,illu/ration3 ,radha & ,kri%na 9 ! ,grove ,kangra 7,punjab ,hills71 c4 #aghe ,,! ,,loves ,,( ,,kri%na ,,9 ,,indian ,,pa9t+ ,,& ,,poetry ,by ,w4 ,g4 ,,ar*] ,to ,,mr4 ,,& ,,mrs4 ,h4 ,n4 ,,) ,,love ,,& ,,admiration ,,ackn[l$gm5ts ,i am deeply indebt$ to ,dr4 ,a4,l4 ,ba%am = g5]\s guidance ?r\gh\t ! prep>ation ( ?is book1 to ,george ,keyt = p]mitt+ me to quote ext5sively f 8 brilliant translation ( ! ,gita ,gov9da1 & to ,deb5 ,bhatta*>ya :o suppli$ me ) new translations ( lat] poems & discuss$ a numb] ( important po9ts4 ,i mu/ also express my deep gratitude to ,mildr$ ,ar*] & to ,gopi ,kri%na ,kanoria = valu$ criticism & advice1 to ,messrs4 ,fab] & ,fab]1 ! ,h>vill ,press1 ,messrs4 ,macmillan1 ! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press1 ! ,pho5ix ,h\se & ,messrs4 ,sidgwick & ,jackson = p]mitt+ me to quote passages f works /ill copyright1 to ,pr(essor ,j4 ,br\gh = an in=mative note on ,bhanu ,datta's ,rasamanj>i & to all ^? own]s ( collections :o h ei!r all[$ me to reproduce pictures 9 _! possession or h k9dly suppli$ me ) photographs4 ,"p ( ! mat]ial = ?is book 0 deliv]$ z lectures to ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ! ,royal ,india1 ,paki/an & ,ceylon ,society & at ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,,cont5ts ,,ackn[l$gm5ts ,i ,,introduction ,,ii ,,! ,,mahabh>ata3 ,,kri%na ,,! ,,h]o ,,iii ,,! ,,bhagavata ,,purana3 ,,! ,,c[h]d i ,bir? & ,e>ly ,adv5tures ii ,! ,loves ( ! ,c[girls iii ,! ,dea? ( ! ,tyrant ,,iv ,,! ,,bhagavata ,,purana3 ,,! ,,pr9ce i ,! ,return to ,c\rt ii ,m>riages & ,(fspr+ iii ,la/ ,phases iv ,! ,purana ,re-consid]$ ,v ,,! ,,kri%na ,,( ,,poetry i ,! ,triumph ( ,radha ii ,! ,gita ,gov9da iii ,lat] ,poetry iv ,! ,rasika ,priya ,,vi ,,! ,,kri%na ,,( ,,pa9t+ ,,notes ,,bibliography ,,index ,,plates ,,& ,,comm5t>y ,,s\rces ,i ,,introduction ,dur+ ! tw5tie? c5tury1 a c]ta9 type ( ,indian pa9t+ began to fasc9ate ! ,we/4 ,unlike ,mughal art1 x 0 a product ( ,h9du c\rts 9 ,raja/han & ! ,punjab ,hills & unlike ,mughal pa9t+1 its *ief conc]n 0 ) ! v>i$ phases ( romance4 ,ladies w\ld be %[n brood+ 9 _! *amb]s z /orm cl\ds m\nt$ 9 ! sky4 ,a girl might be portray$ desp]ately fondl+ a planta9 tree1 gripp+ a pet falcon1 ! symbol ( h] lov]1 or hurry+ ?r\gh ! ra9y d>kness int5t only on rea*+ a long$-= try/4 ,a pr9ce w\ld appe> ly+ on a t]race1 8 out/ret*$ arms /riv+ va9ly to deta9 a calm beauty or welcom+ ) delight a ba%ful girl z %e sl[ly advanc$4 ,9 all ^! pictures1 romantic love 0 treat$ z ! highe/ good & physical passion 0 int]pret$ ) a fre%ness & innoc5ce unequall$ 9 ! _w's art4 ,su* pa9t+s 71 at fir/ sight1 easy to appreciate4 ,al?\gh !y alt]nat$ betwe5 two me?ods ( expression--! fir/ a /yle ( savage di/ortion1 ! second a /yle ( ! s(te/ grace--ea* mann] enliv5$ ! common subject4#a ,yet 9 two respects elucidation 0 vitally necess>y4 ,j z 9 ,japan1 ! lov] might express 8 long+s by cryptic ref]5ces to ,nature1 ! ,indian arti/ employ$ poetic symbols to *>ge 8 subjects ) romantic ard\r4 ,fl[]s 7 nev] m]ely fl[]s nor cl\ds cl\ds4 ,! symbols ( ,indian poetry--! lotus sway+ 9 a /ream1 ! fl[]+ creep] embrac+ a trunk--7 int5d$ to sugge/ passion-haunt$ ladies4 ,! m+l+ ( cl\ds1 ra9 & lightn+ symboliz$ ! embraces ( lov]s1 & commonplace objects su* z di%es1 vases1 ew]s & lamps 7 br\ght into subtle conjunction to h9t at '! "r true end ( love4' ,:at1 9 fact1 might seem at fir/ sight to be a simple portrait1 prov$ on clos] und]/&+ to be a /udy 9 despair1 a revelation ( delight or a clue to rapture1 ea* image ) its sexual implications contriv+ to express "s nuance ( long+4 ,9 ^! pictures1 only a "p ( ! mean+ 0 app>5t & )\t a compreh5sion ( ! poetry1 mu* ( its true significance 0 lo/4 ,su* an ob/acle to und]/&+ 0 real en\gh b1 z ! eye rang$ ov] ?is new k9d ( love-pa9t+1 a second difficulty appe>$4 ,9 _m pictures1 ! lov] _h special *>act]i/ics4 ,he 0 %[n ) a cr[n ( peacock's fea!rs1 clad 9 a gold5 dhoti & 9 e case 8 sk9 0 mauve or slate-blue4#b ,9 c]ta9 cases1 ! lady ( 8 *oice appe>$ b[+ at 8 feet1 h] pose sugge/+ ! deepe/ adoration2 yet1 9 o!r pictures1 8 role 0 q diff]5t4 ,he 0 !n a resolute w>rior1 fight+ & de/roy+ demons4 ,x 0 cle>1 9 fact1 t "h 0 no ord9>y lov] b "o :o might also be a god4 ,at ! same "t1 o!r p]plex+ circum/ances 7 pres5t4 ,! lov]'s appe>ance 0 t ( an ari/ocratic y\? & ! ladies :om he lov$ _h ! be>+ ( elegant pr9cesses4 ,yet (t5 ! sc5e ( _! enc\nt]s 0 a =e/ ?ick ) fl[]+ trees4 ,8 companions 7 c[h]ds & ! objects ( 8 love 7 n ! ladies ( a c\rt b c[girls4 ,o!r activities betray$ ! same l[ly sph]e4 ,9 c]ta9 pictures1 he 0 %[n eat+ ) c[h]ds1 %>+ 9 _! sports1 graz+ ! cattle & himself milk+ c[s4 ,t su* a lov] %\ld dom9ate ! pa9t+s 0 p]plex+ 9 ! extreme & j z cultur$ ,indians w\ld be baffl$ by ,italian & ,flemi% pa9t+ unless !y already knew ! life ( ,*ri/1 x 0 cle> t "p1 ev5 ! majority1 ( ^! pictures w\ld rema9 obscure unless ! "* ( _! c5tral figure 0 fir/ expla9$4 ,"o fur!r po9t rema9$4 ,9 _m cases1 ! pictures 7 n int5d$ to be view$ 9 isolation b 7 illu/rations ( a text4 ,_m 7 inscrib$ ) ,sanskrit or ,h9di v]ses & 9 ea* case !re 0 an intimate connection betwe5 ! cont5t ( ! picture & ! poem's subject4 ,to und]/& ! pictures1 !re=e1 "s acqua9tance ) ^! texts 0 necess>y = only 9 ?is way c\ld ! id5tity & role ( ! blue-sk9n$ lov] be appreciat$4 ,he 01 9 fact1 ,kri%na--an inc>nation ( ,god--& 9 8 wor%ip "s ( ! deepe/ requirem5ts ( ! ,indian _s f\nd ec/atic release4 ,! purpose ( ?is book is to ?r[ "s light on ,indian pa9t+ by pres5t+ ! /ory ( ,kri%na 9 ! cle>e/ possible t]ms4 ,x might be suppos$ t1 ( all ,indian gods1 ,kri%na 0 already ! "o be/ kn[n to ! ,we/ & !re=e1 p]haps1 ! "o lea/ requir+ explanation4 ,among mod]n poets1 ,sa*ev]ell ,sitwell devotes a :ole poem 9 ,canons ( ,giant ,art to describ+ ,kri%na's effect4 ,ra9 falls & ceases1 all ! =e/ trembles3 ,my/]y walks ! woods once m1 ,we he> a flute4 ,x moves on e>?1 x is ! god :o plays ,) ! flute to 8 lips & music 9 8 brea?3 ,! god is ,kri%na 9 8 lovely y\?4 ,l\is ,mac,neice 9 ,t5 ,burnt ,(f]+s describes a mu*-lov$ cat1 ,fluid z ,kri%na *as+ ! milkmaids4 ,& ! same ,kri%na1 flute play] & lov] ( milkmaids1 is famili> to ,briti% audi5ces f ! danc+ ( ,ram ,gopal4 ,yet side by side ) ?is magnetic figure1 a second1 /rangely diff]5t ,kri%na is also kn[n4 ,?is second ,kri%na is ! prea*] ( ! ,bhagavad ,gita1 ! great s]mon deliv]$ on ! battle-field ( ,kuruk%etra4 ,x is a c>d9al docum5t ( ,indian e?ics1 & consol$ ,mahatma ,g&hi dur+ 8 "w = ,indian indep5d5ce4 ,x has = _m ye>s be5 kn[n 9 ! ,we/ b has rec5tly attract$ fre% att5tion ?r\gh a mod]n translation by ,*ri/oph] ,i%]wood & ,swami ,prabhavan&a4 ,?is ,kri%na ( ! ,gita is cle>ly q diff]5t 9 "* f ! ,kri%na ( ! milkmaids &1 )\t "s ef=t at reconciliation1 ! two mu/ obvi\sly pres5t a baffl+ enigma4 ,inde$ s great is ! contra/ t _m ,engli%m51 entranc$ by ! lov]1 might be a/oni%$ to he> ( a m didactic role1 :ile ^? :o value ! ,gita might easily be di/urb$ on f9d+ its au?or s d>+ly id5tifi$ ) ! !ory & practice ( romantic love4 ,! tru?1 if we are to admit x1 is t despite consid]able acqua9tance ) ,kri%na z a "n1 few educat$ p 9 ! ,we/ h intimate k ( 8 /ory4 ,9 fact1 we h only to ask "s basic que/ions to realize h[ sl5d] is g5]al und]/&+4 ,:at1 = example1 7 ! circum/ances 9 :i* ,kri%na 0 born & :y did he ent] ! _w8 ,( :i* ,indian god is he an inc>nation8 ,:o 7 8 p>5ts & h[ did he come to live among c[h]ds8 ,:o 7 ,radha & ,rukm9i8 ,9 :at ways did he love ! milkmaids & :y has ?is aspect ( 8 /ory assum$ su* big proportions 9 ,indian religion8 ,:y1 9 fact1 is ,god a romantic lov]8 ,j z few ,indians1 ev5 highly educat$ ,indians1 c\ld survive a fri5dly cross-exam9ation on details ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! majority ( cultur$ ,engli%m5 w\ld f9d x h>d to answ] ev5 a few ( ^! simple que/ions4 ,x is to rem$y 9 "p ?is situation t ,i h m>%all$ ! mat]ial giv5 9 ?is book4 ,) c]ta9 types ( issue ,i h made no attempt to deal4 ,i h n1 = example1 discuss$ /atem5ts su* z ',kri%na 0 n a god b a h]o ( a r\gh tribe ( c[h]ds4' ',! ,gita is an int]polation4' ',!re is g5]al agreem5t on ! hi/oricity ( ,kri%na4' ',radha appe>s to be a late addition4' ,high] ,criticism1 :e!r appli$ to ! ,bible or to ! classics ( ,indian religion mu/ necess>ily rema9 a small s*ol>s' pres]ve--( vital importance to ! few b ( little acc\nt to ! ma9 body ( believ]s or to arti/s illu/rat+ ador$ !mes4 ,i h r be5 conc]n$ to pres5t in=mation ab\t ,kri%na 9 ! =m 9 :i* x has actually rea*$ ,indian m9ds & has influ5c$ belief & wor%ip4 ,dur+ ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s1 v>i\s texts h dealt ) ,kri%na1 emphasiz+ fir/ "o & !n ano!r aspect ( 8 "* & 9 ! process assembl+ m & m details4 ,^! texts are /ill rev]$ by ,indians & al?\gh !y are ! product ( widely sep>at$ eras1 all ( !m h /ill an air ( contempor>y au?ority4 ,by consid]+ !m 9 hi/orical sequ5ce1 we c und]/& n only ! subject-matt] ( romantic ,indian pa9t+ b realize :y ,kri%na1 ! ador$ lov]1 %\ld /ill en*ant religi\s ,india4 ,footnote #a3 ,note #a4 ,footnote #b3 ,note #b4 ,,ii ,,! ,,mahabh>ata3 ,,kri%na ,,! ,,h]o ,! fir/ ref]5ce to ,kri%na occurs 9 ! ,*&ogya ,upani%ad ( p]haps ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,upani%ads 7 '=e/ sitt+s' or 'sessions ) tea*]s4' ,sages & _! disciples discuss$ ! nature ( life & /rove to det]m9e ! s\l's exact relation%ip to ,god4 ,! />t+-po9t 0 ! !ory ( re-inc>nation4 ,dea?1 x 0 believ$1 did n end ! s\l4 ,dea? 0 m]ely a /epp+-/one to ano!r life1 ! s\l mov+ f exi/5ce to exi/5ce 9 "o long ef=t to escape re-bir?4 ,f ?is cycle1 only "o exp]i5ce c\ld br+ release & t 0 consci\sness or actual k ( ! supreme ,_s4 ,:5 t /ate 0 a*iev$1 ! s\l bl5d$ ) ! ,godhead & ! cycle end$4 ,! problem ( problems1 !re=e1 0 h[ to atta9 su* k4 ,! ,*&ogya ,upani%ad does n (f] any />tl+ solution to ?is matt]4 ,! tea*] :o conducts ! session is a c]ta9 ,ghora ( ! ,angirasa family & x is ! p]son ( 8 disciple r ?an 8 actual message :i* conc]ns u4 ,! disciple is call$ ,kri%na & 8 "m has ! "n ,devaki4 ,devaki is ! lat] ,kri%na's "m & !re is accord+ly e reason to suppose t ! two ,kri%nas are ! same4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 is /at$ ( ?is e>ly ,kri%na's c>e] & al?\gh p>ts ( ! sage's tea*+s h be5 comp>$ to passages 9 ! ,gita1#c ,kri%na himself rema9s a vague & dim "n4 ,= ! next few c5turies1 k ( ,kri%na rema9s 9 ?is fragm5t>y /ate4 ,no?+ fur!r is record$ & n until ! great ,indian epic1 ! ,mahabh>ata1 cry/allizes out betwe5 ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 & ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4 does a m detail$ ,kri%na make 8 appe>ance4#d ,by ! end ( ?is p]iod1 _m vital *anges _h tak5 place4 ,! ,indian _w-view _h become mu* cle>] & x is possible n only to connect ,kri%na ) a def9ite "* b to see him 9 cle> relation to cosmic ev5ts4 ,! supreme ,_s 0 n[ envisag$ z a s+le all-p[]ful ,god1 kn[n accord+ to 8 functions z ,brahma1 ,vi%nu & ,siva4 ,z ,brahma1 he br\ght into exi/5ce ?ree worlds--heav51 e>? & ! ne!r regions--& also creat$ gods or less] div9ities1 e>? & nature spirits1 demons1 ogres & m5 !mselves4 ,siva1 = 8 "p1 0 ,god ! f9al dissolv] or de/roy]1 ! s\rce ( reproductive en]gy & ! inspir] ( asceticism4 ,he 0 ?\ght ( 9 _m =ms--z a pot5t ascetic1 a but*] wild = blood1 a s]5e danc]--& 9 8 "* ( reg5]ator 0 repres5t$ by 8 symbol1 ! l+am or phallus4 ,! ?ird aspect1 ,vi%nu1 0 ,god 9 8 "* ( lov+ protector & pres]v]4 ,?is great ,tr9ity 0 ultimately supreme b "u x 7 a numb] ( less] p[]s4 ,^? t repres5t$ ! =ces ( good 7 call$ devas or gods4 ,!y 7 l$ by _! k+1 ,indra1 "l ( cl\ds1 & associat$ ) him 7 gods su* z ,agni 7fire71 ,v>una 7wat]71 ,surya ! sun & ,kama ! god ( passion4 ,^! gods liv$ 9 ,indra's heav51 a region above ! _w b l[] ?an ,vaikun?a1 ! heav5 ( ,vi%nu4 ,danc+-girls & musicians liv$ ) !m & ! :ole heav5 resembl$ a maje/ic c\rt on e>?4 ,f ?is heav5 ! gods issu$ f "t to "t int]v5+ 9 human affairs4 ,demons1 on ! o!r h&1 7 _! exact opposites4 ,!y repres5t$ p[]s ( evil1 7 con/antly at w> ) ! gods & took vici\s pleasure 9 vex+ or annoy+ ! good4 ,bel[ gods & demons 7 m5 !mselves4 ,9 ?is ?ree-ti]$ univ]se1 transmigration ( s\ls 0 /ill ! basic fact b me?ods ( obta9+ release 7 n[ mu* cle>]4 ,a man 0 born1 di$ & !n 0 born aga94 ,if he act$ well1 did 8 duty & work$ ceaselessly = good1 he foll[$ :at 0 kn[n z ! pa? ( dh>ma or righte\sness4 ,?is ensur$ t at ea* succe$+ bir? he w\ld />t a /age m fav\rably (f ?an 9 8 previ\s exi/5ce till1 by %e] goodness ( "*1 he qualifi$ = admission to ,indra's heav5 & might ev5 be acc\nt$ a god4 ,! a*ievem5t ( ?is /atus1 h[ev]1 did n complete 8 cycle1 = ! ultimate goal /ill rema9$4 ,?is 0 ! same z 9 e>li] c5turies--release f liv+ by union ) or absorption into ! supreme ,_s2 & only :5 ! individual s\l _h rea*$ ?is /age 0 ! cycle ( bir? & re-bir? complet$4 ,! rev]se ( ?is process 0 illu/rat$ by ! fate ( demons4 ,if a man laps$ f "r liv+1 8 second /ate 0 always worse ?an 8 fir/4 ,he might !n be born 9 humble surr\nd+s or if 8 crimes 7 suffici5tly great1 he became a demon4 ,z su*1 8 capacity = evil 0 greatly increas$ & 8 *ances ( ultimate salvation correspond+ly wors5$4 ,yet ev5 = demons1 ! ultimate goal 0 ! same--release f liv+ & blissful id5tification ) ! ,supreme4 ,dh>ma alone1 h[ev]1 c\ld n directly a*ieve ?is end4 ,?is c\ld be done by ! pa? ( yoga or self-discipl9e--a pa? :i* involv$ p5ances1 m$itation & asceticism4 ,by ridd+ 8 m9d ( all desires & atta*m5ts1 by conc5trat+ on pure ab/ractions1 ! ascetic 'obta9$ insight :i* no words c\ld express4 ,gradually plumb+ ! cosmic my/]y1 8 s\l ent]$ realms f> beyond ! comp>atively tawdry heav5s :]e ! great gods dwelt 9 light & spl5d\r4 ,go+ f d>kness to d>kness deep] yet1 he solv$ ! my/]y beyond all my/]ies2 he und]/ood1 fully & f9ally1 ! nature ( ! univ]se & ( himself & he rea*$ a realm ( tru? & bliss1 beyond bir? & dea?4 ,& ) ?is transc5d5t k came ano!r realization--he 0 completely1 utt]ly1 free4 ,he _h f\nd ultimate salvation1 ! f9al triumph ( ! s\l4'#e ,su* a complete id5tification ) ! supreme ,_s1 h[ev]1 0 n easily come by & (t5 _m exi/5ces 7 requir$ be=e ! yogi c\ld a*ieve ?is sublime end4 ,!re rema9$ a ?ird way--! pa? ( bhakti or devotion to ,god4 ,if a man lov$ ,god n z an ab/ract _s b z a lov+ ,p]son1 if he lov$ ) int5sity & s+l5ess ( he>t1 adoration itself might obta9 = him ! same rew>d z a succession ( good lives4 ,vi%nu z protector might rew>d love ) love & conf] imm$iately ! bless+ ( salvation4 ,! result1 !n1 0 t ?ree c\rses 7 n[ op5 to a man & :e!r he foll[$ "o or o!r dep5d$ on 8 own p>ticul> ca/ ( m9d1 ! degree ( 8 w-p[]1 ! /r5g? ( 8 passions & f9ally1 8 capacity = r5unciation1 righte\sness & love4 ,on ^! qualifications ! up%ot w\ld l>gely dep5d4 ,b !y 7 n ! only factors4 ,s9ce gods & demons 7 "p ( ! _w1 a man c\ld be aid$ or fru/rat$ accord+ z gods or demons *ose to int]v5e4 ,life c\ld1 9 fact1 be view$ f two angles4 ,on ! "o h& x 0 "o long ef=t to bl5d ) ! ,godhead--an ef=t :i* only ! individual c\ld make4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 a w> betwe5 good & evil1 gods & demons2 & to su* a conte/1 ,god z ,vi%nu c\ld n rema9 indiff]5t4 ,:ile ! =ces ( evil might prop]ly be all[$ to te/ or tax ! good1 !y c\ld nev] be p]mitt$ completely to w9 ! day4 ,:51 !re=e1 evil appe>$ to be 9 ! asc5dant1 ,vi%nu int]v5$ & correct$ ! balance4 ,he took fle% & ent]+ ! _w1 slew demons1 he>t5$ ! righte\s & f "t to "t conf]r$ salvation by directly exempt+ individuals f fur!r re-bir?s4 ,x is ^! beliefs :i* gov]n ! ,mahabh>ata epic & provide ! clue to ,kri%na's role4 ,its prime subject is a feud betwe5 two families1 a feud :i* racks & f9ally de/roys !m4 ,at ! same "t1 x is v mu* m4 ,prior to ! ev5ts n>rat$ 9 ! text1 ,vi%nu has already und]gone sev5 inc>nations1 tak+ ! =ms ( a fi%1 tortoise1 bo> & man-lion & lat] ^? ( ,vamana ! dw>f1 ,p>asurama 7',rama ) ! ,axe'71 & f9ally1 ! pr9cely ,rama4 ,9 ea* ( ^! inc>nations he has int]v5$ &1 = ! "t be+1 rectifi$ ! balance4 ,dur+ ! p]iod cov]$ by ! epic1 he und]goes an eigh? inc>nation & x is 9 connection ) ?is supremely vital int]v5tion t ,kri%na appe>s4 ,to und]/& ! "* :i* n[ unfolds1 we mu/ briefly consid] ! c5tral /ory ( ! ,mahabh>ata4 ,?is is n>rat$ 9 ! mo/ baffl+ & /up5d\s detail4 ,cumbr\s names confront u on e side :ile digressions & sub-plots add to ! g5]al atmosph]e ( confusion & complexity4 ,x is idle to hope t ?is va/ panorama c ar\se great int]e/ 9 ! ,we/ & ev5 9 ,india x is unlikely t _m w\ld n[ approa* its gigantic recital ) premonitions ( delight4 ,x is r z a necess>y backgr\nd t its ma9 outl9es mu/ be grasp$1 = )\t !m ,kri%na's "* & c>e] c h>dly be expla9$4 ,! epic beg9s ) two rival families ea* possess$ ( a common ance/or1 ,kuru1 b /&+ 9 bitt] rivalry to ea* o!r4 ,kuru is succe$$ by 8 second son1 ,p&u1 & lat] by ,dhrit>a%tra1 8 fir/ son b bl9d4 ,p&u has five sons1 :o are call$ ,p&avas aft] him1 :ile ,dhrit>a%tra has a hundr$ sons call$ ,kauravas aft] ,kuru1 _! common gr&fa!r4 ,z *ildr5 ! two families gr[ up at ! same c\rt1 b almo/ imm$iately jeal\sies arise :i* are to h a deadly outcome4 ,hatr$ beg9s :5 9 boyi% conte/s ! ,p&avas outdo ! ,kauravas4 ,! latt] res5t _! arrogance & pres5tly _! fa!r1 ! bl9d k+1 is p]suad$ to approve a plot by :i* ! five ,p&avas w be kill$4 ,!y are to sleep 9 a h\se :i* dur+ ! night w be burnt d[n4 ,! plot1 h[ev]1 misc>ries4 ,! h\se is burnt1 b unbekn[n to ! ,kauravas1 ! five bro!rs escape & tak+ ) !m _! "m1 ,kunti1 g = safety to ! =e/4 ,"h !y w&] = a :ile disguis$ z ,brahmans or prie/s b rea* at la/ ! k+dom ( ,pan*ala4 ,! ,k+ ( ,pan*ala has a daught]1 ,draupadi1 ^: husb& is to be *os5 by a public ar*]y competition4 ,arjuna1 "o ( ! five bro!rs1 w9s ! conte/ & ga9s h] z bride4 ,! ,p&avas1 h[ev]1 are poly&r\s & ?us1 on be+ m>ri$ to "o bro!r1 ,draupadi is also m>ri$ to ! o!r f\r4 ,at ! w$d+ ! ,p&avas disclose _! id5tities4 ,! ,kauravas le>n t !y are /ill alive & 9 due c\rse are reconcil$4 ,!y re9/ate ! ,p&avas & give !m half ! k+dom4 ,be=e ,arjuna1 h[ev]1 c pr(it f ! truce1 he infr+es by accid5t 8 eld] bro!r's privacy by /umbl+ on him :ile he is ) _! common wife4 ,z a consequ5ce he violates a /&+ agreem5t & has no alt]native b to g into exile = twelve ye>s4 ,arjuna leaves ! c\rt1 visits o!r l&s1 acquires a new wife & makes a new alliance4 ,9 o!r respects1 all is well & ! two families look =w>d to _m ye>s ( peaceful co-exi/5ce4 ,! fates1 h[ev]1 seem det]m9$ on _! de/ruction4 ,! lead] ( ! ,p&avas is _! elde/ bro!r1 ,yudhi/hira4 ,he conqu]s _m o!r l&s & is enc\rag$ to claim ! title1 'rul] ( ! _w4' ,! claim is made at a great sacrifice accompani$ by a fea/4 ,! claim inc5ses ! ,kauravas & once aga9 ! anci5t feud revives4 ,!mselves exp]t gambl]s1 !y *all5ge ,yudhi/hira to a conte/ by dice4 ,yudhi/hira /upidly agrees & wag]+ fir/ 8 k+dom1 !n 8 bro!rs & f9ally 8 wife1 loses all & goes aga9 into exile4 ,) him g ! o!r ,p&avas1 includ+ ,arjuna :o has s9ce return$4 ,= twelve ye>s !y roam ! =e/s1 brood+ on _! fate & plann+ rev5ge4 ,:5 _! exile ends1 !y at once decl>e w>4 ,bo? sides seek allies1 ef=ts at peacemak+ are foil$ & ! two cla% on ! battle-field ( ,kuruk%etra4 ,= eighte5 days ! battle rages till f9ally ! ,p&avas are victori\s4 ,_! success1 h[ev]1 is at an appall+ co/4 ,dur+ ! conte/ all five ,p&avas lose _! sons4 ,! hundr$ sons ( _! rival1 ! bl9d k+ ,dhrit>a%tra1 are dead & ) a s5se ( tragic futility1 ! epic ends4 ,x is z an actor 9 ?is tangl$ drama t ,kri%na appe>s4 ,alongside ! ,p&avas & ! ,kauravas 9 ,nor!rn ,india is a p[]ful p1 ! ,yadavas4 ,!y live by graz+ cattle b possess t[ns includ+ a capital1 ! city ( ,dw>ka 9 ,we/]n ,india4 ,at ?is capital resides _! rul] or k+ & ) him is a p[]ful pr9ce1 ,kri%na4 ,?is ,kri%na is relat$ to ! rival families1 = 8 fa!r1 ,vasudeva1 is bro!r ( ,kunti1 ! ,p&avas' "m4 ,f ! outset1 !re=e1 he is plac$ 9 intimate proximity to ! *ief protagoni/s4 ,= ! mom5t1 h[ev]1 he himself is n involv$ & x is only aft] ! ,p&avas h gone into exile & rea*$ ! k+dom ( ,pan*ala t he makes 8 entrance4 ,! occasion is ! ar*]y conte/ = ! h& ( ,draupadi4 ,kri%na is !re z an hon\r$ gue/ & :5 ,arjuna makes ! w9n+ %ot1 he imm$iately recognizes ! five ,p&avas z 8 k9sm5 al?\gh z refugees !y are /ill disguis$ z ,brahmans4 ,:5 ! assembl$ pr9ces angrily prote/ at ,draupadi's union ) a ,brahman1 & seem ab\t to fight1 ,kri%na int]v5es & p]suades !m to accept ! decision4 ,lat] he secretly meets ! ,p&avas & s5ds !m w$d+ pres5ts4 ,already1 !re=e1 he is fulfill+ a significant role4 ,he is a p[]ful lead]1 a relative ( ! c5tral figures & if only because ! feud is n 8 own1 he is above ! conflict & to "s ext5t capable ( influ5c+ its outcome4 ,8 next appe>ance br+s him clos] /ill to ! ,p&avas4 ,:5 ,arjuna is exil$ = 8 brea* ( m>riage etiquette1 he visits ,kri%na 9 8 city ( ,dw>ka4 ,a great fe/ival is held & 9 ! c\rse ( x ,arjuna falls 9 love ) ,kri%na's si/]1 ,subhadra4 ,kri%na fav\rs ! m>riage b advises ,arjuna to m>ry h] by capture4 ,arjuna does s & by becom+ ,kri%na's bro!r-9-law cem5ts /ill fur!r _! relation%ip4 ,?is fri5d%ip has "o fur!r consequ5ce1 =1 aft] ,arjuna has complet$ 8 exile & return$ to ! ,p&ava c\rt1 ,kri%na visits him & ! two g into ! c\ntry = a picnic4 ',aft] a few days1 ,arjuna said to ,kri%na1 ,! summ] days h come4 ,let u g to ! ,riv] ,jumna1 amuse ourselves ) "s fri5ds & come back 9 ! ev5+4 ,kri%na repli$1 ,i w\ld l t v mu*4 ,let u g = a ba!4 ,s ,arjuna & ,kri%na set out ) _! fri5ds4 ,rea*+ a f9e spot fit = pleasure & ov]gr[n ) trees1 :]e sev]al tall h\ses _h be5 built1 ! p>ty w5t inside4 ,food & w9e1 wrea?s ( fl[]s & fragrant p]fumes 7 laid out & at once !y began to frolic at _! w4 ,! girls 9 ! p>ty ) delightful r\nd$ haun*es1 l>ge brea/s & h&some eyes began to flirt z ,arjuna & ,kri%na comm&$4 ,"s play$ ab\t 9 ! woods1 "s 9 ! wat]1 "s inside ! h\ses4 ,& ,draupadi & ,subhadra :o 7 also 9 ! p>ty gave ! girls & wom5 co/ly dresses & g>m5ts4 ,!n "s ( !m began to dance1 "s to s+1 "s laugh$ & jok$1 "s drank w9e4 ,& ! h\ses & woods1 fill$ ) ! noise ( flutes & drums1 became ! v seat ( pleasure4'#f ,a little lat]1 ,kri%na is accord$ special /atus4 ,at ! sacrifice p]=m$ by ,yudhi/hira z 'rul] ( ! _w1' gifts ( hon\r are di/ribut$4 ,kri%na is among ! assembl$ gue/s & is propos$ z fir/ recipi5t4 ,only "o p]son objects1 a c]ta9 k+ ,sisupala1 :o nurses a /&+ grievance aga9/ him4 ,a qu>rel ensues & dur+ x ,kri%na kills him4 ,kri%na's priority is !n acclaim$ b ! incid5t s]ves also to demon/rate 8 ability z a fight]4 ,"o o!r aspect ( ,kri%na's "* rema9s to be not$4 ,besides be+ a bold w>rior1 he is above all an a/ute & able ally4 ,dur+ ! ,p&avas' f9al exile 9 ! =e/1 he urges !m to repudiate _! bani%m5t & make w>4 ,:5 ! exile is ov] & w> is ne>1 he acts z peace-mak]1 urg+ ! ,kauravas to make concessions4 ,:5 he is foil$ by ,duryodhana1 ! bl9d k+'s son1 he attempts to h him kidnapp$4 ,f9ally1 once ! great battle is jo9$1 he (f]s bo? sides a *oice4 ,ea* may h ! help ei!r ( himself alone or ( 8 imm$iate k9sm51 ! ,vri%nis4 ,! ,vri%nis w fight 9 ! battle1 :ile ,kri%na himself w m]ely advise f a di/ance4 ,! ,kauravas *oose ! fight]s1 ! ,p&avas ,kri%na4 ,kri%na accord+ly aids ! ,p&avas ) c\nsel4 ,he accompanies ,arjuna z 8 *>iote] & dur+ ! battle is a con/ant advocate ( trea*]y4 ,z ,kama1 a lead+ ,kaurava1 fights ,arjuna1 8 *>iot gets /uck & he dism\nts to see to x4 ,! rules ( w> dem& t ,arjuna %\ld n[ break (f b ,kri%na urges him to cont9ue & ,kama is kill$ unresi/+4 ,simil>ly :5 ,bhima1 "o ( ! five ,p&ava bro!rs1 is fight+ ,duryodhana ) 8 club1 ,kri%na eggs him on to deal a f\l bl[4 ,bhima does s & ,duryodhana dies f a brok5 ?igh4 ,9 all ^! enc\nt]s1 ,kri%na %[s himself completely amoral1 a*iev+ 8 ends by ! v audacity ( 8 means4 ,s f>1 ,kri%na's "* is m]ely t ( a feudal magnate1 & !re is no?+ 9 8 views or conduct to sugge/ t he is ,vi%nu or ,god4 ,two incid5ts 9 ! epic1 h[ev]1 sudd5ly reveal 8 true role4 ,! fir/ is :5 ,yudhi/hira has gambl$ away ,draupadi & ! ,kauravas are int5t on h] di%on\r4 ,!y attempt to make h] nak$4 ,z "o ( !m tries to remove h] clo!s1 ,draupadi besee*es ,kri%na z ,vi%nu to int]v5e & save h]4 ,kri%na does s & by 8 help %e rema9s clo!d2 h[ev] _m times h] dress is remov$4 ,! second occasion is on ! f9al battle-field ( ,kuruk%etra4 ,arjuna1 see+ s _m bro!rs1 uncles & c\s9s rang$ on ei!r side is mov$ to pity at ! s5seless nature ( ! /rife & confides 8 angui%$ d\bts 9 ,kri%na4 ,kri%na seems1 at fir/1 to be only 8 fri5d1 8 bro!r-9-law & advis]4 ,he po9ts out t to a w>rior no?+ is nobl] ?an a righte\s w> & decl>es1 ',d y\r duty always b )\t atta*m5t4' ,he !n advocates ! two pa?s ( yoga7k7 & dh>ma 7righte\sness74 ',ev5 if a man falls away f ! practice ( yoga1 he w /ill w9 ! heav5 ( ! do]s ( good de$s & dwell !re _m long ye>s4 ,aft] t1 he w be reborn into ! home ( pure & prosp]\s p>5ts4 ,he w !n rega9 t spiritual disc]nm5t :i* he acquir$ 9 8 =m] body2 & s he w /rive h>d] ?an ev] = p]fection4 ,because ( 8 practices 9 ! previ\s life1 he w be driv5 on t[>d union ) ! ,_s1 ev5 9 spite ( himself4 ,= ! man :o has once ask$ ! way to ! ,_s goes f>!r ?an any m]e fulfill] ( ! ,v$ic rituals4 ,by /ruggl+ h>d1 t yogi w move gradually t[>ds p]fection ?r\gh _m bir?s & rea* ! highe/ goal at la/#g4 ,b x is ! pa? ( bhakti or devotion to a p]sonal ,god :i* comm&s ,kri%na's /ronge/ approval & leads him to make 8 />tl+ revelation4 ',h y\r m9d 9 ,me1 be devot$ to ,me4 ,to ,me %all y come4 ,:at is true ,i promise4 ,de> are y to ,me4 ,!y :o make ,me _! supreme object1 !y to ,me are de>4 ,?\gh ,i am ! unborn1 ! *angeless ,self1 ,i condition my nature & am born by my p[]4 ,to save ! good & de/roy evildo]s1 to e/abli% ! "r1 ,i am born f age to age4 ,he :o kn[s ?is :5 he comes to die is n reborn b comes to ,me4' ,he speaks1 9 fact1 z ,vi%nu himself4 ,?is decl>ation is to prove ! vital clue to ,kri%na's "*4 ,x is to be exp&$ 9 lat] texts & is to acc\nt = ! f]v\r ) :i* he is soon to be ador$4 ,= ! pres5t1 h[ev]1 8 claim is 9 ! nature ( an aside4 ,aft] ! battle1 he resumes 8 life z a pr9ce & x is m = 8 %rewdness z a c\ncillor ?an 8 tea*+ z ,god t he is hon\r$ & rev]$4 ,yet special maje/y surr\nds him & :51 ?irty-six ye>s aft] ! conflict1 a hunt] mi/akes him = a de] & kills him by %oot+ him 9 ! "r foot#h1 ! ,p&avas are inconsolable4 ,!y retreat to ! ,himalayas1 die "o by "o & are translat$ to ,indra's heav5#i4 ,su* an acc\nt is obvi\sly a great advance on ! ,*&ogya ,upani%ad4 ,yet1 z we pond] its intricate drama1 we are fac$ ) sev]al intractable issues4 ,x is true t a detail$ "* has em]g$1 a figure :o is id5tifi$ ) def9ite actions & c]ta9 cle>-cut pr9ciples4 ,x is true also t 8 "* z ,vi%nu has be5 ass]t$4 ,b x is ,kri%na ! feudal h]o :o ?r\gh\t ! /ory takes1 by f>1 ! lead+ "p4 ,betwe5 ?is h]o & ,kri%na ! ,god1 !re is no v cle> connection4 ,! circum/ances 9 :i* ,vi%nu has tak5 =m z ,kri%na are n[h]e made pla94 ,except on ! two occasions m5tion$1 ,kri%na is app>5tly n recogniz$ z ,god by o!rs & does n himself claim ?is /atus4 ,inde$ x is virtually only z an aft]?\ght t ! epic is us$ to transmit 8 great s]mon1 & almo/ by accid5t t he becomes ! mo/ significant figure 9 ! /ory4 ,ev5 ! s]mon at fir/ sight seems at v>iance ) 8 actions z a c\ncillor--8 repeat$ rec\rse to trea*]y ill consort+ ) ! p>am\ntcy ( duty4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 su* a conflict c be easily reconcil$ = if ,god is supreme1 he is above & beyond morals4 ,he c act 9 any way he pleases & yet1 z ,god1 c expect & receive ! highe/ rev]5ce4 ,god1 9 fact1 is sup]ior to e?ics4 ,& ?is viewpo9t is1 9 fact1 to prove a basic assumption 9 lat] v]sions ( ! /ory4 ,"h x is suffici5t to note t :ile ! ,mahabh>ata describes ^! two contra/+ modes ( behavi\r1 no attempt is made to face ! exact issue4 ,kri%na z ,god has be5 introduc$ r ?an expla9$ & we are left ) ! feel+ t mu* m ?an has be5 record$ rema9s to be said4 ,?is feel+ may well h dogg$ ! writ]s :o put ! ,mahabh>ata into its pres5t %ape =1 a little lat]1 possibly dur+ ! six? c5tury ,a4,d41 an app5dix 0 add$4 ,?is app5dix 0 call$ ! ,h>ivansa or ,g5ealogy ( ,kri%na#aj & 9 x 7 provid$ all ^? details s manife/ly want+ 9 ! epic itself4 ,! exact nature ( ,kri%na is expla9$--! circum/ances ( 8 bir?1 8 y\? & *ildhood1 ! :ole be+ weld$ into a coh]5t s*eme4 ,9 ?is /ory ,kri%na ! feudal magnate takes a natural place b !re is no long] any contradiction betwe5 8 "* z a pr9ce & 8 "* z ,god4 ,he is1 above all1 an inc>nation ( ,vi%nu & 8 imm$iate purpose is to vanqui% a p>ticul> tyrant & he>t5 ! righte\s4 ,?is viewpo9t is ma9ta9$ 9 ! ,vi%nu ,purana1 ano!r text ( ab\t ! six? c5tury & is develop$ & illu/rat$ 9 ! t5? & elev5? books ( ! ,bhagavata ,purana4 ,x is ?is latt] text--a va/ comp5dium ( p]haps ! n9? or t5? c5tury--:i* af=ds ! fulle/ acc\nt 9 lit]ature ( ,kri%na's /ory4 ,footnote #c3 ,note #c4 ,footnote #d3 ,note #d4 ,footnote #e3 ,a4,l4 ,ba%am1 ,! ,wond] t 0 ,india1 #bde4 ,footnote #f3 ,mahabh>ata1 ,adi ,p>va1 ,section #bbd 7,roy1 ,i1 #fae-af74 ,footnote #g3 ,c4 ,i%]wood & ,s4 ,prabhavan&a1 ,! ,song ( ,god1 ,bhagavad-,gita1 #hf-g4 ,footnote #h3 ,plate #b4 ,footnote #i3 ,note #e4 ,footnote #aj3 ,note #f4 ,,iii ,,! ,,bhagavata ,,purana3 ,,! ,,c[h]d 7i7 ,bir? & ,e>ly ,adv5tures ,! ,bhagavata ,purana is c\*$ 9 ! =m ( a dialogue betwe5 a sage & a k+4 ,! k+ is ! successor ( ! ,p&avas b is doom$ to die )9 a week = hav+ by accid5t insult$ a holy ascetic4 ,to ensure 8 salvation1 he sp5ds ! week li/5+ to ! ,bhagavata ,purana & conc5trat+ 8 m9d on ,kri%na :om he decl>es to be 8 help]4#aa ,book ,t5 beg9s by describ+ ! p>ticul> situation :i* leads to ,kri%na's bir?4 ,! sc5e is ,ma?ura1 a t[n 9 nor!rn ,india1 adjo9+ ! k+dom ( ! ,kauravas4 ,! surr\nd+ c\ntry is kn[n z ,braj & its rul+ families are ! ,yadavas4 ,j outside ,ma?ura is ! di/rict ( ,gokula :i* is inhabit$ by c[h]ds4 ,^! are on fri5dly t]ms ) ! ,yadavas1 b are inf]ior to !m 9 ca/e & /atus4 ,! "t is "s fifty ye>s or m be=e ! battle ( ,kuruk%etra & ! rul+ k+ is ,ugras5a4 ,ugras5a's que5 is ,pavan>ekha & a mi%ap to h] sets 9 tra9 a s]ies ( mom5t\s ev5ts4 ,"o day %e is tak+ ! air 9 a p>k1 :5 %e misses h] way & f9ds h]self alone4 ,a demon1 ,drumalika1 is pass+ &1 entranc$ by h] grace1 decides to ravi% h]4 ,he takes ! =m ( h] husb&1 ,ugras5a1 & despite ,pavan>ekha's prote/s proce$s to enjoy h]4 ,aft]w>ds he assumes 8 true %ape4 ,pavan>ekha is dismay$ b ! demon tells h] t he has giv5 h] a son :o w 'vanqui% ! n9e divisions ( ! e>?1 rule supreme & fight ,kri%na4' ,pavan>ekha tells h] maids t a monkey has be5 tr\bl+ h]4 ,t5 mon?s lat] a son is born4 ,he is nam$ ,kansa & ! c\rt rejoices4 ,z ,kansa gr[s up he reveals 8 demon's nature4 ,he ignores 8 fa!r's words1 murd]s *ildr5 & defeats 9 battle ,k+ ,j>as&ha ( ,magadha4#ab ,! latt] gives him two daught]s 9 m>riage4 ,he !n deposes 8 fa!r1 ?r[s him into prison1 assumes 8 p[]s & bans ! wor%ip ( ,vi%nu4 ,z 8 crimes increase1 he ext5ds 8 conque/s4 ,at la/ ,e>? c be> ! burd5 no long] & appeals to ! gods to approa* ! supreme ,deity1 ,brahma1 to rid h] ( ! load4 ,brahma z ,creator c h>dly d ?is1 b ,vi%nu z ,pres]v] agrees to int]v5e & plans are laid4 ,among ! ,yadava nobility are two upright p]sons4 ,! fir/ is ,devaka1 ! y\ng] bro!r ( ,k+ ,ugras5a & ?us an uncle to ! tyrant4 ,! second is a c]ta9 ,vasudeva4 ,devaka has six daught]s1 all ( :om he m>ries to ,vasudeva4 ,! sev5? is call$ ,devaki4 ,vi%nu ann\nces t ,devaki w also be m>ri$ to ,vasudeva1 & pluck+ out two ( 8 hairs--"o black & "o :ite--he decl>es t ^! w be ! means by :i* he w ease ,e>?'s burd54 ,! :ite hair is "p ( ,se%a1 ! great s]p5t1 :i* is itself a "p ( ,vi%nu & ?is w be imp]sonat$ z ,devaki's sev5? *ild4 ,! black hair is ,vi%nu's own self :i* w be imp]sonat$ z ,devaki's eigh? *ild4 ,! *ild f ! :ite hair w be kn[n z ,bal>ama & ! *ild f ! black hair z ,kri%na4 ,z ,kri%na1 ,vi%nu w !n kill ,kansa4 ,e>? is gratifi$ & retires & ! /age is set = ,kri%na's com+4 ,devaki1 ) ,kansa's approval1 is n[ m>ri$ to ,vasudeva4 ,! w$d+ is be+ celebrat$ 9 ! gr&e/ mann] :5 a voice f heav5 is he>d say+1 ',kansa1 ! eigh? son ( h] :om y are n[ escort+ w cause y\r de/ruction4 ,y %all die at 8 h&4' ,kansa is greatly al>m$ & is ab\t to slay ,devaki :5 ,vasudeva agrees to yield him all _! sons4 ,kansa accord+ly sp>es h]4 ,ea* ( ,devaki's fir/ six sons1 h[ev]1 is deliv]$ up at bir? & ea* is slaught]$4 ,z ! "t = fulfill+ ! prophecy approa*es1 ,kansa gr[s fe>ful4 ,he le>ns t gods & goddesses are be+ born z c[h]ds & c[girls &1 int]pret+ ?is z a sign t ,kri%na's bir? is ne>1 he comm&s 8 m5 to slaught] e c[h]d 9 ! city4 ,a great r\nd-up ensues & _m c[h]ds are kill$4 ,! lead+ c[h]d is a weal?y h]dsman nam$ ,n&a1 :o lives ) 8 wife ,yasoda 9 ! c\ntry di/rict ( ,gokula4 ,al?\gh ( l[] ca/e1 he is ,vasudeva's *ief fri5d & 9 view ( ! imm95t dang]s confront+ 8 family1 x is to ,n&a t ,vasudeva n[ s5ds "o ( 8 o!r wives1 ,roh9i4 ,devaki has mean:ile conceiv$ h] sev5? son1 ! :ite hair ( ,vi%nu1 & soon to be recogniz$ z ,kri%na's bro!r4 ,to avoid 8 murd] by ,kansa1 ,vi%nu has ! foetus transf]r$ f ,devaki's womb to t ( ,roh9i1 & ! *ild1 nam$ ,bal>ama1 is born to ,roh9i1 ,kansa be+ in=m$ t ,devaki has misc>ri$4 ,! eigh? pregnancy n[ occurs4 ,kansa increases 8 precautions4 ,devaki & ,vasudeva are h&cuff$ & manacl$4 ,gu>ds are m\nt$ & besides ^!1 elephants1 lions & dogs are plac$ outside4 ,! unborn *ild1 h[ev]1 tells !m n to fe> & ,devaki & ,vasudeva compose _! m9ds4 ,kri%na is n[ born1 d>k z a cl\d & ) eyes l lotuses4 ,he is clad 9 a yell[ ve/ & we>s a cr[n4 ,he takes ! =m ( ,vi%nu & comm&s ,vasudeva to be> him to ,n&a's h\se 9 ,gokula & sub/itute him = ! infant daught] :o has j be5 born to ,yasoda1 ,n&a's wife4 ,devaki & ,vasudeva wor%ip him4 ,! vision !n fades & !y discov] ! new-born *ild cry+ at _! side4 ,!y debate :at to d--,devaki urg+ ,vasudeva to take ! baby to ,n&a's h\se :]e ,roh9i1 8 o!r wife1 is /ill liv+ & :]e ,yasoda w receive x4 ,vasudeva is wond]+ h[ to escape :5 8 h&cuffs & *a9s fall (f1 ! doors op5 & ! gu>ds are se5 to be asleep4 ,plac+ ,kri%na 9 a basket1 he puts x on 8 head & sets out = ,gokula4 ,z he goes1 lions ro>1 ! ra9 p\rs d[n & ! riv] ,jumna faces him4 ,!re is no help b to =d x & ,vasudeva accord+ly ent]s ! /ream4 ,! wat] gets high] & high] until x rea*es 8 nose4 ,:5 he c g no f>!r1 ! infant ,kri%na /ret*es out a foot1 calms ! riv] & ! wat] subsides4 ,vasudeva n[ arrives at ,n&a's h\se :]e he f9ds t ,yasoda has borne a girl & is 9 a trance4 ,vasudeva puts ,kri%na beside h]1 takes up ! baby girl1 recrosses ! riv] & jo9s ,devaki 9 h] prison4 ,! doors %ut1 ! h&cuffs & fett]s close on !m aga9 & z ! baby />ts to cry1 ! gu>ds awake4 ,a s5try !n c>ries ,kansa ! news4 ,kansa hurries to ! spot1 seizes ! *ild & tries to da% x on a /one4 ,z he does s ! *ild becomes ! goddess ,devi & exclaim+ t ,kansa's enemy is born else:]e & no?+ c save him1 vani%es into heav54#ac ,kansa is greatly %ak5 & ord]s all male *ildr5 to be kill$1#ad b releases ,vasudeva & ,devaki4 ,mean:ile ,n&a1 ! ri* h]dsman1 is celebrat+ ! bir?4 ,p&its & a/rolog]s are s5t =1 ! *ild's horoscope is ca/ & 8 de/9y =etold4 ,he w be a second deity l ,brahma himself4 ,he w de/roy demons1 relieve ! l& ( ,braj ( all its c>es1 be call$ ! "l ( ! c[girls & be prais$ ! :ole _w ov]4 ,n&a promises to d$icate c[s1 loads ! ,brahmans ) pres5ts1 & summons all ! musicians & s+]s ( ! city4 ,s++1 danc+ & music break =?1 ! c\rty>ds ?rong ) p1 & ! c[h]ds ( ,gokula come 9 ) _! wives4 ,on _! heads are pit*]s full ( curd & z a magical means ( ensur+ prosp]ity1 !y proce$ to ?r[ x ov] ! ga!r+4 ,n&a pres5ts !m ) clo? & betel & !y dep>t elat$ at ! news4 ,"s days lat] ,n&a le>ns ( ,kansa's ord] to seize all male *ildr5 &1 deem+ x prud5t to (f] pres5ts1 he collects ! c[h]ds 9 a body & goes to ,ma?ura to pay tribute4 ,kansa receives him & on 8 way back ,vasudeva meets him at ! riv]4 ,he d>e n disclose 8 secret t ,kri%na is n ,n&a's son b 8 own4 ,at ! same "t he _c suppress 8 anxiety z a fa!r4 ,he cont5ts himself by tell+ ,n&a t demons & evil spirits are abroad seek+ to de/roy "y *ildr5 & urges him to return to ,gokula z quickly z possible4 ,! ,purana n[ conc5trates on two ma9 !mes3 on ,kri%na's infancy 9 ,gokula1 dilat+ on 8 baby pranks1 8 capacity = mis*ief1 ! love he ar\ses 9 ! he>ts ( 8 fo/]-"m1 ,yasoda1 & ( all ! m>ri$ c[girls &1 secondly1 on 8 sup]natural p[]s & skill 9 ridd+ ! c\ntry ( tr\blesome demons4 ,^! are at fir/ %[n z ho/ile to ,kri%na only1 b z ! /ory unfolds1 8 role gradually wid5s & we see him act+ z ! c[h]ds' ally1 protect+ !m f h>m1 attack+ ! =ces ( evil & ?us fulfill+ ! supreme purpose = :i* he has be5 born4 ,f "t to "t ! c[h]ds realize t ,kri%na is ,vi%nu & adore him z ,god4 ,!n amnesia int]v5es4 ,!y reta9 no recollection ( ! vision & see him simply z a y\?ful c[h]d1 *>m+ 9 mann]1 ^: skill 9 slay+ demons ar\ses _! love4 ,9 ?is way ,kri%na lives among !m--9 fact1 ,god1 b 9 ! eyes ( ! p1 a "y boy4#ae ,! fir/ demon to ?reat5 ,kri%na's life is a huge ogress nam$ ,putana4 ,h] role is t ( *ild-kill]--any *ild :o is suckl$ 9 ! night by ,putana in/antly dy+4 ,putana assumes ! =m ( a sweet & *>m+ girl1 dabs h] brea/s ) poison & :ile ,n&a is /ill at ,ma?ura1 comes gaily to 8 h\se4 ,entranc$ by h] appe>ance1 ,yasoda all[s h] to hold ! baby ,kri%na & !n to suckle him4 ,kri%na1 h[ev]1 is imp]vi\s to ! poison1 & fa/5+ 8 m\? to h] brea/1 he beg9s to suck h] life out ) ! milk4 ,putana1 feel+ h] life go+1 ru%es wildly f ! village1 b to no avail4 ,kri%na cont9ues suck+ & ! ogress dies4 ,:5 ,yasoda & ,roh9i cat* up ) h]1 !y f9d h] huge c>cass ly+ on ! gr\nd ) ,kri%na /ill suck+ h] brea/4 ',tak+ him up quickly & kiss+ him1 !y press$ him to _! bosoms & hurri$ home4' ,n&a n[ arrives f ,ma?ura & congratulates ! c[h]ds on _! escape--s great 0 ,putana's size t h] body might h cru%$ & ov]:elm$ ! :ole colony4 ,he !n arranges = h] burn+ b z h] fle% is be+ consum$1 a /range p]fume is notic$ = ,kri%na1 :5 kill+ h]1 _h grant$ h] salvation4 ,a second demon n[ int]v5es4 ,x is tw5ty-sev5 days s9ce ,kri%na's bir?4 ,brahmans & c[h]ds h be5 summon$ to a fea/1 ! c[girls are s++ songs & ev]yone is laugh+ & eat+4 ,kri%na = ! "t be+ is out ( _! m9ds1 hav+ be5 put to sleep b5ea? a heavy c>t load$ ) pit*]s4 ,a little lat] he wakes up1 beg9s to cry = ! brea/ & f9d+ no "o !re wriggles ab\t & />ts to suck a toe4 ,at ?is mom5t ! demon1 ,saktasura1 is fly+ ?r\gh ! sky4 ,he notices ! *ild & alights on ! c>t4 ,8 weight cracks x b be=e ! c>t c collapse1 ,kri%na kicks out s %>ply t ! demon dies & ! c>t falls to pieces4 ,he>+ a great cra%1 ! c[girls da% to ! spot1 m>vell+ t al?\gh ! c>t is 9 spl9t]s & all ! pots brok51 ,kri%na has surviv$4 ,! ?ird attack occurs :5 ,kri%na is five mon?s old4 ,yasoda is sitt+ ) him 9 h] lap :5 %e notices t he has sudd5ly become v heavy4 ,at ! same "t1 ! :irlw9d demon1 ,tr9av>ta1 raises a great /orm4 ,! sky d>k5s1 trees are uproot$ & ?at* dislodg$4 ,z ,yasoda sets ,kri%na d[n1 ,tr9av>ta seizes him & :irls him into ! air4 ,yasoda f9ds him sudd5ly gone & calls out1 ',kri%na1 ,kri%na4' ,! c[girls & c[h]ds jo9 h] 9 ! se>*1 pe]+ = him 9 ! gu/y gloom ( ! d>k /orm4 ,full ( mis]y1 !y se>* ! =e/ & c f9d him n[h]e4 ,kri%na1 rid+ ?r\gh ! air1 h[ev]1 c see _! di/ress4 ,he twi/s ,tr9av>ta r\nd1 =ces him d[n & da%es him to dea? aga9/ a /one4 ,z he does s1 ! /orm light5s1 ! w9d drops & ! c[h]ds & c[girls rega9 _! homes4 ,!re !y discov] a demon ly+ dead ) ,kri%na play+ on its *e/4 ,fill$ ) relief1 ,yasoda picks him up & hugs him to h] brea/4 ,vasudeva n[ in/ructs 8 family prie/1 ,g>ga ! sage1 to g to ,gokula1 meet ,n&a & give ,kri%na & ,bal>ama prop] names4 ,roh9i1 he po9ts out1 has _h a son1 ,bal>ama1 & ,n&a has also _h a son1 ,kri%na4 ,x is "t t ea* %\ld be =mally nam$4 ,! sage is delight$ to receive ! commission & on arriv+ is w>mly welcom$4 ,he decl9es1 h[ev]1 to ann\nce ! *ildr5's names 9 public1 fe>+ t 8 connection ) ,vasudeva w cause ,raja ,kansa to connect ,kri%na ) ! eigh? *ild--8 fat$ enemy4 ,n&a accord+ly takes him inside 8 h\se & !re ! sage names ! two *ildr54 ,bal>ama is giv5 sev5 names1 b ,kri%na's names1 he decl>es1 are numb]less4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ,kri%na 0 once born 9 ,vasudeva's h\se1 he is call$ ,vasudeva4 ,z to _! qualities1 ! sage goes on1 bo? are gods4 ,x is impossible to und]/& _! /ate1 b hav+ kill$ ,kansa1 !y w remove ! burd5s ( ! _w4 ,he !n goes sil5tly away4 ,?is is ! fir/ "t t ,n&a & ,yasoda are told ! true facts ( ,kri%na's bir?4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 make any comm5t & = ! "t be+ x is z if !y are /ill q ignorant ( ,kri%na's de/9y4 ,!y cont9ue to treat him z _! son & no h9t escapes !m ( 8 true id5tity4 ,mean:ile ,kri%na1 along ) ,roh9i's son1 ,bal>ama1 is gr[+ up z a baby4 ,he crawls ab\t ! c\rty>d1 lisps 8 words1 plays ) toys & pulls ! calves' tails1 ,yasoda & ,roh9i all ! "t %[]+ ^u him _! dot+ love4 ,:5 he c walk1 ,kri%na />ts to g ab\t ) o!r *ildr5 & !re !n ensues a s]ies ( naughty pranks4 ,8 fav\rite pa/ime is to raid ! h\ses ( ! c[girls1 pilf] _! cream & curds1 /eal butt] & upset milk pails4 ,:51 z sometimes happ5s1 ! butt] is hung f ! ro(1 !y pile up "s ( ! h\sehold furniture4 ,"o ( ! boys !n m\nts ^u x1 ano!r climbs on 8 %\ld]s1 & 9 ?is way gets ! butt] d[n4#af ,z ! pilf]+ increases1 ! m>ri$ c[girls le>n t ,kri%na is ! r+lead] & contrive "o day to cat* him 9 ! act4 ',y little ?ief1' !y say1 ',at la/ we've caught y4 ,s x's y :o took our butt] & curds4 ,y won't escape u n[4' ,& tak+ him by ! h& !y m>* him to ,yasoda4 ,kri%na1 h[ev]1 is n to be outwitt$4 ,employ+ 8 sup]natural p[]s1 he sub/itutes ! c[girls' own sons = himself & :ile !y g to ,yasoda1 himself slips (f & jo9s 8 playmates 9 ! fields4 ,:5 ! c[girls rea* ,yasoda1 !y compla9 ( ,kri%na's !fts & tell h] t at la/ !y h caught him & "h he is4 ,yasoda answ]s1 ',b ?is is n ,kri%na4 ,^! are y\r own sons4' ,! c[girls look at ! *ildr51 discov] ! trick1 are cov]$ 9 confusion & bur/ out laugh+4 ,yasoda !n s5ds = ,kri%na & =bids him to /eal f o!r p's h\ses4 ,kri%na pret5ds to be highly indignant4 ,he calls ! c[girls li>s & accuses !m ( always mak+ him d _! "w4 ,if he is n hav+ to hold a milk pail or a calf1 he says1 he is do+ a h\sehold *ore or ev5 keep+ wat* = !m :ile !y neglect _! "w & gossip4 ,! c[girls li/5 9 a/oni%m5t & g away4 ,ano!r day ,kri%na is play+ 9 a c\rty>d & takes x into 8 head to eat "s dirt4 ,yasoda is told ( x & 9 a fit ( ang] runs t[>ds him ) a /ick4 ',:y are y eat+ mud8' %e cries4 ',:at mud8' says ,kri%na4 ',! mud "o ( y\r fri5ds has j told me y h eat54 ,if y hav5't eat5 x1 op5 y\r m\?4' ,kri%na op5s x & look+ inside1 ,yasoda sees ! ?ree worlds4 ,9 a mom5t ( p]ception1 %e realizes t ,kri%na is ,god4 ',:at am ,i do+ 9 look+ ^u ! ,"l ( ! ?ree worlds z my son8' %e cries4 ,!n ! vision fades & %e picks up ,kri%na & kisses him4 ,ano!r day1 ,yasoda asks ! m>ri$ c[girls to assi/ h] 9 *urn+ milk4 ,!y clean ! h\se1 set up a l>ge vessel1 prep>e ! *urn+ /aff & /r+1 & />t to *urn4 ,kri%na is awak5$ by ! noise & f9d+ no "o ab\t comes cry+ to ,yasoda4 ',i am hungry1 "m1' he says4 ',:y h y n giv5 me any?+ to eat8' ,& 9 a fit ( petulance he />ts to ?r[ ! butt] ab\t & kick ov] ! pit*]s4 ,yasoda tells him n to be s naughty1 sits him on h] lap & gives him "s milk4 ,:ile %e is do+ ?is1 a c[girl tells h] t ! milk has boil$ ov] & ,yasoda jumps up leav+ ,kri%na alone4 ,:ile %e is away he breaks ! pots1 scatt]s ! curds1 makes a mess ( all ! rooms &1 tak+ a pot full ( butt]1 runs away ) x into ! fields4 ,!re he seats himself on an upturn$ mort>1 assembles ! o!r boys & va/ly pleas$ ) himself1 laugh+ly %>es ! butt] out4 ,:5 ,yasoda returns & sees ! mess1 %e seizes a /ick & goes to look = ,kri%na4 ,%e _c f9d x 9 h] he>t1 h[ev]1 to be angry = long & :5 ,kri%na says1 ',"m1 let me g4 ,i did n d x1' %e laughs & ?r[s ! /ick away4 ,!n pret5d+ to be /ill v angry1 %e takes him home & ties him to a mort>4 ,a little lat] a great cra% is he>d4 ,two huge trees h fall5 & :5 ! c[h]ds hurry to ! spot1 !y f9d t ,kri%na has dragg$ ! mort> betwe5 ! trunks1 pull$ !m d[n & is quietly sitt+ betwe5 !m4#ag ,two y\?s--by "n ,nala & ,kuv>a--h be5 imprison$ 9 ! trees & ,kri%na's action has releas$ !m4 ,:5 %e sees t ,kri%na is safe1 ,yasoda unties him f ! mort> & hugs him to h]4 ,?is incid5t ( ! trees n[ =ces ,n&a to make a decision4 ,! v>i\s happ5+s h be5 pr(\ndly unn]v+ & he feels t x is no long] safe to /ay 9 ,gokula4 ,he decides !re=e to move a day's m>* f>!r on1 to cross ! riv] & settle 9 ! =e/s ( ,br9daban4 ,! c[h]ds accord+ly load up _! possessions on c>ts & ! move ensues4#ah ,! /ory n[ ent]s its second phase4 ,kri%na is no long] a mis*iev\s baby1 indulg+ 9 tantrums yet wr++ ! he>t ) 8 *ildi% antics4 ,he is n[ five ye>s old & ( an age to make himself useful4 ,he asks to be all[$ to graze ! calves4 ,at fir/ ,yasoda is unwill+4 ',we h got s _m s]vants1' %e says4 ',x is _! job to take ! calves out4 ,:y g y\rself8 ,y are ! protection ( my eye-lids & de>] to me ?an my eyes4' ,kri%na1 h[ev]1 insi/s & 9 ! end %e entru/s him & ,bal>ama to ! o!r "y c[h]ds1 tell+ !m on no acc\nt to leave !m alone 9 ! =e/1 b to br+ !m safely home4 ,h] words are1 9 fact1 only too necess>y1 = ,kansa1 ! tyrant k+1 is /ill 9 que/ ( ! *ild :o is to kill him4 ,8 demon m9ions are /ill on ! al]t1 attack+ any likely boy1 & z ,kri%na plays ) ! c[h]ds & t5ds ! calves1 he suff]s a fur!r s]ies ( attacks4 ,a c[ demon1 ,vatsasura1 tries to m+le ) ! h]d4 ,! calves s5se its pres5ce & z x sidles up1 ,kri%na seizes x by ! h9d leg1 :irls x r\nd 8 head & da%es x to dea?4 ,a crane demon1 ,bakasura1 !n approa*es4 ,! c[h]ds recognize x1 b :ile !y are wond]+ h[ to escape1 ! crane op5s its beak & engulfs ,kri%na4 ,kri%na1 h[ev]1 becomes s hot t ! crane _c reta9 him4 ,x lets him g4 ,kri%na !n te>s its beak 9 two1 r\nds up ! calves & tak+ ! c[h]d boys ) him1 returns home4 ,ano!r day ,kri%na is out 9 ! =e/ ) ! c[h]ds & ! calves1 :5 a snake demon1 ,ugrasura1 sucks !m into its m\?4 ,kri%na exp&s 8 body to su* an ext5t t ! snake bur/s4 ,! calves & c[h]d *ildr5 come tumbl+ out & all praise ,kri%na = sav+ !m4 ,on ! way back1 ,kri%na sugge/s t !y %\ld h a picnic & *oos+ a great kadam tree1 !y sweep ! place clean1 set out _! food & proce$ to enjoy x4 ,z !y eat1 ! gods look d[n1 not+ h[ h&some ! "y ,kri%na has gr[n4 ,among ! gods is ,brahma1 :o decides to tease ,kri%na by hid+ ! calves :ile ! c[h]d *ildr5 are eat+4#ai ,he takes !m to a cave & :5 ,kri%na goes 9 se>* ( !m1 hides ! c[h]d *ildr5 z well4 ,kri%na1 h[ev]1 is n to be det]r$4 ,creat+ duplicates ( e calf & boy he br+s !m home4 ,no "o detects t any?+ is wrong & = a ye> !y live z if no?+ has happ5$4 ,brahma has mean:ile sunk himself 9 m$itation1 b sudd5ly recalls 8 prank & hurries out to set matt]s "r4 ,he is a/oni%$ to f9d ! orig9al calves & *ildr5 /ill sleep+ 9 ! cave1 :ile _! c\nt]p>ts roam ! =e/4 ,he humbly wor%ips ,kri%na1 re/ores ! orig9al calves & *ildr5 & returns to 8 abode4 ,:5 ! c[h]d *ildr5 awake1 ,kri%na %[s !m ! calves4 ,no "o realizes :at has happ5$4 ,! picnic cont9ues & laugh+ & play+ !y g home4 ,we n[ ent] ! ?ird phase ( ,kri%na's *ildhood4 ,he is eight ye>s old & is !re=e compet5t to graze n m]ely ! calves b ! c[s z well4#bj ,n&a accord+ly p]=ms ! necess>y ritual & ,kri%na goes ) ! c[h]ds to ! =e/4 ,an idyllic phase 9 ,kri%na's life n[ />ts4 ',at ?is "t ,kri%na & ,bal>ama1 accompani$ by ! c[-boys1 trav]s$ ! =e/s1 t e*o$ ) ! hum ( bees & ! peacock's cry4 ,sometimes !y sang 9 *orus or danc$ toge!r2 sometimes !y s\ght %elt] f ! cold b5ea? ! trees2 sometimes !y decorat$ !mselves ) fl[]y g>l&s1 sometimes ) peacocks' fea!rs2 sometimes !y /a9$ !mselves ( v>i\s hues ) ! m9]als ( ! m\nta92 sometimes we>y !y repos$ on b$s ( leaves1 & sometimes imitat$ 9 mir? ! mutt]+ ( ! ?und]cl\d2 sometimes !y excit$ _! juv5ile associates to s+1 & sometimes !y mimick$ ! cry ( ! peacock ) _! pipes4 ,9 ?is mann] p>ticipat+ 9 v>i\s feel+s & emotions1 & affectionately atta*$ to ea* o!r1 !y w&]$1 sport+ & happy1 ?r\gh ! wood4 ,at ev5+tide came ,kri%na & ,bal>ama1 l to c[boys1 along ) ! c[s & ! c[h]ds4 ,at ev5+tide ! two immortals1 hav+ come to ! c[-p5s1 jo9$ he>tily 9 :atev] sports amus$ ! sons ( ! h]dsm54'#ba ,"o day z !y are graz+ ! c[s1 !y play a game4 ,kri%na divides ! c[s & c[h]ds into two sides & collect+ fl[]s & fruits pret5ds t !y are weapons4 ,!y !n /age a mock battle1 pelt+ ea* o!r ) ! fruits4 ,a little lat] ,bal>ama takes !m to a grove ( palm trees4 ,! ass demon1 ,dh5uka1 gu>ds x4 ,bal>ama1 h[ev]1 seizes x by its h9d legs1 twi/s x r\nd & hurls x into a high tree4 ,f ! tree ! demon falls d[n dead4 ,:5 ,dh5uka's companion asses ha/5 to ! spot1 ,kri%na kills !m also4 ,! c[h]ds !n pick ! coconuts to _! he>ts' cont5t1 fill a quantity ( baskets & hav+ graz$ ! c[s1 g /roll+ home4 ,! next morn+ ,kri%na rises e>ly1 calls ! c[h]ds & takes ! c[s to ! =e/4 ,z !y are graz+ !m by ! ,jumna1 !y rea* a dang]\s :irlpool4 ,9 ?is :irlpool lives ! giant snake1 ,kaliya1 ^: poison has bef\l$ ! wat]1 curdl+ x into a great fro?4 ,! c[h]ds & ! cattle dr9k "s ( x1 are tak5 ill1 b revive at ,kri%na's glance4 ,!y !n play ball4 ,a solit>y kadam tree is on ! bank4 ,kri%na climbs x & a c[h]d ?r[s ! ball up to him4 ,! ball goes into ! wat] & ,kri%na1 ?9k+ ?is ! mom5t = quell+ ! great snake1 plunges 9 aft] x4 ,kaliya detects t an intrud] has ent]$ ! pool1 beg9s to sp\t poison & fire & encircles ,kri%na 9 its coils4 ,9 _! al>m ! c[h]ds s5d ^w to ,n&a & along ) ,yasoda1 ,roh9i & ! o!r c[girls1 he ha/5s to ! sc5e4 ,kri%na c no long] be se5 & 9 h] agitation ,yasoda is ab\t to ?r[ h]self 94 ,kri%na1 h[ev]1 is m]ely play+ ) ! snake4 ,9 a mom5t he exp&s 8 body1 jumps f ! coils & beg9s to dance on ! snake's heads4 ',hav+ ! weight ( ?ree worlds1' ! ,purana says1 ',kri%na 0 v heavy4' ,! snake fails to su/a9 ?is danc+ burd51 its heads droop & blood fl[s f its tongues4 ,x is ab\t to die :5 ! snake-que5s b[ at ,kri%na's feet & implore 8 m]cy4 ,kri%na rel5ts1 sp>es ! snake's life b bani%es x to a di/ant isl&4#bb ,he !n leaves ! riv]1 b ! exhau/ion ( ! c[h]ds & c[girls is s great t !y decide to /ay 9 ! =e/ = ! night & return to ,br9daban next morn+4 ,_! trials1 h[ev]1 are f> f ov]4 ,at midnight !re is a heavy /orm & a huge conflagration4 ,sc>let flames leap up1 d5se smoke engulfs ! =e/ & _m cattle are burnt alive4 ,f9d+ !mselves 9 great dang]1 ,n&a1 ,yasoda & ! c[h]ds call on ,kri%na to save !m4 ,kri%na quietly rises up1 sucks ! fire into 8 m\? & ends ! blaze4 ,! hot wea!r n[ comes4 ,trees are heavy ) blossom1 peacocks /rut 9 ! glades & a g5]al le?>gy seizes ! c[h]ds4 ,"o day ,kri%na & 8 fri5ds are out ) ! cattle :5 ,pralamba1 a demon 9 human =m1 comes to jo9 !m4 ,kri%na w>ns ,bal>ama ( ! demon's pres5ce & tells him to await an opportunity to kill him4 ,he !n divides ! c[h]ds into two gr\ps & />ts !m on ! game ( guess+ fruits & fl[]s4 ,kri%na's side loses & z a p5alty !y h to run a c]ta9 di/ance c>ry+ ,bal>ama's side on _! %\ld]s4 ,pralamba c>ries ,bal>ama4 ,he runs s fa/ t he quickly out/rips ! o!rs4 ,z he rea*es ! =e/1 he *anges size1 becom+ 'l>ge z a black hill4' ,he is ab\t to kill ,bal>ama :5 ,bal>ama himself ra9s bl[s ^u him & kills him in/ead4#bc ,:ile ?is is happ5+1 ! c[s get lo/1 ano!r =e/ fire ensues & ,kri%na has once aga9 to int]v5e4 ,he ext+ui%es ! fire1 rega9s ! cattle & escorts ! c[h]ds to _! homes4#bd ,:5 ! o!rs he> :at has happ5$1 !y are fill$ ) wond] 'b obta9 no clue to ! actions ( ,kri%na4' ,dur+ all ?is "t1 ,kri%na z 'son' ( ! weal?ie/ & mo/ influ5tial c[h]d1 ,n&a1 has be5 readily accept$ by ! c[h]d *ildr5 z _! natural lead]4 ,8 lack ( fe>1 8 brav]y 9 cop+ ) demons1 8 res\rcefulness 9 extricat+ ! c[h]ds f awkw>d situations1 8 complete self-confid5ce & f9ally 8 pr9cely be>+ h reveal$ him z someone altoge!r above ! ord9>y4 ,f "t to "t he has disclos$ 8 true nature z ,vi%nu b almo/ imm$iately has ex]cis$ 8 'illusory' p[] & prev5t$ ! c[h]ds f rememb]+ x4 ,he has consequ5tly liv$ among !m z ,god b _! love & admiration are /ill = him z a boy4 ,x is at ?is po9t t ! ,purana n[ moves to :at is p]haps its mo/ significant phase--a description ( ,kri%na's effects on ! c[girls4 ,footnote #aa3 ,note #g4 ,footnote #ab3 ,magadha--a region correspond+ to pres5t-day ,s\? ,bih>4 ,footnote #ac3 ,plate #c4 ,footnote #ad3 ,note #h4 ,footnote #ae3 ,note #i4 ,footnote #af3 ,plate #d4 ,footnote #ag3 ,plate #e4 ,footnote #ah3 ,plate #f4 ,9 ! ,h>ivansa1 ! cause ( ! migration is giv5 z a dang]\s influx ( wolves4 ,footnote #ai3 ,note #aj4 ,footnote #bj3 ,plate #g4 ,footnote #ba3 ,note #g4 ,footnote #bb3 ,plate #h4 ,footnote #bc3 ,plate #i4 ,footnote #bd3 ,plate #aj4 7ii7 ,! ,loves ( ! ,c[girls ,we h se5 h[ dur+ 8 infancy ,kri%na's pranks h already made him ! d>l+ ( ! wom54 ,z he gr[s up1 he acquires a m adult *>m4 ,9 ye>s he is /ill a boy b we are sudd5ly confront$ ) :at is to prove ! v he>t ( ! /ory--8 romances ) ! c[girls4 ,al?\gh all ( !m are m>ri$1 ! c[girls f9d 8 pres5ce irresi/ible & despite ! w>n+s ( morality & ! exi/5ce ( _! husb&s1 ea* falls utt]ly 9 love ) him4 ,z ,kri%na w&]s 9 ! =e/1 ! c[girls c talk ( no?+ b 8 *>ms4 ,!y d _! "w b _! ?\ghts are on him4 ,!y /ay at home b all ! "t ea* is fill$ ) desp]ate long+4 ,"o day ,kri%na plays on 8 flute 9 ! =e/4 ,play+ ! flute is ! c[h]ds' special art & ,kri%na has1 !re=e1 le>nt x 9 8 *ildhood4 ,b1 z 9 ev]y?+ else1 8 skill is q exceptional & ,kri%na's play+ has ?us a beauty all its own4 ,f :]e !y are work+ ! c[girls he> x & at once are plung$ 9 agitation4 ,!y ga!r on ! road & say to ea* o!r1 ',kri%na is danc+ & s++ 9 ! =e/ & w n be home till ev5+4 ,only !n %all we see him & be happy4' ,"o c[girl says1 ',t happy flute to be play$ on by ,kri%na6 ,little wond] t hav+ drunk ! nect> ( 8 lips ! flute %\ld trill l ! cl\ds4 ,alas6 ,kri%na's flute is de>] to him ?an we are = he keeps x ) him night & day4 ,! flute is our rival4 ,nev] is ,kri%na p>t$ f x4' ,a second c[girl speaks4 ',x is because ! flute cont9ually ?\ght ( ,kri%na t x ga9$ ?is bliss4' ,& a ?ird says1 ',oh6 :y has ,kri%na n made u into flutes t we might /ay ) him day & night8' ,! situation 9 fact has *ang$ ov]night = f> f m]ely appeal+ to ! c[girls' mat]nal in/9cts1 ,kri%na is n[ ! d>l+ object ( _! mo/ int5se passion4 ,fac$ ) ?is situation1 ! c[girls discuss h[ be/ to ga9 ,kri%na z _! lov]4 ,!y recall t ba?+ 9 ! e>ly w9t] is believ$ to wipe out s9 & fulfil ! he>t's desires4 ,!y accord+ly g to ! riv] ,jumna1 ba! 9 its wat]s & aft] mak+ clay images ( ,p>vati1 ,siva's consort1 pray to h] to make ,kri%na !irs4 ,!y g on do+ ?is = _m days4 ,"o day !y *oose a "p ( ! riv] :]e !re is a /eep bank4 ,tak+ (f _! clo!s !y leave !m on ! grass v]ge1 ent] ! wat] & swim ar\nd call+ out _! love = ,kri%na4 ,unkn[n to !m1 ,kri%na is 9 ! vic9ity & is graz+ ! c[s4 ,he /eals quietly up1 sees !m 9 ! riv]1 makes _! clo!s into a bundle & !n climbs up ) x into a tree4 ,:5 ! c[girls come out ( ! wat]1 !y _c f9d _! clo!s until at la/ "o ( !m spies ,kri%na sitt+ 9 ! tree4 ,! c[girls hurri$ly squat d[n 9 ! wat] entreat+ ,kri%na to return _! clo!s4 ,kri%na1 h[ev]1 tells !m to come up out ( ! wat] & ask him "o by "o4 ,! c[girls say1 ',b ?is w make u nak$4 ,y are mak+ an end ( our fri5d%ip4' ,kri%na says1 ',!n y %all n h y\r clo!s back4' ,! c[girls answ]1 ',:y d y treat u s8 ,x is only = y t we h ba!d all ^! days4' ,kri%na answ]s1 ',if t is really s1 !n d n be ba%ful or deceive me4 ,come & take y\r clo!s4' ,f9d+ no alt]native1 ! c[girls argue among/ !mselves t s9ce ,kri%na already kn[s ! secrets ( _! m9ds & bodies1 !re is no po9t 9 be+ a%am$ be=e him1 & !y come up out ( ! wat] %ield+ _! nak$ness ) _! h&s4#be ,kri%na tells !m to raise _! h&s & !n he w return _! clo!s4 ,! c[girls d s begg+ him n to make fun ( !m & to give !m at lea/ some?+ 9 return4 ,kri%na n[ h&s ! clo!s back giv+ z excuse = 8 conduct ! foll[+ some:at speci\s reason4 ',i 0 only giv+ y a lesson1' he says4 ',! god ,v>una lives 9 wat]1 s if anyone goes nak$ into x he loses 8 "*4 ,?is 0 a secret1 b n[ y "k x4' ,!n he rel5ts4 ',i h told y ?is because ( y\r love4 ,g home n[ b come back 9 ! e>ly autumn & we w dance toge!r4' ,he>+ ?is ! c[girls put on _! clo!s & wild ) love return to _! village4 ,at ?is po9t ! c[girls' love = ,kri%na is cle>ly physical4 ,al?\gh precoci\s 9 8 h&l+ ( ! situation1 ,kri%na is /ill ! ri* h]dsman's h&some son & x is z ?is r ?an z ,god t !y reg>d him4 ,yet ! position is nev] :olly free f d\bt = 9 lov+ ,kri%na z a y\?1 x is z if !y are f "t to "t aw>e ( ador+ him z ,god4 ,no precise id5tifications are made & yet s /rong are _! passions t seem+ly only ,god himself c\ld evoke !m4 ,& al?\gh no def9ite explanation is (f]$1 x is p]haps ?is same idea :i* und]lies ! foll[+ incid5t4 ,"o day ,kri%na is 9 ! =e/ :5 8 c[h]d companions compla9 ( feel+ hungry4 ,kri%na obs]ves smoke ris+ f ! direction ( ,ma?ura & inf]s t ! ,brahmans are cook+ food prep>atory to mak+ sacrifice4 ,he asks ! c[h]ds to tell !m t ,kri%na is hungry & w\ld l "s ( ?is food4 ,! ,brahmans ( ,ma?ura angrily spurn ! reque/1 say+ ',:o b a l[ c[h]d w\ld ask = food 9 ! mid/ ( a sacrifice8' ',g & ask _! wives1' ,kri%na says1 '= be+ k9d & virtu\s !y w surely give y "s4' ,kri%na's p[] ) wom5 is !n demon/rat$ once m4 ,8 fame z a /eal] ( he>ts has prec$$ him & ! c[h]ds h only to m5tion 8 "n = ! wives ( ! ,brahmans to run to s]ve him4 ,!y br+ out gold di%es1 load !m ) food1 bru% _! husb&s aside & hurry to ! =e/4 ,"o husb& /ops 8 wife1 b r ?an be left beh9d ! woman leaves h] body & rea*es ,kri%na be=e ! o!rs4 ,:5 ! wom5 arrive !y m>vel at ,kri%na's beauty4 ',he is ,n&a's son1' !y say4 ',we he>d 8 "n & ev]y?+ else 0 driv5 f our m9ds4 ,let u gaze on ?is d>l+ object ( our lives4 ,o ,kri%na1 x is due to y t we h se5 y & ?us got rid ( all our s9s4 ,^? /upid ,brahmans1 our husb&s1 mi/ook y = a m]e man4 ,b y are ,god4 ,z ,god !y (f] to y pray]s1 p5ance1 sacrifice & love4 ,h[ !n c !y d5y y food8' ,kri%na replies t !y %\ld n wor%ip him = he is only ! *ild ( ! c[h]d1 ,n&a4 ,he 0 hungry & !y took pity on him1 & he only regrets t be+ f> f home he _c return _! hospitality4 ,!y mu/ n[ g home z _! pres5ce is ne$$ = ! sacrifices & _! husb&s mu/ /ill be wait+4 ,s cool an answ] dismays ! wom5 & !y say1 ',great k+1 we lov$ y\r lotus-l face4 ,we came to y despite our families4 ,!y tri$ to /op u b we ignor$ !m4 ,if !y d n take u back1 :]e %all we g8 ,& "o ( u1 prev5t$ by h] husb&1 gave h] life r ?an n see y4' ,at ?is ,kri%na smiles1 reveals ! woman & says1 ',:oev] loves ,god nev] dies4 ,%e 0 "h be=e y4' ,kri%na !n eats ! food & assur+ !m t _! husb&s w say no?+1 s5ds !m back to ,ma?ura4 ,:5 !y arrive1 !y f9d ! ,brahmans *a/5$ & contrite--curs+ _! folly 9 hav+ fail$ to recognize ,kri%na z ,god & envi\s ( _! wives = hav+ se5 him & giv5 him food4 ,hav+ humbl$ ! ,brahmans1 ,kri%na n[ turns to ! gods1 *oos+ ,indra1 _! *ief1 = attack4 ,! mom5t is 8 annual wor%ip :5 ! c[h]ds (f] sweets1 rice1 saffron1 s&al & inc5se4 ,see+ !m busy1 ,kri%na asks ,n&a :at is ! po9t ( all _! prep>ations4 ,:at good c ,indra really d8 he asks4 ,he is only a god1 n ,god himself4 ,he is (t5 wor/$ by demons & abjectly put to flight4 ,9 fact he has no p[] at all4 ,m5 prosp] because ( _! virtues or _! fates1 n because ( ,indra4 ,z c[h]ds1 _! bus9ess is to c>ry on agriculture & trade & to t5d c[s & ,brahmans4 ,_! e>lie/ books1 ! ,v$as1 require !m n to ab&on _! family cu/oms & ,kri%na !n cites z an anci5t practice ! cu/om ( placat+ ! spirits ( ! =e/s & hills4 ,?is cu/om1 he says1 !y h wrongly sup]s$$ 9 fav\r ( ,indra & !y mu/ n[ revive x4 ,n&a sees ! =ce ( ,kri%na's rem>ks & holds a meet+4 ',d n bru% aside 8 words z ^? ( a m]e boy1' he says4 ',if we face ! facts1 we h really no?+ to d ) ! rul] ( ! gods4 ,x is on ! =e/s1 riv]s & ! great hill1 ,gov>dhana1 t we really dep5d4' ,! c[h]ds applaud ?is advice1 resolve to ab&on ! gods & 9 _! place to wor%ip ! m\nta91 ,gov>dhana4 ,! wor%ip ( ! hill is !n p]=m$4 ,kri%na advises ! c[h]ds to %ut _! eyes & ! _s ( ! hill w !n %[ itself4 ,he !n assumes ! _s's =m himself1 tell+ ,n&a & ! c[h]ds t 9 response to _! wor%ip ! m\nta9 _s has appe>$4 ,! c[h]ds' eyes are easily deceiv$4 ,behold+1 z !y ?9k1 ,gov>dhana himself1 !y make (f]+s & g rejoic+ home4 ,su* an act ( defiance greatly enrages ,indra & he assembles all ! gods4 ,he =gets t e>li] 9 ! /ory x 0 ! gods !mselves :o begg$ ,vi%nu to be born on e>? & t _m ( _! numb] h ev5 tak5 bir? z c[h]ds & c[girls 9 ord] to delight 9 ,kri%na z 8 inc>nation4 ,in/ead he sees ,kri%na z 'a great talk]1 a silly un9tellig5t *ild & v pr\d4' ,he sc(fs at ! c[h]ds = reg>d+ ,kri%na z a god1 & 9 ord] to re9/ate himself he ord]s ! cl\ds to ra9 d[n torr5ts4 ,! c[h]ds1 fac$ ) floods on e side1 appeal to ,kri%na4 ,kri%na1 h[ev]1 is fully alive to ! position4 ,he calms _! fe>s & rais+ ! hill ,gov>dhana1 supports x on 8 little f+]4#bf ,! c[h]ds & cattle take %elt] "u x & al?\gh ,indra himself comes & p\rs d[n ra9 = sev5 days1 ,braj & its inhabitants /ay dry4 ,indra is compell$ to admit t ,vi%nu has inde$ desc5d$ 9 ! =m ( ,kri%na & retires to 8 abode4 ,kri%na !n sets ! hill d[n 9 its =m] place4 ,foll[+ ?is discomfiture1 ,indra comes d[n f ! sky accompani$ by 8 :ite elephant & by ,surabhi1 ! c[ ( pl5ty4 ,he (f]s 8 submission to ,kri%na1 is p>don$ & returns4 ,all ^! ev5ts br+ to a head ! problem :i* has be5 ex]cis+ ! c[h]ds = long--:o & :at is ,kri%na8 ,obvi\sly no simple boy c\ld lift ! m\nta9 on 8 f+]4 ,he mu/ cle>ly be someone mu* great] & !y conclude t ,kri%na c only be ,vi%nu himself4 ,!y accord+ly besee* him to %[ !m ! p>adise ( ,vi%nu4 ,kri%na agrees1 creates a p>adise & %[s x to !m4 ,! c[h]ds see x & praise 8 "n4 ,yet x is "p ( ! /ory t ^! fla%es ( insight %\ld be evanesc5t--t hav+ realiz$ "o in/ant t ,kri%na is ,god1 ! c[h]ds %\ld reg>d him ! next in/ant z "o ( !mselves4 ,hav+ reveal$ 8 true nature1 !re=e1 ,kri%na becomes a c[h]d once aga9 & is accept$ by ! c[h]ds z be+ only t4 ,"o fur!r incid5t mu/ be record$4 ,9 compliance ) a v[1 ,n&a assembles ! c[h]ds & c[girls & goes to ! %r9e ( ,devi1 ! ,e>? ,"m1 to celebrate ,kri%na's twelf? bir?day4 ,!re !y make lavi% (f]+s ( milk1 curds & butt] & ?ank ! goddess = protect+ ,kri%na = s long4 ,night comes on & !y camp ne> ! %r9e4 ,z ,n&a is sleep+1 a huge py?on beg9s to swall[ 8 foot4#bg ,n&a calls to ,kri%na1 :o ha/5s to 8 rescue4 ,logs are tak5 f a fire1 b z soon z ! snake is t\*$ by ,kri%na1 a h&some "y man em]ges & /&s be=e him ) fold$ h&s4 ,he expla9s t he 0 once ! cele/ial danc]1 ,sud>sana :o 9 excess ( pride drove 8 *>iot backw>ds & =w>ds a hundr$ times ov] ! place :]e a holy man 0 m$itat+4 ,z a consequ5ce he 0 curs$ & told to become a py?on until ,kri%na came & releas$ him4 ,to attract ,kri%na's att5tion he has seiz$ ! foot ( ,n&a4 ,kri%na bids him g &1 asc5d+ 8 *>iot1 ,sud>sana returns to ! gods4 ,! ,purana n[ returns to ,kri%na's enc\nt]s ) ! c[girls1 _! passionate long+s & ard5t desire to h him z _! lov]4 ,s9ce ! incid5t at ! riv]1 !y h be5 wait+ = him to keep 8 promise4 ,kri%na1 h[ev]1 has appe>$ bl&ly indiff]5t--go+ to ! =e/1 play+ ) ! c[h]ds b coldly ignor+ ! c[girls !mselves4 ,:5 autumn comes1 h[ev]1 ! beauty ( ! nights /irs 8 feel+s4 ,belat$ly he recalls 8 promise & decides to fulfil x4 ,t night 8 flute s\nds 9 ! =e/1 its notes rea*+ ! e>s ( ! c[girls & ?rill+ !m to ! core4 ,l girls 9 tribal ,india today1 !y "k x is a call to love4 ,!y put on new clo!s1 bru% aside _! husb&s1 ignore ! o!r memb]s ( _! families & hurry to ! =e/4 ,z !y arrive1 ,kri%na /&s sup]bly be=e !m4 ,he we>s a cr[n ( peacocks' fea!rs & a yell[ dhoti & 8 blue-black sk9 %9es 9 ! moonlight4 ,z ! c[girls ?rong to see him1 he twits !m on _! conduct4 ,are !y n fright5$ at com+ into ! d>k =e/8 ,:at are !y do+ ab&on+ _! families8 ,is n su* wild behavi\r q unbefitt+ m>ri$ girls8 ,%\ld n a m>ri$ girl obey h] husb& 9 all ?+s & nev] = a mom5t leave him8 ,hav+ enjoy$ ! deep =e/ & ! moonlight1 let !m return at once & soo! _! injur$ sp\ses4 ,! c[girls are /unn$ to he> su* words1 hang _! heads1 sigh & dig _! toes into ! gr\nd4 ,!y beg9 to weep & at la/ turn on ,kri%na1 say+ ',oh6 :y h y deceiv$ u s8 ,x 0 y\r flute t made u come4 ,we h left our husb&s = y4 ,we live = y\r love4 ,:]e are we to g8' ',if y really love me1' ,kri%na answ]s ',dance & s+ ) me4' ,8 words fill ! c[girls ) delight & surr\nd+ ,kri%na 'l gold5 creep]s gr[+ on a d>k-col\r$ hill1' !y g ) him to ! banks ( ! ,jumna4 ,"h ,kri%na has conjur$ up a gold5 circul> t]race ornam5t$ ) pe>ls & diamonds & cool$ by spr\t+ planta9s4 ,! moon p\rs d[n1 saturat+ ! =e/4 ,! c[girls' joy increases4 ,!y beautify _! bodies & !n1 wild ) love1 jo9 ) ,kri%na 9 s++ & danc+4 ,mode/y des]ts !m & !y d :atev] pleases !m1 reg>d+ ,kri%na z _! lov]4 ,z ! night goes on1 ,kri%na 'appe>s z beautiful z ! moon amid/ ! />s4' ,z ! c[girls' ec/asies proce$1 ,kri%na feels t !y are fa/ exce$+ !mselves4 ,!y ?9k t he is 9 _! p[] & are already swell+ ) pride4 ,he decides !re=e to leave !m sudd5ly1 & tak+ a s+le girl ) him vani%es f ! dance4#bh ,:5 !y f9d him gone1 ! c[girls are at a loss to "k :at to d4 ',only a mom5t ago1' "o ( !m says1 ',kri%na's arms 7 ab\t my neck1 & n[ he has gone4' ,!y beg9 to comb ! =e/1 anxi\sly ask+ ! trees1 birds & animals1 = news4 ,z !y g1 !y recall ,kri%na's _m w9n+ ways1 8 sweetnesses ( "*1 8 he>t-provok+ *>ms & beg9 to mimic 8 acts--! slay+ ( ,putana1 ! quell+ ( ,kaliya1 ! lift+ ( ! hill ,gov>dhana4 ,"o girl imitates ,kri%na danc+ & ano!r ,kri%na play+4 ,9 all ^! ways !y /rive to evoke 8 passionately-desir$ pres5ce4 ,at l5g? !y discov] ,kri%na's footpr9ts & a little f>!r on ^? ( a woman beside !m4 ,!y foll[ ! trail :i* leads !m to a b$ ( leaves & on ! leaves !y f9d a look+-glass4 ',:at 0 ,kri%na do+ ) ?is8' !y ask4 ',he mu/ h tak5 x ) him1' a c[girl answ]s1 's t :ile he braid$ 8 d>l+'s hair1 %e c\ld /ill p]ceive 8 lovely =m4' ,& burn+ ) love1 !y cont9ue look+4 ,:ile !y are se>*+1 ! p>ticul> c[girl :o has gone ) ,kri%na is tempt$ to take lib]ties4 ,?9k+ ,kri%na is h] slave1 %e compla9s ( feel+ tir$ & asks him to c>ry h] on 8 %\ld]s4 ,kri%na smiles1 sits d[n & asks h] to m\nt4 ,b z %e puts out h] h&s1 he vani%es & %e rema9s /&+ ) h&s out/ret*$4#bi ,te>s /ream f h] eyes4 ,%e is fill$ ) bitt] grief & cries ',o ,kri%na6 be/ ( lov]s1 :]e h y gone8 ,take pity4' ,z %e is bemoan+ h] fate1 h] companions arrive4#cj ,!y put _! arms ar\nd h]1 com=t h] z be/ !y c1 & !n1 tak+ h] ) !m1 cont9ue ?r\gh ! moonlight _! va9 & angui%$ se>*4 ,kri%na /ill evades !m & !y return to ! t]race :]e ! night's danc+ _h begun4 ,!re !y once aga9 implore ,kri%na to h pity1 decl>+ t !re is none l him 9 *>m1 t he is endlessly fasc9at+ & t 9 all ( !m he has ar\s$ extremities ( passionate love4 ,b ! night is empty1 _! cries g unansw]$1 & moan+ = ! ,kri%na !y adore1 !y toss & wri! on ! gr\nd4 ,at la/1 ,kri%na rel5ts4 ,he /&s among !m & see+ him1 _! c>es vani% 'z creep]s revive :5 spr9kl$ ) ! wat] ( life4' ,"s ( ! c[girls h>dly d>e to be angry b o!rs upbraid him = s brusquely des]t+ !m4 ,to all1 ,kri%na gives ! same answ]4 ,he is n to be judg$ by ord9>y /&>ds4 ,he is a con/ant fulfill] ( desire4 ,x 0 to te/ ! /r5g? ( _! love t he left !m 9 ! =e/4 ,!y h surviv$ ?is /r+5t te/ & conv9c$ him ( _! love4 ,! girls are 9 no mood to qu]y 8 explanation & 'unit+ ) him' !y ov]:elm him ) frantic c>esses4 ,kri%na n[ uses 8 'delusive p[]' 9 ord] to provide ea* girl ) a semblance ( himself4 ,he asks !m to dance & !n projects a :ole s]ies ( ,kri%nas4 ',! c[girls 9 pairs jo9$ h&s & ,kri%na 0 9 _! mid/4 ,ea* ?\ght he 0 at h] side & did n recognize him ne> anyone else4 ,!y put _! f+]s 9 8 f+]s & :irl$ ab\t ) raptur\s delight4 ,kri%na 9 _! mid/ 0 l a lovely cl\d surr\nd$ by lightn+4 ,s++1 danc+1 embrac+ & lov+1 !y pass$ ! h\rs 9 extremities ( bliss4 ,!y took (f _! clo!s1 _! ornam5ts & jewels & (f]$ !m to ,kri%na4 ,! gods 9 heav5 gaz$ on ! sc5e & all ! goddesses long$ to jo94 ,! s++ m\nt$ 9 ! night air4 ,! w9ds 7 /ill$ & ! /reams ceas$ to fl[4 ,! />s 7 entranc$ & ! wat] ( life p\r$ d[n f ! great moon4 ,s ! night w5t on--on & on--& only :5 six mon?s 7 ov] did ! danc]s end _! joy4' ,z1 at la/1 ! dance concludes1 ,kri%na takes ! c[girls to ! ,jumna1 ba!s ) !m 9 ! wat]1 rids himself ( fatigue & !n aft] once aga9 gratify+ _! passions1 bids !m g home4 ,:5 !y rea* _! h\ses1 no "o is aw>e t !y h n be5 !re all ! "t4 ,footnote #be3 ,plate #aa4 ,footnote #bf3 ,plate #ab4 ,footnote #bg3 ,note #aa4 ,footnote #bh3 ,plate #ac4 ,footnote #bi3 ,plate #ad4 ,footnote #cj3 ,plate #ae4 7iii7 ,! ,dea? ( ! ,tyrant ,?is sc5e ) its cresc5dos ( excitem5t1 its delight 9 physical passion & ec/atic exploration ( sexual desire is1 9 _m ways1 ! climax ( ,kri%na's pa/oral c>e]4 ,x expresses ! devotion felt = him by ! c[girls4 ,x /resses 8 lov+ delight 9 _! company4 ,x sugge/s ! blissful "* ( ! ultimate union4 ,no fur!r revelation1 9 fact1 is necess>y = ?is is ! crux ( ,kri%na's life4 ,none ! less ! o/5sible reason = 8 bir? rema9s--to rid ! e>? ( ! vici\s tyrant ,kansa--& to ?is ! ,purana n[ returns4 ,we h se5 h[ 9 8 anxi\s que/ = ! *ild :o is to kill him1 ,kansa has dispat*$ 8 demon w>riors on rov+ commissions1 au?oriz+ !m to attack & kill all likely *ildr54 ,_m *ildr5 h 9 ?is way be5 slaught]$ b ,kansa is /ill unc]ta9 :e!r 8 prime purpose has be5 fulfill$4 ,he has no c]ta9 k t among ! dead *ildr5 is 8 dread$ enemy4 ,he is /ill unaw>e t ,kri%na is de/9$ to be 8 foe & he !re=e cont9ues ! hunt1 8 demon emiss>ies p\nc+ l comm&os on y\?ful /raggl]s & h\nd+ !m to _! dea?s4 ,among su* y\?s ,kri%na is /ill an obvi\s t>get & al?\gh unaw>e t ?is is ! true object ( _! que/1 demons cont9ue to h>ry him4 ,"o night ,kri%na & ,bal>ama are 9 ! =e/ ) ! c[girls :5 a yak%a demon1 ,sankhasura1 a jewel fla%+ 9 8 head1 comes among !m4 ,he drives ! c[girls (f b he>+ _! cries1 ,kri%na foll[s aft]4 ,bal>ama /ays ) ! girls :ile ,kri%na cat*es & beheads ! demon4 ,on ano!r occasion1 ,kri%na & ,bal>ama are return+ at ev5+ ) ! c[s :5 a bull demon c>e]s among/ !m4 ,he runs amok scatt]+ ! cattle 9 all directions4 ,kri%na1 h[ev]1 is n at all daunt$ & aft] wre/l+ ) ! bull1 cat*es its horns & breaks its neck4 ,to su* bl9d attacks !re is no imm$iate end4 ,"o day1 h[ev]1 a sage discloses to ,kansa ! true id5tity ( 8 enemy4 ,he tells him 9 :at mann] ,bal>ama & ,kri%na 7 born1 h[ ,bal>ama 0 transf]r$ f ,devaki's womb to t ( ,roh9i1 & h[ ,kri%na 0 transport$ to ,n&a's h\se 9 ,gokula4 ,kansa is n[ confront$ ) ! gha/ly tru?--h[ ,vasudeva's will+ness to surr5d] 8 fir/ six sons has lull$ 8 suspicions1 h[ 8 confid5ce 9 ,vasudeva has be5 entirely misplac$1 & h[ completely he has be5 deceiv$4 ,he s5ds = ,vasudeva & is on ! po9t ( kill+ him :5 ! sage int]poses1 advis+ ,kansa to imprison ,vasudeva = ! pres5t & mean:ile make an all-out attempt to kill or capture ,bal>ama & ,kri%na4 ,kansa sees ! =ce ( 8 rem>ks1 sp>es ,vasudeva = ! mom5t1 ?r[s him & ,devaki into jail & dispat*es a special demon1 ! horse ,kesi1 on a murd]\s err&4 ,z ! horse spe$s on its way1 ,kansa assembles 8 demon c\ncillors1 expla9s ! situation to !m & asks = _! advice4 ,if ,kri%na %\ld n be kill$ 9 ! =e/1 ! only alt]native1 ! demons sugge/1 is to decoy him to ,ma?ura4 ,let a h&some !atre be built1 a sacrifice to ,siva held & a special fe/ival ( arms proclaim$4 ,all ! c[h]ds w naturally come to see x4 ,n&a1 ! ri* h]dsman1 w br+ pres5ts1 ,kri%na & ,bal>ama w come ) o!r c[h]ds4 ,:5 !y h arriv$ ! wre/l] ,*anura c ?r[ !m d[n & kill !m4 ,kansa is delight$ at ! sugge/ion1 add+ only t a savage elephant %\ld be /ation$ at ! gate ready to te> ,kri%na & ,bal>ama to pieces imm$iately !y ent]4 ,he !n dismisses 8 demon advis]s & s5ds = ,akrura1 ! *ief ( ! ,yadavas & a lead+ memb] ( 8 c\rt4 ,akrura1 he judges1 w be ! be/ p]son to decoy ,kri%na to ,ma?ura4 ,he accord+ly briefs him z to 8 int5tions & in/ructs him to await ord]s4 ,akrura deems x politic to express compliance b secretly is ov]joy$ t he w ?us obta9 access to ! ,kri%na he adores4 ,! fir/ /age ( ,kansa's ma/] plan is n[ br\ght into effect4 ,! horse demon1 ,kesi1 rea*es ,br9daban & beg9s to paw ! gr\nd & kick up its heels4 ,! c[h]ds are fright5$ b ,kri%na d>es x to attack4 ,! horse tries to bite him b ,kri%na plunges 8 h& d[n its ?roat & exp&s x to a va/ size until ! demon bur/s4 ,its rema9s litt] ! gr\nd b ,kri%na is s unmov$ t he m]ely summons ! c[h]d *ildr5 to play a game4 ,squatt+ ) !m "u a fig tree1 he names "o ( !m a g5]al1 ano!r a m9i/]1 a ?ird a c\ncillor & himself pret5d+ to be a raja plays ) !m at be+ k+4 ,a little lat] !y jo9 him 9 a game ( bl9d man's bluff4 ,?is unexpect$ dn\em5t enrages ,kansa b in/ead ( desi/+ f ! attempt & br++ into =ce ! second "p ( 8 plan1 he decides to make "o fur!r ef=t to murd] 8 hat$ foe4 ,he accord+ly summons ! wolf demon1 ,vyamasura1 gives him detail$ in/ructions & dispat*es him to ,br9daban4 ,! demon hies to ! =e/1 arriv+ :ile ,kri%na & ! *ildr5 are /ill at bl9d man's buff4 ,he has dress$ himself z a begg> & go+ humbly up to ,kri%na asks if he may jo9 94 ,kri%na tells him to *oose :atev] game he likes & ! demon says1 ',:at ab\t ! game ( wolf & rams8' ',v well1' ,kri%na answ]s1 ',y be ! wolf & ! c[h]d boys ! rams4' ,!y />t to play & ! demon r\nds up all ! *ildr5 & keeps !m 9 a cave4 ,!n1 assum+ true wolf's =m he p\nces on ,kri%na4 ,kri%na1 h[ev]1 is q prep>$ & seiz+ ! wolf by ! ?roat1 /rangles x to dea?4 ,akrura is n[ s5t = & in/ruct$ to g to ,br9daban & return ) ,kri%na to ,ma?ura4 ,he sets out & z he j\rneys all[s 8 ?\ghts to dwell on ! approa*+ meet+4 ',n[1' he muses 'has my life borne fruit2 my night is foll[$ by ! dawn ( day2 s9ce ,i %all see ! c\nt5ance ( ,vi%nu1 ^: eyes are l ! exp&$ leaf ( ! lotus4 ,i %all behold t lotus-ey$ aspect ( ,vi%nu1 :i*1 :5 se5 only 9 imag9ation1 takes away ! s9s ( m54 ,i %all today behold t glory ( glories1 ! m\? ( ,vi%nu1 :5ce proce$$ ! ,v$as1 & all _! dep5d5t sci5ces4 ,i %all see ! sov]eign ( ! _w1 by :om ! _w is su/a9$2 :o is wor%ipp$ z ! be/ ( males1 z ! male sacrifice 9 sacrificial rites4 ,i %all see ,vi%nu1 :o is )\t beg9n+ or end2 by wor%ipp+ :om ) a hundr$ sacrifices1 ,indra obta9$ ! sov]eignty ov] ! gods4 ,! s\l ( all1 ! kn[] ( all1 he :o is all & is pres5t 9 all1 he :o is p]man5t1 undecay+1 all-p]vad+ w conv]se ) me4 ,he1 ! unborn1 :o has pres]v$ ! _w 9 ! v>i\s =ms ( a fi%1 tortoise1 a bo>1 a horse1 a lion w ?is day speak to me4 ,n[ ! "l ( ! e>?1 :o assumes %apes at w1 has tak5 ^u him ! condition ( humanity1 to accompli% "s object *]i%$ 9 8 he>t4 ,glory to t be+ ^: deceptive adoption ( fa!r1 son1 bro!r1 fri5d1 "m1 & relative1 ! _w is unable to p5etrate4 ,may he 9 :om cause & effect1 & ! _w itself1 is compreh5d$1 be propiti\s to me1 ?r\gh 8 tru?2 = always d ,i put my tru/ 9 t unborn1 et]nal ,vi%nu2 by m$itation on :om man becomes ! repository ( all good ?+s4'#ca ,he goes on to ?9k ( h[ he w kneel be=e ,kri%na ) fold$ h&s & aft]w>ds put on 8 head ! du/ ( ,kri%na's feet--! same feet :i* 'h come to de/roy crime1 :i* fell on ! snake ,kaliya's head & :i* h danc$ ) ! c[girls 9 ! =e/4' ,kri%na1 he believes1 w "k at once t he is n ,kansa's envoy & w receive him ) k9dness4 ,& ?is is :at actually ensues4 ,meet+ ,kri%na outside ,br9daban1 he falls at 8 feet1 ,kri%na lifts him up1 embraces him & br+s him into ,n&a's h\se4 ,akrura tells ,n&a & ,kri%na h[ ,kansa has oppress$ ! p ( ,ma?ura1 imprison$ ,vasudeva & ,devaki & has n[ s5t him to invite !m to att5d ! fe/ival ( arms4 ,kri%na li/5s & at once agrees to g1 :ile ,n&a s5ds out a t[n-cri] to ann\nce by beat ( drum t all ! c[h]ds %\ld get ready to leave ! next day4 ,:5 morn+ comes1 ,kri%na leaves 9 a *>iot1 accompani$ by ! c[h]ds & _! *ildr54 ,! news ( 8 sudd5 dep>ture deva/ates ! c[girls4 ,s9ce ! circul> dance 9 :i* _! love 0 consummat$1 !y h be5 meet+ ,kri%na e ev5+ & delight+ 9 8 company4 ,& dur+ ! daytime _! passionate long+s h c5tr$ solely on him4 ,t he %\ld leave !m s abruptly causes !m complete dismay & !y are only com=t$ :5 ,kri%na assures !m t he w return aft] a few days4 ,on ! way to ,ma?ura ,akrura ba!s 9 ! ,jumna & is grant$ a vision ( ,kri%na z ,vi%nu himself4 ,rea*+ ,ma?ura1 ,n&a & ! c[h]ds pit* _! t5ts outside ! city walls#cb :ile ,kri%na ) ,bal>ama & ! c[h]d *ildr5 g inside ! city = a walk4 ,z !y w&] ?r\gh ! /reets1 ! news ( _! arrival prec$es !m & wom51 excit$ by ,kri%na's "n1 ?rong ! ro(tops1 balconies & w9d[s4 ',"s ran (f 9 ! middle ( _! d9n]3 o!rs :ile ba?+ & o!rs :ile engag$ 9 plait+ _! hair4 ,!y =got all dalliance ) _! husb&s & w5t to look at ,kri%na4' ,z ,kri%na proce$s1 he meets "s ( ,kansa's wa%]m5 c>ry+ ) !m bundles ( clo!s4 ,he asks !m to give him "s & :5 !y refuse1 he attacks "o ( !m & /rikes (f 8 head4 ,! o!rs drop _! bundles & run = _! lives4 ,! c[h]d *ildr5 try to dress !mselves up b n kn[+ h[ to we> ! clo!s1 "s ( !m put _! arms into tr\s]s & _! legs into coats4 ,kri%na laughs at _! mi/akes until a tailor1 a s]vant ( ,kansa1 repudiates 8 ma/]1 glorifies ,kri%na & sets ! clo!s "r4 ,a little lat]1 a g>d5] takes !m to 8 h\se & places g>l&s r\nd _! necks4 ,z !y are leav+1 !y meet a "y woman1 a hun*back1 c>ry+ a pot ( sc5t$ o9tm5t4 ,kri%na _c resi/ flirt+ ) h] & asks h] = :om %e is c>ry+ ! o9tm5t4 ,! girl1 ,kubja1 sees ! amor\s look 9 8 eyes & be+ greatly tak5 by 8 beauty answ]s ',de> "o1 d y n "k t ,i am a s]vant ( ,raja ,kansa & ?\gh a hun*back am entru/$ ) mak+ 8 p]fumes8' ',lovely "o1' ,kri%na answ]s1 ',give u a little ( ?is o9tm5t1 j en\gh to rub on our bodies4' ',take "s1' says ,kubja1 & giv+ x to ,kri%na & ,bal>ama1 %e all[s !m to rub x on _! bodies4 ,:5 !y h f9i%$1 ,kri%na takes h] "u ! *91 lifts h] head & at ! same "t1 presses h] feet d[n ) 8 toes4 ,9 ?is way he /raight5s h] back1 !reby *ang+ h] into ! lovelie/ ( girls4 ,fill$ ) love & gratitude1 ,kubja cat*es ,kri%na by ! dress & begs him to come & visit h]4 ,kri%na promises to g lat] & smil+ly dismisses h]4 ,kri%na n[ rea*es ! gate :]e ! b[ ( ,siva 'z long z ?ree palm trees' & v heavy1 is be+ gu>d$ by soldi]s4 ,he picks x up1 b5ds x to ! full & breaks x 9 pieces4 ,:5 ! gu>ds attack him1 he kills !m & pres5tly slaught]s all ! re9=cem5ts :i* ,kansa s5ds4 ,:5 ! battle is ov]1 he /rolls calmly back to ! c[h]ds' t5ts4#cc ,next day1 ,kri%na & ! c[h]ds ent] ,ma?ura to att5d ! sports4 ,kri%na is ob/ruct$ by a giant elephant1 attacks x & aft] a great fight kills x4 ,he & ,bal>ama !n extract ! tusks & p>ade ) !m 9 ! ar5a4 ,x is n[ ! turn ( ,kansa's wre/l]s4 ,_! lead]1 ,*anura1 d>es ,kri%na to give ,kansa a little amusem5t by wre/l+ ) him4 ,kri%na takes him at 8 ^w & aga9 aft] a fi]ce combat leaves ! wre/l] dead on ! gr\nd4#cd ,at ! same "t1 ,bal>ama attacks & kills a second wre/l]1 ,mu/aka4 ,:5 o!r wre/l]s /rive to kill ,kri%na & ,bal>ama1 !y also are dispat*$4 ,see+ fir/ "o & !n ano!r plan g a/ray1 ,kansa ord]s 8 rema9+ demons to fet* ,vasudeva1 ,devaki & ,ugras5a1 decl>+ t aft] he has kill$ !m he w put ! two "y m5 to dea?4 ,?is decl>ation seals 8 fate4 ,9 a fla% ,kri%na slays ,kansa's demons & !n1 leap+ on ! dais :]e ,kansa is sitt+1 he seizes him by ! hair & hurls him to ! gr\nd4 ,kansa is kill$ & all ,ma?ura rejoices4 ,kansa's eight demon bro!rs are !n sla9 & only :5 ,kri%na has dragg$ ,kansa's body to ! riv] ,jumna & is sure t n a s+le demon is left d he & ,bal>ama desi/ f fight+4 ,footnote #ca3 ,note #g4 ,footnote #cb3 ,plate #af4 ,footnote #cc3 ,plate #af4 ,footnote #cd3 ,plate #ag4 ,,iv ,,! ,,bhagavata ,,purana3 ,,! ,,pr9ce 7i7 ,! ,return to ,c\rt ,! dea? ( ,kansa br+s to a close ! fir/ phase ( ,kri%na's c>e]4 ,8 prim>y aim has n[ be5 accompli%$4 ,! tyrant ^: excesses h = s long vex$ ! righte\s is dead4 ,e>?'s pray] has be5 grant$4 ,kri%na has rea*$1 9 fact1 a turn+-po9t 9 8 life & on :at he n[ decides ! re/ ( 8 c>e] dep5ds4 ,if he holds t 8 e>?ly mission is end$1 he mu/ quit 8 mortal body1 resume 8 sublime cele/ial /ate & once aga9 become ! ,vi%nu ^: attributes h be5 prais$ by ,akrura :5 j\rney+ to ,br9daban4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 he reg>ds 8 mission z /ill unfulfill$1 is he to return to ,br9daban or %\ld he rema9 in/ead at ,ma?ura8 ,at ,br9daban1 8 fo/] p>5ts1 ,n&a & ,yasoda1 8 fri5ds ! c[h]ds & 8 loves ! c[girls long = 8 return4 ,he has sp5t idyllic days 9 _! company4 ,he has sav$ !m f ! dang]s inh]5t 9 =e/ life4 ,he has kept a ho/ ( demon m>aud]s at bay4 ,at ! same "t1 8 magnetic *>ms h ar\s$ ! mo/ int5se devotion4 ,if he returns1 x w be to dwell ) p :o h dot$ on him z a *ild1 ador$ him z a y\? & :o love him z a man4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,ma?ura1 x is cle>1 has also /rong claims4 ,al?\gh re>$ & br$ among ! c[h]ds1 ,kri%na is1 9 fact1 a *ild ( ,ma?ura4 ,al?\gh smuggl$ f ! prison imm$iately aft]w>ds1 x 0 9 ,ma?ura t he left 8 "m's womb4 ,8 true fa!r is ,vasudeva1 a lead] ( ! ,yadava nobility & memb] ( ! ,ma?ura rul+ ca/e4 ,8 true "m1 ,devaki1 is relat$ to ! ,ma?ura royal family4 ,if 8 y\? & infancy h be5 pass$ among ! c[h]ds1 ?is 0 due to special reasons4 ,8 fa!r's sub/itution ( him at bir? = ,yasoda's baby daught] 0 dictat$ by ! dire p]ils :i* w\ld h confront$ him _h he rema9$ ) 8 "m4 ,x 01 at mo/1 a desp]ate exp$i5t = sav+ 8 life & al?\gh ! tyrant's unremitt+ se>* = ! *ild :o 0 to kill him prolong$ 8 /ay 9 ,br9daban1 8 transportation !re 0 nev] int5d$ z a p]man5t arrangem5t4 ,a deception has be5 practis$4 ,n&a & ,yasoda reg>d & believe ,kri%na to be _! son4 ,none ! less !re has be5 no =mal adoption & x is ,vasudeva & ,devaki :o are 8 p>5ts4 ,x is ?is :i* decides ! issue4 ,z "o :o by bir? & blood belongs to ,ma?ura1 ,kri%na c h>dly des]t x n[ t ! ma9 ob/acle to 8 return--! tyrant ,kansa--has be5 remov$4 ,8 pla9 duty is to 8 p>5ts & 8 ca/em54 ,pa9ful !re=e z ! sev]ance mu/ be1 he decides to ab&on ! c[h]ds & see !m no m4 ,he is p]haps =tifi$ 9 8 decision by ! k t ev5 9 8 relations ) ! c[girls a climax has be5 rea*$4 ,a return w\ld m]ely repeat _! nightly ec/asies1 n a*ieve a fre% exp]i5ce4 ,f9ally al?\gh ,kansa himself has be5 kill$1 8 demon allies are /ill at l>ge4 ,ma?ura & ,kri%na's k9sm51 ! ,yadavas1 are f> f safe4 ,he c h>dly des]t !m until _! int]e/s h be5 p]man5tly safegu>d$ & by !n he w h become a feudal pr9cel+1 ! v rev]se ( ! "y c[h]d :o night aft] night has ?rill$ ! c[girls ) 8 flute4 ,foll[+ ! tyrant's dea?1 !n1 a tra9 ( complicat$ adju/m5ts are set 9 motion4 ,! fir/ /ep is to re-e/abli% ,kri%na ) 8 true p>5ts :o are /ill 9 jail :]e ! tyrant has conf9$ !m4 ,kri%na accord+ly goes to visit !m1 frees !m f _! %ackles & /&s be=e !m ) fold$ h&s4 ,= an in/ant ,vasudeva & ,devaki "k t ,kri%na is ,god & t 9 ord] to de/roy demons he has come on e>?4 ,!y are ab\t to wor%ip him :5 ,kri%na dispels ?is k & !y look on him & ,bal>ama z _! sons4 ,!n ,kri%na addresses !m4 ,= all ^! long ye>s ,vasudeva & ,devaki h kn[n t ,kri%na & ,bal>ama 7 _! *ildr5 & h suff]$ accord+ly4 ,x 0 n ,kri%na's fault t he & ,bal>ama 7 plac$ 9 ,n&a's *>ge4 ,yet al?\gh p>t$ f _! "m1 !y h nev] =gott5 h]4 ,x pa9s !m to ?9k t !y h done s little to make h] happy1 t !y h nev] _h h] society & h wa/$ _! "t ) /rang]s4 ,& he rem9ds !m t 9 ! _w only ^? :o s]ve _! fa!rs & mo!rs obta9 p[]4 ,vasudeva & ,devaki are greatly t\*$ by ,kri%na's words4 ,_! =m] woe vani%es & !y embrace ,kri%na & ,bal>ama fondly4 ,hav+ ackn[l$g$ ,vasudeva & ,devaki z 8 true p>5ts1 ,kri%na has n[ to adju/ 8 social position4 ,s9ce ,n&a & ! c[h]ds belong to a l[] ca/e ?an t ( ,vasudeva & ! o!r ,yadavas1 ,kri%na & ,bal>ama1 :o h eat5 & drunk ) ! c[h]ds & h be5 br\ght up ) !m1 are n true memb]s ( ! ,yadava community4 ,! family prie/ is accord+ly consult$ & x is decid$ t a c]emony = admitt+ !m into ca/e mu/ be p]=m$4 ,?is is done & ,kri%na & ,bal>ama are giv5 ! cu/om>y sacr$ ?reads4 ,!y are n[ no long] c[h]ds b true ,yadavas4 ,at ! same "t !y are giv5 a spiritual preceptor :o in/ructs !m 9 ! sacr$ texts & manuals ( le>n+4 ,:5 !y h f9i%$ ! c\rse1 !y express _! gratitude by re/or+ to him 8 dead son :o has be5 dr[n$ 9 ! sea4 ,"o fur!r obligation spr+s f _! new position4 ,we h se5 h[ 9 ! epic1 ! ,mahabh>ata1 ,kri%na /&s 9 a special relation to ! ,p&avas1 ! faction :i* em]ges victori\s f ! great feud4 ,! "m ( ! ,p&avas is call$ ,kunti & x is ,kunti :o is ! si/] ( ,kri%na's fa!r1 ,vasudeva4 ,s9ce he is n[ ) 8 true fa!r1 rum\rs conc]n+ ,kunti rea* ,kri%na & he le>ns t along ) h] sons1 ! five ,p&avas1 %e is be+ h>ass$ by ! ,kaurava k+1 ! bl9d ,dhrit>a%tra1 egg$ on by 8 son1 ! evil ,duryodhana4 ,be+ n[ a "p ( 8 fa!r's family1 ,kri%na c h>dly be indiff]5t to ! fate ( s intimate a relative4 ,akrura1 ! lead+ ,yadava diplomat1 :om ! tyrant _h employ$ to br+ ,kri%na to ,ma?ura1 is accord+ly despat*$ on yet ano!r mission4 ,he is to visit ! ,kauravas & ,p&avas1 asc]ta9 ! facts1 console ,kri%na's aunt1 ,kunti1 & !n return & report4 ,akrura rea*es ! ,kauravas' capital & discov]s t ! rum\rs are only too correct4 ,relations betwe5 ! two families are /ra9$ to break+ po9t4 ,! bl9d k+ is at ! m]cy ( 8 son1 ,duryodhana1 & x is ! latt] :o is ceaselessly h>ry+ ,kunti & h] sons4 ,a little lat]1 z we h already se51 a f9al attempt on _! lives w be made1 !y w be induc$ to sleep 9 a new h\se1 ! h\se w be fir$ & only by a =tunate *ance w ! ,p&avas escape to ! =e/ & dwell 9 safety4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is 9 ! future & = ! mom5t ,kunti & h] sons are /ill at c\rt4 ,akrura assures ,kunti ( ,kri%na's abid+ conc]n & returns to ,ma?ura4 ,kri%na & ,bal>ama are p]turb$ to he> 8 news1 delib]ate on :e!r to int]v5e1 b decide = ! mom5t to d no?+4 ,! second adju/m5t :i* ,kri%na has n[ to make is to reconcile ! c[h]ds to 8 p]man5t dep>ture f !m & to wean !m f _! passionate adh]5ce to 8 pres5ce4 ,?is is mu* m difficult4 ,we h se5 h[ on ! j\rney to ,ma?ura1 ,kri%na has be5 accompani$ by ,n&a & ! c[h]ds & h[ dur+ ! clos+ /ruggle ) ! tyrant !y also h be5 pres5t4 ,:5 ! fight is f9ally ov]1 !y prep>e to dep>t1 tak+ x = grant$ t ,kri%na & ,bal>ama w come ) !m4 ,kri%na has !re=e to disillusion ,n&a4 ,he breaks ! news to him t x is n he & ,yasoda :o are actually 8 p>5ts b ,vasudeva & ,devaki4 ,he loads ,n&a ) jewels & co/ly dresses & ?anks him aga9 & aga9 = all 8 lov+ c>e4 ,he !n expla9s t he has n[ to /ay 9 ,ma?ura = a "t to meet 8 ca/em51 ! ,yadavas4 ,n&a is greatly sadd5$ by ! news4 ,! c[h]ds /rive to dissuade him b ,kri%na is adamant4 ,he reta9s a few c[h]ds ) him1 b ! re/ return to ,br9daban1 ,kri%na promis+ t aft] a "t he w visit !m4 ,on arrival ,n&a /rives 9 va9 to console ,yasoda & is =c$ to tell h] t ,kri%na has n[ ackn[l$g$ ,vasudeva z 8 true fa!r1 t he has probably left ,br9daban = good & t 8 own e>ly intuition t ,kri%na 0 ,god is correct4 ,yasoda1 z %e ?9ks ( h] lo/ 'son1' is ov]:elm$ ) grief1 b recov]s :5 %e realizes t actually he is ,god4 ,z to ! c[girls1 _! grief is endless z !y recall ,kri%na's he>t-ensn>+ *>ms4 ,su* a /ep is obvi\sly only ! fir/ move 9 :at mu/ necess>ily be a long & ardu\s op]ation4 ,f9d+ x impossible to say outright t he w nev] see !m aga91 ,kri%na has committ$ himself to pay+ ! c[h]ds a visit4 ,yet he realizes t no?+ c be ga9$ by su* a /ep s9ce1 if 8 future lies ) ! pr9cely ,yadavas1 any m+l+ ) ! c[h]ds w m]ely disrupt ?is f9al role4 ,yet cle>ly he _c j ab&on 8 =m] associates )\t any reg>d at all = _! prop] feel+s4 ,wean+ is necess>y1 & x mu/ above all be gradual4 ,he decides1 !re=e1 t s9ce he himself _c g1 someone mu/ be s5t on 8 behalf4 ,accord+ly1 he in/ructs a fri5d1 ,udho1 to g to ,br9daban1 meet ! c[h]ds & make excuses = 8 abs5ce4 ,at ! same "t1 he mu/ urge ! c[girls to give up reg>d+ ,kri%na z _! lov] b wor%ip him z ,god4 ,udho is accord+ly dress$ 9 ,kri%na's clo!s1 !reby mak+ him appe> a real sub/itute & is despat*$ 9 ,kri%na's *>iot4 ,:5 ,udho arrives1 he f9ds ,n&a & ,yasoda /ill lam5t+ ,kri%na's abs5ce & ! c[girls /ill long+ = him z _! lov]4 ,he begs !m to reg>d ,kri%na z ,god--z someone :o is con/antly ne> ^? :o love him ev5 if he _c be se54 ,kri%na1 he says1 has =bidd5 !m to hope = any fur!r impassion$ ec/asies & n[ requires !m to (f] him _! devotion only4 ,if !y d p5ance & m$itate1 ,kri%na w nev] leave !m4 ,f ! day !y comm5c$ ?9k+ ( him1 none h be5 s mu* lov$ z !y4 ',z e>?1 w9d1 wat]1 fire1 ra9 dwell 9 ! body1 s ,kri%na dwells 9 y2 b ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( 8 delusive p[] seems to be ap>t4' ,udho's plead+ %ocks & embitt]s ! c[girls4 ',h[ c he talk to u l t8' !y ask4 ',x is ,kri%na's body t we adore1 n "s invisible idea high up 9 ! sky4 ,h[ has ,kri%na sudd5ly become invisible & imp]ceptible1 a be+ )\t qualities & =m1 :5 all along he has delight$ u ) 8 physical *>ms4 ,z to p5ance & m$itation1 ^! conc]n wid[s4 ,:at woman does p5ance :ile h] husb& is alive8 ,x is all ! do+ ( ,kubja1 ! girl ( ,ma?ura ^: *>ms h captivat$ ,kri%na4 ,7 x n = ,kubja & o!r beauties ( ,ma?ura1 ,kri%na w\ld n[ be ) u 9 ,br9daban4 ,_h we kn[n he w\ld n return1 we w\ld nev] h let him g4' ,9 su* words !y repudiate ,udho's message1 upbraid ,kri%na = 8 fickle conduct & demon/rate ) :at int5sity !y /ill adore him4 ,udho is r$uc$ to sil5ce & c only m>vel at ! c[girls' bliss 9 ab&on+ ev]y?+ to ?9k only ( ,kri%na4 ,f9ally !y s5d ,kri%na ! message--t if he really desires !m to ab&on lov+ him ) _! bodies & resort to p5ance1 he himself mu/ come & %[ !m h[ to d x4 ,unless he comes1 !y w die ( neglect4 ,a few days lat]1 ,udho returns to ,ma?ura br++ ) him milk & butt] z pres5ts to ,kri%na f ,n&a & ,yasoda & escort+ ,roh9i1 ,vasudeva's o!r wife & ,bal>ama's "m4 ,he gives ,kri%na ! c[girls' message & reports h[ all ,br9daban longs = 8 return4 ',great ,k+1' he says1 ',i _c tell y h[ !y love y4 ,y are _! life4 ,night & day !y ?9k ( y4 ,_! love = y is complete z p]fect wor%ip4 ,i gave !m y\r advice conc]n+ p5ance1 b ,i h le>nt f !m p]fect adoration4 ,!y w only be cont5t :5 !y see & t\* y aga94' ,kri%na li/5s & is sil5t4 ,x is cle> t ef=ts at wean+ ! c[girls f him h s f> fail$ & some?+ fur!r mu/ be attempt$4 ,yet 8 resolve to sev] all connections ) 8 =m] life rema9s & x is p]haps symbolic ( 8 purpose t he n[ recalls ! hun*-back girl1 ,kubja1 takes ,udho ) him & 9 a s+le ec/atic visit becomes h] lov]4 ,z he rea*es h] h\se1 ! girl greets him ) delight1 takes him inside & seats him on a c\* ( fl[]s4 ,udho /ays outside & !n :ile ,kri%na waits1 ! girl quickly ba!s1 sc5ts h]self1 combs h] hair & *anges h] dress4 ,!n ') gaiety & ende>m5t' %e approa*es ,kri%na4 ,kri%na1 h[ev]1 takes h] by ! h& & places h] ne> him4 ,_! passions rise & ! two a*ieve ! utmo/ bliss4 ,kri%na !n leaves h]1 rejo9s ,udho & 'blu%+ & smil+' returns home4 ,! ?ird /ep :i* ,kri%na mu/ take is to deal ) ! political & milit>y situation :i* has aris5 f ! slay+ ( ! tyrant4 ,we h se5 h[ ,kansa1 al?\gh actually begott5 by a demon 0 (ficially a son ( ,ugras5a1 ! k+ ( ,ma?ura1 & z "o ( 8 _m demon acts1 _h de?ron$ 8 fa!r & seiz$ ! k+dom = himself4 ,ugras5a is /ill alive & ! obvi\s c\rse1 !re=e1 is to re9/ate him on ! ?rone4 ,ugras5a1 h[ev]1 is unwill+ to assume p[] & he & ! o!r ,yadavas implore ,kri%na to accept ! title = himself4 ,kri%na1 h[ev]1 has no desire to become k+4 ,he !re=e ov]comes ,ugras5a's hesitations & 9 due c\rse ! latt] is en?ron$4 ,?is settles ! succession problem1 b almo/ imm$iately a grav] issue arises4 ,dur+ 8 reign ( t]ror1 ,kansa _h made w> on ,j>as&ha1 k+ ( ,magadha4 ,he _h defeat$ him b z "p ( ! peace t]ms _h tak5 two ( 8 daught]s z que5s4 ,^! h n[ be5 wid[$ by 8 dea? & repair+ to _! fa!r's c\rt1 !y rail bitt]ly aga9/ ,kri%na & beg _! fa!r to av5ge _! husb&'s dea?4 ,j>as&ha1 al?\gh a =m] rival ( ,kansa1 is also a demon & c !re=e summon to 8 aid a numb] ( demon allies4 ,great armies are accord+ly mobiliz$4 ,ma?ura is surr\nd$ & ! ,yadavas are 9 dire p]il4 ,kri%na & ,bal>ama1 h[ev]1 are undismay$4 ,!y attack ! foes s+le-h&$ & by d9t ( _! sup]natural p[]s1 utt]ly r\t !m4 ,j>as&ha is captur$ b releas$ s t he may return to ! attack & ev5 m demons may !n be slaught]$4 ,he returns 9 all sev5te5 times1 is vanqui%$ on ea* occasion b returns once m4 ,?is "t he is aid$ by ano!r demon1 ,kalayavana1 & see+ ! con/ant /ra9 ( su* attacks1 ,kri%na decides to evacuate ! ,yadavas & settle !m at a new base4 ,he commissions ! div9e ar*itect1 ,visvak>ma1 to build a new city 9 ! sea4 ,?is is done 9 "o night1 ! city is call$ ,dw>ka#ce & !re ! ,yadavas ) all _! goods are transport$4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done1 ,kri%na & ,bal>ama trick ! demons4 ,!y pret5d to be utt]ly defeat$1 retreat f ,ma?ura & 9 despair asc5d a tall hill4 ,! demon armies surr\nd !m & !re appe>s to be no possible way ( escape4 ,j>as&ha ord]s wood to be br\ght f ! surr\nd+ t[ns & villages1 pil$ up r\nd ! hill1 saturat$ ) oil & !n set fire to4 ,a va/ flame %oots up4 ,! :ole hill is ablaze b ,kri%na & ,bal>ama slip out unse51 take ! road to ,ma?ura & f9ally rea* ,dw>ka4 ,:5 ! hill is r$uc$ to a%es1 ,j>as&ha concludes t ,kri%na & ,bal>ama h p]i%$4 ,he advances to ,ma?ura1 occupies ! empty t[n1 proclaims 8 au?ority & returns to ,magadha4 ,footnote #ce3 ,dw>ka is sit$ on ! we/]n seabo>d1 #cjj miles nor?-we/ ( ,bombay4 7ii7 ,m>riages & ,(fspr+ ,! imm$iate position1 !n1 is t ,kri%na has ab&on$ 8 life among ! c[h]ds1 has be5 accept$ z a ,yadava1 has cop$ ) ! difficult & dang]\s situation aris+ f ! tyrant k+'s dea? & f9ally has sav$ ! ,yadavas f ext9ction by demons4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 has meant ! ab&onm5t ( ,ma?ura & ! movem5t ( ! ,yadavas to a new city1 ,dw>ka4 ,! same problem1 !re=e1 :i* fac$ him e>li]1 confronts him once aga94 ,hav+ obta9$ immunity = ! ,yadavas & br\ght !m to a new l&1 c ,kri%na n[ reg>d 8 mission z accompli%$8 ,or mu/ he l+] on e>? /ill long]8 ,! answ] c h>dly be 9 d\bt2 = al?\gh ! ,yadavas appe> to be in/all$ 9 good surr\nd+s1 demon hordes /ill range ! _w4 ,! tyrant ,kansa 0 only ! wor/ & mo/ p[]ful memb] ( ! demon ho/s4 ,! w> ) ,j>as&ha has rid ! _w ( _m demons1 b va/ numb]s rema9 & until _! ranks h be5 appreciably r$uc$1 ,kri%na's mission w be unfulfill$4 ,only "o c\rse ( action1 !re=e1 is possible4 ,he mu/ accept a p]man5t position 9 ,yadava society1 live z an hon\r$ noble1 a pr9ce ( ! blood royal & z occasion w>rants cont9ue to int]v5e 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 ! good & ! bad4 ,su* a decision is tak5 & ,kri%na in/alls himself at ,dw>ka4 ,be=e he c fulfil 8 duties z an adult memb] ( ! race1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 prelim9>ies are necess>y & among !m is ! important issue ( 8 m>riage4 ,bo? he & ,bal>ama require wives & ! "q is h[ are !y to get !m4 ,bal>ama's problem is easily settl$ by a m>riage to ,revati1 a pr9cess4 ,kri%na's1 on ! o!r h&1 is less /raight=w>d & he is /ill undecid$ :5 news is br\ght t ! ,raja ( ,kundulpur has a daught] ( mat*less lovel9ess1 h] "n ,rukm9i4 ,h] eyes1 x 0 said1 7 l a doe's1 h] complexion l a fl[]1 h] face dazzl+ z ! moon4 ,rukm9i 9 turn has ov]he>d "s begg>s recit+ ,kri%na's exploits1 has fall5 9 love ) 8 image & is at once delight$ & di/urb$4 ,9 ?is way ea* is fasc9at$ by ! o!r4 ,almo/ imm$iately1 h[ev]1 a crisis occurs4 ,rukm9i's bro!r1 ,rukma1 urges h] fa!r to m>ry h] to a rival1 ,sisupala4 ,kri%na's claims z ,vi%nu inc>nate are advanc$ 9 va9 & he is ridicul$ z be+ j a c[h]d4 ,aga9/ 8 bett] judgm5t h] fa!r acquiesces & arrangem5ts = a w$d+ ) ,sisupala g =w>d4 ,rukm9i n[ takes ! d>+ /ep ( s5d+ a message to ,kri%na1 decl>+ h] love & ask+ him to save h]4 ,kri%na reads x ) delight4 ,he at once leaves = ,kundulpur1 f9d+ x gay ) flags & bann]s1 gold5 spires & wrea?s ( fl[]s4 ,sisupala has arriv$1 b 9 addition1 !re is ,kri%na's old enemy1 ,j>as&ha1 encamp$ ) an army ( demons4 ,rukm9i is 9 despair until %e le>ns t ,kri%na also has arriv$4 ,a little lat] ,bal>ama rea*es ! sc5e1 br++ ) him an army4 ,sisupala is dismay$ at 8 arrival & bo? sides wat* ea* o!r's movem5ts4 ,! w$d+ day n[ dawns & ,rukm9i1 gu>d$ by ,sisupala's soldi]s1 goes outside ! city to wor%ip at a %r9e to ,devi4#cf ,z %e ne>s ! %r9e1 ,kri%na sudd5ly appe>s4 ,rukm9i gazes ) adoration at him4 ,he spr+s among ! soldi]s1 lifts h] into 8 *>iot & ru%es h] away4 ,?is summ>y abduction is m ?an ,sisupala c be>4 ,troops c>e] aft] ,kri%na4 ,armies engage4 ,a va/ battle ensues4 ,z !y fight1 ,rukm9i looks timor\sly on4 ,at la/1 ,bal>ama vanqui%es ! demon ho/s1 'z a :ite elephant scatt]s lotuses4' ,sisupala & ,j>as&ha flee1 b ,rukm9i's evil bro!r1 ,rukma1 returns to ! fray1 /rives fev]i%ly to kill ,kri%na1 fails & is tak5 captive4 ,8 life is sp>$ at ,rukm9i's behe/1 b he is l$ away1 8 h&s ti$ beh9d 8 back & 8 m\/a*es %av5 (f4 ,bal>ama int]c$es & effects 8 release & ,rukma goes away to brood on 8 discomfiture & plot rev5ge4 ,kri%na n[ returns to ,dw>ka 9 triumph1 is giv5 a raptur\s welcome & a little lat] celebrates 8 m>riage ) full ritual4 ',prie/s recit$ ! ,v$as1 ,kri%na circl$ r\nd ) ,rukm9i4 ,drums res\nd$4 ,! delight$ gods ra9$ d[n fl[]s2 demi-gods1 sa9ts1 b>ds & cele/ial musicians 7 all spectators f ! sky4' ,hav+ m>ri$ ,rukm9i1 ,kri%na has n[ ! full /atus ( a gr[n pr9ce4 ,b he is no?+ if n sup]normal2 & j z e>li] 9 8 c>e] he has %[]$ 8 affection on a ho/ ( c[girls1 he n[ acquires a :ole succession ( fur!r wives4 ,! fir/ is ,jambhavati1 ! second ,satyabhama4 ,satyabhama's fa!r is a c]ta9 ,sattrajit :o has obta9$ f ! sun ! boon ( a jewel4 ,! jewel fla%es ) light & ,kri%na advises him to surr5d] x to ,k+ ,ugras5a4 ,! man refuses2 :]eupon 8 bro!r seizes x & goes away to ! =e/4 ,"h a lion p\nces ^u him1 dev\rs ! man & 8 horse & hides ! jewel4 ,! lion is !n kill$ by a be> :o c5turies e>li] _h s]v$ ) ,vi%nu's e>li] inc>nation1 ,rama1 dur+ 8 campaign aga9/ ! demon k+ ( ,lanka4#cg ,! be> c>ries away ! jewel & gives x to its mate4 ,:5 ,sattrajit he>s t 8 bro!r is miss+1 he concludes t ,kri%na has caus$ 8 dea? & />ts a :isp]+ campaign1 accus+ ,kri%na ( mak+ away ) ! jewel4 ,kri%na he>s ( ! sl&] & at once decides to se>* = ! miss+ man1 recov] ! jewel & ?us sil5ce 8 accus] = ev]4 ,z he goes ?r\gh ! =e/1 ,kri%na f9ds a cave :]e ! dead lion is ly+4 ,he ent]s x1 grapples ) ! be> b is quickly recogniz$ by ! be> z ,kri%na himself4 ,! be> b[s be=e him & begs him to accept 8 daught] ,jambhavati 9 m>riage4 ,he includes ! jewel z "p ( ! d[ry4 ,kri%na m>ries ! girl & returns4 ,back at ! c\rt he upbraids ,sattrajit = falsely accus+ him4 ',i did n take ! jewel1' he says4 ',! be> took x4 ,n[ he has giv5 ! jewel to me & also 8 daught]4 ,take back y\r jewel & be sil5t4' ,sattrajit is ov]:elm$ ) %ame & by way ( am5ds gives ,kri%na 8 own daught]1 ,satyabhama4 ,kri%na m>ries h] & ,sattrajit begs him to take ! jewel also4 ,kri%na refuses & ! jewel rema9s ) its own]4 ,a little lat]1 ,sattrajit is murd]$ & ! jewel once aga9 /ol54 ,! murd]] ?ief is track$ d[n by ,kri%na & kill$1 b only aft] _m delays is ! jewel at la/ recov]$ f ,akrura--! lead+ ,yadava :o e>li] 9 ! /ory has act$ fir/ z ,raja ,kansa's envoy to ,kri%na & lat] z ,kri%na's envoy to ,kunti4 ,kri%na ord]s him to return x to its own]1 ,sattrajit's gr&son4 ,akrura places x at ,kri%na's feet & ,kri%na gives x to ,satyabhama4 ,! up%ot1 !n1 is t ! sl&] is end$1 ! jewel is rega9$ & 9 ! process ,kri%na acquires two fur!r wives4 ,^! extra m>riages1 h[ev]1 by no means end ! tally ( 8 consorts1 = dur+ a visit to 8 relatives1 ! ,p&avas1 n[ return$ f exile & = ! mom5t safely re9/all$ 9 _! k+dom1 he sees a lovely girl1 ,kal9di1 w&]+ 9 ! =e/4 ,%e is ! daught] ( ! sun & has be5 s5t to dwell by a riv] until h] appo9t$ bridegroom1 ,kri%na1 arrives to claim h]4 ,kri%na is delight$ ) h] y\?1 places h] 9 8 *>iot & on 8 return to ,dw>ka1 celebrates _! w$d+4 ,a little lat] o!r girls are m>ri$ to him1 9 _m cases only aft] a fi]ce /ruggle ) demons4 ,9 ?is way1 he obta9s eight que5s1 at ! same "t advanc+ 8 prime purpose ( ridd+ ! _w ( demons4 ,at ?is po9t1 ! ,purana emb>ks on an episode :i*1 at fir/ sight1 appe>s to h v little to d ) its ma9 subject4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 its relevance is great =1 z a consequ5ce1 ,kri%na ! pr9ce acquires z _m female companions z he _h enjoy$ z a y\?4 ,! episode beg9s ) ,e>? aga9 appe>+ 9 heav54 ,hav+ successfully eng9e]$ ,kri%na's bir?1 %e does special p5ance & aga9 besee*es ! supreme ,tr9ity to grant h] a boon4 ,?is boon is a son :o w nev] be equall$ & :o w nev] die4 ,brahma1 ,vi%nu & ,siva agree to give h] a son1 ,n>aka1 b on ! foll[+ conditions3 he w conqu] all ! k+s ( ! e>?1 r\t ! gods 9 ! sky1 c>ry (f ! e>r+s ( ,aditi 7! "m ( ! gods71 we> !m himself1 take ! canopy ( ,indra & place x ov] 8 own head & f9ally1 collect toge!r b n m>ry sixte5 ?\s& "o hundr$ virg9 daught]s ( diff]5t k+s4 ,kri%na w !n attack him & at ,e>?'s own behe/1 w kill ,n>aka & take to ,dw>ka all ! imprison$ girls4 ,e>? says1 ',:y %\ld ,i ev] tell anyone to kill my own son8' & is sil5t4 ,none ! less ! boon is grant$1 ! conditions are 9 due c\rse fulfill$ & aft] a furi\s enc\nt] ) ,n>aka at 8 city ( ,pragjyoti%a1#ch ,kri%na is once aga9 victori\s4 ,dur+ ! battle1 ,muru or ,mura1 ! ar* demon1 aid$ by sev5 sons1 /r5u\sly def5ds ! city4 ,kri%na kills him by cutt+ (f 8 five heads b has !n to resi/ :ole armies ( demons assembl$ by ! sons4 ,:5 ^! also h be5 de/roy$1 ,kri%na meets ,n>aka & aft] a vici\s conte/ f9ally kills him1 recov]+ 9 consequ5ce ! e>r+s ( ,aditi & ! canopy ( ,indra4 ,n>aka's palace is !n op5$ & reveals ! bevy ( imprison$ girls4 ,z !y gaze on ,kri%na1 _! reactions are rem9isc5t ( ! c[girls'4 ,!y implore ,kri%na to take !m away & all[ !m to lavi% on him _! impassion$ love4 ,kri%na agrees1 *>iots are s5t = & ! va/ conc\rse ( passion-/rick5 girls is transport$ to ,dw>ka4 ,"h ,kri%na m>ries !m1 %[]+ affection on ea* ( ! sixte5 ?\s& & "o hundr$ '& display+ unceas+ love = 8 eight que5s4' ,su* an incid5t revives an aspect ( ,kri%na's e>ly "* :i* up to ! pres5t has be5 some:at obscur$ by o!r ev5ts4 ,besides slay+ demons he has all along be5 s5sitive to fem99e ne$s1 ar\s+ 9 wom5 passionate adoration & at ! same "t fulfill+ ! mo/ int5se ( _! physical desires4 ,x is ^! qualities :i* *>act]ize 8 lat] c>e]4 ,hav+ on "o occasion giv5 ,rukm9i1 8 fir/ consort1 a fl[] ( ! heav5ly wi%+ tree1#ci ,kri%na f9ds t he has ar\s$ ! jeal\sy ( 8 ?ird consort1 ,satyabhama4 ,to please h]1 he accord+ly und]takes to get = h] n m]ely a fl[] or bran* b ! tree itself4 ,he !re=e goes to ,vaikun?a1 ! p>adise ( ,vi%nu1 & takes ! opportunity to return ! e>r+s ( ,aditi & place ! canopy ov] ! "l ( ! gods4 ,he !n s5ds a message to ,indra ask+ = ! tree4 ,indra z ! tree's cu/odian recalls 8 =m] discomfiture 9 ,br9daban :5 ,kri%na _h aboli%$ 8 wor%ip & v5]at$ ! hill ,gov>dhana 9 8 place4 ,despite 8 subsequ5t surr5d] to ,kri%na1 & abject wor%ip ( him1 ,indra is /ill inc5s$ & bluntly refuses4 ,kri%na !n goes to ! tree1 w\nds its gu>dians & be>s ! tree away4 ,indra is tempt$ to d battle b realiz+ ,kri%na's sup]ior p[] calls (f 8 ho/s4 ,back 9 ,dw>ka1 ,kri%na in/als ! tree 9 ,satyabhama's palace b returns x to ,indra a ye> lat]4 ,on ano!r occasion1 ,kri%na & ,rukm9i are mak+ love on a gold5 b$ 9 a palace b$eck$ ) gems4 ,! %eets are :ite z foam & are decorat$ ) fl[]s4 ,pictures h be5 pa9t$ on ! walls & e aid to pleasure has be5 provid$4 ,rukm9i is loveli] ?an ev]1 :ile ,kri%na1 '! root ( joy1' dazzles h] ) a face lovely z ! moon1 a sk9 ! col\r ( cl\ds1 a peacock cr[n1 a long g>l& ( fl[]s & a sc>f ( yell[ silk4 ,z he lies1 he is '! sea ( beauty1 ! light ( ! ?ree worlds4' ,aft] mak+ love1 ,kri%na sudd5ly asks ,rukm9i :y %e pref]r$ him to ,sisupala4 ,he po9ts out t he is n a k+ & is !re=e q unwor?y ( h]1 t s9ce he has rescu$ h] f ,sisupala1 h] wi% has be5 accompli%$ & x is be/ t %e %\ld n[ leave him & m>ry a pr9ce ( ! royal blood :o w be wor?y ( h] "n4 ,rukm9i is /unn$ at ! sugge/ion4 ,%e collapses on ! floor1 h] hair obscur+ h] lovely face4 ,kri%na raises h] up1 sits h] on 8 knees1 & /rokes h] *eeks4 ,:5 at l5g? ,rukm9i revives1 ,kri%na ha/5s to expla9 t he 0 only je/+ & t 9 view ( h] deep love he w nev] ab&on h]4 ,rukm9i assures him t n[h]e 9 ! _w is !re ,kri%na's equal4 ,! begg>s :o recit$ 8 praises & f :om %e fir/ he>d 8 "n1 7 9 fact ,brahma & ,siva4 ,all ! gods rev]e him4 ,to adore him is ! only joy4 ,^? :o love ,kri%na alone are happy4 ,if bl9d$ by pride a man =gets him1 ,kri%na abases him4 ,x 0 because ,rukm9i bes\ght 8 compassion t ,kri%na has lov$ h]4 ,he>+ h] simple s9c]ity1 ,kri%na is greatly mov$ & says1 ',love ( my he>t1 y "k me ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,y h giv5 y\rself to me1 ador$ me & kn[n my love4 ,i %all love y always4' ,rukm9i he>s him ) deep cont5tm5t & ! two make love4 ,su* a decl>ation h[ev] is n int5d$ to imply a cold neglect ( 8 o!r wives = x is "p ( ,kri%na's role t he %\ld please & satisfy all4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ,n>ada1 ! sage1 makes "o ( 8 recurr+ appe>ances--?is "t 9 ord] to inve/igate h[ ,kri%na contrives to keep happy s va/ a conc\rse ( wom5--he f9ds ,kri%na ev]y:]e4 ,) ,rukm9i he recl9es at ease1 ) ,jambhavati he plays dice1 at ,satyabhama's h\se1 he is hav+ 8 body rubb$ ) oil1 at ,kal9di's1 he is asleep4 ,9 ?is way1 :]ev] ,n>ada goes1 he f9ds ,kri%na ) "o or o!r ( 8 que5s4 ,9 fact1 ! same 'delusive' p[]s :i* he _h e>li] employ$ :5 danc+ ) ! c[girls--mak+ ea* believe he 0 danc+ ) h] & h] alone--are n[ be+ us$ to satisfy 8 wives4 ,9 ?is way ,kri%na cont9ues to live4 ,sometimes 8 wives c>ess 8 body1 ply him ) delicacies or swa! him 9 p]fum$ g>m5ts4 ,sometimes to ease _! passion !y make little figures ( him or let !mselves be dress$ by him4 ,"o night !y g ) him to a tank & !re make love 9 ! wat]4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! sc5e rem9ds !m ( _! love & !y address fir/ a *akai bird4 ',o *akai bird1 :5 y are p>t$ f y\r mate1 y sp5d ! :ole night sadly call+ & nev] sleep+4 ,speak to u ( y\r belov$4 ,we are ,kri%na's slave-girls4' ,!y speak to ! sea4 ',o sea1 y lie awake night & day1 heav+ sighs4 ,d y grieve = a lov$ "o :o is f> away8' ,!n !y see ! moon4 ',o moon1 :y d y gr[ ?98 ,are y also fill$ ) long+8 ,are y fasc9at$ by ,kri%na8' ,9 ?is way !y address birds1 hills & riv]s1 seek+ f ea* "s consolation = _! fr5zi$ love4 ,9 due c\rse1 ea* ( ! sixte5 ?\s& "o hundr$ & eight be>s ,kri%na t5 sons & "o daught] & ea* is beautiful z himself4 ,footnote #cf3 ,plate #ah4 ,footnote #cg3 ,lanka--mod]n ,ceylon4 ,footnote #ch3 ,note #ab4 ,footnote #ci3 ,a sight ( ! heav5ly wi%+-tree1 ! kalpa or p>ijata1 :i* grew 9 ,indra's heav51 0 believ$ to make ! old "y4 7iii7 ,la/ ,phases ,?is gradual expansion ( 8 m>ital /ate takes ,kri%na ev5 f>!r f ! ador+ loves ( 8 y\?1 ! c[girls ( ,br9daban4 ,inde$ = mon?s on end x is z if he has dismiss$ !m f 8 m9d4 ,"o day he & ,bal>ama are sitt+ toge!r :5 ,bal>ama rem9ds him ( _! promise t aft] /ay+ = a "t 9 ,ma?ura !y w assur$ly visit !m4 ,kri%na1 x is cle>1 _c g himself1 b ,bal>ama is less imp$$ & ) ,kri%na's approval1 he takes a pl\gh%>e & pe/le1 m\nts a *>iot & spe$s on 8 way4 ,z he ne>s ,br9daban1 ! famili> sc5es greet him4 ,! c[h]ds & c[girls come into view1 b in/ead ( joy !re is g5]al despair4 ,! c[s l[ & pant1 reject+ ! grass4 ,! c[h]ds are /ill discuss+ ,kri%na's de$s & ! c[girls _c expel him f _! m9ds4 ,z ,bal>ama ent]s _! h\se1 ,n&a & ,yasoda weep ) joy4 ,bal>ama is pli$ ) que/ions ab\t ,kri%na's welf>e & :5 he answ]s t all is well1 ,yasoda describes ! d>kness t has desc5d$ on !m s9ce ! joy ( _! he>ts left4 ,bal>ama n[ meets ! c[girls4 ,_! hair is disord]$1 !y are no long] neat & sm>t4 ,_! m9ds are n 9 _! "w & despite ,kri%na's abs5ce1 !y are fill$ ) passionate long+s & fr5zi$ desires4 ,"s ( !m m>vel at ,kri%na's love & c\nt x good ev5 to h kn[n him4 ,o!rs bitt]ly upbraid ,kri%na = des]t+ !m4 ,bal>ama expla9s t 8 visit is to %[ !m t ,kri%na has n entirely =gott5 !m & z pro( he (f]s to re-enact ! circul> dance & himself engage ) !m z lov]4 ,9 ?is way ! circul> dance is once aga9 p]=m$4 ,! full moon p\rs d[n1 ! c[girls deck !mselves & songs rise 9 ! air4 ,flutes & drums play & 9 ! mid/ ( ! ?rong ,bal>ama s+s & dances1 clasp+ ! c[girls to him1 mak+ love & r\s+ !m to ec/asy4 ,night aft] night ! dance is p]=m$1 :ile ea* day ,bal>ama com=ts ,n&a & ,yasoda ) news ( ,kri%na4 ,"o night z 8 visit is end+1 he feels exhau/$ & comm&s ! riv] ,jumna to *ange its c\rse & ba! him ) its wat]4 ,! ,jumna fails to comply1 s ,bal>ama draws ! riv] t[>ds him ) 8 pl\gh & ba!s 9 its /ream4 ,f t "t on1 ! ,jumna's c\rse is *ang$4 ,8 exhau/ion n[ leaves him & he gratifies ! c[girls ) fre% passion4 ,) ?is incid5t 8 visit ends4 ,he bids f>ewell to ,n&a1 ,yasoda & ! c[girls & leav+ ! =e/ returns to ,dw>ka4 ,kri%na's relations ) ! c[girls are n[ completely end$1 b on "o la/ occasion he happ5s to meet !m4 ,news has come t ! sun w soon be eclips$ & accord+ly1 ,kri%na & ,bal>ama take ! ,yadavas on pilgrimage4 ,!y *oose a c]ta9 holy place1 ,kuruk%etra1 & assembl+ all _! que5s & wives1 make ! sl[ j\rney to x4 ,:5 !y arrive1 a fe/ival is 9 progress4 ,!y ba! & make (f]+s4 ,:ile !y are /ill encamp$1 o!r k+s come 91 includ+ ! ,p&avas & ,kauravas4 ,) !m are _! wives & families & ,kunti1 ! "m ( ! ,p&avas1 is ?us enabl$ to meet once m h] bro!r1 ,vasudeva1 ! fa!r ( ,kri%na4 ,a little lat]1 ,n&a & ,yasoda along ) ! c[h]ds & c[girls also arrive4 ,!y h come on ! same pilgrimage & f9d+ ,kri%na !re1 at once ?rong to see him4 ,vasudeva greets 8 old fri5d1 ,n&a1 & recalls ! n[ long-di/ant days :5 ,kri%na _h liv$ ) him 9 8 h\se4 ,kri%na & ,bal>ama greet ,n&a & ,yasoda ) lov+ respect1 :ile ! c[girls are excit$ beyond description4 ,kri%na h[ev] refuses to reg>d !m & fac$ ) _! ard5t looks & impassion$ adoration1 addresses to !m ! foll[+ s]mon4 ',:oev] believes 9 me %all be fe>lessly c>ri$ across ! sea ( life4 ,y gave me y\r bodies1 m9ds & weal?4 ,y lov$ me ) a love t knew no limit4 ,no "o has be5 s =tunate z y--nei!r ,brahma nor ,indra1 nei!r any o!r god nor any man4 ,= all along ,i h be5 liv+ 9 y1 lov+ y ) a love t has nev] falt]$4 ,i live 9 ev]yone4 ,:at ,i say to y _c easily be und]/ood1 b z light1 wat]1 fire1 e>? & air abide 9 ! body1 s does my glory4' ,to ! c[girls su* words /rike *ill4 ,b !re is no?+ !y c say & :5 ! fe/ival is ov]1 ,kri%na & ! ,yadavas return to ,dw>ka1 :ile ,n&a ) ! c[h]ds & c[girls g back to ,br9daban4 ,?is is ! la/ "t ,kri%na sees !m4 ,?is dismissal reveals h[ f9al is ,kri%na's sev]ance f 8 =m] life1 yet provid$ ! c[h]ds are n involv$1 he is quick to hon\r e>li] relation%ips4 ,"o day 9 ,dw>ka 8 "m1 ,devaki1 tells him t %e has a private grief--grief at ! loss ( ! six eld] bro!rs ( ,kri%na sla9 by ! tyrant ,kansa4 ,kri%na tells h] n to m\rn1 desc5ds to ! ?ird ( ! ?ree worlds1 int]views its rul]1 ,raja ,bali1 & effects ! release ( ! six bro!rs4 ,return+ ) !m1 he gives !m to 8 "m & h] joy is great4 ,on ano!r occasion he is visit$ by ,sudama1 a ,brahman :o _h liv$ ) him1 :51 aft] slay+ ! tyrant1 he & ,bal>ama _h gone = in/ruction to _! spiritual preceptor4 ,s9ce !n ,sudama has gr[n ?9 & poor4 ,! ?at* on 8 hut has tumbl$ d[n4 ,he has no?+ to eat4 ,8 wife is al>m$ at _! abject /ate & advises him to seek out ,kri%na1 8 *ief fri5d4 ',if y g to him1' %e says1 'our pov]ty w end because x is he :o grants weal? & virtue1 fulfils desires & be/[s f9al happ9ess4' ,sudama replies t ev5 ,kri%na does n give anyone any?+ )\t t p]son giv+ him some?+ fir/4 ,z he has n giv51 h[ c he hope to receive8 ,8 wife !n ties up a little rice 9 an old :ite clo? & gives x to ,sudama z a pres5t to ,kri%na4 ,sudama sets out4 ,on rea*+ ,dw>ka1 he is admitt$ to ,kri%na's pres5ce1 is imm$iately recogniz$ & is treat$ ) ! utmo/ k9dness & respect4 ,kri%na himself wa%es 8 feet & rev]es him z a ,brahman4#dj ',bro!r1' he says1 'f ! "t y quitt$ our preceptor's h\se1 ,i h he>d no?+ ( y4 ,y\r com+ has purifi$ my h\se & made me happy4' ,kri%na !n notices ! rice & laugh+ly asks ,sudama :at pres5t 8 wife has s5t him & :y x is hidd5 "u 8 arm4 ,sudama is greatly aba%$ b all[s ,kri%na to take ! bundle4 ,on tak+ x1 ,kri%na eats ! rice4 ,he !n conducts ,sudama )91 fea/s him on delicacies & puts him to b$4 ,dur+ ! night he s5ds ,visvak>ma1 ! div9e ar*itect1 to ,sudama's home1 ) in/ructions to turn x into a palace4 ,! next morn+ ,sudama takes leave ( ,kri%na1 congratulat+ himself on n hav+ ask$ ,kri%na = any?+4 ,z he ne>s home1 he is dismay$ to f9d no trace ( 8 hut1 b in/ead a gold5 palace4 ,he approa*es ! gate-keep] & is told x belongs to ,sudama1 ! fri5d ( ,kri%na4 ,8 wife comes out & he f9ds h] dress$ 9 f9e clo!s & jewels & att5d$ by maid-s]vants4 ,%e takes him 9 & at fir/ he is aba%$ at s mu* weal?4 ,kri%na1 he reflects1 c only h giv5 x to him because he d\bt$ 8 affection4 ,he did n ask ,kri%na = weal? & _c fa?om :y he has be5 giv5 x4 ,8 wife assures him t ,kri%na kn[s ! ?\ghts ( ev]yone4 ,sudama did n ask = weal?1 b %e h]self desir$ x & t is :y ,kri%na has giv5 x to !m4 ,sudama is conv9c$ & says no m4 ,all ^! incid5ts provide a clue to ,kri%na's nature4 ,!y illu/rate 8 attitudes1 confirm him 9 8 role z protector & pres]v] & %[ him 9 a new light--t ( a gu>dian & uphold] ( morality4 ,he is /ill a f]v5t lov]1 b 8 love is sanction$ & =maliz$ by legal m>riage4 ,moreov]1 a new respect *>act]izes 8 deal+s ) ,brahmans & 8 approa* to fe/ivals4 ,in/ead ( ! "y revolution>y1 we n[ meet a sage cons]vative4 ,^! *anges col\r 8 f9al c>e]4 ,z life at ,dw>ka runs its c\rse1 ,kri%na's activities c5tre m & m on w>s ) demons & 8 relations ) ! ,p&avas4 ,despite 8 pr[ess & r5[n1 demons tr\ble ! ,yadavas f "t to "t1 b all are kill$ ei!r by ,kri%na wield+ a magic quoit or by ,bal>ama ply+ 8 pl\gh or pe/le4 ,on "o occasion1 a monkey demon runs amok1 h>ass+ ! p & ravag+ ! c\ntry4 ,he surprises ,bal>ama ba?+ 9 a tank ) 8 wives1 despoils _! clo!s & defiles _! pit*]s4 ,a great combat !n ensues1 ! monkey hurl+ trees & hills :ile ,bal>ama c\nt]s ) 8 pl\gh & pe/le4 ,b ! outcome is h>dly 9 d\bt & at la/ ! monkey is kill$4 ,on ano!r occasion1 ,kri%na is compell$ to int]v5e 9 =ce4 ,foll[+ 8 m>riage ) 8 fir/ que51 ,rukm9i1 a son1 ,pradyumna has be5 born4 ,he is no less a p]son ?an ,kama1 ! god ( love1 :om ,siva has burnt = di/urb+ 8 m$itations4 ,:5 gr[n up1 ,pradyumna is m>ri$ to a c\s91 ! daught] ( 8 uncle1 ,rukma4 ,rukma has nev] =giv5 ,kri%na = abduct+ & m>ry+ 8 si/]1 ,rukm9i1 & despite _! intimate alliance is sworn to kill him4 ,8 plot is discov]$ & 9 a f9al conte/1 ,bal>ama kills him4 ,mean:ile1 ,pradyumna has _h a son1 ,aniruddha1 :o gr[s up into a *>m+ y\?1 :ile at ! same "t ,vanasura1 a demon ) a ?\s& arms1 has a lovely daught]1 ,usa4 ,:5 ,usa is twelve ye>s old1 %e longs = a husb& & 9 a dream sees & embraces ,aniruddha4 ,%e does n "k :o he is1 b describes him to a confidante4 ,! latt] draws pictures ( all ! lead+ royalty1 & among ! ,yadavas1 ,usa recognizes h] love1 ,aniruddha4 ,! confidante agrees to br+ him to h] & go+ ?r\gh ! air to ,dw>ka1 f9ds him sleep+1 dream+ ( ,usa4 ,%e transports him to ,usa's palace & on wak+4 ,aniruddha f9ds himself alone ) 8 love4 ,usa conceals him1 b ! news rea*es h] fa!r & he surr\nds ! palace ) 8 demon army4 ,aniruddha r\ts ! army b is caught by ,vanasura1 :o !n imprisons ! two "y lov]s4 ,news n[ rea*es ,kri%na :o ru%es an army to ! sc5e4 ,a battle ensues dur+ :i* ,vanasura loses all 8 arms save f\r4 ,he !n wor%ips ,kri%na1 & ,aniruddha & ,usa are m>ri$4 ,mean:ile ,kri%na is c>efully ma9ta9+ relations ) ! ,p&avas4 ,we h se5 h[ imm$iately aft] ! slay+ ( ! tyrant he s5ds an envoy to inquire aft] 8 aunt ,kunti1 ! si/] ( 8 fa!r1 & "m ( ! five ,p&avas4 ,we h also notic$ h[ dur+ a visit to ! ,p&ava c\rt1 he has acquir$ a new que51 ,kal9di4 ,he n[ emb>ks on sev]al c\rses ( action1 ea* ( :i* is design$ to cem5t _! relations4 ,dur+ a visit to 8 c\rt1 ,arjuna1 ! bro!r ^: lucky %ot won ,draupadi = ! ,p&avas1 falls 9 love ) ,subhadra1 ,kri%na's si/]4 ,kri%na is delight$ to h him z a bro!r-9-law & z already n>rat$ 9 ! epic1 he advises ,arjuna to m>ry h] by capture4 ,a little lat] ,kri%na le>ns t ,yudhi/hira w %ortly proclaim himself a 'rul] ( ! _w' & decides to visit ! ,p&ava c\rt to assi/ at ! sacrifice4 ,he takes a va/ army ) him & advances on ! c\rt ) massive spl5d\r4 ,z he arrives1 he le>ns t ,j>as&ha ^: feud is unabat$ has n[ imprison$ tw5ty ?\s& rajas1 all ( :om cry to be releas$4 ,kri%na decides t ,j>as&ha's demon activities mu/ be end$ once = all & tak+ two ( ! ,p&avas ) him1 ,bhima & ,arjuna1 he sets out to de/roy him4 ,j>as&ha elects to engage ,bhima 9 s+le-h&$ combat & = tw5ty-sev5 days ! fight proce$s1 ea* wield+ a club & nei!r secur+ ! advantage4 ,kri%na n[ le>ns t ,j>as&ha c only be kill$ if he is split 9 two4 ,he directs ,bhima1 !re=e1 to ?r[ him d[n1 place a foot on "o ( 8 ?ighs & cat*+ ! o!r leg ) 8 h&1 te> him asund]4 ,bhima does s & 9 ?is way ,j>as&ha is de/roy$4 ,! captive rajas are n[ releas$ & aft] return+ home !y =ega!r at ! ,p&avas' c\rt to assi/ at ! sacrifice4 ,z arrangem5ts proce$ an incid5t occurs :i* illu/rates yet aga9 ! complex situation aris+ f ,kri%na's dual "*4 ,kri%na is ,god1 yet he is also man4 ,be+ a man1 x is normally z a man t he is reg>d$4 ,yet f "t to "t p>ticul> individuals s5se 8 ,godhead & !n he is no long] man b ,god himself4 ,ev5 ^?1 h[ev]1 :o view him z ,god d s only = brief p]iods ( "t & h5ce ! situation is con/antly aris+ 9 :i* ,kri%na is "o mom5t hon\r$ z ,god & !n a mom5t lat] is treat$ z a man4 ,& x is ?is situation :i* n[ recurs4 ,z we h already se5 9 ! epic1 "p ( ! cu/om at imp]ial sacrifices 0 to (f] pres5ts to di/+ui%$ gue/s1 & accord+ to ! epic ! p]son *os5 to receive ! fir/ pres5t 0 ,kri%na himself4 ,! ,purana *anges ?is by sub/itut+ gods = gue/s4 ,yudhi/hira is unc]ta9 :o %\ld be wor%ipp$ fir/4 ',:o is ! great "l ( ! gods1' he asks1 'to :om we %\ld b[ our heads8' ,to ?is a ,p&ava gives a cle> answ]4 ,kri%na1 he says1 is god ( gods4 ',no "o und]/&s 8 nature4 ,he is "l ( ,brahma1 ,siva & ,indra4 ,x is he :o creates1 pres]ves & de/roys4 ,8 "w is endless4 ,he is ! unse5 & imp]i%able4 ,he desc5ds ^u ! e>? cont9ually = ! sake ( 8 wor%ipp]s & assum+ mortal =m appe>s & acts l a mortal4 ,he sits 9 our h\ses & calls u 'bro!rs4' ,we are delud$ by 8 p[] & consid] him a bro!r4 ,yet nev] h we se5 "o z great z him4' ,he speaks 9 fact z "o :o1 kn[+ ,kri%na1 has se51 = ! mom5t1 ! god beyond ! man4 ,8 vision is %>$ by ! o!rs pres5t4 ,kri%na is !re=e plac$ on a ?rone & be=e ! va/ conc\rse ( rajas1 ,yudhi/hira wor%ips him4 ,among ! gue/s1 h[ev]1 is "o raja to :om ! vision is d5i$4 ,he is ,sisupala1 ,kri%na's rival = ! h& ( ,rukm9i1 & s9ce ,rukm9i's abduction1 8 deadly enemy4 ,kri%na's elevation z a god is m ?an he c /oma* & he utt]s an angry prote/4 ,kri%na1 he says1 is n god at all4 ,he is a m]e c[h]d's son ( l[ ca/e :o has debas$ himself by eat+ ! leav+s ( ! c[h]ds' *ildr5 & has ev5 be5 ! lov] ( ! c[girls4 ,z a *ild he 0 an arrant pilf]]1 /eal+ milk & butt] f e h\se1 :ile z a y\? he has trifl$ ) o!r m5's wives4 ,he has also slight$ ,indra4 ,kri%na quietly li/5s to ?is outbur/4 ,!n1 deem+ ,sisupala's enmity to h rea*$ its fur!/ limit1 he all[s 8 pati5ce to be exhau/$4 ,he rea*es = 8 quoit & hurl+ x ?r\gh ! air1 slays ,sisupala on ! spot4 ,! c]emonies are !n complet$ & ,kri%na leaves = ,dw>ka4 ,z he ne>s ! city1 he discov]s ! ,yadavas h>d press$ by an army ( demons4 ,he & ,bal>ama int]v5e4 ,! demons are ei!r kill$ or put to flight & ! ,yadavas are rescu$4 ,:5 a little lat] ,sisupala's two bro!rs br+ an army aga9/ him1 !y too are vanqui%$4 ,twelve ye>s n[ int]v5e4 ,yudhi/hira 9 ! mom5t ( triumph has gambl$ away 8 k+dom4 ,! ,p&avas h once aga9 be5 driv5 into exile & ! old feud has brok5 out afre%4 ,z ! exile ends1 bo? sides prep>e = w> & ,kri%na also leaves = ! battle4 ,bal>ama is loa? to int]v5e s goes away on pilgrimage4 ,aft] v>i\s adv5tures1 h[ev]1 he also arrives on ! sc5e4 ,z he comes1 a s]ies ( s+le-h&$ combats is 9 progress ) ,kri%na & o!r ,rajas look+ on4 ,duryodhana1 ! son ( bl9d ,dhrit>a%tra1 ! k+ ( ! ,kauravas is fight+ ,bhima1 ! p[]ful ,p&ava & j z ,bal>ama arrives he is dealt a f\l bl[ & w\nd$ 9 ! ?igh4 ,bal>ama is %ock$ to see s _m uncles & c\s9s involv$ 9 /rife & begs !m to desi/4 ,duryodhana replies t x is ,kri%na :o has will$ ! w> & t !y are z puppets 9 8 h&s4 ,x is ,kri%na :o is actively aid+ ! ,p&avas & ! w> is only be+ c>ri$ on because ( 8 advice4 ,x is ,kri%na also :o has sponsor$ f\l play4 ,bal>ama is pa9$ at su* accusations & /rongly criticizes ,kri%na4 ,kri%na1 h[ev]1 is ready ) an answ]4 ,! ,kauravas1 he says1 *eat$ ! ,p&avas ( _! k+dom by ! game ( dice4 ,duryodhana _h told ,draupadi to sit on 8 ?igh & s he des]v$ to h x brok54 ,s unju/ & tyrannical are ! ,kauravas t any me?ods us$ aga9/ !m are fair4 ,bal>ama keeps sil5t & a little lat] returns to ,dw>ka4 ,?is incid5t concludes ! ,purana's ref]5ces to ! w>4 ,no?+ is said ( ,kri%na's s]mon--! ,bhagavad ,gita4 ,no m5tion is made ( ,kri%na's role z *>iote] to ,arjuna4 ,no?+ fur!r is said ( its deadly outcome4 ,kri%na's c>e] z a w>rior1 9 fact1 is end$ & ) ?is episode ! ,purana ent]s its f9al phase4 ,z ,kri%na lives at ,dw>ka1 surr\nd$ by 8 wives & huge prog5y1 he we>ies ( 8 e>?ly c>e]4 ,by n[ 8 mission has be5 accompli%$4 ,hordes ( demons h be5 sla91 cruel mon>*s kill$ & mu* ( ,e>?'s burd5 lift$4 ,!re is no long] any press+ ne$ = him to /ay & he decides to quit 8 body & 're-ent] ) all 8 emanations ! sph]e ( ,vi%nu4' ,to d ?is1 h[ev]1 ! :ole ( ! ,yadava race mu/ fir/ be end$4#da ,"o1 day "s ,yadava boys make fun ( c]ta9 ,brahmans4 ,!y dress up "o ( _! company z a pregnant girl1 take him to ! ,brahmans & innoc5tly inquire :at k9d ( *ild ! woman w br+ =?4 ,! ,brahmans imm$iately p5etrate ! disguise & ang]$ at ! y\?'s imp]t95ce1 !y reply1 ',a club t w cru% ! :ole ,yadava race4' ,! boys run to ,k+ ,ugras5a1 relate :at has happ5$ & are ev5 m al>m$ :5 an iron club is br\ght =? f ! boy's belly4 ,ugras5a has ! club gr\nd to du/ & ?r[n into ! sea1 :]e its p>ticles become ru%es4 ,"o "p ( ! club1 h[ev]1 is l a lance & does n break4 ,:5 ?r[n into ! sea1 x is swall[$ by a fi%4 ,a hunt] cat*es x & tak+ ! iron spike f its /oma* lays x aside = future use4 ,x is an arr[ made f ?is p>ticul> spike :i* a little lat] w br+ ab\t ,kri%na's dea?4 ,simil>ly x is ! iron ru%es :i* w cause ! dea? ( ! ,yadavas4 ,already1 !re=e1 a *a9 ( s9i/] happ5+s has be5 />t$ & f n[ onw>ds ! action moves rel5tlessly to its grim & tragic close4 ,z ! f9al sc5e unfolds1 ! gods1 head$ by ,brahma & ,siva1 approa* ,kri%na begg+ him to return4 ,kri%na tells !m t ev]y?+ is n[ 9 tra9 & )9 sev5 nights he w complete ! de/ruction ( ! ,yadavas & return to 8 ev]la/+ home4 ,signs port5d+ ! de/ruction ( ,dw>ka n[ appe>4 ',a dreadful figure1 dea? p]sonifi$1 haunts e h\se1 com+ & go+ no "o kn[s h[ & be+ invuln]able to weapons by :i* he is assail$4 ,/rong hurricanes bl[2 l>ge rats multiply & infe/ ! roads & h\ses & attack p]sons 9 _! sleep2 />l+s scream 9 _! cages1 /orks imitate ! hoot+ ( owls & goats ! h[l+ ( jackals2 c[s br+ =? foals & camels mules2 food 9 ! mom5t ( be+ eat5 is fill$ ) worms2 fire burns ) discol\r$ flames & at sunset & sunrise ! air is trav]s$ by headless & hide\s spirits4'#db ,kri%na draws ! ,yadavas' att5tion to ^! om5s & advises !m to leave ,dw>ka & move to ,prabhasa1 a site f>!r inl&4 ,udho1 :o e>li] 9 ! /ory has act$ z ,kri%na's envoy to ! c[girls quickly realizes t ! end is ne> & approa*es ,kri%na = advice4 ',tell me1 ,o ,"l1 :at x is prop] ,i %\ld d4 ,= x is cle> t %ortly y w de/roy ! ,yadavas4' ,kri%na !n tells him to g to a %r9e high up 9 ! m\nta9s & by m$itat+ on ,kri%na obta9 release4 ,he adds m9ute in/ructions on ! te*nique ( p5ance & ends ) "s def9itions ( ! yoga ( devotion4 ,he concludes by tell+ ,udho t :5 all ! ,yadavas h p]i%$1 he himself w g to heav5 & ,dw>ka w be swall[$ by ! ocean4 ,udho b[s l[ & leaves = ! m\nta9s4 ,kri%na n[ assembles ! lead+ ,yadavas & leav+ beh9d only ! eld]s1 ! wom5 & *ildr51 escorts !m to ,prabhasa1 a t[n inl&1 assur+ !m t by prop] wor%ip !y may yet av]t _! fate4 ,at ,prabhasa ! ,yadavas ba! & purify !mselves1 ano9t ! gods' /atues & make (f]+s4 ,!y appease ! ,brahmans ) co/ly gifts--'!reby c\nt]+ evil om5s1 ga9+ ! road to happ9ess & ensur+ rebir? at a high] level4' ,_! wor%ip h[ev]1 is ( no avail = almo/ imm$iately !y fall to dr9k+4 ',z !y drank1 ! de/ructive flame ( diss5sion 0 k9dl$ among/ !m by mutual collision1 & f$ ) ! fuel ( abuse4 ,infuriat$ by ! div9e influ5ce1 !y fell ^u "o ano!r ) missile weapons & :5 ^! 7 exp5d$1 !y _h rec\rse to ! ru%es gr[+ high4 ,! ru%es 9 _! h&s became l ?und]bolts & !y /ruck "o ano!r ) !m fatal bl[s4 ,kri%na int]pos$ to prev5t !m b !y ?\ght t he 0 tak+ "p ) ea* sev]ally1 & cont9u$ ! conflict4 ,kri%na !n1 enrag$1 took up a h&ful ( ru%es to de/roy !m1 & ! ru%es became a club ( iron & ) ?is he slew _m ( ! murd]\s ,yadavas2 :il/ o!rs1 fight+ fi]cely1 put an end to "o ano!r4 ,9 a %ort "t1 !re 0 n a s+le ,yadava left alive1 except ! mighty ,kri%na & ,d>uka1 8 *>iote]4'#dc ,) ! slaught] ?us complet$1 ,kri%na feels free to leave ! e>?4 ,su* ,yadavas :o h be5 left beh9d 9 ,dw>ka h be5 sp>$1 b ! great] "p ( ! race is dead4 ,he !re=e makes ready = 8 own dep>ture4 ,bal>ama1 :o has help$ ,kri%na 9 ! brawl1 goes to ! sea-%ore1 p]=ms yoga &1 leav+ 8 body1 jo9s ! ,supreme ,_s4 ,se%a1 ! :ite s]p5t ( et]nity1 issues f 8 m\? & hymn$ by snakes & o!r s]p5ts proce$s to ! ocean4 ',br++ an (f]+ ( respect1 ,ocean came to meet him2 & !n ! maje/ic be+1 ador$ by att5dant snakes ent]$ into ! wat]s ( ! deep4'#dd ,kri%na !n seats himself by a fig tree1 lays 8 left leg across 8 "r ?igh1 turns ! sole ( 8 foot outw>ds & assumes "o ( ! po/ures 9 :i* ab/raction is practis$4 ,z he m$itates he appe>s loveli] ?an ev]4 ,8 eyes fla%4 ,! f\r arms ( ,vi%nu spr+ f 8 body4 ,he we>s 8 cr[n1 8 sacr$ ?read & g>l& ( fl[]s4 ,z he sits1 glori\s & beautiful1 ! same hunt]1 :o e>li] _h salvag$ ! iron spike f ! fi%1 *ances to pass by4 ,8 arr[ is tipp$ ) a piece ( ! iron & mi/ak+ ,kri%na's foot = "p ( a de]1 he %oots 8 arr[ & hits x4 ,approa*+ ! m>k1 he sees ,kri%na's f\r arms & is horrifi$ to discov] :om he has w\nd$4 ,z he begs =giv5ess1 ,kri%na grants him lib]ation & dispat*es him to heav54 ,d>uka1 ,kri%na's *>iote]1 n[ comes 9 se>* ( 8 ma/]4 ,f9d+ him w\nd$1 he is ov]:elm$ ) grief4 ,kri%na tells him to g to ,dw>ka & in=m ! surviv+ ,yadavas :at has happ5$4 ,on receiv+ ! news !y mu/ leave ,dw>ka imm$iately1 = ! sea w %ortly engulf x4 ,!y mu/ also place !mselves "u ,arjuna's protection & g to ,indrapra/ha4 ',!n ! illu/ri\s ,kri%na hav+ unit$ himself ) 8 own pure1 spiritual1 inexhau/ible & univ]sal _s ab&on$ 8 mortal body4'#de ,d>uka goes m\rnfully to ,dw>ka :]e he breaks ! news4 ,vasudeva ) 8 two wives1 ,devaki & ,roh9i1 die ( grief4 ,arjuna recov]s ! bodies ( ,kri%na & ,bal>ama & places !m on a fun]al pyre4 ,rukm9i along ) ,kri%na's sev5 o!r que5s ?r[ !mselves on ! flames4 ,bal>ama's wives1 z well z ,k+ ,ugras5a1 also die4 ,arjuna !n appo9ts ,kri%na's great gr&son1 ,p>ik%it1 to rule ov] ! survivors &1 aft] assembl+ ! rema9+ wom5 & *ildr51 removes !m f ,dw>ka & travels sl[ly away4 ,z !y leave1 ! ocean comes up1 swall[+ ! city & engulf+ ev]y?+ except ! temple4 ,footnote #dj3 ,plate #ai4 ,footnote #da3 ,note #ac4 ,footnote #db3 ,note #ad4 ,footnote #dc3 ,note #g4 ,footnote #dd3 ,plate #a & ,note #g4 ,footnote #de3 ,plate #b & ,note #g4 7iv7 ,! ,purana ,re-consid]$ ,su* an acc\nt gives u :at ! ,mahabh>ata epic did n give--a detail$ description ( ,kri%na's c>e]4 ,x confirms ! epic's view ( ,kri%na z a h]o & fills 9 _m gaps conc]n+ 8 life at ,dw>ka1 8 relations ) ! ,p&avas1 8 life z a feudal pr9ce & f9ally1 8 dea?4 ,x makes cle> t ?r\gh\t ! /ory ,kri%na is an inc>nation ( ,vi%nu & t 8 ma9 reason = be+ born is to aid ! good & kill demons4 ,at ! same "t1 x %[s him 9 two important new lights--fir/ly1 z "o ^: y\? 0 sp5t among c[h]ds1 9 circum/ances altoge!r diff]5t f ^? ( a pr9ce & secondly1 z a delightful lov] ( wom51 :o explores to ! full ! joys ( sexual love4 ,! second role *>act]izes him bo? z c[h]d & pr9ce b ) important diff]5ces ( attitude & behavi\r4 ,z a pr9ce1 ,kri%na is w$d$ fir/ to ,rukm9i & !n to sev5 o!r wives1 obs]v+ on ea* occasion ! requisite =malities4 ,ev5 ! sixte5 ?\s& "o hundr$ girls :om he rescues f imprisonm5t receive ?is =mal /atus4 ,) all ( !m ,kri%na enjoys a v>iety ( sexual pleasures & _! love is moral1 respectable & approv$4 ,kri%na ! pr9ce1 9 fact1 is ,kri%na ! husb&4 ,kri%na ! c[h]d1 on ! o!r h&1 is ess5tially a lov]4 ,! c[girls ^: impassion$ love he inspires are all m>ri$ & 9 consort+ ) !m he is break+ "o ( ! mo/ solemn requirem5ts ( ! moral code4 ,! fir/ relation%ip has ! secure basis ( conjugal duty1 ! second ! d>+ adv5tur\sness ( romantic passion4 ,! same abrupt contra/ appe>s betwe5 8 "* z a c[h]d & 8 "* z a pr9ce4 ,z a y\? he mixes freely ) ! c[h]ds1 behav+ ) an easy naturalness ( mann] & obta9+ f !m an int5se devotion4 ,?is devotion is excit$ by ev]y?+ he does & :e!r z a baby cry+ = ! brea/1 a little boy pilf]+ butt] or a "y man teas+ ! m>ri$ girls1 he ex]ts a magnetic *>m4 ,at no "t does he neglect 8 prime duty ( kill+ demons b ?is is subord9at$ to 8 innoc5t delight 9 liv+4 ,he is %[n z impati5t ) old & /]eotyp$ =ms ( wor%ip1 z scorn+ ord9>y morality & treat+ love z p>am\nt4 ,al?\gh he acts cont9ually ) pr9cely dignity & is always aw>e ( 8 true "* z ,vi%nu1 8 impact on o!rs is bas$ m on ! und]/&+ ( _! ne$s ?an on _! recognition ( him z ,god4 ,:51 at times1 ,kri%na ! c[h]d is ador$ z ,god1 he has already be5 lov$ z a boy & a "y man4 ,9 ! lat] /ory1 ?is e>ly *>m is miss+4 ,kri%na is frequ5tly recogniz$ to be ,god & is cont9ually rev]$ & respect$ z a man4 ,8 conduct is inv>iably resolute b !re is a k9d ( /atesmanlike =mality ab\t 8 actions4 ,he is respectful t[>ds ritual1 =mal obs]vances & ,brahmans :ile 9 comp>ison ) 8 enc\nt]s ) ! c[girls 8 relations ) wom5 h an air ( slightly /agnant luxury4 ,8 wives & consorts lavi% on him _! devotion b ! v fact t !y are m>ri$ removes ! romantic elem5t f _! relation%ip4 ,su* vital diff]5ces are only p>tially resolv$ 9 ! ,bhagavata ,purana4 ,repres5t+ z !y d two diff]5t conceptions ( ,kri%na's "*1 x is inevitable t ! result+ acc\nt %\ld be slightly bias$ 9 "o direction or ! o!r4 ,! ,bhagavata ,purana records bo? phases 9 c>eful detail bl5d+ !m into a s+le organic :ole4 ,b !re c be little d\bt t its ,brahman au?ors 7 9 ! ma9 m fav\rably incl9$ t[>ds ! h]o pr9ce ?an t[>ds ! c[h]d lov]4 ,!re is a t5d5cy = ! old] ,kri%na to disp>age ! y\ng]4 ,kri%na ! pr9ce's subsequ5t meet+s ) ! c[girls are %[n z v diff]5t f 8 raptur\s enc\nt]s ) !m 9 ! =e/ & ! fact t 8 lat] c>e] involves s %>p a sep>ation f !m indicates t ! :ole episode 0 some:at fr[n$ ^u4 ,?is is especially evid5t f ! mann] 9 :i* ,kri%na addresses ! c[girls :5 !y meet him dur+ ! eclipse ( ! sun4 ,by ?is "t he has become an ard5t husb& con/antly satisfy+ 8 _m wives4 ,he is v f> f hav+ abjur$ ! delights ( ! fle%4 ,yet = all 8 =m] loves :o long = him s passionately he has only "o message4 ,!y mu/ m$itate ^u him 9 _! m9ds4 ,no dismissal c\ld be cold]1 no treatm5t m calculat+ly call\s4 ,& ev5 ! acc\nts ( ,kri%na's love-mak+ reflects ?is bias4 ,! physical *>ms ( ! c[girls are m9imiz$ & x is only ! beauty ( ,rukm9i :i* is /ress$4 ,x is cle>1 9 fact1 t h[ev] mu* ! "o tradition involv$ a break ) morals1 ! second tradition %rank f c\nt5anc+ adult]y & x 0 ?is latt] tradition :i* comm&$ ! au?ors' approval4 ,f9ally1 on "o important issue1 ! ,purana z a :ole is 9 no d\bt4 ,kri%na's true consort is ,rukm9i4 ,t ,kri%na's nature %\ld be complem5t$ by a c[girl is n s mu* z ev5 consid]$4 ,! c[girls are %[n z risk+ all = ,kri%na1 z lov+ him above all else b none is s+l$ out = m5tion & none em]ges z a rival4 ,9 ?is long acc\nt ( ,kri%na's life :at is ov]:elm+ly significant is t ! "n ( 8 supreme c[girl love is altoge!r omitt$4 ,v ,,! ,,kri%na ,,( ,,poetry 7i7 ,! ,triumph ( ,radha ,dur+ ! next two hundr$ ye>s1 f ! t5? to ! twelf? c5tury1 ! ,kri%na /ory completely alt]s4 ,x is n t ! facts z giv5 9 ! ,bhagavata ,purana are disput$4 ,x is r t ! emphasis & view-po9t are *ang$4 ,kri%na ! pr9ce & 8 consort ,rukm9i are relegat$ to ! backgr\nd & ,kri%na ! c[h]d lov] br\ght %>ply to ! =e4 ,kri%na is no long] reg>d$ z hav+ be5 born solely to kill a tyrant & rid ! _w ( demons4 ,8 *ief function n[ is to v9dicate passion z ! symbol ( f9al union ) ,god4 ,we h already se5 t to ,indians ?is f9al union 0 ! sole purpose ( life & only "o exp]i5ce 0 at all comp>able to x4 ,x 0 ! mutual ec/asy ( impassion$ lov]s4 ',9 ! embrace ( 8 belov$1 a man =gets ! :ole _w--ev]y?+ bo? )9 & )\t2 9 ! same way1 he :o embraces ! ,self kn[s nei!r )9 nor )\t4'#df ,! function ( ! new ,kri%na 0 to def5d ^! two premises--t romantic love 0 ! mo/ exalt$ exp]i5ce 9 life & secondly1 t ( all ! roads to salvation1 ! impassion$ adoration ( ,god 0 ! "o mo/ valid4 ,god mu/ be ador$4 ,kri%na himself 0 ,god & s9ce he _h %[n div9e love 9 passionately possess+ ! c[girls1 he 0 be/ ador$ by recall+ ^! v enc\nt]s4 ,z a result1 ,kri%na's relations ) ! c[girls 7 n[ enorm\sly magnifi$ & z "p ( ?is fre% appraisal1 a p>ticul> m>ri$ c[girl1 ,radha1 ent]s ! /ory z ! en*ant+ object ( 8 passions4 ,we h se5 h[ on "o occasion 9 ! ,bhagavata ,purana1 ,kri%na disappe>s tak+ ) him a s+le girl1 h[ !y !n make love toge!r 9 a =e/ b[] & h[ :5 ! girl tires & begs ,kri%na to c>ry h]1 he abruptly leaves h]4 ,! girl's "n is n m5tion$ b en\gh is said to sugge/ t %e is ,kri%na's fav\rite4 ,?is h9t is n[ develop$4 ,radha1 = ?is is ! girl's "n1 is recogniz$ z ! lovelie/ ( all ! c[girls4 ,%e is ! daught] ( ! c[h]d ,vri%abhanu & 8 wife1 ,kamalavati1 & is m>ri$ to ,ayana1 a bro!r ( ,yasoda4 ,l o!r c[girls1 h] love = ,kri%na is all-consum+ & compels h] to ignore h] family hon\r & disreg>d h] husb&4 ,kri%na1 = 8 "p1 reg>ds h] z 8 fir/ love4 ,9 place1 !re=e1 ( c\rtly adv5tures & battles ) demons1 ,kri%na's adult]\s romance is n[ pres5t$ z all 9 all4#dg ,x is ! moods1 feel+s & emotions ( a great love-affair :i* are ! ess5ce ( ! /ory & ?is1 9 turn1 is to s]ve z a sublime allegory express+ & affirm+ ! love ( ,god = ! s\l4 ,) ?is dramatic revolution 9 ! /ory1 we beg9 to approa* ! ,kri%na ( ,indian pa9t+4 ,su* a *ange c h>dly h come ab\t )\t hi/orical reasons & al?\gh ! exact circum/ances mu/ p]haps rema9 obscure1 we c see 9 ?is %>p rev]sal ( roles a cle> response to c]ta9 ,indian ne$s4 ,f e>ly times1 romantic love _h be5 ke5ly valu$1 ,sanskrit poets su* z ,kalidasa1 ,am>u & ,bh>trih>i celebrat+ ! *>ms ( womanly physique & ! raptures ( sex4 ,:at1 9 fact1 9 o!r cultures _h be5 view$ ) suspicion or disquiet 0 "h inve/$ ) nobility & gr&eur4 ,al?\gh fidelity _h be5 dem&$ 9 m>riage1 romantic liaisons _h n be5 entirely exclud$ & ?us !re 0 a s5se 9 :i* ! love-poetry ( ! e>ly ,indian middle ages _h be5 p>tly p>allel$ by actual c\rtly or village practice4 ,f ! t5? c5tury onw>ds1 h[ev]1 a tight5+ ( dome/ic morals _h set 91 a tight5+ :i* 0 fur!r int5sifi$ by ! ,muslim invasions ( ! twelf? & ?irte5 c5turies4 ,romance z an actual exp]i5ce became m difficult ( atta9m5t & ?is 0 exac]bat$ by /&>d views ( m>riage4 ,9 e>ly ,india1 m>riage _h be5 reg>d$ z a contract betwe5 families & romantic love betwe5 husb& & wife z an accid5tal1 ev5 an unexpect$ product ( :at 0 basically a utilit>ian agreem5t4 ,) ! seclusion ( wom5 & ! lay+ ( ev5 great] /ress on wifely *a/ity1 romantic love 0 increas+ly d5i$4 ,yet ! ne$ = romance rema9$ & we c see 9 ! preval5ce ( love-poetry a sub/itute = wi%es repress$ 9 actual life4#dh ,x is precisely ?is role :i* ! /ory ( ,kri%na ! c[h]d lov] n[ came to p]=m4 ,kri%na1 be+ ,god1 _h be5 beyond morals & h5ce _h practis$ conduct :i*1 if indulg$ 9 by m51 might well h be5 wrong4 ,he _h giv5 practical expression to romantic long+s & _h behav$ ) all ! passionate fre$om normally /ifl$ by social duty1 conjugal e?ics & family morals4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 ,kri%na ! pr9ce 0 a m]e pill> ( bor+ respectability4 ,no?+ 9 8 conduct c\ld ar\se delight = ev]y?+ he did 0 correct & prop]4 ,kri%na ! c[h]d on ! o!r h&1 0 spontane\s1 irresponsible & free4 ,8 love = ! c[girls _h _h a lively fre$om4 ,! love betwe5 !m 0 no?+ if n volunt>y4 ,8 :ole life among ! c[h]ds 0 simple1 natural & pleas+ & z _! raptur\s lov] no?+ 0 m obvi\s ?an t ! c[girls %\ld adore him4 ,9 dwell+1 !n1 on ,kri%na1 x 0 natural t ! wor%ipp] %\ld t5d to disreg>d ! pr9ce & %\ld conc5trate in/ead on ! c[h]d4 ,! pr9ce _h rev]$ ,brahmans & support$ e/abli%$ in/itutions4 ,! c[h]d _h %am$ ! ,brahmans ( ,ma?ura & discr$it$ c]emonies & fe/ivals4 ,he _h lov$ & be5 lov$ & 9 8 contemplation lay no?+ b joy4 ,! loves ( ,kri%na1 9 fact1 7 an intimate fulfilm5t ( ,indian desires1 an exact sublimation ( int5se romantic ne$s & :ile o!r factors mu/ c]ta9ly h play$ _! "p1 ?is is p]haps ! *ief reason :y1 at ?is juncture1 !y n[ en*ant$ village & c\rtly ,india4 ,! results ( ?is new approa* are app>5t 9 two di/9ct ways4 ,! ,bhagavata ,purana cont9ues to be ! *ief *ronicle ( ,kri%na's acts b ! la/ half ( ,book ,t5 & all ( ,book ,elev5 fall into neglect4#di ,9 _! place1 ! /ory ( ,kri%na's relations ) ! c[girls is giv5 new poignancy & precision4 ,radha is con/antly m5tion$ & 9 all ! incid5ts 9 ! ,purana involv+ c[girls1 x is %e :o is giv5 pride ( place4 ,at ! riv] ,jumna1 :5 ,kri%na removes ! c[girls' clo!s1 ,radha begs him to re/ore !m4 ,at ! circul> dance 9 :i* he jo9s ) all ! c[girls1 ,radha receives 8 fir/ att5tions1 danc+ ) him 9 ! c5tre4 ,:5 ,kri%na is ab\t to leave = ,ma?ura1 x is ,radha :o heads ! c[girls & /rives to deta9 him4 ,%e s]ves1 9 fact1 z a symbol ( all ! c[girls' love4 ,at ! same "t1 %e is v f> f be+ m]ely _! spokesman or lead] & :ile ! lat] texts dwell con/antly on h] raptur\s love-mak+ ) ,kri%na1 !y also describe h] jeal\sy :5 ,kri%na makes love to o!r girls4 ,inde$ ! ess5ce ( _! romance is t x includes a tempor>y e/rangem5t & only aft] ,kri%na has neglect$ ,radha1 flirt$ ) o!r c[girls & !n return$ to h] is _! und]/&+ complete4 ,! second result is ! allegorical int]pretation :i* ,kri%na's romances n[ receiv$4 ,9 ,*ri/ian lit]ature1 ! long+ ( ! s\l = ,god 0 occasionally express$ 9 t]ms ( sexual imag]y--! works ( ! ,spani% my/ic1 ,/4 ,john ( ! ,cross1 includ+ 'songs ( ! s\l 9 rapture at hav+ arriv$ at ! height ( p]fection :i* is union ) ,god4' ,oh night t 0 my guide6 ,oh d>kness de>] ?an ! morn+'s pride1 ,oh night t jo9$ ! lov] ,to ! belov$ bride ,transfigur+ !m ea* into ! o!r4 ,)9 my fl[]+ brea/ ,:i* only = himself entire ,i save ,he sank into 8 re/ ,& all my gifts ,i gave ,lull$ by ! airs ) :i* ! c$>s wave4#ej ,?is same approa* 0 n[ to cl>ify ,radha's romance ) ,kri%na4 ,radha1 x 0 held1 0 ! s\l :ile ,kri%na 0 ,god4 ,radha's sexual passion = ,kri%na symboliz$ ! s\l's int5se long+ & h] will+ness to commit adult]y express$ ! utt] priority :i* mu/ be accord$ to love = ,god4 ,if ultimate union 0 symboliz$ by romantic love1 !n cle>ly no?+ c\ld approa* su* love 9 ultimate significance4 ,9 des]t+ _! husb&s & homes & wilfully committ+ adult]y1 ,radha & ! c[girls 7 !re=e illu/rat+ a pr(\nd religi\s tru?4 ,n only 0 _! adult]y pro( ( ,kri%na's *>m1 x 0 vital to ! :ole /ory4 ,by worldly /&>ds1 !y 7 committ+ ! grave/ ( (f5ces b !y 7 do+ x = ,kri%na :o 0 ,god himself4 ,!y 7 !re=e sett+ ,god above home & duty1 !y 7 leav+ ev]y?+ = love ( ,god & 9 surr5d]+ _! hon\r1 7 provid+ ! mo/ pot5t symbol ( :at devotion meant4 ,?is approa* expla9$ o!r details4 ,kri%na's flute 0 ! call ( ,god :i* caus$ ! s\ls ( m51 ! c[girls1 to =sake _! worldly atta*m5ts & ru% to love him4 ,9 remov+ ! clo!s ( ! c[girls & requir+ !m to come be=e him nak$1 he 0 demon/rat+ ! innoc5t purity ) :i* ! s\l %\ld wait on ,god4 ,9 himself neglect+ ,radha & toy+ ) ! c[girls1 he 0 prov+1 on "o level1 ! p[] ( worldly pleasures to s$uce ! s\l b on ano!r level1 ! p[] ( ,god to love e s\l irrespective ( its "* & /atus4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 ! c[girls 7 z mu* ! s\ls ( m5 z ,radha h]self & to demon/rate ,god's all-p]vasive love1 ,kri%na mu/ !re=e love n only ,radha b e c[girl4 ,equally1 9 ! circul> dance1 by induc+ e c[girl to ?9k t %e & %e alone 0 8 p>tn]1 ,kri%na 0 prov+ h[ ,god is available to all4 ,f9ally x 0 realiz$ t ev5 ^? portions ( ! /ory :i*1 at fir/ sight1 seem$ cruel & call\s 7 also susceptible ( religi\s int]pretation4 ,:5 ,radha has be5 lov$ 9 ! =e/ & !n is sudd5ly des]t$1 ! reason is h] pride--pride t because ,kri%na has lov$ h]1 %e c ass]t h]self by ask+ to be c>ri$4 ,su* ass]tiv5ess is incompatible ) ! k9d ( humble adoration necess>y = communion ) ,god4 ,to prove ?is1 !re=e1 ,radha's pride mu/ be de/roy$ & ,kri%na resorts to ?is seem+ly brusque des]tion4 ,action1 9 fact1 :i* by human /&>ds w\ld be repreh5sible is once aga9 a means = imp>t+ spiritual wisdom4 ,9 a simil> way1 ,kri%na's dep>ture = ,ma?ura & f9al ab&onm5t ( ! c[girls 0 accord$ a religi\s int]pretation4 ,at "o level1 8 dep>ture symboliz$ '! d>k night ( ! s\l1' ! exp]i5ce :i* comes to e devotee :51 despite ! mo/ ard5t long+1 ! vision fades4 ,at ano!r level1 x illu/rat$ h[ life mu/ be liv$ :5 ,god or ,vi%nu 0 no long] on e>?4 ,if ,kri%na's love-mak+ 0 int5d$ to symbolize ! ultimate rapture1 8 physical abs5ce correspond$ to conditions z !y normally exi/$4 ,9 in/ruct+ ! c[girls to m$itate ^u him 9 _! m9ds1 ,kri%na 0 only attun+ !m to life z x mu/ necess>ily appe> aft] he has left ! human /age4 ,x 0 ^! conceptions :i* gov]n$ ! cult ( ,kri%na f ! twelf? c5tury onw>ds &1 z we %all %ortly see1 in=m$ ! poems :i* 7 n[ to celebrate 8 love = ,radha4 ,footnote #df3 ,note #ae4 ,footnote #dg3 ,note #af4 ,footnote #dh3 ,note #ag4 ,footnote #di3 ,i4e4 ! :ole ( ,kri%na's c>e] aft] 8 de/ruction ( ! tyrant4 ,footnote #ej3 ,roy ,campbell1 ,! ,poems ( ,/4 ,john ( ! ,cross 7,london1 #aiea71 #aa-ab4 7ii7 ,! ,gita ,gov9da ,! fir/ poem to express ?is *ang$ conception is ! ,gita ,gov9da--! ,song ( ! ,c[h]d--a ,sanskrit poem writt5 by ! ,b5gali poet1 ,jayadeva1 t[>ds ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,its subject is ! e/rangem5t ( ,radha & ,kri%na caus$ by ,kri%na's love = o!r c[girls1 ,radha's angui% at ,kri%na's neglect & la/ly ! rapture :i* att5ds _! f9al reunion4 ,jayadeva describes ,radha's long+ & ,kri%na's love-mak+ ) gl[+ s5suality yet ! poem rev]ts cont9ually to praise ( ,kri%na z ,god4 ,if 9 recall+ ,kri%na to m9d !re is flav\r ,or if !re is int]e/ 9 love's art ,!n to ?is necklace ( words--sweetness1 t5d]ness1 brightness-- ,! words ( ,jayadeva1 li/54 ,he aims1 9 fact1 at induc+ 'recollection ( ,kri%na 9 ! m9ds ( ! good' & adds a description ( ! =e/ 9 spr+time solely1 he says1 9 ord] once aga9 to recall ,kri%na4#ea ,:51 at la/1 ! poem has come triumphantly to its close1 ,jayadeva aga9 exhorts p to adore ,kri%na & 'place him = ev] 9 _! he>ts1 ,kri%na ! s\rce ( all m]it4' ,! poem beg9s ) a preface ( f\r l9es describ+ h[ ,kri%na's romance ) ,radha fir/ began4 ,! sky1 x says1 0 d>k ) cl\ds4 ,all ar\nd lay ! va/ =e/4 ,night 0 com+ up & ,n&a :o _h tak5 ! y\?ful ,kri%na ) him is al>m$ le/ 9 ! ga!r+ gloom ! boy %\ld get lo/4 ,radha1 :o is some:at old]1 is ) !m1 s ,n&a desires h] to take ,kri%na home4 ,radha leads him away b z !y w&] by ! riv]1 passion m\nts 9 _! he>ts4 ,!y =get t ,n&a has told !m to hurry home4 ,radha ignores ! mo!rly "* ( h] mission & loit]+ 9 ! trees1 ! two comm5ce _! dalliance4#eb ,9 ?is way ! love ( ,radha & ,kri%na arises--! love :i* is to dom9ate _! he>ts ) ev]-gr[+ f]v\r4 ,! poem !n leaps a p]iod ( "t & :5 ! drama op5s1 a crisis has occurr$4 ,radha1 aft] long enjoy+ ,kri%na's passionate embraces1 f9ds h]self abruptly neglect$4 ,*>m+ b fai?less1 ,kri%na is n[ pursu+ o!r girls & ! jilt$ ,radha w&]s alone4 ,mean:ile spr+ has come to ! =e/ & ! ?\ght t o!rs are enjoy+ ,kri%na's love tortures h] to ! po9t ( madness4 ,z %e broods on h] lo/ joys1 a fri5d describes to h] :at is happ5+4#ec ,s&al & g>m5t ( yell[ & lotus g>l&s ^u 8 body ( blue1 ,9 8 dance ! jewels ( 8 e>s 9 movem5t dangl+ ov] 8 smil+ *eeks1 ,kri%na "h disports himself ) *>m+ wom5 giv5 to love4 ,he embraces "o woman1 he kisses ano!r1 & fondles ano!r beautiful "o4 ,he looks at ano!r "o lovely ) smiles1 & />ts 9 pursuit ( ano!r woman4 ,kri%na "h disports himself ) *>m+ wom5 giv5 to love4#ed ,sudd5ly ,radha sees ,kri%na#ee & go+ into ! mid/ ( ! c[girls1 %e kisses him viol5tly & clasps him to h]2 b ,kri%na is s inflam$ by ! o!r girls t he ab&ons h] 9 a ?icket4 ,z ,radha broods on 8 behavi\r1 %e is fill$ ) bitt] sadness4#ef ,yet h] love is /ill s /rong t %e _c br+ h]self to blame him & in/ead calls to m9d 8 *>m4 ,i rememb] ,kri%na1 ! je/s he made1 :o plac$ 8 sport 9 ! pa/oral dance1 ,! sweet ( ^: nect> ( lips kept fl[+ ) notes ( 8 lur+ melodi\s flute1 ,) ! play ( ^: eyes & ! toss ( ^: head ! e>r+s kept dangl+ ^u 8 *eeks4 ,i rememb] ,kri%na1 ! je/s he made1 :o plac$ 8 sport 9 ! pa/oral dance1 ,^: br[ _h a p]fect s&al spot1 z among d>k cl\ds ! disc ( ! moon1 ,^: door-l he>t 0 )\t pity :5 cru%+ ! bosoms ( swell+ brea/s4 ,desire ev5 n[ 9 my fooli% m9d = ,kri%na1 ,= ,kri%na--)\t me--lu/+ /ill = ! h]d-girls4 ,see+ only ! good 9 8 nature1 :at %all ,i d8 ,agitat$ ,i feel no ang]4 ,pleas$ )\t cause1 ,i acquit him4 ,& %e cont9ues3 ,o make him enjoy me1 my fri5d1 t ,kri%na s fickle1 ,i :o am %y l a girl on h] way to ! fir/ ( h] try/s ( love1 ,he :o is *>m+ ) flatt]+ words1 ,i :o am t5d] ,9 spee* & smil+1 he on ^: hip ! g>m5t lies loosely worn4 ,o make him enjoy me1 my fri5d1 t ,kri%na s fickle1 ,me :o sweat$ & moi/5$ all ov] my body ) love's ex]tion1 ,t ,kri%na ^: *eeks 7 lovely ) d[n all /&+ on end z he ?rill$1 ,^: half-clos$ eyes 7 languid1 & re/less ) brimm+ desire4 ,o make him enjoy me1 my fri5d1 t ,kri%na s fickle1 ,me ^: masses ( curls 7 l loose-slipp+ fl[]s1 ^: amor\s words ,7 vague z ( doves1 t ,kri%na ^: bosom is m>k$ ,) scrat*es1 surpass+ all 9 8 love t ! sci5ce ( love c\ld tea*4 ,o make him enjoy me1 my fri5d1 t ,kri%na s fickle1 ,to ^: act ( desire accompli%$ ! anklets ^u my feet bejewell$ ,vibrat$ s\nd+1 :o gave 8 kisses seiz+ ! hair ( ! head1 ,& to :om 9 8 passionate love my girdle s\nd$ 9 eloqu5ce sweet4 ,z ,radha sits long+ = him 9 lonely sadness1 ,kri%na sudd5ly rep5ts1 is fill$ ) remorse & abruptly goes 9 que/ ( h]4 ,he does n "k1 h[ev]1 :]e to f9d h] & z he w&]s1 he expresses 8 sorr[4 ,radha s deeply wrong$1 tr\bl$ to see me surr\nd$ by wom51 ,%e w5t1 & ,i1 9 fe> ( my guilt1 made no attempt to /op h]1 ,alas1 alas1 %e is gone 9 ang]1 h] love de/roy$4 ,o my sl5d] "o1 ,i imag9e y\r he>t is deject$1 ,i _c console y kneel+ 9 homage1 ,i "k n :]e to f9d y4 ,if y p>don me n[ ,i %all nev] repeat ?is neglect ( y ev]-- ,o beautiful1 give me y\r pleasure aga94 ,i burn ) desire4 ,z ,kri%na se>*es unavail+ly1 ,radha's fri5d lights ^u him & conveys news ( h] love-torm5t$ /ate4 ,arm\r %e makes ( t5d] lotus g>l&s to hide h] bosom f y1 ,l>ge g>l&s1 z if to protect y f heavy %[]s ( %afts f ! god ( love4 ,%e fe>s an attack ( ,love ^u y1 & lies away hidd52 ,%e wa/es away1 ,kri%na1 p>t$ f y4 ,z he he>s ?is1 ,kri%na is torn ) long+4 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 g imm$iately to ,radha b in/ead asks ! fri5d to br+ ,radha to him4 ,! girl dep>ts1 meets ,radha & gives h] ,kri%na's message4 ,%e !n describes ,kri%na's love-lorn /ate3 ,:5 he he>s ! noise ( sw>ms ( bees1 he cov]s 8 e>s f _! humm+2 ,pa9 he feels1 night aft] night1 ( a he>t 9 love t is p>t$4 ,he droops1 sep>at$ f y1 ,o fri5d1 ! we>] ( g>l&s4 ,! girl assures ,radha t ,kri%na is contrite & urges h] to delay no long]4 ,he has gone into ! try/+ place1 full ( all desir$ bliss1 ,o y ) lovely hips delay no m ,o g =? n[ & seek him out1 him ! ma/] ( y\r he>t1 him end[$ ) passion's lovely =m4 ,on fall5 fea!rs ( ! birds1 on leaves ab\t ! =e/ floor1 he lies excit$ mak+ !re 8 b$1 ,& he gazes out ^u ! pa?1 looks ab\t ) trembl+ eyes1 anxi\s1 look+ out = y\r approa*4 ,!re on t b$ ( t5d] leaves1 ,o lotus-ey$1 embrace 8 hips1 8 nak$ hips f :5ce ! girdle drops1 ,^? hips f :5ce ! g>m5t falls1 ^? lo9s :i* are a treasure heap1 ! f\nta9 & ! s\rce ( all delight4 ,radha w\ld will+ly g b %e is n[ s sick ) love t %e c no long] move4 ,! girl has1 !re=e1 to g once m to ,kri%na & describe ,radha's /ate4 ,9 secret on e side %e sees y ,dr9k+ ! honi$ sweet ( h] lips4 ,:]e ,radha /ays n[ %e wilts away1 ,%e may live no long] )\t y\r skill1 ,aga9 & aga9 %e keeps tell+ h] fri5d1 ',o :y mu/ ,kri%na delay to come8' ,( h] jewels abundant h] limbs %e adorns & spreads out h] b$-- ,imag9+ y on h] flutt]+ c\* ( leaves-- ,& s to indulge1 9 a hundr$ ways1 9 ! sport ( love ,%e is fully resolv$1 arrang+ h] b$ ) e adornm5t2 ,n ano!r night may t beautiful girl endure )\t y4 ,:y s mu* apa?y1 ,kri%na1 beside ! fig tree8 ,o bro!r1 :y n g to ! pa/ure ( eyes1 ! abode ( bliss8 ,despite ?is message1 h[ev]1 ,kri%na /ill delays & ,radha1 :o has half expect$ him1 endures /ill great] angui%4 ,my lov] has fail$ to come to ! try/+ place1 ,x is p]haps t 8 m9d is daz$1 or p]haps t he w5t to ano!r woman ,or lur$ p]haps by fe/ive folk1 t he delays1 ,or p]haps along ! d>k fr+e ( ! =e/ he w&]s lo/4 ,%e imag9es him toy+ ) ano!r c[girl4 ,a c]ta9 girl1 excell+ 9 h] *>ms unrivall$1 dallies ) ! sportive ,kri%na ,h] face1 a moon1 is fondl$ by ! flutt]+ petals 9 h] hair1 ,! excit+ moi/ure ( 8 lips induces lang\r 9 h] limbs1 ,h] e>r+s bruise h] *eeks :ile danc+ ) ! motion ( h] head1 ,h] girdle by ! tremor ( h] mov+ hips is made to t9kle1 ,%e utt]s s5seless s\nds1 ?r\gh fev] ( h] love1 ,he decorates ) crimson fl[]s h] curly tresses1 curls :i* are ^u h] lively face a mass ( cl\ds1 ,fl[]s ) crimson fla%+s lovely 9 ! =e/ ( h] tresses1 haunt ( t wild creature love's desire4 ,& ?9k+ ( h] own hapless /ate1 ,radha contra/s x bitt]ly ) t ( ! =tunate girl4 ,%e :o ) ! we>] ( ! g>l& lies 9 dalliance4 ,) him ^: lovely m\? is l a lotus t is op5+1 ,) him ^: words are nect> 9 _! sweetness & _! t5d]ness1 ,) him :o we>s a g>m5t /reak$ ) gold1 all :ite & beautiful ,n made to sigh is %e1 my fri5d1 d]id$ by h] girls6 ,next morn+ ,radha is /&+ ) h] girls :5 ,kri%na tries to approa* h]4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 he has come too late4 ,radha has suff]$ too greatly4 ,h] pati5ce is at an end & al?\gh ,kri%na implores h] to =give him1 %e r\nds on him 9 ang]1 ord]+ him to return to ! o!r girl :om he has j left4#eg ,y\r m\?1 ,o ,kri%na1 d>k5$1 enhances ! crimson beauty ( y\r lovely body1 ,enhances ) a1 d>kness1 a blackness t arises f ! kiss+ ( eyes col\r$ ) black ungu5t4 ,g1 ,kri%na1 g4 ,desi/ f utt]+ ^! deceitful words4 ,foll[ h]1 y lotus-ey$1 %e :o c dispel y\r tr\ble1 g to h]4 ,i :o foll[ y devot$--h[ c y deceive me1 s tortur$ by love's fev] z ,i am8 ,o ,kri%na1 l ! look ( y1 y\r body :i* appe>s s black1 t he>t ( y\rs a blackness %all assume4 ,foll[ h]1 y lotus-ey$1 %e :o c dispel y\r tr\ble1 g to h]4 ,fac$ ) ^! reproa*es1 ,kri%na sl9ks away4 ,radha's fri5d kn[s1 h[ev]1 t despite h] bitt] ang]1 ,radha desires no?+ m ?an 8 love4 ,%e attempts1 !re=e1 to in/il 9 h] a calm] frame ( m9d1 urg+ h] to end h] pride & take ,kri%na back4 ,%e goes to look = ,kri%na & :ile %e is abs5t1 ,kri%na returns4 ,/&+ be=e ,radha1 he implores h] once aga9 to end h] ang]4 ,if y speak b a little ! moon-l gleam ( y\r tee? w de/roy ! d>kness frightful1 s v t]rible1 come ov] me2 ,y\r moon ( a face :i* glitt]s ^u my eye1 ! moon-bird's eye1 n[ makes me long = ! sweet ( y\r lips4 ,o lov$ "o1 ,o beautiful1 give up t baseless pride aga9/ me1 ,my he>t is burnt by ! fire ( long+2 give me t dr9k s sweet ( y\r lotus face4 ,o y ) beautiful tee?1 if y are 9 ang] aga9/ me1 /rike me !n ) y\r f+] nails1 %>p & l arr[s1 ,b9d me1 entw9+1 ) ! cords ( y\r arms1 & bite me !n ) y\r tee?1 & feel happy puni%+4 ,o lov$ "o1 ,o beautiful1 give up t baseless pride aga9/ me4 ,at ^! words1 ,radha's ang] leaves h]2 & :5 ,kri%na )draws1 x is to g to ! =e/ & await h] com+4 ,radha's joy returns4 ,%e decks h]self 9 ! lovelie/ ( h] ornam5ts & !n1 accompani$ by h] maids1 moves sl[ly to ! try/4#eh ,z !y rea* ! b[] :i* ,kri%na has con/ruct$1 h] fri5d urges h] to ent]4 ,o y :o be> on y\r face ! smile t comes ( ! ard\r ( passion ,sport ) him ^: love-abode is ! floor ( ! beautiful b[]4 ,radha approa*es & _! love /ra9s to its height4 ,%e look$ at ,kri%na :o desir$ only h]1 on him :o = long want$ dalliance1 ,^: face ) 8 pleasure 0 ov]:elm$ & :o 0 possess$ ) desire ,aft] embrac+ h] long & ard5tly1 ,kri%na ) 8 necklace ( pe>ls ,kri%na l ! ,jumna 9 a mighty flood ) its necklace ( specks ( foam4#ei ,! c[girls g & ,kri%na speaks to ,radha4 ,o woman ) desire1 place on ?is pat* ( fl[]-/rewn floor y\r lotus foot1 ,& let y\r foot ?r\gh beauty w91 ,to me :o am ! ,"l ( ,all1 ,o be atta*$1 n[ always y\rs4 ,o foll[ me1 my little ,radha4 ,o lovely woman1 give me n[ ! nect> ( y\r lips1 infuse new life into ?is slave ( y\rs1 s dead1 ,?is slave1 ^: he>t is plac$ 9 y1 ^: body burn$ 9 sep>ation1 ?is slave d5i$ ! pleasure ( y\r love4 ,radha yields & z ! night passes !y a*ieve height ^u height ( sexual bliss4 ,_! love play gr[n great 0 v delightful1 ! love play :]e ?rills 7 a h9drance to firm embraces1 ,:]e _! helpless clos+ ( eyes 0 a h9drance to long+ looks at ea* o!r1 & _! secret talk to _! dr9k+ ( ea* ! o!r's nect> ( lips1 & :]e ! skill ( _! love 0 h9d]$ by b\ndless delight4 ,%e lov$ z nev] be=e ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( ! conflict ( love1 to w91 ly+ ov] 8 beautiful body1 to triumph ov] h] lov]2 ,& s ?r\gh tak+ ! active "p h] ?ighs grew lifeless1 & languid h] v9e-l arms1 & h] he>t beat fa/1 & h] eyes grew heavy & clos$4 ,9 ! morn+ mo/ wondr\s1 ! he>t ( h] "l 0 smitt5 ) arr[s ( ,love1 arr[s :i* w5t ?r\gh 8 eyes1 ,arr[s :i* 7 h] nail$-scrat*$ bosom1 h] r$d5$ sleep-d5i$ eyes1 h] crimson lips f a ba? ( kisses1 h] hair dis>rang$ ) ! fl[]s awry1 & h] girdle all loose & slipp+4 ,) hair knot loos5$ & /ray locks wav+1 h] *eeks p]spir+1 h] glitt] ( lips impair$1 ,& ! necklace ( pe>ls n appe>+ fair because ( h] j>-%ap$ brea/ be+ d5ud$1 ,& h] belt1 h] glitt]+ girdle1 dimm$ 9 beauty1 ,! happy "o drank ( ! face :]e ! lips 7 wa%$ ) ! juice ( 8 m\?1 ,8 m\? half op5 utt]+ amor\s noises1 vague & deliri\s1 ! r[s ( tee? 9 ! brea? ( an indrawn sigh delight$ly *att]+4 ,drank ( ! face ( t de]-ey$ woman ^: body lay helpless1 releas$ ( excessive delight1 ! ?rill+ delight ( embraces4 ,:5 _! passion is at la/ end$1 ,radha begs ,kri%na to help h] ) h] toilet4 ,%e said to ! joy ( h] he>t1 ,adorn ! curl on my br[ :i* puts ! lotus to %ame1 my spotless br[1 ,make a beautiful spot on my =ehead1 a spot ) ! pa/e ( ! s&al1 ,o giv] ( pride1 on my tresses1 untidy n[ on acc\nt ( desire1 place fl[]s1 ,place on my hips ! girdle1 ! clo!s & ! jewels1 ,cov] my beautiful lo9s1 lusci\s & firm1 ! cav]n ( ,love to be fe>$4 ,make a patt]n ^u my brea/s & a picture on my *eeks & fa/5 ov] my lo9s a girdle1 ,b9d my masses ( hair ) a beautiful g>l& & place _m bracelets ^u my h&s & jewell$ anklets ^u my feet4 ,kri%na does s & ) a f9al celebration ( ,kri%na z ,god & ( ! song itself--its words 'sweet] ?an sug>1 l love's own glori\s flav\r'--! poem ends4 ,footnote #ea3 ,note #ah4 ,footnote #eb3 ,plate #bj4 ,footnote #ec3 ,plates #ba & #bb4 ,footnote #ed3 ,note #ai4 ,footnote #ee3 ,plate #bc4 ,footnote #ef3 ,plate #bd4 ,footnote #eg3 ,plate #be4 ,footnote #eh3 ,plate #bf4 ,footnote #ei3 ,plate #bg4 7iii7 ,lat] ,poetry ,jayadeva's poem quickly a*iev$ r5[n 9 ,nor!rn & ,we/]n ,india & f ! e>ly ?irte5? c5tury became a lead+ model = all poets :o 7 en?rall$ by ,kri%na z ,god & lov]4 ,9 ,we/]n ,india1 ,bilvamangala1 a poet ( ,malab>1 compos$ a :ole galaxy ( ,kri%na songs1 8 poem1 ! ,balagopala ,/uti 7,! ,*ildhood ( ,kri%na7 e>n+ = him ! title '! ,jayadeva ( ! ,s\?4' ,b x is dur+ ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies t ! mo/ important developm5ts occurr$4 ,9 ,b5gal1 ! poets ,vidyapati & ,*&i ,das fl\ri%$ 9 ab\t ! ye> #adbj1 :ile 9 ,we/]n ,india1 ,mira ,bai1 a local pr9cess1 began a wide-spread popul> movem5t4 ,mira ,bai 0 foll[$ by ,vallabha*>ya 7born #adgh7 :o 9 turn inspir$ f\r poet disciples--,kri%na ,das1 ,sur ,das1 ,p>man& ,das & ,kumbhan ,das4 ,all ^! 7 at _! height 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 writ+ ,h9di poems 9 :i* ,radha's adv5tures ) ,kri%na & _! raptur\s love-mak+ 7 devot$ly describ$4#fj ,! "w ( ,sur ,das 0 ( special importance = 9 "o ( 8 compositions he took ea* ( ! ?irty-six traditional modes ( ,indian music-! ,ragas & ,rag9is--b in/ead ( celebrat+ !m z sep>ate 'musical *>act]s1' app5d$ to ea* a love-poem ab\t ,kri%na4 ,sur ,das 0 foll[$ by ,ke%av ,das ( ,or*ha 7fl4 #aehj71 ,gov9d ,das 7fl4 #aeij71 ,bih>i ,lai 7fl4 #afej7 & ,kali ,das 7fl4 #agjj7--;all poets 9 :om religi\s ec/asy 0 bl5d$ ) a feel+ = passionate romance4 ,( ^! poets ,bih>i ,lai is fam\s = ! ,sat ,sai 9 :i* he celebrat$ ,kri%na's romance 9 sev5 hundr$ v]ses4 ,all ?is lat] poetry diff]$ f ! ,gita ,gov9da 9 "o important respect4 ,in/ead ( dwell+ on ! tempor>y rupture 9 ,radha & ,kri%na's relation%ip1 x rov$ freely ov] ! _m phases ( _! love-mak+1 subject+ e incid5t to delight$ analysis4 ,a poet ?\ght & felt himself into ,radha's m9d :5 z a "y girl ab\t to become a woman %e discov]$ = ! fir/ "t ! exquisite s5sations ( awak5+ love4 ,or he imag9$ he 0 ,kri%na /umbl+ on ,radha by accid5t & be+ /irr$ to ec/asy by 8 fir/ glimpse ( h] gl[+ *>ms4 ,sometimes he ev5 became ! unse5 view] ( _! raptur\s ex*anges1 com=t+ ,radha ) sage rem>ks or egg+ h] on to appease h] hungry lov]4 ,9 ?is way _m incid5ts n record$ ( any c[girl 9 ! ,bhagavata ,purana1 ?\gh possibly pres]v$ 9 oral tradition1 came gradually into prom95ce1 !reby confirm+ ,radha z ,kri%na's greate/ love4 ,! foll[+ incid5ts w illu/rate ?is process4 ,radha w\ld be describ$ z "o day tak+ h] curds & milk to a village ! f>!r side ( ! riv] ,jumma4 ,kri%na he>s ( h] exp$ition & along ) o!r c[h]d boys waylays ,radha & h] fri5ds & claims a toll4 ,radha refuses to pay b at la/ (f]s to make a tok5 gift provid$ he f]ries !m ov]4 ,mean:ile a c[h]d boy has hidd5 ! boat & night is com+ on4 ,x is n[ too late to return s ! girls h no alt]native b to /ay ) ,kri%na4 ,!y lie d[n by ! bank b 9 ! d>kness give ,kri%na n only ! toll b also _! s\ls & bodies4 ,9 ano!r poem1 ,kri%na is %[n pe/]+ ! c[girls = curds4 ,radha decides to /& ?is no long] & p>tly 9 je/ dresses h]self up z a con/able4 ,:5 ,kri%na next teases ! girls1 %e desc5ds ^u him1 cat*es him by ! wri/ & 'arre/s' him z a ?ief4#fa ,x is 9 ! poems ( ,*&i ,das1 h[ev]1 t ,kri%na's mo/ d>+ ruses are describ$4 ,hav+ once ga9$ admittance to ,radha's h\se by dress+ himself z a c[girl1 he is %[n pret5d+ to be a fl[]-sell]4 ,he /r+s "s fl[]s into a bun* ( g>l&s1 dangles !m on 8 arm & /rolls bl&ly d[n ! village /reet4 ,:5 he rea*es ,radha's h\se1 he goes boldly 9 & is tak5 by ,radha into a corn] :]e %e />ts to b>ga94 ,kri%na asks h] to let him fir/ adorn h] ) a g>l& & !n %e c pay him4 ,radha agrees & z he slips a g>l& ov] h] head1 ,kri%na kisses h]4 ,radha sudd5ly sees :o x is & holds 8 h&4 ,on ano!r occasion1 ,radha is ill f love & is ly+ at home on h] b$4 ,kri%na !reupon becomes a doctor & goes f h\se to h\se cur+ ! sick4 ,s successful are 8 cures t ,radha also is tempt$ to consult ! new doctor & s5ds a maid to call him1 ,kri%na comes b be=e ent]+ adopts a wild disguise--putt+ 8 clo!s on inside out1 matt+ 8 hair ) mud1 & sl++ a bag ( roots & plants ov] 8 %\ld]4 ,z he ent]s1 he sits on ,radha's b$1 lifts h] veil1 gazes int5tly at h] face & decl>es t c]ta9ly %e is v ill inde$4 ,he !n takes h] pulse & says1 'x is ! wat] ( love t is rott+ h] he>t l a poison4' ,radha is elat$ at ?is diagnosis1 r\ses h]self & /ret*es h] limbs4 ',y h und]/ood my tr\ble1' %e says4 ',n[ tell me :at ,i am to d4' ',i feel some:at diffid5t at expla9+ my rem$y1' replies ! doctor1 ',b if ,i _h ! "t & place1 ,i c\ld ease y\r fev] & cure y utt]ly4' ,z he says ?is1 ,radha kn[s t he is ,kri%na & ?is is only ano!r ( 8 reckless wiles design$ to br+ him ne> h]4 ,b x 0 less 9 ! record+ ( new incid5ts ?an 9 lyrical descriptions ( ,radha & ,kri%na1 _! physical *>ms & ec/atic meet+s1 t ! poets excell$4 i ,kri%na is danc+ 9 a m$ley ( moods & poses4 ,8 cr[n sways1 8 eye-br[s move1 ,display+ ! arts ( a clev] danc]4 ,! sw+ ( 8 wai/ makes 8 girdle s+ ,& ! anklets j+le4 ,"o fancies "o is li/5+ to ! sweet voice ( a pair ( geese z !y t\* ea* o!r 9 dalliance4 ,! bangles glitt] & ! r+s & armlets %oot _! rays4 ,:5 ) passion he moves 8 arms1 :at grace ! movem5ts bless6 ,n[ he dances aft] ! gait ( ladies & n[ 9 a mann] ( 8 own4 ,! poet's "l is ! jewel ( ! passionate ,& builds 8 dance 9 ! dep?s ( ec/asy4#fb 7,sur ,das7 ii ,) ,kri%na 9 _! mid/ ! c[h]ds come to _! homes4 ,! calves & c[s are ahead1 frisk+ & play+ z !y g4 ,all ! pipes & horns g =?1 ea* 8 own notes play+4 ,! s\nd ( ! flute moves ! c[s to l[ z !y raise a cl\d ( du/4 ,! cr[n ( peacocks' fea!rs gli/5s on ! head l a "y moon4 ,! c[h]d boys frolic on ! pa? & ,kri%na 9 ! c5tre s+s 8 song4 ,ravi%$ by ! sight1 ! c[girls p\r out _! m9ds & bodies1 ,gaz+ on ,kri%na1 qu5*+ _! he>t's desire4 7,sur ,das7 iii ,radha's glances d>t f side to side4 ,h] re/less body & clo!s are heavy ) du/4 ,h] gli/5+ smile %9es aga9 & aga94 ,%y1 %e raises h] skirt to h] lips4 ,/>tl$1 %e /irs & once aga9 is calm1 ,z n[ %e ent]s ! ways ( love4 ,sometimes %e gazes at h] blossom+ brea/s ,hid+ !m quickly1 !n =gett+ !y are !re4 ,*ildhood & girlhood melt 9 "o ,& "y & old are bo? =gott54 ,says ,vidyapati3 ,o ,"l ( life1 ,d y n "k ! signs ( y\?8#fc 7,vidyapati7 iv ,ea* day ! brea/s ( ,radha swell$4 ,h] hips grew %apely1 h] wai/ m sl5d]4 ,love's secrets /ole ^u h] eyes4 ,/>tl$ h] *ildhood s\ght escape4 ,h] plum-l brea/s grew l>ge1 ,h>d] & crisp]1 a*+ = love4 ,kri%na soon saw h] z %e ba!d ,h] filmy dress /ill cl++ to h] brea/s1 ,h] tangl$ tresses fall+ on h] he>t1 ,a gold5 image swa!d 9 yak's tail plumes4 ,says ,vidyapati3 ,o wond] ( wom51 ,only a h&some man c long = h]4 7,vidyapati7 v ,!re 0 a %udd] 9 h] :isp]+ voice4 ,%e 0 %y to frame h] words4 ,:at has happ5$ tonight to lovely ,radha8 ,n[ %e cons5ts1 n[ %e is sc>$4 ,:5 ask$ = love1 %e closes up h] eyes1 ,eag] to rea* ! ocean ( desire4 ,he begs h] = a kiss4 ,%e turns h] m\? away ,& !n1 l a night lily1 ! moon seiz$ h]4 ,%e felt 8 t\* />tl+ h] girdle4 ,%e knew h] love treasure 0 be+ robb$4 ,) h] dress %e cov]$ up h] brea/s4 ,! treasure 0 left uncov]$4 ,vidyapati wond]s at ! neglect$ b$4 ,lov]s are busy 9 ea* o!r's arms4 7,vidyapati7 vi ,awake1 ,radha1 awake ,calls ! p>rot & its love ,= h[ long mu/ y sleep1 ,clasp$ to ! he>t ( y\r ,d>k-/one8 ,li/54 ,! dawn has come ,& ! r$ %afts ( ! sun ,are mak+ u %udd]4 7,vidyapati7 vii ,/>tl$1 ! p>rot calls4 ,see ^? "y lov]s are /ill asleep4 ,on a b$ ( t5d] leaves ,8 d>k figure is ly+ /ill4 ,%e1 ! fair "o1 ,looks l a piece ( jewell$ gold4 ,!y h empti$ _! quiv]s4 ,all _! fl[]-arr[s are dis*>g$1 ,dr[n+ ea* o!r 9 ! joy ( love4 ,o lovely ,radha1 awake4 ,y\r fri5ds are go+ to ! temple4 ,asks ,gov9d ,das3 ,^: bus9ess is x ,to int]rupt ! ways ( love8 7,gov9d ,das7 ,9 ano!r k9d ( poem1 ,radha & ,kri%na are !mselves made to speak--,kri%na1 = example1 describ+ 8 fir/ glimpses ( ,radha & ,radha /ruggl+ to evoke 9 words ! ec/asies ( _! love4 viii ,l /ill$ lightn+ h] fair face4 ,i saw h] by ! riv]1 ,h] hair dress$ ) jasm9e1 ,plait$ l a coil$ snake4 ,o fri5d1 ,i w tell y ,! secret ( my he>t4 ,) h] d>t+ glances ,& g5tle smiles ,%e made me wild ) love4 ,?r[+ & cat*+ a ball ( fl[]s1 ,%e %[$ me to ! full ,h] y\?ful =m4 ,uptilt$ brea/s ,peep$ f h] dress4 ,h] face 0 bright ,) taunt+ smiles4 ,) anklet bells ,h] feet %one r$4 ,says ,*&i ,das3 ,w y see h] aga98 7,*&i ,das7 ix ,li/51 ,o lovely d>l+1 ,cease y\r ang]4 ,i promise by ! gold5 pit*]s ( y\r brea/s ,& by y\r necklace-snake1 ,:i* n[ ,i ga!r 9 my h&s1 ,if ev] ,i t\* anyone b y ,may y\r necklace-snake bite me2 ,& if my words d n r+ true1 ,puni% me z ,i des]ve4 ,b9d me 9 y\r arms1 hit me ) y\r ?ighs1 ,*oke my he>t ) y\r milk-swoll5 brea/s1 ,lock me day & night 9 ! prison ( y\r he>t4 7,vidyapati7 x ,nev] h ,i se5 su* love nor he>d ( x4 ,ev5 ! eyelids' flutt] ,holds et]nity4 ,clasp$ to my brea/s1 y are f> f me4 ,i w\ld keep y z a veil close to my face4 ,i %udd] ) fright :5 y turn y\r eyes away1 ,z "o body1 we sp5d ! night1 ,s9k+ 9 ! deeps ( delight4 ,z dawn comes1 we see ) anxi\s he>ts ,life des]t u4 ,! v ?\ght breaks my he>t4 ,says ,*&i ,das3 ,o sweet girl1 h[ ,i und]/&4 7,*&i ,das7 xi ,o fri5d1 ,i _c tell y ,:e!r he 0 ne> or f>1 real or a dream4 ,l a v9e ( lightn+1 ,z ,i *a9$ ! d>k "o1 felt a riv] flood+ 9 my he>t4 ,l a %9+ moon1 ,i dev\r$ t liquid face4 ,i felt />s %oot+ ar\nd me4 ,! sky fell ) my dress ,leav+ my ravi%$ brea/s4 ,i 0 rock+ l ! e>?4 ,9 my /orm+ brea? ,i c\ld he> my ankle-bells1 ,s\nd+ l bees4 ,dr[n$ 9 ! la/-wat]s ( dissolution ,i knew t ?is 0 n ! end4 ,says ,vidyapati3 ,h[ c ,i possibly believe su* nons5se8 7,vidyapati7 ,footnote #fj3 ,plate #bi4 ,footnote #fa3 ,plate #ce4 ,footnote #fb3 ,note #bj4 ,footnote #fc3 ,note #bj4 7iv7 ,! ,rasika ,priya ,x is a ?ird developm5t1 h[ev]1 :i* reveals ! insi/5t attractions ( ,kri%na ! div9e lov]4 ,f ab\t ! sev5? c5tury onw>ds ,indian ?9k]s _h be5 fasc9at$ by ! great v>iety ( possible romantic exp]i5ces4 ,writ]s _h classifi$ fem99e beauty & codifi$ ! diff]5t situations :i* might arise 9 ! c\rse ( a romance4 ,a woman1 = example1 w\ld be catalogu$ accord+ z %e 0 '"o's own1 ano!r's or anyone's' & :e!r %e 0 "y1 adolesc5t or adult4 ,beauties ) adult physiques 7 divid$ into unm>ri$ & m>ri$1 :ile cutt+ across su* divisions 0 yet ano!r bas$ on ! p>ticul> circum/ances 9 :i* a woman might f9d h]self4 ,su* circum/ances 7 normally eight 9 numb]--:5 h] husb& or lov] 0 on ! po9t ( com+ & %e 0 ready to receive him2 :5 %e 0 p>t$ f him & 0 fill$ ) long+2 :5 he 0 con/ant & %e 0 ?us enjoy+ ! calm happ9ess ( /able love2 :51 = ! "t be+1 %e 0 e/rang$ due to "s qu>rel or tiff2 :5 %e _h be5 deceiv$2 :5 %e _h gone to meet h] lov] b _h wait$ 9 va91 !reby be+ jilt$2 :5 h] husb& or lov] _h gone abroad & %e 0 fac$ ) days ( lonely wait+2 & f9ally1 :5 %e _h left ! h\se & gone to meet him4 ,ladies 9 situations su* z ^! 7 kn[n z nayikas & ! text embody+ ! /&>d classification 0 ! ,sanskrit treatise1 ! ,bh>atiya ,natya ,sa/ra4 ,a simil> analysis 0 made ( m5--lov]s or nayakas be+ sometimes divid$ into f\rte5 diff]5t types4 ,until ! f\rte5? c5tury1 su* writ+s 7 /udies 9 erotics r ?an 9 lit]ature--! actual situations r ?an _! lit]>y treatm5t be+ ! au?ors' prime conc]n4 ,dur+ ! f\rte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 que/ions ( lit]>y ta/e began to be discuss$ & !re arose a new type ( ,sanskrit treatise1 %[+ h[ diff]5t k9ds ( lov] %\ld be treat$ 9 poetry & illu/rat+ ! correct attitudes by c>efully *os5 v]ses4 ,9 all ^! writ+s ! /&>d ( ref]5ce 0 human passion4 ,! lov]s ( poetry might be> only a slight relation to lov]s 9 real life4 ,_m ( ! situations envisag$ might r>ely1 if ev]1 occur4 ,x 0 suffici5t t grant$ "s fav\rable accid5t1 "s *ance susp5sion ( normal circum/ances1 lov]s c\ld be imag9$ z act+ 9 ^! special ways4 ,x is out ( ?is critical lit]ature t our new developm5t spr+s4 ,z v]nacul> languages 7 us$ = poetry1 problems ( ,h9di composition began to dw>f ^? ( ,sanskrit4 ,x 0 necess>y to discuss h[ be/ to treat ea* nayika & nayaka n only 9 ,sanskrit b 9 ,h9di poetry also1 & to meet ?is situation ,ke%av ,das1 ! poet ( ,or*ha 9 ,bundelkh&1 produc$ 9 #aeia 8 ,rasika ,priya4 ,"h all ! /&>d situations 7 once aga9 exam9$1 nayikas & nayakas 7 newly di/+ui%$ & v]ses illu/rat+ _! appropriate treatm5ts 7 sy/ematically includ$4 ,! book diff]$1 h[ev]1 9 two important ways f any ( its pr$ecessors4 ,x 0 writt5 9 ,h9di1 ,ke%av ,das himself supply+ bo? poems & comm5t>y & :at 0 ev5 m significant1 ! nayaka or lov] 0 portray$ n z any ord9>y well-br$ "y man b z ,kri%na himself4#fd ,z a girl waits at ! try/ x is n = an ord9>y lov] b = ,kri%na t ,ke%av ,das depicts h] z long+4 ',is he deta9$ by "w8 ,is he loa? to leave 8 fri5ds8 ,has he _h a qu>rel8 ,is 8 body uneasy8 ,is he afraid :5 he sees ! ra9y d>k8 ,o ,kri%na1 ,giv] ( ,bliss1 :y d y n come8'#fe ,z a girl waits by h] b$ look+ out ?r\gh h] door1 x is ! prospect ( ,kri%na's arrival--n ( an ord9>y lov]'s--t makes h] happy4 ',z %e runs1 h] blue dress hides h] limbs4 ,%e he>s ! w9d ruffl+ ! trees & ! birds %ift+ 9 ! night4 ,%e ?9ks x mu/ be he4 ,h[ %e longs = love1 wat*+ = ,kri%na l a bird 9 a cage4' ,:5 ! lov] arrives at dawn1 hav+ fail$ to come 9 ! night1 ! girl 7ano!r nayika1 '"o :o has be5 deceiv$'7 upbraids ,kri%na = w&]+ ab\t l a cr[1 pick+ up wor?less gra9s ( rice1 wa/+ 8 h\rs 9 bad company & ru9+ h\ses by squatt+ 9 !m l an owl4 ,simil>ly :5 a m>ri$ girl sits long+ = h] husb&'s return1 h] companion comm5ts n on an ord9>y husb&'s conduct b on t ( ,kri%na4 ',he said he w\ld n be long4 ,i %all be back1 he said1 z soon z ,i h _h my meal4 ,b n[ x is h\rs s9ce he w5t4 ,:y does he sit beside !m & no "o urge him to g8 ,does he "k t h] eyes are wet ) te>s1 t %e is cry+ h] he>t out because he does n come8' ,kri%na1 9 fact1 is "h reg>d$ z resum+ 9 himself all possible romantic exp]i5ces4 ,he is no long] m]ely ! c[h]d lov] or ! h]o pr9ce1 ! c5tral figure ( a sacr$ n>rative4 ,nei!r is he m]ely or only ! lov] ( ,radha4 ,he is deem$ to "k love f e angle & ?us to sanctify all modes ( passionate behavi\r4 ,he is love itself4 ,su* a developm5t concludes ! v>i$ phases ?r\gh :i* ! "* ( ,kri%na has pass$4 ,! c[h]d lov] sup]s$es ! h]o pr9ce4 ,radha becomes all 9 all1 yet t\*es ( ,kri%na's pr9cely maje/y rema9 ?r\gh\t4 ,ev5 z a c[h]d ,kri%na %[s an elegance & poise :i* betrays 8 diff]5t orig94 ,& 9 ! ,rasika ,priya x is once aga9 8 c\rtly aura :i* det]m9es 8 new role4 ,a bl5d ( pr9ce & c[h]d1 ,kri%na ou/s f poetry ! c\rtly lov]s :o previ\sly _h seem$ ! acme ( romance4 ,adoration ( ,god acquires ! grace & *>m ( c\rtly lov+1 passionate s5suality all ! ref9em5t & nobility ( a spiritual religion4 ,x is out ( all ^! v>i$ texts t ! ,kri%na ( ,indian pa9t+ n[ em]ges4 ,footnote #fd3 ,plate #bh4 ,footnote #fe3 ,note #ba4 ,,vi ,,! ,,kri%na ,,( ,,pa9t+ ,indian pictures ( ,kri%na confront u ) a s]ies ( difficult problems4 ,! mo/ exalt$ expressions ( ! !me are ma9ly f ,kangra1 a l>ge ,h9du /ate )9 ! ,punjab ,hills4#ff ,x 0 "h t ,kri%na1 ! c[h]d lov]1 0 mo/ fully celebrat$4 ,pictures 7 produc$ 9 l>ge numb]s & ! ,kangra /yle ) its delicate ref9em5t exactly mirror$ ! enraptur$ poetry ( ! lat] cult4 ,?is pa9t+ 0 due entirely to a p>ticul> ,kangra rul]1 ,raja ,sans> ,*& 7#agge-ahbc7--;8 delight 9 pa9t+ caus+ him to sp>e no co/ 9 re-creat+ ! ,kri%na idyll 9 exquisite t]ms4 ,else:]e1 h[ev]1 conditions v>i$4 ,at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 x 0 n a ,h9du b a ,muslim rul] :o commission$ ! greate/ illu/rations ( ! /ory4 ,9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 ,h9du patrons 7 ! rule b 9 c]ta9 /ates x 0 junior memb]s ( ! rul+ family r ?an ! ,raja himself :o wor%ipp$ ,kri%na4 ,sometimes x 0 n ! rul+ family b memb]s ( ! m]*ant community :o sponsor$ ! arti/s &1 occasionally1 x 0 ev5 a pi\s lady or dev\t pr9cess :o s]v$ z patron4 ,su* diff]5ces ( /imulus _h vital effects &1 z a consequ5ce1 :ile ! cult ( ,kri%na came increas+ly to en?rall ! nor!rn half ( ,india1 its expression 9 art 0 ! rev]se ( neat & ord]ly4 ,:]e a patron 0 s imbu$ ) love = ,kri%na t adoration ( ! c[h]d lov] prec$$ all1 ! int5sity ( 8 feel+ itself evok$ a new /yle4 ,!re !n result$ ! ,indian equival5t ( pictures by ,el ,greco1 ,grunewald or ,altdorf]--pa9t+s 9 :i* ! arti/'s own religi\s emotions 7 ! direct occasion ( a new mann]4 ,9 o!r cases1 ! patron might adh]e to ,kri%na1 pay him nom9al respect or take a mod]ate pleasure 9 8 /ory b n ev9ce a burn+ en?usiasm4 ,9 su* cases1 pa9t+s ( ,kri%na w\ld /ill be produc$ b ! /yle w\ld m]ely repeat exi/+ conv5tions4 ,! pictures :i* result$ w\ld !n resemble ,g]man pa9t+s ( ! ,danube or ,cologne s*ools--pictures 9 :i* ! arti/ appli$ an already mature /yle to a religi\s !me b did n orig9ate a fre% mode ( expression4 ,:e!r ! greate/ art result$ f ! fir/ or second me?od 0 problematical = ! outcome dep5d$ z mu* on ! nature ( ! /yles z on ! arti/'s p[]s4 ,9 consid]+ ,indian pictures ( ,kri%na1 !n1 we mu/ be prep>$ = sudd5 fluctuations 9 expression & abrupt diff]5ces ( /yle & quality4 ,adoration ( ,kri%na 0 to prove "o ( ! mo/ vital elem5ts 9 village & c\rtly life4 ,x 0 to capture ! imag9ation ( ,rajput pr9ces & to lead to "s ( ! mo/ intimate revelations ( ! ,indian m9d4 ,yet 9 art its expression 0 to hov] betwe5 ! crude & ! s5sitive1 ! savage & ! exquisite4 ,x 0 to /imulate "s ( ! mo/ delicate ,indian pictures ev] pa9t$ &1 at ! same "t1 "s ( ! mo/ =ceful4 ,! fir/ pictures ( ,kri%na to be pa9t$ 9 ,india fall )9 ?is second category4 ,9 ab\t #adej1 "o v]sion ( ! ,gita ,gov9da & two ( ! ,balagopala ,/uti 7 produc$ 9 ,we/]n ,india4#fg ,!y 7 d\btless made = middle-class patrons & 7 execut$ 9 ,we/]n ,india = "o important reason4 ,dw>ka1 ! sc5e ( ,kri%na's life z a pr9ce1 & ,prabhasa1 ! sc5e ( ! f9al slaught]1 7 bo? 9 ,we/]n ,india4 ,bo? _h already become c5tres ( pilgrimage & al?\gh ,jayadeva _h writt5 8 great poem f> to ! ,ea/1 on ! o!r side ( ,india1 pilgrims _h br\ght copies ) !m :ile j\rney+ f ,b5gal on visits to ! sites4 ,! ,gita ,gov9da ( ,jayadeva _h become 9 fact z mu* a ,we/]n ,indian text z ! ,balagopala ,/uti ( ,bilvamangala4 ,) manuscript illu/rations be+ already produc$ 9 ,we/]n ,india--b n1 s f> z we "k1 else:]e--x 0 n unnatural t ! fir/ illu/rat$ v]sions ( ^! poems %\ld be pa9t$ "h4 ,& x is ^! circum/ances :i* det]m9$ _! /yle4 ,until ! fifte5? c5tury ! *ief manuscripts illu/rat$ 9 ,we/]n ,india 7 ,ja9 scriptures commission$ by memb]s ( ! m]*ant community4 ,ja9ism _h orig9at$ 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 z a p>allel movem5t to ,buddhism4 ,x _h prov$ m accommodat+ to ,h9duism1 & :5 ,buddhism _h collaps$ 9 ,we/]n ,india 9 ! n9? c5tury ,a4,d41 ,ja9ism _h cont9u$ z a local v>iant ( ,h9duism prop]4 ,ja9 manuscripts _h at fir/ consi/$ ( long rectangul> /rips made ( palm-leaves on :i* ! scriptures 7 writt5 9 heavy black lett]s4 ,ea* slip 0 r\ghly ?ree in*es wide & t5 long & into ! text _h be5 ins]t$ lean diagrammatic pa9t+s ei!r portray+ ,mahavira1 ! f\nd] ( ! cult1 or illu/rat+ episodes 9 8 e>?ly c>e]4 ,ab\t #adjj1 palm-leaf 0 sup]s$$ by pap] & f !n onw>ds manuscripts 7 giv5 slightly l>g] pages4 ,ow+ p>tly to _! association ) ! same religi\s ord] & p>tly to _! con/ant duplication1 ,ja9 manuscripts _h e>ly con=m$ to a c]ta9 rigid type4 ,! pa9t+ 0 m>k$ by lean & wiry outl9es1 brilliant r$ & blue & above all by an air ( savage f]ocity express$ ?r\gh ! idiom ( faces %[n ?ree-qu>t] view ) ! f>!r eye deta*$ & project+ into space4 ,?is /yle 0 ex]cis$ almo/ exclusively on ,ja9 subjects & 9 ! ye> #adjj x 0 ! ma9 /yle ( pa9t+ 9 ,we/]n ,india & ,raj z ?an4 ,dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 ?is exclusive "* gradually weak5$4 ,!re arose ! idea t besides ,ja9 scriptures1 secul> poetry might also be illu/rat$ & along ) ! gr[+ devotion to ,kri%na z ,god came ! dem& = illu/rat$ v]sions ( ,kri%na texts4 ,! ?ree texts we h j m5tion$ are due to ?is t5d5cy4 ,all ?ree are illu/rat$ 9 ! prevail+ ,ja9 /yle ) its spiky angul> idioms & all ?ree h ! same some:at s9i/] air ( b>b>\s fr5zy4 ,at ! same "t1 all disclose a p>tial loos5+ ( ! rigid wiry conv5tion1 a m boi/]\s rhy?m & a slightly s(t] treatm5t ( trees & animals2 &1 al?\gh no v close correlation is possible1 ! !me itself may well h help$ to precipitate ^! important *anges4 ,betwe5 #adej & #aege1 ,we/]n ,indian pa9t+ cont9u$ to focus on ,ja9 !mes1 adult]at$ to only a v slight ext5t by subjects drawn f poetry4 ,x is possible t ! ,kri%na /ory 0 also illu/rat$1 b no examples h surviv$2 & x is n until ! v end ( ! sixte5? c5tury t ! ,kri%na !me aga9 appe>s 9 pa9t+ & !n 9 two di/9ct =ms4 ,! fir/ is repres5t$ by a gr\p ( ?ree manuscripts--two ( !m dat$ respectively #aeihfh & #afajfi & consi/+ ( ! t5? book ( ! ,bhagavata ,purana1 ! ?ird be+ yet ano!r illu/ration ( ! ,gita ,gov9da#gj4 ,all ?ree sets ( illu/rations are 9 a closely simil> /yle--a /yle :i*1 :ile possess+ roots 9 ,ja9 pa9t+ is n[ consid]ably lax] & m sprawl+4 ,! faces are no long] %[n ?ree-qu>t] view1 ! deta*$ obtrud+ eye has gone & 9 place ( ! e>ly %>pness !re is n[ a c]ta9 slov5ly crudity4 ,we d n "k = :om ^! manuscripts 7 made nor ev5 9 :at p>ticul> "p ( ,we/]n ,india or ,raja/han !y 7 execut$4 ,!y 7 cle>ly n produc$ 9 any great c5tre ( pa9t+ & c h>dly h be5 commission$ by a pr9ce or m]*ant ( mu* ae/hetic s5sibility4 ,!y prove1 h[ev]1 t a dem& = illu/rat$ v]sions ( ! ,kri%na /ory 0 p]si/+ & sugge/ t ev5 prosp]\s trad]s may p]haps h act$ z patrons4 ,! second type is obvi\sly ! product ( f> m sophi/icat$ influ5ces4 ,x is once aga9 a copy ( ! ,gita ,gov9da & 0 probably execut$ 9 ab\t #aeij 9 or ne> ,jaunpur 9 ,ea/]n ,india4 ,z e>ly z #adfe1 a manuscript ( ! lead+ ,ja9 scripture1 ! ,kalpasutra1 _h be5 execut$ at ,jaunpur = a weal?y m]*ant4#ga ,its /yle 0 basically ,we/]n ,indian1 yet be+ execut$ 9 an area s f> to ! ea/1 x also possess$ c]ta9 novelties ( mann]4 ,! heads 7 m squ>ely %ap$1 ! eyes l>g] 9 proportion to ! face1 ! ladies' drap]y fann+ out 9 great angul> swirls4 ,! bodies' cont\rs 7 also del9eat$ ) exquisitely %>p precision4 ,! c\rt at ! "t 0 t ( ,hussa9 ,%ah1 a memb] ( ! m>aud+ ,muslim dyna/ies :i* s9ce ! twelf? c5tury _h envelop$ ,nor!rn ,india2 & x is possibly due to p]si/5t ,muslim influ5ce t pa9t+ reviv$ 9 ! la/ two decades ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,illu/rat$ v]sions ( passionate love poetry 7 execut$#gb & z "p ( ! same vogue = poetic romance1 ! ,gita ,gov9da may once aga9 h be5 illu/rat$4#gc ,betwe5 ! /yle ( ^! lat] pictures & t ( ! ,ja9 text ( #adfe1 !re are su* cle> aff9ities t ! same local tradition is obvi\sly responsible4 ,yet ! new gr\p ( pa9t+s has a di/9ctive elegance all its own4 ,z 9 ! previ\s gr\p1 ! deta*$ project+ eye has gone4 ,ea* situation is treat$ ) a sla%+ boldness4 ,!re is no long] a s5se ( cramp+ detail & ! flat r$ backgr\nds ( ,we/]n ,indian pa9t+ infuse ! sett+s ) hot passion4 ,b x is ! treatm5t ( ! fem99e =m :i* *>ges ! pictures ) sophi/icat$ *>m4 ,! l>ge brea/s1 ! sweep+ dip 9 ! back1 ! pr\d curve ( ! haun*es1 ! agitat$ jutt+-out ( ! skirts1 all ^! convey an air ( vivid s5sual *>m4 ,t ,radha & ,kri%na %\ld be portray$ 9 s civiliz$ a mann] is evid5ce ( ! p[] :i* ! ,kri%na /ory _h come to ex]cise on c\rtly m9ds4 ,kri%na is portray$ n z ,god b z ! mo/ elegant ( lov]s1 ,radha & ! c[girls z ! v embodim5t ( fa%ionable wom54 ,jaunpur pa9t+ does n seem to h surviv$ ! sixte5? c5tury & = our next illu/rations ( ! !me1 we mu/ turn to ! s*ool ( pa9t+ fo/]$ by ! ,mughals4 ,dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury at lea/ ?ree ,muslim /ates o!r ?an ,jaunpur itself _h possess$ s*ools ( pa9t+--,malwa 9 ,c5tral ,india & ,bijapur & ,ahmadnag> 9 ! ,deccan4 ,_! /yles c be/ be reg>d$ z ,indian (f%oots ( a ,p]sian mode ( pa9t+ :i* 0 curr5t 9 ! ,p]sian prov9ce ( ,%iraz 9 ab\t ! ye> #aejj4 ,9 ?is /yle1 kn[n z ,turkman1 ! flat figures ( previ\s ,p]sian pa9t+ 7 set 9 l&scapes ( ri* & gl[+ h]bage1 plants & trees be+ r5d]$ ) wild & primitive vig\r4 ,9 ea* case ! /yle 0 probably br\ght to ,india by ,p]sian arti/s :o communicat$ x to ,indian pa9t]s or !mselves adju/$ x to local conditions4 ,& x is ?is process :i* 0 repeat$ b on an altoge!r gr&] scale by ! ,muslim dyna/y ( ! ,mughals4 ,"u ! emp]or ,akb> 7#aeef-afje71 ! ,mughals absorb$ ! great] "p ( ,nor!rn ,india1 conc5trat+ 9 "o imp]ial c\rt m p[] & weal? ?an _h probably be5 amass$ at any previ\s "t 9 ,india4 ,among ,akb>'s cultural in/itutions 0 a great imp]ial libr>y = :i* a colony ( arti/s 0 employ$ 9 illu/rat+ manuscripts 9 ,p]sian4 ,! f\nd]s ( ?is colony 7 ,p]sian & x is once aga9 a local /yle ( ,p]sian pa9t+ :i* =ms ! />t+ po9t4 ,?is /yle is no long] ! ,turkman /yle ( ,%iraz b a lat] /yle--a local v]sion ( ,safavid pa9t+ z curr5t 9 ,khurasan4 ,) its lively & delicate naturalism x n only correspond$ to c]ta9 pr$ilections ( ! emp]or ,akb> himself1 b seems also to h appeal$ to ,indian arti/s recruit$ to ! colony4 ,its repres5tational f9esse made x an ideal m$ium = transcrib+ ! ,indian sc5e & ! appe>ance at ! c\rt ( ,european m9iatures1 !mselves highly naturali/ic1 /imulat$ ?is "* /ill fur!r4 ,! result 0 ! sudd5 rise 9 ,india1 betwe5 #aegj & #afje1 ( a huge new s*ool ( pa9t+1 exquisitely repres5tational 9 mann] & committ$ to a new k9d ( ,indian naturalism4 ,su* a s*ool1 ! creation ( an ali5 ,muslim dyna/y1 w\ld at fir/ sight seem unlikely to produce illu/rations ( ,h9du religion4 ,its ma9 function 0 to illu/rate works ( lit]ature1 sci5ce & contempor>y hi/ory--a function :i* result$ 9 su* gr&iose productions z ! ,akb>nama or ,annals ( ,akb>1 n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4#gd ,none ! less !re are two ways 9 :i* ,mughal pa9t+1 z develop$ "u ,akb>1 contribut$ to ! ,kri%na /ory4 ,akb>1 al?\gh a ,muslim by bir?1 0 ke5ly int]e/$ 9 all religions & 9 8 deal+s ) ! ,rajputs _h %[n himself m>k$ly tol]ant4 ,he desir$ to m9imise ! hatr$ ( ,muslims = ,h9dus & believ+ x to arise f mutual ignorance1 orda9$ t c]ta9 ,h9du texts %\ld be translat$ into ,p]sian & ?us r5d]$ m accessible4 ,! texts *os5 7 ! two epics1 ! ,ramayana & ! ,mahabh>ata1 & ( ^! ,p]sian abridgem5ts 7 duly prep>$4 ,! abridgem5t ( ! ,mahabh>ata1 kn[n z ! ,razmnama1 0 probably complet$ 9 #aehh b illu/rat$ copies1 includ+ ! great folios n[ 9 ! palace libr>y at ,jaipur1 7 probably n complet$ be=e #aeie4 ,z "p ( ! project1 its app5dix1 ! ,h>ivansa 0 also summ>iz$ & a sep>ate volume ) f\rte5 illu/rations all conc]n$ ) ,kri%na is "p ( ! great v]sion n[ at ,jaipur4#ge ,9 ^! illu/rations1 x is ,kri%na ! pr9ce :o is *iefly %[n1 all ! pictures illu/rat+ 8 c>e] aft] he has left ! c[h]ds4 ,!re is no attempt to /ress 8 romantic qualities or to pres5t him z a lov]4 ,he appe>s r z ! great fight]1 ! slay] ( demons4 ,su* a portrayal is :at we might p]haps expect f a ,mughal edition4 ,none ! less ! pa9t+s are rem>kable int]pretations1 inve/+ ,kri%na ) an air ( ef=tless composure1 & exalt+ 8 pr9cely grace4 ,! /yle is notable = its use ( smoo?ly fl[+ outl9es & g5tle %ad+1 & al?\gh !re is no direct connection1 x is ^! *>act]i/ics :i* 7 lat] to be embodi$ 9 ! ,h9du art ( ! ,punjab ,hills4 ,su* int]e/ by ! ,emp]or may well h spurr$ ,h9du memb]s ( ! c\rt to h o!r texts illu/rat$ =1 t5 to fifte5 ye>s lat]1 9 p]haps #afae1 a manuscript ( ! ,gita ,gov9da 0 produc$1 its illu/rations possess+ a c]ta9 fairy-l ref9em5t4#gf ,kri%na 9 a fl[+ dhoti w&]s 9 mead[s gay ) fea!r$ trees :ile ,radha & h] confidante appe> 9 ,mughal g>b4 ,romance is h>dly evid5t = x is ! sc5e itself ) its ru/ic prett9ess :i* is *iefly /ress$4 ,yet ! patron by :om ?is v]sion 0 commission$ may well h felt t x 0 s5sitively r5d]$ & )9 its m9or compass express$ to "s ext5t ! magical en*antm5t di/ill$ by ! v]ses4 ,t ! ,emp]or's /imulus surviv$ 8 dea? is pla92 = 9 ab\t ! ye> #afbj1 two manuscripts ( ! ,bhagavata ,purana appe>$--bo? 9 a /yle ( awkw>d crudity 9 :i* ! idioms ( ,akb>'s s*ool ( arti/s 7 consci\sly ap$4#gg ,! manuscripts 9 "q are at ,bikan] & x is possible t "o or two inf]ior ,mughal arti/s1 depriv$ ( "w at ! c5tral c\rt1 travell$ out to ?is nor!rly ,rajput /ate1 d>+ ! des]t1 & !re produc$ ^! vapid works4 ,x is likely t 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 _m areas ( ,india possess$ no arti/s :atsoev] & if a ,h9du rul] 0 to copy ,mughal fa%ion1 ! only arti/s available to him might be ^? ( an inf]ior rank4 ,& al?\gh exact data are want+1 su* circum/ances may well expla9 ano!r docum5t ( ,kri%na1 ! fir/ illu/rat$ v]sion ( ,ke%av ,das's ,rasika ,priya4#gh ,z we h se51 ?is poem 0 compos$ at ,or*ha 9 ,bundelkh& 9 #aeia1 at a "t :5 bo? poet & c\rt 7 9 close association ) ,akb>4 ,yet ! v]sion 9 "q %[s ! same pov]ty-/rick5 mann] ) its crude ap+ ( imp]ial idioms & utt] lack ( s5sitive expression4 ,!re is no evid5ce t at ?is "t ,bundelkh& possess$ its own s*ool ( pa9t+ & 9 consequ5ce ! mo/ likely explanation is t yet ano!r inf]ior arti/ tra9$ 9 ! e>ly ,mughal mann]1 migrat$ to ! c\rt & !re produc$ ?is crude prosaic v]sion4 ,9 none ( ^! prov9cial ,mughal pictures is !re any feel+ = ,kri%na z ,god or ev5 z a "*4 ,! figures h a wood5 doll-l /iffness1 p>ody+ by _! evid5t j]k9ess ! exquisite emotions int5d$ by ! poet & we c only assume t impress$ by ! imp]ial example m9or rul]s or nobles enc\rag$ /ruggl+ practition]s b 9 an atmosph]e f> remov$ f t ( ! great emp]or4 ,su* pa9t+s 9 a brok5-d[n ,akb>i mann] *>act]ize ! p]iod #afae to #afcj4 ,f !n onw>ds ,mughal pa9t+1 z x develop$ "u ! emp]or ,%ah ,jahan1 conc5trat$ on m c\rtly !mes4 ,! e>ly int]e/ 9 dramatic action disappe>$ & ! dem& = co/ly manuscripts1 sumptu\sly illu/rat$1 )]$ up4 ,"u ,aurangzeb1 tol]ant und]/&+ gave way to a vici\s proselytism & x 0 only 9 remote c5tres su* z ,bikan] t lat] ,mughal arti/s ex]cis$ _! /yle on ,kri%na !mes4 ,x is significant t at ,bikan] _! lead] 0 a ,muslim1 ,ruknudd91 & t 8 *ief "w 0 a s]ies ( pictures illu/rat+ ! ,rasika ,priya4#gi ,8 figures h a %all[ prett9ess ( mann]1 /amp+ !m once aga9 z products ( a /yle :i*1 9 its e>lie/ phases1 0 admirably suit$ to record+ dramatic action b :i* _h little relevance to ei!r religion or romance4 ,= ^! a m poetic & symbolic mann] 0 necess>y & su* a /yle appe>$ 9 ! city ( ,udaipur 9 ! ,rajput ,/ate ( ,mew>4 ,pa9t+ at ,udaipur is insep>ably associat$ ) ! influ5ce ( two great rul]s--,rana ,jagat ,s+h 7#afbh-afeb7 & ,rana ,raj ,s+h 7#afeb-afha7 ,z e>ly z #afje pictures _h be5 produc$ at ! ,/ate's =m] capital1 ,*aw&--! arti/ be+ a ,muhammadan nam$ ,nasirudd94 ,8 /yle 0 obvi\sly q indep5d5t ( any ,mughal influ5ce & x is r to ! sep>ate tradition ( pa9t+ :i* _h gr[n up 9 ,malwa t we mu/ look = its sali5t qualities--a t5sely rhy?mical l9e1 a flamboyant use ( /rong emphatic col\rs1 vigor\s simplifications & boldly primitive idioms = plants & trees4 ,x is ?is /yle :i* ?irty or =ty ye>s lat] comes to luxuriant maturity 9 a s]ies ( illu/rations execut$ at ,udaipur4#hj ,al?\gh ! arti/s responsible includ$ a ,muslim1 ,%ahabadd91 & a ,h9du1 ,manoh>1 x is ! ,kri%na !me itself :i* seems to h evok$ ?is m>vell\s effloresc5ce4 ,rana ,jagat ,s+h 0 cle>ly a dev\t wor%ipp] ^: fai?ful adhesion to ,rajput /&>ds f\nd exhil>at+ comp5sations 9 ,kri%na's role z lov]4 ,ke%av ,das's ,rasika ,priya a*iev$ ! greate/ popul>ity at 8 c\rt--its bl5d ( rev]5t devotion & ec/atic passion fulfill+ "s ( ! deepe/ ,rajput ne$s4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #afde & #affj !re accord+ly occurr$ a sy/ematic production n only ( pictures illu/rat+ ?is great poetic text b ( ! v>i\s books 9 ! ,bhagavata ,purana mo/ closely connect$ ) ,kri%na's c>e]4 ,kri%na is %[n z a ,rajput pr9cel+ dress$ 9 fa%ionable g>b1 ?read+ 8 way among ! c[girls1 pursu+ 8 amor\s incl9ations & practis+ ) artless guile ! s$uctive graces ( a c\rtly lov]4 ,ea* picture has a passionate int5sity--its ri* br[ns & r$s1 gre5s & blues end[+ its *>act]s ) gl[+ f]v\r1 :ile ,kri%na & ! c[girls1 ) _! %>p robu/ =ms & great int5t eyes1 display a brusque vitality & an eag] raptur\s vig\r4 ,a c]ta9 simplification ( /ructure--ea* picture possess+ "o or m rectangul> comp>tm5ts--enhances ?is effect :ile ! addition ( swirl+ trees /udd$ ) fl[]s imbues ea* wild enc\nt] ) a surg+ vegetative rhy?m4 ,kri%na is no long] ! tepid well-groom$ y\? ( ,mughal tradition1 b a vigor\s ,rajput noble express+ ) decor\s vehem5ce all ! viol5t long+s d5i$ expression by ! ,rajput moral code4 ,su* pictures h a lyrical spl5d\r1 a c]ta9 wild elation q di/9ct f previ\s ,indian pa9t+ & we c only expla9 ^! new /yli/ic qualities by ref]5ce to ! cult ( ,kri%na himself4 ,! realization t ,kri%na 0 adorable1 t 8 practice ( romantic love 0 a sublime revelation ( ,godhead & t 9 8 wor%ip lay release is ! motive =ce beh9d ^! pictures & ! result is a new /yle transc5d+ 9 its rhy?mical assurance & gl[+ ard\r all previ\s a*ievem5ts4 ,su* an outbur/ ( pa9t+ c\ld h>dly leave o!r areas unaffect$ & 9 ! clos+ qu>t] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 n only ,bundi1 ! ,rajput ,/ate imm$iately adjo9+ ,udaipur to ! ea/1 b ,malwa1 ! wild hilly area f>!r s\? ea/1 witness$ a r5aissance ( pa9t+4 ,at ,bundi1 ! /yle 0 obvi\sly a direct developm5t f t ( ,udaipur itself--! idioms = human figures & faces z well z ! gl[+ col\rs be+ cle>ly bas$ on ,udaipur orig9als4 ,at ! same "t1 a k9d ( sumptu\s luxuriance1 a pr$ilection = gre5s & oranges 9 brilliant juxtaposition1 a delight 9 natural pr(usion & ! use ( recessions1 %ad+ & r\nd volumes give ea* picture a di/9ctive aura4#ha ,9 ,malwa1 on ! o!r h&1 ! e>li] tradition seems to h und]gone a new resuscitation4 ,foll[+ v>i\s w>s 9 ,middle ,india1 ! =m] ,muslim k+dom _h be5 divid$ into fiefs--"s be+ aw>d$ to ,rajput nobles ( loyalty & val\r4 ,! result 0 yet ano!r /yle ( pa9t+--comp>able 9 c]ta9 ways to t ( ,bundi & ,udaipur yet m>k$ly orig9al 9 its total effect4 ,9 place ( tightly geometrical compositions1 ,malwa arti/s pref]r$ a m fluid gr\p+1 _! /ra9+ luxuriant trees bl5d+ ) sway+ creep]s to create a s(t me&]+ rhy?m & only ! human figures1 ) _! %>ply cut veils & taut int5se faces1 express+ ! prevail+ cult ( fr5zi$ passion4#hb ,su* s*ools ( pa9t+ reflect$ ! ,rajput ne$ = passionate romance r ?an any specially /rong adhesion to ,kri%na1 ! div9e lov]4 ,al?\gh "o copy ( ! ,rasika ,priya & "o ( ! ,bhagavata ,purana 7 execut$ at bo? ^! c5tres1 _! *ief subjects 7 ! ragas & rag9is 7! ?irty-six modes ( ,indian music7 nayakas & nayikas 7! ideal lov]s7 & b>ahmasas 7! twelve mon?s7 :ile 9 ! case ( ,malwa1 !re 0 ! add$ !me ( ,sanskrit love-poetry4 ,kri%na ! god 0 r>ely celebrat$ & x 0 r z '! be/ ( lov]s' t he 0 sometimes introduc$ into pictures4 ,9 a ,bundi s]ies depict+ ! twelve mon?s1 c\rtly lov]s are %[n sitt+ 9 a balcony wat*+ a s]ies ( ru/ic incid5ts proce$+ bel[4 ,! lov]1 h[ev]1 is n an ord9>y pr9ce b ,kri%na himself1 8 blue sk9 & royal halo leav+ no possible d\bt z to 8 real id5tity4#hc ,simil>ly 9 pa9t+s illu/rat+ ! "* & p]sonality ( musical modes1 ,kri%na 0 (t5 introduc$ z ! p]fect embodim5t ( passionate lov+4 ,none ( ! poems accompany+ ! modes make any allusion to him4 ,inde$1 _! prime purpose is to woo ! presid+ g5ius ( ! melody & sugge/ ! visual sc5e mo/ likely to evoke its _s4 ,! musical mode1 ,bhairava ,raga1 = example1 0 actually associat$ ) ,siva1 yet because ! "* ( ! music sugge/$ furi\s passion ! c5tral figure ( ! lov] dally+ ) a lady 0 depict$ z ,kri%na4#hd ,9 ,h9dola ,raga1 a mode connect$ ) sw++1 a simil> result ensu$4 ,sw++ 9 ,indian s5tim5t 0 normally associat$ ) ! ra9s & ^! 9 turn evok$ 'memory & desire4' ,! "* ( ! music 0 !re=e visualiz$ z t ( a "y pr9ce sw++ 9 ! ra9--8 v movem5ts symboliz+ ! act ( love4 ,s9ce ,kri%na1 h[ev]1 0 ! p]fect lov]1 no?+ 0 easi] ?an to portray ,h9dola ,raga z ,kri%na himself4 ,h9dola might be invok$ 9 ! poem1 b x 0 ,kri%na :o appe>$ seat$ on ! sw+4#he ,an exactly simil> process occurr$ 9 ! case ( ,megh ,mall> ,raga4 ,?is 0 connect$ ) ! ra9y season1 yet because ra9 & /orm 7 symbolic ( sex1 ,megh ,mall> 0 portray$ n z a sep>ate figure1 b z ,kri%na once aga9 danc+ 9 ! ra9 ) ladies accompany+ him4 ,ev5 fem99e modes ( music suff]$ ! same k9d ( trans=mation4 ,vasanta ,rag9i1 '! music ( spr+time1' 0 normally apo/rophiz$ z a lovely lady1 yet because spr+time sugge/$ lov]s1 %e 0 %[n 9 pa9t+ z if %e 7 ,kri%na danc+ ) a vase ( fl[]s1 hold+ a w& 9 8 h& or celebrat+ ! spr+ f]tility fe/ival4 ,! mode1 ,pan*am ,rag9i1 0 also fem99e 9 "* & 0 conceiv$ ( z a beauty enjoy+ h] lov]'s advances4 ,! lady h]self 0 portray$1 yet once aga9 ,kri%na 0 introduc$1 ?is "t z h] lov]4 ,9 all ^! cases ! celebration ( ,kri%na 0 incid5tal to ! ma9 !me & only 9 "o in/ance--a ,malwa ,rasika ,priya--is !re a trace ( undisguis$ adoration4 ,9 ?is lovely s]ies1#hf ,kri%na's en*antm5t is p]fectly sugge/$ by ! fl[]+ trees :i* wave above him1 ! /yle acquir+ an ev5 m int5se lyricism on acc\nt ( its div9e subject4 ,dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 pa9t+ 9 ,raja/han became increas+ly secul>1 ev5 arti/s ( ,udaipur devot+ !mselves almo/ exclusively to sc5es ( c\rt life4 ,! ,ranas & ! ,mew> nobility 7 depict$ hunt+ 9 ! local l&scape1 wat*+ elephant fights or mov+ 9 procession4 ,simil> fa%ions prevail$ 9 ,jodhpur1 ,jaisalm]1 ,bikan]1 ,bundi & ,kotah4 ,only1 9 fact1 9 two ,raja/han ,/ates & !n = only brief p]iods 0 !re any major celebration ( ! ,kri%na !me4 ,at ,ki%ang>h1 a small ,/ate midway betwe5 ,ajm] & ,jaipur1 a s]ies ( int5sely poetic pa9t+s 7 produc$ betwe5 ! ye>s #agej & #agfj--! prime /imulus be+ ! delight ( ,raja ,sawant ,s+h 9 ,kri%na's romance4#hg ,born 9 #afii1 ,sawant ,s+h _h asc5d$ ! ?rone 9 #agdh & giv5 all 8 "t to ?ree activities1 ! raptur\s re-liv+ ( ,kri%na's romance ) ,radha1 ! composition ( ec/atic poems & ! daily wor%ip ( ,kri%na z lov] god4 ,s great 0 8 devotion t 9 #ageg he ab&on$ ! ?rone & tak+ ) him 8 fav\rite maid ( hon\r1 ! beautiful poetess1 ,bani ,?ani1 retir$ to ,br9daban :]e he di$ 9 #agfd4 ,sawant ,s+h's delight seems to h be5 %>$ by a local arti/1 ,nihal ,*&1 = "u ! ,raja's direction he produc$ a numb] ( pictures 9 :i* ,radha & ,kri%na su/a9$ ! lead+ roles4 ,! pictures 7 ma9ly illu/rations ( ,sawant ,s+h's own poems--! lov]s be+ portray$ at mom5ts ( blissful wond]1 drift+ on a lake 9 a sc>let boat1 wat*+ fireworks cascad+ d[n ! sky or g5tly dally+ 9 a m>ble pavilion4 ,"h is ,love's en*ant$ zone ,"h ,"t & ! ,firmam5t /& /ill ,"h ! ,bride & ,bridegroom ,nev] c gr[ old4 ,"h ! f\nta9s nev] cease to play ,& ! night is ev] "y4#hh ,nihal ,*&'s /yle 0 em95tly fitt$ to express ?is mood ( s5sitive adoration4 ,orig9ally tra9$ 9 ! lat] ,mughal /yle1 he 0 able to r5d] appe>ances ) exquisite delicacy b 0 also acutely aw>e ( rhy?mical elegance4 ,& x is ?is :i* con/antly *>act]iz$ 8 "w1 8 greate/ a*ievem5t be+ ! creation ( a local mann] = portray+ ,radha & ,kri%na4#hi ,radha 0 end[$ ) great ar*$ eyebr[s & long eyes--! end ( ! eye be+ tilt$ s z to jo9 ! d[nw>d sweep+ l9e ( ! eyebr[ :ile ,kri%na 0 giv5 a sl5d] rec$+ =ehead & n>r[ wai/4 ,ea* 0 made to seem ! acme ( elegance & ! result 0 a conception ( ,kri%na & 8 love z ! v embodim5t ( ari/ocratic bre$+4 ,! same s5se ( ari/ocratic lovel9ess is convey$ by a sc5e ( danc+ figures almo/ life size 9 ! palace libr>y at ,jaipur4#ij ,pa9t$ "u ,raja ,pratap ,s+h 7#aggi-ahjc7 ! picture %[s ladies ( ! palace imp]sonat+ ,radha & ,kri%na danc+ toge!r att5d$ by girl musicians4#ia ,aga9/ a pale gre5 backgr\nd1 ! figures1 dress$ 9 gre5i% yell[1 pale greyi% blue & ! pure/ :ite1 po/ure ) calm assur$ grace1 :ile ! pure tones & exquisite l9e-"w inve/ ! sc5e ) gay & lum9\s cl>ity4 ,we d n "k ! circum/ances 9 :i* ?is great picture 0 pa9t$ b ! exi/5ce ( ano!r l>ge-scale picture portray+ ! circul> dance--! l9es ( c[girls revolv+ l fl[]s1 ) ,radha & ,kri%na sway+ 9 _! mid/--sugge/s t ! ,kri%na !me _h once aga9 inflam$ a ,rajput rul]'s imag9ation4#ib ,su* gr\ps ( pa9t+s are1 at mo/1 exquisite exceptions & x is r 9 ! ,rajput /ates ( ! ,punjab ,hills--an area remote & q di/9ct f ,raja/han--t ! !me ( ,kri%na ! div9e lov] receiv$ its mo/ enraptur$ expression 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,until ! second half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ?is /ret* ( c\ntry bord]+ ! ,we/]n ,himalayas seems to h _h no k9d ( pa9t+ :atsoev]4 ,9 #afgh1 h[ev]1 ,raja ,kirpal ,pal inh]it$ ! t9y /ate ( ,basohli & almo/ imm$iately a new arti/ic urge became app>5t4 ,pictures 7 produc$ on a scale comp>able to t ( ,udaipur ?irty ye>s e>li] & at ! same "t a local /yle ( great emotional int5sity makes its sudd5 appe>ance4#ic ,?is new ,basohli /yle1 ) its flat planes ( brilliant gre51 br[n1 r$1 blue & orange1 its savage pr(iles & great int5se eyes has obvi\s connections ) ,udaipur pa9t+s ( ! #afej-fj p]iod4 ,& al?\gh exact hi/orical pro( is /ill want+1 ! mo/ likely explanation is t "u ,rana ,raj ,s+h "s ,udaipur arti/s 7 p]suad$ to migrate to ,basohli4 ,we "k t ,rajput rul]s 9 ! ,punjab ,hills 7 (t5 connect$ by m>riage ) ,rajput families 9 ,raja/han & x is !re=e possible t dur+ a visit to ,udaipur1 ,raja ,kirpal ,pal recruit$ 8 ateli]4 ,udaipur pa9t+1 h[ev]1 c h>dly h be5 ! only s\rce = ev5 9 its e>lie/ examples ,basohli pa9t+ has a smoo? poli%1 a savage sophi/ication & a comm& ( %ad+ :i* sugge/s ! influ5ce ( ! ,mughal /yle ( ,delhi4 ,we mu/ assume1 9 fact1 a s]ies ( influ5ces det]m9$ to a great ext5t by ,raja ,kirpal ,pal's political contacts1 8 private j\rneys & individual ta/e1 b p]haps above all by an urge to express 8 feel+s = ,kri%na 9 a novel & p]sonal mann]4 ,! result is n only a new /yle b a special *oice ( subject-matt]4 ,! ,rasika ,priya & ! ,bhagavata ,purana1 ! texts s greatly fav\r$ at ,udaipur1 7 disc>d$ & 9 _! place ,basohli arti/s produc$ a s]ies ( isolat$ sc5es f ,kri%na's life--! *ild ,kri%na /eal+ butt]1#id ,kri%na ! gallant robb+ ! c[girls or exact+ toll1 ,kri%na ext+ui%+ ! =e/-fire1#ie ,kri%na ! viol5t lov] dev\r+ ,radha ) hungry eyes4 ,_! greate/ a*ievem5ts1 h[ev]1 7 two v]sions ( ,bhanu ,datta's ,rasamanj>i1 "o ( !m complet$ 9 #afie1if %ortly aft] ,raja ,kirpal ,pal's dea?1 ! o!r almo/ c]ta9ly fifte5 ye>s e>li]4#ig ,! text 9 "q is a treatise on poetics illu/rat+ h[ romantic situations %\ld be/ be treat$ 9 ,sanskrit poetry--! conduct ( mature mi/resses1 exp]i5c$ lov]s1 sly g-betwe5s1 cl[ns or jok]s be+ all subject$ to analysis4#ih ,! subject ( ! text is secul> romantic poetry & ,kri%na himself is nev] m5tion$4 ,none ! less1 9 produc+ _! illu/rations1 ! arti/s made ,kri%na ! c5tral figure & we c only conclude t es*ew+ ! obvi\s ,rasika ,priya1 ,raja ,kirpal ,pal _h direct$ 8 arti/s to d = ,sanskrit :at ,ke%av ,das _h done = ,h9di poetry--to celebrate ,kri%na z ! mo/ v>i$ & skill$ ( lov]s & z a coroll>y %[ him 9 a :ole v>iety ( romantic & poetic situations4 ,z a result ,kri%na 0 portray$ 9 a numb] ( highly conflict+ roles--z husb&1 rake1 s$uc]1 p>am\r & gallant4 ,9 "o picture he is 'a gallant ^: ^w _c be tru/$' & we see him 9 ! act ( delicately dis5gag+ a lady's dress & gaz+ at h] ) passion-haunt$ eyes4 ,! poem on ! rev]se runs z foll[s3 ,%[+ h] a beautiful girdle ,draw+ on a fair panel ) r$ *alk ,putt+ a bracelet on h] wri/s ,& lay+ a necklace on h] brea/s ,w9n+ ! confid5ce ( ! fawn-ey$ lady ( fair br[s ,he slyly loos5s ! knot ( h] skirt ,bel[ ! girdle-/ead1 ) naughty h&4#ii ,9 ano!r picture1 he appe>s z 'a gallant well v]s$ 9 ! ways ( c\rtesans1' ! dread$ s$uc] ( inexp]i5c$ girls4 ,he is n[ %[n approa*+ a =mal pavilion1 set 9 a lonely field4 ,inside ! pavilion is ! lovely object ( 8 attack1 sitt+ ) a companion1 kn[+ t willy-nilly %e mu/ %ortly yield yet timidly mak+ %[ ( maid5ly res]ve4 ,8 swoll5 he>t ,kn[s nei!r %ame nor pity ,nor any fe> ( ang] ,h[ c su* a t5d] bud z ,i ,be ca/ into 8 h&s today8#ajj ,9 yet a ?ird picture1 he is portray$ /&+ outside a h\se :ile ! lady1 ! subject ( 8 passions1 sits )94 ,he is once aga9 'a false gallant1' 8 amor\s int5tions be+ %[n by ! orange1 a conv5tional symbol = ! brea/s1 pois$ lightly 9 8 h&4 ,z ! lady turns to greet him1 %e puts a dot 9 ! circle :i* %e has j drawn on ! wall--a ge/ure :i* once aga9 conta9s a h9t ( sex4 ,on ! picture's rev]se ! poem records a conv]sation galante4 ',belov$1 :at are y do+ ,) a gold5 orange 9 y\r h&8' ,s said ! moon-fac$ "o ,plac+ a dot ,on ! bright circles ,pa9t$ 9 ! h\se4 #aja ,9 o!r pictures1 a cl[n or je/] appe>s1 introduc+ a witty jok+ elem5t into ! sc5e & ?us pres5t+ ,kri%na's attitude to love z all-inclusive4 ,f #afic1 ! ye> ( ,raja ,kirpal's dea?1 pa9t+ at ,basohli conc5trat$ ma9ly on portray+ rul]s & on illu/rat+ ragas & rag9is--! poems :i* int]pret$ ! moods & _s ( music4 ,! /yle ma9ta9$ its fi]ce int5sity b !re 0 n[ a gradual r\nd+ ( faces & figures1 lead+ to a slight s(t5+ ( ! =m] brusque vig\r4 ,devotion to ,kri%na does n seem to h bulk$ q s l>gely 9 ! m9ds ( lat] ,basohli rul]s1 al?\gh ! cult itself may well h cont9u$ to ex]t a /rong emotional appeal4 ,9 #agcj1 a ,basohli pr9cess1 ! lady ,manaku1 commission$ a set ( illu/rations to ! ,gita ,gov9da & ,kri%na's p[] to en*ant n only ! male b also ! female m9d 0 once aga9 demon/rat$4#ajb ,?is s]ies ( illu/rations is 9 "s ways a turn+ po9t 9 ,indian pa9t+ = n only 0 x to s]ve z a model & inspiration to lat] arti/s b its production br+s to a close ! mo/ creative phase 9 ,basohli art4 ,aft] #agcj1 pa9t+ cont9u$ to be practis$ !re b no long] ) ! same f]v\r4 ,basohli arti/s seem to h c>ri$ ! /yle to o!r /ates--to ,gul]1 ,jammu1 ,*amba1 ,kulu1 ,nurpur & ,bilaspur--b x is n until #aggj t ! ,kri%na !me aga9 comes into prom95ce4 ,9 ab\t ?is ye>1 arti/s f ,gul] migrat$ to ! di/ant ,g>hwal1 a l>ge & /raggl+ /ate at ! f> s\? ( ! ,punjab ,hills1 tak+ ) !m a /yle ( exquisite naturalism :i* _h gradually rea*$ maturity "u ! ,gul] rul]1 ,raja ,gov>dhan ,s+h4#ajc ,dur+ 8 reign1 a family ( ,ka%miri ,brahmans skill$ 9 ! ,mughal te*nique _h jo9$ 8 c\rt & _h !re absorb$ a new romantic outlook4 ,on at lea/ ?ree occasions !y _h illu/rat$ sc5es f ! ,bhagavata ,purana--,n&a celebrat+ ,kri%na's bir?1#ajd ,kri%na rescu+ ,n&a f ! py?on :i* _h />t$ to dev\r 8 foot1#aje & f9ally ! game ( bl9d man's bluff#ajf--;b _! *ief subject _h be5 ! t5d] en*antm5ts ( c\rtly love4 ,ladies 7 portray$ long+ = _! lov]s4 ,! greate/ emphasis 0 plac$ on elegance ( pose4 ,fi]ce di/ortions 7 gradually disc>d$ & ! :ole purpose ( pa9t+ 0 to dwell on exquisite figures & to sugge/ a rapt devotion to ! ne$s ( love4 ,x is ?is suavely delicate art :i* n[ appe>s 9 ,g>hwal4 ,among ! ,gul] pa9t]s 0 a ma/]-arti/ & al?\gh 8 fir/ ,g>hwal pictures are conc]n$ ) passionate romance1 devotion to ,kri%na quickly becomes app>5t4#ajg ,! great ,alakn&a ,riv] :i* ro>$ ?r\gh ,sr9ag>1 ! capital1 _h a special fasc9ation = him & j z ,leon>do da ,v9ci ev9c$ at "o "t a passionate int]e/ 9 spr++ curls1 ! ,gul] arti/ f\nd a special excitem5t 9 w9d+ eddies & da%+ wat]4 ,! result 0 a sudd5 new int]pretation ( ! ,kri%na !me4 ,9 two pictures :]e ,kri%na is %[n quell+ ! snake ,kaliya1#ajh all ! ,gul] qualities ( elegant naturalism are abundantly pres5t4 ,ea* figure has a smoo? suavity & 9 e face !re appe>s a look ( calm adoration4 ,x is ! swirl+1 curl+ wat]1 h[ev]1 :i* gives ! pictures _! special ,g>hwal quality4 ,! play ( wat] evokes a melody ( l9e & ! result is a s5se ( upsurg+ joy4 ,a simil> religi\s exaltation m>ks o!r pictures by ?is ma/]4 ,at "s "t he appe>s to h be5 commission$ to illu/rate ! tale ( ,sudama ! poor ,brahman ^: tatt]$ hovel is *ang$ by ,kri%na into a gold5 palace4 ,he 0 evid5tly assi/$ by a weak] pa9t] b 9 ! pictures :i* are cle>ly 8 own "w1 ! same quality ( lyrical incantation appe>s4 ,z ,sudama j\rneys to ,dw>ka ,kri%na's gold5 city1 8 he>t swoons ) adoration1 ! hills1 trees & ocean appe> to dance ab\t him & once aga91 ! l9e> music ( ! composition eng5d]s a feel+ ( supreme ec/asy4#aji ,we d n "k :i* memb] ( ! ,g>hwal c\rt act$ z 8 patron--x is ev5 possible t x 0 n ! rul] himself b 8 consort1 ! ,gul] pr9cess :om he _h m>ri$ 9 ab\t ! ye> #aggj4 ,:at1 at any rate1 is cle> is t at lea/ "o lively ador] ( ,kri%na exi/$ at ! ,g>hwal c\rt & t until ! ,gurkha invasions ( #ahjc1 !re 7 o!r pa9t]s1 besides ! ma/]-arti/1 :o 7 simil>ly enc\rag$ to int]pret ! ,kri%na !me4#aaj ,_! /yle 0 cle>ly influ5c$ by t ( ! ma/] b 9 _! use ( sl5d] leafless bran*es & t[]+ spikes ( blossom1 !y develop$ a special ,g>hwal imag]y design$ to sugge/ ! sl5d] beauty ( love-en*ant$ girls4 ,aft] ! expulsion ( ! ,gurkhas 9 #ahaf1 a new ,raja reviv$ ,g>hwal pa9t+4 ,kri%na ! lov] 0 once aga9 portray$ & until ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 pictures cont9u$ to be produc$ bl5d+ ! delights ( c\rtly passion ) adoration ( ,god4 ,x 0 9 ! /ate ( ,kangra1 h[ev]1 t ! greate/ developm5ts occurr$4 ,9 #agge1 ! "y ,sans> ,*& became ,raja1 & despite 8 extreme y\?1 quickly acquir$ ma/]y ( ! ,kangra c\rt4 ,x is unlikely t arti/s 7 imm$iately summon$1 b c]ta9ly by #aghj a fl\ri%+ s*ool ( pa9t]s _h come into exi/5ce4#aaa ,z at ,g>hwal1 ! arti/s ( ,kangra came orig9ally f ,gul] & ?us a simil> ph5om5on arises--! ,gul] mann] provid+ ! basis = yet a second great /yle4 ,sans> ,*& 0 obvi\sly q exceptional1 = n only 0 he successful 9 politics & w>1 b f 8 e>ly manhood 0 devot$ to ,kri%na z lov] god4 ,& x is ?is all-absorb+ int]e/ :i* expla9s ! va/ expansion ( pa9t+ :i* n[ occurr$4 ,"u ,sans> ,*&'s /imulus arti/s began to portray e situation involv+ ,kri%na1 ! c[h]d4 ,he 0 %[n z a baby cry+ = ! moon1 be+ wa%$ by 8 fo/]-"m1 ,yasoda1 or mis*iev\sly break+ pit*]s full ( curds4 ,he w\ld be pa9t$ /roll+ ) ! c[h]ds1 play+ on 8 flute1 or br++ ! cattle home at ev5+4 ,b ! ma9 !me to :i* ! arti/s con/antly return$ 0 8 ma9 c[girl love4 ,radha w\ld be %[n /&+ ) ,kri%na 9 ! =e/1 gaz+ tru/fully into 8 eyes1 seek+ %elt] ) him f ! ra9 or sitt+ ) him by a /ream4#aab ,sometimes %e & ! c[girls 7 %[n celebrat+ ! spr+ fe/ival ( ,holi1 ,kri%na syr++ !m ) t9t$ wat] :ile !y !mselves /rove to return 8 onslaughts by ?r[+ r$ p[d]4#aac ,(t5 ! sc5e w\ld %ift f ! =e/ to ! village1 & ,kri%na w\ld !n be %[n gaz+ at ,radha z %e dri$ h]self aft] ba?+ or squatt$ 9 a c\rty>d cook+ food4 ,at o!r times he appe>$ assi/+ h] at h] toilet1 help+ h] to dress h] hair or apply+ a beauty m>k to h] =ehead4 ,if ! sc5e 0 night itself1 ,radha w\ld be %[n sitt+ 9 h] *amb]1 :ile f> away across ! c\rty>ds & g>d5s w\ld loom ! small figure ( ,kri%na wait+ lonely on a b$4 ,occasionally ! lov]s w\ld be portray$ express+ _! rapture by means ( simple ge/ures4 ,kri%na's arm w\ld be %[n plac$ lov+ly ar\nd ,radha's %\ld]s1 or ,radha h]self w\ld be portray$ hid+ h] head on ,kri%na's brea/4#aad ,9 all ^! pictures1 ! /yle _h an innoc5t & exquisite cl>ity1 sugge/+ by its simple unaffect$ naturalism ! arti/s' delight 9 ,kri%na's "*1 _! appreciation ( ! fem99e m9d1 _! s5se ( sex z inh]5tly noble & _! association ( romance ) ,god himself4 ,x is 9 a s]ies ( illu/rations to c]ta9 texts1 h[ev]1 t ,kangra pa9t+ rea*es its greate/ heights4 ,among ! _m arti/s employ$ by ,sans> ,*&1 a c]ta9 ,purkhu 0 notable = 8 'rem>kable cle>ness ( tone & delicacy ( h&l+1'#aae & ?\gh none ( 8 pictures are sign$ x is ^! qualities :i* *>act]ize "o ( ! two mo/ fam\s sets ( illu/rations execut$ 9 ,kangra4 ,! subject 0 ! t5? book ( ! ,bhagavata ,purana & ! sc5es illu/rat$ rang$ f ,kri%na's bir? & adv5tures ) demons to 8 frolics ) ! c[girls & f9al slaught] ( ,kansa4 ,purkhu's /yle--if ,purkhu is inde$ ! ma/] responsible--is rem>kable = its lum9\s cl>ity1 its fa9t sugge/ions ( modell+1 & above all = its natural use ( rhy?m4 ,9 e sc5e1#aaf c[h]ds appe> engag$ 9 diff]5t tasks1 yet ?r\gh\t !re is a s5se ( on5ess ) ,kri%na himself4 ,kri%na is %[n delight+ all by 8 simple fri5dl9ess & dignifi$ *>m & ! /yle itself end[s ea* sc5e ) g5tle h>mony4 ,purkhu 0 cle>ly "o ( ! greate/ arti/s ev] to practise 9 ! ,punjab ,hills1 b x is a c]ta9 ,ku%ala :o is suppos$ to h be5 ,sans> ,*&'s special fav\rite4 ,we d n "k :i* pictures are by 8 h& b !re exi/ two s]ies ( illu/rations ( su* di/9ctive quality t ,ku%ala may well h be5 responsible4#aag ,"o is a s]ies ( pa9t+s illu/rat+ "p ( ,bih>i's ,sat ,sai--! sev5-hundr$ poems 9 :i* he extoll$ ,kri%na's love-mak+4#aah ,! o!r is yet ano!r v]sion ( ! ,gita ,gov9da :]e ,kri%na is %[n consort+ ) ! c[girls 9 blissful ab&on4#aai ,9 bo? ^! s]ies1 ! inh]5t lovel9ess ( ,radha & ! c[girls is express$ by supple fl[+ l9e1 a flair = natural po/ure & ! inclusion ( poetic images4 ,! sc>let ( a c[girl's skirt is e*o$ by ! r$ness ( a ga!r+ /orm1 ! ins]tion ( ,kri%na into ! backgr\nd sugge/+ ! passionate nature ( _! imm95t embraces4#abj ,9 a simil> way1 ! =e/ itself is '?read$ ) phases ( passion' & sl5d] trees 9 fl[] p>allel ! slim romantic girls :o long = ,kri%na's love4 ,"o o!r ,kangra ma/] rema9s to be m5tion$4 ,besides ! pictures already not$1 !re exi/s a fur!r s]ies illu/rat+ ! t5? book ( ! ,bhagavata ,purana4 ,! arti/'s id5tity is once aga9 unc]ta91 b j z ! ,g>hwal ma/] 0 fasc9at$ by ! swirl ( curl+ wat]1 ! ,kangra arti/ 9 "q delight$ 9 ! blonde pallor ( ! ,indian moon4#aba ,ea* incid5t 9 ! text is r5d]$ z if 9 moonlight--a full moon rid+ 9 ! sky1 its pale reflection %9+ 9 wat]1 ! c\ntryside itself ba!d ?r\gh\t 9 fro/y :it5ess4 ,z a result ! figures ( ,radha & ! c[girls seem imbu$ ) pallid glam\r1 _! love = ,kri%na ) an almo/ une>?ly radiance4 ,kangra pa9t+ cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! n9ete5? c5tury b x 0 only dur+ ,sans> ,*&'s own reign 7#agge-ahbc7 t ! /yle a*iev$ great lyrical glory4 ,simil>ly x 0 only t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury t o!r /ates 9 ! ,punjab ,hills develop$ _! own int]pretations ( ! great impassion$ !me4 ,at ,nurpur1 ,*amba1 ,kulu & ,bilaspur#abb pictures ( ,kri%na _h tempor>y vogues & at all ^! places arti/s creat$ new modes ( expression4 ,none ( ! local /yles1 h[ev]1 possess$ ! same pre/ige z t ( ,kangra & all 7 subsequ5tly oblit]at$ by ! g5]al ,kangra mann]4 ,by ! mid-n9ete5? c5tury1 ! ,rajput ord] 9 ! ,punjab ,hills f\nd]$ be=e ! ,briti% & :ile less] nobles & m]*ants cont9u$ to pur*ase pictures ( ,kri%na ! cult z a :ole decl9$ 9 pr9cely fav\r4 ,only 9 ,ea/]n ,india & !n ma9ly 9 ! villages did delight 9 ,kri%na cont9ue to evoke new pa9t+4 ,f ! twelf? c5tury onw>ds ,b5gal _h con/antly celebrat$ ! loves ( ,kri%na--! poets ,jayadeva1 ,*&i ,das & ,vidyapati be+ all natives ( ?is "p ( ,india4 ,hymns to ,kri%na 7 sung 9 ! villages & z "p ( ?is f]vid adhesion1 local manuscripts ( ! ,bhagavata ,purana & ! ,gita ,gov9da 7 (t5 produc$4 ,su* manuscripts 7 normally n illu/rat$ b 7 pres]v$ betwe5 wood5 cov]s1 on :i* sc5es ( ,kri%na danc+ ) ! c[girls or ) male devotees 7 pa9t$4#abc ,book cov]s ( ?is k9d 7 produc$ 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies & ! result+ pictures h some?+ ( ! savage elation associat$ ) ! ,basohli /yle & its d]ivatives4 ,dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 pa9t$ book-cov]s ceas$ to be produc$ b ?ree o!r k9ds ( pa9t+ cont9u$ to celebrate ! ,kri%na !me4 ,frescoes ( ,h9du gods & goddesses includ+ ,kri%na 7 (t5 execut$ on ! mud walls ( village h\ses 9 ,mi?ila1 ! bir?place ( ! poet ,vidyapati1 & ! /yle ( pa9t+ ) its brilliant col\rs & brusque di/ortions te/ifi$ to ! great excitem5t /ill eng5d]$ by ,kri%na's "n4#abd ,at ,kalighat ne> ,calcutta1 a special type ( wat]-col\r picture 0 mass-produc$ = sale to pilgrims & al?\gh ! /ock subjects includ$ almo/ e ,h9du god1 _m incid5ts f ,kri%na's life 7 boldly portray$4#abe ,! /yle ) its curv+ sumptu\s =ms is m a clue to g5]al ,b5gali int]e/s ?an to any special attitudes to ,kri%na1 b ! pictures1 /rangely p>allel 9 /yle to ! "w ( ! mod]n arti/ ,f]n& ,lg]1 h a robu/ gaiety & b\nd+ vig\r1 n inappropriate to ! ,kri%na !me4 ,! ?ird type ( pa9t+ is ! "w ( pr(essional village m9/rels kn[n z jadupatuas4 ,z a means ( livelihood1 jadupatuas travel f village to village 9 ,we/ ,b5gal1 ent]ta9+ ! p by s++ ballads & illu/rat+ _! songs ) long pa9t$ scrolls4 ,z ea* ballad proce$s1 ! scroll is sl[ly unw\nd1 "o sc5e lead+ to ano!r until ! :ole is conclud$4 ,among ! ballads ?us inton$1 ! romance ( ,kri%na is among ! mo/ common & ! /yle ( pa9t+ ) its crude exub]ance sugge/s ! /r5g? ( popul> devotion4#abf ,!re rema9s "o la/ =m ( pa9t+4 ,dur+ ! tw5tie? c5tury1 ! mod]n movem5t 9 ,indian art has produc$ at lea/ f\r major arti/s--,rab9drana? ,tagore1 ,amrita ,%]-,gil1 ,jam9i ,roy & ,george ,keyt4 ,( ^! f\r1 ! fir/ two did n illu/rate ! ,kri%na !me4 ,jam9i ,roy1 on ! o!r h&1 has (t5 pa9t$ ,kri%na z flute-play] & danc]4#abg ,x w\ld be unreali/ic to sugge/ t ^! pictures spr+ f a lively s5se ( ,kri%na z ,god--,jam9i ,roy has1 9 fact1 resort$ to !mes ( ,*ri/ ) equal1 if n great]1 frequ5cy b has %[n no signs ( becom+ a ,*ri/ian4 ,x is r t 9 pa9t+ ^! pictures1 he has treat$ ,kri%na z a symbol ( rural vitality1 a figure ^: boi/]\s c>e] among ! c[h]ds is an exact reflection ( 8 own attitudes & en?usiasms4 ,to ,jam9i ,roy1 ! ,b5gali village ) its s5se ( rude heal? is inf9itely to be pref]r$ to a city su* z ,calcutta ) its artificiality & disease & 9 a /yle ( bold simplifications1 he has con/antly celebrat$ ! natural vig\r & inh]5t dignity ( simple unsophi/icat$ m54 ,su* pictures /ress a comp>atively unimportant side ( ,kri%na's "* & x is r 9 ! pa9t+s ( ,george ,keyt t ,kri%na ! lov] is pr\dly portray$4 ,born 9 ,ceylon ( mix$ ance/ry1 ,keyt has1 = _m ye>s1 be5 acutely responsive to ,indian poetry4 ,9 #aidg1 he publi%$ ! translation ( ! ,gita ,gov9da1 exc]pts f :i* h be5 quot$ 9 ! text1 & ?r\gh\t 8 c>e] 8 "w has be5 di/+ui%$ by a poet's delight 9 fem99e =m & s5su\s rapture4 ,to ,keyt su* a delight is a vital compon5t ( adult m9ds & 9 ! romance ( ,radha & ,kri%na he f\nd a subject subtly expressive ( 8 own mo/ intimate beliefs4 ,8 pa9t+s & l9e-draw+s ( ,radha1 ,kri%na & ! c[girls--at once mod]n yet vitally ,indian 9 _s--h ! same qualities z ^? 9 ! ,gita ,gov9da4#abh ,radha & ,kri%na are %[n luxuriat+ 9 ea* o!r's elegance1 a c]ta9 ineffable t5d]ness *>act]iz+ _! ge/ures & movem5ts4 ,_! love is g5tle r ?an brusque1 an air ( glamor\s wond] broods above !m & we meet once m t bl5d ( romantic s5suality & lov+ innoc5ce :i* is p]haps ! *ief ,indian contribution to cultur$ liv+4 ,x is ?is quality :i* gives to ,indian pa9t+s ( ,kri%na & 8 loves _! incomp>able f]v\r1 & makes !m endur+ expressions ( ,indian religion4 ,footnote #ff3 ,plates #c1 #e1 #f1 #h1 #i1 #aa1 #ac-ag1 #ba & #cf4 ,footnote #fg3 ,m4,r4 ,mazumd>1 ',! ,guj>ati ,s*ool ( ,pa9t+1' ,j\rnal ( ! ,indian ,society ( ,ori5tal ,art1 #aidb1 ,vol4 ,x1 plates #c & #d4 ,footnote #fh3 ,collection ,mah>aja ( ,jaipur1 ,po?ikhana1 ,jaipur4 ,footnote #fi3 ,collection ,mah>aja ( ,jodhpur1 ,pu/akapraka%1 ,jodhpur ,=t4 ,footnote #gj3 ,plate #bb4 ,collection ,n4,c4 ,mehta1 ,bombay4 ,= reproductions ( #b & #c1 see ,k>l ,kh&alavala1 ',leaves f ,raja/han1' ,m>g1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #c4 ,figs4 #h & #aj4 ,footnote #ga3 ,moti ,*&ra1 ,ja9 ,m9iature ,pa9t+s f ,we/]n ,india 7,ahm$abad1 #aidi71 ,figs4 #ii-aje4 ,footnote #gb3 ,kh&alavala1 op4 cit41 ,fig4 #ad2 ,! ,art ( ,india & ,paki/an1 ,pls4 #ha & #hb4 ,footnote #gc3 ,plates #bc & #bd4 ,footnote #gd3 ,= reproductions1 see ,e4 ,wellesz1 ,akb>'s ,religi\s ,?\ght reflect$ 9 ,mogul ,pa9t+ 7,london1 #aieb71 ,pls4 #a-cg4 ,footnote #ge3 ,reproduc$ ,h5dley1 ,memorials1 ,! ,razm ,namah2 see also ,plates #a & #b bel[4 ,footnote #gf3 ,! ,art ( ,india & ,paki/an1 ,plate #hh4 ,footnote #gg3 ,h4 ,goetz1 ,! ,art & ,ar*itecture ( ,bikan] ,/ate 7,ox=d1 #aiej71 ,fig4 #ia4 ,footnote #gh3 ,coom>aswamy1 ,bo/on ,catalogue1 ,,vi1 ,mughal ,pa9t+1 ,plates #h-ai4 ,footnote #gi3 ,goetz1 op4 cit41 ,figs4 #gh & #ic4 ,footnote #hj3 ,plate #bi4 ,see also ,b4 ,gray1 ,treasures ( ,indian ,m9iatures f ! ,bikan] ,palace ,collection 7,ox=d1 #aiea71 ,plate #f4 ,footnote #ha3 ,plates #bh & #cb4 ,see also ,ar*]1 ,indian ,pa9t+1 ,plate #g4 ,footnote #hb3 ,! ,art ( ,india & ,paki/an1 ,plate #he4 ,footnote #hc3 ,plate #cb4 ,footnote #hd3 ,plate #cd4 ,footnote #he3 ,plate #cc4 ,footnote #hf3 ,bh>at ,kala ,bhawan1 ,ban>as4 ,footnote #hg3 ,eric ,dick9son1 ',! ,way ( ,pleasure3 ! ,ki%ang>h ,pa9t+s'1 #b ,m>g1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,no4 #d1 #bi-ce4 ,footnote #hh3 ,ibid41 #ca4 ,footnote #hi3 ,plate #ci4 ,footnote #ij3 ,= c>toons ( ?is picture1 see ,a4,k4 ,coom>aswamy1 ,indian ,draw+s 7,london1 #aiab71 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,plate #b & ,rajput ,pa9t+1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,plates #i & #aj4 ,footnote #ia3 ,note #bb4 ,footnote #ib3 ,gangoly1 ,ma/]pieces ( ,rajput ,pa9t+1 ,plate #aj4 ,footnote #ic3 ,plates #d1 #aj1 #bf1 #bg1 #cj & #ca4 ,! ,art ( ,india & ,paki/an1 ,plates #ajj-ajb4 ,footnote #id3 ,plate #d4 ,footnote #ie3 ,plate #aj4 ,footnote #if3 ,ar*]1 ,indian ,pa9t+ 9 ! ,punjab ,hills1 ,fig4 #f4 ,footnote #ig3 ,plate #cj4 ,coom>aswamy1 ,bo/on ,catalogue1 ,v1 ,rajput ,pa9t+1 ,plates #ib-ie4 ,footnote #ih3 ,note #bc4 ,footnote #ii3 ,coom>aswamy1 ,bo/on ,catalogue1 ,v1 ,rajput ,pa9t+1 #aga4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,ibid41 #agb4 ,footnote #aja3 ,ibid41 #agc4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,plates #bf & #bg4 ,! ,art ( ,india & ,paki/an1 ,plate #ajb4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,ar*]1 ,g>hwal ,pa9t+1 #a-d4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,gangoly1 op4 cit41 ,plate #ce4 ,footnote #aje3 ,ar*]1 ,indian ,pa9t+ 9 ! ,punjab ,hills1 ,fig4 #bc4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,mehta1 ,/udies 9 ,indian ,pa9t+1 ,plate #ba4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,plates #ai1 #bj & #ce4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,coom>aswamy1 ,rajput ,pa9t+1 ,plates #ec & #ed4 ,footnote #aji3 ,ar*]1 ,g>hwal ,pa9t+1 ,plate #a4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,plates #g1 #ab & #be4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,ar*]1 ,kangra ,pa9t+1 #b-e4 ,footnote #aab3 ,ibid41 ,plate #b4 ,footnote #aac3 ,ibid41 ,plate #a4 ,footnote #aad3 ,ibid41 ,plate #b4 ,footnote #aae3 ,b4,h4 ,bad5 ,p[ell1 ,h&book ( ! ,manufactures & ,arts ( ! ,punjab 7,lahore1 #ahgb71 #cee4 ,purkhu mu/ n[1 mo/ probably1 be connect$ ) ! fir/ ( ! two ,kangra ma/]s describ$ 9 ,kangra ,pa9t+ 7p4 #d7--,plates #c & #d be+ examples ( 8 "w4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,plates #c1 #e1 #f1 #h1 #i1 #aa & #af4 ,footnote #aag3 ,ar*]1 ,kangra ,pa9t+1 ,plates #a & #b2 also p4 #d :]e ! second ( ! two ,kangra ma/]s is describ$4 ,footnote #aah3 ,plate #cf2 ,mehta1 op4 cit41 ,plates #be & #bf4 ,footnote #aai3 ,plate #ba4 ,footnote #abj3 ,mehta1 op4 cit41 ,plate #bb4 ,footnote #aba3 ,plates #ac-ae4 ,footnote #abb3 ,plate #ah4 ,footnote #abc3 ,! ,art ( ,india & ,paki/an1 ,plate #gi ,footnote #abd3 ,w4,g4 ,ar*]1 ',mai?il ,pa9t+1' ,m>g1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,no4 #b4 ,footnote #abe3 ,w4,g4 ,ar*]1 ,baza> ,pa9t+s ( ,calcutta 7,london1 #aiec71 ,plates #h1 #i1 #ad1 #ai1 #cj1 #ca & #da4 ,footnote #abf3 ,ajit ,mook]jee1 ,art ( ,india1 7,calcutta1 #aieb7 ,fig4 #id4 ,footnote #abg3 ,b4 ,dey & ,j4 ,irw91 ',jam9i ,roy1' ,j\rnal ( ! ,indian ,society ( ,ori5tal ,art 7#aidd71 ,vol4 ,,xii1 ,plate #f4 ,footnote #abh3 ,= reproductions ( ,keyt's "w1 see ,m>t9 ,russell1 ,george ,keyt 7,bombay1 #aiej71 ,plates #a-aja4 ,,notes ,note #a1 p4 #ac4 ,= a fur!r discussion ( ^! two ma9 k9ds ( ,indian expression1 see my ,indian ,pa9t+ 7,iris1 ,bats=d1 ,london1 #aief74 ,note #b1 p4 #ad4 ,9 ,indian pa9t+1 ,kri%na is normally blue or mauve 9 col\r1 ?\gh cases occur 9 :i* he is black1 gre5 or d>k br[n4 ,black w\ld seem to foll[ f ,kri%na's "n--! ^w ',kri%na' mean+ 'black'--& may h be5 appli$ ei!r because he sprang f a black hair ( ,vi%nu or because he 0 born at midnight1 'black z a ?und]cl\d4' ,x has be5 sugge/$ t 8 d>k complexion proves a ,dravidian or ev5 an aborig9al orig9 s9ce bo? ! ,dravidian races & ! aborig9al tribes are d>k br[n 9 col\r 9 contra/ to ! pal] ,aryans4 ,none ( ! texts1 h[ev]1 appe>s to corroborate ?is !ory4 ,s f> z 'blue' & 'mauve' are conc]n$1 'blue' is ! col\r ( ,vi%nu & *>act]izes mo/ ( 8 inc>nations4 ,z ! col\r ( ! sky1 x is appropriate to a deity :o 0 orig9ally associat$ ) ! sun--! sun ) its life-giv+ rays accord+ well ) ,vi%nu's role z lov+ protector4 ',blue' is also suppos$ to be ! col\r ( ! ocean on :i* ,vi%nu is said to recl9e at ! comm5cem5t ( ea* age4 ,9 view ( ! v>iations 9 col\r 9 ! pictures1 x is p]haps significant t 'blue1' 'mauve' & 'gre5' are commonly reg>d$ 9 village ,india z v>iants ( 'black'--_m ,indians mak+ no di/9ction betwe5 !m4 ,9 ,indian pa9t+1 ! fact t ,kri%na is blue makes x easy to id5tify him1 8 only s]i\s rival be+ ano!r & e>li] inc>nation ( ,vi%nu1 ! pr9cely ,rama4 ,! latt] c usually be di/+ui%$ f ,kri%na by ! fact t he c>ries a b[ 7nev] a c[h]d's /ick7 & is (t5 accompani$ by ,hanuman1 ! monkey lead]4 ,note #c1 p4 #ag4 ,= a comp>ison ( ,ghora ,angirasa's tea*+ 9 ! ,*&ogya ,upani%ad ) ,kri%na's precepts 9 ! ,gita1 see ,mazumd>1 ,! ,age ( ,imp]ial ,unity 7#dcb-d7 & ,ba%am1 ,! ,wond] t 0 ,india 7#bdb-g1 #cjd-e7 ,note #d1 p4 #ag4 ,al?\gh ! actual date ( ! ,mahabh>ata w> has be5 v>i\sly assess$--'betwe5 #adjj & #ajjj ,b4,c4' 7,m4,a4 ,meh5dale 9 ,! ,age ( ,imp]ial ,unity1 #bea7 '! beg9n+ ( ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c4 7,ba%am1 op4 cit41 #ci7--! epic itself is g5]ally recogniz$ z be+ a product ( _m c5turies ( compilation4 ,! portions relat+ to ,kri%na ! h]o may well date f ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! ,gita1 on ! o!r h&1 0 possibly compos$ 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 'b assum$ ! =m 9 :i* x appe>s 9 ! ,mahabh>ata today 9 ! e>ly c5turies ,a4,d4' 7,meh5dale1 op4 cit41 #bdi74 ,note #e1 p4 #bd4 ,! implication is t ! ,p&avas h n be5 grant$ ultimate salvation i4e4 f9al release f liv+ b h rea*$ ! important transitional level ( '! heav5 ( ! do]s ( good de$s4' ,!y h also be5 grant$ ! limit$ /atus ( petty gods4 ,note #f1 p4 #be4 ,h>ivansa1 '! ,g5ealogy ( ,kri%na' b m lit]ally1 '! ,g5ealogy ( ,h>i1' a synonym = ,vi%nu4 ,= ! sake ( cle>ness & to avoid burd5+ ! text ) too mu* p]iphrasis1 ,i h ?r\gh\t ref]r$ to ,kri%na z su*4 ,9 ! texts !mselves1 h[ev]1 he is con/antly invok$ "u o!r names--,h>i 7or ,vi%nu71 ,gov9da 7! c[h]d71 ,ke%ava 7! hairy or radiant "o71 ,jan>ddana 7! mo/ wor%ipful71 ,damod>a 7'b\nd ) a rope1' ref]r+ to ! incid5t 7p4 #cb7 :5 hav+ be5 ti$ by ,yasoda to a mort>1 ,kri%na uproots ! two trees71 ,mur>i 7'foe ( ,mura1 ! ar* demon' p4 #eh7 or 9 phrases su* z 'quell] ( ,kaliya ! snake1' 'de/roy] ( ,kesi1 ! demon horse1' 'slay] ( ,madhu--! demon :o sprang f ! e> ( ,vi%nu & 0 kill$ by him4' ,a simil> use ( p]iphrasis occurs 9 ,anglo-,saxon k5n+s 7'_w-c&le' = sun1 'battle-add]s' = arr[s74 ,9 ! same way1 ,abul ,fazl's *ronicle1 ! ,akb>nama1 nev] names ! emp]or ,akb> b ref]s to him 9 t]ms su* z ',8 ,maje/y1' '! holy s\l1' '"l ( ! age1' 'f\nta9 ( g5]osity1' '! sacr$ he>t1' '! _w-adorn+ m9d1' '! decorat$ mansion ( sports4' ,note #g1 p4 #bf1 #cd1 #df1 #fh1 #fi4 ,9 ,*apt]s #c & #d ,i h1 9 ! ma91 /rictly foll[$ ! ,bhagavata ,purana1 incorporat+1 h[ev]1 a few important details & passages ei!r n giv5 9 ?is text b includ$ 9 ! ,vi%nu ,purana or if giv51 n s vividly express$4 ,! details & passages 9 "q are page #bg conc]n+ ! :ite & black hairs ( ,vi%nu1 page #cd--! lyrical description ( ,kri%na's life 9 ! =e/1 page #df--;,akrura's m$itation z he goes to visit ,kri%na1 page #fh--! drunk5 brawl & page #fi ! dea?s ( ,bal>ama & ,kri%na4 ,all extracts are f ,h4,h4 ,wilson1 ,! ,vi%nu ,purana 7pages #dih1 #eaa1 #eda-b1 #fji-fab74 ,note #h1 p4 #bh4 ,! resemblance betwe5 ,kansa's ord] to kill all male infants & ,h]od's slaught] ( ! innoc5ts has (t5 be5 rem>k$4 ,note #i1 p4 #bi4 ,kri%na's con/ant alt]ations ( role1 appe>+ sometimes z ,god b m (t5 z boy or man1 h be5 comm5t$ on by ,i%]wood & ,prabhavan&a 9 connection ) ,arjuna's dilemma 9 ! ,mahabh>ata4 ',kri%na is ! div9e inc>nation ( ,vi%nu1 ,arjuna's *os5 deity4 ,arjuna kn[s ?is--yet1 by a m]ciful ignorance1 he sometimes =gets4 ,inde$1 x is ,kri%na :o makes him =get1 s9ce no ord9>y man c\ld be> ! /ra9 ( con/ant companion%ip ) ,god4 ,aft] ! vision ( ,kri%na's div9e aspect1 ,arjuna is appall$ by ! realization t he has be5 treat+ ! ,"l ( ! univ]se z 'fri5d & fell[-mortal4' ,he humbly begs ,kri%na's p>don1 b 8 awe soon leaves him4 ,aga91 he has =gott54 ,we may inf] ! same relation%ip betwe5 ,jesus & 8 disciples aft] ! vision ( ! transfiguration4' 7,! ,song ( ,god1 ,bhagavad-,gita1 #bi-cj74 ,note #aj1 p4 #cc4 ,al?\gh "p ( ! supreme ,tr9ity1 ,brahma 0 (t5 treat$ 9 lit]ature z an ord9>y god :o ambl$ g5tly ab\t ! _w1 0 (t5 r abs5t-m9d$1 sometimes behav$ z if he 7 a prie/1 & 0 prone1 z on ! pres5t occasion1 to act a trifle misguid$ly4 ,note #ab1 p4 #dj4 ,! sc5e is illu/rat$ 9 two ,kangra & ,gul] pa9t+s 7,ar*]1 ,indian ,pa9t+ 9 ! ,punjab ,hills1 ,figs4 #aj & #bc74 ,note #ab1 p4 #eh4 ,pragjyoti%a--a city situat$ 9 ! ea/1 9 ,kam>upa on ! bord]s ( ,assam4 ,accord+ to ! ,vi%nu ,purana 7,wilson1 #ehb71 its environs 7 def5d$ by 'nooses1 con/ruct$ by ! demon ,mura 7,n>aka's ally71 ! edges ( :i* 7 z %>p z razors4' ,mura _h sev5 ?\s& sons 7n sev51 z /at$ 9 ! ,bhagavata74 ,all1 h[ev]1 7 'burnt l mo?s ) ! flame ( ! edge ( ,kri%na's discus4' ,note #ac1 p4 #fg4 ,ba%am 7op4 cit41 #cje7 po9ts out t elem5ts 9 ! ,kri%na /ory su* z ! de/ruction ( ! ,yadavas & ! dea? ( ! god are 'q un-,indian 9 _! tragic "*4 ,! !mes ( ! drunk5 brawl lead+ to a g5]al slaught]1 ( ! h]o sla9 by an arr[ pi]c+ 8 "o vuln]able spot1 & ( ! great city engulf$ by ! sea1 are well-kn[n 9 ,european epic lit]ature1 b d n occur else:]e 9 t ( ,india & are n h9t$ at 9 ! ,v$as4 ,! concept ( ! dy+ god1 s widespread 9 ! anci5t ,ne> ,ea/1 is f\nd n[h]e else 9 ,indian my?ology4' ,x is un=tunate t ,kri%na's reasons = de/roy+ ! ,yadava race are n[h]e made v cle>4 ,! affront to ! ,brahmans is ! imm$iate occasion = ! slaught] b h>dly its actual cause2 &1 if x is argu$ t ! ,yadavas mu/ fir/ be de/roy$ 9 ord] to r5d] ,kri%na's )drawal f ! _w complete1 we mu/ !n assume t ! ,yadavas are 9 "s my/]i\s way ess5tial p>ts ( ,kri%na himself4 ,su* a /atus1 h[ev]1 does n seem to be claim$ = !m & none ( ! texts sugge/ t ?is is s4 ,! slaught]1 !re=e1 rema9s an enigma4 ,note #ad1 p4 #fh4 ,wilson 7op4 cit41 #fjh7 summ>iz+ ! port5ts li/$ 9 ! ,mahabh>ata b n includ$ 9 ! ,vi%nu or ,bhagavata ,puranas4 ,note #ae1 p4 #gb4 ,f ! ,brihad>anyaka1 quot$ ,a4 ,daniel\1 ',an ,approa* to ,h9du ,erotic ,sculpture1' ,m>g1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 i1 #hh4 ,= a ,we/]n expression ( ?is po9t ( view1 comp>e ,eric ,gill1 ',art & ,love1' ,rupam 7,calcutta1 #aibe71 ,no4 #ba1 #e4 ',if ! trees & rocks1 ! ?und] & ! sea1 ! frightful avidity ( animal life & ! lovel9ess ( fl[]s are s _m h9ts ( ! ,god :o made !m1 h[ mu* m obvi\sly are ! ?+s ( humanity analogues ( ! ?+s ( ,god8 ,& among all su* ?+s1 ! union ( man & woman takes ! highe/ place & is ! mo/ pot5t symbol4 ,!re=e x is t outside ! comm]cial civilizations ( ! we/]n _w1 love & m>riage take _! place z types ( div9e union & ev]y:]e love & m>riage are ! subject matt]1 ! !me ( religi\s writ]s1 s+]s1 pa9t]s & sculptors4 ,x is true t love is ! !me ( we/]n writ]s also b ) !m ! idea ( love is entirely free f div9e signification4 7,z a coroll>y71 ! m ! div9e backgr\nd disappe>s1 ! m ! prudi%ness ( ! police becomes ! /&>d ( e?ics & ae/hetics alike4 ,"u su* an aegis ! arts are necess>ily degrad$ to ! level ( ! m]ely s5tim5tal or ! m]ely s5sual & :ile ! s5tim5tal is ev]y:]e applaud$1 ! s5sual is a s\rce ( panic4' ,note #af1 p4 #gc4 ,9 lat] poetry z well z 9 popul> wor%ip1 ,radha's position is always t ( an ador$ mi/ress--nev] t ( a belov$ wife4 ,& x is outside or r 9 ! tee? ( m>riage t h] romance ) ,kri%na is prosecut$4 ,su* a position cle>ly involv$ a %>p conflict ) conv5tional morals & 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 an attempt 0 made1 9 ! ,brahma ,vaiv>ta ,purana1 to re-write ! ,bhagavata ,purana1 magnify+ ,radha z lead] ( ! c[-girls1 disguis+ or r d5y+ h] adult]y & f9ally pres5t+ h] z ,kri%na's et]nal consort4 ,= ?is purpose1 ?ree hypo!ses 7 adopt$4 ,radha 0 ?r\gh\t assum$ to be ,kri%na's sp\se & x is only on acc\nt ( a curse t %e takes human =m z a c[girl & comes to live 9 ,br9daban4 ,radha h]self does n m>ry ,ayana ! c[h]d--8 w$d+ be+ only ) h] %ad[4 ,?irdly1 ,kri%na comes to ,br9daban & goes ?r\gh a secret m>riage ) h]4 ,_! love-mak+ is1 !re=e1 no long] adult]\s b /rictly conjugal4 ,x is n p]haps surpris+ t ! ,brahma ,vaiv>ta ,purana fail$ to capture ! ,indian imag9ation & inde$ is n[adays h>dly ev] he>d (4 ,x is ( int]e/ ma9ly on acc\nt ( ! prolific in=mation giv5 ab\t ,radha1 ! fact t x sets h] firmly 9 ! c5tre1 de?ron+ ! hapless ,rukm9i1 & its b>oque descriptions ( sexual union4 ,note #ag1 p4 #gc4 ,dur+ ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies1 a p>allel situation seems to h aris5 9 feudal ,france & ,g]many :]e local love-poetry also treat$ adult]y z a s9e qua non ( romance4 ',two ?+s prev5t$ ! m5 ( t age f connect+ _! ideal ( romantic & passionate love ) m>riage4 ,! fir/ is1 ( c\rse1 ! actual practice ( feudal society4 ,m>riages _h no?+ to d ) love & no 'nons5se' ab\t m>riage 0 tol]at$4 ,all m>riages 7 mat*es ( int]e/ &1 worse /ill1 ( an int]e/ t 0 cont9ually *ang+4 ,:5 ! alliance :i* _h answ]$ w\ld answ] no long]1 ! husb&'s object 0 to get rid ( ! lady z quickly z possible4 ,m>riages 7 frequ5tly dissolv$4 ,! same woman :o 0 ! lady & '! de>e/ dread' ( h] vassals 0 (t5 little bett] ?an a piece ( prop]ty to h] husb&4 ,he 0 ma/] 9 8 own h\se4 ,s f> f be+ a natural *annel = ! new k9d ( love1 m>riage 0 r ! drab backgr\nd aga9/ :i* t love /ood out 9 all ! contra/ ( its new t5d]ness & delicacy4 ,! situation is inde$ a v simple "o1 & n peculi> to ! ,middle ,ages4 ,any idealization ( sexual love1 9 a society :]e m>riage is purely utilit>ian1 mu/ beg9 by be+ an idealization ( adult]y4' 7,c4,s4 ,lewis1 ,! ,allegory ( ,love 7,london1 #aicf71 #ac47 ,note #ah1 p4 #gg4 ,mu* ( ! ,gita ,gov9da's p[] arises f ! end[m5t ( ,nature ) romantic ard\r1 ! =e/ itself be+ pres5t$ z a highly s5sitive & symbolic sett+ = ! behavi\r ( lov]s4 ,! foll[+ passage f ,tess ( ! ,d',urb]villes is p]haps ! ne>e/ approa* 9 ,engli% to ?is k9d ( treatm5t4 ',amid ! ooz+ fatness & w>m f]m5ts ( ! ,v> ,vale1 at a season :5 ! ru% ( juices c\ld almo/ be he>d bel[ ! hiss ( f]tilization1 x 0 impossible t ! mo/ fanciful love %\ld n gr[ passionate4 ,! ready bosoms exi/+ !re 7 impregnat$ by _! surr\nd+s4 ,july pass$ ov] _! heads & ! wea!r :i* came 9 its wake seem$ an ef=t on ! "p ( ,nature to mat* ! /ate ( he>ts at ,talbo?ays ,dairy4 ,! air ( ! place1 s fre% 9 ! spr+ & e>ly summ]1 0 /agnant & en]vat+ n[4 ,its heavy sc5ts weigh$ ^u !m1 & at mid-day ! l&scape seem$ ly+ 9 a swoon4 ,e?iopic scor*+s br[n$ ! upp] slopes ( ! pa/ures1 b !re 0 /ill bright h]bage "h :]e ! wat] c\rses purl$4 ,& z ,cl>e 0 oppress$ by ! outw>d heats1 s 0 he burd5$ inw>dly by wax+ f]v\r ( passion = ! s(t & sil5t ,tess4' ,note #ai1 p4 #gg4 ,! ,gita ,gov9da 0 "o ( ! fir/ ,sanskrit poems to be r5d]$ into ,engli%--,sir ,william ,jones publi%+ a melliflu\s v]sion 9 ,asiatick ,rese>*es 9 #agib4 ,lat] 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury x 0 translat$ into ,victorian v]se by ,sir ,edw9 ,arnold4 ,! pres5t translation f :i* all ! extracts are tak5 is by ,george ,keyt1 ! =emo/ mod]n arti/ ( ,ceylon4 ,x is greatly to be hop$ t ! entire translation1 hi!rto available only 9 an ,indian edition1 w "o day be publi%$ 9 ,engl&4 ,note #bj1 p4 #hf4 ,poems #a & #b are bas$ on v]sions by ,o4,c4 ,gangoly 7,ma/]pieces ( ,rajput ,pa9t+1 #bi1 #eh72 poems #c-aa are f new translations by ,deb5 ,bhatta*>ya4 ,note #ba1 p4 #ia4 ,= ! orig9als ( c]ta9 poems 9 ! ,rasika ,priya & _! lit]al translation1 see ,coom>aswamy1 ',! ,eight ,nayikas4' ,note #bb1 p4 #ajd4 ,! fir/ s*ol> to draw att5tion to ?is fact1 i4e4 t ! subjects are n ,radha & ,kri%na b palace ladies imp]sonat+ !m1 is ,dr4 ,joan van ,lohuiz5 de ,leeuw1 ^: pap] on ?is & k9dr$ problems is "u prep>ation4 ,note #bc1 p4 #aje4 ,= a detail$ discussion ( ,bhanu ,datta's ,rasamanj>i & ( simil> treatises by o!r ,sanskrit au?ors1 see ,v4 ,raghavan1 ,srng>amanj>i ( ,sa9t ,akb> ,%ah 7,hyd]abad1 #aiea74 ,,bibliography ,,agrawala1 ,v4,s43 ',! ,romance ( ,hima*al ,pa9t+s1' ,roopa-,lekha ,,xx1 #b1 7#aidh-i71 #hg-ic4 ,,ar*]1 ,w4,g43 ,indian ,pa9t+ 9 ! ,punjab ,hills 7,london1 #aieb74 ,kangra ,pa9t+ 7,london1 #aieb74 ,g>hwal ,pa9t+ 7,london1 #aied74 ,indian ,pa9t+ 7,london1 #aief74 ,,ba%am1 ,a4,l43 ,! ,wond] t 0 ,india 7,london1 #aied74 ,,burn\f1 ,e4 7trans473 ,le ,bhagavata ,purana 7,p>is1 #ahdj-ih74 ,,coom>aswamy1 ,a4,c43 ',! ,eight ,nayikas1' ,j\rnal ( ,indian ,art & ,indu/ry1 ,,xvi 7,new ,s]ies71 ,no4 #abh 7#aiad71 #ii-aaf4 ,rajput ,pa9t+ 7,ox=d1 #aiaf74 ,catalogue ( ! ,indian ,collections 9 ! ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts1 ,bo/on3 ,"p ,v1 ,rajput ,pa9t+2 ,"p ,,vi1 ,mughal ,pa9t+ 7,cambridge1 ,mass4 #aibf1 #aicj74 7trans47 ,! ,tak+ ( ,toll 7,london1 #aiae74 ,,gangoly1 ,o4,c43 ,ma/]pieces ( ,rajput ,pa9t+ 7,calcutta1 #aibf74 ,ragas & ,rag9is 7,calcutta1 #aicd74 ,,gray1 ,b43 ,rajput ,pa9t+ 7,london1 #aidh74 ',pa9t+1' ,! ,art ( ,india & ,paki/an1 ed4 ,l4 ,a%ton 7,london1 #aiej74 ,,gri]son1 ,g4,a43 ,! ,mod]n ,v]nacul> ,lit]ature ( ,h9du/an 7,calcutta1 #ahhi74 ,,h5dley1 ,t4,h43 ,memorials ( ! ,jeypore ,exhibition4 ,,iv1 ! ,razm ,namah 7,london1 #ahhc74 ,,holl+s1 ,w4 7trans473 ,! ,prem ,sag> 7,luckn[1 #ahhj74 ,,i%]wood1 ,c4 & ,,prabhavan&a1 ,s4 7trans473 ,! ,song ( ,god1 ,bhagavad-,gita 7,london1 #aidg74 ,,jones1 ,w4 7trans473 ',gitagov9da or ,songs ( ,jayadeva1' ,asiatick ,rese>*es 7,calcutta1 #agib74 ,,keyt1 ,g4 7trans473 ,sri ,jayadeva's ,gita ,gov9da 7,bombay1 #aidg74 ,,ma!rs1 ,e4 ,,p[ys 7trans473 ,ea/]n ,love 7,london1 #aibg-cj74 7trans47 ,love ,songs ( ,asia 7,london1 #aidd74 ,,mazumd>1 ,r4,c4 7ed473 ,! ,hi/ory & ,culture ( ! ,indian ,p1 ,i1 ,! ,v$ic ,age 7,london1 #aiea72 ,,ii1 ,! ,age ( ,imp]ial ,unity 7,bombay1 #aiea74 ,,mehta1 ,n4,c43 ,/udies 9 ,indian ,pa9t+ 7,bombay1 #aibf74 ,guj>ati ,pa9t+ 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury 7,london1 #aica74 ,,r&hawa1 ,m4,s43 ,kangra ,valley ,pa9t+ 7,new ,delhi1 #aied74 ,! ,kri%na ,leg5d 9 ,pah>i ,pa9t+ 7,new ,delhi1 #aief74 ,,roy1 ,p4,c4 7trans473 ,! ,mahabh>ata 7,calcutta1 #ahhc74 ,,s51 ,d4,c43 ,hi/ory ( ,b5gali ,language & ,lit]ature 7,calcutta1 #aiaa74 ,,s51 ,r4,n4 7trans473 ,! ,brahma ,vaiv>ta ,purana 7,allahabad1 #aibj74 ,,/*\k9e1 ,i43 ,la ,pe9ture ,indi5ne 7,p>is1 #aibi74 ,,w9t]nitz1 ,m43 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,indian ,lit]ature 7,calcutta1 ,i1 #aibg2 ,,ii1 #aicc74 ,,wilson1 ,h4,h4 7trans473 ,! ,vi%nu ,purana 7,london1 #ahdj74 ,,index ,abul ,fazl1 #aaf1 pl4 #a 7comm5t7 ,aditi1 "m ( ! gods1 #eh1 #ei ,age ( ,imp]ial ,unity1 ,!1 #aae1 #aba ,agni1 god ( fire1 #ah ,agrawala1 ,v4,s41 #aba ,ahmadnag>1 ,deccan1 #ig ,ajm]1 ,raja/han1 #ajc ,akb>1 ,mughal ,emp]or1 #ig-ii1 #aaf1 pl4 #a 7comm5t7 ,akb>nama1 #ih1 #aaf ,akrura1 *ief ( ! ,yadavas1 #de-dg1 #di1 #ea1 #eg1 #aaf ,allegory ( ,love1 ,!1 #aai ,altdorf]1 #ic ,am>u1 ,sanskrit poet1 #gc ,aniruddha1 son ( ,pradyumna & gr&son ( ,kri%na1 #fd ,ar*]1 ,mildr$1 #d1 #i ,ar*]1 ,w4,g41 #d1 #aja1 #aje1 #ajg-aab1 #aae1 #aag1 #aba ,arjuna1 lead+ ,p&ava1 husb& ( ,draupadi1 husb& ( ,kri%na's si/]1 ,subhadra1 #bj-bb1 #fd1 #fe1 #fg1 #fi1 #aaf1 #aag ,arnold1 ,sir ,edw91 #aai ,art ( ,india & ,paki/an1 ,!1 #if1 #ih1 #aja1 #ajd1 #ajg1 #aaa1 #aba ,asiatick ,rese>*es1 #aai ,assam1 #aag ,aurangzeb1 ,mughal ,emp]or1 #ii ,ayana1 husb& ( ,radha1 bro!r ( ,yasoda1 #gb1 #aah ,bad5 ,p[ell1 ,b4,h41 #aaj ,bakasura1 crane demon1 #cc ,balagopala ,/uti1 poem by ,bilvamangala1 #hd1 #id ,bal>ama1 bro!r ( ,kri%na1 #bg1 #cj1 #ca1 #cd-cf1 #dd-dh1 #ej-ef1 #fa-fd1 #ff1 #fg1 #fi1 #aaf1 pls4 #a1 #e1 #f1 #i1 #ab1 #af1 #ag ,bali1 rul] ( ! und]world1 #fb ,bani ,?ani1 poetess ( ,ki%ang>h1 #ajc ,b>ahmasa1 poems ( ! twelve mon?s1 #ajb1 pl4 #cb ,basawan1 ,mughal arti/1 pls4 #a1 #b 7comm5t71 #c 7comm5t7 ,ba%am1 ,a4,l41 #i1 #ai1 #aae1 #aag1 #aba ,basohli1 ,punjab ,hills1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajg1 #aaa1 pls4 #ah 7comm5t71 #bf 7comm5t71 #cj 7comm5t7 ,beatty1 ,sir ,*e/]1 pls4 #ag1 #ai ,bhagavad ,gita1 #ae-ag1 #bd1 #fg1 #aae1 #aag ,bhagavata ,purana1 #aa1 #be-ga1 #gb1 #gd1 #he1 #he1 #ii1 #aja1 #aje1 #ajg1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aaf-ah1 #aba1 pls4 #c-ai ,bhakti1 devotion to ,god1 #ai1 #bd ,bhanu ,datta1 au?or ( ,rasamanj>i1 #i1 #aje1 #abj1 pls4 #cj1 #ca ,bh>at ,kala ,bhawan1 ,ban>as1 #ajc1 pl4 #cg ,bh>atiya ,natya ,sa/ra1 ,sanskrit treatise1 #ij ,bh>trih>i1 ,sanskrit poet1 #gc ,bhatta*>ya1 ,deb51 #i1 #hg-ij1 #aai ,bhima1 /ronge/ ( ! five ,p&avas1 #bd1 #fe1 #ff ,bih>i ,lai1 poet1 #hd1 #aaj1 pl4 #cf ,bijapur1 ,deccan1 #ig ,bikan]1 ,raja/han1 #ii1 #ajj1 #ajc ,bilaspur1 ,punjab ,hills1 #ajg1 #aaa1 pl4 #ah ,bilvamangala1 poet1 #hd1 #id ,blue1 col\r ( ,kri%na1 #ad1 #aae ,book cov]s1 ,b5gali1 #aaa ,brahma1 #ag1 #bg1 #bh1 #cc1 #cd1 #eh1 #ei1 #fe1 #fg1 #aag1 pl4 #b ,brahma ,vaiv>ta ,purana1 #aah1 #aba ,brahmans1 #bb1 #bh1 #cj1 #ch1 #ci1 #fb1 #fc1 #fg1 #fh1 #ga1 #gd1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aag ,wives (1 #ch1 #ci ,braj1 c\ntry ar\nd ,ma?ura1 #bf1 #bh1 #dj ,brihad>anyaka1 #aag ,br9daban1 =e/ ne> ,gokula1 #cc1 #ce1 #de1 #df1 #di1 #eb1 #ec1 #ei-fb1 #ajc1 pl4 #f ,briti% ,museum1 pl4 #ah ,br\gh1 ,j41 #i ,buddhism1 #id ,bull demon1 #dd ,bundelkh&1 #ia1 #ii ,bundi1 ,raja/han1 #aja-ajc ,burn\f1 ,e41 #aba ,calcutta1 #aaa1 #aab ,campbell1 ,roy1 #ge ,ceylon1 #eg1 #aab ,*amba1 ,punjab ,hills1 #ajg1 #aaa ,*&i ,das1 ,b5gali poet1 #hd1 #he1 #hi1 #aaa ,*&ig>h ,art ,gall]y1 ,ea/ ,punjab1 pl4 #bg ,*&ogya ,upani%ad1 #ag1 #bd1 #aae ,*anura1 wre/l]1 #de1 #dh ,*aw&1 ,mew>1 #ajj ,*ri/1 #ad1 #aab1 #aag ,clo!s1 /eal+ ( c[girls'1 #cg1 #ch1 #gd1 #ge1 pl4 #aa ,coom>aswamy1 ,a4,k41 #ii1 #ajd-f1 #ajh1 #abj1 #aba1 pl4 #h 7comm5t7 ,c[girls1 loves ( !1 #bi1 #cf-ch1 #da-dd1 #df1 #di1 #ej1 #eb1 #ec1 #eh1 #fj-fb1 #ff1 #gj-hb1 #he1 #hf1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aac1 pls4 #aa1 #ac-ae1 #bj-bc4 ,c[h]ds1 ab&onm5t (1 by ,kri%na1 ,kri%na's life )1 #di-ec1 #fa1 #fb ,damod>a1 pseudonym = ,kri%na1 #aaf ,dance1 circul>1 #ch1 #da1 #dc1 #df1 #gd1 #ge1 p4 #ac 7comm5t7 ,daniel\1 ,a41 #aag ,d>uka1 *>iote] to ,kri%na1 #fh1 #fi ,demons1 combats )1 #bi1 #cj1 #cc-cf1 #dd1 #de1 #ed1 #ee1 #eh1 #fd1 #aaf1 #aag1 pl4 #i role (1 #ah1 #ai ,devaka1 y\ng] bro!r ( ,k+ ,ugras5a1 #bg ,devaki1 "m ( ,kri%na1 #ag1 #bg1 #bh1 #dd1 #df1 #dh-ej1 #eb1 #fc1 #fi1 pl4 #c ,devi1 goddess1 ,e>? ,"m1 #bh1 #dj1 #ef1 pls4 #c1 #ah ,dey1 ,b41 #aab ,dh>ma1 #ah1 #bc ,dh5uka1 ass demon1 #cd ,dhrit>a%tra1 bl9d son ( ,kuru1 fa!r ( ,kauravas1 #bj1 #ba1 #ea1 #ff ,dice1 conte/ by1 #ba ,dick9son1 ,eric1 #ajc ,draupadi1 daught] ( ,k+ ( ,pan*al1 common wife ( ! five ,p&avas1 #bj-bc1 #fd1 #fg ,drumalika1 demon1 #bf ,duryodhana1 lead+ ,kaurava & son ( ,dhrit>a%tra1 #bc1 #ea1 #ff1 #fg ,dw>ka1 ,kri%na's capital 9 ,we/]n ,india1 #ba1 #bb1 #ed-ei1 #fa-fd1 #ff-gj1 #id1 #ajh1 pls4 #b 7comm5t71 #ai ,e>?1 #bg1 #di1 #eh1 #fg ,ea/]n ,love1 #aba ,el ,greco1 #ic ,flute play+1 #ae1 #cf1 #cg1 #da1 #fa1 #gh1 #hf1 #aji1 #aab1 pl4 #ba ,=e/ fires1 #ce1 #cf1 pl4 #aj ,france1 feudal1 #aah ,games ) c[h]ds1 ,kri%na's1 #ca-ce1 #de1 pls4 #d-i ,g&hi1 ,mahatma1 #ae ,gangoly1 ,o4,c41 #ajd1 #aai1 #aba ,g>ga1 sage1 #cj1 #ca ,g>hwal1 ,punjab ,hills1 #ajg-aaj1 pl4 #ch ,g>hwal ,pa9t+1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aba ,g]many1 feudal1 #aah ,ghora ,angirasa1 #ag1 #aae ,gill1 ,eric1 #aah ,gita ,gov9da1 ,sanskrit poem by ,jayadeva1 #i1 #aa1 #gf-hd1 #id-if1 #ih1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aac1 #aai1 #aba1 pls4 #bj-bg ,gods1 role (1 #ah1 #ai ,goetz1 ,h41 #ii1 #ajj ,gokula1 di/rict ne> ,ma?ura1 #bf1 #cj1 #cc1 #dd ,gov>dhan ,s+h1 ,raja ( ,gul]1 #ajg ,gov>dhana1 greate/ ( ! hills1 #ci1 #dj1 #db1 #ei1 pl4 #ab ,gov9d ,das1 poet1 #hd1 #hh ,gov9da1 pseudonym = ,kri%na1 #aaf ,gray1 ,basil1 #ajj1 #aba ,gri]son1 ,sir ,g4,a41 #aba ,grunewald1 #ic ,guj>ati ,pa9t+ 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 #aba ,gul]1 ,punjab ,hills1 #ajg-aji1 pl4 #ah 7comm5t7 ,h>i1 pseudonym = ,kri%na1 #aaf ,h>ivansa1 app5dix to ,mahabh>ata epic1 #be1 #cb1 #ih1 #aaf ,h5dley1 ,t4,h41 #ih1 #aba ,h]od1 #aaf ,holi fe/ival1 #aji ,holl+s1 ,w41 #aba ,hunt]1 slay] ( ,kri%na1 see ,j>a4 ,hussa9 ,%ah1 rul] ( ,jaunpur1 #if ,india ,(fice ,libr>y1 ,london1 pl4 #cd 7comm5t7 ,indian ,museum1 ,calcutta1 pl4 #ce ,indian ,pa9t+1 #aae1 #aba ,indian ,pa9t+ 9 ! ,punjab ,hills1 #aje1 #ajg ,indra1 k+ ( ! gods1 "l ( ! cl\ds1 #ah1 #bd1 #ci1 #dj1 #df1 #eh1 #ei1 #fe1 #ff1 pls4 #b1 #ab ,irw91 ,j41 #aab ,i%]wood1 ,*ri/oph]1 #ae1 #bd1 #aaf ,jadupatuas1 m9/rel arti/s ( ,b5gal1 #aab ,jaipur1 ,raja/han1 #ie1 #ih1 #ajc1 #ajd1 pls4 #a 7comm5t71 #b 7comm5t7 ,jaisalm]1 ,raja/han1 #ajc ,jambhavati1 a que5 ( ,kri%na1 #ef1 #eg1 #fj ,jammu1 ,punjab ,hills1 #ajg ,jan>ddana1 pseudonym = ,kri%na1 #aaf ,japan1 #ac ,j>a1 ,bhil hunt]1 slay] ( ,kri%na1 #bd1 #fg1 #fi1 pl4 #b ,j>as&ha1 demon k+ ( ,magadha1 #bf1 #ed-ef1 #fe ,jaunpur1 ,ea/]n ,india1 #if1 #ig ,jayadeva1 ,sanskrit poet1 #gf1 #gg1 #hd1 #id1 #aaa1 #aba ,jodhpur1 ,raja/han1 #ie1 #ajc ,jones1 ,sir ,william1 #aai1 #aba ,jumna1 riv]1 #bb1 #bh1 #ce1 #cg1 #da1 #dc1 #dg1 #dh1 #fa1 #gd1 #hb1 #he1 pls4 #h1 #ac-ae ,kalidasa1 ,sanskrit poet1 #gc ,kal9di1 a que5 ( ,kri%na1 #eg1 #fj1 #fd ,kaliya1 giant hydra-head$ snake1 #ce1 #db1 #df1 #ajh1 #aaf1 pls4 #h1 #aj 7comm5t7 ,kaliyavana1 #ed ,kalpasutra1 ,ja9 ,scripture1 #if ,kama1 god ( passion1 #ah1 #fd ,kamalavati1 "m ( ,radha1 #gb ,kangra1 ,punjab ,hills1 #ic1 #ajh-aa1 pl4 #c 7comm5t7 ,kangra ,pa9t+1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aba ,kangra ,valley ,pa9t+1 #aba ,kanoria1 ,gopi ,kri%na1 #i1 pls4 #g1 #bi1 #ci ,kansa1 tyrant k+ ( ,ma?ura1 son ( ,pavan>ekha by ! demon ,drumalika1 #bf-i1 #ca1 #cc1 #dc-ej1 #ed1 #ee1 #eg1 #fb1 #aaj1 #aaf1 pls4 #c1 #i 7comm5t71 #af 7comm5t71 #ag1 #ce 7comm5t7 ,k>na1 lead+ ,kaurava kill$ by ,arjuna at ,kuruk%etra1 #bc ,kauravas1 ! #ajj sons ( ,dhrit>a%tra1 rivals ( ! ,p&avas 7vide ,mahabh>ata7 #bj1 #ba1 #bc1 #bf1 #ea1 #fb1 #ff1 #fg ,k5n+s1 ,anglo-,saxon1 #aaf ,ke%av ,das1 poet1 #hd1 #ia1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aje1 pls4 #bh1 #cj 7comm5t7 ,ke%ava1 pseudonym = ,kri%na1 #aaf ,kesi1 horse demon1 #dd1 #de1 #aae ,keyt1 ,george1 arti/ & translator ( ! ,gita ,gov9da1 #i1 #gf-hc1 #aab1 #aac1 #aai1 #aba1 pls4 #ba-bg 7comm5ts7 ,kh&alawala1 ,k>l1 #ie1 #if1 pls4 #aj1 #bc 7comm5t7 ,khurasan1 #ig1 pl4 #a 7comm5t7 ,kirpal ,pal1 ,raja ( ,basohli1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajg1 pl4 #aj 7comm5t7 ,ki%ang>h1 ,raja/han1 #ajc1 pl4 #ci ,kotah1 ,raja/han1 #ajc ,kri%na ,das1 poet1 #hd ,kub]a1 yak%a k+1 pl4 #e 7comm5t7 ,kubja1 hun*back girl1 #dg1 #ec1 #ed ,kulu1 ,punjab ,hills1 #ajg1 #aaa ,kumbhan ,das1 poet1 #hd ,kundulpur1 #ef ,raja (1 fa!r ( ,rukm9i1 #ee ,kunti1 wife ( ,p&u1 "m ( ! ,p&avas1 si/] ( ,vasudeva 7,kri%na's fa!r71 #bj1 #ba1 #ea1 #eg1 #fb1 #fd ,kuru1 common ance/or ( ! ,p&avas & ,kauravas1 #bj ,kuruk%etra1 battle-field (1 #ae1 #ba1 #bf1 #fa ,ku%ala1 ,kangra arti/1 #aaj1 pls4 #c1 #ba1 #cf ,kuv>a1 bro!r ( ,nala1 #cb1 pl4 #e4 ,lahore1 ,/ate ,museum1 pl4 #bf ,lanka1 mod]n ,ceylon1 #eg ,lg]1 ,f41 #aab ,lewis1 ,c4,s41 #aai ,lohuiz51 ,dr4 ,joan van1 de ,leeuw1 #abj ,love ,songs ( ,asia1 #aba ,luckn[1 ,/ate ,museum1 pl4 #e ,mac,neice1 ,l\is1 #ae ,madhu1 demon1 #aaf ,magadha1 #bf1 #ed1 #ee ,mahabh>ata1 #aa1 #ag1 #ai-be1 #ea1 #gj1 #ih1 #aae ,mahavira1 f\nd] ( ,ja9ism1 #id ,malab>1 #hd ,malwa1 ,c5tral ,india1 #ig1 #ajj-b ,manaku1 ,basohli pr9cess1 patron ( pa9t+1 #ajg1 pl4 #bf 7comm5t7 ,manoh>1 ,mew> arti/1 #ajj ,m>g1 ,indian art j\rnal1 #ie1 #ajc1 #aaa1 #aag ,ma/]pieces ( ,rajput ,pa9t+1 #ajd1 #aai1 #aba ,ma!rs1 ,e4 ,p[ys1 #aba ,ma?ura1 t[n 9 ,nor!rn ,india1 #bf1 #bi1 #cj1 #ch1 #ci1 #dd-ee1 #fa1 #gd1 #gf1 pls4 #af 7comm5t71 #ag 7comm5t7 ,mazumd>1 ,m4,r41 #id ,r4,c41 #aae1 #aba ,meh5dale1 ,m4,a41 #aae1 #aaf ,mehta1 ,n4,c41 #ie1 #ajg1 #aaj1 #aba1 pls4 #d1 #ba1 #bb1 #cf ,mew>1 ,raja/han1 #ajj1 #ajc ,mira ,bai1 poetess1 #hd ,mi?ila1 #aaa ,mod]n ,v]nacul> ,lit]ature ( ,h9du/an1 ,!1 #aba ,mody1 ,j4,k41 pls4 #c1 #h1 #aa1 #ac1 #ae1 #af ,monkey demon1 #fd ,mook]jee1 ,a41 #aab ,moonlight1 ma/] ( !1 pls4 #ac-e ,moti ,*&ra1 #if ,mukund1 ,mughal arti/1 pl4 #b ,mur>i1 pseudonym = ,kri%na1 #aaf ,muru 7or ,mura71 ar* demon1 #eh1 #aag ,muslim arti/s1 #ii1 #ajj invasions1 #gc rul]s1 #ic1 #if1 #ih /ates1 #ig1 #aja ,mu/aka1 wre/l]1 #dh ,na9sukh1 ,gul] arti/1 pls4 #c 7comm5t71 #ba 7comm5t7 ,nala1 bro!r ( ,kuv>a1 #cb1 pl4 #e ,n&a1 weal?y h]dsman1 fo/]-fa!r ( ,kri%na1 #bg-cb1 #ce-da1 #dd-ec1 #fa1 #fb1 #gg1 #ajg1 pls4 #e1 #aj1 #ab1 #bj ,n>ada1 sage1 #fj ,n>aka1 demon son ( ,e>?1 #eh1 #aag ,nasirudd91 ,mew> arti/1 #ajj ,nayikas & ,nayakas1 #ij1 #ia1 #ajb1 pl4 #bh ,new ,delhi1 ,national ,museum1 pls4 #e1 #i1 #ab1 #ad1 #bj1 #bh ,new ,te/am5t1 #ae ,nihal ,*&1 ,ki%ang>h arti/1 #ajc ,nude1 !1 pl4 #aa ,nurpur1 ,punjab ,hills1 #ajg1 #aaa ,ocean1 #fi ,or*ha1 ,c5tral ,india1 #hd1 #ia1 #ii ,pa9t+1 ,basohli1 #ajd-g1 pls4 #d1 #aj1 #ah 7comm5t71 #bf 7comm5t71 #bg1 #cj1 #ca ,b5gali1 #aaa1 #aab ,bikan]1 #ii1 #ajj ,bilaspur1 #ajg1 #aaa1 pl4 #ah ,bundi1 #aja1 #ajb1 pls4 #bh1 #cb ,deccani1 #ig1 pl4 #cd ,european1 pl4 #a 7comm5t7 ,flemi%1 #ad ,g>hwal1 #ajg1 #ajh1 pls4 #c 7comm5t71 #g1 #h 7comm5t71 #ab1 #ai1 #bj1 #be1 #ce1 #ch 7comm5t7 ,g]man1 #ic ,guj>ati1 #id1 #aba ,gul]1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aag1 #aba1 pls4 #c 7comm5t71 #ba 7comm5t71 #cg ,italian1 #ad ,ja91 #id-if1 pl4 #bb 7comm5t7 ,jaipur1 #ajd1 #abj ,jaunpur1 #if1 pls4 #bc-bd ,kalighat1 #aaa1 #aab ,kangra1 #ic1 #ajc-aaa1 #aag1 #aba1 pls4 #c1 #e1 #f1 #h1 #i1 #aa1 #ac-ag1 #ba1 #cf ,ki%ang>h1 #ajc1 #ajd1 pl4 #ci ,mai?il1 #aaa ,malwa1 #ig1 #aja1 #ajb1 pl4 #cc ,mughal1 #ac1 #ig-ii1 #ajc1 #aje1 #ajg1 #aba1 pls4 #a1 #b1 #c 7comm5t7 ,nahan1 pl4 #ch ,p]sian1 #ig ,udaipur1 ,mew>1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajc-aje1 pl4 #bh 7comm5t71 #bi ,we/]n ,indian1 #id-if1 pl4 #bb 7comm5t7 ,we/]n ,raja/hani1 pl4 #bb ,pan*ala1 k+dom (1 #bj1 #ba ,p&avas1 five sons ( ,p&u1 rivals ( ! ,kauravas 7vide ,mahabh>ata71 #bj-bf1 #ea1 #eg1 #fb-ff1 #gj1 #aaf ,p&u1 second son ( ,kuru1 fa!r ( ! ,p&avas1 #bj ,p>asurama1 ',rama ) ! ,axe1' inc>nation ( ,vi%nu1 #bj ,p>ik%it1 great-gr&son ( ,kri%na1 #fi ,p>man& ,das1 poet1 #hd ,p>vati1 consort ( ,siva1 #cg ,pavan>ekha1 wife ( ,k+ ,ugras5a1 #bf ,prabhasa1 t[n ne> ,dw>ka1 #fh1 #id1 pl4 #a 7comm5t7 ,prabhavan&a1 ,swami1 #ae1 #bd1 #aaf1 #aba ,pradyumna1 ,kri%na's son by ,rukm9i1 #fd ,pragjyoti%a1 city ( ! demon1 ,n>aka1 #eh1 #aag ,pralamba1 demon 9 human =m1 #ce1 pls4 #i1 #aj 7comm5t7 ,pratap ,s+h1 ,raja ( ,jaipur1 #ajd ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,museum1 ,bombay1 pls4 #bc1 #bd1 #cb ,punjab ,hills1 #d1 #ac1 #ic1 #ih1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajg1 #aaa ,purkhu1 ,kangra arti/1 #aji1 #aaj1 pls4 #c1 #e1 #f1 #h1 #i1 #aa1 #af ,putana1 ogress1 #bi1 #db ,radha1 ,kri%na's *ief c[girl love1 #ae1 #af1 #gb-ij1 #if1 #ih1 #ajc-aje1 #aji-aaa1 #aac1 #aag1 pls4 #ac 7comm5t74 #bj-bi1 #ca-ci ,ragas & ,rag9is1 modes ( ,indian music1 #hd1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajg1 pls4 #cc1 #cd ,ragas & ,rag9is1 #aba ,raghavan1 ,v41 #abj ,raja/han1 #ac1 #ie1 #if1 #ii-aje ,rajput ,pa9t+ 7,coom>aswamy71 #ajd1 #ajh1 #aba1 pl4 #h 7comm5t7 7,gray71 #aba ,ram ,gopal1 #ae ,rama1 inc>nation ( ,vi%nu1 #bj1 #eg1 #aae ,ramayana1 #ih ,rana ,jagat ,s+h1 rul] ( ,mew>1 #ajj ,rana ,raj ,s+h1 rul] ( ,mew>1 #ajj1 #aje ,r&hawa1 ,m4,s41 #aba ,rasamanj>i1 ,sanskrit treatise by ,bhanu ,datta1 #i1 #aje1 #ajf1 #abj1 pls4 #cj1 #ca ,rasika ,priya1 ,h9di treatise by ,ke%av ,das 7comm5t71 #aa1 #ij-ib1 #ii-ajb1 #aje1 #abj1 pls4 #bh1 #cj 7comm5t7 ,razmnama1 ,p]sian abridgem5t ( ! ,mahabh>ata1 #ih1 ,pls4 #a1 #b ,re-bir?1 !ory (1 #ag-ai ,revati1 wife ( ,bal>ama1 #ee ,roh9i1 a wife ( ,vasudeva1 "m ( ,bal>ama1 #bg-ca1 #ce1 #dd1 #ec1 #ii ,roopa-lekha1 ,indian art j\rnal1 #aba ,roy1 ,jam9i1 #aab ,roy1 ,p4,c41 #aba ,rukma1 bro!r ( ,rukm9i1 #ef1 #fd ,rukm9i1 ,kri%na's fir/ que51 #ae1 #ee1 #ef1 #ei1 #fj1 #fd1 #ff1 #fi-gb1 #aah1 pl4 #ah ,ruknudd91 ,bikan] arti/1 #ii ,rupam1 ,indian art j\rnal1 #aah ,russell1 ,m41 #aac ,saktasura1 demon1 #cj ,sankhasura1 yak%a demon1 #dd ,sans> ,*&1 ,raja ( ,kangra1 #ac1 #ajh-aaa ,sat ,sat1 poems by ,bih>i ,lal1 #aaj1 pl4 #cf ,sattrajit1 fa!r ( ,satyabhama1 #ef1 #eg ,satyabhama1 a que5 ( ,kri%na1 #ef1 #eg1 #ei1 #fj ,sawant ,s+h1 ,raja ( ,ki%ang>h1 #ajc ,scroll pa9t+s1 #aab ,s51 ,d4,c41 #aba ,s51 ,r4,n41 #aba ,se%a1 s]p5t ( et]nity1 a "p ( ,vi%nu1 #bg1 #fi1 pl4 #a ,%ah ,jahan1 ,mughal emp]or1 #ii ,%ahabadd91 ,mew> arti/1 #ajj ,%]-,gil1 ,amrita1 #aab ,%iraz1 #ig ,sirmur1 ,punjab ,hills1 pl4 #ch 7comm5t7 ,sisupala1 claimant to ,rukm9i1 rival ( ,kri%na1 #bb1 #ef1 #ei1 #ff1 pl4 #ah 7comm5t7 ,sitwell1 ,sa*ev]ell1 #ad ,siva1 #ag1 #ah1 #cg1 #dd1 #eh1 #ei1 #fd1 #fe1 #fg1 pl4 #b ,sr9ag>1 ,g>hwal1 #ajh ,/4 ,john ( ! ,cross1 #gd1 #ge ,/*\k9e1 ,i1 #aba ,/udies 9 ,indian ,pa9t+1 #aba ,subhadra1 si/] ( ,kri%na1 #bb1 #fd1 #fe ,sudama1 brahman1 e>ly fri5d ( ,kri%na1 #fb1 #fc1 #ajh1 pl4 #ai ,sud>sana1 ,cele/ial danc]1 #dj1 #da ,sur ,das1 poet1 #hd1 #hf1 pl4 #bi ,surabhi1 c[ ( pl5ty1 #dj ,sursag>1 ,h9di poem1 pl4 #bi ,surya1 sun god1 #ah ,tagore1 ,rab9drana?1 #aab ,tak+ ( ,toll1 ,!1 #aba ,t5 ,burnt ,(f]+s1 #ae ,tess ( ! ,d',urb]villes1 #aai ,tr9av>ta1 :irlw9d demon1 #cj ,udaipur1 *ief city1 ,mew>1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajc-aje1 pl4 #bi 7comm5t7 ,udho1 fri5d ( ,kri%na1 #eb-ed1 #fh ,ugras5a1 k+ ( ,ma?ura1 #bf1 #dh1 #ed1 #eg1 #fg1 #fi ,ugrasura1 snake demon1 #cc ,upani%ads1 #ag ,usa1 daught] ( demon ,vanasura1 #fd ,vaikun?a1 heav5 ( ,vi%nu1 #ah1 #ei ,vallabha*>ya1 poet1 #hd ,vamana1 dw>f inc>nation ( ,vi%nu1 #bj ,vanasura1 demon ) a ?\s& arms1 #fd ,v>una1 god ( wat]1 #ah1 #ch1 pl4 #a ,vasudeva1 ,yadava pr9ce1 fa!r ( ,kri%na1 husb& ( ,devaki1 bro!r ( ,kunti1 #ba1 #bg-ca1 #dd1 #df1 #dh-ec1 #fb1 #fi1 pl4 #c ,vatsasura1 c[ demon1 #cc ,v$as1 #ci1 #df1 #ef1 #aag ,v$ic ,age1 ,!1 #aba ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 #ih1 pls4 #cj1 #cc1 #cd ,vidyapati1 poet1 #hd1 #hg1 #ij1 #aaa ,vi%nu1 #ag-bj1 #bf-bi1 #cf1 #ci1 #dj1 #de-dg1 #di1 #ef-eh1 #fg1 #fi1 #gj1 #gf1 #aae1 #aaf1 pl4 #b 7comm5t7 ,vi%nu ,purana1 #be1 #aaf1 #aag1 pl4 #h 7comm5t7 ,visvak>ma1 div9e ar*itect1 #ed1 #fc ,vri%abhanu1 fa!r ( ,radha1 #gb ,vri%nis1 k9sm5 ( ,kri%na1 #bc ,vyamasura1 wolf demon1 #de ,wellesz1 ,e41 #ih ,williams1 ,r4,h4,b41 pl4 #cj 7comm5t7 ,wilson1 ,h4,h41 #aaf1 #aag ,w9t]nitz1 ,m41 #aba ,wond] t 0 ,india1 ,!1 #ai1 #aae1 #aag1 #aba ,wre/l]s1 ,kri%na's conflict )1 #dd1 #de1 #dh1 pl4 #ag ,yadavas1 pa/oral ca/e1 ,kri%na's ca/em51 #ba1 #bf1 #bg1 #de1 #di-eg1 #fa1 #fb1 #ed1 #ff-fi1 #aag1 pls4 #a 7comm5t71 #b 7comm5t7 ,yasoda1 wife ( ,n&a1 fo/]-"m ( ,kri%na1 #bg-cc1 #ce1 #di1 #ea-ec1 #fa1 #fb1 #gb1 #aji ,yoga1 #ai1 #bc ,yudhi/hira1 lead] ( ! ,p&avas1 husb& ( ,draupadi1 #ba-bc1 #fe1 #ff ,,! ,,plates ,illu/ration ,,plate #a ,! ,dea? ( ,bal>ama ,illu/ration to ! ,p]sian abridgem5t ( ! ,mahabh>ata1 ! ,razmnama 7or ,book ( ! ,w>s7 ,by ,basawan ,mughal 7,akb> p]iod71 c4 #aeie ,collection ,h4,h4 ! ,mah>aja ( ,jaipur1 ,jaipur ,al?\gh illu/rations ( ! ,h9du epic1 ! ,mahabh>ata1 7 r>ely commission$ by ,h9du patrons1 ! gigantic text possess$ a unique appeal to ,indian m9ds & = ?is reason ! ,mughal emp]or1 ,akb>1 *ose x = translation into ,p]sian4 ',hav+ obs]v$ ! fanatical hatr$ prevail+ betwe5 ,h9dus & ,muslims1' writes 8 biograph]1 ,abul ,fazl1 '& conv9c$ t x arose only f _! mutual ignorance1 ! enlight5$ mon>* wi%$ to dispel ! same by r5d]+ ! books ( ! =m] accessible to ! latt]4' ,! "w ( translation 0 begun 9 #aehb & 0 probably conclud$ 9 #aehh :5 ,abul ,fazl wrote ! preface4 ,x is unlikely1 h[ev]1 t ! illu/rations 7 complet$ be=e #aeie4 ,! pres5t picture by "o ( ,akb>'s greate/ ,h9du arti/s illu/rates ! s5sitive naturalism :i* f antec$5ts 9 ,khurasan came to elegant maturity 9 ,mughal ,india betwe5 #aehe & #afjj4 ,c]ta9 details--! drap]y ) its %ad$ folds1 ! /eeples ris+ 9 ! di/ance--are modell$ on ! ,european ,r5aissance pictures :i* by #aehj _h already rea*$ ! c\rt4 ,o!r details su* z ! li! squirrels gamboll+ 9 ! tree1 ! re>+ snakes & d5se luxuriant foliage c only h be5 pa9t$ by an arti/ devot$ to ! ,indian sc5e4 ,9 subject1 ! picture repres5ts :at ,kri%na saw on 8 return f de/roy+ ! ,yadavas at ,prabhasa4 ,bal>ama1 8 half-bro!r1 has gone d[n to ! sea & has !re yield$ up 8 _s4 ,se%a1 ! great s]p5t1 :o is "p ( ,vi%nu himself1 is n[ issu+ f ! body ,bal>ama hav+ be5 8 inc>nation4 ,snakes come to greet him :ile ,v>una1 ! god ( wat]1 /&s z 'an old man ( ! sea' ready to escort him to 8 long home4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #b ,! ,dea? ( ,kri%na ,illu/ration to ! ,p]sian abridgem5t ( ! ,mahabh>ata1 ! ,razmuama 7or ,book ( ! ,w>s7 ,by ,mukund ,mughal 7,akb> p]iod71 c4 #aeie ,collection ,h4,h4 ! ,mah>aja ( ,jaipur1 ,jaipur ,foll[+ ! dea? ( ,bal>ama1 ,kri%na prep>es to leave ! _w4 ,he sits 9 m$itation & is %ot 9 ! sole ( 8 "r foot by ,j>a1 a ,bhil hunt]--! arr[ :i* kills him be+ tipp$ ) "p ( ! iron :i* has caus$ ! de/ruction ( ! ,yadavas4 ,! picture %[s ,kri%na recl9+ on a plat=m ( ! k9d /ill con/ruct$ 9 ,india at ! base ( sacr$ trees4 ,an arr[ transfixes 8 "r foot :ile ! hunt]1 dress$ z a c\rti] 9 ,mughal dress1 is %[n releas+ ! b[4 ,9 front ( ,kri%na /& f\r awe-/ruck figures1 repres5t+ ! cele/ial sages & devotees ( ,vi%nu :o h come to att5d 8 pass+4 ,9 ! sky f\r gods look d[n4 ,to ! "r is ,siva4 ,!n1 a little to ! left1 is f\r-head$ ,brahma1 bel[ him1 ,indra1 8 body spott$ ) a ?\s& eyes & f9ally a f\r? god ( unc]ta9 id5tity4 ,ar\nd ! plat=m surges ! sn>l+ sea z if impati5tly await+ ,kri%na's dea? be=e engulf+ ! doom$ ,dw>ka4 ,! pa9t+ is by a colleague ( ,basawan 7,plate #a7 & illu/rates ! same great text4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #c ,! ,slaught] ( an ,innoc5t ,illu/ration to ! ,bhagavata ,purana ,kangra1 ,punjab ,hills1 c4 #agij ,j4,k4 ,mody collection1 ,bombay ,foll[+ ! expansion ( ,indian m9iature pa9t+ 9 ! e>ly sev5te5? c5tury1 illu/rat$ v]sions ( ! t5? book ( ! ,bhagavata ,purana began to be produc$ 9 p>ts ( ,h9du ,india4 ,x 0 9 ! ,punjab ,hills1 at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 t romance & religion a*iev$ _! mo/ delicate expression4 ,! arti/ *iefly responsible 0 a c]ta9 ,na9sukh :o _h arriv$ at ! ,/ate ( ,gul] 9 ab\t #agdj4 ,8 way ( pa9t+ _h m>k$ aff9ities ) t ( ,basawan 7,plate #a7 & repres5ts a bl5d ( e>ly ,mughal naturalism ) lat] ,h9du s5tim5t4 ,! /yle f\nd$ by him influ5c$ memb]s ( 8 own family1 includ+ 8 nephew ,ku%ala & ultimately spread to ,kangra & ,g>hwal :]e x rea*$ its greate/ heights4 ,! pres5t picture1 toge!r ) ,plates #e1 #f1 #h1 #i1 #aa & #af1 is possibly by ! ,kangra arti/ ,purkhu & ) o!rs ( ! s]ies illu/rates p]haps ! greate/ int]pretation ( ! ,bhagavata ,purana ev] produc$ 9 ,indian pa9t+4 ,9 ! picture1 ! tyrant rul] ,kansa is sleep+ on a b$ z a c\rti] prep>es to break ! fateful news ( ,kri%na's bir?4 ,to ! "r1 ,devaki1 ,kri%na's "m1 nurses ! baby girl :om h] husb&1 ,vasudeva1 has sub/itut$ = ! infant ,kri%na4 ,kansa is wre/+ ! baby f h] 9 ord] to da% its head aga9/ a b\ld]4 ,z he does s1 %e eludes 8 grasp & asc5ds to heav5 9 a fla%1 be+1 9 fact1 ! eight-arm$ goddess ,devi4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #d ,kri%na /eal+ ,butt] ,illu/ration to an incid5t f ! ,bhagavata ,purana ,basohli1 ,punjab ,hills1 c4 #agjj ,n4,c4 ,mehta collection1 ,bombay ,besides illu/rat+ ! t5? book ( ! ,bhagavata ,purana z a :ole1 ,indian arti/s sometimes *ose isolat$ episodes & compos$ _! pictures ar\nd !m4 ,! pres5t picture is an in/ance ( ?is practice1 its subject be+ ! baby ,kri%na pilf]+ butt]4 ,z ,yasoda1 ,kri%na's fo/]-"m1 goes inside ! h\se1 ,kri%na & ! c[h]d *ildr5 /age an impud5t raid4 ,a c[h]d boy m\nts a wood5 mort> & !n1 balanc$ on 8 %\ld]s1 ! "y ,kri%na helps himself to ! butt] :i* is kept /or$ 9 a pot susp5d$ by /r+s f ! ro(4 ,a second c[h]d boy rea*es up to lift ! butt] d[n :ile edg+ 9 f ! "r1 a monkey1 emblematic ( mis*iev\s ?iev+1 %>es 9 ! spoil4 ,! picture illu/rates ! wild & vehem5tly expressive /yle ( pa9t+ :i* sudd5ly appe>$ at ,basohli1 a t9y ,/ate 9 ! ,punjab ,hills1 t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! jagg$ =m ( ,yasoda1 cut 9 two by ! l9tel ( ! doorway1 ! /abb+ l9es ( ! *urn+ pole1 graz+ /icks & cords1 z well z ! %>p angles ( ! h\se & its furniture1 all contribute to a /ate ( taut excitem5t4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #e ,! ,fell+ ( ! ,trees ,illu/ration to ! ,bhagavata ,purana ,kangra1 ,punjab ,hills1 c4 #agij ,/ate ,museum1 ,luckn[ ,f ! same great s]ies z ,plate #c1 "h attribut$ to ! ,kangra arti/ ,purkhu4 ,! "y ,kri%na1 ti$ to a mort> to keep him out ( mis*ief1 has dragg$ x betwe5 two trees & !reby uproot$ !m4 ,! c[h]ds1 l$ by ! be>d$ ,n&a1 ,kri%na's fo/]-fa!r1 h hurri$ to ! sc5e & ,bal>ama1 ,kri%na's half-bro!r1 is excit$ly po9t+ out t ,kri%na is safe4 ,9 ! =egr\nd1 em]g+ f ! e>? are two cr[n$ figures--,nala & ,kuv>a1 ! sons ( ! yak%a k+1 ,kub]a1 :o1 z a consequ5ce ( a curse _h be5 turn$ into ! two trees4 ,doom$ to await ,kri%na's int]v5tion1 !y h n[ be5 releas$4 ,recl9+ on ! trunks1 /ill ti$ to ! mort>1 ! "y ,kri%na surveys ! sc5e ) p]t satisfaction4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #f ,! ,road to ,br9daban ,illu/ration to ! ,bhagavata ,purana ,kangra1 ,punjab ,hills1 c4 #agij ,national ,museum1 ,new ,delhi ,) ,plates #c & #e1 "p ( ! s]ies attribut$ to ,purkhu4 ,l$ by ,n&a1 ! maje/ic figure 9 ! front bullock-c>t1 ! c[h]ds are mov+ a day's m>* across ! ,riv] ,jumna to enjoy ! l>g] fre$om ( ,br9daban4 ,_! possessions--bundles ( clo!s1 sp9n+-:eels1 baskets ( gra9 & pit*]s--are be+ tak5 ) !m & m\nt$ ) ,yasoda on a second c>t g ! *ildr51 ,bal>ama & ,kri%na4 ,) its great v>iety ( /ances1 simple naturalism & air ( innoc5t calm1 ! picture exactly expresses ! t]ms ( t5d] famili>ity on :i* ! c[h]ds liv$ ) ,kri%na4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #g ,kri%na milk+ ,illu/ration to ! ,bhagavata ,purana ,g>hwal1 ,punjab ,hills1 c4 #ahjj ,g4,k4 ,kanoria collection1 ,calcutta ,l ,plate #d1 an illu/ration ( an isolat$ episode4 ,kri%na1 hav+ graduat$ f t5d+ ! calves1 is milk+ a c[1 8 m9d fill$ ) brood+ ?\ghts4 ,a c[girl re/ra9s ! calf by tugg+ at its /r+ :ile ! c[ licks its re/ive (fspr+ ) t5d] c>e4 ,o!r details--! tree clasp$ by a fl[]+ creep]1 ! peacock p]*$ 9 its bran*es--sugge/ ! c[girls' gr[+ love4 ,! image ( tree & creep] 0 a common symbol 9 poetry = ! lov] embrac$ by 8 belov$ & peacocks1 ?ir/+ = ra91 7 evocative ( desire4 ,9 /yle1 ! picture repres5ts ! end ( ! fir/ great phase ( ,g>hwal pa9t+ 7c4 #aggj-ahjd7 :5 romantic !mes 7 treat$ ) gl[+ ard\r4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #h ,! ,quell+ ( ! ,snake ,kaliya ,illu/ration to ! ,bhagavata ,purana ,kangra1 ,punjab ,hills1 c4 #agij ,j4,k4 ,mody collection1 ,bombay ,) ,plates #c1 #e & #f1 an example ( ,kangra pa9t+ 9 its mo/ s]5e =m4 ,kri%na1 hav+ defi$ ! hydra-head$ snake ^: poison has bef\l$ ! ,riv] ,jumna1 is danc+ 9 triumph on its sagg+ heads4 ,! snake's consorts plead = m]cy--"o ( !m hold+ out bun*es ( lotus fl[]s1 ! o!rs fold+ _! h&s or /ret*+ out _! arms 9 mute entreaty4 ,! riv] is once aga9 depict$ z a surg+ flood b x is ! ma/]-arti/'s comm& ( s9u\s l9e & p[] ( suffus+ a sc5e ( turmoil ) maje/ic calm :i* gives ! picture greatness4 ,al?\gh ! pres5t /udy is true to ! ,bhagavata ,purana :]e ! snake is explicitly describ$ z vacat+ ! wat] & meet+ its end on dry l&1 o!r pictures1 notably ^? f ,g>hwal#abi foll[ ! ,vi%nu ,purana & %[ ! f9al /ruggle tak+ place 9 ! riv] itself4 ,footnote #abi3 ,reproduc$ ,a4,k4 ,coom>aswamy1 ,rajput ,pa9t+ 7,ox=d1 #aiaf71 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,plates #ec & #ed4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #i ,bal>ama kill+ ! ,demon ,pralamba ,illu/ration to ! ,bhagavata ,purana ,kangra1 ,punjab ,hills1 c4 #agij ,national ,museum1 ,new ,delhi ,a fur!r example f ! ,kangra s]ies1 "h attribut$ to ,purkhu4 ,z "p ( 8 w> on ,kri%na & "y boys1 ! tyrant ,kansa s5ds v>i\s demons to h>ry & kill !m1 ! pres5t picture %[+ f\r /ages 9 "o su* attack4 ,to ! "r1 ! c[h]d *ildr51 divid$ into two p>ties1 face ea* o!r by an ant-hill1 ,kri%na ) arms cross$ head+ ! "r-h& gr\p & ,bal>ama ! left4 ,conceal$ z a c[h]d 9 ,kri%na's p>ty1 ! demon ,pralamba awaits an opportunity ( kill+ ,bal>ama4 ,! second /age1 9 ! "r-h& bottom corn]1 %[s ,bal>ama's p>ty giv+ ! o!r side 'pick-a-backs1' aft] hav+ be5 vanqui%$ 9 a game ( guess+ fl[]s & fruit4 ,! ?ird /age is rea*$ 9 ! top left-h& corn]4 ,"h ,pralamba has rega9$ 8 demon =m & is hurry+ (f ) ,bal>ama4 ,bal>ama's left h& is tightly clut*$ b ) 8 "r he beats at ! demon's head4 ,! f\r? & f9al /age is illu/rat$ 9 ! bottom left-h& corn] :]e ,bal>ama has subdu$ ! demon & is ab\t to slay him4 ,! picture dep>ts f ! normal v]sion1 z giv5 9 ! ,bhagavata ,purana1 by %[+ ,bal>ama's side1 in/ead ( ,kri%na's1 c>ry+ out ! =feits4 ,accord+ to ! ,purana1 x 0 ,kri%na's side t lo/ & s9ce ,pralamba 0 among ! defeat$1 he 0 9 a position to take ,bal>ama = a ride4 ,x is likely1 h[ev]1 t 9 view ( ! o!r episode 9 ! ,purana 9 :i* ,kri%na humbles 8 fav\rite c[girl :5 %e asks to be c>ri$ 7,plate #ad71 ! arti/ %rank f %[+ ,kri%na 9 ?is s]vile po/ure s *ang$ ! two sides r\nd4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #aj ,! ,=e/ ,fire ,illu/ration to an incid5t f ! ,bhagavata ,purana ,basohli1 ,punjab ,hills1 c4 #afhj ,k>l ,kh&alavala collection1 ,bombay ,"u ,raja ,kirpal ,pal 7c4 #afhj-afic71 pa9t+ at ,basohli atta9$ a savage int5sity ( expression--! pres5t picture illu/rat+ ! /yle 9 its e>lie/ & greate/ phase4 ,surr\nd$ by a r+ ( fire & ) c[h]d boys & cattle /upefi$ by smoke1 ,kri%na is putt+ out ! blaze by suck+ ! flames into 8 *eeks4 ,de] & pig are b\nd+ to safety :ile birds & wild bees hov] di/ract$ly ov]head4 ,dur+ 8 life among ! c[h]ds1 ,kri%na 0 on two occasions confront$ ) a =e/ fire--! fir/1 on ! night foll[+ 8 /ruggle ) ,kaliya ! snake :5 ,n&a1 ,yasoda & o!r c[h]ds & c[girls 7 also pres5t & ! second1 foll[+ ,bal>ama's enc\nt] ) ! demon ,pralamba 7,plate #aj71 :5 only c[h]d boys 7 ) him4 ,s9ce ,n&a & ! c[girls are abs5t f ! pres5t picture1 x is probably ! second ( ^! two occasions :i* is illu/rat$4 ,= a reproduction 9 col\r ( ?is passionately gl[+ picture1 see ,k>l ,kh&alavala1 ,indian ,sculpture & ,pa9t+ 7,bombay1 #aich7 7,plate #aj74 ,illu/ration ,,plate #aa ,! ,/eal+ ( ! ,clo!s ,illu/ration to ! ,bhagavata ,purana ,kangra1 ,punjab ,hills1 c4 #agij ,j4,k4 ,mody collection1 ,bombay ,despite ! ,indian delight 9 s5su\s *>m1 ! nude 0 only r>ely depict$ 9 ,indian pa9t+--feel+s ( rev]5ce & delicacy =bidd+ too unaba%$ a portrayal ( ! fem99e physique4 ,! pres5t picture ) its b& ( nude girls is !re=e an exception--! facts ( ! ,purana r5d]+ necess>y _! frank inclusion4 ,! sc5e illu/rat$ conc]ns ! ef=ts ( ! c[girls to w9 ,kri%na's love4 ,ba?+ nak$ 9 ! riv] at dawn 9 ord] to rid !mselves ( s91 !y are surpris$ by ,kri%na :o takes _! clo!s up into a tree4 ,:5 !y beg him to return !m1 he insi/s t ea* %\ld freely expose h]self be=e him1 argu+ t only 9 ?is way c !y conv9ce him ( _! love4 ,9 ! picture1 ! girls are %yly advanc+ :ile ,kri%na looks d[n at !m f ! tree4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #ab ,! ,rais+ ( ,m\nt ,gov>dhana ,illu/ration to an incid5t f ! ,bhagavata ,purana ,g>hwal1 ,punjab ,hills1 c4 #agij ,national ,museum1 ,new ,delhi ,) ,plate #g1 an example ( ,g>hwal pa9t+ & its use ( smoo?ly curv+ l9e4 ,kri%na is lift+ ,m\nt ,gov>dhana on 8 little f+] & ,n&a1 ! c[h]ds & c[girls are %elt]+ und]nea?4 ,! occasion is ,kri%na's slight to ,indra1 k+ ( ! gods & "l ( ! cl\ds1 ^: wor%ip he has p]suad$ ! c[h]ds to ab&on4 ,inc5s$ at ,kri%na's action1 ,indra has retaliat$ by s5d+ /orms ( ra94 ,9 ! picture1 ,indra1 a t9y figure m\nt$ on a :ite elephant c>e]s across ! sky1 goad+ ! cl\ds to fall 9 torr5ts4 ,lightn+ flick]s wildly & on ,gov>dhana itself1 ! torn & %att]$ trees bespeak ! gale's havoc4 ,bel[ all is calm z ! c[h]ds acclaim ,kri%na's p[]4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #ac ,kri%na ) 8 ,fav\rite aft] leav+ ! ,dance ,illu/ration to ! ,bhagavala ,purana ,kangra1 ,punjab ,hills1 c4 #agij ,j4,k4 ,mody collection1 ,bombay ,besides ,purkhu1 at lea/ two o!r ma/]-arti/s work$ at ,kangra t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury--"o1 responsible = ! pres5t picture & ,plates #ad & #ae1 be+ /ill unkn[n4 ,he is "h ref]r$ to z '! ma/] ( ! moonlight' on acc\nt ( 8 special preoccupation ) moonlight effects4 ,! pres5t picture %[s ,kri%na & a girl /&+ by an inlet ( ! ,riv] ,jumna4 ,! girl is lat] to be id5tifi$ z ,radha b 9 ! ,bhagavata ,purana %e is m]ely ref]r$ to z "o :o has be5 p>ticul>ly fav\r$1 h] actual "n be+ suppress$4 ,! mom5t is "s "t aft] !y h left ! circul> dance & be=e _! sudd5 sep>ation4 ,kri%na1 ^: h& re/s on ! girl's %\ld]1 is urg+ h] =w>d b ! girl is we>y & begs him to c>ry h]4 ,! incid5t illu/rates "o ( ! vicissitudes 9 ,radha & ,kri%na's romance & 0 lat] to be end[$ ) deep religi\s mean+4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #ad ,kri%na's ,fav\rite des]t$ ,illu/ration to ! ,bhagavata ,purana ,kangra1 ,punjab ,hills1 c4 #agij ,national ,museum1 ,new ,delhi ,f ! same s]ies z ,plates #ac & #ae by '! ma/] ( ! moonlight4' ,! girl's reque/ 7,plate #ac7 t ,kri%na %\ld c>ry h] br+s to a head ! "q ( ,kri%na's prop] /atus4 ,to an ador+ lov]1 ! reque/ is n unreasonable4 ,made to ,god1 x implies an excess ( pride4 ,despite _! impassion$ love-mak+1 !re=e1 ! girl mu/ be humbl$ & z %e puts out h] arms & prep>es to m\nt1 ,kri%na vani%es4 ,9 ! picture1 ! great woods ov]hang+ ! roll+ ,jumna are tilt+ =w>d z if to jo9 ! girl 9 h] agoniz$ advances :ile ar\nd h] rise ! bleak & empty slopes1 _! e]ie lonel9ess int5sifi$ by frigid moonlight4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #ae ,! ,que/ = ,kri%na ,illu/ration to ! ,bhagavata ,purana ,kangra1 ,punjab ,hills1 c4 #agij ,j4,k4 ,mody collection1 ,bombay ,by ! same 'ma/] ( ! moonlight' z ,plates #ac & #ad4 ,kri%na's fav\rite1 /unn$ by 8 brusque des]tion1 has n[ be5 met by a p>ty ( c[girls4 ,_! plight is simil> to h] own1 =1 aft] enjoy+ 8 en*ant+ love1 !y also h be5 des]t$ :5 ,kri%na left ! dance tak+ 8 fav\rite ) him4 ,9 ! picture1 ,radha holds h] head 9 angui% :ile to ! "r ! c[girls look at h] 9 mute di/ress4 ,droop+ bran*es e*o _! /rick5 love :ile a tree 9 ! backgr\nd1 its bran*es /ret*+ wanly aga9/ ! sky1 sugge/s _! pla9tive ye>n+4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #af ,! ,eve ( ! f9al ,enc\nt] ,illu/ration to ! ,bhagavata ,purana ,kangra1 ,punjab ,hills1 c4 #agij ,j4,k4 ,mody collection1 ,bombay ,f ! same s]ies z ,plates #c1 #e1 #f1 #h1 #i & #aa1 "h attribut$ to ! ,kangra arti/ ,purkhu4 ,invit$ by ,kansa1 ! tyrant k+1 to att5d a fe/ival ( arms1 ,n&a & ! c[h]ds h arriv$ at ,ma?ura & pit*$ _! t5ts outside ! walls4 ,kri%na & ,bal>ama are eat+ _! ev5+ meal by c&le-light1 a c[h]d1 we>+ a d>k cloak to keep (f ! night air1 is att5d+ to ! bullocks :ile ?ree c[h]d boys1 worn out by ! day's m>*1 re/ on /r+-b$s "u ! night sky4 ,9 ! backgr\nd1 ,kri%na & ,bal>ama1 hav+ f9i%$ _! meal1 are peacefully sleep+1 s]5ely indiff]5t to ! /ruggle :i* awaits !m ! next day4 ,! moon wan+ 9 ! sky p>allels ! tyrant's decl9+ =tunes4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #ag ,! ,end ( ! ,tyrant ,illu/ration to ! ,bhagavata ,purana ,kangra1 ,punjab ,hills1 c4 #agij ,*e/] ,beatty ,libr>y1 ,dubl9 ,9 ! same /yle z ,plate #af1 b p]haps f a diff]5t s]ies4 ,! fe/ival ( arms is n[ 9 progress b has already tak5 an unexpect$ turn4 ,set on by ! savage elephant1 ,kri%na & ,bal>ama h kill$ x & tak5 out ! tusks4 ,!y h !n engag$ two giant wre/l]s1 ,kri%na kill+ 8 oppon5t outright4 ,9 ! picture ,bal>ama is ab\t to kill ! o!r wre/l] & ,kri%na1 hold+ an elephant tusk "u 8 arm1 looks at ! k+ ) calm defiance4 ,! k+'s end is n[ 9 sight = a little lat] ,kri%na w spr+ on ! plat=m & hurl him to 8 dea?4 ,ga!r$ 9 ! wide ar5a1 t[nspeople f ,ma?ura await ! outcome1 :ile c[h]d boys delight$ly enc\rage ! two h]oes4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #ah ,! ,rape ( ,rukm9i ,illu/ration to ! ,bhagavata ,purana ,bilaspur1 ,punjab ,hills1 c4 #agde ,briti% ,museum4 ,london ,comp>$ ) ,kri%na's life among ! c[h]ds1 8 adv5tures z a pr9ce 7 only scantily illu/rat$ 9 ,indian pa9t+--8 consort ,rukm9i be+ totally eclips$ 9 c\rtly fav\r by ! ador$ c[girl1 ,radha4 ,! pres5t picture--"o ( ! v few to repres5t ! !me--%[s ,rukm9i & h] maids wor%ipp+ at ! %r9e to ,devi1 ! e>? "m1 on ! morn+ ( h] w$d+4 ,h] propos$ husb& is ,sisupala & already he & 8 p>ty h arriv$ to claim h] h&4 ,9 despair ,rukm9i has appris$ ,kri%na ( h] fate b does n "k t he w int]v5e4 ,z %e wor%ips1 ,kri%na sudd5ly appe>s1 places h] on 8 *>iot &1 9 ! tee? ( ,sisupala's =ces1 c>ries h] away4 ,! picture illu/rates ! dramatic mom5t :5 aft] desc5d+ on ! %r9e1 ,kri%na effects h] rescue4 ,! picture is 9 an eighte5?-c5tury /yle ( pa9t+ :i*1 f antec$5ts 9 ,ka%mir & ! ,punjab ,pla9s1 develop$ at ,bilaspur4 ,?is small ,rajput ,/ate adjo9$ ,gul] 9 ! ,punjab ,hills & %>$ 9 ! g5]al revival ( pa9t+ caus$ by ! diffusion ( arti/s f ,basohli4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #ai ,kri%na welcom+ ! ,brahman ,sudama ,illu/ration to ! ,sudama episode 9 ! ,bhagavata ,purana ,g>hwal1 ,punjab ,hills1 c4 #aghe ,*e/] ,beatty ,libr>y1 ,dubl9 ,sudama is a poor ,brahman ^: devotion leads him to g to ,dw>ka1 & seek out ,kri%na4 ,kri%na rememb]s ! "t :5 !y _h %>$ ! same preceptor & w>mly welcomes him to 8 pr9cely palace4 ,! picture %[s ,sudama 9 rags seat$ on a /ool :ile ,kri%na wa%es 8 feet & hails him z a ,brahman4 ,9 close att5dance are v>i\s ladies ( ! c\rt1 _! graceful =ms transcrib$ ) s9u\s delicacy & suave poetic *>m4 ,al?\gh an episode 9 ,kri%na's lat] c>e] z a pr9ce & "o design$ to buttress ! prie/ly ca/e ( ,brahmans1 ! /ory--) its emphasis on lov+ devotion--is actually 9 close accord ) ,kri%na's life among ! c[h]ds4 ,= ?is reason1 x probably cont9u$ to excite int]e/ long aft] o!r aspects ( 8 c\rtly life _h be5 ignor$4 ,9 ?is respect4 ,sudama's visit to ,kri%na is z mu* a p>able ( div9e love z ,kri%na's dances ) ! c[girls4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #bj ,! ,beg9n+s ( ,romance ,illu/ration to ! ,gita ,gov9da ,g>hwal4 ,punjab ,hills1 c4 #agij ,national ,museum1 ,new ,delhi ,! fir/ poem to celebrate ,radha z ,kri%na's supreme love is ! ,gita ,gov9da ( ,jayadeva1 writt5 at ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! poem rec\nts ,radha's angui% at ,kri%na's fickl5ess1 8 subsequ5t rep5tance & f9ally _! passionate re-union4 ,! pres5t picture ) its glamor\s int]pretation ( ! =e/ 9 spr+ illu/rates ! poem's op5+ v]se & re-creates ! sett+ 9 t]ms ( :i* ! drama w proce$4 ,n&a1 ! tall figure t[]+ above ! c[h]d *ildr51 is comm&+ ,radha to take ,kri%na home4 ,! ev5+ sky is d>k ) cl\ds1 ! w9d has ris5 & already ! fl[]-/udd$ bran*es are sway+ & b5d+ 9 ! breeze4 ,kri%na is /ill a "y boy & ,radha a girl a few ye>s old]4 ,z ,radha takes him home1 !y loit] by ! riv]1 passion sudd5ly fl>es & !y fall into ea* o!r's arms4 ,9 ?is way1 ! v]se decl>es1 ! loves ( ,radha & ,kri%na began4 ,! left-h& side ( ! picture %[s ! two lov]s embrac+--! *ange 9 _! attitudes be+ reflect$ 9 _! alt]$ heights4 ,kri%na :o orig9ally 0 %ort] ?an ,radha is n[ ! tall] ( ! two1 ! *ange sugge/+ ! mature "* ( _! passionate relations4 ,! picture ) its graceful fem99e =ms & tw9+ l9es has ! same quality ( rhy?mical exaltation z ,plates #ai & #ce1 a quality typical ( ! ,g>:al ma/]-arti/ 9 8 greate/ phase4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #ba ,kri%na play+ on ! ,flute ,illu/ration to ! ,gita ,gov9da ,kangra1 ,punjab ,hills1 c4 #agij ,n4,c4 ,mehta collection1 ,bombay ,z ,radha wilts 9 lonely angui%1 a fri5d describes h[ ,kri%na is behav+4 ',! wife ( a c]ta9 h]dsman s+s z ,kri%na s\nds a tune ( love ,kri%na "h disports himself ) *>m+ wom5 giv5 to love4' ,9 ! picture1 ,radha sits b5ea? a fl[]+ tree1 conv]s+ ) ! fri5d :ile1 to ! "r1 ,kri%na plays ! flute to a circle ( ador+ girls4 ,! pa9t+ is by a ,kangra ma/]1 p]haps ,ku%ala1 ! nephew ( ! ,gul] arti/1 ,na9sukh1 & illu/rates ! p[] ( ,kangra pa9t]s to imbue ) innoc5t delicacy ! mo/ int5sely emotional ( situations4 ,x 0 ! inve/m5t ( passion ) dignity :i* 0 "o ( ! *ief contributions ( ,kangra pa9t+ to ,indian art4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #bb ,kri%na danc+ ) ! ,c[girls ,illu/ration to ! ,gita ,gov9da ,we/]n ,raja/han1 c4 #afaj ,n4,c4 ,mehta collection1 ,bombay ,besides describ+ ,kri%na's flute-play+1 ,radha's fri5d gives h] an acc\nt ( 8 love-mak+4 ',an artless woman looks ) ard\r on ,kri%na's lotus face4' ',ano!r on ! bank ( ! ,jumna1 :5 ,kri%na goes to a bamboo ?icket1 ,pulls at 8 g>m5t to draw him back1 s eag] is %e = amor\s play4' ',kri%na praises ano!r woman1 lo/ ) him 9 ! dance ( love1 ,! dance :]e ! sweet l[ flute is he>d 9 ! clam\r ( bangles on h&s t clap4 ,he embraces "o woman1 he kisses ano!r1 & fondles ano!r beautiful "o4' ',kri%na "h disports himself ) *>m+ wom5 giv5 to love4' ,! pres5t picture illu/rates phases ( ?is glamor\s love-mak+--,kri%na embrac+ "o woman1 danc+ ) ano!r & conv]s+ ) a ?ird4 ,! backgr\nd is a diagram ( ! =e/ z x might appe> 9 spr+--! slack loos5ess ( treatm5t befitt+ ! fre$om ( conduct adumbrat$ by ! v]se4 ,! l>ge insects hov]+ 9 ! bran*es are ! black bees ( ,indian love-poetry ^: que/ = fl[]s 0 reg>d$ z symbolic ( urg5t lov]s pe/]+ _! mi/resses4 ,9 /yle ! picture illu/rates ! ,ja9 pa9t+ ( ,we/]n ,india aft] its e>ly angul> rigidity _h be5 s(t5$ by application to t5d] & m romantic !mes4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #bc ,kri%na seat$ ) ! ,c[girls ,illu/ration to ! ,gita ,gov9da ,jaunpur1 ,ea/]n ,india1 c4 #aeij ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,museum1 ,bombay ,aft] flute-play+ & danc+ 7,plates #ba & #bb71 ,kri%na sits ) ! c[girls4 ',) 8 limbs1 t5d] & d>k l r[s ( clumps ( blue lotus fl[]s4 ,by h]d girls surr\nd$1 :o embrace at pleasure any "p ( 8 body1 ,fri5d1 9 spr+1 beautiful ,kri%na plays l ,love's own self ,conduct+ ! love sport1 ) love = all1 br++ delight into be+4' ,& x is "h t ,radha f9ds him4 ',may ! smil+ captivat+ ,kri%na protect y1 :om ,radha1 bl9d$ by love1 ,viol5tly kiss$ z %e made z if s++ a song ( welcome say+1 ,y\r face is nect>1 excell5t1 ard5tly clasp+ 8 bosom ,9 ! pres5ce ( ! fair-br[$ h]dgirls daz$ 9 ! sport ( love4' ,! picture %[s ,kri%na surr\nd$ by a gr\p ( c[girls1 "o ( :om is c>ess+ 8 leg4 ,to ! "r1 ,radha & ! fri5d are approa*+ ?r\gh ! trees4 ,! /yle ) its %>p curves & luxuriat+ sm>tness illu/rates a vital developm5t ( ! ,ja9 mann] 9 ! lat] sixte5? c5tury4#acj ,footnote #acj3 ,= a fir/ discussion ( ?is important s]ies1 see a contribution by ,k>l ,kh&alavala1 ',a ,gita ,gov9da ,s]ies 9 ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,museum1' ,bullet9 ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,museum4 ,bombay 7#aief71 ,no4 #d4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #bd ,! neglect$ ,radha ,illu/ration to ! ,gita ,gov9da ,jaunpur1 ,ea/]n ,india1 c4 #aeij ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,museum1 ,bombay ,foll[+ 8 revels ) ! c[girls1 ,kri%na is smitt5 ) remorse4 ,he roams ! =e/1 se>*+ = ! lovely ,radha b f9d+ h] n[h]e4 ,z he pursues 8 que/1 he enc\nt]s ! fri5d & le>ns ( ,radha's deject$ /ate4 ',h] body is :olly torm5t$ by ! heat ( ! flame ( desire2 ,b only ( y1 s lov$1 %e ?9ks 9 h] lang\r1 ,y\r ext+ui%+ body2 seclud$ %e waits1 all wa/$-- ,a %ort :ile1 p]haps1 surviv+ %e lives4 ,=m]ly ev5 a mom5t :5 we>y %e clos$ h] eyes4 ,! mom5t's p>t+ %e c\ld n endure1 f ! sight ( y2 ,& n[ 9 ?is long sep>ation1 ,o h[ does %e brea! ,hav+ se5 ! fl[]y bran* ( ! mango1 ! %aft ( ,love8' ,9 ! picture1 ,radha is sitt+ 9 ! =e/1 lonely & neglect$4 ,trees surr\nd h]1 sugge/+ by _! rank luxuriance ! upw>d surge ( spr+ :ile cranes1 sl[ly w++ _! way 9 pairs across ! black5+ sky1 poignantly rem9d h] ( h] =m] love4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #be ,kri%na rep5tant ,illu/ration to ! ,gita ,gov9da ,g>hwal1 ,punjab ,hills1 c4 #agij ,le>n+ ( ,radha's plight1 ,kri%na longs to com=t h]4 ,be=e approa*+ h]1 h[ev]1 he sp5ds a night passionately dally+ ) ano!r c[girl & only 9 ! morn+ t5d]s 8 submission4 ,by ?is "t1 ,radha's mood has turn$ to bitt] ang] & al?\gh ,kri%na begs to be =giv51 ,radha tells him to return to 8 late/ love4 ',g1 ,kri%na1 g4 ,desi/ f utt]+ ^! deceitful words4 ,foll[ h]1 y lotus-ey$1 %e :o c dispel y\r tr\ble1 g to h]4' ,9 ! picture1 ,kri%na is /riv+ to calm h] ruffl$ feel+s :ile ,radha1 'cruel to "o :o loves y1 unb5d+ to "o :o b[s1 angry ) "o :o desires1 av]t+ y\r face f ?is y\r lov]1' has none ( him4 ,accord+ to ! poem1 ! sc5e ( ?is t5se enc\nt] is n a palace t]race b ! =e/--! ,g>hwal arti/ deem+ a c\rtly sett+ m appropriate = ,radha's exquisite physique4 ,! suavely curv+ l9e> rhy?m1 *>act]i/ic ( ,g>hwal pa9t+ at its be/1 is once aga9 ! means by :i* a mood ( /ill adoration is s5sitively convey$4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #bf ,! la/ ,try/ ,illu/ration to ! ,gita ,gov9da ,basohli4 ,punjab ,hills1 c4 #agcj ,/ate ,museum1 ,lahore ,hav+ brusquely dismiss$ ,kri%na1 ,radha is ov]come ) long+ & :5 he once aga9 approa*es h] %e %[]s on him h] ador+ love4 ,! fri5d urges h] to delay no long]4 ',y\r fri5ds are all aw>e t y are ready = love's conflict ,g1 y\r belt al\d ) bells1 %ameless1 amor\s1 to ! meet+4' ,radha succumbs to h] advice & sl[ly approa*es ,kri%na's =e/ b[]4 ,9 ! picture1 ,kri%na is impati5tly await+ h] :ile ,radha1 urg$ onw>d by ! fri5d1 pauses = a mom5t to %$ h] %yness4 ,! picture is "p ( an illu/rat$ edition ( ! poem execut$ 9 ,basohli 9 #agcj = a local pr9cess1 ! lady ,manaku4 ,z 9 o!r ,basohli pa9t+s1 trees are %[n z small & summ>y symbols1 ! horizon is a /reak ( cl\ds & !re is a delib]ate %r9kage f physical ref9em5t4 ,! purpose ( ! picture is r to express ) ! maximum ( p[] ! savag]y ( passion & ! />k nature ( lov]s' enc\nt]s4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #bg ,! clos+ ,sc5e ,illu/ration to ! ,gita ,gov9da ,basohli1 ,punjab ,hills4 c4 #agcj ,art ,gall]y1 ,*&ig>h1 ,ea/ ,punjab ,f ! same s]ies z ,plate #bf4 ,aft] agonies ( 'love unsatisfi$1' ,radha & ,kri%na are at la/ reconcil$4 ',%e look$ on ,kri%na :o desir$ only h]1 on him :o = long want$ dalliance1 ,^: face ) 8 pleasure 0 ov]:elm$ & :o 0 possess$ ) ,desire1 ,:o eng5d]$ passion ) 8 face made lovely ?r\gh trembl+s ( glanc+ eyes1 ,l a pond 9 autumn ) a pair ( wagtails at play 9 a fullbl[n lotus4 ,l ! gu%+ ( ! %[] ( sweat 9 ! ef=t ( h] travel to come to 8 he>+1 ,radha's eyes let fall a %[] ( te>s :5 %e met h] belov$1 ,te>s ( delight :i* w5t to ! ends ( h] eyes & fell on h] flawless necklace4 ,:5 %e w5t ne> ! c\* & h] fri5ds left ! b[]1 scrat*+ _! faces to hide _! smiles1 ,& %e look$ on ! m\? ( h] lov$ "o1 lovely ) long+1 "u ! p[] ( love1 ,! mode/ %ame ( t de]-ey$ "o dep>t$4' ,9 ! picture1 ,radha & ,kri%na are aga9 unit$4 ,kri%na has drawn ,radha to him & is c>ess+ h] *eek :ile fri5ds ( ,radha gossip 9 ! c\rty>d4 ,z 9 ,plate #be1 ! arti/ has pref]r$ a h\se to ! =e/--! %>p ?ru/ ( ! angul> walls exactly express+ ! fi]c5ess ( ! lov]s' desires4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #bh ,kri%na await+ ,radha ,illu/ration to ! ,rasika ,priya ( ,ke%av ,das ,bundi 7,raja/han71 c4 #agjj ,national ,museum1 ,new ,delhi ,foll[+ ! ,sanskrit practice ( discuss+ poetic ta/e1 ,ke%av ,das produc$ 9 #aeib a ,h9di manual ( poetics4 ,9 ?is book1 poems on love 7 analys$ ) special ref]5ce to ,kri%na--,kri%na himself su/a9+ ! role ( nayaka or ideal lov]4 ,dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 illu/rat$ v]sions ( ! manual 7 produc$--poems appe>+ at ! top ( ! picture & ! subjects be+ illu/rat$ b5ea?4 ,! pres5t picture treats ,radha z ! nayika or ideal mi/ress & %[s h] ab\t to visit ,kri%na1 ,%e is1 at fir/1 seat$ on a b$ b a little lat]1 is lean+ aga9/ a pill> z a maid or fri5d induces h] to desc5d4 ,9 ! left-h& bottom corn]1 ,kri%na sits quietly wait+4 ,! b[] is hung ) g>l&s & floor$ ) lotus petals :ile lightn+ twi/+ 9 ! sky & tor*es flick]+ 9 ! c\rty>d sugge/ ! /orm ( love4 ,! figures ) _! neat l9e & eag] faces are typical ( ,bundi pa9t+ aft] x _h brok5 free f ! p>5t /yle ( ,udaipur4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #bi ,radha & ,kri%na mak+ ,love ,illu/ration to ! ,sursag> ( ,sur ,das ,udaipur1 ,raja/han1 c4 #afej ,g4,k4 ,kanoria collection1 ,calcutta ,l ,plate #bh1 an illu/ration to a ,h9di poem analys+ ,kri%na's conduct z ideal lov]4 ,kri%na is "h embrac+ ,radha :ile outside two ( ,radha's fri5ds await ! outcome4 ,above !m1 two girls are wat*+ peacocks--! /ra9$ advances ( ! birds & ! ard5t gazes ( ! girls h9t+ at ! t5se enc\nt] proce$+ 9 ! room bel[4 ,! ,udaipur /yle ( pa9t+ ) its vehem5t figures1 geometrical compositions & brilliant col\r+ 0 admirably suit$ to int]pret+ sc5es ( romantic viol5ce4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #cj ,! ,lov] approa*+ ,illu/ration to ! ,rasamanj>i ( ,bhanu ,datta ,basohli1 ,punjab ,hills1 c4 #afhj ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,london 7,i4,s4 #eb-aiec7 ,al?\gh ! ,rasika ,priya ( ,ke%av ,das 0 ! manual ( poetry mo/ frequ5tly illu/rat$ by ,indian arti/s1 an e>li] ,sanskrit treatise1 ! ,rasamanj>i ( ,bhanu ,datta1 excit$ a p>ticul> raja's int]e/ & result$ 9 ! production at ,basohli ( a vividly illu/rat$ text4 ,! orig9al poem discusses ! conv5tions ( ord9>y lov]s4 ,"u ?is ,basohli rul]'s /imulus1 h[ev]1 ! lov] 0 deem$ to be ,kri%na & al?\gh ! v]ses make no allusion to him1 x is ,kri%na :o monopolizes ! illu/rations4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance1 ,kri%na ! lov]1 c>ry+ a lotus-bud1 is ab\t to visit 8 mi/ress4 ,! lady sits )91 a pair ( lotus-leaves protect+ h] nude bu/1 h] hair fall+ 9 /r&s across h] ?ighs4 ,a maid expla9s to ,kri%na t h] mi/ress is /ill at h] toilet & *ides him = arriv+ s abruptly4 ,! poem expresses ! s5tim5ts :i* a lov]1 d5i$ e>ly access1 might fitt+ly address to 8 mi/ress4 ',long+ to behold y\r pa?1 my inmo/ he>t--l a lotus-leaf :5 a new ra9-cl\d has appe>$--m\nts to y\r neck4 ,my eye1 too1 takes w+1 so>+ 9 ! guise ( a lotus-bird1 to reg>d ! moon ( y\r face4'#aca ,footnote #aca3 ,translation ,r4,h4,b4 ,williams4 ,9 ! picture1 ! lotus imag]y is reta9$ b is giv5 a subtle twi/--! lotus-leaves !mselves1 r ?an ! lov]'s inmo/ he>t1 be+ %[n z m\nt+ to ! lady's neck4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #ca ,radha ext+ui%+ ! ,lamp ,basohli1 ,punjab ,hills1 c4 #afij ,bh>at ,kala ,bhawan1 ,b5>es ,al?\gh no inscription has s f> be5 publi%$1 x is likely t ?is picture is an illu/ration to ! ,rasamanj>i ( ,bhanu ,datta4 ,! lov] is once aga9 ,kri%na & ! girl mo/ probably ,radha4 ,kri%na is invit+ h] to ext+ui% ! lamp s t !y may bett] enjoy ! excitem5ts ( d>kness4 ,) its air ( viol5t fr5zy1 ! picture is typical ( ,basohli pa9t+ at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury--! girl's wide-flung legs & ru%+ movem5ts symboliz+ ! frantic nature ( passionate desire4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #cb ,! ,mon? ( ,as>h 7,june-,july7 ,illu/ration to a ,b>ahmasa 7or ,cycle ( ! ,mon?s7 ,bundi1 ,raja/han1 c4 #agej ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,museum1 ,bombay ,9 ,h9di poetry1 lov]s 7 sometimes describ$ aga9/ a backgr\nd ( ! twelve mon?s--ea* mon? sugge/+ a diff]5t k9d ( mood or behavi\r4 ,su* poems kn[n z ,b>ahmasa 7b>ah1 twelve2 masa1 mon?7 7 sometimes illu/rat$--a pr9cely lov] & 8 lady be+ %[n seat$ on a t]race ) ! sights & sc5es appropriate to ! mon? go+ on ar\nd4 ,:5 ?is lov] 0 id5tifi$ ) ,kri%na1 any aspect ( love 0 reg>d$ z1 9 "s degree1 expressive ( 8 "*4 ,! pres5t picture portrays ! beg9n+ ( ! ,ra9s4 ,! sky is black ) cl\ds4 ,on a lake lov]s dally 9 a t9y pavilion1 :ile 9 ! backgr\nd two pr9ces consult a h]mit be=e leav+ on _! travels4 ,! ra9y season 0 associat$ 9 poetry ) love 9 sep>ation & = ?is reason a lonely girl is %[n walk+ 9 a wood4 ,9 a g>d5 pavilion ,kri%na dallies ) ,radha1 ! approa*+ ra9 augm5t+ _! desire4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #cc ,radha & ,kri%na sw++ ,illu/ration to ! musical mode4 ,h9dola ,raga 7'! sw++ music'7 ,malwa1 ,middle ,india1 c4 #agej ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,london ,a poem celebrat+ "o ( ! ma9 modes ( ,indian music is "h repres5t$ by ,radha & ,kri%na seat$ on a sw+4 ,! mode itself is call$ '! sw++ music' b s9ce sw++ 0 symbolical ( love-mak+ & also took place dur+ ! ra9s1 ! season ( long+1 its _s 0 sometimes imp]sonat$ n by an ord9>y pr9ce b by ,kri%na himself4 ,9 ! picture1 peacocks1 :i* 7 common symbols = ! lov]1 are %[n aga9/ a /orm-toss$ sky--! batt]$ cl\ds & wri?+ lightn+ be+ symbolic ref]5ces to '! /rife ( love4' ,at ! foot1 lotus plants1 _! fl[]s symboliz+ ! male1 _! leaves ! female1 rise f a ra9-fill$ riv]4 ,! picture repres5ts "o ( ! m poetic traditions ( ,indian pa9t+ b at a comp>atively late /age ( its developm5t4 ,dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury ! ,malwa /yle _h play$ a decisive "p 9 ! evolution ( ,rajput pa9t+1 b by ! eighte5? c5tury _h %$ some?+ ( its e>ly ard\r4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #cd ,kri%na att5d$ by ,ladies ,illu/ration to ! musical mode1 ,bhairava ,raga ,hyd]abad4 ,deccan1 c4 #agej ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,london ,l ,plate #cc1 an illu/ration to a poem accompany+ a lead+ mode ( ,indian music4 ,kri%na is sitt+ on a b$ :ile ,radha is rubb+ 8 "r arm ) s&al prep>atory to mak+ love4 ,9 ! =egr\nd a maid is gr9d+ ! s&alwood into a pa/e4 ,al?\gh ! poem itself conta9s no m5tion ( ,kri%na1 x speaks ( ,bhairava--a =m ( ,siva--z a rag+ lov]1 'ins5sate 9 a :irlw9d ( desire4' ,on ?is acc\nt ,kri%na--id5tifi$ by 8 blue sk9--has be5 ins]t$ 9 ! picture1 8 "* z a lov] accord+ ) ! fr5zi$ "* ( ! poem4 ,9 ! backgr\nd a bullock is lift+ wat] f a well & a g>d5] is b5d+ ov] a b$ ( poppies4 ,ducks & fi%es sport 9 ! wat]4 ,illu/rations to modes ( music 7 common features ( ! ,muslim art ( ! ,deccan--! association ( c]ta9 modes ) ,kri%na be+ c>efully pres]v$4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ s]ies ( raga & rag9i pictures execut$ at ,hyd]abad & n[ 9 ! ,india ,(fice ,libr>y1 ,london1 conta9s exquisite v]sions ) ,kri%na !mes4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #ce ,radha disguis$ z a ,con/able arre/+ ,kri%na z a ,?ief ,g>hwal1 ,punjab ,hills1 c4 #aghe ,indian ,museum1 ,calcutta ,tir$ ( ,kri%na's attempts to waylay ! c[girls1 ,radha dons a turban1 br&i%es a con/able's heavy /aff & seizes ,kri%na by ! wri/4 ',i am a policeman ( ,raja ,kansa1 come to take y to gaol1' %e says4 ,! picture %[s ! c[girls /&+ ) _! pit*]s ( curd1 :ile c[h]d boys--,kri%na's accomplices--take to _! heels4 ,kri%na himself /&s limply by1 z if unc]ta9 :o ! con/able is4 ,! incid5t is unrecord$ 9 ! ,bhagavata ,purana b appe>s 9 lat] poetry z an in/ance ( ,radha & ,kri%na's mutual fun--teas+ be+ an ess5tial "p ( _! love-mak+4 ,! picture is by ! same ma/] arti/ z ,plate #ai4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #cf ,kri%na meet+ ,radha ,illu/ration to a poem f ! ,sat ,sai ( ,bih>i ,kangra1 ,punjab ,hills1 c4 #agij ,n4,c4 ,mehta collection4 ,bombay ,an example ( ,kri%na's meet+s ) ,radha4 ,appe>+ z if by accid5t ,kri%na is loll+ on 8 c[h]d's /ick :ile ,radha1 enc\rag$ by a fri5d1 has come to meet him4 ,z %e /&s1 !re ensues t idyllic 'meet+ ( eyes' :i* ,indian s5tim5t reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ electrify+ exp]i5ces 9 romance4 ,9 ! picture1 a tree pu%es its fl[]+ bran*es across op5 roll+ slopes1 sugge/+ by its fre% upsurg5ce ! exquisite emotions /irr+ 9 ,radha's & ,kri%na's he>ts4 ,! picture is mo/ probably by ! ,kangra arti/1 ,ku%ala1 to :om ,plate #ba may also be assign$4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #cg ,radha's ,long+ ,gul]1 ,punjab ,hills1 c4 #ahaj ,bh>at ,kala ,bhawan1 ,ban>as ,9 ,indian pa9t+ & poetry1 x 0 wom5 driv5 to di/raction by unappeas$ long+ r ?an m5 hungry ) desire :o =m$ ! *ief subject ( romantic art4 ,pictures focuss$ on woman 9 all h] v>i$ moods & flatt]$ ! male m9d by portray+ h] wilt+ ) sadness :5 depriv$ ( husb& or lov]4 ,! pres5t picture %[s ,radha fr5zi$ly contemplat+ h] lonely /ate4 ,ornam5ts gr[n too hot = we>+--f ! passion burn+ 9 h] he>t--are /rewn ab\t ! b$1 :ile h&s tightly clasp$ sugge/ h] wild unhappy torm5t4 ,! va/ & b>r5 hills1 empty angul> build+s1 t9y gutt]+ c&les & lonely fl[]+ tree provide a sympa!tic sett+4 ,) its s9u\s l9e & innoc5t delight 9 fem99e =m1 ! picture is typical ( ,gul] pa9t+ at ! />t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #ch ,radha & ,kri%na return+ 9 ! ,ra9 ,nahan1 ,punjab ,hills1 c4 #ahbj ,/ate ,museum1 ,lahore4 ,a sc5e f ,radha & ,kri%na's idyllic life toge!r4 ,caught by a gale ( w9d & ra91 ! lov]s are hurry+ to %elt]1 ,kri%na c>ry+ a leaf umbrella :ile c[s & c[h]ds b5d be=e ! /orm4 ,9 ! di/ance1 small figures we>+ hood$ cloaks ha/5 t[>ds ! village4 ,al?\gh ke5ly evocative ( actual l&scapes 9 ! ,punjab ,hills--:]e palaces 7 usually set on rocky hill-tops ) ne>by villages clu/]+ at _! feet--! picture's ma9 conc]n is to illu/rate & int]pret ! lov]s' feel+s4 ,! black cl\ds lit by e]ie lightn+ & ! trees toss+ & sway+ 9 ! w9d symbolize ! passion rag+ 9 _! he>ts & sugge/ its ultimate outcome4 ,! picture repres5ts a /yle ( pa9t+ :i* is ?\ght to h gr[n up at ,nahan1 ! capital ( ,sirmur1 aft] its neighb\r1 ,g>hwal1 _h be5 ov]run by ,gurkhas 9 #ahjd4 ,g>hwal arti/s probably s\ght asylum at ! ,sirmur c\rt & !re develop$ a di/9ctive (f%oot ( ! ,g>hwal mann]4 ,illu/ration ,,plate #ci ,! ,triumph ( ,radha ,ki%ang>h1 ,raja/han1 c4 #aggj ,c4,k4 ,kanoria collection1 ,calcutta ,dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,radha 0 (t5 reg>d$ z ,kri%na's p]man5t consort & 0 accord$ div9e hon\rs--! pres5t picture illu/rat+ h] f9al apo!osis4 ,seat$ toge!r1 _! heads surr\nd$ by haloes1 ! two lov]s display _! c\rtly *>ms4 ,kri%na has n[ ! mann]$ luxury ( a high-born pr9ce & ,radha1 no long] ! simple c[girl1 is ! v embodim5t ( ari/ocratic lovel9ess4 ,z ! lov]s sit toge!r1 _! =ms (fset by a c>pet ( lotus petals1 ,kri%na attempts to put betel-nut 9 ,radha's m\?--! ge/ure subtly indicat+ _! lov+ intimacy4 ,,s\rces ,frontispiece4 ,by c\rtesy ( ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,london1 & ( ,messrs ,fab] & ,fab]4 #a1 #b4 ,h5dley1 ,memorials ( ! ,jeypore ,exhibition1 ,,iv1 ! ,razm ,namah4 #e4 ,by c\rtesy ( ,/ate ,museum1 ,luckn[ & ( ,mr4 ,m4,m4 ,nag>4 #f1 #ab1 #bj1 #bh4 ,ar*eological ,survey ( ,india1 ,new ,delhi4 #aj1 #ai1 #cj1 #cc1 #cd4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,london4 #ah4 ,/*\k9e1 ,la ,pe9ture ,indi5ne4 #bb1 #bf1 #ca1 #ch4 ,messrs4 ,a4,c4 ,coop] ,ltd1 ,london4 #bc1 #bd4 ,by c\rtesy ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,museum1 ,bombay & ( ,dr4 ,moti ,*&ra4 #be4 ,j\rnal ( ,indian ,art1 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 #aaf4 #bg4 ,by c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,m4,s4 ,r&hawa1 ,i4,c4,s4 #ci4 ,by c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,gopi ,kri%na ,kanoria4 #c1 #d1 #g-i1 #aa1 #ac-ag1 #ba1 #bi1 #cb1 #ce-cg4 ,au?or's photographs4