,,the ,,mirror ,,of ,,literature1       
,,amusement1 ,,and ,,instruction4       
,,vol4 ,,xix4 ,,no4 #ech4 ,,saturday1   
,,march #ag1 #ahcb4 ,,price #b;d4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,illustration3 ,,the ,,arbalest1 ,,or   
,,cross-,,bow4    ,,the ,,arbalest1 ,,or
 ,,cross-,,bow4    ,the ,bow would      
appear to have been in most ancient     
nations the principal  implement of war2
 and to keep alive this mystery of      
murder1 archery1 or  the art of shooting
 with a bow and arrow1 seems to have    
been a favourite  pastime in days of    
peace4 ,in no country1 however1 has     
archery been more  encouraged than in   
this island2 wherefore the ,english     
archers became the  best in ,europe1 and
 procured many signal victories4        
,tributary as have been  the bow and    
arrow to some of the brightest scenes in
 our history1 it is  not surprising that
 its exercise should have become        
cherished among us as  an amusement4    
,strutt tells us that in the early ages 

of chivalry1 the  usage of the bow was  
considered as an essential part of the  
education of a  young man who wished to 
make a figure in life4 ,hence the       
long-bow and  cross-bow have been and   
are playthings in the hands of youth2   
and would  that they had only been the  
toys of the playground instead of       
leading men  to slaughter each other for
 the costly toys of the game of life4   
,it is  chiefly to the use of the       
cross-bow that we propose to confine    
ourselves  upon the present occasion4   
,the arbalest1 or cross-bow1 was not    
only much shorter than the long-bow1    
but fastened also upon a stock1 and     
discharged by means of a catch or       
trigger1 which ,mr4 ,strutt reasonably  
enough thinks gave rise to the lock  on 
the modern musket4 ,the old logicians   
illustrate the distinction in  their    
quaintest fashion4 ,bayle1 explaining   
the difference between  testimony and   
argument1 uses this laconic simile1     
,testimony is like the  shot of a       

long-bow1 which owes its efficacy to the
 force of the shooter2  argument is like
 the shot of the cross-bow1 equally     
forcible1 whether  discharged by a dwarf
 or a giant4    ,the arbalest is said by
 some writers to be of ,italian origin4 
,verstegan  says it was introduced here 
by the ,saxons1 but was neglected till  
again  brought into use by ,william the 
,conqueror1 at the battle of ,hastings4 
,no  mention is made of bowmen among the
 troops of ,harold2 but we read that the
  ,norman army was fronted by footmen   
clothed in light armour1 worn over a    
gilted cassock1 and bearing either      
long-bows or steel cross-bows4 ,harold  
himself had his eye struck by an arrow1 
notwithstanding which he continued  to  
fight at the head of his army4          
,cross-bows were afterwards prohibited  
by  the second ,lateran ,council1 anno  
#aaci1 as hateful to ,god1 and unfit to 
be  used among ,christians2 in          
consequence whereof they were laid aside
 till  the reign of ,richard the ,first1

 who again introduced them1 and was     
himself  killed by an arrow or quarrel1 
discharged from a cross-bow at the siege
 of  the ,castle of ,chalus4#a          
,cross-bows shot darts called quarrels1 
or quarreaux1 or quadrels1 and  in      
,english bolts3 they were headed with   
solid1 square pyramids of iron1  and    
sometimes trimmed with brass instead of 
feathers4 ,according to ,sir  ,john     
,smith a cross-bow would kill point     
blank #fj yards1 and if elevated  above 
#afj4 ,there was an officer styled      
,balistrarius ,regius2 and several      
estates were held by the service of     
delivering a cross-bow and thread to    
make the string1 when the king passed   
through certain districts4 ,these you   
will find in ,blount's ,tenures and     
,jacob's ,law ,dictionary4#b    ,we find
 that the pay of a cross-bowman1 in the 
reign of ,edward ,,ii41 was  sixpence   
per diem4#c ,few notices of archery are1
 however1 upon record  till an order by 
,edward ,,iii4 in the #aeth year of his 

reign1 to the  sheriffs of most of the  
,english counties1 to provide bows and  
arrows for  the intended war against    
,france3 these orders1 however1 relate  
to the  long-bow4 ,in the famous battle 
of ,crecy1 fought in #acdf1 our         
chroniclers  state that we had #b1hjj   
archers1 who were opposed to about the  
same number  of the ,french2 which1     
together with a circumstance to be      
immediately  mentioned1 seems to prove  
that by this time we used the long-bow  
whilst  the ,french archers shot with   
the arbalest4 ,the circumstance alluded 
to is  as follows3--,previously to the  
engagement there fell a heavy rain1     
which  is said to have much damaged the 
bows of the ,french1 or rather the      
strings  of them4 ,now1 the long-bow1   
when unstrung1 may be conveniently      
covered1 so  as to prevent the rain     
injuring it2 nor is there scarcely any  
addition to  the weight from a case2    
whereas the arbalest is of a most       
inconvenient  form to be sheltered from 

the weather4 ,it is also stated#d that1 
at ,crecy1  the ,genoese archers1       
fatigued by their heavy cross-bows1 in a
 sultry and  tempestuous march1 rushed  
forward with loud cries to attack the   
,english  bowmen1 who were the strength 
of ,edward's army4 ,these last stood    
still2  even on the second charge they  
stirred not one foot6 ,when they got    
within  shot of their foes1 they let fly
 their arrows so quickly that they came 
like snow4 ,the ,genoese fled1 and some 
of the heavy-armed troops were  involved
 in their confusion4 ,at ,crecy the     
,english ascribed their victory  to     
their archers4 ,the battle of           
,poictiers1 fought in #acef1 was gained 
by  the same means4 ,in #adag1 ,henry   
,v4 attributed his splendid victory at  
,agincourt to the archers1 and directed 
the sheriffs of many counties to  pluck 
from every goose six wing-feathers for  
the purpose of improving  arrows1 which 
were to be paid for by the ,king4 ,in   
#adba1 though the ,french  had been     

defeated at ,crecy1 ,poictiers1 and     
,agincourt1 by the ,english  archers1   
yet they still continued the use of the 
cross-bow2 for which  reason ,henry ,v41
 as ,duke of ,normandy1 confirms the    
charters and privileges  of the         
balistarii1 who had been long           
established as a fraternity in his  city
 of ,rouen4    ,we now meet with several
 enactments by ,edward ,,iv4 for the    
appointment of  bowmen with the         
long-bow2 but we pass over these and    
other records to the  #aith year of the 
reign of ,henry ,,vii41 who forbade the 
use of the cross-bow1  because the      
long-bow had been much used in this     
realme1 whereby honour  and victory had 
been gotten against outward enemies1 the
 realm greatly  defended1 and much more 
the dread of all ,christian princes by  
reason of  the same4 ,statutes for the  
promotion of archery with the long-bow  
are now  very frequent2 but the         
cross-bow is proscribed in the same     
proportion3 and1  in the time of ,henry 

,,viii4 a penalty of ten pounds was     
inflicted on every  one who kept a      
cross-bow in his house4    ,though      
archery continued to be encouraged by   
the king and legislature for  more than 
two centuries after the first knowledge 
of the effects of  gunpowder1 yet by the
 latter end of the reign of ,henry      
,,viii41 it seems to  have been partly  
considered as a pastime4    ,from this  
period we pass to the date of the       
annexed ,,cuts1 for which we are        
indebted to the research of an ingenious
 ,correspondent1 with the  antiquarian  
subscription of ,,jonathan ,,oldbuck1#e 
who appends to his  sketches the        
following historical notice3    ,after  
the destruction of the ,spanish ,armada1
 fears being entertained lest  the ,king
 of ,spain should 7out of revenge7 send 
an emissary to attempt the  life of     
,queen ,elizabeth1 a number of noblemen 
of the ,court formed  themselves into a 
body guard for the protection of her    
person1 and under  the denomination of  

the ',companie of ,liege ,bowmen of the 
,queene1' had many  privileges conferred
 upon them4 ,the famous ,dudley1 ,earl  
of ,leicester1 was  captain of this     
company1 which was distinguished by the 
splendour of its  uniform and           
accoutrements4 ,upon the accession of   
,james ,i4 the company was  disbanded1  
although those who composed it retained 
the privileges which  had been conferred
 upon them by ,elizabeth4 ,upon the     
breaking out of the  ,civil wars        
,charles reorganized this bodyguard     
which attended him against  the         
,parliamentary forces1 and afterwards   
emigrated with ,charles ,,ii4 ,at the   
,restoration this company was           
maintained1 and under the title of      
',royal  ,company of ,archers' received 
a new ,charter1 being the origin of the 
present ',royal ,artillery ,company' of 
,london4 ,about the time of the         
institution of the ,liege ,bowmen of the
 ,queen1 a new kind of cross-bow was    
constructed in ,holland1 by one ,vander 

,foheman1 having many advantages over   
the old one4 ,this he brought to        
,england and it was purchased and       
adopted  by the ,company4#f    ,an      
,,arbalest of ,foheman's construction1  
bearing the date #aegi1 #c feet #c      
inches long1 exquisitely carved out of  
black oak1 is now in the possession  of 
,a4 ,nossoc1 ,esq41 the proprietor of a 
rare and valuable collection of         
paintings by ancient masters4 ,by this  
gentleman's kindness ,i have been  able 
to take a sketch of it1 a copy of which 
,i enclose4 ,in these  instruments the  
impulse is not communicated to the arrow
 directly by the  string1 but by means  
of a movable iron bridge1 placed behind 
the string4 ,i  subjoin outlines of the 
arrow used with this kind of bow1 and   
also of its  lock4--7,see ,cuts47       
,the end 7a7 of the arrow1 ,fig4 #a41   
was placed against a small square  plate
 of metal 7a7 of the bridge1 and the    
other end of the arrow rested  on the   
steel bow4 ,the string pulled upon the  

hook1 7d7 ,fig4 #b1 and the  end 7c7    
acting with a lever advantage           
communicated its impulse to the  bridge1
 7b7 against which was placed the arrow4
 ,the figure #c will  explain the rest  
of the contrivance1 7f7 being a spring  
to keep the  trigger down4    ,the      
wooden part of the arbalest is          
beautifully carved with figures2 its    
front extremity is a lion's head holding
 in its mouth an acorn originally  of   
gold1 for which a wooden one is         
substituted1 as is the round stock at   
the other extremity which was of silver2
 its lower side has a figure of         
,bellona1 a terminus1 c41 carved out of 
it2 its upper1 a sphynx1 head of        
,medusa1 leaves1 and numerous other     
ornaments upon it2 the sides are also   
beautifully carved1 and two steel       
escutcheons on its sides before the     
bridge have engraved on them a trophy1  
and two roses4    ,as these cross-bows  
are now extremely rare1 ,i should feel  
gratified if  any correspondent could   

inform me whether an arbalest of this   
description  is preserved in the ,tower1
 or in any public or private collection 
of  ancient armour2 and whether it was  
used by the ,company of ,archers after  
the ,restoration4    ,the ,steel ,bow is
 of the shape annexed1 ,fig4 #e1 being a
 resting-place  for the fore end of the 
arrow4    ,we may here add that the     
,cross-bow was also called a ,steel-bow1
  because the horns were usually made   
with steel2 and others were called      
,stone-bows because they were modified  
to the purpose of discharging  stones4  
,the cross-bow makers used to exercise  
themselves in shooting at  the popinjay1
 or artificial parrot1 in a field called
 ,tassal ,close in  ,london1 from the   
number of thistles growing there1 now   
called the ,old  ,artillery ,ground4#g  
,the following description of an archer1
 his bow1 and accoutrements1 is  given  
in a ,,ms4 written in the time of ,queen
 ,elizabeth4 ,captains and  officers    
should be skilful of that most noble    

weapon1 and to see that  their soldiers 
according to their draught and strength 
have good bowes1  well nocked1 well     
strynged1 every strynge whippe in their 
nocke1 and in  the myddes rubbed with   
wax1 braser1 and shuting glove1 some    
spare strynges  trymed as aforesaid1    
every man one shefe of arrows1 with a   
case of leather  defensible against the 
rayne1 and in the same fower and twentie
 arrowes1  whereof eight of them should 
be lighter than the residue1 to gall or 
astoyne the enemye with the hail-shot of
 light arrows1 before they shall  come  
within the danger of the harquebuss     
shot4 ,let every man have a  brigandine1
 or a little cote of plate1 a skull or  
hufkyn1 a mawle of leade  of five foote 
in lengthe1 and a pike1 and the same    
hanging by his girdle1  with a hook and 
a dagger2 being thus furnished1 teach   
them by musters to  marche1 shoote1 and 
retire1 keepinge their faces upon the   
enemy's4 ,sumtyme  put them into great  
nowmbers1 as to battell apparteyneth1   

and thus use  them often times          
practised1 till they be perfecte2 ffor  
those men in  battel ne skirmish can not
 be spared4 ,none other weapon maye     
compare with  the same noble weapon4    
,even in ,elizabeth's reign the bow was 
thought to be more advantageous than    
the musket2 because the latter was at   
that period very cumbrous1 and          
unskilful in contrivance1 while archery 
had been carried to the highest         
perfection4 ,mr4 ,grose tells us that an
 archer could formerly shoot six  arrows
 in the time necessary to charge and    
discharge a musket2 and1 as a  specimen 
of the aim to be taken1 even in modern  
days1 a practised bowman  has been known
 to shoot twelve arrows in a minute1    
into a circle not  larger than the      
circumference of a man's hat1 at the    
distance of forty  yards4      #a ,notes
 by ,mr4 ,grose1 the antiquarian1 in    
,selections from ,gentleman's           
,magazine1 vol4 i4 ,in the              
,archaeologia4 vol4 vi4 we find it      

stated      that ,artillery 7artillrie7 
is a ,french term signifying ,archery1  
as the king's bowyer is in that language
 styled artillier du roy2      and from 
that nation the ,english seem to have   
learnt at least the      cross-bow      
archery4    #b ,grose4    #c ,grose4    
#d ,hist4 ,england1 by ,sir ,james      
,mackintosh1 vol4 i4    #e ,dated from  
,clarence-terrace1 ,regent's-park4    #f
 ,vide ,grose on ,ancient ,armour4      
,d',alembert1 ,encyclopedie4 ,art4      
,arbalette4    #g ,maitland's ,london4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,,the ,,gipsey ,,fortune-,,teller4      
7,for the ,mirror47      ,augur only    
happy days1      ,gipsey1 when thy      
glancing eye1    ,fain would dart its   
piercing rays1      ,through her future 
destiny4      ,life is yet without a    
shade1      ,she has gathered flowers   
alone2    ,tell her not1 that roses     
fade1      ,when the ardent summer's    
gone4      ,sully not her early dream1  
,with reality's cold hue1    ,let her   

morning brighter seem1      ,glittering 
with the early dew4      ,tell her not1 
that clouds o'ershading1      ,rainbows 
bright will darkly cover2    ,tell her  
not1 that quickly fading1      ,all     
that's bright6 ere noon is over4        
,tell her not of memory's tear1         
,and affection's broken chain2    ,tell 
her not1 that every year1      ,brings  
but sorrow1 care1 and pain6      ,soon  
the mist will roll away1      ,and the  
soft enchantment fly3    ,gipsey1 hasten
 on thy way1      ,ne'er unrol her      
destiny6      ,tell her1 if thou wilt1  
that never1      ',neath the skies may  
be her home1    ,and if thou that hope  
hadst ever1      ,tell her of a world to
 come6    ,kirton1 ,lindsey4    ,,anne  
,r4           99       99       99      
99       99        ,,fine ,,arts4       
,,the ,,british ,,institution4    7,from
 a ,correspondent47    ,the admirers of 
modern painting invariably anticipate   
much delight prior  to the opening of   
the ,exhibition at this institution1 and

 their hopes in  the present instance   
have not been disappointed1 as there    
certainly is a  fine display of talent  
in almost every department of the art4  
,there are  nearly six hundred works4   
,no4 #a4 ,portsmouth1 from the ,king's  
,bastion2 painted by command of his     
,majesty1 by ,clarkson ,stanfield4      
#e4 ,the ,falconer2 a brilliant little  
picture by ,a4 ,fraser4    #f4 ,sabrina1
 from ,milton's ,comus2 ,mr4 ,etty      
delineates the female form with         
peculiar accuracy and delicacy1 and in  
the subject before us he has  displayed 
his usual ability4    #bh4 ,a ,lady of  
,rank of the fifteenth century taking   
the ,veil2 a work of  considerable      
promise by a young artist--,s4 ,a4      
,hart4    #cj4 ,the ,rick ,side2        
beautifully executed by ,t4 ,woodward4  
#dg4 ,a ,man saved from ,shipwreck2 this
 is an interesting subject by ,charles  
,hancock4 ,apropos1 this gentleman      
paints much in the fascinating manner   
of ,mr4 ,landseer4    #fa4 ,entrance to 

a ,village2 painted from nature in a    
pleasing style by ,c4,r4  ,stanley4     
#ge4 ,interior of a ,highlander's       
,house2 ,e4 ,landseer1 ,r4,a4    #bdh4  
,distant ,view of ,goderich ,church2    
,copley ,fielding4    #ccg4 ,the        
,recruit2 by ,h4 ,liversege4 ,the       
principal group in this picture is      
treated in the following way3 around a  
table are seated four persons1  among   
whom are two soldiers--being the        
recruiting sergeant with one of his     
party4 ,the recruit1 a rustic looking   
youth1 has a good deal of expression  in
 his countenance2 he seems extremely    
doubtful concerning the step he has     
taken1 while an interesting young woman1
 apparently his sister1 is fondly       
endeavouring to dissuade him from it4   
,the sergeant complacently smokes his   
pipe1 and smiles at her solicitude4     
,this is1 perhaps1 the most unaffected  
picture in the whole collection1 being a
 remarkably modest representation  of   
nature4 ,the composition is good1 and   

the freedom and delicacy of the         
execution stands unrivalled4    #chf4   
,hunt the ,slipper2 ,a4,e4 ,chalon1     
,r4,a4 ,in this picture several figures 
are introduced seriatim1 engaged at this
 old ,english1 but now rather           
unfashionable1 game4 ,a little too much 
vulgarity is displayed1 though in  other
 respects the performance is highly     
praiseworthy4    #dac4 ,love the best   
,physician2 painted at ,paris by        
,monsieur ,destouches4  ,although we    
disapprove of the colouring and some    
parts of the execution of  this work1   
the subject is very interesting4 ,a     
young man of fortune1 who  had fallen in
 love with a beautiful young girl1      
becomes sick in  consequence of his     
hopeless passion4 ,the physicians appear
 to have  rendered him no service1 and  
as a last alternative1 his friends      
prevail on  the girl to visit him1      
accompanied by her parents4 ,the deep   
blushes with  which her face is         
suffused1 and her downcast eyes1        

indicate the violent  agitation of her  
frame2 while the sick man1 having raised
 himself in bed1  stretches out his     
arms1 and eagerly feasts his eyes on the
 charming object  of his                
love4--,g4,w4,n4           99       99  
99       99       99        ,,spirit    
,,of ,,the ,,public ,,journals4         
,,science ,,of ,,burial4    7,from a    
piquant1 rambling paper in ,fraser's    
,magazine47    ,we arrived at ,otaheite 
just in time to witness the funeral     
ceremonies of  the pious chief ,omaree4 
,he was lying in state at his house     
above the  harbour where we landed1 and 
we were invited to assist at the        
obsequies4  ,his viscera were removed1  
and his remains1 properly speaking1 were
  laid on an elegant palanquin or       
hanging bier1 highly perfumed2 around   
which1 and through the apartment1       
odorous oils were burning4 ,several of  
his old friends came to see him1 and    
complimented him highly on the state  of
 his looks and his good condition in    

various respects4 ,they presented  him  
with numerous and tasteful gifts1 which 
they assured him were sincere  tokens of
 their esteem1 and hoped he would accept
 them as such4 ,omaree  replied by the  
mouth of an old priest who acted as     
master of the  ceremonies--assuring the 
good company1 in return1 that he was as 
well as  could be expected1 felt        
particularly flattered by the kind      
attentions of  his friends and visiters1
 and hoped they would make themselves   
quite at  home4 ,by the hand of my body1
 exclaimed the captain1 sitting down to 
a  bowl of fresh ,palmetto wine1 and    
lighting a pipe at the foot-lights1 this
  is the dacentest wake ,i ever came    
across out of ,ireland6 ,noble sir1 your
  good health and snug lying to you6    
,after a conversation with ,omaree on   
various interesting topics1 his  friends
 and family proposed taking him to see  
his property in another part  of the    
island3 he gratefully assented to the   
proposition1 and requested  the good    

company to avoid fatiguing themselves by
 travelling too rapidly1  as he was in  
no hurry to leave them4 ,he was then    
borne in state for some  miles1 preceded
 by dancers1 singers1 knuckle-drummers1 
strewers of flowers  and leaves1 c41 to 
a pretty spot by the sea-side1 where he 
had lately  made a tobacco-plantation1  
and which1 he remarked1 would be scarce 
worth  the plucking1 as he had not been 
able to attend to it of late2--however1 
he hoped his venerable and disinterested
 friend and spiritual comforter1  the   
priest1 would accept the crop1 such as  
it was1 as a slight testimony  of his   
eternal gratitude4 ,hereupon the crowd  
clapped their hands with  delight1 the  
singers shouted1 the drummers thumped1  
and the dancers  vaulted their          
admiration of the piety and generosity  
of ,omaree4    ,here he was placed in an
 easy sitting posture1 in a commodious  
arm-chair  that commanded a view of the 
plantation and the ,pacific2 where1     
sheltered  from the meridian sun by a   

lofty arbour of the climbing cobea and  
wild  vine tastefully trained through a 
cluster of cocoa-palms1 he was invited  
to witness a dramatic representation    
containing incidents which they knew    
his memory reverted to with pride and   
pleasure4 ,this drama1 in which a  great
 company of performers took part1 was   
carried on with much taste and  spirit4 
,the old priest undertook to translate  
the most interesting  passages for my   
edification 7still acting as the        
mouthpiece of his  deceased friend71    
with the exception of a few             
love-passages1 as ,queen  ,elizabeth    
would have called them1 the import of   
which was sufficiently  perspicuous     
without verbal comment4    ,whilst      
remaining at ,hayti1 ,i took an         
excursion1 on foot and alone1 through   
the mountains one day1 to visit this    
interesting spot4 ,the ascent to the    
cavern was steep and toilsome4 ,i was   
obliged frequently to change my  course1
 and pursue a more lengthened route than

 what my eye had  anticipated2 but at   
length ,i reached the place1 and1       
pausing a few minutes  to rest after my 
weary journey1 struck a light1 and1 with
 lantern in hand1  entered the awful    
cave4 ,a large stone had been so placed 
within the  entrance that it might have 
served for a stopper occasionally4 ,even
 in its  withdrawn position ,i passed it
 with difficulty4 ,now1 ,i exclaimed1 ,i
  shall behold with my own eyes the     
aboriginal style of burial in these     
sacred and almost inaccessible recesses1
 which that unsatisfactory  historian1  
,ferdinand ,colon1 was too lazy to      
inspect with his own eyes1 and  which   
his father had never seen in all his    
hunting-matches4 ,indeed1 ,i don't      
think his blood-hounds could climb the  
ascent to this cave4 ,as ,i entered1  ,i
 felt myself treading on bones6 ,i      
looked around the narrow chamber of     
death1 and every where bones--human     
bones covered the rocky floor2 but no   
sign of art or trace of religious       

obsequies rewarded my scrutiny4 ,bless  
me6 said ,i1 what a journey ,i have had 
for nothing6 ,this is merely the        
ordinary ,,hottentot-,,hole style1 with 
a stone instead of a thorn-bush to      
exclude wild beasts6 ,so ,i hastened    
forth1 blaming the easy credulity that  
drank in traditionary tales of          
aboriginal tombs4 ,at the entrance ,i   
found a  negro standing1 leaning on his 
musket2 a brace of pistols were stuck in
  his girdle1 and a sword hung by his   
side4 ,i was rather startled1 for the   
man possessed a fierce and threatening  
aspect1 and ,i was perfectly            
defenceless4 ,nevertheless there was are
 air of manly dignity about him  which  
assured me that he was not likely to be 
unnecessarily savage4 ,qui  vive8       
demanded he1 sternly4 ,i explained my   
views in coming to this  secluded spot4 
,he unbent his dark brow on hearing that
 ,i was an ,englishman4    ,behold that 
noble expanse6 said he1 changing his    
tone and language  together4 ,the       

guileless race whose bones whiten this  
rocky den once  ranged over that lovely 
landscape in peace and freedom4 ,the    
white savages  came1 and were received  
as brethren4 ,they threw off the mask1  
and repaid  friendship and love with    
bonds and tortures4 ,the red man was too
 innocent1  and too ignorant1 and too   
feeble1 to co-exist under the same sky  
with the  cunning and ferocious white   
demon--and he retired to his caves to   
die6 ,his  race is extinct1 for he knew 
not the use of arms6 ,he clasped his    
musket  to his breast with emotion1 and 
remained silent4 ,who are you that feel 
so  much for the exterminated ,haytians8
 ,i inquired4 ,their avenger6 he        
replied1 and the champion of a darker   
race whose wrongs can never have        
vengeance enough4 ,christophe6          
99       99       99       99       99  
,you shall see the ',dead men's feast1' 
said ,logan4 ,i followed him in         
silence1 till we reached the southern   
bank of the ,ohio1 not far from his  own

 residence4 ,the tribe was seated in a  
beautiful and secluded prairie1  that   
just afforded a vista of the river      
through the cypress swamp between4  ,a  
number of men and women seemed busily   
engaged in the decoration of  others    
with belts1 beads1 and                  
brilliant-coloured garments2 and these  
latter seemed passive or asleep4 ,logan 
laid down the load he carried in  his   
blanket1 and unwrapped the burden that  
had so long attracted my  attention4    
',tis my grandsire6 said he3 he has only
 been two years  buried3--,i have       
brought him far4 ,aid me to cleanse the 
brave old limbs and  skull from these   
worms1 that his spirit may rejoice over 
the feast with  his red children4       
,haste6 my father yonder is painted and 
dressed already4           99       99  
99       99       99    ,before ,i      
quitted ,kentucky1 ,i made a point of   
visiting the celebrated and  immense    
nitre caverns or catacombs of the       
limestone region4 ,here ,i found  the   

mummies of the pigmy race that once     
inhabited the gigantic valley of  the   
,mississippi1 adorned with strings of   
shell-wampum and turkeys'               
feathers--seated in death like the      
ancient ,naso-menes1 grinning at me with
  their long inhuman fore-teeth--and    
came out as wise as ,i went in4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,o1 said the captain1 a burial in       
,canada is no trifle in winter4 ,just   
before you arrived1 our drummer died1   
and we mustered spades1 picks1 and      
shovels1 to dig a grave for him2 but the
 ground was one rock every where1  and  
after trying twenty places we           
found--that we had spoiled our tools4   
,it  took the armourer next day to steel
 them all4 ,the third day we got down   
four inches and a half1 in the softest  
soil we could find2 but it would  only  
grind up pinch by pinch4 ,the fourth day
 the armourer was at work  again4 ,the  
fifth day the whole company turned out  
in a rage with the  ground1 and having  

got under the frost in some degree1 sunk
 the grave full  nine inches more4 ,this
 night another soldier1 a corporal1     
died2 and his  comrades were almost dead
 with disappointment and vexation4 ,the 
bodies  would keep in the frost very    
well2 but we had not a spare room in the
  barrack1 and their comrades wanted to 
get them out of the way of a wedding4   
,well1 sir1 the sixth day ,i divided the
 garrison in two1 and set them at       
separate graves2 but1 unluckily1 they   
drank to keep up their spirits in  the  
battle with the frost1 and fought about 
the corporal's right of  priority1 and  
the freezing point of brandy4 ,worst of 
all1 they forgot to  cover the new      
picked surfaces with straw and blankets1
 so that when they  came in the morning 
the points of attack were as            
invulnerable as ever4 ,in  despair they 
buried both in one grave--the corporal  
undermost--without  further efforts to  
attain a decent depth4 ,as to six feet1 
it was quite  unfathomable4 ,they heaped

 all the stones they could loosen over  
the bodies1  and the chaplain read      
prayers at last1 after a 'week's        
preparation' and  suspense1 'snow to    
snow1 and ice to ice4' ,that night a    
herd of wolves  came prowling by1 and   
carried the corporal and drummer along  
with them4  ,the fifer--an ,irish       
rascal--was laughing heartily the whole 
week2 and it  was he set up the         
corporal's claim to the deep grave1 to  
have his joke out4  ,when all was over1 
the sergeant reported him to me1 for    
bragging 'that he  could have buried    
them six feet deep himself in two hours1
 and have  covered them up so nately    
after1 that the devil couldn't stick a  
tooth  in them2 but he had kept the     
secret to be revenged of the corporal1  
who  had 'listed him one day1' and of   
the drummer who had 'flogged him4'      
',please your honour1' said he1 when    
called before me1 ',i was sartain you   
wished to find work for us this cowld   
weather1 and it wouldn't become  me to  

say what your honour knew as well as    
myself--that a rousing fire  would      
soften any frost2 and sure1 only ,i know
 you compassionated the poor  starving  
wolves1 ,i'd have thrown a few buckets  
of water through the  grave-stones1 and 
clinched 'em as tight as the bars of    
,newgate4'    ,the fertilizing          
properties of an individual in the      
chemical stage of his  existence1 seem  
only to have been fully recognised since
 the memorable  battle of ,waterloo2 the
 fields of which now annually wave with 
luxuriant  corn-crops1 unequalled in the
 annals of the old prize-fighting ground
 of  ,flanders4 ,i have no doubt1       
however1 that the cerealia of ,la ,belle
  ,alliance would have been much more   
nutritive if the top-dressing which  the
 plain received during the three days of
 ,june1 #ahae1 had not been  robbed of  
its stamina by ,london dentists1 who    
carried off the soldiers'  teeth in     
hogsheads2 and by ,yorkshire            
bone-grubbers1 who freighted several    

transports with the skeletons of        
regiments of troopers1 as well as       
troop-horses1 to be ground to dust in   
,kingston-upon-,hull1 and drilled with  
turnip seed in the chalky districts of  
the ,north and ,west ,ridings of        
,yorkshire4 ,the corn of ,waterloo is   
thus cheated of its phosphate of lime2  
but the spirits of ,cyrus the ,great and
 ,numa the ,wise1 who had a fair        
knowledge of the fructifying            
capabilities of the human form divine1  
must  rejoice in beholding how          
effectually the fertilizing dust pushes 
the young  ,globes1 ,swedes1 and        
,tankards into their rough leaves1 that 
bid defiance to  that voracious         
,yorkshire bite the turnip fly4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,,birth ,,song4      ,,angel ,,of       
,,welcome4      ,hail1 new-waked atom of
 the ,eternal ,whole1    ,young voyager 
upon ,time's rapid river6    ,hail to   
thee1 ,human ,soul1    ,hail1 and for   
ever6      ,,chorus ,,of ,,cherubim4    

,a life has just begun6    ,a life has  
just begun6    ,another soul has won    
,the glorious spark of being6           
,pilgrim of life all hail6    ,he who at
 first called forth1    ,from           
nothingness the earth2    ,who piled the
 mighty hills1 and dug the sea1    ,who 
gave the stars to gem    ,night like a  
diadem1    ,thou little child1 made     
thee6    ,young creature of the earth1  
,fair as its flowers1 though brought in 
sorrow forth1    ,hail1 all hail4       
,,angel ,,of ,,welcome4      ,the       
,heavens themselves shall vanish as a   
scroll2    ,the solid ,earth dissolve2  
the ,sun grow pale1    ,but thou1 oh    
,human ,soul1    ,shalt be immortal4    
,hail6      ,,chorus ,,of ,,cherubim4   
,a life has just begun6    ,a life has  
just begun6    ,another soul has won    
,the glorious spark of being6    ,oh    
young immortal1 hail6    ,he before whom
 are dim    ,seraph and cherubim2       
,who gave the archangels strength and   
majesty1    ,who sits upon ,heaven's    

throne1    ,the ,everlasting ,one1      
,oh blessed child1 made thee6    ,fair  
creature of the earth1    ,heir of      
immortal life1 though mortal in thy     
birth1    ,hail1 all hail4      ,,dirge 
,,of ,,death4      ,,angel ,,of         
,,departure4      ,shrink not1 oh ,human
 ,spirit1    ,the ,everlasting ,arm is  
strong to save4    ,look up--look up1   
frail nature1 put thy trust    ,in ,him 
who went down mourning to the dust1     
,and overcame the grave4      ,,chorus  
,,of ,,ministering ,,spirits4      ',tis
 nearly done1    ,life's work is nearly 
done1    ,watching and weariness and    
strife4    ,one little struggle more1   
,one pang and it is o'er1    ,then      
farewell life4    ,farewell1 farewell1  
farewell4    ,kind friends1 'tis nearly 
past1    ,come1 come and look your last4
    ,sweet children1 gather near1       
,and that last blessing hear1--    ,see 
how he loved you1 who departeth now4    
,and1 with thy trembling step1 and      
pallid brow1    ,oh most beloved one    

,whose breast he leant upon1    ,come1  
faithful unto death1    ,and take his   
latest breath4                          
,farewell--farewell--farewell4          
,,angel ,,of ,,departure4      ,hail1   
disenthralled spirit2    ,thou that the 
wine-press of the field hast trod3      
,on1 blest ,immortal1 on1 through       
boundless space1    ,and stand with thy 
,redeemer face to face1    ,and bow     
before thy ,god4      ,,chorus ,,of     
,,ministering ,,spirits4      ',tis     
done--'tis done2    ,life's weary work  
is done2    ,now the glad spirit leaves 
the clay1    ,and treads with winged    
ease    ,the bright acclivities    ,of  
,heaven's crystalline way2    ,joy to   
thee1 ,blessed one4    ,lift up1 lift up
 thine eyes1    ,yonder is ,paradise2   
,and this fair shining band    ,are     
spirits of thy land2    ,and these1 that
 throng to meet thee1 are thy kin1      
,who have awaited thee1 redeemed from   
sin4    ,bright spirit1 thou art blest4 
,this city's name is ,rest2    ,here sin

 and sorrow cease1    ,and thou hast won
 its peace1    ,joy to thee1 ,blessed   
,one4    ,new ,monthly ,magazine4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,,notes ,,of ,a ,,reader4               
,,bonington4    ,mr4 ,allan ,cunningham 
has completed his fifth volume of the   
,lives of the  most eminent ,british    
,painters1 ,sculptors1 and ,architects4 
,it contains  ,jameson1 ,ramsey1        
,romney1 ,runciman1 ,copley1 ,mortimer1 
,raeburn1 ,hoppner1  ,owen1 ,harlow1 and
 ,bonington2 all sketched in the        
author's most felicitous  style4 ,the   
memoir of ,bonington is of peculiar     
interest1 since all our  readers must   
recollect the premature death of that   
promising artist4 ,mr4  ,cunningham     
observes of his last days3    ,i know   
not whether ,bonington was at all aware 
in these days that a  visible decay had 
come upon him1 and that in the regretful
 opinion of many  he was a man marked   
out for an early grave3 whatever he     
might feel or  surmise1 he said nothing1

 but continued to employ his pencil with
 all the  ardour of the most flourishing
 health4 ,he rose early and studied     
late2 nor  did he allow any piece to go 
hastily from his hand4 ,the ,french1 who
 are  quick in discerning and generous  
in acknowledging merit1 not only        
applauded his works from the outset1 but
 watched his progress and  improvement1 
and eagerly compared the marine         
paintings of the young  ,englishman with
 the standard works of the artists of   
their own country4  ,m4 ,gros1 who1 it  
seems1 had for some unrecorded reason   
closed his atelier  against him1 was so 
touched by his fine works1 that he ere  
long recalled  him with commendations2  
and1 in the presence of his pupils1     
said1 he  considered it an honour to    
have him in his studio4 ,a more moderate
 style  of rapture was to be expected   
from his own countrymen2 nevertheless1  
cold  as ,english approbation of talent 
may seem1 his works were welcomed here  
as  few works of art have been welcomed4

 ,his extreme modesty was somewhat      
against his success3 he was fearful of  
being thought presuming and forward2    
and has been known to shrink from       
introductions to men of rank and talent1
  from a doubt of his own deservings4 ,a
 letter to me from ,mrs4 ,forster1 a    
lady distinguished by her own talent as 
well as from being the daughter of      
,banks the sculptor1 contains the       
following passage3--',when ,bonington   
visited ,england1 in #ahbg1 ,i gave him 
a letter of introduction to ,sir        
,thomas ,lawrence1 but he returned to   
,paris without having delivered it4 ,on 
my inquiring why he had not waited on   
the ,president1 he replied1--,i don't   
think myself worthy of being introduced 
to him yet1 but after another year  of  
hard study ,i may be more deserving of  
the honour4 ,the following spring  he   
went to ,london with his pictures2 those
 which brought him such well  merited   
fame4 ,he carried a letter from me to   
,sir ,thomas1 which he  presented1 and  

was received into his friendship2 but1  
alas6 it was of  short duration2 for the
 great success of his works1 the almost 
numberless  orders which he received for
 pictures and drawings1 together with   
unremitting study1 brought on a brain   
fever1 from which he recovered only  to 
sink in a rapid decline4' ,all other    
accounts concur with that of ,mrs4      
,forster1 in attributing his illness to 
the accumulation of pressing            
commissions3 he viewed the amount with  
nervous dismay2 he became deeply        
affected2 his appetite failed2 his looks
 denoted anguish of body and mind2  a   
quick and overmastering consumption left
 him strength scarcely  sufficient to   
bring him to ,london1 where he arrived  
about the middle of  ,september1 #ahbh4 
,the conclusion of his career was thus  
related to ,mrs4  ,forster by ,sir      
,thomas ,lawrence3--',your sad presage  
has been too fatally  verified2 the last
 duties have just been paid to the      
lamented ,mr4  ,bonington4 ,except in   

the case of ,mr4 ,harlow1 ,i have never 
known1 in my own  time1 the early death 
of talent so promising1 and so rapidly  
and obviously  improving4 ,if ,i may    
judge from the later direction of his   
studies1 and  from remembrance of a     
morning's conversation1 his mind seemed 
expanding in  every way1 and ripening   
into full maturity of taste and elevated
 judgment1  with that generous ambition 
which makes confinement to lesser       
departments  in the art painfully       
irksome and annoying4      ,but the fair
 guerdon when we hope to find    ,comes 
the blind ,fury with th' abhorred       
shears1    ,and slits the thin-spun     
life'    ,having not quite finished his 
#bgth year1 he died calmly on the #bcrd 
of  ,september1 #ahbh1 and was interred 
in the vault of ,st4 ,james's ,church1  
,pentonville1 in the presence of        
,lawrence1 and ,howard1 and ,robson1 and
 the  ,rev4 ,j4,t4 ,judkin1--himself a  
skilful painter--an ardent admirer and  
steadfast friend4    ,bonington was     

tall1 well1 and even to appearance1     
strongly formed4 ',his  countenance1'   
says the ,french biographer1 'was truly 
,english2 and we loved  him for his     
melancholy air1 which became him more   
than smiles4' ,the memory  of his person
 will soon wear away2 but it will fare  
otherwise with his  fame4 ,he lived long
 enough to assert his title to a high   
place amongst  ,english                 
landscape-painters1 and had produced    
works which bid fair to be  ranked      
permanently with the foremost4 ,they are
 not numerous1 but for that  very reason
 they will1 perhaps1 be the more prized4
 ,a series of engravings  amounting to  
some four and twenty1 has been published
 by ,carpenter1 from  pictures of this  
artist1 some in his own possession1 some
 in the galleries  of the ,marquess of  
,lansdown1 the ,duke of ,bedford1 and   
other patrons of art4  ,the best of     
these are the landscapes2 and of the    
landscapes1 the worthiest  are of       
mingled sea and land--pieces            

distinguished by great picturesque      
beauty1 and singular grace of execution4
 ,his practice was to sketch in the     
outline and general character1 and then 
make accurate studies of the local      
light-and-shade1 and colour4 ,his       
handling was delicate and true1 and his 
colouring clear and harmonious4 ,it     
cannot1 however1 be denied1 that he     
wants vigour and breadth2 that his more 
poetic scenes are too light and  slim2  
and his express copies from nature too  
literal and real4 ,he was a  softer sort
 of ,gainsborough1 with more than his   
grace1 and with not a  little of his    
taste for scattering happy and          
characteristic groups among  landscape  
scenes--but1 it must be added1 with only
 a far-off approach1 to  the strength of
 that great master4 ,that1 had his life 
been prolonged1 he  would have risen to 
very high distinction1 cannot be        
doubted4 ,it was his  generous dream1 we
 are told1 to acquire a competency by   
painting  commissions1 and then dedicate

 his time and pencil to historical      
compositions1--a dream which many       
artists have dreamed2 but his works have
  little of the epic in them4 ,nature   
gave him good advice1 when she directed 
his steps to the surf-beat shore1 and   
bade him paint the swelling tide1  the  
busy boats1 fishermen drying their nets1
 and the sea-eagle looking  from the    
rock upon his wide and1 to him1 fruitful
 dominion4           99       99        
99       99       99      ,,miss        
,,kemble',s ,,tragedy4    ,,francis ,i4 
,i passed him with his train1    ,the   
gathering crowd thronging and clamouring
    ,around him1 stunning him with      
benedictions1    ,and stifling him with 
love and fumes of garlic2    ,he1 with  
the air he knows so well to don1        
,with cap in hand1 and his thick        
chestnut hair    ,fann'd from his       
forehead1 bowing to his saddle1         
,smiling and nodding1 cursing at them   
too    ,for hindering his               
progress--while his eye1    ,his eagle  

eye1 well versed in such discernment1   
,roved through the crowd2 and ever      
lighted where    ,some pretty ancle1    
clad in woollen hose1    ,peeped from   
beneath a short round petticoat1    ,or 
where some wealthy burgher's buxom dame1
    ,decked out in all her high-day     
splendour1 stood    ,showing her gossips
 the gold chain1 which lay    ,cradled  
upon a bosom1 whiter far    ,than the   
pure lawn that kerchieft it4    ,a      
,,beauty4      ,had a limner's hand     
,traced such a heavenly brow1 and such a
 lip1    ,i would have sworn the knave  
had dreamt it all    ,in some fair      
vision of some fairer world4    ,see how
 she stands1 all shrined in loveliness2 
,her white hands clasped2 her clustering
 locks thrown back    ,from her high    
forehead2 and in those bright eyes      
,tears6 radiant emanations6 drops of    
light6    ,that fall from those         
surpassing orbs as though    ,the starry
 eyes of heaven wept silver dew4    ,a  
,,betrothed ,,lover',s ,,farewell4      

,ay2 but ere ,i go1 perchance for ever1 
lady1    ,unto the land1 whose dismal   
tales of battles1    ,where thousands   
strew'd the earth1 have christen'd it   
,the ,frenchman's grave2 ,i'd speak of  
such a theme    ,as chimes with this sad
 hour1 more fitly than    ,its name     
gives promise4 ,there's a love1 which   
born    ,in early days1 lives on through
 silent years1    ,nor ever shines1 but 
in the hour of sorrow1    ,when it shows
 brightest3 like the trembling light    
,of a pale sunbeam1 breaking o'er the   
face    ,of the wild waters in their    
hour of warfare4    ,thus much forgive2 
and trust1 in such an hour1    ,i had   
not said e'en this1 but for the hope    
,that when the voice of victory is heard
    ,from the fair ,tuscan valleys1 in  
its swell    ,should mournful dirges    
mingle for the dead1    ,and ,i be one  
of those who are at rest1    ,you may   
chance recollect this word1 and say1    
,that day1 upon the bloody field1 there 
fell    ,one who had loved thee long1   

and loved thee well4    ,a ,,monk',s    
,,curse4      ,hear me1 thou hard of    
heart3    ,they who go forth to battle1 
are led on    ,with sprightly trumpets  
and shrill clam'rous clarions6    ,the  
drum doth roll its double notes along1  
,echoing the horses' tramp2 and the     
sweet fife    ,runs through the yielding
 air in dulcet measure1    ,that makes  
the heart leap in its case of steel2    
,thou--shalt be knell'd unto thy death  
by bells1    ,pond'rous and             
brazen-tongued1 whose sullen toll       
,shall cleave thine aching brain1 and on
 thy soul    ,fall with a leaden weight3
 the muffled drum    ,shall mutter round
 thy path like distant thunder3         
',stead of the war-cry1 and wild battle 
roar1--    ,that swells upon the tide of
 victory1    ,and seems unto the        
conqueror's eager ear    ,triumphant    
harmony of glorious discords3    ,there 
shall be voices cry1 ,foul shame on     
thee2    ,and the infuriate populace    
shall clamour    ,to heaven for         

lightnings on thy rebel head4           
99       99       99       99       99  
,,the ,,cosmopolite4                    
,,superstitions1 ,,fables1 c4 ,,relative
 ,,to ,,animals4    7,for the ,mirror47 
,a superstition prevails both in        
,england and ,scotland 7,qu4 ,are ,wales
 and  ,ireland excepted87 that ,goats   
are never to be seen for twenty-four    
hours  together1 owing to their paying  
,satan a visit once during that period1 
to  have their beards combed2 indeed1   
since the classical representations of  
,pan and the satyrs1 from whose         
semi-brutal figures we derive our own   
superstitious idea of the form of the   
evil one1 goats1 rams1 and pongos  have 
shared with serpents and cats the       
obloquy of being in a manner his  animal
 symbols4 ,the offensive smell of this  
animal is thus accounted for  by the    
natives of ,south ,guinea3--    ,having 
requested a female deity to allow them  
to use an aromatic ointment  which she  
used1 the enraged goddess rubbed them   

with one of a very  different           
description1 and the smell of this has  
been ever since retained  by the        
descendants of the presumptuous         
offenders4    ,we may here remark1 that 
of late years some doubts have arisen1  
and not  without foundation1 respecting 
the wholesomeness of goats' milk1       
hitherto  believed to be1 in many       
respects1 superior even to that of the  
cow4 ,the  goat was much venerated by   
the ancient ,egyptians1 and never       
sacrificed1  because ,pan was           
represented with the legs and feet of   
that animal1 but the  ,greeks destroyed 
it on account of its cropping the vines4
    ,few animals have been the cause1   
perhaps1 of so many superstitions as the
  common domestic ,cat2 most of them are
 too well known here to require         
repetition1 but the still prevalent1    
popular prejudice that this creature    
sucks the breath of sleepers1 especially
 children1 and thereby kills them1  has 
been signally refuted by modern         

naturalists1 who observe1 that even if  
it were capable of drawing a person's   
breath thus1 the construction of its    
mouth renders it impossible to impede   
the respiration of the slumberer        
through mouth and nostrils at the same  
time2 this vulgar superstition  probably
 arose from cats liking to lie warm1 and
 nestling consequently in  beds1 cribs1 
and cradles4 ,to dream of cats is       
considered unlucky1 denoting  treachery 
and quarrels on the part of friends4    
,cats1 from no apparent  cause1 seeming 
shy1 agitated1 and traversing the house 
uttering cries1 as  if alarmed1 is      
believed to forbode sudden and causeless
 strife between the  members of the     
families with whom they reside4 ,that   
the breath of these  animals is         
poisonous1 that they can play with      
serpents and remain  uninjured1 whilst  
their fur communicates the infection of 
the venom of  those reptiles1 that they 
lend themselves readily to infernal     
agents and  purposes1 that certain      

portions of their bodies possess magical
 properties  and were efficacious in the
 preparation of charmed potions1 and    
that they  are partly supernatural      
creatures1 endowed with a power of      
bringing good  or evil fortune upon     
their possessors1 with other facts just 
as credible1  was once devoutly believed
 by the illiterate1 as it is partially  
at this  very day4#a    ,dogs are       
generally supposed to possess the       
faculty of beholding spirits  when they 
are invisible to mortals1 and of        
foretelling death by lamentable  howls4 
,it is lucky to be followed by a strange
 dog4 ,the ,welch believe in  the       
apparition of certain spirits under the 
form of hunting dogs1 which  they call  
dogs of the sky 7cwn wybir1 or cwn      
aunwy37 they indicate the  death of a   
relation or friend of the person to whom
 they appear1 but  though generally     
accompanied by fire1 are innocuous4 ,the
 tradition of the  ,spectre ,hound of   
,peel ,castle 7,isle of ,man7 or ,manthe

 ,doog1 is well  known4 ,the religious  
superstition of ,mahommedans lead them  
to consider the  dog as an unclean      
animal2 but the dog of the ,seven       
,sleepers1 according to  a tale in the  
,koran1 is1 say the faithful1 the only  
animal admitted into  heaven4 ,a more   
sweet and soothing creed is held by the 
untutored ,indian1  who believes that   
the faithful companion of his laborious 
mortal career  will accompany him into  
the everlasting regions2 and1 indeed1   
the idea  that animals possess actually 
an inferior soul1 and that1 maltreated  
as  they are on earth1 they too have    
their appropriate heaven1 has by many   
been considered a speculation less      
superstitious than truly philosophical4 
,the miraculous circumstance of         
,balaam's ,ass being empowered to behold
  that startling apparition which his   
rider's eyes were holden so that he     
could not see1 may have originated the  
superstition that animals behold        
spirits when they are invisible to man4 

,horses1 from frequently starting  at no
 apparent cause1 have thus been placed  
amongst the seers4 ,in the  ,highlands  
it is deemed lucky to meet a horse2 but1
 according to ,virgil1  the sight of one
 of these animals was ominous of war1   
the reason for which  may be found in a 
horse being as a martial animal         
dedicated to the god of  war4 ,the      
,persians1 ,armenians1 and other ancient
 nations sacrificed horses  to the sun4 
,tacitus says the ,suevi maintained     
white horses in the several  woods at   
the public charge1 to draw omens from   
them2 and there are to this  day        
vestiges in ,england of some            
superstition relative to white horses1  
and  of supposed ,danish origin4    ,the
 ,hyaena has been the subject of strange
 fables3 its neck was supposed  to be   
jointless1 consisting but of one bone1  
and considered of great  efficacy in    
magical preparations2 and the ,arabs to 
this day1 when they  kill this fierce   
animal1 bury its head1 lest it should be

 made the element  of some charm against
 them4 ,it was believed to possess the  
power of  changing its sex annually2 to 
be able to fascinate shepherds by its   
eyes  and render them motionless1 and   
its cognomen1 ,laughing is1 of course1  
derived from the idea of its being able 
to imitate the human voice4    ,the     
ancients believed that if a man         
encountered a ,wolf1 and the animal     
first fixed its eyes upon him1 he was   
deprived for ever of the power of       
speech3 connected with these ferocious  
brutes is the fearful superstition  of  
the ,lycanthropos1 ,were-wulf1          
,loup-garou1 or ,man-wolf4 ,these       
were-wolves1 says ,verstegan1 are       
certain sorcerers1 who having  anointed 
their bodies with an ointment they make 
by the instinct of the  devil1 and      
putting on a certain enchanted girdle1  
do not only unto the  view of others    
seem as wolves1 but to their own        
thinking have both the  shape and nature
 of wolves so long as they wear the said

 girdle2 and they  do dispose themselves
 as very wolves1 in worrying1 and       
killing1 and waste  of human creatures4 
,the ,germans had a similar superstition
 regarding  wolves1 and the same        
respecting the wild boar2 and with these
 let us  compare the ,british belief1   
that warlocks and weird women possess   
the  power of transforming themselves   
into hares1 cats1 c4    ,swine1 which   
are strangely uneasy in or against      
tempestuous weather1 are  believed to   
see the wind4 ,in some parts of ,great  
,britain it is a popular  belief that1  
on commencing a journey1 if a sow and   
pigs be met it will  prove successful1  
but if a sow only crosses the road1 the 
traveller1 if he  cannot pass1 must ride
 round about it1 otherwise ill luck will
 attend him4    7,to be continued47     
#a ,much of the ill-treatment of the    
,cat has arisen from its being          
invariably the attendant of reputed     
,witches4 7,see page #agd1 of the       
present ,sheet47 ,in later times the    

practice of such cruelties may be       
referred to the vituperations of        
naturalists3 surely ,buffon is among    
them4 ,we are happy to see that our     
,correspondent1 ,m4,l4,b4 writes in the 
kindlier spirit towards the poor1       
persecuted ,cat4--,,ed4,m4           99 
99       99       99       99           
,,the ,,selector2 ,,and ,,literary      
,,notices ,,of ,,new ,,works4           
,,adventures ,,of ,a ,,younger ,,son4   
,we continue our extracts from this     
extraordinary work4    ,madagascar4     
,madagascar is one of the largest and   
most fertile islands in the world2      
nearly nine hundred miles in length1 and
 three hundred and fifty in its         
greatest breadth4 ,there is a chain of  
glorious mountains1 winding through  its
 entire length1 of varied height1 whence
 many large and navigable  rivers take  
their source4 ,the interior of this vast
 island1 and its  inhabitants1 are      
little known2 but those parts on the    
coast which1 at that  time and          

afterwards1 ,i have frequently visited1 
give abundant indications  that nature  
has here scattered her riches with no   
stinting hand4 ,nothing  seems wanting  
but knowledge to place this magnificent 
island in the  foremost rank of great   
and powerful empires4 ,when ,i was      
there1 the line1  distinguishing the man
 from the animal1 was hardly visible4   
,the ,mauritius4    ,it is worthy of    
remark that1 regarding climate1 this    
island has a  peculiarity ,i never      
remember to have found in any other in  
,india4 ,other  islands are             
comparatively cool and pleasant on the  
coasts1 and close and  unhealthy in the 
interior1 unless on the heights4 ,here  
it is reversed3 the  entire coast is so 
scorchingly hot1 and the air so bad1    
that at ,port  ,st4 ,louis1 and other   
places round1 no one dares venture out  
in the daytime  during six months of the
 year1 as he may be almost certain of   
having a  sun-stroke1 which occasions a 
brain-fever1 the malignant fever1       

cholera  morbus1 or dysentery2 while1 at
 the same period1 in the interior1      
particularly on the windward side1 the  
air is temperate and salubrious4  ,for  
six months in the year1 from ,november  
to ,april1 the town of ,st4 ,louis  is  
insufferably and noxiously hot2 scarcely
 any one but the slaves could  be       
induced to remain there1 the free       
inhabitants departing for the  interior4
 ,then again1 the dry months at ,port   
,st4 ,louis are the rainy ones  in the  
central parts2 and1 whilst the fiercest 
hurricanes are raging on  the coast1 a  
few miles in-land all is calm and       
sunshine4 ,i have repeatedly  witnessed 
this2 and it is strange in so small an  
island4    ,de ,ruyter now came up1 and 
we suddenly stood on the elevated plain1
  called ,vacois1 in the centre of the  
island4 ,our ascent had been very       
abrupt1 winding1 and rugged4 ,before us1
 in the middle of the plain1 on  which  
we now rode1 was the pyramidical        
mountain1 ,piton du ,milieu4  ,inclining

 to our right was the port and town of  
,st4 ,louis4 ,to the south  were large  
plains1 in rich vegetation1 divided by a
 fine river1 with one  solitary hill4   
,to the north were other plains1        
inclining to the sea1 white  as if the  
briny waters had recently receded from  
them1 and only partially  cultivated    
with sugar-canes1 indigo1 and in the    
marshy spots1 with rice4  ,from south to
 east it was volcanic and mountainous1  
with jungle and  ancient forests4 ,the  
north-east was1 for the most part1      
level4 ,the plain1  where we were1 was  
full of little sheets of deep water1    
forming themselves  into pretty lakes2  
which1 overflowing during the heavy     
rains1 at times  made the plain swampy1 
and ever overgrown with canes1 reeds1   
and gigantic  grass4 ,such was the      
diversified and beautiful scenery now   
disclosed1 as  the sun1 having risen    
above the mountain in the east1         
dissipated the  yellow mists1 and laid  
bare the hitherto obscured beauties of  

this divine  island1 like a virgin      
unrobed for bathing4    ,we alighted    
under the shade of a group of the       
rose-apple trees1 which  seemed to have 
drawn a charmed circle round a solitary 
oak1 on the brink  of a lake1 clear as a
 diamond1 and apparently of amazing     
depth1 the golden  ,chinese fish        
sporting on its surface1 and green1     
yellow1 and blue  dragon-flies darting  
here and there above it4 ,the modest    
wood-pigeon and  dove1 disturbed in     
their morning ablutions1 flew away to   
the woods4 ,the  gray partridge ran into
 the vacour1 which stood in thick lines 
on the  brink1 impenetrable from its    
long fibrous leaves1 standing out like a
  phalanx of lances4 ,the water-hens    
dived1 and the parrots chattered on the 
trees1 as if they had been peopled with 
scolding married women2 whilst the      
sluggish baboon sat1 with portly belly1 
gormandizing with the voracity and      
gravity of a monk1 regardless of all but
 the stuffing of his insatiable  maw    

with bananas4    ,we were told that     
there were1 in this lake1 prawns as big 
as lobsters1  and eels of incredible    
size1 from fifteen to twenty feet long4 
,the two  principal rivers took their   
rise from this plain1 augmenting in     
their  course by the tribute of an      
infinity of streamlets2 till swollen    
into bulk  and strength1 like two rival 
monarchs1 they ran parallel for a       
awhile1  trying to outvie each other in 
pomp and velocity1 springing over their 
rocky beds4 ,after some distance they   
separated to the right and left1 and    
passed through their different          
districts1 to pay1 in their turn1       
tribute  to the mightier ocean4    ,we  
left the lake on our right1 skirted the 
base of ,piton du ,milieu1  over a      
volcanic soil of pulverized cinders1    
and1 by gentle descents1  proceeded     
towards the south4 ,again we were among 
mountains1 passing green  lawns1 and    
marshes overgrown with vitti-vert1      
7which is used for  thatching17 fern1   

marsh mallows1 waving bamboos1 and wild 
tobacco4 ,we saw  plantations of the    
manioc1 7bread-fruit17 maize1 sweet     
potatoes1 the  cotton-tree1 the         
sugar-cane1 coffee1 and cloves4 ,then we
 crossed rocky  channels of clear       
rippling water1 hedged by dwarf oaks and
 the  dusky-coloured olive1 underneath  
which flourished the dark-green         
fig-tree1  with its strawberry-red      
marrowy fruit1 bared by the bursting of 
its  emerald-green rind4 ,here the      
majestic palmiste towered grandly alone1
  crowned with its first1 tardy1 and    
only fruit2 and when deprived of that   
diadem1 like earthly monarchs1 it       
perishes4 ,we penetrated the wild native
  woods1 where grew the iron-wood tree1 
the oak1 the black cinnamon1 the  apple1
 the acacia1 the tamarind1 and the      
nutmeg4 ,our path was arched by  wild   
vines1 jessamine1 and a multitude of    
deep scarlet-blossomed creepers1  so    
thickly interlaced in their living      
cordage1 that neither sun nor storm     

could penetrate them2 or if a wandering 
beam found entrance through the  thick  
natural trellice-work1 it was only      
enough to cover some little tuft  of    
violets or strawberries1 its own        
offspring1 growing up in its genial     
warmth with a strength and vigour       
pre-eminent amidst the pale and sickly  
brood of the neglected children of the  
shade4 ,nothing ,i had ever imagined  of
 the loveliness of nature equalled the  
reality of these scenes4    ,coffee in  
the ,east4    ,on entering the zennanah1
 the old governante1 ,kamalia1 having   
counted us  on her four skinny fingers1 
proceeded to fulfil that sacred rite1   
never  omitted in the east1 of          
presenting refreshments2 without the    
heartless and  niggardly-ceremony of    
appealing to the guests1 as is wont in  
,europe1 to  learn whether they will    
take them or not1 looking on those who  
receive  them with an evil eye4 ,i      
followed ,kamalia to know how the       
genuine oriental  coffee is made4 ,good 

mussulmans can alone make good coffee2  
for1 being  interdicted from the use of 
ardent spirits1 their palate is more    
exquisite  and their relish greater4    
,thus it is3--,a bright charcoal fire   
was burning in a small stove4 ,she      
first took1 for four persons1 four      
handsful of the small1 pale1 mocha      
berry1 little bigger than barley4 ,these
 had been carefully picked and  cleaned4
 ,she put them into an iron vessel1     
where1 with admirable quickness  and    
dexterity1 they were roasted till their 
colour was somewhat darkened1  and the  
moisture not exhaled4 ,the over-roasted 
ones were picked out1 and  the          
remainder1 while very hot1 put into a   
large wooden mortar1 where they  were   
instantly pounded by another woman4     
,this done1 ,kamalia passed the  powder 
through a camel's-hair cloth2 and then  
repassed it through a finer  cloth4     
,meanwhile a coffee-pot1 containing     
exactly four cups of water1 was         
boiling4 ,this was taken off1 one cup of

 water poured out1 and three cups  full 
of the powder1 after she had ascertained
 its impalpability between  her finger  
and thumb1 were stirred in with a stick 
of cinnamon4 ,when  replaced on the fire
 on the point of over-boiling1 it was   
taken off1 the  heel of the pot struck  
against the hob1 and again put on the   
fire4 ,this  was repeated five or six   
times4 ,i forgot to mention she added a 
very  minute piece of mace1 not enough  
to make its flavour distinguishable2 and
  that the coffee-pot must be of tin1   
and uncovered1 or it cannot form a      
thick cream on the surface1 which it    
ought to do4 ,after it was taken1 for   
the last time1 from the fire1 the cup of
 water1 which had been poured from  it1 
was returned4 ,it was then carried into 
the room1 without being  disturbed1 and 
instantly poured into the cups1 where it
 retained its rich  cream at the top4   
,thus made1 its fragrance filled the    
room1 and nothing could be more         
delicious to the palate4 ,so far from   

its being a long and tedious process1   
as it may appear in narrating1 old      
,kamalia allowed herself only two       
minutes for each person2 so that from   
the time of her leaving the room to  her
 return1 no more than eight minutes had 
elapsed4    ,to interesting sketches we 
can only add a scene of sea sport off   
,fort  ,rotterdam1 at ,macassar1 an     
island between ,java and ,borneo2 shaped
 like a  huge tarantula1 a small body1  
with four disproportionately long legs1 
which stretch into the sea in narrow and
 lengthened peninsulas4 ,the locale  is 
,shark's ,bay4    ,my hawk-eyed ,arab   
now pointed out to me a line of dark    
spots1 moving  rapidly in the water1    
rounding the arm of the sea1 and        
entering the great  bay4 ,at first ,i   
thought they were canoes capsized1      
coming in keel  uppermost2 but the ,arab
 declared they were sharks1 and said1   
',the bay is  called ,shark's ,bay2 and 
their coming in from the sea is an      
infallible sign  of bad weather4' ,a    

small pocket-telescope convinced me they
 were large  blue sharks4 ,i counted    
eight2 their fins and sharp backs were  
out of the  water4 ,after sailing       
majestically up the great bay till they 
came opposite  the mouth of a smaller   
one1 they turned towards it in a regular
 line2 one  the largest ,i had seen any 
where1 taking the lead1 like an admiral4
 ,he had  attained the entrance1 with   
the other seven following1 when some    
monsters  arose from the bottom1 near   
the shore1 where he had been lurking1   
opposed  his further progress1 and a    
conflict instantly ensued4 ,the daring  
assailant ,i distinguished to be a      
sword-fish1 or sea-unicorn1 the         
knight-errant of the sea1 attacking     
every thing in its domain2 his head is  
as hard and as rough as a rock1 out of  
the centre of which grows  horizontally 
an ivory spear1 longer and far tougher  
than any warrior's  lance2 with this    
weapon he fights4 ,the shark1 with a jaw
 larger and  stronger than a            

crocodile's1 with a mouth deeper and    
more capacious1  strikes also with his  
tail1 in tremendous force and rapidity1 
enabling him  to repel any sudden attack
 by confusing or stunning his foe1 till 
he can  turn on his back1 which he is   
obliged to do ere he can use his mouth4 
,this  wily and experienced shark1 not  
daring to turn and expose his more      
vulnerable parts to the formidable sword
 of his enemy1 lashed at him with  his  
heavy tail1 as a man uses a flail1      
working the water into a syllabub4      
,meanwhile1 in honour1 ,i suppose1 or in
 the love of fair play1 his seven       
compatriot sharks stood aloof1 lying to 
with their fins1 in no degree           
interfering in the fray4 ,frequently ,i 
could observe1 by the water's  eddying  
in concentric ripples1 that the great   
shark had sunk to the bottom1  to seek  
refuge there1 or elude his enemy by     
beating up the sand2 or1 what  is more  
probable1 by this manoeuvre to lure the 
sword-fish downwards1  which1 when      

enraged1 will blindly plunge its armed  
head against a rock1 in  which case its 
horn is broken2 or1 if the bottom is    
soft1 it becomes  transfixed1 and then  
would fall an easy prey4 ,de ,ruyter1   
while in a  country vessel1 had her     
struck by one of these fish1 7perhaps   
mistaking  her for a whale1 which1      
though of the same species1 it often    
attacks17  with such velocity and force1
 that its sword passed completely       
through the  bow of the vessel3 and1    
having been broken by the shock1 it was 
with great  difficulty extracted4 ,it   
measured seven feet2 about one foot of  
it1 the  part attached to the head1 was 
hollow1 and the size of my wrist2 the   
remainder was solid1 and very heavy1    
being indeed the exquisite ivory of     
which the eastern people manufacture    
their beautiful chess-men4 ,but to      
return to our sea-combat1 which         
continued a long time1 the shark        
evidently  getting worsted4 ,possibly   
the bottom1 which was clear1 was        

favourable for  his enemy2 whose blow1  
if he succeeds in striking while the    
shark is  descending1 is fatal4 ,i think
 he had struck him1 for the blue shark  
is  seldom seen in shoal or discoloured 
water2 yet now he floundered on  towards
 the bottom of the bay1 madly lashing   
the water into foam1 and  rolling and   
pitching like a vessel dismasted4 ,for a
 few minutes his  conqueror pursued him1
 then wheeled round and disappeared2    
while the shark  grounded himself on the
 sand1 where he lay writhing and lashing
 the shore  feebly with his tail4 ,his  
six companions1 with seeming unconcern1 
wore  round1 and slowly moving down the 
bay1 returned by the outlet at which    
they had entered4 ,hastening down to the
 scene of action1 ,i saw no more of     
them4 ,my boat's crew were assembled at 
the bottom of the bay1 firing  muskets  
at the huge monster as he lay aground2  
before ,i could join them1  he was      
despatched1 and his dead carcass laid on
 the beach like a stranded  vessel4     

,leaving him and them1 ,i ran along the 
beach for half a mile to  regain ,zela's
 tent4           99       99       99   
99       99        ,,retrospective      
,,gleanings4    ,,witches4    7,from    
,howell's ,letters1 #afdg47    ,we need 
not cross the sea for examples of this  
kind1 we have too many 7,god  wot7 at   
home3 ,king ,james a great while was    
loth to believe there were  witches2 but
 that which happened to my ,lord        
,francis of ,rutland's children1        
convinced him1 who were bewitched by an 
old woman that was servant at  ,belvoir 
,castle1 but being displeased1 she      
contracted with the devil1 who          
conversed with her in form of a cat1    
whom she called ,rutterkin1 to make     
away those children1 out of mere        
malignity1 and thirst of revenge4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,a ,,rich ,,man4    ,among the many and 
various hospitals1 says ,sir ,william   
,temple1 that are  every man's curiosity
 and talk1 that travels their country1  

,i was affected  with none more than    
that of the aged seamen at ,enchuysen1  
which is  contrived1 finished1 and      
ordered1 as if it were done with a kind 
of  intention of some well-natured man1 
that those who had been their whole     
lives in the hardships and incommodities
 of the sea1 should find a retreat  with
 all the eases and conveniences that old
 age is capable of feeling and          
enjoying4 ,and here ,i met with the only
 rich man that ,i ever saw in my        
life--for one of these old seamen       
entertaining me a good while with the   
plain stories of his fifty years voyages
 and adventures1 while ,i was  viewing  
the hospital and the church adjoining2  
,i gave him1 at parting1 a  piece of    
their coin1 about the value of a crown2 
he took it and smiled1  and offered it  
me again2 but when ,i refused it1 he    
asked me ',what he  should do with      
money8' ,i left him to overcome his     
modesty as he could2 but  a servant     
coming after me1 saw him give it to a   

little girl that opened  the church     
door1 as she passed by him2 which made  
me reflect upon the  fantastic          
calculation of riches and poverty that  
is current in the world1  by which a man
 that wants a million1 is a prince2 he  
that wants but a  groat is a beggar2 and
 this was a poor man that wanted nothing
 at all4           99       99       99 
99       99        ,,the ,,gatherer4    
,nicknames4--,john ,magee1 formerly the 
printer of the ,dublin ,evening  ,post1 
was full of shrewdness and eccentricity4
 ,several prosecutions were  instituted 
against him by the government1 and many 
keen encounters of the  tongue took     
place on these occasions between him and
 ,john ,scott1 ,lord  ,clonmel1 who was 
at the period ,chief ,justice of the    
,king's ,bench4 ,in  addressing the     
court in his own defence1 ,magee had    
occasion to allude to  some public      
character1 who was better known by a    
familiar designation4 ,the  official    
gravity of ,clonmel was disturbed2 and  

he1 with bilious asperity  reproved the 
printer1 by saying1--,mr4 ,magee1 we    
allow no nicknames in  this court4 ,very
 well1 ,john ,scott1 was the reply4     
,h4,s4,s4           99       99       99
       99       99      ,a ,village     
,hampden4--,in the churchyard of one of 
the parishes of ,walsall1               
,staffordshire1 is the following epitaph
 on a person named ,samuel ,wilks1  who 
appears1 like other persons of his name1
 to have been a great stickler  for the 
rights of the people3--,reader1 if thou 
art an inhabitant of the  ,foreign of   
,walsall1 know that the dust beneath thy
 feet was imprisoned in  thy cause1     
because he refused to incorporate the   
poor-rates of the ,foreign  of ,walsall 
and those of the ,borough of ,walsall4  
,his resistance was  successful4        
,reader1 the benefit is thine4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,difference between a ,town and a       
,village4--,the other night it was      
warmly  contested in the ,reform debate 

in the ,house of ,commons1 whether      
,bilston  and ,sedgeley1 in             
,staffordshire1 were towns or villages4 
,mr4 ,croker spoke  of the village of   
,bilston1 and the rural district of     
,sedgeley1 but ,sir  ,john ,wrottesley  
maintained that the right hon4 gentleman
 would find  nothing in ,bilston that   
would give him any idea of sweet        
,auburn4 ,he would  find a large        
market-town in the parish of            
,wolverhampton1 filled not with  trees  
and waving foliage1 but with long       
chimneys and smoking steam-engines4     
,the time was also beyond his memory    
when ,sedgeley was a rural district4    
,the right hon4 gentleman would find    
there no mossy fountains1 no bubbling   
brooks2 the only thing at all like them 
which he could find there would be  the 
torrents of boiling water which the     
steam-engines perpetually  discharged4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,dutch ,disgust4--,you might seek       
through all ,london to find such a piece

  of furniture as a spitting-box4 ,a    
,dutchman who was very uncomfortable for
  the want of one1 declared1 with great 
indignation1 that an ,englishman's  only
 spitting-box was his stomach4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,awkward ,honour4--,a medical gentleman 
has written a letter to ,sir ,henry     
,halford on ,cholera1 in which he takes 
to himself the credit of being the      
first to discover the disease1 and      
communicate it to the public4 ,the      
public is much obliged to him4--,globe4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,newspapers4--,we wish ,lieutenant      
,drummond would calculate the miles of  
newspaper columns which every           
club-haunter daily swallows1 and the    
price  he pays for the same to the      
proprietaries and the                   
revenue4--,examiner4             99     
99       99       99       99           
,scandal4--,the tell-tale trumpery and  
eaves-dropping with which the ,tour  of 
a ,german ,prince is trickseyed out1    

reminds us of an observation by  ,lady  
,morgan3 ,admit these fellows into your 
house1 and the only return  they will   
make you is to put you in their book4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,yorkshire ,fun4--,the assizes and the  
theatre always open together at ,york1  
and it is common to hear the ,tykes say1
 ,eh1 lad1 ther'l be fun next week2     
t'pla'ctors is cuming1 and t'men's to be
 hung all at t'syame time4--  ,atlas4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,ancient ,drunkenness in                
,london4--,andrews in his ,history of   
,great  ,britain1 says1 ,in the #afth   
century drinking had its votaries in    
abundance4 ,much time was spent by the  
citizens of ,london at their numerous   
taverns4 ,in the country1 if a bitter   
writer of the time1 7,stub's  ,anatomie 
of ,abuse17 may find credit1 every      
public-house was crowded from  morn till
 night with determined drunkards4       
,camden1 who also allows the  increase  
of drunkenness among the ,english1      

imputes it to their familiarity  with   
the ,flemings in the ,low ,country wars4
           99       99       99       99
       99      ,the taverns of ,london  
were many and much frequented4 ,an old  
bard has  favoured us with a list of    
them in ,newes from ,bartholomew ,fayre1
 a black  letter poem1 the title page of
 which is torn off1 viz4      ,there    
hath been great sale and utterance of   
wine1    ,besides beere1 and ale1 and   
ipocras fine1    ,in every country1     
region1 and nation1    ,but chiefly in  
,billingsgate1 at the ,salutation2      
,and the ,bore's ,head1 near ,london    
,stone1    ,the ,swan at ,dowgate1 a    
taverne well known2    ,the ,mitre in   
,cheape2 and then the ,bull ,head1      
,and many like places that make noses   
red2    ,th' ,bore's ,head in ,old ,fish
 ,street1 ,three ,crowns in the ,vintry1
    ,and now1 of late1 ,st4 ,martin's in
 the ,sentree2    ,the ,windmill in     
,lothbury2 the ,ship at th' ,exchange1  
,king's ,head in ,new ,fish ,street1    

where roysters do range2    ,the        
,mermaid in ,cornhill1 ,red ,lion in the
 ,strand1    ,three ,tuns1 ,newgate     
,market2 ,old ,fish ,street1 at the     
,swan4    ,the first drinking song that 
appeared in the ,english tongue is      
connected  with ,gammer ,gurton's       
,needle1 and was published in #aeea4    
,p4,t4,w4           99       99       99
       99       99                      
,governesses4--,a lady wrote to her son1
 requesting him to look out for a  lady1
 such as she described1 and such as is  
ordinarily expected in a  governess1    
that is to say1 all accomplished1 with  
the disposition of an  angel4 ,the      
gentleman wrote back that he had long   
been looking out for such  a person1 and
 that when he found her1 he should not  
recommend her for a  governess1 but take
 her for a wife4--,new ,monthly ,mag4   
,counterfeit ,kings4--,in the infancy of
 the ,roman ,empire1 we find a          
counterfeit ,agrippa1 after him a       
counterfeit ,nero2 and before them two  

counterfeit ,alexanders1 in ,syria4 ,but
 never was a nation so troubled with    
these mock kings as ,england2 a         
counterfeit ,richard ,,ii4 being made in
 the  time of ,henry ,,iv42 a           
counterfeit ,mortimer in the time of    
,henry ,,vi42 a  counterfeit ,duke of   
,york2 a counterfeit ,earl of ,warwick  
under ,henry ,,vii42  and a counterfeit 
,edward ,,vi4 under the reign of ,queen 
,mary2 and a  counterfeit ,protector1 in
 ,oliver ,cromwell4    ,g4,k4           
99       99       99       99       99  
,reading at ,meals1 c4--,lectores1 among
 the ,romans1 were servants in  great   
men's houses1 who were employed in      
reading while their masters were  at    
supper4 ,they were called by the        
,greeks1 ,anagnostae4 ,acroama1 was a   
name  given by the ,romans to amusing   
tales1 which they recited at their      
repasts4  ,the ,emperor ,severus read   
himself at table4 ,atticus never supped 
without  reading4 ,charlemagne had the  
histories and acts of ancient kings read

 to  him at table4 ,this was a relic of 
the ancient ,greeks1 who had the praises
  of great men and heroes sung to them  
while at table4 ,celsus tells us1       
reading is bad1 especially after supper1
 for those whose heads are weak2  but he
 recommends reading with an audible     
voice1 for such as have weak  stomachs4 
,p4,t4,w4           99       99       99
       99       99      ,epigrams from  
the ,french4      ,on peut1 en vous     
voyant1 devenir infidle    ,mais c'est  
pour la dernire fois4    ,chaulieu4     
,at sight of thee--each lover false     
might prove1    ,but having seen--no    
other e'er could love4        ,ce monde 
est plein de fous--et qui n'en veut pas 
voir    ,doit se renfermer seul1 et     
casser son miroir4      ,with fools the 
world abounds--who would their presence 
shun    ,must break his mirror--or he'll
 there see one4    ,t4,r4,p4            
99       99       99       99       99  
,printed and ,published by ,j4          
,,limbird1 #adc1 ,strand1 7near         

,somerset ,house17  ,london2 sold by    
,,ernest ,,fleischer1 #fbf1 ,mew        
,market1 ,leipsic2 ,g4,g4 ,,bennis1     
#ee1 ,rue ,neuve1 ,st4 ,augustin1       
,paris2 and by all ,newsmen and         
,booksellers4