,,gardening ,,for ,,the ,,million ,by ,,alfred ,,pink ,,author ,,of ,,recipes ,,for ,,the ,,million4 ,t4 ,,fisher ,,unwin ,,preface4 ,it is with the object of stimulating the cultivation of gardens still more beautiful than those generally to be met with that the present volume has been written4 ,it has not been thought necessary to repeat in each case the times when the seeds of the various flowers and plants are to be sown4 ,a careful attention to the remarks made under the headings of ,annuals1 ,biennials1 ,perennials1 and ,seed-,sowing will supply all the information needed4 ,that the work may prove useful to those at least who supervise their own gardens is the sincere wish of the author4 ,,dulwich4 ,,gardening ,,for ,,the ,,million ,a ,aaron's ,rod4--,see ,solidago4 ,abelia4--,very ornamental evergreen shrubs1 bearing tubular1 funnel-shaped flowers4 ,they succeed in any ordinary soil if the situation is warm and sheltered1 and are readily raised by cuttings4 ,height1 #c ft4 to #d ft4 ,abies 7,spruce ,firs74--,among these ornamental conifers mention may be made of the beautiful ,japanese ,spruce ,ajanensis1 which grows freely in most soils and has dual-coloured leaves--dark green on the upper surface and silvery white underneath2 this makes a grand single specimen anywhere4 ,the ,white ,spruce 7,abies ,alba ,glauca7 is a rapid grower1 but while it is small makes a lovely show in the border2 it prefers a moist situation4 ,of the slow-growing and dwarf varieties ,gregorii is a favourite4 ,the ,caerulea1 or ,blue ,spruce1 is also very beautiful4 ,clanbrasiliana is a good lawn shrub1 never exceeding #d ft4 in height4 ,the ,pigmy ,spruce 7,a4 ,pygmea7 is the smallest of all firs1 only attaining the height of #a ft4 ,any of these may be increased by cuttings4 ,abronia4--,handsome half-hardy annual trailers4 ,grow in sandy peat and multiply by root division4 ,flowers in ,april4 ,height1 #d in4 to #f in4 ,abutilon4--,evergreen greenhouse shrubs of great beauty and easy cultivation4 ,may be raised from seed1 or by cuttings of young shoots placed in spring or summer in sand under glass1 or with a bottom heat4 ,cut the old plants back in ,january1 and when new shoots appear re-pot the plants4 ,height1 #e ft4 to #h ft4 ,acacia4--,winter and spring flowering greenhouse shrubs with charming flowers and graceful foliage4 ,may be grown from seed1 which should be soaked in warm water for twenty-four hours1 or they may be propagated by layers1 cuttings placed in heat1 or suckers4 ,they like a rich sandy loam soil4 ,height1 #b ft4 to #c ft4 ,acaena4--,these shrubby plants are herbaceous and mostly hardy1 of a creeping nature1 fast growers1 and suitable for dry banks or rough stony places4 ,they flourish best in sandy loam and peat1 and may be increased by cuttings placed under glass4 ,the flowers1 which are green1 are produced in ,may4 ,the height of the various kinds varies from #c in4 to #b ft4 ,acantholimon ,glumaceum 7,prickly ,thrift74--,this is a frame evergreen perennial1 thriving in any light1 rich soil4 ,it can be increased by dividing the roots4 ,in ,may it puts forth its rose-coloured flowers4 ,height1 #c in4 ,acanthus4--,a coarse1 yet stately hardy perennial1 which has large ornamental foliage1 and flowers in ,august4 ,it is not particular as to soil or situation1 but free space should be given it4 ,will grow from seed sown from ,march to midsummer1 or in ,august or ,september in a sheltered situation4 ,will also bear dividing4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,acer 7,maple74--,very vigorous plants1 suitable when young for pots1 and afterwards for the shrubbery4 ,the ,a4 ,negundo ,variegata has silvery variegated leaves1 which contrast effectively with dark foliage1 ,campestre ,colchicum ,rubrum1 with its bright crimson palmate leaves1 is very ornamental1 as is also ,negundo ,californicum ,aurem1 with its golden-yellow foliage4 ,the ,maple grows best in a sandy loam4 ,it may be increased by cuttings planted in a shaded situation1 or by layers1 but the choice varieties are best raised from seed sown as soon as it is ripe4 ,achillea ,ptarmica 7,sneezewort74--,a pure white hardy perennial which blooms in ,august4 ,the dried leaves1 powdered1 produce sneezing4 ,any soil4 ,best increased by rooted off-sets4 ,flowers from ,july to ,september4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,achimenes4--,fine plants1 suitable for the greenhouse1 sitting-room1 or hanging baskets4 ,plant six tubers in a #e-;in4 pot1 with their growing ends inclining to the centre and the roots to the edge of the pot1 and cover them an inch deep with a compost of peat1 loam1 and leaf-mould1 or a light1 sandy soil4 ,keep them well supplied with liquid manure while in a growing state4 ,height1 #f in4 to #b-a_/b ft4 ,aconite 7,monk's-,hood or ,wolf's-,bane74--,very pretty and very hardy1 and succeeds under the shade of trees2 but being very poisonous should not be grown where there are children4 ,increased by division or by seeds4 ,flowers ,june to ,july4 ,height1 #d ft4 7,see also ,winter ,aconites47 ,acorus 7,sweet ,flag74--,a hardy bog plant1 having an abundance of light-coloured evergreen foliage4 ,it will grow in any wet soil4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,acroclinium4--,daisy-like everlastings4 ,half-hardy annuals suitable for cutting during summer1 and for winter bouquets4 ,sow in pots in ,february or ,march1 cover lightly with fine soil1 plunge the pot in gentle heat1 place a square of glass on the top1 and gradually harden off4 ,seed may also be sown in the open during ,may or in autumn for early flowering4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,acrophyllum ,verticillatum4--,a greenhouse evergreen shrub4 ,it will grow in any soil1 and may be increased by cuttings of half-ripened wood4 ,march is its flowering season4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,acrotis4--,these are mostly hardy herbaceous plants from ,south ,africa4 ,the soil should consist of two parts loam and one part leaf-mould1 and the situation should be dry and sunny4 ,seed may be sown early in ,march in gentle heat1 and the plants grown on in a cold frame till ,may1 when they may be planted out a foot apart4 ,they will flower at midsummer4 ,winter in a warm greenhouse4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,some few are of a creeping nature4 ,actaea ,spicata 7,bane ,berry74--,a hardy herbaceous perennial which delights in a shady position1 and will even grow under trees4 ,it is increased by division of the roots1 or it may readily be raised from seed in ordinary soil4 ,may is its flowering month4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,actinella ,grandiflora4--,a showy herbaceous plant1 bearing large orange-coloured flowers in ,july4 ,it is not particular as to soil1 and is increased by dividing the roots4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,actinomeris ,squarrosa4--,this hardy and ornamental herbaceous plant bears heads of bright yellow flowers1 resembling small sunflowers1 from ,june to ,august4 ,it thrives in any loamy soil1 and is easily increased by dividing the root4 ,height1 #d ft4 ,adam's ,needle4--,see ,yucca4 ,adenandra ,fragrans4--,an evergreen shrub suitable for the greenhouse4 ,it thrives best in a mixture of sandy peat and turfy loam4 ,cuttings of the young branches stuck in sand will strike4 ,it flowers in ,june4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,adenophora ,lilifolia4--,pretty hardy perennials suitable for the border4 ,produce drooping pale blue flowers on branching spikes in ,july4 ,any soil suits them4 ,they may be grown from seed1 but will not allow being divided at the root4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,adlumia ,cirrhosa4--,interesting hardy climbers4 ,will grow in any soil1 and are readily increased by seeds sown in a damp situation4 ,require the support of stakes4 ,bloom in ,august4 ,height1 #ae ft4 ,adonis ,flos4--,showy crimson summer flowers1 requiring only the simplest treatment of hardy annuals4 ,sow in ,march or ,april in the open border4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,adonis ,pyrenaica4--,a rare but charming ,pyrenean perennial species1 with thick ornamental foliage1 and producing large golden-yellow flowers from ,may to ,july4 ,it needs no special treatment4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,adonis ,vernalis4--,a favourite hardy perennial1 which grows freely from seed in any garden soil4 ,it may also be increased by dividing the roots4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,a,ethionema ,cordifolium4--,this little ,alpine plant is a hardy evergreen that is very suitable for rock-work1 as it will grow in any soil4 ,its rose-hued flowers are produced in ,june4 ,it may be propagated by seeds or cuttings4 ,height1 #c in4 ,agapanthus 7,african ,lily74--,this is a noble plant1 which succeeds well in the open if placed in a rich1 deep1 moist loam in a sunny situation or in partial shade4 ,in pots it requires a strong loamy soil with plenty of manure4 ,throughout the summer the pots should stand in pans of water4 ,re-pot in ,march4 ,give it plenty of pot room1 say a #i-;in4 pot for each plant4 ,in winter protect from severe frost1 and give but very little water4 ,the flowers are both lovely and showy1 being produced during ,august in great bunches on stems #c ft4 high4 ,the plant is nearly hardy4 ,several growing together in a large tub produce a fine effect4 ,it is increased by dividing the root while in a dormant state4 ,ageratum4--,effective half-hardy annual bedding plants1 thriving best in a light1 rich soil4 ,seed should be sown in heat in ,february or ,march4 ,cuttings root freely under glass4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,there is a dwarf variety suitable for ribbon borders and edgings4 ,height1 #f in4 ,agricultural ,seeds4--,required per statute acre4 ,carrot #e to #f lb4 ,cabbage 7to transplant7 #a ,cabbage 7to drill7 #b to #c ,kohl ,rabi 7to drill7 #b to #c ,lucerne #af to #bj ,mangold ,wurtzel #e to #g ,mustard 7,broadcast7 #aj to #bj ,rape or ,cole #d to #f ,rye ,grass1 ,italian #c bus4 ,rye ,grass1 ,perennial #b ,sainfoin #d ,tares1 or ,vetches #c ,turnip1 ,swedish #c lb4 ,turnip1 ,common #b to #c ,trifolium #af to #bj ,agrostemma4--,a hardy annual that is very pretty when in flower2 suitable for borders4 ,flourishes in any soil1 and is easily raised from seed sown in spring4 ,blooms in ,june and ,july4 ,there are also perennial varieties3 these are increased by division of the root4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #c ft4 ,agrostis4--,a very elegant and graceful species of ,bent-,grass4 ,it is a hardy annual1 and is largely used for bouquets4 ,sow the seed in ,march4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #a-a_/b ft4 ,ajuga ,reptans4--,a hardy herbaceous perennial1 suitable for the front of borders4 ,it will grow in any soil1 and may be propagated by seeds or division4 ,may is its flowering season4 ,height1 #f in4 ,akebia ,quinata4--,this greenhouse evergreen twining plant delights in a soil of loam and peat2 flowers in ,march1 and is increased by dividing the roots4 ,height1 #aj ft4 ,alchemilla ,alpina 7,lady's ,mantle74--,a useful hardy perennial for rock-work4 ,it will grow in any soil1 if not too wet1 and may be increased by seed sown in the spring or early autumn1 or by dividing the roots4 ,it flowers in ,june4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,allium ,descendens4--,a hardy1 bulbous perennial4 ,plant in ,october or ,november in any garden soil1 and the flowers will be borne in ,july4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,allium ,neapolitanum4--,this is popularly known as the ,star4 ,it bears large heads of pure white flowers1 and is suitable for borders1 pots1 or forcing in a cool house4 ,any common soil suits it4 ,it is increased by off-sets4 ,being one of our earliest spring flowers1 the bulbs should be planted early in autumn4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,allspice4--,see ,calycanthus and ,chimonanthus4 ,alonsoa4--,a pretty and free-blooming half-hardy annual1 which produces fine spikes of orange-scarlet flowers in ,june4 ,it is multiplied by cuttings or seeds4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #a-a_/b ft4 ,aloysia ,citriodora4--,this favourite lemon-scented verbena should be grown in rich mould4 ,if grown in the open1 it should be trained to a wall facing south1 and in winter the roots need protecting with a heap of ashes and the branches to be tied up with matting4 ,it is increased by cuttings planted in sand4 ,august is its flowering season4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,alsine ,rosani4--,this pretty little herbaceous plant1 with its cushions of green growth1 makes a very fine display on rock-work or in any shady position4 ,ordinary soil suits2 it is of easy culture1 and flowers during ,june and ,july4 ,height1 #c in4 ,alstromeria 7,peruvian ,lilies74--,these beautiful summer-flowering hardy perennials produce large heads of lily-like blossoms in great profusion1 which are invaluable for cutting for vase decorations as the bloom lasts a long time in water4 ,plant in autumn #f in4 deep in a well-drained sunny situation1 preferably on a south border4 ,protect in winter with a covering of leaves or litter4 ,they may be grown from seed sown as soon as it is ripe in sandy loam4 ,they bloom in ,july4 ,height1 #b ft4 to #c ft4 ,alternantheras4--,cuttings of this greenhouse herbaceous plant may be struck in autumn1 though they are usually taken from the old plants in spring4 ,insert them singly in #d-a_/b-;in4 pots filled with coarse sand1 loam1 and leaf-mould4 ,when rooted1 place them near the glass1 and keep the temperature moist and at #fj degrees or #fe degrees1 then they will flower in ,july4 ,height1 #d in4 to #a ft4 ,althea--,see ,hibiscus4 ,alyssum4--,well adapted for rock-work or the front of flower-beds1 and is best sown in autumn4 ,the annual1 or ,sweet ,alyssum1 bears an abundance of scented white flowers in ,june1 and on to the end of ,september4 ,the hardy perennial1 ,saxatile 7commonly called ,gold ,dust71 bears yellow flowers in spring4 ,height1 #f in4 ,amaranthus4--,the foliage of these half-hardy annual plants are extremely beautiful1 some being carmine1 others green and crimson1 some yellow1 red1 and green4 ,they are very suitable either for bedding or pot plants4 ,sow the seed early in spring in gentle heat1 and plant out in ,may or ,june in very rich soil4 ,if put into pots1 give plenty of room for the roots and keep well supplied with water4 ,flower in ,july and ,august4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 to #f ft4 ,amaryllis4--,these plants bear large drooping bell-shaped lily-like blossoms4 ,they thrive best in a compost of turfy loam and peat1 with a fair quantity of sand4 ,the pots must in all cases be well drained4 ,most of the stove and greenhouse species should be turned out of their pots in autumn1 and laid by in a dry place until spring1 when they should be re-potted and kept liberally supplied with water4 ,a4 ,reticulata and ,a4 ,striatifolia bloom best1 however1 when undisturbed4 ,discontinue watering when the foliage shows signs of failing1 but avoid shrivelling the leaves4 ,the hardy varieties should be planted #f in4 deep in light1 well--drained soil1 and allowed to remain undisturbed for two or three years1 when they will probably require thinning out4 ,they are increased by off-sets from the bulbs4 ,the ,belladonna 7,belladonna ,lily7 should be planted in ,june in a sheltered border in rich1 well-drained soil4 ,formosissima 7the ,scarlet ,jacobean ,lily7 is a gem for the greenhouse1 and very suitable for forcing1 as it will bloom two or three times in a season4 ,it should be potted in ,february4 ,lutea 7,sternbergia7 flowers in autumn4 ,plant #d in4 deep from ,october to ,december4 ,purpurea 7,vallota ,purpurea or ,scarborough ,lily7 is a very beautiful free bloomer4 ,october and ,november or ,march and ,april are the most favourable times for potting1 but established plants should be re-potted in ,june or ,july4 ,ambrosia ,mexicana4--,a hardy annual of the simplest culture4 ,sow the seed in spring in any fine garden soil4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,american ,plants4--,these thrive most in a peat or bog soil1 but where this cannot be obtained a good fertile loam1 with a dressing of fresh cow manure once in two years1 may be used2 or leaf-mould and soil from the surface of pasture land1 in the proportions of three parts of the former to one of the latter4 ,the soil should be chopped up and used in a rough condition4 ,sickly plants with yellowish foliage may be restored by applying liquid manure once a week during the month of ,july4 ,a light top-dressing of cow manure applied annually1 and keeping the roots free from stagnant water1 will preserve the plants in good health4 ,ammobium4--,pretty hardy perennials which may be very easily raised from seed on a sandy soil4 ,flower in ,june4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,ampelopsis4--,handsome and rapid climbers1 with noble foliage1 some changing to a deep crimson in autumn4 ,the ,veitchii clings to the wall without nailing1 and produces a profusion of lovely leaves which change colour4 ,any of the varieties may be grown in common garden soil1 and may be increased by layers4 ,anagallis 7,pimpernel47--,very pretty4 ,sow the hardy annuals in the open early in ,march2 the biennials or half-hardy perennials in pots in a greenhouse or a frame1 and plant out when strong enough4 ,may also be increased by cuttings planted in ordinary soil under glass4 ,flower in ,july4 ,height1 #f in4 ,anchusa4--,anchusa ,capensis is best raised in a frame and treated as a greenhouse plant1 though in reality it is a hardy perennial4 ,the annual and biennial kinds succeed well if sown in the open in rich soil4 ,all are ornamental and open their flowers in ,june4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 7,see also ,bugloss47 ,andromeda4--,an ornamental evergreen shrub1 commonly known as the ,marsh ,cystus1 and thriving in a peat soil with partial shade4 ,may be grown from seed sown directly it is ripe and only lightly covered with soil1 as the seed rots if too much mould is placed over it4 ,place the seedlings in a cold frame and let them have plenty of air4 ,it is more generally increased by layers in ,september1 which must not be disturbed for a year4 ,drought will kill it1 so the roots must never be allowed to get dry4 ,it flowers in ,april and ,may4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,androsace4--,pretty little plants1 mostly hardy1 but some require the protection of a frame4 ,they grow best in small pots in a mixture of turfy loam and peat4 ,water them very cautiously4 ,they flower at different seasons1 some blooming as early as ,april1 while others do not put forth flower till ,august4 ,they can be increased by division as well as by seed4 ,height1 #f in4 ,anemones4--,these are highly ornamental1 producing a brilliant display of flowers4 ,the scarlets make very effective beds4 ,they are mostly hardy1 and may be grown in any moist1 light1 rich garden soil1 preferably mixed with a good proportion of silver sand4 ,they should occupy a sunny and well-drained situation4 ,for early spring flowering plant from ,october to ,december1 placing the tubers #b-a_/b or #c in4 deep and #d or #e in4 apart1 with a trowelful of manure under each plant1 but not touching them4 ,a little sea sand or salt mixed with the soil is a preventive of mildew4 ,if planted in ,february and ,march they will bloom from ,april to ,june4 ,they are increased by seeds1 divisions1 or off-sets2 the greenhouse varieties from cuttings in light loam under glass4 ,the tubers will not keep long out of the ground4 ,in growing from seed choose seeds from single-flowering plants2 sow in ,march where they are intended to flower #a in4 deep and #i in4 apart2 cover with leaf-mould4 ,two or three sowings may be made also during the summer4 ,height1 #f in4 to #b ft4 ,anemonopsis ,macrophylla4--,a rather scarce but remarkably handsome perennial1 producing lilac-purple flowers with yellow stamens in ,july and ,august4 ,it will grow in ordinary soil1 and may be increased by division4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,angelonia ,grandiflora ,alba4--,an elegant and graceful greenhouse plant1 giving forth a delicious aromatic odour4 ,it grows best in a compost of turfy loam and peat1 but thrives in any light1 rich soil4 ,take cuttings during summer1 place them under glass1 but give a little air occasionally4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,annuals4--,plants of this description arrive at maturity1 bloom1 produce seed1 and die in one season4 ,hardy4--,the seed should be sown thinly in the open borders during ,march1 ,april1 or ,may in fine soil1 covering slightly with well-prepared mould--very small seeds require merely a dusting over them4 ,when the plants are large enough to handle1 thin them out boldly1 to allow them to develop their true character4 ,by this means strong and sturdy plants are produced and their flowering properties are enhanced4 ,many of the hardy annuals may be sown in ,august and ,september for spring flowering1 and require little or no protection from frost4 ,half-,hardy4--,these are best sown in boxes #b or #c in4 deep during ,february and ,march1 and placed on a slight hotbed1 or in a greenhouse at a temperature of about #fj degrees4 ,the box should be nearly filled with equal parts of good garden soil and coarse silver sand1 thoroughly mixed1 and have holes at the bottom for drainage4 ,scatter the seeds thinly and evenly over the soil and cover very lightly4 ,very small seeds1 such as lobelia and musk1 should not be covered by earth1 but a sheet of glass over the box is beneficial1 as it keeps the moisture from evaporating too quickly4 ,should watering become necessary1 care must be taken that the seeds are not washed out4 ,as soon as the young plants appear1 remove the glass and place them near the light1 where gentle ventilation can be given them to prevent long and straggly growth4 ,harden off gradually1 but do not plant out until the weather is favourable4 ,seed may also be sown in a cold frame in ,april1 or in the open border during ,may2 or the plants may be raised in the windows of the sitting-room4 ,tender4--,these must be sown on a hotbed1 or in rather stronger heat than is necessary for half-hardy descriptions4 ,as soon as they are large enough to be shifted1 prick them off into small pots1 gradually potting them on into larger sizes until the flowering size is reached4 ,anomatheca ,cruenta4--,this produces an abundance of bright red flowers with a dark blotch and a low growth of grass-like foliage4 ,it is suitable for either vases1 edges1 or groups4 ,plant the bulbs in autumn in a mixture of loam and peat1 and the plants will flower in ,july4 ,they require a slight protection from frost4 ,if the seed is set as soon as it is ripe it produces bulbs which will flower the following year4 ,height1 #f in4 ,antennaria4--,hardy perennial plants1 requiring a rich1 light soil4 ,they flower in ,june and ,july1 and may be increased by cuttings or division4 ,the heights of the various kinds range from #c in4 to #b ft4 ,anthemis ,tinctoria 7,yellow ,marguerites74--,these perennials are almost hardy1 needing protection merely in severe weather4 ,they are readily raised from seed sown in gentle heat early in spring or by slips during the summer months4 ,transplant into light soil4 ,as pot plants they are very effective4 ,june is their flowering period4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,anthericum ,liliago 7,st4 ,bernard's ,lily74--,one of the finest of hardy plants1 and easy to grow4 ,planted in deep1 free1 sandy soil1 it will grow vigorously1 and in early summer throw up spikes of snowy-white1 lily-like blossoms from #b to #c feet in height4 ,it may be divided every three or four years1 but should not be disturbed oftener4 ,mulching in early springtime is advantageous4 ,anthericum ,liliastrum 7,st4 ,bruno's ,lily74--,this hardy perennial is a profuse bloomer1 throwing up spikes of starry white flowers from ,may to ,july4 ,treat in the same manner as the foregoing4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,anthoxanthum ,gracila4--,sweet vernal grass4 ,it is graceful and ornamental1 and is used for edgings4 ,sow in spring1 keeping the seed moist until it germinates4 ,height1 #f in4 ,anthyllis ,montana4--,a fine hardy perennial for rock-work4 ,it is of a procumbent habit1 and has a woody nature4 ,a vegetable soil is best suited for its growth1 and its roots should be in contact with large stones4 ,it may be increased by cuttings taken in spring and planted in the shade in leaf-mould4 ,it flowers at midsummer4 ,height1 #f in4 ,antirrhinum 7,snapdragon74--,handsome hardy perennials2 most effective in beds or borders4 ,they stand remarkably well both drought and excessive rainfall1 and succeed in any common soil4 ,seeds sown early in spring produce flowers the same year4 ,for spring bedding1 sow in ,july2 keep the young plants in a cold frame1 and plant out in ,march or ,april4 ,choice sorts may be plentifully increased by cuttings taken in ,july or ,august4 ,flower from ,july to ,september4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 to #b ft4 ,ants in ,gardens4--,contrary to general belief1 ants do more good than harm to a garden2 but as they are unsightly on flowers1 it is advisable to tie a little wool round the stems of standard roses and other things upon which they congregate4 ,they will not crawl over the wool4 ,a little sulphur sprinkled over a plant will keep them from it2 while wall-fruit1 etc41 may be kept free from them by surrounding it with a broad band of chalk4 ,should they become troublesome on account of their numbers a strong decoction of elder leaves poured into the nest will destroy them2 or a more expeditious method of getting rid of them is to put gunpowder in their nests and fire it with a piece of touch-paper tied on to a long stick4 ,aotus ,gracillima4--,a charming and graceful evergreen shrub1 whose slender branches are covered with small pea-like flowers in ,may4 ,it is most suitable for the greenhouse1 and delights in a soil of loamy peat and sand4 ,cuttings of half-ripened wood planted under glass will take root4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,aphides1 or plant-lice1 make their presence known by the plant assuming an unhealthy appearance1 the leaves curling up1 etc4 ,frequently swarms of ants 7which feed upon the aphides7 are found beneath the plants attacked4 ,syringe the plant all over repeatedly with gas-tar water1 or with tobacco or lime-water4 ,the lady-bird is their natural enemy4 ,apios ,tuberosa 7,glycine ,apios74--,an ,american climbing plant which produces in the autumn bunches of purple flowers of an agreeable odour4 ,the foliage is light and elegant4 ,the plant is quite hardy4 ,it enjoys a light soil and a good amount of sunshine4 ,it may be increased by separating the tubers after the tops have died down1 and planting them while they are fresh4 ,height1 #ab ft4 ,aponogeton4--,see ,aquatics4 ,apples4--,apples delight in a moist1 cool climate4 ,all apples will not succeed on the same soil1 some preferring clay1 while others grow best in sandy loam or in well-drained peat4 ,for a deep1 good soil and a sheltered situation the standard form grafted on the ,crab-apple is generally considered to be the most profitable4 ,for shallow soils it is better to graft on to the ,paradise stock1 as its roots do not run down so low as the ,crab4 ,the ground1 whether deep or shallow1 should receive a good mulching in the autumn2 that on the deep soil being dug in at the approach of spring1 while that on the shallow soil should be removed in the spring to allow the ground to be lightly forked and sweetened1 replacing the manure when the dry1 hot weather sets in4 ,the best time to perform the grafting is ,march1 and it should be done on the whip-handle system1 particulars of which will be found under ,grafting4 ,young trees may be planted in the autumn1 as soon as the leaves have fallen4 ,budding is done in ,august1 just in the same manner as roses4 ,in spring head back to the bud2 a vigorous shoot will then be produced1 which can be trained as desired4 ,apples need very little pruning1 it being merely necessary to remove branches growing in the wrong direction2 but this should be done annually1 while the branches are young--either at the end of ,july or in winter4 ,if moss makes its appearance1 scrape it off and wash the branches with hot lime4 ,the following sorts may be specially recommended3--,for heavy soils1 ,duchess of ,oldenburgh1 equally suitable for cooking or dessert2 ,warner's ,king1 one of the best for mid-season2 and ,king of the ,pippins1 a handsome and early dessert apple4 ,for light1 warm soils1 ,cox's ,orange ,pippin or ,bess ,pool4 ,the ,devonshire ,quarrenden is a delicious apple1 and will grow on any good soil4 ,in orchards standards should stand #dj ft4 apart each way1 and dwarfs from #aj ft4 to #ae ft4 ,apricots4--,early in ,november is the most favourable time for planting ,apricots4 ,the soil--good1 sound loam for preference--should be dug #c ft4 deep1 and mixed with one-fourth its quantity of rotten leaves and one-fourth old plaster refuse4 ,place a substratum of bricks below each tree and tread the earth very firmly round the roots4 ,they will not need any manure until they are fruiting1 when a little may be applied in a weak liquid form1 but a plentiful supply of water should be given during spring and summer months4 ,the fan shape is undoubtedly the best way of training the branches1 as it allows a ready means of tucking small yew branches between them to protect the buds from the cold4 ,they may be grown on their own roots by planting the stone1 but a quicker way to obtain fruit is to bud them on to vigorous seedling plum trees4 ,this should be done in ,august1 inserting the bud on the north or north-west side of the stem and as near the ground as possible4 ,to obtain prime fruit1 thin the fruit-buds out to a distance of #f in4 one from the other4 ,in the spring any leaf-buds not required for permanent shoots can be pinched back to three or four leaves to form spurs4 ,the ,apricot is subject to a sort of paralysis1 the branches dying off suddenly4 ,the only remedy for this seems to be to prevent premature vegetation4 ,the following are good sorts3 ,moor ,park1 ,grosse ,peche1 ,royal ,st4 ,ambroise1 ,kaisha1 ,powell's ,late1 and ,oullin's ,early4 ,in plantations they should stand #bj ft4 apart4 ,aquatics4--,all aquatics grow best in wicker-baskets filled with earth4 ,cover the surface of the earth with hay-bands twisted backwards and forwards and round the plant1 and lace it down with tarred string1 so as to keep the earth and plant from being washed out4 ,the following make good plants3--,white ,water ,lily 7,nymphaea ,alba7 in deep water with muddy bottom2 ,yellow ,water ,lily 7,nuphar ,lutea72 and ,nuphar ,advena1 having yellow and red flowers2 ,hottonia ,palustris1 bearing flesh-coloured flowers1 and ,alismas1 or ,water ,plantain1 with white1 and purple and white flowers4 ,water ,forget-me-nots 7,myosotis ,palustris7 flourish on the edges of ponds or rivers4 ,the ,water ,hawthorn 7,aponogetou ,distachyon7 does well in a warm1 sheltered position1 and may be grown in loam1 plunged in a pan of water4 ,calla ,ethiopica bears pretty white flowers1 so also does the before-mentioned ,aponogeton ,distachyon4 ,the ,flowering ,rush 7,butomus ,umbellatus71 produces fine heads of pink flowers4 ,the ,water ,violet merely needs to be laid on the surface of the water2 the roots float4 ,for shallow water ,menyanthus ,trifoliata 7,three-leaved ,buckbean7 and ,typha ,latifolia 7,broad-leaved ,cat's ,tail7 are suitable4 ,weeping ,willows grow readily from cuttings of ripened shoots1 planted in moist soil in autumn4 ,spiraea does well in moist situations1 near water4 ,aquatics are propagated by seed sown under water3 many will allow of root-division4 ,tender ,aquatics are removed in winter to warm-water tanks4 ,aquilegia 7,columbine74--,very ornamental and easily-grown hardy perennials4 ,sow seed in ,march in sandy soil1 under glass1 and transplant when strong enough4 ,common garden soil suits them4 ,the roots may be divided in spring or autumn4 ,the flowers are produced from ,may to ,july4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,arabis ,alpina 7,rock ,cress1 or ,snow in ,summer74--,pure white hardy perennial1 which is valuable for spring bedding4 ,not particular to soil1 and easily raised from seed sown from ,march to ,june1 placed under a frame1 and transplanted in the autumn1 or it may be propagated by slips1 but more surely by rootlets taken after the plants have done flowering4 ,plant #c in4 apart4 ,height1 #f in4 ,aralia 7,fatsia ,japonica74--,fine foliage plants1 very suitable for a shady situation in a living-room4 ,they may be raised from seed sown in autumn in a gentle heat1 in well-drained pots of light sandy soil4 ,keep the mould moist1 and when the plants are large enough to handle1 pot them off singly in thumb pots1 using rich1 light1 sandy soil4 ,do not pot too firmly4 ,keep them moist1 but do not over water1 especially in winter1 and re-pot as the plants increase in size4 ,be careful not to let the sun shine on them at any time1 as this would cause the leaves to lose their fresh colour4 ,aralia ,sieboldi 7,fig ,palm74--,this shrub is an evergreen1 and is generally given stove culture1 though it proves quite hardy in the open1 where its large deep-green leaves acquire a beauty surpassing those grown indoors4 ,slips of half-ripened wood taken at a joint in ,july may be struck in heat and for the first year grown on in the greenhouse4 ,the young plants should be hardened off and planted out in ,may in a sunny situation4 ,it should be grown in well-drained sandy loam4 ,is increased also by off-sets1 and blooms 7if at all7 in ,july4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,aralia ,sinensis4 ,see ,dimorphantus4 ,araucaria ,imbricata 7,the ,monkey ,puzzle1 or ,chilian ,pine74--,this strikingly handsome conifer is very suitable for a forecourt or for a single specimen on grass4 ,young plants are sometimes grown in the conservatory and in the borders of shrubberies1 as well as in the centres of beds4 ,it requires a good stiff sandy loam1 which must be well drained1 and plenty of room for root action should be allowed4 ,young plants are obtained from seed sown in good mellow soil4 ,water sparingly1 especially during the winter4 ,arbor ,vitae4 ,see ,thuya4 ,arbutus 7,strawberry ,tree74--,elegant evergreen shrubs with dark foliage of great beauty during ,october and ,november1 when they produce an abundance of pearly-white flowers1 and the fruit of the previous year is ripe4 ,a4 ,unedo is particularly charming4 ,they flourish in the open in sandy loam4 ,the dwarfs are increased by layers1 the rest by seeds or by budding on each other4 ,arctostaphylos4--,these evergreen shrubs need the same treatment as ,arbutos4 ,a4 ,uva-ursi1 or ,creeping ,arbutos1 is a pretty prostrate evergreen1 which flowers in ,may1 and is only #c in4 high4 ,arctotis4--,a showy and interesting half-hardy annual4 ,raise the seed in a frame in ,march1 and transplant in ,may4 ,it succeeds best in a mixture of loam and peat4 ,it flowers in ,june4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,arctotis ,grandis4--,a very handsome1 half-hardy annual producing large daisy-like flowers on long wiry stems1 the upper part being white and the base yellow and lilac1 while the reverse of the petals are of a light lilac4 ,the seed should be sown early in spring on a slight hot-bed1 and the plants potted off1 when sufficiently strong1 using a rich1 light mould4 ,they may be transferred to the border as soon as all fear of frost is over4 ,height1 #b-a_/b ft4 ,ardisia ,japonica4--,an evergreen shrub which delights in a mixture of loam and peat4 ,cuttings will strike if planted in sand under glass with a little bottom heat4 ,it flowers in ,july4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,arenaria ,balearica 7,sand ,wort74--,a hardy evergreen trailing plant of easy culture1 provided it is favoured with a sandy soil4 ,its cushions of white flowers are produced in ,july1 and it may be increased by seed or division4 ,height1 #c in4 ,it is a beautiful plant for moist1 shady rock-work4 ,argemone4--,interesting hardy annuals1 succeeding well in any common garden soil4 ,are increased by suckers or by seed sown in spring4 ,height1 #f in4 to #c ft4 ,aristolochia ,sipho 7,dutchman's ,pipe74--,this hardy1 deciduous climber grows best in peat and sandy loam with the addition of a little dung4 ,it may be raised from cuttings placed in sand under glass4 ,height1 #cj ft4 ,armeria 7,thrift74--,handsome hardy perennials for rock-work or pots4 ,they require an open1 rich1 sandy soil4 ,bloom ,june to ,september4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,arnebia4--,ornamental hardy annuals1 closely allied to the ,anchusa4 ,the seeds are sown in the open in spring1 and flowers are produced in ,july4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,there is also a dwarf hardy perennial variety 7,a4 ,echioides7 known as the ,prophet's ,flower1 growing about #a ft4 high1 and flowering early in summer4 ,it needs no special treatment4 ,artemisia ,annua4--,pretty hardy annuals1 the silvery leaves of the plant being very effective on rock-work4 ,sow the seed in spring where it is to flower4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,artemisia ,arborea4 ,see ,southernwood4 ,artemisia ,villarsii4--,a hardy perennial whose graceful sprays of finely-cut silvery foliage are very useful for mixing with cut flowers4 ,it may be grown from seed on any soil1 and the roots bear dividing2 flowers from ,june to ,august4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,artichokes4--,the ,jerusalem variety will flourish in light sandy soil where few other things will grow4 ,plant the tubers in ,march1 #f in4 deep and #ab in4 apart in rows #c ft4 asunder1 and raise and store them in ,november4 ,the ,globe variety is increased by off-sets taken in ,march4 ,set them in deeply manured ground in threes1 at least #b ft4 apart and #d ft4 from row to row4 ,keep them well watered1 and the ground between them loose4 ,they bear best when two or three years old4 ,arum ,lilies4--,in warm districts these beautiful plants may be grown in damp places out of doors1 with a south aspect and a background of shrubs1 though1 not being thoroughly hardy1 it is safer to grow them in pots4 ,they may be raised from seed in boxes of leaf-mould and sand1 covering them with glass1 and keeping them well watered4 ,as soon as they can be handled1 transplant them into small pots1 and pot on as they increase in size4 ,they may also be increased by the small shoots that form round the base of the corms1 using a compost of loam1 leaf-mould1 and sand1 with a little crushed charcoal4 ,in ,june transplant them in the open to ripen their corms1 and in ,august put them carefully into #f-;in4 pots filled with the above-mentioned compost4 ,they need at all times a good amount of moisture1 especially at such times as they are removed from one soil to another4 ,at the same time1 it is necessary to procure good drainage4 ,it is well to feed them every other day with weak liquid manure4 ,a temperature of #ee degrees throughout the winter is quite sufficient4 ,when grown in the open1 the bulbs should be placed #c in4 below the soil1 with a little silver sand beneath each1 and not be disturbed oftener than once in four years4 ,three or four may stand a foot apart4 ,stake neatly the flower stems4 ,they flower from ,september to ,june4 ,arums4--,remarkably handsome plants with fine foliage and curious inflorescence more or less enclosed in a hooded spathe1 which is generally richly coloured and marked4 ,they are hardy1 easily grown in any soil 7a good sandy one is preferable71 and flower in ,july4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 7,see also ,calla47 ,asarum ,europaeum4--,this curious hardy perennial will grow in almost any soil1 and may be increased by taking off portions of the root early in autumn1 placing them in small pots till the beginning of spring1 then planting them out4 ,it produces its purple flowers in ,may4 ,height1 #i in4 ,asclepias 7,swallow-,wort74--,showy hardy perennials which require plenty of room to develop4 ,they may be grown from seed sown in ,august or ,april1 or can be increased by division of the root4 ,a very light soil is needed1 and plenty of sunshine4 ,flowers are produced in ,july4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #b-a_/b ft4 ,asparagus4--,sow in ,march or ,april1 in rich light soil1 allowing the plants to remain in the seed-beds until the following spring2 then transplant into beds thoroughly prepared by trenching the ground #c ft4 deep1 and mixing about a foot thick of well-rotted manure and a good proportion of broken bones and salt with the soil4 ,the plants should stand #b ft4 apart4 ,in dry weather water liberally with liquid manure1 and fork in a good supply of manure every autumn4 ,give protection in winter4 ,the plants should not be cut for use until they become strong and throw up fine grass1 and cutting should not be continued late in the season4 ,april is a good time for making new beds4 ,the roots should be planted as soon as possible after they are lifted1 as exposure to the air is very injurious to them4 ,asparagus ,plumosus ,nanus is a greenhouse variety1 bearing fern-like foliage4 ,the seeds should be sown in slight heat early in spring4 ,asparagus ,sprengeri4--,this delightful greenhouse climber is seen to best advantage when suspended in a hanging basket1 but it also makes an attractive plant when grown on upright sticks1 or on trellis-work4 ,it is useful for cut purposes1 lasting a long time in this state1 and is fast taking the place of ferns1 its light and elegant foliage making it a general favourite4 ,it should be grown in rich1 light mould1 and may be propagated by seed or division4 ,the roots should not be kept too wet1 especially in cold weather4 ,asperula 7,woodruff74--,a4 ,azurea ,setosa is a pretty1 light-blue hardy annual1 which is usually sown in the open in autumn for early flowering2 if sown in the spring it will bloom in ,june or ,july4 ,a4 ,odorata is a hardy perennial1 merely needing ordinary treatment4 ,it is serviceable for perfuming clothes1 etc4 ,asperulas thrive in a moist soil1 and grow well under the shade of trees4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,asphalte ,paths4--,sift coarse gravel so as to remove the dusty portion1 and mix it with boiling tar in the proportion of #be gallons to each load4 ,spread it evenly1 cover the surface with a layer of spar1 shells1 or coarse sand1 and roll it in before the tar sets4 ,asphodelus4--,bold hardy herbaceous plants2 fine for borders2 will grow in common soil1 and flower between ,may and ,august4 ,increased by young plants taken from the roots4 ,height1 #b-a_/b ft4 to #d ft4 ,aspidistra4--,this greenhouse herbaceous perennial is a drawing-room palm1 and is interesting from the fact that it produces its flowers beneath the surface of the soil4 ,it thrives in any fairly good mould1 but to grow it to perfection it should be accommodated with three parts loam1 one part leaf-mould1 and one part sand4 ,it will do in any position1 but is best shaded from the midday sun4 ,it may be increased by suckers1 or by dividing the roots in ,april1 ,may1 or ,june4 ,supply the plant freely with water1 especially when root-bound4 ,when dusty1 the leaves should be sponged with tepid milk and water--a teacup of the former to a gallon of the latter4 ,this imparts a gloss to the leaves4 ,a poor sandy soil is more suitable for the variegated kind1 as this renders the variegation more constant4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #b ft4 ,asters4--,this splendid class of half-hardy annuals has been vastly improved by both ,french and ,german cultivators4 ,speaking generally1 the flowers of the ,french section resemble the chrysanthemum1 and those of the ,german the paeony4 ,they all delight in a very rich1 light soil1 and need plenty of room from the commencement of their growth4 ,the first sowing may be made in ,february or ,march1 on a gentle hotbed1 followed by others at about fourteen days' interval4 ,the seeds are best sown in shallow drills and lightly covered with soil1 then pressed down by a board4 ,prick out the seedlings #b in4 apart1 and plant them out about the middle of ,may in a deeply-manured bed4 ,if plant food be given it must be forked in lightly1 as the ,aster is very shallow-rooting1 and it should be discontinued when the buds appear4 ,for exhibition purposes remove the middle bud1 mulch the ground with some good rotten soil from an old turf heap1 and occasionally give a little manure water4 ,astilbe4--,ornamental1 hardy herbaceous perennials1 with large handsome foliage1 and dense plumes of flowers1 requiring a peaty soil for their successful cultivation4 ,they may be grown from seed sown in ,july or ,august1 or may be increased by division4 ,they flower at the end of ,july4 ,the varieties vary in height1 some growing as tall as #f ft4 ,astragalus ,alpinus4--,a hardy perennial bearing bluish-purple flowers4 ,it will grow in any decent soil1 and can be propagated from seed sown in spring or autumn1 or by division4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,astragalus ,hypoglottis4--,a hardy deciduous trailing plant1 producing purple flowers in ,july4 ,sow the seed early in spring on a moderate hotbed1 and plant out into any garden soil4 ,height1 #c in4 ,astragalus ,lotoides4--,this pretty little trailer is of the same height as ,a4 ,hypoglottis1 and merely requires the same treatment4 ,it flowers in ,august4 ,astrantia4--,this herbaceous plant is quite hardy1 and will thrive in any good garden soil1 producing its flowers in ,june and ,july4 ,seed may be sown either in autumn or spring4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 to #b ft4 ,atragene ,austriaca4--,handsome1 hardy climbers1 which may be grown in any garden soil4 ,they flower in ,august1 and are increased by layers or by cuttings under glass4 ,height1 #h ft4 ,atriplex4--,straggling hardy annuals of very little beauty4 ,will grow in any soil if sown in spring1 and only require ordinary attention4 ,flower in ,july4 ,height1 #e ft4 ,aubergine4--,see ,egg-,plant4 ,aubrietia4--,an early spring-blooming hardy perennial4 ,very ornamental either in the garden or on rock-work1 the flowers lasting a long time4 ,an open and dry situation suits it best4 ,may be readily raised from seed1 and increased by dividing the roots or by cuttings under a glass4 ,flowers in ,march and ,april4 ,height #f in4 ,aucuba4--,hardy evergreen shrubs1 some having blotched leaves4 ,they look well standing alone on grass plots1 and are indifferent to soil or position4 ,cuttings may be struck in any garden soil under a hand-glass in ,august1 or by layers in ,april or ,may4 ,when the male and female varieties are planted together1 the latter produce an abundance of large red berries1 rendering the plant very showy and ornamental4 ,they bloom in ,june4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,auricula4--,this is a species of primrose1 and is sometimes called ,bear's ,ear from the shape of its leaves4 ,it succeeds best in a mixture of loam and peat1 or in four parts rotten loam1 two parts rotten cow dung1 and one part silver sand2 delights in shade1 and will not bear too much water4 ,it makes an effective border to beds1 and is readily propagated by off-sets taken early in autumn1 or in ,february or ,march1 by division of roots immediately after flowering1 or from seed sown in ,march on gentle heat in firmly pressed light1 rich soil1 covered with a piece of glass and shaded from the sun till the plants are well up1 when sun and air is needed4 ,when large enough to handle1 prick them out in a cold frame #f in4 apart1 and keep them there through the winter4 ,take care to press the soil well round the roots of off-sets4 ,october is a good time for making new borders4 ,the half-hardy kinds require the protection of a house in winter4 ,height1 #f in4 ,avena ,sterilis4--,a very singular hardy-annual ornamental grass1 generally known as ,animated ,oats4 ,very useful in a green state for mixing with cut flowers4 ,sow in ,march or early in ,april4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,azaleas 7,greenhouse74--,a good soil for these deciduous shrubs is made by mixing a fair quantity of silver sand with good fibrous peat4 ,the plants must never be allowed to become too wet nor too dry1 and must be shaded from excessive sunshine4 ,after they have flowered remove the remains of the blooms1 place the plants out of doors in the sun to ripen the wood1 or in a temperature of #fj degrees or #fe degrees1 and syringe them freely twice a day4 ,if they require shifting1 it must be done directly the flowers have fallen4 ,cuttings taken off close to the plant will root in sand under a glass placed in heat4 ,a4 ,indica is a plant of great beauty4 ,stand it in the open air in summer1 in a partially shaded position4 ,in winter remove it to a cool part of the greenhouse4 ,the hardy varieties should receive the same treatment as rhododendrons4 ,flowers in ,june4 ,height1 #d ft4 ,azara ,microphylla--,this hardy evergreen shrub1 with its fan-like branches and small dark1 glossy leaves1 is very ornamental and sweet-scented4 ,it is increased by placing cuttings of ripened wood in sand under glass with a little heat4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,b ,babianas4--,charming1 sweet-scented flowers1 suitable for either pot cultivation or the border4 ,in ,august or ,september place five bulbs in a well-drained #e-;in4 pot1 using rich1 light1 very sandy soil2 cover them completely1 and press the mould down gently4 ,water very sparingly until the roots are well formed2 indeed1 if the soil is moist when the bulbs are planted1 no water will be needed till the new growth appears above ground4 ,stand the pots in ashes and cover them with #c in4 of cocoa-nut fibre4 ,when the flower spikes are formed1 give weak liquid manure twice a week till the flowers open4 ,keep them in a temperature of #ee degrees4 ,when the foliage begins to die down gradually1 lessen the amount of moisture given4 ,the bulbs while dormant are best left in the pots4 ,for cultivation in the open1 choose a warm situation1 make the soil light and sandy1 adding a good proportion of well-rotted manure1 and plant the bulbs #e in4 deep either in autumn or spring4 ,height1 #f in4 to #i in4 ,bahia ,lanata4--,a hardy herbaceous plant of easy culture from seed sown in spring or autumn in any garden soil4 ,it produces bright orange flowers from ,june to ,august4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,bahia ,trolliifolia4--,this hardy herbaceous perennial will grow in any kind of soil4 ,it flowers in ,august1 and can be increased by division4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,balsams4--,the seeds of these tender annuals require to be sown in early spring in a hot-house or a warm frame having a temperature of #fe to #ge degrees4 ,when #b or #c in4 high1 or large enough to handle1 prick off singly into small pots1 shade them till they are established1 and re-pot as they advance in strength in a compost of loam1 leaf-mould1 sand1 and old manure4 ,give them air when the weather is favourable4 ,the last shift should be into #bd-sized pots4 ,supply them with an abundance of liquid manure1 admit as much air as possible1 and syringe freely4 ,they must never be allowed to get dry4 ,secure their stems firmly to sticks4 ,they will flower in the open early in ,september4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 to #b ft4 ,bambusa4--,the dwarf-growing ,bamboos ,fortunei variegata and ,viridi-striata make graceful edgings to borders or paths4 ,the whole family like a rich1 loamy1 damp soil4 ,baneberry4--,see ,actaea4 ,baptisia ,australis4--,this ornamental hardy perennial makes a good border plant1 growing in any loamy soil1 and producing its blue flowers in ,june and ,july4 ,it can be multiplied by dividing the root4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,barbarea4--,see ,rocket4 ,barberries4--,very ornamental hardy shrubs1 bearing rich yellow flowers in spring and attractive fruit in the autumn4 ,most handsome when trained to a single stem and the head allowed to expand freely4 ,they are not particular as to soil1 but prefer a rather light one1 and succeed best in a moist1 shady situation4 ,cuttings or layers root freely in the open4 ,they require very little attention1 beyond occasionally cutting away some of the old branches to make room for new growth4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 to #b ft4 ,bartonia aurea4--,beautiful hardy annuals1 the flowers of which open at night and effuse a delightful odour4 ,sow the seed in autumn on a gentle hotbed2 pot off1 and protect in a greenhouse during the winter4 ,plant them out in the open in ,may1 where they will flower in ,june4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,bay1 ,sweet 7,laurus ,nobilis74--,this half-hardy evergreen shrub likes a sheltered position4 ,protection from severe frosts is requisite1 especially while it is young4 ,it is more suitable as an isolated specimen plant than for the border4 ,increased by layers or by cuttings of the roots4 ,beans1 ,broad4--,a deep1 strong loam is most suitable1 but good crops can be obtained from any garden soil4 ,the first sowing should be made in ,february or ,march1 and in succession to ,may4 ,a sowing of ,beck's ,green ,gem or ,dwarf ,fan may even be made in ,november in rows #b ft4 apart4 ,other varieties should be planted in rows #c ft4 apart1 sowing the seed #c in4 deep and at intervals of #f in4 ,when the plants have done flowering pinch off the tops1 to ensure a better crop2 and if the black fly has attacked them1 take off the tops low enough down to remove the pests1 and burn them at once4 ,seville ,longpod and ,aquadulce may be recommended for an early crop1 and ,johnson's ,wonderful and ,harlington ,windsor for a main one4 ,beans1 ,french4--,the soil should be dug over to a depth of at least #ab in4 and liberally enriched with manure4 ,in the open ground the first sowing may be made about the third week in ,april1 another sowing early in ,may1 and subsequent sowings for succession every two or three weeks until the end of ,july4 ,plant in rows #b ft apart1 and the seeds #f to #i in4 apart in the rows4 ,a sharp look-out ought to be kept for slugs1 which are very partial to ,french ,beans when pushing through the soil4 ,for forcing1 sow in pots under glass from ,december to ,march4 ,beans1 ,runner4--,these are not particular as to position or soil1 but the best results are obtained by placing them in a deep rich mould where they can get a fair amount of sunlight4 ,sow1 from the second week in ,may until the first week in ,july for succession1 in rows #f ft4 apart1 thinning the plants out to #a ft4 apart in the rows4 ,protect from slugs when the plants are coming through the ground1 and support them with sticks immediately the growth begins to run4 ,scarlet ,runners may be kept dwarf by pinching off the tops when the plants are about #a ft4 high1 and nipping off the subsequent shoots when #f in4 long4 ,beet4--,land that has been well manured for the previous crop is the best on which to obtain well-shaped roots of high quality4 ,sow in ,april and ,may in drills #ah in4 apart1 and thin out the plants to about #i in4 apart4 ,take up for use as wanted until ,november1 when the whole crop should be taken up and stored in dry sand1 and in a place where neither moisture nor frost can reach them4 ,when storing them cut off the tails and some portion of the crowns1 but be careful not to wound any part of the fleshy root4 ,begonias4--,a somewhat succulent genus of conservatory plants4 ,they all require a very rich loamy soil containing a little sand2 and heat1 moisture1 and shade are essential to their health4 ,cuttings #b or #c in4 long will root readily in spring or summer4 ,stand the cuttings in the shade and do not over-water them2 or they may be raised from seed sown in ,march in a hot-house or frame having a temperature of #fe degrees4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #c ft4 ,tuberous ,begonias should be planted in small pots placed in heat1 early in spring1 and at intervals of a fortnight for succession1 using a compost of equal parts of fibrous loam1 leaf-mould1 and sand4 ,press the soil rather firmly so as to promote sturdy growth1 and only just cover the top of the tuber4 ,water moderately till the plants begin to grow freely4 ,gradually harden off1 and plant out the last week in ,may or early in ,june1 or shift into larger pots for conservatory decoration4 ,cuttings may be taken in ,april4 ,the plants may also be raised from seed sown in ,february or ,march in a temperature of #fe degrees4 ,before sowing mix the seed with silver sand1 then sprinkle it evenly over a box or pan of moist1 fine1 light loam and silver sand2 cover with a sheet of glass1 and keep shaded4 ,transplant into small pots1 and pot on from time to time as the plants increase in size4 ,plants so treated will flower in ,june or ,july4 ,when the leaves of the old plants turn yellow keep the roots quite dry1 afterwards turn them out of the pots and bury them in cocoa-nut fibre till ,january1 when they must be re-potted4 ,belladonna ,lily4--,see ,amaryllis4 ,bellis ,perennis4--,see ,daisies4 ,benthamia4--,an ornamental half-hardy shrub4 ,a profuse bloomer1 the flowers of which are followed by edible strawberry-like fruit4 ,will succeed in any good garden against a south wall4 ,easily raised from seed or by layers4 ,flowers in ,august4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,berberidopsis ,corallina4--,distinct and very pretty evergreen climbing shrubs1 which prove hardy in the south and west1 but need protection in other places4 ,they are not particular as to soil1 and may be increased by cuttings4 ,bergamot 7,monardia ,didyma74--,this hardy perennial will grow almost anywhere1 and may be increased by seed or by division of the root4 ,it flowers in ,july4 ,height1 #d ft4 ,beta ,cicla4--,a hardy annual which succeeds in any common soil4 ,its dark crimson and yellow flowers are borne in ,august4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,it is used as spinach4 ,in ,germany the midrib of the leaf is boiled and eaten with gravy or melted butter4 ,betonica4--,see ,stachys4 ,biennials4--,these plants take two years to flower1 and then they die away altogether4 ,the seed of the hardy varieties is sown thinly in the open border any time between ,april and ,june1 and the plants transferred in the autumn to the place where they are intended to bloom4 ,seed is also sown in ,august and ,september for flowering the following year4 ,the half-hardy kinds may be sown in ,may or ,june4 ,these require protection during winter1 such as is afforded by a cold pit1 frame1 or greenhouse1 or the covering of a mat or litter4 ,bignonia 7,trumpet ,flower74--,this is admirably suitable for a south wall1 but it requires plenty of room4 ,it is propagated by cuttings placed in sand1 or by cuttings of the root4 ,these should be planted out in the spring1 or autumn will do if they are covered with a hand-glass4 ,biota4--,see ,thuya4 ,bird ,cherry4--,see ,cerasus4 ,blackberries4--,to obtain good crops plant in a poor1 dry soil on raised banks facing south4 ,the bushes should be planted #f ft4 apart4 ,bladder ,nut4--,see ,staphylea4 ,blanket ,flower4--,see ,gaillardia4 ,bleeding ,heart4--,see ,dielytra4 ,bocconia ,cordata4--,ornamental hardy perennials4 ,they do best on a loamy soil1 and may be increased by suckers taken from established plants in the summer and placed in rich soil2 or by cuttings planted in sand1 in a gentle heat under glass2 also by seed sown during the autumn months4 ,they appear to the greatest advantage when grown as solitary plants1 away from other tall-growing flowers4 ,the variety ,b4 ,frutescens has an exceedingly pretty foliage4 ,august is the month in which they flower4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,bog or ,marsh ,land4--,by planting a few of the more distinct species adapted for such positions1 bogs or marshes may be made interesting4 ,the following plants are suitable3--,arundo ,donax1 ,bambusa ,fortunei1 ,cypripedium ,spectabile1 ,dondia ,epipactis1 ,drosera ,rotundifolia1 ,gunnera ,scabra1 ,iris ,kaempferi1 ,iris pseud-,acorus1 ,juncus ,zebrinus1 ,myosotis ,palustris1 ,osmunda ,regalis1 ,parnassia ,palustris1 ,pinguicula ,vulgaris1 ,polygonum ,sieboldi1 and ,sarracenia ,purpurea4 ,boltonia ,asteroides4--,this is a hardy perennial which flowers in ,september4 ,the same treatment that is given to ,asters is suitable for this plant4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,bomarea4--,a useful greenhouse climber1 the flowers of which are valuable for cutting1 as they last a long time in water4 ,it thrives best in a mixture of sand1 peat1 and loam4 ,borago ,laxiflora4--,this very choice ,boragewort is a trailing hardy biennial4 ,it produces lovely pale pendent flowers from ,june to ,august1 will grow in almost any soil1 and can be increased by seed or division4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,borecole1 ,kale1 or ,curled ,greens4--,sow towards the end of ,march or early in ,april4 ,plant out as soon as ready in moderately rich soil in rows #c ft4 apart1 and the plants #b ft4 apart in the rows4 ,if the seed is sown thickly1 the young plants must be pricked off into another bed until ready for planting1 as strong1 sturdy plants always produce the best results4 ,they may succeed peas without any fresh manure4 ,boronias4--,greenhouse evergreen shrubs4 ,a single plant of ,b4 ,megastigma is sufficient to perfume a good-sized house4 ,b4 ,drummondi1 ,elatior1 ,heterophylla1 and ,serrulata are all good plants4 ,the pots should be filled with sandy peat and be well drained4 ,they are propagated by cuttings taken at a joint and placed under glass4 ,may is their flowering month4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,bougainvillea4--,a greenhouse evergreen climber1 thriving best in a loamy soil4 ,it flowers in ,june1 and may be increased by cuttings4 ,height1 #ae ft4 ,bousingaultia ,basselloides4--,a rapidly growing climber1 beautiful both in flower and foliage1 the former of which is pure white1 produced in ,july in elegant racemes from #f in4 to #h in4 long4 ,it is nearly hardy2 very suitable for a cool greenhouse4 ,any garden soil suits it4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,bouvardias4--,favourite stove plants4 ,they are propagated by pieces of the thick fleshy roots1 about #b in4 long1 inserted in light1 rich1 sandy soil1 and plunged in a bottom-heat4 ,plant out in ,may in rich1 light soil1 cutting back all the over-vigorous growth1 so as to form a well-balanced plant4 ,at the approach of cold weather they may be taken up and potted off1 using small pots to prevent them damping off4 ,in a warm greenhouse they will flower all the winter4 ,box ,edging4--,a deep loam suits the box best4 ,cuttings should be taken early in autumn4 ,dig a trench1 and make the bottom firm and even4 ,set the young plants thinly and at regular intervals1 leaving the tops #a in4 above the surface4 ,tread the soil firmly against them4 ,cover with #a in4 of gravel to prevent them growing too luxuriantly4 ,the end of ,june is a good time for clipping4 ,may be transplanted early in spring or late in autumn4 7,see also ,buxus47 ,brachycome 7,swan ,river ,daisy74--,beautiful little half-hardy annuals bearing cineraria-like flowers that open well in the border in summer4 ,if well watered in autumn and removed to the greenhouse they will continue to bloom during early winter4 ,sow the seed as for ordinary half-hardy annuals in rich1 light mould1 covering them sparingly4 ,bloom in ,may4 ,height1 #f in4 ,bravoa ,geminiflora 7,twin ,flower74--,this hardy bulbous plant bears lovely racemes of coral-coloured flowers in ,july4 ,a rich loam suits it best4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,briza 7,quaking ,grass74--,there are several varieties of this ornamental hardy annual grass4 ,briza ,gracillis is slender1 and very pretty both in a green and dried state4 ,briza ,maxima bears large and handsome panicles4 ,each variety should be sown in pots1 or on a sheltered bed out of doors1 early in spring4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,broccoli4--,requires a heavy1 deep1 rich soil1 and liquid manure during growth4 ,for earliest crop sow thinly in beds early in ,march1 giving a little protection if necessary4 ,successional sowings should be made to the end of ,june1 to produce a constant supply till ,cauliflowers are ready4 ,transplant1 when large enough to handle1 about #b ft4 from each other4 ,keep the ground free from weeds1 and earth the plants up as they advance in growth4 ,sow ,purple ,sprouting ,broccoli in ,may for late spring supplies4 ,brodiaea ,coccinea4--,handsome plants for rock-work or the border4 ,on a dry1 light1 sandy soil1 with plenty of sunshine1 their gorgeous spikes of brilliant scarlet flowers are very attractive in ,may4 ,the bulbs may be planted in ,november1 and left undisturbed4 ,broom4--,hardy shrubs thriving in almost any soil4 ,cuttings will strike if planted in sand under glass4 7,see also ,genista and ,spartium47 ,broussonetia ,papyrifera4--,a very effective deciduous shrub1 with large1 curiously-cut leaves4 ,it likes an open soil1 and is propagated by cuttings4 ,february is its blooming time4 ,height1 #ab ft4 ,browallia4--,very handsome half-hardy annuals2 will grow readily from seed in any garden soil1 but prefer a sandy one4 ,they bloom in ,july4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,brussels ,sprouts4--,for a first crop sow early in ,march1 and in ,april for succession4 ,transplant as soon as ready into deeply-trenched1 well-manured soil1 about #b ft4 apart4 ,hoe well1 and keep clear from weeds4 ,for exhibition and early use sow in a greenhouse1 or in a frame over a gentle hotbed1 about the middle of ,february2 prick off into a cold frame1 gradually harden off1 and plant out in ,may4 ,bryanthus ,erectus4--,a hardy evergreen shrub1 which will grow in any soil if the situation is shady and damp4 ,it thrives without any sunshine1 but will not endure the constant dropping of moisture upon its leaves from trees4 ,cuttings strike readily4 ,april is its flowering time4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,budding4--,budding consists in raising an eye or bud from one part of a bush or tree and transplanting it to another part1 or to any other plant of the same species4 ,the process is not only more simple and rapid than that of grafting1 but many leading nurserymen contend that a better union is effected1 without the risk of dead wood being left at the junction4 ,it may be performed at any time from ,june to ,august1 cloudy days being most suitable1 as the buds unite better in wet weather4 ,it is chiefly employed on young trees having a smooth and tender bark4 ,of the various systems of budding1 that known as the ,shield is probably the most successful4 ,make a small horizontal cut in the bark of the stock1 and also a vertical one about an inch long1 thus forming an elongated ,t shape4 ,next select a branch of the current year's growth on which there is a well-formed leaf-bud4 ,pass a sharp knife #a_/b in4 above the bud and the same distance below it1 taking about a third of the wood with the bud4 ,if in the process of detaching it the interior of the bud is torn away it is useless1 and a fresh bud must be taken4 ,now hold the bud in the mouth1 and with as little delay as possible raise the bark of the stock with a knife1 insert the bud1 and bind it on with raffia4 ,when the bud begins to grow the binding must be loosened4 ,to prevent the shoots being torn away by the wind a stake may be tied on to the stock1 and the new shoot secured to it by means of raffia4 ,fruit trees are sometimes budded close to the soil on stocks #a-a_/b ft4 in height4 ,the buds are rubbed off the stock as soon as they appear1 but the stock is not cut away until the following spring4 ,buddlea4--,half-hardy1 tall1 deciduous greenhouse shrubs1 delighting in a loamy soil mixed with peat4 ,they may be grown out of doors during the summer1 but need the protection of a house in winter4 ,bugloss 7,anchusa74--,this showy plant1 bearing large blue flowers in ,june1 may be increased by division of the roots into as many plants as there are heads1 from slips1 or from seed sown in the open border in spring4 ,it is popularly known as ,ox-,tongue4 ,bulbocodium ,trigynum 7,colchicum ,caucasium74--,a miniature hardy bulbous plant1 which produces in ,february and ,march erect flowers about the size of snowdrops4 ,set the bulbs in sandy loam or leaf-mould1 choosing a sunny situation4 ,the bulbs may be divided every other year4 ,height1 #b in4 ,bulbocodium ,vernum 7,spring ,saffron74--,this bulb produces early in spring1 and preceding the foliage1 a mass of rose-purple flowers close to the ground4 ,it is perfectly hardy1 and valuable for edgings or rock-work4 ,plant in autumn in light vegetable mould1 and in a sheltered1 well-drained position4 ,it will not grow in stiff1 clay soil4 ,the bulbs may be divided every two years1 after the tops have died down4 ,this dwarf plant flowers from ,january to ,march4 ,height1 #f in4 ,buphthalmum ,salicifolium 7,deep ,golden-yellow ,marguerite74--,showy and ornamental hardy perennials4 ,they will grow in any good soil1 and flower from ,may to ,september2 may be increased by suckers4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,burning ,bush4--,see ,dictamnus and ,fraxinella4 ,buxus 7,tree ,box74--,a useful evergreen shrub which may be grown in any soil or situation4 ,the ,b4 ,japonica ,aurea is one of the best golden plants known for edgings to a walk4 ,the closer it is clipped the brighter it becomes4 ,increased by suckers or layers4 ,c ,cabbage4--,sow from ,february to ,april for an autumn supply1 and in ,july and ,august for spring cutting4 ,as soon as the plants have made four or five leaves1 transplant into soil that has been liberally manured and trenched1 or dug deeply1 placing them #ah in4 or #b ft4 apart1 according to the kind grown4 ,keep the soil well broken up1 and give a liberal supply of liquid manure while they are in a growing state4 ,an open and sunny situation is necessary4 ,among the best varieties for spring sowing are ,heartwell1 ,early ,marrow1 ,little ,pixie1 ,nonpareil1 ,sugarloaf1 and ,early ,dwarf ,york4 ,for autumn sowing1 ,ellam's ,dwarf ,early ,spring1 ,defiance1 and ,enfield ,market may be recommended4 ,coleworts may be sown in ,june1 ,july1 and ,august for succession1 placing them about a foot apart1 and cutting before they heart4 ,chou de ,burghley is of great value for spring sowing1 and will be found very useful during autumn and early in winter4 ,this vegetable is sometimes called ,cabbage ,broccoli1 on account of the miniature ,broccoli which are formed among its inner leaves towards autumn4 ,couve ,tronchuda1 known also as ,braganza ,marrow and ,portugal ,cabbage1 should be sown in ,march1 ,april1 and ,may for succession4 ,savoy ,cabbage is sown in ,march or ,april1 and given the same treatment as other ,cabbage4 ,its flavour is much improved if the plants are mellowed by frost before being cut for use4 ,red ,dutch is used almost solely for pickling4 ,its cultivation is precisely the same as the white varieties4 ,cacalia4--,hardy annuals1 remarkable for their awkward-looking stems and discoloured leaves4 ,they grow best in a mixture of sandy loam1 brick rubbish1 and decomposed dung1 well reduced4 ,they require very little water while growing1 and the pots must be well drained4 ,cuttings1 laid by for a few days to dry1 strike readily4 ,flower in ,june4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,cactus4--,a sandy loam with brick rubbish and a little peat or rotten manure suits them4 ,echinopsis is a good plant for cool houses or windows4 ,during the summer it should be syringed over-head with tepid water1 and weak soot water should be given three times a week4 ,it is propagated by off-sets planted in sand1 also by slicing off a portion from the top of the plant and placing it in light1 rich1 porous loam4 ,caladiums4--,favourite hothouse foliage plants1 generally grown in peat soil at a temperature of #gj degrees4 ,they require plenty of light while growing1 and to be kept moderately moist at the roots4 ,as the leaves lose colour less water should be given1 and during winter they must be kept almost dry4 ,when fresh growth begins1 shake them out of their pots and put them into fresh mould4 ,in syringing the plants use nothing but the purest rainwater1 but the less the leaves are wetted the better for the appearance of the plants4 ,they may be increased by dividing the root stock into as many pieces as there are crowns4 ,these should be planted in very rich1 sandy soil1 an inch or so below the surface4 ,calamintha ,grandiflora4--,this hardy herbaceous plant has sweetly-fragrant foliage1 and bears rose-coloured flowers from ,may to ,september4 ,any loamy soil suits it1 and it is easily increased by suckers4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,calampelis4--,a species of half-hardy climbing plants of great merit4 ,they are elegant when in flower1 and will endure the open air4 ,they should be trained to a south wall1 or over a vase1 or up a pillar4 ,any light loamy soil suits them1 and they are easily increased by cuttings4 ,flower in ,july4 ,height1 #aj ft4 7,see also ,eccremocarpus47 ,calandrinia4--,very pretty hardy annuals4 ,they grow well in sunny places in a mixture of loam and peat1 and may be raised from seed sown in the spring or by cuttings placed under hand-glasses4 ,bloom in ,july4 ,height1 #f in4 to #a ft4 ,calceolaria4--,many of the varieties are suitable for the greenhouse only4 ,they may be grown from seed1 but as this is so small it should not be covered2 and in watering them it is best to stand the seed-pans in water so that the moisture ascends1 as watering from the top might wash the seed too deeply into the soil4 ,july and ,august are the two best months for sowing4 ,the half-shrubby kinds make fine bedding plants4 ,they are easily reared from cuttings4 ,these are best taken in ,october4 ,put them in light1 sandy mould on a well-drained north border2 press the earth round them1 and cover with a hand-glass4 ,in very frosty weather a mat should be laid over the glass4 ,pot them off in spring2 give plenty of air1 and plant them out at the beginning of ,june1 or before1 if weather permits4 ,calendula 7,marigolds74--,very showy hardy annuals4 ,they merely require sowing in the open in autumn for an early display of bloom1 or in spring for a later show1 but the autumn sowing gives the more satisfaction4 ,flower during ,june and ,july4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,californian ,plants4--,great care should be taken not to allow the sun to strike on the collar of any of the plants from ,california1 as they readily succumb if it does so4 ,calla4--,these showy plants1 sometimes called ,arum1 are worth cultivating4 ,they make handsome pot-plants1 bearing fine white flowers in the spring4 ,may be grown from seeds1 or roots may be divided4 ,they are quickly increased by off-sets from the root in ,august or ,september4 ,plant the off-sets from the fleshy roots singly in small1 well-drained pots of sandy loam with one-fourth leaf-mould or well-rotted manure1 and keep them in a very warm situation4 ,water them well while in growth1 scantily after the leaves begin to wither1 and afterwards give only enough moisture to keep them alive4 ,leave the plants in the light while the leaves die off1 and then place them in a shed1 in complete repose1 for a month or so4 ,re-pot them in ,october or ,november1 and give plenty of water4 ,they may stand in saucers of water1 but this must be changed daily4 ,they flower from ,may to ,july4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,callichroa4--,a hardy annual which well deserves a place in the garden border1 both on account of its dwarf and slender habit and also the colour of its flowers4 ,it is satisfied with any ordinary soil4 ,the seed is raised on a hotbed in ,march1 or in the open in ,april1 and it blooms in the autumn4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,calliopsis4--,see ,coreopsis4 ,callirhoe 7,digitata74--,hardy annuals demanding but little attention4 ,the seed is sown in the open in ,march4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,calochortus ,luteus4--,this very handsome hardy perennial thrives best in sandy peat with a little loam4 ,it produces yellow flowers in ,july1 and is propagated by offsets from the bulbs4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,caltha4--,early-flowering1 showy perennials1 all thriving in a moist or boggy situation4 ,c4 ,leptosepala is especially choice1 its pure white flowers resembling a water-lily4 ,they may be increased from seed1 or by division4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,calthus ,palustris ,flore-,pleno 7,double ,marsh ,marigold74--,this hardy herbaceous perennial is very useful for mixing with cut flowers4 ,it will grow anywhere1 but prefers a clayey soil and a boggy situation1 and may be increased by dividing the roots in spring4 ,a succession of flowers are borne from ,april to ,june4 ,height1 #i in4 ,calycanthus ,floridus 7,allspice74--,this shrub likes an open loamy soil2 flowers in ,july1 and is propagated by layers4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,calystegia4--,a perfectly hardy climbing convolvulus1 and a beautiful plant for covering arbours1 etc41 growing #bj ft4 to #cj ft4 in one season4 ,it thrives in any loamy soil or situation2 flowers from ,may to ,september1 and may be increased by division of the roots4 ,camassia ,esculenta4--,a handsome1 hardy1 bulbous plant1 bearing clusters of beautiful blue flowers in ,july4 ,it needs a sandy peat border under a north wall1 and is increased by bulbs or seeds4 ,plant the bulbs early in ,october1 #d in4 deep and #e in4 apart4 ,height1 #a-a_/c ft4 ,camellias4--,the best soil for these beautiful greenhouse evergreens is a mixture of rough peat1 plenty of sand1 and a little turfy loam4 ,the greenhouse should be kept rather close1 at a temperature of #ee degrees to #fj degrees1 while the plants are growing2 but abundant syringing is necessary at all times4 ,induce a vigorous growth of wood1 and let this be well matured by exposure to the sun and free ventilation4 ,old and straggling plants may be renovated by cutting them hard back as soon as they go out of flower1 and placing them in a warm house where a moist atmosphere is maintained4 ,this will induce them to break4 ,comparatively little water should be given for some time after they are cut back4 ,when the state of the roots require the plants to be re-potted1 remove as much of the old soil as possible without injuring them1 and put them into the smallest sized pots into which they can be got1 with fresh soil4 ,this may be done after the last flower has fallen1 or after the buds have fairly commenced to push4 ,the plants may be placed out of doors at the beginning of ,june1 and returned to the greenhouse in ,october4 ,there are several varieties suitable for growing in the open4 ,these should be provided with a soil1 #b ft4 deep1 composed of peat1 leaf-mould1 and cows' dung4 ,the roots should always be kept moist and cool1 and the plants disturbed as little as possible4 ,a top dressing of fresh soil may be given each winter1 and the plants protected from frost by binding straw round the stems4 ,campanula4--,a showy genus of plants1 mostly hardy perennials1 which need no special treatment4 ,they are readily raised from seed1 or division of roots4 ,the less hardy kinds may be sown on a hotbed or in the greenhouse1 and when large enough potted off4 ,campanula ,mayii is a grand plant for hanging baskets1 and also grows well trained up sticks in a pyramidal form4 ,a rich1 gritty soil suits them all4 ,the tall-growing varieties make fine pot-plants4 ,flower in ,july4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #e ft4 ,canary ,creeper 7,tropaeolum ,canariense74--,this is eminently suitable for trellis-work or for walls4 ,its elegant foliage and bright yellow flowers make it a general favourite4 ,it may be raised from seed on a hotbed in spring1 gradually hardened off1 and planted out in ,may4 ,height1 #aj ft4 ,candytuft 7,iberis74--,very pretty hardy annuals4 ,sow the seed in autumn in a light1 rich soil1 or in spring if a less prolonged flowering season will give satisfaction4 ,bloom in ,may or ,june4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,canna 7,indian ,shot or ,hemp74--,for pot-plants on terraces1 gravel walks1 and such like places1 few things can equal and none surpass ,cannas4 ,they are half-hardy perennials1 and may be increased from seed or by dividing the roots late in autumn1 allowing them first to partially dry4 ,file the tough skin off one end of the seed1 and steep it in hot water for a few hours before it is sown1 then stand it in a hot place till it has germinated4 ,harden off and plant out1 or shift into larger pots in ,june1 using a rich1 light soil4 ,lift and store the roots in autumn in the same way as ,dahlias4 ,different kinds flower at various seasons1 so that a succession of bloom may be had throughout the year4 ,height1 #b ft4 to #aj ft4 ,cannabis ,gigantea 7,giant ,hemp74--,this half-hardy ,hemp is grown for its ornamental foliage1 and is treated as above described4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,canterbury ,bells4--,showy hardy biennials1 which may be raised from seed sown in the spring4 ,transplant in the autumn to the border where they are intended to flower4 ,the seed may also be sown in a sheltered position in ,august or ,september4 ,flower in ,july4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,cape ,primroses4--,see ,streptocarpus4 ,caprifolium4--,see ,honeysuckle4 ,capsicum4--,sow early in ,march in well-drained pots of rich1 light1 free mould2 cover the seed with #a_/b in4 of soil1 and keep it constantly moist at a temperature of #fe degrees4 ,when strong enough to handle put two or three plants in a #e-;in4 pot1 and replace them in warmth4 ,keep them rather close till established1 then shift them into #g-;in4 pots4 ,when established remove them to a cold frame and harden off4 ,plant out at the end of ,may in a warm situation4 ,keep them well supplied with water in dry weather and syringe the leaves4 ,by stopping the shoots they become nice1 bushy shrubs4 ,flower in ,july4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,cardamine ,pratensis 7,cuckoo ,flower1 or ,milkmaid74--,this hardy perennial thrives in a moist1 shady situation4 ,it produces its purple flowers from ,may to ,august1 and is easily propagated by seeds or division4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,cardamine ,trifolia4--,a hardy herbaceous plant2 will grow in any soil1 flowers in ,may1 and is easily raised from seed4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,cardoons4--,sow two or three seeds together in clumps #a ft4 apart1 in trenches prepared as for ,celery1 in ,april or ,may4 ,when #f in4 high pull up the superfluous plants1 leaving the strongest one in each case4 ,when they have attained the height of #a-a_/b ft1 tie the leaves lightly to a stake and earth-up the stem4 ,keep them well supplied with water1 adding a little guano4 ,they will be ready for use in ,september4 ,another sowing may be made in ,june for a spring crop4 ,carduus 7,milk ,thistle74--,coarse hardy annuals2 somewhat ornamental1 but are hardly more than weeds4 ,they grow freely from seed1 and flower from ,june to ,august4 ,height1 #b ft4 to #d ft4 ,carex ,japonica4--,this is a graceful and very beautiful variegated grass1 striped green1 silver1 and gold1 and makes a fine decoration for the table4 ,it will grow in any moderately moist soil1 and bears dividing4 ,sow in spring4 ,carlina4--,ornamental1 thistle-like1 hardy perennials1 which will grow in any ordinary soil4 ,flowers are borne from ,june to ,september4 ,seed may be sown as soon as it is ripe4 ,height1 #i in4 to #b ft4 ,carnations4--,these are divided into three classes1 but they are all said originally to come from the clove3 7#a7 ,flakes1 which are striped with one colour and white2 7#b7 ,bizarres1 those streaked with two colours and white2 7#c7 ,picotees1 which have each petal margined with colour on a white or yellow ground1 or dotted with small spots4 ,for pot culture1 about the end of ,march put two roots in an #aa-;in4 pot1 filled with light1 turfy loam1 well drained 7too much moisture being injurious71 pressing the earth firmly round the roots4 ,stand them on a bed of ashes in a sheltered position1 and when the flower-stems appear1 stake and tie up carefully4 ,as the buds swell thin out the weakly ones4 ,to prevent them bursting unevenly put an india-rubber ring round the bud1 or tie it with raffia4 ,they will flourish in the open borders even in towns if planted in light loam1 and may be propagated by layers at the end of ,july or beginning of ,august4 ,choose for this purpose fine outside shoots1 not those which have borne flowers4 ,cut off all the lower leaves1 leaving half a dozen near the top untouched4 ,make incisions on the under sides of the layers1 just below the third joint4 ,peg down1 and cover the stems with equal quantities of leaf-mould and light loam4 ,do not water them till the following day4 ,the young plants may be separated and potted off as soon as they have taken root--say1 the end of ,august4 ,they may also be increased by pipings4 ,fill the pots nearly to the top with light1 rich mould and fill up with silver sand4 ,break off the pipings at the third joint1 then in each piping cut a little upward slit1 plant them pretty thickly in the sand1 and place the pot on a gentle hotbed1 or on a bed of sifted coal ashes4 ,put on the sashes1 and keep the plants shaded from the sun till they have taken root1 then harden off gradually1 and place each of the young plants separately in a small pot4 ,carnations may also be grown from seed sown in spring4 ,when the seedlings have made six or eight leaves1 prick them out into pots or beds4 ,they will flower the following year4 ,the beds must be well drained1 as stagnant wet is very injurious to them4 ,carnation ,margaritae4--,may be sown in heat during ,february or ,march1 pricked out when strong enough1 and planted in the open in ,may or ,june4 ,carpenteria ,californica4--,the white flowers of this evergreen shrub1 which make their appearance in ,july1 are delicately fragrant4 ,the plant is most suitable for a cool greenhouse1 but does well in the open1 in warm1 well-drained situations4 ,when grown in pots the mould should consist of two parts turfy loam1 one part peat1 and a little sharp sand4 ,it may be increased by seeds or by cuttings planted in sandy soil1 with a medium bottom heat4 ,carrots4--,to grow them to perfection carrots require a deep1 rich1 sandy soil1 which has been thoroughly trenched and manured the previous autumn4 ,for the main crop the seed should be sown in ,march1 either broadcast or in rows #ah in4 apart4 ,a calm day must be chosen for sowing1 as the seed is very light and liable to be blown about4 ,it has also a tendency to hang together1 to obviate which it is generally rubbed into some light soil or sand previously to being scattered4 ,thin out to a distance of from #d to #g in41 according to the kind grown4 ,for early use the ,french ,horn may be sown on a hotbed in ,january and ,february4 ,keep the surface of the ground well open with the hoe4 ,cassia ,corymbosa4--,this stove shrub is an evergreen4 ,it should be grown in a mixture of loam and peat1 and may be increased by cuttings planted in sand under glass in a little heat4 ,it flowers in ,july4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,castor ,oil ,plants4--,see ,ricinus4 ,catananche4--,pretty hardy biennials that will grow in almost any soil1 and may be increased by seed or division4 ,they bloom in ,august4 ,height1 #ba_/b ft4 to #c ft4 ,catchfly4--,see ,silene4 ,cathcartia ,villosa4--,a beautiful ,himalayan poppy1 possessing a rich1 soft1 hairy foliage and yellow flowers1 borne in succession from ,june to ,september4 ,any light1 rich soil suits it1 but it requires a sheltered position4 ,it is propagated by seeds sown in spring4 ,height1 #aa_/b ft4 ,cauliflowers4--,sow thinly in pans or shallow boxes early in ,february and ,march on a gentle bottom-heat4 ,make a larger and the main sowing in the open ground in ,march1 ,april1 and ,may for autumn cutting4 ,a sowing should also be made in ,august for spring and summer use4 ,these latter should be pricked into a frame or under a hand-glass during the winter1 and in spring planted out so as to stand #cj in4 apart4 ,when the heads appear break some of the large leaves down over them to afford protection1 and during the whole of their growth pour plenty of water round the stems in dry weather4 ,they require a thoroughly rich and well-tilled soil to grow them to perfection4 ,ceanothus4--,a genus of handsome and ornamental evergreen shrubs4 ,they are free-flowering and suitable for the conservatory or outdoor decoration if placed in warm situations4 ,they flourish best in peat and loam1 and are increased by cuttings planted in sand and subjected to gentle heat4 ,height1 #c ft4 to #f ft4 ,cedronella4--,ornamental hardy perennials2 will grow in any soil1 but require a little protection in the winter4 ,they produce their deep purple flowers in ,june4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,cedrus ,deodora4--,a beautiful and graceful conifer1 its arched branches being thickly set with long grey-coloured or whitish-green leaves4 ,in its young stage it makes an exquisite specimen for the lawn4 ,it is the best of all the ,cedars for such a purpose4 ,the usual method of propagating it is by grafting it on to the common ,larch4 ,celery4--,sow in ,february or early in ,march on a mild hotbed for the earliest crop4 ,prick the seedlings off into shallow boxes as soon as they are large enough to handle1 and keep them rather close and warm until they are established4 ,towards the end of ,march prick them out in rows in a frame1 setting them #f in4 apart each way1 and early in ,may transfer to rather shallow trenches1 protecting them from night frosts4 ,for main and late crops sow in a cold frame in ,april and plant out in ,june or ,july1 #i in4 apart1 in trenches #c ft4 distant from each other1 #i in4 wide1 and #ah in4 deep1 pressing the soil firmly round the roots4 ,earthing up should be delayed until the plants are nearly full grown1 and should be done gradually2 but let the whole be completed before the autumn is far advanced4 ,when preparing the trench plenty of manure should be dug into the soil4 ,water liberally until earthed up to ensure crisp1 solid hearts1 and an occasional application of liquid manure will benefit the plants4 ,during winter protect from frost with straw1 or other suitable material4 ,celosia 7,feathered ,cockscomb74--,sow the seed in early spring in a warm frame2 prick off singly into small pots1 and re-pot as they advance in strength in a compost of loam1 leaf-mould1 old manure1 and sand4 ,their final shift should be into #bd-sized pots4 ,give them abundance of liquid manure1 never allowing them to become dry1 and syringe freely4 ,these half-hardy annuals1 rising to the height of #c ft4 and bearing fine spikes of flowers in ,july and ,august1 make fine pot-plants for table decoration4 ,they may be planted in the open1 in ,june1 choosing a warm1 sheltered situation and rich1 loamy soil4 ,centaurea4--,the hardy annual and biennial kinds merely require to be sown in the open in the autumn4 ,the half-hardy ones must be sown on a slight hotbed1 where they should remain till strong enough to be planted in the border4 ,cuttings of the perennials should be inserted singly in #c-;in4 pots filled with sandy loam1 placed in a shady1 cool frame till established1 and then watered very carefully4 ,the different varieties vary from #f in4 to #b ft4 in height1 and flower from ,june to ,august4 ,centauridium ,drummondi4--,a blue hardy annual which may be sown in the open in spring4 ,centranthus4--,ornamental hardy annuals4 ,sow in the open border in ,march in any good1 well-drained soil4 ,they flower in ,june4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,cephalaria 7,yellow ,scabious74--,strong-growing hardy perennials1 suitable for backs of borders4 ,they succeed in any garden soil1 and are propagated by seed or division of root4 ,height1 #c ft4 to #e-a_/b ft4 ,cephalotaxus 7,podocarpus ,koraiana74--,handsome conifers of the ,yew type4 ,these shrubs are quite hardy1 and in favoured localities will produce berries4 ,they succeed best in a damp1 shady spot1 and may be increased by cuttings planted in heavy loam4 ,cerastium ,biebersteini4--,a hardy trailing perennial which will grow in any light soil1 and may be increased by suckers4 ,it flowers in ,june4 ,height1 #f in4 ,cerasus ,padus 7,bird ,cherry74--,an ornamental tree2 useful in the shrubbery in its earlier stages1 as it will grow in any soil4 ,it may be increased by seed1 budding1 or grafting2 flowers in ,april4 ,height1 #ce ft4 ,cerinthe4--,hardy annuals1 suitable for any ordinary soil1 and needing merely ordinary treatment4 ,a grand plant for bees4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,cestrums4--,charming conservatory plants1 flowering early in spring4 ,cuttings may be taken in autumn1 placed in small pots in a light compost of peat and sand1 and given a little bottom-heat4 ,the young plants may be topped to form bushy ones4 ,re-pot before the roots have filled the small pots1 using two parts loam1 one part peat1 and one part sharp sand4 ,c4 ,parqui is suitable for the open if planted in a sheltered position4 ,chamaepeuce4--,half-hardy perennial ,thistle plants of little merit4 ,any soil suits them1 and they may be increased by seed or division4 ,flower in ,june4 ,height1 #b ft4 to #c ft4 ,chamaerops 7,chusan ,palm74--,fine greenhouse plants1 delighting in a rich1 loamy soil4 ,height1 #aj ft4 ,cheiranthus4--,see ,wallflower4 ,chelidonium4--,this hardy perennial will flourish in any garden soil2 flowers in ,may1 and may be increased by division4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,chelone4--,charming hardy herbaceous plants4 ,succeed well in a mixture of peat and loam or any rich soil4 ,increased by division of root1 or by seed treated like other hardy perennials4 ,they are very effective for the centre of beds1 or in groups4 ,bloom in ,july4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,cherries4--,a light1 rich soil is the one that ,cherries succeed in best1 though they will grow in any fairly good dry ground4 ,the position should be open1 but at the same time sheltered1 as the blossoms are liable to be cut off by spring frosts4 ,the planting may be done at any time during ,november and the beginning of ,march1 when the ground is in a workable condition4 ,cherries are often worked upon the ,mahaleb stock4 ,as they have a tendency to gumming and canker1 the knife should be used as little as possible1 but where pruning is necessary1 let it be done in the summer4 ,if gumming occurs1 cut away the diseased parts and apply ,stockholm tar to the wounds4 ,aphides or black-fly may be destroyed by tobacco dust and syringing well with an infusion of soft soap4 ,morello succeeds on a north wall4 ,bigarreau1 ,waterloo1 ,black ,eagle1 ,black ,tartarian1 ,may ,duke1 ,white ,heart1 and ,kentish are all good sorts4 ,bush trees should stand #aj ft4 apart1 standards #cj ft4 ,cherry 7,cornelian74--,see ,cornus ,mas4 ,cherry ,pie4--,see ,heliotrope4 ,chervil4--,for summer use sow in ,march1 and for winter requirements in ,july and ,august1 in shallow drills #f or #h in4 apart4 ,cut for use when #c or #d in4 high4 ,the tender tops and leaves are used in soups and stews1 to which they impart a warm1 aromatic flavour4 ,they likewise give piquancy to mixed salads4 ,chestnuts4--,to raise trees from seed sow the nuts in ,november1 about #b in4 deep4 ,when two years old they may be transplanted to their permanent site4 ,the only pruning they require is to cut away any branches which would prevent the tree forming a well-balanced head4 ,chicory4--,sow in ,may or ,june in drills of rich soil1 and thin out to #f in4 apart4 ,in autumn lift the roots and store them in dry sand4 ,to force leaves for salads1 plant the roots closely together in boxes or large pots1 with the tops only exposed1 using ordinary soil2 place in a temperature of #ee degrees1 and keep in the dark4 ,long blanched leaves will soon appear1 ready for use4 ,chilli4--,same treatment as ,capsicum4 ,chimonanthus ,fragrans 7,japan ,allspice74--,this delightfully fragrant hardy shrub1 known as the ,winter ,flower1 produces its blooms in ,january before the leaves appear4 ,should sharp frost set in1 protection ought to be given to the flowers4 ,the plant requires a fairly good soil1 and is most at home when trained against a wall4 ,it is generally propagated by means of layers4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,chinese ,sacred ,narcissus 7,oriental ,lily1 ,joss ,flower1 or ,flower of the ,gods1 the ,chinese emblem of good luck74--,this is a very beautiful variety of the ,polyanthus ,narcissus1 and is grown to bloom at the advent of the ,chinese ,new ,year4 ,it is very fragrant and free blooming1 and is generally flowered in an ornamental bowl of water1 the bulb being surrounded with pretty pebbles to keep it well balanced4 ,it may also be grown in a pot of mould1 kept in a dark place for about ten days1 then placed in a sunny position and supplied with water4 ,it flowers from six to eight weeks after planting4 ,chionanthus ,virginica 7,fringe ,tree74--,a curious shrub which is best raised from seed4 ,it succeeds in any soil1 and bears white flowers in ,july4 ,it will grow to the height of #bj ft4 or more4 ,chionodoxa ,luciliae 7,glory of the ,snow74--,a pretty hardy spring-flowering bulbous plant4 ,the blossoms1 from five to six in number1 are produced on gracefully arched stems1 #d to #h in4 high1 and are nearly #a in4 across1 star-like in form1 and of a lovely blue tint on the margin1 gradually merging into pure white in the centre4 ,fine for growing in clumps4 ,plant the bulbs in autumn in equal parts of loam1 peat1 and sand4 ,it succeeds fairly well in the open1 but reaches perfection in a cold frame1 where the flowers will be produced in ,march4 ,height1 #f in4 ,choisya ,ternata 7,mexican ,orange74--,a pretty evergreen wall plant1 bearing sweet-scented white flowers in ,july4 ,the bush is round1 and extremely ornamental when grown in the shrubbery4 ,it delights in a mixture of peat and loam1 and is propagated by cuttings placed in sand under a handglass1 or1 better still1 by layers of the lower branches in ,march1 detaching them in the autumn4 ,while young it makes a fine pot-plant4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,chorozemas4--,these ,australian plants delight in rich turfy peat mixed with fibrous loam1 leaf-mould1 and coarse sand4 ,when freshly potted they should be given a warm part of the greenhouse and watered cautiously till they are in full growth1 when a little clear liquid manure may be given twice a week4 ,may be shifted at any time except from ,october to ,christmas4 ,propagated by cuttings about #a or #b in4 long of half-ripened young wood taken in ,july or ,august1 and inserted in sand under a glass4 ,when the pots are full of roots shift the plants into larger sizes4 ,they bloom nearly all the year round1 especially in the winter and spring4 ,the plants have rather a rambling habit1 and are usually trained over balloon or pyramidal trellises2 but this trouble can be spared by cutting them back freely and employing a few light sticks to keep them within bounds4 ,christmas ,rose4--,see ,helleborus4 ,chrysanthemum4--,the ,chrysanthemum will grow in any good mould1 a naturally good soil being often preferable to an artificial one4 ,where the ground is not in good condition a compost may be made of one-half rich loam and one-fourth each of well-rotted manure and leaf-mould1 with sufficient sand to keep it porous4 ,cuttings taken in ,november or ,december make the finest exhibition plants4 ,pot them singly in #b-;in4 or #c-;in4 pots2 stand them on coal ashes in a cold frame1 and re-pot them in ,march or ,april in #f-;in4 pots1 making the soil moderately firm4 ,when they attain the height of #f in4 pinch off the extreme point of the shoot1 which will induce the growth of side-shoots4 ,shift the plants from time to time into larger pots1 until at the end of ,may they receive their final shift into #aj-;in4 pots1 after which they must not on any account be stopped4 ,in ,june they may be placed in a sheltered and partially shaded part of the open border1 standing the pots on pieces of slate to prevent the ingress of worms4 ,syringe the leaves each day and give the roots a liberal supply of liquid manure4 ,when the flower-buds begin to show colour1 discontinue the manure water4 ,thin out the flower-buds1 leaving two or three only of the strongest on each stem4 ,at the end of ,september they must be removed to a cool greenhouse to flower4 ,where there is no greenhouse a canvas structure may be erected to protect them from the cold4 ,good plants for the border may be raised from cuttings in ,march or ,april4 ,these should be kept close in a frame until rooted1 then gradually hardened off1 and planted in rich soil4 ,syringing with soot-water twice a week until the flower-buds appear will darken the leaves and deepen the colour of the flowers4 ,chrysogonum ,virginianum4--,a free-flowering1 hardy1 herbaceous plant1 best grown in loam and peat4 ,its deep-golden1 star-shaped flowers are produced from ,june to ,september4 ,cuttings of ripened wood planted in sand and subjected to moist heat will strike4 ,it may also be increased by dividing the root4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,cichorium ,intybus4--,this is a hardy herbaceous plant producing blue flowers in ,july4 ,it will grow in any soil and needs no special treatment4 ,seeds may be sown either in autumn or spring4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,cimcifuga4--,these hardy herbaceous plants will flourish in any good garden soil and are easily raised from seed1 or they may be increased by dividing the roots4 ,various species produce their flowers from ,may to ,september4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #c ft4 ,cinerarias4--,these grow well in a soil composed of equal parts of rich loam1 leaf-mould1 and thoroughly rotted horse-dung1 liberally mixed with sharp sand4 ,they are increased by seed1 cuttings1 or off-sets4 ,the seed should be sown as soon as it is ripe and covered with the lightest layer of the finest soil2 or it may be sown during ,march on a slight hotbed4 ,keep the young plants shaded from the sun1 and as soon as they can be handled put them into #c-;in4 pots4 ,return them to the hotbed and keep them shaded till established1 then gradually harden them off1 and towards the end of ,may they may be planted in the open1 choosing a sheltered situation4 ,the first flower-stem should be cut out close to the bottom1 but the side-shoots may either be reduced or not4 ,at the end of ,september place them in a cool frame to bloom during the following month4 ,they require to be well supplied with manure water4 ,as soon as the plants have done flowering1 cut them down1 and keep them well supplied with water1 and in ,march shake them out of their pots and plant each sucker separately4 ,other sowings may be made in ,april and ,may4 ,to obtain cuttings1 when the plants have flowered cut them down1 and when they have again grown large enough take the cuttings and plant them in pots filled with the above compost1 putting a layer of silver sand on the top4 ,when the cuttings have made shoots #c in4 long1 pinch off the tops to make the plants grow bushy4 ,re-pot when the roots are well grown1 but before they get matted1 and give occasionally a little liquid manure4 ,keep a good look-out for green fly1 and as soon as this nuisance appears fumigate the plants with tobacco paper4 ,an excess of fumigation is injurious4 ,those that have bloomed in pots may be planted in the north border of the garden in ,july1 where they may shed their seed1 from which early plants will be produced4 ,they may also be increased by off-sets4 ,if the old plants are cut down and kept well watered they will throw up suckers1 which may be separated and potted off into thumb pots1 transplanting into larger ones when required4 ,they must always be kept shaded from the sun4 ,a cool frame suits them in summer1 and being nearly hardy1 should never be subjected to a forcing temperature1 sufficient heat to keep away frost and damp being all that is necessary4 ,cinnamon ,plant4--,this is a stove or greenhouse plant1 and requires a loam and peat soil4 ,cuttings of the ripe wood strike freely4 ,cissus ,orientalis4--,useful climbing plants which delight in a light1 rich soil4 ,they are increased by cuttings planted under glass and kept in a gentle1 moist heat4 ,cistus 7,rock ,rose74--,a compost of loam and peat suits these beautiful evergreen shrubs4 ,they may be increased by layers1 ripe cuttings covered with a hand-glass1 or seed4 ,though the plants are pretty hardy it is advisable to afford them protection during severe frosts4 ,june is their flowering month4 ,height1 #c ft4 to #f ft4 ,citrus ,japonica4--,a greenhouse evergreen tree1 requiring a rich loamy soil4 ,very little water should be given it while in a growing state4 ,it is generally budded on an orange or lemon tree and plunged in a bottom-heat4 ,june is its flowering season4 ,height1 #e ft4 ,cladanthus4--,the annuals may be sown in the open in ,april to flower in ,july4 ,the greenhouse evergreens may be propagated by cuttings under glass4 ,these produce flowers in ,june4 ,clarkia4--,these hardy annuals make a pretty display in the borders during summer4 ,seed ripens plentifully1 and merely requires sowing in the open in ,march1 or in ,september if protected in winter4 ,the bloom lasts from ,june to ,september4 ,height1 #ah in4 ,claytonia ,sibirica4--,a hardy herbaceous plant which yields light yellow flowers in ,june4 ,it is not particular as to soil1 and may be raised from seed sown either in autumn or spring4 ,it stands division of the root4 ,height1 #d ft4 ,clematis 7,virgin's ,bower74--,these plants like a dry situation4 ,they will grow in smoky districts1 and may be increased by cuttings of firm side-shoots under a glass in summer or by layers in ,september4 ,with the protection of a greenhouse they come into flower early in spring4 ,they are the most beautiful of all flowering hardy climbers4 ,the stove and greenhouse varieties are best planted in loam and peat1 though they will thrive in any light soil4 ,any good garden soil suits the hardy kinds4 ,the herbaceous varieties are increased by dividing the roots early in spring4 ,they bloom at various periods4 ,after they have ceased to flower1 the ,jackmanni and ,viticella sections should be cut down to within #i or #ab in4 of the ground4 ,the ,patens and ,florida do not require pruning2 those of the ,lanuginosa should be cut back moderately1 but not too close4 ,a good dressing of leaf-mould and manure should be dug in about ,november4 ,heights vary from #b ft4 to #bj ft4 7,see also ,traveller's ,joy47 ,cleome4--,the species of this genus are very pretty and free flowering1 some being half-hardy climbers notable for their foliage4 ,they like a rich1 light soil4 ,cuttings of the stove kinds root freely under a glass4 ,some of the annual species require to be sown in a hotbed frame or in a hot-house1 then potted off and placed with tender annuals4 ,the hardier ones may be sown on a hotbed1 and afterwards planted out in a sheltered position4 ,they flower in ,may1 ,june1 and ,july4 ,heights vary from #f in4 to #h ft4 ,clethra ,alnifolia4--,this hardy deciduous shrub bears in ,september deliciously scented pure white flowers on the side-shoots of the previous year's growth4 ,it needs a light soil and a dry1 sunny situation4 ,it may be propagated by cuttings placed under glass in sandy loam1 or by suckers taken when the leaves have fallen1 but is more generally increased by layers4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,clianthus4--,a genus of very elegant1 free-flowering1 evergreen greenhouse shrubs4 ,they flourish in the border of the conservatory 7or against a south wall if protected from cold7 in an equal mixture of loam1 peat1 and sand4 ,cuttings root freely in the same soil under glass4 ,seed sown early in spring produce flowers the first year1 in ,may4 ,height1 #c ft4 to #d ft4 ,clintonia4--,very pretty half-hardy annuals2 useful for beds1 edging1 pots1 or rock-work4 ,they produce an abundance of ,lobelia-like flowers in ,august4 ,sow the seed in the open in spring4 ,height1 #f in4 ,clitoria4--,a greenhouse climbing or trailing plant1 which thrives in a mixture of loam1 peat1 and sand4 ,cuttings will strike in heat1 but it is more readily grown from seed4 ,clivias 7,caffre ,lilies74--,most beautiful evergreen plants for the greenhouse4 ,the soil most suitable for them is a compost of leaf-mould1 loam1 and sand4 ,give a liberal supply of water when in full growth1 but from ,september to ,february keep them only moderately moist4 ,shade from strong sunshine1 and keep the temperature at from #fj to #gj degrees4 ,they will not bear much disturbance4 ,seed may be sown in bottom-heat early in spring1 or they may be increased by suckers4 ,cobaea ,scandens4--,this rapid climber is well adapted for the conservatory1 but it will thrive in the open air if the root is protected during the winter4 ,if planted against a rough wall its tendrils will catch in the crevices and support it without any assistance4 ,it requires plenty of room and a rather poor soil1 otherwise it runs to leaf instead of to bloom4 ,the tops of the shoots should be constantly pinched off1 to induce thickness of growth4 ,cuttings of firm side-shoots taken in summer will root under glass in a little moist heat2 but it is best raised from seed1 sown sideways1 in a hotbed in ,march4 ,its blue and purple flowers are produced in ,august4 ,height1 #aj ft4 to #bj ft4 ,cob ,nuts4--,see ,filberts4 ,cockscomb4--,these tender annuals should be sown on a moderate hotbed in ,march or ,april1 in pans of leaf-mould and sand1 covering with #a_/d in4 of soil4 ,when a couple of inches high place them in small pots1 replace them on the hotbed1 and give shade till they have taken fresh root4 ,when the weather is favourable let them have a moderate amount of fresh air4 ,afterwards shift them into larger pots1 and when the combs are full grown place them in the greenhouse1 taking care not to allow any damp to lodge on them1 at the same time supplying them well with water and all the air possible4 ,height1 #i in4 7,see also ,celosia47 ,codonopsis4--,these hardy perennials are best grown in sandy peat and loam4 ,they are easily raised from seed or cuttings1 and produce their flowers in ,july and ,august4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,coix ,lachryma 7,job's ,tears74--,a half-hardy1 annual1 ornamental grass bearing clusters of beautiful pearl-like seeds4 ,sow in a warm spot in ,april1 barely covering the seed with fine soil1 and keep the surface of the ground moist till germination is ensured4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,colchicum 7,autumn-,flowering ,crocus74--,plant the bulbs in ,february in light1 loamy soil1 placing them #b in4 deep and #c in4 apart4 ,they are readily increased by off-sets from the bulb4 ,september is their flowering season4 ,height1 #c in4 7,see also ,bulbocodium47 ,coleus4--,tender perennial shrubs of some merit1 requiring the protection of a greenhouse4 ,keep the plants root-bound and near the glass1 with a good supply of heat and moisture4 ,they succeed best in a mixture of loam and peat4 ,cuttings of shoots #c in4 long planted in sand1 covered with a glass1 and plunged in heat #fj to #gj degrees1 will strike4 ,pot off singly in loam and sand4 ,bloom in ,june or ,july4 ,height1 #b ft4 to #c ft4 ,colletia4--,ornamental evergreen shrubs4 ,a mixture of peat and loam1 with a sheltered position1 is their delight4 ,cuttings will strike in sand if covered with glass4 ,they produce their flowers in ,july4 ,height1 #b ft4 to #c ft4 ,collinsia4--,most elegant hardy annuals1 doing well in any garden soil4 ,the seed is sown in autumn for early flowering1 and in spring for a later display4 ,bloom ,may to ,august4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,collomia4--,hardy annuals1 possessing little beauty4 ,treat as ,collinsia4 ,flower in ,july4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #b ft4 ,colt's-foot4--,this hardy perennial flowers before the leaves appear4 ,it grows best in a moist1 clayey soil1 and may be increased by pieces of the running root4 ,columbine4--,see ,aquilegia4 ,colutea ,arborescens 7,bladder ,senna74--,a shrub with ,acacia-like leaves and producing yellow ,pea-shaped flowers in ,july1 followed with bladder-shaped seed vessels4 ,it will grow in any soil1 and may be raised either from seed or cuttings taken in autumn4 ,height1 #aj ft4 ,commelina ,sellowina 7,blue ,spider ,wort1 or ,day ,flower74--,a pretty greenhouse climber1 bearing cobalt-blue flowers4 ,it should occupy a sunny position1 and be watered freely from ,march to ,september1 after which very little should be given4 ,commelina ,tuberosa4--,perfectly hardy plants1 bearing in ,june blue or white flowers the size of a shilling4 ,the bulbs may be planted in spring in any garden soil2 the plants are increased by off-sets4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,compost ,heap4--,get a heap of dead leaves and press and jam them down as closely as possible4 ,then take as much manure1 in appearance1 as you have dead leaves1 and for each cartload have two bushels of unslaked quicklime and some earth4 ,now spread upon the ground1 in some out-of-the-way corner1 a layer of the dead leaves1 upon which sprinkle a layer of lime1 and over that a thin layer of earth4 ,next lay on a covering of manure1 then a layer of leaves1 and one of lime and earth as before1 and proceed in this way till all the materials are used up4 ,it will be well1 however1 to give the heap a good watering whenever you come to the layer of leaves4 ,this slakes the lime and hastens the decomposition of the vegetable matter4 ,after letting it stand for about six weeks1 begin at the top of the heap and turn it completely over1 so that what was at the bottom will be at the top4 ,repeat this operation from time to time at intervals of six or seven weeks1 until it has become perfectly friable and will powder through a garden-fork like dust4 ,it will then be ready for use4 ,this compost is invigorating to flowers of all kinds1 and is so ready for them to assimilate4 ,comptonia ,asplenifolia4--,this ornamental deciduous shrub is quite hardy1 but requires a light1 sandy loam or peat soil and a shady situation4 ,it is increased by layers4 ,blooms in ,april4 ,height1 #d ft4 ,cone ,flower4--,see ,echinacea4 ,conifers4--,conifers 7so called because they bear cones in place of ordinary seed7 are mostly of tall growth1 yet among the class are many low--growing evergreens well adapted for the lawn or border4 ,indeed1 any of the specimens may be utilised in this way1 but of course must be removed from the shrubbery or border before they attain undue proportions4 ,they are hardy1 and1 generally speaking1 not particular as to soil or situation4 ,firs1 ,pines1 ,cedars1 etc41 come under this heading1 and mention is made in other parts of this work of those most suitable for the amateur's requirements4 ,convallaria ,prolificans4--,this is one of the most beautiful hardy perennials known4 ,it has large1 deep-green foliage1 with erect and much-branched flower-stems4 ,the flowers are white1 internally flushed rose2 are very fragrant1 and are produced from ,may to ,september4 ,the plant will grow in any ordinary soil1 and may be increased by dividing the root4 ,height1 #b-a_/b ft4 ,convolvulus 7,morning ,glory74--,showy plants4 ,the tender species are well adapted for the stove or conservatory1 and are best grown in loam and peat3 cuttings strike freely in sand under a glass4 ,the half-hardy annual kinds should be sown on a gentle hotbed in ,february1 and when large enough transferred to the open2 or they may be sown in the open in ,april4 ,hardy kinds merely require sowing in the open1 early in spring4 ,the stove and greenhouse annuals and biennials require to be sown in heat1 and treated as other stove and greenhouse annuals and biennials4 ,flowering season1 ,may to ,july4 ,height1 #f in4 to #ae ft4 ,coral ,plant4--,see ,erythrina4 ,corchorus4--,see ,kerria4 ,cordyline4--,a stove evergreen shrub1 which may be grown in any light1 vegetable mould or in peat and loam1 and is easily increased by suckers4 ,it flowers in spring4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,coreopsis4--,very pretty and long-flowering4 ,they all like a light1 rich1 and sandy soil4 ,cuttings of the stove kinds root freely under glass4 ,hardy perennials may be divided at the roots4 ,the annuals may be sown either in the autumn or in ,march2 they bear transplanting4 ,longipes flowers in ,april2 ,grandiflora in ,august4 ,useful as cut flowers4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 to #c ft4 ,cornel4--,see ,cornus4 ,cornflower4--,see ,cyanus4 ,corn ,salad 7,lamb's ,lettuce74--,sow in drills--the plants to stand #f in4 apart--from ,march till ,august1 in well-drained sandy loam4 ,autumn sowings will stand the winter and prove useful in early spring4 ,it must be gathered young4 ,cornus ,canadensis 7,canadian ,cornel74--,a pretty herbaceous plant1 suitable for moist parts of rock-work4 ,it is very hardy1 likes a light soil1 and produces flowers from ,june to ,august4 ,the roots may be divided in autumn1 or in the early part of spring4 ,height1 #h in4 ,cornus ,mas 7,cornelian ,cherry74--,this hardy deciduous shrub does well in common soil if a fair amount of moisture be given4 ,its yellow flowers are produced on bare stems from ,february to ,april4 ,it may be increased by seeds1 cuttings1 or layers1 autumn being the time to propagate4 ,coronilla4--,the greenhouse shrubs should be grown in peat and loam4 ,they are raised by seeds and by cuttings4 ,most of the hardy perennials need protection in winter1 therefore they are best grown in pots4 ,these are propagated by seed or division4 ,the annuals need no special treatment4 ,coronilla ,iberica4--,a pretty creeping hardy perennial suitable for rock-work1 on which its bright yellow flowers are very attractive during ,june and ,july4 ,it thrives best in a mixture of peat and loam1 and may be increased by seeds or division of the roots4 ,height1 #f in4 ,correa ,cardinalis4--,an evergreen greenhouse shrub4 ,place in equal parts of sand and loam1 and propagate by cuttings1 which should have plenty of room1 as they are liable to damp off4 ,july is its flowering season4 ,height1 #d ft4 ,c4 ,magnifica is also a capital plant4 ,cortusa ,matthioli4--,this ornamental hardy herbaceous plant thrives best in a mixture of peat and loam4 ,it is advisable to give protection to the roots in winter4 ,it may be increased by seeds or by division of the roots4 ,it makes a good pot-plant1 and produces flowers in ,may and ,june4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,corydalis 7,fumitory74--,these low-growing perennials are suitable for dry positions on rock-work4 ,they are not particular as to soil1 and may be increased by division of roots1 while some scatter seed in abundance4 ,their flowering period extends over many months4 ,height1 #f in4 to #a ft4 ,cosmea ,bipinnata4--,a very pretty half-hardy annual which flowers in ,july4 ,sow the seed early in spring on a slight hotbed covered with glass1 and transplant to the flower border at the end of ,may4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,cosmos4--,pretty plants1 the flowers resembling a single ,dahlia4 ,they are mostly hardy1 but some need protection4 ,the annuals should be raised on a hotbed in ,february and be planted out in ,may4 ,the perennials1 too1 are brought forward in heat4 ,some flower in ,june1 others in ,september4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #c ft4 ,cotoneaster4--,evergreen shrubs which will grow in any soil and are easily increased by layers4 ,c4 ,hookeriana attains the dimensions of small trees1 and produces a profusion of white flowers and bright crimson berries4 ,c4 ,simonsii is largely used as a hedge4 ,height1 #f ft4 to #h ft4 ,c4 ,rupestris is a small-leaved1 prostrate perennial species1 bearing white flowers from ,may to ,august1 followed by red berries4 ,height1 #c in4 ,cotyledon ,chrysantha 7,umbilicus74--,a choice ,alpine succulent which thrives in a sandy loam1 or in well-drained pots of the same soil4 ,it flowers from ,may to ,august1 and is multiplied by cuttings1 which must be left to dry for a few days in a sunny place4 ,flowers are produced from ,may to ,august4 ,height1 #c in4 ,cowslips4--,well-known hardy perennials4 ,these require the same treatment as ,primulas4 ,plant in a mixture of loam and peat1 and divide as soon as the bloom has died off4 ,height1 #f in4 ,cowslips1 ,cape4--,see ,lachenalia4 ,crambe ,cordifolia 7,tournefort1 or ,sea ,cabbage74--,this hardy herbaceous plant is suitable for a wild garden4 ,it likes a good1 rich soil1 and is easily increased by seed or division4 ,august is its flowering period4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,crane's ,bill4--,see ,geranium ,argentium4 ,crataegus ,pyracantha 7,fire ,thorn74--,this hardy1 ornamental shrub will grow in any soil4 ,it should be planted early in spring on a south or south-west wall1 and may be increased by seeds1 by budding1 or by grafting4 ,the profuse brilliant orange-coloured berries of the ,c4 ,lelandii 7,mespilus7 ensures it a place on walls and trellises4 ,a sunny position gives best results4 ,prune in ,march4 ,creeping ,jenny4--,see ,lysimachia ,nummularia4 ,crepis 7,hawkweed74--,an interesting hardy annual4 ,it merely requires sowing in spring1 and will grow in any soil4 ,the flowers are produced in ,june4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,cress4--,sow at intervals of a week from ,march to ,september in the open ground1 and during the winter months in frames4 ,a shady position is most suitable4 ,by these frequent sowings1 and by often cutting over such as readily renew a bottom growth1 a constant succession of tender shoots is obtained4 ,crocus4--,among our earliest spring flowers4 ,these will grow in any garden soil1 but prefer rich1 sandy earth4 ,plant in ,october or ,november1 #c in4 deep and #b in4 apart4 ,take the roots up every second year1 and plant the small off-sets in a nursery bed for two years1 when they will be fit for the beds or borders4 ,protect the bulbs from mice1 as they are very partial to them1 especially in winter4 ,indoor ,culture4--,select strong bulbs of the seedling varieties1 and plant them in succession1 commencing early in autumn1 in good1 rich1 sandy soil4 ,a liberal supply of water is necessary during the blooming season1 but perfect drainage must be secured4 ,they grow well in bowls filled with wet moss or sand4 ,height1 #f in4 7,see also ,colchicum47 ,crotons4--,fine-foliaged hothouse plants4 ,a mixture of peat and sandy loam suits their growth1 and they require a good amount of light to properly colour their leaves1 with a night temperature of #gj degrees4 ,crowea ,saligna4--,charming greenhouse evergreen shrubs1 which send forth their purple flowers in ,september4 ,they grow best in loam and peat4 ,cuttings may be struck in sand under bell-glasses4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,crown ,imperials4--,see ,fritillarias4 ,crucianella ,stylosa4--,a hardy perennial4 ,sow in ,august or ,september in a sheltered spot to stand the winter4 ,the seed may also be sown from ,march to midsummer1 and the plants moved in autumn to the place where they are to bloom4 ,their delicate pink flowers are produced in ,july4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,cuckoo ,flower4--,see ,cardamine4 ,cucumbers4--,a rich1 loamy soil is most suitable for their growth4 ,sow frame varieties in a heat of #ge degrees or #he degrees during ,february and ,march for summer use1 and when the plants are of sufficient size transplant to a well-prepared hotbed4 ,sow again in ,september for winter use4 ,the hardy or ridge cucumbers 7which are not suited for frame or hothouse culture7 should be raised in a frame or hot-bed in ,april1 and planted out about the middle of ,may in a warm border on strawed ridges prepared with good stable manure1 placing a hand-glass over each plant until it is well established4 ,cunila ,mariana 7,dittany74--,this hardy perennial produces heads of pretty purple flowers from ,july to ,september4 ,it is not particular as to soil1 and can easily be increased by division4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,cuphea4--,shrubs of a rather pretty description4 ,the stove varieties require a sandy loam to grow in1 and may be propagated by cuttings4 ,the annuals should be sown on a gentle hotbed1 and when strong enough potted off and kept in the greenhouse2 they should not be moved into the open before the end of ,may4 ,the perennial species if sown early make good bedding plants the first year2 they need protection in the winter4 ,currants4--,black4--,a rich1 deep soil and a moist situation1 together with partial shade1 are most suitable for their growth4 ,they succeed better as bushes than as espaliers or trained to walls4 ,cuttings of the previous year's growth are taken in autumn and planted firmly #a ft4 by #f in4 apart4 ,in two years shift every alternate plant so as to allow room for expansion1 and plant out finally to a distance of #e ft4 ,in pruning the bushes1 remember that the fruit is borne on the young wood1 therefore only sufficient should be cut away to allow of the admission of air and sunshine and the further growth of young branches4 ,a portion of the old wood should be removed each year4 ,mulch the roots1 and keep the plants supplied with water in dry seasons4 ,baldwin's ,black1 ,ogden's ,black1 ,black ,naples1 ,lee's ,prolific1 ,james' ,prolific1 and ,old ,black are among the best4 ,red and ,white4--,an open1 sunny position is needed4 ,the soil that suits them best is a deeply-manured1 stiff loam4 ,they are readily raised from cuttings--which should be as long and strong as possible--taken in autumn4 ,cut away all the eyes except the three uppermost ones1 and plant firmly in rows #a ft4 by #f in4 apart4 ,transplant at the end of the second year to a distance of #e ft4 apart4 ,while the plants are young cut out all the top centre branches1 cutting always to an outgrowing bud1 so as to give a cylindrical form to the bush4 ,in further pruning leave the leading shoots untouched1 but shorten all others to #d in4 or #f in41 and cut out all old1 mossy wood4 ,towards the end of ,june is a good time for cutting the young wood away4 ,the fruit is produced on spurs4 ,in the autumn of each year carefully dig in a good dressing of half-rotted manure1 in such a manner as not to injure the roots4 ,among the leading red varieties are the following3--,champagne1 ,cherry1 ,chiswick ,red1 ,houghton ,castle1 ,raby ,castle1 and ,red ,dutch4 ,of the white fruit the ,white ,dutch and the ,cut-leaved ,white are the leaders4 ,in plantations they should stand from #d ft4 to #f ft4 apart4 ,currants1 ,flowering4--,see ,ribes4 ,cyanthus ,lobatus--,a small1 but very beautiful procumbent perennial1 well adapted to fill moist places on rock-work if the situation is open and sunny4 ,a mixture of vegetable mould and sand suits it1 and it is best increased by cuttings placed in moist peat4 ,it flowers in the autumn1 the flower-stems being from #f in4 to #a ft4 in length4 ,cyanus7,cornflower74--,very pretty and free-blooming hardy annuals4 ,sow the seed in the open in autumn for an early display of flowers1 or in ,march for a later one4 ,thin out to #b ft4 apart4 ,bloom in ,july4 ,height1 #b ft4 to #c ft4 ,cyclamen4--,charming winter and spring blooming bulbous greenhouse plants1 which thrive in a mixture of sandy loam and vegetable mould4 ,they require a moist atmosphere and a uniform temperature not lower than #ej degrees4 ,they may be increased by seed sown in slight heat as soon as it is ripe4 ,plant the bulbs in ,october1 also in ,february and ,march1 placing them so that the crown is level with the top of the pots4 ,one full-sized bulb is sufficient for a #f-;in4 pot1 which must be provided with good drainage and placed on a layer of coal ashes that is kept constantly moist4 ,water moderately till growth begins1 then increase the supply4 ,give a little liquid manure1 in a weak state1 if a large quantity of flower-buds appear4 ,when the blooming season is over1 plunge the pots in a shady1 well-drained border1 and when the leaves start afresh turn the plants carefully out of the pots1 so as not to injure their roots1 and re-pot in fresh soil4 ,c4 ,persicum flowers in ,february1 and ,c4 ,neapolitanum in ,april4 ,c4 ,europeum is a hard variety1 thriving in any situation4 ,it produces sweetly-scented flowers throughout ,july and ,august4 ,it does best when planted under trees1 or in partial shade on rock-work1 in well-drained1 good loamy or peaty soil mixed with a fair proportion of brick rubble4 ,plant the corms in ,september #c in4 apart1 and #a-a_/b in4 deep4 ,height1 #f in4 to #i in4 ,cydonia 7,pyrus74--,these hardy plants are well adapted for trellis-work1 but are more effective when grown as bushes1 and flower more freely than when trained to the wall1 the bloom often lasting to the winter4 ,they will grow in any soil1 and are increased by suckers4 ,height1 #d ft4 and upwards4 ,cyperius ,alternifolius4--,a stove grass which will grow in any soil1 but requires a plentiful supply of water4 ,it is increased by dividing the roots4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,cypress 7,cupressus74--,among these useful conifers ,c4 ,lawsoniana has no superior as a single specimen for the decoration of the lawn4 ,of free growth and perfectly hardy1 it succeeds in almost any soil or situation4 ,c4 ,fraserii is also hardy1 of erect habit1 and of a rich glaucous hue4 ,when it attains a good size it is very ornamental4 ,the beautiful silver variegated variety ,argenteo ,variegata deserves a place in every shrubbery4 ,nana ,alba ,maculata is a dwarf globular plant1 the slender branches of which are tipped with white1 giving it the appearance of being partly covered with snow4 ,pygmea is a compact dwarf-growing variety suitable for the centre of small beds and for rock-work4 ,japan ,cypresses are elegant little shrubs1 one of the finest being ,retinospora ,ericoides1 whose peculiar violet-red leaves contrast charmingly with light green plants4 ,any of the above may be increased by cuttings4 ,they succeed best in a rich1 deep loam1 and are improved by thinning out the branches where too thick1 and pinching out the stronger shoots where too thin1 so as to encourage new growth4 ,cypripedium 7,hardy ,ladies' ,slipper ,orchid74--,this plant is of the simplest culture and is well adapted for pots1 ferneries1 or rock-work4 ,it is most at home in a well-drained yet moist peaty soil1 and kept in a frame or on a shady border1 where it will bloom in ,june4 ,protect from frost and heavy rains1 but never allow the roots to get dry4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,cytisus4--,elegant hardy shrubs with finely-cut leaves and terminal racemes of ,pea-shaped flowers in ,july4 ,they will grow in any soil1 and are readily raised from seed or layers4 ,height1 #c ft4 to #d ft4 ,d ,daffodils4--,these will grow in any good1 cool1 moist1 well-drained garden soil if sand be put round their roots1 but thrive best in a moderately rich loam4 ,they may remain in the ground for years1 for large bulbs produce the finest flowers4 ,when the flowering is over the leaves must be allowed to die down1 not cut off4 ,plant from ,september to ,december4 ,the top of the bulb should be about #c in4 below the surface1 according to its size2 #aj in4 apart is a good distance4 ,daffodils are also suitable for pot culture4 ,plant three to six bulbs1 according to size1 in a #d-;in4 or #e-;in4 pot1 using a compost of two parts fibrous loam1 one part leaf-mould1 and one part sand4 ,place the pots on a bed of ashes1 and cover with #d in4 of cocoa-nut fibre4 ,as soon as top growth has commenced1 remove the plants indoors1 and give plenty of light and air to prevent them being drawn4 ,daffodils likewise make a good display when planted on a lawn4 ,dahlias4--,these attractive plants require a deep1 friable soil1 not over rich4 ,they may be grown from seed sown on a hotbed in ,march and lightly covered with fine mould4 ,as soon as they are up give all the air which can with safety be given4 ,when the seedlings are large enough pot them off singly in the smallest-sized pots or round the edges of #f-;in4 ones4 ,plant them out at the end of ,may1 #a ft4 apart2 they will flower at the end of ,august4 ,any that turn out very good had better be propagated by cuttings from the young tops1 to save the kind in case the roots should die4 ,when flowering is over take up the young bulbs and treat them as directed afterwards for old tubers4 ,another way to propagate them is to place the old tubers in soil over a hotbed early in ,march4 ,when the shoots are a couple of inches high the tubers may be taken up and divided with a sharp knife4 ,pot off separately4 ,water them occasionally with liquid manure1 made from guano and powdered charcoal1 well mixed with rain water1 and plant them out early in ,may4 ,give them plenty of room1 and tie the branches securely to stakes firmly fixed in the soil4 ,when they have become good bushy plants put a layer of half-rotted manure round each plant4 ,as soon as frost turns their foliage brown take them up1 cut off the roots1 leaving about #f in4 of stem attached1 and plunge them into a box of sand1 chaff1 or ashes1 and preserve them from damp1 frost1 and heat during the winter4 ,daisies 7,bellis ,perennis74--,these pretty1 little hardy perennials are very useful as edgings4 ,to grow them to perfection the ground should be highly manured1 and the roots divided every year1 planting them out #f in4 apart in a cool1 shady situation4 ,october is a suitable time for transplanting4 ,they flower continuously from ,february to ,july4 ,height1 #f in4 ,dandelions4--,dandelions on lawns1 etc41 may be killed by cutting them down as low as possible1 and putting a little gas-tar or a pinch of salt on the wound4 ,or they may be dug up and blanched for mixing with salad4 ,in this case plant six roots in an #h-;in4 pot1 and place an inverted flower-pot over the whole1 in order to exclude the light2 the plants are sometimes blanched in the open by covering them with old tan or fine ashes4 ,the flowers must be kept picked off1 for they soon run to seed1 and if unattended to become troublesome4 ,daphne4--,beautiful shrubs1 mostly evergreens1 bearing elegant flowers followed by bright-red poisonous berries4 ,d4 ,mezereum is the most common variety1 and is very suitable for the front of shrubberies4 ,the ,chinese variety ,d4 ,odorata is too tender for outdoors1 but makes a fine ornament for the greenhouse4 ,the dwarf kinds1 bearing fragrant pink flowers1 are rather tender1 but are very useful for rockeries occupying sheltered positions4 ,they all need a peaty soil1 and may be increased by grafting on to the common ,spurge ,laurel4 ,different varieties flower at various periods1 from ,february to ,october4 ,height1 #i in4 to #f ft1 but the majority are from #b ft4 to #c ft4 high4 ,datura4--,ornamental half-hardy annuals4 ,the seeds of all the species must be sown on a hotbed early in spring4 ,when the plants are strong enough transplant them in the border1 where they will bloom more freely than in pots4 ,the seeds of ,d4 ,ceratocaula will sometimes remain several years in the ground before they germinate4 ,they flower in ,july4 ,height1 #b ft4 to #c ft4 ,day ,flower4--,see ,commelina4 ,day ,lily4--,see ,hemerocallis4 ,delphinium 7,larkspur74--,the gorgeous spikes of flowers produced by these plants render them invaluable for the border4 ,they like a deep soil1 highly enriched4 ,the perennials may be divided at the root in autumn1 care being taken not to injure the young fleshy sprouts4 ,the annuals are readily raised from seed4 ,the quickest way to grow the perennial varieties from seed is to sow in a frame with a slight bottom-heat1 at any time from ,march to ,august2 but sowings made in the open from ,april to ,june will succeed4 ,keep the ground moist1 and shade from the sun till the plants are up1 then transplant to nursery beds for the summer1 afterwards transferring them to their final quarters4 ,flower in ,june and ,july4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 to #f ft4 ,dentaria ,digitata 7,toothwort74--,this tuberous hardy perennial grows well in old leaf-mould1 and is very suitable for the base portion of rock-work1 where it can obtain both shade from the midday sun and moisture4 ,it is readily increased by cutting the roots into pieces about #a-a_/b in4 long1 and replanting them where they are intended to bloom1 putting #a in4 or so of sand round them4 ,they flower in ,may4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,desfontania ,spinosa4--,a fine1 evergreen wall shrub with holly-like leaves1 and long1 pendulous scarlet and orange flowers in ,june4 ,it grows best in a compost of loam1 peat1 and sand1 with a south or west aspect4 ,it is propagated by cuttings under glass4 ,height1 #aj ft4 ,desmodium ,canadense4--,this is a fine border hardy perennial1 producing long racemes of rosy-purple flowers in ,june or ,july4 ,it prefers a soil of sandy loam and peat1 and may be increased by seed or by cuttings planted in sand and subjected to heat4 ,height1 #d ft4 ,desmodium ,pendulaeflorum4--,a hardy evergreen shrub1 flowering in ,july4 ,it thrives in sandy loam and peat4 ,cuttings planted in sand with a little bottom-heat and under glass will strike4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,deutzia4--,a beautiful conservatory shrub1 bearing in spring a large quantity of flowers resembling the snowdrop4 ,a peaty soil suits it4 ,it is pretty hardy4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,devil-in-a-,bush4--,see ,nigella4 ,dianthus4--,very beautiful and fragrant flowers4 ,the genus embraces ,carnations1 ,pinks1 ,picotees1 and ,sweet ,williams4 ,the soil most suitable for them is a light1 loamy one1 mixed with a little rotten dung and sand4 ,it is well to confine the rarer kind to pots1 so as the better to protect them in winter4 ,they are propagated by layers1 cuttings1 or division of roots4 ,if the cuttings are taken about the middle of ,june1 and placed under glass on a gentle hotbed1 they will be ready in about three weeks to plant out in the open4 ,the annuals and biennials merely require sowing where they are intended to bloom4 ,flower in ,july4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 to #b ft4 ,dictamnus 7,burning ,bush74--,see ,fraxinella4 ,dielytra ,spectabilis 7,venus's ,car1 ,bleeding ,heart1 or ,lyre ,flower74--,one of the most elegant hardy perennials for forcing for table decorations1 or cutting for vases4 ,the graceful1 pendent branches are laden with beautiful red or purple heart-shaped flowers2 these1 combined with the delicate green of the foliage1 give them a conspicuous place among plants4 ,out of doors in summer1 among shrubs or herbaceous plants1 they are exceedingly attractive4 ,let them be planted in tufty groups in a warm1 sheltered border of rich1 light soil4 ,they may be increased by division of the root1 as in the ,dahlia1 or by cuttings4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,digitalis 7,foxglove74--,very showy1 hardy1 perennial border plants4 ,they will grow in any garden soil1 and are readily raised from seed1 which1 if sown in the autumn1 will produce flowers the following ,june and ,july4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #c ft4 ,digitata4--,see ,callirhoe4 ,dimorphantus 7,aralia ,sinensis74--,the ,dimorphantus ,mandschuricus is one of the noblest of deciduous shrubs1 the foliage being very large and much divided4 ,any soil is suitable for its growth1 and it may be propagated by cuttings of ripe wood1 taken at a joint and planted on a shaded site4 ,it produces its flowers at midsummer4 ,height1 #d ft4 to #f ft4 ,dimorphotheca ,ecklonis4--,this plant is not perhaps quite hardy1 still it may be grown out of doors in a sheltered1 sunny situation4 ,it grows well in sandy loam and leaf-mould1 and requires a good deal of moisture in the summer months1 though from autumn till spring it should be kept on the dry side4 ,during winter it is safest to afford it protection4 ,it is generally raised from cuttings late in summer1 which are kept through the winter in small pots in the greenhouse4 ,diphylleia ,cymosa4--,a very pretty bog plant which blooms from ,june to ,august4 ,plant in rich1 light soil1 and give plenty of water4 ,it is propagated by division4 ,height1 #i in4 ,diplacus ,glutinosus 7,hard-wooded ,mimulus74--,this elegant greenhouse shrub is an evergreen which delights in a rich1 sandy loam4 ,it flowers in ,june1 and is increased by cuttings4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,diplopappus4--,dwarf-growing evergreen shrubs of pretty habit4 ,the golden stems and leaves of ,d4 ,chrysophylla render that variety specially attractive4 ,a sandy loam is most suitable for their growth4 ,they require the warmest situation the garden affords1 and to be protected during the winter4 ,cuttings strike readily4 ,they flower in ,august4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,disbudding--,the object of ,disbudding is to prevent the growth of branches which1 from their position1 would be useless to the tree1 and would consequently have to be cut away later on4 ,the process is both simple and expeditious4 ,the trees are gone over once a week during the spring1 and the useless buds are rubbed off with the thumb1 taking off first those which are most unfavourably situated4 ,the work should be done gradually1 so as not to give any check to the tree4 ,the term is also applied to the pinching out of flower-buds1 such as those of the ,chrysanthemum1 so as to give more room and strength to the remaining blooms4 ,disemma4--,splendid evergreen climbers1 suitable either for the greenhouse or in a sheltered position out of doors4 ,plant in rich1 loamy soil mixed with peat1 and1 if grown in the open1 give protection to the roots during the winter4 ,they flower in ,july1 and may be increased by cuttings planted in sand under glass4 ,height1 #bj ft4 to #cj ft4 ,dittany4--,see ,cunila4 ,docks1 to ,kill4--,cut the weeds down to the ground1 and run a skewer dipped in vitriol through the roots4 ,dodecatheon4--,a hardy perennial1 which is very ornamental when in flower4 ,it grows best in a loamy soil1 and is easily increased by dividing the roots4 ,blooms in ,may4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,dog's-,tooth ,violets4--,see ,violets4 ,dolichos ,lablab4--,half-hardy annuals4 ,the seed should be sown in spring in pots placed in heat1 and kept in the hothouse till ,may1 when the plants may be set out in a sheltered position1 placing sticks for them to run up1 in the like manner to ,beans4 ,flower in ,july4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,dondia ,epipactis4--,a very pretty and extremely hardy little perennial1 suitable for either pot culture or rock-work4 ,it thrives in peat or leaf-mould1 and likes a moist position4 ,strong clumps may be divided in ,february1 but it is rather shy at being moved4 ,it flowers in ,may4 ,height1 #f in4 ,doronicum 7,leopards ,bane74--,an ornamental hardy perennial4 ,it will grow in any garden soil1 and may be propagated from seed sown either in the autumn or spring1 or by dividing the root4 ,it produces its flowers in ,may4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,draba4--,pretty dwarf ,alpine plants which bloom during ,april and ,may2 very suitable for rock-work4 ,they flourish in a compost of loam and peat1 and may be propagated by seed or division4 ,height1 #a-a_/b in4 to #c in4 ,dracaena ,indivisa4--,a stove evergreen shrub much valued for its foliage and as a table plant4 ,it requires a light1 loamy soil and plenty of light4 ,cuttings stuck in tan or peat and sand1 and provided with strong heat1 will strike4 ,it flowers in ,june4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,dracocephalum 7,dragon's ,head74--,ornamental plants1 mostly bearing lilac or blue flowers4 ,many of the half-hardy kinds are grown in pots1 so that they may the more readily be removed to the greenhouse in winter4 ,the perennials are propagated by dividing the roots4 ,the annuals are increased from seed sown in ,march or early in ,april4 ,they like a rich1 light soil1 and come into bloom in ,june and ,july4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #b ft4 ,dracophyllum4--,greenhouse evergreen shrubs of an ornamental character4 ,the pots should be filled with an equal mixture of sand and peat4 ,they are propagated by planting the young shoots in sand1 covering them with a hand-glass1 and plunging them in heat4 ,they flower in ,june4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,dragon's ,head4--,see ,dracocephalum4 ,dryas ,octopetala 7,mountain ,avens74--,a prostrate1 creeping perennial which bears white ,anemone-like flowers from ,july to ,september4 ,it thrives in peat1 and is increased by seeds1 cuttings1 or division4 ,not being quite hardy1 protection should be afforded during winter4 ,height1 #f in4 ,dutchman's ,pipe--,see ,aristolochia4 ,e ,earwigs1 to ,trap4--,an inverted flower-pot1 containing a little dry moss or hay1 placed on a stick1 forms a good trap for these pests4 ,they will also congregate in any hollow stems of plants that may be laid about4 ,they may be destroyed by shaking them into boiling water4 ,eccremocarpus 7,calampelis74--,these climbing half-hardy perennials will grow in any garden soil1 a light1 loamy one being preferable4 ,sow the seed in autumn on a slight hotbed1 pot off1 and winter in a greenhouse4 ,the plants will be ready to turn out on a warm south wall in ,april or ,may4 ,cut them down in the autumn1 and cover the roots with dry leaves3 they will shoot up again in the spring4 ,the foliage is dark and ,clematis-like2 the flowers are borne in clusters1 are tube-shaped1 and bright orange-scarlet in colour4 ,they are increased by cuttings4 ,echeveria4--,choice greenhouse evergreen shrubs4 ,they grow best in a sandy loam1 with a little peat1 mixed with pulverised brick rubbish4 ,water must be given cautiously4 ,young plants may be taken off the parent in ,october and pressed firmly1 but without bruising them1 in light1 rich soil4 ,cuttings should be left for a few days to dry before planting4 ,they flower in autumn4 ,in winter keep them in a cold frame1 and as dry as possible4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #b ft4 ,echinacea ,purpurea 7,purple ,cone ,flower74--,a stately hardy perennial1 very pretty when in flower1 but hardly suitable for cutting purposes4 ,it likes a rich1 light1 loam soil and plenty of sunshine4 ,the roots may be divided in spring1 after growth has fairly started4 ,it blooms during ,september and ,october4 ,height1 #b-a_/b ft4 ,echinops 7,globe ,thistle74--,coarse perennial plants1 of stiff growth4 ,any soil suits them1 and they may be increased by dividing the roots4 ,they bloom in ,july4 ,height1 #d ft4 ,echium ,creticum4--,a scarlet-flowering hardy annual which should be grown wherever bees are kept4 ,sow in spring in any garden soil4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,edelweiss4--,see ,gnaphalium4 ,edraianthus ,dalmaticus4--,a charming little herbaceous perennial which proves quite hardy in our climate1 and well deserves a place in the rockery4 ,plant in deep1 rich loam1 and cover the surface of the crown with #a_/b in4 of coarse sand4 ,it may be propagated from off-sets1 taken with as much root as possible as soon as flowering ceases4 ,winter the young plants in a cold frame1 and do not give them too much water1 or they will rot4 ,they will bloom in ,july and ,august4 ,height1 #d in4 ,egg-,plant 7,aubergine74--,the fruit of the egg-plant is edible4 ,the seed is sown in ,march or ,april in pots of well-drained1 light1 rich soil1 and placed in a cucumber frame or on a hotbed with a temperature of #ge degrees4 ,when the plants are fairly up they are potted off separately1 and when they have started into growth the points are pinched out1 so as to induce a bushy habit4 ,it is necessary to keep the roots well supplied with water4 ,when the fruit is set1 the growth is stopped at the first joint beyond it4 ,they are mostly treated as greenhouse pot-plants1 but may be grown in the open if planted on a south border1 in ridges like those made for cucumbers1 and covered with hand-glasses till established4 ,the ,aubergine is a tender annual4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,eggs of ,insects1 to ,destroy4--,into #c gallons of water stir #a_/d peck of lime1 #a_/b lb4 of sulphur1 and #a_/b lb4 of tobacco4 ,when settled1 syringe the trees and walls with the clear liquid4 ,more water may be added afterwards4 ,eichhornia ,crassipes ,major4--,a pretty and curious plant which may be grown in bowls of water like the ,chinese ,lily4 ,the stalks are bladders about the size of a greengage1 which enable the plant to float4 ,the flowers are soft lilac-rose in colour1 and sparkle as if polished1 each one being about #b in4 in diameter4 ,a little soil at the bottom of the bowl is beneficial4 ,it will flourish out of doors in summer4 ,elder4--,see ,sambucus4 ,eleagnus4--,effective variegated shrubs which prove perfectly hardy in the south of ,england4 ,they grow in any ordinary soil1 and are increased by cuttings4 ,height1 #aj ft4 ,elsholtzia ,cristata4--,hardy annuals of great value where there are bees1 the flowers being very sweet4 ,sow in the open in spring4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,empetrum4--,small hardy evergreen shrubs requiring an elevated and exposed position1 and a dry1 barren soil4 ,they flower in ,may1 and are propagated by layers4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,endive4--,sow at intervals from ,may till the end of ,august1 but the principal sowing1 to stand the winter1 should be made the first week in ,august1 giving the plants the protection of a frame4 ,when the early sown ones are #b in4 high transplant them to a rich nursery bed4 ,when #d in4 high lift them carefully1 with the soil round the roots1 and place them in drills about #c in4 deep and #a ft4 apart each way4 ,water well immediately after planting1 and keep the soil moist4 ,epacris4--,pretty ,heath-like shrubs4 ,they like a sandy peat soil1 and plenty of moisture4 ,the pots in which they grow should be provided with ample drainage and stood in a larger-sized pot1 with wet moss between the two4 ,as soon they have done blooming cut them back freely1 and when the fresh shoots are #b or #c in4 long1 pot them off1 placing them in a close1 cool pit for three or four weeks4 ,gradually harden off1 then place them in a sunny situation out of doors1 and remove them to the conservatory in ,october4 ,they only need sufficient heat to keep out the frost4 ,cuttings of the young wood placed in sand with a little bottom-heat will strike4 ,epigaea ,repens 7,creeping ,laurel74--,this creeper is hardy and evergreen1 and its flowers possess a delicious fragrance4 ,it may be grown in loam and sandy peat or in leaf-mould with a little sand added1 in a well-sheltered and moist situation2 and may be propagated by layers1 in the same manner as ,carnations4 ,it flowers in ,april4 ,height1 #f in4 ,epilobium ,angustifolium4--,an ornamental herbaceous plant which may be grown in any common soil from seed sown in autumn1 or may be increased by division of the roots4 ,it puts forth its flowers in ,july4 ,height1 #d ft4 ,epimedium4--,an elegant hardy perennial1 suitable for shaded borders or rock-work4 ,the best soil for it is sandy peat4 ,it flowers between ,april and ,june1 and is increased by dividing the root4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,eragrostis ,elegans 7,love ,grass74--,one of the best of our hardy1 annual1 ornamental grasses4 ,sown in ,march1 it will reach perfection in ,august or ,september4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,eranthis ,hyemalis4--,see ,winter ,aconite4 ,eremurus ,robustus4--,this hardy perennial bears tall1 handsome spikes of sweetly-scented1 peach-coloured flowers in ,may4 ,it will grow in any ordinary soil1 and is easily propagated by young plants from the roots4 ,height1 ,i ft4 ,ericas 7,heaths74--,it is useless to attempt to grow these beautiful shrubs unless proper soil is provided4 ,the free-growing kinds thrive best in good black peat and require large pots4 ,the dwarf and hard-wooded kinds must be provided with sandy peat1 and the pots thoroughly well drained4 ,they need less water than the free-growing kinds4 ,they all want a good deal of air1 and must not be crowded too closely together4 ,protect from frost and damp4 ,cuttings off the tender tops of the shoots planted in sand under glass will strike4 ,the cuttings of the stronger-growing kinds should be somewhat longer4 ,as soon as rooted1 pot off singly1 place in a close frame1 and harden off by degrees4 ,the hardy sorts grow in a sandy peat1 and may be increased by layers or by cuttings4 ,they bloom at various times4 ,height1 #f in4 to #d ft4 7,see ,heaths1 ,greenhouse47 ,erigeron4--,very handsome hardy perennials1 producing a copious display of bloom4 ,they will grow in any soil1 and may be increased by division or by seed sown between ,march and ,july1 or in ,august or ,september4 ,they flower at the end of ,july4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,erinus4--,the hardy perennial kinds bloom in ,march1 the greenhouse varieties in ,may4 ,the latter are very pretty4 ,they all like a sandy soil1 and may be increased by seed or by division4 ,height1 #f in4 to #i in4 ,eriogonum4--,these pretty1 hardy1 herbaceous plants bloom in ,june4 ,they grow best in a compost of loam and peat1 and are easily raised from seed4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,eriostemon4--,greenhouse evergreen shrubs4 ,grow in sandy peat with a little loam added4 ,cuttings will strike in sand4 ,they flower in ,may and ,june4 ,height1 #b ft4 to #c ft4 ,erodium4--,an extensive genus of very beautiful plants1 mostly hardy4 ,they will grow in any soil1 and merely require ordinary treatment4 ,the bloom is produced in ,june or ,july4 ,height1 #d in4 to #a ft4 ,eryngium4--,a very ornamental and beautiful kind of ,thistle4 ,they are mostly quite hardy1 and will grow in any garden soil1 though they thrive best in a light1 sandy one4 ,the greenhouse and frame varieties should be grown in pots1 so that they can be easily housed in winter4 ,they are readily increased by seed or division1 and produce their flowers in ,july4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #d ft4 ,erysimum4--,flowers of little merit4 ,the herbaceous kinds thrive in common soil1 but do best in a mixture of loam and peat4 ,they may be increased by cuttings placed under glass4 ,the annuals and biennials merely need sowing in the open during autumn4 ,they bloom in ,june and ,july4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 to #b ft4 ,erythrina ,crista ,galli 7,coral ,plant74--,a showy1 summer-blooming greenhouse plant4 ,place it in turfy loam enriched with old manure4 ,it may be transferred to the garden in the summer1 and when the wood is ripe cut it back and keep it dry till spring4 ,cuttings taken at a joint1 with the leaves left on1 may be struck in sand4 ,erythronium ,dens-,canis 7,dog's ,tooth ,violets74--,see ,violets4 ,escallonia4--,handsome1 half-hardy1 evergreen shrubs1 possessing rich glaucous leaves and bunches of tubular flowers4 ,a peat and sandy loam soil suits them best4 ,they may be planted against1 and trained to1 a south wall1 but need protection from frost4 ,the laterals may be cut back fairly close in ,march to encourage new growth4 ,they may be propagated by layering in the autumn1 or by suckers taken in the spring4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,eschscholtzia4--,pretty hardy annuals1 especially during ,august1 when they are in flower4 ,any rich soil suits them4 ,easily raised from seed sown on a gentle hotbed in spring1 and afterwards transplanted to the border4 ,they flower longest if sown in autumn1 but the young plants need protection through the winter4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,eucalyptus ,citriodora4--,a useful window or greenhouse plant1 with small1 oblong1 bright green leaves1 furnished with appendages that emit an odour resembling the ,lemon-scented ,verbena4 ,it is of easy cultivation1 growing freely from seed sown in slight heat4 ,height1 #d ft4 ,eucalyptus ,globulus4--,a greenhouse everlasting tree1 commonly known as ,blue ,gum4 ,it delights in a mixture of peat1 loam1 and sand4 ,cuttings1 which should not be too ripe1 root in sand under glass4 ,it may be grown from seed sown1 in a temperature of #fe degrees1 from ,february to ,april4 ,it flowers in ,june4 ,eucharidium4--,pretty little hardy annuals1 nearly allied to the ,clarkia4 ,the seed may be sown in autumn for early flowering1 or in spring for blooming in ,july4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,eucomis ,punctata4--,a fine1 autumn-blooming plant1 bearing long spikes of fragrant creamy-white flowers and curiously-spotted stems4 ,it may be grown in any rich soil4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,eucryphia ,pinnatifida4--,a dwarf evergreen shrub with flowers resembling a white ,st4 ,john's ,wort4 ,it grows best in a compost of loam and peat1 and is propagated by cuttings planted in sand1 and subjected to heat4 ,eugenia ,ugni4--,an evergreen shrub which produces white flowers in ,may1 succeeded by round1 edible berries4 ,it should be grown in loam and peat4 ,ripened cuttings may be struck in sand under glass4 ,height1 #d ft4 ,eulalia ,japonica4--,a hardy perennial ,giant ,grass4 ,it is very handsome as single specimens on lawns1 or used in groups on the margins of shrubberies4 ,the flower panicles in their first stage have erect branches1 but as the flowers open these curl over gracefully1 resembling a ,prince of ,wales feather4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,euonymus ,radicans ,variegata4--,a hardy evergreen shrub which1 given a sunny situation1 will grow in any soil1 though a rich1 sandy one is preferable4 ,it may be increased by layers1 by seed1 by cuttings of ripe wood taken early in autumn and planted in the shade1 or by dividing strong roots4 ,may is its time to flower4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,other varieties of the ,euonymus1 or ,spindle ,tree1 are equally hardy1 and easy to propagate4 ,eupatorium ,odoratum4--,a greenhouse shrub which bears sweet-scented white flowers in ,august1 continuing in bloom for a long while4 ,it may be planted out at the end of ,may1 but must be lifted before the frost comes4 ,when flowering ceases1 give less water and prune hard back4 ,it grows well in peat and loam1 and is increased by seed or by cuttings of the young shoots in spring in bottom-heat4 ,pinch back freely until the end of ,july1 leaving all growth after that period4 ,height1 #b-a_/b ft4 ,euphorbia4--,an elegant class of plants4 ,the stove and greenhouse varieties are generally succulent1 and require but little water1 while the hardy kinds need plenty of moisture4 ,any rich1 light soil suits them1 but for the tender1 succulent plants it should be mixed with brick rubbish4 ,best grown from seed1 though the roots may be divided4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,eurya ,latifolia ,variegata4--,a fine1 variegated1 large-leaved evergreen1 very suitable for covering a low wall1 or for conservatory decoration4 ,it delights in a compost of loam and peat1 and is propagated by cuttings planted in a sandy soil on gentle heat4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,eurybia4--,very pretty flowering shrubs for walls1 borders1 or rockeries4 ,they require a light1 rich soil1 and may be increased by seeds sown early in spring on a gentle hotbed4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,eutaxia ,myrtifolia4--,pretty evergreen shrubs1 suitable for the greenhouse4 ,they thrive best in a mixture of peat and loam1 and require the pots to be well drained4 ,to have nice bushy plants they must be pinched back well4 ,cuttings will strike in sand under glass4 ,they flower in ,august4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,eutoca4--,exceedingly pretty hardy annuals4 ,sow the seed in light soil early in spring where it is to flower1 and thin out so that the plants have plenty of room4 ,they bloom in ,july4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,evening ,primrose4--,see ,oenothera4 ,everlasting ,peas4--,see ,peas1 ,everlasting4 ,f ,fabacea4--,see ,thermopsis4 ,fatsia ,japonica4--,see ,aralia4 ,feather ,grass4--,see ,stipa ,pennata4 ,fennel4--,sow the seed in ,april1 cover lightly with fine mould1 and when the plants are strong enough set them out #a ft4 apart4 ,cut off the flower-stalks as soon as they appear1 to prevent them running to seed4 ,the bed will last for years4 7,see also ,ferula47 ,fenzlia4--,elegant half-hardy annuals4 ,sow the seed on a peat soil4 ,if this be done in autumn1 they will flower in ,april or ,may2 if sown in spring1 they will bloom in autumn4 ,height1 #f in4 ,ferns4--,most ,ferns delight in a loose soil1 an abundance of moisture1 and a warm1 humid atmosphere4 ,the stove and greenhouse kinds are best cultivated in a mixture of sandy loam and peat4 ,the hardy kinds grow best among rock-work or in a shady border3 a light1 sandy soil suits them4 ,they may be increased by dividing the roots4 ,ferns from ,seed4--,collect the spore-fronds towards the end of summer1 just as the spore-cases begin to open4 ,place them on a sheet of paper in a box for a few days1 keeping it in a dry place4 ,most of the spores will fall out1 the others may be rubbed out with the hand4 ,these spores will keep good a long time1 but are best sown within a year4 ,fill the pots with good heavy loam1 water freely1 and apply a coating of charcoal1 coarse sand1 and sphragnum moss1 rubbed through a fine sieve4 ,damp the surface1 sow the spores thinly1 and cover with glass4 ,keep the soil moist by standing the pots for a time each day up to their rim in water4 ,no surface water should be given4 ,stand the pots in a warm1 light place in the greenhouse1 but keep them shaded from the sun4 ,when the surface is covered with growth1 prick out into pans or boxes1 using a rich1 light soil4 ,when they are large enough pot them off singly in thumb-pots1 re-potting as soon as these are filled with roots4 ,ferraria4--,see ,tigridia4 ,ferula 7,giant ,fennel74--,strong-growing1 hardy1 herbaceous plants4 ,f4 ,gigantea has bright1 glistening foliage1 changing to a brilliant orange1 and attains a height of #h ft or #aj ft4 ,f4 ,tingitana is very stately and graceful1 growing #d ft4 high4 ,they are easily raised from seed1 will grow in any garden soil1 and flower in ,august and ,september4 ,festuca4--,an annual ornamental grass1 which is grown best on a loamy soil4 ,sow the seed in ,march1 and keep moist till it germinates4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,feverfew4--,this hardy perennial will grow in any soil and ripen its seed freely4 ,young plants1 obtained by sowing the seed early in spring1 are very useful for edgings2 when planted alternately with1 or in proximity to1 ,lobelia a pretty effect is produced4 ,ficaria ,grandiflora4--,a hardy perennial which thrives well when planted under the shade of trees4 ,it is increased by separating the tubers in autumn1 and produces its flowers in ,may4 ,height1 #f in4 ,ficus ,elastica 7,india-rubber ,plant74--,this thrives well in any light1 rich soil1 or in loam and peat4 ,keep it moderately moist throughout the winter1 using tepid water4 ,in summer any of the artificial manures may be used4 ,sponge the leaves once a week to free them from dust1 and keep the plant well sheltered from draughts4 ,cuttings with uninjured leaves will root in autumn in sand with a bottom-heat of #fe or #ge degrees2 or the cuttings may be taken in spring1 stem-rooting the slips4 ,it flowers in ,may1 and sometimes attains the height of #bj ft4 ,fig ,palm4--,see ,aralia4 ,figs4--,though in some parts of our country ,figs are cropped on standards1 as a rule they require to be trained on a wall having a southern exposure4 ,the soil should be a fairly good loam mixed with old mortar and crushed bones1 but no manure is needed4 ,the end of ,march or the beginning of ,april is the most favourable time for planting4 ,the trees should be firmly set1 and the surface of the soil kept moist until they are established4 ,manure may be given--preferably in a liquid state--when heavy crops of fruit are being borne4 ,old and exhausted wood may be cut away in ,april1 but the knife must be used sparingly4 ,the branches should be trained to a distance of #aj in4 apart1 and the fruit-bearing shoots may be pinched back with the thumb and finger at the end of ,august4 ,the fruit is borne on the previous year's growth4 ,they may be increased by layers1 by suckers1 or by cuttings of the young wood placed in sand and plunged in a bottom-heat under glass4 ,brown ,turkey1 ,black ,ischia1 ,yellow ,ischia1 ,white ,marseilles1 ,brunswick1 and ,st ,john's are all good varieties for open-air cultivation1 or for growing in houses4 ,when grown under glass1 ,figs may be trained on trellises near the roof of the house1 or may be planted in tubs or pots1 not allowing too much root-room4 ,at starting the temperature in the day should be about #fj degrees1 and at night #ee degrees4 ,more heat can be given as the plants advance1 keeping up a moist atmosphere1 but taking care not to give too much water to the roots4 ,by pinching off the points of the shoots when they have made five or six leaves a second crop of fruit will be obtained4 ,use the knife upon them as little as possible4 ,when the fruit begins to ripen admit air1 and as soon as it is gathered give liquid manure to the roots every other day to encourage a second crop4 ,when the plants are at rest they need hardly any water4 ,filberts and ,cob ,nuts4--,these ,nuts will succeed on any soil that is not cold or wet4 ,the bushes should be planted in ,october1 when the leaves have nearly all fallen4 ,make the soil firm about the roots and give a mulching of stable manure4 ,at the beginning of ,april the old and exhausted wood may be cut away1 as well as any branches that obstruct light and air4 ,encourage well-balanced heads to the bushes by cutting back any branch that grows too vigorously1 and remove all suckers as they make an appearance1 except they are required for transplanting4 ,the crop is produced on the small wood4 ,the best method of propagation is by layers in ,november or any time before the buds swell in spring4 ,the process is simple1 it merely requiring a notch to be made in a branch of two or three years' growth1 which is then pegged down #b or #c in4 below the surface4 ,the following autumn it may be cut away from its parent1 pruned1 and planted4 ,they may also be grown from nuts sown in autumn and transplanted when two years old4 ,in ,kent the bushes are kept low and wide-spreading1 by which means the harvest is more readily reaped4 ,on a fairly good soil they should stand from #aj to #ad ft4 apart4 ,lambert's ,filberts1 ,frizzled ,filberts1 ,purple ,filberts are good varieties1 the former two bearing abundantly4 ,among the best of the ,cobs may be mentioned the ,great ,cob and ,merveille de ,bollwyller4 ,fire ,thorn4--,see ,crataegus4 ,flea ,bane4--,see ,inula and ,stenactis4 ,flower-,pots1 ,sizes of4--,various practices prevail at different potteries1 but the appended names and sizes are generally adopted4 ,in every case the inside measurement is taken4 ,inches ,inches ,,sizes4 across ,top4 ,deep4 ,thimbles #b #b ,thumbs #b-a_/b #b-a_/b ,sixties 7#fj's7 #c #c-a_/b ,fifty-fours 7#ed's7 #d #d ,forty-eights 7#dh's7 #d-a_/b #e ,thirty-twos 7#cb's7 #f #f ,twenty-fours 7#bd's7 #h-a_/b #h ,sixteens 7#af's7 #i-a_/b #i ,twelves 7#ab's7 #aa-a_/b #aj ,eights 7#h's7 #ab #aa ,sixes 7#f's7 #ac #aa ,fours 7#d's7 #ae #ac ,threes 7#c's7 #ag #ac ,twos 7#b's7 #ah #ad ,foam ,flower4--,see ,tiarella4 ,fontanesia ,phillyraeoides4--,this shrub will grow in any soil1 but needs protection in severe weather4 ,it may be propagated by layers or by cuttings planted under glass4 ,august is its time for flowering4 ,height1 #aj ft4 ,forget-me-not4--,see ,myosotis4 ,forsythia4--,any good soil suits these pretty shrubs4 ,f4 ,suspensa thrives best under greenhouse treatment1 but ,f4 ,viridissima is quite hardy4 ,the former flowers in ,march1 the latter in ,february4 ,they may be increased by layers or cuttings4 ,height1 #aj ft4 ,foxglove4--,see ,digitalis4 ,fragaria ,indica 7,ornamental ,strawberry74--,a rich or peaty mould suits this half-hardy perennial4 ,it may be saved through the winter by protecting the roots1 but seed sown in spring will generally fruit the same year4 ,it flowers in ,july4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,francoa4--,hardy perennials bearing white flowers from ,june to ,september4 ,they like a good1 warm soil4 ,the only way of raising them is from seed4 ,they require a slight protection in winter4 ,height1 #b-a_/b ft4 ,fraxinella 7,dictamnus74--,this ornamental hardy perennial is commonly known as the ,burning ,bush4 ,it succeeds in any garden soil1 and is easily raised from seed1 which ripens freely4 ,if the flowers are rubbed they emit a fine odour4 ,it blooms in ,june4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,freesia4--,remarkably pretty and graceful ,cape flowers1 possessing a most agreeable perfume4 ,the plants grow about #i in4 high and produce six or eight tubular flowers on a stem4 ,they are easily cultivated in a cool greenhouse1 frame1 or window1 and are invaluable for cutting1 the long sprays lasting from two to three weeks in water4 ,the bulbs should be planted early in the spring in rich1 very sandy soil1 and given the protection of a cold frame in the winter4 ,by successional plantings they may be had in bloom from ,january to ,may4 ,put six to twelve bulbs in a #d-;in4 or #h-;in pot1 place in a sunny position in a cold frame1 and cover with damp cinder ashes to keep them fairly moist4 ,when growth has begun and the pots are full of roots1 remove the covering of ashes1 but keep the pots in the frame1 giving a little ventilation when the weather is mild1 and watering carefully when the soil appears dry4 ,protect from frost by a covering of mats4 ,for early flowering remove the plants to a warm greenhouse when the flower spikes appear1 keeping them as near the glass as possible4 ,when the buds are developed an occasional application of weak liquid manure will prove beneficial4 ,fremontia ,californica4--,a beautiful and somewhat singular wall shrub1 with large yellow flowers4 ,any soil is suitable for it1 but a south or west aspect is indispensable4 ,fringe ,tree4--,see ,chionanthus4 ,fritillarias 7,crown ,imperials1 or ,snake's ,head ,lilies74--,soil1 sandy loam1 or well-drained1 deep1 rich mould4 ,plant in the open ground in autumn2 take the bulbs up as soon as the leaves decay1 and preserve them in a rather moist place4 ,increased by off-sets taken from the old roots every third year4 ,they are not so suitable for pot culture as for outdoor decoration4 ,they are quite hardy1 and flower in the spring1 bearing clusters of pendent bell-shaped flowers surrounded with tufts of fresh green leaves4 ,f4 ,meleagris are of dwarf1 slender growth1 and bear in early spring elegant pendent flowers of various shades netted and marked with darker colours4 ,these are suitable for either the border or pots4 ,plant in autumn4 ,fruit ,trees1 the ,pruning of4--,cut away all growths that have an inward tendency1 and do not allow any shoot to cross over or come in contact with another2 also keep the centres of the trees or bushes open4 ,the fruit of trees thus treated is not so liable to be blown down by the wind1 and the sun can more readily ripen it4 ,if the ground is poor a dressing of rotted manure worked into the soil will be beneficial to the roots4 ,fuchsias4--,these like a warm and moist atmosphere4 ,the hardy sorts do well out of doors in rich1 light soil4 ,on the approach of frost cut them down and cover the roots with #c or #d in4 of coal dust1 ashes1 or moss4 ,remove the ashes in ,april and thin out the shoots in ,may4 ,they will also grow well from cuttings taken off the old wood as soon as they are #a in4 long1 inserted in sand and placed under glass1 or plunged in dung at a temperature of #fj degrees4 ,cuttings will also strike in loam and leaf-mould4 ,if grown in pots1 take them indoors before the frosty weather begins1 and give them very little or no water at all during the winter4 ,keep them in a cool place1 yet free from frost4 ,re-pot them in the spring1 trimming the branches and roots1 and making a compost for them of one-half mellow yellow loam1 one quarter leaf-mould1 and one quarter old manure4 ,place them in a frame with bottom-heat1 and water and syringe them moderately while they are growing4 ,when they are in full growth never give them plain water1 but always plenty of liquid manure4 ,fumitory4--,see ,corydalis4 ,funkia4--,ornamental plants which delight in a deep1 light soil and a warm1 moist situation1 without which they will not flower4 ,they are increased by division 7which should not be too severe7 and bloom in ,july and ,august4 ,height1 #a #a_/b ft4 ,furze4--,enjoys a sandy soil4 ,increased by cuttings taken in spring or autumn and placed in a shady border under hand-glasses4 ,it is of evergreen habit1 and forms a dense and highly ornamental hedge4 7,see also ,ulex47 ,g ,gages4--,the cultivation of ,gages is similar to that of ,plums4 ,in the open they may be grown as dwarfs or pyramids1 and in orchard-houses as gridirons1 cordons1 or in pots4 ,the chief points to observe are to thin the branches in order to admit plenty of light into the middle of the tree1 thus inducing the production of a plentiful supply of fruit spurs1 and to occasionally lift and root-prune the tree if growing too strong4 ,among the choicest sorts are3 ,bonne ,bouche 7producing its fruit at the end of ,august71 ,coe's ,golden ,drop 7end of ,september71 ,old ,green ,gage 7,august71 ,guthrie's ,late ,green ,gage 7,september71 ,m',laughlin's ,gage 7end of ,august71 ,oullin's ,golden ,gage 7end of ,august71 and ,reine ,claude de ,bavay 7beginning of ,october74 ,gaillardia 7,blanket ,flower74--,very ornamental flowers1 which will grow in any common soil1 but thrive most in a light1 rich one4 ,seeds of the annual kinds are sown in the spring4 ,the perennials are increased by dividing the roots4 ,bloom in ,july4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #b ft4 ,galanthus4--,see ,snowdrops4 ,galax ,aphylla 7,wand ,plant74--,the ,heart-shaped ,galax is a charming little plant for rock-work4 ,it is perennial1 and does not lose the old leaves till the new ones appear4 ,a rich1 light mould is required for its growth1 and its situation should be a somewhat shady one4 ,its flowers are borne in ,july and ,august1 on stalks #a ft4 or more high4 ,the plant may be increased by taking up a strong clump1 shaking it apart1 and transplanting at once4 7,see also ,shortia47 ,galega 7,goats ,rue74--,ornamental hardy perennials1 requiring plenty of room4 ,they are readily increased by seed or division of the root1 and flower in ,july4 ,height1 #c ft4 to #d ft4 ,galium4--,this hardy herbaceous plant blooms in ,july4 ,it will grow in any soil1 and can be increased by division of the root4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,gardenias4--,plant in a hothouse in fibrous peat mixed with a large proportion of sand4 ,give plenty of heat and moisture during growth1 with a thin shade to keep off the sun's midday rays4 ,lower the temperature as soon as growth is completed1 and in the middle of summer stand the plants out in the open for a week or two for the wood to ripen4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,garlic4--,plant small cloves from ,february to ,april in rows #i in4 apart and #f in4 from each other in the row4 ,lift them when the leaves die down1 dry them in the sunshine1 and store in an airy1 cool shed4 ,garrya ,elliptica4--,a hardy evergreen shrub1 which is very suitable in its early stages for pot-culture4 ,a light1 loamy soil is what it likes4 ,cuttings taken in ,august and placed in sand under a hand-glass will strike freely1 but it is most readily increased by layers4 ,in ,october it bears graceful yellowish-green tassels of flowers from the ends of its shoots4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,gasteria ,verrucosa4--,this plant grows best in pots of turfy loam and leaf-mould1 to which has been added a little old mortar4 ,good drainage is essential4 ,water freely in summer1 and keep just moist in winter4 ,keep the foliage clean by sponging4 ,give plenty of light1 and during warm weather turn the plants out of doors4 ,gastrolobium4--,elegant evergreen shrubs which flower in ,april and ,may4 ,they are most suitable for adorning the greenhouse1 and grow best in a soil of loamy peat and sand4 ,cuttings of half-ripened wood planted under glass will take root4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,gaultheria4--,dwarf1 creeping evergreen shrubs1 having dark foliage and producing white flowers in ,may1 ,june1 or ,july4 ,they require to be grown in peat1 and are increased by layers4 ,g4 ,procumbens is suitable for rockeries1 as it only grows to the height of #f in4 ,g4 ,shallon attains the height of #b ft4 ,gaura ,lindheimeri4--,this free-flowering1 hardy1 herbaceous plant will thrive in any light1 rich soil4 ,it bears elegant spikes of white flowers from ,may onwards1 followed by red bracts in ,september1 and is readily propagated by seeds4 ,height1 #d ft4 ,gazania ,splendens4--,a showy greenhouse plant4 ,it may be planted in the open in warm positions1 but will require protecting in winter4 ,grow it in peat and loam4 ,cuttings will strike if placed in sand under glass4 ,it flowers in ,july4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,genethyllis4--,greenhouse evergreen shrubs which thrive best in sandy loam and peat4 ,cuttings of the young wood planted in the same soil and plunged in heat will take root4 ,their flowering season is in ,august4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,genista 7,broom74--,g4 ,canariense is an exceedingly ornamental and free-flowering greenhouse shrub4 ,it should be planted in a mixture of loam1 peat1 and sand4 ,young cuttings inserted in sand under a glass take root readily4 ,it blooms in ,june4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,hardy species of ,genista may be placed in the front of shrubberies4 ,they are increased by seeds or by layers4 ,gentians4--,the herbaceous kinds do best in a light1 rich soil1 such as loam and peat mixed with vegetable mould4 ,the annuals are raised from seed sown as soon as it is ripe2 if left till spring before it is sown it will probably not come up till the second year4 ,the perennials are increased by dividing the roots4 ,both of the latter kinds do best in a dry1 sandy soil4 ,gentiana ,acaulis1 or ,gentianella1 is very suitable for edgings1 or for rock-work2 it is an evergreen creeper1 and bears large trumpet-shaped flowers of rich ultramarine blue4 ,all the ,gentians need plenty of free air1 and some of them moisture at the roots4 ,bloom in ,july4 ,height1 #d in4 to #b ft4 ,geranium ,argentium7,silvery ,crane's-,bill74--,this hardy perennial alpine is very effective on rock-work1 especially in front of dark stones2 but provision must be made for its long tap roots4 ,a rich1 deep loam suits it well4 ,its seeds germinate freely when sown in peat and sand4 ,flowers are borne from ,may to ,july4 ,height1 #f in4 ,geraniums4--,take cuttings in ,july or ,august1 and let them he to partially dry for twenty-four hours before planting4 ,when rooted pot them off in #fj's1 and keep them under glass during the winter at a temperature of #ee degrees4 ,if the cuttings are taken in ,september put three or four slips in a #dh-size pot4 ,in the spring they should be re-potted singly and hardened off as early as possible4 ,a suitable soil for them is made by mixing two parts of good turfy loam1 one of leaf-mould1 one of well-decomposed cow-dung1 and a good proportion of silver sand4 ,bone dust is an excellent addition to the soil4 ,old plants stripped of their leaves may be packed in sand during the winter1 and re-potted in spring4 ,gerardia4--,these hardy perennials form pyramidal bushes bearing ,pentstemon-like flowers1 thickly set and varying in colour from light pink to dark purple4 ,a peat soil suits them best4 ,they may be propagated by cuttings placed under glass1 but are best grown from seed4 ,july is their flowering season4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #b ft4 ,german ,seeds4--,these require to be sown in a cold frame in seed-pans1 in the greenhouse1 or under a handglass1 in good1 rich compost1 composed of old turf1 leaf-mould1 some well-rotted manure1 and silver sand4 ,the seeds should be sown thinly and watered sparingly4 ,sow early in ,april1 and transplant in the middle or end of ,may in rich soil4 ,water occasionally with weak liquid manure4 ,gesneria4--,handsome greenhouse perennials4 ,they thrive in any light1 rich soil4 ,cuttings will strike readily either in sand or soil if placed under glass in heat4 ,they may also be raised from seed sown in a temperature of #ge degrees in ,march or ,april4 ,they flower in ,october4 ,height1 #ah in4 ,geum4--,very handsome hardy perennials4 ,they grow well in any light1 rich1 loamy soil1 and may be increased either by seeds or by dividing the roots4 ,g4 ,coccineum is extremely pretty4 ,flower in ,july4 ,height1 #ah in4 ,gherkins4--,sow the seed the first week in ,april in small pots1 and cover it lightly with fine soil4 ,plunge the pots in a hotbed covered with a frame4 ,when grown to nice little plants1 remove them to a cold frame to harden1 and plant them out on a warm border towards the end of ,may4 ,when the fruit begins to form1 give liquid manure twice a week4 ,for pickling they must be cut while small4 ,gilia4--,extremely pretty and free-flowering hardy annuals1 deserving of a place in every garden4 ,they are very suitable for small beds4 ,they should be sown in the open early in spring4 ,g4 ,tricolour may be sown in autumn4 ,bloom in ,july4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,gillenia ,trifoliata4--,the ,three-,leaved ,gillenia is a hardy herbaceous perennial which is very useful as a cut flower for the decoration of vases1 etc4 ,it should be grown in large clumps1 delights in a deep1 moist soil and partial shade1 and may be propagated by dividing the roots early in spring4 ,it lasts in bloom from ,june to ,august4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,gladiolus4--,dig the ground out to a depth of #a ft4 or #ae in42 put in a layer of leaf-mould or rotted manure1 and then #d or #e in4 of earth mixed with sand2 insert the bulbs 7#f in4 from the surface and #i in4 apart71 cover them with #a in4 of sand1 and fill up with earth4 ,in frosty weather cover with a thick layer of litter4 ,give plenty of water when they begin to throw up their flower-stems4 ,they may be planted at any time between ,december and the end of ,march4 ,if planted late in the season1 a depth of #c or #d in4 is enough4 ,the roots must be kept dry in winter4 ,they are increased by off-sets1 taken when the bulbs are removed from the ground after the leaves have turned yellow4 ,these should be planted at once in well-drained earth4 ,if early flowers are required1 plant the old bulbs in pots 7three to six bulbs being placed in a #e-;in4 pot7 any time between ,december and ,march4 ,give them frame culture up to the second week in ,may1 when they may be transferred to the border4 ,the flowers are invaluable for vase decoration4 ,glaucium ,flavum ,tricolor 7,hardy ,horn ,poppy74--,the large1 brilliant1 orange-red flowers of this plant are very effective in the border1 and the bloom is continuous during the greater part of the summer4 ,the seed is rather slow to germinate1 but when sown in the open ground in autumn1 it blooms from ,june to ,august2 when sown in early spring it flowers from ,july to ,september4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,glaux ,maritima 7,sea ,milkweed74--,a pretty little hardy trailing plant bearing flesh-coloured flowers in ,june and ,july4 ,it grows in sandy loam1 and is raised from seed sown in spring4 ,height1 #c in4 ,globe ,amaranthus 7,gomphrena74--,this tender annual is well known for its clover-like heads of everlasting flowers4 ,it will grow in any rich soil1 but to produce really fine plants1 much attention must be given to shifting1 watering1 etc4 ,increased by seed in the same manner as other tender annuals4 ,blooms in ,july4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,globe ,flower4--,see ,trollius4 ,globe ,thistle4--,see ,echinops4 ,globularia ,trichosantha4--,a pretty dwarf perennial rock-plant bearing pale blue flowers in ,may and ,june4 ,it is hardy1 thrives in light1 sandy soil1 and is increased by either seeds or cuttings planted in sand4 ,height1 #f in4 ,the greenhouse varieties of ,globularia grow best in loam and peat4 ,glory of the ,snow4--,see ,chionodoxa4 ,gloxinias4--,a very ornamental family of tuberous-rooted hothouse plants4 ,they are of two classes1 the drooping and the erect4 ,pot at any time during ,january and ,march in a mixture of equal quantities of loam1 peat1 and sand1 with the addition of a little vegetable soil1 and place in a warm 7#fj degrees71 moist temperature1 where they can be favoured with a little shade4 ,in summer supply the roots plentifully with water1 but give them very little in winter4 ,overhead watering is likely to rot the leaves and flowers4 ,g4 ,maculata is increased by division4 ,the leaves of most of the others1 if taken off close to the stem1 and planted1 will soon make young plants4 ,they may be raised from seed sown from ,march to ,july in a hothouse or frame having a temperature of #fe to #ge degrees4 ,they flower in ,june1 and on into ,september4 ,height1 #f in4 to #a ft4 ,glycine4--,see ,wistaria and ,apios4 ,gnaphalium 7,edelweiss74--,hardy everlasting flowers1 which are covered with a woolly substance4 ,they may be grown in any light1 rich soil4 ,the shrubby and herbaceous kinds may be increased by cuttings or division4 ,the annuals are easily raised from seed4 ,they flower in ,july4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,goat's ,rue4--,see ,galega4 ,godetia4--,very pretty hardy annuals1 that may be grown in any garden soil4 ,sow in the autumn for early flowering1 or in spring for later blooms4 ,july is their ordinary season of coming into flower4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 to #b ft4 ,golden ,feather4--,hardy annual foliage plants4 ,they are not particular as to soil1 and are easily raised from seed sown early in spring4 ,they bloom in ,july4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,golden ,rod4--,see ,solidago4 ,gompholobium4--,delicate greenhouse evergreen shrubs requiring a soil of sandy loam and peat and but little water4 ,they flower in ,june1 and are propagated by cuttings planted in sand under glass4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,gomphrena4--,see ,globe ,amaranthus4 ,gooseberries4--,from the middle of ,october to the end of ,november is the best time for planting4 ,to produce good crops the soil should be rich1 deep1 and well drained4 ,the position should be somewhat cool and sheltered1 and a liberal quantity of liquid manure is beneficial4 ,in dry seasons mulching may be resorted to with advantage4 ,cuttings are taken in autumn as soon as the leaves begin to fall4 ,select strong shoots about #a ft4 long4 ,cut the bottom end straight across1 just below a joint1 and with a sharp knife remove all the buds or eyes from the base to within a couple of inches of the top1 so as to prevent the formation of suckers4 ,plant the shoots firmly #c in4 deep1 in rows #a ft4 apart and #f in4 apart in the rows1 on a north border4 ,at the end of the second season cut back all leading shoots to two-thirds of their length4 ,in after years remove weak and superfluous branches1 as also any that are growing near the ground1 but plenty of young wood must always be left on the bushes4 ,the pruning may be done either in spring or autumn4 ,the following varieties may be recommended3--,red1 ,white1 and ,yellow ,champagne1 ,wilmot's ,early ,red1 ,golden ,drop1 ,ironmonger1 and ,warrington ,red for dessert2 while for preserving and culinary purposes ,old ,rough ,red1 ,conquering ,hero1 ,favourite1 ,broom ,girl1 ,british ,crown1 ,ironsides1 ,lady ,leicester1 ,thumper1 ,green ,walnut1 ,leader1 and ,moreton ,hero may be classed among the leading varieties4 ,when grown in bush form ample room must be allowed between each to enable one to get round the bushes to gather the fruit4 ,gooseberry ,caterpillar4--,to prevent caterpillars attacking ,gooseberries syringe the bushes with a decoction of common foxglove 7,digitalis71 or dust the leaves with ,hellebore powder4 ,if the caterpillar has begun its attack1 sprinkle some fresh lime below the bushes1 and shake the bushes vigorously1 so that the insects are dislodged4 ,gorse4--,see ,ulex4 ,gourds4--,sow at the end of ,march or the beginning of ,april on a slight hotbed2 pot off when the plants are sufficiently advanced1 and transplant to the open border in ,june4 ,they are well adapted for arbours1 trellis-work1 or sloping banks4 ,the following are among the most ornamental3--,abobra ,viridiflora1 ,benincasa ,cerifera 7,wax ,gourd71 ,bryonopsis ,erythrocarpa1 ,coccinea ,indica 7scarlet fruit71 ,cucumis ,anguinus 7,serpent ,gourd71 ,cucumis ,dipsaceus 7,teasel ,gourd71 ,cucumis ,dudaim 7,balloon ,gourd71 ,cucumis ,erinaceus 7,hedgehog ,gourd71 ,cucumis ,grossularoides 7,gooseberry ,gourd71 ,cucumis ,perennis1 ,cucurbita ,argyrosperma1 ,cucurbita ,melopepo1 ,cyclanthera ,explodens 7,bombshell ,gourd71 ,cyclanthera ,pedata1 ,eopepon ,aurantiacum1 ,eopepon ,vitifolius1 ,lagenaria ,clavata 7,club ,gourd71 ,lagenaria ,enormis1 ,lagenaria ,leucantha ,depressa1 ,lagenaria ,leucantha ,longissima1 ,lagenaria ,plate de ,corse1 ,lagenaria ,poire a ,poudre1 ,lagenaria ,siphon1 ,luffa ,cylindrica1 ,luffa ,solly ,qua1 ,melothria ,scabra1 ,momordica ,balsamina1 ,momordica ,charantia1 ,momordica ,elaterium1 ,mukia ,scabrella1 ,scotanthus ,tubiflorus1 ,trichosanthes ,anguina1 ,trichosanthes ,coccinea1 ,trichosanthes ,colubrina1 and ,trichosanthes ,palmata4 ,grafting4--,the objects of ,grafting are to bring a bush or tree into an earlier state of bearing than it would do naturally2 to produce good fruit from an inferior plant2 and to save space by putting dwarf scions on to rampant-growing trees4 ,by the process of uniting strong-growing trees to those of a weaker nature their exuberance is checked1 and weaker ones are improved by being worked on those of a stronger growth4 ,whatever form of ,grafting is adopted1 the inner layers of the bark of the stock or tree on which the operation is performed1 must be brought into direct contact with the inner layers of the bark of the branch which is grafted1 or1 as it is called1 the scion4 ,this scion should be a branch of the early growth of the previous year's wood1 and should be in the same state of vegetation as the stock4 ,if the scion is in a more advanced state than the stock1 its growth may be stopped by cutting it off and burying it in the earth under a north wall until the stock has advanced sufficiently in growth4 ,grafting of all kinds is best done in ,march1 when the sap is flowing freely4 ,many methods of ,grafting are adopted1 the following being the principal3-- ,whip or ,tongue ,grafting is suitable for almost any description of trees4 ,saw the stock off level at any desired height1 then make a deep upward slanting cut through the bark at the top #b or #c in4 in length1 and in the middle of the cut turn the knife downwards and cut out a thin wedge-shaped socket4 ,next cut the scion in a similar manner so that it will fit exactly into the incision of the stock1 bringing the bark of each into direct contact4 ,bind it firmly in position1 and cover it over1 from the top of the stock to the bottom of the scion1 with grafting wax or clay4 ,when the scion and the stock are united1 which is demonstrated by the former making growth1 remove the wax and cut away all shoots that may be produced on the stock4 ,in the ,french mode of ,grafting known as the ,bertemboise1 the crown of the stock is cut at a long level1 about #a in4 at the top being left square1 and an angular piece is cut away in which the scion is inserted4 ,it is then bound and waxed over4 ,theophrastes or ,rind ,grafting is used where a tree has strong roots but inferior fruit4 ,the branches are cut off about #a-a_/b or #b ft4 from the main stem4 ,a sharp cut #b or #c in4 in length is made down the bark of the branches1 and the lower parts of the scion1 selected from a superior tree1 having been cut into tongues resembling the mouth-piece of a flageolet1 the bark of the branches is lifted with a knife1 and the tongues of the scions are slipped in1 bound1 and waxed4 ,side ,grafting is useful where it is desired to replenish the tree with a fresh branch4 ,a ,t-shaped cut is made in the stem of the tree1 extending to the inner bark2 the scion is prepared by a longitudinal sloping cut of the same length as that in the stem1 into which it is inserted1 and the two are bound together and treated like other grafts4 ,approach ,grafting is the most favourable method of obtaining choice varieties of the vine1 or of growing weak sorts on roots of a stronger growth4 ,the scion is generally grown in a pot4 ,a portion of the bark is cut from both scion and stock while the vine is in active growth1 and the two wounded parts brought into contact1 so that they fit exactly4 ,they are then tied together1 and moss 7kept constantly wet7 is bound round the parts4 ,the union may be completed by the following spring1 but it is safer to leave the cutting down of the stock to the point of union and the separation of the scion from the potted plant until the second spring4 ,grafting ,wax 7,cobbetts71 etc4--,pitch and resin four parts each1 beeswax two parts1 tallow one part4 ,melt and mix the ingredients1 and use when just warm4 ,it may be rolled into balls and stored in a dry place4 ,clay bands are frequently employed for excluding the air from wounds caused in the process of grafting4 ,these are liable to crack1 unless the clay is well kneaded and mixed with wood ashes or dry horse droppings4 ,grapes4--,the cultivation of ,grapes in the open in our cloudy and changeable climate cannot be looked forward to with any certainty of success4 ,two successive favourable seasons are indispensable--one to ripen the wood1 and the next to ripen the fruit4 ,nevertheless1 the highly ornamental foliage of the vine entitles it to a place on our walls1 and every facility should be afforded for the production of a chance crop of fruit4 ,the soil most suited to the growth of the vine is a medium loam1 with which is incorporated a quantity of crushed chalk and half-inch bones4 ,it should be given a south aspect1 and be liberally supplied with water in dry seasons4 ,april is the best time to plant it1 spreading the roots out equally about #i in4 below the surface of the soil1 and mulching with #c or #d in4 of manure4 ,should mildew set in1 syringe the vine with a mixture of soapsuds and sulphur4 ,to secure a continuance of fruit1 cut out some of the old rods each year as soon as the leaves fall1 and train young shoots in their places4 ,last year's shoots produce other shoots the ensuing summer1 and these are the fruit-bearers4 ,one bunch of grapes is enough for a spur to carry4 ,professional gardeners cast off the weight of the bunches1 and allow #a ft4 of rod to each pound of fruit4 ,tie or nail the bunches to the trellis or wall1 and remove all branches or leaves that intercept light and air4 ,the vine may be increased by layers at the end of ,september4 ,cut a notch at a bud1 and bury it #d or #e in4 deep1 leaving two or three eyes above ground4 ,it may also be propagated by cuttings1 about #a ft4 in length1 of the last year's growth1 with #a in4 of old wood attached1 taken the latter end of ,february4 ,plant these deep in the ground1 leaving one eye only above the surface4 ,both the ,black ,hamburgh and ,royal ,muscadine ripen as well as any in the open4 ,it is under glass only that ,grapes can be brought to perfection4 ,here a night temperature of #ee to #fe degrees1 with a rise of #e or #aj degrees in the day1 should be maintained1 the walls and paths damped once or twice a day1 and the vine syringed frequently until it comes into bloom1 when syringing must cease1 and a drier atmosphere is necessary2 the moisture being reduced by degrees4 ,as the grapes ripen1 admit more air1 and reduce the heat1 otherwise the fruit will shrivel4 ,after gathering the grapes syringe the vine frequently to clear it from spiders or dust1 and keep the house cool to induce rest to the plant4 ,the fruit may be preserved for a long while in a good condition by cutting it with about #a ft4 of the rod attached1 and inserting the cuttings in bottles of water in which a piece of charcoal is placed3 the bottles to be placed in racks nailed on to an upright post in any room or cellar where an equable temperature of #de or #ej degrees can be kept up4 ,the system of pruning adopted is that known as spur pruning 7see ,pruning74 ,mrs4 ,pearson is a very fine variety1 and produces very sweet berries2 the ,frontignan ,grizzly ,black and ,white are also delicious4 ,grasses1 ,natural-- ,,agrostis ,,stolonifera 7,creeping ,bent ,grass74--,useful for damp meadows4 ,,alopecurus ,,pratensis 7,meadow ,foxtail74--,strong-growing and very nutritious4 ,,anthoxanthum ,,odoratum 7,true ,sweet ,vernal71--,hardy and gives fragrance to hay4 ,,avena ,,flavescens 7,yellow ,oat ,grass74--,fine for sheep2 grows freely on light soils4 ,,cynosurus ,,cristatus 7,crested ,dogstail74--,suitable for any soil4 ,,dactylis ,,glomerata 7,cocksfoot74--,strong and coarse-growing2 cattle are fond of it4 ,,festuca ,,duriuscula 7,hard ,fescue74--,dwarf-growing2 excellent for sheep4 ,,festuca ,,elatior 7,tall ,fescue74--,useful for cold1 strong soils4 ,,festuca ,,ovina 7,sheep's ,fescue74--,fine for dry1 sandy soils4 ,,festuca ,,ovina ,,tenuifolia 7,slender ,fescue74--,suitable for mountain pastures4 ,,festuca ,,pratensis 7,meadow ,fescue74--,good permanent grass for rich1 moist soil4 ,,phleum ,,pratense 7,timothy1 or ,catstail74--,suitable for strong soils2 nutritious and hardy4 ,,poa ,,nemoralis 7,wood ,meadow ,grass74--,good for poor soils4 ,,poa ,,pratensis 7,smooth-stalked ,meadow ,grass74--,grows well on light1 dry soil1 and also in water-meadows4 ,,poa ,,trivialis 7,rough-stalked ,meadow ,grass74--,fine for damp soil4 ,grasses1 ,ornamental4--,fine for mixing in a green state with cut flowers1 or in a dried condition for the decoration of vases1 winter bouquets1 etc4 ,to have them in perfection gather them while quite fresh1 with the pollen on them4 ,cut with as long stems as possible1 arrange lightly in vases1 and keep them in the dark till they are dried and the stems become stiff4 ,the ,grasses may be divided into two sections1 viz41 those for bouquets or edgings1 and those grown in the border or on lawns for specimen plants4 ,the class is numerous1 but the following 7which may be found described herein under alphabetical classification7 may be mentioned3-- ,for bouquets and edgings3 ,agrostis1 ,anthoxanthum1 ,avena1 ,briza1 ,coix ,lachryma1 ,eragrostis1 ,festuca1 ,hordeum ,jubatum1 ,lagurus1 and ,stipa ,pennata4 ,for specimen plants3 ,eulalia1 ,gynerium1 ,panicum1 ,phalaris1 and ,zea4 ,gratiola ,officinalis4--,this hardy herbaceous plant bears light blue flowers in ,july4 ,a rich1 moist soil is its delight4 ,it is propagated by dividing the roots4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,green ,fly4--,fumigate the infected plants with tobacco1 and afterwards syringe them with clear water2 or the plants may be washed with tobacco water by means of a soft brush4 ,grevillea4--,handsome greenhouse shrubs1 which require a mould composed of equal parts of peat1 sand1 and loam4 ,give plenty of water in summer1 a moderate amount at other seasons4 ,ripened cuttings may be rooted in sand1 under a glass4 ,young plants may also be obtained from seed4 ,they bloom in ,june4 ,their common height is from #c to #d ft41 but ,g4 ,robusta attains a great height4 ,grevilleas will grow well in windows facing south4 ,griselinia ,littoralis4--,a dwarf-growing1 light-coloured evergreen shrub1 which will thrive near the sea4 ,it requires a light1 dry soil1 and may be increased by cuttings4 ,guelder ,rose4--,see ,viburnum4 ,guernsey ,lily 7,nerine ,sarniense74--,soil1 strong1 rich loam with sand1 well drained4 ,plant the bulbs deeply in a warm1 sheltered position1 and let them remain undisturbed year by year4 ,keep the beds dry in winter1 and protect the roots from frost4 ,they also make good indoor plants1 potted in moss or cocoa-nut fibre in ,september1 or they may be grown in vases of water4 ,gumming of ,trees4--,scrape the gum off1 wash the place thoroughly with clear water1 and apply a compost of horse-dung1 clay1 and tar4 ,gunnera ,manicata 7,chilian ,rhubarb74--,this hardy plant bears large leaves on stout foot-stalks1 and is very ornamental in the backs of borders1 etc4 ,planted in a rich1 moist soil1 it will flower in ,august4 ,it can be propagated by division4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,gunnera ,scabra4--,has gigantic leaves1 #d to #e ft4 in diameter1 on petioles #c to #f ft4 in length4 ,it prefers a moist1 shady position1 and bears division4 ,makes a fine addition to a sub-tropical garden1 where it will flower in ,august4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,gynerium 7,pampas ,grass74--,this unquestionably is the grandest of all grasses1 and is sufficiently hardy to endure most of our winters4 ,it is1 however1 desirable to give it some protection4 ,it requires a deep1 rich1 alluvial soil1 with plenty of room and a good supply of water4 ,plants may be raised from seed sown thinly in pots during ,february or ,march1 barely covering it with very fine soil1 and keeping the surface damp4 ,plant out at end of ,may4 ,they will flower when three or four years old4 ,the old leaves should be allowed to remain on till the new ones appear1 as they afford protection to the plant4 ,it may be increased by division of the root4 ,height1 #g ft4 ,gypsophila4--,of value for table bouquets1 etc4 ,they will grow in any soil1 but prefer a chalky one4 ,the herbaceous kinds are increased by cuttings2 the annuals are sown in the open either in autumn or spring4 ,they bloom during ,july and ,august4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #c ft4 ,h ,habrothamnus4--,these beautiful evergreen shrubs require greenhouse culture1 and to be grown in sandy loam and leaf-mould4 ,the majority of them flower in spring4 ,height1 #d ft4 to #f ft4 ,halesia ,tetraptera 7,snowdrop ,tree74--,this elegant shrub will grow in any soil1 and may be propagated by cuttings of the roots or by layers4 ,the pendent white flowers are produced close to the branches in ,june4 ,height1 #h ft4 ,hamamelis 7,witch ,hazel74--,an ornamental shrub which will grow in ordinary soil1 but thrives best in a sandy one4 ,it is increased by layers4 ,may is its season for flowering4 ,height1 #ab ft4 to #ae ft4 ,h4 ,arborea is a curious small tree1 producing brownish-yellow flowers in mid-winter4 ,harpalium ,rigidum4--,a hardy perennial1 producing very fine yellow flowers in the autumn4 ,it will grow in any good garden soil1 and may be propagated by seed sown in early autumn1 or by division of the roots4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,hawkweed4--,see ,crepis and ,hieracium4 ,heartsease4--,see ,pansies4 ,heaths1 ,greenhouse4--,for their successful growth ,heaths require a well-drained soil1 composed of three parts finely pulverised peat and one part silver sand1 free ventilation1 and a careful supply of water1 so that the soil is always damp4 ,if they suffer a check they are hard to bring round1 especially the hard-wooded kinds4 ,some of the soft-wooded ,heaths1 such as the ,h4 ,hyemalis1 are easier of management4 ,after they have flowered they may be cut hard back1 re-potted1 and supplied with liquid manure4 ,the stout shoots thus obtained will bloom the following season4 7,see also ,ericas47 ,hedera4--,see ,ivy4 ,hedychium ,gardnerianum4--,a hothouse herbaceous plant1 delighting in a rich1 light soil1 plenty of room in the pots for the roots1 and a good amount of sunshine4 ,in the spring a top-dressing of rich manure and soot should be given4 ,from the time the leaves begin to expand1 and all through its growing stage1 it needs plenty water1 and an occasional application of liquid manure4 ,the foliage should not be cut off when it dies1 but allowed to remain on all the winter4 ,while the plant is dormant keep it rather dry and quite free from frost4 ,it may be increased by dividing the roots1 but it blooms best when undisturbed4 ,july is its flowering month4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,hedysarum4--,hardy perennials1 requiring a light1 rich soil1 or loam and peat4 ,they may be raised from seed1 or increased by dividing the roots in spring4 ,h4 ,multijugum bears rich purple flowers4 ,height1 #f in4 to #c ft4 ,heleniums4--,the ,pumilum is a very pretty hardy perennial that may be grown in any soil1 and increased by dividing the roots4 ,it produces its golden flowers in ,august4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,h4 ,autumnale is also easy to grow1 but flowers a month later than the ,pumilum1 and attains a height of #c ft4 ,h4 ,bigelowi is the best of the late autumn-flowering species1 producing an abundance of rich yellow flowers with purple discs4 ,flowers in ,august4 ,height1 #c-a_/b ft4 ,helianthemum ,alpinum 7,rock ,roses74--,these hardy perennials are best grown in sandy loam and peat1 and may be increased by cuttings placed under glass in a sheltered situation4 ,bloom in ,june or ,july4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,helianthus 7,sunflowers74--,the tall variety is a very stately plant1 suitable for the background or a corner of the border4 ,well-grown flowers have measured #af in4 in diameter4 ,the miniature kinds make fine vase ornaments4 ,they grow in any garden soil1 and are easily increased by seed raised on a hotbed in spring and afterwards transplanted4 ,the perennials may be propagated by division of the root4 ,they produce their flowers in ,august4 ,height1 #c ft4 to #f ft4 ,helichrysum4--,fine everlasting hardy annuals1 that grow best in a mixture of three parts peat and one part sandy loam4 ,may be readily raised from seed sown in a cold frame in ,march1 or cuttings taken off at a joint will strike in peat and sand4 ,bloom during ,july and ,august4 ,for winter decoration the flowers should be gathered in a young state1 as they continue to develop after being gathered4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #f ft1 but most of them are #b ft4 high4 ,heliophila4--,pretty little hardy annuals1 thriving best in sandy loam and peat4 ,sow the seed early in spring in pots placed in a gentle hotbed1 and plant out in ,may4 ,they flower in ,june4 ,height1 #i in4 ,heliopsis4--,this hardy perennial is useful for cutting purposes1 the flowers being borne on long stalks1 and lasting for two or three weeks in water4 ,it is not particular as to soil1 and may be increased by dividing the roots4 ,height1 #e ft4 ,heliotrope4--,commonly called ,cherry ,pie4 ,sow the seed early in spring in light1 rich soil in a little heat1 and plant out in ,may4 ,the best plants1 however1 are obtained from cuttings taken off when young1 in the same way as ,verbenas and bedding ,calceolarias4 ,they are very sensitive to frost4 ,flower in ,june4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,helipterium4--,a half-hardy annual1 bearing everlasting flowers4 ,it should receive the same treatment as ,helichrysum4 ,blooms in ,may or ,june4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,helleborus 7,christmas ,rose74--,as its name implies1 the ,hellebore flowers about ,christmas1 and that without any protection whatever4 ,the foliage is evergreen1 and of a dark colour4 ,when the plant is once established it produces flowers in great abundance4 ,the plants of the white-flowered variety should be protected with a hand-light when the flower-buds appear1 in order to preserve the blossoms pure and clean4 ,any deeply-dug rich garden soil suits it1 and it is most at home under the shade of a tree4 ,it prefers a sheltered situation1 and during the summer months a mulching of litter and an occasional watering will be beneficial4 ,readily increased by division in spring or seed4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,helonias ,bullata4--,a pretty herbaceous plant1 bearing dense racemes of purple-rose flowers from ,june to ,august4 ,it grows best in peat1 in a moist position4 ,it can be raised from seed or increased by division of the roots4 ,height #a-a_/b ft4 ,hemerocallis 7,day ,lily74--,old-fashioned plants of great merit4 ,planted in large clumps they produce a grand effect4 ,they are easily grown in any common garden soil1 and bloom in ,july4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,h4 ,kwanso has handsome1 variegated foliage4 ,hemp4--,see ,canna and ,cannabis4 ,hepatica4--,this enjoys a rather light1 sandy soil and a shady situation4 ,the roots should be taken up and divided every second year4 ,well adapted for surrounding beds or clumps of ,rhododendrons4 ,flowers in ,march4 ,height1 #d in4 ,heracleum4--,coarse hardy biennials1 that may be grown in any kind of soil1 and are readily raised from seed4 ,they flower at midsummer4 ,height1 #b ft4 to #d ft4 ,herbs4--,thyme1 ,marjoram1 ,chervil1 ,basil1 ,burnet1 ,hyssop1 ,savory1 etc41 should be sown early in spring1 in dry1 mild weather1 in narrow drills about #a_/b in4 deep and #h or #i in4 apart1 covered evenly with soil1 and transplanted when strong enough4 ,mint is quickly increased by separating the roots in spring1 and covering them with #a in4 of earth4 ,sage is propagated by slips of the young shoots taken either in spring or autumn4 ,if planted in light soil and in a sunny position it produces very fragrant flowers4 ,chives should be planted #f or #h in4 apart3 they are increased by division in spring4 ,penny ,royal1 like mint generally1 will grow from very small pieces of the root2 it needs to be frequently transplanted1 and to be kept from a damp condition4 ,rosemary will grow from cuttings planted under glass in a shady spot4 ,thyme likes a light1 rich soil1 and bears division4 ,sorrel will grow in any soil1 and the roots should be divided every two or three years4 ,chamomile roots are divided and subdivided in spring4 ,herbs should be harvested on a fine day1 just before they are in full bloom4 ,tie them up in small bunches and hang in the shade to dry1 then wrap in paper and store in air-tight vessels1 or rub the leaves to a powder and keep in tightly-corked bottles4 ,they will retain their strength for a long time4 ,herbs1 the ,uses of ,sweet and ,pot4-- ,,angelica4--,a biennial4 ,leaves and stalks are eaten raw or boiled2 the seeds are aromatic1 and used to flavour spirits4 ,,anise4--,leaves used for garnishing1 and for seasoning1 like fennel2 the seeds are medicinal4 ,,balm4--,a hardy perennial4 ,makes a useful tea and wine for fevers4 ,,basil1 ,sweet and ,bush4--,half-hardy annuals4 ,the leaves and tops of the shoots1 on account of their clove-like flavour1 are used for seasoning soups and introduced into salads4 ,,borage4--,hardy annual4 ,used for salads and garnishing1 and as an ingredient in cool drinks2 excellent also for bees4 ,,chamomile4--,a hardy perennial4 ,flowers used medicinally4 ,,caraway4--,a biennial4 ,leaves used in soups1 and the seeds in confectionery and medicine4 ,,chervil4--,an annual4 ,useful for salads4 ,,chives4--,hardy perennial4 ,the young tops used to flavour soups1 etc4 ,,coriander4--,a hardy annual4 ,cultivated for garnishing4 ,,dill4--,a hardy perennial4 ,leaves used in soups and sauces1 also in pickles4 ,,fennel4--,hardy perennial4 ,used in salads and in fish sauce1 also for garnishing dishes4 ,,horehound4--,hardy perennial4 ,leaves and young shoots used for making a beverage for coughs4 ,,hyssop4--,hardy evergreen shrub4 ,leaves and young shoots used for making tea2 also as a pot herb4 ,,lavender4--,hardy perennial4 ,cultivated for its flowers1 for the distillation of lavender water1 for flavouring sauces1 and for medicinal purposes4 ,,marigold1 ,pot4--,hardy annual4 ,flowers used in soups4 ,,marjoram1 ,sweet or ,knotted1 and ,pot4--,hardy annuals4 ,aromatic and sweet flavour4 ,used for stuffings and as a pot herb2 leaves dried for winter use4 ,,rampion4--,hardy perennial4 ,roots used as a radish2 they have a nutty flavour4 ,,rosemary4--,hardy ornamental shrub4 ,sprigs used for garnishing and the leaves in drink4 ,,rue4--,hardy evergreen shrub4 ,leaves used for medicinal drinks2 useful for poultry with croup4 ,,sage4--,hardy perennial4 ,decoction of leaves drank as tea2 used also for stuffing1 meats1 and sauces4 ,,savory1 ,summer4--,hardy annual4 ,used for flavouring soups and salads4 ,,savory1 ,winter4--,hardy evergreen shrub4 ,its aromatic flavour makes it valuable as a pot herb4 ,,scurvy ,,grass4--,the small leaves are eaten as watercress4 ,,skirret4--,hardy perennial4 ,sweet1 white1 and pleasant2 the tubers are boiled and served up with butter4 ,,sorrel1 ,broad-,leaved4--,hardy perennial4 ,imparts an acid flavour to salads and soups4 ,,thyme1 ,broad-,leaved4--,hardy perennial4 ,young leaves and tops used for stuffing1 also in soups and sauces4 ,,tarragon4--,hardy perennial4 ,for flavouring vinegar2 also used in salads1 soups1 and pickles4 ,,wormwood4--,a hardy shrub4 ,beneficial to horses and poultry1 and is used for medical purposes4 ,herniaria ,glabra4--,these dwarf carpeting plants are of easy culture4 ,grow from seed in spring and transplant into sandy soil4 ,height1 #a-a_/b in4 ,hesperis4--,see ,rocket4 ,heuchera4--,very neat1 but not showy1 hardy ,american perennials4 ,they may be grown in any ordinary light garden soil1 are increased by dividing the root1 and bloom in ,may4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #b ft4 ,hibbertia ,dentata4--,an evergreen twining plant1 requiring a greenhouse for its cultivation and a soil of sandy loam and peat4 ,it flowers in ,july1 and is increased by cuttings taken in spring or summer and kept under glass4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,hibiscus ,africanus4--,a handsome hardy annual ,mallow4 ,sow in ,march in slight heat1 and plant out in ,may #aj in4 apart4 ,grows best in a mixture of loam and peat4 ,blooms in ,june4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,hibiscus ,syriacus 7,rose of ,sharon74--,a hardy1 deciduous1 autumn-flowering shrub1 which will grow in common soil1 and may be propagated by seeds1 layers1 or cuttings planted under glass4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,hieracium 7,hawkweed74--,a free-growing hardy perennial1 suitable for a sunny bank or border4 ,it is not particular as to soil4 ,from ,june to ,september it produces orange-brown flowers4 ,it grows freely from seed1 and the roots bear division4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,hippeastrums4--,see ,amaryllis4 ,hippocrepis4--,very pretty hardy trailing perennials1 covered from ,may to ,july with golden ,pea-shaped flowers4 ,they will grow in any light1 sandy soil1 and may be increased by cuttings1 which root readily under glass4 ,height1 #c in4 to #f in4 ,hippophae4--,ornamental shrubs1 thriving in ordinary soil1 and increased by layers or cuttings of the roots4 ,h4 ,rhamnoides 7,sea ,buckthorn7 flowers in ,may4 ,height1 #ab ft4 ,holboellia ,latifolia4--,see ,stauntonia ,latifolia4 ,holly 7,ilex74--,this pleasing hardy evergreen shrub thrives best on a deep1 sandy loam1 but will grow in any good soil1 provided the position is dry4 ,it succeeds well in the shade4 ,cuttings of young shoots having #a in4 of the old wood attached will strike root1 but the plant is of very slow growth1 and takes at least four years to grow into a good bush4 ,choice varieties may be grafted or budded on to the common sorts in ,june or ,july4 ,to grow ,holly from seed1 gather the berries when ripe1 crush them1 and mix them up with a little sandy loam1 bury them in a hole #c ft4 deep1 and cover with litter4 ,dig them up and sow them in ,march4 ,big bushes are best moved at the end of ,august1 mixing the earth to a puddle before planting4 ,the less pruning they receive the better4 ,they may be trimmed in spring4 ,hollyhock4--,may be raised from seed or cuttings4 ,sow the seed about the second week of ,march in very rich soil1 and cover it with #a in4 of dry earth4 ,in ,june 7having soaked the bed thoroughly overnight7 remove the young plants to a nursery-bed1 setting them #f in4 apart4 ,press the earth firmly round the roots1 and water plentifully until settled4 ,in the autumn plant them where they are to bloom4 ,cuttings may be taken as soon as the flowers appear1 or from the old plants in autumn4 ,each joint having an eye will furnish a plant4 ,select side branches having two or three joints and leaves4 ,cut the shoots through just under the lower joint1 leaving the leaf entire2 cut it also about #b in4 above the joint4 ,plant in equal parts of loam1 gritty sand1 and leaf-mould2 shelter from the sun1 and sprinkle them every day in fine weather with water4 ,if the cuttings are taken in autumn pot them off in #fj-sized pots1 and keep them in a cold frame till the spring1 when they may be planted out4 ,flowers in ,august4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,homerias4--,beautiful little ,south ,african plants4 ,for out-door cultivation plant the bulbs in a dry1 warm situation1 from ,october to ,january1 #c in4 deep1 and the same distance apart1 in rich1 light1 well-drained soil1 and protect them from heavy rains with a good layer of leaves4 ,for pot culture put four or five bulbs in a #e-;in4 pot1 place in a cold frame1 and cover with cocoa-nut fibre until the growth appears4 ,water moderately1 and when the flowers fade abstain from supplying moisture4 ,the bulbs are not quite hardy1 therefore they should be removed indoors before frosts appear4 ,homogyne ,alpina4--,hardy herbaceous plants flowering in ,april4 ,any soil is suitable for them1 and they may be increased by division4 ,height1 #f in4 ,honesty 7,lunaria74--,interesting hardy biennials4 ,when dried1 the shining seed-pods make a handsome addition to winter bouquets1 mixed with ornamental grass4 ,any common soil suits them4 ,sow the seed any time from ,april to ,june1 and transplant them to the border in the autumn for flowering the following ,may4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 to #c ft4 ,honeysuckles4--,these rapid twiners thrive in any loamy soil1 and may be increased by putting down layers in the autumn1 after the leaves begin to fall4 ,they can also be propagated by cuttings taken in the autumn and planted in a shady1 sheltered spot4 ,caprifolium ,brachypoda and the evergreen ,c4 ,sempervirens are handsome1 free-flowering kinds1 suitable for almost any situation4 ,c4 ,aurea-reticulata has beautifully variegated leaves1 which render it very ornamental4 ,height1 #f ft4 to #h ft4 ,hop4--,a useful hardy climber for covering verandahs1 summer-houses1 etc4 ,plant in rich1 loamy soil1 and increase by dividing the roots4 7,see also ,humulus ,japonicus47 ,hordeum ,jubatum 7,squirrel-tail ,grass74--,a very pretty species resembling miniature barley4 ,sow seed in ,march1 covering it very lightly1 and keep the surface of the soil moist till the grass appears4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,horminum ,pyrenaicum4--,this hardy perennial produces erect white flowers with blue corolla in ,june or ,july4 ,it will grow in any ordinary soil1 but needs protection in winter1 as it is apt to be injured by damp4 ,it may be propagated either by seed or division4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,horn ,poppy4--,see ,glaucium4 ,horseradish4--,plant in ,october or ,february in deep1 rich soil2 or it may be grown on a heap of cinder-ashes1 or on any light ground through which the roots can make their way readily4 ,the best way to increase it is by slips taken from the roots4 ,it requires little or no attention beyond pinching out the tops when running to seed and keeping the ground hoed4 ,hotbeds1 to ,make4--,take dead leaves and stable-straw1 with the dung1 in the proportion of two double loads for a three-light frame4 ,turn it over four or five times during a fortnight1 watering it if it is dry4 ,then mark out the bed1 allowing #a ft4 or more each way than the size of the frame4 ,shake the compost well up1 and afterwards beat it down equally with the fork4 ,place the frame on the bed1 leaving the lights off for four or five days to allow the rank steam to escape4 ,keep a thermometer in the frame1 and as soon as the temperature falls below #gj degrees apply a lining of fresh dung to the front and one side of the bed1 and when this again declines1 add another lining to the back and other side1 and so on from time to time as occasion requires4 ,the mats used for covering the frames in frosty weather should be made to fit the top1 and not hang over the sides4 ,houseleek4--,see ,sempervivum4 ,houstonia ,coerulea4--,these hardy little evergreens are more generally known as ,bluets4 ,they make charming ornaments for rock-work1 planted between large stones1 but in this position they need protection from severe frosts4 ,when planted in pots and placed in a cold frame they show to most advantage4 ,a mixture of leaf-mould and sand1 and a moist but well-drained situation is what they delight in4 ,they bloom continuously from ,april to ,july4 ,height1 #c in4 ,hovea ,celsi4--,a greenhouse shrub1 which is evergreen and elegant when in flower in ,june4 ,a sandy loam and peat soil is most suitable1 and it may be increased by cuttings planted in sand under a hand-glass4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,humea4--,a remarkably handsome and graceful plant1 the leaves of which when slightly bruised yield a strong odour4 ,it is equally suitable for the centre of beds or large borders1 and placed in pots on terraces or the lawn it is very effective4 ,the seed should be raised on a gentle hotbed1 then potted off and kept in the greenhouse till the second year1 when it may be turned out into a warm situation4 ,it generally succeeds better in such a position than in the greenhouse4 ,flowers in ,july4 ,height1 #f ft4 to #h ft4 ,humulus ,japonicus4--7,japanese ,hop74--,a hardy annual ,hop of rapid growth1 the leaves of which are splashed with white4 ,useful for covering arbours1 verandahs1 etc4 ,a deep1 loamy soil suits it best4 ,increased by seed sown in gentle heat in ,february1 and gradually hardened off4 ,flowers in ,july4 ,height1 #bj ft4 ,hutchinsia ,alpina4--,this small alpine creeper is a profuse bloomer1 its glistening white flowers being produced at all seasons4 ,it grows in moist vegetable mould1 and bears transplanting at any season4 ,care1 however1 is required to prevent its roots over-running and choking other things4 ,height1 #b in4 ,hyacinths4--,may be grown in pots1 in glasses1 or in beds and borders4 ,the soil should be rich and light4 ,good loam mixed with old manure and a little leaf-mould and sand suits them very well4 ,if intended to be grown in pots the best time to begin potting is early in ,september1 putting more in at intervals of two or three weeks until the end of ,december4 ,one bulb is sufficient for a #e-;in4 or #f-;in4 pot1 or three may be placed in an #h-;in4 pot4 ,the soil under the bulb should not be pressed down4 ,the top of the bulb should be just above the surface4 ,place the pots on a bed of ashes in a cold frame1 put a small inverted pot over the top of the bulb1 and cover the whole with cocoa-nut fibre or cinder-ashes to the depth of about #d in4 ,in about a month roots will have formed with about #a in4 of top growth4 ,the plants may then be taken out1 gradually exposed to the light1 and finally removed to the conservatory or sunny window4 ,the doubles do best in pots4 ,for growing in glasses select the firmest and best-shaped bulbs4 ,those with single blossoms are preferable1 as they are of stronger constitution than the doubles4 ,fill the glasses with pure pond or rain water1 so that the bulbs just escape touching it1 and put a piece of charcoal in each glass1 and change the water when it becomes offensive1 taking care that the temperature is not below that which is poured away4 ,stand the glasses in a cool1 dark place for three or four weeks until the roots have made considerable progress1 then gradually inure to the full light4 ,september is a good time to start the growth4 ,when planted in beds or borders1 place the bulbs about #d in4 deep and #f in4 apart1 putting a little silver sand below each one4 ,this may be done at any time from ,october till frost sets in4 ,they succeed fairly well in any good garden soil1 but give greatest satisfaction when the ground is rich and light4 ,hyacinthus 7,muscari74--,a very hardy race of spring-flowering bulbs4 ,though the varieties are very dissimilar in appearance1 they all produce a good effect1 especially when planted in good large clumps4 ,plant from ,september to ,december4 ,a sandy soil suits them best4 ,the following are well-known varieties3--,,botryoides 7,grape ,hyacinth74--,very pretty and hardy1 bearing fine spikes of deep1 rich blue flowers in compact clusters on a stem #f to #i in4 high4 ,sweet-scented1 and blooms about ,may4 ,the ,alba1 or white1 variety is also sweet-scented4 ,hyacinthus--continued4 ,,candicans 7,galtonia74--,the white ,cape ,hyacinth1 or ,spire ,lily4 ,a hardy1 summer-flowering1 bulbous plant #c ft4 to #d ft4 in height1 gracefully surmounted with from twenty to fifty pendent1 bell-shaped snow-white flowers4 ,thrives in any position and equally suitable for indoor or outdoor decoration4 ,,moschatus 7,musk ,hyacinth74--,bears very fragrant purplish flowers4 ,,plvmosum 7,feather ,hyacinth74--,a fine1 hardy1 dwarf plant suitable for any soil4 ,its massive sprays of fine blue flowers1 arranged in curious clusters1 #e to #f in4 in length1 resemble much-branched slender coral4 ,,racemosum 7,starch ,hyacinth74--,rich dark-blue or reddish-purple flowers4 ,very free-flowering and fine for massing4 ,it is similar to the ,cape ,hyacinth1 but flowers in denser spikes4 ,hydrangea4--,this shrub delights in a moist1 sheltered position and rich soil4 ,it may be increased at any time from cuttings of the young side-shoots1 #b or #c in4 long1 under glass1 in sandy soil4 ,the old stems will also strike if planted in a sheltered situation4 ,the plants should be cut back when they have done flowering1 and protected from frost2 or they may be cut down to the root and covered with manure4 ,they are well suited for the front of shrubberies1 and also make fine plants for pot cultivation4 ,the flowers are produced in ,june and ,july4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,hymenanthera ,crassifolia4--,ornamental evergreen shrubs1 thriving best in a compost of loam and peat4 ,they are increased by cuttings planted in sand and subjected to a little heat4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,hymenoxys4--,pretty little hardy annuals that may be easily raised from seed sown early in ,march in any garden soil4 ,they bloom in ,june4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,hypericum 7,st4 ,john's ,wort74--,favourite dwarf shrubs4 ,any soil suits the hardy kinds1 but they prefer shade and moisture4 ,these may be increased by seed or division4 ,the greenhouse varieties thrive best in a mixture of loam and peat4 ,young cuttings placed in sand under glass will strike4 ,july is their flowering season4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 to #b ft4 ,i ,iberis4--,see ,candytuft4 ,ice ,plants4--,see ,mesembryanthemum4 ,ilex4--,see ,holly4 ,impatiens ,sultani4--,half-hardy perennials4 ,may be raised from seed sown early in spring on a hotbed1 or later on in a shady spot in the open border2 greenhouse culture1 however1 is more suitable4 ,they bloom in ,august4 ,height1 #aa_/b ft4 ,incarvilleas4--,ornamental hardy herbaceous plants1 of easy culture4 ,they are suitable for the border or the rockery1 and will grow in any soil if not too dry and exposed4 ,the tuberous roots may be planted at any time in autumn1 #d in4 deep4 ,i4 ,delavayi makes a fine solitary or lawn plant1 its leaves being from #a to #c ft4 long2 the soft rose-pink1 ,mimulus-shaped flowers1 which are carried on stout stems well above the foliage1 appearing in ,may4 ,care should be taken not to disturb it in spring1 and it is advisable to cover the roots in winter with a pyramid of ashes1 which may be carefully removed at the end of ,april4 ,incarvilleas may be propagated by seed sown1 as soon as it is ripe1 in light1 well-drained soil1 giving the young plants protection in a frame during the first winter1 with enough water merely to keep them moist4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,indian ,corn4--,see ,zea4 ,indian ,shot4--,see ,canna4 ,india-rubber ,plants4--,see ,ficus4 ,indigofera4--,beautiful evergreen shrubs4 ,i4 ,australis has elegant1 fern-like foliage and racemes of pink or purple ,pea-shaped flowers in ,april4 ,i4 ,decora ,alba bears its white flowers in ,july4 ,they require a sandy loam or peat soil1 and greenhouse culture4 ,cuttings of the young wood planted in sand under glass will strike4 ,height1 #ba_/b ft4 ,insects on ,plants4--,to destroy insects on plants wash the plant with ,tobacco-,water 7which see74 ,or put #a oz4 of quassia chips in a muslin bag1 pour on some boiling water1 and make it up to ,i gallon2 dissolve #a oz4 of soft soap1 add it to the chips1 and stir well4 ,use it two or three times during spring and early summer4 ,inula ,royleana 7,fleabane74--,a hardy perennial which flowers in ,november4 ,it will grow in any garden soil1 and can be increased by seeds1 or by division of the roots4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,ionopsidium4--,these hardy annuals grow freely in any rich1 damp soil2 a shady position is indispensable4 ,height1 #a_/h ft4 ,ipomoea4--,these beautiful climbing plants are very suitable for covering trellis-work1 or for the pillars or rafters of the stove-house4 ,the seed is generally sown in ,april on a hotbed or under glass1 and the young plants set out in the border of the house in ,may in light1 rich soil4 ,success is mainly secured by allowing plenty of root-room4 ,the perennial kinds are increased from cuttings taken from the small side-shoots placed in sand in a brisk bottom-heat4 ,if grown in the open they often shed their seed1 and come up year after year with but little attention4 ,they make a good contrast to ,canariensis4 ,the ,ipomoea ,horsfalliae1 with its bright scarlet flowers1 has a lovely appearance1 but must be treated as a stove evergreen4 ,this is propagated by layers1 or by grafting on some strong-growing kind4 ,it thrives in loam and peat mixed with a little dung1 and flowers in ,july or ,august4 ,height1 #f ft4 to #aj ft4 ,ipomopsis4--,a very beautiful half-hardy biennial1 but difficult to cultivate4 ,some gardeners steep the seed in hot water before sowing it2 but the best way seems to be to sow it in ,july in #c-;in4 pots in equal parts of sandy peat and loam1 ensuring good drainage1 and place it in a cold frame1 giving it very little water4 ,when the leaves appear1 thin out the plants to three or four in each pot4 ,replace them in the frame for a week or so1 then remove them to a light1 airy part of the greenhouse for the winter4 ,during this period be careful not to over-water them4 ,in spring shift them into well-drained #d-a_/b-;in4 pots1 using the same kind of soil as before1 and taking great care not to injure the roots2 still give the least possible amount of water4 ,if plenty of light and air be given1 they will flower in ,july or ,august4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,iresines4--,take cuttings of these greenhouse plants in autumn2 insert them thinly in #dh-size pots filled with coarse sand1 loam1 and leaf-mould1 and place in a uniform temperature of #fj or #gj degrees4 ,when they have taken root place them near the glass4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,iris4--,the ,iris is the orchid of the flower garden2 its blossoms are the most rich and varied in colour of hardy plants4 ,for cutting1 for vases1 table decoration1 etc41 it is exceedingly useful1 as it is very free-flowering1 and lasts a long time in water4 ,it thrives in almost any soil1 though a sandy one suits it best1 and is strikingly effective when planted in clumps4 ,it soon increases if left undisturbed4 ,the ,english ,iris blooms in ,june and ,july1 bearing large and magnificent flowers ranging in colour from white to deep purple1 some being self-colours1 while others are prettily marbled4 ,the ,german ,iris is especially suitable for town gardens4 ,the ,spanish ,iris blooms a fortnight before the ,english4 ,its flowers1 however1 are smaller1 and the combinations of colours very different4 ,the ,leopard ,iris 7,pardanthus ,chinensis7is very showy1 its orange-yellow flowers1 spotted purple-brown1 appearing in ,june and ,july4 ,they are quite hardy4 ,the best time for planting them is ,october or ,november1 selecting a sunny position4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,isopyrums--,hardy herbaceous plants of great beauty1 nearly related to the ,thalictrums4 ,they will grow in any ordinary soil1 but flourish best in vegetable mould1 and in a moist1 yet open1 situation4 ,they are readily raised from seed1 or may be propagated by division of the roots in autumn4 ,they flower in ,july4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #a-a_/b ft4 ,ivy 7,hedera74--,a deep1 rich soil suits the common ,ivy2 the more tender kinds require a lighter mould4 ,to increase them1 plant slips in a north border in sandy soil4 ,keep them moist through the autumn1 and plant them out when well rooted4 ,the following are the principal choice sorts3--,aurea ,spectabilis1 palmate-leaved1 blotched with yellow2 ,cavendishii1 a slender-growing variety1 leaves margined with white1 with a bronzy shade on the edge2 ,conglomerata1 crumpled leaves2 ,elegantissima1 slender-growing1 with silvery variegated leaves2 ,irish ,gold-,blotch1 large leaves1 blotched with yellow2 ,latifolia ,maculata1 large white-blotched leaves2 ,lee's ,silver1 silver variegated2 ,maderiensis ,variegata1 leaves broadly marked with white2 ,marmorata1 small leaves blotched and marbled with white2 ,pupurea1 small leaves of a bright green changing to bronzy-purple2 ,rhomboides ,obovata1 deep green foliage2 ,rhomboides ,variegata1 greyish-green leaves1 edged with white2 and ,silver ,queen1 a good hardy variety4 ,ixias4--,plant out of doors from ,september to ,december1 in a sunny1 sheltered position1 in light1 rich1 sandy soil4 ,for indoor cultivation1 plant four bulbs in a #e-;in4 pot in a compost of loam1 leaf-mould1 and silver sand4 ,plunge the pot in ashes in a frame or cold pit1 and withhold water until the plants appear4 ,when making free growth remove them to the conservatory or greenhouse1 placing them near the glass1 and give careful attention to the watering4 ,ixias are also known under the name of ,african ,corn ,lilies4 ,j ,jacobaea 7,ragwort74--,may be raised from cuttings in the same way as ,verbenas1 and will grow freely from seeds sown in autumn or spring4 ,it delights in a rich1 light soil4 ,the purple ,jacobaea is a great favourite of the public4 ,flowers in ,august4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,jacob's ,ladder4--,see ,polemonium4 ,jasione ,perennis 7,sheep ,scabious74--,a hardy perennial which produces a profusion of heads of blue flowers in ,june1 and continues to bloom till ,august4 ,it enjoys a peat soil1 and should have the protection of a frame during the winter4 ,it can be propagated by seeds1 cuttings1 or division4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,jasminum4--,these are favourite plants for training over arbours or trellis-work1 and for growing against walls4 ,the hardy kinds will flourish in ordinary soil4 ,the stove and greenhouse sorts should be provided with a mixture of sandy peat and loam4 ,they may all be increased by cuttings of ripened wood planted in a sandy soil under glass4 ,j4 ,nudifolium produces an abundance of bright flowers after its leaves have fallen1 and is very suitable for town gardens4 ,j4 ,unofficinale is likewise adapted for town1 bearing confinement well1 and has very sweet flowers4 ,j4 ,revolutum needs protection in severe weather4 ,they bloom in ,july4 ,height1 #ab ft4 ,job's ,tears4--,see ,coix ,lachryma4 ,jonquils4--,these are quite hardy1 and may be grown in the open in the same manner as ,hyacinths4 ,five or six bulbs in a #e-;in4 pot make a very pretty bouquet4 ,they are excellent early flowers1 and very odoriferous4 ,plant in autumn1 placing sand round the bulbs4 ,best not disturbed too often4 ,the leaves should not be cut off when withering1 but allowed to die down4 ,they bloom in ,april4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,joss ,flower4--,see ,chinese ,sacred ,narcissus4 ,juniper 7,juniperus74--,these useful conifers prefer dry chalk or sandy soils1 but will thrive in any ground that is not too heavy4 ,j4 ,japonica1 ,sabina1 and ,tamariscifolia do well on steep banks and rock-work4 ,they may be propagated by seeds1 grafting1 or by cuttings of firm young shoots planted in a sandy compost1 kept shaded1 and covered with a hand-glass4 ,k ,kadsura ,japonica4--,this is a beautiful creeper for a south or west aspect4 ,it thrives best in loam and sandy peat4 ,cuttings may be struck in sand1 placed under a glass1 and subjected to heat4 ,kale4--,see ,borecole4 ,kalmia ,latifolia4--,this hardy1 dwarf evergreen shrub is deservedly a great favourite4 ,it produces a wealth of flowers in large clusters4 ,it requires to be grown in peat or good leaf-mould1 and needs pure air4 ,it is increased by pegging down the lower branches1 which soon become rooted4 ,the flowers are produced from ,june to ,august4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,kalosanthes4--,showy greenhouse succulent plants4 ,a light1 turfy loam is suitable for them1 and they may be increased by placing cuttings of the young shoots in a sandy soil on a slight hotbed in spring4 ,pinch them back so as to produce a bushy growth1 and give support to the heavy heads of bloom4 ,the cuttings should be left for twenty-four hours to dry before they are planted4 ,the plants require very little water1 and they flower in ,july4 ,height1 #f in4 to #a ft4 ,kaulfussia4--,sow this pretty hardy annual in ,april in the open border1 or in ,march in slight heat4 ,it may also be sown in autumn for early flowering4 ,it will succeed in any light soil1 blooming in ,july4 ,height1 #f in4 ,kennedya ,marryattae4--,a greenhouse evergreen twining plant of a very beautiful order1 which thrives best in a compost of sandy loam and peat4 ,cuttings of the young wood planted in sand1 and having a bottom-heat1 will strike4 ,it produces its flowers in ,may4 ,height1 #d ft4 ,other varieties of ,kennedyas range from #b to #aj ft4 ,they all need to be well drained and not to stand too near the pipes4 ,kerria 7,corchorus74--,beautiful hardy shrubs1 which may be grown in any garden soil1 and can be propagated by cuttings of the young wood1 taken at a joint1 and placed under glass4 ,they flower at midsummer4 ,height1 #d ft4 ,koelreuteria ,paniculata4--,this is an ornamental tree bearing long spikes of yellow flowers in ,july4 ,it will grow in any soil1 but requires a sheltered position1 and may be increased by layers or root cuttings4 ,height1 #aj ft4 ,kohl ,rabi 7,turnip-rooted ,cabbage74--,though mostly grown as a farm crop1 this vegetable is strongly recommended for garden cultivation1 as it is both productive and nutritious1 and is delicious when cooked while still very small and young4 ,sow in ,march1 and transplant to deeply-dug and liberally manured ground1 at a distance of #ae in4 from each other4 ,l ,lachenalia4 7,cape ,cowslips74--,charming greenhouse plants for pot or basket culture4 ,pot in ,december in a compost of fibrous loam1 leaf-mould1 and sand2 place as near the glass as possible1 and never allow the soil to become dry1 but maintain good drainage1 and only give a little water till they have produced their second leaves4 ,no more heat is required than will keep out the frost4 ,lactuca ,sonchifolia4 7,sow ,thistle-,leaved ,lettuce74--,an ornamental1 but not handsome1 hardy perennial1 with leaves #a ft4 in length and #i in4 in breadth4 ,it is of neat habit and enjoys the sunshine4 ,a deeply-dug1 sandy loam suits it1 and it may be increased by seed or division of the roots4 ,the flowers are produced from ,september till frost sets in4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,ladies' ,slipper ,orchid4--,see ,cypripedium4 ,lady's ,mantle4--,see ,alchemilla4 ,lagurus ,ovatus4--,this hardy annual is commonly known as ,hare's-,tail ,grass4 ,it is distinctly ornamental1 producing elegant egg-shaped tufts of a silvery-white hue1 and is fine for ornamenting bouquets4 ,sow in ,march1 and keep the ground moist till the seed germinates4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,lallemantia ,canescens4--,bees are very fond of this blue hardy annual1 which may readily be grown from seed sown in the spring4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,lamium4--,these plants are mostly of a hardy herbaceous description and of little value4 ,they will grow well in any kind of soil1 flowering from ,march to ,july1 according to their varieties1 and can be propagated by seed or division4 ,height1 #f in4 to #a ft4 ,lantana4--,these dwarf1 bushy1 half-hardy perennial shrubs bear ,verbena-like blossoms4 ,they like a dry and warm situation and rich1 light soil4 ,the seed is sown in ,march to produce summer and autumn blooming plants4 ,if cuttings are placed in sand1 in heat1 they will take root easily4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #a-a_/b ft4 ,lapageria ,rosea4--,a beautiful climbing plant which bears large rose-coloured flowers in ,may4 ,it can be grown in any light1 rich soil1 but a compost of leaf-mould1 sand1 and peat suits it best4 ,it makes a very desirable greenhouse plant1 and can be increased either by cuttings or by division4 ,lapagerias require partial shade1 plenty of water1 and good drainage4 ,height1 #aj ft4 ,lardizabala ,biternata4--,this climbing shrub has fine ornamental foliage4 ,it is most suitable for a south or west aspect1 where it proves hardy2 in other positions protection should be afforded4 ,it will grow in any good soil4 ,may is the month in which it flowers4 ,height1 #bj ft4 ,larkspur4--,the ,stock-flowered ,larkspur is of the same habit as the ,dutch ,rocket1 but has longer spikes and larger and more double flowers4 ,the ,hyacinth-flowered is an improved strain of the ,rocket4 ,among other of the hardy annual varieties may be mentioned the ,candelabrum-formed1 the ,emperor1 and the ,ranunculi-flowered4 ,they are charming flowers for beds or mixed borders1 and only require the same treatment as ordinary annuals1 when they will flower in ,june4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #b-a_/b ft4 ,for perennial ,larkspurs1 see ,delphinium4 ,lasiandra4--,stove evergreen shrubs1 flourishing best in a mixture of equal parts of loam1 peat1 and sand4 ,they are propagated by cuttings of the young wood1 plunged in heat4 ,july is their flowering month4 ,height1 #e ft4 ,lasthenia4--,a hardy annual of a rather pretty nature1 suitable for flower-beds or borders4 ,autumn is the best time for sowing the seed1 but it may also be sown early in the spring4 ,it blooms in ,may4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,lathyrus4--,handsome plants when in flower1 the larger kinds being well adapted as backgrounds to other plants in the shrubbery1 where they will require supports4 ,they may be planted in any garden soil1 and can be increased by seed1 and some of the perennial kinds by division of the root4 ,l4 ,latifolia 7,everlasting ,pea7 flowers in ,august1 other varieties at different times1 from ,may onwards4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #h ft4 ,laurel4--,laurels will grow in any good garden soil4 ,they are grown both as bushes and standards1 and require but little attention beyond watering4 ,the standards are produced by choosing a young ,portugal plant and gradually removing the side-shoots on the lower part of the stem1 and when the desired height is reached a well-balanced head is cultivated1 any eyes that break out on the stem being rubbed off with the thumb4 ,lauro ,rotundifolia is beyond dispute the best of all ,laurels2 it is of free growth and of dense habit1 and its leaves are roundish and of a lively green4 7,see also ,epigaea47 ,all ,laurels may be propagated by cuttings and by layers1 the latter being the plan usually adopted4 ,laurestinus4--,see ,viburnum ,tinus4 ,laurus4--,see ,bay1 ,sweet4 ,lavatera4--,the greenhouse and frame kinds grow in any light soil1 and are increased by cuttings of the ripened wood1 under glass4 ,the hardy herbaceous species grow well in any common soil1 and are propagated by seeds or division4 ,the annuals are sown in the open in spring4 ,some bloom in ,june1 others as late as ,august4 ,height1 #b ft4 to #e ft4 ,lavender 7,lavandula ,spied74--,a hardy shrub whose sweetly-scented flowers1 which are produced in ,august1 are much prized4 ,a dry1 gravelly soil is what it likes best4 ,young plants should be raised every three years4 ,it is readily propagated from seed sown in spring4 ,cuttings about #h in4 long1 taken in autumn and planted #d in4 deep under a hand-light or in a shaded1 sheltered position1 will strike4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,lawns--,to make or renovate ,lawns sow the seed on damp ground during ,march or ,april1 if possible1 but in any case not later than ,september1 as the young plants are easily ruined by frost4 ,rake the seed in lightly1 afterwards roll with a wooden roller1 and carefully weed the ground until the grass is well established4 ,to form a thick bottom quickly on new ,lawns sow #fj lbs41 or #c bushels1 to the acre2 for improving old ones1 #bj lbs4 per acre4 ,frequent cutting and rolling is essential to success4 ,if the grass is inclined to grow rank and coarse it will be much improved by a good dressing of sand over it2 if it has an inclination to scald and burn up1 sprinkle it with guano or soot just before a shower of rain4 ,an accumulation of moss upon a lawn can only be cured by under-draining4 ,lawns1 ,shrubs for4--,see ,shrubs for ,lawns4 ,layering4--,see under ,carnations4 ,ledum 7,labrador ,tea74--,low-growing ,american evergreen shrubs1 thriving best in sandy peat1 and may be increased by layers4 ,leek4--,sow early in ,march1 and prick out the plants in rich soil1 in a sheltered position1 to strengthen4 ,as soon as they are large enough1 plant them out in very rich1 light ground in drills #f in4 between each plant and the rows #ah in4 apart4 ,for large exhibition ,leeks sow in boxes in ,february1 under glass4 ,plant out in ,june in trenches #ae in4 wide and #ah in4 deep1 with plenty of old manure at the bottom of the trench and #f in4 of good light mould on the top of it4 ,gradually earth up as the stems grow4 ,water liberally in dry weather1 and give a little weak liquid manure occasionally4 ,leontopodium4--,hardy perennials1 succeeding best in peat soil4 ,they are most suitable for rock-work1 and may be increased by seed or division of the roots4 ,bloom is produced in ,june4 ,height1 #f in4 ,leopard's ,bane4--,see ,doronicum4 ,leptosiphon4--,charming hardy annuals which make nice pot-plants4 ,the seed should be sown in rich1 light soil--peat for preference4 ,if this is done in autumn they will flower in ,april and ,may2 if sown in spring they will bloom in autumn4 ,they are very attractive in beds or ribbons1 and also on rock-work4 ,height1 #c in4 to #a ft4 ,leptospermum4--,neat greenhouse evergreen shrubs1 most at home in equal portions of loam1 peat1 and sand4 ,cuttings may be struck in sand under glass4 ,they flower in ,june4 ,height1 #d ft4 to #e ft4 ,leschenaultia4--,elegant greenhouse shrubs1 delighting in a mixture of turfy loam1 peat1 and sand4 ,they are evergreen1 flower in ,june1 and are propagated by cuttings of the young wood under glass4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,lettuce4--,sow early in ,february on a slight hotbed1 and prick out into a well-manured and warm border1 having the soil broken down fine on the surface4 ,for early summer supplies sow outdoors in ,march1 and at intervals till the middle of ,september for later crops4 ,some of the plants raised in ,september should be wintered in a cold frame1 and the remainder transplanted to a dry1 sheltered border1 or protected with hand-lights4 ,the ,june and ,july sowings may be made where the plants are intended to remain4 ,they should stand from #f to #i in4 apart4 ,a north border is a suitable position in the summer months1 as they are less exposed to the sun1 and do not run to seed so quickly4 ,the ,cos ,lettuce requires to be tied up to blanch2 this should be done ten days before it is wanted for use4 ,cabbage ,lettuce does not need to be tied4 ,leucanthemum 7,hardy ,marguerites74--,same treatment as ,chrysanthemum4 ,leucojum 7,snowflake74--,also known as ,st4 ,agnes' ,flower4 ,handsome plants4 ,the flowers are pure white1 every petal being tipped with green1 dropping in a cluster of from six to eight blooms1 each nearly #a in4 long4 ,they grow freely in almost any soil1 sandy loam being preferable4 ,increased by off-sets from the bulb1 or by seed as soon as it is ripe4 ,the spring snowflake blooms in ,march1 the summer variety in ,june4 ,the latter is a much more vigorous plant than the former4 ,height1 #ab in4 to #ah in4 ,leucophyton ,browni4--,a popular white-foliaged bedding plant1 which may be increased by dibbling cuttings in sandy soil and placing them in a cool frame4 ,lewisia ,rediviva4--,this makes a pretty rock-plant4 ,it is a perennial and quite hardy1 but requires plenty of sun4 ,during ,april and ,may it produces large flowers varying in colour from satiny rose to white4 ,the most suitable soil is a light loam mixed with brick rubbish4 ,it is increased by division of the root1 or it may be raised from seed4 ,height1 #c in4 ,leycesteria ,formosa4--,ornamental plants1 the flowers resembling ,hops of a purple colour4 ,they will grow in any soil1 but need protection in winter4 ,they are multiplied by cuttings4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,liatris ,pycnostachya4--,a curious old herbaceous perennial1 now seldom met with1 sending up late in summer a dense cylindrical purple spike #b ft4 high4 ,it needs a rich1 light1 sandy soil1 and to be protected during the winter with a thick covering of litter4 ,the roots may be divided in the spring4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,libertia ,formosa4--,the narrow foliage and spikes of pure white flowers1 produced in ,may and ,june1 render this hardy perennial very ornamental4 ,the soil should consist of equal parts of loam and peat4 ,it is propagated by dividing the roots4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,libonia ,floribunda4--,this is a winter-flowering plant1 and is easily grown in a cool greenhouse4 ,it is very useful for table decoration1 its slender red and yellow tubes of bloom being very effective1 but it does not do to keep it for any length of time in a room where there is gas4 ,when flowering has ceased1 encourage new growth by giving it plenty of water1 air1 and sunlight4 ,the new shoots should be cut back in ,may1 and the tips of them used as cuttings1 which strike readily in good mould4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,ligustrum 7,privet74--,l4 ,ovalifolium is a handsome hardy evergreen1 of very rapid growth1 and one of the best ornamental hedge plants in cultivation1 especially for towns or smoky situations4 ,l4 ,japonicum is likewise ornamental and hardy3 ,tricolor is considered one of the best light-coloured variegated plants grown4 ,l4 ,coriaceum is a slow-growing1 compact bush with very dark1 shining green leaves1 which are round1 thick1 and leathery4 ,privet will grow in any soil or situation1 and is readily increased by cuttings planted in the shade in spring4 ,lilac--,see ,syringa4 ,lilium4--,the ,lily is admirably adapted for pot culture1 the conservatory1 and the flower border1 and will flourish in any light soil or situation4 ,to produce fine specimens in pots they should be grown in a mixture of light turfy loam and leaf-mould4 ,six bulbs planted in a #ab-;in4 pot form a good group4 ,the pots should have free ventilation1 and the bulbs be covered with #a in4 of mould4 ,for outdoor cultivation plant the bulbs #d to #e in4 deep1 from ,october to ,march4 ,after once planting they require but little care1 and should not be disturbed oftener than once in three years1 as established plants bloom more freely than if taken up annually4 ,give a thin covering of manure during the winter4 ,lilium seed may be sown in well-drained pots or shallow boxes filled with equal parts of peat1 leaf-mould1 loam1 and sand4 ,cover the seeds slightly with fine mould and place the boxes or pots in a temperature of #ee or #fe degrees4 ,a cold frame will answer the purpose1 but the seeds will take longer to germinate4 ,the ,lancifolium and ,auratum varieties have a delicious fragrance4 ,lilium--continued4 ,,candidum 7the ,madonna1 or ,white ,garden ,lily7 should be planted before the middle of ,october1 if possible1 in groups of three1 in well-drained1 highly-manured loam4 ,should they decline1 take them up in ,september and re-plant at once in fresh1 rich soil1 as they will not stand being kept out of the ground long4 ,they are increased by off-sets4 ,as soon as these are taken from the parent bulb1 plant them in a nursery-bed2 after two years they may be transferred to the garden4 ,this ,lily is quite hardy1 and needs no protection during winter4 ,,lancifolium make very fine pot-plants1 or they may be placed in a sunny situation in the border1 but in the latter case they must have a thick covering of dry ashes in winter4 ,if grown in pots place them1 early in ,march1 in rich1 sandy soil4 ,three bulbs are sufficient for an #aa-;in4 pot4 ,give very little water1 but plenty air in mild weather4 ,let them grow slowly4 ,when all frost is over place pans under them1 mulch the surface with old manure1 and supply freely with air and water4 ,they are propagated by off-sets4 ,,martagon 7or ,turk's ,cap7 requires the same treatment as the ,candidum1 with the exception that a little sand should be added to the soil4 ,,tigrinum 7,tiger ,lily7 also receives the same treatment as the ,madonna4 ,when the flower-stems grow up they throw out roots4 ,a few lumps of horse manure should be placed round for these roots to lay hold of4 ,they are increased by the tiny bulbs which form at the axis of the leaves of the flower-stem4 ,when these fall with a touch they are planted in rich1 light earth1 about #f in4 apart4 ,in four or five years' time they will make fine bulbs4 ,,auratum and ,,szovitzianum 7or ,colchicum7 thrive best in a deep1 friable1 loamy soil1 which should be well stirred before planting4 ,if the soil is of a clayey nature it should be loosened to a depth of several feet1 and fresh loam1 coarse sand1 and good peat or leaf-mould added1 to make it sufficiently light4 ,for ,,pardalinum 7the ,panther ,lily7 and ,,superbum mix the garden soil with three parts peat and one part sand1 and keep the ground moist4 ,they should occupy a rather shady position4 ,all the other varieties will succeed in any good garden soil enriched with leaf-mould or well-decayed manure4 ,for ,,vallota 7,scarborough ,lily71 ,,belladonna1 and ,,formosissima 7or ,jacobean7 ,lilies1 see ,amaryllis4 ,for ,,african ,,lily1 see ,agapanthus4 ,for ,,peruvian ,,lilies1 see ,alstromeria4 ,for ,,st ,,bernard',s and ,,st ,,bruno',s ,,lilies1 see ,anthericum4 ,for ,,caffre ,,lilies1 see ,clivias4 ,lily of the ,valley4--,set the roots in bunches #a ft4 apart1 and before severe weather sets in cover them with a dressing of well-rotted manure4 ,they should not be disturbed1 even by digging among the roots4 ,if grown in pots1 they should be kept in a cool place and perfectly dry when their season is over3 by watering they will soon come into foliage and flower again4 ,for forcing put ten or twelve buds in a #e-;in4 pot--any light soil will do--plunge the pot in a sheltered part of the garden4 ,from this they may be removed to the forcing-house as required to be brought into bloom4 ,plunge the pots in cocoa-nut fibre and maintain an even temperature of from #fe to #gj degrees4 ,limnanthes ,douglasii4--,very elegant and beautiful hardy annuals1 which are slightly fragrant4 ,they must be grown in a moist and shady situation4 ,the seeds ripen freely1 and should be sown in autumn to produce bloom in ,june1 or they may be sown in spring for flowering at a later period4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,linaria4--,these all do best in a light1 sandy loam1 and make good plants for rock-work4 ,l4 ,bipartita is suitable for an autumn sowing4 ,the other annuals are raised in spring4 ,l4 ,triornithophora is a biennial1 and may be sown any time between ,april and ,june1 or in ,august4 ,the hardy perennial1 ,l4 ,alpina1 should be sown in ,april1 and if necessary transplanted in the autumn4 ,linarias flower from ,july to ,september4 ,height1 #f in4 to #a ft4 ,linnaea ,borealis4--,a rare1 native1 evergreen creeping perennial4 ,from ,july to ,september it bears pale pink flowers2 it makes a pretty pot-plant1 and also does well in the open when planted in a shady position4 ,it enjoys a peat soil1 and is propagated by separating the creeping stems after they are rooted4 ,height1 #aa_/b in4 ,linum 7,flax74--,this succeeds best in rich1 light mould4 ,the ,linum ,flavum1 or ,golden ,flax1 is very suitable for pot culture2 it grows #i in4 in height1 and bears brilliant yellow flowers4 ,it requires the same treatment as other half-hardy perennials4 ,the ,scarlet ,flax is an annual1 very free-flowering1 and unsurpassed for brilliancy2 easily raised from seed sown in spring4 ,height1 #aa_/b ft4 ,the hardy1 shrubby kinds may be increased by cuttings placed under glass4 ,a mixture of loam and peat makes a fine soil for the greenhouse and frame varieties4 ,they flower from ,march to ,july4 ,lippia ,reptans4--,a frame creeping perennial which flowers in ,june4 ,it requires a light soil4 ,cuttings of the young wood may be struck under glass4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,lithospermum ,prostratum4--,a hardy perennial1 evergreen trailer1 needing no special culture1 and adapting itself to any soil4 ,it is increased by cuttings of the previous year's growth1 placed in peat and silver sand1 shaded and kept cool1 but not too wet4 ,they should be struck early in summer1 so as to be well rooted before winter sets in4 ,its blue flowers are produced in ,june4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,loasa4--,the flowers are both beautiful and curiously formed1 but the plants have a stinging property4 ,they grow well in any loamy soil1 and are easily increased by seed sown in spring4 ,flowers are produced in ,june and ,july4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,besides the annuals there is a half-hardy climber1 ,l4 ,aurantiaca1 bearing orange-coloured flowers1 and attaining the height of #aj or #ab ft4 ,lobelia4--,these effective plants may be raised from seed sown in ,january or ,february in fine soil4 ,sprinkle a little silver sand or very fine mould over the seed2 place in a greenhouse1 or in a frame having a slight bottom-heat1 and when large enough prick them out about #a in4 apart2 afterwards put each single plant in a thumb-pot1 and plant out at the end of ,may4 ,as the different varieties do not always come true from seed1 it is best to propagate by means of cuttings taken in autumn1 or take up the old plants before the frost gets to them1 remove all the young shoots 7those at the base of the plant are best1 and if they have a little root attached to them so much the better71 and plant them thinly in well-drained1 shallow pans of leaf-mould and sand2 plunge the pans in a hotbed under a frame1 shade them from hot sunshine1 and when they are rooted remove them to the greenhouse till spring1 at which time growth must be encouraged by giving a higher temperature and frequent syringing4 ,they may then be planted out in light1 rich soil1 where they will bloom in ,june or ,july4 ,height1 #d in4 ,lobels ,catchfly4--,see ,silene4 ,london ,pride4--,see ,saxifrage4 ,lonicera4--,hardy deciduous shrubs1 which will grow in any ordinary soil1 and produce their flowers in ,april or ,may4 ,they are propagated by cuttings planted in a sheltered position4 ,prune as soon as flowering is over4 ,height1 from #c ft4 to #aj ft4 ,lophospermum4--,very elegant half-hardy climbers4 ,planted against a wall in the open air1 or at the bottom of trellis-work1 they will flower abundantly in ,june1 but the protection of a greenhouse is necessary in winter4 ,they like a rich1 light soil1 and may be grown from seeds sown on a slight hotbed in spring1 or from cuttings taken young and placed under glass4 ,height1 #aj ft4 ,love ,apples4--,see ,tomatoes4 ,love ,grass4--,see ,eragrostis4 ,love-in-a-,mist4--,see ,nigella4 ,love-lies-,bleeding 7,amaranthus ,caudatus74--,a hardy annual bearing graceful drooping racemes of crimson blossom4 ,the seed should be sown in the open at the end of ,march1 and thinned out or transplanted with a good ball of earth4 ,makes a fine border plant4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,luculia ,gratissima4--,a fine plant either for the wall or border4 ,it grows well in a compost of peat and light1 turfy loam1 but it is not suitable for pot culture4 ,during growing time abundance of water is needed4 ,when flowering has ceased1 cut it hard back4 ,it may be increased by layering1 or by cuttings placed in sand under glass and subjected to heat4 ,it flowers in ,august4 ,height1 #h ft4 ,lunaria4--,see ,honesty4 ,lupins4--,though old-fashioned flowers1 these still rank among our most beautiful annual and herbaceous border plants4 ,they may be grown in any soil1 but a rich loam suits them best4 ,the seed germinates freely when sown in ,march1 and the flowers are produced in ,july4 ,height1 #b ft4 to #c ft4 ,lychnis4--,hardy perennials which1 though rather straggling1 deserve to be cultivated on account of the brilliancy of their flowers4 ,l4 ,chalcedonica1 commonly known as ,ragged ,robin1 is perhaps the most showy variety2 but ,l4 ,viscaria ,plena1 or ,catchfly1 is a very beautiful plant4 ,they grow freely in light1 rich1 loamy soil1 but need dividing frequently to prevent them dwindling away4 ,the best season for this operation is early in spring4 ,beyond the care that is needed to prevent the double varieties reverting to a single state1 they merely require the same treatment as other hardy perennials4 ,they flower in ,june and ,july4 ,height1 #b ft4 to #c ft4 ,lyre ,flower4--,see ,dielytra4 ,lysimachia ,clethroides4--,this hardy perennial has something of the appearance of a tall ,speedwell4 ,when in flower it is attractive1 and as it blooms from ,july on to ,september it is worth a place in the border4 ,a deep1 rich loam is most suitable for its growth1 and a sheltered position is of advantage4 ,the roots may be divided either in ,november or early in spring4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,lysimachia ,nummularia 7,creeping ,jenny74--,this plant is extremely hardy1 and is eminently suitable either for rock-work or pots4 ,it is of the easiest cultivation1 and when once established requires merely to be kept in check4 ,every little piece of the creeping root will1 if taken off1 make a fresh plant4 ,lythrum4--,very handsome hardy perennials which thrive in any garden soil1 and may be raised from seed or increased by dividing the roots4 ,they flower in ,july4 ,height1 of different varieties1 #f in4 to #d ft4 ,m ,madia4--,a hardy annual of a rather handsome order4 ,the seed should be sown in ,may in a shady situation4 ,the plant is not particular as to soil1 and will flower about eight weeks after it is sown1 and continue to bloom during ,august and ,september4 ,height1 #aa_/b ft4 ,magnolia ,grandiflora4--,a handsome1 hardy evergreen1 with large shining1 ,laurel-shaped leaves1 and highly-scented1 ,tulip-shaped white flowers4 ,a noble plant for a spacious frontage1 but in most places requires to be grown on a wall4 ,it flourishes in any damp soil1 and is increased by layers4 ,flowers in ,august4 ,height1 #bj ft4 ,mahonia4--,handsome evergreen shrubs1 useful for covert planting or for grouping with others4 ,they grow best in a compost of sand1 peat1 and loam1 and may be propagated by cuttings or by layers of ripened wood1 laid down in autumn4 ,they flower in ,april4 ,height1 #d ft4 to #f ft4 ,maianthemum ,bifolium4--,the flowers of this hardy perennial are produced in ,april and ,may1 and somewhat resemble miniature ,lily of the ,valley4 ,seed may be sown at the end of ,july4 ,the plant will grow in any soil1 but delights in partial shade4 ,height1 #f in4 ,maize4--,see ,zea4 ,malope4--,very beautiful hardy annuals having soft leaves4 ,they may be raised from seed sown in ,april in any garden soil4 ,they bloom in ,june or ,july4 ,height1 #aa_/b ft4 to #b ft4 ,malva4--,very ornamental plants1 more especially the greenhouse varieties4 ,the hardy perennials succeed in any good garden soil1 and are increased by seed sown in the autumn1 or by division of the root4 ,the greenhouse kinds should be grown in rich earth3 these are propagated by cuttings planted in light soil4 ,the annuals are poor plants4 ,some of the varieties bloom in ,june1 others in ,august4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,mandevillea ,suaveolens4--,a fine climbing plant bearing very sweet white flowers in ,june4 ,it is rather tender1 and more suitable for the conservatory than the open air4 ,it does not make a good pot-plant1 but finds a suitable home in the border of the conservatory in equal parts of peat and sandy loam4 ,in pruning adopt the same method as for the vine or other plants which bear flowers on wood of the same year's growth4 ,it is propagated by seed sown in heat1 or by cuttings under glass4 ,syringe the leaves daily during the hot season4 ,a temperature of from #dj to #ej degrees in winter1 and from #ee to #fe degrees in summer should be maintained4 ,height1 #aj ft4 ,manures4--,one of the best fertilisers of the soil is made by saturating charred wood with urine4 ,this may be drilled in with seeds in a dry state4 ,for old gardens liquid manure is preferable to stable manure1 and if lime or chalk be added it will keep in good heart for years without becoming too rich4 ,a good manure is made by mixing #fd bushels of lime with #b cwts4 of salt4 ,this is sufficient for one acre4 ,it should be forked in directly it is put upon the ground4 ,superphosphate of lime mixed with a small amount of nitrate of soda and forked into the ground is also a fine manure1 but is more expensive than that made from lime and salt4 ,charred cow-dung is ready for immediate use4 ,for established fruit-trees use1 in showery weather1 equal quantities of muriate of potash and nitrate of soda1 scattering #a oz4 to the square yard round the roots4 ,peruvian guano1 in the proportion of #a oz4 to each gallon of water1 is a very powerful and rapid fertiliser4 ,in whatever form manure is given1 whether in a dry or liquid form1 care must be taken not to administer it in excessive quantities1 for too strong a stimulant is as injurious as none at all4 ,in ordinary cases loam with a fourth part leaf-mould is strong enough for potting purposes2 and no liquid except plain water should be given until the plants have been established some time4 ,for roses1 rhubarb1 and plants that have occupied the same ground for a considerable time1 mix #a lb4 of superphosphate of lime with #a_/b lb4 of guano and #bj gallons of water1 and pour #b or #c gallons round each root every third day while the plants are in vigorous growth4 ,herbaceous plants are better without manure4 ,liquid manure should be of the same colour as light ale4 ,maple4--,see ,acer4 ,marguerites 7,chrysanthemums ,frutescens74--,the ,white ,paris ,daisies are very effective when placed against scarlet ,geraniums or other brightly-coloured flowers1 and likewise make fine pot-plants4 ,they will grow in any light soil1 and merely require the same treatment as other half-hardy perennials4 ,height1 #a ft4 7,see also ,anthemis and ,buphthalmum47 ,margyricarpus ,setosus 7,bristly ,pearl ,fruit74--,a charming little evergreen1 of procumbent growth1 bearing throughout the whole summer a number of berries on the main branches4 ,being only half-hardy1 it requires protection from frost1 but in the warmer weather it may be planted on rock-work in sandy loam and vegetable mould4 ,cuttings planted in moist peat under a hand-glass will strike1 or it may be propagated by layers4 ,height1 #f in4 ,marigolds4--,handsome and free-flowering half-hardy annuals4 ,the greenhouse varieties thrive in a mixture of loam and peat1 and cuttings root easily if planted in sand under glass4 ,the ,african and tall ,french varieties make a fine display when planted in shrubberies or large beds1 while the dwarf ,french kinds are very effective in the foreground of taller plants1 or in beds by themselves4 ,they are raised from seed sown in a slight heat in ,march1 and planted out at the end of ,may in any good soil4 ,height1 #f in4 to #b ft4 7,see also ,calendula1 ,tagetes1 and ,calthus47 ,martynia4--,handsome half-hardy1 fragrant annuals4 ,the seed should be sown on a hotbed in ,march4 ,when the plants are sufficiently advanced transplant them singly into pots of light1 rich earth1 and keep them in the stove or greenhouse1 where they will flower in ,june4 ,height1 #aa_/b ft4 ,marvel of ,peru 7,mirabilis74--,half-hardy perennials1 which are very handsome when in flower1 and adorn equally the greenhouse or the open4 ,they may be increased by seed sown in light soil in ,july or ,august and planted out in the border in spring4 ,at the approach of frost take the roots up and store them in dry ashes or sand4 ,they flower in ,july4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,massonia4--,singular plants1 which to grow to perfection should be placed in a mixture of loam1 peat1 and sand4 ,they require no water while in a dormant state1 and may be increased by seed or by off-sets from the bulbs4 ,height1 #c in4 to #f in4 ,mathiola4--,see ,stocks4 ,mathiola ,bicornis 7,night-scented ,stocks74--,a favourite hardy annual whose lilac flowers are fragrant towards evening4 ,they may be grown from seed sown between ,february and ,may on any ordinary soil4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,matricaria4--,this is a half-hardy annual of little interest so far as its flowers are concerned1 and is mostly grown as a foliage plant4 ,the seed should be sown in a frame in ,march1 and transplanted at the end of ,may4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,maurandia ,barclayana4--,this elegant twining plant is best grown in pots1 so that it can more conveniently be taken indoors in the winter4 ,the soil should be light and rich4 ,cuttings can be taken either in spring or autumn1 or it may be raised from seed4 ,it does very well in the open during the summer1 placed against a wall or trellis-work1 but will not stand the cold4 ,in the greenhouse it reaches perfection1 and blooms in ,july4 ,height1 #aj ft4 ,mazus ,pumilio4--,a pretty diminutive herbaceous plant4 ,when grown in peat and sand in an open situation it survives from year to year1 but it will not live through the winter in cold clay soils4 ,its pale green foliage is seen to advantage in carpet bedding1 and its branched violet flowers1 put forth from ,june to ,september1 make it a desirable rock-work plant4 ,it may be increased by transplanting1 at the end of ,april1 the rooted stems which run under the surface of the ground4 ,meconopsis ,cambrica7,welsh ,poppy74--,an ornamental hardy perennial1 often found on ,english rocks4 ,it may be grown in any light1 rich soil1 is easily raised from seed1 and blooms in ,june4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,medlars4--,these trees will grow on any well-drained soil4 ,the ,dutch ,medlar is most prized1 as it bears the largest fruit4 ,it is raised from seed1 and usually trained to a standard form4 ,the ,nottingham and ,royal are also excellent varieties4 ,any special variety may be grafted on to the seedlings4 ,on deep soils it is best grafted on the ,pear stock2 on light1 sandy soil it may be grafted on the ,white ,thorn4 ,no pruning is required1 beyond cutting away cross-growing branches4 ,megasea4--,this hardy herbaceous plant flowers from ,april to ,june4 ,a light1 sandy soil suits it best4 ,it may be grown from seed or multiplied by division4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,melissa ,officinalis4--,a hardy perennial1 flowering in ,july4 ,any soil suits it4 ,it is increased by division of the root4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,melittis ,melissophyllum 7,large-flowered ,bastard ,balm74--,this handsome perennial is not often seen1 but it deserves to be more generally grown1 especially as it will thrive in almost any soil2 but to grow it to perfection1 it should be planted in rich loam4 ,it flowers from ,june to ,august1 and may be increased by division of the roots any time after the latter month4 ,height1 #aa_/b ft4 ,melon4--,sow from ,january to ,june in pots plunged in a hotbed1 the temperature of which should not be under #hj degrees4 ,when the plants have made four or five leaves1 set them out in a house or hotbed having a temperature ranging from #ge to #he degrees4 ,keep the plants well thinned and water carefully1 as they are liable to damp off at the collar if they have too much wet4 ,do not allow them to ramble after the fruit has begun to swell1 nor allow the plants to bear more than two1 or at most three1 melons each4 ,they require a strong1 fibry1 loamy soil1 with a little rotten manure worked in4 ,the ,hero of ,lockinge is a grand white-fleshed variety1 and ,blenheim ,orange is a handsome scarlet-fleshed sort4 ,menispermum ,canadense 7,moon seed74--,a pretty slender-branched1 hardy1 climbing1 deciduous shrub1 with yellow flowers in ,june1 followed with black berries4 ,it grows in any soil1 and can be propagated by seed1 by division of roots1 or by planting cuttings in spring in a sheltered spot4 ,height1 #aj ft4 ,mentha ,rotundifloria ,variegata 7,variegated ,mint74--,a hardy perennial1 which may be grown in any soil1 and is easily increased by dividing the roots4 ,it flowers in ,july4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,menyanthes4--,treat as other hardy aquatics4 ,menziesia 7,irish ,heath74--,this evergreen thrives best in fibrous peat to which a fair quantity of silver sand has been added4 ,while excessive moisture is injurious1 the plant must not be kept too dry2 the best condition for it is to be constantly damp4 ,slips torn off close to the stem will root in sand under glass1 placed in gentle heat4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,mertensia4--,these hardy perennials flower from ,march to ,july4 ,they will grow in any garden soil1 but do best in peat1 and are propagated by division4 ,they make fine border plants4 ,mertensia ,maritima and ,m4 ,parviflora1 however1 are best grown in pots1 in very sandy soil1 perfection being afforded them during the winter4 ,height1 #aa_/b ft4 to #b ft4 ,mesembryanthemums 7,ice ,plants74--,these half-hardy1 annual succulents have a bright green foliage covered with ice-like globules4 ,they must be raised in a greenhouse or on a hotbed1 sowing the seed in ,april on sandy soil4 ,prick the young plants out in ,may4 ,if grown in pots they thrive best in a light1 sandy loam4 ,in the border they should occupy a hot and dry situation4 ,keep the plants well watered until established1 afterwards give a little liquid manure4 ,may be increased by cuttings taken in autumn4 ,cuttings of the more succulent kinds should be allowed to dry a little after planting before giving them water4 ,a dry pit or frame is sufficient protection in the winter2 they merely require to be kept from frost4 ,flower in ,july4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,mespilus4--,for treatment1 see ,medlars4 ,meum ,athamanticum4--,a hardy perennial with graceful1 feathery green foliage1 but of no special beauty4 ,it is a native of our shores1 will grow in any soil1 blooms in ,july or ,august1 and is freely propagated by seeds4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,michaelmas ,daisies 7,starworts74--,a numerous family of hardy herbaceous perennials4 ,some few are very pretty1 while others can only be ranked with wild flowers4 ,they thrive in any soil or position1 but flourish best where there is a due proportion of sunshine4 ,they are easily raised from seed1 sown early in spring1 or may be increased by root-division either in the autumn1 as soon as they have done flowering1 or in the spring4 ,they vary in height from #a ft4 to #e ft4 ,michauxia ,campanuloides4--,this is an attractive border biennial1 bearing from ,march to ,june white campanula-like flowers tinged with purple1 on erect stems4 ,it is not particular as to soil1 but requires a southern position and protection in winter4 ,propagated by seeds in the same way as other biennials4 ,height1 #d ft4 ,mignonette4--,for summer-flowering plants sow the seed in spring1 and thin out to a distance of #i in4 apart4 ,to obtain bloom during the winter and spring successive sowings are necessary4 ,let the first of these be made the second week in ,july in light1 rich soil2 pot off before frost sets in1 plunge them in old tan or ashes1 and cover with a frame facing the west4 ,another sowing should be made about the middle of ,august1 giving them the same treatment as the previous2 and a third one in ,february1 in gentle heat4 ,height1 #i in4 to #c ft4 ,the ,mignonette tree is produced by taking a vigorous plant of the spring sowing1 and removing all the lower shoots in the autumn4 ,pot it in good loam1 and keep it in the greenhouse in a growing state1 but removing all the flowers4 ,by the spring the stem will be woody4 ,let the same treatment be given it the second year1 and the third season it will have become a fine shrub4 ,it may be made to bloom during the winter by picking off the blossom in the summer and autumn4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,mildew4--,syringe with a strong decoction of green leaves and tender branches of the elder-tree1 or with a solution of nitre made in the proportion of #a oz4 of nitre to each gallon of water4 ,another good remedy is to scatter sulphur over the leaves while the dew is upon them1 afterwards giving them a syringing of clear water4 ,milkmaid4--,see ,cardamine4 ,milk ,thistle4--,see ,carduus4 ,mimosa4--,these shrubs are often called ,sensitive ,plants1 on account of the leaves of several of the species of this genus shrinking when touched4 ,they grow well in loam and peat with a little sand1 but require to be planted in a warm situation or to have greenhouse care4 ,cuttings of the young wood root readily in sand under a glass4 ,they may also be raised from seed4 ,mimosa ,pudica exhibits most sensibility4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,mimulus 7,monkey ,flower74--,showy half-hardy perennials which thrive in moist and shady situations and in almost any soil4 ,they may be grown from seed sown in slight heat from ,february to ,may1 or increased by division of the root4 ,the frame and greenhouse kinds grow best in a rich1 light soil1 and may be multiplied by cuttings4 ,the annuals may be sown where they are to flower4 ,they bloom in ,june and ,july4 ,height1 #b in4 to #aa_/b ft4 7,see also ,diplacus47 ,mina ,lobata4--,a charming half-hardy annual climber1 bearing singularly shaped flowers1 produced on long racemes4 ,when young the buds are a vivid red1 changing to orange-yellow1 and when fully expanded the flowers are creamy-white4 ,it thrives in loam and peat to which a little dung has been added1 and is well adapted for arbours1 trellises1 or stumps of trees4 ,sow the seed on a hotbed in ,march1 harden off1 and transplant when all fear of frost is over4 ,height1 #h ft4 to #ab ft4 ,mint4--,may be grown in any garden soil4 ,it is increased by runners1 which1 if not held in check1 become very troublesome4 ,the roots may be confined by means of tiles or slates4 ,flowers in ,july4 ,height1 #aa_/b ft4 ,mistletoe4--,raise the bark of an apple1 pear1 or oak tree on the underneath part of a branch and insert some well-ripened berries1 then tie the bark down neatly with raffia or woollen yarn4 ,if the berries were inserted on the top of the branch the operation would result in failure1 as the birds would devour them4 ,mitella ,diphylla4--,a hardy perennial which bears slender racemes of white flowers in ,april4 ,it makes a pretty rock plant1 delights in a peat soil1 and is increased by division of the root4 ,height1 #f in4 ,moles4--,these pests may be destroyed by placing in their runs worms that have been kept for some time in mould to which carbonate of barytes has been added4 ,monardia ,didyma 7,oswego ,mint1 or ,horse ,balm74--,see ,bergamot4 ,monetia ,barlerioides4--,an ornamental shrub1 suitable for the greenhouse or stove4 ,it requires to be grown in loam and peat1 and may be increased by cuttings planted in sand1 under glass1 in a bottom-heat4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,monkey ,flower4--,see ,mimulus4 ,monkey ,puzzle4--,see ,araucaria4 ,monk's-hood4--,see ,aconite4 ,montbretia4--,very graceful and showy plants4 ,the flowers1 which are like small ,gladioli1 are produced on long branched spikes and are excellent for cutting4 ,plant #c in4 deep and #b in4 apart in sandy loam and leaf-mould4 ,the corms should never be kept long out of the ground1 as they shrivel1 and weak growth and few flowers are the result4 ,though they are hardy it is well to give them a covering of litter in winter4 ,they may also be grown in pots4 ,height1 #b-a_/b ft4 ,moraea ,iridioides4--,these plants flower in ,may1 and require the same treatment as ,ixias4 ,morina 7,whorl ,flower74--,an ornamental hardy perennial1 which is seldom met with4 ,it forms rosettes of large1 deep green1 shiny foliage and stout spikes of rose-coloured flowers in whorls1 which make it one of the most attractive of ,thistles4 ,it likes a rich1 light soil1 is increased by seed sown in the autumn1 also by division in ,august1 and flowers in ,july4 ,height1 #ba_/b ft4 ,morisia ,hypogaea4--,this is a pretty hardy perennial for rock-work4 ,it flowers in ,may1 and is raised from seed sown as soon as it is ripe4 ,height1 #b in4 ,morna ,elegans4--,beautiful half-hardy annuals4 ,for early flowering sow the seed in ,september3 for later blooms sow in ,february in slight heat1 pot off1 affording good drainage to the plants4 ,they are very sensitive to cold1 and should not be placed out of doors before the end of ,may4 ,avoid over-watering1 as this would prove fatal to them4 ,the soil should be light and sandy4 ,those sown in ,september will bloom in the greenhouse in ,may2 those sown in ,february will flower in the open in the autumn4 ,height1 #aa_/b ft4 ,morning ,glory4--,see ,convolvulus4 ,morrenia ,odorata4--,a good twining plant for the greenhouse1 producing fragrant cream-coloured flowers in ,july4 ,it will grow in any good loamy soil1 and may be increased by cuttings4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,moss4--,to eradicate moss from fruit-trees wash the branches with strong brine or lime water4 ,if it makes its appearance on the lawn1 the first thing to do is to ensure a good drainage to the ground1 rake the moss out1 and apply nitrate of soda at the rate of #a cwt4 to the half-acre1 then go over the grass with a heavy roller4 ,should moss give trouble by growing on gravel paths1 sprinkle the ground with salt in damp weather4 ,mountain ,avens4--,see ,dryas4 ,muhlenbeckia ,complexa4--,a very decorative climber1 hardy in nature but requiring a good amount of sunshine to make it bloom4 ,a well-drained1 sandy soil is best for its growth1 and it can be increased by cuttings of hardy shoots taken early in summer4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,mulberries4--,any good soil will grow the ,mulberry4 ,the tree is hardy1 but the fruit wants plenty of sunshine to bring it to perfection4 ,it may be propagated by cuttings of wood one year old with a heel two years old attached4 ,the only pruning necessary is to keep the branches well balanced4 ,autumn is the time to do this1 not forgetting that the fruit is borne on the young wood4 ,when grown in tubs or large pots in the greenhouse the fruit attains the perfection of flavour4 ,in addition to the ,large ,black and the ,white 7,morus ,alba7 the ,new ,weeping ,russian ,white may be recommended4 ,mulching4--,see ,soil4 ,muscari4--,see ,hyacinthus4 ,muscari ,botryoides4--,see ,hyacinthus4 ,mushrooms4--,take partially dry horse manure and lay it in a heap to ferment4 ,turn and mix it well every few days1 and when well and equally fermented1 which will be from ten to fourteen days1 make it into a bed #d ft4 wide and #b ft4 deep1 mixing it well together and beating or treading it firmly4 ,when the temperature of the bed falls to #ge degrees1 or a little under1 the spawn may be inserted in pieces about the size of a walnut1 #b in4 deep and #f in4 apart4 ,now give a covering of loamy soil1 #b in4 deep1 and beat it down evenly and firmly4 ,finish off with a covering of clean straw or hay about #a ft4 thick4 ,water when necessary with lukewarm water2 but very little should be given till the ,mushrooms begin to come up1 then a plentiful supply may be given4 ,they may be grown in any warm cellar or shed1 and usually appear in from four to six weeks after planting4 ,musk 7,mimulus ,moschatus74--,a well-known sweet-scented1 half-hardy perennial1 well adapted for pot culture4 ,a moist1 shady position is most congenial to it when placed in the border4 ,seed sown in autumn make fine1 early-flowering greenhouse plants4 ,for summer blooming the seed is sown early in spring1 under a frame or hand-glass1 at a temperature of from #ee to #fj degrees4 ,it is readily propagated by division4 ,height1 #f in4 ,mustard and ,cress4--,for sowing in the open choose a shady border1 make the surface fine and firm1 and water it well before putting down the seed4 ,let the seed be sown thickly at intervals of seven or fourteen days from ,march to ,september4 ,as the ,cress does not germinate so quickly as the ,mustard1 the former should be sown four days before the latter4 ,the seed must not be covered1 but simply pressed into the surface of the soil4 ,keep the ground moist1 and cut the crop when the second leaf appears4 ,for winter use it is best sown in boxes and grown in a frame1 the seed being covered with flannel kept constantly moist4 ,this may be removed as soon as the seed germinates4 ,gardeners mostly prefer to grow it through coarse flannel1 to avoid the possibility of grit being sent to table4 ,the curled leaf ,cress is the best1 and the new ,chinese ,mustard is larger in leaf than the old variety1 and is very pungent in flavour4 ,myosotis 7,forget-me-not74--,the perennial varieties of these beautiful plants grow best in moist places1 such as the edges of ponds or ditches2 but they also do well in pots among ,alpine plants4 ,most of them may be increased by root division1 and all of them by seed4 ,the annuals like a dry1 sandy soil1 and are grown from seed sown in ,march4 ,they flower in ,june or ,july4 ,height1 #f in4 ,myrica ,gala 7,candleberry ,myrtle74--,this hardy deciduous shrub is very ornamental1 and its foliage is scented like the myrtle4 ,it will grow in light1 rich soil1 but thrives best in peat1 and may be increased by seeds or layers4 ,may is its flowering time4 ,height1 #d ft4 ,m4 ,cerifera is treated in precisely the same manner4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,myrsiphyllum ,asparagoides4--,see ,smilax4 ,myrtle 7,myrtus74--,will strike readily if the cuttings be placed in a bottle of water till roots grow1 and then planted2 or young cuttings will strike in sandy soil under a hand-glass4 ,they succeed best in a mixture of sandy loam and peat and on a south wall4 ,near the sea they prove quite hardy4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,n ,narcissus4--,see ,daffodils4 ,nasturtiums4--,these are among the most useful of our hardy annuals1 producing a display of the brightest of colours throughout the entire summer4 ,the tall-growing climbers make a gay background to a border1 and are equally valuable for trellis-work1 while the dwarf varieties are first-class bedding plants1 and of great service for ribboning4 ,the seeds may be sown in pots in ,september or in the open ground early in spring4 ,a light sandy or gravelly soil is the best to produce a wealth of bloom4 ,height1 #f ft4 and #a ft4 ,nectarines4--,require the same treatment as the ,peach4 ,in fact1 the ,nectarine stone sometimes produces a ,peach1 and a ,peach stone often produces a ,nectarine4 ,fairchild's1 ,humboldt1 ,lord ,napier1 and ,red ,roman are useful varieties4 ,they should stand #bj ft4 apart4 ,neilla4--,these shrubs thrive in ordinary soil1 and are increased by cuttings of the young wood4 ,they flower in ,july4 ,n4 ,torreyi bears white ,spiraea-like flowers1 which are very effective4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,nemesia4--,a most beautiful half-hardy annual of the ,antirrhinum class4 ,sow the seed early in spring on a hotbed1 and plant out in ,may in rich1 light soil4 ,cuttings of the young wood will strike under glass4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 to #b-a_/b ft4 ,nemophila4--,pretty1 neat1 and compact hardy annuals1 well worth cultivating4 ,they succeed best in a moist and shady situation1 delight in peat or vegetable mould1 and when grown in circles are very striking4 ,if wanted to flower early1 sow the seed in autumn1 or on a hotbed in spring2 and if required for late blooming1 sow in the open in ,march4 ,treated thus they flower from ,june to ,september4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,nepeta ,glechoma ,variegata4--,a very useful plant for hanging baskets4 ,it can be trained as a pyramid or allowed to hang down2 in many cases it is employed as edgings4 ,it is of easy culture1 and does well as a window plant or in a cool greenhouse4 ,the soil should be light and dry4 ,it flowers in ,july1 and may be increased by root-division4 ,nerine ,sarniense4--,see ,guernsey ,lily4 ,nertera ,depressa 7,coral ,berry74--,this pretty ,moss-like plant is fairly hardy1 and is eminently suited for a sheltered position on the rockery4 ,the soil should consist of leaf-mould and sand1 and overhead sprinkling with soft water is very beneficial4 ,in cold districts it is better to grow it in the greenhouse4 ,the flowers are produced in ,july1 succeeded by orange-coloured berries4 ,it is easily increased by dividing it early in the spring4 ,height1 #c in4 ,neuvusia ,alabamensis4--,a tamarix-like shrub1 bearing clusters of white flowers early in spring4 ,will grow in any soil or situation4 ,increased by cuttings placed in sand under glass4 ,nicotiana 7,tobacco ,plants74--,very showy half-hardy annuals4 ,n4 ,affinis bears long1 tubular1 sweet-scented1 white flowers in ,july1 and grows to the height of #c ft4 ,n4 ,virginica produces immense leaves and pink flowers1 and the plants are #d to #e ft4 high4 ,the seed is sown on a hotbed in spring1 and when the second or third leaf appears the plants are put into small pots and placed in a frame till the end of ,may1 when they are transferred to the border4 ,nierembergia 7,cup ,flowers74--,these elegant half-hardy annuals grow well in any light soil1 but prefer a mixture of sandy loam and leaf-mould4 ,sow the seed in ,march or ,april in slight heat1 harden off1 and plant out in ,may as soon as all fear of frost is over4 ,they flower in ,july4 ,height1 #i in4 to #a ft4 ,nierembergia ,rivularis4--,this herbaceous plant is of a creeping nature2 it has deep green ovate foliage and large saucer-shaped white flowers4 ,it needs a moist position1 and is increased by division4 ,the bloom is produced throughout ,june1 ,july1 and ,august4 ,height1 #c in4 ,nigella4--,these hardy annuals1 a species of ,fennel-flower1 are both curious and ornamental4 ,perhaps the best known among them is ,n4 ,hispanica1 or ,love-in-a-,mist4 ,they only require sowing in the open in spring--but not before the middle of ,march--to produce flowers in ,july and ,august4 ,height1 #i in4 to #b ft4 ,night-scented ,stocks4--,see ,mathiola4 ,nolana4--,hardy annuals that are suitable for the border1 as they are very showy when in flower4 ,the seed should be sown in spring on a gentle hotbed1 and the plants transferred to the garden about the middle of ,may4 ,n4 ,atriplicifolia may be sown in the open in the autumn4 ,they flower in ,july and ,august4 ,height1 #f in4 to #b ft4 ,north ,borders1 ,plants suitable for4--,hardy ,camellias1 ,chrysanthemums1 black and green ,tea ,plant1 ,rhododendrons1 ,ferns1 ,red ,currants1 ,morello ,cherries1 and spring and summer cuttings of all sorts4 ,nuttallia4--,this early-flowering shrub is only hardy in the south and south-west of our country4 ,it requires a light1 rich soil1 and may be increased by division4 ,racemes of white flowers are produced during ,february and ,march4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,nycterina4--,exquisite little half-hardy plants1 suitable for pots or rock-work4 ,the seed should be sown early in spring on a gentle hotbed1 and the young plants transferred to the pots or open ground at the end of ,may1 using a light1 rich soil4 ,height1 #c in4 ,nymphaea ,alba4--,a hardy aquatic perennial1 frequently found in our ponds4 ,it flowers in ,june1 and may be increased by dividing the roots4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,o ,odontoglossum ,grande4--,a most beautiful orchid1 delighting in a temperature of from #fj to #gj degrees and an abundance of water during summer1 but good drainage is essential4 ,the blooms are yellow1 spotted and streaked with venetian red1 and are often #f in4 across4 ,the pots should be two-thirds filled with crocks1 then filled up with fibrous peat and sphagnum moss4 ,during winter only a very little moisture should be given4 ,oenothera4--,the ,evening ,primroses are most useful and beautiful plants1 well suited for ornamenting borders1 beds1 edgings1 or rock-work4 ,all the species are free-flowering1 and grow well in any good1 rich soil4 ,the annual and biennial kinds are sown in the open in spring4 ,the perennials may be increased by dividing the roots1 by cuttings1 or by seed1 the plants from which will flower the first season if sown early in spring4 ,they bloom in ,june and ,july4 ,height1 #f in4 to #d ft4 ,olearia4--,these evergreen shrubs thrive in peat and loam1 and may be increased by division of the roots4 ,o4 ,haastii has foliage resembling the ,box1 and a profusion of white1 sweet-scented flowers in summer3 a chalk soil suits it admirably4 ,height1 #c ft4 to #d ft4 ,omphalodes ,verna4--,a hardy perennial which may be grown under the shade of trees in ordinary soil4 ,it produces its flowers in ,march1 and is increased by dividing the roots in autumn4 ,height1 #f in4 ,oncidium ,sarcodes4--,plant these ,orchids firmly in well-drained pots1 using equal parts of live sphagnum and fibrous peat4 ,give one good watering as soon as the potting is finished1 and stand them in a light1 warm part of the greenhouse4 ,they will require very little more water until the roots have taken hold of the soil--only sufficient to keep the pseudo-bulbs from shrivelling--and during the winter months scarcely any moisture is needed4 ,they flower in ,august4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,onions4--,require a deep1 rich1 heavy soil4 ,where the ground is not suitable it should have had a good dressing of rotten manure the previous autumn1 and left in ridges during the winter4 ,level the ground1 and make it very firm just before the time of sowing4 ,the seed should be sown early in ,march for the main crop and for salad and pickling ,onions1 and in ,august for summer use4 ,thin out to about #f in4 apart1 excepting those intended to be gathered while small4 ,the ,tripoli varieties attain a large size if transplanted in the spring4 ,the ,silver-skins do best on a poor soil4 ,for exhibition ,onions sow in boxes early in ,february in a greenhouse2 when about #a in4 high prick out1 #c in4 apart1 into other boxes2 give gentle heat and plenty of air1 and when they have grown #f in4 high put them in a cool frame until the middle of ,april1 when they must be planted in the open1 #a ft4 apart4 ,ononis ,rotundifolia 7,round-leaved ,restharrow74--,a charming hardy evergreen of a shrubby nature4 ,it will grow in any ordinary garden soil1 and is increased by seed1 sown as soon as it is ripe4 ,it is most effective in clumps1 and blooms from ,june to ,september4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,onopordon4--,half-hardy perennials of a rather interesting nature and of easy cultivation4 ,sow the seed any time between ,march and ,june4 ,they require the protection of a frame or greenhouse during winter1 and produce flowers in ,july4 ,height1 #f in4 to #h ft4 ,onosma ,taurica 7,golden ,drop74--,this hardy herbaceous plant is very pretty when in flower1 and suitable for rock-work4 ,it requires a well-drained vegetable mould1 and to be planted where it can obtain plenty of sun4 ,it is increased from cuttings taken in summer1 placed in a cucumber frame1 kept shaded for about a fortnight1 and hardened off before the winter4 ,the flowers succeed one another from ,june to ,november4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,opuntia ,rafinesquii 7,hardy ,prickly ,fig74--,a dwarf hardy ,cactus with sulphur-coloured flowers1 produced from ,june to ,august2 very suitable for dry spots in rock-work4 ,it grows best in peat with a little sand1 and is propagated by separating the branches at a joint1 and allowing them to dry for a day or so before putting them into the soil4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,orange1 ,mexican4--,see ,choisya4 ,orchids4--,the four classes into which these charming and interesting plants are divided may be described as 7#a7 those coming from the tropics1 7#b7 from ,south ,africa1 7#c7 from the ,south of ,europe1 and 7#d7 our native varieties4 ,the first require a stove1 the second a greenhouse1 the third and fourth slight protection during winter4 ,as their natural character differs so widely it is necessary to ascertain from what part of the globe they come1 and to place them in houses having as near as possible the same temperature and humidity as that to which they are accustomed4 ,the pots in which they are grown should be filled with fibrous peat and sphagnum moss1 largely mixed with charcoal1 and abundant drainage ensured4 ,they are propagated by dividing the root stocks1 by separating the pseudo-bulbs1 and1 in case of the ,dendrobiums1 by cuttings4 ,orchis ,foliosa 7,leafy ,orchis7 may be grown in the open ground in good sandy loam4 ,when once established it is best not to disturb it1 but if needed it may be increased by division1 after the tops have died down4 ,orchis ,fusca 7,brown ,orchis7 may likewise be planted in the open1 in a sheltered position1 in fine loam and leaf-mould1 the soil to be well drained1 yet constantly moist4 ,origanum ,pulchellum4--,popularly known as the ,beautiful ,marjoram1 this plant is useful for cutting for vases4 ,it is perennial and hardy1 and thrives in a dry situation with a sunny aspect and in a sandy soil4 ,the bloom is in its best condition in ,october4 ,the rooted shoots may be divided in spring or almost at any other period1 or it may be propagated by taking cuttings in summer4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,ornithogalum4--,o4 ,arabicum bears a large white flower with a shiny black centre4 ,it is a fine plant for pot culture1 or it may be grown in water like the ,hyacinth4 ,it may be planted in the open early in spring in sandy loam and peat4 ,take it up before the frost sets in and store it in a dry place1 as it requires no moisture while in a dormant state4 ,in ,september the flowers are produced4 ,height1 #f in4 ,o4 ,umbellatum 7,star of ,bethlehem7 is a pretty little flower often found in ,english meadows1 is quite hardy1 and once established may be left undisturbed for years4 ,it throws up large heads of starry flowers1 which are produced in great abundance4 ,while in a dormant state the bulbs should be kept almost dry4 ,it is propagated by off-sets2 flowers in ,may4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,orobus4--,these hardy perennials bear elegant ,pea-shaped blossoms4 ,the plants will grow readily in any light soil1 and are easily increased by root-division in the spring1 or by seeds4 ,they flower in ,june4 ,height1 #b ft4 to #c ft4 ,osmanthus4--,these elegant hardy evergreen shrubs succeed best in light1 sandy loam1 and like a dry situation4 ,they may be increased by cuttings of the young shoots with a little old wood attached1 or they may be grafted on to common ,privet4 ,the variegated varieties are very beautiful4 ,they grow well on chalk soils4 ,height1 #d ft4 to #f ft4 ,othera ,japonica4--,a newly introduced evergreen shrub very similar to the ,holly4 ,it is perfectly hardy and may be treated in the same manner as that plant4 ,ourisia ,coccinea4--,a hardy herbaceous1 surface-creeping perennial of singular beauty as regards both leaf and flower4 ,the soil in which it is grown must be well drained1 a peat one being preferable2 and the position it occupies must be well shaded from the rays of the midday sun4 ,it flowers from ,may onwards to ,september1 the cut bloom being admirable for mixing with fern leaves4 ,as soon as new life starts in spring the roots may be divided4 ,height1 #i in4 ,oxalis4--,a genus of very pretty bulbous plants that thrive well in a mixture of loam1 peat1 and sand1 or will grow in any light soil4 ,most of the tender kinds may be reared in a frame if protected from frost in the winter4 ,after they have done flowering they should be kept dry until they begin to grow afresh4 ,they are increased by off-sets from the bulb4 ,the hardy species should be planted in a shady border1 where they will grow and flower freely4 ,the seeds of these may be sown in the open in spring4 ,some of the varieties have fibrous roots3 these will bear dividing4 ,they are equally suitable for pots1 borders1 or rock-work4 ,height1 #i in4 to #c ft4 ,ox-,tongue4--,see ,bugloss4 ,oxythopis ,campestris4--,a hardy perennial with lemon-yellow flowers in ,june and ,july4 ,it will grow in any good garden soil1 and is propagated by seed only1 which should be sown where the plants are intended to be grown4 ,height1 #f in4 ,p ,pachysandra4--,this early hardy perennial has ornamental foliage and blooms in ,april4 ,it will succeed in almost any soil1 and may be increased by suckers from the roots4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,paeonies4--,these beautiful flowering plants are mostly hardy enough to endure our winters4 ,the herbaceous kinds are increased by dividing the plants at the roots1 leaving a bud on each slip4 ,the shrubby species are multiplied by cuttings taken in ,august or ,september1 with a piece of the old wood attached1 and planted in a sheltered situation4 ,tree ,paeonies require protection in winter1 and may be propagated by grafting on to the others1 by suckers1 or by layers4 ,new varieties are raised from seed4 ,a rich1 loamy soil suits them best4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,palms from ,seed4--,soak the seed in tepid water for twenty-four hours1 then put them singly #a in4 deep in #b-;in4 pots filled with equal parts of loam1 leaf-mould1 and sand4 ,cover the pots with glass and stand them in the warmest part of a hothouse4 ,shade from strong sunshine1 and keep the soil just moist4 ,re-pot as soon as the roots have filled the old ones4 ,pampas ,grass4--,see ,gynerium4 ,pampas ,lily of the ,valley4--,see ,withania4 ,pancratium4--,a handsome class of plants4 ,their habit of growth is somewhat like that of the ,amaryllis4 ,they are admirably adapted for growing in pots in the greenhouse4 ,they may also be planted in the open ground under a south wall4 ,the bulbs should be placed in a composition of three parts light1 sandy loam and one of vegetable mould4 ,they are increased by off-sets from the roots1 or by seeds1 by which the new varieties are obtained4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #b ft4 ,pandanus ,veitchi 7,variegated ,screw ,pine74--,for table decoration or vases this is a most useful plant4 ,it requires a warm greenhouse where a temperature of #fj or #gj degrees can be kept up throughout the year1 and grows well in equal parts of peat and loam with one-sixth part sand4 ,during the autumn a little liquid manure is beneficial4 ,in the winter months it should be watered carefully1 but in the summer it is improved by syringing with warm water4 ,it is propagated very easily by suckers taken off in spring or summer1 placed in a temperature of #ge degrees4 ,panicum4--,handsome ornamental grasses4 ,they will grow in any soil or situation4 ,p4 ,capillare is an annual1 suitable for bouquets or edgings2 it is increased by seed4 ,p4 ,altissimum1 an annual1 and ,p4 ,sulcatum1 a most elegant greenhouse plant1 are fine for specimens4 ,p4 ,plicatum is highly ornamental and hardy1 but is best grown as a conservatory or window plant2 it has a ,palm-like appearance1 and is of quick growth4 ,most of the plants flower in ,july4 ,they may be propagated by seed or by division of the roots4 ,average height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,pansies 7,heartsease74--,grow well from seed sown in ,july or ,august on a raised bed of light earth4 ,they may also be increased from cuttings taken in ,august1 ,september1 ,april1 or ,may1 selecting young side-shoots and planting them in light earth mixed with silver sand4 ,the cuttings should be kept in a cool frame1 moderately moist1 and shaded from the hot sun4 ,they can likewise be increased by layers1 merely pegging them down and not slitting them on account of their tendency to damp off4 ,they may also be increased by dividing the roots in ,april or ,may4 ,they should be planted where they will get all the morning sun1 yet be sheltered from mid-day rays2 in an open and airy situation1 yet protected from cutting winds4 ,while the plants are blooming they should be supplied with liquid manure4 ,papaver 7,poppy74--,these showy flowers are most at home in a rich1 light soil4 ,they are easily raised from seed sown where they are intended to bloom4 ,the perennials may also be increased by dividing the roots4 ,they flower at midsummer4 ,height varies from #a ft4 to #c ft4 ,pardanthus ,chinensis4--,see ,iris4 ,parsley4--,in order to grow ,parsley to perfection it is necessary that the ground be well drained1 as the roots and stems must be kept dry1 and the soil should be rich and light4 ,three sowings may be made during the year3 the first in spring for late summer and autumn use1 the next in ,june for succession1 and another in ,august or ,september for spring and early summer use4 ,thin out or transplant1 to #f in4 apart4 ,parsley takes longer than most seeds to germinate2 it must therefore be watched during dry weather and watered if necessary4 ,plants potted in ,september and placed in a cold frame1 or protected in the open from rain and frost with a covering of mats supported by arches1 will be valuable for winter use4 ,parsnips4--,these succeed best in a rich soil1 but the application of fresh manure should be avoided1 as it induces forked and ill-shaped roots4 ,let the ground be trenched two spits deep and left ridged up as long as possible4 ,as early in ,march as the weather will permit level the surface and sow the seed in drills #ae in4 apart1 covering it with half an inch of fine soil4 ,when the plants are #b or #c in4 high1 thin them out to #i in4 apart4 ,they may be taken up in ,november and1 after cutting off the tops1 stored in a pit or cellar in damp sand1 or they may be left in the ground till required for use4 ,passion ,flower4--,cuttings of the young shoots strike readily in sand under glass4 ,the plant likes a good loamy soil mixed with peat4 ,a sheltered position with a south or south-western aspect should be assigned those grown out of doors1 and the root should be well protected in winter4 ,the flowers are borne on seasoned growth of the current year3 this fact must be considered when pruning the plants4 ,during the hot months the roots require a copious supply of water1 and the foliage should be syringed freely4 ,passiflora ,caerulea is fine for outdoor culture1 and ,countess ,guiglini makes a capital greenhouse plant4 ,pavia ,macrostachya4--,this is a deciduous hardy shrub or tree which bears elegant racemes of white ,chestnut-like flowers in ,july4 ,any soil suits it4 ,it is propagated by layers or by grafting it on to the ,horse-chestnut4 ,height1 #aj ft4 ,peaches4--,these are best grown on a strong loam mixed with old mortar2 though any soil that is well drained will produce good fruit4 ,when possible1 a south wall should be chosen2 but they are not particular as to position1 providing they are afforded shelter from cold winds4 ,november and ,february are the most favourable months for planting4 ,the roots should be carefully arranged at equal distances apart1 #c or #d in4 below the surface of soil1 and then covered with fine mould4 ,avoid giving manure at all times1 except when the trees are bearing fruit heavily4 ,train the shoots about #f in4 apart1 removing all the wood-buds except one at the base of the shoot and one at the point4 ,keep the flowers dry and free from frost by means of an overhead shelter1 to which tiffany or canvas can be attached1 which should1 however1 only be used so long as the cold weather lasts4 ,to ensure good fruit1 thin the same out to #f in4 apart as soon as it attains the size of a small pea1 and when the stoning period is passed remove every alternate one1 so that they will be #a ft4 apart4 ,after gathering the fruit1 remove any exhausted and weak wood1 leaving all that is of the thickness of a black-lead pencil4 ,to keep the foliage clean1 syringe once a day with water2 this may be continued until the fruit is nearly ripe4 ,the following may be recommended for outdoor cultivation3--,hale's ,early1 ,dagmar1 and ,waterloo for fruiting in ,july or ,august2 ,crimson ,galande1 ,dymond1 and the well-known ,bellegarde for succession in ,september2 and ,golden ,eagle for a late sort4 ,when planted in quantities1 ,peaches should stand #bj ft4 apart4 ,when grown under glass a day temperature of #ej degrees1 falling to #de degrees at night1 is sufficient to start with1 gradually increasing it so that #fe degrees by day and #ee by night is reached at the period of blossoming4 ,syringe the leaves daily until the flowers are produced1 then discontinue it1 merely keeping the walls near the pipes and the paths damp4 ,as soon as the fruit is set the syringing should recommence4 ,water of the same temperature as that of the house should in all cases be used4 ,when the fruit begins to ripen1 cease once more the syringing until it is gathered1 then admit air freely1 wash the trees daily1 and apply liquid manure to the roots in sufficient quantities to keep the soil moist during the time the trees are at rest4 ,rivers's ,early1 ,pitmaston ,orange1 ,dagmar1 and ,royal ,george are all good under glass4 ,pears4--,wherever ,apples are a success ,pears will grow4 ,as a rule1 they are best grown dwarf4 ,on light soils they should be grafted on to ,pear stocks1 but on heavy soils they are best worked on the ,quince4 ,the fruiting of young trees may be accelerated by lifting them when about five years old1 spreading out the roots #a ft4 below the surface of the soil1 and mulching the ground4 ,the mulching should be raked off in the spring1 the ground lightly stirred with a fork and left to sweeten1 and another mulching applied when the weather becomes hot and dry4 ,in pruning1 leave the leading branches untouched1 but let all cross shoots be removed1 and the young wood be cut away in sufficient quantity to produce a well-balanced tree1 and so equalise the flow of sap4 ,some of the pruning may be done in summer1 but directly the leaves fall is the time to perform the main work4 ,a good syringing once a week with the garden hose will keep the trees vigorous and free from insects4 ,should scab make its appearance on the leaves1 spray them occasionally with ,bordeaux ,mixture1 using the minimum strength at first1 and a stronger application afterwards if necessary4 ,there are over #ejj varieties of ,pears1 so it is no easy matter to give a selection to suit all tastes1 but a few may be named as most likely to give satisfaction4 ,louise ,bonne de ,jersey succeeds in almost any soil and in any situation1 is a great favourite1 and ripens its fruit in ,october4 ,beurre ,giffard makes a fine standard1 and ripens in ,july4 ,beurre ,hardy is delicious in ,october and ,november4 ,doyenne du ,comice is one of the best-flavoured1 and is very prolific4 ,beurre d',amanlis ripens in ,august4 ,williams's ,bon ,chretien1 ,aston ,town1 ,pitmaston ,duchess1 ,clapp's ,favourite1 ,comte de ,lamy1 and ,josephine de ,malines are all reliable for dessert1 while for stewing purposes ,catillac1 ,black ,pear of ,worcester1 ,verulam1 and ,vicar of ,winkfield are among the best4 ,in orchards standards should be from #bj to #be ft4 apart2 dwarfs #ab ft4 to #a rod4 ,peas4--,for the production of heavy summer and autumn crops a rich and deeply-stirred soil is essential1 one of the best fertilisers being well-decayed farmyard manure2 but for the earliest crop a poorer soil1 if deep and well pulverised1 will give the best results4 ,peas under #c ft4 in height do not require sticking1 but they can be more easily gathered if a few small twigs are used to keep the haulm off the ground4 ,if sown in successive lines the space between the rows should correspond with the height of the variety grown4 ,a good plan is to arrange the rows #aj or #ae ft4 apart1 and crop the intervening spaces with early dwarf vegetables4 ,the earliest varieties may be sown from ,november to ,february1 on the warmest and most sheltered border3 these may be gathered in ,may and ,june4 ,the second early round1 varieties1 if sown from ,january to ,april1 will be ready for gathering in ,june and ,july4 ,the main crop round varieties may be sown from ,february to ,may3 these will be ready to gather in ,july and ,august4 ,the early wrinkled varieties may be sown from ,march to ,june1 for gathering between ,june and ,september4 ,sow main crop and late varieties at intervals of fourteen days from ,march to ,may3 these will be ready to gather in ,july1 ,august1 and ,september4 ,when the plants are a couple of inches high draw the earth neatly round them1 and stake the taller varieties as soon as the tendrils appear4 ,keep them well watered in dry weather1 and if on a light soil a mulching of manure will be beneficial4 ,as soon as the pods are setting apply weak liquid manure to the roots when the ground is moist4 ,peas1 ,everlasting 7,lathyrus ,latifolia74--,these well-known and favourite hardy perennials are very useful for covering trellises1 etc4 ,they will grow in any garden soil1 and may be raised from seed sown early in spring in slight heat4 ,where there is no greenhouse or frame the seed may be planted1 about #a_/b in4 deep1 round the edges of pots filled with nice1 light soil1 and covered with a sheet of glass1 keeping the soil moist till the seed germinates4 ,when the plants are strong enough they may be placed in their permanent quarters4 ,they bloom from ,june to ,september4 ,old roots may be divided4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,peas1 ,sweet4--,these most beautiful and profuse blooming hardy annuals will grow almost anywhere1 but they prefer a dry soil that is both rich and light4 ,the seed should be sown as early in ,march as practicable1 and in ,april and ,may for succession4 ,when the plants are #b or #c in4 high a few twigs may be placed among them1 to which they will cling4 ,the flowers are produced in ,july1 and the more liberally they are gathered the longer the plants will continue to bloom4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,pelargonium4--,the shrubby kinds will grow well in any rich soil2 loam and decayed leaves form a good compost for them4 ,they require good drainage and plenty of air and light while in a vigorous state4 ,cuttings root readily in either soil or sand1 especially if placed under glass4 ,most of the hard-wooded varieties are more easily increased by cuttings from the roots4 ,the tuberous-rooted ones should be kept quite dry while dormant1 and may be increased by small off-sets from the roots4 ,pentstemon4--,this charming hardy perennial is deserving of a place in every garden4 ,it may be grown in any good soil1 but a mixture of loam and peat is most suitable4 ,the seed may be sown in ,april1 and the plants transferred when strong enough to their flowering quarters2 or it may be sown in a sheltered position during ,august or ,september to stand the winter4 ,it may also be increased by dividing the roots in spring1 as soon as growth begins4 ,cuttings of the young side-shoots about #f in4 long may be taken at any period--the middle of ,september is a good time2 these should be placed under a hand-glass in sandy loam and leaf-mould4 ,these cuttings will flower the first year4 ,it blooms from ,may to ,october4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,peppermint4--,this may be grown on any damp or marshy soil1 and increased by dividing the roots4 ,perennials4--,these are plants that die down during the winter1 but spring up and produce new stems annually4 ,some1 as for instance ,antirrhinums and ,pansies1 flower the first season1 but usually they do not bloom till the second season4 ,many of the species improve by age1 forming large clumps or bushes4 ,the stock is increased by division of the roots1 which1 if judiciously done1 improves the plant4 ,like annuals1 they are divided into classes of ,hardy1 ,half-hardy1 and ,tender plants4 ,hardy perennials do not require artificial heat to germinate the seeds1 or at any period of their growth1 but are the most easily cultivated of all plants4 ,seed may be sown from ,march to midsummer1 transplanting in the autumn to their flowering quarters2 or it may be sown in ,august and ,september in a sheltered position to stand the winter4 ,half-hardy plants require artificial heat to germinate their seed1 and must be gradually introduced into the open4 ,they may be sown during ,march and ,april in frames or a greenhouse1 when many will bloom the first season4 ,if sown between ,may and the end of ,august they will flower the following spring and summer4 ,they require protection during winter1 such as is afforded by a cold pit1 frame1 or greenhouse1 or the covering of a mat or litter4 ,tender perennials may be sown as directed above1 but the plants should be kept constantly under glass4 ,some perennials1 such as ,pinks1 ,carnations1 ,saxifrages1 etc41 do not die down1 but retain their leaves4 ,these are called evergreen perennials4 ,pergularia4--,very fragrant twining plants1 suitable for trellis-work1 arbours1 etc4 ,a rich soil suits them best4 ,they are easily increased by cuttings sown in sand under glass4 ,they flower at midsummer4 ,height1 #h ft4 to #ab ft4 ,perilla ,nankinensis4--,a plant of little merit1 except for its foliage1 which is of a rich bronze purple4 ,it bears a cream-coloured flower in ,july4 ,it may be raised in the same manner as other half-hardy annuals1 and prefers a light1 loamy soil4 ,height1 #a #a_/b ft4 ,periploca ,graeca4--,a hardy1 deciduous1 twining shrub1 which will grow in any soil1 and may be increased by layers or by cuttings placed under glass4 ,it flowers in ,july4 ,height1 #aj ft4 ,periwinkle4--,see ,vinca4 ,pernettya4--,an ,american evergreen shrub1 which1 like all of its class1 thrives best in sandy peat2 it delights in partial shade1 and a moist but well-drained position4 ,it is increased by layers in ,september1 which should not be disturbed for a year4 ,it is a good plan to mulch the roots with leaf-mould or well-rotted manure4 ,height1 #e ft4 ,petunias4--,these ornamental half-hardy perennials prefer a mixture of sandy loam and vegetable mould1 but will grow in any rich1 light soil4 ,seeds sown in ,march or ,april1 at a temperature of from #fe to #ge degrees1 make fine bedding plants for a summer or autumn display4 ,as the seeds are very minute1 they should be covered merely with a dusting of the finest of soil4 ,moisture is best supplied by standing the pots up to the rims in water4 ,pot off singly1 harden off1 and plant out at the end of ,may4 ,may also easily be raised from cuttings1 which will strike at any season in heat1 but care must be taken that they do not damp off4 ,they flower in ,july and ,august4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 to #b ft4 ,phacelia ,campanularia4--,a superb1 rich blue1 hardy annual4 ,it will grow in any soil1 and is easily raised from seed sown in spring4 ,flowers are borne in ,june4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,phalaris4--,p4 ,arundinacea is the well-known perennial ,ribbon ,grass2 it is easily grown from seed1 and the root allows division4 ,p4 ,canariensis is the useful canary seed3 it may be propagated from seed on any soil4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,philadelphus4--,among the best of our flowering shrubs1 producing a wealth of sweetly-scented flowers4 ,for cultivation1 see ,syringa4 ,philesia4--,an ,american evergreen shrub which grows best in peat1 but will thrive in any light soil4 ,it should occupy a cool position1 but be well sheltered from winds4 ,it is increased by suckers4 ,flowers in ,june4 ,height1 #d ft4 ,phillyrea4--,this effective border evergreen will grow in any ordinary garden soil1 and may be increased either by layers or cuttings4 ,it has dark green shining leaves1 and is quite hardy4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,phlomis 7,lion's ,tail74--,this effective hardy perennial will grow in any rich1 light soil in a warm position1 and is a fine lawn plant4 ,flowers are produced from ,june to ,august4 ,it may be increased by seed or division4 ,protect the plant from damp in winter4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,phlox4--,for richness of colour and duration of bloom there are few plants that can rival either the annual or perennial ,phlox4 ,the trailing kinds are very suitable for small pots or rock-work1 ,c4 ,drummondi for beds1 and the ,french perennials1 ,p4 ,decussata1 for mixed borders4 ,a rich1 loamy soil suits them best1 and they must never lack moisture4 ,they are easily raised in spring from seed1 and the perennials may be increased by cuttings placed under glass1 or by division4 ,flower in ,july4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #b ft4 ,phormium ,tenax4--,a greenhouse herbaceous plant which succeeds best in rich loam4 ,it flowers in ,august1 and may be propagated by dividing the roots4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,phygelius ,capensis4--,a greenhouse perennial bearing carmine and yellow flowers in ,june1 but is hardy enough to be grown on a warm border4 ,it is increased by off-sets from the root1 taken off in ,may4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,physalis 7,winter ,cherry74--,a rich1 light soil is most suitable for the stove and greenhouse kinds1 cuttings of which root freely under glass4 ,the hardy kinds will grow in any soil1 and are increased by seed4 ,p4 ,francheti produces seed-pods over #b in4 in diameter1 the ,cherry-like fruit of which is edible and makes a fine preserve4 ,it is larger than that of the old ,winter ,cherry1 ,p4 ,alkekengi4 ,they flower in ,august4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #b ft4 ,physianthus ,albens4--,this evergreen climber is a good plant for training to the rafters of a greenhouse4 ,it grows well in a mixture of sandy loam and peat1 and should receive bold treatment4 ,its white flowers are produced in ,july4 ,the plant is propagated by seeds1 also by cuttings4 ,height1 #bj ft4 ,physostegia4--,ornamental hardy herbaceous plants1 ranging in colour from white to purple4 ,they like a rich soil1 and can be raised from seed sown in ,march4 ,they also bear division4 ,july and ,august are their flowering months4 ,height1 from #a ft4 to #e ft4 ,phyteuma ,hallierii4--,a very pretty hardy perennial4 ,it will thrive in any soil1 blooms from ,may to ,august1 and can be readily increased by seed or division4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,phytolacca ,decandra 7,virginian ,poke74--,a very fine herbaceous plant1 bearing bunches of pretty black berries4 ,it requires a rich soil and plenty of room for its widespreading branches4 ,cuttings will strike under glass1 or the seed may be sown in autumn4 ,it flowers in ,august4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,picotees4--,see ,carnations4 ,pimelias4--,very beautiful1 compact1 and free-growing greenhouse everlasting shrubs4 ,the most suitable soil consists of three parts sandy peat and one part loam1 with good drainage4 ,june or ,july is their flowering season4 ,they may be grown from seed or young cuttings #b in4 long1 placed in sandy peat1 with a little bottom heat4 ,do not give too much water4 ,height1 #b ft4 to #d ft4 ,pimpernel4--,see ,anagallis4 ,pinguicula ,grandiflora 7,great ,irish ,butterwort74--,this handsome1 hardy bog-plant produces deep violet-blue flowers in ,august and ,september4 ,it may be grown in any damp soil and increased by division4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,pinks4--,will live in almost any soil1 but if large blooms are required rich earth is essential4 ,they are increased by pipings taken in ,may or ,june4 ,these should be planted out in ,october1 but must be given a well-drained position1 as too much wet is injurious to them4 ,do not set the roots too deep1 but let the collar of the plant be on a level with the soil4 ,pinus4--,as a tall specimen tree nothing is more graceful than the ,corsican ,pine 7,pinus ,laricio74 ,p4 ,strobus ,nana is a curious dwarf variety1 rarely exceeding #c ft4 in height4 ,the ,argentea ,aurea is also of dwarf habit4 ,its leaves1 which are green in summer1 change to a bright golden colour in winter4 ,the ,umbrella ,pine 7,sciadopitys7 is a very striking conifer1 and does well everywhere4 ,it gets its name from its leaves being set at regular intervals round the branches1 like the ribs of an umbrella4 ,the ,pinus may be increased by layers1 or by sowing the cones in spring1 after they have opened out1 in rather sandy soil1 covering them lightly4 ,piping4--,this consists in drawing out the young grass1 or shoots1 from the joints of ,pinks1 etc41 from ,may to ,july being the time for doing so4 ,place them in light1 sandy soil1 and cover them with a hand-glass4 ,towards the end of ,september they may be planted out in beds or potted off in rich1 light loam4 ,in either case they must not be planted too deeply4 ,the crust of the soil should be level with the collar of the plant4 ,if the pots are put into a frame the plants will require very little water during winter1 but as much air should be given as is possible4 ,in ,march re-pot them1 using #h-a_/b-;in4 pots4 ,platycodon 7,japanese ,balloon ,flower74--,hardy and elegant herbaceous plants1 requiring a sandy soil4 ,they may be raised either from seeds or from cuttings of the young growth2 they flower in ,july4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,platystemon ,californicus4--,pretty hardy annuals which thrive in a sandy soil4 ,they are easily raised from seed sown in ,march or ,april1 and bring forth their flowers in ,august4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,pleroma ,elegans4--,a beautiful evergreen shrub for a greenhouse4 ,pot in equal parts of loam1 peat1 and sand4 ,it flowers in ,july4 ,cuttings may be struck in peat in a rather warm temperature4 ,height1 #d ft4 ,plumbago4--,these pretty evergreens will grow in any soil1 and can be propagated in ,september by cuttings of half-ripened wood having a heal1 planted in a sandy soil1 and kept near the glass in a greenhouse4 ,they flower in ,june4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,p4 ,occidentalis is a charming greenhouse climber4 ,p4 ,capensis ,alba is a greenhouse evergreen shrub1 flowering in ,november1 and growing to a height of #b ft4 ,p4 ,larpentae is good for a sunny border1 in light soil3 it bears terminal clusters of rich violet-purple flowers in ,september4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,plumbagoes require very little attention in winter4 ,plums4--,almost any soil will grow this useful fruit4 ,young trees may be planted at any time1 when the ground is friable1 from ,november to ,march1 but the earlier it is done the better4 ,the situation should be somewhat sheltered4 ,in exposed positions protection may be afforded by a row of damson trees4 ,many varieties are suitable for growing on walls or sheds1 where they are trained into fans1 as cordons1 and other decorative designs2 but it must not be overlooked that until the trees are well established a great deal of fruit is necessarily lost by the severe pruning and disbudding which is required to bring the tree into shape4 ,a pyramid-shaped tree is useful1 and is easily grown by training one straight1 central shoot1 which must be stopped occasionally so that fresh side branches may be thrown out1 which of course must be kept at the desired length4 ,a bush tree about #g ft4 in height is undoubtedly the best form of growth1 and needs but a minimum amount of attention4 ,in pruning wall trees the main object is to get the side-shoots equally balanced1 and to prevent the growth advancing in the centre4 ,the bush form merely require the removal of any dead wood and of cross-growing branches4 ,this should be done late in the summer or in the autumn4 ,the trees are frequently attacked by a small moth1 known as the ,plum ,fortrix1 which eats its way into the fruit and causes it to fall4 ,in this case the fallen unripe fruit should be gathered up and burned1 and the trees washed in winter with caustic potash and soda4 ,for growing on walls the following kinds may be recommended3 ,diamond1 ,white ,magnum ,bonum1 ,pond's ,seedling1 and ,belle de ,louvain for cooking2 and ,kirke1 ,coe's ,golden ,drop1 and ,jefferson for dessert4 ,for pyramids and bushes1 ,victoria1 ,early ,prolific1 ,prince ,engelbert1 ,sultan1 and ,belgian ,purple are good sorts4 ,in orchards ,plums should stand #bj ft4 apart4 ,poa ,trivalis4--,a very pretty1 dwarf-growing1 variegated grass4 ,plant in a moist situation in a rich1 light1 loamy soil4 ,it is increased either by seed or division4 ,podocarpus4--,see ,cephalotaxus4 ,podolepis4--,hardy annuals bearing yellow and red and white flowers4 ,a mixture of loam and peat is most suitable for their growth4 ,they are easily raised from seed sown in ,march1 and bloom from ,june to ,august4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,podophyllum ,peltatum 7,duck's ,foot1 or ,may ,apple74--,grown chiefly for its foliage and berries1 this hardy herbaceous perennial forms a pleasing spectacle when planted in moist soil under trees2 it likewise makes a splendid pot-plant4 ,a mixture of peat and chopped sphagnum is what it likes4 ,the pots are usually plunged in wet sand or ashes on a northern border4 ,it is propagated by cutting the roots into pieces several inches in length1 with a good bud or crown on each4 ,during ,may and ,june the plant produces small white ,dog-rose-like flowers4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,poinsettia ,pulcherrima4--,a stove evergreen shrub which produces lovely crimson bracts in the winter4 ,plant in sandy loam1 give plenty of water to the roots1 and syringe the leaves frequently4 ,in early spring cut down the branches to within three or four eyes of the old wood4 ,these cuttings1 if laid aside for a day to dry and then planted under glass1 will form new plants4 ,it flowers in ,april4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,polemonium 7,jacob's ,ladder74--,hardy perennial border plants of an ornamental character and of the easiest culture4 ,any soil suits them1 and they merely require sowing in the open either in spring or autumn4 ,p4 ,richardsoni is most commonly met with1 its blue flowers being produced in early autumn4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,polyanthus4--,sow the seed late in autumn in well-drained boxes of light1 rich mould2 cover it very lightly1 place under glass1 and water sparingly1 but give enough to keep the plants moist4 ,the seed requires no artificial heat to germinate it4 ,the roots should be divided each year as soon as they have flowered1 and fresh soil given4 ,the single varieties only are florists' flowers4 ,the ,polyanthus is a species of primrose1 grows best in a rather shady position in a loam and peat compost1 and produces its flowers in ,may4 ,height1 #f in4 ,polygala ,chamaesbuxus4--,a hardy evergreen trailing plant requiring a peat soil in which to grow4 ,it may be increased from seed or by division of the roots4 ,may is the time at which it blooms4 ,height1 #f in4 ,polygala ,dalmaisiana4--,this showy evergreen shrub needs a greenhouse treatment4 ,soil--three parts peat1 one part turfy loam1 and a little sand4 ,it flowers in ,march4 ,to increase it1 top the shoots1 which will cause it to throw out new ones4 ,take the new growth off when it is #c in4 long1 and place it under glass in a propagating house4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,the hardy annual varieties of ,polygala are obtained by seed sown in peat4 ,these flower at midsummer4 7,see also ,solomon's ,seal47 ,polygonatum4--,these pretty herbaceous plants are quite hardy4 ,the flowers1 which are borne in ,may or ,june1 are mostly white4 ,plants succeed best in a rich soil4 ,they may be raised from seed1 or the roots can be divided4 ,height1 #a;ft4 to #c ft4 ,polygonum ,brunonis 7,knotweed74--,this strong-growing creeping perennial plant is not particular as to soil so long as it can enjoy plenty of sunshine4 ,the shoots root of themselves and must be kept in check1 else they will choke other things4 ,it flowers in ,august1 after which the leaves assume beautiful autumnal tints4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,pomegranate4--,this requires a deep1 loamy soil and a warm1 airy situation4 ,may be propagated by cuttings of the shrubs or the root1 putting the cuttings into light1 rich soil1 or by layers4 ,the double kinds of ,punica1 or ,pomegranate1 should be grafted on to the single ones4 ,there is a dwarf kind1 bearing scarlet flowers in ,august1 which requires heat4 ,poppies4--,see ,papaver and ,stylophorum4 ,portulaca4--,the seeds of the hardy annual species of this genus may be sown in a sheltered open spot in spring4 ,the half-hardy annuals should be sown thinly in boxes during ,march and placed in gentle heat4 ,harden off and plant out in ,may1 as soon as the weather permits1 in a light1 dry soil where it can get a good amount of sunshine4 ,its brilliant and striking colour admirably adapts it for small beds1 edgings1 or rock-work2 and it will succeed in dry1 hot sandy positions where scarcely any other plant would live4 ,it flowers in ,june4 ,height1 #f in4 ,potatoes4--,ground intended for ,potatoes should be dug deeply in the autumn1 thoroughly drained1 well manured and trenched1 and left rough on the surface during the winter4 ,at the beginning of ,february stand the tubers on end in shallow boxes1 and expose them to the light to induce the growth of short1 hard1 purple sprouts4 ,allow one sprout to each tuber or set1 rubbing off the rest4 ,they may be planted at any time from the end of ,february to the end of ,march in rows #a-a_/b to #b-a_/b ft4 asunder1 placing the sets #f in4 deep and from #f to #i in4 apart4 ,as soon as growth appears keep the ground well stirred with the hoe to prevent the growth of weeds1 and when the tops are #d to #f in4 high ridge the earth up about them4 ,directly flower appears1 pick it off1 as it retards the growth of the tubers4 ,they should be taken up and stored in ,october4 ,if short of storage room dig up every other row only1 and give the remaining ridges an additional covering of earth4 ,they keep well this way4 ,potentilla4--,handsome herbaceous plants with ,strawberry-like foliage4 ,they will grow in any common soil1 and may be increased by dividing the roots or by seeds treated like other hardy perennials4 ,the shrubby kinds are well adapted for the fronts of shrubberies1 and are propagated by cuttings taken in autumn and planted in a sheltered situation4 ,they flower at midsummer4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,potting4--,great attention must be paid to this important gardening operation4 ,it is necessary that the pots used be perfectly clean1 and1 if new1 soaked in water for several hours previously1 otherwise they would absorb the moisture from the soil to the detriment of the roots4 ,at the bottom of the pots place a few layers of crocks1 and on these some rough mould so as to ensure perfect drainage4 ,for all delicate1 hard-wooded plants one-third of each pot should be occupied with drainage1 but a depth of #a-a_/b in4 is sufficient for others4 ,lift the plant carefully so as not to break the ball of earth round the roots1 and fill in with mould round the sides4 ,in order to supply water readily the pots must not be filled up to the rim4 ,pot firmly1 and in the case of hard-wooded plants ram the earth down with a blunt-pointed stick2 soft-wooded ones may be left rather looser4 ,give shade till the plants have recovered themselves4 ,the soil used for potting should be moist1 but not clammy4 ,a rather light1 rich loam is most suitable for strong-growing plants2 peat for slow-growing1 hard-wooded ones1 like ,ericas1 ,camellias1 etc42 and a mixture of light loam1 one-third its bulk of leaf-soil1 and silver sand in sufficient quantity to make the whole porous for quick-growing1 soft-wooded plants1 such as ,pelargoniums1 ,calceolarias1 ,fuchsias etc4 ,pratia ,repens 7,lobelia ,pratiana74--,this pretty little creeping perennial is very suitable for the front of rock-work4 ,it requires a well-drained vegetable soil and all the sun it can get4 ,it is self-propagating4 ,though pretty hardy1 it is safer to pot it off in autumn and place it in a cold frame throughout the winter4 ,flowers are produced in ,june1 and are succeeded till cut off by frost4 ,primroses4--,see ,primulas1 and ,streptocarpus4 ,primulas4--,this genus embraces the ,auricula1 the ,polyanthus1 and the ,primrose4 ,the greenhouse varieties are among the most useful of our winter-flowering plants4 ,the seed may be sown at any time from ,march to ,july in a pot of two-year-old manure1 leaf-mould1 or fine1 rich mould1 but not covering it with the soil4 ,tie a sheet of paper over the pot and plunge it in a hotbed4 ,sufficient moisture will be communicated to the seed by keeping the paper damp4 ,when the plants make their appearance remove the paper and place the pot in the shady part of the greenhouse4 ,when they are strong enough to handle1 pot off into #d-a_/b in4 pots1 and stand them near the glass4 ,the roots may be divided as soon as the plants have done flowering4 ,the hardy kinds may be sown in the open4 ,it should be borne in mind that the seed must be new1 as it soon loses its germinating properties4 ,these flower in ,march or ,april4 ,height1 #f in4 ,prince's ,feather4--,an ornamental hardy annual1 producing tall spikes of dark crimson flowers and purple-tinted foliage4 ,it is not particular as to soil1 and merely requires sowing in the open in spring to produce flowers in ,july4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,privet4--,see ,ligustrum4 ,prophet's ,flower4--,see ,arnebia4 ,prunella ,grandiflora4--,a pretty hardy perennial1 suitable for a front border or rock-work1 bearing dense spikes of flowers from ,may to ,august4 ,it grows well in any ordinary soil1 and is propagated by division4 ,height1 #f in4 ,pruning4--,the main objects to bear in mind in ,pruning any kind of bush or tree are to prevent a congested growth of the branches1 to remove any shoots that cross each other1 as well as all useless and dead wood1 and to obtain a well-balanced head4 ,it may be done either in ,august or in the winter when the sap is at rest1 after the worst of the frosts are over1 the end of ,february being usually suitable2 but the former period is generally acknowledged to be the better1 especially for fruit-trees4 ,the cuts should be clean and level1 and when a saw is used should be made smooth with a chisel and covered with grafting wax4 ,in all cases as little wound as possible should be presented4 ,root-pruning has for its object the suppression of over-vigorous growth and the restoration of old trees to a bearing condition4 ,it consists in taking off all the small fibres1 shortening the long roots to within #f or #h in4 of the stem1 and cutting away any bruised or injured roots before the trees are first planted out4 ,the mode of procedure in the case of old or unproductive trees is to open the earth in autumn #c ft4 from the stem of the tree1 and to saw through two-thirds of the strongest roots4 ,the opening is then filled in with fresh mould4 ,should the growth still be too vigorous1 the soil must be opened again the following season and the remaining roots cut through1 care being taken not to injure the young fibrous roots4 ,prunus4--,beautiful early-flowering trees1 which will grow in any soil1 and can be increased by seeds or suckers4 ,ptelia ,trifoliata 7,hop ,tree74--,this is very suitable for planting on the borders of still waters1 where its long frond-like leaves1 which turn to a golden yellow in autumn1 produce a fine effect4 ,it blooms in ,june1 and is propagated by layers4 ,height1 #aj ft4 ,pulmonarias 7,lungworts74--,hardy perennials that require but little attention2 may be grown in any common soil1 and propagated by division at any time4 ,they flower in ,april and ,may4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,pumilum4--,see ,heleniums4 ,pumpkins4--,valuable for soups and pies in winter1 and in summer the young shoots are an excellent substitute for ,asparagus4 ,for their cultivation1 see ,gourds4 ,punica ,granata ,nana4--,a greenhouse deciduous shrub which flowers in ,august4 ,the soil in which it is placed should be a light1 rich loam4 ,it can be most freely multiplied by layers1 and cuttings will strike in sand under glass4 ,height1 #d ft4 ,puschkinia 7,striped ,squills74--,this charming bulbous plant may be grown in any light1 rich mould1 provided it is drained well4 ,the bulbs may be separated when the clumps get overcrowded1 late in summer1 after the tops have died down1 being the most suitable time to do so4 ,if planted in a warm position it will begin to flower in ,march1 and continue in bloom till ,may4 ,height1 #h in4 ,pyrethrum4--,the greenhouse kinds grow in any rich soil1 and young cuttings planted under glass root readily4 ,the hardy kinds are not particular as to soil so long as it is not cold and wet1 and are increased by seeds sown in heat in ,february if wanted for early use1 or in the open during ,march and ,april for later growth4 ,the crowns may be divided either in autumn or spring3 each eye or bud will make a fresh plant4 ,young plants produced in this way in the autumn require the protection of a frame during the winter4 ,they flower in ,july4 ,height varies from #f in4 to #c ft4 ,pyrola4--,a handsome hardy plant1 suitable for a moist1 shady situation4 ,it is raised from seed1 or will bear dividing1 but is rather hard to grow4 ,height1 #f in4 ,pyrus ,japonica4--,see ,cydonia4 ,q ,quaking ,grass4--,see ,briza4 ,quercus ,ilex4--,a handsome evergreen ,oak1 delighting in a deep1 loamy soil4 ,it is propagated by seed sown as soon as it is ripe4 ,quinces4--,plant in autumn in a moist but well-drained soil4 ,cuttings of stout stems #f or #h in4 long1 firmly and deeply planted in a shady situation1 mulched with leaf-mould1 and kept watered in dry weather1 will take root2 but the surest method of propagation is by layers1 pegged down in the soil and detached the following year4 ,a good watering with liquid manure will swell the fruit to a large size4 ,keep the branches well thinned out and cut them regular1 so as to let in light and air and form nicely shaped trees4 ,the pruning should be done as soon as the leaves fall4 ,in orchards they should stand #a rod apart4 ,r ,radish4--,for an early supply sow on a gentle hotbed under a frame in ,january1 ,february1 and ,march4 ,for succession sow thinly on a warm and sheltered border early in ,march4 ,follow on with sowings in the open till the middle of ,september4 ,the ,black ,spanish and ,china ,rose should be sown during ,august and ,september for winter use4 ,lift in ,november1 and store in sand in a cool place4 ,radishes should be liberally watered in dry weather1 and the soil made rich and light some time before sowing commences4 ,ragged ,robin4--,see ,lychnis4 ,ragwort4--,see ,jacobaea4 ,ramondia ,pyrenaica4--,a pretty dwarf perennial1 suitable for moist interstices of rock-work4 ,it should be planted in a slanting position1 so that the roots1 while absorbing plenty of moisture1 will not rot through being continually in stagnant water4 ,peat soil suits it best4 ,it may be increased by division in spring4 ,if grown from seed it takes two years before flowers are produced4 ,during the height of summer it is in full beauty4 ,rampion4--,the roots are used in cooking1 and also for salads4 ,for winter use sow in ,april in rows #ab in4 apart1 covering the seeds lightly with fine mould1 and thin out to #d in4 apart4 ,sow at intervals for a succession4 ,ranunculus4--,these prefer a good stiff1 rather moist1 but well-drained loam1 enriched with well-rotted cow-dung1 and a sunny situation4 ,february is probably the best time for planting1 though some prefer to do it in ,october4 ,press the tubers 7claws downwards7 firmly into the soil1 placing them #b or #c in4 deep and #d or #e in4 apart4 ,cover them with sand1 and then with mould4 ,water freely in dry weather4 ,protect during winter with a covering of dry litter1 which should be removed in spring before the foliage appears4 ,they flower in ,may or ,june4 ,seeds1 selected from the best semi-double varieties1 sown early in ,october and kept growing during the winter1 will flower the next season4 ,they may likewise be increased by off-sets and by dividing the root4 ,the claws may be lifted at the end of ,june and stored in dry sand4 ,the plants are poisonous4 ,height1 #h in4 to #ab in4 ,raphiolepis ,ovata4--,beautiful evergreen shrubs1 producing long spikes of white flowers in ,june4 ,a compost of loam1 peat1 and sand is their delight4 ,cuttings will strike in sand under glass4 ,height1 #d ft4 ,raspberries4--,a rich1 moist1 loamy soil is most suitable for their cultivation4 ,suckers are drawn by the hand from the old roots any time between ,october and ,february1 and set in groups of three in rows #f ft4 apart4 ,if taken in ,october1 the young plants may be pruned early in ,november4 ,it is usual to cut one cane to the length of #c ft41 the second one to #b ft41 and the third to within a few inches of the ground4 ,as soon as the year's crop is gathered1 the old bearing shoots are cut clean away1 the young canes are drawn closer together1 and at the end of ,august the tops of the tall ones are pinched off4 ,when the leaves have fallen all the suckers are drawn out and the canes pruned 7about four being left to each root74 ,the canes are then tied and manure applied4 ,about ,may they are1 if necessary1 thinned out again1 and the suckers that are exhausting both soil and plant removed4 ,they produce their fruit on one-year-old canes1 which wood is of no further use4 ,the general way of training them is by tying the tops together1 or by training them in the shape of a fan on a south wall1 but perhaps the best way is to tic them about equal distances apart round hoops supported by light sticks4 ,seed may be separated from the fruit1 dried1 and sown early in ,february on a gentle hotbed4 ,prick off into good rich mould1 harden off by the middle of ,may1 and plant in rich soil4 ,train them and keep down suckers4 ,when they are grown tall pinch off the tops4 ,red ,antwerp1 ,yellow ,antwerp1 ,prince of ,wales1 ,northumberland ,filbasket1 ,carter's ,prolific1 and ,white ,magnum ,bonum are all good sorts4 ,red-hot ,poker4--,see ,tritoma4 ,red ,scale4--,see ,scale4 ,red ,spiders4--,these troublesome pests which appear in the heat of summer1 may be got rid of by constantly syringing the plants attacked1 and by occasionally washing the walls1 etc41 with lime or sulphur4 ,retinospora ,filifera4--,a large-growing1 hardy evergreen shrub4 ,it may be grown in any light soil1 and increased by seed1 or by cuttings planted under glass in the shade4 ,it flowers in ,may4 ,rhamnus 7,buckthorn74--,fine evergreen shrubs1 of hardy habit and quick growth4 ,they may be grown in any soil1 but prefer a sheltered situation1 and are very suitable for planting near the sea4 ,r4 ,latifolius has handsome broad leaves4 ,some1 such as ,r4 ,alaternus and ,r4 ,catharticus1 attain large proportions1 the former reaching #cj ft4 and the latter #aj ft4 in height4 ,they may be propagated by layers or by seed4 ,rheum ,palmatum4--,this species of rhubarb makes an effective plant for the back portion of a border4 ,it does well in rich loam1 flowering in ,june1 and is increased by dividing the root4 ,height1 #e ft4 ,rhodanthe 7,swan ,river ,everlasting74--,these beautiful everlasting flowers are half-hardy annuals and are suitable for beds or ribbons1 and make most graceful plants for pot culture1 placing four plants in a #e-;in4 pot4 ,they thrive best in fibrous peat or a rich1 light soil1 and prefer a warm situation4 ,used largely for winter bouquets1 and are perfect gems for pot culture4 ,a succession of bloom may be obtained by sowings made in ,august1 ,october1 and ,march4 ,the temperature of the seed-pots should be kept at from #fj to #gj degrees1 and the soil kept constantly damp with water of the same heat4 ,after potting the seedlings remove them to a cooler house and keep them near the glass4 ,those sown in ,march may be planted in the open in ,june1 where they will flower in autumn4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,rhodochiton--,this evergreen climber makes a fine plant for trellis-work4 ,it is more suitable for the greenhouse1 though it may be grown in the open in summer4 ,a light1 rich1 well-drained soil is its delight1 and it may be propagated by seed or by cuttings under glass4 ,in the greenhouse it should not be placed near the pipes4 ,july is its time for flowering4 ,height1 #aj ft4 ,rhododendrons4--,plant in ,october in peat1 or in a compost of sandy1 turfy loam1 with a good proportion of decayed leaves and charred refuse4 ,the best position for them is a sheltered one where they can get a moderate amount of sunshine to develop the flower-buds4 ,they like plenty of moisture1 but the ground must be well drained4 ,if it is desired to shift their position spring is the best time1 the next best being ,october4 ,they are propagated by layers or seeds1 and the small wooded kinds by slips torn off close to the stems1 planted in sand1 and placed under glass in heat4 ,the seed should be sown early in spring in pans of peat soil1 and covered very lightly4 ,place the pans in a frame1 and when the soil becomes dry stand the pans in water nearly up to the rims until the surface is moist4 ,pot off when strong enough to handle1 and keep close in the frame till fresh roots are produced1 then harden off4 ,rhododendrons may1 when desired1 be transplanted in spring1 even after the flower-buds are well advanced1 if care be taken not to break the ball of earth round their roots4 ,they bloom at the end of ,may4 ,height1 #d ft4 ,rhubarb4--,seed may be sown thinly during ,april in drills #a ft4 apart4 ,thin out the plants #ab in4 from each other1 and let them grow on till the following ,april1 then plant them out #d ft4 apart in deeply trenched ground into which a good quantity of well-rotted manure has been worked4 ,large roots may be divided in autumn or early spring2 every portion of the root that has a crown will make a fresh plant4 ,when the last of the crop has been pulled1 fork in a dressing of old manure4 ,it may be forced out of doors by covering the ground thickly with stable manure1 and placing large flower-pots over the plants to bleach them2 but if forced in a frame the light need not be excluded4 ,none but the earliest kinds should be selected for forcing4 ,rhubarb1 ,chilian4--,see ,gunnera4 ,rhus 7,sumach74--,lovely shrubs1 growing in any ordinary soil4 ,the young shoots of ,r4 ,cotinus are clothed with round leaves which change to bright crimson and orange1 surmounted with fluffy pink seed-vessels1 while ,r4 ,glabra ,laciniata resembles a tree fern4 ,they may be propagated either by layers or cuttings4 ,height1 #h ft4 to #aj ft4 ,rhynchospermum 7,trachelospermum7 ,jasminoides4--,a pretty1 evergreen1 woody climber for the conservatory1 which succeeds best in a compost of light loam and peat2 is of easy culture1 and readily increased by cuttings4 ,it is a fine plant for rafters or trellis1 and produces in ,july deliciously fragrant white flowers at the ends of the branches4 ,height1 #aj ft4 ,ribes 7,flowering ,currants74--,well-known shrubs1 growing in any soil1 and flowering early in spring4 ,the colours vary from crimson to white4 ,they may be raised from cuttings either in autumn or early spring4 ,height1 #d ft4 ,richardia ,aethiopica4--,a fine herbaceous perennial with very bold leaves4 ,it needs a good supply of water1 and on dry soils should be planted in trenches4 ,a light1 rich mould is best for it1 and it should have sufficient sun to ripen the wood4 ,lift it in ,september and winter in the greenhouse4 ,it is increased from off-sets from the root1 and flowers in ,march4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,ricinus1 or ,palma ,christi 7,castor-oil ,plant1 etc474--,the foliage of these half-hardy annuals is very ornamental4 ,the plants like a rich soil4 ,sow the seed early in spring in a slight heat1 harden off gradually1 and put out at the end of ,may in a warm1 sheltered spot4 ,they may also be propagated by cuttings4 ,height1 #c ft4 to #f ft4 ,robinia4--,all these shrubs have fine1 ,fern-like foliage which changes colour in autumn4 ,the ,pea-shaped flowers vary in colour from cream to purple1 and while in bloom the plants are very handsome4 ,they grow in any soil1 flower in ,may and onwards1 and are increased by layers4 ,height varies1 the ,rose ,acacia 7,hispida7 reaching #aj ft41 while the ,locust ,tree 7,pseudo-,acacia7 grows to the height of #dj ft4 ,rock ,cress4--,see ,arabis4 ,rocket 7,hesperis74--,the hardy perennials like a light1 rich soil1 and need to be frequently divided4 ,the best time to divide them is just after they have done flowering1 when they should be potted off1 planting them out again in the spring4 ,the annual and biennial kinds merely require to be sown in the open border4 ,most of the ,rockets give forth greater fragrance towards evening4 ,their flowering season is ,june4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #a-a_/b ft4 ,rock ,rose4--,see ,cistus and ,helianthemum4 ,rodgersia ,podophylla4--,a hardy perennial having immense bronze foliage4 ,it thrives best in a moist1 peaty soil2 flowers from ,may to ,july1 and may readily be increased either by seed or division4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,rogiera ,gratissima4--,a pretty evergreen stove shrub1 which is often trained to a single stem so as to form a standard4 ,it succeeds in sandy loam and peat4 ,it may be sunk in the flower-border during the height of summer1 but must be taken indoors before frost sets in4 ,cuttings placed in sand under a hand-glass in heat will strike4 ,it flowers in ,june4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,romneyi ,coulteri4--,this grand white-flowered ,poppy ,tree is quite hardy1 and will grow in any light1 rich soil4 ,it blooms in ,august and ,september1 and may be increased by seed or by division4 ,height1 #d ft4 ,rose ,campion4--,a pretty hardy perennial which may be grown from seed sown in autumn1 choosing a sheltered site1 or in ,march in a frame or under a hand-glass1 transplanting it in the autumn into a light1 rich1 loamy soil4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,rosemary 7,rosmarinus ,officinalis74--,this hardy evergreen shrub should occupy a dry and sheltered position4 ,its fragrant purple flowers are produced in ,february4 ,cuttings of the ripened wood1 if planted in spring1 will strike root freely4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,roses4--,a good1 deep1 loamy soil1 well drained1 but which retains a certain amount of moisture1 is the most suitable4 ,the position should be sheltered1 yet open and exposed to the sun4 ,the latter part of ,october or ,november is the most favourable time for planting1 but it may be continued with safety until the commencement of ,march4 ,a fortnight before planting the holes should be dug out #a-a_/b or #b ft4 deep1 and plenty of old manure thrown in and trodden down4 ,on this a good layer of fine mould should be placed1 so that the roots do not come in contact with the manure4 ,great care must be taken not to expose the roots to the cold air4 ,when the ground is quite ready for their reception dip the roots in a pail of water1 then spread them out carefully on top of the mould1 fill in the earth1 and tread it firmly4 ,if the plants are standards they require to be firmly staked4 ,precaution is necessary not to plant too deeply1 keeping them as near as possible at the depth at which they were previously grown1 in no case exceeding #a in4 above the mark which the earth has left on the stem4 ,three weeks after planting tread the earth again round the roots4 ,pruning should be done in ,march1 except in the case of those planted in spring1 when the beginning of ,april will be early enough4 ,cut away all of the wood that is unripe1 or exhausted and dead4 ,dwarf growers should be cut back to within two or three buds of the previous year's growth1 but five or six eyes may be left on those of stronger growth4 ,the majority of climbing and pillar roses do not require to be cut back1 it being only necessary to take out the useless wood4 ,in pruning standards aim at producing an equally balanced head1 which object is furthered by cutting to buds pointing outwards4 ,at the first sign of frost the delicate ,tea and ,noisette ,roses need to be protected4 ,in the case of standards a covering of bracken fern or straw must be tied round the heads2 dwarfs should have the soil drawn up over the crowns1 or they may be loosely covered by straw4 ,apply a top-dressing of farm-yard manure to the beds before the frosts set in1 as this will both nourish and protect the roots4 ,fork it in carefully in the spring4 ,cow manure is especially valuable for ,tea ,roses4 ,after the first year of planting most of the artificial manures may1 if preferred1 be used2 but nothing is better than farmyard stuff4 ,if the summer be dry1 water freely in the evening4 ,roses may be propagated by cuttings in the summer or autumn4 ,the slips should be #e or #f in4 long1 of the spring's growth1 taken with #a in4 of the previous year's wood attached4 ,a little bottom-heat is beneficial4 ,they may also be increased by grafting or by separating the suckers4 ,keep a sharp look-out for maggots in the spring1 which will generally be found where the leaves are curled up4 ,these must be destroyed by hand-picking4 ,green fly can be eradicated with tobacco wash4 ,mildew may be cured by sprinkling the leaves with sulphur while dew is on them4 ,rose of ,heaven4--,see ,viscaria ,coeli ,rosa4 ,rose of ,sharon4--,see ,hibiscus ,syriacus4 ,rubus4--,see ,blackberries4 ,rudbeckia 7,cone ,flower47--,hardy annuals yielding yellow flowers in ,july4 ,they are readily grown from seed sown early in spring1 and will grow in any garden soil1 but naturally succeed best in deeply-worked1 well-manured ground4 ,they may be increased by division in ,october or ,november1 as well as in spring-time4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,ruscus ,aculeatus 7,butchers ,broom74--,a hardy evergreen shrub which thrives in any rich soil1 and may be increased by division of the root4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,ruta ,graveolens4--,this hardy evergreen shrub is a species of ,rue4 ,it enjoys a good1 rich soil1 in which it flowers freely in ,august4 ,cuttings may be struck under a hand-glass4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,ruta ,patavina 7,rue of ,padua74--,for rock-work this hardy perennial is very useful4 ,it likes a dry yet rich and light soil4 ,at midsummer it produces an abundance of greenish-yellow flowers4 ,it can be raised from seed1 or cuttings may be struck under a hand-glass4 ,height1 #f in4 ,s ,saffron1 ,spring4--,see ,bulbocodium4 ,sage4--,this useful herb likes a rich1 light soil1 and is propagated by division of the root1 by cuttings1 or by seed4 ,saintpaulia ,ionantha4--,the leaves of this plant spread themselves laterally just over the soil1 forming a rosette1 in the centre of which spring up large violet-like flowers4 ,it is a continuous bloomer4 ,a rather light1 rich soil or vegetable mould suits it best4 ,the seed1 which is very minute1 should be sown early in spring1 in gentle heat3 to prevent it being washed away1 the pots may stand up to the rims in water for a while when the ground wants moisture4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,st4 ,john's ,wort4--,see ,hypericum4 ,salix ,reticulata4--,a dwarf creeping plant whose dark green leaves eminently fit it for the rock-work or carpet bedding4 ,it will grow in any soil1 but prefers a moist one1 and produces unattractive brown flowers in ,september4 ,propagated in spring by detaching rooted portions from the parent plant and planting them in moist1 sandy loam4 ,height1 #b in4 ,salpiglossis4--,very beautiful half-hardy annuals which are greatly prized for cut bloom4 ,a light but not over-rich soil suits them best4 ,the seed may be sown in the open border early in spring1 or preferably on a hotbed at the same period4 ,for early flowering raise the plants in the autumn1 and winter them in a frame or greenhouse4 ,flowers are produced in ,july and ,august4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,salsafy 7,vegetable ,oyster74--,sow the seed in any good garden soil--deep sandy loam is best--towards the end of ,april in drills #a ft4 apart1 and thin the plants out to a distance of #f in4 from each other4 ,the roots may remain in the ground till required for use1 or be lifted in ,october and stored in the same way as ,beet or ,carrots4 ,they are prepared for table in the same manner as ,parsnips1 and are also used for flavouring soups4 ,salvia4--,very showy flowers1 well worth cultivating1 and easily grown in a rich1 light soil4 ,the annuals and biennials may be sown in the open early in spring4 ,the herbaceous kinds are increased by dividing the roots2 the shrubby varieties by cuttings of the young wood planted under glass in ,march2 while the stove species require to be placed in heat4 ,they flower in ,august in the open4 ,heights vary1 according to the kinds1 but ,s4 ,coccinea and ,s4 ,patens1 which are most commonly met with in gardens1 grow to a height of #b ft4 ,sambucus 7,the ,elder74--,useful deciduous shrubs4 ,s4 ,nigra ,aurea has golden foliage1 and is suitable for town gardens4 ,the silvery variegated variety 7,variegata71 is fine for contrasting with others4 ,they may all be propagated by cuttings or by division4 ,flower in ,june4 ,sand ,wort4--,see ,arenaria4 ,sanguinaria ,canadensis 7,bloodroot74--,a hardy perennial1 curious both in leaf and flower4 ,it requires a light1 sandy soil1 shade1 and moisture2 is propagated by seed sown in ,july1 also by division of the tuberous roots1 and it blooms in ,march4 ,the tubers should be planted #e in4 deep and #c in4 apart4 ,height1 #f in4 ,santolina4--,this hardy evergreen shrub grows freely in any soil4 ,it flowers in ,july1 and is increased by cuttings4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,sanvitalia4--,interesting1 hardy annual trailers1 which may be readily raised from seed sown in ,march or ,april1 and merely require ordinary treatment4 ,they produce their golden and brown and yellow flowers in ,july4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,saponaria4--,these grow best in a mixture of sandy loam and peat or decayed vegetable soil4 ,the annuals may be sown either in autumn1 and wintered in a frame1 or in the open in ,april4 ,the perennials are increased by seed or by division of the root1 and young cuttings of the branching species root freely if planted under glass4 ,s4 ,ocymoides1 on account of its trailing nature1 and ,s4 ,calabrica make fine rock-work plants4 ,the leaves of ,s4 ,officinalis1 or ,soap ,plant1 if stirred in water form a lather strong enough to remove grease spots4 ,they bloom in ,june and ,july4 ,height1 #f in4 to #b ft4 ,sarracenia4--,curious herbaceous plants1 requiring to be grown in pots of rough peat1 filled up with sphagnum moss1 in a moderately cool house having a moist atmosphere4 ,they flower in ,june1 and are increased by division4 ,height1 from #i in4 to #a ft4 ,sauromatum ,guttatum4--,this makes a good window or cool greenhouse plant4 ,pot the tuber in good loam and leaf-soil1 and keep the mould only just damp until the foliage1 which follows the flowers1 appears4 ,when the foliage fails1 keep the tubers dry till spring4 ,if grown out of doors the tubers must be lifted before frost sets in4 ,savoys4--,sow the seed in ,march or ,april1 and when the plants are #b in4 high remove them to a nursery-bed1 selecting the strongest first4 ,let them remain till they are about #f in4 high1 then transplant them1 #ah in4 apart1 in well-manured soil4 ,their flavour is greatly improved if they are frozen before being cut for use4 ,saxifrage4--,these beautiful ,alpine perennials delight in a light1 sandy soil1 and are easily propagated by seed or division4 ,it is most convenient to grow the rare and tender kinds in pots1 as they require the protection of a frame in winter4 ,saxifraga ,sibthorpii is very suitable for the lower and damper parts of rock-work2 it is hardy1 and sheds its seed freely4 ,s4 ,umbrosa 7,london ,pride7 makes a neat border1 and is also useful for rock-work4 ,s4 ,sarmentosa 7,mother-of-,thousands7 is a fine hanging plant for greenhouse or window4 ,they flower in ,april4 ,height1 mostly #d in4 to #f in41 but some grow as high as #a-a_/b ft4 ,scabious4--,ornamental and floriferous hardy biennials1 which grow freely in common soil4 ,the seed may be sown at any time between ,march and midsummer2 transplant in the autumn4 ,they bloom in ,june4 ,height1 #a ft to #c ft4 7,see also ,cephalaria47 ,scale4--,red ,scale may be easily overcome with a strong solution of soft soap applied with a sponge4 ,white ,scale is harder to deal with4 ,syringe frequently with strong soapsuds heated to #abj degrees4 ,if the plant is badly attacked it is best to destroy it4 ,schizanthus4--,extremely beautiful and showy annuals4 ,a rather poor1 light soil is most suitable for their growth4 ,for early flowering sow the seed in autumn1 and keep the young plants in a frame or greenhouse throughout the winter4 ,for a succession of bloom sow in the open border early in the spring4 ,they flower in ,july and ,august4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,schizopetalum4--,this singular and delightfully fragrant annual does best in a mixture of loam1 peat1 and sand1 or sandy loam and leaf-mould4 ,sow the seed in pots in the spring1 place in a greenhouse1 and when large enough to handle1 plant out in the open border1 or it may be kept in an airy part of the house1 where it will bloom in ,june4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,schizostylis ,coccinea 7,crimson ,flag1 or ,kaffre ,lily74--,a most lovely autumn-blooming plant1 producing abundant spikes of ,izia-like flowers about #b ft4 high4 ,it is suitable for pot-culture or planting outdoors1 and is quite hardy4 ,it requires a rich1 light soil4 ,scillas 7,squills74--,very useful spring-flowering bulbs4 ,they are hardy1 and do well in any position in light soil4 ,when mixed with ,crocuses and ,snowdrops they produce a very charming effect4 ,to get perfection of bloom they require deep planting4 ,s4 ,siberica especially looks well when grown in pots with ,snowdrops4 ,scilla roots are poisonous4 ,general height1 #a ft4 ,scorzonera4--,sow in ,march in light soil in rows #ah in4 apart4 ,thin the plants out to about #g in4 one from the other4 ,they may perhaps be ready for use in ,august1 but to have large roots they should be left till they are two years old4 ,they may remain in the ground till wanted for use1 or they may be lifted in ,october and stored like ,beet1 etc4 ,this vegetable is scraped and thrown into cold water for a few hours1 then boiled in the same way as ,carrots and ,parsnips4 ,scutellaria4--,these plants will grow in any good soil4 ,the hardy perennials flower in ,july4 ,the greenhouse varieties merely require protecting in the winter4 ,they all bear division of the root1 and are easily raised from seed4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,scyphanthus4--,an elegant and curious trailer1 which is best grown in a loamy soil4 ,it may be increased from seed sown in ,april1 and it flowers in ,august4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,sea ,cabbage4--,see ,crambe ,cordifolia4 ,seakale4--,the readiest way of propagating this useful vegetable is by off-sets1 but it may be raised from seed sown in ,march or ,april in rows #a ft4 apart4 ,thin out the young plants to #f in4 in the rows1 and transplant in ,february or ,march into well-trenched1 deep1 rich soil in rows #b ft4 apart and the plants #ae in4 asunder4 ,keep the plants to one crown1 or shoot1 and remove all flower-shoots as they appear4 ,in dry weather give a liberal quantity of liquid manure4 ,cropping may commence after the roots have been planted two years4 ,sea ,lavender4--,see ,statice4 ,sea ,milkweed4--,see ,glaux4 ,sedum 7,stonecrop74--,this well-known hardy perennial is suitable for pots or rock-work4 ,it delights in a light1 sandy soil1 and is readily increased by division or cuttings4 ,it flowers in ,june or ,july4 ,height1 #c in4 ,seed-,sowing4--,two of the most important points in the sowing of seed are the proper condition of the ground and the regular and uniform depth at which the seed is sown4 ,seeds require light1 heat1 air1 and moisture for their germination4 ,the ground should be light1 and in such a condition that the young roots can easily penetrate it1 and in all cases should be freshly dug so as to communicate air and moisture3 it should be neither too wet nor too dry4 ,the most favourable time for seed-sowing is just before a gentle rain4 ,if sown too early on cold1 wet ground1 the seed is apt to rot2 when sown too shallow in a dry time1 there may not be sufficient moisture to cause it to sprout4 ,the seed should be sown evenly4 ,the size of a seed is a nearly safe guide as to the depth at which it should be sown4 ,for instance1 ,beans and ,peas of all kinds should be sown about a couple of inches deep1 while very small flower-seeds merely require to be just covered4 ,as to the time for sowing1 see ,annuals1 ,biennials1 and ,perennials4 ,seeds1 the ,protection of4--,in order to protect seeds against birds1 insects1 and rodents1 soak them in water containing #bj or #be per cent1 of mineral oil4 ,vegetable seeds1 such as ,haricot ,beans and ,peas1 should be soaked for twelve hours1 and the pips of ,apples and ,pears for double that time4 ,for soaking the finer seeds1 bitter liquids1 such as that of ,quassia and ,gentian1 should be used4 ,sempervivum 7,houseleek74--,the hardy kinds are well known1 and may often be seen growing on the roofs of cottages and on walls4 ,they make good rock-work plants1 and are easily increased by off-sets4 ,the more tender kinds are suitable for the greenhouse4 ,these should be planted in sandy loam and old brick rubbish4 ,they require but very little water2 more may be given when they are in flower4 ,cuttings1 after being laid aside for a day or two to dry1 will soon make root4 ,height1 #f in4 ,senecio ,pulcher 7,noble ,crimson ,groundsel74--,a warm position and a deep1 rich1 well-drained soil are needed for this flower4 ,it may be propagated by cutting the roots into pieces #e or #f in4 long1 and dibbling them into light soil4 ,it is also increased by the rootlets1 which send up small growths in spring4 ,protect from damp and frost1 and keep a sharp look-out for slugs4 ,the flowers are produced in autumn4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,senna1 ,bladder4--,see ,colutea4 ,sensitive ,plant4--,see ,mimosa4 ,shallots4--,plant the bulbs in ,november1 or in ,february or ,march1 in rows #i in4 apart1 and the bulbs #f in4 one from the other4 ,in ,july1 when the tops are dying down1 lift the bulbs1 lay them in the sunshine to dry1 then store them in a cool place4 ,shamrock4--,see ,trifolium ,repens4 ,sheep ,scabious4--,see ,jasione4 ,shortia ,galacifolia4--,a hardy1 creeping ,alpine evergreen1 having oval leaves1 slightly notched at the margins1 which turn to a brilliant crimson during the autumn and winter months4 ,in ,april and ,may it produces pearly-white flowers1 somewhat ,campanulate in form4 ,it may be planted in early autumn or spring4 ,a light1 rich soil suits it best1 and it delights in partial shade4 ,it is a lovely plant for rock-work4 ,height1 #f in4 ,shrubs4--,deciduous shrubs may be transplanted at any time during late autumn or winter when the ground is not too wet4 ,evergreen shrubs may be moved either early in autumn or in ,april or ,may1 damp1 warm1 but not sunny weather being most suitable for the operation4 ,they rejoice in a clean1 healthy soil1 such as good loam2 animal manure does not agree with them1 but wood ashes1 or charcoal powder with a little guano1 may be used4 ,cuttings of shrubs or trees may be taken in ,september1 placed in a mixture of sandy loam and leaf-mould with #a_/b in4 of sand on top1 and covered with a hand-glass2 #e to #h in4 is a good length for the cuttings1 all of which1 with the exception of about #a in41 should be buried1 and preferably with a heel of old wood4 ,keep the soil just damp and give shade4 ,shrubs for ,lawns4--,monkey ,puzzle 7,araucaria ,imbricata7--mix wood ashes and burnt refuse with the soil2 ,thujopsis ,delabrata1 ,thujopsis ,borealis 7of taller growth71 ,irish ,yews1 ,cupressus ,lawsoniana ,erecta ,viridis1 ,thujas ,orientalis1 ,vervaeneana1 ,semperaurescens1 ,standard ,rhododendrons1 ,standard and ,pyramid ,hollies1 ,yucca ,gloriosa 7a perfect picture71 ,yucca ,recurva 7the best hardy plant for vases74 ,the ,cercis tree is also well adapted for lawns4 ,sicyos4--,this hardy annual somewhat resembles the ,cucumber1 but is scarcely worth growing except as a curiosity4 ,the seeds are sown on a hotbed in spring1 potted off when strong enough1 and transferred to the open border early in ,june4 ,it is a climber1 and flowers in ,august4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,sidalcea4--,very pretty hardy perennials1 of easy culture4 ,s4 ,candida has pure white flowers closely arranged on the upper part of the stems4 ,s4 ,malvaeflora bears beautifully fringed1 satiny pink flowers4 ,they will grow in any good soil from seed sown in autumn and protected during the winter1 or they may be increased by division of the roots4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,silene 7,catchfly74--,elegant plants1 delighting in a light1 rich soil4 ,sow the seeds of the annual varieties early in ,april where they are intended to bloom4 ,silene ,pendula1 when sown in the autumn1 makes a pleasing show of pink flowers in the spring4 ,the roots of the herbaceous kinds may be divided in spring4 ,the shrubby sorts are increased by cuttings planted under a hand-glass4 ,the dwarfs make fine rock-work ornaments4 ,flowers are produced in ,june and ,july4 ,height1 #b in4 to #a-a_/b ft4 ,silphium ,aurantiacum4--,a good and hardy border perennial1 which produces during ,july and ,august large deep orange-yellow flowers resembling a ,sunflower4 ,it is very useful for cutting1 will grow anywhere1 and can be increased by dividing the root4 ,height1 #d ft4 ,sisyrinchium ,grandifolium7,satin ,flower1 or ,rush ,lily74--,a light loam suits this plant1 which is moderately hardy4 ,the soil should be moist1 but not wet4 ,it does not like being disturbed1 but when necessary the crowns may be divided in autumn1 taking care to spread the roots well out4 ,it blooms in ,april or ,may4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,skimmia4--,neat-growing1 dwarf evergreen shrubs having ,laurel-like leaves1 and producing a profusion of scarlet berries in winter4 ,they succeed in any ordinary soil1 but thrive best in peat and loam2 and are propagated by cuttings placed in heat under glass4 ,slugs4--,a sharp watch should be kept over all slugs1 and constant visits paid to the garden at daybreak for their destruction4 ,if fresh cabbage leaves are strewed about in the evening the slugs will congregate under them1 and in the morning they may be gathered up and dropped into strong brine4 ,the ground may also be dusted with fresh lime1 which is fatal to them1 but in wet weather the lime soon loses its power4 ,smilax4--,a greenhouse climbing plant that is admired for its foliage rather than its bloom4 ,a mixture of peat and loam or leaf-mould and sandy loam suits it4 ,train the shoots up string1 and freely water the plant in summer2 during the autumn and winter it does not need much moisture4 ,keep the temperature of the house up to #fj degrees throughout the winter4 ,it is readily increased by cuttings4 ,it flowers in ,july4 ,fine for table decoration4 ,height1 #d ft4 ,snails4--,to prevent snails crawling up walls or fruit trees daub the ground with a thick paste of soot and train oil4 ,there is no remedy so effectual for their destruction as hand-picking4 ,snake's ,head ,lilies4--,see ,fritillarias4 ,snapdragon4--,see ,antirrhinum4 ,sneezewort4--,see ,achillea4 ,snowball ,tree4--,see ,viburnum4 ,snowberry4--,see ,symphoricarpus4 ,snowdrops 7,galanthus74--,these are most effective in clumps4 ,they may be planted at any time from ,september to ,december1 and left alone for three or four years1 when they may be taken up and divided4 ,they grow best in a light1 rich soil4 ,snowdrop ,tree4--,see ,halesia4 ,snowflake4--,see ,leucojum4 ,snow in ,summer4--,see ,arabis4 ,soil and its ,treatment4--,loam is a mixture of clay and sand4 ,when the former predominates it is termed heavy loam1 and when the latter abounds it is called light4 ,marl is a compound of chalk and clay1 or chalk and loam4 ,though suitable for certain fruit-trees and a few other things1 few flowers will grow in it4 ,drainage is one of the most important considerations in the cultivation of flowers4 ,should the soil be clayey1 and hold water1 make ,v-shaped drains1 #c ft4 below the surface1 and let #b-;in4 pipes lead to a deep hole made at the lowest part of the garden and filled with brick rubbish1 or other porous substances1 through which the water may drain2 otherwise the cold1 damp earth will rot the roots of the plants4 ,trenching is the process of digging deep1 so as to loosen and expose the soil as much as possible to the action of the air4 ,if this is done in the autumn or early winter to a new garden1 it is best to dig it deep1 say about #b ft1 and leave it in large clods to the pulverising action of the frost1 after which it is easily raked level for spring planting4 ,if the clods are turned over the grass will rot and help to improve the ground2 new land thus treated will not require manuring the first year4 ,should the ground be clayey1 fine ashes or coarse sand thrown over the rough clods after trenching will greatly improve it4 ,digging should be done when the ground is fairly dry1 and about one spade deep4 ,avoid treading it down as much as possible4 ,hoeing must be constantly attended to1 both to prevent the soil becoming exhausted of its nourishment by the rapid growth of weeds1 and because when the surface becomes hard and cracked the rain runs through the deep fissures1 leaving the surface soil dry and the roots of the plants unnourished4 ,mulching consists in spreading a layer of stable manure1 about #c in4 deep1 over the roots of trees and plants in the autumn to keep them warm and moist4 ,the manure may be forked into the soil in the spring4 ,watering the plants carefully is of great consequence4 ,evening or early morning is the best time1 and one copious application is far better than little and often4 ,water may be given to the roots at any time1 but should not be sprinkled over the leaves in a hot sun nor in cold weather4 ,plants having a soft or woolly foliage should never be wetted overhead1 but those with hard and shiny leaves may be freely syringed1 especially when in full growth4 ,solanum4--,showy greenhouse shrubs1 some of which have ornamental foliage4 ,the soil in which they are grown should be light and rich4 ,cuttings planted in sand under glass strike readily4 ,the tender annual varieties may be sown on a hotbed in spring1 and placed in the border at the end of ,may in a dry1 sheltered situation1 where they will flower in ,june4 ,height1 #a ft4 and upwards4 ,soldanellas4--,these small herbaceous perennials should find a place in all ,alpine collections4 ,they grow best in sandy peat1 or in leaf-mould with a liberal addition of sand1 and they require a moderate amount of moisture4 ,they may be increased by dividing the roots in ,april4 ,they flower from ,march to ,may4 ,height1 #d in4 or #e in4 ,solidago 7,golden ,rod74--,a useful hardy perennial for the back of borders4 ,throughout late summer and autumn it produces masses of golden flowers4 ,it is not over-particular as to soil1 and may be increased by dividing the root in the spring4 ,it increases very rapidly4 ,height1 #b ft4 to #f ft4 ,solomon's ,seal 7,polygonatum ,multiflorum74--,a graceful hardy plant bearing white pendulent flowers on long curving stems4 ,plant freely in light1 rich soil1 in a shady position or under trees4 ,the plants should not be disturbed1 even by digging among the roots4 ,flowers in ,may4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,soot-,water4--,for room and window plants soot-water has this advantage over coarse animal manures1 that while the latter are unhealthy and apt to taint the air1 the former is purifying and has no unpleasant smell4 ,it is easily made by tying a little soot in a coarse canvas bag and immersing it in a pail of water4 ,it should be applied in a clear1 thin state to plants in bud or in full growth during the summer months4 ,sorrel4--,sow in ,march or ,april in any garden soil1 thin out to #a ft4 apart4 ,it is desirable to cut away the flower-stems and to divide the roots every two or three years4 ,the plants may be forced for winter use4 ,southernwood 7,artemisia ,arborea74--,any soil suits this odoriferous bush1 and it is readily increased by cuttings or by division4 ,sparaxis4--,closely allied to the ,ixias1 equally beautiful and varied in colour1 but rather dwarfer and compact in growth4 ,invaluable for pot-culture4 ,for outdoor cultivation plant them early in ,september1 #e or #f in4 deep1 on a sheltered border1 in rich1 well-drained1 loamy soil4 ,protect from frost and wet in the winter1 but keep the roots moist while they are growing4 ,for indoor cultivation plant four to six bulbs in a #e-;in4 pot1 plunge in ashes in a cold frame1 withholding water till the plants appear4 ,when making full growth remove them to a sunny window or conservatory1 and water them carefully4 ,they will bloom in ,march or ,april4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,sparmannia ,africana4--,an exceedingly handsome and attractive greenhouse evergreen shrub1 thriving best in loam and peat4 ,cuttings may be struck in sand under glass4 ,may is its flowering season4 ,height1 #aj ft4 ,spartium ,junceum7,yellow ,broom74--,a hardy evergreen shrub which will grow in any soil1 and is propagated by seeds4 ,it flowers in ,august4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,specularia ,speculum4--,see ,venus's ,looking-,glass4 ,spergula ,pilfera4--,may be grown in any moist situation in sandy soil4 ,it is of little value4 ,sphenogyne ,speciosa4--,an elegant hardy annual4 ,sow the seed early in spring on a gentle hotbed in loam and peat1 harden off1 and transplant at the end of ,may to a soil composed of loam and leaf-mould1 if peat cannot be obtained4 ,the bloom is produced in ,july4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,spider ,wort4--,see ,commelina and ,tradescantia4 ,spigelia ,marilandica4--,from ,august to ,october this hardy perennial produces tubular crimson and yellow flowers4 ,it finds a congenial home in damp peat1 shaded from the sun1 and may be propagated by cuttings in loam and peat under glass4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,spinach4--,for summer use sow the round-seeded kinds at intervals of two or three weeks from ,february to the end of ,july in rows #a ft4 apart1 cover with the finest of soil1 and thin out to a distance of #c or #d in4 ,in dry weather give a liberal supply of manure water4 ,pull before it runs to seed4 ,for winter use sow the prickly-seeded variety in ,august and ,september1 and thin the plants out #i in4 apart4 ,if the ground is hot and dry1 the seed should be soaked for twenty-four hours before it is sown4 ,new ,zealand ,spinach may be sown in the open during ,may1 choosing the warmest spot for its growth2 but it is best to sow it in heat in ,march1 keeping the soil fairly moist1 and1 after hardening it off1 to plant it out in ,june1 #c ft4 apart ,sow ,perpetual ,spinach or ,spinach ,beet in ,march in drills #a ft4 apart4 ,cut the leaves frequently1 when a fresh crop will be produced4 ,spiraeas4--,placed in the open ground these make splendid plants1 and are not particular as to soil1 though a moist1 rich one is preferable4 ,for forcing1 plant the clumps in #f-;in4 pots1 and keep them in a cool frame until they are well rooted4 ,they may then be removed indoors and forced rapidly1 supplying them with an abundance of water4 ,their elegant flower spikes are invaluable for bouquets and table decoration4 ,the shrubby kinds are increased by layers or cuttings of the young wood1 the herbaceous varieties by division of the roots in autumn4 ,spiraea ,aruncus1 if potted early in the autumn1 is very valuable for winter decoration4 ,spiraeas bloom at different periods1 from ,may to ,august1 and vary in height1 #c or #d ft4 being the general growth4 ,spruce ,firs4--,see ,abies4 ,stachys ,coccinea4--,this scarlet hardy annual is fine for bees4 ,it may be grown in any soil from seed sown in ,march or ,april4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,stachys ,lanata4--,a hardy perennial which will grow in any soil1 and bears division4 ,it flowers in ,july4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,staphylea ,colchica7,mexican ,bladder ,nut74--,this beautiful free-flowering shrub will grow in any garden soil1 and produces bunches of fragrant1 delicate white flowers in ,june4 ,it forces well1 and may be made to flower at ,easter by potting it in rich1 light soil1 placing it in a cold frame till the middle of ,january1 keeping the roots moist1 then bringing it into the warm house4 ,it may be propagated by suckers from the roots1 by layers1 or by cuttings taken in autumn4 ,star ,flower4--,see ,trientalis4 ,star of ,bethlehem4--,see ,ornithogalum4 ,statice 7,sea ,lavender74--,the greenhouse and frame varieties succeed best in sandy loam and peat1 and may be increased by cuttings placed under a bell-glass or in a warm pit4 ,the hardy herbaceous kinds are very suitable for the front of flower borders1 and may be freely increased by seeds or division4 ,the annuals1 if sown in ,march1 will produce flowers in ,july4 ,statices require a good amount of water1 but thorough drainage must be ensured4 ,if the flowers are dried they will keep their colour for a considerable time4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #a-a_/b ft4 ,stauntonia ,latifolia4--,a greenhouse evergreen climbing plant1 which needs a peat and loam soil and plenty of room for its roots4 ,it flowers in ,april1 and is increased by cuttings planted in sand under glass1 with a gentle heat4 ,height1 #aj ft4 ,stenactis 7,fleabane74--,showy hardy perennials which make fine bedding plants4 ,they may be grown from seed1 which is produced in great quantities1 and merely requires the same treatment as other perennials1 or they may be propagated by dividing the plants4 ,they bloom in ,july4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,stephanotis4--,this pretty evergreen twining plant is most suitable for the greenhouse1 and flourishes in a mixture of loam and leaf-mould4 ,it flowers in ,may1 and is increased by cuttings struck in heat4 ,height1 #aj ft4 ,sternbergia ,lutea4--,a hardy perennial which produces bright yellow flowers in ,august4 ,it likes a rich soil1 and is propagated by off-sets4 ,height1 #f in4 ,stipa ,pennata 7,feather ,grass74--,one of the most graceful of our ornamental grasses1 and most attractive in the border4 ,the seed may be sown early in ,march1 keeping the ground moist until it has germinated1 and it is also increased by division4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,stobaea ,purpurea4--,a hardy border plant with long spiny foliage1 and bearing from ,july to ,september large light blue flowers4 ,it requires a light1 rich soil4 ,young cuttings may be struck in sand4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,stocks-- ,,annual1 ,,or ,,ten ,,weeks' ,,stocks4--,sow the seeds in ,february1 ,march1 ,april1 and ,may for succession2 those sown in ,may will continue to flower till ,christmas4 ,the soil should be rich1 and occasionally a little manure-water may be given4 ,another sowing may be made in ,august and ,september4 ,when the plants have several leaves pot off singly in vegetable loam and river sand4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #a-a_/b ft4 ,,brompton4--,sow very thinly during the first week in ,may in a rich1 light1 sandy border1 with an eastern aspect4 ,when #b or #c in4 high1 thin out to #i in4 apart4 ,those taken out may be re-planted in the flower border1 #i in4 from each other4 ,in transplanting reject those plants having a long tap-root3 they generally prove to be single4 ,if the following winter be severe they must be protected with mats4 ,any desirable varieties may be propagated by cuttings1 which root readily under glass if kept shaded4 ,should it be desirable to transplant them to another part of the garden1 ,march or ,april will be found the best time to remove them4 ,shade the plants till they are established1 and use liquid manure till they begin to flower4 ,,greenhouse ,,or ,,shrubby species grow best in a mixture of light soil and sand1 and cuttings of these ,stocks root readily under glass4 ,,night-,,scented ,,stocks4--,see ,mathiola ,bicornis4 ,if ,emperor1 ,imperial1 or ,intermediate ,stocks are sown in ,march or ,april1 they will flower in the autumn2 if sown in ,june or ,july they will flower during the following ,june1 and throughout the summer and autumn4 ,stokesia ,cyanea4--,a handsome herbaceous perennial which is quite hardy1 but owing to the late period at which it flowers its blooms are liable to be cut off by frosts4 ,it is therefore more suitable for a cool house than the open air1 unless the warmest and most sheltered position be assigned to it4 ,a rich1 sandy soil is indispensable for its growth4 ,it may be increased by dividing the roots in spring4 ,the flowers are produced from ,october to ,december4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,stonecrop4--,see ,sedum4 ,strawberries4--,the soil most suitable for the growth of this fruit is a rich1 deep1 adhesive loam4 ,july or early in ,august is the best time to make new beds1 but if the ground be not then available runners from the old plants may be planted in peat on a north border and lifted with good balls of earth to their permanent bed in the spring4 ,set them firmly in rows #b ft4 apart and #ah in4 from plant to plant4 ,spread out the roots and avoid deep planting4 ,remove from the old plants all runners not required for new beds before they take root1 as they exhaust the crown4 ,in dry seasons liquid manure is highly beneficial4 ,some growers give supports to the fruit by means of forked-shaped pegs1 while others lay straw down to keep the fruit free from grit4 ,keep a sharp look-out for snails and slugs4 ,king of the ,earlies1 ,auguste ,nicaise1 ,royal ,sovereign1 ,vicomtesse ,hericart de ,thury1 ,gunton ,park1 ,president1 ,sir ,joseph ,paxton1 ,lord ,suffield1 ,noble1 and ,samuel ,bradley are excellent sorts4 ,for ,ornamental ,strawberries1 see ,fragaria ,indica4 ,strawberry ,tree4--,see ,arbutus4 ,streptocarpus 7,cape ,primrose74--,this plant is a greenhouse perennial1 showing great variety of colours1 from white to violet and crimson1 and is of neat habit4 ,a light and rather rich soil or vegetable mould suits it best4 ,seed sown in ,february in slight heat will produce plants for flowering in ,july2 that sown in ,march or ,april will flower in ,august and ,september4 ,grow slowly in small pots1 and in ,february put them in their flowering pots4 ,give plenty of air and shade them from the sun4 ,it may also be increased by division1 or leaf-cuttings may be taken under a bell-glass4 ,the plants like plenty of water1 but need good drainage4 ,height1 #i in4 ,streptosolen ,jamesoni4--,a good compost for this greenhouse evergreen shrub is two parts sandy loam1 one part leaf-mould1 and a little silver sand4 ,during growth it needs a liberal supply of water and to be kept near the glass2 only a small amount of moisture should be given in winter4 ,in ,march cut it into shape1 and re-pot it as soon as new growth starts4 ,during the summer syringe it frequently to keep off red spider1 and during winter maintain a temperature of #ee degrees4 ,stylophorum 7,celandine ,poppy1 or ,poppywort74--,during ,may and ,june this hardy and handsome plant produces fine yellow flowers4 ,it accommodates itself to any soil1 but prefers a rich1 light one1 and can be increased by seed sown in autumn or early spring4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,styrax4--,ornamental shrubs requiring a light soil for their cultivation4 ,s4 ,japonica has ,snowdrop-like flowers1 and ,s4 ,obasa ,lily-of-the-,valley-like scented flowers4 ,they are best propagated by layers4 ,height1 #d ft4 to #aj ft4 ,sunflower4--,see ,helianthus4 ,swainsonia ,galegifolia ,alba4--,a graceful and charming cool greenhouse plant1 with ,fern-like evergreen foliage and pure white flowers1 which are borne from ,april to ,november4 ,the soil most suitable for it is a mixture of loam and sandy peat4 ,cuttings of the young growth planted in sand under glass strike readily4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,swallow ,wort4--,see ,asclepias4 ,swamp ,lilies4--,see ,zephyranthes4 ,swan ,river ,daisy4--,see ,brachycome4 ,sweet ,alyssum4--,see ,alyssum4 ,sweet ,flag4--,see ,acorus4 ,sweet ,peas4--,see ,peas1 ,sweet4 ,sweet ,rocket4--,see ,rocket4 ,sweet ,scabious4--,see ,scabious4 ,sweet ,sultan4--,sweet-scented1 ,thistle-shaped hardy annual flowers1 which are very useful for cutting4 ,they may be raised in any garden soil from seed sown in ,march or ,april1 and will flower in ,august4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,sweet ,william4--,well-known hardy perennials1 and deservedly favourite border plants1 which may be grown in any good soil2 but to have them to perfection they should be placed in light1 loamy ground mixed with a little old manure and sand4 ,they can be raised with little trouble from seed sown thinly at any time between ,march and midsummer where they are to bloom1 and may also be increased by dividing the old plants in spring4 ,they produce their flowers in ,july4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,symphoricarpus 7,snowberry74--,a handsome species of ,st4 ,peter's ,wort4 ,the shrubs will grow in any ordinary soil1 are hardy1 and readily propagated by suckers1 which are produced abundantly2 or cuttings may be taken either in spring or autumn4 ,they bloom in ,august4 ,height1 #d ft4 ,symphytum ,caucasicum4--,hardy perennials4 ,they will grow in any soil or situation1 even thriving under the shade of trees1 and may be increased by division4 ,june is the month in which they flower4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,syringa 7,lilac47--,there are many choice varieties of these favourite shrubs1 but any of them may be grown in a tolerably good soil4 ,they are propagated by layers or by suckers from the root4 ,they bloom in ,may or ,june4 ,height varies from #d ft4 to #ab ft4 ,t ,tacsonia4--,a beautiful twining shrub belonging to the ,passiflora family4 ,it should be provided with a rich soil1 and1 as the flowers are produced upon the lateral shoots1 it requires frequent stopping4 ,syringe frequently in warm weather to induce a quick growth4 ,it is a quick grower1 and1 when properly treated1 a profuse bloomer1 the flowers being produced in ,july1 ,august1 and ,september4 ,cuttings of young shoots placed under glass in a sandy soil will strike4 ,height1 #bj ft4 ,tagetes 7,french and ,african ,marigolds74--,half-hardy annuals1 very elegant when in flower1 and deserve a place in the garden4 ,the seed should be sown on a hotbed in ,march or ,april1 the plants gradually hardened off1 and placed in the open at the end of ,may in a rich1 light soil1 when they will flower in ,august4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #b-a_/b ft4 ,tamarix4--,neat feathery plants1 very suitable for banks and thriving at the seaside1 as is evidenced by its luxuriant growth along the parades at ,eastbourne4 ,the hardy kinds will grow in any soil1 and may be propagated by cuttings planted in the open either in spring or autumn4 ,the greenhouse and stove varieties require a soil of loam and peat4 ,cuttings of these should be placed in sand under glass4 ,they flower in ,june and ,july4 ,height1 #h ft4 to #aj ft4 ,tansy4--,a feathery-foliaged hardy perennial1 useful for mixing with cut blooms4 ,no special treatment is required4 ,height1 #aa ft4 ,taxus4--,see ,yew4 ,tecoma4--,ornamental evergreen shrubs of a twining nature1 needing a greenhouse for their cultivation4 ,they require a rich1 loamy soil mixed with a little sand1 or loam and peat1 and rejoice in shade and moisture4 ,t4 ,radicans will grow in the open against a wall1 but a warm situation is needed to make it flower4 ,they may be propagated by cuttings of the roots placed in sand under a hand-glass1 and by layers4 ,their flowers are produced in ,july and ,august4 ,height1 #f ft4 to #cj ft4 ,telekia4--,see ,buphthalmum4 ,tellima ,grandiflora4--,a hardy and very ornamental perennial with round bronzy foliage and spikes of white flowers at midsummer4 ,it succeeds best in peat1 but will grow in any rich1 light soil4 ,to increase it1 divide the roots4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,tetratheca4--,pretty greenhouse evergreen shrubs which produce pink flowers in ,july4 ,they flourish in a soil consisting of equal proportions of loam1 peat1 and sand4 ,cuttings of the young wood planted under glass in a sandy soil will strike4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,teucrium ,scorodonia4--,this hardy herbaceous plant will grow in any ordinary garden soil4 ,it flowers in ,july1 and is easily raised from seed or increased by division4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,thalictrum4--,hardy ,fern-like perennials1 suitable for the backs of borders4 ,they grow well in any light soil from seed sown in spring or autumn1 and may also be increased by division4 ,thermopsis ,montana7,fabacea74--,this hardy perennial produces spikes of yellow ,lupin-like flowers from ,june to ,september4 ,the soil should be light and rich4 ,as the plants suffer by division1 it is best to raise them by seed1 which may be sown either in autumn or spring4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,thladianthe ,dubia4--,a fine climbing plant with handsome foliage and an abundance of fine yellow flowers4 ,quite hardy4 ,sow on a hotbed early in spring1 and when sufficiently large and strong1 pot off1 place in a cold frame to harden1 and plant out at the end of ,may in rich soil4 ,thrift4--,see ,armeria4 ,thumbergia4--,these slender1 rapid-growing climbers are extremely pretty when in bloom during ,june1 but they are only half-hardy2 they therefore need greenhouse care1 or to be planted in a warm situation4 ,they flourish best in a mixture of sandy loam and leaf-mould1 and may be grown from seed sown in heat 7#fe to #ge degrees7 early in spring4 ,cuttings strike readily4 ,height1 #d ft4 ,thuya 7,arbor ,vitae74--,very decorative conifers1 mostly of conical shape1 and indispensable to the shrubbery4 ,they thrive in any soil1 but prefer a moist situation4 ,for sheltered positions1 where a small dome-shaped bush is required1 the ,chinese ,arbor ,vitae 7,biota ,orientalis7 is most desirable2 it delights in a heavy soil4 ,the ,biota ,elegantissima is one of the most unique hardy shrubs cultivated1 and presents a bright golden appearance4 ,another effective yellow variety is the ,semperaurescens1 which retains its colour throughout the winter1 and makes a fine pot-plant4 ,one of the most beautiful of all evergreens is the ,thuyopsis ,dolabrata2 its flat1 spray-like leaves are bright green above and silvery below4 ,the ,china varieties are somewhat tender1 and require protection from frost4 ,they may all be propagated from seed or by cuttings4 ,thymus4--,effective little perennials for rock-work1 growing best in a light1 dry1 sandy soil4 ,the hardy kinds like an exposed position2 rarer kinds should be grown in pots1 as they need protection in winter4 ,they are easily increased by seed sown in spring1 by cuttings or division4 ,height1 #c in4 to #f in4 ,tiarella4--,these hardy herbaceous plants are very suitable for rock-work or the front of a border4 ,they are not particular as to soil2 they flower in ,april1 and may be propagated by seed or division4 ,height1 #i in4 to #a ft4 ,tiarella ,cordifolia 7,foam ,flower74--,a hardy herbaceous perennial1 having fine foliage4 ,it will grow in any good soil1 but likes shade and moisture4 ,it may be increased by dividing the roots at the end of the summer4 ,the blooms are produced during ,may and ,june4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,tigridia 7,ferraria2 ,mexican ,tiger ,flower1 popularly called the ,tiger ,iris74--,a gorgeous flower of exceptional beauty4 ,plant the bulbs in the sunniest spot out of doors during ,march1 ,april1 or ,may1 in a sandy loam enriched with a liberal amount of leaf-mould1 placing them #c in4 deep and #f in4 apart1 and putting a little silver sand round each bulb before covering it with the soil4 ,shelter from cutting winds4 ,the blossoms appear in ,july or ,august4 ,each bloom lasts only one day1 but is succeeded on the next by fresh ones1 so that a continuance of bloom is maintained4 ,protect them in winter with a covering of dead leaves1 or1 better still1 take them up when they have done flowering1 and keep them dry and free from frost4 ,for pot-culture plant the bulbs in sandy loam and peat1 plunge them in a cold frame1 and withhold water until the foliage appears4 ,they may be increased by off-sets or seeds4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,tobacco ,plants4--,see ,nicotiana4 ,tobacco-,water4--,boil #b oz4 of shag1 or other strong tobacco1 in a pint of water4 ,apply with a soft brush4 ,this is a deadly poison to insects4 ,tomatoes 7,love ,apples74--,those intended to be grown in the open should be raised from seed sown the first week in ,march in pots of very rich1 light mould4 ,place them in a cucumber-house or other gentle heat1 and when the second leaf appears1 pot them off singly1 keeping them near the glass and well watered4 ,towards the end of ,may remove them to a cold frame to harden off1 and plant out as soon as fear of frost is over1 in deeply-dug and moderately manured ground1 against a south wall fully exposed to the sun4 ,train to a single stem and remove all lateral growths4 ,when the plants are #c or #d ft4 high pinch off the tops to prevent further growth and throw strength into the fruit4 ,watering should cease as soon as the blossom-buds appear1 except in periods of very severe drought4 ,when grown under glass ,tomatoes need to be trained in much the same way as ,grape ,vines4 ,constant attention must be given to removing all useless shoots and exposing the fruit to air and light4 ,an average temperature of #fj degrees should be maintained1 with a rather dry and buoyant atmosphere4 ,toothwort4--,see ,dentaria4 ,torch ,lily4--,see ,tritoma4 ,torenia4--,these stove and greenhouse plants require a rich soil4 ,they may be increased by seed or division4 ,they flower during ,june and ,july4 ,height1 #f in4 to #i in4 ,tournefort4--,see ,crambe ,cordifolia4 ,tradescantia ,virginica 7,spider ,wort74--,a hardy herbaceous plant4 ,in a light1 rich soil it will flower in ,july4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,there are other varieties of ,tradescantia2 they all make good border plants1 thrive in any situation1 and are continuous bloomers4 ,transplanting4--,plants may be transplanted as soon as they are large enough to handle4 ,they must be lifted carefully with a small trowel1 or if they are very small1 such as ,golden ,feather1 with a still smaller blunt article1 disturbing the roots as little as possible4 ,it should be done when the ground is wet1 and preferably in the evening4 ,in dry weather they should be well watered twelve hours before they are disturbed4 ,shade them from sun for one or two days4 ,cabbages1 ,lettuces1 ,cauliflowers1 ,broccoli1 ,kale1 and other members of the ,brassica family must be transplanted1 or they will be a failure4 ,root crops such as ,carrots1 ,parsnips1 ,turnips1 etc41 must not be transplanted1 but thinned out4 ,celery may be transplanted in ,june or ,july4 ,traveller's ,joy 7,clematis ,viorna74--,this hardy climbing plant grows best in a light soil1 flowers in ,august1 and is increased by layers of the young shoots in summer4 ,height1 #ab ft4 ,trees1 ,plants that ,flourish under4--,ivy1 ,st4 ,john's ,wort 7,hypericum ,calycinum71 early-flowering ,white ,aconite4 ,tricyrtis4--,these greenhouse herbaceous plants bloom in ,may4 ,a rich1 light soil suits them4 ,height1 #f in4 ,trientalis ,europaea 7,star ,flower74--,to grow this native perennial to advantage1 it should be planted in leaf-mould with which a large proportion of sand has been mixed4 ,confine the roots to a narrow compass by means of slates placed just beneath the surface of the soil4 ,let the ground be kept moist1 but well drained4 ,the bloom is produced during ,may and ,june1 and it is propagated by runners4 ,height1 #f in4 to #h in4 ,trifolium ,repens ,pentaphyllum4--,a showy1 hardy1 deciduous perennial4 ,it thrives in ordinary soil1 puts forth its white flowers in ,june1 and is propagated by seed or division4 ,height1 #f in4 ,trillium ,erectum 7,wood ,lily74--,this tuberous perennial is quite hardy1 and flourishes in partial shade4 ,the soil must be light and rich1 yet moist4 ,the plant does not increase very fast1 but the roots of good-sized plants may be divided4 ,it flowers in ,may and ,june4 ,height1 #f in4 ,tritelia4--,a charming spring-flowering plant1 bearing pretty white star-like flowers on slender stalks4 ,it is used largely for edgings4 ,it looks well in clumps on the front of borders4 ,plant in autumn1 and divide the bulbs every two or three years4 ,height1 #f in4 ,tritoma 7,red-hot ,poker1 or ,torch ,lily74--,requires a rich1 sandy soil1 and to be protected in a frame from wet and frost in the winter4 ,increase by division or by suckers from the root4 ,the flower spikes grow #ah to #bg in4 long4 ,the crown of the plant should not be more than #aa_/b in4 in the soil1 which should be dug deeply and mixed with rotted manure4 ,in winter1 if it is left in the ground1 surround the plant with #b in4 of sawdust1 well trodden4 ,remove this in ,may1 and water liberally with liquid manure till it blooms4 ,the best time to plant is ,march or ,october4 ,by many it is considered advisable not to disturb the plant too often4 ,tritonias4--,these somewhat resemble miniature ,gladioli1 and are among the most useful bulbs for pot-culture4 ,plant from ,september to ,december1 placing five or six bulbs in a #e-;in4 pot1 and using a compost of loam1 leaf-mould1 and silver sand4 ,plunge the pots in ashes in a cold pit or frame1 and keep them dry until the plants appear4 ,when in full growth they may be removed to the conservatory1 placing them near the glass1 and giving careful attention to watering4 ,for outdoor cultivation choose a sunny1 sheltered position1 with a light1 rich1 sandy soil4 ,give protection in frosty weather by covering with dry litter4 ,trollius ,altaiense 7,globe ,flower74--,a pretty1 hardy herbaceous plant1 with very handsome foliage4 ,it likes a light but moist soil1 may be increased by seed or by dividing the root1 and flowers in ,may4 ,height1 #i in4 to #b ft4 ,trollius ,asiaticus4--,a very pretty herbaceous plant1 suitable for the border4 ,it may be raised from seed sown in the autumn1 and grown on in light1 moist soil4 ,the plant is hardy and flowers in ,may4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,tropaeolums-- ,,jarratti 7scarlet1 orange1 and black7 are remarkable for a slender and graceful growth4 ,well adapted for covering wire globes1 trellises1 etc4 ,,lobbianum 7various colours74--,elegant dwarf climbers1 suitable either for the conservatory or for outdoor culture4 ,they may also be used for bedding if planted thinly and kept pegged down2 or may be grown in window-boxes4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,,pentaphyllum 7red7 is slender and graceful1 and an elegant climber4 ,,polyphyllum 7yellow7 succeeds best against a south wall4 ,it is hardy1 has rich abundant glaucous foliage1 and is a particularly fine climber4 ,,speciosum 7scarlet74--,of wild1 graceful1 luxuriant and slender growth4 ,fine for covering walls and fences1 festooning arches1 etc4 ,plant at the beginning of ,october in an eastern aspect or at the base of a north wall1 the soil and atmosphere being moderately moist4 ,bury the roots #d in4 deep4 ,,tuberosum 7yellow and red7 is quite hardy1 and may be planted in any situation4 ,generally a light1 rich soil is most suitable4 ,the greenhouse varieties may be increased by cuttings placed in sandy soil under glass4 ,the tuberous-rooted kinds should be taken up in winter and kept in sand till spring1 when they may be planted in a sheltered part of the garden4 ,the annuals merely require to be sown in the open in spring4 ,they flower in ,july1 ,august1 and ,september4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #aj ft4 7,see also ,canary ,creeper47 ,trumpet ,flower4--,see ,bignonia4 ,tuberose4--,plant the bulbs in ,january in a mixture of sandy loam and rotten dung1 or leaf-mould1 using a small pot for each bulb4 ,plunge them in a hotbed1 taking care that the temperature does not fall below #fj degrees1 and withhold water until the foliage appears1 when a moderate amount should be given4 ,when the pots are full of roots1 shift the plants into larger ones1 and grow on in a house with a uniform high temperature and moist atmosphere4 ,for a succession of bloom place the roots in a cold frame and cover with cocoanut fibre until growth begins1 then remove the fibre1 water moderately1 and transfer the most forward plants to the conservatory4 ,bloom may be had all the year round by planting in succession from ,september to ,june4 ,tulips4--,drainage may be considered as the chief means of success in the cultivation of these showy spring flowers4 ,the soil they like best is well-rotted turf cut from pasture land and mixed with a moderate amount of sand1 but they will thrive in any ground that is well drained4 ,the bulbs should be planted during ,october and ,november about #c in4 deep and #e in4 apart1 either in lines or groups1 and they retain their bloom longest in a shady situation4 ,as soon as the leaves begin to decay the bulbs may be taken up1 dried1 and stored away1 keeping the colours separate4 ,for pot-culture the single varieties are best4 ,put three bulbs in a #e-;in4 pot and six in a #f-;in4 one1 and treat in the same manner as the ,hyacinth4 ,they may1 if desired1 be forced as soon as the shoots appear4 ,when required to fill vases1 etc41 it is a good plan to grow them in shallow boxes1 and transfer them when in flower to the vases or baskets4 ,by this method exactitude of height and colouring is ensured4 ,tulips are divided into three classes3 7#a7 ,roses1 which have a white ground1 with crimson1 pink1 or scarlet marks2 7#b7 ,byblomens1 having also a white ground1 but with lilac1 purple1 or black marks2 and 7#c7 ,bizarres1 with a yellow ground having marks of any colour4 ,tunica4--,same treatment as ,dianthus4 ,turkey's ,beard4--,see ,xerophyllum4 ,turnips4--,to obtain mild and delicately-flavoured ,turnips a somewhat light1 sandy1 but deep1 rich soil is necessary4 ,for a first crop sow the ,early ,white ,dutch variety in ,february or the beginning of ,march on a warm border4 ,for succession sow ,early ,snowball at intervals of three weeks until the middle of ,july4 ,for winter use sow ,golden ,ball1 or other yellow-fleshed kinds1 early in ,august4 ,thin each sowing out so that the bulbs stand #i in4 apart4 ,to ensure sound1 crisp1 fleshy roots they require to be grown quickly1 therefore moist soil and liberal manuring is necessary1 and the ground kept free from weeds4 ,if fly becomes troublesome1 dust the plants with quicklime early in the day1 while the dew is on them1 and repeat the operation as often as is necessary4 ,tussilago ,fragrans 7,winter ,heliotrope74--,a very fragrant hardy perennial1 flowering in ,january and ,february4 ,it will grow in any good garden soil and bears division4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,twin ,flower4--,see ,bravoa4 ,u ,ulex ,europaeus ,flore ,pleno 7,double ,furze74--,this elegant1 hardy1 evergreen shrub likes a rich1 sandy soil1 and may be increased by cuttings planted in a shady border and covered with a hand-glass4 ,height1 #e ft4 ,umbilicus ,chrysanthus4--,this little ,alpine plant should occupy a warm1 sheltered1 and dry situation1 and be protected with an overhead screen in wet seasons4 ,the soil it most enjoys is a mixture of peat and coarse sand4 ,its procumbent stalks emit roots4 ,this new growth may be transplanted in the spring or early summer months4 ,height1 #f in4 ,uvularia4--,beautiful hardy perennials1 producing drooping flowers from ,may to ,july4 ,they succeed best in a light1 sandy soil1 and may be increased by dividing the roots4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,v ,vaccineum ,myrtillus and ,v4 ,uliginosum4--,attractive deciduous shrubs4 ,they require to be grown in peat or very sandy loam4 ,in ,april or ,may they produce flowers4 ,they can be increased by dividing the creeping roots4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,vaccineum ,vitis-,idaea 7,red ,whortleberry74--,a neat native shrub which1 with its flowers and clusters of bright red berries1 is very attractive in autumn4 ,a rich1 light1 sandy soil1 moist but well drained1 is necessary1 and the position should be sunny so as to ripen the berries4 ,it may be increased at any time by division4 ,it flowers from ,may to ,october4 ,height1 #i in4 ,valeriana4--,an ornamental hardy perennial4 ,it will succeed in any garden soil1 and merely requires the same treatment as ordinary perennials4 ,it is readily increased by dividing the roots1 and produces its flowers in ,july4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,vegetable ,marrow4--,sow in pots during ,march or ,april1 and place in a cucumber frame or on a hotbed1 and cover with a hand-glass4 ,harden off1 and plant out about the third week in ,may in ground previously prepared with a heavy dressing of good stable or farmyard manure1 protecting the plants at night for the first week or so with a handglass or large flower-pot4 ,do not allow the roots to feel the want of water1 and keep a sharp look-out for slugs4 ,seed may also be sown in ,may in the open4 ,the best way of proceeding in this case is to dig a pit #b ft4 deep and the same in width1 fill it with fermenting manure1 and put #a ft4 of light mould on top4 ,let it remain for a week so that the soil may get warm1 then sow the seed1 and cover it with a hand-glass4 ,train the shoots so that they may have plenty of room1 and pinch off the tops when the plant has attained its desired length4 ,venidium4--,hardy annuals1 which are best raised from seed sown early in ,march on a slight hotbed1 and grown in turfy loam1 or loam and peat4 ,they bloom in ,may4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,venus's ,car4--,see ,dielytra4 ,venus's ,looking-,glass 7,specularia ,speculum74--,a pretty hardy annual1 bearing a profusion of ,campanula-like flowers in ,july4 ,suitable for beds1 pots1 hanging baskets1 or rock-work4 ,it flourishes most in a compost of sandy loam and peat4 ,the seeds are best sown in autumn and wintered in a greenhouse1 but they may be raised on a hotbed early in spring4 ,cuttings of the young wood planted under glass root freely4 ,height1 #i in4 ,venus's ,navel ,wort4--,a charming hardy annual for rock-work4 ,the seed should be sown early in spring in good garden mould4 ,height1 #f in4 ,veratum4--,handsome foliage plants4 ,they are quite hardy1 and delight in a rich soil4 ,july is the month in which they flower4 ,they may be raised from seed1 or propagated by division4 ,height1 #e ft4 ,verbascum4--,a hardy annual1 which produces a profusion of showy flowers in ,july1 and is very suitable for the backs of borders4 ,it will thrive in any soil1 and is easily raised from seed sown early in spring4 ,height1 #c ft4 ,verbena4--,this charming half-hardy perennial succeeds best in light1 loamy soil4 ,it seeds freely1 and roots rapidly by being pegged down4 ,it is usual to take the cuttings in ,february1 as spring-struck plants prove best both for growth and flowering4 ,place a score of cuttings in a #dh-sized pot containing #a_/c of drainage material1 covered with #a in4 of rough leaf-mould1 then filled to within #a-a_/b in4 of the rim with equal parts of loam1 leaf-mould1 or peat and sand1 with #a_/c in4 of sand on the top4 ,make the soil firm at the base of the cuttings1 and water level4 ,it is1 however1 more easily obtained from seed raised on a gentle hotbed1 and the plants thus raised are more robust and floriferous4 ,it flowers in ,july4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,verbena1 ,lemon-scented4--,see ,aloysia4 ,veronica4--,this graceful evergreen1 commonly called ,speedwell1 bears handsome spikes of autumn flowers1 and makes a good conservatory or sitting-room plant4 ,it stands the winter out of doors in a sheltered position with a dry sub-soil4 ,the annual varieties may be sown in autumn for spring flowering4 ,any light1 rich1 moist soil suits them4 ,the hardy perennial kinds are increased by dividing the roots1 and the greenhouse varieties by seeds or cuttings4 ,the different species flower from ,july to ,october4 ,height1 #a ft4 to #aj ft4 ,vesicaria ,graeca4--,a small hardy evergreen shrub1 suitable for rock-work or edgings4 ,it likes a light1 dry soil and an open situation4 ,it may be propagated by seeds1 which are freely produced2 but the readiest way to increase it is by cuttings of the side-shoots1 taken as early as possible so as to become well rooted before cold weather sets in4 ,it flowers from ,april to ,june4 ,height1 #f in4 to #h in4 ,viburnum ,opulus7,guelder ,rose1 or ,snowball ,tree74--,a very elegant and hardy deciduous shrub1 which will grow in any soil1 and may be increased by layers1 or by cuttings planted in the shade under glass4 ,it blooms in ,june4 ,height1 #ab ft4 ,viburnum ,tinus 7,laurestinus74--,this well-known and much-admired evergreen shrub produces masses of white flowers through the winter months1 at which season it is especially ornamental4 ,it is generally propagated by layers1 but where a number of the plants are required they may be obtained from autumn cuttings planted in the shade and covered with a hand-glass4 ,height1 #e ft4 ,vicia ,pyrenaica4--,a hardy and good perennial for rock-work1 having compact tufts of green growth and producing deep crimson flowers in ,may and ,june4 ,it will grow in any soil1 and is of easy culture4 ,it is increased by seed1 also by division of the roots4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,vinca 7,periwinkle74--,many of these are variegated and very showy as rock-work plants1 and will grow in any moist soil1 enjoying a shady situation4 ,they may be raised from seed sown early in spring in a warm situation1 or may be increased by runners1 which strike root at the joints like the ,strawberry4 ,they may be planted under the shade of trees4 ,many choice greenhouse evergreens bearing fine circular flowers and shining foliage are also included under the name of ,vinca4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,vines4--,see ,grapes4 ,violas4--,the hardy perennials are suitable for the front of flower borders or rock-work1 but the smaller species succeed best when grown in pots in a mixture of loam1 peat1 and sand4 ,the herbaceous kinds are increased by seed or division of the roots1 the shrubby varieties by cuttings planted under glass1 and the annuals by seed sown in the open in spring4 ,height1 #c in4 to #f in4 ,violets4--,plant the runners or off-sets in ,may in loam and leaf-mould1 choosing a damp1 shady situation4 ,russian and ,neapolitan ,violets may be made to flower throughout the winter and early spring by placing them in a stove or warm pit4 ,dog-toothed ,violets will grow in any light soil4 ,autumn is the best time to plant them1 and #a in4 of silver sand round the roots prevents decay2 they are hardy and early1 but will not bloom unless planted #i in4 deep4 ,white ,violets like a chalky soil4 ,one of the best manures for ,violets is the ash from bonfires4 ,they may be multiplied to any extent by pegging down the side-shoots in ,april4 ,the common ,violet flowers in ,march and ,april4 ,height1 #f in4 ,virgilia4--,for the most part greenhouse shrubs1 requiring to be grown in a compost of loam1 peat1 and sand4 ,young cuttings planted in sandy loam and covered with glass will strike4 ,the hardy kinds1 such as ,v4 ,lutea1 grow in any light soil1 and are increased by laying down shoots in autumn or spring4 ,july is the month in which they flower4 ,height1 from #b ft4 to #ab ft4 ,virginian ,creeper 7,ampelopsis ,hederacea74--,may be propagated by layers or cuttings1 and will grow in any common garden soil4 ,the plant is also known as the ,five-leaved ,ivy1 is a rapid grower1 and a favourite for covering unsightly walls4 ,virginian ,stock4--,this pretty little hardy annual is readily raised from seed sown on a border in autumn or spring4 ,it is not particular as to soil4 ,height1 #i in4 ,virgin's ,bower4--,see ,clematis4 ,viscaria ,coeli ,rosa 7the ,rose of ,heaven74--,sow in ,april1 or on a warm1 dry1 sheltered spot in ,september4 ,other varieties of ,viscaria are graceful and effective in beds1 masses1 or lines1 and only require the usual care bestowed upon hardy annuals4 ,the flowers are produced in ,june and ,july4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,vitis ,heterophylla4--,these vines are hardy1 and will grow in any rich soil4 ,they are propagated by cuttings1 and also by layers4 ,v4 ,purpureus has purple leaves1 which are very effective4 ,v4 ,coignettae1 or the ,chinese ,vine1 has very noble foliage4 ,w ,wahlenbergia4--,the hardy perennial kinds thrive best in pots1 the soil in which should be kept moist4 ,the annuals1 which are raised on a hotbed in ,march1 may be planted out in ,may in a warm situation4 ,waitzia4--,very beautiful half-hardy annuals1 but more suitable for the greenhouse than the open flower-bed4 ,they require a sandy peat and leaf-mould1 and the pots to be well drained1 as too much water is as destructive to them as too little4 ,they may be had in flower from ,may to ,august by making two sowings1 one in ,september and the other in ,february1 and keeping them in the greenhouse4 ,when large enough to handle1 pot off into #c-;in4 pots1 putting two plants in each pot close to the sides1 and shift them into larger ones when they have made sufficient growth4 ,place them in a dry and airy situation and near the glass4 ,they are unable to stand the least frost1 therefore1 if they are planted out1 it should not be done before the beginning of ,june4 ,height1 #aa_/b ft4 ,waldsteina ,fragarioides4--,a hardy and pretty trailing rock plant1 with deep green foliage4 ,from ,march to ,may it bears yellow ,strawberry-like flowers4 ,any soil suits it1 and it may be increased by seed or division4 ,height1 #f in4 ,wall-flower 7,cheiranthus74--,these favourite hardy perennials prefer a rich1 light1 sandy soil1 and a dry situation4 ,the seed may be sown where it is intended for them to bloom either in autumn or spring4 ,thin out to #b ft4 apart4 ,they may also be increased by shoots torn from the stems of old plants4 ,as well as flowering early in spring1 they often bloom in the autumn4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,walnuts4--,the ,nuts for raising young trees may be planted at any time between ,october and the end of ,february1 #c in4 deep and #a-a_/b ft4 apart4 ,train to a single stem #h to #aj ft4 high1 removing all the side branches as soon as they make an appearance4 ,the following year they may be planted in their permanent position1 which should be high1 yet sheltered from frost4 ,two of the best tall-growing varieties are ,thin-shelled and ,noyer a ,bijou4 ,the ,dwarf ,prolific makes a good bush tree4 ,wand ,plant4--,see ,galax4 ,wasps4--,to destroy ,wasps rinse a large bottle with spirits of turpentine1 and thrust the neck into the principal entrance to their nest1 stopping up all the other holes to prevent their escape4 ,in a few days the nest may be dug up4 ,the fumes of the spirit first stupefies and eventually destroys the insects4 ,water-cress4--,sow in prepared places1 during spring1 in sluggish brooks and moist situations2 or it may be grown on a shady border if kept moist by frequent waterings4 ,it may also be grown in a frame in ,september from cuttings placed #f in4 apart1 sprinkling them daily1 but keeping the frame closed for two or three weeks1 then watering once a week4 ,give all the air possible in fine weather1 but cover the frame with mats during frosts4 ,it is best when grown quickly4 ,watsonia4--,plant the bulbs during ,january in sandy loam with a little peat4 ,they flower in ,april4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,weeds in ,paths4--,these may be destroyed by strong brine1 applied when hot4 ,or mix #a_/b lb4 of oil of vitriol with #f gallons of water1 and apply1 taking care not to get the vitriol on the hands or clothes4 ,weigelia4--,free-flowering1 hardy1 deciduous shrubs1 the flowers being produced in profusion along the shoots in ,april1 and varying in colour from white to deep crimson4 ,the plants will grow in any soil1 and require no special culture4 ,all the varieties force well1 and may be increased by cuttings4 ,height1 #f ft4 ,white ,scale4--,see ,scale4 ,whitlavia4--,a hardy annual1 needing no special treatment4 ,it may be sown in autumn1 and protected during winter in a frame1 or it may be raised in spring in the open ground1 where it will bloom in ,june4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,whortleberry4--,see ,vaccineum4 ,wigandia ,caraccasana4--,a stove deciduous shrub which thrives best in a mixture of loam and peat4 ,cuttings in sand will strike if placed under glass and in heat4 ,it flowers in ,april4 ,height1 #aj ft4 ,windflowers4--,see ,anemones4 ,winter ,aconite 7,eranthis ,hyemalis74--,this is one of the very first of flowers to bloom1 being in advance of the ,snowdrop4 ,in the bleakest days of winter this little flower covers the ground with its gilt spangles4 ,plant in early autumn4 ,any soil or situation suits it1 but it does best in a light mould and a moist1 shady position1 or under trees4 ,most effective when planted in masses4 ,the tubers may remain permanently in the ground1 or they may be lifted and divided in summer1 as soon as the foliage dies down4 ,flowers are produced from ,december to ,february4 ,winter ,cherry4--,see ,physalis4 ,winter ,heliotrope4--,see ,tussilago4 ,wire-worms4--,before using mould for potting purposes it is advisable to examine it carefully and pick out any ,wire-worms that are in it4 ,for the border the best traps are small potatoes with a hole cut in them1 buried at intervals just beneath the surface of the soil4 ,wistaria4--,this noble wall plant may be abundantly produced1 as a long layer will root at every joint4 ,it will also grow from cuttings of the plant and root4 ,though of slow growth at first1 when well established it is very free-growing and perfectly hardy4 ,it may also be grown as a small tree for the lawn or centres of large beds by keeping the long twining shoots pinched in4 ,witch ,hazel4--,see ,hamamelis4 ,withania ,origanifolia 7,pampas ,lily-of-the-,valley74--,a hardy climbing plant1 attaining a height of #bj or #cj ft4 in a very short period4 ,the foliage is small1 but very dense and of a dark green1 the flowers being white4 ,it may be raised from seed1 and when once established the roots may remain undisturbed for any length of time1 merely removing the stems as soon as they are destroyed by frost4 ,wolf's ,bane4--,see ,aconite4 ,wood1 to ,preserve4--,in order to prevent wooden posts1 piles1 etc41 from rotting1 dip the parts to be sunk in the earth in the following composition3--,fine1 hard sand1 three hundred parts2 powdered chalk1 forty parts2 resin1 fifty parts2 linseed oil1 four parts4 ,heat these together in a boiler1 then add red lead1 one part2 sulphuric acid1 one part4 ,mix well together1 and use while hot4 ,if too thick1 more linseed oil may be added4 ,this composition when dry attains the consistency of varnish1 and becomes extremely hard4 ,wood ,lily4--,see ,trillium4 ,woodruff4--,see ,asperula4 ,worms1 to ,destroy4--,to each #e lbs4 of newly-slaked lime add #ae gallons of water4 ,stir it well1 let it settle1 draw off the clear portion1 and with it water the surface of the lawn1 etc4 ,the ,worms will come to the top and may be swept up4 ,worms in pots may be brought to the top by sprinkling a little dry mustard on the surface of the soil1 and then giving the plant a good watering4 ,wulfenia ,carinthiaca4--,a pretty and hardy perennial from the ,corinthian ,alps1 suitable alike for rock-work or the border1 throwing up spikes of blue flowers from ,may to ,july4 ,during winter place it in a frame1 as it is liable to rot in the open4 ,it needs a light1 rich1 sandy soil and plenty of moisture when in growth4 ,cuttings will strike in sand2 it may also be propagated by seeds or division4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,x ,xeranthemum4--,these charming everlasting annuals retain1 in a dried state1 their form and colour for several years4 ,they are of the easiest culture1 merely requiring to be sown in spring in light1 rich soil to produce flowers in ,july4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,xerophyllum ,asphodeloides 7,turkey's ,beard74--,a showy hardy perennial with tufts of graceful1 curving1 slender foliage4 ,from ,may to ,july1 when it bears spikes of white flowers1 it is very handsome4 ,it does best in a peat border1 and may be increased by well-ripened seed or by division4 ,height1 #a-a_/b ft4 ,xerotes4--,herbaceous plants1 which thrive well in any light1 rich soil1 and are readily increased by dividing the roots4 ,they flower in ,june4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,y ,yew 7,taxus74--,for landscape gardening the old gold-striped 7,baccata ,aurea ,variegata7 is most effective4 ,the ,japanese variety1 ,t4 ,adpressa1 is a pleasing evergreen having dark green leaves and large scarlet berries2 it is very suitable for the front of large borders4 ,the ,common ,yew 7,baccata7 grows dense and bushy1 and is excellent for hedges4 ,the dark green leaves of the ,irish ,yew 7,baccata ,fastigiata7 make a fine contrast with lighter foliage4 ,dovastonii is a fine ,weeping ,yew with long dark green leaves and extra large red berries4 ,there are many other good sorts4 ,the ,yew likes shade and moisture1 but it is not very particular as to soil1 loams and clays suiting it admirably4 ,yucca4--,this plant1 popularly known as ,adam's ,needle thrives best in dry1 sandy loam4 ,it is quite hardy1 and does well on rock-work1 to which it imparts a tropical aspect1 ,yucca ,recurva has fine drooping leaves1 and is suitable for vases1 etc4 ,it bears a white flower4 ,yuccas are mostly evergreen shrubs1 are very beautiful1 and have the habit of palm-trees4 ,a light1 rich soil suits them all4 ,they are increased by suckers from the root4 ,they make handsome plants for lawns1 terraces1 ornamental vases1 the centre of beds1 or sub-tropical gardens1 and bloom in ,september4 ,height1 #b ft4 ,z ,zauschneria4--,a ,californian half-hardy perennial plant which bears a profusion of scarlet tube-shaped flowers from ,june to ,october4 ,it grows freely in a sunny position in any dry1 light1 gravelly1 rich soil1 and is increased by division of roots or by cuttings4 ,height1 #a ft4 ,zea 7,indian ,corn74--,this is best raised in a hotbed early in spring1 but it will germinate in ordinary soil in ,may4 ,it requires a sunny situation4 ,height1 #b ft4 to #c ft4 ,zea ,japonica ,variegata 7,striped ,japanese ,maize74--,a fine half-hardy annual ornamental grass1 the foliage being striped green and white1 and growing to the height of #c ft4 ,the cultivation is the same as the foregoing4 ,zephyranthes 7,swamp ,lilies74--,plant on a warm border in a rather sandy1 well-drained soil4 ,give protection in severe weather1 and supply with water during the growing season4 ,take up and divide every second or third year4 ,the flowers are produced in ,july4 ,height1 #i in4 ,zinnia4--,a genus of very pretty annuals1 well deserving of cultivation4 ,the seeds must be raised on a gentle hotbed in spring1 and planted out in ,june #a ft4 apart in the richest of loamy soil and warmest and most sheltered position4 ,height #a ft4 to #aa_/b ft4