,,on ,,horsemanship ,by ,xenophon ,translation by ,h4 ,g4 ,dakyns ,xenophon the ,athenian was born #dca ,b4,c4 ,he was a pupil of ,socrates4 ,he marched with the ,spartans1 and was exiled from ,athens4 ,sparta gave him land and property in ,scillus1 where he lived for many years before having to move once more1 to settle in ,corinth4 ,he died in #ced ,b4,c4 ,on ,horsemanship advises the reader on how to buy a good horse1 and how to raise it to be either a war horse or show horse4 ,xenophon ends with some words on military equipment for a cavalryman4 ,,preparer',s ,,note ,this was typed from ,dakyns' series1 ,the ,works of ,xenophon1 a four-volume set4 ,the complete list of ,xenophon's works 7though there is doubt about some of these7 is3 ,work ,number of books ,the ,anabasis #g ,the ,hellenica #g ,the ,cyropaedia #h ,the ,memorabilia #d ,the ,symposium #a ,the ,economist #a ,on ,horsemanship #a ,the ,sportsman #a ,the ,cavalry ,general #a ,the ,apology #a ,on ,revenues #a ,the ,hiero #a ,the ,agesilaus #a ,the ,polity of the ,athenians and the ,lacedaemonians #b ,text in brackets is my transliteration of ,greek text into ,english using an ,oxford ,english ,dictionary alphabet table4 ,the diacritical marks have been lost4 ,,on ,,horsemanship ,i ,claiming to have attained some proficiency in horsemanship 7#a7 ourselves1 as the result of long experience in the field1 our wish is to explain1 for the benefit of our younger friends1 what we conceive to be the most correct method of dealing with horses4 7#a7 ,lit4 ,since1 through the accident of having for a long time 'ridden' ourselves1 we believe we have become proficients in horsemanship1 we wish to show to our younger friends how1 as we conceive the matter1 they will proceed most correctly in dealing with horses4 ippeuein in the case of ,xenophon serve as a ippeus1 whether technically as an ,athenian knight or more particularly in reference to his organisation of a troop of cavalry during the retreat 7,anab4 ,,iii4 iii4 #h-bj71 and1 as is commonly believed1 while serving under ,agesilaus 7,hell4 ,,iii4 iv4 #ad7 in ,asia1 #cif1 #cie ,b4,c4 ,there is1 it is true1 a treatise on horsemanship written by ,simon1 the same who dedicated the bronze horse near the ,eleusinion in ,athens 7#b7 with a representation of his exploits engraved in relief on the pedestal4 7#c7 ,but we shall not on that account expunge from our treatise any conclusions in which we happen to agree with that author2 on the contrary we shall hand them on with still greater pleasure to our friends1 in the belief that we shall only gain in authority from the fact that so great an expert in horsemanship held similar views to our own2 whilst with regard to matters omitted in his treatise1 we shall endeavour to supply them4 7#b7 ,l4 ,dind4 7in ,athens74 ,the ,eleusinion4 ,for the position of this sanctuary of ,demeter and ,kore see ,leake1 ,top4 of ,athens1 i4 p4 #bif foll4 ,for ,simon see ,sauppe1 vol4 v4 ,praef4 to de ,r4 ,e4 p4 #bcj2 ,l4 ,dind4 ,praef4 ,xen4 ,opusc4 p4 xx42 ,dr4 ,morris ,h4 ,morgan1 ,the ,art of ,horsemanship by ,xenophon1 p4 #aai foll4 ,a fragment of the work referred to1 peri eidous kai ekloges ippon1 exists4 ,the ,,ms4 is in the library of ,emmanual ,coll4 ,cant4 ,it so happens that one of the hipparchs 787 appealed to by ,demosthenes in ,arist4 ,knights1 #bdb4 andres ippes1 paragenesthe nun o kairos1 o ,simon1 o ,panaiti1 ouk elate pros to dexion keras2 bears the name4 7#c7 ,lit4 and carved on the pedestal a representation of his own performances4 ,as our first topic we shall deal with the question1 how a man may best avoid being cheated in the purchase of a horse4 ,take the case of a foal as yet unbroken3 it is plain that our scrutiny must begin with the body2 an animal that has never yet been mounted can but present the vaguest indications of spirit4 ,confining ourselves therefore to the body1 the first point to examine1 we maintain1 will be the feet4 ,just as a house would be of little use1 however beautiful its upper stories1 if the underlying foundations were not what they ought to be1 so there is little use to be extracted from a horse1 and in particular a war-horse1 7#d7 if unsound in his feet1 however excellent his other points2 since he could not turn a single one of them to good account4 7#e7 7#d7 ,or1 and that a charger1 we will suppose4 ,for the simile see ,mem4 ,,iii4 i4 #g4 7#e7 ,cf4 ,hor4 ,sat4 ,i4 ii4 #hf3 regibus hic mos est3 ubi equos mercantur1 opertos inspiciunt1 ne1 si facies1 ut saepe1 decora molli fulta pede est1 emptorem inducat hiantem1 quod pulchrae clunes1 breve quod caput1 ardua cervix4 and see ,virg4 ,georg4 iii4 #gb foll4 ,in testing the feet the first thing to examine will be the horny portion of the hoof4 ,for soundness of foot a thick horn is far better than a thin4 ,again it is important to notice whether the hoofs are high both before and behind1 or flat to the ground2 for a high hoof keeps the frog1 7#f7 as it is called1 well off the ground2 whereas a low hoof treads equally with the stoutest and softest part of the foot alike1 the gait resembling that of a bandy-legged man4 7#g7 ,you may tell a good foot clearly by the ring1 says ,simon happily2 7#h7 for the hollow hoof rings like a cymbal against the solid earth4 7#i7 7#f7 ,lit4 the swallow4 7#g7 ,al4 a knock-kneed person4 ,see ,stonehenge1 ,the ,horse 7ed4 #ahib71 pp4 #c1 #i4 7#h7 ,or1 and he is right4 7#i7 ,cf4 ,virg4 ,georg4 iii4 #hh2 ,hor4 ,epod4 xvi4 #ab4 ,and now that we have begun with the feet1 let us ascend from this point to the rest of the body4 ,the bones 7#aj7 above the hoof and below the fetlock must not be too straight1 like those of a goat2 through not being properly elastic1 7#aa7 legs of this type will jar the rider1 and are more liable to become inflamed4 ,on the other hand1 these bones must not be too low1 or else the fetlock will be abraded or lacerated when the horse is galloped over clods and stones4 7#aj7 i4e4 the pasterns 7mesokunia7 and the coffin should be 'sloping4' 7#aa7 ,or1 being too inflexible4 ,lit4 giving blow for blow1 overuch like anvil to hammer4 ,the bones of the shanks 7#ab7 ought to be thick1 being as they are the columns on which the body rests2 thick in themselves1 that is1 not puffed out with veins or flesh2 or else in riding over hard ground they will inevitably be surcharged with blood1 and varicose conditions be set up1 7#ac7 the legs becoming thick and puffy1 whilst the skin recedes2 and with this loosening of the skin the back sinew 7#ad7 is very apt to start and render the horse lame4 7#ab7 i4e4 the metacarpals and metatarsals4 7#ac7 ,or1 and become varicose1 with the result that the shanks swell whilst the skin recedes from the bone4 7#ad7 ,or1 suspensory ligament8 ,possibly ,xenophon's anatomy is wrong1 and he mistook the back sinew for a bone like the fibula4 ,the part in question might intelligibly enough1 if not technically1 be termed perone1 being of the brooch-pin order4 ,if the young horse in walking bends his knees flexibly1 you may safely conjecture that when he comes to be ridden he will have flexible legs1 since the quality of suppleness invariably increases with age4 7#ae7 ,supple knees are highly esteemed and with good reason1 rendering as they do the horse less liable to stumble or break down from fatigue than those of stiffer build4 7#ae7 ,lit4 all horses bend their legs more flexibly as time advances4 ,coming to the thighs below the shoulder-blades1 7#af7 or arms1 these if thick and muscular present a stronger and handsomer appearance1 just as in the case of a human being4 ,again1 a comparatively broad chest is better alike for strength and beauty1 and better adapted to carry the legs well asunder1 so that they will not overlap and interfere with one another4 ,again1 the neck should not be set on dropping forward from the chest1 like a boar's1 but1 like that of a game-cock rather1 it should shoot upwards to the crest1 and be slack 7#ag7 along the curvature2 whilst the head should be bony and the jawbone small4 ,in this way the neck will be well in front of the rider1 and the eye will command what lies before the horse's feet4 ,a horse1 moreover1 of this build1 however spirited1 will be least capable of overmastering the rider1 7#ah7 since it is not by arching but by stretching out his neck and head that a horse endeavours to assert his power4 7#ai7 7#af7 ,lit4 the thighs below the shoulder-blades are distinguished from the thighs below the tail4 ,they correspond respectively to our arms 7i4e4 forearms7 and gaskins1 and anatomically speaking the radius 7os brachii7 and the tibia4 7#ag7 ,slack towards the flexure 7,stonehenge74 7#ah7 ,or1 of forcing the rider's hand and bolting4 7#ai7 ,or1 to display violence or run away4 ,it is important also to observe whether the jaws are soft or hard on one or other side1 since as a rule a horse with unequal jaws 7#bj7 is liable to become hard-mouthed on one side4 7#bj7 ,or1 whose bars are not equally sensitive4 ,again1 a prominent rather than a sunken eye is suggestive of alertness1 and a horse of this type will have a wider range of vision4 ,and so of the nostrils3 a wide-dilated nostril is at once better than a contracted one for respiration1 and gives the animal a fiercer aspect4 ,note how1 for instance1 when one stallion is enraged against another1 or when his spirit chafes in being ridden1 7#ba7 the nostrils at once become dilated4 7#ba7 ,or1 in the racecourse or on the exercising-ground how readily he distends his nostrils4 ,a comparatively large crest and small ears give a more typical and horse-like appearance to the head1 whilst lofty withers again allow the rider a surer seat and a stronger adhesion between the shoulders and the body4 7#bb7 7#bb7 ,or if with ,l4 ,d4 7kai to somati71 transl4 adhesion to the horse's shoulders4 ,a double spine1 7#bc7 again1 is at once softer to sit on than a single1 and more pleasing to the eye4 ,so1 too1 a fairly deep side somewhat rounded towards the belly 7#bd7 will render the animal at once easier to sit and stronger1 and as a general rule better able to digest his food4 7#be7 7#bc7 ,reading after ,courier rakhis ge men4 ,see ,virg4 ,georg4 iii4 #hg1 at duplex agitur per lumbos spina4 ,in a horse that is in good case1 the back is broad1 and the spine does not stick up like a ridge1 but forms a kind of furrow on the back 7,john ,martyn72 a full back1 as we say4 7#bd7 ,or1 in proportion to4 ,see ,courier 7,du ,commandement de la ,cavalerie at de l',equitation3 deux livres de ,xenophon1 traduits par un officier d'artillerie a cheval71 note ad loc4 p4 #hc4 7#be7 i4e4 and keep in good condition4 ,the broader and shorter the loins the more easily will the horse raise his forequarters and bring up his hindquarters under him4 ,given these points1 moreover1 the belly will appear as small as possible1 a portion of the body which if large is partly a disfigurement and partly tends to make the horse less strong and capable of carrying weight4 7#bf7 7#bf7 ,al4 more feeble at once and ponderous in his gait4 ,the quarters should be broad and fleshy in correspondence with the sides and chest1 and if they are also firm and solid throughout they will be all the lighter for the racecourse1 and will render the horse in every way more fleet4 ,to come to the thighs 7and buttocks73 7#bg7 if the horse have these separated by a broad line of demarcation 7#bh7 he will be able to plant his hind-legs under him with a good gap between2 7#bi7 and in so doing will assume a posture 7#cj7 and a gait in action at once prouder and more firmly balanced1 and in every way appear to the best advantage4 7#bg7 ,lit4 the thighs beneath the tail4 7#bh7 ,reading plateia to gramme diorismenous ekhe1 sc4 the perineum4 ,al4 ,courier 7after ,apsyrtus71 op4 cit4 p4 #ad1 plateis te kai me diestrammenous1 broad and not turned outwards4 7#bi7 ,or1 he will be sure to spread well behind1 etc4 7#cj7 ton upobasin1 tech4 of the crouching posture assumed by the horse for mounting or in doing the demi-passade 7so ,morgan1 op4 cit4 p4 #abf74 ,the human subject would seem to point to this conclusion4 ,when a man wants to lift anything from off the ground he essays to do so by bringing the legs apart and not by bringing them together4 ,a horse ought not to have large testicles1 though that is not a point to be determined in the colt4 ,and now1 as regards the lower parts1 the hocks1 7#ca7 or shanks and fetlocks and hoofs1 we have only to repeat what has been said already about those of the fore-legs4 7#ca7 ton katothen astragelon1 e knemon1 lit4 the under 7or hinder87 knuckle-bones 7hocks87 or shins2 i4e4 anatomically speaking1 the os calcis1 astragalus1 tarsals1 and metatarsal large and small4 ,i will here note some indications by which one may forecast the probable size of the grown animal4 ,the colt with the longest shanks at the moment of being foaled will grow into the biggest horse2 the fact being--and it holds of all the domestic quadrupeds 7#cb7--that with advance of time the legs hardly increase at all1 while the rest of the body grows uniformly up to these1 until it has attained its proper symmetry4 7#cb7 ,cf4 ,aristot4 de ,part4 ,anim4 iv4 #aj2 ,h4 ,a4 ii4 #a2 ,plin4 ,n4 ,h4 xi4 #ajh4 ,such is the type 7#cc7 of colt and such the tests to be applied1 with every prospect of getting a sound-footed1 strong1 and fleshy animal fine of form and large of stature4 ,if changes in some instances develop during growth1 that need not prevent us from applying our tests in confidence4 ,it far more often happens that an ugly-looking colt will turn out serviceable1 7#cd7 than that a foal of the above description will turn out ugly or defective4 7#cc7 ,lit4 by testing the shape of the colt in this way it seems to us the purchaser will get1 etc4 7#cd7 ,for the vulg4 eukhroastoi1 a doubtful word well coloured1 i4e4 sleek and healthy1 ,l4 ,s4 would read eukhrooi 7cf4 ,pol4 ,lac4 v4 #h74 ,l4 ,dind4 conj4 enrostoi1 robust2 ,schneid4 eukhrestoi1 serviceable4 ,,ii ,the right method of breaking a colt needs no description at our hands4 7#a7 ,as a matter of state organisation1 7#b7 cavalry duties usually devolve upon those who are not stinted in means1 and who have a considerable share in the government2 7#c7 and it seems far better for a young man to give heed to his own health of body and to horsemanship1 or1 if he already knows how to ride with skill1 to practising manoeuvres1 than that he should set up as a trainer of horses4 7#d7 ,the older man has his town property and his friends1 and the hundred-and-one concerns of state or of war1 on which to employ his time and energies rather than on horsebreaking4 ,it is plain then that any one holding my views 7#e7 on the subject will put a young horse out to be broken4 ,but in so doing he ought to draw up articles1 just as a father does when he apprentices his son to some art or handicraft1 stating what sort of knowledge the young creature is to be sent back possessed of4 ,these will serve as indications 7#f7 to the trainer what points he must pay special heed to if he is to earn his fee4 ,at the same time pains should be taken on the owner's part to see that the colt is gentle1 tractable1 and affectionate1 7#g7 when delivered to the professional trainer4 ,that is a condition of things which for the most part may be brought about at home and by the groom--if he knows how to let the animal connect 7#h7 hunger and thirst and the annoyance of flies with solitude1 whilst associating food and drink and escape from sources of irritation with the presence of man4 ,as the result of this treatment1 necessarily the young horse will acquire--not fondness merely1 but an absolute craving for human beings4 ,a good deal can be done by touching1 stroking1 patting those parts of the body which the creature likes to have so handled4 ,these are the hairiest parts1 or where1 if there is anything annoying him1 the horse can least of all apply relief himself4 7#a7 ,or1 ,the training of the colt is a topic which1 as it seems to us1 may fairly be omitted1 since those appointed for cavalry service in these states are persons who1 etc4 ,for reading see ,courier1 ,notes1 p4 #hd4 7#b7 ,organisation in the several states4 7#c7 ,or1 ,as a matter of fact it is the wealthiest members of the state1 and those who have the largest stake in civic life1 that are appointed to cavalry duties4 ,see ,hippparch1 i4 #i4 7#d7 ,cf4 ,econ4 iii4 #aj4 7#e7 ego4 ,hitherto the author has used the plural emin with which he started4 7#f7 ,reading upodeigmata1 finger-post signs1 as it were1 or draft in outline2 al4 upomnemata memoranda4 7#g7 ,gentle1 and accustomed to the hand1 and fond of man4 7#h7 ,lit4 if he knows how to provide that hunger and thirst1 etc41 should be felt by the colt in solitude1 whilst food and drink1 etc41 come through help of man4 ,the groom should have standing orders to take his charge through crowds1 and to make him familiar with all sorts of sights and noises2 and if the colt shows sign of apprehension at them1 7#i7 he must teach him--not by cruel1 but by gentle handling--that they are not really formidable4 7#i7 ,or1 is disposed to shy4 ,on this topic1 then1 of training1 7#aj7 the rules here given will1 ,i think1 suffice for any private individual4 7#aj7 ,or1 ,in reference to horsebreaking1 the above remarks will perhaps be found sufficient for the practical guidance of an amateur4 ,,iii ,to meet the case in which the object is to buy a horse already fit for riding1 we will set down certain memoranda1 7#a7 which1 if applied intelligently1 may save the purchaser from being cheated4 7#a7 ,which the purchaser should lay to heart1 if he does not wish to be cheated4 ,first1 then1 let there be no mistake about the age4 ,if the horse has lost his mark teeth1 7#b7 not only will the purchaser's hopes be blighted1 but he may find himself saddled for ever with a sorry bargain4 7#c7 7#b7 ,or1 the milk teeth1 i4e4 is more than five years old4 ,see ,morgan1 p4 #abf4 7#c7 ,lit4 a horse that has lost his milk teeth cannot be said to gladden his owner's mind with hopes1 and is not so easily disposed of4 ,given that the fact of youth is well established1 let there be no mistake about another matter3 how does he take the bit into his mouth and the headstall 7#d7 over his ears8 ,there need be little ambiguity on this score1 if the purchaser will see the bit inserted and again removed1 under his eyes4 ,next1 let it be carefully noted how the horse stands being mounted4 ,many horses are extremely loath to admit the approach of anything which1 if once accepted1 clearly means to them enforced exertion4 7#d7 koruphaia1 part of the khalinos gear4 ,another point to ascertain is whether the horse1 when mounted1 can be induced to leave other horses1 or when being ridden past a group of horses standing1 will not bolt off to join the company4 ,some horses again1 as the result of bad training1 will run away from the exercising-ground and make for the stable4 ,a hard mouth may be detected by the exercise called the pede or volte1 7#e7 and still more so by varying the direction of the volte to right or left4 ,many horses will not attempt to run away except for the concurrence of a bad mouth along with an avenue of escape home4 7#f7 7#e7 ,see ,sturz1 s4v42 ,pollux1 i4 #bai4 ,al4 the longe1 but the passage below 7vii4 #ad7 is suggestive rather of the volte4 7#f7 ,al4 will only attempt to bolt where the passage out towards home combines1 as it were1 with a bad mouth4 e444 ekphora the exit from the manege or riding school4 ,another point which it is necessary to learn is1 whether when let go at full speed the horse can be pulled up 7#g7 sharp and is willing to wheel round in obedience to the rein4 7#g7 analambanetai1 come to the poise 7,morgan74 ,for apostrephesthai see ix4#f2 tech4 caracole4 ,it is also well to ascertain by experience if the horse you propose to purchase will show equal docility in response to the whip4 ,every one knows what a useless thing a servant is1 or a body of troops1 that will not obey4 ,a disobedient horse is not only useless1 but may easily play the part of an arrant traitor4 ,and since it is assumed that the horse to be purchased is intended for war1 we must widen our test to include everything which war itself can bring to the proof3 such as leaping ditches1 scrambling over walls1 scaling up and springing off high banks4 ,we must test his paces by galloping him up and down steep pitches and sharp inclines and along a slant4 ,for each and all of these will serve as a touchstone to gauge the endurance of his spirit and the soundness of his body4 ,i am far from saying1 indeed1 that because an animal fails to perform all these parts to perfection1 he must straightway be rejected2 since many a horse will fall short at first1 not from inability1 but from want of experience4 ,with teaching1 practice1 and habit1 almost any horse will come to perform all these feats beautifully1 provided he be sound and free from vice4 ,only you must beware of a horse that is naturally of a nervous temperament4 ,an over-timorous animal will not only prevent the rider from using the vantage-ground of its back to strike an enemy1 but is as likely as not to bring him to earth himself and plunge him into the worst of straits4 ,we must1 also1 find out of the horse shows any viciousness towards other horses or towards human beings2 also1 whether he is skittish2 7#h7 such defects are apt to cause his owner trouble4 7#h7 ,or1 very ticklish4 ,as to any reluctance on the horse's part to being bitted or mounted1 dancing and twisting about and the rest1 7#i7 you will get a more exact idea on this score1 if1 when he has gone through his work1 you will try and repeat the precise operations which he went through before you began your ride4 ,any horse that having done his work shows a readiness to undergo it all again1 affords sufficient evidence thereby of spirit and endurance4 7#i7 ,reading talla dineumata1 lit4 and the rest of his twistings and twirlings about4 ,to put the matter in a nutshell3 given that the horse is sound-footed1 gentle1 moderately fast1 willing and able to undergo toil1 and above all things 7#aj7 obedient--such an animal1 we venture to predict1 will give the least trouble and the greatest security to his rider in the circumstances of war2 while1 conversely1 a beast who either out of sluggishness needs much driving1 or from excess of mettle much coaxing and manoeuvering1 will give his rider work enough to occupy both his hands and a sinking of the heart when dangers thicken4 7#aj7 ,al4 thoroughly4 ,,iv ,we will now suppose the purchaser has found a horse which he admires2 7#a7 the purchase is effected1 and he has brought him home--how is he to be housed8 ,it is best that the stable should be placed in a quarter of the establishment where the master will see the horse as often as possible4 7#b7 ,it is a good thing also to have his stall so arranged that there will be as little risk of the horse's food being stolen from the manger1 as of the master's from his larder or store-closet4 ,to neglect a detail of this kind is surely to neglect oneself2 since in the hour of danger1 it is certain1 the owner has to consign himself1 life and limb1 to the safe keeping of his horse4 7#a7 ,lit4 ,to proceed3 when you have bought a horse which you admire and have brought him home4 7#b7 i4e4 where he will be brought as frequently as possible under the master's eye4 ,cf4 ,econ4 xii4 #bj4 ,nor is it only to avoid the risk of food being stolen that a secure horse-box is desirable1 but for the further reason that if the horse takes to scattering his food1 the action is at once detected2 and any one who observes that happening may take it as a sign and symptom either of too much blood1 7#c7 which calls for veterinary aid1 or of over-fatigue1 for which rest is the cure1 or else that an attack of indigestion 7#d7 or some other malady is coming on4 ,and just as with human beings1 so with the horse1 all diseases are more curable at their commencement 7#e7 than after they have become chronic1 or been wrongly treated4 7#f7 7#c7 ,a plethoric condition of the blood4 7#d7 krithiasis4 ,lit4 barley surfeit2 une fourbure4 ,see ,aristot4 ,h4 ,a4 viii4 #bd4 #d4 7#e7 i4e4 in the early acute stages4 7#f7 ,al4 and the mischief has spread4 ,but if food and exercise with a view to strengthening the horse's body are matters of prime consideration1 no less important is it to pay attention to the feet4 ,a stable with a damp and smooth floor will spoil the best hoof which nature can give4 7#g7 ,to prevent the floor being damp1 it should be sloped with channels2 and to avoid smoothness1 paved with cobble stones sunk side by side in the ground and similar in size to the horse's hoofs4 7#h7 ,a stable floor of this sort is calculated to strengthen the horse's feet by the mere pressure on the part in standing4 ,in the next place it will be the groom's business to lead out the horse somewhere to comb and curry him2 and after his morning's feed to unhalter him from the manger1 7#i7 so that he may come to his evening meal with greater relish4 ,to secure the best type of stable-yard1 and with a view to strengthening the horse's feet1 ,i would suggest to take and throw down loosely 7#aj7 four or five waggon loads of pebbles1 each as large as can be grasped in the hand1 and about a pound in weight2 the whole to be fenced round with a skirting of iron to prevent scattering4 ,the mere standing on these will come to precisely the same thing as if for a certain portion of the day the horse were1 off and on1 stepping along a stony road2 whilst being curried or when fidgeted by flies he will be forced to use his hoofs just as much as if he were walking4 ,nor is it the hoofs merely1 but a surface so strewn with stones will tend to harden the frog of the foot also4 7#g7 ,lit4 ,a damp and smooth floor may be the ruin of a naturally good hoof4 ,it will be understood that the ,greeks did not shoe their horses4 7#h7 ,see ,courier1 p4 #ed1 for an interesting experiment tried by himself at ,bari4 7#i7 ,cf4 ,hipparch1 i4 #af4 7#aj7 ,or1 spread so as to form a surface4 ,but if care is needed to make the hoofs hard1 similar pains should be taken to make the mouth and jaws soft2 and the same means and appliances which will render a man's flesh and skin soft1 will serve to soften and supple a horse's mouth4 7#aa7 7#aa7 ,or1 may be used with like effect on a horse's mouth1 i4e4 bathing1 friction1 oil4 ,see ,pollux1 i4 #bja4 ,v ,it is the duty of a horseman1 as we think1 to have his groom trained thoroughly in all that concerns the treatment of the horse4 ,in the first place1 then1 the groom should know that he is never to knot the halter 7#a7 at the point where the headstall is attached to the horse's head4 ,by constantly rubbing his head against the manger1 if the halter does not sit quite loose about his ears1 the horse will be constantly injuring himself2 7#b7 and with sores so set up1 it is inevitable that he should show peevishness1 while being bitted or rubbed down4 7#a7 ,lit4 by which the horse is tied to the manger2 licol d'ecurie4 7#b7 ,al4 in nine cases out of ten he rubs his head444 and ten to one will make a sore4 ,it is desirable that the groom should be ordered to carry out the dung and litter of the horse to some one place each day4 ,by so doing1 he will discharge the duty with least trouble to himself1 7#c7 and at the same time be doing the horse a kindness4 7#c7 ,al4 get rid of the refuse in the easiest way4 ,the groom should also be instructed to attach the muzzle to the horse's mouth1 both when taking him out to be groomed and to the rolling-ground4 7#d7 ,in fact he should always muzzle him whenever he takes him anywhere without the bit4 ,the muzzle1 while it is no hindrance to respiration1 prevents biting2 and when attached it serves to rob the horse of opportunity for vice4 7#e7 7#d7 ,cf4 ,econ4 xi4 #ah2 ,aristoph4 ,clouds1 #cb4 7#e7 ,or1 prevents the horse from carrying out vicious designs4 ,again1 care should be taken to tie the horse up with the halter above his head4 ,a horse's natural instinct1 in trying to rid himself of anything that irritates the face1 is to toss up his head1 and by this upward movement1 if so tied1 he only slackens the chain instead of snapping it4 ,in rubbing the horse down1 the groom should begin with the head and mane2 as until the upper parts are clean1 it is vain to cleanse the lower2 then1 as regards the rest of the body1 first brush up the hair1 by help of all the ordinary implements for cleansing1 and then beat out the dust1 following the lie of the hair4 ,the hair on the spine 7and dorsal region7 ought not to be touched with any instrument whatever2 the hand alone should be used to rub and smooth it1 and in the direction of its natural growth1 so as to preserve from injury that part of the horse's back on which the rider sits4 ,the head should be drenched with water simply2 for1 being bony1 if you try to cleanse it with iron or wooden instruments injury may be caused4 ,so1 too1 the forelock should be merely wetted2 the long hairs of which it is composed1 without hindering the animal's vision1 serve to scare away from the eyes anything that might trouble them4 ,providence1 we must suppose1 7#f7 bestowed these hairs upon the horse1 instead of the large ears which are given to the ass and the mule as a protection to the eyes4 7#g7 ,the tail1 again1 and mane should be washed1 the object being to help the hairs to grow--those in the tail so as to allow the creature the greatest reach possible in brushing away molesting objects1 7#h7 and those of the neck in order that the rider may have as free a grip as possible4 7#f7 ,lit4 ,the gods1 we must suppose1 gave444 7#g7 ,lit4 as defences or protective bulwarks4 7#h7 ,insects1 etc4 ,mane1 forelock1 and tail are triple gifts bestowed by the gods upon the horse for the sake of pride and ornament1 7#i7 and here is the proof3 a brood mare1 so long as her mane is long and flowing1 will not readily suffer herself to be covered by an ass2 hence breeders of mules take care to clip the mane of the mare with a view to covering4 7#aj7 7#i7 aglaias eneka 7a poetic word74 ,cf4 ,od4 xv4 #gh2 xvii4 #caj4 7#aj7 ,for this belief ,schneid4 cf ,aristot4 ,h4 ,a4 vi4 #ah2 ,plin4 viii4 #db2 ,aelian1 ,h4 ,a4 ii4 #aj1 xi4 #ah1 xii4 #af1 to which ,dr4 ,morgan aptly adds ,soph4 ,fr4 #ehg 7,tyro71 a beautiful passage1 komes de penthos lagkhano polou diken1 k4t4l4 7cf4 ,plut4 ,mor4 #ged ,a74 ,washing of the legs we are inclined to dispense with--no good is done but rather harm to the hoofs by this daily washing4 ,so1 too1 excessive cleanliness of the belly is to be discouraged2 the operation itself is most annoying to the horse2 and the cleaner these parts are made1 the thicker the swarm of troublesome things which collect beneath the belly4 ,besides which1 however elaborately you clean these parts1 the horse is no sooner led out than presently he will be just as dirty as if he had not been cleaned4 ,omit these ablutions then1 we say2 and similarly for the legs1 rubbing and currying by hand is quite sufficient4 ,,vi ,we will now explain how the operation of grooming may be performed with least danger to oneself and best advantage to the horse4 ,if the groom attempts to clean the horse with his face turned the same way as the horse1 he runs the risk of getting a knock in the face from the animal's knee or hoof4 ,when cleaning him he should turn his face in the opposite direction to the horse1 and planting himself well out of the way of his leg1 at an angle to his shoulder-blade1 proceed to rub him down4 ,he will then escape all mischief1 and he will be able to clean the frog by folding back the hoof4 ,let him clean the hind-legs in the same way4 ,the man who has to do with the horse should know1 with regard to this and all other necessary operations1 that he ought to approach as little as possible from the head or the tail to perform them2 for if the horse attempt to show vice he is master of the man in front and rear4 ,but by approaching from the side he will get the greatest hold over the horse with the least risk of injury to himself4 ,when the horse has to be led1 we do not approve of leading him from in front1 for the simple reason that the person so leading him robs himself of his power of self-protection1 whilst he leaves the horse freedom to do what he likes4 ,on the other hand1 we take a like exception to the plan of training the horse to go forward on a long rein 7#a7 and lead the way1 and for this reason3 it gives the horse the opportunity of mischief1 in whichever direction he likes1 on either flank1 and the power also to turn right about and face his driver4 ,how can a troop of horses be kept free of one another1 if driven in this fashion from behind8--whereas a horse accustomed to be led from the side will have least power of mischief to horse or man1 and at the same time be in the best position to be mounted by the rider at a moment's notice1 were it necessary4 7#a7 ,see a passage from ,strattis1 ,chrys4 #b 7,pollux1 x4 #ee71 prosage ton polon atrema1 proslabon ton agogea brakhuteron4 oukh oras oti abolos estin4 ,in order to insert the bit correctly the groom should1 in the first place1 approach on the near 7#b7 side of the horse1 and then throwing the reins over his head1 let them drop loosely on the withers2 raise the headstall in his right hand1 and with his left present the bit4 ,if the horse will take the bit1 it is a simple business to adjust the strap of the headstall2 but if he refuses to open his mouth1 the groom must hold the bit against the teeth and at the same time insert the thumb 7#c7 of his left hand inside the horse's jaws4 ,most horses will open their mouths to that operation4 ,but if he still refuses1 then the groom must press the lip against the tush 7#d72 very few horses will refuse the bit1 when that is done to them4 7#e7 7#b7 ,lit4 on the left-hand side4 7#c7 ton megan daktulon1 ,hdt4 iii4 #h4 7#d7 i4e4 canine tooth4 7#e7 ,or1 it is a very exceptional horse that will not open his mouth under the circumstances4 ,the groom can hardly be too much alive to the following points 99 99 99 if any work is to be done3 7#f7 in fact1 so important is it that the horse should readily take his bit1 that1 to put it tersely1 a horse that will not take it is good for nothing4 ,now1 if the horse be bitted not only when he has work to do1 but also when he is being taken to his food and when he is being led home from a ride1 it would be no great marvel if he learnt to take the bit of his own accord1 when first presented to him4 7#f7 ,reading with ,l4 ,dind4 khre de ton ippokomon kai ta oiade444 paroxunthai1 ei ti dei ponein1 or if as ,schneid41 ,sauppe1 etc41 khre de ton ippon me kata toiade1 k4t4l41 transl4 the horse must not be irritated in such operations as these1 etc42 but toiade as follows1 if correct1 suggests a lacuna in either case at this point4 ,it would be good for the groom to know how to give a leg up in the ,persian fashion1 7#g7 so that in case of illness or infirmity of age the master himself may have a man to help him on to horseback without trouble1 or1 if he so wish1 be able to oblige a friend with a man to mount him4 7#h7 7#g7 ,cf4 ,anab4 ,,iv4 iv4 #d2 ,hipparch1 i4 #ag2 ,cyrop4 ,,vii4 i4 #ch4 7#h7 ,an anaboleus4 ,cf4 ,plut4 ,c4 ,gracch4 #g4 ,the one best precept--the golden rule--in dealing with a horse is never to approach him angrily4 ,anger is so devoid of forethought that it will often drive a man to do things which in a calmer mood he will regret4 7#i7 ,thus1 when a horse is shy of any object and refuses to approach it1 you must teach him that there is nothing to be alarmed at1 particularly if he be a plucky animal2 7#aj7 or1 failing that1 touch the formidable object yourself1 and then gently lead the horse up to it4 ,the opposite plan of forcing the frightened creature by blows only intensifies its fear1 the horse mentally associating the pain he suffers at such a moment with the object of suspicion1 which he naturally regards as its cause4 7#i7 ,cf4 ,hell4 v4 iii4 #g for this maxim4 7#aj7 ,al4 if possibly by help of another and plucky animal4 ,if1 when the groom brings up the horse to his master to mount1 he knows how to make him lower his back1 7#aa7 to facilitate mounting1 we have no fault to find4 ,still1 we consider that the horseman should practise and be able to mount1 even if the horse does not so lend himself2 7#ab7 since on another occasion another type of horse may fall to the rider's lot1 7#ac7 nor can the same rider be always served by the same equerry4 7#ad7 7#aa7 upobibazesthai4 ,see above1 i4 #ad2 ,pollux1 i4 #bac2 ,morgan ad loc4 ,stirrups were unknown till long after the ,christian era began4 7#ab7 ,or1 apart from these good graces on the animal's part4 7#ac7 ,as a member of the cavalry4 7#ad7 ,reading allo4 ,al4 reading allos with ,l4 ,d41 and the same horse will at one time humour you in one way and again in another4 ,cf4 viii4 #ac1 x4 #ab1 for uperetein of the horse4 ,,vii ,the master1 let us suppose1 has received his horse and is ready to mount4 7#a7 ,we will now prescribe certain rules to be observed in the interests not only of the horseman but of the animal which he bestrides4 ,first1 then1 he should take the leading rein1 which hangs from the chin-strap or nose-band1 7#b7 conveniently in his left hand1 held slack so as not to jerk the horse's mouth1 whether he means to mount by hoisting himself up1 catching hold of the mane behind the ears1 or to vault on to horseback by help of his spear4 ,with the right hand he should grip the reins along with a tuft of hair beside the shoulder-joint1 7#c7 so that he may not in any way wrench the horse's mouth with the bit while mounting4 ,in the act of taking the spring off the ground for mounting1 7#d7 he should hoist his body by help of the left hand1 and with the right at full stretch assist the upward movement 7#e7 7a position in mounting which will present a graceful spectacle also from behind72 7#f7 at the same time with the leg well bent1 and taking care not to place his knee on the horse's back1 he must pass his leg clean over to the off side2 and so having brought his foot well round1 plant himself firmly on his seat4 7#g7 7#a7 ,reading otan444 paradexetai444 os anabesomenos4 ,or1 reading otan paradexetai ton ippea 7sc4 o4 ippos7 ws anabesomenon1 transl4 the horse has been brought round ready for mounting4 7#b7 ,so ,courier1 la muserolle4 ,it might be merely a stitched leather strap or made of a chain in part1 which rattled2 as khrusokhalinon patagon psalion 7,aristoph4 ,peace1 #aee7 implies4 ,curb would be misleading4 7#c7 ,near the withers4 7#d7 ,or1 as soon as he has got the springing poise preliminary to mounting4 7#e7 ,give himself simultaneously a lift4 ,reading ekteinon1 or if enteinon1 keeping his right arm stiff4 7#f7 ,or1 a style of mounting which will obviate an ungainly attitude behind4 7#g7 ,lit4 lower his buttocks on to the horse's back4 ,to meet the case in which the horseman may chance to be leading his horse with the left hand and carrying his spear in the right1 it would be good1 we think1 for every one to practise vaulting on to his seat from the right side also4 ,in fact1 he has nothing else to learn except to do with his right limbs what he has previously done with the left1 and vice versa4 ,and the reason we approve of this method of mounting is 7#h7 that it enables the soldier at one and the same instant to get astride of his horse and to find himself prepared at all points1 supposing he should have to enter the lists of battle on a sudden4 7#h7 ,lit4 ,one reason for the praise which we bestow on this method of mounting is that at the very instant of gaining his seat the soldier finds himself fully prepared to engage the enemy on a sudden1 if occasion need4 ,but now1 supposing the rider fairly seated1 whether bareback or on a saddle-cloth1 a good seat is not that of a man seated on a chair1 but rather the pose of a man standing upright with his legs apart4 ,in this way he will be able to hold on to the horse more firmly by his thighs2 and this erect attitude will enable him to hurl a javelin or to strike a blow from horseback1 if occasion calls1 with more vigorous effect4 ,the leg and foot should hang loosely from the knee2 by keeping the leg stiff1 the rider is apt to have it broken in collision with some obstacle2 whereas a flexible leg 7#i7 will yield to the impact1 and at the same time not shift the thigh from its position4 ,the rider should also accustom the whole of his body above the hips to be as supple as possible2 for thus he will enlarge his scope of action1 and in case of a tug or shove be less liable to be unseated4 ,next1 when the rider is seated1 he must1 in the first place1 teach his horse to stand quiet1 until he has drawn his skirts from under him1 if need be1 7#aj7 and got the reins an equal length and grasped his spear in the handiest fashion2 and1 in the next place1 he should keep his left arm close to his side4 ,this position will give the rider absolute ease and freedom1 7#aa7 and his hand the firmest hold4 7#i7 i4e4 below the knee2 shin and calf4 7#aj7 ,lit4 pulled up 7and arranged the folds of his mantle74 7#aa7 eustalestatos1 the most business-like deportment4 ,as to reins1 we recommend those which are well balanced1 without being weak or slippery or thick1 so that when necessary1 the hand which holds them can also grasp a spear4 ,as soon as the rider gives the signal to the horse to start1 7#ab7 he should begin at a walking pace1 which will tend to allay his excitement4 ,if the horse is inclined to droop his head1 the reins should be held pretty high2 or somewhat low1 if he is disposed to carry his head high4 ,this will set off the horse's bearing to the best advantage4 ,presently1 as he falls into a natural trot1 7#ac7 he will gradually relax his limbs without the slightest suffering1 and so come more agreeably to the gallop4 7#ad7 ,since1 too1 the preference is given to starting on the left foot1 it will best conduce to that lead if1 while the horse is still trotting1 the signal to gallop should be given at the instant of making a step with his right foot4 7#ae7 ,as he is on the point of lifting his left foot he will start upon it1 and while turning left will simultaneously make the first bound of the gallop2 7#af7 since1 as a matter of instinct1 a horse1 on being turned to the right1 leads off with his right limbs1 and to the left with his left4 7#ab7 ,forwards6 7#ac7 ,or1 the true trot4 7#ad7 epirrabdophorein1 a fast pace in response to a wave of the whip4 7#ae7 ,see ,berenger1 i4 p4 #bdi2 also the ,cavalry ,drill ,book1 ,part ,i4 ,equitation1 ,s4 #bb1 ,the ,canter4 7#af7 tes episkeliseos1 he will make the forward stride of the gallop in the act of turning to the left4 ,see ,morgan ad loc4 ,as an exercise1 we recommend what is called the volte1 7#ag7 since it habituates the animal to turn to either hand2 while a variation in the order of the turn is good as involving an equalisation of both sides of the mouth1 in first one1 and then the other half of the exercise4 7#ah7 ,but of the two we commend the oval form of the volte rather than the circular2 for the horse1 being already sated with the straight course1 will be all the more ready to turn1 and will be practised at once in the straight course and in wheeling4 ,at the curve1 he should be held up1 7#ai7 because it is neither easy nor indeed safe when the horse is at full speed to turn sharp1 especially if the ground is broken 7#bj7 or slippery4 7#ag7 pede1 figure of eight4 7#ah7 ,or1 on first one and then the other half of the manege4 7#ai7 upolambanein4 ,see ,hipparch1 iii4 #ad2 ,hunting1 iii4 #aj2 vi4 #bb1 of a dog4 7#bj7 apokroton1 al4 epikroton1 beaten1 hard-trodden ground4 ,but in collecting him1 the rider should as little as possible sway the horse obliquely with the bit1 and as little as possible incline his own body2 or1 he may rest assured1 a trifle will suffice to stretch him and his horse full length upon the ground4 ,the moment the horse has his eyes fixed on the straight course after making a turn1 is the time to urge him to full speed4 ,in battle1 obviously1 these turns and wheelings are with a view to charging or retiring2 consequently1 to practise quickening the pace after wheeling is desirable4 ,when the horse seems to have had enough of the manege1 it would be good to give him a slight pause1 and then suddenly to put him to his quickest1 away from his fellows first1 7#ba7 and now towards them2 and then again to quiet him down in mid-career as short as possible2 7#bb7 and from halt once more to turn him right-about and off again full charge4 ,it is easy to predict that the day will come when there will be need of each of these manoeuvres4 7#ba7 mentoi1 of course4 7#bb7 ,or1 within the narrowest compass2 as finely as possible4 ,when the moment to dismount has come1 you should never do so among other horses1 nor near a group of people1 7#bc7 nor outside the exercising-ground2 but on the precise spot which is the scene of his compulsory exertion there let the horse find also relaxation4 7#bd7 7#bc7 ,or1 a knot of bystanders2 cf4 ,thuc4 ii4 #ba4 7#bd7 ,or1 as we say1 be caressed1 and dismissed4 ,,viii ,as there will1 doubtless1 be times when the horse will need to race downhill and uphill and on sloping ground2 times1 also1 when he will need to leap across an obstacle2 or1 take a flying leap from off a bank2 7#a7 or1 jump down from a height1 the rider must teach and train himself and his horse to meet all emergencies4 ,in this way the two will have a chance of saving each the other1 and may be expected to increase their usefulness4 7#a7 ekpedan exsilire in altum 7,sturz1 and so ,berenger72 to leap over ditches1 and upon high places and down from them4 ,and here1 if any reader should accuse us of repeating ourselves1 on the ground that we are only stating now what we said before on the same topics1 7#b7 we say that this is not mere repetition4 ,in the former case1 we confined ourselves to advising the purchaser before he concluded his bargain to test whether the horse could do those particular things2 7#c7 what we are now maintaining is that the owner ought to teach his own horse1 and we will explain how this teaching is to be done4 7#b7 ,or1 treating of a topic already handled4 7#c7 i4e4 possessed a certain ability at the date of purchase4 ,with a horse entirely ignorant of leaping1 the best way is to take him by the leading rein1 which hangs loose1 and to get across the trench yourself first1 and then to pull tight on the leading-rein1 to induce him to leap across4 ,if he refuses1 some one with a whip or switch should apply it smartly4 ,the result will be that the horse will clear at a bound1 not the distance merely1 but a far larger space than requisite2 and for the future there will be no need for an actual blow1 the mere sight of some one coming up behind will suffice to make him leap4 ,as soon as he is accustomed to leap in this way you may mount him and put him first at smaller and then at larger trenches4 ,at the moment of the spring be ready to apply the spur2 and so too1 when training him to leap up and leap down1 you should touch him with the spur at the critical instant4 ,in the effort to perform any of these actions with the whole body1 the horse will certainly perform them with more safety to himself and to his rider than he will1 if his hind-quarters lag1 in taking a ditch or fence1 or in making an upward spring or downward jump4 7#d7 7#d7 ,lit4 in making these jumps1 springs1 and leaps across or up or down4 ,to face a steep incline1 you must first teach him on soft ground1 and finally1 when he is accustomed to that1 he will much prefer the downward to the upward slope for a fast pace4 ,and as to the apprehension1 which some people entertain1 that a horse may dislocate the shoulder in galloping down an incline1 it should encourage them to learn that the ,persians and ,odrysians all run races down precipitous slopes2 7#e7 and their horses are every bit as sound as our own4 7#f7 7#e7 ,cf4 ,anab4 ,,iv4 viii4 #bh2 and so the ,georgians to this day 7,chardin ap4 ,courier1 op4 cit4 p4 #gj1 n4 #a74 7#f7 ,lit4 as are those of the ,hellenes4 ,nor must we omit another topic3 how the rider is to accommodate himself to these several movements4 7#g7 ,thus1 when the horse breaks off into a gallop1 the rider ought to bend forward1 since the horse will be less likely to slip from under2 and so to pitch his rider off4 ,so again in pulling him up short 7#h7 the rider should lean back2 and thus escape a shock4 ,in leaping a ditch or tearing up a steep incline1 it is no bad plan to let go the reins and take hold of the mane1 so that the animal may not feel the burthen of the bit in addition to that of the ground4 ,in going down a steep incline the rider must throw himself right back and hold in the horse with the bit1 to prevent himself being hurled headforemost down the slope himself if not his horse4 7#g7 ,or1 to each set of occurrences4 7#h7 ,al4 when the horse is being brought to a poise 7,morgan72 and see ,hermann ap4 ,schneid41 analambanein retinere equum1 anhalten1 pariren4 i4e4 rein in of the ,parade4 ,it is a correct principle to vary these exercises1 which should be gone through sometimes in one place and sometimes in another1 and should sometimes be shorter and sometimes longer in duration4 ,the horse will take much more kindly to them if you do not confine him to one place and one routine4 ,since it is a matter of prime necessity that the rider should keep his seat1 while galloping full speed on every sort of ground1 and at the same time be able to use his weapons with effect on horseback1 nothing could be better1 where the country suits and there are wild animals1 than to practise horsemanship in combination with the chase4 ,but when these resources fail1 a good exercise may be supplied in the combined efforts of two horsemen4 7#i7 ,one of them will play the part of fugitive1 retreating helter-skelter over every sort of ground1 with lance reversed and plying the butt end4 ,the other pursues1 with buttons on his javelins and his lance similarly handled4 7#aj7 ,whenever he comes within javelin range he lets fly at the retreating foeman with his blunted missiles2 or whenever within spear thrust he deals the overtaken combatant a blow4 ,in coming to close quarters1 it is a good plan first to drag the foeman towards oneself1 and then on a sudden to thrust him off2 that is a device to bring him to the ground4 7#aa7 ,the correct plan for the man so dragged is to press his horse forward3 by which action the man who is being dragged is more likely to unhorse his assailant than to be brought to the ground himself4 7#i7 ippota4 ,a poetic word2 cavaliers4 7#aj7 ,or1 manipulated4 7#aa7 ,or1 that may be spoken off as the 'purl trick'2 it will unhorse him if anything4 ,if it ever happens that you have an enemy's camp in front1 and cavalry skirmishing is the order of the day 7at one time charging the enemy right up to the hostile battle-line1 and again beating a retreat71 under these circumstances it is well to bear in mind that so long as the skirmisher is close to his own party1 7#ab7 valour and discretion alike dictate to wheel and charge in the vanguard might and main2 but when he finds himself in close proximity to the foe1 he must keep his horse well in hand4 ,this1 in all probability1 will enable him to do the greatest mischief to the enemy1 and to receive least damage at his hands4 7#ab7 ,see ,hipparch1 viii4 #bc4 ,the gods have bestowed on man1 indeed1 the gift of teaching man his duty by means of speech and reasoning1 but the horse1 it is obvious1 is not open to instruction by speech and reasoning4 ,if you would have a horse learn to perform his duty1 your best plan will be1 whenever he does as you wish1 to show him some kindness in return1 and when he is disobedient to chastise him4 ,this principle1 though capable of being stated in a few words1 is one which holds good throughout the whole of horsemanship4 ,as1 for instance1 a horse will more readily take the bit1 if each time he accepts it some good befalls him2 or1 again1 he will leap ditches and spring up embankments and perform all the other feats incumbent on him1 if he be led to associate obedience to the word of command with relaxation4 7#ac7 7#ac7 ,lit4 if every time he performs the word of command he is led to expect some relaxation4 ,,ix ,the topics hitherto considered have been3 firstly1 how to reduce the chance of being cheated in the purchase of a colt or full-grown horse2 secondly1 how to escape as much as possible the risk of injuring your purchase by mishandling2 and lastly1 how to succeed in turning out a horse possessed of all the qualities demanded by the cavalry soldier for the purposes of war4 ,the time has come perhaps to add a few suggestions1 in case the rider should be called upon to deal with an animal either unduly spirited or again unduly sluggish in disposition4 ,the first point to recognise is1 that temper of spirit in a horse takes the place of passion or anger in a man2 and just as you may best escape exciting a man's ill-temper by avoiding harshness of speech and act1 so you will best avoid enraging a spirited horse by not annoying him4 ,thus1 from the first instant1 in the act of mounting him1 you should take pains to minimise the annoyance2 and once on his back you should sit quiet for longer than the ordinary time1 and so urge him forward by the gentlest signs possible2 next1 beginning at the slowest pace1 gradually work him into a quicker step1 but so gradually that he will find himself at full speed without noticing it4 7#a7 ,any sudden signal will bewilder a spirited horse1 just as a man is bewildered by any sudden sight or sound or other experience4 7,i say one should be aware that any unexpected shock will produce disturbance in a horse47 7#b7 7#a7 ,or1 so that the horse may insensibly fall into a gallop4 7#b7 ,l4 ,dindorf and others bracket1 as spurious4 ,so if you wish to pull up a spirited horse when breaking off into a quicker pace than requisite1 you must not suddenly wrench him1 but quietly and gently bring the bit to bear upon him1 coaxing him rather than compelling him to calm down4 ,it is the long steady course rather than the frequent turn which tends to calm a horse4 7#c7 ,a quiet pace sustained for a long time has a caressing1 7#d7 soothing effect1 the reverse of exciting4 ,if any one proposes by a series of fast and oft-repeated gallops to produce a sense of weariness in the horse1 and so to tame him1 his expectation will not be justified by the result2 for under such circumstances a spirited horse will do his best to carry the day by main force1 7#e7 and with a show of temper1 like a passionate man1 may contrive to bring on himself and his rider irreparable mischief4 7#c7 ,or1 long stretches rather than a succession of turns and counter turns1 apostrophai4 7#d7 ,reading katapsosi with ,l4 ,dind4 7#e7 agein bia1 vi agere1 vi uti1 ,sturz2 al4 go his own gait by sheer force4 ,a spirited horse should be kept in check1 so that he does not dash off at full speed2 and on the same principle1 you should absolutely abstain from setting him to race against another2 as a general rule1 your fiery-spirited horse is only too fond of contention4 7#f7 7#f7 ,reading skhedon gar kai phil oi thum1 or if 444 oi thil kai th4 transl4 the more eager and ambitious a horse is1 the more mettlesome he will tend to become4 ,smooth bits are better and more serviceable than rough2 if a rough bit be inserted at all1 it must be made to resemble a smooth one as much as possible by lightness of hand4 ,it is a good thing also for the rider to accustom himself to keep a quiet seat1 especially when mounted on a spirited horse2 and also to touch him as little as possible with anything except that part of the body necessary to secure a firm seat4 ,again1 it should be known that the conventional chirrup 7#g7 to quiet and cluck to rouse a horse are a sort of precept of the training school2 and supposing any one from the beginning chose to associate soft soothing actions with the cluck sound1 and harsh rousing actions with the chirrup1 the horse could be taught to rouse himself at the chirrup and to calm himself at the cluck sound4 ,on this principle1 at the sound of the trumpet or the shout of battle the rider should avoid coming up to his charger in a state of excitement1 or1 indeed1 bringing any disturbing influence to bear on the animal4 ,as far as possible1 at such a crisis he should halt and rest him2 and1 if circumstances permit1 give him his morning or his evening meal4 ,but the best advice of all is not to get an over-spirited horse for the purposes of war4 7#g7 ,al4 whistling1 and see ,berenger1 ii4 #fh4 poppusmos1 a sound from the lips2 klogmos1 from the cheek4 ,as to the sluggish type of animal1 ,i need only suggest to do everything the opposite to what we advise as appropriate in dealing with an animal of high spirit4 ,x ,but possibly you are not content with a horse serviceable for war4 ,you want to find in him a showy1 attractive animal1 with a certain grandeur of bearing4 ,if so1 you must abstain from pulling at his mouth with the bit1 or applying the spur and whip--methods commonly adopted by people with a view to a fine effect1 though1 as a matter of fact1 they thereby achieve the very opposite of what they are aiming at4 ,that is to say1 by dragging the mouth up they render the horse blind instead of alive to what is in front of him2 and what with spurring and whipping they distract the creature to the point of absolute bewilderment and danger4 7#a7 ,feats indeed6--the feats of horses with a strong dislike to being ridden--up to all sorts of ugly and ungainly tricks4 ,on the contrary1 let the horse be taught to be ridden on a loose bridle1 and to hold his head high and arch his neck1 and you will practically be making him perform the very acts which he himself delights or rather exults in2 and the best proof of the pleasure which he takes is1 that when he is let loose with other horses1 and more particularly with mares1 you will see him rear his head aloft to the full height1 and arch his neck with nervous vigour1 7#b7 pawing the air with pliant legs 7#c7 and waving his tail on high4 ,by training him to adopt the very airs and graces which he naturally assumes when showing off to best advantage1 you have got what you are aiming at--a horse that delights in being ridden1 a splendid and showy animal1 the joy of all beholders4 7#a7 ,al4 the animals are so scared that1 the chances are1 they are thrown into disorder4 7#b7 gorgoumenos1 with pride and spirit1 but with a suggestion of fierceness and rage1 as of ,job's war-horse4 7#c7 ,mollia crura reponit1 ,virg4 ,georg4 iii4 #gf2 ,hom4 ,hymn4 ad ,merc4 ,how these desirable results are1 in our opinion1 to be produced1 we will now endeavour to explain4 ,in the first place1 then1 you ought to have at least two bits4 ,one of these should be smooth1 with discs of a good size2 the other should have heavy and flat discs 7#d7 studded with sharp spikes1 so that when the horse seizes it and dislikes the roughness he will drop it2 then when the smooth is given him instead1 he is delighted with its smoothness1 and whatever he has learnt before upon the rough1 he will perform with greater relish on the smooth4 ,he may certainly1 out of contempt for its very smoothness1 perpetually try to get a purchase on it1 and that is why we attach large discs to the smooth bit1 the effect of which is to make him open his mouth1 and drop the mouthpiece4 ,it is possible to make the rough bit of every degree of roughness by keeping it slack or taut4 7#d7 ,see ,morgan1 op4 cit4 p4 #add foll4 ,but1 whatever the type of bit may be1 let it in any case be flexible4 ,if it be stiff1 at whatever point the horse seizes it he must take it up bodily against his jaws2 just as it does not matter at what point a man takes hold of a bar of iron1 7#e7 he lifts it as a whole4 ,the other flexibly constructed type acts like a chain 7only the single point at which you hold it remains stiff1 the rest hangs loose72 and while perpetually hunting for the portion which escapes him1 he lets the mouthpiece go from his bars4 7#f7 ,for this reason the rings are hung in the middle from the two axles1 7#g7 so that while feeling for them with his tongue and teeth he may neglect to take the bit up against his jaws4 7#e7 ,or1 poker1 as we might say2 lit4 spit4 7#f7 ,schneid4 cf4 ,eur4 ,hippol4 #abbc4 7#g7 ,see ,morgan1 note ad loc4 ,berenger 7i4 #bfa7 notes3 ,we have a small chain in the upset or hollow part of our bits1 called a ',player1' with which the horse playing with his tongue1 and rolling it about1 keeps his mouth moist and fresh2 and1 as ,xenophon hints1 it may serve likewise to fix his attention and prevent him from writhing his mouth about1 or as the ,french call it1 'faire ses forces4' ,to explain what is meant by flexible and stiff as applied to a bit1 we will describe the matter4 ,a flexible bit is one in which the axles have their points of junction broad and smooth1 7#h7 so as to bend easily2 and where the several parts fitting round the axles1 being large of aperture and not too closely packed1 have greater flexibility2 whereas1 if the several parts do not slide to and fro with ease1 and play into each other1 that is what we call a stiff bit4 ,whatever the kind of bit may be1 the rider must carry out precisely the same rules in using it1 as follows1 if he wishes to turn out a horse with the qualities described4 ,the horse's mouth is not to be pulled back too harshly so as to make him toss his head aside1 nor yet so gently that he will not feel the pressure4 ,but the instant he raises his neck in answer to the pull1 give him the bit at once2 and so throughout1 as we never cease repeating1 at every response to your wishes1 whenever and wherever the animal performs his service well1 7#i7 reward and humour him4 ,thus1 when the rider perceives that the horse takes a pleasure in the high arching and supple play of his neck1 let him seize the instant not to impose severe exertion on him1 like a taskmaster1 but rather to caress and coax him1 as if anxious to give him a rest4 ,in this way the horse will be encouraged and fall into a rapid pace4 7#h7 i4e4 the ends of the axles 7at the point of junction7 which work into each other are broad and smooth1 so as to play freely at the join4 7#i7 ,behaves compliantly4 ,that a horse takes pleasure in swift movement1 may be shown conclusively4 ,as soon as he has got his liberty1 he sets off at a trot or gallop1 never at a walking pace2 so natural and instinctive a pleasure does this action afford him1 if he is not forced to perform it to excess2 since it is true of horse and man alike that nothing is pleasant if carried to excess4 7#aj7 7#aj7 ,l4 ,dind4 cf4 ,eur4 ,med4 #abh1 ta de' uperballont oudena kairon4 ,but now suppose he has attained to the grand style when ridden--we have accustomed him of course in his first exercise to wheel and fall into a canter simultaneously2 assuming then1 he has got that lesson well by heart1 if the rider pulls him up with the bit while simultaneously giving him one of the signals to be off1 the horse1 galled on the one hand by the bit1 and on the other collecting himself in obedience to the signal off1 will throw forward his chest and raise his legs aloft with fiery spirit2 though not indeed with suppleness1 for the supple play of the limbs ceases as soon as the horse feels annoyance4 ,but now1 supposing when his fire is thus enkindled 7#aa7 you give him the rein1 the effect is instantaneous4 ,under the pleasurable sense of freedom1 thanks to the relaxation of the bit1 with stately bearing and legs pliantly moving he dashes forward in his pride1 in every respect imitating the airs and graces of a horse approaching other horses4 ,listen to the epithets with which spectators will describe the type of horse3 the noble animal6 and what willingness to work1 what paces1 7#ab7 what a spirit and what mettle2 how proudly he bears himself 7#ac7--;a joy at once1 and yet a terror to behold4 7#aa7 ,cf4 ,hell4 ,v4 iv4 #df1 kindled into new life4 7#ab7 ipposten1 a true soldier's horse4 7#ac7 sobaron1 what a push and swagger2 kai ama edun te kai gorgon idein1 a la fois doux et terrible a voir1 see ,victor ,cherbuliez1 ,un ,cheval de ,phidias1 p4 #adh4 ,thus far on this topic2 these notes may serve perhaps to meet a special need4 ,,xi ,if1 however1 the wish is to secure a horse adapted to parade and state processions1 a high stepper and a showy 7#a7 animal1 these are qualities not to be found combined in every horse1 but to begin with1 the animal must have high spirit and a stalwart body4 ,not that1 as some think1 a horse with flexible legs will necessarily be able to rear his body4 ,what we want is a horse with supple loins1 and not supple only but short and strong 7,i do not mean the loins towards the tail1 but by the belly the region between the ribs and thighs74 ,that is the horse who will be able to plant his hind-legs well under the forearm4 ,if while he is so planting his hind-quarters1 he is pulled up with the bit1 he lowers his hind-legs on his hocks 7#b7 and raises the forepart of his body1 so that any one in front of him will see the whole length of his belly to the sheath4 7#c7 ,at the moment the horse does this1 the rider should give him the rein1 so that he may display the noblest feats which a horse can perform of his own free will1 to the satisfaction of the spectators4 7#a7 lampros4 ,cf4 ,isae4 xi4 #da 7,on the estate of ,hagnias71 ,lys4 xix4 #fc 7de ,bon4 ,arist474 7#b7 ,see ,berenger1 ii4 #fh4 7#c7 ,lit4 testicles4 ,there are1 indeed1 other methods of teaching these arts4 7#d7 ,some do so by touching the horse with a switch under the hocks1 others employ an attendant to run alongside and strike the horse with a stick under the gaskins4 ,for ourselves1 however1 far the best method of instruction1 7#e7 as we keep repeating1 is to let the horse feel that whatever he does in obedience to the rider's wishes will be followed by some rest and relaxation4 7#d7 ,lit4 ,people1 it must be admitted1 claim to teach these arts in various ways--some by444 others by bidding444 7#e7 ,reading didaskalion1 al4 didaskalion1 systems4 ,schneid4 cf4 ,herod4 v4 #eh4 ,to quote a dictum of ,simon1 what a horse does under compulsion he does blindly1 and his performance is no more beautiful than would be that of a ballet-dancer taught by whip and goad4 ,the performances of horse or man so treated would seem to be displays of clumsy gestures rather than of grace and beauty4 ,what we need is that the horse should of his own accord exhibit his finest airs and paces at set signals4 7#f7 ,supposing1 when he is in the riding-field1 7#g7 you push him to a gallop until he is bathed in sweat1 and when he begins to prance and show his airs to fine effect1 you promptly dismount and take off the bit1 you may rely upon it he will of his own accord another time break into the same prancing action4 ,such are the horses on which gods and heroes ride1 as represented by the artist4 ,the majesty of men themselves is best discovered in the graceful handling of such animals4 7#h7 ,a horse so prancing is indeed a thing of beauty1 a wonder and a marvel2 riveting the gaze of all who see him1 young alike and graybeards4 ,they will never turn their backs1 ,i venture to predict1 or weary of their gazing so long as he continues to display his splendid action4 7#f7 ,or1 by aids and signs1 as we say4 7#g7 ,or1 exercising-ground4 7#h7 ,or1 and the man who knows how to manage such a creature gracefully himself at once appears magnificent4 ,if the possessor of so rare a creature should find himself by chance in the position of a squadron leader or a general of cavalry1 he must not confine his zeal to the development of his personal splendour1 but should study all the more to make the troop or regiment a splendid spectacle4 ,supposing 7in accordance with the high praise bestowed upon the type of animal7 7#i7 the leader is mounted on a horse which with his high airs and frequent prancing makes but the slightest movement forward--obviously the rest of the troop must follow at a walking pace1 and one may fairly ask where is the element of splendour in the spectacle8 ,but now suppose that you1 sir1 being at the head of the procession1 rouse your horse and take the lead at a pace neither too fast nor yet too slow1 but in a way to bring out the best qualities in all the animals1 their spirit1 fire1 grace of mien and bearing ripe for action--,i say1 if you take the lead of them in this style1 the collective thud1 the general neighing and the snorting of the horses will combine to render not only you at the head1 but your whole company 7#aj7 down to the last man a thrilling spectacle4 7#i7 ,reading as vulg4 os malista epainousi tous toioutous ippous1 os4 ,l4 ,dind4 omits the words as a gloss4 7#aj7 ,reading oi 7for osoi7 sumparepomenoi4 ,see ,hartmann1 ,an4 ,xen4 ,nov4 xiv4 p4 #cdc4 ,one word more4 ,supposing a man has shown some skill in purchasing his horses1 and can rear them into strong and serviceable animals1 supposing further he can handle them in the right way1 not only in the training for war1 but in exercises with a view to display1 or lastly1 in the stress of actual battle1 what is there to prevent such a man from making every horse he owns of far more value in the end than when he bought it1 with the further outlook that1 unless some power higher than human interpose1 7#aa7 he will become the owner of a celebrated stable1 and himself as celebrated for his skill in horsemanship4 7#aa7 ,or1 there is nothing1 humanly speaking1 to prevent such a man4 ,for the phrase see ,mem4 ,i4 iii4 #e2 cf4 ,cyrop4 ,i4 vi4 #ah2 and for the advice1 ,econ4 iii4 #i1 #aj4 ,,xii ,we will now describe the manner in which a trooper destined to run the risks of battle upon horseback should be armed4 ,in the first place1 then1 we would insist1 the corselet must be made to fit the person2 since1 if it fits well1 its weight will be distributed over the whole body2 whereas1 if too loose1 the shoulders will have all the weight to bear1 while1 if too tight1 the corselet is no longer a defensive arm1 but a strait jacket4 7#a7 ,again1 the neck1 as being a vital part1 7#b7 ought to have1 as we maintain1 a covering1 appended to the corselet and close-fitting4 ,this will serve as an ornament1 and if made as it ought to be1 will conceal the rider's face--if so he chooses--up to the nose4 7#a7 ,cf4 ,mem4 ,,iii4 x4 7#b7 ,l4 ,dind4 cf4 ,hom4 ,il4 viii4 #cbf3 444 othi kleis apoergei aukhena te stethos te1 malista de kairion estin4 ,where the collar-bone fenceth off neck and breast1 and where is the most deadly spot 7,w4 ,leaf74 ,as to the helmet1 the best kind1 in our opinion1 is one of the ,boeotian pattern1 7#c7 on the principle again1 that it covers all the parts exposed above the breastplate without hindering vision4 ,another point3 the corselet should be so constructed that it does not prevent its wearer sitting down or stooping4 ,about the abdomen and the genitals and parts surrounding 7#d7 flaps should be attached in texture and in thickness sufficient to protect 7#e7 that region4 7#c7 ,schneider cf4 ,aelian1 ,v4 ,h4 iii4 #bd2 ,pollux1 i4 #adi4 7#d7 ,schneider cf4 ,anab4 ,,iv4 vii4 #ae1 and for kai ta kuklo1 conj4 kuklo1 the abdomen and middle should be encircled by a skirt4 7#e7 ,lit4 let there be wings of such sort1 size1 and number as to protect the limbs4 ,again1 as an injury to the left hand may disable the horseman1 we would recommend the newly-invented piece of armour called the gauntlet1 which protects the shoulder1 arm1 and elbow1 with the hand engaged in holding the reins1 being so constructed as to extend and contract2 in addition to which it covers the gap left by the corselet under the armpit4 ,the case is different with the right hand1 which the horseman must needs raise to discharge a javelin or strike a blow4 ,here1 accordingly1 any part of the corselet which would hinder action out to be removed2 in place of which the corselet ought to have some extra flaps 7#f7 at the joints1 which as the outstretched arm is raised unfold1 and as the arm descends close tight again4 ,the arm itself1 7#g7 it seems to us1 will better be protected by a piece like a greave stretched over it than bound up with the corselet4 ,again1 the part exposed when the right hand is raised should be covered close to the corselet either with calfskin or with metal2 or else there will be a want of protection just at the most vital point4 7#f7 prosthetai1 moveable1 false4 ,for gigglumois ,l4 ,s4 cf4 ,hipp4 #daa4 #ab2 ,aristot4 de ,an4 iii4 #aj4 #i ball-and-socket joints4 7#g7 i4e4 forearm4 ,moreover1 as any damage done to the horse will involve his rider in extreme peril1 the horse also should be clad in armour--frontlet1 breastplate1 and thigh-pieces2 7#h7 which latter may at the same time serve as cuisses for the mounted man4 ,beyond all else1 the horse's belly1 being the most vital and defenceless part1 should be protected4 ,it is possible to protect it with the saddle-cloth4 ,the saddle itself should be of such sort and so stitched as to give the rider a firm seat1 and yet not gall the horse's back4 7#h7 ,cf4 ,cyrop4 ,,vi4 iv4 #a2 ,,vii4 i4 #b4 ,as regards the limbs in general1 both horse and rider may be looked upon as fully armed4 ,the only parts remaining are the shins and feet1 which of course protrude beyond the cuisses1 but these also may be armed by the addition of gaiters made of leather like that used for making sandals4 ,and thus you will have at once defensive armour for the shins and stockings for the feet4 ,the above1 with the blessing of heaven1 will serve for armour of defence4 ,to come to weapons of offence1 we recommend the sabre rather than the straight sword1 7#i7 since from the vantage-ground of the horse's position the curved blade will descend with greater force than the ordinary weapon4 7#i7 ,the makhaira 7or kopis71 ,persian fashion1 rather than the xephos4 ,cyrop4 ,i4 ii4 #ac4 ,again1 in place of the long reed spear1 which is apt to be weak and awkward to carry1 we would substitute two darts of cornel-wood2 7#aj7 the one of which the skilful horseman can let fly1 and still ply the one reserved in all directions1 forwards1 backwards1 7#aa7 and obliquely2 add to that1 these smaller weapons are not only stronger than the spear but far more manageable4 7#aj7 ,for these reforms1 the result of the author's ,asiatic experiences perhaps1 cf4 ,hell4 ,,iii4 iv4 #ad2 ,anab4 ,i4 viii4 #c2 ,cyrop4 ,i4 ii4 #i4 7#aa7 ,reading eis toupisthen after ,leoncl4 ,as regards range of discharge in shooting we are in favour of the longest possible1 as giving more time to rally 7#ab7 and transfer the second javelin to the right hand4 ,and here we will state shortly the most effective method of hurling the javelin4 ,the horseman should throw forward his left side1 while drawing back his right2 then rising bodily from the thighs1 he should let fly the missile with the point slightly upwards4 ,the dart so discharged will carry with the greatest force and to the farthest distance2 we may add1 too1 with the truest aim1 if at the moment of discharge the lance be directed steadily on the object aimed at4 7#ac7 7#ab7 ,al4 to turn right-about4 7#ac7 ,if the lance is steadily eyeing the mark at the instant of discharge4 ,this treatise1 consisting of notes and suggestions1 lessons and exercises suited to a private individual1 must come to a conclusion2 the theory and practice of the matter suited to a cavalry commander will be found developed in the companion treatise4 7#ad7 7#ad7 ,in reference to ,the ,cavalry ,general1 or ,hipparch4