,,the ,,sportsman by ,xenophon ,translation by ,h4 ,g4 ,dakyns ,xenophon the ,athenian was born #dca ,b4,c4 ,he was a pupil of ,socrates4 ,he marched with the ,spartans1 and was exiled from ,athens4 ,sparta gave him land and property in ,scillus1 where he lived for many years before having to move once more1 to settle in ,corinth4 ,he died in #ced ,b4,c4 ,the ,sportsman is a manual on hunting hares1 deer and wild boar1 including the topics of dogs1 and the benefits of hunting for the young4 ,,preparer',s ,,note ,this was typed from ,dakyns' series1 ,the ,works of ,xenophon1 a four-volume set4 ,the complete list of ,xenophon's works 7though there is doubt about some of these7 is3 ,work ,number of books ,the ,anabasis #g ,the ,hellenica #g ,the ,cyropaedia #h ,the ,memorabilia #d ,the ,symposium #a ,the ,economist #a ,on ,horsemanship #a ,the ,sportsman #a ,the ,cavalry ,general #a ,the ,apology #a ,on ,revenues #a ,the ,hiero #a ,the ,agesilaus #a ,the ,polity of the ,athenians and the ,lacedaemonians #b ,text in brackets is my transliteration of ,greek text into ,english using an ,oxford ,english ,dictionary alphabet table4 ,the diacritical marks have been lost4 ,,on ,,hunting ,a ,sportsman's ,manual ,commonly ,called ,,cynegeticus ,i ,to the gods themselves is due the discovery1 to ,apollo and ,artemis1 patrons of the chase and protectors of the hound4 7#a7 ,as a guerdon they bestowed it upon ,cheiron1 7#b7 by reason of his uprightness1 and he took it and was glad1 and turned the gift to good account4 ,at his feet sat many a disciple1 to whom he taught the mystery of hunting and of chivalry 7#c7--to wit1 ,cephalus1 ,asclepius1 ,melanion1 ,nestor1 ,amphiaraus1 ,peleus1 ,telamon1 ,meleager1 ,theseus and ,hippolytus1 ,palamedes1 ,odysseus1 ,menestheus1 ,diomed1 ,castor and ,polydeuces1 ,machaon and ,podaleirius1 ,antilochus1 ,aeneas and ,achilles3 of whom each in his turn was honoured by the gods4 ,and let none marvel that of these the greater part1 albeit well-pleasing to the gods1 nevertheless were subject to death--which is the way of nature1 7#d7 but their fame has grown--nor yet that their prime of manhood so far differed4 ,the lifetime of ,cheiron sufficed for all his scholars2 the fact being that ,zeus and ,cheiron were brethren1 sons of the same father but of different mothers--,zeus of ,rhea1 and ,cheiron of the nymph ,nais2 7#e7 and so it is that1 though older than all of them1 he died not before he had taught the youngest--to wit1 the boy ,achilles4 7#f7 7#a7 ,or1 ,this thing is the invention of no mortal man1 but of ,apollo and ,artemis1 to whom belong hunting and dogs4 ,for the style of exordium ,l4 ,dind4 cf 7,ps47 ,dion4 ,art4 rhet4 ad in42 ,galen1 ,isagog4 ad in42 ,alex4 ,aphrodis4 ,probl4 #b proem4 7#b7 ,the wisest and justest of all the centaurs1 ,hom4 ,il4 xi4 #hca4 ,see ,kingsley1 ,the ,heroes1 p4 #hd4 7#c7 ,or1 the discipline of the hunting field and other noble lore4 7#d7 ,lit4 since that is nature1 but the praise of them grew greatly4 7#e7 ,according to others1 ,philyra4 ,pind4 ,pyth4 iii4 #a1 ethelon ,kheirona ke ,philuridan2 cf4 ,pyth4 vi4 #bb2 ,nem4 iii4 #dc4 7#f7 ,see ,paus4 iii4 #ah4 #ab4 ,thanks to the careful heed they paid to dogs and things pertaining to the chase1 thanks also to the other training of their boyhood1 all these greatly excelled1 and on the score of virtue were admired4 ,if ,cephalus was caught into the arms of one that was a goddess1 7#g7 ,asclepius 7#h7 obtained yet greater honour4 ,to him it was given to raise the dead and to heal the sick1 whereby1 7#i7 even as a god among mortal men1 he has obtained to himself imperishable glory4 ,melanion 7#aj7 so far excelled in zest for toil that he alone of all that flower of chivalry who were his rivals 7#aa7 obtained the prize of noblest wedlock with ,atalanta2 while as to ,nestor1 what need to repeat the well-known tale8 so far and wide for many a day has the fame of his virtue penetrated the ears of ,hellas4 7#ab7 7#g7 ,hemera 7al4 ,eos74 ,for the rape of ,cephalus see ,hes4 ,theog4 #ihf2 ,eur4 ,ion1 #bfi2 ,paus4 i4 #c4 #a2 iii4 #ah4 #g4 7#h7 ,lat4 ,aesculapius4 ,father of ,podaleirius and ,machaon1 the noble leech1 ,il4 ii4 #gca1 iv4 #aid1 #bai1 xi4 #eah2 ,od4 iv4 #bcb4 7#i7 ,cf4 ,anab4 ,i4 ii4 #h2 ,lincke1 z4 ,xen4 ,krit4 p4 #bii4 7#aj7 ,melanion1 s4 ,meilanion1 ,paus4 iii4 #ab4 #i2 v4 #ag4 #aj2 v4 #ai4 #a4 7#aa7 ,which were his rival suitors4 ,as to ,atalanta see ,paus4 viii4 #de4 #b2 iii4 #bd4 #b2 v4 #ai4 #b2 ,grote1 ,h4 ,g4 i4 #aii foll4 7#ab7 ,lit4 the virtue of ,nestor has so far penetrated the ears of ,hellas that ,i should speak to those who know4 ,see ,hom4 ,il4 i4 #bdg1 and passim4 ,amphiaraus1 7#ac7 what time he served as a warrior against ,thebes1 won for himself the highest praise2 and from heaven obtained the honour of a deathless life4 7#ad7 7#ac7 ,amphiaraus4 ,pind4 ,nem4 ix4 #ac-bg2 ,olymp4 vi4 #aa-af2 ,herod4 i4 #eb2 ,paus4 ix4 #h4 #b2 #ah4 #b-d2 ii4 #bc4b2 i4 #cd2 ,liv4 xlv4 #bg2 ,cic4 de ,div4 i4 #dj4 ,see ,aesch4 ,sept4 c4 ,th4 #cib2 ,eur4 ,phoen4 #aabb foll42 ,apollod4 iii4 #f2 ,strab4 ix4 #cii1 #djd4 7#ad7 ,lit4 to be honoured ever living4 ,peleus kindled in the gods desire to give him ,thetis1 and to hymn their nuptials at the board of ,cheiron4 7#ae7 7#ae7 ,for the marriage of ,peleus and ,thetis see ,hom4 ,il4 xxiv4 #fa2 cf4 ,pope's rendering3 ,to grace those nuptials from the bright abode ,yourselves were present2 when this minstrel god 7,well pleased to share the feast7 amid the quire ,stood proud to hymn1 and tune his youthful lyre 7,homer's ,il4 xxiv47 ,prof4 ,robinson ,ellis 7,comment on ,catull4 lxiv47 cites numerous passages3 ,eur4 ,i4 in ,t4 #gja foll41 #ajcf foll42 ,pind4 ,isthm4 v4 #bd2 ,pyth4 iii4 #hg-if2 ,isocr4 ,evag4 #aib4 #f2 ,apoll4 ,rh4 iv4 #gia2 ,il4 xxiv4 #fa2 ,hes4 ,theog4 #ajjf1 and ,epithal4 7ap4 ,tsetz1 ,prol4 ad ,lycophr473 tris makar ,aiakide kai tetrakis olbie ,peleu os toisd' en megarois ieron lekhos eisanabaineis4 ,the mighty ,telamon 7#af7 won from the greatest of all states and wedded her whom he desired1 ,periboea the daughter of ,alcathus2 7#ag7 and when the first of ,hellenes1 7#ah7 ,heracles 7#ai7 the son of ,zeus1 distributed rewards of valour after taking ,troy1 to ,telamon he gave ,hesione4 7#bj7 7#af7 ,see ,il4 viii4 #bhcl ,paus4 i4 #db4 #a-d4 7#ag7 ,or ,alcathous1 who rebuilt the walls of ,megara by ,apollo's aid4 ,ov4 ,met4 viii4 #ae foll4 7#ah7 ,reading o protos2 or if with ,l4 ,d4 tois protois1 what time ,heracles was distributing to the heroes of ,hellas 7lit4 the first of the ,hellenes7 prizes of valour1 to ,telamon he gave4 7#ai7 ,see ,hom4 ,il4 v4 #fdj2 ,strab4 xiii4 #eie4 7#bj7 ,see ,diod4 iv4 #cb2 i4 #db4 ,of ,meleager 7#ba7 be it said1 whereas the honours which he won are manifest1 the misfortunes on which he fell1 when his father 7#bb7 in old age forgot the goddess1 were not of his own causing4 7#bc7 7#ba7 ,for the legend of ,meleager see ,il4 ix4 #ebd-eii1 dramatised by both ,sophocles and ,euripides1 and in our day by ,swinburne1 ,atalanta in ,calydon4 ,cf4 ,paus4 iii4 #h4 #i2 viii4 #ed4 #d2 ,ov4 ,met4 viii4 #cjj2 ,grote1 ,h4 ,g4 i4 #aie4 7#bb7 i4e4 ,oeneus4 ,il4 ix4 #ece4 7#bc7 ,or1 may not be laid to his charge4 ,theseus 7#bd7 single-handed destroyed the enemies of collective ,hellas2 and in that he greatly enlarged the boundaries of his fatherland1 is still to-day the wonder of mankind4 7#be7 7#bd7 ,see ,mem4 ,,ii4 i4 #ad2 ,,iii4 v4 #aj2 cf4 ,isocr4 ,phil4 #aaa2 ,plut4 ,thes4 x4 foll42 ,diod4 iv4 #ei2 ,ov4 ,met4 vii4 #dcc4 7#be7 ,or1 is held in admiration still to-day4 ,see ,thuc4 ii4 #ae2 ,strab4 ix4 #cig4 ,hippolytus 7#bf7 was honoured by our lady ,artemis and with her conversed1 7#bg7 and in his latter end1 by reason of his sobriety and holiness1 was reckoned among the blest4 7#bf7 ,see the play of ,euripides4 ,paus4 i4 #bb2 ,diod4 iv4 #fb4 7#bg7 ,al4 lived on the lips of men4 ,but cf4 ,eur4 ,hipp4 #he1 soi kai xeneimi kai logois s' ameibomai4 ,see ,frazer1 ,golden ,bough1 i4 #f1 for the ,hippolytus-,virbius myth4 ,palamedes 7#bh7 all his days on earth far outshone those of his own times in wisdom1 and when slain unjustly1 won from heaven a vengeance such as no other mortal man may boast of4 7#bi7 ,yet died he not at their hands 7#cj7 whom some suppose2 else how could the one of them have been accounted all but best1 and the other a compeer of the good8 ,no1 not they1 but base men wrought that deed4 7#bh7 ,as to ,palamedes1 son of ,nauplius1 his genius and treacherous death1 see ,grote1 ,h4 ,g4 i4 #djj2 ,mem4 ,,iv4 ii4 #cc2 ,apol4 #bf2 ,plat4 ,apol4 #da2 ,rep4 vii4 #ebb2 ,eur4 fr4 ,palam42 ,ov4 ,met4 xiii4 #ef2 ,paus4 x4 #ca4 #a2 ii4 #bj4 #c4 7#bi7 ,for the vengeance see ,schol4 ad ,eur4 ,orest4 #dbb2 ,philostr4 ,her4 x4 ,cf4 ,strab4 viii4 #f4 #b 7#cfh72 ,leake1 ,morea1 ii4 #ceh2 ,baedeker1 ,greece1 #bde4 7#cj7 i4e4 ,odysseus and ,diomed4 7,s4 #aa1 ,i confess1 strikes me as somewhat in ,xenophon's manner47 ,see ,mem4 ,,iv4 ii4 #cc2 ,apol4 #bf4 ,menestheus1 7#ca7 through diligence and patient care1 the outcome of the chase1 so far overshot all men in love of toil that even the chiefs of ,hellas must confess themselves inferior in the concerns of war save ,nestor only2 and ,nestor1 it is said1 7#cb7 excelled not but alone might rival him4 7#ca7 ,for ,menestheus1 who led the ,athenians against ,troy1 cf4 ,hom4 ,il4 ii4 #eeb2 iv4 #cbg2 ,philostr4 ,her4 ii4 #af2 ,paus4 ii4 #be4 #f2 i4 #ag4 #f2 ,plut4 ,thes4 #cb1 #ce4 7#cb7 ,or1 so runs the tale1 e4g4 in ,the ,catalogue4 ,see ,il4 ii4 l4c43 ,nestor oios erizen1 ,only ,nestor rivalled him1 for he was the elder by birth 7,w4 ,leaf74 ,odysseus and ,diomedes 7#cc7 were brilliant for many a single deed of arms1 and mainly to these two was due the taking of ,troy town4 7#cd7 7#cc7 ,the two heroes are frequently coupled in ,homer1 e4g4 ,il4 v4 #eai2 x4 #bda1 etc4 7#cd7 ,or1 were brilliant in single points1 and broadly speaking were the cause that ,troy was taken4 ,see ,hygin4 ,fab4 #ajh2 ,virg4 ,aen4 ii4 #afc4 ,castor and ,polydeuces1 7#ce7 by reason of their glorious display of arts obtained from ,cheiron1 and for the high honour and prestige therefrom derived1 are now immortal4 7#ce7 ,castor1 ,polydeuces1 s4 ,pollux--the great twin brethren4 ,see ,grote1 ,h4 ,g4 i4 #bcb foll4 ,machaon and ,podaleirius 7#cf7 were trained in this same lore1 and proved themselves adepts in works of skill1 in argument and feats of arms4 7#cg7 7#cf7 ,as to the two sons of ,asclepius1 ,machaon and ,podaleirius1 the leaders of the ,achaeans1 see ,il4 ii4 #gbh2 ,schol4 ad ,pind4 ,pyth4 iii4 #ad2 ,paus4 iii4 #bf2 iv4 #c2 ,strab4 vi4 #d 7#bhd72 ,diod4 iv4 #ga4 #d2 ,grote1 ,h4 ,g4 i4 #bdh4 7#cg7 ,or1 in crafts1 in reasonings1 and in deeds of war4 ,antilochus1 7#ch7 in that he died for his father1 obtained so great a glory that1 in the judgment of ,hellas1 to him alone belongs the title philopator1 who loved his father4 7#ci7 7#ch7 ,antilochus1 son of ,nestor1 slain by ,memnon4 ,od4 iv4 #ahf foll42 ,pind4 ,pyth4 vi4 #bh2 ,philostr4 ,her4 iv42 ,icon4 ii4 #bha4 7#ci7 ,lit4 to be alone proclaimed ,philopator among the ,hellenes4 ,cf4 ,plat4 ,laws1 #gcj ,d1 ,he shall be proclaimed the great and perfect citizen1 and bear away the palm of virtue2 and for the epithet see ,eur4 ,or4 #afje2 ,i4 ,a4 #fh4 ,aeneas 7#dj7 saved the ancestral gods--his father's and his mother's2 7#da7 yea1 and his own father also1 whereby he bore off a reputation for piety so great that to him alone among all on whom they laid their conquering hand in ,troy even the enemy granted not to be despoiled4 7#dj7 ,as to ,aeneas see ,poseidon's speech1 ,il4 xx4 #bic foll42 ,grote1 ,h4 ,g4 i4 #dac1 #dbg foll4 7#da7 ,cf4 ,hell4 ,,ii4 iv4 #ba4 ,achilles1 7#db7 lastly1 being nursed in this same training1 bequeathed to after-days memorials so fair1 so ample1 that to speak or hear concerning him no man wearies4 7#db7 ,the highest form that floated before ,greek imagination was ,achilles1 ,hegel1 ,lectures on the ,philosophy of ,history 7,eng4 tr4 p4 #bcc72 and for a beautiful elaboration of that idea1 ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds1 ,greek ,poets1 #bnd series1 ch4 ii4 ,such1 by dint of that painstaking care derived from ,cheiron1 these all proved themselves2 of whom all good men yet still to-day are lovers and all base men envious4 ,so much so that if throughout the length and breadth of ,hellas misfortunes at any time befell city or king1 it was they who loosed the knot of them2 7#dc7 or if all ,hellas found herself confronted with the hosts of the ,barbarians in strife and battle1 once again it was these who nerved the arms of ,hellenes to victory and rendered ,hellas unconquered and unconquerable4 7#dc7 ,reading eluonto autous1 or if as ,l4 ,d41 di autous1 transl4 thanks to them1 they were loosed4 ,for my part1 then1 my advice to the young is1 do not despise hunting or the other training of your boyhood1 if you desire to grow up to be good men1 good not only in war but in all else of which the issue is perfection in thought1 word1 and deed4 ,,ii ,the first efforts of a youth emerging from boyhood should be directed to the institution of the chase1 after which he should come to the rest of education1 provided he have the means and with an eye to the same2 if his means be ample1 in a style worthy of the profit to be derived2 or1 if they be scant1 let him at any rate contribute enthusiasm1 in nothing falling short of the power he possesses4 ,what are the aids and implements of divers sorts with which he who would enter on this field must equip himself8 ,these and the theory of each in particular ,i will now explain4 ,with a view to success in the work1 forewarned is forearmed4 ,nor let such details be looked upon as insignificant4 ,without them there will be an end to practical results4 7#a7 7#a7 ,or1 ,the question suggests itself--how many instruments and of what sort are required by any one wishing to enter this field8 ,a list of these ,i propose to give1 not omitting the theoretical side of the matter in each case1 so that whoever lays his hand to this work may have some knowledge to go upon4 ,it would be a mistake to regard these details as trivial4 ,in fact1 without them the undertaking might as well be let alone4 ,the net-keeper should be a man with a real passion for the work1 and in tongue a ,hellene1 about twenty years of age1 of wiry build1 agile at once and strong1 with pluck enough to overcome the toils imposed on him1 7#b7 and to take pleasure in the work4 7#b7 toutous1 by this1 that1 or the other good quality4 ,the ordinary small nets should be made of fine ,phasian or ,carthaginian 7#c7 flax1 and so too should the road nets and the larger hayes4 7#d7 ,these small nets should be nine-threaded 7made of three strandes1 and each strand of three threads71 7#e7 five spans 7#f7 in depth1 7#g7 and two palms 7#h7 at the nooses or pockets4 7#i7 ,there should be no knots in the cords that run round1 which should be so inserted as to run quite smoothly4 7#aj7 ,the road net should be twelve-threaded1 and the larger net 7or haye7 sixteen4 ,they may be of different sizes1 the former varying from twelve to twenty-four or thirty feet1 the latter from sixty to one hundred and twenty or one hundred and eighty feet4 7#aa7 ,if larger they will be unwieldy and hard to manage4 ,both should be thirty-knotted1 and the interval of the nooses the same as in the ordinary small nets4 ,at the elbow ends 7#ab7 the road net should be furnished with nipples 7#ac7 7or eyes71 and the larger sort 7the haye7 with rings1 and both alike with a running line of twisted cord4 ,the pronged stakes 7#ad7 for the small nets should be ten palms high1 7#ae7 as a rule1 but there should be some shorter ones besides2 those of unequal length will be convenient to equalise the height on uneven ground1 and those of equal length on level4 ,they should be sharp-tipped so as to draw out easily 7#af7 and smooth throughout4 ,those for the road nets should be twice the height1 7#ag7 and those for the big 7haye7 nets five spans long1 7#ah7 with small forks1 the notches not deep2 they should be stout and solid1 of a thickness proportionate to their length4 ,the number of props needed for the nets will vary--many or few1 according to circumstances2 a less number if the tension on the net be great1 and a larger number when the nets are slack4 7#ai7 7#c7 ,phasian or ,carchedonian4 ,cf4 ,pollux1 v4 #bf4 7#d7 arkus1 enodia1 diktua4 7#e7 7,l4 ,dind4 brackets47 ,see ,pollux1 v4 #bg1 ap4 ,schn4 7#f7 spithame1 a span 7dodrans7 #g #a_/b inches4 ,herod4 ii4 #ajf2 trispithamos1 ,hes4 ,op4 #dbd2 ,plat4 ,alc4 i4 #abf ,c2 ,aristot4 ,h4 ,a4 viii4 #bh4 #e2 ,polyb4 v4 #c-f4 7#g7 to megethos4 7#h7 ,or1 eight fingers' breadth #f inches 4 palaiste or palaste1 a palm or four fingers' breadth #c inches 4 7#i7 tous brokhous1 a purse or tunnel arrangement with slip loop4 7#aj7 ,reading upheisthosan de oi peridromoi anammatoi4 ,lit4 the cords that run round should be inserted without knots4 ,see ,pollux1 v4 #bh foll4 7#aa7 ,lit4 #b1 #d1 #e fathoms2 #aj1 #bj1 #cj fathoms4 7#ab7 akroleniois1 elbows1 ,pollux1 v4 #bi2 al4 akroliniois1 ,l4 ,s41 on the edges or borders4 7#ac7 mastous1 al4 tufts4 7#ad7 skhalides1 forks or net props4 ,cf4 ,pollux1 v4 #ai4 #ca4 7#ae7 i4e4 #cj inches #b #a_/b ft41 say #cf inches #c ft4 7#af7 euperispastoi ta akra1 al4 they should be made so that the nets can be fitted on and off easily1 with sharp points2 or off the points easily4 7#ag7 siplasiai1 i4e4 #bj palms #fj inches1 say #gb1 or #f ft4 7#ah7 pentespithamoi1 i4e4 #e x #g #a_/b inches #cg #a_/b inches #c ft4 #a #a_/b inch2 al4 #e x #i inches #de inches #c ft4 #i inches4 7#ai7 ,or1 if in the particular position the nets are taut1 a larger if they lie slack4 ,lastly1 for the purpose of carrying the nets and hayes1 for either sort 7#bj7 there must be a bag of calf-skin2 and billhooks to cut down branches and stop gaps in the woods when necessary4 7#ba7 7#bj7 ,reading1 with ,lenz1 ekaterois1 or if1 as ,c4 ,gesner conj41 e ekatera1 transl4 or either separately4 7#ba7 ,or1 for the purpose of felling wood and stopping up gaps where necessary4 ,,iii ,there are two breeds of sporting dogs3 the ,castorian and the fox-like4 7#a7 ,the former get their name from ,castor1 in memory of the delight he took in the business of the chase1 for which he kept this breed by preference4 7#b7 ,the other breed is literally foxy1 being the progeny originally of the dog and the fox1 whose natures have in the course of ages become blent4 7#c7 7#a7 ,kastoriai1 or ,laconian1 approaching possibly the harrier type2 alopekides1 i4e4 vulpocanine1 hybrid between fox and dog4 7#b7 ,or1 get their appellation from the fact that ,castor took delight in the business of the chase1 and kept this breed specially for the purpose4 ,al4 diephulaxen1 propagated and preserved the breed which we now have4 ,see ,darwin1 ,animals and ,plants under ,domestication1 ii4 #bjb1 #bji4 7#c7 ,or1 and through lapse of time the twofold characteristics of their progenitors have become blent4 ,see ,timoth4 ,gaz4 ap4 ,schneid4 ad loc4 for an ancient superstition as to breeds4 ,both species present a large proportion of defective animals 7#d7 which fall short of the type1 as being under-sized1 or crook-nosed1 7#e7 or gray-eyed1 7#f7 or near-sighted1 or ungainly1 or stiff-jointed1 or deficient in strength1 thin-haired1 lanky1 disproportioned1 devoid of pluck or of nose1 or unsound of foot4 ,to particularise3 an under-sized dog will1 ten to one1 break off from the chase 7#g7 faint and flagging in the performance of his duty owing to mere diminutiveness4 ,an aquiline nose means no mouth1 and consequently an inability to hold the hare fast4 7#h7 ,a blinking bluish eye implies defect of vision2 7#i7 just as want of shape means ugliness4 7#aj7 ,the stiff-limbed dog will come home limping from the hunting-field2 7#aa7 just as want of strength and thinness of coat go hand in hand with incapacity for toil4 7#ab7 ,the lanky-legged1 unsymmetrical dog1 with his shambling gait and ill-compacted frame1 ranges heavily2 while the spiritless animal will leave his work to skulk off out of the sun into shade and lie down4 ,want of nose means scenting the hare with difficulty1 or only once in a way2 and however courageous he may be1 a hound with unsound feet cannot stand the work1 but through foot-soreness will eventually give in4 7#ac7 7#d7 ,or1 defective specimens 7that is to say1 the majority7 are to be noted1 as follows4 7#e7 grupai4 7#f7 kharopoi4 ,al4 ,arrian1 iv4 #d1 #e4 7#g7 ,or1 will probably retire from the chase and throw up the business through mere diminutiveness4 7#h7 ,or1 a hook-nosed 78 pig-jawed1 see ,stonehenge1 ,the ,dog1 p4 #ai1 #dth ed47 dog has a bad mouth and cannot hold4 7#i7 ,or1 a short-sighted1 wall-eyed dog has defective vision4 7#aj7 ,or1 they are weedy1 ugly brutes as a rule4 7#aa7 ,or1 stiffness of limbs means he will come off4 ,cf4 ,mem4 ,,iii4 xiii4 #f4 7#ab7 ,lit4 a weak1 thinly-haired animal is incapable of severe toil4 7#ac7 ,or1 ,nor will courage compensate for unsound feet4 ,the toil and moil will be too great to endure1 and owing to the pains in his feet he will in the end give in4 ,similarly many different modes of hunting a line of scent are to be seen in the same species of hound4 7#ad7 ,one dog as soon as he has found the trail will go along without sign or symptom to show that he is on the scent2 another will vibrate his ears only and keep his tail 7#ae7 perfectly still2 while a third has just the opposite propensity3 he will keep his ears still and wag with the tip of his tail4 ,others draw their ears together1 and assuming a solemn air1 7#af7 drop their tails1 tuck them between their legs1 and scour along the line4 ,many do nothing of the sort4 7#ag7 ,they tear madly about1 babbling round the line when they light upon it1 and senselessly trampling out the scent4 ,others again will make wide circuits and excursions2 either forecasting the line1 7#ah7 they overshoot it and leave the hare itself behind1 or every time they run against the line they fall to conjecture1 and when they catch sight of the quarry are all in a tremor1 7#ai7 and will not advance a step till they see the creature begin to stir4 7#ad7 ,or1 ,also the same dogs will exhibit many styles of coursing3 one set as soon as they have got the trail pursue it without a sign1 so there is no means of finding out that the animal is on the track4 7#ae7 ,stern4 7#af7 ,or with their noses solemnly fixed on the ground and sterns lowered4 7#ag7 ,or1 have quite a different action2 exhibit quite another manner4 7#ah7 i4e4 they cast forwards to make short cuts1 of skirters too lazy to run the line honestly4 7#ai7 ,reading tremousi1 fall a-trembling2 al4 atremousi1 stand stock-still2 i4e4 are dwellers4 ,a particular sort may be described as hounds which1 when hunting or pursuing1 run forward with a frequent eye to the discoveries of the rest of the pack1 because they have no confidence in themselves4 ,another sort is over-confident--not letting the cleverer members of the pack go on ahead1 but keeping them back with nonsensical clamour4 ,others will wilfully hug every false scent1 7#bj7 and with a tremendous display of eagerness1 whatever they chance upon1 will take the lead1 conscious all the while they are playing false2 7#ba7 whilst another sort again will behave in a precisely similar style out of sheer ignorance4 7#bb7 ,it is a poor sort of hound which will not leave a stale line 7#bc7 for want of recognising the true trail4 ,so1 too1 a hound that cannot distinguish the trail leading to a hare's form1 and scampers over that of a running hare1 hot haste1 is no thoroughbred4 7#bd7 7#bj7 ,al4 seem to take pleasure in fondling every lie4 7#ba7 ,or1 fully aware themselves that the whole thing is a make- believe4 7#bb7 ,or1 do exactly the same thing because they do not know any better4 7#bc7 ek ton trimmon4 ,lit4 keep away from beaten paths1 and commonly of footpaths1 but here apparently of the hare's habitual run1 not necessarily lately traversed1 still less the true line4 7#bd7 ,lit4 ,a dog who on the one hand ignores the form track1 and on the other tears swiftly over a running track1 is not a well-bred dog4 ,al4 ta eunaia1 traces of the form2 ta dromaia1 tracks of a running hare4 ,see ,sturz4 s4v4 dromaios4 ,when it comes to the actual chase1 some hounds will show great ardour at first starting1 but presently give up from weakness of spirit4 ,others will run in too hastily 7#be7 and then balk2 and go hopelessly astray1 as if they had lost the sense of hearing altogether4 7#be7 ,so ,l4 ,s41 upotheousin cut in before the rest of the pack and over-run the scent4 ,al4 flash in for a time1 and then lose the scent4 ,many a hound will give up the chase and return from mere distaste for hunting1 7#bf7 and not a few from pure affection for mankind4 ,others with their clamorous yelping on the line do their best to deceive1 as if true and false were all one to them4 7#bg7 ,there are others that will not do that1 but which in the middle of their running1 7#bh7 should they catch the echo of a sound from some other quarter1 will leave their own business and incontinently tear off towards it4 7#bi7 ,the fact is1 7#cj7 they run on without clear motive1 some of them2 others taking too much for granted2 and a third set to suit their whims and fancies4 ,others simply play at hunting2 or from pure jealousy1 keep questing about beside the line1 continually rushing along and tumbling over one another4 7#ca7 7#bf7 ,or1 misotheron1 out of antipathy to the quarry4 ,for philanthropon cf4 ,pollux1 ib4 #fd2 ,hermog4 ap4 ,l4 ,dind4 7#bg7 ,or1 unable apparently to distinguish false from true4 ,see ,sturz1 s4v4 poieisthai4 ,cf4 ,plut4 de ,exil4 #f4 ,al4 ,gaily substituting false for true4 7#bh7 ,in the heat of the chase4 7#bi7 ,rush to attack it4 7#cj7 ,the fact is1 there are as many different modes of following up the chase almost as there are dogs4 ,some follow up the chase asaphos1 indistinctly2 some polu upolambanousai1 with a good deal of guess-work2 others again doxazousai1 without conviction1 insincerely2 others1 peplasmenos1 out of mere pretence1 pure humbug1 make-believe1 or phthoneros1 in a fit of jealousy1 ekkunousi1 are skirters2 al4 ekkinousi1 ,sturz1 quit the scent4 7#ca7 ,al4 unceasingly tearing along1 around1 and about it4 ,the majority of these defects are due to natural disposition1 though some must be assigned no doubt to want of scientific training4 ,in either case such hounds are useless1 and may well deter the keenest sportsman from the hunting field4 7#cb7 7#cb7 ,or1 ,naturally1 dogs like these damp the sportsman's ardour1 and indeed are enough to sicken him altogether with the chase4 ,the characters1 bodily and other1 exhibited by the finer specimens of the same breed1 7#cc7 ,i will now set forth4 7#cc7 ,or1 ,the features1 points1 qualities1 whether physical or other1 which characterise the better individuals4 ,but what does ,xenophon mean by tou autou genous8 ,,iv ,in the first place1 this true type of hound should be of large build2 and1 in the next place1 furnished with a light small head1 broad and flat in the snout1 7#a7 well knit and sinewy1 the lower part of the forehead puckered into strong wrinkles2 eyes set well up 7#b7 in the head1 black and bright2 forehead large and broad2 the depression between the eyes pronounced2 7#c7 ears long 7#d7 and thin1 without hair on the under side2 neck long and flexible1 freely moving on its pivot2 7#e7 chest broad and fairly fleshy2 shoulder-blades detached a little from the shoulders2 7#f7 the shin-bones of the fore-legs should be small1 straight1 round1 stout and strong2 the elbows straight2 ribs 7#g7 not deep all along1 but sloped away obliquely2 the loins muscular1 in size a mean between long and short1 neither too flexible nor too stiff2 7#h7 flanks1 a mean between large and small2 the hips 7or couples7 rounded1 fleshy behind1 not tied together above1 but firmly knitted on the inside2 7#i7 the lower or under part of the belly 7#aj7 slack1 and the belly itself the same1 that is1 hollow and sunken2 tail long1 straight1 and pointed2 7#aa7 thighs 7i4e4 hams7 stout and compact2 shanks 7i4e4 lower thighs7 long1 round1 and solid2 hind-legs much longer than the fore-legs1 and relatively lean2 feet round and cat-like4 7#ab7 7#a7 ,pollux1 v4 #g2 ,arrian1 ,cyn4 iv4 7#b7 meteora1 prominent48,see ,sturz1 s4v4 7#c7 tas diakriseis batheias1 lit4 with a deep frontal sinus4 7#d7 ,reading makra1 or if mikra1 small4 7#e7 ,al4 well rounded4 7#f7 ,shoulder blades standing out a little from the shoulders2 i4e4 free4 7#g7 i4e4 not wholly given up to depth1 but well curved2 depth is not everything unless the ribs be also curved4 ,schneid4 cf4 ,ov4 ,met4 iii4 #baf1 et substricta gerens ,sicyonius ilia ,ladon1 where the poet is perhaps describing a greyhound1 chyned like a bream4 ,see ,stonehenge1 pp4 #ba1 #bb4 ,xenophon's ,castorians were more like the ,welsh harrier in build1 ,i presume4 7#h7 ,or1 neither soft and spongy nor unyielding4 ,see ,stoneh41 p4 #bc4 7#i7 ,drawn up underneath it1 lit4 tucked up4 7#aj7 ,al4 flank1 flanks themselves4 7#aa7 ,or1 as we should say1 stern4 ,see ,pollux1 v4 #ei2 ,arrian1 v4 #i4 7#ab7 ,see ,stonehenge1 p4 #bd foll4 ,hounds possessed of these points will be strong in build1 and at the same time light and active2 they will have symmetry at once and pace2 a bright1 beaming expression2 and good mouths4 ,in following up scent1 7#ac7 see how they show their mettle by rapidly quitting beaten paths1 keeping their heads sloping to the ground1 smiling1 as it were to greet the trail2 see how they let their ears drop1 how they keep moving their eyes to and fro quickly1 flourishing their sterns4 7#ad7 ,forwards they should go with many a circle towards the hare's form1 7#ae7 steadily guided by the line1 all together4 ,when they are close to the hare itself1 they will make the fact plain to the huntsman by the quickened pace at which they run1 as if they would let him know by their fury1 by the motion of head and eyes1 by rapid changes of gait and gesture1 7#af7 now casting a glance back and now fixing their gaze steadily forward to the creature's hiding-place1 7#ag7 by twistings and turnings of the body1 flinging themselves backwards1 forwards1 and sideways1 and lastly1 by the genuine exaltation of spirits1 visible enough now1 and the ecstasy of their pleasure1 that they are close upon the quarry4 7#ac7 ,lit4 ,let them follow up the trail4 7#ad7 ,lit4 fawning and wagging their tails4 7#ae7 ,lit4 bed or lair4 7#af7 ,or1 by rapid shiftings of attitude1 by looks now thrown backward and now forwards to the444 ,reading kai apo ton anablemmaton kai emblemmaton ton epi tas kathedras tou l41 or if with ,l4 ,d41 kai apo ton a4 kai emblemmaton eis ton ulen kai anastremmaton ton epi tas k41 transl4 now looking back at the huntsman and now staring hard into the covert1 and again right-about-face in the direction of the hare's sitting-place4 7#ag7 ,lit4 form2 the place where puss is seated4 ,once she is off1 the pack should pursue with vigour4 7#ah7 ,they must not relax their hold1 but with yelp and bark full cry insist on keeping close and dogging puss at every turn4 ,twist for twist and turn for turn1 they1 too1 must follow in a succession of swift and brilliant bursts1 interrupted by frequent doublings2 while ever and again they give tongue and yet again till the very welkin rings4 7#ai7 ,one thing they must not do1 and that is1 leave the scent and return crestfallen to the huntsman4 7#bj7 7#ah7 ,lit4 let them follow up the chase vigorously1 and not relax1 with yelp and bark4 7#ai7 dikaios1 ,sturz1 non temere2 and not without good reason4 ,al4 a right good honest salvo of barks4 7#bj7 ,lit4 ,let them not hark back to join the huntsman1 and desert the trail4 ,along with this build and method of working1 hounds should possess four points4 ,they should have pluck1 sound feet1 keen noses1 and sleek coats4 ,the spirited1 plucky hound will prove his mettle by refusing to leave the chase1 however stifling the weather2 a good nose is shown by his capacity for scenting the hare on barren and dry ground exposed to the sun1 and that when the orb is at the zenith2 7#ba7 soundness of foot in the fact that the dog may course over mountains during the same season1 and yet his feet will not be torn to pieces2 and a good coat means the possession of light1 thick1 soft1 and silky hair4 7#bb7 7#ba7 i4e4 at mid-day2 or1 in the height of summer2 al4 during the dog-days2 at the rising of the dog-star4 7#bb7 ,see ,pollux1 ib4 #ei2 ,arrian1 vi4 #a4 ,as to the colour proper for a hound1 7#bc7 it should not be simply tawny1 nor absolutely black or white1 which is not a sign of breeding1 but monotonous--a simplicity suggestive of the wild animal4 7#bd7 ,accordingly the red dog should show a bloom of white hair about the muzzle1 and so should the black1 the white commonly showing red4 ,on the top of the thigh the hair should be straight and thick1 as also on the loins and on the lower portion of the stern1 but of a moderate thickness only on the upper parts4 7#bc7 ,see ,stonehenge1 p4 #be2 ,darwin1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aji4 7#bd7 ,but see ,pollux1 ib4 #fe1 who apparently read gennaion touto to aploun alla therides2 al4 ,arrian1 vi4 ,see ,jaques de ,fouilloux1 ,la ,venerie 7ap4 ,e4 ,talbot1 ,oeuvres completes de ,xenophon1 traduction1 ii4 #cah74 ,there is a good deal to be said for taking your hounds frequently into the mountains2 not so much for taking them on to cultivated land4 7#be7 ,and for this reason3 the fells offer facilities for hunting and for following the quarry without interruption1 while cultivated land1 owing to the number of cross roads and beaten paths1 presents opportunities for neither4 ,moreover1 quite apart from finding a hare1 it is an excellent thing to take your dogs on to rough ground4 ,it is there they will become sound of foot1 and in general the benefit to their physique in working over such ground will amply repay you4 7#bf7 7#be7 ,or1 pretty often1 and less frequently over4 7#bf7 ,lit4 they must be benefited in their bodies generally by working over such ground4 ,they should be taken out in summer till mid-day2 in winter from sunrise to sundown2 in autumn any time except mid-day2 and in spring any time before evening4 ,these times will hit the mean of temperature4 7#bg7 7#bg7 ,or1 ,you may count on a moderate temperature at these times4 ,v ,the tracks of hares are long in winter owing to the length of night1 and short for the opposite reason during summer4 ,in winter1 however1 their scent does not lie in early morning1 when the rime is on the ground1 or earth is frozen4 7#a7 ,the fact is1 hoar frost by its own inherent force absorbs its heat1 whilst black frost freezes it4 7#b7 7#a7 ,or1 when there is hoar frost or black frost 7lit4 ice74 7#b7 ,or1 the ice congeals them1 encases as it were in itself the heat1 i4e4 the warm scent2 aliter1 causes the tracks to freeze at the top4 ,the hounds1 moreover1 with their noses nipped by the cold1 7#c7 cannot under these conditions 7#d7 use their sense of smell1 until the sun or the mere advance of day dissolves the scent4 ,then the noses of the hounds recover1 and the scent of the trail begins to exhale itself perceptibly4 7#e7 7#c7 ,reading malkiosai1 ,cobet1 ,n4 ,lect4 #aca4 ,mnem4 #c1 #cjf2 ,rutherford1 ,n4 ,phry4 p4 #ace4 nipped1 or numb with cold4 ,for vulg4 malakiosai whose noses are tender1 see ,lenz ad loc4 7#d7 ,lit4 when the tracks are in this case4 7#e7 ,as it evaporates4 ,aliter1 is perceptible to smell as it is wafted by the breeze to greet them4 ,heavy dews also will obliterate scent by its depressing effect2 7#f7 and rains occurring after long intervals1 while bringing out odours from the earth1 7#g7 will render the soil bad for scent until it dries again4 ,southerly winds will not improve scent--being moisture-laden they disperse it2 whereas northerly winds1 provided the scent has not been previously destroyed1 tend to fix and preserve it4 ,rains will drown and wash it away1 and so will drizzle2 while the moon by her heat 7#h7--;especially a full moon--will dull its edge2 in fact the trail is rarest--most irregular 7#i7--;at such times1 for the hares in their joy at the light with frolic and gambol 7#aj7 literally throw themselves high into the air and set long intervals between one footfall and another4 ,or again1 the trail will become confused and misleading when crossed by that of foxes4 7#aa7 7#f7 ,cf4 ,plut4 ,q4 ,nat4 #iag ,f1 ap4 ,schneid4 7#g7 ,cf4 ,theophr4 ,c4 ,pl4 xix4 #e1 #f2 xx4 #d4 7#h7 ,reading to thermo4 ,aristot4 ,gen4 ,an4 iv4 #aj4 ,zeune cf4 ,plut4 ,symp4 iii4 #aj1 #feg4 ,macrob4 ,sat4 vii4 #af2 ,athen4 #bgf ,e4 ,al4 to thermon4 ,see ,lenz ad loc41 the moon1 especially a full moon1 dulls the heat 7or odour7 of the tracks4 7#i7 ,cf4 ,poll4 v4 #fg2 ib4 #ff4 7#aj7 ,playing with one another1 in the rivalry of sport4 7#aa7 ,lit4 when foxes have gone through before4 ,spring with its tempered mildness is the season to render the scent clear1 except where possibly the soil1 bursting with flowers1 may mislead the pack1 by mingling the perfume of flowers with the true scent4 7#ab7 ,in summer scent is thin and indistinct2 the earth being baked through and through absorbs the thinner warmth inherent in the trail1 while the dogs themselves are less keen scented at that season through the general relaxation of their bodies4 7#ac7 ,in autumn scent lies clean1 all the products of the soil by that time1 if cultivable1 being already garnered1 or1 if wild1 withered away with age1 so that the odours of various fruits are no longer a disturbing cause through blowing on to the line4 7#ad7 ,in winter1 summer1 and autumn1 moreover1 as opposed to spring1 the trail of a hare lies for the most part in straight lines1 but in the earlier season it is highly complicated1 for the little creatures are perpetually coupling and particularly at this season1 so that of necessity as they roam together for the purpose they make the line intricate as described4 7#ab7 i4e4 with the scent into a composite and confusing whole4 7#ac7 ,or1 owing to the relaxed condition of their frames4 7#ad7 ,lit4 ,the fruity odours do not1 as commingling currents1 injure the trail4 ,the scent of the line leading to the hare's form lies longer than that of a hare on the run1 and for this reason3 in proceeding to her form the hare keeps stopping1 7#ae7 the other is in rapid motion2 consequently1 the ground in one case is thickly saturated all along with scent1 in the other sparsely and superficially4 ,so1 too1 scent lies better in woody than on barren ground1 since1 whilst running to and fro or sitting up1 the creature comes in contact with a variety of objects4 ,everything that earth produces or bears upon her bosom will serve as puss's resting-place4 ,these are her screen1 her couch1 her canopy2 7#af7 apart1 it may be1 or close at hand1 or at some middle point1 among them she lies ensconced4 ,at times1 with an effort taxing all her strength1 she will spring across to where some jutting point or clinging undergrowth on sea or freshet may attract her4 7#ae7 ,the form tracks are made by the hare leisurely proceeding and stopping at times2 those on the run quickly4 7#af7 ,lit4 ,anything and everything will serve to couch under1 or above1 within1 beside1 now at some distance off1 and now hard by1 and now midway between4 ,the couching hare 7#ag7 constructs her form for the most part in sheltered spots during cold weather and in shady thickets during the hot season1 but in spring and autumn on ground exposed to the sun4 ,not so the running 7#ah7 animal1 for the simple reason that she is scared out of her wits by the hounds4 7#ai7 7#ag7 ,the form-frequenting hare4 7#ah7 ,her roving congener1 i4e4 the hunted hare that squats4 ,the distinction drawn is between the form chosen by the hare for her own comfort1 and her squatting-place to escape the hounds when hunted4 7#ai7 i4e4 the dogs have turned her head and made her as mad as a ,march hare4 ,in reclining the hare draws up the thighs under the flanks1 7#bj7 putting its fore-legs together1 as a rule1 and stretching them out1 resting its chin on the tips of its feet4 ,it spreads its ears out over the shoulder-blades1 and so shelters the tender parts of its body2 its hair serves as a protection1 7#ba7 being thick and of a downy texture4 ,when awake it keeps on blinking its eyelids1 7#bb7 but when asleep the eyelids remain wide open and motionless1 and the eyes rigidly fixed2 during sleep it moves its nostrils frequently1 if awake less often4 7#bj7 ,pollux1 v4 #gb4 7#ba7 ,or1 as a waterproof4 7#bb7 ,so ,pollux1 ib4 ,when the earth is bursting with new verdure1 7#bc7 fields and farm-lands rather than mountains are their habitat4 7#bd7 ,when tracked by the huntsman their habit is everywhere to await approach1 except only in case of some excessive scare during the night1 in which case they will be on the move4 7#bc7 ,when the ground teems with vegetation4 7#bd7 ,or1 they frequent cultivated lands1 etc4 ,the fecundity of the hare is extraordinary4 ,the female1 having produced one litter1 is on the point of producing a second when she is already impregnated for a third4 7#be7 7#be7 ,re hyper-foetation cf4 ,pollux1 v4 #gc1 ap4 ,schneid42 ,herod4 iii4 #ajh2 ,aristot4 ,h4 ,a4 iv4 #e2 ,erastosthenes1 ,catasterism1 #cd2 ,aelian1 ,v4 ,h4 ii4 #ab2 ,plin4 ,n4 ,h4 vii4 #ee4 ,the scent of the leveret lies stronger 7#bf7 than that of the grown animal4 ,while the limbs are still soft and supple they trail full length on the ground4 ,every true sportsman1 however1 will leave these quite young creatures to roam freely4 7#bg7 ,they are for the goddess4 ,full-grown yearlings will run their first chase very swiftly1 7#bh7 but they cannot keep up the pace2 in spite of agility they lack strength4 7#bf7 ,cf4 ,pollux1 v4 #gd4 7#bg7 aphiasi1 cf4 ,arrian1 xxii4 #a1 let them go free2 ,aesch4 ,p4 ,v4 #fff2 ,plat4 ,prot4 #cbj ,a4 7#bh7 ,or1 will make the running over the first ring4 ,to find the trail you must work the dogs downwards through the cultivated lands1 beginning at the top4 ,any hares that do not come into the tilled districts must be sought in the meadows and the glades2 near rivulets1 among the stones1 or in woody ground4 ,if the quarry makes off1 7#bi7 there should be no shouting1 that the hounds may not grow too eager and fail to discover the line4 ,when found by the hounds1 and the chase has begun1 the hare will at times cross streams1 bend and double and creep for shelter into clefts and crannied lurking-places2 7#cj7 since they have not only the hounds to dread1 but eagles also2 and1 so long as they are yearlings1 are apt to be carried off in the clutches of these birds1 in the act of crossing some slope or bare hillside4 ,when they are bigger they have the hounds after them to hunt them down and make away with them4 ,the fleetest-footed would appear to be those of the low marsh lands4 ,the vagabond kind 7#ca7 addicted to every sort of ground are difficult to hunt1 for they know the short cuts1 running chiefly up steeps or across flats1 over inequalities unequally1 and downhill scarcely at all4 7#bi7 ,or1 shifts her ground4 7#cj7 ,or1 in their terror not of dogs only1 but of eagles1 since up to a year old they are liable to be seized by these birds of prey while crossing some bottom or bare ground1 while if bigger444 7#ca7 oi444 planetai1 see ,ael4 op4 cit4 xiii4 #ad4 ,whilst being hunted they are most visible in crossing ground that has been turned up by the plough1 if1 that is1 they have any trace of red about them1 or through stubble1 owing to reflection4 ,so1 too1 they are visible enough on beaten paths or roads1 presuming these are fairly level1 since the bright hue of their coats lights up by contrast4 ,on the other hand1 they are not noticeable when they seek the cover of rocks1 hills1 screes1 or scrub1 owing to similarity of colour4 ,getting a fair start of the hounds1 they will stop short1 sit up and rise themselves up on their haunches1 7#cb7 and listen for any bark or other clamour of the hounds hard by2 and when the sound reaches them1 off and away they go4 ,at times1 too1 without hearing1 merely fancying or persuading themselves that they hear the hounds1 they will fall to skipping backwards and forwards along the same trail1 7#cc7 interchanging leaps1 and interlacing lines of scent1 7#cd7 and so make off and away4 7#cb7 ,cf4 the ,german ,mannerchen machen1 play the mannikin4 ,shaks4 ,v4 and ,a4 #fig foll4 7#cc7 ,passage imitated by ,arrian1 xvi4 #a4 7#cd7 ,lit4 imprinting track upon track1 but it is better perhaps to avoid the language of woodcraft at this point4 ,these animals will give the longest run when found upon the open1 there being nothing there to screen the view2 the shortest run when started out of thickets1 where the very darkness is an obstacle4 ,there are two distinct kinds of hare--the big kind1 which is somewhat dark in colour 7#ce7 with a large white patch on the forehead2 and the smaller kind1 which is yellow-brown with only a little white4 ,the tail of the former kind is variegated in a circle2 of the other1 white at the side4 7#cf7 ,the eyes of the large kind are slightly inclined to gray2 7#cg7 of the smaller1 bluish4 ,the black about the tips of the ears is largely spread in the one1 but slightly in the other species4 ,of these two species1 the smaller is to be met with in most of the islands1 desert and inhabited alike4 ,as regards numbers they are more abundant in the islands than on the mainland2 the fact being that in most of these there are no foxes to attack and carry off either the grown animal or its young2 nor yet eagles1 whose habitat is on lofty mountains rather than the lower type of hills which characterise the islands4 7#ch7 ,again1 sportsmen seldom visit the desert islands1 and as to those which are inhabited1 the population is but thinly scattered and the folk themselves not addicted to the chase2 while in the case of the sacred islands1 7#ci7 the importation of dogs is not allowed4 ,if1 then1 we consider what a small proportion of hares existent at the moment will be hunted down and again the steady increase of the stock through reproduction1 the enormous numbers will not be surprising4 7#dj7 7#ce7 epiperknoi4 ,cf4 ,pollux1 v4 #fg foll41 mottled with black4 ,blane4 7#cf7 ,reading paraseiron1 perhaps mottled2 vulg4 paraseron4 ,al4 parasuron1 ecourtee1 ,gail4 7#cg7 upokharopoi1 subfulvi1 ,sturz1 i4e4 inclined to tawny2 al4 fairly lustrous4 ,cf4 ommata moi glaukas kharopotera pollon ',athanas1 ,theocr4 xx4 #be2 but see ,aristot4 ,h4 ,a4 i4 #aj2 ,gen4 ,an4 v4 #a4 #bj4 7#ch7 ,lit4 and those on the islands are for the most part of low altitude4 7#ci7 e4g4 ,delos4 ,see ,strab4 x4 #def2 ,plut4 ,mor4 #bij ,b2 and so ,lagia1 ,plin4 iv4 #ab4 7#dj7 ,lit4 ,as the inhabitants hunt down but a few of them1 these constantly being added to by reproduction1 there must needs be a large number of them4 ,the hare has not a keen sight for many reasons4 ,to begin with1 its eyes are set too prominently on the skull1 and the eyelids are clipped and blear1 7#da7 and afford no protection to the pupils4 7#db7 ,naturally the sight is indistinct and purblind4 7#dc7 ,along with which1 although asleep1 for the most part it does not enjoy visual repose4 7#dd7 ,again1 its very fleetness of foot contributes largely towards dim-sightedness4 ,it can only take a rapid glance at things in passing1 and then off before perceiving what the particular object is4 7#de7 7#da7 ,or1 defective4 7#db7 ,al4 against the sun's rays4 7#dc7 ,or1 dull and mal-concentrated4 ,see ,pollux1 v4 #fi4 7#dd7 i4e4 its eyes are not rested1 because it sleeps with them open4 7#de7 i4e4 it goes so quick1 that before it can notice what the particular object is1 it must avert its gaze to the next1 and then the next1 and so on4 ,the alarm1 too1 of those hounds for ever at its heels pursuing combines with everything 7#df7 to rob the creature of all prescience2 so that for this reason alone it will run its head into a hundred dangers unawares1 and fall into the toils4 ,if it held on its course uphill1 7#dg7 it would seldom meet with such a fate2 but now1 through its propensity to circle round and its attachment to the place where it was born and bred1 it courts destruction4 ,owing to its speed it is not often overtaken by the hounds by fair hunting4 7#dh7 ,when caught1 it is the victim of a misfortune alien to its physical nature4 7#df7 meta touton1 sc4 with these other causes2 al4 with the dogs2 i4e4 like a second nightmare pack4 7#dg7 ,reading orthion1 or if orthon1 transl4 straight on4 7#dh7 kata podas1 i4e4 by running down2 cf4 ,mem4 ,,ii4 vi4 #i2 ,cyrop4 ,i4 vi4 #dj1 re two kinds of hound3 the one for scent1 the other for speed4 ,the fact is1 there is no other animal of equal size which is at all its match in speed4 ,witness the conformation of its body3 the light1 small drooping head 7narrow in front72 7#di7 the 7thin cylindrical7 7#ej7 neck1 not stiff and of a moderate length2 straight shoulder-blades1 loosely slung above2 the fore-legs attached to them1 light and set close together2 7#ea7 the undistended chest2 7#eb7 the light symmetrical sides2 the supple1 well-rounded loins2 the fleshy buttocks2 the somewhat sunken flanks2 7#ec7 the hips1 well rounded1 plump at every part1 but with a proper interval above2 the long and solid thighs1 on the outside tense and not too flabby on the inside2 the long1 stout lower legs or shanks2 the fore-feet1 exceedingly pliant1 thin1 and straight2 the hind-feet firm and broad2 front and hind alike totally regardless of rough ground2 the hind-legs far longer than the fore1 inclined outwards somewhat2 the fur 7#ed7 short and light4 7#di7 ,reading katophere 7stenen ek tou emprosthen74 ,see ,lenz ad loc4 pp4 #bc1 #bd4 ,pollux1 v4 #fi4 7#ej7 ,reading 7lepton1 periphere74 7#ea7 sugkola1 al4 compactly knit4 7#eb7 ,lit4 ou barutonon1 not deep sounding ou sarkodes1 ,pollux1 ib4 7#ec7 ,reading lagonas ugras lagaras ikanos4 7#ed7 trikhona1 the coat4 ,i say an animal so happily constructed must needs be strong and pliant2 the perfection of lightness and agility4 ,if proof of this lightness and agility be needed1 here is a fact in illustration4 ,when proceeding quietly1 its method of progression is by leaps2 no one ever saw or is likely to see a hare walking4 ,what it does is to place the hind-feet in front of the fore-feet and outside them1 and so to run1 if running one can call it4 ,the action prints itself plainly on snow4 ,the tail is not conducive to swiftness of pace1 being ill adapted by its stumpiness to act as a rudder to direct the body4 ,the animal has to do this by means of one or other ear2 7#ee7 as may be seen1 when she is on the point of being caught by the hounds4 7#ef7 ,at that instant you may see her drop and shoot out aslant one of her ears towards the point of attack1 and then1 apparently throwing her full weight on that pivot1 turn sharp round and in a moment leave her assailants far behind4 7#ee7 ,so ,ael4 ,n4 ,a4 xiii4 #ad4 7#ef7 ,pollux1 v4 #ga4 ,for punctuation1 see ,lenz ad loc4 p4 #be4 ,so winsome a creature is it1 that to note the whole of the proceedings from the start--the quest by scent1 the find1 the pack in pursuit full cry1 the final capture--a man might well forget all other loves4 7#eg7 7#eg7 ,see ,arrian1 xvi4 #f1 his criticism4 ,schneid4 cf4 ,plut4 ,mor4 #ajif ,c4 ,hermog4 iii4 #cai1 #aa1 ed4 ,walz4 ,here it should be added that the sportsman1 who finds himself on cultivated lands1 should rigidly keep his hands off the fruits of the season1 and leave springs and streams alone4 ,to meddle with them is ugly and base1 not to speak of the bad example of lawlessness set to the beholder4 ,during the close season 7#eh7 all hunting gear should be taken down and put away4 7#eh7 ,al4 wahrend der ,jagdferien1 ,lenz2 on ,sundays1 as we might say4 ,see some remarks on ,s4 #cd in ,hellenica ,essays1 ,xenophon1 p4 #cdi4 ,,vi ,the equipment of the dogs consists of collar straps1 leashes1 and surcingles1 7#a7 and the collar should be broad and soft so as not to rub the dog's coat2 the leash should have a noose for the hand1 7#b7 and nothing else4 ,the plan of making collar and leash all in one is a clumsy contrivance for keeping a hound in check4 7#c7 ,the surcingle should be broad in the thongs so as not to gall the hound's flanks1 and with spurs stitched on to the leather1 to preserve the purity of the breed4 7#d7 7#a7 stelmoniai1 al4 telamonias1 broad belts or girths1 corselets4 ,pollux1 v4 #ee4 7#b7 ,pollux1 v4 #ef4 7#c7 ,lit4 since those who make the collar out of the leash do not keep hold 7al4 take care7 of their hounds well4 7#d7 ,see ,a ,day with ,xenophon's ,harriers1 ,macmillan's ,mag4 ,jan4 #ahie1 p4 #ahc4 ,as to taking the hounds out to hunt1 no hound ought to be taken out which refuses its food1 a conclusive proof that the animal is ailing4 ,nor again1 when a violent wind is blowing1 for three good reasons3 the scent will not lie1 the hounds cannot smell1 7#e7 neither the nets nor hayes will stand4 ,in the absence1 however1 of any of these hindrances1 take them out every other day4 7#f7 ,do not let your hounds get into the habit of hunting foxes4 ,nothing is so ruinous2 and just at the moment when you want them1 they will not be forthcoming4 ,on the other hand1 vary the hunting-ground in taking them out2 which will give the pack a wider experience in hunting and their master a better knowledge of the country4 ,the start should be early in the morning1 unless the scent is to fail the hounds entirely4 7#g7 ,the dilatory sportsman robs the pack of finding and himself of profit4 7#h7 ,subtle and delicate by nature1 scent will not last all day4 7#e7 ,you cannot trust the hound's nose4 7#f7 ,every third day1 dia trites tes emeras4 7#g7 ,lit4 in order that they may not be deprived of following up the scent4 7#h7 ,or1 a late start means the hounds will be robbed of a find and the huntsman of his reward4 ,the net-keeper should wear a light costume4 ,his business is to fix the nets about the runs1 7#i7 paths1 bends1 and hollows1 and darksome spots1 brooks1 dry torrents1 or perennial mountain streams4 ,these are the places to which the hare chiefly betakes itself for refuge2 though there are of course endless others4 ,these1 and the side passages into1 and exits from them1 whether well marked or ill defined1 are to be stopped just as day breaks2 not too early1 so that1 in case the line of nets be in the neighbourhood of covert to be searched for game1 7#aj7 the animal may not be scared at hearing the thud close by4 7#aa7 ,if1 on the contrary1 there should be a wide gap between the two points1 there is less to hinder making the net lines clear and clean quite early1 so that nothing may cling to them4 ,the keeper must fix the forked props slantwise1 so as to stand the strain when subjected to tension4 ,he must attach the nooses equally on the points2 and see that the props are regularly fixed1 raising the pouch towards the middle2 7#ab7 and into the slip-rope he must insert a large1 long stone1 to prevent the net from stretching in the opposite direction1 when it has got the hare inside4 ,he will fix the rows of poles with stretches of net sufficiently high to prevent the creature leaping over4 7#ac7 ,in hunting1 no procrastination should be the motto1 since it is sportsmanlike at once and a proof of energy by all means to effect a capture quickly4 ,he will stretch the larger 7haye7 nets upon level spaces2 and proceed to plant the road nets upon roads and at converging points of tracks and footpaths2 7#ad7 he must attach the border-ropes to the ground1 draw together the elbows or side ends of the nets1 fix the forked props between the upper meshes1 7#ae7 adjust the skirting ropes upon the tops1 and close up gaps4 7#i7 ,see ,pollux1 v4 #ce4 7#aj7 ,al4 of the game to be hunted up4 7#aa7 omou1 e propinquo4 ,schn4 cf4 ,cyrop4 ,,iii4 i4 #b2 ,,vi4 iii4 #g4 7#ab7 ,or1 giving the funnel or belly a lift in the middle4 kekruphalon1 ,pollux1 v4 #ca4 7#ac7 ,this sentence according to ,lenz is out of its place1 referring solely to the haye nets2 the order of the words should be ta de diktua teineto en apedois stoikhizeto de1 k4t4l4 ,if so1 transl4 ,he should stretch the hayes on level ground and fix1 etc42 ,the road nets should be planted444 etc4 7#ad7 ,al4 at convenient points or where paths converge4 ,see ,schneid4 s4v4 sumpheronta4 7#ae7 sardonion1 ,pollux1 v4 #ca4 ,al4 fixing the stakes between the edges4 ,then he will play sentinel and go his rounds2 if a prop or funnel wants supporting1 he will set it up2 and when the hare comes with the hounds behind her he will urge her forwards to the toils1 with shout and halloa thundering at her heels4 ,when she is fairly entangled1 he is to calm the fury of the hounds1 without touching them1 by soothing1 encouraging tones4 ,he is also to signal to the huntsman with a shout1 that the quarry is taken1 or has escaped this side or that1 or that he has not seen it1 or where he last caught sight of it4 7#af7 7#af7 ,or1 'caught1' 'escaped1' 7this side or that71 'not seen1' 'marked4' ,the sportsman himself should sally forth in a loose1 light hunting dress1 7#ag7 and footgear 7#ah7 to match2 he should carry a stout stick in his hand1 the net-keeper following4 ,they should proceed to the hunting-field in silence1 to prevent the hare1 if by chance there should be one close by1 from making off at the sound of voices4 ,when they have reached the covert1 he will tie the hounds to trees1 each separately1 so that they can be easily slipped from the leash1 and proceed to fix the nets1 funnel and hayes1 as above described4 ,when that is done1 and while the net-keeper mounts guard1 the master himself will take the hounds and sally forth to rouse the game4 7#ai7 ,then with prayer and promise to ,apollo and to ,artemis1 our ,lady of the ,chase1 7#bj7 to share with them the produce of spoil1 he lets slip a single hound1 the cunningest at scenting of the pack4 7,if it be winter1 the hour will be sunrise1 or if summer1 before day-dawn1 and in the other seasons at some hour midway47 ,as soon as the hound has unravelled the true line 7#ba7 he will let slip another2 and then1 if these carry on the line1 at rapid intervals he will slip the others one by one2 and himself follow1 without too great hurry1 7#bb7 addressing each of the dogs by name every now and then1 but not too frequently1 for fear of over-exciting them before the proper moment4 7#ag7 emelemenen neglige1 plain1 unpretentious4 7#ah7 ,pollux1 v4 #ah4 7#ai7 ,al4 intent on the working of the pack4 7#bj7 ,to thee thy share of this chase1 ,lord ,apollo2 and thine to thee1 ,o ,huntress ,queen6 7#ba7 ,or1 carries a line straight away from the many that interlace4 7#bb7 ,or1 without forcing the pace4 ,meanwhile the hounds are busily at work2 onwards they press with eager spirit1 disentangling the line1 double or treble1 as the case may be4 7#bc7 ,to and fro they weave a curious web1 7#bd7 now across1 now parallel with the line1 7#be7 whose threads are interlaced1 here overlapped1 and here revolving in a circle2 now straight1 now crooked2 here close1 there rare2 at one time clear enough1 at another dimly owned4 ,past one another the hounds jostle--tails waving fast1 ears dropt1 and eyes flashing4 7#bc7 ,discovering two or three scents1 as the case may be2 unravelling her line1 be it single or double4 7#bd7 prophoreisthai diazesthai1 ,pollux1 vii4 #eb4 ,schneid4 cf4 ,aristoph4 ,birds1 #d1 apoloumeth' allos ten odon prophoroumeno4 ,still up and down1 old sinner1 must we pace2 ',twill kill us both1 this vain1 long1 wearing race 7,kennedy74 7#be7 ,see ,arrian1 xx4 #b4 ,but when they are really close to the hare they will make the matter plain to the huntsman by various signs--the quivering of their bodies backwards and forwards1 sterns and all2 the ardour meaning business2 the rush and emulaton2 the hurry-scurry to be first2 the patient following-up of the whole pack2 at one moment massed together1 and at another separated2 and once again the steady onward rush4 ,at last they have reached the hare's form1 and are in the act to spring upon her4 ,but she on a sudden will start up and bring about her ears the barking clamour of the whole pack as she makes off full speed4 ,then as the chase grows hot1 the view halloo6 of the huntsman may be heard3 ,so ho1 good hounds6 that's she6 cleverly now1 good hounds6 so ho1 good hounds6 7#bf7 ,and so1 wrapping his cloak 7#bg7 about his left arm1 and snatching up his club1 he joins the hounds in the race after the hare1 taking care not to get in their way1 7#bh7 which would stop proceedings4 7#bi7 ,the hare1 once off1 is quickly out of sight of her pursuers2 but1 as a rule1 will make a circuit back to the place where she was found4 7#cj7 7#bf7 ,reading io kunes1 io kunes1 sophos ge o kunes1 kalos ge o kunes4 ,al4 io kunes1 io kakos ,to her1 dogs6 that won't do6 ,ho1 ho1 ,hunde6 ,ho1 ho1 falsch6 ,recht so1 ,hunde6 schon so1 ,hunde6 7,lenz74 7#bg7 o ampekhetai1 the shawl or plaid which he carries on his shoulders4 ,see ,pollux1 v4 #aj4 7#bh7 ,not to head the chase4 ,sir ,alex4 ,grant1 ,xen4 p4 #afg4 7#bi7 aporon1 which would be awkward 7see ,arrian1 xxv4 #h74 7#cj7 ,where the nets are set1 ,sir ,a4 ,grant4 ,see his comment1 l4c4 ,he must shout then to the keeper1 ,mark her1 boy1 mark her6 hey1 lad6 hey1 lad6 and the latter will make known whether the hare is caught or not4 ,supposing the hare to be caught in her first ring1 the huntsman has only to call in the hounds and beat up another4 ,if not1 his business is to follow up the pack full speed1 and not give in1 but on through thick and through thin1 for toil is sweet4 ,and if again they chance upon her in the chevy1 7#ca7 his cheery shout will be heard once more1 ,right so6 right so1 hounds6 forward on1 good hounds6 7#ca7 apantosi diokousai auton1 al4 come across the huntsman again4 ,but if the pack have got too long a start of him1 and he cannot overtake them1 however eagerly he follows up the hunt--perhaps he has altogether missed the chase1 or even if they are ranging close and giving tongue and sticking to the scent1 he cannot see them--still as he tears along he can interrogate the passer-by3 ,hilloa there1 have you seen my hounds8 he shouts1 and having at length ascertained their whereabouts1 if they are on the line1 he will post himself close by1 and cheer them on1 repeating turn and turn about the name of every hound1 and pitching the tone of his voice sharp or deep1 soft or loud2 and besides all other familiar calls1 if the chase be on a hillside1 7#cb7 he can keep up their spirits with a constant ,well done1 good hounds6 well done1 good hounds6 good hounds6 ,or if any are at fault1 having overshot the line1 he will call to them1 ,back1 hounds6 back1 will you6 try back6 7#cb7 ,or1 if the chase sweeps over a mountain-side4 ,as soon as the hounds have got back to 7where they missed7 the line1 7#cc7 he must cast them round1 making many a circle to and fro2 and where the line fails1 he should plant a stake 7#cd7 as a sign-post to guide the eye1 and so cast round the dogs from that point1 7#ce7 till they have found the right scent1 with coaxing and encouragement4 ,as soon as the line of scent is clear1 7#cf7 off go the dogs1 throwing themselves on to it1 springing from side to side1 swarming together1 conjecturing1 and giving signs to one another1 and taking bearings 7#cg7 they will not mistake--helter-skelter off they go in pursuit4 ,once they dart off along the line of scent thus hotly1 the huntsman should keep up but without hurrying1 or out of zeal they will overshoot the line4 ,as soon as they are once more in close neighbourhood of the hare1 and once again have given their master clear indications of the fact1 then let him give what heed he can1 she does not move off farther in sheer terror of the hounds4 7#cc7 prosstosi1 al4 whenever they check4 7#cd7 ,al4 7#a7 take a stake or one of the poles as a sign-post1 7#b7 draw a line on the ground4 7#ce7 suneirein4 ,zeune cf4 ,cyrop4 ,,vii4 v4 #f1 draw the dogs along by the nets4 ,blane4 7#cf7 ,as the scent grows warmer1 the translator in ,macmillan's ,mag4 above referred to4 ,aristot4 ,h4 ,a4 ix4 #dd4 #d4 7#cg7 ,lit4 fixing landmarks for themselves4 ,they meanwhile1 with sterns wagging1 tumbling and leaping over one another's backs1 7#ch7 at intervals loudly giving tongue1 and lifting up their heads and peering into their master's face1 as much as to say1 ,there is no mistake about it this time1 7#ci7 will presently of themselves start the hare and be after her full cry1 with bark and clamour4 7#dj7 ,thereupon1 whether the hare falls into the toils of the funnel net or rushes past outside or inside1 whatever incident betide1 the net-keeper must with a shout proclaim the fact4 ,should the hare be caught1 the huntsman has only to begin looking for another2 if not1 he must follow up the chase once more with like encouragement4 7#ch7 ,or1 whisking their tails and frisking wildly1 and jostling against one another1 and leaping over one another at a great rate4 ,al4 over one obstacle1 and then another4 7#ci7 ,or1 this is the true line at last4 7#dj7 ,al4 with a crash of tongues4 ,when at length the hounds show symptoms of fatigue1 and it is already late in the day1 the time has come for the huntsman to look for his hare that lies dead-beat2 nor must he wittingly leave any patch of green or clod of earth untested4 7#da7 ,backwards and forwards he must try and try again the ground1 7#db7 to be sure that nothing has been overlooked4 ,the fact is1 the little creature lies in a small compass1 and from fatigue and fear will not get up4 ,as he leads the hounds on he will cheer and encourage them1 addressing with many a soft term the docile creature1 the self-willed1 stubborn brute more rarely1 and to a moderate extent the hound of average capacity1 till he either succeeds in running down or driving into the toils some victim4 7#dc7 ,after which he will pick up his nets1 both small and large alike1 giving every hound a rub down1 and return home from the hunting-field1 taking care1 if it should chance to be a summer's noon1 to halt a bit1 so that the feet of his hounds may not be blistered on the road4 7#da7 ,lit4 anything which earth puts forth or bears upon her bosom4 7#db7 ,or1 ,many and many a cast back must he make4 7#dc7 ,the famous stanzas in ,venus and ,adonis may fitly close this chapter4 ,and when thou hast on foot the purblind hare1 ,mark the poor wretch1 to overshoot his troubles ,how he outruns the wind and with what care ,he cranks and crosses with a thousand doubles3 ,the many musets through the which he goes ,are like a labyrinth to amaze his foes4 ,sometimes he runs among a flock of sheep1 ,to make the cunning hounds mistake their smell1 ,and sometimes where earth-delving conies keep1 ,to stop the loud pursuers in their yell1 ,and sometimes sorteth with a herd of deer3 ,danger deviseth shifts2 wit waits on fear3 ,for there his smell with others being mingled1 ,the hot scent-snuffing hounds are driven to doubt1 ,ceasing their clamorous cry till they have singled ,with much ado the cold fault cleanly out3 ,then do they spend their mouths3 ,echo replies1 ,as if another chase were in the skies4 ,by this1 poor ,wat1 far off upon a hill1 ,stands on his hinder legs with listening ear1 ,to hearken if his foes pursue him still3 ,anon their loud alarums he doth hear2 ,and now his grief may be compared well ,to one sore sick that hears the passing-bell4 ,then shalt thou see the dew-bedabbled wretch ,turn1 and return1 indenting with the way2 ,each envious brier his weary legs doth scratch1 ,each shadow makes him stop1 each murmur stay3 ,for misery is trodden on by many1 ,and being low never relieved by any4 ,,vii ,for breeding purposes choose winter1 and release the bitches from hard work2 7#a7 which will enable them to profit by repose and to produce a fine progeny towards spring1 since that season is the best to promote the growth of the young dogs4 ,the bitch is in heat for fourteen days1 7#b7 and the moment at which to put her to the male1 with a view to rapid and successful impregnation1 is when the heat is passing off4 ,choose a good dog for the purpose4 ,when the bitch is ready to whelp she should not be taken out hunting continuously1 but at intervals sufficient to avoid a miscarriage through her over-love of toil4 ,the period of gestation lasts for sixty days4 ,when littered the puppies should be left to ther own dam1 and not placed under another bitch2 foster-nursing does not promote growth in the same way1 whilst nothing is so good for them as their own mother's milk and her breath1 7#c7 and the tenderness of her caresses4 7#d7 7#a7 ,or1 ,winter is the time at which to pair dogs for breeding1 the bitches to be released from hard work1 so that with the repose so secured they may produce a fine litter in spring4 7#b7 ,lit4 this necessity holds4 ,cf4 ,aristot4 ,h4 ,a4 vi4 #bj2 ,arrian1 xxvii41 xxxi4 #c4 7#c7 ,cf4 ,eur4 ,tro4 #gec1 o khrotos edu pneuma4 7#d7 ,cf4 ,arrian1 xxx4 #b2 ,pollux1 v4 #ej2 ,columella1 vii4 #ab1 #ab1 ap4 ,schneid4 ,presently1 when the puppies are strong enough to roam about1 they should be given milk 7#e7 for a whole year1 along with what will form their staple diet in the future1 but nothing else4 ,a heavy diet will distort the legs of a young dog1 engender disease in other limbs1 and the internal mechanism will get out of order4 7#f7 7#e7 ,see ,arrian1 xxxi42 ,stonehenge1 p4 #bfd4 7#f7 ,or1 the internal organs get wrong 7adika74 ,cf4 ,memorabilia1 ,,iv4 iv4 #e4 ,they should have short names given them1 which will be easy to call out4 7#g7 ,the following may serve as specimens3--,psyche1 ,pluck1 ,buckler1 ,spigot1 ,lance1 ,lurcher1 ,watch1 ,keeper1 ,brigade1 ,fencer1 ,butcher1 ,blazer1 ,prowess1 ,craftsman1 ,forester1 ,counsellor1 ,spoiler1 ,hurry1 ,fury1 ,growler1 ,riot1 ,bloomer1 ,rome1 ,blossom1 ,hebe1 ,hilary1 ,jolity1 ,gazer1 ,eyebright1 ,much1 ,force1 ,trooper1 ,bustle1 ,bubbler1 ,rockdove1 ,stubborn1 ,yelp1 ,killer1 ,pele-mele1 ,strongboy1 ,sky1 ,sunbeam1 ,bodkin1 ,wistful1 ,gnome1 ,tracks1 ,dash4 7#h7 7#g7 ,cf4 ,arrian1 xxxi4 #b2 ,oppian1 ,cyn1 i4 #ddc2 ap4 ,schneid4 7#h7 ,the following is ,xenophon's list3-- ,psukhe ,soul ,thumos ,spirit ,porpax ,hasp of shield ,sturax ,spike of spear at the butt end ,logkhe ,lance ,lokhos ,ambush1 or ,company ,phroura ,watch ,phulax ,guard ,taxis ,order1 ,rank1 ,post1 ,brigade ,xiphon ,swordsman ,phonax ,slaughterer1 cf4 ,king ,death ,phlegon ,blazer ',alke ,prowess1 ,victory ,teukhon ,craftsman ',uleus ,woodsman1 ,dashwood ,medas ,counsellor ,porthon ,spoiler1 ,rob ,roy ,sperkhon ,hastener1 ,rocket ',orge ,fury1 ,rage ,bremon ,growler1 ,roarer ',ubris ,hybris1 ,riot1 ,insolence ,thallon ,blooming1 ,gaudy ',rome ,strength1 ,romeo ',antheus ,blossom ',eba ,youth ,getheus ,gladsome ,khara ,joy ,leusson ,gazer ,augo ,daybeam ,polus ,much ,bia ,force ,stikhon ,stepping in rank and file ,spoude ,much ado ,bruas ,gusher ,oinas 7#a7 ,vine1 7#b7 ,rockdove4 ,see ,aristot4 ,h4 ,a4 v4 #ac1 #ad2 i4 #c1 #aj2 ,ael4 ,n4 ,a4 iv4 #eh4 ,columba livia rockdove1 the colour of ripening grapes2 al4 oinas the vine4 ,sterros ,stiff1 ,king ,sturdy ,krauge ,clamour4 ,cf4 ,plat4 ,rep4 #fjg ,b4 ,kainon ,killer ,turbas ,topsy-turvy ,sthenon ,strong man ,aither ,ether ',aktis ,ray of light ,aikhme ,spear-point ,nors ,clever 7girl7 ,gnome ,maxim ,stibon ,tracker ',orme ,dash4 ,so ,arrian 7,cyn4 viii4 #e7 named his favourite hound4 ,for other names see ,herodian1 peri mon4 l 7on monosyllables71 #ab4 #g2 ,corp4 ,inscr4 iv4 p4 #ahd1 n4 #hcai2 ,arrian1 v4 #f1 xix42 ,colum4 vii4 #ab1 #ac4 ,according to ,pollux1 v4 #dg1 ,xenophon had a dog named ippokentauros 7cf4 ,cyrop4 ,,iv4 iii4 #ag74 ,the young hounds may be taken out to the chase at the age of eight months 7#i7 if bitches1 or if males at the age of ten4 ,they should not be let loose on the trail of a hare sitting1 7#aj7 but should be kept attached by long leashes and allowed to follow on a line while scenting1 7#aa7 with free scope to run along the trail4 7#ab7 7#i7 ,cf4 ,pollux1 v4 #ed2 al4 ,arrian1 xxv41 xxvi4 7#aj7 ,pollux1 v4 #ab4 7#aa7 ,the dogs that are trailing1 ,blane4 7#ab7 ,see ,stonehenge1 ,entering of greyhound and deerhound1 of foxhounds and harriers1 pp4 #bhd1 #bhe4 ,as soon as a hare is found1 provided the young hounds have the right points 7#ac7 for running1 they should not be let loose straight off3 the huntsman should wait until the hare has got a good start and is out of sight1 then let the young hounds go4 7#ad7 ,the result of letting slip young hounds1 possessed of all the requisite points and full of pluck1 7#ae7 is that the sight of the hare will make them strain too violently and pull them to bits1 7#af7 while their frames are as yet unknit2 a catastrophe against which every sportsman should strenuously guard4 ,if1 on the other hand1 the young hounds do not promise well for running1 7#ag7 there is no harm in letting them go4 ,from the start they will give up all hope of striking the hare1 and consequently escape the injury in question4 7#ah7 7#ac7 ,for points see the same authority3 the harrier1 p4 #ei2 the foxhound1 p4 #ed4 7#ad7 ,see ,arrian's comment and dissent1 xxv4 #d4 7#ae7 ,lit4 which are at once well shaped and have the spirit for the chase in them4 7#af7 ,al4 they will overstrain themselves with the hare in sight1 and break a blood-vessel4 ,see ,arrian1 xxxi4 #d1 regnuntai gar autais ai lagones4 7#ag7 ,or1 are defectively built for the chase4 7#ah7 ,or1 will not suffer such mishap4 ,as to the trail of a hare on the run1 there is no harm in letting them follow it up till they overtake her4 7#ai7 ,when the hare is caught the carcass should be given to the young hounds to tear in pieces4 7#bj7 7#ai7 ,perhaps read eos an thelosi1 as long as they choose4 ,the ,,mss4 have elthosi4 7#bj7 ,see ,stonehenge1 p4 #bhg1 blooded1 so as to make him understand the nature of the scent2 ib4 #bhd4 ,as soon as these young hounds refuse to stay close to the nets and begin to scatter1 they must be called back2 till they have been accustomed to find the hare by following her up2 or else1 if not taught to quest for her 7time after time7 in proper style1 they may end by becoming skirters 7#ba7--;a bad education4 7#bb7 7#ba7 ekkunoi1 cf4 ,arrian1 xxv4 #e4 7#bb7 poneron mathema1 ib4 #i4 ,as long as they are pups1 they should have their food given them near the nets1 when these are being taken up1 7#bc7 so that if from inexperience they should lose their way on the hunting-field1 they may come back for it and not be altogether lost4 ,in time they will be quit of this instinct themselves1 7#bd7 when their hostile feeling towards the animal is developed1 and they will be more concerned about the quarry than disposed to give their food a thought4 7#be7 7#bc7 anairontai sc4 ai arkues1 see above1 vi4 #bf4 7#bd7 ,or1 abandon the practice4 7#be7 ,see ,stonehenge1 p4 #bhi 7another context73 444 the desire for game in a well-bred dog is much greater than the appetite for food1 unless the stomach has long been deprived of it4 ,as a rule1 the master should give the dogs their food with his own hand2 since1 however much the animal may be in want of food without his knowing who is to blame for that1 it is impossible to have his hunger satisfied without his forming an affection for his benefactor4 7#bf7 7#bf7 ,or1 ,if want in itself does not reveal to him the cause of his suffering1 to be given food when hungry for it will arouse in him affection for the donor4 ,,viii ,the time to track hares is after a fall of snow deep enough to conceal the ground completely4 ,as long as there are black patches intermixed1 the hare will be hard to find4 ,it is true that outside these the tracks will remain visible for a long time1 when the snow comes down with a north wind blowing1 because the snow does not melt immediately2 but if the wind be mild with gleams of sunshine1 they will not last long1 because the snow is quickly thawed4 ,when it snows steadily and without intermission there is nothing to be done2 the tracks will be covered up4 ,nor1 again1 if there be a strong wind blowing1 which will whirl and drift the snow about and obliterate the tracks4 ,it will not do to take the hounds into the field in that case2 7#a7 since owing to excessive frost the snow will blister 7#b7 the feet and noses of the dogs and destroy the hare's scent4 ,then is the time for the sportsman to take the haye nets and set off with a comrade up to the hills1 and leave the cultivated lands behind2 and when he has got upon the tracks to follow up the clue4 ,if the tracks are much involved1 and he follows them only to find himself back again ere along at the same place1 7#c7 he must make a series of circuits and sweep round the medley of tracks1 till he finds out where they really lead4 7#d7 7#a7 ,lit4 ,i say it is no use setting out with dogs to this chase4 7#b7 kaei4 ,cf4 ,arrian1 xiv4 #e4 7#c7 ,reading ekonta sc4 ton kunegeten444 or if ekonta1 kuklous 7sc4 ta ikhne71 transl4 if the tracks are involved1 doubling on themselves and coming back eventually to the same place4 7#d7 ,or1 where the end of the string is4 ,the hare makes many windings1 being at a loss to find a resting-place1 and at the same time she is accustomed to deal subtly 7#e7 in her method of progression1 because her footsteps lead perpetually to her pursuit4 7#e7 tekhnazein4 ,cf4 ,ael4 ,n4 ,a4 vi4 #dg1 ap4 ,schneid4 ,a fact for ,uncle ,remus4 ,as soon as the track is clear1 7#f7 the huntsman will push on a little farther2 and it will bring him either to some embowered spot 7#g7 or craggy bank2 since gusts of wind will drift the snow beyond such spots1 whereby a store of couching-places 7#h7 is reserved 7#i72 and that is what puss seeks4 7#f7 ,discovered4 7#g7 ,thicket or overhanging crag4 7#h7 eunasima1 places well adapted for a form4 7#i7 ,al4 many places suited for her form are left aside by puss1 but this she seeks4 ,if the tracks conduct the huntsman to this kind of covert he had better not approach too near1 for fear the creature should move off4 ,let him make a circuit round2 the chances are that she is there2 and that will soon be clear2 for if so1 the tracks will not trend outwards from the place at any point4 7#aj7 7#aj7 ,l4 ,dind4 emend4 oudamoi1 the tracks will not pass in any direction outwards from such ground4 ,and now when it is clear that puss is there1 there let her bide2 she will not sir2 let him set off and seek another1 before the tracks are indistinct2 being careful only to note the time of day2 so that1 in case he discovers others1 there will be daylight enough for him to set up the nets4 7#aa7 ,when the final moment has come1 he will stretch the big haye nets round the first one and then the other victim 7precisely as in the case of one of those black thawed patches above named71 so as to enclose within the toils whatever the creature is resting on4 7#ab7 ,as soon as the nets are posted1 up he must go and start her4 ,if she contrive to extricate herself from the nets1 7#ac7 he must after her1 following her tracks2 and presently he will find himself at a second similar piece of ground 7unless1 as is not improbable1 she smothers herself in the snow beforehand74 7#ad7 ,accordingly he must discover where she is and spread his toils once more2 and1 if she has energy still left1 pursue the chase4 ,even without the nets1 caught she will be1 from sheer fatigue1 7#ae7 owing to the depth of the snow1 which balls itself under her shaggy feet and clings to her1 a sheer dead weight4 7#aa7 ,al4 to envelop the victims in the nets4 7#ab7 ,lit4 whatever the creature is in contact with inside4 7#ac7 ,cf4 ,aesch4 ,prom4 #hg1 ,poto tropo tesd' ekkulisthesei tukhes4 7#ad7 ,or1 if the creature is not first suffocated in the snow itself4 7#ae7 ,see ,pollux1 v4 #ej4 ,she must presently be tired out in the heavy snow1 which balls itself like a fatal clog clinging to the under part of her hairy feet4 ,,ix ,for hunting fawns 7#a7 and deer1 7#b7 ,indian dogs 7#c7 should be employed1 as being strong1 large1 and fleet-footed1 and not devoid of spirit2 with these points they will prove well equal to the toil4 7#a7 ,see ,hom4 ,il4 xxii4 #ahi1 x4 #cfa2 ,od4 iv4 #ce2 ,aelian1 ,n4 ,a4 xiv4 #ad2 xvii4 #bf2 ,geopon4 xix4 #e4 7#b7 e elaphos 7generic1 ,attic7 hart or hind1 of roe 7,capreolus caprea7 or red 7,cervus elaphus7 deer alike1 ,i suppose4 ,see ,st4 ,john1 ,nat4 ,hist4 and ,sport in ,moray4 7#c7 ,of the ,persian or ,grecian greyhound type perhaps4 ,see ,aristot4 ,h4 ,a4 viii4 #bh2 ,aelian1 ,n4 ,a4 viii4 #a2 ,pollux1 v4 #cg1 #ch1 #dc2 ,plin4 ,h4 ,n4 vii4 #b1 viii4 #bh2 ,oppian1 ,cyn4 i4 #dac4 ,quite young fawns 7#d7 should be captured in spring1 that being the season at which the dams calve4 7#e7 ,some one should go beforehand into the rank meadowlands 7#f7 and reconnoitre where the hinds are congregated1 and wherever that may be1 the master of the hounds will set off--with his hounds and a supply of javelins--before daylight to the place in question4 ,here he will attach the hounds to trees 7#g7 some distance off1 for fear of their barking1 7#h7 when they catch sight of the deer4 ,that done he will choose a specular point himself and keep a sharp look-out4 7#i7 ,as day breaks he will espy the hinds leading their fawns to the places where they will lay them severally to rest4 7#aj7 ,having made them lie down and suckled them1 they will cast anxious glances this way and that to see that no one watches them2 and then they will severally withdraw to the side opposite and mount guard1 each over her own offspring4 ,the huntsman1 who has seen it all1 7#aa7 will loose the dogs1 and with javelins in hand himself advance towards the nearest fawn in the direction of where he saw it laid to rest2 carefully noting the lie of the land1 7#ab7 for fear of making some mistake2 since the place itself will present a very different aspect on approach from what it looked like at a distance4 7#d7 ,see above1 v4 #ad4 ,i do not know that any one has answered ,schneider's question3 ,quidni sensum eundem servavit homo religiosus in hinnulis8 7#e7 ,the fawns 7of the roe deer7 are born in the spring1 usually early in ,may1 ,lydekker1 ,r4 ,n4 ,h4 ii4 p4 #chc2 of the red deer generally in the early part of ,june1 ib4 #cdf4 7#f7 orgadas gagnages1 du ,fouilloux1 ,comment le veneur doit aller en queste aux taillis ou gaignages pour voir le cerf a veue1 ap4 ,talbot1 op4 cit4 i4 p4 #cca4 7#g7 ,or1 off the wood4 7#h7 ,it seems they were not trained to restrain themselves4 7#i7 ,or1 set himself to observe from some higher place4 ,cf4 ,aristoph4 ,wasps1 #cfa1 nun de xun oplois andres oplitai diataxamenoi kata tas diodous skopiorountai4 ,philostr4 #ghd4 7#aj7 ,see ,pollux1 v4 #gg2 ,aristot4 ,h4 ,a4 ix4 #e4 ,mr4 ,scrope ap4 ,lydekker1 ,r4 ,n4 ,h4 ii4 p4 #cdf1 states that the dam of the red deer makes her offspring lie down by a pressure of her nose1 etc4 7#aa7 ,lit4 when he sees these things4 7#ab7 ,or1 the features of the scene2 the topography4 ,when his eye has lit upon the object of his search1 he will approach quite close4 ,the fawn will keep perfectly still1 glued 7#ac7 as it were to earth1 and with loud bleats suffer itself to be picked up2 unless it happen to be drenched with rain2 in which case1 it will not stay quiet in one place4 ,no doubt1 the internal moisture of the animal congeals quickly with the cold 7#ad7 and causes it to shift its ground4 ,caught in that case it must needs be2 but the hounds will have work enough to run the creature down4 7#ae7 ,the huntsman having seized the fawn1 will hand it to the keeper4 ,the bleating will continue2 and the hind1 partly seeing and partly hearing1 will bear down full tilt upon the man who has got her young1 in her desire to rescue it4 ,now is the moment to urge on the hounds and ply the javelins4 ,and so having mastered this one1 he will proceed against the rest1 and employ the same method of the chase in dealing with them4 7#ac7 piesas1 noosling1 nestling1 buried4 7#ad7 ,the blood runs cold4 7#ae7 ,or1 but it will give them a good chase2 the dogs will have their work cut out4 ,young fawns may be captured in the way described4 ,those that are already big will give more trouble1 since they graze with their mothers and the other deer1 and when pursued retire in the middle of the herd or occasionally in front1 but very seldom in the rear4 ,the deer1 moreover1 in order to protect their young will do battle with the hounds and trample them under foot2 so that capture is not easy1 unless you come at once to close quarters and scatter the herd1 with the result that one or another of the fawns is isolated4 ,the effort implies 7#af7 a strain1 and the hounds will be left behind in the first heat of the race1 since the very absence of their dams 7#ag7 will intensify the young deer's terror1 and the speed of a fawn1 that age and size1 is quite incredible4 7#ah7 ,but at the second or third run they will be quickly captured2 since their bodies being young and still unformed cannot hold out long against fatigue4 7#af7 ,lit4 after that violent effort4 7#ag7 ,or1 alarm at the absence of the herd will lend the creature wings4 7#ah7 ,or1 is past compare2 is beyond all telling4 ,foot-gins 7#ai7 or caltrops may be set for deer on mountains1 in the neighbourhood of meadows and streams and wooded glens1 on cross-roads 7#bj7 or in tilled fields at spots which they frequent4 7#ba7 ,these gins should be made of twisted yew twigs 7#bb7 stripped of the bark to prevent their rotting4 ,they should have well-rounded hooplike crowns 7#bc7 with alternate rows of nails of wood and iron woven into the coil4 7#bd7 ,the iron nails should be larger1 so that while the wooden ones yield to the foot1 the others may press into it4 7#be7 ,the noose of the cord which will be laid upon the crown should be woven out of esparto and so should the rope itself1 this kind of grass being least liable to rot4 ,the rope and noose itself should both alike be stout4 ,the log or clog of wood attached should be made of common or of holm oak with the bark on1 three spans in length1 and a palm in thickness4 7#bf7 7#ai7 podostrabai1 podostrabai so called4 ,cf4 the boot4 7#bj7 en tais diodois1 at points where paths issue1 or cross4 7#ba7 pros o ti prosie1 against whatever they are likely to approach4 7#bb7 ,or1 should be woven out of ,smilax2 ,ebenholz1 ,lenz2 ,ifs1 ,gail4 7#bc7 tas de stephanas euk4 ekh4 having circular rims4 7#bd7 en to plokano 7al4 plokamo7 the plaited rope1 which formed the stephane4 ,see ,pollux1 v4 #cb1 ap4 ,schneid4 and ,lenz4 7#be7 ,al4 so as to press into the foot1 if the wooden ones yield4 7#bf7 ,or1 #bg inches x #c4 ,to set the trap1 dig a hole in the soil to a depth of fifteen inches1 7#bg7 circular in shape1 with a circumference at the top exactly corresponding to the crown and narrowing towards the bottom4 ,for the rope and wooden clog likewise remove sufficient earth to let them both be lightly buried4 ,that done1 place the foot-gin deep enough to be just even with the surface of the soil1 7#bh7 and round the circle of the crown the cord-noose4 ,the cord itself and wooden clog must now be lowered into their respective places4 ,which done1 place on the crown some rods of spindle-tree1 7#bi7 but not so as to stick out beyond the outer rim2 and above these again light leaves1 such as the season may provide4 ,after this put a final coating of earth upon the leaves2 in the first place the surface soil from the holes just dug1 and atop of that some unbroken solid earth from a distance1 so that the lie of the trap may be as much as possible unnoticed by the deer4 ,any earth left over should be carried to a distance from the gin4 ,the mere smell of the newly-turned-up soil will suffice to make the animal suspicious2 7#cj7 and smell it readily she will4 7#bg7 ,or1 remove a mass of soil to the depth of five palms so as to form a circular hole corresponding in size with the rim above- named4 7#bh7 ,or1 like a door over the cavity1 somewhat below the surface1 flatwise2 i4e4 in a horizontal position4 7#bi7 ,so literally1 but really ,carthamus creticus1 a thistle-like plant used for making spindles 7,sprengel ap4 ,l4 ,s471 the ,euonymous europaeus being our spindle-tree4 ,aristot4 ,h4 ,a4 ix4 #dj1 #di2 ,theocr4 iv4 #eb4 7#cj7 ,lit4 if she once sniffs the new-turned soil the deer grows shy1 and that she will quickly do4 ,see ,plat4 ,laws1 #icc ,a2 ,phaedr4 #bdb ,c2 ,mem4 ,,ii4 i4 #d4 ,the hunter should take his hounds and inspect the traps upon the mountains1 early in the morning if possible1 though he should do so also during the day at other times4 ,those set on cultivated land must always be inspected early1 before the sun is up in fact1 7#ca7 and for this reason3 on the hills1 so desert is the region1 7#cb7 the creatures may be caught not only at night but at any time of day2 while1 on the cultivated lands1 owing to their chronic apprehension of mankind in daytime1 night is the only time4 7#cc7 7#ca7 ,before the sun is up4 7#cb7 ,or1 thanks to the lonesomeness of the region4 7#cc7 ,it is night or never1 owing to the dread of man which haunts the creature's mind during daytime4 ,as soon as the huntsman finds a gin uprooted he will let slip his hounds and with cheery encouragement 7#cd7 follow along the wake of the wooden clog1 with a keen eye to the direction of its march4 ,that for the most part will be plain enough1 since stones will be displaced1 and the furrow which the clog makes as it trails along will be conspicuous on tilled ground2 or if the deer should strike across rough ground1 the rocks will show pieces of bark torn from the clog1 and the chase will consequently be all the easier4 7#ce7 7#cd7 ,see vi4 #bj2 with view-halloo4 7#ce7 ,or1 along that track will not be difficult4 ,should the deer have been caught by one of its fore-feet it will soon be taken1 because in the act of running it will beat and batter its own face and body2 if by the hind-leg1 the clog comes trailing along and must needs impede the action of every limb4 ,sometimes1 too1 as it is whirled along it will come in contact with the forked branches of some tree1 and then unless the animal can snap the rope in twain1 she is fairly caught2 there ends the chase4 ,but even so1 if caught in this way or overdone with fatigue1 it were well not to come too close the quarry1 should it chance to be a stag1 or he will lunge out with his antlers and his feet2 better therefore let fly your javelins from a distance4 ,these animals may also be captured without aid of gin or caltrop1 by sheer coursing in hot summer time2 they get so tired1 they will stand still to be shot down4 ,if hard pressed they will plunge into the sea or take to water of any sort in their perplexity1 and at times will drop down from sheer want of breath4 7#cf7 7#cf7 ,from mere shortness of breath4 ,x ,to cope with the wild boar the huntsman needs to have a variety of dogs1 ,indian1 ,cretan1 ,locrian1 and ,laconian1 7#a7 along with a stock of nets1 javelins1 boar-spears1 and foot-traps4 7#a7 ,for these breeds see ,pollux1 v4 #cg3 for the ,laconian1 ,pind4 ,fr4 #gc2 ,soph4 ,aj4 #h2 cf4 ,shakesp4 ,mids4 ,n4 ,d4 iv4 #a4 #aai1 #abi foll4 ,to begin with1 the hounds must be no ordinary specimens of the species named1 7#b7 in order to do battle with the beast in question4 7#b7 ,or1 these hounds of the breed named must not be any ordinary specimens2 but what does ,xenophon mean by ek toutou tou genous8 ,the nets should be made of the same flaxen cord 7#c7 as those for hares above described4 ,they should be forty-five threaded in three strands1 each strand consisting of fifteen threads4 ,the height from the upper rim 7#d7 7i4e4 from top to bottom7 should be ten meshes1 and the depth of the nooses or pockets one elbow-length 7say fifteen inches74 7#e7 ,the ropes running round the net should be half as thick again as the cords of the net2 and at the extremities 7#f7 they should be fitted with rings1 and should be inserted 7in and out7 under the nooses1 with the end passing out through the rings4 ,fifteen nets will be sufficient4 7#g7 7#c7 i4e4 of ,phasian or ,cathaginian fine flax4 7#d7 tou koruphaiou4 7#e7 pugon4 ,the distance from the elbow to the first joint of the finger #bj daktuloi #e palaistai #a #a_/d ft4 7,l4 ,s47 7#f7 ep akrois4 ,cf4 akreleniois4 7#g7 ,reading ikanai1 vid4 ,lenz ad loc4 and ii4 #d4 ,the javelins should be of all sorts1 7#h7 having blades of a good breadth and razor-sharpness1 and stout shafts4 7#h7 ,al4 of various material4 ,see ,pollux1 v4 #bj ap4 ,schneid4 ,the boar-spears should in the first place have blades fifteen inches long1 and in the middle of the socket two solid projecting teeth of wrought metal1 7#i7 and shafts of cornel-wood a spear-shaft's thickness4 7#i7 ,wrought of copper 7or bronze74 ,the foot-traps should resemble those used for deer4 ,these hunts should be conducted not singly1 7#aj7 but in parties1 since the wild boar can be captured only by the collective energy of several men1 and that not easily4 7#aj7 ,lit4 ,there should be a band of huntsmen2 or1 ,it will take the united energies of several to capture this game4 ,see ,hom4 ,il4 ix4 #edc1 of the ,calydonian boar3 ton d' uios ,oineos apekteinen ,meleagros1 polleon ek polion theretoras andras ageiras kai kunas4 ou men gar k' edame pauroisi brotoisin tossos een1 pollous de pures epebes' alegeines4 ,but him slew ,meleagros the son of ,oineus1 having gathered together from many cities huntsmen and hounds2 for not of few men could the boar be slain1 so mighty was he2 and many an one brought he to the grievous pyre 7,w4 ,leaf74 ,i will now explain how each part of the gear is to be used in hunting4 ,the company being come to some place where a boar is thought to lie1 the first step is to bring up the pack1 7#aa7 which done1 they will loose a single ,laconian bitch1 and keeping the rest in leash1 beat about with this one hound4 7#ab7 ,as soon as she has got on the boar's track1 let them follow in order1 one after another1 close on the tracking hound1 who gives the lead to the whole company4 7#ac7 ,even to the huntsmen themselves many a mark of the creature will be plain1 such as his footprints on soft portions of the ground1 and in the thick undergrowth of forests broken twigs2 and1 where there are single trees1 the scars made by his tusks4 7#ad7 ,as she follows up the trail the hound will1 as a general rule1 finally arrive at some well-wooded spot2 since1 as a general rule1 the boar lies ensconced in places of the sort1 that are warm in winter and cool in summer4 7#aa7 kunegesion1 a hunting establishment1 huntsmen and hounds1 a pack of hounds1 ,l4 ,s4 cf4 ,herod4 i4 #cf2 ,pollux4 v4 #ag4 ,in ,aristot4 ,h4 ,a4 viii4 #e4 #b1 of wolves in a pack2 v4 monopeirai4 upagein--stealthily8 7#ab7 ,or1 go on a voyage of discovery4 7#ac7 ,reading te ikhneuouse1 or if vulg4 ikhneusei1 transl4 set her to follow the trail1 at the head of the whole train4 7#ad7 ,schneid4 cf4 ,aristot4 ,h4 ,a4 vi4 #ah2 ,plin4 viii4 #eb2 ,virg4 ,georg4 iii4 #bee1 ipse ruit1 dentesque ,sabellicus exacuit sus2 ,hom4 ,il4 xi4 #daf1 xiii4 #dge2 ,hes4 ,shield1 #chi2 ,eur4 ,phoen4 #achi2 ,ovid1 ,met4 viii4 #cfi4 ,as soon as she has reached his lair she will give tongue2 but the boar will not get up1 not he1 in nine cases out of ten4 ,the huntsman will thereupon recover the hound1 and tie her up also with the rest at a good distance from the lair4 7#ae7 ,he will then launch his toils into the wild boar's harbourage1 7#af7 placing the nooses upon any forked branches of wood to hand4 ,out of the net itself he must construct a deep forward-jutting gulf or bosom1 posting young shoots on this side and that within1 as stays or beams1 7#ag7 so that the rays of light may penetrate as freely as possible through the nooses into the bosom1 7#ah7 and the interior be as fully lit up as possible when the creature makes his charge4 ,the string round the top of the net must be attached to some stout tree1 and not to any mere shrub or thorn-bush1 since these light-bending branches will give way to strain on open ground4 7#ai7 ,all about each net it will be well to stop with timber even places 7#bj7 where harbrough nis to see1 so that the hulking brute may drive a straight course 7#ba7 into the toils without tacking4 7#ae7 ,lit4 accordingly recover the dog1 and tie her up also with the rest1 etc4 7#af7 ormous4 ,lit4 moorings1 i4e4 favourite haunts4 ,cf4 dusorma below4 ,al4 stelle die ,fallnetze auf die ,wechsel1 ,lenz4 7#ag7 anteridas4 ,see a note in the ,class4 ,rev4 ,x4 i4 p4 #g1 by ,g4 ,s4 ,sale3 ,it can only mean long sticks used as stretchers or spreaders to hold up the net between and beyond the props4 ,cf4 ,thuc4 vii4 #cf1 #b4 7#ah7 ,or1 within the bay of network4 7#ai7 sunekhontai en tois psilois ai e4 ,denn diese werden an unbestandenen ,orten durch die ,leine niedergezogen1 ,lenz2 sunelkontai conj4 ,schn42 sunerkhontai al41 concurrunt1 vid4 ,sturz4 7#bj7 ta dusorma1 met4 from bad harbourage4 ,cf4 ,arsch4 ,pers4 #ddh2 ,ag4 #aid4 ,cf4 ,lat4 importunus1 also of rough ground4 7#ba7 ,or1 make his rush4 ,as soon as the nets are fixed1 the party will come back and let the hounds slip one and all2 then each will snatch up his javelin 7#bb7 and boar-spear1 and advance4 ,some one man1 the most practised hand1 will cheer on the hounds1 and the rest will follow in good order at some considerable distance from one another1 so as to leave the animal a free passage2 since if he falls into the thick of them as he makes off1 there is a fair chance of being wounded1 for he will certainly vent his fury on the first creature he falls foul of4 7#bb7 ,lit4 then they will take their javelins and boar-spears and advance4 ,as soon as the hounds are near his lair1 they will make their onslaught4 ,the boar1 bewildered by the uproar1 will rise up and toss the first hound that ventures to attack him in front4 ,he will then run and fall into the toils2 or if not1 then after him full cry4 7#bc7 ,even if the ground on which the toils environ him be sloping1 he will recover himself promptly2 7#bd7 but if level1 he will at once plant himself firm as a rock1 as if deliberating with himself4 7#be7 ,at that conjuncture the hounds will press hard upon him1 while their masters had best keep a narrow eye upon the boar and let fly their javelins and a pelt of stones1 being planted in a ring behind him and a good way off1 until the instant when with a forward heave of his body he stretches the net tight and strains the skirting-rope4 ,thereupon he who is most skilful of the company and of the stoutest nerve will advance from the front and deliver a home thrust with his hunting-spear4 7#bc7 ,or1 a pretty chase must follow4 7#bd7 ,or1 if within the prison of the net the ground be sloping1 it will not take long to make him spring up2 he will be up again on his legs in no time4 7#be7 ,or1 being concerned about himself4 ,should the animal for all that rain of javelins and stones refuse to stretch the skirting-rope1 should he rather relax 7#bf7 in that direction and make a right-about-face turn bearing down on his assailant1 there is nothing for it1 under these circumstances1 but to seize a boar-spear1 and advance2 firmly clutching it with the left hand forward and with the right behind2 the left is to steady it1 and the right to give it impulse2 and so the feet1 7#bg7 the left advanced in correspondence with the left arm1 and right with right4 ,as he advances1 he will make a lunge forward with the boar-spear1 7#bg7 planting his legs apart not much wider than in wrestling1 7#bh7 and keeping his left side turned towards his left hand2 and then1 with his eye fixed steadily on the beast's eye1 he will note every turn and movement of the creature's head4 ,as he brings down the boar-spear to the thrust1 he must take good heed the animal does not knock it out of his hands by a side movement of the head2 7#bi7 for if so he will follow up the impetus of that rude knock4 ,in case of that misfortune1 the huntsman must throw himself upon his face and clutch tight hold of the brushwood under him1 since if the wild boar should attack him in that posture1 owing to the upward curve of its tusks1 it cannot get under him2 7#cj7 whereas if caught erect1 he must be wounded4 ,what will happen then is1 that the beast will try to raise him up1 and failing that will stand upon and trample him4 7#bf7 epanieis4 ,see ,sturz1 s4v4 7#bg7 ,lit4 forwards the left foot will follow the left arm and the right foot the other4 7#bh7 ,statum venatoris aprum venabulo excipientis pinxit ,philostratus1 ,imag4 i4 #bh1 ,schn4 7#bi7 ,or1 he will step forward and take one stride not much longer than that of a wrestler1 and thrust forward his boar-spear4 7#cj7 ,cf4 ,hes4 ,shield1 #chg2 ,hom4 ,il4 xii4 #adh3 ,then forth rushed the twain1 and fought in front of the gates like wild boars that in the mountains abide the assailing crew of men and dogs1 and charging on either flank they crush the wood around them1 cutting it at the root1 and the clatter of their tusks waxes loud1 till one smite them and take their life away 7,a4 ,lang74 ,from this extremity there is but one means of escape1 and one alone1 for the luckless prisoner4 ,one of his fellow-huntsmen must approach with boar-spear and provoke the boar1 making as though he would let fly at him2 but let fly he must not1 for fear of hitting the man under him4 ,the boar1 on seeing this1 will leave the fallen man1 and in rage and fury turn to grapple his assailant4 ,the other will seize the instant to spring to his feet1 and not forget to clutch his boar-spear as he rises to his legs again2 since rescue cannot be nobly purchased save by victory4 7#ca7 ,let him again bring the weapon to bear in the same fashion1 and make a lunge at a point within the shoulder-blade1 where lies the throat2 7#cb7 and planting his body firmly press with all his force4 7#cc7 ,the boar1 by dint of his might and battle rage1 will still push on1 and were it not that the teeth of the lance-blade hindered1 7#cd7 would push his way up to the holder of the boar-spear even though the shaft run right through him4 7#ce7 7#ca7 ,safety can only be won with honour by some master-stroke of victory4 7#cb7 sphage4 ,aristot4 ,h4 ,a4 i4 #ad4 #b4 ,straight at the jugular4 7#cc7 ,or1 throwing his whole weight on the thrust1 press home with all his force4 7#cd7 ,or1 but for the intervention of the two projecting teeth of the lance-blade4 ,see the account of the passage of arms between ,col4 ,pollock and a boar in his ,incidents of ,foreign ,sport and ,travel4 ,there the man was mounted1 but alone4 7#ce7 ,lit4 force his heavy bulk along the shaft right up to the holder of the boar-spear4 ,nay1 so tremendous is the animal's power1 that a property which no one ever would suspect belongs to him4 ,lay a few hairs upon the tusk of a boar just dead1 and they will shrivel up instantly1 7#cf7 so hot are they1 these tusks4 ,nay1 while the creature is living1 under fierce excitement they will be all aglow2 or else how comes it that though he fail to gore the dogs1 yet at the blow the fine hairs of their coats are singed in flecks and patches8 7#cg7 7#cf7 euthus1 i4e4 for a few seconds after death4 7#cg7 ,the belief is still current1 ,i am told1 in parts of ,india4 ,so much and even greater trouble may be loked for from the wild boar before capture2 ,i speak of the male animal4 ,if it should be a sow that falls into the toils1 the huntsman should run up and prod her1 taking care not to be pushed off his legs and fall1 in which case he cannot escape being trampled on and bitten4 ,ergo1 he will not voluntarily get under those feet2 but if involuntarily he should come to such a pass1 the same means 7#ch7 of helping each the other to get up again will serve1 as in the case of the male animal2 and when he has regained his legs1 he must ply the boar-spear vigorously till she too has died the death4 7#ch7 dianastaseis1 the same methods of mutual recovery4 ,wild pigs may be captured further in the following fashion3 ,the nets are fixed for them at the entrances of woody glens1 7#ci7 in coppices and hollows1 and on screes1 where there are outlets into rank meadow-lands1 marshes1 and clear pools4 7#dj7 ,the appointed person mounts guard at the nets with his boar-spear1 while the others work the dogs1 exploring the best and likeliest spots4 ,as soon as the quarry is found the chase commences4 ,if then an animal falls into the net1 the net-keeper will grip his boar-spear and 7#da7 advance1 when he will ply it as ,i have described2 if he escape the net1 then after him full cry4 ,in hot1 sultry weather the boar may be run down by the hounds and captured4 ,though a monster in strength1 the creature becomes short of breath and will give in from sheer exhaustion4 7#ci7 ,al4 at the passages from woodland lakes into oak-coppices4 7#dj7 udata1 waters1 lakes1 pools1 rivers1 etc4 7#da7 ,or1 and proceed to tackle him4 ,it is a form of sport which costs the lives of many hounds and endangers those of the huntsmen themselves4 ,supposing that the animal has given in from exhaustion at some moment in the chase1 and they are forced to come to close quarters2 7#db7 whether he has taken to the water1 or stands at bay against some craggy bank1 or does not choose to come out from some thicket 7since neither net nor anything else hinders him from bearing down like a tornado on whoever approaches72 still1 even so1 advance they must1 come what come may1 to the attack4 ,and now for a display of that hardihood which first induced them to indulge a passion not fit for carpet knights 7#dc7--;in other words1 they must ply their boar-spears and assume that poise of body 7#dd7 already described1 since if one must meet misfortune1 let it not be for want of observing the best rules4 7#de7 7#db7 ,reading prosienai 7ta probolia74 7,the last two words are probably a gloss1 and should be omitted1 since prosienai 7from prosiemi7 ta probolia ply1 or apply their boar-spears1 is hardly ,greek47 ,see ,schneid4 ,add4 et ,corr4 and ,l4 ,dind4 ad loc4 7#dc7 ekponein1 to exercise this passion to the full4 7#dd7 ,lit4 assume their boar-spears and that forward attitude of body4 7#de7 ,lit4 it will not be at any rate from behaving correctly4 ,foot-traps are also set for the wild boar1 similar to those for deer and in the same sort of places2 the same inspections and methods of pursuit are needed1 with consequent attacks and an appeal to the boar-spear in the end4 ,any attempt to capture the young pigs will cost the huntsman some rough work4 7#df7 ,the young are not left alone1 as long as they are small2 and when the hounds have hit upon them or they get wind of something wrong1 they will disappear like magic1 vanishing into the forest4 ,as a rule1 both parents attend on their own progeny1 and are not pleasant then to meddle with1 being more disposed to do battle for their young than for themselves4 7#df7 ,lit4 the piglings will resent it 7sc4 to aliskesthai7 strongly2 al4 the adult 7sub4 to therion7 will stand anything rather4 ,,xi ,lions1 leopards1 lynxes1 panthers1 bears and all other such game are to be captured in foreign countries--about ,mount ,pangaeus and ,cittus beyond ,macedonia2 7#a7 or again1 in ,nysa beyond ,syria1 and upon other mountains suited to the breeding of large game4 7#a7 ,of these places1 ,mt4 ,pangaeus 7mod4 ,pirnari7 7see ,hell4 ,v4 ii4 #ag71 ,cittus 7s4 ,cissus1 mod4 ,khortiatzi71 ,n4 ,w4 of the ,chalcidice1 ,mysian ,olympus1 and ,pindus are well known4 ,nysa has not been verified hitherto1 ,i think4 ,sturz cf4 ,bochart1 ,hieroz4 ,part ,i4 lib4 iii4 c4 #a1 p4 #gbb4 ,strabo1 #fcg 7xv4 #a4 #g71 mentions a ,mount ,nysa in ,india sacred to ,dionysus1 and cites ,soph4 ,frag4 #ghb-- othen kateidon ton bebakkhiomenen brotoisi kleinon ,nusan444 k4t4l41 but it is a far cry from ,xenophon's ,syria to ,india4 ,possibly it is to be sought for in the region of ,mt4 ,amanus4 ,in the mountains1 owing to the difficulty of the ground1 7#b7 some of these animals are captured by means of poison--the drug aconite--which the hunters throw down for them1 7#c7 taking care to mix it with the favourite food of the wild best1 near pools and drinking-places or wherever else they are likely to pay visits4 ,others of them1 as they descend into the plains at night1 may be cut off by parties mounted upon horseback and well armed1 and so captured1 but not without causing considerable danger to their captors4 7#d7 7#b7 ,or1 the inaccessibility of their habitats4 7#c7 ,the method is for the trapper to throw it down mixed with the food which the particular creature likes best4 7#d7 ,for the poison method see ,pollux1 v4 #hb2 ,plin4 ,h4 ,n4 viii4 #bg4 ,in some cases the custom is to construct large circular pits of some depth1 leaving a single pillar of earth in the centre1 on the top of which at nightfall they set a goat fast-bound1 and hedge the pit about with timber1 so as to prevent the wild beasts seeing over1 and without a portal of admission4 ,what happens then is this3 the wild beasts1 hearing the bleating in the night1 keep scampering round the barrier1 and finding no passage1 leap over it1 and are caught4 7#e7 7#e7 ,see ,tales from the ,fjeld1 ,sir ,george ,w4 ,dasent1 ,father ,bruin in the ,corner4 ,,xii ,with regard to methods of procedure in the hunting-field1 enough has been said4 7#a7 ,but there are many benefits which the enthusiastic sportsman may expect to derive from this pursuit4 7#b7 ,i speak of the health which will thereby accrue to the physical frame1 the quickening of the eye and ear1 the defiance of old age1 and last1 but not least1 the warlike training which it ensures4 ,to begin with1 when some day he has to tramp along rough ways under arms1 the heavy infantry soldier will not faint or flag--he will stand the toil from being long accustomed to the same experiences in capturing wild beasts4 ,in the next place1 men so trained will be capable of sleeping on hard couches1 and prove brave guardians of the posts assigned them4 ,in the actual encounter with the enemy1 they will know at once how to attack and to carry out the word of command as it passes along the lines1 because it was just so in the old hunting days that they captured the wild game4 ,if posted in the van of battle1 they will not desert their ranks1 because endurance is engrained in them4 ,in the rout of the enemy their footsteps will not falter nor fail3 straight as an arrow they will follow the flying foe1 on every kind of ground1 through long habituation4 7#c7 ,or if their own army encounter a reverse on wooded and precipitous ground beset with difficulties1 these will be the men to save themselves with honour and to extricate their friends2 since long acquaintance with the business of the chase has widened their intelligence4 7#d7 7#a7 ,or1 ,respecting the methods employed in different forms of the chase1 ,i have said my say4 ,as to the genuineness of this and the following chapter see ,l4 ,dind4 ad loc42 ,k4 ,lincke1 ,xenophon's ,dialog4 peri oikonomias1 p4 #acb4 7#b7 ,lit4 this work2 and in reference to the highly ,xenophontine argument which follows see ,hellenica ,essays1 p4 #cdb2 cf4 ,cyrop4 ,i4 vi4 #bh1 #ci-da4 7#c7 ,for the sake of 'auld lang syne4' 7#d7 ,or1 will place them on the vantage-ground of experts4 ,nay1 even under the worst of circumstances1 when a whole mob of fellow-combatants 7#e7 has been put to flight1 how often ere now has a handful 7#f7 of such men1 by virtue of their bodily health 7#g7 and courage1 caught the victorious enemy roaming blindly in some intricacy of ground1 renewed the fight1 and routed him4 ,since so it must ever be2 to those whose souls and bodies are in happy case success is near at hand4 7#h7 7#e7 ,or1 allies4 7#f7 ,or1 a forlorn hope4 7#g7 euexia1 al4 eutaxia1 by good discipline4 7#h7 ,fortune favours the brave1 reading to eutukhesai 7,l4 ,d472 or if tou eutukhesai1 7vulg47 those whose health of soul and body is established are ipso facto nigh unto good fortune4 ,it was through knowledge that they owed success against their foes to such a training1 that our own forefathers paid so careful a heed to the young4 7#i7 ,though they had but a scant supply of fruits1 it was an immemorial custom not to hinder 7#aj7 the hunter from hunting any of earth's offspring2 and in addition1 not to hunt by night 7#aa7 within many furlongs of the city1 in order that the adepts in that art might not rob the young lads of their game4 ,they saw plainly that among the many pleasures to which youth is prone1 this one alone is productive of the greatest blessings4 ,in other words1 it tends to make them sound of soul and upright1 being trained in the real world of actual things 7#ab7 7and1 as was said before1 our ancestors could not but perceive they owed their success in war to such instrumentality 7#ac772 and the chase alone deprives them of none of the other fair and noble pursuits that they may choose to cultivate1 as do those other evil pleasures1 which ought never to be learned4 ,of such stuff are good soldiers and good generals made4 7#ad7 ,naturally1 those from whose souls and bodies the sweat of toil has washed all base and wanton thoughts1 who have implanted in them a passion for manly virtue--these1 ,i say1 are the true nobles4 7#ae7 ,not theirs will it be to allow their city or its sacred soil to suffer wrong4 7#i7 ,al4 looked upon the chase as a pursuit incumbent on the young4 7#aj7 me koluein 7dia7 to meden ton epi te ge phuomenon agreuein4 ,the commentators generally omit dia1 in which case translate as in text4 ,lenz reads un koluein dia meden 7see his note ad v4 #cd71 and translates 7p4 #fa71 ,dass man die ,jager nicht hindern solle1 in allem was die ,erde hervorbrachte zu jagen1 not to hinder the huntsmen from ranging over any of the crops which spring from earth2 7but if so1 we should expect dia medenos74 ,sturz1 s4v4 agreuein1 notes festive1 because the hunter does not hunt vegetable products4 ,so ,gail1 parce que le chasseur rien veut pas aux productions de la terre4 7#aa7 ,or1 set their face against night-hunting1 cf4 ,mem4 ,,iv4 vii4 #d2 ,plat4 ,soph4 #bbj ,d2 ,stranger3 ,there is one mode of striking which is done at night1 and by the light of a fire1 and is called by the hunters themselves firing1 or spearing by firelight 7,jowett72 for which see ,scott1 ,guy ,mannering1 ch4 x4 ,it seems night hunting was not to be practised within a certain considerable radius1 whereby the proficients in that art might deprive it 7lit4 in order that they might not deprive7 them 7the young huntsmen7 of their game4 7#ab7 ,lit4 in truth and reality 7not among visionary phantoms74 7#ac7 ,these words are commonly regarded as an addition2 and what does te signify8 7#ad7 ,or1 ,here you have the making of brave soldiers and generals4 ,here in embryo are to be found your future soldiers and generals worthy the name4 7#ae7 outoi aristoi3 these are prima virorum1 the true aristocrats4 ,some people tell us it is not right to indulge a taste for hunting1 lest it lead to neglect of home concerns1 not knowing that those who are benefactors of their country and their friends are in proportion all the more devoted to domestic duties4 ,if lovers of the chase pre-eminently fit themselves to be useful to the fatherland1 that is as much as to say they will not squander their private means2 since with the state itself the domestic fortunes of each are saved or lost4 ,the real fact is1 these men are saviours1 not of their own fortunes only1 but of the private fortunes of the rest1 of yours and mine4 ,yet there are not a few irrational people amongst these cavillers who1 out of jealousy1 would rather perish1 thanks to their own baseness1 than owe their lives to the virtue of their neighbours4 ,so true is it that the mass of pleasures are but evil1 7#af7 to which men succumb1 and thereby are incited to adopt the worse cause in speech and course in action4 7#ag7 ,and with what result8--from vain and empty arguments they contract emnities1 and reap the fruit of evil deeds1 diseases1 losses1 death--to the undoing of themselves1 their children1 and their friends4 7#ah7 ,having their senses dulled to things evil1 while more than commonly alive to pleasures1 how shall these be turned to good account for the salvation of the state8 ,yet from these evils every one will easily hold aloof1 if once enamoured of those joys whose brief ,i hold1 since a chivalrous education teaches obedience to laws1 and renders justice familiar to tongue and ear4 7#ai7 7#af7 ,see ,hellenica ,essays1 p4 #cga4 7#ag7 ,to depravity of speech and conduct 7whether as advocates or performers74 ,see ,aristoph4 ,clouds4 7#ah7 ,or1 bring down on themselves1 their children1 and their friends a spring of misfortunes in the shape of diseases1 losses1 or even death4 7#ai7 ,for what does a chivalrous education teach save to obey the law1 and to make the theme of justice familiar to tongue and ear8 ,in the one camp are those who1 subjecting themselves ever to new toil and fresh instruction1 have1 at the cost of lessons and exercises painful to themselves1 obtained to their several states salvation2 and in the other are those who for the very irksomeness of the process choose not to be taught1 but rather to pass away their days in pleasures unseasonable--nature's abjects these4 7#bj7 ,not theirs is it to obey either laws or good instruction2 7#ba7 nay1 how should they1 who never toil1 discover what a good man ought to be8--in other words1 wisdom and justice are alike beyond their power4 ,subject to indiscipline1 they have many a fault to find with him who is well educated4 7#bj7 ,lit4 the sorriest of mankind these by nature4 7#ba7 ,or1 virtuous argument2 logois agathois1 lit4 good words4 ,through the instrumentality of such as these nothing can go well2 whereas every blessing which mankind enjoys has been discovered by the efforts of the nobler sort4 ,nobler1 ,i say1 are those who choose to toil4 7#bb7 7#bb7 ,or1 of choice spirits2 and who are the choice spirits8--,clearly those who choose to toil4 ,and this has been proved conclusively by a notable example4 ,if we look back to the men of old who sat at the feet of ,cheiron--whose names ,i mentioned--we see that it was by dedicating the years of their youth to the chase 7#bc7 that they learnt all their noble lore2 and therefrom they attained to great renown1 and are admired even to this day for their virtue--virtue who numbers all men as her lovers1 as is very plain4 ,only because of the pains it costs to win her the greater number fall away2 for the achievement of her is hid in obscurity2 while the pains that cleave to her are manifest4 ,perchance1 if only she were endowed with a visible bodily frame1 men would less have neglected her1 knowing that even as she is visible to them1 so they also are not hid from her eyes4 ,for is it not so that when a man moves in the presence of him whom he dearly loves1 7#bd7 he rises to a height above himself1 being incapable of aught base or foul in word or deed in sight of him8 7#be7 ,but fondly dreaming that the eye of virtue is closed to them1 they are guilty of many a base thing and foul before her very face1 who is hidden from their eyes4 ,yet she is present everywhere1 being dowered with immortality2 and those who are perfect in goodness 7#bf7 she honours1 but the wicked she thrusts aside from honour4 ,if only men could know that she regards them1 how eagerly would they rush to the embrace of toilful training and tribulation1 7#bg7 by which alone she is hardly taken2 and so should they gain the mastery over her1 and she should be laid captive at their feet4 7#bc7 ,or1 that they made their first essay in hunting when mere boys1 and from hunting upwards were taught many noble arts4 7#bd7 ,lit4 is beheld by his beloved4 ,cf4 ,symp4 iv4 #d2 viii4 #ca4 7#be7 ,lit4 in order not to be seen of him4 7#bf7 ,lit4 good with respect to her4 7#bg7 ,or1 to those toils and that training4 ,,xiii ,now what astonishes me in the sophists1 as they are called1 7#a7 is1 that though they profess1 the greater part of them1 to lead the young to virtue1 they really lead them in the opposite direction4 ,never have we set eyes on the man anywhere who owed his goodness to the sophists of to-day4 7#b7 ,nor do their writings contain anything 7#c7 calculated to make men good1 but they have written volumes on vain and frivolous subjects1 in which the young may find pleasures that pall1 but the essence of virtue is not in them4 ,the result of this literature is to inflict unnecessary waste of time on those who look to learn something from it all and look in vain1 cutting them off from wholesome occupations and even teaching what is bad4 ,i cannot then but blame them for certain large offences 7#d7 more than lightly2 but as regards the subject matter of their writings my charge is1 that while full of far-fetched phraseology1 7#e7 of solid wholesome sentiments1 by which the young might be trained to virtue1 ,i see not a vestige4 ,speaking as a plain man1 ,i know that to be taught what is good by one's own nature is best of all1 7#f7 and next best to learn of those who really do know some good thing rather than of those who have an art to deceive4 ,it may well be that ,i fail to express myself in subtle language1 7#g7 nor do ,i pretend to aim at subtlety2 what ,i do aim at is to express rightly-conceived thoughts such as may serve the need of those who have been nobly disciplined in virtue2 for it is not words and names that give instruction1 but thoughts and sentiments worthy the name4 7#a7 ,cf4 ,isocr4 ,against the ,sophists2 ,antidosis2 ,hel4 ,encom42 ,plat4 ,sophist4 7#b7 ,who are these oi nun sophistai8 7#c7 ,lit4 do they present writings to the world4 7#d7 ,or1 as to certain weightier matters gravely4 7#e7 remata words and phrases2 ynomai moral maxims1 just thoughts4 7#f7 ,being myself but a private individual and a plain man4 ,according to ,hartman1 ,a4 ,x4 ,n4 p4 #cej1 ridicule detorquet ,hesiodeum3 outos men panaristos os auto panta noese esthlos d' au kakeinos os eu eiponti pithetai4 7#g7 ,al4 in true sophistic style4 ,the writer seems to say3 ,i lack subtlety of expression 7nor is that at all my object72 what ,i do aim at is to trace with some exactness1 to present with the lucidity appropriate to them1 certain thoughts demanded by persons well educated in the school of virtue4 ,nor am ,i singular in thus reproaching the modern type of sophist 7not the true philosopher1 be it understood72 it is a general reproach that the wisdom he professes consists in word-subtleties1 not in ideas4 7#h7 ,certainly it does not escape my notice that an orderly sequence of ideas adds beauty to the composition3 7#i7 ,i mean it will be easy to find fault with what is written incorrectly4 7#aj7 ,nevertheless1 ,i warrant it is written in this fashion with an eye to rectitude1 to make the reader wise and good1 not more sophistical4 ,for ,i would wish my writings not to seem but rather to be useful4 ,i would have them stand the test of ages in their blamelessness4 7#aa7 7#h7 onomasi1 in names2 noemasi1 thoughts and ideas4 7#i7 ,or1 ,i am alive to the advantage to be got from methodic1 orderly expression artistically and morally4 7#aj7 ,this passage1 since ,h4 ,estienne 7,stephanus7 first wrote against it huic loco meae conjecturae succumbunt1 has been a puzzle to all commentators4 ,the words run3 ou lanthanei de me oti kalos kai exes gegraphthai 7gegraptai in the margin of one ,,ms47 radion gar estai autois takhu me orthos mempsasthai' kaitoi gegraptai ge outos k4t4l4 ,for takhu me orthos 7#a7 takhu ti me orthos1 7#b7 to 7or ta7 me orthos1 have been suggested4 ,it is not clear whether autois tois sophistais 7e4g4 it will be easy for these people to lay a finger at once on blots1 however unfairly71 or tois suggrammasi 7sc4 my787 compositions2 so auta1 ,s4 #g below1 ou gar dokein auta boulomai k4t4l47 7e4g4 since it will be easy offhand to find fault with them incorrectly7 7or if ta me orthos1 what is incorrect in them74 ,i append the three translations of ,gail1 ,lenz1 and ,talbot4 ,je sais combien il est avantageux de presenter des ouvrages methodiquement ecrits2 aussi par le meme sera-t-il plus facile de prouver aux sophistes leur futilite6 radion gar estai 7sub4 emoi7 mempsasthai outois takhu 7to7 me 7sous-entendu7 gegraphthai orthos 7,gail74 ,zwar entgeht mir nicht1 dass es schon say die ,worte kunstvoll zu ordnen1 denn leichter wird ihnen sonst1 schnell1 aber mit ,unrecht zu tadeln 7,lenz74 ,aussi leur sera-t-il facile de me reprocher d'ecrire vite et sans ordre 7,talbot74 ,as if takhu me orthos were the reproachful comment of the sophist on the author's treatise4 7#aa7 i4e4 the arguments to be blameless at once and irrefutable for all time4 ,that is my point of view4 ,the sophist has quite another--words with him are for the sake of deception1 writing for personal gain2 to benefit any other living soul at all is quite beside his mark4 ,there never was nor is there now a sage among them to whom the title wise could be applied4 ,no6 the appellation sophist suffices for each and all1 which among men of common sense 7#ab7 sounds like a stigma4 ,my advice then is to mistrust the sonorous catch-words 7#ac7 of the sophist1 and not to despise the reasoned conclusions 7#ad7 of the philosopher2 for the sophist is a hunter after the rich and young1 the philosopher is the common friend of all2 he neither honours nor despises the fortunes of men4 7#ab7 ,l4 ,dind4 cf4 ,eur4 ,heracl4 #cgj1 tou tauta kalos an eie para g' eu phronousin4 7#ac7 paraggelmata4 ,cf4 ,aesch4 ,ag4 #dhj1 telegraph2 ,lys4 #aba4 #cb2 ,dem4 #efi4 #a2 words of command2 ,dion4 ,h4 ,de ,comp4 #bdh1 instructions1 precepts4 7#ad7 enthumemata4 ,nor would ,i have you envy or imitate those either who recklessly pursue the path of self-aggrandisement1 7#ae7 whether in private or in public life2 but consider well 7#af7 that the best of men1 7#ag7 the true nobility1 are discovered by their virtues2 7#ah7 they are a laborious upwards-striving race2 whilst the base are in evil plight 7#ai7 and are discovered by their demerits4 7#bj7 ,since in proportion as they rob the private citizen of his means and despoil the state 7#ba7 they are less serviceable with a view to the public safety than any private citizen2 7#bb7 and what can be worse or more disgraceful for purposes of war than the bodily form of people so incapable of toil8 7#bc7 ,think of huntsmen by contrast1 surrendering to the common weal person and property alike in perfect condition for service of the citizens4 ,they have both a battle to wage certainly3 only the one set are for attacking beasts2 and the other their own friends4 7#bd7 ,and naturally the assailant of his own friends does not win the general esteem2 7#be7 whilst the huntsman in attacking a wild beast may win renown4 ,if successful in his capture1 he was won a victory over a hostile brood2 or failing1 in the first place1 it is a feather in his cap that his attempt is made against enemies of the whole community2 and secondly1 that it is not to the detriment of man nor for love of gain that the field is taken2 and thirdly1 as the outcome of the very attempt1 the hunter is improved in many respects1 and all the wiser3 by what means we will explain4 ,were it not for the very excess of his pains1 his well-reasoned devices1 his manifold precautions1 he would never capture the quarry at all2 since the antagonists he deals with are doing battle for bare life and in their native haunts1 7#bf7 and are consequently in great force4 ,so that if he fails to overmatch the beasts by a zest for toil transcending theirs and plentiful intelligence1 the huntsman's labours are in vain4 7#ae7 ,or1 surrender themselves heedlessly to the ways of self- seeking4 ,but the phraseology here seems to savour of extreme youth1 or else senility4 7#af7 enthumethenta4 ,query1 in reference to enthumemata above8 7#ag7 ,reading andron4 ,for the vulg4 auton see ,schneid4 ad loc41 who suggests ton aston4 7#ah7 ,recognisable for the better4 7#ai7 ,they are not famous but infamous2 the bad fare as their name suggests 7i4e4 badly74 7#bj7 ,recognisable for the worse4 7#ba7 ,or1 what with private extortionsand public peculation4 7#bb7 ton idioton1 laymen1 ,i suppose1 as opposed to professional lawyers or politicians4 7#bc7 ,what with their incapacity for hard work1 their physique for purposes of war is a mockery and a sham4 7#bd7 ,cf4 ,plat4 ,soph4 7#be7 ,or1 earns but an evil reputation in the world4 7#bf7 ,they are being bearded in their dens4 ,i go back to my proposition then4 ,those self-seeking politicians1 who want to feather their own nests1 7#bg7 practise to win victories over their own side1 but the sportsman confines himself to the common enemy4 ,this training of theirs renders the one set more able to cope with the foreign foe1 the others far less able4 ,the hunting of the one is carried on with self-restraint1 of the others with effrontery4 ,the one can look down with contempt upon maliciousness and sordid love of gain1 the other cannot4 ,the very speech and intonation of the one has melody1 of the other harshness4 ,and with regard to things divine1 the one set know no obstacle to their impiety1 the others are of all men the most pious4 ,indeed ancient tales affirm 7#bh7 that the very gods themselves take joy in this work 7#bi7 as actors and spectators4 ,so that1 7#cj7 with due reflection on these things1 the young who act upon my admonitions will be found1 perchance1 beloved of heaven and reverent of soul1 checked by the thought that some one of the gods is eyeing their performance4 7#ca7 7#bg7 ,or1 ,those people who would fain have the lion's share in the state4 7#bh7 ,or1 an ancient story obtains4 7#bi7 ,sc4 of the chase4 7#cj7 ,or uparkhein it may be considered as given4 ,scheid4 cf4 ,pol4 ,ath4 iii4 #i1 oste uparkhein demokratian einai4 7#ca7 ,lit4 that the things in question are beheld by some divinity4 ,these are the youths who will prove a blessing to their parents1 and not to their parents only but to the whole state2 to every citizen alike and individual friend4 ,nay1 what has sex to do with it8 ,it is not only men enamoured of the chase that have become heroes1 but among women there are also to whom our lady ,artemis has granted a like boon--,atalanta1 and ,procris1 and many another huntress fair4