,,! ,,memorabilia    ,recollections (   
,socrates    ,by ,x5ophon               
,translat$ by ,h4 ,g4 ,dakyns           
,x5ophon ! ,a!nian 0 born #dca ,b4,c4   
,he 0 a       pupil ( ,socrates4 ,he    
m>*$ ) ! ,sp>tans1       & 0 exil$ f    
,a!ns4 ,sp>ta gave him l&       &       
prop]ty 9 ,scillus1 :]e he liv$ = _m    
ye>s be=e hav+ to move once m1 to settle
       9 ,cor9?4 ,he di$ 9 #ced ,b4,c4  
,! ,memorabilia is a recollection (     
,socrates 9       ^w & de$1 to %[ 8 "* z
 ! be/       & happie/ ( m54            
,,prep>]',s ,,note      ,fir/ ,publi%$  
#ahig by ,macmillan & ,co4    ,?is 0    
typ$ f ,dakyns' s]ies1 ,! ,works (      
,x5ophon1 a    f\r-volume set4 ,!       
complete li/ ( ,x5ophon's works 7?\gh   
!re is d\bt ab\t "s ( ^!7 is3      ,"w  
,numb] ( books      ,! ,anabasis        
#g    ,! ,hell5ica                      
#g    ,! ,cyropa$ia                     
#h    ,! ,memorabilia                   
#d    ,! ,symposium                     
#a    ,! ,economi/                      

#a    ,on ,horseman%ip                  
#a    ,! ,sportsman                     
#a    ,! ,cavalry ,g5]al                
#a    ,! ,apology                       
#a    ,on ,rev5ues                      
#a    ,! ,hi]o                          
#a    ,! ,agesilaus                     
#a    ,! ,polity ( ! ,a!nians & !       
,lac$aemonians   #b      ,text 9        
brackets  is my translit]ation ( ,greek 
text into    ,engli% us+ an ,ox=d       
,engli% ,diction>y alphabet table4 ,!   
diacritical m>ks h be5 lo/4             
,,! ,,memorabilia    or                 
,recollections ( ,socrates              
,,book ,i      ,i    ,i h (t5 wond]$ by 
:at argum5ts ^? :o indict$ 7#a7         
,socrates  c\ld h p]suad$ ! ,a!nians t 8
 life 0 ju/ly =feit to  ! /ate4 ,!      
indictm5t 0 to ?is effect3 ,socrates is 
guilty (  crime 9 refus+ to recognise ! 
gods ackn[l$g$ by ! /ate1  & import+    
/range div9ities ( 8 own2 he is fur!r   
guilty (  corrupt+ ! "y4     7#a7 oi    
grapsam5oi  ,meletus 7bel[1 ,,iv4 iv4   

#d1 viii4 #d2 ,apol4 #aa1      #ai71    
,anytus 7,apol4 #bi71 & ,lycon4 ,see    
,plat4 ,apol4 ,,ii4 v4 #ah2      ,diog4 
,la]t4 ,,ii4 v4 7,socr472 ,m4 ,s*anz1   
,plat4 ,apol4 mit deuts*5      ,kemm5t>1
 ,e9leitung1 ,s4 #e foll4    ,9 ! fir/  
place1 :at evid5ce did !y produce t     
,socrates refus$  to recognise ! gods   
ackn[l$g$ by ! /ate8 ,0 x t he did n    
sacrifice8 or t he disp5s$ ) div9ation8 
,on ! contr>y1 he 0  (t5 to be se5      
engag$ 9 sacrifice1 at home or at !     
common alt>s  ( ! /ate4 ,nor 0 8        
dep5d5ce on div9ation less manife/4     
,inde$  t say+ ( 81 ,a div9ity 7#b7     
gives me a sign1 0 on ev]ybody's  lips4 
,s mu* s t1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 x lay at 
! root (  ! imputation t he import$     
novel div9ities2 ?\gh !re 0 no  great]  
novelty 9 8 case ?an 9 t ( o!r believ]s 
9 oracul>  help1 :o commonly rely on    
om5s ( all sorts3 ! flight or cry  (    
birds1 ! utt]ances ( man1 *ance meet+s1 
7#c7 or a victim's  entrails4 ,ev5      
accord+ to ! popul> conception1 x is n !

 m]e  f[l1 x is n ! *ance individual "o 
meets1 :o kn[s :at ?+s  are pr(itable = 
a man1 b x is ! gods :o v\*safe by su*  
in/rum5ts to signify ! same4 ,?is 0 also
 ! t5et ( ,socrates4  ,only1 :]eas m5   
ord9>ily speak ( be+ turn$ aside1 or    
urg$  onw>ds by birds1 or o!r creatures 
enc\nt]$ on ! pa?1 ,socrates  suit$ 8   
language to 8 conviction4 ,! div9ity1   
said he1 gives  me a sign4 ,fur!r1 he   
w\ld con/antly advise 8 associates to d 
?is1 or bew>e ( do+ t1 ^u ! au?ority (  
?is same div9e  voice2 &1 z a matt] (   
fact1 ^? :o li/5$ to 8 w>n+s  prosp]$1  
:il/ he :o turn$ a deaf e> to !m rep5t$ 
aft]w>ds4  7#d7 ,yet1 x w be readily    
conc$$1 he w\ld h>dly desire to pres5t  
himself to 8 ev]yday companions 9 ! "* (
 ei!r knave  or fool4 ,:]eas he w\ld h  
appe>$ to be bo?1 suppos+ 7#e7 !        
,god-giv5 revelations _h b reveal$ 8 own
 pron5ess to deception4  ,x is pla9 he  
w\ld n h v5tur$ on =eca/ at all1 b = 8  
belief t ! words he spoke w\ld 9 fact be
 v]ifi$4 ,!n on :om1  or :at1 0 !       

assurance root$1 if n ^u ,god8 ,& if he 
_h fai?  9 ! gods1 h[ c\ld he fail to   
recognise !m8     7#b7 ,or1 ,a div9e    
some?+4 ,see ,encyc4 ,brit4 ,socrates4  
,dr4 ,h4      ,jackason2 ,! ,daemon (   
,socrates1 ,f4 ,w4 ,h4 ,my]s2 ,k4 ,joel1
 ,d]      e*te und d] ,x5ophontis*e     
,sokrates1 i4 p4 #gj foll42 cf4         
,ari/ot4 ,m4 ,m4 #aahb a #aj4     7#c7  
,see ,aes*4 ,p4 ,v4 #dhg1 enodi\s te    
sombol\s1 & pa?way      tok5s1 ,l4      
,campbell2 ,ari/4 ,birds1 #gba1 sombolon
 orn93      ,frogs1 #aif1 to sometukhon 
exion2 ,eccl4 #gib2 ,hor4 ,od4 iii4     
#bg1 #a-g4     7#d7 ,see ,anab4 ,,iii4  
i4 #d2 ,symp4 iv4 #dh4     7#e7 ,or1 if 
8 vaunt$ manife/ations f heav5 _h b     
manife/$      ! falsity ( 8 judgm5t4    
,b 8 mode ( deal+ ) 8 intimates has     
ano!r aspect4 ,z  reg>ds ! ord9>y       
necessities ( life1 7#f7 8 advice 01    
,act z  y believe 7#g7 ^! ?+s may be/ be
 done4 ,b 9 ! case ( ^?  d>k] problems1 
! issues ( :i* are incalculable1 he     
direct$ 8  fri5ds to consult ! oracle1  

:e!r ! bus9ess %\ld be und]tak5  or n4  
,no "o1 he w\ld say1 :o wi%es to manage 
a h\se or city  ) success3 no "o aspir+ 
to guide ! helm ( /ate aright1 c  af=d  
to dip5se ) aid f above4 ,d\btless1     
skill 9 c>p5t]+1  build+1 smi?y+1 f>m+1 
( ! art ( gov]n+ m51 toge!r )  ! !ory ( 
^! processes1 & ! sci5ces ( ari?metic1  
economy1 /rategy1 are affairs ( /udy1 & 
)9 ! grasp ( human  intellig5ce4 ,yet   
!re is a side ev5 ( ^!1 & t n ! lea/    
important1 :i* ! gods res]ve to         
!mselves1 ! be>+ ( :i* is  hidd5 f      
mortal vision4 ,?us1 let a man s[ a     
field or plant a f>m  nev] s well1 yet  
he _c =etell :o w ga!r 9 ! fruits3      
ano!r may build him a h\se ( faire/     
proportion1 yet he kn[s n  :o w inhabit 
x4 ,nei!r c a g5]al =esee :e!r x w      
pr(it him to conduct a campaign1 nor a  
politician be c]ta9 :e!r  8 lead]%ip w  
turn to evil or good4 ,nor c ! man :o   
w$s a  fair wife1 look+ =w>d to joy1 "k 
:e!r ?r\gh h] he %all n  reap sorr[4    
,nei!r c he :o has built up a p[]ful    

connection 9  ! /ate "k :e!r he %all n  
by means ( x be ca/ out ( 8  city4 ,to  
suppose t all ^! matt]s lay )9 ! scope (
 human  judgm5t1 to ! exclusion ( !     
pret]natural1 0 pret]natural  folly4    
,nor 0 x less extravagant to g & consult
 ! w ( ,heav5  on any que/ions :i* x is 
giv5 to u to decide by d9t ( le>n+4  ,z 
?\gh a man %\ld inquire1 ,am ,i to *oose
 an exp]t driv] z my  coa*man1 or "o :o 
has nev] h&l$ ! re9s8 ,%all ,i appo9t a 
m>9] to be skipp] ( my vessel1 or a     
l&sman8 ,& s ) respect  to all we may "k
 by numb]+1 weigh+1 & measur+4 ,to seek 
advice  f ,heav5 on su* po9ts 0 a sort (
 pr(anity4 ,our duty is pla91  he w\ld  
obs]ve2 :]e we are p]mitt$ to "w ?r\gh  
our natural  faculties1 !re let u by all
 means apply !m4 ,b 9 ?+s :i* are       
hidd51 let u seek to ga9 k f above1 by  
div9ation2 = !  gods1 he add$1 grant    
signs to ^? to :om !y w be graci\s4     
7#f7 ,or1 9 ! sph]e ( ! det]m9$1 ta     
anagkaia  c]ta1      quorum ev5tus e/   
necess>ius2 ?+s positive1 ! law-orda9$  

dep>tm5t ( life1 z we might say4 ,see   
,grote1 ,h4 ,g4 i4 *4      xvi4 #ejj &  
passim4     7#g7 ,read+ os nomizoi51 or 
if os enomiz51 translate ,z to      ?+s 
) c]ta9 results1 he advis$ !m to d !m 9 
! way      9 :i* he believ$ !y w\ld be  
done be/2 i4e4 he did n      say1 foll[ 
y\r consci5ce1 b1 ?is c\rse seems be/ to
 me      "u ! circum/ances4    ,aga91   
,socrates ev] liv$ 9 ! public eye2 at   
e>ly morn+ he 0 to  be se5 betak+       
himself to "o ( ! prom5ades1 or         
wre/l+-gr\nds2  at noon he w\ld appe> ) 
! ga!r+ cr[ds 9 ! m>ket-place2  & z day 
decl9$1 :]ev] ! l>ge/ ?rong might be    
enc\nt]$1  !re 0 he to be f\nd1 talk+ = 
! mo/ "p1 :ile any "o :o  *ose might /op
 & li/54 ,yet no "o ev] he>d him say1 or
 saw him  d any?+ impi\s or irrev]5t4   
,inde$1 9 contra/ to o!rs he set  8 face
 aga9/ all discussion ( su* high matt]s 
z ! nature (  ! ,univ]se2 h[ ! kosmos1 z
 ! savants 7#h7 phrase x1 came into     
be+2 7#i7 or by :at =ces ! cele/ial     
ph5om5a arise4 ,to tr\ble  "o's bra9    

ab\t su* matt]s 01 he argu$1 to play !  
fool4 ,he  w\ld ask fir/3 ,did ^!       
inve/igators feel _! k (  ?+s human s   
complete t !y betook !mselves to ^! l(ty
  speculations8 ,or did !y ma9ta9 t !y 7
 play+ _! prop]  p>ts 9 ?us neglect+ !  
affairs ( man to speculate on ! conc]ns 
( ,god8 ,he 0 a/oni%$ !y did n see h[ f>
 ^! problems lay  beyond mortal k52 s9ce
 ev5 ^? :o pride !mselves mo/ on _!     
discussion ( ^! po9ts diff] f ea* o!r1 z
 madm5 d4 ,=  j z "s madm51 he said1 h  
no appreh5sion ( :at is truly  t]rible1 
o!rs fe> :]e no fe> is2 "s are ready to 
say & d  any?+ 9 public )\t ! slighte/  
symptom ( %ame2 7#aj7 o!rs  ?9k !y ought
 n s mu* z to set foot among _!         
fell[-m52 "s  hon\r nei!r temple1 nor   
alt>1 nor aught else sacr$ to ! "n  (   
,god2 o!rs b[ d[n to /ocks & /ones &    
wor%ip ! v  bea/s3--s is x ) ^? ?9k]s ^:
 m9ds are cumb]$ )  c>es 7#aa7 conc]n+ !
 ,univ]sal ,nature4 ,"o sect 7#ab7 has  
discov]$  t ,be+ is "o & indivisible4   
,ano!r 7#ac7 t x is inf9ite 9  numb]4   

,if "o 7#ad7 proclaims t all ?+s are 9 a
 cont9ual flux1  ano!r 7#ae7 replies t  
no?+ c possibly be mov$ at any "t4  ,!  
!ory ( ! univ]se z a process ( bir? &   
dea? is met by !  c\nt] !ory1 t no?+ ev]
 c\ld be born or ev] w die4     7#h7    
,lit4 ! sophi/s4 ,see ,h4 ,sidgwick1 ,j4
 ( ,philol4 iv4 #ahgb2 v4      #ahgd4   
7#i7 ,read+ ephu4 ,cf4 ,lucian1         
,ic>om5ip4 xlvi4 #d1 9 imitation (      
?is passage app>5tly2 or if ekhei1      
translate is arrang$4      ,see ,grote1 
,h4 ,g4 viii4 #egc4     7#aj7 ,see      
,anab4 ,v4 iv4 #cj4     7#aa7 ,see      
,ari/4 ,cl\ds1 #aja1 m]imnophronti/ai   
kaloi te kaga?oi4     7#ab7 e4g4        
,x5ophanes & ,p>m5ides1 see ,grote1     
,plato1 ,i4 i4 #af      foll4     7#ac7 
e4g4 ,leucippus & ,democritus1 ib4 #fc  
foll4     7#ad7 e4g4 ,h]aclitus1 ib4 #bg
 foll4     7#ae7 e4g4 ,z5o1 ib4 ii4 #if4
    ,b ! que/ion+ ( ,socrates on ! m]its
 ( ^! speculators  sometimes took ano!r 
=m4 ,! /ud5t ( human le>n+ expects1 he  
said1 to make some?+ ( 8 /udies = !     

b5efit ( himself or  o!rs1 z he likes4  
,d ^! explor]s into ! div9e op]ations   
hope  t :5 !y h discov]$ by :at =ces !  
v>i\s ph5om5a  occur1 !y w create w9ds &
 wat]s at w & fruitful seasons8  ,w !y  
manipulate ^! & ! l to suit _! ne$s8 or 
has no  su* notion p]haps ev] ent]$ _!  
heads1 & w !y be cont5t  simply to "k h[
 su* ?+s come into exi/5ce8 ,b if ?is 0 
8 mode ( describ+ ^? :o m$dle ) su*     
matt]s z ^!1 he  himself nev] we>i$ (   
discuss+ human topics4 ,:at is piety8   
:at is  impiety8 ,:at is ! beautiful8   
:at ! ugly8 ,:at ! noble8 :at !  base8  
,:at are meant by j & unju/8 :at by     
sobriety & madness8  :at by c\rage &    
c[>dice8 ,:at is a /ate8 :at is a       
/atesman8  :at is a rul] ov] m58 :at is 
a rul+ "*8 & o!r l  problems1 ! k ( :i*1
 z he put x1 conf]r$ a pat5t (  nobility
 on ! possessor1 7#af7 :]eas ^? :o lack$
 ! k  might des]v$ly be /igmatis$ z     
slaves4     7#af7 ,or1 0 di/9ctive ( !  
'beautiful & good4' ,= ! phrase      see
 bel[1 ii4 #b et passim4    ,n[1 9 s f> 

z ! op9ions ( ,socrates 7 unkn[n to ! _w
 at  l>ge1 x is n surpris+ t ! c\rt %\ld
 draw false conclusions  respect+ !m2 b 
t facts pat5t to all %\ld h be5 ignor$  
is inde$ a/oni%+4    ,at "o "t ,socrates
 0 a memb] ( ! ,c\ncil1 7#ag7 he _h tak5
  ! s5atorial oa?1 & sworn z a memb] ( t
 h\se to act 9  con=mity ) ! laws4 ,x 0 
?us he *anc$ to be ,presid5t ( !        
,popul> ,assembly1 7#ah7 :5 t body 0    
seiz$ ) a desire to put  ! n9e 7#ai7    
g5]als1 ,?rasyllus1 ,eras9ides1 & ! re/1
 to dea?  by a s+le inclusive vote4     
,:]eupon1 9 spite ( ! bitt] res5tm5t  ( 
! p1 & ! m5aces ( sev]al influ5tial     
citiz5s1  he refus$ to put ! "q1 e/eem+ 
x ( great] importance  fai?fully to     
abide by ! oa? :i* he _h tak51 ?an to   
gratify !  p wrongfully1 or to scre5    
himself f ! m5aces ( ! mighty4  ,! fact 
be+1 t ) reg>d to ! c>e be/[$ by ! gods 
^u  m51 8 belief diff]$ widely f t ( !  
multitude4 ,:]eas mo/  p seem to imag9e 
t ! gods "k 9 "p1 & are ignorant 9  "p1 
,socrates believ$ firmly t ! gods "k all

 ?+s--bo? !  ?+s t are said & ! ?+s t   
are done1 & ! ?+s t  are c\nsell$ 9 !   
sil5t *amb]s ( ! he>t4 ,moreov]1 !y are 
pres5t ev]y:]e1 & be/[ signs ^u man     
conc]n+ all ! ?+s  ( man4     7#ag7 ,or 
,s5ate4 ,lit4 ! ,b\le4     7#ah7 ,lit4  
,epi/ates ( ! ,ecclesia4 ,see ,grote1   
,h4 ,g4 viii4 #bga2      ,plat4 ,apol4  
#cb ,b4     7#ai7 ennea w\ld seem to be 
a slip ( ! p5 = okto1 eight4 ,see       
,hell4 ,i4 v4 #af2 vi4 #af2 vi4 #bi2    
vii4 #a foll4    ,i c1 !re=e1 b repeat  
my =m] words4 ,x is a m>vel to me  h[ ! 
,a!nians came to be p]suad$ t ,socrates 
fell %ort (  sob]-m9d$ness z t\*+ !     
gods4 ,a man :o nev] v5tur$ "o  impi\s  
^w or de$ aga9/ ! gods we wor%ip1 b ^:  
:ole  language conc]n+ !m1 & 8 e act1   
closely co9cid$1 ^w  = ^w1 & de$ = de$1 
) all we deem di/9ctive ( dev\te/       
piety4      ,,ii    ,no less surpris+ to
 my m9d is ! belief t ,socrates corrupt$
  ! "y4 ,?is man1 :o1 beyond :at has be5
 already /at$1 kept  8 appetites &      
passions "u /rict control1 :o 0         

pre-em95tly  capable ( endur+ w9t]'s    
cold & summ]'s heat & e k9d (  toil1 :o 
0 s s*ool$ to curtail 8 ne$s t ) !      
scantie/  ( means he nev] lack$         
suffici5cy--is x cr$ible t su* a  man   
c\ld h made o!rs irrev]5t or lawless1 or
 lic5ti\s1 or  effem9ate 9 face ( toil8 
,0 he n r ! sav+ ( _m ?r\gh  ! passion =
 virtue :i* he r\s$ 9 !m1 & ! hope he   
infus$  t ?r\gh c>eful managem5t (      
!mselves !y might gr[ to be  truly      
beautiful & good--n inde$ t he ev]      
und]took to be a  tea*] ( virtue1 b be+ 
evid5tly virtu\s himself he made ^?  :o 
associat$ ) him hope t by imitat+ !y    
might at la/  resemble him4    ,b let x 
n be inf]r$ t he 0 neglig5t ( 8 own body
  or approv$ ( ^? :o neglect$ !irs4 ,if 
excess ( eat+1  c\nt]act$ by excess (   
toil1 0 a diet>y ( :i* he disapprov$1   
7#a7 to gratify ! natural claim (       
appetite 9 conjunction )  mod]ate       
ex]cise 0 a sy/em he fav\r$1 z t5d+ to a
 heal?y  condition ( ! body )\t         
trammell+ ! cultivation ( ! _s4  ,on !  

o!r h&1 !re 0 no?+ d&ifi$ or pret5ti\s  
ab\t  him2 he indulg$ 9 no fopp]y ( %awl
 or %oes1 or o!r effem9acy (  liv+4     
7#a7 ,see  7,plat47 ,era/4 #acb ,c4     
,lea/ ( all did he t5d to make 8        
companions gre$y ( money4 ,he  w\ld n1  
:ile re/ra9+ passion g5]ally1 make      
capital out ( !  "o passion :i* atta*$  
o!rs to himself2 & by ?is ab/95ce1  he  
believ$1 he 0 be/ consult+ 8 own fre$om2
 9 s mu* t he  /igmatis$ ^? :o          
condesc5d$ to take wages = _! society z 
v5dors ( _! own p]sons1 because !y 7    
compell$ to discuss =  ! b5efits ( _!   
payma/]s4 ,:at surpris$ him 0 t any "o  
possess+ virtue %\ld deign to ask money 
z its price in/ead (  simply f9d+ 8     
rew>d 9 ! acquisition ( an hone/ fri5d1 
z if  ! new-fl$g$ s\l ( hon\r c\ld =get 
h] debt ( gratitude to h]  greate/      
b5efactor4    ,= himself1 )\t mak+ any  
su* pr(ession1 he 0 cont5t to  believe t
 ^? :o accept$ 8 views w\ld play _! p>ts
 z good  & true fri5ds to himself & "o  
ano!r _! lives long4 ,once m  !n3 h[    

%\ld a man ( ?is "* corrupt ! "y8 unless
 !  c>eful cultivation ( virtue be      
corruption4    ,b1 says ! accus]1 7#b7  
by all t's sacr$6 did n ,socrates cause 
8 associates to despise ! e/abli%$ laws 
:5 he dwelt on !  folly ( appo9t+ /ate  
(fic]s by ballot8 7#c7 a pr9ciple :i*1  
he  said1 no "o w\ld c>e to apply 9     
select+ a pilot or a flute-play]  or 9  
any simil> case1 :]e a mi/ake w\ld be f>
 less disa/r\s  ?an 9 matt]s political4 
,words l ^!1 accord+ to ! accus]1  t5d$ 
to incite ! "y to contemn ! e/abli%$    
con/itution1  r5d]+ !m viol5t &         
head/rong4 ,b = myself ,i ?9k t  ^? :o  
cultivate wisdom & believe !mselves able
 to in/ruct  _! fell[-citiz5s z to _!   
int]e/s are lea/ likely to become       
p>tisans ( viol5ce4 ,!y are too well    
aw>e t to viol5ce atta*  enmities &     
dang]s1 :]eas results z good may be     
obta9$ by  p]suasion safely & amicably4 
,= ! victim ( viol5ce hates )           
v9dictiv5ess z "o f :om some?+ preci\s  
has be5 /ol51  :ile ! will+ subject (   

p]suasion is ready to kiss ! h& :i*  has
 done him a s]vice4 ,h5ce compulsion is 
n ! me?od ( him  :o makes wisdom 8 /udy1
 b ( him :o wields p[] untemp]$  by     
reflection4 ,once m3 ! man :o v5tures on
 viol5ce ne$s !  support ( _m to fight 8
 battles1 :ile he ^: /r5g? lies 9       
p]suasiv5ess triumphs s+le-h&$1 = he is 
consci\s ( a cunn+  to compel cons5t    
unaid$4 ,& :at has su* a "o to d ) !    
spill+ ( blood8 s9ce h[ ridicul\s x 7 to
 d m5 to dea?  r ?an turn to acc\nt !   
tru/y s]vice ( ! liv+4     7#b7 o       
kategoros  ,polycrates possibly4 ,see   
,m4 ,s*antz1 op4 cit41      ,e9leitun1  
,s4 #f3 ,die ,anklag]$e des ,polykrates2
 ,introduction1      p4 xxxii4 foll4    
7#c7 i4e4 /ak+ ! election ( a magi/rate 
on ! col\r ( a bean4      ,see ,ari/ot4 
,a?4 ,pol4 viii4 #b1 & ,dr4 ,s&ys ad    
loc4    ,b1 ! accus] answ]s1 ! two m5   
7#d7 :o wr\ght ! greate/ evils  to !    
/ate at any "t--to wit1 ,critias &      
,alcibiades--7 bo?  companions (        
,socrates--,critias ! olig>*1 &         

,alcibiades !  democrat4 ,:]e w\ld y f9d
 a m arrant ?ief1 savage1 & murd]]  7#e7
 ?an ! "o8 :]e su* a port5t ( insol5ce1 
incont95ce1  & high-h&$ness z ! o!r8 ,= 
my "p1 9 s f> z ^! two  wr\ght evil to !
 /ate1 ,i h no desire to appe> z !      
apologi/  ( ei!r4 ,i conf9e myself to   
expla9+ :at ?is intimacy ( !irs  )      
,socrates really 04     7#d7 ,see ,hell4
 ,i4 & ,,ii4 passim4     7#e7 ,read+    
klepti/atos te kai biaiotatos kai       
phonikotatos1 or if      pleonekti/atos 
te kai biaiotatis1 translate su* a mann]
 (      gre$ & viol5ce z ! "o1 (        
insol5ce1 etc41 z ! o!r8      ,see      
,grote1 ,h4 ,g4 viii4 #ccg4    ,nev] 7  
two m ambiti\s citiz5s se5 at ,a!ns4    
,ambition 0 9  _! blood4 ,if !y 7 to h  
_! w1 all p[] 0 to be 9  _! h&s2 _! fame
 0 to eclipse all o!r4 ,( ,socrates !y  
knew--fir/ t he liv$ an absolutely      
indep5d5t life on !  scantie/ means2    
next t he 0 self-discipl9$ to ! la/     
degree  9 respect ( pleasures2 la/ly t  
he 0 s =midable 9 debate t  !re 0 no    

antagoni/ he c\ld n twi/ r\nd 8 little  
f+]4 ,su*  be+ _! views1 & su* ! "* ( ! 
pair1 :i* is ! m  probable3 t !y s\ght !
 society ( ,socrates because !y felt !  
fasc9ation ( 8 life1 & 7 attract$ by !  
be>+ ( ! man8  or because !y ?\ght1 if  
only we are leagu$ ) him we %all become 
adepts 9 /atecraft & unrivall$ 9 ! arts 
( spee* & action8  ,= my "p ,i believe t
 if ! *oice f ,heav5 _h be5 giv5 !m  to 
live su* a life z !y saw ,socrates liv+ 
to its close1 or to die1  !y w\ld bo? h 
*os5 dea?4    ,_! acts are a conclusive 
witness to _! *>act]s4 ,!y no soon]     
felt !mselves to be ! ma/]s ( ^? !y came
 9 contact )  ?an !y sprang aside f     
,socrates & plung$ into t :irl (        
politics b = :i* !y might nev] h s\ght 8
 society4    ,x may be object$3 be=e    
giv+ 8 companions lessons 9 politics    
,socrates _h bett] h taught !m sobriety4
 7#f7 ,)\t disput+ !  pr9ciple1 ,i w\ld 
po9t out t a tea*] _c fail to discov] to
  8 pupils 8 me?od ( c>ry+ out 8 own    
precepts1 & ?is along  ) argum5tative   

enc\ragem5t4 ,n[ ,i "k t ,socrates      
disclos$  himself to 8 companions z a   
beautiful & noble be+1 :o w\ld  reason &
 debate ) !m conc]n+ virtue & o!r human 
int]e/s  9 ! noble/ mann]4 ,& ( ^! two  
,i "k t z long z !y 7  companions (     
,socrates ev5 !y 7 temp]ate1 n assur$ly 
f fe>  ( be+ f9$ or beat5 by ,socrates1 
b because !y 7 p]suad$  = ! nonce ( !   
excell5ce ( su* conduct4     7#f7       
sophrosune  s\nd-m9d$ness1 temp]5ce4    
,see bel[1 ,,iv4      iii4 #a4          
,p]haps "s self-/yl$ philosoph]s 7#g7   
may "h answ]3 ,nay1 ! man  truly j c    
nev] become unju/1 ! temp]ate man c nev]
 become  intemp]ate1 ! man :o has le>nt 
any subject ( k c  nev] be z ?\gh he _h 
le>nt x n4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is n my own       
conclusion4 ,x is ) ! work+s ( ! s\l z )
 ^? ( !  body2 want ( ex]cise ( ! organ 
leads to inability ( function1 "h       
bodily1 !re spiritual1 s t we c nei!r d 
! ?+s t  we %\ld nor ab/a9 f ! ?+s we   
%\ld n4 ,& t is :y  fa!rs keep _! sons1 
h[ev] temp]ate !y may be1 out ( ! rea*  

( wick$ m51 consid]+ t if ! society ( ! 
good is a tra9+  9 virtue s also is !   
society ( ! bad its dissolution4        
7#g7 ,9 ref]5ce to "s su* t5et z t (    
,anti/h5es ap4 ,diog4      ,la]t4 ,,vi4 
ix4 #cj1 areskei d' autois kai t5 aret5 
didakt5      e9ai1 ka?a phes9           
',anti/h5es en to ',rraklei kai         
anapobleton      up>khe94 ,cf4 ,plat4   
,protag4 #cdj ,d1 #cdd ,d4    ,to ?is ! 
poet 7#h7 is a witness1 :o says3        
,f ! noble ?\ %alt be in/ruct$ 9        
nobl5ess2 b1 & if      ?\ m+le/ ) ! base
 ?\ wilt de/roy :at wisdom ?\      ha/  
n[2    ,& he 7#i7 :o says3        ,b !  
good man has 8 h\r ( bas5ess z well z 8 
h\r (      virtue--    to ^: te/imony ,i
 w\ld add my own4 ,= ,i see t x is      
impossible  to rememb] a long poem )\t  
practice & repetition2 s is  =getfulness
 ( ! words ( in/ruction eng5d]$ 9 ! he>t
  t has ceas$ to value !m4 ,) ! words ( 
w>n+ fades !  recollection ( ! v        
condition ( m9d 9 :i* ! s\l ye>n$  aft] 
hol9ess2 & once =gett+ ?is1 :at wond] t 

! man  %\ld let slip also ! memory (    
virtue itself6 ,aga9 ,i see t a man  :o 
falls into habits ( drunk5ness or       
plunges headlong into lic5ti\s  love1   
loses 8 old p[] ( practis+ ! "r & ab/a9+
 f  ! wrong4 ,_m a man :o has f\nd      
frugality easy :il/ passion 0  cold1 no 
soon] falls 9 love ?an he loses !       
faculty at once1 & 9  8 prodigal        
exp5diture ( ri*es he w no long] )hold 8
 h&  f ga9s :i* 9 =m] days 7 too base to
 invite 8 t\*4 ,:]e  !n is ! difficulty 
( suppos+ t a man may be temp]ate       
to-day1  & to-morr[ ! rev]se2 or t he :o
 once has _h x 9 8 p[]  to act virtu\sly
 may n q lose t p[]8 7#aj7 ,to myself1  
at all  ev5ts1 x seems t all beautiful &
 noble ?+s are ! result  ( con/ant      
practice & tra9+2 & pre-em95tly ! virtue
 (  temp]ance1 see+ t 9 "o & ! same     
bodily frame pleasures are  plant$ &    
spr+ up side by side ) ! s\l & keep     
:isp]+ 9  h] e>1 ,h done ) self-re/ra9t1
 make ha/e to gratify u &  ! body4 7#aa7
     7#h7 ,!ognis1 #ce1 #cf4 ,see ,symp4

 ii4 #d2 ,plat4 ,m54 #ie ,d4     7#i7 ,!
 au?or is unkn[n4 ,see ,plat4 ,protag4  
l4c4     7#aj7 ,cf4 ,cyrop4 ,v4 i4 #i   
foll42 ,,vi4 i4 #da4     7#aa7 ,see my  
rem>ks1 ,hell5ica ,essays1 p4 #cga foll4
    ,b to return to ,critias &          
,alcibiades1 ,i repeat t z long z !y    
liv$ ) ,socrates !y 7 able by 8 support 
to dom9ate _!  ignoble appetites2 7#ab7 
b be+ sep>at$ f him1 ,critias _h to  fly
 to ,!ssaly1 7#ac7 :]e he consort$ )    
fell[s bett] v]s$ 9  lawlessness ?an    
ju/ice4 ,& ,alcibiades f>$ no bett]4 ,8 
p]sonal  beauty on ! "o h& incit$ bevies
 ( f9e ladies 7#ad7 to hunt him  d[n z  
fair spoil1 :ile on ! o!r h& 8 influ5ce 
9 ! /ate  & among ! allies expos$ him to
 ! corruption ( _m an adept 9  ! arts ( 
flatt]y2 hon\r$ by ! democracy & /epp+  
easily  to ! front rank he behav$ l an  
a?lete :o 9 ! games ( !  ,palae/ra is s 
assur$ ( victory t he neglects 8 tra9+2 
?us  he pres5tly =got ! duty :i* he ow$ 
himself4     7#ab7 ,cf4  7,plat47 ,!ag4 
#acj ,a4     7#ac7 ,see ,hell4 ,,ii4    

iii4 #cf4     7#ad7 ,cf4 ,plut4 ,ages41 
,alcib4    ,su* 7 ! misadv5tures ( ^!   
two4 ,is ! sequel extraord9>y8  ,inflat$
 ) ! pride ( ance/ry1 7#ae7 exalt$ by _!
 weal?1  puff$ up by p[]1 sapp$ to !    
s\l's core by a ho/ ( human  tempt]s1   
sep>ate moreov] = _m a long day f       
,socrates--:at  wond] t !y rea*$ ! full 
/ature ( arrogancy6 ,& = !  (f5ces ( ^! 
two ,socrates is to be held responsible6
 ,! accus]  w h x s4 ,b = ! fact t 9    
e>ly days1 :5 !y  7 bo? "y & ( an age :5
 d]eliction f good feel+ &  self-re/ra9t
 might h be5 expect$1 ?is same ,socrates
 kept !m  mode/ & well-behav$1 n "o ^w (
 praise is utt]$ by !  accus] = all ?is4
 ,t is n ! measure ( ju/ice else:]e     
met$4 ,w\ld a ma/] ( ! h>p or flute1    
w\ld a tea*] ( any sort  :o has turn$   
out pr(ici5t pupils1 be held to acc\nt  
because "o (  !m goes away to ano!r     
tea*] & turns out to be a failure8 ,or  
:at  fa!r1 if he h a son :o 9 ! society 
( a c]ta9 fri5d rema9s  an hone/ lad1 b 
fall+ into ! company ( "s o!r becomes  a

 good-=-no?+1 w t fa!r /raightway accuse
 ! e>li]  in/ructor8 ,w n he r1 9       
proportion z ! boy det]iorates 9  !     
company ( ! latt]1 be/[ m he>tfelt      
praise ^u ! =m]8  ,:at fa!r1 himself %>+
 ! society ( 8 own *ildr51 is held to   
blame = _! transgressions1 if only 8 own
 goodness be e/abli%$8  ,"h w\ld h be5 a
 fair te/ to apply to ,socrates3 ,0 he  
guilty (  any base conduct himself8 ,if 
s let him be set d[n z a knave1 b if1   
on ! contr>y1 he nev] falt]$ 9 sobriety 
f beg9n+ to end1  h[ 9 ! "n ( ju/ice is 
he to be held to acc\nt = a bas5ess  :i*
 0 n 9 him8     7#ae7 ,or1 became       
ov]we5+ 9 arrogance4 ,cf4 ,h5ry ,,viii4 
,,ii4 iv4      #aaj3 ,b y\r he>t is     
cramm$ ) arrogancy1 sple51 &      pride4
    ,i g fur!r3 if1 %ort ( be+ guilty ( 
any wrong himself1 he saw  ! evil do+s (
 o!rs ) approval1 reason 7 he %\ld be   
held  blamewor?y4 ,li/5 !n3 ,socrates 0 
well aw>e t ,critias 0  atta*$ to       
,eu?ydemus1 7#af7 aw>e too t he 0       
endeav\r+ to deal  by him aft] ! mann] (

 ^? wantons ^: love is c>nal ( !  body4 
,f ?is endeav\r he tri$ to det] him1    
po9t+ out h[  illib]al a ?+ x 01 h[ ill 
befitt+ a man ( hon\r to appe>  z a     
begg> be=e him :om he lov$1 9 ^: eyes he
 w\ld fa9 be  preci\s1 ev] petition+ =  
some?+ base to give & base to get4      
7#af7 ,see bel[1 ,,iv4 ii4 #a 7if ! same
 p]son74    ,b :5 ?is reason+ fell on   
deaf e>s & ,critias refus$ to be  turn$ 
aside1 ,socrates1 z ! /ory goes1 took   
occasion ( ! pres5ce  ( a :ole company &
 ( ,eu?ydemus to rem>k t ,critias appe>$
 to  be suff]+ f a sw9i% affection1 or  
else :y ?is desire to rub  himself aga9/
 ,eu?ydemus l a h]d ( pigl+s scrap+     
aga9/  /ones4    ,! hatr$ ( ,critias to 
,socrates d\btless dates f ?is incid5t4 
,he treasur$ x up aga9/ him1 & aft]w>ds1
 :5 he 0 "o ( !  ,?irty & associat$ )   
,*>icles z _! (ficial lawgiv]1 7#ag7  he
 fram$ ! law aga9/ tea*+ ! art ( words  
7#ah7 m]ely f a  desire to vilify       
,socrates4 ,he 0 at a loss to "k h[ else
 to lay hold  ( him except by levell+   

aga9/ him ! vulg> *>ge 7#ai7 aga9/      
philosoph]s1 by :i* he hop$ to prejudice
 him ) ! public4 ,x  0 a *>ge q unf\nd$ 
z reg>ds ,socrates1 if ,i may judge f   
any?+ ,i ev] he>d fall f 8 lips myself  
or h le>nt ab\t him  f o!rs4 ,b ! animus
 ( ,critias 0 cle>4 ,at ! "t :5 !       
,?irty 7 putt+ citiz5s1 highly          
respectable citiz5s1 to dea?  :olesale1 
& :5 !y 7 egg+ on "o man aft] ano!r to !
  commission ( crime1 ,socrates let fall
 an obs]vation3 ,x w\ld be  suffici5tly 
extraord9>y if ! keep] ( a h]d ( cattle 
7#bj7 :o  0 cont9ually ?9n+ & impov]i%+ 
8 cattle did n admit  himself to be a   
sorry sort ( h]dsman1 b t a rul] ( !    
/ate  :o 0 cont9ually ?9n+ & impov]i%+ !
 citiz5s %\ld  nei!r be a%am$ nor admit 
himself to be a sorry sort ( rul] 0  m  
extraord9>y /ill4 ,! rem>k be+ report$  
to ! gov]nm5t1  ,socrates 0 summon$ by  
,critias & ,*>icles1 :o proce$$ to po9t 
out ! law & =bade him to conv]se ) ! "y4
 ,0 x op5 to  him1 ,socrates inquir$ ( !
 speak]1 9 case he fail$ to und]/&  _!  

comm&s 9 any po9t1 to ask = an          
explanation8     7#ag7 ,lit4 ,nomo!tes4 
,see ,hell4 ,,ii4 iii4 #b2 ,dem4 #gjf4  
,=      ,*>icles see ,lys4 c4 ,erato/h4 
,s4 #ef2 ,ari/ot4 ,pol4 v4 #f4 #f4      
7#ah7 ,see ,diog4 ,la]t4 ,,ii4 v4       
7,socr47     7#ai7 i4e4 to ton etto     
logon kreitto poie91 ( mak+ ! worse     
appe> ! bett] cause4 ,cf4 ,ari/4 ,cl\ds4
     7#bj7 ,see ,dio ,*rys4 ,or4 #dc4   
,c]ta9ly1 ! two ass5t$4    ,!n          
,socrates3 ,i am prep>$ to obey ! laws1 
b to avoid  transgression ( ! law ?r\gh 
ignorance ,i ne$ in/ruction3 is x on  ! 
supposition t ! art ( words t5ds to     
correctness ( /atem5t  or to            
incorrectness t y bid u ab/a9 f x8 = if 
! =m]1  x is cle> we mu/ ab/a9 f speak+ 
correctly1 b if ! latt]1  our endeav\r  
%\ld be to am5d our spee*4    ,to :i*   
,*>icles1 9 a fit ( temp]1 retort$3 ,9  
consid]ation (  y\r ignorance1 7#ba7    
,socrates1 we w frame ! prohibition 9   
language bett] suit$ to y\r intellig5ce3
 we =bid y to hold any  conv]sation     

:atsoev] ) ! "y4     7#ba7 ,see ,ari/ot4
 de ,soph4 ,el4 #ahc b#g4    ,!n        
,socrates3 ,to avoid all ambiguity !n1  
or ! possibility ( my  do+ any?+ else   
?an :at y are pleas$ to comm&1 may ,i   
ask y  to def9e up to :at age a human   
be+ is to be consid]$ "y8    ,= j s long
 a "t 7,*>icles answ]$7 z he is deb>r$ f
  sitt+ z a memb] ( ! ,c\ncil1 7#bb7 z n
 hav+ atta9$ to !  maturity ( wisdom2   
accord+ly y w n hold conv]se ) any "o   
"u ! age ( ?irty4     7#bb7 ,! ,b\le or 
,s5ate4 ,see ,w4 ,l4 ,newman1 ,pol4     
,ari/ot4 i4 #cbf4    ,soc4 ,9 mak+ a    
pur*ase ev51 ,i am n to ask1 :at is !   
price (  ?is8 if ! v5dor is "u ! age (  
?irty8    ,*a4 ,tut1 ?+s ( t sort3 b y  
"k1 ,socrates1 t y h  a way ( ask+      
que/ions1 :5 all ! :ile y "k h[ ! matt] 
/&s4 ,let u h no que/ions ( t sort4     
,soc4 ,nor answ]s ei!r1 ,i suppose1 if !
 inquiry conc]ns :at ,i "k1  z1 =       
in/ance1 :]e does ,*>icles live8 or :]e 
is ,critias to be  f\nd8    ,oh yes1 (  
c\rse1 ?+s ( t k9d 7repli$ ,*>icles71   

:ile  ,critias add$3 ,b at ! same "t y  
_h bett] h done ) y\r  %oemak]s1        
c>p5t]s1 & copp]smi?s4 7#bc7 ,^! mu/ be 
pretty well  trodd5 out at heel by ?is  
"t1 consid]+ ! circulation y h  giv5 !m4
     7#bc7 ,cf4 ,plat4 ,gorg4 #dia ,a2  
,symp4 #bba ,e2 ,dio ,*rys4 ,or4 #ee1   
#efj      ,d1 #efd ,a4    ,soc4 ,& am ,i
 to hold away f _! att5dant topics      
also--! j1  ! holy1 & ! l8    ,mo/      
assur$ly 7answ]$ ,*>icles71 & f c[h]ds 9
 p>ticul>2 or  else see t y d n less5 ! 
numb] ( ! h]d y\rself4    ,?us ! secret 
0 out4 ,! rem>k ( ,socrates ab\t !      
cattle _h  come to _! e>s1 & !y c\ld n  
=give ! au?or ( x4    ,p]haps en\gh has 
be5 said to expla9 ! k9d ( intimacy :i* 
_h subsi/$ betwe5 ,critias & ,socrates1 
& _! relation to "o  ano!r4 ,b ,i w     
v5ture to ma9ta9 t :]e ! tea*] is n     
pleas+ to ! pupil !re is no education4  
,n[ x _c be said (  ,critias &          
,alcibiades t !y associat$ ) ,socrates  
because !y  f\nd him pleas+ to !m4 ,&   
?is is true ( ! :ole p]iod4 ,f  ! fir/  

_! eyes 7 fix$ on ! head%ip ( ! /ate z  
_!  f9al goal4 ,dur+ ! "t ( _! intimacy 
) ,socrates !re 7  no disputants :om !y 
7 m eag] to enc\nt] ?an pr(ess$         
politicians4    ,?us ! /ory is told (   
,alcibiades--h[ be=e ! age ( tw5ty he   
engag$ 8 own gu>dian1 ,p]icles1 at t "t 
prime m9i/] ( !  /ate1 9 a discussion   
conc]n+ laws4    ,alc4 ,please1         
,p]icles1 c y tea* me :at a law is8     
,p]4 ,to be sure ,i c4    ,alc4 ,i %\ld 
be s mu* oblig$ if y w\ld d s4 ,"o s (t5
 he>s  ! epi!t law-abid+ appli$ 9 a     
complim5t>y s5se2 yet1 x  /rikes me1 "o 
h>dly des]ves ! complim5t1 if "o does n 
"k  :at a law is4    ,p]4 ,=tunately !re
 is a ready answ] to y\r difficulty4 ,y 
wi% to  "k :at a law is8 ,well1 ^? are  
laws :i* ! majority1 be+ met  toge!r 9  
conclave1 approve & enact z to :at x is 
"r to d1  & :at x is "r to ab/a9 f do+4 
,alc4 ,enact on ! hypo!sis t x is "r to 
d :at is good8 or to  d :at is bad8     
,p]4 ,:at is good1 to be sure1 "y sir1 n
 :at is bad4    ,alc4 ,suppos+ x is n ! 

majority1 b1 z 9 ! case ( an  olig>*y1 !
 m9ority1 :o meet & enact ! rules (     
conduct1 :at  are ^!8    ,p]4 ,:atev] ! 
rul+ p[] ( ! /ate aft] delib]ation      
enacts z  our duty to d1 goes by ! "n ( 
laws4    ,alc4 ,!n if a tyrant1 hold+ ! 
*ief p[] 9 ! /ate1 enacts  rules (      
conduct = ! citiz5s1 are ^! enactm5ts   
law8    ,p]4 ,yes1 any?+ :i* a tyrant z 
head ( ! /ate enacts1 also goes  by ! "n
 ( law4    ,alc4 ,b1 ,p]icles1 viol5ce &
 lawlessness--h[ d we def9e !m8  ,is x n
 :5 a /rong] man =ces a weak] to d :at  
seems "r to  him--n by p]suasion b by   
compulsion8    ,p]4 ,i %\ld say s4      
,alc4 ,x w\ld seem to foll[ t if a      
tyrant1 )\t p]suad+  ! citiz5s1 drives  
!m by enactm5t to d c]ta9 ?+s--t is     
lawlessness8    ,p]4 ,y are "r2 & ,i    
retract ! /atem5t t measures pass$ by  a
 tyrant )\t p]suasion ( ! citiz5s are   
law4    ,alc4 ,& :at ( measures pass$ by
 a m9ority1 n by p]suasion ( !          
majority1 b 9 ! ex]cise ( its p[] only8 
,are we1 or are we n1  to apply ! t]m   

viol5ce to ^!8    ,p]4 ,i ?9k t any?+   
:i* any "o =ces ano!r to d )\t          
p]suasion1 :e!r by enactm5t or n1 is    
viol5ce r ?an law4    ,alc4 ,x w\ld seem
 t ev]y?+ :i* ! majority1 9 ! ex]cise  (
 its p[] ov] ! possessors ( weal?1 & )\t
 p]suad+ !m1  *ooses to enact1 is ( !   
nature ( viol5ce r ?an ( law8    ,to be 
sure 7answ]$ ,p]icles71 add+3 ,at y\r   
age we 7 clev] h&s  at su* quibbles     
ourselves4 ,x 0 j su* subtleties :i* we 
us$ to  practise our wits ^u2 z y d n[1 
if ,i mi/ake n4    ,to :i* ,alcibiades  
repli$3 ,ah1 ,p]icles1 ,i d wi% we c\ld 
h met  9 ^? days :5 y 7 at y\r clev]e/ 9
 su* matt]s4    ,well1 !n1 z soon z !   
desir$ sup]iority ov] ! politicians (  !
 day seem$ to be atta9$1 ,critias &     
,alcibiades turn$ _! backs  on          
,socrates4 ,!y f\nd 8 society           
unattractive1 n to speak ( !  annoyance 
( be+ cross-que/ion$ on _! own          
%ortcom+s4 ,=?)  !y devot$ !mselves to  
^? affairs ( /ate b = :i* !y  w\ld nev] 
h come ne> him at all4    ,no2 if "o    

w\ld seek to see true companions (      
,socrates1 "o mu/  look to ,crito1 7#bd7
 & ,*a]ephon1 & ,*a]ecrates1 to         
,h]mog5es1  to ,simmias & ,cebes1 to    
,pha$ondes & o!rs1 :o clung to him n to 
excel 9 ! rhetoric ( ! ,assembly or !   
law-c\rts1 b ) !  nobl] ambition (      
atta9+ to su* beauty & goodl9ess ( s\l z
  w\ld enable !m to dis*>ge ! v>i\s     
duties ( life to h\se &  family1 to     
relatives & fri5ds1 to fell[-citiz5s1 & 
to ! /ate  at l>ge4 ,( ^! true foll[]s n
 "o 9 y\? or old age 0 ev]  guilty1 or  
?\ght guilty1 ( committ+ any evil de$4  
7#bd7 ,= ^! true foll[]s1 famili> to u 9
 ! pages ( ,plato1      7,crito1 ,apol41
 ,pha$o1 etc7 see ,cobet1 ,pros4 ,x54   
,b = all t1 ! accus] insi/s1 ,socrates  
taught sons to p\r  contumely ^u _!     
fa!rs 7#be7 by p]suad+ 8 "y fri5ds t  he
 c\ld make !m wis] ?an _! sires1 or by  
po9t+ out t  ! law all[$ a son to sue 8 
fa!r = ab]ration ( m9d1 & to  imprison  
him1 :i* legal ord9ance he put 9 evid5ce
 to prove t x  might be well = ! wis] to

 imprison ! m ignorant4     7#be7 ,see  
,apol4 #bj2 ,ari/4 ,cl\ds1 #adjg1 :]e   
,pheidippides drags      8 fa!r         
,/repsiades ?r\gh ! mire4    ,n[ :at    
,socrates held 01 t if a man may )      
ju/ice inc>c]ate  ano!r = no bett] cause
 ?an a =m ( folly or ignorance1 ?is same
  p]son c\ld n ju/ly compla9 if he 9 8  
turn 7 kept 9 bonds by  8 sup]iors 9 k2 
& to come to ! bottom ( su* que/ions1   
to discov] ! diff]5ce betwe5 madness &  
ignorance 0 a problem  :i* he 0         
p]petually work+ at4 ,8 op9ion came to  
?is3 ,if a  madman may1 z a matt] (     
exp$i5cy to himself & 8 fri5ds1 be  kept
 9 prison1 surely1 z a matt] ( ju/ice1 !
 man :o kn[s n  :at he ought to "k %\ld 
be cont5t to sit at ! feet ( ^? :o  "k1 
& be taught4    ,b x 0 ! re/ ( _! ki? & 
k91 n fa!rs only 7accord+  to ! accus]71
 :om ,socrates di%on\r$ 9 ! eyes ( 8    
circle  ( foll[]s1 :5 he said t ! sick  
man or ! litigant does n  d]ive         
assi/ance f 8 relatives1 7#bf7 b f 8    
doctor 9 !  "o case1 & 8 legal advis] 9 

! o!r4 ,li/5 fur!r to 8  language ab\t  
fri5ds1 says ! accus]3 ',:at is ! good (
 _!  be+ k9dly dispos$1 unless !y c be (
 "s practical use to y8  ,m]e goodness (
 disposition is no?+2 ^? only are wor?y 
(  hon\r :o comb9e ) ! k ( :at is "r !  
faculty (  exp\nd+ x2' 7#bg7 & s by br++
 ! "y to look ^u himself  z a           
sup]latively wise p]son gift$ ) an      
extraord9>y capacity =  mak+ o!rs wise  
also1 he s work$ on ! dispositions ( ^? 
:o  consort$ ) him t 9 _! e/eem ! re/ ( 
! _w c\nt$  = no?+ by comp>ison )       
,socrates4     7#bf7 ,see ,grote1 ,h4   
,g4 v4 #ece4     7#bg7 ,cf4 ,?uc4 ii4   
#fj4 ,p]icles says1 ,yet ,i ) :om y are 
s      angry v5ture to say ( myself1 t  
,i am z capable z any "o (      devis+ &
 expla9+ a s\nd policy4--,j[ett4    ,n[ 
,i admit ! language ab\t fa!rs & ! re/ (
 a man's  relations4 ,i c g fur!r1 & add
 "s o!r say+s ( 81 t  :5 ! s\l 7:i* is  
alone ! indwell+ c5tre ( intellig5ce7   
is gone out ( a man1 be he our ne>e/ &  
de>e/ fri5d1 we c>ry !  body =? & bury x

 out ( sight4 ,ev5 9 life1 he us$ to    
say1  ea* ( u is ready to "p ) any      
portion ( 8 be/ possession--to  wit1 8  
own body--if x be useless & unpr(itable4
 ,he w remove x  himself1 or suff] ano!r
 to d s 9 8 /ead4 ,?us m5 cut (f _!  own
 nails1 hair1 or corns2 !y all[ surgeons
 to cut & caut]ise  !m1 n )\t pa9s &    
a*es1 & are s grateful to ! doctor =  8 
s]vices t !y fur!r give him a fee4 ,or  
aga91 a man ejects  ! spittle f 8 m\? z 
f> z possible4 7#bh7 ,:y8 ,because x is 
( no use :ile x /ays )9 ! sy/em1 b is   
detrim5tal r4     7#bh7 ,see ,ari/ot4   
,e?4 ,eud4 vii4 #a4    ,n[ by ^!        
in/ances 8 object 0 n to inculcate !    
duty (  bury+ "o's fa!r alive or ( cutt+
 oneself to bits1 b to %[  t lack (     
intellig5ce means lack ( wor?2 7#bi7 & s
 he call$  ^u 8 he>]s to be z s5sible & 
useful z !y c\ld be1 s t1  be x fa!r or 
bro!r or any "o else ^: e/eem he w\ld   
des]ve1  a man %\ld n hug himself 9     
c>eless self-int]e/1 tru/+ to m]e       
relation%ip1 b /rive to be useful to ^? 

^: e/eem he covet$4     7#bi7 i4e4      
witless & wor?less are synonym\s4    ,b 
7pursues ! accus]7 by c>efully cull+ !  
mo/ immoral  passages ( ! fam\s poets1 &
 us+ !m z evid5ces1 he taught 8         
associates to be evildo]s & tyrranical3 
! l9e ( ,hesiod 7#cj7 =  in/ance--      
,no "w is a disgrace2 slackness ( "w is 
! disgrace--    int]pret$1 says !       
accus]1 by ,socrates z if ! poet enjo9$ 
u  to ab/a9 f no "w wick$ or ignoble2 d 
ev]y?+ = ! sake (  ga94     7#cj7 ,works
 & ,days1 #cji ',ergon d' oud5 oneidos4 
,cf4 ,plat4      ,*>m4 #afc ,c4    ,n[  
:ile ,socrates w\ld h entirely admitt$ !
 propositions t  x is a bless+ & a      
b5efit to a man to be a work]1 & t a    
lazy d-no?+ is a pe/il5t evil1 t "w is  
good & idl5ess  a curse1 ! "q arises1   
:om did he mean by work]s8 ,9 8         
vocabul>y only ^? 7 good workm5 7#ca7 :o
 7 engag$ on good  "w2 dic]s & gambl]s &
 o!rs engag$ on any o!r base &  ru9\s   
bus9ess he /igmatis$ z ! idle drones2 & 
f ?is  po9t ( view ! quotation f ,hesiod

 is unimpea*able--        ,no "w is a   
disgrace2 only idlesse is disgrace4     
,b !re 0 a passage f ,hom] 7#cb7 = ev]  
on 8 lips1 z !  accus] tells u--!       
passage :i* says conc]n+ ,odysseus1     
,:at pr9ce1 or man ( "n1      ,he f\nd  
flight-giv'n1 he w\ld re/ra9 ) words (  
g5tle/ blame3      ,good sir1 x fits y n
 to fly1 or f>e z "o afraid1      ,y    
%\ld n only /ay y\rself1 b see ! p /ay$4
         ,?us he ! be/ sort u'd2 ! wor/1
 ^: spirits brake out 9       noise1    
7#cc7 ,he cudgell'd ) 8 sceptre1 *id1 & 
said1 ,/ay1       wret*1 be /ill1 ,& he>
 ?y bett]s2 ?\ art base1 & bo? 9        
p[] & skill ,poor & unwor?y1 )\t "n 9   
c\nsel or 9       w>4 ,we mu/ n all be  
k+s4     7#ca7 ,see bel[1 ,,iii4 ix4 #i4
     7#cb7 ,il4 ii4 #ahh foll41 #aii    
foll4 7s ,*apman74     7#cc7 ,lit4 ,b   
:atev] man ( ! p he saw & f\nd him      
%\t+4--,w4 ,leaf4    ,! accus] in=ms u t
 ,socrates int]pret$ ^! l9es z ?\gh  !  
poet approv$ ! giv+ ( bl[s to common]s &
 poor folk4 ,n[  no su* rem>k 0 ev] made

 by ,socrates2 :i* inde$ w\ld h be5     
tantam\nt to ma9ta9+ t he ought to be   
beat5 himself4 ,:at he  did say 01 t ^? 
:o 7 useful nei!r 9 ^w nor de$1 :o  7   
incapable ( r5d]+ assi/ance 9 "t ( ne$  
to ! army or  ! /ate or ! p itself1 be  
!y nev] s weal?y1 ought to be  re/ra9$1 
& especially if to incapacity !y add$   
effront]y4    ,z to ,socrates1 he 0 ! v 
opposite ( all ?is--he 0 pla9ly  a lov] 
( ! p1 & inde$ ( all mank9d4 ,?\gh he _h
 _m  ard5t admir]s among citiz5s &      
/rang]s alike1 he nev] dem&$  any fee = 
8 society f any "o1 7#cd7 b be/[$       
abundantly ^u  all alike ( ! ri*es ( 8  
s\l--good ?+s1 inde$1 ( :i*  fragm5ts   
accept$ gratis at 8 h&s 7 tak5 & sold at
 high  prices to ! re/ ( ! community by 
"s1 7#ce7 :o 7 n1 z he  01 lov]s ( ! p1 
s9ce ) ^? :o _h n money to give 9       
return !y refus$ to disc\rse4 ,b (      
,socrates be x said t 9  ! eyes ( ! :ole
 _w he reflect$ m hon\r on ! /ate & a   
ri*] lu/re ?an ev] ,li*as1 7#cf7 ^: fame
 is prov]bial1 %$  on ,lac$aemon4 ,li*as

 fea/$ & ent]ta9$ ! =eign resid5ts 9    
,lac$aemon at ! ,gymnopa$iae mo/        
h&somely4 ,socrates gave a lifetime  to 
! outp\r+ ( 8 sub/ance 9 ! %ape ( !     
greate/ b5efits  be/[$ on all :o c>$ to 
receive !m4 ,9 o!r words1 he made  ^? :o
 liv$ 9 8 society bett] m51 & s5t !m on 
_! way  rejoic+4     7#cd7 ,see ,symp4  
iv4 #dc2 ,plat4 ,hipp4 maj4 #cjj ,d2    
,apol4 #ai ,e4     7#ce7 ,see ,diog4    
,la]t4 ,,ii4 viii4 #a4     7#cf7 ,see   
,hell4 ,,iii4 ii4 #ba2 ,?uc4 v4 #ej2    
,plut4 ,cim4 #bhd ,c4 ,= !              
,gymnopa$iae1 see ,paus4 ,,iii4 xi4 #i2 
,a!n4 xiv4 p4 #fca4    ,to no o!r       
conclusion1 !re=e1 c ,i come b t1 be+ s 
good a  man1 ,socrates 0 wor?i] to h    
receiv$ hon\r f ! /ate ?an  dea?4 ,& ?is
 ,i take to be ! /rictly legal view ( ! 
case1 =  :at does ! law require8 7#cg7  
,if a man be prov$ to be a ?ief1 a      
fil*] ( clo!s1 a cut-purse1 a           
h\sebreak]1 a man-/eal]1 a robb]  (     
temples1 ! p5alty is dea?4 ,ev5 s2 & (  
all m5 ,socrates  /ood mo/ alo( f su*   

crimes4     7#cg7 ,see ,symp4 iv4 #cf2  
,plat4 ,rep4 #ege ,b2 ,gorg4 #ejh ,e4   
,to ! /ate he 0 nev] ! cause ( any      
evil--nei!r disa/] 9  w>1 nor faction1  
nor treason1 nor any o!r mis*ief        
:atsoev]4 ,& if  8 public life 0 free f 
all (f5ce1 s 0 8 private4 ,he nev]  hurt
 a s+le s\l ei!r by deprivation ( good  
or infliction ( evil1  nor did he ev]   
lie "u ! imputation ( any ( ^? misdo+s4 
:]e !n is 8 liability to ! indictm5t to 
be f\nd8 ,:o1 s  f> f disbeliev+ 9 !    
gods1 z set =? 9 ! indictm5t1 0         
conspicu\s beyond all m5 = s]vice to    
heav52 s f> f corrupt+  ! "y--a *>ge    
alleg$ ) insi/5ce by ! prosecutor--0    
notori\s = ! zeal ) :i* he /rove n only 
to /ay 8  associates f evil desires1 b  
to fo/] 9 !m a passionate desire  = t   
lovelie/ & que5lie/ ( virtues )\t :i*   
/ates &  families crumble to decay4     
7#ch7 ,su* be+ 8 conduct1 0 he n  wor?y 
( high hon\r f ! /ate ( ,a!ns8     7#ch7
 ,or1 ! noble/ & pr\de/ virtue by means 
( :i* /ates &      families are         

prosp]\sly direct$4      ,,iii    ,x may
 s]ve to illu/rate ! ass]tion t he      
b5efit$ 8  associates p>tly by ! display
 ( 8 own virtue & p>tly by v]bal        
disc\rse & argum5t1 if ,i set d[n my    
v>i\s recollections 7#a7  on ^! heads4  
,& fir/ ) reg>d to religion & ! conc]ns 
(  heav54 ,9 conduct & language 8       
behavi\r con=m$ to ! rule laid  d[n by !
 ,py?ia 7#b7 9 reply to ! "q1 ,h[ %all  
we act8 z  t\*+ a sacrifice or ! wor%ip 
( ance/ors1 or any simil> po9t4  ,h]    
answ] is3 ,act accord+ to ! law & cu/om 
( y\r /ate1 &  y w act pi\sly4 ,aft] ?is
 patt]n ,socrates behav$ himself1 &  s  
he exhort$ o!rs to behave1 hold+ !m to  
be b busybodies &  va9 fell[s :o act$ on
 any diff]5t pr9ciple4     7#a7 ,h5ce ! 
title ( ! "w1 ',apom5moneumata1         
,recollections1      ,memoirs1          
,memorabilia4 ,see ,diog4 ,la]t4 ,x54   
,,ii4 vi4 #dh4     7#b7 ,! ,py?ia at    
,delphi4    ,8 =mula or pray] 0 simple3 
,give me t :i* is be/ = me1  =1 said he1
 ! gods "k be/ :at good ?+s are--to pray

 = gold  or silv] or despotic p[] 7 no  
bett] ?an to make "s p>ticul>  ?r[ at   
dice or /ake 9 battle or any su* ?+ !   
subject (  pray]1 ( :i* ! future        
consequ5ces are manife/ly unc]ta94 7#c7 
7#c7 ,see 7,plat47 ,alcib4 ,,ii4 #adb   
foll42 ,val]ius ,max4 vii4 #b2          
,spectator1 ,no4 #bjg4    ,if ) scant   
means he (f]$ b small sacrifices he     
believ$ t he  0 9 no wise inf]ior to ^? 
:o make frequ5t & l>ge sacrifices  f an 
ampl] /ore4 ,x 7 ill surely = ! v gods  
!mselves1  c\ld !y take delight 9 l>ge  
sacrifices r ?an 9 small1 else  (t5times
 mu/ ! (f]+s ( bad m5 be f\nd acceptable
 r  ?an ( good2 nor f ! po9t ( view ( m5
 !mselves w\ld life  be wor? liv+ if !  
(f]+s ( a villa9 r ?an ( a righte\s  man
 f\nd fav\r 9 ! sight ( ,heav54 ,8      
belief 0 t ! joy (  ! gods is great] 9  
proportion to ! hol9ess ( ! giv]1 & he  
0 ev] an admir] ( t l9e ( ,hesiod :i*   
says1        ,accord+ to ?9e ability d  
sacrifice to ! immortal gods4 7#d7      
7#d7 ,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1 #ccf4 ,see

 ,anab4 ,,iii4 ii4 #i4    ,yes1 he w\ld 
say1 9 our deal+s ) fri5ds & /rang]s    
alike1  & 9 ref]5ce to ! dem&s ( life 9 
g5]al1 !re is no bett]  motto = a man   
?an t3 'let a man d accord+ to 8        
ability4'    ,or to take ano!r po9t4 ,if
 x appe>$ to him t a sign f  heav5 _h   
be5 giv5 him1 no?+ w\ld h induc$ him to 
g aga9/  heav5ly w>n+3 he w\ld z soon h 
be5 p]suad$ to accept !  guidance ( a   
bl9d man ignorant ( ! pa? to lead him on
 a j\rney  9 place ( "o :o knew ! road &
 c\ld see2 & s he d5\nc$ !  folly ( o!rs
 :o d ?+s contr>y to ! w>n+s ( ,god 9   
ord]  to avoid "s disrepute among m54 ,=
 himself he despis$ all human  aids by  
comp>ison ) c\nsel f above4    ,! habit 
& /yle ( liv+ to :i* he subject$ 8 s\l &
 body  0 "o :i* "u ord9>y circum/ances  
7#e7 w\ld enable any "o  adopt+ x to    
look exi/5ce *e]ily 9 ! face & to pass 8
 days  s]5ely3 x w\ld c]ta9ly entail no 
difficulties z reg>ds exp5se4  ,s frugal
 0 x t a man mu/ "w little inde$ :o c\ld
 n e>n  ! quantum :i* cont5t$ ,socrates4

 ,( food he took j en\gh  to make eat+ a
 pleasure--! appetite he br\ght to x 0  
sauce  suffici5t2 :ile z to dr9ks1 see+ 
t he only drank :5 ?ir/y1  any draught  
refre%$4 7#f7 ,if he accept$ an         
invitation to d9n]1 he  _h no difficulty
 9 avoid+ ! common sn>e ( ov]-indulg5ce1
 &  8 advice to p :o c\ld n equally     
control _! appetite 0 to  avoid tak+ :at
 w\ld allure !m to eat if n hungry or to
 dr9k if  n ?ir/y4 7#g7 ,su* ?+s are    
ru9\s to ! con/itution1 he said1  bad = 
/oma*s1 bra9s1 & s\l alike2 or z he us$ 
to put x1 )  a t\* ( s>casm1 7#h7 ,x mu/
 h be5 by fea/+ m5 on s _m  da9ty di%es 
t ,circe produc$ h] pigs2 only ,odysseus
 ?r\gh 8  cont95cy & ! 'prompt+s 7#i7 ( 
,h]mes' ab/a9$ f t\*+  !m immod]ately1 &
 by ! same tok5 did n turn into a sw9e4 
,s  mu* = ?is topic1 :i* he t\*$ ?us    
lightly & yet s]i\sly4     7#e7 ei me ti
 daimonion eie1 save "u "s              
div9ely-orda9$      calamity4 ,cf4      
,cyrop4 ,i4 vi4 #ah2 ,symp4 viii4 #dc4  
7#f7 ,see ,ages4 ix2 ,cic4 ,tusc4 v4    

#cd1 #ig2 de ,f94 ii4 #bh1 #ij4     7#g7
 ,cf4 ,plut4 ,mor4 #abh ,d2 ,clem5t1    
,pa$ag4 #b4 #agc1 #cc2 ,/rom4 #b1       
#dib1 #bd2 ,aelian1 ,n4 ,a4 #h1 #i4     
7#h7 ,half 9 gibe & half 9 je/1 9 ref4  
to ,od4 x4 #bcc foll43      ,s %e let !m
 9444     7#i7 upo!mosune1 inspiration4 
,cf4 ,il4 xv4 #dab2 ,od4 xvi4 #bcc4     
,b z to ! conc]ns ( ,aphrodite1 8 advice
 0 to hold /rongly  alo( f ! fasc9ation 
( fair =ms3 once lay f+] on ^!  & x is n
 easy to keep a s\nd head & a sob] m9d4 
,to take a  p>ticul> case4 ,x 0 a m]e   
kiss :i*1 z he _h he>d1 ,critobulus     
7#aj7 _h "s "t giv5 to a fair y\?1 ! son
 ( ,alcibiades4 7#aa7  ,accord+ly       
,critobulus be+ pres5t1 ,socrates       
prop\nd$ ! "q4     7#aj7 ,= ,critobulus 
7! son ( ,crito7 see ,econ4 i4 #a foll42
 ,symp4      i4 #c foll4     7#aa7 ,see 
,isocr4 ,or4 xvi4 ,cobet conj4 ton t\   
',axiokh\ uion1 i4e4      ,cl9ias4      
,soc4 ,tell me1 ,x5ophon1 h y n always  
believ$ ,critobulus to be a  man ( s\nd 
s5se1 n wild & self-will$8 ,%\ld y n h  

said  t he 0 rem>kable = 8 prud5ce r ?an
 ?\ghtless or  foolh>dy8    ,x54        
,c]ta9ly t is :at ,i %\ld h said ( him4 
,soc4 ,!n y are n[ to reg>d him z q !   
rev]se--a hot-blood$1  reckless lib]t9e3
 ?is is ! sort ( man to ?r[ som]saults  
into  knives1 7#ab7 or to leap into !   
jaws ( fire4     7#ab7 ,cf4 ,symp4 ii4  
#aj1 iv4 #af4 ,see ,s*neid] ad loc4     
,x54 ,& :at h y se5 him do+1 t y give   
him s bad a  "*8    ,soc4 ,do+8 ,:y1 has
 n ! fell[ d>$ to /eal a kiss f ! son  (
 ,alcibiades1 mo/ fair ( y\?s & 9 !     
gold5 prime8    ,x54 ,nay1 !n1 if t is !
 foolh>dy adv5ture1 x is a dang] :i*  ,i
 c\ld well enc\nt] myself4    ,soc4     
,poor s\l6 & :at d y expect y\r fate to 
be aft] t  kiss8 ,let me tell y4 ,on !  
in/ant y w lose y\r fre$om1 !  ind5ture 
( y\r bondage w be sign$2 x w be y\rs on
 compulsion  to sp5d l>ge sums on       
hurtful pleasures2 y w h sc>cely a      
mom5t's leisure left = any noble /udy2 y
 w be driv5 to conc]n  y\rself mo/      
zeal\sly ) ?+s :i* no man1 n ev5 a      

madman1  w\ld *oose to make an object ( 
conc]n4    ,x54 ,o ,h]acles6 h[ fell a  
p[] to reside 9 a kiss6    ,soc4 ,does x
 surprise y8 ,d y n "k t ! t>antula1 :i*
 is  no bigg] ?an a ?reep5ny bit1 7#ac7 
has only to t\* ! m\? & x  w afflict its
 victim ) pa9s & drive him out ( 8      
s5ses4     7#ac7 ,lit4 a half-obol      
piece4 ,= ! phalaggion see ,ari/ot4 ,h4 
,a4 ix4 #ci1 #a4    ,x54 ,yes1 b !n !   
creature injects some?+ ) its bite4     
,soc4 ,ah1 fool6 & d y imag9e t ^!      
lovely creatures infuse  no?+ ) _! kiss1
 simply because y d n see ! poison8 ,d  
y n "k t ?is wild bea/ :i* m5 call      
beauty 9 its bloom is  all ! m t]rible  
?an ! t>antula 9 t ! insect mu/ fir/    
t\* its victim1 b ?is at a m]e glance ( 
! behold]1 )\t ev5  contact1 w inject   
some?+ into him--y>ds away--:i* w make  
him man4 ,& may be t is :y ! ,loves are 
call$ ar*]s1 because  ^! beauties w\nd s
 f> (f4 7#ad7 ,b my advice to y1        
,x5ophon1  is1 :5ev] y cat* sight ( "o (
 ^! fair =ms1 to run  helt]-skelt] = b>e

 life )\t a glance beh9d2 & to y1       
,critobulus1 ,i w\ld say1 ,g abroad = a 
ye>3 s long "t w x  take to heal y ( ?is
 w\nd4     7#ad7 ,l4 ,d9dorf1 etc4 reg>d
 ! s5t5ce z a gloss4 ,cf4 ,symp4 iv4    
#bf  7isos de kai444 entimot]on e/974   
,su* 7he said71 9 ! affairs (           
,aphrodite1 z 9 meats & dr9ks1  %\ld be 
! circumspection ( all ^: foot+ is      
insecure4 ,at lea/  !y %\ld conf9e      
!mselves to su* diet z ! s\l w\ld       
disp5se  )1 save = "s necessity ( !     
body2 & :i* ev5 s ought  to set up no   
di/urbance4 7#ae7 ,b = himself1 x 0     
cle>1 he 0  prep>$ at all po9ts &       
invuln]able4 ,he f\nd less difficulty 9 
ab/a9+ f beauty's faire/ & fulle/ bloom 
?an _m o!rs f  we$s & g>bage4 ,to sum   
up3 7#af7 ) reg>d to eat+ & dr9k+  & ^! 
o!r temptations ( ! s5se1 ! equipm5t ( 8
 s\l made  him indep5d5t2 he c\ld boa/  
hone/ly t 9 8 mod]ate fa%ion  7#ag7 8   
pleasures 7 no less ?an !irs :o take su*
 tr\ble to  procure !m1 & 8 pa9s f>     
few]4     7#ae7 ,cf4 ,symp4 iv4 #ch4    

7#af7 ,l4 ,d9dorf  7brackets7 ?is       
passage z spuri\s4     7#ag7 ,on !      
pr9ciple en\gh is z good z a fea/1      
ark\ntos4      ,,iv    ,a belief is     
curr5t1 9 accordance ) views ma9ta9$    
conc]n+  ,socrates 9 spee* & writ+1 & 9 
ei!r case conjecturally1 t1  h[ev]      
p[]ful he may h be5 9 /imulat+ m5 to    
virtue z a  !ori/1 he 0 incapable ( act+
 z _! guide himself4 7#a7 ,x  w\ld be   
well = ^? :o adopt ?is view to weigh    
c>efully n only  :at ,socrates effect$  
by way ( ca/igation 9 cross-que/ion+  ^:
 :o conceiv$ !mselves to be possess$ (  
all k1 b  also 8 ev]yday conv]sation )  
^? :o sp5t _! "t 9 close  int]c\rse )   
himself4 ,hav+ done ?is1 let !m decide  
:e!r he  0 incapable ( mak+ 8 companions
 bett]4     7#a7 ,al4 ,if any "o        
believes t ,socrates1 z repres5t$ 9     
c]ta9      dialogues 7e4g4 ( ,plato1    
,anti/h5es1 etc47 ( an imag9>y      "*1 
0 an adept 7protrepsa/hai7 9 ! art (    
/imulat+ p to virtue negatively b       
sc>cely ! man to      guide 7proage97 8 

he>]s on ! true pa? himself4 ,cf4       
7,plat47 ,clitophon1 #daj ,b2 ,cic4 de  
,or4 ,i4 xlvii4 #bjd2 ,plut4      ,mor4 
#gih ,b4 ,see ,grote1 ,plato1 iii4 #ba2 
,k4 ,joel1 op4 cit4 p4 #ea      foll42  
,cf4 bel[1 ,,iv4 iii4 #b4    ,i w fir/  
/ate :at ,i once he>d fall f 8 lips 9 a 
discussion  ) ,ari/odemus1 7#b7 !       
little1 z he 0 call$1 on ! topic (      
div9ity4 7#c7 ,socrates _h obs]v$ t     
,ari/odemus nei!r sacrific$  nor gave   
he$ to div9ation1 b on ! contr>y 0      
dispos$ to  ridicule ^? :o did4     7#b7
 ,see ,plat4 ,symp4 #agc ,b3 ,he 0 a    
little fell[ :o nev] wore      any %oes1
 ,ari/odemus1 ( ! deme (                
,cyda!naeum4--,j[ett4     7#c7 ,or1 !   
div9e elem5t4    ,s tell me1 ,ari/odemus
 7he began71 are !re any human be+s :o h
  won y\r admiration = _! wisdom8       
,ar4 ,!re are4    ,soc4 ,w\ld y m5tion  
to u _! names8    ,ar4 ,9 ! writ+s (    
epic poetry ,i h ! greate/ admiration = 
,hom]4444 ,& z a di?yrambic poet =      
,melanippides4 7#d7 ,i admire also      

,sophocles z a trag$ian1 ,polycleitus z 
a sculptor1 & ,zeuxis z a  pa9t]4       
7#d7 ,melanippides1 #dcj ,b4,c4 ,see    
,cobet1 ,pros4 ,x54 s4n4    ,soc4 ,:i*  
w\ld y consid] ! m wor?y ( admiration1 a
 fa%ion]  ( s5seless images devoid (    
motion or "o :o c\ld fa%ion liv+        
creatures end[$ ) und]/&+ & activity8   
,ar4 ,decid$ly ! latt]1 provid$ 8 liv+  
creatures ow$ _! bir?  to design & 7 n !
 (fspr+ ( "s *ance4    ,soc4 ,b n[ if y 
_h two sorts ( ?+s1 ! "o ( :i* pres5ts  
no clue z to :at x is =1 & ! o!r is     
obvi\sly = "s useful  purpose--:i* w\ld 
y judge to be ! result ( *ance1 :i* (   
design8    ,ar4 ,cle>ly t :i* is produc$
 = "s useful end is ! "w (  design4     
,soc4 ,does x n /rike y !n t he :o made 
man f ! beg9n+  7#e7 did = "s useful end
 furni% him ) 8 sev]al s5ses--giv+  him 
eyes to behold ! visible ^w1 & e>s to   
cat* ! intonations  ( s\nd8 ,or aga91   
:at good w\ld !re be 9 od\rs if no/rils 
_h  n be5 be/[$ ^u u8 :at p]ception (   
sweet ?+s & pung5t1  & ( all ! pleasures

 ( ! palate1 _h n a tongue be5 fa%ion$  
9 u z an int]pret] ( ! same8 ,& besides 
all ?is1 d y  n ?9k ?is looks l a matt] 
( =esight1 ?is clos+ ( !  delicate orbs 
( sight ) eyelids z ) fold+ doors1 :i*1 
:5  !re is ne$ to use !m = any purpose1 
c be ?r[n wide op5 &  firmly clos$ aga9 
9 sleep8 &1 t ev5 ! w9ds ( heav5 may n  
visit !m too r\ghly1 ?is plant+ ( !     
eyela%es z a protect+  scre58 7#f7 ?is  
cop+ ( ! region above ! eyes )          
cornice-"w  ( eyebr[ s t no drop ( sweat
 fall f ! head & injure !m8  aga9 ?is   
read9ess ( ! e> to cat* all s\nds & yet 
n to be  sur*>g$8 ?is capacity ( ! front
 tee? ( all animals to cut  & ( ! gr9d]s
 to receive ! food & r$uce x to pulp8 ! 
position ( ! m\? aga91 close to ! eyes &
 no/rils z a portal  ( +ress = all !    
creature's supplies8 & la/ly1 see+ t    
matt] pass+ out 7#g7 ( ! body is        
unpleasant1 ?is h9dw>d  direction ( !   
passages1 & _! removal to a di/ance f ! 
av5ues ( s5se8 ,i ask y1 :5 y see all ^!
 ?+s con/ruct$  ) su* %[ ( =esight c y  

d\bt :e!r !y are products (  *ance or   
intellig5ce8     7#e7 ,cf4 ,ari/ot4 de  
,"p4 ,animal4 #a4 ,= ! teleological     
views      see ,,iv4 iii4 #b foll4      
7#f7 ,l a sieve or col&]4     7#g7 ,t   
:i* goe? out ( a man4    ,ar4 ,to be    
sure n6 ,view$ 9 ?is light !y w\ld seem 
to be !  h&iwork ( "s wise artific]1    
7#h7 full ( love = all ?+s  liv+4 7#i7  
7#h7 ,demiurge4     7#i7 ,passage ref]r$
 to by ,epictetus ap4 ,/ob4 ,flor4 #aba1
 #bi4    ,soc4 ,:at %all we say ( ?is   
passion implant$ 9 man to beget  (fspr+1
 ?is passion 9 ! "m to re> h] babe1 & 9 
!  creature itself1 once born1 ?is deep 
desire ( life & fe> ( dea?8    ,ar4 ,no 
d\bt ^! d look l ! contrivances ( "s "o 
delib]ately plann+ ! exi/5ce ( liv+     
creatures4    ,soc4 ,well1 & d\btless y 
feel to h a sp>k ( wisdom y\rself8      
,ar4 ,put y\r que/ions1 & ,i w answ]4   
,soc4 ,& yet y imag9e t else:]e no sp>k 
( wisdom is to be  f\nd8 ,& t1 too1 :5 y
 "k t y h 9 y\r body a t9y  fragm5t only
 ( ! mighty e>?1 a little drop ( ! great

 wat]s1  & ( ! o!r elem5ts1 va/ 9 _!    
ext5t1 y got1 ,i presume1  a p>ticle (  
ea* t[>ds ! compact+ ( y\r bodily frame8
 ,m9d  alone1 x w\ld seem1 :i* is n[h]e 
to be f\nd1 7#aj7 y _h !  lucky *ance to
 snat* up & make (f )1 y _c tell h[4 ,& 
^! ?+s ar\nd & ab\t u1 enorm\s 9 size1  
inf9ite 9 numb]1  owe _! ord]ly         
arrangem5t1 z y suppose1 to "s vacuity (
 wit8     7#aj7 ,cf4 ,plat4 ,phileb4 #cj
 ,b3 ,soc4 ,may our body be said to h a 
s\l8 ,pro4 ,cle>ly4 ,soc4 ,& :5ce comes 
t s\l1 my de>      ,prot>*us1 unless !  
body ( ! univ]se1 :i* conta9s           
elem5ts simil> to our bodies b f9]1 has 
also a s\l8 ,c      !re be any o!r      
s\rce8--,j[ett4 ,cic4 de ,n4 ,d4 ii4 #f2
 iii4      #aa4    ,ar4 ,x may be1 = my 
eyes fail to see ! ma/] ag5ts ( ^!1 z   
"o sees ! fabricators ( ?+s produc$ on  
e>?4    ,soc4 ,no m d y see y\r own s\l1
 :i* is ! ma/] ag5t ( y\r  body2 s t1 z 
f> z t goes1 y may ma9ta91 if y l1 t  y 
d no?+ ) intellig5ce1 7#aa7 b ev]y?+ by 
*ance4     7#aa7 ,or1 by y\r wit1 gnome4

    ,at ?is po9t ,ari/odemus3 ,i assure 
y1 ,socrates1 t ,i d n disda9  ! ,div9e 
p[]4 ,on ! contr>y1 my belief is t !    
,div9ity is too  gr& to ne$ any s]vice  
:i* ,i c\ld r5d]4    ,soc4 ,b ! gr&] t  
p[] is1 :i* deigns to t5d & wait ^u  y1 
! m y are call$ ^u to hon\r x4    ,ar4  
,be well assur$1 if ,i c\ld believe !   
gods take ?\ght = all  m51 ,i w\ld n    
neglect !m4    ,soc4 ,h[ c y suppose t  
!y d n s take ?\ght8 ,:o1 9 !  fir/     
place1 gave to man alone ( liv+         
creatures 8 erect po/ure1  enabl+ him to
 see f>!r 9 front ( him & to contemplate
 m  freely ! height above1 & to be less 
subject to di/ress ?an o!r  creatures   
7end[$ l himself ) eyes & e>s & m\?74   
7#ab7  ,consid] next h[ !y gave to !    
bea/ ( ! field 7#ac7 feet z a  means (  
progression only1 b to man !y gave 9    
addition h&s--^?  h&s :i* h a*iev$ s mu*
 to raise u 9 ! scale ( happ9ess  above 
all animals4 ,did !y n make ! tongue    
also8 :i* belongs  inde$ alike to man & 
bea/1 b 9 man !y fa%ion$ x s z to  play 

on diff]5t p>ts ( ! m\? at diff]5t      
times1 :]eby we c  produce articulate   
spee*1 & h a code ( signals to express  
our  e want to "o ano!r4 ,or consid] !  
pleasures ( ! sexual  appetite2 limit$ 9
 ! re/ ( ! animal k+dom to c]ta9        
seasons1  b 9 ! case ( man a s]ies      
prolong$ unbrok5 to old age4 ,nor did  x
 cont5t ! ,godhead m]ely to wat* ov] !  
int]e/s ( man's body4  ,:at is ( f>     
high] import1 he implant$ 9 man ! noble/
 & mo/  excell5t type ( s\l4 ,= :at o!r 
creature1 to beg9 )1 has  a s\l to      
appreciate ! exi/5ce ( ! gods :o h      
arrang$ ?is  gr& & beaute\s univ]se8    
,:at o!r tribe ( animals save man  c    
r5d] s]vice to ! gods8 ,h[ apt is ! _s (
 man to take  precautions aga9/ hung] & 
?ir/1 cold & heat1 to alleviate  disease
 & fo/] /r5g?6 h[ suit$ to lab\r ) a    
view to  le>n+6 h[ capable ( g>n]+ 9 !  
/oreh\se ( 8 memory all  t he has he>d  
or se5 or und]/ood6 ,is x n mo/ evid5t  
to y  t by ! side ( o!r animals m5 live 
& move a race ( gods--by  nature        

excell5t1 9 beauty ( body & ( s\l       
supreme8 ,=1 m>k y1  _h a creature (    
man's wit be5 encas$ 9 ! body ( an ox1  
7#ad7  he w\ld h be5 p[]less to c>ry out
 8 wi%es1 j z !  possession ( h&s       
divorc$ f human wit is pr(itless4 ,& !n 
y  come1 y :o h obta9$ ^! two mo/       
preci\s attributes1 & give  x z y\r     
op9ion1 t ! gods take no ?\ght or c>e = 
y4 ,:y1  :at w y h !m to d1 t y may     
believe & be p]suad$  t y too are 9 _!  
?\ghts8     7#ab7 ,see ,kuhn] = an      
attempt to cure ! text4     7#ac7       
erpetois1 a poetical ^w4 ,cf4 ,od4 iv4  
#dah2 ,h]od4 i4 #adj4     7#ad7 ,see    
,ari/ot4 de ,"p4 ,animal4 iv4 #aj4      
,ar4 ,:5 !y treat me z y tell u !y treat
 y1 & s5d me  c\nsellors to w>n me :at  
,i am to d & :at ab/a9 f do+1 7#ae7  ,i 
w believe4     7#ae7 ,see ,,iv4 iii4    
#ab4    ,soc4 ,s5d y c\nsellors6 ,come  
n[1 :at :5 ! p ( ,a!ns make  inquiry by 
oracle1 & ! gods' answ] comes8 ,are y n 
an ,a!nian8  ,?9k y n t to y also !     
answ] is giv58 ,:at :5 !y s5d  port5ts  

to =ew>n ! /ates ( ,hellas8 or to all   
mank9d8 ,are y  n a man8 a ,hell5e8 ,are
 n ^! int5d$ = y also8 ,c x be  t y     
alone are except$ z a signal in/ance (  
,div9e neglect8  ,aga91 d y suppose t ! 
gods c\ld h implant$ 9 ! he>t  ( man !  
belief 9 _! capacity to "w him weal or  
woe _h !y n  ! p[]8 ,w\ld n m5 h        
discov]$ ! impo/ure 9 all ?is lapse  (  
"t8 ,d y n p]ceive t ! wise/ & mo/      
p]durable (  human in/itutions--be !y   
cities or tribes ( m5--are ev] ! mo/    
,god-fe>+2 & 9 ! individual man ! rip] 8
 age & judgm5t1  ! deep] 8 relig\sness8 
,ay1 my good sir 7he broke =?71 lay to  
he>t & und]/& t ev5 z y\r own m9d )9 y c
 turn &  dispose ( y\r body z x li/s1 s 
ought we to ?9k t ! wisdom  :i* abides  
)9 ! univ]sal frame does s dispose ( all
 ?+s z  x f9ds agreeable to itself2 =   
h>dly may x be t y\r eye is able  to    
range ov] _m a league1 b t ! eye ( ,god 
is p[]less to  embrace all ?+s at a     
glance2 or t to y\r s\l x is giv5 to    
dwell 9 ?\ght on matt]s "h or f> away 9 

,egypt or 9 ,sicily1  b t ! wisdom &    
?\ght ( ,god is n suffici5t to include  
all  ?+s at "o in/ant "u ,8 c>e4 ,if    
only y w\ld copy y\r  own behavi\r 7#af7
 :]e human be+s are conc]n$4 ,x is by   
acts (  s]vice & ( k9dness t y discov]  
:i* ( y\r fell[s are  will+ to requite y
 9 k9d4 ,x is by tak+ ano!r into y\r    
c\nsel t y arrive at ! secret ( 8       
wisdom4 ,if1 on l  pr9ciple1 y w b make 
trial ( ! gods by acts ( s]vice1  :e!r  
!y w *oose to give y c\nsel 9 matt]s    
obscure to  mortal vision1 y %all       
discov] ! nature & ! greatness (        
,godhead to be su* t !y are able at once
 to see all ?+s & to  he> all ?+s & to  
be pres5t ev]y:]e1 nor does ! lea/ ?+   
escape _! wat*ful c>e4     7#af7 ,or1   
reason z y are wont to d4    ,to my m9d 
! effect ( words l ^! 0 to cause ^? ab\t
 him  to hold alo( f unhol9ess1 bas5ess1
 & inju/ice1 n only :il/  !y 7 se5 ( m51
 b ev5 9 ! solit>y place1 s9ce !y mu/   
believe t no "p ( _! conduct c\ld escape
 ! eye ( ,heav54      ,v    ,i suppose x

 may be tak5 z admitt$ t self-control is
 a noble  acquirem5t = a man4 7#a7 ,if  
s1 let u turn & consid] :e!r by         
language l ! foll[+ he 0 likely to lead 
8 li/5]s onw>ds  7#b7 to ! atta9m5t (   
?is virtue4 ,sirs1 he w\ld say1 if a w> 
came ^u u & we wi%$ to *oose a man :o   
w\ld be/ help u to  save ourselves & to 
subdue our enemy1 ,i suppose we %\ld    
sc>cely  select "o :om we knew to be a  
slave to 8 belly1 to w9e1 or lu/1  &    
prone to succumb to toil or sleep4 ,c\ld
 we expect su* an "o to  save u or to   
ma/] our foes8 ,or if "o ( u 7 ne>+ !   
end (  8 days1 & he wi%$ to discov] "s  
"o to :om he might entru/  8 sons =     
education1 8 maid5 daught]s =           
protection1 & 8  prop]ty 9 g5]al =      
pres]vation1 w\ld he deem a lib]t9e     
wor?y  ( su* (fices8 ,:y1 no "o w\ld    
dream ( entru/+ 8 flocks &  h]ds1 8     
/oreh\ses & b>ns1 or ! sup]9t5d5ce ( 8  
works to  ! t5d] m]cies ( an intemp]ate 
slave4 ,if a butl] or an err& boy  ) su*
 a "* 7 (f]$ to u we w\ld n take him z a

 free  gift4 ,& if he w\ld n accept an  
intemp]ate slave1 :at pa9s %\ld  ! ma/] 
himself take to avoid t imputation4 7#c7
 ,= ) !  incont95t man x is n z ) !     
self-seek] & ! covet\s4  ,^! may at any 
rate be held to enri* !mselves 9 depriv+
 o!rs4  ,b ! intemp]ate man _c claim 9 l
 fa%ion to be a bless+  to himself if a 
curse to 8 neighb\rs2 nay1 ! mis*ief :i*
 he  may cause to o!rs is no?+ by       
comp>ison ) t :i* r$\nds  aga9/ himself1
 s9ce x is ! height ( mis*ief to ru9--,i
 d n  say "o's own h\se & prop]ty--b    
"o's own body & "o's own s\l4  ,or to   
take an example f social int]c\rse1 no  
"o c>es = a gue/  :o evid5tly takes m   
pleasure 9 ! w9e & ! vi&s ?an 9 !       
fri5ds beside him--:o /9ts 8 comrades ( 
! affection due to !m  to dote ^u a     
mi/ress4 ,does x n come to ?is1 t e     
hone/ man  is b\nd to look ^u           
self-re/ra9t z ! v corn]-/one ( virtue3 
7#d7 :i* he %\ld seek to lay d[n z !    
basis & f\ndation ( 8  s\l8 ,)\t        
self-re/ra9t :o c lay any good lesson to

 he>t or  practise x :5 le>nt 9 any     
degree wor? speak+ (8 ,or1 to put x     
conv]sely1 :at slave ( pleasure w n     
suff] deg5]acy ( s\l  & body8 ,by ,h]a1 
7#e7 well may e free man pray to be sav$
 f !  s]vice ( su* a slave2 & well too  
may he :o is 9 bondage to su*  pleasures
 supplicate ,heav5 to s5d him good      
ma/]s1 see+ t is !  "o hope ( salvation 
left him4     7#a7 ,lit4 a beautiful &  
brave possession4     7#b7 pr\bibaze4   
7#c7 ,or1 h[ %\ld ! ma/] himself bew>e  
le/ he fall into t      category4       
7#d7 krepida4 ,see ,p9d4 ,py?4 iv4 #ach2
 ib4 vii4 #c2 ib4 fr4 #ic4     7#e7 ,see
 bel[1 ,,iii4 x4 #i1 xi4 #e2 ,,iv4 ii4  
#i1 iv4 #h2 ,econ4 x4 #a2      ,cyrop4  
,i4 iv4 #ab2 ,plat4 ,pha$r4 #bcj ,b4    
,cf4 ,%akesp4 by'r      ,lak94          
,well-temp]$ words3 yet 8 self-re/ra9t  
%one =? ev5 m 9  8 acts ?an 9 8         
language4 ,n only 0 he ma/] ov] !       
pleasures  :i* fl[ f ! body1 b ( ^? also
 :i* are f$ by ri*es1 8  belief be+ t he
 :o receives money f ?is or t *ance     

donor  sets up ov] himself a ma/]1 &    
b9ds himself to an abom9able  slav]y4   
,,vi    ,9 ?is context "s discussions ) 
,antiphon ! sophi/ 7#a7 des]ve  record4 
,antiphon approa*es ,socrates 9 hope (  
draw+ away 8  associates1 & 9 _! pres5ce
 ?us acco/s him4     7#a7 o t]atoskopos1
 jeal\s ( ,socrates1 accord+ to         
,ari/otle      ap4 ,diog4 ,la]t4 ,,ii4  
v4 #be4 ,see ,cobet1 ,pros4 ,x54        
,antiphon4 ,:y1 ,socrates1 ,i always    
?\ght x 0 expect$ ( /ud5ts (  philosophy
 to gr[ 9 happ9ess daily2 b y seem to h 
reap$ o!r  fruits f y\r philosophy4 ,at 
any rate1 y exi/1 ,i d n say live1  9 a 
/yle su* z no slave s]v+ "u a ma/] w\ld 
put up )4  ,y\r meat & y\r dr9k are ( ! 
*eape/ sort1 & z to clo!s1  y cl+ to "o 
wret*$ cloak :i* s]ves y = summ] & w9t] 
alike2 & s y g ! :ole ye> r\nd1 )\t %oes
 to y\r feet  or a %irt to y\r back4 ,!n
 aga91 y are n = tak+ or mak+  money1 ! 
m]e seek+ ( :i* is a pleasure1 ev5 z !  
possession  ( x adds to ! sweetness &   
indep5d5ce ( exi/5ce4 ,i d n "k  :e!r y 

foll[ ! common rule ( tea*]s1 :o try to 
fa%ion  _! pupils 9 imitation (         
!mselves1 7#b7 & propose to m\ld !      
*>act]s ( y\r companions2 b if y d y    
ought to dub y\rself  pr(essor ( ! art (
 wret*$ness4 7#c7     7#b7 ,or1 try to  
turn out _! pupils z copies ( !mselves4 
7#c7 ,see ,ari/4 ,cl\ds1 on o kakodaimon
 ,sokrates kai ,khairephon4    ,?us     
*all5g$1 ,socrates repli$3 ,"o ?+ to me 
is c]ta91 ,antiphon2  y h conceiv$ s    
vivid an idea ( my life ( mis]y t =     
y\rself y w\ld *oose dea? soon] ?an live
 z ,i d4 ,suppose n[ we  turn & consid] 
:at x is y f9d s h>d 9 my life4 ,is x t 
he  :o takes paym5t mu/ z a matt] (     
contract f9i% ! "w = :i*  he is paid1   
:]eas ,i1 :o d n take x1 lie "u no      
con/ra9t to  disc\rse except ) :om ,i   
*oose8 ,d y despise my diet>y on !      
gr\nd t ! food :i* ,i eat is less       
:olesome & less /5g!n+  ?an y\rs1 or t !
 articles ( my consumption are s sc>ce &
  s mu* co/li] to procure ?an y\rs8 ,or 
h ! fruits ( y\r  m>ket+ a flav\r d5i$  

to m9e8 ,d y n "k ! %>p] !  appetite !  
less ! ne$ ( sauces1 ! ke5] ! ?ir/ !    
less !  desire = out-(-!-way dr9ks8 ,& z
 to raim5t1 clo!s1 y "k1  are *ang$ on  
acc\nt ( cold or else ( heat4 ,p only   
we> boots  & %oes 9 ord] n to gall _!   
feet & be prev5t$ walk+4  ,n[ ,i ask y1 
h y ev] notic$ t ,i keep m )9 doors ?an 
o!rs on acc\nt ( ! cold8 ,h y ev] se5 me
 battl+ )  any "o = %ade on acc\nt ( !  
heat8 ,d y n "k t ev5 a  weakl+ by      
nature may1 by d9t ( ex]cise & practice1
 come to outdo  a giant :o neglects 8   
body8 ,he w beat him 9 ! p>ticul> po9t  
( tra9+1 & be> ! /ra9 m easily4 ,b y    
app>5tly w  n h x t ,i1 :o am = ev]     
tra9+ myself to endure ?is1  t1 & ! o!r 
?+ :i* may befall ! body1 c brave all   
h>d%ips m easily ?an y\rself = in/ance1 
:o p]haps are n  s practis$4 ,& to      
escape slav]y to ! belly or to sleep or 
le*]y1  c y sugge/ m effective means ?an
 ! possession ( "s  p[]ful attraction1  
"s c\nt]-*>m :i* %all gladd5 n only 9  !
 us+1 b by ! hope enk9dl$ ( its la/+    

usefulness8 ,& yet  ?is y d "k2 joy is n
 to him :o feels t he is do+ well 9     
no?+--x belongs to "o :o is p]suad$ t   
?+s are progress+  ) him1 be x tillage  
or ! work+ ( a vessel1 7#d7 or any ( !  
?\s& & "o ?+s on :i* a man may *ance to 
be employ$4 ,to  him x is giv5 to       
rejoice z he reflects1 ,i am do+ well4  
,b is  ! pleasur$ d]iv$ f all ^! put    
toge!r half z joy\s z !  consci\sness ( 
becom+ bett] oneself1 ( acquir+ bett] & 
bett]  fri5ds8 ,t1 = my "p1 is ! belief 
,i cont9ue to *]i%4     7#d7 ,! bus9ess 
( a %ip[n] or skipp]4    ,aga91 if x be 
a "q ( help+ "o's fri5ds or c\ntry1 :i* 
(  ! two w h ! l>g] leisure to devote to
 ^! objects--he :o  leads ! life :i* ,i 
lead to-day1 or he :o lives 9 ! /yle :i*
  y deem s =tunate8 ,:i* ( ! two w adopt
 a soldi]'s life m  easily--! man :o _c 
get on )\t exp5sive liv+1 or he to  :om 
:atev] comes to h& suffices8 ,:i* w be !
 readi] to  capitulate & cry m]cy 9 a   
siege--! man ( elaborate wants1 or  he  
:o c get along happily ) ! readie/ ?+s  

to h&8 ,y1  ,antiphon1 w\ld seem to     
sugge/ t happ9ess consi/s ( luxury &    
extravagance2 ,i hold a diff]5t cre$4   
,to h no wants at all is1 to  my m9d1 an
 attribute ( ,godhead2 7#e7 to h z few  
wants z possible  ! ne>e/ approa* to    
,godhead2 & z t :i* is div9e is         
mightie/1 s t is next mightie/ :i* comes
 close/ to ! div9e4     7#e7 ,cf4       
,ari/ot4 ,e?4 ,n4 x4 viii4 #a4          
,return+ to ! *>ge at ano!r "t1 ?is same
 ,antiphon engag$  ,socrates 9          
conv]sation ?us4    ,ant4 ,socrates1 =  
my "p1 ,i believe y to be a good &      
upright man2  b = y\r wisdom ,i _c say  
mu*4 ,i fancy y w\ld h>dly dispute  !   
v]dict y\rself1 s9ce1 z ,i rem>k1 y d n 
ask a money paym5t  = y\r society2 & yet
 if x 7 y\r cloak n[1 or y\r h\se1 or   
any o!r ( y\r possessions1 y w\ld set "s
 value ^u x1 &  nev] dream1 ,i w n say (
 p>t+ ) x gratis1 b ( ex*ang+  x = less 
?an its wor?4 ,a pla9 pro(1 to my m9d1 t
 if y  ?\ght y\r society wor? any?+1 y  
w\ld ask = x n less ?an  its equival5t 9

 gold4 7#f7 ,h5ce ! conclusion to :i* ,i
 h come1  z already /at$3 good & upright
 y may be1 s9ce y d n  *eat p f pure    
selfi%ness2 b wise y _c be1 s9ce y\r  k 
is n wor? a c5t4     7#f7 ,or r money1  
lit4 silv]4    ,to ?is onslaught        
,socrates3 ,antiphon1 x is a t5et :i* we
 cl+ to  t beauty & wisdom h ?is 9      
common1 t !re is a fair way &  a f\l way
 9 :i* to dispose ( !m4 ,! v5dor (      
beauty pur*ases  an evil "n1 b suppos+ !
 same p]son has disc]n$ a s\l (  beauty 
9 8 lov] & makes t man 8 fri5d1 we reg>d
 8 *oice  z s5sible4 7#g7 ,s is x )     
wisdom2 he :o sells x = money to !  fir/
 bidd] we "n a sophi/1 7#h7 z ?\gh "o   
%\ld say a man :o  pro/itutes 8 wisdom2 
b if ! same man1 disc]n+ ! noble nature 
( ano!r1 %all tea* t o!r e good ?+1 &   
make him 8  fri5d1 ( su* a "o we say he 
does t :i* x is ! duty ( e  good citiz5 
( g5tle s\l to d4 ,9 accordance ) ?is   
!ory1 ,i  too1 ,antiphon1 hav+ my ta/es1
 ev5 z ano!r f9ds pleasure 9 8  horse & 
8 h\nds1 7#i7 & ano!r 9 8 fight+ cocks1 

s ,i too  take my pleasure 9 good       
fri5ds2 & if ,i h any good ?+ myself ,i 
tea* x !m1 or ,i comm5d !m to o!rs by   
:om ,i ?9k !y w be  help$ =w>ds on ! pa?
 ( virtue4 ,! treasures also ( ! wise ( 
old1 writt5 & bequea!d 9 _! books1 7#aj7
 ,i unfold & p]use 9  common ) my       
fri5ds4 ,if our eye light ^u any good ?+
 we cull x  eag]ly1 & reg>d x z great   
ga9 if we may b gr[ 9 fri5d%ip  ) "o    
ano!r4     7#g7 ,add & a sign ( mode/y1 
sophrona nomizom54     7#h7 sophi/as4   
,see ,grote1 ,h4 ,g4 viii4 #dhb foll42  
,hunt+1 xi4      foll4     7#i7 ,cf4    
,plat4 ,lys4 #baa ,e4     7#aj7 ,cf4    
,symp4 iv4 #bg4    ,z ,i li/5$ to ?is   
talk ,i c\ld n b reflect t he1 ! ma/]1  
0 a p]son to be envi$1 & t we1 8 he>]s1 
7 be+ l$ by  him to beauty & nobility ( 
s\l4    ,aga9 on "s occasion ! same     
,antiphon ask$ ,socrates h[ he expect$  
to make politicians ( o!rs :51 ev5 if he
 _h ! k1 he did  n engage 9 politics    
himself4    ,socrates repli$3 ,i w put  
to y a "q1 ,antiphon3 ,:i* 7  ! m       

/atesmanlike proce$+1 to practise       
politics myself  s+le-h&$1 or to devote 
myself to mak+ z _m o!rs z possible  fit
 to engage 9 t pursuit8      ,,vii      
,let u "h turn & consid] :e!r by det]r+ 
8 associates f  quack]y & false seem+ he
 did n directly /imulate !m to !        
pursuit ( virtue4 7#a7 ,he us$ (t5 to   
say !re 0 no bett] road  to r5[n ?an !  
"o by :i* a man became good at t :]e9 he
  desir$ to be reput$ good4 7#b7 ,! tru?
 ( ! concept he en=c$ z  foll[s3 ,let u 
reflect on :at a man w\ld be driv5 to d 
:o want$  to be ?\ght a good flute      
play]1 )\t really be+ s4 ,he w\ld  be   
=c$ to imitate ! good flute play] 9 !   
ext]nals ( 8 art1  w\ld he n8 & fir/ or 
all1 see+ t ^! arti/s always h  a       
spl5did equipm5t1 7#c7 & travel ab\t ) a
 long tra9 (  att5dants1 he mu/ h !     
same2 9 ! next place1 !y c comm&  !     
plaudits ( a multitude1 he !re=e mu/    
pack a conclave (  clack]s4 ,b "o ?+ is 
cle>3 no?+ mu/ induce him to give  a    
p]=mance1 or he w be expos$ at once1 &  

f9d himself a  laugh+-/ock n only z a   
sorry sort ( flute play]1 b z a  wret*$ 
impo/]4 ,& n[ he has a ho/ ( exp5ses to 
meet2 & n  "o advantage to be reap$2 &  
worse ?an all 8 evil reputation4 ,:at   
is left him b to lead a life /ale &     
unpr(itable1 ! scorn &  mock]y ( m58    
,let u try ano!r case4 ,suppose a man   
wi%$ to be  ?\ght a good g5]al or a good
 pilot1 ?\gh he 7 really no?+ (  ! sort1
 let u picture to our m9ds h[ x w f>e ) 
him4 ,( two  mis=tunes "o3 ei!r ) a     
/rong desire to be ?\ght pr(ici5t 9  ^! 
matt]s1 he w fail to get o!rs to agree )
 him1 :i* w  be bad en\gh2 or he w      
succe$1 ) worse result2 s9ce x /&s  to  
reason t anyone appo9t$ to "w a vessel  
or lead an army )\t  ! requisite k w    
spe$ily ru9 a numb] ( p :om he  lea/    
desires to hurt1 & w make b a sorry exit
 f !  /age himself4 ,?us fir/ by "o     
in/ance & !n ano!r w\ld  he demon/rate !
 unpr(itabl5ess ( try+ to appe> ri*1 or 
c\rage\s1 or /rong1 )\t really be+ ! ?+ 
pret5d$4 ,y  are sure soon] or lat] to h

 comm&s laid ^u y beyond y\r  p[] to    
execute1 & fail+ j :]e y are cr$it$ )   
capacity1  ! _w w give y no             
commis]ation4 ,i call t man a *eat1 &  a
 great *eat too1 he w\ld say1 :o gets   
money or goods out ( "s  "o by          
p]suasion1 & defrauds him2 b ( all      
impo/]s he surely is  ! bigge/ :o c     
delude p into ?9k+ t he is fit to lead  
! /ate1 :5 all ! :ile he is a wor?less  
creature4 7#d7     7#a7 apotrepon       
pr\trep54 ,see ,k4 ,joel1 op4 cit4 p4   
#dej foll4     7#b7 ,cf4 ,cyrop4 ,i4 vi4
 #bb4     7#c7 ,or1 furniture ( ! f9e/1 
l ,arion's 9 ,h]od4 i4 #bd4             
,s*neid4 cf4 ,demo/h4 #efe4 #f4     7#d7
 ,"h foll[s ! s5t5ce  7emoi m5 oun      
edokei kai t\      alazoneue/hai        
apotrepe9 t\s sunontas toiade           
dialegom5os71      :i*1 = ! sake (      
conv5i5ce1 ,i h atta*$ to ! fir/        
s5t5ce ( ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 i4  7edokei de   
moi444 pon\47 ,i      believe t !       
comm5tators are "r 9 bracket+ bo? "o &  
! o!r z editorial int]polations4        

,,book ,,ii      ,i    ,n[1 if ! effect 
( su* disc\rses 01 z ,i imag9e1 to det] 
8  he>]s f ! pa?s ( quack]y &           
false-seem+1 7#a7 s ,i am  sure t       
language l ! foll[+ 0 calculat$ to      
/imulate 8  foll[]s to practise         
self-control & endurance3 self-control 9
  ! matt]s ( eat+1 dr9k+1 sleep+1 & !   
crav+s ( lu/2  endurance ( cold & heat &
 toil & pa94 ,he _h notic$ ! undue      
lic5ce :i* "o ( 8 acqua9tances all[$    
himself 9 all su*  matt]s4 7#b7         
,accord+ly he ?us address$ him3     7#a7
 ,?is s5t5ce 9 ! ,greek concludes ,bk4  
,i4 ,!re is some?+      wrong or v      
awkw>d 9 ! text "h4     7#b7 ,cf4       
,grote1 ,plato1 ,,iii4 xxxviii4 p4 #ecj4
    ,tell me1 ,ari/ippus 7,socrates     
said71 suppos+ y _h two *ildr5  entru/$ 
to y to educate1 "o ( !m mu/ be br\ght  
up ) an  aptitude = gov]nm5t1 & ! o!r   
)\t ! fa9te/ prop5sity  to rule--h[ w\ld
 y educate !m8 ,:at d y say8 ,%all we   
beg9 our  inquiry f ! beg9n+1 z x 71 ) !
 b>e elem5ts ( food  & nutrim5t8    ,ar4

 ,yes1 food to beg9 )1 by all means1 be+
 a fir/ pr9ciple1 7#c7  )\t :i* !re is  
no man liv+ b w\ld p]i%4     7#c7       
,ari/ippus plays ^u ! ^w arkhe4    ,soc4
 ,well1 !n1 we may expect1 may we n1 t a
 desire to grasp food  at c]ta9 seasons 
w exhibit itself 9 bo? ! *ildr58    ,ar4
 ,x is to be expect$4    ,soc4 ,:i*1 !n1
 ( ! two mu/ be tra9$1 ( 8 own free w1  
7#d7  to prosecute a press+ bus9ess r   
?an gratify ! belly8     7#d7           
proairesis4    ,ar4 ,no d\bt ! "o :o is 
be+ tra9$ to gov]n1 if we w\ld n  h     
affairs ( /ate neglect$ dur+ 7#e7 8     
gov]nm5t4     7#e7 ,lit4 along (4       
,soc4 ,& ! same pupil mu/ be furni%$ ) a
 p[] ( hold+ out  aga9/ ?ir/ also :5 !  
crav+ to qu5* x comes ^u him8    ,ar4   
,c]ta9ly he mu/4    ,soc4 ,& on :i* ( ! 
two %all we conf] su* self-control 9    
reg>d  to sleep z %all enable him to re/
 late & rise e>ly1 or keep vigil1  if ! 
ne$ arise8    ,ar4 ,to ! same "o ( ! two
 mu/ be giv5 t endurance also4    ,soc4 
,well1 & a cont95ce 9 reg>d to matt]s   

sexual s great t  no?+ ( ! sort %all    
prev5t him f do+ 8 duty8 ,:i* ( !m      
claims t8    ,ar4 ,! same "o ( ! pair   
aga94    ,soc4 ,well1 & on :i* ( ! two  
%all be be/[$1 z a fur!r gift1  !       
volunt>y resolution to face toils r ?an 
turn & flee f  !m8    ,ar4 ,?is1 too1   
belongs ( "r to him :o is be+ tra9$ =   
gov]nm5t4    ,soc4 ,well1 & to :i* ( !m 
w x bett] accord to be taught all  k    
necess>y t[>ds ! ma/]y ( antagoni/s8    
,ar4 ,to our future rul] c]ta9ly1 = )\t 
^! p>ts ( le>n+  all 8 o!r capacities w 
be m]ely wa/e4    ,soc4 7#f7,w n a man s
 educat$ be less liable to be entrapp$  
by  rival p[]s1 & s escape a common fate
 ( liv+ creatures1 "s  ( :i* 7z we all  
"k7 are hook$ ?r\gh _! own gre$9ess1 &  
(t5 ev5 9 spite ( a native %yness2 b    
?r\gh appetite =  food !y are drawn     
t[>ds ! bait1 & are caught2 :ile o!rs   
are  simil>ly ensn>$ by dr9k8     7#f7  
7,,ss4 #d1 #e1 ,l4 ,d9d4 ed ,lips47     
,ar4 ,und\bt$ly4    ,soc4 ,& o!rs aga9  
are victims ( amor\s heat1 z quails1 =  

in/ance1 or p>tridges1 :i*1 at ! cry ( !
 h5-bird1 )  lu/ & expectation ( su*    
joys gr[ wild1 & lose _! p[] (  comput+ 
dang]s3 on !y ru%1 & fall into ! sn>e ( 
! hunt]8    ,ari/ippus ass5t$4    ,soc4 
,& w\ld x n seem to be a base ?+ = a man
 to be affect$  l ! sillie/ bird or     
bea/8 z :5 ! adult]] invades !  inn]mo/ 
sanctum 7#g7 ( ! h\se1 ?\gh he is well  
aw>e ( ! risks  :i* 8 crime involves1   
7#h7 ! =midable p5alties ( ! law1  !    
dang] ( be+ caught 9 ! toils1 & !n      
suff]+ ! dire/  contumely4 ,consid]+ all
 ! hide\s p5alties :i* hang ov] !       
adult]]'s head1 consid]+ also ! _m means
 at h& to release him  f ! ?raldom ( 8  
passion1 t a man %\ld s drive headlong  
on  to ! quicks&s ( p]dition 7#i7--:at  
are we to say ( su* fr5zy8  ,! wret* :o 
c s behave mu/ surely be torm5t$ by an  
evil _s8  7#aj7     7#g7 eis z eirktas4 
,! p5etralia4     7#h7 ,or1 he kn[s !   
risks he runs ( suff]+ ^? p5alties )    
:i* ! law ?reat5s 8 crime %\ld he fall  
into ! sn>e1      & be+ caught1 be      

mutilat$4     7#i7 ,or1 leap headlong   
into ! jaws ( dang]4     7#aj7          
kakodaimonontos4    ,ar4 ,s x /rikes me4
    ,soc4 ,& does x n /rike y z a sign (
 /range indiff]5ce t1  :]eas ! great]   
numb] ( ! indisp5sable affairs ( m51 z =
  in/ance1 ^? ( w> & agriculture1 & m   
?an half ! re/1  ne$ to be conduct$ "u !
 broad canopy ( heav51 7#aa7 yet !      
majority ( m5 are q untra9$ to wre/le ) 
cold & heat8     7#aa7 ,or1 9 ! op5 air4
    ,ari/ippus aga9 ass5t$4    ,soc4 ,& 
d y n agree t he :o is de/9$ to rule mu/
 tra9  himself to be> ^! ?+s lightly8   
,ar4 ,mo/ c]ta9ly4    ,soc4 ,& :il/ we  
rank ^? :o are self-discipl9$ 9 all ^!  
matt]s among p]sons fit to rule1 we are 
b\nd to place ^? incapable  ( su*       
conduct 9 ! category ( p]sons )\t any   
pret5sion  :atsoev] to be rul]s8    ,ar4
 ,i ass5t4    ,soc4 ,well1 !n1 s9ce y "k
 ! rank peculi> to ei!r section (       
mank9d1 did x ev] /rike y to consid] to 
:i* ( ! two y are  be/ entitl$ to       
belong8    ,yes ,i h 7repli$            

,ari/ippus74 ,i d n dream = a mom5t (   
rank+  myself 9 ! class ( ^? :o wi% to  
rule4 ,9 fact1 consid]+ h[  s]i\s a     
bus9ess x is to cat] = "o's own private 
ne$s1 ,i look  ^u x z ! m>k ( a fool n  
to be cont5t ) t1 b to  fur!r saddle    
oneself ) ! duty ( provid+ ! re/ ( !    
community ) :atev] !y may be pleas$ to  
want4 ,t1 at ! co/  ( mu* p]sonal       
enjoym5t1 a man %\ld put himself at !   
head ( a  /ate1 & !n1 if he fail to c>ry
 ?r\gh e jot & tittle (  t /ate's       
desire1 be held to crim9al acc\nt1 does 
seem to me !  v extravagance ( folly4   
,:y1 bless me6 /ates claim to treat _!  
rul]s precisely z ,i treat my dome/ic   
slaves4 ,i expect my att5dants  to      
furni% me ) an abundance ( necess>ies1 b
 n to lay a f+]  on "o ( !m !mselves4 ,s
 ^! /ates reg>d x z ! duty ( a  rul] to 
provide !m ) all ! good ?+s imag9able1 b
 to keep  8 own h&s (f !m all ! :ile4   
7#ab7 ,s !n1 = my "p1 if  anybody       
desires to h a heap ( po!r himself1     
7#ac7 & be a nuisance  to ! re/ ( ! _w1 

,i w educate him 9 ! mann] sugge/$1  &  
he %all take 8 place among ^? :o are fit
 to rule2 b =  myself1 ,i beg to be     
enroll$ among/ ^? :o wi% to sp5d _! days
  z easily & pleasantly z possible4     
7#ab7 ,or1 b he mu/ h no f+] 9 ! pie    
himself4     7#ac7 ,see ,kuhn] ad loc4  
,soc4 ,%all we !n at ?is po9t turn &    
inquire :i* ( ! two are  likely to lead 
! pleasant] life1 ! rul]s or ! rul$8    
,ar4 ,by all means let u d s4    ,soc4  
,to beg9 !n ) ! nations & races kn[n to 
ourselves4 7#ad7  ,9 ,asia ! ,p]sians   
are ! rul]s1 :ile ! ,syrians1           
,phrygians1  ,lydians are rul$2 & 9     
,europe we f9d ! ,scy?ians rul+1 & !    
,maeotians be+ rul$4 ,9 ,africa 7#ae7 ! 
,c>?ag9ians are rul]s1 !  ,libyans rul$4
 ,:i* ( ^! two sets respectively leads !
 happi]  life1 9 y\r op9ion8 ,or1 to    
come ne>] home--y are y\rself a         
,hell5e--:i* among ,hell5es enjoy !     
happi] exi/5ce1 ?9k y1  ! dom9ant or !  
subject /ates8     7#ad7 ,or1 ! out] _w1
 ! non-,hell5ic races & nationalities ( 

:i* we h any k4     7#ae7 ,lit4 ,libya4 
,nay1 7#af7 ,i w\ld h y to und]/&       
7exclaim$ ,ari/ippus7 t ,i  am j z f> f 
plac+ myself 9 ! ranks ( slav]y2 !re is1
 ,i  take x1 a middle pa? betwe5 ! two  
:i* x is my ambition to tread1  avoid+  
rule & slav]y alike2 x lies ?r\gh       
fre$om--! high road  :i* leads to       
happ9ess4     7#af7 ,or1 ,p>don me      
int]rupt+ y1 ,socrates2 b ,i h n !      
slighte/ int5tion ( plac+ myself4 ,see  
,w4 ,l4 ,newman1 op4 cit4      i4 #cjf4 
,soc4 ,true1 if only y\r pa? c\ld avoid 
human be+s1 z x avoids rule  & slav]y1  
!re w\ld be some?+ 9 :at y say4 ,b be+  
plac$  z y are amid/ human be+s1 if y   
purpose nei!r to rule nor to be  rul$1 &
 d n mean to dance att5dance1 if y c    
help x1 on ^?  :o rule1 y mu/ surely see
 t ! /rong] h an art to seat !  weak] on
 ! /ool ( rep5tance 7#ag7 bo? 9 public &
 9 private1  & to treat !m z slaves4 ,i 
d>esay y h n fail$ to note ?is  common  
case3 a set ( p has s[n & plant$1       
:]eupon 9 comes  ano!r set & cuts _!    

corn & fells _! fruit-trees1 & 9  e way 
lays siege to !m because1 ?\gh weak]1 !y
 refuse to pay  !m prop] c\rt1 till at  
l5g? !y are p]suad$ to accept slav]y  r 
?an w> aga9/ _! bett]s4 ,& 9 private    
life also1  y w be> me out1 ! brave &   
p[]ful are kn[n to r$uce !  helpless &  
c[>dly to bondage1 & to make no small   
pr(it out (  _! victims4     7#ag7 ,see 
,symp4 iii4 #aa2 ,cyrop4 ,,ii4 ii4 #ad2 
,plat4 ,ion1 #ece ,e2 ,l4      ,d9dorf  
ad loc4    ,ar4 ,yes1 b ,i mu/ tell y ,i
 h a simple rem$y aga9/ all su*         
misadv5tures4 ,i d n conf9e myself to   
any s+le civil community4 ,i  roam !    
wide _w a =eign]4    ,soc4 ,well1 n[1 t 
is a ma/]ly /roke1 ^u my ^w6 7#ah7 ,(   
c\rse1  ev] s9ce ! decease ( ,s9is1 &   
,sciron1 & ,procru/es1 7#ai7  =eign     
travell]s h _h an easy "t ( x4 ,b /ill1 
if ,i be?9k  me1 ev5 9 ^! mod]n days !  
memb]s ( free communities d  pass laws 9
 _! respective c\ntries =               
self-protection aga9/  wrong-do+4 ,ov] &
 above _! p]sonal connections1 !y       

provide  !mselves ) a ho/ ( fri5ds2 !y  
gird _! cities ab\t )  walls &          
battlem5ts2 !y collect armam5ts to w>d  
(f evil-do]s2  & to make security d\bly 
sure1 !y furni% !mselves ) allies  f    
=eign /ates4 ,9 spite ( all :i* def5sive
 ma*9]y ^!  same free citiz5s d         
occasionally fall victims to inju/ice4  
,b y1  :o are )\t any ( ^! aids2 y1 :o  
pass half y\r days on !  high roads :]e 
iniquity is rife2 7#bj7 y1 :o1 into     
:atev] city  y ent]1 are less ?an ! lea/
 ( its free memb]s1 & moreov] are  j !  
sort ( p]son :om any "o b5t on mis*ief  
w\ld s+le out  = attack--yet y1 ) y\r   
=eign]'s passport1 are to be  exempt f  
injury8 ,s y flatt] y\rself4 ,& :y8 ,w !
 /ate  au?orities cause proclamation to 
be made on y\r behalf3 ,! p]son  ( ?is  
man ,ari/ippus is secure2 let 8 go+ out 
& 8 com+ 9  be free f dang]8 ,is t !    
gr\nd ( y\r confid5ce8 or d y  r re/    
secure 9 ! consci\sness t y w\ld prove  
su* a  slave z no ma/] w\ld c>e to keep8
 ,= :o w\ld c>e to h 9  8 h\se a fell[ )

 s slight a disposition to "w & s /rong 
a prop5sity to extravagance8 ,suppose we
 /op & consid] t v  po9t3 h[ d ma/]s    
deal ) t sort ( dome/ic8 ,if ,i am n    
mi/ak51 !y *a/ise 8 wantonness by       
/>vation2 !y balk 8  ?iev+ t5d5cies by  
b>s & bolts :]e !re is any?+ to /eal2   
!y h9d] him f runn+ away by bonds &     
imprisonm5t2 !y drive  ! sluggi%ness out
 ( him ) ! la%4 ,is x n s8 ,or h[ d y   
proce$ :5 y discov] ! l t5d5cy 9 "o (   
y\r dome/ics8     7#ah7 ,or1 ,well      
foil$6 ,a ma/]ly fall6 my pr9ce (       
wre/l]s4     7#ai7 ,= ^! my?ical highway
 robb]s1 see ,diod4 iv4 #ei2 & =        
,sciron 9 p>ticul>1 ,plut4 ,!seus1 #aj4 
7#bj7 ,or1 :]e s _m suff] wrong4    ,ar4
 ,i correct !m ) all ! plagues1 till ,i 
=ce !m to s]ve me  prop]ly4 ,b1         
,socrates1 to return to y\r pupil       
educat$ 9 ! royal  art1 7#ba7 :i*1 if ,i
 mi/ake n1 y hold to be happ9ess3 h[1   
may ,i  ask1 w he be bett] (f ?an o!rs  
:o lie 9 evil case1 9 spite  ( !mselves1
 simply because !y suff] p]=ce1 b 9 8   

case !  hung] & ! ?ir/1 ! cold %iv]s & !
 ly+ awake at nights1  ) all ! *anges he
 w r+ on pa91 are ( 8 own *oos+8 ,=  my 
"p ,i _c see :at diff]5ce x makes1      
provid$ x is "o &  ! same b>e back :i*  
receives ! /ripes1 :e!r ! :ipp+ be      
self-appo9t$ or unask$ =2 nor inde$ does
 x conc]n my body 9  g5]al1 provid$ x be
 my body1 :e!r ,i am beleagu]$ by a :ole
  armam5t ( su* evils 7#bb7 ( my own w  
or aga9/ my w--except  only = ! folly   
:i* atta*es to self-appo9t$ suff]+4     
7#ba7 ,cf4 bel[1 ,,iv4 ii4 #aa2 ,plat4  
,/atesm4 #bei ,b2 ,eu?yd4 #bia ,c2      
,k4 ,joel1 op4 cit4 p4 #chg foll4       
,ari/ippus anticipates ,adeimantus      
7,rep4 #dai71 ,w4 ,l4 ,newman1 op4 cit4 
i4 #cie4     7#bb7 ,cf4 suff]s ! sl+s & 
arr[s ( outrage\s =tune4    ,soc4 ,:at1 
,ari/ippus1 does x n seem to y t1 z     
reg>ds su*  matt]s1 !re is all !        
diff]5ce betwe5 volunt>y & involunt>y   
suff]+1 9 t he :o />ves ( 8 own accord c
 eat :5 he  *ooses1 & he :o ?ir/s ( 8   
own free w c dr9k1 & s =  ! re/2 b he :o

 suff]s 9 ^! ways p]=ce _c desi/ f  !   
suff]+ :5 ! hum\r takes him8 ,aga91 he  
:o suff]s h>d%ip  volunt>ily1 gaily     
confronts 8 tr\bles1 be+ buoy$ on hope  
7#bc7--;j z a hunt] 9 pursuit ( wild    
bea/s1 ?r\gh hope (  captur+ 8 qu>ry1   
f9ds toil a pleasure--& ^! are b prizes 
(  little wor? 9 return = _! lab\rs2 b  
:at %all we say ( _!  rew>d :o toil to  
obta9 to !mselves good fri5ds1 or to    
subdue _!  enemies1 or t ?r\gh /r5g? (  
body & s\l !y may adm9i/]  _! h\seholds 
well1 befri5d _! fri5ds1 & b5efit ! l&  
:i* gave !m bir?8 ,mu/ we n suppose t ^!
 too w take  _! sorr[s lightly1 look+ to
 ^! high ends8 ,mu/ we n suppose  t !y  
too w gaily confront exi/5ce1 :o h to   
support !m  n only _! consci\s virtue1 b
 ! praise & admiration ( !  _w8 7#bd7 ,&
 once m1 habits ( indol5ce1 along ) !   
fleet+  pleasures ( ! mom5t1 are        
incapable1 z gymna/ic tra9]s say1 (     
sett+ up 7#be7 a good habit ( body1 or (
 implant+ 9 ! s\l any  k wor?y ( acc\nt2
 :]eas by pa9/ak+ endeav\r 9 !  pursuit 

( high & noble de$s1 z good m5 tell u1  
?r\gh endurance  we %all 9 ! end atta9 !
 goal4 ,s ,hesiod some:]e says3 7#bf7   
,wick$ness may a man take :olesale )    
ease1 smoo? is ! way      & h]          
dwell+-place is v nigh2 b 9 front (     
virtue !      immortal gods h plac$ toil
 & sweat1 long is ! pa? &      /eep t   
leads to h]1 & rugg$ at ! fir/1 b :5 !  
summit ( ! pass is rea*$1 !n = all its  
r\ghness ! pa?      gr[s easy4     7#bc7
 ,cf4 above1 ,i4 vi4 #h4     7#bd7 ,or1 
9 admiration ( !mselves1 ! praise & envy
 ( !      _w at l>ge4     7#be7 ,see    
,hippocrates1 ,v4 ,m$4 #ah4     7#bf7   
,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1 #bhe4 ,see     
,plat4 ,prot4 #cdj ,c2 ,rep4      ii4   
#cfd ,d2 ,laws1 iv4 #gah ,e4    ,&      
,ephi*>mus 7#bg7 be>s 8 te/imony :5 he  
says3        ,! gods sell u all good ?+s
 9 return = our lab\rs4     7#bg7       
,epi*>mus ( ,cos1 ! *ief comic poet     
among ! ,dorians1 fl4      #ejj ,b4,c4  
,cf4 ,plat4 ,!aet4 #aeb ,e1 ! pr9ce (   
com$y2      ,gorg4 #eje ,d4    ,& aga9 9

 ano!r passage he exclaims3        ,set 
n ?9e he>t on s(t ?+s1 ?\ knave1 le/ ?\ 
light      ^u ! h>d4    ,& t wise man   
,prodicus 7#bh7 deliv]s himself 9 a l   
/ra9  conc]n+ virtue 9 t composition ( 8
 ab\t ,h]acles1 :i*  cr[ds h li/5$ to4  
7#bi7 ,?is1 z f> z ,i c recollect x1 is 
!  sub/ance at lea/ ( :at he says3      
7#bh7 ,prodicus ( ,ceos4 ,see ,plat4    
,m54 #bd2 ,cratyl4 #a2 ,philo/r4        
,vit4 ,soph4 i4 #ab4     7#bi7 ,or1 :i* 
he is fond ( recit+ z a specim5 ( /yle4 
,!      title ( ! epideixis 0 ',orai    
accord+ to ,suidas1      ,prodikos4     
,:5 ,h]acles 0 em]g+ f boyhood into !   
bloom ( y\?1 hav+  rea*$ t season 9 :i* 
! "y man1 n[ /&+ ^u ! v]ge  (           
indep5d5ce1 %[s pla9ly :e!r he w ent] ^u
 ! pa? (  virtue or ( vice1 he w5t =?   
into a quiet place1 & sat debat+  )     
himself :i* ( ^? two pa?s he %\ld       
pursue2 & z he !re  sat mus+1 !re appe>$
 to him two wom5 ( great /ature :i* drew
  nigh to him4 ,! "o 0 fair to look ^u1 
frank & free by gift  ( nature1 7#cj7 h]

 limbs adorn$ ) purity & h] eyes )      
ba%fulness2 sobriety set ! rhy?m ( h]   
gait1 & %e 0 clad 9  :ite app>el4 ,! o!r
 0 ( a diff]5t type2 ! fle%y s(tness  ( 
h] limbs betray$ h] nurture1 :ile !     
complexion ( h] sk9 0  embelli%$ t %e   
might appe> :it] & rosi] ?an %e really  
01 & h] figure t %e might seem tall] ?an
 nature made h]2  %e />$ ) wide-op5     
eyes1 & ! raim5t :]e) %e 0 clad  s]v$ b 
to reveal ! rip5ess ( h] bloom4 ,)      
frequ5t glances  %e survey$ h] p]son1 or
 look$ to see if o!rs notic$ h]2 :ile   
ev] & anon %e fix$ h] gaze ^u ! %ad[ (  
h]self int5tly4     7#cj7 ,read+        
eleu!rion phusei1444 or if eleu!rion1   
phusei444 translate nature _h adorn$ h] 
limbs444    ,n[ :5 ^! two _h drawn ne>  
to ,h]acles1 %e :o 0 fir/  nam$ advanc$ 
at an ev5 pace 7#ca7 t[>ds him1 b ! o!r1
 9 h]  eag]ness to out/rip h]1 ran =w>d 
to ! y\?1 exclaim+1 ',i see  y1         
,h]acles1 9 d\bt & difficulty :at pa? ( 
life to *oose2 make  me y\r fri5d1 & ,i 
w lead y to ! pleasante/ road & easie/4 

,?is ,i promise y3 y %all ta/e all (    
life's sweets & escape all  bitt]s4 ,9 !
 fir/ place1 y %all n tr\ble y\r bra9 ) 
w> or bus9ess2 o!r topics %all engage   
y\r m9d2 7#cb7 y\r only  speculation1   
:at meat or dr9k y %all f9d agreeable to
 y\r palate2  :at delight 7#cc7 ( e> or 
eye2 :at pleasure ( smell or t\*2 :at   
d>l+ lov]'s int]c\rse %all mo/ enrapture
 y2 h[ y %all  pill[ y\r limbs 9 s(te/  
slumb]2 h[ cull ea* individual pleasure 
)\t alloy ( pa92 & if ev] ! suspicion   
/eal ^u y t !  /ream ( joys w "o day    
dw9dle1 tru/ me ,i w n lead y :]e  y    
%all repl5i% ! /ore by toil ( body &    
tr\ble ( s\l4 ,no6  o!rs %all lab\r1 b y
 %all reap ! fruit ( _! lab\rs2 y  %all 
)hold y\r h& f n\ght :i* %all br+ y ga94
 ,= to  all my foll[]s ,i give au?ority 
& p[] to help !mselves freely  f e      
side4'     7#ca7 ,or1 )\t *ange 9 h]    
demean\r4     7#cb7 ,read+ diese1 or    
dioisei1 y %all cont9ue speculat+       
solely4     7#cc7 ,x w be recollect$ t  
,prodicus prid$ himself on or?otes      

onomaton4 ,possibly ,x5ophon is imitat+ 
7c>icatur+87 8      /yle4 t]ph!ies1     
e/heies1 euphran!ies4    ,h]acles he>+  
^! words made answ]3 ',:at1 ,o lady1 is 
! "n  y be>8' ,to :i* %e3 ',"k t my     
fri5ds call be ,happ9ess1  b !y t hate  
me h _! own nicknames 7#cd7 = me1 ,vice 
&  ,naught9ess4'     7#cd7 ,s ! vulg4   
upokorizom5oi is int]pret$4 ,cobet      
7,pros4 ,x54      p4 #cf7 sugge/s       
upoknizom5oi  quippe qui desid]io       
pungantur4    ,b j !n ! o!r ( ^? fair   
wom5 approa*$ & spoke3  ',h]acles1 ,i   
too am come to y1 see+ t y\r p>5ts are  
well  kn[n to me1 & 9 y\r nurture ,i h  
gaug$ y\r nature2 :]e=e ,i  ent]ta9 good
 hope t if y *oose ! pa? :i* leads to   
me1 y  %all greatly be/ir y\rself to be 
! do] ( _m a d\ghty de$ (  noble        
emprise2 & t ,i too %all be held 9 ev5  
high] hon\r =  y\r sake1 lit ) ! lu/re  
%$ by valor\s de$s4 7#ce7 ,i w n  *eat y
 ) prelud+s ( pleasure1 7#cf7 b ,i w    
relate to y !  ?+s t are accord+ to !   
ord9ances ( ,god 9 v tru?4 ,"k  !n t    

among ?+s t are lovely & ( good report1 
n "o h  ! gods be/[$ ^u mortal m5 ap>t f
 toil & pa9s4 ,w\ld  y obta9 ! fav\r ( !
 gods1 !n mu/ y pay ^! same gods        
s]vice2 w\ld y be lov$ by y\r fri5ds1 y 
mu/ b5efit ^!  fri5ds2 d y desire to be 
hon\r$ by ! /ate1 y mu/ give !  /ate y\r
 aid2 d y claim admiration = y\r virtue 
f all ,hellas1  y mu/ /rive to d "s good
 to ,hellas2 d y wi% e>? to yield  h]   
fruits to y abundantly1 to e>? mu/ y pay
 y\r c\rt2 d y  seek to amass ri*es f   
y\r flocks & h]ds1 on !m mu/ y be/[  y\r
 lab\r2 or is x y\r ambition to be pot5t
 z a w>rior1 able to  save y\r fri5ds & 
to subdue y\r foes1 !n mu/ y le>n ! arts
  ( w> f ^? :o h ! k1 & practise _!     
application  9 ! field :5 le>n$2 or w\ld
 y e'en be p[]ful ( limb &  body1 !n mu/
 y habituate limbs & body to obey ! m9d1
 &  ex]cise y\rself ) toil & sweat4'    
7#ce7 ,or1 ba!d 9 ! spl5d\r ( ?y        
virtues4     7#cf7 ,or1 honey$ ov]tures 
( pleasure4    ,at ?is po9t1 7z         
,prodicus relates7 ,vice broke 9        

exclaim+3 ',see  y1 ,h]acles1 h[ h>d &  
long ! road is by :i* yond] woman w\ld  
escort y to h] fe/al joys4 7#cg7 ,b ,i w
 guide y by a %ort &  easy road to      
happ9ess4'     7#cg7 ,hesiod1 ,!og4     
#iji2 ,milton1 ,l',allegro1 #ab4    ,!n 
spoke ,virtue3 ',nay1 wret*$ "o1 :at    
good ?+ ha/ ?\8 or  :at sweet ?+ art ?\ 
acqua9t$ )--t wilt /ir nei!r h&  nor    
foot to ga9 x8 ,?\1 t maye/ n ev5 await 
! desire (  pleasure1 b1 or ev] t desire
 spr+s up1 art already satiat$2  eat+   
be=e ?\ hung]e/1 & dr9k+ be=e ?\ ?ir/e?2
 :o to  eke out an appetite mu/ inv5t an
 army ( cooks & confection]s2 &  to :et 
?y ?ir/ mu/ lay d[n co/lie/ w9es1 & run 
up & d[n  9 se>* ( ice 9 summ]-"t2 to   
help ?y slumb]s s(t cov]lets  suffice n1
 b c\*es & fea!r-b$s mu/ be prep>$ !e & 
rock]s to rock !e to re/2 s9ce desire = 
sleep 9 ?y case spr+s  n f toil b f     
vacuity & no?+ 9 ! _w to d4 ,ev5 !      
natural appetite ( love ?\ =ce/         
prematurely by e means ?\  maye/ devise1
 conf\nd+ ! sexes 9 ?y s]vice4 ,?us ?\  

educate/  ?y fri5ds3 ) insult 9 ! night 
season & dr[se ( slumb]  dur+ ! preci\s 
h\rs ( ! day4 ,immortal1 ?\ art ca/ =?  
f ! company ( gods1 & by good m5 art    
di%on\r$3 t sweete/  s\nd ( all1 ! voice
 ( praise1 has nev] ?rill$ ?9e e>s2 &  !
 faire/ ( all fair visions is hidd5 f   
?9e eyes t h  nev] beheld "o b\nte\s de$
 wr\ght by ?9e own h&4 ,if ?\  op5e/ ?y 
lips 9 spee*1 :o w believe ?y ^w8 ,if ?\
 ha/ ne$  ( aught1 none %all satisfy !e4
 ,:at sane man w v5ture to jo9  ?y      
rablle r\t8 ,ill inde$ are ?y revell]s  
to look ^u1 "y m5  impot5t ( body1 & old
 m5 witless 9 m9d3 9 ! heyday ( life  !y
 batt5 9 sleek idl5ess1 & we>ily d !y   
drag ?r\gh an age  ( wr9kl$ wret*$ness3 
& :y8 !y blu% ) %ame at ! ?\ght  ( de$s 
done 9 ! pa/1 & groan = we>9ess at :at  
is left to  d4 ,dur+ _! y\? !y ran riot 
?r\gh _! sweet ?+s1 &  laid up =        
!mselves l>ge /ore ( bitt]ness aga9/ !  
"t (  eld4 ,b my companion%ip is ) !    
gods2 & ) ! good among m5  my           
conv]sation2 no b\nte\s de$1 div9e or   

human1 is wr\ght )\t  my aid4 ,!re=e am 
,i hon\r$ 9 ,heav5 pre-em95tly1 & ^u    
e>? among m5 ^: "r x is to hon\r me2    
7#ch7 z a belov$  fell[-work] ( all     
craftsm52 a fai?ful gu>dian ( h\se &    
l&s1  :om ! own]s bless2 a k9dly        
helpmeet ( s]vants2 7#ci7 a brave       
assi/ant 9 ! lab\rs ( peace2 an unfl9*+ 
ally 9 ! de$s (  w>2 a %>] 9 all        
fri5d%ips indisp5sable4 ,to my fri5ds is
 giv5  an enjoym5t ( meats & dr9ks1 :i* 
is sweet 9 itself & devoid  ( tr\ble1 9 
t !y c endure until desire rip5s1 &     
sleep m  delici\s visits !m ?an ^? :o   
toil n4 ,yet !y are n pa9$  to "p ) x2  
nor = ! sake ( slumb] d !y let slip !   
p]=mance ( _! duties4 ,among my foll[]s 
! y\? delights 9  ! praises ( 8 eld]s1 &
 ! old man glories 9 ! hon\r ( !  "y2 ) 
joy !y call to memory _! de$s ( old1 & 9
 to-day's  well-do+ are well pleas$4 ,= 
my sake !y are de> 9 ! sight  ( ,god1   
belov$ ( _! fri5ds & hon\r$ by ! c\ntry 
( _!  bir?4 ,:5 ! appo9t$ goal is rea*$ 
!y lie n d[n 9 oblivion  ) di%on\r1 b   

bloom afre%--_! praise res\nd$ on ! lips
 (  m5 = ev]4 7#dj7 ,toils l ^!1 ,o son 
( noble p>5ts1 ,h]acles1  x is y\rs to  
meet )1 & hav+ endur$1 to ent] into !   
h]itage  assur$ y ( transc5dant         
happ9ess4'     7#ch7 ,read+ ois         
prosekei1 or if proseko1 translate to   
:om ,i am      atta*$4     7#ci7 ,cf4   
,econ4 v4 #h4     7#dj7 ,or1 s true is  
x1 a bran* is left !m2 undy+ hon\r to   
_! "n6    ,?is1 ,ari/ippus1 9 r\gh sket*
 is ! !me :i* ,prodicus pursues  7#da7 9
 8 ,education ( ,h]acles by ,virtue1    
only he deck$ out  8 s5tim5ts1 ,i admit1
 9 f> m magnific5t phrases ?an ,i h     
v5tur$ on4 ,7 x n well1 ,ari/ippus1 to  
lay to he>t ^!  say+s1 & to /rive to    
be?9k y some:at ( t :i* t\*es !  future 
( our life8     7#da7 ,read+ diokei1 al4
 diokei  s ,prodicus arrang$ ! p>ts     
( 8 disc\rse4      ,,ii    ,at ano!r "t1
 he _h notic$ ! angry temp] %[n by      
,lamprocles1  ! eld] ( 8 sons1 t[>ds _! 
"m1 & ?us address$ himself  to ! lad4   
,soc4 ,pray1 my son1 did y ev] he> (    

c]ta9 p be+ call$  ungrateful8    ,t ,i 
h 7repli$ ! "y man74    ,soc4 ,& h y    
und]/ood :at x is !y d to get t bad "n8 
,lamp4 ,yes1 ,i h3 :5 any "o has be5    
k9dly treat$1 & has x 9  8 p[] to       
requite ! k9dness b neglects to d s1 m5 
call him  ungrateful4    ,soc4 ,& y     
admit t p reckon ! ungrateful among     
wrongdo]s8    ,lamp4 ,i d4    ,soc4 ,&  
has x ev] /ruck y to inquire :e!r1 z    
reg>ds ! "r  or wrong ( x1 +ratitude may
 n p]haps resemble "s su* conduct  z !  
enslavem5t1 say1 ( prison]s1 :i* is     
acc\nt$ wrong t[>ds  fri5ds b ju/ifiable
 t[>ds enemies8    ,lamp4 ,yes1 ,i h put
 t "q to myself4 ,9 my op9ion1 no matt] 
:o conf]s ! k9dness1 fri5d or foe1 !    
recipi5t %\ld endeav\r  to requite x1   
fail+ :i* he is a wrongdo]4    ,soc4 ,!n
 if t is h[ ! matt] /&s1 +ratitude w\ld 
be an  in/ance ( pure unadult]ate       
wrongdo+8    ,lamprocles ass5t$ to !    
proposition4    ,soc4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t 9
 proportion to ! greatness ( !  b5efit  
conf]r$1 ! great] 8 misdo+ :o fails to  

requite !  k9dness8    ,lamprocles aga9 
ass5t$4    ,socrates cont9u$3 ,& :]e c  
we hope to f9d great] b5efits ?an  ^?   
:i* *ildr5 d]ive f _! p>5ts--_! fa!r &  
"m  :o br\ght !m out ( no?+ness into    
be+1 :o grant$ !m to look  ^u all ^!    
fair sights1 & to p>take ( all ^?       
bless+s :i*  ! gods be/[ on man1 ?+s s  
priceless 9 our eyes t "o & all  we     
%udd] at ! ?\ght ( leav+ !m1 & /ates h  
made dea?  ! p5alty = ! greate/ crimes1 
because !re is no great] evil  ?r\gh fe>
 ( :i* to /ay iniquity4    ,y d n       
suppose t human be+s produce *ildr5 = ! 
sake (  c>nal pleasure 7#a7 m]ely2 7 ?is
 ! motive1 /reet & bordell are  full (  
means to quit !m ( t ?rall2 :]eas no?+  
is pla9]  ?an ! pa9s we take to seek out
 wives :o %all be> u ! f9e/  *ildr54    
7#b7 ,) ^! we w$1 & c>ry on ! race4 ,!  
man has a  tw(old duty to p]=m3 p>tly 9 
*]i%+ h] :o is to raise up  *ildr5 along
 ) him1 & p>tly t[>ds ! *ildr5 yet      
unborn  9 provid+ !m ) ?+s t he ?9ks w  
contribute to _!  well-be+--& ( ^! z    

l>ge a /ore z possible4 ,! woman1       
conceiv+1 be>s h] preci\s bur!n )       
travail & pa91 & at !  risk ( life      
itself--%>+ ) t )9 h] womb ! food on :i*
  %e h]self is f$4 ,& :5 ) mu* lab\r %e 
has borne to ! end  & br\ght =? h]      
(fspr+1 %e fe$s x & wat*es ov] x )  t5d]
 c>e--n 9 return = any good ?+ previ\sly
 receiv$1 =  inde$ ! babe itself is     
little consci\s ( its b5efactor & _c    
ev5 signify its wants2 only %e1 ! "m1   
mak+ conjecture ( :at  is good = x1 &   
:at w please x1 essays to satisfy x2    
7#c7  & = _m mon?s %e fe$s x night &    
day1 endur+ ! toil nor  reck+ :at return
 %e %all receive = all h] tr\ble4 ,nor  
does !  c>e & k9dness ( p>5ts end )     
nurture2 b :5 ! *ildr5  seem ( an age to
 le>n1 !y tea* !m !mselves :atev] cunn+ 
!y possess1 z a guide to life1 or :]e !y
 feel t ano!r is  m compet5t1 to him !y 
s5d !m to be taught at _! exp5se4  ,?us 
!y wat* ov] _! *ildr51 do+ all 9 _! p[] 
to enable  !m to gr[ up to be z good z  
possible4     7#a7 ,lit4 ! joys (       

,aphrodite4     7#b7 ,= ! procreation ( 
*ildr54 ,see bel[1 ,,iv4 iv4 #bb2 ,pol4 
,lac4 i4     7#c7 ,lit4 to leave n\ght  
lack+4    ,s be x 7! y\? answ]$72 b ev5 
if %e h done all t1  & tw5ty times z    
mu*1 no s\l on e>? c\ld endure my "m's  
cross-gra9$ temp]4    ,!n ,socrates3    
,:i*1 ?9k y1 w\ld be h>d] to be>--a wild
 bea/'s  savag]y or a "m's8    ,lamp4   
,to my m9d1 a "m's--at lea/ if %e be su*
 z m9e4    ,soc4 ,de> me6 ,& has ?is "m 
ev] done y any injury--su* z  p         
frequ5tly receive f bea/s1 by bite or   
kick8    ,lamp4 ,if %e has n done q t1  
%e uses words :i* any "o w\ld  soon]    
sell 8 life ?an li/5 to4    ,soc4 ,& h[ 
_m annoyances h y caus$ y\r "m1 d y     
suppose1 by fretfulness & peevi%ness 9  
^w & de$1 night & day1  s9ce y 7 a      
little boy8 ,h[ mu* sorr[ & pa91 :5 y 7 
ill8    ,lamp4 ,well1 ,i nev] said or   
did any?+ to br+ a blu% to h] *eeks4    
,soc4 ,no1 come n[6 ,d y suppose x is   
h>d] = y to li/5 to y\r  "m's spee*es   
?an = actor to li/5 to actor on ! tragic

 /age1  7#d7 :5 ! floodgates ( abuse are
 op5$8     7#d7 ,see ,grote1 ,h4 ,g4    
viii4 #deg2 ,plut4 ,solon1 xxix4        
,lamp4 ,yes2 = ! simple reason t !y "k x
 is all talk on _!  p>ts4 ,! inquisitor 
may cross-"q1 b he w n inflict  a f9e2 !
 ?reat5] may hurl 8 m5aces1 b he w d no 
mis*ief--t is :y !y take x all s easily4
    ,soc4 ,!n ought y to fly into a     
passion1 :o "k well en\gh t1  :atev] y\r
 "m says1 %e is s f> f mean+ y mis*ief t
  %e is actually wi%+ bless+s to desc5d 
^u y beyond all o!rs8  ,or d y believe t
 y\r "m is really ill dispos$ t[>ds y8  
,lamp4 ,no1 ,i d n ?9k t4    ,soc4 ,!n  
?is "m1 :o is k9dly dispos$ to y1 &     
takes su*  t5d] c>e ( y :5 y are ill to 
make y well aga91 & to see  t y want =  
no?+ :i* may help y2 &1 m ?an all1 :o is
  p]petually plead+ = bless+s 9 y\r     
behalf & (f]+ h] v[s  to ,heav5 7#e7--;c
 y say ( h] t %e is cross-gra9$ & h>%8  
,= my "p1 ,i ?9k1 if y _c away ) su* a  
"m1 y _c  away ) su* bless+s ei!r4      
7#e7 ,or1 pay+ v[s4    ,b tell me 7he   

proce$$71 d y owe s]vice to any liv+    
be+1  ?9k y8 or are y prep>$ to /&      
alone8 ,prep>$ n to please or  try to   
please a s+le s\l8 to foll[ none8 ,to   
obey nei!r g5]al nor  rul] ( any sort8  
,is t y\r attitude1 or d y admit t y owe
  allegiance to somebody8    ,lamp4     
,yes2 c]ta9ly ,i owe allegiance4        
,soc4 ,may ,i take x t y are will+ to   
please at any rate y\r  neighb\r1 s t he
 may k9dle a fire = y 9 y\r ne$1 may    
prove  himself a ready helpmate 9 good  
=tune1 or if y *ance on evil &  are     
/umbl+1 may fri5dlily /& by y\r side to 
aid8    ,lamp4 ,i am will+4    ,soc4    
,well1 & :at ( t o!r *ance              
companion--y\r  fell[-travell] by l& or 
sea8 :at ( any o!rs1 y may light ^u8  is
 x indiff]5t to y :e!r ^! be fri5ds or  
n1 or d y  admit t ! goodwill ( ^! is   
wor? secur+ by "s pa9s on y\r  "p8      
,lamp4 ,i d4    ,soc4 ,x /&s ?us !n3 y  
are prep>$ to pay att5tion to ?is1  t1 &
 ! o!r /rang]1 b to y\r "m :o loves y m 
?an  all else1 y are b\nd to r5d] no    

s]vice1 no allegiance8 ,d y  n "k t :il/
 ! /ate does n conc]n itself ) ord9>y   
+ratitude or pass judicial s5t5ce on x2 
:il/ x ov]looks !  ?anklessness ( ^? :o 
fail to make return = k9dly treatm5t1 x 
res]ves its pa9s & p5alties = ! special 
case8 ,if a man r5d]  n ! s]vice &      
allegiance due to 8 p>5ts1 on him ! f+] 
( ! law is laid2 8 "n is /ruck (f !     
roll2 he is =bidd5 to  hold !           
ar*on%ip--:i* is z mu* z to say1        
,sacrifices 9 behalf  ( ! /ate (f]$ by  
su* a man w\ld be no (f]+s1 be+ ta9t$  )
 impiety2 nor c\ld aught else be 'well &
 ju/ly' p]=m$  ( :i* he is ! do]4 ,heav5
 help u6 ,if a man fail to adorn !      
sepul*re ( 8 dead p>5ts ! /ate takes    
cognisance ( ! matt]1  & inquisition is 
made 9 ! scrut9y ( ! magi/rates4 7#f7 ,&
 z  = y1 my son1 if y are 9 y\r sob]    
s5ses1 y w e>ne/ly  entreat y\r "m1 le/ 
! v gods take y to be an ungrateful     
be+1 & on _! side also refuse to d y    
good2 & y w bew>e  ( m5 also1 le/ !y    
%\ld p]ceive y\r neglect ( y\r p>5ts1 & 

) "o cons5t hold y 9 di%on\r2 7#g7 & s y
 f9d y\rself 9  a des]t devoid ( fri5ds4
 ,= if once ! notion be ent]ta9$ t  "h  
is a man ungrateful to 8 p>5ts1 no "o w 
believe t any  k9dness %[n y w\ld be o!r
 ?an ?r[n away4     7#f7 ,lit4 !        
docimasia4 ,see ,g[1 ,companion1 xiv4   
7#g7 ,visiti ) atimia4      ,,iii    ,at
 ano!r "t ! diff]5ces betwe5 two bro!rs 
nam$ ,*a]ephon  & ,*a]ecrates1 bo? well 
kn[n to him1 _h drawn 8 att5tion2 &  on 
see+ ! y\ng] ( ! two he ?us address$    
him4    ,soc4 ,tell me1 ,*a]ecrates1 y  
are n1 ,i take x1 "o ( ^? /range  p :o  
believe t goods are bett] & m preci\s   
?an a  bro!r2 7#a7 & t too al?\gh ! =m] 
are b s5seless *attels  :i* ne$         
protection1 ! latt] a s5sitive & s5sible
 be+ :o  c af=d x2 & :at is m1 he is    
himself alone1 :il/ z = !m  _! "n is    
legion4 ,& "h aga9 is a m>vell\s ?+3 t a
 man  %\ld c\nt 8 bro!r a loss1 because 
! goods ( 8 bro!r are  n 82 b he does n 
c\nt 8 fell[-citiz5s loss1 & yet _!     
possessions are n 82 only x seems 9 _!  

case he has wits to see  t to dwell     
securely ) _m & h en\gh is bett] ?an to 
own  ! :ole weal? ( a community & to    
live 9 dang]\s isolation2 b  ?is same   
doctr9e z appli$ to bro!rs !y ignore4   
,aga91 if a  man h ! means1 he w pur*ase
 dome/ic slaves1 because he wants       
assi/ants 9 8 "w2 he w acquire fri5ds1  
because he ne$s _!  support2 b ?is bro!r
 ( 8--:o c>es ab\t bro!rs8 ,x seems  a  
fri5d may be discov]$ 9 an ord9>y       
citiz51 b n 9 a blood  relation :o is   
also a bro!r4 ,& yet x is a great       
vantage-gr\nd  t[>ds fri5d%ip to h      
sprung f ! same lo9s & to h be5  suckl$ 
at ! same brea/s1 s9ce ev5 among bea/s a
 c]ta9 natural  crav+1 & sympa?y spr+s  
up betwe5 creatures re>$ toge!r4 7#b7   
,add$ to :i*1 a man :o has bro!rs comm&s
 m respect f !  re/ ( ! _w ?an ! man :o 
has none1 & :o mu/ fight 8 own  battles4
 7#c7     7#a7 ,cf4 ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice1   
,,ii4 viii4 #ag3 ,ju/ice6 ! law6 my     
ducats1 & my daught]6     7#b7 ,or1 a   
ye>n+ aft] _! fo/]-bro!rs manife/s      

itself 9      animals4 ,see ,cyrop4     
,,viii4 vii4 #ad foll4 = a p>allel to   
?is      discussion4     7#c7 ,lit4 & is
 less liable to ho/ility4    ,*a]4 ,i   
d>esay1 ,socrates1 :]e ! diff]5ces are n
 pr(\nd1  reason w\ld a man %\ld be> ) 8
 bro!r1 & n avoid him =  "s m]e trifle's
 sake1 = a bro!r ( ! "r sort is1 z y    
say1  a bless+2 b if he be ! v anti!sis 
( t1 :y %\ld a man  lay 8 h& to a*ieve !
 impossible8    ,soc4 ,well n[1 tell me1
 is !re nobody :om ,*a]ephon c please   
any  m ?an he c please y\rself2 or d "s 
p f9d him agreeable  en\gh8    ,*a]4    
,nay1 !re y hit x4 ,t is j :y ,i h a "r 
to dete/  him4 ,he c be pleas+ en\gh to 
o!rs1 b to me1 :5ev] he appe>s  on !    
sc5e1 he is n a bless+--no6 b by e mann]
 ( means !  rev]se4    ,soc4 ,may x n   
happ5 t j z a horse is no ga9 to !      
inexp]t  rid] :o essays to h&le him1 s 9
 l mann]1 if a man tries to  deal ) 8   
bro!r aft] an ignorant fa%ion1 ?is same 
bro!r w  kick8    ,*a]4 ,b is x likely  
n[8 ,h[ %\ld ,i be ignorant ( ! art (   

deal+ ) my bro!r if ,i "k ! art ( repay+
 k9d words &  good de$s 9 k9d8 ,b a man 
:o tries all he c to annoy me by ^w  &  
de$1 ,i c nei!r bless nor b5efit1 &1 :at
 is m1 ,i w n  try4    ,soc4 ,well n[1 t
 is a m>vell\s /atem5t1 ,*a]ecrates4    
,y\r dog1  ! s]viceable gu>dian ( y\r   
flocks1 :o w fawn & lick ! h&  ( y\r    
%eph]d1 :5 y come ne> him c only gr[l & 
%[ 8  tee?4 ,well2 y take no notice ( ! 
dog's ill-temp]1 y try to  propitiate   
him by k9dness2 b y\r bro!r8 ,if y\r    
bro!r 7 :at  he ought to be1 he w\ld be 
a great bless+ to y--t y admit2  &1 z y 
fur!r confess1 y "k ! secret ( k9d acts 
& words1  yet y w n set y\rself to apply
 means to make him y\r be/ (  fri5ds4   
,*a]4 ,i am afraid1 ,socrates1 t ,i h no
 wisdom or cunn+ to make  ,*a]ephon be> 
himself t[>ds me z he %\ld4    ,soc4    
,yet !re is no ne$ to apply any         
recondite or novel ma*9]y4  ,only bait  
y\r hook 9 ! way be/ kn[n to y\rself1 & 
y w  capture him2 :]eupon he w become   
y\r devot$ fri5d4    ,*a]4 ,if y are    

aw>e t ,i "k "s love-*>m1 ,socrates1 (  
:i*  ,i am ! happy b unconsci\s         
possessor1 pray make ha/e & enlight5    
me4    ,soc4 ,answ] me !n4 ,suppose y   
want$ to get "s acqua9tance to  invite y
 to d9n] :5 he next keeps holy day1 7#d7
 :at /eps w\ld  y take8     7#d7 ,:5 he 
next does sacrifice2 see ,hi]o1 viii4   
#c4 ,cf4 ,!ophr4      ,*>4 xv4 #b1 &    
,pr(4 ,jebb's note ad loc4    ,*a]4 ,no 
d\bt ,i %\ld set him a good example by  
invit+ him myself  on a l occasion4     
,soc4 ,& if y want$ to induce "s fri5d  
to look aft] y\r affairs  dur+ y\r      
abs5ce abroad1 h[ w\ld y a*ieve y\r     
purpose8    ,*a]4 ,no d\bt ,i %\ld      
pres5t a prec$5t 9 und]tak+ to look     
aft] 8 9 l circum/ances4    ,soc4 ,& if 
y wi%$ to get "s =eign fri5d to take y  
"u 8  ro( :ile visit+ 8 c\ntry1 :at w\ld
 y d8    ,*a]4 ,no d\bt ,i %\ld beg9 by 
(f]+ him ! %elt] ( my own  ro( :5 he    
came to ,a!ns1 9 ord] to enli/ 8 zeal 9 
fur!r+  ! objects ( my visit2 x is pla9 
,i %\ld fir/ %[ my read9ess to  d z mu* 

= him 9 a l case4    ,soc4 ,:y1 x seems 
y are an adept aft] all 9 all ! philtres
 kn[n  to man1 only y *ose to conceal   
y\r k all ! :ile2 or is  x t y %r9k f   
tak+ ! fir/ /ep because ( ! sc&al y  w  
cause by k9dly advances to y\r bro!r8 ,&
 yet x is commonly  held to r$\nd to a  
man's praise to h out/ripp$ an enemy 9  
mis*ief or a fri5d 9 k9dness4 ,n[ if x  
seem$ to me t ,*a]ephon  7 bett] fitt$  
to lead ! way t[>ds ?is fri5d%ip1 7#e7  
,i  %\ld h tri$ to p]suade him to take !
 fir/ /ep 9 w9n+ y\r  affection1 b n[ ,i
 am p]suad$ ! fir/ move belongs to y1 & 
to  y ! f9al victory4     7#e7 ,read+   
pros t5 philian1 or if phus91 transl4   
natural      disposition4    ,*a]4 ,a   
/>tl+ ann\ncem5t1 ,socrates1 f y\r lips1
 & mo/  unlike y1 to bid me ! y\ng] take
 prec$5ce ( my eld] bro!r4  ,:y1 x is   
contr>y to ! univ]sal cu/om ( mank9d1 :o
 look to !  eld] to take ! lead 9       
ev]y?+1 :e!r z a speak] or an actor4    
,soc4 ,h[ s8 ,is x n ! cu/om ev]y:]e = !
 y\ng] to /ep  aside :5 he meets 8 eld] 

9 ! /reet & to give him place8 ,is he  n
 expect$ to get up & (f] him 8 seat1 to 
pay him ! hon\r (  a s(t c\*1 7#f7 to   
yield him prec$5ce 9 argum5t8     7#f7  
,lit4 ) a s(t b$1 or1 z we say1 ! be/   
b$room4    ,my good fell[1 d n /&       
%illy-%ally+1 7#g7 b put out y\r h&     
c>ess+ly1 & y w see ! wor?y s\l w       
respond at once )  alacrity4 ,d y n note
 y\r bro!r's "*1 pr\d & frank &         
s5sitive to hon\r8 ,he is n a mean &    
sorry rascal to be caught by a          
bribe--no bett] way inde$ = su*         
riff-raff4 ,no6 g5tle natures ne$  a f9]
 treatm5t4 ,y c be/ hope to "w on !m by 
affection4     7#g7 ,or1 h no fe>s1     
essay a soo?+ treatm5t4    ,*a]4 ,b     
suppose ,i d1 & suppose t1 = all my     
attempts1 he %[s  no *ange = ! bett]8   
,soc4 ,at ! wor/ y w h %[n y\rself to be
 a good1 hone/1  bro!rly man1 & he w    
appe> z a sorry creature on :om k9dness 
is wa/$4 ,b no?+ ( ! sort is go+ to     
happ51 z ,i conjecture4  ,my belief is t
 z soon z he he>s y\r *all5ge1 he w     

embrace  ! conte/2 prick$ on by emul\s  
pride1 he w insi/ ^u gett+  ! bett] ( y 
9 k9dness ( ^w & de$4    ,at pres5t y   
two are 9 ! condition ( two h&s =m$ by  
,god to  help ea* o!r1 b :i* h let g _! 
bus9ess & h turn$ to  h9d]+ "o ano!r all
 !y c4 ,y are a pair ( feet fa%ion$ on  
! ,div9e plan to "w toge!r1 b :i* h     
neglect$ ?is 9 ord]  to trammel ea*     
o!r's gait4 ,n[ is x n ins5sate /upidity
 7#h7 to  use = injury :at 0 meant =    
advantage8 ,& yet 9 fa%ion+  two bro!rs 
,god int5ds !m1 me?9ks1 to be ( m b5efit
 to "o  ano!r ?an ei!r two h&s1 or two  
feet1 or two eyes1 or any o!r  ( ^?     
pairs :i* belong to man f 8 bir?4 7#i7  
,consid] h[  p[]less ^! h&s ( ours if   
call$ ^u to comb9e _! action at  two    
po9ts m ?an a s+le fa?om's l5g? ap>t2   
7#aj7 & ^! feet  c\ld n /ret* asund]    
7#aa7 ev5 a b>e fa?om2 & ^! eyes1 =  all
 ! wide-rea*+ range we claim = !m1 are  
incapable ( see+  simultane\sly ! back &
 front ( an object at ev5 clos] qu>t]s4 
,b a pair ( bro!rs1 l9k$ 9 bonds (      

amity1 c "w ea* = !  o!r's good1 ?\gh   
seas divide !m4 7#ab7     7#h7          
,boori%ness v]g+ ^u monomania4     7#i7 
,) :i* man is end[$ at bir?4     7#aj7  
,m ?an an 'arms'-/ret*' asund]4         
7#aa7 ,lit4 rea* at "o /ret* two        
objects1 ev5 ov] t small      di/ance4  
7#ab7 ,?\gh leagues sep>ate !m4         
,,iv    ,i h at ano!r "t he>d him       
disc\rse on ! k9dr$ !me (  fri5d%ip 9   
language well calculat$1 z x seem$ to   
me1 to help a  man to *oose & also to   
use 8 fri5ds aright4    ,he 7,socrates7 
_h (t5 he>d ! rem>k made t ( all        
possessions  !re is none equal to t ( a 
good & s9c]e fri5d2 b1 9 spite  ( ?is   
ass]tion1 ! mass ( p1 z f> z he c\ld    
see1 conc]n$  !mselves ab\t no?+ s      
little z ! acquisition ( fri5ds4        
,h\ses1 & fields1 & slaves1 & cattle1 & 
furniture ( all sorts  7he said7 !y 7 at
 pa9s to acquire1 & !y /rove h>d to keep
  :at !y _h got2 b to procure = !mselves
 ?is greate/ ( all  bless+s1 z !y       
admitt$ a fri5d to be1 or to keep !     

fri5ds :om  !y already possess$1 n "o   
man 9 a hundr$ ev] gave himself a       
?\ght4 ,x 0 noticeable1 9 ! case ( a    
sickness befall+ a man's  fri5d & "o ( 8
 own h\sehold simultane\sly1 !          
promptness )  :i* ! ma/] w\ld fet* !    
doctor to 8 dome/ic1 & take e           
precaution necess>y = 8 recov]y1 ) mu*  
exp5diture ( pa9s2  b mean:ile little   
acc\nt w\ld be tak5 ( ! fri5d 9 l       
condition1 & if bo? %\ld die1 he w %[   
signs ( deep annoyance  at ! dea? ( 8   
dome/ic1 :i*1 z he reflects1 is a       
positive loss  to him2 b z reg>ds 8     
fri5d 8 position is 9 no wise mat]ially 
affect$1 & ?us1 ?\gh he w\ld nev] dream 
( leav+ 8 o!r  possessions disreg>d$ &  
ill c>$ =1 fri5d%ip's mute appeal is    
met ) flat indiff]5ce4 7#a7     7#a7    
,or1 ! cry ( a fri5d = c>eful t5d+ falls
 on deaf e>s4    ,or to take 7said he7 a
 cr[n+ in/ance3 7#b7 ) reg>d to ord9>y  
possessions1 h[ev] multif>i\s ^! may be1
 mo/ p are at lea/  acqua9t$ ) _! numb]1
 b if y ask a man to enum]ate 8  fri5ds1

 :o are n s v _m aft] all p]haps1 he _c2
 or if1  to oblige ! inquir]1 he essays 
to make a li/1 he w pres5tly  retract ! 
names ( "s :om he _h previ\sly includ$4 
7#c7 ,su* is  ! am\nt ( ?\ght :i* p be/[
 ^u _! fri5ds4     7#b7 ,or1 ,nor _h he 
fail$ to obs]ve ano!r /rik+ contra/4    
,cf4      ,cic4 ,lael4 #ag2 ,diog4      
,la]t4 ii4 #cj4     7#c7 i4e4 l a       
*ess-play] recall+ a move4    ,& yet :at
 ?+ else may a man call 8 own is        
comp>able to ?is "o  be/ possession6 :at
 r w n s]ve by contra/ to enhance !     
value ( an hone/ fri5d6 ,?9k ( a horse  
or a yoke ( ox52 !y h  _! wor?2 b :o    
%all gauge ! wor? ( a wor?y fri5d8      
,k9dli]  & m con/ant ?an ! fai?fulle/ ( 
slaves--?is is t  possession be/ nam$   
all-s]viceable4 7#d7 ,consid] :at ! po/ 
is  t he assigns himself6 to meet &     
supplem5t :at is lack+ to  ! welf>e ( 8 
fri5ds1 to promote _! private & _!      
public  int]e/s1 is 8 conc]n4 ,is !re   
ne$ ( k9dly action 9 any  qu>t]8 he w   
?r[ 9 ! full weight ( 8 support4 ,does  

"s  t]ror conf\nd8 he is at h& to help &
 def5d by exp5diture (  money & ( en]gy1
 7#e7 by appeals to reason or resort to 
=ce4 ,8  ! privilege alike to gladd5 !  
prosp]\s 9 ! h\r ( success &  to su/a9  
_! foot+ :o h well-nigh slipp$4 ,all t !
 h&s  ( a man may m9i/]1 all t ! eyes ( 
ea* are swift to see1 !  e>s to he>1 & !
 feet to compass1 he ) 8 helpful arts w 
n  fall %ort (4 ,nay1 n seldom t :i* a  
man has fail$ to accompli%  = himself1  
has miss$ see+ or he>+ or atta9+1 a     
fri5d act+  9 behalf ( fri5d w a*ieve   
vic>i\sly4 ,& yet1 albeit to try &  t5d 
a tree = ! sake ( its fruit is n        
uncommon1 ?is copi\s m9e  ( weal?--?is  
fri5d--attracts only a lazy & li/less   
att5tion on  ! "p ( m ?an half ! _w4    
7#d7 ,a vessel fit = all "w inde$ is ?is
 fri5d4 ,cf4 ,ar4 ,a*4      #icf1       
pagkhre/on aggos e/ai1 l ! lea!r bottel4
     7#e7 ,or1 by d9t ( 8 diplomacy4    
,v    ,i rememb] li/5+ to ano!r argum5t 
( 81 ! effect ( :i*  w\ld be to promote 
self-exam9ation4 ,! li/5] mu/ ne$s be   

br\ght  to ask himself1 ,( :at wor? am  
,i to my fri5ds8 ,x happ5$ ?us4  ,"o (  
^? :o 7 ) him 0 neglectful1 z he not$1 (
 a fri5d  :o 0 at ! p9* ( pov]ty        
7,anti/h5es74 7#a7 ,accord+ly1 9 !      
pres5ce ( ! neglig5t p]son & ( sev]al   
o!rs1 he proce$$ to  "q ! suff]]4       
7#a7 ,anti/h5es1 cynicorum et /oicorum  
p>5s4 ,cic4 de ,or4 iii4      #ag2 ad   
,att4 xii4 #ch4 ,see bel[1 ,,iii4 iii4  
#ag2 ,symp4 passim2      ,diog4 ,la]t4  
,,ii4 v42 ,,vi4 i4    ,soc4 ,:at say y1 
,anti/h5es8--h fri5ds _! values l       
dome/ic  slaves8 ,"o ( ^! latt] may be  
wor? p]haps two m9ae1 7#b7 ano!r  only  
half a m9a1 a ?ird five1 & a f\r? z mu* 
z t52 :ile !y  d say t ,nicias1 7#c7 !  
son ( ,nic]atus1 paid a :ole tal5t =  a 
sup]9t5d5t ( 8 silv] m9es4 ,& s ,i      
prop\nd ! "q to  myself z foll[s3 ,h    
fri5ds1 l slaves1 _! m>ket values8      
7#b7 ,a m9a  ,l#d circ4     7#c7 ,=     
,nicias see ,?uc4 vii4 #gg foll42       
,rev5ues1 iv4 #ad2 ,plut4      ,nic4    
,,iv4 v42 ,lys4 de bon4 ,ari/oph4 #fdh4 

,n a d\bt ( x 7repli$ ,anti/h5es74 ,at  
any rate1 ,i "k t ,i  w\ld r h su* a "o 
z my fri5d ?an be paid two m9ae1 &  !re 
is su* ano!r ^: wor? ,i w\ld n e/imate  
at half a m9a1  & a ?ird ) :om ,i w\ld n
 "p = t51 & !n aga9 a f\r?  ^: fri5d%ip 
w\ld be *eap if x co/ me all ! weal? &  
pa9s  9 ! _w to pur*ase x4    ,well !n  
7cont9u$ ,socrates71 if t be s1 w\ld x n
 be well if  e "o 7 to exam9e himself3  
,:at aft] all may ,i *ance to be  wor?  
to my fri5ds8 ,%\ld he n try to become z
 de> z possible1  s t 8 fri5ds w n c>e  
to give him up8 ,h[ (t5 d ,i he>  !     
compla9t3 ,my fri5d ,s-&-s has giv5 me  
up2 or ,su* an "o1  :om ,i look$ ^u z a 
fri5d1 has sacrific$ me = a m9a4 ,& e   
"t ,i he> ^! rem>ks1 ! "q arises 9 my   
m9d3 ,if ! v5dor  ( a wor?less slave is 
ready to "p ) him to a pur*as] = :at  he
 w fet*--is !re n at lea/ a /rong       
temptation to "p ) a  base fri5d :5 y h 
a *ance ( mak+ some?+ on ! ex*ange8     
,good slaves1 z f> z ,i c see1 are n s  
knock$ d[n to ! hamm]2  no1 nor good    

fri5ds s lightly p>t$ )4      ,,vi      
,aga91 9 ref]5ce to ! te/ to be appli$1 
if we w\ld gauge !  qualifications ( a  
fri5d wor? ! w9n+1 ! foll[+ rem>ks (    
,socrates c\ld n fail1 ,i ?9k1 to prove 
in/ructive4 7#a7     7#a7 ,or1 ,aga91 z 
to e/abli%+ a te/ ( "*1 s9ce a fri5d    
wor? hav+ mu/ be ( a p>ticul> type1 ,i  
_c b ?9k t      ! foll[+ rem>ks w\ld    
prove in/ructive4    ,tell me 7said     
,socrates1 address+ ,critobulus71       
suppos+ we /ood 9  ne$ ( a good fri5d1  
h[ %\ld we set ab\t 8 discov]y8 ,we     
mu/1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,i suppose1 seek   
out "o :o is ma/] ( 8  appetites1 n "u !
 dom9ion1 t is1 ( 8 belly1 n addict$  to
 ! w9e-cup or to le*]y or sleep or      
idl5ess1 s9ce no "o  enslav$ to su*     
tyrants c\ld hope to d 8 duty ei!r by   
himself or  by 8 fri5ds1 c\ld he8       
,c]ta9ly n 7,critobulus answ]$74        
,soc4 ,d y agree1 !n1 t we mu/ hold alo(
 f e "o s  dom9at$8    ,cri4 ,mo/       
assur$ly4    ,well !n 7proce$$          
,socrates71 :at %all we say ( !         

sp5d?rift :o  has lo/ 8 indep5d5ce & is 
= ev] begg+ ( 8 neighb\rs2  if he gets  
any?+ out ( !m he _c repay1 b if he     
fails to get  any?+1 he hates y = n     
giv+--d y n ?9k t ?is man  too w\ld     
prove b a disagreeable fri5d8    ,cri4  
,c]ta9ly4    ,soc4 ,!n we mu/ keep away 
f him too8    ,cri4 ,t we mu/4    ,soc4 
,well6 & :at ( ! man ^: /r5g? lies 9    
monet>y  transactions8 7#b7 ,8 "o crav+ 
is to amass money2 & = t reason  he is  
an adept at driv+ a h>d b>ga9           
7#c7--;glad en\gh to take 91  b loa? to 
pay out4     7#b7 ,or1 ! money-l5d]8 ,he
 has a passion = big money-bags4        
7#c7 ,or1 h>d 9 all 8 deal+s4    ,cri4  
,9 my op9ion he w prove ev5 a worse     
fell[ ?an ! la/4    ,soc4 ,well6 & :at (
 t o!r ^: passion = money-mak+ is s     
absorb+ t he has no leisure = any?+     
else1 save h[ he may add  to 8 ga9s8    
,cri4 ,hold alo( f him1 say ,i1 s9ce !re
 is no good to be got out (  him or 8   
society4    ,soc4 ,well6 :at ( !        
qu>relsome & facti\s p]son 7#d7 ^: ma9  

object is to saddle 8 fri5ds ) a ho/ (  
enemies8     7#d7 ,! p>tisan4    ,cri4  
,= ,god's sake let u avoid him also4    
,soc4 ,b n[ we w imag9e a man exempt    
inde$ f all ! above  defects--a man :o  
has no objection to receive k9dnesses1 b
 x nev]  ent]s into 8 head to d a       
k9dness 9 return4    ,cri4 ,!re w be no 
good 9 him ei!r4 ,b1 ,socrates1 :at k9d 
(  man %all we endeav\r to make our     
fri5d8 :at is he l8    ,soc4 ,i %\ld say
 he mu/ be j ! conv]se ( ! above3 he has
  control ov] ! pleasures ( ! body1 he  
is k9dly dispos$1 7#e7  upright 9 all 8 
deal+s1 7#f7 v zeal\s is he n to be     
outdone 9  k9dness by 8 b5efactors1 if  
only 8 fri5ds may d]ive "s pr(it  f 8   
acqua9tance4     7#e7 ,read+ eun\s1 or  
if euorkos1 transl4 a man ( 8 ^w4       
7#f7 ,or1 easy to deal )4    ,cri4 ,b h[
 are we to te/ ^! qualities1 ,socrates1 
be=e  acqua9tance8    ,soc4 ,h[ d we te/
 ! m]its ( a sculptor8--n by inf]5ces   
drawn  f ! talk ( ! arti/ m]ely4 ,no1 we
 look to :at he has already  a*iev$4 ,^!

 =m] /atues ( 8 7 nobly execut$1 & we   
tru/  he w d equally well ) ! re/4      
,cri4 ,y mean t if we f9d a man ^:      
k9dness to old] fri5ds  is e/abli%$1 we 
may take x z prov$ t he w treat 8 new]  
fri5ds z amiably8    ,soc4 ,:y1 c]ta9ly1
 if ,i see a man :o has %[n skill 9 !   
h&l+  ( horses previ\sly1 ,i argue t he 
w h&le o!rs no less  skilfully aga94    
,cri4 ,good6 & :5 we h discov]$ a man ^:
 fri5d%ip is wor?  hav+1 h[ ought we to 
make him our fri5d8    ,soc4 ,fir/ we   
ought to asc]ta9 ! w ( ,heav5 :e!r x be 
advisable to make him our fri5d4        
,cri4 ,well6 & h[ are we to effect !    
capture ( ?is fri5d ( our  *oice1 :om ! 
gods approve8 w y tell me t8    ,n1 9   
good soo? 7repli$ ,socrates71 by runn+  
him d[n l a h>e1  nor by decoy+ him l a 
bird1 or by =ce l a wild bo>4 7#g7 ,to  
capture a fri5d aga9/ 8 w is a toilsome 
bus9ess1 & to b9d  him 9 fett]s l a     
slave by no means easy4 ,^? :o are s    
treat$  are apt to become foes in/ead ( 
fri5ds4 7#h7     7#g7 ,read+ kaproi1 al4

 ekh?roi1 an enemy4     7#h7 ,or1 ,hate 
r ?an fri5d%ip is ! outcome ( ^! me?ods4
    ,cri4 ,b h[ conv]t !m into fri5ds8  
,soc4 ,!re are c]ta9 incantations1 we   
are told1 :i* ^? :o "k  !m h only to    
utt]1 & !y c make fri5ds ( :om !y li/2  
& !re are c]ta9 philtres also :i* ^? :o 
h ! secret (  !m may adm9i/] to :om !y l
 & w9 _! love4    ,cri4 ,f :at s\rce    
%all we le>n !m8    ,soc4 ,y ne$ n g    
f>!r ?an ,hom] to le>n t :i* ! ,sir5s   
sang to ,odysseus1 7#i7 ! fir/ words (  
:i* run1 ,i ?9k1 z foll[s3        ,hi!r1
 come hi!r1 ?\ fam\s man1 ,odysseus1    
great glory ( !      ,a*aeans6     7#i7 
,od4 xii4 #ahd4    ,cri4 ,& did ! magic 
words ( ?is spell s]ve = all m5 alike8  
,_h  ! ,sir5s only to utt] ?is "o       
incantation1 & 0 e li/5]  con/ra9$ to   
/ay8    ,soc4 ,no2 ?is 0 ! incantation  
res]v$ = s\ls a?ir/ = fame1  ( virtue   
emul\s4    ,cri4 ,:i* is z mu* z to say1
 we mu/ suit ! incantation to !  li/5]1 
s t :5 he he>s ! words he %all n ?9k t !
  en*ant] is laugh+ at him 9 8 sleeve4  

,i _c c]ta9ly conceive  a me?od bett]   
calculat$ to excite hatr$ & repulsion   
?an to g  to "s "o :o kn[s t he is small
 & ugly & a weakl+1 & to  brea! 9 8 e>s 
! flatt]+ tale t he is beautiful & tall 
& /alw>t4 ,b d y "k any o!r love-*>ms1  
,socrates8    ,soc4 ,i _c say t ,i d2 b 
,i h he>d t ,p]icles 7#aj7 0  skill$ 9 n
 a few1 :i* he p\r$ into ! e> ( our city
 & won  h] love4     7#aj7 ,see above1  
,i4 ii4 #dj2 ,symp4 viii4 #ci4    ,cri4 
,& h[ did ,!mi/ocles 7#aa7 w9 our city's
 love8     7#aa7 ,see bel[1 ,,iii4 vi4  
#b2 ,,iv4 ii4 #b4    ,soc4 ,ah1 t 0 n by
 incantation at all4 ,:at he did 0 to   
encircle  our city ) an amulet ( sav+   
virtue4 7#ab7     7#ab7 ,see ,h]od4 vii4
 #adc1 ! wood5 wall2 ,?uc4 i4 #ic1 '!   
walls'      ( ,a!ns4    ,cri4 ,y w\ld   
imply1 ,socrates1 w\ld y n1 t if we want
 to w9  ! love ( any good man we ne$ to 
be good ourselves 9 spee* &  action8    
,& did y imag9e 7repli$ ,socrates7 t x 0
 possible = a bad  man to make good     
fri5ds8    ,cri4 ,:y1 ,i c\ld fancy ,i  

_h se5 "s sorry spee*-mong] :o 0 fa/    
fri5ds ) a great & noble /atesman2 or   
aga91 "s born comm&]  & g5]al :o 0 boon 
companion ) fell[s q incapable (        
g5]al%ip4 7#ac7     7#ac7 ,or1 ,:y1 yes1
 :5 ,i see "s base orator fa/ fri5ds ) a
      great lead] ( ! p2 or1 aga91 "s   
fell[ incapable (      g5]al%ip a       
comrade to ! greate/ capta9s ( 8 age4   
,soc4 ,b 9 ref]5ce to ! po9t we 7       
discuss+1 may ,i ask :e!r  y "k ( any "o
 :o c atta* a useful fri5d to himself   
)\t  be+ ( use 9 return8 7#ad7 ,c s]vice
 ally 9 fri5d%ip )  diss]vice8     7#ad7
 ,add1 ,c s]vice ally 9 fri5d%ip )      
diss]vice8 ,mu/ !re      n be a         
reciprocity ( s]vice to make fri5d%ip   
la/+8    ,cri4 ,9 good soo? no4 ,b n[1  
grant$ x is impossible = a base man  to 
be fri5ds ) ! beautiful & noble1 7#ad7  
,i am conc]n$ at once  to discov] if "o 
:o is himself ( a beautiful & noble "*  
c1 ) a wave ( ! h&1 z x 71 atta* himself
 9 fri5d%ip  to e o!r beautiful & noble 
nature4     7#ad7 kal\s kaga?\s4        

,soc4 ,:at p]plexes & conf\nds y1       
,critobulus1 is ! fact t  s (t5 m5 (    
noble conduct1 ) s\ls alo( f bas5ess1   
are n  fri5ds b r at /rife & discord )  
"o ano!r1 & deal m  h>%ly by "o ano!r   
?an !y w\ld by ! mo/ good-=-no?+ (      
mank9d4    ,cri4 ,yes1 & ?is holds true 
n ( private p]sons only1 b /ates1  ! mo/
 eag] to pursue a noble policy & to     
repudiate a base "o1  are frequ5tly 9   
ho/ile relation to "o ano!r4 ,z ,i      
reason on  ^! ?+s my he>t fails me1 & ! 
"q1 h[ fri5ds are to  be acquir$1 fills 
me ) despond5cy4 ,! bad1 z ,i see1 _c be
  fri5ds ) "o ano!r4 ,= h[ c su* p1 !   
ungrateful1 or  reckless1 or covet\s1 or
 fai?less1 or incont95t1 adh]e toge!r z 
fri5ds8 ,)\t hesitation ,i set d[n ! bad
 z born to be foes n  fri5ds1 & z be>+ !
 bir?m>k ( int]nec9e hate4 ,b !n  aga91 
z y sugge/1 no m c ^! same p h>monise 9 
fri5d%ip ) ! good4 ,= h[ %\ld !y :o d   
evil be fri5ds  ) ^? :o hate all        
evil-do+8 ,& if1 la/ ( all1 !y t        
cultivate virtue are torn by p>ty /rife 

9 _! /ruggle = !  head%ip ( ! /ates1    
envy+ "o ano!r1 hat+ "o ano!r1 :o are   
left to be fri5ds8 :]e %all goodwill &  
fai?fulness be f\nd among  m58    ,soc4 
,! fact is !re is "s subtlety 9 !       
texture ( ^! ?+s4  7#ae7 ,se$s ( love   
are implant$ 9 man by nature4 ,m5 h ne$ 
(  "o ano!r1 feel pity1 help ea* o!r by 
unit$ ef=ts1 & 9  recognition ( ! fact  
%[ mutual gratitude4 ,b !re are se$s (  
w> implant$ also4 ,! same objects be+   
reg>d$ z beautiful or  agreeable by all 
alike1 !y d battle = _! possession2 a _s
 (  disunion 7#af7 ent]s1 & ! p>ties    
range !mselves 9 adv]se camps4  ,discord
 & ang] s\nd a note ( w>3 ! passion (   
m-hav+1  /aun*less av>ice1 ?reat5s      
ho/ility2 & envy is a hateful fi5d4     
7#ag7     7#ae7 i4e4 a cunn+ int]tw9+ ( 
! ?reads ( w>p & wo(4     7#af7 ,cf4    
,%elley1 ,! devil ( disunion 9 _! s\ls4 
7#ag7 ,! diction is poetical4    ,b     
nev]!less1 ?r\gh all oppos+ b>ri]s      
fri5d%ip /eals h]  way & b9ds toge!r !  
beautiful & good among mank9d4 7#ah7    

,su*  is _! virtue t !y w\ld r possess  
scant means pa9lessly  ?an wield an     
empire won by w>4 ,9 spite ( hung] &    
?ir/ !y w  %>e _! meat & dr9k )\t a     
pang4 ,n bloom ( lu/y y\?1 nor  love's  
delights c w>p _! self-control2 nor w !y
 be tempt$  to cause pa9 :]e pa9 %\ld be
 unkn[n4 ,x is !irs n m]ely  to es*ew   
all gre$ ( ri*es1 n m]ely to make a j & 
lawful  di/ribution ( weal?1 b to supply
 :at is lack+ to ! ne$s (  "o ano!r4    
,!irs x is to compose /rife & discord n 
9 pa9less  oblivion simply1 b to ! g5]al
 advantage4 ,!irs also to h9d]  su*     
extravagance ( ang] z %all entail       
remorse h]eaft]4 ,& z to  envy !y w make
 a clean sweep & cle>ance ( x3 ! good   
?+s  :i* a man possesses %all be also ! 
prop]ty ( 8 fri5ds1 & !  goods :i* !y   
possess are to be look$ ^u z 84 ,:]e !n 
is  ! improbability t ! beautiful &     
noble %\ld be %>]s 9 !  hon\rs 7#ai7 ( !
 /ate n only )\t injury1 b ev5 to _!    
mutual advantage8     7#ah7 ,or1 z we   
say1 ! elite ( human k9d4     7#ai7 ,& !

 (fices4    ,!y inde$ :o covet & desire 
! hon\rs & (fices 9 a /ate  = ! sake ( !
 lib]ty !reby giv5 !m to embezzle !     
public  moneys1 to deal viol5tly by _!  
fell[-creatures1 & to batt5 9  luxury   
!mselves1 may well be reg>d$ z unju/ &  
villa9\s p]sons  incapable ( h>mony ) "o
 ano!r4 ,b if a man desire to obta9  ^! 
selfsame hon\rs 9 ord] t1 be+ himself   
secure aga9/  wrong-do+1 he may be able 
to assi/ 8 fri5ds 9 :at is "r1 &1  rais$
 to a high position1 7#bj7 may essay to 
conf] "s bless+ on !  l& ( 8 fa!rs1 :at 
is !re to h9d] him f work+ 9 h>mony  )  
"s o!r ( a l _s8 ,w he1 ) ! beautiful & 
noble at 8 side1 be less able to aid 8  
fri5ds8 or w 8  p[] to b5efit !         
community be %ort5$ because ! fl[] ( t  
community are fell[-work]s 9 t "w8 ,:y1 
ev5 9 ! conte/s  ( ! games x is obvi\s t
 if x 7 possible = ! /\te/  combatants  
to comb9e aga9/ ! weake/1 ! *os5 b& w\ld
 come  (f victors 9 e b\t1 & w\ld c>ry  
(f all ! prizes4 ,?is  inde$ is aga9/ ! 
rules ( ! actual ar5a2 b 9 ! field (    

politics1 :]e ! beautiful & good hold   
emp]y1 & !re is n\ght  to h9d] any f    
comb9+ ) :omsoev] a man may *oose to    
b5efit  ! /ate1 x w be a cle> ga91 w x  
n1 = any "o engag$  9 /ate affairs to   
make ! be/ m5 8 fri5ds1 :]eby he w f9d  
p>tn]s & co-op]ators 9 8 aims in/ead (  
rivals & antagoni/s8  ,& ?is at lea/ is 
obvi\s3 9 case ( =eign w> a man w ne$   
allies1 b all ! m if 9 ! ranks oppos$ to
 him %\ld /& !  fl[] ( ! enemy4 7#ba7   
,moreov]1 ^? :o are will+ to fight  y\r 
battles mu/ be k9dly dealt )1 t goodwill
 may quick5 to  en?usiasm2 & "o good man
 7#bb7 is bett] wor? y\r b5efit+ t a    
doz5 knaves1 s9ce a little k9dness goes 
a long way ) ! good1 b  ) ! base ! m y  
give !m ! m !y ask =4     7#bj7 ,z      
ar*on1 or rais$ to rule4     7#ba7 ,lit4
 ! beautiful & good4     7#bb7 ,or1 !   
be/1 ?\gh few1 are bett] wor? y\r       
b5efit+ ?an      ! _m base4    ,s keep a
 good he>t1 ,critobulus2 only try to    
become good y\rself1 &  :5 y h atta9$1  
set to y\r h& to capture ! beautiful &  

good4 ,p]haps ,i may be able to give y  
"s help 9 ?is que/1 be+  myself an adept
 9 ,love's lore4 7#bc7 ,no matt] :o x is
 = :om my  he>t is aflame2 9 an in/ant  
my :ole s\l is eag] to leap =?4  ,)     
vehem5ce ,i spe$ to ! m>k4 ,i1 :o love1 
dem& to be lov$  aga92 ?is desire 9 me  
mu/ be met by c\nt] desire 9 him2 ?is   
?ir/ = 8 society by ?ir/ reciprocal =   
m9e4 ,& ^! w  be y\r ne$s also1 ,i      
=esee1 :5ev] y are seiz$ ) long+ to     
contract a fri5d%ip4 ,d n hide f me1    
!re=e1 :om y w\ld  *oose z a fri5d1     
s9ce1 ow+ to ! pa9s ,i take to please   
him  :o pleases me1 ,i am n altoge!r    
unv]s$1 ,i fancy1 9 ! art (  cat*+ m54  
7#bd7     7#bc7 ,an au?ority 9 matt]s ( 
love4 ,cf4 ,plat4 ,symp4 #agg ,d2 ,x54  
,symp4 viii4 #b4     7#bd7 ,see bel[1   
,,iii4 xi4 #g2 cf4 ,plat4 ,soph4 #bbb2  
,n4 ,t4 ,matt4 iv4 #ai1      alieis     
an?ropon4    ,critobulus repli$3 ,:y1 ^!
 are ! v lessons ( in/ruction1          
,socrates1 = :i* ,i h be5 long a?ir/1 & 
! m p>ticul>ly  if ?is same love's lore 

w enable me to capture ^? :o are good ( 
s\l & ^? :o are beautiful ( p]son4      
,soc4 ,nay1 n[ ,i w>n y1 ,critobulus1 x 
is n )9 ! prov9ce (  my sci5ce to make !
 beautiful endure him :o w\ld lay h&s ^u
  !m4 ,& t is :y m5 fl$ f ,scylla1 ,i am
 p]suad$1 because %e  laid h&s ^u !m2 b 
! ,sir5s 7 diff]5t--!y laid h&s on      
nobody1 b sat af> (f & *ant$ _! spells 9
 ! e>s ( all2  & !re=e1 x is said1 all  
m5 endur$ to li/51 & 7 *>m$4    ,cri4 ,i
 promise ,i w n lay viol5t h&s on any2  
!re=e1 if y  h any good device = w9n+   
fri5ds1 in/ruct y\r pupil4    ,soc4 ,&  
if !re is to be no lay+ on ( ! h&s1 !re 
mu/ be no  application ei!r ( ! lips2 is
 x agre$8    ,cri4 ,no1 nor application 
( ! lips to any "o--n beautiful4        
,soc4 ,see n[6 y _c op5 y\r m\? )\t "s  
luckless  utt]ance4 ,beauty suff]s no   
su* lib]ty1 h[ev] eag]ly ! ugly may     
invite x1 mak+ believe "s quality ( s\l 
mu/ rank !m ) !  beautiful4    ,cri4 ,be
 ( good *e] !n2 let ! compact /& ?us3   
,kisses = !  beautiful1 & = ! good a ra9

 ( kisses4 ,s n[ tea* u ! art  ( cat*+  
fri5ds4    ,soc4 ,well !n1 :5 y wi% to  
w9 "s "o's affection1 y w  all[ me to   
lodge in=mation aga9/ y to ! effect t y 
admire  him & desire to be 8 fri5d8     
,cri4 ,lodge ! indictm5t1 ) all my he>t4
 ,i nev] he>d ( any "o  :o hat$ 8       
admir]s4    ,soc4 ,& if ,i add to !     
indictm5t ! fur!r *>ge t ?r\gh y\r      
admiration y are k9dly dispos$ t[>ds    
him1 y w n feel ,i am  tak+ away y\r "*8
    ,cri4 ,:y1 no2 = myself ,i "k a     
k9dly feel+ spr+s up 9 my he>t  t[>ds   
any "o :om ,i conceive to be k9dly      
dispos$ to me4    ,soc4 ,all ?is ,i %all
 feel emp[]$ to say ab\t y to ^? ^:     
fri5d%ip y seek1 & ,i c promise fur!r   
help2 only !re is a  compreh5sive if to 
be consid]$3 if y w fur!r au?orise me to
  say t y are devot$ to y\r fri5ds2 t   
no?+ gives y s mu*  joy z a good fri5d2 
t y pride y\rself no less on ! f9e de$s 
( ^? y love ?an on y\r own2 & on _! good
 ?+s equally  ) y\r own2 t y nev] we>y (
 plott+ & plann+ to procure  !m a ri*   

h>ve/ ( ! same2 & la/ly1 t y h discov]$ 
a man's virtue is to excel 8 fri5ds 9   
k9dness & 8 foes 9  ho/ility4 ,if ,i am 
au?oris$ ?us to report ( y1 ,i ?9k y w  
f9d me a s]viceable fell[-hunt] 9 ! que/
 ( fri5ds1 :i* is  ! conque/ ( ! good4  
,cri4 ,:y ?is appeal to me8--z if y _h n
 free p]mission to say  exactly :at y l 
ab\t me4    ,soc4 ,no2 t ,i d5y1 on !   
au?ority ( ,aspasia4 7#be7 ,i h x f  h] 
own lips4 ,good mat*mak]s1 %e said tome1
 7 clev] h&s at  cem5t+ alliances betwe5
 p1 provid$ ! good qualities !y  v\*$ = 
7 tru?fully report$2 b :5 x came to _!  
tell+  lies1 = h] "p %e c\ld n complim5t
 !m4 7#bf7 ,_! poor  delud$ dupes end$  
by hat+ ea* o!r & ! g-betwe5s z well4   
,n[ ,i myself am s fully p]suad$ ( !    
tru? ( ?is t ,i feel x  is n 9 my p[] to
 say aught 9 y\r praise :i* ,i _c say ) 
tru?4     7#be7 ,aspasia1 daught] (     
,axio*us1 ( ,miletus4 ,see ,econ4 iii4  
#ad2      ,plat4 ,m5ex4 #bce ,e2 ,aes*4 
,socrat4 ap4 ,cic4 de ,inv5t4 ,i4       
xxxi4 #ea4 ,see ,grote1 ,h4 ,g4 vi4 #acb

 foll42 ,cobet1 ,pros4 ,x54     7#bf7   
,read+ ouk e!le9 epa9e91 or if ouk      
ophele9 epa9\sas      ) ,kuhn] transl4  
,good mat*mak]s1 %e told me1 h to       
consult tru? :5 report+ fav\rably ( any 
"o3 !n inde$      !y are t]ribly clev]  
at br++ p toge!r3 :]eas      false      
flatt]]s d no good2 _! dupes1 etc4      
,cri4 ,really1 ,socrates1 y are a       
wond]fully good fri5d to me--9 s  f> z  
,i h any m]it :i* w entitle me to w9 a  
fri5d1 y w  l5d me a help+ h&1 x seems2 
o!rwise y w\ld r n =ge  any petty       
fiction = my b5efit4    ,soc4 ,b tell   
me1 h[ %all ,i assi/ y be/1 ?9k y8 ,by  
prais+  y falsely or by p]suad+ y to try
 to be a good man8 ,or if x is  n pla9  
to y ?us1 look at ! matt] by ! light (  
"s examples4  ,i wi% to introduce y to a
 %ip[n]1 or to make him y\r fri5d3 ,i   
beg9 by s++ y\r praises to him falsely  
?us1 ,y w f9d him a  good pilot2 he     
cat*es at ! phrase1 & entru/s 8 %ip to  
y1  :o h no notion ( guid+ a vessel4    
,:at c y expect b to make  %ipwreck ( ! 

craft & y\rself toge!r8 or suppose by   
simil>  false ass]tions ,i c p]suade !  
/ate at l>ge to entru/ h]  de/9ies to   
y--a man ) a f9e g5ius = comm&1 ,i say1 
a  practis$ lawy]1 a politician born1 & 
s =?4 ,! odds are1 !  /ate & y may come 
to grief ?r\gh y4 ,or to take an in/ance
  f ev]yday life4 ,by my falsehoods ,i  
p]suade "s private p]son to  entru/ 8   
affairs to y z a really c>eful &        
bus9ess-l  p]son ) a head = economy4 ,:5
 put to ! te/ w\ld n y\r  adm9i/ration  
prove ru9\s1 & ! figure y cut ridicul\s8
 ,no1 my  de> fri5d1 !re is b "o road1 !
 %orte/1 safe/1 be/1 & x  is simply ?is3
 ,9 :atsoev] y desire to be deem$ good1 
endeav\r  to be good4 ,= ( all ! virtues
 namable among m51 consid]1 &  y w f9d  
!re is n "o b may be increas$ by le>n+ &
  practice4 ,= my "p !n1 ,critobulus1 ^!
 are ! pr9ciples on  :i* we ought to g  
a-hunt+2 b if y take a diff]5t view1 ,i 
am  all att5tion1 please in/ruct me4    
,!n ,critobulus3 ,nay1 ,socrates1 ,i    
%\ld be a%am$ to ga9say :at y  h said2  

if ,i did1 x w\ld nei!r be a noble      
/atem5t nor a true4  7#bg7     7#bg7    
kala444 ale!4      ,,vii    ,he _h two  
ways ( deal+ ) ! difficulties ( 8       
fri5ds3 :]e  ignorance 0 ! cause1 he    
tri$ to meet ! tr\ble by a dose (       
common s5se2 or :]e want & pov]ty 7 to  
blame1 by lesson+ !m  t !y %\ld assi/ "o
 ano!r accord+ to _! ability2 & "h  ,i  
may m5tion c]ta9 incid5ts :i* occurr$ )9
 my own k4  ,h[1 = in/ance1 he *anc$ ^u 
,ari/>*us we>+ ! look ( "o  :o suff]$ f 
a fit ( ! sull5s1 & ?us acco/$ him4     
,soc4 ,y seem to h "s tr\ble on y\r m9d1
 ,ari/>*us2 if s1 y  %\ld %>e x ) y\r   
fri5ds4 ,p]haps toge!r we might light5 !
  weight ( x a little4    ,ari/>*us     
answ]$3 ,yes1 ,socrates1 ,i am 9 sore   
/raits inde$4 ,ev]  s9ce ! p>ty /rife   
decl>$ itself 9 ! city1 7#a7 :at ) !    
ru% ( p to ,piraeus1 & ! :olesale       
bani%m5ts1 ,i h be5  fairly at ! m]cy ( 
my poor des]t$ female relatives4 ,si/]s1
  nieces1 c\s9s1 !y h all come flock+ to
 me = protection4 ,i  h f\rte5 free-born

 s\ls1 ,i tell y1 "u my s+le ro(1 & h[  
are we to live8 ,we c get no?+ out ( !  
soil--t is 9 ! h&s  ( ! enemy2 no?+ f my
 h\se prop]ty1 = !re is sc>cely a  liv+ 
s\l left 9 ! city2 my furniture8 no "o w
 buy x2 money8  !re is none to be       
borr[$--y w\ld h a bett] *ance to f9d  x
 by look+ = x on ! road ?an to borr[ x f
 a bank]4 ,yes1  ,socrates1 to /& by &  
see "o's relatives die ( hung] is h>d   
inde$1 & yet to fe$ s _m at su* a p9*   
impossible4     7#a7 i4e4 circa #djd-djc
 ,b4,c4 ,see ,hell4 ,,ii4 iv4    ,aft]  
he li/5$ to ! /ory1 ,socrates ask$3 ,h[ 
comes x t  ,c]amon1 7#b7 ) s _m m\?s to 
fe$1 n only contrives to furni%  himself
 & !m ) ! necess>ies ( life1 b to       
realise a h&some  surplus1 :il/ y be+ 9 
l plight 7#c7 are afraid y w "o &  all  
p]i% ( />vation = want ( ! necess>ies ( 
life8     7#b7 ,an employ] ( lab\r1     
app>5tly1 on a gr& scale4     7#c7 ,lit4
 ) y\r l>ge family to fe$4 ,l4 ,d9dorf  
w\ld l to      read su de olig\s1 y )   
y\r small family4    ,ar4 ,:y1 bless y\r

 s\l1 d y n see he has only slaves & ,i 
h  free-born s\ls to fe$8    ,soc4 ,&   
:i* %\ld y say 7 ! bett] human be+s1 !  
free-born memb]s ( y\r h\sehold or      
,c]amon's slaves8    ,ar4 ,! free s\ls  
"u my ro( )\t a d\bt4    ,soc4 ,is x n a
 %ame1 !n1 t he ) 8 bas] folk to back   
him %\ld be 9 easy circum/ances1 :ile y 
& y\r f> sup]ior  h\sehold are 9        
difficulties8    ,ar4 ,to be sure x is1 
:5 he has only a set ( h&icraftsm5 to   
fe$1  & ,i my lib]ally-educat$ h\sehold4
    ,soc4 ,:at is a h&icraftsman8 ,does 
n ! t]m apply to all :o c  make any sort
 ( useful product or commodity8    ,ar4 
,c]ta9ly4    ,soc4 ,b>ley meal is a     
useful product1 is x n8    ,ar4         
,pre-em95tly s4    ,soc4 ,& loaves (    
bread8    ,ar4 ,no less4    ,soc4 ,well1
 & :at d y say to cloaks = m5 & =       
wom5--tunics1  mantles1 ve/s8 7#d7      
7#d7 ,= ^! articles ( dress see ,beck]'s
 ,*>icles1 ,exc4 i4 to      ,sc4 xi4    
,dress4    ,ar4 ,yes1 !y are all highly 
useful commodities4    ,soc4 ,!n y\r    

h\sehold d n "k h[ to make any ( ^!8    
,ar4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i believe !y c make
 !m all4    ,soc4 ,!n y are n aw>e t by 
means ( ! manufacture ( "o (  ^!        
alone--8 b>ley meal /ore--,nausicydes   
7#e7 n only ma9ta9s  himself & 8        
dome/ics1 b _m pigs & cattle besides1 & 
realises su* l>ge pr(its t he frequ5tly 
contributes to ! /ate  b5evol5ces2 7#f7 
:ile !re is ,cyrebus1 aga91 :o1 out ( a 
bread  factory1 m ?an ma9ta9s ! :ole ( 8
 e/abli%m5t1 & lives  9 ! lap ( luxury2 
& ,demeas ( ,collytus gets a livelihood 
out (  a cloak bus9ess1 & ,m5on z a     
mantua-mak]1 & s1 aga91 m ?an  half !   
,meg>ians 7#g7 by ! mak+ ( ve/s4        
7#e7 ,nausicydes4 ,cobet1 ,pros4 ,x54   
cf4 ,ari/oph4 ,eccles4 #dbf4     7#f7   
,lit4 /ate liturgies1 or to ! burd5 ( ! 
public s]vices4      ,= ^! see ,g[1     
,companion1 xviii4 ,a!nian ,f9ance4     
7#g7 ,cf4 ,ari/4 ,a*>nians1 #eai1       
esukophantei ,meg>eon ta                
khlaniskia4 ,see ,dr4 ,m]ry's note ad   
loc4    ,ar4 ,bless me1 yes6 ,!y h got a

 set ( b>b>ian fell[s1 :om !y  pur*ase &
 keep1 to manufacture by =c$ lab\r      
:atev] takes _!  fancy4 ,my k9swom51 ,i 
ne$ n tell y1 are free-born ladies4     
,soc4 ,!n1 on ! gr\nd t !y are free-born
 & y\r k9swom51  y ?9k t !y ought to d  
no?+ b eat & sleep8 ,or is x y\r  op9ion
 t p :o live 9 ?is way--,i speak (      
free-born p  9 g5]al--lead happi] lives1
 & are m to be congratulat$1 ?an  ^? :o 
give _! "t & att5tion to su* useful arts
 ( life z  !y are skill$ 98 ,is ?is :at 
y see 9 ! _w1 t = !  purpose ( le>n+ :at
 x is well to "k1 & ( recollect+ !      
lessons taught1 or ) a view to heal? &  
/r5g? ( body1 or =  ! sake ( acquir+ &  
pres]v+ all t gives life its *>m1       
idl5ess & inatt5tion are f\nd to be     
helpful1 :il/ "w & /udy  are simply a   
dead loss8 ,pray1 :5 ^? relatives ( y\rs
 7 taught  :at y tell me !y "k1 did !y  
le>n x z b>r5 in=mation  :i* !y w\ld    
nev] turn to practical acc\nt1 or1 on ! 
contr>y1  z some?+ ) :i* !y 7 to be     
s]i\sly conc]n$ "s day1  & f :i* !y 7 to

 reap advantage8 ,d human be+s 9 g5]al  
atta9 to well-temp]$ manhood by a c\rse 
( idl+1 or by c>efully  att5d+ to :at w 
be ( use8 ,:i* w help a man ! m to gr[  
9 ju/ice & uprightness1 to be up & do+1 
or to sit ) fold$  h&s revolv+ ! ways & 
means ( exi/5ce8 ,z ?+s n[ /&1  if ,i am
 n mi/ak51 !re is no love lo/ betwe5 y4 
,y _c help  feel+ t !y are co/ly to y1 &
 !y mu/ see t y f9d  !m a bur!n8 ,?is is
 a p]il\s /ate ( affairs1 9 :i* hatr$ & 
bitt]ness h e prospect ( increas+1 :il/ 
! pre-exi/+  bond ( affection 7#h7 is   
likely to be snapp$4     7#h7 ,or1 !    
orig9al /ock ( k9dl9ess w be us$ up4    
,b n[1 if only y all[ !m free scope = _!
 en]gies1 :5 y  come to see h[ useful !y
 c be1 y w gr[ q fond ( !m1  & !y1 :5 !y
 p]ceive t !y c please y1 w cl+ to  _!  
b5efactor w>mly4 ,?us1 ) ! memory ( =m] 
k9dnesses  made sweet]1 y w increase !  
grace :i* fl[s f k9dnesses  t5fold2 y w 
9 consequ5ce be knit 9 clos] bonds (    
love &  dome/icity4 ,if1 inde$1 !y 7    
call$ ^u to d any %ameful "w1  let !m   

*oose dea? r ?an t2 b n[ !y "k1 x w\ld  
seem1 ! v arts & accompli%m5ts :i* are  
reg>d$ z !  lovelie/ & ! mo/ suitable = 
wom52 & ! ?+s :i* we "k1  any ( u1 are j
 ^? :i* we c be/ p]=m1 t is to say1  )  
ease & exp$ition2 x is a joy to d !m1 & 
! result is  beautiful4 7#i7 ,d n       
hesitate1 !n1 to initiate y\r fri5ds 9  
:at  w br+ advantage to !m & y alike2   
probably !y w gladly  respond to y\r    
summons4     7#i7 ,or1 ) ease1 rapidity1
 pleasure & effect4    ,well1 ^u my ^w  
7,ari/>*us answ]$71 ,i l s well :at y   
say1 ,socrates1 t ?\gh hi!rto ,i h n be5
 dispos$ to borr[1  kn[+ t :5 ,i _h sp5t
 :at ,i got ,i %\ld n be 9 a condition  
to repay1 ,i ?9k ,i c n[ br+ myself to d
 s 9 ord] to raise a  fund = ^! works4  
,!reupon a capital 0 provid$2 wools 7   
pur*as$2 ! good man's  relatives set to 
"w1 & ev5 :il/ !y breakfa/$ !y work$1 & 
on & on till "w 0 end$ & !y supp$4      
,smiles took ! place (  fr[ns2 !y no    
long] look$ askance ) suspicion1 b full 
into ea*  o!r's eyes ) happ9ess4 ,!y    

lov$ _! k9sman = 8 k9dness  to !m4 ,he  
became atta*$ to !m z helpmates2 & ! end
 ( x all  01 he came to ,socrates & told
 him ) delight h[ matt]s f>$2  & n[1 he 
add$1 !y tax me ) be+ ! only drone 9 !  
h\se1 :o sit & eat ! bread ( idl5ess4   
,to :i* ,socrates3 ,:y d n y tell !m !  
fable ( ! dog8 7#aj7  ,once on a "t1 s  
goes ! /ory1 :5 bea/s c\ld speak1 ! %eep
  said to h] ma/]1 ,:at a m>vel is ?is1 
ma/]1 t to u1 y\r  own %eep1 :o provide 
y ) fleeces & lambs & *eese1 y give     
no?+1 save only :at we may nibble (f    
e>?'s bosom2 b ) ?is  dog ( y\rs1 :o    
provides y ) no?+ ( ! sort1 y %>e  ! v  
meat out ( y\r m\?4 ,:5 ! dog he>d ^!   
words1 he  answ]$ promptly1 ,ay1 9 good 
soo?1 = is x n ,i :o keep y safe  &     
s\nd1 y %eep1 s t y are n /ol5 by man   
nor h>ri$ by  wolves2 s9ce1 if ,i did n 
keep wat* ov] y1 y w\ld n be able  s mu*
 z to graze afield1 fe>+ to be de/roy$4 
,& s1 says  ! tale1 ! %eep _h to admit t
 ! dog 0 rightly pref]r$ to  !mselves 9 
hon\r4 ,& s d y tell y\r flock yond] t l

 !  dog 9 ! fable y are _! gu>dian &    
ov]se]1 & x is ?anks  to y t !y are     
protect$ f evil & evildo]s1 s t !y  "w  
_! "w & live _! lives 9 blissful        
security4     7#aj7 ,see ,joseph        
,jacobs1 ,! ,fables ( ,aesop1 vol4 i4 p4
 #bf foll41      = a complete li/ ( !   
,fables giv5 9 ,greek lit]ature up to   
! fall ( ,greek indep5d5ce4 ,cf4        
,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1 #bjb           
foll42 ,ar*ilo*us1 #hi 7#fj71 ,b]gk2    
,h]od4 i4 #ada2 ,aes*4      ,myrmid4 fr4
 #abc2 ,ari/ot4 ,rhet4 ,,ii4 xx4        
,,viii    ,at ano!r "t *anc+ ^u an old  
fri5d :om he _h n se5 = a  long :ile1 he
 greet$ him ?us4    ,soc4 ,:at qu>t] ( !
 _w d y hail f1 ,eu!rus8    ,! o!r      
answ]$3 ,f abroad1 j be=e ! close ( !   
w>2 b  at pres5t f ! city itself4 7#a7  
,y see1 s9ce we h be5 d5ud$  ( our      
possessions across ! fronti]1 7#b7 & my 
fa!r left me  no?+ 9 ,attica1 ,i mu/    
ne$s bide at home1 & provide myself )  !
 necess>ies ( life by means ( bodily    
toil1 :i* seems pref]able  to begg+ f   

ano!r1 especially z ,i h no security on 
:i* to  raise a loan4     7#a7 ,lit4 f  
"h4 ,! conv]sation p]haps takes place 9 
,piraeus      #djd ,b4,c4     7#b7 ,or1 
colonial possession4 ,cf4 ,symp4 iv4    
#ca4    ,soc4 ,& h[ long d y expect y\r 
body to be equal to provid+ !           
necess>ies ( life = hire8    ,eu?4      
,goodness kn[s1 ,socrates--n = long4    
,soc4 ,& :5 y f9d y\rself an old man1   
exp5ses w n dim9i%1  & yet no "o w c>e  
to pay y = ! lab\r ( y\r h&s4    ,eu?4  
,t is true4    ,soc4 ,w\ld x n be bett] 
!n to apply y\rself at once to su*  "w z
 w /& y 9 good /ead :5 y are old--t is1 
address  y\rself to "s l>ge proprietor  
:o ne$s an assi/ant 9 manag+ 8  e/ate8  
7#c7 ,by sup]9t5d+ 8 works1 help+ to get
 9 8 crops1  & gu>d+ 8 prop]ty 9 g5]al1 
y w be a b5efit to !  e/ate & be b5efit$
 9 return4     7#c7 ,cf4 ,cyrop4 ,,viii4
 iii4 #dh4    ,i c\ld n endure ! yoke ( 
slav]y1 ,socrates6 7he exclaim$74       
,soc4 ,& yet ! heads ( dep>tm5ts 9 a    
/ate are n reg>d$ z  adopt+ ! badge (   

slav]y because !y manage ! public       
prop]ty1  b z hav+ atta9$ a high] degree
 ( fre$om r4    ,eu?4 ,9 a ^w1          
,socrates1 ! idea ( be+ held to acc\nt  
to ano!r  is n at all to my ta/e4       
,soc4 ,& yet1 ,eu!rus1 x w\ld be h>d to 
f9d a "w :i* did  n involve "s liability
 to acc\nt2 9 fact x is difficult to d  
any?+ )\t "s mi/ake or o!r1 & no less   
difficult1 if  y %\ld succe$ 9 do+ x    
immaculately1 to escape all unfri5dly   
criticism4 ,i wond] n[ :e!r y f9d x easy
 to get ?r\gh y\r  pres5t occupations   
entirely )\t reproa*4 ,no8 ,let me tell 
y :at  y %\ld d4 ,y %\ld avoid c5sori\s 
p]sons & atta* y\rself  to ! consid]ate 
& k9d-he>t$1 & 9 all y\r affairs accept 
) a good grace :at y c & decl9e :at y   
feel y _c d4  ,:atev] x be1 d x he>t &  
s\l1 & make x y\r f9e/ "w4 7#d7  ,!re   
lies ! me?od at once to sil5ce          
fault-f9d]s & to m9i/]  help to y\r own 
difficulties4 ,life w fl[ smoo?ly1 risks
 w be  dim9i%$1 provision aga9/ old age 
secur$4     7#d7 ,or1 /udy to make x y\r

 f9e/ "w1 ! expression ( a real         
en?usiasm4      ,,ix    ,at ano!r "t1 z 
,i am aw>e1 he _h he>d a rem>k made by  
,crito 7#a7  t life at ,a!ns 0 no easy  
matt] = a man :o wi%$ to m9d 8  own     
affairs4     7#a7 ,crito4 ,see above1   
,i4 ii4 #dh2 ,cobet1 ,p4 ,x42 cf4 ,plat4
 ,rep4      viii4 #edi ,c4    ,z1 =     
in/ance1 at ?is mom5t 7,crito proce$$7  
!re are a set  ( fell[s ?reat5+ me )    
lawsuits1 n because !y h any            
misdemean\r to allege aga9/ me1 b simply
 "u ! conviction t  ,i w soon] pay a sum
 ( money ?an be tr\bl$ fur!r4    ,to :i*
 ,socrates repli$3 ,tell me1 ,crito1 y  
keep dogs1 d y n1 to  w>d (f wolves f   
y\r flocks8    ,cr4 ,c]ta9ly2 x pays to 
d s4    ,soc4 ,!n :y d y n keep a       
wat*man will+ & compet5t to w>d  (f ?is 
pack ( p :o seek to injure y8    ,i %\ld
 n at all m9d 7he answ]$71 if ,i 7 n    
afraid he might  turn aga9 & r5d 8      
keep]4    ,:at6 7rejo9$ ,socrates71 d y 
n see t to gratify a man l  y\rself is  
f> pleasant] z a matt] ( self-int]e/ ?an

 to qu>rel  ) y8 ,y may be sure !re are 
pl5ty ( p "h :o w take  ! greate/ pride 
9 mak+ y _! fri5d4    ,accord+ly1 !y    
s\ght out ,ar*$emus1 7#b7 a practical   
man ) a  clev] tongue 9 8 head 7#c7 b   
poor2 ! fact be+1 he 0 n !  sort to make
 ga9 by hook or by crook1 b a lov] (    
hone/y & (  too good a nature himself to
 make 8 liv+ z a pettifogg]4 7#d7 ,crito
  w\ld !n take ! opportunity ( times (  
h>ve/+ & put aside  small pres5ts =     
,a*$emus ( corn & oil1 or w9e1 or wool1 
or any  o!r ( ! f>m produce =m+ ! /aple 
commodities ( life1 or he  w\ld invite  
him to a sacrificial fea/1 & o!rwise pay
 him m>k$  att5tion4 ,ar*$emus1 feel+ t 
he _h 9 ,crito's h\se a h>b\r  ( refuge1
 c\ld n make too mu* ( 8 patron1 & ere  
long he  _h hunt$ up a long li/ (       
iniquities :i* c\ld be lodg$ aga9/      
,crito's pettifogg+ p]secutors !mselves1
 & n only _! num]\s  crimes b _! num]\s 
enemies2 & pres5tly he prosecut$ "o (   
!m 9 a public suit1 :]e s5t5ce w\ld be  
giv5 aga9/ him :at  to suff] or :at to  

pay4 7#e7 ,! accus$1 consci\s z he 0 (  
_m rascally de$s1 did all he c\ld to be 
quit ( ,ar*$emus1 b  ,ar*$emus 0 n to be
 got rid (4 ,he held on until he _h made
 !  in=m] n only loose 8 hold ( ,crito b
 pay himself a sum (  money2 & n[ t     
,ar*$emus _h a*iev$ ?is & o!r simil>    
victories1 x is easy to guess :at       
foll[$4 7#f7 ,x 0 j z :5  "s %eph]d has 
got a v good dog1 all ! o!r %eph]ds wi% 
to lodge _! flocks 9 8 neighb\rhood t !y
 too may reap !  b5efit ( him4 ,s a     
numb] ( ,crito's fri5ds came begg+ him  
to all[  ,ar*$emus to be _! gu>dian     
also1 & ,ar*$emus 0 ov]joy$ to  d some?+
 to gratify ,crito1 & s x came ab\t t n 
only ,crito  abode 9 peace1 b 8 fri5ds  
likewise4 ,if any ( ^? p )  :om         
,ar*$emus 0 n on ! be/ ( t]ms 7 dispos$ 
to ?r[  x 9 8 tee? t he accept$ 8       
patron's b5efits & paid 9  flatt]ies1 he
 _h a ready retort3 ,answ] me ?is       
"q--:i* is  ! m sc&al\s1 to accept      
k9dnesses f hone/ folk & to repay  !m1 )
 ! result t ,i make su* p my fri5ds b   

qu>rel  ) knaves1 or to make enemies (  
hon\rable g5tlem5 7#g7 by attempts  to d
 !m wrong1 ) ! (f-*ance inde$ ( w9n+ !  
fri5d%ip  ( "s scamps 9 return = my     
co-op]ation1 b ! c]ta9ty (  los+ 9 !    
tone ( my acqua9tances8 7#h7     7#b7   
,ar*$emus1 possibly ! demagogue1 ,hell4 
,i4 vii4 #b4 ,s ,cobet1      ,p4 ,x41 b 
see ,grote1 ,h4 ,g4 viii4 #bde4     7#c7
 ,lit4 v capable ( spee* & action--!    
writ]'s fav\rite      =mula = !         
well-tra9$ ,a!nian :o c speak flu5tly & 
reason cle>ly1 & act en]getically &     
opportunely4     7#d7 ,read+ kai        
euphue/]os on  7or e os7444 apo         
sukophanton       7or sukophantion71    
aft] ,cobet1 ,p4 ,x4 s4v4 ,ar*$emus4 ,! 
,,mss4 give kai ephe ra/on e9ai--no?+ is
 easi]1 he said1      ?an recov]+ f     
sycophants4     7#e7 ,= ?is =mula cf4   
,econ4 vi4 #bd4 ,cf4 ,plat4 ,/atesm4    
#bii ,a4     7#f7 ede tote4 ,cf4 ,plat4 
,laws1 vi4 #ggh ,c4     7#g7 ,lit4 !    
kaloi kaga?oi1 :i* l khre/\s & pon]\s   
has a political z well z an e?ical      

mean+4     7#h7 ,lit4 mu/ associate ) ^!
 7! pon]ois7 in/ead ( ^?      7! kalois 
te kaga?ois74    ,! net result ( ! :ole 
proce$+s 0 t ,ar*$emus 0 n[  ,crito's "r
 h&1 7#i7 & by ! re/ ( ,crito's fri5ds  
he 0 held  9 hon\r4     7#i7 ,he 0 ,no4 
#a--;eis4      ,x    ,aga9 ,i may cite1 
z kn[n to myself1 7#a7 ! foll[+         
discussion2 !  argum5ts 7 address$ to   
,diodorus1 "o ( 8 companions4 ,! ma/]   
said3     7#a7 ,or1 = :i* ,i c p]sonally
 v\*4    ,tell me1 ,diodorus1 if "o (   
y\r slaves runs away1 are y at pa9s to  
recov] him8    ,m ?an t 7,diodorus      
answ]$71 ,i summon o!rs to my aid & ,i h
  a rew>d cri$ = 8 recov]y4    ,soc4    
,well1 if "o ( y\r dome/ics is sick1 d y
 t5d him & call 9  ! doctors to save 8  
life8    ,diod4 ,decid$ly ,i d4    ,soc4
 ,& if an intimate acqua9tance :o is f> 
m preci\s to y  ?an any ( y\r h\sehold  
slaves is ab\t to p]i% ( want1 y w\ld   
?9k x incumb5t on y to take pa9s to save
 8 life8 ,well6 n[ y  "k )\t my tell+ y 
t ,h]mog5es 7#b7 is n made ( wood or    

/one4 ,if y help$ him he w\ld be a%am$ n
 to pay y 9 k9d4  ,& yet--! opportunity 
( possess+ a will+1 k9dly1 & tru/y      
assi/ant well fitt$ to d y\r bidd+1 & n 
m]ely t1 b  capable ( orig9at+ useful   
ideas himself1 ) a c]ta9 =eca/  ( m9d & 
judgm5t--,i say su* a man is wor? doz5s 
( slaves4 ,good  economi/s tell u t :5 a
 preci\s article may be got at a l[     
price we ought to buy4 ,& n[adays :5    
times are s bad x is possible  to get   
good fri5ds exce$+ly *eap4     7#b7     
,h]mog5es1 presumably ! son (           
,hipponicus4 ,see ,i4 ii4 #dh4          
,diodorus answ]$3 ,y are q "r1          
,socrates2 bid ,h]mog5es come to  me4   
,soc4 ,bid ,h]mog5es come to y6--n ,i   
inde$6 s9ce = aught ,i c  und]/& y are  
no bett] entitl$ to summon him t to g to
 him  y\rself1 nor is ! advantage m on 8
 side ?an y\r own4    ,?us ,diodorus w5t
 (f 9 a trice to seek ,h]mog5es1 & at no
 great  outlay won to himself a fri5d--a
 fri5d ^: "o conc]n x n[ 0 to  discov]  
h[1 by ^w or de$1 he might help & gladd5

 ,diodorus4          ,,book ,,iii       
,i    ,aspirants to hon\r & di/9ction   
7#a7 d]iv$ simil> help f  ,socrates1 :o 
9 ea* case /imulat$ 9 !m a p]sev]+      
assiduity  t[>ds _! sev]al aims1 z !    
foll[+ n>ratives t5d to %[4 ,he  _h he>d
 on "o occasion ( ! arrival 9 ,a!ns (   
,dionysodorus1 7#b7  :o pr(ess$ to tea* 
! :ole duty ( a g5]al4 7#c7 ,accord+ly  
he  rem>k$ to "o ( ^? :o 7 ) him--a "y  
man ^: anxiety to  obta9 ! (fice (      
,/rategos 7#d7 0 no secret to him3      
7#a7 ton kalon  ev]y?+ :i* ! kalos te   
kaga?os %\ld aim      at1 b especially !
 hon\rable (fices ( /ate su* z !        
,ar*on%ip1 ,/rategia1 ,hipp>*ia1 etc4   
,see ,plat4 ,la*es4     7#b7            
,dionysodorus ( ,*ios1 presumably4 ,see 
,plat4 ,eu?yd4 #bga ,c foll4     7#c7 ,a
 pr(essor ( ! sci5ce & art ( /rategy4   
7#d7 ,lit4 t hon\r1 sc4 ! ,/rategia4    
,soc4 ,x w\ld be mon/r\s on ! "p ( any  
"o :o s\ght to become  a g5]al 7#e7 to  
?r[ away ! slighte/ opportunity ( le>n+ 
!  duties ( ! (fice4 ,su* a p]son1 ,i   

%\ld say1 w\ld des]ve to be  f9$ &      
puni%$ by ! /ate f> m ?an ! *>latan :o  
)\t  hav+ le>nt ! art ( a sculptor      
und]takes a contract to c>ve a  /atue4  
,consid]+ t ! :ole =tunes ( ! /ate are  
entru/$  to ! g5]al dur+ a w>1 ) all its
 incid5tal p]il1 x is only  reasonable  
to anticipate t great bless+s or great  
mis=tunes  w result 9 proportion to !   
success or bungl+ ( t (fic]4 ,i  appeal 
to y1 "y sir1 d y n agree t a c&idate   
:o1 :ile  tak+ pa9s to be elect$        
neglects to le>n ! duties ( ! (fice1    
w\ld ri*ly des]ve to be f9$8     7#e7   
i4e4 head ( ! w> dep>tm5t1 &            
comm&]-9-*ief1 etc4    ,) argum5ts l ^! 
he p]suad$ ! "y man to g & take         
lessons4 ,aft] he _h gone ?r\gh ! c\rse 
he came back1 & ,socrates  proce$$      
playfully to bant] him4    ,soc4 ,behold
 our "y fri5d1 sirs1 z ,hom] says (     
,agamemnon1 ( me9  maje/ical1 7#f7 s he2
 does he n seem to move m maje/ically1 l
  "o :o has /udi$ to be a g5]al8 ,(     
c\rse1 j z a man :o  has le>n$ to play !

 h>p is a h>p]1 ev5 if he nev] t\* !    
in/rum5t1 or z "o :o has /udi$ m$ic9e is
 a physician1 ?\gh he  does n practise1 
s our fri5d "h f ?is "t =w>d is n[ &    
ev] %all be a g5]al1 ev5 ?\gh he does n 
receive a vote at !  elections4 ,b !    
dunce :o has n ! sci5ce is nei!r g5]al  
nor doctor1 no1 n ev5 if ! :ole _w      
appo9t$ him4 ,b 7he  proce$$1 turn+ to !
 y\?71 9 case any ( u %\ld ev] f9d      
ourselves capta9 or colonel 7#g7 "u y1  
to give u "s smatt]+  ( ! sci5ce ( w>1  
:at did ! pr(essor take z ! />t+-po9t  (
 8 in/ruction 9 g5]al%ip8 ,please in=m  
u4     7#f7 ,il4 iii4 #afi1 #agj4       
7#g7 ,or1 brigadi] or capta91 lit4      
taxi>* or lo*agos4    ,!n ! "y man3 ,he 
began :]e he end$2 he taught me tactics 
7#h7--tactics & no?+ else4     7#h7 ,cf4
 ,cyrop4 ,i4 vi4 #ab foll42 ,,viii4 v4  
#ae4    ,yet surely 7repli$ ,socrates7 t
 is only an inf9itesimal "p (  g5]al%ip4
 ,a g5]al 7#i7 mu/ be ready 9 furni%+ ! 
mat]ial (  w>3 9 provid+ ! commiss>iat =
 8 troops2 quick 9 devices1 he  mu/ be  

full ( practical res\rce2 no?+ mu/      
escape 8 eye or tax  8 endurance2 he mu/
 be %rewd1 & ready ( wit1 a comb9ation  
at  once ( clem5cy & fi]c5ess1 (        
simplicity & ( insidi\s  craft2 he mu/  
play ! "p ( wat*man1 ( robb]2 n[        
prodigal z  a sp5d?rift1 & aga9         
close-fi/$ z a mis]1 ! b\nty ( 8        
munific5ce mu/ be equall$ by ! n>r[ness 
( 8 gre$2 impregnable  9 def5ce1 a v    
d>e-devil 9 attack--^! & _m o!r         
qualities  mu/ he possess :o is to make 
a good g5]al & m9i/] ( w>2 !y  mu/ come 
to him by gift ( nature or ?r\gh sci5ce4
 ,no d\bt x is a  gr& ?+ also to be a   
tactician1 s9ce !re is all ! diff]5ce 9 
! _w betwe5 an army prop]ly h&l$ 9 !    
field & ! same  9 disord]2 j z /ones &  
bricks1 woodwork & tiles1 tumbl$  toge!r
 9 a heap are ( no use at all1 b arrange
 !m 9 a c]ta9  ord]--at bottom & atop   
mat]ials :i* w n crumble or rot1  su* z 
/ones & e>!n tiles1 & 9 ! middle betwe5 
! two put  bricks & woodwork1 ) an eye  
to ar*itectural pr9ciple1 7#aj7 &       

f9ally y get a valuable possession--to  
wit1 a dwell+-place4     7#i7 ,a        
/rategos4 ,= ! duties & sph]es ( action 
( ?is (fic]1      see ,g[1 op4 cit4 xiv4
 #eh4     7#aj7 ,z 9 ! build+ ( a h\se4 
,see ,vitrivius1 ii4 #c2 ,pl94 xxv4     
#ad4    ,! simile is v apt1 ,socrates   
7#aa7 7repli$ ! y\?71 = 9  battle1 too1 
! rule is to draw up ! be/ m5 9 front & 
re>1  ) ^? ( inf]ior quality betwe51 :]e
 !y may be l$ on by !  =m] & pu%$ on by 
! h9d]4     7#aa7 ,cf4 ,il4 iv4 #big    
foll42 ,cyrop4 ,,vi4 iii4 #be2 ,polyb4  
x4 #bb4    ,soc4 ,v good1 no d\bt1 if ! 
pr(essor taught y to di/+ui%  good &    
bad2 b if n1 :]e is ! use ( y\r le>n+8  
,x w\ld  sc>cely help y1 w\ld x1 to be  
told to arrange co9s 9 piles1 !  be/    
co9s at top & bottom & ! wor/ 9 !       
middle1 unless y  7 fir/ taught to      
di/+ui% real f c\nt]feit4    ,! ,y\?4   
,well no1 ^u my ^w1 he did n tea* u t1 s
 t !  task ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 good & bad 
mu/ devolve on ourselves4    ,soc4      
,well1 %all we see1 !n1 h[ we may be/   

avoid mak+ blund]s  betwe5 !m8    ,i am 
ready 7repli$ ! y\?74    ,soc4 ,well !n6
 ,let u suppose we are m>aud]s1 & ! task
 impos$  ^u u is to c>ry (f "s bullion2 
x w be a "r disposition (  our =ces if  
we place 9 ! vangu>d ^? :o are ! gre$ie/
 (  ga98 7#ab7     7#ab7 ,^: f+]s it* = 
gold4    ,! ,y\?4 ,i %\ld ?9k s4        
,soc4 ,!n :at if !re is dang] to be     
fac$8 ,%all ! vangu>d  consi/ ( m5 :o   
are gre$ie/ ( hon\r8    ,! ,y\?4 ,x is  
^!1 at any rate1 :o w face dang] = !    
sake  ( praise & glory4 7#ac7 ,=tunately
 su* p are n hid away 9  a corn]2 !y %9e
 =? conspicu\s ev]y:]e1 & are easy to be
  discov]$4     7#ac7 ,cf4 ,%akesp4     
seek+ ! bubble reputation ev5 9 !       
cannon's      m\?4    ,soc4 ,b tell me1 
did he tea* y h[ to draw up troops 9    
g5]al1  or specifically :]e & h[ to     
apply ea* p>ticul> k9d ( tactical       
arrangem5t8    ,! ,y\?4 ,no?+ ( ! sort4 
,soc4 ,& yet !re are & mu/ be innum]able
 circum/ances 9 :i*  ! same ord]+ ( m>* 
or battle w be out ( place4    ,! ,y\?4 

,i assure y he did n draw any ( ^! f9e  
di/9ctions4    ,he did n1 did n he8 7he 
answ]$74 ,bless me6 ,g back to him aga91
  !n1 & ply him ) que/ions2 if he really
 has ! sci5ce1 & is  n lo/ to all s5se (
 %ame1 he w blu% to h tak5 y\r money  & 
!n to h s5t y away empty4      ,,ii     
,at ano!r "t he fell 9 ) a man :o _h be5
 *os5 g5]al &  m9i/] ( w>1 & ?us acco/$ 
him4    ,soc4 ,:y did ,hom]1 ?9k y1     
designate ,agamemnon %eph]d ( !         
peoples8 7#a7 ,0 x possibly to %[ t1 ev5
 z a %eph]d mu/ c>e  = 8 %eep & see t !y
 are safe & h all ?+s ne$ful1  & t !    
objects ( _! re>+ be secur$1 s also mu/ 
a g5]al  take c>e t 8 soldi]s are safe &
 h _! supplies1 & atta9  ! objects ( _! 
soldi]+8 ,:i* la/ is t !y may get !     
ma/]y ( _! enemies1 & s add to _! own   
good =tune &  happ9ess2 or tell me1 :at 
made him praise ,agamemnon1 say+--      
,he is bo? a good k+ & a w>rior bold8   
7#b7    ,did he mean1 p]haps1 to imply t
 he w\ld be a 'w>rior bold1' n  m]ely 9 
/&+ alone & bravely battl+ aga9/ ! foe1 

b z  inspir+ ! :ole ( 8 ho/ ) l pr[ess2 
& by a 'good k+1'  n m]ely "o :o %\ld /&
 =? gallantly to protect 8 own life1  b 
:o %\ld be ! s\rce ( happ9ess to all ov]
 :om he reigns8  ,s9ce a man is n *os5  
k+ 9 ord] to take he$ to himself1 albeit
  nobly1 b t ^? :o *ose him may atta9 to
 happ9ess ?r\gh him4  ,& :y d m5 g      
soldi]+ except to ameliorate exi/5ce8   
7#c7 & to  ?is end !y *oose _! g5]als t 
!y may f9d 9 !m guides to  ! goal 9 "q4 
,he1 !n1 :o und]takes t (fice is b\nd to
  procure = ^? :o *oose him ! ?+ !y seek
 =4 ,& inde$ x  7 n easy to f9d any     
nobl] ambition ?an ?is1 or aught ignobl]
  ?an its opposite4     7#a7 ,il4 ii4   
#bdc4 ,! ,p's ,pa/]1 ,*apman4     7#b7  
,il4 iii4 #agi2 cf4 ,symp4 iv4 #f4 ,a   
fav\rite l9e ( ,alex&]      ! ,great's1 
x is said4     7#c7 ,(1 t life may rea* 
"s fl[] ( happ9ess4    ,aft] su* sort he
 h&l$ ! "q1 :at is ! virtue ( a good    
lead]8 & by %r$d+ (f all sup]ficial     
qualities1 laid b>e z  ! k]nel ( ! matt]
 t x is ! function ( e lead] to make  ^?

 happy :om he may be call$ ^u to lead4  
7#d7     7#d7 ,cf4 ,plat4 ,rep4 #cdb4   
,,iii    ,! foll[+ conv]sation ) a y\?  
:o _h j be5 elect$  hipp>* 7#a7 7or     
comm&ant ( cavalry71 ,i c also v\* =4   
7#b7     7#a7 ,cf4 ,hipp>*4     7#b7    
,lit4 ,i "k he once held4    ,soc4 ,c y 
tell u :at set y wi%+ to be a g5]al (   
cavalry1  "y sir8 ,:at 0 y\r object8 ,i 
suppose x 0 n simply to ride at  ! head 
( ! knights1 an hon\r n d5i$ to ! m\nt$ 
ar*]s1  7#c7 :o ride ev5 9 front ( !    
g5]als !mselves8     7#c7 ,lit4         
,hippotoxotai4 ,see ,boeckh1 ,p4 ,e4 ,a4
 ,,ii4 xxi4 p4 #bfd 7,eng4      tr47    
,hipp4 ,y are "r4    ,soc4 ,no m 0 x = !
 sake m]ely ( public notoriety1 s9ce a  
madman might boa/ ( t fatal di/9ction4  
7#d7     7#d7 ,or1 z we all "k1 ',tom   
,fool' c boa/1 etc4    ,hipp4 ,y are "r 
aga94    ,soc4 ,is ?is possibly !       
explanation8 y ?9k to improve !         
cavalry--y\r aim w\ld be to h& x ov] to 
! /ate 9 bett]  condition ?an y f9d x2  
&1 if ! cavalry *anc$ to be call$  out1 

y at _! head w\ld be ! cause ( "s good  
?+ to ,a!ns8    ,hipp4 ,mo/ c]ta9ly4    
,soc4 ,well1 & a noble ambition too1 ^u 
my ^w--if y c a*ieve  y\r object4 ,!    
comm& to :i* y are appo9t$ conc]ns      
horses &  rid]s1 does x n8    ,hipp4 ,x 
does1 no d\bt4    ,soc4 ,come !n1 w y   
expla9 to u fir/ h[ y propose to improve
  ! horses4    ,hipp4 ,ah1 t w sc>cely  
=m "p ( my bus9ess1 ,i fancy4 ,ea*      
troop] is p]sonally responsible = !     
condition ( 8 horse4    ,soc4 ,b        
suppose1 :5 !y pres5t !mselves & _!     
horses1 7#e7 y  f9d t "s h br\ght bea/s 
) bad feet or legs or o!rwise  infirm1 &
 o!rs su* ill-f$ jades t !y _c keep up  
on !  m>*2 o!rs1 aga91 brutes s ill     
brok5 & unmanageable t !y  w n keep _!  
place 9 ! ranks1 & o!rs su* desp]ate    
plung]s t !y _c be got to any place 9 ! 
ranks at all4 ,:at  becomes ( y\r       
cavalry =ce !n8 ,h[ w y *>ge at ! head (
  su* a troop1 & w9 glory = ! /ate8     
7#e7 ,= ?is phrase1 see ,s*neid] &      
,kuhn] ad loc4    ,hipp4 ,y are "r4 ,i w

 try to look aft] ! horses to my utmo/4 
,soc4 ,well1 & w y n lay y\r h& to      
improve ! m5 !mselves8    ,hipp4 ,i w4  
,soc4 ,! fir/ ?+ w be to make !m exp]t 9
 m\nt+ _!  *>g]s8    ,hipp4 ,t c]ta9ly1 
= if any ( !m 7 dism\nt$ he w\ld !n  h a
 bett] *ance ( sav+ himself4    ,soc4   
,well1 b :5 x comes to ! haz>d (        
engagem5t1 :at w  y d !n8 ,give ord]s to
 draw ! enemy d[n to ! s&y gr\nd 7#f7   
:]e y are accu/om$ to man\vre1 or       
endeav\r be=eh& to put  y\r m5 ?r\gh _! 
practice on gr\nd resembl+ a real       
battlefield8     7#f7 e4g4 ! hippodrome 
at ,phal]on4    ,hipp4 ,t w\ld be bett]1
 no d\bt4    ,soc4 ,well1 %all y reg>d x
 z a "p ( y\r duty to see t z  _m ( y\r 
m5 z possible c take aim & %oot on      
horseback8 7#g7     7#g7 ,cf4 ,hipp>*1  
i4 #ba4    ,hipp4 ,x w be bett]1        
c]ta9ly4    ,soc4 ,& h y ?\ght h[ to :et
 ! c\rage ( y\r troop]s8 to  k9dle 9 !m 
rage to meet ! enemy8--:i* ?+s are b    
/imulants  to make /\t he>ts /\t]8      
,hipp4 ,if ,i h n done s hi!rto1 ,i w   

try to make up = lo/  "t n[4    ,soc4 ,&
 h y tr\bl$ y\r head at all to consid]  
h[ y are to  secure ! ob$i5ce ( y\r m58 
= )\t t n "o p>ticle  ( good w y get1 = 
all y\r horses & troop]s s brave & s    
/\t4    ,hipp4 ,t is a true say+2 b h[1 
,socrates1 %\ld a man be/ br+  !m to ?is
 virtue8 7#h7     7#h7 protrepsa/hai4   
,see above1 ,i4 ii4 #fd2 bel[1 ,,iv4 v4 
#a4    ,soc4 ,i presume y "k t 9 any    
bus9ess :atev]1 p are m  apt to foll[ ! 
lead ( ^? :om !y look ^u z adepts2 ?us 9
  case ( sickness !y are readie/ to obey
 him :om !y reg>d z  ! clev]e/          
physician2 & s on a voyage ! mo/ skilful
 pilot2 9  matt]s agricultural ! be/    
f>m]1 & s =?4    ,hipp4 ,yes1 c]ta9ly4  
,soc4 ,!n 9 ?is matt] ( cavalry also we 
may reasonably suppose t  he :o is look$
 ^u z kn[+ 8 bus9ess be/ w comm& !      
readie/ ob$i5ce4    ,hipp4 ,if1 !n1 ,i c
 prove to my troop]s t ,i am bett] ?an  
all (  !m1 w t suffice to w9 _! ob$i5ce8
    ,soc4 ,yes1 if along ) t y c tea* !m
 t ob$i5ce to y  br+s great] glory &    

sur] safety to !mselves4    ,hipp4 ,h[  
am ,i to tea* !m t8    ,soc4 ,^u my ^w6 
,h[ are y to tea* !m t8 ,f> m easily1 ,i
  take x1 ?an if y _h to tea* !m t bad  
?+s are bett] ?an  good1 & m advantage\s
 to boot4    ,hipp4 ,i suppose y mean t1
 besides 8 o!r qualifications a         
comm&ant ( cavalry mu/ h comm& ( spee* &
 argum5t8 7#i7     7#i7 ,or1 practise ! 
art ( oratory2 express himself cle>ly & 
rationally4 ,see ,grote1 ,h4 ,g4 ,,viii4
 lxvii4 p4 #dfc note2      ,hipp>*1 i4  
#bd2 viii4 #bb4    ,soc4 ,7 y "u !      
impression t ! comm&ant 0 n to op5  8   
m\?8 ,did x nev] occur to y t all !     
noble/ ?+s  :i* cu/om 7#aj7 compels u to
 le>n1 & to :i* inde$ we owe our  k (   
life1 h all be5 le>n$ by means ( spee*  
7#aa7 &  reason2 & if !re be any o!r    
noble le>n+ :i* a man may le>n1  x is   
?is same reason :]eby he le>ns x2 & !   
be/ tea*]s are  ^? :o h ! free/ comm& ( 
?\ght & language1 & ^?  t h ! be/ k ( ! 
mo/ s]i\s ?+s are ! mo/  brilliant ma/]s
 ( disputation4 ,aga91 h y n obs]v$ t   

:5ev] ?is city ( ours fits out "o ( h]  
*oruses--su* z t1  = in/ance1 :i* is s5t
 to ,delos 7#ab7--!re is no?+ else:]e  f
 any qu>t] ( ! _w :i* c compete ) x2 nor
 w y  f9d 9 any o!r /ate collect$ s fair
 a fl[] ( manhood z 9  ,a!ns8 7#ac7     
7#aj7 ,cf ,ari/4 ,rhet4 ii4 #ab1 oi neoi
 pepaideuntai upo t\ nom\      monon4   
7#aa7 dia log\4     7#ab7 ,see ,?uc4    
iii4 #ajd2 & bel[1 ,,iv4 viii4 #b4      
7#ac7 ,see ref]5ces ap4 ,s*neid] &      
,kuhn]2 ,symp4 iv4 #ag4    ,hipp4 ,y say
 truly4    ,soc4 ,b = all t1 x is n 9   
sweetness ( voice t !  ,a!nians diff] f 
! re/ ( ! _w s mu*1 nor 9 /ature (  body
 or /r5g? ( limb1 b 9 ambition & t love 
( hon\r 7#ad7  :i* mo/ ( all gives a ke5
 edge to ! _s 9 ! pursuit (  ?+s lovely 
& ( high e/eem4     7#ad7 ,see bel[1 v4 
#c2 ,dem4 de ,cor4 #bh foll4    ,hipp4  
,t1 too1 is a true say+4    ,soc4 ,d y n
 ?9k1 !n1 t if a man devot$ himself to  
our  cavalry also1 "h 9 ,a!ns1 we %\ld  
f> out/rip ! re/ ( !  _w1 :e!r 9 !      
furni%+ ( arms & horses1 or 9 ord]l9ess 

( battle-array1 or 9 eag] haz>d\s       
enc\nt] ) ! foe1 if only  we c\ld       
p]suade ourselves t by s do+ we %\ld    
obta9 hon\r &  di/9ction8    ,hipp4 ,x  
is reasonable to ?9k s4    ,soc4 ,h no  
hesitation1 !re=e1 b try to guide y\r m5
 into ?is  pa?1 7#ae7 :5ce y y\rself1 & 
?r\gh y y\r fell[-citiz5s1  w reap      
advantage4     7#ae7 ,or1 to conduct :i*
 w n c]ta9ly fail ( pr(it to            
y\rself or ?r\gh y to444    ,yes1 9 good
 soo?1 ,i w try 7he answ]$74      ,,iv  
,at ano!r "t1 see+ ,nicoma*ides on 8 way
 back f !  elections 7( magi/rates71    
7#a7 he ask$ him3 ,:o are elect$ g5]als1
  ,nicoma*ides8     7#a7 ,cf4 ,pol4 ,a?4
 i4 #c2 ,ari/ot4 ,a?4 ,pol4 #dd4 #d2 &  
,dr4 ,s&ys'      note ad loc4 p4 #afe ( 
8 edition4    ,& he3 ,is x n j l !m1 ^! 
citiz5s ( ,a!ns--j l  !m1 ,i say--to g &
 elect1 n me1 :o ev] s9ce my "n fir/    
appe>$ on ! mu/]-roll h lit]ally worn   
myself out ) milit>y  s]vice--n[ z a    
capta91 n[ z a colonel--& h receiv$ all 
^!  w\nds f ! enemy1 look y6 7at ! same 

"t1 & suit+ !  action to ! ^w1 he b>$ 8 
arms & proce$$ to %[ ! sc>s  ( anci5t   
w\nds7--!y elect n me 7he w5t on71 b1 if
 y please1  ,anti/h5es6 :o nev] s]v$ z a
 hoplite 7#b7 9 8 life nor 9 !  cavalry 
ev] made a brilliant /roke1 t ,i ev]    
he>d tell (2 no6 9  fact1 he has got no 
sci5ce at all1 ,i take x1 except to     
amass /ores (  weal?4     7#b7 ,cf4     
,lys4 xiv4 #aj4    ,b /ill 7return$     
,socrates71 surely t is "o po9t 9 8     
fav\r--he ought to be able to provide ! 
troops ) supplies4    ,nic4 ,well1 = !  
matt] ( t1 m]*ants are good h&s at      
collect+ /ores2 b x does n foll[ t a    
m]*ant or trad] w  be able to comm& an  
army4    ,b 7rejo9$ ,socrates7          
,anti/h5es is a man ( great p]t9acity1  
:o  insi/s on w9n+1 & t is a v necess>y 
quality 9 a g5]al4  7#c7 ,d n y see h[  
ea* "t he has be5 *oragos 7#d7 he has   
be5  successful ) "o *orus aft] ano!r8  
7#c7 ,see ,grote1 ,plato1 i4 #dfe foll4 
7#d7 ,*oir-ma/]1 or ,director ( !       
,*orus4 ,x 0 8 duty to      provide &   

preside ov] a *orus to s+1 dance1 or    
play at any      ( ! public fe/ivals1   
defray+ ! co/ z a /ate s]vice (         
leit\rgia4 ,see ,pol4 ,a?4 iii4 #d2     
,hi]o1 ix4 #d2 ,ari/ot4      ,pol4 ,a?4 
#bh4 #c4    ,nic4 ,bless me6 yes2 b !re 
is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 /&+ at  ! head
 ( a b& ( s+]s & danc]s & a troop (     
soldi]s4    ,soc4 ,/ill1 )\t any        
practical skill 9 s++ or 9 ! tra9+  ( a 
*orus1 ,anti/h5es someh[ _h ! art to    
select ! greate/  pr(ici5ts 9 bo?4      
,nic4 ,yes1 & by ! same reason+ we are  
to inf] t on a campaign  he w f9d       
pr(ici5ts1 "s to m>%al ! troops = him & 
o!rs  to fight 8 battles8    ,soc4 ,j s4
 ,if 9 matt]s milit>y he only exhibits !
 same skill 9  select+ ! be/ h&s z he   
has %[n 9 matt]s ( ! *orus1 x is  highly
 probable he w "h also be> away ! palm (
 victory2 & we  may presume t if he     
exp5d$ s mu* to w9 a *oric victory ) a  
s+le tribe1 7#e7 he w be ready to exp5d 
m to secure a victory 9  w> ) ! :ole    
/ate to back him4     7#e7 ,see ,dem4   

aga9/ ,lept4 #dif4 #bf4 ,ea* tribe      
nom9at$ su* ( its      memb]s z 7       
qualifi$ to und]take ! burd54    ,nic4  
,d y really mean1 ,socrates1 t x is !   
function ( ! same  man to provide       
effici5t *oruses & to act z             
comm&]-9-*ief8    ,soc4 ,i mean ?is1 t1 
giv5 a man kn[s :at he ne$s to provide1 
& has ! skill to d s1 no matt] :at !    
dep>tm5t ( ?+s may  be--h\se or city or 
army--y w f9d him a good *ief & director
  7#f7 ( ! same4     7#f7 ,or1          
repres5tative4    ,!n ,nicoma*ides3 ,^u 
my ^w1 ,socrates1 ,i %\ld nev] h expect$
  to he> y say t a good h\sekeep] 7#g7 &
 /ew>d ( an e/ate  w\ld make a good     
g5]al4     7#g7 ,or1 economi/2 cf4      
,cyrop4 ,i4 vi4 #ab4    ,soc4 ,come !n1 
suppose we exam9e _! respective duties1 
& s  det]m9e 7#h7 :e!r !y are ! same or 
diff]5t4     7#h7 ,lit4 get to "k4      
,nic4 ,let u d s4    ,soc4 ,well !n1 is 
x n a common duty ( bo? to procure !    
ready  ob$i5ce ( ^? "u !m to _! ord]s8  
,nic4 ,c]ta9ly4    ,soc4 ,& also to     

assign to ^? be/ qualifi$ to p]=m !m _! 
di/9ctive tasks8    ,t1 too1 belongs to 
bo? alike 7he answ]$74    ,soc4 ,aga91  
to *a/ise ! bad & rew>d ! good belongs  
to bo?  alike1 me?9ks8    ,nic4         
,decid$ly4    ,soc4 ,& to w9 ! k9dly    
feel+ ( _! subord9ates mu/ surely be  ! 
noble ambition ( bo?8    ,t too 7he     
answ]$74    ,soc4 ,& d y consid] x to ! 
int]e/ ( bo? alike to w9 !  adh]5ce (   
support]s & allies8 7#i7     7#i7 ,9    
ref]5ce to ! necessity ( build+ up a    
family connection      or political     
alliances cf4 ,ari/4 ,pol4 iii4 #i1 #ac4
    ,nic4 ,)\t a d\bt4    ,soc4 ,& does 
x n closely conc]n !m bo? to be good    
gu>dians (  _! respective *>ges8        
,nic4 ,v mu* s4    ,soc4 ,!n x equally  
conc]ns !m bo? to be pa9/ak+ & prodigal 
( toil 9 all _! do+s8    ,nic4 ,yes1 all
 ^! duties belong to bo? alike1 b !     
p>allel ends  :5 y come to actual       
fight+4    ,soc4 ,yet !y are bo? sure to
 meet ) enemies8    ,nic4 ,!re is no    
d\bt ab\t t4    ,soc4 ,!n is x n to !   

int]e/ ( bo? to get ! upp] h& (  ^!8    
,nic4 ,c]ta9ly2 b y omit to tell u :at  
s]vice organisation &  ! art ( managem5t
 w r5d] :5 x comes to actual fight+4    
,soc4 ,:y1 x is j !n1 ,i presume1 x w be
 ( mo/ s]vice1 =  ! good economi/ kn[s t
 no?+ is s advantage\s or s lucrative  z
 victory 9 battle1 or to put x          
negatively1 no?+ s disa/r\s  & exp5sive 
z defeat4 ,he w en?usia/ically seek out 
& provide  ev]y?+ conducive to victory1 
he w pa9/ak+ly discov] &  gu>d aga9/ all
 t t5ds to defeat1 & :5 satisfi$ t all  
is  ready & ripe = victory he w deliv]  
battle en]getically1 &  :at is equally  
important1 until ! h\r ( f9al prep>ation
 has  arriv$1 7#aj7 he w be cauti\s to  
deliv] battle4 ,d n despise m5  (       
economic g5ius1 ,nicoma*ides2 ! diff]5ce
 betwe5 ! devotion  requisite to private
 affairs & to affairs ( /ate is m]ely "o
 (  quantity4 ,= ! re/ ! p>allel holds  
/rictly1 & 9 ?is respect  pre-em95tly1 t
 bo? are conc]n$ ) human in/rum5ts3 :i* 
human be+s1 moreov]1 are ( "o type &    

temp]am5t1 :e!r we  speak ( devotion to 
public affairs or ( ! adm9i/ration (    
private  prop]ty4 ,to f>e well 9 ei!r   
case is giv5 to ^? :o "k !  secret (    
deal+ ) humanity1 :]eas ! abs5ce ( t k  
w z c]ta9ly imply 9 ei!r case a fatal   
note ( discord4 7#aa7     7#aj7 ,lit4 z 
long z he is unprep>$4     7#aa7 ,l4    
,d9dorf1 ,index ,graec4 ,ox4 ed42 cf4   
,hor4 ,ep4 ,,ii4 ii4 #add1      s$ v]ae 
num]osque modosque edisc]e vitae1 !     
h>mony (      life1 ,con+ton4      ,v   
,a conv]sation held ) ,p]icles ! son ( !
 great /atesman may  "h be introduc$4   
7#a7 ,socrates began3     7#a7 ,or1 ,on 
"o occasion ,p]icles 0 ! p]son address$ 
9      conv]sation4 ,= ,p]icles see     
,hell4 ,i4 v4 #af2 vii4 #ae2 ,plut4     
,p]icl4 #cg 7,cl\gh1 i4 #cfh74    ,i am 
look+ =w>d1 ,i mu/ tell y1 ,p]icles1 to 
a great improvem5t  9 our milit>y       
affairs :5 y are m9i/] ( w>4 7#b7 ,!    
pre/ige  ( ,a!ns1 ,i hope1 w rise2 we   
%all ga9 ! ma/]y ov] our  enemies4      
7#b7 ,/rategos4    ,p]icles repli$3 ,i  

dev\tly wi% y\r words might be fulfill$1
 b h[  ?is happy result is to be obta9$1
 ,i am at a loss to discov]4    ,%all we
 7,socrates cont9u$71 %all we balance ! 
argum5ts = &  aga9/1 & consid] to :at   
ext5t ! possibility does exi/8    ,pray 
let u d s 7he answ]$74    ,soc4 ,well   
!n1 y "k t 9 po9t ( numb]s ! ,a!nians   
are n  inf]ior to ! ,boeotians8    ,p]4 
,yes1 ,i am aw>e ( t4    ,soc4 ,& d y   
?9k ! ,boeotians c\ld furni% a bett]    
pick ( f9e  heal?y m5 ?an ! ,a!nians8   
,p]4 ,i ?9k we %\ld v well hold our own 
9 t respect4    ,soc4 ,& :i* ( ! two    
w\ld y take to be ! m unit$  p--!       
fri5dli] among !mselves8    ,p]4 ,!     
,a!nians1 ,i %\ld say1 = s _m sections (
 ! ,boeotians1  res5t+ ! selfi% policy  
7#c7 ( ,!bes1 are ill dispos$ to t  p[]1
 b at ,a!ns ,i see no?+ ( ! sort4       
7#c7 ,! self-aggr&isem5t4    ,soc4 ,b   
p]haps y w say t !re is no p m jeal\s ( 
hon\r or haughti] 9 _s4 7#d7 ,& ^!      
feel+s are no weak  spurs to quick5 ev5 
a dull _s to haz>d all = glory's sake & 

fa!rl&4     7#d7 ,read+                 
megalophrone/atoi1 aft] ,cobet4 ,see    
,hipp>*1 vii4 #c2      or if z vulg4    
philophrone/atoi1 transl4 m affable4    
,p]4 ,nor is !re mu* fault to f9d )     
,a!nians 9 ^! respects4    ,soc4 ,& if  
we turn to consid] ! fair de$s (        
ance/ry1 7#e7 to  no p besides ourselves
 belongs s ri* a h]itage ( /imulat+     
memories1 :]eby s _m ( u are /irr$ to   
pursue virtue )  devotion & to %[       
ourselves 9 our turn also m5 ( val\r l  
our  sires4     7#e7 ,see ,wesley's     
an!m1 ,eccles4 xliv4 #a1 ,let u n[      
praise fam\s      m5 & our fa!rs t begat
 u4    ,p]4 ,all t y say1 ,socrates1 is 
mo/ true1 b d y obs]ve t  ev] s9ce !    
disa/] ( ! ?\s& "u ,tolmides at         
,lebadeia1  c\pl$ ) t "u ,hippocrates at
 ,delium1 7#f7 ! pre/ige (  ,a!ns by    
comp>ison ) ! ,boeotians has be5 l[]$1  
:il/ !  _s ( ,!bes z aga9/ ,a!ns _h be5 
correspond+ly exalt$1 s  t ^? ,boeotians
 :o 9 old days did n v5ture to give     
battle  to ! ,a!nians ev5 9 _! own      

t]ritory unless !y _h !  ,lac$aemonians 
& ! re/ ( ! ,peloponnesians to help !m1 
d  n[adays ?reat5 to make an incursion  
into ,attica s+le-h&$2 &  ! ,a!nians1 :o
 =m]ly1 if !y _h to deal ) ! ,boeotians 
7#g7  only1 made havoc ( _! t]ritory1   
are n[ afraid ! ,boeotians may  "s day  
h>ry ,attica4     7#f7 ,lebadeia1 #ddg  
,b4,c42 ,delium1 #dbd ,b4,c4 ,=         
,tolmides & ,hippocrates      see ,?uc4 
i4 #aac2 iv4 #ajj foll42 ,grote1 ,h4 ,g4
 v4 #dga2 vi4 #ecc4     7#g7 ,read+ ote 
,b4 monoi1 al4 ou monoi1 :5 ! ,boeotians
 7      n unaid$4    ,to :i* ,socrates3 
,yes1 ,i p]ceive t ?is is s1 b x seems  
to me  t ! /ate 0 nev] m tractably      
dispos$1 nev] s ripe =  a really good   
lead]1 z to-day4 ,= if boldness be !    
p>5t (  c>elessness1 laxity1 &          
insubord9ation1 x is ! "p ( fe> to  make
 p m dispos$ to application1 ob$i5ce1 & 
good ord]4  ,a pro( ( :i* y may discov] 
9 ! behavi\r ( p on  %ip-bo>d4 ,x is 9  
seasons ( calm wea!r :5 !re is no?+  to 
fe> t disord] may be said to reign1 b z 

soon z !re is  appreh5sion ( a /orm1 or 
an enemy 9 sight1 ! sc5e *anges2 n  only
 is ea* ^w ( comm& obey$1 b !re is a hu%
 ( sil5t  expectation2 ! m>9]s wait to  
cat* ! next signal l an  or*e/ra ) eyes 
^u ! lead]4    ,p]4 ,b inde$1 giv5 t n[ 
is ! opportunity to take ob$i5ce  at !  
flood1 x is high "t also to expla9 by   
:at means we are  to rek9dle 9 ! he>ts (
 our c\ntrym5 7#h7 ! old fires--!       
passionate long+ = antique val\r1 = !   
glory & ! wellbe+  ( ! days ( old4      
7#h7 ,read+ an]a/h5ai1 ,s*neid]'s       
em5dation ( ! vulg4      an]i/h5ai4     
,well 7proce$$ ,socrates71 suppos+ we   
wi%$ !m to lay claim  to c]ta9 mat]ial  
weal? n[ held by o!rs1 we c\ld n bett]  
/imulate !m to lay h&s on ! objects     
covet$ ?an by %[+ !m  t ^! 7 ance/ral   
possessions 7#i7 to :i* !y _h a natural 
"r4 ,b s9ce our object is t !y %\ld set 
_! he>ts on  virtu\s pre-em95ce1 we mu/ 
prove to !m t su* head%ip comb9$  )     
virtue is an old "t-hon\r$ h]itage :i*  
p]ta9s to !m  beyond all o!rs1 & t if !y

 /rive e>ne/ly aft] x !y w  soon out-top
 ! _w4     7#i7 ,cf4 ,solon 9 ! matt] ( 
,salamis1 ,plut4 ,sol4 #h2 ,b]gk4 ,poet4
      ,lyr4 ,gr4 ,solon1 ,,salamis1 i4  
#b1 #c4    ,por4 ,h[ are we to inculcate
 ?is lesson8    ,soc4 ,i ?9k by rem9d+  
!m ( a fact already regi/]$ 9 _!  m9ds1 
7#aj7 t ! olde/ ( our ance/ors ^: names 
are kn[n to u  7 also ! brave/ ( h]oes4 
7#aj7 ,or1 to :i* _! e>s are already    
op5$4    ,p]4 ,i suppose y ref] to t    
judgm5t ( ! gods :i*1 = _!  virtue's    
sake1 ,cecrops & 8 foll[]s 7 call$ on to
 decide8 7#aa7     7#aa7 ,see           
,apollodorus1 iii4 #ad4    ,soc4 ,yes1  
,i ref] to t & to ! bir? & re>+ (       
,erec!us1  7#ab7 & also to ! w> 7#ac7   
:i* 9 8 days 0 wag$ to /ay !  tide (    
invasion f ! :ole adjo9+ cont95t2 & t   
o!r w>  9 ! days ( ! ,h]aclidae 7#ad7   
aga9/ ! m5 ( ,peloponnese2 &  t s]ies ( 
battles f\ght 9 ! days ( ,!seus         
7#ae7--;9 all :i*  ! virtu\s pre-em95ce 
( our ance/ry above ! m5 ( _! own  times
 0 made manife/4 ,or1 if y please1 we   

may come d[n to ?+s  ( a lat] date1 :i* 
_! desc5dants & ! h]oes ( days n s  long
 ant]ior to our own wr\ght 9 ! /ruggle )
 ! lords ( ,asia1  7#af7 nay ( ,europe  
also1 z f> z ,mac$onia3 a p possess+ a  
p[] & means ( attack f> exce$+ any :o _h
 gone be=e--:o1  moreov]1 _h accompli%$ 
! d\ghtie/ de$s4 ,^! ?+s ! m5 (  ,a!ns  
wr\ght p>tly s+le-h&$1 7#ag7 & p>tly z  
%>]s )  ! ,peloponnesians 9 laurels won 
by l& & sea4 ,h]oes 7 ^! m5  also1 f>   
out%9+1 z tradition tells u1 ! peoples (
 _! "t4     7#ab7 ,cf4 ,il4 ii4 #edg1   
',erekh!os megaletoros k4t4l4     7#ac7 
,cf4 ,isoc4 ,paneg4 #ai1 :o h&les all ! 
topics4     7#ad7 ,commonly spok5 ( z ! 
,return4 ,see ,grote1 ,h4 ,g4 ,,ii4 *4  
xviii4     7#ae7 ,aga9/ ! ,amazons &    
,?racians2 cf4 ,h]od4 ix4 #bg2 ,plut4   
,!s4 #bg4     7#af7 ,! ,p]sian w>s2 cf4 
,?ucyd4 ,i4 i4     7#ag7 ,he omits !    
,plataeans4    ,p]4 ,yes1 s runs ! /ory 
( _! h]oism4    ,soc4 ,!re=e x is t1    
amid/ ! _m *anges ( inhabitants1 &  !   
migrations :i* h1 wave aft] wave1 swept 

ov] ,hellas1 ^!  ma9ta9$ !mselves 9 _!  
own l&1 unmov$2 s t x 0 a  common ?+ =  
o!rs to turn to !m z to a c\rt ( appeal 
on  po9ts ( "r1 or to flee to ,a!ns z a 
h>b\r ( refuge f !  h& ( ! oppressor4   
7#ah7     7#ah7 ,cf4 7,plat47 ,m5ex42   
,isocr4 ,paneg4    ,!n ,p]icles3 ,& !   
wond] to me1 ,socrates1 is h[ our city  
ev] came  to decl9e4    ,soc4 ,i ?9k we 
are victims ( our own success4 ,l "s    
a?lete1 7#ai7  ^: facile prepond]ance 9 
! ar5a has betray$ him into laxity      
until he ev5tually succumbs to puni]    
antagoni/s1 s we ,a!nians1  9 ! pl5itude
 ( our sup]iority1 h neglect$ ourselves 
& are  become deg5]ate4     7#ai7 ,read+
 a?letai t9es1 or if alloi t9es1        
translate any "o      else4    ,p]4 ,:at
 !n ought we to d n[ to recov] our =m]  
virtue8    ,soc4 ,!re ne$ be no my/]y   
ab\t t1 ,i ?9k4 ,we c r$iscov] !        
in/itutions ( our =efa!rs--apply+ !m to 
! regulation ( our  lives ) some?+ ( _! 
precision1 & n improbably ) l  success2 
or we c imitate ^? :o /& at ! front (   

affairs  to-day1 7#bj7 adapt+ to        
ourselves _! rule ( life1 9 :i* case1 if
  we live up to ! /&>d ( our models1 we 
may hope at lea/ to rival  _! excell5ce1
 or1 by a m consci5ti\s adh]5ce to :at  
!y aim  at1 rise sup]ior4     7#bj7 ,sc4
 ! ,lac$aemonians4 ,see ,w4 ,l4 ,newman1
 op4 cit4 i4 #cif4    ,y w\ld seem to   
sugge/ 7he answ]$7 t ! _s ( beautiful & 
brave manhood has tak5 w+s & left our   
city2 7#ba7 z1 = in/ance1  :5 w         
,a!nians1 l ! ,lac$aemonians1 rev]5ce   
old age--!  ,a!nian1 :o takes 8 own fa!r
 z a />t+-po9t = ! contempt  he p\rs ^u 
grey hairs8 ,:5 w he pay z /rict an     
att5tion to !  body1 :o is n cont5t )   
neglect+ a good habit1 7#bb7 b laughs   
to scorn ^? :o are c>eful 9 ?is matt]8  
,:5 %all we ,a!nians  s obey our        
magi/rates--we :o take a pride1 z x 71 9
 despis+  au?ority8 ,:51 once m1 %all we
 be unit$ z a p--we :o1  in/ead ( comb9+
 to promote common int]e/s1 delight 9   
black5+  ea* o!r's *>act]s1 7#bc7 envy+ 
"o ano!r m ?an we envy all  ! _w        

besides2 &--:i* is our wor/ fail+--:o1 9
 private &  public int]c\rse alike1 are 
torn by diss5sion & are caught 9 a  maze
 ( litigation1 & pref] to make capital  
out ( our neighb\r's  difficulties r ?an
 to r5d] natural assi/ance8 ,to make our
  conduct consi/5t1 inde$1 we treat our 
national int]e/s no bett]  ?an if !y 7 !
 conc]ns ( "s =eign /ate2 we make !m    
bones  ( cont5tion to wrangle ov]1 &    
rejoice 9 no?+ s mu* z 9  possess+ means
 & ability to indulge ^! ta/es4 ,f ?is  
hotb$  is eng5d]$ 9 ! /ate a _s ( bl9d  
folly 7#bd7 & c[>dice1  & 9 ! he>ts ( ! 
citiz5s spreads a tangle ( hatr$ &      
mutual  ho/ility :i*1 z ,i (t5 %udd] to 
?9k1 w "s day cause "s  disa/] to befall
 ! /ate great] ?an x c be>4 7#be7       
7#ba7 ,or1 is f> en\gh away f ,a!ns4    
7#bb7 ,see bel[1 ,,iii4 xii4 #e2 ,pol4  
,a?4 i4 #ac2 ,rev4 iv4 #eb4     7#bc7   
,or1 to deal despitefully ) "o ano!r4   
7#bd7 ,read+ at]ia4 ,see ,l4 ,d9dorf ad 
loc41 ,ox4 ed4 lxii4 ,al4      apeiria1 
a want ( skill1 or ataxia1 disord]l9ess4

 ,cf4 ,pol4      ,a?4 i4 #e4     7#be7  
,possibly ! au?or is ?9k+ ( ! ev5ts (   
#djf1 #dje ,b4,c4      7see ,hell4 ,i4  
vii4 & ,,ii471 & hi/ory may repeat      
itself4    ,d n 7repli$ ,socrates71 d n1
 ,i pray y1 p]mit y\rself to  believe t 
,a!nians are smitt5 ) s incurable a     
depravity4 ,d y  n obs]ve _! discipl9e 9
 all naval matt]s8 ,look at _! prompt  &
 ord]ly ob$i5ce to ! sup]9t5d5ts at !   
gymna/ic conte/s1  7#bf7 _! q unrivall$ 
subs]vi5ce to _! tea*]s 9 !  tra9+ ( our
 *oruses4     7#bf7 ,epi/atoi1 i4e4     
/ew>ds & tra9+-ma/]s4    ,yes 7he       
answ]$71 !re's ! wond] ( x2 to ?9k t all
 ^?  good p %\ld s obey _! lead]s1 b t  
our hoplites & our  cavalry1 :o may be  
suppos$ to rank be=e ! re/ ( ! citiz5s  
9 excell5ce ( manhood1 7#bg7 %\ld be s  
entirely unam5able to  discipl9e4       
7#bg7 kalokaga?ia4    ,!n ,socrates3    
,well1 b ! c\ncil :i* sits on ,areopagos
 is compos$  ( citiz5s ( approv$ 7#bh7  
"*1 is x n8     7#bh7 ,te*nically1 !y   
mu/ h pass$ ! dokimasia4 ,& = !         

,a]opagos see ,grote1 ,h4 ,g4 v4 #dih2  
,ari/ot4 ,pol4 ii4 #ab2      ,a?4 ,pol4 
#d4 #d1 :]e see ,dr4 ,s&ys' note1 p4    
#ah4    ,c]ta9ly 7he answ]$74    ,soc4  
,!n c y "n any simil> body1 judicial or 
executive1 try+  cases or transact+ o!r 
bus9ess ) great] hon\r1 /rict]          
legality1 high] dignity1 or m imp>tial  
ju/ice8    ,no1 ,i h no fault to f9d on 
t score 7he answ]$74    ,soc4 ,!n we    
ought n to despair z ?\gh all s5se (    
ord]l9ess &  good discipl9e _h di$ out (
 our c\ntrym54    ,/ill 7he answ]$71 if 
x is n to h>p ^u "o /r+1 ,i ma9ta9  t 9 
milit>y s]vice1 :]e1 if any:]e1 sobreity
 & temp]ance1  ord]l9ess & good         
discipl9e are ne$$1 none ( ^! ess5tials 
receives any att5tion4    ,may x n      
p]haps be 7ask$ ,socrates7 t 9 ?is      
dep>tm5t !y are  (fic]$ by ^? :o h !    
lea/ k8 7#bi7 ,d y n notice1  to take ! 
case ( h>p-play]s1 *oric p]=m]s1 danc]s1
 & !  l1 t no "o w\ld ev] dream ( lead+ 
if he lack$ ! requisite  k8 & ! same    
holds ( wre/l]s or pancratia/s4         

7#bi7 epi/eme4 ,see bel[1 ,,iii4 ix4    
#aj4    ,moreov]1 :ile 9 ^! cases any "o
 9 comm& c tell y :]e he  got ! elem5t>y
 k ( :at he presides ov]1 mo/ g5]als are
  amateurs & improvis]s4 7#cj7 ,i d n at
 all suppose t y are  "o ( t sort4 ,i   
believe y c\ld give z cle> an acc\nt (  
y\r  s*ool+ 9 /rategy z y c\ld 9 ! matt]
 ( wre/l+4 ,no  d\bt y h got at fir/ h& 
_m ( y\r fa!r's rules =  g5]al%ip1 :i* y
 c>efully pres]ve1 besides hav+ collect$
  _m o!rs f e qu>t] :5ce x 0 possible to
 pick up any  k :i* w\ld be ( use to a  
future g5]al4 ,aga91 ,i feel  sure y are
 deeply conc]n$ to escape ev5 unconsci\s
 ignorance (  any?+ :i* w be s]viceable 
to y 9 s high an (fice2 &  if y detect 9
 y\rself any ignorance1 y turn to ^? :o 
h  k 9 ^! matt]s 7sp>+ nei!r gifts nor  
gratitude7 to  supplem5t y\r ignorance  
by _! k & to secure _! help4     7#cj7  
,cf4 ,pol4 ,lac4 xiii4 #e4    ,to :i*   
,p]icles3 ,i am n s bl9d1 ,socrates1 z  
to imag9e y say  ^! words "u ! idea t ,i
 am truly s c>eful 9 ^! matt]s2  b r y\r

 object is to tea* me t ! w\ld-be g5]al 
mu/  make su* ?+s 8 c>e4 ,i admit 9 any 
case all y say4    ,socrates proce$$3   
,has x ev] caught y\r obs]vation1       
,p]icles1 t  a high m\nta9 b>ri] /ret*es
 l a bulw>k 9 front ( our c\ntry  d[n   
t[>ds ,boeotia--cleft1 moreov]1 by n>r[ 
& precipit\s passes1  ! only av5ues into
 ! he>t ( ,attica1 :i* lies engirdl$ by 
a  r+ ( natural =tresses8 7#ca7         
7#ca7 ,! m\nta9s are ,ci?a]on & ,p>nes  
,n41 & ,c]ata ,n4,w4    ,p]4 ,c]ta9ly ,i
 h4    ,soc4 ,well1 & h y ev] he>d tell 
( ! ,mysians & ,pisidians  liv+ )9 !    
t]ritory ( ! great k+1 7#cb7 :o1 inside 
_!  m\nta9 =tresses1 lightly arm$1 are  
able to ru% d[n & inflict  mu* injury on
 ! k+'s t]ritory by _! raids1 :ile      
pres]v+  _! own fre$om8     7#cb7 ,= ?is
 illu/ration see ,anab4 ,,iii4 ii4 #bc2 
cf4 ,econ4 iv4      #ah1 :]e ,socrates  
7,,xs7 ref]s to ,cyrus's exp$ition &    
dea?4    ,p]4 ,yes1 ! circum/ance is n  
new to me4    ,& d y n ?9k 7add$        
,socrates7 t a corps ( "y able-bodi$    

,a!nians1 acc\tr$ ) light] arms1 7#cc7 &
 hold+ our natural  m\nta9 ramp>t 9     
possession1 w\ld prove at once a ?orn 9 
!  enemy's side (f5sively1 :il/         
def5sively !y w\ld =m a spl5did  bulw>k 
to protect ! c\ntry8     7#cc7 ,cf4 !   
re=ms ( ,iphicrates4    ,to :i*         
,p]icles3 ,i ?9k1 ,socrates1 ^! w\ld be 
all useful  measures1 decid$ly4    ,if1 
!n 7repli$ ,socrates71 ^! sugge/ions    
meet y\r approbation1  try1 ,o be/ ( m51
 to realise !m--if y c c>ry out a       
portion  ( !m1 x w be an hon\r to       
y\rself & a bless+ to ! /ate2  :ile1 if 
y fail 9 any po9t1 !re w be no damage   
done to !  city nor discr$it to y\rself4
      ,,vi    ,glaucon1 7#a7 ! son (    
,ari/on1 _h conceiv$ su* an ard\r to ga9
  ! head%ip ( ! /ate t no?+ c\ld h9d]   
him b he mu/  deliv] a c\rse ( public   
spee*es1 7#b7 ?\gh he _h n yet rea*$  ! 
age ( tw5ty4 ,8 fri5ds & relatives tri$ 
9 va9 to /op him  mak+ himself ridicul\s
 & be+ dragg$ d[n f ! bema4 7#c7        
,socrates1 :o took a k9dly int]e/ 9 !   

y\? = ! sake (  ,*>mides 7#d7 ! son (   
,glaucon1 & ( ,plato1 alone succe$$ 9   
re/ra9+ him4 ,x happ5$ ?us4 ,he fell 9 )
 him1 & fir/ (  all1 to get him to li/51
 deta9$ him by "s su* rem>ks z !        
foll[+3 7#e7     7#a7 ,glaucon1 ,plato's
 bro!r4 ,grote1 ,plato1 i4 #ejh4        
7#b7 ,h>angue ! ,p4     7#c7 ,see ,plat4
 ,protag4 #cai ,c3 ,& if "s p]son (f]s  
to give !m      advice :o is n suppos$  
by !m to h any skill 9 ! art       7sc4 
( politics71 ev5 ?\gh he be good-look+1 
& ri*1 &      noble1 !y w n li/5 to him1
 b laugh at him1 & hoot      him1 until 
he is ei!r clam\r$ d[n & retires (      
himself2 or      if he p]si/s1 he is    
dragg$ away or put out by ! con/ables at
      ! comm& ( ! prytanes 7,j[ett74    
,cf4 ,ari/oph4 ,knights1      #ffe1 ka? 
eilkon auton oi prutaneis kai toxotai4  
7#d7 ,= ,*>mides 7mat]nal uncle ( ,plato
 & ,glaucon1 c\s9 (      ,critias7 see  
*4 vii4 bel[2 ,plato ! philosoph]1      
,glaucon's      bro!r1 see ,cobet1      
,pros4 ,x54 p4 #bh4     7#e7 ,or1 & 9 ! 

fir/ in/ance address+ him 9 su* t]ms he 
c\ld n *oose b he>1 deta9$ him4 ,see    
above1 ,,ii4 vi4 #aa4      ,socrates    
applies 8 own !ory4    ,ah1 ,glaucon 7he
 exclaim$71 s y h det]m9$ to become     
prime  m9i/]8 7#f7     7#f7 pro/ateue94 
,glauc4 ,yes1 ,socrates1 ,i h4    ,soc4 
,& :at a noble aim6 if aught human ev]  
des]v$ to be call$  noble2 s9ce if y    
succe$ 9 y\r design1 x foll[s1 z ! night
 !  day1 y w be able n only to gratify  
y\r e wi%1 b y  w be 9 a position to    
b5efit y\r fri5ds1 y w raise up y\r     
fa!r's h\se1 y w exalt y\r fa!rl&1 y w  
become a "n  ?rice fam\s 9 ! city fir/1 
& next 9 ,hellas1 & la/ly ev5  among    
b>b>ians p]haps1 l ,!mi/ocles2 b be x "h
 or be x  !re1 :]ev] y be1 y w be !     
obs]v$ ( all behold]s4 7#g7     7#g7 ,! 
c5tre ( attraction--! cynosure (        
neighb\r+ eyes4    ,! he>t ( ,glaucon   
swell$ ) pride z he drank 9 ! words1 &  
gladly he /ay$ to li/54    ,pres5tly    
,socrates proce$$3 ,!n ?is is cle>1     
,glaucon1 is x n8  t y mu/ ne$s b5efit !

 city1 s9ce y desire to reap h]  hon\rs8
    ,glauc4 ,und\bt$ly4    ,!n1 by all t
 is sacr$ 7,socrates cont9u$71 d n keep 
u 9 !  d>k1 b tell u 9 :at way d y      
propose fir/ to b5efit ! /ate8  :at is  
y\r />t+-po9t8 7#h7 ,:5 ,glaucon rema9$ 
) seal$ lips1  z if he 7 n[ = ! fir/ "t 
debat+ :at ?is />t+-po9t  %\ld be1      
,socrates cont9u$3 ,i presume1 if y wi%$
 to improve a  fri5d's e/ate1 y w\ld    
endeav\r to d s by add+ to its weal?1   
w\ld y n8 ,s "h1 maybe1 y w try to add  
to ! weal? ( !  /ate8     7#h7 ,or1 tell
 u :at y\r />t+-po9t w be 9 ! pa? (     
b5efaction4    ,mo/ decid$ly 7he        
answ]$74    ,soc4 ,& we may take x !    
/ate w gr[ weal?i] 9 proportion z  h]   
rev5ues increase8    ,glauc4 ,t seems   
probable1 at any rate4    ,soc4 ,!n w\ld
 y k9dly tell u f :at s\rces ! rev5ues (
 !  /ate are at pres5t d]iv$1 & :at is  
_! pres5t magnitude8 ,no  d\bt y h gone 
c>efully into ! "q1 s t if any ( ^!  are
 fail+ y may make up ! deficit1 or if   
neglect$ = any reason1  make "s new     

provision4 7#i7     7#i7 ,or1 or if o!rs
 h dropp$ out or be5 neglig5tly         
ov]look$1      y may replace !m4        
,glauc4 ,nay1 to speak ! tru?1 ^! are   
matt]s ,i h n ?or\ghly  gone into4      
,nev] m9d 7he said7 if y h omitt$ !     
po9t2 b y might oblige  u by runn+ ?r\gh
 ! items or heads ( exp5diture4         
,obvi\sly y  propose to remove all ^?   
:i* are sup]flu\s8    ,glauc4 ,well1 no4
 ,^u my ^w ,i h n _h "t to look into t  
side  ( ! matt] ei!r z yet4    ,soc4 ,!n
 we w po/pone = ! pres5t ! problem (    
mak+  ! /ate weal?i]2 obvi\sly )\t kn[+ 
! outgo+s & !  incom+s x w\ld be        
impossible to deal ) ! matt] s]i\sly4   
,b1 ,socrates 7,glaucon rem>k$71 x is   
possible to enri* ! /ate out  ( !       
pockets ( h] enemies6    ,yes1 to be    
sure1 consid]ably 7answ]$ ,socrates71 9 
! ev5t (  gett+ ! bett] ( !m2 b 9 ! ev5t
 ( be+ wor/$1 x is  also possible to    
lose :at we h got4    ,a true obs]vation
 7he repli$74    ,& !re=e 7proce$$      
,socrates71 be=e he makes up 8 m9d )    

:at enemy to g to w>1 a /atesman %\ld "k
 ! relative p[]s (  8 own city & !      
adv]s>y's1 s t1 9 case ! sup]iority be  
on 8 own side1 he may ?r[ ! weight ( 8  
advice into ! scale  ( und]tak+ w>2 b if
 ! opposite he may plead 9 fav\r (      
ex]cis+ caution4    ,y are "r 7he       
answ]$74    ,soc4 ,!n w\ld y = our      
b5efit enum]ate ! l& & naval =ces  fir/ 
( ,a!ns & !n ( our oppon5ts8    ,glauc4 
,p>don me4 ,i c\ld n tell y !m (f-h& at 
a mom5t's  notice4    ,or 7add$         
,socrates71 if y h got ! figures on     
pap]1 y might  produce !m4 ,i _c tell h[
 anxi\s ,i am to he> y\r /atem5t4       
,glauc4 ,no1 ,i assure y1 ,i h n got !m 
ev5 on pap] yet4    ,soc4 ,well !n1 we w
 def] t5d+ advice on ! topic ( peace or 
w>1 9 a maid5 spee* at any rate4 7#aj7  
,i c und]/& t1 ow+  to ! magnitude ( !  
que/ions1 9 ^! e>ly days ( y\r m9i/ry  y
 h n yet fully exam9$ !m4 ,b come1 ,i am
 sure t y h  /udi$ ! def5ces ( ! c\ntry1
 at all ev5ts1 & y "k exactly  h[ _m =ts
 & outpo/s are s]viceable 7#aa7 & h[ _m 

are n2  y c tell u :i* g>risons are     
/rong en\gh & :i* defective2  & y are   
prep>$ to ?r[ 9 ! weight ( y\r advice 9 
fav\r  ( increas+ ! s]viceable outpo/s &
 sweep+ away ^? t are  sup]flu\s8       
7#aj7 ,see ,econ4 xi4 #a4     7#aa7 ,or1
 advantage\sly situat$4 ,see ! au?or's  
own tract on      ,rev5ues4    ,glauc4  
,yes1 sweep !m all away1 t's my advice2 
= any good t is  likely to come ( !m6   
,def5ces inde$6 s ma9ta9$ t ! prop]ty  (
 ! rural di/ricts is simply pilf]$4     
,b suppose y sweep away ! outpo/s 7he   
ask$71 may n some?+  worse1 ?9k y1 be ! 
consequ5ce8 w n %e] plund]+ be free  to 
any ruffian :o likes8444 ,b may ,i ask  
is ?is judgm5t !  result ( p]sonal      
inspection8 h y gone y\rself & exam9$ ! 
def5ces8 or h[ d y "k t !y are all      
ma9ta9$ z y say8    ,glauc4 ,i          
conjecture t x is s4    ,soc4 ,well !n1 
until we h got beyond ! region (        
conjecture %all  we def] giv+ advice on 
! matt]8 7,x w be "t en\gh :5 we  "k !  
facts47    ,possibly x w\ld be bett] to 

wait till !n 7repli$ ,glaucon74    ,soc4
 ,!n !re are ! m9es1 7#ab7 b1 ( c\rse1  
,i am aw>e t y  h n visit$ !m 9 p]son1 s
 z to be able to say :y !y are  less    
productive ?an =m]ly4     7#ab7 ,aga9 ! 
au?or's tract on ,rev5ues is a comm5t on
 !      matt]4    ,well1 no2 ,i h nev]  
be5 !re myself 7he answ]$74    ,soc4    
,no1 ,heav5 help u6 an unheal?y di/rict 
by all acc\nts2 s  t1 :5 ! mom5t =      
advice on t topic arrives1 y w h an     
excuse ready to h&4    ,i see y are mak+
 fun ( me 7,glaucon answ]$74    ,soc4   
,well1 b "h is a po9t1 ,i am sure1 :i* y
 h n neglect$4  ,no1 y w h ?or\ghly gone
 into x1 & y c tell u4 ,= h[  long a "t 
c\ld ! corn supplies f ! c\ntry di/ricts
 support  ! city8 h[ mu* is requisite = 
a s+le ye>1 s t ! city may  n run %ort (
 ?is prime necess>y1 be=e y are well    
aw>e2 b on  ! contr>y y ) y\r full k w  
be 9 a position to give  advice on s    
vital a "q1 to ! aid or may be !        
salvation (  y\r c\ntry8    ,x is a     
colossal bus9ess ?is 7,glaucon answ]$71 

if ,i am to be oblig$  to give att5tion 
to all ^! details4    ,soc4 ,on ! o!r   
h&1 a man c\ld n ev5 manage 8 own h\se  
or 8  e/ate well1 )\t1 9 ! fir/ place1  
kn[+ :at he requires1 &1  9 ! second    
place1 tak+ pa9s1 item by item1 to      
supply 8 wants4  ,b s9ce ?is city       
consi/s ( m ?an t5 ?\s& h\ses1 & x is  n
 easy to pay m9ute att5tion to s _m all 
at once1 h[ is x y  did n practise      
y\rself by try+ to augm5t ! res\rces (  
"o at  any rate ( ^!--,i mean y\r own   
uncle's8 ,! s]vice w\ld n be  ?r[n away4
 ,!n if y\r /r5g? suffices 9 ! s+le case
 y might  take 9 h& a l>g] numb]2 b if y
 fail to relieve "o1 h[ c\ld  y possibly
 hope to succe$ ) _m8 ,h[ absurd = a    
man1 if he  _c c>ry half a hundr$weight1
 to attempt to c>ry a :ole6 7#ac7       
7#ac7 ,lit4 a s+le tal5t's weight444 to 
c>ry two4    ,glauc4 ,nay1 = my "p1 ,i  
am will+ en\gh to assi/ my uncle's h\se1
  if my uncle w\ld only be p]suad$ to   
li/5 to my advice4    ,soc4 ,!n1 :5 y _c
 p]suade y\r uncle1 d y imag9e y w  be  

able to make ! :ole ,a!nian p1 uncle &  
all1 obey y8  ,be c>eful1 ,glaucon 7he  
add$71 le/ 9 y\r ?ir/ = glory & high    
repute y come to ! opposite4 ,d y n see 
h[ dang]\s x is =  a man to speak or act
 beyond ! range 7#ad7 ( 8 k8 ,to take  !
 cases kn[n to y ( p ^: conv]sation or  
conduct cle>ly  transc5ds ^! limits3    
%\ld y say !y ga9 m praise or m  blame  
on t acc\nt8 ,are !y admir$ ! r or      
despis$8 ,or1  aga91 consid] ^? :o d "k 
:at !y say & :at !y d2 &  y w f9d1 ,i   
v5ture to say1 t 9 e sort ( und]tak+ ^? 
:o enjoy repute & admiration belong to !
 class ( ^? end[$  ) ! highe/ k2 :il/   
conv]sely ! p ( s9i/]  reputation1 !    
mean & ! contemptible1 emanate f "s dep?
 (  ignorance & dulness4 ,if !re=e :at y
 ?ir/ = is repute &  admiration z a     
/atesman1 try to make sure ( "o         
accompli%m5t3 9  o!r words1 ! k z f> z 9
 y lies ( :at y wi% to d4  7#ae7 ,if1   
inde$1 ) ?is to di/+ui% y f ! re/ ( !   
_w y v5ture to conc]n y\rself ) /ate    
affairs1 x w\ld n  surprise me b t y    

might rea* ! goal ( y\r ambition easily4
     7#ad7 ,or1 to talk ( ?+s :i* he    
does n "k1 or to m$dle )      !m4       
7#ae7 ,or1 try z f> z possible to a*ieve
 "o ?+1 & t is to      "k ! bus9ess :i* 
y propose to c>ry out4      ,,vii    ,n[
 ,*>mides1 7#a7 ! son ( ,glaucon1 01 z  
,socrates obs]v$1 a man  ( m>k &        
influ5ce3 a mu* m p[]ful p]son 9 fact   
?an ! mass  ( ^? devot$ to politics at t
 date1 b at ! same "t he 0  a man :o    
%rank f approa*+ ! p or busy+ himself ) 
!  conc]ns ( ! /ate4 ,accord+ly         
,socrates address$ him ?us3     7#a7    
,see la/ *apt] = 8 relation%ip to       
,glaucon 7! y\ng]7 &      ,plato2 = a   
conception ( 8 "*1 ,plato's dialogue    
,*>mides2 ,!ag4 #abh ,e2 ,hell4 ,,ii4   
iv4 #ai2 ,symp4 iv4 #ca2      ,grote1   
,plato1 i4 #dhj4    ,tell me1 ,*>mides1 
suppos+ "s "o compet5t to w9 a victory 9
 !  ar5a & to receive a cr[n1 7#b7 :]eby
 he w ga9 hon\r himself  & make ! l& ( 8
 fa!rs m glori\s 9 ,hellas1 7#c7 7 to   
refuse to ent] ! li/s--:at k9d ( p]son  

%\ld y set him d[n  to be8     7#b7 ,9  
"s conque/ 7e4g4 ( ! ,olympic games7 :]e
 ! prize is a      m]e wrea?4     7#c7  
,cf4 ,p9d> passim4    ,cle>ly an        
effem9ate & c[>dly fell[ 7he answ]$74   
,soc4 ,& :at if ano!r man1 :o _h x 9    
him1 by devotion to affairs  ( /ate1 to 
exalt 8 city & w9 hon\r himself !reby1 7
 to  %r9k & hesitate & hang back--w\ld  
he too n reasonably be  reg>d$ z a c[>d8
    ,possibly 7he answ]$72 b :y d y     
address ^! que/ions to me8    ,because  
7repli$ ,socrates7 ,i ?9k t y1 :o h ?is 
p[]1 d  hesitate to devote y\rself to   
matt]s :i*1 z be+ a citiz51 if =  no o!r
 reason1 y are b\nd to take "p 94 7#d7  
7#d7 ,or add1 & _c escape f4    ,*>m4 ,&
 :]e9 h y detect$ 9 me ?is p[]1 t y pass
 s  sev]e a s5t5ce ^u me8    ,soc4 ,i h 
detect$ x pla9ly en\gh 9 ^? ga!r+s 7#e7 
9 :i*  y meet ! politicians ( ! day1 :51
 z ,i obs]ve1 ea* "t !y  consult y on   
any po9t y h always good advice to (f]1 
& :5  !y make a blund] y lay y\r f+] on 
! weak po9t imm$iately4     7#e7 ,see   

above1 ,i4 v4 #d2 "h possibly (         
political club conv]sation4    ,*>m4 ,to
 discuss & reason 9 private is "o ?+1   
,socrates1 to  battle 9 ! ?rong ( !     
assembly is ano!r4    ,soc4 ,& yet a man
 :o c c\nt1 c\nts e bit z well 9 a cr[d 
z  :5 seat$ alone by himself2 & x is !  
be/ p]=m] on ! h>p  9 private :o c>ries 
(f ! palm ( victory 9 public4    ,*>m4  
,b d y n see t mode/y & timidity are    
feel+s  implant$ 9 man's nature8 & ^!   
are mu* m p[]fully pres5t to  u 9 a cr[d
 ?an )9 ! circle ( our intimates4       
,soc4 ,yes1 b :at ,i am b5t on tea*+ y  
is t :ile y feel no  su* ba%fulness &   
timidity be=e ! wise/ & /ronge/ ( m51  y
 are a%am$ ( op5+ y\r lips 9 ! mid/ (   
weakl+s &  dull>ds4 7#f7 ,is x ! full]s 
among !m ( :om y /& 9 awe1 or  !        
cobbl]s1 or ! c>p5t]s1 or ! copp]smi?s1 
or ! m]*ants1  or ! f>m]s1 or ! huck/]s 
( ! m>ket-place ex*ang+ _!  w>es1 &     
be?9k+ !m h[ !y are to buy ?is ?+ *eap1 
& to  sell ! o!r de>--is x be=e ^! y are
 a%am$1 = ^! are  ! individual atoms out

 ( :i* ! ,public ,assembly is compos$8  
7#g7  ,& :at is ! diff]5ce1 pray1 betwe5
 y\r behavi\r & t ( a  man :o1 be+ !    
sup]ior ( tra9$ a?letes1 quails be=e a  
set (  amateurs8 ,is x n ! case t y :o c
 argue s readily ) !  =emo/ /atesm5 9 ! 
city1 "s ( :om affect to look d[n  ^u   
y--y1 ) y\r va/ sup]iority ov] practis$ 
popul>  debat]s--are no soon] confront$ 
) a set ( folk :o nev] 9 _!  lives gave 
politics a ?\ght1 & into ^: heads       
c]ta9ly x nev]  ent]$ to look d[n ^u    
y--?an y are afraid to op5 y\r lips 9   
mortal t]ror ( be+ laugh$ at8     7#f7  
,cf4 ,cic4 ,tusc4 v4 #cf1 #ajd2 ,plat4  
,gorg4 #deb ,e1 #ded ,b4     7#g7 ,cf4  
,plat4 ,protag4 #cai ,c4 ,see ,w4 ,l4   
,newman1 op4 cit4 i4 #ajc4    ,well1 b y
 w\ld admit 7he answ]$7 t s\nd argum5t  
does  frequ5tly br+ d[n ! ridicule ( !  
,popul> ,assembly4    ,soc4 ,:i* is     
equally true ( ! o!rs4 7#h7 ,& t is j   
:at  r\ses my a/oni%m5t1 t y :o c cope s
 easily ) ^!  lordly p 7:5 guilty (     
ridicule7 %\ld p]suade y\rself t  y _c  

/& up aga9/ a set ( common]s4 7#i7 ,my  
good fell[1 d  n be ignorant ( y\rself6 
7#aj7 d n fall into t commone/ (        
errors--!irs :o ru% (f to inve/igate !  
conc]ns ( ! re/ (  ! _w1 & h no "t to   
turn & exam9e !mselves4 ,yet t is  a    
duty :i* y mu/ n 9 c[>dly sort draw back
 f3 r mu/  y brace ourself to give good 
he$ to y\r own self2 & z to public      
affairs1 if by any mann] ( means !y may 
be improv$ ?r\gh y1 d  n neglect !m4    
,success 9 ! sph]e ( politics means t n 
only  ! mass ( y\r fell[-citiz5s1 b y\r 
p]sonal fri5ds & y  y\rself la/ b n     
lea/1 w pr(it by y\r action4     7#h7 oi
 et]oi1 i4e4 ! =emo/ /atesm5 m5tion$    
be=e4 ,al4      ! opposite p>ty1 !      
,tories1 if "o may s say1 ( !           
political clubs4     7#i7 ,lit4 ^?444   
^!4     7#aj7 ,erne/i aptly cf4 ,cic4 ad
 ,qu9t4 iii4 #f4 ,see bel[1 ,,iii4 ix4  
#f2      ,,iv4 ii4 #bd4      ,,viii     
,once :5 ,ari/ippus 7#a7 set himself to 
subject ,socrates to a                  
cross-exam9ation1 su* z he _h himself   

und]gone at ! h&s (  ,socrates on a =m] 
occasion1 7#b7 ,socrates1 be+ m9d$ to   
b5efit  ^? :o 7 ) him1 gave 8 answ]s    
less 9 ! /yle ( a debat]  gu>d+ aga9/   
p]v]sions ( 8 argum5t1 ?an ( a man      
p]suad$ (  ! supreme importance ( "r    
conduct4 7#c7     7#a7 ,= ,ari/ippus see
 above1 p4 #ch2 = ! connection1 b\lom5os
      t\s sunontas ophele91 betwe5 ?is &
 ! prece$+ *apt]1      see above1       
,conspectus1 p4 xxvi4     7#b7 ,possibly
 9 ref]5ce to ! conv]sation above4 ,9   
ref]5ce to      ! pres5t dialogue see   
,grote1 ,plato1 ,i4 xi4 p4 #chj foll4   
7#c7 ,= pratte9 ta deonta cf4 bel[1     
,,iii4 ix4 #d1 #aa2 ,plat4 ,*>m4        
#afd ,b2 b see ,j4 ,j4 ,h>tman1 ,an4    
,x54 p4 #ada4    ,ari/ippus ask$ him if 
he knew ( any?+ good1 7#d7 int5d+ 9     
case he ass5t$ & nam$ any p>ticul> good 
?+1 l food or  dr9k1 or weal?1 or heal?1
 or /r5g?1 or c\rage1 to po9t out  t !  
?+ nam$ 0 sometimes bad4 ,b he1 kn[+ t  
if a ?+  tr\bles u1 we imm$iately want t
 :i* w put an end to our  tr\ble1 answ]$

 precisely z x 0 be/ to d4 7#e7     7#d7
 ,see ,grote1 ,plato1 ii4 #ehe1 on      
,philebus4     7#e7 ,or1 made ! happie/ 
answ]4    ,soc4 ,d ,i und]/& y to ask me
 :e!r ,i "k any?+ good =  fev]8    ,no  
7he repli$71 t is n my "q4    ,soc4 ,!n 
= inflammation ( ! eyes8    ,ari/ip4    
,no1 nor yet t4    ,soc4 ,well !n1 =    
hung]8    ,ari/ip4 ,no1 nor yet = hung]4
    ,well1 b 7answ]$ ,socrates7 if y ask
 me :e!r ,i "k ( any good  ?+ :i* is    
good = no?+1 ,i nei!r "k ( x nor want to
 "k4    ,& :5 ,ari/ippus1 return+ to !  
*>ge1 ask$ him if he knew (  any ?+     
beautiful4    ,he answ]$3 ,yes1 _m ?+s4 
,ari/ip4 ,are !y all l ea* o!r8    ,soc4
 ,on ! contr>y1 !y are (t5 z unlike z   
possible4    ,h[ !n 7he ask$7 c t be    
beautiful :i* is unlike ! beautiful8    
,soc4 ,bless me6 = ! simple reason t x  
is possible = a man :o  is a beautiful  
runn] to be q unlike ano!r man :o is a  
beautiful  box]1 7#f7 or = a %ield1 :i* 
is a beautiful weapon = ! purpose  (    
def5ce1 to be absolutely unlike a       

javel91 :i* is a beautiful  weapon (    
swift & sure dis*>ge4     7#f7 ,see     
,grote1 ,h4 ,g4 x4 #afd1 9 ref]5ce to   
,epam9ondas & 8      gymna/ic tra9+2    
bel[1 ,,iii4 x4 #f4    ,ari/ip4 ,y\r    
answ]s are no bett] n[ ?an 7#g7 :5 ,i   
ask$ y  :e!r y knew any good ?+4 ,!y are
 bo? ( a patt]n4     7#g7 ,or1 ,y answ] 
precisely z y did :5444    ,soc4 ,& s !y
 %\ld be4 ,d y imag9e t "o ?+ is good & 
ano!r beautiful8 ,d n y "k t relatively 
to ! same /&>d  all ?+s are at once     
beautiful & good8 7#h7 ,9 ! fir/ place1 
virtue is n a good ?+ relatively to "o  
/&>d & a beautiful  ?+ relatively to    
ano!r /&>d2 & 9 ! next place1 human     
be+s1 on ! same pr9ciple 7#i7 &         
relatively to ! same /&>d1  are call$   
beautiful & good2 & s ! bodily frames ( 
m5  relatively to ! same /&>ds are se5  
to be beautiful & good1  & 9 g5]al all  
?+s capable ( be+ us$ by man are reg>d$ 
z  at once beautiful & good relatively  
to ! same /&>d--! /&+  be+ 9 ea* case   
:at ! ?+ happ5s to be useful =4 7#aj7   

7#h7 ,or1 good & beautiful are          
conv]tible t]ms3 :atev] is good is      
beautiful1 or :atev] is beautiful is    
good4     7#i7 ,or1 9 ! same brea?4 ,cf4
 ,plat4 ,hipp4 maj4 #bie ,d2 ,gorg4     
#dgd ,d4     7#aj7 ,or1 & ?is /&>d is ! 
s]viceabl5ess ( ! ?+ 9      "q4         
,ari/ip4 ,!n ,i presume ev5 a basket =  
c>ry+ dung 7#aa7 is a  beautiful ?+8    
7#aa7 ,cf4 ,plat4 ,hipp4 maj4 #bhh ,d1  
#bij ,d2 & ,grote's note1 loc4 cit4     
p4 #cha3 9 reg>d to ! "q :]e9 consi/s to
 kalon8    ,soc4 ,to be sure1 & a spe> (
 gold an ugly ?+1 if = _!  respective   
uses--! =m] is well & ! latt] ill       
adapt$4    ,ari/ip4 ,d y mean to ass]t t
 ! same ?+s may be beautiful &  ugly8   
,soc4 ,yes1 to be sure2 & by ! same %[+ 
?+s may be good &  bad3 z1 = in/ance1   
:at is good = hung] may be bad = fev]1 &
  :at is good = fev] bad = hung]2 or    
aga91 :at is beautiful =  wre/l+ is (t5 
ugly = runn+2 & 9 g5]al ev]y?+ is good  
& beautiful :5 well adapt$ = ! end 9    
view1 bad & ugly :5  ill adapt$ = !     

same4    ,simil>ly :5 he spoke ab\t     
h\ses1 7#ab7 & argu$ t ! same  h\se mu/ 
be at once beautiful & useful--,i c\ld n
 help feel+  t he 0 giv+ a good lesson  
on ! problem3 h[ a h\se ought to  be    
built4 ,he inve/igat$ ! matt] ?us3      
7#ab7 ,see ,k4 ,joel1 op4 cit4 p4 #dhh2 
,classical ,review1 vii4 #bfb4    ,soc4 
,d y admit t any "o purpos+ to build a  
p]fect h\se 7#ac7  w plan to make x at  
once z pleasant & z useful to live 9 z  
possible8 & t po9t be+ admitt$1 7#ad7 ! 
next "q w\ld  be3     7#ac7 ,or1 ! ideal
 h\se2 lit4 a h\se z x %\ld be4         
7#ad7 ,see bel[1 ,,iv4 vi4 #ae4    ,x is
 pleasant to h "o's h\se cool 9 summ] & 
w>m 9 w9t]1  is x n8 & ?is proposition  
also hav+ obta9$ ass5t1 ,n[1  suppos+ a 
h\se to h a s\!rn aspect1 sun%9e dur+   
w9t] w  /eal 9 "u ! v]&ah1 7#ae7 b 9    
summ]1 :5 ! sun trav]ses  a pa? "r ov]  
our heads1 ! ro( w af=d an agreeable    
%ade1  w x n8 ,if1 !n1 su* an arrangem5t
 is desirable1 ! s\!rn  side ( a h\se   
%\ld be built high] to cat* ! rays ( !  

w9t]  sun1 & ! nor!rn side l[] to prev5t
 ! cold w9ds f9d+  +ress2 9 a ^w1 x is  
reasonable to suppose t ! pleasante/ &  
mo/ beautiful dwell+ place w be "o 9 :i*
 ! own] c at  all seasons ( ! ye> f9d ! 
pleasante/ retreat1 & /[ away 8  goods )
 ! greate/ security4     7#ae7 ,or1     
porticoes or collonades4    ,pa9t+s     
7#af7 & ornam5tal m\ld+s are apt 7he    
said7 to deprive "o  ( m joy 7#ag7 ?an  
!y conf]4     7#af7 ,see ,econ4 ix4 #b2 
,plat4 ,hipp4 maj4 #bih ,a2 ,rep4 #ebi2 
,beck]1      ,*>icles1 #bfh 7,engl4     
trans47     7#ag7 euphrosunas1 ar*aic or
 poetical  joyance4 ,see ,hi]o1      vi4
 #a4    ,! fitte/ place = a temple or an
 alt> 7he ma9ta9$7 0 "s site  visible f 
af>1 & untrodd5 by foot ( man3 7#ah7    
s9ce x 0 a  glad ?+ = ! wor%ipp] to lift
 up 8 eyes af> (f & (f] up  8 orison2   
glad also to w5d 8 way peaceful to pray]
 unsulli$4 7#ai7     7#ah7 e4g4 ! summit
 ( ,lycabettos1 or ! height on :i* /&s !
      temple ( ,phygaleia4 ,cf4 ,eur4   
,pho54 #acgb1 ,pallados                 

khrusaspidos blepsas pros oikon euxato (
 ,eteocles4     7#ai7 ,see ,vitruvius1  
i4 #g1 iv4 #e1 ap4 ,s*neid4 ad loc42 ,w4
 ,l4 ,newman1      op4 cit4 i4 #cch4    
,,ix    ,be+ aga9 ask$ by "s "o3 c\ld   
c\rage be taught1 7#a7 or did  x come by
 nature8 he answ]$3 ,i imag9e t j z "o  
body is by  nature /rong] ?an ano!r body
 to enc\nt] toils1 s "o s\l by  nature  
gr[s m robu/ ?an ano!r s\l 9 face (     
dang]s4 ,c]ta9ly  ,i d note t p br\ght  
up "u ! same condition ( laws &  cu/oms 
diff] greatly 9 respect ( d>+4 ,/ill my 
belief is t by  le>n+ & practice !      
natural aptitude may always be /r5g!n$  
t[>ds c\rage4 ,x is cle>1 = in/ance1 t  
,scy?ians or  ,?racians w\ld n v5ture to
 take %ield & spe> & cont5d )           
,lac$aemonians2 & x is equally evid5t t 
,lac$aemonians w\ld  demur to ent]+ !   
li/s ( battle aga9/ ,?racians if limit$ 
to  _! light %ields & javel9s1 or aga9/ 
,scy?ians )\t "s  weapon m famili> ?an  
_! b[s & arr[s4 7#b7 ,& z f> z ,i c     
see1 ?is pr9ciple holds g5]ally3 !      

natural diff]5ces ( "o man  f ano!r may 
be comp5sat$ by artificial progress1 !  
result (  c>e & att5tion4 ,all :i*      
proves cle>ly t :e!r nature has  end[$ u
 ) ke5] or blunt] s5sibilities1 ! duty (
 all alike  is to le>n & practise ^? ?+s
 9 :i* we w\ld fa9 a*ieve  di/9ction4   
7#a7 ,or1 ,:5 "s "o retort$ ^u him ) !  
"q3 ',c      c\rage be taught8' & = ?is 
problem see ,,iv4 vi4 #aj1 #aa2         
,symp4 ii4 #ab2 ,plat4 ,la*42 ,protag4  
#cdi2 ,pha$r4 #bfi ,d2 ,k4      ,joel1  
op4 cit4 p4 #cbe foll42 ,grote1 ,plato1 
i4 #dfh foll41 ii4 #fj2      ,j[ett1    
,plato1 i4 #gg1 #aai2 ,newman1 op4 cit4 
i4 #cdc4     7#b7 ,or1 aga9/ ,?racians )
 light %ields & javel9s1 or aga9/       
,scy?ians ) b[s & arr[s2 & = ! national 
arms (      ^! peoples respectively see 
,ari/4 ,lysi/r4 #efc2 ,anab4 ,,iii4     
iv4 #ae2 ,,vi4 ,,vii4 passim4    ,betwe5
 wisdom & sobriety ( s\l 7:i* is        
temp]ance7 he drew no  di/9ction4 7#c7  
,0 a man able on ! "o h& to recognise   
?+s  beautiful & good suffici5tly to    

live 9 !m8 ,_h he1 on ! o!r  h&1 k ( !  
base & f\l s z to bew>e ( !m8 ,if s1    
,socrates judg$ him to be wise at once &
 s\nd ( s\l 7or temp]ate74  7#d7        
7#c7 ,b cf4 ,,iv4 vi4 #g2 ,k4 ,joel1 op4
 cit4 p4 #cfc4     7#d7 ,read+ alla     
to444 kai to1 or m lit4 he discov]$ !   
wise man & s\nd ( s\l 9 8 p[] n only to 
recognise      ?+s 'beautiful & good1' b
 to live & move & h 8      be+ 9 !m2 z  
also 9 8 gift ( avoid+ consci\sly ?+s   
base4 ,or if alla ton444 kai ton444     
transl4 ,! man :o      n only c\ld      
recognise ! beautiful & good1 b liv$1   
etc41      9 t _w1 & :o moreov]         
consci\sly avoid$ ?+s base1 9      !    
judgm5t ( ,socrates 0 wise & s\nd ( s\l4
 ,cf4 ,plat4      ,*>m4    ,& be+ fur!r 
que/ion$ :e!r he consid]$ ^? :o h  ! k (
 "r action1 b d n apply x1 to be wise & 
self-controll$8--,n a :it m1 he answ]$1 
?an ,i consid] !m  to be unwise &       
intemp]ate4 7#e7 ,e "o1 ,i conceive1    
delib]ately  *ooses :at1 )9 ! limits op5
 to him1 he consid]s mo/ conducive  to 8

 int]e/1 & acts accord+ly4 ,i mu/ hold  
!re=e t  ^? :o act aga9/ rule & crook$ly
 7#f7 are nei!r wise nor                
self-controll$4     7#e7 ,= ! phrase n a
 :it ! m see bel[1 ,,iii4 xii4 #a2      
,econ4 xii4 #ah4 ,al4 ,i %\ld by no     
means *oose to consid] !m      wise &   
self-controll$ r ?an fooli% &           
intemp]ate4     7#f7 ,:o _c draw a      
/raight l9e1 e?ically speak+4    ,he    
said t ju/ice1 moreov]1 & all o!r virtue
 is wisdom4 ,t is  to say1 ?+s j1 & all 
?+s else t are done ) virtue1  are      
beautiful & good2 & nei!r w ^? :o "k ^! 
?+s  delib]ately *oose aught else 9 _!  
/ead1 nor w he :o lacks !  special k (  
!m be able to d !m1 b ev5 if he makes ! 
attempt he w miss ! m>k & fail4 ,s !    
wise alone c p]=m  ! ?+s :i* are        
beautiful & good2 !y t are unwise _c1  b
 ev5 if !y try !y fail4 ,!re=e1 s9ce all
 ?+s j1 &  g5]ally all ?+s beautiful &  
good1 are wr\ght ) virtue1 x  is cle> t 
ju/ice & all o!r virtue is wisdom4      
,on ! o!r h&1 madness 7he ma9ta9$7 0 !  

opposite to wisdom2  n t he reg>d$      
simple ignorance z madness1 7#g7 b he   
put x  ?us3 = a man to be ignorant (    
himself1 to imag9e & suppose t  he kn[s 
:at he kn[s n1 0 7he argu$71 if n       
madness itself1  yet some?+ v l x4 ,!   
mass ( m5 no d\bt hold a diff]5t        
language3 if a man is all abroad on "s  
matt] ( :i* ! mass (  mank9d are        
ignorant1 !y d n pron\nce him mad2 7#h7 
b a l  ab]ration ( m9d1 if only x be    
ab\t matt]s )9 ! scope  ( ord9>y k1 !y  
call madness4 ,= in/ance1 any "o :o     
imag9$ himself too tall to pass "u a    
gateway ( ! ,long ,wall  )\t /oop+1 or s
 /rong z to try to lift a h\se1 or to   
attempt  any o!r obvi\s impossibility1  
is a madman accord+ to !m2 b 9  ! popul>
 s5se he is n mad1 if 8 obliquity is    
conf9$ to small  matt]s4 ,9 fact1 j z   
/rong desire goes by ! "n ( passion  9  
popul> p>lance1 s m5tal obliquity on a  
gr& scale is entitl$  madness4     7#g7 
,see ,k4 ,joel1 op4 cit4 p4 #cdf2       
,grote1 ,plato1 i4 #djj4     7#h7 ,or1  

!y res5t ! t]m 'mad' be+ appli$ to p :o 
are      all abroad1 etc4 ,see ,comte1  
,pos4 ,pol4 i4 #ege2 ii4 #cgc 7,engl4   
trans47    ,9 answ] to ! "q3 :at is     
envy8 he discov]$ x to be a  c]ta9 k9d (
 pa92 n c]ta9ly ! sorr[ felt at !       
mis=tunes  ( a fri5d or ! good =tune (  
an enemy--t is n envy2 b1 z  he said1   
envy is felt by ^? alone :o are annoy$  
at ! successes  ( _! fri5ds4 ,& :5 "s "o
 or o!r express$ a/oni%m5t  t any "o    
fri5dlily dispos$ to ano!r %\ld be pa9$ 
at 8  well-do+1 he rem9d$ him ( a common
 t5d5cy 9 p3 :5 any "o  is f>+ ill _!   
sympa?ies are t\*$1 !y ru% to ! aid ( ! 
un=tunate2 b :5 =tune smiles on o!rs1 !y
 are someh[ pa9$4  ,i d n say1 he add$1 
?is c\ld happ5 to a ?\ghtful p]son2 b  x
 is no uncommon condition ( a silly m9d4
 7#i7     7#i7 ,or1 a man 9 8 s5ses444 a
 simpleton2 = ! s5tim5t ,l4      ,d9d4  
cf4 ,isocr4 ad ,demonic4 #g ,d4    ,9   
answ] to ! "q3 :at is leisure8 ,i       
discov] 7he said7 t  mo/ m5 d some?+3   
7#aj7 = in/ance1 ! dice play]1 7#aa7 !  

gambl]1 ! buffoon1 d some?+1 b ^! h     
leisure2 !y c1 if  !y l1 turn & d some?+
 bett]2 b nobody has leisure to turn  f 
! bett] to ! worse1 & if he does s turn1
 :5 he has no  leisure1 he does b ill 9 
t4     7#aj7 ,see above1 ,i4 ii4 #eg2 & 
9 ref4 to ^! def9itions1 ,k4 ,joel1     
op4 cit4 p4 #cdg foll4     7#aa7 ,=     
dice-play+ see ,beck]1 ,*>icl4 #ced     
7,engl4 trans472 =      buffoon]y1 ib4  
#ih2 ,symp4    7,to pass to ano!r       
def9ition47 ,!y are n k+s or rul]s 7he  
said7  :o hold ! sceptre m]ely1 or are  
*os5 by fell[s out ( ! /reet1  7#ab7 or 
are appo9t$ by lot1 or h /epp$ into     
(fice by viol5ce  or by fraud2 b ^? :o h
 ! special k 7#ac7 h[ to rule4  ,?us    
hav+ won ! admission t x is ! function (
 a rul] to  enjo9 :at ought to be done1 
& ( ^? :o are rul$ to obey1 he  proce$$ 
to po9t out by in/ances t 9 a %ip ! rul]
 or capta9  is ! man ( special k1 to    
:om1 z an exp]t1 ! %ip[n]  himself & all
 ! o!rs on bo>d obey4 ,s likewise1 9 !  
matt]  ( husb&ry1 ! proprietor ( an     

e/ate2 9 t ( sickness1 !  pati5t2 9 t ( 
physical tra9+ ( ! body1 ! y\?ful a?lete
  go+ ?r\gh a c\rse2 &1 9 g5]al1 e "o   
directly conc]n$ 9  any matt] ne$+      
att5tion & c>e w ei!r att5d to ?is      
matt] p]sonally1 if he ?9ks he has !    
special k2 or1 if he  mi/ru/s 8 own     
sci5ce1 w be eag] to obey any exp]t on !
 spot1  or w ev5 s5d & fet* "o f a      
di/ance4 ,! guidance ( ?is  exp]t he w  
foll[1 & d :at he has to d at 8         
dictation4     7#ab7 ,tom1 ,dick1 &     
,h>ry 7z we say74     7#ac7 ,! epi/eme4 
,see above1 ,,iii4 v4 #ba2 ,newman1 op4 
cit4 i4 #bef4    ,& ?us1 9 ! art ( sp9n+
 wool1 he lik$ to po9t out t wom5  are !
 rul]s ( m5--& :y8 because !y h ! k ( ! 
art1 & m5 h n4    ,& if any "o rais$ !  
objection t a tyrant has x 9 8 p[]  n to
 obey good & correct advice1 he w\ld    
retort3 ,pray1 h[ has  he ! option n to 
obey1 consid]+ ! p5alty hang+ ov] him :o
  disobeys ! words ( wisdom8 = :atev] ! 
matt] be 9 :i* he  disobeys ! ^w ( good 
advice1 he w fall into error1 ,i        

presume1  & fall+ into error1 be puni%$4
 ,& to ! sugge/ion t !  tyrant c\ld1 if 
he lik$1 cut (f ! head ( ! man ( wisdom1
 8  answ] 03 ,d y ?9k t he :o de/roys 8 
be/ ally w g  scot free1 or suff] a m]e 
slight & pass+ loss8 ,is he m likely  to
 secure 8 salvation t way1 ?9k y1 or to 
compass 8 own swift  de/ruction8 7#ad7  
7#ad7 ,or1 ,is t to *oose ! pa? (       
safety1 ?9k y8 ,is x n      r to sign 8 
own dea?-w>r5t8 ,l4 ,d9d4 cf4 ,hesiod1  
,works      & ,days1 #bic4 ,see ,newman1
 op4 cit4 i4 #cic-cig4    ,:5 "s "o ask$
 him3 ,:at he reg>d$ z ! be/ pursuit or 
bus9ess 7#ae7 = a man8 he answ]$3       
,successful conduct2 7#af7 &  to a      
second "q3 ,did he !n reg>d good =tune z
 an end to  be pursu$8--,on ! contr>y1  
he answ]$1 = myself1 ,i consid]  =tune &
 conduct to be diametrically oppos$4 ,= 
in/ance1 to  succe$ 9 "s desirable c\rse
 ( action )\t seek+ to d s1 ,i  hold to 
be good =tune2 b to d a ?+ well by d9t (
 le>n+ &  practice1 t accord+ to my cre$
 is successful conduct1 7#ag7 &  ^? :o  

make ?is ! s]i\s bus9ess ( _! life seem 
to me to d  well4     7#ae7 ,or1 !      
noble/ /udy4     7#af7 eupraxia1 eu     
pratte9--to d well1 9 ! s5se bo? ( well 
or      "r do+1 & ( welf>e1 & is        
accord+ly oppos$ to      eutukhia1 m]e  
good luck or success4 ,cf4 ,plat4       
,eu?yd4 #bha ,b4     7#ag7 ,lit4        
well-do+2 & = ! ,socratic view see      
,newman1 op4 cit4      i4 #cje1 #dja4   
,!y are at once ! be/ & ! de>e/ 9 !     
sight ( ,god 7#ah7 7he  w5t on to say7  
:o = in/ance 9 husb&ry d well ! ?+s (   
f>m+1 or 9 ! art ( heal+ all t belongs  
to heal+1 or  9 /atecraft ! affairs (   
/ate2 :]eas a man :o does no?+          
well--nor well 9 any?+--is 7he add$7    
nei!r good = any?+ nor  de> to ,god4    
7#ah7 ,or1 mo/ div9ely fav\r$4 ,cf4     
,plat4 ,eu?yphro1 #g ,a4      ,x    ,b  
inde$1 7#a7 if *ance br\ght him into    
conv]sation ) any "o  possess$ ( an art1
 & us+ x = daily purposes ( bus9ess1 he 
nev] fail$ to be useful to ?is k9d (    
p]son4 ,= in/ance1 /epp+  "o "t into !  

/udio ( ,p>rhasius 7#b7 ! pa9t]1 & gett+
 into  conv]sation ) him--     7#a7 alla
 m5 kai444 ,b inde$ ! sph]e ( 8         
helpfulness 0      n circumscrib$2 if1  
etc4     7#b7 ,= ,p>rhasius ( ,ephesus1 
! son ( ,ev5or & rival ( ,zeuxis1       
see ,woltmann & ,wo]mann1 ,hi/4 (       
,pa9t+1 p4 #dg foll42      ,cobet1      
,pros4 ,x54 p4 #ej 7cf4 9 p>ticul>      
,qu9t4 ,,xii4 x4 #fbg74      ,at ! date 
( conv]sation 7real or ideal7 he may be 
suppos$ to      h be5 a "y man4    ,i   
suppose1 ,p>rhasius 7said he71 pa9t+ may
 be def9$ z a  repres5tation ( visible  
objects1 may x n8 7#c7 ,t is to say1 by 
means ( col\rs & palette y pa9t]s       
repres5t & reproduce z  closely z       
possible ! ups & d[ns1 lights & %ad[s1  
h>d &  s(t1 r\gh & smoo? surfaces1 !    
fre%ness ( y\? & ! wr9kles  ( age1 d y  
n8     7#c7 ,read+ ) ,s*neid]1 ,l4      
,d9d41 etc41 aft] ,/obaeus1 e           
graphike e/9 eikasia1 or if ! vulg4     
graphike e/9 e      eikasia1 trans4     
,pa9t+ is ! t]m appli$ to a p>ticul>    

repres5tation1 etc4    ,y are "r 7he    
answ]$71 t is s4    ,soc4 ,fur!r1 9     
portray+ ideal types ( beauty1 see+ x is
 n easy  to light ^u any "o human be+ :o
 is absolutely devoid ( blemi%1  y cull 
f _m models ! mo/ beautiful traits (    
ea*1 & s make  y\r figures appe>        
completely beautiful8 7#d7     7#d7 ,cf4
 ,cic4 de ,inv5t4 ii4 #a ad 94 (        
,zeuxis2 ,max4 ,tur4 ,diss]t4      #bc1 
#c1 ap4 ,s*neid] ad loc4    ,p>rh4 ,yes1
 t is h[ we d4 7#e7     7#e7 ,or1 t is !
 secret ( our creations1 or our art (   
composition4    ,well1 b /op 7,socrates 
cont9u$72 d y also pret5d to repres5t 9 
simil> p]fection ! *>act]i/ic moods ( ! 
s\l1 its captivat+  *>m & sweetness1 )  
its deep wells ( love1 its int5sity (   
ye>n+1 its burn+ po9t ( passion8 or is  
all ?is q incapable  ( be+ depict$8     
,nay 7he answ]$71 h[ %\ld a mood be o!r 
?an inimitable1 ,socrates1  :5 x        
possesses nei!r l9e> proportion 7#f7 nor
 col\r1 nor any (  ^? qualities :i* y   
nam$ j n[2 :51 9 a ^w1 x is n  ev5      

visible8     7#f7 ,lit4 symmetry4 ,cf4  
,pl94 xxxv4 #aj1 primus symmetriam      
picturae      d$it1 etc4    ,soc4 ,well1
 b ! k9dly look ( love1 ! angry glance (
 hate at any  "o1 d f9d expression 9 !  
human subject1 d !y n8 7#g7     7#g7    
,or1 ! glance ( love1 ! sc[l ( hate1 :i*
 "o directs      t[>ds ano!r1 are       
recognis$ expressions ( human feel+4    
,cf4      ! description ( ,p>rhasius's  
own portrait ( ,demos1 ap4 ,pl94        
loc4 cit4    ,p>rh4 ,no d\bt !y d4      
,soc4 ,!n ?is look1 ?is glance1 at any  
rate may be imitat$ 9 !  eyes1 may x n8 
,und\bt$ly 7he answ]$74    ,soc4 ,& d   
anxiety & relief ( m9d occasion$ by !   
good or evil  =tune ( ^? we love bo? we>
 ! same expression8    ,by no means 7he 
answ]$72 at ! ?\ght ( good we are       
radiant1 at  t ( evil a cl\d hangs on ! 
br[4    ,soc4 ,!n "h aga9 are looks ) x 
is possible to repres5t8    ,p>rh4      
,decid$ly4    ,soc4 ,fur!rmore1 z ?r\gh 
"s *9k or crevice1 !re pi]ces  ?r\gh !  
c\nt5ance ( a man1 ?r\gh ! v po/ure ( 8 

body  z he /&s or moves1 a glimpse ( 8  
nobility & fre$om1 or aga9  ( some?+ 9  
him l[ & grovell+--! calm (             
self-re/ra9t1 &  wisdom1 or ! swagg] (  
insol5ce & vulg>ity8    ,y are "r 7he   
answ]$74    ,soc4 ,!n ^! too may be     
imitat$8    ,no d\bt 7he said74    ,soc4
 ,& :i* is ! pleasant] type ( face to   
look at1 d y  ?9k--"o on :i* is impr9t$ 
! *>act]i/ics ( a beautiful1  good1 &   
lovable disposition1 or "o :i* be>s !   
impress ( :at is  ugly1 & bad1 &        
hateful8 7#h7     7#h7 ,= ?is !ory cp4  
,rusk91 ,mod4 ,p4 ii4 #id foll4 & inde$ 
passim4    ,p>rh4 ,d\btless1 ,socrates1 
!re is a va/ di/9ction betwe5 ! two4    
,at ano!r "t he ent]$ ! work%op ( !     
sculptor ,cleiton1 7#i7 &  9 c\rse (    
conv]sation ) him said3     7#i7 ,an    
unkn[n arti/4 ,coraes conj4 ,kleona4    
,cf4 ,pl94 xxxiv4 #ai2      ,paus4 v4   
#ag1 vi4 #c4 ,he excell$ 9 portrait     
/atues4 ,see ,j[ett1      ,plato1 iv42  
,laws1 p4 #abc4    ,y h a gall]y (      
h&some p "h1 7#aj7 ,cleiton1 runn]s1 &  

wre/l]s1 & box]s1 & pancratia/s--t ,i   
see & "k2 b h[  d y give ! magic t\* (  
life to y\r creations1 :i* mo/ ( all    
allures ! s\l ( ! behold] ?r\gh 8 s5se (
 vision8     7#aj7 ,read+ aft] ,l4 ,d9d4
 kaloi ous1 or if vulg4 alloi\s1        
translate ,y h a v>iety ( types1        
,cleiton1 n all ( "o      m\ld1 b       
runn]s1 etc42 al4 ,i see q well h[ y    
give !      div]sity ( =m to y\r runn]s1
 etc4    ,z ,cleiton /ood p]plex$1 & did
 n answ] at once1 ,socrates add$3  ,is x
 by closely imitat+ ! =ms ( liv+ be+s t 
y succe$  9 giv+ t t\* ( life to y\r    
/atues8    ,no d\bt 7he answ]$74        
,soc4 ,x is1 is x n1 by fai?fully copy+ 
! v>i\s muscul>  contractions ( ! body 9
 ob$i5ce to ! play ( ge/ure & poise1  ! 
wr9kl+s ( fle% & ! sprawl ( limbs1 !    
t5sions &  ! relaxations1 t y succe$ 9  
mak+ y\r /atues l real  be+s--make !m   
brea! z p say8    ,cleit4 ,)\t a d\bt4  
,soc4 ,& does n ! fai?ful imitation ( ! 
v>i\s affections (  ! body :5 engag$ 9  
any action imp>t a p>ticul> pleasure to 

!  behold]8    ,cleit4 ,i %\ld say s4   
,soc4 ,!n ! ?reat5+s 9 ! eyes ( w>riors 
engag$ 9 battle  %\ld be c>efully copi$1
 or aga9 y %\ld imitate ! aspect ( a    
conqu]or radiant ) success8    ,cleit4  
,above all ?+s4    ,soc4 ,x w\ld seem !n
 t ! sculptor is call$ ^u to incorporate
  9 8 ideal =m ! work+s & en]gies also (
 ! s\l8    ,pay+ a visit to ,pi/ias1    
7#aa7 ! corselet mak]1 :5 t arti/  %[$  
him "s exquisite samples ( 8 "w1        
,socrates exclaim$3     7#aa7 ,cf4 ,a!n4
 iv4 #bj1 :]e ! same arti/ is ref]r$ to 
app>5tly z ,pi/on1 & = ! type ( p]son   
see !      ,portrait ( a ,tailor by     
,moroni 9 ! ,national ,gall]y--see      
,h&book1 ,edw4 ,t4 ,cook1 p4 #aeb4      
,by ,h]a6 a pretty inv5tion ?is1        
,pi/ias1 by :i* y contrive t  ! corselet
 %\ld cov] ! p>ts ( ! p]son :i* ne$     
protection1  & at ! same "t leave free  
play to ! arms & h&s4444 b  tell me1    
,pi/ias 7he add$71 :y d y ask a high]   
price = ^!  corselets ( y\rs if !y are n
 /\t] or made ( co/li] mat]ial  ?an !   

o!rs8    ,because1 ,socrates 7he        
answ]$71 m9e are ( mu* f9] proportion4  
,soc4 ,proportion6 ,!n h[ d y make ?is  
quality app>5t to !  cu/om] s z to      
ju/ify ! high] price--by measure or     
weight8 ,=  ,i presume y _c make !m all 
exactly equal & ( "o patt]n--if  y make 
!m fit1 z ( c\rse y d8    ,fit inde$6 t 
,i mo/ di/9ctly d 7he answ]$71 take my  
^w =  x3 no use 9 a corselet )\t t4     
,b !n are n ! we>]'s bodies !mselves    
7ask$ ,socrates7 "s  well proportion$ & 
o!rs ill8    ,decid$ly s 7he answ]$74   
,soc4 ,!n h[ d y manage to make !       
corselet well proportion$ if x  is to   
fit an ill-proportion$ body8 7#ab7      
7#ab7 ,or1 h[ d y make a                
well-proportion$ corselet fit an ill-   
proportion$ body8 h[ well proportion$8  
,pi/4 ,to ! same degree exactly z ,i    
make x fit4 ,:at fits is well           
proportion$4    ,soc4 ,x seems y use !  
t]m well-proportion$ n 9 an absolute    
s5se1 b 9 ref]5ce to ! we>]1 j z y might
 describe a  %ield z well proportion$ to

 ! individual x suits2 & s ( a  milit>y 
cloak1 & s ( ! re/ ( ?+s1 9 y\r         
t]m9ology8 ,b  maybe !re is ano!r       
consid]able advantage 9 ?is fitt+8      
,pi/4 ,pray in/ruct me1 ,socrates1 if y 
h got an idea4    ,soc4 ,a corselet :i* 
fits is less gall+ by its weight ?an "o 
:i*  does n fit1 = ! latt] mu/ ei!r drag
 f ! %\ld]s ) a  dead weight or press ^u
 "s o!r "p ( ! body1 & s x becomes      
tr\blesome & uncom=table2 b t :i* fits1 
hav+ its weight  di/ribut$ p>tly along !
 coll>-bone & %\ld]-blade1 p>tly  ov] ! 
%\ld]s & *e/1 & p>tly ! back & belly1   
feels l  ano!r natural integum5t r ?an  
an extra load to c>ry4 7#ac7     7#ac7  
,s*neid] ad loc4 cf ,eur4 ,electr4 #aib1
 pro/hemata aglaias1      & = ! weight  
cf4 ,ari/oph4 ,peace1 #abbd4    ,pi/4 ,y
 h nam$ ! v quality :i* gives my "w its 
exceptional value1 z ,i consid]2 /ill   
!re are cu/om]s1 ,i am b\nd  to say1 :o 
look = some?+ else 9 a corselet--!y mu/ 
h !m  ornam5tal or inlaid ) gold4    ,= 
all t 7repli$ ,socrates71 if !y end by  

pur*as+  an ill-fitt+ article1 !y only  
become ! proprietors ( a                
curi\sly-wr\ght & gild$ nuisance1 z x   
seems to me4 ,b 7he  add$71 z ! body is 
nev] 9 "o fix$ position1 b is at "o "t  
curv$1 at ano!r rais$ erect h[ c an     
exactly-modell$ corselet  fit8    ,pi/4 
,x _c fit at all4    ,y mean 7,socrates 
cont9u$7 t x is n ! exactly-modell$     
corselet :i* fits1 b t :i* does n gall !
 we>] 9 !  us+8    ,pi/4 ,!re1          
,socrates1 y h hit ! v po9t4 ,i see y   
und]/&  ! matt] mo/ precisely4 7#ad7    
7#ad7 ,or1 ,!re1 ,socrates1 y h hit ! v 
phrase4 ,i c\ld n      /ate ! matt] m   
explicitly myself4      ,,xi    ,!re 0  
once 9 ! city a fair woman nam$ ,!odote4
 7#a7 ,%e 0  n only fair1 b ready to    
consort ) any suitor :o might w9 h]     
fav\r4 ,n[ x *anc$ t "s "o ( ! company  
m5tion$ h]1  say+ t h] beauty begg>$    
description4 ,s fair is %e1 he add$1  t 
pa9t]s flock to draw h] portrait1 to    
:om1 )9 ! limits (  decorum1 %e displays
 ! m>vels ( h] beauty4 ,!n !re is no?+  

= x b to g & see h]1 answ]$ ,socrates1  
s9ce to compreh5d  by he>say :at is     
beyond description is cle>ly impossible4
 ,!n he  :o _h introduc$ ! matt] repli$3
 ,be quick !n to foll[ me2 &  on ?is    
wise !y set (f to seek ,!odote4 ,!y f\nd
 h] pos+ to a  c]ta9 pa9t]2 & !y took _!
 /& z spectators4 ,pres5tly !  pa9t] _h 
ceas$ 8 "w2 :]eupon ,socrates3     7#a7 
,= ,!odote see ,a!n4 v4 #bjj ,f1 xiii4  
#egd ,f2 ,liban4 i4 #ehb4 ,"s      say t
 x 0 ,!odote :o /ood by ,alcibiades to !
 la/1      ?\gh !re are app>5tly o!r    
bett] claimants to ! hon\r4      ,plut4 
,alc4 7,cl\gh1 ii4 p4 #ej74    ,d y ?9k1
 sirs1 t we ought to ?ank ,!odote =     
display+ h]  beauty to u1 or %e u = com+
 to gaze at h]8444 ,x w\ld  seem1 w\ld x
 n1 t if ! exhibition ( h] *>ms is ! m  
pr(itable to h]1 ! debt is on h] side2 b
 if ! spectacle ( h]  beauty conf]s !   
great] b5efit on u1 !n we are h]        
debtors4    ,"s "o answ]$ t 0 an        
equitable /atem5t ( ! case4    ,well !n 
7he cont9u$71 z f> z %e is conc]n$1 !   

praise we  be/[ on h] is an imm$iate    
ga92 & pres5tly1 :5 we h spread  h] fame
 abroad1 %e w be fur!r b5efit$2 b =     
ourselves !  imm$iate effect on u is a  
/rong desire to t\* :at we h se52  by & 
by1 too1 we %all g away ) a /+ inside u1
 & :5 we  are fairly gone we %all be    
consum$ ) long+4 ,consequ5tly x seems  t
 we %\ld d h] s]vice & %e accept our    
c\rt4    ,:]eupon ,!odote3 ,oh de>6 if t
 is h[ ! matt] /&s1 x is ,i  :o am y\r  
debtor = ! spectacle4 7#b7     7#b7 ,9  
ref]5ce to ! rem>k ( ,socrates above2   
or1 h to ?ank      y = com+ to look at  
me4    ,at ?is po9t1 see+ t ! lady      
h]self 0 exp5sively attir$1  & t %e _h )
 h] h] "m also1 ^: dress & /yle  (      
att5dance 7#c7 7 out ( ! common1 n to   
speak ( !  wait+-wom5--_m & fair to look
 ^u1 :o pres5t$ any?+ b  a =lorn        
appe>ance2 :ile 9 e respect ! :ole h\se 
itself 0  sumptu\sly furni%$--,socrates 
put a "q3     7#c7 ,or1 h] "m !re ) h] 9
 a dress & g5]al get-up      7!rapeia7  
:i* 0 out ( ! common4 ,see ,beck]1      

,*>icles1 p4 #bdg 7,eng4 tr47    ,pray  
tell me1 ,!odote1 h y an e/ate 9 !      
c\ntry8    ,!od4 ,n ,i inde$4    ,soc4  
,!n p]haps y possess a h\se & l>ge      
rev5ues along ) x8    ,!od4 ,no1 nor yet
 a h\se4    ,soc4 ,y are n an employ] ( 
lab\r on a l>ge scale8 7#d7     7#d7    
,lit4 ,y h n 79 y\r employ7 a body (    
h&icraftsm5 (      any sort8    ,!od4   
,no1 nor yet an employ] ( lab\r4        
,soc4 ,f :at s\rce1 !n1 d y get y\r     
means ( subsi/5ce8 7#e7     7#e7 ,or1   
,anglice1 d]ive y\r income4    ,!od4 ,my
 fri5ds are my life & =tune1 :5 !y c>e  
to be k9d to  me4    ,soc4 ,by heav51   
,!odote1 a v f9e prop]ty inde$1 & f>    
bett]  wor? possess+ ?an a multitude (  
%eep or goats or cattle4 ,a flock  (    
fri5ds6444 ,b 7he add$7 d y leave x to  
=tune :e!r a  fri5d lights l a fly on   
y\r h& at r&om1 or d y use any  artifice
 7#f7 y\rself to attract him8     7#f7  
,or1 means & appliances1 ma*9]y4        
,!od4 ,& h[ might ,i hit ^u any artifice
 to attract him8    ,soc4 ,bless me6 f> 

m naturally ?an any spid]4 ,y "k h[ !y  
capture ! creatures on :i* !y live2 7#g7
 by weav+ webs (  gossam]1 is x n8 & woe
 betide ! fly t tumbles into _!  toils6 
,!y eat him up4     7#g7 ,lit4 !        
creatures on :i* !y live4    ,!od4 ,s !n
 y w\ld c\nsel me to weave myself "s    
sort ( net8    ,soc4 ,:y1 surely y d n  
suppose y are go+ to ensn>e t  noble/ ( 
all game--a lov]1 to wit--9 s artless a 
fa%ion8 ,d y  n see 7to speak ( a mu*   
less noble sort ( game7 :at a numb] (   
devices are ne$$ to bag a h>e8 7#h7 ,!  
creatures range = _! food  at night2    
!re=e ! hunt] mu/ provide himself )     
night dogs4  ,at peep ( dawn !y are (f z
 fa/ z !y c run4 ,he mu/ !re=e  h ano!r 
pack ( dogs to sc5t out & discov] :i*   
way !y  betake !m f _! graz+ gr\nd to _!
 =ms2 7#i7 & z !y  are s fleet ( foot t 
!y run & are out ( sight 9 no "t1 he    
mu/ once aga9 be provid$ ) o!r          
fleet-foot$ dogs to foll[ _!  tracks &  
ov]take !m2 7#aj7 & z "s ( !m w give ev5
 ^!  ! slip1 he mu/1 la/ ( all1 set up  

nets on ! pa?s at ! po9ts  ( escape1 s t
 !y may fall into ! me%es & be caught4  
7#h7 ,see ! au?or's own treatise on     
,hunt+1 vi4 #f foll4     7#i7 ,lit4 f   
pa/ure to b$4     7#aj7 ,or1 close at _!
 heels & run !m d[n4 ,see ,hunt+2 cf4   
,cyrop4 ,i4 vi4 #dj4    ,!od4 ,& by :at 
l contrivance w\ld y h me cat* my lov]s8
    ,soc4 ,well n[6 :at if 9 place ( a  
dog y c get a man :o w hunt  up y\r     
weal?y lov] ( beauty & discov] 8 lair1 &
 hav+ f\nd  him1 w plot & plan to ?r[   
him into y\r me%es8    ,!od4 ,nay1 :at  
sort ( me%es h ,i8    ,soc4 ,"o y h1 & a
 close-fold+ net x is1 7#aa7 ,i tr[2 to 
wit1  y\r own p]son2 & inside x sits a  
s\l t tea*es y 7#ab7 )  :at looks to    
please & ) :at words to *e]2 h[1 too1 ) 
smiles  y are to welcome true devotion1 
b to exclude all wantons f y\r  pres5ce4
 7#ac7 ,x tells y1 y are to visit y\r   
belov$ 9 sickness  ) solicitude1 & :5 he
 has wr\ght "s noble de$ y are greatly  
to rejoice ) him2 & to "o :o            
passionately c>es = y1 y are  to make   

surr5d] ( y\rself ) he>t & s\l4 ,!      
secret ( true  love ,i am sure y "k3 n  
to love s(tly m]ely1 b devot$ly4 7#ad7  
,& ( ?is too ,i am sure3 y c conv9ce y\r
 lov]s ( y\r fondness  = !m n by lip    
phrases1 b by acts ( love4     7#aa7    
,or1 "r well wov54     7#ab7 ,lit4 by   
:i* y und]/&4     7#ac7 ,or1 ) :at      
smiles to lie 9 wait = 7cf4 ',cyrop4'   
,,ii4 iv4      #bj2 ,h]od4 vi4 #ajd7 !  
devot$ admir]1 & h[ to bani% f      y\r 
pres5ce ! volupt>y4     7#ad7 ,or1 t x  
%\ld be simply s(t1 b full ( t5d]       
goodwill4    ,!od4 ,no1 ^u my ^w1 ,i h  
none ( ^! devices4    ,soc4 ,& yet x    
makes all ! diff]5ce :e!r y approa* a   
human  be+ 9 ! natural & true way1 s9ce 
x is n by =ce c]ta9ly  t y c ei!r cat*  
or keep a fri5d4 ,k9dness & pleasure    
are ! only means to capture ?is fe>ful  
wild-f[l man & keep him  con/ant4       
,!od4 ,y are "r4    ,soc4 ,9 ! fir/     
place y mu/ make su* dem&s only ( y\r   
well-wi%] z he c grant )\t rep5tance2 & 
9 ! next place  y mu/ make requital1    

disp5s+ y\r fav\rs ) a l economy4  ,?us 
y w be/ make fri5ds ^: love %all la/ !  
longe/ &  _! g5]osity "k no /9t4 7#ae7  
,& = y\r fav\rs y w be/  w9 y\r fri5ds  
if y suit y\r l>gess to _! p5ury2 =1 m>k
  y1 ! sweete/ vi&s pres5t$ to a man    
be=e he wants !m are apt  to prove      
insipid1 or1 to "o already sat$1 ev5    
nause\s2 b create  hung]1 & ev5 co>s]   
/uff seems honey-sweet4     7#ae7 ,or1  
,?is is ! "r road to fri5d%ip--p]man5t &
 op5-      h&$ fri5d%ip4    ,!od4 ,h[ !n
 %all ,i create ?is hung] 9 ! he>t ( my 
fri5ds8    ,soc4 ,9 ! fir/ place y mu/ n
 (f] or make sugge/ion ( y\r  da9ties to
 jad$ appetites until satiety has ceas$ 
& />vation  cries = alms4 ,ev5 !n %all y
 make b a fa9t sugge/ion to _!  want1 ) 
mode/ conv]se--l "o :o w\ld fa9 be/[ a  
k9dness444  & lo6 ! vision fades & %e is
 gone--until ! v p9* (  hung]2 = ! same 
gifts h !n a value unkn[n be=e ! mom5t  
( supreme desire4    ,!n ,!odote3 ,oh   
:y1 ,socrates1 :y are y n by my side 7l 
!  huntsman's assi/ant7 to help me cat* 

my fri5ds & lov]s8    ,soc4 ,t w ,i be 9
 good soo? if only y c woo & w9 me4     
,!od4 ,h[ %all ,i woo & w9 y8    ,soc4  
,seek & y w f9d means1 if y truly ne$   
me4    ,!od4 ,come !n 9 hi!r & visit me 
(t54    ,& ,socrates1 pok+ sly fun at 8 
own lack ( bus9ess occupation1  answ]$3 
,nay1 ,!odote1 leisure is n a commodity 
9 :i* ,i l>gely  deal4 ,i h a hundr$    
affairs ( my own too1 private or public1
 to  occupy me2 & !n !re are my         
lady-loves1 my de> fri5ds1 :o w  n suff]
 me day or night to leave !m1 = ev]     
/udy+ to le>n  love-*>ms & incantations 
at my lips4    ,!od4 ,:y1 are y really  
v]s$ 9 ^? ?+s1 ,socrates8    ,soc4 ,(   
c\rse1 or else h[ is x1 d y suppose1 t  
,apollodorus 7#af7  "h & ,anti/h5es nev]
 leave me2 or :y h ,cebes & ,simmias    
come  all ! way f ,!bes to /ay ) me8 ,be
 assur$ ^! ?+s _c  happ5 )\t div]se     
love-*>ms & incantations & magic :eels4 
7#af7 ,= ,apollodorus see ,apol4 #bh2   
,plat4 ,symp4 #agb ,a2 ,pha$4 #ei       
,a1 #aag ,d4 ,= ,anti/h5es see above4 ,=

 ,cebes & ,simmias see      above1 ,i4  
ii4 #dh2 ,plat4 ,crit4 #de ,b2 ,pha$4   
passim4    ,!od4 ,i wi% y w\ld l5d me   
y\r magic-:eel1 7#ag7 !n1 & ,i w  set x 
sp9n+ fir/ ( all = y4     7#ag7 ,cf4    
,!ocr4 ii4 #ag2 ,s*neid] ad loc4        
,soc4 ,ah6 b ,i d n wi% to be drawn to  
y4 ,i wi% y to come to me4    ,!od4 ,!n 
,i w come4 ,only1 w y be at home to me8 
,soc4 ,yes1 ,i w welcome y1 unless "s "o
 /ill de>] holds me  engag$1 & ,i mu/   
ne$s be n at home4      ,,xii    ,see+  
"o ( ^? :o 7 ) him1 a "y man1 b feeble (
 body1  nam$ ,epig5es1 7#a7 he address$ 
him4     7#a7 ,epig5es1 possibly ! son (
 ,antiphon4 ,see ,plat4 ,apol4 #cc ,e2  
,pha$4 #ei ,b4    ,soc4 ,y h n ! a?letic
 appe>ance ( a y\? 9 tra9+1 7#b7        
,epig5es4     7#b7 idiotikos1 lit4 ( !  
p]son untra9$ 9 gymna/ics4 ,see ,a4 ,r4 
,clu] ad loc4 ,cf4 ,plat4 ,laws1 #hci   
,e2 ,i4 ii4 #d2 ,,iii4 v4 #ae2          
,symp4 ii4 #ag4    ,& he3 ,t may well   
be1 see+ ,i am an amateur & n 9 tra9+4  
,soc4 ,z little ( an amateur1 ,i take x1

 z any "o :o ev] ent]$ !  li/s (        
,olympia1 unless y are prep>$ to make   
light ( t conte/  = life & dea? aga9/ ! 
public foe :i* ! ,a!nians w  in/itute :5
 ! day comes4 7#c7 ,& yet !y are n a few
 :o1 ow+  to a bad habit ( body1 ei!r   
p]i% outright 9 ! p]ils ( w>1 or  are   
ignobly sav$4 ,_m are !y :o = !         
self-same cause are tak5  prison]s1 &   
be+ tak5 mu/1 if x s betide1 endure !   
pa9s (  slav]y = ! re/ ( _! days2 or1   
aft] fall+ into dolor\s  /raits1 7#d7 :5
 !y h paid to ! utt]mo/ f>?+ ( all1 or  
may be m ?an ! wor? ( all1 t !y possess1
 mu/ drag on  a mis]able exi/5ce 9 want 
( ! b>e/ necess>ies until dea?  release 
!m4 ,_m also are !y :o ga9 an evil      
repute ?r\gh  infirmity ( body1 be+     
?\ght to play ! c[>d4 ,c x be t y       
despise ^! p5alties affix$ to an evil   
habit8 ,d y ?9k y  c\ld lightly endure  
!m8 ,f> light]1 ,i imag9e1 nay1 pleasant
 ev5  by comp>ison1 are ! toils :i* he w
 und]go :o duly cultivates  a heal?y    
bodily condition4 ,or d y ma9ta9 t !    

evil habit  is heal?i]1 & 9 g5]al m     
useful ?an ! good8 ,d y p\r  contempt ^u
 ^? bless+s :i* fl[ f ! heal?y /ate8 ,& 
yet ! v opposite ( t :i* befalls ! ill  
att5ds !  s\nd condition4 ,does n ! v   
s\ndness imply at once heal? &  /r5g?8  
7#e7 ,_m a man ) no o!r talisman ?an ?is
 has pass$  safely ?r\gh ! ordeal ( w>2 
/epp+1 n )\t dignity1 7#f7  ?r\gh all   
its horrors unsca!d4 ,_m ) no o!r       
support ?an ?is  h come to ! rescue (   
fri5ds1 or /ood =? z b5efactors (  _!   
fa!rl&2 :]eby !y 7 ?\ght wor?y (        
gratitude1 &  obta9$ a great r5[n &     
receiv$ z a recomp5se ! highe/ hon\rs  (
 ! ,/ate2 to :om is also res]v$ a happi]
 & bright] passage  ?r\gh :at is left to
 !m ( life1 & at _! dea? !y leave  to _!
 *ildr5 ! legacy ( a fair] />t+-po9t 9 !
 race (  life4     7#c7 ,or1 %\ld *ance 
betide4 ,is ! au?or ?9k+ ( a life-&-    
dea? /ruggle ) ,!bes8     7#d7 e4g4 !   
prison]s 9 ! ,latomiae4 ,?uc4 vii4 #hg4 
7#e7 ,x is almo/ a prov]b--,s\nd ( body 
& limb is hale &      /rong4 ,qui valet 

praevalebit4     7#f7 e4g4 ,socrates    
himself1 accord+ to ,alcibiades1 ap4    
,plat4 ,symp4      #bba ,b2 & = ! ^w    
euskhemonos see ,ari/4 ,wasps1 #abaj1   
l a g5tleman2 ,l4 & ,s42 ,cyr4 ,i4 iii4 
#h2 ,ari/ot4 ,e?4      ,n4 i4 #aj1 #ac1 
gracefully4    ,because our city does n 
practise milit>y tra9+ 9 public1 7#g7  t
 is no reason = neglect+ x 9 private1 b 
r a reason =  mak+ x a =emo/ c>e4 ,= be 
y assur$ t !re is no conte/  ( any sort1
 nor any transaction1 9 :i* y w be !    
worse (f =  be+ well prep>$ 9 body2 & 9 
fact !re is no?+ :i* m5 d  = :i* ! body 
is n a help4 ,9 e dem&1 !re=e1 :i* c  be
 laid ^u ! body x is mu* bett] t x %\ld 
be 9 ! be/  condition2 s9ce1 ev5 :]e y  
might imag9e ! claims ^u ! body  to be  
slighte/--9 ! act ( reason+--:o does n  
"k ! t]rible  /umbles :i* are made ?r\gh
 be+ out ( heal?8 ,x suffices to say  t 
=getfulness1 & despond5cy1 & moros5ess1 
& madness take  occasion (t5 ( ill-heal?
 to visit ! intellectual faculties s    
sev]ely z to expel all k 7#h7 f ! bra94 

,b he :o is 9  good bodily plight has   
l>ge security4 ,he runs no risk (       
incurr+ any  su* cata/rophe ?r\gh       
ill-heal? at any rate2 he has !         
expectation  r t a good habit mu/       
procure consequ5ces ! opposite to ^?  ( 
an evil habit2 7#i7 & surely to ?is end 
!re is no?+ a man 9  8 s5ses w\ld n     
und]go4444 ,x is a base ?+ = a man to   
wax old  9 c>eless self-neglect be=e he 
has lift$ up 8 eyes & se5  :at mann] (  
man he 0 made to be1 9 ! full p]fection 
( bodily  /r5g? & beauty4 ,b ^! glories 
are )held f him :o is  guilty (         
self-neglect1 = !y are n wont to blaze  
=? unbidd54  7#aj7     7#g7 ,cf4 ,pol4  
,a?4 i4 #ac2 & above1 ,,iii4 v4 #ae4    
7#h7 ,or1 :ole bran*es ( k 7tas         
epi/emas74     7#i7 ,or1 he may well    
hope to be insur$ by 8 good habit aga9/ 
!      evils att5dant on its opposite4  
7#aj7 ,or1 to pres5t !mselves           
spontane\sly4      ,,xii    ,once :5 "s 
"o 0 9 a fury ( indignation because he  
_h bidd5 a  pass]-by good-day & !       

salutation 0 n return$1 ,socrates  said3
 ,x is en\gh to make "o laugh6 ,if y met
 a man 9 a wret*$  condition ( body1 y  
w\ld n fall into a rage2 b because y    
/umble ^u a poor s\l some:at boori%ly   
dispos$1 y feel annoy$4    ,to ! rem>k (
 ano!r :o compla9$ t he did n take 8    
food  ) pleasure1 he said3 ,acum5us 7#a7
 has a good prescription = t4  ,& :5 !  
o!r ask$3 ,& :at may t be8 ,to /op eat+1
 he  said4 ,on ! score ( pleasure1      
economy1 & heal?1 total ab/95ce  has mu*
 9 its fav\r4 7#b7     7#a7 ,a well-kn[n
 physician4 ,see ,plat4 ,pha$r4 #bbg ,a1
 #bfi ,a2 ,symp4      #agf ,b4 ,a simil>
 /ory is told ( ,dr4 ,ab]ne?y1 ,i ?9k4  
7#b7 ,lit4 he w\ld live a happi]1       
?rifti]1 & heal?i] life1 if      he     
/opp$ eat+4    ,& :5 "s "o else lam5t$ t
 ! dr9k+-wat] 9 8 h\se  0 hot1 he       
repli$3 ,!n :5 y want a w>m ba? y w n h 
to wait4    ,! ,o!r4 ,b = ba?+ purposes 
x is cold4    ,soc4 ,d y f9d t y\r      
dome/ics seem to m9d dr9k+ x or wa%+  9 
x8    ,! ,o!r4 ,q ! rev]se2 x is a      

con/ant m>vel to me h[  cont5t$ly !y use
 x = ei!r purpose4    ,soc4 ,:i* is     
hott] to ! ta/e--! wat] 9 y\r h\se or ! 
hot  spr+ 9 ! temple ( ,asclepius8 7#c7 
7#c7 ,9 ! ,hi]on at ,epidauros probably4
 ,see ,ba$ek]1 ,greece1 p4      #bdj    
foll4    ,! ,o!r4 ,! wat] 9 ! temple (  
,asclepius4    ,soc4 ,& :i* is cold] =  
ba?+--y\rs or ! cold spr+ 9 !  cave (   
,amphi>aus8 7#d7     7#d7 ,possibly at  
,oropos4 ,cf4 ,paus4 i4 #cd4 #c4    ,!  
,o!r4 ,! wat] 9 ! cave ( ,amphi>aus4    
,soc4 ,!n please to obs]ve3 if y d n    
take c>e1 !y w set y  d[n z h>d] to     
please ?an a dome/ic s]vant or an       
invalid4 7#e7     7#e7 i4e4 ! lea/ & !  
mo/ fa/idi\s ( m54    ,a man _h adm9i/]$
 a sev]e :ipp+ to ! slave 9 att5dance   
on him1 & :5 ,socrates ask$3 ,:y he 0 s 
wro? ) 8 own  s]v+-man8 excus$ himself  
on ! gr\nd t ! fell[ 0 a lazy1          
g\rm&is+1 good-=-no?+ dolt--fond] (     
money ?an ( "w4 ,to  :i* ,socrates3 ,did
 x ev] /rike y to consid] :i* ( ! two 9 
t case ! m des]ves a :ipp+--! ma/] or ! 

man8    ,:5 "s "o 0 appreh5d+ ! j\rney  
to ,olympia1 ,:y are y  afraid ( ! long 
di/ance8 he ask$4 ,"h at home y sp5d    
ne>ly  all y\r day 9 tak+ walks4 7#f7   
,well1 on y\r road to ,olympia y w  take
 a walk & breakfa/1 & !n y w take ano!r 
walk & d9e1  & g to b$4 ,d y n see1 if y
 take & tack toge!r five or six  days'  
l5g? ( walks1 & /ret* !m out 9 "o long  
l9e1 x w  soon rea* f ,a!ns to ,olympia8
 ,i w\ld recomm5d y1 h[ev]1  to set (f a
 day too soon r ?an a day too late4 ,to 
be =c$ to  l5g!n ! day's j\rney beyond a
 reasonable am\nt may well be a         
nuisance2 b to take "o day's j\rney     
beyond :at is necess>y is pure          
relaxation4 ,make ha/e to />t1 ,i say1 &
 n :ile on ! road4 7#g7     7#f7        
p]ipateis1 prom5ad+ up & d[n4     7#g7  
,fe/9a l5te--t is y\r motto4    ,:5 "s  
"o else rem>k$ he 0 utt]ly pro/rat$ aft]
 a long  j\rney1 ,socrates ask$ him3 ,_h
 he _h any baggage to c>ry8    ,n ,i1   
repli$ ! compla9]2 only my cloak4       
,soc4 ,7 y travell+ alone1 or 0 y\r     

man-s]vant ) y8    ,he4 ,yes1 ,i _h my  
man4    ,soc4 ,empty-h&$1 or _h he      
some?+ to c>ry8    ,he4 ,( c\rse2 c>ry+ 
my rugs & o!r baggage4    ,soc4 ,& h[   
did he come (f on ! j\rney8    ,he4     
,bett] ?an ,i did myself1 ,i take x4    
,soc4 ,well1 b n[ suppose y _h _h to    
c>ry 8 baggage1 :at w\ld  y\r condition 
h be5 l8    ,he4 ,sorry en\gh1 ,i c tell
 y2 or r1 ,i c\ld n h c>ri$ x  at all4  
,soc4 ,:at a confession6 ,fancy be+     
capable ( s mu* less toil ?an  a poor   
slave boy6 ,does t s\nd l ! p]fection ( 
a?letic  tra9+8      ,,xiv    ,on !     
occasion ( a common d9n]-p>ty 7#a7 :]e  
"s ( ! company  w\ld pres5t !mselves ) a
 small1 & o!rs ) a l>ge supply  ( vi&s1 
,socrates w\ld bid ! s]vants 7#b7 ?r[ ! 
small supplies  into ! g5]al /ock1 or   
else to help ea* ( ! p>ty to a %>e all  
r\nd4 ,?us ! gr& victuall]s 7 a%am$ 9 ! 
"o case n  to %>e 9 ! common /ock1 & 9 !
 o!r n to ?r[ 9 _!  supplies also4 7#c7 
,accord+ly 9 w5t ! gr& supplies into !  
common /ock4 ,& n[1 be+ no bett] (f ?an 

! small contributors1  !y soon ceas$ to 
cat] = exp5sive delicacies4     7#a7 ,= 
! type ( ent]ta9m5t see ,beck]1         
,*>icles1 p4 #cae      7,eng4 tr47      
7#b7 ,! boy4     7#c7 ,or1 7 a%am$ n to 
foll[ suit by %>+ 9 ! common      /ock &
 contribut+ _! own portion4    ,at a    
supp]-p>ty "o memb] ( ! company1 z      
,socrates *anc$ to  note1 _h put aside !
 pla9 f>e & 0 devot+ himself to c]ta9   
da9ties4 7#d7 ,a discussion 0 go+ on    
ab\t names & def9itions1  & ! prop]     
applications ( t]ms to ?+s4 7#e7        
,:]eupon ,socrates1  appeal+ to !       
company3 ,c we expla9 :y we call a man a
 'da9ty  fell['8 ,:at is ! p>ticul>     
action to :i* ! t]m applies8  7#f7--s9ce
 e "o adds "s da9ty to 8 food :5 he c   
get x4  7#g7 ,b we h n q hit ! def9ition
 yet1 ,i ?9k4 ,are we to be  call$ da9ty
 eat]s because we l our bread butt]$8   
7#h7     7#d7 ,= ! di/9ction betwe5     
sitos & opson see ,plat4 ,rep4      #cgb
 ,c4     7#e7 ,or1 ,! conv]sation _h    
fall5 ^u names3 :at is ! precise      ?+

 d5ot$ "u su* & su* a t]m8 ,def9e !     
mean+ ( s      & s4     7#f7 opsophagos 
opson 7or reli%7 eat]1 & s a g\rm& or   
epicure2 b h[ to def9e a g\rm&8     7#g7
 ,lit4 takes "s opson 7reli%7 to 8 sitos
 7food74     7#h7 ,lit4 simply = t 7sc4 
! tak+ ( "s sort ( opson4      ,= epi   
t\to cf4 ,plat4 ,soph4 #bah ,c2 ,p>m54  
#adg ,d47    ,no6 h>dly6 7"s memb] ( !  
company repli$74    ,soc4 ,well1 b n[   
suppose a man conf9e himself to eat+    
v5ison or  o!r da9ty )\t any pla9 food  
at all1 n z a matt] ( tra9+1  7#i7 b = !
 pleasure ( x3 has su* a man e>n$ !     
title8 ,!  re/ ( ! _w w\ld h a poor     
*ance aga9/ him1 7#aj7 "s  "o answ]$4   
,or1 int]pos$ ano!r1 :at if ! da9ty     
di%es he  dev\rs are out ( all          
proportion to ! re/ ( 8 meal--:at ( him8
  7#aa7     7#i7 ,lit4 opson 7reli%7 by 
itself1 n = ! sake ( tra9+1      etc4 ,!
 ,engli% read] wil be> 9 m9d t a raw    
beef/eak or      o!r meat prescrib$ by !
 gymna/ic tra9] 9 pref]5ce to           
f>9ace\s food 7sitos7 w\ld be opson4    

7#aj7 ,or1 m lit4 ,h>dly any "o c\ld    
des]ve ! appellation      bett]4        
7#aa7 ,lit4 & :at ( ! man :o eats mu*   
opson on ! top ( a      little 7sitos78 
epe/hion  foll[s up "o c\rse by ano!r1  
l ! man 9 a fragm5t ( ,euripides1       
,inc]t4 #ih3 kreasi      boeiois khlora 
suk' epe/hi51 :o foll[$ up 8 beef/eak   
) a g>ni% ( gre5 figs4    ,soc4 ,he has 
e/abli%$ a v fair title at any rate to !
  appellation1 & :5 ! re/ ( ! _w pray to
 heav5 = a f9e  h>ve/3 ,may our corn &  
oil increase6 he may reasonably         
ejaculate1  ,may my fle%pots multiply6  
,at ?is la/ sally ! "y man1 feel+ t !   
conv]sation set  some:at 9 8 direction1 
did n desi/ inde$ f 8 sav\ry  vi&s1 b   
help$ himself g5]\sly to a piece (      
bread4 ,socrates 0  all-obs]vant1 &     
add$3 ,keep an eye on our fri5d yond]1 y
 o!rs  next him1 & see fair play betwe5 
! sop & ! sauce4 7#ab7     7#ab7 ,lit4  
see :e!r he w make a reli% ( ! /aple or 
a /aple      ( ! reli% 7butt] 8 bread or
 bread 8 butt]74    ,ano!r "t1 see+ "o (

 ! company us+ b "o sop ( bread  7#ac7  
to te/ sev]al sav\ry di%es1 he rem>k$3  
,c\ld !re be a m  extravagant /yle (    
cook]y1 or m murd]\s to ! da9ty di%es   
!mselves1 ?an ?is :olesale me?od ( tak+ 
s _m di%es  toge!r8--:y1 bless me1 tw5ty
 diff]5t sorts ( season+ at "o  swoop6  
7#ad7 ,fir/ ( all he mixes up actually m
 +r$i5ts ?an !  cook himself prescribes1
 :i* is extravagant2 & secondly1 he has 
!  audacity to comm+le :at ! *ef holds  
incongru\s1 :]eby if !  cooks are "r 9  
_! me?od he is wrong 9 81 & consequ5tly 
!  de/roy] ( _! art4 ,n[ is x n         
ridicul\s fir/ to procure !  greate/    
virtuosi to cook = u1 & !n )\t any claim
 to _!  skill to take & alt] _!         
proc$ure8 ,b !re is a worse ?+ 9  /ore =
 ! bold man :o habituates himself to eat
 a doz5 di%es at  once3 :5 !re are b few
 di%es s]v$1 out ( pure habit he w  feel
 himself half />v$1 :il/ 8 neighb\r1    
accu/om$ to s5d 8  sop d[n by help ( a  
s+le reli%1 w fea/ m]rily1 be ! di%es   
nev] s few4     7#ac7 psomos1 a sop or  

morsel ( bread 7cf4 psomion1 ,n4 ,t41 9 
mod4      ,greek  bread74     7#ad7     
,huckleb]ry ,f9n 7p4 #b ( t "y p]son's  
,adv5tures7      prop\nds ! rationale ( 
! sy/em3 ,9 a b>rel ( odds &      ends x
 is diff]5t2 ?+s get mix$ up1 & ! juice 
k9d (      swaps ar\nd1 & ! ?+s g bett]4
    ,he _h a say+ t euokhei/hai1 to make
 good *e]1 7#ae7 0  9 ,attic p>lance a  
synonym = eat+1 & ! affix eu 7!         
attributive good7 connot$ ! eat+ ( su*  
?+s z w\ld n  tr\ble s\l or body1 & 7 n 
f> to seek or h>d to f9d4 ,s  t to make 
good *e] 9 8 vocabul>y appli$ to a mode/
 &  well-ord]$ /yle ( liv+4 7#af7       
7#ae7 euokhei/hai1 cf4 ,cyrop4 ,,iv4 v4 
#g2 ,pol4 ,a?4 ii4 #i2 ,kuhn]      cf4  
,eu/ah4 ad ,il4 ii4 p4 #bab1 #cg1       
',akhaioi t5 troph5 okh5      leg\s9    
oxutonos4 ,a!n4 viii4 #cfc ,b4 ,see     
,hipp>*1 viii4 #d1      ( horses4 ,cf4  
,ari/4 ,h4 ,a4 viii4 #f4     7#af7 ,see 
,symp4 vi4 #g2 & = simil> f>-fet*$      
etymologies1 ,plat4      ,crat4 passim4 
,,book ,,iv      ,i    ,su* 0 ,socrates2

 s helpful "u all circum/ances & 9 e    
way t no obs]v]1 gift$ ) ord9>y         
s5sibility1 c\ld fail to  appreciate !  
fact1 t to be ) ,socrates1 & to sp5d    
long "t  9 8 society 7no matt] :]e or   
:at ! circum/ances71 0 inde$  a         
priceless ga94 ,ev5 ! recollection (    
him1 :5 he 0 no long]  pres5t1 0 felt z 
no small b5efit by ^? :o _h gr[n        
accu/om$  to be ) him1 & :o accept$ him4
 ,nor inde$ 0 he less helpful to  8     
acqua9tance 9 8 light] ?an 9 8 grav]    
moods4    ,let u take z an example t    
say+ ( 81 s (t5 on 8 lips3  ,i am 9 love
 ) s & s2 & all ! :ile x 0 obvi\s !     
go+-=? ( 8 s\l 0 n t[>ds excell5ce (    
body 9 ! bloom  ( beauty1 b r t[>ds     
faculties ( ! s\l unfold+ 9 virtue4     
7#a7 ,& ^! good natures he detect$ by   
c]ta9 tok5s3 a read9ess  to le>n t to   
:i* ! att5tion 0 direct$2 a p[] ( reta9+
  9 ! memory ! lessons le>nt2 & a       
passionate pr$ilection =  ^? /udies 9   
p>ticul> :i* s]ve to good adm9i/ration (
 a  h\se or ( a /ate1 7#b7 & 9 g5]al to 

! prop] h&l+ (  man & human affairs4    
,su* be+s1 he ma9ta9$1 ne$$ only to  be 
educat$ 7#c7 to become n only happy     
!mselves & happy  adm9i/rators ( _!     
private h\seholds1 b to be capable (    
r5d]+ o!r human be+s z /ates or         
individuals happy also4     7#a7 ,or1 n 
excell5ce ( body 9 respect ( beauty1 b (
 ! s\l      z reg>ds virtue2 & ?is good 
natural disposition might be            
detect$ by ! read9ess ( its possessor to
 le>n1 etc4 ,cf4      ,plat4 ,rep4 #ece 
,b4     7#b7 ,cf4 above1 ,i4 i4 #g4     
7#c7 ,or1 ,a p]son ( ?is type w\ld1 if  
educat$1 n only prove a                 
=tune-fav\r$ individual himself &1 etc4 
,al4 ,kuhn]1 ,eos1      qui ita in/ituti
 sunt1 ut tales s9t4    ,he _h inde$ a  
diff]5t way ( deal+ ) diff]5t k9ds (  p4
 7#d7 ,^? :o ?\ght !y _h good natural   
ability & despis$  le>n+ he in/ruct$ t !
 mo/ highly-gift$ nature /&s mo/  9 ne$ 
( tra9+ & education2 7#e7 & he w\ld po9t
 out h[ 9 !  case ( horses x is j !     
spirit$ & fi]y ?or\ghbr$ :i*1 if        

prop]ly brok5 9 z a colt1 w develop into
 a s]viceable & sup]b  animal1 b if left
 unbrok5 w turn out utt]ly intractable &
 good  = no?+4 ,or take ! case ( dogs3 a
 puppy exhibit+ t ze/ =  toil & eag]ness
 to attack wild creatures :i* are ! m>ks
 ( high  bre$+1 7#f7 w1 if well br\ght  
up1 prove excell5t = ! *ase or  = any   
o!r useful purpose2 b neglect 8         
education & he w turn  out a /upid1     
crazy brute1 incapable ( obey+ ! simple/
 comm&4 ,x  is j ! same ) human be+s2 "h
 also ! y\? ( be/ natural  end[m5ts--t  
is to say1 possess+ ! mo/ robu/         
qualities (  _s & a fix$ det]m9ation to 
c>ry out :atev] he has laid 8  h& to--w1
 if tra9$ & taught :at x is "r to d1    
prove a  sup]latively good & useful man4
 ,he a*ieves1 9 fact1 :at is be/  ^u !  
gr&e/ scale4 ,b leave him 9 boori%      
ignorance untra9$1  & he w prove n only 
v bad b v mis*iev\s1 7#g7 & =  ?is      
reason1 t lack+ ! k to disc]n :at is "r 
to d1  he w frequ5tly lay 8 h& to       
villa9\s practices2 :il/ ! v            

magnific5ce & vehem5ce ( 8 "* r5d] x    
impossible ei!r  to re9 him 9 or to turn
 him aside f 8 evil c\rses4 ,h5ce 9 8   
case also 8 a*ievem5ts are on ! gr&e/   
scale b ( ! wor/4  7#h7     7#d7 ,or1 ,8
 me?od ( attack 0 n inde$ uni=mly !     
same4 ,x      v>i$ ) ! individual4      
7#e7 ,or1 ,if any "o 0 dispos$ to look  
d[n ^u le>n+ & /udy      9 reliance ^u 8
 own natural ability1 he tri$ to lesson 
him      t x is j ! highly-gift$ nature 
:i* /&s1 etc4 ,see      ,newman1 op4    
cit4 i4 #cig4     7#f7 ,cf4 ,ari/ot4 ,h4
 ,a4 ix4 #a2 & ,hunt+1 iii4 #aa4        
7#g7 ,or1 & ! same man may easily become
 a ma/] villa9 ( !      mo/ dang]\s     
sort4     7#h7 ,kuhn] ad loc4 aft] ,fr4 
,h]mann cf4 ,plato4 ,crito1 #dd ,e2     
,hipp4      m94 #cge ,e2 ,rep4 vi4 #dia 
,e2 ,gorg4 #ebf ,a2 ,polit4 #cjc ,a4    
,or to take ! type ( p]son s eat5 up ) !
 pride ( ri*es t  he conceives himself  
disp5s$ f any fur!r ne$ (               
education--s9ce  x is money makes ! man1
 & 8 weal? w amply suffice him to  c>ry 

out 8 desires & to w9 hon\rs f admir+   
humanity4 7#i7  ,socrates w\ld br+ su* p
 to _! s5ses by po9t+ out !  folly (    
suppos+ t )\t in/ruction x 0 possible to
 draw !  l9e ( dem>cation 7#aj7 betwe5  
:at is ga9ful & :at is hurtful  9       
conduct2 & ! fur!r folly ( suppos+ t1   
ap>t f su*  discrim9ation1 a man c\ld   
help himself by means ( weal? alone to  
:atev] he lik$ or f9d ! pa? ( exp$i5cy  
pla9 be=e him2 &  0 x n ! v]ie/         
simplicity to suppose t1 )\t ! p[] (    
lab\r+ pr(itably1 a man c ei!r be do+   
well or be 9 any sort  ( way suffici5tly
 equipp$ = ! battle ( life8 & aga91 !   
v]ie/ simplicity to suppose t by m]e    
weal? )\t true k  x 0 possible ei!r to  
pur*ase a reputation = "s excell5ce1 or 
)\t su* reputation to ga9 di/9ction &   
celebrity8     7#i7 ,or1 & to be hon\r$ 
by mank9d4     7#aj7 ,or1 t )\t le>n+ ! 
di/9ction x 0 possible to      di/+ui%  
betwe51 etc4      ,,ii    ,or to come to
 a ?ird k9d--! class ( p :o are p]suad$ 
t  !y h receiv$ ! be/ education1 & are  

pr\d ( _! wisdom3  8 mann] ( deal+ ) ^! 
,i w n[ describe4    ,eu?ydemus 7#a7 !  
beautiful _h 7,socrates 0 giv5 to       
und]/&7  collect$ a l>ge libr>y1 consi/+
 ( ! mo/ celebrat$ poets &  philosoph]s1
 7#b7 by help ( :i* he already believ$  
himself to be  m ?an a mat* = 8 fell[s 9
 wisdom1 & inde$ might pres5tly  expect 
to out-top !m all 9 capacity ( spee* &  
action4 7#c7 ,at  fir/1 z ,socrates     
not$1 ! "y man by reason ( 8 y\? _h n  z
 yet set foot 9 ! agora1 7#d7 b if he _h
 any?+ to transact1  8 habit 0 to seat  
himself 9 a saddl]'s %op h>d by4        
,accord+ly  to ?is same saddl]'s %op    
,socrates betook himself ) "s ( ^?  :o 7
 ) him4 ,& fir/ ! "q 0 />t$ by "s "o3 ,0
  x ?r\gh consort+ ) ! wise1 7#e7 or by 
8 own unaid$ tal5t1  t ,!mi/ocles came s
 to surpass 8 fell[-citiz5s t :5 !      
s]vices ( a capable man 7 ne$$ ! eyes ( 
! :ole community  in/9ctively turn$ to  
him8 ,socrates1 ) a view to /irr+ 7#f7  
,eu?ydemus1 answ]$3 ,!re 0 c]ta9ly an   
+5u\s simplicity 9 !  belief t          

sup]iority 9 arts ( comp>atively little 
wor? c\ld only  be atta9$ by aid (      
qualifi$ tea*]s1 b t ! lead]%ip ( !     
/ate1 ! mo/ important conc]n ( all1 0   
de/9$ to drop into !  lap ( anybody1 no 
matt] :om1 l an accid5tal w9dfall4 7#g7 
7#a7 ,eu?ydemus1 ! son ( ,diocles       
p]haps4 ,see ,plat4 ,symp4 #bbb ,b1     
& ,j[et ad loc42 ,cobet1 ,prosop4 ,x54  
s4n42 ,k4 ,joel1 op4 cit4      p4 #cgb  
foll4 ,= ton kalon cf4 ,pha$r4 #bgh ,e1 
,isocrates !      fair4 ,= ! :ole *apt] 
cf4 ,plat4 ,alc4 i42 ,lys4 #baj ,e4     
,see above1 ,mem4 ,i4 ii4 #bi2 ,grote1  
,plato1 i4 *4 x4 passim4     7#b7 ,lit4 
sophi/s4 ,see ,grote1 ,h4 ,g4 viii4 p4  
#dhj1 note4 ,=      private libr>ies see
 ,beck]1 ,*>4 p4 #bgb foll4 7,eng4 tr47 
7#c7 ,see ,hipp>*1 i4 #bd2 ,cyrop4 ,v4  
v4 #df4     7#d7 ,see above1 ,,iii4 vi4 
#a2 ,s*neid4 cf4 ,isocr4 ,areop4 #adi   
,c4     7#e7 ,cf4 ,soph4 fr4 #ab1 sophoi
 turannoi ton sophon xun\sia4     7#f7  
,l4 & ,s4 cf4 ,plat4 ,lys4 #bbc ,a2     
,rep4 #cbi ,b3 ,wi%+ to draw      him   

out4     7#g7 ,cf4 ,plat4 ,alc4 i4 #aah 
,c3 ,& ,p]icles is said n to h got      
8 wisdom by ! light ( nature1 b to h    
associat$ )      sev]al ( ! philosoph]s 
7,j[ett74    ,on a subsequ5t occasion1  
,eu?ydemus be+ pres5t1 ?\gh1 z 0 pla9   
to see1 some:at dispos$ to )draw f !    
fri5dly conc\rse1 7#h7  z if he w\ld    
*oose any?+ r ?an appe> to admire       
,socrates on  ! score ( wisdom1 ! latt] 
made ! foll[+ rem>ks4     7#h7 sun$rias1
 ! c\ncil4    ,soc4 ,x is cle> f 8      
cu/om>y pursuits1 is x n1 sirs1 t :5    
our fri5d ,eu?ydemus "h is ( full age1 &
 ! /ate prop\nds "s  "q = solution1 he w
 n ab/a9 f (f]+ ! b5efit  ( 8 advice8   
,"o c imag9e ! pretty exordium to 8     
p>liam5t>y  spee*es :i*1 9 8 anxiety n  
to be ?\ght to h le>nt any?+  f anybody1
 he has ready = ! occasion4 7#i7 ,cle>ly
 at ! outset  he w deliv] himself ?us3  
,m5 ( ,a!ns1 ,i h nev] at any "t  le>nt 
any?+ f anybody2 nor1 if ,i h ev] he>d (
 any "o z  be+ an able /atesman1 well   
v]s$ 9 spee* & capable ( action1  h ,i  

s\ght to come across him individually4  
,i h n s mu* z  be5 at pa9s to provide  
myself ) a tea*] f among/ ^? :o  h k2   
7#aj7 on ! contr>y1 ,i h p]si/5tly      
avoid$1 ,i  w n say le>n+ f o!rs1 b ! v 
fa9te/ suspicion (  s do+4 ,h[ev]1 any?+
 t occurs to me by ! light ( nature ,i  
%all be glad to place at y\r            
disposal4444 ,h[ appropriate 7#aa7 w\ld 
su* a preface s\nd on ! lips ( any "o   
seek+1 say1 ! (fice (  /ate physician1  
7#ab7 w\ld x n8 ,h[ advantage\sly he    
might beg9  an address on ?is wise3 ,m5 
( ,a!ns1 ,i h nev] le>nt ! art (  heal+ 
by help ( anybody1 nor h ,i s\ght to    
provide myself ) any  tea*] among m$ical
 m54 ,inde$1 to put x briefly1 ,i h be5 
ev]  on my gu>d n only aga9/ le>n+ any?+
 f ! pr(ession1 b  aga9/ ! v notion (   
hav+ /udi$ m$ic9e at all4 ,if1 h[ev]1  y
 w be s good z to conf] on me ?is po/1  
,i promise ,i w d  my be/ to acquire    
skill by exp]im5t+ on y\r p]sons4 ,e "o 
pres5t laugh$ at ! exordium 7& !re !    
matt] dropp$74     7#i7 ,or1 ! pretty   

exordium444 n[ 9 c\rse ( composition4   
,he      mu/ at all haz>ds avoid !      
suspicion ( hav+ pick$ up any      crumb
 ( le>n+ f anybody2 h[ c he help !re=e  
beg9n+ 8 spee* ?us8     7#aj7 ,or1      
sci5tific exp]ts4     7#aa7 ,al4 ,j z if
 "o seek+ ! (fice ( /ate physician 7 to 
beg9 ) a l exordium4 armoseie  x w\ld be
 consi/5t      7) :at has gone be=e74   
7#ab7 ,s*neid] cf4 ,plat4 ,laws1 iv4    
#gbj ,a2 ,gorg4 #def ,a2 & =      ! p>i%
 doctor1 ,polit4 #bei ,a2 ,ari/4 ,a*>n4 
#ajcj4    ,pres5tly1 :5 x became app>5t 
t ,eu?ydemus _h got s f> t  he 0 dispos$
 to pay att5tion to :at 0 said1 ?\gh he 
0 /ill  at pa9s n to utt] a s\nd        
himself1 z if he hop$ by sil5ce to      
atta* to himself "s reputation =        
sagacity1 ,socrates1 wi%+ to  cure him (
 t defect1 proce$$4    ,soc4 ,is x n    
surpris+ t p anxi\s to le>n to play !   
h>p or ! flute1 or to ride1 or to become
 pr(ici5t 9 any l  accompli%m5t1 are n  
cont5t to "w unremitt+ly 9 private by   
!mselves at :atev] x is 9 :i* !y desire 

to excel1 b !y  mu/ sit at ! feet ( !   
be/-e/eem$ tea*]s1 do+ all ?+s  & endur+
 all ?+s = ! sake ( foll[+ ! judgm5t (  
^?  tea*]s 9 ev]y?+1 z ?\gh !y !mselves 
c\ld n o!rwise  become fam\s2 :]eas1    
among ^? :o aspire to become em95t      
politically z orators & /atesm51 7#ac7  
!re are "s :o _c  see :y !y %\ld n be   
able to d all t politics dem&1 at a     
mom5t's notice1 by inspiration z x 71   
)\t any prelim9>y  pa9s or prep>ations  
:atev]8 ,& yet x w\ld appe> t ! latt]   
conc]ns mu/ be m difficult ( a*ievem5t  
?an ! =m]1 9  proportion z !re are m    
competitors 9 ! field b few] :o  rea* ! 
goal ( _! ambition1 :i* is z mu* z to   
say t a m  su/a9$ ef=t ( att5tion is    
ne$$ on ! "p ( ^? :o emb>k  ^u ! sea (  
politics ?an is else:]e call$ =4        
7#ac7 ,or1 m lit4 p[]ful 9 spee* &      
action )9 ! sph]e (      politics4      
,su* 7 ! topics on :i* ,socrates 0 wont 
9 ! e>ly days (  _! association to      
dilate 9 ! he>+ ( ,eu?ydemus2 b :5 !    
philosoph] p]ceiv$ t ! y\? n only c\ld  

tol]ate ! turns  ( ! discussion m       
readily b 0 n[ become a some:at eag]    
li/5]1 he w5t to ! saddl]'s %op alone1  
7#ad7 & :5 ,eu?ydemus  0 seat$ by 8 side
 ! foll[+ conv]sation took place4       
7#ad7 ,! "q arises3 h[ f> is !          
conv]sation hi/orical or      imag9>y8  
,soc4 ,pray tell me1 ,eu?ydemus1 is x   
really true :at p tell me1  t y h made a
 l>ge collection ( ! writ+s ( ! wise1 z 
!y are call$8 7#ae7     7#ae7 ,or1 h    
collect$ sev]al works ( our classical   
au?ors &      philosoph]s4    ,eu?ydemus
 answ]$3 ,q true1 ,socrates1 & ,i mean  
to g on  collect+ until ,i possess all !
 books ,i c possibly lay hold (4        
,soc4 ,by ,h]a6 ,i admire y = wi%+ to   
possess treasures ( wisdom  r ?an ( gold
 & silv]1 :i* %[s t y d n believe gold  
& silv] to be ! means ( mak+ m5 bett]1 b
 t ! ?\ghts  7#af7 ( ! wise alone enri* 
) virtue _! possessions4     7#af7 ,lit4
 gnomes1 maxims1 s5t5tiae4 ,cf4 ,ari/ot4
 ,rhet4 ii4 #ba4    ,& ,eu?ydemus 0 glad
 :5 he he>d t say+1 =1 ?\ght he  to     

himself1 ,9 ! eyes ( ,socrates ,i am on 
! high road to !  acquisition ( wisdom4 
,b ! latt]1 p]ceiv+ him to be pleas$  ) 
! praise1 cont9u$4    ,soc4 ,& :at is x 
9 :i* y desire to excel1 ,eu?ydemus1 t y
  collect books8    ,& :5 ,eu?ydemus 0  
sil5t1 consid]+ :at answ] he %\ld  make1
 ,socrates add$3 ,possibly y want to be 
a great doctor8 ,:y1  ! prescriptions   
7#ag7 ( ! ,ph>macopoeia w\ld =m a pretty
 l>ge  libr>y by !mselves4     7#ag7    
suggrammata1 m$ical treatises4 ,see     
,ari/ot4 ,e?4 x4 #i1 #ba4    ,no1 inde$1
 n ,i6 7answ]$ ,eu?ydemus74    ,soc4 ,!n
 d y wi% to be an ar*itect8 ,t too      
implies a man (  well-/or$ wit &        
judgm5t4 7#ah7     7#ah7 ,or1 ,to be t  
implies a consid]able /ore ( well-pack$ 
wisdom4    ,i h no su* ambition 7he     
repli$74    ,soc4 ,well1 d y wi% to be a
 ma!matician1 l ,!odorus8 7#ai7         
7#ai7 ,( ,cyr5e 7cf4 ,plat4 ,!aet47     
taught ,plato4 ,diog4 ,la]t4 ii4 #h1    
#ai4    ,eu?4 ,no1 nor yet a            
ma!matician4    ,soc4 ,!n d y wi% to be 

an a/ronom]8 7#bj7 or 7z ! y\?  signifi$
 diss5t7 possibly a rhapsodi/8 7#ba7 7he
 ask$71 = ,i am told  y h ! entire works
 ( ,hom] 9 y\r possession4 7#bb7        
7#bj7 ,cf4 bel[1 ,,iv4 vii4 #d4         
7#ba7 ,see ,symp4 iii4 #f2 ,plat4 ,ion4 
7#bb7 ,see ,j[ett1 ,plato1 i4 #bbi2     
,grote1 ,plato1 i4 #dee4    ,nay1 ,god  
=bid6 n ,i6 7ejaculat$ ! y\?74          
,rhapsodi/s h a v  exact acqua9tance )  
epic poetry1 ,i "k1 ( c\rse2 b !y are   
empty-pat$ creatures en\gh !mselves4    
7#bc7     7#bc7 ,or1 are simply p]fect 9
 ! art ( recit+ epic poetry1 b      are 
apt to be ! v]ie/ simpletons !mselves4  
,at la/ ,socrates said3 ,c x be1        
,eu?ydemus1 t y are an aspirant  to t   
excell5ce ?r\gh :i* m5 become /atesm5 & 
adm9i/rators  fit to rule & apt to      
b5efit 7#bd7 ! re/ ( ! _w &  !mselves8  
7#bd7  ,or1 /atesm51 & economi/s1 &     
rules1 & b5efactors (      ! re/ ( ! _w 
& !mselves4    ,yes 7repli$ he71 t is ! 
excell5ce ,i desire--beyond measure4    
,^u my ^w 7said ,socrates71 !n y h inde$

 select$ z !  object ( y\r ambition !   
noble/ ( virtues & ! greate/ ( !  arts1 
= ?is is ! prop]ty ( k+s1 & is entitl$  
royal2 b  7he cont9u$7 h y consid]$ :e!r
 x is possible to excel 9  ^! matt]s )\t
 be+ j & upright8 7#be7     7#be7 ,j1   
dikaios  upright1 righte\s4 ,ju/ice1    
dikaiosune       social uprightness     
righte\sness1 ,n4,t4 ,to quote a fri5d3 
,!      ,greek dikaios comb9es ! active 
deal+ out ( ju/ice )      !             
self-reflective idea ( pres]v+ ju/ice 9 
our conduct1      :i* is :at we mean by 
'upright4'    ,eu?4 ,c]ta9ly ,i h1 & ,i 
say t )\t ju/ice & uprightness  x is    
impossible to be a good citiz54    ,no  
d\bt 7repli$ ,socrates7 y h accompli%$ t
 initial /ep8    ,eu?4 ,well1 ,socrates1
 ,i ?9k ,i c\ld hold my own aga9/ all   
com]s z  an upright man4    ,& h upright
 m5 7cont9u$ ,socrates7 _! di/9ctive &  
appropriate works l ^? ( c>p5t]s or     
%oe-mak]s8    ,eu?4 ,to be sure !y h4   
,soc4 ,& j z ! c>p5t] is able to exhibit
 8 works &  products1 ! righte\s man    

%\ld be able to exp\nd & set =? 81  %\ld
 he n8    ,i see 7repli$ ,eu?ydemus7 y  
are afraid ,i _c exp\nd ! works  (      
righte\sness6 ,:y1 bless me6 ( c\rse ,i 
c1 & ! works (  unrighte\sness into !   
b>ga91 s9ce !re are n a few ( t sort  )9
 rea* ( eye & e> e day4    ,%all we !n  
7proce$$ ,socrates7 write ! lett] ,r on 
?is side1 7#bf7  & on t side ! lett] ,w2
 & !n any?+ t appe>s to u  to be !      
product ( righte\sness we w place to !  
,r acc\nt1 &  any?+ :i* appe>s to be !  
product ( wrong-do+ & iniquity to  !    
acc\nt ( ,w8     7#bf7 ,! lett] ,r 7to  
/& = ,"r1 ,righte\s1 ,upright1 ,j74 ,!  
lett] ,w 7to /& = ,wrong1 ,unrighte\s1  
,unju/74    ,by all means d s 7he       
answ]$71 if y ?9k t x assi/s matt]s4    
,accord+ly ,socrates drew ! lett]s1 z he
 _h sugge/$1 &  cont9u$4    ,soc4 ,ly+  
exi/s among m51 does x n8    ,eu?4      
,c]ta9ly4    ,to :i* side ( ! acc\nt !n 
%all we place x8 7he ask$74    ,eu?4    
,cle>ly on ! side ( wrong & inju/ice4   
,soc4 ,deceit too is n uncommon8        

,eu?4 ,by no means4    ,soc4 ,to :i*    
side %all we place deceit8    ,eu?4     
,deceit cle>ly on ! side ( wrong4       
,soc4 ,well1 & *ican]y 7#bg7 or mis*ief 
( any sort8     7#bg7 ,read+ to kak\rge9
 7 fur>i1 ,/urz72 al4 klepte91 ,/ob4    
,eu?4 ,t too4    ,soc4 ,& ! enslavem5t (
 free-born m58 7#bh7     7#bh7 ,or1 !   
kidnapp+ ( m5 into slav]y4 to           
&rapodize/hai       ! r$uction ( a      
free-born man to a /ate ( slav]y4       
,slav]y      itself 7d\leia7 be+ reg>d$ 
z ! normal condition ( a      c]ta9     
portion ( ! human race & n 9 itself     
immoral4    ,eu?4 ,t too4    ,soc4 ,& we
 _c all[ any ( ^! to lie on ! ,r side ( 
!  acc\nt1 to ! side ( "r & ju/ice1 c   
we1 ,eu?ydemus8    ,x w\ld be mon/r\s   
7he repli$74    ,soc4 ,v good4 ,b       
suppos+ a man to be elect$ g5]al1 & he  
succe$s 9 enslav+ an unju/1 wick$1 &    
ho/ile /ate1 are we to  say t he is do+ 
wrong8    ,eu?4 ,by no means4    ,soc4  
,%all we n admit t he is do+ :at is "r8 
,eu?4 ,c]ta9ly4    ,soc4 ,aga91 suppose 

he deceives ! foe :ile at w> ) !m8      
,eu?4 ,t w\ld be all fair & "r also4    
,soc4 ,or /eals & pillages _! prop]ty8  
w\ld he n be do+ :at  is "r8    ,eu?4   
,c]ta9ly2 :5 y began ,i ?\ght y 7 limit+
 ! "q  to ! case ( fri5ds4    ,soc4 ,s  
!n ev]y?+ :i* we set d[n on ! side (    
,wrong w n[  h to be plac$ to ! cr$it ( 
,"r8    ,eu?4 ,app>5tly4    ,soc4 ,v    
well !n1 let u s place !m2 & please1 let
 u make a  new def9ition--t :ile x is "r
 to d su* ?+s to a foe1 x is  wrong to d
 !m to a fri5d1 b 9 deal+ ) ! latt] x   
behoves  u to be z /raight=w>d z        
possible4 7#bi7     7#bi7 ,or1 an       
absolutely /raight=w>d c\rse is         
necess>y4    ,i q ass5t 7repli$         
,eu?ydemus74    ,s f> s good 7rem>k$    
,socrates72 b if a g5]al1 see+ 8 troops 
demoralis$1 7 to inv5t a tale to !      
effect t re9=cem5ts  7 com+1 & by means 
( ?is false /atem5t %\ld revive !       
c\rage ( 8 m51 to :i* ( ! two acc\nts   
%all we place t act  ( fraud8 7#cj7     
7#cj7 ,cf4 ,hell4 ,,iv4 iii4 #aj2       

,cyrop4 ,i4 vi4 #ca4    ,on ! side ( "r1
 to my notion 7he repli$74    ,soc4 ,or 
aga91 if a man *anc$ to h a son ill & 9 
ne$ (  m$ic9e1 :i* ! *ild refus$ to     
take1 & suppos+ ! fa!r by  an act (     
deceit to adm9i/] x "u ! guise ( some?+ 
nice to  eat1 & by s]vice ( t lie to    
re/ore ! boy to heal?1 to :i*  acc\nt   
%all we set d[n ?is fraud8    ,eu?4 ,9  
my judgm5t x too %\ld be plac$ to ! same
 acc\nt4    ,soc4 ,well1 suppos+ y h a  
fri5d 9 deplorably l[ spirits1 &  y are 
afraid he w make away )                 
himself--accord+ly y rob him  ( 8 knife 
or o!r su* in/rum5t3 to :i* side ought  
we to set !  !ft8    ,eu?4 ,t too mu/   
surely be plac$ to ! score ( "r         
behavi\r4    ,soc4 ,i und]/& y to say t 
a /raight=w>d c\rse is n 9  e case to be
 pursu$ ev5 9 deal+ ) fri5ds8    ,heav5 
=bid6 7! y\? exclaim$74 ,if y w all[ me1
 ,i resc9d my  =m] /atem5t4 7#ca7       
7#ca7 ,see above1 ,i4 ii4 #dd           
7anati!mai74    ,soc4 ,all[ y6 ,( c\rse 
y may--any?+ r ?an make a false  entry  

on our li/s4444 ,b !re is j ano!r po9t  
we ought n to  leave un9ve/igat$4 ,let u
 take ! case ( deceiv+ a fri5d to  8    
detrim5t3 :i* is ! m wrongful--to d s   
volunt>ily or  un9t5tionally8    ,eu?4  
,really1 ,socrates1 ,i h ceas$ to       
believe 9 my own answ]s1 =  all my =m]  
admissions & conceptions seem to me o!r 
?an ,i  fir/ suppos$ !m4 7#cb7 ,/ill1 if
 ,i may haz>d "o m op9ion1 !  int5tional
 deceiv]1 ,i %\ld say1 is worse ?an !   
involunt>y4     7#cb7 ,or1 all my       
orig9al positions seem to me n[ o!r ?an 
,i fir/      conceiv$ !m2 or1 ev]y?+ ,i 
fir/ ass]t$ seems n[ to be      twi/$   
topsy-turvy4    ,soc4 ,& is x y\r op9ion
 t !re is a lore & sci5ce ( ,"r  &      
,ju/ice j z !re is ( lett]s & gramm>8   
7#cc7     7#cc7 ma!sis kai epi/eme t\   
dikai\--a doctr9e & a k      ( ! ,j4    
,eu?4 ,t is my op9ion4    ,soc4 ,& :i*  
%\ld y say 0 m a man ( lett]s 7#cd7--;he
 :o  int5tionally misspells or misreads1
 or he :o does s unconsci\sly8     7#cd7
 ,or1 m grammatical2 ! bett] gramm>ian4 

,eu?4 ,he :o does s int5tionally1 ,i    
%\ld say1 because he c spell  or read   
correctly :5ev] he *ooses4    ,soc4 ,!n 
! volunt>y misspell] may be a lett]$    
p]son1 b !  involunt>y (f5d] is an      
illit]ate8 7#ce7     7#ce7 ,or1 ,9 fact1
 he :o s9s aga9/ ! lore ( gramm]        
int5tionally may be a good gramm>ian & a
 man ( lett]s1 b      he :o does s      
involunt>ily is illit]ate & a bad       
gramm>ian8    ,eu?4 ,true1 he mu/ be4 ,i
 d n see h[ to escape f t conclusion4   
,soc4 ,& :i* ( ! two kn[s :at is "r--he 
:o int5tionally lies  & deceives1 or he 
:o lies & deceives unconsci\sly8 7#cf7  
7#cf7 ,or1 ,soc4 ,& does he :o lies &   
deceives ) int5t "k :at      is "r r ?an
 he :o does ei!r or bo? unconsci\sly8   
,eu?4 ,cle>ly he does4    ,eu?4 ,!      
int5tional & consci\s li> cle>ly4       
,soc4 ,well !n1 y\r /atem5t is ?is3 on !
 "o h&1 ! man :o  has ! k ( lett]s is m 
lett]$ ?an he :o has no su*  k8 7#cg7   
7#cg7  ,or1 ,soc4 ,x is a fair inf]5ce1 
is x n1 t he :o has !      epi/eme (    

gramm> is m grammatical ?an he :o has no
 su*      epi/eme8        ,eu?4 ,yes4   
,soc4 ,& he :o has ! epi/eme ( ?+s      
rightful is m      righte\s ?an he :o   
lacks ! epi/eme8 ,see ,plat4 ,hipp4     
m942 ,ari/4 ,e?4 ,eud4 ,,vi4 v4 #g4     
,eu?4 ,yes4    ,soc4 ,&1 on ! o!r1 he :o
 has ! k ( :at is "r is  m righte\s ?an 
he :o lacks t k8    ,eu?4 ,i suppose x  
is1 b = ! life ( me ,i _c make head or  
tail  ( my own admission4 7#ch7         
7#ch7 ,lit4 ,app>5tly2 b ,i appe> to    
myself to be say+ ?is also1      heav5  
kn[s h[4 ,see ,j[ett1 ,plato1 ii4 p4    
#daf 7ed4 #b74    ,soc4 ,well 7look at x
 l ?is74 ,suppose a man to be anxi\s to 
speak  ! tru?1 b he is nev] able to hold
 ! same language ab\t a ?+  = two m9utes
 toge!r4 ,fir/ he says3 ,! road is t[>ds
 ! ea/1  & !n he says1 ,no1 x's t[>ds ! 
we/2 or1 runn+ up a column  ( figures1  
n[ he makes ! product ?is1 & aga9 he    
makes x t1  n[ m1 n[ less--:at d y ?9k (
 su* a man8    ,eu?4 ,heav5 help u6     
cle>ly he does n "k :at he ?\ght he     

knew4    ,soc4 ,& y "k ! appellation    
giv5 to c]ta9 p--slavi%1  7#ci7 or1     
little bett] ?an a slave8     7#ci7     
&ropododeis1 :i* has ! connotation (    
m5tal dulness1 &      a l[ ord] (       
intellect1 cf4 boori%1 ru/ic1 l\ti%1    
7p>iah1 conceivably74 ,slavi%1 s]vile1 )
 u connote      moral r ?an intellectual
 defici5cy1 ,i suppose4 ,h5ce x is      
impossible to pres]ve ! hum\r ( !       
,socratic argum5t4 ,see      ,newman1   
op4 cit4 i4 #ajg4    ,eu?4 ,i d4        
,soc4 ,is x a t]m sugge/ive ( ! wisdom  
or ! ignorance ( ^? to  :om x is appli$8
    ,eu?4 ,cle>ly ( _! ignorance4       
,soc4 ,ignorance1 = in/ance1 ( smi?y+8  
,eu?4 ,no1 c]ta9ly n4    ,soc4 ,!n      
possibly ignorance ( c>p5t]+8    ,eu?4  
,no1 nor yet ignorance ( c>p5t]+4       
,soc4 ,well1 ignorance ( %oemak+8       
,eu?4 ,no1 nor ignorance ( any ( ^!3 r !
 rev]se1 = !  majority ( ^? :o d "k j ^!
 matt]s are little bett] ?an  slaves4   
,soc4 ,y mean x is a title p>ticul>ly to
 ^? :o are ignorant (  ! beautiful1 !   

good1 ! j8 7#dj7     7#dj7 ,cf4 ,goe!'s 
,im ,ganz5 ,gut5 ,s*on5 resolut zu leb54
    ,x is1 9 my op9ion 7he repli$74     
,soc4 ,!n we mu/ 9 e way /ra9 e n]ve to 
avoid !  imputation ( be+ slaves8       
,eu?4 ,nay1 ,socrates1 by all t is holy1
 ,i did flatt] myself t  at any rate ,i 
0 a /ud5t ( philosophy1 & on ! "r road  
to  be taught ev]y?+ ess5tial to "o :o  
w\ld fa9 make beauty &  goodness 8      
pursuit4 7#da7 ,s t n[ y may well imag9e
 my despair  :51 = all my pa9s exp5d$1  
,i _c ev5 answ] ! que/ions put  to me   
ab\t :at mo/ ( all a man %\ld "k2 & !re 
is no pa? (  progress op5 to me1 no     
av5ue ( improvem5t left4     7#da7 tes  
kalokaga?ias1 ! virtue ( ! kalos te     
kaga?os--      nobility ( s\l4 ,cf4     
above1 ,i4 vi4 #ad4    ,!reupon         
,socrates3 ,tell me1 ,eu?ydemus1 h y ev]
 be5 to ,delphi8    ,yes1 c]ta9ly2 twice
 7said he74    ,soc4 ,& did y notice an 
inscription some:]e on ! temple3        
,,gnomi    ,,seauton--,,"k ,,?yself8    
,eu?4 ,i did4    ,soc4 ,did y1 possibly1

 pay no reg>d to ! inscription8 or did y
  give x he$ & try to discov] :o & :at y
 78    ,i c safely say ,i did n 7he     
answ]$74 ,t mu* ,i made q sure  ,i knew1
 at any rate2 s9ce if ,i did n "k ev5   
myself1 :at 9 !  _w did ,i "k8    ,soc4 
,c a man be said1 d y ?9k1 to "k himself
 :o kn[s 8 own  "n & no?+ m8 or mu/ he n
 r set to "w precisely l  ! w\ld-be     
pur*as] ( a horse1 :o c]ta9ly does n ?9k
 t he  has got ! k he requires until he 
has discov]$ :e!r !  bea/ is tractable  
or /ubborn1 /rong or weak1 quick or sl[1
 &  h[ x /&s ) ! o!r po9ts1 s]viceable  
or ! rev]se1 9  ref]5ce to ! use &      
purpose ( a horse8 ,s1 ,i say1 mu/ a man
  9 l mann] int]rogate 8 own nature 9   
ref]5ce to a man's  requirem5ts1 & le>n 
to "k 8 own capacities1 mu/ he n8       
,eu?4 ,yes1 s x /rikes me3 he :o kn[s n 
8 own ability kn[s n  himself4    ,soc4 
,& ?is too is pla91 is x n3 t ?r\gh     
self-k m5  meet ) c\ntless bless+s1 &   
?r\gh ignorance ( !mselves  ) _m evils8 
,because1 ! man :o kn[s himself kn[s :at

 is  advantage\s to himself2 he disc]ns 
! limits ( 8 p[]s1 & by  do+ :at he     
kn[s1 he provides himself ) :at he ne$s 
& s does  well2 or1 conv]sely1 by hold+ 
alo( f :at he kn[s n1 he avoids  mi/akes
 & !reby mi%aps4 ,& hav+ n[ a te/ to    
gauge o!r human  be+s he uses _! ne$ z a
 /epp+-/one to provide himself )  good &
 to avoid evil4 ,:]eas he :o does n "k  
himself1 b is  mi/ak5 z to 8 own        
capacity1 is 9 l pr$icam5t to ! re/ (   
mank9d & all human matt]s else2 he nei!r
 kn[s :at he wants1  nor :at he is do+1 
nor ! p :om he deals )2 & be+ all       
abroad 9 ^! respects1 he misses :at is  
good & becomes involv$ 9  :at is ill4   
,aga91 he t kn[s :at he is do+ ?r\gh !  
success ( 8  p]=mance atta9s to fame &  
hon\r2 8 pe]s & co-mates are glad  to   
make use ( him1 :il/ 8 less successful  
neighb\rs1 fail+  9 _! affairs1 are     
anxi\s to secure 8 advice1 8 guidance1 8
  protection2 7#db7 !y place _! hopes ( 
happ9ess 9 him1 & = all  ^! causes 7#dc7
 s+le him out z ! *ief object ( _!      

affection4  ,he1 on ! contr>y1 :o kn[s n
 :at he does1 :o *ooses amiss &  fails 9
 :at he puts 8 h&s to1 n only incurs    
loss & suff]s  *a/isem5t ?r\gh 8        
blund]s1 b /ep by /ep loses reputation  
& becomes a laugh+-/ock1 & 9 ! end is   
doom$ to a life (  di%on\r & contempt4  
7#db7 ,cf4 ,dante1 ,tu duca1 tu mae/ro1 
tu signore4     7#dc7 ,read+1 dia panta 
tauta1 or if dia tauta1 translate &     
!re=e4    ,:at is true ( individuals is 
true also ( communities4 7#dd7 ,t /ate  
:i* 9 ignorance ( its p[] goes to w> ) a
 /rong] ?an itself  ends by be+ uproot$ 
or else r$uc$ to slav]y4     7#dd7 ,or1 
m lit4 ,a law :i* applies1 y w obs]ve1  
to bodies      politic4    ,!reupon     
,eu?ydemus3 ,be assur$ ,i fully concur 9
 y\r op9ion2 !  precept ,,"k ,,?yself _c
 be too highly valu$2 b :at is !        
application8 ,:at ! />t+-po9t (         
self-exam9ation8 ,i look to y  = an     
explanation1 if y w\ld k9dly give "o4   
7#de7     7#de7 ,or1 at :at po9t to     
comm5ce ! process ( self-inspection8--  

!re is ! my/]y4 ,i look to y1 if y are  
will+1 to      int]pret x4    ,well     
7repli$ ,socrates71 ,i presume y "k q   
well ! di/9ction  betwe5 good & bad ?+s3
 y\r k may be reli$ ^u s f>8    ,:y1    
yes1 to be sure 7repli$ ! y\?72 = )\t t 
mu*  disc]nm5t ,i %\ld inde$ be worse   
?an any slave4 7#df7     7#df7 ,lit4 if 
,i did n "k ev5 t4    ,come !n 7said    
he71 d y give me an explanation ( ! ?+s 
s  t]m$4    ,t is =tunately n h>d       
7repli$ ! y\?74 ,fir/ ( all1 heal?  9   
itself ,i hold to be a good1 & disease 9
 itself an evil2 & 9 !  next place !    
s\rces ( ei!r ( ^? a=5am$1 meats &      
dr9ks1  & habits ( life1 7#dg7 ,i reg>d 
z good or evil accord+ z !y  contribute 
ei!r to heal? or to disease4     7#dg7  
,or1 pursuits & occupations2 mann]s &   
cu/oms4    ,soc4 ,!n heal? & disease    
!mselves :5 !y prove to be s\rces (  any
 good are good1 b :5 ( any evil1 evil8  
,& :5 7ask$ he71 c heal? be a s\rce (   
evil1 or disease a s\rce  ( good8       
,:y1 bless me6 (t5 en\gh 7repli$        

,socrates74 ,9 ! ev5t1 =  in/ance1 ( "s 
ill-/>r$ exp$ition or ( "s disa/r\s     
voyage  or o!r incid5t ( ! sort1 ( :i*  
v]itably !re are en\gh to  sp>e--:5 ^?  
:o ow+ to _! heal? & /r5g? take a "p  9 
! affair are lo/2 :il/ ^? :o 7 left     
beh9d--z hors de  combat1 on acc\nt (   
ill-heal? ( o!r feebl5ess--are sav$4    
,eu?4 ,yes1 y are "r2 b y w admit t !re 
are advantages  to be got f /r5g? & lo/ 
?r\gh weakness4    ,soc4 ,ev5 s2 b ought
 we to reg>d ^? ?+s :i* at "o mom5t     
b5efit & at ano!r mom5t injure u 9 any  
/rict s5se good r  ?an evil8    ,eu?4   
,no1 c]ta9ly n1 accord+ to t l9e (      
argum5t4 ,b wisdom1  7#dh7 ,socrates1 y 
mu/ on y\r side admit1 is irrefragably a
 good2  s9ce !re is no?+ :i* or 9 :i* a 
wise man w\ld n d bett]  ?an a fool4    
7#dh7 ,see above1 ,,iii4 ix4 #e4 ,"h    
sophia is n  sophrosune4    ,soc4 ,:at  
say y8 ,h y nev] he>d ( ,da$alus1 7#di7 
h[ he 0  seiz$ by ,m9os on acc\nt ( 8   
wisdom1 & =c$ to be 8 slave1  & robb$ ( 
fa!rl& & fre$om at "o swoop8 & h[1 :ile 

endeav\r+ to make 8 escape ) 8 son1 he  
caus$ ! boy's  dea? )\t effect+ 8 own   
salvation1 b 0 c>ri$ (f among  b>b>ians 
& aga9 enslav$8     7#di7 ,see ,ovid4   
,met4 viii4 #aei foll41 #bfa foll42     
,hyg94 ,fab4 #ci1      #dj2 ,diod4 ,sic4
 iv4 #gi2 ,paus4 vii4 #d4 #f4    ,yes1  
,i "k ! old /ory 7he answ]$74 7#ej7     
7#ej7 ,or1 ,ah yes1 ( c\rse2 ! tale is  
curr5t4    ,soc4 ,or h y n he>d ( ! woes
 ( ,palam$es1 7#ea7 t  commone/ !me (   
song1 h[ = 8 wisdom's sake ,odysseus    
envi$ him  & slew him8     7#ea7 ,see   
,virg4 ,a54 ii4 #ij2 ,hyg94 #aje2       
,philo/r4 ,h]4 x4    ,eu?4 ,t tale also 
is curr5t4    ,soc4 ,& h[ _m o!rs1 pray1
 d y suppose h be5 seiz$ on  acc\nt ( _!
 wisdom1 & despat*$ to ! great k+ & at 8
  c\rt enslav$8 7#eb7     7#eb7 ,cf4    
,h]od4 iii4 #abi4    ,well1 prosp]ity1  
well-be+ 7#ec7 7he exclaim$71 mu/ surely
 be a  bless+1 & t ! mo/ indisputable1  
,socrates8     7#ec7 to eudaimone91     
happ9ess4 ,cf4 ,h]od4 i4 #hf4    ,x     
might be s 7repli$ ! philosoph]7 if x   

*anc$ n to be 9  itself a comp\nd ( o!r 
que/ionable bless+s4    ,eu?4 ,& :i*    
among ! compon5ts ( happ9ess & well-be+ 
c  possibly be que/ionable8    ,none 7he
 retort$71 unless ( c\rse we are to     
include among ^!  compon5ts beauty1 or  
/r5g?1 or weal?1 or reputation1 or any?+
  else ( t k9d8    ,eu?4 ,by heav56 (   
c\rse we are to include ^!1 = :at w\ld  
happ9ess be )\t ^!8    ,soc4 ,by heav56 
yes2 only !n we %all be includ+ !       
commone/  s\rces ( mis*ief :i* befall   
mank9d4 ,h[ _m are ru9$ by _!  fair     
faces at ! h& ( admir]s driv5 to        
di/raction 7#ed7 by !  sight ( beauty 9 
its bloom6 h[ _m1 tempt$ by _! /r5g? to 
essay de$s beyond _! p[]1 are involv$ 9 
no small evils6 h[  _m1 r5d]$ effem9ate 
by reason ( _! weal?1 h be5 plott$      
aga9/ & de/roy$6 7#ee7 h[ _m ?r\gh fame 
& political p[]  h suff]$ a _w ( woe6   
7#ed7 ,cf4 ,plat4 ,rep4 vii4 #eag ,d2   
,pha$r4 #bdi ,d4     7#ee7 e4g4         
,alcibiades4    ,well 7! y\? repli$7 if 
,i am n ev5 "r 9 prais+ happ9ess1  ,i   

mu/ confess ,i "k n = :at "o ought to   
supplicate ! gods 9  pray]4 7#ef7       
7#ef7 ,see above = ,socrates' own =m (  
supplication4    ,nay1 ^! are matt]s    
7proce$$ ,socrates7 :i* p]haps1 ?r\gh   
excessive confid5ce 9 y\r k ( !m1 y h   
fail$ to  exam9e into2 b s9ce ! /ate1   
:i* y are prep>+ y\rself to  direct1 is 
democratically con/itut$1 7#eg7 ( c\rse 
y "k :at a  democracy is4     7#eg7 ,or1
 popul>ly gov]n$4    ,eu?4 ,i presume ,i
 d1 decid$ly4    ,soc4 ,well1 n[1 is x  
possible to "k :at a popul> /ate is )\t 
kn[+ :o ! p are8    ,eu?4 ,c]ta9ly n4   
,soc4 ,& :om d y consid] to be ! p8     
,eu?4 ,! poor citiz5s1 ,i %\ld say4     
,soc4 ,!n y "k :o ! poor are1 ( c\rse8  
,eu?4 ,( c\rse ,i d4    ,soc4 ,i presume
 y also "k :o ! ri* are8    ,eu?4 ,z    
c]ta9ly z ,i "k :o are ! poor4    ,soc4 
,:om d y und]/& by poor & ri*8    ,eu?4 
,by poor ,i mean ^? :o h n en\gh to pay 
= _!  necess>ies1 7#eh7 & by ri* ^? :o h
 m means ?an suffici5t  = all _! ne$s4  
7#eh7 ,al4 :o _c contribute _! necess>y 

quota to ! taxes      7accord+ to !     
c5sus74    ,soc4 ,h y notic$ t "s :o    
possess a m]e pittance n only  f9d ?is  
suffici5t1 b actually succe$ 9 gett+ a  
surplus out (  x2 :ile o!rs d n f9d a   
l>ge =tune l>ge en\gh8    ,i h1 mo/     
c]ta9ly2 & ,i ?ank y = ! rem9d] 7repli$ 
,eu?ydemus74 ,"o has he>d ( cr[n$ heads 
& despotic rul]s be+  driv5 by want to  
commit misde$s l ! v]ie/ paup]s4    ,!n1
 if t is h[ matt]s /& 7cont9u$          
,socrates71 we mu/ class  ^! same cr[n$ 
heads ) ! commonalty2 & "s possessors ( 
scant =tunes1 provid$ !y are good       
economi/s1 ) ! weal?y8    ,!n           
,eu?ydemus3 ,x is ! pov]ty ( my own wit 
:i* =ces me to ?is  admission4 ,i be?9k 
me x is high "t to keep sil5ce altoge!r2
 a  little m1 & ,i %all be prov$ to "k  
absolutely no?+4 ,& s he  w5t away      
cre/fall51 9 an agony ( self-contempt1  
p]suad$ t he  0 v]ily & inde$ no bett]  
?an a slave4    ,among/ ^? :o 7 r$uc$ to
 a l condition by ,socrates1 _m  refus$ 
to come ne> him aga91 :om he = 8 "p     

look$ ^u z  dolts & dull>ds4 7#ei7 ,b   
,eu?ydemus _h ! wit to und]/& t1  9 ord]
 to become wor?y ( acc\nt1 8 be/ plan 0 
to associate  z mu* z possible )        
,socrates2 & f t mom5t1 save = "s       
necessity1 he nev] left him--9 "s po9ts 
ev5 imitat+ him 9 8  habits & pursuits4 
,socrates1 on 8 side1 see+ t ?is 0 !  "y
 man's disposition1 di/urb$ him z little
 z possible1 b 9 !  simple/ & pla9e/    
mann] initiat$ him into ev]y?+ :i* he   
held  to be ne$ful to "k or important to
 practise4     7#ei7 ,or1 z p ( dull    
intellig5ce & sluggi% temp]am5t4        
,cf4 ,plat4 ,gorg4 #dhh ,a4      ,,iii  
,x may be inf]r$ t ,socrates 0 9 no     
hurry = ^? :o 7  ) him to discov]       
capacities = spee* & action or z        
inv5tive g5iuses1 7#a7 )\t at any rate a
 well-laid f\ndation (  self-control4   
7#b7 ,= ^? :o possess$ su* abilities )\t
 ^!  same sav+ virtues w\ld1 he believ$1
 only become worse m5 )  great] p[] =   
mis*ief4 ,8 fir/ object 0 to in/il into 
^?  :o 7 ) him a wise _s 9 _! relation  

to ! gods4 7#c7 ,t  su* 0 ! t5or ( 8    
conv]sation 9 deal+ ) m5 may be  se5 f !
 n>ratives ( o!rs :o 7 pres5t on "s     
p>ticul>  occasion4 7#d7 ,i conf9e      
myself to a p>ticul> discussion )       
,eu?ydemus at :i* ,i 0 pres5t4     7#a7 
,or1 z speak]s 7see *4 vi4 bel[71 & m5 (
 action 7see      *4 v4 bel[71 or z     
ma/]s ( inv5tion 7see *4 vii4 bel[74    
7#b7 ,or1 b z prior to ^? excell5ces mu/
 be engraft$ 9 !m      sophrosune 7!    
virtues ( temp]ance & sanity ( s\l74    
7#c7 ,lit4 ,8 fir/ object & endeav\r 0  
to make ^? :o 7      ) him sophronas    
7s\nd ( s\l7 z reg>ds ! gods4     7#d7  
,read+ aft] ,h]b/1 ,cobet1 etc41        
dieg\ntai1 or if vulg4      dieg\nto1   
translate1 f ! curr5t acc\nts p5n$ dur+ 
8 lifetime by ! o!r witnesses4 ,= alloi 
see ,k4 ,joel1 op4      cit4 pp4 #ae1   
#bc2 above1 ,mem4 ,i4 iv4 #a4           
,socrates said3 7#e7 ,tell me1          
,eu?ydemus1 has x ev] /ruck y to  obs]ve
 :at t5d] pa9s ! gods h tak5 to furni%  
man ) all  8 ne$s8     7#e7 ,= ! subject

 matt] ( ?is teleological *apt]1 see    
above1      ,i4 iv42 ,k4 ,joel1 op4 cit4
 ,app5dix1 p4 #edg foll4 9 ref4 to      
,dumml]'s views4    ,eu?4 ,no inde$1 ,i 
_c say t x has ev] /ruck me4    ,well   
7,socrates cont9u$71 y d n ne$ to be    
rem9d$ t1 9 !  fir/ place1 we ne$ light1
 & ) light ! gods supply u4    ,eu?4    
,mo/ true1 & if we _h n got x we %\ld1 z
 f> z our own  eyes c\ld help u1 be l m5
 born bl9d4    ,soc4 ,& !n1 aga91 see+ t
 we /& 9 ne$ ( re/ &  relaxation1 !y    
be/[ ^u u ! bless$ balm ( sil5t night4  
7#f7     7#f7 kalli/on anapaut]ion4 ,!  
diction ?r\gh\t is poetical4    ,yes 7he
 answ]$71 we are mu* behold5 = t boon4  
,soc4 ,!n1 =asmu* z ! sun 9 8 spl5d\r   
makes manife/ to u  ! h\rs ( ! day &    
ba!s all ?+s 9 brightness1 b anon night 
9 h] d>kness oblit]ates di/9ctions1 h !y
 n display$ al(t  ! />ry orbs1 :i* in=m 
u ( ! wat*es ( ! night1 :]eby we  c     
accompli% _m ( our ne$s8 7#g7     7#g7  
e4g4 = temple ori5tation see ,dr4       
,p5rose quot$ by ,norman      ,locky]1  

,nature1 ,augu/ #ca4 #ahic4    ,x is s  
7he answ]$74    ,soc4 ,& let u n =get t 
! moon h]self n only makes cle> to  u ! 
qu>t]s ( ! night1 b ( ! mon? also8      
,c]ta9ly 7he answ]$74    ,soc4 ,& :at ( 
?is3 t :]eas we ne$ nutrim5t1 ?is too ! 
heav5ly p[]s yield u8 ,out ( e>?'s bosom
 !y cause good to spr+  up 7#h7 = our   
b5efit2 & = our b5efit provide          
appropriate seasons  to furni% u 9 turn 
n only ) ! _m & div]se objects (  ne$1 b
 ) ! s\rces also ( our joy & gladness8  
7#i7     7#h7 ,cf4 ,plat4 ,laws1 #gdg   
,d4     7#i7 ,or1 pleasure4    ,yes 7he 
answ]$ eag]ly71 ^! ?+s be> tok5 truly to
 a love =  man4 7#aj7     7#aj7 ,cf4    
,plat4 ,laws1 #gac ,d2 ,symp4 #ahi ,d4  
,^! ?+s are signs      ( a b5efici5t    
reg>d = man4    ,soc4 ,well1 & :at (    
ano!r priceless gift1 t ( wat]1 :i*     
conspires ) e>? & ! seasons to give bo? 
bir? & increase to  all ?+s useful to u2
 nay1 :i* helps to nurture our v selves1
  & comm+l+ ) all t fe$s u1 r5d]s x m   
dige/ible1 m  :olesome1 & m pleasant to 

! ta/e2 & m>k y 9 proportion to  !      
abundance ( our ne$ ! sup]abundance (   
its supply4 ,:at say y  conc]n+ su* a   
boon8    ,eu?4 ,9 ?is aga9 ,i see a sign
 ( provid5tial c>e4    ,soc4 ,& !n !    
fact t ! same heav5ly p[] has provid$ u 
)  fire 7#aa7--our assi/ant aga9/ cold1 
our auxili>y 9 d>kness1 our             
fell[-workman 9 e art & e in/rum5t :i* =
 ! sake (  its utility mortal man may   
inv5t or furni% himself )al4 ,:at (     
?is1 s9ce1 to put x comp5di\sly1 !re is 
no?+ s]viceable to  ! life ( man wor?   
speak+ ( b owes its fabrication to fire8
 7#ab7     7#aa7 ,lit4 & !n ! fact t !y 
made provision = u ( ev5      fire2 !   
cr$it ( ?is boon1 accord+ to ,hesiod1   
be+ due to      ,prome!us4     7#ab7    
,or1 no life-aid+ appliance wor?y ( !   
"n4    ,eu?4 ,yes1 a transc5d5t in/ance 
( b5evol5t design4 7#ac7     7#ac7 ,or1 
,yes1 t may be call$ an extreme in/ance 
( ! div9e      'philan?ropy4' ,cf4 ,cic4
 de ,n4 ,d4 ii4 #fb4    ,soc4 ,aga91    
consid] ! motions ( ! ,sun1 7#ad7 h[ :5 

he has  turn$ him ab\t 9 w9t] 7#ae7 he  
aga9 draws nigh to u1 rip5+ "s  fruits1 
& caus+ o!rs ^: "t is pa/ to dry up2 h[ 
:5 he has  fulfill$ 8 "w he comes no    
clos]1 b turns away z if 9 fe> to  scor*
 u to our hurt unduly2 & aga91 :5 he has
 rea*$ a po9t  :]e if he %\ld prolong 8 
retreat we %\ld pla9ly be froz5 to  dea?
 ) cold1 note h[ he turns him ab\t &    
resumes 8 approa*1  trav]s+ t region ( !
 heav5s :]e he may %$ 8 g5ial  influ5ce 
be/ ^u u4     7#ad7 ,a s+le ,,ms4 ins]ts
 a passage to de kai era444             
',anekphra/on4     7#ae7 i4e4 z we say1 
aft] ! w9t] sol/ice4    ,yes1 ^u my ^w  
7he answ]$71 ^! occurr5ces be> ! impress
 (  be+ s ord]$ = ! sake ( man4    ,soc4
 ,& !n1 aga91 x be+ manife/ t we c\ld n 
endure ei!r  scor*+ heat or freez+ cold 
if !y came sudd5ly ^u u1 note h[        
gradually ! sun approa*es1 & h[         
gradually rec$es1 s t we fail  to notice
 h[ we come at la/ to ei!r extreme4     
7#af7     7#af7 ,or1 note ! gradual     
approa* & gradual recession ( ! sun-    

god1 s gradual t we rea* ei!r extreme 9 
a mann]      imp]ceptibly1 & be=e we are
 aw>e ( its sev]ity4    ,= my "p 7he    
repli$71 ! "q =ces itself ^u my m9d1    
:e!r ! gods h any o!r occupation save   
only to m9i/] to man2  & ,i am only     
h9d]$ f say+ s1 because ! re/ ( animals 
w\ld  seem to %>e ^! b5efits along )    
man4    ,soc4 ,:y1 to be sure2 & is x n 
pla9 t ^! animals !mselves  are born &  
br$ = ! sake ( man8 ,at any rate1 no    
liv+ creature  save man d]ives s _m ( 8 
enjoym5ts f %eep & goats1 horses  &     
cattle & asses1 & o!r animals4 ,he is m 
dep5d5t1 ,i %\ld  suppose1 on ^! ?an ev5
 on plants & vegetables4 ,at any rate1  
equally ) ^! latt] !y s]ve him z means (
 subsi/5ce or  articles ( comm]ce2      
inde$1 a l>ge portion ( ! human family d
 n  use ! products ( ! soil z food at   
all1 b live on ! milk &  *eese & fle% ( 
_! flocks & h]ds1 :il/ all m5 ev]y:]e   
tame & dome/icate ! m useful k9ds (     
animals1 & turn !m to  acc\nt z         
fell[-work]s 9 w> & = o!r purposes4     

,yes1 ,i _c b agree ) :at y say 7he     
answ]$71 :5 ,i see t  animals s mu*     
/rong] ?an man become s subs]vi5t to 8  
h& t  he c use !m z he li/s4    ,soc4 ,&
 z we reflect on ! inf9ite beauty &     
utility & !  v>iety ( nature1 :at are we
 to say ( ! fact t man has be5  end[$ ) 
s5sibilities :i* correspond ) ?is       
div]sity1 :]eby  we take our fill ( e   
bless+2 7#ag7 or1 aga91 ?is implant$    
faculty ( reason+1 :i* enables u to draw
 inf]5ces conc]n+ !  ?+s :i* we p]ceive1
 & by aid ( memory to und]/& h[  ea* set
 ( ?+s may be turn$ to our good1 & to   
devise c\ntless  contrivances ) a view  
to enjoy+ ! good & repell+ ! evil2 or   
la/ly1 :5 we consid] ! faculty be/[$ ^u 
u ( int]pretative  spee*1 by :i* we are 
enabl$ to in/ruct "o ano!r1 & to        
p>ticipate 9 all ! bless+s =e-nam$3 to  
=m societies1 to  e/abli% laws1 & to    
ent] ^u a civilis$ exi/5ce 7#ah7--:at   
are  we to ?9k8     7#ag7 ,or1 ,aga91 :5
 we consid] h[ _m beautiful objects !re 
are      s]viceable to man1 & yet h[    

unlike !y are to "o ano!r1      ! fact t
 man has be5 end[$ ) s5ses adapt$ to ea*
      class ( ?+s1 & s has access to a  
_w ( happ9ess4     7#ah7 ,cf4 ,ari/ot4  
,pol4 ,,iii4 ix4 #e4    ,eu?4 ,yes1     
,socrates1 decid$ly x w\ld appe> t !    
gods d manife/  a great reg>d1 nay1 a   
t5d] c>e1 t[>ds mank9d4    ,soc4 ,well1 
& :at d y make ( ! fact t :]e we are    
p[]less  to take advantage\s =e?\ght =  
our future1 at ?is /age !y  !mselves l5d
 u _! co-op]ation1 imp>t+ to ! inquir]  
?r\gh  div9ation k ( ev5ts ab\t to      
happ51 & in/ruct+ him by  :at means !y  
may be/ be turn$ to good acc\nt8        
,eu?4 ,ay1 & y1 ,socrates1 !y w\ld seem 
to treat 9 a m fri5dly  mann] /ill ?an !
 re/ ( m51 if1 )\t wait+ ev5 to be      
inquir$ ( by y1 !y %[ y by signs be=eh& 
:at y mu/1 &  :at y mu/ n d4 7#ai7      
7#ai7 ,see above1 ,i4 iv4 #ad1 = a      
p>allel to ! tra9 ( ?\ght on      ! "p (
 ,ari/odemus ! little1 & ( ,eu?ydemus2 &
 =      ,socrates' daimonion1 see above2
 ,grote1 ,plato1 i4 #djj4    ,soc4 ,yes1

 & y w discov] = y\rself ! tru? ( :at ,i
 say1 if1  )\t wait+ to behold ! outw>d 
& visible =ms 7#bj7 ( ! gods  !mselves1 
y w be cont5t to behold _! works2 & ) ^!
  be=e y1 to wor%ip & hon\r ! ,div9e    
au?ors ( !m4 7#ba7  ,i w\ld h y reflect 
t ! v gods !mselves sugge/ ?is  tea*+4  
7#bb7 ,n "o ( ^! b gives u freely ( 8   
bless+s2  yet !y d n /ep f beh9d _! veil
 9 ord] to grant "o  s+le boon4 7#bc7 ,&
 pre-em95tly ,he :o ord]s & holds toge!r
  ! univ]se1 7#bd7 9 :i* are all ?+s    
beautiful & good2 7#be7 :o  fa%ions &   
refa%ions x to nev]-end+ use unworn1    
keep+ x free  f sickness or decay1 7#bf7
 s t swift] ?an ?\ght x m9i/]s  to 8 w  
un]r+ly--?is ,god is se5 to p]=m !      
mightie/  op]ations1 b 9 ! actual       
adm9i/ration ( ! same abides himself    
invisible to mortal k54 ,reflect fur!r1 
?is ,sun above our heads1 s  visible to 
all--z we suppose--w n suff] man to     
reg>d him too  n>r[ly1 b %\ld any essay 
to wat* him ) a %ameless />e he  w snat*
 away _! p[] ( vision4 ,& if ! gods     

!mselves are  ?us unse51 s too %all y   
f9d _! m9i/]s to be hidd5 also2  f !    
height ( heav5 above ! ?und]bolt is     
pla9ly hurl$1 &  triumphs ov] all t x   
enc\nt]s1 yet x is all-invisible1 no eye
  may detect its com+ or its go+ at !   
mom5t ( its swoop4 ,! w9ds  also are    
!mselves unse51 ?\gh _! works are       
manife/1 & ?r\gh  _! approa* we are aw>e
 ( !m4 ,& let u n =get1 ! s\l  ( man    
himself1 :i* if aught else human %>es 9 
! div9e--h[ev]  manife/ly en?ron$ )9 our
 bosom1 is z :olly z ! re/ hidd5  f our 
gaze4 ,^! ?+s y %\ld lay to m9d1 & n    
despise  ! invisible ones1 b le>n to    
recognise _! p[]1 z reveal$ 9  outw>d   
?+s1 & to "k ! div9e influ5ce4 7#bg7    
7#bj7 ,cf4 ,cic4 de ,n4 ,d4 ,i4 xii4    
#ca2 ,lactantius1 de ,ira1 xi4 #ac4     
7#ba7 ,see ,l4 ,d9dorf ad loc4 7ed4 ,ox4
 #ahfb71 !\s2 ,g4 ,sauppe1 vol4         
iii4 ,an4 crit4 p4 xxix2 ,r4 ,kuhn]2 ,c4
 ,s*5kl4     7#bb7 i4e4 t man mu/ walk  
by fai?4 ,= upodeiknunai cf4      ,econ4
 xii4 #ah4     7#bc7 ,s*neid4 cf4 ,plat4

 ,crat4 #cif4     7#bd7 ,or1 !          
co-ord9ator & conta9] ( ! univ]se4      
7#be7 ,or1 9 :om all beauty & goodness  
is4     7#bf7 ,cf4 ,cyrop4 ,,viii4 vii4 
#bb2 above1 ,i4 iv4 #ac4     7#bg7 to   
daimonion1 ! div9ity4    ,nay1 ,socrates
 7repli$ ,eu?ydemus71 !re is no dang] ,i
 %all turn a  deaf e> to ! div9e        
influ5ce ev5 a little2 ( t ,i am n      
afraid1  b ,i am out ( he>t to ?9k t no 
s\l ( man may ev] requite !  k9dness ( !
 gods ) fitt+ gratitude4    ,be n out ( 
he>t because ( t 7he said72 y "k :at    
answ] !  god at ,delphi makes to ea* "o 
:o comes ask+ h[ %all ,i return  ?anks  
to heav58--,accord+ to ! law & cu/om (  
y\r city2 &  ?is1 ,i presume1 is law &  
cu/om ev]y:]e t a man %\ld please  !    
gods ) (f]+s accord+ to ! ability :i* is
 9 him4 7#bh7  ,h[ !n %\ld a man hon\r !
 gods ) m beautiful or holi]  hon\r ?an 
by do+ :at !y bid him8 b he mu/ 9 no    
wise slack5  or fall %ort ( 8 ability1 =
 :5 a man s does1 x is manife/1 ,i      
presume1 t at ! mom5t he is n hon\r+ !  

gods4 ,y mu/ !n  hon\r ! gods1 n )      
%ortcom+ b accord+ to y\r ability2  &   
hav+ s done1 be ( good *e] & hope to    
receive ! greate/  bless+s4 ,= :]e else 
%\ld a man ( sob] s5se look to receive  
great bless+s if n f ^? :o are able to  
help him mo/1 & h[  else %\ld he hope to
 obta9 !m save by seek+ to please 8     
help]1  & h[ may he hope to please 8    
help] bett] ?an by yield+ him !  ample/ 
ob$i5ce8     7#bh7 ,or1 & t law1 ,i     
presume1 is univ]sal :i* says1 ,let a   
man1 etc42 & = ! maxim see above2 ,anab4
 ,,iii4 ii4 #i4    ,by su* words--&     
conduct correspond+ to 8 words--did     
,socrates  m\ld & fa%ion ! he>ts ( 8    
companions1 mak+ !m at once m  dev\t & m
 virtu\s4 7#bi7     7#bi7 ,or1 s\nd] (  
s\l & m temp]ate z well z m pi\s4       
,,iv    ,b inde$ 7#a7 ) respect to      
ju/ice & uprightness he n only made  no 
secret ( ! op9ion he held1 b gave       
practical demon/ration (  x1 bo? 9      
private by 8 law-abid+ & helpful        
behavi\r to all1 7#b7  & 9 public by    

obey+ ! magi/rates 9 all t ! laws       
enjo9$1  :e!r 9 ! life ( ! city or 9    
milit>y s]vice1 s t he 0  a patt]n (    
loyalty to ! re/ ( ! _w1 & on ?ree      
sev]al  occasions 9 p>ticul>3 fir/1 :5 z
 presid5t 7,epi/ates7 (  ! assembly he  
w\ld n suff] ! sov]eign p to take an    
uncon/itutional vote1 7#c7 b v5tur$1 on 
! side ( ! laws1 to  resi/ a curr5t (   
popul> feel+ /rong en\gh1 ,i ?9k1 to h  
daunt$ any o!r man4 ,aga91 :5 ! ,?irty  
tri$ to lay "s  injunction on him       
contr>y to ! laws1 he refus$ to obey1 z 
=  in/ance :5 !y =bade 8 conv]s+ ) ! "y2
 7#d7 or aga91  :5 !y ord]$ him & c]ta9 
o!r citiz5s to arre/ a man to  be put to
 dea?1 7#e7 he /ood out s+le-h&$ on !   
gr\nd t !  injunctions laid ^u him 7    
contr>y to ! laws4 ,& la/ly1 :5  he     
appe>$ z def5dant 9 ! suit in/itut$ by  
,meletus1 7#f7  not)/&+ t x 0 cu/om>y = 
litigants 9 ! law c\rts  to hum\r !     
judges 9 ! conduct ( _! argum5ts by     
flatt]y  & supplications contr>y to !   
laws1 7#g7 not)/&+ also t  def5dants ow$

 _! acquittal by ! c\rt to ! employm5t (
 su*  me?ods1 he refus$ to d a s+le ?+  
h[ev] habitual 9 a c\rt (  law :i* 0 n  
/rictly legal2 & ?\gh by only a slight  
deflection  f ! /rict pa? he might      
easily h be5 acquitt$ by 8 judges1  7#h7
 he pref]r$ to abide by ! laws & die r  
?an transgress  !m & live4     7#a7 ,l4 
,d9dorf suspects  7,,ss4 #a-f1 ',alla   
m5444 pollakis71 ed4      ,lips4 #ahgb4 
,see also ,praef4 to ,ox4 ed4 p4 viii4  
7#b7 ,or1 by 8 conduct to all1 :i* 0 n  
m]ely innoc5t 9 !      eye ( law & cu/om
 b positively helpful4     7#c7 ,see    
above1 ,i4 i4 #ah2 ,hell4 ,i4 vii4 #ad1 
#ae2 ,grote1 ,h4 ,g4 viii4      #bgb4   
7#d7 ,see above1 ,i4 ii4 #ce4     7#e7  
,leon ( ,salamis4 ,see ,hell4 ,,ii4 iii4
 #ci2 ,plat4 ,apol4 #cb ,c2      ,&oc4  
de ,my/4 #df4     7#f7 ,see above1 ,i4  
i4 #a2 ,plat4 ,apol4 #ai ,c4     7#g7   
,kuhn] cf4 ,qu9til4 ,,vi4 i4 #g3 ,a!nis 
affectus mov]e etiam p]      praeconem  
prohibatur orator2 ,apol4 #d2 ,plat4    
,apol4 #ch ,d1 ,e4     7#h7 ,see ,grote1

 ,h4 ,g4 viii4 p4 #ffc foll4    ,^!     
views he frequ5tly ma9ta9$ 9            
conv]sation1 n[ ) "o &  n[ ) ano!r1 & "o
 p>ticul> discussion ) ,hippias ( ,elis 
7#i7  on ! topic ( ju/ice & uprightness 
has come to my k4 7#aj7     7#i7 ,= ?is 
fam\s p]son see ,cob4 ,pros4 ,x54 s4n42 
,plat4 ,hipp4      maj4 #adh2 ,qu9t4    
xii4 #aa1 #ba2 ,grote1 ,h4 ,g4 viii4    
#ebd4     7#aj7 ,or1 ,i c p]sonally v\* 
=4    ,hippias _h j arriv$ at ,a!ns aft]
 a long abs5ce1 & *anc$ to  be pres5t :5
 ,socrates 0 tell+ "s li/5]s h[ a/oni%+ 
x 0 t if a man want$ to get ano!r taught
 to be a %oemak] or  c>p5t] or copp]smi?
 or horseman1 he w\ld h no d\bt :]e to  
s5d him = ! purpose3 ,p say1 7#aa7 he   
add$1 t if a man  wants to get 8 horse  
or 8 ox taught 9 ! "r way1 7#ab7 ! _w   
is full ( in/ructors2 b if he w\ld le>n 
himself1 or h 8 son  or 8 slave taught 9
 ! way ( "r1 he _c tell :]e to f9d  su* 
in/ruction4     7#aa7 ,l4 ,d9dorf1 aft] 
,ruhnk5 & ,valck5>1 omits ?is s5t5ce    
phasi de t9es444 didaxonton4 ,see ,kuhn]

 ad loc4 ,= !      s5tim5t see ,plat4   
,apol4 #bj ,a4     7#ab7 ,cf4 ,cyrop4   
,,ii4 ii4 #bf2 ,,viii4 iii4 #ch2 also   
,horsem4 iii4 #e2      ,hunt+1 vii4 #d4 
,hippias1 cat*+ ! words1 exclaim$ 9 a   
bant]+ tone3 ,:at6 /ill  repeat+ ! same 
old talk1 7#ac7 ,socrates1 :i* ,i us$ to
 he> f  y long ago8     7#ac7 ,?is tale 
is repeat$ by ,dio ,*rys4 ,or4 ,,iii4 i4
 #aji4 ,cf4 ,plat4      ,gorg4 #dij ,e4 
,yes 7answ]$ ,socrates71 & :at is /ill m
 /range1 ,hippias1 x is  n only ! same  
old talk b ab\t ! same old subjects4 ,n[
 y1 ,i  d>esay1 ?r\gh v]satility ( k1   
7#ad7 nev] say ! same ?+  twice ov] on !
 same subject8     7#ad7 ,or1 su* is !  
bread? ( y\r le>n+1 poluma!s4 ,cf4      
,plat4 ,hipp4 maj4    ,to be sure 7he   
answ]$71 my endeav\r is to say some?+   
new on all  occasions4    ,:at 7he ask$7
 ab\t ?+s :i* y "k1 z = in/ance 9 a case
  ( spell+1 if any "o asks y1 ,h[ _m    
lett]s 9 ,socrates1 &  :at is _! ord]8  
7#ae7 ,i suppose y try to run (f "o /r+ 
(  lett]s to-day & to-morr[ ano!r8 or to

 a "q ( ari?metic1  ,does twice five    
make t58 y\r answ] to-day w diff] f t ( 
ye/]day8     7#ae7 ,cf4 ,econ4 viii4    
#ad2 ,plat4 ,alc4 i4 #aac ,a4    ,hipp4 
,no2 on ^! topics1 ,socrates1 ,i d z y d
 & repeat myself4  ,h[ev]1 to rev]t to  
ju/ice 7& uprightness71 7#af7 ,i flatt] 
myself  ,i c at pres5t furni% y ) "s    
rem>ks :i* nei!r y nor any  "o else w be
 able to controv]t4     7#af7 ,or1 on ! 
topic ( ! j ,i h some?+ to say at pres5t
      :i*1 etc4    ,by ,h]a6 7#ag7 7he  
exclaim$71 :at a bless+ to h discov]$6  
7#ah7  ,n[ we %all h no m divisions (   
op9ion on po9ts ( "r &  wrong2 judges w 
vote unanim\sly2 citiz5s w cease        
wrangl+2  !re w be no m litigation1 no m
 p>ty faction1 /ates w  reconcile _!    
diff]5ces1 & w>s are end$4 ,= my "p ,i d
 n  "k h[ ,i c te> myself away f y1     
until ,i h he>d f y\r  own lips all ab\t
 ! gr& discov]y y h made4     7#ag7 ,see
 above1 ,i4 v4 #e4     7#ah7 ,or1 :at a 
panacea are y ! inv5tor (2 lit4 ,by     
,h]a1 y      h inde$ discov]$ a mighty  

bless+1 if juries are to cease          
record+ _! v]dicts 'aye' & 'no'2 if     
citiz5s are to cease      _! wrangl+s on
 po9ts ( ju/ice1 _! litigations1 &      
_! p>ty /rifes2 if /ates are to cease   
diff]+ on matt]s      ( "r & wrong &    
appeal+ to ! arbitram5t ( w>4    ,y %all
 he> all 9 good "t 7,hippias answ]$71 b 
n until y  make a pla9 /atem5t ( y\r own
 belief4 ,:at is ju/ice8 ,we h _h  en\gh
 ( y\r ridicul+ all ! re/ ( ! _w1       
que/ion+ &  cross-exam9+ fir/ "o & !n ! 
o!r1 b nev] a bit w y  r5d] an acc\nt to
 any "o y\rself or /ate a pla9 op9ion ^u
 a  s+le topic4 7#ai7     7#ai7 ,see    
,plat4 ,gorg4 #dfe ,a4    ,:at1 ,hippias
 7,socrates retort$71 h y n obs]v$ t ,i 
am 9 a  *ronic condition ( proclaim+ :at
 ,i reg>d z j & upright8    ,hipp4 ,&   
pray :at is ?is !ory 7#bj7 ( y\rs on !  
subject8 ,let u  h x 9 words4     7#bj7 
o logos4    ,soc4 ,if ,i fail to        
proclaim x 9 words1 at any rate ,i d s 9
 de$ &  9 fact4 ,or d y n ?9k t a fact  
is wor? m z evid5ce ?an  a ^w8 7#ba7    

7#ba7 ,or1 is ( great] evid5tial value1 
ubi res adsunt1 quid opus      e/ v]bis8
    ,wor? f> m1 ,i %\ld say 7,hippias   
answ]$71 = _m a man )  ju/ice & "r on 8 
lips commits inju/ice & wrong1 b no do] 
( "r ev] 0 a misdo] or c\ld possibly be4
    ,soc4 ,i ask !n1 h y ev] he>d or se5
 or o!rwise p]ceiv$ me  be>+ false      
witness or lodg+ malici\s in=mation1 or 
/irr+ up  /rife among fri5ds or         
political diss5sion 9 ! city1 or        
committ+  any o!r unju/ & wrongful act8 
,no1 ,i _c say t ,i h 7he answ]$74      
,soc4 ,& d y n reg>d x z "r & j to ab/a9
 f wrong8  7#bb7     7#bb7 ,or1 is n    
ab/95ce f wrongdo+ synonym\s ) righte\s 
behavi\r8    ,hipp4 ,n[ y are caught1   
,socrates1 pla9ly try+ to escape f a    
pla9 /atem5t4 ,:5 ask$ :at y believe    
ju/ice to be1 y keep  tell+ u n :at ! j 
man does1 b :at he does n d4    ,:y1 ,i 
?\ght = my "p 7answ]$ ,socrates7 t !    
refusal to d  wrong & inju/ice 0 a      
suffici5t w>r5t 9 itself ( righte\sness 
& ju/ice1 b if y d n agree1 see if ?is  

pleases y bett]3 ,i  ass]t t :at is     
lawful is j & righte\s4    ,d y mean to 
ass]t 7he ask$7 t lawful & j are        
synonym\s  t]ms8    ,soc4 ,i d4    ,i   
ask 7,hippias add$71 = ,i d n p]ceive   
:at y mean by lawful1  nor :at y mean by
 j4 7#bc7     7#bc7 ,lit4 :at sort (    
lawful or :at sort ( j is spok5 (4      
,soc4 ,y und]/& :at is meant by laws ( a
 city or /ate8    ,yes 7he answ]$74     
,soc4 ,:at d y take !m to be8    ,hipp4 
,! sev]al enactm5ts drawn up by !       
citiz5s or memb]s ( a  /ate 9 agreem5t z
 to :at ?+s %\ld be done or left undone4
    ,!n ,i presume 7,socrates cont9u$7 t
 a memb] ( a /ate :o  regulates 8 life 9
 accordance ) ^! enactm5ts w be         
law-abid+1 :ile ! transgressor ( ! same 
w be law-less8    ,c]ta9ly 7he answ]$74 
,soc4 ,& ,i presume ! law-lov+ citiz5 w 
d :at is j &  "r1 :ile ! lawless man w d
 :at is unju/ & wrong8    ,hipp4        
,c]ta9ly4    ,soc4 ,& ,i presume t he :o
 does :at is j is j1 & he :o  does :at  
is unju/ is unju/8    ,hipp4 ,( c\rse4  

,soc4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !n1 t ! law-lov+   
man is j1 & !  lawless unju/8    ,!n    
,hippias3 ,well1 b laws1 ,socrates1 h[  
%\ld any "o reg>d z a  s]i\s matt] ei!r 
! laws !mselves1 or ob$i5ce to !m1  :i* 
laws ! v p :o made !m are p]petually    
reject+ &  alt]+8    ,:i* is also true (
 w> 7,socrates repli$72 cities are      
p]petually  und]tak+ w> & !n mak+ peace 
aga94    ,mo/ true 7he answ]$74    ,soc4
 ,if s1 :at is ! diff]5ce betwe5        
depreciat+ ob$i5ce to law  because laws 
w be repeal$1 & depreciat+ good         
discipl9e 9 w>  because peace w "o day  
be made8 ,b p]haps y object to en?usiasm
  display$ 9 def5ce ( "o's home & fa!rl&
 9 w>8    ,no1 inde$ ,i d n6 ,i he>tily 
approve ( x 7he answ]$74    ,soc4 ,!n h 
y laid to he>t ! lesson taught by       
,lycurgus to !  ,lac$aemonians1 7#bd7 & 
d y und]/& t if he succe$$  9 giv+      
,sp>ta a di/9ction above o!r /ates1 x 0 
only by  in/ill+ into h]1 beyond all    
else1 a _s ( ob$i5ce to ! laws8  ,&     
among magi/rates & rul]s 9 ! diff]5t    

/ates1 y w\ld  sc>cely refuse ! palm (  
sup]iority to ^? :o be/ contribute  to  
make _! fell[-citiz5s ob$i5t to ! laws8 
,& y w\ld  admit t any p>ticul> /ate 9  
:i* ob$i5ce to ! laws is !  p>am\nt     
di/9ction ( ! citiz5s fl\ri%es mo/ 9    
peace "t1 &  9 "t ( w> is irresi/ible8  
,b1 inde$1 ( all ! bless+s :i*  a /ate  
may enjoy1 none /&s high] ?an ! bless+ (
 unanimity4  ,concord among citiz5s--t  
is ! con/ant !me ( exhortation          
emphasis$ by ! c\ncils ( eld]s 7#be7 &  
by ! *oice spirits (  ! community2 7#bf7
 at all times & ev]y:]e ?r\gh ! l5g? &  
bread? ( all ,hellas x is an e/abli%$   
law t ! citiz5s be  b\nd toge!r by an   
oa? ( concord2 7#bg7 ev]y:]e !y d       
actually  swe> ?is oa?2 n ( c\rse z     
imply+ t citiz5s %all all vote  = ! same
 *oruses1 or give _! plaudits to ! same 
flute-play]s1  or *oose ! same poets1 or
 limit !mselves to ! same pleasures1 b  
simply t !y %all pay ob$i5ce to ! laws1 
s9ce 9 ! end t  /ate w prove mo/ p[]ful 
& mo/ prosp]\s 9 :i* !  citiz5s abide by

 ^!2 b )\t concord nei!r c a /ate be    
well  adm9i/]$ nor a h\sehold well      
organis$4     7#bd7 ,cf4 ,pol4 ,lac4    
viii4 ,see ,newman1 op4 cit4 i4 #cif4   
7#be7 ,lit4 ! ,g]\siai4 ,s or ,x ,s uses
 ! ,sp>tan phraseology4     7#bf7 ,lit4 
! be/ m54 ,s or ,x ,s speaks z an       
ari/ocrat4     7#bg7 ,cf4 ,hell4 ,,ii4  
iv4 #dc2 ,lys4 xxv4 #ba foll42 ,s*neid4 
cf4 ,lycurg4      u ,leocr4 #ahi4    ,& 
if we turn to private life1 :at bett]   
protection c a man  h ?an ob$i5ce to !  
laws8 ,?is %all be 8 safegu>d aga9/     
p5alties1 8 gu>antee ( hon\rs at ! h&s (
 ! community2 x  %all be a clue to ?read
 8 way ?r\gh ! mazes ( ! law c\rts      
unbewild]$1 secure aga9/ defeat1 assur$ 
( victory4 7#bh7 ,x is  to him1 !       
law-lov+ citiz51 t m5 w turn 9 confid5ce
 :5  seek+ a gu>dian ( ! mo/ sacr$      
deposits1 be x ( money or be x  _! sons 
or daught]s4 ,he1 9 ! eyes ( ! /ate     
collectively1 is  tru/wor?y--he & no    
o!r2 :o alone may be dep5d$ on to r5d]  
to  all alike _! dues--to p>5ts & k9sm5 

& s]vants1 to fri5ds  & fell[-citiz5s & 
=eign]s4 ,?is is he :om ! enemy w       
soone/ tru/ to arrange an armi/ice1 or a
 truce1 or a treaty ( peace4  ,!y w\ld l
 to become ! allies ( ?is man1 & to     
fight on  8 side4 ,?is is he to :om !   
allies 7#bi7 ( 8 c\ntry w mo/           
confid5tly entru/ ! comm& ( _! =ces1 or 
( a g>rison1 or  _! /ates !mselves4     
,?is1 aga91 is he :o may be c\nt$ on to 
recomp5se k9dness ) gratitude1 & :o1    
!re=e1 is m sure (  k9dly treatm5t ?an  
ano!r ^: s5se ( gratitude is full]4     
7#cj7  ,! mo/ desirable among fri5ds1 ! 
enemy ( all o!rs to be avoid$1  cle>ly  
he is n ! p]son :om a =eign /ate w\ld   
*oose to g  to w> )2 encompass$ by a ho/
 ( fri5ds & exempt f foes1 8  v "* has a
 *>m to compel fri5d%ip & alliance1 &   
be=e  him hatr$ & ho/ility melt away4   
7#bh7 ,or1 ignorant ( ho/ile1 assur$ (  
fav\rable v]dict4     7#bi7 ,lit4 !     
,allies1 e4g4 ( ,sp>ta or ( ,a!ns1 etc4 
7#cj7 ,lit4 ,f :om may ! do] ( a de$ (  
k9dness m      confid5tly expect !      

recomp5se ( gratitude ?an f y\r         
lov] ( ! law8 & :om w\ld "o select z !  
recipi5t (      k9dness r ?an a man     
susceptible ( gratitude8    ,& n[1      
,hippias1 ,i h done my "p2 t is my pro( 
&  demon/ration t ! lawful &            
law-obs]vant are synonym\s  ) ! upright 
& ! j2 d y1 if y hold a contr>y view1   
in/ruct u4 7#ca7     7#ca7 ,= ! /yle (  
?is enconium 7( ! nomimos7 cf4 ,ages4 i4
      #cf2 & = ! ,socratic rev]5ce = law
 cf4 ,plat4 ,crito4    ,!n ,hippias3    
,nay1 ^u my s\l1 ,socrates1 ,i am n aw>e
 ( hold+ any  contr>y op9ion to :at y h 
utt]$ on ! !me ( ju/ice4 7#cb7     7#cb7
 ,lit4 ! j & upright1 t\ dikai\4        
,soc4 ,b n[1 are y aw>e1 ,hippias1 (    
c]ta9 unwritt5 laws8 7#cc7     7#cc7    
,see ,soph4 ,antig4 ,o$4 ,t4 #hfe1 &    
,pr(4 ,jebb ad loc42 ,dem4      de ,cor4
 #cag1 #bc2 ,ari/ot4 ,rhet4 ,i4 xiii4   
,yes 7he answ]$71 ^? held 9 e "p ( ! _w1
 & 9 !  same s5se4    ,c y !n ass]t     
7ask$ ,socrates7 ( ^! unwritt5 laws t m5
  made !m8    ,nay1 h[ 7he answ]$7 %\ld 

t be1 = h[ c\ld !y all h come  toge!r f 
! ends ( ! e>?8 & ev5 if !y _h s done1  
m5  are n all ( "o spee*8 7#cd7         
7#cd7 ,or1 !re w\ld be difficulty (     
und]/&+ ea* o!r1 & a      babel (       
tongues4    ,soc4 ,:om !n d y believe to
 h be5 ! mak]s ( ^! laws4    ,hipp4 ,=  
my "p1 ,i ?9k t ! gods mu/ h made ^!    
laws =  m51 & ,i take x z pro( t fir/ & 
=emo/ x is a law &  cu/om ev]y:]e to    
wor%ip & rev]5ce ! gods4    ,soc4 ,&1 ,i
 presume1 to hon\r p>5ts is also cu/om>y
 ev]y:]e8    ,yes1 t too 7he answ]$74   
,soc4 ,&1 ,i presume1 also ! prohibition
 ( int]m>riage betwe5  p>5ts & *ildr58  
,hipp4 ,no2 at t po9t ,i /op1 ,socrates4
 ,t does n seem to me to be  a law (    
,god4    ,n[1 :y8 7he ask$74    ,because
 ,i p]ceive x is n infrequ5tly          
transgress$ 7he answ]$74  7#ce7         
7#ce7 ,or1 z ,i p]ceive1 x is n (       
univ]sal application1 "s      transgress
 x4    ,soc4 ,well1 b !re are a good _m 
o!r ?+s :i* p  d contr>y to law2 only ! 
p5alty1 ,i take x1 affix$ to !          

transgression ( ! div9e code is c]ta92  
!re is no escape = !  (f5d] aft] ! mann]
 9 :i* a man may transgress ! laws ( man
  ) impunity1 slipp+ ?r\gh ! f+]s (     
ju/ice by /eal?1 or  avoid+ x by        
viol5ce4    ,hipp4 ,& :at is !          
inevitable p5alty paid by ^? :o1 be+    
relat$ z p>5ts & *ildr51 int]m+le 9     
m>riage8    ,soc4 ,! greate/ ( all      
p5alties2 = :at worse calamity c human  
be+s suff] 9 ! production ( (fspr+ ?an  
to misbeget8 7#cf7     7#cf7 ,or1 9 !   
propagation ( ! species ?an to produce  
misbegott5 *ildr54    ,hipp4 ,b h[ or :y
 %\ld !y bre$ !m ill :]e no?+ h9d]s  !m1
 be+ ( a good /ock !mselves & produc+ f 
/ock z good8    ,soc4 ,because1 =soo?1 9
 ord] to produce good *ildr51 x is n    
simply necess>y t ! p>5ts %\ld be good &
 ( a good /ock1  b t bo? %\ld be equally
 9 ! prime & vig\r ( _! bodies4  7#cg7  
,d y suppose t ! se$ ( ^? :o are at _!  
prime is  l !irs :o ei!r h n yet rea*$  
_! prime1 or ^: prime  has pass$8       
7#cg7 ,cf4 ,plat4 ,laws1 viii4 #hci ,a2 

,h]b/1 etc41 cf4 ,grotius1 de           
,jure1 ii4 #e1 xii4 #d4    ,hipp4 ,no1 x
 is reasonable to expect t ! se$ w      
diff]4    ,soc4 ,& = ! bett]--:i*8      
,hipp4 ,!irs cle>ly :o are at _! prime4 
,soc4 ,x w\ld seem t ! se$ ( ^? :o are n
 yet 9 _! prime  or h pass$ _! prime is 
n good8    ,hipp4 ,x seems mo/          
improbable x %\ld be4    ,soc4 ,!n ! "r 
way to produce *ildr5 is n t way8       
,hipp4 ,no1 t is n ! "r way4    ,soc4   
,!n *ildr5 :o are s produc$ are produc$ 
n z !y ought to  be8    ,hipp4 ,s x     
appe>s to me4    ,:at (fspr+ !n 7he     
ask$7 w be ill produc$1 ill begott51 &  
ill born1 if n ^!8    ,i subscribe to t 
op9ion also 7repli$ ,hippias74    ,soc4 
,well1 x is a cu/om univ]sally respect$1
 is x n1 to return  good = good1 &      
k9dness ) k9dness8    ,hipp4 ,yes1 a    
cu/om1 b "o :i* aga9 is apt to be       
transgress$4    ,soc4 ,!n he t s        
transgresses x pays p5alty 9 f9d+       
himself  isolat$2 b]eft ( fri5ds :o are 
good1 & driv5 to seek aft] ^?  :o love  

him n4 ,or is x n s t he :o does me     
k9dness 9  my int]c\rse ) him is my good
 fri5d1 b if ,i requite n ?is  k9dness  
to my b5efactor1 ,i am hat$ by him = my 
+ratitude1 & yet  ,i mu/ ne$s pursue    
aft] him & cl+ to him because ( ! great 
ga9  to me ( 8 society8    ,hipp4 ,yes1 
,socrates4 ,9 all ^! cases1 ,i admit1   
!re is an  implication ( div9e au?ority2
 7#ch7 t a law %\ld 9 itself be  load$ )
 ! p5alty ( its transgression does      
sugge/ to my m9d a  high] ?an human type
 ( legislator4     7#ch7 ,lit4 ,yes1 ^u 
my ^w1 ,socrates1 all ^! cases look v l 
7w\ld seem to po9t to7 ! gods4    ,soc4 
,& 9 y\r op9ion1 ,hippias1 is !         
legislation ( ! gods j  & righte\s1 or !
 rev]se ( :at is j & righte\s8    ,hipp4
 ,n ! rev]se ( :at is j & righte\s1     
,socrates1 ,god  =bid6 = sc>cely c\ld   
any o!r legislate aright1 ( n ,god      
himself4    ,soc4 ,x w\ld seem !n1      
,hippias1 ! gods !mselves are well      
pleas$  t ! lawful & ! j %\ld be        
synonym\s8 7#ci7     7#ci7 ,or1 x is    

well pleas+ also to ! gods t :at is     
lawful is      j & :at is j is lawful4  
,by su* language & by su* conduct1 ?r\gh
 example & precept alike1  he help$ to  
make ^? :o approa*$ him m upright & m j4
      ,v    ,& n[ ,i propose to %[ 9 :at
 way he made ^? :o 7 ) him  m vigor\s 9 
action4 7#a7 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z befitt$ 
"o ^:  cre$ 0 t a basis ( self-comm& is 
indisp5sable to any noble  p]=mance1 he 
manife/$ himself to 8 companions z "o :o
  _h pre-em95tly discipl9$ himself2 7#b7
 & 9 ! next place by  conv]sation &     
discussion he enc\rag$ !m to a l        
self-re/ra9t  beyond all o!rs4 7#c7 ,?us
 x 0 t he cont9u$ ev] m9dful  himself1 &
 0 cont9ually rem9d+ all :om he         
enc\nt]$1  ( matt]s conducive to virtue2
 z ! foll[+ discussion )  ,eu?ydemus1   
:i* has come to my k1 7#d7 w s]ve to    
illu/rate--! topic ( ! discussion be+   
self-comm&4     7#a7 ,lit4 m practical1 
i4e4 m en]getic & effective4     7#b7   
,if any "o might claim to be a pr9ce (  
ascetics1 x 0      ,socrates2 su* 0 !   

ineffaceable impression left on ! m9ds  
( 8 associates4     7#c7 ,or1 he        
/imulat$ 9 ^! same companions a _s (    
self-      re/ra9t beyond all else4     
7#d7 ,or1 :i* ,i c v\* =4    ,tell me1  
,eu?ydemus 7he began71 d y believe      
fre$om to be a noble &  magnific5t      
acquisition1 :e!r = a man or = a /ate8  
,i _c conceive a nobl] or m magnific5t  
7he answ]$74    ,soc4 ,!n d y believe   
him to be a free man :o is rul$ by !    
pleasures ( ! body1 & !reby _c p]=m :at 
is be/8    ,c]ta9ly n 7he answ]$74      
,soc4 ,no6 = possibly to p]=m :at is be/
 appe>s to y to sav\r  ( fre$om8 ,&1    
aga91 to h "s "o ov] y :o w prev5t y    
do+ ! l seems a loss ( fre$om8    ,mo/  
decid$ly 7he answ]$74    ,soc4 ,x w\ld  
seem y are decid$ly ( op9ion t !        
incont95t are  ! rev]se ( free8 7#e7    
7#e7 ,or1 incont95cy is illib]al4       
,eu?4 ,^u my ^w1 ,i mu* suspect s4      
,soc4 ,& does x appe> to y t ! incont95t
 man is m]ely  h9d]$ f do+ :at is       
noble/1 or t fur!r he is impell$ to  d  

:at is mo/ %ameful8    ,eu?4 ,i ?9k he  
is z mu* driv5 to ! "o z he is h9d]$ f !
  o!r4    ,soc4 ,& :at sort ( lords &   
ma/]s are ^?1 ?9k y1 :o at  once put a  
/op to :at is be/ & en=ce :at is wor/8  
,eu?4 ,goodness kn[s1 !y mu/ be ! v wor/
 ( ma/]s4    ,soc4 ,& :at sort ( slav]y 
d y take to be ! wor/8    ,i %\ld say   
7he answ]$7 slav]y to ! wor/ ma/]s4     
,x w\ld seem !n 7pursu$ ,socrates7 t !  
incont95t man is b\nd  ov] to ! wor/    
sort ( slav]y1 w\ld x n8    ,s x appe>s 
to be 7! o!r answ]$74    ,soc4 ,& does x
 n appe> to y t ?is same beldame        
incont95ce  %uts out wisdom1 :i* is !   
be/ ( all ?+s1 7#f7 f mank9d1  & plunges
 !m into ! opposite8 ,does x n appe> to 
y t %e  h9d]s m5 f att5d+ to ?+s :i* w  
be ( use & b5efit1  & f le>n+ to und]/& 
!m2 t %e does s by dragg+ !m  away to   
?+s :i* are pleasant2 & (t5 ?\gh !y are 
well aw>e  ( ! good & ( ! evil1 %e      
amazes & conf\nds 7#g7 _! wits &  makes 
!m *oose ! worse 9 place ( ! bett]8     
7#f7 ,wisdom1 ! greate/ good :i* m5 c   

possess4     7#g7 ,s*neid4 cf4 ,plat4   
,protag4 #cee ,a2 & ,symp4 iv4 #bc4     
,yes1 s x comes to pass 7he answ]$74    
,soc4 ,& 7#h7 s\ndness ( s\l1 ! _s (    
temp]ate mode/y8 ,:o has  less claim to 
?is ?an ! incont95t man8 ,! works ( !   
temp]ate  _s & ! works ( incont95cy are1
 ,i take x1 diametrically  oppos$8      
7#h7 ,& if ?is be s conc]n+ wisdom1     
sophia1 :at (      sophrasune1 s\ndness 
( s\l--sobriety8    ,t too1 ,i admit 7he
 answ]$74    ,soc4 ,if ?is !n be s      
conc]n+ ^! virtues1 7#i7 :at ) reg>d  to
 c>efulness & devotion to all t ought to
 occupy u8 ,c any?+  m s]i\sly militate 
aga9/ ^! ?an ?is same incont95ce8       
7#i7 ,or add1 ,if ?is be s conc]n+ n    
wisdom only1 b conc]n+      temp]ance & 
s\ndness ( s\l1 :at1 etc4    ,no?+ t ,i 
c ?9k ( 7he repli$74    ,soc4 ,& c worse
 befall a man1 ?9k y8 ,c he be subject$ 
to a  m baleful influ5ce ?an t :i*      
induces him to *oose :at is  hurtful 9  
place ( :at is helpful2 :i* cajoles him 
to devote himself  to ! evil & to       

neglect ! good2 :i* =ces him1 w he nill 
he1  to d :at e man 9 8 sob] s5ses w\ld 
%r9k f & avoid8    ,i c imag9e no?+     
worse 7he repli$74    ,soc4             
,self-control1 x is reasonable to       
suppose1 w be ! cause (  opposite       
effects ^u mank9d to ^? ( its own       
opposite1 ! want (  self-control8       
,eu?4 ,x is to be suppos$ s4    ,soc4 ,&
 ?is1 :i* is ! s\rce ( opposite effects 
to ! v  wor/1 w be ! v be/ ( ?+s8       
,eu?4 ,t is ! natural inf]5ce4    ,soc4 
,x looks1 does x n1 ,eu?ydemus1 z if    
self-control 7 ! be/  ?+ a man c\ld h8  
,x does inde$1 ,socrates 7he answ]$74   
,soc4 ,b n[1 ,eu?ydemus1 has x ev]      
occurr$ to y to note "o fact8    ,:at   
fact8 7he ask$74    ,soc4 ,t1 aft] all1 
incont95cy is p[]less to br+ u to t     
realm ( sweetness :i* "s look ^u 7#aj7 z
 h] peculi> prov9ce2  x is n incont95cy 
b self-control alone :i* has ! passport 
to  highe/ pleasures4     7#aj7 ,or1 :i*
 we are apt to ?9k ( z4    ,9 :at way8  
7he ask$74 ,h[ s8    ,:y1 ?is way       

7,socrates answ]$73 s9ce incont95cy w n 
suff] u  to resi/ hung] & ?ir/1 or to   
hold out aga9/ sexual appetite1 or  want
 ( sleep 7:i* ab/95ces are ! only       
*annels to true pleasure  9 eat+ &      
dr9k+1 to ! joys ( love1 to sweet repose
 &  blissful slumb] won by ^? :o w      
pati5tly abide & endure till  ea*       
p>ticul> happ9ess is at ! flood7        
7#aa7--;x comes to ?is3 by  incont95cy  
we are cut (f f ! full fruition ( ! m   
obvi\s  & con/antly recurr+ pleasures4  
7#ab7 ,to self-control1 :i* alone       
enables u to endure ! pa9s a=esaid1     
alone belongs ! p[] to  give u any      
pleasure wor? rememb]+ 9 ^! common      
cases4     7#aa7 ,or1 at its season4    
,lit4 is z sweet z possible4     7#ab7  
,or1 f ta/+ to any ext5t wor? speak+ ( !
 mo/      necess>y & all-p]vad+ s\rces (
 happ9ess4    ,y speak ! words ( tru?   
7#ac7 7he answ]$74     7#ac7 ,lit4 ,:at 
y say is absolutely & entirely true 7!  
vraie      v]ite ( ! matt]74    ,soc4   
,fur!rmore1 7#ad7 if !re be any joy 9   

le>n+ aught beautiful  & good1 or 9     
pati5t application to su* rules z may   
enable a man  to manage 8 body aright1  
or to adm9i/] 8 h\sehold well1 or to    
prove himself useful to 8 fri5ds & to ! 
/ate1 or to dom9ate  8 enemies--:i* ?+s 
are ! s\rces n only ( advantage b (     
deepe/ satisfaction 7#ae7--to ! cont95t 
& self-controll$ x  is giv5 to reap !   
fruits ( !m 9 _! p]=mance4 ,x is !      
incont95t :o h nei!r "p nor lot 9 any "o
 ( !m4 ,s9ce we  mu/ be "r 9 ass]t+ t he
 is lea/ conc]n$ ) su* ?+s  :o has lea/ 
ability to d !m1 be+ ti$ d[n to take an 
int]e/ 9  ! pleasure :i* is ne>e/ to h&4
     7#ad7 ,or1 ,b inde$1 if !re be joy 
9 ! pursuit ( any noble      /udy or (  
su* accompli%m5ts z %all enable1 etc4   
7#ae7 ,or1 ( ! highe/ pleasures4        
,eu?ydemus repli$3 ,socrates1 y w\ld    
say1 x seems to me1 t a man  :o is ma/]$
 by ! pleasures ( ! body has no conc]n  
at all )  virtue4    ,& :at is !        
di/9ction1 ,eu?ydemus 7he ask$71 betwe5 
a man devoid  ( self-control & ! dulle/ 

( brute bea/s8 ,a man :o =egoes all     
height ( aim1 :o gives up se>*+ = ! be/ 
& /rives only to  gratify 8 s5se (      
pleasure1 7#af7 is he bett] ?an !       
sillie/ (  cattle8 7#ag7444 ,b to !     
self-controll$ alone is x giv5 to       
discov]  ! hid treasures4 ,^!1 by ^w &  
by de$1 !y w pick out &  make selection 
( !m accord+ to _! k9ds1 *oos+          
delib]ately  ! good & hold+ alo( f !    
evil4 7#ah7 ,?us 7he add$7 x is  t a man
 rea*es ! z5i?1 z x 71 ( goodness &     
happ9ess1  ?us x is t he becomes mo/    
capable ( reason+ & discussion4  7#ai7  
,! v "n discussion 7dialege/hai7 is got 
f p com+  toge!r & delib]at+ 9 common by
 pick+ out & select+ ?+s  7dialege97    
accord+ to _! k9ds4 7#bj7 ,a man !n is  
b\nd to  prep>e himself z mu* z possible
 = ?is bus9ess1 & to pursue x  beyond   
all else ) e>ne/ resolution2 = ?is is ! 
"r road to  excell5ce1 ?is w make a man 
fitte/ to lead 8 fell[s & be a  ma/] 9  
debate4 7#ba7     7#af7 ,or1 & seeks by 
hook & by crook to d :at is pleasante/4 

7#ag7 i4e4 he becomes an animal fe$+ a  
bl9d life )9 !      bra94     7#ah7 ,or1
 select+ ! ore & repudiat+ ! dross4     
,kuhn] cf4      ,plat4 ,laws1 v4 #gce   
,b4     7#ai7 ,or1 draws ne>] to        
happ9ess & p]fection1 & is mo/          
capable ( tru?-disclos+ conv]sation4    
,cf4 ,plat4 ,apol4 #da3      ,:at w\ld n
 a man give1 ,o judges1 to be able to   
exam9e !      lead]s ( ! great ,trojan  
exp$ition1 or ,odysseus1 or ,sisyphus1  
or numb]less o!rs1 m5 & wom5 too6 ,:at  
inf9ite delight      w\ld !re be 9      
conv]s+ ) !m & ask+ !m que/ions6        
7,j[ett74     7#bj7 ,= dialege9 kata g5e
  dialege/hai1 cf4 ,grote1 ,h4 ,g4      
viii4 #eij4     7#ba7 ,cf4 ,plat4 ,rep4 
#ecd ,d2 ,pha$r4 #beb ,e2 ,crat4 #cij   
,c2      ,/atesm4 #bhf ,d foll4         
,,vi    ,at ?is po9t ,i w endeav\r to   
expla9 9 :at way ,socrates fo/]$  ?is   
great] dialectic capacity among 8       
intimates4 7#a7 ,he held  firmly to !   
op9ion t if a man knew :at ea* reality  
01 he w\ld  be able to expla9 ?is k to  

o!rs2 b1 fail+ ! possession  ( t k1 x   
did n surprise him t m5 %\ld /umble     
!mselves & cause o!rs to /umble also4   
7#b7 ,x 0 = ?is reason  t he nev] ceas$ 
inquir+ ) ^? :o 7 ) him into  ! true    
nature ( ?+s t are4 7#c7 ,x w\ld be a   
long bus9ess  c]ta9ly to g ?r\gh 9      
detail all ! def9itions at :i* he       
arriv$2 ,i w !re=e cont5t myself ) su*  
examples z w  s]ve to %[ 8 me?od (      
proc$ure4 ,z a fir/ in/ance ,i w  take !
 "q ( piety4 ,! mode ( inve/igation may 
be fairly  repres5t$ z foll[s4     7#a7 
,lit4 essay$ to make ^? :o 7 ) him m    
pot5t 9      dialectic4     7#b7 ,or1   
,socrates believ$ t any "o :o knew !    
nature (      any?+ w\ld be able to let 
o!rs into 8 secret2 b1 fail+      t k1  
he ?\ght ! be/ ( m5 w\ld be b bl9d      
lead]s ( ! bl9d1 /umbl+ !mselves & caus+
 o!rs to      /umble also4     7#c7 ,or 
add1 ',:at is ?is among ?+s8 & :at is   
its def9ition8'      --su* 0 !          
ev]-recurr5t "q = :i* he s\ght an       
answ]4    ,tell me 7said he71           

,eu?ydemus1 :at sort ( ?+ y take piety  
to be8    ,some?+ mo/ fair & excell5t1  
no d\bt 7! o!r answ]$74 7#d7     7#d7   
,or1 ,a supreme excell5ce1 no d\bt4     
,soc4 ,& c y tell me :at sort ( p]son ! 
pi\s man is8 7#e7     7#e7 ,or1 c y give
 me a def9ition ( ! pi\s man82 tell me  
:o      & :at ! pi\s man is4    ,i %\ld 
say 7he answ]$7 he is a man :o hon\rs ! 
gods4    ,soc4 ,& is x all[able to hon\r
 ! gods 9 any mode or fa%ion "o  likes8 
,eu?4 ,no2 !re are laws 9 accordance )  
:i* "o mu/ d t4    ,soc4 ,!n he :o kn[s 
^! laws w "k h[ he mu/ hon\r ! gods8    
,i ?9k s 7he answ]$74    ,soc4 ,& he :o 
kn[s h[ he mu/ hon\r ! gods conceives t 
he ought n to d s except 9 ! mann] :i*  
accords ) 8  k8 7#f7 ,is x n s8     7#f7
 i4e4 8 practice mu/ squ>e ) 8 k & be ! 
outw>d expression ( 8 belief8    ,eu?4  
,t is s4 7#g7     7#g7 ,t is s2 y       
rightly describe 8 frame ( m9d &        
p]suasion4    ,soc4 ,& does any man     
hon\r ! gods o!rwise ?an he ?9ks he     
ought8  7#h7     7#h7 ,z he %\ld & mu/4 

,see ,k4 ,joel1 op4 cit4 p4 #cbb foll4  
,i ?9k n 7he answ]$74    ,soc4 ,x comes 
to ?is !n3 he :o kn[s :at ! law requires
 9  ref]5ce to ! gods w hon\r ! gods 9 !
 lawful way8 7#i7     7#i7 ,or1 he :o   
kn[s :at is lawful ) reg>d to ,heav5    
pays hon\r      to ,heav5 lawfully4     
,eu?4 ,c]ta9ly4    ,soc4 ,b n[1 he :o   
hon\rs lawfully hon\rs z he ought8 7#aj7
     7#aj7 ,z he %\ld & mu/4    ,eu?4 ,i
 see no alt]native4    ,soc4 ,& he :o   
hon\rs z he ought is a pi\s man8        
,eu?4 ,c]ta9ly4    ,soc4 ,x w\ld appe> t
 he :o kn[s :at ! law requires )        
respect to ! gods w correctly be def9$ z
 a pi\s man1 & t  is our def9ition8     
,s x appe>s to me1 at any rate 7he      
repli$74 7#aa7     7#aa7 ,i accept x at 
any rate z m9e4 ,n4,b4--9 ref]5ce to ?is
      def9ition ( ,piety1 ! "q is nev]  
rais$ poion ti e/i      nomos2 nor yet  
poioi t9es eis9 oi !oi2 b cle>ly !re is 
a gr[? 9 ta nomima4 ,cf4 ! conv]sation  
record$ 9 ,/4 ,john      iv4 #g foll41 &
 ! words 7v]se #bc7 pneuma o ,!os kai   

t\s      proskun\ntas auton en pneumati 
kai ale!ia dei proskune91      :i* !    
philosoph] ,socrates w\ld p]haps readily
 h ass5t$      to4    ,soc4 ,b n[1 )    
reg>d to human be+s2 is x all[able to   
deal )  m5 9 any way "o pleases8 7#ab7  
7#ab7 ,or1 may a man deal ) 8 fell[-m5  
arbitr>ily accord+ to      8 fancy8 ,see
 above1 ,,ii4 vii4 #h4    ,eu?4 ,no2 )  
reg>d to m5 also1 he w be a law-obs]v+  
man 7#ac7  :o kn[s :at ?+s are lawful z 
conc]n+ m51 9 accordance )  :i* our     
deal+s ) "o ano!r mu/ be conduct$4 7#ad7
     7#ac7 ,or1 he is a man full ( ! law
 7lawful7 & law-abid+ :o      kn[s1 etc4
     7#ad7 ,read+ ka?' a dei pros       
allel\s khre/hai1 subaud4      allelois1
 or if vulg4 ka?' a dei pos allelois    
khre/hai1      translate mu/ be         
specifically conduct$4    ,soc4 ,!n ^?  
:o deal ) "o ano!r 9 ?is way1 deal ) ea*
  o!r z !y ought8 7#ae7     7#ae7 ,z !y 
%\ld & mu/4    ,obvi\sly 7he answ]$74   
,soc4 ,& !y :o deal ) "o ano!r z !y     
ought1 deal well &  nobly--is x n s8    

,c]ta9ly 7he answ]$74    ,soc4 ,& !y :o 
deal well & nobly by mank9d are         
well-do]s 9  respect ( human affairs8   
,t w\ld seem to foll[ 7he repli$74      
,soc4 ,i presume t ^? :o obey ! laws d  
:at is j & "r8    ,)\t a d\bt1 7he      
answ]$74    ,soc4 ,& by ?+s "r & j y "k 
:at sort ( ?+s are  meant8    ,:at !    
laws orda9 7he answ]$74    ,soc4 ,x w\ld
 seem to foll[ t !y :o d :at ! laws     
orda9 bo?  d :at is "r & j & :at !y     
ought8 7#af7     7#af7 ,:at !y %\ld &   
mu/4    ,eu?4 ,i see no alt]native4     
,soc4 ,b !n1 he :o does :at is j & "r is
 upright & j8  7#ag7     7#ag7 ,?is     
proposition1 z ,kuhn] argues 7ad loc471 
is important z      be+ ! middle t]m ( !
 d\ble syllogism 7,a & ,b7--        ,a4 
,^? :o d :at ! law dem&s conc]n+ m5 d   
:at is          j & "r4            ,^?  
:o d :at is j & "r are righte\s & j4    
,ergo--,^? :o d :at ! law dem&s conc]n+ 
m5 are          righte\s & j4        ,b4
  ,^? :o "k :at is j & "r ought 7& are  
b\nd1          cf4 above1 ,,iii4 ix4 #d7

 to d also :at is j & "r4            ,^?
 :o d :at is j & "r are righte\s & j4   
,ergo--,righte\s & ,j 7dikaioi7 may be  
def9$ z ,^?          :o "k :at ! law    
dem&s 7alit] ?+s "r & j7                
conc]n+ m54    ,i %\ld say s myself 7he 
answ]$74    ,soc4 ,& %\ld y say t any "o
 obeys ! laws )\t kn[+ :at  ! laws      
orda98    ,i %\ld n 7he answ]$74        
,soc4 ,& d y suppose t any "o :o kn[s   
:at ?+s he ought to  d supposes t he    
ought n to d !m8 7#ah7     7#ah7 ,or1 & 
no "o :o kn[s :at he mu/ & %\ld d       
imag9es      t he mu/ & %\ld n d x8     
,no1 ,i suppose n 7he answ]$74    ,soc4 
,& d y "k ( anybody do+ o!r ?an :at he  
feels b\nd to  d8 7#ai7     7#ai7 ,or1 &
 nobody t y "k ( does ! contr>y ( :at he
      ?9ks he %\ld d8    ,no1 ,i d n 7he
 answ]$74    ,soc4 ,x w\ld seem t he :o 
kn[s :at ?+s are lawful 7#bj7 z  conc]n+
 m5 does ! ?+s t are j & "r8     7#bj7  
,or1 ( lawful obligation4    ,)\t a d\bt
 7he answ]$74    ,soc4 ,b !n1 he :o does
 :at is j & "r is upright & j8  7#ba7   

7#ba7 ,n4,b4--,9 ref]5ce to ?is         
def9ition ( ju/ice1 see ,k4 ,joel1      
op4 cit4 p4 #cbc foll41 ,das i/ e9e     
,k>rikatur des ,sokratis*5              
,dialogs4    ,:o else1 if n8 7he        
repli$74    ,soc4 ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 we  
%all h got to a "r def9ition if we  "n z
 j & upright ^? :o "k ! ?+s :i* are     
lawful z  conc]n+ m58    ,t is my op9ion
 7he answ]$74    ,soc4 ,& :at %all we   
say t wisdom is8 ,tell me1 does x seem  
to y  t ! wise are wise 9 :at !y "k1    
7#bb7 or are !re any :o are  wise 9 :at 
!y "k n8     7#bb7 ,or1 9 t ( :i* !y h !
 k 7epi/eme74    ,eu?4 ,cle>ly !y are   
wise 9 :at !y "k2 7#bc7 = h[ c\ld a man 
h wisdom 9 t :i* he does n "k8     7#bc7
 ,or1 _! wisdom is conf9$ to t ( :i* !y 
h !      epi/eme4 ,h[ c\ld a man be wise
 9 :at he lacks ! k      (8    ,soc4 ,9 
fact1 !n1 ! wise are wise 9 k8    ,eu?4 
,:y1 9 :at else %\ld a man be wise save 
only 9 k8    ,soc4 ,& is wisdom any?+   
else ?an t by :i* a man is wise1 ?9k  y8
    ,eu?4 ,no2 t1 & t only1 ,i ?9k4     

,soc4 ,x w\ld seem to foll[ t k & wisdom
 are ! same8    ,eu?4 ,s x appe>s to me4
    ,soc4 ,may ,i ask1 does x seem to y 
possible = a man to "k all !  ?+s t are8
    ,eu?4 ,no1 inde$6 n ! hundr$? "p (  
!m1 ,i %\ld say4    ,soc4 ,!n x w\ld    
seem t x is impossible = a man to be    
all-wise8    ,q impossible 7he answ]$74 
,soc4 ,x w\ld seem ! wisdom ( ea* is    
limit$ to 8 k2 ea*  is wise only 9 :at  
he kn[s8    ,eu?4 ,t is my op9ion4 7#bd7
     7#bd7 ,cf4 ,plat4 ,!aet4 #ade ,d4  
,n4,b4--,= ?is def9ition ( wisdom       
see ,k4 ,joel1 ib4 p4 #cbd foll4        
,soc4 ,well6 come n[1 ,eu?ydemus1 z     
conc]n+ ! good3 ought we to  se>* = !   
good 9 ?is way8    ,:at way8 7he ask$74 
,soc4 ,does x seem to y t ! same ?+ is  
equally advantage\s to  all8    ,no1 ,i 
%\ld say n 7he answ]$74    ,soc4 ,y w\ld
 say t a ?+ :i* is b5eficial to "o is   
sometimes  hurtful to ano!r8            
,decid$ly 7he repli$74    ,soc4 ,& is   
!re any?+ else good except t :i* is     
b5eficial1  %\ld y say8 7#be7     7#be7 

,or read+ 7#a7 allo d' an ti phaies e   
aga?on e9ai to      ophelimon2 or else  
7#b7 allo d' an ti phaies aga?on e9ai to
      ophelimon2 79 :i* case alloti     
allo ti e27 translate 7#a7      & :at is
 b5eficial is good 7or a good71 %\ld y n
 say8      lit4 c\ld y say t ! b5eficial
 is any?+ else ?an good      7or a      
good78 or else 7#b7 & :at is b5eficial  
is good 7or a      good78 or is x any?+ 
else8    ,no?+ else 7he answ]$74        
,soc4 ,x w\ld seem to foll[ t !         
b5eficial is good relatively to  him to 
:om x is b5eficial8    ,t is h[ x appe>s
 to me 7he answ]$74    ,soc4 ,& !       
beautiful3 c we speak ( a ?+ z beautiful
 9 any  o!r way ?an relatively8 or c y  
"n any beautiful ?+1 body1  vessel1 or  
:atev] x be1 :i* y "k ( z univ]sally    
beautiful8  7#bf7     7#bf7 i4e4        
beautiful 9 all relations into :i* x    
ent]s4 ,read+      to de kalon ekhoim5  
an pos allos eipe9 e e/9 onomaze9 kalon 
e soma e skeuos e all' oti\n1 o oi/ha   
pros tanta kalon on2 ,ma      ,di'1 ouk 

egog'1 ephe4 ,= o!r em5dations ( !      
vulg41 & !      _m int]pretations :i* h 
be5 giv5 to ! passage1 see ,r4          
,kuhn] ad loc4    ,eu?4 ,i confess ,i d 
n "k ( any su* myself4 7#bg7     7#bg7  
,or1 adopt+ ! read+ ekhois an 9 place ( 
ekhoim5 an      above1 translate ,i     
c]ta9ly _c1 ,i confess4    ,soc4 ,i     
presume to turn a ?+ to its prop] use is
 to apply x  beautifully8    ,eu?4      
,und\bt$ly x is a beautiful appliance4  
7#bh7     7#bh7 ,or1 ,i presume x is    
well & good & beautiful to use ?is1     
t1 & ! o!r ?+ = ! purpose = :i* !       
p>ticul>      ?+ is useful8--,t nobody c
 d5y 7he answ]$74 ,x is      impossible 
to convey simply ! v]bal play & ! quasi-
      argum5tative =ce ( ! ,greek kalos 
ekhei pros ti t9i      khre/hai4 ,see   
,k4 ,joel1 p4 #dbf4    ,soc4 ,& is ?is1 
t1 & ! o!r ?+ beautiful = aught else    
except t to :i* x may be beautifully    
appli$8    ,eu?4 ,no s+le ?+ else4      
,soc4 ,x w\ld seem t ! useful is        
beautiful relatively to t =  :i* x is ( 

use8    ,s x appe>s to me 7he answ]$74  
,soc4 ,& :at ( c\rage1 7#bi7 ,eu?ydemus8
 ,i presume y rank c\rage  among ?+s    
beautiful8 ,x is a noble quality8 7#cj7 
7#bi7 ,or1 p]haps bett]1 =titude4 ,see  
,h4 ,sidgwick1 ,hi/4 (      ,e?ics1 p4  
#dc4     7#cj7 ,x is "o ( ta kala4 ,see 
,k4 ,joel1 ib4 p4 #cbe1 & 9 ref]5ce     
to ! def9itions ( ! ,good & ( !         
,beautiful1 ib4 p4 #dbe      foll4      
,nay1 "o ( ! mo/ noble 7he answ]$74     
,soc4 ,x seems t y reg>d c\rage z useful
 to no mean end8    ,eu?4 ,nay1 r !     
greate/ ( all ends1 ,god kn[s4    ,soc4 
,possibly 9 face ( t]rors & dang]s y    
w\ld consid] x an  advantage to be      
ignorant ( !m8    ,c]ta9ly n 7he        
answ]$74    ,soc4 ,x seems t ^? :o h no 
fe> 9 face ( dang]s1 simply  because !y 
d n "k :at !y are1 are n c\rage\s8      
,mo/ true 7he answ]$72 or1 by ! same    
%[+1 a l>ge proportion (  madm5 & c[>ds 
w\ld be c\rage\s4    ,soc4 ,well1 & :at 
( ^? :o are 9 dread ( ?+s :i* are n     
dreadful1 are !y--    ,eu?4 ,c\rage\s1  

,socrates8--/ill less s ?an ! =m]1      
goodness  kn[s4    ,soc4 ,possibly1 !n1 
y w\ld deem ^? :o are good 9 ! face (   
t]rors & dang]s to be c\rage\s1 & ^? :o 
are bad 9 ! face  ( ! same to be c[>ds8 
,c]ta9ly ,i %\ld 7he answ]$74    ,soc4  
,& c y suppose any o!r p to be good 9   
respect ( su*  ?+s except ^? :o are able
 to cope ) !m & turn !m to  noble       
acc\nt8 7#ca7     7#ca7 kalos khre/hai1 
lit4 make a beautiful use ( !m4    ,no2 
^! & ^! alone 7he answ]$74    ,soc4 ,&  
^? p :o are ( a k9d to cope b badly ) ! 
same  occurr5ces1 x w\ld seem1 are bad8 
,:o else1 if n !y8 7he ask$74    ,soc4  
,may x be t bo? "o & ! o!r class d use  
^!  circum/ances z !y ?9k !y mu/ & %\ld8
 7#cb7     7#cb7 ,or1 feel b\nd &       
con/ra9$ to d4    ,:y1 h[ else %\ld !y  
deal ) !m8 7he ask$74    ,soc4 ,c x be  
said t ^? :o are unable to cope well )  
!m or  to turn !m to noble acc\nt "k h[ 
!y mu/ & %\ld deal )  !m8 7#cc7         
7#cc7 ,or1 ,c x be said t ^? :o are     
unable to cope nobly )      _! p]il\s   

surr\nd+s "k h[ !y ought to deal )      
!m8    ,i presume n 7he answ]$74        
,soc4 ,x w\ld seem to foll[ t ^? :o h ! 
k h[ to  behave are also ^? :o h ! p[]8 
7#cd7     7#cd7 ,he :o k5s c4    ,yes2  
^!1 & ^! alone 7he said74    ,soc4      
,well1 b n[1 :at ( ^? :o h made no      
egregi\s blund] 79  ! matt]72 c x be !y 
cope ill ) ! ?+s & circum/ances  we are 
discuss+8    ,i ?9k n 7he answ]$74      
,soc4 ,x w\ld seem1 conv]sely1 t !y :o  
cope ill h made "s  egregi\s blund]8    
,eu?4 ,probably2 inde$1 x w\ld appe> to 
foll[4    ,soc4 ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 t ^?  
:o "k 7#ce7 h[ to cope )  t]rors &      
dang]s well & nobly are c\rage\s1 & ^?  
:o fail  utt]ly ( ?is are c[>ds8        
7#ce7 ,:o h ! epi/eme4    ,s ,i judge !m
 to be 7he answ]$74 7#cf7     7#cf7     
,n4,b4--,= ?is def9ition ( c\rage see   
,plat4 ,la*es1 #aie ,a      & passim2   
,k4 ,joel1 op4 cit4 p4 #cbe foll4    ,a 
k+dom & a tyranny 7#cg7 71 he op9$1 bo? 
( !m =ms (  gov]nm5t1 b =ms :i* diff]$ f
 "o ano!r1 9 8 belief2 a  k+dom 0 a     

gov]nm5t ov] will+ m5 9 accordance )    
civil law1  :]eas a tyranny impli$ !    
gov]nm5t ov] unwill+ subjects n  accord+
 to law1 b s z to suit ! :ims & wi%es ( 
! rul]4     7#cg7 ,or1 despotism4       
,!re 71 moreov]1 ?ree =ms ( citiz5%ip or
 polity2 9 !  case :]e ! magi/rates 7   
appo9t$ f ^? :o dis*>g$ !  obligations  
prescrib$ by law1 he held ! polity to be
 an ari/ocracy  7or rule ( ! be/72 7#ch7
 :]e ! title to (fice dep5d$ on         
rateable prop]ty1 x 0 a plutocracy 7or  
rule ( weal?72 & la/ly1  :]e all !      
citiz5s )\t di/9ction held ! re9s (     
(fice1  t 0 a democracy 7or rule ( ! p74
     7#ch7 ,or1 9 :i* ! due dis*>ge (   
lawful 7law-appo9t$7      obligations   
gave ! title to magi/]ial (fice &       
gov]nm5t1      ?is =m ( polity he held  
to be an ari/ocracy 7or rule ( !        
be/74 ,see ,newman1 op4 cit4 i4 #bab1   
#bce4    ,let me expla9 8 me?od ( reply 
:]e ! disputant _h no cle>  /atem5t to  
make1 b )\t attempt at pro( *ose to     
cont5d  t su* or su* a p]son nam$ by    

himself 0 wis]1 or m ( a  /atesman1 or m
 c\rage\s1 & s =?1 ?an "s o!r p]son4    
7#ci7 ,socrates _h a way ( br++ ! :ole  
discussion back to !  und]ly+           
proposition1 7#dj7 z ?us3     7#ci7 ,or1
 if any "o enc\nt]$ him 9 argum5t ab\t  
any topic or      p]son )\t any cle>    
/atem5t1 b a m]e ipse dixit1 devoid     
( demon/ration1 t s & s1 etc4     7#dj7 
,or1 "q at bottom4 ,cf4 ,plat4 ,laws1   
#idi ,b4    ,soc4 ,y /ate t s & s1 :om y
 admire1 is a bett] citiz5 t  ?is o!r   
:om ,i admire8    ,! ,disputant4 ,yes2  
,i repeat ! ass]tion4    ,soc4 ,b w\ld x
 n h be5 bett] to inquire fir/ :at is ! 
"w  or function ( a good citiz58    ,!  
,disputant4 ,let u d s4    ,soc4 ,to    
beg91 !n1 ) ! matt] ( exp5diture3 8     
sup]iority  w be %[n by 8 increas+ !    
res\rces & light5+ !  exp5diture ( !    
/ate8 7#da7     7#da7 ,or1 ,9 !         
managem5t ( moneys1 !n1 8 /r5g? w consi/
      9 8 r5d]+ ! /ate bett] provid$ )  
ways & means8    ,c]ta9ly 7! disputant  
w\ld answ]74    ,soc4 ,& 9 ! ev5t ( w>1 

by r5d]+ 8 /ate sup]ior to h]           
antagoni/s8    ,! ,disputant4 ,cle>ly4  
,soc4 ,or on an embassy z a diplomati/1 
,i presume1 by secur+ fri5ds  9 place ( 
enemies8    ,t ,i %\ld imag9e 7replies !
 disputant74    ,soc4 ,well1 & 9        
p>liam5t>y debate1 by putt+ a /op to    
p>ty  /rife & fo/]+ civic concord8    ,!
 ,disputant4 ,t is my op9ion4    ,by ?is
 me?od ( br++ back ! argum5t to its true
 />t+-po9t1  ev5 ! disputant himself    
w\ld be affect$ & ! tru? become  manife/
 to 8 m9d4    ,8 own--t is1 !           
,socratic--me?od ( conduct+ a rational  
discussion 7#db7 0 to proce$ /ep by /ep 
f "o po9t ( g5]al  agreem5t to ano!r3   
,h]e9 lay ! real security ( reason+1    
7#dc7  he w\ld say2 & = ?is reason he 0 
m successful 9 w9n+ !  common ass5t ( 8 
he>]s ?an any "o ,i ev] knew4 ,he _h a  
say+  t ,hom] _h conf]r$ on ,odyesseus !
 title ( a safe1 un]r+  orator1 7#dd7   
because he _h ! gift to lead !          
discussion f "o  commonly accept$ op9ion
 to ano!r4     7#db7 ,(1 ( ?read+ !     

mazes ( an argum5t4     7#dc7 ,read+    
tauton asphaleian2 alit]4 taut5 t5      
asphaleian       t ?is security 0 "p &  
p>cel ( reason+4     7#dd7 ,od4 viii4   
#aga1 o d' asphaleos agoreuei1 & 8 spee*
 runs      surely on its way 7,but*] &  
,lang71 :]e ,odysseus is      describ+  
himself4 ,cf4 ,dion4 ,hal4 de ,arte     
,rhet4 xi4 #h4      ,,vii    ,!         
frankness & simplicity ) :i* ,socrates  
endeav\r$ to decl>e  8 own op9ions1 9   
deal+ ) ^? :o conv]s$ ) him1 7#a7 is1   
,i ?9k1 conclusively prov$ by ! above   
in/ances2 at ! same "t1  z ,i hope n[ to
 %[1 he 0 no less eag] to cultivate a _s
 (  indep5d5ce 9 o!rs1 :i* w\ld enable  
!m to /& alone 9 all  transactions suit$
 to _! p[]s4     7#a7 ,or1 :o frequ5t$ 8
 society1 is1 ,i hope1 cle> f :at has   
be5 said4    ,( all ! m5 ,i h ev] kn[n1 
he 0 mo/ anxi\s to asc]ta9 9  :at any ( 
^? ab\t him 0 really v]s$2 & )9 ! range 
(  8 own k he %[$ ! greate/ zeal 9 tea*+
 ev]y?+  :i* x befits ! true g5tleman   
7#b7 to "k2 or :]e he 0  defici5t 9 k   

himself1 7#c7 he w\ld introduce 8 fri5ds
 to  ^? :o knew4 7#d7 ,he did n fail to 
tea* !m also up to :at po9t  x 0 prop] =
 an educat$ man to acquire empiric k (  
any  p>ticul> matt]4 7#e7     7#b7 ,lit4
 a beautiful & good man4     7#c7 ,or1  
:]e he lack$ acqua9tance ) ! matt]      
himself4 ,see1      = an in/ance1 ,econ4
 iii4 #ad4     7#d7 ,to ^? :o _h !      
special k2 a connoisseur 9 !      matt]4
     7#e7 ,or1 ( any p>ticul> bran* (   
le>n+2 9 ea* dep>tm5t (      ?+s4    ,to
 take geometry z an in/ance3 ,e "o 7he  
w\ld say7 ought to be  taught geometry s
 f>1 at any rate1 z to be able1 if      
necess>y1 to  take ov] or "p ) a piece (
 l&1 or to divide x up or assign a      
portion ( x = cultivation1 7#f7 & 9 e   
case by geometric rule4  7#g7 ,t am\nt (
 geometry 0 s simple inde$1 & easy to   
le>n1  t x only ne$$ ord9>y application 
( ! m9d to ! me?od (  m5suration1 & !   
/ud5t c\ld at once asc]ta9 ! size ( !   
piece ( l&1 &1 ) ! satisfaction ( kn[+  
its measurem5t1  dep>t 9 peace4 ,b he 0 

unable to approve ( ! pursuit ( geometry
  up to ! po9t at :i* x became a /udy ( 
un9telligible diagrams4  7#h7 ,:at ! use
 ( ^! might be1 he fail$1 he said1 to   
see2 &  yet he 0 n unv]s$ 9 ^! recondite
 matt]s himself4 7#i7 ,^!  ?+s1 he w\ld 
say1 7 en\gh to we> out a man's life1 & 
to  h9d] him f _m o!r m useful /udies4  
7#aj7     7#f7 e ergon apodeixa/hai1 or 
& to expla9 ! process4 ,cf4      ,plat4 
,rep4 vii4 #ebh ,d4 ,see ,r4 ,kuhn] ad  
loc4 = o!r      int]pretations ( !      
phrase4 ,cf4 ,max4 ,tyr4 xxxvii4 #g4    
7#g7 ,or1 by correct measurem5t2 lit4 by
 measurem5t ( ! e>?4     7#h7 ,cf4      
,ari/ot4 ,pol4 v4 7viii47 #b2 ,cic4     
,acad4 ,po/4 ,i4 iv4 #ae4      ,= !     
attitude comp>e ! attitude ( a          
philosoph] 9 o!r      respects mo/      
unlike ,socrates--,augu/ ,comte1 e4g4 z 
to !      futility ( sid]eal a/ronomy1  
,pos4 ,pol4 i4 #dab 7,bridges74     7#i7
 ,cf4 ,isocr4 ,on ! ,antidosis1         
#beh-bfi1 z to ! true place (           
,eri/ic 9 education4 ,see above1 ,,iv4  

ii4 #aj4     7#aj7 ,cf4 ,a4 ,comte z to 
p]te intellectuelle 9 ! pursuit (       
b>r5 /udies4    ,aga91 a c]ta9 practical
 k ( a/ronomy1 a c]ta9 skill 9  ! /udy (
 ! />s1 he /rongly insi/$ on4 ,e "o %\ld
 "k  en\gh ( ! sci5ce to be able to     
discov] ! h\r ( ! night or  ! season ( !
 mon? or ye>1 = ! purposes ( travel by  
l& or  sea--! m>*1 ! voyage1 & !        
regulations ( ! wat*2 7#aa7 &  9 g5]al1 
) reg>d to all matt]s connect$ ) ! night
 season1  or ) ! mon?1 or ! ye>1 7#ab7 x
 0 well to h su* reliable  data to g ^u 
z w\ld s]ve to di/+ui% ! v>i\s times &  
seasons4 ,b ^!1 aga91 7 pieces ( k      
easily le>nt f  night sportsm51 7#ac7   
pilots ( vessels1 & _m o!rs :o make x   
_! bus9ess to "k su* ?+s4 ,z to pu%+ !  
/udy ( a/ronomy  s f> z to include a k (
 ! movem5ts ( bodies outside  our own   
orbit1 :e!r planets or />s ( ecc5tric   
movem5t1 7#ad7 or  we>+ oneself out     
endeav\r+ to discov] _! di/ances f  !   
e>?1 _! p]iods1 & _! causes1 7#ae7 all  
?is he /rongly  disc\nt5anc$2 = he saw  

7he said7 no advantage 9 ^! any m  ?an 9
 ! =m] /udies4 ,& yet he 0 n unv]s$     
7#af7 9 !  subtleties ( a/ronomy any m  
?an 9 ^? ( geometry2 only ^!1  aga91 he 
insi/$1 7 suffici5t to we> out a man's  
lifetime1 & to  keep him away f _m m    
useful pursuits4     7#aa7 ,s*neid4 cf4 
,plat4 ,rep4 vii4 #ebg ,d4     7#ab7    
,occurr5ces connect$ ) ! night1 ! mon?1 
or ye>4 e4g4      ! fe/ival ( ! ,k>neia1
 ! tekm]ion 7po9t de rep]e7 (      :i*  
is ! full moon ( ,augu/4 ,cf4 ,eur4     
,alc4 #ddi4     7#ac7 ,see ,plat4 ,soph4
 #bbj ,d2 above1 ,,iii4 xi4 #h2 ,cyrop4 
,i4 vi4 #dj2      ,hunt+1 xii4 #f2      
,hippocr4 ,a]4 #bh4     7#ad7 ,see      
,lewis1 ,a/ron4 ( ! ,anci5ts2 cf4 ,diog4
 ,la]t4 vii4 #a4      #add4     7#ae7   
,or1 ! causes ( ^!4     7#af7 oude t\ton
 ge anekoos en4 ,he _h he>d1 x is said1 
,ar*elaus1 a pupil ( ,anaxagoras4 ,cf4  
,cic4 ,tusc4 ,v4 iv4 #aj4    ,& to speak
 g5]ally1 9 reg>d ( ?+s cele/ial he set 
8 face  aga9/ attempts to excogitate !  
ma*9]y by :i* ! div9e p[]  =m$ its      

sev]al op]ations4 7#ag7 ,n only 7 ^!    
matt]s beyond  man's faculties to       
discov]1 z he believ$1 b ! attempt to   
se>*  out :at ! gods _h n *os5 to reveal
 c\ld h>dly 7he suppos$7  be well pleas+
 9 _! sight4 ,inde$1 ! man :o tortur$ 8 
bra9s  ab\t su* subjects /ood a fair    
*ance ( los+ 8 wits entirely1  j z      
,anaxagoras1 7#ah7 ! headie/ speculator 
( !m all1 9 8  attempt to expla9 ! div9e
 me*anism1 _h some:at lo/ 8 head4       
,anaxagoras took on himself to ass]t t  
sun & fire are id5tical1  7#ai7 ignor+ !
 fact t human be+s c easily look at     
fire1 b to  gaze /eadily into ! face ( !
 sun is giv5 to no man2 or t "u  !      
influ5ce ( 8 rays ! col\r ( ! sk9       
*anges1 b "u !  rays ( fire n4 7#bj7 ,he
 =got t no plant or vegetation spr+s  f 
e>?'s bosom ) heal?y gr[? )\t ! help (  
sunlight1  :il/ ! influ5ce ( fire is to 
p>* up ev]y?+1 & to de/roy  life2 & :5  
he came to speak ( ! sun z be+ a r$-hot 
/one he  ignor$ ano!r fact1 t a /one 9  
fire nei!r lights up nor la/s1  :]eas ! 

sun-god abides = ev] ) int5si/          
brilliancy undimm$4     7#ag7 ,or1 he   
tri$ to div]t "o f becom+ ov]ly-wise 9  
heav5ly      matt]s & ! 'mecanique      
cele/e' ( ! ,godhead 9 ,8 sev]al        
op]ations4 ,see above1 ,i4 i4 #aa4 ,see 
,grote1 ,plato1 i4 #dch4     7#ah7 ,(   
,clazom5ae4 ,cf4 ,plat4 ,apol4 #ad2     
,diog4 ,la]t4 ,,ii4 vi2 ,cic4           
,tusc4 ,v4 iv4 #aj2 ,cobet1 ,prosop4    
,x54 s4n42 ,grote1 ,h4 ,g4 i4      #eja4
     7#ai7 ,or1 t ! sun 0 simply a fire1
 =gett+ s simple a fact      z t4       
7#bj7 ,or1 ! complexion d>k5s1 :]eas    
fire has no su* effect4    ,socrates    
inculcat$ ! /udy ( reason+ processes1   
7#ba7 b 9 ^!1  equally ) ! re/1 he bade 
! /ud5t bew>e ( va9 & idle              
ov]-occupation4 ,up to ! limit set by   
utility1 he 0 ready to jo9  9 any       
inve/igation1 & to foll[ out an argum5t 
) ^? :o 7  ) him2 b !re he /opp$4 ,he   
p>ticul>ly urg$ ^? :o 7  ) him to pay ! 
utmo/ att5tion to heal?4 ,!y w\ld le>n  
all  x 0 possible to le>n f adepts1 & n 

only s1 b ea* "o  individually %\ld take
 pa9s to discov]1 by a lifelong         
obs]vation (  8 own case1 :at p>ticul>  
regim51 :at meat or dr9k1 or :at k9d  ( 
"w1 be/ suit$ him2 ^! he %\ld turn to   
acc\nt ) a view to  lead+ ! heal?ie/    
possible life4 ,x w\ld be no easy matt] 
=  any "o :o w\ld foll[ ?is advice1 &   
/udy 8 own idiosyncrasy1  to f9d a      
doctor to improve ei!r on ! diagnosis or
 ! treatm5t  requisite4 7#bb7     7#ba7 
logism\s  7#a7 ari?metic1 7#b7          
calculation1 7#c7      syllogi/ic       
reason+4 ,see ,l4 ,d9d4 ,index4 ,gr4    
s4v41 &      ,kuhn] ad loc42 cf4 ,plat4 
,gorg4 #dea ,c4 ,x is important to      
decide      :i* =m ( logism is meant "h4
     7#bb7 ,or1 to f9d a doctor bett]   
able ?an himself to 'diagnose' &        
prescribe a treatm5t cong5ial to heal?4 
,cf4 ,tac4 ,ann4 vi4      #df2 ,plut4 de
 ,san4 #acf ,e1 ap4 ,s*neid4 ad loc4    
,:]e any "o came seek+ = help :i* no    
human wisdom c\ld supply1  he w\ld      
c\nsel him to give he$ to div9ation4 ,he

 :o has ! secret  ( ! means :]eby ! gods
 give signs to m5 t\*+ _! affairs  c    
nev] surely f9d himself b]eft ( heav5ly 
guidance4      ,,viii    ,n[ if any "o  
%\ld be dispos$ to set ! /atem5t (      
,socrates  t\*+ ! div9ity 7#a7 :i* w>n$ 
him :at he ought to d or n  to d1 aga9/ 
! fact t he 0 s5t5c$ to dea? by ! bo>d (
  judges1 & argue t !reby ,socrates /ood
 convict$ ( ly+ &  delusion 9 respect ( 
?is div9ity ( 81 ,i w\ld h him to note  
9 ! fir/ place t1 at ! date ( 8 trial1  
,socrates 0 already  s f> advanc$ 9 ye>s
 t _h he n di$ !n 8 life w\ld h  rea*$  
its natural t]m soon aft]w>ds2 &        
secondly1 z matt]s w5t1  he escap$      
life's bitt]e/ load 7#b7 9 escap+ ^?    
ye>s :i*  br+ a dim9ution ( intellectual
 =ce to all--in/ead ( :i* he 0  call$ ^u
 to exhibit ! full robu/ness ( 8 s\l &  
acquire glory  9 addition1 7#c7 p>tly by
 ! /yle ( 8 def5ce--felicit\s alike 9   
its tru?fulness1 its fre$om1 & its      
rectitude 7#d7--;& p>tly by  ! mann] 9  
:i* he bore ! s5t5ce ( condemnation )   

inf9ite  g5tl5ess & manl9ess4 ,s9ce no  
"o )9 ! memory ( man1 x is  admitt$1 ev]
 b[$ 8 head to dea? m nobly4 ,aft] !    
s5t5ce he  mu/ ne$s live = ?irty days1  
s9ce x 0 ! mon? ( ! ,delia1  7#e7 & !   
law does n suff] any man to die by ! h& 
( ! public  execution] until ! sacr$    
embassy return f ,delos4 ,dur+ ! :ole  (
 t p]iod 7z 8 acqua9tances )\t exception
 c te/ify7  8 life proce$$ z usual4 ,!re
 0 no?+ to m>k ! diff]5ce  betwe5 n[ &  
=m]ly 9 ! ev5 t5\r ( its c\rage2 & x 0  
a life :i* at all times _h be5 a m>vel (
 *e]fulness & calm  cont5t4 7#f7        
7#a7 ,or1 ! words ( ,socrates ) reg>d to
 a div9e some?+ :i*      w>n$ him1 etc4 
7#b7 ,! phraseology is poetical4        
7#c7 ,or1 9 a mann] :i* r$\nd$ to 8     
glory4     7#d7 ,or1 m>vell\s alike = ! 
s9c]ity ( its language1 ! free          
unbrok5 _s ( its deliv]y1 & ! absolute  
rectitude ( !      speak]4     7#e7 i4e4
 ! less] ,delian solemnities1 an annual 
fe/ival      in/itut$1 x 0 said1 by     
,!seus4 ,see ,plut4 ,!seus1 #bc         

7,cl\gh1 i4 #ai72 & = ! :ole matt] see  
,plat4 ,pha$4 #eh      foll4     7#f7   
,cf4 ,ari/4 ,frogs1 #hb2 ( ,sophocles1 o
 d' eukolos m5 en?ad'1      eukolos d'  
ekei4     7,let u pause & ask h[ c\ld   
man die m nobly & m  beautifully ?an 9 !
 way describ$8 or put x ?us3 dy+ s1  !n 
0 8 dea? mo/ noble & mo/ beautiful2 &   
be+ ! mo/  beautiful1 !n 0 x also ! mo/ 
=tunate & heav5-ble/2 &  be+ mo/ bless$ 
( heav51 !n 0 x also mo/ preci\s 9 !    
sight ( ,god47 7#g7     7#g7 ,?is is    
bracket$ z spuri\s by ,sauppe & o!r     
comm5tators4      ,b see ,cyrop4 ,,viii4
 ii4 #g1 #h1 = simil> ineptitude ( /yle4
      ,r4 ,kuhn] def5ds ! passage z     
g5u9e4    ,& n[ ,i w m5tion fur!r c]ta9 
?+s :i* ,i h he>d f  ,h]mog5es1 ! son ( 
,hipponicus1 7#h7 conc]n+ him4 ,he said 
t ev5  aft] ,meletus 7#i7 _h drawn up ! 
indictm5t1 he himself us$ to he>        
,socrates conv]s+ & discuss+ ev]y?+ r   
?an ! suit  imp5d+1 & _h v5tur$ to      
sugge/ t he ought to be consid]+  ! l9e 
( 8 def5ce1 to :i*1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! 

ma/]  answ]$3 ,d ,i n seem to y to h be5
 practis+ t my :ole  life long8 ,& ^u 8 
ask+ ,h[8 add$ 9 explanation t he _h    
pass$ 8 days 9 no?+ else save 9 di/+ui%+
 betwe5 :at is  j & :at is unju/ 7"r &  
wrong71 & 9 do+ :at is "r  & ab/a9+ f   
:at is wrong2 :i* conduct 7he add$7 ,i  
hold  to be ! f9e/ possible practice =  
my def5ce2 & :5 he  7,h]mog5es71 return+
 to ! po9t aga91 plead$ ) ,socrates3 ,d 
y n see1 ,socrates1 h[ commonly x happ5s
 t an ,a!nian jury1  "u ! influ5ce (    
argum5t1 condemns innoc5t p to dea? &   
acquits real crim9als8--,socrates       
repli$1 ,i assure y1 ,h]mog5es1  t ea*  
"t ,i h essay$ to give my ?\ghts to !   
def5ce :i* ,i  am to make be=e ! c\rt1 !
 div9ity 7#aj7 has oppos$ me4 ,& :5  he 
7,h]mog5es7 exclaim$1 ,h[ /range6--,d y 
f9d x /range 7he  cont9u$71 t to !      
,godhead x %\ld appe> bett] = me to     
close  my life at once8 ,d y n "k t up  
to ! pres5t mom5t !re  is no man :om ,i 
c admit to h sp5t a bett] or happi] life
 ?an  m9e4 ,s9ce !irs ,i reg>d z ! be/ (

 lives :o /udy be/ to  become z good z  
may be1 & !irs ! happie/ :o h ! livelie/
  s5se ( gr[? 9 goodness2 & su*1 hi!rto1
 is ! happy =tune  :i* ,i p]ceive to h  
fall5 to my lot4 ,to su* conclusion ,i h
  come1 n only 9 accid5tal int]c\rse )  
o!rs1 b by a /rict  comp>ison drawn     
betwe5 myself & o!rs1 & 9 ?is fai? ,i   
cont9ue to ?is day2 & n ,i only1 b my   
fri5ds cont9ue 9 a l  p]suasion ) reg>d 
to me1 n = ! lame reason t !y are  my   
fri5ds & love me 7or else w\ld o!rs h   
be5 9 l case z  reg>ds _! fri5ds71 b    
because !y are p]suad$ t by be+  ) me !y
 w atta9 to _! full height ( goodness4  
,b1 if ,i am  de/9$ to prolong my days1 
maybe ,i %all be en=c$ to pay 9 full  ! 
p5alties ( old age--to see & he> less   
ke5ly1 to fail 9  intellectual =ce1 & to
 leave s*ool1 z x 71 m ( a dunce  ?an :5
 ,i came1 less le>n$ & m =getful--9 a   
^w1 ,i %all  fall f my high e/ate1 &    
daily gr[ worse 9 t :]e9 a=etime  ,i    
excell$4 ,b inde$1 7 x possible to rema9
 unconsci\s ( !  *ange1 ! life left w\ld

 sc>cely be wor? liv+2 b giv5 t  !re is 
a consci\sness ( ! *ange1 !n mu/ !      
exi/5ce left to  live be f\nd by        
comp>ison insipid1 joyless1 a dea? 9    
life1 devoid (  life's *>m4 ,b inde$1 if
 x is res]v$ = me to die unju/ly1 !n  on
 ^? :o unju/ly slay me lies ! %ame      
7s9ce1 giv5 inju/ice is  base1 h[ c any 
unju/ action :atsoev] fail ( bas5ess87  
7#aa7 ,b  = me :at disgrace is x t o!rs 
%\ld fail ( a j decision  & "r acts     
conc]n+ me8444 ,i see be=e me a long l9e
 (  pr$ecessors on ?is road1 & ,i m>k ! 
reputation also among  po/]ity :i* !y h 
left4 7#ab7 ,i note h[ x v>ies accord+ z
  !y did or suff]$ wrong1 & = myself ,i 
"k t ,i too1 al?\gh ,i  die to-day1 %all
 obta9 f mank9d a consid]ation f>       
diff]5t f  t :i* w be accord$ to ^? :o  
put me to dea?4 ,i "k t  undy+ witness w
 be borne me to ?is effect1 t ,i nev] at
 any  "t did wrong to any man1 or made  
him a worse man1 b ev] tri$ to  make ^? 
bett] :o 7 ) me4     7#h7 ,see above1   
,,ii4 x4 #c2 ,symp4 i4 #c2 iii4 #ad2 iv4

 #dg foll42 vi4 #b2      ,apol4 #b2     
,plat4 ,crat4 #chd4     7#i7 ,see above1
 ,i4 i4 #a4     7#aj7 to daimonion--!   
div9e 7voice74     7#aa7 ,?is passage   
also may1 p]haps1 be reg>d$ z spuri\s4  
7#ab7 ,or1 ,!re floats be=e my eyes a   
vision ( ! _m :o h      gone ?is same   
gate4 ,i note _! legacies ( fame among  
po/]ity4    ,su* are ! words :i* he     
spoke 9 conv]sation ) ,h]mog5es &  !    
re/4 ,b among/ ^? :o knew ,socrates &   
recognis$ :at mann]  ( man he 01 all :o 
make virtue & p]fection _! pursuit /ill 
to  ?is day cease n to lam5t 8 loss )   
bitt]e/ regret1 z = "o  :o help$ !m 9 ! 
pursuit ( virtue z none else c\ld4      
,to me1 p]sonally1 he 0 :at ,i h myself 
endeav\r$ to describe3 s  pi\s & dev\tly
 religi\s 7#ac7 t he w\ld take no /ep   
ap>t  f ! w ( heav52 s j & upright t he 
nev] did ev5 a  trifl+ injury to any    
liv+ s\l2 s self-controll$1 s temp]ate1 
t he nev] at any "t *ose ! sweet] 9     
place ( ! bett]2 s  s5sible1 & wise1 &  
prud5t t 9 di/+ui%+ ! bett] f  ! worse  

he nev] err$2 nor _h he ne$ ( any help]1
 b = !  k ( ^! matt]s1 8 judgm5t 0 at   
once infallible &  self-suffic+4        
,capable ( reasonably sett+ =? & def9+  
moral  que/ions1 7#ad7 he 0 also able to
 te/ o!rs1 & :]e !y err$1  to           
cross-exam9e & convict !m1 & s to impel 
& guide !m 9 !  pa? ( virtue & noble    
manhood4 ,) ^! *>act]i/ics1 he seem$  to
 be ! v imp]sonation ( human p]fection &
 happ9ess4 7#ae7     7#ac7 ,or1 ( su*   
piety & religi\s devot$ness444 ( su*    
rectitude444 ( su* sobreity &           
self-control444 ( su*      s\nd s5se &  
wisdom444     7#ad7 ,or1 gift$ ) an     
ability logically to set =? & to def9e  
moral subtleties4     7#ae7 ,or1 ,i look
 ^u him z at once ! be/ & happie/ ( m54 
,su* is our e/imate4 ,if ! v]dict fail  
to satisfy ,i w\ld ask ^?  :o disagree )
 x to place ! "* ( any o!r side by side 
) ?is del9eation1 & !n pass s5t5ce4