,,on ,,! ,,indian ,,sect ,,( ,,! ,,ja9as ,,by ,,johann ,,georg ,b,,hl] ,c4,i4,e41 ,,lld41 ,,ph4,d4 ,memb] ( ! ,imp]ial ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,vi5na4 ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,g]man4 ,,edit$ ) an ,,outl9e ( ,,ja9a ,,my?ology ,,by ,,jas4 ,,burgess1 ,c4,i4,e41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 #aijc4 ,,preface4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! late ,dr4 ,georg ,bhl]'s essay ,ueb] die ,indis*e ,secte d] ,ja9a1 read at ! anniv]s>y meet+ ( ! ,imp]ial ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,vi5na on ! #bf? ,may #ahhg1 has be5 = "s "t out ( pr9t 9 ! sep>ate =m4 ,its value z a succ9ct acc\nt ( ! rvaka sect1 by a s*ol> conv]sant ) !m & _! religi\s lit]ature is well kn[n to ,european s*ol>s2 b to ne>ly all educat$ natives ( ,india works publi%$ 9 ,g]man & o!r cont95tal languages are practically seal$ books1 & ?us ! fre% in=mation :i* !y are well able to contribute is n elicit$4 ,x is hop$ t ! translation ( ?is small "w may meet ) _! acceptance & t ( ,europeans 9 ,india & else:]e to :om ! orig9al is ei!r unkn[n or :o d n f9d a =eign language s easy to read z _! own4 ,! translation has be5 prep>$ "u my sup]vision1 & ) a few %ort footnotes4 ,pr(essor ,bhl]'s long note on ! au!nticity ( ! ,ja9a tradition ,i h transf]r$ to an app5dix 7p4 #dh7 incorporat+ ) x a summ>y ( :at he subsequ5tly exp&$ 9 pro( ( 8 !sis4 ,to ,colebrooke's acc\nt ( ! ,tir?ak>as rev]5c$ by ! ,ja9as1 b little has be5 add$ s9ce its publication 9 ! n9? volume ( ! ,asiatic ,rese>*es2 & z ^! are ! c5tre ( _! wor%ip1 always repres5t$ 9 _! temples1 & surr\nd$ by att5dant figures1--,i h v5tur$ to add a some:at full] acc\nt ( !m & a summ>y ( ! g5]al my?ology ( ! sect1 :i* may be useful to ! ar*aeologi/ & ! /ud5t ( _! iconography4 ,ed9burgh1 ,april #aijc4 ,j4 ,,burgess4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,! ,,indian ,,sect ,,( ,,! ,,ja9as1 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,b,,hl]4 ,app5dix3--,epigraphic te/imony to ! cont9uity ( ! ,ja9a tradition ,,sket* ,,( ,,ja9a ,,my?ology1 by ,j4 ,,burgess4 ,,! ,,indian ,,sect ,,( ,,! ,,ja9as4 ,! ,ja9a sect is a religi\s society ( mod]n ,india1 at v>iance to ,brahmanism1 & possesses und\bt$ claims on ! int]e/ ( all fri5ds ( ,indian hi/ory4 ,?is claim is bas$ p>tly on ! peculi>ities ( _! doctr9es & cu/oms1 :i* pres5t sev]al resemblances to ^? ( ,buddhism1 b1 above all1 on ! fact t x 0 f\nd$ 9 ! same p]iod z ! latt]4 ,l>g] & small] communities ( ,ja9as or ,arhata1--t is foll[]s ( ! prophet1 :o is g5]ally call$ simply ! ,j9a--'! conqu]or ( ! _w'1--or ! ,arhat--'! holy "o'1--are to be f\nd 9 almo/ e important ,indian t[n1 p>ticul>ly among ! m]*ant class4 ,9 "s prov9ces ( ! ,we/ & ,nor?-we/1 9 ,guj>t1 ,rjputna1 & ! ,panjb1 z also 9 ! ,dravidian di/ricts 9 ! s\?1--especially 9 ,kan>a1--!y are num]\s2 &1 ow+ to ! influ5ce ( _! weal?1 !y take a prom95t place4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 pres5t a compact mass1 b are divid$ into two rival bran*es--! ,digamb>a & vetmb>a ,footnote3 ,9 notes on ! ,ja9as1 "o (t5 f9ds ! view express$1 t ! ,digamb>as belong only to ! s\?1 & ! vetmb>as to ! nor?4 ,?is is by no means ! case4 ,! =m] 9 ! ,panjb1 9 ea/]n ,rjputna & 9 ! ,nor? ,we/ ,prov9ces1 are j z num]\s1 if n m s1 ?an ! latt]1 & also appe> "h & !re 9 we/]n ,rjputna & ,guj>t3 see ,indian ,antiqu>y1 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #bh4--;ea* ( :i* is split up into sev]al subdivisions4 ,! ,digamb>a1 t is1 ^? ^: robe is ! atmosph]e1 owe _! "n to ! circum/ance t !y reg>d absolute nudity z ! indisp5sable sign ( hol9ess1 ,footnote3 ,! ascetics ( l[] rank1 n[ call$ ,pax1 n[-a-days we> ! co/ume ( ! c\ntry4 ,! ,bharaka1 ! heads ( ! sect1 usually wrap !mselves 9 a l>ge clo? 7*adr74 ,!y lay x (f dur+ meals4 ,a disciple !n r+s a bell z a sign t entrance is =bidd5 7,ind4 ,ant4 loc4 cit474 ,:5 ! pres5t cu/om fir/ arose _c be asc]ta9$4 ,f ! description ( ! ,*9ese pilgrim ,hiu5 ,tsiang 7,/4 ,juli51 ,vie4 p4 #bbd71 :o calls !m ,li-hi1 x appe>s t !y 7 /ill fai?ful to _! pr9ciples 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,! ,li-hi 7,nirgran?is7 di/+ui% !mselves by leav+ _! bodies nak$ & pull+ out _! hair4 ,_! sk9 is all crack$1 _! feet are h>d & *app$3 l rott+ trees t "o sees ne> riv]s4--?\gh ! advance ( civilization has compell$ !m to dep>t f ! practice ( _! !ory4 ,! vetmb>a1 t is1 !y :o are clo!d 9 :ite--d n claim ?is doctr9e1 b hold x z possible t ! holy ones1 :o clo! !mselves1 may also atta9 ! highe/ goal4 ,!y all[1 h[ev]1 t ! f\nd] ( ! ,ja9a religion & 8 fir/ disciples disda9$ to we> clo!s4 ,!y are divid$1 n only by ?is qu>rel1 b also by diff]5ces ab\t dogmas & by a diff]5t lit]ature4 ,! sep>ation mu/ !re=e be ( old /&+4 ,tradition1 too1 upholds ?is--?\gh ! dates giv5 d n co9cide4 ,f inscriptions x is c]ta9 t ! split occurr$ be=e ! fir/ c5tury ( our era4 ,footnote3 ,see bel[ p4 #dd4 ,_! oppos+ op9ions are manife/$ 9 ! fact t !y d n all[ ea* o!r ! "r ( int]m>riage or ( eat+ at ! same table1--! two *ief m>ks ( social equality4 ,9 spite ( ! age ( ! s*ism1 & ! enmity t divides ! two bran*es1 !y are at "o z reg>ds ! arrangem5t ( _! communities1 doctr9e1 discipl9e1 & cult1--at lea/ 9 ! m important po9ts2 &1 ?us1 "o c always speak ( ! ,ja9a religion z a :ole4 ,! *>act]i/ic feature ( ?is religion is its claim to univ]sality1 :i* x holds 9 common ) ,buddhism1 & 9 opposition to ,brahmanism4 ,x also decl>es its object to be to lead all m5 to salvation1 & to op5 its arms--n only to ! noble ,aryan1 b also to ! l[-born dra & ev5 to ! ali51 deeply despis$ 9 ,india1 ! ,mle**a4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! /]eotyp$ introductions to ! s]mons ( ,j9a x is always po9t$ out t !y are address$ to ! ,aryan & non-,aryan4 ,?us 9 ! ,aupaptika ,stra #ef4 7,leumann7 x runs z foll[s3 tesi savvesi iyamanriyana agile dhammat ikkhai to all ^!1 ,aryans & non-,aryans1 he taught ! law untir+ly4 ,9 accordance ) ?is pr9ciple1 conv]sions ( p ( l[ ca/e1 su* z g>d5]s1 dy]s1 etc41 are n uncommon ev5 at ! pres5t day4 ,muhammadans too1 reg>d$ z ,mle**a1 are /ill receiv$ among ! ,ja9a communities4 ,"s cases ( ! k9d 7 communicat$ to me 9 ,amadbd 9 ! ye> #ahgf1 z great triumphs ( ! ,ja9as4 ,tales ( ! conv]sion ( ! emp]or ,akb>1 ?r\gh ! patri>* ,hravijaya 7,ind4 ,antiq4 ,vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #bef71 & ( ! spread ( ! ,digamb>a sect 9 an isl& ,ja9abhadri1 9 ! ,indian ,ocean 7,ind4 ,ant4 ,vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #bh7 & 9 ,arabia1 %ew t ! ,ja9as are famili> ) ! idea ( ! conv]sion ( non-,indians4 ,hiu5 ,tsiang's note on ! appe>ance ( ! ,nirgran?a or ,digamb>a 9 ,kiapi%i 7,beal1 ,si-yu-ki1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ee71 po9ts app>5tly to ! fact t !y _h1 9 ! ,nor? ,we/ at lea/1 spread _! mission>y activity beyond ! bord]s ( ,india4 ,z _! doctr9e1 l ,buddha's1 is orig9ally a philosophical e?ical sy/em int5d$ = ascetics1 ! disciples1 l ! ,buddhi/s1 are1 divid$ into ecclesia/ics & laity4 ,at ! head /&s an ord] ( ascetics1 orig9ally ,nirgran?a !y1 :o are fre$ f all b&s1 n[ usually call$ ,yatis--,ascetics1 or ,sdhus--,holy1 :i*1 among ! vetmb>a also admits wom51 ,footnote3 ,ev5 ! canonical works ( ! vetmb>a1 z = example1 ! *rga 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 p4 #hh-ahf7 conta9 directions = nuns4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t !y h nev] play$ su* an important "p z 9 ,buddhism4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ! few female ord]s among ! vetmb>a consi/ entirely ( virg9 wid[s1 ^: husb&s h di$ 9 *ildhood1 be=e ! beg9n+ ( _! life toge!r4 ,x is n necess>y to look ^u ! admission ( nuns among ! vetmb>a z an imitation ( ,buddhi/ tea*+1 z wom5 7 receiv$ into "s ( ! old ,brahmanical ord]s2 see my note to ,manu1 ,,viii1 #cfc1 7,sac4 ,bks4 ( ! ,ea/1 ,vol4 ,,xxv1 p4 #cag74 ,among ! ,digamb>as1 exclusion ( wom5 0 dem&$ f causes n f> to seek4 ,!y give z _! reason = x1 ! doctr9e t wom5 are n capable ( atta9+ ,nirva2 see ,pet]son1 ,second ,report1 9 ,j\r4 ,bom4 ,br4 ,r4 ,z4 ,soc4 ,vol4 ,,xvii1 p4 #hd4 & "u !m ! g5]al community ( ! ,upsaka ! ,wor%ipp]s1 or ! rvaka1 ! he>]s4 ,! ascetics alone are able to p5etrate into ! tru?s :i* ,j9a tea*es1 to foll[ 8 rules & to atta9 to ! highe/ rew>d :i* he promises4 ,! laity1 h[ev]1 :o d n d$icate !mselves to ! se>* aft] tru?1 & _c r5\nce ! life ( ! _w1 /ill f9d a refuge 9 ,ja9ism4 ,x is all[$ to !m z he>]s to %>e its pr9ciples1 & to und]take duties1 :i* are a fa9t copy ( ! dem&s made on ! ascetics4 ,_! rew>d is naturally less4 ,he :o rema9s 9 ! _w _c rea* ! highe/ goal1 b he c /ill tread ! way :i* leads to x4 ,l all religions ( ! ,h9ds f\nd$ on philosophical speculation1 ,ja9ism sees ?is highe/ goal 9 ,nirvna or ,mok%a1 ! sett+ free ( ! individual f ! ,sasra1--! revolution ( bir? & dea?4 ,! means ( rea*+ x are to x1 z to ,buddhism1 ! ?ree ,jewels--! "r ,fai?1 ! "r ,k1 & ! "r ,walk4 ,by ! "r ,fai? x und]/&s ! full surr5d] ( himself to ! tea*]1 ! ,j9a1 ! firm conviction t he alone has f\nd ! way ( salvation1 & only ) him is protection & refuge to be f\nd4 ,ask :o ,j9a is1 & ! ,ja9a w give exactly ! same answ] z ! ,buddhi/ ) respect to ,buddha4 ,he is orig9ally an err+ man1 b\nd ) ! bonds ( ! _w1 :o1--n by ! help ( a tea*]1 nor by ! revelation ( ! ,v$as--:i*1 he decl>es1 are corrupt--b by 8 own p[]1 has atta9$ to omnisci5ce & fre$om1 & out ( pity = suff]+ mank9d prea*es & decl>es ! way ( salvation1 :i* he has f\nd4 ,because he has conqu]$ ! _w & ! enemies 9 ! human he>t1 he is call$ ,j9a ! ,victor1 ,mahvra1 ! great h]o2 because he possesses ! highe/ k1 he is call$ ,s>vaja or ,keval91 ! omnisci5t1 ,buddha1 ! enlight5$2 because he has fre$ himself f ! _w he receives ! names ( ,mukta ! deliv]$ "o1 ,siddha & ,ta?gata1 ! p]fect$1 ,arhat ! holy "o2 & z ! proclaim] ( ! doctr9e1 he is ! ,tr?ak>a ! f9d] ( ! =d1 ?r\gh ! ocean ( ! ,sasra4 ,9 ^! epi!ts1 appli$ to ! f\nd] ( _! doctr9e1 ! ,ja9as agree almo/ entirely ) ! ,buddhi/s1 z ! lik5ess ( 8 "* to t ( ,buddha w\ld lead u to expect4 ,!y pref]1 h[ev]1 to use ! names ,j9a & ,arhat1 :ile ! ,buddhi/s pref] to speak ( ,buddha z ,ta?gata or ,sugata4 ,! title ,tr?ak>a is peculi> to ! ,ja9as4 ,among ! ,buddhi/s x is a designation = false tea*]s4 ,footnote3 ,! titles ,siddha1 ,buddha & ,mukta are c]ta9ly borr[$ by bo? sects f ! t]m9ology ( ! ,brhmas1 :i* !y us$1 ev5 9 old5 times1 to describe ^? sav$ dur+ _! lifetimes & us$ 9 ! aivite doctr9e to describe a consecrat$ "o :o is on ! way to r$emption4 ,an ,arhat1 among ! ,brhmas1 is a man di/+ui%$ = 8 k & pi\s life 7comp4 = example pa/amba1 ,dh>mastra4 ,i1 #ac1 #ac2 ,,ii1 #aj1 ,i47 & ?is idea is s ne> t ( ! ,buddhi/s & ! ,ja9as t x may well be look$ ^u z ! f\ndation ( ! latt]4 ,! mean+ ( ,tr?ak>a prophet1 f\nd] ( religion1 is d]iv$ f ! ,brhmanic use ( tr?a 9 ! s5se ( doctr9e4 ,comp4 also ,h4 ,jacobi's ,article on ! ,title ( ,buddha & ,j9a1 ,sac4 ,books ( ! ,ea/4 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 pp4 xix1 xx4 ,! ,ja9a says fur!r1 h[ev]1 t !re 0 m ?an "o ,j9a4 ,f\r & tw5ty h1 at long int]vals1 appe>$ & h aga9 & aga9 re/or$ to _! orig9al purity ! doctr9es d>k5$ by evil influ5ces4 ,!y all spr+ f noble1 w>like tribes4 ,only 9 su*1 n among ! l[ ,brhmas1 c a ,j9a see ! light ( ! _w4 ,! fir/ ,j9a i%abha1--m ?an #ajj billion oceans ( ye>s ago1--p]iods ( unimag9able l5g?1 ,footnote3 ,a ,sg>a or ,sg>opam ( ye>s is #ajj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj ,palya or ,palyopama4 ,a ,palya is a p]iod 9 :i* a well1 ( "o or1 accord+ to "s1 a hundr$ yojana1 i4e4 ( "o or a hundr$ geographical squ>e miles1 /uff$ full ( f9e hairs1 c be empti$1 if "o hair is pull$ out e hundr$ ye>s3 ,wilson1 ,select4 ,works1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cji2 ,colebrooke1 ,essays1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aid4 ed4 ,c[ell4--0 born z ! son ( a k+ ( ,ayodhy & liv$ eight million f\r hundr$ ?\s& ye>s4 ,! int]vals betwe5 8 successors & ! durations ( _! lives became %ort] & %ort]4 ,betwe5 ! tw5ty ?ird1 ,prva & ! tw5ty f\r? ,v>dhamna1 7 only #bej ye>s1 & ! age ( ! latt] is giv5 z only sev5ty-two ye>s4 ,he appe>$1 accord+ to "s1 9 ! la/ half ( ! six? c5tury1 accord+ to o!rs 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,he is ( c\rse ! true1 hi/orical prophet ( ! ,ja9as & x is 9 8 doctr9e1 t ! ,ja9as %\ld believe4 ,! dat+ back ( ! orig9 ( ! ,ja9a religion aga91 agrees ) ! pret5sions ( ! ,buddhi/s1 :o recognise tw5ty-five ,buddhas :o taught ! same sy/em "o aft] ! o!r4 ,ev5 ) ,brahmanism1 x seems to be 9 "s di/ant mann] connect$1 = ! latt] tea*es 9 its cosmogony1 ! successive appe>ance ( ,demiurges1 & wise m5--! f\rte5 ,manus1 :o1 at v>i\s p]iods help$ to complete ! "w ( creation & proclaim$ ! ,brahmanical law4 ,^! ,brahmanical ideas may possibly h giv5 rise to ! doctr9es ( ! tw5ty-five ,buddhas & tw5ty-f\r ,j9as1 ,footnote3 ,= ! li/ ( ^! ,j9as1 see bel[4 :i*1 c]ta9ly1 are lat] additions 9 bo? sy/ems4 ,! und\bt$ & absolutely correct compreh5sion ( ! n9e tru?s :i* ! ,j9a gives expression to1 or ( ! philosophical sy/em :i* ! ,j9a taught1 repres5ts ! second ,jewel--! true ,k4 ,its pr9cipal features are %ortly z foll[s4 ,footnote3 ,m complete repres5tations are to be f\nd 9 ,colebrooke's ,misc4 ,essays4 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #djd1 #dac1 ) ,c[ell's ,app5dix p4 #ddd-deb2 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aid1 #aif1 #aih-bja2 ,h4 ,h4 ,wilson's ,select ,works1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #big-cjb1 #cje-cag2 ,j4 ,/ev5son1 ,kalpastra1 pp4 xix-xxv2 ,a4 ,b>?1 ,religions de l',inde1 pp4 #hd-ia4 ,! _w 7by :i* we are to und]/&1 n only ! visible1 b also imag9>y cont95ts depict$ ) ! mo/ extravagant fancy1 heav5s & hells ( ! ,brahmanical ,cosmology1 ext5d$ by new discov]ies7 is uncreat$4 ,x exi/s1 )\t rul]1 only by ! p[] ( its elem5ts1 & is ev]la/+4 ,! elem5ts ( ! _w are six sub/ances--s\ls1 ,dh>ma or moral m]it1 ,adh>ma or s91 space1 "t1 p>ticles ( matt]4 ,f ! union ( ! latt] spr+ f\r elem5ts--e>?1 fire1 wat]1 w9d--& fur!r1 bodies & all o!r appe>ances ( ! _w ( s5se & ( ! sup]natural worlds4 ,! =ms ( ! appe>ances are mo/ly un*angeable4 ,only ! bodies ( m5 & _! age increase or decrease 9 consequ5ce ( ! great] or less influ5ce ( s9 or m]it1 dur+ immeasurably long p]iods1--! ,avas>pii & ! ,uts>pii4 ,s\ls are1 ea* by itself1 indep5d5t1 real exi/5ces ^: f\ndation is pure intellig5ce1 & :o possess an impulse to action4 ,9 ! _w !y are always *a9$ to bodies4 ,! reason ( ?is conf9em5t is t !y give !mselves up to ! /ress ( activity1 to passions1 to influ5ces ( ! s5ses & objects ( ! m9d1 or atta* !mselves to a false belief4 ,! de$s :i* !y p]=m 9 ! bodies are ,k>man1 m]it & s94 ,?is drives !m--:5 "o body has pass$ away1 accord+ to ! conditions ( its exi/5ce--into ano!r1 ^: quality dep5ds on ! "* ( ! ,k>man1 & w be det]m9$ especially by ! la/ ?\ghts spr++ f x be=e dea?4 ,virtue leads to ! heav5s ( ! gods or to bir? among m5 9 pure & noble races4 ,s9 consigns ! s\ls to ! l[] regions1 9 ! bodies ( animals1 9 plants1 ev5 into masses ( lifeless matt]4 ,=--accord+ to ! ,ja9a doctr9e--s\ls exi/ n only 9 organic /ructures1 b also 9 app>5tly dead masses1 9 /ones1 9 lumps ( e>?1 9 drops ( wat]1 9 fire & 9 w9d4 ,?r\gh union ) bodies ! nature ( ! s\l is affect$4 ,9 ! mass ( matt] ! light ( its intellig5ce is completely conceal$2 x loses consci\sness1 is immovable1 & l>ge or small1 accord+ to ! dim5sions ( its abode4 ,9 organic /ructures x is always consci\s2 x dep5ds h[ev]1 on ! nature ( ! same1 :e!r x is movable or immovable & possess$ ( five1 f\r1 ?ree1 two1 or "o organ ( s5se4 ,! bondage ( s\ls1 if !y inhabit a human body1 c be aboli%$ by ! suppression ( ! causes :i* lead to _! conf9em5t & by ! de/ruction ( ! ,k>man4 ,! suppression ( ! causes is accompli%$ by ov]com+ ! incl9ation to be active & ! passions1 by ! control ( ! s5ses1 & by /eadfa/ly hold+ to ! "r fai?4 ,9 ?is way w be h9d]$ ! addition ( new ,k>man1 new m]it or new guilt4 ,! de/ruction ( ,k>man rema9+ f previ\s exi/5ces c be br\ght ab\t ei!r spontane\sly by ! exhau/ion ( ! supply or by asceticism4 ,9 ! latt] case ! f9al /ate is ! atta9m5t to a k :i* p5etrates ! univ]se1 to ,kevala1 ,jna & ,nirva or ,mok%a3 full deliv]ance f all bonds4 ,^! goals may be rea*$ ev5 :ile ! s\l is /ill 9 its body4 ,if h[ev] ! body is de/roy$ !n ! s\l w&]s into ! ,no-,_w 7alka7 z ! ,ja9 says1 i4e4 into ! heav5 ( ,j9a '! deliv]$'1 ly+ outside ! _w4 ,footnote3 ,on ! ,ja9a ,p>adise see bel[4 ,dr4 ,bhl] seems "h to h conf\nd$ ! ,alka or ,non-_w1 '! space :]e only ?+s )\t life are f\nd'1 ) ! heav5 ( ! ,siddhas2 b ^! are liv+ be+s :o h cross$ ! b\nd>y ,!re x cont9ues et]nally 9 its pure intellectual nature4 ,its condition is t ( p]fect re/ :i* no?+ di/urbs4 ,^! fundam5tal ideas are c>ri$ out 9 ! p>ticul>s ) a subtilness & fantasy unexampl$1 ev5 9 subtile & fanta/ic ,india1 9 a s*ol>ly /yle1 & def5d$ by ! sydvda--! doctr9e ( ,x may be s1--a mode ( reason+ :i* makes x possible to ass]t & d5y ! exi/5ce ( "o & ! same ?+4 ,if ?is be comp>$ ) ! o!r ,indian sy/ems1 x /&s ne>] ! ,brhma ?an ! ,buddhi/1 ) :i* x has ! acceptance 9 common ( only f\r1 n five elem5ts4 ,ja9ism t\*es all ! ,brhma religions & ,buddhism 9 its cosmology & ideas ( p]iods1 & x agrees entirely ) reg>d to ! doctr9es ( ,k>man1 ( ! bondage1 & ! deliv]ance ( s\ls4 ,a!ism1 ! view t ! _w 0 n creat$1 is common to x ) ,buddhism & ! ,skhya philosophy4 ,its psy*ology approa*es t ( ! latt] 9 t bo? believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( innum]able indep5d5t s\ls4 ,b ! doctr9e ( ! activity ( s\ls & _! di/ribution into masses ( matt] is 9 accordance ) ! ,v$nta1 accord+ to :i* ! pr9ciple ( ! s\l p5etrates e ?+ exi/+4 ,9 ! fur!r developm5t ( ! s\l doctr9e1 ! conceptions 'individual s\l' & 'liv+ be+' to :i* ! ,ja9a & ! ,brhma give ! same "n1--jva1 seem to become conf\nd$4 ,! ,ja9a idea ( space & "t z real sub/ances is also f\nd 9 ! ,vaie%ika sy/em4 ,9 plac+ ,dh>ma & ,adh>ma among sub/ances ,ja9ism /&s alone4 ,! ?ird jewel1 ! "r ,walk :i* ! ,ja9a e?ics conta9s1 has its k]nel 9 ! five great oa?s :i* ! ,ja9a ascetic takes on 8 entrance into ! ord]4 ,he promises1 j z ! ,brhma p5it5t1 & almo/ 9 ! same words1 n to hurt1 n to speak untru?1 to appropriate no?+ to himself )\t p]mission1 to pres]ve *a/ity1 & to practice self-sacrifice4 ,! cont5ts ( ^! simple rules become mo/ extraord9>ily ext5d$ on ! "p ( ! ,ja9as by ! ins]tion ( five clauses1 9 ea* ( :i* are ?ree sep>ate active in/rum5ts ( s91 9 special relation to ?\ghts1 words1 & de$s4 ,?us1 conc]n+ ! oa? n to hurt1 on :i* ! ,ja9a lays ! greate/ emphasis3 x includes n only ! int5tional kill+ or hurt+ ( liv+ be+s1 plants1 or ! s\ls exi/+ 9 dead matt]1 x requires also ! utmo/ c>efulness 9 ! :ole mann] ( life1 9 all movem5ts1 a wat*fulness ov] all functions ( ! body by :i* any?+ liv+ might be hurt4 ,footnote3 ,! ,digamb>a sect1 at lea/ 9 s\!rn ,india1 d n seem to be all q s punctili\sly c>eful 9 ?is z ! vetmb>a ( we/]n ,india4--,ed4 ,x dem&s f9ally /rict wat* ov] ! he>t & tongue1 & ! avoidance ( all ?\ghts & words :i* might lead to dispute & qu>rel & !reby to h>m4 ,9 l mann] ! rule ( sacrifice means n only t ! ascetic has no h\se or possessions1 x tea*es also t a complete unconc]n t[>d agreeable & disagreeable impressions is necess>y1 z also ! sacrifice ( e atta*m5t to any?+ liv+ or dead4 ,footnote3 ,on ! five great v[s see ! *rga ,stra1 ,,ii1 #ae3 ,s4,b4,e4 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 pp4 #bjb-baj4 ,! ,sanskrit t]ms ( ! ,ja9s are3 #a4 ahis1 #b4 snrita1 #c4 a/eya1 #d4 brahm*rya1 #e4 ap>igraha2 ^? ( ! ,brahmanical ascetics3 #a4 ahisa1 #b4 satya1 #c4 a/eya1 #d4 brahm*rya1 #e4 tyga4 ,beside ! consci5ti\s obs]vance ( ^! rules1 ,tapas--,asceticism1 is mo/ important = ! "r walk ( ^?1 :o /rive to atta9 ,nirva4 ,asceticism is inw>d z well z outw>d4 ,! =m] is conc]n$ ) self-discipl9e1 ! cleans+ & purify+ ( ! m9d4 ,x embraces rep5tance ( s91 confession ( ! same to ! tea*]1 & p5ance done = x1 humility be=e tea*]s & all virtu\s ones1 & ! s]vice ( ! same1 ! /udy & tea*+ ( ! fai? or holy writ+1 pi\s m$itations on ! mis]y ( ! _w1 ! impurity ( ! body1 etc4 & la/ly1 ! /ripp+ (f ( e ?+ p]ta9+ to ! _w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "u ! head ( ext]ior ,asceticism1 ! ,ja9a und]/&s temp]ance1 begg+1 giv+ up all sav\ry food1 diff]5t k9ds ( self-mortification su* z sitt+ 9 unnatural & we>y+ positions1 h9d]+ ! action ( ! organs1 especially by fa/s1 :i*1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances may be cont9u$ to />vation4 ,volunt>y dea? by ! )drawal ( n\ri%m5t is1 accord+ to ! /rict doctr9e ( ! ,digamb>a1 necess>y = all ascetics1 :o h rea*$ ! highe/ /ep ( k4 ,! ,keval91 !y say1 eats no long]4 ,! mild] vetmb>a d n dem& ?is absolutely1 b reg>d x1 z a sure entrance to ,nirva4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 t ?is dea? may be> its fruits1 ! ascetic mu/ keep closely to ! directions = x1 o!rwise he m]ely l5g!ns ! numb] ( rebir?s4 ,footnote3 ,) ref]5ce to asceticism1 comp4 ,leumann1 ,aupaptika ,stra #cj4 ,! dea? ( ! wise ones by />vation is describ$1 ,web]1 ,bhagavat ,stra1 ,,ii1 #bff-bfg2 ,ho]nle ,upsakadaa ,stra1 pp4 #dd-fb2 *rga ,stra1 9 ,s4,b4,e4 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 pp4 #gj-gc4 ,among ! ,digamb>a ! heads ( s*ools /ill1 z a rule1 fall victims to ?is fate4 ,ev5 among ! vetmb>a1 cases ( ?is k9d occur1 see ,k4 ,=bes1 ,rs ,ml1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cca-ccb1 or #bnd ed4 pp4 #faj-faa4 ,f ^! g5]al rules foll[ num]\s special ones1 reg>d+ ! life ( ! disciple ( ,j9a4 ,! duty ( sacrifice =ces him1 on entrance into ! ord]1 to give up 8 possessions & w&] homeless 9 /range l&s1 alms-vessel 9 h&1 &1 if no o!r duty int]f]es1 nev] to /ay long] ?an "o night 9 ! same place4 ,! rule ( w\nd+ no?+ means t he mu/ c>ry ?ree articles ) him1 a /ra9+ clo?1 = 8 dr9k+ wat]1 a broom1 & a veil be=e 8 m\?1 9 ord] to avoid kill+ insects4 ,x also comm&s him to avoid all cleans+ & wa%+1 & to re/ 9 ! f\r mon?s ( ! ra9y season1 9 :i* animal & plant life displays itself mo/ abundantly4 ,9 ord] to practice asceticism1 x is ! rule to make ?is "t ( re/ a p]iod ( /ricte/ fa/s1 mo/ dilig5t /udy ( ! holy writ+s1 & deepe/ m$itation4 ,?is duty also necessitates ! ascetic to pluck out 9 ! mo/ pa9ful mann] 8 hair :i*1 accord+ to ori5tal cu/om1 he mu/ d away ) at 8 consecration--a peculi> cu/om ( ! ,ja9as1 :i* is n f\nd among o!r p5it5ts ( ,india4 ,l ! five great v[s1 mo/ ( ! special directions = ! discipl9e ( ! ,ja9 ascetic are copies1 & (t5 exagg]at$ copies1 ( ! ,brhmanic rules = p5it5ts4 ,! outw>d m>ks ( ! ord] closely resemble ^? ( ! ,sannys94 ,! life ( w&]+ dur+ eight mon?s & ! re/ dur+ ! ra9y season agree exactly2 & 9 _m o!r po9ts1 = example 9 ! use ( confession1 !y agree ) ! ,buddhi/s4 ,!y agree ) ,brhmas alone 9 ascetic self-torture1 :i* ,buddhism rejects2 & specially *>act]i/ic is ! fact t anci5t ,brhmanism recomm5ds />vation to its p5it5ts z b5eficial4 ,footnote3 ,an example may be f\nd 9 ,jacobi's c>eful comp>ison ( ! cu/oms ( ! ,brhmanic & ,ja9a ascetics1 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 translation ( ! *rga ,stra1 ,s4,b4,e41 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 pp4 xxi--xxix4 ,9 relation to ! dea? by />vation ( ,brahmanical h]mits & ,sannys91 see pa/amba1 ,dh>mastra1 9 ,s4,b4,e4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aed1 #aef1 :]e 7,,x1 #bb1 #d & ,,ii1 #bc1 #b7 x1 says ( ! p5it5ts :o h rea*$ ! highe/ grade ( asceticism3 ,next he %all live on wat] 7!n7 on air1 !n on e!r4 ,! doctr9e ( ! "r way = ! ,ja9a laity diff]s f t = ! ascetics4 ,9 place ( ! five great v[s appe> m]e e*oes4 ,he v[s to avoid only s]i\s injury to liv+ be+s1 i4e4 m5 & animals2 only ! gross] =ms ( untru?--direct lies2 only ! mo/ flagrant =ms ( tak+1 :at is n giv51 t is1 !ft & robb]y4 ,9 place ( ! oa? ( *a/ity !re is t ( conjugal fidelity4 ,9 place ( t ( self-d5ial1 ! promise is n gre$ily to accumulate possessions & to be cont5t$4 ,to ^! copies are add$ sev5 o!r v[s1 ! miscellane\s cont5ts ( :i* correspond to ! special directions = ! discipl9e ( ascetics4 ,_! object is1 p>tly to br+ ! outw>d life ( ! laity into accordance ) ! ,ja9a tea*+1 especially ) reg>d to ! protection ( liv+ creatures f h>m1 & p>tly to po9t ! he>t to ! highe/ goal4 ,"s conta9 prohibitions aga9/ c]ta9 dr9ks1 su* z spirits2 or meats1 su* z fle%1 fre% butt]1 honey1 :i* _c be enjoy$ )\t break+ ! v[ ( pres]vation ( animal life4 ,o!rs limit ! *oice ( bus9esses :i* ! laity may ent]2 = example1 agriculture is =bidd51 z x involves ! te>+ up ( ! gr\nd & ! dea? ( _m animals1 z ,brhmanism also holds4 ,o!rs h to d ) m]cy & *>itabl5ess1 ) ! pres]v+ ( inw>d peace1 or ) ! necessity ( nei!r cl++ too mu* to life & its joys nor long+ = dea? z ! end ( suff]+4 ,to ! laity1 h[ev]1 volunt>y />vation is also recomm5d$ z m]itori\s4 ,^! directions 7z might be expect$ f ! lik5ess ( ! circum/ances7 resemble 9 _m po9ts ! ,buddhi/ directions = ! laity1 & inde$ are (t5 id5tical ) reg>d to ! language us$4 ,mu* is h[ev] specially 9 accordance ) ,brhmanic doctr9es4 ,footnote3 ,! ,upsakada ,stra treats ( ! "r life ( ! laity1 ,ho]nle1 pp4 #aa-cg 7,bibl4 ,ind471 & ,hema*&ra1 ,yogastra1 ,praksa ii & iii2 ,w9dis*1 ,zeits*rift d] ,deuts* ,morg4 ,ges4 ,bd4 ,,xxviii1 pp4 #bbf-bdf4 ,bo? s*ol>s h po9t$ out 9 ! notes to _! translations1 ! relation%ip betwe5 ! precepts & t]ms1 ( ! ,ja9as & ,buddhi/s4 ,! ,ja9as h borr[$ a l>ge numb] ( rules directly f ! law books ( ! ,brhmas4 ,! occupations =bidd5 to ! ,ja9a laity are almo/ all ^? =bidd5 by ! ,brhmanic law to ! ,brhma1 :o 9 "t ( ne$ lives l a ,vaya4 ,hema*&ra1 ,yoga/ra1 ,,iii1 #ih--aab & ,upsakada ,stra1 pp4 #bi-cj1 may be comp>$ ) ,manu1 ,x1 #hc-hi1 ,,xi1 #fd & #fe1 & ! p>allel passages quot$ 9 ! synopsis to my translation 7,s4,b4,e4 ,vol4 ,,xxv74 ,9 practical life ,ja9ism makes ( its laity e>ne/ m5 :o exhibit a /rong] trait ( resignation ?an o!r ,indians & excel 9 an exceptional will+ness to sacrifice any?+ = _! religion4 ,x makes !m also fanatics = ! protection ( animal life4 ,:]ev] !y ga9 influ5ce1 !re is an end ( bloody sacrifices & ( slaught]+ & kill+ ! l>g] animals4 ,! union ( ! laity ) ! ord] ( ascetics has1 naturally1 ex]cis$ a p[]ful reaction on ! =m] & its developm5t1 z well z on its tea*+1 & is foll[$ by simil> results 9 ,ja9ism & ,buddhism4 ,!n1 z reg>ds ! *anges 9 ! tea*+1 x is no d\bt to be ascrib$ to ! influ5ce ( ! laity t ! a!i/ic ,ja9a sy/em1 z well z ! ,buddhi/1 has be5 end[$ ) a cult4 ,! ascetic1 9 8 /riv+ = ,nirva1 endeav\rs to suppress ! natural desire ( man to wor%ip high] p[]s4 ,9 ! worldly he>]1 :o does n /rive aft] ?is goal exclusively1 ?is c\ld n succe$4 ,s9ce ! doctr9e gave no o!r support1 ! religi\s feel+ ( ! laity clung to ! f\nd] ( x3 ,j9a1 & ) him 8 my?ical pr$ecessors1 became gods4 ,monum5ts & temples ornam5t$ ) _! /atues 7 built1 especially at ^? places1 :]e ! prophets1 accord+ to leg5ds1 _h rea*$ _! goal4 ,to ?is is add$ a k9d ( wor%ip1 consi/+ ( (f]+s ( fl[]s & inc5se to ,j9a1 ( adoration by songs ( praise 9 celebration ( _! entrance into ,nirva1 ( :i* ! ,ja9a makes a great fe/ival by solemn processions & pilgrimages to ! places :]e x has be5 atta9$4 ,footnote3 ,= ! ,ja9a ritual1 see ,indian ,antiqu>y4 ,vol4 ,,xiii1 pp4 #aia-aif4 ,! pr9cipal sacr$ places or ,tir?as are--,sameta ikh>a 9 ,we/]n ,b5gal1 :]e tw5ty ( ! ,j9as are said to h atta9$ ,nirva2 atrujaya & ,girnr 9 ,k?iw sacr$ respectively to i%abhan?a & ,nem9?a2 ,*&rapuri :]e ,vsupjya di$2 & ,pw 9 ,b5gal at :i* ,v>dhamna di$4--,ed4 ,?is influ5ce ( ! laity has become1 9 c\rse ( "t1 ( great importance to ,indian art1 & ,india is indebt$ to x = a numb] ( its mo/ beautiful ar*itectural monum5ts1 su* z ! spl5did temples ( bu1 ,girnr & atrujaya 9 ,guj>t4 ,x has also br\ght ab\t a *ange 9 ! m9d ( ! ascetics4 ,9 _m ( _! hymns 9 hon\r ( ,j9a1 !y appeal to him ) z mu* f]v\r z ! ,brhma to 8 gods2 & !re are (t5 expressions 9 !m1 contr>y1 to ! orig9al tea*+1 ascrib+ to ,j9a a creative p[]4 ,inde$ a ,ja9a description ( ! six pr9cipal sy/ems goes s f> z to numb] ,ja9ism--z also ,buddhism--among ! !i/ic religions4 ,footnote3 ,! latt] ass]tion is to be f\nd ,9 ! ,%ad>anasamu**aya ,v]s4 #de1 #gg-gh4 ,a creative activity is attribut$ to ! ,j9as ev5 9 ! ,kuhon inscription :i* is dat$ #dfj-dfa ,a4,d4 7,ind4 ,antiq4 ,vol4 ,x1 p4 #abf74 ,!re !y are call$ dik>tri ! 'orig9al creators'4 ,! cause ( ! developm5t ( a wor%ip among ! ,ja9as 0 fir/ rightly recognis$ by ,jacobi1 ,s4,b4,e4 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 p4 xxi4 ,! ,ja9a wor%ip diff]s 9 "o important po9t f t ( ! ,buddhi/s4 ,x recognis$ no wor%ip ( relics4 ,b 9 o!r respects also ! admission ( ! laity has produc$ decisive *anges 9 ! life ( ! cl]gy4 ,9 ! education ( worldly communities1 ! ascetic--^: rules ( indiff]5ce t[>d all & e ?+1 make him a be+ conc5trat$ entirely ^u himself & 8 goal--is unit$ aga9 to humanity & its int]e/s4 ,! duty ( educat+ ! layman & wat*+ ov] 8 life1 mu/ ( necessity *ange ! w&]+ p5it5ts into settl$ monks--:o d$icate !mselves to ! c>e ( s\ls1 mission>y activity1 & ! acquisition ( k1 & :o only n[ & aga9 fulfil ! duty ( *ang+ _! place ( resid5ce4 ,! ne$s ( ! lay communities requir$ ! cont9ual pres5ce ( tea*]s4 ,ev5 %\ld ^! desire to *ange f "t to "t1 x 0 yet necess>y to provide a %elt] = !m4 ,?us ! ,upraya or places ( refuge1 ! ,ja9a mona/]ies came into exi/5ce1 :i* exactly correspond to ! ,buddhi/ ,sanghrma4 ,) ! mona/]ies & ! fix$ resid5ce 9 !m appe>$ a fix$ memb]%ip ( ! ord]1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! ,ja9a pr9ciple ( unconditional ob$i5ce t[>d ! tea*]1 prov$ to be mu* /rict] ?an 9 ,buddhism4 ,on ! developm5t ( ! ord] & ! leisure ( mona/ic life1 !re foll[$ fur!r1 ! comm5cem5t ( a lit]>y & sci5tific activity4 ,! olde/ attempt1 9 ?is respect1 limit$ itself to br++ _! doctr9e into fix$ =ms4 ,_! results 71 besides o!r lo/ works1 ! s-call$ ,aga1--! memb]s ( ! body ( ! law1 :i* 0 p]haps orig9ally produc$ 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,( ! ,aga elev5 are no d\bt pres]v$ among ! vetmb>as f a late edition ( ! fif? or six? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,^! works are n writt5 9 ,sanskrit1 b 9 a popul> ,prkrit dialect3 = ! ,j9a1 l ,buddha1 us$ ! language ( ! p :5 tea*+4 ,!y conta9 p>tly leg5ds ab\t ! prophet & 8 activity z a tea*]1 p>tly fragm5ts ( a doctr9e or attempts at sy/ematic repres5tations ( ! same4 ,?\gh ! dialect is diff]5t !y pres5t1 9 ! =m ( ! tales & 9 ! mann] ( expression1 a wond]ful resemblance to ! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,buddhi/s4 ,footnote3 ,a complete review ( ! ,aga & ! canonical works :i* 7 jo9$ to x lat]1 is to be f\nd 9 ,a4 ,web]'s fundam5tal treatise on ! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,ja9as 9 ! ,indis*e ,/udi51 ,bd4 ,,xvi1 ,,ss4 #baa-dgi & ,bd4 ,,xviii1 ,,ss4 #a-ij4 ,! *rga & ! ,kalpastra are translat$ by ,h4 ,jacobi 9 ! ,s4,b4,e ,vol4 ,,xxii1 & a "p ( ! ,upsakadas ,stra by ,r4 ,ho]nle 9 ! ,bibl4 ,ind4 ,9 ! e/imates ( ! age ( ! ,aga ,i foll[ ,h4 ,jacobi1 :o has ?r\ghly discuss$ ! "q ,s4,b4,e4 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 pp4 xxxix-xlvii4 ,! ,digamb>as1 on ! o!r h&1 h pres]v$ no?+ ( ! ,aga b ! names4 ,!y put 9 _! place lat] sy/ematic works1 also 9 ,prkrit1 & ass]t1 9 v9dication ( _! diff]5t tea*+1 t ! canon ( _! rivals is corrupt$4 ,9 ! fur!r c\rse ( hi/ory1 h[ev]1 bo? bran*es ( ! ,ja9as h1 l ! ,buddhi/s1 9 _! cont9ual battles ) ! ,brhmas1 f\nd x necess>y to make !mselves acqua9t$ ) ! anci5t language ( ! culture ( ! latt]4 ,fir/ ! ,digamb>a & lat] ! vetmb>a began to use ,sanskrit4 ,!y did n re/ cont5t ) expla9+ _! own tea*+ 9 ,sanskrit works3 !y turn$ also to ! secul> sci5ces ( ! ,brhmas4 ,!y h accompli%$ s mu* ( importance1 9 gramm>1 9 a/ronomy1 z well z 9 "s bran*es ( lett]s1 t !y h won respect ev5 f _! enemies1 & "s ( _! works are /ill ( importance to ,european sci5ce4 ,9 s\!rn ,india1 :]e !y work$ among ! ,draviian tribes1 !y also advanc$ ! developm5t ( ^! languages4 ,! ,kan>ese lit]>y language & ! ,tamil & ,telugu re/ on ! f\ndations laid by ! ,ja9a monks4 ,?is activity l$ !m1 inde$1 f> f _! prop] goal1 b x creat$ = !m an important position 9 ! hi/ory ( lit]ature & culture4 ,! resemblance betwe5 ! ,ja9as & ! ,buddhi/s1 :i* ,i h _h s (t5 cause to br+ =w>d1 sugge/s ! "q1 :e!r !y are to be reg>d$ z a bran* ( ! latt]1 or :e!r !y resemble ! ,buddhi/s m]ely because1 z _! tradition ass]ts1 ,footnote3 ,! lat] tradition ( ! ,ja9as gives = ! dea? ( _! prophet ! dates #ede1 #ebg & #dfg ,b4,c4 7see ,jacobi1 ,kalpastra introd4 pp4 vii--ix & xxx74 ,none ( ! s\rces 9 :i* ^! ann\ncem5ts appe> are old] ?an ! twelf? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,! late/ is f\nd 9 ,hema*&ra :o di$ 9 ! ye> #aagb ,a4,d4 ,! la/ is c]ta9ly false if ! ass]tion1 accept$ by mo/ au?orities1 t ,buddha's dea? falls betwe5 ! ye>s #dhb & #dgb ,b4,c4 is correct4 ,= ! ,buddhi/ tradition ma9ta9s t ! la/ ,ja9a ,trhak>a di$ dur+ ,buddha's lifetime 7see p4 #cd74 !y sprang f ! same p]iod & ! same religi\s movem5t 9 opposition to ,brhmanism4 ,?is "q1 0 =m]ly1 & is /ill sometimes1 answ]$ 9 agreem5t ) ! fir/ !ory1 po9t+ out ! und\bt$ defects 9 x1 to ju/ify ! rejection ( ! ,ja9a tradition1 & ev5 decl>+ x to be a late & int5tional fabrication4 ,9 spite ( ?is ! second explanation is ! "r "o1 because ! ,buddhi/s !mselves confirm ! /atem5ts ( ! ,ja9as ab\t _! prophet4 ,old hi/orical traditions & inscriptions prove ! indep5d5t exi/5ce ( ! sect ( ! ,ja9as ev5 dur+ ! fir/ five c5turies aft] ,buddha's dea?1 & among ! inscriptions are "s :i* cle> ! ,ja9a tradition n only f ! suspicion ( fraud b be> p[]ful witness to its hone/y4 ,footnote3 ,ap>t f ! ill-support$ supposition ( ,colebrooke1 ,/ev5son & ,?omas1 accord+ to :i* ,buddha 0 a disloyal disciple ( ! f\nd] ( ! ,ja9as1 !re is ! view held by ,h4 ,h4 ,wilson1 ,a4 ,web]1 & ,lass51 & g5]ally accept$ till tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 t ! ,ja9as are an old sect ( ! ,buddhi/s4 ,?is 0 bas$1 on ! "o h&1 ^u ! resemblance ( ! ,ja9a doctr9es1 writ+s1 & traditions to ^? ( ! ,buddhi/s1 on ! o!r1 on ! fact t ! canonical works ( ! ,ja9as %[ a m mod]n dialect ?an ^? ( ! ,buddhi/s1 & t au!ntic hi/orical pro(s ( _! e>ly exi/5ce are want+4 ,i 0 myself =m]ly p]suad$ ( ! correctness ( ?is view & ev5 ?\ght ,i recognis$ ! ,ja9as 9 ! ,buddhi/ s*ool ( ! ,sammatya4 ,on a m p>ticul> exam9ation ( ,ja9a lit]ature1 to :i* ,i 0 =c$ on acc\nt ( ! collection und]tak5 = ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t 9 ! sev5ties1 ,i f\nd t ! ,ja9as _h *ang$ _! "n & 7 always1 9 m anci5t times1 call$ ,nirgran?a or ,nigaha4 ,! obs]vation t ! ,buddhi/s recognise ! ,nigaha & relate ( _! head & f\nd]1 t he 0 a rival ( ,buddha's & di$ at ,pv :]e ! la/ ,tr?ak>a is said to h atta9$ ,nirva1 caus$ me to accept ! view t ! ,ja9as & ! ,buddhi/s sprang f ! same religi\s movem5t4 ,my supposition 0 confirm$ by ,jacobi1 :o rea*$ ! l view by ano!r c\rse1 indep5d5tly ( m9e 7see ,zeits*rift d] ,deuts* ,morg4 ,ges4 ,bd4 ,,xxxv1 ,s4 #ffi4 ,note #a71 po9t+ out t ! la/ ,tr?ak>a 9 ! ,ja9a canon be>s ! same "n z among ! ,buddhi/s4 ,s9ce ! publication ( our results 9 ! ,ind4 ,ant4 ,vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #adc & 9 ,jacobi's introduction to 8 edition ( ! ,kalpastra1 :i* h be5 fur!r v]ifi$ by ,jacobi ) great p5etration1 views on ?is "q h be5 divid$4 ,old5b]g1 ,k]n1 ,ho]nle1 & o!rs h accept$ ?is new view )\t hesitation1 :ile ,a ,web] 7,indis*e ,/udi5 ,bd4 ,,xvi1 ,s4 #bdj7 & ,b>? 7,revue de l',hi/oire des ,religions1 tom4 ,,iii1 p4 #ij7 keep to _! =m] /&po9t4 ,! latt] d n tru/ ! ,ja9a tradition & believe x probable t ! /atem5ts 9 ! same are falsifi$4 ,!re are c]ta9ly great difficulties 9 ! way ( accept+ su* a position especially ! improbability t ! ,buddhi/s %\ld h =gott5 ! fact ( ! defection ( _! hat$ enemy4 ,mean:ile1 ?is is n absolutely impossible z ! olde/ pres]v$ ,ja9a canon _h its fir/ au!ntic edition only 9 ! fif? or six? c5tury ( our era1 & z yet ! pro( is want+ t ! ,ja9as1 9 anci5t times1 possess$ a fix$ tradition4 ,! belief t ,i am able to ins]t ?is miss+ l9k 9 ! *a9 ( argum5t & ! hope ( remov+ ! d\bts ( my two hon\r$ fri5ds has caus$ me to attempt a connect$ /atem5t ( ! :ole "q al?\gh ?is necessitates ! repetition ( mu* t has already be5 said1 & is 9 ! fir/ "p almo/ entirely a recapitulation ( ! results ( ,jacobi's rese>*es4 ,! olde/ canonical books ( ! ,ja9a1 ap>t f "s my?ological additions & evid5t exagg]ations1 conta9 ! foll[+ important notes on ! life ( _! la/ prophet4 ,footnote3 ,! /atem5t t ,v>dhamna's fa!r 0 a mighty k+ belongs to ! manife/ exagg]ations4 ,?is ass]tion is refut$ by o!r /atem5ts ( ! ,ja9as !mselves4 ,see ,jacobi1 ,s4,b4,e4 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 pp4 xi-xii4 ,v>dhamna 0 ! y\ng] son ( ,siddhr?a a nobleman :o belong$ to ! ,k%atriya race1 call$ 9 ,sanskrit ,jti or ,jta1 9 ,prakrit ,nya1 &1 accord+ to ! old cu/om ( ! ,indian w>rior ca/e1 bore ! "n ( a ,brhmanic family ! ,kyapa4 ,8 "m1 :o 0 call$ ,trial1 belong$ to ! family ( ! gov]nors ( ,videha4 ,siddhr?a's resid5ce 0 ,kuapura1 ! ,basukund ( to-day1 a suburb ( ! weal?y t[n ( ,vail1 ! mod]n ,bes>h1 9 ,videha or ,tirhut4 ,footnote3 ,dr4 ,bhl] by a slip _h "h ,magadha od] ,bihr4--,j4 ,b4 ,siddhr?a 0 son-9-law to ! k+ ( ,vail4 ,?irty ye>s1 x seems1 ,v>dhamna l$ a worldly life 9 8 p>5ts' h\se4 ,he m>ri$1 & 8 wife ,yaod bore him a daught] ,anojj1 :o 0 m>ri$ to a noble ( ! "n ( ,jamli1 & 9 h] turn _h a daught]4 ,9 8 ?irty-fir/ ye> 8 p>5ts di$4 ,z !y 7 foll[]s ( ,prva ! tw5ty-?ird ,j9a1 !y *ose1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! ,ja9as1 ! dea? ( ! wise by />vation4 ,imm$iately aft] ?is ,v>dhamna det]m9$ to r5\nce ! _w4 ,he got p]mission to take ?is /ep f 8 eld] bro!r ,n&iv>dhana1 & ! rul] ( 8 l& divid$ 8 possessions & became a homeless ascetic4 ,he w&]$ m ?an twelve ye>s1 only re/+ dur+ ! ra9y season1 9 ! l&s ( ! ,lha1 9 ,vajjabhmi & ,subbhabhmi1 ! ,rrh ( to-day 9 ,b5gal1 & le>n$ to be> ) equanimity great h>d%ips & cruel ill treatm5t at ! h&s ( ! inhabitants ( ^? di/ricts4 ,besides ^! he impos$ ^u himself ! sev]e/ mortifications2 aft] ! fir/ ye> he disc>d$ clo!s & devot$ himself to ! deepe/ m$itation4 ,9 ! ?irte5? ye> ( ?is w&]+ life he believ$ he _h atta9$ to ! highe/ k & to ! dignity ( a holy "o4 ,he !n appe>$ z a prophet1 taught ! ,nirgran?a doctr9e1 a modification ( ! religion ( ,prva1 & organis$ ! ord] ( ! ,nirgran?a ascetics4 ,f t "t he bore ! "n ( ! v5]able ascetic ,mahvra4 ,8 c>e] z a tea*] la/$ n q ?irty ye>s1 dur+ :i* he travell$ ab\t1 z =m]ly1 all ov] ! c\ntry1 except dur+ ! ra9y seasons4 ,he won = himself num]\s foll[]s1 bo? ( ! cl]gy & ! lay class1 among :om1 h[ev]1 9 ! f\rte5? ye> ( 8 p]iod ( tea*+1 a split arose--caus$ by 8 son-9-law ,jamli4 ,! ext5t ( 8 sph]e ( influ5ce almo/ corresponds ) t ( ! k+doms ( ,srva/ or ,kosala1 ,vid*a1 ,magadha1 & ,aga1--! mod]n ,oudh1 & ! prov9ces ( ,tirhut & ,bihr 9 ,we/]n ,b5gal4 ,v frequ5tly he sp5t ! ra9y season 9 8 native place ,vail & 9 ,rjagiha4 ,among 8 contempor>ies 71 a rival tea*] ,gosla ! son ( ,makhali--:om he defeat$ 9 a dispute1 ! ,k+ ( ,videha--,bhambhasra or ,bibbhisra call$ ,sreika1 & 8 sons ,abhayakumra & ! p>ricide ,ajtaatru or ,kika1 :o protect$ him or accept$ 8 doctr9e1 & also ! nobles ( ! ,li**havi & ,mallaki races4 ,! t[n ( ,pp or ,pv1 ! mod]n ,padraona ,footnote3 ,?is is ,g5]al ,cunn+ham's id5tification & a probable "o4--,ed4 is giv5 z ! place ( 8 dea?1 :]e he dwelt dur+ ! ra9y season ( ! la/ ye> ( 8 life1 9 ! h\se ( ! scribe ( k+ ,ha/ipla4 ,imm$iately aft] 8 dea?1 a second split took place 9 8 community4 ,footnote3 ,notes on ,mahvra's life are to be f\nd especially 9 *rga ,stra 9 ,s4,b4,e4 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 pp4 #hd-hg1 #ahi-bjb2 ,kalpastra1 ibid4 pp4 #bag-bgj4 ,! above may be comp>$ ) ,jacobi's repres5tation1 ibid4 pp4 x-xviii4 :]e mo/ ( ! id5tifications ( ! places nam$ are giv51 & ,kalpastra introd4 p4 ii4 ,we h to ?ank ,dr4 ,ho]nle = ! important in=mation t ,v>dhamna's bir?place ,kuapura is /ill call$ ,vasukund3 ,upsakada ,stra p4 #d4 ,note #c4 ,! in=mation on ! s*isms ( ! ,ja9as is collect$ by ,lemmann 9 ! ,indis*e ,/udi51 ,bd4 ,,xvii1 ,s4 #ie ff4 ,on consid]ation ( ?is in=mation1 x imm$iately /rikes "o1 t ! sc5e ( ,v>dhamna's activity is laid 9 ! same "p ( ,india z ,buddha lab\r$ 91 & t sev]al ( ! p]sonalities :i* play a "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ,buddha also appe> 9 ! ,ja9a leg5d4 ,x is ?r\gh ! k+doms ( ,kosala1 ,videha & ,magadha1 t ,buddha is said to h w&]$ prea*+1 & _! capitals rva/ & ,rjagiha are j ! places nam$1 :]e he f\nd$ ! l>ge/ communities4 ,x is also told ( ! inhabitants ( ,vail t _m turn$ to 8 doctr9e4 ,_m leg5ds are told ( 8 int]c\rse & fri5d%ip ) ,bimbisra or reika1 k+ ( ,videha1 also ( ! murd] ( ! latt] by 8 son ,ajtaatru1 :o1 tortur$ ) remorse1 aft]w>ds approa*$ ,buddha2 m5tion is also made ( 8 bro!r ,abhayakumra1 likewise ,makkhali ,gosla is m5tion$ among ,buddha's oppon5ts & rivals4 ,x is ?us cle> t ! olde/ ,ja9a leg5d makes ,v>dhamna a fell[ c\ntryman & contempor>y ( ,buddha1 & se>* might be sugge/$ 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,buddhi/s = confirmation ( ^! assumptions4 ,su* inde$ are to be f\nd 9 no small numb]4 ,ev5 ! olde/ works ( ! ,s+alese ,canon1--:i* date app>5tly f ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury aft] ,buddha's dea?1 or ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 & :i* at any rate _h _! f9al edition 9 ! ?ird1--frequ5tly m5tion an oppos+ sect ( ascetics1 ! ,nigaha1 :i* ! nor!rn texts1 writt5 9 ,sanskrit1 recognise among ! oppon5ts ( ,buddha1 "u ! "n ,nirgran?a1 :om an old ,stra ,footnote3 ,! ,mahp>9ibba ,sutta1 9 ,s4,b4,e4 ,vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #ajf4 describes z heads ( companies ( disciples & /ud5ts1 tea*]s ( /ud5ts1 well kn[n1 r5[n$1 f\nd]s ( s*ools ( doctr9e1 e/eem$ z good m5 by ! multitude4 ,_! lead] is also nam$2 he is call$ 9 ,pli ,ntaputta1 9 ,sanskrit ,jtiputra1 t is ! son ( ,jti or ,nta4 ,! simil>ity betwe5 ^! words & ! names ( ! family ,jti1 ,jta or ,naya1 to :i* ,v>dhamna belong$ is app>5t4 ,n[ s9ce 9 old] ,buddhi/ lit]ature1 ! title '! son ( ! man ( ! family ,n4 ,n4' is v (t5 us$ in/ead ( ! individual's "n1 z = example1 '! son ( ! ,skiya' is put = ,buddha-,skiyaputta1 s t x is difficult n to suppose t ,ntaputta or ,jtiputra1 ! lead] ( ! ,nigaha or ,nirgran?a sect1 is ! same p]son z ,v>dhamna1 ! desc5dant ( ! ,jti family & f\nd] ( ! ,nirgran?a or ,ja9a sect4 ,if we foll[ up ?is idea1 & ga!r toge!r ! diff]5t rem>ks ( ! ,buddhi/s ab\t ! oppon5ts ( ,buddha1 !n x is app>5t t 8 id5tity ) ,v>dhamna is c]ta94 ,a numb] ( rules ( doctr9e are ascrib$ to him1 :i* are also f\nd among ! ,ja9as1 & "s ev5ts 9 8 life1 :i* we h already f\nd 9 ! acc\nts ( ! life ( ,v>dhamna1 are relat$4 ,9 "o place 9 ! olde/ "p ( ! ,s+alese canon1 ! ass]tion is put into ! m\? ( ,nigaha ,ntaputta1 t ! ,kiriyvda--! doctr9e ( activity1 sep>ates 8 sy/em f ,buddha's tea*+4 ,we %all c]ta9ly recognise 9 ?is doctr9e1 ! rule ( ! ,kiriy1 ! activity ( s\ls1 ^u :i* ,ja9ism places s great importance4 ,footnote3 ,jacobi1 ,zeits*rift d] ,deuts*4 ,morg4 ,ges4 ,bd4 ,,xxxiv1 ,s4 #ahg2 ,ind4 ,antiq4 ,vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #aei4 ,two o!r rules f ! doctr9e ( s\ls are quot$ 9 a lat] "w1 n canonical3 !re x is /at$1 9 a collection ( false doctr9es :i* ,buddha's rivals taught1 t ,nigaha ass]ts t cold wat] 0 liv+4 ,little drops ( wat] conta9$ small s\ls1 l>ge drops1 l>ge s\ls4 ,!re=e he =bade 8 foll[]s1 ! use ( cold wat]4 ,x is n difficult1 9 ^! curi\s rules to recognise ! ,ja9a dogma1 :i* ass]ts ! exi/5ce ( s\ls1 ev5 9 ! mass ( lifeless elem5ts ( e>?1 wat]1 fire1 & w9d4 ,?is also proves1 t ! ,nigaha admitt$ ! classification ( s\ls1 s (t5 ridicul$ by ! ,brhmas1 :i* di/+ui%es betwe5 great & small4 ,?is "w1 l o!rs1 ascribes to ,nigaha ! ass]tion1 t ! s-call$ ?ree daa--! ?ree in/rum5ts by :i* man c cause injury to creatures--?\ght1 ^w1 & body1 are sep>ate active causes ( s94 ,! ,ja9a doctr9e agrees also 9 ?is case1 :i* always specially repres5ts ! ?ree & prescribes = ea* a special control4 ,footnote3 ,jacobi1 ,ind4 ,antiq4 ,vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #aei4 ,besides ^! rules1 :i* p]fectly agree ) "o ano!r1 !re are /ill two doctr9es ( ! ,nigaha to be ref]r$ to :i* seem to1 or really d1 contradict ! ,ja9as2 namely1 x is /at$ t ,ntaputta dem&$ f 8 disciples ! tak+ ( f\r1 n z 9 ,v>dhamna's case1 ( five great v[s4 ,al?\gh ?is difficulty may seem v important at fir/ glance1 x is1 h[ev]1 set aside by an (t repeat$ ass]tion 9 ! ,ja9a works4 ,!y repeat$ly say t ,prva1 ! tw5ty-?ird ,j9a only recognis$ f\r v[s1 & ,v>dhamna add$ ! fif?4 ,! ,buddhi/s h !re=e h&$ d[n a dogma :i* ,ja9ism recognises4 ,! "q is m]ely :e!r !y or ! ,ja9as are ! m to be tru/$4 ,if ! latt]1 & x is accept$ t ,v>dhamna 0 m]ely ! re=m] ( an old religion1 !n ! ,buddhi/s mu/ be tax$ ) an easily possible confusion betwe5 ! e>li] & lat] tea*]s4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,ja9a acc\nts ( _! tw5ty-?ird prophet are reg>d$ z my?ical1 & ,v>dhamna is look$ ^u z ! true f\nd] ( ! sect1--!n ! doctr9e ( ! f\r v[s mu/ be ascrib$ to ! latt]1 & we mu/ accept z a fact t he _h *ang$ 8 views on ?is po9t4 ,9 any case1 h[ev]1 ! ,buddhi/ /atem5t speaks =1 r ?an aga9/1 ! id5tity ( ,nigaha ) ,j9a4 ,footnote3 ,jacobi1 loc4 cit44 p4 #afj1 & ,leumann1 ,actes du ,vlime ,congrs ,int4 des ,or4 ,sect4 ,ary4 p4 #eje4 ,z ! ,ja9a acc\nts ( ! tea*+ ( ,prva & ! exi/5ce ( communities ( 8 disciples1 s\nd tru/wor?y1 we may p]haps accept1 ) ,jacobi1 t !y re/ on a hi/orical f\ndation4 ,v>dhamna's sy/em1 on ! o!r h&1 is q irreconcilable ) ,ntaputta's ass]tion t virtue z well z s91 happ9ess z well z unhapp9ess is unalt]ably fix$ = m5 by fate1 & no?+ 9 _! de/9y c be alt]$ by ! c>ry+ out ( ! holy law4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 j z irreconcilable ) ! o!r ,buddhi/ acc\nts ( ! tea*+ ( _! oppon5t2 because x is absolutely unimag9able1 t ! same man1 :o lays v[s ^u 8 foll[]s1 ! object ( :i* is to avoid s91 c\ld nev]!less make virtue & s9 purely dep5d5t ^u ! disposition ( fate1 & prea* ! uselessness ( c>ry+ out ! law4 ,! accusation t ,ntaputta embrac$ fatalism mu/ !re=e be reg>d$ z an inv5tion & an outcome ( sect hatr$ z well z ( ! wi% to ?r[ discr$it on _! oppon5ts4 ,footnote3 ,jacobi loc4 cit44 p4 #aei-afj4 ,! ,buddhi/ rem>ks on ! p]sonality & life ( ,ntaputta are /ill m rem>kable4 ,!y say repeat$ly t he laid claim to ! dignity ( an ,arhat & to omnisci5ce :i* ! ,ja9as also claim = _! prophet1 :om !y pref] simply to call '! ,arhat' & :o possesses ! univ]se-embrac+ ',kevala' k4 ,footnote3 ,see = example ! acc\nt 9 ! ,*ullavagga1 9 ,s4,b4,e4 ,vol4 ,,xx4 p4 #gh-gi2 ,ind4 ,antiq4 ,vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #cac4 ,a hi/ory ( conv]sions1 tells u fur!r t ,ntaputta & 8 disciples disda9$ to cov] _! bodies2 we are told j ! same ( ,v>dhamna4 ,footnote3 ,sp5ce ,h>dy1 ,manual ( ,budhism1 p4 #bbe4 ,a /ory 9 ! olde/ "p ( ! ,s+alese canon gives an int]e/+ & important in/ance ( 8 activity 9 tea*+4 ,buddha1 s ! leg5d runs1 once came to ! t[n ,vail1 ! seat ( ! ,k%atriya ( ! ,li**havi race4 ,8 "n1 8 law1 8 community 7 highly prais$ by ! nobles ( ! ,li**havi 9 ! s5ate-h\se4 ,sha1 _! g5]al1 :o 0 a foll[] ( ! ,nigaha1 became anxi\s to "k ! great tea*]4 ,he w5t to 8 ma/] ,ntaputta1 :o happ5$ to be /ay+ 9 ,vail j !n1 & ask$ p]mission to pay ! visit4 ,twice ,ntaputta refus$ him4 ,!n ,sha det]m9$ to disobey him4 ,he s\ght ,buddha out1 he>d 8 tea*+ & 0 conv]t$ by him4 ,9 ord] to %[ 8 atta*m5t to 8 new tea*] he invit$ ,buddha & 8 disciples to eat ) him4 ,on ! acceptance ( ! invitation1 ,sha comm&$ 8 s]vants to provide fle% 9 hon\r ( ! occasion4 ,?is fact came to ! e>s ( ! foll[]s ( ! ,nigaha4 ,glad to h f\nd an occasion to damage ,buddha1 !y hurri$ 9 great numb]s ?r\gh ! t[n1 cry+ out1 t ,sha _h caus$ a great ox to be kill$ = ,buddha's ent]ta9m5t2 t ,buddha _h eat5 ( ! fle% ( ! animal al?\gh he knew x _h be5 kill$ on 8 acc\nt1 & 01 !re=e guilty ( ! dea? ( ! animal4 ,! accusation 0 br\ght to ,siha's notice & 0 decl>$ by him to be a calumny4 ,buddha1 h[ev] prea*$ a s]mon aft] ! meal1 9 :i* he =bade 8 disciples to p>take ( ! fle% ( su* animals z _h be5 kill$ on _! acc\nt4 ,! leg5d also corroborates ! acc\nt 9 ! ,ja9a works1 accord+ to :i* ,v>dhamna (t5 resid$ 9 ,vail & _h a /rong foll[+ 9 t t[n4 ,x is probably relat$ to %[ t 8 sect 0 /rict]1 z reg>ds ! eat+ ( fle%1 ?an ! ,buddhi/s1 a po9t1 :i* aga9 agrees ) ! /atutes ( ! ,ja9as4 ,footnote3 ,s4,b4,e4 ,vol4 ,,xvii1 pp4 #ajh-aag4 ,! acc\nt ( ,ntaputta's dea? is /ill m important4 ,?us ,i he>d x1 says an old book ( ! ,s+alese canon1 ! ,smagma ,sutta1 once ! ,v5]able "o liv$ 9 ,smagma 9 ! l& ( ! ,skya4 ,at t "t1 h[ev]1 c]ta9ly ! ,nigaha ,ntaputta _h di$ 9 ,pv4 ,aft] 8 dea? ! ,nigaha w&]$ ab\t disunit$1 sep>ate1 qu>rell+1 fight+1 w\nd+ ea* o!r ) words4 ,footnote3 ,! passage is giv5 9 ! orig9al by ,old5b]g1 ,leits*4 d] ,d4 ,morg4 ,ges4 ,bd4 ,,xxxiv1 ,s4 #gdi4 ,its significance 9 connection ) ! ,ja9a tradition z to _! s*isms has be5 ov]look$ until n[4 ,x has also be5 unnotic$ t ! ass]tion1 t ,v>dhamna di$ dur+ ,buddha's lifetime1 proves t ! late/ acc\nt ( ?is occurr5ce giv5 by traditions #dfg ,b4,c4 is false3 ,lat] ,buddhi/ leg5ds 7,sp5ce ,h>dy1 ,manual ( ,budhism1 pp4 #bff-bga7 treat ( ,ntaputta's dea? 9 m detail4 ,9 a l5g?y acc\nt !y give z ! cause ( ! same ! apo/acy ( "o ( 8 disciples1 ,upli :o 0 conv]t$ by ,buddha4 ,aft] go+ ov] to ,buddhism1 ,upli treat$ 8 =m] ma/] ) scorn1 & presum$ to relate a p>able :i* %\ld prove ! fooli%ness ( ^? :o believ$ 9 false doctr9es4 ,!reupon ! ,nigaha fell into despair4 ,he decl>$ 8 alms-vessel 0 brok51 8 exi/5ce de/roy$1 w5t to ,pva1 & di$ !re4 ,naturally no importance is to be giv5 to ?is acc\nt & its details4 ,!y are app>5tly ! outcome ( sect-hatr$4 ,"h we h complete confirmation ( ! /atem5t ( ! ,ja9a canon z to ! place :]e ,v>dhamna ent]$ ,nirva1 z well z ( ! /atem5t t a s*ism occurr$ imm$iately aft] 8 dea?4 ,! h>mony betwe5 ! ,buddhi/ & ,ja9a tradition1 z to ! p]son ( ! head ( ! ,nirgran?a is mean:ile imp]fect4 ,x is di/urb$ by ! description ( ,ntaputta z a memb] ( ! ,brhmanic sect ( ! gniveyyana1 :il/ ,v>dhamna belong$ to ! ,kyapa4 ,! po9t is h[ev] s insignificant1 t an error on ! "p ( ! ,buddhi/s is easily possible4 ,footnote3 ,accord+ to ,jacobi's supposition1 ,s4,b4,e4 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 p4 xvi1 ! error 0 caus$1 by ! only disciple ( ,v>dhamna1 :o outliv$ 8 ma/]1 ,sudh>man be+ an gniveyyana4 ,x is q to be und]/ood t p]fect exactness is n to be expect$ among ! ,buddhi/s or any o!r sect 9 describ+ ! p]son ( a hat$ enemy4 ,enmity & scorn1 always pres5t1 =bid t4 ,! mo/ t "o c expect is t ! majority & mo/ important ( ! facts giv5 may agree4 ,?is condition is und\bt$ly fulfill$ 9 ! case on h&4 ,x _c1 !re=e be d5i$1 t1 9 spite ( ?is diff]5ce1 9 spite also ( ! absurdity ( "o article ( ! cre$ ascrib$ to him1 ,v>dhamna ,jtiputra1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,nirgran?a--or ,ja9a community is none o!r ?an ,buddha's rival4 ,f ,buddhi/ acc\nts 9 _! canonical works z well z 9 o!r books1 x may be se5 t ?is rival 0 a dang]\s & influ5tial "o1 & t ev5 9 ,buddha's "t 8 tea*+ _h spread consid]ably4 ,_! leg5ds ab\t conv]sions f o!r sects v (t5 make m5tion ( ,nirgran?a sect>ians1 :om ,buddha's tea*+ or t ( 8 disciples _h ali5at$ f _! fai?4 ,also !y say 9 _! descriptions ( o!r rivals ( ,buddha1 t ^!1 9 ord] to ga9 e/eem1 copi$ ! ,nirgran?a & w5t unclo!d1 or t !y 7 look$ ^u by ! p z ,nirgran?a holy ones1 because !y happ5$ to h lo/ _! clo!s4 ,su* expressions w\ld be inexplicable if ,v>dhamna's community _h n become ( great importance4 ,footnote3 ,see = ! hi/ory ( ,sha relat$ above1 ,sp5ce ,h>dy1 ,manual ( ,budhism1 pp4 #bbf1 #bff1 & ,jacobi1 ,ind4 ,antiq4 ,vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #afa ,?is agrees ) sev]al rem>ks 9 ! ,buddhi/ *ronicles1 :i* ass]t ! exi/5ce ( ! ,ja9as 9 diff]5t di/ricts ( ,india dur+ ! fir/ c5tury aft] ,buddha's dea?4 ,9 ! memoirs ( ! ,*9ese ,buddhi/ & pilgrim ,hiu5 ,tsiang1 :o visit$ ,india 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury ( our era1 is to be f\nd an extract f ! anci5t annals ( ,magadha1 :i* proves ! exi/5ce ( ! ,nirgran?a or ,ja9as 9 _! orig9al home f a v e>ly "t4 ,footnote3 ,beal1 ,si-yu-ki4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #afh4 ,?is extract relates to ! build+ ( ! great mona/ry at ,nl&1 ! high s*ool ( ,buddhism 9 ea/]n ,india1 :i* 0 f\nd$ %ortly aft] ,buddha's ,nirva1 & m5tions incid5tally t a ,nirgran?a :o 0 a great a/rolog] & prophet _h prophesi$ ! future success ( ! new build+4 ,at almo/ z e>ly a p]iod ! ,mahvansa1 compos$ 9 ! fif? c5tury ,a4,d41 fixes ! appe>ance ( ! ,nirgran?a 9 ! isl& ( ,ceylon4 ,x is said t ! k+ ,paukbhaya1 :o rul$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury aft] ,buddha1 f #cfg-cjg ,b4,c4 built a temple & a mona/]y = two ,nirgran?as4 ,! mona/]y is aga9 m5tion$ 9 ! same "w 9 ! acc\nt ( ! reign ( a lat] k+ ,vagm9i1 cir4 #ch-aj ,b4,c4 ,x is relat$ t ,vagm9i be+ (f5d$ by ! inhabitants1 caus$ x to be de/roy$ aft] x _h exi/$ dur+ ! reigns ( tw5ty "o k+s1 & erect$ a ,buddhi/ ,saghrma 9 its place4 ,! latt] piece ( in=mation is f\nd also 9 ! ,dpavansa ( m ?an a c5tury e>li]4 ,footnote3 ,turn\r1 ,mahvasa1 pp4 #ff-fg & p4 #bjc1 #bjf3 ,dpavansa ,,xix #ad2 comp4 also ,k]n1 ,buddhismus1 ,bd4 ,i1 ,s4 #dbb4 ,9 ! fir/ passage 9 ! ,mahva sa1 ?ree ,nighaz are introduc$ by "n1 ,jotiya1 ,giri1 & ,kumbhaa4 ,! translation incorrectly makes ! fir/ a ,brhma & *ief eng9e]4 ,none ( ^! works c inde$ be look$ ^u z a truly hi/orical s\rce4 ,!re are1 ev5 9 ^? p>agraphs :i* treat ( ! olde/ hi/ory aft] ,buddha's dea?1 pro(s en\gh t !y simply h& d[n a faulty hi/orical tradition4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 _! /atem5ts on ! ,nirgran?a1 _c be d5i$ a c]ta9 weight1 because !y are closely connect$ on ! "o side ) ! ,buddhi/ canon1 & on ! o!r !y agree ) ! indisputable s\rces ( hi/ory1 :i* relate to a slightly lat] p]iod4 ,! fir/ au!ntic in=mation on ,v>dhamna's sect is giv5 by our olde/ inscriptions1 ! religi\s edicts ( ! ,maurya k+ ,aoka1 :o1 accord+ to tradition 0 ano9t$ 9 ! ye> #bai aft] ,buddha's dea?1 &--z ! ref]5ce to 8 ,grecian contempor>ies1 ,antio*os1 ,magas1 ,alex&]1 ,ptolemaeus & ,antigonas confirms1--rul$1 dur+ ! second half ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ov] ! :ole ( ,india ) ! exception ( ! ,dekhan4 ,?is pr9ce int]e/$ himself n only 9 ,buddhism1 :i* he pr(ess$ 9 8 lat] ye>s1 b he took c>e1 9 a fa!rly way1 z he repeat$ly relates1 ( all o!r religi\s sects 9 8 va/ k+dom4 ,9 ! f\rte5? ye> ( 8 reign1 he appo9t$ (ficials1 call$ law-sup]9t5d5ts1 ^: duty x 0 to wat* ov] ! life ( ! diff]5t communities1 to settle _! qu>rels1 to control ! di/ribution ( _! legacies & pi\s gifts4 ,he says ( !m 9 ! second "p ( ! sev5? 'pill>' edict1 :i* he issu$ 9 ! tw5ty-n9? ye> ( 8 reign1 ,my sup]9t5d5ts are occupi$ ) v>i\s *>itable matt]s1 !y are also engag$ ) all sects ( ascetics & h\sehold]s2 ,i h s arrang$ t !y w also be occupi$ ) ! affairs ( ! ,sagha2 likewise ,i h arrang$ t !y w be occupi$ ) ! jvika ,brhmas2 ,i h arrang$ x t !y w also be occupi$ ) ! ,nigaha4 ,footnote3 ,see ,s5>t1 ,inscriptions de ,piyadasi1 tom4 ,,ii1 p4 #hb4 ,ed4 ,,viii1 l4 #d4 ,my translation diff]s f ,s5>t's 9 "s po9ts especially 9 relation to ! con/ruction4 ,conf4 ,epigraphia ,indiea1 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bgb;f4 ,! ^w ,sagha s]ves "h z usual = ! ,buddhi/ monks4 ,! jvikas1 ^: "n completely disappe>s lat]1 are (t5 nam$ 9 ! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,buddhi/s & ! ,ja9as z an influ5tial sect4 ,!y enjoy$ ! special fav\r ( ,aoka1 :o1 z o!r inscriptions te/ify1 caus$ sev]al caves at ,b>b> to be made into dwell+s = _! ascetics4 ,footnote3 ,see ,ind4 ,antiqu>y1 vol4 ,,xx1 pp4 #cfa ff4 ,z 9 ! /ill old] writ+s ( ! ,buddhi/ canon1 ! "n ,nigaha "h c ref] only to ! foll[]s ( ,v>dhamna4 ,z !y are "h1 along ) ! o!r two fav\rites1 c\nt$ wor?y ( special m5tion1 we may c]ta9ly conclude t !y 7 ( no small importance at ! "t4 ,_h !y be5 )\t influ5ce & ( small numb]s ,aoka w\ld h>dly h kn[n ( !m1 or at lea/ w\ld n h s+l$ !m out f ! o!r num]\s nameless sects ( :i* he (t5 speaks4 ,x may also be suppos$ t !y 7 specially num]\s 9 _! old home1 z ,aoka's capital ,paliputra lay 9 ?is l&4 ,:e!r !y spread f> ov] ^! b\nd>ies1 _c be asc]ta9$4 ,on ! o!r h& we possess two docum5ts f ! middle ( ! next c5tury :i* prove t !y advanc$ into s\?-ea/]n ,india z f> z ,kaliga4 ,^! are ! inscriptions at ,khaagiri 9 ,orissa1 ( ! great ,k+ ,khravela & 8 fir/ wife1 :o gov]n$ ! ea/ coa/ ( ,india f ! ye> #aeb to #afe ( ! ,maurya era t is1 9 ! fir/ half ( second c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! l>g] inscription1 un=tunately v mu* disfigur$1 conta9s an acc\nt ( ! life ( ,khravela f 8 *ildhood till ! ?irte5? ye> ( 8 reign4 ,x beg9s ) an appeal to ! ,arhat & ,siddha1 :i* corresponds to ! beg9n+ ( ! five-fold =m ( homage /ill us$ among ! ,ja9as1 & m5tions ! build+ ( temples 9 hon\r ( ! ,arhat z well z an image ( ! fir/ ,j9a1 :i* 0 tak5 away by a ho/ile k+4 ,! second & small] inscription ass]ts t ,khravela's wife caus$ a cave to be prep>$ = ! ascetics ( ,kal+a1 :o believ$ on ! ,arhat4 ,footnote3 ,! mean+ ( ^! inscriptions1 :i* 7 =m]ly believ$ to be ,buddhi/1 0 fir/ made cle> by ,dr4 ,bhangvnll's ,indrji's c>eful discussion 9 ! ,actes du ,vlime ,congrs ,int]nat4 des ,ori5tali/es ,sect4 ,ary4 pp4 #ace-aei4 ,h2 fir/ recognis$ ! true names ( ! ,k+ ,khravela & 8 pr$ecessors & %ew$ t ,khravela & 8 wife 7 patrons ( ! ,ja9as4 ,we h to ?ank him = ! in=mation t ! inscription conta9s a date 9 ! ,maurya ,era4 ,i h ?or\ghly discuss$ 8 excell5t article 9 ! ,oe/]rei*is*5 ,monatss*rift1 ,bd4 ,x1 ,s4 #bca ff4 & h !re giv5 my reasons = diff]+ f him on an important po9t1 namely1 ! date ( ! beg9n+ ( ! ,maurya ,era1 :i*1 accord+ to 8 view beg9s ) ! conque/ ( ,kaliga by ,aoka ab\t #bee ,b4 ,c4 ,ev5 yet ,i f9d x impossible to accept t ! expression1 9 ! hundr$ & sixty fif? ye> ( ! era ( ! ,maurya ,k+s1 c mean any?+ else ?an t #afd ye>s h pass$ betwe5 ! ?irte5? ye> ( ! rule ( ,khravela & ! ano9t+ ( ! fir/ ,maurya ,k+ ,*&rugupta4 ,un=tunately x is impossible to fix ! ye> ( ! latt] occurr5ce1 or to say m ?an t x took place betwe5 ! ye>s #cbb & #cab ,b4,c4 ,! date giv5 9 ,khravela's inscription _c !re=e be m closely fix$ ?an t x lies betwe5 #aef & #adg ,b4,c4 ,i n[ add to my =m] rem>ks--t appeals to ! ,arhat & ,siddha appe> also 9 ,ja9a inscriptions f ,ma?ur & may be tak5 z a c]ta9 m>k ( ! sect4 ,?us x is wor?y ( note t ev5 9 ,hiu5 ,tsiang's "t1 7,beal1 ,si-yu-ki1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bje7 ,kal+a 0 "o ( ! *ief seats ( ! ,ja9as4 ,f a some:at lat] p]iod1 z ! *>act]s %[1 f ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 comes a d$icatory inscription :i* has be5 f\nd f> to ! we/ ( ! orig9al home ( ! ,ja9as1 9 ,ma?ur on ! ,jamn4 ,x tells ( ! erection ( a small temple 9 hon\r ( ! ,arhat ,v>dhamna1 also ( ! d$ication ( seats = ! tea*]s1 a ci/]n1 & a /one table4 ,! little temple1 x says1 /ood beside ! temple ( ! guild ( tradesm51 & ?is rem>k proves1 t ,ma?ur1 :i*1 accord+ to ! tradition ( ! ,ja9as1 0 "o ( ! *ief scats ( _! religion1 possess$ a community ( ,ja9as ev5 be=e ! "t ( ?is inscription4 ,footnote3 ,?is inscription also 0 fir/ made kn[n by ,dr ,bhagwanlal ,indiaji1 loc4 cit4 p4 #adc4 ,a l>ge memb] ( d$icatory inscriptions h come to light1 :i* are dat$ f ! ye> #e to #ih ( ! era ( ! ,indo-,sky?ian k+s1 ,kani%ka1 ,huvi%ka1 & ,vsudeva 7,bazodeo7 & !re=e belong at late/ to ! end ( ! fir/ & to ! second c5tury ,a4,d4 ,!y are all on ! p$e/als ( /atues1 :i* are recognisable p>tly by ! special m5tion ( ! names ( ,v>dhamna & ! ,arhat ,mahvra1 p>tly by absolute nudity & o!r m>ks4 ,!y %[1 t ! ,ja9a community cont9u$ to fl\ri% 9 ,ma?ur & give besides extraord9>ily important in=mation1 z ,i f\nd 9 a r5ew$ rese>* into ! anci5t hi/ory ( ! sect4 ,9 a numb] ( !m1 ! d$icators ( ! /atues give n only _! own names1 b also ^? ( ! religi\s tea*]s to ^: communities !y belong$4 ,fur!r1 !y give ^! tea*]s _! (ficial titles1 /ill us$ among ! ,ja9as3 v*aka1 'tea*]'1 & ga91 'head ( a s*ool'4 ,la/ly !y specify ! names ( ! s*ools to :i* ! tea*]s belong$1 & ^? ( _! subdivisions4 ,! s*ools are call$1 gaa1 'companies'2 ! subdivisions1 kula1 'families' & kh1 'bran*es'4 ,exactly ! same division into gaa1 kh1 & kula is f\nd 9 a li/ 9 "o ( ! canonical works1 ( ! vetmb>as1 ! ,kalpastra1 :i* gives ! numb] ( ! patri>*s & ( ! s*ools f\nd$ by !m1 & x is ( ! highe/ importance1 t1 9 spite ( mutilation & faulty reproduction ( ! inscriptions1 n9e ( ! names1 :i* appe> 9 ! ,kalpastra are recognisable 9 !m1 ( :i* "p agree exactly1 "p1 ?r\gh ! fault ( ! /one-mason or wrong read+ by ! copyi/1 are some:at defac$4 ,accord+ to ! ,kalpastra1 ,su%ita1 ! n9? successor to ,v>dhamna ,9 ! position ( patri>*1 toge!r ) 8 companion ,supratibuddha1 f\nd$ ! ',koiya' or ',kautika gaa1 :i* split up into f\r 'skh1 & f\r 'kula'4 ,inscription ,no4 #d4 :i* is dat$ 9 ! ye> #i ( ! k+ ,kani%ka or #hg4 ,a4,d4 787 gives u a some:at anci5t =m ( ! "n ( ! gaa ,koiya & t ( "o ( its bran*es exactly correspond+ to ! ,vairi kh4 ,mutilat$ or wrongly writt51 ! fir/ ^w occurs also 9 inscriptions ,nos4 #b1 #f & #i z koto-1 keiya1 & ka 4441 ! second 9 ,no4 #f z ,vor4 ,"o ( ! families ( ?is gaa1 ! ,viya kula is m5tion$ 9 ,no4 #f1 & p]haps 9 ,no4 #d4 ,! "n ( a second1 ! ,pranavhaaka1 seems to h appe>$ 9 ,no4 #ai4 ,! la/ inscription m5tions also ano!r bran* ( ! ,koiya gaa1 ! ,majhim skh1 :i*1 accord+ to ! ,kalpastra1 0 f\nd$ by ,priyagan?a ! second disciple ( ,su/hita4 ,two /ill old] s*ools :i*1 accord+ to tradition1 sprang f ! f\r? disciple ( ! eigh? patri>*1 along ) "s ( _! divisions appe> 9 inscriptions ,nos4 #bj & #aj4 ,^! are ! ,aryya-,udehikya gaa1 call$ ! s*ool ( ! rya-,rohaa 9 ! ,kalpastra1 to :i* belong$ ! ,p>ihsaka kula & ! ,prnaptrik kh1 z also ! ,*>a gaa ) ! ,prtidh>mika kula4 ,ea* ( ^! names is1 h[ev]1 some:at mutilat$ by "o or m errata 9 writ+4 ,footnote3 ,dr4 ,bhl]'s long note 7p4 #dh7 on ^! inscriptions 0 aft]w>ds exp&$ 9 ! ,wi5] ,zeits*rift fur die ,kunde des ,morg5l&es ,bd4 ,i1 ,s4 #afe-ahj2 ,bd4 ,,ii1 ,s4 #ada-adf4 ,bd4 ,,iii1 ,s4 #bcc-bdj2 & ,bd4 ,,iv1 ,s4 #afi-agc4 ,! argum5t ( ^! pap]s is summ>is$ 94 ,app5dix4 ,a1 pp4 #dh ff4--,ed4 ,! /atem5ts 9 ! inscriptions ab\t ! tea*]s & _! s*ools are ( no small importance 9 !mselves = ! hi/ory ( ! ,ja9as4 ,if1 at ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4787 _m sep>ate s*ools ( ,ja9a ascetics exi/$1 a great age & lively activity1 z well z great c>e z reg>ds ! traditions ( ! sect1 may be inf]r$4 ,! agreem5t ( ! inscriptions ) ! ,kalpastra leads /ill fur!r h[ev]3 x proves on ! "o side t ! ,ja9as ( ,ma?ur 7 vetmb>a1 & t ! s*ism1 :i* split ! sect into two rival bran*es occurr$ long be=e ! beg9n+ ( our era4 ,on ! o!r h& x proves t ! tradition ( ! ,svetmb>a really conta9s anci5t hi/oric elem5ts1 & by no means des]ves to be look$ ^u ) di/ru/4 ,x is q probable t1 l all traditions1 x is n altoge!r free f error4 ,b x c no long] be decl>$ to be ! result ( a lat] int5tional misrepres5tation1 made 9 ord] to conceal ! dep5d5ce ( ,ja9ism on ,buddhism4 ,x is no long] possible to dispute its au!nticity ) reg>d to ^? po9ts :i* are confirm$ by indep5d5t /atem5ts ( o!r sects1 & to ass]t1 = example1 t ! ,ja9a acc\nt ( ! life ( ,v>dhamna1 :i* agrees ) ! /atem5ts ( ! ,buddi/s1 proves no?+ z reg>ds ! age ( ,ja9ism because 9 ! late fix+ ( ! canon ( ! vetmb>as 9 ! six? c5tury aft] ,*ri/ x may h be5 drawn f ,buddhi/ works4 ,su* an ass]tion :i*1 "u all circum/ances1 is a bold "o1 becomes entirely unt5able :5 x is f\nd t ! tradition 9 "q /ates correctly facts :i* lie n q ?ree c5turies di/ant f ,v>dhamna's "t1 & t ! sect1 long be=e ! fir/ c5tury ( our era kept /rict acc\nt ( _! int]nal affairs4 ,footnote3 ,see ,web]'s & ,b>?'s op9ions quot$ above 9 note ,i1 p4 #bc4 ,un=tunately ! te/imony to ! anci5t hi/ory ( ! ,ja9as1 s f> z made kn[n by means ( inscriptions1 t]m9ates "h4 ,int]e/+ z x w\ld be to foll[ ! traces ( _! communities 9 ! lat] inscriptions1 :i* become s num]\s f ! fif? c5tury ,a4,d4 onw>ds & 9 ! description ( 8 travels by ,hiu5 ,tsiang1 :o f\nd !m spread ?r\gh ! :ole ( ,india & ev5 beyond its b\nd>ies1 x w\ld be ap>t f our purpose4 ,! docum5ts quot$ suffice1 h[ev]1 to confirm ! ass]tion t dur+ ! fir/ five c5turies aft] ,buddha's dea? bo? ! /atem5ts ( ,buddhi/ tradition & real hi/orical s\rces give evid5ce to ! exi/5ce ( ! ,ja9as z an important religi\s community indep5d5t ( ,buddhism1 & t !re are among ! hi/orical s\rces "s :i* entirely cle> away ! suspicion t ! tradition ( ! ,ja9as !mselves is int5tionally falsifi$4 ,! advantage ga9$ = ,indian hi/ory f ! conclusion t ,ja9ism & ,buddhism are two contempor>y sects--hav+ aris5 9 ! same di/rict1--is no small "o4 ,fir/1 ?is conclusion %[s t ! religi\s movem5t ( ! six? & fif? c5turies ,b4,c4 9 ea/]n ,india mu/ h be5 a pr(\nd "o4 ,if n only "o1 b c]ta9ly two1 & p]haps m re=m]s1 appe>$ at ! same "t1 prea*+ tea*]s1 :o oppos$ ! exi/+ circum/ances 9 ! same mann]1 & ea* ( :om ga9$ no small numb] ( foll[]s = _! doctr9es1 ! desire to ov]?r[ ! ,brahmanical ord] ( ?+s mu/ h be5 g5]ally & deeply felt4 ,?is conclusion %[s !n t ! trans=mation ( ! religi\s life 9 ,india 0 n m]ely ! "w ( a religi\s community4 ,_m /rove to atta9 ?is object al?\gh sep>at$ f "o ano!r4 ,x is n[ recognisable1 ?\gh prelim9>ily1 9 "o po9t only1 t ! religi\s hi/ory ( ,india f ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 to ! eigh? or n9? ,a4,d4 0 n made up ( ! fight betwe5 ,brahmanism & ,buddhism alone4 ,?is conclusion all[s u1 la/ly1 to hope t ! ?or\gh inve/igation ( ! olde/ writ+s ( ! ,ja9as & _! relations ) ,buddhism on ! "o h& & ) ,brahmanism on ! o!r w af=d _m important ways ( access to a m exact k conc]n+ ! religi\s ideas :i* prevail$ 9 ! six? & fif? c5turies ,b4,c41 & to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! b\nd>ies ( orig9ality betwe5 ! diff]5t sy/ems4 ,,app5dix ,a4 ,copies ( ! mutilat$ inscriptions ref]r$ to1 7 publi%$ by ,g5]al ,sir ,a4 ,cunn+ham 9 8 ,ar*aeological ,survey ,reports1 vol4 ,,iii1 plates xiii-xv4 ,un=tunately !y h be5 pres5t$ f 'copies' & are !re=e full ( errors1 :i* are due = ! mo/ "p1 d\btless1 to ! copyi/ & n to ! sculptor4 ,x is n difficult1 h[ev]1 9 mo/ cases "u consid]ation "h1 to re/ore ! correct read+4 ,usually only v[el signs are omitt$ or misread &1 "h1 & !re1 consonants closely resembl+ "o ano!r z va & *a1 va1 & dha1 ga & a1 la & na are int]*ang$4 ,! =mulae ( ! inscriptions are almo/ univ]sally ! same4 ,fir/ comes ! date1 !n foll[s ! "n ( a rev]5d tea*]1 next1 ! m5tion ( ! s*ool & ! subdivision ( x to :i* he belong$4 ,!n ! p]sons1 :o d$icat$ ! /atues are nam$ 7mo/ly wom571 & :o belong$ to ! community ( ! said tea*]4 ,! description ( ! gift =ms ! conclusion4 ,! dialect ( ! inscriptions %[s t curi\s mixture ( ,sanskt & ,prkt :i* is f\nd 9 almo/ all docum5ts ( ! ,indo-,sky?ian k+s1 & :i*as ,dr4 ,ho]nle 0 ! fir/ to recognise--0 "o ( ! lit]>y languages ( nor!rn & nor?we/]n ,india dur+ ! fir/ c5turies be=e & aft] ! comm5cem5t ( our era4 ,9 ! calculation ( dates1 ,i use ! fav\rite />t+ po9t = ! era ( ! ,indo-,sky?ian k+s1 :i* un=tunately1 is n c]ta9ly det]m9$1 & assume t x is id5tical ) ! ,saka era ( #gh-a_/d ,a4,d4 ,! rule ( ^! pr9ces c\ld n h fall5 lat]3 9 my op9ion x 0 some:at e>li]4 ,footnote3 ,:at foll[s is f ! au?or's lat] & full] pap] 9 ,wi5] ,zeits*rift fr die ,kunde des ,morg5l&es1 ,bd4 ,i1 ,s4 #agj f41 b abridg$4--,ed4 ,i give "h transcripts & re/orations ( su* inscriptions z m5tion ,ja9a s*ools or titles4 #a4 ,! inscription :i* is ! mo/ important = my purpose & at ! same "t "o ( ! be/ pres]v$1 is ,sir ,a4 ,cunn+ham's ,no4 #f1 plate xiii1 :i* 0 f\nd on ! base ( a ,ja9a image 7,ar*4 ,sur4 ,rep4 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ca74 ,! copy comp>$ ) a rubb+ gives ! foll[+ read+1 7! lett]s )9 p>5!ses are damag$73 ,l4 #a4 ,siddha sa #bj gram #a di #aj #e ko7i7yato gaato 7,v7iyato kulato ,v7ai7r7i7to kto irikto #b4 7bha7ttito v*akasya ,aryya-,saghasihasya nir7v7v>ttana ,dattilasya4444 ,vi4- #c4 lasya ko7hu7bi7ki7ya ,jayavlasya ,devadsasya ,ngad9asya *a ,ngad9ye *a 7m7tu4 #d4 r7vi7kye 7,d7i- #e4 7n7ye dna4 i #f4 ,v>ddhamna pra- #g4 tim ,! lacuna 9 l9e #b1 aft] ,dattilasya1 probably conta9$ ! ^w duhituye or dhtuye & "p ( a male "n ( :i* only ! lett] vi is visible4 ,9 l4 #c1 possibly kohab9iye is to be read in/ead ( kohubikiye4 ,z !re is room = "o m lett] at ! end ( ! l9e1 ,i propose to read mtuye4 ,9 l4 #e1 ,d9ye w\ld /& = ,datty & be ! g5itive ( a female "n ,d9n or ,datt1 :i* has be5 %ort5$ bhmvat4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! ^w r1 or iri1 :i* is requir$1 has /ood be=e ,v>dhamna4 ,) ^! re/orations ! translation is z foll[s3 ,success6 ,! ye> #bj1 summ] 7mon?7 ,i1 day #ae4 ,an image ( glori\s ,v>dhamna1 ! gift ( ! female lay-disciple ,d9 i4 e4 ,d9n or ,datt1 ! daught] ( ,attila1 ! wife ( ,vi44la1 ! "m ( ,jayavla ,jayapla1 ( ,devadsa & ,ngad9a i4 e4 ,ngad9na or ,ngadatta & ( ,ngad9a i4e4 ( ,ngad9n or ,ngadatt--7?is /atue be+7 ! nirv>tana ,footnote3 ,! ^w nirv>tana has ! mean+ ( '9 ob$i5ce to ! ord]'1 or '9 consequ5ce ( ! reque/'4 ,x occurs aga9 9 ! ,prakrit =m nivatana bel[1 9 ,no4 #aj 7pl4 xiv7 & x has /ood 9 ,no4 #d1 & at ! end ( l4 #b ( ,no4 #g1 :]e ! rubb+ has nirva4 ,x is also f\nd 9 ! next3 ,ar*4 ,sur4 ,rep4 vol4 ,,xx1 pl4 v1 ,no4 #f4 ( ! prea*] ,aryya-,saghasiha i4e4 rya-,saghasiha1 out ( ! ,koiya s*ool1 ! ,vniya race1 ! ,vairi bran*1 ! irik division4 ,! inscription giv5 ,ar*4 ,sur4 ,rep4 vol4 ,,xx1 plate v1 ,no4 #f reads1 accord+ to an excell5t rubb+3 ,l4 #a4 ,namo ,arahatna9 namo ,siddhna sa #fj ,footnote3 ,9 read+ ! fir/ figure z #fj1 ,i foll[ ,sir ,a4 ,cunn+ham4 ,i h nev] se5 ! sign1 9 ano!r inscription4 ,! *>act]s ( ! inscription are s ar*aic t ?is date may ref] to an e>li] epo* ?an ! ,indo-,sky?ian4 #b #b4 gra #c di #e etye purvye ,rrakasya ,aryakakasagha/asya #c4 i%y tapikogahab>yasya nirv>tana *atnuv>nasya saghasya #d4 y d9n paibhbho8ga #a 787 787 ,vaihikya datti ,adoration to ! ,arhats1 adoration to ! ,siddhas6 ,! ye> #fb1 ! summ] 7mon?7 #c1 ! day #e2 on ! above date a y4 0 giv5 to ! community1 :i* includes f\r classes1 z an enjoym5t 7or "o %>e = ea*7 7?is be+7 ! nirv>tana ( ,atapikogahab>ya1 ! pupil ( ,arya-,kakasagha/a 7rya-,k>kaagh>%ita71 a native ( ,rr 7,rh74 ,! gift ( ,vaihik 7or1 ,vaihit74 #b4 ,) ! inscription ,no4 #f ( ! ye> #bj1 ,no4 #d 7plate xiii7 agrees2 x 0 also f\nd on a ,ja9a p$e/al4 ,) bett] read+s f a rubb+ ( ! fir/ side only1 ,i propose = ! o!r portions1 ( :i* ,i h no rubb+s1 ! foll[+ em5dations1--l4 #a1 ,vniyato kulato1 skhto2 l4 #b1 kuumbimye2 ,i also note t ! lacuna 9 l9e #b1 #c? & #d? sides1 w\ld be fill$ exactly by ye r-,v>dhamnasya pratim krit s>vasattv4 ,! =m] exi/5ce ( ! fir/ & la/ sev5 lett]s may be consid]$ c]ta94 ,my re/oration ( ! :ole is1-- ,l4 #a 7#a/ side7 ,siddha mahrjasya ,kani%kasya rjye savats>e navame ,footnote3 ,sac4 ,bks4 ,ea/1 vol4 ,,xxii p4 #bib4 7#bnd side744 msc pra?a #a divase #e a-7#crd7sy purvvye ,koiyato gaato ,vniyato 7#d?7 kulato ,vairito kto v*aka- #b4 7#a/ side7 sya ,nganadisa nirvartana ,brahma 444 dh-7#bnd7tuye ,bhaumitasa kuubiniye ,vika-7#crd7ye r ,v>dhamnasya pratim krit s>va-7#d?7 satvna hita- #c4 sukhye2 & ! translation3-- ,success6 ,dur+ ! reign ( ! great k+ ,kani%ka1 9 ! n9? ye>1 #i1 9 ! fir/ mon?1 #a1 ( 4441 on ! day #e1--on ! above date an image ( glori\s ,v>dhamna has be5 caus$ to be made = ! welf>e & happ9ess ( all creat$ be+s by ,vikat1 ! h\se-wife ( ,bhaimita 7,bhatimitra7 & daught] ( ,brhma 444--7?is /atue be+7 ! nirv>tana ( ! prea*] ,nganaidi1 out ( ! ,koiya s*ool 7gaa71 ! ,viya l9e 7kula71 7&7 ! ,vairi bran* 7kh74 ,if we n[ turn to ! ,kalpastra1 we f9d t ,suhiya or ,su/hita1 ! eigh? successor ( ,v>dhamna1 f\nd$ ! ,kauika or ,koiya gaa1 :i* split up into f\r khs & f\r kulas4 ,! ?ird ( ! =m] 0 ! ,vajr or ,vair1 & ! ?ird ( ! latt] 0 ! ,vya or ,vijja4 ,x is evid5t t ! names ( ! gaa1 kula1 & kh agree ) ^? m5tion$ 9 ! two inscriptions1 ,koiya be+ a some:at old] =m ( ,koiya4 ,b x is int]e/+ to note t ! fur!r subdivision ( ! ,vair kh--! irik bhatti 7,srik bhakti7 :i* inscription ,no4 #f m5tions1 is n kn[n to ! ,kalpastra4 ,?is is a gap su* z may by be expect$ to occur 9 a li/ h&$ d[n by oral tradition4 #c4 ,! ,koika gaa is aga9 m5tion$ 9 ! badly mutilat$ inscription ,no4 #ai1 plate xv4 ,a complete re/oration is impossible4 ,l4 #a4 ,savals>e #ij va444sya kuubani4 vadnasya vodhuya444 #b4 ,koiyato gaato ,pranavhanakato kulato ,majhamto khto444sa nikye bhati gle ?abni444 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be inf]r$ f ! fragm5ts ( ! fir/ l9e t ! d$ication 0 made by a woman :o 0 describ$ z ! wife 7kuumb97 ( "o p]son & z ! daught]-9-law 7vadhu7 ( ano!r4 ,! fir/ "p ( l9e #b1 re/or$ z above gives--9 ! congregation ( 444 out ( ! ,koiya s*ool1 ! ,pranavhanaka l9e & ! ,majham bran*4444 ,! re/oration ( ! two names ,koiya & ,pranavhanaka seems to me absolutely c]ta91 because !y exactly fill ! blanks 9 ! inscription1 & because ! in=mation 9 ! ,kalpastra 7,s4 ,b4 ,e4 vol4 ,,xxii1 p4 #bic7 reg>d+ ! ,madhyamkh po9ts 9 t direction4 ,! latt] "w tells u t ,priyagan?a1 ! second pupil ( ,su/hita & ,supratibuddha1 f\nd$ a kh1 call$ ,madhyam or ,majhim4 ,z our inscriptions %[ t ,pr(essor ,jacobi's explanation ( ! t]ms gaa1 kula & kh ,footnote3 ,s4 ,b4 ,e4 vol4 ,,xxii1 p4 #bhh1 note #b4 is correct & t ! fir/ d5otes ! s*ool1 ! second ! l9e ( tea*]s1 & ! ?ird a bran* :i* sep>at$ f su* a l9e1 x foll[s t ! khs nam$ 9 ! ,kalpastra )\t ! m5tion ( a gaa & kula1 mu/ belong to ! la/ prec$+ gaa & d]ive _! orig9 f "o ( its kulas4 ,h5ce ! ,madhyam kh d\btless 0 includ$ 9 ! ,kauika gaa1 & an (f%oot ( "o ( its kulas1 ! f\r? ( :i* is call$ ,pranavhanaka or ,pahavhaaya4 ,! correctness ( ^! inf]5ces is prov$ by ,rjackh>a's /atem5t reg>d+ 8 spiritual desc5t at ! end ( ! ,prab&ha ko%a1 :i* he compos$ 9 ,vik4 sa #adje4 ,he in=ms u t he belong$ to ! ,koika gaa1 ! ,pranavhana kula1 ! ,madhyam kh1 ! ,h>%apurya ga*ha & ! ,maladhri samtna1 f\nd$ by ! illu/ri\s ,abhayasri4 ,= ! la/ words ( l4 #b ,i d n d>e to propose an em5dation2 ,i m]ely note t ! gift seems to h consi/$ ( pill>s1 ?abni1 i4 e4 /ambh4 #d4 ,! ,koiya gaa seems f9ally to be m5tion$ 9 pl4 xiii1 ,no4 #b1 :]e ! copy ( l9e #a1 #bnd side may be correct$ z1-- ,siddha--sa #e he #a di #aj #b asy purvvye ,ko7iya74 #e4 ,names ( an old] gaa & ( "o ( its kulas occur 9 ,no4 #aj plate xiv1 :]e ! copy1 :i* is faulty1 may all[ ! foll[+ p>tial re/oration1--- ,l4 #a4 ,sa #dj #g gra #b di #bj etasy purvvye ,vrae gae ,petidhamikakulav*akasya ,rohanadisya ssasya ,s5asya nivatanam svaka-,da #b4 444pa%avadhaya ,giha44ka4bha44 prap din44m ta444 :i* ,i translate-- ,! ye> #dg1 ! summ] 7mon?7 #b1 ! day #bj1--on ! above date a dr9k+ f\nta9 0 giv5 by 4441 ! 444 ( ! lay-disciple ,da 444 7?is be+7 ! nivatana ( ,s5a ! pupil ( ,rohanadi 7,rohan&i7 & prea*] ( ! ,petidhamika 7,praitidh>mika7 l9e1 9 ! ,vraa s*ool4 ,v>ane mu/ be a mi/ake = ! v simil> ^w ,*rane4 ,! second kula ( ?is gaa :i*1 accord+ to ! ,kalpastra 7,s4,b4,e4 vol4 ,,xxii1 p4 #bia7 0 f\nd$ by rgupta1 ! fif? pupil ( rya ,suha/91 is ! ,prtidh>mika 7p4 #bib74 ,x is easy to see t a simil> "n is hidd5 9 ! comp\nd ,petivamikakutav*akasya '( ! prea*] ( ! ,petivmika l9e'2 & an inscription excavat$ by ,dr4 ,fuhr] at ,ma?ur m5tions ! ,petivmika 7kula7 ( ! ,vrana gaa4 ,) ! second l9e little c be done3 if ! lett]s prap are correct & =m a ^w1 "o ( ! objects d$icat$ mu/ h be5 a dr9k+ f\nta94 #f4 ,! inscription ,no4 #bj1 plate xv (f]s likewise slightly corrupt & mutilat$ names ( a gaa1 a kula & a skh1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,kalpastra4 ,9 ! li?ograph$ copy l9es #c-g are hopeless & !re is no rubb+ to help4 ,! ^w ?itu '( a daught]' 9 l9e #f1 & ! foll[+ ma4uya :i* is probably a misread+ ( mtuye '( ! "m' %[ t ?is d$ication also 0 made by a female4 ,! la/ f\r syllables vato maho are probably ! remnant ( ano!r namaskra--namo bhagavato ,mahvrasya4 ,z reg>ds ! prop] names1 ,aryya ,reh9iya is an impossible =m2 b on comp>ison ) ! next inscription to be m5tion$1 x is evid5t t ! /one mu/ h read ,aryvod*ikiyto or ,aryyadehikiyto gato4 ,footnote3 ,wi5] ,zeit%e4 f4 d4 ,kunde d] ,morg5l41 ,bd4 ,,ii1 ,s4 #adb f4 ,accord+ to ! ,kalpastra 7,s4,b4,e4 vol4 ,,xxii1 p4 #bia7 rya-,rohaa 0 ! fir/ pupil ( rya ,suha/9 & f\nd$ ! ,uddeha gaa4 ,! latt] split up into f\r khs & into six kulas4 ,! "n ( its f\r? kh1 ,prapatrik1 closely resembles--especially 9 its consonantal elem5ts--t ( ! inscription1 ,petaputrik1 & ,i d n hesitate 9 correct+ ! latt] to ,ponapatrik :i* w\ld be ! equival5t ( ,sansk4 ,paurapatrik4 ,among ! six kulas is ! ,p>ihsaka1 & consid]+ ! o!r agreem5ts1 ,i believe x probable t ! mutilat$ "n read z ,puridha4ka is a misread+ ( ,p>ihka1 ,we may em5d ! fir/ two times & read z foll[s1-- ,l4 #a4 ,siddham namo arahato ,mahvirasya devanasya rja ,vsudevasya savats>e #ij #h v>%amse divase #aj #a etasy4 #b4 purvvye ,aryyo-,dehikiyto gato ,pavihsakakulato ,pouapatrikto kto gaisya ,aryya-,devadattasya na444 444 #c4 ryya-,k%emasya #d4 prakagirie #e4 kihadiye praj #f4 tasya ,prav>akasya dhitu ,v>aasya gatvakasya matuya ,mitra787sa 444datta g #g4 ye44namo bhagavato mahvrasya & ! translation 7s f>7 w be1-- ,success6 ,adoration to ! ,arhat ,mahvir1 ! de/roy]787 ( ! gods4 ,9 ! ye> ( k+ ,vsudeva1 #ih1 9 ! mon? #d ( ! ra9y season1 on ! day #aa--on ! above date 444 ( ! *ief ( ! s*ool 7ga97 ,aryya-,devadata 7,devadatta7 out ( ! s*ool 7gaa7 ( ! ,aryya-,udehikya 7rya-,uddehikiya71 out ( ! ,p>ihsaka l9e 7kula71 out ( ! ,ponapatrik 7,paurapatrik7 bran* 7kh74 ,footnote3 ,at a lat] date ,dr4 ,bhl] add$ o!r pro(s f inscriptions ( ! au!nticity ( ! ,ja9a tradition1 9 ! ,vi5na ,ori5tal ,j\rnal1 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ada-adf2 vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #bcc-bdj2 vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #afi-agc1 #cac-cah2 vol4 ,v1 pp4 #age-ahj2 & 9 ,epigraphia ,indica1 vol4 ,i pp4 #cga-cig2 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aie-bab1 #caa4 ,! p>agraphs giv5 above are *iefly f 8 fir/ pap] 9 ! ,vi5na ,ori5tal ,j\rnal 7vol4 ,i1 pp4 #afe-ahj71 :i* appe>s to be an ext5d$ revision ( ! long footnote 9 ! orig9al pap] on ! ,ja9as1 b x is "h correct$ 9 places f read+s 9 8 lat] pap]s4--,j4 ,b4 ,^! & _m o!r /atem5ts 9 ! inscriptions1 ab\t ! tea*]s & _! s*ools are ( no small importance 9 !mselves = ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,ja9as4 ,! agreem5t ( ! above ) ! ,kalpastra c be/ be %[n by plac+ ! /atem5ts 9 "q aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,! inscriptions prove ! actual exi/5ce ( tw5ty ( ! subdivisions m5tion$ 9 ! ,/havirvali ( ! ,kalpastra4 ,among its eight gaz we c c]ta9ly trace ?ree1 possibly f\r--! ,udd*ika1 ,vraa1 ,veaviya787 & ,koiya4 ,inscriptions3-- #a4 ,koiya 7,koiya7 ,gana 4--------------------------------------4 ,bramadsika kula ,u**5g> kh ,?niya kula ,vair1 ,vairiy kh ,pahavahuayakula ,majham kh ,! ,/havirval ( ! ,kalpastra 7,sac4 ,bks4 ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 ,,xxii1 p4 #bib7 /ates t ,sushita & ,supratibuddha f\nd$ !-- ,koiya or ,kauaka ,gaa 4--------------------------------------- ---------4 kulas khs #a4 ,bambhalijja #a4 ,u**ang> #b4 ,va**halijja #b4 ,vijjh> #c4 ,vya or ,vjja #c4 ,vajr #d4 ,panhavhanaya #d4 ,majjhimka or ,pranavhanaka #e4 ,majjhma 7s*ol> ( ! two tea*]s4 f\nd$ by ,priyagan?a ! second7 ,inscriptions3-- #b4 ,vraa ,gaa 4------------------------------4 kulas khs ,petivamika ,vjang> ryya ,hikiya ,h>tamlakah ,puyamitrya ,aryya-,*eiya ,kaniyasika ,! ,kalpastra /ates t rgupta ( ! ,hritagotra f\nd$ ! ,*raa gaa1 :i* 0 divid$ into f\r khs & into sev5 kulas3 ,*raa-gaa 4-----------------------------4 kulas khs #a4 ,va**halijja ,sakik #b4 ,pdhammiya #c4 ,hlijja ,vajjang> #d4 ,psamittijja ,gav$huk #e4 ,mlijja #f4 rya-,*eaya ,hriyamlagr #g4 ,kahasaha ,inscriptions3-- #c4 ,aryya-,udekiya ,gaa 4--------------------------4 kulas ,ngabhatikiya ,petaputrik kh4 ,puridha44 ,! ,kalpastra says rya-,rohana ( ! ,kyapa gotra f\nd$ ! ,uddeha ,gana 4--------------------------------------- ---------4 kulas khs #a4 ,ngabhya ,udumb>ijjiy #b4 ,somabhta ,msaprik #c4 ,ullaga**ha 7or rdraka**ha87 ,matipatrik #d4 ,ilat?ilijja #e4 ,n&ijja ,puapattiy #f4 ,p>ihsaka ,inscriptions3-- #d4 ,veavdiya ,gaa ,mehika kula ,footnote3 ,epigraphia ,indica1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #chb1 #chh4 ,! ,kalpastra3--,km>ddhi ( ! ,kualagotra f\nd$ ! ,veavika gaa :i* 0 divid$ into f\r khs1 & into f\r kulas3-- ,veavika ,gaa 4--------------------------------------- -4 kulas khs ,gaika rva/ik ,maighika ,rajjapliy ,km>ddhika ,ant>ijjiy ,indrapuraka ,khemalijjiy ,footnote3 ,= ! above li/s see ,wi5] ,zeits*i4 ,bd4 ,,iv1 ,s4 #caf ff4 & ,kalpastra 9 ,s4 ,b4 ,e4 vol4 ,,xxii1 pp4 #bij f4 ,! resemblance ( mo/ ( ^! names is s complete t no explanation is necess>y4 ,,ja9a ,,my?ology4 ,! my?ology ( ! ,ja9as1 :il/ includ+ _m ( ! ,h9du div9ities1 to :i* x accords v inf]ior positions1 is altoge!r diff]5t 9 composition4 ,x has all ! appe>ance ( a purely con/ruct$ sy/em4 ,! gods are classifi$ & subdivid$ into ord]s1 g5]a1 & species2 all are mortal1 h _! ages fix$1 z well z _! abodes1 & are mo/ly di/+ui%$ by cognizances *ihnas or l*haz4 ,_! ,tr?ak>as1 ,tr?amk>as1 or p]fect$ sa9ts1 are usually kn[n z tw5ty-f\r belong+ to ! pres5t age4 ,b ! my?ology takes acc\nt also ( a pa/ & a future age or r5ovation ( ! _w1 & to ea* ( ^! aeons are assign$ tw5ty-f\r ,tr?ak>as4 ,b ?is is n all3 9 _! cosmogony !y lay d[n o!r cont95ts besides ,jambdvpa-,bh>ata or t :i* we dwell 94 ,^! are sep>at$ f ,jambdvpa by impassable seas1 b exactly l x 9 e respect & are call$ ,dhtuki-k&a & ,pu%k>rddha2 & ( ea* ( ^! !re are ea/]n1 & we/]n ,bh>ata & ,airvata regions1 :il/ ( ,jambdvpa !re is also a ,bh>ata & an ,airvata region3 ^! make ! foll[+ t5 regions or worlds3-- #a4 ,jambdvpa-bh>ata-k%etra4 #b4 ,dhtuk-khaa prva-bh>ata4 #c4 ,dhtuk-khaa pa*ima-bh>ata4 #d4 ,pu%k>rddha prva-bh>ata4 #e4 ,pu%k>av>advpa pa*ima-bh>ata4 #f4 ,jambdvpa airvata-k%etra4 #g4 ,dhtuk-khaa prva-airvata4 #h4 ,dhtuk-khaa pa*ima-airvata4 #i4 ,pu%k>rdhadvpa prva-airvata4 #aj4 ,pusk>rddha pa*ima-airvata4 ,to ea* ( ^! is allott$ tw5ty f\r pa/1 pres5t & future ,atts or ,j9as1--mak+ 9 all #gbj ( ?is class1 = :i* !y h inv5t$ names3 b !y are only names4 ,footnote3 ,see ,ratnasg>a1 bh4 ,,ii1 pp4 #fif--gje4 ,( ! ,tr?ak>as ( ! pres5t age or avas>p9i 9 ! ,bh>ata-v>%a ( ,jambdvpa1 h[ev]1 we are suppli$ ) m9ute details3--_! names1 p>5ts1 /ations1 reput$ ages1 complexions1 att5dants1 cognizances 7*ihna7 or *>act]i/ics1 etc4 & ^! details are useful = ! explanation ( ! iconography we meet ) 9 ! %r9es ( ,ja9a temples4 ,!re ! images ( ! ,tr?ak>as are plac$ on highly sculptur$ ?rones & surr\nd$ by o!r small] att5dant figures4 ,9 temples ( ! vetmb>a sect ! images are g5]ally ( m>ble--:ite 9 mo/ cases1 b (t5 black = images ( ! #ai?1 #b,o?1 #bbnd & #bcrd ,j9as4 ,on ! front ( ! ?rone or sana are usually c>v$ ?ree small figures3 at ! prop] "r ( ! ,j9a is a male figure repres5t+ ! ,yak%a att5dant or s]vant ( t p>ticul> ,j9a2 at ! left end ( ! ?rone is ! correspond+ female--or ,yak%91 ,yak% or sanadev2 :il/ 9 a panel 9 ! middle !re is (t5 ano!r dev4 ,at ! base ( ! seat also1 are plac$ n9e v small figures repres5t+ ! navagraha or n9e planets2 t is ! sun1 moon1 five planets1 & asc5d+ & desc5d+ nodes4 ,9 ! ,ja9a ,purnas1 leg5ds are giv5 to acc\nt = ! connexion ( ! ,yak%as & ,yak%s ) _! respective ,tr?ak>as3 ?us1 9 ! case ( ,prvan?a1 we h a /ory ( two bro!rs ,m>ubhti & ,kamaha1 :o 9 eight successive inc>nations 7 always enemies1 & 7 f9ally born z ,prvan?a & ,samb>adeva respectively4 ,a ,p%aa or unbeliev]1 engag$ 9 ! pan*gni rite1 :5 fell+ a tree = 8 fire1 aga9/ ! remon/rance ( ,prvan?a1 cut 9 pieces two snakes t 7 9 x2 ! ,j9a1 h[ev] re/or$ !m to life by means ( ! pa*amantra4 ,!y 7 !n re-born 9 ,ptla-loka z ,dh>aendra or ,ng5dra-,yak%a & ,padmvat-,yak%i4 ,:5 ,samb>adeva or ,meghakumra aft]w>ds attack$ ! ,arbat ) a great /orm1 :il/ he 0 engag$ 9 ! ,kyots>ga au/]ity--/&+ immovable1 expos$ to ! wea!r--mu* 9 ! way t ,mra attack$ kya ,buddha at ,bodh-gay1 ,dh>aendra's ?rone 9 ,ptla !reupon %ook1 & ! ,nga or ,yak%a ) 8 consort at once sp$ to ! protection ( 8 =m] b5efactor4 ,dh>aendra spread 8 _m hoods ov] ! head ( ! ,arhata & ! ,yak% ,padmvat held a :ite umbrella 7veta *hatri7 ov] him = protection4 ,ev] aft] !y became 8 con/ant att5dants1 j z akra 0 to ,buddha4 ,! leg5d is (t5 repres5t$ 9 old-sculptures1 9 ! cave-temples at ,bdmi1 ,elura1 etc41 & ! figure ( ,prva is g5]ally c>v$ ) ! snake-hoods 7e%aphai7 ov] him4 ,footnote3 ,cave ,temples1 pp4 #dia1 #dif2 ,ar*4 ,sur4 ,we/n4 ,india1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #be & pl4 xxxvii2 vol4 ,v1 p4 #di2 ,transactions1 ,r4 ,z4 ,soc41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #dce4 ,at ,rnpur 9 ,godwr1 9 ! temple ( ,ri%abhan?a is a f9ely c>v$ slab repres5t+ ,prvan?a 9 ! ,kyots>ga position1 att5d$ by snake div9ities1--,ar*it4 & ,sc5]y 9 ,guj>t & ,rjputna1 p4 #ba4 ,! /ory has v>iants3 conf4 ,ind4 ,ant4 vol4 ,,xxx1 p4 #cjb4 ,o!r leg5ds acc\nt = ! atta*m5t ( ea* pair ( sanadevats to _! respective ,j9as4 ,! vetmb>as & ,digamb>as agree g5]ally 9 ! details respect+ ! diff]5t ,tr?ak>as2 b1 f in=mation furni%$ f ,maisur1 !y seem to diff] z to ! names ( ! ,yak%iis atta*$ to ! sev]al ,tr?ak>as1 except ! fir/ & la/ two2 !y diff] also 9 ! names ( sev]al ( ! ,j9as ( ! pa/ & ! future aeons4 ,! ,digamb>as enli/ mo/ ( ! sixte5 ,vidydevis or goddesses ( k among ! ,yak%is1 :il/ ! o!r sect include sc>cely a ?ird ( !m4 ,^! ,vidydevs1 z giv5 by ,hema*&ra1 are--7#a7 ,rohi2 7#b7 ,prajapt2 7#c7 ,vajrasikhal2 7#d7 ,kulinkuc--probably ! ,ankua-,yak% ( ! vetmbra f\rte5? ,j9a2 7#e7 ,*akrev>2 7#f7 ,n>adatt or ,puru%adatt2 7#g7 ,kli or ,klk2 7#h7 ,mahkl2 7#i7 ,gaur2 7#aj7 ,gndhr2 7#aa7 ,s>v/ramahjvl2 7#ab7 ,mnav2 7#ac7 ,vairoy2 7#ad7 ,a**hupt2 7#ae7 ,mnas2 & 7#af7 ,mahmnasik4 ,! images ( ! ,tr?ak>as are always repres5t$ seat$ ) _! legs cross$ 9 front--! toes ( "o foot re/+ close ^u ! knee ( ! o!r2 & ! "r h& lies ov] ! left 9 ! lap4 ,all are repres5t$ exactly alike except t ,prvan?a1 ! tw5ty-?ird1 has ! snake-hoods ov] him2 &1 ) ! ,digamb>as1 ,suprva--! sev5?1 has also a small] gr\p ( snake hoods4 ,! ,digamb>a images are all q nude2 ^? ( ! vetmb>as are repres5t$ z clo!d1 & !y decorate !m ) cr[ns & ornam5ts4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r by _! att5dant ,yak%as & ,yak%is z well z by _! respective *ihnas or cognizances :i* are c>v$ on ! cu%ion ( ! ?rone4 ,all ! ,j9as are ascrib$ to ! ,ik%vku family 7kula7except ! tw5tie? ,munisuvrata & tw5ty-second ,nem9?a1 :o 7 ( ! ,h>ivaa race4 ,all receiv$ dk% or consecration at _! native places2 & all obta9$ jna or complete enlight5m5t at ! same1 except i%abha :o became a ,keval9 at ,purimatla1 ,nemi at ,girnr1 & ,mahvra at ! ,rijupluk riv]2 & tw5ty ( !m di$ or obta9$ mok%a 7deliv]ance 9 bliss7 on ,sameta-ikh>a or ,m\nt ,prvan?a 9 ! we/ ( ,b5gal4 ,b i%abha1 ! fir/1 di$ on ,a%pada--suppos$ to be atruljaya 9 ,guj>t2 ,vsupjya di$ at ,*amppuri 9 nor? ,b5gal2 ,nem9?a on m\nt ,girnr2 & ,mahvra1 ! la/1 at ,pvpur4 ,tw5ty-"o ( ! ,tr?ak>as are said to h atta9$ ,mok%a 9 ! ,kyots>ga 7,guj4 ,ksagga7 po/ure1 & i%abha1 ,nemi1 & ,mahvira on ! padmsana or lotus ?rone4 ,= sake ( brevity ! foll[+ p>ticul>s = ea* ,arhat are giv5 bel[ 9 s]ial ord] viz43-- 7#a7 ,! vimna or vhana 7heav57 f :i* he desc5d$ = inc>nation4 7#b7 ,bir?place1 & place ( consecration or dk%4 7#c7 ,names ( fa!r & "m4 7#d7 ,complexion4 7#e7 ,cognizance--*ihna or l*haa4 7#f7 ,height2 & 7#g7 ,age4 7#h7 ,dk%a-vrik%a or ,bodhi tree4 7#i7 ,yak%a & ,yak%i1 or att5dant spirits4 7#aj7 ,fir/ ,ganadh>a or lead+ disciple1 & fir/ ry or lead] ( ! female conv]ts4 ,i4 i%abhadeva1 ,vi%abha1 d9? or ,adiv>a ,bhagavn3--7,i7 ,s>vr?asiddha2 7#b7 ,v9ittanag> 9 ,koal & ,purimatla2 7#c7 ,nbhrj by ,m>udev2 7#d7 gold5--v>a-1 7#e7! bull1--vi%a1 balada2 7#f7 #ejj poles or dhanu%a2 7#g7 #h1djj1jjj prva or great ye>s2 7#h7 ! ,vaa or banyan tree2 7#i7 ,gomukha & ,*akrev>2 7#aj7 ,pund>ka & ,brahm4 ,,ii4 ,ajitan?a3 7#a7 ,vijayavimna2 7#b7 ,ayodhy2 7#c7 ,jitaatru by ,vijaymt2 7#d7 gold52 7#e7 ! elephant--gaja or ha/i2 7#f7 #dej poles2 7#g7g1bjj1jjj prva ye>s2 7#h7 la--! ,%orea robu/a2 7#i7 ,mahyak%a & ,ajitabal3 ) ! ,digamb>as1 ! ,yak%i is ,rohi-yak%2 7#aj7 ihas5a & ,phlgu4 ,,iii4 ,sambhavan?a3 7#a7 ,uv>magraiveka27#b7 ,sva?i or rva/i2 7#c7 ,jitri by ,s5mt2 7#d7 gold52 7#e7 ! horse1--ava1 ghoa2 7#f7 #djj poles2 7#g7 #f1jjj1jjj prva ye>s2 7#h7 ! ,prayla--,bu*anania latifolia2 7#i7 ,trimukha & ,duritr 7,digamb>a--,prajapt72 7#aj7 ,*ru & ym4 ,,iv4 ,abh9&ana3 7#a7 ,jayantavimna2 7#b7 ,ayodhy2 7#c7 ,samb>>j by ,siddhr?2 7#d7 gold52 7#e7 ! ape1--plavaga1 vn>a or kapi2 7#f7 #cej poles2 7#g7 #e1jjj1jjj prva ye>s2 7#h7 ! ,priyagu or ,panicum italicum2 7#i7 ,nyaka & ,klk1 & ,digamb>a--,yak%ev>a & ,vajraikhal2 7#aj7 ,vajranbha & ,ajit4 ,v4 ,sumat9?a3 7#a7 ,jayantavimna2 7#b7 ,ayodhy2 7#c7 ,megh>aj by ,magal2 7#d7 gold52 7#e7 ! curlew1--krau*a1 7,dig4 *akravakapk%--! ,brhmani or r$ goose72 7#f7 #cjj poles2 7#g7 #d1jjj1jjj prva ye>s2 7#h7 la tree2 7#i7 ,tuburu & ,mahkal 7,dig4 ,puru%adatt72 7#aj7 ,*>ama & ,kyap4 ,,vi4 ,padmaprabha3 7#a7 ,uv>magraiveka2 7#b7 ,kauamb2 7#c7 rdh>a by ,susm2 7#d7 r$ 7rakta72 7#e7 a lotus bud--padma1 abja1 or kamala2 7#f7 #bej poles2 7#g7 #c1jjj1jjj prva ye>s2 7#h7 ! ,*hatr --7,ane?um s[a872 7#i7 ,kusuma & ym 7,dig4 ,manoveg or ,manogupt72 7#aj7 ,pradyotana & ,rat4 ,,vii4 ,suprvan?a3 7#a7 ,madhyamagraiveka2 7#b7 ,v>a2 7#c7 ,prati%h>j by ,pi?v2 7#d7 gold52 ,footnote3 ,! ,digamb>a describe ! col\rs ( ! sev5? & tw5ty-fir/ ,j9as z m>akada or em]ald col\r$4 7#e7 ! swa/ika symbol2 7#f7 #bjj poles2 7#g7 #b1jjj1jjj prva ye>s2 7#h7 ! ir%a or ,acacia siri%a2 7#i7 ,mtaga & nt2--,digamb>a1 ,v>an&i & ,kl2 7#aj7 ,vidirbha & ,som4 ,,viii4 ,*&raprabha3 7#a7 ,vijayanta2 7#b7 ,*&rapura2 7#c7 ,mahs5>j by ,lak%ma2 7#d7 :ite--dhavala1 ubhra2 7#e7 ! moon--*&r or a2 7#f7 #aej poles2 7#g7 #a1jjj1jjj prva ye>s2 7#h7 ! ,nga tree2 7#i7 ,vijaya & ,bhiku3 ,digamb>a--yma or ,vijaya & ,jvlml92 7#aj7 ,d9n & ,suman4 ,,ix4 ,suvidh9?a or ,pu%padanta3 7#a7 natadevaloka2 7#b7 ,knanag>2 7#c7 ,sugrv>ja by ,rmr2 7#d7 :ite2 7#e7 ! ,mak>a 7,dig4 ! crab--i72 7#f7 #ajj poles2 7#g7 #bjj1jjj prva ye>s2 7#h7 ! l2 7#i7 ,ajit & ,sutrak3 ,digamb>a--,ajit & ,mahkl or ,ajit2 7#aj7 ,v>haka & ,vru4 ,x4 italan?a3 7#a7 ,a*yutadevaloka2 7#b7;,bhadrapur or ,bhadilapura2 7#c7 ,dih>a?a-rj by ,n&2 7#d7 gold52 7#e7 ! rvatsa figure3 7,dig4 ri-vrik%a ! ficus religiosa72 7#f7 #ij poles2 7#g7 #ajj1jjj prva ye>s2 7#h7 ! ,priyagu tree2 7#i7 ,brahm & ,aok 7,dig4 ,mnav72 7#aj7 ,n& & ,sujas4 ,,xi4 reyan?a or reyasa3 7#a7 ,a*yutadevaloka2 7#b7 ,sihapur2 7#c7 ,vi%urj by ,vi%2 7#d7 gold52 7#e7 ! rh9oc]os--khaga1 ge3 7,dig4 ,g>ua72 7#f7 #hj poles2 7#g7 #h1djj1jjj common ye>s2 7#h7 ! ,tauka tree2 7#i7 ,yak%e & ,mnav3 ,digamb>a--v>a & ,gauri2 7#aj7 ,kayapa & ,dhra4 ,,xii4 ,vsupjya3 7#a7 ,pratadevaloka2 7#b7 ,*amppur2 7#c7 ,vasupjya by ,jay2 7#d7 ruddy--rakta1 ,guj4 rtu2 7#e7 ! female buffalo--mahi%1 pd2 7#f7 #gj poles2 7#g7 #g1bjj1jjj common ye>s2 7#h7 ! ,pala or ,bignonia suaveol5s2 7#i7 ,kumra & ,*a 7,dig4 ,gndhr72 7#aj7 ,subhuma & ,dh>a4 ,,xiii4 ,vimalan?a3 7#a7 ,mahasradevaloka2 7#b7 ,kamplyapura2 7#c7 ,kitav>m>ja by ym2 7#d7 gold52 7#e7 a bo>--k>a1 v>ha2 7#f7 #fj poles2 7#g7 #f1jjj1jjj ye>s2 7#h7 ! ,jmbu or ,eug5ia jambolana2 7#i7 ,%mukha & ,vidit 7,dig4 ,vair72 7#aj7 ,m&>a & ,dh>4 ,,xiv4 ,anantan?a or ,anantajit3 7#a7 ,pratadevaloka2 7#b7 ,ayodhy2 7#c7 ,sihas5a by ,suya or ,sujas2 7#d7 gold52 7#e7 a falcon--y5a 7,dig4 bhallka a be>72 7#f7 #ej poles2 7#g7 #c1jjj1jjj ye>s2 7#h7 ! ,aoka or ,jonesia asoka2 7#i7 ,ptla & ,anku 7,dig4 ,anantamat72 7#aj7 ,jasa & ,padm4 ,,xv4 ,dh>man?a3 7#a7 ,vijayavimna2 7#b7 ,ratnapur2 7#c7 ,bhnurj by ,suvrit2 7#d7 gold52 7#e7 ! ?und]bolt--vajra2 7#f7 #de poles2 7#g7 #a1jjj1jjj ye>s2 7#h7 ,dadhp>a tree 7,clitoria t]natea872 7#i7 ,k9n>a & ,k&>p 7,dig4 ,mnas72 7#aj7 ,ari%a & r?aiv4 ,,xvi4 nt9?3 7#a7 ,s>vr?asiddha2 7#b7 ,gajapura or ,ha/9apur2 7#c7 ,vivas5a by ,a*ir2 7#d7 gold52 7#e7 an antelope--miga1 h>aa1 hull1 7#f7dj poles2 7#g7 #ajj1jjj ye>s2 7#h7 ! ,n& or ,c$rela toona2 7#i7 ,g>ua & ,nirv 7,dig4 ,kimpuru%a & ,mahmnas72 7#aj7 ,*akryuddha & ,su*4 ,,xvii4 ,kun?t9?a3 7#a7 ,s>vr?asiddha2 7#b7 ,gajapura2 7#c7 ,sr>j by rrn2 7#d7 gold52 7#e7 a goat--*hga or aja2 7#f7 #ce poles2 7#g7 #ie1jjj ye>s2 7#h7 ! ,bhilaka tree2 7#i7 ,g&h>va & ,bal 7,dig4 ,vijay72 7#aj7 ,smba & ,dm94 ,,xviii4 ,aran?a3 7#a7 ,s>vr?asiddha2 7#b7 ,gajapura2 7#c7 ,sud>ana by ,devr2 7#d7 gold52 7#e7 ! ,n&yv>ta diagram1 7,dig4 ,m9a--! zodiacal ,pisces72 7#f7 #cj poles2 7#g7 #hd1jjj ye>s2 7#h7 mb or ,mango tree2 7#i7 ,yak%ea & ,dha 7,dig4 ,k5dra & ,ajit72 7#aj7 ,kumbha & ,rak%it4 ,,xix4 ,mall9?a3 7#a7 ,jayantadevaloka2 7#b7 ,ma?ur2 7#c7 ,kumbh>j by ,prabhvat2 7#d7 blue--nla2 7#e7 a j>--kumbham1 kalaa or ghaa2 7#f7 #be poles2 7#g7 #ee1jjj ye>s2 7#h7 ,aoka tree2 7#i7 ,kub]a & ,dh>aapriy 7,dig4 ,ap>jit72 7#aj7 ,abhik%aka & ,b&humat4 ,,xx4 ,munisuvrata1 ,suvrata or ,muni3 7#a7 ,ap>jita-devaloka2 7#b7 ,rajagiha2 7#c7 ,sumitr>aj by ,padmvat2 7#d7 black--yma1 asita2 7#e7 a tortoise--krma2 7#f7 #bj poles2 7#g7 #cj1jjj ye>s2 7#h7 ! ,*ampaka1 ,mi*elia *ampaka2 7#i7 ,v>ua & ,n>adatt1 7,dig4 ,bahurpi72 7#aj7 ,malli & ,pu%pavat4 ,,xxi4 ,nam9?a1 ,nimi or ,nimev>a3 7#a7 ,pratadevaloka2 7#b7 ,ma?ur2 7#c7 ,vijay>j by ,viprr2 7#d7 yell[2 7#e7 ! blue wat]-lily--nlotpala1 ) ! ,digamb>as1 sometimes ! ,aoka tree2 7#f7 #ae poles2 7#g7 #aj1jjj ye>s2 7#h7 ! ,bakula or ,mimusops el5gi2 7#i7 ,bhikui & ,g&hr1 7,dig4 ,*mu72 7#aj7 ubha & ,anil4 ,,xxii4 ,nem9?a or ,ari%anemi3 7#a7 ,ap>jita2 7#b7 ,sauripura 7,prkrit--,soriyapura7 & ,ujj9ta or ,m\nt ,girnr2 7#c7 ,samudravijaya by ivdevi2 7#d7 black--yma2 7#e7 a con*1--akha2 7#f7 #aj poles2 7#g7 #ajjj ye>s2 7#h7 ! ,veasa2 7#i7 ,gom$ha & ,ambik3 ) ! ,digamb>as1 ,s>vha & ,k%m92 7#aj7 ,v>adatta & ,yak%ad9n4 ,,xxiii4 ,prvan?a3 7#a7 ,pratadevaloka2 7#b7 ,v>z & ,sameta-ikh>a2 7#c7 ,avas5>ja by ,vmdev2 7#d7 blue--nla2 7#e7 a s]p5t--s>pa2 7#f7 #i h&s2 7#g7 #ajj ye>s2 7#h7 ! ,dhtak or ,grislea tom5tosa2 7#i7 ,prvayak%a or ,dh>aendra & ,padmvat2 7#aj7 ryad9na & ,pu%pa*4 ,,xxiv4 ri-,mahvra1 ,v>dhamna or ,vra1 ! ramaa3 7#a7 ,pr atadevaloka2 7#b7 ,kuagrma or ,*itraka1 & ijupluk2 7#c7 ,siddhr?>ja1 reyna or ,yaasv9 by ,trial ,vid*ad9n or ,priyakri2 7#d7 yell[2 7#e7 a lion--kear-simha2 7#f7 #g h&s or cubits2 7#g7 #gb ye>s2 7#h7 ! ala or teak tree2 7#i7 ,mtaga & ,siddhyik2 7#aj7 ,indrabhti & ,*&rabl4 ,! ,tir?akuras may be reg>d$ z ! dii majores ( ! ,ja9as1 ,footnote3 ,= an acc\nt ( ! ritual ( ! ,svetmb>a sect ( ,ja9as1 see my acc\nt 9 ! ,indian ,antiqu>y1 vol4 ,,xiii1 pp4 #aia-aif4 ?\gh1 hav+ become ,siddhas1 emancipat$ f all conc]n1 !y c h no int]e/ 9 mundane affairs4 ,!y & su* be+s z are suppos$ to h rea*$ p]fection are divid$ into fifte5 species3 #a4 ,tr?ak>asiddhas2 #b4 ,atr?ak>asiddhas2 #c4 ,tr?asiddhas2 #d4 ,svaligasiddas2 #e4 ,anyaligasiddhas2 #f4 ,/riligasiddhas2 #g4 ,puru%aligasiddhas2 #h4 ,napusakaligasiddhas2 #i4 ,gihaligasiddhas2 #aj4 ,tr?avyava**h$asiddhas2 #aa4 ,pratyekabuddhasiddhas2 #ab4 ,svayambuddhasiddhas2 #ac4 ,ekasiddas2 #ad4 ,anekasiddhas2 #ae4 ,buddhabodhietasiddllas4 ,footnote3 ,j\r4 ,asiat4 ,i,xme ,s]4 tom4 ,,xix1 p4 #bfj4 ,b ! gods are divid$ into f\r classes1 & ea* class into sev]al ord]s3 ! f\r classes are3-- ,i4 ,bhavandhipatis1 ,bhavanavs9s or ,bhaumeyikas1 ( :i* !re are t5 ord]s1 viz4-- #a4 ,asurakumras2 #b4 ,ngakumras2 #c4 ,taitkumras or ,vidyutkumras2 #d4 ,suv>a- or ,sup>naka-kumras2 #e4 ,agnikumras2 #f4 ,dvpakumras 7,dvakumras72 #g4 ,udadhikumras2 #h4 ,dikkumras2 #i4 ,pavana- or ,vta-kumras2 #aj4 ,ghaika- or ,sanitakumras4 ,,ii4 ,vyant>as or ,vamant>as1 :o live 9 woods are ( eight classes3-- #a4 ,pi*as2 #b4 ,bhtas2 #c4 ,yak%as2 #d4 ,rk%asas2 #e4 ,kimn>as2 #f4 ,kimpuru%as2 #g4 ,mahoragas2 #h4 ,g&h>vas4 ,,iii4 ,! ,jyoti%kas are ! inhabitants (2 #a4 ,*&ras or ! moons2 #b4 ,sryas or ! suns2 #c4 ,grahas or ! planets2 #d4 ,nak%atras or ! con/ellations2 #e4 ,trs or ! ho/s ( />s4 ,& ,,iv4 ,! ,vaimnika gods are ( two ord]s3 7#a7 ! ,kalpabhavas1 :o are born 9 ! heav5ly ,kalpas2 & 7#b7 ! ,kalpttas1 born 9 ! regions above ! ,kalpas4 7#a7 ,! ,kalpabhavas aga9 are subdivid$ into twelve g5]a :o live 9 ! ,kalpas aft] :i* !y are nam$2 viz1-- #a4 ,saudh>ma2 #b4 na2 #c4 ,sanatkumra2 #d4 ,mh5dra2 #e4 ,brahmaloka2 #f4 ,lntaka2 #g4 ukra or ,mahukla2 #h4 ,sahasrra2 #i4 nata 7aya72 #aj4 ,prata 7,paya72 #aa4 raa2 #ab4 ,a*yuta4 7#b7 ,! ,kalpttas are subdivid$ into--7a7 ! ,graiveyakas1 liv+ on ! upp] "p ( ! univ]se2 & 7b7 ! ,anutt>as or ^? above :om !re are no o!rs4 7a7 ,! ,graiveyakas are ( n9e species1 viz4-- #a4 ,sud>saz2 #b4 ,supratip&has2 #c4 ,maoramas2 #d4 ,s>vabhadras2 #e4 ,suvilas2 #f4 ,somaasas2 #g4 ,sumakasas2 #h4 ,pryak>as2 #i4 dityas or ,n&ik>as4 7b7 ! ,anutt>a gods are ( five ord]s3 viz4-- #a4 ,vijayas2 #b4 ,vaijayantas2 #c4 ,jayantas2 #d4 ,ap>jitas2 & #e4 ,s>vr?asiddhas4 ,footnote3 ,conf4 ,ratnasg>a1 bh4 ,,ii1 pp4 #faf1 #fag2 ,j\r4 ,asiat4 ,i,xme ,s]4 tome ,,xix1 p4 #bei2 ,sac4 ,bks4 ,e4 vol4 ,,xlv1 p4 #bbf f4 ,see also ,rev4 de l',hi/oire des ,relig4 tom4 ,,xlvii1 pp4 #cd-ej1 :i* has appe>$ s9ce ! above 0 writt51 = ,la doctr9e des tres vivants dans la ,religion ,ja9a4 ,^! ,anutt>a gods inhabit ! highe/ heav5s :]e !y live = v>y+ l5g?s ( "t z ! heav5s asc5d2 & 9 ! fif? or highe/--! great ,vimna call$ ,s>vr?asiddha--!y all live ?irty-?ree ,sg>opamas or p]iods ( unimagiable duration4 ,/ill all ! gods are mortal or belong to ! sasra4 ,above ^! is ! p>adise ( ! ,siddhas or p]fect$ s\ls1 & ! ,utt>dhyana ,stra gives ! foll[+ details ( ?is realm ( ! p]fect$1 or ! p>adise ( ! ,ja9as3--,footnote3 ,see ante1 p4 #aa1 note #aj2 ,! foll[+ extract is f ,sac4 ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 ,,xlv1 pp4 #baa-bac4 ,! p]fect$ s\ls are ^? ( wom51 m51 h]maphrodites1 ( or?odox1 het]odox1 & h\sehold]s4 ,p]fection is rea*$ by p ( ! greate/1 smalle/ & middle size2 ,footnote3 ,! greate/ size--ogha--( m5 is #ejj dhanu% or #bjjj cubits1 ! smalle/ is "o cubit4 on high places1 und]gr\nd1 on ! surface ( ! e>?1 9 ! ocean1 & 9 wat]s 7( riv]s1 etc474 ,t5 h]maphrodites rea* p]fection at ! same "t1 tw5ty wom51 "o hundr$ & eight m52 f\r h\sehold]s1 t5 het]odox1 & "o hundr$ & eight or?odox monks4 ,two individuals ( ! greate/ size rea* p]fection 7simultane\sly71 f\r ( ! smalle/ size1 & "o hundr$ & eight ( ! middle size4 ,f\r individuals rea* p]fection 7simultane\sly7 on high places1 two 9 ! ocean1 ?ree 9 wat]1 tw5ty und]gr\nd2 & :]e d !y g on rea*+ p]fection8 ,p]fect$ s\ls are deb>r$ f ! non-_w 7,aloka72 !y reside on ! top ( ! _w2 !y leave _! bodies "h 7bel[7 & g !re1 on rea*+ p]fection4 ,twelve yojanas above ! 7,vimna7 ,s>vr?a is ! place call$ %atpragbhra1 :i* has ! =m ( an umbrella2 7!re ! p]fect$ s\ls g74 ,x is =ty-five hundr$ ?\s& yojanas long1 & z _m broad1 & x is some:at m ?an ?ree times z _m 9 circumf]5ce4 ,its ?ickness is eight yojanas1 x is greate/ 9 ! middle1 & decreases t[>ds ! m>g91 till x is ?9n] ?an ! w+ ( a fly4 ,?is place1 by nature pure1 consi/+ ( :ite gold1 resembles 9 =m an op5 umbrella1 z has be5 said by ! be/ ( ,j9as4 7,above x7 is a pure bless$ place 7call$ t71 :i* is :ite l a con*-%ell1 ! anka-/one1 & ,kunda-fl[]s2 ,footnote3 ,! g\rd ,lag5>ia vulg>is4 a yojana !nce is ! end ( ! _w4 ,! p]fect$ s\ls p5etrate ! six? "p ( ! upp]mo/ kroa ( ! 7above-m5tion$7 yojana4 ,!re1 at ! top ( ! _w reside ! bless$ p]fect$ s\ls1 rid ( all transmigration1 & arriv$ at ! excell5t /ate ( p]fection4 ,! dim5sion ( a p]fect$ s\l is two-?irds ( ! height :i* ! individual _h 9 8 la/ exi/5ce4 ,! p]fect$ s\ls consid]$ s+ly--gatta 7z individuals7--h a beg9n+ b no end1 consid]$ collectively--puhutta 7z a class7--!y h nei!r a beg9n+ nor an end4 ,!y h no 7visible7 =m1 !y consi/ ( life ?r\gh\t1 !y are develop$ into k & fai?1 !y h cross$ ! b\nd>y ( ! ,sasra1 & rea*$ ! excell5t /ate ( p]fection4 99 99 99 99 99 ,l bo? ! ,brhmas & ,buddhi/s1 ! ,ja9as h a s]ies ( hells--,nrakas1 numb]+ ev5 :i* !y "n-- #a4 ,ratnaprabh2 #b4 ark>prabh2 #c4 ,vlukprabh2 #d4 ,pakaprabh2 #e4 ,dhmaprabh2 #f4 ,tamaprabh2 #g4 ,tamatamaprabh4 ,footnote3 ,ratnasg>a1 bh4 ,,ii1 p4 #fjg2 ,j\r4 ,z4 u4s4 p4 #bfc4 ,^? :o inhabit ! sev5? hell h a /ature ( #ejj poles1 & 9 ea* above t !y are half ! height ( ! "o bel[ x4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! sy/em z to /ature ( gods & liv+ be+s1 _! ages & p]iods ( transmigration is r$uc$ to artificial numb]s4 ,! ,ja9a ,ga*has4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! t5? c5tury !re fl\ri%$ a ,ja9a high prie/ nam$ ,uddyotana1 ) ^: pupils ! eighty f\r ga*has orig9at$4 ,?is numb] is /ill spok5 ( by ! ,ja9as1 b ! li/s t h be5 hi!rto publi%$ are v discordant4 ,! foll[+ 0 obta9$ f a memb] ( ! sect z be+ _! recognis$ li/1--& all[+ = diff]5ces ( spell+1 ne>ly e "n may be recognis$ 9 ^? previ\sly publi%$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,briggs or ,colonel ,miles4 ,! ,eighty f\r ,ga**has ( ! ,ja9as4 ,footnote3 ,^? names m>k$ 99 are f\nd 9 ,col4 ,miles's li/ ,tr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #ceh f4 #cfc1 #cfe1 #cgj4 ,^? m>k$ are includ$ 9 ,h4 ,g4 ,brigg's li/1--,cities ( ,guj>a%tra1 p4 #cci4 #a4 8 99 #dc4 ,sopry99 #b4 ,osvla99 #dd4 ,maly99 #c4 *ala99 #de4 ,ko*hpan99 #d4 ,jirval99 #df4 ,jgana99 #e4 ,khaat>a or ,kh>at>a #dg4 ,lp>avla99 #f4 ,lonk or ,ri*mati99 #dh4 ,vos>a99 #g4 ,tap99 #di4 ,dvadany99 #h4 ,gagev>a99 #ej4 ,*itrvla99 #i4 ,koraavla #ea4 ,vega #aj4 n&apura #eb4 ,vpa #aa4 ,bh>aval #ec4 ,vjah>1 ,vjh>99 #ab4 ,uhavy99 #ed4 ,kpur #ac4 ,gudv99 #ee4 ,k*ala #ad4 ,dekp or ,dekw99 #ef4 ,hadaly #ae4 ,bh nml #eg4 ,mahuk> #af4 ,mahuy99 #eh4 ,putaliy99 #ag4 ,ga*hapla99 #ei4 ,kan>sey #ah4 ,go%avla #fj4 ,rev>iy99 #ai4 ,magatragagad #fa4 ,dh&huk #bj4 ,vihmny #fb4 ,?abhanpa99 #ba4 ,tlr99 #fc4 ,pa*vla #bb4 ,vkay99 #fd4 ,plapur99 #bc4 ,mujhy99 #fe4 ,gadhry99 #bd4 ,*itro #ff4 ,vely #be4 ,s*or99 #fg4 ,shapunamy #bf4 ,ja*ay #fh4 ,nag>akoy99 #bg4 ,sdhlav99 #fi4 ,hsor99 #bh4 ,myy #gj4 ,bhaan]99 #bi4 gamy #ga4 ,jaah>99 #cj4 ,maladhr99 #gb4 ,jagyana99 #ca4 ,bhv>y #gc4 ,bhmas5a99 #cb4 ,palvla99 #gd4 ,takay #cc4 ,ngadgev>a #ge4 ,kaboja99 #cd4 ,dh>magho%a #gf4 ,s5at #ce4 ,ngapur99 #gg4 ,vagh]99 #cf4 ,u*atavla #gh4 ,vahey99 #cg4 ,nvla99 #gi4 ,siddhapura99 #ch4 ,ser99 #hj4 ,ghogh>99 #ci4 ,maov>99 #ha4 ,ngamy #dj4 ur99 #hb4 ,punamy #da4 ,khabhvat99 #hc4 ,v>hay #db4 ,p*ada #hd4 ,nml4