  way he  
makes him believe t :at he has be=e him 
is wor? 8  c>eful read+1 & w repay !    
tr\ble he has sp5t ^u x4 ,x is  always  
bett] to leave out some?+ t is good ?an 
to write d[n  some?+ t is n wor? say+4  
,hesiod's   #f  f9ds its "r application4
 ,9 fact1 n to say ev]y?+6 ,le secret   
p\r tre ennuyeux1 c'e/ de t\t dire4     
,!re=e1 if possible1 !  qu9tess5ce only6
 ! *ief matt] only6 no?+ t ! read] w\ld 
?9k = himself4 ,! use ( _m words 9 ord] 
to express little  ?\ght is ev]y:]e !   
infallible sign ( m$iocrity2 :ile to    
clo!  mu* ?\ght 9 a few words is !      
infallible sign ( di/+ui%$  m9ds4       
,tru? t is nak$ is ! mo/ beautiful1 & ! 
simpl] its  expression ! deep] is !     

impression x makes2 ?is is p>tly because
  x gets unob/ruct$ hold ( ! he>]'s m9d 
)\t 8 be+  di/ract$ by second>y ?\ghts1 
& p>tly because he feels t "h  he is n  
be+ corrupt$ or deceiv$ by ! arts (     
rhetoric1 b t  ! :ole effect is got f ! 
?+ itself4 ,= in/ance1 :at  declamation 
on ! empt9ess ( human exi/5ce c\ld be m 
impressive  ?an ,job's3 ,homo1 natus de 
muli]e1 brevi vivit tempore1 repletus   
multis mis]iis1 qui1 tanquam flos1      
egr$itur et cont]itur1 et fugit  velut  
umbra4 ,x is = ?is v reason t ! nave    
poetry ( ,goe!  is s incomp>ably great] 
?an ! rhetorical ( ,s*ill]4 ,?is is also
  :y _m folk-songs h s great an effect  
^u u4 ,an au?or %\ld  gu>d aga9/ us+ all
 unnecess>y rhetorical adornm5t1 all    
useless  amplification1 & 9 g5]al1 j z 9
 ar*itecture he %\ld gu>d  aga9/ an     
excess ( decoration1 all sup]fluity (   
expression--9 o!r  words1 he mu/ aim at 
*a/ity ( /yle4 ,ev]y?+ t is r$undant    
has a h>mful effect4 ,! law ( simplicity
 & navet applies to all  f9e art1 = x is

 compatible ) :at is mo/ sublime4       
,true brevity ( expression consi/s 9 a  
man only say+ :at is wor?  say+1 :ile   
avoid+ all diffuse explanations ( ?+s   
:i* e  "o c ?9k out = himself2 t is1 x  
consi/s 9 8 correctly  di/+ui%+ betwe5  
:at is necess>y & :at is sup]flu\s4 ,on 
!  o!r h&1 "o %\ld nev] sacrifice       
cle>ness1 to say no?+ (  gramm>1 = !    
sake ( be+ brief4 ,to impov]i% !        
expression ( a  ?\ght1 or to obscure or 
spoil ! mean+ ( a p]iod = ! sake (  us+ 
few] words %[s a lam5table want (       
judgm5t4 ,& ?is is  precisely :at t     
false brevity n[adays 9 vogue is try+ to
 d1 =  writ]s n only leave out words t  
are to ! purpose1 b ev5  grammatical &  
logical ess5tials4#g    ,subjectivity1  
:i* is an error ( /yle 9 ,g]man         
lit]ature1 is1  ?r\gh ! det]iorat$      
condition ( lit]ature & neglect ( old   
languages1 becom+ m common4 ,by         
subjectivity ,i mean :5 a writ]  ?9ks x 
suffici5t = himself to "k :at he means &
 wants to say1  & x is left to ! read]  

to discov] :at is meant4 ,)\t  tr\bl+   
himself ab\t 8 read]1 he writes z if he 
7 hold+ a  monologue2 :]eas x %\ld be a 
dialogue1 &1 moreov]1 a dialogue 9  :i* 
he mu/ express himself all ! m cle>ly z 
! que/ions (  ! read] _c be he>d4 ,& x  
is = ?is v reason t /yle  %\ld n be     
subjective b objective1 & = x to be     
objective !  words mu/ be writt5 9 su* a
 way z to directly compel ! read] to    
?9k precisely ! same z ! au?or ?\ght4   
,?is w only be !  case :5 ! au?or has   
borne 9 m9d t ?\ghts1 inasmu* z !y      
foll[ ! law ( gravity1 pass m easily f  
head to pap] ?an f  pap] to head4 ,!re=e
 ! j\rney f pap] to head mu/ be help$   
by e means at 8 comm&4 ,:5 he does ?is 8
 words h a purely  objective effect1 l t
 ( a complet$ oil pa9t+2 :ile !         
subjective /yle is n mu* m c]ta9 9 its  
effect ?an spots on  ! wall1 & x is only
 ! man ^: fantasy is accid5tally ar\s$  
by !m t sees figures2 o!r p only see    
blurs4 ,! diff]5ce  ref]r$ to applies to
 e /yle ( writ+ z a :ole1 & x is also   

(t5 met ) 9 p>ticul> in/ances2 =        
example1 ,i read 9 a book  t has j be5  
publi%$3 ,i h n writt5 to increase !    
numb]  ( exi/+ books4 ,?is means exactly
 ! opposite ( :at ! writ]  _h 9 view1 & 
is nons5se into ! b>ga94    ,a man :o   
writes c>elessly at once proves t he    
himself puts no great  value on 8 own   
?\ghts4 ,= x is only by be+ conv9c$ ( ! 
tru? & importance ( our ?\ghts t !re    
arises 9 u !  inspiration necess>y = !  
inexhau/ible pati5ce to discov] !       
cle>e/1 f9e/1 & mo/ p[]ful expression = 
!m2 j z "o  puts holy relics or         
priceless works ( art 9 silv]n or gold5 
receptacles4 ,x 0 = ?is reason t ! old  
writ]s--^:  ?\ghts1 express$ 9 _! own   
words1 h la/$ = ?\s&s (  ye>s & h5ce be>
 ! hon\r$ title ( classics--wrote )     
univ]sal c>e4 ,plato1 inde$1 is said to 
h writt5 ! introduction  to 8 ,republic 
sev5 times ) diff]5t modifications4 ,on 
! o!r  h&1 ! ,g]mans are conspicu\s     
above all o!r nations = neglect (  /yle 
9 writ+1 z !y are = neglect ( dress1 bo?

 k9ds (  slov5l9ess :i* h _! s\rce 9 !  
,g]man national "*4  ,j z neglect (     
dress betrays contempt = ! society 9 :i*
 a man  moves1 s does a ha/y1 c>eless1 &
 bad /yle %[ %ock+ disrespect  = !      
read]1 :o !n rightly puni%es x by n     
read+ ! book4    ,,footnotes3    #e     
,s*op5hau] "h gives an example ( ?is    
bomba/ic /yle :i*  w\ld be ( little     
int]e/ to ,engli% read]s4--,,translator4
    #f ,op]a et dies1 v4 #dj4    #g     
,s*op5hau] "h at l5g? po9ts out v>i\s   
common errors 9 !  writ+ & speak+ (     
,g]man :i* w\ld lose significance 9 a   
translation4--,,tr4          ,,on       
,,noise4      ,kant has writt5 a        
treatise on ,! ,vital ,p[]s2 b ,i %\ld l
 to  write a dirge on !m1 s9ce _! lavi% 
use 9 ! =m ( knock+1  hamm]+1 & tumbl+  
?+s ab\t has made ! :ole ( my life a    
daily torm5t4 ,c]ta9ly !re are p1 nay1 v
 _m1 :o w  smile at ?is1 because !y are 
n s5sitive to noise2 x is precisely  ^! 
p1 h[ev]1 :o are n s5sitive to argum5t1 
?\ght1  poetry or art1 9 %ort1 to any   

k9d ( intellectual impression3 a fact   
to be assign$ to ! co>se quality & /rong
 texture ( _! bra9  tissues4 ,on ! o!r  
h&1 9 ! biographies or 9 o!r records (  
! p]sonal utt]ances ( almo/ all great   
writ]s1 ,i f9d compla9ts  ( ! pa9 t     
noise has occasion$ to intellectual m54 
,= example1  9 ! case ( ,kant1 ,goe!1   
,li*t5b]g1 ,jean ,paul2 & inde$ :5 no   
m5tion is made ( ! matt] x is m]ely     
because ! context did n  lead up to x4  
,i %\ld expla9 ! subject we are treat+ 9
 ?is way3  ,if a big diamond is cut up  
into pieces1 x imm$iately loses its     
value  z a :ole2 or if an army is       
scatt]$ or divid$ into small bodies1 x  
loses all its p[]2 & 9 ! same way a     
great intellect has no m  p[] ?an an    
ord9>y "o z soon z x is int]rupt$1      
di/urb$1  di/ract$1 or div]t$2 = its    
sup]iority entails t x  conc5trates all 
its /r5g? on "o po9t & object1 j z a    
concave  mirror conc5trates all ! rays (
 light ?r[n ^u x4 ,noisy  int]ruption   
prev5ts ?is conc5tration4 ,?is is :y !  

mo/ em95t  intellects h always be5      
/rongly av]se to any k9d ( di/urbance1  
int]ruption & di/raction1 & above ev]y?+
 to t viol5t  int]ruption :i* is caus$  
by noise2 o!r p d n take any  p>ticul>  
notice ( ?is sort ( ?+4 ,! mo/          
intellig5t ( all !  ,european nations   
has call$ ,nev] int]rupt ! elev5?       
comm&m5t4  ,b noise is ! mo/ imp]t95t ( 
all int]ruptions1 = x n only  int]rupts 
our own ?\ghts b disp]ses !m4 ,:]e1     
h[ev]1 !re is  no?+ to int]rupt1 noise  
naturally w n be felt p>ticul>ly4       
,sometimes a trifl+ b incessant noise   
torm5ts & di/urbs me = a  "t1 & be=e ,i 
become di/9ctly consci\s ( x ,i feel x  
m]ely z  ! ef=t ( ?9k+ becomes m        
difficult1 j z ,i %\ld feel a  weight on
 my foot2 !n ,i realise :at x is4    ,b 
to pass f g5us to species1 ! truly      
inf]nal crack+ (  :ips 9 ! n>r[ res\nd+ 
/reets ( a t[n mu/ be d5\nc$ z  ! mo/   
unw>rantable & disgraceful ( all noises4
 ,x deprives life  ( all peace &        
s5sibility4 ,no?+ gives me s cle> a     

grasp ( !  /upidity & ?\ghtlessness (   
mank9d z ! tol]ance ( !  crack+ ( :ips4 
,?is sudd51 %>p crack :i* p>alyses !    
bra91  de/roys all m$itation1 & murd]s  
?\ght1 mu/ cause pa9 to any "o  :o has  
any?+ l an idea 9 8 head4 ,h5ce e crack 
mu/  di/urb a hundr$ p apply+ _! m9ds to
 "s activity1 h[ev]  trivial x may be2  
:ile x disjo9ts & r5d]s pa9ful !        
m$itations ( ! ?9k]2 j l ! execution]'s 
axe :5 x  sev]s ! head f ! body4 ,no    
s\nd cuts s %>ply into ! bra9  z ?is    
curs$ crack+ ( :ips2 "o feels ! prick ( 
! :ip-cord  9 "o's bra91 :i* is affect$ 
9 ! same way z ! mimosa pudica  is by   
t\*1 & :i* la/s ! same l5g? ( "t4 ,) all
 respect  = ! mo/ holy doctr9e (        
utility1 ,i d n see :y a fell[ :o is    
remov+ a load ( s& or manure %\ld obta9 
! privilege ( kill+  9 ! bud ! ?\ghts t 
are spr++ up 9 ! heads ( ab\t t5  ?\s& p
 successively4 7,he is only half-an-h\r 
on ! road47    ,hamm]+1 ! b>k+ ( dogs1 &
 ! scream+ ( *ildr5 are  abom9able2 b x 
is only ! crack+ ( a :ip t is ! true    

murd]] ( ?\ght4 ,its object is to de/roy
 e fav\rable mom5t  t "o n[ & !n may h =
 reflection4 ,if !re 7 no o!r  means (  
urg+ on an animal ?an by mak+ ?is mo/   
disgraceful ( all  noises1 "o w\ld =give
 its exi/5ce4 ,b x is q ! contr>y3  ?is 
curs$ crack+ ( :ips is n only unnecess>y
 b ev5 useless4  ,! effect t x is int5d$
 to h on ! horse m5tally becomes  q     
blunt$ & ineffective2 s9ce ! con/ant    
abuse ( x has  accu/om$ ! horse to !    
crack1 he does n quick5 8 pace = x4     
,?is is especially noticeable 9 !       
unceas+ crack ( ! :ip :i*  comes f an   
empty vehicle z x is be+ driv5 at its   
sl[e/ rate to  pick up a f>e4 ,!        
slighte/ t\* ) ! :ip w\ld be m          
effective4 ,all[+1 h[ev]1 t x 7         
absolutely necess>y to  rem9d ! horse ( 
! pres5ce ( ! :ip by cont9ually crack+  
x1  a crack t made "o hundr$? "p ( !    
noise w\ld be suffici5t4  ,x is well    
kn[n t animals 9 reg>d to he>+ & see+   
notice !  slighte/ indications1 ev5     
indications t are sc>cely p]ceptible to 

ourselves4 ,tra9$ dogs & can>y birds    
furni% a/oni%+ examples (  ?is4         
,accord+ly1 ?is crack+ ( :ips mu/ be    
reg>d$ z some?+  purely wanton2 nay1 z  
an impud5t defiance1 on ! "p ( ^? :o  "w
 ) _! h&s1 (f]$ to ^? :o "w ) _! heads4 
,t  su* infamy is endur$ 9 a t[n is a   
piece ( b>b>ity & inju/ice1  ! m s z x  
c\ld be easily remov$ by a police notice
 requir+  e :ip cord to h a knot at !   
end ( x4 ,x w\ld d no h>m to  draw !    
prolet>iat's att5tion to ! classes above
 him :o "w )  _! heads2 = he has unb\nd$
 fe> ( any k9d ( head "w4 ,a  fell[ :o  
rides ?r\gh ! n>r[ /reets ( a popul\s   
t[n )  unemploy$ po/-horses or          
c>t-horses1 unceas+ly crack+ ) all 8    
/r5g? a :ip sev]al y>ds long1 in/antly  
des]ves to dism\nt &  receive five      
really good bl[s ) a /ick4 ,if all !    
philan?ropi/s  9 ! _w1 toge!r ) all !   
legislators1 met 9 ord] to br+  =w>d _! 
reasons = ! total abolition ( corporal  
puni%m5t1 ,i  w\ld n be p]suad$ to !    
contr>y4    ,b we c see (t5 en\gh some?+

 t is ev5 /ill worse4 ,i mean a  c>t]   
walk+ alone1 & )\t any horses1 ?r\gh !  
/reets  incessantly crack+ 8 :ip4 ,he   
has become s accu/om$ to ! crack  9     
consequ5ce ( its unw>rantable tol]ation4
 ,s9ce "o looks aft]  "o's body & all   
its ne$s 9 a mo/ t5d] fa%ion1 is ! ?9k+ 
m9d to be ! only ?+ t nev] exp]i5ces !  
slighte/  consid]ation or protection1 to
 say no?+ ( respect8 ,c>t]s1  sack-be>]s
 7port]s71 mess5g]s1 & su*-l1 are !     
bea/s (  burd5 ( humanity2 !y %\ld be   
treat$ absolutely ) ju/ice1  fairness1  
=be>ance & c>e1 b !y ought n to be all[$
 to  ?w>t ! high] ex]tions ( ! human    
race by wantonly mak+ a  noise4 ,i %\ld 
l to "k h[ _m great & spl5did ?\ghts ^! 
:ips h crack$ out ( ! _w4 ,if ,i _h any 
au?ority1 ,i %\ld  soon produce 9 !     
heads ( ^! c>t]s an insep>able nexus    
ide>um betwe5 crack+ a :ip & receiv+ a  
:ipp+4    ,let u hope t ^? nations ) m  
intellig5ce & ref9$  feel+s w make a    
beg9n+1 & !n by =ce ( example induce !  
,g]mans to d ! same4#h ,mean:ile1 he>   

:at ,?omas ,hood says ( !m  7,up !      
,rh9e73 ,= a musical p !y are ! mo/     
noisy ,i ev]  met ) ,t !y are s is n due
 to _! be+ m prone to  mak+ a noise ?an 
o!r p1 b to _! ins5sibility1 :i*  spr+s 
f obtus5ess2 !y are n di/urb$ by x 9    
read+ or  ?9k+1 because !y d n ?9k2 !y  
only smoke1 :i* is _!  sub/itute =      
?\ght4 ,! g5]al tol]ation ( unnecess>y  
noise1 =  in/ance1 ( ! cla%+ ( doors1   
:i* is s extremely ill-mann]$  & vulg>1 
is a direct pro( ( ! dulness & pov]ty ( 
?\ght t  "o meets ) ev]y:]e4 ,9 ,g]many 
x seems z ?\gh x 7 plann$  t no "o %\ld 
?9k = noise2 take ! inane drumm+ t goes 
on  z an in/ance4 ,f9ally1 z f> z !     
lit]ature treat$ ( 9 ?is  *apt] is      
conc]n$1 ,i h only "o "w to recomm5d1 b 
x is an  excell5t "o3 ,i mean a poetical
 epi/le 9 t]zo rimo by ! fam\s  pa9t]   
,bronz9o1 entitl$ ,de' ,romori3 a ,mess]
 ,luca ,m>t9i ,x  describes fully &     
amus+ly ! torture to :i* "o is put by ! 
_m k9ds ( noises ( a small ,italian t[n4
 ,x is writt5 9  tragicomic /yle4 ,?is  

epi/le is to be f\nd 9 ,op]e burles*e   
del  ,b]ni1 ,aret9o ed altri1 vol4 ii4  
p4 #beh1 app>5tly publi%$ 9  ,utre*t 9  
#agga4    ,! nature ( our intellect is  
su* t ideas are said to spr+ by         
ab/raction f obs]vations1 s t ! latt]   
are 9 exi/5ce  be=e ! =m]4 ,if ?is is   
really :at takes place1 z is ! case  ) a
 man :o has m]ely 8 own exp]i5ce z 8    
tea*] & book1 he  kn[s q well :i* ( 8   
obs]vations belong to & are repres5t$   
by ea* ( 8 ideas2 he is p]fectly        
acqua9t$ ) bo?1 &  accord+ly he treats  
ev]y?+ correctly t comes be=e 8 notice4 
,we might call ?is ! natural mode (     
education4    ,on ! o!r h&1 an          
artificial education is hav+ "o's head  
cramm$  full ( ideas1 d]iv$ f he>+ o!rs 
talk1 f le>n+ &  read+1 be=e "o has     
any?+ l an ext5sive k ( !  _w z x is & z
 "o sees x4 ,! obs]vations :i* produce  
all  ^! ideas are said to come lat] on )
 exp]i5ce2 b until !n  ^! ideas are     
appli$ wrongly1 & accord+ly bo? ?+s & m5
 are  judg$ wrongly1 se5 wrongly1 &     

treat$ wrongly4 ,& s x is t  education  
p]v]ts ! m9d2 & ?is is :y1 aft] a long  
spell (  le>n+ & read+1 we ent] ! _w1 9 
our y\?1 ) views t  are p>tly simple1   
p>tly p]v]t$2 consequ5tly we comport    
ourselves  ) an air ( anxiety at "o "t1 
at ano!r ( presumption4 ,?is is  because
 our head is full ( ideas :i* we are n[ 
try+ to make use  (1 b almo/ always     
apply wrongly4 ,?is is ! result (       
7putt+ ! c>t be=e ! horse71 s9ce we are 
directly  oppos+ ! natural developm5t ( 
our m9d by obta9+ ideas fir/  &         
obs]vations la/2 = tea*]s1 in/ead (     
develop+ 9 a boy 8  faculties (         
disc]nm5t & judgm5t1 & ( ?9k+ = himself1
  m]ely /rive to /uff 8 head full ( o!r 
p's ?\ghts4  ,subsequ5tly1 all ! op9ions
 t h sprung f misappli$ ideas  h to be  
rectifi$ by a l5g?y exp]i5ce2 & x is    
seldom t !y  are completely rectifi$4   
,?is is :y s few m5 ( le>n+ h su*  s\nd 
common s5se z is q common among !       
illit]ate4           99       99        
99       99       99    ,f :at has be5  

said1 ! pr9cipal po9t 9 education is t  
"o's  k ( ! _w beg9s at ! "r end2 & !   
atta9m5t (  :i* might be designat$ z !  
aim ( all education4 ,b1 z has be5      
po9t$ out1 ?is dep5ds pr9cipally on !   
obs]vation ( ea* ?+  prec$+ ! idea "o   
=ms ( x2 fur!r1 t n>r[ ideas prec$e     
broad]2 s t ! :ole ( "o's in/ruction is 
giv5 9 ! ord]  t ! ideas !mselves dur+  
=mation mu/ h foll[$4 ,b  directly ?is  
ord] is n /rictly adh]$ to1 imp]fect &  
subsequ5tly wrong ideas spr+ up2 &      
f9ally !re arises a p]v]t$  view ( ! _w 
9 keep+ ) ! nature ( ! individual--a    
view  su* z almo/ e "o holds = a long   
"t1 & mo/ p to !  end ( _! lives4 ,if a 
man analyses 8 own "*1 he w f9d  t x 0 n
 until he rea*$ a v ripe age1 & 9 "s    
cases  q unexpect$ly1 t he 0 able to    
rightly & cle>ly und]/&  _m matt]s ( a q
 simple nature4    ,previ\sly1 !re _h   
be5 an obscure po9t 9 8 k ( !  _w :i* _h
 aris5 ?r\gh 8 omitt+ some?+ 9 8 e>ly   
education1 :e!r he _h be5 ei!r          
artificially educat$ by m5 or  j        

naturally by 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,!re=e "o  
%\ld try to f9d  out ! /rictly natural  
c\rse ( k1 s t by keep+  me?odically to 
x *ildr5 may become acqua9t$ ) ! affairs
 (  ! _w1 )\t gett+ false ideas into _! 
heads1 :i*  frequ5tly _c be driv5 out   
aga94 ,9 c>ry+ ?is out1 "o mu/  next    
take c>e t *ildr5 d n use words ) :i* !y
 connect no  cle> mean+4 ,ev5 *ildr5 h1 
z a rule1 t unhappy t5d5cy (  be+       
satisfi$ ) words in/ead ( wi%+ to und]/&
 ?+s1 &  ( le>n+ words by he>t1 s t !y  
may make use ( !m :5 !y  are 9 a        
difficulty4 ,?is t5d5cy cl+s to !m      
aft]w>ds1 s t  ! k ( _m le>n$ m5 becomes
 m]e v]bosity4    ,h[ev]1 ! pr9cipal ?+ 
mu/ always be to let "o's obs]vations   
prec$e "o's ideas1 & n ! rev]se z is    
usually & un=tunately  ! case2 :i* may  
be lik5$ to a *ild com+ into ! _w ) its 
feet =emo/1 or a rhyme begun be=e ?9k+ (
 its reason4 ,:ile !  *ild's m9d has    
made a v few obs]vations "o inculcates x
 )  ideas & op9ions1 :i* are1 /rictly   
speak+1 prejudices4 ,8  obs]vations &   

exp]i5ce are develop$ ?r\gh ?is         
ready-made  app>atus in/ead ( 8 ideas   
be+ develop$ out ( 8 own  obs]vations4  
,9 view+ ! _w "o sees _m ?+s f _m sides1
  consequ5tly ?is is n su* a %ort or    
quick way ( le>n+ z t  :i* makes use (  
ab/ract ideas1 & quickly comes to a     
decision ab\t  ev]y?+2 !re=e preconceiv$
 ideas w n be rectifi$ until  late1 or x
 may be !y are nev] rectifi$4 ,=1 :5 a  
man's view  contradicts 8 ideas1 he w   
reject at ! outset :at x r5d]s  evid5t z
 "o-sid$1 nay1 he w d5y x & %ut 8 eyes  
to x1 s  t 8 preconceiv$ ideas may rema9
 unaffect$4 ,& s x happ5s  t _m m5 g    
?r\gh life full ( oddities1 caprices1   
fancies1 &  prejudices1 until !y f9ally 
become fix$ ideas4 ,he has nev]         
attempt$ to ab/ract fundam5tal ideas f 8
 own obs]vations &  exp]i5ce1 because he
 has got ev]y?+ ready-made f o!r p2  & x
 is = ?is v reason t he & c\ntless o!rs 
are s  insipid & %all[4 ,in/ead ( su* a 
sy/em1 ! natural sy/em (  education %\ld
 be employ$ 9 educat+ *ildr54 ,no idea  

%\ld be  impregnat$ b :at has come ?r\gh
 ! m$ium ( obs]vations1 or at  any rate 
be5 v]ifi$ by !m4 ,a *ild w\ld h few]   
ideas1 b !y  w\ld be well-gr\nd$ &      
correct4 ,x w\ld le>n to measure ?+s    
accord+ to its own /&>d & n accord+ to  
ano!r's4 ,x w\ld  !n nev] acquire a ?\s&
 :ims & prejudices :i* mu/ be  eradicat$
 by ! great] "p ( subsequ5t exp]i5ce &  
education4  ,its m9d w\ld h5ce=? be     
accu/om$ to ?or\ghness & cle>ness2  !   
*ild w\ld rely on its own judgm5t1 & be 
free f prejudices4  ,&1 9 g5]al1 *ildr5 
%\ld n get to "k life1 9 any aspect     
:atev]1 f ! copy be=e !y h le>nt x f !  
orig9al4  ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( ha/5+ to    
place m]e books 9 _! h&s1 "o  %\ld make 
!m gradually acqua9t$ ) ?+s & !         
circum/ances  ( human life1 & above     
ev]y?+ "o %\ld take c>e to guide !m  to 
a cle> grasp ( reality1 & to tea* !m to 
obta9 _! ideas  directly f ! real _w1 & 
to =m !m 9 keep+ ) x--b  n to get !m f  
else:]e1 z f books1 fables1 or :at o!rs 
h said--& !n lat] to make use ( su*     

ready-made ideas 9 real  life4 ,! result
 w be t _! heads are full ( *im]as & t  
"s w h a wrong compreh5sion ( ?+s1 &    
o!rs w  fruitlessly endeav\r to remodel 
! _w accord+ to ^? *im]as1  & s get on  
to wrong pa?s bo? 9 !ory & practice4 ,= 
x is  incr$ible h[ mu* h>m is done by   
false notions :i* h be5  implant$ e>ly 9
 life1 only to develop lat] on into     
prejudices2 !  lat] education :i* we get
 f ! _w & real life mu/ be  employ$ 9   
eradicat+ ^! e>ly ideas4 ,& ?is is :y1 z
 is  relat$ by ,diog5es ,la]tius1       
,anti/h5es gave ! foll[+ answ]3      1 1
   4  7,int]rogatus qua5am esset        
discipl9a maxime necess>ia1 ,mala1      
inquit1  d$isc]e47           99       99
       99       99       99    ,*ildr5  
%\ld be kept f all k9ds ( in/ruction t  
may make  errors possible until _!      
sixte5? ye>1 t is to say1 f  philosophy1
 religion1 & g5]al views ( e            
description2 because x  is ! errors t   
are acquir$ 9 e>ly days t rema91 z a    
rule1  in]adicable1 & because ! faculty 

( judgm5t is ! la/ to arrive  at        
maturity4 ,!y %\ld only be int]e/$ 9 su*
 ?+s t make  errors impossible1 su* z   
ma!matics1 9 ?+s :i* are n v  dang]\s1  
su* z languages1 natural sci5ce1 hi/ory1
 & s =?2 9  g5]al1 ! bran*es ( k :i* are
 to be tak5 up at any age  mu/ be )9    
rea* ( ! intellect at t age & p]fectly  
compreh5sible to x4 ,*ildhood & y\? are 
! "t = collect+  data & gett+ to "k     
specially & ?or\ghly individual &       
p>ticul> ?+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all judgm5t 
( a g5]al nature  mu/ at t "t be        
susp5d$1 & f9al explanations left alone4
 ,"o  %\ld leave ! faculty ( judgm5t    
alone1 z x only comes )  maturity &     
exp]i5ce1 & also take c>e t "o does n   
anticipate  x by inculcat+ prejudice1 :5
 x w be crippl$ = ev]4    ,on ! contr>y1
 ! memory is to be specially ex]cis$1 z 
x has its  greate/ /r5g? & t5acity 9    
y\?2 h[ev]1 :at has to be  reta9$ mu/ be
 *os5 ) ! mo/ c>eful & scrupul\s        
consid]ation4 ,= z x is :at we h le>nt  
well 9 our y\? t  la/s1 we %\ld take !  

greate/ possible advantage ( ?is preci\s
  gift4 ,if we picture to ourselves h[  
deeply engrav5 on our memory !  p are   
:om we knew dur+ ! fir/ twelve ye>s (   
our life1 &  h[ indelibly impr9t$ are   
also ! ev5ts ( t "t1 & mo/ (  ! ?+s t we
 !n exp]i5c$1 he>d1 or le>nt1 ! idea (  
bas+ education on ?is susceptibility &  
t5acity ( ! y\?ful  m9d w seem natural2 
9 t ! m9d receives its impressions      
accord+ to a /rict me?od & a regul>     
sy/em4 ,b because ! ye>s  ( y\? t are   
assign$ to man are only few1 & !        
capacity =  rememb]+1 9 g5]al1 is always
 limit$ 7& /ill m s !  capacity =       
rememb]+ ( ! individual71 ev]y?+ dep5ds 
on !  memory be+ fill$ ) :at is mo/     
ess5tial & important 9 any  dep>tm5t (  
k1 to ! exclusion ( ev]y?+ else4 ,?is   
selection %\ld be made by ! mo/ capable 
m9ds & ma/]s 9 e  bran* ( k aft] ! mo/  
mature consid]ation1 & ! result  ( x    
e/abli%$4 ,su* a selection mu/ be bas$  
on a sift+ (  matt]s :i* are necess>y & 
important = a man to "k 9 g5]al1  & also

 = him to "k 9 a p>ticul> pr(ession or  
call+4  ,k ( ! fir/ k9d w\ld h to be    
divid$ into graduat$  c\rses1 l an      
encyclopdia1 correspond+ to ! degree (  
g5]al  culture :i* ea* man has atta9$ 9 
8 ext]nal circum/ances2 f  a c\rse      
re/rict$ to :at is necess>y = prim>y    
in/ruction up to  ! matt] conta9$ 9 e   
bran* ( ! philosophical faculty4  ,k ( !
 second k9d w\ld1 h[ev]1 be res]v$ = him
 :o _h  really ma/]$ ! selection 9 all  
its bran*es4 ,! :ole w\ld give  a canon 
specially devis$ = intellectual         
education1 :i* naturally  w\ld require  
revision e t5 ye>s4 ,by su* an          
arrangem5t !  y\?ful p[] ( ! memory w\ld
 be put to ! be/ advantage1 & x  w\ld   
furni% ! faculty ( judgm5t ) excell5t   
mat]ial :5 x  appe>$ lat] on4           
99       99       99       99       99  
,:at is meant by maturity ( k is t /ate 
( p]fection to  :i* any "o individual is
 able to br+ x1 :5 an exact             
correspond5ce has be5 effect$ betwe5 !  
:ole ( 8 ab/ract ideas  & 8 own p]sonal 

obs]vations3 :]eby ea* ( 8 ideas re/s   
directly or indirectly on a basis (     
obs]vation1 :i* alone gives x  any real 
value2 & likewise he is able to place e 
obs]vation t  he makes "u ! "r idea     
correspond+ to x4    ,maturity ( k is ! 
"w ( exp]i5ce alone1 &  consequ5tly (   
"t4 ,= ! k we acquire f our own         
obs]vation is1 z a rule1 di/9ct f t we  
get ?r\gh ab/ract  ideas2 ! =m] is      
acquir$ 9 ! natural way1 :ile ! latt]   
comes  ?r\gh good & bad in/ruction & :at
 o!r p h told to u4  ,consequ5tly1 9 y\?
 !re is g5]ally little h>mony &         
connection  betwe5 our ideas1 :i* m]e   
expressions h fix$1 & our real  k1 :i*  
has be5 acquir$ by obs]vation4 ,lat] !y 
bo?  gradually approa* & correct ea*    
o!r2 b maturity ( k  does n exi/ until  
!y h become q incorporat$4 ,?is maturity
  is q indep5d5t ( t o!r k9d (          
p]fection1 ! /&>d (  :i* may be high or 
l[1 ,i mean ! p]fection to :i* !        
capacities  ( an individual may be      
br\ght2 x is n bas$ on a correspond5ce  

betwe5 ! ab/ract & intuitive k1 b on !  
degree (  int5sity ( ea*4      ,! mo/   
necess>y ?+ = ! practical man is !      
atta9m5t ( an  exact & ?or\gh k ( :at is
 really go+ on 9 ! _w2  b x is also !   
mo/ irksome1 = a man may cont9ue /udy+  
until  old age )\t hav+ le>nt all t is  
to be le>nt2 :ile "o c  ma/] ! mo/      
important ?+s 9 ! sci5ces 9 "o's y\?4 ,9
  gett+ su* a k ( ! _w1 x is z a novice 
t ! boy  & y\? h ! fir/ & mo/ difficult 
lessons to le>n2 b  frequ5tly ev5 !     
matur$ man has /ill mu* to le>n4 ,! /udy
 is (  consid]able difficulty 9 itself1 
b x is made d\bly difficult by  novels1 
:i* depict ! ways ( ! _w & ( m5 :o d n  
exi/  9 real life4 ,b ^! are accept$ ) !
 cr$ulity ( y\?1 &  become incorporat$ )
 ! m9d2 s t n[1 9 ! place ( purely      
negative ignorance1 a :ole framework (  
wrong ideas1 :i* are  positively wrong1 
crops up1 subsequ5tly confus+ ! s*ool+ (
  exp]i5ce & repres5t+ ! lesson x tea*es
 9 a false light4 ,if  ! y\? 0 previ\sly
 9 ! d>k1 he w n[ be l$ a/ray by a      

w-o'-!-wisp3 & ) a girl ?is is /ill m   
frequ5tly !  case4 ,!y h be5 delud$ into
 an absolutely false view ( life by     
read+ novels1 & expectations h be5 rais$
 t c nev] be  fulfill$4 ,?is g5]ally has
 ! mo/ h>mful effect on _! :ole  lives4 
,^? m5 :o _h nei!r "t nor opportunity to
 read novels 9  _! y\?1 su* z ^? :o "w )
 _! h&s1 h decid$  advantage ov] !m4    
,few ( ^! novels are exempt f           
reproa*--nay1  ^: effect is contr>y to  
bad4 ,be=e all o!rs1 = in/ance1 ,gil    
,blas & ! o!r works ( ,le ,sage 7or r _!
 ,spani%  orig9als72 fur!r1 ,! ,vic> (  
,wakefield1 & to "s ext5t !  novels (   
,walt] ,scott4 ,don ,quixote may be     
reg>d$ z a satirical  pres5tation ( !   
error 9 "q4    ,,footnotes3    #h       
,accord+ to a notice f ! ,muni* ,society
 = ! ,protection (  ,animals1 !         
sup]flu\s :ipp+ & crack+ 7 /rictly      
=bidd5  9 ,nuremb]g 9 ,decemb] #aheh4   
,,on ,,read+ ,,& ,,books4               
,ignorance is degrad+ only :5 x is f\nd 
9 company ) ri*es4  ,want & p5ury re/ra9

 ! poor man2 8 employm5t takes ! place (
  k & occupies 8 ?\ghts3 :ile ri* m5 :o 
are ignorant  live = _! pleasure only1 &
 resemble a bea/2 z may be se5  daily4  
,!y are to be reproa*$ also = n hav+ us$
 weal? &  leisure = t :i* l5ds !m _!    
greate/ value4    ,:5 we read1 ano!r    
p]son ?9ks = u3 we m]ely repeat 8 m5tal 
process4 ,x is ! same z ! pupil1 9 le>n+
 to write1 foll[+  ) 8 p5 ! l9es t h be5
 p5cill$ by ! tea*]4  ,accord+ly1 9     
read+1 ! "w ( ?9k+ is1 = ! great] "p1   
done = u4 ,?is is :y we are consci\sly  
reliev$ :5 we turn to  read+ aft] be+   
occupi$ ) our own ?\ghts4 ,b1 9 read+1  
our  head is1 h[ev]1 really only ! ar5a 
( "s "o else's ?\ghts4 ,&  s x happ5s t 
! p]son :o reads a great deal--t is to  
say1  almo/ ! :ole day1 & recreates     
himself by sp5d+ ! int]vals 9  ?\ghtless
 div]sion1 gradually loses ! ability to 
?9k = himself2  j z a man :o is always  
rid+ at la/ =gets h[ to walk4 ,su*1     
h[ev]1 is ! case ) _m m5 ( le>n+3 !y h  
read  !mselves /upid4 ,= to read 9 e    

sp>e mom5t1 & to read  con/antly1 is m  
p>alys+ to ! m9d ?an con/ant manual "w1 
:i*1 at any rate1 all[s "o to foll[ "o's
 own ?\ghts4 ,j z a  spr+1 ?r\gh !      
cont9ual pressure ( a =eign body1 at la/
 loses  its ela/icity1 s does ! m9d if x
 has ano!r p]son's ?\ghts  cont9ually   
=c$ ^u x4 ,& j z "o spoils ! /oma* by   
ov]fe$+ & !reby impairs ! :ole body1 s c
 "o ov]load &  *oke ! m9d by giv+ x too 
mu* n\ri%m5t4 ,= ! m "o reads  ! few]   
are ! traces left ( :at "o has read2 !  
m9d is l a  tablet t has be5 writt5 ov] 
& ov]4 ,h5ce x is impossible to         
reflect2 & x is only by reflection t "o 
c assimilate :at "o  has read if "o     
reads /raight ahead )\t pond]+ ov] x    
lat]1  :at has be5 read does n take     
root1 b is = ! mo/ "p lo/4  ,inde$1 x is
 ! same ) m5tal z ) bodily food3 sc>cely
 !  fif? "p ( :at a man takes is        
assimilat$2 ! rema9d] passes (f  9      
evaporation1 respiration1 & ! l4    ,f  
all ?is x may be conclud$ t ?\ghts put  
d[n on pap] are  no?+ m ?an footpr9ts 9 

! s&3 "o sees ! road ! man has  tak51 b 
9 ord] to "k :at he saw on ! way1 "o    
requires 8  eyes4           99       99 
99       99       99    ,no lit]>y      
quality c be atta9$ by read+ writ]s :o  
possess x3  be x1 = example1            
p]suasiv5ess1 imag9ation1 ! gift ( draw+
  comp>isons1 boldness or bitt]ness1    
brevity or grace1 facility (  expression
 or wit1 unexpect$ contra/s1 a laconic  
mann]1 navet1 &  ! l4 ,b if we are      
already gift$ ) ^! qualities--t is to   
say1 if we possess !m pot5tia--we c call
 !m =? & br+  !m to consci\sness2 we c  
disc]n to :at uses !y are to be put2  we
 c be /r5g!n$ 9 our incl9ation1 nay1 may
 h c\rage1 to use  !m2 we c judge by    
examples ! effect ( _! application & s  
le>n ! correct use ( !m2 & x is only    
aft] we h accompli%$  all ?is t we actu 
possess ^! qualities4 ,?is is ! only way
 9  :i* read+ c =m writ+1 s9ce x tea*es 
u ! use to :i* we  c put our own natural
 gifts2 & 9 ord] to d ?is x mu/ be tak5 
= grant$ t ^! qualities are 9 u4 ,)\t !m

 we le>n  no?+ f read+ b cold1 dead     
mann]isms1 & we become m]e  imitators4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,! heal? (fic] %\ld1 9 ! int]e/ ( "o's  
eyes1 see t !  smallness ( pr9t has a   
fix$ m9imum1 :i* mu/ n be exce$$4 ,:5   
,i 0 9 ,v5ice 9 #ahah1 at :i* "t ! g5u9e
 ,v5etian *a9 0  /ill be+ made1 a       
goldsmi? told me t ^? :o made ! cat5a   
f9a turn$ bl9d at ?irty4           99   
99       99       99       99    ,z !   
/rata ( ! e>? pres]ve 9 r[s ! be+s :i*  
liv$ 9  =m] times1 s d ! %elves ( a     
libr>y pres]ve 9 a l mann]  ! errors ( !
 pa/ & expositions conc]n+ !m4 ,l ^?    
creatures1 !y too 7 full ( life 9 _! "t 
& made a great  deal ( noise2 b n[ !y   
are /iff & fossilis$1 & only (  int]e/  
to ! lit]>y palaeontologi/4           99
       99       99       99       99    
,accord+ to ,h]odotus1 ,x]xes wept at ! 
sight ( 8 army1 :i* 0  too ext5sive =   
him to scan1 at ! ?\ght t a hundr$ ye>s 
h5ce  n "o ( all ^! w\ld be alive4 ,:o  
w\ld n weep at ! ?\ght  9 look+ ov] a   

big catalogue t ( all ^! books n "o w be
  9 exi/5ce 9 t5 ye>s' "t8    ,x is !   
same 9 lit]ature z 9 life4 ,:]ev] "o    
goes "o  imm$iately comes ^u !          
incorrigible mob ( humanity4 ,x exi/s   
ev]y:]e 9 legions2 cr[d+1 soil+ ev]y?+1 
l flies 9  summ]4 ,h5ce ! numb]less bad 
books1 ^? rank we$s ( lit]ature  :i*    
extract n\ri%m5t f ! corn & *oke x4     
,!y monopolise ! "t1 money1 & att5tion  
:i* really belong to  good books & _!   
noble aims2 !y are writt5 m]ely ) a view
 to  mak+ money or procur+ places4 ,!y  
are n only useless1 b !y d  positive    
h>m4 ,n9e-t5?s ( ! :ole ( our pres5t    
lit]ature aims  solely at tak+ a few    
%ill+s out ( ! public's pocket1 & to    
accompli% ?is1 au?or1 publi%]1 & review]
 h jo9$ =ces4    ,!re is a m cunn+ &    
worse trick1 albeit a pr(itable "o4     
,littrateurs1 hack-writ]s1 & productive 
au?ors h succe$$1  contr>y to good ta/e 
& ! true culture ( ! age1 9 br++ !  _w  
elegante into lead+-/r+s1 s t !y h be5  
taught to  read a tempo & all ! same    

?+--namely1 ! newe/ books ord]  t !y may
 h mat]ial = conv]sation 9 _! social    
circles4  ,bad novels & simil>          
productions f ! p5 ( writ]s :o 7 once   
fam\s1 su* z ,sp9dl]1 ,bulw]1 ,eugne    
,sue1 & s on1 s]ve ?is  purpose4 ,b :at 
c be m mis]able ?an ! fate ( a read+    
public ( ?is k9d1 t feels always impell$
 to read ! late/  writ+s ( extremely    
commonplace au?ors :o write = money     
only1 &  !re=e exi/ 9 numb]s8 ,& = !    
sake ( ?is !y m]ely "k by  "n ! works ( 
! r>e & sup]ior writ]s1 ( all ages &    
c\ntries4    ,lit]>y newspap]s1 s9ce !y 
pr9t ! daily smatt]+s (  commonplace p1 
are especially a cunn+ means = robb+ f !
  ae/hetic public ! "t :i* %\ld be      
devot$ to ! g5u9e  productions ( art = !
 fur!rance ( culture4    ,h5ce1 9 reg>d 
to our subject1 ! art ( n read+ is      
highly  important4 ,?is consi/s 9 n tak+
 a book into "o's h& m]ely  because x is
 int]e/+ ! great public at ! "t--su* z  
political or religi\s pamphlets1 novels1
 poetry1 & ! l1 :i*  make a noise & rea*

 p]haps sev]al editions 9 _! fir/ & la/ 
ye>s ( exi/5ce4 ,rememb] r t ! man :o   
writes = fools  always f9ds a l>ge      
public3 & only read = a limit$ & def9ite
  "t exclusively ! works ( great m9ds1  
^? :o surpass o!r m5  ( all times &     
c\ntries1 & :om ! voice ( fame po9ts to 
z  su*4 ,^! alone really educate &      
in/ruct4    ,"o c nev] read too little (
 bad1 or too mu* ( good books3 bad      
books are intellectual poison2 !y de/roy
 ! m9d4    ,9 ord] to read :at is good  
"o mu/ make x a condition nev] to read  
:at is bad2 = life is %ort1 & bo? "t &  
/r5g? limit$4           99       99     
99       99       99    ,books are      
writt5 sometimes ab\t ?is1 sometimes    
ab\t t great  ?9k] ( =m] times1 & !     
public reads ^! books1 b n !  works ( ! 
man himself4 ,?is is because x wants to 
read only :at has  j be5 pr9t$1 &       
because similis simili gaudet1 & x f9ds 
!  %all[1 insipid gossip ( "s /upid head
 ( to-day m homog5e\s  & agreeable ?an !
 ?\ghts ( great m9ds4 ,i h to ?ank fate1

  h[ev]1 t a f9e epigram ( ,a4,b4       
,s*legel1 :i* has s9ce be5 my  guid+ />1
 came be=e my notice z a y\?3           
,leset fleizig die ,alt51 die wahr5     
eig5tli* ,alt5    ,0 die ,neu5 davon    
sag5 b$eutet ni*t viel4    ,oh1 h[ l "o 
commonplace m9d is to ano!r6 ,h[ !y are 
all  fa%ion$ 9 "o =m6 ,h[ !y all ?9k    
alike "u simil>  circum/ances1 & nev]   
diff]6 ,?is is :y _! views are s p]sonal
  & petty4 ,& a /upid public reads !    
wor?less tra% writt5 by  ^! fell[s = no 
o!r reason ?an t x has be5 pr9t$ to-day1
  :ile x leaves ! works ( great ?9k]s   
undi/urb$ on !  book%elves4             
,incr$ible are ! folly & p]v]sity ( a   
public t w leave  unread writ+s ( !     
noble/ & r>e/ ( m9ds1 ( all times & all 
c\ntries1 = ! sake ( read+ ! writ+s (   
commonplace p]sons  :i* appe> daily1 &  
bre$ e ye> 9 c\ntless numb]s l  flies2  
m]ely because ^! writ+s h be5 pr9t$     
to-day & are  /ill wet f ! press4 ,x    
w\ld be bett] if !y 7 ?r[n on "o  side &
 reject$ ! day !y appe>$1 z !y mu/ be   

aft] ! lapse  ( a few ye>s4 ,!y w !n    
af=d mat]ial = laught] z  illu/rat+ !   
follies ( a =m] "t4    ,x is because p w
 only read :at is ! newe/ in/ead ( :at  
is ! be/ ( all ages1 t writ]s rema9 9 ! 
n>r[ circle (  prevail+ ideas1 & t ! age
 s9ks deep] & deep] 9 its own  mire4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,!re are at all times two lit]atures    
:i*1 al?\gh sc>cely kn[n to  ea* o!r1   
progress side by side--! "o real1 ! o!r 
m]ely  app>5t4 ,! =m] gr[s into         
lit]ature t la/s4 ,pursu$ by  p :o live 
= sci5ce or poetry1 x goes its way      
e>ne/ly &  quietly1 b extremely sl[ly2 &
 x produces 9 ,europe sc>cely a  doz5   
works 9 a c5tury1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are       
p]man5t4 ,! o!r  lit]ature is pursu$ by 
p :o live on sci5ce or poetry2 x goes   
at a gallop amid a great noise & %\t+ ( 
^? tak+ "p1 &  br+s ye>ly _m ?\s& works 
into ! m>ket4 ,b aft] a few ye>s  "o    
asks1 ,:]e are !y8 :]e is _! fame1 :i* 0
 s great  =m]ly8 ,?is class ( lit]ature 
may be di/+ui%$ z fleet+1 !  o!r z      

p]man5t4           99       99       99 
99       99    ,x w\ld be a good ?+ to  
buy books if "o c\ld also buy ! "t to   
read !m2 b "o usually confuses ! pur*ase
 ( books ) !  acquisition ( _! cont5ts4 
,to desire t a man %\ld reta9  ev]y?+ he
 has ev] read1 is ! same z wi%+ him to  
reta9 9 8  /oma* all t he has ev] eat54 
,he has be5 bodily n\ri%$ on :at  he has
 eat51 & m5tally on :at he has read1 &  
?r\gh !m become  :at he is4 ,z ! body   
assimilates :at is homog5e\s to x1 s w a
  man reta9 :at int]e/s him2 9 o!r      
words1 :at co9cides )  8 sy/em ( ?\ght  
or suits 8 ends4 ,e "o has aims1 b v    
few h any?+ approa*+ a sy/em ( ?\ght4   
,?is is :y su*  p d n take an objective 
int]e/ 9 any?+1 & :y !y le>n  no?+ f :at
 !y read3 !y rememb] no?+ ab\t x4       
,repetitio e/ mat] /udiorum4 ,any k9d ( 
important book %\ld  imm$iately be read 
twice1 p>tly because "o grasps ! matt] 9
 its  entirety ! second "t1 & only      
really und]/&s ! beg9n+ :5  ! end is    
kn[n2 & p>tly because 9 read+ x ! second

 "t "o's  temp] & mood are diff]5t1 s t 
"o gets ano!r impression2 x  may be t "o
 sees ! matt] 9 ano!r light4    ,works  
are ! qu9tess5ce ( a m9d1 & are !re=e   
always ( by f>  great] value ?an        
conv]sation1 ev5 if x be ! conv]sation (
 !  greate/ m9d4 ,9 e ess5tial a man's  
works surpass 8 conv]sation  & leave x  
f> beh9d4 ,ev5 ! writ+s ( an ord9>y man 
may be  in/ructive1 wor? read+1 &       
ent]ta9+1 = ! simple reason t  !y are ! 
qu9tess5ce ( t man's m9d--t is to say1 !
  writ+s are ! result & fruit ( 8 :ole  
?\ght & /udy2 :ile  we %\ld be          
dissatisfi$ ) 8 conv]sation4 ,accord+ly1
 x is  possible to read books writt5 by 
p ^: conv]sation w\ld give  u no        
satisfaction2 s t ! m9d w only by       
degrees atta9 high  culture by f9d+     
ent]ta9m5t almo/ entirely 9 books1 & n 9
  m54    ,!re is no?+ t s greatly       
recreates ! m9d z ! works ( !  old      
classic writ]s4 ,directly "o has be5    
tak5 up1 ev5 if x is only  =            
half-an-h\r1 "o feels z quickly refre%$1

 reliev$1 purifi$1  elevat$1 & /r5g!n$ z
 if "o _h refre%$ oneself at a m\nta9   
/ream4 ,is ?is due to ! p]fections ( !  
old languages1 or to !  greatness ( !   
m9ds ^: works h rema9$ unh>m$ & unt\*$  
= c5turies8 ,p]haps to bo? comb9$4 ,?is 
,i "k1 directly we /op  le>n+ ! old     
languages 7z is at pres5t ?reat5+7 a new
 class (  lit]ature w spr+ up1 consi/+ (
 writ+ t is m b>b>ic1  /upid1 & wor?less
 ?an has ev] yet exi/$2 t1 9 p>ticul>1  
! ,g]man language1 :i* possesses "s ( ! 
beauties ( ! old  languages1 w be       
sy/ematically spoilt & /ripp$ by ^!     
wor?less  contempor>y scribbl]s1 until1 
little by little1 x becomes  impov]i%$1 
crippl$1 & r$uc$ to a mis]able j>gon4   
,half a c5tury is always a consid]able  
"t 9 ! hi/ory ( !  univ]se1 = ! matt]   
:i* =ms x is always %ift+2 some?+ is    
always tak+ place4 ,b ! same l5g? ( "t 9
 lit]ature (t5  goes = no?+1 because    
no?+ has happ5$2 unskilful attempts     
don't  c\nt2 s t we are exactly :]e we 7
 fifty ye>s previ\sly4    ,to illu/rate 

?is3 imag9e ! progress ( k among mank9d 
9  ! =m ( a planet's c\rse4 ,! false    
pa?s ! human race soon  foll[s aft] any 
important progress has be5 made repres5t
 !  epicycles 9 ! ,ptolemaic sy/em2 aft]
 pass+ ?r\gh any "o ( !m  ! planet is j 
:]e x 0 be=e x ent]$ x4 ,! great m9ds1  
h[ev]1 :i* really br+ ! race fur!r on   
its c\rse1 d n  accompany x on !        
epicycles :i* x makes e "t4 ,?is expla9s
  :y po/hum\s fame is got at ! exp5se ( 
contempor>y fame1 &  vice v]s4 ,we h an 
in/ance ( su* an epicycle 9 ! philosophy
  ( ,fi*te & ,s*ell+1 cr[n$ by ,hegel's 
c>icature ( x4 ,?is  epicycle issu$ f ! 
limit to :i* philosophy _h be5 f9ally   
br\ght by ,kant1 :]e ,i myself took x up
 aga9 lat] to c>ry x  fur!r4 ,9 ! int]im
 ! false philosoph]s ,i h m5tion$1 &  "s
 o!rs1 pass$ ?r\gh _! epicycle1 :i* has 
j be5  t]m9at$2 h5ce ! p :o accompani$  
!m are consci\s ( be+  exactly at ! po9t
 f :i* !y />t$4    ,?is condition ( ?+s 
%[s :y ! sci5tific1 lit]>y1 &  arti/ic  
_s ( ! age is decl>$ bankrupt ab\t e    

?irty  ye>s4 ,dur+ t p]iod ! errors h   
increas$ to su* an ext5t  t !y fall "u !
 weight ( _! absurdity2 :ile at ! same  
"t ! opposition to !m has become /rong]4
 ,at ?is po9t !re is  a cra%1 :i* is    
foll[$ by an error 9 ! opposite         
direction4 ,to  %[ ! c\rse t is tak5 9  
its p]iodical return w\ld be ! true     
practical subject ( ! hi/ory (          
lit]ature2 little notice is tak5  ( x1  
h[ev]4 ,moreov]1 ?r\gh ! comp>ative     
%ortness ( su*  p]iods1 ! data ( remote 
times are ) difficulty collect$2 h5ce  !
 matt] c be mo/ conv5i5tly obs]v$ 9 "o's
 own age4 ,an  example ( ?is tak5 f     
physical sci5ce is f\nd 9 ,w]t]'s       
,neptunian geology4 ,b let me keep to ! 
example already quot$ above1  = x is    
ne>e/ to u4 ,9 ,g]man philosophy ,kant's
 brilliant p]iod  0 imm$iately foll[$ by
 ano!r p]iod1 :i* aim$ at be+  impos+ r 
?an conv9c+4 ,in/ead ( be+ solid & cle>1
 x  aim$ at be+ brilliant & hyp]bolical1
 &1 9 p>ticul>1  un9telligible2 in/ead (
 seek+ tru?1 x intrigu$4 ,"u ^!         

circum/ances philosophy c\ld make no    
progress4 ,ultimately ! :ole  s*ool &   
its me?od became bankrupt4 ,= !         
audaci\s1 sophi/icat$  nons5se on ! "o  
h&1 & ! unconscionable praise on ! o!r (
  ,hegel & 8 fell[s1 z well z ! app>5t  
object ( ! :ole  affair1 rose to su* a  
pit* t 9 ! end ! *>latanry ( !  ?+ 0    
obvi\s to ev]ybody2 & :51 9 consequ5ce (
 c]ta9  revelations1 ! protection t _h  
be5 giv5 x by ! upp] classes  0 )drawn1 
x 0 talk$ ab\t by ev]ybody4 ,?is mo/    
mis]able (  all ! philosophies t h ev]  
exi/$ dragg$ d[n ) x into  ! abyss (    
discr$it ! sy/ems ( ,fi*te & ,s*ell+1   
:i* _h  prec$$ x4 ,s t ! absolute       
philosophical futility ( ! fir/  half ( 
! c5tury foll[+ ^u ,kant 9 ,g]many is   
obvi\s2 & yet  ! ,g]mans boa/ ( _! gift 
= philosophy comp>$ ) =eign]s1          
especially s9ce an ,engli% writ]1 )     
malici\s irony1 call$ !m a  nation (    
?9k]s4    ,^? :o want an example ( !    
g5]al s*eme ( epicycles tak5 f  ! hi/ory
 ( art ne$ only look at ! ,s*ool (      

,sculpture :i*  fl\ri%$ 9 ! la/ c5tury  
"u ,b]n9i1 & especially at its  fur!r   
cultivation 9 ,france4 ,?is s*ool       
repres5t$ commonplace  nature in/ead (  
antique beauty1 & ! mann]s ( a ,fr5*    
m9uet  in/ead ( antique simplicity &    
grace4 ,x became bankrupt :51 "u        
,w9ckelmann's direction1 a return 0 made
 to ! antique s*ool4  ,ano!r example is 
suppli$ 9 ! pa9t+ belong+ to ! fir/     
qu>t] ( ?is c5tury4 ,art 0 reg>d$ m]ely 
z a means &  in/rum5t ( m$iaeval        
religi\s feel+1 & consequ5tly           
ecclesia/ical subjects alone 7 *os5 =   
its !mes4 ,^!1  h[ev]1 7 treat$ by      
pa9t]s :o 7 want+ 9 e>ne/ness (  fai?1 &
 9 _! delusion !y took = examples       
,francesco ,francia1  ,pietro ,p]ug9o1  
,angelico da ,fiesole1 & o!rs l !m1 ev5 
hold+  !m 9 great] e/eem ?an ! truly    
great ma/]s :o foll[$4 ,9  view ( ?is   
error1 & because 9 poetry an analog\s   
ef=t _h at !  same "t met ) fav\r1 ,goe!
 wrote 8 p>able ,pfaff5spiel4 ,?is      
s*ool1 reput$ly caprici\s1 became       

bankrupt1 & 0 foll[$ by a  return to    
nature1 :i* made itself kn[n 9 g5re     
pictures & sc5es  ( life ( e            
description1 ev5 ?\gh x /ray$ sometimes 
into  vulg>ity4    ,x is ! same ) !     
progress ( ! human m9d 9 ! hi/ory (     
lit]ature1 :i* is = ! mo/ "p l !        
catalogue ( a cab9et  ( de=mities2 ! _s 
9 :i* !y keep ! longe/ is pigsk94 ,we  d
 n ne$ to look !re = ! few :o h be5 born
 %apely2 !y  are /ill alive1 & we come  
across !m 9 e "p ( ! _w1  l immortals ^:
 y\? is ev] fre%4 ,!y alone =m :at ,i h 
di/+ui%$ z real lit]ature1 ! hi/ory (   
:i*1 al?\gh poor  9 p]sons1 we le>n f   
our y\? up out ( ! m\?s ( educat$  p1 & 
n fir/ ( all f compilations4 ,z a       
specific aga9/  ! pres5t prevail+       
monomania = read+ lit]>y hi/ories1 s t  
"o may be able to *att] ab\t ev]y?+ )\t 
really kn[+  any?+1 let me ref] y to a  
passage f ,li*t5b]g :i* is well  wor?   
read+ 7vol4 ii4 p4 #cjb ( ! old         
edition74    ,b ,i wi% "s "o w\ld       
attempt a tragical hi/ory ( lit]ature1  

%[+ h[ ! greate/ writ]s & arti/s h be5  
treat$ dur+  _! lives by ! v>i\s nations
 :i* h produc$ !m & ^:  pr\de/          
possessions !y are4 ,x w\ld %[ u !      
endless fight :i*  ! good & g5u9e works 
( all p]iods & c\ntries h _h to  c>ry on
 aga9/ ! p]v]se & bad4 ,x w\ld depict ! 
m>tyrdom (  almo/ all ^? :o truly       
enlight5$ humanity1 ( almo/ all ! great 
ma/]s 9 e k9d ( art2 x w\ld %[ u h[ !y1 
) few  exceptions1 7 torm5t$ )\t        
recognition1 )\t any to %>e  _! mis]y1  
)\t foll[]s2 h[ !y exi/$ 9 pov]ty &     
mis]y  :il/ fame1 hon\r1 & ri*es fell to
 ! lot ( ! wor?less2 x  w\ld reveal t   
:at happ5$ to !m happ5$ to ,esau1 :o1   
:ile  hunt+ ! de] = 8 fa!r1 0 robb$ ( ! 
bless+ by ,jacob  disguis$ 9 8 bro!r's  
coat2 & h[ ?r\gh x all ! love (  _!     
subject kept !m up1 until at la/ ! try+ 
fight ( su* a  tea*] ( ! human race is  
end$1 ! immortal laurel (f]$ to him1  & 
! "t come :5 x c be said ( him      ,d] 
s*w]e ,panz] wird zum ,flgelkleide      
,kurz i/ d] ,s*m]z1 un5dli* i/ die      

,freude4          ,,! ,,empt9ess ,,(    
,,exi/5ce4      ,?is empt9ess f9ds its  
expression 9 ! :ole =m ( exi/5ce1 9  !  
inf9it5ess ( ,"t & ,space z oppos$ to ! 
f9it5ess ( !  individual 9 bo?2 9 !     
flitt+ pres5t z ! only mann] ( real     
exi/5ce2 9 ! dep5d5ce & relativity ( all
 ?+s2 9 con/antly  ,becom+ )\t ,be+2 9  
cont9ually wi%+ )\t be+ satisfi$2  9 an 
incessant ?w>t+ ( "o's ef=ts1 :i* g to  
make up life1  until victory is won4    
,"t1 & ! transitor9ess ( all ?+s1  are  
m]ely ! =m "u :i* ! w to live1 :i* z !  
?+-9-itself is imp]i%able1 has reveal$  
to ,"t ! futility (  its ef=ts4 ,"t is t
 by :i* at e mom5t all ?+s become z     
no?+ 9 our h&s1 & !reby lose all _! true
 value4           99       99       99  
99       99    ,:at has be5 exi/s no m2 
& exi/s j z little z t :i*  has nev]    
be54 ,b ev]y?+ t exi/s has be5 9 ! next 
mom5t4 ,h5ce some?+ belong+ to ! pres5t1
 h[ev] unimportant x  may be1 is sup]ior
 to some?+ important belong+ to ! pa/2  
?is  is because ! =m] is a reality &    

relat$ to ! latt] z  some?+ is to no?+4 
,a man to 8 a/oni%m5t all at once       
becomes consci\s ( exi/+  aft] hav+ be5 
9 a /ate ( non-exi/5ce = _m ?\s&s (     
ye>s1 :51 pres5tly aga91 he returns to a
 /ate ( non-exi/5ce =  an equally long  
"t4 ,?is _c possibly be true1 says !    
he>t2 &  ev5 ! crude m9d1 aft] giv+ !   
matt] its consid]ation1 mu/  h "s sort (
 pres5tim5t ( ! ideality ( "t4 ,?is     
ideality (  "t1 toge!r ) t ( space1 is !
 key to e true sy/em (  metaphysics1    
because x f9ds room = q ano!r ord] ( ?+s
  ?an is to be f\nd 9 nature4 ,?is is :y
 ,kant is s great4    ,( e ev5t 9 our   
life x is only = a mom5t t we c say t  x
 is2 aft] t we mu/ say = ev] t x 04 ,e  
ev5+  makes u poor] by a day4 ,x w\ld   
probably make u angry to see ?is  %ort  
space ( "t slipp+ away1 if we 7 n       
secretly consci\s 9  ! fur!/ dep?s ( our
 be+ t ! spr+ ( et]nity belongs to  u1 &
 t 9 x we are always able to h life     
r5ew$4    ,reflections ( ! nature ( ^?  
above may1 inde$1 e/abli% !  belief t to

 enjoy ! pres5t1 & to make ?is ! purpose
 ( "o's  life1 is ! greate/ wisdom2 s9ce
 x is ! pres5t alone t is  real1 ev]y?+ 
else be+ only ! play ( ?\ght4 ,b su* a  
purpose  might j z well be call$ !      
greate/ folly1 = t :i* 9 !  next mom5t  
exi/s no m1 & vani%es z completely z a  
dream1 c  nev] be wor? a s]i\s ef=t4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,our exi/5ce is bas$ solely on !        
ev]-fleet+ pres5t4 ,ess5tially1  !re=e1 
x has to take ! =m ( cont9ual motion )\t
 !re  ev] be+ any possibility ( our f9d+
 ! re/ aft] :i* we are  always /riv+4 ,x
 is ! same z a man runn+ d[nhill1 :o    
falls if  he tries to /op1 & x is only  
by 8 cont9u+ to run on t he  keeps on 8 
legs2 x is l a pole balanc$ on "o's     
f+]-tips1 or  l a planet t w\ld fall    
into its sun z soon z x /opp$  hurry+   
onw>ds4 ,h5ce unre/ is ! type ( exi/5ce4
    ,9 a _w l ?is1 :]e !re is no k9d (  
/ability1 no  possibility ( any?+ la/+1 
b :]e ev]y?+ is ?r[n into a  re/less    
:irlpool ( *ange1 :]e ev]y?+ hurries on1

 flies1 & is  ma9ta9$ 9 ! balance by a  
cont9ual advanc+ & mov+1 x is           
impossible to imag9e happ9ess4 ,x _c    
dwell :]e1 z ,plato says1  cont9ual     
,becom+ & nev] ,be+ is all t takes      
place4 ,fir/ (  all1 no man is happy2 he
 /rives 8 :ole life long aft] imag9>y   
happ9ess1 :i* he seldom atta9s1 & if he 
does1 !n x is only to  be disillusion$2 
& z a rule he is %ipwreck$ 9 ! end &    
ent]s  ! h>b\r disma/$4 ,!n x is all !  
same :e!r he has be5 happy  or unhappy 9
 a life :i* 0 made up ( a m]ely         
ev]-*ang+ pres5t  & is n[ at an end4    
,mean:ile x surprises "o to f9d1 bo? 9 !
 _w ( human be+s  & 9 t ( animals1 t ?is
 great1 manifold1 & re/less motion  is  
su/a9$ & kept go+ by ! m$ium ( two      
simple impulses--hung]  & ! in/9ct (    
sex1 help$ p]haps a little by bor$om--& 
t  ^! h ! p[] to =m ! primum mobile ( s 
complex a  ma*9]y1 sett+ 9 motion !     
v>iegat$ %[6    ,look+ at ! matt] a     
little clos]1 we see at ! v outset t  ! 
exi/5ce ( inorganic matt] is be+        

con/antly attack$ by  *emical =ces :i*  
ev5tually annihilates x4 ,:ile organic  
exi/5ce  is only made possible by       
cont9ual *ange ( matt]1 to keep up a    
p]petual supply ( :i* x mu/ consequ5tly 
h help f )\t4  ,!re=e organic life is l 
balanc+ a pole on "o's h&2 x mu/  be    
kept 9 cont9ual motion1 & h a con/ant   
supply ( matt] (  :i* x is cont9ually & 
endlessly 9 ne$4 ,nev]!less x is only   
by means ( ?is organic life t           
consci\sness is possible4    ,accord+ly 
?is is a f9ite exi/5ce1 & its anti!sis  
w\ld be an  inf9ite1 nei!r expos$ to any
 attack f )\t nor 9 want (  help f )\t1 
& h5ce   1 9 et]nal re/2   1  1 )\t     
*ange1 )\t "t1 & )\t  div]sity2 !       
negative k ( :i* is ! fundam5tal note ( 
,plato's philosophy4 ,! d5ial ( ! w to  
live reveals ! way to  su* a /ate z ?is4
           99       99       99       99
       99    ,! sc5es ( our life are l  
pictures 9 r\gh mosaic1 :i* h no  effect
 at close qu>t]s1 b mu/ be look$ at f a 
di/ance 9 ord]  to disc]n _! beauty4 ,s 

t to obta9 some?+ we h desir$ is  to f9d
 out t x is wor?less2 we are always liv+
 9 expectation (  bett] ?+s1 :ile1 at ! 
same "t1 we (t5 rep5t & long =  ?+s t   
belong to ! pa/4 ,we accept ! pres5t z  
some?+ t  is only tempor>y1 & reg>d x   
only z a means to accompli% our aim4  ,s
 t mo/ p w f9d if !y look back :5 _!    
life is at an  end1 t !y h liv$ _!      
lifelong ad int]im1 & !y w be  surpris$ 
to f9d t some?+ !y all[$ to pass by     
unnotic$ &  un5joy$ 0 j _! life--t is to
 say1 x 0 ! v ?+ 9  ! expectation ( :i* 
!y liv$4 ,& s x may be said ( man 9     
g5]al t1 befool$ by hope1 he dances into
 ! arms ( dea?4    ,!n aga91 !re is !   
insatiability ( ea* individual w2 e  "t 
x is satisfi$ a new wi% is eng5d]$1 &   
!re is no end to  its et]nally          
insatiable desires4    ,?is is because !
 ,w1 tak5 9 itself1 is ! "l ( worlds2   
s9ce  ev]y?+ belongs to x1 x is n       
satisfi$ ) a portion (  any?+1 b only ) 
! :ole1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is endless4         
,mean:ile  x mu/ excite our pity :5 we  

consid] h[ extremely little ?is "l  ( ! 
_w receives1 :5 x makes its appe>ance z 
an individual2  = ! mo/ "p only j en\gh 
to ma9ta9 ! body4 ,?is is :y man  is s v
 unhappy4    ,9 ! pres5t age1 :i* is    
intellectually impot5t & rem>kable =    
its v5]ation ( :at is bad 9 e =m--a     
condition ( ?+s :i*  is q 9 keep+ ) !   
co9$ ^w ,jetztzeit 7pres5t "t71 z       
pret5ti\s z x is cacophonic--! pan!i/s  
make bold to say t  life is1 z !y call  
x1 an end-9 itself4 ,if our exi/5ce 9   
?is  _w 7 an end-9-itself1 x w\ld be !  
mo/ absurd end t 0  ev] det]m9$2 ev5 we 
ourselves or any "o else might h imag9$ 
x4    ,life pres5ts itself next z a     
task1 ! task1 t is1 ( subsi/+  de gagn] 
sa vie4 ,if ?is is solv$1 !n t :i* has  
be5 won  becomes a burd51 & involves !  
second task ( its be+ got rid (  9 ord] 
to w>d (f bor$om1 :i*1 l a bird ( prey1 
is ready to  fall ^u any life t is      
secure f want4    ,s t ! fir/ task is to
 w9 some?+1 & ! second1 aft] !  some?+  
has be5 won1 to =get ab\t x1 o!rwise x  

becomes a  burd54    ,t human life mu/  
be a k9d ( mi/ake is suffici5tly cle> f 
!  fact t man is a comp\nd ( ne$s1 :i*  
are difficult to satisfy2  moreov]1 if  
!y are satisfi$1 all he is grant$ is a  
/ate (  pa9lessness1 9 :i* he c only    
give himself up to bor$om4 ,?is is a    
precise pro( t exi/5ce 9 itself has no  
value1 s9ce bor$om is  m]ely ! feel+ ( !
 empt9ess ( life4 ,if1 = in/ance1 life1 
!  long+ = :i* con/itutes our v be+1 _h 
9 itself any positive  & real value1    
bor$om c\ld n exi/2 m]e exi/5ce 9 itself
 w\ld  supply u ) ev]y?+1 & !re=e       
satisfy u4 ,b our exi/5ce  w\ld n be a  
joy\s ?+ unless we 7 /riv+ aft] some?+2 
di/ance & ob/acles to be ov]come !n     
repres5t our aim z  some?+ t w\ld       
satisfy u--an illusion :i* vani%es :5   
our aim  has be5 atta9$2 or :5 we are   
engag$ 9 some?+ t is ( a  purely        
intellectual nature1 :51 9 reality1 we h
 retir$ f !  _w1 s t we may obs]ve x f !
 outside1 l spectators at a  !atre4 ,ev5
 s5sual pleasure itself is no?+ b a     

cont9ual  /riv+1 :i* ceases directly its
 aim is atta9$4 ,z soon z we are  n     
engag$ 9 "o ( ^! two ways1 b ?r[n back  
on exi/5ce  itself1 we are conv9c$ ( !  
empt9ess & wor?lessness ( x2 &  ?is x is
 we call bor$om4 ,t innate & in]adicable
 crav+ =  :at is out ( ! common proves  
h[ glad we are to h ! natural &  t$i\s  
c\rse ( ?+s int]rupt$4 ,ev5 ! pomp &    
spl5d\r ( !  ri* 9 _! /ately ca/les is  
at bottom no?+ b a futile attempt  to   
escape ! v ess5ce ( exi/5ce1 mis]y4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,t ! mo/ p]fect manife/ation ( ! w to   
live1 :i*  pres5ts itself 9 ! extremely 
subtle & complicat$ ma*9]y ( !  human   
organism1 mu/ fall to du/ & f9ally      
deliv] up its :ole be+  to dissolution1 
is ! nave way 9 :i* ,nature1 inv>iably  
true &  g5u9e1 decl>es ! :ole /riv+ ( ! 
w 9 its v ess5ce to  be ( no avail4 ,if 
x 7 ( any value 9 itself1 some?+        
uncondition$1 its end w\ld n be         
non-exi/5ce4 ,?is is ! dom9ant  note (  
,goe!'s beautiful song3      ,ho* auf   

dem alt5 ,?urme /eht    ,des ,held5 edl]
 ,gei/4    ,t man is no?+ b a ph5om5on1 
t he is  n-!-?+-9-itself--,i mean t he  
is n  --is prov$ by  ! fact t dea? is a 
necessity4    ,& h[ diff]5t ! beg9n+ (  
our life is to ! end6 ,! =m] is  made up
 ( delud$ hopes1 s5sual enjoym5t1 :ile !
 latt] is pursu$  by bodily decay & !   
od\r ( dea?4    ,! road divid+ ! two1 z 
f> z our well-be+ & enjoym5t (  life are
 conc]n$1 is d[nhill2 ! dream9ess (     
*ildhood1 !  joy\sness ( y\?1 ! tr\bles 
( middle age1 ! infirmity &  frequ5t    
mis]y ( old age1 ! agonies ( our la/    
illness1 & f9ally  ! /ruggle ) dea?--d  
all ^! n make "o feel t exi/5ce  is no?+
 b a mi/ake1 ! consequ5ces ( :i* are    
becom+  gradually m & m obvi\s8    ,x   
w\ld be wise/ to reg>d life z a des5gao1
 a delusion2 t  ev]y?+ is int5d$ to be s
 is suffici5tly cle>4    ,our life is ( 
a microscopical nature2 x is an         
indivisible po9t :i*1  drawn out by !   
p[]ful l5ses ( ,"t & ,space1 becomes    
consid]ably  magnifi$4    ,"t is an     

elem5t 9 our bra9 :i* by ! means (      
duration gives a  semblance ( reality to
 ! absolutely empty exi/5ce ( ?+s &     
ourselves4    ,h[ fooli% x is = a man to
 regret & deplore 8 hav+ made no use  ( 
pa/ opportunities1 :i* might h secur$   
him ?is or t  happ9ess or enjoym5t6 ,:at
 is !re left ( !m n[8 ,only ! gho/  ( a 
remembrance6 ,& x is ! same ) ev]y?+ t  
really falls  to our lot4 ,s t ! =m ( "t
 itself1 & h[ mu* is reckon$  on x1 is a
 def9ite way ( prov+ to u ! vanity ( all
 e>?ly  enjoym5t4    ,our exi/5ce1 z    
well z t ( all animals1 is n "o t la/s1 
x  is only tempor>y1 m]ely an exi/5tia  
fluxa1 :i* may be comp>$  to a wat]-mill
 9 t x is con/antly *ang+4    ,x is true
 t ! =m ( ! body la/s = a "t1 b only on 
condition t ! matt] is con/antly *ang+1 
t ! old matt] is  ?r[n (f & new add$4 ,&
 x is ! *ief "w ( all liv+  creatures to
 secure a con/ant supply ( suitable     
matt]4 ,at ! same  "t1 !y are consci\s t
 _! exi/5ce is s fa%ion$ z to la/  only 
= a c]ta9 "t1 z has be5 said4 ,?is is :y

 !y attempt1  :5 !y are tak+ leave (    
life1 to h& x ov] to "s "o else :o  w   
take _! place4 ,?is attempt takes ! =m (
 ! sexual  in/9ct 9 self-consci\sness1 &
 9 ! consci\sness ( o!r ?+s  pres5ts    
itself objectively--t is1 9 ! =m (      
g5ital in/9ct4  ,?is in/9ct may be      
comp>$ to ! ?read+ ( a /r+ ( pe>ls2  "o 
individual succe$+ ano!r z rapidly z !  
pe>ls on !  ?read4 ,if we1 9 imag9ation1
 ha/5 on ?is succession1 we %all see  t 
! matt] is con/antly *ang+ 9 ! :ole r[ j
 z x is  *ang+ 9 ea* pe>l1 :ile x reta9s
 ! same =m3 we w !n  realise t we h only
 a quasi-exi/5ce4 ,t x is only ,ideas   
:i*  exi/1 & ! %ad[-l nature ( ! ?+     
correspond+ to !m1 is  ! basis (        
,plato's tea*+s4    ,t we are no?+ b    
ph5om5a z oppos$ to ! ?+-9-itself is    
confirm$1 exemplifi$1 & made cle> by !  
fact t ! conditio  s9e qua non ( our    
exi/5ce is a cont9ual fl[+ (f & fl[+ to 
( matt] :i*1 z n\ri%m5t1 is a con/ant   
ne$4 ,s t we resemble  su* ph5om5a z    
smoke1 fire1 or a jet ( wat]1 all ( :i* 

die out  or /op directly !re is no      
supply ( matt]4 ,x may be said !n t  ! w
 to live pres5ts itself 9 ! =m ( pure   
ph5om5a :i*  end 9 no?+4 ,?is no?+ness1 
h[ev]1 toge!r ) !  ph5om5a1 rema9 )9 !  
b\nd>y ( ! w to live & are  bas$ on x4  
,i admit t ?is is some:at obscure4      
,if we try to get a g5]al view (        
humanity at a glance1 we %all see       
ev]y:]e a con/ant fight+ & mighty       
/ruggl+ = life &  exi/5ce2 t m5tal &    
bodily /r5g? is tax$ to ! utmo/1 &      
oppos$ by ?reat5+ & actual dang]s & woes
 ( e k9d4    ,& if we consid] ! price t 
is paid = all ?is1 exi/5ce1 &  life     
itself1 x w be f\nd t !re has be5 an    
int]val :5  exi/5ce 0 free f pa91 an    
int]val1 h[ev]1 :i* 0  imm$iately foll[$
 by bor$om1 & :i* 9 its turn 0 quickly  
t]m9at$ by fre% crav+s4    ,t bor$om is 
imm$iately foll[$ by fre% ne$s is a fact
 :i* is  also true ( ! clev]] ord] (    
animals1 because life has no true  &    
g5u9e value 9 itself1 b is kept 9 motion
 m]ely ?r\gh !  m$ium ( ne$s & illusion4

 ,z soon z !re are no ne$s & illusion   
we become consci\s ( ! absolute b>r5ness
 & empt9ess (  exi/5ce4    ,if "o turns 
f contemplat+ ! c\rse ( ! _w at l>ge1 & 
9  p>ticul> f ! ephem]al & mock exi/5ce 
( m5 z !y foll[  ea* o!r 9 rapid        
succession1 to ! detail ( life1 h[ l a  
com$y x seems6    ,x impresses u 9 !    
same way z a drop ( wat]1 cr[d$ )       
infusoria1 se5 ?r\gh a microscope1 or a 
little heap ( *eese-mites  t w\ld       
o!rwise be invisible4 ,_! activity &    
/ruggl+ )  ea* o!r 9 su* little space   
amuse u greatly4 ,& x is ! same 9  !    
little span ( life--great & e>ne/       
activity produces a comic  effect4      
,no man has ev] felt p]fectly happy 9 ! 
pres5t2 if he _h x w\ld  h intoxicat$   
him4          ,,on ,,wom54      ,^! few 
words ( ,j\y1 ,sans les femmes le       
comm5cem5t de notre vie  s]oit priv de  
sec\rs1 le milieu de plaisirs et la f9  
de  consolation1 m exactly express1 9 my
 op9ion1 ! true praise (  woman ?an     
,s*ill]'s poem1 ,wrde d] ,frau51 :i* is 

! fruit (  mu* c>eful ?\ght & impressive
 because ( its anti!sis & use (         
contra/4 ,! same ?+ is m pa!tically     
express$ by ,byron 9  ,s>danapalus1 ,act
 i1 ,sc4 #b3--                          
,! v fir/    ,( human life mu/ spr+ f   
woman's brea/1    ,y\r fir/ small words 
are taught y f h] lips1    ,y\r fir/    
te>s qu5*'d by h]1 & y\r la/ sighs      
,too (t5 brea!d out 9 a woman's he>+1   
,:5 m5 h %runk f ! ignoble c>e    ,(    
wat*+ ! la/ h\r ( him :o l$ !m4    ,bo? 
passages %[ ! "r po9t ( view = !        
appreciation (  wom54    ,"o ne$ only   
look at a woman's %ape to discov] t %e  
is n  int5d$ = ei!r too mu* m5tal or too
 mu* physical "w4 ,%e pays  ! debt (    
life n by :at %e does b by :at %e       
suff]s--by !  pa9s ( *ild-be>+1 c>e = ! 
*ild1 & by subjection to man1 to  :om %e
 %\ld be a pati5t & *e]ful companion4 ,!
 greate/  sorr[s & joys or great        
exhibition ( /r5g? are n assign$ to  h]2
 h] life %\ld fl[ m quietly1 m g5tly1 & 
less  obtrusively ?an man's1 )\t h] be+ 

ess5tially happi] or  unhappi]4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,wom5 are directly adapt$ to act z !    
nurses & educators ( our  e>ly *ildhood1
 = ! simple reason t !y !mselves are    
*ildi%1 fooli%1 & %ort-sight$--9 a ^w1  
are big *ildr5 all  _! lives1 some?+    
int]m$iate betwe5 ! *ild & ! man1 :o  is
 a man 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w4 ,consid]  
h[ a "y girl w  toy day aft] day ) a    
*ild1 dance ) x & s+ to x2 & !n  consid]
 :at a man1 ) ! v be/ int5tions 9 ! _w1 
c\ld  d 9 h] place4           99        
99       99       99       99    ,)     
girls1 ,nature has _h 9 view :at is     
call$ 9 a dramatic s5se a  /rik+ effect1
 = %e end[s !m = a few ye>s ) a ri*ness 
( beauty & a1 fulness ( *>m at ! exp5se 
( ! re/ ( _!  lives2 s t !y may dur+ ^! 
ye>s ensn>e ! fantasy ( a man  to su* a 
degree z to make him ru% into tak+ !    
hon\rable c>e (  !m1 9 "s k9d ( =m1 = a 
lifetime--a /ep :i* w\ld n  seem        
suffici5tly ju/ifi$ if he only consid]$ 
! matt]4  ,accord+ly1 ,nature has       

furni%$ woman1 z %e has ! re/ ( h]      
creatures1 ) ! weapons & implem5ts      
necess>y = ! protection  ( h] exi/5ce & 
= j ! l5g? ( "t t !y w be (  s]vice to  
h]2 s t ,nature has proce$$ "h ) h]     
usual  economy4 ,j z ! female ant aft]  
coition loses h] w+s1 :i*  !n become    
sup]flu\s1 nay1 dang]\s = bre$+         
purposes1 s =  ! mo/ "p does a woman    
lose h] beauty aft] giv+ bir? to "o or  
two *ildr52 & probably = ! same reasons4
    ,!n aga9 we f9d t "y girls 9 _!     
he>ts reg>d _!  dome/ic or o!r affairs z
 second>y ?+s1 if n z a m]e je/4  ,love1
 conque/s1 & all t ^! include1 su* z    
dress+1 danc+1  & s on1 !y give _! s]i\s
 att5tion4           99       99        
99       99       99    ,! nobl] & m    
p]fect a ?+ is1 ! lat] & sl[] is x 9    
rea*+ maturity4 ,man rea*es ! maturity (
 8 reason+ & m5tal  faculties sc>cely   
be=e he is eight-&-tw5ty2 woman :5 %e is
  eighte52 b h]s is reason ( v n>r[     
limitations4 ,?is is :y  wom5 rema9     
*ildr5 all _! lives1 = !y always see    

only :at is  ne> at h&1 cl+ to ! pres5t1
 take ! appe>ance ( a ?+ =  reality1 &  
pref] trifl+ matt]s to ! mo/ important4 
,x is by  virtue ( man's reason+ p[]s t 
he does n live 9 ! pres5t  only1 l !    
brute1 b obs]ves & pond]s ov] ! pa/ &   
future2  & f ?is spr+ discretion1 c>e1 &
 t anxiety :i* we s  frequ5tly notice 9 
p4 ,! advantages1 z well z !            
disadvantages1 t ?is entails1 make      
woman1 9 consequ5ce ( h]  weak] reason+ 
p[]s1 less ( a p>tak] 9 !m4 ,moreov]1 %e
 is  intellectually %ort-sight$1 =      
al?\gh h] intuitive und]/&+  quickly    
p]ceives :at is ne> to h]1 on ! o!r h&  
h] circle (  vision is limit$ & does n  
embrace any?+ t is remote2 h5ce  ev]y?+ 
t is abs5t or pa/1 or 9 ! future1       
affects wom5 9 a  less degree ?an m54   
,?is is :y !y h great] incl9ation =     
extravagance1 :i* sometimes bord]s on   
madness4 ,wom5 9 _! he>ts  ?9k t m5 are 
int5d$ to e>n money s t !y may sp5d x1  
if  possible dur+ _! husb&'s lifetime1 b
 at any rate aft] 8  dea?4    ,z soon z 

he has giv5 !m 8 e>n+s on :i* to keep   
h\se !y  are /r5g!n$ 9 ?is belief4      
,al?\gh all ?is entails _m              
disadvantages1 yet x has ?is            
advantage--t a woman lives m 9 !  pres5t
 ?an a man1 & t %e enjoys x m ke5ly if x
 is at all  be>able4 ,?is is ! orig9 ( t
 *e]fulness :i* is peculi> to  woman &  
makes h] fit to div]t man1 & 9 case (   
ne$1 to console  him :5 he is weigh$ d[n
 by c>es4 ,to consult wom5 9 matt]s (   
difficulty1 z ! ,g]mans us$ to d 9 old  
times1 is by no means a  matt] to be    
ov]look$2 = _! way ( grasp+ a ?+ is q   
diff]5t f ours1 *iefly because !y l !   
%orte/ way to !  po9t1 & usually keep _!
 att5tion fix$ ^u :at lies ne>e/2  :ile 
we1 z a rule1 see beyond x1 = ! simple  
reason t x lies  "u our nose2 x !n      
becomes necess>y = u to be br\ght back  
to  ! ?+ 9 ord] to obta9 a ne> & simple 
view4 ,?is is :y wom5  are m sob] 9 _!  
judgm5t ?an we1 & :y !y see no?+ m  9   
?+s ?an is really !re2 :ile we1 if our  
passions are r\s$1  slightly exagg]ate  

or add to our imag9ation4    ,x is      
because wom5's reason+ p[]s are weak] t 
!y %[ m  sympa?y = ! un=tunate ?an m51 &
 consequ5tly take a k9dli]  int]e/ 9 !m4
 ,on ! o!r h&1 wom5 are inf]ior to m5 9 
matt]s ( ju/ice1 hone/y1 &              
consci5ti\sness4 ,aga91 because _!      
reason+ faculty is weak1 ?+s cle>ly     
visible & real1 &  belong+ to ! pres5t1 
ex]cise a p[] ov] !m :i* is r>ely       
c\nt]act$ by ab/ract ?\ghts1 fix$       
maxims1 or firm resolutions1 9  g5]al1  
by reg>d = ! pa/ & future or by         
consid]ation = :at  is abs5t & remote4  
,accord+ly !y h ! fir/ & pr9cipal       
qualities ( virtue1 b !y lack ! second>y
 qualities :i* are  (t5 a necess>y      
in/rum5t 9 develop+ x4 ,wom5 may be     
comp>$ 9  ?is respect to an organism t  
has a liv] b no gall-bladd]4#i ,s  t x w
 be f\nd t ! fundam5tal fault 9 ! "* (  
wom5 is t !y h no s5se ( ju/ice4 ,?is   
arises f _!  defici5cy 9 ! p[] ( reason+
 already ref]r$ to1 &  reflection1 b is 
also p>tly due to ! fact t ,nature has n

  de/9$ !m1 z ! weak] sex1 to be dep5d5t
 on /r5g? b on  cunn+2 ?is is :y !y are 
in/9ctively crafty1 & h an  in]adicable 
t5d5cy to lie4 ,= z lions are furni%$ ) 
claws &  tee?1 elephants ) tusks1 bo>s )
 fangs1 bulls ) horns1 & !  cuttlefi% ) 
its d>k1 inky fluid1 s ,nature has      
provid$ woman =  h] protection & def5ce 
) ! faculty ( dissimulation1 & all  !   
p[] :i* ,nature has giv5 to man 9 ! =m (
 bodily /r5g?  & reason has be5 conf]r$ 
on woman 9 ?is =m4 ,h5ce1  dissimulation
 is innate 9 woman & almo/ z *>act]i/ic 
( !  v /upid z ( ! clev]4 ,accord+ly1 x 
is z natural = wom5 to  dissemble at e  
opportunity z x is = ^? animals to turn 
to  _! weapons :5 !y are attack$2 & !y  
feel 9 do+ s t 9  a c]ta9 measure !y are
 only mak+ use ( _! rights4 ,!re=e a    
woman :o is p]fectly tru?ful & does n   
dissemble is p]haps an  impossibility4  
,?is is :y !y see ?r\gh dissimulation 9 
o!rs s  easily2 !re=e x is n advisable  
to attempt x ) !m4 ,f !  fundam5tal     
defect t has be5 /at$1 & all t x        

involves1  spr+ fals5ess1 fai?lessness1 
trea*]y1 ungratefulness1 & s on4  ,9 a  
c\rt ( ju/ice wom5 are m (t5 f\nd guilty
 ( p]jury ?an  m54 ,x is inde$ to be    
g5]ally que/ion$ :e!r !y %\ld be  all[$ 
to take an oa? at all4 ,f "t to "t !re  
are repeat$  cases ev]y:]e ( ladies1 :o 
want = no?+1 secretly pocket+ &  tak+   
away ?+s f %op c\nt]s4           99     
99       99       99       99    ,nature
 has made x ! call+ ( ! "y1 /rong1 &    
h&some m5 to  look aft] ! propagation ( 
! human race2 s t ! species may  n      
deg5]ate4 ,?is is ! firm w ( ,nature1 & 
x f9ds its  expression 9 ! passions (   
wom54 ,?is law surpasses all o!rs 9  bo?
 age & p[]4 ,woe !n to ! man :o sets up 
rights & int]e/s  9 su* a way z to make 
!m /& 9 ! way ( x2 = :atev] he  may d or
 say1 !y w1 at ! fir/ significant onset1
 be  unm]cifully annihilat$4 ,= !       
secret1 un=mulat$1 nay1 unconsci\s  b   
innate moral ( woman is3 ,we are ju/ifi$
 9 deceiv+ ^? :o1  because !y c>e a     
little = u1--t is to say = !            

individual1--imag9e !y h obta9$ rights  
ov] ! species4 ,!  con/itution1 &       
consequ5tly ! welf>e ( ! species1 h be5 
put  into our h&s & entru/$ to our c>e  
?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! next  g5]ation :i*    
proce$s f u2 let u fulfil our duties    
consci5ti\sly4    ,b wom5 are by no     
means consci\s ( ?is lead+ pr9ciple 9   
ab/racto1 !y are only consci\s ( x 9    
concreto1 & h no  o!r way ( express+ x  
?an 9 ! mann] 9 :i* !y act :5 !         
opportunity arrives4 ,s t _! consci5ce  
does n tr\ble !m s  mu* z we imag9e1 = 9
 ! d>ke/ dep?s ( _! he>ts !y are        
consci\s t 9 violat+ _! duty t[>ds !    
individual !y h  all ! bett] fulfill$ x 
t[>ds ! species1 ^: claim ^u !m  is     
inf9itely great]4 7,a full] explanation 
( ?is matt] may be f\nd  9 vol4 ii41 *4 
#dd1 9 my *ief "w1 ,die ,welt als ,wille
 und  ,vor/ellung47    ,because wom5 9  
tru? exi/ entirely = ! propagation ( !  
race1  & _! de/9y ends "h1 !y live m = !
 species ?an = !  individual1 & 9 _!    
he>ts take ! affairs ( ! species m      

s]i\sly ?an ^? ( ! individual4 ,?is     
gives to _! :ole be+  & "* a c]ta9      
frivol\sness1 & altoge!r a c]ta9 t5d5cy 
:i* is fundam5tally diff]5t f t ( man2 &
 ?is x is :i*  develops t discord 9     
m>ri$ life :i* is s preval5t & almo/  ! 
normal /ate4    ,x is natural = a feel+ 
( m]e indiff]5ce to exi/ betwe5 m51  b  
betwe5 wom5 x is actual enmity4 ,?is is 
due p]haps to ! fact  t odium figul9um 9
 ! case ( m51 is limit$ to _! ev]yday   
affairs1 b ) wom5 embraces ! :ole sex2  
s9ce !y h only "o  k9d ( bus9ess4 ,ev5  
:5 !y meet 9 ! /reet1 !y look at ea*    
o!r l ,guelphs & ,ghibell9es4 ,& x is q 
evid5t :5 two  wom5 fir/ make ea* o!r's 
acqua9tance t !y exhibit m  con/ra9t &  
dissimulation ?an two m5 plac$ 9 simil> 
circum/ances4 ,?is is :y an ex*ange (   
complim5ts betwe5 two wom5  is mu* m    
ridicul\s ?an betwe5 two m54 ,fur!r1    
:ile a man w1  z a rule1 address o!rs1  
ev5 ^? inf]ior to himself1 ) a  c]ta9   
feel+ ( consid]ation & humanity1 x is   
unbe>able to see  h[ pr\dly &           

disda9fully a lady ( rank w1 = ! mo/ "p1
  behave t[>ds "o :o is 9 a l[] rank 7n 
employ$ 9 h] s]vice7  :5 %e speaks to   
h]4 ,?is may be because diff]5ces ( rank
 are mu*  m prec>i\s ) wom5 ?an ) u1 &  
consequ5tly m quickly  *ange _! l9e (   
conduct & elevate !m1 or because :ile a 
hundr$ ?+s mu/ be weigh$ 9 our case1 !re
 is only "o to be  weigh$ 9 !irs1       
namely1 ) :i* man !y h f\nd fav\r2 &    
aga91 because ( ! "o-sid$ nature ( _!   
vocation !y /& 9  clos] relation%ip to  
ea* o!r ?an m5 d2 & s x is !y try to    
r5d] prom95t ! diff]5ces ( rank4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,x is only ! man ^: intellect is cl\d$  
by 8 sexual in/9ct  t c\ld give t /unt$1
 n>r[-%\ld]$1 broad-hipp$1 &  %ort-legg$
 race ! "n ( ! fair sex2 = ! entire     
beauty (  ! sex is bas$ on ?is in/9ct4  
,"o w\ld be m ju/ifi$ 9  call+ !m !     
unae/hetic sex ?an ! beautiful4 ,nei!r =
  music1 nor = poetry1 nor = f9e art h  
!y any real or true s5se  &             
susceptibility1 & x is m]e mock]y on _! 

"p1 9 _!  desire to please1 if !y affect
 any su* ?+4    ,?is makes !m incapable 
( tak+ a purely objective int]e/ 9      
any?+1 & ! reason = x is1 ,i fancy1 z   
foll[s4 ,a man /rives  to get direct    
ma/]y ov] ?+s ei!r by und]/&+ !m or by  
compulsion4 ,b a woman is always &      
ev]y:]e driv5 to indirect  ma/]y1 namely
 ?r\gh a man2 all h] direct ma/]y be+   
limit$ to  him alone4 ,!re=e x lies 9   
woman's nature to look ^u ev]y?+  only z
 a means = w9n+ man1 & h] int]e/ 9 any?+
 else is  always a simulat$ "o1 a m]e   
r\ndab\t way to ga9 h] ends1  consi/+ ( 
coquetry & pret5ce4 ,h5ce ,r\sseau said1
 ,les femmes1  en gnral1 n'aim5t aucun  
art1 ne se connoiss5t  aucun et n'ont   
aucun  gnie 7,lettre  d',alemb]t1 note  
xx474 ,e "o :o c see ?r\gh a  %am mu/ h 
f\nd ?is to be ! case4 ,"o ne$ only wat*
 ! way  !y behave at a conc]t1 ! op]a1  
or ! play2 ! *ildi%  simplicity1 =      
in/ance1 ) :i* !y keep on *att]+ dur+ ! 
f9e/ passages 9 ! greate/ ma/]pieces4   
,if x is true t !  ,greeks =bade wom5 to

 g to ! play1 !y act$ 9 a "r way2 =  !y 
w\ld at any rate be able to he> some?+4 
,9 our day x w\ld be  m appropriate to  
sub/itute taceat muli] 9 !atro = taceat 
muli] 9 ecclesia2 & ?is might p]haps be 
put up 9 big lett]s on  ! curta94       
,no?+ diff]5t c be expect$ ( wom5 if x  
is borne 9 m9d t  ! mo/ em95t ( ! :ole  
sex h nev] accompli%$ any?+ 9  ! f9e    
arts t is really great1 g5u9e1 &        
orig9al1 or giv5 to  ! _w any k9d ( "w (
 p]man5t value4 ,?is is mo/ /rik+ 9     
reg>d to pa9t+1 ! te*nique ( :i* is z   
mu* )9 _! rea*  z )9 ours2 ?is is :y !y 
pursue x s indu/ri\sly4 ,/ill1 !y  h n a
 s+le great pa9t+ to %[1 = ! simple     
reason t  !y lack t objectivity ( m9d   
:i* is precisely :at is s  directly     
necess>y 9 pa9t+4 ,!y always /ick to :at
 is subjective4  ,= ?is reason1 ord9>y  
wom5 h no susceptibility = pa9t+ at     
all3 = natura non facet saltum4 ,&      
,hu>te1 9 8 book :i* has  be5 fam\s =   
?ree hundr$ ye>s1 ,exam5 de +5ios p>a   
las  sci5zias1 cont5ds t wom5 d n       

possess ! high] capacities4  ,individual
 & p>tial exceptions d n alt] ! matt]2  
wom5 are &  rema91 tak5 altoge!r1 ! mo/ 
?or\gh & incurable phili/9es2  & because
 ( ! extremely absurd arrangem5t :i*    
all[s !m to  %>e ! position & title ( _!
 husb&s !y are a con/ant  /imulus to 8  
ignoble ambitions4 ,& fur!r1 x is       
because !y are  phili/9es t mod]n       
society1 to :i* !y give ! tone & :]e  !y
 h sway1 has become corrupt$4 ,z reg>ds 
_! position1 "o  %\ld be guid$ by       
,napoleon's maxim1 ,les femmes n'ont pas
 de rang2  & reg>d+ !m 9 o!r ?+s1 ,*am=t
 says v truly3 ,elles  sont faites p\r  
comm]c] avec nos faiblesses avec notre  
folie1 mais  non avec notre raison4 ,il 
exi/e entre elles et les hommes des     
sympa?ies d'pid]me et trs-peu de        
sympa?ies d'esprit d'me et de  c>actre4 
,!y are ! sexus sequior1 ! second sex 9 
e  respect1 !re=e _! weaknesses %\ld be 
sp>$1 b to treat wom5  ) extreme rev]5ce
 is ridicul\s1 & l[]s u 9 _! own eyes4  
,:5 nature divid$ ! human race into two 

p>ts1 %e did n cut x  exactly ?r\gh !   
middle6 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! positive & 
negative poles1 accord+ to pol>ity1 is n
 m]ely qualitative b  also quantitative4
 ,& x 0 9 ?is light t ! anci5ts & p  ( !
 ,ea/ reg>d$ woman2 !y recognis$ h] true
 position bett]  ?an we1 ) our old ,fr5*
 ideas ( gallantry & absurd v5]ation1  t
 highe/ product ( ,*ri/ian-,teutonic    
/upidity4 ,^! ideas h  only s]v$ to make
 !m arrogant & imp]i\s1 to su* an ext5t 
z to  rem9d "o at times ( ! holy apes 9 
,b5>es1 :o1 9 !  consci\sness ( _!      
hol9ess & inviolability1 ?9k !y c d     
any?+ & ev]y?+ !y please4    ,9 ! ,we/1 
! woman1 t is to say ! lady1 f9ds h]self
 9 a  fausse position2 = woman1 rightly 
nam$ by ! anci5ts sexus  sequior1 is by 
no means fit to be ! object ( our hon\r 
&  v5]ation1 or to hold h] head high]   
?an man & to h ! same  rights z he4 ,!  
consequ5ces ( ?is fausse position are   
suffici5tly cle>4 ,accord+ly1 x w\ld be 
a v desirable ?+ if  ?is ,numb] ,two ( !
 human race 9 ,europe 7 assign$ h]      

natural  position1 & ! lady-grievance   
got rid (1 :i* is n only ridicul$  by ! 
:ole ( ,asia1 b w\ld h be5 equally      
ridicul$ by ,greece  & ,rome4 ,! result 
( ?is w\ld be t ! condition ( our       
social1  civil1 & political affairs w\ld
 be incalculably improv$4 ,! ,salic  law
 w\ld be unnecess>y2 x w\ld be a        
sup]flu\s truism4 ,! ,european  lady1   
/rictly speak+1 is a creature :o %\ld n 
exi/ at all2 b  !re ought to be         
h\sekeep]s1 & "y girls :o hope to become
 su*2  & !y %\ld be br\ght up n to be   
arrogant1 b to be dome/icat$  &         
submissive4 ,x is exactly because !re   
are ladies 9 ,europe t  wom5 ( a l[]    
/&+1 t is to say1 ! great] majority ( ! 
sex1 are mu* m unhappy ?an !y are 9 !   
,ea/4 ,ev5 ,"l ,byron  says 7,lett]s &  
,pap]s1 by ,?omas ,moore1 vol4 ii4 p4   
#cii71 ,?\ght  ( ! /ate ( wom5 "u !     
anci5t ,greeks--conv5i5t en\gh4  ,pres5t
 /ate1 a remnant ( ! b>b>ism ( !        
*ivalric & feudal  ages--artificial &   
unnatural4 ,!y ought to m9d home--& be  

well f$  & clo!d--b n mix$ 9 society4   
,well educat$1 too1 9  religion--b to   
read nei!r poetry nor politics--no?+ b  
books (  piety & cook]y4                
,music--draw+--danc+--also a little     
g>d5+ &  pl\gh+ n[ & !n4 ,i h se5 !m    
m5d+ ! roads 9 ,epirus  ) good success4 
,:y n1 z well z hay-mak+ & milk+8       
99       99       99       99       99  
,9 our "p ( ! _w1 :]e monogamy is 9 =ce1
 to m>ry means to  halve "o's rights &  
to d\ble "o's duties4 ,:5 ! laws grant$ 
woman ! same rights z man1 !y %\ld also 
h giv5 h] a  mascul9e p[] ( reason4 ,on 
! contr>y1 j z ! privileges &  hon\rs   
:i* ! laws decree to wom5 surpass :at   
,nature has met$ out  to !m1 s is !re a 
proportional decrease 9 ! numb] ( wom5  
:o  really %>e ^! privileges2 !re=e !   
rema9d] are depriv$ (  _! natural rights
 9 s f> z ! o!rs h be5 giv5 m ?an       
,nature accords4    ,= ! unnatural      
position ( privilege :i* ! in/itution ( 
monogamy1 & ! laws ( m>riage :i*        
accompany x1 assign to !  woman1 :]eby  

%e is reg>d$ ?r\gh\t z a full equival5t 
( !  man1 :i* %e is n by any means1     
cause intellig5t & prud5t m5 to  reflect
 a great deal be=e !y make s great a    
sacrifice & cons5t  to s unfair an      
arrangem5t4 ,!re=e1 :il/ among polygam\s
 nations  e woman f9ds ma9t5ance1 :]e   
monogamy exi/s ! numb] (  m>ri$ wom5 is 
limit$1 & a c\ntless numb] ( wom5 :o are
  )\t support rema9 ov]2 ^? 9 ! upp]    
classes vegetate z  useless old maids1  
^? 9 ! l[] are r$uc$ to v h>d "w ( a    
di/a/eful nature1 or become pro/itutes1 
& lead a life :i* is z  joyless z x is  
void ( hon\r4 ,b "u su* circum/ances !y 
become a necessity to ! mascul9e sex2 s 
t _! position is  op5ly recognis$ z a   
special means = protect+ f s$uction ^?  
o!r wom5 fav\r$ by fate ei!r to h f\nd  
husb&s1 or :o hope  to f9d !m4 ,9       
,london alone !re are #hj1jjj           
pro/itutes4 ,!n :at  are ^! wom5 :o h   
come too quickly to ?is mo/ t]rible end 
b  human sacrifices on ! alt> (         
monogamy8 ,! wom5 "h ref]r$ to  & :o are

 plac$ 9 ?is wret*$ position are !      
inevitable  c\nt]balance to ! ,european 
lady1 ) h] pret5sions & arrogance4      
,h5ce polygamy is a real b5efit to !    
female sex1 tak+ x z a  :ole4 ,&1 on !  
o!r h&1 !re is no reason :y a man ^:    
wife  suff]s f *ronic illness1 or rema9s
 b>r51 or has gradually become  too old 
= him1 %\ld n take a second4 ,_m p      
become conv]ts  to ,mormonism = !       
precise reasons t !y condemn ! unnatural
  in/itution ( monogamy4 ,! conf]r+ (   
unnatural rights ^u wom5  has impos$    
unnatural duties ^u !m1 ! violation (   
:i*1 h[ev]1  makes !m unhappy4 ,=       
example1 _m a man ?9ks m>riage          
unadvisable  z f> z 8 social /&+ &      
monet>y position are conc]n$1  unless he
 contracts a brilliant mat*4 ,he w !n   
wi% to w9 a woman  ( 8 own *oice "u     
diff]5t conditions1 namely1 "u ^? :i*  w
 r5d] safe h] future & t ( h] *ildr54   
,be ! conditions  ev] s j1 reasonable1 &
 adequate1 & %e cons5ts by giv+ up  ^?  
undue privileges :i* m>riage1 z ! basis 

( civil society1  alone c be/[1 %e mu/  
to a c]ta9 ext5t lose h] hon\r & lead  a
 life ( lonel9ess2 s9ce human nature    
makes u dep5d5t on !  op9ion ( o!rs 9 a 
way t is completely out ( proportion to 
its  value4 ,:ile1 if ! woman does n    
cons5t1 %e runs ! risk ( be+  compell$  
to m>ry a man %e dislikes1 or ( %rivell+
 up into an old  maid2 = ! "t allott$ to
 h] to f9d a home is v %ort4 ,9 view  ( 
?is side ( ! in/itution ( monogamy1     
,?omasius's pr(\ndly  le>n$ treatise1 de
 ,concub9atu1 is well wor? read+1 = x   
%[s  t1 among all nations1 & 9 all ages1
 d[n to ! ,lu!ran  ,re=mation1          
concub9age 0 all[$1 nay1 t x 0 an       
in/itution1  9 a c]ta9 measure ev5      
recognis$ by law & associat$ ) no       
di%on\r4 ,& x held ?is position until ! 
,lu!ran ,re=mation1  :5 x 0 recognis$ z 
ano!r means = ju/ify+ ! m>riage (  !    
cl]gy2 :]eupon ! ,ca?olic p>ty did n d>e
 to rema9  beh9dh& 9 ! matt]4    ,x is  
useless to argue ab\t polygamy1 x mu/ be
 tak5 z a fact  exi/+ ev]y:]e1 ! m]e    

regulation ( :i* is ! problem to be     
solv$4 ,:]e are !re1 !n1 any real       
monogami/s8 ,we all live1 at any  rate =
 a "t1 & ! majority ( u always1 9       
polygamy4  ,consequ5tly1 z ea* man ne$s 
_m wom51 no?+ is m j ?an to  let him1   
nay1 make x incumb5t ^u him to provide =
 _m wom54 ,by  ?is means woman w be     
br\ght back to h] prop] & natural place 
z  a subord9ate be+1 & ! lady1 t mon/] (
 ,european  civilisation &              
,*ri/ian-,teutonic /upidity1 ) h]       
ridicul\s claim  to respect & v5]ation1 
w no long] exi/2 !re w /ill be  wom51 b 
no unhappy wom51 ( :om ,europe is at    
pres5t full4 ,!  ,mormons' /&po9t is "r4
           99       99       99       99
       99    ,9 ,india no woman is ev]  
indep5d5t1 b ea* "o /&s "u !  control ( 
h] fa!r or h] husb&1 or bro!r or son1 9 
accordance  ) ! law ( ,manu4    ,x is   
c]ta9ly a revolt+ idea t wid[s %\ld     
sacrifice !mselves  on _! husb&'s dead  
body2 b x is also revolt+ t ! money  :i*
 ! husb& has e>n$ by work+ dilig5tly =  

all 8 life1 9  ! hope t he 0 work+ = 8  
*ildr51 %\ld be wa/$ on h]  p>am\rs4    
,m$ium t5u]e beati4 ,! fir/ love ( a "m1
 z t  ( animals & m51 is purely         
in/9ctive1 & consequ5tly ceases  :5 !   
*ild is no long] physically helpless4   
,aft] t1 ! fir/  love %\ld be re9/at$ by
 a love bas$ on habit & reason2 b ?is   
(t5 does n appe>1 especially :]e ! "m   
has n lov$ !  fa!r4 ,! love ( a fa!r = 8
 *ildr5 is ( a diff]5t nature  & m      
s9c]e2 x is f\nd$ on a recognition ( 8  
own inn] self  9 ! *ild1 & is !re=e     
metaphysical 9 its orig94    ,9 almo/ e 
nation1 bo? ( ! new & old _w1 & ev5     
among  ! ,hott5tots1 prop]ty is inh]it$ 
by ! male desc5dants alone2 x  is only 9
 ,europe t "o has dep>t$ f ?is4 ,t !    
prop]ty  :i* m5 h ) difficulty acquir$  
by long-cont9u$ /ruggl+ &  h>d "w %\ld  
aft]w>ds come into ! h&s ( wom51 :o1 9  
_!  want ( reason1 ei!r squ&] x )9 a    
%ort "t or o!rwise  wa/e x1 is an       
inju/ice z great z x is common1 & x %\ld
 be  prev5t$ by limit+ ! "r ( wom5 to   

inh]it4 ,x seems to me t  x w\ld be a   
bett] arrangem5t if wom51 be !y wid[s or
 daught]s1  only inh]it$ ! money = life 
secur$ by mortgage1 b n !  prop]ty      
itself or ! capital1 unless !re lack$   
male desc5dants4 ,x  is m5 :o make !    
money1 & n wom52 !re=e wom5 are nei!r   
ju/ifi$ 9 hav+ unconditional possession 
( x nor capable (  adm9i/rat+ x4 ,wom5  
%\ld nev] h ! free disposition (  weal?1
 /rictly s-call$1 :i* !y may inh]it1 su*
 z capital1  h\ses1 & e/ates4 ,!y ne$ a 
gu>dian always2 !re=e !y %\ld  n h !    
gu>dian%ip ( _! *ildr5 "u any           
circum/ances  :atev]4 ,! vanity ( wom51 
ev5 if x %\ld n be great] ?an  t ( m51  
has ?is evil 9 x1 t x is direct$ on     
mat]ial  ?+s--t is to say1 on _! p]sonal
 beauty & !n on t9sel1  pomp1 & %[4 ,?is
 is :y !y are 9 _! "r elem5t 9 society4 
,?is x is :i* makes !m incl9$ to be     
extravagant1 especially  s9ce !y possess
 little reason+ p[]4 ,accord+ly1 an     
anci5t  writ] says1      4#aj ,m5's     
vanity1 on  ! o!r h&1 is (t5 direct$ on 

non-mat]ial advantages1 su* z           
intellect1 le>n+1 c\rage1 & ! l4        
,ari/otle expla9s 9 !  ,politics#aa !   
great disadvantages :i* ! ,sp>tans      
br\ght ^u  !mselves by grant+ too mu* to
 _! wom51 by all[+ !m !  "r ( inh]itance
 & d[ry1 & a great am\nt ( fre$om2 & h[ 
?is contribut$ greatly to ! fall (      
,sp>ta4 ,may x n be t !  influ5ce ( wom5
 9 ,france1 :i* has be5 increas+ s9ce   
,l\is  ,,xiii4's "t1 0 to blame = t     
gradual corruption ( ! c\rt &  gov]nm5t 
:i* l$ to ! fir/ ,revolution1 ( :i* all 
subsequ5t  di/urbances h be5 ! result8  
,9 any case1 ! false position (  !      
female sex1 s conspicu\sly expos$ by !  
exi/5ce ( ! lady1  is a fundam5tal      
defect 9 our social condition1 & ?is    
defect1  proce$+ f ! v he>t ( x1 mu/    
ext5d its h>mful influ5ce  9 e          
direction4 ,t woman is by nature int5d$ 
to obey is %[n by  ! fact t e woman :o  
is plac$ 9 ! unnatural position (       
absolute indep5d5ce at once atta*es     
h]self to "s k9d ( man1 by  :om %e is   

controll$ & gov]n$2 ?is is because %e   
requires a  ma/]4 ,if %e1 is "y1 ! man  
is a lov]2 if %e is old1 a prie/4       
,,footnotes3    #i ,let me ref] to :at  
,i h said 9 my treatise on ,! ,f\ndation
  ( ,morals1 #ga4    #aj ,brunck's      
,gnomici poetae graeci v4 #aae4    #aa  
,bk4 ,i41 *4 #i4          ,,?9k+ ,,=    
,,oneself4      ,! l>ge/ libr>y 9       
disord] is n s useful z a small] b      
ord]ly "o2 9 ! same way ! greate/ am\nt 
( k1 if x has  n be5 work$ out 9 "o's   
own m9d1 is ( less value ?an a mu*      
small] am\nt t has be5 fully consid]$4  
,= x is only :5 a man  comb9es :at he   
kn[s f all sides1 & comp>es "o tru? )   
ano!r1 t he completely realises 8 own k 
& gets x into  8 p[]4 ,a man c only ?9k 
ov] :at he kn[s1 !re=e he %\ld  le>n    
some?+2 b a man only kn[s :at he has    
pond]$4    ,a man c apply himself ( 8   
own free w to read+ & le>n+1  :ile he _c
 to ?9k+4 ,?9k+ mu/ be k9dl$ l a fire by
 a  draught & su/a9$ by "s k9d ( int]e/ 
9 ! subject4 ,?is  int]e/ may be ei!r ( 

a purely objective nature or x may be   
m]ely  subjective4 ,! latt] exi/s 9     
matt]s conc]n+ u p]sonally1 b  objective
 int]e/ is only to be f\nd 9 heads t ?9k
 by nature1  & to :om ?9k+ is z natural 
z brea?+2 b !y are v r>e4  ,?is is :y   
!re is s little ( x 9 mo/ m5 ( le>n+4   
,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! effect t ?9k+ =    
oneself & t  read+ has on ! m9d is      
incr$ibly great2 h5ce x is cont9ually   
develop+ t orig9al diff]5ce 9 m9ds :i*  
induces "o man to  ?9k & ano!r to read4 
,read+ =ces ?\ghts ^u ! m9d :i*  are z  
=eign & het]og5e\s to ! b5t & mood 9 :i*
 x may be  = ! mom5t1 z ! seal is to !  
wax on :i* x /amps its  impr9t4 ,! m9d  
?us suff]s total compulsion f )\t2 x has
  fir/ ?is & fir/ t to ?9k ab\t1 = :i* x
 has at ! "t  nei!r in/9ct nor lik+4    
,on ! o!r h&1 :5 a man ?9ks = himself he
 foll[s 8 own  impulse1 :i* ei!r 8      
ext]nal surr\nd+s or "s k9d (           
recollection has det]m9$ at ! mom5t4 ,8 
visible surr\nd+s d  n leave ^u 8 m9d "o
 s+le def9ite ?\ght z read+ does1  b    

m]ely supply him ) mat]ial & occasion to
 ?9k ov] :at is  9 keep+ ) 8 nature &   
pres5t mood4 ,?is is :y mu* read+  robs 
! m9d ( all ela/icity2 x is l keep+ a   
spr+ "u a  cont9u\s1 heavy weight4 ,if a
 man does n want to ?9k1 ! safe/  plan  
is to take up a book directly he has a  
sp>e mom5t4    ,?is practice acc\nts = !
 fact t le>n+ makes mo/ m5 m  /upid &   
fooli% ?an !y are by nature1 & prev5ts  
_! writ+s  f be+ a success2 !y rema91 z 
,pope has said1      ,= ev] read+1 nev] 
to be read4--,dunciad iii4 #aid4    ,m5 
( le>n+ are ^? :o h read ! cont5ts (    
books4 ,?9k]s1  g5iuses1 & ^? :o h      
enlight5$ ! _w & fur!r$ !  race ( m51   
are ^? :o h made direct use ( ! book ( !
  _w4           99       99       99    
99       99    ,inde$1 x is only a man's
 own fundam5tal ?\ghts t h tru? &  life 
9 !m4 ,= x is ^! t he really &          
completely und]/&s4  ,to read ! ?\ghts (
 o!rs is l tak+ ! rema9s ( "s "o  else's
 meal1 l putt+ on ! disc>d$ clo!s ( a   
/rang]4    ,! ?\ght we read is relat$ to

 ! ?\ght :i* rises 9 u1 z !  fossilis$  
impress ( a prehi/oric plant is to a    
plant budd+ out 9  spr+4           99   
99       99       99       99    ,read+ 
is m]ely a sub/itute = "o's own ?\ghts4 
,a man all[s 8  ?\ghts to be put into   
lead+-/r+s4    ,fur!r1 _m books s]ve    
only to %[ h[ _m wrong pa?s !re are1  & 
h[ widely a man may /ray if he all[s    
himself to be l$ by !m4  ,b he :o is    
guid$ by 8 g5ius1 t is to say1 he :o    
?9ks =  himself1 :o ?9ks volunt>ily &   
rightly1 possesses ! compass  :]e) to   
f9d ! "r c\rse4 ,a man1 !re=e1 %\ld only
 read  :5 ! s\rce ( 8 own ?\ghts        
/agnates2 :i* is (t5 ! case  ) ! be/ (  
m9ds4    ,x is s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,_s to  
fright5 away "o's own orig9al  ?\ghts by
 tak+ up a book4 ,x is ! same z a man   
fly+ f ,nature  to look at a museum (   
dri$ plants1 or to /udy a beautiful     
l&scape  9 copp]plate4 ,a man at times  
arrives at a tru? or an idea aft]  sp5d+
 mu* "t 9 ?9k+ x out = himself1 l9k+    
toge!r 8  v>i\s ?\ghts1 :5 he might h   

f\nd ! same ?+ 9 a book2 x  is a hundr$ 
times m valuable if he has acquir$ x by 
?9k+ x  out = himself4 ,= x is only by 8
 ?9k+ x out = himself t  x ent]s z an   
integral "p1 z a liv+ memb] into ! :ole 
sy/em  ( 8 ?\ght1 & /&s 9 complete &    
firm relation ) x2 t  x is fundam5tally 
und]/ood ) all its consequ5ces1 & c>ries
  ! col\r1 ! %ade1 ! impress ( 8 own way
 ( ?9k+2 & comes  at ! v mom5t1 j z !   
necessity = x is felt1 & /&s  fa/ & _c  
be =gott54 ,?is is ! p]fect application1
 nay1  int]pretation ( ,goe!'s      ,0  
du er]bt von de95 ,vt]n ha/     ,erwirb 
es um es zu besitz54    ,! man :o ?9ks =
 himself le>ns ! au?orities = 8 op9ions 
only lat] on1 :5 !y s]ve m]ely to /r5g!n
 bo? !m &  himself2 :ile !              
book-philosoph] />ts f ! au?orities &   
o!r p's op9ions1 !refrom con/ruct+ a    
:ole = himself2 s  t he resembles an    
automaton1 ^: composition we d n und]/&4
  ,! o!r man1 ! man :o ?9ks = himself1  
on ! o!r h&1 is  l a liv+ man z made by 
nature4 ,8 m9d is impregnat$ f  )\t1 :i*

 !n be>s & br+s =? its *ild4 ,tru? t has
  be5 m]ely le>n$ adh]es to u l an      
artificial limb1 a false  too?1 a wax5  
nose1 or at be/ l "o made out ( ano!r's 
fle%2  tru? :i* is acquir$ by ?9k+ =    
oneself is l a natural  memb]3 x alone  
really belongs to u4 ,"h we t\* ^u !    
diff]5ce  betwe5 ! ?9k+ man & ! m]e man 
( le>n+4 ,!re=e !  intellectual         
acquirem5ts ( ! man :o ?9ks = himself   
are l a  f9e pa9t+ t /&s out full (     
life1 t has its light & %ade  correct1 !
 tone su/a9$1 & p]fect h>mony ( col\r4  
,!  intellectual atta9m5ts ( ! m]ely    
le>n$ man1 on ! contr>y1  resemble a big
 palette cov]$ ) e col\r1 at mo/        
sy/ematically  arrang$1 b )\t h>mony1   
relation1 & mean+4           99       99
       99       99       99    ,read+ is
 ?9k+ ) "s "o else's head in/ead ( "o's 
own4  ,b to ?9k = oneself is to endeav\r
 to develop a coh]5t :ole1 a  sy/em1 ev5
 if x is n a /rictly complete "o4 ,no?+ 
is m  h>mful ?an1 by d9t ( cont9ual     
read+1 to /r5g!n ! curr5t (  o!r p's    

?\ghts4 ,^! ?\ghts1 spr++ f diff]5t     
m9ds1  belong+ to diff]5t sy/ems1 be>+  
diff]5t col\rs1 nev] fl[  toge!r (      
!mselves into a unity ( ?\ght1 k1       
insight1 or  conviction1 b r cram ! head
 ) a ,babylonian confusion (  tongues2  
consequ5tly ! m9d becomes ov]*>g$ ) !m &
 is  depriv$ ( all cle> insight & almo/ 
disorganis$4 ,?is condition (  ?+s may  
(t5 be disc]n$ 9 _m m5 ( le>n+1 & x     
makes !m  inf]ior 9 s\nd und]/&+1       
correct judgm5t1 & practical tact to  _m
 illit]ate m51 :o1 by ! aid ( exp]i5ce1 
conv]sation1 & a  little read+1 h       
acquir$ a little k f )\t1 & made  x     
always subord9ate to & incorporat$ x )  
_! own ?\ghts4    ,! sci5tific ?9k] also
 does ?is to a mu* great] ext5t4        
,al?\gh he requires mu* k & mu/ read a  
great deal1 8 m9d  is nev]!less /rong   
en\gh to ov]come x all1 to assimilate x1
 to  incorporate x ) ! sy/em ( 8 ?\ghts1
 & to subord9ate x to  ! organic        
relative unity ( 8 insight1 :i* is va/ &
  ev]-gr[+4 ,by ?is means 8 own ?\ght1 l

 ! bass 9 an organ1  always takes ! lead
 9 ev]y?+1 & is nev] dead5$ by o!r      
s\nds1 z is ! case ) purely antiqu>ian  
m9ds2 :]e all sorts (  musical passages1
 z x 71 run into ea* o!r1 & ! fundam5tal
  tone is entirely lo/4           99    
99       99       99       99    ,! p :o
 h sp5t _! lives 9 read+ & acquir$ _!   
wisdom out ( books resemble ^? :o h     
acquir$ exact in=mation  ( a c\ntry f ! 
descriptions ( _m travell]s4 ,^! p c    
relate a great deal ab\t _m ?+s2 b at   
he>t !y h no  connect$1 cle>1 s\nd k ( !
 condition ( ! c\ntry4 ,:ile  ^? :o h   
sp5t _! life 9 ?9k+ are l ! p :o h  be5 
to t c\ntry !mselves2 !y alone really "k
 :at x is !y  are say+1 "k ! subject 9  
its entirety1 & are q at home 9  x4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,! ord9>y book-philosoph] /&s 9 ! same  
relation to a man :o  ?9ks = himself z  
an eye-witness does to ! hi/orian2 he   
speaks  f 8 own direct compreh5sion ( ! 
subject4    ,!re=e all :o ?9k = !mselves
 hold at bottom mu* ! same  views2 :5 !y

 diff] x is because !y hold diff]5t     
po9ts (  view1 b :5 ^! d n alt] ! matt] 
!y all say ! same  ?+4 ,!y m]ely express
 :at !y h grasp$ f an objective  po9t ( 
view4 ,i h frequ5tly hesitat$ to give   
passages to !  public because ( _!      
p>adoxical nature1 & aft]w>ds to my     
joyful  surprise h f\nd ! same ?\ghts   
express$ 9 ! works ( great  m5 ( long   
ago4    ,! book-philosoph]1 on ! o!r h&1
 relates :at "o man has said  & ano!r   
man meant1 & :at a ?ird has object$ to1 
& s on4 ,he  comp>es1 weighs1           
criticises1 & endeav\rs to get at ! tru?
 ( !  ?+1 & 9 ?is way resembles !       
critical hi/orian4 ,= in/ance1  he w try
 to f9d out :e!r ,leibnitz 0 n = "s "t 9
 8  life a foll[] ( ,sp9oza1 etc4 ,!    
curi\s /ud5t w f9d /rik+  examples ( :at
 ,i mean 9 ,h]b>t's ,analytical         
,elucidation ( ,morality  & ,natural    
,"r1 & 9 8 ,lett]s on ,fre$om4 ,x       
surprises u  t su* a man %\ld give      
himself s mu* tr\ble2 = x is evid5t  t  
if he _h fix$ 8 att5tion on ! matt] he  

w\ld soon h  atta9$ 8 object by ?9k+ a  
little = himself4    ,b !re is a small  
difficulty to ov]come2 a ?+ ( ?is k9d   
does  n dep5d ^u our own w4 ,"o c sit   
d[n at any "t & read1 b  n--?9k4 ,x is )
 ?\ghts z ) m53 we _c always summon  !m 
at pleasure1 b mu/ wait until !y come4  
,?\ght ab\t a subject  mu/ come ( its   
own accord by a happy & h>moni\s union (
 ext]nal  motive ) m5tal temp] &        
application2 & x is precisely t  :i*    
nev] seems to come to ^! p4    ,"o has  
an illu/ration ( ?is 9 matt]s t conc]n  
our p]sonal  int]e/4 ,if we h to come to
 a decision on a ?+ ( ?is k9d we  _c sit
 d[n at any p>ticul> mom5t & ?ra% out ! 
reasons &  arrive at a decision2 = (t5  
at su* a "t our ?\ghts _c be  fix$1 b w 
w&] (f to o!r ?+s2 a dislike to !       
subject is  sometimes responsible = ?is4
 ,we %\ld n use =ce1 b wait until  !    
mood appe>s ( itself2 x frequ5tly comes 
unexpect$ly & ev5  repeats itself2 !    
diff]5t moods :i* possess u at ! diff]5t
  times ?r[+ ano!r light on ! matt]4 ,x 

is ?is long process  :i* is und]/ood by 
a ripe resolution4 ,= ! task ( mak+ up  
our m9d mu/ be di/ribut$2 mu* t has be5 
previ\sly ov]look$  occurs to u2 !      
av]sion also disappe>s1 =1 aft] exam9+ !
  matt] clos]1 x seems mu* m tol]able   
?an x 0 at fir/ sight4    ,& 9 !ory x is
 j ! same3 a man mu/ wait = ! "r mom5t2 
ev5 ! greate/ m9d is n always able to   
?9k = itself at all  times4 ,!re=e x is 
advisable = x to use its sp>e mom5ts 9  
read+1 :i*1 z has be5 said1 is a        
sub/itute = "o's own ?\ght2  9 ?is way  
mat]ial is import$ to ! m9d by lett+    
ano!r ?9k  = u1 al?\gh x is always 9 a  
way :i* is diff]5t f our own4  ,= ?is   
reason a man %\ld n read too mu*1 9 ord]
 t 8 m9d  does n become accu/om$ to !   
sub/itute1 & consequ5tly ev5  =get !    
matt] 9 "q2 t x may n get us$ to walk+ 9
  pa?s t h already be5 trodd51 & by     
foll[+ a =eign c\rse  ( ?\ght =get its  
own4 ,lea/ ( all %\ld a man = ! sake (  
read+ entirely )draw 8 att5tion f ! real
 _w3 z !  impulse & temp] :i* lead "o to

 ?9k = oneself proce$ (t5]  f x ?an f   
read+2 = x is ! visible & real _w 9 its 
primitiv5ess & /r5g? t is ! natural     
subject ( ! ?9k+  m9d1 & is able m      
easily ?an any?+ else to r\se x4 ,aft]  
^! consid]ations x w n surprise u to f9d
 t ! ?9k+  man c easily be di/+ui%$ f ! 
book-philosoph] by 8 m>k$  e>ne/ness1   
directness1 & orig9ality1 ! p]sonal     
conviction ( all  8 ?\ghts &            
expressions3 ! book-philosoph]1 on ! o!r
 h&1  has ev]y?+ second-h&2 8 ideas are 
l a collection ( old rags  obta9$ anyh[2
 he is dull & po9tless1 resembl+ a copy 
( a copy4  ,8 /yle1 :i* is full (       
conv5tional1 nay1 vulg> phrases &       
curr5t t]ms1 resembles a small /ate :]e 
!re is a circulation (  =eign money     
because x co9s none ( its own4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,m]e exp]i5ce c z little z read+ take ! 
place ( ?\ght4 ,m]e  empiricism be>s !  
same relation to ?9k+ z eat+ to dige/ion
  & assimilation4 ,:5 exp]i5ce boa/s t x
 alone1 by its  discov]ies1 has advanc$ 

human k1 x is z ?\gh ! m\?  boa/$ t x 0 
its "w alone to ma9ta9 ! body4    ,!    
works ( all really capable m9ds are     
di/+ui%$ f all o!r  works by a "* (     
decision & def9it5ess1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 
( lucidity & cle>ness4 ,?is is because  
m9ds l ^! "k  def9itely & cle>ly :at !y 
wi% to express--:e!r x be 9  prose1 9   
v]se1 or 9 music4 ,o!r m9ds are want+ 9 
?is decision  & cle>ness1 & !re=e may be
 in/antly recognis$4    ,! *>act]i/ic   
sign ( a m9d ( ! highe/ /&>d is !       
directness ( its judgm5t4 ,ev]y?+ x     
utt]s is ! result (  ?9k+ = itself2 ?is 
is %[n ev]y:]e 9 ! way x gives          
expression to its ?\ghts4 ,!re=e x is1 l
 a pr9ce1 an imp]ial  director 9 ! realm
 ( intellect4 ,all o!r m9ds are m]e     
delegates1  z may be se5 by _! /yle1 :i*
 has no /amp ( its own4    ,h5ce e true 
?9k] = himself is s f> l a mon>*2 he is 
absolute1 & recognises nobody above him4
 ,8 judgm5ts1 l !  decrees ( a mon>*1   
spr+ f 8 own sov]eign p[] & proce$      
directly f himself4 ,he takes z little  

notice ( au?ority z a  mon>* does ( a   
comm&2 no?+ is valid unless he has      
himself  au?oris$ x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? ( 
vulg> m9ds1 :o are sway$  by all k9ds ( 
curr5t op9ions1 au?orities1 &           
prejudices1 are l  ! p :i* 9 sil5ce obey
 ! law & comm&s4           99       99  
99       99       99    ,! p :o are s   
eag] & impati5t to settle disput$       
que/ions1  by br++ =w>d au?orities1 are 
really glad :5 !y c place !  und]/&+ &  
insight ( "s "o else 9 ! field 9 place (
  _! own1 :i* are defici5t4 ,_! numb] is
 legion4 ,=1 z ,s5eca  says1            
,unusquisque mavult cr$]e1 quam judic>e4
    ,! weapon !y commonly use 9 _!      
controv]sies is t (  au?orities3 !y     
/rike ea* o!r ) x1 & :oev] is drawn into
  ! fray w d well n to def5d himself )  
reason & argum5ts2  = aga9/ a weapon (  
?is k9d !y are l horn$ ,siegfri$s1      
imm]s$ 9 a flood ( incapacity = ?9k+ &  
judg+4 ,!y w  br+ =w>d _! au?orities z  
an argum5tum ad v]ecundiam &  !n cry    
victoria4           99       99       99

       99       99    ,9 ! realm (      
reality1 h[ev] fair1 happy1 & pleasant x
 may prove  to be1 we always move       
controll$ by ! law ( gravity1 :i* we mu/
 be  unceas+ly ov]com+4 ,:ile 9 ! realm 
( ?\ght we are disembodi$  spirits1     
uncontroll$ by ! law ( gravity & free f 
p5ury4    ,?is is :y !re is no happ9ess 
on e>? l t :i* at !  propiti\s mom5t a  
f9e & fruitful m9d f9ds 9 itself4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,! pres5ce ( a ?\ght is l ! pres5ce (   
our belov$4 ,we  imag9e we %all nev]    
=get ?is ?\ght1 & t ?is lov$ "o  c\ld   
nev] be indiff]5t to u4 ,b out ( sight  
out ( m9d6 ,!  f9e/ ?\ght runs ! risk ( 
be+ irrevocably =gott5 if x is n  writt5
 d[n1 & ! de> "o ( be+ =sak5 if we d n  
m>ry h]4           99       99       99 
99       99    ,!re are _m ?\ghts :i*   
are valuable to ! man :o ?9ks !m2  b out
 ( !m only a few :i* possess /r5g? to   
produce ei!r  rep]cussion or reflex     
action1 t is1 to w9 ! read]'s sympa?y   
aft] !y h be5 writt5 d[n4 ,x is :at a   

man has ?\ght out  directly = himself t 
alone has true value4 ,?9k]s may be     
class$ z foll[s3 ^? :o1 9 ! fir/ place1 
?9k = !mselves1  & ^? :o ?9k directly = 
o!rs4 ,! =m] ?9k]s are !  g5u9e1 !y ?9k 
= !mselves 9 bo? s5ses ( ! ^w2 !y  are !
 true philosoph]s2 !y alone are 9 e>ne/4
 ,moreov]1 !  enjoym5t & happ9ess ( _!  
exi/5ce consi/ 9 ?9k+4 ,!  o!rs are !   
sophi/s2 !y wi% to seem1 & seek _!      
happ9ess  9 :at !y hope to get f o!r p2 
_! e>ne/ness consi/s  9 ?is4 ,to :i* (  
^! two classes a man belongs is soon se5
 by 8  :ole me?od & mann]4 ,li*t5b]g is 
an example ( ! fir/ class1  :ile ,h]d]  
obvi\sly belongs to ! second4           
99       99       99       99       99  
,:5 "o consid]s h[ great & h[ close to u
 ! problem (  exi/5ce is1--?is          
equivocal1 torm5t$1 fleet+1 dream-l     
exi/5ce--s great & s close t z soon z "o
 p]ceives x1 x  ov]%ad[s & conceals all 
o!r problems & aims2--& :5 "o sees  h[  
all m5--) a few & r>e exceptions--are n 
cle>ly consci\s  ( ! problem1 nay1 d n  

ev5 seem to see x1 b tr\ble !mselves    
ab\t ev]y?+ else r ?an ?is1 & live on   
tak+ ?\ght only  = ! pres5t day & !     
sc>cely long] span ( _! own p]sonal     
future1 :ile !y ei!r expressly give !   
problem up or are ready to  agree ) x1  
by ! aid ( "s sy/em ( popul>            
metaphysics1 & are  satisfi$ ) ?is2--:5 
"o1 ,i say1 reflects ^u ?is1 s may "o be
  ( ! op9ion t man is a ?9k+ be+ only 9 
a v remote  s5se1 & n feel any special  
surprise at any trait ( ?\ghtlessness   
or folly2 b "k1 r1 t ! intellectual     
outlook ( ! normal  man inde$ surpasses 
t ( ! brute1--^: :ole exi/5ce resembles 
a cont9ual pres5t )\t any consci\sness (
 ! future or !  pa/--b1 h[ev]1 n to su* 
an ext5t z "o is wont to suppose4    ,& 
correspond+ to ?is1 we f9d 9 !          
conv]sation ( mo/ m5 t  _! ?\ghts are   
cut up z small z *aff1 mak+ x impossible
 =  !m to sp9 out ! ?read ( _! disc\rse 
to any l5g?4 ,if ?is  _w 7 peopl$ by    
really ?9k+ be+s1 noise ( e k9d w\ld  n 
be s univ]sally tol]at$1 z inde$ ! mo/  

horrible & aimless  =m ( x is4#ab ,if   
,nature _h int5d$ man to ?9k %e w\ld n  
h giv5 him e>s1 or1 at any rate1 %e w\ld
 h furni%$ !m )  air-tight flaps l !    
bat1 :i* = ?is reason is to be envi$4   
,b1 9 tru?1 man is l ! re/1 a poor      
animal1 ^: p[]s are  calculat$ only to  
ma9ta9 him dur+ 8 exi/5ce2 !re=e he     
requires to h 8 e>s always op5 to       
ann\nce ( !mselves1 by  night z by day1 
! approa* ( ! pursu]4    ,,footnotes3   
#ab ,see ,essay on ,noise1 p4 #bh4      
,,%ort ,,dialogue ,,on    ,,!           
,,inde/ructibility ,,( ,,our ,,true     
,,be+ ,,by ,,dea?4      ,?rasyma*os4    
,tell me briefly1 :at %all ,i be aft] my
 dea?8 ,be  cle> & precise4             
,philale!s4 ,ev]y?+ & no?+4    ,?ras4 ,t
 is :at ,i expect$4 ,y solve ! problem  
by a  contradiction4 ,t trick is play$  
out4    ,phil4 ,to answ] transc5d5tal   
que/ions 9 language t is made =  imman5t
 k mu/ assur$ly lead to a contradiction4
    ,?ras4 ,:at d y call transc5d5tal k1
 & :at imman5t8  ,x is true ^!          

expressions are kn[n to me1 = my        
pr(essor us$  !m1 b only z pr$icates (  
,god1 & z 8 philosophy _h  exclusively  
to d ) ,god1 _! use 0 q appropriate4 ,= 
in/ance1 if ,god 0 9 ! _w1 ,he 0        
imman5t2 if ,he 0 some:]e  outside x1   
,he 0 transc5d5t4 ,t is cle> &          
compreh5sible4 ,"o  kn[s h[ ?+s /&4 ,b  
y\r old-fa%ion$ ,kantian doctr9e is no  
long] und]/ood4 ,!re has be5 q a        
succession ( great m5 9 !  metropolis ( 
,g]man le>n+----    ,phil4 7aside74     
,g]man philosophical nons5se6           
,?ras4----su* z ! em95t ,s*lei]ma*] & t 
gigantic m9d  ,hegel2 & to-day we h left
 all t sort ( ?+ beh9d1 or r  we are s  
f> ahead ( x t x is out ( date & kn[n no
 m4  ,!re=e1 :at good is x8    ,phil4   
,transc5d5tal k is t :i*1 go+ beyond !  
b\nd>y ( possible exp]i5ce1 endeav\rs to
 det]m9e ! nature (  ?+s z !y are 9     
!mselves2 :ile imman5t k keeps itself   
)9 ! b\nd>y ( possible exp]i5ce1 !re=e x
 c only apply  to ph5om5a4 ,z an        
individual1 ) y\r dea? !re w be an end (

  y4 ,b y\r individuality is n y\r true 
& f9al be+1 inde$ x  is r ! m]e         
expression ( x2 x is n ! ?+-9-itself b  
only ! ph5om5on pres5t$ 9 ! =m ( "t1 &  
accord+ly has  bo? a beg9n+ & an end4   
,y\r be+ 9 itself1 on ! contr>y1  kn[s  
nei!r "t1 nor beg9n+1 nor end1 nor !    
limits ( a giv5  individuality2 h5ce no 
individuality c be )\t x1 b x is !re  9 
ea* & all4 ,s t1 9 ! fir/ s5se1 aft]    
dea? y become  no?+2 9 ! second1 y are &
 rema9 ev]y?+4 ,t is :y ,i  said t aft] 
dea? y w\ld be all & no?+4 ,x is        
difficult to  give y a m exact answ] to 
y\r "q ?an ?is & to be brief  at ! same 
"t2 b "h we h und\bt$ly ano!r           
contradiction2  ?is is because y\r life 
is 9 "t & y\r immortality 9 et]nity4    
,h5ce y\r immortality may be said to be 
some?+ t is  inde/ructible & yet has no 
endurance--:i* is aga9 contradictory1  y
 see4 ,?is is :at happ5s :5 transc5d5tal
 k is br\ght  )9 ! b\nd>y ( imman5t k2 9
 do+ ?is "s sort (  viol5ce is done to !
 latt]1 s9ce x is us$ = ?+s = :i* x  0 n

 int5d$4    ,?ras4 ,li/52 )\t ,i reta9  
my individuality ,i %all n give a  s\ = 
y\r immortality4    ,phil4 ,p]haps y w  
all[ me to expla9 fur!r4 ,suppose ,i    
gu>antee t y w reta9 y\r individuality1 
on condition1  h[ev]1 t y sp5d ?ree     
mon?s 9 absolute unconsci\sness be=e  y 
awak54    ,?ras4 ,i cons5t to t4        
,phil4 ,well !n1 z we h no idea ( "t :5 
9 a p]fectly  unconsci\s /ate1 x is all 
! same to u :5 we are dead :e!r  ?ree   
mon?s or t5 ?\s& ye>s pass away 9 ! _w (
  consci\sness4 ,= 9 ! "o case1 z 9 !   
o!r1 we mu/ accept on  fai? & tru/ :at  
we are told :5 we awake4 ,accord+ly x w 
be  all ! same to y :e!r y\r            
individuality is re/or$ to y aft]  !    
lapse ( ?ree mon?s or t5 ?\s& ye>s4     
,?ras4 ,at bottom1 t _c v well be d5i$4 
,phil4 ,b if1 at ! end ( ^? t5 ?\s&     
ye>s1 "s "o has  q =gott5 to wak5 y1 ,i 
imag9e t y w\ld h become  accu/om$ to t 
long /ate ( non-exi/5ce1 foll[+ su* a v 
%ort exi/5ce1 & t ! mis=tune w\ld n be v
 great4  ,h[ev]1 x is q c]ta9 t y w\ld  

"k no?+ ab\t x4 ,&  aga91 x w\ld fully  
console y to "k t ! my/]i\s p[]  :i*    
gives life to y\r pres5t ph5om5on _h    
nev] ceas$ = "o  mom5t dur+ ! t5 ?\s&   
ye>s to produce o!r ph5om5a ( a  l      
nature & to give !m life4    ,?ras4     
,inde$6 ,& s x is 9 ?is way t y fancy y 
c  quietly1 & )\t my kn[+1 *eat me ( my 
individuality8 ,b y  _c coz5 me 9 ?is   
way4 ,i h /ipulat$ = ! reta9+ ( my      
individuality1 & nei!r my/]i\s =ces nor 
ph5om5a c console  me = ! loss ( x4 ,x  
is de> to me1 & ,i %all n let x g4      
,phil4 ,t is to say1 y reg>d y\r        
individuality z some?+ s  v delightful1 
excell5t1 p]fect1 & incomp>able t !re is
  no?+ bett] ?an x2 w\ld y n ex*ange x =
 ano!r1 accord+  to :at is told u1 t is 
bett] & m la/+8    ,?ras4 ,look "h1 be  
my individuality :at x may1 x is myself1
      ,= ,god is ,god1 & ,i am ,i4      
,i--,i--,i want to exi/6 ,t is :at ,i   
c>e ab\t1 & n an exi/5ce  :i* has to be 
reason$ out fir/ 9 ord] to %[ t x is    
m9e4    ,phil4 ,look :at y are do+6 ,:5 

y say1 ,i--,i--,i want to exi/  y alone 
d n say ?is1 b ev]y?+1 absolutely       
ev]y?+1 t  has only a ve/ige (          
consci\sness4 ,consequ5tly ?is desire ( 
y\rs  is j t :i* is n individual b :i*  
is common to all  )\t di/9ction4 ,x does
 n proce$ f individuality1 b f  exi/5ce 
9 g5]al2 x is ! ess5tial 9 ev]y?+ t     
exi/s1  nay1 x is t :]eby any?+ has     
exi/5ce at all2 accord+ly x  is conc]n$ 
& satisfi$ only ) exi/5ce 9 g5]al & n ) 
any def9ite individual exi/5ce2 ?is is n
 its aim4 ,x has !  appe>ance ( be+ s   
because x c atta9 consci\sness only 9 an
  individual exi/5ce1 & consequ5tly     
looks z if x 7 entirely  conc]n$ ) t4   
,?is is no?+ b an illusion :i* has      
entangl$  ! individual2 b by reflection1
 x c be dissipat$ & we ourselves  set   
free4 ,x is only indirectly t !         
individual has ?is great  long+ =       
exi/5ce2 x is ! w to live 9 g5]al t has 
?is  long+ directly & really1 a long+ t 
is "o & ! same 9  ev]y?+4 ,s9ce1 !n1    
exi/5ce itself is ! free "w ( ! w1  nay1

 ! m]e reflection ( x1 exi/5ce _c be    
ap>t f w1 &  ! latt] w be provisionally 
satisfi$ ) exi/5ce 9 g5]al1 9  s f>1    
namely1 z t :i* is et]nally dissatisfi$ 
c be  satisfi$4 ,! w is indiff]5t to    
individuality2 x has no?+ to  d ) x1    
al?\gh x appe>s to1 because ! individual
 is only  directly consci\s ( w 9       
himself4 ,f ?is x is to be ga!r$  t !   
individual c>efully gu>ds 8 own exi/5ce2
 moreov]1 if  ?is 7 n s1 ! pres]vation (
 ! species w\ld n be assur$4  ,f all ?is
 x foll[s t individuality is n a /ate ( 
p]fection  b ( limitation2 s t to be    
fre$ f x is n loss b r  ga94 ,don't let 
?is tr\ble y any fur!r1 x w1 =soo?1     
appe>  to y bo? *ildi% & extremely      
ridicul\s :5 y completely &  ?or\ghly   
recognise :at y are1 namely1 t y\r own  
exi/5ce is  ! univ]sal w to live4       
,?ras4 ,y are *ildi% y\rself & extremely
 ridicul\s1 & s are  all philosoph]s2 & 
:5 a s$ate man l myself lets himself 9 =
  a qu>t] ( an h\r's talk ) su* fools1 x
 is m]ely = ! sake  ( amusem5t & to :ile

 away ! "t4 ,i h m important matt]s  to 
look to n[2 s1 adieu6                   
,,religion4    ,a ,,dialogue4           
,demopheles4 ,betwe5 ourselves1 de> old 
fri5d1 ,i am sometimes  dissatisfi$ ) y 
9 y\r capacity z philosoph]2 y talk     
s>ca/ically ab\t religion1 nay1 op5ly   
ridicule x4 ,! religion (  e "o is sacr$
 to him1 & s x %\ld be to y4            
,philale!s4 ,nego consequ5tiam6 ,i don't
 see at all :y ,i %\ld h  respect = lies
 & frauds because o!r p are /upid4 ,i   
respect  tru? ev]y:]e1 & x is precisely 
= t reason t ,i _c  respect any?+ t is  
oppos$ to x4 ,my maxim is1 ,vigeat      
v]itas1 et  p]eat mundus1 ! same z !    
lawy]'s ,fiat ju/itia1 et p]eat  mundus4
 ,e pr(ession ought to h an analog\s    
device4    ,demop4 ,!n t ( ! m$ical     
pr(ession w\ld be1 ,fiant pilulae1  et  
p]eat mundus1 :i* w\ld be ! easie/ to   
c>ry out4    ,phil4 ,heav5 =bid6 ,ev]y?+
 mu/ be tak5 cum grano salis4    ,demop4
 ,exactly2 & x is j = t reason t ,i want
 y to  accept religion cum grano salis1 

& to see t ! ne$s ( !  p mu/ be met     
accord+ to _! p[]s ( compreh5sion4      
,religion  af=ds ! only means (         
proclaim+ & mak+ ! masses ( crude  m9ds 
& awkw>d intellig5ces1 sunk 9 petty     
pursuits & mat]ial  "w1 feel ! high     
import ( life4 ,= ! ord9>y type ( man1  
prim>ily1 has no ?\ght = any?+ else b   
:at satisfies 8  physical ne$s & long+s1
 & accord+ly af=ds him a little         
amusem5t & pa/ime4 ,f\nd]s ( religion & 
philosoph]s come into  ! _w to %ake him 
out ( 8 torpidity & %[ him ! high       
significance ( exi/5ce3 philosoph]s = ! 
few1 ! emancipat$2  f\nd]s ( religion = 
! _m1 humanity at l>ge4 ,=     1 z y\r  
fri5d ,plato has said1 & y %\ld n  =get 
x4 ,religion is ! metaphysics ( ! p1 :i*
 by all means  !y mu/ keep2 & h5ce x mu/
 be et]nally respect$1 = to  discr$it x 
means tak+ x away4 ,j z !re is popul>   
poetry1  popul> wisdom 9 prov]bs1 s too 
!re mu/ be popul> metaphysics2  = mank9d
 requires mo/ c]ta9ly an int]pretation (
 life1 & x  mu/ be 9 keep+ ) its p[] (  

compreh5sion4 ,s t ?is  int]pretation is
 at all times an allegorical inve/iture 
( ! tru?1  & x fulfils1 z f> z practical
 life & our feel+s are  conc]n$--t is to
 say1 z a guidance 9 our affairs1 & z a 
com=t & consolation 9 suff]+ &          
dea?--p]haps j z mu* z  tru? itself     
c\ld1 if we possess$ x4 ,don't be hurt  
at its unpoli%$1  b>oque1 & app>5tly    
absurd =m1 = y1 ) y\r education &       
le>n+1 _c imag9e ! r\ndab\t ways t mu/  
be us$ 9 ord]  to make p 9 _! crude /ate
 und]/& deep tru?s4 ,! v>i\s  religions 
are only v>i\s =ms 9 :i* ! p grasp &    
und]/& ! tru?1 :i* 9 itself !y c\ld n   
grasp1 & :i* is  insep>able f ^! =ms4   
,!re=e1 my de> fell[1 don't be          
displeas$ if ,i tell y t to ridicule ^! 
=ms is bo?  n>r[-m9d$ & unju/4    ,phil4
 ,b is x n equally n>r[-m9d$ & unju/ to 
require t  !re %all be no o!r           
metaphysics b ?is "o cut out to meet !  
ne$s & compreh5sion ( ! p8 t its tea*+s 
%all be !  b\nd>y ( human rese>*es & !  
/&>d ( all ?\ght1 s t  ! metaphysics ( !

 few1 ! emancipat$1 z y call !m1 mu/ aim
  at confirm+1 /r5g!n+1 & int]pret+ !   
metaphysics ( !  p8 ,t is1 t ! highe/   
faculties ( ! human m9d mu/  rema9 unus$
 & undevelop$1 nay1 be nipp$ 9 ! bud1 s 
t _!  activity may n ?w>t ! popul>      
metaphysics8 ,& at bottom are n  !      
claims t religion makes j ! same8 ,is x 
"r to h  tol]ance1 nay1 g5tle =be>ance1 
prea*$ by :at is intol]ance &  cruelty  
itself8 ,let me rem9d y ( ! h]etical    
tribunals1  inquisitions1 religi\s w>s &
 crusades1 ( ,socrates' cup ( poison1  (
 ,bruno's & ,van9i's dea? 9 ! flames4 ,&
 is all ?is to-day  some?+ belong+ to ! 
pa/8 ,:at c /& m 9 ! way (  g5u9e       
philosophical ef=t1 hone/ inquiry aft]  
tru?1 ! noble/  call+ ( ! noble/ (      
mank9d1 ?an ?is conv5tional sy/em (     
metaphysics inve/$ ) a monopoly f !     
,/ate1 ^: pr9ciples  are inculcat$ s    
e>ne/ly1 deeply1 & firmly into e head 9 
e>lie/ y\? z to make !m1 unless ! m9d is
 ( miracul\s  ela/icity1 become         
in]adicable8 ,! result is t ! basis (   

heal?y  reason+ is once & = all         
d]ang$--9 o!r words1 its feeble         
capacity = ?9k+ = itself1 & = unbiass$  
judgm5t 9 reg>d  to ev]y?+ to :i* x     
might be appli$1 is = ev] p>alys$ &     
ru9$4    ,demop1 ,:i* really means t ! p
 h ga9$ a conviction  :i* !y w n give up
 9 ord] to accept y\rs 9 its place4     
,phil4 ,ah6 if x 7 only conviction bas$ 
on insight1 "o w\ld !n  be able to br+  
=w>d argum5ts & fight ! battle ) equal  
weapons4 ,b religions admitt$ly d n l5d 
!mselves to conviction  aft] argum5t has
 be5 br\ght to be>1 b to belief z br\ght
 ab\t  by revelation4 ,! capacity =     
belief is /ronge/ 9 *ildhood2  !re=e "o 
is mo/ c>eful to take possession ( ?is  
t5d] age4 ,x  is mu* m ?r\gh ?is ?an    
?r\gh ?reats & reports ( miracles  t !  
doctr9es ( belief take root4 ,if 9 e>ly 
*ildhood c]ta9  fundam5tal views &      
doctr9es are prea*$ ) unusual solemnity 
&  9 a mann] ( great e>ne/ness1 ! l (   
:i* has nev] be5 se5  be=e1 & if1 too1 !
 possibility ( a d\bt ab\t !m is ei!r   

completely ignor$ or only t\*$ ^u 9 ord]
 to %[ t d\bt is  ! fir/ /ep to ev]la/+ 
p]dition2 ! result is t !  impression w 
be s pr(\nd t1 z a rule1 t is to say 9  
almo/  e case1 a man w be almo/ z       
incapable ( d\bt+ ! tru? (  ^? doctr9es 
z he is ( d\bt+ 8 own exi/5ce4 ,h5ce x  
is  sc>cely "o 9 _m ?\s&s t has ! /r5g? 
( m9d to hone/ly  & s]i\sly ask         
himself--is t true8 ,^? :o are able to d
 ?is  h be5 m appropriately /yl$ /rong  
m9ds1 esprits =ts1 ?an  is imag9$4 ,= ! 
commonplace m9d1 h[ev]1 !re is no?+ s   
absurd or revolt+ b :at1 if inoculat$ 9 
?is way1 ! firme/  belief 9 x w take    
root4 ,if1 = example1 ! kill+ ( a h]etic
  or an infidel 7 an ess5tial matt] = ! 
future salvation ( !  s\l1 almo/ e "o   
w\ld make x ! pr9cipal object ( 8 life1 
& 9 dy+ get consolation & /r5g? f !     
remembrance ( 8  hav+ succe$$2 j z1 9   
tru?1 9 =m] times almo/ e  ,spani>d     
look$ ^u an auto da f z ! mo/ pi\s (    
acts & "o  mo/ pleas+ to ,god4    ,we h 
an analogy to ?is 9 ,india 9 ! ,?ugs1 a 

religi\s body  q rec5tly suppress$ by ! 
,engli%1 :o execut$ numb]s ( !m4  ,!y   
%[$ _! reg>d = religion & v5]ation = !  
goddess  ,kali by assass9at+ at e       
opportunity _! own fri5ds &             
fell[-travell]s1 s t !y might obta9 _!  
possessions1 & !y  7 s]i\sly conv9c$ t  
!reby !y _h accompli%$ some?+  t 0      
praisewor?y & w\ld contribute to _!     
et]nal welf>e4 ,!  p[] ( religi\s dogma1
 t has be5 inculcat$ e>ly1 is s great  t
 x de/roys consci5ce1 & f9ally all      
compassion & s5se (  humanity4 ,b if y  
wi% to see ) y\r own eyes1 & close at   
h&1  :at e>ly inoculation ( belief does1
 look at ! ,engli%4 ,look at ?is        
nation1 fav\r$ by nature be=e all o!rs1 
end[$ be=e all o!rs  ) reason1          
intellig5ce1 p[] ( judgm5t1 & firmness (
 "*2  look at ^! p degrad$1 nay1 made   
despicable among all o!rs by  _! /upid  
ecclesia/ical sup]/ition1 :i* among _!  
o!r  capacities appe>s l a fix$ idea1 a 
monomania4 ,= ?is !y h to  ?ank ! cl]gy 
9 ^: h&s education is1 & :o take c>e to 

inculcate all ! articles1 ( belief at ! 
e>lie/ age 9 su* a way  z to result 9 a 
k9d ( p>tial p>alysis ( ! bra92 ?is !n  
%[s itself ?r\gh\t _! :ole life 9 a     
silly bigotry1 mak+ ev5  extremely      
intellig5t & capable p among !m degrade 
!mselves  s t !y become q an enigma to  
u4 ,if we consid] h[ ess5tial  to su* a 
ma/]piece is inoculation ( belief 9 !   
t5d] age (  *ildhood1 ! sy/em ( missions
 appe>s no long] m]ely z ! height  (    
human importunity1 arrogance1 &         
imp]t95ce1 b also (  absurdity2 9 s f> z
 x does n conf9e itself to p :o are     
/ill 9 ! /age ( *ildhood1 su* z !       
,hott5tots1 ,kaffirs1  ,s\? ,sea        
,isl&]s1 & o!rs l !m1 among :om x has   
be5 really  successful4 ,:ile1 on ! o!r 
h&1 9 ,india ! ,brahmans receive !      
doctr9es ( mission>ies ei!r ) a smile ( 
condesc5d+ approval  or refuse !m ) a   
%rug ( _! %\ld]s2 & among ^! p  9 g5]al1
 not)/&+ ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances1 !
  mission>ies' attempts at conv]sion are
 usually wreck$4 ,an au!ntic  report 9  

vol4 xxi4 ( ! ,asiatic ,j\rnal ( #ahbf  
%[s t aft] s  _m ye>s ( mission>y       
activity 9 ! :ole ( ,india 7( :i* !     
,engli% possessions alone am\nt to "o   
hundr$ & fifte5 million  inhabitants7   
!re are n m ?an ?ree hundr$ liv+ conv]ts
 to be  f\nd2 & at ! same "t x is       
admitt$ t ! ,*ri/ian conv]ts  are       
di/+ui%$ = _! extreme immorality4 ,!re  
are only ?ree  hundr$ v5al & brib$ s\ls 
out ( s _m millions4 ,i _c see  t x has 
gone bett] ) ,*ri/ianity 9 ,india s9ce  
!n1 al?\gh  ! mission>ies are n[ try+1  
contr>y to agreem5t1 to "w on !         
*ildr5's m9ds 9 s*ools exclusively      
devot$ to secul> ,engli%  in/ruction1 9 
ord] to smuggle 9 ,*ri/ianity1 aga9/    
:i*1  h[ev]1 ! ,h9doos are mo/ jeal\sly 
on _! gu>d4 ,=1 z has be5  said1        
*ildhood is ! "t1 & n manhood1 to s[ !  
se$s (  belief1 especially :]e an e>li] 
belief has tak5 root4 ,an acquir$       
conviction1 h[ev]1 t is assum$ by matur$
 conv]ts s]ves1  g5]ally1 z only ! mask 
= "s k9d ( p]sonal int]e/4 ,& x  is !   

feel+ t ?is c\ld h>dly be o!rwise t     
makes a man1 :o  *anges 8 religion at   
maturity1 despis$ by mo/ p ev]y:]e2 a   
fact :i* reveals t !y d n reg>d religion
 z a matt] (  reason$ conviction b m]ely
 z a belief inoculat$ 9 e>ly  *ildhood1 
be=e x has be5 put to any te/4 ,t !y are
 "r 9  look+ at religion 9 ?is way is to
 be ga!r$ f ! fact t x  is n only !     
bl9d1 cr$ul\s masses1 b also ! cl]gy ( e
  religion1 :o1 z su*1 h /udi$ its      
s\rces1 argum5ts1 dogmas &  diff]5ces1  
:o cl+ fai?fully & zeal\sly z a body to 
!  religion ( _! fa!rl&2 consequ5tly x  
is ! r>e/ ?+ 9 !  _w = a prie/ to *ange 
f "o religion or cre$ to ano!r4 ,=      
in/ance1 we see t ! ,ca?olic cl]gy are  
absolutely conv9c$ (  ! tru? ( all !    
pr9ciples ( _! ,*ur*1 & t !  ,prote/ants
 are also ( !irs1 & t bo? def5d !       
pr9ciples (  _! confession ) l zeal4 ,& 
yet ! conviction is ! outcome  m]ely ( !
 c\ntry 9 :i* ea* is born3 ! tru? ( !   
,ca?olic  dogma is p]fectly cle> to !   
cl]gy ( ,s\? ,g]many1 ! ,prote/ant  to !

 cl]gy ( ,nor? ,g]many4 ,if1 !re=e1 ^!  
convictions re/ on  objective reasons1  
^! reasons mu/ be climatic & ?rive l    
plants1 "s only "h1 "s only !re4 ,!     
masses ev]y:]e1 h[ev]1  accept on tru/ &
 fai? ! convictions ( ^? :o are locally 
conv9c$4    ,demop4 ,t doesn't matt]1 = 
ess5tially x makes no diff]5ce4  ,=     
in/ance1 ,prote/antism 9 reality is m   
suit$ to ! nor?1  ,ca?olicism to ! s\?4 
,phil4 ,s x appe>s4 ,/ill1 ,i take a    
high] po9t ( view1 & h  be=e me a m     
important object1 namely1 ! progress ( !
 k  ( tru? among ! human race4 ,x is a  
frightful condition ( ?+s  t1 :]ev] a   
man is born1 c]ta9 propositions are     
inculcat$ 9 8  e>lie/ y\?1 & he is      
assur$ t "u p5alty ( =feit+  et]nal     
salvation he may nev] ent]ta9 any d\bt  
ab\t !m2 9 s  f>1 t is1 z !y are        
propositions :i* influ5ce ! f\ndation ( 
all our o!r k & accord+ly decide = ev]  
our po9t (  view1 & if !y are false1    
upset x = ev]4 ,fur!r1 z !  influ5ces   
drawn f ^! propositions make inroads    

ev]y:]e into  ! entire sy/em ( our k1 ! 
:ole ( human k is  ?r\gh & ?r\gh affect$
 by !m4 ,?is is prov$ by e  lit]ature1 &
 mo/ conspicu\sly by t ( ! ,middle ,age1
 b also1  9 too great an ext5t1 by t ( !
 fifte5? & sixte5?  c5turies4 ,we see h[
 p>alys$ ev5 ! m9ds ( ! fir/ rank ( all 
^? epo*s 7 by su* false fundam5tal      
conceptions2 & h[  especially all       
insight into ! true sub/ance & work+ (  
,nature 0  hemm$ 9 on e side4 ,dur+ !   
:ole ( ! ,*ri/ian p]iod ,!ism  lay l a  
k9d ( oppressive nightm>e on all        
intellectual ef=t1 &  on philosophical  
ef=t 9 p>ticul>1 h9d]+ & arre/+ all     
progress4 ,= ! m5 ( le>n+ ( ^? epo*s1   
,god1 devil1 angels1  demons1 hid ! :ole
 ( ,nature2 no inve/igation 0 c>ri$ out 
to !  end1 no matt] sift$ to ! bottom2  
ev]y?+ t 0 beyond ! mo/  obvi\s causal  
nexus 0 imm$iately attribut$ to ^!2 s t1
 z  ,pomponatius express$ himself at !  
"t1 ,c]te philosophi nihil  v]isimile   
hab5t ad haec1 qu>e necesse e/1 ad      
,deum1 ad angelos et  daemones recurr]e4

 ,x is true t !re is a suspicion ( irony
 9  :at ?is man says1 z 8 malice 9 o!r  
ways is kn[n1 nev]!less  he has express$
 ! g5]al way ( ?9k+ ( 8 age4 ,if any "o1
 on  ! o!r h&1 possess$ t r>e ela/icity 
( m9d :i* alone  enabl$ him to free     
himself f ! fett]s1 8 writ+s1 & he      
himself ) !m1 7 burnt2 z happ5$ to      
,bruno & ,van9i4 ,b h[  absolutely      
p>alys$ ! ord9>y m9d is by t e>ly       
metaphysical  prep>ation may be se5 mo/ 
/rik+ly1 & f its mo/ ridicul\s  side1 :5
 x und]takes to criticise ! doctr9es ( a
 =eign belief4  ,"o f9ds ! ord9>y man1 z
 a rule1 m]ely try+ to c>efully prove  t
 ! dogmas ( ! =eign belief d n agree )  
^? ( 8  own2 he lab\rs to expla9 t n    
only d !y n say ! same1 b  c]ta9ly d n  
mean ! same ?+ z 84 ,) t he fancies 9 8 
simplicity t he has prov$ ! falsity ( ! 
doctr9es ( ! ali5  belief4 ,x really    
nev] occurs to him to ask ! "q :i* ( !  
two is "r2 b 8 own articles ( belief are
 to him z  priori  c]ta9 pr9ciples4 ,!  
,rev4 ,mr4 ,morrison has furni%$ an     

amus+  example ( ?is k9d 9 vol4 xx4 ( ! 
,asiatic ,j\rnal :]e9 he  criticises !  
religion & philosophy ( ! ,*9ese4       
,demop4 ,s t's y\r high] po9t ( view4 ,b
 ,i assure y t  !re is a high] /ill4    
,primum viv]e1 de9de philosoph>i is ( m 
compreh5sive significance ?an "o        
supposes at fir/ sight4 ,be=e  ev]y?+   
else1 ! raw & wick$ t5d5cies ( ! masses 
ought to be  re/ra9$1 9 ord] to protect 
!m f do+ any?+ t is  extremely unju/1 or
 committ+ cruel1 viol5t1 & disgraceful  
de$s4  ,if "o wait$ until !y recognis$ &
 grasp$ ! tru? "o w\ld  assur$ly come   
too late4 ,& suppos+ !y _h already f\nd 
tru?1 x  w\ld surpass _! p[]s (         
compreh5sion4 ,9 any case x w\ld be a   
m]e allegorical inve/iture ( tru?1 a    
p>able1 or a my? t w\ld  be ( any good  
to !m4 ,!re mu/ be1 z ,kant has said1 a 
public  /&>d ( "r & virtue1 nay1 ?is mu/
 at all times flutt] high4  ,x is all ! 
same 9 ! end :at k9d ( h]aldic figures  
are  repres5t$ on x1 if !y only indicate
 :at is meant4 ,su* an  allegorical tru?

 is at all times & ev]y:]e1 = mank9d at 
l>ge1  a b5eficial sub/itute = an       
et]nally unatta9able tru?1 & 9  g5]al1 =
 a philosophy :i* x c nev] grasp2 to say
 no?+ (  its *ang+ its =m daily1 & n    
hav+ z yet atta9$ any k9d (  g5]al      
recognition4 ,!re=e practical aims1 my  
good ,philale!s1 h  9 e way ! advantage 
( !oretical4    ,phil4 ,?is closely     
resembles ! anci5t advice ( ,timaeus (  
,locrus1  ! ,py?agorean3     1      4#ac
 ,& ,i almo/ suspect t x is y\r wi%1    
accord+ to !  fa%ion ( to-day1 to rem9d 
me--      ,good fri5d1 ! "t is ne>      
,:5 we may fea/ (f :at is good 9 peace4 
,& y\r recomm5dation means t we %\ld    
take c>e 9 "t1 s t  ! waves ( !         
dissatisfi$1 rag+ masses may n di/urb u 
at  table4 ,b ! :ole ( ?is po9t ( view  
is z false z x is n[adays  univ]sally   
lik$ & prais$2 ?is is :y ,i make ha/e to
 put 9 a  prote/ aga9/ x4 ,x is false t 
/ate1 ju/ice1 & law _c be  ma9ta9$ )\t !
 aid ( religion & its articles ( belief1
 &  t ju/ice & police regulations ne$   

religion z a complem5t 9  ord] to c>ry  
out legislative arrangem5ts4 ,x is false
 if x 7  repeat$ a hundr$ times4 ,= !   
anci5ts1 & especially ! ,greeks1  furni%
 u ) /rik+ in/antia 9 contr>ium f\nd$ on
 fact4 ,!y  _h absolutely no?+ ( :at we 
und]/& by religion4 ,!y _h no  sacr$    
docum5ts1 no dogma to be le>nt1 & its   
acceptance advanc$ by  e "o1 & its      
pr9ciples inculcat$ e>ly 9 y\?4 ,!      
s]vants (  religion prea*$ j z little   
ab\t morals1 & ! m9i/]s  conc]n$        
!mselves v little ab\t any k9d (        
morality or 9  g5]al ab\t :at ! p ei!r  
did or left undone4 ,no su* ?+4  ,b !   
duty ( ! prie/s 0 conf9$ m]ely to temple
 c]emonies1  pray]s1 songs1 sacrifices1 
processions1 lu/rations1 & ! l1 all  (  
:i* aim$ at any?+ b ! moral improvem5t (
 ! individual4  ,! :ole ( _! s-call$    
religion consi/$1 & p>ticul>ly 9 !      
t[ns1 9 "s ( ! deorum majorum g5tium    
hav+ temples "h &  !re1 9 :i* ! a=esaid 
wor%ip 0 conduct$ z an affair (  /ate1  
:5 9 reality x 0 an affair ( police4 ,no

 "o1 except !  function>ies engag$1 0   
oblig$ 9 any way to be pres5t1 or ev5 to
  believe 9 x4 ,9 ! :ole ( antiquity !re
 is no trace ( any  obligation to       
believe 9 any k9d ( dogma4 ,x 0 m]ely   
any "o :o  op5ly d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( ! gods
 or calumniat$ !m t 0  puni%$2 because  
by s do+ he insult$ ! /ate :i* s]v$ ^!  
gods2 beyond ?is e "o 0 all[$ to ?9k :at
 he *ose ( !m4  ,if any "o wi%$ to w9 ! 
fav\r ( ^! gods privately by pray] or   
sacrifice he 0 free to d s at 8 own co/ 
& risk2 if he did n  d x1 no "o _h any?+
 to say aga9/ x1 & lea/ ( all !  ,/ate4 
,e ,roman _h 8 own ,l>es & ,p5ates at   
home1 :i* 71  h[ev]1 at bottom no?+ m   
?an ! rev]$ portraits ( 8  ance/ors4 ,! 
anci5ts _h no k9d ( decisive1 cle>1 &   
lea/ ( all  dogmatically fix$ ideas ab\t
 ! immortality ( ! s\l & a life         
h]eaft]1 b e "o 9 8 own way _h lax1     
vacillat+1 &  problematical ideas2 & _! 
ideas ab\t ! gods 7 j z  v>i\s1         
individual1 & vague4 ,s t ! anci5ts _h  
really no  religion 9 our s5se ( ! ^w4  

,0 x = ?is reason t an>*y  & lawlessness
 reign$ among !m8 ,is n law & civil ord]
 r s  mu* _! "w1 t x /ill con/itutes !  
f\ndation ( ours8 ,0  n prop]ty p]fectly
 secure1 al?\gh x consi/$ ( slaves = !  
great] "p8 ,& did n ?is condition ( ?+s 
la/ long] ?an a  ?\s& ye>s8    ,s ,i _c 
p]ceive1 & mu/ prote/ aga9/ ! practical 
aims &  necessity ( religion 9 ! s5se   
:i* y h indicat$1 & 9 su*  g5]al fav\r  
to-day1 namely1 z an indisp5sable       
f\ndation ( all  legislative            
regulations4 ,= f su* a /&po9t ! pure & 
sacr$  /riv+ aft] light & tru?1 to say !
 lea/1 w\ld seem quixotic  & crim9al if 
x %\ld v5ture 9 its feel+ ( ju/ice to   
d5\nce  ! au?oritative belief z a usurp]
 :o has tak5 possession ( !  ?rone (    
tru? & ma9ta9$ x by cont9u+ ! deception4
    ,demop4 ,b religion is n oppos$ to  
tru?2 = x itself tea*es  tru?4 ,only x  
mu/ n all[ tru? to appe> 9 its nak$ =m1 
because  its sph]e ( activity is n a    
n>r[ auditory1 b ! _w &  humanity at    
l>ge1 & !re=e x mu/ con=m to !          

requirem5ts &  compreh5sion ( s great & 
mix$ a public2 or1 to use a m$ical      
simile1 x mu/ n pres5t x pure1 b mu/ z a
 m$ium make use ( a  my?ical vehicle4   
,tru? may also be comp>$ 9 ?is respect  
to c]ta9  *emical /uffs :i* 9 !mselves  
are gase\s1 b :i* = (ficial  uses1 z    
also = pres]vation or transmission1 mu/ 
be b\nd to a firm1  palpable base1      
because !y w\ld o!rwise volatilise4 ,=  
example1  *lor9e is = all su* purposes  
appli$ only 9 ! =m ( *lorides4  ,b if   
tru?1 pure1 ab/ract1 & free f any?+ ( a 
my?ical  nature1 is always to rema9     
unatta9able by u all1 philosoph]s       
includ$1 x might be comp>$ to fluor9e1  
:i* _c be pres5t$ by  itself alone1 b   
only :5 comb9$ ) o!r /uffs4 ,or1 to take
 a  simpl] simile1 tru?1 :i* _c be      
express$ 9 any o!r way ?an  by my? &    
allegory1 is l wat] t _c be transport$  
)\t a  vessel2 b philosoph]s1 :o insi/  
^u possess+ x pure1 are l a  p]son :o   
breaks ! vessel 9 ord] to get ! wat] by 
itself4 ,?is  is p]haps a true analogy4 

,at any rate1 religion is tru?          
allegorically  & my?ically express$1 &  
!reby made possible & dige/ible to      
mank9d at l>ge4 ,= mank9d c\ld by no    
means dige/ x pure &  unadult]at$1 j z  
we _c live 9 pure oxyg5 b require an    
addition ( f\r-fif?s ( nitrog54 ,& )\t  
speak+ figuratively1  ! pr(\nd          
significance & high aim ( life c only be
 reveal$ &  %[n to ! masses             
symbolically1 because !y are n capable (
  grasp+ life 9 its real s5se2 :ile     
philosophy %\ld be l !  ,eleus9ian      
my/]ies1 = ! few1 ! elect4    ,phil4 ,i 
und]/&4 ,! matt] resolves itself into   
tru? putt+ on  ! dress ( falsehood4 ,b 9
 do+ s x ent]s into a fatal alliance4   
,:at a dang]\s weapon is giv5 into ! h&s
 ( ^? :o h !  au?ority to make use (    
falsehood z ! vehicle ( tru?6 ,if su* is
  ! case1 ,i fe> !re w be m h>m caus$ by
 ! falsehood ?an  good d]iv$ f ! tru?4  
,if ! allegory 7 admitt$ to be su*1 ,i  
%\ld say no?+ aga9/ x2 b 9 t case x w\ld
 be depriv$ (  all respect1 &           

consequ5tly ( all efficacy4 ,!re=e !    
allegory  mu/ ass]t a claim1 :i* x mu/  
ma9ta91 to be true 9 s5su  proprio :ile 
at ! mo/ x is true 9 s5su allegorico4   
,"h lies  ! incurable mis*ief1 ! p]man5t
 evil2 & !re=e religion is  always 9    
conflict1 & always w be ) ! free & noble
 /riv+  aft] pure tru?4    ,demop4      
,inde$1 no4 ,c>e has be5 tak5 to prev5t 
t4 ,if religion  may n exactly admit its
 allegorical nature1 x indicates x at   
any  rate suffici5tly4    ,phil4 ,& 9   
:at way does x d t8    ,demop4 ,9 its   
my/]ies4 ,my/]y is at bottom only !     
!ological  t]m9us te*nicus = religi\s   
allegory4 ,all religions h _!  my/]ies4 
,9 reality1 a my/]y is a palpably absurd
 dogma :i*  conceals 9 itself a l(ty    
tru?1 :i* by itself w\ld be absolutely  
incompreh5sible to ! ord9>y intellig5ce 
( ! raw masses4 ,!  masses accept x 9   
?is disguise on tru/ & fai?1 )\t all[+  
!mselves to be l$ a/ray by its          
absurdity1 :i* is palpable to !m2  &    
!reby !y p>ticipate 9 ! k]nel ( ! matt] 

s f> z !y  are able4 ,i may add z an    
explanation t ! use ( my/]y has be5     
attempt$ ev5 9 philosophy2 = example1 :5
 ,pascal1 :o 0 piete/1  ma!matician1 &  
philosoph] 9 "o1 says 9 ?is ?reefold "*3
  ,god is ev]y:]e c5tre & n[h]e p]iph]y4
 ,malebran*e has also  truly rem>k$1 ,la
 lib]t e/ un my/re4 ,"o might g fur!r1 &
  ma9ta9 t 9 religions ev]y?+ is really 
my/]y4 ,= x is  utt]ly impossible to    
imp>t tru? 9 s5su proprio to ! multitude
  9 its crudity2 x is only a my?ical &  
allegorical reflection ( x  t c fall to 
its %>e & enlight5 x4 ,nak$ tru? mu/ n  
appe>  be=e ! eyes ( ! pr(ane vulg>2 x c
 only appe> be=e !m  closely veil$4 ,& x
 is = ?is reason t x is unfair to dem& (
  a religion t x %\ld be true 9 s5su    
proprio1 & t1 en  passant4 ,rationali/s 
& ,sup]naturali/s ( to-day are s absurd4
  ,!y bo? />t ) ! supposition t religion
 mu/ be ! tru?2  & :ile ! =m] prove t x 
is n1 ! latt] ob/9ately  ma9ta9 t x is2 
or r ! =m] cut up & dress ! allegory  9 
su* a way t x c\ld be true 9 s5su       

proprio b w\ld 9 t  case become a       
platitude4 ,! latt] wi% to ma9ta91 )\t  
fur!r  dress+1 t x is true 9 s5su       
proprio1 :i*1 z !y %\ld  "k1 c only be  
c>ri$ into execution by inquisitions & !
 /ake4  ,:ile 9 reality1 my? & allegory 
are ! ess5tial elem5ts (  religion1 b "u
 ! indisp5sable condition 7because ( !  
intellectual limitations ( ! great      
masses7 t x supplies en\gh  satisfaction
 to meet ^? metaphysical ne$s ( mank9d  
:i* are  in]adicable1 & t x takes !     
place ( pure philosophical tru?1  :i* is
 inf9itely difficult1 & p]haps nev]     
atta9able4    ,phil4 ,yes1 pretty mu* 9 
! same way z a wood5 leg takes ! place  
( a natural "o4 ,x supplies :at is      
want+1 does v poor s]vice  = x1 & claims
 to be reg>d$ z a natural leg1 & is m or
 less  clev]ly put toge!r4 ,!re is a    
diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 =1 z a rule1  ! natural
 leg 0 9 exi/5ce be=e ! wood5 "o1 :ile  
religion  ev]y:]e has ga9$ ! />t (      
philosophy4    ,demop4 ,t may be2 b a   
wood5 leg is ( great value to ^? :o  h  

no natural leg4 ,y mu/ keep 9 view t !  
metaphysical  requirem5ts ( man         
absolutely dem& satisfaction2 because ! 
horizon  ( 8 ?\ghts mu/ be def9$ & n    
rema9 unlimit$4 ,a man1 z a  rule1 has  
no faculty ( judgm5t = weigh+ reasons1 &
  di/+ui%+ betwe5 :at is true & :at is  
false4 ,moreov]1 !  "w impos$ ^u him by 
nature & h] requirem5ts leaves him no "t
  = inve/igations ( t k9d1 or = !       
education :i* !y  presuppose4 ,!re=e x  
is entirely out ( ! "q to imag9e he  w  
be conv9c$ by reasons2 !re is no?+ left 
= him b belief  & au?ority4 ,ev5 if a   
really true philosophy took ! place (   
religion1 at lea/ n9e-t5?s ( mank9d w\ld
 only accept x on  au?ority1 s t x w\ld 
be aga9 a matt] ( belief2 = ,plato's    
w always hold good4 ,au?ority1  h[ev]1  
is only e/abli%$ by "t & circum/ances1 s
 t we  _c be/[ x on t :i* has only      
reason to comm5d x2  accord+ly1 we mu/  
grant x only to t :i* has atta9$ x 9 !  
c\rse ( hi/ory1 ev5 if x is only tru?   
repres5t$ allegorically4  ,?is k9d (    

tru?1 support$ by au?ority1 appeals     
directly to !  ess5tially metaphysical  
temp]am5t ( man--t is1 to 8 ne$ ( a     
!ory conc]n+ ! riddle ( exi/5ce1 :i*    
?ru/s itself ^u  him1 & arises f !      
consci\sness t beh9d ! physical 9 !  _w 
!re mu/ be a metaphysical1 an           
un*angeable some?+1 :i*  s]ves z !      
f\ndation ( con/ant *ange4 ,x also      
appeals to !  w1 fe>s1 & hopes ( mortals
 liv+ 9 con/ant ne$2 religion  provides 
!m ) gods1 demons1 to :om !y call1      
appease1 &  conciliate4 ,f9ally1 x      
appeals to _! moral consci\sness1 :i* is
  und5iably pres5t1 & l5ds to x t       
au!nticity & support f  )\t--a support  
)\t :i* x w\ld n easily ma9ta9 itself 9 
! /ruggle aga9/ s _m temptations4 ,x is 
exactly f ?is side  t religion provides 
an inexhau/ible s\rce ( consolation &   
com=t 9 ! c\ntless & great sorr[s (     
life1 a com=t :i* does  n leave m5 9    
dea?1 b r !n unfolds its full efficacy4 
,s  t religion is l "s "o tak+ hold ( ! 
h& ( a bl9d p]son  & lead+ him1 s9ce he 

_c see = himself2 all t ! bl9d  p]son   
wants is to atta9 8 end1 n to see ev]y?+
 z he walks  along4    ,phil4 ,?is side 
is c]ta9ly ! brilliant side ( religion4 
,if x is  a fraus x is inde$ a pia      
fraus2 t _c be d5i$4 ,!n  prie/s become 
some?+ betwe5 deceiv]s & morali/s4 ,= !y
 d>e  n tea* ! real tru?1 z y y\rself h 
q correctly  expla9$1 ev5 if x 7 kn[n to
 !m2 :i* x is n4 ,!re c1 at  any rate1  
be a true philosophy1 b !re c be no true
 religion3 ,i  mean true 9 ! real &     
prop] und]/&+ ( ! ^w1 n m]ely  9 t fl[]y
 & allegorical s5se :i* y h describ$1 a 
s5se  9 :i* e religion w\ld be true only
 9 diff]5t degrees4 ,x is  c]ta9ly q 9  
h>mony ) ! inextricable admixture ( good
 &  evil1 hone/y & di%one/y1 goodness & 
wick$ness1 magnanimity &  bas5ess1 :i* !
 _w pres5ts ev]y:]e1 t ! mo/ important1 
! mo/ l(ty1 & ! mo/ sacr$ tru?s c make  
_! appe>ance  only 9 comb9ation ) a lie1
 nay1 c borr[ /r5g? f a lie z  some?+ t 
affects mank9d m p[]fully2 & z          
revelation mu/  be introduc$ by a lie4  

,"o might reg>d ?is fact z ! monogram ( 
! moral _w4 ,mean:ile let u n give up ! 
hope t mank9d w  "s day atta9 t po9t (  
maturity & education at :i* x is able   
to produce a true philosophy on ! "o h&1
 & accept x on !  o!r4 ,simplex sigillum
 v]i3 ! nak$ tru? mu/ be s simple &     
compreh5sible t "o c imp>t x to all 9   
its true =m )\t  any admixture ( my? &  
fable 7a pack ( lies7--9 o!r words1  )\t
 mask+ x z religion4    ,demop4 ,y h n a
 suffici5t idea ( ! wret*$ capacities ( 
! masses4    ,phil4 ,i express x only z 
a hope2 b to give x up is impossible4 ,9
  t case1 if tru? 7 9 a simpl] & m      
compreh5sible =m1 x  w\ld surely soon   
drive religion f ! position ( viceg]5t  
:i*  x has s long held4 ,!n religion w h
 fulfill$ h] mission &  f9i%$ h] c\rse2 
%e might !n dismiss ! race :i* %e has   
guid$ to maturity & h]self retire 9     
peace4 ,?is w be !  eu?anasia (         
religion4 ,h[ev]1 z long z %e lives %e  
has two  faces1 "o ( tru? & "o ( deceit4
 ,accord+ z "o looks  att5tively at "o  

or ! o!r "o w l or dislike h]4 ,h5ce    
religion mu/ be reg>d$ z a necess>y     
evil1 its necessity re/+ on  ! pitiful  
weak-m9d$ness ( ! great majority (      
mank9d1 incapable  ( grasp+ ! tru?1 &   
consequ5tly :5 9 extremity requires a   
sub/itute = tru?4    ,demop4 ,really1 "o
 w\ld ?9k t y philosoph]s _h tru? ly+  9
 read9ess1 & all t "o _h to d 0 to lay  
hold ( x4    ,phil4 ,if we h n got x1 x 
is pr9cipally to be ascrib$ to !        
pressure "u :i* philosophy1 at all      
p]iods & 9 all c\ntries1  has be5 held  
by religion4 ,we h tri$ to make n only !
 expression  & communication ( tru?     
impossible1 b ev5 ! contemplation &     
discov]y ( x1 by giv+ ! m9ds ( *ildr5 9 
e>lie/ *ildhood  into ! h&s ( prie/s to 
be work$ ^u2 to h ! groove 9 :i*  _!    
fundam5tal ?\ghts are h5ce=? to run s   
firmly impr9t$1 z  9 pr9cipal matt]s1 to
 become fix$ & det]m9$ = a lifetime4 ,i 
am sometimes %ock$ to see :5 ,i take    
into my h& ! writ+s (  ev5 ! mo/        
intellig5t m9ds ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5?  

c5turies1 & especially if ,i h j left my
 ori5tal /udies1 h[  p>alys$ & hemm$ 9  
on all sides !y are by ,jewi% notions4  
,prep>$ 9 ?is way1 "o _c =m any idea ( !
 true philosophy6    ,demop4 ,& if1     
moreov]1 ?is true philosophy 7 discov]$1
  religion w\ld n cease to exi/1 z y    
imag9e4 ,!re _c be "o  sy/em (          
metaphysics = ev]ybody2 ! natural       
diff]5ces (  intellectual p[] 9 addition
 to ^? ( education make ?is  impossible4
 ,! great majority ( mank9d mu/         
necess>ily be engag$ 9  t ardu\s bodily 
lab\r :i* is requisite 9 ord] to furni% 
!  endless ne$s ( ! :ole race4 ,n only  
does ?is leave ! majority  no "t =      
education1 = le>n+1 or = reflection2 b  
by virtue (  ! /rong antagonism betwe5  
m]ely physical & intellectual           
qualities1 mu* excessive bodily lab\r   
blunts ! und]/&+ &  makes x heavy1      
clumsy1 & awkw>d1 & consequ5tly         
incapable (  grasp+ any o!r ?an p]fectly
 simple & palpable matt]s4 ,at lea/     
n9e-t5?s ( ! human race comes "u ?is    

category4 ,p require  a sy/em (         
metaphysics1 t is1 an acc\nt ( ! _w &   
our  exi/5ce1 because su* an acc\nt     
belongs to ! mo/ natural  requirem5ts ( 
mank9d4 ,!y require also a popul> sy/em 
(  metaphysics1 :i*1 9 ord] = x to be   
?is1 mu/ comb9e _m r>e  qualities2 =    
in/ance1 x mu/ be exce$+ly lucid1 & yet 
9 !  "r places be obscure1 nay1 to a    
c]ta9 ext5t1 imp5etrable2 !n a  correct 
& satisfy+ moral sy/em mu/ be comb9$ )  
its dogmas2  above ev]y?+1 x mu/ br+    
inexhau/ible consolation 9 suff]+  &    
dea?4 ,x foll[s f ?is t x c only be true
 9 s5su  allegorico & n 9 s5su proprio4 
,fur!r1 x mu/ h !  support ( an au?ority
 :i* is impos+ by its great age1 by its 
g5]al recognition1 by its docum5ts1     
toge!r ) _! tone &  /atem5ts--qualities 
:i* are s inf9itely difficult to comb9e 
t  _m a man1 if he /opp$ to reflect1    
w\ld n be s ready to help to  und]m9e a 
religion1 b w\ld consid] x ! mo/ sacr$  
treasure (  ! p4 ,if any "o wants to    
criticise religion he %\ld always be>  9

 m9d ! nature ( ! great masses = :i* x  
is de/9$1 &  picture to himself _!      
complete moral & intellectual           
inf]iority4 ,x  is incr$ible h[ f> ?is  
inf]iority goes & h[ /eadily a sp>k (   
tru? w cont9ue to glimm] ev5 "u ! crude/
 veil+ (  mon/r\s fables & grotesque    
c]emonies1 adh]+ indelibly1 l !  p]fume 
( musk1 to ev]y?+ :i* has come 9 contact
 ) x4 ,z an  illu/ration ( ?is1 look at 
! pr(\nd wisdom :i* is reveal$ 9  !     
,upani%ads1 & !n look at ! mad idolatry 
9 ! ,india (  to-day1 z is reveal$ 9 its
 pilgrimages1 processions1 & fe/ivities1
  or at ! mad & ludicr\s do+s ( !       
,saniassi ( ! pres5t "t4  ,nev]!less1 x 
_c be d5i$ t 9 all ?is madness &        
absurdity  !re yet lies some?+ t is     
hidd5 f view1 some?+ t is 9  accordance 
)1 or a reflection ( ! pr(\nd wisdom t  
has be5  m5tion$4 ,x requires ?is k9d ( 
dress+-up = ! great brute  masses4 ,9   
?is anti!sis we h be=e u ! two poles (  
humanity3--! wisdom ( ! individual & !  
be/iality ( !  masses1 bo? ( :i*1 h[ev]1

 f9d _! po9t ( h>mony 9 ! moral  k+dom4 
,:o has n ?\ght ( ! say+ f !            
,kurral--,vulg>  p look l m52 b ,i h    
nev] se5 any?+ l !m4 ,!  m highly       
cultur$ man may always expla9 religion  
to himself cum  grano salis2 ! man (    
le>n+1 ! ?\ghtful m9d1 may1 9 secret1   
ex*ange x = a philosophy4 ,& yet "o     
philosophy w\ld n d =  ev]ybody2 ea*    
philosophy by ! laws ( aff9ity attracts 
a public to  ^: education & m5tal       
capacities x is fitt$4 ,s !re is always 
an inf]ior metaphysical sy/em ( ! s*ools
 = ! educat$  plebeians1 & a high] sy/em
 = ! lite4 ,kant's l(ty doctr9e1  =     
example1 0 degrad$ to meet ! requirem5ts
 ( ! s*ools1 &  ru9$ by ,fries1 ,krug1  
,salat1 & simil> p4 ,9 %ort1 ,goe!'s    
dictum is z applicable "h z any:]e3 ,"o 
does n suit all4 ,pure  belief 9        
revelation & pure metaphysics are = !   
two extremes2 &  = ! int]m$iate /eps    
mutual modifications ( bo? 9 c\ntless   
comb9ations & gradations4 ,!            
immeasurable diff]5ces :i* nature  &    

education place betwe5 m5 h made ?is    
necess>y4    ,phil4 ,?is po9t ( view    
rem9ds me s]i\sly ( ! my/]ies ( !       
anci5ts :i* y h already m5tion$2 _! aim 
at bottom seems to  h la9 9 rem$y+ !    
evil aris+ out ( ! diff]5ces ( m5tal    
capacities & education4 ,_! plan 0 to   
s+le out ( ! great  multitude a few p1  
to :om ! unveil$ tru? 0 absolutely      
incompreh5sible1 & to reveal ! tru? to  
!m up to a c]ta9 po9t2  !n out ( ^! !y  
s+l$ out o!rs to :om !y reveal$ m1 z  !y
 7 able to grasp m2 & s on up to !      
,epopts4 ,& s we got  1  1   4 ,! plan 0
 bas$ on a  correct k ( ! intellectual  
inequality ( mank9d4    ,demop4 ,to a   
c]ta9 ext5t ! education 9 our l[]1      
middle1 &  high s*ools repres5ts !      
diff]5t =ms ( initiation into !         
my/]ies4    ,phil4 ,only 9 a v          
approximate way1 & ?is only 9 s f> z    
subjects ( high] k 7 writt5 ab\t        
exclusively 9 ,lat94  ,b s9ce t has     
ceas$ to be s all ! my/]ies are pr(an$4 
,demop4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ,i wi% to rem9d

 y1 9 speak+ (  religion1 t y %\ld grasp
 x m f ! practical & less f  ! !oretical
 side4 ,p]sonifi$ metaphysics may be    
religion's enemy1  yet p]sonifi$        
morality w be its fri5d4 ,p]haps !      
metaphysics 9  all religions is false2 b
 ! morality 9 all is true4 ,?is is to be
  surmis$ f ! fact t 9 _! metaphysics !y
 contradict ea*  o!r1 :ile 9 _! morality
 !y agree4    ,phil4 ,:i* furni%es u ) a
 pro( ( ! rule ( logic1 t a  true       
conclusion may foll[ f false premises4  
,demop4 ,well1 /ick to y\r conclusion1 &
 be always m9dful t  religion has two   
sides4 ,if x c't /& :5 look$ at m]ely f 
!  !oretical--9 o!r words1 f its        
intellectual side1 x appe>s1 on  ! o!r  
h&1 f ! moral side z ! only means (     
direct+1  tra9+1 & pacify+ ^? races (   
animals gift$ ) reason1 ^:  k9%ip ) !   
ape does n exclude a k9%ip ) ! tig]4 ,at
 !  same "t religion is1 9 g5]al1 a     
suffici5t satisfaction = _!  dull       
metaphysical ne$s4 ,y appe> to me to h  
no prop] idea ( !  diff]5ce1 wide z !   

heav5s ap>t1 ( ! pr(\nd brea* betwe5    
y\r le>n$ man1 :o is enlight5$ &        
accu/om$ to ?9k1 & !  heavy1 awkw>d1    
/upid1 & in]t consci\sness ( mank9d's   
bea/s (  burd51 ^: ?\ghts h tak5 once & 
= all ! direction ( fe>  ab\t _!        
ma9t5ance1 & _c be put 9 motion 9 any   
o!r2 &  ^: muscul> p[] is s exclusively 
ex]cis$ t ! n]v\s p[]  :i* produces     
intellig5ce is !reby greatly r$uc$4 ,p (
 ?is  k9d mu/ absolutely h some?+ t !y c
 take hold ( on !  slipp]y & ?orny pa? (
 _! life1 "s sort ( beautiful fable by  
means ( :i* ?+s c be pres5t$ to !m :i*  
_! crude  intellig5ce c\ld mo/ c]ta9ly  
only und]/& 9 picture &  p>able4 ,x is  
impossible to approa* !m ) subtle       
explanations &  f9e di/9ctions4 ,if y   
?9k ( religion 9 ?is way1 & be> 9  m9d t
 its aims are extremely practical & only
 subord9ately  !oretical1 x w seem to y 
wor?y ( ! highe/ respect4    ,phil4 ,a  
respect :i* w\ld f9ally re/ on !        
pr9ciple t ! end  sanctifies ! means4   
,h[ev]1 ,i am n 9 fav\r ( a compromise  

on a  basis ( t sort4 ,religion may be  
an excell5t means ( curb+ &  controll+ !
 p]v]se1 dull1 & malici\s creatures ( ! 
bip$  race2 9 ! eyes ( ! fri5d ( tru? e 
fraus1 be x ev] s  pia1 mu/ be reject$4 
,x w\ld be an odd way to promote virtue 
?r\gh ! m$ium ( lies & deception4 ,!    
flag to :i* ,i h sworn  is tru?4 ,i %all
 rema9 fai?ful to x ev]y:]e1 & reg>dless
 (  success1 ,i %all fight = light &    
tru?4 ,if ,i see religion ho/ile1 ,i    
%all--    ,demop4 ,b y w n6 ,religion is
 n a deception2 x is true1 &  ! mo/     
important ( all tru?s4 ,b because1 z has
 already be5 said1  its doctr9es are (  
su* a l(ty nature t ! great masses _c   
grasp !m imm$iately2 because1 ,i say1   
its light w\ld bl9d !  ord9>y eye1 does 
x appe> conceal$ 9 ! veil ( allegory &  
tea*  t :i* is n exactly true 9 itself1 
b :i* is true accord+ to  ! mean+       
conta9$ 9 x3 & und]/ood 9 ?is way       
religion is !  tru?4    ,phil4 ,t w\ld  
be v probable1 if x 7 all[$ to be true  
only  9 an allegorical s5se4 ,b x claims

 to be exactly true1 & true 9  ! prop]  
s5se ( ! ^w3 h]e9 lies ! deception1 & x 
is "h  t ! fri5d ( tru? mu/ oppose x4   
,demop4 ,b ?is deception is a conditio  
s9e qua non4 ,if religion  admitt$ t x 0
 m]ely ! allegorical mean+ 9 its        
doctr9es  t 0 true1 x w\ld be depriv$ ( 
all efficacy1 & su* rigor\s  treatm5t   
w\ld put an end to its invaluable &     
b5eficial influ5ce on  ! morals & feel+s
 ( mank9d4 ,in/ead ( insi/+ on t )      
p$antic ob/9acy1 look at its great      
a*ievem5ts 9 a practical way  bo? z     
reg>ds morality & feel+s1 z a guide to  
conduct1 z a  support & consolation to  
suff]+ humanity 9 life & dea?4 ,h[      
greatly y %\ld gu>d aga9/ r\s+ suspicion
 9 ! masses by  !oretical wrangl+1 &    
!reby f9ally tak+ f !m :at is an        
inexhau/ible s\rce ( consolation & com=t
 to !m2 :i* 9 _!  h>d lot !y ne$ v mu* m
 ?an we d3 = ?is reason alone1  religion
 ought n to be attack$4    ,phil4 ,) ?is
 argum5t ,lu!r c\ld h be5 beat5 out ( ! 
field :5 he attack$ ! sell+ (           

indulg5ces2 = ! lett]s (  indulg5ce h   
furni%$ _m a man ) irrep>able           
consolation &  p]fect tranquillity1 s t 
he joyfully pass$ away ) p]fect         
confid5ce 9 ! little packet ( !m :i* he 
firmly held 9 8 h&  z he lay dy+1       
conv9c$ t 9 !m he _h s _m c>ds (        
admission into all ! n9e heav5s4 ,:at is
 ! use ( gr\nds (  consolation &        
peacefulness ov] :i* is con/antly hang+ 
!  ,damocles-sword ( deception8 ,! tru?1
 my fri5d1 ! tru? alone holds  good1 &  
rema9s con/ant & fai?ful2 x is ! only   
solid  consolation2 x is ! inde/ructible
 diamond4    ,demop4 ,yes1 if y _h tru? 
9 y\r pocket to bless u ) :5ev]  we ask$
 = x4 ,b :at y possess are only         
metaphysical sy/ems 9  :i* no?+ is c]ta9
 b ! heada*es !y co/4 ,be=e "o takes    
any?+ away "o mu/ h some?+ bett] to put 
9 its place4    ,phil4 ,i wi% y w\ld n  
cont9ually say t4 ,to free a man f      
error does n mean to take some?+ f him1 
b to give him  some?+4 ,= k t some?+ is 
wrong is a tru?4 ,no error1  h[ev]1 is  

h>mless2 e error w cause mis*ief soon]  
or lat] to  ! man :o fo/]s x4 ,!re=e d n
 deceive any "o1 b r  admit y are       
ignorant ( :at y d n "k1 & let ea* man  
=m  8 own dogmas = himself4 ,p]haps !y w
 n turn out s bad1  especially z !y w   
rub aga9/ ea* o!r & mutually rectify    
errors2 at any rate ! v>i\s op9ions w   
e/abli% tol]ance4 ,^?  m5 :o possess bo?
 k & capacity may take up ! /udy (      
philosophy1 or ev5 !mselves advance !   
hi/ory ( philosophy4    ,demop4 ,t w\ld 
be a f9e ?+6 ,a :ole nation ( naturalis$
  metaphysicians qu>rell+ ) ea* o!r1 &  
ev5tualit] /rik+  ea* o!r4    ,phil4    
,well1 a few bl[s "h & !re are ! sauce (
 life1 or at  lea/ a v slight evil      
comp>$ ) prie/ly gov]nm5t--prosecution  
( h]etics1 plund]+ ( ! laity1 c\rts (   
inquisition1 crusades1  religi\s w>s1   
massacres ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 & ! l4 ,!y h
  be5 ! results ( *>t]$ popul>          
metaphysics3 !re=e ,i /ill  hold t "o _c
 expect to get grapes f ?i/les1 or good 
f  lies & deception4    ,demop4 ,h[ (t5 

mu/ ,i repeat t religion is n a lie1 b !
  tru? itself 9 a my?ical1 allegorical  
dress8 ,b ) respect to y\r  plan ( ea*  
man e/abli%+ 8 own religion1 ,i _h /ill 
some?+ to  say to y1 t a p>ticul>ism l  
?is is totally & absolutely  oppos$ to !
 nature ( mank9d1 & !re=e w\ld aboli%   
all social  ord]4 ,man is an animal     
metaphysicum--9 o!r words1 he has       
surpass+ly great metaphysical           
requirem5ts2 accord+ly he conceives     
life above all 9 its metaphysical s5se1 
& f t /&po9t  wi%es to grasp ev]y?+4    
,accord+ly1 odd z x may s\nd ) reg>d  to
 ! unc]ta9ty ( all dogmas1 accord 9 !   
fundam5tal elem5ts (  metaphysics is !  
pr9cipal ?+1 9 s mu* z x is only among  
p :o hold ! same views on ?is "q t a    
g5u9e &  la/+ fell[%ip is possible4 ,z a
 result ( ?is1 nations resemble  & diff]
 f ea* o!r m 9 religion ?an 9 gov]nm5t1 
or ev5  language4 ,consequ5tly1 ! fabric
 ( society1 ! ,/ate1 w only be  p]fectly
 firm :5 x has = a basis a sy/em (      
metaphysics  univ]sally ackn[l$g$4 ,su* 

a sy/em1 naturally1 c only be a  popul> 
metaphysical "o--t is1 a religion4 ,x !n
 becomes  id5tifi$ ) ! gov]nm5t1 ) all !
 g5]al expressions ( !  national life1 z
 well z ) all sacr$ acts ( private life4
 ,?is 0  ! case 9 anci5t ,india1 among !
 ,p]sians1 ,egyptians1 ,jews1 also !    
,greeks & ,romans1 & x is /ill ! case   
among ! ,brahman1 ,buddhi/1  &          
,mohamm$an nations4 ,!re1 are ?ree      
doctr9es ( fai? 9 ,*9a1 x  is true1 & ! 
"o t has spread ! mo/1 namely1          
,buddhism1 is  exactly ! doctr9e t is   
lea/ protect$ by ! ,/ate2 yet !re is  a 
say+ 9 ,*9a t is univ]sally appreciat$ &
 daily appli$1  ! ?ree doctr9es are only
 "o--9 o!r words1 !y agree 9 !  ma9 ?+4 
,! ,emp]or confesses all ?ree at ! same 
"t1 & agrees  ) !m all4 ,europe is !    
conf$]acy ( ,*ri/ian ,/ates2            
,*ri/ianity is ! basis ( ea* ( its      
memb]s & ! common bond (  all2 h5ce     
,turkey1 al?\gh x is 9 ,europe1 is      
really n to be  reckon$ 9 x4 ,simil>ly !
 ,european pr9ces are su* by ! grace (  

,god1 & ! ,pope is ! delegate ( ,god2   
accord+ly1 z 8 ?rone  0 ! highe/1 he    
wi%$ all o!r ?rones to be look$ ^u only 
z  held 9 fee f him4 ,simil>ly          
,ar*bi%ops & ,bi%ops1 z su*1 _h         
temporal au?ority1 j z !y h /ill 9      
,engl& a seat & voice  9 ! ,upp] ,h\se2 
,prote/ant rul]s are1 z su*1 heads ( _! 
*ur*es2 9 ,engl& a few ye>s ago ?is 0 a 
girl ( eighte54 ,by !  revolt f ! ,pope1
 ! ,re=mation %att]$ ! ,european        
/ructure1  &1 9 p>ticul>1 dissolv$ !    
true unity ( ,g]many by aboli%+  its    
common fai?2 ?is unity1 :i* _h z a matt]
 ( fact come to  grief1 _h accord+ly to 
be replac$ lat] by artificial & purely  
political bonds4 ,s y see h[ ess5tially 
connect$ is unity ( fai?  ) common ord] 
& e /ate4 ,x is ev]y:]e ! support ( !   
laws & ! con/itution--t is to say1 !    
f\ndation ( ! social  /ructure1 :i* w\ld
 /& ) difficulty if fai? did n l5d p[]  
to ! au?ority ( ! gov]nm5t & !          
importance ( ! rul]4    ,phil4 ,oh1 yes1
 pr9ces look ^u ,god z a gobl91 :]e) to 

fright5 gr[n-up *ildr5 to b$ :5 no?+    
else is ( any avail2 x  is = ?is reason 
t !y dep5d s mu* on ,god4 ,all "r2      
mean:ile  ,i %\ld l to advise e rul+ "l 
to read ?r\gh1 on a c]ta9  day e six    
mon?s1 ! fifte5? *apt] ( ! ,fir/ ,book (
 ,samuel1  e>ne/ly & att5tively2 s t he 
may always h 9 m9d :at x  means to      
support ! ?rone on ! alt>4 ,moreov]1    
s9ce burn+ at !  /ake1 t ultima ratio   
!ologorum1 is a ?+ ( ! pa/1 ?is  mode ( 
gov]nm5t has lo/ its efficacy4 ,=1 z y  
"k1 religions  are l gl[worms3 be=e !y c
 %9e x mu/ be d>k4 ,a c]ta9  degree (   
g5]al ignorance is ! condition ( e      
religion1 & is  ! elem5t 9 :i* alone x  
is able to exi/4 ,:ile1 z soon z        
a/ronomy1 natural sci5ce1 geology1      
hi/ory1 k ( c\ntries &  nations h spread
 _! light univ]sally1 & philosophy is   
f9ally  all[$ to speak1 e fai? :i* is   
bas$ on miracle & revelation  mu/ p]i%1 
& !n philosophy w take its place4 ,9    
,europe ! day  ( k & sci5ce dawn$ t[>ds 
! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury  ) ! arrival ( 

! mod]n ,greek philosoph]s1 its sun rose
 high]  9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1
 :i* 7 s productive1  & scatt]$ ! mi/s (
 ! ,middle ,age4 ,9 ! same proportion1  
bo?  ,*ur* & ,fai? 7 oblig$ to gradually
 disappe>2 s t 9 !  eighte5? c5tury     
,engli% & ,fr5* philosoph]s became      
direct  antagoni/s1 until f9ally1 "u    
,fr$]ick ! ,great1 ,kant came &  took   
away f religi\s belief ! support x _h   
=m]ly receiv$  f philosophy1 &          
emancipat$ ! ancilla !ologiae 9 t he    
attack$ ! "q ) ,g]man ?or\ghness &      
p]sev]ance1 :]eby  x receiv$ a less     
frivol\s1 t is to say1 a m e>ne/ tone4  
,z a  result ( ?is we see 9 ! n9ete5?   
c5tury ,*ri/ianity v mu*  weak5$1 almo/ 
/ripp$ entirely ( s]i\s belief1 nay1    
fight+ =  its own exi/5ce2 :ile         
appreh5sive pr9ces try to raise x up by 
an  artificial /imulant1 z ! doctor     
tries to revive a dy+ man by !  aid ( a 
drug4 ,!re is a passage f ,condorcet's  
,des ,progrs de  l'esprit huma91 :i*    
seems to h be5 writt5 z a w>n+ to our   

epo*3 ,le zle religieux des philosophes 
et des gr&s n'tait qu'une  dvotion      
politique3 et t\te religion1 qu'on se   
p]met de df5dre comme  une croyance     
qu'il e/ utile de laiss] au peuple1 ne  
peut plus espr]  qu'une agonie plus ou  
mo9s prolonge4 ,9 ! :ole c\rse ( !      
ev5ts :i* ,i h po9t$ out y may always   
obs]ve t belief &  k be> ! same relation
 to ea* o!r z ! two scales ( a  balance3
 :5 ! "o rises ! o!r mu/ fall4 ,!       
balance is s  s5sitive t x indicates    
mom5t>y influ5ces4 ,= example1 9 !      
beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury ! pr$atory          
excursions ( ,fr5* robb]s  "u _! lead]  
,buonap>te1 & ! great ef=ts t 7         
requisite  to drive !m out & to puni%   
!m1 _h l$ to a tempor>y neglect (       
sci5ce1 & 9 consequ5ce to a c]ta9       
decrease 9 ! g5]al  propagation ( k2 !  
,*ur* imm$iately began to raise h] head 
aga9 & ,fai? to be reviv$1 a revival    
p>tly ( a poetical nature1 9  keep+ ) ! 
_s ( ! times4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! m  ?an  
?irty ye>s' peace t foll[$1 leisure &   

prosp]ity promot$  ! build+ up ( sci5ce 
& ! spread ( k 9 an exceptional  degree1
 s t ! result 0 :at ,i h said1 !        
dissolution &  ?reat5$ fall ( religion4 
,p]haps ! "t :i* has be5 s (t5  pr$ict$ 
is n f> di/ant1 :5 religion w dep>t f   
,european  humanity1 l a nurse ^: c>e ! 
*ild has outgr[n2 x is n[  plac$ 9 ! h&s
 ( a tutor = in/ruction4 ,= )\t d\bt    
doctr9es ( belief t are bas$ only on    
au?ority1 miracles1 &  revelation are   
only ( use & suitable to ! *ildhood (   
humanity4  ,t a race1 :i* all physical &
 hi/orical data confirm z hav+  be5 9   
exi/5ce only ab\t a hundr$ times ! life 
( a man sixty  ye>s old1 is /ill 9 its  
fir/ *ildhood is a fact t e "o w  admit4
    ,demop4 ,if in/ead ( prophesy+ )    
undisguis$ pleasure !  d[nfall (        
,*ri/ianity1 y w\ld only consid] h[     
inf9itely  indebt$ ,european humanity is
 to x1 & to ! religion :i*1 aft]  !     
lapse ( "s "t1 foll[$ ,*ri/ianity f its 
old home 9 !  ,ea/6 ,europe receiv$ f x 
a drift :i* _h hi!rto be5 unkn[n to     

x--x le>nt ! fundam5tal tru? t life _c  
be an  end-9-itself1 b t ! true end (   
our exi/5ce lies beyond x4  ,! ,greeks &
 ,romans _h plac$ ?is end absolutely 9  
life itself1 s  t1 9 ?is s5se1 !y may   
mo/ c]ta9ly be call$ bl9d hea!ns4       
,correspond+ly1 all _! virtues consi/ 9 
:at is s]viceable to !  public1 9 :at is
 useful2 & ,ari/otle says q navely1 ,^? 
virtues mu/ necess>ily be ! greate/ :i* 
are ! mo/ useful to  o!rs 7        1    
,rhetor4 ,i4 c4 #i74 ,?is is :y !       
anci5ts consid]$ love = "o's  c\ntry !  
greate/ virtue1 al?\gh x is a v d\btful 
"o1 z x  is made up ( n>r[ness1         
prejudice1 vanity1 & an enlight5$       
self-int]e/4 ,prec$+ ! passage t has j  
be5 quot$1  ,ari/otle enum]ates all !   
virtues 9 ord] to expla9 !m             
individually4 ,!y are ,ju/ice1 ,c\rage1 
,mod]ation1 ,magnific5ce  771           
,magnanimity1 ,lib]ality1 ,g5tl5ess1    
,reasonabl5ess1  & ,wisdom4 ,h[ diff]5t 
f ! ,*ri/ian virtues6 ,ev5 ,plato1  )\t 
comp>ison ! mo/ transc5d5tal philosoph] 

( pre-,*ri/ian  antiquity1 kn[s no high]
 virtue ?an ,ju/ice2 he alone recomm5ds 
x  unconditionally & = its own sake1    
:ile all ! o!r philosoph]s  make a happy
 life--vita beata--! aim ( all virtue2 &
 x is  acquir$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( moral    
behavi\r4 ,*ri/ianity releas$  ,european
 humanity f its sup]ficial & crude      
absorption 9 an  ephem]al1 unc]ta91 &   
holl[ exi/5ce4                          
444 coelumque tu]i    ,jussit1 et       
erectos ad sid]a toll]e vultus4         
,accord+ly1 ,*ri/ianity does n only     
prea* ,ju/ice1 b ! ,love (  ,mank9d1    
,compassion1 ,*>ity1 ,reconciliation1   
,love ( "o's ,enemies1  ,pati5ce1       
,humility1 ,r5unciation1 ,fai?1 & ,hope4
 ,inde$1 x w5t ev5  fur!r3 x taught t ! 
_w 0 ( evil & t we ne$$  deliv]ance2    
consequ5tly x prea*$ contempt ( ! _w1   
self-d5ial1 *a/ity1 ! giv+ up ( "o's own
 w1 t is to say1  turn+ away f life &   
its phantom-l pleasures2 x taught fur!r 
! heal+ p[] ( suff]+1 & t an in/rum5t ( 
torture is !  symbol ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,i  

will+ly admit t ?is s]i\s & only        
correct view ( life _h spread 9 o!r =ms 
?r\gh\t ,asia ?\s&s  ( ye>s previ\sly1  
indep5d5tly ( ,*ri/ianity z x is /ill2 b
  ?is view ( life 0 a new & trem5d\s    
revelation to ,european  humanity4 ,= x 
is well kn[n t ! population ( ,europe   
consi/s (  ,asiatic races :o1 driv5 out 
f _! own c\ntry1 w&]$ away1 &  by       
degrees hit ^u ,europe3 on _! long w&]+s
 !y lo/ !  orig9al religion ( _! homes1 
& ) x ! correct view ( life2  & ?is is  
:y !y =m$ 9 ano!r climate religions =   
!mselves  :i* 7 some:at crude2          
especially ! wor%ip ( ,od91 ! ,druidic  
& ! ,greek religions1 ! metaphysical    
cont5ts ( :i* 7 small  & %all[4         
,mean:ile !re develop$ among ! ,greeks a
 q special1  "o might say an in/9ctive1 
s5se ( beauty1 possess$ by !m alone  (  
all ! nations ( ! e>? t h ev] exi/$--a  
peculi>1  f9e1 & correct s5se ( beauty1 
s t 9 ! m\?s ( _! poets  & 9 ! h&s ( _! 
arti/s1 _! my?ology took an             
exceptionally  beautiful & delightful   

=m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! e>ne/1 true1 &      
pr(\nd import ( life 0 lo/ to ! ,greeks 
& ,romans2 !y liv$  l big *ildr5 until  
,*ri/ianity came & br\ght !m back to !  
s]i\s side ( life4    ,phil4 ,& to =m an
 idea ( ! result we ne$ only comp>e     
antiquity  ) ! ,middle ,age t foll[$--t 
is1 ! "t ( ,p]icles )  ! f\rte5? c5tury4
 ,x is difficult to believe t we h !    
same  k9d ( be+s be=e u4 ,!re1 ! f9e/   
developm5t ( humanity1  excell5t        
con/itutional regulations1 wise laws1   
clev]ly di/ribut$  (fices1 rationally   
ord]$ fre$om1 all ! arts1 z well z      
poetry &  philosophy1 at _! be/2 !      
creation ( works :i* aft] ?\s&s  ( ye>s 
h nev] be5 equall$ & are almo/ works ( a
 high] ord]  ( be+s1 :om we c nev]      
approa*2 life embelli%$ by ! noble/     
fell[%ip1 z is portray$ 9 ! ,banquet (  
,x5ophon4 ,& n[ look  at ?is side1 if y 
c4 ,look at ! "t :5 ! ,*ur* _h          
imprison$ ! m9ds1 & viol5ce ! bodies (  
m51 :]eby knights  & prie/s c\ld lay !  
:ole weight ( life on ! common bea/ (   

burd5--! ?ird e/ate4 ,!re y h club-law1 
feudalism1 &  fanaticism 9 close        
alliance1 & 9 _! tra9 %ock+ unc]ta9ty  &
 d>kness ( m9d1 a correspond+           
intol]ance1 discord ( fai?s1  religi\s  
w>s1 crusades1 p]secution ( h]etics &   
inquisitions2 z  ! =m ( fell[%ip1       
*ivalry1 an amalgam ( savag]y &         
fooli%ness1 ) its p$antic sy/em ( absurd
 affectations1 its  degrad+ sup]/itions1
 & api% v5]ation = wom52 ! survival (   
:i* is gallantry1 des]v$ly requit$ by ! 
arrogance ( wom52 x  af=ds to all       
,asiatics cont9ual mat]ial = laught]1 9 
:i* !  ,greeks w\ld h jo9$4 ,9 ! gold5  
,middle ,age ! matt] w5t z  f> z a =mal 
& me?odical s]vice ( wom5 & enjo9$ de$s 
(  h]oism1 c\rs d'am\r1 bomba/ic        
,tr\bad\r songs & s =?1  al?\gh x is to 
be obs]v$ t ^! la/ absurdities1 :i* h an
  intellectual side1 7 pr9cipally at    
home 9 ,france2 :ile among !  mat]ial   
phlegmatic ,g]mans ! knights di/+ui%$   
!mselves m by  dr9k+ & robb+4 ,dr9k+ &  
ho>d+ _! ca/les ) plund]  7 !           

occupations ( _! lives2 & c]ta9ly !re 0 
no want (  /upid love-songs 9 ! c\rts4  
,:at has *ang$ ! sc5e s8  ,migration &  
,*ri/ianity4    ,demop4 ,x is a good ?+ 
y rem9d$ me ( x4 ,migration 0 !  s\rce (
 ! evil1 & ,*ri/ianity ! dam on :i* x   
broke4  ,*ri/ianity 0 ! means (         
controll+ & tam+ ^? raw1 wild  hordes :o
 7 wa%$ 9 by ! flood ( migration4 ,!    
savage man mu/  fir/ ( all le>n to      
kneel1 to v5]ate1 & to obey2 x is only  
aft]  t1 t he c be civilis$4 ,?is 0 done
 9 ,irel& by ,/4 ,patrick1  9 ,g]many by
 ,w9ifr$ ! ,saxon1 :o 0 a g5u9e         
,boniface4 ,x 0  migration ( nations1   
?is la/ movem5t ( ,asiatic races t[>ds  
,europe1 foll[$ only by _! fruitless    
attempts "u ,attila1 ,g5gis  ,khan1 &   
,timur1 &1 z a comic aft]-piece1 by !   
gipsies3 x 0  migration ( nations :i*   
swept away ! humanity ( ! anci5ts4      
,*ri/ianity 0 ! v pr9ciple :i* work$    
aga9/ ?is savag]y1  j z lat]1 ?r\gh !   
:ole ( ! ,middle ,age1 ! ,*ur* & its    
hi]>*y 7 extremely necess>y to place a  

limit to ! savag]y &  b>b>ism ( ^? lords
 ( viol5ce1 ! pr9ces & knights3 x 0  !  
ice-break] ( ?is mighty flood4 ,/ill1 ! 
g5]al aim (  ,*ri/ianity is n s mu* to  
make ?is life pleasant z to make u      
wor?y ( a bett]4 ,x looks beyond ?is    
span ( "t1 ?is fleet+  dream1 9 ord] to 
lead u to et]nal salvation4 ,its t5d5cy 
is e?ical  9 ! highe/ s5se ( ! ^w1 a    
t5d5cy :i* _h hi!rto be5  unkn[n 9      
,europe2 z ,i h already po9t$ out to y  
by comp>+ !  morality & religion ( !    
anci5ts ) ^? ( ,*ri/ianity4    ,phil4 ,t
 is "r s f> z !ory is conc]n$2 b look at
 !  practice4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! ,*ri/ian 
c5turies t foll[$1 !  anci5t _w 0       
und\bt$ly less cruel ?an ! ,middle ,age1
 ) its  dea?s by frightful torture1 its 
c\ntless burn+s at ! /ake2  fur!r1 !    
anci5ts 7 v pati5t1 ?\ght v highly (    
ju/ice1  & frequ5tly sacrific$ !mselves 
= _! c\ntry1 %[$ traits (  magnanimity (
 e k9d1 & su* g5u9e humanity1 t1 up to !
  pres5t "t1 an acqua9tance ) _! do+s & 
?\ghts is call$  ! /udy ( ,humanity4    

,religi\s w>s1 massacres1 crusades1     
inquisitions1 z well z o!r p]secutions1 
! ext]m9ation ( !  orig9al inhabitants (
 ,am]ica & ! introduction ( ,african    
slaves  9 _! place1 7 ! fruits (        
,*ri/ianity1 & among ! anci5ts  "o _c   
f9d any?+ analog\s to ?is1 any?+ to     
c\nt]poise x2  = ! slaves ( ! anci5ts1 !
 familia1 ! v]nae1 7 a  satisfi$ race & 
fai?fully devot$ to _! ma/]s1 & z widely
  di/9ct f ! mis]able negroes ( ! sug>  
plantations1 :i* are  a disgrace to     
humanity1 z !y 7 9 col\r4 ,! c5surable  
tol]ation ( p$]a/y1 = :i* "o *iefly     
reproa*es ! morality  ( ! anci5ts1 is a 
trifle comp>$ ) ! ,*ri/ian horrors ,i h 
cit$1 & is n s r>e among p ( to-day z x 
appe>s to be4  ,c y !n1 tak+ ev]y?+ into
 consid]ation1 ma9ta9 t  humanity has   
really become morally bett] by          
,*ri/ianity8    ,demop4 ,if ! result has
 n ev]y:]e correspond$ ) ! purity  &    
accuracy ( ! doctr9e1 x may be because  
?is doctr9e has be5  too noble1 too     
sublime = humanity1 & its aim set too   

high3 to be  sure1 x 0 mu* easi] to     
comply ) hea!n morality or ) !          
,mohamm$an4 ,x is precisely :at is mo/  
elevat$ t is ! mo/ op5  to abuse &      
deception--abusus optimi pessimus2 &    
!re=e ^?  l(ty doctr9es h sometimes s]v$
 z a pretext = ! mo/  disgraceful       
transactions & v]itable crimes4 ,!      
d[nfall ( !  anci5t in/itutions1 z well 
z ( ! arts & sci5ces ( ! old  _w1 is1 z 
has be5 said1 to be ascrib$ to !        
invasion ( =eign  b>b>ians4 ,accord+ly1 
x 0 inevitable t ignorance & savag]y    
got ! upp] h&2 ) ! result t viol5ce &   
fraud usurp$  _! dom9ion1 & knights &   
prie/s became a burd5 to mank9d4 ,?is   
is p>tly to be expla9$ by ! fact t ! new
 religion taught !  lesson ( et]nal & n 
temporal welf>e1 t simplicity ( he>t 0  
pref]able to intellectual k1 & x 0 av]se
 to all worldly  pleasures :i* are s]v$ 
by ! arts & sci5ces4 ,h[ev]1 9 s f>  z  
!y c\ld be made s]viceable to religion  
!y 7 promot$1 & s  fl\ri%$ to a c]ta9   
ext5t4    ,phil4 ,9 a v n>r[ sph]e4 ,!  

sci5ces 7 suspici\s  companions1 & z su*
 7 plac$ "u re/rictions2 :ile fond      
ignorance1 t elem5t s necess>y to !     
doctr9es ( fai?1 0  c>efully n\ri%$4    
,demop4 ,& yet :at humanity _h hi!rto   
acquir$ 9 ! %ape (  k1 & h&$ d[n 9 !    
works ( ! anci5ts1 0 sav$ f  ru9 by !   
cl]gy1 especially by ^? 9 ! mona/]ies4  
,:at w\ld  h happ5$ if ,*ri/ianity _h n 
come 9 j be=e ! migration  ( nations8   
,phil4 ,x w\ld really be an extremely   
useful inquiry if "s "o1 )  ! greate/   
frankness & imp>tiality1 tri$ to weigh  
exactly &  accurately ! advantages &    
disadvantages d]iv$ f religions4 ,to  d 
?is1 x w\ld be necess>y to h a mu*      
great] am\nt (  hi/orical & psy*ological
 data ?an ei!r ( u has at our comm&4    
,academies might make x a subject = a   
prize essay4    ,demop4 ,!y w take c>e n
 to d t4    ,phil4 ,i am surpris$ to he>
 y say t1 = x is a bad look-out  =      
religion4 ,besides1 !re are also        
academies :i* make x a secret  condition
 9 submitt+ _! que/ions t ! prize %\ld  

be giv5  to ! competitor :o be/ und]/&s 
! art ( flatt]+ !m4 ,if  we1 !n1 c\ld   
only get a /ati/ician to tell u h[ _m   
crimes are  prev5t$ ye>ly by religi\s   
motives1 & h[ _m by o!r motives4  ,!re  
w\ld be v few ( ! =m]4 ,if a man feels  
himself tempt$ to  commit a crime1      
c]ta9ly ! fir/ ?+ :i* pres5ts itself to 
8  m9d is ! puni%m5t he mu/ suff] = x1 &
 ! probability t  he w be puni%$2 aft] t
 comes ! second consid]ation1 t 8       
reputation is at /ake4 ,if ,i am n      
mi/ak51 he w reflect by !  h\r on ^! two
 ob/acles be=e religi\s consid]ations   
ev] come  into 8 m9d4 ,if he c get away 
f ^! two fir/ safegu>ds  aga9/ crime1 ,i
 am conv9c$ t religion alone w v r>ely  
keep him back f x4    ,demop4 ,i        
believe1 h[ev]1 t x w d s v (t52        
especially  :5 its influ5ce works ?r\gh 
! m$ium ( cu/om1 & !reby  imm$iately    
makes a man %r9k f ! idea ( committ+ a  
crime4  ,e>ly impressions cl+ to him4 ,z
 an illu/ration ( :at ,i mean1  consid] 
h[ _m a man1 & especially if he is (    

noble bir?1 w  (t51 9 ord] to fulfil "s 
promise1 make great sacrifices1 :i* are 
in/igat$ solely by ! fact t 8 fa!r has  
(t5 impress$ x  ^u him 9 *ildhood t a   
man ( hon\r1 or a g5tleman1 or a        
cavali]1 always keeps 8 ^w inviolate4   
,phil4 ,& t won't "w unless !re is a    
c]ta9 innate probitas4  ,y mu/ n ascribe
 to religion :at is ! result ( innate   
goodness  ( "*1 by :i* pity = ! "o :o   
w\ld be affect$ by !  crime prev5ts a   
man f committ+ x4 ,?is is ! g5u9e moral 
motive1 & z su* x is indep5d5t ( all    
religions4    ,demop4 ,b ev5 ?is moral  
motive has no effect on ! masses unless 
x is inve/$ ) a religi\s motive1 :i*1 at
 any rate1 /r5g!ns  x4 ,h[ev]1 )\t any  
su* natural f\ndation1 religi\s motives 
(t5 9 !mselves alone prev5t crime3 ?is  
is n a matt] (  surprise to u 9 ! case (
 ! multitude1 :5 we see t ev5  p ( good 
education sometimes come "u ! influ5ce1 
n inde$  ( religi\s motives1 :i*        
fundam5tally are at lea/ allegorically  
true1 b ( ! mo/ absurd sup]/itions1 by  

:i* !y are guid$  ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( _!   
lives2 z1 = in/ance1 und]tak+  no?+ on a
 ,friday1 refus+ to sit d[n ?irte5 at   
table1 obey+  *ance om5s1 & ! l3 h[ mu* 
m likely are ! masses to be  guid$ by   
su* ?+s4 ,y _c prop]ly conceive ! great 
limitations ( ! raw m9d2 its int]ior is 
entirely d>k1 especially  if1 z is (t5 !
 case1 a bad1 unju/1 & wick$ he>t is its
  f\ndation4 ,m5 l ^!1 :o repres5t !    
bulk ( humanity1 mu/ be  direct$ &      
controll$ mean:ile1 z well z possible1  
ev5 if x be by  really sup]/iti\s       
motives1 until !y become susceptible to 
tru] &  bett] ones4 ,( ! direct effect (
 religion1 "o may give z an  in/ance a  
common occurr5ce 9 ,italy1 namely1 t ( a
 ?ief be+  all[$ to replace :at he has  
/ol5 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( 8  confessor1 :o   
makes ?is ! condition ( 8 absolution4   
,!n ?9k (  ! case ( an oa?1 :]e religion
 %[s a mo/ decid$ influ5ce3  :e!r x be  
because a man places himself expressly 9
 ! position (  a m]e moral be+1 & z su* 
reg>ds himself z solemnly appeal$       

to1--z seems to be ! case 9 ,france1 :]e
 ! =m ( ! oa? is  m]ely je le jure2 &   
among ! ,quak]s1 ^: solemn yea or  nay  
takes ! place ( ! oa?2--or :e!r x is    
because a man  really believes he is    
utt]+ some?+ t w =feit 8 et]nal         
happ9ess1--a belief :i* is obvi\sly only
 ! inve/iture ( !  =m] feel+4 ,at any   
rate1 religi\s motives are a means (    
awak5+  & call+ =? 8 moral nature4 ,a   
man w frequ5tly cons5t to  take a false 
oa?1 b sudd5ly refuse to d s :5 x comes 
to !  po9t2 :]eby tru? & "r come (f     
victori\s4    ,phil4 ,b false oa?s are  
/ill (t5] sworn1 :]eby tru? & "r  are   
trodd5 und]foot ) ! cle> k ( all !      
witnesses (  ! act4 ,an oa? is ! juri/'s
 metaphysical pons as9orum1 & l  ?is    
%\ld be us$ z seldom z ev] possible4 ,:5
 x _c be  avoid$1 x %\ld be tak5 ) great
 solemnity1 always 9 ! pres5ce  ( !     
cl]gy--nay1 ev5 9 a *ur* or 9 a *apel   
adjo9+ ! c\rt  ( ju/ice4444 ,?is is     
precisely :y ! ,fr5* ab/ract =mul>y (  !
 oa? is ( no value4 ,by ! way1 y are "r 

to cite ! oa? z  an und5iable example ( 
! practical efficacy ( religion4 ,i mu/1
 9  spite ( ev]y?+ y h said1 d\bt :e!r !
 efficacy (  religion goes mu* beyond   
?is4 ,j ?9k1 if x 7 sudd5ly decl>$  by  
public proclamation t all crim9al laws 7
 aboli%$2 ,i believe  t nei!r y nor ,i  
w\ld h ! c\rage to g home f "h alone  "u
 ! protection ( religi\s motives4 ,on ! 
o!r h&1 if 9 a  simil> way all religions
 7 decl>$ to be untrue2 we w\ld1 "u  !  
protection ( ! laws alone1 live on z    
=m]ly1 )\t any  special increase 9 our  
fe>s & measures ( precaution4 ,b ,i w   
ev5 g fur!r3 religions h v frequ5tly a  
decid$ly demoralis+  influ5ce4 ,x may be
 said g5]ally t duties t[>ds ,god are ! 
rev]se ( duties t[>ds mank9d2 & t x is v
 easy to make up  = lack ( good behavi\r
 t[>ds m5 by adulation ( ,god4          
,accord+ly1  we see 9 all ages &        
c\ntries t ! great majority ( mank9d f9d
  x mu* easi] to beg admission into     
,heav5 by pray]s ?an to des]ve  x by _! 
actions4 ,9 e religion x soon comes to  

be proclaim$  t x is n s mu* moral      
actions z fai?1 c]emonies1 & rites (  e 
k9d t are ! imm$iate objects ( ! ,div9e 
w2 & inde$  ! latt]1 especially if !y   
are b\nd up ) ! emolum5ts ( !  cl]gy1   
are consid]$ a sub/itute = ! =m]4 ,!    
sacrifice (  animals 9 temples1 or !    
say+ ( masses1 ! erection ( *apels or   
crosses by ! roadside1 are soon reg>d$ z
 ! mo/ m]itori\s  works2 s t ev5 a great
 crime may be expiat$ by !m1 z also by  
p5ance1 subjection to prie/ly au?ority1 
confessions1 pilgrimages1  donations to 
! temple & its prie/s1 ! build+ (       
mona/]ies &  ! l2 until f9ally ! cl]gy  
appe> almo/ only z m$iators 9  !        
corruption ( ! gods4 ,& if ?+s d n g s  
f> z t1  :]e is ! religion ^: confessors
 d n consid] pray]s1 songs (  praise1 & 
v>i\s k9ds ( devotional ex]cise1 at any 
rate1 a p>tial  sub/itute = moral       
conduct8 ,look at ,engl&1 = in/ance1 :]e
 !  audaci\s prie/craft has m5daci\sly  
id5tifi$ ! ,*ri/ian ,sunday  ) ! ,jewi% 
,sabba?1 9 spite ( ! fact t x 0 orda9$  

by  ,con/ant9e ! ,great 9 opposition to 
! ,jewi% ,sabba?1 & ev5 took  its "n1 s 
t ,jehovah's ord9ances = !              
,sabba?--i4e41 ! day  on :i* ! ,almighty
 re/$1 tir$ aft] ,8 six days' "w1 mak+ x
  !re=e ess5tially ! la/ day ( !        
week--might be conf]r$ on  ! ,*ri/ian   
,sunday1 ! dies solis1 ! fir/ day ( !   
week :i*  ! sun op5s 9 glory1 ! day (   
devotion & joy4 ,! result ( ?is  fraud  
is t 9 ,engl& ,sabba? break+1 or !      
desecration ( !  ,sabba?1 t is1 !       
slighte/ occupation1 :e!r x be ( a      
useful  or pleasurable nature1 & any k9d
 ( game1 music1 knitt+1 or worldly      
book1 are on ,sundays reg>d$ z great    
s9s4 ,mu/ n ! ord9>y man  believe t if1 
z 8 spiritual guides impress ^u him1 he 
nev]  fails 9 a /rict obs]vance ( ! holy
 ,sabba? & a regul>  att5dance on ,div9e
 ,s]vice1--9 o!r words1 if he inv>iably 
:iles  away 8 "t on a ,sunday1 & nev]   
fails to sit two h\rs 9 *ur* to  li/5 to
 ! same ,litany = ! ?\s&? "t1 & to      
babble x )  ! re/ a tempo1 he may reckon

 on indulg5ce 9 "h & !re little  s9s :i*
 he at times all[s himself8 ,^? devils 9
 human =m1 !  slave-own]s & slave-trad]s
 9 ! ,free ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica 7!y   
%\ld be call$ ! ,slave ,/ates71 are1 9  
g5]al1 or?odox1 pi\s  ,anglicans1 :o    
look ^u x z a great s9 to "w on         
,sundays2 &  confid5t 9 ?is1 & _! regul>
 att5dance at *ur*1 !y expect  to ga9   
et]nal happ9ess4 ,! demoralis+ influ5ce 
( religion is  less problematical ?an   
its moral influ5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[    
great & h[ c]ta9 t moral influ5ce mu/ be
 to make am5ds =  ! horrors & mis]y :i* 
religions1 especially ! ,*ri/ian &      
,mohamm$an religions1 h occasion$ &     
spread ov] ! e>?6 ,?9k  ( ! fanaticism1 
( ! endless p]secutions1 ! religi\s w>s1
 t  sangu9>y fr5zy ( :i* ! anci5ts _h no
 idea2 !n1 ?9k ( !  ,crusades1 a        
massacre la/+ two hundr$ ye>s1 &        
p]fectly  unw>rantable1 ) its w>-cry1 ,x
 is ,god's w1 s t x might  get into its 
possession ! grave ( "o :o _h prea*$    
love &  endurance2 ?9k ( ! cruel        

expulsion & ext]m9ation ( ! ,moors  &   
,jews f ,spa92 ?9k ( ! massacres1 ( !   
inquisitions &  o!r h]etical tribunals1 
! bloody & t]rible conque/s ( !         
,mohamm$ans 9 ?ree diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 
& ! conque/ (  ! ,*ri/ians 9 ,am]ica1 ^:
 inhabitants 7 = ! mo/ "p1 &  9 ,cuba   
entirely1 ext]m9at$2 accord+ to ,las    
,casas1 )9 =ty  ye>s twelve million     
p]sons 7 murd]$--( c\rse1 all 9 majorem 
,dei gloriam1 & = ! spread+ ( ! ,gospel1
 & because1  moreov]1 :at 0 n ,*ri/ian 0
 n look$ ^u z human4 ,x is  true ,i h   
already t\*$ ^u ^! matt]s2 b :5 9 our   
day !  ,late/ ,news f ! ,k+dom ( ,god is
 pr9t$1 we %all n be tir$  ( br++ old]  
news to m9d4 ,& 9 p>ticul>1 let u n =get
  ,india1 t sacr$ soil1 t cradle ( !    
human race1 at any rate (  ! race to :i*
 we belong1 :]e fir/ ,mohamm$ans1 & lat]
  ,*ri/ians1 7 mo/ cruelly infuriat$    
aga9/ ! foll[]s ( !  orig9al belief (   
mank9d2 & ! et]nally lam5table1 wanton1 
&  cruel de/ruction & disfigurem5t ( !  
mo/ anci5t temples &  images1 /ill %[   

traces ( ! mono!i/ic rage ( !           
,mohamm$ans1  z x 0 c>ri$ on f ,m>mud ! 
,ghaznevid ( accurs$ memory1 d[n  to    
,aur5g ,zeb1 ! fratricide1 :om lat] !   
,portuguese ,*ri/ians  fai?fully tri$ to
 imitate by de/roy+ ! temples & ! auto  
da  f ( ! inquisition at ,goa4 ,let u   
also n =get ! *os5 p  ( ,god1 :o1 aft]  
!y _h1 by ,jehovah's express & special  
comm&1  /ol5 f _! old & fai?ful fri5ds 9
 ,egypt ! gold & silv]  vessels :i* _h  
be5 l5t to !m1 made a murd]\s & pr$atory
  excursion into ! ,promis$ ,l&1 )      
,moses at _! head1 9 ord] to  te> x f ! 
rightful own]s1 also at ,jehovah's      
express & repeat$  comm&s1 kn[+ no      
compassion1 & rel5tlessly murd]+ &      
ext]m9at+ all ! inhabitants1 ev5 ! wom5 
& *ildr5 7,jo%ua  x41 xi472 j because !y
 7 n circumcis$ & did n "k  ,jehovah1   
:i* 0 suffici5t reason to ju/ify e act (
 cruelty  aga9/ !m4 ,= ! same reason1 9 
=m] times ! infam\s rogu]y  ( ! patri>* 
,jacob & 8 *os5 p aga9/ ,hamor1 ,k+ (   
,%alem1 & 8 p is rec\nt$ to u ) glory1  

precisely because  ! p 7 unbeliev]s4    
,truly1 x is ! wor/ side ( religions  t 
! believ]s ( "o religion consid]        
!mselves all[$  ev]y?+ aga9/ ! s9s ( e  
o!r1 & consequ5tly treat !m  ) ! utmo/  
vici\sness & cruelty2 ! ,mohamm$ans     
aga9/ !  ,*ri/ians & ,h9doos2 !         
,*ri/ians aga9/ ! ,h9doos1 ,mohamm$ans1 
,am]icans1 ,negroes1 ,jews1 h]etics1 & !
 l4 ,p]haps ,i g too f>  :5 ,i say all  
religions2 = 9 compliance ) tru?1 ,i mu/
 add  t ! fanatical horrors1 aris+ f    
religion1 are only p]petrat$  by !      
foll[]s ( ! mono!i/ic religions1 t is1 (
 ,judaism &  its two bran*es1           
,*ri/ianity & ,islamism4 ,! same is n   
report$ (  ! ,h9doos & ,buddhi/s1 al?\gh
 we "k1 = in/ance1 t ,buddhism  0 driv5 
out ab\t ! fif? c5tury ( our era by !   
,brahmans f  its orig9al home 9 !       
s\!rnmo/ "p ( ! ,indian p59sula1 &      
aft]w>ds spread ov] ! :ole ( ,asia2 yet 
we h1 s f> z ,i "k1  no def9ite         
in=mation ( any de$s ( viol5ce1 ( w>s & 
cruelties  by :i* ?is 0 br\ght ab\t4    

,?is may1 mo/ c]ta9ly1 be ascrib$  to ! 
obscurity 9 :i* ! hi/ory ( ^? c\ntries  
is veil$2 b  ! extremely mild "* ( _!   
religion1 :i* cont9ually  impresses ^u u
 to be =be>+ t[>ds e liv+ ?+1 z well  z 
! circum/ance t ,brahmanism prop]ly     
admits no proselytes by  reason ( its   
ca/e sy/em1 leads u to hope t its       
foll[]s may  consid] !mselves exempt f  
%$d+ blood to any great ext5t1 &  f     
cruelty 9 any =m4 ,sp5ce ,h>dy1 9 8     
excell5t book on  ,ea/]n ,mona*ism1 p4  
#dab1 extols ! extraord9>y tol]ance ( ! 
,buddhi/s1 & adds 8 assurance t ! annals
 ( ,buddhism furni%  few] examples (    
religi\s p]secution ?an ^? ( any o!r    
religion4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 intol]ance 
is only ess5tial to  mono!ism3 an only  
god is by 8 nature a jeal\s god1 :o _c  
p]mit any o!r god to exi/4 ,on ! o!r h&1
 poly!i/ic gods are  by _! nature       
tol]ant3 !y live & let live2 !y will+ly 
tol]ate _! colleagues z be+ gods ( !    
same religion1 & ?is  tol]ance is       
aft]w>ds ext5d$ to ali5 gods1 :o are1   

accord+ly1  hospitably receiv$1 & lat]  
on sometimes atta9 ev5 ! same rights  & 
privileges2 z 9 ! case ( ! ,romans1 :o  
will+ly accept$ &  v5]at$ ,phrygian1    
,egyptian1 & o!r =eign gods4 ,h5ce x is 
!  mono!i/ic religions alone t furni% u 
) religi\s w>s1  p]secutions1 & h]etical
 tribunals1 & also ) ! break+ (  images1
 ! de/ruction ( idols ( ! gods2 !       
ov]?r[+ ( ,indian  temples & ,egyptian  
colossi1 :i* _h look$ on ! sun ?ree ?\s&
  ye>s2 & all ?is because a jeal\s ,god 
_h said3 ,?\ %alt make no  grav5 image1 
etc4 ,to return to ! pr9cipal "p ( !    
matt]3 y  are c]ta9ly "r 9 advocat+ !   
/rong metaphysical ne$s (  mank9d2 b    
religions appe> to me to be n s mu* a   
satisfaction z  an abuse ( ^? ne$s4 ,at 
any rate we h se5 t1 9 view ( !         
progress ( morality1 its advantages are 
= ! mo/ "p  problematical1 :ile its     
disadvantages1 & especially ! enormities
  :i* h appe>$ 9 its tra91 are obvi\s4  
,( c\rse ! matt]  becomes q diff]5t if  
we consid] ! utility ( religion z a     

ma9/ay ( ?rones2 = 9 s f> z ^! are be/[$
 by ! grace  ( ,god1 alt> & ?rone are   
closely relat$4 ,accord+ly1 e wise      
pr9ce :o loves 8 ?rone & 8 family w walk
 be=e 8 p  z a type ( true religion2 j z
 ev5 ,ma*iavelli1 9 ! eighte5?  *apt] ( 
8 book1 urg5tly recomm5d$ religion to   
pr9ces4 ,moreov]1  x may be add$ t      
reveal$ religions are relat$ to         
philosophy1  exactly z ! sov]eigns by ! 
grace ( ,god are to ! sov]eignty (  ! p2
 & h5ce ! two =m] t]ms ( ! p>allel are 9
  natural alliance4    ,demop4 ,oh1     
don't adopt t tone6 ,b consid] t 9 do+ s
 y  are bl[+ ! trumpet ( o*locracy &    
an>*y1 ! ar*-enemy ( all  legislative   
ord]1 all civilisation1 & all humanity4 
,phil4 ,y are "r4 ,x 0 only a sophism1  
or :at ! f5c+-ma/]  calls a fe9t4 ,i    
)draw x !re=e4 ,b see h[ disput+ c make 
ev5 hone/ m5 unju/ & malici\s4 ,s let u 
cease4    ,demop4 ,x is true ,i regret1 
aft] all ! tr\ble ,i h tak51 t ,i  h n  
alt]$ y\r op9ion 9 reg>d to religion2 on
 ! o!r h&1  ,i c assure y t ev]y?+ y h  

br\ght =w>d has n %ak5  my conviction ( 
its high value & necessity4    ,phil4 ,i
 believe y2 = z x is put 9 ,hudibras3   
,he t complies aga9/ 8 w    ,is ( 8 own 
op9ion /ill4    ,i f9d consolation1     
h[ev]1 9 ! fact t 9 controv]sies & 9    
tak+ m9]al wat]s1 x is ! aft]-effects t 
are ! true ones4    ,demop4 ,i hope !   
aft]-effect may prove to be b5eficial 9 
y\r  case4    ,phil4 ,t might be s if ,i
 c\ld only dige/ a ,spani% prov]b4      
,demop4 ,& t is8    ,phil4 ,detras de la
 cruz e/ el ,diablo4    ,demop4 ,:i*    
means8    ,phil ,wait--,beh9d ! cross   
/&s ! devil4    ,demop4 ,come1 don't let
 u sep>ate f ea* o!r ) s>casms1 b  r let
 u all[ t religion1 l ,janus1 or1 bett] 
/ill1 l  ! ,brahman god ( dea?1 ,yama1  
has two faces1 & l him1 "o v  fri5dly & 
"o v sull54 ,ea* ( u1 h[ev]1 has only   
fix$ 8  eyes on "o4    ,phil4 ,y are "r1
 old fell[4    ,,footnotes3    #ac ,de  
,anim4 ,mundi1 p4 #ajd1 d4 ,/eph4       
,,psy*ological ,,obs]vations4      ,e   
animal1 & especially man1 requires1 9   

ord] to exi/ & get on  9 ! _w1 a c]ta9  
fitness & proportion betwe5 8 w & 8     
intellect4 ,! m exact & true ?is fitness
 & proportion are by  nature1 ! easi]1  
saf]1 & pleasant] x w be = him to get   
?r\gh ! _w4 ,at ! same "t1 a m]e        
approximation to ?is exact  po9t w      
protect him f de/ruction4 ,!re is1 9    
consequ5ce1 a  c]ta9 scope )9 ! limits (
 exactness & fitness ( ?is  s-call$     
proportion4 ,! normal proportion is z   
foll[s4 ,z ! object  ( ! intellect is to
 be ! light & guide ( ! w on its pa?1  !
 m viol5t1 impetu\s1 & passionate ! inn]
 =ce ( ! w1  ! m p]fect & cle> mu/ be ! 
intellect :i* belongs to x2 s  t ! ard5t
 ef=ts ( ! w1 ! gl[ ( passion1 !        
vehem5ce  ( affection1 may n lead a man 
a/ray or drive him to d ?+s t  he has n 
giv5 8 consid]ation or are wrong or w   
ru9 him2 :i*  w infallibly be ! case :5 
a v /rong w is comb9$ ) a  v weak       
intellect4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a phlegmatic   
"*1 t is  to say1 a weak & feeble w1 c  
agree & get on ) little  intellect2 a   

mod]ate w only requires a mod]ate       
intellect4 ,9  g5]al1 any disproportion 
betwe5 ! w & intellect--t is to  say1   
any deviation f ! normal proportion     
ref]r$ to--t5ds to make  a man unhappy2 
& ! same ?+ happ5s :5 ! disproportion is
  rev]s$4 ,! developm5t ( ! intellect to
 an abnormal degree (  /r5g? &          
sup]iority1 !reby mak+ x out ( all      
proportion to !  w1 a condition :i*     
con/itutes ! ess5ce ( true g5ius1 is n  
only sup]flu\s b actually an imp$im5t to
 ! ne$s & purposes (  life4 ,?is means  
t1 9 y\?1 excessive en]gy 9 grasp+ !    
objective _w1 accompani$ by a lively    
imag9ation & little  exp]i5ce1 makes !  
m9d susceptible to exagg]at$ ideas & a  
prey  ev5 to *im]as2 & ?is results 9 an 
ecc5tric & ev5 fanta/ic  "*4 ,& :51     
lat]1 ?is condition ( m9d no long] exi/s
 &  succumbs to ! tea*+ ( exp]i5ce1 !   
g5ius w nev] feel s  mu* at home or take
 up 8 position 9 ! ev]yday _w or 9 civic
  life1 & move ) ! ease ( a man ( normal
 intellect2 inde$1 he is  (t5 m apt to  

make curi\s mi/akes4 ,= ! ord9>y m9d is 
s  p]fectly at home 9 ! n>r[ circle (   
its own ideas & way (  grasp+ ?+s t no  
"o c control x 9 t circle2 its          
capacities always rema9 true to _!      
orig9al purpose1 namely1 to look  aft] !
 s]vice ( ! w2 !re=e x applies itself   
unceas+ly  to ?is end )\t ev] go+ beyond
 x4 ,:ile ! g5ius1 z ,i h  /at$1 is at  
bottom a mon/rum p] excessum2 j z       
conv]sely !  passionate1 viol5t1 &      
un9tellig5t man1 ! bra9less savage1 is a
  mon/rum p] dejectum4           99     
99       99       99       99    ,! w to
 live1 :i* =ms ! inn]mo/ k]nel ( e liv+ 
be+1 is mo/ di/9ctly app>5t 9 ! highe/1 
t is to say 9 !  clev]e/1 ord] (        
animals1 & !re=e 9 !m we may see &      
consid] ! nature ( ! w mo/ cle>ly4 ,=   
bel[ ?is ord] (  animals ! w is n s     
prom95t1 & has a less degree (          
objectivation2 b above ! high] ord] (   
animals1 ,i mean 9 m51  we get reason1 &
 ) reason reflection1 & ) ?is ! faculty 
=  dissimulation1 :i* imm$iately ?r[s a 

veil ov] ! actions ( !  w4 ,b 9 outbur/s
 ( affection & passion ! w exhibits     
itself  unveil$4 ,?is is precisely :y   
passion1 :5 x speaks1 always c>ries     
conviction1 :atev] ! passion may be2 &  
rightly s4 ,= ! same  reason1 ! passions
 are ! pr9cipal !me ( poets & !         
/alk+-horse ( actors4 ,& x is because ! 
w is mo/ /rik+ 9  ! l[] class ( animals 
t we may acc\nt = our delight 9 dogs1   
apes1 cats1 etc42 x is ! absolute navet 
( all _! expressions  :i* *>ms u s mu*4 
,:at a peculi> pleasure x af=ds u to see
 any free animal look+  aft] its own    
welf>e unh9d]$1 f9d+ its food1 or tak+  
c>e (  its "y1 or associat+ ) o!rs ( its
 k9d1 & s on6 ,?is is  exactly :at ought
 to be & c be4 ,be x only a bird1 ,i c  
look at x  = "s "t ) a feel+ ( pleasure2
 nay1 a wat]-rat or a frog1  & ) /ill   
great] pleasure a h$gehog1 a weazel1 a  
roe1 or a de]4  ,! contemplation (      
animals delights u s mu*1 pr9cipally    
because we  see 9 !m our own exi/5ce v  
mu* simplifi$4    ,!re is only "o       

m5daci\s creature 9 ! _w--man4 ,e o!r is
  true & g5u9e1 = x %[s itself z x is1 &
 expresses itself  j z x feels4 ,an     
emblematical or allegorical expression (
 ?is  fundam5tal diff]5ce is to be f\nd 
9 ! fact t all animals g  ab\t 9 _!     
natural /ate2 ?is l>gely acc\nts = !    
happy  impression !y make on u :5 we    
look at !m2 & z f> z ,i myself  am      
conc]n$1 my he>t always goes out to !m1 
p>ticul>ly if !y are  free animals4     
,man1 on ! o!r h&1 by 8 silly dress     
becomes a  mon/]2 8 v appe>ance is      
objectionable1 enhanc$ by ! unnatural   
pal5ess ( 8 complexion1--! nauseat+     
effect ( 8 eat+ meat1  ( 8 dr9k+        
alcohol1 8 smok+1 dissolut5ess1 &       
ailm5ts4 ,he  /&s out z a blot on       
,nature4 ,& x 0 because ! ,greeks 7     
consci\s ( ?is t !y re/rict$ !mselves z 
f> z possible 9  ! matt] ( dress4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,mu* t is attribut$ to =ce ( habit ought
 r to be put d[n  to ! con/ancy &       
immutability ( orig9al1 innate "*1 :]eby

  we always d ! same ?+ "u ! same       
circum/ances2 :i*  happ5s ! fir/ z = !  
hundr$? "t 9 consequ5ce ( ! same        
necessity4 ,:ile =ce ( habit1 9 reality1
 is solely due to  indol5ce seek+ to    
save ! intellect & w ! "w1 difficulty1  
& dang] ( mak+ a fre% *oice2 s t we are 
made to d to-day  :at we did ye/]day & h
 done a hundr$ times be=e1 & ( :i*  we  
"k t x w ga9 its end4    ,b ! tru? ( !  
matt] lies deep]2 = x c be expla9$ m    
cle>ly ?an appe>s at fir/ sight4 ,! p[] 
( in]tia appli$ to  bodies :i* may be   
mov$ by me*anical means only1 becomes   
=ce (  habit :5 appli$ to bodies :i* are
 mov$ by motives4 ,! actions  :i* we d  
out ( %e] =ce ( habit occur1 z a matt] (
 fact1  )\t any individual sep>ate      
motive ex]cis$ = ! p>ticul>  case2 h5ce 
we d n really ?9k ( !m4 ,x 0 only :5 ea*
 action  at fir/ took place t x _h a    
motive2 aft] t x became a habit2  !     
second>y aft]-effect ( ?is motive is !  
pres5t habit1 :i* is  suffici5t to c>ry 
on ! action2 j z a body1 set 9 motion by

 a  pu%1 does n ne$ ano!r pu% 9 ord] to 
enable x to cont9ue its  motion2 x w    
cont9ue 9 motion = ev] if x is n        
ob/ruct$ 9  any way4 ,! same ?+ applies 
to animals2 tra9+ is a habit :i* is  =c$
 ^u !m4 ,! horse draws a c>t along      
cont5t$ly )\t be+  urg$ to d s2 ?is     
motion is /ill ! effect ( ^? la%es ) !  
:ip :i* incit$ him at fir/1 b :i* by !  
law ( in]tia h  become p]petuat$ z      
habit4 ,!re is really some?+ m 9 all ?is
  ?an a m]e p>able2 x is ! id5tity ( !  
?+ 9 "q1 t  is to say ( ! w1 at v       
diff]5t degrees ( its objectivation1  by
 :i* ! same law ( motion takes su*      
diff]5t =ms4           99       99      
99       99       99    ,viva mu*os aos6
 is ! ord9>y greet+ 9 ,spa91 & x is     
usual  ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w to wi% p a long
 life4 ,x is n a  k ( :at life is t     
expla9s ! orig9 ( su* a wi%1 b  r k (   
:at man is 9 8 real nature3 namely1 ! w 
to  live4    ,! wi% :i* e "o has1 t he  
may be rememb]$ aft] 8  dea?1 & :i* ^? p
 ) aspirations h = po/hum\s  fame1 seems

 to me to arise f ?is t5acity to life4  
,:5 !y see  !mselves cut (f f e         
possibility ( real exi/5ce !y  /ruggle  
aft] a life :i* is /ill )9 _! rea*1 ev5 
if x is  only an ideal--t is to say1 an 
unreal "o4           99       99        
99       99       99    ,we wi%1 m or   
less1 to get to ! end ( ev]y?+ we are   
int]e/$  9 or occupi$ )2 we are impati5t
 to get to ! end ( x1 & glad  :5 x is   
f9i%$4 ,x is only ! g5]al end1 ! end (  
all ends1  t we wi%1 z a rule1 z f> (f z
 possible4           99       99        
99       99       99    ,e sep>ation    
gives a =eta/e ( dea?1 & e meet+ a      
=eta/e ( ! resurrection4 ,?is expla9s :y
 ev5 p :o 7  indiff]5t to ea* o!r1      
rejoice s mu* :5 !y meet aga9 aft]  !   
lapse ( tw5ty or ?irty ye>s4            
99       99       99       99       99  
,! deep sorr[ we feel on ! dea? ( a     
fri5d spr+s f !  feel+ t 9 e individual 
!re is a some?+ :i* we _c  def9e1 :i* is
 8 alone & !re=e irrep>able4 ,omne      
individuum  ineffabile4 ,! same applies 

to individual animals4 ,a man :o has by 
accid5t fatally w\nd$ a fav\rite animal 
feels ! mo/ acute sorr[1  & ! animal's  
dy+ look causes him inf9ite pa94        
99       99       99       99       99  
,x is possible = u to grieve ov] ! dea? 
( our enemies &  adv]s>ies1 ev5 aft] !  
lapse ( a long "t1 almo/ z mu* z ov]  ! 
dea? ( our fri5ds--t is to say1 if we   
miss !m z witnesses  ( our brilliant    
success4           99       99       99 
99       99    ,t ! sudd5 ann\ncem5t (  
"s good =tune may easily h a  fatal     
effect on u is due to ! fact t our      
happ9ess & unhapp9ess  dep5d ^u !       
relation ( our dem&s to :at we get2     
accord+ly1 !  good ?+s we possess1 or   
are q sure ( possess+1 are n felt to  be
 su*1 because ! nature ( all enjoym5t is
 really only negative1  & has only !    
effect ( annull+ pa92 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1
  ! nature ( pa9 or evil is really      
positive & felt imm$iately4 ,)  !       
possession1 or ! c]ta9 prospect ( x1 our
 dem&s in/antly  rise & increase our    

desire = fur!r possession & great]      
prospects4 ,b if ! m9d is depress$ by   
cont9ual mis=tune1 & !  claims r$uc$ to 
a m9imum1 good =tune t comes sudd5ly    
f9ds no  capacity = its acceptance4     
,neutralis$ by no previ\s claims1 x n[  
has app>5tly a positive effect1 &       
accord+ly its :ole p[] is  ex]cis$2 h5ce
 x may disorganise ! m9d--t is to say1  
be fatal  to x4 ,?is is :y1 z is well   
kn[n1 "o is s c>eful to get a man  fir/ 
to hope = happ9ess be=e ann\nc+ x1 !n to
 sugge/ !  prospect ( x1 !n little by   
little make x kn[n1 until gradually all 
is kn[n to him2 e portion ( ! revelation
 loses ! /r5g? (  its effect because x  
is anticipat$ by a dem&1 & room is /ill 
left  = m4 ,9 virtue ( all ?is1 x might 
be said t our /oma* =  good =tune is    
bottomless1 b ! entrance to x is n>r[4  
,:at has  be5 said does n apply to sudd5
 mis=tunes 9 ! same way4 ,s9ce  hope    
always resi/s !m1 !y are = ?is reason   
r>ely fatal4 ,t  fe> does n p]=m an     
analog\s (fice 9 cases ( good =tune is  

due to ! fact t we are in/9ctively m    
incl9$ to hope ?an to  fe>2 j z our eyes
 turn ( !mselves to light 9 pref]5ce to 
d>kness4           99       99       99 
99       99    ,hope is to confuse !    
desire t some?+ %\ld occur ) !          
probability t x w4 ,p]haps no man is    
free f ?is folly ( !  he>t1 :i* d]anges 
! intellect's correct e/imation (       
probability  to su* a degree z to make  
him ?9k ! ev5t q possible1 ev5 if  !    
*ances are only a ?\s& to "o4 ,& /ill1  
an unexpect$  mis=tune is l a spe$y     
dea?-/roke2 :ile a hope t is always     
fru/rat$1 & yet spr+s into life aga91 is
 l dea? by sl[  torture4    ,he :o has  
giv5 up hope has also giv5 up fe>2 ?is  
is ! mean+ (  ! expression desp]ate4 ,x 
is natural = a man to h fai? 9  :at he  
wi%es1 & to h fai? 9 x because he wi%es 
x4 ,if ?is  peculi>ity ( 8 nature1 :i*  
is bo? b5eficial & com=t+1 is  eradicat$
 by repeat$ h>d bl[s ( fate1 & he is    
br\ght to a  conv]se condition1 :5 he   
believes t some?+ mu/ happ5 because  he 

does n wi% x1 & :at he wi%es c nev]     
happ5 j because he  wi%es x2 ?is is1 9  
reality1 ! /ate :i* has be5 call$       
desp]ation4           99       99       
99       99       99    ,t we are s (t5 
mi/ak5 9 o!rs is n always precisely due 
to  our faulty judgm5t1 b spr+s1 z a    
rule z ,bacon says1 f  intellectus      
lum9is sicci non e/1 sec recipit        
infusionem a voluntate  et affectibus3 =
 )\t kn[+ x1 we are influ5c$ = or aga9/ 
!m by trifles f ! v beg9n+4 ,x also (t5 
lies 9 ! fact  t we d n adh]e to !      
qualities :i* we really discov] 9 !m1  b
 conclude f ^! t !re are o!rs :i* we    
consid]  insep>able f1 or at any rate   
incompatible )1 !m4 ,= in/ance1  :5 we  
disc]n g5]osity1 we conclude !re is     
hone/y2 f ly+ we  conclude !re is       
deception2 f deception1 /eal+1 & s on2 &
  ?is op5s ! door to _m errors1 p>tly   
because ( ! peculi>ity (  human nature1 
& p>tly because ( ! "o-sid$ness ( our   
po9t (  view4 ,x is true t "* is always 
consi/5t & connect$2 b  ! roots ( all   

its qualities lies too deep to enable "o
 to decide  f special data 9 a giv5 case
 :i* qualities c1 & :i* _c  exi/ toge!r4
           99       99       99       99
       99    ,! use ( ! ^w p]son 9 e    
,european language to signify a  human  
individual is un9t5tionally appropriate2
 p]sona really means  a play]'s mask1 & 
x is q c]ta9 t no "o %[s himself z he   
is1 b t ea* we>s a mask & plays a rle4  
,9 g5]al1 ! :ole  ( social life is a    
cont9ual com$y1 :i* ! wor?y f9d insipid1
  :il/ ! /upid delight 9 x greatly4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,x (t5 happ5s t we blurt out ?+s t may 9
 "s k9d ( way  be h>mful to u1 b we are 
sil5t ab\t ?+s t may make u look        
ridicul\s2 because 9 ?is case effect    
foll[s v quickly on cause4           99 
99       99       99       99    ,!     
ord9>y man :o has suff]$ inju/ice burns 
) a desire =  rev5ge2 & x has (t5 be5   
said t rev5ge is sweet4 ,?is is         
confirm$ by ! _m sacrifices made m]ely =
 ! sake ( enjoy+  rev5ge1 )\t any       

int5tion ( mak+ good ! injury t "o has  
suff]$4 ,! c5taur ,nessus utilis$ 8 la/ 
mom5ts 9 devis+ an  extremely clev]     
rev5ge1 & ! fact t x 0 c]ta9 to be      
effective sweet5$ an o!rwise bitt] dea?4
 ,! same idea1 pres5t$  9 a m mod]n &   
plausible way1 occurs 9 ,b]tolotti's    
novel1 ,le  due ,sorelle :i* has be5    
translat$ into ?ree languages4 ,walt]   
,scott expresses mank9d's pron5ess to   
rev5ge 9 words z p[]ful z  !y are true3 
,v5geance is ! sweete/ morsel to ! m\? t
 ev]  0 cook$ 9 hell6 ,i %all n[ attempt
 a psy*ological explanation (  rev5ge4  
,all ! suff]+ t nature1 *ance1 or fate h
 assign$ to  u does n1 cet]is p>ibus1   
pa9 u s mu* z suff]+ :i* is  br\ght ^u u
 by ! arbitr>y w ( ano!r4 ,?is is due to
 !  fact t we reg>d nature & fate z !   
orig9al rul]s ( ! _w2  we look ^u :at   
befalls u1 ?r\gh !m1 z some?+ t might h 
befall5 e "o else4 ,!re=e 9 a case (    
suff]+ :i* arises  f ?is s\rce1 we      
bemoan ! fate ( mank9d 9 g5]al m ?an we 
d our own4 ,on ! o!r h&1 suff]+ inflict$

 on u ?r\gh !  arbitr>y w ( ano!r is a  
peculi>ly bitt] addition to ! pa9 or    
injury caus$1 z x involves !            
consci\sness ( ano!r's  sup]iority1 :e!r
 x be 9 /r5g? or cunn+1 z oppos$ to our 
own  weakness4 ,if comp5sation is       
possible1 x wipes out ! injury2 b t     
bitt] addition1 ,i mu/ submit to t f y1 
:i* (t5 hurts  m ?an ! injury itself1 is
 only to be neutralis$ by v5geance4 ,=  
by injur+ ! man :o has injur$ u1 :e!r x 
be by =ce or  cunn+1 we %[ our          
sup]iority1 & !reby annul ! pro( ( 84   
,?is gives t satisfaction to ! m9d = :i*
 x has be5  ?ir/+4 ,accord+ly1 :]e !re  
is mu* pride or vanity !re w  be a great
 desire = rev5ge4 ,b z ! fulfilm5t ( e  
wi%  proves to be m or less a delusion1 
s is also ! wi% = rev5ge4  ,! expect$   
enjoym5t is mo/ly embitt]$ by pity2 nay1
 gratifi$  rev5ge w (t5 lac]ate ! he>t &
 torm5t ! m9d1 = !  motive :i* prompts !
 feel+ ( x is no long] active1 & :at is 
left is ! te/imony ( our wick$ness4     
99       99       99       99       99  

,! pa9 ( an ungratifi$ desire is small  
comp>$ ) t (  rep5tance2 = ! =m] has to 
face ! immeasurable1 op5 future2  !     
latt] ! pa/1 :i* is clos$ irrevocably4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,money is human happ9ess 9 ab/racto2 s t
 a man :o is no long]  capable ( enjoy+ 
x 9 concrete gives up 8 :ole he>t to x4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,moros5ess & melan*oly are v opposite 9 
nature2 & melan*oly is  m ne>ly relat$  
to happ9ess ?an to moros5ess4 ,melan*oly
  attracts2 moros5ess repels4           
,hypo*ondria n only makes u unreasonably
  cross & angry ov] ?+s conc]n+ !       
pres5t2 n only fills u  ) gr\ndless fe>s
 ( imag9ative mi%aps = ! future2 b also 
causes u to unju/ly reproa* ourselves   
conc]n+ our actions 9 !  pa/4           
,hypo*ondria causes a man to be always  
se>*+ = & rack+ 8  bra9 ab\t ?+s t ei!r 
irritate or torm5t him4 ,! cause ( x  is
 an int]nal morbid depression1 comb9$   
(t5 ) an inw>d  re/lessness :i* is      
temp]am5tal2 :5 bo? are develop$ to _!  

utmo/1 suicide is ! result4           99
       99       99       99       99    
,:at makes a man h>d-he>t$ is ?is1 t ea*
 man has1 or fancies he  has1 suffici5t 
9 8 own tr\bles to be>4 ,?is is :y p    
plac$  9 happi] circum/ances ?an !y h   
be5 us$ to are sympa!tic &  *>itable4 ,b
 p :o h always be5 plac$ 9 happy        
circum/ances are (t5 ! rev]se2 !y h     
become s e/rang$ to  suff]+ t !y h no   
long] any sympa?y ) x2 & h5ce x  happ5s 
t ! poor sometimes %[ !mselves m        
b5evol5t ?an !  ri*4    ,on ! o!r h&1   
:at makes a man s v curi\s1 z may be se5
 9  ! way he w spy into o!r p's affairs1
 is bor$om1 a condition  :i* is         
diametrically oppos$ to suff]+2--?\gh   
envy also (t5  helps 9 creat+ curiosity4
           99       99       99       99
       99    ,at times1 x seems z ?\gh  
we wi% = some?+1 & at ! same "t  d n wi%
 = x1 s t we are at once bo? pleas$ &   
tr\bl$  ab\t x4 ,= in/ance1 if we h to  
und]go "s decisive te/ 9 "s  affair or  
o!r1 9 :i* to come (f victori\s is (    

great importance  to u2 we bo? wi% t !  
"t to be te/$ 7 "h1 & yet dread  ! idea 
( its com+4 ,if x happ5s t ! "t1 = once 
9 a way1  is po/pon$1 we are bo? pleas$ 
& sorry1 = al?\gh !  po/ponem5t 0       
unexpect$1 x1 h[ev]1 gives u mom5t>y    
relief4 ,we  h ! same k9d ( feel+ :5 we 
expect an important lett]  conta9+ "s   
decision ( mom5t1 & x fails to come4    
,9 cases l ^! we are really controll$ by
 two diff]5t motives2  ! /rong] b m     
remote be+ ! desire to /& ! te/1 & to  h
 ! decision giv5 9 our fav\r2 ! weak]1  
:i* is clos] at  h&1 ! desire to be left
 9 peace & undi/urb$ = ! pres5t1  &     
consequ5tly 9 fur!r enjoym5t ( !        
advantage t hop+ on 9  unc]ta9ty has ov]
 :at might possibly be an unhappy issue4
  ,consequ5tly1 9 ?is case ! same happ5s
 to our moral vision z to  our physical1
 :5 a small] object ne> at h& conceals f
 view a  bigg] object "s di/ance away4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,! c\rse & affairs ( our individual     
life1 9 view ( _! true  mean+ &         

connection1 are l a piece ( crude "w 9  
mosaic4 ,s  long z "o /&s close 9 front 
( x1 "o _c correctly see !  objects     
pres5t$1 or p]ceive _! importance &     
beauty2 x is only  by /&+ "s di/ance    
away t bo? come into view4 ,& 9 ! same  
way "o (t5 und]/&s ! true connection (  
important ev5ts 9  "o's own life1 n :ile
 !y are happ5+1 or ev5 imm$iately aft]  
!y h happ5$1 b only a long "t aft]w>ds4 
,is ?is s1 because we require ! magnify+
 p[] ( imag9ation1 or  because a g5]al  
view c only be got by look+ f a di/ance8
 or  because "o's emotions w\ld o!rwise 
c>ry "o away8 or because x is  only !   
s*ool ( exp]i5ce t rip5s our judgm5t8   
,p]haps all  ^! comb9$4 ,b x is c]ta9 t 
x is only aft] _m ye>s t  we see !      
actions ( o!rs1 & sometimes ev5 our own1
 9 _! true  light4 ,& z x is 9 "o's own 
life1 s x is 9 hi/ory4           99     
99       99       99       99    ,:y is 
x1 9 spite ( all ! mirrors 9 exi/5ce1 no
 man really kn[s  :at he looks l1 &1    
!re=e1 _c picture 9 8 m9d 8 own  p]son z

 he pictures t ( an acqua9tance8 ,?is is
 a difficulty  :i* is ?w>t$ at ! v      
outset by gno?i sauton--"k ?yself4      
,?is is und\bt$ly p>tly due to ! fact t 
a man c only see  himself 9 ! glass by  
look+ /raight t[>ds x & rema9+ q  /ill2 
:]eby ! play ( ! eye1 :i* is s          
important1 & ! real  *>act]i/ic ( ! face
 is1 to a great ext5t1 lo/4 ,b co-op]at+
  ) ?is physical impossibility1 !re     
appe>s to be an e?ical  impossibility   
analog\s to x4 ,a man _c reg>d !        
reflection ( 8  own face 9 ! glass z if 
x 7 ! face ( "s "o else--:i*  is !      
condition ( 8 see+ himself objectively4 
,?is objective  view re/s ) a pr(\nd    
feel+ on ! egoi/'s "p1 z a moral  be+1 t
 :at he is look+ at is n himself2 :i* is
 requisite  = 8 p]ceiv+ all 8 defects z 
!y really are f a purely  objective po9t
 ( view2 & n until1 !n c he see 8 face  
reflect$ z x really & truly is4 ,in/ead 
( t1 :5 a man sees  8 own p]son 9 !     
glass ! egoi/ic side ( him always       
:isp]s1  ,x is n somebody else1 b ,i    

myself1 :i* has ! effect ( a noli  me   
tang]e1 & prev5ts 8 tak+ a purely       
objective view4 ,)\t  ! leav5 ( a gra9 (
 malice1 x does n seem possible to look 
at  oneself objectively4           99   
99       99       99       99    ,no "o 
kn[s :at capacities he possesses =      
suff]+ & do+ until  an opportunity      
occurs to br+ !m into play2 any m ?an he
 imag9es  :5 look+ into a p]fectly smoo?
 pond ) a mirror-l surface1  t x c      
tumble & toss & ru% f rock to rock1 or  
leap z high  into ! air z a f\nta92--any
 m ?an 9 ice-cold wat] he suspects      
lat5t w>m?4           99       99       
99       99       99    ,t l9e (        
,ovid's1      ,pronaque cum spect5t     
animalia cet]a t]ram1    is only        
applicable 9 its true physical s5se to  
animals2 b 9 a  figurative & spiritual  
s5se1 un=tunately1 to ! great majority (
  m5 too4 ,_! ?\ghts & aspirations are  
entirely devot$ to physical  enjoym5t & 
physical welf>e1 or to v>i\s p]sonal    
int]e/s :i*  receive _! importance f _! 

relation to ! =m]2 b !y  h no int]e/s   
beyond ^!4 ,?is is n only %[n 9 _! way (
  liv+ & speak+1 b also 9 _! look1 !    
expression ( _!  physiognomy1 _! gait & 
ge/iculations2 ev]y?+ ab\t !m  proclaims
 9 t]ram prona6 ,consequ5tly x is n to  
!m1 b only to  ^? nobl] & m highly end[$
 natures1 ^? m5 :o really ?9k  & obs]ve 
?+s r\nd !m1 & are ! exceptions 9 !     
human race1  t ! foll[+ l9es are        
applicable3      ,os hom9i sublime d$it 
coelumque tu]i    ,jussitt et erectos ad
 sid]a toll]e vultus4           99      
99       99       99       99    ,:y is 
common an expression ( contempt8 ,& :y  
are uncommon1  extraord9>y1 di/+ui%$1   
expressions ( approbation8 ,:y is       
ev]y?+ t is common contemptible8        
,common1 9 its orig9al s5se1 means t :i*
 is peculi> & common  to ! :ole species1
 t is to say t :i* is innate 9 !        
species4 ,accord+ly1 a man :o has no m  
qualities ?an ^? ( !  human species 9   
g5]al is a common man ,ord9>y man is a  
mu*  mild] expression1 & is us$ m 9     

ref]5ce to :at is  intellectual1 :ile   
common is us$ m 9 a moral s5se4    ,:at 
value c a be+ h t is no?+ m ?an l       
millions (  its k9d8 ,millions8 ,nay1 an
 inf9itude1 an endless numb] ( be+s1    
:i* ,nature 9 secula seculorum unceas+ly
 s5ds bubbl+ =? f  h] inexhau/ible      
s\rce2 z g5]\s ) !m z ! smi? ) !  dross 
t flies r\nd 8 anvil4    ,s x is        
evid5tly only "r t a be+ :i* has no o!r 
qualities  ?an ^? ( ! species1 %\ld make
 no claim to any o!r exi/5ce  ?an t     
conf9$ to & condition$ by ! species4    
,i h already sev]al times expla9$#ad t  
:il/ animals h only  ! g5]ic "*1 x falls
 to man's %>e alone to h an  individual 
"*4 ,nev]!less1 9 mo/ m5 !re is 9       
reality v  little individual "*2 & !y   
may be almo/ all classifi$4 ,ce  sont   
des espces4 ,_! desires & ?\ghts1 l _!  
faces1 are  ^? ( ! :ole species--at any 
rate1 ^? ( ! class ( m5 to  :i* !y      
belong1 & !y are !re=e ( a trivial1     
common nature1  & exi/ 9 ?\s&s4         
,moreov]1 z a rule "o c tell pretty     

exactly  be=eh& :at !y w say & d4 ,!y h 
no individual /amp3  !y are l           
manufactur$ goods4 ,if1 !n1 _! nature is
 absorb$ 9  t ( ! species1 mu/ n _!     
exi/5ce be too8 ,! curse (  vulg>ity    
r$uces man to ! level ( animals1 = 8    
nature &  exi/5ce are m]g$ 9 t ( !      
species only4 ,x is tak5 =  grant$ t    
any?+ t is high1 great1 or noble by its 
v nature  /&s isolat$ 9 a _w :]e no     
bett] expression c be f\nd to  signify  
:at is base & paltry ?an ! t]m :i* ,i h 
m5tion$ z  be+ g5]ally us$--namely1     
common4           99       99       99  
99       99    ,accord+ z our           
intellectual en]gy is /ra9$ or relax$ w 
life  appe> to u ei!r s %ort1 petty1 &  
fleet+1 t no?+ c  happ5 ( suffici5t     
importance to affect our feel+s2 no?+ is
 (  any importance to u--be x pleasure1 
ri*es1 or ev5 fame1 & h[ev]  mu* we may 
h fail$1 we _c h lo/ mu*2 or vice v]s1  
life  w appe> s long1 s important1 s all
 9 all1 s grave1 & s  difficult t we ?r[
 ourselves into x ) our :ole s\l1 s t   

we may get a %>e ( its possessions1 make
 ourselves sure ( its  prizes1 & c>ry   
out our plans4 ,! latt] is ! imman5t    
view (  life2 x is :at ,gracian means by
 8 expression1 tom> muy de v]as el      
vivir 7life is to be tak5 s]i\sly72 :ile
 = ! =m]1 !  transc5d5tal view1 ,ovid's 
non e/ tanti is a good expression2      
,plato's a /ill bett]1      1    7nihil1
 9 rebus humanis1 magno /udio dignum    
e/74    ,! =m] /ate ( m9d is ! result ( 
! intellect hav+ ga9$  asc5d5cy ov]     
consci\sness1 :]e1 fre$ f ! m]e s]vice (
 !  w1 x grasps ! ph5om5a ( life        
objectively1 & s _c fail to  see cle>ly 
! empt9ess & futility ( x4 ,on ! o!r h&1
 x is  ! w t rules 9 ! o!r condition (  
m9d1 & x is only  !re to light5 ! way to
 ! object ( its desires4 ,a man is great
 or  small accord+ to ! pr$om9ance ( "o 
or ! o!r ( ^! views  ( life4            
99       99       99       99       99  
,x is q c]ta9 t _m a man owes 8 life's  
happ9ess solely to  ! circum/ance t he  
possesses a pleasant smile1 & s w9s !   

he>ts ( o!rs4 ,h[ev]1 ^! he>ts w\ld d   
bett] to take c>e to  rememb] :at       
,hamlet put d[n 9 8 tablets--t "o may   
smile1 &  smile1 & be a villa94         
99       99       99       99       99  
,p ( great & brilliant capacities ?9k   
little ( admitt+ or  expos+ _! faults & 
weaknesses4 ,!y reg>d !m z some?+ =  :i*
 !y h paid1 & ev5 are ( ! op9ion t ^!   
weaknesses1  in/ead ( be+ a disgrace to 
!m1 d !m hon\r4 ,?is is especially  !   
case :5 !y are errors t are insep>able f
 _! brilliant  capacities--conditiones  
s9e quibus non1 or1 z ,george ,s&       
express$  x1 *acun a les dfauts de ses  
v]tus4    ,on ! contr>y1 !re are p (    
good "* & irreproa*able  m9ds1 :o1 r ?an
 admit _! few little weaknesses1        
c>efully  conceal !m1 & are v s5sitive  
if any ref]5ce is made to !m2  & ?is j  
because _! :ole m]it consi/s 9 ! abs5ce 
(  errors & defects2 & h5ce :5 ^! errors
 come to light !y are  imm$iately held 9
 less e/eem4           99       99      
99       99       99    ,mode/y1 9 p (  

mod]ate ability1 is m]ely hone/y1 b 9 p 
( great tal5t x is hypocrisy4 ,h5ce x is
 j z becom+ 9 !  latt] to op5ly admit ! 
reg>d !y h = !mselves1 & n to  conceal !
 fact t !y are consci\s ( possess+      
exceptional  capabilities1 z x is 9 !   
=m] to be mode/4 ,val]ius ,maximus      
gives "s v good examples ( ?is 9 8 *apt]
 de fiducia sui4           99       99  
99       99       99    ,man ev5        
surpasses all ! l[] ord] ( animals 9 8  
capacity =  be+ tra9$4 ,mohamm$ans are  
tra9$ to pray five times a day )  _!    
faces turn$ t[>ds ,mecca2 & !y d x      
regul>ly4 ,*ri/ians  are tra9$ to make !
 sign ( ! ,cross on c]ta9 occasions1 &  
to  b[1 & s =?2 s t religion on ! :ole  
is a real ma/]piece  ( tra9+--t is to   
say1 x tra9s p :at !y are to ?9k2  & !  
tra9+1 z is well kn[n1 _c beg9 too e>ly4
 ,!re is no  absurdity1 h[ev] palpable x
 may be1 :i* may n be fix$ 9 !  m9ds (  
all m51 if x is inculcat$ be=e !y are   
six ye>s old by  cont9ual & e>ne/       
repetition4 ,= x is ! same ) m5 z )     

animals1 to tra9 !m ) p]fect success "o 
mu/ beg9 :5 !y are  v "y4    ,noblem5   
are tra9$ to reg>d no?+ m sacr$ ?an _!  
^w (  hon\r1 to believe e>ne/ly1        
rigidly1 & firmly 9 ! inane code (      
knight-errantry1 & if necess>y to seal  
_! belief by dea?1 & to  look ^u a k+ z 
a be+ ( a high] ord]4 ,polit5ess &      
complim5ts1 & p>ticul>ly our c\rte\s    
attitude t[>ds ladies1 are  ! result (  
tra9+2 & s is our e/eem = bir?1         
position1 &  title4 ,& s is our         
displeasure at c]ta9 expressions direct$
 aga9/  u1 our displeasure be+          
proportionate to ! expression us$4 ,!   
,engli%man has be5 tra9$ to consid] 8   
be+ call$ no g5tleman a  crime wor?y (  
dea?--a li>1 a /ill great] crime2 & s1 !
  ,fr5*man1 if he is call$ a c[>d2 a    
,g]man1 if he is call$ a /upid4  ,_m p  
are tra9$ to be hone/ 9 "s p>ticul>     
direction1  :il/ 9 ev]y?+ else !y       
exhibit v little hone/y2 s t _m  a man w
 n /eal money1 b he w /eal ev]y?+ t w   
af=d him enjoym5t 9 an indirect way4 ,_m

 a %opkeep] w deceive  )\t scruple1 b he
 w on no condition :atev] /eal4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,! doctor sees mank9d 9 all its         
weakness2 ! lawy] 9 all its  wick$ness2 
! !ologian 9 all its /upidity4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,op9ion obeys ! same law z ! sw+ ( !    
p5dulum3 if x goes  beyond ! c5tre (    
gravity on "o side1 x mu/ g z f> beyond 
on  ! o!r4 ,x is only aft] a "t t x f9ds
 ! true po9t ( re/  & rema9s /ation>y4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,di/ance 9 space decreases ! size ( ?+s1
 = x contracts !m  & s makes _! defects 
& defici5cies disappe>4 ,?is is :y      
ev]y?+ looks s mu* f9] 9 a contract+    
mirror or 9 a cam]a  obscura ?an x is 9 
reality2 & ! pa/ is affect$ 9 ! same way
  9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,! sc5es & ev5ts t    
happ5$ long ago1 z  well z ! p]sons :o  
took "p 9 !m1 become a delight to !     
memory1 :i* ignores ev]y?+ t is         
immat]ial & disagreeable4  ,! pres5t    
possesses no su* advantage2 x always    

seems to be  defective4 ,& 9 space1     
small objects ne> at h& appe> to be big1
  & if !y are v ne>1 !y cov] ! :ole (   
our field ( vision2  b z soon z we /& "s
 little di/ance away !y become m9ute &  
f9ally invisible4 ,& s x is ) "t3 !     
little affairs &  mis=tunes ( ev]yday   
life excite 9 u emotion1 anxiety1       
vexation1  passion1 = s long z !y are q 
ne> u1 !y appe> big1  important1 &      
consid]able2 b z soon z ! inexhau/ible  
/ream (  "t has c>ri$ !m into ! di/ance 
!y become unimportant2 !y  are n wor?   
rememb]+ & are soon =gott51 because _!  
importance m]ely consi/$ 9 be+ ne>4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,x is only n[ & !n t a man le>ns some?+2
 b he =gets !  :ole day long4    ,our   
memory is l a sieve1 t ) "t & use holds 
less & less2  9 s f>1 namely1 z ! old]  
we get1 ! quick] any?+ we h  entru/$ to 
our memory slips ?r\gh x1 :ile any?+ t 0
 fix$  firmly 9 x1 :5 we 7 "y1 rema9s4  
,?is is :y an old man's  recollections  
are ! cle>] ! fur!r !y g back1 & ! less 

cle> ! ne>] !y approa* ! pres5t2 s t 8  
memory1 l 8  eyes1 becomes long-sight$  
774    ,t sometimes1 & app>5tly )\t any 
reason1 long-=gott5 sc5es  sudd5ly come 
into ! memory1 is1 9 _m cases1 due to ! 
recurr5ce  ( a sc>cely p]ceptible od\r1 
( :i* we 7 consci\s :5 ^?  sc5es        
actually took place2 = x is well kn[n t 
od\rs m easily  ?an any?+ else awak5    
memories1 & t1 9 g5]al1 some?+ (  an    
extremely trifl+ nature is all t is     
necess>y to call up a  nexus ide>um4    
,& by ! way1 ,i may say t ! s5se ( sight
 has to d ) !  und]/&+1#ae ! s5se ( he>+
 ) reason1#af & ! s5se  ( smell )       
memory1 z we see 9 ! pres5t case4 ,t\* &
 ta/e are  some?+ real1 & dep5d5t on    
contact2 !y h no ideal side4            
99       99       99       99       99  
,memory has also ?is peculi>ity atta*$  
to x1 t a slight /ate (  intoxication v 
(t5 enhances ! remembrance ( pa/ times &
  sc5es1 :]eby all ! circum/ances       
connect$ ) !m are recall$  m di/9ctly   
?an !y c\ld be 9 a /ate ( sobriety2 on !

 o!r  h&1 ! recollection ( :at "o said  
or did :ile 9 a /ate (  intoxication is 
less cle> ?an usual1 nay1 "o does n     
recollect at  all if "o has be5 v drunk4
 ,!re=e1 intoxication enhances "o's     
recollection ( ! pa/1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1
 "o rememb]s little  ( ! pres5t1 :ile 9 
t /ate4           99       99       99  
99       99    ,t ari?metic is ! base/ (
 all m5tal activities is prov$ by !     
fact t x is ! only "o t c be accompli%$ 
by means ( a  ma*9e4 ,take1 = in/ance1 !
 reckon+ ma*9es t are s commonly  us$ 9 
,engl& at ! pres5t "t1 & solely = ! sake
 (  conv5i5ce4 ,b all analysis f9itorum 
et inf9itorum is  fundam5tally bas$ on  
calculation4 ,!re=e we may gauge !      
pr(\nd  s5se ( ! ma!matician1 ( :om     
,li*t5b]g has made fun1 9 t  he says3   
,^! s-call$ pr(essors ( ma!matics h tak5
 advantage  ( ! +5u\sness ( o!r p1 h    
atta9$ ! cr$it (  possess+ pr(\nd s5se1 
:i* /rongly resembles ! !ologians'      
pr(\nd s5se ( _! own hol9ess4           
99       99       99       99       99  

,z a rule1 p ( v great capacities w get 
on bett] ) a man  ( extremely limit$    
intellig5ce ?an ) a man ( ord9>y        
intellig5ce2 & x is = ! same reason t ! 
despot & !  plebeians1 ! gr&p>5ts & !   
gr&*ildr51 are natural allies4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,i am n surpris$ t p are bor$ :5 !y are 
alone2 !y  _c laugh :5 !y are alone1 =  
su* a ?+ seems fooli% to  !m4 ,is       
laught]1 !n1 to be reg>d$ z m]ely a     
signal = o!rs1 a  m]e sign1 l a ^w8 ,x  
is a want ( imag9ation & dulness ( m9d  
g5]ally 7   71 z ,!ophra/us puts x1 t   
prev5ts p f laugh+ :5 !y are alone4 ,!  
l[] animals  nei!r laugh :5 !y are alone
 nor 9 company4    ,nyson1 !            
misan?ropi/1 0 surpris$ z he 0 laugh+ to
 himself by  "o ( ^! p1 :o ask$ him :y  
he laugh$ :5 he 0 alone4  ,t is j :y ,i 
0 laugh+1 0 ! answ]4           99       
99       99       99       99    ,p :o d
 n g to ! !atre are l ^? :o make _!     
toilet  )\t a look+-glass2--b x is /ill 
worse to come to a decision  )\t seek+ !

 advice ( a fri5d4 ,= a man may h ! mo/ 
correct & excell5t judgm5t 9 ev]y?+ else
 b 9 8 own  affairs2 because "h ! w at  
once d]anges ! intellect4 ,!re=e  a man 
%\ld seek c\nsel4 ,a doctor c cure e "o 
b himself2 ?is  is :y he calls 9 a      
colleague :5 he is ill4           99    
99       99       99       99    ,!     
natural ge/iculation ( ev]yday life1 su*
 z accompanies any k9d  ( lively        
conv]sation1 is a language ( its own1 &1
 moreov]1 is mu*  m univ]sal ?an !      
language ( words2 s f> z x is indep5d5t 
( words1 & ! same 9 all nations2 al?\gh 
ea* nation makes use (  ge/iculation 9  
proportion to its vivacity1 & 9         
individual nations1  ! ,italian1 =      
in/ance1 x is supplem5t$ by "s few      
ge/iculations  :i* are m]ely            
conv5tional1 & h !re=e only local value4
    ,its univ]sal use is analog\s to    
logic & gramm>1 s9ce x expresses  ! =m &
 n ! matt] ( conv]sation4 ,h[ev]1 x is  
to be  di/+ui%$ f !m s9ce x has n only  
an intellectual relation  b also a      

moral--t is1 x def9es ! movem5ts ( ! w4 
,& s  x accompanies conv]sation1 j z a  
correctly progressive bass  accompanies 
a melody1 & s]ves 9 ! same way to       
enhance ! effect4  ,! mo/ int]e/+ fact  
ab\t ge/iculation is t z soon z         
conv]sation assumes ! same =m !re is a  
repetition ( ! same  ge/ure4 ,?is is !  
case1 h[ev] v>i$ ! matt]1 t is to say1  
! subject-matt]1 may be4 ,s t ,i am able
 to und]/& q well  ! g5]al nature ( a   
conv]sation--9 o!r words1 ! m]e =m &    
type ( x1 :ile look+ out ( a w9d[--)\t  
he>+ a ^w  spok54 ,x is unmi/akably     
evid5t t ! speak] is argu+1  advanc+ 8  
reasons1 !n modify+ !m1 !n urg+ !m1 &   
draw+ 8 conclusion 9 triumph2 or x may  
be he is relat+ "s  wrong t he has      
suff]$1 pla9ly depict+ 9 /rong &        
condemnatory  language ! /upidity &     
/ubbornness ( 8 oppon5ts2 or he is      
speak+ ( ! spl5did plan he has ?\ght out
 & put 9 execution1  expla9+ h[ x became
 a success1 or p]haps fail$ because fate
 0  unfav\rable2 or p]haps he is        

confess+ t he 0 p[]less to act  9 !     
matt] 9 "q2 or rec\nt+ t he notic$ & saw
  ?r\gh1 9 good "t1 ! evil s*emes t _h  
be5 organis$ aga9/  him1 & by ass]t+ 8  
rights or us+ =ce fru/rat$ !m &  puni%$ 
_! au?or2 & a hundr$ o!r ?+s ( a simil> 
k9d4 ,b  :at ge/iculation alone really  
conveys to me is ! ess5tial  matt]--be x
 ( a moral or intellectual nature--( !  
:ole  conv]sation 9 ab/racto4 ,t is to  
say ! qu9tess5ce1 ! true  sub/ance ( !  
conv]sation1 rema9s id5tical :atev] has 
br\ght  ab\t ! conv]sation1 &           
consequ5tly :atev] ! subject-matt] (  x 
may be4    ,! mo/ int]e/+ & amus+ "p ( !
 matt]1 z has be5 said1  is ! complete  
id5tity ( ! ge/ures = d5ot+ ! same k9d (
  circum/ances1 ev5 if !y are us$ by mo/
 div]se p2 j z !  words ( a language are
 alike = e "o & liable to su*           
modifications z are br\ght ab\t by a    
slight diff]5ce 9 acc5t or  education4  
,& yet ^! /&+ =ms ( ge/iculation :i* are
  univ]sally obs]v$ are c]ta9ly !       
outcome ( no conv5tion2 !y  are natural 

& orig9al1 a true language ( nature1 :i*
 may h be5  /r5g!n$ by imitation &      
cu/om4 ,x is incumb5t on an actor1 z is 
well kn[n1 & on a public speak]1 to a   
less ext5t1 to make a c>eful  /udy (    
ge/ure--a /udy :i* mu/ pr9cipally consi/
 9 !  obs]vation & imitation ( o!rs1 = !
 matt] _c v well be  bas$ on ab/ract    
rules2 ) ! exception ( "s q g5]al  lead+
 pr9ciples--z1 = in/ance1 t ! ge/ure mu/
 n foll[  ! ^w1 b r imm$iately prec$e x1
 9 ord] to ann\nce x &  !reby r\se      
att5tion4    ,! ,engli% h a peculi>     
contempt = ge/iculation1 & reg>d x z    
some?+ undignifi$ & common2 ?is seems to
 me to be only "o (  ^? silly prejudices
 ( ,engli% fa/idi\sness4 ,= x is a      
language  :i* nature has giv5 to e "o & 
:i* e "o und]/&s2  !re=e to aboli% &    
=bid x = no o!r reason ?an to gratify  t
 s mu* extoll$1 g5tlemanly feel+1 is a v
 dubi\s ?+ to  d4           99       99 
99       99       99    ,! /ate ( human 
happ9ess1 = ! mo/ "p1 is l c]ta9 gr\ps  
( trees1 :i* se5 f a di/ance look       

wond]fully f9e2 b if we g  up to !m &   
among !m1 _! beauty disappe>s2 we d n "k
  :]e9 x lay1 = x is only trees t       
surr\nd u4 ,& s x happ5s  t we (t5 envy 
! position ( o!rs4    ,,footnotes3      
#ad ,grundpr4 d] ,e?ik1 p4 #dh2 ,welt   
als ,wille und ,vor/ellung1 vol4  i4 p4 
#cch4    #ae ,vi]fa*e ,wurzel1  #ba4    
#af ,p]]ga1 vol4 ii4  #caa4             
,,metaphysics ,,( ,,love4      ,we are  
accu/om$ to see poets pr9cipally occupi$
 ) describ+ !  love ( ! sexes4 ,?is1 z a
 rule1 is ! lead+ idea ( e  dramatic "w1
 be x tragic or comic1 romantic or      
classic1 ,indian or  ,european4 ,x 9 no 
less degree con/itutes ! great] "p ( bo?
  lyric & epic poetry1 especially if 9  
^! we include ! ho/ (  romances :i* h   
be5 produc$ e ye> = c5turies 9 e        
civilis$ c\ntry 9 ,europe z regul>ly z !
 fruits ( ! e>?4 ,all  ^! works are no?+
 m ?an _m-sid$1 %ort1 or long           
descriptions ( ! passion 9 "q4 ,moreov]1
 ! mo/ successful  del9eations ( love1  
su*1 = example1 z ,romeo & ,juliet1 ,la 

,n\velle ,hloise1 & ,w]!r1 h atta9$     
immortal fame4    ,ro*ef\cauld says t   
love may be comp>$ to a gho/ s9ce x is  
some?+ we talk ab\t b h nev] se51 &     
,li*t5b]g1 9 8  essay ,ueb] die ,ma*t d]
 ,liebe1 disputes & d5ies its reality & 
naturalness--b bo? are 9 ! wrong4 ,= if 
x 7 =eign to &  contradict$ human       
nature--9 o!r words1 if x 7 m]ely an    
imag9>y c>icature1 x w\ld n h be5       
depict$ ) su* zeal by  ! poets ( all    
ages1 or accept$ by mank9d ) an unalt]$ 
int]e/2 = any?+ arti/ically beautiful _c
 exi/ )\t  tru?4      ,ri5 n'e/ beau que
 le vrai2 le vrai seul e/               
aimable4--,,boil4    ,exp]i5ce1 al?\gh n
 t ( ev]yday1 v]ifies t t :i* z a  rule 
beg9s only z a /rong & yet controllable 
incl9ation1 may  develop1 "u c]ta9      
conditions1 into a passion1 ! ard\r (   
:i*  surpasses t ( e o!r4 ,x w ignore   
all consid]ations1  ov]come all k9ds (  
ob/acles ) incr$ible /r5g? &  p]si/5ce4 
,a man1 9 ord] to h 8 love gratifi$1 w  
unhesitat+ly risk 8 life2 9 fact1 if 8  

love is absolutely  reject$1 he w       
sacrifice 8 life into ! b>ga94 ,! ,w]!rs
 &  ,jacopo ,ortis d n only exi/ 9      
romances2 ,europe produces e ye>  at    
lea/ half-a-doz5 l !m3 s$ ignotis       
p]i]unt mortibus illi3  = _! suff]+s are
 *ronicl$ by ! writ] ( (ficial regi/]s  
or by ! report]s ( newspap]s4 ,inde$1   
read]s ( ! police news 9  ,engli% &     
,fr5* newspap]s w confirm :at ,i h said4
    ,love drives a /ill great] numb] ( p
 into ! lunatic asylum4  ,!re is a case 
( "s sort e ye> ( two lov]s committ+    
suicide  toge!r because mat]ial         
circum/ances happ5 to be unfav\rable to 
_! union4 ,by ! way1 ,i _c und]/& h[ x  
is t su* p1  :o are confid5t ( ea* o!r's
 love1 & expect to f9d _!  greate/      
happ9ess 9 ! enjoym5t ( x1 d n avoid    
tak+ extreme  /eps1 & pref] suff]+ e    
discom=t to sacrific+ ) _!  lives a     
happ9ess :i* is great] ?an any o!r !y c 
conceive4 ,z  f> z less] phases &       
passages ( love are conc]n$1 all ( u h  
!m daily be=e our eyes1 &1 if we are n  

old1 ! mo/ ( u 9  our he>ts4    ,aft]   
:at has be5 br\ght to m9d1 "o _c d\bt   
ei!r ! reality  or importance ( love4   
,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( wond]+ :y a           
philosoph] = once 9 a way writes on ?is 
subject1 :i* has be5  con/antly ! !me ( 
poets1 r %\ld "o be surpris$ t love1    
:i* always plays su* an important rle 9 
a man's life1 has  sc>cely ev] be5      
consid]$ at all by philosoph]s1 & t x   
/ill  /&s z mat]ial = !m to make use (4 
,plato has devot$ himself m ?an any "o  
else to ! subject ( love1  especially 9 
! ,symposium & ! ,pha$rus2 :at he has   
said ab\t  x1 h[ev]1 comes )9 ! sph]e ( 
my?1 fable1 & raill]y1 &  only applies =
 ! mo/ "p to ! love ( a ,greek y\?4 ,!  
little  t ,r\sseau says 9 8 ,disc\rs sur
 l'9galit is nei!r true nor             
satisfactory4 ,kant's disquisition on   
love 9 ! ?ird "p ( 8  treatise1 ,ueb]   
das ,gefhl des ,s*n5 und ,erhab551 is v 
sup]ficial2 x %[s t he has n ?or\ghly   
gone into ! subject1  & !re=e x is      
some:at untrue4 ,f9ally1 ,platn]'s      

treatm5t ( x  9 8 ,an?ropology w be f\nd
 by e "o to be insipid &  %all[4    ,to 
amuse ! read]1 on ! o!r h&1 ,sp9oza's   
def9ition des]ves to  be quot$ because (
 its exub]ant navet3 ,amor e/           
titillatio1  concomitante idea causae   
ext]nae 7,e?4 iv41 prop4 #dd74 ,x is n  
my  int5tion to be ei!r influ5c$ or to  
contradict :at has be5 writt5  by my    
pr$ecessors2 ! subject has =c$ itself ^u
 me objectively1  & has ( itself become 
insep>able f my consid]ation ( ! _w4    
,moreov]1 ,i %all expect lea/ approval f
 ^? p :o are =  ! mom5t en*a9$ by ?is   
passion1 & 9 consequ5ce try to express  
_! exub]ant feel+s 9 ! mo/ sublime &    
e!real images4 ,my  view w seem to !m   
too physical1 too mat]ial1 h[ev]        
metaphysical1  nay1 transc5d5t x is     
fundam5tally4    ,fir/ ( all let !m take
 into consid]ation t ! creature :om  !y 
are idealis+ to-day 9 madrigals &       
sonnets w\ld h be5  ignor$ almo/        
entirely by !m if %e _h be5 born eighte5
 ye>s  previ\sly4    ,e k9d ( love1     

h[ev] e!real x may seem to be1 spr+s    
entirely  f ! in/9ct ( sex2 inde$1 x is 
absolutely ?is in/9ct1 only  9 a m      
def9ite1 specialis$1 & p]haps1 /rictly  
speak+1 m  individualis$ =m4 ,if1 be>+  
?is 9 m9d1 "o consid]s !  important rle 
:i* love plays 9 all its phases &       
degrees1 n  only 9 dramas & novels1 b   
also 9 ! real _w1 :]e next to  "o's love
 ( life x %[s itself z ! /ronge/ & mo/  
active (  all motives2 if "o consid]s t 
x con/antly occupies half !  capacities 
& ?\ghts ( ! y\ng] "p ( humanity1 & is !
  f9al goal ( almo/ e human ef=t2 t x   
influ5ces adv]sely  ! mo/ important     
affairs2 t x h\rly di/urbs ! mo/ e>ne/  
occupations2 t x sometimes d]anges ev5 !
 greate/ intellects =  a "t2 t x is n   
afraid ( int]rupt+ ! transactions (     
/atesm5 or ! inve/igations ( m5 ( le>n+2
 t x kn[s h[ to  leave its love-lett]s &
 locks ( hair 9 m9i/]ial portfolios &   
philosophical manuscripts2 t x kn[s     
equally well h[ to plan !  mo/          
complicat$ & wick$ affairs1 to dissolve 

! mo/ important  relations1 to break !  
/ronge/ ties2 t life1 heal?1 ri*es1     
rank1  & happ9ess are sometimes         
sacrific$ = its sake2 t x makes !       
o!rwise hone/1 p]fidi\s1 & a man :o has 
be5 hi!rto fai?ful a  betray]1 &1       
altoge!r1 appe>s z a ho/ile demon ^:    
object is to  ov]?r[1 confuse1 & upset  
ev]y?+ x comes across3 if all ?is is    
tak5 into consid]ation "o w h reason to 
ask--,:y is !re all  ?is noise8 ,:y all 
?is cr[d+1 blu/]+1 angui%1 & want8 ,:y  
%\ld su* a trifle play s important a "p 
& create di/urbance &  confusion 9 !    
well-regulat$ life ( mank9d8 ,b to !    
e>ne/  inve/igator ! _s ( tru? gradually
 unfolds ! answ]3 x is n  a trifle "o is
 deal+ )2 ! importance ( love is        
absolutely 9  keep+ ) ! s]i\sness & zeal
 ) :i* x is prosecut$4 ,!  ultimate aim 
( all love-affairs1 :e!r !y be ( a      
tragic or comic  nature1 is really m    
important ?an all o!r aims 9 human life1
 &  !re=e is p]fectly des]v+ ( t pr(\nd 
s]i\sness ) :i*  x is pursu$4    ,z a   

matt] ( fact1 love det]m9es no?+ less   
?an !  e/abli%m5t ( ! next g5]ation4 ,! 
exi/5ce & nature ( !  dramatis p]sonae  
:o come on to ! sc5e :5 we h made our   
exit  h be5 det]m9$ by "s frivol\s      
love-affair4 ,z ! be+1 !  exi/5tia ( ^! 
future p is condition$ by our in/9ct (  
sex 9 g5]al1 s is ! nature1 ! ess5tia1 (
 ^! same p  condition$ by ! selection t 
! individual makes = 8  satisfaction1 t 
is to say1 by love1 & is !reby 9 e      
respect  irrevocably e/abli%$4 ,?is is !
 key ( ! problem4 ,9 apply+ x1  we %all 
und]/& x m fully if we analyse ! v>i\s  
degrees (  love1 f ! mo/ fleet+ s5sation
 to ! mo/ ard5t passion2 we  %all !n see
 t ! diff]5ce arises f ! degree (       
individualisation ( ! *oice4 ,all !     
love-affairs ( ! pres5t  g5]ation tak5  
altoge!r are accord+ly ! m$itatio       
compositionis  g5]ationis futurae1 e qua
 it]um p5d5t innum]ae g5]ationes (      
mank9d4 ,love is ( su* high import1     
because x has no?+ to d )  ! weal or woe
 ( ! pres5t individual1 z e o!r matt]   

has2 x  has to secure ! exi/5ce &       
special nature ( ! human race 9  future 
times2 h5ce ! w ( ! individual appe>s 9 
a high]  aspect z ! w ( ! species2 & ?is
 x is t gives a pa!tic  & sublime import
 to love-affairs1 & makes _! raptures & 
tr\bles transc5d5t1 emotions :i* poets =
 c5turies h n tir$  ( depict+ 9 a v>iety
 ( ways4 ,!re is no subject t c r\se  ! 
same int]e/ z love1 s9ce x conc]ns bo? !
 weal & woe (  ! species1 & is relat$ to
 e o!r :i* only conc]ns !  welf>e ( !   
individual z body to surface4    ,?is is
 :y x is s difficult to make a drama    
int]e/+ if x  possesses no love motive2 
on ! o!r h&1 ! subject is nev]  exhau/$1
 al?\gh x is con/antly be+ utilis$4     
,:at manife/s itself 9 ! individual     
consci\sness z in/9ct ( sex  9 g5]al1   
)\t be+ conc5trat$ on any p>ticul>      
individual1 is  v pla9ly 9 itself1 9 its
 g5]alis$ =m1 ! w to live4 ,on  ! o!r   
h&1 t :i* appe>s z in/9ct ( sex direct$ 
to a  c]ta9 individual1 is 9 itself ! w 
to live z a def9itely  det]m9$          

individual4 ,9 ?is case ! in/9ct ( sex v
 clev]ly  we>s ! mask ( objective       
admiration1 al?\gh 9 itself x is a      
subjective necessity1 & is1 !reby1      
deceptive4 ,nature ne$s ^!  /ratagems 9 
ord] to accompli% h] ends4 ,! purpose ( 
e man 9  love1 h[ev] objective & sublime
 8 admiration may appe> to be1 is  to   
beget a be+ ( a def9ite nature1 & t ?is 
is s1 is v]ifi$  by ! fact t x is n     
mutual love b possession t is !         
ess5tial4 ,)\t possession x is no       
consolation to a man to "k t  8 love is 
requit$4 ,9 fact1 _m a man has %ot      
himself on f9d+  himself 9 su* a        
position4 ,on ! o!r h&1 take a man :o is
 v  mu* 9 love2 if he _c h 8 love       
return$ he is cont5t simply  )          
possession4 ,compulsory m>riages & cases
 ( s$uction corroborate  ?is1 = a man ^:
 love is n return$ frequ5tly f9ds       
consolation  9 giv+ h&some pres5ts to a 
woman1 9 spite ( h] dislike1 or  mak+   
o!r sacrifices1 s t he may buy h] fav\r4
    ,! real aim ( ! :ole ( love's       

romance1 al?\gh ! p]sons  conc]n$ are   
unconsci\s ( ! fact1 is t a p>ticul> be+
 may  come into ! _w2 & ! way & mann] 9 
:i* x is accompli%$  is a second>y      
consid]ation4 ,h[ev] mu* ^? ( l(ty      
s5tim5ts1  & especially ( ^? 9 love1 may
 refute ! gross realism ( my  argum5t1  
!y are nev]!less 9 ! wrong4 ,= is n !   
aim (  def9itely det]m9+ !              
individualities ( ! next g5]ation a mu* 
high] & nobl] aim ?an t o!r1 ) its      
exub]ant s5sations &  transc5d5tal      
soap-bubbles8 ,among all e>?ly aims is  
!re "o t is  ei!r m important or great]8
 ,x alone is 9 keep+ ) t  deep-root$    
feel+ insep>able f passionate love1 ) t 
e>ne/ness ) :i* x appe>s1 & ! importance
 :i* x atta*es  to ! trifles t come )9  
its sph]e4 ,x is only 9 s f> z we  reg>d
 ?is end z ! real "o t ! difficulties   
enc\nt]$1 !  endless tr\bles & vexations
 endur$1 9 ord] to atta9 ! object we    
love1 appe> to be 9 keep+ ) ! matt]4 ,= 
x is ! future  g5]ation 9 its entire    
individual det]m9ation :i* =ces itself  

into exi/5ce ?r\gh ! m$ium ( all ?is    
/rife & tr\ble4  ,inde$1 ! future       
g5]ation itself is already /irr+ 9 !    
c>eful1  def9ite1 & app>5tly caprici\s  
selection = ! satisfaction (  ! in/9ct (
 sex :i* we call love4 ,t gr[+ affection
 ( two  lov]s = ea* o!r is 9 reality ! w
 to live ( ! new be+1  ( :i* !y %all    
become ! p>5ts2 inde$1 9 ! meet+ ( _!   
ye>n+ glances ! life ( a new be+ is     
k9dl$1 & manife/s  itself z a           
well-organis$ individuality ( ! future4 
,! lov]s h  a long+ to be really unit$ &
 made "o be+1 & to live z su*  = ! re/ (
 _! lives2 & ?is long+ is fulfill$ 9 !  
*ildr5 born to !m1 9 :om ! qualities    
inh]it$ f bo?1 b  comb9$ & unit$ 9 "o   
be+1 are p]petuat$4 ,contr>ily1 if a man
  & woman mutually1 p]si/5tly1 &        
decid$ly dislike ea* o!r1 x  indicates t
 !y c\ld only br+ into ! _w a badly     
organis$1  discordant1 & unhappy be+4   
,!re=e mu* mu/ be atta*$ to  ,cald]on's 
words1 :5 he calls ! horrible ,semiramis
 a daught] ( !  air1 yet introduces h] z

 a daught] ( s$uction1 aft] :i* foll[s  
! murd] ( ! husb&4    ,f9ally1 x is ! w 
to live pres5t+ itself 9 ! :ole species1
  :i* s =cibly & exclusively attracts   
two individuals ( diff]5t  sex t[>ds ea*
 o!r4 ,?is w anticipates 9 ! be+1 ( :i* 
!y %all become ! p>5ts1 an objectivation
 ( its nature  correspond+ to its aims4 
,?is individual w inh]it ! fa!r's  w &  
"*1 ! "m's intellect1 & ! con/itution ( 
bo?4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 an individual    
takes m aft] ! fa!r 9  %ape & ! "m 9    
/ature1 correspond+ to ! law :i* applies
  to ! (fspr+ ( animals4444 ,x is       
impossible to expla9 !  individuality ( 
ea* man1 :i* is q exceptional & peculi> 
to  him alone2 & x is j z impossible to 
expla9 ! passion ( two  p = ea* o!r1 = x
 is equally individual & uncommon 9  "*2
 inde$1 fundam5tally bo? are "o & !     
same4 ,! =m]  is explicite :at ! latt] 0
 implicite4    ,we mu/ consid] z ! orig9
 ( a new individual & true punctum      
sali5s ( its life ! mom5t :5 ! p>5ts    
beg9 to love ea*  o!r--to fancy ea* o!r1

 z ! ,engli% appropriately express x4   
,&1 z has be5 said1 9 ! meet+ ( _! long+
 glances  orig9ates ! fir/ g]m ( a new  
be+1 :i*1 inde$1 l all g]ms1  is g5]ally
 cru%$ out4 ,?is new individual is to a 
c]ta9 ext5t a  new 7,platonic7 ,idea2   
n[1 z all ,ideas /rive ) ! greate/      
vehem5ce to ent] ! ph5om5al sph]e1 & to 
d ?is1 ard5tly seize  ^u ! matt] :i* !  
law ( causality di/ributes among !m all1
  s ?is p>ticul> ,idea ( a human        
individuality /ruggles ) !  greate/     
eag]ness & vehem5ce = its realisation 9 
! ph5om5al4  ,x is precisely ?is vehem5t
 desire :i* is ! passion ( ! future     
p>5ts = "o ano!r4 ,love has c\ntless    
degrees1 & its two  extremes may be     
indicat$ z   & 2  nev]!less1 9 ess5tials
 x is ! same ev]y:]e4    ,accord+ to !  
degree1 on ! o!r h&1 x w be ! m p[]ful  
! m individualis$ x is--t is to say1 ! m
 ! lov$  individual1 by virtue ( all h] 
qualities1 is exclusively fit to        
satisfy ! lov]'s desire & ne$s det]m9$  
by h] own  individuality4 ,if we        

inve/igate fur!r we %all und]/& m       
cle>ly :at ?is involves4 ,all amor\s    
feel+ imm$iately &  ess5tially          
conc5trates itself on heal?1 /r5g?1 &   
beauty1 &  consequ5tly on y\?2 because !
 w above all wi%es to exhibit !         
specific "* ( ! human species z ! basis 
( all  individuality4 ,! same applies   
pretty well to ev]yday c\rt%ip  7 74 ,) 
?is are b\nd up m special requirem5ts1  
:i* we w consid] individually lat] on1 &
 ) :i*1 if !re  is any prospect (       
gratification1 !re is an increase (     
passion4  ,int5se love1 h[ev]1 spr+s f a
 fitness ( bo? individualities  = ea*   
o!r2 s t ! w1 t is to say ! fa!r's "*  &
 ! "m's intellect comb9$1 exactly       
complete t individual  = :i* ! w to live
 9 g5]al 7:i* exhibits itself 9 !  :ole 
species7 has a long+--a long+           
proportionate to ?is its  greatness1 &  
!re=e surpass+ ! measure ( a mortal     
he>t2 its  motives be+ 9 a l mann]      
beyond ! sph]e ( ! individual           
intellect4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! s\l ( a really

 great passion4 ,! m  p]fectly two      
individuals are fitt$ = ea* o!r 9 !     
v>i\s  respects :i* we %all consid]     
fur!r on1 ! /rong] w be _!  passion =   
ea* o!r4 ,z !re are n two individuals   
exactly alike1  a p>ticul> k9d ( woman  
mu/ p]fectly correspond ) a p>ticul>    
k9d ( man--always 9 view ( ! *ild t is  
to be born4 ,real1  passionate love is z
 r>e z ! meet+ ( two p exactly fitt$  = 
ea* o!r4 ,by ! way1 x is because !re is 
a possibility ( real  passionate love 9 
u all t we und]/& :y poets h depict$ x  
9 _! works4    ,because ! k]nel (       
passionate love turns on ! anticipation 
( !  *ild to be born & its nature1 x is 
q possible = fri5d%ip1  )\t any         
admixture ( sexual love1 to exi/ betwe5 
two "y1  good-look+ p ( diff]5t sex1 if 
!re is p]fect fitness (  temp]am5t &    
intellectual capacity4 ,9 fact1 a c]ta9 
av]sion =  ea* o!r may exi/ also4 ,!    
reason ( ?is is t a *ild begott5  by !m 
w\ld physically or m5tally h discordant 
qualities4 ,9  %ort1 ! *ild's exi/5ce & 

nature w\ld n be 9 h>mony ) !  purposes 
( ! w to live z x pres5ts itself 9 !    
species4    ,9 an opposite case1 :]e !re
 is no fitness ( disposition1  "*1 &    
m5tal capacity1 :]eby av]sion1 nay1 ev5 
enmity =  ea* o!r exi/s1 x is possible =
 love to spr+ up4 ,love ( ?is  k9d makes
 !m bl9d to ev]y?+2 & if x leads to     
m>riage x is a  v unhappy "o4    ,& n[  
let u m ?or\ghly inve/igate ! matt]4    
,egoism is a  quality s deeply root$ 9 e
 p]sonality t x is on egoti/ical  ends  
only t "o may safely rely 9 ord] to r\se
 ! individual to  activity4    ,to be   
sure1 ! species has a prior1 ne>]1 &    
great] claim on !  individual ?an !     
transi5t individuality itself2 & yet ev5
 :5  ! individual makes "s sort (       
consci\s sacrifice = !  p]petuation &   
future ( ! species1 ! importance ( !    
matt]  w n be made suffici5tly          
compreh5sible to 8 intellect1 :i* is    
ma9ly con/itut$ to reg>d individual     
ends4    ,!re=e ,nature atta9s h] ends  
by implant+ 9 ! individual a  c]ta9     

illusion by :i* some?+ :i* is 9 reality 
advantage\s to  ! species alone seems to
 be advantage\s to himself2 consequ5tly 
he  s]ves ! latt] :ile he imag9es he is 
s]v+ himself4 ,9 ?is  process he is     
c>ri$ away by a m]e *im]a1 :i* floats   
be=e him  & vani%es aga9 imm$iately1 & z
 a motive takes ! place (  reality4 ,?is
 illusion is in/9ct4 ,9 mo/ in/ances    
in/9ct may be  reg>d$ z ! s5se ( !      
species :i* pres5ts to ! w :atev]  is ( 
s]vice to ! species4 ,b because ! w has 
"h become  individual x mu/ be deceiv$ 9
 su* a mann] = x to disc]n by !  s5se ( 
! individual :at ! s5se ( ! species has 
pres5t$ to  x2 9 o!r words1 imag9e x is 
pursu+ ends conc]n+ !  individual1 :5 9 
reality x is pursu+ m]ely g5]al ends    
7us+  ! ^w g5]al 9 its /ricte/ s5se74   
,outw>d manife/ation ( in/9ct c be be/  
obs]v$ 9 animals1 :]e  ! "p x plays is  
mo/ significant2 b x is 9 ourselves     
alone t  we c get to "k its int]nal     
process1 z ( ev]y?+ int]nal4 ,x  is     
true1 x is ?\ght t man has sc>cely any  

in/9ct at all1 or at  any rate has only 
suffici5t in/9ct :5 he is born to seek &
 take  8 "m's brea/4 ,b z a matt] ( fact
 man has a v decid$1  cle>1 & yet       
complicat$ in/9ct--namely1 = !          
selection1 bo?  e>ne/ & caprici\s1 (    
ano!r individual1 to satisfy 8 in/9ct  (
 sex4 ,! beauty or ugl9ess ( ! o!r      
individual has no?+  :atev] to d ) ?is  
satisfaction 9 itself1 t is 9 s f> z x  
is a matt] ( pleasure bas$ ^u a press+  
desire ( ! individual4  ,! reg>d1 h[ev]1
 = ?is satisfaction1 :i* is s zeal\sly  
pursu$1 z well z ! c>eful selection x   
entails1 has obvi\sly  no?+ to d ) !    
*oos] himself1 al?\gh he fancies t x    
has4  ,its real aim is ! *ild to be     
born1 9 :om ! type ( ! species is  to be
 pres]v$ 9 z pure & p]fect a =m z       
possible4 ,= in/ance1  diff]5t phases ( 
deg5]ation ( ! human =m are !           
consequ5ces  ( a ?\s& physical accid5ts 
& moral del9qu5cies2 & yet !  g5u9e type
 ( ! human =m is1 9 all its p>ts1 always
 re/or$2  fur!r1 ?is is accompli%$ "u ! 

guidance ( ! s5se ( beauty1  :i*        
univ]sally directs ! in/9ct ( sex1 & )\t
 :i* !  satisfaction ( ! latt] w\ld     
det]iorate to a repulsive necessity4    
,accord+ly1 e "o 9 ! fir/ place w       
inf9itely pref] &  ard5tly desire ^? :o 
are mo/ beautiful--9 o!r words1 ^? 9    
:om ! "* ( ! species is mo/ purely      
def9$2 & 9 !  second1 e "o w desire 9 ! 
o!r individual ^? p]fections  :i* he    
himself lacks1 & he w consid]           
imp]fections1 :i* are  ! rev]se ( 8 own1
 beautiful4 ,?is is :y little m5 pref]  
big  wom51 & fair p l d>k1 & s on4 ,!   
ec/asy ) :i* a  man is fill$ at ! sight 
( a beautiful woman1 mak+ him imag9e t  
union ) h] w be ! greate/ happ9ess1 is  
simply ! s5se (  ! species4 ,!          
pres]vation ( ! type ( ! species re/s on
 ?is  di/9ct pref]5ce = beauty1 & ?is is
 :y beauty has su* p[]4    ,we w lat] on
 m fully /ate ! consid]ations :i* ?is   
involves4 ,x is really in/9ct aim+ at   
:at is be/ 9 ! species  :i* induces a   
man to *oose a beautiful woman1 al?\gh !

 man  himself imag9es t by s do+ he is  
only seek+ to increase 8 own  pleasure4 
,z a matt] ( fact1 we h "h an in/ructive
 solution (  ! secret nature ( all      
in/9ct :i* almo/ always1 z 9 ?is case1  
prompts ! individual to look aft] !     
welf>e ( ! species4 ,!  c>e ) :i* an    
insect selects a c]ta9 fl[] or fruit1 or
 piece (  fle%1 or ! way 9 :i* !        
i*neumon seeks ! l>va ( a /range  insect
 s t x may lay its eggs 9 t p>ticul>    
place only1 &  to secure :i* x fe>s     
nei!r lab\r nor dang]1 is obvi\sly v    
analog\s to ! c>e ) :i* a man *ooses a  
woman ( a def9ite  nature individually  
suit$ to him4 ,he /rives = h] ) su*     
ard\r  t he frequ5tly1 9 ord] to atta9 8
 object1 w sacrifice 8  happ9ess 9 life1
 9 spite ( all reason1 by a fooli%      
m>riage1 by  "s love-affair :i* co/s him
 8 =tune1 hon\r1 & life1 ev5 by         
committ+ crimes4 ,& all ?is 9 accordance
 ) ! w ( nature  :i* is ev]y:]e         
sov]eign1 s t he may s]ve ! species 9 ! 
mo/ effici5t mann]1 al?\gh he does s at 

! exp5se ( !  individual4    ,in/9ct    
ev]y:]e works z ) ! conception ( an end1
 & yet x  is entirely )\t "o4 ,nature   
implants in/9ct :]e ! act+  individual  
is n capable ( und]/&+ ! end1 or w\ld be
  unwill+ to pursue x4 ,consequ5tly1 z a
 rule1 x is only giv5  prom95tly to     
animals1 & 9 p>ticul> to ^? ( ! l[e/    
ord]1  :i* h ! lea/ intellig5ce4 ,b x is
 only 9 su* a case z !  "o we are at    
pres5t consid]+ t x is also giv5 to man1
 :o  naturally is capable ( und]/&+ !   
end1 b w\ld n pursue x  ) ! necess>y    
zeal--t is to say1 he w\ld n pursue x at
 !  co/ ( 8 individual welf>e4 ,s t "h1 
z 9 all cases (  in/9ct1 tru? takes ! =m
 ( illusion 9 ord] to influ5ce !  w4444 
,all ?is1 h[ev]1 on its "p ?r[s light ^u
 ! in/9ct (  animals4 ,!y1 too1 are     
und\bt$ly c>ri$ away by a k9d (         
illusion1  :i* repres5ts t !y are work+ 
= _! own pleasure1 :ile x  is = !       
species t !y are work+ ) su* indu/ry &  
self-d5ial4 ,! bird builds its ne/2 !   
insect seeks a suitable place  :]e9 to  

lay its eggs1 or ev5 hunts = prey1 :i* x
 dislikes  itself1 b :i* mu/ be plac$   
beside ! eggs z food = ! future  l>vae2 
! bee1 ! wasp1 & ! ant apply !mselves to
 _! skilful  build+ & extremely complex 
economy4 ,all ( !m are und\bt$ly        
controll$ by an illusion :i* conceals ! 
s]vice ( ! species  "u ! mask ( an      
egoti/ical purpose4    ,?is is probably 
! only way 9 :i* to make ! inn] or      
subjective  process1 f :i* spr+ all     
manife/ations ( in/9ct1 intelligible  to
 u4 ,! out] or objective process1 h[ev]1
 %[s 9 animals  /rongly controll$ by    
in/9ct1 z insects = in/ance1 a          
prepond]ance ( ! ganglion--i4e41        
subjective n]v\s sy/em ov]  ! objective 
or c]ebral sy/em4 ,f :i* x may be       
conclud$ t  !y are controll$ n s mu* by 
objective & prop] appreh5sion z  by     
subjective ideas1 :i* excite desire &   
arise ?r\gh ! influ5ce  ( ! ganglionic  
sy/em ^u ! bra92 accord+ly !y are mov$  
by a  c]ta9 illusion4444    ,! great    
prepond]ance ( bra9 9 man acc\nts = 8   

hav+ few]  in/9cts ?an ! l[] ord] (     
animals1 & = ev5 ^! few easily  be+ l$  
a/ray4 ,= in/ance1 ! s5se ( beauty :i*  
in/9ctively  guides a man 9 8 selection 
( a mate is misguid$ :5 x deg5]ates     
into ! pron5ess to p$]a/y4 ,simil>ly1 ! 
blue-bottle 7,musca  vomitoria71 :i*    
in/9ctively ought to place its eggs 9   
putrifi$  fle%1 lays !m 9 ! blossom ( ! 
,arum dracunculus1 because x is  misl$  
by ! decay+ od\r ( ?is plant4 ,t an     
absolutely g5]ic  in/9ct is ! f\ndation 
( all love ( sex may be confirm$ by a   
clos] analysis ( ! subject--an analysis 
:i* c h>dly be avoid$4    ,9 ! fir/     
place1 a man 9 love is by nature incl9$ 
to be  incon/ant1 :ile a woman con/ant4 
,a man's love p]ceptibly decreases  aft]
 a c]ta9 p]iod2 almo/ e o!r woman *>ms  
him m ?an  ! "o he already possesses2 he
 longs = *ange3 :ile a woman's love     
increases f ! v mom5t x is return$4 ,?is
 is because nature  aims at !           
pres]vation ( ! species1 & consequ5tly  
at z great an  increase 9 x z           

possible4444 ,?is is :y a man is always 
desir+  o!r wom51 :ile a woman always   
cl+s to "o man2 = nature compels  h]    
intuitively & unconsci\sly to take c>e (
 ! support] &  protector ( ! future     
(fspr+4 ,= ?is reason conjugal fidelity 
is  artificial ) ! man b natural to a   
woman4 ,h5ce a woman's  infidelity1     
look$ at objectively on acc\nt ( !      
consequ5ces1 &  subjectively on acc\nt (
 its unnaturalness1 is mu* m unp>donable
  ?an a man's4    ,9 ord] to be q cle> &
 p]fectly conv9c$ t ! delight we  take 9
 ! o!r sex1 h[ev] objective x may seem  
to be1 is  nev]!less m]ely in/9ct       
disguis$1 9 o!r words1 ! s5se ( !       
species /riv+ to pres]ve its type1 x w  
be necess>y to  inve/igate m closely !  
consid]ations :i* influ5ce u 9 ?is1  & g
 into details1 /range z x may seem = ^! 
details to figure  9 a philosophical "w4
 ,^! consid]ations may be class$ 9 !    
foll[+ way3--    ,^? t imm$iately conc]n
 ! type ( ! species1 id e/1  beauty2 ^? 
t conc]n o!r physical qualities2 &      

f9ally1 ^?  t are m]ely relative & spr+ 
f ! necess>y correction or              
neutralisation ( ! "o-sid$ qualities &  
abnormities ( ! two  individuals by ea* 
o!r4 ,let u look at ^! consid]ations    
sep>ately4    ,! fir/ consid]ation t    
influ5ces our *oice & feel+s is  age4444
    ,! second consid]ation is t ( heal?3
 a sev]e illness may al>m  u = ! "t be+1
 b an illness ( a *ronic nature or ev5  
ca*exy fright5s u away1 because x w\ld  
be transmitt$4    ,! ?ird consid]ation  
is ! skeleton1 s9ce x is ! f\ndation (  
! type ( ! species4 ,next to old age &  
disease1 no?+ disgu/s  u s mu* z a de=m$
 %ape2 ev5 ! mo/ beautiful face _c make 
am5ds = x--9 fact1 ! uglie/ face comb9$ 
) a well-gr[n  %ape is inf9itely        
pref]able4 ,moreov]1 we are mo/ ke5ly   
s5sible (  e mal=mation ( ! skeleton2 z1
 = in/ance1 a /unt$1  %ort-legg$ =m1 & !
 l1 or a limp+ gait :5 x is n !  result 
( "s extrane\s accid5t3 :ile a          
conspicu\sly beautiful  figure          
comp5sates = e defect4 ,x delights u4   

,fur!r1 ! great  importance :i* is      
atta*$ to small feet6 ,?is is because ! 
size (  ! foot is an ess5tial *>act]i/ic
 ( ! species1 = no animal  has ! t>sus &
 metat>sus comb9$ s small z man2 h5ce ! 
uprightness ( 8 gait3 he is a           
plantigrade4 ,& ,jesus ,sira* has       
said#ag 7accord+ to ! improv$           
translation by ,kraus71 ,a woman t  is  
well gr[n & has beautiful feet is l     
pill>s ( gold 9 sockets  ( silv]4 ,!    
tee?1 too1 are important1 because !y are
 ess5tial  = n\ri%m5t1 & q peculi>ly    
h]$it>y4    ,! f\r? consid]ation is a   
c]ta9 plumpness1 9 o!r words1 a         
sup]abundance ( ! vegetative function1  
pla/icity4444 ,h5ce  excessive ?9ness   
/rik+ly repels u4444 ,! la/ consid]ation
 t  influ5ces u is a beautiful face4    
,"h1 too1 ! bone p>ts are tak5  into    
acc\nt be=e ev]y?+ else4 ,s t almo/     
ev]y?+ dep5ds  on a beautiful nose1 :ile
 a %ort retr\ss "o w m> all4 ,a  slight 
upw>d or d[nw>d turn ( ! nose has (t5   
det]m9$ !  life's happ9ess ( a great _m 

maid5s2 & ju/ly s1 = ! type (  ! species
 is at /ake4    ,a small m\?1 by means (
 small maxillae1 is v ess5tial1 z x is  
! specific *>act]i/ic ( ! human face z  
di/+ui%$ f !  muzzle ( ! brutes4 ,a     
rec$+1 z x 71 a cut-away *9 is          
p>ticul>ly repell5t1 because m5tum      
prom9ulum is a *>act]i/ic  belong+      
exclusively to our species4    ,f9ally1 
we come to ! consid]ation ( beautiful   
eyes & a beautiful  =ehead2 !y dep5d ^u 
! psy*ical qualities1 & 9 p>ticul>1  !  
intellectual1 :i* are inh]it$ f ! "m4 ,!
 unconsci\s  consid]ations :i*1 on ! o!r
 h&1 influ5ce wom5 9 _! *oice  naturally
 _c be s accurately specifi$4 ,9 g5]al1 
we may say !  foll[+3--,t ! age !y pref]
 is f ?irty to ?irty-five4 ,=  in/ance1 
!y pref] m5 ( ?is age to y\?s1 :o 9     
reality possess  ! highe/ =m ( human    
beauty4 ,! reason = ?is is t !y are  n  
guid$ by ta/e b by in/9ct1 :i*          
recognises 9 ?is p>ticul>  age ! acme ( 
g5]ative p[]4 ,9 g5]al1 wom5 pay little 
att5tion  to beauty1 t is1 to beauty (  

face2 !y seem to take x ^u  !mselves    
alone to end[ ! *ild ) beauty4 ,x is    
*iefly !  /r5g? ( a man & ! c\rage t    
goes ) x t attract !m1  = bo? ( ^!      
promise ! g5]ation ( robu/ *ildr5 & at !
  same "t a brave protector = !m4 ,e    
physical defect 9 a man1  any deviation 
f ! type1 a woman may1 ) reg>d to !     
*ild1  eradicate if %e is faultless 9 ^!
 p>ts h]self or excels 9 a  contr>y     
direction4 ,! only exceptions are ^?    
qualities :i* are  peculi> to ! man1 &  
:i*1 9 consequ5ce1 a "m _c be/[  on h]  
*ild2 ^! include ! mascul9e build ( !   
skeleton1 bread?  ( %\ld]1 small hips1  
/raight legs1 /r5g? ( muscle1 c\rage1   
be>d1 & s on4 ,& s x happ5s t a woman   
frequ5tly loves an  ugly man1 albeit %e 
nev] loves an unmanly man1 because %e _c
  neutralise 8 defects4    ,! second    
class ( consid]ations t are ! s\rce (   
love are ^?  dep5d+ on ! psy*ical       
qualities4 ,"h we %all f9d t a woman    
univ]sally is attract$ by ! qualities ( 
a man's he>t or "*1  bo? ( :i* are      

inh]it$ f ! fa!r4 ,x is ma9ly firmness (
  w1 det]m9ation & c\rage1 & may be     
hone/y & goodness (  he>t too1 t w9 a   
woman ov]2 :ile intellectual            
qualifications  ex]cise no direct or    
in/9ctive p[] ov] h]1 = ! simple reason 
t ^! are n inh]it$ f ! fa!r4 ,a lack (  
intellig5ce  c>ries no weight ) h]2 9   
fact1 a sup]abundance ( m5tal p[] or    
ev5 g5ius1 z abnormities1 might h an    
unfav\rable effect4 ,& s  we frequ5tly  
f9d a woman pref]r+ a /upid1 ugly1 &    
ill-mann]$  man to "o :o is             
well-educat$1 intellectual1 & agreeable4
 ,h5ce1  p ( extremely diff]5t temp]am5t
 frequ5tly m>ry =  love--t is to say1 he
 is co>se1 /rong1 & n>r[-m9d$1 :ile  %e 
is v s5sitive1 ref9$1 cultur$1 &        
ae/hetic1 & s on2 or  he is g5ial &     
clev]1 & %e is a goose4      ,sic visum 
,v5]i2 cui placet imp>es    ,=mas atque 
animos sub juga anea      ,saevo mitt]e 
cum joco4    ,! reason = ?is is1 t %e is
 n influ5c$ by intellectual             
consid]ations1 b by some?+ entirely     

diff]5t1 namely1 in/9ct4  ,m>riage is n 
reg>d$ z a means = intellectual         
ent]ta9m5t1 b  = ! g5]ation ( *ildr52 x 
is a union ( he>ts & n (  m9ds4 ,:5 a   
woman says t %e has fall5 9 love ) a    
man's m9d1  x is ei!r a va9 & ridicul\s 
pret5ce on h] "p or !  exagg]ation ( a  
deg5]ate be+4 ,a man1 on ! o!r h&1 is n 
controll$ 9 in/9ctive love by !         
qualities ( ! woman's  "*2 ?is is :y s  
_m a ,socrates has f\nd 8 ,xantippe1 z  
= in/ance1 ,%akespe>e1 ,albre*t ,dr]1   
,byron1 & o!rs4 ,b "h  we h ! influ5ce (
 intellectual qualities1 because !y are 
inh]it$ f ! "m2 nev]!less _! influ5ce is
 easily  ov]p[]$ by physical beauty1 :i*
 conc]ns m ess5tial po9ts1  & !re=e has 
a m direct effect4 ,by ! way1 x is = ?is
  reason t mo!rs :o h ei!r felt or      
exp]i5c$ ! =m]  influ5ce h _! daught]s  
taught ! f9e arts1 languages1 etc41 s  t
 !y may prove m attractive4 ,9 ?is way  
!y hope by artificial  means to pad !   
intellect1 j z !y d _! bu/ & hips if x  
is  necess>y to d s4 ,let x be und]/ood 

t "h we are simply  speak+ ( t          
attraction :i* is absolutely direct &   
in/9ctive1  & f :i* spr+s real love4 ,t 
an intellig5t & educat$ woman  e/eems   
intellig5ce & bra9s 9 a man1 & t a man  
aft]  delib]ate reason+ criticises &    
consid]s ! "* ( 8  fiance1 are matt]s   
:i* d n conc]n our pres5t subject4 ,su* 
?+s influ5ce a rational selection 9     
m>riage1 b !y d n  control passionate   
love1 :i* is our matt]4    ,up to !     
pres5t ,i h tak5 into consid]ation m]ely
 ! absolute  consid]ations--id e/1 su*  
consid]ations z apply to e "o4 ,i  n[   
come to ! relative consid]ations1 :i*   
are individual1 because  !y aim at      
rectify+ ! type ( ! species :i* is      
defectively  pres5t$ & at correct+ any  
deviation f x exi/+ 9 ! p]son  ( ! *oos]
 himself1 & 9 ?is way lead back to a    
pure pres5tation  ( ! type4 ,h5ce ea*   
man loves :at he himself is defici5t 94 
,!  *oice t is bas$ on relative         
consid]ations--t is1 has 9 view  !      
con/itution ( ! individual--is mu* m    

c]ta91 decid$1 &  exclusive ?an ! *oice 
t is made aft] m]ely absolute           
consid]ations2 consequ5tly real         
passionate love w h its orig91  z a     
rule1 9 ^! relative consid]ations1 & x w
 only be !  ord9>y phases ( love t spr+ 
f ! absolute4 ,s t x is n  /]eotyp$1    
p]fectly beautiful wom5 :o are wont to  
k9dle great  passions4 ,be=e a truly    
passionate feel+ c exi/1 some?+ is      
necess>y t is p]haps be/ express$ by a  
metaphor 9  *emi/ry--namely1 ! two      
p]sons mu/ neutralise ea* o!r1 l acid  &
 alkali to a neutral salt4 ,be=e ?is c  
be done ! foll[+  conditions are        
ess5tial4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all sexuality
 is  "o-sid$4 ,?is "o-sid$ness is m     
def9itely express$ & exi/s 9  a high]   
degree 9 "o p]son ?an 9 ano!r2 s t x may
 be bett]  supplem5t$ & neutralis$ 9 ea*
 individual by "o p]son ?an by  ano!r ( 
! opposite sex1 because ! individual    
requires a  "o-sid$ness opposite to 8   
own 9 ord] to complete ! type (         
humanity 9 ! new individual to be       

g5]at$1 to ! con/itution (  :i* ev]y?+  
t5ds4444    ,! foll[+ is necess>y = ?is 
neutralisation ( :i* we are  speak+4 ,! 
p>ticul> degree ( 8 manhood mu/ exactly 
correspond  to ! p>ticul> degree ( h]   
womanhood 9 ord] to exactly balance  !  
"o-sid$ness ( ea*4 ,h5ce ! mo/ manly man
 w desire ! mo/  womanly woman1 & vice  
v]s1 & s ea* w want ! individual  t     
exactly corresponds to him 9 degree (   
sex4 ,inasmu* z two  p]sons fulfil ?is  
necess>y relation t[>ds ea* o!r1 x is   
in/9ctively felt by !m & is ! orig91    
toge!r ) ! o!r  relative consid]ations1 
( ! high] degrees ( love4 ,:ile1  !re=e1
 two lov]s are pa!tically talk+ ab\t !  
h>mony (  _! s\ls1 ! k]nel ( !          
conv]sation is = ! mo/ "p !  h>mony     
conc]n+ ! individual & its p]fection1   
:i* obvi\sly is  ( mu* m importance ?an 
! h>mony ( _! s\ls--:i*  frequ5tly turns
 out to be a viol5t discord %ortly aft] 
m>riage4    ,we n[ come to ^? o!r       
relative consid]ations :i* dep5d on ea* 
individual try+ to eradicate1 ?r\gh !   

m$ium ( ano!r1 8  weaknesses1           
defici5cies1 & deviations f ! type1 9   
ord] t  !y may n be p]petuat$ 9 ! *ild t
 is to be born or develop  into absolute
 abnormities4 ,! weak] a man is 9       
muscul> p[]1 !  m w he desire a woman :o
 is muscul>2 & ! same ?+ applies  to a  
woman4444    ,nev]!less1 if a big woman 
*oose a big husb&1 9 ord]1 p]haps1 to   
pres5t a bett] appe>ance 9 society1 !   
*ildr51 z a rule1 suff]  = h] folly4    
,aga91 ano!r v decid$ consid]ation is   
complexion4  ,blonde p fancy ei!r       
absolutely d>k complexions or br[n2 b x 
is r>ely ! case vice v]s4 ,! reason = x 
is ?is3 t fair  hair & blue eyes are a  
deviation f ! type & almo/ con/itute  an
 abnormity1 analog\s to :ite mice1 or at
 any rate :ite horses4 ,!y  are n       
indig5\s to any o!r "p ( ! _w b         
,europe1--n ev5  to ! pol> regions1--&  
are obvi\sly ( ,sc&9avian orig94 ,en    
passant1 x is my conviction t a :ite sk9
 is n natural to man1  & t by nature he 
has ei!r a black or br[n sk9 l our      

=efa!rs1 ! ,h9doos1 & t ! :ite man 0    
nev] orig9ally  creat$ by nature2 & t1  
!re=e1 !re is no race ( :ite  p1 mu* z x
 is talk$ ab\t1 b e :ite man is a blea*$
  "o4 ,driv5 up into ! nor?1 :]e he 0 a 
/rang]1 & :]e he  exi/$ only l an exotic
 plant1 9 ne$ ( a ho?\se 9 w9t]1 man  9 
! c\rse ( c5turies became :ite4 ,!      
gipsies1 an ,indian tribe  :i* emigrat$ 
only ab\t f\r c5turies ago1 %[ !        
transition (  ! ,h9doo's complexion to  
ours4 ,9 love1 !re=e1 nature /rives to  
return to d>k hair & br[n eyes1 because 
!y are ! orig9al type2  /ill1 a :ite sk9
 has become second nature1 al?\gh n to  
su* an  ext5t z to make ! d>k sk9 ( !   
,h9doo repell5t to u4    ,f9ally1 e man 
tries to f9d ! corrective ( 8 own       
defects &  ab]rations 9 ! p>ticul> p>ts 
( 8 body1 & ! m  conspicu\s ! defect is 
! great] is 8 det]m9ation to correct  x4
 ,?is is :y snub-nos$ p]sons f9d an     
aquil9e nose or a  p>rot-l face s       
indescribably pleas+2 & ! same ?+       
applies  to e o!r "p ( ! body4 ,m5 (    

immod]ately long & att5uat$  build      
delight 9 a /unt$ & %ort figure4        
,consid]ations (  temp]am5t also        
influ5ce a man's *oice4 ,ea* pref]s a   
temp]am5t  ! rev]se ( 8 own2 b only 9 s 
f> z 8 is a decid$ "o4    ,a man :o is q
 p]fect 9 "s respect himself does n1 x  
is true1  desire & love imp]fection 9   
?is p>ticul> respect1 yet he c be  m    
easily reconcil$ to x ?an ano!r man1    
because he himself saves  ! *ildr5 f be+
 v imp]fect 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,= in/ance1 
a man :o has a v :ite sk9 himself w n   
dislike a yell[i%  complexion1 :ile a   
man :o has a yell[i% complexion w       
consid] a  dazzl+ly :ite sk9 div9ely    
beautiful4 ,x is r>e = a man to fall  9 
love ) a positively ugly woman1 b :5 he 
does1 x is because  exact h>mony 9 !    
degree ( sex exi/s betwe5 !m1 & all h]  
abnormities are precisely ! opposite to1
 t is to say1 !  corrective ( 84 ,love 9
 ^! circum/ances is wont to atta9 a high
  degree4    ,! pr(\ndly e>ne/ way 9 :i*
 we criticise & n>r[ly consid]  e "p ( a

 woman1 :ile %e on h] "p consid]s u2 !  
scrupul\sly c>eful way we scrut9ise1 a  
woman :o is beg9n+ to  please u2 !      
fickl5ess ( our *oice2 ! /ra9$ att5tion 
)  :i* a man wat*es 8 fiance2 ! c>e he  
takes n to be deceiv$  9 any trait2 & ! 
great importance he atta*es to e m or   
less  ess5tial trait1--all ?is is q 9   
keep+ ) ! importance (  ! end4 ,= ! *ild
 t is to be born w h to be> a simil>    
trait ?r\gh its :ole life2 = in/ance1 if
 a woman /oops b a  little1 x is        
possible = h] son to be inflict$ ) a    
hun*back2 &  s 9 e o!r respect4 ,we are 
n consci\s ( all ?is1 naturally4  ,on ! 
contr>y1 ea* man imag9es t 8 *oice is   
made 9 !  int]e/ ( 8 own pleasure 7:i*1 
9 reality1 _c be int]e/$ 9  x at all72 8
 *oice1 :i* we mu/ take = grant$ is 9   
keep+  ) 8 own individuality1 is made   
precisely 9 ! int]e/ ( !  species1 to   
ma9ta9 ! type ( :i* z pure z possible is
 ! secret  task4 ,9 ?is case !          
individual unconsci\sly acts 9 ! int]e/ 
(  some?+ high]1 t is1 ! species4 ,?is  

is :y he atta*es s mu*  importance to   
?+s to :i* he might1 nay1 w\ld be       
o!rwise  indiff]5t4 ,!re is some?+ q    
s+ul> 9 ! unconsci\sly  s]i\s & critical
 way two "y p ( diff]5t sex look at ea* 
o!r on meet+ = ! fir/ "t2 9 ! scrut9is+ 
& p5etrat+  glances !y ex*ange1 9 !     
c>eful inspection :i* _! v>i\s  traits  
und]go4 ,?is scrut9y & analysis repres5t
 ! m$itation (  ! g5ius ( ! species on !
 individual :i* may be born & !         
comb9ation ( its qualities2 & !         
greatness ( _! delight 9 &  long+ = ea* 
o!r is det]m9$ by ?is m$itation4 ,?is   
long+1  al?\gh x may h become int5se1   
may possibly disappe> aga9 if  some?+   
previ\sly unobs]v$ comes to light4 ,& s 
! g5ius ( !  species m$itates conc]n+ ! 
com+ race 9 all :o are yet n too  old4  
,x is ,cupid's "w to fa%ion ?is race1 & 
he is always busy1  always speculat+1   
always m$itat+4 ,! affairs ( !          
individual 9  _! :ole ephem]al totality 
are v trivial comp>$ ) ^? (  ?is        
div9ity1 :i* conc]n ! species & ! com+  

race2 !re=e  he is always ready to      
sacrifice ! individual reg>dlessly4 ,he 
is  relat$ to ^! ephem]al affairs z an  
immortal be+ is to a mortal1  & 8       
int]e/s to !irs z inf9ite to f9ite4     
,consci\s1 !re=e1  ( adm9i/]+ affairs ( 
a high] ord] ?an ^? t conc]n  m]ely !   
weal & woe ( ! individual1 he adm9i/]s  
!m )  sublime indiff]5ce amid ! tumult (
 w>1 ! bu/le ( bus9ess1 or  ! rag+ ( a  
plague--inde$1 he pursues !m into !     
seclusion (  ! cloi/]s4    ,x has be5   
se5 t ! int5sity ( love gr[s ) its      
individuation2 we h %[n t two           
individuals may be s physically         
con/itut$1 t1 9 ord] to re/ore ! be/    
possible type ( !  species1 ! "o is !   
special & p]fect complem5t ( ! o!r1     
:i*1 9 consequ5ce1 exclusively desires  
x4 ,9 a case ( ?is k9d1  passionate love
 arises1 & z x is be/[$ on "o object1 & 
"o  only--t is to say1 because x appe>s 
9 ! special s]vice ( !  species--x      
imm$iately assumes a nobl] & sublim]    
nature4 ,on !  o!r h&1 m]e sexual in/9ct

 is base1 because1 )\t  individuation1 x
 is direct$ to all1 & /rives to pres]ve 
!  species m]ely z reg>ds quantity )    
little reg>d = quality4  ,int5se love   
conc5trat$ on "o individual may develop 
to su* a  degree1 t unless x is gratifi$
 all ! good ?+s ( ?is _w1  & ev5 life   
itself1 lose _! importance4 ,x !n       
becomes a desire1  ! int5sity ( :i* is l
 none o!r2 consequ5tly x w make any  k9d
 ( sacrifice1 & %\ld x happ5 t x _c be  
gratifi$1 x  may lead to madness or ev5 
suicide4 ,besides ^! unconsci\s         
consid]ations :i* are ! s\rce (         
passionate love1 !re mu/ be  /ill o!rs1 
:i* we h n s directly be=e u4 ,!re=e1 we
  mu/ take x = grant$ t "h !re is n only
 a fitness (  con/itution b also a      
special fitness betwe5 ! man's w & !    
woman's intellect1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* a 
p]fectly def9ite  individual c be born  
to !m alone1 ^: exi/5ce is contemplat$  
by  ! g5ius ( ! species = reasons to u  
imp5etrable1 s9ce !y are  ! v ess5ce ( !
 ?+-9-itself4 ,or m /rictly speak+1 !  w

 to live desires to objectivise itself 9
 an individual :i* is  precisely        
det]m9$1 & c only be begott5 by ?is     
p>ticul> fa!r  & ?is p>ticul> "m4 ,?is  
metaphysical ye>n+ ( ! w 9  itself has  
imm$iately1 z its sph]e ( action 9 !    
circle ( human  be+s1 ! he>ts ( ! future
 p>5ts1 :o accord+ly are seiz$  ) ?is   
desire4 ,!y n[ fancy t x is = _! own    
sakes !y are  long+ = :at at pres5t has 
purely a metaphysical end1 t is to  say1
 = :at does n come )9 ! range ( ?+s t   
exi/ 9  reality4 ,9 o!r words1 x is !   
desire ( ! future individual to  ent]   
exi/5ce1 :i* has fir/ become possible   
"h1 a long+ :i*  proce$s f ! prim>y     
s\rce ( all be+ & exhibits itself 9 !   
ph5om5al _w z ! int5se love ( ! future  
p>5ts = ea*  o!r1 & has little reg>d =  
any?+ outside itself4 ,9 fact1 love  is 
an illusion l no o!r2 x w induce a man  
to sacrifice  ev]y?+ he possesses 9 !   
_w1 9 ord] to obta9 ?is woman1 :o  9    
reality w satisfy him no m ?an any o!r4 
,x also ceases to  exi/ :5 ! end1 :i* 0 

9 reality metaphysical1 has be5         
fru/rat$ p]haps by ! woman's b>r5ness   
7:i*1 accord+ to  ,hufel&1 is ! result (
 n9ete5 accid5tal defects 9 !           
con/itution71 j z x is fru/rat$ daily 9 
millions ( cru%$  g]ms 9 :i* ! same     
metaphysical life-pr9ciple /ruggles to  
exi/2  !re is no o!r consolation 9 ?is  
?an t !re is an inf9ity (  space1 "t1 & 
matt]1 & consequ5tly inexhau/ible       
opportunity1 at  ! s]vice ( ! w to live4
    ,al?\gh ?is subject has n be5 treat$
 by ,!ophra/us ,p>acelsus1  & my entire 
tra9 ( ?\ght is =eign to him1 yet x mu/ 
h  pres5t$ itself to him1 if ev5 9 a    
cursory way1 :5 he gave  utt]ance to !  
foll[+ rem>kable words1 writt5 9 q a    
diff]5t context & 9 8 usual desultory   
/yle3 ,hi sunt1 quos ,deus  copulavit1  
ut eam1 quae fuit ,uriae et ,david2     
quamvis ex diametro 7sic  enim sibi     
humana m5s p]suadebat7 cum ju/o et      
legitimo matrimonio  pugn>et hoc 444 s$ 
propt] ,salomonem1 qui aliunde nasci non
 potuit1  nisi ex ,ba?seba1 conjuncto   

,david sem9e1 quamvis m]etrice1         
conjunxit  eos ,deus4#ah    ,! ye>n+ (  
love1 ! 1 :i* has be5 express$ 9        
c\ntless  ways & =ms by ! poets ( all   
ages1 )\t _! exhau/+ !  subject or ev5  
do+ x ju/ice2 ?is long+ :i* makes u     
imag9e  t ! possession ( a c]ta9 woman w
 br+ int]m9able  happ9ess1 & ! loss (   
h]1 unspeakable pa92 ?is long+ & ?is    
pa9 d n arise f ! ne$s ( an ephem]al    
individual1 b are1 on  ! contr>y1 ! sigh
 ( ! _s ( ! species1 disc]n+  irrep>able
 means ( ei!r ga9+ or los+ its ends4 ,x 
is !  species alone t has an int]m9able 
exi/5ce3 h5ce x is capable (  endless   
desire1 endless gratification1 & endless
 pa94 ,^!1 h[ev]1  are imprison$ 9 !    
he>t ( a mortal2 no wond]1 !re=e1 if x  
seems l to bur/1 & c f9d no expression =
 ! ann\ncem5ts (  endless joy or endless
 pa94 ,?is x is t =ms ! sub/ance ( all  
erotic poetry t is sublime 9 "*1 :i*1   
consequ5tly1 so>s  into transc5d5t      
metaphors1 surpass+ ev]y?+ e>?ly4 ,?is  
is !  !me ( ,petr>*1 ! mat]ial = ! ,/4  

,preuxs1 ,w]!rs1 & ,jacopo  ,ortis1 :o  
o!rwise c\ld be nei!r und]/ood nor      
expla9$4 ,?is  inf9ite reg>d is n bas$  
on any k9d ( intellectual1 nor1 9       
g5]al1 ^u any real m]its ( ! belov$ "o2 
because ! lov]  frequ5tly does n "k h]  
well en\gh2 z 0 ! case ) ,petr>*4    ,x 
is ! _s ( ! species alone t c see at a  
glance ( :at  value ! belov$ "o is to x 
= its purposes4 ,moreov]1 great         
passions1 z a rule1 orig9ate at fir/    
sight3      ,:o ev] lov'd1 t lov'd n at 
fir/ sight4    --,,%akespe>e1 ,z ,y ,l  
,x1 iii4 #e4    ,curi\sly en\gh1 !re is 
a passage t\*+ ^u ?is 9 ,guzmann de     
,alf>a*e1 a well-kn[n romance writt5 two
 hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago  by ,mateo     
,aleman3 ,no es necess>io p>a que uno   
ame1 que pase di/ancia  de tiempo1 que  
siga discurso1 9 haga eleccion1 s9o que 
con aquella  prim]a y sola vi/a1        
concurran juntam5te ci]ta correspond5cia
   consonancia1  lo que ac solemos      
vulg>m5te decir1 una confrontacion  de  
sangre1  que por p>ticul> influxo suel5 

mov] las e/rellas4  7,= a man to love   
!re is no ne$ = any l5g? ( "t to pass = 
him to weigh consid]ations or make 8    
*oice1 b only t a c]ta9  correspond5ce &
 consonance is enc\nt]$ on bo? sides at 
! fir/  & only glance1 or t :i* is      
ord9>ily call$ a sympa?y (  blood1 to   
:i* a peculi> influ5ce ( ! />s g5]ally  
impels47  ,accord+ly1 ! loss ( ! belov$ 
"o ?r\gh a rival1 or ?r\gh  dea?1 is !  
greate/ pa9 ( all to ^? passionately 9  
love2 j  because x is ( a transc5d5tal  
nature1 s9ce x affects him n  m]ely z an
 individual1 b also assails him 9 8     
ess5tia aet]na1  9 ! life ( ! species1 9
 ^: special w & s]vice he 0  "h call$4  
,?is is :y jeal\sy is s torm5t+ & bitt]1
 & !  giv+ up ( ! lov$ "o ! greate/ (   
all sacrifices4 ,a h]o is  a%am$ ( %[+  
any k9d ( emotion b t :i* may be !      
outcome  ( love2 ! reason = ?is is1 t :5
 he is 9 love x is n he1  b ! species   
:i* is griev+4 ,9 ,cald]on's ,z5obia !  
,great  !re is a sc5e 9 ! second act    
betwe5 ,z5obia & ,decius :]e !  latt]   

says1 ,cielos1 luego tu me qui]es8      
,p]di]a ci5 mil victorias1  ,volvirame1 
etc4 7,heav5s6 !n y love me8 ,= ?is ,i  
w\ld  sacrifice a ?\s& victories1 etc47 
,9 ?is case hon\r1 :i* has  hi!rto      
outweigh$ e o!r int]e/1 is driv5 out ( !
 field  directly love--i4e41 ! int]e/ ( 
! species--comes into play &  disc]ns   
some?+ t w be ( decid$ advantage to     
itself2 = !  int]e/ ( ! species1 comp>$ 
) t ( ! m]e individual1  h[ev] important
 ?is may be1 is inf9itely m important4  
,hon\r1  duty1 & fidelity succumb to x  
aft] !y h )/ood e o!r  temptation--!    
m5ace ( dea? ev54 ,we f9d ! same go+ on 
9  private life2 = in/ance1 a man has   
less consci5ce :5 9 love ?an  9 any o!r 
circum/ances4 ,consci5ce is sometimes   
put on "o side ev5  by p :o are o!rwise 
hone/ & /raight=w>d1 & infidelity       
recklessly committ$ if !y are           
passionately 9 love--i4e41 :5 !  int]e/ 
( ! species has tak5 possession ( !m4 ,x
 w\ld seem1  inde$1 z if !y believ$     
!mselves consci\s ( a great] au?ority   

?an ! int]e/s ( individuals c\ld ev]    
conf]2 ?is is simply  because !y are    
conc]n$ 9 ! int]e/ ( ! species4 ,*am=t's
  utt]ance 9 ?is respect is rem>kable3  
,qu& un homme et une femme  ont l'un p\r
 l'autre une passion viol5te1 il me     
semble t\j\rs que  quelque soi5t les    
ob/acles qui les sp>5t1 un m>i1 des     
p>5s1  etc42 les deux amans sont l'un   
l'autre1 de p> la ,nature1 qu'ils       
s'app>ti5n5t de droit dev91 malgr les   
lois et les conv5tions  huma9es4444 ,f  
?is /&po9t ! great] "p ( ! ,decam]on    
seems a m]e mock+ & je]+ on ! "p ( !    
g5ius ( !  species at ! rights & int]e/s
 ( ! individual :i* x treads  und]foot4 
,inequality ( rank & all simil>         
relations are put on "o  side ) ! same  
indiff]5ce & disreg>d$ by ! g5ius ( !   
species1 if !y ?w>t ! union ( two p     
passionately 9 love  ) "o ano!r3 x      
pursues its ends p]ta9+ to endless      
g5]ations1  scatt]+ human pr9ciples &   
scruples abroad l *aff4    ,= ! same    
reason1 a man w will+ly risk e k9d (    

dang]1 &  ev5 become c\rage\s1 al?\gh he
 may o!rwise be fa9t-he>t$4 ,:at  a     
delight we take 9 wat*+1 ei!r 9 a play  
or novel1 two "y  lov]s fight+ = ea*    
o!r--i4e41 = ! int]e/ ( !  species--& _!
 defeat ( ! old p1 :o _h only 9 view !  
welf>e ( ! individual6 ,= ! /ruggl+ ( a 
pair ( lov]s seems  to u s mu* m        
important1 delightful1 & consequ5tly    
ju/ifiable  ?an any o!r1 z ! species is 
m important ?an ! individual4           
,accord+ly1 we h z ! fundam5tal subject 
( almo/ all com$ies  ! g5ius ( ! species
 ) its purposes1 runn+ c\nt] to !       
p]sonal int]e/s ( ! individuals pres5t$1
 &1 9 consequ5ce1  ?reat5+ to und]m9e _!
 happ9ess4 ,z a rule x c>ries out its   
ends1 :i*1 9 keep+ ) true poetic ju/ice1
 satisfies !  spectator1 because ! latt]
 feels t ! purposes ( ! species  widely 
surpass ^? ( ! individual4 ,h5ce he is q
 consol$ :5  he f9ally takes leave ( !  
victori\s lov]s1 %>+ ) !m !  illusion t 
!y h e/abli%$ _! own happ9ess1 :ile1 9  
tru?1 !y h sacrific$ x = ! welf>e ( !   

species1 9  opposition to ! w ( !       
discreet old p4    ,x has be5 attempt$ 9
 a few out-(-!-way com$ies to rev]se ?is
  /ate ( ?+s & to effect ! happ9ess ( ! 
individuals at !  co/ ( ! ends ( !      
species2 b "h ! spectator is s5sible (  
! pa9 inflict$ on ! g5ius ( ! species1 &
 does n f9d  consolation 9 ! advantages 
t are assur$ to ! individuals4    ,two v
 well-kn[n little pieces occur to me z  
examples ( ?is k9d3  ,la re9e de #af    
ans1 & ,le m>iage de raison4    ,9 !    
love-affairs t are treat$ 9 trag$ies !  
lov]s1 z a rule1  p]i% toge!r3 ! reason 
= ?is is t ! purposes ( !  species1 ^:  
tools ! lov]s 71 h be5 fru/rat$1 z1 =   
in/ance1 9 ,romeo & ,juliet1 ,tancr$1   
,don ,c>los1 ,wall5/e91 ,!  ,bride (    
,mess9a1 & s on4    ,a man 9 love       
frequ5tly furni%es comic z well z tragic
 aspects2 =  be+ 9 ! possession ( ! _s (
 ! species & controll$ by  x1 he no     
long] belongs to himself1 & consequ5tly 
8 l9e (  conduct is n 9 keep+ ) t ( !   
individual4 ,x is  fundam5tally ?is t 9 

! high] phases ( love gives su* a       
poetical & sublime col\r1 nay1          
transc5d5tal & hyp]physical turn  to a  
man's ?\ghts1 :]eby he appe>s to lose   
sight ( 8 ess5tially  mat]ial purpose4  
,he is inspir$ by ! _s ( ! species1 ^:  
affairs are inf9itely m important ?an   
any :i* conc]n m]e  individuals1 9 ord] 
to e/abli% by special m&ate ( ?is _s !  
exi/5ce ( an indef9itely long po/]ity ) 
?is p>ticul> &  precisely det]m9$       
nature1 :i* x c receive only f him z    
fa!r & 8 lov$ "o z "m1 & :i*1 moreov]1 z
 su* nev]  comes into exi/5ce1 :ile !   
objectivation ( ! w to live  expressly  
dem&s ?is exi/5ce4 ,x is ! feel+ t he is
 engag$  9 affairs ( su* transc5d5t     
importance t exalts ! lov] above  ev]y?+
 e>?ly1 nay1 inde$1 above himself1 &    
gives su* a  hyp]physical clo?+ to 8    
physical wi%es1 t love becomes1 ev5  9 !
 life ( ! mo/ prosaic1 a poetical       
episode2 & !n ! affair  (t5 assumes a   
comical aspect4 ,t m&ate ( ! w :i*      
objectifies itself 9 ! species pres5ts  

itself 9 ! consci\sness  ( ! lov] "u !  
mask ( ! anticipation ( an inf9ite      
happ9ess1 :i* is to be f\nd 9 8 union ) 
?is p>ticul> woman4  ,?is illusion to a 
man deeply 9 love becomes s dazzl+ t if 
x  _c be atta9$1 life itself n only     
loses all *>m1 b appe>s to  be s        
joyless1 holl[1 & un9t]e/+ z to make him
 too disgu/$  ) x to be afraid ( !      
t]rors ( dea?2 ?is is :y he sometimes  (
 8 own free w cuts 8 life %ort4 ,! w ( a
 man ( ?is k9d  has become engulf$ 9 t (
 ! species1 or ! w ( ! species  has     
obta9$ s great an asc5d5cy ov] ! w ( !  
individual t  if su* a man _c be        
effective 9 ! manife/ation ( ! fir/1 he 
disda9s to be s 9 ! la/4 ,! individual 9
 ?is case is too weak a  vessel to be> !
 inf9ite long+ ( ! w ( ! species        
conc5trat$ ^u a def9ite object4 ,:5 ?is 
is ! case suicide is  ! result1 &       
sometimes suicide ( ! two lov]s2 unless 
nature1 to  prev5t ?is1 causes insanity1
 :i* !n en%r\ds ) its veil !            
consci\sness ( s hopeless a condition4  

,! tru? ( ?is is confirm$  ye>ly by     
v>i\s cases ( ?is description4          
,h[ev]1 x is n only unrequit$ love t    
leads frequ5tly to a  tragic end2 =     
requit$ love m frequ5tly leads to       
unhapp9ess ?an  to happ9ess4 ,?is is    
because its dem&s (t5 s sev]ely cla% )  
! p]sonal welf>e ( ! lov] conc]n$ z to  
und]m9e x1 s9ce  ! dem&s are            
incompatible ) ! lov]'s o!r             
circum/ances1 &  9 consequ5ce de/roy !  
plans ( life built ^u !m4 ,fur!r1 love  
frequ5tly runs c\nt] n only to ext]nal  
circum/ances b to !  individuality      
itself1 = x may fl+ itself ^u a p]son   
:o1 ap>t  f ! relation ( sex1 may become
 hateful1 despicable1 nay1 ev5          
repulsive4 ,z ! w ( ! species1 h[ev]1 is
 s v mu* /rong]  ?an t ( ! individual1 !
 lov] %uts 8 eyes to all  objectionable 
qualities1 ov]looks ev]y?+1 ignores all1
 & unites  himself = ev] to ! object ( 8
 passion4 ,he is s completely  bl9d$ by 
?is illusion t z soon z ! w ( ! species 
is  accompli%$ ! illusion vani%es &     

leaves 9 its place a hateful  companion 
= life4 ,f ?is x is obvi\s :y we (t5 see
 v  intellig5t1 nay1 di/+ui%$ m5 m>ri$  
to dragons & %e-devils1  & :y we _c     
und]/& h[ x 0 possible = !m to make su* 
a  *oice4 ,accord+ly1 ! anci5ts         
repres5t$ ,amor z bl9d4 ,9 fact1  x is  
possible = a lov] to cle>ly recognise & 
be bitt]ly  consci\s ( horrid defects 9 
8 fiance's disposition &  "*--defects   
:i* promise him a life ( mis]y--& yet = 
him  n to be fill$ ) fe>3      ,i ask n1
 ,i c>e n1      ,if guilt's 9 ?y he>t2  
,i "k t ,i love !e1      ,:atev] ?\ art4
    ,=1 9 tru?1 he is n act+ 9 8 own    
int]e/ b 9 t ( a  ?ird p]son1 :o has yet
 to come into exi/5ce1 albeit he is "u !
  impression t he is act+ 9 8 own ,b x  
is ?is v act+ 9  "s "o else's int]e/ :i*
 is ev]y:]e ! /amp ( greatness &  gives 
to passionate love ! t\* ( ! sublime1   
mak+ x a wor?y  subject = ! poet4       
,f9ally1 a man may bo? love & hate 8    
belov$  at ! same "t4 ,accord+ly1 ,plato
 comp>es a man's love to ! love  ( a    

wolf = a %eep4 ,we h an in/ance ( ?is   
k9d :5 a  passionate lov]1 9 spite ( all
 8 ex]tions & entreaties1 _c  obta9 a   
he>+ ^u any t]ms4      ,i love & hate   
h]4--,,%akespe>e1 ,cymb4 iii4 #e4    ,:5
 hatr$ is k9dl$1 a man w sometimes g s  
f> z to fir/ kill  8 belov$ & !n        
himself4 ,examples ( ?is k9d are br\ght 
be=e  our notice ye>ly 9 ! newspap]s4   
,!re=e ,goe! says truly3      ,bei all] 
v]s*mht5 ,liebe1 beim hlli*5 ,elem5te6  
,i* wollt'1 i* ws/' 0 rg]'s1 das i*     
flu*5 knnte6    ,x is 9 tru? no hyp]bole
 on ! "p ( a lov] :5 he calls 8         
belov$'s coldness1 or ! joy ( h] vanity1
 :i* delights 9 8  suff]+1 cruelty4 ,=  
he has come "u ! influ5ce ( an impulse  
:i*1 ak9 to ! in/9ct ( animals1 compels 
him 9 spite ( all  reason to            
unconditionally pursue 8 end & disc>d e 
o!r2 he  _c give x up4 ,!re has n be5 "o
 b _m a ,petr>*1 :o1  fail+ to h 8 love 
requit$1 has be5 oblig$ to drag ?r\gh   
life  z if 8 feet 7 ei!r fett]$ or c>ri$
 a lead5 weight1 & give  v5t to 8 sighs 

9 a lonely =e/2 nev]!less !re 0 only "o 
,petr>* :o possess$ ! true poetic       
in/9ct1 s t ,goe!'s  beautiful l9es are 
true ( him3      ,und w5n d] ,m5s* 9    
se9] ,quaal v]/ummt1    ,gab mir e9     
,gott1 zu sag51 wie i* leide4    ,z a   
matt] ( fact1 ! g5ius ( ! species is at 
cont9ual w>f>e  ) ! gu>dian g5ius (     
individuals2 x is its pursu] & enemy2 x 
is always ready to rel5tlessly de/roy   
p]sonal happ9ess 9 ord] to  c>ry out its
 ends2 inde$1 ! welf>e ( :ole nations   
has sometimes  be5 sacrific$ to its     
caprice4 ,%akespe>e furni%es u ) su* an 
example 9 ,h5ry ,,vi ,"p ,,iii41 ,act   
iii41 ,sc5es #b & #c4 ,?is is  because !
 species1 9 :i* lies ! g]m ( our be+1   
has a ne>]  & prior claim ^u u ?an !    
individual1 s t ! affairs ( !  species  
are m important ?an ^? ( ! individual4  
,s5sible (  ?is1 ! anci5ts p]sonifi$ !  
g5ius ( ! species 9 ,cupid1  not)/&+ 8  
hav+ ! =m ( a *ild1 z a ho/ile & cruel  
god1 & !re=e "o to be decri$ z a        
caprici\s & despotic demon1  & yet "l ( 

bo? gods & m54       '    ' 1 4    7,tu1
 deorum hom9umque tyranne1 ,amor67      
,murd]\s d>ts1 bl9dness1 & w+s are      
,cupid's attributes4 ,! latt]  signify  
incon/ancy1 :i* z a rule comes ) !      
disillusion  foll[+ possession4         
,because1 = in/ance1 love is bas$ on an 
illusion & repres5ts :at  is an         
advantage to ! species z an advantage to
 ! individual1 !  illusion necess>ily   
vani%es directly ! end ( ! species has  
be5  atta9$4 ,! _s ( ! species1 :i* = ! 
"t be+ has got  ! individual into its   
possession1 n[ frees him aga94 ,des]t$  
by !  _s1 he relapses into 8 orig9al    
/ate ( n>r[ness & want2 he  is surpris$ 
to f9d t aft] all 8 l(ty1 h]oic1 &      
endless  attempts to fur!r 8 own        
pleasure he has obta9$ b little2 &      
contr>y to 8 expectation1 he f9ds t he  
is no happi] ?an he 0  be=e4 ,he        
discov]s t he has be5 ! dupe ( ! w ( !  
species4 ,!re=e1 z a rule1 a ,!seus :o  
has be5 made happy w  des]t 8 ,ariadne4 
,if ,petr>*'s passion _h be5 gratifi$ 8 

song  w\ld h become sil5t f t mom5t1 z t
 ( ! birds z soon  z ! eggs are laid4   
,let x be said 9 pass+ t1 h[ev] mu* my  
metaphysics ( love may  displease ^? 9  
love1 ! fundam5tal tru? reveal$ by me   
w\ld  enable !m m effectually ?an any?+ 
else to ov]come _!  passion1 if         
consid]ations ( reason 9 g5]al c\ld be (
 any avail4  ,! words ( ! comic poet (  
anci5t times rema9 good3 ,quae res 9  se
 neque consilium1 neque modum habet     
ullum1 eam consilio reg]e non  potes4 ,p
 :o m>ry = love d s 9 ! int]e/ ( !      
species  & n ( ! individuals4 ,x is true
 t ! p]sons conc]n$  imag9e !y are      
promot+ _! own happ9ess2 b _! real aim1 
:i* is "o !y are unconsci\s (1 is to br+
 =? an individual  :i* c be begott5 by  
!m alone4 ,?is purpose hav+ br\ght !m   
toge!r1 !y ought h5ce=? to try & make ! 
be/ ( ?+s4 ,b  x v frequ5tly happ5s t   
two p :o h be5 br\ght  toge!r by ?is    
in/9ctive illusion1 :i* is ! ess5ce (   
passionate love1 are 9 e o!r respect    
temp]am5tally diff]5t4  ,?is becomes    

app>5t :5 ! illusion we>s (f1 z x       
necess>ily  mu/4    ,accord+ly1 p :o    
m>ry = love are g5]ally unhappy1 = su*  
p look aft] ! welf>e ( ! future g5]ation
 at ! exp5se (  ! pres5t4 ,qui5 se casa 
por amores1 ha de vivir con dolores 7,he
 :o  m>ries = love mu/ live 9 grief71   
says ! ,spani% prov]b4  ,m>riages de    
conv5ance1 :i* are g5]ally arrang$ by ! 
p>5ts1  w turn out ! rev]se4 ,!         
consid]ations 9 ?is case :i* control    
!m1 :atev] _! nature may be1 are at any 
rate real & unable to  vani% ( !mselves4
 ,a m>riage ( ?is k9d att5ds to ! welf>e
 (  ! pres5t g5]ation to ! detrim5t ( ! 
future1 x is true2 &  yet ?is rema9s    
problematical4    ,a man :o m>ries =    
money1 & n = love1 lives m 9 !  int]e/ (
 ! individual ?an 9 t ( ! species2 a    
condition  exactly oppos$ to tru?2 !re=e
 x is unnatural & r\ses a c]ta9  feel+ (
 contempt4 ,a girl :o aga9/ ! wi% ( h]  
p>5ts refuses  to m>ry a ri* man1 /ill  
"y1 & ignores all consid]ations (       
conv5ance1 9 ord] to *oose ano!r        

in/9ctively to h] lik+1  sacrifices h]  
individual welf>e to ! species4 ,b x is 
= ?is  v reason t %e meets ) a c]ta9    
approval1 = %e has giv5  pref]5ce to :at
 0 m important & act$ 9 ! _s ( nature   
7( ! species7 m exactly2 :ile ! p>5ts   
advis$ only 9 !  _s ( individual egoism4
    ,z ! outcome ( all ?is1 x seems t to
 m>ry means t ei!r !  int]e/ ( !        
individual or ! int]e/ ( ! species mu/  
suff]4  ,z a rule "o or ! o!r is ! case1
 = x is only by ! r>e/ &  luckie/       
accid5t t conv5ance & passionate love g 
h& 9 h&4  ,! wret*$ condition ( mo/     
p]sons physically1 morally1 &           
intellectually may be p>tly acc\nt$ = by
 ! fact t m>riages  are n g5]ally !     
result ( pure *oice & incl9ation1 b (   
all  k9ds ( ext]nal consid]ations &     
accid5tal circum/ances4 ,h[ev]1  if     
incl9ation to a c]ta9 degree is tak5    
into consid]ation1 z well  z conv5i5ce1 
?is is z x 7 a compromise ) ! g5ius ( ! 
species4 ,z is well kn[n1 happy m>riages
 are few & f> betwe51  s9ce m>riage is  

int5d$ to h ! welf>e ( ! future g5]ation
  at he>t & n ! pres5t4    ,h[ev]1 let  
me add = ! consolation ( ! m t5d]-he>t$ 
t  passionate love is sometimes         
associat$ ) a feel+ ( q ano!r           
k9d--namely1 real fri5d%ip f\nd$ on     
h>mony ( s5tim5t1 b ?is1  h[ev]1 does n 
exi/ until ! in/9ct ( sex has be5       
ext+ui%$4  ,?is fri5d%ip w g5]ally spr+ 
f ! fact t ! physical1  moral1 &        
intellectual qualities :i* correspond to
 & supplem5t  ea* o!r 9 two individuals 
9 love1 9 respect ( ! *ild to be  born1 
w also supplem5t ea* o!r 9 respect ( !  
individuals  !mselves z opposite        
qualities ( temp]am5t & intellectual    
excell5ce1 & !reby e/abli% a h>mony (   
s5tim5t4    ,! :ole metaphysics ( love  
:i* has be5 treat$ "h is closely  relat$
 to my metaphysics 9 g5]al1 & ! light x 
?r[s ^u ?is  may be said to be z foll[s4
    ,we h se5 t a man's c>eful *oice1   
develop+ ?r\gh innum]able  degrees to   
passionate love1 = ! satisfaction ( 8   
in/9ct ( sex1  is bas$ ^u ! fundam5tal  

int]e/ he takes 9 ! con/itution (  !    
next g5]ation4 ,?is ov]:elm+ int]e/ t he
 takes v]ifies  two tru?s :i* h be5     
already demon/rat$4    ,fir/3 ,man's    
immortality1 :i* is p]petuat$ 9 ! future
 race4 ,=  ?is int]e/ ( s active &      
zeal\s a nature1 :i* is nei!r !  result 
( reflection nor int5tion1 spr+s f !    
inn]mo/  *>act]i/ics & t5d5cies ( our   
be+1 c\ld n exi/ s  cont9u\sly or       
ex]cise su* great p[] ov] man if ! latt]
 7  really transitory & if a race really
 & totally diff]5t to himself  succe$$  
him m]ely 9 po9t ( "t4    ,second3 ,t 8 
real nature is m closely alli$ to !     
species ?an  to ! individual4 ,= ?is    
int]e/ t he takes 9 ! special nature  ( 
! species1 :i* is ! s\rce ( all love1 f 
! mo/ fleet+  emotion to ! mo/ s]i\s    
passion1 is 9 reality ! mo/ important   
affair 9 ea* man's life1 ! successful or
 unsuccessful issue ( :i*  t\*es him m  
ne>ly ?an any?+ else4 ,?is is :y x has  
be5  pre-em95tly call$ ! affair ( !     
he>t4 ,ev]y?+ t m]ely  conc]ns "o's own 

p]son is set aside & sacrific$1 if !    
case  require x1 to ?is int]e/ :5 x is (
 a /rong & decid$ nature4  ,!re=e 9 ?is 
way man proves t he is m int]e/$ 9 !    
species ?an 9 ! individual1 & t he lives
 m directly 9 !  int]e/ ( ! species ?an 
9 t ( ! individual4    ,:y1 !n1 is a    
lov] s absolutely devot$ to e look &    
turn (  8 belov$1 & ready to make any   
k9d ( sacrifice = h]8 ,because  !       
immortal "p ( him is ye>n+ = h]2 x is   
only ! mortal  "p ( him t longs = ev]y?+
 else4 ,t ke5 & ev5 int5se  long+ = a   
p>ticul> woman is accord+ly a direct    
pl$ge ( !  immortality ( ! ess5ce ( our 
be+ & ( its p]petuity 9 !  species4     
,to reg>d ?is p]petuity z some?+        
unimportant & insuffici5t is  an error1 
aris+ f ! fact t 9 ?9k+ ( ! cont9uity ( 
! species we only ?9k ( ! future exi/5ce
 ( be+s simil> to  ourselves1 b 9 no    
respect1 h[ev]1 id5tical ) u2 & aga91   
/>t+ f k direct$ t[>ds )\t1 we only     
grasp !  out] =m ( ! species z x pres5ts
 itself to u1 & d n take  into          

consid]ation its inn] nature4 ,x is     
precisely ?is inn] nature  t lies at !  
f\ndation ( our own consci\sness z its  
k]nel1 &  !re=e is m direct ?an our     
consci\sness itself1 & z  ?+-9-itself   
exempt f ! pr9cipium individuationis--is
 9  reality id5tical & ! same 9 all     
individuals1 :e!r !y exi/ at  ! same or 
at diff]5t times4    ,?is1 !n1 is ! w to
 live--t is to say1 x is exactly t  :i* 
s int5sely desires bo? life &           
cont9uance1 & :i*  accord+ly rema9s     
unh>m$ & unaffect$ by dea?4 ,fur!r1 its 
pres5t /ate _c be improv$1 & :ile !re is
 life x is c]ta9  ( ! unceas+ suff]+s & 
dea? ( ! individual4 ,! d5ial (  ! w to 
live is res]v$ to free x f ?is1 z !     
means by :i*  ! individual w breaks away
 f ! /em ( ! species1 &  surr5d]s t     
exi/5ce 9 x4    ,we are want+ bo? 9     
ideas & all data z to :at x is aft] t4  
,we c only indicate x z some?+ :i* is   
free to be w to live or  n to live4     
,buddhism di/+ui%es ! latt] case by ! ^w
  ,nirvana4 ,x is ! po9t :i* z su*      

rema9s = ev] imp5etrable  to all human  
k4    ,look+ at ! turmoil ( life f ?is  
/&po9t we f9d all occupi$  ) its want & 
mis]y1 ex]t+ all _! /r5g? 9 ord] to     
satisfy its endless ne$s & av]t manifold
 suff]+1 )\t1  h[ev]1 d>+ to expect     
any?+ else 9 return ?an m]ely !         
pres]vation ( ?is torm5t$ individual    
exi/5ce = a %ort span (  "t4 ,& yet1    
amid all ?is turmoil we see a pair (    
lov]s ex*ang+  long+ glances--yet :y s  
secretly1 timidly1 & /eal?ily8 ,because 
^! lov]s are traitors secretly /riv+ to 
p]petuate all ?is  mis]y & turmoil t    
o!rwise w\ld come to a timely end4      
,,footnotes3    #ag ,*4 xxvi4 #bc4      
#ah ,de vita longa i4 #e4               
,,physiognomy4      ,t ! outside        
reflects ! inn] man1 & t ! face         
expresses 8  :ole "*1 is an obvi\s      
supposition & accord+ly a safe "o1      
demon/rat$ z x is 9 ! desire p h to see 
on all  occasions a man :o has di/+ui%$ 
himself by some?+ good or evil1  or     
produc$ "s exceptional "w2 or if ?is is 

d5i$ !m1 at any  rate to he> f o!rs :at 
he looks l4 ,?is is :y1 on ! "o  h&1 !y 
g to places :]e !y conjecture he is to  
be f\nd2 & on  ! o!r1 :y ! press1 &     
especially ! ,engli% press1 tries to    
describe him 9 a m9ute & /rik+ way2 he  
is soon br\ght visibly  be=e u ei!r by a
 pa9t] or an engrav]2 & f9ally1         
photography1  on t acc\nt s highly      
priz$1 meets ?is necessity 9 a mo/      
p]fect  way4    ,x is also prov$ 9      
ev]yday life t ea* "o inspects !        
physiognomy ( ^? he comes 9 contact )1 &
 fir/ ( all secretly  tries to discov]  
_! moral & intellectual "* f _!         
features4 ,?is c\ld n be ! case if1 z "s
 fooli% p /ate1  ! outw>d appe>ance ( a 
man is ( no importance2 nay1 if ! s\l is
  "o ?+ & ! body ano!r1 & ! latt] relat$
 to ! s\l z  ! coat is to ! man himself4
    ,r is e human face a hi]oglyph1 :i*1
 to be sure1 admits (  be+              
deciph]$--nay1 ! :ole alphabet ( :i* we 
c>ry ab\t )  u4 ,inde$1 ! face ( a man1 
z a rule1 bespeaks m int]e/+  matt] ?an 

8 tongue1 = x is ! comp5dium ( all :i*  
he w  ev] say1 z x is ! regi/] ( all 8  
?\ghts & aspirations4  ,moreov]1 !      
tongue only speaks ! ?\ghts ( "o man1   
:ile ! face  expresses a ?\ght ( nature4
 ,!re=e x is wor? :ile to obs]ve        
ev]ybody att5tively2 ev5 if !y are n    
wor? talk+ to4 ,e  individual is wor?y (
 obs]vation z a s+le ?\ght ( nature2 s  
is  beauty 9 ! highe/ degree1 = x is a  
high] & m g5]al  conception ( nature3 x 
is h] ?\ght ( a species4 ,?is is :y we  
are  s captivat$ by beauty4 ,x is a     
fundam5tal & pr9cipal ?\ght (  ,nature2 
:]eas ! individual is only a second>y   
?\ght1 a coroll>y4    ,9 secret1        
ev]ybody goes ^u ! pr9ciple t a man is  
:at he  looks2 b ! difficulty lies 9 its
 application4 ,! ability to  apply x is 
p>tly innate & p>tly acquir$ by         
exp]i5ce2 b no "o  und]/&s x ?or\ghly1 =
 ev5 ! mo/ exp]i5c$ may make a  mi/ake4 
,/ill1 x is n ! face t deceives1 :atev] 
,fig>o may  say1 b x is we :o are       
deceiv$ 9 read+ :at is n !re4 ,!        

deciph]+ ( ! face is c]ta9ly a great &  
difficult art4 ,its  pr9ciples c nev] be
 le>nt 9 ab/racto4 ,its fir/ condition  
is  t ! man mu/ be look$ at f a purely  
objective po9t ( view2  :i* is n s easy 
to d4 ,z soon z1 = in/ance1 !re is !    
slighte/ sign ( dislike1 or affection1  
or fe>1 or hope1 or ev5 !  ?\ght ( !    
impression :i* we ourselves are mak+ on 
him--9  %ort1 z soon z any?+ ( a        
subjective nature is pres5t1 !          
hi]oglyphics become confus$ & falsifi$4 
,! s\nd ( a language is  only he>d by "o
 :o does n und]/& x1 because 9 ?9k+ ( ! 
significance "o is n consci\s ( ! sign  
itself2 & simil>ly !  physiognomy ( a   
man is only se5 by "o to :om x is /ill  
/range--t is to say1 by "o :o has n     
become accu/om$ to 8  face ?r\gh see+   
him (t5 or talk+ to him4 ,accord+ly x   
is1  /rictly speak+1 ! fir/ glance t    
gives "o a purely objective  impression 
( a face1 & makes x possible = "o to    
deciph] x4 ,a  smell only affects u :5  
we fir/ p]ceive x1 & x is ! fir/  glass 

( w9e :i* gives u its real ta/e2 9 !    
same way1 x is only  :5 we see a face = 
! fir/ "t t x makes a full impression   
^u u4 ,!re=e "o %\ld c>efully att5d to !
 fir/ impression2  "o %\ld make a note (
 x1 nay1 write x d[n if ! man is (      
p]sonal importance--t is1 if "o c tru/  
"o's own s5se (  physiognomy4 ,subsequ5t
 acqua9tance & int]c\rse w erase t      
impression1 b x w be v]ifi$ "o day 9 !  
future4    ,en passant1 let u n conceal 
f ourselves ! fact t ?is fir/           
impression is z a rule extremely        
disagreeable3 b h[ little !re is  9 !   
majority ( faces6 ,) ! exception ( ^? t 
are  beautiful1 good-natur$1 &          
intellectual--t is1 ! v few &           
exceptional1--,i believe a new face = ! 
mo/ "p gives a s5sitive  p]son a        
s5sation ak9 to a %ock1 s9ce !          
disagreeable impression is  pres5t$ 9 a 
new & surpris+ comb9ation4    ,z a rule 
x is inde$ a sorry sight4 ,!re are      
individuals ^:  faces are /amp$ ) su*   
nave vulg>ity & l[ness ( "*1  su* an    

animal limitation ( intellig5ce1 t "o   
wond]s h[ !y  c>e to g out ) su* a face 
& d n pref] to we> a mask4 ,nay1  !re   
are faces a m]e glance at :i* makes "o  
feel contam9at$4 ,"o  _c !re=e blame p1 
:o are 9 a position to d s1 if !y  seek 
solitude & escape ! pa9ful s5sation (   
see+ new faces4  ,! metaphysical        
explanation ( ?is re/s on ! consid]ation
 t  ! individuality ( ea* p]son is      
exactly t by :i* he %\ld be  reclaim$ & 
correct$4    ,if any "o1 on ! o!r h&1 w 
be cont5t ) a psy*ological  explanation1
 let him ask himself :at k9d (          
physiognomy c be  expect$ 9 ^? ^: m9ds1 
_! :ole life long1 h sc>cely ev]        
ent]ta9$ any?+ b petty1 mean1 & mis]able
 ?\ghts1 &  vulg>1 selfi%1 jeal\s1      
wick$1 & spiteful desires4 ,ea* "o (  ^!
 ?\ghts & desires has left its impress  
on ! face = !  l5g? ( "t x exi/$2 all ^!
 m>ks1 by frequ5t repetition1 h         
ev5tually become furr[s & blemi%es1 if  
"o may say s4 ,!re=e  ! appe>ance ( !   
majority ( p is calculat$ to give "o a  

%ock at fir/ sight1 & x is only by      
degrees t "o becomes  accu/om$ to a     
face--t is to say1 becomes s indiff]5t  
to !  impression z to be no long]       
affect$ by x4    ,b t ! pr$om9at+ facial
 expression is =m$ by c\ntless  fleet+ &
 *>act]i/ic contortions is also ! reason
 :y ! faces  ( intellectual m5 only     
become m\ld$ gradually1 & inde$ only    
atta9 _! sublime expression 9 old age2  
:il/ portraits ( !m 9  _! y\? only %[ ! 
fir/ traces ( x4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1  :at  
has j be5 said ab\t ! %ock "o receives  
at fir/ sight  co9cides ) ! above rem>k1
 t x is only at fir/ sight t a  face    
makes its true & full impression4 ,9    
ord] to get a purely  objective & true  
impression ( x1 we mu/ /& 9 no k9d (    
relation to ! p]son1 nay1 if possible1  
we mu/ n ev5 h spok5  to him4           
,conv]sation makes "o 9 "s measure      
fri5dly dispos$1 &  br+s u into a c]ta9 
rapport1 a reciprocal subjective        
relation1  :i* imm$iately int]f]es ) our
 tak+ an objective view4 ,z  ev]ybody   

/rives to w9 ei!r respect or fri5d%ip = 
himself1 a man  :o is be+ obs]v$ w      
imm$iately resort to e art (  dissembl+1
 & corrupt u ) 8 airs1 hypocrisies1 &   
flatt]ies2  s t 9 a %ort "t we no long] 
see :at ! fir/ impression _h  cle>ly %[n
 u4 ,x is said t mo/ p ga9 on fur!r     
acqua9tance b :at ought to be said is t 
!y delude u on  fur!r acqua9tance4 ,b :5
 ^! bad traits h an opportunity (  %[+  
!mselves lat] on1 our fir/ impression   
g5]ally receives its  ju/ification4     
,sometimes a fur!r acqua9tance is a     
ho/ile "o1 9  :i* case x w n be f\nd t p
 ga9 by x4 ,ano!r reason  = ! app>5t    
advantage ( a fur!r acqua9tance is1 t ! 
man  ^: fir/ appe>ance repels u1 z soon 
z we conv]se ) him no  long] %[s 8 true 
be+ & "*1 b 8 education z  well--t is to
 say1 n only :at he really is by nature1
 b :at he  has appropriat$ f ! common   
weal? ( mank9d2 ?ree-f\r?s (  :at he    
says does n belong to him1 b has be5    
acquir$ f )\t2  s t we are (t5 surpris$ 
to he> su* a m9otaur speak s humanly4   

,& on a /ill fur!r acqua9tance1 !       
brutality ( :i* 8 face  gave promise1 w 
reveal itself 9 all its glory4 ,!re=e a 
man :o  is gift$ ) a ke5 s5se (         
physiognomy %\ld pay c>eful att5tion  to
 ^? v]dicts prior to a fur!r            
acqua9tance1 & !re=e  g5u9e4 ,= ! face (
 a man expresses exactly :at he is1 & if
 he  deceives u x is n 8 fault b ours4  
,on ! o!r h&1 ! words  ( a man m]ely    
/ate :at he ?9ks1 m frequ5tly only :at  
he has  le>nt1 or x may be m]ely :at he 
pret5ds to ?9k4 ,moreov]1 :5 we  speak  
to him1 nay1 only he> o!rs speak to him1
 our att5tion is tak5  away f 8 real    
physiognomy2 because x is ! sub/ance1 t 
:i*  is giv5 fundam5tally1 & we disreg>d
 x2 & we only pay att5tion  to its      
pa?ognomy1 its play ( feature :ile      
speak+4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is  s arrang$ t !  
good side is turn$ upw>ds4    ,:5       
,socrates said to a y\? :o 0 introduc$  
to him s t he might  te/ 8 capabilities1
 ,speak s t ,i may see y 7tak+ x =      
grant$ t he did n simply mean he>+ by   

see+71 he 0 "r  9 s f> z x is only 9    
speak+ t ! features & especially !  eyes
 ( a man become animat$1 & 8            
intellectual p[]s &  capabilities impr9t
 _! /amp on 8 features3 we are !n 9 a   
position to e/imate provisionally !     
degree & capacity ( 8  intellig5ce2 :i* 
0 precisely ,socrates' aim 9 t case4 ,b1
 on  ! o!r h&1 x is to be obs]v$1       
fir/ly1 t ?is rule does n  apply to !   
moral qualities ( a man1 :i* lie deep]2 
& secondly1  t :at is ga9$ f an         
objective po9t ( view by ! cle>]        
developm5t ( a man's c\nt5ance :ile he  
is speak+1 is aga9 f a  subjective po9t 
( view lo/1 because ( ! p]sonal relation
 into  :i* he imm$iately ent]s ) u1     
occasion+ a slight fasc9ation1  does n  
leave u unprejudic$ obs]v]s1 z has      
already be5 expla9$4  ,!re=e1 f ?is la/ 
/&po9t x might be m correct to say3  ,d 
n speak 9 ord] t ,i may see y4    ,= to 
obta9 a pure & fundam5tal grasp ( a     
man's physiognomy "o  mu/ obs]ve him :5 
he is alone & left to himself4 ,any k9d 

(  society & conv]sation ) ano!r ?r[ a  
reflection ^u him :i*  is n 8 own1 mo/ly
 to 8 advantage2 = he !reby is plac$ 9 a
  condition ( action & reaction :i*     
exalts him4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1  if he is 
alone & left to himself imm]s$ 9 ! dep?s
 ( 8 own  ?\ghts & s5sations1 x is only 
!n t he is absolutely &  :olly himself4 
,& any "o ) a ke51 p5etrat+ eye =       
physiognomy c grasp ! g5]al "* ( 8 :ole 
be+ at a  glance4 ,= on 8 face1 reg>d$ 9
 & by itself1 is indicat$ !  gr\nd tone 
( all 8 ?\ghts & ef=ts1 ! arrt          
irrevocable (  8 future1 & ( :i* he is  
only consci\s :5 alone4    ,! sci5ce (  
physiognomy is "o ( ! pr9cipal means ( a
 k  ( mank9d3 arts ( dissimulation d n  
come )9 ! range (  physiognomy1 b )9 t (
 m]e pa?ognomy & mimicry4 ,?is is       
precisely :y ,i recomm5d ! physiognomy (
 a man to be /udi$ :5 he  is alone &    
left to 8 own ?\ghts1 & be=e he has be5 
conv]s$  )2 p>tly because x is only !n t
 8 physiognomy c be se5  purely &       
simply1 s9ce 9 conv]sation pa?ognomy    

imm$iately /eps  91 & he !n resorts to !
 arts ( dissimulation :i* he has        
acquir$2 & p>tly because p]sonal        
int]c\rse1 ev5 ( ! slighte/  nature1    
makes u prejudic$1 & 9 consequ5ce       
impairs our judgm5t4    ,conc]n+ our    
physiognomy 9 g5]al1 x is /ill to be    
obs]v$ t  x is mu* easi] to discov] !   
intellectual capacities ( a man ?an  8  
moral "*4 ,! intellectual capacities    
take a mu* m  outw>d direction4 ,!y are 
express$ n only 9 ! face & play (  8    
features1 b also 9 8 walk1 nay1 9 e     
movem5t1 h[ev]  slight x may be4 ,"o    
c\ld p]haps discrim9ate f beh9d betwe5 a
  blockhead1 a fool1 & a man ( g5ius4 ,a
 clumsy awkw>dness  *>act]ises e movem5t
 ( ! blockhead2 folly impr9ts its m>k   
on e ge/ure1 & s d g5ius & a reflective 
nature4 ,h5ce !  outcome ( ,la ,bruy]e's
 rem>k3 ,il n'y a ri5 de si dli1 de si  
simple1 et de si imp]ceptible o il n'y  
entr5t des manires1 qui n\s  dcl5t3 un  
sot ni n'entre1 ni ne sort1 ni ne       
s'assi$1 ni ne se lve1  ni ne se tait1  

ni n'e/ sur ses jambes1 comme un homme  
d'esprit4 ,?is  acc\nts =1 by ! way1 t  
in/9ct /ir et prompt :i*1  accord+ to   
,helvetius1 ord9>y p h ( recognis+ p (  
g5ius & ( runn+ away f !m4 ,?is is to be
 acc\nt$ = by !  fact t ! l>g] & m      
develop$ ! bra91 & ! ?9n]1 9  relation  
to x1 ! sp9e & n]ves1 ! great] n only is
 !  intellig5ce1 b also at ! same "t !  
mobility & pliancy ( all  ! limbs2      
because !y are controll$ m imm$iately & 
decisively  by ! bra92 consequ5tly      
ev]y?+ dep5ds m on a s+le ?read1  e     
movem5t ( :i* precisely expresses its   
purpose4 ,! :ole  matt] is analog\s to1 
nay dep5d5t on1 ! fact t ! high] an     
animal /&s 9 ! scale ( developm5t1 !    
easi] c x be kill$  by w\nd+ x 9 a s+le 
place4 ,take1 = in/ance1 batra*ia3 !y   
are z heavy1 clumsy1 & sl[ 9 _! movem5ts
 z !y are  un9tellig5t1 & at ! same "t  
extremely t5aci\s ( life4 ,?is is       
expla9$ by ! fact t ) a little bra9 !y h
 a v ?ick  sp9e & n]ves4 ,b gait &      
movem5t ( ! arms are = ! mo/  "p        

functions ( ! bra92 because ! limbs     
receive _! motion1 &  ev5 ! slighte/    
modification ( x1 f ! bra9 ?r\gh ! m$ium
  ( ! sp9al n]ves2 & ?is is precisely :y
 volunt>y movem5ts tire  u4 ,?is feel+ (
 fatigue1 l t ( pa91 has its seat 9 !   
bra91 & n z we suppose 9 ! limbs1 h5ce  
motion promotes sleep2  on ! o!r h&1 ^? 
motions t are n excit$ by ! bra91 t  is 
to say1 ! involunt>y motions ( organic  
life1 ( ! he>t &  lungs1 g on )\t caus+ 
fatigue3 & z ?\ght z well z motion  is a
 function ( ! bra91 ! "* ( its activity 
is d5ot$ 9  bo?1 accord+ to ! nature ( !
 individual4 ,/upid p move l  lay       
figures1 :ile e jo9t ( intellectual p   
speaks = itself4  ,intellectual         
qualities are mu* bett] disc]n$1 h[ev]1 
9 ! face  ?an 9 ge/ures & movem5ts1 9 ! 
%ape & size ( ! =ehead1  9 ! contraction
 & movem5t ( ! features1 & especially 9 
!  eye2 f ! little1 dull1 sleepy-look+  
eye ( ! pig1 ?r\gh all  gradations1 to !
 brilliant sp>kl+ eye ( ! g5ius4 ,! look
 (  wisdom1 ev5 ( ! be/ k9d1 is diff]5t 

f t ( g5ius1  s9ce x be>s ! /amp ( s]v+ 
! w2 :ile t ( ! latt]  is free f x4     
,!re=e ! anecdote :i* ,squ>zafi*i       
relates 9  8 life ( ,petr>*1 & has tak5 
f ,joseph ,brivius1 a contempor>y1  is q
 cr$ible--namely1 t :5 ,petr>* 0 at !   
c\rt (  ,visconti1 & among _m m5 & titl$
 p1 ,galeazzo ,visconti ask$  8 son1 :o 
0 /ill a boy 9 ye>s & 0 aft]w>ds ! fir/ 
,duke  ( ,milan1 to pick out ! wise/ man
 ( ^? pres5t4 ,! boy look$  at e "o = a 
:ile1 :5 he seiz$ ,petr>*'s h& & l$ him 
to  8 fa!r1 to ! great admiration ( all 
pres5t4 ,= nature impr9ts  h] /amp (    
dignity s di/9ctly on ! di/+ui%$ among  
mank9d  t a *ild c p]ceive x4 ,!re=e ,i 
%\ld advise my sagaci\s  c\ntrym51 if !y
 ev] aga9 wi% to trumpet a commonplace  
p]son z a  g5ius = ! p]iod ( ?irty ye>s1
 n to *oose = t end su*  an inn-keep]'s 
physiognomy z 0 possess$ by ,hegel1 ^u  
^: face  nature _h writt5 9 h] cle>e/   
h&writ+ ! famili> title1  commonplace   
p]son4 ,b :at applies to intellectual   
qualities does  n apply to ! moral "* ( 

mank9d2 its physiognomy is mu*  m       
difficult to p]ceive1 because1 be+ ( a  
metaphysical nature1 x  lies mu* deep]1 
& al?\gh moral "* is connect$ ) !       
con/itution & ) ! organism1 x is n s    
imm$iately connect$1  h[ev]1 ) def9ite  
p>ts ( its sy/em z is intellect4 ,h5ce1 
:ile  ea* "o makes a public %[ ( 8      
intellig5ce1 ) :i* he is 9  g5]al q     
satisfi$1 & tries to display x at e     
opportunity1  ! moral qualities are     
seldom br\ght to light1 nay1 mo/ p      
int5tionally conceal !m2 & long practice
 makes !m acquire great  ma/]y 9 hid+   
!m4    ,mean:ile1 z has be5 expla9$     
above1 wick$ ?\ghts & wor?less          
endeav\rs gradually leave _! traces on !
 face1 & especially !  eyes4 ,!re=e1    
judg+ by physiognomy1 we c easily       
gu>antee t a  man w nev] produce an     
immortal "w2 b n t he w nev]  commit a  
great crime4          ,,on ,,suicide4   
,z f> z ,i c see1 x is only ! foll[]s ( 
mono!i/ic1 t is  ( ,jewi%1 religions t  
reg>d suicide z a crime4 ,?is is ! m    

/rik+ z !re is no =biddance ( x1 or ev5 
positive disapproval  ( x1 to be f\nd   
ei!r 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t or ! ,old2 s t   
tea*]s ( religion h to base _!          
disapprobation ( suicide on  _! own     
philosophical gr\nds2 ^!1 h[ev]1 are s  
bad t !y  try to comp5sate = ! weakness 
( _! argum5ts by /rongly  express+ _!   
abhorr5ce ( ! act--t is to say1 by abus+
 x4  ,we are told t suicide is an act ( 
! greate/ c[>dice1 t x is  only possible
 to a madman1 & o!r absurdities ( a     
simil> nature2 or  !y make use ( !      
p]fectly s5seless expression t x is     
wrong1 :ile x is p]fectly cle> t no "o  
has su* indisputable  "r ov] any?+ 9 !  
_w z ov] 8 own p]son & life4  ,suicide1 
z has be5 said1 is comput$ a crime1     
r5d]+  inevitable--especially 9 vulg>1  
bigot$ ,engl&--an ignom9i\s  burial & ! 
confiscation ( ! prop]ty2 ?is is :y !   
jury almo/  always br+ 9 ! v]dict (     
insanity4 ,let "o's own moral feel+s    
decide ! matt] = "o4 ,comp>e !          
impression made ^u "o by !  news t a    

fri5d has committ$ a crime1 say a murd]1
 an act (  cruelty or deception1 or !ft1
 ) ! news t he has di$ a  volunt>y dea?4
 ,:il/ news ( ! fir/ k9d w incite int5se
  indignation1 ! greate/ displeasure1 & 
a desire = puni%m5t or  rev5ge1 news ( !
 second w move u to sorr[ & compassion2 
moreov]1 we w frequ5tly h a feel+ (     
admiration = 8  c\rage r ?an "o ( moral 
disapproval1 :i* accompanies a wick$    
act4 ,:o has n _h acqua9tances1 fri5ds1 
relatives1 :o h  volunt>ily left ?is _w8
 ,& are we to ?9k ( !m ) horror z       
crim9als8 ,nego ac p]nego6 ,i am r ( !  
op9ion t ! cl]gy  %\ld be *all5g$ to    
/ate _! au?ority = /amp+--f !  pulpit or
 9 _! writ+s--z a crime an act :i* has  
be5  committ$ by _m p hon\r$ & lov$ by  
u1 & refus+ an  hon\rable burial to ^?  
:o h ( _! own free w left !  _w4 ,!y _c 
produce any k9d ( ,biblical au?ority1   
nay1 !y  h no philosophical argum5ts t  
are at all valid2 & x is  reasons t we  
want2 m]e empty phrases or words ( abuse
 we _c  accept4 ,if ! crim9al law =bids 

suicide1 t is n a reason t  holds good 9
 ! *ur*2 moreov]1 x is extremely        
ridicul\s1 = :at  puni%m5t c fright5 ^? 
:o seek dea?8 ,:5 a man is puni%$ =     
try+ to commit suicide1 x is 8 clumsy   
failure t is puni%$4    ,! anci5ts 7    
also v f> f look+ at ! matt] 9 ?is      
light4 ,pl9y says3 ,vitam quidem non    
adeo expet5dam c5semus1 ut  quoque modo 
trah5da sit4 ,quisquis es talis1 aeque  
mori]e1 etiam cum  obsco5us vix]is1 aut 
nef&us4 ,quapropt] hoc primum quisque 9 
rem$iis animi sui habeat3 ex omnibus    
bonis1 quae hom9i tribuit natura1       
nullum melius esse tempe/iva morte3     
idque 9 ea optimum1 quod illam  sibi    
quisque prae/>e pot]it4 ,he also says3  
,ne ,deum quidem posse  omnia4 ,namque  
nec sibi pote/ mortem conscisc]e1 si    
velit1 quod hom9i  d$it optimum 9 taniis
 vitae po5is1 etc4    ,9 ,massilia & on 
! isl& ( ,ceos a hemlock-potion 0 (f]$ 9
  public by ! magi/rate to ^? :o c\ld   
give valid reasons =  quitt+ ?is life4  
,& h[ _m h]oes & wise m5 ( anci5t times 

h n end$ _! lives by a volunt>y dea?6   
,to be sure1 ,ari/otle  says ,suicide is
 a wrong aga9/ ! ,/ate1 al?\gh n aga9/ !
  p]son2 ,/obu1 h[ev]1 9 8 treatise on !
 ,p]ipatetic e?ics  uses ?is s5t5ce3    
4 7,vitam  autem rel9qu5dam esse bonis 9
 nimiis quidem mis]iis pravis v]o 9     
nimium quoque secundis7 ,& simil>ly3   1
   1  1 etc42           1  1  1     1  1
 etc4 7,ideoque et uxorem ducturum1 et  
lib]os procreaturum1 et ad civitatem    
accessurum1 etc42 atque omn9o  virtutem 
col5do tum vitam s]vaturum1 tum it]um1  
cog5te necessitate1  relicturum1 etc47  
,& we f9d t suicide 0 actually prais$ by
 !  ,/oics z a noble & h]oic act1 ?is is
 corroborat$ by hundr$s (  passages1 &  
especially 9 ! works ( ,s5eca4 ,fur!r1 x
 is well  kn[n t ! ,h9doos (t5 look ^u  
suicide z a religi\s act1 z1  = in/ance1
 ! self-sacrifice ( wid[s1 ?r[+ oneself 
"u !  :eels ( ! *>iot ( ! god at        
,jugg]naut1 or giv+ oneself to !        
crocodiles 9 ! ,ganges or ca/+ oneself 9
 ! holy tanks 9 !  temples1 & s on4 ,x  

is ! same on ! /age--t mirror ( life4   
,= in/ance1 9 ! fam\s ,*9ese play1      
,l',orphel9 de la ,*9e1#ai  almo/ all ! 
noble *>act]s end by suicide1 )\t       
indicat+  any:]e or x /rik+ ! spectator 
t !y 7 committ+ a crime4  ,at bottom x  
is ! same on our own /age2 = in/ance1   
,palmira 9  ,mahomet1 ,mortim] 9 ,m>ia  
,/u>t1 ,o!llo1 ,c\ntess ,t]zky4 ,is     
,hamlet's monologue ! m$itation ( a     
crim9al8 ,he m]ely /ates t  consid]+ !  
nature ( ! _w1 dea? w\ld be c]ta9ly     
pref]able1 if we 7 sure t by x we %\ld  
be annihilat$4 ,b  !re lies ! rub6 ,b ! 
reasons br\ght to be> aga9/ suicide by  
! prie/s ( mono!i/ic1 t is ( ,jewi%     
religions1 & by ^?  philosoph]s :o adapt
 !mselves to x1 are weak sophisms easily
  contradict$4#bj ,hume has furni%$ !   
mo/ ?or\gh refutation (  !m 9 8 ,essay  
on ,suicide1 :i* did n appe> until aft] 
8  dea?1 & 0 imm$iately suppress$ by !  
%ameful bigotry & gross  ecclesia/ical  
tyranny exi/+ 9 ,engl&4 ,h5ce1 only a v 
few  copies ( x 7 sold secretly1 & ^? at

 a de> price2 & = ?is  & ano!r treatise 
( t great man we are indebt$ to a repr9t
  publi%$ at ,basle4 ,t a purely        
philosophical treatise orig9at+  f "o ( 
! greate/ ?9k]s & writ]s ( ,engl&1 :i*  
refut$  ) cold reason ! curr5t argum5ts 
aga9/ suicide1 mu/ /eal ab\t  9 t c\ntry
 z if x 7 a fraudul5t piece ( "w until x
 f\nd  protection 9 a =eign c\ntry1 is a
 great disgrace to ! ,engli%  nation4   
,at ! same "t x %[s :at a good consci5ce
 ! ,*ur* has  on a "q ( ?is k9d4 ,! only
 valid moral reason aga9/ suicide  has  
be5 expla9$ 9 my *ief "w4 ,x is ?is3 t  
suicide prev5ts  ! atta9m5t ( ! highe/  
moral aim1 s9ce x sub/itutes a real     
release f ?is _w ( mis]y = "o t is m]ely
 app>5t4 ,b  !re is a v great diff]5ce  
betwe5 a mi/ake & a crime1 & x  is z a  
crime t ! ,*ri/ian cl]gy wi% to /amp x4 
,*ri/ianity's  inmo/ tru? is t suff]+ 7!
 ,cross7 is ! real purpose ( life2  h5ce
 x condemns suicide z ?w>t+ ?is end1    
:ile ! anci5ts1  f a l[] po9t ( view1   
approv$ ( x1 nay1 hon\r$ x4 ,?is        

argum5t aga9/ suicide is nev]!less      
ascetic1 & only holds good  f a mu*     
high] e?ical /&po9t ?an has ev] be5 tak5
 by moral  philosoph]s 9 ,europe4 ,b if 
we come d[n f t v high  /&po9t1 !re is  
no long] a valid moral reason = condemn+
  suicide4 ,! extraord9>ily active zeal 
) :i* ! cl]gy (  mono!i/ic religions    
attack suicide is n support$ ei!r by !  
,bible or by any valid reasons2 s x     
looks z if _! zeal mu/ be  in/igat$ by  
"s secret motive4 ,may x n be t !       
volunt>y  sacrific+ ( "o's life is a    
poor complim5t to him :o said1    8#ba  
,9 t case x w\ld be ano!r example ( !   
gross optimism ( ^!  religions d5\nc+   
suicide1 9 ord] to avoid be+ d5\nc$ by  
x4           99       99       99       
99       99    ,z a rule1 x w be f\nd t 
z soon z ! t]rors ( life outweigh  !    
t]rors ( dea? a man w put an end to 8   
life4 ,! resi/ance  ( ! t]rors ( dea?   
is1 h[ev]1 consid]able2 !y /& l a       
s5t9el at ! gate t leads out ( life4    
,p]haps !re is no "o  liv+ :o w\ld n h  

already put an end to 8 life if ?is end 
_h  be5 some?+ t 0 purely negative1 a   
sudd5 cessation (  exi/5ce4 ,b !re is   
some?+ positive ab\t x1 namely1 !       
de/ruction ( ! body4 ,& ?is al>ms a man 
simply because 8 body  is ! manife/ation
 ( ! w to live4    ,mean:ile1 ! fight z 
a rule ) ^! s5t9els is n s h>d z x  may 
appe> to be f a di/ance2 9 consequ5ce1 x
 is true1 ( !  antagonism betwe5 m5tal &
 physical suff]+4 ,= in/ance1 if we     
suff] v great bodily pa91 or if ! pa9   
la/s a long "t1 we  become indiff]5t to 
all o!r tr\bles3 our recov]y is :at we  
desire  mo/ de>ly4 ,9 ! same way1 great 
m5tal suff]+ makes u ins5sible  to      
bodily suff]+3 we despise x4 ,nay1 if x 
outweighs ! o!r1 we  f9d x a b5eficial  
di/raction1 a pause 9 our m5tal suff]+4 
,&  s x is t suicide becomes easy2 = !  
bodily pa9 t is b\nd up  ) x loses all  
importance 9 ! eyes ( "o :o is torm5t$  
by  excessive m5tal suff]+4 ,?is is     
p>ticul>ly obvi\s 9 ! case (  ^? :o are 
driv5 to commit suicide ?r\gh "s purely 

morbid &  discordant feel+4 ,!y h no    
feel+s to ov]come2 !y d n ne$  to ru% at
 x1 b z soon z ! keep] :o looks aft] !m 
leaves  !m = two m9utes !y quickly put  
an end to _! life4           99       99
       99       99       99    ,:5 9 "s 
horrid & frightful dream we rea* !      
highe/ pit* (  t]ror1 x awak5s u1       
scatt]+ all ! mon/]s ( ! night4 ,!  same
 ?+ happ5s 9 ! dream ( life1 :5 !       
greate/ degree (  t]ror compels u to    
break x (f4           99       99       
99       99       99    ,suicide may    
also be look$ ^u z an exp]im5t1 z a "q  
:i*  man puts to ,nature & compels h] to
 answ]4 ,x asks1 :at *ange a  man's     
exi/5ce & k ( ?+s exp]i5ce ?r\gh dea?8  
,x is  an awkw>d exp]im5t to make2 = x  
de/roys ! v consci\sness  t awaits !    
answ]4    ,,footnotes3    #ai ,translat$
 by ,/4 ,juli51 #ahcd4    #bj ,see my   
treatise on ! ,f\ndation ( ,morals1  #e4
    #ba ,bd4 ,i4 p4 #fi4