,,hiero ,by ,xenophon ,translation by ,h4 ,g4 ,dakyns ,xenophon the ,athenian was born #dca ,b4,c4 ,he was a pupil of ,socrates4 ,he marched with the ,spartans1 and was exiled from ,athens4 ,sparta gave him land and property in ,scillus1 where he lived for many years before having to move once more1 to settle in ,corinth4 ,he died in #ced ,b4,c4 ,,preparer',s ,,note ,this was typed from ,dakyns' series1 ,the ,works of ,xenophon1 a four-volume set4 ,the complete list of ,xenophon's works 7though there is doubt about some of these7 is3 ,work ,number of books ,the ,anabasis #g ,the ,hellenica #g ,the ,cyropaedia #h ,the ,memorabilia #d ,the ,symposium #a ,the ,economist #a ,on ,horsemanship #a ,the ,sportsman #a ,the ,cavalry ,general #a ,the ,apology #a ,on ,revenues #a ,the ,hiero #a ,the ,agesilaus #a ,the ,polity of the ,athenians and the ,lacedaemonians #b ,text in brackets is my transliteration of ,greek text into ,english using an ,oxford ,english ,dictionary alphabet table4 ,the diacritical marks have been lost4 ,,hiero ,the ,hiero is an imaginary dialogue1 c4 #dgd ,b4,c41 between ,simonides of ,ceos1 the poet2 and ,hieron1 of ,syracuse and ,gela1 the despot4 ,,hiero1 or ,,the ,,tyrant ,a ,discourse on ,despotic ,rule ,i ,once upon a time ,simonides the poet paid a visit to ,hiero the tyrant1 7#a7 and when both obtained the leisure requisite1 ,simonides began this conversation3 7#a7 ,or1 came to the court of the despotic monarch ,hiero4 ,for the dramatis personae see ,dr4 ,holden's ,introduction to the ,hieron of ,xenophon4 ,would you be pleased to give me information1 ,hiero1 upon certain matters1 as to which it is likely you have greater knowledge than myself8 7#b7 7#b7 ,or1 would you oblige me by explaining certain matters1 as to which your knowledge naturally transcends my own8 ,and pray1 what sort of things may those be 7answered ,hiero71 of which ,i can have greater knowledge than yourself1 who are so wise a man8 ,i know 7replied the poet7 that you were once a private person1 7#c7 and are now a monarch4 ,it is but likely1 therefore1 that having tested both conditions1 7#d7 you should know better than myself1 wherein the life of the despotic ruler differs from the life of any ordinary person1 looking to the sum of joys and sorrows to which flesh is heir4 7#c7 ,or1 a common citizen1 an ordinary mortal1 a private individual4 7#d7 ,or1 having experienced both lots in life1 both forms of existence4 ,would it not be simpler 7,hiero replied7 if you1 on your side1 7#e7 who are still to-day a private person1 would refresh my memory by recalling the various circumstances of an ordinary mortal's life8 ,with these before me1 7#f7 ,i should be better able to describe the points of difference which exist between the one life and the other4 7#e7 ,simonides is still in the chrysalis or grub condition of private citizenship2 he has not broken the shell as yet of ordinary manhood4 7#f7 ,lit4 in that case1 ,i think ,i should best be able to point out the 'differentia' of either4 ,thus it was that ,simonides spoke first3 ,well then1 as to private persons1 for my part ,i observe1 7#g7 or seem to have observed1 that we are liable to various pains and pleasures1 in the shape of sights1 sounds1 odours1 meats1 and drinks1 which are conveyed through certain avenues of sense--to wit1 the eyes1 ears1 nostrils1 mouth4 ,and there are other pleasures1 those named of ,aphrodite1 of which the channels are well known4 ,while as to degree of heat and cold1 things hard and soft1 things light and heavy1 the sense appealed to here1 ,i venture to believe1 is that of the whole body2 7#h7 whereby we discern these opposites1 and derive from them now pain1 now pleasure4 ,but with regard to things named good and evil1 7#i7 it appears to me that sometimes the mind 7or soul7 itself is the sole instrument by which we register our pains and pleasures2 whilst at other times such pains and pleasures are derived conjointly through both soul and body4 7#aj7 ,there are some pleasures1 further1 if ,i may trust my own sensations1 which are conveyed in sleep1 though how and by what means and when precisely1 are matters as to which ,i am still more conscious of my ignorance4 ,nor is it to be wondered at perhaps1 if the perceptions of waking life in some way strike more clearly on our senses than do those of sleep4 7#aa7 7#g7 ,or1 if ,i may trust my powers of observation ,i would say that common men are capable of pains and pleasures conveyed through certain avenues of sense1 as sight through our eyes1 sounds through our ears1 smells through our noses1 and meats and drinks through our mouths4 7#h7 ,cf4 ,cic4 de ,n4 ,d4 ii4 #ef1 ,s4 #ada4 7#i7 ,reading edesthai te kai lupeisthai444 or if with ,breit reading ote d' au lupeisthai1 transl4 then as to good and evil we are affected pleasurably or painfully1 as the case may be3 sometimes1 if ,i am right in my conclusion1 through the mind itself alone2 at other times444 7#aj7 ,or1 they are mental partly1 partly physical4 7#aa7 ,lit4 the incidents of waking life present sensations of a more vivid character4 ,to this statement ,hiero made answer3 ,and ,i1 for my part1 ,o ,simonides1 would find it hard to state1 outside the list of things which you have named yourself1 in what respect the despot can have other channels of perception4 7#ab7 ,so that up to this point ,i do not see that the despotic life differs in any way at all from that of common people4 7#ab7 i4e4 being like constituted1 the autocratic person has no other sources of perception3 he has no claim to a wider gamut of sensation1 and consequently thus far there is not a pin to choose between the life of the despot and that of a private person4 ,then ,simonides3 ,only in this respect it surely differs1 in that the pleasures which the tyrant enjoys through all these several avenues of sense are many times more numerous1 and the pains he suffers are far fewer4 ,to which ,hiero3 ,nay1 that is not so1 ,simonides1 take my word for it2 the fact is rather that the pleasures of the despot are far fewer than those of people in a humbler condition1 and his pains not only far more numerous1 but more intense4 ,that sounds incredible 7exclaimed ,simonides72 if it were really so1 how do you explain the passionate desire commonly displayed to wield the tyrant's sceptre1 and that too on the part of persons reputed to be the ablest of men8 ,why should all men envy the despotic monarch8 ,for the all-sufficient reason 7he replied7 that they form conclusions on the matter without experience of the two conditions4 ,and ,i will try to prove to you the truth of what ,i say1 beginning with the faculty of vision1 which1 unless my memory betrays me1 was your starting-point4 ,well then1 when ,i come to reason 7#ac7 on the matter1 first of all ,i find that1 as regards the class of objects of which these orbs of vision are the channel1 7#ad7 the despot has the disadvantage4 ,every region of the world1 each country on this fair earth1 presents objects worthy of contemplation1 in quest of which the ordinary citizen will visit1 as the humour takes him1 now some city 7for the sake of spectacles71 7#ae7 or again1 the great national assemblies1 7#af7 where sights most fitted to entrance the gaze of multitudes would seem to be collected4 7#ag7 ,but the despot has neither part nor lot in these high festivals1 7#ah7 seeing it is not safe for him to go where he will find himself at the mercy of the assembled crowds2 7#ai7 nor are his home affairs in such security that he can leave them to the guardianship of others1 whilst he visits foreign parts4 ,a twofold apprehension haunts him3 7#bj7 he will be robbed of his throne1 and at the same time be powerless to take vengeance on his wrongdoer4 7#ba7 7#ac7 logizomenos1 to apply my moral algebra4 7#ad7 en tois dia tes opseos theamasi4 ,see ,hartman1 ,an4 ,xen4 ,nova1 p4 #bdf4 theamasi spectacular effects1 is perhaps a gloss on all objects apprehensible through vision4 ,holden 7crit4 app47 would rather omit dia tes opseos with ,schneid4 7#ae7 ,the words are perhaps a gloss4 7#af7 e4g4 the games at ,olympia1 or the great ,dionysia at ,athens1 etc4 7#ag7 ,omitting einai1 or if with ,breit4 dokei einai444 sunageiresthai1 transl4 in which it is recognised that sights are to be seen best fitted to enchain the eyes and congregate vast masses4 ,for other emendations see ,holden1 crit4 app42 ,hartm4 op4 cit4 p4 #beh4 7#ah7 ,religious embassies2 it4 ,theories4 ,see ,thuc4 vi4 #af2 ,mem4 ,,iv4 viii4 #b4 7#ai7 ,lit4 not stronger than those present4 7#bj7 ,or1 ,the dread oppresses him1 he may be deprived of his empire and yet be powerless4 7#ba7 ,cf4 ,plat4 ,rep4 ix4 #egi ,b3 ,his soul is dainty and greedy2 and yet he only of all men is never allowed to go on a journey1 or to see things which other free men desire to see2 but he lives in his hole like a woman hidden in the house1 and is jealous of any other citizen who goes into foreign parts and sees things of interest 7,jowett74 ,perhaps you will retort3 ,why should he trouble to go abroad to seek for such things8 ,they are sure to come to him1 although he stops at home4 ,yes1 ,simonides1 that is so far true2 a small percentage of them no doubt will1 and this scant moiety will be sold at so high a price to the despotic monarch1 that the exhibitor of the merest trifle looks to receive from the imperial pocket1 within the briefest interval1 ten times more than he can hope to win from all the rest of mankind in a lifetime2 and then he will be off4 7#bb7 7#bb7 ,lit4 to get from the tyrant all in a moment many times more than he will earn from all the rest of mankind in a whole lifetime1 and depart4 ,to which ,simonides3 ,well1 granted you have the worst of it in sights and sightseeing2 yet1 you must admit you are large gainers through the sense of hearing2 you who are never stinted of that sweetest of all sounds1 7#bc7 the voice of praise1 since all around you are for ever praising everything you do and everything you say4 ,whilst1 conversely1 to that most harsh and grating of all sounds1 the language of abuse1 your ears are sealed1 since no one cares to speak evil against a monarch to his face4 7#bc7 ,cf4 ,cic4 pro ,arch4 #bj1 ,themistoclem illum dixisse aiunt cum ex eo quaereretur1 'quod acroama aut cujus vocem libentissime audiret'3 'ejus1 a quo sua virtus optime praedicaretur4' ,then ,hiero3 ,and what pleasure do you suppose mere abstinence from evil words implies1 when it is an open secret that those silent persons are cherishing all evil thoughts against the tyrant8 7#bd7 ,what mirth1 do you imagine1 is to be extracted from their panegyrics who are suspected of bestowing praise out of mere flattery8 7#bd7 ,one knows plainly that these dumb attendants stand there like mutes1 but harbour every evil thought against their autocratic lord4 ,simonides made answer3 ,yes1 ,i must indeed admit1 ,i do concede to you1 that praise alone is sweetest which is breathed from lips of free men absolutely free4 ,but1 look you1 here is a point3 you will find it hard to persuade another1 that you despots1 within the limits of those things whereby we one and all sustain our bodies1 in respect1 that is1 of meats and drinks1 have not a far wider range of pleasures4 ,yes1 ,simonides 7he answered71 and what is more1 ,i know the explanation of the common verdict4 ,the majority have come to the conclusion that we monarchs eat and drink with greater pleasure than do ordinary people1 because they have got the notion1 they themselves would make a better dinner off the viands served at our tables than their own4 ,and doubtless some break in the monotony gives a fillip of pleasure4 ,and that explains why folk in general look forward with pleasure to high days and holy days--mankind at large1 but not the despot2 his well-stocked table groaning from day to day under its weight of viands admits of no state occasions4 ,so that1 as far as this particular pleasure1 to begin with1 goes1 the pleasure of anticipation1 the monarch is at disadvantage compared with private people4 ,and in the next place 7he continued71 ,i am sure your own experience will bear me out so far3 the more viands set before a man at table 7beyond what are sufficient71 7#be7 the more quickly will satiety of eating overtake him4 ,so that in actual duration of the pleasure1 he with his many dishes has less to boast of than the moderate liver4 7#be7 ta peritta ton ikanon4 ,these words ,hartm4 op4 cit4 p4 #bed1 regards as an excrescence4 ,yes1 but good gracious6 surely 7broke in ,simonides71 during the actual time1 7#bf7 before the appetite is cloyed1 the gastronomic pleasure derived from the costlier bill of fare far exceeds that of the cheaper dinner-table4 7#bf7 ,lit4 so long as the soul 7i4e4 the appetite7 accepts with pleasure the viands2 i4e4 there's an interval1 at any rate1 during which such as my soul delights in can still apply and for so long4 ,but1 as a matter of plain logic 7,hiero retorted71 should you not say1 the greater the pleasure a man feels in any business1 the more enthusiastic his devotion to it8 ,that is quite true 7he answered74 ,hiero4 ,then have you ever noticed that crowned heads display more pleasure in attacking the bill of fare provided them1 than private persons theirs8 ,no1 rather the reverse 7the poet answered72 if anything1 they show a less degree of gusto1 7#bg7 unless they are vastly libelled4 7#bg7 ,no1 not more pleasure1 but exceptional fastidiousness1 if what people say is true4 agleukesteron1 said ap4 ,suid4 to be a ,sicilian word more sourly4 ,well 7,hiero continued71 and all these wonderfully-made dishes which are set before the tyrant1 or nine-tenths of them1 perhaps you have observed1 are combinations of things acid to the taste1 or pungent1 or astringent1 or akin to these8 7#bh7 7#bh7 ,lit4 and their congeners1 their analogues1 e4g4 curries1 pickles1 bitters1 peppery condiments4 ,to be sure they are 7he answered71 unnatural viands1 one and all1 in my opinion1 most alien to ordinary palates4 7#bi7 7#bi7 ,or1 unsuited to man's taste1 'caviare to the general' ,i name them4 ,hiero4 ,in fact1 these condiments can only be regarded as the cravings 7#cj7 of a stomach weakened by luxurious living2 since ,i am quite sure that keen appetites 7and you1 ,i fancy1 know it well too7 have not the slightest need for all these delicate made things4 7#cj7 ,cf4 ,plat4 ,laws1 #fhg ,c2 ,hipp4 ii4 #dd4 ,lit4 can you in fact regard these condiments as other than444 ,see ,holden ad loc4 7ed4 #ahhh72 ,hartm4 op4 cit4 p4 #bei1 suggests enthumemata1 inventions4 ,it is true1 at any rate 7observed ,simonides71 about those costly perfumes1 with which your persons are anointed1 that your neighbours rather than yourselves extract enjoyment from them2 just as the unpleasant odour of some meats is not so obvious to the eater as to those who come in contact with him4 ,hiero4 ,good1 and on this principle we say of meats1 that he who is provided with all sorts on all occasions brings no appetite to any of them4 ,he rather to whom these things are rarities1 that is the man who1 when some unfamiliar thing is put before him1 will take his fill of it with pleasure4 7#ca7 7#ca7 meta kharas4 ,cf4 ,aesch4 ,fr4 #bcg1 stomatos en prote khara1 of a hungry man2 ,od4 xvii4 #fjc4 ,it looks very much 7interposed ,simonides7 as if the sole pleasure left you to explain the vulgar ambition to wear a crown1 must be that named after ,aphrodite4 ,for in this field it is your privilege to consort with whatever fairest fair your eyes may light on4 ,hiero4 ,nay1 now you have named that one thing of all others1 take my word for it1 in which we princes are worse off than lesser people4 7#cb7 7#cb7 ,reading saph' isthi1 or if as ,cobet conj4 saphestata1 transl4 are at a disadvantage most clearly by comparison with ordinary folk4 ,to name marriage first4 ,i presume a marriage 7#cc7 which is contracted with some great family1 superior in wealth and influence1 bears away the palm1 since it confers upon the bridegroom not pleasure only but distinction4 7#cd7 ,next comes the marriage made with equals2 and last1 wedlock with inferiors1 which is apt to be regarded as degrading and disserviceable4 7#cc7 ,cf4 ,hunting1 i4 #i4 ,holden cf4 ,eur4 ,rhes4 #afh2 ,androm4 #abee4 7#cd7 ,cf4 ,dem4 in ,lept4 ,s4 #fi1 p4 #dii4 ,see ,plat4 ,rep4 #eec ,c4 ,now for the application3 a despotic monarch1 unless he weds some foreign bride1 is forced to choose a wife from those beneath him1 so that the height of satisfaction is denied him4 7#ce7 7#ce7 ,al4 supreme content1 the quintessential bliss1 is quite unknown to him4 ,the tender service of the proudest-souled of women1 wifely rendered1 how superlatively charming6 7#cf7 and by contrast1 how little welcome is such ministration where the wife is but a slave--when present1 barely noticed2 or if lacking1 what fell pains and passions will it not engender6 7#cf7 ,or1 the gentle ministrations of loftiest-thoughted women and fair wives possess a charm past telling1 but from slaves1 if tendered1 the reverse of welcome1 or if not forthcoming444 ,and if we come to masculine attachments1 still more than in those whose end is procreation1 the tyrant finds himself defrauded of such mirthfulness1 7#cg7 poor monarch6 ,since all of us are well aware1 ,i fancy1 that for highest satisfaction1 7#ch7 amorous deeds need love's strong passion4 7#ci7 7#cg7 ,joys sacred to that goddess fair and free in ,heaven yclept ,euphrosyne4 7#ch7 ,for polu diapherontos cf4 ,browning 7,abt ,vogler71 not indeed of ,aphrodisia conjoined with ,eros1 but of the musician's gift3 ,that out of three sounds he frame not a fourth sound1 but a star4 7#ci7 i4e4 ,eros1 the ,lord of ,passion1 must lend his hand4 ,but1 he proceeds1 the god is coy2 he has little liking for the breasts of kings4 ,he is more likely to be found in the cottage of the peasant than the king's palace4 ,but least of all is true love's passion wont to lodge in the hearts of monarchs1 for love delights not to swoop on ready prey2 he needs the lure of expectation4 7#dj7 7#dj7 ,or1 even on the heels of hoped-for bliss he follows4 ,well then1 just as a man who has never tasted thirst can hardly be said to know the joy of drinking1 7#da7 so he who has never tasted ,passion is ignorant of ,aphrodite's sweetest sweets4 7#da7 ,reading with ,holden 7after ,h4 ,steph47 osper oun an tis444 or with ,hartm4 7op4 cit4 p4 #bei7 osper ouk an tis444 ,so ,hiero ended4 ,simonides answered laughingly3 ,how say you1 ,hiero8 ,what is that8 ,love's strong passion for his soul's beloved incapable of springing up in any monarch's heart8 ,what of your own passion for ,dailochus1 surnamed of men most beautiful8 ,hiero4 ,that is easily explained1 ,simonides4 ,what ,i most desire of him is no ready spoil1 as men might reckon it1 but rather what it is least of all the privilege of a tyrant to obtain4 7#db7 ,i say it truly1 ,i--the love ,i bear ,dailochus is of this high sort4 ,all that the constitution of our souls and bodies possibly compels a man to ask for at the hands of beauty1 that my fantasy desires of him2 but what my fantasy demands1 ,i do most earnestly desire to obtain from willing hands and under seal of true affection4 ,to clutch it forcibly were as far from my desire as to do myself some mortal mischief4 7#db7 ,lit4 of tyrant to achieve1 a met4 from the chase4 ,cf4 ,hunting1 xii4 #bb4 ,were he my enemy1 to wrest some spoil from his unwilling hands would be an exquisite pleasure1 to my thinking4 ,but of all sweet favours the sweetest to my notion is the free-will offering of a man's beloved4 ,for instance1 how sweet the responsive glance of love for love2 how sweet the questions and the answers2 7#dc7 and1 most sweet of all1 most love-enkindling1 the battles and the strifes of faithful lovers4 7#dd7 ,but to enjoy 7#de7 one's love perforce 7he added7 resembles more an act of robbery1 in my judgment1 than love's pastime4 ,and1 indeed1 the robber derives some satisfaction from the spoils he wins and from the pain he causes to the man he hates4 ,but to seek pleasure in the pain of one we love devoutly1 to kiss and to be hated1 to touch 7#df7 and to be loathed--can one conceive a state of things more odious or more pitiful8 ,for1 it is a certainty1 the ordinary person may accept at once each service rendered by the object of his love as a sign and token of kindliness inspired by affection1 since he knows such ministry is free from all compulsion4 ,whilst to the tyrant1 the confidence that he is loved is quite foreclosed4 ,on the contrary1 7#dg7 we know for certain that service rendered through terror will stimulate as far as possible the ministrations of affection4 ,and it is a fact1 that plots and conspiracies against despotic rulers are oftenest hatched by those who most of all pretend to love them4 7#dh7 7#dc7 ,the 'innere ,unterhaltung'2 the oarismos4 ,cf4 ,milton1 ,p4 ,l43 ,with thee conversing1 ,i forget all time4 7#dd7 ,cf4 ,ter4 ,andr4 iii4 #c4 #bc1 amantium irae amoris intergratiost4 7#de7 ,to make booty of4 7#df7 ,for aptesthai ,l4 ,s4 cf4 ,plat4 ,laws1 #hdj ,a2 ,aristot4 ,h4 ,a4 v4 #ad4 #bg2 ,ep4 #a ,cor4 vii4 #a4 7#dg7 ,reading au4 ,if we do know anything it is this1 that1 etc4 7#dh7 ,or1 do oftenest issue from treacherous make-believe of warmest friendship4 ,cf4 ,grote1 ,h4 ,g4 xi4 #bhh2 ,hell4 ,,vi4 iv4 #cf4 ,,ii ,to these arguments ,simonides replied3 ,yes1 but the topics you have named are to my thinking trifles2 drops1 as it were1 in the wide ocean4 ,how many men1 ,i wonder1 have ,i seen myself1 men in the deepest sense1 7#a7 true men1 who choose to fare but ill in respect of meats and drinks and delicacies2 ay1 and what is more1 they voluntarily abstain from sexual pleasures4 ,no6 it is in quite a different sphere1 which ,i will name at once1 that you so far transcend us private citizens4 7#b7 ,it is in your vast designs1 your swift achievements2 it is in the overflowing wealth of your possessions2 your horses1 excellent for breed and mettle2 the choice beauty of your arms2 the exquisite finery of your wives2 the gorgeous palaces in which you dwell1 and these1 too1 furnished with the costliest works of art2 add to which the throng of your retainers1 courtiers1 followers1 not in number only but accomplishments a most princely retinue2 and lastly1 but not least of all1 in your supreme ability at once to afflict your foes and benefit your friends4 7#a7 ,lit4 many among those reputed to be men4 ,cf4 ,cyrop4 ,v4 v4 #cc2 ,hell4 i4 #bd1 their hero2 and below1 viii4 #c4 ,aristoph4 ,ach4 #gh1 oi barbaroi gar andras egountai monous tous pleista dunamenous phagein te kai piein3 ,to the ,barbarians 'tis the test of manhood3 there the great drinkers are the greatest men 7,frere72 id4 ,knights1 #agi2 ,clouds1 #hbc2 so ,latin vir4 ,see ,holden ad loc4 7#b7 ,us lesser mortals4 ,to all which ,hiero made answer3 ,that the majority of men1 ,simonides1 should be deluded by the glamour of a despotism in no respect astonishes me1 since it is the very essence of the crowd1 if ,i am not mistaken1 to rush wildly to conjecture touching the happiness or wretchedness of people at first sight4 ,now the nature of a tyrrany is such3 it presents1 nay flaunts1 a show of costliest possessions unfolded to the general gaze1 which rivets the attention2 7#c7 but the real troubles in the souls of monarchs it keeps concealed in those hid chambers where lie stowed away the happiness and the unhappiness of mankind4 7#c7 ,there is some redundancy in the phraseology4 ,i repeat then1 ,i little marvel that the multitude should be blinded in this matter4 ,but that you others also1 you who are held to see with the mind's eye more clearly than with the eye of sense the mass of circumstances1 7#d7 should share its ignorance1 does indeed excite my wonderment4 ,now1 ,i know it all too plainly from my own experience1 ,simonides1 and ,i assure you1 the tyrant is one who has the smallest share of life's blessings1 whilst of its greater miseries he possesses most4 7#d7 ,lit4 the majority of things2 al4 the thousand details of a thing4 ,for instance1 if peace is held to be a mighty blessing to mankind1 then of peace despotic monarchs are scant sharers4 ,or is war a curse8 ,if so1 of this particular pest your monarch shares the largest moiety4 ,for1 look you1 the private citizen1 unless his city-state should chance to be engaged in some common war1 7#e7 is free to travel wheresoe'er he chooses without fear of being done to death1 whereas the tyrant cannot stir without setting his foot on hostile territory4 ,at any rate1 nothing will persuade him but he must go through life armed1 and on all occasions drag about with him armed satellites4 ,in the next place1 the private citizen1 even during an expedition into hostile territory1 7#f7 can comfort himself in the reflection that as soon as he gets back home he will be safe from further peril4 ,whereas the tyrant knows precisely the reverse2 as soon as he arrives in his own city1 he will find himself in the centre of hostility at once4 ,or let us suppose that an invading army1 superior in force1 is marching against a city3 however much the weaker population1 whilst they are still outside their walls1 may feel the stress of danger1 yet once within their trenches one and all expect to find themselves in absolute security4 ,but the tyrant is not out of danger1 even when he has passed the portals of his palace4 ,nay6 there of all places most1 he feels1 he must maintain the strictist watch4 7#g7 ,again1 to the private citizen there will come eventually1 either through truce or terms of peace1 respite from war2 but for the tyrant1 the day of peace will never dawn4 ,what peace can he have with those over whom he exercises his despotic sway8 7#h7 ,nor have the terms of truce been yet devised1 on which the despotic ruler may rely with confidence4 7#i7 7#e7 koinon1 i4e4 making demands upon the energies of all the citizens in common1 as opposed to the personal character of war as conducted by a despot public1 patriotic1 national war4 ,al4 borne by the particular polis as member of a league1 whether of states united for the time being in a summakhia1 or permanently in a confederacy a federal war4 7#f7 ,even if serving on a campaign in the enemy's country4 7#g7 ,or1 he has to exercise the utmost vigilance4 7#h7 ,with those who are 'absolutely governed1' not to say tyrannically ruled4 7#i7 ,or1 which the tyrant may accept in faith and go his way rejoicing4 ,wars doubtless there are1 7#aj7 wars waged by states and wars waged by autocratic monarchs against those whom they have forcibly enslaved1 and in respect of these wars there is no hardship which any member of the states at war 7#aa7 can suffer but the tyrant will feel it also4 ,that is to say1 both must alike be under arms1 keep guard1 run risks2 and whatever the pains of defeat may be1 they are equally sustained by both4 ,up to this point there is no distinction4 ,the bitters are equal4 ,but when we come to estimate the sweets derivable from warfare between states1 7#ab7 the parallel ceases4 ,the tyrant1 if he shared the pains before1 no longer shares the pleasures now4 ,what happens when a state has gained the mastery in battle over her antagonist8 ,it would be hard 7,i take it7 to describe the joy of that occurrence3 joy in the rout1 joy in the pursuit1 joy in the slaughter of their enemies2 and in what language shall ,i describe the exultation of these warriors at their feats of arms8 ,with what assumption they bind on their brows the glittering wreath of glory2 7#ac7 with what mirth and jollity congratulate themselves on having raised their city to newer heights of fame4 ,each several citizen claims to have shared in the plan of the campaign1 7#ad7 and to have slain the largest number4 ,indeed it would be hard to find where false embellishment will not creep in1 7#ae7 the number stated to be the slain exceeding that of those that actually perished4 ,so truly glorious a thing it seems to them to have won a great victory4 7#af7 7#aj7 ,lit4 and further1 wars there are1 waged against forcibly-subjected populations whether by free states--e4g4 of ,olynthus1 ,hell4 ,v4 ii4 #bc1 or ,athens against her subject allies during the ,pel4 war--or by despotic rules--,jason of ,pherae 7,hell4 ,,vi47 ,al4 wars waged by free states against free states1 and wars waged by tyrants against enslaved peoples4 7#aa7 ,does o en tais polesi the citizen8 ,so some commentators2 or 7sub4 polemos7 the war among states 7see ,hartman1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdh78 in which case transl4 all the hardships involved in international war come home to the tyrant also4 ,the same obscurity attaches to oi en tais polesi below 7the commonly adopted emend4 of the ,,ms4 oi sunontes polesi7 the citizens1 or else international wars4 7#ab7 ,the pleasures incidental to warfare between states2 al4 the sweets which citizens engaged in warfare as against rival states can count upon4 7#ac7 ,reading analambanousin1 or1 if after ,cobet1 etc41 lambanousin1 transl4 what brilliant honour1 what bright credit they assume4 7#ad7 ,to have played his part in counsel4 ,see ,anab4 passim1 and ,m4 ,taine1 ,essais de ,critique1 ,xenophon1 p4 #abh4 7#ae7 ,lit4 they do not indulge in false additions1 pretending to have put more enemies to death than actually fell4 7#af7 ,cf4 ,hipparch1 viii4 #aa2 ,cyrop4 ,,viii4 iii4 #be2 ,thuc4 i4 #di4 ,but the tyrant1 when he forebodes1 or possibly perceives in actual fact1 some opposition brewing1 and puts the suspects 7#ag7 to the sword1 knows he will not thereby promote the welfare of the state collectively4 ,the cold clear fact is1 he will have fewer subjects to rule over4 7#ah7 ,how can he show a cheerful countenance8 7#ai7 how magnify himself on his achievement8 ,on the contrary1 his desire is to lessen the proportions of what has taken place1 as far as may be4 ,he will apologise for what he does1 even in the doing of it1 letting it appear that what he has wrought at least was innocent2 7#bj7 so little does his conduct seem noble even to himself4 ,and when those he dreaded are safely in their graves1 he is not one whit more confident of spirit1 but still more on his guard than heretofore4 ,that is the kind of war with which the tyrant is beset from day to day continually1 as ,i do prove4 7#ba7 7#ag7 ,see ,hold4 7crit4 app472 ,hartman1 op4 cit4 p4 #bfj4 7#ah7 ,cf4 ,mem4 ,i4 ii4 #ch4 7#ai7 ,cf4 ,anab4 ,,ii4 vi4 #aa2 ,hell4 ,,vi4 iv4 #af4 7#bj7 ,not of malice prepense4 7#ba7 ,or1 ,such then1 as ,i describe it1 is the type of war1 etc4 ,,iii ,turn now and contemplate the sort of friendship whereof it is given to tyrants to partake4 ,and first1 let us examine with ourselves and see if friendship is truly a great boon to mortal man4 ,how fares it with the man who is beloved of friends8 ,see with what gladness his friends and lovers hail his advent6 delight to do him kindness6 long for him when he is absent from them6 7#a7 and welcome him most gladly on his return6 7#b7 ,in any good which shall betide him they rejoice together2 or if they see him overtaken by misfortune1 they rush to his assistance as one man4 7#c7 7#a7 ,reading an ate1 or if an apie1 transl4 have yearning hearts when he must leave them4 7#b7 ,see ,anton ,rubinstein1 ,die ,musik and ihre ,meister1 p4 #h1 ,some ,remarks on ,beethoven's ,sonata ,op4 #ha4 7#c7 ,cf4 ,cyrop4 ,i4 vi4 #bd for a repetition of the sentiment and phraseology4 ,nay6 it has not escaped the observation of states and governments that friendship is the greatest boon1 the sweetest happiness which men may taste4 ,at any rate1 the custom holds 7#d7 in many states to slay the adulterer alone of all with impunity1 7#e7 for this reason clearly that such miscreants are held to be destroyers of that friendship 7#f7 which binds the woman to the husband4 ,since where by some untoward chance a woman suffers violation of her chastity1 7#g7 husbands do not the less honour them1 as far as that goes1 provided true affection still appear unsullied4 7#h7 7#d7 ,lit4 many of the states have a law and custom to1 etc4 ,cf4 ,pol4 ,lac4 ii4 #d4 7#e7 ,cf4 ,plat4 ,laws1 #hgd ,c1 if a man find his wife suffering violence he may kill the violator and be guiltless in the eye of the law4 ,dem4 in ,aristocr4 #ec1 ean tis apokteine en athlois akon444 e epi damarti1 k4t4l4444 touton eneka me pheugein kteinanta4 7#f7 ,see ,lys4 de caed ,eratosth4 ,s4 #cb f41 outos1 o andres1 tous biazomenous elattonos zemias axious egesato einai e tous peithontas4 ton men gar thanaton kategno1 tois de diplen epoiese ten blaben1 egoumenos tous men diaprattomenous bia upo ton biasthenton miseisthai1 tous de peisantas outos aution tas psukhas diaphtheirein ost' oikeioteras autois poiein tas allotrias gunaikas e tois andrasi kai pasan ep' ekeinois ten oikian gegonenai kai tous paidas adelous einai opoteron tugkhanousin ontes1 ton andron e ton moikhon4 anth' on o ton nomon titheis thanaton autois epoiese ten zemian4 ,cf4 ,cyrop4 ,,iii4 i4 #ci2 ,symp4 viii4 #bj2 ,plut4 ,sol4 xxiii41 olos de pleisten ekhein atopian oi peri ton gunaikon nomoi to ,soloni dokousi4 moikhon men gar anelein tio labonti dedoken1 ean d' arpase tis eleutheran gunaika kai biasetai zemian ekaton drakhmas etaxe' kan proagogeue drakhmas aikosi1 plen osai pephasmenos polountai1 legon de tas etairas4 autai gar emphanos phoitosi pros tous didontas1 ,solon's laws in general about women are his strangest1 for he permitted any one to kill an adulterer that found him in the act2 but if any one forced a free woman1 a hundred drachmas was the fine2 if he enticed her1 twenty2--except those that sell themselves openly1 that is1 harlots1 who go openly to those that hire them 7,clough1 i4 p4 #aij74 7#g7 ,or1 fall a victim to passion through some calamity1 commit a breach of chastity4 ,cf4 ,aristot4 ,h4 ,a4 ,,vii4 i4 #i4 7#h7 ,or1 if true affection still retain its virgin purity4 ,as to this extraordinary passage1 see ,hartman1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdb foll4 ,so sovereign a good do ,i1 for my part1 esteem it to be loved1 that ,i do verily believe spontaneous blessings are outpoured from gods and men on one so favoured4 ,this is that choice possession which1 beyond all others1 the monarch is deprived of4 ,but if you require further evidence that what ,i say is true1 look at the matter thus3 ,no friendship1 ,i presume1 is sounder than that which binds parents to their children and children to their parents1 brothers and sisters to each other1 7#i7 wives to husbands1 comrade to comrade4 7#i7 ,or1 brothers to brothers4 ,if1 then1 you will but thoughtfully consider it1 you will discover it is the ordinary person who is chiefly blest in these relations4 7#aj7 ,while of tyrants1 many have been murderers of their own children1 many by their children murdered4 ,many brothers have been murderers of one another in contest for the crown2 7#aa7 many a monarch has been done to death by the wife of his bosom1 7#ab7 or even by his own familiar friend1 by him of whose affection he was proudest4 7#ac7 7#aj7 ,or1 that these more obvious affections are the sanctities of private life4 7#aa7 ,or1 have caught at the throats of brothers2 lit4 been slain with mutually-murderous hand4 ,cf4 ,pind4 ,fr4 #acg2 ,aesch4 ,sept4 c4 ,theb4 #ica2 ,ag4 #aege1 concerning ,eteocles and ,polynices4 7#ab7 ,see ,grote1 ,h4 ,g4 xi4 #bhh1 xii4 #f2 ,hell4 ,,vi4 iv4 #cf2 ,isocr4 ,on the ,peace1 #ahb2 ,plut4 ,dem4 ,pol4 iii4 7,clough1 v4 p4 #ih72 ,tac4 ,hist4 v4 #h1 about the family feuds of the kings of ,judaea4 7#ac7 ,it was his own familiar friend who dealt the blow1 the nearest and dearest to his heart4 ,how can you suppose1 then1 that being so hated by those whom nature predisposes and law compels to love him1 the tyrant should be loved by any living soul beside8 ,,iv ,again1 without some moiety of faith and trust1 7#a7 how can a man not feel to be defrauded of a mighty blessing8 ,one may well ask3 ,what fellowship1 what converse1 what society would be agreeable without confidence8 ,what intercourse between man and wife be sweet apart from trustfulness8 ,how should the faithful esquire whose faith is mistrusted still be lief and dear8 7#b7 7#a7 ,how can he1 whose faith's discredited1 the moral bankrupt444 7#b7 ,or1 the trusty knight and serving-man4 ,cf4 ,morte d',arthur1 xxi4 #e1 ,king ,arthur and ,sir ,bedivere4 ,well1 then1 of this frank confidence in others the tyrant has the scantiest share4 7#c7 ,seeing his life is such1 he cannot even trust his meats and drinks1 but he must bid his serving-men before the feast begins1 or ever the libation to the gods is poured1 7#d7 to taste the viands1 out of sheer mistrust there may be mischief lurking in the cup or platter4 7#e7 7#c7 ,or1 from this444 is almost absolutely debarred4 7#d7 ,or ever grace is said4 7#e7 ,cf4 ,cyrop4 ,i4 iii4 #d4 ,once more1 the rest of mankind find in their fatherland a treasure worth all else beside4 ,the citizens form their own body-guard 7#f7 without pay or service-money against slaves and against evil-doers4 ,it is theirs to see that none of themselves1 no citizen1 shall perish by a violent death4 ,and they have advanced so far along the path of guardianship 7#g7 that in many cases they have framed a law to the effect that not the associate even of one who is blood-guilty shall be accounted pure4 ,so that1 by reason of their fatherland1 7#h7 each several citizen can live at quiet and secure4 7#f7 ,are their own 'satellites1' spear-bearers4 ,cf4 ,thuc4 i4 #acj2 ,herod4 ii4 #afh2 vii4 #abg4 7#g7 ,pushed so far the principle of mutual self-aid4 7#h7 ,thanks to the blessing of a fatherland each citizen may spend his days in peace and safety4 ,but for the tyrant it is again exactly the reverse4 7#i7 ,instead of aiding or avenging their despotic lord1 cities bestow large honours on the slayer of a tyrant2 ay1 and in lieu of excommunicating the tyrannicide from sacred shrines1 7#aj7 as is the case with murderers of private citizens1 they set up statues of the doers of such deeds 7#aa7 in temples4 7#i7 ,matters are once more reversed precisely1 it is all 'topsy-turvy4' 7#aj7 ,and sacrifices4 ,cf4 ,dem4 c4 ,lept4 #acg1 en toinun tois peri touton nomois o ,drakon444 katharon diorisen einai4 ,now in the laws upon this subject1 ,draco1 although he strove to make it fearful and dreadful for a man to slay another1 and ordained that the homicide should be excluded from lustrations1 cups1 and drink-offerings1 from the temples and the market-place1 specifying everything by which he thought most effectually to restrain people from such a practice1 still did not abolish the rule of justice1 but laid down the cases in which it should be lawful to kill1 and declared that the killer under such circumstances should be deemed pure 7,c4 ,r4 ,kennedy74 7#aa7 e4g4 ,harmodius and ,aristogeiton4 ,see ,dem4 loc4 cit4 #ach3 ,the same rewards that you gave to ,harmodius and ,aristogiton1 concerning whom ,simonides himself wrote a votive couplet3 ',e meg' ',athenaioisi phoos geneth' enik' ',aristogeiton ',ipparkhon kteine kai ',armodios4 ,but if you imagine that the tyrant1 because he has more possessions than the private person1 does for that reason derive greater pleasure from them1 this is not so either1 ,simonides1 but it is with tyrants as with athletes4 ,just as the athlete feels no glow of satisfaction in asserting his superiority over amateurs1 7#ab7 but annoyance rather when he sustains defeat at the hands of any real antagonist2 so1 too1 the tyrant finds little consolation in the fact 7#ac7 that he is evidently richer than the private citizen4 ,what he feels is pain1 when he reflects that he has less himself than other monarchs4 ,these he holds to be his true antagonists2 these are his rivals in the race for wealth4 7#ab7 ,or1 ,it gives no pleasure to the athlete to win victories over amateurs4 ,see ,mem4 ,,iii4 viii4 #g4 7#ac7 ,or1 each time it is brought home to him that1 etc4 ,nor does the tyrant attain the object of his heart's desire more quickly than do humbler mortals theirs4 ,for consider1 what are their objects of ambition8 ,the private citizen has set his heart1 it may be1 on a house1 a farm1 a servant4 ,the tyrant hankers after cities1 or wide territory1 or harbours1 or formidable citadels1 things far more troublesome and more perilous to achieve than are the pettier ambitions of lesser men4 ,and hence it is1 moreover1 that you will find but few 7#ad7 private persons paupers by comparison with the large number of tyrants who deserve the title2 7#ae7 since the criterion of enough1 or too much1 is not fixed by mere arithmetic1 but relatively to the needs of the individual4 7#af7 ,in other words1 whatever exceeds sufficiency is much1 and what falls short of that is little4 7#ag7 7#ad7 ,reading as vulg4 alla mentoi kai penetas opsei oukh outos oligous ton idioton os pollous ton turannon4 ,lit4 however that may be1 you will see not so few private persons in a state of penury as many despots4 ,breitenbach del4 oukh1 and transl41 ,daher weist du auch in dem ,masse wenige ,arme unter den ,privat-leuten finden1 als viele unter den ,tyrannen4 ,stob41 penetas opsei oligous ton idioton1 pollous de ton turannon4 ,stob4 ,,ms4 ,par41 alla mentoi kai plousious opsei oukh outos oligous ton idioton os penetas pollous ton turannon4 ,see ,holden ad loc4 and crit4 n4 7#ae7 ,cf4 ,mem4 ,,iv4 ii4 #cg4 7#af7 ,or1 not by the number of things we have1 but in reference to the use we make of them4 ,cf4 ,anab4 ,,vii4 vii4 #cf4 7#ag7 ,dr4 ,holden aptly cf4 ,addison1 ,the ,spectator1 ,no4 #egd1 on the text ,non possidentem multa vocaveris recte beatum444 ,and on this principle the tyrant1 with his multiplicity of goods1 is less well provided to meet necessary expenses than the private person2 since the latter can always cut down his expenditure to suit his daily needs in any way he chooses2 but the tyrant cannot do so1 seeing that the largest expenses of a monarch are also the most necessary1 being devoted to various methods of safeguarding his life1 and to cut down any of them would be little less than suicidal4 7#ah7 7#ah7 ,or1 and to curtail these would seem to be self-slaughter4 ,or1 to put it differently1 why should any one expend compassion on a man1 as if he were a beggar1 who has it in his power to satisfy by just and honest means his every need8 7#ai7 ,surely it would be more appropriate to call that man a wretched starveling beggar rather1 who through lack of means is driven to live by ugly shifts and base contrivances4 7#ai7 i4e4 to expend compassion on a man who1 etc41 were surely a pathetic fallacy4 ,al4 ,is not the man who has it in his power1 etc41 far above being pitied8 ,now it is your tyrant who is perpetually driven to iniquitous spoilation of temples and human beings1 through chronic need of money wherewith to meet inevitable expenses1 since he is forced to feed and support an army 7even in times of peace7 no less than if there were actual war1 or else he signs his own death-warrant4 7#bj7 7#bj7 ,a daily1 hourly constraint is laid upon him to support an army as in war time1 or--write his epitaph6 ,v ,but there is yet another sore affliction to which the tyrant is liable1 ,sinmonides1 which ,i will name to you4 ,it is this4 ,tyrants no less than ordinary mortals can distinguish merit4 ,the orderly1 7#a7 the wise1 the just and upright1 they freely recognise2 but instead of admiring them1 they are afraid of them--the courageous1 lest they should venture something for the sake of freedom2 the wise1 lest they invent some subtle mischief2 7#b7 the just and upright1 lest the multitude should take a fancy to be led by them4 7#a7 ,the same epithets occur in ,aristoph4 ,plut4 #hi3 ego gar on meirakion epeiles' oti os tous dikaious kai sophous kai kosmious monous badioimen4 ,stob4 gives for kasmious alkimous4 7#b7 ,or1 for fear of machinations4 ,but the word is suggestive of mechanical inventions also1 like those of ,archimedes in connection with a later ,hiero 7see ,plut4 ,marcel4 xv4 foll472 or of ,lionardo1 or of ,michael ,angelo 7,symonds1 ,renaissance in ,italy1 ,the ,fine ,arts1 pp4 #cae1 #cic74 ,and when he has secretly and silently made away with all such people through terror1 whom has he to fall back upon to be of use to him1 save only the unjust1 the incontinent1 and the slavish-natured8 7#c7 ,of these1 the unjust can be trusted as sharing the tyrant's terror lest the cities should some day win their freedom and lay strong hands upon them2 the incontinent1 as satisfied with momentary license2 and the slavish-natured1 for the simple reason that they have not themselves the slightest aspiration after freedom4 7#d7 7#c7 ,or1 the dishonest1 the lascivious1 and the servile4 7#d7 ,they have no aspiration even to be free1 they are content to wallow in the slough of despond4 ,the adikoi 7unjust7 correspond to the dikaioi 7just71 akrateis 7incontinent7 to the sophoi 7wise7 7,breit4 cf4 ,mem4 ,,iii4 ix4 #d1 sophian de kai sophrosunen ou diorizen71 andrapododeis 7servile7 to the kasmioi1 andreioi 7orderly1 courageous74 ,this1 then1 ,i say1 appears to me a sore affliction1 that we should look upon the one set as good men1 and yet be forced to lean upon the other4 ,and further1 even a tyrant cannot but be something of a patriot--a lover of that state1 without which he can neither hope for safety nor prosperity4 ,on the other hand1 his tyrrany1 the exigencies of despotic rule1 compel him to incriminate his fatherland4 7#e7 ,to train his citizens to soldiery1 to render them brave warriors1 and well armed1 confers no pleasure on him2 rather he will take delight to make his foreigners more formidable than those to whom the state belongs1 and these foreigners he will depend on as his body-guard4 7#e7 ,or1 depreciate the land which gave him birth4 ,holden cf4 ,cyrop4 ,,vii4 ii4 #bb4 ,see ,sturz1 s4v4 ,nay more1 not even in the years of plenty1 7#f7 when abundance of all blessings reigns1 not even then may the tyrant's heart rejoice amid the general joy1 for the greater the indigence of the community the humbler he will find them3 that is his theory4 7#f7 ,in good seasons1 seasons of prosperity4 ,cf4 ,aristot4 ,pol4 v4 #f4 #ag4 ,,vi ,he continued3 ,i desire to make known to you1 ,simonides1 7#a7 those divers pleasures which were mine whilst ,i was still a private citizen1 but of which to-day1 nay1 from the moment ,i became a tyrant1 ,i find myself deprived4 ,in those days ,i consorted with my friends and fellows1 to our mutual delectation2 7#b7 or1 if ,i craved for quietude1 7#c7 ,i chose myself for my companion4 ,gaily the hours flitted at our drinking-parties1 ofttimes till we had drowned such cares and troubles as are common to the life of man in ,lethe's bowl2 7#d7 or ofttimes till we had steeped our souls in song and dance 7#e7 and revelry2 ofttimes till the flame of passion kindled in the breasts of my companions and my own4 7#f7 ,but now1 welladay1 ,i am deprived of those who took delight in me1 because ,i have slaves instead of friends as my companions2 ,i am robbed of my once delightful intercourse with them1 because ,i discern no vestige of goodwill towards me in their looks4 ,and as to the wine-cup and slumber--these ,i guard against1 even as a man might guard against an ambuscade4 ,think only6 to dread a crowd1 to dread solitude1 to dread the absence of a guard1 to dread the very guards that guard1 to shrink from having those about one's self unarmed1 and yet to hate the sight of armed attendants4 ,can you conceive a more troublesome circumstance8 7#g7 ,but that is not all4 ,to place more confidence in foreigners than in your fellow-citizens1 nay1 in barbarians than in ,hellenes1 to be consumed with a desire to keep freemen slaves and yet to be driven1 will he nill he1 to make slaves free1 are not all these the symptoms of a mind distracted and amazed with terror8 7#a7 ,or1 ,i wish ,i could disclose to you 7he added7 those heart-easing joys4 ,for euphrosunas cf4 ,od4 vi4 #aef2 ,aesch4 ,p4 ,v4 #edj2 ,eur4 ,bacch4 #cgf4 ,a favourite word with our author2 see ,ages4 ix4 #d2 ,cyrop4 passim2 ,mem4 ,,iii4 viii4 #aj2 ,econ4 ix4 #ab4 7#b7 ,lit4 delighting ,i in them and they in me4 7#c7 ,or1 when ,i sought tranquility ,i was my own companion4 7#d7 ,or1 in sheer forgetfulness4 7#e7 ,or1 absorbed our souls in song and festal cheer and dance4 ,cf4 ,od4 viii4 #bdh1 #bdi1 aiei d' emin dais te phile kitharis te khoroi te eimata t' exemoiba loetra te therma kau eunai1 and dear to us ever is the banquet and the harp and the dance1 and changes of raiment1 and the warm bath1 and love and sleep 7,butcher and ,lang74 7#f7 ,reading as vulg4 epithumias4 ,breit4 cf4 ,mem4 ,,iii4 ix4 #g2 ,plat4 ,phaed4 #aaf ,e1 he has eaten and drunk and enjoyed the society of his beloved 7,jowett74 ,see ,symp4 the finale2 or if1 after ,weiske and ,cobet1 euthumias1 transl4 to the general hilarity of myself and the whole company 7cf4 ,cyrop4 ,i4 iii4 #ab1 ,,iv4 v4 #g71 but this is surely a bathos rhetorically4 7#g7 ,or1 a worse perplexity4 ,see ,hell4 ,,vii4 iii4 #h4 ,for terror1 you know1 not only is a source of pain indwelling in the breast itself1 but1 ever in close attendance1 shadowing the path1 7#h7 becomes the destroyer of all sweet joys4 7#h7 ,reading sumparakolouthon lumeon4 ,stob4 gives sumparomarton lumanter4 ,for the sentiment cf4 ,cyrop4 ,,iii4 i4 #be4 ,and if you know anything of war1 ,simonides1 and war's alarms2 if it was your fortune ever to be posted close to the enemy's lines1 7#i7 try to recall to mind what sort of meals you made at those times1 with what sort of slumber you courted rest4 ,be assured1 there are no pains you then experienced1 no horrors to compare with those that crowd upon the despot1 who sees or seems to see fierce eyes of enemies glare at him1 not face to face alone1 but from every side4 7#i7 ,or1 in the van of battle1 opposite the hostile lines4 ,he had spoken so far1 when ,simonides took up the thread of the discourse1 replying3 ,excellently put4 ,a part ,i must admit1 of what you say2 since war is terrible4 ,yet1 ,hiero1 you forget4 ,when we1 at any rate1 are out campaigning1 we have a custom2 we place sentinels at the outposts1 and when the watch is set1 we take our suppers and turn in undauntedly4 ,and ,hiero answered3 ,yes1 ,i can well believe you1 for the laws are the true outposts1 7#aj7 who guard the sentinels1 keeping their fears alive both for themselves and in behalf of you4 ,whereas the tyrant hires his guards for pay like harvest labourers4 7#aa7 ,now of all functions1 all abilities1 none1 ,i presume1 is more required of a guard than that of faithfulness2 and yet one faithful man is a commodity more hard to find than scores of workmen for any sort of work you like to name2 7#ab7 and the more so1 when the guards in question are not forthcoming except for money's sake2 7#ac7 and when they have it in their power to get far more in far less time by murdering the despot than they can hope to earn by lengthened service in protecting him4 7#aj7 ,or1 beyond the sentinels themselves is set the outpost of the laws1 who watch the watch4 7#aa7 ,or1 ten-day labourers in harvest-time4 7#ab7 ,or1 but to discover one single faithful man is far more difficult than scores of labourers in any field of work you please4 7#ac7 ,or1 are merely hirelings for filthy lucre's sake4 ,and as to that which roused your envy--our ability1 as you call it1 to benefit our friends most largely1 and beyond all else1 to triumph over our foes--here1 again1 matters are not as you suppose4 ,how1 for instance1 can you hope to benefit your friends1 when you may rest assured the very friend whom you have made most your debtor will be the happiest to quit your sight as fast as may be8 since nobody believes that anything a tyrant gives him is indeed his own1 until he is well beyond the donor's jurisdiction4 ,so much for friends1 and as to enemies conversely4 ,how can you say most power of triumphing over our enemies1 when every tyrant knows full well they are all his enemies1 every man of them1 who are despotically ruled by him8 ,and to put the whole of them to death or to imprison them is hardly possible2 or who will be his subjects presently8 ,not so1 but knowing they are his enemies1 he must perform this dexterous feat3 7#ad7 he must keep them at arm's length1 and yet be compelled to lean upon them4 7#ad7 ,lit4 he must at one and the same moment guard against them1 and yet be driven also to depend upon them4 ,but be assured1 ,simonides1 that when a tyrant fears any of his citizens1 he is in a strait2 it is ill work to see them living and ill work to put them to the death4 ,just as might happen with a horse2 a noble beast1 but there is that in him makes one fear he will do some mischief presently past curing4 7#ae7 ,his very virtue makes it hard to kill the creature1 and yet to turn him to account alive is also hard2 so careful must one be1 he does not choose the thick of danger to work irreparable harm4 ,and this1 further1 doubtless holds of all goods and chattels1 which are at once a trouble and a benefit4 ,if painful to their owners to possess1 they are none the less a source of pain to part with4 7#ae7 ,lit4 good but fearful 7i4e4 he makes one fear71 he will some day do some desperate mischief4 ,,vii ,now when he had heard these reasonings1 ,simonides replied3 ,o ,hiero1 there is a potent force1 it would appear1 the name of which is honour1 so attractive that human beings strain to grasp it1 7#a7 and in the effort they will undergo all pains1 endure all perils4 ,it would further seem that even you1 you tyrants1 in spite of all that sea of trouble which a tyranny involves1 rush headlong in pursuit of it4 ,you must be honoured4 ,all the world shall be your ministers2 they shall carry out your every injunction with unhesitating zeal4 7#b7 ,you shall be the cynosure of neighbouring eyes2 men shall rise from their seats at your approach2 they shall step aside to yield you passage in the streets4 7#c7 ,all present shall at all times magnify you1 7#d7 and shall pay homage to you both with words and deeds4 ,those1 ,i take it1 are ever the kind of things which subjects do to please the monarch1 7#e7 and thus they treat each hero of the moment1 whom they strive to honour4 7#f7 7#a7 ,lit4 that human beings will abide all risks and undergo all pains to clutch the bait4 7#b7 ,cf4 ,cyrop4 ,,ii4 iii4 #h2 ,,viii4 i4 #bi4 7#c7 ,cf4 ,mem4 ,,ii4 iii4 #af2 ,cyrop4 ,,vii4 v4 #bj4 7#d7 gerairosi1 poetic4 ,cf4 ,cyrop4 ,,viii4 i4 #ci2 ,hell4 ,i4 vii4 #cc2 ,econ4 iv4 #h2 ,herod4 v4 #fg2 ,pind4 ,o4 iii4 #c1 v4 #aa2 ,n4 v4 #ae2 ,od4 xiv4 #dcg1 #dda2 ,il4 vii4 #cba2 ,plat4 ,rep4 #dfh ,d1 quoting ,il4 vii4 #cba4 7#e7 ,reading tois turannois1 or if tous turannous1 after ,cobet1 ,that is how they treat crowned heads4 7#f7 ,cf4 ,tennyson1 ,ode on the ,death of the ,duke of ,wellington3 ,with honour1 honour1 honour to him1 ,eternal honour to his name4 ,yes1 ,hiero1 and herein precisely lies the difference between a man and other animals1 in this outstretching after honour4 7#g7 ,since1 it would seem1 all living creatures alike take pleasure in meats and drinks1 in sleep and sexual joys4 ,only the love of honour is implanted neither in unreasoning brutes 7#h7 nor universally in man4 ,but they in whose hearts the passion for honour and fair fame has fallen like a seed1 these unmistakably 7#i7 are separated most widely from the brutes4 ,these may claim to be called men1 7#aj7 not human beings merely4 ,so that1 in my poor judgment1 it is but reasonable you should submit to bear the pains and penalties of royalty1 since you are honoured far beyond all other mortal men4 ,and indeed no pleasure known to man would seem to be nearer that of gods than the delight 7#aa7 which centres in proud attributes4 7#g7 ,or1 in this strong aspiration after honour4 ,holden aptly cf4 ,spectator1 ,no4 #dfg3 ,the love of praise is a passion deeply fixed in the mind of every extraordinary person2 and those who are most affected with it seem most to partake of that particle of the divinity which distinguishes mankind from the inferior creation4 7#h7 alogous1 i4e4 without speech and reason2 cf4 modern ,greek o alogos the horse 7sc4 the animal par excellence74 ,see ,horsemanship1 viii4 #ad4 7#i7 ede1 ipso facto4 7#aj7 ,see ,anab4 ,i4 vii4 #d2 ,frotscher ap4 ,breit4 cf4 ,cic4 ad ,fam4 v4 #ag4 #e1 ut et hominem te et virum esse meminisses4 7#aa7 ,or1 joyance4 ,to these arguments ,hiero replied3 ,nay1 but1 ,simonides1 the honours and proud attributes bestowed on tyrants have much in common with their love-makings1 as ,i described them4 ,like honours like loves1 the pair are of a piece4 ,for just as the ministrations won from loveless hearts 7#ab7 are felt to be devoid of grace1 and embraces forcibly procured are sweet no longer1 so the obsequious cringings of alarm are hardly honours4 ,since how shall we assert that people who are forced to rise from their seats do really rise to honour those whom they regard as malefactors8 or that these others who step aside to let their betters pass them in the street1 desire thus to show respect to miscreants8 7#ac7 ,and as to gifts1 it is notorious1 people commonly bestow them largely upon those they hate1 and that too when their fears are gravest1 hoping to avert impending evil4 ,nay1 these are nothing more nor less than acts of slavery1 and they may fairly be set down as such4 7#ab7 ,or1 the compliance of cold lips where love is not reciprocated is444 7#ac7 ,or1 to rank injustice4 ,but honours have a very different origin1 7#ad7 as different to my mind as are the sentiments to which they give expression4 ,see how1 for instance1 men of common mould will single out a man1 who is a man1 7#ae7 they feel1 and competent to be their benefactor2 one from whom they hope to reap rich blessings4 ,his name lives upon their lips in praise4 ,as they gaze at him1 each one among them sees in him a private treasure4 ,spontaneously they yield him passage in the streets4 ,they rise from their seats to do him honour1 out of love not fear2 they crown him for his public 7#af7 virtue's sake and benefactions4 ,they shower gifts upon him of their own free choice4 ,these same are they who1 if my definition holds1 may well be said to render honour to their hero by such service1 whilst he that is held worthy of these services is truly honoured4 ,and for my part ,i can but offer my congratulations to him4 ,god bless him1 say ,i1 perceiving that so far from being the butt of foul conspiracy1 he is an object of anxiety to all1 lest evil should betide him2 and so he pursues the even tenour of his days in happiness exempt from fears and jealousy 7#ag7 and risk4 ,but the current of the tyrant's life runs differently4 ,day and night1 ,i do assure you1 ,simonides1 he lives like one condemned by the general verdict of mankind to die for his iniquity4 7#ad7 ,lit4 ,honours would seem to be the outcome and expression of conditions utterly remote from these1 in fact their very opposites4 7#ae7 ,cf4 ,napoleon's accost of ,goethe1 ,vous etes un homme1 and as ,goethe left the room1 ,napoleon repeated to ,berthier and ,daru1 ',voila un homme6' 7,the ,life of ,goethe1 ,lewes1 p4 #ejj74 7#af7 ,reading koines1 which ought to mean common to them and him2 if with ,cobet koine1 in public crown him for his virtue's sake1 a benefactor4 7#ag7 ,or1 without reproach4 ,now when ,simonides had listened to these reasonings to the end1 7#ah7 he answered3 ,how is it1 ,hiero1 if to play the tyrant is a thing so villainous1 7#ai7 and that is your final judgment1 how comes it you are not quit of so monstrous an evil8 ,neither you1 nor1 for that matter1 any monarch else ,i ever heard of1 having once possessed the power1 did ever of his own free will divest himself of sovereignty4 ,how is that1 ,hiero8 7#ah7 ,cf4 ,econ4 xi4 #a4 7#ai7 ,or1 if to monarchise and play the despot4 ,for one simple reason 7the tyrant answered71 and herein lies the supreme misery of despotic power2 it is not possible even to be quit of it4 7#bj7 ,how could the life of any single tyrant suffice to square the account8 ,how should he pay in full to the last farthing all the moneys of all whom he has robbed8 with what chains laid upon him make requital to all those he has thrust into felons' quarters8 7#ba7 how proffer lives enough to die in compensation of the dead men he has slain8 how die a thousand deaths8 7#bj7 ,holden aptly cf4 ,plut4 ,sol4 #ad1 kalon men einai ten torannida khorion1 ouk ekhein de apobasin1 it was true a tyrrany was a very fair spot1 but it had no way down from it 7,clough1 i4 p4 #aha74 7#ba7 ,or1 how undergo in his own person the imprisonments he has inflicted8 ,reading antipaskhoi1 or if antiparaskhoi1 transl4 how could he replace in his own person the exact number of imprisonments which he has inflicted on others8 ,ah1 no6 ,simonides 7he added71 if to hang one's self outright be ever gainful to pour mortal soul1 then1 take my word for it1 that is the tyrant's remedy3 there's none better suited 7#bb7 to his case1 since he alone of all men is in this dilemma1 that neither to keep nor lay aside his troubles profits him4 7#bb7 ,or1 nought more profitable to meet the case4 ,the author plays on lusitelei according to his wont4 ,,viii ,here ,simonides took up the thread of the discourse 7#a7 as follows3 ,that for the moment1 ,hiero1 you should be out of heart regarding tyranny 7#b7 ,i do not wonder1 since you have a strong desire to be loved by human beings1 and you are persuaded that it is your office which balks the realisation of your dream4 7#a7 ,al4 took up the speaker thus4 7#b7 ,in reference to despotic rule4 ,now1 however1 ,i am no less certain ,i can prove to you that government 7#c7 implies no obstacle to being loved1 but rather holds the advantage over private life so far4 ,and whilst investigating if this be really so1 let us not embarrass the inquiry by asking whether in proportion to his greater power the ruler is able to do kindness on a grander scale4 ,but put it thus3 ,two human beings1 the one in humble circumstances1 7#d7 the other a despotic ruler1 perform a common act2 which of these twain will1 under like conditions1 7#e7 win the larger thanks8 ,i will begin with the most trifling 7#f7 examples2 and first a simple friendly salutation1 ,good day1 ,good evening1 dropped at sight of some one from the lips of here a ruler1 there a private citizen4 ,in such a case1 whose salutation will sound the pleasanter to him accosted8 7#c7 to arkhein4 ,cf4 ,cyrop4 passim4 7#d7 ,a private person4 7#e7 ,lit4 by like expenditure of power4 7#f7 arkhomai soi4 ,lit4 ,i'll begin you with quite commonplace examples4 ,holden cf4 ,shakesp4 ,merry ,wives1 i4 #d4 #ig1 ,i'll do you your master what good ,i can2 ,much ,ado1 ii4 #c4 #aae1 ,she will sit you4 ,for the distinction between paradeigmaton examples and upodeigmata suggestions see ,horsem4 ii4 #b4 ,or again1 7#g7 let us suppose that both should have occasion to pronounce a panegyric4 ,whose compliments will carry farther1 in the way of delectation1 think you8 ,or on occasion of a solemn sacrifice1 suppose they do a friend the honour of an invitation4 7#h7 ,in either case it is an honour1 but which will be regarded with the greater gratitude1 the monarch's or the lesser man's8 7#g7 ,come now4 7#h7 ,cf4 ,mem4 ,,ii4 iii4 #aa as to sacrifices as a means of social enjoyment4 ,dr4 ,holden cf4 ,aristot4 ,nic4 ,eth4 ,,viii4 ix4 #afj1 ,and hence it is that these clan communities and hundreds solemnise sacrifices1 in connection with which they hold large gatherings1 and thereby not only pay honour to the gods1 but also provide for themselves holiday and amusement 7,r4 ,williams74 ,thuc4 ii4 #ch1 ,and we have not forgotten to provide for our weary spirits many relaxations from toil2 we have regular games and sacrifices throughout the year 7,jowett74 ,plut4 ,them4 v41 kai gar philothuten onta kai lampron en tais peri tous xenous dapanais 444 ,for loving to sacrifice often1 and to be splendid in his entertainment of strangers1 he required a plentiful revenue 7,clough1 i4 #bcf74 ,to which add ,theophr4 ,char4 xv4 #b1 ,the ,shameless ,man3 eita thusas tois theois autos men deipnein par' etero1 ta de krea apotithenai alsi pasas1 k4t4l41 then when he has been sacrificing to the gods1 he will put away the salted remains1 and will himself dine out 7,jebb74 ,or let a sick man be attended with a like solicitude by both4 ,it is plain1 the kind attentions of the mighty potentate 7#i7 arouse in the patient's heart immense delight4 7#aj7 7#i7 ,their mightinesses1 or as we might say1 their serene highnesses4 ,cf4 ,thuc4 ii4 #fe4 7#aj7 ,the greatest jubilance4 ,or say1 they are the givers of two gifts which shall be like in all respects4 ,it is plain enough in this case also that the gracious favour of his royal highness1 even if halved1 would more than counterbalance the whole value of the commoner's donation4 7#aa7 7#aa7 ,or1 half the great man's 'bounty' more than outweighs the small man's present4 ,for dorema cf4 ,aristot4 ,n4 ,e4 ,i4 ix4 #b1 happiness444 a free gift of ,god to men4 ,nay1 as it seems to me1 an honour from the gods1 a grace divine1 is shed about the path of him the hero-ruler4 7#ab7 ,not only does command itself ennoble manhood1 but we gaze on him with other eyes and find the fair within him yet more fair who is to-day a prince and was but yesterday a private citizen4 7#ac7 ,again1 it is a prouder satisfaction doubtless to hold debate with those who are preferred to us in honour than with people on an equal footing with ourselves4 7#ab7 ,lit4 attends the footsteps of the princely ruler4 ,cf4 ,cyrop4 ,,ii4 i4 #bc1 ,plat4 ,laws1 #ffg ,b1 for a similar metaphorical use of the word4 7#ac7 to arkhein1 his princely power makes him more noble as a man1 and we behold him fairer exercising rule than when he functioned as a common citizen4 ,reading kallio1 or if edion1 transl4 we feast our eyes more greedily upon him4 ,why1 the minion 7with regard to whom you had the gravest fault to find with tyranny71 the favourite of a ruler1 is least apt to quarrel 7#ad7 with gray hairs3 the very blemishes of one who is a prince soon cease to be discounted in their intercourse4 7#ae7 7#ad7 ,lit4 feels least disgust at age2 i4e4 his patron's years and wrinkles4 7#ae7 ,cf4 ,plat4 ,phaedr4 #bca ,b4 ,the fact is1 to have reached the zenith of distinction in itself lends ornament1 7#af7 nay1 a lustre effacing what is harsh and featureless and rude1 and making true beauty yet more splendid4 7#af7 ,or1 ,the mere prestige of highest worship helps to adorn4 ,see ,aristot4 ,n4 ,e4 xi4 #ag4 ,as to auto to tetimesthai m4 s4 ,i think it is the arkhon who is honoured by the rest of men1 which time helps to adorn him4 ,others seem to think it is the paidika who is honoured by the arkhon4 ,if so1 transl43 ,the mere distinction1 the privilege alone of being highly honoured1 lends embellishment1 etc4 ,since then1 by aid of equal ministrations1 you are privileged to win not equal but far deeper gratitude3 it would seem to follow1 considering the vastly wider sphere of helpfulness which lies before you as administrators1 and the far grander scale of your largesses1 ,i say it naturally pertains to you to find yourselves much more beloved than ordinary mortals2 or if not1 why not8 ,hiero took up the challenge and without demur made answer3 ,for this good reason1 best of poets1 necessity constrains us1 far more than ordinary people1 to be busybodies4 ,we are forced to meddle with concerns which are the very fount and springhead of half the hatreds of mankind4 ,we have moneys to exact if we would meet our necessary expenses4 ,guards must be impressed and sentinels posted wherever there is need of watch and ward4 ,we have to chastise evil-doers2 we must put a stop to those who would wax insolent4 7#ag7 ,and when the season for swift action comes1 and it is imperative to expedite a force by land or sea1 at such a crisis it will not do for us to entrust the affair to easy-goers4 7#ag7 ,or1 curb the over-proud in sap and blood4 ,further than that1 the man who is a tyrant must have mercenaries1 and of all the burdens which the citizens are called upon to bear there is none more onerous than this1 since nothing will induce them to believe these people are supported by the tyrant to add to his and their prestige1 7#ah7 but rather for the sake of his own selfishness and greed4 7#ah7 ,reading with ,breit4 eis timas1 or if the vulg4 isotimous1 transl4 as equal merely to themselves in privilege2 or if with ,schenkl 7and ,holden1 ed4 #c7 isotimias1 transl4 their firm persuasion is these hirelings are not supported by the tyrant in the interests of equality but of undue influence4 ,,ix ,to these arguments ,simonides in turn made answer3 ,nay1 ,hiero1 ,i am far from stating that you have not all these divers matters to attend to4 ,they are serious duties1 7#a7 ,i admit4 ,but still1 what strikes me is1 if half these grave responsibilities do lend themselves undoubtedly to hatred1 7#b7 the remaining half are altogether gratifying4 ,thus1 to teach others 7#c7 arts of highest virtue1 and to praise and honour each most fair performance of the same1 that is a type of duty not to be discharged save graciously4 ,whilst1 on the other hand1 to scold at people guilty of remissness1 to drive and fine and chasten1 these are proceedings doubtless which go hand in hand with hate and bitterness4 7#a7 ,cf4 ,econ4 vii4 #da4 7#b7 ,or1 tend indisputably to enmity4 7#c7 ,or1 people1 the learner4 ,what ,i would say then to the hero-ruler is3 ,wherever force is needed1 the duty of inflicting chastisement should be assigned to others1 but the distribution of rewards and prizes must be kept in his own hands4 7#d7 7#d7 ,cf4 ,cyrop4 ,,viii4 ii4 #bg2 ib4 i4 #ah2 ,hipparch1 i4 #bf4 ,common experience attests the excellence of such a system4 7#e7 ,thus when we 7#f7 wish to set on foot a competition between choruses1 7#g7 it is the function of the archon 7#h7 to offer prizes1 whilst to the choregoi 7#i7 is assigned the duty of assembling the members of the band2 7#aj7 and to others 7#aa7 that of teaching and applying force to those who come behindhand in their duties4 ,there1 then1 you have the principle at once3 ,the gracious and agreeable devolves on him who rules1 the archon2 the repellent counterpart 7#ab7 on others4 ,what is there to prevent the application of the principle to matters politic in general8 7#ac7 7#e7 ,or1 current incidents bear witness to the beauty of the principle4 7#f7 emin4 ,the author makes ,simonides talk as an ,athenian4 7#g7 ,lit4 when we wish our sacred choirs to compete4 7#h7 ,or1 magistrate2 at ,athens the ,archon ,eponymos4 ,see ,boeckh1 ,p4 ,e4 ,a4 p4 #ded foll4 ,al4 the athlethetai4 ,see ,pollux1 viii4 #ic2 cf4 ,aeschin4 c4 ,ctes4 #ac4 7#i7 ,or more correctly at ,athens the choragoi leaders of the chorus4 7#aj7 i4e4 the choreutai4 7#aa7 ,sc4 the choro-didaskaloi1 or chorus-masters4 7#ab7 ta antitupa1 the repellent obverse1 the seamy side4 ,cf4 ,theogn4 #abdd1 ethos ekhon solion pistios antitupon4 ,hell4 ,,vi4 iii4 #aa4 7#ac7 ,or1 ,well then1 what reason is there why other matters of political concern--all other branches of our civic life1 in fact--should not be carried out on this same principle8 ,all states as units are divided into tribes 7thulas71 or regiments 7moras71 or companies 7lokhous71 and there are officers 7arkhontes7 appointed in command of each division4 7#ad7 7#ad7 e4g4 ,attica into ten phylae1 ,lacedaemon into six morae1 ,thebes and ,argos into lochi4 ,see ,aristot4 ,pol4 v4 #h 7,jowett1 i4 #aff72 ,hell4 ,,vi4 iv4 #ac2 ,,vii4 ii4 #d4 ,well then1 suppose that some one were to offer prizes 7#ae7 to these political departments on the pattern of the choric prizes just described2 prizes for excellence of arms1 or skill in tactics1 or for discipline and so forth1 or for skill in horsemanship2 prizes for prowess 7#af7 in the field of battle1 bravery in war2 prizes for uprightness 7#ag7 in fulfilment of engagements1 contracts1 covenants4 ,if so1 ,i say it is to be expected that these several matters1 thanks to emulous ambition1 will one and all be vigorously cultivated4 ,vigorously6 why1 yes1 upon my soul1 and what a rush there would be6 ,how in the pursuit of honour they would tear along where duty called3 with what promptitude pour in their money contributions 7#ah7 at a time of crisis4 7#ae7 ,see ,revenues1 iii4 #c2 ,a4 ,zurborg1 de4 ,xen4 ,lib4 qui ,poroi inscribitur1 p4 #db4 7#af7 ,cf4 ,hell4 ,,iii4 iv4 #af2 ,,iv4 ii4 #e foll4 7#ag7 ,in reward for justice in1 etc4 ,see ,revenues1 l4c42 and for the evil in question1 ,thuc4 i4 #gg2 ,plat4 ,rep4 #eef4 7#ah7 eispheroien1 techn4 of the war-tax at ,athens4 ,see ,revenues1 iii4 #g foll42 iv4 #cd foll42 ,thuc4 iii4 #ai2 ,boeckh1 ,p4 ,e4 ,a4 pp4 #dgj1 #eci4 ,cf4 ,aristot4 ,pol4 v4 #aa4 #aj1 in illustration of the tyrant's usual method of raising money4 ,and that which of all arts is the most remunerative1 albeit the least accustomed hitherto to be conducted on the principle of competition 7#ai7--;,i mean agriculture--itself would make enormous strides1 if some one were to offer prizes in the same way1 by farms and villages1 to those who should perform the works of tillage in the fairest fashion4 ,whilst to those members of the state who should devote themselves with might and main to this pursuit1 a thousand blessings would be the result4 ,the revenues would be increased2 and self-restraint be found far more than now1 in close attendance on industrious habits4 7#bj7 ,nay further1 crimes and villainies take root and spring less freely among busy workers4 7#ai7 ,al4 and what will be the most repaying444 being a department of things least wont1 etc4 7#bj7 ,or1 soundness of soul much more be found allied with occupation4 ,once more1 if commerce 7#ba7 is of any value to the state1 then let the merchant who devotes himself to commerce on the grandest scale receive some high distinction1 and his honours will draw on other traders in his wake4 7#ba7 ,cf4 ,revenues1 l4c4 ,or were it made apparent that the genius who discovers a new source of revenue1 which will not be vexatious1 will be honoured1 by the state1 a field of exploration will at once be opened1 which will not long continue unproductive4 7#bb7 7#bb7 ,lit4 that too is an inquiry which will not long lie fallow4 ,and to speak compendiously1 if it were obvious in each department that the introducer of any salutary measure whatsoever will not remain unhonoured1 that in itself will stimulate a host of pople who will make it their business to discover some good thing or other for the state4 ,wherever matters of advantage to the state excite deep interest1 of necessity discoveries are made more freely and more promptly perfected4 ,but if you are afraid1 ,o mighty prince1 that through the multitude of prizes offered 7#bc7 under many heads1 expenses also must be much increased1 consider that no articles of commerce can be got more cheaply than those which people purchase in exchange for prizes4 ,note in the public contests 7choral1 equestrian1 or gymnastic7 7#bd7 how small the prizes are and yet what vast expenditure of wealth and toil1 and painful supervision these elicit4 7#be7 7#bc7 ,reading protithemenon with ,cobet4 7#bd7 ,lit4 hippic1 gymnic1 and choregic contests4 7#be7 e4g4 in the choral dances 7#a7 money on the part of the choragoi2 7#b7 pains on the part of the choreutai2 7#c7 supervising care on the part of the choro-didaskoi1 and so mutatis mutandis of the hippic and gymnic4 ,x ,and ,hiero replied3 ,thus far you reason prettily1 methinks1 ,simonides2 but about these mercenary troops have you aught to say8 ,can you suggest a means to avoid the hatred of which they are the cause8 ,or will you tell me that a ruler who has won the affection of his subjects has no need for body-guards8 ,nay1 in good sooth 7replied ,simonides71 distinctly he will need them none the less4 ,i know it is with certain human beings as with horses1 some trick of the blood they have1 some inborn tendency2 the more their wants are satisfied1 the more their wantonness will out4 ,well then1 to sober and chastise wild spirits1 there is nothing like the terror of your men-at-arms4 7#a7 ,and as to gentler natures1 7#b7 ,i do not know by what means you could bestow so many benefits upon them as by means of mercenaries4 7#a7 ,lit4 spear-bearers2 the title given to the body-guard of kings and tyrants4 7#b7 ,lit4 the beautiful and good1 the kalois kagathois4 ,see ,econ4 vi4 #aa foll4 ,let me explain3 ,you keep them1 ,i presume1 in the first instance1 for yourself1 as guards of your own person4 ,but for masters1 owners of estates and others1 to be done to death with violence by their own slaves is no unheard-of thing4 ,supposing1 then1 the first and foremost duty laid on mercenary troops were this3 they are the body-guards of the whole public1 and bound as such to come to the assistance of all members of the state alike1 in case they shall detect some mischief brewing 7#c7 7and miscreants do spring up in the hearts of states1 as we all know72 ,i say then1 if these mercenary troops were under orders to act as guardians of the citizens1 7#d7 the latter would recognise to whom they were indebted4 7#c7 ,if they become aware of anything of that sort4 ,is not this modelled on the krupteia8 ,see ,pater1 ,plato and ,platonism1 ch4 viii4 ,lacedaemon1 p4 #ahf4 7#d7 ,or1 as their police4 toutous1 sc4 the citizens2 al4 the evil-doers4 ,if so1 transl4 to keep watch and ward on evil-doers2 the citizens would soon recognise the benefit they owe them for that service4 ,but in addition to these functions1 such a body might with reason be expected to create a sense of courage and security1 by which the country labourers with their flocks and herds would greatly benefit1 a benefit not limited to your demesne1 but shared by every farm throughout the rural district4 ,again1 these mercenaries1 if set to guard strategic points1 7#e7 would leave the citizens full leisure to attend to matters of more private interest4 7#e7 ,or1 as garrisons of critical positions1 like ,phyle or ,decelia near ,athens4 ,and again1 a further function3 ,can you conceive a service better qualified to gain intelligence beforehand and to hinder the secret sudden onslaughts of a hostile force1 than a set of troopers always under arms and fully organised8 7#f7 7#f7 ,or1 trained to act as one man4 ,see ,sturz1 s4v4 ,moreover1 on an actual campaign1 where will you find an arm of greater service to the citizens than these wage-earning troops8 7#g7 than whom1 it is likely1 there will none be found more resolute to take the lion's share of toil or peril1 or do outpost duty1 keeping watch and ward while others sleep1 brave mercenaries4 7#g7 ,the author is perhaps thinking of some personal experiences4 ,he works out his theory of a wage-earning militia for the protection of the state in the ,cyropaedia4 ,see esp4 ,,vii4 v4 #fi foll4 ,and what will be the effect on the neighbour states conterminous with yours8 7#h7 ,will not this standing army lead them to desire peace beyond all other things8 ,in fact1 a compact force like this1 so organised1 will prove most potent to preserve the interests of their friends and to damage those of their opponents4 7#h7 ,or1 that lie upon your borders1 as ,thebes and ,megara were nigh-bordering to ,athens4 ,cf4 ,eur4 ,rhes4 #dbf2 ,soph4 ,fr4 #cdi4 ,and when1 finally1 the citizens discover it is not the habit of these mercenaries to injure those who do no wrong1 but their vocation rather is to hinder all attempts at evil-doing2 whereby they exercise a kindly providence and bear the brunt of danger on behalf of the community1 ,i say it must needs be1 the citizens will rejoice to pay the expenses which the force entails4 ,at any rate1 it is for objects of far less importance that at present guards 7#i7 are kept in private life4 7#i7 ,police or other4 ,,xi ,but1 ,hiero1 you must not grudge to spend a portion of your private substance for the common weal4 ,for myself1 ,i hold to the opinion that the sums expended by the monarch on the state form items of disbursement more legitimate 7#a7 than those expended on his personal account4 ,but let us look into the question point by point4 7#a7 eis to deon4 ,holden cf4 ,anab4 ,i4 iii4 #h4 ,aristoph4 ,clouds1 #hei1 osper ,periklees eis to deon apolesa3 ,like ,pericles1 for a necessary purpose1 ,i have lost them4 ,first1 the palace3 do you imagine that a building1 beautified in every way at an enormous cost1 will afford you greater pride and ornament than a whole city ringed with walls and battlements1 whose furniture consists of temples and pillared porticoes1 7#b7 harbours1 market-places8 7#b7 ,reading parastasi1 properly pillasters 7,poll4 i4 #gf4 #aj4 #be7 antae1 hence templum in antis 7see ,vitruv4 iii4 #b4 #b72 or more widely the entrance of a temple or other building4 7,possibly the author is thinking of the ,propylea74,cf4 ,eur4 ,phoen4 #dae2 ,i4 ,t4 #aaei4 stathmoi1 ,herod4 i4 #agi2 ,hom4 ,il4 xiv4 #afg2 ,od4 vii4 #hi1 stathmoi d' argureoi en khalkeo estasan oudio4 ,the brazen thresholds both sides did enfold ,silver pilasters1 hung with gates of gold 7,chapman74 ,al4 pastasi1 colonnades4 ,next1 as to armaments3 ,will you present a greater terror to the foe if you appear furnished yourself from head to foot with bright emlazonrie and horrent arms2 7#c7 or rather by reason of the warlike aspect of a whole city perfectly equipped8 7#c7 ,or1 with armour curiously wrought a wonder and a dread4 oplois tois ekpaglotatois1 most magnificent1 awe-inspiring1 a poetical word which appears only in this passage in prose 7,holden74 ,l4 ,s4 cf4 ,hom4 ,il4 i4 #adf1 xxi4 #ehi1 of persons2 ,od4 xiv4 #eeb1 of things4 ,pind4 ,pyth4 iv4 #adj2 ,isth4 #g 7#f71 #cj4 ,and now for ways and means3 ,on which principle do you expect your revenues to flow more copiously--by keeping your own private capital 7#d7 employed1 or by means devised to make the resources of the entire state 7#e7 productive8 7#d7 ,reading idia1 al4 idia1 your capital privately employed4 7#e7 ,lit4 of all citizens alike1 every single member of the state4 ,and next to speak of that which people hold to be the flower of institutions1 a pursuit both noble in itself and best befitting a great man--,i mean the art of breeding chariot-horses 7#f7--which would reflect the greater lustre on you1 that you personally 7#g7 should train and send to the great festal gatherings 7#h7 more chariots than any ,hellene else8 or rather that your state should boast more racehorse-breeders than the rest of states1 that from ,syracuse the largest number should enter to contest the prize8 7#f7 ,cf4 ,plat4 ,laws1 #hcd ,b4 7#g7 ,breit4 cf4 ,pind4 ,ol4 i4 #hb2 ,pyth4 i4 #agc2 ii4 #aja2 iii4 #if4 7#h7 ,our solemn festivals1 e4g4 those held at ,olympia1 ,delphi1 the ,isthmus1 ,nemea4 ,which would you deem the nobler conquest--to win a victory by virtue of a chariot1 or to achieve a people's happiness1 that state of which you are the head and chief8 ,and for my part1 ,i hold it ill becomes a tyrant to enter the lists with private citizens4 ,for take the case he wins1 he will not be admired1 but be envied rather1 when is is thought how many private fortunes go to swell the stream of his expenditure2 while if he loses1 he will become a laughing-stock to all mankind4 7#i7 7#i7 ,or1 you will be mocked and jeered at past all precedence1 as historically was the fate of ,dionysus1 #chh or #chd ,b4,c4 7872 and for the possible connection between that incident and this treatise see ,lys4 ,olymp42 and ,prof4 ,jebb's remarks on the fragment1 ,att4 ,or4 i4 p4 #bjc foll4 ,grote1 ,h4 ,g4 xi4 #dj foll42 ,plato1 iii4 #egg4 ,no1 no6 ,i tell you1 ,hiero1 your battlefield1 your true arena is with the champion presidents of rival states1 above whose lesser heads be it your destiny to raise this state1 of which you are the patron and supreme head1 to some unprecedented height of fortune1 which if you shall achieve1 be certain you will be approved victorious in a contest the noblest and the most stupendous in the world4 ,since what follows8 ,in the first place1 you will by one swift stroke have brought about the very thing you have set your heart on1 you will have won the affection of your subjects4 ,secondly1 you will need no herald to proclaim your victory2 not one man only1 but all mankind1 shall hymn your virtue4 ,wherever you set foot you shall be gazed upon1 and not by individual citizens alone1 but by a hundred states be warmly welcomed4 ,you shall be a marvel1 not in the private circle only1 but in public in the sight of all4 ,it shall be open to you1 so far as safety is concerned1 to take your journey where you will to see the games or other spectacles2 or it shall be open to you to bide at home1 and still attain your object4 ,before you shall be gathered daily an assembly1 a great company of people willing to display whatever each may happen to possess of wisdom1 worth1 or beauty2 7#aj7 and another throng of persons eager to do you service4 ,present1 regard them each and all as sworn allies2 or absent1 know that each and all have one desire1 to set eyes on you4 7#aj7 ,or1 to display their wares of wisdom1 beauty1 excellence4 ,the end will be1 you shall not be loved alone1 but passionately adored1 by human beings4 ,you will not need to woo the fair but to endure the enforcement of their loving suit4 ,you shall not know what fear is for yourself2 you shall transfer it to the hearts of others1 fearing lest some evil overtake you4 ,you will have about you faithful lieges1 willing subjects1 nimble servitors4 ,you shall behold how1 as a matter of free choice1 they will display a providential care for you4 ,and if danger threatens1 you will find in them not simply fellow-warriors1 but champions eager to defend you with their lives4 7#aa7 7#aa7 ,not summakhoi1 but promakhoi4 ,worthy of many gifts you shall be deemed1 and yet be never at a loss for some well-wisher with whom to share them4 ,you shall command a world-wide loyalty2 a whole people shall rejoice with you at your good fortunes1 a whole people battle for your interests1 as if in very deed and truth their own4 ,your treasure-houses shall be coextensive with the garnered riches of your friends and lovers4 ,therefore be of good cheer1 ,hiero2 enrich your friends1 and you will thereby heap riches on yourself4 ,build up and aggrandise your city1 for in so doing you will gird on power like a garment1 and win allies for her4 7#ab7 7#ab7 ,some commentators suspect a lacuna at this point4 ,esteem your fatherland as your estate1 the citizens as comrades1 your friends as your own children1 and your sons even as your own soul4 ,and study to excel them one and all in well-doing2 for if you overcome your friends by kindness1 your enemies shall nevermore prevail against you4 ,do all these things1 and1 you may rest assured1 it will be yours to own the fairest and most blessed possession known to mortal man4 ,you shall be fortunate and none shall envy you4 7#ac7 7#ac7 ,al4 ,it shall be yours to be happy and yet to escape envy4 ,the concluding sentence is gnomic in character and metrical in form4 ,see ,pol4 ,lac4 xv4 #i4