,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #ead ,,new ,,york1 ,,novemb] #g1 #ahhe ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xx41 ,no4 #ead4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,*emi/ry4--,*lorides 9 ! ,ra9fall ( #ahhd4 ,app>atus = ,evaporat+ ,organic ,liquids4--,) description & #c figures4 ,,ii4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,& ,,me*anics4--,relative ,co/s ( ,fluid & ,solid ,fuels4 ,! ,manufacture ( ,/eel ,ca/+s4 ,sci5ce 9 ,dim9i%+ ,casualties at ,sea4--,extract ( a pap] read be=e ! ,briti% ,association by ,,don ,,arturo ,,de ,,m>co>t]4 ,improv$ ,level+ ,ma*9e4 #i figures4 ,! ,span ( ,cab9 ,john ,bridge4 ,improvem5ts 9 ,metal ,:eels4 #c figures4 ,app>atus = ! ,production ( ,wat] ,gas4 #c figures4 ,,iii4 ,,te*nology4--,! ,blue ,pr9t ,process4--,r4,w4 ,,jones4 ,reproductions ( ,draw+s 9 ,blue ,l9es on ,:ite ,gr\nd4--,by ,a4,h4 ,,haig4 ,a ,plan = a ,c>boniz+ ,h\se4--,) full description & #e figures4 ,! ,s*ol>'s ,compasses4 ,! ,integraph4--,) full description & engrav+4 ,app>atus = ! ,manufacture ( ,gase\s ,bev]ages4 #b engrav+s4 ,s&mann's ,v9eg> ,app>atus4 #a figure4 ,field ,kit*5s4 #h figures4 ,a ,new ,cop ,w9d+ ,ma*9e4 #c figures4 ,! ,pres]vation ( ,timb]4--,report ( ! ,committee ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,eng9e]s4--,! ,b\*]ie process4--,exp]im5ts4--,decay ( timb]4 ,,iv4 ,,physics1 ,,electricity1 ,,light1 ,,etc4--,app>atus = ,measur+ ! ,=ce ( ,explosives4--,) engrav+4 ,light+ & ,v5tilat+ by ,gas4--,advantages ( gas ov] electricity1 etc4--,by ,,wm4 ,,sugg4 #b figures4 ,&]'s ,telephone4 #a figure4 ,br[n's ,electric ,spe$ ,regulator4 #a figure4 ,magneto-electric ,cross+ ,signal4 #b figures4 ,! ,*romatoscope4--,an aid to microscopy4 ,v4 ,,art ,,& ,,ar*itecture4--,! ,b>b>a ,uttmann ,/atue at ,annab]g1 ,saxony4 ,improvem5ts 9 ,concrete ,con/ruction4--,use ( ,portl& cem5t4--,sy/em ( build+ 9 concrete inv5t$ by ,messrs4 ,f4 ,j4,p4 ,we/1 ,london4 ,albany ,build+s4 ,s\?port4--,an engrav+4 ,,vi4 ,,physiology1 ,,hygi5e1 ,,etc4--,! ,sizes ( ,blood ,corpuscles 9 ,mammals & ,birds4--,a table4 ,! ,absorption ( ,petroleum ,o9tm5t & ,l>d by ! ,sk94 ,,vii4 ,,miscellane\s4--,! ,miss+ ,g]man ,corvette ,augu/a4--,) engrav+4 ,! ,tails ( ,comets4--,! effect by a di/urbance ( sol> waves1 & n by special matt]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,roman ,,rema9s ,,at ,,leice/]1 ,,engl&4 ,! ,roman tessellat$ pavem5t 9 ,jewry ,wall ,/reet1 ,leice/]1 discov]$ 9 ! ye> #ahcb1 is well kn[n to ar*aeologi/s2 x has also be5 kn[n z difficult ( access1 & h>dly to be se5 9 a d>k cell>1 &1 9 fact1 x has n be5 se5 or visit$1 except by v few p]sons4 ,"s "t ago ! ,t[n ,c\ncil resolv$ to pur*ase ! h\se & premises1 ) ! object ( pres]v+ ! pavem5t 9 situ1 & ( giv+ additional light & bett] access to x1 &1 ?is pur*ase hav+ be5 complet$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t ye>1 ! "w ( improvem5t began4 ,x 0 n[ se5 t ! pavem5t 0 cont9u\s "u ! premises ( ! adjo9+ h\se1 & "u ! public /reet1 & arrangem5ts 7 at once made to uncov] & annex ^! adjo9+ p>ts1 s z to p]mit ! :ole to be se5 at "o view4 ,! pavem5t ?us uncov]$ =ms a floor :i*1 if complete1 w\ld measure #bc feet squ>e2 x lacks a "p on ! we/ side1 & also ! entire s\? bord] is miss+4 ,x is a m>vel ( con/ructive skill1 ( v>iety & beauty 9 =m & color1 & n ! lea/ "p ( ! m>vel arises f ! almo/ begg>ly elem5ts out ( :i* ! design] has produc$ 8 truly h>moni\s effects4 ,no squ>$1 artificially color$1 or glaz$ tess]1 su* z we see 9 a mod]n floor1 are us$1 b little pieces1 irregul>ly b purposely =m$ ( brick & /one4 ,!re are ?ree %ades ( brick--a bright r$1 a dull or ,indian r$1 & a %ade betwe5 ! two2 slate f a neighbor+ qu>ry gives a d>k blui% gray2 an oolite supplies ! w>m] buff2 & a f9e :ite composition resembl+ lime/one is us$ = ! c5t] po9ts & bord]s4 ,9 addition1 ! outside bord] is =m$ ) tess] ( r l>g] size ( a sage gre5 lime/one4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! design is =m$ by n9e octagon figures1 ?ree by ?ree1 surr\nd$ & divid$ by a guillo*e cable b&2 ! int]spaces ( ! octagons are fill$ by f\r small] squ>e patt]ns1 & ! out] octagon spaces by #ab triangles4 ,outside ^! is a bord] =m$ by a cable b&1 by a second b& ( alt]nate he>t-%ap$1 pe>-%ap$1 & bell-%ap$ fl[]s1 & by alt]nate :ite & gray b&s2 & outside all is ! lime/one bord] already describ$4 ,?is bord] is con/ruct$ ) tess] ab\t five-eigh?s ( an in* squ>e4 ,! rema9+ tess] v>y f "o half to "o-qu>t] in* ( irregul> rhomboidal =m4 ,! con/ruction ( ! pavem5t is rem>kable4 ,!re is a f\ndation ( /rong concrete bel[2 ov] x is a b$ ( p\nd$ brick & lime ?ree to f\r in*es ?ick1 & ^u ?is a lay] ( f9e :ite cem5t1 9 :i* ! tess] are laid ) _! r\ghe/ side d[nw>d4 ,liquid cem5t appe>s to h be5 p\r$ ov] ! floor1 fill+ up ! int]/ices1 aft] :i* ! surface w\ld be rubb$ d[n & poli%$4 ,z to ! probable date & occupation ( ! floor1 x may be obs]v$ t ! site ( ?is pavem5t 0 ne> ! c5t] ( ! we/]n ,roman t[n4 ,x is ne> ! ,jewry ,wall1 t is1 ne> ! milit>y /ation & =tress4 ,x 0 obvi\sly ! pr9cipal h\se 9 ! place1 & z cle>ly1 !re=e1 ! resid5ce ( ! ,prfectus1 ! local repres5tative ( ! imp]ial p[] ( ,rome4 ,! ,roman occupation ( ! di/rict began ) ! proprtor%ip ( ,o/orius ,scapula1 ,a4,d4 #ej4 ,he 0 succe$$ 9 #ei by ,suetonius ,paul9us1 :o pass$ ?r\gh ,leice/] f ! ,isle ( ,anglesea :5 ! insurrection "u ,boadicea broke out4 ,9 ! s]vice ( ,suetonius 0 ,julius ,agricola1 :o 0 elect$ consul & gov]nor ( ,brita9 ab\t ! ye> #gj4 ,he is commonly describ$ z a wise & good gov]nor1 :o introduc$ ! arts ( civiliz$ life1 taught ! natives to build1 & enc\rag$ education4 ,he left ,brita9 ab\t ! ye> #he1 & f t "t to ! decl9e ( ! ,roman p[] is b ab\t #cjj ye>s4 ,we %all n be f> f ! tru?1 !re=e1 if we assign ?is "w to ! "t or ev5 to ! p]sonal influ5ce ( ,agricola1 #a1hjj ye>s ago4--,london ,times4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"s "t ago we publi%$ ! fact t ! ,empress ( ,g]many _h (f]$ a prize ( #a1jjj & ! decoration ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,r$ ,cross to ! successful inv5tor ( ! be/ portable field hospital4 ,wm4 ,m4 ,duck]1 ( ,no4 #db ,fulton ,/41 ,brooklyn1 s5t 9 a design = competition4 ,a few days ago ,mr4 ,duck] receiv$ notice t 8 inv5tion _h won ! prize4 ,ano!r in/ance ( ! recognition ( ,am]ican g5ius abroad4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,b>b>a ,,uttmann ,,/atue ,,at ,,annab]g1 ,,saxony4 ,! "q :e!r ,b>b>a ,uttmann1 ( ,annab]g1 ,saxony1 0 ! inv5tor ( ! art ( mak+ h& cu%ion lace1 or only introduc$ x into ,annab]g1 9 ! ,saxon m\nta9s1 has n yet be5 solv$1 not)/&+ ! fact t ! mo/ rigid exam9ations h be5 made4 ,x is ! g5]al belief1 h[ev]1 t %e only introduc$ ! art1 hav+ le>n$ x f a =eign] 9 ! ye> #aefa4 ,! p]son f :om %e acquir$ ?is k is said to h be5 a ,prote/ant fugitive f ,brabant1 :o 0 driv5 f h] native l& by ! con/ables ( ! ,inquisition1 & :o f\nd a home 9 ! ,uttmann family4 ,h[ev]1 ! probability is t :at ! fugitive %[$ ,b>b>a ,uttmann 0 ! /it*$1 or embroid]$1 laces--po9ts1 s call$--:i* are /ill manufactur$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s at ! pres5t "t4 ,x is v probable t ! specim5s %[n induc$ ,b>b>a ,uttmann to inv5t ! art ( mak+ lace by means ( a h& cu%ion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,b>b>a ,,uttmann1 ,,inv5tor ,,( ,,h& ,,cu%ion ,,lace4 ,v little is kn[n ( ! family ( ,b>b>a ,uttmann1 :i* 0 orig9ally f ,nurnb]g2 b memb]s ( ! same migrat$ to ! ,saxon m\nta9s4 ,b>b>a's husb&1 ,*ri/( ,uttmann1 0 ! own] ( ext5sive m9es at ,annab]g1 & 0 v weal?y4 ,%e di$ at ,annab]g1 ,jan4 #ad1 #aehd4 ,! art ( mak+ h& cu%ion lace 0 soon acquir$ by mo/ ( ! resid5ts 9 ! ,saxon m\nta9s1 :i* is a poor c\ntry1 z ! occupation ( mo/ ( ! inhabitants 0 m9+1 & x frequ5tly happ5$ t ! wages 7 s l[1 & ! means ( su/a9+ life s exp5sive1 t "s o!r res\rce _h to be f\nd to make life m be>able4 ,b>b>a ,uttmann's inv5tion 0 ?us a bless+ to ! c\ntry1 & h] "n is held 9 high e/eem4 ,a monum5tal f\nta9 is to be erect$ at ,annab]g1 & is to be surm\nt$ by a /atue ( ! c\ntry's b5efactress1 ,b>b>a ,uttmann4 ,! /atue1 model$ by ,rob]t ,h5ze1 is to be ca/ 9 bronze4 ,x repres5ts ,b>b>a ,uttmann 9 ! co/ume worn at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation4 ,%e po9ts to a piece ( lace1 :i* %e has j complet$1 ly+ on ! cu%ion1 ! %uttles be+ visible4 ,"s po9t1 ,val5ci5nes1 & ,guipure laces are made on a cu%ion by h&1 ) bobb9s on :i* ! ?read is w\nd1 ! p9s = giv+ ! desir$ patt]n to ! lace be+ /uck into ! cu%ion4 ,a y>d ( h& cu%ion lace has be5 sold 9 ,engl& = z mu* z #be1jjj4 ,! annex$ cut1 repres5t+ ! ,b>b>a ,uttmann /atue1 0 tak5 f ! ,illu/rirte ,zeitung4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,bo/on pap] tells ( a man :o built two h\ses side by side1 "o = himself & "o to sell4 ,9 ! h\se sold he _h plac$ a furnace aga9/ ! p>ty wall ( ! cell>1 & f its hot air *amb] he _h con/ruct$ flues to heat 8 own domicile4 ,! own] ( ! o!r h\se f\nd x v h>d to keep 8 own h\se w>m1 & 0 a/\nd$ at ! am\nt ( coal x took to r5d] 8 family com=table1 :ile ! o!r fell[ kept himself w>m at 8 neighbor's exp5se ne>ly a :ole w9t] be=e ! trick 0 discov]$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improvem5ts ,,9 ,,concrete ,,con/ruction4 ,portl& cem5t concrete if made ) a non-por\s aggregate is imp]vi\s to moi/ure1 & yet at ! same "t1 if n hydraulically compress$1 w take up a suffici5t quantity ( moi/ure f ! air to prev5t cond5sation ^u ! surface ( ! walls4 ,x n only resi/s ! dis9tegrat+ influ5ces ( ! atmosph]e1 b becomes ev5 h>d] ) ! lapse ( "t4 ,x may also be made 9 sev]al diff]5t colors1 & c be f9i%$ (f to ne>ly a poli%$ surface or c be left q r\gh4 ,walls built ( ?is mat]ial may be made s h>d t a nail _c be driv5 into !m1 or !y c be made suffici5tly s(t to become a fix+ = jo9]y1 &1 if a non-por\s aggregate be us$1 no damp c\rse is requir$4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 if l& be b\ght ^u :i* !re is suffici5t gravel1 or ev5 clay t c be burnt1 ! greate/ portion ( ! build+ mat]ial may be obta9$ 9 excavat+ = ! cell>2 & 9 seaside localities1 if ! 7salt7 %+le f ! bea* be us$1 s\nd & dry walls w be obta9$4 ,! use ( concrete z a mat]ial = build+ w be f\nd to meet all ! defects set =? by practical p1 z x may be made fire-pro(1 v]m9-pro(1 & nail-pro(1 & 9 dwell+s = ! poor w !re=e resi/ ! de/ructive ef=ts ( ! "y b>b>ian4 ,no?+1 !re=e1 c be bett] z a build+ mat]ial4 ,! sy/em ord9>ily employ$ to erect /ructures 9 concrete consi/s ( fir/ =m+ cas+s ( wood1 betwe5 :i* ! liquid concrete is deposit$1 & all[$ to become h>d1 or to set4 ,! cas+s are !n remov$1 ! cavities & o!r imp]fections are fill$ 91 & ! wall receives a ?9 fac+ ( a f9] concrete4 ,if m\ld+s or o!r ornam5t be requir$1 !y are appli$ to ?is face by ! ord9>y pla/]]'s me?ods4 ,?is sy/em f9ds favor 9 eng9e]+ con/ruction1 & also 9 v simple =ms ( ar*itectural "w1 b ) v complicat$ "w ! wa/e 9 cas+s is v great4 ,besides ?is1 h[ev]1 ! face is f\nd sometimes to bur/ (f1 especially if x has be5 appli$ "s "t aft] ! concrete =m+ ! body ( ! wall has set1 & ! me?od ( apply+ ornam5t is n economical4 ,illu/ration3 #a4-ah4 ,a sy/em ( build+ 9 concrete has rec5tly be5 inv5t$ by ,messrs4 ,f4 ,j4,p4 ,we/1 ( ,london1 illu/rations ( :i* we n[ pres5t4 ,to ?is sy/em ,messrs4 ,we/ h giv5 ! "n ( ,concrete ,ex/ruction1 f ! ,lat9 ex/ructio1 :i* !y consid] to be a m appropriate ^w ?an con/ructio1 z appli$ to concrete build+ 9 g5]al4 ,9 ,messrs4 ,we/'s sy/em ( build+ 9 concrete1 in/ead ( employ+ wood cas+s1 betwe5 :i* to deposit ! concrete or beton1 & remov+ !m :5 ! beton has become h>d1 cas+s ( concrete itself are employ$4 ,^! cas+s are n remov$ :5 ! beton has set1 b !y become a "p ( ! wall & =m a face to ! "w4 ,9 ord] to =m ! cas+s1 ! concrete is m\ld$ 9 ! =m ( slabs4 ,figs4 #a to #ah ( our engrav+s %[ v>i\s =ms ( ! slab1 :i* may be manufactur$ ) a surface ( any dim5sions & ( rectangul> 7,fig4 #a71 triangul>1 hexagonal 7,figs4 #b1 #ad1 & #ae71 & inde$ ( any o!r =m t w make a complete surface1 :ile = ?ickness x may be suit$ to ! "w to :i* x is to be appli$1 t us$ = heavy eng9e]+ "w diff]+ f t employ$ 9 h\se con/ruction4 ,x is f\nd t ! mo/ conv5i5t height = ! rectangul> slab 7,fig4 #a7 is #ab in*es & ! bread? #ah in*es1 z ! p>ts ( a /ructure built ) slabs ( ^! dim5sions m (t5 correspond ) ar*itectural measurem5ts4 ,! hexagonal slab 7,fig4 #b7 is made to measure #ab in*es betwe5 its p>allel sides4 ,:]e comb9ations ( ^! slabs w n co9cide ) giv5 dim5sions1 portions ( slabs are m\ld$ to supply ! defici5cy4 ,! m\lds 9 :i* ! slabs are made are simple frames ) l9+s hav+ a ?9 face ( ,india-rubb] or o!r suitable mat]ial1 by ! use ( :i* slabs ) _! edges z %[n1 & also ( ! greate/ accuracy1 c be manufactur$4 ,t portion ( ! back ( ! slab :i* is und]cut is =m$ by means ( s(t ,india-rubb] cores4 ,! m\lds = mak+ portions ( ! slabs h a contrivance by :i* _! l5g? may be adju/$ to suit giv5 dim5sions4 ,dur+ ! process ( ca/+ ! slabs1 & :ile !y are 9 a pla/ic /ate1 m\ld+s 7if requir$7 or o!r ornam5ts1 hav+ a suitable key1 are ins]t$ 9 ! pla/ic surface1 :i* is f9i%$ (f to !m 7,figs4 #g1 #h1 & #aj74 ,! slabs may also be ca/ ) ornam5ts1 etc41 complete at "o op]ation 7,fig4 #aa71 b x is m economical to h sep>ate m\lds = ! m\ld+s & o!r ornam5ts1 & sep>ate m\lds = ! slabs1 & to apply ! m\ld+s1 etc41 dur+ ! process ( ca/+ ! slab4 ,corbels 7,fig4 #i71 sets (f 7:i* w\ld be some:at simil> to ! pl9? c\rse slab ,no4 #aj71 & o!r con/ructive features may also be appli$ 9 a simil> way1 or may be provid$ = dur+ ! ca/+ ( ! slab4 ,a ?9 fac+ ( m>ble or o!r ornam5tal solid or ev5 pla/ic mat]ial may be appli$ to ! face ( ! slabs dur+ ! process ( ca/+1 ?us enabl+ ! "w to be f9i%$ z x is c>ri$ up1 or a key may be =m$ on ! face ( ! slab to enable ! /ructure to be pla/]$ aft]w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,,fig #bj4 ,9 ,fig4 #bj1 ! /ructure f ! bottom ( ! tr5*es is %[n ) ! sides ( ! tr5*es remov$4 ,x w be se5 t ! foot+s are con/ruct$ 9 ! mo/ economical mann] by n be+ /epp$4 ,z no damp-c\rse is requir$ 9 concrete "w1 :5 ! aggregate is ( a non-por\s mat]ial1 "o is n %[n4 ,^u ! top ( ! foot+s is g5]ally laid a horizontal slab1 call$ ! wall-base slab1 ! special feature ( :i* is t x enables ! ?ickness ( ! wall to be gaug$ accurately1 & also provides a fix+ = ! fir/ c\rse ( slabs4 ,figs4 #d & #e %[ su* slabs = int]nal & ext]nal angles1 & ,fig4 #f %[s "o = /raight "w4 ,! use ( a wall-base slab is n ess5tial1 al?\gh x is ! m accurate me?od ( build+1 = 9 cases :]e x is desirable to economize labor1 or f o!r causes1 ! slabs =m+ ! fir/ c\rse may be made ) a ?ick] base1 & may be fix$ by a deposition ( concrete1 :i* is all[$ to set beh9d !m4 ,! second c\rse ( slabs is laid ^u ! fir/ c\rse ) break+ jo9ts ( half-slab bond1 ea* c\rse be+ key$ to ! o!r by means ( a quick-sett+ cem5t+ mat]ial p\r$ into ! key-holes provid$ 9 ! edges ( ! slab = t purpose1 a bitum9\s cem5t be+ pref]r$4 ,! key-holes are made 9 sev]al ways1 ^? %[n 9 ! illu/rations be+ ( a dovetail %ape2 circul>1 squ>e1 or inde$ holes ( any o!r %ape =m$ 9 ! edges ( ! slab & 9 an oblique direction are also employ$4 ,special slabs = cants1 or squ9t-quo9s 7,figs4 #ag & #ah7 & angles 7,figs4 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 & #af7 are manufactur$1 ! angle occurr+ 7if we omit ! hexagonals & take ! #ah in* slab7 at ?ree-qu>t]s ! l5g? ( ea* slab4 ,?is gives a half-slab bond to ea* c\rse1 z on "o face ( ! quo9 9 "o c\rse w appe> a qu>t] slab & 9 ! c\rse above a ?ree-qu>t] slab sup]impos$ ^u x1 or vice v]sa4 ,?us are ! walls 9 ,figs4 #ai & #bj built up4 ,= op5+s1 ! jambs & l9tels 7& 9 w9d[-op5+s ! sill7 are made solid ) a provision = a key-hole to ! mass ( concrete fill+ beh9d !m4 ,t portion ( ! jambs aga9/ :i* ! slabs butt has a groove co9cid+ ) a simil> "o 9 ! edge ( ! slab1 = ! purpose ( =m+ a joggle jo9t by squeez+ ! b$d+ mat]ial into !m or by joggl+ !m 9 ) a cem5t gr\t4 ,all ! slabs are joggl$ toge!r 9 a simil> way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4-;,,fig #be4 ,! pla/ic concrete fill+ or beton :i* ! %ells are made to conta9 may be deposit$ betwe5 ! slabs :5 any numb] ( c\rses 7accord+ to conv5i5ce7 h be5 built up1 & :5 set practically =ms ) ! solid "w introduc$ a monoli?1 to :i* ! face slabs are securely key$4 ,) ov]-clay$ ,portl& cem5ts1 :i* are kn[n to contract 9 sett+1 & ) ^? ov]-lim$ cem5ts :i* exp& 7bo? ( :i* are n true ,portl& cem5ts71 ! fill+ 9 is done 9 equal sections1 ) a v]tical space equal to ea* section left betwe5 !m until ! fir/ sections h become ?or\ghly h>d1 & ^! are !n fill$ 9 at a second op]ation4 ,9 ord] to provide = flues1 air-passages1 & ways = electric in/allations1 & = gas & wat]1 pipes 7made ( an insulat+ mat]ial if requir$7 or cores ( ! requir$ %ape are ins]t$ 9 ! pla/ic beton1 & :]e necess>y suitable op5+s are provid$ on ! face ( ! "w4 ,provision is also made = fix+ jo9]y by ins]t+1 :]e requir$1 slabs made or p>tly made ( a mat]ial into :i* nails may be driv51 su* z concrete made ) an aggregate ( burnt clay1 coke1 & su* l4 ,holl[ l9tels are also made ( ! slabs key$ toge!r at _! v]tical jo9ts1 & :5 9 position ^! are fill$ 9 ) beton4 ,?is sy/em1 h[ev]1 is only recomm5d$ = fire-place op5+s in/ead ( ar*es4 ,9 ,fig4 #be1 circul> con/ruction is exhibit$ z appli$ to ! apsidal end ( a *ur*1 slabs simil> to ^? %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba be+ employ$ = t purpose1 :ile ,figs4 #bb1 #bc1 & #bd %[ =ms ( slabs suitable = con/ruct+ cyl9d]s ) horizontal axes & domes4 ,9 ,fig4 #ai1 :i* is ! upp] "p ( ,fig4 #bj1 is %[n a sy/em ( con/ruct+ floors ( ^! slabs4 ,x is only necess>y to expla9 t ! slabs are fir/ key$ to ! l[] flange ( ! iron joi/ by means ( a cem5t 7bitum9\s pref]r$71 & ! comb9ation is !n fix$ 9 position1 ! edges ( ! slabs adh]+ to1 or r support$ by1 ! iron joi/ be+ rebat$ s z to receive & support int]v5+ slabs1 ! head+ jo9ts ( :i* are laid to break ) ^? ( ! slabs support$ by ! joi/s4 ,= d\ble floors ! iron joi/s are made ) a d\ble flange on _! l[] edge1 & are fitt$ to iron gird]s1 :i* cross 9 ! opposite direction4 ,?is provision secures ! cov]+ ( ! cross gird]s on _! und]sides by ! ceil+ slabs4 ,! concrete hav+ be5 deposit$ ^u ! slabs1 its upp] surface may be f9i%$ (f 9 any ( ! usual ways1 :ile ! ceil+ may be treat$ 9 any ( ! ways describ$ = ! walls4 ,?is sy/em does n exclude ! ord9>y me?ods ( con/ruct+ floors & ro(s1 al?\gh x supplies a firepro( sy/em4 ,:]e requir$1 bricks1 /one1 &1 9 fact1 any o!r build+ mat]ial1 may be us$ 9 conjunction ) ! slabs4 ,! sy/em ( build+ con/ruction is int5d$1 z 9 ! case ) all concrete1 to sup]s$e brickwork & masonry 9 ! v>i\s uses to :i* !y h be5 appli$1 &1 at ! same "t1 to (f] a m p]fect sy/em ( build+ 9 concrete4 ,hi!rto slab concrete "w has nev] be5 erect$ 9 a p]fectly f9i%$ /ate 7i4e41 ) m\ld+s1 etc41 complete71 b has ei!r be5 left 9 a r\gh /ate or )\t ornam5t1 or else has be5 con/ruct$ s z nev] to be capable ( receiv+ good ornam5tal treatm5t4 ,hi!rto ! great difficulty 9 con/ruct+ concrete walls ( concrete & o!r slabs has be5 to prev5t ! slabs f be+ =c$ outw>d or f toppl+ ov] by ! pressure ( ! pla/ic fill+-9 mat]ial f ! "t ( its deposition betwe5 ! slabs until x has become h>d en\gh to =m1 ) ! slabs1 a solid wall4 ,besides ! sy/em ( =m+ ! slabs ( ,l 7v]tical or horizontal7 section1 or ) a k9d ( int]nal buttress & %or+ !m up f ! outside1 or ( support+ ! slabs ^u fram+ fix$ aga9/ ! faces ( ! wall1 sev]al devices h be5 us$ to obviate ?is difficulty4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 tempor>y ties1 or gauges1 connect+ ! slabs =m+ ! two faces ( ! wall1 h be5 us$1 & z soon z ! pla/ic fill+-9 mat]ial has set or become h>d 7b n be=e71 ^! h be5 remov$4 ,secondly1 p]man5t ties or cramps h be5 us$1 &1 z _! "n implies1 h be5 all[$ to rema9 9 ! wall & to be entirely buri$ 9 ! pla/ic fill+-9 mat]ial4 ,^! p]man5t transv]se ties or cramps h be5 ( two k9ds3 ^? :i* 7 affix$ z soon z ! slabs 7 plac$ 9 position1 & ^? :i* 7 made to =m "p ( ! manufactur$ slab1 z1 = in/ance1 slabs ( ,z or ,h horizontal section4 ,?irdly1 a small lay] ( ! pla/ic fill+-9 mat]ial itself has be5 made to act z a transv]se tie by deposit+ x1 :5 pla/ic1 betwe5 ! slabs =m+ ! two p>allel faces ( ea* c\rse1 all[+ x 7be=e fill+ 9 ! rema9+ "p7 to set & to ?us connect toge!r ! slabs =m+ ea* face ( ! wall1 a suitable hold on ! slabs1 9 "s cases1 be+ giv5 to ! tie by a portion ( ! slab be+ und]cut 9 "s way1 z by be+ dovetail$1 etc4 ,z ! slabs 9 ?is latt] sy/em g5]ally h wide bases1 !y may also be b$d$ or jo9t$ 9 cem5t1 &1 provid$ tempor>y ties be plac$ across _! upp] edges to connect ! slabs =m+ ea* face ( ! wall toge!r1 ! space betwe5 ! faces ( ! wall may !n be fill$ 9 ) ! pla/ic concrete4 ,all ^! devices1 h[ev]1 are n ( p]man5t utility2 !y are only tempor>ily requir$ 7i4e41 up to ! "t t ! beton has become h>d & =m$ a p]man5t trav]se tie betwe5 ! two faces ( ! wall71 = x is manife/ t ! ultimate object ( all slab concrete con/ruction is3 7a7 ,to reta9 & to m\ld ! pla/ic concrete us$ 9 =m+ ! wall2 7b7 to key or fix ! slabs to ! mass :i* !y !mselves h m\ld$2 & 7c7 to =m a fac+ to ! wall4 ,:5 ^! objects %all h be5 accompli%$1 !re is no fur!r ne$ ( any tie :atev] beyond t :i* naturally obta9s 9 a concrete wall4 ,9 ,we/'s sy/em1 h[ev]1 :]e ! slabs are key$ c\rse to c\rse1 any k9d ( transv]se tie to be us$ dur+ ! process ( con/ruction1 except t us$ 9 ! />t+ c\rse1 is entirely disp5s$ )1 & ! c\rses ( slabs above dep5d solely ^u ! c\rses ( slabs bel[ !m = _! /ability & rigidity up to ! "t t ! pla/ic fill+-9 has be5 deposit$ & become h>d betwe5 bo? faces ( ! wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,concrete ,,con/ruction ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a m decid$ diff]5ce betwe5 ,we/'s sy/em & ^? previ\sly 9 use1 = x is m>k$ by ! fact t ! slabs compos+ ! %ell ( ! :ole /ructure 9 _m cases may be built up be=e ! fill+-9 is deposit$ betwe5 ! slabs1 & 9 none ( ! o!r cases c ?is be done4 ,9 fact1 only 9 ! fir/ two cases be=e m5tion$ c m ?an "o c\rse ( slabs be laid be=e fill+-9 ( "s k9d mu/ be done4 ,comp>$ ) ! ord9>y me?od ( build+ 9 concrete1 ?is sy/em avoids3 #a4 ,! *>ge = use & wa/e ( wood cas+s2 #b4 f9i%+ ! face ( ! "w 7bo? inside & outside7 aft] ! /ructure is rais$1 &1 !re=e1 ! bur/+-(f ( ! f9i%$ face2 & #c4 ! difficulties enc\nt]$ 9 work+ m\ld+s & o!r ornam5ts on ! face ( ! "w by ! ord9>y pla/]]'s me?ods4 ,x also provides a face ( any ( ! usual colors t may be obta9$ 9 concrete1 besides a fac+ ( any o!r mat]ial1 su* z m>ble1 etc41 & produces bett] & m durable "w1 at ! same "t %[+ a sav+ 9 co/1 especially 9 ! bett] classes ( "w2 all ( :i* is effect$ ) less plant ?an ord9>ily requir$4 ,= eng9e]+ "w1 su* z sea walls1 ! hexagonal slabs1 made ( great] ?ickness ?an ^? employ$ = ord9>y wall+1 w answ] admirably1 especially if ! grooves be made proportionately l>g]4 ,by ! use ( ^! slabs ! "w may be built up ) great rapidity4 ,= small dome/ic "w1 su* z ! dwell+s ( artisans1 ^! slabs2 :i* are ( su* a =m z to r5d] !m easy ( transport1 may be suppli$ to ! workm5 !mselves 9 ord] t !y may erect _! own dwell+s1 z1 on acc\nt ( ! simplicity ( ?is sy/em & ! abs5ce ( ne$ ( plant1 any intellig5t me*anic c d ! "w4 ,any arrangem5t ( indep5d5t scaffold+ may be employ$ = ?is sy/em1 b t inv5t$ specially = ! purpose by ,mr4 ,frank ,we/1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf ( our engrav+s1 is to be pref]r$4 ,x n only supplies ! necess>y scaffold1 b also ! necess>y arrangem5ts = hoi/+ ! slabs1 z well z = rais+ ! liquid concrete & deposit+ x beh9d ! slabs4 ,x is really an indep5d5t scaffold1 & may be us$ :]ev] a light tramway ( contractor's rails c be laid1 :i* 9 cr[d$ ?or\ghf>es w\ld ( necessity be ^u a /ag+ erect$ ov] ! footway4 ,! "u frame is c>ri$ ^u two bogie frames runn+ ^u ! contractor's rail1 by :i* means x is enabl$ to turn %>p curves1 a guide plate inside ! inn] rail be+ provid$ at ! curves = ?is purpose4 ,! scaffold itself consi/s ( a climb+ plat=m made to travel up or d[n by means ( f\r po/s :i* h racks atta*$ to _! faces1 & :i* are fix$ to ! "u frame & securely brac$ to resi/ rack+ /ra9s4 ,a worm ge>+1 actuat$ by a :eel on ! upp] side ( ! scaffold1 causes ! scaffold to asc5d or desc5d4 ,a railgrip1 made to act at ! curves z well z on ! /raight portions ( ! rail by be+ atta*$ to a radial arm fix$ to ! "u frame1 assi/s ! /ability ( ! scaffold :]e requir$1 b ! gauge ( ! rails is alt]$ to r5d] ! scaffold m or less /able accord+ to its height4 ,comb9$ ) ! same ma*9e1 & travel+ up & d[n "o ( ! same po/s us$ = ! scaffold1 is an improv$ crane4 ,its action dep5ds ^u ! proposition 9 geometry t if ! l5g? ( ! base ( a triangle be alt]$1 its angles1 & !re=e its altitude1 are alt]$4 ,a portion ( ! v]tical po/ up & d[n :i* ! crane climbs =ms ! base ( a triangle1 & a portion ( ! jib1 toge!r ) ! /ay1 =ms ! rema9+ two sides4 ,h5ce1 by caus+ ! foot ( "o or ! o!r to travel upw>d1 by means ( ! worm ge>+1 ! upp] end ( ! jib is ei!r elevat$ or depress$4 ,! concrete elevator1 :i* is also comb9$ ) ! scaffold1 consi/s ( a s]ies ( buckets c>ri$ ^u two p>allel endless *a9s pass+ ov] two pairs ( :eels4 ,on ! "u frame is fix$ a hopp]1 into :i* is ?r[n1 ei!r by h& or f a concrete mix] runn+ ^u ! rails1 ! mat]ial to be hoi/$1 & f :i* x gravitates into a n>r[ *annel1 ?r\gh :i* pass ! buckets 7atta*$ to ! *a97 ) a %ovel-l action4 ,! buckets1 a motor be+ appli$ to "o pair ( :eels1 ?us automatically fill !mselves1 & on arriv+ at top are made to tip _! cont5ts1 & j> !mselves1 automatically into a hopp] by means ( a small p9ion1 key$ to ! %aft by :i* !y are atta*$ to ! endless *a91 becom+ engag$ 9 a small rack fix$ = t purpose4 ,f ! upp] hopp] ! mat]ial is tak5 away to ! requir$ de/9ation by means ( a worm work+ 9 a tube4 ,= v>y+ heights1 extra l5g?s ( *a9 & buckets are ins]t$ & secur$ by a bolt pass$ ?r\gh ea* end l9k1 & secur$ by a nut4 ,by us+ ?is scaffold1 a sav+ 9 plant1 c>tage1 & labor is effect$4 ,! elevator may also be us$ = rais+ any o!r mat]ial besides concrete4 ,su* is ! new sy/em ( concrete con/ruction & scaffold+ ( ,messrs4 ,we/1 :i* appe>s to be bas$ on s\nd & reasonable pr9ciples1 & to h be5 ?\ghtfully & c>efully work$ out1 & :i* moreov] gives promise ( success 9 ! future4 ,we may add 9 conclusion t specim5s ( ! "w & a model ( a scaffold are %[n by ,messrs4 ,we/ at _! /& 9 ! ,inv5tions ,exhibition4--,iron4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,albany ,,build+s ,,s\?port4 ,e4,w4 ,,johnson1 ,,ar*itect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,blue ,,pr9t ,,process4 ,r4,w4 ,,jones4 #a4 ,cov] a flat bo>d1 ! size ( ! draw+ to be copi$1 ) two or ?ree ?icknesses ( common blanket or its equival5t4 #b4 ,^u ?is place ! prep>$ pap]1 s5sitive side upp]mo/4 #c4 ,press ! trac+ firmly & smoo?ly ^u ?is pap]1 by means ( a plate ( cle> glass1 laid ov] bo? & clamp$ to ! bo>d4 #d4 ,expose ! :ole--9 a cle> sunlight--f #d to #f m9utes4 ,9 a w9t]'s sun1 f #f to #aj m9utes4 ,9 a cle> sky1 f #bj to #cj m9utes4 #e4 ,remove ! prep>$ pap] & p\r cle> wat] on x = "o or two m9utes1 saturat+ x ?or\ghly1 & hang up to dry4 ,! s5sitive pap] may be readily prep>$1 ! only requisite quality 9 ! pap] itself be+ its ability to /& wa%+4 ,cov] ! surface ev5ly ) ! foll[+ solution1 us+ su* a bru% z is g5]ally employ$ = ! lett]-press3 #a "p soluble citrate ( iron 7or citrate ( iron & ammonia71 #a "p r$ prussiate ( pota%1 & dissolve 9 #aj p>ts ( wat]4 ,! solution mu/ be kept c>efully protect$ f light1 & bett] results are obta9$ by n mix+ ! +r$i5ts until imm$iately requir$4 ,aft] be+ coat$ ) ! solution1 ! pap] mu/ be laid away to dry 9 a d>k place1 & mu/ be %ield$ entirely f light until us$4 ,:5 dry1 ! pap] is ( a yell[ & bronze color4 ,aft] exposure ! surface becomes d>k]1 ) ! l9es ( ! trac+ /ill d>k]4 ,^u wa%+1 ! *>act]i/ic blue t9t appe>s1 ) ! l9es ( ! trac+ 9 vivid contra/4 ,excell5t results h be5 obta9$ f glass negatives by ?is process4--,proc4 ,eng4 ,club1 ,phila4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,reproduction ,,( ,,draw+s ,,9 ,,blue ,,l9es ,,on ,,:ite ,,gr\nd4 ,a4,h4 ,,haig4 ,! foll[+ process = mak+ photographic copies ( draw+s 9 blue l9es on :ite backgr\nd 0 inv5t$ by ,h4 ,pellet1 & is bas$ on ! prop]ty ( p]*loride ( iron ( be+ conv]t$ into proto*loride on exposure to light4 ,prussiate ( pota% :5 br\ght into contact ) ! p]*loride ( iron imm$iately turns ! latt] blue1 b x does n affect ! proto*loride4 ,a ba? is fir/ prep>$ consi/+ ( t5 p>ts p]*loride ( iron1 five p>ts oxalic or "s o!r vegetable acid1 & "o hundr$ p>ts wat]4 ,%\ld ! pap] to be us$ n be suffici5tly siz$1 dextr9e1 gelat9e1 is+lass1 or "s simil> sub/ance mu/ be add$ to ! solution4 ,! pap] is s5sitiz$ by dipp+ 9 ?is solution & !n dri$ 9 ! d>k1 & may be kept = "s l5g? ( "t4 ,to take a copy ( a draw+ made on clo? or transp>5t pap]1 x is laid on a %eet ( ! s5sitive pap]1 & expos$ to light 9 a pr9t+ frame or "u a %eet ( glass4 ,! l5g? ( exposure v>ies ) ! /ate ( ! wea!r f #ae to #cj seconds 9 summ] to f #dj to #gj seconds 9 w9t]1 9 full sunlight4 ,9 ! %ade1 9 cle> wea!r1 #b to #f m9utes1 & 9 cl\dy wea!r1 #ae to #dj m9utes may be necess>y4 ,! pr9t+ may also be done by electric light4 ,! pr9t is n[ imm]s$ 9 a ba? consi/+ ( #ae to #ah p>ts ( prussiate ( pota% p] #ajj p>ts ( wat]4 ,^? p>ts protect$ f ! light by ! l9es ( ! draw+ imm$iately turn blue1 :ile ! re/ ( ! pap]1 :]e ! coat+ has be5 conv]t$ into proto*loride by ! effects ( light1 w rema9 :ite4 ,next1 ! image is freely wa%$ 9 wat]1 & !n pass$ ?r\gh a ba? consi/+ ( #h to #aj p>ts ( hydro*loric acid to #ajj p>ts ( wat]1 = ! purpose ( remov+ protoxide ( iron salt4 ,x is n[ aga9 wa%$ well 9 clean wat] & f9ally dri$1 :5 ! draw+ w appe> 9 blue on a :ite backgr\nd4--,proc4 ,eng4 ,club1 ,phila4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,proce$+s ,,( ,,! ,,eng9e]s' ,,club ,,( ,,philadelphia4 ,,relative ,,co/s ,,( ,,fluid ,,& ,,solid ,,fuels4 ,footnote3 ,read ,june #bj1 #ahhe4 ,by ,,james ,,beatty1 ,,jr41 ,memb] ( ! ,club4 ,dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty-five ye>s !re h be5 num]\s ef=ts to introduce fluid fuels z sub/itutes = coal1 = ! evaporation ( wat] 9 boil]s1 metallurgical op]ations1 &1 on a small scale1 = dome/ic purposes4 ,! advantages claim$ = ^! fuels are3 ,r$uction 9 ! numb] ( /ok]s1 "o man be+ able to d ! "w ( f\r us+ solid fuel4 ,r$uction 9 weight1 am\nt+ to "o-half ) ! bett] classes4 ,r$uction 9 bulk2 = petroleum am\nt+ to ab\t ?irty-six p] c5t41 & ) ! gases1 dep5d+ on ! am\nt ( compression4 ,ease ( k9dl+ & ext+ui%+ fires1 & ( regulation ( temp]ature4 ,almo/ p]fect combu/ion & cleanl9ess4 ,siem5s us$ gas1 di/ill$ f coal & burnt 9 8 well kn[n reg5]ative furnace4 ,deville exp]im5t$ ) petroleum on two locomotives runn+ on ! ,p>is & ,/rassburg ,railroad4 ,selwyn exp]im5t$ ) creosote 9 a small /eam ya*t1 & "u ! boil]s ( /eam%ip ,ob]l94 ,holl& exp]im5t$ ) wat]-gas 9 ! furnace ( a locomotive runn+ on ! ,long ,isl& ,railroad4 ,i%]wood exp]im5t$ ) petroleum "u ! boil]s ( ,unit$ ,/ates /eam]s4 ,?ree railroads 9 ,russia are us+ naph?a 9 _! locomotives1 & /eam]s on ! ,volga are us+ ! same fuel4 ,wurtz exp]im5t$ ) crude petroleum 9 a reheat+ furnace at ,j]sey ,city4 ,d[son1 ,/rong1 ,l[e1 & o!rs h devis$ sy/ems = ! production ( wat] gas4 ,^! exp]im5ts1 9 g5]al1 h produc$ excell5t results :5 consid]$ m]ely 9 ! light ( heat production1 b1 9 advocat+ _! sy/ems1 ! inv5tors seem to h ov]look$ ! all-important item ( co/4 ,x is ! object ( ?is pap] to %[ ! impracticability ( su* sy/ems :5 consid]$ f a comm]cial /&po9t1 s long z ! supply ( coal la/s1 & prices keep )9 reasonable limits4 ,9 _m cases1 au?ors on ! subject h giv5 purely !oretical results1 )\t all[+ = losses 9 ! furnace4 ,! fuels to be consid]$ are an?racite & bitum9\s coals1 crude petroleum1 & coal1 g5]ator & wat] gases4 ,! av]age compositions ( ^! fuels 7consid]+ only ! heat+ ag5ts71 z d$uc$ f ! analysis ( em95t *emi/s1 are3 ,,p]c5tage ,,by ,,weight4 ,c ,h ,o ,,co ,,*#d;,c#b;,h#d -------------------------------- ,an?racite #hg4g #c4c #c4b ,bitum9\s #hj4h #e4j #h4b ,petroleum #hd4hac4a #a4e ,coal gas #f4e #ad4c #eb4d #ad4h ,g5]ator gas #a4ih #ce4e #a4df ,wat] gas #f4c #j4fhg4h #a4b ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,we w employ ! =mula ( ,dulong-- h #ad1ejj ,c #fb1jjj 7,h - ,o_/#h7 to compute ! !oretical heat+ p[]s ( ^! fuels4 ,9 ! case ( me?ane1 ,,*#d1 ! =mula is n true1 b ! error is n great en\gh to s]i\sly affect ! result4 ,?is gives = ! combu/ion ( "o p\nd (3 ,an?racite #ad1ejj ,br4 ,heat ,units4 ,bitum9\s #ad1bjj ,petroleum #bj1cjj ,coal gas #bj1bjj ,g5]ator gas #c1ajj ,wat] gas #h1ejj ,r$uc+ ! above to t]ms ( p\nds ( wat] evaporat$ f #bab ,f41 we h3 ,,p\nds ,,( ,,wat] ,,evaporat$ ,,f #bab ,f4 ,an?racite #ae4jbc ,bitum9\s #ad4fi ,petroleum #ba4jj ,coal gas #bj4hg ,g5]ator gas #c4ba ,wat] gas #h4g ,! results ( exp]im5ts %[ ! effici5cy ( fluid-burn+ furnaces to be ab\t n9ety p] c5t41 :ile ) coal sixty p] c5t4 may be tak5 z a good figure4 ,! great diff]5ce 9 ! effici5cies is due to ! fact t fluid fuels require = combu/ion v little air above ! !oretical quantity1 :ile ) ! solid fuels fully twice ! !oretical quantity mu/ be admitt$ to dilute ! products ( combu/ion4 ,correct+ our previ\s results = ^! effici5cies1 we h3 ,,p\nds ,,( ,,wat] ,,actually ,,evaporat$ ,,f #bab ,f41 ,,p] ,,p\nd ,,( ,,fuel4 ,an?racite #i4j ,bitum9\s #h4h ,petroleum #ah4i ,coal gas #ah4h ,g5]ator gas #b4i ,wat] gas #g4h ,^! figures agree closely ) ! results ( exp]im5ts4 ,we w n[ consid] ! subject ( co/4 ,! foll[+ cities h be5 select$1 z manufactur+ c5t]s1 t]m9i ( railroads1 or fuel+ ports = /eam]s4 ,9 ! case ( petroleum1 z x is r>ely %ipp$ 9 ! crude /ate1 an approximation is made by add+ to ! co/ at ! ne>e/ %ipp+ port ! freight *>g$ on ref9$ petroleum1 & t5 p] c5t4 to cov] duties & o!r *>ges4 ,ow+ to ! difficulty ( obta9+ prices1 9 "s ( ! cities1 !re may be "s errors4 ,,co/s4 ,,m>*1 #ahhd4 ,an?racite ,bitum9\s ,coal gas p] ton ( p] ton ( p] #a1jjj #b1bdj lb4 #b1bdj lb4 cubic feet4 ,new ,york #d #jj #d #be #a #ge ,*icago #e #jj #c #ej #a #be ,new ,orleans #f #jj #c #ej #c #jj ,san ,francisco #ab #jj #g #ej #c #jj ,london #e #jj #c #jj #j #ge ,port ,natal #ab #ej #aa #jj ,sydney #ab #jj #g #jj ,valp>iso #aa #ej #g #ej ,g5]ator ,crude ,wat] gas gas p] #a1jjj ,petroleum p] p] #a1jjj cubic feet4 bbl4 ( #db gal4 cubic feet4 ,new ,york #j #de #a #hj #j #ej ,*icago #de #b #jj #ej ,new ,orleans #de #b #ej #fj ,san ,francisco #ee #b #jj #fj ,london #dc #b #gj #de ,port ,natal ,ap- #d #jj ,ap- ,sydney proxi- #d #ej proxi- ,valp>aiso mation4 #c #jj mation4 ,9 calculat+ ! foll[+ table ! specific gravity ( coal gas is tak5 at #j4d2 g5]ator gas at #j4dd2 wat] gas at #j4dh2 petroleum1 #j4h4 ,,p\nds ,,( ,,fuel ,,= #a4jj4 ,,m>*1 #ahhd4 ,an?racite4 ,bitum9\s4 ,petroleum4 ,coal ,wat] ,g5]ator gas gas4 gas4 ,new ,york #efj #ebg #aef #ah #gd #gf ,*icago #ddh #fdj #adb #bd #gd #gf ,new ,orleans #cgd #fdj #aad #aj #gd #gf ,san ,francisco #ahg #bii #adb #aj #fb #fb ,london #ddh #gdg #ajd #dj #hb #gi ,port ,natal #agi #bjd #ga ,ap- ,ap- ,sydney #ahg #cbj #fc proxi- proxi- ,valp>aiso #aie #bii #id mate4 mate4 ,^! figures1 multipli$ by ! actual evaporative p[]s z calculat$1 give3 ,,p\nds ,,( ,,wat] ,,evaporat$ ,,f #bab ,f4 ,,= #a4 ,an?racite4 ,bitum9\s4 ,petroleum4 ,coal ,g5]ator ,wat] gas gas4 gas4 ,new ,york #ejdj #dfdc #bidh #cch #bbj #egg ,*icago #djcb #efch #bfhd #dea #bbj #egg ,new ,orleans #ccff #efch #baee #ahh #bbj #egg ,san ,francisco #afhc #bfcd #bfhd #ahh #agi #dhd ,london #djcb #feha #aiff #gea #bbh #fdj ,port ,natal #afaa #agig #acdb ,ap- ,ap- ,sydney #afhc #bhai #aaia proxi- proxi- ,valp>aiso #agee #bfcd #aggf mate4 mate4 ,,relative ,,co/s4 ,an?racite4 ,bitum9\s4 ,petroleum4 ,coal ,g5]ator ,wat] gas gas4 gas4 ,new ,york #a #jj #a #jh #a #ga #ad #ib #bb #ij #h #gj ,*icago #a #jj #ga #a #ej #h #gb #ah #cj #g #jj ,new ,orleans #a #jj #ei #a #ef #ag #ij #ae #cj #e #hj ,san ,francisco #a #jj #fd #a #ej #h #ge #i #dj #c #ej ,london #a #jj #fa #b #je #g #af #ag #gj #f #cj ,port ,natal #a #jj #ij #a #ba ,sydney #a #jj #cd #a #ci ,valp>aiso #a #jj #dd #a #jc ,^! figures are v mu* aga9/ ! fluid fuels1 b !re may be circum/ances 9 :i* ! b5efits to be d]iv$ f _! use w exce$ ! additional co/4 ,x is difficult to make a comp>ison )\t consid]+ p>ticul> cases1 b = int]mitt5t heat+ petroleum w\ld probably be m economical1 ?\gh = a /eady fire coal holds its own4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,/eel ,,ca/+s4 ,at ! op5+ meet+ = ! w9t] session ( ! ,iron & ,/eel ,works ,manag]s' ,in/itute1 held at ,dudley on ,septemb] #ab1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,smi?-,casson 9 ! *air1 ,mr4 ,b4,f4 ,mc,callem1 ( ,glasg[1 read a pap] on ,/eel ,ca/+s1 :i* develop$ an int]e/+ discussion ^u /eel ca/+ practice4 ,mr4 ,mc,callem said t x 0 ?irty ye>s s9ce ! fir/ crucible /eel ca/+s 7 made 9 ,%effield 9 ! g5]al way1 & ) "o exception ! me?od ( manufacture 0 pretty mu* ! same n[ z at t e>ly date4 ,! improvem5t 0 ! employm5t ( gas furnaces in/ead ( ! old coke holes = melt+4 ,important economies _h result$ f ?is introduction4 ,:]e be=e x requir$ #c tons ( coke to melt #a ton ( /eel1 ! same ?+ 0 n[ done ) #ce cwt4 ( v poor slack4 ,?\gh x 0 app>5tly easy to make crucible /eel ca/+s1 x 0 n 9 reality easy to make a true /eel1 t 0 to say1 to make a metal t conta9$ only ! correct proportions ( c>bon & silicon & manganese4 ,! only real way to make crucible ca/+s ( true /eel 0 to melt ! prop] proportions ( ca/ /eel scrap ) ! prop] am\nts ( silicon & manganese to produce t *emical composition :i* 0 kn[n to be necess>y 9 be/ ca/+s4 ,x 0 9 consequ5ce ( ?is difficulty t _m mak]s resort$ to ! addition ( hematite pigs4 ,! ,bessem] process 0 us$ mu* m ext5sively ^u ! ,cont95t ?an 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! manufacture ( ca/+s4 ,x seem$ likely t ,mr4 ,all5's agitator = agitat+ ! /eel 9 ! ladle s z to remove ! gases w\ld be tak5 up l>gely = op5-he>? ca/+s & op5-he>? mild /eel1 z x _h a wond]ful effect4 ,! ,wilson gas produc]1 work+ 9 conjunction ) ! op5-he>? furnace1 _h rec5tly produc$ "s extremely wond]ful results4 ,9 "s l>ge works1 /eel 0 by its aid be+ melt$ f slack :i* 0 previ\sly absolutely a wa/e product4 ,! me?od ( mak+ op5-he>? /eel ca/+s might be v>i$ greatly4 ,! ord9>y me?od g5]ally practic$ 9 ?is c\ntry 0 a modification ( ! ,t]re ,noire process4 ,! m\lds employ$ 7 only ( second>y importance to ! mak+ ( ! /eel itself4 ,unless ! m\ld 0 good1 no matt] h[ good ! /eel 01 ! cas+ 0 spoil$4 ,! be/ composition :i* _h be5 f\nd = m\lds 0 t ( a l>ge firm 9 ,%effield1 b un=tunately x 0 r exp5sive4 ,a good /eel ca/+ ought to conta9 ab\t #j4c p] c5t4 c>bon & #j4c p] c5t4 ( silicon & f #j4f to #a p] c5t4 ( manganese4 ,su* a ca/+1 if free f o!r impurities1 w\ld h a /r5g? ( betwe5 #cj & #dj tons1 & on an #h in* specim5 w\ld give an elongation ( #bj p] c5t4 or ev5 m4 ,x 0 possible by ! ,t]re ,noire process to produce by ca/+ z good a piece ( /eel z c\ld be made by any am\nt ( roll+ & hamm]+4 ,! *airman said t1 z !y _h s high an au?ority z ,mr4 ,mc,callem pres5t1 ,/af=d%ire m5 w\ld l to "k 8 op9ion ^u ! op5 he>? basic sy/em1 9 :i* !y 7 greatly int]e/$4 ,mr4 ,mc,callem said t he believ$ t ! basic process w\ld be work$ successfully 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! op5-he>? furnace be=e x w\ld be 9 ! conv]t]4 ,at ! ,brymbo ,works1 9 ,wales1 he _h se5 ! basic process work$ v successfully 9 ! op5-he>? furnace2 & he 0 rec5tly in=m$ by ! manag] t he 0 produc+ +ots at ! rem>kably l[ sum ( #fes4 p] ton4 ,! *airman said t "s samples :i* _h be5 s5t into ,/af=d%ire f ,brymbo = roll+ into %eets _h behav$ admirably4 ,he ?\ght t ! ,pat5t ,%aft & ,axletree ,company1 at ,w$nesbury1 7 at ! pres5t mom5t putt+ d[n an op5-he>? furnace on ! basic process4 ,! discussion 0 cont9u$ ) consid]able vigor by ,messrs4 ,h4 ,fi%] 7vice-presid5t71 ,james ,rigby1 ,j4 ,tibbs1 ,m4 ,mill>d1 ,walk]1 ,w4 ,yeomans 7secret>y71 & o!rs4 ,sev]al ( ^! gave x z _! exp]i5ce t ! be/ ca/+s conta9$ ! mo/ bl[holes1 & ,mr4 ,mc,callem accept$ ! pron\ncem5t1 ) "s slight qualification4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,dim9i%+ ,,casualties ,,at ,,sea4 ,at ! rec5t meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 ,don ,arturo de ,m>co>tu read a pap] on ! above subject4 ,he /at$ t he wi%$ to draw special att5tion to increas+ ! safety ( navigation aga9/ /orms1 fogs1 fire1 & collisions ) wrecks1 iceb]gs1 or vessels1 & recomm5d+ ! developm5t ( m>itime telegraphy4 ,he urg$ t vessels %\ld be suppli$ ) app>atus to communicate ) & telegraph to ea* o!r & to ! ne>e/ coa/ ! wea!r & sea pass$ ov] by !m1 & t reports giv5 by vessels %\ld be us$ z w>n+s m ext5sively4 ,he wi%$ ! mid-,atlantic /ations connect$ by telegraph = ! same purpose4 ,9 reg>d to ! use ( oil on r\gh seas1 he said t ,dr4 ,badeley 9 #aheg1 ,mr4 ,john ,%ields five ye>s ago at ,pet]head & la/ ye> at ,folke/one1 ! ,bo>d ( ,trade 9 #ahhc1 & a committee on life sav+ appliances ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h made exp]im5ts4 ,! conclusions ( ! committee 7 t 9 deep wat] oil _h a calm+ effect ^u a r\gh sea1 b !re 0 no?+ 9 ei!r s\rce ( in=mation :i* yet answ]$ ! "q :e!r or n !re is 9 ! =ce ex]t$ by ! w9d a po9t beyond :i* oil _c c\nt]act its influ5ce 9 caus+ ! sea to break4 ,he ?\ght x appe>$ t oil _h "s utility on tidal b>s2 on wrecks1 to facilitate ! op]ations ( rescue2 on lifeboats & on lifebuoys4 ,9 reg>d to iceb]gs1 he ?\ght ! possibility ( obta9+ an e*o f an iceb]g :5 9 dang]\s proximity to a %ip %\ld be tri$4 ,he advocat$ ! use ( automatic spr9kl]s 9 ! case ( fire1 ! e/abli%m5t ( p>abolic reflectors = conc5tration ( s\nd1 & ! fur!r prosecution ( exp]im5ts by ,pr(essor ,bell 9 e/abli%+ communication betwe5 vessels "s di/ance ap>t by means ( int]rupt$ electrical curr5ts4 ,! improvem5t ( navigation1 he said1 meant an int]national code ( police to improve police rules ( navigation2 an int]national code ( univ]sal telegraphy = navigation2 an int]national (fice ( meteorology & navigation to collect ! /udies2 exp]im5ts on ! wea!r1 on ! sea1 on ! casualties2 & ! discov]y by exp]im5t ( new app>atus & appliances to dim9i% m>itime disa/]4 ,he _h call$ ! att5tion ( two gov]nm5ts to ?is matt]1 & he hop$ t be=e long !re w\ld be propos$ an int]national congress--su* z ! po/al1 telegraph1 & sanit>y congresses1 & ! int]national conv5tion to fix ! common m]idian--by "o ( ! m>itime p[]s1 by :i* w\ld be f\nd$ an int]national in/itution to dim9i% casualties at sea4 ,he recomm5d$ a univ]sal sy/em ( buoys4 ,! great losses ( life & prop]ty e ye> 7 wor?y ! devotion ( #cjj1jjj by an int]national in/itution1 :i* w\ld be mu* less ?an ! mon?ly av]age loss 9 navigation4 ,admiral ,pim said t %ips 7 improp]ly built--"s 7 t5 times long] ?an _! beam4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 ! _w s tickli% z a %ip2 t\* h] 9 ! wai/1 & d[n %e goes4 ,he believ$ sail+ %ips ought n to exce$ f\r times _! beam1 & /eam]s c]ta9ly n m ?an six times4 ,he po9t$ out t a fruitful cause ( accid5ts 0 ! /opp+ ( /eam+ all at once 9 ! case ( imp5d+ collision1 by :i* ! rudd] lo/ control ( ! vessel4 ,if con/ructors look$ m to ! =m ( ! %ips1 & got !m to /e] bett]1 collisions w\ld be avoid$4 ,! ,"l ,advocate said x _h always occurr$ to him t "o great secret ( collisions at sea 0 ! pres5t sy/em ( lights1 :i* made x impossible = ! vessel at once to in=m ano!r vessel :at x 0 ab\t4 ,! me?od ( signal+ 0 v crude1 & he v5tur$ to say t x 0 q out ( date :5 vessels met ea* o!r at a rate ( spe$ ( #bd to #be knots4 ,he _h1 z an amateur1 tri$ a me?od :i* he w\ld attempt to expla94 ,8 idea 0 to fit up a lant]n on deck1 %[+ an electric light4 ,! in/rum5t w\ld be controll$ by ! rudd]1 & ! comm&+ (fic] ( ! vessel w\ld be able s to turn x :5 ! helm 0 put up or d[n t ! light w\ld fla% at "s di/ance 9 front ( ei!r b[ ( ! vessel1 & ?us be a signal to a vessel com+ 9 an opposite direction4 ,:5 ! helm 0 amid%ips1 ! light 0 %[n /raight ahead1 & c\ld n be mov$ until ! helm 0 %ift$4 ,! direction 9 :i* ! vessel 0 go+ c\ld n by any possibility be mi/ak51 & x 0 pla9 t if ! lights f two %ips cross$ ea* o!r1 !n !re 0 dang]4 ,if ! lights 7 cle> ( ea* o!r1 !n ! %ips w\ld pass safely4 ,sir ,james ,d\glass ask$ if 8 ,lord%ip _h made any exp]im5ts4 ,! ,"l ,advocate said he _h n4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,trade _h su* a numb] ( inv5tions on ?is subject on h& t he suppos$ !y 7 already disgu/$4 ,besides1 he 0 only an amateur1 & left ! c>ry+ out ( ! sugge/ion to o!rs4 ,sir ,james ,d\glass said ?is idea ( a lant]n did v well = a %ort di/ance1 b = a long di/ance x utt]ly fail$4 ,x 0 v difficult to realize a movem5t f a di/ance ( ov] a mile out to sea1 & signals 7 requir$ to be visible = f two to ?ree miles4 ,! ,"l ,advocate said 8 idea dep5d$ n ^u ! object light1 b ^u ! sweep ( ! light on ! wat]4 ,sir ,james ,d\glass said all ^? que/ions 7 ( ! utmo/ importance to a m>itime c\ntry4 ,9 reg>d to exp]im5ts ) oil on tr\bl$ wat]1 he _h witness$ !m1 & he _h c>efully /udi$ all ! reports1 & _h come to ! conclusion t !y 7 all v well 9 a tub ( wat] or a pond1 b on ! ocean !y 7 utt]ly hopeless4 ,he w\ld /ake 8 reputation on t4 ,!y _h be5 tri$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ,ab]de51 & he _h prophesi$ ! results be=e !y 7 comm5c$4 ,x 0 utt]ly hopeless to ?9k t a quantity ( oil _h ! p[] ( lay+ a /orm--all ! _w c\ld n produce oil en\gh to br+ ab\t t result4 ,!re might be some?+ 9 m>itime telegraphy1 & he hop$ ! exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,graham ,bell1 9 transmitt+ ?r\gh two or ?ree mile di/ances1 w\ld come to some?+4 ,he did n believe 9 p[]ful lights4 ,increase ! lights to any v great ext5t1 & a dazzl+ effect 0 ! result4 ,9 reg>d to s\nd1 he wond]$ t no m effective al>m 0 us$ ?an ! :i/le4 ,x 0 well kn[n t1 z ! :i/le in/rum5t 0 enl>g$1 ! s\nd became m & m a ro>4 ,he w\ld h %ips use all _! boil] p[] 9 s\nd+ a sir51 s t ! s\nd c\ld be he>d at a di/ance ( n less ?an two or ?ree miles 9 any wea!r4 ,) su* a signal z t !re ought to be1 n absolute safety1 b collisions w\ld be m easily prev5t$4 ,he 0 glad to say t a univ]sal sy/em ( buoys _h be5 practically arrang$1 ?anks to ! ,duke ( ,ed9burgh & 8 committee1 s t1 z soon z an old sy/em c be *ang$ to a new "o1 all ! buoys w\ld be> "o univ]sal language4 ,admiral ,pim po9t$ out t a r$ light w\ld %[ f\r miles1 :ile a gre5 light 0 only visible = two miles & a half1 s t1 if a gre5 light 7 se51 x indicat$ t ! two vessels 7 )9 two miles & a half ( ea* o!r4 ,sir ,james ,d\glass said !re 0 und\bt$ly a weakness 9 reg>d to ^! lights2 & he held t 9 ! manufacture ( lights effect %\ld be giv5 to ! diff]5ce t exi/$ 9 ! v>i\s lights1 s t1 by mak+ ! gre5 light m p[]ful1 x c\ld p5etrate z f> z ! r$1 & 9 ! same way mak+ ! r$ & gre5 lights proportionately m p[]ful1 s t !y w\ld p5etrate z f> z ! :ite light4 ,sir ,james ,d\glass said he _h se5 a p>abolic reflector = s\nd tri$1 b1 un=tunately1 ! reflector s int5sifi$ & focus$ all ! s\nds ab\t ! vessel & ! noise ( ! sea t ! op]ator c\ld he> no?+ b a *aos ( s\nd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,plan ,,= ,a ,,c>boniz+ ,,h\se4 ,! op]ation ( c>boniz+ wool5 rags = ! purpose ( obta9+ pure wool1 ?r\gh ! de/ruction ( ! vegetable sub/ances conta9$ 9 ! raw mat]ial1 maybe divid$ into two p>ts1 viz41 ! imm]sion ( ! rags 9 acid1 ) subsequ5t wa%+ & dry+1 & ! c>bonization prop]ly s call$4 ,! fir/ "p is s well kn[n1 & is s simple 9 its details & app>atus1 t x is useless to dwell ^u x 9 ?is place4 ,b ! second requires m sci5tific arrangem5ts ?an ^? t seem to be g5]ally adopt$1 &1 z c>bonization is n[ t5d+ to con/itute a special indu/ry1 we ?9k x is ( int]e/ to give "h a typical plan = a plant ( ?is k9d4 ,x w be rem>k$ t ?is plan conta9s all ! p>ts 9 duplicate4 ,! object ( ?is arrangem5t is to p]mit ( a great] production1 by r5d]+ ! op]ation cont9u\s ?r\gh half ( ! app>atus be+ 9 op]ation :ile ! o!r half is be+ empti$ & fill$4 ,figs4 #d & #e give plans ( ! gr\nd floor & fir/ /ory1 & ,figs4 #a1 #b1 & #c give v]tical sections4 ,! second /ory is arrang$ l ! fir/1 & s]ves z a dri]4 ,z we h said1 !re is a d\ble s]ies ( *amb]s = c>bonization1 dry+1 & "w g5]ally4 ,^! two s]ies are arrang$ on ea* side ( a c5tral portion1 :i* conta9s ! heat+ & v5tilat+ app>atus & a /one /airway giv+ access to ! upp] /ories4 ,! heat+ app>atus is a hot air /ove provid$ ) a sy/em ( pip+4 ,! rags to be c>boniz$ or ! wool to be dri$ are plac$ ^u wire clo? frames4 ,! c>bonization is effect$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,:5 ! heat+ app>atus has be5 fir$ up1 & has be5 op]at+ = ab\t half an h\r1 ! ap]tures1 i1 are op5$ s z to let ! air 91 z are also ^?1 m1 :i* all[ ! hot air to pass into ! *amb]s4 ,! hot air !n desc5ds f ! top ( ! *amb] into ! wool or rags1 &1 becom+ saturat$ & heavi]1 desc5ds & makes its exit f ! *amb] ?r\gh an ap]ture1 n1 ne> ! floor1 :5ce x fl[s to ! c5tral *imney4 ,?is latt]1 :i* is built ( brick or /one1 conta9s 9 its c5t] a second *imney 7=m$ ( ca/ or =g$ iron pipes7 t s]ves to c>ry (f into ! atmosph]e ! products ( combu/ion f ! heat+ app>atus4 ,! heat t radiates f ^! pipes s]ves at ! same "t to heat ! annul> space ?r\gh :i* ! vapors d]iv$ f ! wool are dis5gag$4 ,! air1 heat$ to #dj or #ej1 is made to pass ?us = sev]al h\rs1 until ! great] "p ( ! humidity has be5 remov$4 ,! temp]ature is !n rais$ to #hj or #ij by gradually clos+ ! ap]tures t give access to ! v5tilat+ *imney4 ,9 ord] t x may be possible to fur!r increase ! temp]ature dur+ ! la/ h\r1 & raise x to #ij or #abj1 an arrangem5t is provid$ t prev5ts all entrance ( ! ext]nal air into ! heat+ app>atus1 & t replaces su* air ) ! hot air ( ! *amb]2 s t ?is hot air circulates 9 ! pipes ( ! /ove & ?us becomes gradually hott] & hott]4 ,! hot vapors t issue f ! l[] *amb] rise into ! upp] "o1 :]e !y are us$ = ! prelim9>y dry+ ( ano!r "p ( ! mat]ials4 ,! hot air /ove %\ld be well l9$ ) refractory clay1 9 ord] to prev5t ! iron f gett+ r$ hot1 & ! grate %\ld be ( relatively wide surface4 ,all ! pipes %\ld be ( ca/ iron1 & all ! jo9ts be well turn$4 ,e neglect to see to su* matt]s1 ) a view to sav+ money1 w surely lead 9 ! long run to bad results4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,works ,,= ,,c>boniz+ ,,wool4 7,scale #a-bjj47 ,! mode ( "w indicat$ "h is call$ ! moi/ process4 ,x necessitates ! use ( a solution ( sulphuric acid1 b1 z ?is latt] de/roys mo/ colors1 x _c be us$ :5 x is desir$ to pres]ve ! t9t ( ! wool5 "u treatm5t4 ,9 ?is case rec\rse is _h to ! dry process1 :i* consi/s 9 sub/itut+ ! vapors ( nitric acid heat$ to #aae or #abe = ! sulphuric acid4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! rooms mu/ likewise be diff]5t4 ,! *amb]s1 :i* may be 9 duplicate1 z 9 ! prec$+ case1 are vault$1 & are ab\t ?ree y>ds long by ?ree wide & ?ree high4 ,! rags are put into wire cages t h six divisions1 & t are locat$ 9 ! middle ( ! *amb]1 :]e !y are sl[ly revolv$ by means ( ge>+s4 ,"u ! floor are ! heat+ flues1 & ^u x is a res]voir = hold+ ! vessel t conta9s ! acid to be vaporiz$4 ,! arrangem5ts = ! admission ( air & c>ry+ along ! vapors are ! same z 9 ! o!r case4 ,great precaution %\ld be tak5 to h ! flues s con/ruct$ z to prev5t fire4--,bull1 de la ,musee de l',indu/rie4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,evaporat+ ,,organic ,,liquids4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,d',a4 ,b]n>d1 x is especially important1 9 ! dry di/illation ( di/ill]'s wa% 9 a clos$ vessel1 = ! production ( me?yls1 ammonia1 acetates1 & me?ylam9e1 t ! mass %all be divid$ z completely z possible1 s9ce x !n takes b a relatively mod]ate heat to completely de/roy ! organic color+ matt] conta9$ 9 ! wa%4 ,! app>atus %[n 9 ,figs4 #a & #b is bas$ ^u ?is obs]vation4 ,! wa% ent]s1 ?r\gh ! hopp]1 ,d1 & ! valve1 z1 a long boil]1 ,b1 :i* is heat$ by ! furnace1 ,f1 ?r\gh ! int]m$ium ( a wat]ba?1 w4 ,an agitator1 ,e1 moves ! mass sl[ly to ! o!r extremity ( ! boil]1 f :5ce x makes its exit 9 ! =m ( du/4 ,to ! frame1 ,e1 are fix$ ! scrap]s1 b1 & ! int]rupt$ pieces1 a1 9 front ( :i* are ! h+$ valves1 c4 ,9 ! motion ( ! pieces1 a1 f "r to left1 ^! valves free ! ap]tures !re( & all[ ! wa% to pass1 :ile 9 ! motion f left to "r ! ap]tures are clos$ & ! valves pu% ! mass to be evaporat$ be=e !m4 ,f any motor :atev]1 ! frame1 ,e1 receives a d\ble to & fro motion 9 a horizontal & v]tical direction1 ! latt] ( :i* is produc$ by ! rods1 f1 :i* are provid$ at _! l[]1 =k$ extremity ) roll]s1 e1 ov] :i* passes ! piece1 d1 t supports ! frame1 ,e4 ,at _! upp] "p ! rods1 f1 pass ?r\gh ! side ( ! boil]1 ?r\gh ! int]m$ium ( /uff+ boxes1 & are connect$ by _! upp] extremities1 ?r\gh a l9k1 ) lev]s1 g1 t revolve ar\nd ! po9t1 h4 ,a cam %aft1 ,m1 communicates a tempor>y1 alt]nately ris+ & desc5d+ motion to ! lev]s1 g1 & ! rods f4 ,! same %aft1 ,m1 op5s & closes ! valve1 z1 ( ! hopp]1 ,d1 & ?us regulates ! entrance ( ! wa% into ! boil]4 ,! frame1 ,e1 receives its horizontal to & fro motion f ! rod1 l1 :i* trav]ses a /uff+-box & is mov$ by a crank on an ecc5tric1 m4 ,! mat]ial 9 p[d] d]iv$ f ! evaporation ( ! wa% is /or$ at ! extremity ( ! app>atus into a lixiviat+ vessel1 ,g1 provid$ ) a /irr]1 ,h4 ,! salts & o!r analog\s matt]s are dissolv$1 & ! residuum1 :i* con/itutes a c>bonace\s mass1 is =c$ out ( ! app>atus1 :ile ! solution passes directly to ! ref9]y1 :]e x is evaporat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,! ,,evaporation ,,( ,,organic ,,liquids4 ,9 manufactories :]e no ref9+ is done1 ! crude potassa 9 p[d] is pu%$ on to a prolongation ( ! app>atus :i* is cool$ by means ( wat]1 & is remov$ f "t to "t ) %ovels by ! workm51 s t ! orifice ( ! boil] rema9s con/antly cov]$ ext]nally by ! mass1 & t ! air _c re-ent] ! app>atus4 ,! gases dis5gag$ dur+ ! op]ation pass into a cool]1 :]e !y cond5se into a liquid :i* conta9s ammonia & me?ylam9e4 ,! non-cond5sable "p ( ! gases is burn$ 9 ! furnace ( ! manufactory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,level+ ,,ma*9e4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,c\rt ( ! ,inv5tions ,exhibition1 ,london1 we f9d a level+ ma*9e = %eet metals exhibit$ by ,mr4 ,j4,w4 ,britton1 ( ,clevel&1 ,ohio1 & :i* we illu/rate4 ,?is app>atus is int5d$ to sup]s$e ! cold roll+ ( plates 9 ord] to take ! buckle out ( !m4 ,! %eets are clamp$ 9 ! jaws or grips %[n1 & ! /ret* is effect$ by means ( a hydraulic ram connect$ directly to ! ne>e/ pair ( jaws4 ,! p[] is obta9$ by means ( a pair ( pumps run ?r\gh spur-ge>+ by ! belt pulleys %[n4 ,! action ( ! ma*9e puts a /ra9 on ^? p>ts ( ! plates :i* are n bagg$ or buckl$1 & ?is causes ! surface to ext5d1 ! slack p>ts ( ! plate n be+ subject to ! same /ret*+ action4 ,! ma*9e %[n is design$ to op]ate on %eet iron f ,no4 #g to ,no4 #cj gauge1 & up to #cf 94 wide1 ! limit = l5g? be+ #abj 94 ,ab\t a doz5 %eets c be op]at$ on at once4 ,! ma*9e appe>s to h met ) consid]able success 9 ,am]ica1 & has be5 us$ = mild /eel1 iron1 galvaniz$ or t9n$ %eets1 copp]1 brass1 & z9c4 ,! details ( ?is ma*9e are giv5 9 ,figs4 #a to #h4 ,figs4 #a & #b are a plan & side elevation ( ! b$ ( ! ma*9e1 %[+ ! position ( ! hydraulic ram4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! b>s us$ = hold+ ! back jaws 9 position1 ) ! holes = adju/+ to diff]5t l5g?s ( ! plates4 ,fig4 #d is a back view & section ( ! cros%ead & "o ( ! bolts t connect ! mov+ grip ) ! hydraulic ram4 ,fig4 #e gives a plan & cross section ( ! back grip1 & ,fig4 #f is a back elevation ( ! same1 ) a front view & section ( ! gripp+ "p4 ,fig4 #g %[s ! ge> by :i* ! jaws are op5$ & clos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,britton',s ,,plate ,,/raight5+ ,,ma*9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,s*ol>',s ,,compasses4 ,among ! num]\s arrangem5ts t h be5 devis$ = draw+ circles 9 diagrams1 sket*es1 etc41 "o ( ! simple/ is d\btless t :i* is repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ figure1 & :i* is kn[n 9 ,engl& z ! s*ol>'s compasses4 ,x consi/s ( a socket into :i* slides a p5cil by h>d friction1 & to :i* is h+$ a tap]+1 po9t$ leg4 ,?is latt] & ! p5cil are held at ! prop] di/ance ap>t by means ( a slott$ /rip ( metal & a b9d+ screw4 ,:5 ! in/rum5t is clos$1 z %[n 9 ! figure to ! left1 x takes up b little space1 & may be easily c>ri$ 9 ! pocket )\t ! po9t te>+ ! clo?+1 z ! b9d+ screw holds ! leg firmly aga9/ ! p5cil4 ,! mode ( us+ ! app>atus is s well %[n 9 ! figure to ! "r t x is unnecess>y to ent] into any explanation4--,la ,nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,s*ol>',s ,,compasses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,integraph4 ,9 sci5tific rese>*es 9 ! doma9 ( physics we (t5 meet ) ! foll[+ problem3 ,be+ giv5 any function :atev]1 y f7x71 to f9d a curve ^: equation %all be _/ y f7x7dx ,c4 _/ ,,tex3 y int f7x7 dx ,c4 ,let u take an example t t\*es u m closely2 let u suppose t we "k an induc$ curr5t1 & t we c repres5t x by a curve yf7x74 ,! "q is to f9d ! inductive curr5t1 t is to say1 ! curve repres5t$ by ! equation _/ y f7x7dx ,c4 _/ ,,tex3 y int f7x7 dx ,c4 ,! app>atus call$ an integraph1 con/ruct$ by ,messrs4 ,napoli & ,abdank-,abakan[icz1 is design$ = solv+ ?is problem me*anically1 by trac+ ! curve s\ght4 ,let u take ano!r example f ! doma9 ( electricity1 9 ord] to bett] %[ ! utility ( ! app>atus2 let u suppose t we h a curve repres5t+ ! dis*>ge ( a pile or ( an accumulator4 ,! abscisses repres5t ! times1 & ! ord9ates ! amp]es4 ,! "q is to "k at e mom5t ! quantity ( c\lombs produc$ by ! pile4 ,! app>atus traces a curve ^: ord9ates give ! numb] ( c\lombs s\ght4 ,we might f9d a l>ge numb] ( analog\s applications4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,integraph4 ,! app>atus is repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ figure4 ,an iron rul]1 ,i1 p>allel ) ! axis ( ! ,x's1 is fix$ ^u a draw+-bo>d1 & is provid$ ) a longitud9al groove 9 its upp] surface4 ,9 ?is groove move two roll]s1 :i*1 9 ! c5t] ( ! piece t connects !m1 c>ry two brass ,t-squ>es t are p>allel ) ea* o!r & at "r angles ) ! fir/1 or p>allel ) ! axis ( ! ,y's4 ,betwe5 ^! two rul]s move two c>riages1 ! fir/ ( :i* 7ne>e/ ! axis ( ! ,x's7 c>ries a po9t1 ,a1 design$ to foll[ ! cont\r ( ! curve to be integrat$1 :ile ! second1 :i* is plac$ fur!r away1 is provid$ at ! c5t] ) a draw+-p51 ,a'1 ^: po9t is guid$ by two equidi/ant :eels1 ,r1 ,r'1 t roll ov] ! pap] 9 su* a way z to h _! plane p>allel ) a giv5 /raight l9e1 & t h always a direction su* t ! tang5t ( ! po9t's angle ) ! axes ( ! ,x's is con/antly proportional to ! ord9ate ( ! primitive curve4 ,! c>riages are r5d]$ v movable by sub/itut+ roll+ = a slid+ friction ( ! axes4 ,to ?is effect1 ! extremities ( ! axes ( ! :eels t support & guide !m are made ?91 & roll ov] ! plane surface ( recesses =m$ = ! purpose 9 ! lat]al /eel surfaces ( ! c>riages1 :ile ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eels rolls 9 grooves along ! two ,t-squ>es4 ,^! latt] are1 on ! "o h&1 c>ri$ by roll]s t run 9 ! groove ( ! iron1 ,i1 &1 on ! o!r1 by a s+le roll] t runs ov] ! pap]4 ,at "r angles ) "o ( ^! b>s is fix$ a divid$ rul]1 ?r\gh "o po9t ( :i* cont9ually passes a ?ird rul]1 ^: extremity pivots ^u ! po9t1 ,a1 ( ! fir/ c>riage4 ,:5 ! divid$ rul] is plac$ ^u ! axis ( ! ,x's1 & ! po9t1 ,a1 ( ?is c>riage is foll[+ ! cont\rs ( ! figure to be integrat$1 ! tang5t ( ! angle made by ! incl9$ rul] ) ! axis ( ! ,x's w be proportional to ! ord9ate ( ! figure4 ,! :eels1 ,r & ,r'1 ( ! draw+-p51 ,a'1 ( ! second c>riage mu/ move p>allel ) ?is rul]4 ,9 ord] to obta9 su* p>allelism1 we employ a p>allelogram =m$ z foll[s3 ,two ge>-:eels ( ! same diamet] are fix$ ^u ! rul] t ends at ! po9t1 ,a1 ( ! fir/ c>riage1 & _! l9e ( c5t]s is p>allel ) ! latt]4 ,! second c>riage likewise c>ries two drums equal 9 diamet] to ^? ( ! too!d :eels4 ,^! are fix$1 & _! l9e ( c5t]s mu/ rema9 con/antly p>allel ) ! l9e ( c5t]s ( ! ge>-:eels1 & consequ5tly ) ! /raight l9e :i* passes ?r\gh ! po9t1 ,a4 ,?is p>allelism is obta9$ by means ( a weak /eel spr+1 or ( a silk5 ?read pass+ ov] ! f\r :eels1 ! two fir/ ( :i* 7! ge>-:eels7 hold x taut by means ( a b>rel & spr+ plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( "o ( !m4 ,! edge ( ! :eels1 ,r1 ,r'1 ( ! second c>riage prev5ts ! latt] f giv+ way to ! traction ( ! ?reads1 p]mitt+ x ?us to move only 9 ! direction ( _! plane4 ,x w be se5 t by ?is sy/em two ( ! sides ( ! p>allelogram are capable ( elongat+ or contract+ ?r\gh ! unw9d+ & w9d+ ( ! silk5 ?read on ! drums ( ! two cog :eels1 :i* latt]1 ge>+ ) ea* o!r1 all[ ( ! escape ( b ! same l5g? ( ! two ?reads4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 ?is sy/em integration is effect$ by =c+ ! p5 to foll[ a c]ta9 direction1 & t consequ5tly ! curve does n dep5d ^u ! dim5sions ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! app>atus4--,la ,lumi]e ,electrique4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,manufactur+ ,,gase\s ,,bev]ages4 ,! app>atus repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ cuts is design$ = ! manufacture ( gase\s bev]ages1 & is ( ,messrs4 ,b\let ,co4's make4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts ! app>atus complete1 ) gasomet] & bottl+ ma*9e4 ,fig4 #b gives a v]tical section ( ! app>atus prop]ly s call$1 includ+ ! produc]1 ! purifi]1 & ! saturator1 all gr\p$ ^u a ca/-iron column4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,manufactur+ ,,gase\s ,,breezes4 ,! produc]1 ,a1 is design$ to receive ! sulphuric acid & c>bonate ( lime4 ,a mix]1 ,f1 revolves 9 ! int]ior ( ?is1 & effects an intimate admixture ( ! lime & acid )\t ! necessity ( ! =m] be+ pulv]iz$ be=eh&4 ,! c>bonate ( lime 7usually 9 ! =m ( *alk7 is introduc$ directly into ! produc] ?r\gh ! ap]ture1 ,k1 :ile ! acid conta9$ 9 ! receptacle1 ,b1 at ! side ( ! column & above ! produc] fl[s put ?r\gh a curv$ pipe 9 ! bottom4 ,! fl[ is regulat$ by ! valve1 ,c4 ,! receptacle1 ,b1 is l9$ ) plat9um4 ,z soon z ! acid comes into contact ) ! c>bonate1 !re occurs a dis5gagem5t ( c>bonic acid gas1 :i* fl[s directly ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,f1 into ! purifi] at ! upp] "p ( ! column4 ,f !nce ! gas passes into a ?ird wa%]1 ,d1 ( glass4 ,:5 ?or\ghly wa%$1 x fl[s ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,l1 into ! gasomet]1 :i* is ( galvaniz$ iron1 & is v c>efully balanc$4 ,! saturator1 :i* is ! mo/ important "p ( ! app>atus1 comprises a pump1 a fe$ res]voir1 & a sph]e4 ,! pump1 :i* is ( bronze1 is plac$ at ! side ( ! column1 at ! l[] "p 7,fig4 #a74 ,?is sucks up ! gas /or$ 9 ! gasomet] & ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! res]voir1 & =ces !m into ! sph]e4 ,?is latt] is ( bronze1 ca/ 9 a s+le piece1 & ! ?ickness ( its sides prev5ts all dang] ( explosion4 ,x is silv]$ int]nally1 & provid$ ) a p[]ful rot>y agitator t favors ! admixture ( ! wat] & gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,! app>atus x r5d]$ complete by a bottl+ ma*9e1 :i* is plac$ ei!r on a l9e ) ! app>atus or 9 front ( x4 ,?is ma*9e is connect$ directly ) ! sph]e by a block-t9 pipe4--,*ronique ,indu/rielle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,measur+ ,,! ,,=ce ,,( ,,explosives4 ,among ! num]\s app>atus t h be5 devis$ = det]m9+ ! p[] ( p[d]1 ^? design$ = milit>y purposes are ! ones mo/ ext5sively us$4 ,up to ! pres5t1 v few exp]im5tal app>atus h be5 con/ruct$ = civil uses1 al?\gh su* are no less necess>y ?an ! o!rs4 ,mr4 ,d',o4 ,guttman has exam9$ ! pr9cipal types ( dynamomet]s ) respect to _! use = te/+ explosive mat]ials1 &1 aft] asc]ta9+ :]e9 !y are defective1 has devis$ an app>atus 9 :i* ! pr9ciple is ! same z t employ$ by ,messrs4 ,montluisant & ,reffye at ,meudon1 t is to say1 "o 9 :i* ! =ce ( ! p[d] is made to act ^u a lead cyl9d] fix$ 9 a conical *annel4 ,mr4 ,desortiaux objects t 9 ?is sy/em1 :5 x is employ$ ) *>ges = cannons1 ! action has already begun :5 only a portion ( ! p[d] is burn$4 ,to ?is1 ,mr4 ,guttman responds t 8 app>atus op]ates only ) small *>ges 7#cjj gra9s71 :i* practically inflame simultane\sly 9 e "p :5 ! ignit+ is done 9 a clos$ space4 ,9 ord] t ! =ce may n be made to act 9 "o direction only1 ! inv5tor uses two lead5 cyl9d]s4 ,8 app>atus is %[n 9 ! accompany+ ,figs4 #a1 #b1 & #c4 ,x consi/s ( a m$ian piece1 a1 & ( two heads1 b1 ( an ext]nal diamet] ( f\r in*es4 ,^! pieces are ( temp]$ ,bessem] /eel4 ,! two heads are f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 "o in* ( :i* is provid$ ) a screw ?read4 ,ea* ( !m conta9s an ap]ture1 c1 #a4cd in*es wide bel[1 #a4c in*es wide above1 & #a4ah in*es deep4 ,?is ap]ture is foll[$ by ano!r & conical "o1 d1 #a4ch in*es deep1 & #j4d in* wide at its n>r[e/ end1 & f9ally by ano!r "o1 e1 #j4d in* wide1 :i* runs to ! ext]ior4 ,! m$ian piece1 a1 is #d in*es long4 ,x is provid$ at ! two sides ) nuts1 betwe5 :i* !re is a cyl9drical space1 f1 #a4h in*es long1 design$ to receive ! *>ge4 ,! inflam+ plug1 g1 is screw$ into ! exact c5t] ( ! m$ian piece1 a1 :i* x ent]s to a dep? ( "o in*4 ,into ! space t /ill rema9s free is screw$ a plug1 h4 ,! l[] surface ( ! plug1 g1 conta9s a holl[ space1 #j4f in* wide & deep4 ,?is holl[ is prolong$ by ano!r "o1 #j4bd in* wide1 & conta9s a valve1 i1 :i* has a play ( ab\t #j4jh in*4 ,! ?ree p>ts are connect$ by a key :i* passes into ! holes1 x1 & are r5d]$ tight by copp] r+s1 y4 ,:5 x is desir$ to *>ge ! app>atus1 a lead5 cyl9d]1 #a4cd in*es long & #a4c in*es 9 diamet]1 is plac$ 9 "o ( ! heads1 & ! m$ian piece is s screw$ t x c be made /ill tight] by a few turns4 ,!n a /eel plate1 k1 #a4c in*es wide by #j4b in* ?ick1 is plac$ aga9/ ! cyl9d]1 & aga9/ ?is plate aga9 is plac$ a c>dbo>d disk1 #a4cd in*es wide by #j4d in* ?ick4 ,?is completely closes ! holl[ space4 ,! /eel plates & heads are m>k$ ) ! figures #a & #b1 :i*1 ?r\gh ! pressure1 are impress$ ^u ! lead5 cyl9d]s4 ,!n ! *>ge ( p[d]1 weigh+ exactly #cjj gra9s1 is introduc$1 & a new c>dbo>d disk1 a /eel plate1 & a lead5 cyl9d] are ins]t$1 & ! second head is screw$ up4 ,! app>atus is n[ ready to op]ate4 ,an ord9>y prim+ is plac$ on ! pyramid1 h1 & ! plug ) ! valve is screw$ d[n 9 su* a way t ! latt] %all h a little play4 ,by means ( a hamm]1 m1 a sm>t bl[ is giv5 ! valve i1 & ?is detonates ! prim+1 & causes an explosion ( ! *>ge4 ,! gases make _! exit ?r\gh ! pyramid1 h1 & lift ! valve & press x aga9/ ! plug1 s t _! escape is effectually prev5t$4 ,9 fact1 ! explosion takes place )\t noise4 ,a slight :i/l+1 only1 indicates t ! capsule has n miss$ fire1 & t ! app>atus may be imm$iately op5$1 ! gases hav+ cond5s$ 9 ! int]ior4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 to place ! clos$ app>atus 9 wat]1 9 ord] t ! residua t h ent]$ ! ?reads ( ! screw may become deta*$1 & t ! app>atus may be op5$ easily4 ,al?\gh !re is no dang] 9 /&+ alongside ! app>atus1 x is mu* bett] to spr+ ! hamm] by means ( a cord ( a c]ta9 l5g?1 s9ce ! valve & especially ! pyramid gradually burn & may be ?r[n out4 ,) "s k9ds ( p[d] ! pyramid rapidly melts1 & mu/ be frequ5tly replac$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,measur+ ,,! ,,=ce ,,( ,,explosives4 ,! two cones ( lead obta9$ are !n measur$ to #j4jjd ( an in* by means ( a gauge 7,fig4 #c74 ,! inv5tor has made num]\s exp]im5ts ) 8 app>atus1 & ?9ks x p]mits ( det]m9+ ! total =ce develop$ by p[d] v p]fectly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,s&mann',s ,,v9eg> ,,app>atus4 ,= obta9+ anhydr\s or v conc5trat$ v9eg> directly f pyrolignite ( lime or o!r acetates by a s+le di/illation1 ,mr4 ,d4 ,s&mann1 ( ,*>lott5burg1 employs ! app>atus %[n 9 ! accompany+ engrav+4 ,x consi/s ( a d\ble-bottom$ copp] or enamel$ iron boil]1 ,a1 arrang$ = be+ heat$ by /eam1 & ! upp] "p ( :i* is protect$ aga9/ ! action ( ! acid vapors dis5gag$ dur+ di/illation by a l9+ ( refractory clay4 ,! /one cov]1 ,b1 is provid$ ) an ap]ture1 b1 ?r\gh :i* ! boil] is fill$4 ,! /eam pipe1 k1 is inclos$ 9 a second pipe1 f1 provid$ ) radii4 ,?is tube s]ves z a /irr]2 & is set 9 motion by means ( a pulley1 g4 ,! tube1 c1 is connect$ ) a worm1 h1 & ! tube1 d1 :i* is provid$ ) a valve1 leads to ! second boil]1 ,c4 ,! head1 ,d1 :i* acts1 by reason ( its int]nal arrangem5t1 z a dephlegmator1 is ( enamel$ iron1 & is provid$ ) a !rmomet]1 f1 & an ap]ture1 p4 ,above ! spirals ( ! worm1 e1 are plac$ /rips ( glass1 ! free int]vals betwe5 :i* are fill$ 9 ) pieces ( glass1 porcela91 or any o!r mat]ial n attackable by acids4 ,! arrangem5t is su* t ! ris+ vapors c regul>ly & )\t ob/ruction trav]se ^! mat]ials ( wide surface4 ,! cond5s$ liquid falls back into ! l[] "p ( ! boil]4 ,! worm1 e1 deb\*es into a cool]1 ,f1 f$ ) wat] ?r\gh ! cock1 n4 ,at ! bottom ( ! boil]1 ,a1 !re is fix$ a tubulure1 r1 clos$ by a lev]1 s1 & hav+ a fa/5+ device1 o4 ,?is tubulure p]mits ( empty+ ! boil] into ! res]voir1 ,l4 ,a l arrangem5t is f\nd 9 ! boil]1 ,c4 ,! valves1 ,v1 s]ve to introduce /eam = heat+ into ! d\ble bottoms ( ! two boil]s4 ,! wat] ( cond5sation fl[s out ?r\gh ! tubes1 u4 ,! wat] = cool+ ent]s ! cool]s1 ,f1 ,j1 & ,z1 ?r\gh ! cocks1 n1 & fl[s out ?r\gh ! tubes1 v4 ,! acetate1 previ\sly cru%$1 is plac$ 9 ! boil]1 ,a1 & ! quantity ( acid necess>y to decompose x is add$4 ,! mass is aft]w>d mix$ ) c>e by means ( ! /irr]1 & ! di/illation may !n proce$ at once4 ,! vapors ( acetic acid t are dis5gag$ ent] ! boil]1 ,c1 ?r\gh ! tube1 d1 & are kept hot by ! /eam4 ,9 ! head1 ,d1 !y are sep>at$ into two portions1 viz41 into conc5trat$ acetic acid1 :i* cond5ses by reason ( its high boil+ po9t1 & into /eam1 :i* di/ills & c>ries along b a v small am\nt ( acetic acid4 ,?is /eam passes ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,g1 into ! worm1 ,h1 cond5ses1 & aft]w>d fl[s into ! vessel1 ,n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,v9eg>4 ,! acetic acid t accumulates 9 ! boil]1 ,c1 mu/ be aga9 vaporiz$ & treat$ until x no long] gives (f any /eam at all ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,g4 ,! am\nt ( cool+ wat] admitt$ into ! worm1 e1 t trav]ses ! head1 ,d1 is regulat$ accord+ to ! degree ( conc5tration x is desir$ to give ! acid4 ,z soon z ! /eam c no long] be sep>at$ 9 ! boil]1 ,c1 & temp]ature has rea*$ #aah degrees1 ! anhydr\s acetic acid is di/ill$ ?r\gh ! tube1 g1 & receiv$ 9 ! cool]1 ,k1 :]e9 x cond5ses4 ,:5 ! cont5ts ( ! boil]1 ,a1 h be5 di/ill$ to dryness1 ! tube1 d1 is clos$ & ! cock ( ! tube1 c1 is op5$4 ,aft] ?is1 /eam is inject$ directly ?r\gh ! tube1 k1 9 ord] to di/ill ! acetic acid t /ill rema9s 9 ! residuum1 & :i* passes ?us ?r\gh ! tube1 e1 into ! worm1 h1 & fl[s into ! two-neck$ bottle1 ,s4 ,!re may be add$ to ! boil]1 ,c1 c]ta9 mat]ials = purify+ ! acetic acid1 su* z p]manganate ( potassa or acetate ( soda1 s z to obta9 an absolutely pure article4--,d+l]'s ,polyte*4 ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,field ,,kit*5s4 ,we illu/rate ! field kit*5s ( ,capta9 ,j4,c4 ,baxt]1 ,r4,e41 9 ! ,inv5tions ,exhibition4 ,figs4 #a to #c repres5t ,capta9 ,baxt]'s ,telescopic ,kit*51 bo? op5 = use & pack$ up = travel+4 ,^! kit*5s1 :i* are on an entirely new pr9ciple1 consi/ ( f ?ree to five annul> kettles1 ei!r circul> or elliptical1 :i* are plac$ "o on ano!r1 & ! fire light$ inside ! c5tral tube4 ,! kettles are built up on ! top ( ! out] case 9 :i* !y are c>ri$1 ! c5tral tube be+ plac$ ov] ! grate 9 ! lid4 ,a small iron /&1 support+ an ord9>y pot1 is plac$ on ! top4 ,:5 pack$ up1 ! annul> kettles fit or ne/ into ea* o!r1 & into ! out] case2 ! iron /& packs inside ! inn]mo/ kettle1 & ! top pot is plac$ on ! out] case1 be+ secur$ by a /rap4 ,?is =m ( kit*5 is int5d$ = ! use ( (fic]s1 bo? regul> & volunte]1 & = (fic]s' & s]geants' messes on active s]vice or 9 camp4 ,!y are also suit$ = travel]s1 explor]s1 coloni/s1 boat+1 %oot+1 & fi%+ p>ties1 & 9 fact = all :o may require to cook 9 ! op5 air4 ,figs4 #d to #f repres5t ! kit*5 ( ! field s]vice patt]n ) conical kettles1 :ile ,figs4 #g & #h repres5t ! same patt]n ) elliptical kettles4 ,^! kit*5s consi/ ( five annul> vessels1 ei!r circul> or elliptical1 :i* are plac$ "o ^u ano!r1 & ! fire light$ 9 ! c5tral tube or flue4 ,a small iron /&1 support+ an ord9>y pot or kettle1 may be plac$ on ! top z 9 ! o!r set4 ,a small hole1 #ah in*es long1 #f in*es deep1 & ( ! same wid? z ! c5tral tube ( ! annul> kettles1 may be made = an a%pit1 or ! kit*5 may be rais$ a few in*es f ! gr\nd on /ones or turf4 ,! annul> vessels may be made cyl9drical or conical2 9 ! latt] case !y w fit or ne/ into "o ano!r1 & save space :5 n 9 use4 ,!y may be made circul> or elliptical4 ,^? int5d$ = cavalry are provid$ ) /raps to atta* !m to ! saddle4 ,?is =m ( kit*5 is int5d$ = ! use ( troops on active s]vice1 or 9 camp or b>racks1 workh\ses prisons1 s*ools1 & s\p kit*5s2 also = cook+ food = cattle & h\nds2 & = all :o may require to cook & di/ribute quickly l>ge quantities ( food1 s\p1 or tea1 or to heat wat] rapidly at a small co/4 ,! manufactur]s are ,m4 ,adams ,son1 ,london4--,iron4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4-;,,fig4 #c4 ,,field ,,kit*5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4-;,,fig4 #f4 ,,field ,,kit*5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4-;,,fig4 #h4 ,,field ,,kit*5s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,cop-,,w9d]4 ,9 ,g]many ext5sive use is made ( a cop-w9d+ ma*9e 9 :i* ! wood5 sp9dle consi/s ( a cone mov$ by a screw1 & ! position ( :i* is horizontal4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! primitive type ( ! ,g]man app>atus1 9 :i* ! cone t =ms ! cop is set 9 motion by a horizontal screw4 ,x is at fir/ ! great] diamet] ( ! cone t moves ! tube1 & p]mits ! ?read to accumulate b5ea? ! n>r[ extremity4 ,b1 z soon z a core ( ?read has be5 =m$1 x is 9 contact ) ! entire surface ( ! cone1 & ?us revolves ) a mean velocity until x is f9i%$4 ,9 ! new model 7,fig4 #b7 ! arrangem5t is diff]5t4 ,"h ,a is ! pap] tube1 ) wood5 base1 to :i* x is freely atta*$1 & ,c is ! cone t moves ov] ! screw1 ,d4 ,! ?read passes into a groove :i* makes "o revolution ( ! cone1 & f !nce ov] ! pap] tube1 :]e x receives ! =m ( a cop by reason ( ! transv]se motion ( ! cone ^u ! screw4 ,?is transv]se motion is at fir/ prev5t$ by ! click1 ,f1 :i* falls into ! tee? ( ! rat*et-:eel fix$ beh9d ! cone4 ,! %aft revolves cont9u\sly1 b has1 at ! same "t1 a to & fro motion 9 ! direction ( its axis1 s z to cause ! ?read to move =w>d con/antly & =m a cop4 ,?is to & fro motion is obta9$ by means ( a lev] & a sleeve1 ,i1 ! :eel1 ,h1 ( ! %aft be+ set 9 motion by ! p9ion1 ,j1 actuat$ by ! transmission ( ! ma*9e4 ,z ! sp9dle advances1 a core is =m$2 ! click1 ,f1 is !n pu%$ backw>d1 & ! cone is kept 9 motion by ! ?read until ! cop is f9i%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,new ,,cop-,,w9d+ ,,ma*9e4 ,pref]5ce is usually giv5 to ! horizontal model2 b ! sy/em may likewise be appli$ to a v]tical sp9dle1 & ! arrangem5t 9 ?is case is simpl]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,a rot>y motion ( ! %aft is useless "h1 z ! click1 ,f1 acts 9 an oblique position ^u ! rat*et-:eel1 ,o1 & pu%es x by reason ( ! to & fro motion ( ! screw4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #eac1 page #haia4 ,,! ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,timb]4 ,footnote3 ,f ! ,transactions ( ! ,society4 ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,committee ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,society ,,( ,,civil ,,eng9e]s ,,on ,,! ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,timb]1 ,,pres5t$ ,,& ,,accept$ ,,at ,,! ,,annual ,,conv5tion1 ,,june #be1 #ahhe4 ,,b\*]ie1 ,,or ,,sulphate ,,( ,,copp]4 ,! "n ( ,dr4 ,b\*]ie is g5]ally appli$ to ! process1 :i* he inv5t$ & ext5sively appli$1 ( prep>+ wood by =c+ a solution longitud9ally ?r\gh ! pores ( ! wood by means ( hydraulic pressure4 ,z1 h[ev]1 he also pat5t$ ! use ( sulphate ( copp]1 & 8 "n became atta*$ to ! use ( t antiseptic1 x w be conv5i5t "h to classify exp]im5ts made ) t sub/ance "u ?is head4 ,dr4 ,b\*]ie 0 a di/+ui%$ ,fr5* *emi/1 :o betwe5 #ahcf & #ahdf made _m elaborate rese>*es & exp]im5ts ^u ! pres]vation ( timb]4 ,he tri$ _m sub/ances1 & at fir/ recomm5d$ ! use ( pyrolignite ( iron1 b subsequ5tly us$ sulphate ( copp]1 :i* he consid]$ m effective4 ,8 fir/ exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ by vital suction1 t is1 by tapp+ ! liv+ tree1 & all[+ ! asc5d+ sap to c>ry up a pres]v+ solution4 ,?is 0 n f\nd to give uni=m or satisfactory results1 & ,dr4 ,b\*]ie !n inv5t$ ! process :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,?is 0 practic$ ei!r by apply+ a cap to ! end ( a fre%ly cut log1 ?r\gh :i* ! solution 0 all[$ to fl[ by pressure1 or by saw+ a log ne>ly ?r\gh 9 ! middle1 rais+ x at ! c5t] slightly1 s z to op5 ! jo9t1 plac+ a /rip ( t>r$ rope or a rubb] b& j inside ! p]iph]y ( ! cut log1 & lett+ x spr+ back1 s z to =m a tight jo9t by press+ ^u ! rope or b&4 ,an aug] hole bor$ diagonally into ! cavity s =m$ !n s]v$ to admit ! solution "u pressure4 ,?is process1 appli$ ) a solution ( ab\t "o p\nd ( sulphate ( copp] to "o hundr$ p\nds ( wat]1 has be5 ext5sively appli$ 9 ,france = _m ye>s1 ) satisfactory results4 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t to be successful x mu/ be appli$ to fre%ly cut trees 9 ! log only1 & t ?is involv$ s mu* delay1 mov+ ab\t1 wa/e1 & annoyance1 t x has n[ be5 ab&on$4 ,^! difficulties w\ld be /ill great] 9 ?is c\ntry1 & 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates ! process c\ld n be appli$ at all dur+ ! w9t] 7or season = cutt+ d[n trees71 z ! solution w\ld freeze4 ,on ?is page is a li/ ( ! exp]im5ts :i* y\r committee h be5 able to le>n ab\t1 z hav+ be5 made ) sulphate ( copp] 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,record ,,( ,,am]ican ,,exp]im5ts4 ,,sulphate ,,( ,,copp]1 ,,or ,,b\*]ie4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,mat]ial ,subsequ5t ,no ,locality ,ye>,process4 ,treat$4 ,exposure4 ,results4 ,au?ority4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #a;,*ili1 ,s4,a4 #aheg;,b\*]4,popl> ,r4,r4 track,favorable ,w4,w4 ,evans ties #b;,clevel&1 ,o #ahgj,?ilmany,ties ,favorable ,j4,r4 ,conrad to #ahge #c,wa%+ton #ahgb ,pav+ ,laboratory,unfavor4 ,w4,c4 ,tild5 blocks #d,p5sacola #ahgd ,live oak ,t]$o ,failure ,w4,h4 ,v>ney #e;,*>le/on1 ,,sc#ahge ,p9e block ,q4,a4 ,gillmore #f,san ,francisco #ahgf ,c4,s4 ,/ew>t #g,milwaukee #ahgf ,pavem5t ,favorable1,s*litz ,bg4 #ahhb ,co4 #h,norfolk1 ,va4 #ahgf ,hackmatack,t]$o ,failure ,p4,c4 ,ass]son #i;,*>le/[n1 #ahgg ,v>i\s ,laboratory,favorable ,j4,f4 ,babcock ,mass #aj,waba% ,r4,r4 #ahgg ,ties ,r4,r4 track,unfavor4 ,r4,a4 ,h\ghton #aa,waba% ,r4,r4 #ahgh ,w4,s4 ,l9coln #ab,new ,york1 #ahgi ,c4 ,latim] ,p5nsylvania1 & ,ohio ,r4,r4 #ac,lake ,%ore &#ahgi ,r4,a4 ,h\ghton ,mi*igan ,s\!rn ,r4,r4 #ad;,clevel& & #ahgi ,c4 ,latim] ,pittsburg ,r4,r4 #ae;,*>le/[n1 #ahgi ,spruce ,sidewalk ,success ,s4,g4 ,:ite ,mass plank to #ahhb #af;,baltimore & #ahgi ,ties ,r4,r4 track,too rec5t,j4,l4 ,r&olph ,ohio #ag;,hudson ,riv] #ahfi;,ham> ,success ,e4,w4 ,v&]bilt ,r4,r4 #ah,/4 ,l\is #ahhb;,fladd ,too rec5t,h4 ,fladd ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,comm5ts ,,on ,,sulphate ,,( ,,copp] ,,exp]im5ts4 ,! fir/ exp]im5t 0 c>ri$ out by ,mr4 ,w4,w4 ,evans1 on ! ,s\!rn ,railway ( ,*ili1 9 #aheg1 & he in=ms y\r committee t 9 #ahfj1 :5 he left t c\ntry1 ! ties 7 /ill good & 9 s]viceable condition4 ,we give h]e)1 9 ,app5dix ,no4 #af1 an int]e/+ lett] f ,mr4 ,e4 ,pontz5 to ,mr4 ,evans1 on ! subject ( ! ,b\*]ie process4 ,exp]im5ts ,nos4 #b to #af1 inclusive1 7 all tri$ ) v>i\s modifications ( ! sulphate ( copp] process z introduc$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,?ilmany 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!y date back to #ahgj 7exp]im5t ,no4 #b71 :5 ,mr4 ,?ilmany 0 work+ & recomm5d+ ! me?ods ( vital suction & ( ! ,b\*]ie hydraulic pressure sy/em4 ,aft] describ+ ! =eign me?ods ( injection ) sulphate ( copp]1 he /ates 9 8 fir/ pamphlet 7#ahgj73 ,?is process result$ v satisfactorily1 b x 0 f\nd t ! sulphate ( copp] became v mu* dilut$ by ! sap1 & :5 ! same liquid 0 us$ sev]al times1 ! decay+ sub/ance ( ! sap1 viz41 ! album51 0 re9troduc$ into ! wood1 & left x ne>ly 9 its primitive condition4 ,he accord+ly propos$ a d\ble injection1 fir/ by muriate ( b>ytes1 &1 secondly1 by sulphate ( copp]1 =c$ ?r\gh by ! ,b\*]ie process1 & x is presum$ t ! ties ( #ahgj1 9 exp]im5t ,no4 #b1 :i* %[$ favorable results :5 exam9$ 9 #ahge1 7 prep>$ by t process4 ,subsequ5tly ,mr4 ,?ilmany *ang$ 8 mode ( application to ! ,be!ll process ( inject+ solutions "u pressure 9 clos$ cyl9d]s1 & probably ! pav+ blocks = exp]im5t ,no4 #c 7 prep>$ 9 t way4 ,! *emical exam9ation ( !m by ,mr4 ,tild51 h[ev]1 %[$ ! saturation v unev52 absorptive p[]1 high2 block conta9s soluble salts ( copp]1 removable by wa%+4 ,x 0 expect$ t ! d\ble solution1 by =m+ an insoluble comp\nd1 w\ld prove an effective protection aga9/ ! t]$o4 ,exp]im5ts ,nos4 #d1 #e1 #f1 & #h1 h[ev]1 prov$ ! contr>y to be ! fact4 ,! process1 :5 well done1 gave mod]ately satisfactory results aga9/ decay4 ,a pavem5t laid 9 ! y>d ( ! ,s*litz ,brew+ ,company1 9 ,milwaukee 7exp]im5t ,no4 #g71 0 s\nd 9 #ahhb1 aft] "s six ye>s' exposure4 ,a report by ,mr4 ,j4,f4 ,babcock1 a *emi/ ( ,bo/on 7exp]im5t ,no4 #i71 indicat$ favorable results1 & ! planks 9 a ropewalk at ,*>le/[n 7exp]im5t ,no4 #ae71 laid 9 #ahgi1 7 yet s\nd 9 #ahhb4 ,! exp]im5ts on railroad ties 7,nos4 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 & #af71 h[ev]1 did n result satisfactorily4 ,!y seem$ favorable at fir/1 & great ?+s 7 expect$ ( !m2 b late exam9ations made on ! ,waba% ,railroad1 on ! ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 & ,ohio1 & on ! ,clevel& & ,pittsburg ,railroad1 h %[n ! ties to be decay+1 & ! results to be unfavorable4 ,?is applies to ! sulphate ( copp] & b>ium process4 ,mr4 ,?ilmany has pat5t$ /ill ano!r comb9ation1 9 :i* he uses sulphate ( z9c & *loride ( b>ium1 :i* has be5 notic$ "u ! head ( burnettiz+4 ,exp]im5t ,no4 #ag 0 tri$ on ! ,hudson ,riv] ,railroad4 ,x consi/$ ( #a1jjj sap p9e ties1 :i* _h be5 impregnat$ 9 ! ,s\?1 by ! ,b\*]ie process1 ) a mixture ( sulphate ( iron & sulphate ( copp]1 "u ,ham>'s pat5t4 ,^! ties 7 laid 9 ! tunnel at ,new ,hamburg1 a try+ exposure1 & :5 exam9$1 9 #ahhb1 sev]al ( !m 7 /ill 9 ! track4 ,! process1 h[ev]1 0 f\nd to be s t$i\s t x 0 ab&on$ aft] a ye>'s trial1 & has n s9ce be5 resum$4 ,9 #ahhb ,mr4 ,h4 ,fladd1 ( ,/4 ,l\is1 pat5t$ a me?od :i* is ! inv]se ( ! ,b\*]ie process 7exp]im5t ,no4 #ah74 ,to ! cap fa/5$ to ! end ( a fre%ly cut log he applies a suction pump1 & plac+ ! o!r end into a vat1 fill$ ) ! desir$ solution1 he sucks up ! pres]v+ fluid ?r\gh ! pores or sap cells ( ! wood4 ,q a numb] ( exp]im5tal ties h be5 prep>$ 9 ?is way1 ) v>i\s *emical solutions1 *ief ( :i* 0 sulphate ( copp]1 & !re is probably no "q b t ! life ( ! wood w be mat]ially increas$ !reby4 ,:e!r ! process w prove m conv5i5t & economical ?an ! orig9al ,b\*]ie process c only be det]m9$ by practical application ^u an ext5sive scale4 ,a consid]able numb] ( modifications & appliances = work+ ! ,b\*]ie process h be5 pat5t$ 9 ?is c\ntry2 b none ( !m seems to h come into practical use1 probably because ( ! necessity = op]at+ ^u fre%ly cut logs1 & ! inconv5i5ce ( su* applications4 ,! table on ?is page gives a record ( v>i\s exp]im5ts ) miscellane\s sub/ances4 ,,record ,,( ,,am]ican ,,exp]im5ts--,,miscellane\s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,mat]ial ,subsequ5t ,no ,locality ,ye> ,process4 ,treat$4 ,exposure ,results4 ,au?ority4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #a;,*e/nut #ahci;,e>le's ,hemlock ,pav+ ,failure ,s4,v4 ,beuet ,/reet1 blocks ,philadelpha #b,wat]vliet #ahdj ,oak ,gun ,ars5al timb] c>riage #c;,delaw>e #ahdj ,rope ,fungus ,favorable ,hudson pit ,canal #d,philadelphia#ahdj,lime ba? ,p9e ,railroad ,unfavor4 ,m4 ,coryell ,columbia /r+]s track ,railroad #e;,bo/on #ahdd,sulphate ,ties ,i4 ,h9ckley ,provid5ce ( iron ,railroad #f;,belv$]e #ahej,salt ,hemlock ,m4 ,coryell ,railroad #g;,baltimore #ahej,lime ,ties ,j4,l4 ,r&olph ,ohio ,railroad #h,ro*e/] #aheb,pay5iz+ ,ties ,t4 ,hilli>d #i;,g]mant[n1 #ahee;,*>r+ ,f5ce ,f5ce ,favorable,g4 ,mc,grew ,ind4 po/s #ahgi #aj,pottsville1 #aheg,pyrolig'ite,timb] ,railroad ,unfavor4 ,h4,k4 ,ni*ols ,pa4 ( iron sills #aa;,erie ,railway#aheh;,bor+ ,bridges ,favorable,h4,d4,v4 ,prait #ab;,galve/on #ahfg;,cas+ ,piles ,bridge ,failure ,w4,h4 ,smi? #ac,new ,york #ahfh;,be]iz+ ,lumb] ,signs ,d\btful ,s4 ,be] #ad,wyom+ #ahfh,natural ,ties ,railroad ,pres]v$,j4 ,t]ritory soil track ,bl9k9sd]f] #ae;,*icago1 #ahgj;,=eman- ,timb] ,/eamboat ,favorable,m4,b4 ,br[n ,ill4 iz+ #ahgi #af;,ill9ois #ahga ,ties ,railroad ,failure ,l4,p4 ,moreh\se ,c5tral track ,railroad #ag,/4 ,l\is #ahga ,%+les ,ro( ,f4 ,de ,funiak #ah,memphis #ahga ,ties ,railroad ,f4 ,de ,funiak ,*>le/on track #ai,wa%+ton1 #ahga,tripl] ,pav+ ,laboratory ,w4,c4 ,tild5 ,d4,c4 blocks #bj #ahgb,samuel #ba #ahgb,taylor #bb #ahgb,wat]bury #bc #ahgb,sulphate ,p5nsyl- ,j4,a4 ,p>tridge ( iron vania ,ave #bd #ahgb,samuel ,f4 ,/reet #be #ahgb,samuel #af? ,/4 #bf,norvolk1 ,va4 - ,r$ lead ,p9e & ,t]$o ,p4,c4 ,ass]son oak #bg - ,:ite z9c #bh - ,t> & pla/] #bi - ,k]os5e #cj - ,ros9 & tall[ #ca - ,fi% oil tall[ #cb - ,v]digris #cc - ,b>k on ,good = pile #e ye>s #cd - ,c>bolic ,failure acid #ce - ,t> & cem5t #cf - ,davis' comp\nd #cg - ,c>boliz$ pap] #ch - ,pa9t #ci - ,?ilmany #dj - ,vulcaniz$ fib] #da - ,*>r+ ,good = #i ye>s #db,new ,orleans #ahgb ,piles ,failure ,j4,w4 ,putnam ,mobile ,r4,r4 #dc #ahgb ,tempor>y oil+ prot'n #dd;,galve/on #ahgj;,*>r+ ,h\/on #ahgd ,r4,r4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,comm5ts ,,on ,,miscellane\s ,,exp]im5ts4 ,exp]im5ts ,nos4 #a1 #b1 & #c relate to ! ,e>le process1 f :i* great results 7 expect$ f #ahci to #ahdd4 ,x consi/$ 9 imm]s+ timb]1 rope1 canvas1 etc41 9 a hot solution ( "o p\nd ( sulphate ( copp] & ?ree p\nds ( sulphate ( iron mix$ 9 tw5ty gallons ( wat]4 ,x 0 fir/ te/$ on "s hemlock pav+ blocks on ,*e/nut ,/reet1 ,philadelphia1 & = a "t seem$ to promise good results4 ,exp]im5ts ) prep>$ rope1 expos$ 9 a fungus pit1 by ,mr4 ,james ,ar*bald1 ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ! ,delaw>e & ,hudson ,canal1 seem$ also favorable4 ,! process 01 !re=e1 ?or\ghly tri$ at ! ,wat]vliet ,ars5al1 :]e x 0 appli$ to "s #fc1jjj cubic ft4 ( timb]1 at a co/ ( ab\t sev5 c5ts p] cubic foot4 ,! timb] 0 us$ = v>i\s ordnance purposes1 & :ile x 0 f\nd to h its life ext5d$1 z w\ld naturally be expect$ f ! kn[n "* ( ! antiseptics us$1 its /r5g? 0 s f> impair$1 & x *eck$ & w>p$ s badly1 t ! process 0 ab&on$ 9 #ahdd4 ,! committee is indebt$ to ,g5]al ,s4,v4 ,b5et1 ,*ief ( ,ordnance1 = a full copy ( ! reports ^u ^! exp]im5ts4 ,exp]im5ts ,nos4 #d & #g repres5t ! lime process1 :i* has be5 appli$ to a consid]able ext5t 9 ,france4 ,! fact t plat=ms & boxes us$ = mix+ lime mort> seem to resi/ decay has repeat$ly sugge/$ ! use ( lime = pres]v+ timb]4 ,9 #ahdj ,mr4 ,w4,r4 ,huffnagle1 ,eng9e] ( ! ,philadelphia & ,columbia ,railroad1 laid a portion ( its track on :ite p9e sills1 :i* _h be5 soak$ = ?ree mon?s 9 a vat ( lime-wat] z /rong z c\ld be ma9ta9$4 ,simil> exp]im5ts 7 tri$ on ! ,baltimore & ,ohio 9 #ahej4 ,! result 0 n satisfactory1 z might be expect$ f ! fact t lime is a comp>atively weak antiseptic 7#eb4e by atomic weight1 :ile creosote is #baf71 & f ! extreme t$i\sness ( ?ree mon?s' soak+4 ,exp]im5ts ,nos4 #e & #h 7 tri$ ) sulphate ( iron1 sometimes kn[n z pay5iz+1 & ! p>ticul>s ( ! =m] h be5 furni%$ by ,mr4 ,i4 ,h9ckley1 ,presid5t ( ! ,philadelphia1 ,wilm+ton1 & ,baltimore ,railroad1 to :om y\r committee is mu* indebt$ = a l>ge mass ( in=mation on ! subject ( timb] pres]vation4 ,mr4 ,h9ckley has _h long] & m v>i$ exp]i5ce on ?is subject ?an any o!r p]son 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,beg9n+ ) sulphate ( copp] 9 #ahdf1 foll[+ ) *loride ( m]cury 9 #ahdg1 & *loride ( z9c 9 #aheb1 go+ back to *loride ( m]cury1 & aga9 to *loride ( z9c1 us+ ! latt] until #ahfe1 !n us+ creosote to protect ! piles aga9/ ! t]$o at ,taunton ,great ,riv] 7exp]im5t ,no4 #b4 creosot+71 he has _h millions ( feet ( timb] & lumb] prep>$ by ! v>i\s processes1 & has k9dly plac$ at our disposal _m orig9al reports 9 manuscript & pamphlets :i* are n[ v r>e4 ,exp]im5t ,no4 #f 0 made by ,mr4 ,a%bel ,wel*1 =m] ,presid5t ( ?is ,society1 & consi/$ 9 bor+ hemlock track sills #f #ab ) a #a-a_/h in* aug]-hole #aj in*es deep e #ae in*es4 ,^! 7 fill$ ) common salt & plugg$ up1 z is n infrequ5tly done 9 %ip-build+1 b :ile ! life ( ! timb] 0 some:at l5g!n$1 x 0 conclud$ t ! process did n pay4 ,salt has be5 exp]im5t$ ) numb]less times4 ,x is *eap1 b is a comp>atively weak antiseptic1 its atomic weight be+ #eh4h 9 ! hydrog5 scale1 z aga9/ #ace4e = *loride ( m]cury4 ,exp]im5t ,no4 #i is includ$ 9 ord] to notice ! well-kn[n & mo/ anci5t process ( *>r+ ! outside ( timb]4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> case1 ! f5ce po/s aft] *>r+ 7 dipp$ = ab\t ?ree feet into a hot mixture ( raw l9se$ oil & pulv]iz$ *>coal1 :i* probably act$ by clos+ ! sap cells aga9/ ! intrusion ( moi/ure1 :i*1 z is well kn[n1 mu* ha/5s decay4 ,! po/s1 :i* _h be5 set butt-end upw>d1 7 mo/ly s\nd 9 #ahgi1 aft] #bd ye>s' exposure4 ,exp]im5ts ,nos4 #da1 #db1 #dc1 & #dd did n1 h[ev]1 result z well1 & numb]less failures ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry atte/ t *>r+ is unc]ta9 & disappo9t+ 9 its results4 ,mu* +5uity has be5 wa/$ 9 devis+ & pat5t+ ma*9]y = *>r+ wood on a l>ge scale to pres]ve x aga9/ decay4 ,! process1 h[ev]1 is s t$i\s 9 comp>ison ) ! b5efits :i* x conf]s1 & ! *>r$ surface is s objectionable = _m uses1 t no?+ is to be expect$ f ! process ^u a l>ge comm]cial scale4 ,9 #aheg-eh ,mr4 ,h4,k4 ,ni*ols tri$ sundry exp]im5ts 7,no4 #aj71 at ,pottsville1 ,pa41 ^u timb] :i* he endeavor$ to impregnate ) pyrolignite ( iron by means ( capill>y action4 ,simil> exp]im5ts _h previ\sly be5 ?or\ghly tri$ 9 ,france by ,dr4 ,b\*]ie1 b ! result has n be5 f\nd satisfactory4 ,9 #aheh ! ,erie ,railway pur*as$ ! "r ( us+ ! ,ni*ols pat5t1 & erect$ ma*9]y at its ,owego ,bridge %op = bor+ a #b in* hole longitud9ally ?r\gh ! c5t] ( bridge timb]s4 ,?is cont9u$ till #ahgj1 :5 ! works 7 burn$1 & 9 rebuild+ !m ! bor+ ma*9]y 0 n replac$4 ,! longitud9al hole all[$ a portion ( ! sap to evaporate )\t *eck+ ! outside ( ! timb]1 & und\bt$ly l5g!n$ its life4 ,x is believ$ !re are yet 7#ahhe7 "s /icks ( timb] 9 ! bridges ( ! road t 7 s prep>$ 9 #ahfh or #ahfi4 ,9 #ahfg ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,smi? pat5t$ a me?od ( pres]v+ timb]1 by incas+ x 9 vitrifi$ e>!nw>e pipes1 & fill+ ! space betwe5 ! timb] & ! pipe ) a gr\t+ ( hydraulic cem5t4 ,?is 0 appli$ to ! railroad bridge connect+ ! ma9l& ) ,galve/on ,isl& 7exp]im5t ,no4 #ab71 & s well did x seem to succe$ at fir/ t x 0 propos$ to ext5d ! process to railroad tre/lework1 to f5c+1 to supports = h\ses1 & to telegraph poles4 ,b aft] a :ile ! e>!nw>e pipes 7 displac$ & brok51 ! process 0 giv5 up1 & ,galve/on bridge is n[ creosot$4 ,9 #ahfh ,mr4 ,s4 ,be] pat5t$ a process = pres]v+ wood by simply wa%+ out ! sap f its cells4 ,hav+ asc]ta9$ t borax is a solv5t = sap1 he prep>$ a numb] ( specim5s by boil+ !m 9 a solution ( borax4 ,= small specim5s1 ?is answ]$ well1 & a signbo>d treat$ 9 t way 7exp]im5t ,no4 #ac7 0 pres]v$ a long "t2 b :5 appli$ to l>ge timb]1 ! process 0 f\nd v t$i\s & sl[1 & no headway has be5 made 9 introduc+ x4 ,exp]im5t ,no4 #ad 0 br\ght ab\t by accid5t4 ,"s ye>s age x 0 discov]$ t !re 0 a /rip ( road 9 ! track ( ! ,union ,pacific ,railroad1 9 ,wyom+ ,t]ritory1 ab\t t5 miles 9 l5g?1 :]e ! ties d n decay at all4 ,! ,*ief ,eng9e]1 ,mr4 ,bl9k9sd]f]1 k9dly took up a cotton wood tie 9 #ahhb1 :i* _h be5 laid 9 #ahfh1 & s5t a1 piece ( x to ! committee4 ,x is z s\nd & a good deal h>d] ?an :5 fir/ laid1 #ad ye>s be=e1 :ile on "s o!r p>ts ( ! road cottonwood ties p]i% 9 two or five ye>s4 ,! "* ( ! soil :]e ^! results h be5 obs]v$ is light & soapy1 & ,mr4 ,e4 ,dick9son1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,l>amie ,division1 furni%es ! foll[+ analysis3 ,sodium *loride #aj4fd ,potassium #d4gj ,magnesium sulphate #a4gj ,silica #j4ji ,alum9a #a4id ,f]ric oxide #e4hd ,calcium c>bonate #bb4cc ,magnesium #c4ci ,organic matt] #d4bj ,insoluble matt] #ida4dg ,loss 9 analysis #d4jj ,traces ( phosphor\s acid & ammonia4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks made by ! *emi/s :o made ! analysis may be ( int]e/3 ,! decay ( wood arises f ! pres5ce 9 ! wood ( sub/ances :i* are =eign to ! woody fib]1 b are pres5t 9 ! juices ( ! wood :ile gr[+1 & consi/ ( album9\s matt]1 :i*1 :5 beg9n+ to decay1 causes also ! de/ruction ( ! o!r con/itu5ts ( ! wood4 ,"o ( ! means adopt$ to prev5t ! de/ruction ( wood by decay is by ! *emical alt]ation ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! sap4 ,?is is br\ght ab\t by impregnat+ ! wood ) "s sub/ance :i* ei!r ent]s into comb9ation ) ! con/itut5ts ( ! sap or s alt]s _! prop]ties z to prev5t ! sett+ up ( decomposition4 ,! analysis ( ?is soil %[s t x conta9s l>ge quantities ( ! sub/ances 7sodium1 potassium *loride1 calcium1 & iron7 mo/ us$ 9 ! diff]5t processes ( pres]v+ or kyaniz+ wood4 ,x also conta9s mu* inorganic matt]1 :i* also acts z a pres]v+ ag5t4 ,"s ( ! ties s pres]v$ h be5 transf]r$ to o!r portions ( ! track1 & "s ( ! soil has also be5 transport$ to o!r localities1 s t x is hop$ t 9 ! discussion t may be expect$ to foll[ ?is report1 "s fur!r light w be ?r[n on ! subject by an acc\nt ( ! results ( ^! exp]im5ts4 ,exp]im5ts ,nos4 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 & #ah are mo/ in/ructive1 & convey a useful lesson4 ,9 #ahfe ,mr4 ,b4,s4 ,=eman pat5t$ ! application ( a dry p[d] = pres]v+ wood1 :i* 0 compos$ ( c]ta9 proportions ( salt1 ars5ic1 & corrosive sublimate4 ,?is action 0 bas$ ^u an exp]i5ce :i* he _h _h :51 z a work+ me*anic ( ,ellisburg1 ,jeff]son ,c\nty1 ,n4,y41 9 #ahch1 he _h pres]v$ a wat]-:eel %aft by ins]t+ su* a comp\nd 9 p[d] 9 ! body ( ! wood1 & asc]ta9$ t x 0 /ill s\nd "s #ad ye>s lat]4 ,8 !ory ( ! action ( 8 comp\nd ^u timb] 0 briefly ?is3 ,t all wood be=e x c decay mu/ f]m5t2 t f]m5tation _c exi/ )\t heat & moi/ure2 t ! *emical prop]ty or nature ( 8 comp\nd1 :5 ins]t$ dry into wood1 is to attract moi/ure1 & ?is moi/ure1 aid$ by f]m5tation1 liquefies ! comp\nd2 t capill>y attraction mu/ inevitably convey x ?r\gh ! sap ducts & m$ull>y rays to e fib] ( ! /ick4444 ,7 ^! cry/allizations salt alone1 !y w\ld soon dissolve1 b ! ars5ic & corrosive sublimate h r5d]$ !m insoluble2 h5ce !y rema9 intact :ile any fib] ( ! wood is left4 ,! antiseptic qualities ( ars5ic are also well kn[n1 & h be5 kn[n = c5turies4 ,*emical analysis ( ! mummies ( ,egypt to-day %[s ! pres5ce ( ars5ic 9 l>ge quantities 9 e portion ( _! sub/ance4 ,:atev] o!r +r$i5ts may h ent]$ into ! comp\nd t has be5 s pot5t 9 pres]v+ f decay ! bodies ( ! old k+s ( ,egypt1 & ev5 ! l95 ve/m5ts ( _! tombs1 ars5ic 0 mo/ c]ta9ly "o4 ,! mode ( application us$ by ,mr4 ,=eman 0 to bore holes two in*es 9 diamet] ?ree-f\r?s ( ! way ?r\gh /icks ( squ>e timb]1 f\r feet ap>t1 to fill !m ) ! dry p[d]1 & to plug !m up ) a bung4 ,= railroad ties he bor$ two holes two in*es 9 diamet]1 six in*es inside ( ! rails1 & fill$ & plugg$ !m4 ,fre% cut lumb] & %+les 7 prep>$ by pil+ lay]s ^u ea* o!r ) ! dry p[d] spr9kl$ betwe5 9 ! ratio ( tw5ty p\nds to ! ?\s& feet ( lumb]4 ,?is 0 all[$ to rema9 at a temp]ature ( at lea/ #deh ,f4 until f]m5tation took place1 :5 ! lumb] 0 consid]$ fully =emaniz$4 ,! process 0 fir/ appli$ to ! timb] & lumb] = a /eamboat1 & 9 #ahgi ! result 0 report$ to be favorable4 ,x 0 !n appli$ to "s ties on ! ,ill9ois ,c5tral ,railroad1 :]e x did n succe$1 & to "s on ! ,*icago & ,nor?we/]n1 :]e !y seem to h be5 lo/ sight (1 be+ few 9 numb]1 s t y\r committee has n be5 able to le>n ! result4 ,great expectations 71 h[ev]1 ent]ta9$1 & a conditional sale 0 made to v>i\s p>ties ( ! "r ( us+ ! process1 notably1 x is said1 to ! ,memphis & ,*>le/on ,railroad = #ej1jjj2 & "s t5 miles ( ties 7 prep>$ on t road1 :5 ! poison\s nature ( ! +r$i5ts us$ br\ght ab\t disa/]4 ,"s %+les 7 prep>$ = a railroad freight h\se at ,ea/ ,/4 ,l\is1 b all ! c>p5t]s :o put !m on 7 tak5 v ill1 & "o ( !m di$4 ,! ars5ic & corrosive sublimate effloresc$ f ! ties along ! ,memphis & ,*>le/on ,railroad4 ,cattle came & lick$ !m = ! sake ( ! salt1 & !y di$1 s t ! track = t5 miles 0 /rew$ ) dead cattle4 ,! f>m]s rose up 9 arms1 & made ! railroad take up & burn ! ties4 ,! company promot+ =emaniz+ 0 su$ & ca/ 9 heavy damages1 & x w5t out ( bus9ess4 ,9 #ahgj ,mr4 ,a4,b4 ,tripl] pat5t$ a mixture ( ars5ic & salt1 & ! succe$+ ye> a specim5 ( wood prep>$ "u t pat5t 0 submitt$ to ! ,bo>d ( ,public ,works ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 & exam9$ by its *emi/1 ,mr4 ,w4,c4 ,tild5 7exp]im5t #ai74 ,he f\nd ! impregnation unev51 & ! absorptive p[] high1 b he did n f9d any ars5ic1 ?\gh its use 0 claim$4 ,! ,samuel process 7exp]im5t #bj7 consi/$ 9 ! injection1 fir/1 ( a solution ( sulphate ( iron1 & aft]w>d ( common burnt lime4 ,mr4 ,tild5 report$ ! wood to be brittle1 & ! wat] us$ to te/ ! absorptive p[] to h be5 fill$ ) ?reads ( fungi 9 =ty-eight h\rs4 ,! ,taylor process 7exp]im5t ,no4 #ba7 us$ a solution ( sulphide ( calcium 9 pyroligne\s acid4 ,x 0 condemn$ by ,mr4 ,tild54 ,! ,wat]bury process 7exp]im5t #bb7 consi/$ 9 =c+ 9 a solution ( common salt1 foll[$ by dead oil or creosote4 ,x 0 also condemn$ by ,mr4 ,tild54 ,! exam9ations ( ,mr4 ,tild5 ext5d$ to "s f\rte5 diff]5t processes1 mo/ ( :i* h already be5 notic$ 9 ?is report1 & _! practical results giv54 ,! ,bo>d ( ,public ,works1 h[ev]1 laid d[n a consid]able am\nt ( prep>$ wood pavem5t 9 ,wa%+ton1 all ( :i* is und]/ood to h prov$ a dismal failure4 ,aft] a good deal ( inquiry1 y\r committee has be5 enabl$ to obta9 in=mation ( ! results ( ?ree ( ^! exp]im5ts4 ,! p9e pav+ blocks ^u ,p5nsylvania ,av5ue 7exp]im5t #bc7 7 fir/ kiln-dri$1 & !n imm]s$ 9 a hot solution ( sulphate ( iron4 ,! spruce blocks on ,e ,/reet 7exp]im5t #bd7 7 treat$ ) *loride ( z9c1 or1 9 o!r words1 burnettiz$2 b ! mode ( application is n /at$4 ,! p9e blocks ^u ,sixte5? ,/reet 7exp]im5t #be7 7 treat$ ) ! residual products ( petroleum di/illation4 ,x is /at$ t ?is 0 ! only process 9 :i* pressure 0 us$4 ,9 f ?ree & a half to f\r & a half ye>s ! blocks 7 badly decay$1 & l>ge portions ( ! /reets 7 almo/ impassable1 :ile o!r /reets pav$ 9 ! same ye> ) untreat$ woods rema9$ 9 fair condition4 ,x has be5 /at$ to y\r committee t ?is result1 :i* did mu* t[>d br++ all wood pres]v+ processes into contempt1 0 *iefly ow+ to ! v di%one/ way 9 :i* ! prep>ation 0 done2 t 9 fact !re 0 a comb9ation betwe5 ! (ficials & ! contractors by :i* ! latt] 7 *iefly int]e/$ h[ n to d x1 & t ! above results1 !re=e1 prove v little on ! subject ( wood pres]vation4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy ,dep>tm5t y\r committee is enabl$ to give ! results ( a s]ies ( exp]im5ts 7,nos4 #bf to #da inclusive7 :i* h be5 c>ri$ on at ! ,norfolk1 ,va41 ,navy ,y>d1 = a s]ies ( ye>s1 by ,mr4 ,p4,c4 ,ass]son1 ,civil ,eng9e]1 ,u4,s4,n41 to te/ ! effect ( v>i\s sub/ances z a protection aga9/ ! ,t]$o navalis4 ,x w be notic$ t ! application ( two coats ( :ite z9c pa9t1 ( two coats ( r$ lead1 ( coal t> & pla/] ( ,p>is mix$1 ( k]os5e oil1 ( ros9 & tall[ mix$1 ( fi% oil & tall[ mix$ & put on hot1 ( v]digris1 ( c>bolic acid1 ( coal t> & hydraulic cem5t1 ( ,davis' pat5t insulat+ comp\nd1 ( compress$ c>boliz$ pap]1 ( anti-f\l+ pa9t1 ( ! ,?ilmany process1 & ( vulcaniz$ fib]1 h prov$ failures4 ,! only favorable results h be5 t oak piles cut 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y & driv5 ) ! b>k on h resi/$ f\r or five ye>s1 or till ! b>k *af$ or rubb$ (f1 & t cypress piles1 well *>r$1 h resi/$ = n9e ye>s4 ,?is m]ely confirms ! g5]al conclusion :i* has be5 /at$ "u ! head ( creosot+1 t no?+ b ! impregnation ) creosote1 & pl5ty ( x1 is an effectual protection aga9/ ! t]$o4 ,numb]less exp]im5ts h be5 tri$ abroad & 9 ?is c\ntry1 & always ) ! same result4 ,!re are q a numb] ( o!r exp]im5ts :i* y\r committee has le>n$ ab\t :i* are "h pass$ 9 sil5ce4 ,! acc\nts ( !m are vague1 or ! promis$ results ( su* slight importance z n to w>rant cumb]+ ) !m ?is already too volum9\s report4 ,! committee also =be>s f discuss+ ! m]its ( ! _m pat5ts :i* h be5 tak5 out = wood pres]vation4 ,x _h prep>$ a li/ ( !m1 & inve/igat$ ! probable success ( _m ( !m1 b has conclud$ t x is bett] to conf9e itself to ! results ( actual te/s1 & to /ick to asc]ta9$ facts4 ,nei!r does ! committee feel call$ ^u to po9t out ! great importance ( ! subject1 & ! economical advantages :i* w result f ! artificial prep>ation ( wood z its price advances4 ,!y hope1 h[ev]1 t ! memb]s ( ?is ,society1 9 discuss+ ?is report1 w dwell ^u ?is po9t4 ,we %all in/ead give z briefly z possible ! g5]al conclusions :i* we h rea*$ z ! result ( our protract$ inve/igation4 ,,decay ,,( ,,timb]4 ,pure woody fib] is said by *emi/s to be compos$ ( #eb4d p>ts ( c>bon1 #da4i p>ts ( oxyg51 & #e4g p>ts ( hydrog51 & to be ! same 9 all ! diff]5t v>ieties4 ,if x c be entirely depriv$ ( ! sap & ( moi/ure1 x und]goes *ange v sl[ly1 if at all4 ,decay orig9ates ) ! sap4 ,?is v>ies f #ce to #ee p] c5t4 ( ! :ole1 :5 ! tree is fell$1 & conta9s a great _m sub/ances1 su* z album9\s matt]1 sug>1 />*1 res91 etc41 etc41 ) a l>ge portion ( wat]4 ,woody fib] alone w n decay1 b :5 associat$ ) ! sap1 f]m5tation takes place 9 ! latt] 7) su* en]gy z may dep5d ^u its con/itu5t elem5ts71 :i* acts ^u ! woody fib]1 & produces decay4 ,9 ord] t ?is may take place1 x is believ$ t !re mu/ be a concurr5ce ( f\r sep>ate conditions3 #a/4 ,! wood mu/ conta9 ! elem5ts or g]ms ( f]m5tation :5 expos$ to air & wat]4 #b;d4 ,!re mu/ be wat] or moi/ure to promote ! f]m5tation4 #c;d4 ,!re mu/ be air pres5t to oxidize ! result+ products4 #d?4 ,! temp]ature mu/ be approximately betwe5 #ej & #ajj ,f4 ,bel[ #cb ,f4 & above #aej ,f41 no decay occurs4 ,:51 !re=e1 wood is expos$ to ! wea!r 7air1 moi/ure1 & ord9>y temp]atures71 f]m5tation & decay w take place1 unless ! g]ms c be remov$ or r5d]$ inop]ative4 ,exp]i5ce has prov$ t ! coagulation ( ! sap ret>ds1 b does n prev5t1 ! decay ( wood p]man5tly4#a ,x is !re=e necess>y to poison ! g]ms ( decay :i* may exi/1 or may subsequ5tly ent] ! wood1 or to prev5t _! intrusion1 & ?is is ! (fice p]=m$ by ! v>i\s antiseptics4 ,footnote #a3 ,angus ,smi?1 #ahfi1 ,dis9fectants4 ,s4,b4 ,b\lton1 #ahhd1 ,in/itution ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,on ! ,antiseptic ,treatm5t ( ,timb]4 ,we ne$ n "h discuss ! moot$ "q betwe5 *emi/s1 :e!r f]m5tation & decay result f sl[ combu/ion 7eremacausis7 or f ! pres5ce ( liv+ organisms 7bact]ia1 etc472 b hav+ 9 ! prec$+ pages detail$ ! results ( ! application ( v>i\s antiseptics1 we may n[ indicate "u :at circum/ances !y c economically be appli$4 7,to be cont9u$74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,span ,,( ,,cab9 ,,john ,,bridge4 ,to ! ,editor ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t3 ,y\r issue ( #ag? ,octob] conta9s ! fif? or six? impr9t ( ,mr4 ,b4 ,bak]'s1 ,c4,e41 rec5t address at ! ,briti% ,association ( ,ab]de5 :i* has come into my h&s4 ,9 speak+ ( /one bridges1 he alludes to ! bridge ov] ! ,adda z #ejj ye>s old4 ,x 0 nev] m ?an #ci ye>s old z /at$ 9 ! same address1 & he belittles ! ,am]ican ,cab9 ,john ,bridge by mak+ its span aft] all only #bae ft4 ,z ! build] ( ?is greate/ ,am]ican /one ar*1 ,i regret t on s important & public an occasion ! writ] 0 n accurate4 ,! cle> span ( ,cab9 ,john ,bridge is #bbj ft4 ,! diff]5ce is n great1 b 9 ! l5g? ( a bridge span x is ! la/ foot t c\nts1 z 9 an int]national ya*t race to be beat5 by "o m9ute is to fail to capture ! cup4 ,m4,c4 ,,meigs4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 ,oct4 #af1 #ahhe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,g]man ,,corvette ,,augu/a4 ,on ! #c;d ( ,june ( ?is ye>1 ! ,g]man cruis+ corvette ,augu/a left ! isl& ( ,p]r91 9 ! ,/raits ( ,bab el ,m&eb1 = ,au/ralia2 & z no?+ has be5 he>d ( h] s9ce t day1 ! report t %e 0 de/roy$ 9 ! typhoon on ,june #c is probably correct4 ,! vessel left ,kiel on ,april #bh1 ) ! crews = ! cruis]s ( ! ,au/ralian squadron2 #bhc m5 7 on bo>d1 includ+ ! comm&]1 ,corvette ,capta9 ,von ,glo$54 ,!re is /ill a possibility t ! ,augu/a 0 disma/$1 & is drift+ some:]e 9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 or has /r&$ on an isl&2 b ?is is n v probable1 z ! ,augu/a 0 n well adapt$ to wea!r a typhoon4 ,dur+ h] cruise ( #ahgf to #ahgh1 all ! upp] ma/s1 sp>s1 etc1 _h to be remov$1 t %e might be bett] adapt$ to wea!r a cyclone or l /orm4 ,if ! ,augu/a _h n met ) an accid5t1 %e w\ld h arriv$ at ,port ,albany 9 ,au/ralia by ! #cj? ( ,june or beg9n+ ( ,july4 ,%e 0 due ,june #ag4 ,! ,augu/a 0 built at ,arm&s' %ip y>ds at ,bordeaux1 & 0 b\ght 9 #ahfd by ,prussia4 ,%e 0 a screw /eam] ) %ip's rigg+1 #bcg feet long1 #ce feet beam1 #af feet draught1 & #a1edc tons burd54 ,h] eng9es _h #djj horse-p[]1 & h] armam5t consi/$ ( #ad pieces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,g]man ,,corvette ,,augu/a4 ,dur+ ! ,franco-,g]man w> ( #ahgj-ga1 %e 0 comm&$ by ,capta9 ,weikhmann1 & captur$ num]\s vessels on ! ,fr5* coa/4 ,janu>y #d1 #ahga1 %e captur$ ! ,fr5* brig ,/4 ,m>c1 9 ! m\? ( ! ,gironde2 ! brig 0 sail+ f ,dunkirk5 to ,bordeaux ) fl\r & bread = ! ,?ird ,fr5* ,division4 ,! ,augu/a !n captur$ ! ,pi]re ,adolph1 load$ ) :eat1 :i* 0 be+ c>ri$ f ,havre to ,bordeaux4 ,!n ! ,fr5* transport /eam] ,max 0 captur$ & burn$4 ,! ,fr5* m5 ( w> f9ally =c$ ! ,augu/a to retreat into ! ,spani% port ( ,vigo1 f :i* %e sail$ ,jan4 #bh1 & arriv$ ,m>* #bh at ,kiel1 ) ! captur$ brig ,/4 ,m>c 9 t[4--,illu/rirte ,zeitung4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improvem5t ,,9 ,,metal ,,:eels4 ,9 ! ,inv5tions ,exhibitions may be se5 a good =m ( metal :eel1 ! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,h4,j4 ,b>rett1 ( ,hull1 ,eng41 & :i* we illu/rate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,fig4 #c4 ,fig4 #a is a p]spective view ( ! :eel1 ,fig4 #b a transv]se section1 & ,fig4 #c a longitud9al section ( ! boss4 ,^! :eels are made 9 two classes1 ,a & ,b4 ,our engrav+ illu/rates a :eel ( ! =m] class1 ^! :eels be+ design$ = use on r\gh & unev5 roads1 & :5 v great jolt+ /ra9s may be met )1 be+ /rong] ?an ^? ( class ,b design4 ,! :eels are made ) mild /eel spokes1 :i* are secur$ by metal /raps 9 ! recesses cut 9 ! annul> flanges on ! boss1 & by a tap] bolt or rivet ?r\gh ! tire & rim4 ,^! spokes c be easily tak5 out & r5ew$ :5 necess>y by any unskill$ p]son 9 a few m9utes4 ,! spokes be+ twi/$ midway ( _! l5g? give great] /r5g? to ! :eel & p[] to resi/ side /ra9s 9 pull+ out ( deep ruts or holes1 )\t increas+ ! weight4 ,! bosses & /raps are made ( malleable iron1 9 :i* ! metal bu%es are secur$ by means ( a key ) a wa%] screw$ up on ! front end4 ,!y are also fitt$ ) /eel oil caps to ! end ( ! bu%es1 :i* are provid$ ) a small set screw1 s t ! cap ne$ n be tak5 (f :5 x is necess>y to lubricate ! :eel1 z by simply tak+ out ! set screw oil may be p\r$ ?r\gh ! hole into ! cap4 ,! set screw also =ms a fulcrum = a key1 s t ! cap c be tak5 (f or put on :5 requir$1 z well z a means ( prev5t+ ! cap be+ lo/ by %ak+ loose on r\gh roads4 ,9 all hot & dry climates1 ! cont9u$ %r9k+ ( wood :eels & loos5+ ( ! tires is a con/ant s\rce ( exp5se & inconv5i5ce4 ,?is :eel hav+ a tire & rim entirely ( metal does away ) ! difficulty1 z ! expansion & contraction are equal1 consequ5tly ! tires ne$ only be remov$ :5 worn out1 & o!rs c be suppli$1 drill$ complete1 ready = putt+ on1 :i* c be done by any unskill$ p]son4 ,! :eels ( class ,b design are ! same 9 pr9ciple ( con/ruction z ^? ( class ,a1 b !y h ca/ metal bosses or naves1 )\t loose bu%es1 & are suitable = g5]al "w & ord9>y roads :]e ! /ra9s are n s sev]e4 ,! bosses or naves are readily remov$ 9 case ( breakage1 & !y c be fitt$ ) /eel oil caps = lubricat+4--,iron4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,wat] ,,gas4 ,! app>atus %[n 9 ! accompany+ engrav+ is design$ = ! manufacture ( wat] gas = heat+ purposes1 & is describ$ 9 a communication1 by ,mr4 ,w4,a4 ,goodye>1 to ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s4 ,! g5]ator1 ,a1 is l9$ ) refractory bricks & is fill$ ) fuel1 :i* may be coal1 coke1 or any suitable c>bonace\s mat]ial4 ,b & ,b' are two s]ies ( reg5]at+ *amb]s l9$ ) refractory brick1 &1 besides1 fill$ ) refractory bricks pil$ up z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! p>titions1 ,c & ,c'1 are likewise ( refractory brick1 & are r5d]$ z air-pro( z possible4 ,ap]tures1 ,d & ,d'1 are =m$ alt]nately at ! base ( "o p>tition & ! top ( ! adjac5t "o1 9 ord] to oblige ! gases t trav]se ! s]ies ( *amb]s to desc5d 9 "o ( !m & to rise 9 ! foll[+1 :atev] be ! numb] ( *amb]s 9 use4 ,! two flues1 ,e & ,e'1 lead f ! bottom ( ! two ne>e/ reg5]ator on ea* side to ! bottom ( ! g5]ator ,a1 & s]ve to br+ ! curr5t ( air or /eam into contact ) ! fuel4 ,valves1 ,f & ,f'1 plac$ 9 ^! flues1 p]mit ( regulat+ ! curr5t 9 ! two directions4 ,pipes1 ,m & ,m'1 provid$ ) valves1 ,g & ,g'1 put ! upp] "p ( ! g5]ator 9 communication ) ! contigu\s *amb]s1 ,t & ,t'4 ,o!r pipes1 ,n & ,n'1 ) valves1 ,h & ,h'1 p]mit ( ! introduction ( a curr5t ( air f ! outside into ! *amb]s1 ,t & ,t'4 ,! pipes1 ,o & ,o'1 & ! valves1 ,i & ,i'1 connect$ ) a bl[]1 s]ve = ! same purpose4 ,! pipes1 ,p & ,p'1 & _! valves1 ,j & ,j'1 lead a curr5t ( /eam4 ,! conduits1 ,q & ,q'1 & _! valves1 ,k & ,k'1 direct ! gases t[>d ! purifi]s & ! gasomet]4 ,f9ally1 ! pipes1 ,r & ,r'1 provid$ ) valves1 ,l & ,l'1 are connect$ ) a *imney4 ,! g5]ator1 ,a1 is provid$ at its upp] "p ) a fe$ hopp]4 ,! doors1 ,s & ,s'1 ( ! a% box close ! ap]tures ?r\gh :i* ! a%es are remov$4 ,:5 x is desir$ to use ! app>atus1 ! pipes1 ,p1 ,q1 & ,r1 are clos$ by means ( _! valves1 ,j1 ,k1 & ,l1 & ! valve1 ,i1 ( ! pipe1 ,o1 is op5$4 ,! pipes1 ,m & ,n1 are likewise clos$1 :ile ! flue1 ,e1 is op5$4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! g5]ator ! rev]se ord] is foll[$1 t is to say1 ! flue1 ,e'1 is clos$1 ! pipes1 ,m' & ,n'1 are op5$1 ! pipes1 ,o'1 ,p'1 & ,q'1 are clos$1 & ,r' is op5$4 ,a curr5t ( air is introduc$ ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,o1 & ?is trav]ses ! reg5]ators1 ,b1 ent]s ! *amb]1 ,t1 & ! g5]ator1 ,a1 ?r\gh ! flue1 ,e4 ,z ?is air rises ?r\gh ! mass ( inc&esc5t fuel1 its oxyg5 comb9es ) an atom ( c>bon & =ms c>bonic oxide4 ,?is gas t is dis5gag$ f ! upp] "p ( ! fuel consi/s *iefly ( nitrog5 & c>bonic oxide1 mix$ ) volatile hydroc>burets d]iv$ f ! fuel us$4 ,?is gas1 ?r\gh ! action ( ! air ^u ! fuel1 is call$ air gas1 9 ord] to di/+ui% x f ! wat] gas =m$ 9 ! second p]iod ( ! process4 ,! air gas1 on issu+ f ! g5]ator ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,m'1 9 ord] to pass into ! *amb]1 ,f'1 meets 9 ! latt] a second curr5t ( air com+ 9 ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,n'1 & :i* burns x & produces1 9 do+ s1 consid]able heat4 ,! /rongly heat$ gases result+ f ! combu/ion trav]se ! reg5]ators1 ,b'1 & give up to ! bricks !re9 ! great] "p ( _! heat1 & f9ally make _! exit1 relatively cool1 ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,r'1 :i* leads !m to ! *imney4 ,:5 ! op]ation has be5 cont9u$ = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t to give ! refractory bricks 9 ! *amb]1 ,b'1 next ! reg5]ator a high temp]ature1 ! valve1 ,i1 is clos$1 ?us %utt+ (f ! entrance ( air ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,q4 ,! valve1 ,f1 ( ! flue1 ,e1 is also clos$1 & t ( ! pipe1 ,m1 is op5$4 ,! valves1 ,g'1 ,h'1 ,l'1 ( ! pipes1 ,m'1 ,n'1 ,r'1 are clos$1 & t1 ,f'1 ( ! flue1 ,e'1 is op5$4 ,! valve1 ,j'1 ( ! pipe1 ,p'1 is !n op5$1 & a jet ( /eam is introduc$ ?r\gh ! latt]4 ,! /eam becomes sup]heat$ 9 trav]s+ ! reg5]ators1 ,b'1 & 9 ?is /ate ent]s ! bottom ( ! g5]ator ?r\gh ! flue1 ,e'4 ,9 pass+ into ! inc&esc5t fuel t fills ! g5]ator1 ! /eam is decompos$1 & !re =ms c>bonic oxide1 :ile hydrog5 is lib]at$4 ,! mixture ( ^! two gases ) ! hydroc>burets furni%$ by ! fuel con/itutes wat] gas4 ,?is gas on mak+ its exit f ! g5]ator ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,m'1 passes ?r\gh ! *amb]s1 ,b1 & ab&ons !re9 ! great] "p ( its heat1 & ent]s ! pipe1 ,r1 :5ce x passes ?r\gh ,q into ! purifi]s1 & !n into ! gasomet]4 ,z ! production ( wat] gas implies ! absorption ( a l>ge quantity ( s5sible heat1 x is accompani$ ) a rapid fall ( temp]ature 9 ! *amb]s1 ,b'1 & ev5tually also 9 ! g5]ator1 ,a1 :ile at ! same "t ! *amb]s1 ,b1 are b mod]ately heat$ by ! s5sible heat ( ! curr5t ( gas produc$4 ,:5 ?is cool+ has cont9u$ s long t ! temp]ature 9 ! g5]ator1 ,a1 is no long] high en\gh to all[ ! fuel to decompose ! /eam ) ease1 ! valve1 ,j'1 ( ! pipe1 ,p'1 t leads ! /eam is clos$1 z is also ! valve1 ,k1 ( ! pipe1 ,q1 :ile ! valves1 ,l & ,h1 ( ! pipes1 ,r & ,n1 are op5$4 ,aft] ?is ! valve1 ,i'1 is op5$1 & a curr5t ( air is let 9 ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,o'4 ,?is air1 ^u trav]s+ ! *amb]s1 ,b' & ,t'1 is rais$ to a high temp]ature ?r\gh ! heat rema9+ 9 ^! *amb]s1 & !n ent]s at ! bottom ( ! g5]ator1 ?r\gh ! flue1 ,e'4 ,! air gas t n[ makes its exit f ! pipe1 ,m1 9 ! *amb]1 ,t1 meets ano!r curr5t ( air com+ f ! pipe1 ,n1 & is ?us burn$4 ,! products result+ f su* combu/ion pass into ! *amb]s1 ,b1 & !n into ! *imney1 ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,r4 ,! temp]ature !n rapidly l[]s 9 ! *amb]s1 ,b'1 & rises no less rapidly 9 ! g5]ator1 ,a1 :ile ! *amb]s1 ,b1 are soon heat$ to ! same temp]ature t fir/ exi/$ 9 ! *amb]s1 ,b'4 ,z soon z ! desir$ temp]ature is obta9$ 9 ! g5]ator1 ,a1 & ! *amb]s1 ,b1 ! air is %ut (f by clos+ ! valve1 ,i'1 ( ! pipe1 ,o'2 ! valve1 ,f'1 ( ! flue1 ,e'1 is also clos$1 ! valves1 ,g' & ,k'1 ( ! pipes1 ,m' & ,q'1 are op5$1 ! valves1 ,g1 ,h1 & ,l1 ( ! pipes1 ,m1 ,n1 & ,r1 are clos$1 & ! valve1 ,f1 ( ! flue1 ,e1 & ! valve1 ,j1 ( ! pipe1 ,p1 are op5$4 ,a curr5t ( /eam ent]s ! app>atus ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,p1 trav]ses ! *amb]s1 ,b1 & ent]s ! g5]ator ?r\gh ! flue1 ,e4 ,! gas produc$ makes its exit f ! g5]ator1 passes ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,m'1 & ! *amb]s1 ,t' & ,b'1 & ! pipe1 ,r1 & ent]s ! gasomet] ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,q'4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wat]-,,gas ,,app>atus4 ,:5 ! *amb]1 ,b1 & ! g5]ator1 ,a1 are aga9 9 s cool a /ate t ! fuel no long] decomposes ! /eam easily1 ! valves are s maneuv]$ z to /op ! entrance ( ! latt]1 & to s5d a curr5t ( air into ! app>atus 9 ! same direction t ! /eam _h j be5 tak+4 ,! temp]ature !reupon quickly rises 9 ! g5]ator1 ,a1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ! combu/ion ( ! air gas produc$ soon reheats ! *amb]s1 ,b'4 ,! cool$ products ( combu/ion g1 z be=e1 to ! *imney4 ,! position ( ! valves is !n *ang$ aga9 s z to s5d a curr5t ( /eam into ! app>atus 9 a direction contr>y to t :i* ! air took 9 ! la/ place1 & ! wat] gas obta9$ aga9 is s5t to ! gasomet]4 ,z w be se51 ! process is entirely cont9u\s1 ea* curr5t ( air foll[+ ! same direction 9 ! app>atus 7f left to "r1 or "r to left7 t ! curr5t ( /eam did :i* prec$$ x1 :ile ea* curr5t ( /eam foll[s a direction opposite t ( ! curr5t ( air :i* prec$$ x4 ,! inv5tor e/imates t ! co/ ( ! coal necess>y = 8 process w n exce$ a t5? ( a c5t p] cubic foot ( gas4 ,"o important advantage ( ! app>atus is t x c be made ( any dim5sions4 ,in/ead ( giv+ ! g5]ator ! limit$ size & =m %[n 9 ! engrav+1 ) doors at ! bottom = ! removal ( ! a%es by h& f "t to "t1 x may be con/ruct$ aft] ! g5]al model ( ! %aft ( bla/ furnaces1 ) a he>? at ! base4 ,^u add+ to ! fuel a small quantity ( flux1 all ! m9]al p>ts !re( c be melt$ into a liquid slag1 :i* may be c>ri$ (f j l t ( bla/ furnaces4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 con/ruct+ reg5]ators ( refractory bricks ( suffici5t capacity1 h[ev] l>ge ! g5]ators be2 & a s+le app>atus might1 if ne$ be1 conv]t "o ?\s& tons ( an?racite p] day into m ?an five million cubic feet ( gas4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,light+ ,,& ,,v5tilat+ ,,by ,,gas4 ,footnote3 ,a pap] read be=e ! ,gas ,in/itute1 ,man*e/]1 ,june1 #ahhe4 ,by ,,william ,,sugg1 ( ,london4 ,ev] s9ce ! introduction ( electric light+1 ! public h be5 assur$1 by ^? int]e/$ 9 ! diff]5t k9ds ( lamps--arc1 gl[ or o!rwise--t h5ce=?1 by means ( su* lamps1 rooms are to be light$ )\t heat or baneful products su* z !y ass]t att5d ! use ( gas1 lamps1 or c&les4 ,b ,i ?9k x mu/ n be impli$1 f :at any "o has said 9 favor ( ! electric light z a means ( light+ our dwell+s1 t gas is unsuitable = ! purpose1 or t ! gl[ lamp is a p]fect sub/itute = gas1 or t !re is a v l>ge diff]5ce ?r\gh\t ! ye> on ! po9ts ( heal?1 conv5i5ce1 or com=t1 or t ! balance 9 favor re/s ) electric light ^u all or any ( ^! po9ts4 ,! fact is1 ! gl[ lamp is only "o m means 7n )\t c]ta9 disadvantages7 ( produc+ light add$ to ^? :i* already exi/1 & ( :i* ! public h ! *oice4 ,n[1 look+ to be/ means ( light+ rooms1 & p>ticul>ly ! pr9cipal rooms ( a small dwell+-h\se1 ,i beg to say t ! argum5ts :i* c be adduc$ 9 favor ( gas light+ 9 pref]5ce to any o!r means greatly prepond]ate1 & t x c be sub/antiat$ t1 light = light1 "u ! heads ( conv5i5ce1 heal?1 com=t1 reliability1 read9ess1 & *eapness1 gas is sup]ior to all4 ,z a sci5tific means = ! purposes m5tion$1 gas is comp>atively untri$4 ,?is ass]tion may s\nd some:at a/\nd+2 b ,i ?9k x is a true "o4 ,m ?an t1 ev5 9 ! crude & unsci5tific way 9 :i* x has mo/ frequ5tly be5 us$ up to ! pres5t1 x has be5 f> f unsuccessful 9 comp>ison ) electricity or o!r means ( light+2 & 9 ! future x w prove ! be/ & *eape/ practical means1 al?\gh1 = effect1 gl[ lamps may be us$ 9 palatial dwell+s 9 conjunction ) x4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 9 lay+ d[n a sy/em ( artificial light+1 we h to imitate1 z well z we c1 t mo/ beautiful & p]fect natural light :i*1 )\t our aid1 & )\t ev5 a ?\ght f u1 %9es regul>ly e day ^u all1 9 su* an imm5se volume1 s p]fectly diffus$1 & 9 su* wond]ful *emical comb9ation1 t x may safely be said t n "o atom ( ! :ole economy ( ,nature is unaffect$ by x1 & t we & all ! animal k+dom1 9 common ) trees & plants1 d]ive heal? & vigor !refrom4 ,?is glori\s natural light leaves our be/ gas1 electricity1 oil lamp1 & all our multiplicity ( c&les1 immeasurably beh9d4 ,b al?\gh we _c hope to equal1 9 all its b5efic5t results1 ! effects ( daylight1 or to p]fectly replace x1 we c m p]fectly make ! light+ ( our homes com=table 7& z little de/ructive to ! eyes & to ! g5]al heal?7 by ! aid ( gas ?an by any o!r means4 ,x mu/ also be borne 9 m9d t1 9 ?is c\ntry at lea/1 we h to fulfill ! conditions ( artificial light+ "u frequ5t diff]5ces ( temp]ature & b>ometric influ5ce1 exagg]at$ by ! mann] 9 :i* our homes are built2 & t = at lea/ n9e mon?s ( ! ye> we require heat z well z light 9 our dwell+s1 & t = ! o!r ?ree mon?s 7except+ 9 "s few favor$ localities7 ! nights are (t5 *illy1 ev5 ?\gh ! days may be hot4 ,!re=e1 indep5d5tly ( any effect produc$ by ! light+ arrangem5ts1 !re mu/ be widely diff]5t effects produc$ 9 ! temp]ature & conditions ( ! air 9 rooms by influ5ces entirely beyond our control4 ,z an example ( :at ,i mean1 a %ort "t ago ,i _h to preside ov] a meet+ :i* 0 held 9 a l>ge room--"o ( two built exactly alike1 & 9 communication ) ea* o!r by means ( fold+ doors4 ,^! rooms =m$ "p ( "o ( ! be/ hotels 9 ,london--let u call x ! ,magnific5t4 ,( c\rse1 x 0 light$ by electric gl[ lamps1 9 accordance ) ! late/ fa%ion 9 t dep>tm5t ( artificial light+1 viz41 susp5sion lamps1 9 :i* ! gl[ lamps grew out ( leaves & scrolls1 twi/$ & twirl$ 9 & out1 v mu* aft] ! patt]n ( our mo/ /hetic gas lamps1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 are 9 ! /yle ( ! mo/ arti/ic 7late eighte5? c5tury7 oil lamps1 :i* 7 9 imitation ( ! mo/ classic ,roman lamps1 :i* foll[$ ! ,p]sian1 & s on back to ! "t ( ,tubal ,ca91 ! great ar*-artific] 9 metals1 :o mo/ likely copi$ 9 metal "s lamps he _h se5 9 %ells or fl9ts4 ,bo? rooms 7 heat$ by means ( ! good old blaz+ coal fire s de> to a ,briton's he>t2 & !y 7 v5tilat$ ) all due reg>d to ! late/ /ate ( k on ! subject among ar*itects & build]s4 ,9 fact1 no pa9s _h be5 sp>$ to make ^! rooms com=table 9 ! highe/ acceptation ( ! ^w4 ,!re 71 "s ( our memb]s rem>k$1 no gas burn]s to heat & det]iorate ! atmosph]e1 or to black5 ! ceil+s2 & !re=e1 "u ! brilliant sp>kle ( gl[ lamps1 ! summit ( su* human felicity z is expect$ by a body ( eighte5 or tw5ty bus9ess m51 int5t on dispat*+ bus9ess & re/or+ ! lo/ tissue by means ( a nice little d9n] aft]w>d1 ought1 accord+ to ! calculations ( ! ar*itect ( ! build+1 to h be5 rea*$4 ,i in/ance ?is case because x is a typical "o1 :i*1 "u mo/ aspects1 does n mat]ially diff] f ! conditions ( home life 9 su* resid5ces z ^? ^: occupi]s are likely to use electric light+4 ,! rooms 7 spaci\s 7ab\t #bj feet by #ce feet1 & ab\t #ae feet high72 & !y 7 light$ dur+ ! day by means ( l>ge lant]n ceil+-lights1 ) d\ble glass w9d[s4 ,! ev5+ 9 "q 0 *illy1 n to say cold4 ,^u comm5c+ our bus9ess1 we all admir$ ! com=t ( ! room2 b z "t w5t on1 mo/ ( ! company began to compla9 ( a little draught on ! head & back ( ! neck4 ,! draught1 :i* at fir/ 0 only a suspicion1 became a c]ta9ty1 & 9 ano!r h\r or s1 by ! "t our bus9ess 0 ov]1 not)/&+ a scre5 plac$ be=e ! door1 & a blaz+ fire1 we 7 delight$ to make a *ange to ! com=table d9+-room1 :i* communicat$ ) ! room we _h j left by means ( fold+ doors1 clos$ ) ! exception ( j suffici5t space left at "o end ( ! room to all[ a wait] to pass 9 & out4 ,v curi\sly1 be=e ! s\p 0 f9i%$1 we became aw>e t ! c&les :i* assi/$ ! electric gl[ lamps 7m]ely = arti/ic effect7 began to fl>e 9 a mo/ unc&lelike mann]--! flames turn+ d[n1 z if "s "o 7 bl[+ d[nw>d on ! wicks2 & at ! same "t ! compla9ts ( ,draughts1 horrid draughts6 became g5]al1 & f e qu>t]4 ,f9d+ t1 z ! d9n] w5t on1 ! discom=t became unbe>able1 ev5 al?\gh ! doors 7 %ut & scre5s put be=e !m1 ,i gave up d9+1 & took to sci5tific discov]y4 ,! result ( a few mom5ts' obs]vation induc$ me to ord] ^? gas jets1 :i* ,i saw peep+ out f among ! foliage ( ! electroli]s1 to be light$ up4 ,9 two or ?ree m9utes ! flames ( ! c&les burn$ upright & /eadily1 & 9 less ?an t5 m9utes ! draughts 7 no long] felt2 9 fact1 ! room became really com=table4 ,! reason ( ! *ange 0 simple4 ,! /ratum ( air ly+ up at ! ceil+ 0 comp>atively cold4 ,! column ( heat$ air f ! bodies ( ! tw5ty gue/s1 jo9$ to ! heat produc$ by ! movem5ts ( !mselves & ! wait]s1 toge!r ) ! /eam f ! vi&s & respiration1 displac$ ! cold] air at ! ceil+1 & notably t colde/ air ly+ aga9/ ! surface ( ! glass4 ,?is cold air simply dropp$ /raight d[n1 aft] ! mann] ( a d\*e1 on c&les & heads bel[4 ,! rem$y ,i advis$ 0 ! sett+ up ( a curr5t ( hott] /eam & air f ! gas burn]s1 :i* /opp$ ! cool+ effect ( ! glass1 & creat$ a /ratum ( heat$ /eam & air 9 sl[ movem5t all ov] ! ceil+4 ,! effect 0 a com=table s5sation ( w>m? & entire abs5ce ( draught all r\nd ! table4 ,lat] on1 to avoid ! possibility ( ov]heat+ ! room1 ! gas 0 put out1 & ! electric lights left to !mselves4 ,b be=e we left1 ! *ill9ess & draughts began to be aga9 felt4 ,! incid5t "h n>rat$ occurr$ at ! end ( ! mon? ( ,april la/1 :5 we might reasonably h hop$ to h tol]ably w>m nights4 ,x is !re=e cle> t 9 ?is in/ance nei!r electricity nor c&les c\ld effectually replace gas = light+ purposes4 ,!y bo? did ! light+1 b !y utt]ly fail$ to keep ! curr5ts ( air /eady4 ,i h always rem>k$ draughts :5ev] ,i h rema9$ any l5g? ( "t 9 rooms :]e ! electric light is us$4 ,on a w>m ev5+ ! electric light & c&les w\ld und\bt$ly h kept ! room cool] ?an gas1 ) ! same k9d ( v5tilation2 ,i d n ?9k !y w\ld h put an end to cold draughts4 ,?is ! /eam f ! gas does 9 all fairly built rooms4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t dry air p>ts ) its relatively small am\nt ( specific heat1 9 an almo/ incr$ibly rapid mann]1 to any?+ aga9/ :i* x imp+es4 ,/eam1 on ! contr>y1 f its great specific heat1 rema9s 9 a heat$ /ate = a mu* long] "t ?an air4 ,x is n s sudd5ly r$uc$ to a l[ temp]ature1 & 9 p>t+ ) its own heat x communicates a consid]able am\nt ( w>m? to ^? bodies ) :i* x comes 9 contact4 ,?us ! products ( ! combu/ion ( gas 7:i* are pr9cipally /eam7 s]ve a useful purpose 9 light+1 by keep+ at ! ceil+ level a c]ta9 /ratum ( heat$ vapor1 :i* holds up1 z x 71 ! c>bonic acid & exhalation f ! lungs giv5 (f by ^? us+ ! room4 ,! obvi\s inf]5ce1 !re=e1 is t if we take (f ^! products f ! level ( ! ceil+1 we %all take (f at ! same "t ! impure & vitiat$ air4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we make use ( a sy/em ( artificial light+1 :i* does n produce any /eam1 !n we %all h to adopt means to keep ! air at ! ceil+ level w>m1 9 ord] to prev5t ! heat$ impure air f desc5d+ 9 comp>atively rapid curr5ts1 aft] hav+ p>t$ ) its heat to ! ceil+4 ,x may v frequ5tly be obs]v$ on *illy days t a numb] ( curr5ts ( cold air seem to travel ab\t our rooms1 al?\gh !re may be no crevices 9 ! doors & w9d[s suffici5t to acc\nt = !m2 &1 fur!r1 t ^! curr5ts ( cold air are n notic$ :5 ! curta9s are drawn & ! gas is light$4 ,! reason is t !re is g5]ally n en\gh heat at ! ceil+ level 9 a room unlight$ ) gas to keep ^! curr5ts /eady4 ,h5ce ! compla9ts ( *ill9ess :i* we con/antly he> :5 electric lights are us$ = ! illum9ation ( public build+s4 ,= example1 at ! annual d9n] ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 held at ! end ( ,april la/ 9 ! ,cons]vatory ( ! ,horticultural ,g>d5s1 ! heat f ! five hundr$ gue/s1 & f an almo/ equal numb] ( wait]s & att5dants1 displac$ ! cold air f ! dome ( ! ro(1 & lit]ally p\r$ d[n on ! assembly 7:o 7 9 ev5+ dress7 9 a mann] to compel _m ( !m to put on ov]coats4 ,if ! ,cons]vatory _h be5 light$ ) gas susp5d$ bel[ ! ro(1 ?is w\ld n h be5 ! case1 because suffici5t /eam w\ld h be5 g5]at$ to /op ^! cold d\*es1 & keep !m up 9 ! ro(4 ,9 fact1 if electric lights are to be us$ 9 su* a build+1 x w be necess>y to lay hot-wat] pipes 9 ! ro(1 to keep w>m ! upp] z well z ! l[] /ratum ( air1 & ?us /eady ! curr5ts4 ,hav+ po9t$ out difficulties :i* arise "u c]ta9 conditions ( ! atmosph]e 9 rooms built ) c>e1 to make !m com=table :5 electric light+ is sub/itut$ = gas1 ,i w lay be=e y "s few p>ticul>s relative to ! condition ( small rooms ( ab\t #ab ft4 by #ae ft4 by #aj ft41 or any ord9>y room su* z may be f\nd 9 ! usual run ( h\ses 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! cubical cont5ts ( su* a room equals #a1gjj cubic feet4 ,if ! room is heat$ by means ( a coal fire1 we %all = ! greate/ "p ( ! ye> h a quantity ( air tak5 out ( x at ab\t #b feet f ! floor by ! *imney draught1 v>y+ 7accord+ to atmosph]ic conditions & ! /ate ( ! fire7 f #fjj to #b1jjj or m cubic feet4 ,?is quantity ( air mu/1 !re=e1 be admitt$ by "s means or o!r into ! room1 or ! *imney w1 9 ord9>y p>lance1 smoke2 t is1 ! products ( combu/ion1 v l>gely dilut$ ) fre% air1 w n all f9d _! way up ! flue ) suffici5t velocity to ov]come ! pressure ( ! heavy cold air at ! top ( ! *imney4 ,if no prop] inlets = air are made1 ?is supply to ! fire mu/ be kept up f ! crevices ( ! doors & w9d[s4 ,9 ! l9e ( ^! curr5ts ( cold air1 or draughts z !y are usually call$1 x is impossible to exp]i5ce any com=t--q ! contr>y2 & colds1 rheumatism1 & _m o!r s]i\s maladies are br\ght on ?r\gh ?is abundant supply ( fre% air 9 ! wrong way & place4 ,accord+ to ,g5]al ,mor9 7"o ( ! be/ au?orities on v5tilation71 #cjj cubic feet ( air p] h\r are requir$ = e adult p]son 9 ord9>y liv+ rooms4 ,peclet says #bej cubic feet are suffici5t2 less ?an ?is r5d]s ! atmosph]e /uffy & unheal?y4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t an av]age adult brea!s out f #bj to #cj cubic in*es ( /eam & vitiat$ air p] m9ute1 or1 z ,dr4 ,arnott says1 a quantity equal 9 bulk to t ( a full-siz$ orange4 ,?is vitiat$ air & /eam is respir$ at a temp]ature ( #ij ,fahr42 & !re=e1 by reason ( ?is heat1 x imm$iately asc5ds to ! ceil+1 toge!r ) ! heat & c>bonic acid giv5 (f f ! pores ( ! sk94 ,?is fact1 by ! bye1 c be cle>ly demon/rat$ by plac+ a p]son 9 ! direct rays f a p[]ful limelight or electric lamp1 & ?us project+ 8 %ad[ %>ply on a smoo? :ite surface4 ,x w be obs]v$ t f e hair ( ! head & be>d1 & e fib] ( 8 clo?+1 a curr5t ( heat$ air 9 rapid movem5t is pass+ upw>d t[>d ! ceil+4 ,^! curr5ts appe> z :ite l9es on ! surface ( ! wall2 ! cause probably be+ t ! extreme r>efaction ( ! air by ! heat ( ! body enables ! rays ( light to pass ?r\gh !m ) less refraction ?an ?r\gh ! d5s] & m moi/ surr\nd+ cold air4 ,an adult makes1 on an av]age1 ab\t #ae respirations p] m9ute1 & !re=e he 9 e h\r r5d]s to ! atmosph]e ( ! room 9 :i* he is /ay+ f #aj to #ae cubic feet ( poison\s air4 ,?is rises to ! ceil+ l9e1 if x is n prev5t$2 & ?us vitiates f #ajj to #aej cubic feet ( air to ! ext5t ( #a p] c5t1 9 an h\r4 ,g5]al ,mor9 ?\ght t air 0 n good :i* conta9$ m ?an p] c5t1 ( air :i* _h be5 exhal$ f ! lungs2 & :5 we consid] h[ dang]\s to heal? ^! exhalations are1 we mu/ admit t he 0 "r 9 8 view4 ,!re=e 9 "o h\r ! #ae foot by #ab foot room is vitiat$ to m ?an #b feet f ! ceil+ by "o p]son to ! ext5t ( p] c5t41 & x w be vitiat$ by two p]sons to ! ext5t ( #a p] c5t1 9 ! same "t4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ "h t ! degree ( diffusion ( ! vitiat$ air into ! l[] fre% air conta9$ 9 ! rema9+ #h feet ( ! height ( ! room dep5ds v mat]ially on ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5 ^! upp] & l[] /rata & ! movem5ts ( air 9 ! room4 ,! heavy poison\s vapors & gases fall into & diffuse !mselves among ! fre% air ( ! l[] /rata--v readily if !y are ne>ly ! same temp]ature z ! upp]1 b sc>cely at all if ! air at ! ceil+ l9e is mu* hott]4 ,h5ce x occurs t1 9 w>m$ rooms ( su* size z ,i h m5tion$1 :]e "o or two petroleum lamps are us$ = light+ !m1 aft] two or ?ree h\rs ( occupation by a family ( ?ree or f\r p]sons 9 w9t] wea!r1 ! air at ! ceil+ l9e has become s poison\s t a bird dies if all[$ to brea! x = a v %ort "t--sometimes1 inde$1 = only a few m9utes4 ,) c&les1 if ! illum9ation ( ! room is ma9ta9$ at ! same degree z 9 ! case ( lamps1 ! contam9ation ( ! air is v mu* worse4 ,x is d\btless ! case t poison\s g]ms are rapidly develop$ 9 atmosph]es :i* are call$ /uffy2 & al?\gh1 9 a heal?y /ate ( ! body1 we are able to brea! !m )\t p]ceptible h>m1 yet ev5 !n ! slight heada*e & uneas9ess we feel is a symptom :i* does n suff] itself to be lightly reg>d$1 :5ev]1 f "s cause or o!r1 ! g5]al condition is weak4 ,! products ( combu/ion f coal gas 7:i* are /eam & c>bonic acid mix$ ) an inf9itesimal quantity ( sulphur7 are1 proportionately1 f> less injuri\s to animal life ?an ! products f an equal illum9at+ p[] d]iv$ f ei!r oil or c&les4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 x is c]ta91 de/ructive to g]m life2 & !re=e1 if tak5 (f f ! ceil+ level1 :]e !y always collect if all[$ to d s1 no possible inconv5i5ce or dang] to heal? c be felt by any "o 9 ! room4 ,b 9 our endeavors to take (f ! f\l air at ! ceil+1 we enc\nt] our fir/ s]i\s *eck 9 all s*emes ( v5tilation4 ,we draw ! elevation & section ( ! room1 & put 9 our flues ) pretty little black arr[s fly+ out ( ! outlets = vitiat$ air1 & o!r pretty little r$ arr[s fly+ 9 at ! inlets2 b :5 we see our s*eme 9 practice1 ! black arr[s w p]si/ 9 putt+ _! w+s :]e _! po9ts ought to be2 9 o!r words1 fly+ into in/ead ( out ( ! room4 ,"o ( ! be/ ways ( f9d+ ! true c\rse ( all ! hot & cold curr5ts 9 a room is to make use ( a small balloon1 su* z us$ to be employ$ = asc]ta9+ ! specific gravity ( gases2 &1 hav+ fill$ x ) ord9>y coal gas1 balance x by weights ti$ on to ! c> till x w re/ )\t go+ up or d[n 9 a "p ( ! room :]e ! air c be felt to be at ab\t ! mean temp]ature1 & free f draught4 ,!n leave x to itself1 to g :]e x w4 ,z soon z x arrives 9 a curr5t ( heat$ air1 x w asc5d1 pass+ along ) ! curr5t1 & desc5d+ or ris+ z ! curr5t is ei!r w>m or cold4 ,! effect ( ! cold fre% air f w9d[s or doors1 z well z ! effect ( ! radiant heat f ! fire1 c be ?us ?or\ghly /udi$4 ,"s ( our pet !ories may receive a cruel %ock f ?is exp]im5t2 b1 9 ! end1 ! v5tilation ( ! room w d\btless be b5efit$1 if we apply ! in=mation obta9$4 ,x w be discov]$ t ! wide-?roat$ *imney is ! cause ( ! little black arr[s turn+ _! backs on ! "r pa? & our !oretical outlets = vitiat$ air becom+ inlets4 ,! *imney flue mu/ h an enorm\s supply ( air1 & x simply draws x f ! mo/ easily accessible places4 ,f #a1jjj to #b1jjj cubic feet ( air p] h\r is a l>ge ord] = a small room4 ,!re=e1 until we h made ample provision = ! air supply to ! fire1 x is q useless to attempt to v5tilate ! upp] "p ( ! room1 ei!r by v5tilat+ gas lights or "o ( ! *eap v5tilators ) little talc flapp]s1 op5+ into ! *imney :5 !re is an up draught1 & %utt+ !mselves up :5 !re is any t5d5cy to d[n draught4 ,! success ( ^! & all o!r v5tilators dep5ds ^u !re be+ a good supply ( air f "u ! door or ?r\gh ! spaces r\nd ! w9d[ frames4 ,^! fre% air supplies are1 ( c\rse1 un5durable2 b if "o ( ! spaces betwe5 ! joi/s ( ! floor is utiliz$ to s]ve z an air conduit1 & made to dis*>ge itself "u ! f5d] 7rais$ ab\t two in*es = ! purpose71 q ano!r /ate ( ?+s w be set up4 ,!n ! supply ( air ?us arrang$ = w satisfy ! fire1 )\t draw+ f ! doors & w9d[s1 & at ! same "t supply a small quantity ( fre% air into ! room4 ,b ! important fact t ! radiant heat f ! fire w pass ?r\gh ! cold air )\t w>m+ x all mu/ n be lo/ sight (4 ,9 reality1 radiant heat only w>ms ! furniture & walls ( ! room or :atev] int]cepts its rays4 ,! air ( ! room is w>m$ by pass+ ov] ^! m or less heat$ surfaces2 & z x is w>m$1 x rises away to ! ceil+4 ,!re=e1 if we desire to w>m any ( ?is fre% air suppli$ to ! fire1 x mu/ be made to pass ov] a heat$ surface4 ,! f5d] may be us$ = ?is purpose by fill+ up ! two in* space along ! front1 z %[n 9 ! draw+1 ) co>se p]=at$ metal4 ,?is w also prev5t c9d]s f gett+ "u x4 ,x w be f\nd t = ! great] "p ( ! ye> ! *imney v5tilator & ! supply to ! fire w mat]ially prev5t /uff9ess1 & keep ^? disagreeable draughts "u control1 ev5 al?\gh ! room be light$ ) a #c light *&eli] burn+ a l>ge quantity ( gas4 ,illu/ration ,) improvem5ts 9 gas burn]s1 we may expect to light rooms p]fectly ) a less exp5diture ( gas ?an we n[ d4 ,b we _c light a room )\t 9 "s measure creat+ heat2 & ,i ?9k ,i h %[n t we want ?is heat at ! ceil+ l9e = ! great] "p ( ! ye>4 ,9 summ] we d n use gas = _m h\rs2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is m difficult1 ) an outside temp]ature at #fe to #gj ,fahr41 to keep ! air 9 prop] movem5t 9 small rooms4 ,!re are also times 9 ! fall ( ! ye>1 & also 9 spr+1 :5 ! nights are unusually w>m2 &1 ) a few fri5ds 9 our rooms1 ! light+ becomes a hot "q1 n to say a burn+ "o4 ,on ^! occasions we h to resort to exceptional v5tilation1 :i* = ord9>y e-day life w\ld be too mu*4 ,x is !n1 & on summ] nights1 t ! sy/em ( v5tilation by diffusion is mo/ useful4 ,to expla9 x1 :5 two volumes ( air ( diff]5t temp]atures or specific gravities f9d !mselves on opposite sides ( a scre5 or o!r m$ium1 ( musl91 clo?1 or "s m or less por\s sub/ance1 !y diffuse !mselves ?r\gh ?is m$ium ) v>y+ rapidity1 until !y become ( equal d5sity or temp]ature4 ,!re=e1 if we fill ! upp] "p ( a w9d[ 7:i* c be op5$1 d[nw>d7 ) a /ra9$ piece ( f9e musl9 or wa%$ common calico1 ! air 9 ! room1 if hott] ?an ! ext]nal air1 w1 :5 ! w9d[ is m or less op5$1 pass out readily into ! cool] air1 & ! cool] air w pass 9 ?r\gh ! pores ( ! m$ium4 ,! hott] air pass+ out fa/] ?an ! cool] air w come 91 no draught w be exp]i5c$2 & ! w9d[ may be op5$ v widely )\t any discom=t f x4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 q impossible1 9 ! limits ( a pap]1 to d m ?an indicate a means ( v5tilation :i* w be effective "u mo/ circum/ances ( light+ ) ^? gas burn]s & fitt+s usually employ$1 & :i* w l5d itself readily to modifications :i* w be necessitat$ by ! use ( "s ( ! newe/ =ms ( burn]s & v5tilat+ gas lights4 ,illu/ration ,9 conclusion1 ,i wi% to draw att5tion to an important discov]y ,i h made 9 ref]5ce to black5$ ceil+s1 = :i*1 up to ! pres5t "t1 gas has be5 *iefly blam$4 ,i h long ent]ta9$ ! belief t ) a prop] burn] x is possible to obta9 p]fect combu/ion1 )\t any smoke2 & a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) :ite porcela9 plates hung ov] "s burn]s us$ 9 my own h\se prov$ conclusively t ! discoloration :i* spread itself all ov] my :itewa%$ ceil+s arose f ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* 9 all l>ge t[ns is l>gely mix$ ) heavy smoky p>ticles1 & f ! du/ or dirt creat$ 9 rooms by ! use ( coal fires z well z f ! smoke :i*1 m frequ5tly ?an "o is at fir/ suppos$ to imag9e1 escapes f ! fire-place into ! room4 ,i !re=e1 9 two ( my be/ rooms1 :i* requir$ to h ! ceil+s :it5$ e ye>1 sub/itut$ v>ni%$ pap] ceil+s 7light oak pap]1 simply put on 9 ! usual way1 & v>ni%$7 in/ead ( :itewa%4 ,i also *ang$ ! coal fires = gas fires4 ,^! alt]ations h gone ?r\gh ! te/ ( two w9t]s1 & ! ceil+s are n[ z clean z :5 !y 7 fir/ done4 ,! burn]s h be5 us$ e night1 & ! gas fires e day1 dur+ ! two w9t]s4 ,no alt]ation has be5 made 9 ! burn]s employ$1 & no consum]s h be5 us$ ov] !m4 ,if ! v>ni%$ pap] ceil+s are tri$1 ,i am sure t e "o w l !m bett] ?an ! "t honor$ dirty :itewa%1 :i* is simply a f9e sieve4 ,?is fact is cle>ly %[n by ! appe>ance ( ! raft]s1 :i*1 aft] a %ort "t1 inv>iably %[ !mselves :it] ?an ! spaces betwe54 99 99 99 99 99 ,,&]s' ,,telephone4 ,mr4 ,g4,l4 ,&]s' telephone1 %[n 9 ! accompany+ cut1 comb9es 9 a s+le app>atus a transmitt]1 ,a1 a receiv]1 ,b1 & a pile1 ,c4 ,! transmitt] consi/s ( a felt disk1 a1 conta9+ sev]al l>ge ap]tures1 & fix$ by an insulat+ r+1 c1 to a metallic disk1 d1 situat$ )9 ! box1 ,d4 ,! ap]tures1 b1 are fill$ ) p[d]$ c>bon1 e1 & are cov]$ by a ?9 metal plate1 f1 :i* is fix$ to ! insulat+ r+1 c1 by means ( a metallic wa%]1 g4 ,back ( ! transmitt] is arrang$ ! receiv]1 ,b1 :i* consi/s ( an ord9>y electro-magnet ) a disk 9 front ( its poles4 ,! pile1 ,c1 plac$ beh9d ! receiv]1 consi/s ( a piece ( c>bon1 h1 held by a p>tition1 i1 & cov]$ ) a salt ( m]cury1 & ( a plate ( z9c1 l1 :i* is held at a di/ance f ! m]curial salt by a spr+1 m1 fix$ to ! insulat+ piece1 n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,&]s ,,telephone ,:5 ! button1 o1 :i* is a poor conductor1 is press$1 ! z9c plate1 l1 comes into contact ) ! m]curial salt1 & ! circuit is clos$ ?r\gh ! l9e wire #a1 ! pile1 ! receiv]1 ! transmitt]1 & ! l9e wire #b1 :ile :5 ! button is fre$ ! curr5t no long] passes4 ,! app>atus1 !n1 c s]ve z a receiv] or transmitt] only :5 ! button is press$4--,bull4 de la ,musee de l',indu/rie4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,br[n',s ,,electric ,,spe$ ,,regulator4 ,:5 ! sea is r\gh1 & ! screw leaves ! wat] z a consequ5ce ( ! %ip's motions1 ! rot>y velocity ( ! screw & eng9e increases to a dang]\s degree1 because ! resi/ance t ! screw 0 meet+ 9 ! wat] sudd5ly disappe>s4 ,:5 ! screw ent]s ! wat] aga91 ! resi/ance makes itself abruptly felt1 & causes p[]ful %ocks1 :i* put bo? ! screw & eng9e 9 dang]4 ,ord9>y regulators are p[]less to ov]come ?is tr\ble1 s9ce _! con/ruction is su* t !y act ^u ! eng9e only :5 ! excess ( velocity has already be5 rea*$4 ,sev]al rem$ies h be5 propos$ = ?is dang]4 ,= example1 use has be5 made ( a float plac$ 9 a *annel at ! side ( ! screw1 & :i* closes ! mod]ator valve by me*anical means or by electricity :5 ! screw desc5ds too l[ or rises too high4 ,illu/ration3 ,,br[n',s ,,electric ,,spe$ ,,regulator4 ,mr4 ,br[n's sy/em is bas$ ^u a new idea4 ,! app>atus 7see figure7 consi/s ( two contacts connect$ by an electric circuit4 ,"o ( !m1 b1 is fix$ to ! %ip 9 su* a way z to be con/antly 9 ! wat]1 :ile ! o!r1 a1 corresponds to ! position above :i* ! screw _c rise )\t tak+ on a dang]\s velocity4 ,9 ! normal situation ( ! %ip1 ! electric circuit1 c 79 :i* circulates a curr5t produc$ by a dynamo1 d71 is clos$ ?r\gh ! int]m$ium ( ! wat]1 :i* e/abli%es a connection betwe5 ! two contacts4 ,:5 ! contact1 a1 rises out ( ! wat]1 ! curr5t is int]rupt$4 ,! electro1 d1 !n frees its armature1 f1 & ! latt] is pull$ back by a spr+--a motion t sets 9 action a small /eam eng9e t closes ! mod]ator valve4 ,:5 ! contact1 a1 is aga9 imm]s$1 ! electro1 e1 attracts its armature1 & ?us br+s ! mod]ator valve back to its normal position4 ,x is cle> t ! contact1 a1 mu/ be insulat$ f ! %ip's side4 ,sev]al contacts1 a1 might be advantage\sly arrang$ "o above ano!r1 9 ord] to close ! mod]ator valve m or less1 accord+ to ! ext5t ( ! screw's rise or fall4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,magneto-,,electric ,,cross+ ,,signal4 ,we illu/rate to-day a new application ( electricity to railroad cross+ signal+ :i* ! ,p5nsylvania ,/eel ,company1 ( ,/eelton1 ,pa41 has j p]fect$4 ,by its op]ation an isolat$ highway cross+ 9 ! woods or any lonely place c be made p]fectly safe1 & t1 too1 )\t ! exp5se ( gates & a man to "w !m or ( a flagman4 ,x is surely a great improvem5t ov] ! old me?ods1 & x is likely to h a l>ge sale4 ,9 addition to consid]ations ( safety1 possible sav+ 9 sal>ies to railroad companies by its use w be great4 ,?is device is m reliable ?an a human be+1 & c make any cross+ safe to :i* x is appli$4 ,its op]ation is describ$ z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,magneto-,,electric ,,cross+ ,,signal ,! illu/ration %[s ! device z us$ on a s+le track railroad1 :]e x is s arrang$ z to be op]at$ only by tra9s approa*+ ! cross+ 7i4e41 9 ! =m illu/rat$1 f ! "r74 ,a simil> box on ! o!r side ( ! cross+ is us$ = tra9s approa*+ 9 ! o!r direction4 ,two plates connect$ by a l9k1 & pivot$1 are plac$ alongside ( "o rail1 close en\gh to x to be depress$ by ! treads ( ! :eels4 ,by ano!r l9k1 "o ( ! plates call$ ! rock plate 7! "o to ! "r7 is connect$ to a rock %aft :i* ext5ds ?r\gh a /rong be>+ into ! heavy iron case or box %[n1 at a suitable di/ance f ! rail1 )9 :i* an electric g5]ator is plac$2 ! :ole be+ m\nt$ & secur$ ^u ! ends ( two long ties fram$ to receive x4 ,! action ( ?is rock plate is peculi>4 ,x is pivot$ at ! re> end1 n to a fix$ po9t1 b to a %ort crank arm1 ! be>+ = :i* is inclos$ 9 ! small box %[n4 ,z ! fir/ :eel ( a tra9 :i* is approa*+ 9 ! desir$ direction 7f ! "r 9 ! engrav+7 t\*es x1 x w be se5 t x mu/ n only depress x1 b produce a slight =w>d motion1 caus+ a correspond+ rot>y motion 9 ! rock %aft :i* actuates ! app>atus4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 a tra9 is approa*+ f ! o!r direction1 or has already pass$ ! cross+1 its :eels /rike fir/ ! curv$ plate to ! left ( ! illu/ration1 & by means ( ! peculi> l9k connections %[n1 depress ! rock plate s z to cle> ! :eels be=e ! :eels t\* x1 b ! depression is directly v]tical1 s t x does n give any horizontal motion to x1 :i* w\ld h ! effect ( actuat+ ! rock %aft4 ,consequ5tly1 tra9s pass ov] ! app>atus 9 "o direction )\t hav+ any effect ^u x :atev]1 ! diff]5t po9t at :i* ! same =ce is appli$ to ! rock plate giv+ ! latt] an entirely diff]5t motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,magneto-,,electric ,,cross+ ,,signal ,! slight rot>y motion :i* is 9 ?is way communicat$ to ! rock %aft1 :5 a tra9 is approa*+ 9 ! "r direction1 compresses a spr+ inside ! case4 ,z ea* :eel passes (f ! rock plate1 ! reaction ( ! spr+ ?r[s x up aga9 to its =m] position1 giv+ additional spe$ to ! ge>+ )91 :i* is set 9 motion at ! passage ( ! fir/ :eel1 & op]ates ! electric g5]ator4 ,! spr+ is really ! motive p[] ( ! al>m4 ,a small b heavy fly-:eel is connect$ ) ! app>atus1 ! top ( :i* is j visible 9 ! engrav+1 :i* s]ves to /ore up p[] to run ! g5]ator1 :i* is no?+ m ?an a small dynamo1 = ! necess>y numb] ( seconds aft] ! re> ( ! tra9 has pass$4 ,! dynamo disp5ses ) all ne$ = batt]ies1 & r$uces ! "w ( ma9t5ance to occasionally refill+ ! oil-cups & notic+ if any "p has be5 brok54 ,a suitable wire circuit is provid$1 comm5c+ at ! g5]ator ) insulat$ & protect$ wire1 & cont9u$ ) ord9>y telegraph wire1 :i* c be /rung on telegraph poles or trees lead+ to ! electric gong1 ,fig4 #b1 :i* r+s z long z ! armature revolves4 ,x is a simple matt] s to proportion ! me*anism = ! requir$ di/ance & spe$ t ! revolutions ( ! armature & ! r++ ( ! gong %all cont9ue until ! tra9 rea*es ! cross+2 & z ea* :eel acts ^u ! app>atus1 ! m :eels !re are 9 ! tra9 ! long] ! bell w r+1 a v conv5i5t prop]ty1 s9ce ! sl[e/ tra9s h ne>ly always ! mo/ :eels4 ,! practical limits to ! r++ ( ! gong are t x w /op s\nd+ aft] ! head ( ! tra9 has pass$ ! cross+ & be=e or v soon aft] ! re> has pass$4 ,a wild eng9e runn+ v sl[ly might n actuate ! signal z long z 0 desirable1 b ev5 !n x is n unreasonably claim$ ! w>n+ w\ld probably la/ long en\gh = all practical requirem5ts1 z a team approa*+ a cross+ at eight miles p] h\r takes #db seconds to g #ejj feet4 ,all ! be>+s ( any importance are self-lubricat$ by oil cups1 ! :ole app>atus be+ design$ to require inspection n m ?an once a mon?4 ,! iron case :5 %ut is wat]-tight1 & :5 duly lock$ _c be malici\sly tamp]$ ) )\t break+ op5 ! case2 s t1 ! manufactur]s claim1 x w n be ess5tial to exam9e x m ?an once a mon?4 ,! p>ts outside ! case are all /rong & heavy1 & n likely to get out ( ord]1 :ile easily inspect$4 ,! app>atus c be us$ = ann\nc+ tra9s z well z s\nd+ al>ms1 z ! gongs c be plac$ ^u any po/ or build+4 ,! gong has a heavy /rik]1 & makes a great deal ( noise1 s t no "o %\ld fail to he> x4--,railway ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sizes ,,( ,,blood ,,corpuscles4 ,pr(essor ,!odore ,g4 ,wormley1 9 ! new edition ( 8 "w1 gives ! foll[+ sizes ( blood corpuscles1 z measur$ by himself & ,pr(essor ,gulliv]4 ,we h only copi$ ! sizes = mammals & birds4 ,x w be se5 t1 ) ?ree or f\r exceptions1 ! sizes obta9$ by ! two obs]v]s are practically ! same3 ,mammals ,wormley4 ,gulliv]4 ,man #a-cbej #a-cbfj ,monkey #a-cchb #a-cdab ,opossum #a-cade #a-ceeg ,gu9ea pig #a-cbbc #a-cech ,kang>oo #a-cdaj #a-cddj ,muskrat #a-cbhb #a-ceej ,dog #a-cefa #a-cecb ,rabbit #a-cfec #a-cfjg ,rat #a-cfeb #a-cged ,m\se #a-cgdc #a-chad ,pig #a-dbfh #a-dbcj ,ox #a-dbai #a-dbfg ,horse #a-dbdc #a-dfjj ,cat #a-dcgb #a-ddjd ,elk #a-dchd #a-cich ,buffalo #a-dcea #a-dehf ,wolf 7prairie7 #a-cdbb #a-cfjj ,be> 7black7 #a-cfef #a-cfic ,hy5a #a-cfdd #a-cgce ,squirrel 7r$7 #a-dadj #a-djjj ,raccoon #a-djhd #a-ciej ,elephant #a-bgch #a-bgde ,leop>d #a-dcij #a-dcai ,hippopotamus #a-cefj #a-cdbi ,rh9oc]os #a-cfdi #a-cgfe ,tapir #a-dage #a-djjj ,lion #a-dadc #a-dcbb ,ocelot #a-chhe #a-dbbj ,mule #a-cgfj ,ass #a-cfbj #a-djjj ,gr\nd squirrel #a-dbjj ,bat #a-ciff #a-dagc ,%eep #a-diab #a-ecjj ,ibex #a-fdde ,goat #a-fahi #a-fcff ,slo? #a-bhfe ,platypus 7duck-bill$7 #a-cjjj ,:ale #a-cjii ,capyb>a #a-cafd #a-caij ,seal #a-cbha ,wood*uck #a-cdhd ,muskde] #a-abcbe ,beav] #a-ccbe ,porcup9e #a-ccfi ,llama1 ,long diam4 #a-cbja #a-ccfa ,%ort #a-fdjh #a-fbbi ,camel1 ,long diam4 #a-ccca #a-cabc ,%ort #a-ebhj #a-ehgf ,,wormley ,,gulliv]4 ,birds4 ,l5g?4 ,bread?4 ,l5g?4 ,bread?4 ,*ick5 #a-bjhj #a-cdhc #a-bajb #a-cdff ,turkey #a-ahid #a-cddd #a-bjde #a-ceii ,duck #a-aiee #a-cejd #a-aicg #a-cdbd ,pigeon #a-ahib #a-chjd #a-aigc #a-cfdc ,goose #ahcf #a-chci ,quail #bcdg #a-cdgj ,dove #bjje #a-ccfi ,sp>r[ #badj #a-cejj ,owl #agcf #a-djgf ,! subject ( m9ute measurem5ts 0 discuss$ 9 an int]e/+ mann] 9 an address be=e ! ,microscopical ,section ( ! ,a4,a4,a4,s4 la/ ye>1 an ab/ract ( :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ?is j\rnal1 vol4 v41 p4 #aha4 ,! slight diff]5ces 9 size accurately giv5 9 ?is table are n always appreciable "u mod]n amplification1 b "u a p[] ( #a1aej diamet]s corpuscles diff]+ by ! #a-ajjjjj ( an in* are readily discrim9at$4 ,= ! conclusions ( ,pr(4 ,wormley z reg>ds ! possibility ( id5tify+ blood ( diff]5t animals1 ! read] is ref]r$ to 8 book on ,micro-,*emi/ry ( ,poisons4--,am]4 ,micro4 ,j\r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,absorption ,,( ,,petroleum ,,o9tm5t ,,& ,,l>d ,,by ,,! ,,sk94 ,footnote3 ,f ! ,am]ican ,druggi/4 ,e4 ,jo]ss has inve/igat$ ! "q :e!r o9tm5ts made ) vasel9e or o!r petroleum o9tm5ts are really z difficult ( resorption by ! sk91 or ( yield+ _! m$ic9al +r$i5ts to ! latt]1 z has be5 ass]t$4 ,9 solv+ ?is "q1 he consid]$ himself ju/ifi$ 9 draw+ conclusions f ! mann] 9 :i* su* comp\nds behav$ t[>d dead animal membrane4 ,if any k9d ( osmosis c\ld take place1 he argu$1 f o9tm5ts prep>$ ) vasel9e1 etc41 ?r\gh dead membranes1 su* osmosis w\ld mo/ probably also take place ?r\gh liv+ membranes4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! endosmotic or exosmotic action ( ! sk9 ( a liv+ body mu/ necess>ily play an important role 9 ! absorption ( m$ic9al ag5ts2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 x is pla9 t fats1 :i* r5d] ! liv+ sk9 imp]meable1 necess>ily also dim9i% or entirely neutralize its osmotic action4 ,to te/ ?is1 ! au?or made ! foll[+ exp]im5ts3 ,bladd] 0 ti$ ov] ! necks ( ?ree wide-m\!d vials1 ) bottoms cut (f1 & ea* 0 fill$ ) iodide ( potassium o9tm5t4 ,no4 #a conta9$ an o9tm5t made ) l>d4 ,no4 #b1 "o made ) ungu5tum p>aff9i 7,g]m4 ,ph>m471 & ,no4 #c1 "o made ) ungu5tum p>aff9i mix$ ) #c p] c5t4 ( l>d4 ,all ?ree vials 7 !n susp5d$ 9 beak]s fill$ ) wat]4 ,aft] /&+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 ! cont5ts ( none ( ! beak]s gave any iod9e reaction4 ,aft] hav+ be5 plac$ into a w>m temp]ature1 betwe5 #be-cg ,c41 all ?ree %[$ iod9e reactions aft] ?ree h\rs1 ,nos4 #b & #c v /rongly1 ,no4 #a 7) l>d alone7 v fa9tly4 ,! same exp]im5t 0 n[ repeat$1 ) ! precaution t ! bladd] 0 previ\sly wa%$ completely free f *lor9e4 ,ea* vial 0 susp5d$1 at a temp]ature ( #be-bg ,c41 9 #ej grammes ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,aft] ?ree h\rs1 ! cont5ts ( ,no4 #a 7conta9+ ! o9tm5t made ) l>d7 gave no iod9e reaction2 ! cont5ts ( ! o!r two1 h[ev]1 gave traces4 ,aft] eight h\rs no fur!r *ange _h tak5 place4 ,! temp]ature 0 n[ rais$ to #cj-ce ,c41 & kept s = eight h\rs4 ,all ?ree beak]s n[ gave a /rong iod9e reaction1 #j4b c4c4 ( normal silv] solution be+ requir$ = ea* #ae grammes ( ! cont5ts ( ! beak]s4 ,9 addition to ! iodide1 "s ( ! fatty base _h osmos$ ?r\gh ! membrane 9 ea* case4 ,! next exp]im5t 0 made by sub/itut+ a piece ( ! sk9 7fre$ f *lor9e by wa%+7 ( a fre%ly kill$ %eep = ! bladd]4 ,! o9tm5t 9 ,no4 #c 9 ?is case 0 made ) #aj p] c5t4 ( l>d4 ,no reaction 0 obta9$1 at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 aft] twelve h\rs1 nor aft] eight m h\rs1 at a temp]ature ( #be-cj ,c4 ,aft] lett+ !m /& = eight h\rs long] at #cj-cg ,c41 a fa9t reaction 0 obta9$ 9 ! case ( ! o9tm5t made ) ungu5tum p>aff9i2 a /ill fa9t] ) ,no4 #c2 b no reaction at all ) ,no4 #a 7t made ) l>d74 ,none ( ! fats pass$ ?r\gh by osmosis4 ,aft] eight h\rs m1 ! iod9e reaction 0 q decisive 9 all cases1 b no fat _h pass$ ?r\gh ev5 n[4 ,on titrat+ #bj grammes ( ! cont5ts ( ea* beak]1 ,no4 #a requir$ #j4e c4c4 ( silv] solution4 ,no4 #c #j4e c4c4 ,no4 #b #j4g c4c4 %[+ t ! mo/ iod9e _h osmos$ 9 ! case ( ! o9tm5t made ) ungu5tum p>aff9i 7equival5t to vasel9e74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,tails ,,( ,,comets4 ,i4--,if we ?r[ a /one into ! wat]1 a wave w be produc$ t w ext5d 9 a circle4 ,! size ( ?is wave & ! velocity ) :i* x ext5ds dep5d ^u ! size ( ! /one1 t is to say1 ^u ! int5sity ( ! me*anical action t creat$ x4 ,! ext5t & dep? ( ! wat] are likewise factors4 ,if we cause a cord to vibrate 9 ! wat]1 we %all obta9 a succession ( waves1 ! velocity & size ( :i* w be d]iv$ f ! cord's size & ! int5sity ( its action4 ,^! waves1 :i* are visible ^u ! surface1 con/itute :at ,i %all call me*anical waves4 ,b !re w be creat$ at ! same "t o!r waves1 ^: velocity ( propagation w be mu* great] ?an t ( ! me*anical ones1 & app>5tly indep5d5t ( me*anical int5sity4 ,^! are ac\/ic waves4 ,f9ally1 !re w d\btless be creat$ optical waves1 ^: velocity w exce$ t ( ! ac\/ic ones4 ,t is to say1 if a p]son fell into wat] f a great height1 & all 8 s5ses 7 suffici5tly acute1 he w\ld fir/ p]ceive a lum9\s s5sation :5 ! fir/ optical wave rea*$ him1 !n he w\ld p]ceive ! s\nd produc$1 & lat] /ill he w\ld feel1 ?r\gh a slight tremor1 ! me*anical wave4#a ,footnote #a3 ,c]ta9 p]sons1 z well kn[n1 und]go an optical impression "u ! action ( c]ta9 s\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,i ,"u ! action ( ! same me*anical en]gy !re =m1 !n1 9 a mass ( fluid1 waves t v>y 9 nature1 int5sity1 & velocity ( propagation2 & al?\gh b ?ree modes appreciable to our s5ses h be5 cit$1 x does n foll[ t ^! are ! only ones possible4 ,we may rem>k1 aga91 t if we produce a s+le wave ^u wat]1 x w be propagat$ 9 a uni=m motion1 & w =m 9 front ( x successive waves ^: velocity ( propagation is accel]at$4 ,?is may expla9 :y s\nds p]ceiv$ at great di/ances are brief] ?an at small ones4 ,a detonation t gives a quick dead s\nd at a few y>ds is ( mu* long] duration1 & s(t] at a great di/ance4 ,! laws t gov]n ! sy/em ( wave propagation are1 !n1 v complex4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ii ,,ii4--,if an ob/acle be 9 ! way ( ! waves1 !re w occur 9 ea* ( !m an alt]ation1 a break1 :i* x w c>ry along ) x to a great] or less di/ance4 ,?is succession ( alt]ations =ms a trace beh9d ! ob/acle1 & 9 opposition to ! l9e ( ! c5t]s4 ,f9ally1 if ! ob/acle itself emits waves 9 space t are ( less int5sity !n ^? :i* meet x1 ^! little waves w ext5d 9 ! wake ( ! l>ge ones1 & w =m a trace ( p>abolic =m situat$ ^u ! l9e ( ! c5t]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,iii ,,iii4--,let u admit1 !n1 t ! sun1 ?r\gh ! peculi> en]gy t develops ^u its surface or 9 its atmosph]e1 eng5d]s 9 e!real space successive waves ( v>y+ nature & int5sity1 z has be5 said above1 & let u admit t its me*anical waves are trav]s$ obliquely 7,fig4 #a7 by any sph]ical body--by a comet1 = example2 !n1 "u ! excitation ( ! waves t x is trav]s+1 & ?r\gh its velocity1 ! comet w itself ent] into action1 & produce me*anical waves 9 its turn4 ,z ! trace produc$ 9 ! sol> waves consi/s ( an agitation ( ! e!r on su* trace1 x w become app>5t1 if we admit t e lum9\s effect is produc$ by an excitation--a sett+ ( ! e!r 9 vibration4 ,! me*anical waves eng5d] ( !mselves1 !n1 an emission ( optical waves t r5d] p]ceptible ! alt]ation :i* !y create 9 ea* o!r4 ,let a be ! position ( ! comet4 ,! alt]$ wave1 a1 w c>ry along ! m>k ( su* alt]ation 9 ! direction a b1 :ile at ! same "t ext5d+ transv]sely ! waves emitt$ by ! comet4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! comet w advance to a'1 & ! wave w be alt]$ 9 its turn1 & c>ry su* alt]ation 9 ! direction1 a' b'4 ,! succession ( all ^! alt]ations w be f\nd1 !n1 ^u a curve a'' d' d1 ^: fir/ elem5ts1 on com+ f ! comet1 w be ^u ! resultant ( ! comet's velocity1 & ( ! propagation ( ! sol> waves4 ,consequ5tly1 ! sl[] ! motion ( ! comet1 ) respect to ! velocity ( ! sol> waves1 ! clos] w su* resultant approa* ! l9e ( c5t]s1 & ! m rectil9e> w appe> ! trace or tail ( ! comet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,iv ,,iv4--,if ! comet h satellites1 we %all see1 accord+ to ! relative position ( ^!1 sev]al tails appe>1 & ^! w seem to =m at diff]5t epo*s4 ,if c & s be ! positions ( a comet & a satellite1 x w be se5 t if1 :ile ! comet is proce$+ to c'1 ! satellite1 ?r\gh its revolution ar\nd x1 goes to s'1 ! traces =m$ at c & s w be ext5d$ to d & d'1 & t we %all h two tails1 c' d & s' d'1 :i* w be sep>at$ at d & d' & seem to be conf\nd$ t[>d c' s'4 ,v4--,:5 ! comet rec$es f ! sun1 ! same effect w occur--! tail w prec$e x1 & w be s mu* ! m 9 a l9e ) ! sun 9 proportion z ! velocity ( ! sol> waves exce$s t ( ! comet4 ,if we draw a complete diagram 7,fig4 #d71 & admit t ! alt]ation ( ! sol> waves p]si/s indef9itely1 we %all see 7suppos+ ! ph5om5on to beg9 at a7 t :5 ! comet is at a #a1 ! tail w & be at a #a b2 :5 x is a #b ! tail w be at a #b b'2 & :5 x is at a #d1 ! tail w h become an imm5se spiral1 a #d b'''4 ,z 9 reality ! trace is ext+ui%$ 9 space1 we nev] see b ! orig9 ( x1 :i* is ! "p ( x t is con/antly new--t is to say1 ! "p repres5t$ 9 ! spirals ( ,fig4 #d4 ,! comet ( #ahdc cross$ ! p]ihelion ) a velocity ( #ej leagues p] second2 x w\ld h only requir$ ! velocity ( ! sol> waves' propagation to h be5 #ejj leagues p] second to h put ! tail 9 a s5sibly direct opposition ) ! sun4 ,kn[+ ! angle gamma 7,fig4 #e7 t ! tang5t to ! orbit makes ) ! sun at a giv5 po9t1 & ! angle delta ( ! track ^u su* tang5t1 z well z ! velocity v ( ! comet1 we c d$uce !refrom ! velocity ,v ( ! sol> waves by ! simple expression3 ,v v 7s9us delta _/ s9us7gamma - delta77 or 7,fig4 #a71 ,v da_/t''1 t'' be+ ! "t tak5 to pass ov] aa''4 ,illu/ration3 ,v ,,vi4--,! tail1 !n1 is n a special matt] :i* is transport$ 9 space ) ! comet1 b a di/urbance 9 ! sol> waves1 j z s\nd is an atmosph]ic di/urbance :i* is propagat$ ) ! velocity ( ! sonor\s wave1 al?\gh ! air is n transport$4 ,! tail :i* we see 9 "o position1 !n1 is n t :i* we see 9 ano!r2 x is con/antly r5ew$4 ,consequ5tly1 x is easy to conceive h[1 9 z brief a "t z x took ! comet ( #ahdc to make a half revolution r\nd ! sun1 ! tail :i* ext5d$ to s great a di/ance appe>$ to sweep ! #ahj ( space1 :ile at ! same "t rema9+ 9 opposition to ! great lum9>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vi ,! spiral "u consid]ation may be repres5t$ practically4 ,if to a v]tical pipe we adapt a horizontal "o t revolves ) a c]ta9 velocity1 & ?r[s out wat] horizontally1 x w be und]/ood t1 f a bird's eye view1 ! jet w =m a spiral4 ,ea* drop ( wat] w rec$e radially 9 space1 ! spiral w keep =m+ at ! jet1 & if1 ?r\gh any reason1 ! latt] alone be visible1 we %all see a ne>ly rectil9e> jet t w seem to revolve ) ! pipe4 ,f9ally1 if ! jet be made to describe a curve1 m n 7,fig4 #d71 :ile x is kept direct$ t[>d ! opposite ( a po9t1 c1 ! project$ wat] w m>k ! spiral indicat$1 & ?is w cont9ue to wid51 & ea* drop w rec$e 9 ! direction %[n by ! arr[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vii ,,vii4--,x seems to result f ?is explanation t all ! planets & _! satellites ought to produce id5tical effects1 & h ! appe>ance ( comets4 ,9 ord] to *ange ! conditions1 x suffices to admit t ! e!real mass revolves 9 space ar\nd ! sun ) a velocity :i* is 9 ea* place t ( ! planets !re2 & ?is is v reasonable if1 admitt+ ! nebul> hypo!sis1 we draw ! d$uction t ! cause t has communicat$ ! velocity to ! successive r+s has communicat$ x to ! e!real mass4 ,! planets1 !n1 h no appreciable1 relative velocity 9 space1 & = ?is reason d n produce me*anical waves2 &1 if !y become capable ( do+ s ?r\gh a peculi> en]gy develop$ at _! surface1 z 9 ! case ( ! sun1 !y are /ill too weak to give v p]ceptible effects4 ,! satellites1 likewise1 h relatively too feeble velocities4 ,! comet1 on ! contr>y1 directly p5etrates ! sol> waves1 & sometimes has a relatively great velocity 9 space4 ,if its prop] velocity be ( directly opposite direction to t ( ! e!real mass's rotation1 x w !n be capable ( produc+ suffici5tly int5se me*anical effects to affect our vision4 ,,viii4--,f9ally1 see+ ! slight di/ances at :i* ^! />s pass ! sun1 ! attraction ^u ! comet & its satellites may be v diff]5t1 & ! velocity ( rotation ( ! latt]1 be+ add$ to or d$uct$ f t ( ! =w>d motion1 !re may occur 7z 9 ! case %[n 9 ,fig4 #f7 a sep>ation ( a satellite f ! pr9cipal />4 ,! comet !n appe>s to sep>ate into two1 & ea* "p foll[s diff]5t r\tes 9 space2 or1 z 9 ,fig4 #g1 "o ( ! satellites may ei!r fall into ! sun or pursue an elliptical orbit & become p]iodical1 :ile ! pr9cipal /> may pres]ve a p>abolic orbit1 & make b "o appe>ance4--,a4 ,g\pil4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,d\ble ,,role ,,( ,,! ,,/+ ,,( ,,! ,,honey ,,bee4 ,footnote3 ,translat$ f an article entitl$ ,ueb] e9e doppelrolle des /a*els d] honigbi55 9 ,deuts*am]ikanis*e ,apo!k] ,zeitung1 #ae ,jan41 #ahhe1 ,jahrg4 #e1 p4 #ffd2 !re repr9t$ f ,ind4 ,blatt]4 ,v important & highly int]e/+ discov]ies h rec5tly be5 made 9 reg>d to a d\ble role play$ by ! /+ ( ! honey bee4 ,^! discov]ies expla9 "s hi!rto inexplicable ph5om5a 9 ! dome/ic economy ( ! ants4 ,x is already kn[n t ! honey ( our honey bees1 :5 mix$ ) a t9cture ( litmus1 %[s a di/9ct r$ color1 or1 9 o!r words1 has an acid reaction4 ,x manife/s ?is peculi>ity because ( ! volatile =mic acid :i* x conta9s4 ,?is admix$ acid conf]s ^u crude honey its pres]vative p[]4 ,honey :i* is purifi$ by treatm5t ) wat] "u heat1 or ! s-call$ honey-sirup1 spoils soon]1 because ! =mic acid is volatiliz$4 ,! honey ( vici\s sw>ms ( bees is *>act]iz$ by a t>t ta/e & a pung5t odor4 ,?is effect is produc$ by ! =mic acid1 :i* is pres5t 9 excess 9 ! honey4 ,hi!rto x has be5 entirely unkn[n 9 :at way ! sub/ratum ( ?is peculi>ity ( honey1 ! =mic acid 9 ! honey1 c\ld ent] into ?is vomit f ! honey /oma* ( ! work]s4 ,only ! mo/ rec5t inve/igations h furni%$ u an explanation ( ?is process4 ,! /+ ( ! bees is us$ n only = def5se1 b q pr9cipally s]ves ! important purpose ( contribut+ to ! /or$ honey an antizymotic & antiseptic sub/ance4 ,! obs]vation has rec5tly be5 made t ! bees 9 ! hive1 ev5 :5 !y are undi/urb$1 wipe (f on ! combs ! m9ute drops ( bee poison 7=mic acid7 :i* f "t to "t exude f ! tip ( _! /+4 ,& ?is excell5t pres]vative m$ium is ?us soon] or lat] contribut$ to ! /or$ honey4 ,! m excitable & ! m ready to /+ ! bees are1 ! great] w be ! quantity ( =mic acid :i* is add$ to ! honey1 & ! admixture ( :i* good honey ne$s4 ,! praise :i* is s commonly lavi%$ ^u ! ,ligurian race ( our honey bees1 :i* is indispos$ to /+--& su* praise is /ill express$ at ! p]ipatetic ga!r+s ( ,g]man bee-ma/]s--is !re=e f a practical po9t ( view a false praise4 ,n[ we und]/& also :y ! /+less honey bees ( ,s\? ,am]ica collect little honey4 ,x is well kn[n t nev] m ?an a v small /ore ( honey is f\nd 9 fell$ trees inhabit$ by /+less ,melipona4 ,:at %\ld induce ! ,melipona to accumulate /ores :i* !y c\ld n pres]ve8 ,!y lack =mic acid4 ,only ?ree ( ! eighte5 diff]5t kn[n species ( honey bees ( nor!rn ,brazil h a /+4 ,a peculi> ph5om5on 9 ! life ( c]ta9 ants has always be5 problematical1 b n[ x f9ds also its lea/ =c$ explanation4 ,x is well kn[n t !re are diff]5t gra9-ga!r+ species ( ants4 ,! se$s ( grasses & o!r plants are (t5 pres]v$ = ye>s 9 _! little magaz9es1 )\t g]m9at+4 ,a v small r$ ant1 :i* drags gra9s ( :eat & oats into its dwell+s1 lives 9 ,india4 ,^! ants are s small t eight or twelve ( !m h to drag on "o gra9 ) ! greate/ ex]tion4 ,!y travel 9 two sep>ate ranks ov] smoo? or r\gh gr\nd1 j z x comes1 & ev5 up & d[n /eps1 at ! same regul> pace4 ,!y h (t5 to travel ) _! booty m ?an a ?\s& met]s1 to rea* _! communal /oreh\se4 ,! r5[n$ inve/igator ,moggridge repeat$ly obs]v$ t :5 ! ants 7 prev5t$ f rea*+ _! magaz9es ( gra91 ! se$s begun to spr\t4 ,! same 0 ! case 9 ab&on$ magaz9es ( gra94 ,h5ce ! ants "k h[ to prev5t ! spr\t+ ( ! gra9s1 b ! capacity = spr\t+ is n de/roy$4 ,! r5[n$ ,engli% inve/igator ,john ,lubbock1 :o communicates ?is & simil> facts 9 8 "w entitl$ ,ants1 ,bees1 & ,wasps1 adds t x is n yet kn[n 9 :at way ! ants prev5t ! spr\t+ ( ! collect$ gra9s4 ,b n[ x is demon/rat$ t "h also x is only ! =mic acid1 ^: pres]vative influ5ce goes s f> t x c make se$ incapable ( g]m9ation = a det]m9ate "t or cont9u\sly4 ,x may be m5tion$ t we h also among u a species ( ant :i* lives on se$s1 & /ores ^! up4 ,?is is our ,lasius nig]1 :i* c>ries se$s ( ,viola into its ne/s1 &1 z ,wittmack has communicat$ rec5tly to ! ,sitzungsb]i*te d] gesells*aft natur=s*5d] freunde zu ,b]l91 does ! same ) ! se$s ( ,v]onica h$]aefolia4 ,syke /ates 9 8 acc\nt ( an ,indian ant1 ,pheidole provid5s1 t ?is species collects a great /ore ( grass-se$s4 ,b he obs]v$ t ! ants br\ght _! /ore ( gra9 into ! op5 air to dry x aft] ! monsoon /orms4 ,f ?is x appe>s t ! pres]vative effect ( ! =mic acid is de/roy$ by great moi/ure1 & h5ce ?is dry+ process4 ,s t among ! bees ! honey :i* is /or$ = w9t] use1 & among ! ants ! /ores ( gra9 :i* s]ve = food1 are pres]v$ by "o & ! same fluid1 =mic acid4 ,,editorial ,,note4 ,?is same !ory has be5 sugge/$ _m times by our mo/ advanc$ ,am]ican bee-keep]s4 ,x has be5 h9t$ t ?is same =mic acid 0 :at made honey a poison to _m p1 & t ! %>p /+ ( "s honey1 notably t f bass wood or l9d51 orig9at$ 9 ?is acid f ! poison sac4 ,if ?is is ! correct explanation1 x seems /range t ! same k9d ( honey is always peculi> = great] or less acidity z ! case may be4 ,we (t5 see bees ) /+ ext5d$ & tipp$ ) a t9y drop ( poison2 b h[ d we "k t ?is poison is c]ta9ly m+l$ ) ! honey8 ,is ?is any m ?an a guess8--,a4,j4 ,cook1 9 ,psy*e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*lorides ,,9 ,,ra9fall ,,( #ahhd4 ,we are apt to reg>d ! ra9 solely z a product ( di/illation1 &1 z su*1 v pure4 ,a little reflection & a v slight am\nt ( exp]im5tal exam9ation w quickly disabuse ^? :o h ?is mi/ak5 & popul> impression ( _! error4 ,a great numb] ( bodies :i* arise f indu/rial processes1 dome/ic combu/ion ( coal1 natural *anges 9 vegetable & animal matt]1 t]re/rial di/urbances z tornadoes & volcanic eruptions1 vital exhalations1 etc41 are dis*>g$ into ! atmosph]e1 &1 :e!r by solution or me*anical contact1 desc5d to ! surface ( ! e>? 9 ! ra91 leav+ ^u its evaporation 9 _m in/ances ! mo/ inconte/able evid5ces ( _! pres5ce4 ,! acid precipitation ar\nd alkali & sulphuric acid works is well kn[n2 ! acid "* ( ra9s collect$ ne> & 9 cities1 & ! rem>kable ammoniacal /r5g? ( "s local ra9falls1 h be5 fully discuss$4 ,! exhau/ive exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,angus ,smi? 9 ,scotl&1 & ! int]e/+ reports ( ,fr5* exam9]s1 h made ! sci5tific _w famili>1 n only qualitatively b quantitatively1 ) ! *emical nature ( "s ra9s1 z well z ) _! solid s$im5t>y cont5ts4 ,"s ye>s ago my att5tion 0 unpleasantly drawn to ! fact t ! ra9 wat] 9 our use react$ = *lor9e2 & on f9d+ ?is due solely to ! wa%+ out f ! atmosph]e ( susp5d$ p>ticles ( *loride ( sodium or o!r *lorides or free *lor9e1 x appe>$ int]e/+ to det]m9e ! av]age am\nt ( ^! salts 9 ! ra9 wat] ( ! sea coa/4 ,! results giv5 9 ?is pap] ref] to a di/rict on ,/at5 ,isl&1 ,new ,york h>bor1 at a po9t f\r miles f ! ocean1 slightly %elt]$ f ! ocean's imm$iate influ5ce by ! int]v5tion ( l[ ranges ( hills4 ,!y 7 communicat$ to ! ,natural ,sci5ce ,association ( ,/at5 ,isl&1 b ! details ( ! obs]vations may prove ( int]e/ to ! read]s ( ! ,qu>t]ly1 & may !re s]ve z a record m widely accessible4 ,x has long be5 recogniz$ t ! s\rce ( *lor9e 9 ra9falls ne> ! sea 0 ! sea itself1 ! am\nt ( *lorides1 putt+ aside local exceptions aris+ f cities or manufactories1 increas+ ) ! proximity ( ! po9t ( obs]vation to ! ocean1 & also %[+ a m>k$ relation to ! exposure ( ! position *os5 to viol5t /orms4 ,?us ! we/ coa/ ra9falls ( ,irel& conta9 l>g] quantities ( *lorides ?an ^? ( ! ea/1 & ! table giv5 by ,dr4 ,smi? %[s ! v>iations 9 neighbor+ localities on ! same seafront4 ,! *lorides ( ! ,engli% ra9s dim9i% z ! obs]v] leaves ! sea coa/4 ,9 ! foll[+ obs]vations ! wat]s ( ?irty-two ra9s 7 collect$1 ! *lor9e det]m9$ by nitrate ( silv] 9 am\nts ( ! wat] v>y+ f "o lit] to "o-half a lit]1 & 9 "s in/ances less4 ,:ile x is likely t "s ( ! *lor9e 0 due to ! pres5ce ( *lorides o!r ?an common salt1 z ! position ( ! po9t ( obs]vation is n remov$ m ?an a mile f oil di/ill]ies & smelt+ & sulphuric acid works 9 ,new ,j]sey1 yet ?is c\ld n ev5 g5]ally h be5 s1 z ! ra9 /orms came1 = ! great] numb] ( in/ances1 f ! ea/1 9 an opposite direction to ! position ( ! factories allud$ to4 ,x has also be5 notic$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,hollick1 to :om ^! obs]vations 7 ( int]e/1 t 9 heavy /orms a salt film (t5 =ms ^u fruit expos$ to ! ea/]ly gales ^u ! %ores ( ! isl&4 ,! ye>ly av]age = *lor9e is #j4bbh gra9 p] gallon2 = sodic *loride1 #j4cgf gra94 ,! total ra9fall 9 our region = #ahhd1 z report$ by ,dr4 ,drap] at ,c5tral ,p>k1 0 #eb4be in*es1 some:at high] ?an usual1 z ! av]age = a s]ies ( ye>s be=e gives #df in*es2 b tak+ ^! =m] figures1 we f9d t = t ye> 7#ahhd7 ea* acre ( gr\nd receiv$1 accept+ ! results obta9$ by my exam9ation1 #gf4bd avoirdupois p\nds ( common salt1 if we reg>d ! entire *lor9e cont5ts ( ! ra9s z due to t body1 or #df4bc p\nds ( *lor9e alone4 ,9 comp>ison ) ?is result1 we f9d t at ,ca51 9 ,france1 an exam9ation ( ! sal9e +r$i5ts ( ! ra9 gave = "o ye> ab\t #he p\nds ( m9]al matt] p] acre1 ( :i* #dj p\nds 7 reg>d$ z common salt4 ,al?\gh *lor9e is almo/ con/antly pres5t 9 plant tissues1 x is n indisp5sable = mo/ plants1 & = ^? assimilat+ x 9 small am\nts1 our ra9fall w\ld seem to (f] an ample supply4 ,^! facts op5 our eyes to ! possible f]tiliz+ influ5ce ( ra9s1 & !y also sugge/ to :at ext5t ra9s may ex]t a corrosive action :5 !y desc5d *>g$ ) acid vapors4--,l4,p4 ,gratacap1 9 ,s*ool ( ,m9es ,qu>t]ly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,*romatoscope4 ,"s "t ago ,mr4 ,j4,d4 ,h>dy devis$ an in/rum5t1 :i* he has nam$ a *romatoscope1 s easily made by any "o :o has a spot l5s t we take ! foll[+ description f ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,microscopical ,society3 ,its *ief purpose is t ( illum9at+ & def9+ objects :i* are nonpol>izable1 9 a simil> mann] to t 9 :i* ! pol>iscope def9es pol>izable objects4 ,x c also be appli$ to _m pol>izable objects4 ,?is quality1 comb9$ ) ! transmission ( a great] am\nt ( light ?an is obta9able by ! pol>iscope1 r5d]s objects ?us se5 mu* m effective4 ,x is con/ruct$ z foll[s3 ,into ! tube ( ! spot l5s a %ort tube is made to move freely & easily4 ,?is inn] tube has a d\ble flange1 ! out] "o1 :i* is mill$1 = rotat+1 & ! inn] "o = c>ry+ a glass plate4 ,?is plate is made ( flat1 cle> glass1 & ^u x are cem5t$ by a v small quantity ( balsam ?ree pieces ( color$ 7/a9$7 glass1 blue1 r$1 & gre51 9 ! proportion ( ab\t #h1 #e1 & #c4 ,! light f ! lamp is all[$ to pass to "s ext5t ?r\gh ! int]spaces1 & is by comp>ison a /rong yell[1 ?us giv+ f\r pr9cipal colors4 ,second>y colors are =m$ by a comb9ation ( ! rays 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! spot l5s4 ,! /a9$ glass %\ld be z ri* 9 color & z good 9 quality z possible1 & a bett] effect is obta9$ by ?ree pieces ( /a9$ glass ?an by a numb] ( small pieces4 ,! application ( ! *romatoscope is almo/ unlimit$1 z x c be us$ ) all objectives up to ! #a_/h4 ,transp>5t objects1 p>ticul>ly cry/als :i* w n pol>ize1 diatoms1 infusoria1 palates ( mollusks1 etc41 c n only be se5 to great] advantage1 b _! p>ts c be m easily /udi$4 ,z its co/ is m]ely nom9al1 x c be appli$ to e in/rum5t1 l>ge or small2 & :5 its m]its & its utility by practice are kn[n1 ,i am confid5t t x w be consid]$ a valuable accessory to ! microscope4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pr(4 ,w4,o4 ,atwat]1 z ! results ( a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 f9ds1 contr>y to ! g5]al op9ion ( *emi/s1 t plants assimilate nitrog5 f ! atmosph]e4 ,!y take up ! greate/ quantity :5 suppli$ ) abundant n\ri%m5t f ! soil4 ,well f$ plants acquir$ fully "o-half _! total nitrog5 f ! air4 ,x seems probable t ! free nitrog5 ( ! air is 9 "s way assimilat$ by ! plants4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a catalogue1 conta9+ brief notices ( _m important sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is (fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,subscription1 #e ,a ,,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #dj ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! 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