file which includes the original        
illustrations4       ,see #aahfe-;h4htm 
or #aahfe-;h4zip3                       
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,,the ,,mirror ,,of ,,literature1       
,,amusement1 ,,and ,,instruction4  ,vol4
 #bj1 ,no4 #efd ,,saturday1 ,,september 
#a1 #ahcb4 ,,price #b;d4           99   
99       99       99       99           
,illustration3 ,,belvoir ,,castle4      
,belvoir ,castle1 7or ,bever1 as it was 
formerly and is now sometimes called17  
in situation and aspect partly resembles
 majestic ,windsor4 ,it has a similar   
princely brow1 being placed upon an     
abrupt elevation of a kind of natural   
cliff1 forming the termination of a     
peninsular hill1 the basis of which is  
red grit stone1 but now covered with    
vegetable mould1 well turfed by nature  
and art1 and varied into terraces of    

different elevation4 ,it has been the   
seat of the noble family of ,manners for
 several generations2 it claims the     
priority of every other seat in the     
county wherein it is situate2 and is one
 of the most magnificent castellated    
structures in the kingdom4  ,this       
castle1 in some topographical works1 is 
described as being in ,lincolnshire4    
,camden says1 ,in the west part of      
,kesteven1 on the edge of ,lincolnshire 
and ,leicestershire1 there stands       
,belvoir ,castle1 so called 7whatever   
was its ancient name7 from the fine     
prospect on a steep hill1 which seems   
the work of art4 ,burton expressly says 
that it is certainly in ,lincolnshire1  
and the authors of ,magna ,britannia are
 of the same opinion2 but ,mr4 ,nichols1
 whose authority on subjects of local   
history1 respecting ,leicestershire1 is 
generally decisive and satisfactory1    
states that the castle is at present in 
every respect considered as being within
 this county with all the lands of the  

extra-parochial part of ,belvoir thereto
 belonging1 7including the site of the  
,priory1#a7 consisting in the whole of  
about #fjj acres of wood1 meadow1 and   
pasture land2 upon which are now no     
buildings but the castle1 with its      
offices and the inn4 ,it would be a     
difficult matter1 notwithstanding1 to   
trace out with accuracy1 the precise    
boundary of the two counties in this    
neighbourhood4      #a ,at ,belvoir was 
formerly a priory of four black monks1  
subordinate to the ,abbey of ,st4       
,alban1 in ,hertfordshire1 to which     
it was annexed by its founder1 ,robert  
de ,belvideir1 or ,de ,todenci1     in  
the time of ,william the ,conqueror4 ,it
 was dedicated to ,st4     ,mary2 and   
was valued1 at the ,dissolution1 at #ajd
 #ais4 #aj;d4 per     annum4 ,dr4       
,stukely1 in the year #agbf1 saw the    
coffin and bones of     the founder1 who
 died in #ajhh1 dug up in the ,priory   
chapel1 then     a stable and on a stone
 was inscribed in large letters1 with   

lead     cast in them1 ,,robert ,,de    
,,todene ,,le ,,fvdevr4 ,another coffin 
and     cover near it was likewise      
discovered with the following           
inscription3--,the ,vale of ,bever1     
barren of wood1 is large and     very   
plentiful of good corn and grass1 and   
lieth in three shires1     ,leicester1  
,lincoln1 and much in ,nottinghamshire4 
,that ,belvoir has been the site of a   
castle since the ,norman ,conquest      
appears well established4 ,leland says1 
,the ,castle of ,belvoir standeth in the
 utter part of that way of              
,leicestershire1 on the nape of an high 
hill1 steep up each way1 partly by      
nature1 partly by working of men's      
hands1 as it may evidently be perceived4
 ,whether there were any castle there   
before the ,conquest or no ,i am not    
sure1 but surely ,i think no rather than
 ye4 ,toteneius was the first inhabiter 
after the ,conquest4 ,then it came to   
,albeneius1 and from ,albeney to ,ros4  
,the ,belvoir estate came into the      

,manners family1 by the marriage of     
,eleanor with ,robert de ,manners of    
,ethale1 ,northumberland4 ,eleanor was  
the eldest sister of ,edmund1 ,lord     
,ros1 who resided at the manor-house of 
,elsinges1 in ,enfield1 ,middlesex1     
where he died without issue in the year 
#aejh4 ,his sisters became heiresses to 
the estates1 and ,belvoir being part of 
the moiety of ,eleanor1 became the      
property of the ,manners family1 who    
have continued to possess it to the     
present time4  ,as the possessors of    
this castle and lordship have been      
chiefly persons of considerable         
eminence1 and many of them numbered     
among the great men of history1 it may  
be as well to interweave a few notices  
of them with a brief chronological      
account of the noble structure4 ,robert1
 the first ,norman lord1 died in #ajhh1 
and was buried in the chapter-house of  
the ,priory1 where ,dr4 ,stukely        
discovered the stone already named1 to  
his memory4 ,by a general survey taken  

at the death of ,robert1 it appears that
 he was in possession of fourscore      
lordships3 many of which1 by            
uninterrupted succession1 continue still
 to be the property of the ,duke of     
,rutland4 ,in ,lincolnshire his domains 
were still more numerous4 ,in           
,northamptonshire he had nine lordships2
 one of which1 ,stoke1 acquired the     
additional name of ,albini1 when it came
 into the possession of his son4        
,william de ,albini1 son of the above1  
succeeded to these lordships2 and1 like 
his father1 was a celebrated warrior3   
according to ,matthew ,paris1 he        
valourously distinguished himself at the
 battle of ,tinchebrai1 in ,normandy1   
,september #bg1 #aajf2 where ,henry ,i4 
encountered ,robert ,curthose1 his      
brother4 ,this lord obtained from ,henry
 the grant of an annual fair at         
,belvoir1 to be continued for eight     
days4 ,during the changeful reigns of   
,stephen and ,henry ,,ii41 the castle   
fell into the hands of the crown1 and   

was granted to ,ranulph de ,gernons1    
,earl of ,chester2 but repossession was 
obtained by de ,albini1 who died here   
about the year #aaee4 ,william de       
,albini1 7alias ,meschines and ,britto17
 the next possessor of ,belvoir1 endowed
 the ,priory hero with certain lands1   
and1 in #aafe1 certified to ,henry ,,ii4
 that he then held of him thirty-two    
knights' fees under the old feoffments1 
whereby he was enfeoffed in the time of 
,henry ,i4 ,william de ,albini1 the     
third of that name1 accompanied ,richard
 ,i4 during his crusading reign1 into   
,normandy3 he was also one of the       
sureties for ,king ,john1 in his treaty 
of peace with ,philip of ,france4 ,he   
was too1 engaged in the barons' wars in 
the latter reign1 and was taken prisoner
 by the king's party at ,rochester      
,castle2 his own castle at ,belvoir also
 falling into the royal hands4 ,he was  
likewise one of the twenty-five barons1 
whose signatures were attached to ,magna
 ,charta and the charter of ,forests at 

,runnemede4 ,this lord richly endowed   
the priory of ,belvoir1 and founded and 
endowed a hospital at ,wassebridge1     
between ,stamford and ,uffingham1 where 
he was buried in #abcf4 ,isabel1 of the 
house of ,albini1 now married to ,robert
 de ,ros1 or ,roos1 baron of ,hamlake1  
and thus carried the estates into a new 
family4 ,the bounds of the lordship of  
,belvoir1 at this time1 are described by
 a document printed in ,nichols's       
,history4 ,this new lord obtained a     
license from ,henry ,,iii4 to hold a    
weekly market and annual fair at        
,belvoir4 ,he died in #abhe1 and his    
body was buried at ,kirkham1 his bowels 
before the high altar at ,belvoir1 and  
his heart at ,croxton ,abbey2 it being a
 practice of that age for the corporeal 
remains of eminent persons to be thus   
distributed after death4 ,the next      
owner1 ,william de ,ros was1 in #acjd1  
allowed to impark #ajj acres under the  
name of ,bever ,park1 which was         
appropriated solely to the preservation 

of game4 ,he died in #acag3 his eldest  
son1 ,william de ,ros1 took the title of
 ,baron ,ros1 of ,hamlake1 ,werke1      
,belvoir1 and ,trusbut2 was ,lord ,high 
,admiral of ,england1 and sat in        
parliament from #aa ,edw4 ,,ii4 to #af  
,edw4 ,,iii2 he died in #acdb4 ,sir     
,william de ,ros1 knight1 was ,lord     
,high ,treasurer to ,henry ,,iv42 he    
died at the ,castle in #adad1 and       
bequeathed #djjl4 for finding ten honest
 chaplains to pray for his soul1 and the
 souls of his father1 mother1 brethren1 
sisters1 c4 for eight years within his  
chapel at ,belvoir castle4 ,john and    
,william ,ros1 the next owners1 were    
distinguished in the wars of ,france2   
the former was slain at ,anjou2 the     
latter died in #adca1 and was succeeded 
by his son1 ,edmund1 an infant1 who1 on 
coming of age1 engaged in the civil wars
 of ,york and ,lancaster3 he was        
attainted in #afda1 and his noble       
possessions parcelled out by ,edward    
,,iv2 the honour1 castle1 and lordship  

of ,belvoir1 with the park and all its  
members1 and the rent called            
castle-guard1 7then an appurtenance to  
,belvoir17 being granted in #afdg1 to   
,hastings the court corruptionist4#b    
,the attainder was1 however1 repealed1  
and ,edmund1 ,lord ,ros re-obtained     
possession of all his estates in #adhc3 
he died at ,enfield1 and the estates    
then passed into the ,manners family1 as
 we have stated4      #b ,the ,lord ,ros
 took ,henry the ,v,ith's part against  
,king ,edward1     whereupon his lands  
were confiscated1 and ,belever ,castle  
given in     keeping to ,lord ,hastings1
 who coming thither on a time to peruse 
the ground1 and to lie in the castle1   
was suddenly repelled by ,mr4           
,harrington1 a man of power thereabouts1
 and friend to the ,lord     ,ros4      
,whereupon the ,lord ,hastings came     
thither another time with a     strong  
power1 and upon a raging will spoiled   
the castle1 defacing     the roofs1 and 
taking the leads off them4--,then fell  

all the     castle to ruins1 and the    
timber of the roofs uncovered1 rotted   
away1 and the soil between the walls at 
the last grew full of     elders1 and no
 habitation was there till that1 of late
 days1 the     ,earl of ,rutland hath   
made it fairer than ever it             
was4--,leland4  ,george1 eldest son of  
the above-named ,robert ,manners1       
succeeded to his father's estates1      
including ,belvoir3 in his will1 a copy 
of which is given by ,mr4 ,nichols1     
dated ,oct4 #f1 #aeac1 he is styled ,sir
 ,george ,manners1 knight1 ,lord ,ros4  
,he was interred1 with his lady1 in a   
chantry chapel1 founded by his          
father-in-law1 ,sir ,thomas ,ledger1 in 
the chapel of ,st4 ,george1 at ,windsor4
 ,his son1 ,thomas1 ,lord ,ros1         
succeeded him1 and was created by ,henry
 ,,viii4 a knight1 and afterwards ,earl 
of ,rutland1 a title which had never    
before been conferred on any person but 
of the blood royal4 ,this nobleman aided
 ,henry in the dissolution of the       

monasteries1 and for his zeal received  
from the monarch several manors and     
estates4 ,he caused many of the ancient 
monuments of the ,albinis and the       
,rosses to be removed from the priory   
churches of ,belvoir and ,croxton to    
that of ,bottesford4 ,he also restored  
and in part rebuilt the castle1 which   
had been in ruins since ,hastings's     
attack4 ,the state of the castle at this
 period is thus described by            
,leland3--,it is a straunge sighte to se
 be how many steppes of stone the way   
goith up from the village to the castel4
 ,in the castel be two faire gates2 and 
the dungeon is a faire rounde towere now
 turned to pleasure1 as a place to walk 
yn1 and to se al the counterye aboute1  
and raylid about the round 7wall17 and a
 garden 7plotte7 in the midle4 ,there is
 also a welle of grete depth in the     
castelle1 and the spring thereof is very
 good4 ,henry1 the second ,bard of      
,rutland1 succeeded his father in #aedc2
 and in #aeef was appointed             

captain-general of all the forces then  
going to ,france1 and commander of the  
fleet1 by ,philip and ,mary4 ,edward1   
the third earl1 eldest son of the       
former1 succeeded in #aefc3 ,camden     
calls him a profound lawyer1 and a man  
accomplished with all polite learning4  
,john1 a colonel of foot in the ,irish  
wars1 became fourth earl in #aehg1 and  
was followed by his son ,roger1 the     
fifth earl1 who dying without issue1 his
 brother ,francis was nominated his     
heir1 and made the sixth earl4 ,he      
married two wives1 by the first of whom 
he had only one child1 named ,catherine1
 who married ,george ,villiers1 the     
first ,duke of ,buckingham4 ,her issue1 
,george1 the second ,duke of            
,buckingham1 dying without an heir1 the 
title of ,lord ,ros of ,hamlake again   
reverted to the ,rutland family4 ,by a  
second marriage he had two sons1 who1   
according to the monument1 were murdered
 by wicked practice and sorcery4#c      
,george was created seventh earl in     

#afcb2 and was honoured with a visit    
from ,charles ,i4 at ,belvoir castle1 in
 #afcd4 ,the eighth earl was ,john      
,manners1 who attaching himself to the  
,parliamentarians1 the castle was       
attacked by the royal army1 and lost and
 won again and again by each party1 till
 the earl being put to great streights  
for the maintenance of his family1      
petitioned the house of peers for       
relief1 and ,lord ,viscount ,campden    
having been the principal instrument in 
the ruin of the castle1 lands1 and woods
 about ,belvoyre1 parliament agreed that
 #a1ejjl a year be paid out of ,lord    
,campden's estate1 until #e1jjjl be     
levied1 to the earl of ,rutland4 ,in the
 civil wars the castle was defended for 
the king by the rector of ,ashwell1 co4 
,rutland4 ,in #afdi1 the parliament     
ordered it to be demolished2            
satisfaction was1 however1 made to the  
earl1 whose son rebuilt the castle after
 the ,restoration4 ,john1 the ninth     
earl1 succeeded his father in #afgi4 ,he

 preferred the baronial retirement and  
rural quiet of ,belvoir1 to the busy    
court2 though he was created ,marquess  
of ,granby1 in the county of            
,nottingham1 and ,duke of ,rutland4 ,he 
died in #agaj-aa1 and was succeeded by  
his son ,john2#d whose eldest son became
 the third ,duke of ,rutland1 and was   
the last of the family who resided at   
,haddon1 ,derbyshire4 ,he died in #aggi1
 and was succeeded by his grandson1     
,charles1 ,lord ,ros1 fourth duke1 who  
died lord lieutenant of ,ireland in     
#aghg1 when his son ,john ,henry1 the   
present and fifth duke succeeded to the 
titles and estates4      #c ,as         
illustrative of the folly and           
superstition of the times1     it may be
 interesting to explain this4 ,joan     
,flower1 and her two     daughters1 who 
were servants at ,belvoir ,castle1      
having     been dismissed the family1 in
 revenge1 made use of all the           
enchantments1 spells1 and charms1 that  
were at that time supposed     to answer

 their malicious purposes4 ,henry1 the  
eldest son1 died     soon after their   
dismissal2 but no suspicion of          
witchcraft arose     till five years    
after1 when the three women1 who are    
said to have     entered into a formal  
contract with the devil1 were accused of
     murdering ,henry ,lord ,ros by     
witchcraft1 and torturing the ,lord     
,francis1 his brother1 and ,lady        
,catharine1 his sister4 ,after          
various examinations1 before ,francis   
,lord ,willoughby1 of ,eresby1     and  
other magistrates1 they were committed  
to ,lincoln gaol4 ,joan     died at     
,ancaster1 on her way thither1 by       
wishing the bread and     butter she ate
 might choak her if guilty4 ,the two    
daughters were     tried before ,sir    
,henry ,hobbert1 ,chief ,justice of the 
,common ,pleas1     and ,sir ,edward    
,bromley1 one of the ,barons of         
,exchequer1 confessed     their guilt1  
and were executed at ,lincoln1 ,march   
#aa1 #afah-ai4      #d ,the great       

,marquess of ,granby born in #agba1 was 
the son of     this duke4 ,during the   
rebellion he raised a regiment of foot4 
,in     #ageh1 being lieutenant-general1
 he was sent into ,germany1 and         
eminently distinguished himself under   
,prince ,ferdinand of     ,brunswick4   
,he died in #aggj1 and was buried with  
his ancestors at     ,bottesford1 where1
 a few years since1 there was no        
monumental     record of his name6  ,it 
is now time to speak of the present     
magnificence of ,belvoir4 ,the castle   
which surrounds a quadrangular court1   
occupies nearly the summit of the hill1 
which is ascended by superb stone steps4
 ,on the castle are mounted seven small 
pieces of cannon1 which were presented  
to the ,duke of ,rutland by ,george the 
,third2 from these pieces #ba rounds    
were fired ,nov4 #e1 #ahjh1 in          
commemoration of the ,gunpowder ,plot4  
,the view from the terraces and towers  
comprehends the whole vale of ,belvoir1 
and the adjoining country as far as     

,lincoln1 including twenty-two of the   
,duke of ,rutland's manors4 ,on the     
southern slope of the hill are enclosed 
terraces1 on which there are several    
flower-gardens1 surrounded by extensive 
shrubberies4 ,the kitchen-gardens extend
 to eight acres4 ,the park is of great  
extent1 and contains fine forest trees  
which form a woodland beneath the hill1 
so extensive as to afford shelter for   
innumerable rooks4 ,there are likewise  
thriving plantations1 containing some   
remarkably fine young oaks4  ,belvoir   
,castle has one of the most superb      
interiors in the kingdom3 its furniture 
and decorations are of the most costly  
description4 ,it also contains one of   
the most valuable collections of        
paintings1 whether considered for the   
variety of schools1 or the judicious    
choice of the works of each master4     
,among those who have contributed to    
this invaluable assemblage1 are         
,poussin1 ,carlo ,dolci1 ,guido1 ,claude
 ,lorraine1 ,salvator ,rosa1 ,murillo1  

,reubens1 ,teniers1 and ,reynolds4 ,the 
collection was principally formed by    
,john1 the third duke1 and ,charles1 his
 successor1 who were munificent patrons 
of the arts4 ,all the modern pictures1  
of which there are a considerable       
number1 were collected by the former    
duke4  ,the last general repairs of     
,belvoir ,castle are stated to have cost
 the noble owner upwards of #fj1jjj4    
,the structure has been more than once  
extensively injured by fire4 ,a         
conflagration there in ,october1 #ahaf1 
consumed a large portion of the ancient 
part of the castle1 and several of the  
pictures4 ,among them was ,sir ,joshua  
,reynolds's ,nativity1 a composition of 
thirteen figures1 and in dimensions #ab 
feet by #ah4 ,this noble picture was    
purchased by the late ,duke of ,rutland 
for #a1bjj guineas4         99       99 
99       99       99   ,,the            
,,painter',s ,,last ,,passion4     ,a   
hectic hue is on my feverish cheek1     
,and slowly throbs my pulse--but it will

 cease2   ,and cease1 too1 will the     
visions instinct1   ,impalpable1 and    
deep1 that haunt my soul6   ,death1 who 
can dash the chalice from the lips   ,of
 ,pleasure's votary1 and hush the lyre  
,while poetry is breathing on its       
strings2   ,death1 who can quench the   
spirit which portrays   ,beauty's       
resemblance on the marble urn1   ,will  
steep my feelings in oblivion's gloom1  
,ere wintry winds disperse the sunny    
leaves   ,that cluster round the bosom  
of the rose4   ,but ,i have communed    
with enchanting shapes1   ,and felt the 
silver gush of many a song   ,amid the  
air1 until my spirit seem'd   ,instinct 
with glorious draughts of paradise6     
,mine eyes have scarcely closed their   
burning lids   ,for many a night2 and ,i
 have watch'd the stars   ,that smiled  
upon me from the brow of heaven1   ,like
 deep blue orbs familiar to my youth2   
,but now abstraction clouds me1 and the 
fire--   ,ambition's fire--it can be    
nothing less--   ,deserts its lonely    

shrine2 but ,i must give   ,the last    
bright touch to this bewitching form1   
,this pictured rainbow of my solitude6  
,i have invested her with loveliness    
,more pure than beings of the earth     
assume1   ,and ,memory calls her        
beauteous image back   ,from the        
forgotten things of distant years1      
,warm1 eloquent1 and holy1 as the balm  
,of flow'rs impearl'd with dew1 which   
summer skies   ,diffuse around--,i mark 
the marble brow   ,of polish'd symmetry1
 the eyes more blue   ,than violets in  
their vernal bloom1 the neck            
,swanlike1 and moulded with ethereal    
grace2   ,and feel their magic influence
 on my mind4   ,i will embody them1 and 
give the stamp   ,of fervid genius to   
their various charms1   ,ere this last  
aspiration is extinct   ,in the unbroken
 slumbers of the tomb6   ,for ,i have   
had prophetic monitors   ,to warn me of 
my fate1 and ,i must leave   ,all that  
is lovely in this lovely world4    ,it  
is a summer eve--the sunbeams tinge     

,the glassy bosom of the quiet lake2    
,the music of the birds enchants the    
air1   ,and ,nature's verdant robe is   
gemm'd with flow'rs4   ,from which the  
breeze derives its liquid balm4   ,oh6  
in my youth1 this hour has been to me   
,bright as the fairy arch upon the      
clouds   ,of earthly grief and gloom1   
and even now   ,it gives the silent     
fountain of my heart   ,a renovated     
action1 and recalls   ,the energies that
 long ago were mine4   ,my fancy wanders
 as ,i thus portray   ,the lineaments on
 which 'tis bliss to gaze3   ,how       
beautiful their prototype6 to whom   ,i 
breath'd in youth the most impassion'd  
words1   ,and felt as if ,elysium had   
disclosed   ,its glory to my eye--around
 this brow1   ,stainless as marble1     
cluster golden curls   ,like sunbeams on
 the bosom of the cloud1   ,and o'er the
 radiant azure orbs beneath1   ,the     
snowy lids suspend their glossy fringe4 
,upon such beauty shall my pencil stamp 
,its immortality1 and make it seem      

,more beautiful in ,fancy's softest     
glow2   ,and1 my beloved6 when this warm
 hand that traced   ,thy pictured charms
 is mouldering in the dust1   ,thou wilt
 proclaim the painter's mastery1   ,and 
consecrate the canvass with a power     
,which shall defy the wasting hand of   
,time6                                  
,g4,r4,c4         99       99       99  
99       99   ,,preservation ,,of ,a    
,,human ,,body4   ,in a vault under the 
,font of the ,old ,church of ,st4       
,dunstan in the ,west1 has lately been  
discovered the leaden coffin of a ,mr4  
,moody1 7without a ,christian name17 who
 died in the year #agdg1 aged #gj years4
 ,after this interment of #he years1 the
 face was found not decomposed1 but     
perfect2 the mouth extended--the teeth  
and eye-brows unimpaired1 and to the    
touch1 the flesh solid 7covered with a  
cloth7 and no appearance of worms2 which
 puzzles the common opinion that such   
insects prey upon the dead3      ,and   
food for worms brave ,percy6  exclaimed 

,prince ,henry over the expiring body of
 ,hotspur4  ,this observation was made  
by a person who saw the remains on the  
#hth of ,august1 #ahcb1 an older object 
by twelve years1 and without teeth1--a  
gum-biter6  ,,an ,,old ,,inhabitant ,,of
 ,,clifford',s ,,inn4         99        
99       99       99       99   ,,the   
,,rose ,,of ,,the ,,castle4     ,a      
summer morn1 with all its golden light1 
,gilded the snowy bosom of the cloud1   
,and robed the verdant earth with sunny 
hues4   ,the bees sang music to their   
passion-flow'rs1   ,the birds1 with     
melody which seem'd to gush   ,from     
joyful hearts1 entranced the crystal    
air2   ,but1 spectre-like1 the ancient  
castle frown'd   ,over the deep1 whose  
softly-rippling waves   ,reflected its  
array of ruined towers4   ,in times of  
old1 the gallant chiefs for whom   ,its 
stately walls arose1 the men who made   
,their names a terror to the ,saracen1  
,adopted as their symbol in the field1  
,the rose--that flower of faction and of

 blood6   ,i saw it sculptured on the   
marble shield   ,which graced the lofty 
gate1 it was enroll'd   ,among the      
records of departed days2   ,over the   
hearth1 upon the pictured crest   ,it   
met mine eye1 and to my mind recall'd   
,the glorious deeds of ,england's       
chivalry4    ,the ,rose--it appear'd on 
the portal proud1   ,which the ivy robed
 in its mournful shroud2   ,as the      
sunshine gleam'd in the silent hall   ,i
 traced its image upon the wall4        
,although the castle was old and grey1  
,and its summer of glory had pass'd     
away1   ,though the roof had fall'n1 and
 the walls sunk low1   ,the rose still  
smiled in the sunbeam's glow4    ,but1  
oh6 that symbol of purest faith   ,had  
cheer'd the heart in the hour of death1 
,and shone triumphant o'er the brave    
,as they crush'd the power of the       
sceptred slave4    ,it seem'd like a    
spell on the lips of all   ,whom the    
trumpet call'd from their festive hall1 
,and the soldier to it upturn'd his eye 

,as he lay on the grassy turf to die4   
,but it gleams no more on land or sea1  
,a star to the feudal chivalry6   ,on   
the silent hearth1 and the ivied tower1 
,hath it found a last forsaken bower4   
,g4,r4,c4         99       99       99  
99       99    ,,retrospective          
,,gleanings4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,,spirit          
,,drinking4   7,,to ,,the ,,editor47    
,much as has been said about            
gin-drinking in the present times1 it   
would appear from the following curious 
extract1 that our forefathers 7of the   
last century17 were more addicted to    
that pernicious custom1 than we are even
 in the nineteenth century3--  ,several 
of his ,majesty's ,justices of the      
,peace for the ,county of ,middlesex1   
having1 in pursuance of an order of a   
former ,quarter ,session1 made an       
inquiry into the houses and places where
 ,geneva and other such pernicious      
distilled liquors are sold by retail1   
about this time made their report2 by   

which it appears1 to the great surprise 
and concern of those who have the trade 
and welfare of the public truly at      
heart1 that there are in the limits of  
,westminster1 ,holborn1 the ,tower1 and 
,finsbury divisions 7exclusive of       
,london and ,southwark7 #g1jdd houses   
and shops1 where the said liquors are   
publicly sold by retail1 7which in      
several parishes1 is computed to be1 at 
least1 every sixth house17 besides what 
is privately sold in garrets1 cellars1  
back-rooms1 and other private places4   
,that of this number1 no less than      
#b1aje are unlicensed2 and that ,geneva 
is now sold1 not only by distillers and 
,geneva shops1 but by above #hj other   
inferior trades2 particularly chandlers1
 weavers1 tobacconists1 shoemakers1     
carpenters1 barbers1 tailors1 dyers1    
labourers1 c4 c42 there being in the    
,hamlets of ,bethnal ,green1 upwards of 
#ij weavers who sell this liquor4       
,,january #bj,,th1 #agcf4 ,g4,k4        
99       99       99       99       99  

,,the ,,death ,,of ,,adam4   7,,from    
,,the ,,german47   ,when ,adam was nine 
hundred and thirty years old1 he felt in
 himself the word of the judge1 ,thou   
shalt die4 ,then spoke ,adam to the     
weeping ,eve3 ,let my sons come before  
me1 that ,i may see and may bless them4 
,they all came at their father's word1  
and stood before him1 many hundred in   
number1 and prayed for his life4 ,who   
among you1 said the old man1 will go to 
the holy mountain8 ,very likely he may  
find pity for me1 and bring to me the   
fruit of the tree of life4 ,immediately1
 all his sons offered themselves2 and   
,seth1 the most pious1 was chosen by his
 father for the message4 ,he besprinkled
 his head with ashes1 hastened1 and     
delayed not1 until he stood before the  
gate of ,paradise4 ,then prayed he1 ,let
 my father find pity1 kind-hearted one1 
and send to him fruit from the tree of  
life4 ,quickly there stood the          
glittering cherub1 and instead of the   
tree of life1 he held a twig of three   

leaves in his hand4 ,carry this to thy  
father1 said he1 friendly1 his last     
consolation is here2 for eternal life   
dwells not on the earth4 ,swiftly       
hastened ,seth1 threw himself down1 and 
said1 ,no fruit of the tree of life     
bring ,i to thee1 my father1 only this  
twig has the angel given me1 to be thy  
last consolation here4 ,the dying man   
took the twig1 and was glad4 ,he smelled
 on it the fragrance of ,paradise1 and  
then was his soul elevated3 ,children1  
said he1 eternal life dwells not for us 
on the earth2 you must follow after me2 
but on these leaves ,i breathe the      
refreshing air of another world4 ,then  
his eyes failed2 his spirit fled hence4 
,adam's children buried their father1   
and wept for him thirty days2 but ,seth 
wept not4 ,he planted the twig upon his 
father's grave1 at the head of the dead 
man1 and named it the twig of the new   
life1 of the awakening up out of the    
sleep of death4 ,the little twig grew up
 into a high tree1 and by it many of    

,adam's children strengthened themselves
 with comfort of the other life4 ,so it 
came to the following generation4 ,in   
the garden of ,david it blossomed fair1 
until his infatuated son began to doubt 
on immortality2 then withered the twig1 
though its blossoms came among other    
nations4 ,and as on a stem from this    
tree1 the restorer of immortality gave  
up his holy life2 from it the fragrance 
of the new life scattered itself around 
far among all nations4 ,w4,g4,c4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,,ancient ,,naval ,,laws4   ,the laws   
made by ,richard ,i4 for the            
preservation of good order in his fleet1
 when he was sailing to ,palestine1 were
 as follows3--,he that kills a man on   
board shall be tied to the body and     
thrown into the sea4 ,if he kills one on
 land he shall he buried with the same4 
,if it be proved that any one has drawn 
a knife to strike another1 or has drawn 
blood1 he shall lose his hand4 ,if he   
strike with his fist1 without effusion  

of blood1 he shall be thrice plunged    
into the sea4 ,if a man insult another  
with opprobrious language1 so often as  
he does it1 to give so many ounces of   
silver4 ,a man convicted of theft1 to   
have his head shaved1 and to be tarred  
and feathered on the head1 and to be    
left on the first land the ship shall   
come to4 ,richard appointed officers to 
see these laws executed with rigour1 two
 of which officers were bishops4        
,a4,h4,k4--,t4         99       99      
99       99       99    ,,notes ,,of ,a 
,,reader   ,,the                        
,,atmosphere4--,,climatology4   7,,from 
,,part ,,xiv4 ,,of ,,knowledge ,,for    
,,the ,,people2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,plain     
,,why ,,and ,,because47  ,why may the   
atmosphere be termed a fourth kingdom of
 ,nature8  ,because it extends its      
influence in an equal degree over the   
three kingdoms1 the animal1 the         
vegetable1 and the mineral1 operates    
upon each after a distinct manner1 and  
appears rather to be independent1 and   

allied to all of them1 than to be       
rightly included within any one4  ,why  
is a knowledge of the atmosphere        
important to the naturalist8  ,because  
it serves to throw much light on the    
history and functions both of the animal
 and vegetable creation2 for it is      
through this great medium that heat1    
light1 electricity1 oxygen1 and the     
great springs of vital phenomena1 are   
conveyed to all classes of organized    
matter4 ,it is by means of this         
wonderful agent1 that we gain the theory
 of respiration in all classes of       
creatures possessing animal life2 and   
that we become acquainted with the      
migrations of animals1 as well as many  
of their peculiar instincts and habits4 
,it is the atmosphere that enables us to
 account for the periodical changes in  
the plumage of birds and the furs of    
animals1 and the variety of colours to  
be found amongst them4 ,by means also of
 the elasticity of the atmosphere1      
sounds and odours are transmitted to    

sensitive beings4 ,atmospherical        
phenomena1 it may be safely inferred1   
attracted the observation of mankind in 
the earliest ages3 we know that the     
,egyptians and the ,greeks wrote upon   
the subject2 the ,jews too1 a pastoral  
people1 could discern the face of the   
sky2 and even in our day1 shepherds may 
be ranked among the weather-wise4 ,this 
is a fine morning1 a soft day1 or a cold
 evening1 are modes of salutation with  
us1 as commonly as is the ,salem ,alikem
 7,peace be with you67 amongst the      
inhabitants of the more serene countries
 of the ,east4 ,shenstone says1 though  
with nearly equal spleen and truth3     
there is nothing more universally       
commended than a fine day3 the reason   
is1 that people can commend it without  
envy4  ,why do we call the atmosphere a 
fluid8  ,because it has a tendency to   
move in all directions1 and consequently
 rushes in and fills every space not    
previously occupied by a more solid     
substance4 ,hence we find1 that every   

cave1 crevice1 place1 and vessel1 having
 communication with the atmosphere1 if  
it be not filled with something else1 is
 filled with air2 against which it is no
 argument that we do not see it1 as it  
is perfectly transparent1 and           
consequently invisible4  ,why do birds  
fly8  ,because of the inertia of the    
atmosphere1 which gives effect to their 
wings4 ,were it possible for a bird to  
live without respiration1 and in a space
 void of air1 it would no longer have   
the power of flight4 ,the plumage of the
 wings being spread1 and acting with a  
broad surface on the atmosphere beneath 
them1 is resisted by the inertia of the 
atmosphere1 so that the air forms a     
falcrum1 as it were1 on which the bird  
rises1 by the leverage of its wings4    
,why is air generally considered to be  
invisible8  ,because1 though a coloured 
fluid1 and naturally blue1 its colour   
acquires intensity only1 or1 in other   
words1 becomes visible only1 from the   
depth of the transparent mass4          

,according to rigid ,newtonians1 air is 
transparent1 or1 rather1 invisible2 and 
the azure colour of the atmosphere      
arises from the greater refrangibility  
of the blue rays of light4 ,other       
philosophers imagine that the blue tint 
is inherent in air2 that is1 that the   
particles of air have the property of   
producing a blue colour1 in their       
combination with light4  ,why are the   
most distant objects in a prospect of a 
blue tinge8  ,because their colours are 
always tinted by the deepening hues of  
the interjacent atmosphere4 ,again1 the 
blending of the atmospheric azure with  
the colours of the solar rays1 produces 
those compound and sometimes remarkable 
tints1 with which the sky and clouds are
 emblazoned4 ,hence1 the mountains      
appear blue1 not because that is their  
colour1 but because it is the colour of 
the medium through which they are seen4 
,why do the ,heavens appear blue8       
,because of our looking at the dark     
vacuity beyond our atmosphere through an

 illuminated medium4 ,were there no     
atmosphere1 it is universally admitted  
the appearance would be perfectly black1
 except in the particular direction of  
the sun1 or some other of the heavenly  
bodies1 and since the atmosphere is     
transparent1 this blackness 7if such an 
expression may be used7 must be seen    
through it1 only somewhat modified by   
the rays of light reflected by the      
atmosphere to the eye1 from the         
direction in which we look4 ,for this   
reason1 the clearer or more transparent 
the atmosphere is1 the darker is the    
appearance of the heavens1 there being  
then less light reflected by the        
atmosphere to the eye4 ,in the zenith1  
the appearance is always darker than    
nearer the horizon2 and from the tops of
 high mountains1 the heavens in the     
zenith appear nearly black4--,mr4 ,b4   
,hallowell1 in the ,american ,journal of
 ,science and ,arts4  ,why does the heat
 of temperature of different parts of   
the earth vary8  ,because of the        

position of the place with respect to   
the equator1 or rather to the ecliptic1 
or1 more strictly still1 with respect to
 the plane in which the earth revolves  
around the sun2 for on this relation    
depends the temperature of the place1 so
 far as it is produced1 directly1 by the
 influence of the sun4 ,maltebrun       
ascribes to it the following influences3
 #a1 the action of the sun upon the     
atmosphere3 #b1 the interior temperature
 of the globe3 #c1 the elevation of the 
earth above the level of the ocean3 #d1 
the general inclination of the surface1 
and its local exposure3 #e1 the position
 of its mountains relatively to the     
cardinal points3 #f1 the neighbourhood  
of great seas1 and their relative       
situation3 #g1 the geological nature of 
the soil3 #h1 the degree of cultivation1
 and of population1 at which a country  
has arrived3 #i1 the prevalent winds4   
,why are the strata of air upon all     
mountains of successive coldness8       
,because the air does not acquire       

immediately1 by the passage of the solar
 rays1 a considerable degree of heat4   
,thus1 with the elevation of land1 cold 
may be said to increase in very rapid   
progression4 ,winter continues to reign 
on the ,alps and the ,pyrenees1 while   
the flowers of spring are covering the  
plains of northern ,france4 ,this       
beneficent appointment of ,nature       
considerably increases the number of    
habitable countries in the torrid zone4 
,it is probable1 that at the back of the
 flat burning coasts of ,guinea1 there  
exist in the centre of ,africa1         
countries which enjoy a delightful      
temperature2 as we see the vernal valley
 of ,quito1 situate under the same      
latitude with the destructive coasts of 
,french ,guyana1 where the humid heat   
constantly cherishes the seeds of       
disease4 ,on the other hand1 it is the  
continued elevation of the ground1      
which1 in the central parts of ,asia1   
extends the cold region to the #ceth    
parallel of latitude1 so that in        

ascending from ,bengal to ,thibet1 we   
imagine ourselves in a few days         
transported from the equator to the     
pole4--,maltebrun4  ,why does the       
destruction of forests sometimes prove  
beneficial to a country8  ,because a    
freer circulation of air is thus        
procured--but carried too far1 it       
becomes a scourge which may desolate    
whole regions4 ,we have a sad example of
 this in the ,cape de ,verde islands1   
not to mention others4 ,it is the       
destruction of forests1 and not a       
supposed cooling of the globe1 which has
 rendered the southern part of ,iceland 
more accessible to the dreadful cold    
which is too often produced by those    
masses of floating ice which are        
intercepted and detained by its northern
 coasts4--,ibid4  ,why do mountains     
influence climates8  ,because1 although 
they cannot prevent the general motions 
of the atmosphere from taking place1    
they may1 by stopping them in part1     
render particular winds more or less    

frequent throughout a certain extent of 
country4 ,maltebrun observes1 there     
cannot be a doubt that the ,alps        
contribute in securing to ,italy its    
delightful and happy climate1 its       
perpetual spring1 and its double        
harvests4         99       99       99  
99       99    ,,the ,,naturalist4      
,,the ,,toad ,,fish4       ,we quote    
these interesting details from a paper  
on the ,sargasso     ,weed1 or gulf     
weed1 with which a certain part of the  
,atlantic     ,ocean is generally       
covered1 and amongst which ,toad ,fish  
are     found4 ,the reason of the weed  
accumulating has given rise to much     
difference of opinion1 which is the main
 subject of the above     communication1
 by ,mr4 ,benet1 of ,bulstrode-street1  
to the ,naval     ,magazine#e      #e   
,we are happy to perceive that the above
 journal rises     in interest and value
 as it proceeds2 and merits all the     
encouragement our notice of its first   
appearance may have induced     our     

readers to confer upon it4              
,illustration3 ,toad ,fish  ,the figure 
represents one of those fishes to which1
 on account of their uncouth appearance1
 the name of ,toad ,fish has been       
popularly given4 ,under this            
denomination there have been included   
many very dissimilar kinds1 extreme     
ugliness being held as alone sufficient 
for the establishment of an undeniable  
claim to the title4 ,the present fish1  
and those nearly related to it1 advance1
 however1 peculiar claims to the        
appellation4 ,their belly and side fins 
are borne upon supports which project   
from the body in the semblance of limbs1
 their similarity to which is increased 
by the jointed form they acquire at the 
point of union of the fin with its      
support1 and still farther by the       
finger-like appearance of the rays of   
these fins1 which are unconnected by    
membrane at their tips4 ,this curious   
structure imparts to these fishes not   
only somewhat of the outward form of a  

quadruped1 but also a portion of its    
habits1 and they are1 accordingly1      
capable of crawling like toads among the
 sea-weeds and rocks which they usually 
inhabit2 the side fins1 which are placed
 farther back than those of the belly1  
performing on each occasion the         
functions of hinder feet4 ,nor is this  
mode of locomotion confined to the water
 alone2 it may1 also1 be exercised by   
them on land1 for their gill-openings   
are so small1 that evaporation takes    
place but slowly from within them1 and  
thus the gills are kept moistened1 and  
the circulation of the blood is         
preserved1 even out of the water1 for   
two or three days4 ,so remarkable a     
deviation from the usual appearance and 
habits of the class to which they       
belong1 has naturally caused them to be 
regarded as objects of curiosity2 and it
 is recorded1 that living specimens have
 been successfully transported from the 
,east to ,holland1 where they have been 
sold at considerable prices4  ,the      

fishes of this genus1 to which          
,commerson gave the name of             
,antennarius1 7on account of the        
filament which they possess on the      
forehead17 are met with in the sea of   
warm climates1 in the east as well as in
 the west4 ,they subsist chiefly on     
small crabs1 to surprise which they hide
 themselves among the sea-weed1 or      
behind stones4 ,their flesh is said not 
to be edible2 it may1 perhaps1 have been
 rejected1 on account of their          
disgusting appearance1 and is certainly 
too small in quantity to allow of its   
being important as an article of food4  
,in swimming1 they usually gulp down    
air1 and1 thus distending their         
capacious stomachs1 enlarge themselves  
into a rounded half-floating mass1 much 
in the same manner as the globe of      
balloon fishes4 ,their nearest affinity 
is to the fishes known as anglers1 with 
which they agree in the form of their   
gill-openings and fins1 and in the      
possession of filaments on the head2 but

 the monstrously disproportioned head of
 the anglers1 which is depressed from   
above downwards1 and the enormous       
opening of their mouth1 readily         
distinguish them from the ,toad ,fishes1
 whose head is of moderate size1 and1   
like their bodies1 compressed laterally4
 ,they are either smooth or variously   
hairy or bristly1 and are always        
destitute of the regular scales with    
which fishes are generally invested4    
,they are furnished1 especially on the  
lips and the under parts1 with numerous 
short1 loose processes of skin1 which   
add considerably to their sense of      
touch4 ,there is great variety in the   
different kinds in the length of the    
filament on the head1 and its           
termination is still more varied2 in    
some it is almost simple1 as though     
formed of a single undilated hair2 in   
others1 it is surmounted by a small1    
dense1 globular mass of short filaments2
 and in others again1 it has two1 or    
even three large fleshy processes at its

 end1 not unlike the baits which        
terminate the fishing filaments of the  
anglers4  ,in the species figured1 the  
,antennarius ,iaevigatus1 the skin is   
smooth1 and furnished with short loose  
processes2 the filament on the head is  
short1 and terminated by a small knob of
 clustered minute filaments2 this is    
succeeded by two other processes1 each  
resembling a fin supported by a single  
ray1 and fringed1 especially towards its
 upper part1 by loose portions of skin2 
to these succeed the back fin1          
supported1 as usual1 by many rays4 ,the 
colour is pale1 irregularly blotched1   
spotted1 and streaked with brown1 the   
markings varying considerably in        
different individuals2 it is also dotted
 irregularly with white4 ,by these      
characters it may be known from the     
other species of the genus1 with which  
it appears to have been associated by   
,linnaeus1 under the common name of     
,lophius ,histrio4 ,it was first        
scientifically distinguished by ,m4     

,bosc1 a ,french naturalist1 who        
observed it1 on his voyage to ,america1 
among the ,sargasso weed3 he described  
and figured it1 not without some        
imperfections1 in the ,nouveau          
,dictionnaire d',histoire ,naturelle4   
,it has since been figured1 but not     
described1 by ,dr4 ,mitchell in the     
,transactions of the ,new ,york         
,society2 and one very nearly resembling
 it has been described by ,mr4 ,bennett 
with a figure1 in the ,geological       
,journal4 ,the genus to which it belongs
 is most completely treated of by ,m4   
,cuvier1 in the ,memoires du ,museum    
d',histoire ,naturelle4         99      
99       99       99       99           
,,select ,,biography   ,illustration3   
,cuvier   ,cuvier1 the great naturalist1
 paid the debt of nature in ,may last1  
after a life devoted to science with an 
unwearied application and a success     
exceeded by none in modern times4 ,he   
was born at ,montbelliard in #agfi1 a   
year which gave to so many remarkable   

men--a ,napoleon--a ,chateaubriand--a   
,wellington--a ,humboldt1 c4 and his    
first discoveries were on the ,mollusca1
 and shook to its base the zoological   
classification which then universally   
prevailed4  ,invited to ,paris to fill  
the place of ,professor of ,comparative 
,anatomy at the ,jardin des ,plantes1   
his lectures speedily drew crowds around
 him1 attracted by his popular eloquence
 and lucid arrangement4 ,his next work1 
,lecons d',anatomie ,comparee1 #ahje1   
was rewarded by the ,institute with the 
decennial prize for the work which had  
contributed the most to our knowledge of
 the ,natural ,sciences during that     
period4 ,at the same period he published
 a series of ,memoirs on the ,anatomy of
 the ,mollusca1 and devoted his         
attention to a detailed examination of  
the fossil remains of the bones of      
mammiferous animals2 he particularly    
examined the numerous fossils in the    
environs of ,paris1 assisted in the     
geological part of his task by his      

friend ,m4 ,a4 ,brogniart4 ,the sagacity
 and accuracy which ,m4 ,cuvier         
displayed in the examination of fossil  
bones1 raised this branch of inquiry to 
the dignity of a perfectly new science1 
which has thrown a powerful light on    
geology1 and directed it into a more    
philosophical route4 ,a number of works 
and of elaborate memoirs published since
 by various naturalists1 have shown the 
prodigious influence which the labours  
of ,cuvier have exercised on the study  
of geology1 of the animal kingdom1 and  
even of fossil botany4 ,m4 ,cuvier      
amused himself during these laborious   
works by particular researches which    
would alone have been sufficient to have
 distinguished any other man1 such as   
his five ,memoirs on the ,voice of      
,birds1 on ,crocodiles1 and on numerous 
subjects of zoology2 such also as his   
descriptions of the living animals in   
the menagerie1 c4 ,in all his works1    
even to the minutest details1 we        
discover the same luminous1 clear1 and  

methodical mind1 and the sagacity which 
characterized him4 ,feeling the want of 
a work which should present a general   
view of his ideas on zoological         
classification1 he published in #ahag   
his work entitled ,le ,regne ,animal    
distribue d'aprs son ,organisation1 in  
#d vols1 #hvo4 which speedily became the
 text-book of all zoological students4  
,when employed on this work he felt how 
far in arrear of the other branches of  
zoology was that which respects the     
class of fish1 and saw how much         
difficulty had accumulated in it1 as    
well from our ignorance of the anatomy  
of these animals1 and the impossibility 
of determining with precision the laws  
of their comparative organization1 as   
from the want of large collections1 and 
perhaps also from the too artificial    
spirit which had hitherto prevailed in  
ichthyology4 ,he employed his influence 
to form a collection in the ,paris      
,museum of specimens of fish from all   
parts of the world1 and was so          

successful in his endeavours that the   
number of specimens which at first      
scarcely amounted to #a1jjj1 in a few   
years amounted to #f1jjj4 ,of these he  
dissected a large portion with a care   
hitherto unknown1 having the advantage  
of an able associate in the study of the
 details in ,m4 ,valenciennes2 he was   
thus enabled in a period of time that   
may be called short1 looking to the     
extent of the results1 to collect the   
materials of his great ,histoire        
,naturelle des ,poissons1 of which eight
 volumes have appeared1 with their      
appropriate plates1 and for the         
continuation of which we have to look to
 his laborious assistant4 ,the recent   
embarrassment among the ,paris          
publishers having occasioned a stoppage 
in the progress of this work1 ,m4       
,cuvier availed himself of this 7as the 
part prepared for the press was already 
in advance of the printer7 to make      
preparations for republishing his       
,lecons d',anotomie ,comparee1 of which 

a second edition had been long anxiously
 called for4 ,this design1 however1 he  
was not permitted to complete2 but it is
 to be hoped that we shall not be long  
deprived of the edition he had          
contemplated1 and that it will be       
accompanied with those beautiful and    
accurate plates on which he had bestowed
 so much pains1 and in the execution of 
which he himself excelled2 for he was a 
skilful draftsman1 and seized external  
forms with rapidity and accuracy1 and   
possessed the art of representing in his
 drawings the forms of organic tissues  
in a style peculiar to himself4 ,his    
last course of lectures1 on the ,history
 of the ,natural ,sciences1 and on the  
,philosophy of ,natural ,history1       
delivered at the ,college of ,france1 is
 now publishing in livraisons1 and will 
extend to three or four vols1 #hvo4     
,this work1 however1 we believe1 has    
been published without his consent or   
revision4 ,his memory was prodigious1   
and he scarcely knew what it was to     

forget anything4 ,although his great    
powers were more particularly devoted to
 natural history1 no part of science was
 a stranger to him1 and his taste for   
literature and works of imagination was 
particularly refined and elegant4 ,in   
his ,eloges of illustrious men1         
delivered in his capacity of perpetual  
secretary of the ,academy of ,sciences1 
he always displays the utmost           
impartiality and love of truth2 he never
 debased the dignity of science by any  
love of intrigue1 and displayed the     
utmost disinterestedness in his efforts 
to promote science4 ,the qualities of   
his heart were not less estimable than  
those of his head1 and he possessed the 
happy art of inspiring his friends with 
an unalterable attachment4 ,his         
conversation was varied and animated1   
adapted by turns to every subject1 and  
he may truly be said to have been the   
grace and ornament of society4 ,we must 
not forget the great services he        
rendered to public education as head of 

the ,university2 his ,report on the     
,state of ,primary ,education in        
,holland is a lasting monument of his   
solicitude for the education of the     
people1 and all those who have observed 
his conduct with regard to the higher   
branches of education1 know how         
constantly his influence was directed to
 favour their progress and to remove    
obstacles4 ,in other departments of the 
civil service into which he was         
successively called1 as ,master of      
,requests1 ,counsellor of ,state1       
,president of the ,section of the       
,interior1 ,director of ,protestant     
,worship1 7for he was an enlightened and
 liberal ,protestant1 and watched over  
the interests of his co-religionists    
with constant solicitude17 and at last  
as a ,peer of ,france--in all these he  
displayed the same superiority of       
talent4 ,the office of ,censor of the   
,press1 which was offered to him1 he1 to
 his eternal honour1 refused4 ,such was 
the man whose loss the world has now to 

deplore3 but the mind that traced her   
age and history--in the wrecks of ages  
dug from her bosom--will live for ever  
in his works to enlighten and instruct  
mankind4--,foreign ,quarterly ,review4  
,cuvier is said to have died of a       
paralytic affection of the oesophagus4  
,his body was examined by several       
eminent pathologists3 his brain is      
stated to have presented a mass of      
extraordinary volume1 weighing three    
pounds thirteen and a half ounces2 a    
fact which will be treasured up by      
contemporary phrenologists as evidence  
of ,cuvier's great intellectual         
capabilities4  ,cuvier was ,professor of
 ,geology in the ,college of ,france4   
,the chair1 vacant by his death1 has    
just been filled by the appointment of  
,m4 ,elie ,beaumont1 celebrated for his 
investigation of mountain formations4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,,new ,,books   ,,legends ,,of ,,the    
,,rhine4       ,these are three         
novel-sized volumes from the prolific   

pen of ,mr4     ,grattan1 whose         
,highways and ,byeways have probably    
started off     hundreds of scribbling  
tourists to the ,continent1 much to the 
annoyance of the keepers of old castles 
and other necromantic     haunts4 ,these
 ,legends1 however1 have little to do   
with the ,rhine1     which is perhaps   
fortunate for their success1 as most of 
the     traditionary stories of the     
romantic river have been dished up in   
as many forms and fashions as ,french   
cooks are accustomed to serve     up    
eggs4 ,a few of our ,correspondents have
 tried their taste1     but we hope not 
the reader's patience1 in ,rhin-onomy2  
and ,mr4     ,planch1 moreover1 has     
wandered and sailed up and down the     
district1 picking to new van its mystic 
stories in every form     common to our 
literature4 ,we have enjoyed every inch 
of the stream     and its banks1        
coloured after nature1 in a panorama on 
paper1 to     put into your pocket or   
portmanteau2 and just now ,views on the 

,rhine are publishing in sixpenny       
portions1 and becoming as little        
rare as ,views on the ,thames2 till we  
may as well say thick as     leaves on  
the ,rhine1 as in ,vallainbrosa4        
,mr4 ,grattan's ,legends are stated to  
be freely adapted from the              
literature of the countries where the   
scenes are laid4 ,they     consist of   
some ten or dozen stories of untiring   
length but too     much for entire      
extract4 ,for the sake of some          
delightfully     graphic writing we are 
induced to quote a portion of one of the
     tales--,the ,curse of the ,black   
,lady1 a legend of the twelfth          
century4 ,the scene lies in the ,low    
,countries1 and introduces an           
admirably-drawn portrait of a knight of 
the period4  ,the ,castle of the        
,countess of ,hainault at ,mons was a   
complete specimen of the splendid       
architecture of the twelfth century1 or 
that which is now called ,gothic2       
pointed windows abounding in coloured   

glass1 unpolished marble1 heavy wooden  
doors1 thickly studded with iron nails1 
leading into immense corridors1         
interminable passages1 and branching    
staircases4  ,it was early in a morning 
of the month of ,february1 that the horn
 of a knight was heard beyond the castle
 wall1 and immediately replied to by the
 warder2 and when the draw-bridge was   
slowly replaced and the portcullis      
heavily withdrawn1 a knight followed by 
a squire1 whose surcoat bore the        
,flander's lion1 entered4 ,the cap of   
the knight was of black velvet1 and     
slight bars of steel1 bent into the form
 of a semicircle1 crossed each other at 
the top of his head and served at once  
for defence and for ornament4 ,his boots
 of thick leather reaching almost to the
 knees bespoke him an inhabitant of a   
maritime country1 having spurs formed of
 a single point of iron1 long and       
obtuse1 and these being gilt would have 
announced the wearer's rank in chivalry1
 even if his whole equipment and bearing

 had not proclaimed his right to the    
deference with which he was received4   
,as he dismounted from his horse1 he    
threw off the large mantle1 not unlike  
the military cloaks of our days1 and    
discovered the knightly armour1 which   
showed to peculiar advantage his        
powerful limbs4 ,a straight black tunic 
without sleeves descended to his knees4 
,it was fastened by a silver girdle1    
from which depended on one side a strong
 sword1 and on the other a dagger1 the  
richly wrought handle of which seemed to
 declare it of ,turkish make4 ,his arms 
and hands were covered with a steel     
tissue1 sitting close and so flexible   
that it yielded lightly to every motion4
 ,the squire who followed him was old1  
and a certain familiarity was mingled   
with the respect of his manner1 and     
seemed to declare that he had been long 
accustomed to his master4 ,in truth he  
had served the father of our knight1 and
 the latter had grown up beneath his    
attendance1 which had not unfrequently  

become his protection4 ,his armour1 far 
from adorning his person1 scarcely left 
a human figure visible beneath its heavy
 plates of iron1 fastened by nails whose
 monstrous heads seemed cast in the same
 mould with those which strengthened the
 heavy oak doors of the palace4 ,his    
helmet seemed the section of a          
water-pipe of cast iron4 ,visor it had  
none2 but in its place was a plate or   
bar of iron descending from the forehead
 to the chin1 almost touching the nose  
and mouth1 and he had a group of arms   
suspended from his saddle4 ,it was ,sir 
,guy de ,dampierre and his squire4  ,the
 seneschal conducted them with much     
ceremony to the knight's apartments in  
the castle1 where a small table placed  
by the side of an enormous log-fire in  
the middle of the room1 and plentifully 
furnished with cold salted and dried    
meats1 together with the thin wines of  
,france1 and the more potent juice of   
the ,german grape1 soon made him forget 
the cold and thirst he had endured in   

the forest4 ,the beer he quaffed with   
peculiar pleasure1 as it invitingly     
foamed in a silver tankard1 which had   
been thickly embossed by the abbot of   
,wansfort1 and presented by him to the  
,emperor ,baldwin previous to his       
embarkation for the ,holy ,land4        
,having praised the flavour of the beer 
and helped himself to some slices from a
 well cured wild boar's head1 he said to
 the chamberlain1 ,and ,baldwin of      
,avesnes is not yet arrived1 you say8   
,no1 ,count1 replied the chamberlain2 we
 expected he would be with you4  ,why1  
my road lay through ,namur1 and he comes
 directly from ,bruges4 ,i marvel       
therefore he be not arrived--and ,i have
 news for him1 said the knight4         
,the next page includes a passing notice
 of the introduction of     chimneys    
into ,england1 referable1 though not    
without dispute1 to     this date3--    
,the warder's horn was again heard2 and 
after due time the person in question   
made his appearance4 ,he looked harassed

 and fatigued1 and gladly took the seat 
,count ,guy pointed to1 close by his    
own1 and having stirred the logs which  
burned lazily in the huge hearth1 he    
observed1 ,methinks the wood emits this 
sulphureous vapour more strongly than   
ever4 ,i marvel1 ,guy1 that you have not
 repaid the compliment of the ,english  
king's invitation to your weavers1 by   
bringing over workmen to build you some 
of those long narrow passages which1    
beginning just over the fire1 project   
from the top of the house to carry off  
the smoke4  ,what mean you1 ,baldwin8   
,nay1 have you not heard that in        
,england they are beginning to build    
along the end of the rooms1 lodges or   
troughs to contain the fuel1 on the base
 of which they raise a brick funnel1    
through which all the smoke mounts and  
so evaporates at the top of the house8  
replied ,baldwin4  ,think you then1     
d',avesnes1 that the whole room can be  
warmed with the fire at one end of it1  
particularly if the smoke be carried    

out8  ,indeed they say1 replied         
d',avesnes1 it casts a strong heat      
everywhere4      ,the ,black ,lady is   
thus characterised3--,they speak of her 
as     one entirely destitute of natural
 sensibility2 they hint at some     dark
 practices1 and they designate her so   
frequently by the     epithet of the    
',black ,lady1' that many1 both in      
,hainault and     ,flanders1 are        
ignorant that this is not really her    
title4 ,here     follows a whole-length 
portrait of this specimen of            
black-letter     majesty4  ,in the      
tapestried room into which the brothers 
were conducted1 sat the ,black ,lady of 
,brabant on a throne elevated           
considerably above the floor4 ,the dais 
was covered with the same rich tapestry 
as the hangings which covered the walls1
 for even in this early age ,bruges was 
celebrated for such manufactures4 ,the  
draperies of the throne were of purple  
velvet fringed with gold1 with a canopy 
and curtains of the same rich materials1

 the latter being looped back with a    
massive cord and tassels4 ,the constable
 supported one side of the throne1 and  
the seneschal the other4 ,below these   
were the cup-bearer and grand huntsman4 
,six pages were placed about the steps  
of the throne1 and the same number of   
ladies in waiting were also there4 ,yet 
,marguerite herself wanted not the      
surrounding magnificence to mark her    
superior dignity of ,countess by the    
grace of ,god1 then accorded to only one
 county besides her own2 for there was a
 sort of fearful majesty about her      
towering height1 unbowed either by the  
weight of years 7and she had already    
passed what the ,psalmist has declared  
to be the age of man7 or luxurious      
indulgence4 ,her face was pale and      
marked by deep furrows1 indicating an   
unlimited indulgence of the strong      
passions which had rendered her life so 
unquiet4 ,her eye was black1 and        
retained all the fire of lively feeling1
 yet it was sunken4 ,her forehead was   

low1 yet there was an inflexibility of  
resolve in its deep lines that added    
much to the majestic character of her   
appearance4 ,her teeth too were perfect1
 and her thin and colourless lips left  
them visible to attract the painful     
admiration excited by their contrast    
with the unlovely expression of her     
features2 her chin was small4 ,her hair 
was all drawn from her face to the crown
 of her head and concealed under the    
black lace veil1 which concealing the   
upper part of her forehead1 fell over   
each shoulder even to her feet4 ,her    
upper garment was a long mantle of black
 velvet lined with ermine1 which1       
opening in front1 fell over the arms of 
her throne1 and discovered a dress of   
crimson cloth of ,bruges of that        
beautiful sort called ecarlate4 ,the    
boddice was drawn tightly to her shape  
by rich gold cord1 the ends of which1   
finished by heavy tassels1 fell         
downwards to the edge of her robe4 ,the 
crimson tunic reached only to her knees1

 and discovered an under dress of white 
,syrian silk1 on which was a border of  
gold1 evidently of oriental workmanship4
 ,her hard bust was covered by many rows
 of the finest ,asiatic pearls1 and     
depending from her girdle was a rosary  
of jet1 which sustained a richly        
embossed golden cross1 probably         
enshrining a piece of wood of the true  
cross from ,palestine4 ,the small gold  
crown which circled her brows1 and the  
sceptre she held1 were evidently made by
 the same skilful artist--probably the  
work of the celebrated ,erembert1 ,abbot
 of ,wansfort4 ,her arms1 which         
notwithstanding her towering statue were
 disproportionably long1 were covered by
 sleeves of the finest ,bruges linen1   
which however only appeared at the      
shoulders and elbows1 the rest of the   
arm being covered with the crimson cloth
 which formed the tunic1 and these were 
laced with gold cord down to the waist1 
where the ,bruges linen formed a cuff4  
,her form was harsh and bony1 and no    

grace of motion relieved its outlines2  
for she was so fearfully still1 you     
might have thought the living form had  
been placed in sight of the ,gorgon's   
head and so transformed to stone4 ,her  
features seemed alike immovable1 all    
sunk into a dark1 fixed1 and settled    
discontent with life4         99        
99       99       99       99   ,,the   
,,british ,,museum4       ,this is the  
seventeenth volume of the ,library of   
,entertaining     ,knowledge2 and1 like 
the majority of its predecessors1 it    
aims     at rendering popular1 and of   
obvious interest1 subjects which had    
hitherto been abstruse and uninviting4  
,it is the first of a series     of     
volumes to be published on the          
,antiquities of the ,british            
,museum1 so as in some measure to set   
them free from their national           
imprisonment2 for such we must term any 
assemblage of works of art     7the     
property of the country71 which are not 
unconditionally open     to public      

inspection4      ,the portion before us 
is the first of two volumes devoted to  
the ,egyptian ,antiquities in the       
,museum4 ,it has been diligently        
compiled2 and rendered more interesting 
than would be a bare     account of what
 the ,museum contains1 by correct       
notices generally     of the history of 
art among the ,egyptians4 ,the best     
authorities     have been consulted and 
acknowledged1 as ,hamilton1 ,heeren1    
,gau1     and ,belzoni1 and the more    
recent labours of ,mr4 ,james ,burton4  
,the whole is attractively arranged in  
chapters2 on the ,physical              
,character of ,egypt2 ,political ,sketch
 of ,ancient ,egypt1 and the            
monuments of the respective divisions of
 the country4 ,we subjoin     an        
extract1 containing a graphic outline of
 ,thebes3  ,we pass by ,kennh1 on the   
east bank1 from which travellers may go 
to ,cosseir to embark on the ,red ,sea2 
we hasten by the remains of ,kouft1 the 
ancient ,coptos1 and the solitary       

propylon of ,kous1 standing alone       
without its temple1--to the plain of    
,thebes1 to the most wonderful          
assemblage of ruins on the face of the  
earth4  ,all travellers agree that it is
 impossible to describe the effect      
produced by the colossal remains of this
 ancient capital2 nor does it lie within
 our plan to attempt this description at
 present any farther than is necessary  
to make our readers acquainted with the 
general character and localities of the 
existing temples of ,egypt4  ,no        
knowledge of antiquity1 no              
long-cherished associations1 no         
searching after something to admire1 is 
necessary here4 ,the wonders of ,thebes 
rise before the astonished spectator    
like the creations of some superior     
power4 ,it appeared to me1 says         
,belzoni1 like entering a city of       
giants1 who1 after a long conflict1 were
 all destroyed1 leaving the ruins of    
their various temples as the only proofs
 of their former existence4 ,denon's    

description of the first view of ,thebes
 by the ,french army1 which he          
accompanied in the expedition into      
,upper ,egypt1 is singularly            
characteristic4 ,on turning the point of
 a chain of mountains which forms a kind
 of promontory1 we saw all at once      
ancient ,thebes in its full extent--that
 ,thebes whose magnitude has been       
pictured to us by a single word in      
,homer1 hundred-gated1 a poetical and   
unmeaning expression which has been so  
confidently repeated ever since4 ,this  
city1 described in a few pages dictated 
to ,herodotus by ,egyptian priests1     
which succeeding authors have           
copied--renowned for numerous kings1    
who1 through their wisdom1 have been    
elevated to the rank of gods2 for laws  
which have been revered without being   
known2 for sciences which have been     
confided to proud and mysterious        
inscriptions1 wise and earliest         
monuments of the arts which time has    
respected2--this sanctuary1 abandoned1  

desolated through barbarism1 and        
surrendered to the desert from which it 
was won2 this city1 shrouded in the veil
 of mystery by which even colossi are   
magnified3 this remote city1 which      
imagination has only caught a glimpse of
 through the darkness of time1--was     
still so gigantic an apparition1 that at
 the site of its scattered ruins1 the   
army halted of its own accord1 and the  
soldiers1 with one spontaneous movement1
 clapped their hands4 ,it is1 however1  
rather unfortunate for ,denon's         
description1 that another traveller     
denies that there is such an approach to
 ,thebes as is mentioned in the extract1
 and he assures us that the ruins cannot
 be seen till the traveller comes near  
them2 and further1 that to produce such 
astonishing effects as the ,frenchman   
describes1 we ought to be very near them
 or among them4 ,without pretending to  
reconcile these contradictions1 we can  
readily believe that the ruins may      
produce a considerable effect1 even at  

some distance1 if ,denon's drawings are 
at all correct4 ,as to the impression   
made by a near inspection of these      
wonderful remains1 there is no          
discrepancy among travellers4  ,thebes  
lay on each side of the river1 and      
extended also on both sides as far as   
the mountains4 ,the tombs1 which are on 
the western side1 reach even into the   
limits of the desert4 ,four principal   
villages stand on the site of this      
ancient city1--,luxor and ,carnak on the
 eastern1 ,gournou and ,medinet-,abou on
 the western side4 ,the temple of ,luxor
 is very near the river1 and there is   
here a good ancient jette1 well built of
 bricks4 ,the entrance to this temple is
 through a magnificent propylon1 or     
gateway1 facing the north1 #bjj feet in 
front1 and #eg feet high above the      
present level of the soil4 ,before the  
gateway stand the two most perfect      
obelisks that exist1 formed1 as usual1  
of the red granite of ,syene1 and each  
about #hj feet high1 and from #h to #aj 

feet wide at the base4 ,travellers      
differ in their estimate of the width of
 the base1 some1 perhaps1 taking the    
actual measure on the surface of the    
soil while others may make allowance for
 that part that is buried2 for that the 
soil is much elevated will appear from  
what follows3 ,between these obelisks   
and the propylon are two colossal       
statutes1 also of red granite2 from the 
difference of the dresses it is judged  
that one was a male1 the other a female1
 figure2--they are nearly of equal      
sizes4 ,though buried in the ground to  
the chest1 they still measure #ba and   
#bb feet from thence to the top of the  
mitre4 ,another cause of discrepancy in 
the measurements may be1 that the       
adjacent sides of the obelisks are of   
different dimensions2 which is generally
 the case4  ,it is this gateway that is 
filled with those remarkable sculptures1
 which represent the triumph of some    
ancient monarch of ,egypt over an       
,asiatic enemy1 and which we find       

repeated1 both on other monuments of    
,thebes1 and partly also on some of the 
monuments of ,nubia1 as1 for example1 at
 ,ipsambul4 ,this event appears to have 
formed an epoch in ,egyptian history1   
and to have furnished materials both for
 the historian and the sculptor1 like   
the war of ,troy to the ,grecian poet4  
,the whole length of this temple is     
about #hjj feet4  ,but the remains of   
,carnak1 about one mile and a quarter   
lower down the river1 are still more    
wonderful than ,luxor3 one of the       
buildings is probably the temple of     
,ammon1 which we know from ,diodoius was
 on this side of the river4 ,an         
irregular avenue of sphinxes1           
considerably more than a mile in length 
7about #f1efj feet71 connected the      
northern entrance of the temple of      
,luxor with it2 but this was only one of
 several proud approaches to perhaps the
 largest assemblage of buildings that   
ever was erected4 ,for a minute         
description of ,carnak we must refer to 

the plans in the great ,french work1 and
 to ,dr4 ,richardson's and ,mr4         
,hamilton's accounts4 ,the              
irregularities in the structure and     
approaches of this building show that   
the various parts of it were raised at  
different periods1 for indeed it would  
have been impossible for any one        
sovereign to have completed such a      
monument in his life-time2 and we know1 
also1 that the great temple at ,memphis 
received numerous additions during a    
long succession of ages4 ,some parts1   
both of this temple and of the larger   
building at ,carnak 7sometimes called a 
palace71 have been constructed out of   
the materials of earlier buildings1 as  
we see from blocks of stone being       
occasionally placed with inverted       
hieroglyphics4 ,it is impossible without
 good drawings and very long            
descriptions1 to give anything like an  
adequate idea of the enormous remains of
 ,carnak1 among which we find a hall    
whose roof of flat stones is sustained  

by more than #acj pillars1 some #bf     
feet1 and others as much as #cd feet1 in
 circumference4 ,the remains on the     
western side of the river are1 perhaps1 
more interesting than those on the east4
 ,that nearly all the monuments of      
,thebes belong to a period anterior to  
the ,persian conquest1 ,b4,c4 #ebe1 and 
that among them we must look for the    
oldest and most genuine specimens of    
,egyptian art1 is clear1 both from the  
character of the monuments themselves   
and from historical records2 nor is this
 conviction weakened by finding the name
 of ,alexander twice on part of the     
buildings at ,carnak1 which will prove  
no more than that a chamber might have  
been added to the temple and inscribed  
with his name2 or that it was not       
unusual for the priests to flatter      
conquerors or conquerors' deputies by   
carving on stone the name of their new  
master4 ,thebes was the centre of       
,egyptian power and commerce1 probably  
long before ,memphis grew into          

importance1 or before the ,delta was    
made suitable to the purposes of        
husbandry by the cutting of canals and  
the raising of embankments4      ,in a  
note to this passage1 it is stated that 
,herodotus has given     no description 
of ,thebes4 ,denon several times quotes 
,herodotus     for what is not in that  
author4 ,but this is so common1 even    
with     people who have claims to      
scholarship1 that it has become almost  
a fashion to say that any thing is in   
,herodotus4 ,so that the     audience of
 ,lord ,goderich with the late ,king1 as
 described in the     ,edinburgh        
,review1 in the ,herodotean 7or says he 
and says     she7 dialect1 is no great  
license4      ,the volume is profusely  
embellished4         99       99        
99       99       99    ,,the ,,public  
,,journals4   ,,errors ,,of ,,the ,,day4
   ,the devoutest believers in the march
 of intellect must at intervals be      
almost driven to renounce their creed in
 despair4 ,errors which were supposed to

 have been exploded centuries ago1      
sometimes reappear on a sudden1 and     
propagate themselves for a season with a
 rapidity which no reasoning can pursue1
 no ridicule arrest4 ,notions1 worthy   
only of the dark ages1 spring up in the 
glare of the supposed illumination of   
the present day1 and resist all the     
efforts of the ,briarean press itself to
 dispel them4 ,at one time1 it is a     
pious ,hungarian prince who performs    
preternatural cures1 at the request of  
the friends of the sick parties in      
,ireland1 conveyed through that droll   
medium for a miracle1 the ,hamburg      
letter-bag6 ,at another1 it is an old   
dropsical impostor1 whom thousands of   
blaspheming dupes venerate as a second  
virgin quick of a new ,messiah6 ,a short
 time since animal magnetism was in     
vogue2 and the strong will of certain   
gifted individuals was believed to have 
the power of entering into a mystical   
communication with the spirits of       
others1 and of absolutely controlling   

their whole physical and mental being6  
,to-day we are startled by the actual   
exhibition of a miracle1 the unknown    
tongue1 on alternate ,sundays1 at the   
,caledonian ,chapel in ,regent ,square1 
,london6 ,if at any time we are tempted 
to plume ourselves on the fact1 that the
 belief in ghosts and witchcraft has    
disappeared1 we are quickly humiliated  
by the recollection that there are yet  
thousands of devout believers in the    
prophecies of ,francis ,moore1          
physician2 or by overhearing the        
rhapsodies of some millenarian dreamer1 
who as confidently gives us the date of 
the opening of the ,new ,jerusalem as if
 he were speaking of the ,new ,london   
,bridge4--,quarterly ,review4         99
       99       99       99       99    
,,public ,,credit4   ,it is physically  
impossible to carry on the commerce of  
the civilized world by the aid of a     
purely metallic currency--no1 not though
 our gold and silver coins were every   
tenth year debased to a tenth6 ,why1 in 

,london alone1 five millions of money   
are daily exchanged at the              
,clearing-house1 in the course of a few 
hours4 ,we should like to see the       
attempt made to bring this infinity of  
transactions to a settlement in coined  
money4 ,credit money1 in some shape or  
other1 always has1 and must have1       
performed the part of a circulating     
medium to a very considerable extent4   
,and 7by one of those wonderful         
compensatory processes which so         
frequently claim the admiration of every
 investigator of civil1 as well as of   
physical economy7 there is in the nature
 of credit an elasticity which causes   
it1 when left unshackled by law1 to     
adapt itself to the necessities of      
commerce1 and the legitimate demands of 
the market4 ,well may the productive    
classes exclaim to those who persist in 
legislating on the subject1 and are not 
content without determining who may1 and
 who may not1 give credit to another1   
what kind of monied obligations shall1  

or shall not1 be allowed to             
circulate--that is1 to be taken in      
exchange for goods at the option of the 
parties--well might they exclaim1 as the
 merchants of ,paris did to the minister
 of ,louis1 when he asked what his      
master could do for them--,laissez nous 
faire1--,leave us alone1 to surround    
ourselves with those precautions which  
experience will suggest and the instinct
 of self-preservation put in            
execution4--,ibid4         99       99  
99       99       99   ,,hoarding       
,,money4   ,there can be no doubt too   
that hoarding coin goes on to a         
considerable extent1 and greatly        
augments the scarcity1 and consequently 
the value of the precious metals4 ,even 
the old practice of making a stocking is
 by no means given up in rural          
districts4 ,we ourselves1 but a few days
 back1 personally witnessed an old      
crone1 the wife of a small1 and         
apparently poor farmer1 in a wild       
pastoral district1 bring no less than   

three hundred sovereigns in a bag to a  
neighbouring attorney1 to be placed by  
him in security3 her treasure having    
accumulated till she was afraid to keep 
it longer at home4 ,such examples are by
 no means so rare as may be imagined4   
,the failures of so many country banks  
in #ahbe destroyed the confidence of    
country people in the bank-notes of the 
present banks1 and causes their         
preference of gold4 ,the failure of many
 attorneys1 as well as of those country 
banks which received and gave interest  
on deposits1 and 7with the exception of 
the savings banks1 which are very       
limited in the amount of the deposits   
they allow7 the total absence1 in the   
rural districts of ,england1 of any safe
 and accessible depositaries for the    
savings of the economical1 such as the  
invaluable ,scotch banks1 have tended   
most injuriously to discourage economy2 
and where that principle was strongly   
ingrafted1 have converted it into a     
practice of hoarding1--have caused that 

to stagnate in unprofitable masses      
which1 spread through proper channels1  
would have stimulated new industry and  
new accumulations1 and added both to the
 wealth of the owner1 and to the general
 stock4--,ibid4         99       99     
99       99       99   ,,invention ,,of 
,,printing4       ,our ,correspondent1  
,w4,m4 of the ,regent's ,park1 should   
read the     following announcement1    
which supersedes the necessity of       
printing     his communication4 ,at     
least1 we do not feel ourselves         
justified in     doing so1 without      
reference to the undernamed ,german     
work4  ,it is proposed to erect a       
monument in ,mentz1 by public           
subscription and support of all nations1
 to ,gutenberg1 the great inventor of   
the art of printing1 and to celebrate   
the immortal discovery in a grand and   
becoming style4 ,the erection is to take
 place in #ahcf1 being the fourth       
centenary anniversary of the great      
achievement1 for it is capable of       

historic proof that ,gutenberg          
communicated his discovery of movable   
letters to some friends at ,strasburg in
 #adcf1 to which city he had retired on 
account of some disturbances in his     
native place3 vide ,schaab's ,geschichte
 der ,erfinding der ,buchdruckerkunst1  
,mainz1 #ahca1 #c vols4 #hvo4 ,the      
subscriptions and support1 in           
particular1 of printers1 booksellers1   
authors and literary bodies1 is         
solicited4 ,kings and princes1 in behalf
 of the best interests of their subjects
 and of civilization1 it is hoped1 will 
not be backward to support so noble a   
design4 ,the public will be informed1   
from time to time1 by means of the daily
 papers and journals1 of the progress of
 the subscription1 for which the        
smallest sums will be received1 and the 
names of the donors entered in a book   
kept by the ,corporation of ,mentz1 to  
which all communications are requested  
to be addressed4--,foreign ,quarterly   
,review4         99       99       99   

99       99   ,,goethe   ,a medal1 in   
commemoration of ,goethe1 has been      
struck at ,berlin4 ,on one side is the  
portrait of the deceased1 by the        
celebrated ,leonard ,posch1 crowned with
 laurel1 bearing the inscription ,jo4   
,w4 ,,de ,,goethe ,,nat4 ,,xxviii ,,aug4
 ,,mdccxxxxix4 ,the likeness was taken a
 few years ago at ,weimar1 and has been 
universally admired for its accuracy4   
,on the reverse is represented the      
,poet's ,apotheosis4 ,a swan bears him  
on his wings to the starry regions1 that
 appear expanded above1 and to which the
 ,poet1 having a golden lyre in his left
 arm1 extends his right arm with longing
 gaze4 ,on this side is the inscription 
,,ad ,,astra ,,rediit ,d4 ,,xxii ,,mart4
 ,,mdcccxxxil--,ibid4         99        
99       99       99       99    ,,the  
,,gatherer4    ,wilkes's ,luckiest      
,number4--,a rich farmer in ,devonshire 
made a will1 in which the following     
article was found3--,i bequeath to ,john
 ,wilkes1 late member of parliament for 

,aylesbury1 five thousand pounds        
sterling1 as a grateful return for the  
courage with which he defended the      
liberty of his country1 and opposed the 
dangerous progress of arbitrary power4  
,owen's ,alms-houses1 ,islington1 were  
founded by ,dame ,alice ,owen1 in       
consequence of a providential escape4   
,in the fields1 near this spot1 in the  
reign of ,queen ,mary1 the archers      
frequently exercised with bows and      
arrows4 ,dame ,owen walking with her    
maid1 and observing a woman milking a   
cow1 was desirous of trying to milk the 
cow herself1 which she did1 when on     
leaving the cow1 an arrow pierced the   
crown of her hat1 without doing her the 
least injury4 ,in gratitude for her     
escape1 she built the school and houses4
 ,for many years an arrow was fixed on  
the top of them4 ,,swaine4  ,origin of  
,tory4--,our friend1 ,mr4 ,george ,olaus
 ,borrow1 who has devoted his attention 
specially to the ,celtic dialect1       
suggests that the long-disputed         

etymology of the word ,tory may be      
traced to the ,irish adherents of       
,charles ,,ii41 during the ,cromwellian 
era4 ,the words ,tar a ,ri 7pronounced  
,tory17 and meaning ,come1 ,o ,king1    
having been so constantly in the mouths 
of the ,royalists as to have become a   
by-word to designate them4 ,mr4         
,borrow's paper on the subject has      
appeared in the ,norfolk ,chronicle4    
,toast4--,may the man who wins a woman's
 heart never be instrumental in breaking
 its peace4            ,progress of     
,life4    ,when man full thirty years   
has spent1     ,the road at times both  
rough and stony1   ,to clear life's     
vapour1 and repent     ,he seeks the    
stream of ,matrimony6  ,caught at       
last4--,sir ,jervis ,elwayes1 lieutenant
 of the ,tower1 being much addicted to  
gaming1 used to say1 in his prayers1    
,lord1 let me hanged1 if ever ,i play   
more4 ,he broke this serious prayer a   
thousand times1 and at last was hanged  
on ,tower ,hill1 in #afae1 for the      

murder of ,sir ,thomas ,overbury4       
,edward the ,confessor took great       
delight in ,haverley ,bower1 in ,essex1 
it being woody1 solitary1 and fit for   
devotion2 but it so abounded with       
warbling nightingales1 that they        
disturbed him in his devotions4 ,he     
earnestly prayed for their absence1     
since which time it is superstitiously  
said1 never nightingale was heard to    
sing in the park1 though occasionally   
the warbler is heard outside the pales4 
,wages4--,in #aceb1 7#beth ,edward      
,,iii47 the wages paid to haymakers was 
#a;d4 a-day2 a mower of meadows1 #c;d4  
a-day1 or #e;d4 an acre2 reapers of corn
 in the first week of ,august1 #b;d41 in
 the second #c;d4 per day1 and so on    
till the end of ,august1 without meat1  
drink1 or other allowance2 finding their
 own tools4 ,for threshing a quarter of 
wheat or rye1 #b-a_/b;d42 a quarter of  
barley1 beans1 peas1 and oats1          
#a-a_/b;d4 ,a master carpenter1 #c;d4   
per day1 other carpenters #b;d4 ,a      

master mason #d;d4 per day1 other masons
 #c;d41 and their servants #a-a_/b;d4   
per day4 ,tilers #c;d41 and their knaves
 #a-a_/b;d4 ,thatchers #c;d4 a-day1 and 
their knaves #a-a_/b;d4 ,plasterers1 and
 other workers of mud walls and their   
knaves in like manner1 without meat or  
drink1 and this from ,easter to         
,michaelmas2 and from that time less1   
according to the direction of the       
justices4 ,t4 ,,gill4  ,literary        
,quizzing4--,of all human quizzing1     
ancient and modern1 plebeian or         
patrician1 nothing equals that now in   
triumphant practice in the lists of     
literature4 ,from ,zoilus to the penny  
newspapers1 never has there been        
criticism1 penned or spoken1 so bitterly
 pungent as some of the grave laudatory 
articles1 by which authors are now      
quizzed down to zero in the popular     
reviews4 ,satan ,montgomery is bantered 
with the name of ,isaiah2 ,miss ,landon 
by a comparison with ,la ,rochefoucault2
 and ,don ,trueba1 with ,pigault le     

,brun4 ,this is a refinement in cruelty4
 ,it is twining the rack with flowers2  
and hanging a man with a cord of gold4  
,the sentence of the reviewer should be 
,yea1 yea2 and nay1 nay6 ,a ,barmecide's
 feast of fame is a supererogation of   
malice4 ,we hold that all authors so    
derided have a right to call upon their 
critics to make good their words2 and   
build up the visionary castles of their 
,fata ,morgana1 7like ,london ,bridge in
 the nursery song7 with gravel and      
stone2 or rather1 with silver and gold4 
,a heavy mulct should be imposed on     
literary quizzing4--,tait's ,edinburgh  
,magazine4  ,cross ,readings1 7from the 
,spanish47--,suddenly ,king ,alphonso   
,riberro ,fernando rose from his couch1 
and sallying from his tent with fierce  
looks and sword in hand--swore the total
 annihilation of every bug in the       
,castiles4  ,and the king with great    
despatch1 forthwith ordered a strong    
body of cavalry1 for--there was a mouse 
scratching behind the wainscot4  ,so the

 queen1 ,mary1 rising majestically from 
her throne1 with imperial1 yet gentle   
look1 exclaimed in a sweet              
voice--,scratch ,poll's head4  ,there   
was a goodly array of gay knights       
following the king to the hunt--the rats
 being numerous they afforded good      
sport4  ,these specimens of ,spanish    
satire came out in the form of          
cross-readings1 a few months after the  
death of ,cervantes2 they were affirmed 
to be by that illustrious author2 how   
truly so ,i know not4 ,r4,n4  ,cannon   
,clock4--,in the gardens of the ,palais 
,royal and the ,luxembourg1 at ,paris1  
is a specimen of this contrivance       
invented by one ,rousseau4 ,a           
burning-glass is fixed over the vent of 
a cannon1 so that the sun's rays1 at the
 moment of its passing the meridian1 are
 concentrated by the glass1 on the      
priming1 and the piece is fired4 ,the   
burning-glass is regulated1 for this    
purpose1 every month4         99        
99       99       99       99  ,printed 

and published by ,j4 ,,limbird1 #adc1   
,strand1 7near ,somerset ,house17       
,london2 sold by ,,ernest ,,fleischer1  
#fbf1 ,new ,market1 ,leipsic2 ,g4,g4    
,,bennis1 #ee1 ,rue ,neuve1 ,st4        
,augustin1 ,paris2 and by all ,newsmen  
and ,booksellers4