,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #ehf ,,new ,,york1 ,,m>* #bf1 #ahhg ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xxiii1 ,no4 #ehf4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,biography4--,george ,w4 ,:i/l]1 ,c4,e4--,by ,pr(essor ,g4,l4 ,,vose4--,full biography ( ! em95t railroad eng9e]4 ,,ii4 ,,*emi/ry4--,a ,newly ,discov]$ ,sub/ance 9 ,ur9e4--,a sub/ance possess+ great] r$uc+ p[] ?an grape sug> f\nd 9 diabetic ur9e4 ,on ,electro ,dissolution & its ,use z ,reg>ds ,analysis4--,by ,h4 ,n4 ,,w>r51 rese>* analy/4--,int]e/+ decomposition ( ca/ iron ) production ( boron & silicon2 exp]im5ts ) o!r metals4 ,,iii4 ,,electricity4--,no ,electricity f ! ,cond5sation ( ,vapor4--,note on ,h]r ,s4 ,kalis*]'s conclusions4 ,on ,nickel ,plat+4--,by ,,?omas ,t4,p4 ,,bruce ,,w>r54--,notes on ?is indu/ry1 & sugge/$ improvem5t = procur+ a bright coat4 ,! ,electro-,magnetic ,telephone ,transmitt]4--,new !ory ( ! telephone's action4 ,,iv4 ,,eng9e]+4--,fuel & ,smoke4--,by ,pr(4 ,,oliv] ,,lodge4--,! second & conclud+ "o ( ^! important lectures4 ,gas ,eng9e = ,use on ,railroads4--,! application ( six horse p[] ,ko]t+ gas eng9e to a dummy locomotive4--#a illu/ration4 ,new ,gas ,hold] at ,erdb]g4--,! l>ge/ gas hold] out ( ,engl&4--#c illu/rations4 ,t> = ,fir+ ,retorts4--,simple arrangem5t adapt$ = use 9 ord9>y gas retort b5*es2 results atta9$4--#a illu/ration4 ,! ,anti-,friction ,convey]4--,an improvem5t on ! screw ( ,ar*im$es2 an app>atus ( wond]ful simplicity & efficacy 9 ! mov+ ( gra94--#b illu/rations4 ,! ,retiro ,viaduct4--,comb9$ iron & /one viaduct ov] ! riv] ,retiro1 ,brazil4--#e illu/rations4 ,we/]n ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,location ov] ! ,blue ,ridge4--,int]e/+ in/ance ( railroad topography4--#a illu/ration4 ,v4 ,,metallurgy4--,*ill$ ,ca/ ,iron4--,! v>i\s uses ( ?is product2 adaptability ( ,am]ican iron = its application4 ,,vi4 ,,miscellane\s4--,coal 9 ! ,arg5t9e ,republic4--,note4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w's ,po/al ,s]vice4--,conclusion ( ?is int]e/+ article4--,! s]vice 9 ,g]many1 ,*9a4 ,russia1 & else:]e4--#aj illu/rations4 ,sn[ ,hall--,! new sci5ce & natural hi/ory build+ ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,kansas4 ,,vii4 ,,naval ,,eng9e]+4--,improvem5t 9 ,lay+ ,out ,frames ( ,vessels4--,! ,frame ,plac]4--,by ,,gu/ave ,,sonn5burg4--,+5i\s app>atus = use 9 %ip y>ds4--#a illu/ration4 ,sea-go+ ,torp$o ,boats4--,! inutility ( small torp$o boats at sea4--,! con/ruction ( l>g] ones discuss$4 ,,viii4 ,,ordnance4--,fir+ ,trial ( ! #aaj ,ton ,b4,l4 ,elswick ,gun4 ,full dim5sions ( ?is piece & x projectiles4--,results ( pro( fir+4--#i illu/rations4 ,,ix4 ,,photography4--,exp]im5ts 9 ,ton+ ,gelat9o-,*loride ,pap]4--,trials ( t5 diff]5t gold ton+ ba?s1 =mulas1 & results4 ,pr9t+ ,lant]n ,pictures by ,artificial ,light on ,bromide ,plates f ,v>i\s ,sizes4--,by ,a4 ,,pumphrey4--,! processor produc+ small] or l>g] transp>5cies f negatives4--#a illu/ration4 ,x4 ,,physics4--,a ,new ,m]cury ,pump4--,simple air pump = high vacua4--#a illu/ration4 ,! ,laws ( ! ,absorption ( ,light 9 ,cry/als4--,by ,h4 ,,becqu]el4 ,v>y+ ,cyl9drical ,l5s4--,by ,,tempe/ ,,&]son1 ,m4,d41 ,b4 ,sc4--,comb9ation ( two conoidal l5ses4--,range ( p[] obta9$4 ,,xi4 ,,physiology4--,elim9ation ( ,poisons4--,treatm5t ( poison cases by e/abli%m5t ( a /rong diuresis4 ,! ,filtration & ! ,secretion ,!ories4--,exp]im5ts on ! action ( & secretions ( ! kidneys4 ,,xii4 ,,te*nology4--,furnace = ,decompos+ ,*loride ( ,magnesium4--,furnace ) rotat+ *amb] = use by alkali manufactur]s4--#a illu/ration4 ,notes on ,g>m5t ,dye+4--,! production ( blacks on silk & wool4--,=mulas = mordants4 ,/udies 9 ,pyrote*ny4--,,ii4 ,me?ods ( ,illum9ation4--,cont9uation ( ?is valuable treatise4--#i illu/rations4 ,! ,s5sim ,prep>+ ,box4--,new ma*9e = treatm5t ( fib]4--,an improvem5t on ! ord9>y gill box4--#c illu/rations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,retiro ,,viaduct4 ,we give engrav+s ( ! viaduct ov] ! riv] ,retiro1 ,brazil1 our illu/rations be+ reproduc$ by p]mission f ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s4 ,9 a select$ pap] contribut$ to ! volume ( ^! proce$+s j publi%$1 ,mr4 ,jorge ,rademak] ,grunewald1 ,memb4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 describes ! "w z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,,viaduct ,,ov] ,,! ,,retiro1 ,,brazil4 ,?is viaduct 0 con/ruct$ 9 ! ye> #ahge1 accord+ to designs furni%$ by ! au?or1 = ! purpose ( pass+ ! ,dom ,p$ro ,segundo ,/ate ,railway ov] ! valley :i* =ms ! b$ ( ! riv] ,retiro1 a small conflu5t on ! left bank ( ! riv] ,p>ahybuna4 ,x is #bfe kilomet]s 7#afe miles7 f ,rio de ,janeiro1 & ab\t #aj kilomet]s 7#f4d miles7 f ! city ( ,juiz de ,=a1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,m9as ,g]aes1 ,brazil4 ,x has a curve ( #chb met]s 7#a1bec ft47 radius1 & a gradi5t ( #a 9 #hc4c4 ,its total l5g? is #aji met]s 7#ceg ft4 #g 9472 wid? betwe5 h&rails1 #d met]s 7#ac ft472 & greate/ height above ! b$ ( ! riv]1 #bj met]s 7#fe ft4 #g 9474 ,! viaduct is compos$ ( sev5 semicircul> ar*es1 ea* end ar* be+ built ( a%l> masonry1 & ( #f met]s 7#ai ft4 #h 947 diamet]2 five int]m$iate ar*es1 #ae met]s 7#di ft4 #b 947 9 diamet]1 are ( iron4 ,! f\r c5tral pi]s are ( iron erect$ on pill>s ( a%l> masonry4 ,! metallic "p ( ?is viaduct is #hj met]s 7#bfb ft4 #f 947 long1 & is con/ruct$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! ar*es1 & ! longitud9al gird]s :i* !y support1 are made ( two ,b>l[ rails rivet$ toge!r1 ) an iron plate in* ?ick plac$ betwe5 !m4 ,! sp&rels are =m$ ( uprights & diagonals1 ! =m] be+ made ( f\r angle-irons1 & ! latt] ( "o angle-iron4 ,ea* pair ( ar*es1 longitud9al gird]s & uprights1 is transv]sely #c met]s 7#i ft4 #aj 947 f c5t] to c5t]1 & is connect$ by cross & diagonal brac+4 ,on ! top ( ! longitud9al gird]s are fix$ cross pieces ( s+le ,b>l[ rails1 ^u :i* aga9 are fa/5$ two longitud9als ( wood #ab 94 squ>e 9 section1 & :i* 9 _! turn c>ry ! rails ( ! p]man5t way4 ,! gauge ( ! ,dom ,p$ro ,segundo ,railway is #a4fj met]s1 or #e ft4 #c 94 ne>ly1 betwe5 ! rails4 ,at ea* end ( ! transv]se ,b>l[ rails is fix$ ! cu/om>y simple iron h&rail1 c>ri$ by light ca/-iron /&>ds4 ,! iron pi]s are ea* =m$ ( f\r columns1 & ! columns consi/ ( two ,b>l[ rails1 ) a slott$ iron plate in* ?ick let 9 betwe5 ! rails1 & ! :ole be+ rivet$ toge!r connects ea* pair ( side columns4 ,! details %[ ! sy/em ( cross & diagonal brac+4 ,! columns are ea* support$ by f\r buttresses =m$ ( plates & angle-irons4 ,^! buttresses1 fa/5$ ) bolts #h ft4 #c 94 long1 let into ! masonry pill>s1 secure ! /ability ( ! viaduct aga9/ lat]al /ra9s1 due mo/ly to ! c5trifugal =ce caus$ by ! passage ( ! tra9s4 ,! ,b>l[ rails1 :i* con/itute ! peculi>ity ( ! /ructure1 are f ^? tak5 up f ! p]man5t way :5 ! ,vignoles patt]n ( rail 0 adopt$ on ?is railway4 ,! :ole ( ! f\ndations 7 built )\t difficulty4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! iron "w 7 calculat$ to resi/ ! /ra9s result+ f a weight ( #d tons #h cwt4 p] l9eal met] travel+ ov] ! viaduct at a velocity ( #fj kilomet]s1 or ab\t #cg miles1 p] h\r4 ,9 spite ( its fragile appe>ance ?is viaduct has1 up to ! pres5t "t1 s]v$ 9 a mo/ satisfactory mann] ! purpose = :i* x 0 built4--,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sea-,,go+ ,,torp$o ,,boats4 ,all inve/igations ( ! sea-go+ qualities ( torp$o boats %[ t :ile ! bas9 exp]im5ts are highly satisfactory1 ^? made at sea prove ) equal =ce ! unreliability ( ^! craft :5 !y leave ! coa/4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,mil=d ,hav5 op]ations1 ! boi/]\s wea!r necessitat$ ! po/pon+ ( op]ations1 on acc\nt ( ! unfitness ( ! torp$o boat crews to cont9ue "w aft] ! twelve h\rs ( s]i\s fatigue !y _h already und]gone4 ,9 ! ,fr5* evolutions1 ! difficulties ( ! passage f ,ba/ia to ,ajaccio1 al?\gh n rem>kably sev]e1 s unfitt$ fifte5 ( ! tw5ty boats t !y c\ld take no "p 9 ! f9al attack4 ,9 two nights we f9d record$ collisions :i* disable boats ,nos4 #eb1 #fa1 #fc1 & #gb1 & requir$ _! return to port = repairs4 ,( ! tw5ty-two torp$o boats leav+ ,t\lon a few days be=e1 b six arriv$ ne> ! enemy1 al?\gh _! comm&]s display$ admirable en]gy4 ,"o _h run agr\nd1 & 0 full ( wat]2 ano!r _h be5 sunk by collision2 ano!r's eng9e 0 s]i\sly injur$2 & z = ! re/1 !y c\ld n foll[4 ,( ! boats "u ! comm& ( ,admiral ,br[n de ,col/\n1 b five rema9$ = s]vice1 = ! six? receiv$ an accid5t to h] ma*9]y :i* prev5t$ h] tak+ "p 9 ! attack4 ,dur+ ! op]ations (f ! ,bale>ic ,isles1 only "o ( six boats attack$1 & none 0 able to foll[ ! armorclads1 all meet+ ) circum/ances q unexpect$ & emb>rass+4 ,) ! wea!r z x exi/$ ,may #ac1 ! armorclads _h ! torp$o fleet completely at _! m]cy1 = ev5 if !y _h n be5 de/roy$ by ! excell5t practice ( ! ,hot*kiss gunn]s1 !y w\ld h be5 ( no use1 z !y c\ld n ) safety dis*>ge _! torp$oes4 ,9 fact1 ! se>* lights discov]$ di/9ctly t "o ( ! boats1 :i* burn$ h] ,co/on's signal to ann\nce victory1 did n h h] torp$o tube op51 on acc\nt ( ! heavy sea4 ,fur!rmore1 _! positions 7 frequ5tly easily discov]$ by ! imm5se volume ( smoke & flame eject$ :ile go+ at great spe$4 ,?is applies z well by night z by day4 ,x 0 also report$ t aft] ! f\r days' runn+ ! spe$ ( ! boats 0 r$uc$ to twelve knots4 ,) su* evid5ce be=e u1 ! seawor?9ess ( boats ( ! ,nos4 #fc & #fd type may be s]i\sly que/ion$4 ,weyl emphasizes ! facts t practice has %[n t boats ( ,no4 #fa type _c make headway 9 a heavy sea1 & t x is !n (t5 impossible to op5 _! torp$o tubes4 ,on ?is acc\nt !y are greatly inf]ior to %ips ( mod]ate tonnage1 :i* c c]ta9ly make "s progress1 fire _! torp$oes1 & use _! artill]y 9 wea!r :5 a torp$o boat w be utt]ly helpless4 ,! torp$o boat ab&on$ to itself has a v limit$ field ( action4 ,du ,p9 de ,sa9t ,&re admits ! success ( ! torp$o boat = h>bor & coa/ "w1 b wisely concludes t ?is c prove no?+ z to :at !y may or may n be able to d at sea4 ,9 an article :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes 9 ,june la/1 he pres5t$ able reasons :y ! torp$o boats ( to-day's type1 be+ de/itute ( mo/1 if n all1 ( ! requisites ( sea-go+ craft1 _c g to sea1 take c>e ( !mselves1 & rema9 !re prep>$ to attack an enemy :]ev] he may be f\nd4 ,invisibility to an enemy may facilitate attack1 b x has to be de>ly paid = 9 dim9i%$ safety4 ,fur!r1 ! life t mu/ be l$ 9 su* vessels 9 "t ( w> w\ld v quickly unfit m5 = _! haz>d\s duties4 ,he po9ts out t ! effect ( su* a life ^u ! bodies & m9ds ( ! (fic]s & crew w\ld be mo/ disa/r\s4 ,! want ( ex]cise alone w\ld be suffici5t to unfit !m = ! dem&s t s]vice w\ld make ^u !m4 ,he has intellig5tly depict$ ! consequ5ces ( su* a life1 & 8 reason+ has be5 indors$ by ! reports ( ,fr5* (fic]s :o h _h exp]i5ce 9 ! boats 9 "q4 ,no weapon1 no matt] h[ +5i\s1 is ( utility 9 w>f>e unless x c be reli$ ^u1 & no vessel t is n t5antable c be expect$ to r5d] any s]vice at sea4 ,f ! evid5ce be=e u1 we mu/ conclude t ! type ( torp$o boat "u discussion is capable ( mak+ sea passages1 provid$ x c communicate frequ5tly ) its supply /ations & secure ! bodily re/ s necess>y to its crew4 ,b ev5 9 a mod]ate sea x is useless = attack1 & 9 ! majority ( cases w n be able ev5 to op5 its impulse tubes4 ,%\ld x succe$ 9 do+ ?is1 ! roll+ & yaw+ w r5d] its aim v unc]ta94 ,an exp]im5t conduct$ aga9/ ! ,ri*elieu 9 ,octob] la/1 at ,t\lon1 be=e ,admiral ,o',neil1 ! director-g5]al ( ! torp$o s]vice1 has add$ its te/imony to ! unc]ta9ty ( ! ,:itehead torp$o4 ,! ,ri*elieu _h be5 fitt$ ) ,bullivant nets1 & ! trial 0 made to le>n :at protection !y w\ld af=d4 ,! wea!r 0 fair1 ! sea mod]ate1 & ! conditions g5]ally favorable to ! torp$o2 b ! ,:itehead miss$ its m>k1 al?\gh ! ,ri*elieu's spe$ 0 only ?ree knots4 ,runn+ at full spe$1 ! torp$o boat1 ev5 9 ?is mod]ate sea1 deem$ x prud5t to keep ! laun*+ tube clos$1 & select$ a range ( #bej y>ds = op5+ x & fir+4 ,j at ! mom5t ( dis*>ge a little sea came on bo>d1 ! boat yaw$1 ! torp$o aim 0 *ang$ m ?an #cj deg41 & x pass$ a/]n )\t t\*+ its object4 ,:ile ! ,mil=d ,hav5 op]ations h taught "s valuable lessons1 !y 7 conduct$ "u b few ( ! conditions t are mo/ likely to occur 9 actual w>f>e2 & _h ! def5se be5 c>ri$ on ) an organization & comm& equal to t ( ! attack1 ! ,navy's triumph w\ld1 p]haps1 n h be5 s easily secur$1 & ! results might h be5 v diff]5t4 ,may n ! app>5t defici5cies ( ! def5se h be5 due to ! fact t soldi]s in/ead ( sailors are giv5 ! control ( ! h>bor & coa/ def5se8 ,is ?is "r8 ,ought !y n to be organiz$ on a naval basis8 ,?is is no new sugge/ion1 b its importance ne$s emphasis4 ,^! op]ations1 h[ev]1 conv9c$ at lea/ "o deeply int]e/$ spectator1 ,"l ,brassey1 to ! ext5t ( call+ att5tion to ! urg5t necessity = ! con/ruction ( a class ( torp$o vessels capable ( keep+ ! sea 9 company ) an armor$ fleet4 ,!re is no "o 9 ,great ,brita9 :o takes a great] int]e/ 9 ! progress ( ! ,briti% ,navy ?an ,"l ,brassey1 & we take pleasure 9 quot+ f 8 lett] ( ,augu/ #bc la/ to ! ,times1 9 :i* he express$ ! foll[+ op9ion3 ,! torp$o boats ord]$ la/ ye> f ,messrs4 ,?ornycr(t & ,y>r[ are excell5t 9 _! class4 ,b _! dim5sions are n suffici5t = sea-go+ vessels4 ,we mu/ accept a tonnage ( n less ?an #cjj tons 9 ord] to secure ?or\gh seawor?9ess & suffici5t coal endurance4 ,a beg9n+ has be5 made 9 ! con/ruction ( vessels ( ! type requir$4 ,to multiply !m ) no /9t+ h& is ! p>am\nt "q ( ! day 9 ! dep>tm5t ( con/ruction4 ,! boats atta*$ to ! ,*annel fleet at ,mil=d ,hav5 w be mo/ valuable = h>bor def5se1 & = t purpose !y are greatly ne$$4 ,torp$o boat cat*]s are n less ess5tial to ! effici5cy ( a fleet4 ,! gunboats atta*$ to ! ,*annel fleet 7 built = s]vice 9 ! riv]s ( ,*9a4 ,!y %\ld be res]v$ = ! "w = :i* !y 7 design$4 ,we require = ! fleet m fa/ gunboats ( ! ,curlew & ,l&rail type4 ,i tru/ t ! next e/imates = ! ,navy w conta9 an ample provision = build+ gun vessels ( high spe$4 ,z torp$oes mu/ be c>ri$1 ! next po9t to :i* we w\ld call ! att5tion ( our read]s is ! v rapid progress t has be5 made 9 ! boats design$ to c>ry automatic torp$oes4 ,a v few ye>s ago ! names ( ,?ornycr(t & ,y>r[ 7 almo/ alone z build]s ( a special type ( vessel to c>ry !m4 ,to-day1 9 addition1 we h ,s*i*au1 ,:ite1 ,h]re%(f1 ,creusot1 ,?omson1 & o!rs1 =m+ a competitive body ( high spe$ torp$o-boat build]s :o are daily mak+ new & rapid developm5t--almo/ too rapid1 9 fact1 = ! milit>y /ud5t to foll[4 ,z new types are design$1 additional spe$ ga9$1 or increas$ seawor?9ess atta9$1 public descriptions quickly foll[1 & we h ourselves record$ ! v>i\s advances made s fully t x w be unnecess>y to ent] into details "h4 ,z late z ,octob]1 #ahhe1 an able writ] said3 ,! two mo/ celebrat$ build]s ( torp$o boats 9 ! _w are ,?ornycr(t & ,y>r[1 9 ,engl&4 ,ea* is capable ( produc+ a fir/ class torp$o boat1 f #ajj ft4 to #acj ft4 long1 & ) #aj ft4 to #ad ft4 beam1 t w /eam at ! rate ( f #ah knots to #bb knots p] h\r = #cgj knots1 or at ! rate ( #aj knots p] h\r = #cjjj miles4 ,a second class torp$o boat is f #dj ft4 to #fj ft4 long1 & ) #f ft4 or #h ft4 beam4 ,! use ( ^! boats is gradually be+ ab&on$ 9 ,europe except = use f sea-go+ %ips2 b 9 ,europe ! h>bors are v small1 & x has be5 f\nd t practically e torp$o boat = coa/ def5se mu/ be able to g to sea4 ,! t5d5cy is1 !re=e1 to conf9em5t to ! fir/ class boats4 ,9 a pap] on ,naval ,torp$o ,w>f>e1 prep>$ 9 ,janu>y1 #ahhf1 = a special committee ( ! ,am]ican ,s5ate1 by ,lieut5ant ,jaques ( ! ,am]ican ,navy1 we f9d ! foll[+ ref]5ce to ! progress 9 torp$o boat con/ruction3 ,! developm5t 9 torp$o boats has be5 ph5om5al1 ! la/ ye> alone %[+ an advance f a l5g? ( #abj ft4 & a spe$ ( #ai knots1 :i* 7 consid]$ rem>kable qualities 9 a fir/ class boat1 to a l5g? ( #adj ft4 & a spe$ ( #bc knots load$ 7c>ry+ #ae tons71 & #be knots light1 toge!r ) ! introduction ( novel features ( importance4 ,al?\gh ,messrs4 ,y>r[ & ,?ornycr(t h br\ght ! second class boats to a v high /&>d 9 ,europe1 ,i believe !y w soon be ab&on$ !re ev5 = sea-go+ %ips 7v few are n[ laid d[n71 & t ! great developm5t w be 9 ov]com+ ! disadvantages ( delicacy & weakness by increas+ _! size1 giv+ !m great] maneuv]+ p[] & safety by ! introduction ( two eng9es & tw9 screws1 & /eel plate & coal protection aga9/ rapid fir+ ammunition4 ,y>r[ & ,co4 h already laid d[n "s boats ( ?is "* t give promise ( develop+ a spe$ ( f #bc to #be knots4 ,9 ! ,russian boat rec5tly built at ,glasg[1 progress 9 ?is direction is also se5 9 ! #adh ft4 l5g?1 #ag ft4 beam1 ! maneuv]+ p[]s & safety elem5t ( ! tw9 screws4 ,b :ile ! boat is fitt$ = ! #ai ft4 torp$o1 a weapon ( increas$ range & heavi] explosive *>ge1 x suff]s f ! impossibility ( broadside fire & ! disadvantages t ,gallwey has nam$3 ,! great l5g? ( ?is torp$o1 h[ev]1 makes x a v unh&y weapon = a boat1 besides :i* its extra weight limits ! numb] :i* c be c>ri$4 ,:ile p]haps ,messrs4 ,?omson h be5 ! fir/ to %[ ! p]=mance ( a tw9 screw torp$o boat 9 ,engl&1 ! "o complet$ 9 ,june la/ by ,y>r[ = ! ,japanese gov]nm5t recalls ! intellig5ce t ,japan has ex]cis$ 9 ! selection ( types4 ,comm5c+ z f> back z n9e ye>s ago1 ! ,japanese 7 probably ! fir/ to introduce sea-go+ boats1 & !y h be5 ! fir/ p[] to initiate ! armor type1 "o ( :i* 0 %ipp$ la/ summ] to be put toge!r 9 ,japan4 ,z be=e /at$1 x 0 built by ,messrs4 ,y>r[ & ,co41 0 #aff ft4 long1 #ai ft4 beam1 ) tw9 screws1 #a 94 /eel armor1 d\ble eng9es1 ) b[ & broadside torp$o guns1 ! latt] s arrang$ z to greatly increase _! effici5cy4 ,:ile ! advances are n re/rict$ to ! ,engli% build]s1 a glance at ! po9ts to :i* ,?ornycr(t & ,y>r[ h br\ght _! improvem5ts up to ! pres5t "t w indicate t _! a*ievem5ts are n only equal to b great] ?an ^? ( any o!r build]s4 ,! =m] has boats "u con/ruction #adh ft4 long1 #ae ft4 beam1 to make #dbj revolutions ) #acj lb4 ( /eam1 ! gu>ante$ spe$ be+ #bc knots on a cont9u\s run ( two h\rs' duration1 ) a load ( #ae tons4 ,!y w h triple-expansion or comp\nd direct-act+ surface-cond5s+ eng9es & tw9 screws1 ,?ornycr(t's pat5t tubul> boil]s1 d\ble rudd]s1 electric se>* lights1 ?ree ma/s & sails4 ,:ile ! armam5ts ( ! v>i\s boats diff]1 ,?ornycr(t is prep>$ to fit ! laun*+ tubes ) ei!r air or p[d] impulse1 to m\nt ! tubes =w>d or on deck1 & also ! fitt+s = ma*9e & rapid fir+ guns4 ,y>r[ & ,co4 h contract$ = boats v>y+ 9 l5g? f #aag ft4 to #aff ft41 ) fitt+s & armam5t z may be requir$4 ,!y h obta9$ excell5t results 9 _! la/ ,engli% boat ( ! ,admiralty type4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 prep>$ to gu>antee a spe$ ( #bc knots 9 a l5g? ( #abe ft4 & #be knots 9 a l5g? ( #adj ft41 c>ry+ 9 bo? causes a mean load correspond+ to fuel & armam5t ( #aj tons4 ,& s ! progress goes on1 b x w n /op "h2 x has already incit$ a m>k$ developm5t 9 %ip con/ruction1 & ! endeavors to )/& torp$o attack h improv$ ! def5se aga9/ gun fire also4 ,9 quot+ a ,g]man op9ion on ! developm5t ( ! ,russian torp$o fleet1 ,*>mes ref]s to ! type :i* w1 no d\bt1 be mo/ successful ^u ! sea1 namely1 ! torp$o cruis]s1 & x is to ?is type1 m ?an = any o!r1 t we may expect torp$o boats to be adapt$4 ,already1 writ]s h dropp$ ! phrase torp$o boats = torp$o vessels4--,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fir+ ,,trial ,,( ,,! #aaj ,,ton ,b4,l4 ,,elswick ,,gun4 ,! fir+ trial ( ! fir/ new #aaj ton bree* load+ gun approv$ = ,h4,m4's %ips ,b5b[1 ,r5[n1 & ,sansp>eil 0 comm5c$ rec5tly at ! ,woolwi* pro( butts1 "u ! direction ( ,colonel ,maitl&1 ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,royal ,gun ,factories4 ,we give h]e) a section %[+ ! con/ruction ( ?is gun 7vide ,fig4 #h74 ,x v ne>ly corresponds to ! section giv5 ( x :5 design$ 9 #ahhd1 9 a pap] read by ,colonel ,maitl& at ! ,unit$ ,s]vice ,in/itution1 ( :i* we gave a long acc\nt 9 ! ,eng9e] ( ,june #bg1 #ahhd4 ,! foll[+ figures are au?oritative3 ,l5g? ov] all1 #ebd 942 l5g? ( bore1 #dhg4e 94 7#cj calib]s74 ,! bree* engages 9 ! bree* piece1 leav+ ! ,a tube ) its full /r5g? = tang5tial /ra9 7vide ,fig474 ,! ,a tube is 9 a s+le piece in/ead ( two l5g?s1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,italia guns4 ,x is suppli$ to ,elswick f ,:itwor?'s works1 "o ( ! few 9 ,engl& :]e su* a tube c\ld be made4 ,!re are f\r lay]s ( metal hoops ov] ! bree*4 ,copp] & bronze are us$ to give longitud9al /r5g?4 ,! obturation is a modification ( ! ,de ,bange sy/em1 propos$ by ,vavasseur4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,new #aaj ,,ton ,,elswick ,,guns ,,= ,h4,m4,s4 ,,b5b[4 ,! maximum fir+ *>ge is #ijj lb4 ( cocoa p[d]4 ,! projectile weighs #a1hjj lb4 ,! e/imat$ muzzle velocity is #b1baf ft4 p] second4 ,! capacity ( ! *amb] is #bh1faj cubic in*es1 & t ( ! bore #aab1eie cubic in*es4 ,! e/imat$ total en]gy is #fa1bjj ft4 tons4 ,x w be a few days probably be=e ! full p[]s ( ! gun are te/$1 b ! above are confid5tly expect$ to be atta9$1 judg+ f ! results ) ! #ajj ton guns suppli$ to ,italy4 ,on ,janu>y #g la/ we gave ^? ( ! new ,krupp #aai ton gun4 ,x _h fir$ a projectile ) a velocity ( almo/ #a1ijj ft4 ) a *>ge ( less ?an #hfd4fg lb41 ) mod]ate pressure4 ,! e/imat$ maximum = ?is gun 0 a velocity ( #b1jag ft4 ) a projectile weigh+ #a1fcb lb41 giv+ a total en]gy ( #df1jfa ft4 tons1 or #ac1jjj ft4 tons less ?an ! ,elswick gun1 comp>+ ! e/imat$ results4 ,! pro( ( ! ,elswick gun is m\nt$ on a c>riage turn$ out by ! ,royal ,c>riage ,dep>tm5t1 "u ,colonel ,close4 ,?is c>riage is made on bogies s z to run on rails pass+ easily r\nd curves ( #ej ft4 radius4 ,! gun is fir$ on an incl9$ l5g? ( rails1 ! recoil presses ( ! c>riage fir/ receiv+ ! %ock & r$uc+ ! recoil4 ,! c>riage is made to lift into ! gov]nm5t b>ge1 s z to g easily to ,%oeburyness or else:]e4 ,x c be alt]$ s z to provide = turn+1 & x all[s ! piece to be fir$ at angles ( elevation up to #bd deg4 ,! *eeks ( ! c>riage are made to op5 & close1 s z to take ! #ab 94 gun & l>g] pieces4 ,! /eel ca/+s = x are suppli$ f ! ,/ann]s ,close ,/eel ,works4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,! fir/ r\nd 0 fir$ at ab\t noon4 ,! *>ge 0 only #eih lb41 consi/+ ( f\r *>ges ( #aab lb4 & "o ( #acj lb4 ( ,wal?am ,abbey br[n prism ,no4 #a p[d]4 ,! pro( %ot weighs1 l ! s]vice projectile1 #a1hjj lb4 ,?us fir$1 ! gun recoil$ ne>ly #d ft4 on ! press1 & ! c>riage ran back on ! rails ab\t #ej ft4 ,! projectile _h a velocity ( #a1fhe ft4 p] second1 & ent]$ ab\t #eb ft4 into ! butt4 ,we _c yet give ! pressure1 b unque/ionably x 0 a l[ "o4 ,! *>ges z ! fir+ cont9ues w be increas$ 9 successive r\nds up to ! full #ijj lb4 *>ge4 ,figs4 #a & #b %[ ! m\nt+ ( ! #aaj ton gun 9 ! b>bette t[]s ( ! ,b5b[4 ,! gun is held d[n on ! b$ by /eel b&s & recoils 9 its b$ on ! slide 7vide ,fig4 #b74 ,! latt] is h+$ or pivot$ 9 front & is elevat$ by elevat+ ram1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,:5 ! slide is fully d[n1 ! gun is 9 ! load+ position4 ,! ammunition lift br+s up ! projectile & *>ge1 :i* latt] is subdivid$1 l ^? employ$ 9 ! ,g]man guns1 9 succession to ! bree*1 ! hydraulic ramm] =c+ !m home4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,! simplicity ( ! arrangem5t is app>5t4 ,! recoil always acts p>allel to ! slide4 ,?is is mu* bett] ?an all[+ its direction to be affect$ by elevation1 & ! di/ribut$ hold ( ! /eel b&s is pref]able to ! s+le atta*m5t at trunnions4 ,!oretically1 ! recoil is n s p]fectly met z 9 "s ( ! e>li] ,elswick designs1 9 :i* ! presses 7 br\ght opposite to ! trunnions1 s t !y act$ symmetrically on ea* side ( ! c5t] ( resi/ance4 ,! b>bette t[] is cov]$ by a /eel plate1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 fitt+ close to ! gun slide1 s t ! only op5+ is t beh9d ! bree* :5 ! gun is 9 ! =w>d position1 & ?is is clos$ z x recoils4 ,! only man ( ! deta*m5t ev5 p>tly expos$ is ! numb] "o1 :ile lay+ ! gun1 & 9 t position he is ne>ly cov]$ by ! gun & fitt+s4 ,common %ell1 %rapnel %ell1 & /eel armor-pi]c+ projectiles1 h be5 approv$ = ! #aaj ton gun4 ,! common %ell is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,l ! common %ell = all ! l>g] natures ( new type guns1 x is made ( /eel4 ,x has be5 f\nd necess>y to support ! core us$ 9 ca/+ ^! projectiles at bo? ends4 ,consequ5tly1 !re is a screw plug at ! base z well z at ! apex4 ,! hole at ! base is us$ z a fill+ hole = ! ins]tion ( ! bur/+ *>ge1 :i* consi/s ( #agi lb4 ( p[d]1 ! total weight ( ! fill$ %ell be+ #a1hjj lb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,! apex has a screw plug ( l>g] diamet] ?an t ( ! fuse4 ,?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,! fuse is a direct action "o4 ,! ne$le1 ,b1 is held 9 ! c5t] ( a copp] disk1 ,c ,c1 & is safe aga9/ explosion until x is actually br\ght into contact ) an object1 :5 x is =c$ d[n1 ignit+ a pat* ( cap composition & ! magaz9e at ,a1 & s fir+ ! bur/+ *>ge ( ! %ell bel[4 ,e ,e ,e are ea* prim+ *>ges ( sev5 gra9s ( pi/ol p[d]1 made up 9 %alloon bags to insure ! ignition ( ! bur/+ *>ge1 :i* is 9 a bag ( s]ge & %alloon b5ea?4 ,! use ( ?is fuse involves ! curi\s "q ( ! physical conditions n[ exi/+ 9 ! dis*>ge ( our projectiles by sl[ burn+ p[d]4 ,! =w>d movem5t ( ! %ell is n[ s gradual t ! in]tia ( a pellet is only suffici5t to %e> a wire ( "o-t5? ! /r5g? ( t :i* might =m]ly h be5 %e>$ by a simil> pellet 9 an old type gun ) quick burn+ p[d]4 ,consequ5tly1 9 _m cases1 x is f\nd bett] n to dep5d on a susp5d+ wire ?us %e>$1 b to adopt direct action4 ,! fuse 9 "q w\ld1 we believe1 act ev5 on graze1 at any angle ov] #aj4 ,probably at less angles ?an #aj x w\ld n explode aga9/ wat]1 :i* w\ld be an advantage 9 fir+ at %ips4 ,%ells s g5tly put 9 motion1 & hav+ no w9dage1 might be made1 x might naturally be suppos$1 s+ul>ly ?91 & ! adoption ( /eel 9 place ( iron calls = "s explanation4 ,! reason is t x has be5 f\nd t common %ells break up aga9/ masonry1 in/ead ( p5etrat+ x1 :5 fir$ f ^! l>ge high velocity guns4 ,! %rapnel %ell is %[n at ,fig4 #e4 ,l ! common %ell1 x is made ( /eel1 & is ( ! g5]al =m ( ! patt]n ( ,g5]al ,box]1 ) wood5 head1 c5tral tube1 & bur/+ *>ge 9 ! base4 ,x conta9s #b1cjj f\r ounce s& %ots & an #h lb4 bur/+ *>ge4 ,x weighs #a1hjj lb4 ,! fuse is "t & p]cussion4 ,x is %[n 9 ,figs4 #f & #f;,a4 ,x closely resembles ! orig9al ,arm/rong "t & p]cussion patt]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f;,a4 ,! action is z foll[s3 ,! ignition pellet1 ,a1 :i* is ord9>ily held by a safety p91 is1 aft] ! )drawal ( ! latt]1 only held by a f9e1 susp5d+ wire1 :i* is %e>$ by ! in]tia ( ! pellet on dis*>ge1 a ne$le light+ a p]cussion pat* ( composition & ! composition r+1 ,b ,b1 :i* burns r\nd at a giv5 rate until x rea*es ! communication passage1 ,c1 :5 x fla%es ?r\gh ! p]cussion pellet1 ,e1 & ignites ! magaz9e1 ,d1 & s ignites ! prim] %[n 9 ,fig4 #f1 fla%es d[n ! c5tral tube ( ! %ell1 & explodes ! bur/+ *>ge 9 ! base1 ,fig4 #e4 ,! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* ! fuse burns dep5ds on h[ f> ! composition r+ is turn$ r\nd1 & :at l5g? x consequ5tly has to burn be=e x rea*es ! communication passage1 ,c4 ,if ! fuse %\ld be set too long1 or f any o!r cause ! %ell /rikes be=e ! fuse fires ! *>ge1 ! p]cussion action fires ! %ell on graze by ! foll[+ arrangem5t3 ,! heavy metal piece conta9+ ! magaz9e1 ,d1 con/itutes a /rik]1 :i* is held 9 place by a pla9 ball1 ,g1 ne> ! axis ( ! fuse & by a safety pellet1 ,h4 ,on fir/ movem5t 9 ! gun1 ?is latt] by in]tia %e>s a susp5d+ wire & leaves ! ball free to escape above x1 :i* x does by c5trifugal =ce1 leav+ ! magaz9e /rik]1 ,d1 free to fire itself by mom5tum on ! ne$le %[n above x1 on impact4 ,!re is a second safety arrangem5t1 n %[n 9 ! figure1 consi/+ ( a cross p91 held by a weak spiral spr+1 :i* is compress$ by c5trifugal =ce dur+ flight1 leav+ ! magaz9e pellet free to act1 z above describ$1 on impact4 ,! armor-pi]c+ projectile is %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,x is to be made ( =g$ /eel1 & suppli$ by ,elswick4 ,9 appe>ance x v closely resembles ^? fir$ f ! #ajj ton gun at ,spezia1 b if x is made on ! ,firm9i sy/em1 x w diff] f x 9 ! composition ( its metal1 inasmu* z x w conta9 a l>ge proportion ( *romium1 probably f #a to #b p] c5t41 :]eas an analysis ( ,krupp's %ell gives none4 ,9 fact1 z ,krupp's ag5t at ,spezia pr$ict$1 ! analysis is less in/ructive ?an we c\ld wi%4--,! ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gas ,,eng9e ,,= ,,use ,,on ,,railroads4 ,! indu/rial _w has reason to feel consid]able int]e/ 9 any economical me?od ( traction on railways1 ow+ to ! influ5ce :i* co/ ( transportation has ^u ! price ( produce4 ,we give a description ( ! gas eng9e inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,emmanuel ,/ev5s4 ,_m exp]im5ts h be5 made bo? at ,b]l9 & ,liege dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s4 ,!y all fail$1 ow+ to ! impossibility ! build]s enc\nt]$ 9 secur+ suffici5t spe$4 ,! ,/ev5s eng9e does n pres5t ?is defect1 z w be se54 ,x has ! appe>ance ( an ord9>y /reet c> entirely inclos$1 %[+ none ( ! ma*9]y f )\t4 ,on ! int]ior is a ,ko]t+ gas motor ( six horse p[]1 :i* is a suffici5tly well kn[n type n to require a description4 ,9 ! exp]im5t :i* we saw1 ! motor 0 suppli$ ) a mixture ( gas & air1 obta9$ by ! evaporation ( naph?a4 ,on ! %aft ( ! motor are fix$ two pulleys ( diff]5t sizes1 :i* give ! eng9e two rates ( spe$1 "o ( ?ree miles & ! o!r ( #h miles an h\r4 ,betwe5 ^! two pulleys is a friction socket1 by :i* ei!r rate ( spe$ may be secur$4 ,! p[] is transmitt$ f "o ( ! pulleys by a rubb] belt to an int]m$iate %aft1 :i* c>ries a too!d :eel t transmits ! p[] to ! axle by means ( an endless *a94 ,on ?is axle are ?ree conical ge> :eels1 two ( :i* are furni%$ ) hook$ tee?1 & ! ?ird ) wood5 projections & fix$ p]man5tly 9 place4 ,?is arrangem5t enables ! eng9e to be mov$ =w>d or backw>d accord+ z x is ?r[n 9 "r or left ge>4 ,:5 ! conical p9ions are ?r[n out ( ge>1 ! motive =ce is no long] appli$ to ! axle1 & by ! aid ( ! brakes ! eng9e may be in/antly /opp$4 ,! movem5t ( ! p9ions is effect$ by two sets ( :eels on ea* ( ! plat=ms ( ! eng9e1 & ne> ! door = ! conductor4 ,by turn+ "o ( ! :eels to ! "r or left on ei!r plat=m1 ! conductor imp>ts ei!r ! less or ! great] spe$ to ! eng9e4 ,9 case he has caus$ ! eng9e to move =w>d by turn+ ! second :eel1 he w n h to t\* x aga9 until ! end ( ! trip4 ,! brake1 :i* is also op]at$ f ! two plat=ms1 is appli$ to all f\r :eels at ! same "t4 ,f ?is arrangem5t x is se5 t ! movem5t is cont9u\s4 ,nev]!less1 ! conductor has access to ! regulator by a small *a9 connect$ ) ! outside by a :eel ne> at h&1 b ! action is suffici5tly regul> n to require mu* att5tion to ?is feature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gas ,,eng9e ,,= ,,use ,,on ,,railroads4 ,! gas is produc$ by ! ,wil=d app>atus1 :i* regul>ly furni%es ! requisite quantity necess>y = an explosion1 :i* is produc$ by a p>ticul> k9d ( light plac$ ne> ! pi/on4 ,! vapor is produc$ by pass+ hot wat] f ! envelope ( ! cyl9d] ( ! motor ?r\gh ! ,wil=d app>atus4 ,! wat] is cool$ aga9 9 a res]voir 7sy/em ,ko]t+7 plac$ 9 direct communication ) ! cyl9d]4 ,any p]man5t heat+ is !re=e impossible4 ,! noise ( ! explosions is prev5t$ by a device inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,/ev5s himself4 ,x consi/s ( a drum cov]$ ) asbe/os or any o!r mat]ial :i* absorbs noise4 ,accord+ to ! inv5tor1 ! sav+ ov] ! use ( horses = traction is consid]able4 ,?is sy/em is soon to be tri$ practically at ,antw]p 9 ,belgium1 & !n x w be possible to arrive at ! actual co/ ( traction4--,indu/rie ,mod]ne1 ,brussels4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,we/]n ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a ,,location ,,ov] ,,! ,,blue ,,ridge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,location ,,ov] ,,! ,,blue ,,ridge4--,,we/]n ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a ,,railroad4 ,! int]e/+ piece ( railroad location illu/rat$ 9 ?is issue is on ! m\nta9 section ( ! ,we/]n ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,railroad4 ,?is section crosses ! ,blue ,ridge ,m\nta9s #ah miles ea/ ( ,a%eville1 at a po9t kn[n z ,swannanoa ,gap1 #b1ffj feet above tide wat]4 ,! "p ( ! road %[n on ! accompany+ cut is #aj miles 9 l5g? & has an elevation ( #a1aij feet2 to ov]come ! actual di/ance by ! old ,/ate pike 0 some:at ov] #c miles4 ,! maximum curvature z fir/ locat$ 0 #aj1 b = economy ( "t z well z money ?is 0 exce$$ 9 a few in/ances z ! "w progress$1 b is n[ be+ by degrees r$uc$4 ,! maximum grades on tang5ts are #aaf feet p] mile2 on curves ! grade is equat$ "o-t5? to a degree4 ,! masonry is ( ! mo/ sub/antial k9d1 granite viaducts & ar* culv]ts4 ,! numb]s & l5g?s ( tunnels z indicat$ by lett]s on cut are z foll[s3 ,ft4 9 all ( ^!4 ,a4 ,po9t ,tunnel4 #baf ft4 long4#a ,b4 ,j>rett's #abe ,c4 ,lick ,log #efb ,d4 ,mc,elroy #hi ,e4 ,high ,ridge #dae ,f4 ,burg9 #bjb ,g4 ,swannanoa #a1hjj ,footnote #a3 ,= ! sake ( economy ( space1 our cut omits ! ,po9t & ,swannanoa tunnels 7! latt] is ! summit tunnel71 b cov]s all ( ! location :i* is ( int]e/ to eng9e]s1 ! rema9d] at ! ,swannanoa end be+ almo/ on tang5t to & ?r\gh ! summit4 ,! "w 0 done by ! ,/ate ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a ) convict labor1 "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,jas4 ,a4 ,wilson1 z presid5t & *ief eng9e]1 b 0 sold by ! ,/ate to ! ,ri*mond ,danville sy/em4--,railroad ,gazette4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,ga%old] ,,at ,,erdb]g4 ,! new ga%old] :i* has be5 erect$ by ,messrs4 ,c4 & ,w4 ,walk] = ! ,imp]ial ,cont95tal ,gas ,company at ,erdb]g1 ne> ,vi5na1 has be5 graphically describ$ by ,h]r ,e4,r4 ,leonh>dt 9 a pap] :i* he read be=e ! ,au/rian ,society ( ,eng9e]s4 ,! enorm\s dim5sions & elegant con/ruction ( ! hold]--be+ ! l>ge/ out ( ,engl&--z well z ! "w ( putt+ up ! new ga%old]1 are ( special int]e/ to ,engli% eng9e]s1 z ,erdb]g conta9s ! l>ge/ & be/ appo9t$ works 9 ,au/ria4 ,! dim5sions ( ! hold] are--inn] lift1 #aie feet diamet]1 #dj feet deep2 middle lift1 #aig feet diamet]1 #dj feet deep2 out] lift1 #bjj feet diamet]1 #dj feet deep4 ,! diamet] ov] all is ab\t #bcj feet4 ,! impression produc$ ^u ! memb]s ( ! ,au/rian ,society by _! visit to ,erdb]g 0 altoge!r mo/ favorable2 & n only did ! inspection ( ! l>ge ga%old] ju/ify e expectation1 b ! visitors 7 conv9c$ t all ! build+s 7 9 excell5t condition & well adapt$ = _! purpose1 t ! ma*9]y 0 ( ! late/ & mo/ approv$ type1 & t ! managem5t 0 9 exp]i5c$ h&s4 ,,! ,,new ,,ga%old] is conta9$ 9 a build+ consi/+ ( a circul> wall cov]$ ) a wr\ght iron ro(4 ,! hold] itself is telescopic1 & is capable ( hold+ #c million cubic feet ( gas4 ,! accompany+ illu/rations 7,figs4 #a & #c7 are a sectional elevation ( ! hold] & its h\se & a sectional plan ( ! ro( & hold] cr[n4 ,hav+ a capacity ( close ^u #c1bjj1jjj ,au/rian cubic feet1 ?is ga%old] is ! l>ge/ ( its k9d on ! ,cont95t1 & is surpass$ 9 size by only a few 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,by way ( comp>ison1 ,hamburg possesses a hold] ( #ej1jjj cubic met]s 7#a1gfe1jjj cubic feet7 capacity2 & !re is "o 9 ,b]l9 :i* is expect$ to hold #ge1jjj cubic met]s 7#b1fdg1ejj cubic feet7 ( gas4 ,,ga%old] ,,h\se4 ,! ga%old] h\se at ,erdb]g is p]fectly circul>1 & has an int]nal diamet] ( #fc4daj met]s4 ,x is con/ruct$1 9 ?ree /ories1 ) =ty pi]s project+ on ! outside1 & ) f\r r[s ( w9d[s betwe5 ! pi]s--"o 9 ea* ( ! top & bottom /ories1 & two r[s 9 ! middle4 ,^! w9d[s h a height ( #a4dj met]s 9 ! l[e/ circle1 :]e ! wall is #a4dj met]s ?ick1 & ( #b4ij met]s 9 ! two top /ories1 :]e x is respectively #a4aa met]s & #j4ij met] ?ick4 ,! top edge ( ! wall is #ce4ce met]s above ! base ( ! build+1 & #dd4ci met]s f ! bottom ( ! tank2 ! pi]s ris+ #a4fj met]s beyond ! top ( ! wall4 ,! highe/ po9t ( ! lant]n on ! ro( w ?us be #dh4ie met]s above ! gr\nd4 ,,ga%old] ,,tank4 ,! tank 9 :i* ! ga%old] floats has an int]nal diamet] ( #fa4eg met]s1 & !re=e a sup]ficial area ( #c1jjj squ>e met]s2 & s9ce ! cop+ is #ab4ca met]s above ! floor1 x foll[s t ! tank is capable ( hold+ #ce1ejj cubic met]s 7#g1hjj1jjj gallons7 ( wat]4 ,! bottom consi/s ( brickwork #a4aj met]s ?ick1 r5d]$ ) ,portl& cem5t1 & re/+ on a lay] ( concrete #a met] ?ick4 ,! walls are likewise ( brick & cem5t1 ( a ?ickness ( #c4cj met]s up to ! gr\nd level1 & #b4dj met]s ?ick to ! height ( #c4dd met]s above ! surface4 ,altoge!r1 #b1ihh1fhj kilos4 ( cem5t & #e1egj1jjj bricks 7 us$ 9 its con/ruction4 ,9 fact1 f ! bottom ( tank to top ( ro(1 x rea*es z high z ! monum5t at ,london ,bridge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,section ,,( ,,ga%old] ,,& ,,h\se4 ,! con/ruction ( ! tank (f]$ _m & s]i\s difficulties4 ,! bottom ( ! tank is fully #c met]s bel[ ! level ( ! ,danube ,canal1 :i* passes close by1 & x 0 n until twelve l>ge pulsomet] pumps 7 set up1 & work$ cont9ually night & day1 t x 0 possible to rea* ! necess>y dep? to all[ ( ! comm5cem5t ( ! f\ndations ( ! b\nd>y wall4 ,,ro( ,,( ,,h\se4 ,! wr\ght iron cupola-%ap$ ro( ( ! ga%old] h\se 0 design$ by ,h]r ,w4 ,br5n]1 & consi/s ( #dj radiat+ raft]s1 ea* weigh+ ab\t #be cwt41 & jo9$ toge!r by #h polygonal circles ( angle iron 7#ijijaj mm474 ,! highe/ middle circle is uncov]$1 & c>ries a r\nd lant]n 7,fig4 #a74 ,^! radiat+ raft]s consi/ ( flat iron b>s #g mm4 ?ick1 & ( a height :i* dim9i%es gradually1 f "o int]val to ano!r on ! inside1 f #beb to #ahh mm4 ,at ! outside ends 7v>y+ f #hjhji mm4 9 ! l[e/ to #fjfjg mm4 9 ! la/ polygon b "o7 ^! raft]s are /r5g!n$1 at lea/ z f> z ! five l[e/ ones are conc]n$1 by flat irons tightly rivet$ on4 ,at _! respective places ( support1 ! ends ( all ! sp>s are screw$ on by means ( a wa%] #bej mm4 high & #ca mm4 ?ick1 & surm\nt$ by a gutt] support$ by angle irons4 ,f e junction betwe5 ! radial raft]s & ! polygonal circle1 diagonal b>s are made to run to ! c5t] ( ! correspond+ int]val1 :]e !y meet1 & are !re firmly held toge!r by means ( a tongue r+4 ,! ro( is #fd4ebj met]s wide & #ad4fbh met]s high2 & its total weight is #ajc4cjj kilos4 = ! ironwork--repres5t+ a weight ( #ca4f kilos4 p] squ>e met] ( surface4 ,x is propos$ to employ = its cov]+ wood5 purl9s & t9 plates4 ,! :ole con/ruction has a light1 pleas+1 & yet ?or\ghly solid appe>ance4 ,,rais+ ,,! ,,ro(4 ,h]r ,br5n]1 ! eng9e] ( ! ,erdb]g ,works1 gives a description ( h[ ! ro( ( a h\se1 #ed4f met]s wide1 = a ga%old] 9 ,b]l91 0 rais$ to a height ( #bb met]s4 ,9 t in/ance ! iron /ructure 0 put toge!r at ! bottom ( ! tank1 leav+ ! raft] ends & ! mural r+4 ,! hoi/+ itself 0 effect$ by means ( lev]s--"o to ea* raft]--connect$ ) ! ironwork bel[ by means ( iron *a9s4 ,at ! top !re 7 ap]tures at di/ances ( ab\t #bf mm4 f ea* o!r1 & ?r\gh ^! ! hoi/+ 0 proce$$ )4 ,) e lift1 ! iron /ructure 0 rais$ a di/ance ( #bf mm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,h]r ,br5n] _h consid]able hesitation 9 rais+ 9 ! same way ! /ructure at ,erdb]g1 :i* 0 mu* l>g] & heavi] ?an t 9 ,b]l94 ,! simultane\s elevation to #dh met]s above ! level1 propos$ to be effect$ at =ty diff]5t po9ts1 did n appe> to him to (f] suffici5t security4 ,he !re=e propos$ to put ! ro( toge!r on ! gr\nd1 & to raise x simultane\sly ) ! build+ ( ! wall2 /at+ t ?is mode w\ld be p]fectly safe1 & w\ld n involve any additional co/4 ,! sugge/ion 0 adopt$1 & x 0 f\nd to possess1 9 addition1 ! important advantage t ! /ructure c\ld be made to re/ on ! masonry at any mom5t2 :]eas ?is _h be5 impossible 9 ! case at ! ,b]l9 ,gasworks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,hoi/+4 ,at a giv5 signal f ! =eman1 two op]atives1 /ation$ at ea* ( ! =ty lift+ po9ts1 ) cr[b>s ins]t$ 9 ! holes provid$ = ! purpose1 give ! screws a simultane\s turn 9 ! same direction4 ,! b>s are !n ins]t$ 9 ano!r hole high] up4 ,! hoi/+ screws are connect$ ) ! /ructure ( ! ro(1 & rise !re)4 ,all t is requisite = ! hoi/+ f ! next cross beam is to give a =w>d turn to ! screws4 ,:5 ! workm5 _h become accu/om$ to _! task1 ! hoi/+ to a di/ance ( #a met] occupi$ only ab\t half to ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r4 ,at ! outset1 & m]ely by way ( a trial1 ! ro( 0 lift$ to a height ( fully #b met]s1 & left = "s "t susp5d$ 9 ! air4 ,! eighty m5 engag$ 9 ! op]ation c>ry on ! "w ) great regul>ity & /ead9ess1 obey+ ! signal ( ! =eman z soon z x 0 giv54 ,,! ,,ga%old]4 ,! hold]1 :i* 0 suppli$ by ! well-kn[n firm ( ,messrs4 ,c4 & ,w4 ,walk]1 ( ,f9sbury ,circus1 ,london1 & ,donn+ton1 ,salop1 0 9 an out] c\rty>d4 ,x is a ?ree-lift telescopic "o2 ! l[e/ lift be+ #bjj feet1 ! middle lift #aig ft4 #f 941 & ! top lift #aie ft4 9 diamet]4 ,! height ( ea* lift is #dj feet4 ,! sev]al lifts are rais$ 9 ! usual way2 & !y all "w 9 a circle ( #bd v]tical ,u-%ap$ *annel irons1 fix$ 9 ! wall ( ! h\se by means ( #ac supports plac$ at equal di/ances f ! base to ! summit 7z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b74 ,:5 ! ga%old] is p]fectly empty1 ! ?ree lifts are inclos$1 "o 9 ! o!r1 & re/ ) _! l[] edges ^u ! bottom ( ! tank4 ,9 ?is case ! ro( ( ! top lift re/s ^u a wood5 framework4 ,fix$ 9 ! floor ( ! tank are #add po/s1 #i in*es ?ick at ! bottom & #f in*es ?ick at ! top1 to support ! cr[n ( ! hold] 9 su* a way t ! tops are fix$ 9 a k9d ( socket1 ea* ( !m be+ provid$ ) f\r horizontal b>s1 :i* decrease 9 ?ickness f #cje by #ajj mm4 to #aej by #ej mm41 & repres5t #af p>allel polygons1 :i* 9 _! turn are fa/5$ diagonally by means ( iron rails #fc by #ajj mm4 ?ick1 arrang$ crosswise4 ,! top ( ?is framework is p]fectly contigu\s ) ! inside ( ! cr[n ( ! ga%old]4 ,! cr[n itself is made up ( iron plates1 ! out] r[s hav+ a ?ickness ( #aa mm41 decreas+ to #e mm4 t[>d ! middle1 & to #c mm4 at ! top4 ,! plates us$ = ! side %eets ( ! hold] are3 ,= ! top & bottom r[s1 #f4d mm42 & = ! o!r plates1 #b4f mm4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a new blea*+ comp\nd has be5 discov]$1 consi/+ ( ?ree p>ts by measure ( mu/>d-se$ oil1 f\r ( melt$ p>aff91 ?ree ( cau/ic soda #bj ,baume1 well mix$ to =m a soapy comp\nd4 ,( ?is "o "p ( weight & two ( pure tall[ soap are mix$1 & ( ?is mixture "o ounce = ea* gallon ( wat] is us$ = ! blea*+ ba?1 & "o ounce cau/ic soda #bj ,baume = ea* gallon is add$1 :5 ! ba? is heat$ 9 a close vessel1 ! goods ent]$1 & boil$ till suffici5tly blea*$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,george ,w4 ,,:i/l]1 ,c4,e4 ,footnote3 ,a pap] by ,pr(4 ,g4,l4 ,vose1 ,memb] ( ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s4 ,read ,septemb] #ae1 #ahhf4 ,by ,pr(4 ,g4,l4 ,,vose4 ,few p]sons1 ev5 among ^? be/ acqua9t$ ) our mod]n railroad sy/em1 are aw>e ( ! e>ly /ruggles ( ! m5 to ^: =esight1 en]gy1 & skill ! new mode ( transportation owes its introduction into ?is c\ntry4 ,! railroad problem 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 q a diff]5t "o f t 9 ,europe4 ,_h we simply copi$ ! railways ( ,engl&1 we %\ld h ru9$ ! sy/em at ! outset1 = ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ,engl&1 :]e ! railroad _h its orig91 money 0 pl5ty1 ! l& 0 d5sely populat$1 & ! dem& = rapid & *eap transportation already exi/$4 ,a great _m %ort l9es connect+ ! great c5t]s ( indu/ry 7 requir$1 & = ! con/ruction ( su* 9 ! mo/ sub/antial mann] ! money 0 easily obta9$4 ,9 ,am]ica1 on ! contr>y1 a l& ( enorm\s ext5t1 almo/ entirely undevelop$1 b ( great possibilities1 l9es ( hundr$s & ev5 ?\s&s ( miles 9 ext5t 7 to be made1 to connect cities z yet unborn1 & accommodate a future traffic ( :i* no "o c\ld possibly =esee ! am\nt4 ,money 0 sc>ce1 & 9 _m di/ricts ! natural ob/acles to be ov]come 7 inf9itely great] ?an any :i* _h pres5t$ !mselves to ,european eng9e]s4 ,by ! s\nd practical s5se & ! unconqu]able w ( ,george ,/eph5son1 ! num]\s inv5tions :i* toge!r make up ! locomotive eng9e _h be5 collect$ into a ma*9e :i*1 9 comb9ation ) ! improv$ roadway1 0 to revolutionize ! transportation ( ! _w4 ,! railroad1 z a ma*9e1 0 inv5t$4 ,x rema9$ to apply ! new inv5tion 9 su* a mann] z to make x a success1 & n a failure4 ,to d ?is 9 a new c\ntry l ,am]ica requir$ inf9ite skill1 unb\nd$ en]gy1 ! mo/ c>eful /udy ( local conditions1 & ! ex]cise ( well matur$1 s\nd bus9ess judgm5t4 ,to see h[ well ! great inv5tion has be5 appli$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 we h only to look at ! network ( iron roads :i* n[ rea*es f ! ,great ,lakes to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific4 ,) all ! exp]i5ce we h _h1 x is n an easy problem1 ev5 at ! pres5t "t1 to det]m9e h[ mu* money we are au?oriz$ to sp5d ^u ! con/ruction ( a giv5 railroad4 ,to secure ! utmo/ b5efit at ! lea/ outlay1 reg>d+ bo? ! fir/ co/ ( build+ ! road & ! p]petual co/ ( op]at+ x1 is ! railroad problem :i* is p]haps less und]/ood at ! pres5t day ?an any o!r4 ,x 0 an equally important problem fifty ye>s ago1 & c]ta9ly n less difficult at t "t4 ,x 0 ! fa!rs ( ! railroad sy/em 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o fir/ p]ceiv$ ! importance ( ?is problem1 & :o1 adapt+ !mselves to ! new conditions pres5t$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 und]took to solve x4 ,among ! pione]s 9 ?is bran* ( eng9e]+ no "o has done m to e/abli% correct me?ods1 nor has left beh9d a m enviable or m endur+ fame1 ?an ,major ,george ,w4 ,:i/l]4 ,! ,:i/l] family is ( ,engli% orig91 & is f\nd t[>d ! end ( ! #ae? c5tury 9 ,ox=d%ire1 at ,gor+ & ,:it*ur*1 on ! ,?ames4 ,"o bran* ( ! family settl$ 9 ,sussex1 at ,ha/+s & ,battle1 be+ connect$ by m>riage ) ! ,web/]s ( ,battle ,abbey1 9 :i* neighborhood "s ( ! family /ill live4 ,ano!r bran* liv$ 9 ,essex1 f :i* came ,dr4 ,daniel ,:i/l]1 ,presid5t ( ! ,college ( ,physicians 9 ,london 9 ! "t ( ,*>les ! ,second4 ,f ! ,ox=d%ire bran* came ,ralph1 son ( ,hugh ,:i/l]1 ( ,gor+1 :o w5t to ,irel&1 & !re f\nd$ ! ,iri% bran* ( ! family1 be+ ! orig9al t5ant ( a l>ge tract ( c\ntry 9 ,ul/]1 "u "o ( ! guilds or public companies ( ! city ( ,london4 ,f ?is bran* ( ! family came ,major ,john ,:i/l]1 fa!r ( ! di/+ui%$ eng9e]1 & ! fir/ repres5tative ( ! family 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is /at$ t 9 "s y\?ful freak he ran away & enli/$ 9 ! ,briti% ,army4 ,x is c]ta9 t he came to ?is c\ntry dur+ ! ,revolution>y ,w>1 "u ,g5]al ,burgoyne1 & rema9$ ) 8 comm& until its surr5d] at ,s>atoga1 :5 he 0 tak5 prison] ( w>4 ,^u 8 return to ,engl& he 0 honorably dis*>g$1 &1 soon aft]1 =m+ an atta*m5t = a daught] ( ,sir ,edw>d ,bi%op1 a fri5d ( 8 fa!r1 he elop$ ) h]1 & came to ?is c\ntry1 settl+ at ,hag]/[n1 9 ,m>yl&4 ,he soon aft] ent]$ ! army ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & s]v$ 9 ! ranks1 be+ sev]ely w\nd$ 9 ! disa/r\s campaign aga9/ ! ,indians "u ,major-,g5]al ,/4 ,clair 9 ! ye> #agia4 ,he 0 aft]w>d commission$ z lieut5ant1 rose to ! rank ( capta91 & lat] _h ! brevet ( major4 ,at ! r$uction ( ! army 9 #ahae1 hav+ already two sons 9 ! s]vice1 he 0 n reta9$2 b 9 recognition ( 8 honorable record1 he 0 appo9t$ ,milit>y ,/orekeep] at ,newport1 ,k5tucky1 f :i* po/ he 0 aft]w>d transf]r$ to ,jeff]son ,b>racks1 :]e he liv$ to a good old age4 ,major ,john ,:i/l] _h a l>ge family ( sons & daught]s1 among :om we may note p>ticul>ly ,william1 :o became a colonel 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 & :o di$ at ,newport1 ,ky41 9 #ahfc2 ,john1 a lieut5ant 9 ! army1 :o di$ ( w\nds receiv$ 9 ! battle ( ,maguago1 ne> ,detroit1 9 #ahab2 & ,george ,wa%+ton1 ! subject ( our sket*4 ,major ,john ,:i/l] 0 n only a good soldi]1 & highly e/eem$ = 8 milit>y s]vices1 b 0 also a man ( ref9$ ta/es & well educat$1 be+ an uncommonly good l+ui/ & especially not$ z a f9e musician4 ,9 8 family he is /at$ to h unit$ firmness ) t5d]ness1 & to h impress$ ^u 8 *ildr5 ! importance ( a fai?ful & ?or\gh p]=mance ( duty 9 :atev] position !y %\ld be plac$4 ,george ,wa%+ton ,:i/l]1 ! y\nge/ son ( ,major ,john ,:i/l]1 0 born on ! #ai? ( ,may1 9 ! ye> #ahjj1 at ,=t ,wayne1 9 ! pres5t ,/ate ( ,indiana1 b !n "p ( ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritory1 8 fa!r be+ at ! "t 9 comm& ( t po/4 ,( ! boyhood ( ,:i/l] we h no record1 except t he foll[$ 8 p>5ts f "o milit>y /ation to ano!r1 receiv+ 8 e>ly education = ! mo/ "p at ,newport1 ,ky41 f :i* place1 on ,july #ca1 #ahad1 he 0 appo9t$ a cadet to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,milit>y ,academy1 be+ !n f\rte5 ye>s ( age4 ,! c\rse ( ! /ud5t at ,we/ ,po9t 0 a v satisfactory "o4 ,ow+ to a *ange 9 ! arrangem5t ( classes aft] 8 entrance1 he _h ! advantage ( a long] t]m ?an _h be5 giv5 to ^? :o prec$$ him1 rema9+ five ye>s "u in/ruction4 ,8 record dur+ 8 /ud5t life 0 good ?r\gh\t4 ,9 a class ( ?irty memb]s he /ood ,no4 #a 9 draw+1 ,no4 #d 9 descriptive geometry1 ,no4 #e 9 drill1 ,no4 #aa 9 philosophy & 9 eng9e]+1 ,no4 #ab 9 ma!matics1 & ,no4 #aj 9 g5]al m]it4 ,he 0 rem>kable1 says "o :o knew him at ?is "t1 = 8 frank & op5 mann] & = 8 pleasant & *e]ful disposition4 ,a good /ory is told ( ! "y cadet :i* %[s 8 ability1 ev5 at ?is "t1 to make ! be/ ( circum/ances app>5tly unt[>d1 & to turn to 8 advantage 8 surr\nd+s1 :atev] !y might be4 ,hav+ be5 = "s slight brea* ( discipl9e requir$ to be/ride a gun 9 ! campus = a %ort "t1 he saw1 to 8 dismay1 com+ d[n ! walk ! beautiful daught] ( ,dr4 ,fo/] ,swift1 a "y lady :o1 visit+ ,we/ ,po9t1 _h tak5 ! he>ts ( ! cadets by /orm1 & :o1 little z he may at ! "t h dream$ x1 0 de/9$ to become 8 future wife4 ,pull+ out 8 h&k]*ief1 he b5t ov] 8 gun1 & appe>$ absorb$ 9 clean+ ! mo/ inaccessible p>ts ( x ) su* vigor z to be entirely unaw>e t any "o 0 pass+2 nor did ! "y lady dream t a case ( discipl9e _h be5 be=e h] until 9 aft] ye>s1 :51 on a visit to ,we/ ,po9t1 an explanation 0 made to h] by h] husb&4 ,x 0 at ?is "t ( 8 life t ! ref9em5t & ta/e = :i* ,major ,:i/l] 0 ev] aft] not$ began to %[ itself4 ,an accompli%$ sci5tific musician & p]=m]1 he ga9$ a reputation 9 ?is direction beyond t ( a m]e amateur1 & sc>cely bel[ t ( ! pr(essionals ( ! day4 ,8 sobriquet ( ,pipes1 :i* 8 skill ^u ! flute at ?is "t gave him1 adh]$ to him ?r\gh life among 8 intimates 9 ! army4 ,8 skill ) ! p5cil1 too1 0 some?+ ph5om5al1 & w\ld1 _h n m s]i\s duties prev5t$1 h made him z not$ an arti/ z he 0 an eng9e]4 ,=tunately = ! _w ?is tal5t desc5d$ to "o ( 8 sons1 & 9 8 h&s has _h full developm5t4 ,^! ta/es 9 ,major ,:i/l] appe>$ to be less ! results ( /udy ?an ! spontane\s outgr[? ( a ref9$ & delicate organization1 & s f> con/itutional ) him t !y seem$ to t+e 8 entire "*4 ,!y cont9u$ to be develop$ till pa/ ! m]idian ( life1 & amid all ! pressure ( grav] duties furni%$ a mo/ delightful relaxation4 ,^u complet+ 8 c\rse at ! ,milit>y ,academy he 0 graduat$1 ,july #a1 #ahai1 & appo9t$ second lieut5ant 9 ! corps ( artill]y4 ,f ?is date until #ahba he s]v$ "p ( ! "t on topographical duty1 & "p ( ! "t he 0 9 g>rison at ,=t ,columbus4 ,f ,novemb] #b1 #ahba1 to ,april #cj1 #ahbb1 he 0 assi/ant pr(essor at ! ,milit>y ,academy1 a position = :i* 8 atta9m5ts 9 descriptive geometry & 8 skill 9 draw+ especially fitt$ him4 ,?is employm5t1 h[ev]1 0 n altoge!r to 8 ta/e4 ,he 0 too mu* ( an arti/ to wi% to conf9e himself to ! me*anical me?ods ne$$ 9 ! tra9+ ( eng9e]+ /ud5ts4 ,9 #ahbb1 al?\gh belong+ to ! artill]y1 he 0 detail$ on topographical duty "u ,major 7aft]w>d ,colonel7 ,ab]t1 & 0 connect$ ) ! commission employ$ 9 trac+ ! int]national b\nd>y betwe5 ,lake ,sup]ior & ! ,lake ( ! ,woods4 ,?is "w cont9u$ f\r ye>s1 f #ahbb to #ahbf1 & subsequ5t duties 9 ! cab9et ( ! commission employ$ ne>ly two ye>s m4 ,! field s]vice ( ?is engagem5t 0 any?+ b light "w1 mu* ( x be+ p]=m$ 9 ! dep? ( w9t] ) a temp]ature fifty degrees bel[ z]o4 ,! pr9cipal food ( ! p>ty 0 tall[ & "s o!r sub/ance1 :i* 0 w>m$ ov] a fire on /opp+ at night4 ,! sn[ 0 !n remov$ to a suffici5t dep? = a b$1 & ! p>ty wrapp$ "o ano!r up 9 _! buffalo robes1 until ! la/ man's turn came1 :5 he _h to wrap himself up ! be/ he c\ld4 ,9 ! morn+1 aft] w>m+ _! food & eat+1 ! rema9d] 0 all[$ to h>d5 9 ! pan1 aft] :i* x 0 c>ri$ on ! backs ( m5 to ! next /opp+ place4 ,! "w 0 all done ^u sn[-%oes1 & occasionally a man became s bl9d$ by ! gl>e ( ! sun ^u ! sn[ t he _h to be l$ by a rope4 ,^u ! #a/ ( ,june1 #ahba1 ,:i/l] 0 made second lieut5ant 9 ! ,fir/ ,artill]y1 9 ! reorganiz$ army2 on ! #af? ( ,augu/1 #ahba1 he 0 transf]r$ to ! ,second ,artill]y1 & on ! #af? ( ,augu/1 #ahbi1 he 0 made fir/ lieut5ant4 ,al?\gh belong+ to ! artill]y1 he 0 assign$ to topographical duty almo/ cont9ually until ,decemb] #ca1 #ahcc1 :5 he resign$ 8 position 9 ! army4 ,a l>ge "p ( 8 "t dur+ ?is p]iod 0 sp5t 9 mak+ surveys1 plans1 & e/imates = public works1 n m]ely ^? ne$$ by ! national gov]nm5t1 b o!rs :i* 7 und]tak5 by *>t]$ companies 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re 7 at t "t v few educat$ eng9e]s 9 ! c\ntry1 besides ! graduates ( ! ,milit>y ,academy2 & ! army eng9e]s 7 ?us frequ5tly appli$ =1 & = sev]al ye>s gov]nm5t grant$ _! s]vices4 ,prom95t among ! e>ly works ( int]nal improvem5t 0 ! ,baltimore ,ohio ,railroad1 & ! manag]s ( ?is und]tak+ _h be5 successful 9 obta9+ ! s]vices ( sev]al (fic]s :o 7 !n em95t1 or :o aft]w>d became s4 ,! names ( ,dr4 ,h[>d1 :o1 ?\gh n a milit>y man1 0 atta*$ to ! ,corps ( ,eng9e]s1 ( ,lieut4-,col4 ,long1 & ( ,capt4 ,william ,gibbs ,mc,neill appe> 9 ! proce$+s ( ! company z ,*iefs ( ,brigade1 & ^? ( ,fess5d51 ,gwynne1 & ,trimble among ! assi/ants4 ,9 ,octob]1 #ahbh1 ?is company made a special reque/ = ! s]vices ( ,lieut5ant ,:i/l]4 ,! directors _h resolv$ on s5d+ a deputation to ,engl& to exam9e ! railroads ( t c\ntry1 & ,jona?an ,knight1 ,william ,gibbs ,mc,neill1 & ,george ,w4 ,:i/l] 7 select$ = ?is duty4 ,!y 7 also accompani$ by ,ross ,w9ans1 ^: fame & =tune1 toge!r ) ^? ( 8 sons1 became s widely kn[n aft]w>d 9 connection ) ! great ,russian railway4 ,lieut5ant ,:i/l]1 says "o :o knew him well1 0 *os5 = ?is s]vice on acc\nt ( 8 rem>kable ?or\ghness 9 all ! details ( 8 pr(ession1 z well z = 8 sup]ior qualifications 9 o!r respects4 ,! p>ty left ?is c\ntry 9 ,novemb]1 #ahbh1 & return$ 9 ,may1 #ahbi4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! foll[+ ye> ! organization ( ! ,baltimore & ,ohio ,railroad1 a "p ( :i* _h already be5 con/ruct$ "u ! imm$iate p]sonal sup]vision ( ,lieut5ant ,:i/l]1 assum$ a m p]man5t =m1 & all[$ ! milit>y eng9e]s to be transf]r$ to o!r und]tak+s ( a simil> "*4 ,accord+ly1 9 ,june1 #ahcj1 ,capta9 ,mc,neill & ,lieut5ant ,:i/l] 7 s5t to ! ,baltimore & ,susquehanna ,railroad1 = :i* !y made ! prelim9>y surveys & a def9ite location1 & ^u :i* !y rema9$ until ab\t tw5ty miles 7 complet$1 :5 a lack ( funds caus$ a tempor>y susp5sion ( ! "w4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( #ahca ,:i/l] w5t to ,new ,j]sey to aid 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,pat]son & ,hudson ,riv] ,railroad 7n[ a "p ( ! ,erie ,railway74 ,^u ?is "w he rema9$ until #ahcc1 at :i* "t he mov$ to ,connecticut to take *>ge ( ! location ( ! railroad f ,provid5ce to ,/on+ton1 a l9e :i* _h be5 propos$ z an ext5sion ( t already 9 process ( con/ruction f ,bo/on to ,provid5ce4 ,9 ?is ye>1 ,decemb] #ca1 #ahcc1 ,lieut4 ,:i/l] resign$ 8 commission 9 ! army1 & ?is n s mu* f *oice z f a s5se ( duty4 ,hi!rto 8 "w z an eng9e] appe>s to h be5 m an employm5t ?an a vocation4 ,he c>ri$ on 8 und]tak+s dilig5tly1 z x 0 8 nature to d1 b )\t mu* anxiety or en?usiasm2 & he 0 satisfi$ 9 meet+ difficulties z !y came up1 ) a suffici5t solution4 ,h5ce=w>d he h&l$ 8 pr(ession f a love ( x4 ,he labor$ t 8 res\rces aga9/ ! difficulties ( matt] & space %\ld be ov]abundant1 & if he _h be=e be5 cont5t ) ! sure-foot$ facts ( obs]vation1 he n[ add$ ! lum9\s aid ( /udy4 ,h[ lum9\s & h[ sure ^! comb9$ became1 8 lat] works %[ be/4 ,9 #ahcd ,mr4 ,:i/l] accept$ ! position ( eng9e] to ! proprietors ( locks & canals at ,l[ell4 ,?is position gave him among o!r ?+s ! direction ( ! ma*9e %ops1 :i* _h be5 made pr9cipally = ! con/ruction ( locomotive eng9es4 ,! ,bo/on & ,l[ell ,railroad1 :i* at ?is "t 0 9 process ( con/ruction1 _h import$ a locomotive f ! works ( ,george & ,rob]t ,/eph5son1 at ,newca/le1 & ?is eng9e 0 to be reproduc$1 n only = ! use ( ! ,l[ell road1 b = o!r railways z well1 & to ?is "w ,major ,:i/l] gave a l>ge "p ( 8 "t f #ahcd to #ahcg4 ,! mak+ ( ^! eng9es illu/rat$ ^? features 9 8 "* :i* !n & ev] aft] 7 ( ! utmo/ value to ^? he s]v$4 ,x %[$ ! self-d5ial ) :i* he exclud$ any novelties ( 8 own1 ! caution ) :i* he admitt$ ^? ( o!rs1 & ! judgm5t :i* he ex]cis$ 9 select+ & comb9+ ! mo/ m]itori\s ( exi/+ arrangem5ts4 ,! pref]5ce :i* he %[$ = :at 0 simple & _h be5 tri$ did n arise f a want ( orig9ality1 z he _h abundant occasion to %[ dur+ ! :ole ( 8 eng9e]+ life4 ,he 01 inde$1 uncommonly f]tile 9 exp$i5ts1 z all :o knew him te/ify1 & ! great] ! dem& ^u 8 orig9ality1 ! high] did he rise to meet ! occasion4 ,! "t sp5t 9 ,l[ell 0 n only to ! great advantage ( ! company1 b x increas$ also 8 own /ores ( me*anical k1 & 9 a direction1 too1 :i* 9 lat] ye>s 0 ( especial value to him4 ,9 #ahcg ! condition ( ! ,/on+ton ,railroad became su* z to dem& ! cont9ual pres5ce & att5tion ( ! eng9e]4 ,mr4 ,:i/l] !re=e mov$ to ,/on+ton1 a place to :i* he became mu* atta*$1 & to :i* he seems dur+ all ( 8 w&]+s to h look$ ) a view ( mak+ x f9ally 8 home4 ,:ile engag$ ^u ! above road he 0 consult$ 9 reg>d to _m o!r und]tak+s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & prom95t among ^! 0 ! ,we/]n ,railroad ( ,massa*usetts4 ,?is great "w1 rem>kable = ! boldness ( its eng9e]+1 0 to run f ,worce/] ?r\gh ,spr+field & ,pittsfield to ,albany4 ,to surm\nt ! high l&s divid+ ! wat]s ( ! ,connecticut f ^? ( ! ,hudson call$ = eng9e]+ cauti\s & skillful z well z h]oic4 ,! l9e f ,worce/] to ,spr+field1 ?\gh app>5tly mu* less =midable1 & to "o :o n[ rides ov] ! road %[+ no v m>k$ features1 dem&$ h>dly less /udy1 z _m z twelve sev]al r\tes hav+ be5 exam9$ betwe5 ,worce/] & ,brookfield4 ,to und]take ! solution ( a problem ( s mu* importance requir$ ! be/ ( eng9e]+ tal5t1 & we f9d associat$ on ?is "w ! names ( ?ree m5 :o 9 ! e>ly railroad ent]prises ( ?is c\ntry /ood des]v$ly 9 ! front rank3 ,george ,w4 ,:i/l]1 ,william ,gibbs ,mc,neill1 & ,william ,h4 ,swift4 ,mc,neill _h graduat$ f ! ,milit>y ,academy 9 #ahag1 & rose to ! rank ( major 9 ! ,topographical ,eng9e]s4 ,l ,:i/l]1 he _h be5 detail$ to take *>ge ( ! design & con/ruction ( _m works ( int]nal improvem5t n "u ! direction ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t4 ,^! two eng9e]s ex]cis$ an influ5ce ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry = _m ye>s mu* great] ?an t ( any o!rs4 ,inde$1 !re 7 v few works ( importance und]tak5 at t "t 9 connection ) :i* _! names d n appe>4 ,?is alliance 0 fur!r cem5t$ by ! m>riage betwe5 ,:i/l] & ,mc,neill's si/]4 ,capt4 ,william ,h4 ,swift _h also graduat$ f ! ,milit>y ,academy1 & _h already %[n m>k$ ability z an eng9e]4 ,su* 7 ! m5 :o und]took ! location & con/ruction ( ! railroad :i* 0 to surm\nt ! high l&s betwe5 ! ,connecticut & ! ,hudson1 & to connect ,bo/on ) ! ,great ,we/4 ,! e>ly reports ( ^! eng9e]s to ! directors ( ! ,we/]n ,railroad %[ an exce$+ly ?or\gh appreciation ( ! complex problem pres5t$ to !m1 & a mu* bett] und]/&+ ( ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 e/abli%+ ! r\te ?an seems to h be5 %[n 9 _m f> m rec5t works4 ,9 ^! e>ly reports made 9 #ahcf & #ahcg1 we f9d elaborate discussions z to ! p[] ( ! locomotive eng9e1 & a recognition ( ! fact t 9 comp>+ diff]5t l9es we mu/ reg>d ! plan z well z ! pr(ile1 z ! resi/ance f curves on a level road may ev5 exce$ t produc$ by gravity on an incl9e2 & 9 "o place we f9d ! asc5ts equat$ at #ah feet1 ! slope :i* requires d\ble ! p[] ne$$ on a level road1 result+ 9 a virtual increase4 ,we f9d also a v cle> expression ( ! fact t an increas$ exp5diture 9 ! p[] ne$$ to op]ate ! complet$ road may ov]balance a consid]able sav+ 9 fir/ co/4 ,to be> ?is pr9ciple 9 m9d1 & at ! same "t to "w 9 accordance ) ! directors' ideas ( economy1 9 a c\ntry :]e ! railroad 0 reg>d$ v l>gely z an exp]im5t1 0 by no means an easy task4 ,! temptation to make ! fir/ co/ l[ at ! exp5se ( ! quality ( ! road 9 runn+ up ! valley ( ,we/field ,riv] 0 v great1 & ! directors 7 at "o "t v /rongly urg$ to make an exce$+ly n>r[ & crook$ road we/ ( ,spr+field2 b ,major ,:i/l] s conv9c$ ! ,presid5t1 ,?omas ,b4 ,wales1 ( ! folly ( su* a c\rse1 t ! latt] decl>$1 ) a mo/ emphatic prefix1 t he w\ld h no?+ to d ) su* a two-p5ny c[-pa?1 & ?us prev5t$ its adoption4 ,mr4 ,:i/l] _h _m inve/igations to make conc]n+ ! plans & policy ( railroad companies at a "t :5 almo/ ev]y?+ connect$ ) !m 0 comp>atively new & untri$4 ,:5 he comm5c$1 !re 0 no pass5g] railroad 9 ! c\ntry1 & b v few miles ( qu>ry & m9+ track4 ,if at t "t an asc5t ( m ?an #a 9 #bjj 0 requir$1 x 0 ?\ght necess>y to h incl9$ planes & /ation>y p[]4 ,x 0 suppos$ t by frequ5t relays x w\ld be possible to obta9 = pass5g] c>s a spe$ ( eight or n9e miles an h\r4 ,almo/ no?+ 0 kn[n ( ! be/ =m = rails1 ( ! con/ruction ( ! track1 or ( ! details = c>s or eng9es4 ,9 all ( ^! ?+s ,major ,:i/l]'s highly gift$ & well balanc$ m9d enabl$ him to judge wisely = 8 employ]s1 & to practice = !m ! true/ economy4 ,major ,:i/l]'s employm5t ^u ! ,we/]n ,railroad began :ile he 0 /ill engag$ ^u ! ,/on+ton l9e4 ,9 connection ) 8 fri5d ,mc,neill he act$ z consult+ eng9e] = ! ,we/]n road f #ahcf to #ahdj4 ,f #ahdj to #ahdb he 0 its *ief eng9e]1 ) 8 headqu>t]s at ,spr+field4 ,! /eep grades we/ ( ! ,connecticut pres5t$ n only a difficult problem 9 location & con/ruction1 b 9 locomotive eng9e]+ z well4 ,at ! pres5t day we c ord] any equipm5t :i* may be/ meet ! requirem5t ^u any railroad1 & ! ord] w be promptly met by any "o ( our great manufactories4 ,b 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,we/]n ,railroad x 0 f> o!rwise1 & ! locomotive :i* %\ld successfully & economically op]ate ! hi!rto unhe>d ( grade ( ov] #hj feet to ! mile 0 yet to be se54 ,! ,messrs4 ,w9ans1 ( ,baltimore1 _h built "s nondescript ma*9es1 :i* _h receiv$ ! "n ( crabs1 & _h tri$ to make !m "w ^u ! ,we/]n road4 ,b aft] _m attempts !y 7 giv5 up z unfit = su* s]vice4 ,^! crabs 7 eight :eel$ eng9es1 weigh+ ab\t #bj tons1 ) a v]tical boil]4 ,! :eels 7 #c feet 9 diamet]1 b ! eng9e work$ on to an int]m$iate %aft1 :i* 0 connect$ ) ! driv+ axle 9 su* a way z to get ! effect ( a five foot :eel4 ,^! eng9es did n impress ,major ,:i/l] at all favorably4 ,& x is relat$ t "o ,sunday ! wat*man 9 *>ge ( ! build+ 9 :i* "s ( !m 7 kept1 he>+ "s "o among ! eng9es1 w5t 9 quietly & ov]he>d ,major ,:i/l]1 app>5tly conv]s+ ) ! crab1 & say+3 ,no2 y mis]able1 top-heavy1 lop-sid$ abortion ( a gras%opp]1 y'll nev] d to haul ! tra9s ov] ?is road4 ,8 exp]i5ce 9 ,l[ell 0 "h ( great value to him1 & he _h become conv9c$ t ! eng9e ( ,george ,/eph5son 0 9 ! ma9 ! com+ ma*9e1 & ne$$ b to be prop]ly proportion$ & ( suffici5t size to meet e dem&4 ,) ,major ,:i/l]'s "w ^u ! ,we/]n ,railroad 8 eng9e]+ s]vice 9 ?is c\ntry conclud$1 & t by an occurr5ce :i* m>k$ him z ! =emo/ railroad eng9e] ( 8 "t4 ,pati5t1 indefatigable1 cauti\s1 rem>kable = exhau/less res\rce1 admirable judgm5t1 & ! highe/ eng9e]+ skill1 he _h begun ) ! beg9n+ ( ! railroad sy/em1 & _h ris5 to ! *ief control ( "o ( ! greate/ works 9 ! _w1 ! ,we/]n ,railroad ( ,massa*usetts4 ,n only _h he %[n ! mo/ f>-sight$ wisdom 9 fix+ ! g5]al features ( ?is und]tak+1 b no man surpass$ him1 if1 inde$1 any "o equal$ him1 9 an exact & ?or\gh k ( te*nical details4 ,to comb9e ! v>i\s elem5ts 9 su* a mann] z to produce ! greate/ comm]cial success1 & to make ! railroad 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w a public improvem5t1 nev] =gett+ ! am\nt ( money at 8 disposal1 0 ! problem he _h und]tak5 to solve4 ,he _h prov$ himself a great ma/] 9 8 pr(ession1 & _h %[n h[ well fitt$ he 0 to grapple ) e difficulty4 ,he 0 equally a man ( sci5ce & a man ( bus9ess4 ,& to all ?is he add$ ! mo/ delicate s5se ( honor & ! mo/ spotless integrity4 ,he 0 9 ! prime ( manhood1 & 0 prep>$ to ent] ^u ! great "w ( 8 life4 ,x 0 n long aft] ! introduction ( ! railroad t intellig5t p]sons saw v pla9ly t ! new mode ( transportation 0 n to be conf9$ to ! work+ ( an already e/abli%$ traffic1 9 d5sely populat$ regions1 b t x w\ld be ( equal s]vice 9 awak5+ ! en]gies ( undevelop$ c\ntries1 9 br++ ! va/ int]ior regions ( ! cont95ts into communication ) ! seabo>d1 9 op5+ m>kets to l&s :i* be=e 7 beyond ! rea* ( comm]ce4 ,& x 0 se51 too1 t 9 ev5t ( w>1 a new & invaluable elem5t _h be5 introduc$1 viz41 ! p[] ( transportation to an ext5t nev] be=e imag9$4 ,especially 7 ^! advantages =ese5 9 ! va/ empire ( ,russia1 & an attempt 0 v e>ly made to induce private capitali/s to und]take ! con/ruction ( ! l9es contemplat$ 9 t c\ntry4 ,! ,emp]or1 besides gu>antee+ to ! %>ehold]s a m9imum pr(it ( f\r p] c5t41 propos$ to give !m1 gratuit\sly1 all ! l&s ( ! /ate ?r\gh :i* ! l9es %\ld pass1 & to place at _! disposal1 also gratuit\sly1 ! timb] & raw mat]ials necess>y = ! way & works :i* might be f\nd ^u ! gr\nd4 ,x 0 fur!r propos$1 to p]mit ! importation ( rails & ( ! roll+ /ock free ( duty4 ,russian proprietors also came =w>d1 & n only agre$ to grant su* portions ( _! l& z ! railroads might pass ?r\gh1 gratuit\sly1 b fur!r to dispossess !mselves tempor>ily ( _! s]fs1 & surr5d] !m to ! use ( ! companies1 on ! sole condition t !y %\ld be prop]ly support$ :ile ?us employ$4 ,) reg>d to ! great l9e1 h[ev]1 :i* 0 to unite ! two capitals1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg & ,mosc[1 x 0 decre$ t ?is %\ld be made exclusively at ! exp5se ( ! /ate1 9 ord] to reta9 9 ! h&s ( ! gov]nm5t & 9 ! g5]al int]e/ ( ! p a l9e ( communication s important to ! indu/ry & ! int]nal comm]ce ( ! c\ntry4 ,! local proprietors agre$ to surr5d] to ! gov]nm5t1 gratuit\sly1 ! l&s necess>y = ?is l9e4 ,x 0 v e>ly und]/ood t ! railroad problem 9 ,russia 0 mu* m analog\s to t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an to t 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,emp]or1 !re=e1 9 #ahci1 s5t ! ,*evali] ,de ,g]/n] to ! ,unit$ ,/ates to obta9 in=mation conc]n+ ! railroads ( ?is c\ntry4 ,x 0 ?is p]son :o obta9$ f ! ,emp]or ! concession = ! %ort railway f ,/4 ,pet]sburg to ,z>skoe ,selo1 :i* _h be5 op5$ 9 #ahcg1 & :o _h also made a c>eful reconnoissance 9 #ahce = a l9e f ,/4 ,pet]sburg to ,mosc[1 & _h v /rongly urg$ its con/ruction on ! ,am]ican plan4 ,! m ,de ,g]/n] exam9$ our roads1 ! m impress$ he 0 ) ! fitness ( :at he t]m$ ! ,am]ican sy/em ( build+ & op]at+ railroads to ! ne$s ( ! empire ( ,russia4 ,9 "o ( 8 lett]s 9 expla9+ ! causes ( ! *eap con/ruction ( ,am]ican railroads1 aft] not+ ! fact t labor z well z mat]ial is mu* de>] 9 ,am]ica ?an 9 ,europe1 he ref]s to ! use ( /eep grades 7#ic feet to ! mile7 & %>p curves 7#fjj feet radius71 ^u :i* ! ,am]ican equipm5t works easily1 to ! use ( labor sav+ ma*9]y1 p>ticul>ly to a /eam excavat+ ma*9e ^u ! railroad betwe5 ,worce/] & ,spr+field1 & to ! ,am]ican sy/em ( wood5 bridge build+1 & says3 ,! sup]/ructure ( ! railroads 9 ,am]ica is made con=mable to ! expect$ traffic1 & co/s !re=e m or less accord+ly2 & he concludes1 consid]+ ! :ole1 x appe>s t ! *eapness ( ! ,am]ican railroads has its f\ndation 9 ! practical s5se :i* pr$om9ates 9 _! con/ruction4 ,aga91 "u ! causes ( ! *eap managem5t ( ! ,am]ican roads1 he notes ! less exp5sive adm9i/ration s]vice1 ! l[ rate ( spe$1 ! use ( ! eight :eel$ c>s & ! f\r-:eel$ truck "u ! eng9es1 & concludes3 ,9 my op9ion x w\ld be ( great advantage = e railroad company 9 ,europe to procure at lea/ "o su* tra9 7z ^? us$ 9 ,am]ica74 ,^? companies1 h[ev]1 ^: works are yet "u con/ruction ,i c advise ) ! fulle/ conviction to procure all _! locomotive eng9es & t5d]s f ,am]ica1 & to con/ruct _! c>s aft] ! ,am]ican model4 ,not)/&+ ?is report1 ! sugge/ions ( ,de ,g]/n] 7 n at once accept$4 ,! magnitude ( ! ent]prise w\ld n admit ( tak+ a false /ep4 ,fur!r evid5ce 0 ne$$1 & accord+ly x 0 decid$ to s5d a committee ( eng9e] (fic]s to v>i\s c\ntries 9 ,europe1 & to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to select su* a sy/em = ! road & its equipm5t z w\ld be be/ adapt$ to ,russia4 ,^! (fic]s1 ,colonels ,melnik(f & ,kr(ft1 n only report$ 9 ! mo/ decid$ mann] 9 favor ( ! ,am]ican me?ods1 b also /at$ t ( all p]sons ) :om !y _h communicat$1 no "o _h giv5 !m su* full & satisfactory in=mation ^u all po9ts1 or _h s impress$ !m z possess+ extraord9>y ability1 z ,major ,george ,w4 ,:i/l]4 ,?is l$ to 8 receiv+ an invitation f ! ,emp]or to g to ,russia & become consult+ eng9e] = ! great road :i* 0 to connect ! imp]ial city ^u ! ,baltic ) ! anci5t capital ( ! ,cz>s4 ,:5 we consid] ! magnitude ( ! eng9e]+ works ) :i* ! old] c\ntries ab\nd1 we c b reg>d ) a feel+ ( pride ! fact t an ,am]ican %\ld h be5 select$ = s high a tru/ by a ,european gov]nm5t possess+ e opportunity & means = secur+ ! highe/ pr(essional tal5t :i* ! _w c\ld (f]4 ,nor %\ld x be =gott5 t ! selection ( our c\ntryman did n arise f any necessity :i* ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t felt = obta9+ pr(essional aid f abroad1 gr[+ out ( a lack ( ! requisite mat]ial at home4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! eng9e]s ( ! ,russian s]vice are p]haps ! mo/ accompli%$ body ( m5 to be f\nd 9 any c\ntry4 ,select$ 9 _! y\?1 irrespective ( any artificial advantages ( bir? or position1 b = hav+ a g5ius = su* "w1 & tra9$ to a degree ( excell5ce 9 all ( ! sci5ces unsurpass$ 9 any c\ntry1 !y /& des]v$ly 9 ! front rank4 ,su* 0 ! body ( m5 ) :om ,major ,:i/l] 0 call$ to co-op]ate1 & ^: pr(essional duties1 if n direct$ specially by him1 7 to be controll$ by 8 judgm5t4 ,accept+ ! position (f]$ to him 9 s flatt]+ a mann]1 he sail$ = ,/4 ,pet]sburg ab\t mid-summ] 9 #ahdb1 be+ accompani$ on 8 voyage by ,major ,b\ttattz1 ( ! ,russian ,eng9e] ,corps1 :o _h be5 s5t to ?is c\ntry by ! ,emp]or z an escort4 ,arriv+ 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 & hav+ le>n$ ! g5]al "* ( ! propos$ "w1 he travel$ p>tly by horse & p>tly on foot ov] ! entire r\te1 & made 8 prelim9>y report1 :i* 0 at once accept$4 ,! plan contemplat$ ! con/ruction ( a d\ble track railroad #dbj miles long1 p]fect 9 all its p>ts1 & equipp$ to its utmo/ necessity4 ,! e/imates am\nt$ to ne>ly =ty millions ( doll>s1 & ! "t = its con/ruction 0 reckon$ at sev5 ye>s4 ,! l9e select$ = ! road _h no ref]5ce to int]m$iate po9ts1 & 0 ! %orte/ atta9able1 due reg>d be+ paid to ! co/ ( con/ruction4 ,x is ne>ly /raight1 & passes ov] s level a c\ntry z to enc\nt] no ob/acle requir+ a grade exce$+ #bj feet to ! mile1 & = mo/ ( ! di/ance x is level4 ,! "r ( way tak5 0 #djj feet 9 wid? ?r\gh\t ! entire l5g?4 ,! roadb$ 0 rais$ f six to t5 feet above ! ord9>y level ( ! c\ntry1 & 0 #cj feet wide on top4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important que/ions to settle at ! outset 9 reg>d to ?is great "w 0 ! wid? ( ! gauge4 ,at t "t ! op9ion 9 ,engl& z well z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates among eng9e]s 0 sett+ v /rongly 9 favor ( a gauge wid] ?an #d feet #h in*es1 & ! ,russian eng9e]s 7 decid$ly 9 favor ( su* increas$ wid?4 ,major ,:i/l]1 h[ev]1 9 an elaborate report to ! ,c\nt ,kle9mi*el argu$ v /rongly 9 favor ( ! ord9>y gauge4 ,to ?is a commission ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ eng9e]s 9 ,russia repli$1 urg+ 9 ! mo/ =cible mann] ! adoption ( a gauge ( six feet4 ,major ,:i/l] rejo9$ 9 a report :i* is "o ( ! f9e/ models ( an eng9e]+ argum5t ev] writt51 & 9 :i* we h p]haps ! be/ view ( ! quality ( 8 m9d4 ,9 ?is docum5t no po9t is omitt$1 ea* "p ( ! "q is h&l$ ) ! mo/ consummate skill1 ! be>+ ( ! sev]al p>ts ^u ! :ole is %[n 9 ! cle>e/ possible mann]1 & 9 a /yle :i* c\ld only come f "o :o f 8 own k 0 ?or\ghly famili> ) all ! details1 n only ( ! railroad1 b ( ! locomotive z well4 ,9 ?is report ! hi/ory ( ! ord9>y gauge is giv51 ) ! orig9 ( ! /&>d ( #d feet #h in*es2 ! que/ions ( /r5g?1 /ability1 & capacity ( c>s1 ( ! dim5sions1 proportions1 & p[] ( eng9es1 ! spe$ ( tra9s1 resi/ances to motion1 weight & /r5g? ( rails1 ! co/ ( ! roadway1 & ! removal ( sn[ are c>efully consid]$4 ,! v>i\s claims ( ! advocates = a wid] gauge are fairly & critically exam9$1 & :ile ! errors ( 8 oppon5ts are laid b>e 9 ! mo/ unsp>+ mann]1 ! :ole is done 9 a _s s entirely unprejudic$1 & ) s evid5t a desire = ! simple tru?1 z to c>ry conviction to any fair m9d$ p]son4 ,! dry way1 too1 9 :i* he sugge/s t conclusions bas$ ^u actual results f exi/+ railways are ( m value ?an d$uctions f suppos$ conditions ^u imag9>y roads1 is exce$+ly ent]ta9+4 ,! result 0 ! adoption ( ! gauge recomm5d$ by him1 namely1 five feet4 ,^? :o rememb] ! ,battle ( ! ,gauges1 & :o "k h[ mu* exp5se & tr\ble ! wide gauge has s9ce caus$1 w appreciate ! /& tak5 ?us e>ly by ,major ,:i/l]2 & ?is 0 b "o among _m cases :i* might be m5tion$ to %[ h[ compreh5sive & f>-rea*+ 0 8 m9d4 ,! roadb$ ( ! ,/4 ,pet]sburg & ,mosc[ ,railway 0 made #cj feet wide on top1 = a d\ble track ( #e foot gauge1 ) a gravel balla/+ two feet deep4 ,! bridges 7 ( wood1 ( ! ,h[e patt]n1 no spans be+ ov] #bjj feet 9 l5g?4 ,! /ations at ea* end1 & ! /ation & eng9e h\ses along ! l9e1 7 on a plan uni=m ?r\gh\t1 & ( ! mo/ ample accommodation4 ,fuel & wat] /ations 7 plac$ at suitable po9ts1 & eng9e h\ses 7 provid$ #ej miles ap>t1 built ( ! mo/ sub/antial masonry1 circul> 9 =m1 #ahj feet 9 diamet]1 surm\nt$ by a dome1 & hav+ /alls = #bb eng9es ea*4 ,repair %ops 7 atta*$ to e eng9e h\se1 furni%$ ) e tool or implem5t t ! wants ( ! road c\ld sugge/4 ,! equipm5t ( roll+ /ock & fix$ ma*9]y = ! %ops 0 furni%$ by ! ,am]ican firm ( ,w9ans1 ,h>rison ,ea/wick1 :o f previ\s acqua9tance 7 kn[n by ,major ,:i/l] to be skillful1 en]getic1 & reliable4 ,mu* diplomacy 0 ne$$ to procure ! l>ge money advances = ?is "p ( ! "w1 ! :ole ,w9ans contract am\nt+ to ne>ly five millions ( doll>s2 b ! assurance ( ,major ,:i/l] 0 a suffici5t gu>antee aga9/ disappo9tm5t or failure4 ,9 #ahdc ! plans = ! "w 7 all complete1 & 9 #ahdd ! v>i\s op]ations along ! l9e 7 well "u way1 & proce$+ accord+ to ! well arrang$ programme4 ,9 #ahde ! "w _h progress$ s f> t ! con/ruction ( ! roll+ /ock 0 comm5c$4 ,! locomotives 7 ( two classes1 freight & pass5g]4 ,! eng9es ( ea* class 7 made ?r\gh\t f ! same patt]ns1 s t any "p ( "o eng9e w\ld fit ! same position on any o!r4 ,! pass5g] eng9es _h two pairs ( driv+ :eels1 c\pl$1 #f feet 9 diamet]1 & a f\r :eel$ truck simil> to ! mod]n ,am]ican locomotive4 ,! g5]al dim5sions 73 ,wai/ ( boil]1 #dg in*es1 #ahf two in* tubes #aj feet long2 cyl9d]s1 #af #bb in*es4 ,! freight eng9es _h ! same capacity ( boil] & ! same numb] & l5g? ( tubes1 ?ree pairs ( driv+ :eels1 c\pl$1 #d feet 9 diamet]1 a truck & cyl9d]s #ah #bb in*es1 & all uni=m ?r\gh\t 9 workman%ip & f9i%4 ,! pass5g] c>s 7 #ef feet long & #i feet wide1 ! fir/ class c>ry+ #cc pass5g]s1 ! second class #ed1 & ! ?ird class #hj4 ,!y all _h eight truck :eels "u ea*1 & elliptic /eel spr+s4 ,! freight c>s 7 all #cj feet long & #i feet wide1 made 9 a uni=m mann]1 ) eight truck :eels "u ea*4 ,! imp]ial saloon c>riages 7 #hj feet long & #i feet wide1 hav+ d\ble trucks1 or sixte5 :eels "u ea*4 ,!y 7 divid$ into five comp>tm5ts & fitt$ ) e conv5i5ce4 ,e>ly 9 #ahdg ! ,emp]or ,ni*olas visit$ ! me*anical works at ,alex&r(fsky1 :]e ! roll+ /ock 0 be+ made by ! ,messrs4 ,w9ans1 9 ! %ops prep>$ by !m & suppli$ by ,russian labor4 ,ev]y?+ "h 0 on ! gr&e/ scale1 & ! "w 0 conduct$ "u ! mo/ p]fect sy/em4 ,^u ?is occasion ! ,emp]or 0 s mu* gratifi$ at :at _h already be5 accompli%$ t he conf]r$ ^u ,major ,:i/l] ! decoration ( ! ,ord] ( ,/4 ,anne4 ,he _h previ\sly be5 press$ to we> ! ,russian uni=m1 :i* he promptly decl9$ to d2 b !re 0 no escape f ! decoration )\t giv+ (f5se4 ,he is said1 h[ev]1 to h g5]ally contriv$ to hide x b5ea? 8 coat 9 su* a mann] t few ev] saw x4 ,te*nically1 ,major ,:i/l] 0 consult+ eng9e]1 ,colonel ,melnik(f be+ con/ruct+ eng9e] = ! nor!rn half ( ! road1 & ,colonel ,kr(ft = ! s\!rn half2 b z a matt] ( fact1 by f> ! l>g] "p ( plann+ ! con/ruction 9 detail ( bo? railway & equipm5t fell ^u ,major ,:i/l]4 ,!re 0 also a p]man5t commission hav+ g5]al *>ge ( ! con/ruction ( ! road1 ( :i* ! presid5t 0 ,g5]al ,de/rem1 "o ( ! f\r ,fr5* eng9e]s :om ,napoleon1 at ! reque/ ( ! ,emp]or ,alex&]1 s5t to ,russia = ! s]vice ( t c\ntry4 ,! ye> #ahdh 0 a v try+ "o to ,major ,:i/l]4 ,he _h already on sev]al occasions ov]task$ 8 /r5g?1 & _h be5 oblig$ to re/4 ,?is ye> ! ,asiatic *ol]a made its appe>ance4 ,he s5t 8 family abroad1 b rema9$ himself alone 9 8 h\se4 ,he w\ld on no acc\nt at ?is "t leave 8 po/1 nor omit 8 p]iodical inspections along ! l9e ( ! road1 :]e ! epidemic 0 rag+4 ,9 ,novemb] he _h an attack ( *ol]a1 & :ile he recov]$ f x1 he 0 left v weak4 ,/ill1 he rema9$ ^u ! "w ?r\gh ! w9t]1 ?\gh suff]+ mu* f a complication ( diseases4 ,z spr+ advanc$ he became mu* worse1 & ^u ! #g? ( ,april1 #ahdi1 he pass$ quietly away1 ! imm$iate cause ( 8 dea? be+ a tr\ble ) ! he>t4 ,fun]al s]vices 7 held 9 ! ,anglican 7,episcopal7 ,*ur* 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,8 body 0 soon aft]w>d c>ri$ to ,bo/on & deposit$ b5ea? ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*2 b ! f9al int]m5t took place at ,/on+ton4 ,! k9dness & att5tion ( ! ,emp]or & ( all ) :om ,major ,:i/l] _h be5 associat$ knew no b\nds4 ,ev]y?+ 0 done to com=t & aid 8 wife1 & :5 %e left ,/4 ,pet]sburg ! ,emp]or s5t h] 9 8 private b>ge to ! m\? ( ! ,baltic4 ,x 0 n only1 says "o :o knew him weil1 ?r\gh 8 skill1 ability1 & exp]i5ce z an eng9e] t ,major ,:i/l] 0 p>ticul>ly qualifi$ = & em95tly successful 9 ! important task he p]=m$ s well 9 ,russia4 ,8 milit>y tra9+ & be>+1 8 poli%$ mann]1 good humor1 s5se ( honor1 k ( a language 7,fr5*7 9 :i* he c\ld conv]se ) (fic]s ( ! gov]nm5t1 8 resolution 9 adh]+ to :at he ?\ght 0 "r1 & 9 meet+ difficulties only to surm\nt !m1 ) o!r admirable p]sonal qualities1 made him soon1 & dur+ 8 :ole resid5ce 9 ,russia1 mu* lik$ & tru/$ by all p]sons by :om he 0 kn[n1 f ! ,emp]or d[n to ! peasant4 ,su* is ! reputation he left beh9d him1 & :i* is giv5 to him 9 ,russia to ?is day4 ,9 #ahdi ! firm ( ,w9ans1 ,h>rison & ,ea/wick _h already furni%$ ! road ) #afb locomotives1 #gb pass5g] & #b1ehj freight c>s4 ,!y _h also arrang$ to in/ruct a suitable numb] ( ,russian me*anics to take *>ge ( ! ma*9]y :5 complet$4 ,! road 0 f9i%$ its entire l5g? 9 #ahej1 be+ op5$ = pass5g] & freight traffic on ! #be? ( ,septemb] ( t ye>1 9 two divisions1 exp]im5tally1 & f9ally op5$ = ?r\gh bus9ess on ,novemb] #a1 #ahea4 ,9 all ( its con/ruction & equipm5t x 0 ess5tially ,am]ican ( ! be/ k9d1 ev]y?+ be+ made "u a c>efully devis$ sy/em1 by :i* ! greate/ economy 9 ma9t5ance & 9 managem5t %\ld be possible4 ,! use ( /&>d patt]ns1 uni=mity 9 design & duplication ( p>ts 0 appli$1 n only to ! roll+ /ock1 b to ! railroad z well1 :]ev] x 0 possible4 ,inde$1 ! :ole und]tak+ 9 all its p>ts bore ! impress ( "o ma/] m9d4 ,on ! dea? ( ,major ,:i/l] ! gov]nm5t ) jeal\s c>e prev5t$ any *anges :atev] be+ made 9 8 plans1 includ+ ^? :i* _h n be5 c>ri$ out z well z ^? already 9 process ( execution4 ,an ,am]ican eng9e]1 ,major ,t4,s4 ,br[n1 0 invit$ to ,russia to succe$ ,major ,:i/l] z consult+ eng9e]4 ,! s]vices ( ! ,messrs4 ,w9ans also 7 s satisfactory to ! gov]nm5t t a new contract 0 aft]w>d made1 ^u ! completion ( ! road1 = ! ma9t5ance & ! future con/ruction ( roll+ /ock4 ,:ile ! great railroad 0 ! pr9cipal "w ( ,major ,:i/l] 9 ,russia1 he 0 also consult$ 9 reg>d to all ! important eng9e]+ works ( ! p]iod4 ,! =tifications at ,cron/adt1 ! ,naval ,ars5al & docks at ! same place1 ! plans = improv+ ! ,dw9a at ,ar*angel1 ! great iron ro( ( ! ,rid+ ,h\se at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 & ! iron bridge ov] ! ,neva all receiv$ 8 att5tion4 ,! gov]nm5t 0 accu/om$ to rely ^u 8 judgm5t 9 all cases requir+ ! ex]cise ( ! highe/ comb9ation ( sci5ce & practical skill2 & "h1 ) a happy tact peculi>ly 8 own1 he secur$ ! w>m fri5d%ip ( m5 ^: pr(essional acts he f\nd himself call$ ^u 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 high tru/ 9 _m cases to condemn4 ,! ,russians are prov]bially jeal\s ( /rang]s1 & no high] evid5ce ( _! appreciation ( ! /]l+ hone/y ( ,major ,:i/l]1 & ( 8 s\nd1 discrim9at+ judgm5t1 c\ld be af=d$ ?an ! fact t all 8 recomm5dations on ! great que/ions ( int]nal improvem5t1 oppos$ z _m ( !m 7 to ! pr9ciples :i* _h previ\sly obta9$1 & :i* 7 sanction$ by usage1 7 yet c>ri$ out by ! gov]nm5t to ! smalle/ details4 ,:ile 9 ,russia ,major ,:i/l] 0 sometimes plac$ 9 positions mo/ try+ to him4 ,x is said t "s ( ! corps ( native eng9e]s1 _m ( :om 7 nobles1 :ile compell$ to look up to him (ficially1 7 incl9$ to look d[n ^u him socially1 & ex]cis$ _! suppos$ privileges 9 ?is respect s z to annoy him exce$+ly1 = he _h n kn[n 9 8 own c\ntry :at x 0 to be ! social inf]ior ( any "o4 ,! ,emp]or1 he>+ ( ?is annoyance1 det]m9$ to /op x2 s1 tak+ advantage ( a day :5 he knew ! eng9e] corps w\ld visit a celebrat$ gall]y ( art1 he ent]$ x :ile !y 7 !re1 & )\t at fir/ notic+ any "o else1 look$ ar\nd = ,major ,:i/l]1 & see+ him1 w5t directly t[>d him1 took 8 arm1 & walk$ sl[ly ) him entirely ar\nd ! gall]y4 ,aft] ?is ! conduct ( ! nobles 0 all t c\ld be desir$4 ,major ,:i/l]'s sal>y :ile 9 ,russia 0 #ab1jjj a ye>2 a sum no m ?an necess>y = liv+ 9 a /yle befitt+ 8 position4 ,he _h abundant opportunity = mak+ money1 b ?is 8 nice s5se ( honor =bade4 ,x is ev5 /at$ t he w\ld nev] all[ any inv5tion to be us$ on ! road t c\ld by any possibility be ( any pr(it to himself or to any ( 8 fri5ds4 ,he 0 cont9ually besieg$ by ,am]ican inv5tors1 b 9 va94 ,! honor ( ! pr(ession he reg>d$ z a sacr$ tru/4 ,he s]v$ ! ,emp]or ) ! fidelity t *>act]iz$ all 8 actions4 ,8 unsw]v+ devotion to 8 duty 0 fully appreciat$1 & x is said t no ,am]ican 9 ,russia1 except ,john ,qu9cy ,adams1 0 ev] held 9 s high e/imation4 ,major ,:i/l] m>ri$ = 8 fir/ wife ,m>y1 daught] ( ,dr4 ,fo/] ,swift ( ! ,u4,s4 ,army1 & ,deborah1 daught] ( ,capt4 ,?omas ,delano ( ,nantucket4 ,by h] he _h ?ree *ildr53 ,deborah1 8 only daught]1 :o m>ri$ ,seym\r ,had5 ( ,london1 a surgeon1 b lat] & bett] kn[n = 8 skill 9 et*+2 ,george ,william1 :o became an eng9e] & railway manag]1 & :o w5t to ,russia1 & f9ally di$ at ,brighton1 9 ,engl&1 ,dec4 #bd1 #ahfi2 ,joseph ,swift1 born at ,new ,london1 ,aug4 #ab1 #ahbe1 & :o di$ at ,/on+ton1 ,jan4 #a1 #ahdj4 ,8 fir/ wife di$ ,dec4 #i1 #ahbg1 at ! e>ly age ( #bc ye>s1 & is buri$ 9 ,gre5wood ,cemet]y1 9 ! %ade ( ! monum5t erect$ to ! memory ( h] husb& by ! lov+ h&s ( 8 pr(essional bre?r54 ,= 8 second wife he m>ri$ ,anna ,matilda1 daught] ( ,dr4 ,*>les ,donald ,mc,neill ( ,wilm+ton1 ,n4,c41 & si/] ( 8 fri5d & associate1 ,william ,gibbs ,mc,neill4 ,by h] he _h five sons3 ,james ,abbot ,mc,neill1 ! not$ arti/1 & ,william ,gibbs ,mc,neill1 a well kn[n physician1 bo? n[ liv+ 9 ,london2 ,kirk ,boott1 born 9 ,/on+ton1 ,july #af1 #ahch1 & :o di$ at ,spr+field1 ,july #aj1 #ahdb2 ,*>les ,donald1 born 9 ,spr+field1 ,aug4 #bg1 #ahda1 & :o di$ 9 ,russia1 ,sept4 #bd1 #ahdc2 & ,john ,b\ttattz1 :o 0 born & :o di$ at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 hav+ liv$ b little m ?an a ye>4 ,8 second wife1 :o outliv$ him1 return$ to ,am]ica1 & rema9$ "h dur+ ! education ( h] *ildr51 aft] :i* %e mov$ to ,engl&4 ,%e di$ ,jan4 #ca1 #ahha1 at ! age ( #gf ye>s1 & 0 buri$ at ,ha/+s4 ,at a meet+ held 9 ! (fice ( ! ,panama ,railroad ,company 9 ,new ,york1 ,augu/ #bg1 #ahdi1 = ! purpose ( sugge/+ measures expressive ( _! respect = ! memory ( ,major ,:i/l]1 ,wm4 ,h4 ,sidell be+ *airman & ,a4,w4 ,crav5 secret>y1 x 0 resolv$ t a monum5t 9 ,gre5wood ,cemet]y w\ld be a suitable mode ( express+ ! feel+s ( ! pr(ession 9 ?is respect1 & t an association be =m$ to collect funds & take all necess>y /eps to c>ry out ! "w4 ,at ?is meet+ ,capt4 ,william ,h4 ,swift 0 appo9t$ presid5t1 ,major ,t4,s4 ,br[n treasur]1 & ,a4,w4 ,crav5 secret>y1 & ,messrs4 ,horatio ,all51 ,w4,c4 ,"y1 ,j4,w4 ,adams1 & ,a4,w4 ,crav5 7 appo9t$ a committee to procure designs & e/imates1 & to select a suitable piece ( gr\nd4 ,! design 0 made by ,mr4 ,adams1 & ! gr\nd 0 giv5 by ,mr4 ,kirkwood4 ,! monum5t is a beautiful /ructure ( r$ /&/one1 ab\t #ae feet high1 & /&s 9 ,twilight ,dell4 ,^u ! sev]al faces are ! foll[+ inscriptions3 ,^u ! ,front4 ,,9 ,,memory ,,( ,,george ,,wa%+ton ,,:i/l]1 ,,civil ,,eng9e]1 ,,born ,,at ,,=t ,,wayne1 ,,indiana1 ,,may1 #ahjj1 ,,di$ ,,at ,,/4 ,,pet]sburg1 ,,russia1 ,,april1 #ahdi4 ,^u ! ,"r ,side4 ,,educat$ ,,at ,,! ,u4,s4 ,,milit>y ,,academy4 ,,he ,,retir$ ,,f ,,! ,,army ,,9 #ahcc ,,& ,,became ,,associat$ ,,) ,,william ,,gibbs ,m',,neill4 ,,!y ,,7 ,,9 ,,_! ,,"t ,,ackn[l$g$ ,,to ,,be ,,at ,,! ,,head ,,( ,,_! ,,pr(ession ,,9 ,,?is ,,c\ntry4 ,^u ! ,back4 ,,he ,,0 ,,di/+ui%$ ,,= ,,!oretical ,,& ,,practical ,,ability1 ,,c\pl$ ,,) ,,s\nd ,,judgm5t ,,& ,,great ,,integrity4 ,,9 #ahdb ,,he ,,0 ,,invit$ ,,to ,,russia ,,by ,,! ,,emp]or ,,ni*olas1 ,,& ,,di$ ,,!re ,,:ile ,,con/ruct+ ,,! ,,/4 ,,pet]sburg ,,mosc[ ,,railroad4 ,^u ! ,left ,side4 ,,?is ,,c5otaph ,,is ,a ,,monum5t ,,( ,,! ,,e/eem ,,& ,,affection ,,( ,,8 ,,fri5ds ,,& ,,companions4 ,:ile ! monum5t ?us rais$ to ! memory ( ! great eng9e] /&s 9 t mo/ delightful ( ! cities ( ! dead1 8 worn-out body re/s 9 ! qua9t old t[n ( ,/on+ton4 ,x 0 "h t 8 sev]al *ildr5 _h be5 buri$1 & he _h frequ5tly express$ a desire t :5 he %\ld die he might be plac$ by _! side4 ,a deputation ( eng9e]s :o _h be5 9 _! e>ly ye>s associat$ ) him att5d$ ! simple s]vice :i* 0 held ov] 8 grave1 & all felt z !y turn$ away t !y _h bid f>ewell to su* a man z ! _w has n (t5 se54 ,9 p]son ,major ,:i/l] 0 ( m$ium size & well made4 ,8 face %[$ ! f9e/ type ( manly beauty1 comb9$ ) a delicacy almo/ fem99e4 ,9 private life he 0 greatly priz$ = 8 natural qualities ( he>t & m9d1 8 reg>d = ! feel+s ( o!rs1 & 8 unv>y+ k9dness1 especially t[>d 8 inf]iors & 8 "y assi/ants4 ,8 duties & 8 travels 9 ?is & 9 o!r c\ntries br\ght him 9 contact ) m5 ( e rank2 & x is safe to say t ! m compet5t ^? :o knew him 7 to judge1 ! m highly 0 he valu$ by !m4 ,a close obs]v]1 ) a ke5 s5se ( humor & unfail+ tact1 fond ( p]sonal anecdote1 & ) a m9d /or$ ) recollections f association ) e grade ( society1 he 0 a mo/ engag+ companion4 ,! *>m ( 8 mann] 0 n conv5tional1 nor due to int]c\rse ) ref9$ society1 b came f a s5se ( delicacy & a ref9em5t ( feel+ :i* 0 innate1 & :i* %[$ itself 9 him "u all circum/ances4 ,he 0 9 ! wide/ & be/ s5se ( ! ^w a g5tleman2 & he 0 a g5tleman outw>dly because he 0 a g5tleman at he>t4 ,z an eng9e]1 ,:i/l]'s works speak = him4 ,he 0 em95tly a practical man1 rem>kable = /ead9ess ( judgm5t & = s\nd bus9ess s5se4 ,:atev] he did 0 s well done t he 0 naturally foll[$ z a model by ^? :o 7 seek+ a high /&>d4 ,o!rs may h excell$ 9 extraord9>y boldness or 9 "s rem>kable specialty1 b 9 all t r\nds out ! p]fect eng9e]1 :e!r natural *>act]i/ics1 pr(essional tra9+1 or ! well dige/$ results ( long & valuable exp]i5ce1 we look 9 va9 = 8 sup]ior1 & ^? :o knew him be/ w hesitate to ackn[l$ge 8 equal4--,j\rnal ( ! ,association ( ,eng9e]+ ,societies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pr9t+ ,,lant]n ,,pictures ,,by ,,artificial ,,light ,,on ,,bromide ,,plates ,,f ,,v>i\s ,,sizes4 ,by ,a4 ,,pumphrey4 ,footnote3 ,read be=e ! ,birm+ham ,photographic ,society4 ,report$ 9 ! ,photo4 ,news4 ,!re c be no "q t !re is no plan t is s simple = produc+ transp>5cies z contact pr9t+1 b 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r photographic matt]s1 "o me?od ( "w w n answ] all ne$s4 ,reproduction 9 ! cam]a1 us+ daylight to illum9ate ! negative1 enables ! op]ator to r$uce or enl>ge 9 e direction1 b ! lant]n is a w9t] in/rum5t1 & comes 9 = dem& & use dur+ ! %ort days4 ,:5 ev5 ! pr(essional photograph] has n en\gh light to get ?r\gh 8 ord]s1 h[ c ! amateur get ! ne$$ daylight if photography be only ! pursuit 9 sp>e "t8 ,besides1 !re are days 9 our l>ge t[ns :5 :at daylight !re is is s yell[ f smoke or fog z to h little act9ic p[]4 ,^! consid]ations & ne$s h l$ me to exp]im5t & te/ :at c be done ) artificial light1 & ,i ?9k ,i h made ! way cle> = actual "w )\t fur!r exp]im5t4 ,i h n be5 able by any arrangem5t ( reflect$ light to get p[] en\gh to pr9t negatives ( ! ord9>y d5sity1 & h only succe$$ by caus+ ! light to be equally disp]s$ ov] ! negative by a l5s z us$ 9 ! optical lant]n1 b ! arrangem5ts requir$ are some:at diff]5t to t ( ! enl>g+ lant]n4 ,! foll[+ is ! plan by :i* ,i h succe$$ be/ 9 ! production ( transp>5cies3 ,illu/ration ,b is a lamp ) a circul> wick1 :i* burns petroleum & gives a good body ( light4 ,c is a frame = hold+ ! negative1 on ! opposite side ( :i* is a d\ble convex l5s fac+ ! light4 ,d is ! cam]a & l5s4 ,all ^! mu/ be plac$ 9 a l9e1 s t ! be/ "p ( ! light1 ! c5t] ( ! cond5s]1 & ! l5s are ( equal height4 ,! me?od ( work+ is z foll[s3 ,! lamp1 ,b1 is plac$ at su* a di/ance f ! cond5s] t ! rays come to a focus & ent] ! l5s2 ! negative is !n plac$ 9 ! frame1 ! focus obta9$1 & ! size ( r$uction adju/$ by mov+ ! cam]a ne>] to or fur!r f ! cond5s] & negative4 ,9 do+ ?is no att5tion ne$ be paid to ! light prop]ly cov]+ ! field1 z t _c be adju/$ :ile ! negative is 9 its place4 ,:5 ! size & focus are obta9$1 remove ! negative1 & c>efully move ! lamp till x illum9ates ! gr\nd glass equally all ov]1 by a disk ( light free f color4 ,! negative c !n be replac$1 & no fur!r adju/m5t w be ne$$ = any fur!r reproduction ( ! same size4 ,!re is "o po9t t requires att5tion3 ,! l5s us$ 9 ! cam]a %\ld be a d\blet ( ab\t #f in* focus 79 reproduc+ #h #f or small] sizes71 & ! /op us$ mu/ n be a v small "o1 n less ?an in* diamet]4 ,if a small] /op is us$1 an ev5 disk ( light is n obta9$1 b ample def9ition is obta9able ) ! size /op m5tion$4 ,9 ! arrangem5t describ$1 a s+le l5s is us$ = ! cond5s]1 n because x is bett] ?an a d\ble "o1 z is g5]al = su* purposes1 b because x is q suffici5t = ! purpose4 ,( c\rse1 a l>ge cond5s] is bo? exp5sive & cumb]some4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no advantage 9 us+ a comb9ation if a s+le l5s w answ]4 ,9 reproduc+ lant]n pictures f half-plate negatives1 ! "t requir$ on my lant]n plates is f two to f\r m9utes1 us+ #f in* cond5s]4 ,= :ole plate negatives1 f two to six m9utes ) a #i in* cond5s]4 ,9 work+ 9 ?is way x is easy to be develop+ "o picture :ile expos+ ano!r4 ,! cond5s] mu/ be ( su* a size t x w cov] ! plate f corn] to corn]4 ,! be/ "p ( an #h #f negative w be cov]$ by a #i in* cond5s]1 & a #f #d by a #f in* cond5s]4 ,) ?is arrangem5t x w be easy to reproduce f half or :ole plate negatives or any int]m$iate sizes q indep5d5tly ( daylight4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,exp]im5ts ,,9 ,,ton+ ,,gelat9o-,,*loride ,,pap]4 ,f ! ,photographic ,news we take ! foll[+3 ,! use ( pap] coat$ ) a gelat9o-citro-*loride emulsion 9 place ( album5iz$ pap] appe>s to be becom+ daily m common4 ,successful ton+ has g5]ally be5 ! difficulty ) su* pap]1 ! alkal9e ba?s commonly 9 use ) album5iz$ hav+ prov$ unsuitable = ton+ ?is pap]4 ,on ! :ole1 ! ba? t has giv5 ! be/ results is "o conta9+1 9 addition to gold1 a small quantity ( hypo & a consid]able quantity ( sulphocyanide ( ammonium4 ,su* a ba? tones v rapidly1 & gives mo/ pleas+ colors4 ,x appe>s1 moreov]1 to be impossible to ov]tone ! citro-*loro emulsion pap] ) x 9 ! s5se t x is possible to ov]tone pr9ts on album5iz$ pap] ) ! ord9>y alkal9e ba?4 ,t is to say1 x is impossible to produce a slaty gray image4 ,! result ( prolong$ ton+ is m]ely an image ( an engrav+ black color4 ,( ?is1 h[ev]1 we %all say m h]eaft]4 ,we wi% fir/ ( all to ref] to an elaborate s]ies ( exp]im5ts by ,lionel ,cl>k on ! effects ( v>i\s ton+ ba?s us$ ) ! gelat9o-citro-*loride pap]4 ,! results ( ^! exp]im5ts we h be=e u at ! "t ( writ+1 & we may at once say t1 f ! mann] 9 :i* ! exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ out & 9 :i* ! results h be5 tabulat$1 ,lionel ,cl>k's "w =ms a v useful contribution to our photographic k1 & a contribution t w become m & m useful1 ! long] ! results ( ! exp]im5ts are kept4 ,a numb] ( small pr9ts h be5 prep>$4 ,( ^! sev]al--9 mo/ cases1 ?ree--h be5 ton$ by a c]ta9 ba?1 & ea* pr9t has be5 torn 9 two4 ,"o-half has be5 treat$ ) bi*loride ( m]cury1 s z to blea* su* portion ( ! image z is ( silv]1 & f9ally ! pr9ts--! two halves ( ea* be+ br\ght close toge!r--h be5 m\nt$ 9 gr\ps1 ea* gr\p conta9+ all ! pr9ts ton$ by a c]ta9 =mula1 ) full in=mation tabulat$4 ,! only improvem5t we c\ld sugge/ 9 ! arrangem5t is t all ! pr9ts %\ld h be5 f ! same negative1 or f only ?ree negatives1 s t we %\ld h pr9ts f ! same negatives 9 e gr\p1 & %\ld ! bett] be able to comp>e ! results ( ! ton+ ba?s4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 ! indiff]5t light ( ! pres5t season ( ! ye> made x difficult to get a suffici5cy ( pr9ts f "o negative4 ,! foll[+ is a description ( ! ton+ ba?s us$ & ( ! appe>ance ( ! pr9ts4 ,we ref]1 9 ! mean "t1 only to ^? halves t h n be5 treat$ ) bi*loride ( m]cury4 #a4--;,gold *loride 7,au,cl#c744444444444 #a gr4 ,sulphocyanide ( potassium444444444 #aj gr4 ,hyposulphite ( soda444444444444444 gr4 ,wat]444444444444444444444444444444 #b oz4 ,! pr9ts are ( a brilliant purple or violet color4 #b4--;,gold *loride4444444444444444444444 #a gr4 ,sulphocyanide ( potassium444444444 #aj gr4 ,hyposulphite ( soda444444444444444 gr4 ,wat]444444444444444444444444444444 #d oz4 ,!re is only "o pr9t1 :i* is ( a br[n color1 & 9 e way inf]ior to ^? ton$ ) ! fir/ ba?4 #c4--;,gold *loride4444444444444444444444 #a gr4 ,sulphocyanide ( potassium444444444 #ab gr4 ,hyposulphite ( soda444444444444444 gr4 ,wat]444444444444444444444444444444 #b oz4 ,! pr9ts ton$ by ?is ba? are1 9 our op9ion1 ! f9e/ ( ! :ole4 ,! tone is a purple ( ! mo/ brilliant & pleas+ %ade4 #d4--;,gold *loride4444444444444444444444 #a gr4 ,sulphocyanide ( potassium444444444 #bj gr4 ,hyposulphite ( soda444444444444444 #e gr4 ,wat]444444444444444444444444444444 #b oz4 ,!re is only "o pr9t1 b x is f ! same negative z "o ( ! ,no4 #c gr\p4 ,x is v inf]ior to t 9 ,no4 #c1 ! color less pleasant1 & ! appe>ance g5]ally z if ! details ( ! lights _h be5 blea*$ by ! l>ge quantity ei!r ( hypo or ( sulphocyanide ( potassium4 #e4--;,gold *loride4444444444444444444444 #a gr4 ,sulphocyanide ( potassium444444444 #ej gr4 ,hyposulphite ( soda444444444444444 gr4 ,wat]444444444444444444444444444444 #b oz4 ,opposite to ?is description ( =mula !re are no pr9ts1 b ! foll[+ is writt53 ,^! pr9ts 7 completely de/roy$1 ! sulphocyanide ( potassium 7probably7 dissolv+ (f ! gelat9e4 #f4--;,gold *loride4444444444444444444444 #a gr4 ,sulphocyanide ( potassium444444444 #bj gr4 ,hypo4444444444444444444444444444444 #e gr4 ,c>bonate ( soda444444444444444444 #aj gr4 ,wat]444444444444444444444444444444 #b oz4 ,?is x w be se5 is ! same z #d1 b t ! solution is r5d]$ alkal9e ) c>bonate ( soda4 ,! result ( ! alkal9ity c]ta9ly appe>s to be good1 ! color is m pleas+ ?an t produc$ by ,no4 #d1 & !re is less appe>ance ( blea*+4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d 9 ?is connection t ! pap] itself is /rongly acid1 & t1 unless special means be tak5 to prev5t x1 ! ton+ ba? is sure to be m or less acid4 #g4--;,gold *loride4444444444444444444444 #a gr4 ,acetate ( soda44444444444444444444 #cj gr4 ,wat]444444444444444444444444444444 #b oz4 ,! color ( ! pr9ts ton$ by ?is ba? is n exce$+ly pleas+4 ,x is a br[n t5d+ to purple1 b is n v pure or bright4 ,! results %[1 h[ev]1 ! possibility ( ton+ ! gelat9o-*loro-citrate pap] ) ! ord9>y acetate ba? if x be only made conc5trat$ en\gh4 #h4--;,gold *loride4444444444444444444444 #a gr4 ,c>bonate ( soda444444444444444444 #c gr4 ,wat]444444444444444444444444444444 #b oz4 ,v mu* ! same may be said ( ! pr9ts ton$ by ?is ba? z ( ^? ton$ by ,no4 #g4 ,! color is n v good1 nor is ! ton+ q ev54 ,?is la/ rem>k applies to ,no4 #g bat* z well z ,no4 #h4 #i4--;,gold *loride4444444444444444444444 #a gr4 ,phosphate ( soda444444444444444444 #bj gr4 ,wat]444444444444444444444444444444 #b oz4 ,! results ( ?is ba? c be/ be describ$ z purpli% 9 color4 ,!y are decid$ly m pleas+ ?an ^? ( #g or #h1 b are n z good z ! be/ by ! sulphocyanide ba?4 #aj4--;,gold *loride444444444444444444444 #a gr4 ,hyposulphite ( soda44444444444444 oz4 ,wat]44444444444444444444444444444 #b oz4 ,! result ( ?is ba? is a brilliant br[n color1 :at might inde$1 p]haps1 be be/ describ$ z a r$4 ,two out ( ! ?ree pr9ts are mu* too d>k1 indicat+1 p]haps1 t ?is ton+ ba? did n h any t5d5cy to r$uce ! int5sity ( ! image4 ,! g5]al lesson taught by ,cl>k's exp]im5ts is t ! sulphocyanide ba? gives bett] results ?an any o!r4 ,a c]ta9 proportion ( ! +r$i5ts--namely1 t ( ba? ,no4 #c--;gives bett] results ?an any o!r proportions tri$1 & ab\t z good z any t c\ld be hop$ =4 ,any ( ! ord9>y alkal9e ton+ ba?s may be us$1 b !y all give results inf]ior to ^? got by ! sulphocyanide ba?4 ,! be/ ( ! ord9>y ba?s is1 h[ev]1 ! phosphate ( soda4 ,& n[ a ^w z to ^? p>ts ( ! pr9ts :i* h be5 treat$ ) bi*loride ( m]cury4 ,! ?+ t /rikes u z rem>kable 9 connection ) !m is t 9 !m ! image has sc>cely suff]$ any r$uction ( int5sity at all4 ,9 mo/ cases !re has be5 a disagreeable *ange ( color1 b x is almo/ entirely conf9$ to ! :ites & light] t9ts1 :i* are turn$ to a m or less dirty yell[4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( ! pr9ts ton$ by ba? ,no4 #aj1 :]e ! image is q r$1 x has suff]$ no appreciable r$uction ( int5sity4 ,?is w\ld indicate t an unusually l>ge proportion ( ! ton$ image consi/s ( gold1 & ?is idea is confirm$ by ! fact t to tone a %eet ( gelat9o-*loro-citrate pap] requires sev]al times z mu* gold z to tone a %eet ( album5iz$ pap]4 ,inde$1 we believe t1 ) ! emulsion pap]1 x is possible to replace ! :ole ( ! silv] ( ! image ) gold1 !reby produc+ a p]man5t pr9t4 ,we h already said t ! pr9t may be left = any reasonable l5g? ( "t 9 ! ton+ ba? )\t ! de/ruction ( its appe>ance1 & we _c b suppose t a v long imm]sion results 9 a complete sub/itution ( gold = silv]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,s5sim ,,prep>+ ,,box4 ,fig4 #a %[s a p]spective view ( ! ma*9e1 ,fig4 #b a sectional elevation1 & ,fig4 #c a plan4 ,9 ! ord9>y screw gill box1 ! screws :i* trav]se ! gills are uni=m 9 _! pit*1 s t a draught is only obta9$ betwe5 ! fe$ roll]s & ! fir/ gill1 betwe5 ! la/ gill ( ! fir/ set & ! fir/ ( ! second1 & betwe5 ! la/ gill ( ! second set & ! deliv]y roll]4 ,z ?us arrang$1 ! gills are really n active work]s aft] _! fir/ draw dur+ ! rema9d] ( _! trav]se1 b simply c>ri]s ( ! wool to ! next set4 ,x is some:at rem>kable1 z may inde$ be said ( e inv5tion1 t ?is fact has only be5 j obs]v$1 & sugge/$ an improvem5t4 ,!re is no reason :y ea* gill %\ld n be cont9u\sly work+ to ! end ( ! trav]se1 & only cease dur+ its return to its fir/ position4 ,! p]ception ( ?is has l$ to sev]al attempts to realize ?is improvem5t4 ,! inv5tor 9 ! pres5t case seems to h solv$ ! problem 9 a v p]fect mann] by ! introduction ( gill screws ( a gradually increas+ pit*1 by :i* ! progress ( ! gills1 ,b1 ?r\gh ! box is con/antly und]go+ accel]ation to ! end1 z w be obvi\s f ! con/ruction ( ! screws1 ,a & ,a1 until !y are pass$ d[n 9 ! usual mann]1 & return$ by ! screws1 ,c & ,c1 :i* are1 z usual1 ( uni=m pit*4 ,! two sets ( screws are s adju/$ z to almo/ meet 9 ! middle1 s t ! gills ( ! fir/ set f9i% _! =w>d movem5t close to ! po9t :]e ! second comm5ce4 ,! bottom screws1 ,c1 ( ! fir/ set ( gills1 ,b1 are actuat$ by bevel :eels on a cross %aft engag+ ) bevel :eels on _! out] extremity1 ! cross %aft be+ ge>$ to ! ma9 %aft4 ,! screws1 ,c1 ( ! second set ( gills f two longitud9al %afts are connect$ by bevel ge>+ to ! ma9 %aft4 ,int]m$iate :eels communicate motion f *ange :eels on ! longitud9al %afts to ! :eels on ! screw1 ,c1 trav]s+ ! second set ( gills4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,s5sim ,,screw ,,gill ,,prep>+ ,,box4 ,! fe$ & deliv]y roll]s1 ,d & ,e1 are op]at$ by ge>+ connect$ to worms on longitud9al %afts4 ,^! worms engage ) worm :eels on cross %afts1 :i* are provid$ at _! out] ends ) *ange :eels engag+ ) o!r *ange :eels on ! arbors ( ! bottom fe$ & deliv]y roll]s1 ,d & ,e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,s5sim ,,screw ,,gill--,,sectional ,,elevation4 ,! spe$s are s adju/$ t ! fib]s are deliv]$ to ! fir/ set ( gills at a spe$ approximately equal to ! spe$ at :i* ^! />t _! trav]se4 ,! gills 9 ! second set beg9 _! j\rney at a pace :i* slightly exce$s t at :i* ^? ( ! fir/ f9i% _! trav]se4 ,^! paces are ( c\rse regulat$ by ! class & nature ( ! fib]s "u op]ation4 ,! deliv]y roll]s1 ,e1 take (f ! fib]s at a rate slightly exce$+ t ( ! gills deliv]+ x to !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,s5sim ,,screw ,,gill--,,plan4 ,9 ! ord9>y gill box1 ! fe$ & deliv]y roll]s are flut$1 9 ord] ! bett] to reta9 9 ! fir/ in/ance _! grip ^u ! wool pass+ ?r\gh1 & 9 ! second to enable !m to ov]come any resi/ance t might be (f]$ to draw+ ! mat]ial4 ,x ?us (t5 happ5s 9 ?is class ( ma*9es t a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! fib]s are brok51 & ?us mu* wa/e is made4 ,! sub/itution ( pla9 roll]s 9 bo? ^! positions obviates mo/ ( ?is mis*ief1 :ile 9 comb9ation ) ! o!r p>ts ( ! arrangem5t x is almo/ preclud$ altoge!r4 ,x w be obvi\s f :at we h said t ! special features ( ?is ma*9e1 :i* may be summ>iz$ z1 fir/1 ! use ( a screw ?read ( graduat$ pit*2 second1 an increas$ l5g? ( screw action & an additional numb] ( fall]s2 & ?ird1 ! use ( light pla9 roll]s 9 place ( heavy flut$ back & front roll]s1 enable ! inv5tor to ju/ly claim ! acquisition ( a numb] ( advantages1 :i* may be enum]at$ z foll[s3 ,! trans=mation ( ! gills f m]e c>ri]s into con/ant work]s dur+ ! :ole ( _! outw>d trav]se1 by :i* ! "w is done mu* m effici5tly1 m g5tly1 & 9 great] quantity ?an by ! old sy/em ) uni=mly pit*$ screws4 ,a great improvem5t 9 ! quality ( ! "w1 result+ f ! breakage ( fib] be+1 if n entirely obviat$1 ne>ly4 ,an increas$ yield & bett] quality ( top1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( brok5 fib]1 & consequ5t dim9ution ( noil & wa/e4 ,! bett] work+ ( cott$ wools1 :i* c be br\ght to a prop] condition ) f> m facility & ) dim9i%$ risk ( break+ p9s ?an be=e4 ,a sav+ 9 labor1 space1 & plant also results f ! fact t ! wool is z well op5$ & /raight5$ = c>d+ ) a passage ?r\gh a pair ( improv$ boxes z x is 9 go+ ?r\gh f\r ( ! ord9>y ones1 :ile ! quantity w be z great4 ,ow+ to ! fir/ feature ref]r$ to1 :i* di/ributes ! /ra9 ov] all ! gills1 a great] weight ( wool c be put into !m & a high] spe$ be work$4 ,! space occupi$ & ! att5dance requir$ is only ab\t half t ( boxes requir$ to d ! same am\nt ( "w on ! old sy/em4 ,tak+ ! flutes out ( ! fe$ & deliv]y roll]s1 & greatly dim9i%+ _! weight1 x is e/imat$ w r$uce by #ij p] c5t4 ! we> & te> ( ! lea!r aprons1 & ?us to t ext5t dim9i% a v heavy annual outlay incid5t to ! sy/em g5]ally 9 vogue4 ,a consid]able sav+ ( p[] = driv+ & ( "t & co/ ( repairs f ! b5d+ & breakage ( p9s also results4 ,%aw1 ,h>rison ,co41 mak]s1 ,brad=d4--,textile ,manufactur]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,notes ,,on ,,g>m5t ,,dye+4 ,black wool dresses = r5ew+ & *eck$ goods1 ) ! *eck n cov]$ by ! fir/ op]ation1 are op]at$ ^u z foll[s3 ,prep>ation or mordant = eight black dresses = r5ew+ ! color4 #b oz4 ,*rome4 #b ,argol or ,t>t>4 ,or )\t argol or t>t>1 b ,i ?9k _! use is b5eficial4 ,boil tw5ty m9utes1 lift1 r9se ?r\gh two wat]s4 ,to prep>e dye boil]1 put 9 #b lb4 logwood1 boil tw5ty m9utes4 ,cle> ! face same way z be=e describ$4 ,^? ) cotton & made-up dresses sewn ) cotton same op]ation z be=e m5tion$1 us+ half ! quantity ( /uffs1 & work+ cold ?r\gh\t4 ,s9ce ! introduction ( anil9e black1 "s dy]s use x 9 place ( logwood bo? = wool & cotton4 ,x answ]s v well = dipp]s1 sub/itut+ #b oz4 anil9e black = e p\nd logwood requir$4 ,9 dye+ light bottoms x is m exp5sive ?an logwood1 ev5 ?\gh ! liquor be kept up1 &1 9 my op9ion1 n s cle> & black4 ,silk & wool dresses1 popl9s1 & wool5 dresses trimm$ ) silk1 etc41 = black4--,be=e ! dye+ op]ations1 /eep ! goods 9 h&-heat soda wat]1 r9se ?r\gh two w>m wat]s4 ,dis*>ge blues1 mauves1 etc41 ) dilut$ aqua=tis 7nitric acid74 ,a skill$ dy] c p]=m ?is op]ation )\t ! lea/ injury to ! goods4 ,?is liquor is kept 9 /onew>e1 or a vessel made ( ca\t*\c composition1 or a l>ge /one holl[$ out ( five slabs ( /one1 =m+ ! bottom & f\r sides1 brac$ toge!r1 & lut$ ) ca\t*\c1 =m+ a wat]-tight vessel4 ,! latt] is ! mo/ conv5i5t vessel1 z x c be repair$4 ,! o!rs :5 once r5t are pa/ repair4 ,! /eam is introduc$ by means ( a ca\t*\c pipe1 & :5 br\ght to ! boil ! pipe is remov$4 ,aft] ! colors are dis*>g$1 r9se ?r\gh ?ree w>m wat]s4 ,!y are !n ready to receive ! mordant & ! dye4 ,note4--,! aqua=tis vessel to be outside ! dye-h\se1 or1 if inside1 to be provid$ ) a funnel to c>ry away ! nitr\s fumes1 z x is dang]\s to o!r colors4 ,prep>ation or mordant = eight dresses1 silk & wool mix$1 = black4 #d lb4 ,copp]as4 ,blue/one4 ,t>t>4 ,br+ to ! boil1 dissolve ! copp]as1 etc41 %ut (f /eam1 ent] ! goods1 h&le g5tly 7or else !y w be fac$1 i4e41 look gray on face :5 dy$7 = "o h\r1 lift1 air1 r9se ?r\gh ?ree w>m wat]s4 ,to prep>e dye boil]1 br+ to boil1 put 9 #h lb4 logwood 7previ\sly boil$71 #a lb4 black or br[n oil soap1 %ut (f /eam1 ent] goods1 g5tly h&le = half an h\r1 add ano!r p\nd ( soap 7h ! soap dissolv$ ready71 & keep mov+ = ano!r half h\r1 lift1 f9i% 9 h&-heat soap4 ,if v heavy1 run ?r\gh lukew>m wat] slightly acidulat$ ) vitriol1 r9se1 hydro-extract1 & hang 9 /ove4 ,ano!r me?od to cle> !m3 ,make up ?ree lukew>m wat]s1 9 fir/ put "s blea*+ liquor1 9 second a little vitriol1 h&le ^! two1 & r9se ?r\gh ! ?ird1 hydro-extract1 & hang 9 /ove4 ,note4--,?is is ! me?od employ$ g5]ally 9 small dye-works = all dresses = black2 _! lots are s small4 ,?is prep>ation c be kept up1 if c>e is tak5 t none ( ! s$im5t ( ! copp]as 7oxide ( iron7 is introduc$ :5 *>g+1 z ! oxide ( iron creates /a9s4 ,?is also happ5s :5 ! wat] us$ conta9s iron 9 quantity or impure copp]as4 ,! rem$y is to sub/itute half a gill ( vitriol 9 place ( t>t>4 ,silk1 wool1 & cotton mix$ dresses1 = black4--,dye ! silk & wool z be=e describ$1 & also ! cotton 9 ! mann] previ\sly m5tion$4 ,ano!r me?od to dye ! mix$ silk & wool & cotton dresses black1 f\r dresses4--,br+ boil] to ! boil1 put 9 #c or #d oz4 anil9e black1 ei!r ! deep black or ! blue black or a mixture ( ! two1 add gill hydro*loric acid or sulphuric acid1 or #c oz4 oxalic acid1 %ut (f /eam1 ent]1 & h&le = half an h\r1 lift1 r9se ?r\gh wat]1 dye ! cotton 9 ! mann] previ\sly describ$4--,dy]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fuel ,,& ,,smoke4 ,footnote3 ,second ( two lectures deliv]$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ,london1 on #ag? ,april1 #ahhf4 ,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #ehe1 p4 #icdj4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,oliv] ,,lodge4 ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,! po9ts to :i* ,i specially call$ y\r att5tion 9 ! fir/ lecture1 & :i* x is necess>y to recapitulate to-day1 are ^!3 7#a7 ,t coal is di/ill$1 or burn$ p>tly into gas1 be=e x c be burn$4 7#b7 ,t ! gas1 s giv5 (f1 if mix$ ) c>bonic acid1 _c be expect$ to burn prop]ly or completely4 7#c7 ,t to burn ! gas1 a suffici5t supply ( air mu/ be introduc$ at a temp]ature n l[ en\gh to cool ! gases bel[ _! ignit+ po9t4 7#d7 ,t 9 /ok+ a fire1 a small am\nt %\ld be add$ at a "t because ( ! heat requir$ to w>m & di/ill ! fre% coal4 7#e7 ,t fre% coal %\ld be put 9 front ( or at ! bottom ( a fire1 s t ! gas may be ?or\ghly heat$ by ! inc&esc5t mass above & ?us1 if !re be suffici5t air1 h a *ance ( burn+4 ,a fire may be inv]t$1 s t ! draught proce$s ?r\gh x d[nw>d4 ,?is is ! arrangem5t 9 sev]al /oves1 & 9 !m1 ( c\rse1 fre% coal is put at ! top4 ,two simple pr9ciples are at ! root ( all fire managem5t3 7#a7 ,coal gas mu/ be at a c]ta9 temp]ature be=e x c burn2 & 7#b7 x mu/ h a suffici5t supply ( air4 ,v simple1 v obvi\s1 b also extremely important1 & frequ5tly altoge!r ignor$4 ,9 a common op5 fire !y are bo? ignor$4 ,coal is put on ! top ( a gl[+ mass ( *>coal1 & ! gas di/ill$ (f is = a longtime mu* too cold = ignition1 & :5 x does cat* fire x is too mix$ ) c>bonic acid to burn completely or /eadily4 ,9 ord] to satisfy ! fir/ condition bett]1 & keep ! gases at a high] temp]ature1 ,dr4 ,pridg9 ,teale arranges a slop+ fire-clay slab above 8 fire4 ,on ?is ! gases play1 & its temp]ature helps !m to ignite4 ,x also acts z a radiator1 & is said to be v effici5t4 ,9 a close /ove & 9 _m furnaces ! second condition is violat$2 !re is an insuffici5t supply ( air2 fre% coal is put on1 & ! fe$+ doors are %ut4 ,gas is di/ill$ (f1 b :]e is x to get any air f8 ,h[ on e>? c x be expect$ to burn8 ,:e!r x be expect$ or n1 x c]ta9ly does n burn1 & su* a /ove is no?+ else ?an a gas works1 mak+ crude gas1 & wa/+ x--x is a soot & smoke factory4 ,mo/ sl[ combu/ion /oves are apt to err 9 ?is way2 y make ! combu/ion sl[ by cutt+ (f air1 & y run ! risk ( /opp+ ! combu/ion altoge!r4 ,:5 y wi% a /ove to burn bett]1 x is cu/om>y to op5 a trap door bel[ ! fuel2 ?is makes ! r$ hot mass gl[ m vigor\sly1 b ! oxyg5 w soon become ,,co#b1 & be unable to burn ! gas4 ,! "r way to *eck ! ardor ( a /ove is n to %ut (f ! air supply & make x di/ill its gases unconsum$1 b to admit s mu* air above ! fire t ! draught is *eck$ by ! *imney ceas+ to draw s fi]cely4 ,y at ! same "t secure bett] v5tilation2 & if ! fire becomes visible to ! room s mu* ! bett] & m *e]ful4 ,b if y op5 up ! top ( a /ove l ?is1 x becomes1 to all int5ts & purposes1 an op5 fire4 ,q s1 & 9 _m respects1 !re=e1 an op5 fire is an improvem5t on a close /ove4 ,an op5 fire has faults1 & x c]ta9ly wa/es heat up ! *imney4 ,a close /ove may h m faults--x wa/es less heat1 b x is liable to wa/e gas up ! *imney--n necess>ily visible or smoky gas2 x may wa/e x f coke or an?racite1 z ,,co4 ,y n[ easily p]ceive ! pr9ciples on :i* s-call$ smoke consum]s are bas$4 ,!y are all special arrangem5ts or app5dages to a furnace = p]mitt+ complete combu/ion by satisfy+ ! two conditions :i* _h be5 violat$ 9 its orig9al con/ruction4 ,b !re is ?is difficulty ab\t ! air supply to a furnace3 ! ne$ful am\nt is v>iable if ! /ok+ be int]mitt5t1 & if y let 9 m ?an ! ne$ful am\nt1 y are unnecess>ily wa/+ heat & cool+ ! boil]1 or :atev] x is1 by a draught ( cold air4 ,e "t a fre% %ovelful is ?r[n on1 a great production ( gas occurs1 & if x is to flame x mu/ h a correspond+ly great supply ( air4 ,aft] a "t1 :5 ! mass has become r$ hot1 x c get ne>ly en\gh air ?r\gh ! b>s4 ,b at fir/ ! evolution ( gas actually *ecks ! draught4 ,b rememb] t al?\gh no smoke is visible f a gl[+ mass1 x by no means foll[s t its combu/ion is p]fect4 ,on an op5 fire x probably is p]fect1 b n necess>ily 9 a close /ove or furnace4 ,if y dim9i% ! supply ( air mu* 7z by clogg+ y\r furnace b>s & keep+ ! doors %ut71 y w be m]ely di/ill+ c>bonic oxide up ! *imney--a poison\s gas1 ( :i* probably a consid]able quantity is frequ5tly giv5 (f f close /oves4 ,n[ let u look at "s smoke consum]s4 ,! diagrams %[ ^? ( ,*ubb1 ,gr[?orpe1 ,irel& & ,l[ndes1 & ( ,gregory4 ,y see t !y all admit air at ! bridge or back ( ! fire1 & t ?is air is w>m$ ei!r by pass+ "u or r\nd ! furnace1 or 9 "o case ?r\gh holl[ fire b>s4 ,! regulation ( ! air supply is effect$ by h&1 & x is cle> t "s ( ^! arrangem5ts are liable to admit an unnecess>y supply ( air1 :ile o!rs sc>cely admit en\gh1 especially :5 fre% coal is put on4 ,?is is ! difficulty ) all ^! arrangem5ts :5 us$ ) ord9>y h&--i4e41 int]mitt5t--/ok+4 ,two plans are op5 to u to ov]come ! difficulty4 ,ei!r ! /ok+ & ! air supply mu/ bo? be regul> & cont9u\s1 or ! air supply be made int]mitt5t to suit ! /ok+4 ,! fir/ me?od is c>ri$ out 9 any ( ! _m =ms ( me*anical /ok]1 ( :i* ?is ( ,s9clair's is an admirable specim54 ,fre% fuel is p]petually be+ pu%$ on 9 front1 & by alt]nate movem5t ( ! fire b>s ! fire is kept 9 p]petual motion till ! a%es drop out at ! back4 ,to su* an arrangem5t z ?is a /eady air supply c be adju/$1 & if ! boil] dem& is con/ant !re is no ne$ = smoke1 & an inf]ior fuel may be us$4 ,! o!r plan is to v>y ! air supply to suit ! /ok+4 ,?is is effect$ by ,prideaux automatic furnace doors1 :i* h l\v]s to rema9 op5 = a c]ta9 "t aft] ! doors are %ut1 & s to admit extra air imm$iately aft] coal has be5 put on1 ! supply gradually decreas+ z di/illation ceases4 ,! wor/ ( air admitt$ ?r\gh *9ks 9 ! doors1 or ?r\gh p>tly op5 doors1 is t x is admitt$ cold1 & sc>cely gets ?or\ghly w>m be=e x is among ! /uff x has to burn4 ,/ill ?is is n a fatal objection1 ?\gh a hot bla/ w\ld be bett]4 ,no?+ c be worse ?an %ovel+ on a quantity ( coal & %utt+ x up completely4 ,e condition ( combu/ion is ?us violat$1 & ! int5d$ furnace is a m]e gas retort4 ,gas ,produc]s4--,suppose ! conditions ( combu/ion are purposely violat$2 we at once h a gas produc]4 ,t is all gas produc]s are1 extra bad /oves or furnaces1 n always mu* worse ?an ?+s :i* pret5d to s]ve = combu/ion4 ,consid] h[ ord9>y gas is made4 ,!re is a r$-hot retort or cyl9d] plung$ 9 a furnace4 ,into ?is tube y %ovel a quantity ( coal1 :i* flames vigor\sly z long z ! door is op51 b :5 x is full y %ut ! door1 ?us cutt+ (f ! supply ( air & ext+ui%+ ! flame4 ,gas is n[ simply di/ill$1 & passes along pipes to be purifi$ & /or$4 ,y p]ceive at once t ! diff]5ce betwe5 a gas retort & an ord9>y furnace ) clos$ doors & half *ok$ fire b>s is n v great4 ,consumption ( smoke6 ,x is n smoke consum]s y really want1 x is fuel consum]s4 ,y di/ill y\r fuel in/ead ( burn+ x1 9 fully "o-half1 might ,i n say n9e-t5?s1 ( exi/+ furnaces & close /oves4 ,b 9 an ord9>y gas retort ! heat requir$ to di/ill ! gas is furni%$ by an outside fire2 ?is is only necess>y :5 y require light+ gas1 ) no admixture ( c>bonic acid & z little c>bonic oxide z possible4 ,if y wi% = heat+ gas1 y ne$ no outside fire2 a small fire at ! bottom ( a mass ( coal w s]ve to di/ill x1 & y w h mo/ ( ! c>bon also conv]t$ into gas4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is ,siem5s' gas produc]4 ,! mass ( coal is burn+ at ! bottom1 ) a v limit$ supply ( air4 ,! c>bonic acid =m$ rises ov] ! gl[+ coke1 & takes up ano!r atom ( c>bon to =m ! combu/ible gas c>bonic oxide4 ,?is & ! hot nitrog5 pass+ ov] & ?r\gh ! coal above di/ill away its volatile con/itu5ts1 & ! :ole mass ( gas leaves by ! exit pipe4 ,"s art is ne$$ 9 adju/+ ! pa? ( ! gases di/ill$ f ! fre% coal ) ref]5ce to ! hot mass bel[4 ,if !y pass too readily1 & at too l[ a temp]ature1 to ! exit pipe1 ?is is apt to get *ok$ ) t> & d5se hydroc>bons4 ,if x is c>ri$ d[n ne> or ?r\gh ! hot fuel bel[1 ! hydroc>bons are decompos$ ov] mu*1 & ! quality ( ! gas becomes poor4 ,moreov]1 x is n possible to make ! gases pass freely ?r\gh a mass ( hot coke2 x is apt to get clogg$4 ,! be/ plan is to make ! hydroc>bon gas pass ov] & ne> a r$-hot surface1 s z to h its heavie/ hydroc>bons decompos$1 b s z to leave all ^? :i* are able to pass away z gas un9jur$1 = x is to ! pres5ce ( ^! t ! gas w owe its ri*ness z a combu/ible mat]ial1 especially :5 radiant heat is made use (4 ,! only in]t & useless gas 9 an arrangem5t l ?is is ! nitrog5 ( ! air1 :i* be+ 9 l>ge quantities does act z a s]i\s dilu5t4 ,to dim9i% ! proportion ( nitrog51 /eam is (t5 inject$ z well z air4 ,! gl[+ coke c decompose ! /eam1 =m+ c>bonic oxide & hydrog51 bo? combu/ible4 ,b ( c\rse no extra en]gy c be ga9$ by ! use ( /eam 9 ?is way2 all ! en]gy mu/ come f ! coke1 ! /eam be+ already a p]fectly burn$ product2 ! use ( /eam is m]ely to s]ve z a vehicle = conv]t+ ! c>bon into a conv5i5t gase\s equival5t4 ,moreov]1 /eam inject$ into coke _c keep up ! combu/ion2 x w\ld soon put ! fire out unless air is introduc$ too4 ,"s air is necess>y to keep up ! combu/ion1 & !re=e "s nitrog5 is unavoidable4 ,b "s /eam is advisable 9 e gas produc]1 unless pure oxyg5 c\ld be us$ in/ead ( air2 or unless "s sub/ance l quicklime1 :i* holds its oxyg5 ) less vigor ?an c>bon does1 7 mix$ ) ! coke & us$ to ma9ta9 ! heat necess>y = di/illation4 ,a well kn[n gas produc] = small scale use is ,d[son's4 ,/eam is sup]heat$ 9 a coil ( pipe1 & bl[n ?r\gh gl[+ an?racite along ) air4 ,! gas :i* comes (f consi/s ( #bj p] c5t4 hydrog51 #cj p] c5t4 c>bonic oxide1 #c p] c5t4 c>bonic acid1 & #dg p] c5t4 nitrog54 ,x is a weak gas1 b x s]ves = gas eng9es1 & is us$1 ,i believe1 by ,?ompson1 ( ,le$s1 = fir+ glass & pott]y 9 a gas kiln4 ,x is said to co/ #d;d4 p] #a1jjj ft41 & to be half z good z coal gas4 ,= furnace "w1 :]e gas is ne$$ 9 l>ge quantities1 x mu/ be made on ! spot4 ,& :at ,i want to insi/ ^u is ?is1 t all well-regulat$ furnaces are gas retorts & combu/ion *amb]s comb9$4 ,y may talk ( burn+ coal1 b y c't d x2 y mu/ di/ill x fir/1 & y may ei!r wa/e ! gas s =m$ or y may burn x prop]ly4 ,! ?+ is to let 9 n too mu* air1 b j air en\gh4 ,look1 = in/ance1 at ,m9ton's ov5 = fir+ pott]y4 ,r\nd ! c5tral *amb] are ! coal hopp]s1 & f ea* ( ^! gas is di/ill$1 passes into ! c5tral *amb]1 :]e ! w>e is /ack$1 & meet+ ) an adju/$ supply ( air z x rises1 x burns 9 a l>ge flame1 :i* ext5ds ?r\gh ! :ole space & swa!s ! mat]ial to be heat$4 ,x makes its exit by a c5tral hole 9 ! floor1 & !nce rises by flues to a common op5+ above4 ,:5 ^! ov5s are 9 ?or\gh action1 no?+ visible escapes4 ,! smoke f ord9>y pott]s' ov5s is 9 ,/af=d%ire a famili> nuisance4 ,9 ! ,siem5s gas produc] & furnace1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,siem5s has be5 good en\gh to l5d me ?is diagram1 ! gas is n made s closely on ! spot1 ! gas retort & furnace be+ sep>at$ by a hundr$ y>ds or s 9 ord] to give ! requir$ propell+ =ce4 ,b ! pr9ciple is ! same2 ! coal is fir/ di/ill$1 !n burnt4 ,b to get high temp]ature1 ! air supply to ! furnace mu/ be heat$1 & !re mu/ be no excess4 ,if ?is is c>ri$ on by means ( o!rwise wa/e heat we h ! reg5]ative pr9ciple1 s admirably appli$ by ! ,bro!rs ,siem5s1 :]e ! wa/e heat ( ! products ( combu/ion is us$ to heat ! incom+ air & gas supply4 ,! rev]s+ arrangem5t by :i* ! temp]ature ( su* a furnace c be gradually work$ up f ord9>y flame temp]ature to some?+ ne> ! dissociation po9t ( gases1 f> above ! melt+ po9t ( /eel1 is well kn[n1 & has already be5 describ$ 9 ?is place4 ,mr4 ,siem5s has l5t me ?is beautiful model ( ! mo/ rec5t =m ( 8 furnace1 %[+ its application to /eel mak+ & to glass work+4 ,! mo/ rem>kable &1 at fir/ sight1 a/\nd+ ?+ ab\t ?is furnace is1 h[ev]1 t x works solely by radiation4 ,! flames d n t\* ! mat]ial to be heat$2 !y burn above x1 & radiate _! heat d[n to x4 ,?is ,i reg>d z "o ( ! mo/ important discov]ies 9 ! :ole subject1 viz41 t to get ! highe/ temp]ature & greate/ economy out ( ! combu/ion ( coal1 "o mu/ "w directly by radiant heat only1 all o!r heat be+ utiliz$ indirectly to w>m ! air & gas supply1 & ?us to raise ! flame to an int5sely high temp]ature4 ,x is easy to %[ ! effect ( supply+ a common gas flame ) w>m air by hold+ x ov] a cyl9d] pack$ ) wire gauze :i* has be5 made r$ hot4 ,a common burn] held ov] su* a hot air %aft burns f> m brightly & :itely4 ,!re is no "q b t ?is is ! plan to get good illum9ation out ( gas combu/ion2 & _m reg5]ative burn]s are n[ 9 ! m>ket1 all dep5d+ on ?is pr9ciple1 & utiliz+ ! wa/e heat to make a high temp]ature flame4 ,b al?\gh x is evid5tly ! "r way to get light1 x 0 by no means evid5tly ! "r way to get heat4 ,yet s x turns out1 n by w>m+ solid objects or by dull w>m surfaces1 b by ! brilliant radiation ( ! hotte/ flame t c be procur$1 w rooms be w>m$ 9 ! future4 ,& if "o wants to boil a kettle1 x w be done1 n by putt+ x into a non-lum9\s flame1 & s int]f]+ ) ! combu/ion1 b by hold+ x ne> to a freely burn+ reg5]at$ flame1 & us+ ! radiation only4 ,mak+ toa/ is ! symbol ( all ! heat+ ( ! future1 provid$ we reg>d ,mr4 ,siem5s' view z well e/abli%$4 ,! ideas are f\nd$ on some?+ l ! foll[+ consid]ations3 ,flame _c t\* a cold surface1 i4e41 "o bel[ ! temp]ature ( combu/ion1 because by ! contact x w\ld be put out4 ,h5ce1 betwe5 a flame & ! surface to be heat$ by x !re always int]v5es a comp>atively cool space1 across :i* heat mu/ pass by radiation4 ,x is by radiation ultimately1 !re=e1 t all bodies get heat$4 ,?is be+ s1 x is well to increase ! radiat+ p[] ( flame z mu* z possible4 ,n[1 radiat+ p[] dep5ds on two ?+s3 ! pres5ce ( solid matt] 9 ! flame 9 a f9e /ate ( subdivision1 & ! temp]ature to :i* x is heat$4 ,solid matt] is mo/ easily provid$ by burn+ a gas ri* 9 d5se hydroc>bons1 n a poor & non-lum9\s gas4 ,to mix ! gas ) air s z to de/roy & burn up ^! hydroc>bons seems !re=e to be a retrograde /ep1 useful und\bt$ly 9 c]ta9 cases1 z 9 ! ,buns5 flame ( ! laboratory1 b n ! ideal me?od ( combu/ion4 ,! ideal me?od looks to ! use ( a v ri* gas1 & ! burn+ ( x ) a maximum ( lum9osity4 ,! hot products ( combu/ion mu/ give up _! heat by contact4 ,x is = !m t cross tubes 9 boil]s are useful4 ,!y h no combu/ion to be int]f]$ ) by cold contacts4 ,! flame only %\ld be free4 ,! second condition ( radiation 0 high temp]ature4 ,:at limits ! temp]ature ( a flame8 ,dissociation or splitt+ up ( a comp\nd by heat4 ,s soon z ! temp]ature rea*es ! dissociation po9t at :i* ! comp\nd c no long] exi/1 combu/ion ceases4 ,any?+ %ort ( ?is may !oretically be obta9$4 ,b ,mr4 ,siem5s believes1 & adduces "s evid5ce to prove1 t ! dissociation po9t is n a con/ant & def9ite temp]ature = a giv5 comp\nd2 x dep5ds entirely ^u :e!r solid or =eign surfaces are pres5t or n4 ,^! x is :i* appe> to be an effici5t cause ( dissociation1 & :i*1 !re=e1 limit ! temp]ature ( flame4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( all solid contact1 ,mr4 ,siem5s believes t dissociation1 if x occur at all1 occurs at an enorm\sly high] temp]ature1 & t ! temp]ature ( free flame c be rais$ to almo/ any ext5t4 ,:e!r ?is be s or n1 8 radiat+ flames are mo/ successful1 & ! fact t l>ge quantities ( /eel are n[ melt$ by m]e flame radiation speaks well = ! correctness ( ! !ory ^u :i* 8 practice has be5 bas$4 ,use ( ,small ,coal4--,mean:ile1 we may j consid] h[ we ought to deal ) solid fuel1 :e!r = ! purpose ( mak+ gas f x or = burn+ x 9 situ4 ,! "q arises1 ,9 :at =m ought solid fuel to be--ought x to be 9 lumps or 9 p[d]8 ,univ]sal practice says lumps1 b "s !oretical consid]ations w\ld h sugge/$ p[d]4 ,rememb]1 combu/ion is a *emical action1 & :5 a *emi/ wi%es to act on a solid easily1 he always pulv]izes x z a fir/ /ep4 ,is x n possible t compact+ small coal into lumps is a wrong op]ation1 & t we ought r to ?9k ( break+ big coal d[n into slack8 ,! idea 0 sugge/$ to me by ,sir ,w4 ,?omson 9 a *ance conv]sation1 & x /ruck me at once z a brilliant "o4 ,! am\nt ( coal wa/$ by be+ 9 ! =m ( slack is v great4 ,?\s&s ( tons are nev] rais$ f ! pits because ! price is too l[ to pay = ! rais+--9 "s places x is only #as4 #f;d4 a ton4 ,mr4 ,mc,millan calculates t #acj1jjj tons ( breeze1 or p[d]$ coke1 is produc$ e ye> by ! ,gas ,light & ,coke ,company alone1 & its price is #cs4 a ton at ! works1 or #es4 deliv]$4 ,! l[ price & refuse "* ( small coal is1 ( c\rse1 ow+ to ! fact t no ord9>y furnace c burn x4 ,b picture to y\rself a bla/ ( hot air into :i* p[d]$ coal is sift$ f above l gr\nd c(fee1 or l *aff 9 a ?ra%+ mill1 & see h[ rapidly & completely x might burn4 ,f9e du/ 9 a fl\r mill is s combu/ible z to be explosive & dang]\s1 & ,mr4 ,gall[ay has %[n t _m colli]y explosions are due n to ! pres5ce ( gas s mu* z ! pres5ce ( f9e coal-du/ susp5d$ 9 ! air4 ,if only f9e en\gh1 !n su* du/ is em95tly combu/ible1 & a bla/ conta9+ x might become a v]itable %eet ( flame4 7,bl[ lycopodium ?r\gh a flame47 ,fe$ ! coal into a sort ( c(fee-mill1 !re let x be gr\nd & c>ri$ =w>d by a bla/ to ! furnace :]e x is to be burn$4 ,if ! ?+ w\ld "w at all1 almo/ any k9d ( refuse fuel c\ld be burn$--sawdu/1 tan1 c9d] heaps1 organic rubbi% ( all k9ds4 ,! only condition is t x be f9e en\gh4 ,attempts 9 ?is direction h be5 made by ,mr4 ,t4,r4 ,crampton1 by ,messrs4 ,:elpley & ,/or]1 & by ,mr4 ,g4,k4 ,/eph5son2 b a difficulty has pres5t$ itself :i* seems at pres5t to be insup]able1 t ! slag fluxes ! walls ( ! furnace1 & at t high temp]ature de/roys !m4 ,if x be feasible to keep ! flame out ( contact ) solid surfaces1 h[ev]1 p]haps ev5 ?is difficulty c be ov]come4 ,"s success 9 bla/ burn+ ( du/ fuel has be5 atta9$ 9 ! m commonplace me?od ( ! blacksmi?'s =ge1 & a boil] furnace is arrang$ at ,messrs4 ,donk9's works at ,b]mondsey on ?is pr9ciple4 ,a pressure ( ab\t half an in* ( wat] is produc$ by a fan & us$ to drive air ?r\gh ! b>s into a *imney draw ( ano!r half-in*4 ,! fire b>s are protect$ f ! high temp]atures by hav+ blades :i* dip into wat]1 & s keep fairly cool4 ,a totally diff]5t me?od ( burn+ du/ fuel by sm\ld]+ is atta9$ 9 ,m4 ,f]ret's l[ temp]ature furnace by expos+ ! fuel 9 a s]ies ( broad1 %all[ trays to a g5tle draught ( air4 ,! fuel is f$ into ! top ( su* a furnace1 & ei!r by rak+ or by %ak+ x desc5ds occasionally1 /age by /age1 till x arrives at ! bottom1 :]e x is utt]ly inorganic & m]e refuse4 ,a beautiful e>?worm economy ( ! la/ dregs ( combu/ible matt] 9 any k9d ( refuse c ?us be atta9$4 ,su* me?ods ( combu/ion z ?is1 ?\gh valuable1 are pla9ly ( limit$ application2 b = ! great bulk ( fuel consumption "s gas-mak+ process mu/ be look$ to4 ,no crude combu/ion ( solid fuel c give ultimate p]fection4 ,coal t> products1 ?\gh n s exp5sive z !y 7 "s "t back1 are /ill too valuable entirely to wa/e1 & ! importance ( exce$+ly *eap & f]tiliz+ manure 9 ! reclamation ( wa/e l&s & ! improvem5t ( soil is a "q likely to become ( mo/ supreme importance 9 ?is ov]cr[d$ isl&4 ,inde$1 if we are to believe ! social philosoph]s1 ! naturally f]tile l&s ( ! e>? may be=e long become insuffici5t = ! ne$s ( ! human race2 & po/]ity may !n be l>gely dep5d5t = _! daily bread ^u ! f]tiliz+ ess5ces ( ! /or$-up plants ( ! c>bonif]\s epo*1 j z we are l>gely dep5d5t on ! /or$-up sunlight ( t p]iod = our light1 our w>m?1 & our p[]4 ,!y w n !n burn crude coal1 !re=e4 ,!y w c>efully di/ill x--extract its valuable juices--& w supply = combu/ion only its c>buret$ hydrog5 & its c>bon 9 "s gase\s or f9ely divid$ =m4 ,gase\s fuel is m manageable 9 e way ?an solid fuel1 & is f> m easily & reliably convey$ f place to place4 ,dr4 ,siem5s1 y rememb]1 expect$ t coal w\ld n ev5 be rais$1 b turn$ into gas 9 ! pits1 to rise by its own buoyancy to be burnt on ! surface :]ev] want$4 ,& n only w ! useful products be fir/ remov$ & sav$1 its sulphur w be remov$ too2 n because x is valuable1 b because its product ( combu/ion is a poison\s nuisance4 ,dep5d ^u x1 ! cities ( ! future w n all[ p to turn sulphur\s acid :olesale into ! air1 !re to oxidize & become oil ( vitriol4 ,ev5 if x entails a slight /ra9 ^u ! purse !y w1 ,i hope1 be wise en\gh to pref] x to ! m s]i\s /ra9 ^u _! lungs4 ,we =bid sulphur z mu* z possible 9 our light+ gas1 because we f9d x is delet]i\s 9 our rooms4 ,b :at is ,london b "o huge room pack$ ) ov] f\r millions ( inhabitants8 ,! air ( a city is limit$1 fe>fully limit$1 & we all[ all ?is horrible /uff to be bel*$ out ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( *imneys all day long4 ,get up & see ,london at f\r or five 9 ! morn+1 & comp>e x ) f\r or five 9 ! aft]noon2 ! contra/ is pa9ful4 ,a city might be delightful1 b y make x loa?some2 n only by smoke1 inde$1 b /ill greatly by smoke4 ,:5 no "o is ab\t1 !n ! air is almo/ pure2 h x well f\l$ be=e y rise to enjoy x4 ,:]e no "o lives1 ! breeze ( heav5 /ill bl[s2 :]e human life is ?icke/1 !re x is n fit to live4 ,is x n an anomaly1 is x n f>cical8 ,:at t]m is /rong en\gh to /igmatize su* suicidal folly8 ,b we w n be 9 e>ne/1 & our rul]s w talk1 & our lives w g on & g out1 & next c5tury w be soon ^u u1 & "h is a re=m gigantic1 ready to our h&s1 easy to accompli%1 really easy to accompli% if ! "r heads & vigor\s means 7 devot$ to x4 ,surely some?+ w be done4 ,! foll[+ ref]5ces may be f\nd useful 9 seek+ = m detail$ in=mation3 ,report ( ! ,smoke ,abatem5t ,committee = #ahhb1 by ,*&l] ,rob]ts & ,d4,k4 ,cl>k4 ,h[ to ,use ,gas1 by ,f4,t4 ,bond2 ,sanit>y ,association1 ,gl\ce/]4 ,recov]y ( ,volatile ,con/itu5ts ( ,coal1 by ,t4,b4 ,lightfoot2 ,j\rnal ,society ( ,arts1 ,may1 #ahhc4 ,manufacture ( ,gas f ,oil1 by ,h4,e4 ,arm/rong2 ,j\rnal ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 ,septemb]1 #ahhd4 ,cok+ ,coal1 by ,h4,e4 ,arm/rong2 ,iron & ,/eel ,in/itute1 #ahhe4 ,modifi$ ,siem5s ,produc]1 by ,john ,head2 ,iron & ,/eel ,in/itute1 #ahhe4 ,utilization ( ,du/ ,fuel1 by ,w4,g4 ,mc,millan2 ,j\rnal ,society ( ,arts1 ,april4 #ahhf4 ,gas ,produc]s1 by ,r[an2 ,proc4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,janu>y1 #ahhf4 ,reg5]ative ,furnaces ) ,radiation1 & ,on ,produc]s1 by ,f4 ,siem5s2 ,j\rnal ,soc4 ,*em4 ,indu/ry1 ,july1 #ahhe1 & ,novemb]1 #ahhe4 ,fireplace ,con/ruction1 by ,pridg9 ,teale2 ! ,build]1 ,febru>y1 #ahhf4 ,on ,dissociation ,temp]atures1 by ,fr$]ick ,siem5s2 ,royal ,in/itution1 ,may #g1 #ahhf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ne> ,colorados1 9 ! ,arg5t9e ,republic1 a l>ge b$ ( sup]ior coal has be5 op5$1 & to ! we/ ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,bu5os ,ayres ext5sive borax deposits h be5 discov]$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,anti-,,friction ,,convey]4 ,! accompany+ engrav+ illu/rates a rem>kable inv5tion4 ,= ages1 screw convey]s = corn & meal h be5 employ$1 & 9 spite ( ! p[] consum$ & ! rubb+ ( ! mat]ial convey$1 !y h rema9$1 ) little exception1 unimprov$ & )\t a rival4 ,n[ we h a new convey]1 :i*1 says ,! ,eng9e]1 9 its simplicity excels any?+ br\ght out = _m ye>s1 &1 until x is se5 at "w1 makes a heavi] dem& ^u "o's cr$ulity ?an is (t5 made by new me*anical inv5tions4 ,z w be se5 f ! engrav+s1 ! new convey] consi/s simply ( a spiral ( r\nd /eel rod m\nt$ ^u a quickly revolv+ sp9dle by means ( suitable clamps & arms4 ,! spiral z made = ,engl& is ( #e_/h 94 /eel rod1 because ,engli% p w\ld n be incl9$ to try :at is really suffici5t 9 mo/ cases1 namely1 a m]e wire4 ,! work+ ( ?is spiral z a convey] is simply magical4 ,a #f 94 spiral deliv]s #hjj bu%els p] h\r at #ajj revolutions p] m9ute1 & m 9 proportion at high] spe$s4 ,a little #d 94 spiral deliv]s #bjj bu%els p] h\r at #ajj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,x seems to act z a m]e p]suad]4 ,! spiral moves a small quantity1 & sets ! :ole cont5ts ( ! tr\gh 9 motion4 ,9 fact1 x embodies ! great ess5tials ( success1 namely1 simplicity1 great capacity = "w1 & *eapness4 ,x is ! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,little1 & is made by ! ,anti-friction ,convey] ,company1 ( #ei ,m>k ,lane1 ,london4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,anti-,,friction ,,convey] ,,) ,,cas+ ,,or ,,tr\gh--,,end ,,view ,,) ,,hang]4 ,s9ce ! days ( ,ar*im$es1 :o is cr$it$ ) be+ ! inv5tor ( ! screw1 !re has n be5 any improvem5t 9 ! pr9ciple ( ! worm convey]4 ,!re h be5 sev]al pat5ts tak5 out = improv$ me?ods ( manufactur+ ! old-fa%ion$ cont9u\s & paddle-blade worms1 b ,mr4 ,little's pat5t is ! fir/ = an entirely new k9d ( convey]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/udies ,,9 ,,pyrote*ny4 ,footnote3 ,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #ehc1 page #icjc4 ,,ii4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,illum9ation4 ,tor*es consi/ ( a bundle ( loosely twi/$ ?reads :i* has be5 imm]s$ 9 a mixture =m$ ( two p>ts1 by weight1 ( beeswax1 eight ( res91 & "o ( tall[4 ,9 w>m1 dry wea!r1 ^! tor*es :5 light$ la/ = two h\rs :5 at re/1 & = an h\r & a qu>t] on a m>*4 ,a good light is obta9$ by spac+ !m #bj or #cj y>ds ap>t4 ,ano!r /yle ( tor* consi/s ( a c>dbo>d cyl9d] fitt$ ) a composition consi/+ ( #ajj p>ts ( saltpet]1 #fj ( sulphur1 #h ( prim+ p[d]1 & #cj ( pulv]iz$ glass1 ! :ole sift$ & well mix$4 ,?is tor*1 :i* burns = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 illum9ates a space )9 a radius ( #ahj or #bjj y>ds v well4 ,! t\rteau g\dronn 7lit4 t>r$ coke7 is m]ely a r+ =m$ ( old lunt or ( cords well beat5 ) a mallet 7,fig4 #aj74 ,?is r+ is fir/ impregnat$ ) a composition =m$ ( #bj p>ts ( black pit* & #a ( tall[1 & !n ) ano!r "o =m$ ( equal p>ts ( black pit* & res94 ,"o ( ^! tor*es w burn = an h\r 9 calm wea!r1 & half an h\r 9 ! w9d4 ,ra9 does n affect ! burn+ ( x4 ,^! r+s are usually arrang$ 9 pairs on brackets ) two bran*es & an upp] circle1 ! :ole ( iron1 & ^! brackets are spac$ a hundr$ y>ds ap>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #i ,,to #af4--,,v>i\s ,,pyrote*nic ,,devices4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #ag4--;,,illum9at+ ,,rocket4 ,a t>r$ fasc9e consi/s ( a small fagot ( dry wood1 #bj in*es 9 l5g? by #d 9 diamet]1 cov]$ ) ! same composition z ! prec$+ 7,fig4 #aa74 ,fasc9es ?us prep>$ burn = ab\t half an h\r4 ,!y are plac$ upright 9 supports1 & ^! latt] are locat$ at int]vals ( tw5ty y>ds4 ,! ,lam>re compositions are all =m$ ( a combu/ible sub/ance1 su* z boil$ oil1#a ( a sub/ance t burns1 su* z *lorate ( pota%1 & ( v>i\s color+ salts4 ,footnote #a3 ,= prep>ation see page #icjd ( ,,supplem5t4 ,! :ite composition us$ = *>g+ fire balls & #a in* flambeaux is =m$ ( #ejj p>ts ( p[d]$ *lorate ( pota%1 #a1ejj ( nitrate ( b>yta1 #abj ( light wood *>coal1 & #bej ( boil$ oil4 ,ano!r :ite composition1 us$ = *>g+ in* flambeaux1 consi/s ( #a1jjj p>ts ( *lorate ( pota%1 #a1jjj ( nitrate ( b>yta1 & #age ( boil$ oil4 ,! r$ composition us$ = mak+ r$ flambeaux & p]cussion signals consi/s ( #a1hjj p>ts ( *lorate ( pota%1 #cjj ( oxalate ( /rontia1 #cjj ( c>bonate ( /rontia1 #dh ( :itewood *>coal1 #bdj ( boil$ oil1 #f ( oil1 & #ad ( gum lac4 ,a r$ or :ite ,lam>re flambeau consi/s ( a %eet rubb] tube fill$ ) "o ( ! above-nam$ compositions4 ,! l[] extremity ( ?is tube is clos$ ) a cork4 ,:5 ! *>g+ has be5 effect$1 ! flambeau is prim$ by ins]t+ a quickmat* 9 ! composition4 ,?is is simply light$ ) a mat* or a live coal4 ,! composition ( ! ,lam>re quickmat* w be giv5 h]eaft]4 ,a ,lam>re flambeau #a in* 9 diamet] & #c in*es 9 l5g? w burn = ab\t ?irty-five m9utes4 ,"o ( ! same l5g?1 & in* 9 diamet]1 la/s b a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,a fire ball consi/s ( an op5 "w sack int]nally /r5g!n$ ) a %eet iron %ell1 & fitt$ ) ! ,lam>re :ite composition4 ,aft] ! *>g+ has be5 done1 ! sph]e is w\nd ) /r+1 :i* is made to adh]e by means ( t>1 & canvas is !n wrapp$ ar\nd ! :ole4 ,projectiles ( ?is k9d1 :i* h diamet]s ( #f1 #h1 #aa1 & #ac in*es1 are %ot f mort>s4 ,! illum9at+ gr5ade 7,fig4 #ac7 consi/s ( a sph]e ( vulcaniz$ rubb]1 two in*es 9 diamet]1 *>g$ ) ! ,lam>re :ite composition4 ,! sph]e conta9s an ap]ture to all[ ( ! ins]tion ( a fuse4 ,! prim+ is effect$ by means ( a t9 tube fill$ ) a composition consi/+ ( ?ree p>ts ( prim+ p[d]1 two ( sulphur1 & "o ( saltpet]4 ,^! gr5ades are ?r[n ei!r by h& or ) a sl+1 & !y may likewise be %ot f mort>s4 ,ea* ( ^! projectiles illum9ates a circle ?irty feet 9 diamet] = a space ( "t t v>ies1 accord+ to ! w9d1 f sixty to eighty seconds4 ,! p]cussion signal 7,fig4 #ad7 consi/s ( a cyl9d] ( z9c1 "o in* 9 diamet] & "o & a qu>t] in* 9 l5g?1 fill$ ) ,lam>re r$ composition4 ,x is provid$ ) a wood5 h&le1 & ! fuse consi/s ( a capsule :i* is explod$ by /rik+ x aga9/ "s r\gh object4 ,?is signal burns = ne>ly a m9ute4 ,belgian illum9at+ balls & cyl9d]s are canvas bags fill$ ) c]ta9 compositions4 ,! cyl9d]s1 five in*es 9 diamet] & sev5 9 l5g?1 are *>g$ ) a mixture ( six p>ts ( sulphur1 two ( prim+ p[d]1 "o ( antimony1 & two ( beeswax cut up into ?9 slices4 ,!y are prim$ ) a quickmat*4 ,! balls1 "o & a half in* 9 diamet]1 are *>g$ ) a composition consi/+ ( twelve p>ts ( saltpet]1 eight ( sulphur1 f\r ( prim+ p[d]1 two ( sawdu/1 two ( beeswax1 & two ( tall[4 ,!y are ?r[n by h&4 ,!y burn = six m9utes4 ,illum9at+ kegs 7,fig4 #ae7 consi/ ( p[d] kegs fill$ ) %av+s cov]$ ) pit*4 ,an ap]ture two or ?ree in*es 9 diamet] is made 9 ea* head1 & !n a l>ge numb] ( holes1 half an in* 9 diamet]1 & arrang$ qu9cuncially1 are bor$ 9 ! /aves & heads4 ,all ^! ap]tures are fill$ ) port-fires4 ,! illum9at+ rocket 7,fig4 #ag7 consi/s ( a %eet iron c>tridge1 a1 conta9+ a composition design$ to give x motion1 ( a cyl9d]1 b1 ( %eet iron1 capp$ ) a cone ( ! same mat]ial & conta9+ illum9at+ />s ( ,lam>re composition & an explosive = expell+ !m1 &1 f9ally1 ( a direct+ /ick1 c4 ,prim+ is effect$ by means ( a bun* ( quickmat*es inclos$ 9 a c>dbo>d tube plac$ 9 contact ) ! propell+ composition4 ,?is latt] is ! same z t us$ 9 signal rockets4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! latt]1 a space is left 9 ! axis ( ! c>tridges4 ,^! rockets are fir$ f a tr\gh plac$ at an incl9ation ( fifty or sixty degrees4 ,^? ( ?ree in*es illum9ate ! e>? = a di/ance ( #ijj y>ds4 ,!y may be us$ to advantage 9 ! op]ation ( signal+4 ,a p>a*ute fire is a device design$ to be eject$ f a pot at ! end ( ! rocket's travel1 & to emit a bright light dur+ its sl[ desc5t4 ,x consi/s ( a small cyl9drical c>dbo>d box 7,fig4 #af7 fill$ ) common /> pa/e or ,lam>re />s1 & atta*$ to a p>a*ute1 e1 by means ( a small brass *a91 d4 ,to make ?is p>a*ute1 we cut a circle t5 feet 9 diamet] out ( a piece ( calico1 & divide its circumf]5ce into t5 or twelve equal p>ts4 ,at ea* po9t ( division we atta* a piece ( f9e hemp5 cord ab\t ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 & connect ^! cords ) ea* o!r1 z well z ) ! susp5sion *a91 by ligatures t are protect$ aga9/ ! fire by means ( balls ( siz$ pap]4 ,9 rockets design$ to receive ^! p>a*utes1 a small cavity is res]v$ at ! extremity ( ! c>tridge = ! reception ( #bbe gra9s ( p[d]4 ,to fill ! pot1 ! *a91 d1 is roll$ spirally ar\nd ! box1 c1 & ! latt] is cov]$ ) ! p>a*ute1 e1 :i* has be5 fold$ 9 plaits1 & !n fold$ l5g?wise alt]nately 9 "o direction & ! o!r4 ,! p>a*ute port-fire consi/s ( a c>dbo>d tube ( f qu>t] to half an in* 9 diamet]1 & f f\r to five in*es 9 l5g?1 clos$ at "o extremity & fill$ ) /> pa/e4 ,?is is connect$ by a brass wire ) a cotton p>a*ute eight in*es 9 diamet]4 ,a rocket pot is capable ( hold+ tw5ty ( ^! port-fires4 ,p>a*ute fires & port-fires are us$ to advantage 9 ! op]ation ( signal+4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improvem5t ,,9 ,,lay+ ,,out ,,frames ,,( ,,vessels--,,! ,,frame ,,trac]4 ,by ,,gu/ave ,,sonn5burg4 ,to avoid ! long & "t-consum+ lay+ out ( a boat by ord9ates & abscissas1 ,i h con/ruct$ a h&y app>atus1 by :i* x is possible )\t mu* tr\ble to obta9 ! sections ( a vessel graphically & suffici5tly accurate4 ,! description ( its con/ruction is giv5 ) ref]5ce to ! accompany+ cut4 ,a is a wood5 rod ( rectangul> section1 to :i* are adapt$ two brackets1 a#a a#b1 l9$ ) ,india rubb] or lea!r2 a#a is fix$ to ! wood1 a#b is ( metal1 &1 l ! movable block ( a slide gauge1 moves along ,a4 ,9 ! same plane is a second rod1 p]p5dicul> to ,a1 & atta*$ !reto1 :i* is p]=at$ by a numb] ( holes4 ,a revolv+ p91 ,c1 is adapt$ to pass ?r\gh ^! holes1 to :i* a socket1 ,d1 is pivot$1 ,c act+ z its axis4 ,to prev5t ?is p9 f fall+ out1 x is secur$ by a nut beh9d ! rod4 ,?r\gh ! socket1 ,d1 runs a rod1 ,e1 :i* c>ries ! guide po9t1 s#a1 & p5cil1 s#b4 ,ov] s#a a rubb] b& is /ret*$1 to prev5t injury to ! v>ni% ( ! boat4 ,back ( & to ,a & ,b a draw+ bo>d is atta*$1 ov] :i* a %eet ( pap] is /ret*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,frame ,,trac]4 ,! me?od ( obta9+ a section l9e is z foll[s3 ,! rod1 ,a1 is plac$ across ! gunwale & p]p5dicul> to ! axis ( ! boat1 & its ant]ior v]tical face is adju/$ to ea* frame ( ! boat :i* x is desir$ to reproduce4 ,by means ( ! brackets1 a#a & a#b1 ,a is fix$ 9 place4 ,! bolt1 ,c1 is n[ plac$ 9 ! p]=ations already allud$ to1 :i* are recogniz$ z mo/ available = produc+ ! con/ructional diagram4 ,at ! same "t ! position ( ! p5cil po9t1 s#b1 mu/ be *os5 = obta9+ ! be/ results4 ,next ! op]ator moves along ! side ( ! boat ! %>p5$ end1 s#a1 ( ! rod1 ,e1 & ?us = ! curve f keel to gunwale1 s#b describes a con/ruction l9e4 ,x is at once evid5t t a#b1 = example1 corresponds to ! po9t1 a#a4 ,! app>atus is n[ remov$ & plac$ on ! work+ floor4 ,if1 rev]s+ ?+s1 ! po9t1 s#a1 is c>ri$ ar\nd ! con/ruction curve1 ! po9t1 s#b1 w inscribe ! desir$ section 9 its natural dim5sions4 ,?is op]ation is be/ conduct$ aft] "o has *os5 & describ$ all ! con/ruction curves ( ! boat4 ,next1 ! diff]5t section l9es are det]m9$1 "o by "o1 by ! rev]s$ me?od above describ$4 ,! result is a half section ( ! boat2 ! o!r symmetrical half is easily obta9$4 ,if ! :ole process is repeat$ = ! o!r side ( ! boat1 trac+ pap] be+ us$ in/ead ( draw+ pap]1 ! boat may be te/$ = symmetry ( build+1 a good control = ! value ( ! %ip4 ,= measur+ boats1 z = clubs & regattas1 = seam51 & (t5 = ! s-call$ ,spranz5 7copy+7 ( ,engli% models1 my app>atus1 ,i d\bt n1 w be v useful4--,neu/e ,erf9dung5 und ,erfahrung54 99 99 99 99 99 ,,t> ,,= ,,fir+ ,,retorts4 ,! att5tion ( gas eng9e]s has be5 =cibly direct$ to ! use ( t> z a fuel = ! fir+ ( retorts1 n[ t ?is once high-pric$ mat]ial is suff]+1 l ev]y?+ else 7b1 p]haps1 to a m m>k$ ext5t71 by :at is call$ depression 9 trade4 ,9 fact1 x has 9 _m places rea*$ s l[ a comm]cial value t x is pr(itable to burn x z a fuel4 ,happily1 ?is is n ! case at ,nott+ham2 & our int]e/ 9 t> z a fuel is m exp]im5tal1 9 view ( :at may happ5 if a fur!r fall 9 t> products sets 94 ,i h ab&on$ ! use ( /eam injection = our exp]im5tal t> fires 9 favor ( ano!r sy/em4 ,! /eam injectors produce excell5t heats1 b are r int]mitt5t 9 _! action1 & ! /eam !y require is a s]i\s item1 & n always available4 ,illu/ration ,t> be+ a pseudo liquid fuel1 9 arrang+ = its combu/ion "o has to provide = ! #bj to #be p] c5t4 ( solid c>bon :i* x conta9s1 & :i* is deposit$ 9 ! furnace z a k9d ( coke or breeze on ! di/illation ( ! volatile portions1 :i* are mu* m easily consum$ ?an ! t> coke4 ,,! ,,t> ,,fire ,i h adopt$ is "o t c be readily adapt$ to an ord9>y coke furnace1 & be z readily remov$1 leav+ ! furnace z be=e4 ,! diagram conveys "s idea ( ! me?od adopt$4 ,an iron frame1 d1 /&+ on legs on ! floor j 9 front ( ! furnace door1 c>ries ?ree fire tiles on iron be>]s4 ,! top "o1 a1 is n mov$1 & s]ves to %ield ! upp] face ( ! tile1 b1 f ! fi]ce heat radiat$ f ! furnace1 & also causes ! air t ru%es into ! furnace betwe5 ! tiles1 a & b1 to travel ov] ! upp] face ( ! tile1 b1 on :i* ! t> fl[s1 !reby keep+ x cool1 & prev5t+ ! t> f bur/+ into flame until x rea*es ! edge ( ! tile1 b1 ov] ! :ole edge ( :i* x is made to run fairly well by a di/ribut+ arrangem5t4 ,a rapid combu/ion takes place "h1 b "s unconsum$ t> falls on to ! b$ bel[4 ,ab\t "o-?ird ( ! grate area is fill$ up by a fire tile1 & on ?is ! t> coke falls4 ,! tile1 c1 is mov$ away f "t to "t1 & ! t> coke t accumulates 9 front ( x is pu%$ back on to ! fire b>s1 e1 at ! back ( ! furnace1 to be !re consum$4 ,air is ?us admitt$1 by ?ree n>r[ slot-l op5+s1 to ! front ( ! furnace betwe5 ! tiles1 a1 b1 & c1 & "u c & ?r\gh ! fire b>s1 e4 ,! air op5+s bel[ are ab\t ?ree times ! area ( ! op5+s 9 ! front ( ! furnace2 b z ! op5+s betwe5 ! fire b>s & ! tiles are always m or less cov]$ by t> coke1 x is impossible to say :at ! effective op5+s are4 ,?is disposition answ]s admirably1 & requires little att5tion4 ,?ree m9utes p] h\r p] fire seems to be ! av]age1 & ! labor is ( a v light k9d1 consi/+ ( cle>+ ! passages betwe5 ! tiles1 & occasionally pu%+ back ! coke on to ! fire b>s4 ,^! latt] are n int]f]$ )1 & w n require clean+ unless any bricks 9 ! furnace h be5 melt$1 :5 a b$ ( slag w be f\nd on !m4 ,,! ,,am\nt ,,( ,,draught requir$ = ^! fires is v small1 & less ?an ) coke fir+4 ,i f9d t #j4jh 94 vacuum is suffici5t ) t> fires1 & #j4be 94 = coke fires4 ,! fires w\ld require less att5tion ) m draught & l>g] t> supply1 z ! ap]tures d n s easily close ) a %>p draught1 & ! t> is bett] c>ri$ =w>d into ! furnace4 ,a regul> fe$ ( t> is requir$1 & consid]able difficulty seems to h be5 exp]i5c$ 9 obta9+ ?is4 ,s long z we employ$ ord9>y =ms ( taps or valves1 s long 7ev5 ) filtration7 did we exp]i5ce difficulties ) ! fl[ ( visc\s t>4 ,b on ! con/ruction ( valves specially design$ = ! regulation ( its fl[1 ! difficulty imm$iately disappe>$1 & !re is no long] ! slighte/ tr\ble on ?is acc\nt4 ,! labor connect$ ) ! fe$+ ( furnaces ) coke & clean+ fires f cl9k] is ( a v ardu\s & heavy nature4 ,eight coke fires are normally consid]$ to be "w = "o man4 ,a lad c\ld "w sixte5 ( ^! t> fires4 ,,composition ,,( ,,furnace ,,gases4 ,consid]able att5tion has be5 paid to ! composition ( ! furnace gases f ! t> fires4 ,! slighte/ defici5cy 9 ! air supply1 ( c\rse1 results 9 ! imm$iate production ( smoke1 s t ! damp] mu/ be set to provide always a suffici5t air supply4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ( damp]1 ! foll[+ analyses ( combu/ion gases f t> fires h be5 obta9$3 ,no ,smoke4 ,,co#b4 ,o4 ,,co4 #aa4g #e4j ,n det]m9$4 #ac4c #c4g #aj4h #e4d #ad4h #b4e #ac4e #c4j #ab4d #e4f #ab4d #d4f #ac4a #e4i #ae4c #a4j #aj4h #d4j #ad4j #b4h ,av]age #ab4i #c4i 7#aa analyses7 #aa4e ,n det]m9$4 #ad4c #ad4f ,damp] adju/$ s t a slight smoke 0 obs]vable 9 ! combu/ion gases4 ,,co#b4 ,o4 ,,co4 #ag4cj ,none4 ,n det]m9$4 #af4fj #af4ej #j4a #ae4hj #j4a #af4bj #a4h #j4g ,av]age #af4dh #j4d #j4g --,gas ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,m]cury ,,pump4 ,! m]cury pumps n[ 9 use1 :e!r ^? ( ,geissl]1 ,alv]gniat1 ,toepl]1 or ,spr5gel1 al?\gh possess$ ( consid]able advantages1 h also s]i\s defects4 ,= in/ance1 ,geissl]'s pump requires a consid]able numb] ( taps1 t ( ,alv]gniat & ,toepl] is v fragile 9 consequ5ce ( its complicat$ sy/em ( tubes connect$ toge!r1 & t ( ,spr5gel is only suitable = c]ta9 purposes4 ,! new m]cury pump con/ruct$ by ,messrs4 ,greiss] & ,fri$ri*s1 at ,/utz]ba*1 is rem>kable = simplicity ( con/ruction & = ! ease ) :i* x is manipulat$1 & also because x enables u to arrive at a p]fect vacuum4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ?is pump is1 accord+ to ,la ,lumi]e ,electrique1 a tap ( peculi> con/ruction4 ,x has two tubes plac$ obliquely 9 respect to its axis1 :i*1 :5 we turn ?is tap #ij or #ahj degrees1 are br\ght opposite "o ( ! ?ree op5+s 9 ! body ( ! tap4 ,?us ! /ri t are =m$ betwe5 ! holl[$-out p>ts ( ! tap d n affect its tightness2 &1 besides1 ! turns ( ! tap h = _! pr9cipal positions #ij & #ahj degrees1 in/ead ( #de & #ij degrees1 z 9 ,geissl]'s pump4 ,! work+ ( ! app>atus1 :i* only requires ! manipulation ( a s+le tap1 is v simple4 ,:5 ! m]cury is rais$1 ! tap is turn$ 9 su* a mann] t ! surplus ( ! liquid c pass into ! enl>g$ app5dage1 a1 plac$ above ! tap1 & communication is !n cut (f by turn+ ! tap to #ij degrees4 ,! m]cury res]voir hav+ desc5d$1 ! bulb empties itself1 & !n ! tap is turn$ on aga91 9 ord] to e/abli% communication ) ! exhau/+ tube4 ,! tap is !n clos$1 ! m]cury asc5ds aga91 & ?is action keeps on repeat+4 ,illu/ration 99 99 99 99 99 ,,no ,,electricity ,,f ,,! ,,cond5sation ,,( ,,vapor4--,x has be5 ma9ta9$ by ,palmi]i & o!rs t ! cond5sation ( vapor results 9 ! production ( an electrical *>ge4 ,h]r ,s4 ,kalis*] has r5ew$ 8 inve/igations ^u ?is po9t1 & believes t he has prov$ t no electricity results f su* cond5sation4 ,atmosph]ic vapor 0 cond5s$ ^u a vessel coat$ ) t9 foil1 fill$ ) ice1 c>efully insulat$1 & connect$ ) a v s5sitive electromet]4 ,no evid5ce c\ld be obta9$ ( electricity4--,ann4 d] ,physik und ,*emie4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,electro-,,magnetic ,,telephone ,,transmitt]4 ,an int]e/+ contribution 0 made by ,m4 ,m]cadi] 9 a rec5t numb] ( ! ,comptes ,r5dus de l',academie ,francaise4 ,on ! gr\nd ( "s novel & "s already accept$ exp]im5tal evid5ce1 ,m4 ,m]cadi] holds t ! me*anism by virtue ( :i* ! telephonic diaphragms execute _! movem5ts is analog\s to1 if n id5tical )1 t by :i* solid bodies ( any =m1 a wall = in/ance1 transmit to "o ( _! surfaces all ! vibratory movem5ts ( any k9d :i* are produc$ 9 ! air 9 contact ) ! o!r surface4 ,x is a ph5om5on or resonance4 ,movem5ts correspond+ to p>ticul> s\nds may be sup]pos$ 9 sl5d] diaphragms1 b ?is sup]position mu/ necess>ily be di/urb+ "u all b exceptional circum/ances4 ,9 pro( ( ?is view1 x is cit$ t diaphragms mu* too rigid1 or *>g$ ) irregul>ly di/ribut$ masses ov] ! surface1 or pi]c$ ) holes1 or o!rwise evid5tly unfitt$ = ! purpose1 are available = transmission4 ,!y w likewise s]ve :5 fea!rs1 wool1 wood1 metals1 mica1 & o!r sub/ances to ! ?ickness ( f\r in*es are plac$ betwe5 ! diaphragm & ! s\rce ( vibratory movem5t4 ,! magnetic field does n alt] ^! relations 9 any way4 ,! real diaphragm may be remov$ altoge!r4 ,x is suffici5t to replace x by a few gra9s ( iron fil+s ?r[n on ! pole cov]$ ) a piece ( pa/ebo>d or pap]4 ,su* a telephone works di/9ctly al?\gh feebly2 b any sl5d] flexible disk1 metallic or n1 spread ov] across ! op5+ ( ! cov] ( ! in/rum5t1 ) "o or two t5?s ( a gramme 7?ree gra9s7 ( iron fil+s1 w yield results ( increas$ & ev5 ord9>y int5sity4 ,?is is ! iron fil+ telephone1 :i* is rev]sible2 = a giv5 magnetic field !re is a c]ta9 weight ( iron fil+s = maximum int5sity4 ,x appe>s ?us t ! advantage ( ! iron diaphragm ov] iron fil+s r$uces itself to pres5t+ 9 a c]ta9 volume a mu* m consid]able numb] ( magnetic molecules to ! action ( ! field4 ,! iron diaphragm increases ! telephonic int5sity1 b x is by no means indisp5sable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,electro-,,dissolution1 ,,& ,,its ,,use ,,z ,,reg>ds ,,analysis4 ,by ,h4,n4 ,,w>r51 ,rese>* ,analy/4 ,on ! same pr9ciple t electro-dissolution is us$ = ! e/imation ( comb9$ c>bon 9 /eel1 etc41 ,i h lately v>i$ ! exp]im5t by introduc+1 in/ead ( /eel1 iron conta9+ a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( boron1 &1 hav+ connect$ ! respective boride ) ! positive pole ( a p[]ful batt]y1 & to ! negative a plate ( plat9um1 us+ z a solv5t dilute sulphuric acid1 ,i obs]v$1 aft] ! lapse ( ab\t twelve h\rs1 ! iron _h entirely pass$ into solution1 & a consid]able am\nt ( br[ni% precipitate _h collect$ at ! bottom ( ! vessel1 int]cept$ by flakes ( graphite & c>bon2 ! precipitate1 hav+ be5 collect$ on a filt] pap]1 wa%$1 & dri$1 on exam9ation prov$ to be amorph\s boron1 conta9+ graphite & o!r impurities1 :i* _h become *emically introduc$ dur+ ! prep>ation ( ! boron comp\nd4 ,! boron 0 next introduc$ into a small clay crucible1 & int5sely heat$ 9 a curr5t ( hydrog5 gas1 = ! purpose ( r5d]+ x m d5se & de/roy+ its pyrophoric prop]ties1 & 0 la/ly introduc$ into a combu/ion tub+1 heat$ to bright r$ness1 & a /ream ( dry c>bonic anhydride pass$ ov] x1 9 ord] to sep>ate ! c>bon1 f9ally pure boron be+ obta9$4 ,9 l mann] silicon-eis51 conta9+ #i p] c5t4 ( silicon1 0 treat$1 b n giv+ s satisfactory a result4 ,a small quantity only ( silicon sep>ates 9 ! uncomb9$ =m1 ! great] quantity sep>at+ 9 ! =m ( silica1 ,si,o#b1 ! amorph\s silicon s obta9$ app>5tly be+ m prone to oxidation ?an ! boron s obta9$4 ,f]r\s sulphide 0 next simil>ly treat$1 & gave1 aft] ! lapse ( a few h\rs1 a copi\s blacki% precipitation ( sulphur1 & possess+ prop]ties simil> to ! sulphur obta9$ by dissolv+ sulphides su* z cupric sulphide 9 dilute nitric acid1 9 all o!r respects resembl+ common sulphur4 ,phosphides ( iron1 z9c1 etc41 7 next introduc$1 & gave1 besides c>bon & o!r impurities1 a residue conta9+ a l>ge p]c5tage ( phosphorus1 :i* diff]$ f ord9>y phosphorus ) respect to its insolubility 9 c>bon disulphide1 & :i* resembl$ ! reaction 9 ! case ) silicon-eis5 r ?an t ( ! boron comp\nd1 insomu* t a l>ge quantity ( ! phosphorus _h pass$ into solution4 ,a rod ( impure copp]1 conta9+ ars5ic1 iron1 z9c1 & o!r impurities1 0 next sub/itut$1 us+ hydro*loric acid z a solv5t 9 place ( sulphuric acid4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a day ! copp] _h entirely dissolv$ & precipitat$ itself on ! negative electrode1 ! impurities rema9+ 9 solution4 ,! copp]1 aft] hav+ be5 wa%$1 dri$1 & weigh$1 gave id5tical results ) reg>d to p]c5tage ) a c>eful gravimetric e/imation4 ,i h lately us$ ?is me?od1 & obta9$ excell5t results ) respect to ! analysis ( comm]cial copp]1 especially 9 ! e/imation ( small quantities ( ars5ic1 ?us enabl+ ! exp]im5t] to p]=m 8 inve/igation on a mu* l>g] quantity ?an :5 precipitation is resort$ to1 at ! same "t avoid+ ! precipitat$ copp] c>ry+ d[n ) x ! ars5ic4 ,i h 9 ?is mann] detect$ ars5ic 9 comm]cial copp] :5 all o!r me?ods h totally fail$4 ,i h also f\nd ! above me?od especially applicable ) respect to ! analysis ( brass4 ,) respect to ammoniacal dissolution1 :i* ,i w briefly m5tion1 a rod compos$ ( an alloy ( copp] & silv] 0 exp]im5t$ ^u1 ! copp] becom+ entirely dissolv$ & precipitat+ itself on ! plat9um electrode1 ! :ole ( ! silv] rema9+ susp5d$ to ! positive electrode 9 an aboresc5t =m4 ,ars5ide ( z9c 0 simil>ly treat$1 ! ars5ic becom+ precipitat$ 9 l mann] on ! plat9um electrode4 ,v>i\s o!r alloys1 be+ exp]im5t$ ^u1 gave simil> results4 ,i may also1 9 ! la/ in/ance1 m5tion t ,i h f\nd ! above me?ods ( electro-dissolution peculi>ly adapt$ = ! prep>ation ( un/able comp\nds su* z /annic nitrate1 potassic f]rate1 f]ric acetate1 :i* are decompos$ on ! application ( heat1 & 9 "s in/ances h succe$$ by ! foll[+ means ( cry/alliz+ ! result+ comp\nd obta9$4--,*em4 ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,newly ,,discov]$ ,,sub/ance ,,9 ,,ur9e4 ,dr4 ,leo's rese>*es on sug> 9 ur9e are int]e/+1 & t5d to correct ! commonly accept$ views on ! subject4 ,pr(essor ,s*eibl]1 a *emi/ well kn[n = 8 rese>*es on sug>1 has obs]v$ t ! det]m9ation ( ! quantity ( t sub/ance conta9$ 9 a liquid gives diff]5t results1 accord+ z x is done by ,tromm]'s me?od or ) ! pol>iscope4 ,z sug> n[adays is exclusively dealt ) accord+ to ! degree ( pol>ization1 ?is fact is ( enorm\s value 9 trade4 ,s*eibl] has isolat$ a sub/ance t is m p[]ful 9 t respect ?an grape sug>4 ,dr4 ,leo's rese>*es yield analog\s results1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t field4 ,he has exam9$ a great quantity ( diabetic ur9e aft] ?ree diff]5t me?ods1 namely1 ,tromm]'s 7alkal9e solution ( copp]72 by f]m5tation2 & ) ! pol>ization app>atus4 ,9 _m cases ! results agre$1 :ile 9 o!rs !re 0 a consid]able diff]5ce4 ,he succe$$ 9 isolat+ a sub/ance correspond+ 9 its *emical composition to grape sug>1 & also a c>bo-hydrate diff]+ consid]ably f grape sug>1 & turn+ ! plane ( pol>ization to ! left4 ,! p[] ( r$uction ( ?is newly discov]$ sub/ance is to t ( grape sug> z #a3b4dh4 ,dr4 ,leo f\nd ?is sub/ance 9 ?ree specim5s ( diabetic ur9e1 b x 0 abs5t 9 normal ur9e1 al?\gh a great am\nt 0 exam9$ = t purpose4 ,f ?is x may be conclud$ t ! sub/ance does n orig9ate outside ! organism1 & t x is a pa?ological product4 ,! !ory ( ,dr4 ,jaques ,mey]1 ( ,c>lsbad1 t x may be connect$ ) obesity1 is negativ$ by ! fact t ( ! ?ree p]sons 9 :om ?is sub/ance 0 f\nd1 only "o 0 corpul5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,furnace ,,= ,,decompos+ ,,*loride ,,( ,,magnesium4 ,illu/ration ,! problem ( decompos+ *loride ( magnesium is "o :i* has attract$ ! att5tion ( te*nical *emi/s = _m ye>s4 ,! solution ( ?is problem w\ld be ( great importance to ! alkali trade1 &1 consequ5tly1 to ne>ly e indu/ry4 ,! late ,mr4 ,weldon made _m exp]im5ts on ?is subject1 b )\t any p>ticul> success4 ,( late a furnace has be5 pat5t$ 9 ,g]many1 by ,a4 ,vogt1 :i* is work$ on a pr9ciple simil> to t appli$ to salt cake furnaces2 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t 9 place ( ! pot x has a revolv+ drum1 & in/ead ( ! roa/] a furnace ) a numb] ( %elves4 ,! heat+ gases are furni%$ by a produc]1 & pass f bel[ upw>d ov] ! %elves1 ,s1 !n ?r\gh ! *annel1 ,c1 into ! drum1 ,d1 :i* conta9s ! conc5trat$ *loride ( magnesium4 ,:5 ! latt] has solidifi$1 b be=e be+ to any ext5t decompos$1 x is remov$ f ! drum & plac$ on ! top %elf ( ! furnace4 ,x is !n gradually remov$ "o %elf l[] z ! decomposition increases1 until x arrives at ! bottom %elf1 :]e x is completely decompos$ 9 ! /ate ( magnesia1 :i* is empti$ ?r\gh1 ,e4 ,! drum1 ,d1 aft] be+ empti$1 is aga9 fill$ ) conc5trat$ solution ( *loride ( magnesium4 ,! hydro*loric acid leaves ?r\gh ,f & ,g4 ,if1 in/ead ( hydro*loric acid1 *lor9e is to be evolv$1 x is necess>y to heat ! furnace by means ( hot air1 z o!rwise ! c>bonic acid 9 ! gases f ! g5]ator w\ld prev5t ! =mation ( blea*+ p[d]4 ,! air is heat$ 9 two reg5]at+ *amb]s1 :i* are plac$ bel[ ! furnace4--,indu/ries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,filtration ,,& ,,! ,,secretion ,,!ory4 ,at a rec5t meet+ ( ! ,physiological ,society1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,munk report$ on exp]im5ts in/itut$ by him 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ two ye>s ) a view ( arriv+ at an exp]im5tal decision betwe5 ! two !ories ( ! secretion ( ur9e--! filtration !ory ( ,ludwig & ! secretion !ory ( ,heid5ha94 ,accord+ to ! fir/ !ory1 ! blood pressure prescrib$ ! measure = ! ur9e secretion2 accord+ to ! second !ory1 ! ur9e got secret$ f ! secretory epi!lial cells ( ! kidneys1 & ! quantity ( ! matt] secret$ 0 dep5d5t on ! rate ( movem5t ( ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,! speak] _h in/itut$ 8 exp]im5ts on excid$ b liv+ kidneys1 ?r\gh :i* he conduct$ defibr9iz$ blood ( ! same animals1 "u pressures :i* he 0 able to v>y at pleasure betwe5 #hj mm4 & #aij mm4 ,fifty exp]im5ts on dogs ^: blood & kidneys 71 dur+ ! exp]im5t1 kept at #dj ,c41 yield$ ! result t ! blood ( />v+ animals induc$ no secretion ( ur9e1 :i* on ! o!r h& %[$ itself 9 copi\s quantities :]e normal blood 0 conduct$ ?r\gh ! kidney4 ,if to ! fami%$ blood 0 add$ "o ( ! sub/ances conta9$ z ultimate products ( dige/ion 9 ! blood1 su*1 = example1 z urea1 !n did ! secretion ensue4 ,! fluid dropp+ f ! uret] conta9$ m urea ?an did ! blood4 ,t fluid 0 !re=e no filtrate1 b a secretion4 ,an enhancem5t ( ! pressure ( ! blood fl[+ ?r\gh ! kidney _h no influ5ce on ! quantity ( ! secretion pass+ away4 ,an increas$ rate ( movem5t on ! "p ( ! blood1 on ! o!r h&1 increas$ 9 equal degree ! quantity ( ur9e4 ,on a solution ( common salt or ( m]e s]um sangu9is be+ p\r$ ?r\gh ! kidney1 no secretion foll[$4 ,all ^! facts1 involv+ ! exclusion ( ! possibility ( a c5tral influ5ce be+ ex]cis$ f1 ! he>t or f ! n]v\s sy/em on ! kidneys1 7 deem$ by ! speak] argum5ts prov+ t ! ur9e 0 secret$ by ! r5al epi!lial cells4 ,a s]ies ( diuretics 0 next tri$1 9 ord] to e/abli% :e!r !y op]at$ 9 ! way ( /imulus c5trally on ! he>t or p]iph]ally on ! r5al cells4 ,digitalis 0 a c5tral diuretic4 ,common salt1 on ! o!r h&1 0 a p]iph]al diuretic4 ,add$ 9 ! portion ( #b p] c5t4 to ! blood1 x increas$ ! quantity ( ur9e eight to fifte5 fold4 ,ev5 9 mu* less doses1 x 0 a p[]ful diuretic4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 if yet n s int5sely1 op]at$ saltpet] & c(fe9e1 z also urea & piloc>p9e4 ,on ! introduction1 h[ev]1 ( ! la/ sub/ance into ! blood1 ! rate ( circulation 0 accel]at$ 9 an equal measure z 0 ! quantity ( ur9e increas$1 s t 9 ?is case ! increase 9 ! quantity ( ur9e 01 p]haps1 exclusively condition$ by ! great] spe$ 9 ! movem5t ( ! blood4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! quantity ( secret$ ur9e 0 r$uc$ :5 morph9e or /ry*9e 0 adm9i/]$ to ! blood4 ,9 ! case ( ! application ( /ry*n9e1 ! rate 9 ! curr5t ( ! blood 0 ret>d$ 9 a proportion equal to ! r$uction 9 ! secretion ( ! ur9e4 ,! speak] _h1 f9ally1 demon/rat$ ! syn!sis ( hippuric acid & sulphate ( ph5ol 9 ! excid$ kidney z a function ( its cells1 by add+ to ! blood p\r+ ?r\gh ! kidney1 9 ! fir/ place1 b5zoic acid & glycol2 9 ! second place1 ph5ol & sulphate ( soda4 ,9 ord] t ^! syn!ses might make _! appe>ance 9 ! excid$ kidney1 ! pres5ce ( ! blood corpuscles 0 n necess>y1 ?\gh1 inde$1 ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 9 ! blood 0 indisp5sable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,v>y+ ,,cyl9drical ,,l5s4 ,by ,,tempe/ ,,&]son1 ,m4,d41 ,b4 ,sc4 ,! au?or has _h con/ruct$ a cyl9drical l5s 9 :i* ! axis rema9s con/ant 9 direction & am\nt ( refraction1 :ile ! refraction 9 ! m]idian at "r angles to ?is v>ies cont9u\sly4 ,a cone may be reg>d$ z a succession ( cyl9d]s ( diff]5t diamet]s graduat+ into "o ano!r by exce$+ly small /eps1 s t if a %ort en\gh portion be consid]$1 its curvature at any po9t may be reg>d$ z cyl9drical4 ,a l5s ) "o side plane & ! o!r gr\nd on a conical tool is !re=e a concave cyl9drical l5s v>y+ 9 concavity at diff]5t p>ts accord+ to ! diamet] ( ! cone at ! correspond+ "p4 ,two su* l5ses m\nt$ ) axes p>allel & ) curvatures v>y+ 9 opposite directions produce a comp\nd cyl9drical l5s1 ^: refraction 9 ! direction ( ! axes is z]o1 & ^: refraction 9 ! m]idian at "r angles to ?is is at any po9t ! sum ( ! refractions ( ! two l5ses4 ,?is sum is ne>ly con/ant = a consid]able di/ance along ! axis s long z ! same position ( ! l5ses is ma9ta9$4 ,if ! l5ses be slid "o ov] ! o!r 9 ! direction ( _! axes1 ?is sum *anges1 & we h a v>y+ cyl9drical l5s4 ,! l5s is graduat$ by m>k+ on ! frame ! relative position ( ! l5ses :5 cyl9drical l5ses ( kn[n p[] are neutraliz$4 ,l5ses 7 exhibit$ to ! ,royal ,society1 ,london1 v>y+ f to -#f ,d,cy1 & f to #f ,d,cy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,! ,,absorption ,,( ,,light ,,9 ,,cry/als4 ,by ,h4 ,,becqu]el4 #a4 ,! absorption spectrum obs]v$ ?r\gh a cry/al v>ies ) ! direction ( ! rectil9e> lum9\s vibration :i* propagates itself 9 ?is cry/al4 #b4 ,! b&s or rays obs]v$ ?r\gh ! same cry/al h1 9 ! spectrum1 fix$ positions1 _! int5sity alone v>y+4 #c4 ,= a giv5 b& or ray !re exi/ 9 ! cry/al ?ree rectangul> directions ( symmetry1 accord+ to "o ( :i* ! b& g5]ally disappe>s1 s t = a suitable direction ( ! lum9\s vibrations ! cry/al no long] absorbs ! radiations correspond+ to ! region ( ! spectrum :]e ! b& "q appe>$4 ,^! ?ree directions may be call$ ! pr9cipal directions ( absorption1 relative to ?is b&4 #d4 ,9 ! or?orhombic cry/als1 by a necess>y consequ5ce ( cry/all9e symmetry1 ! pr9cipal directions ( absorption ( all ! b&s co9cide ) ! ?ree axes ( symmetry4 ,we may ?us obs]ve ?ree pr9cipal absorption spectra4 ,9 uniaxial cry/als ! numb] ( absorption spectra is r$uc$ to two4 #e4 ,9 cl9orhombic cry/als "o ( ! pr9cipal directions ( absorption ( ea* cry/al co9cides ) ! only axis ( symmetry2 ! two o!r pr9cipal rectangul> directions ( ea* b& may be f\nd v>i\sly dispos$ 9 ! plane normal to ?is axis4 ,mo/ commonly ^! pr9cipal directions are v ne> to ! pr9cipal correspond+ directions ( optical ela/icity4 #f4 ,9 v>i\s cry/als ! *>act]s ( ! absorption ph5om5a diff] /rik+ly f ^? :i* we might expect to f9d aft] an exam9ation ( ! optical prop]ties ( ! cry/al4 ,we h j se5 t 9 cl9orhombic cry/als ! pr9cipal absorption directions ( c]ta9 b&s 7 completely diff]5t f ! axis ( optical ela/icity ( ! cry/al = ! correspond+ radiations4 ,if we exam9e ?is anomaly1 we p]ceive t ! cry/als manife/+ ^! effects are complex bodies1 =m$ ( v>i\s matt]s1 "o1 or sometimes sev]al1 ( :i* absorb light & give ea* diff]5t absorption b&s4 ,n[1 ,m4 ,de ,s5>mont has %[n t ! geometric isomorphism ( c]ta9 sub/ances does n necess>ily involve id5tity ( optical prop]ties1 & 9 p>ticul> 9 ! directions ( ! axes ( optical ela/icity 9 relation to ! geometric directions ( ! cry/al4 ,9 a cry/al conta9+ a mixture ( isomorph\s sub/ances1 ea* sub/ance br+s its own influ5ce1 :i* may be made to pr$om9ate 9 turn accord+ to ! proportions ( ! mixture4 ,we may1 !re=e1 admit t ! molecules ( ea* sub/ance ent] into ! cry/al reta9+ all ! optical prop]ties :i* !y w\ld h if ea* cry/alliz$ sep>ately4 ,! pr9cipal directions ( optical ela/icity are giv5 by ! resultant ( ! actions :i* ea* ( ! compon5t sub/ances ex]ts on ! propagation ( light1 :ile ! absorption ( a giv5 region ( ! spectrum is due to a s+le "o ( ^! sub/ances1 & may h = its directions ( symmetry ! directions :i* x w\ld h 9 ! absorb+ molecule suppos+ x isolat$4 ,x may happ5 t ^! directions d n co9cide ) ! axes ( optical ela/icity ( ! comp\nd cry/al4 ,if su* is ! cause ( ! anomaly ( c]ta9 pr9cipal directions ( absorption1 ! b&s :i* pres5t ^! anomalies mu/ belong to sub/ances diff]5t f ^? :i* yield b&s hav+ o!r pr9cipal directions ( absorption4 ,if s1 we are 9 possession ( a novel me?od ( spectral analysis1 :i* p]mits u to di/+ui% 9 c]ta9 cry/als b&s belong+ to diff]5t matt]s1 isomorph\s1 b n hav+ ! same optical prop]ties4 ,two b&s appe>+ 9 a cry/al ) common *>act]s1 b pres5t+ 9 ano!r cry/al *>act]s ess5tially diff]5t1 mu/ also be ascrib$ to two diff]5t bodies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #ehe1 page #icde4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,_w',s ,,po/al ,,s]vice4 ,x is commonly believ$ 9 ,europe t ! mail is *iefly =w>d$ by ! railroads2 b ?is is only p>tially ! case1 z ! l>ge/ portion ( ! mails is intru/$ n[1 z =m]ly1 to foot mess5g]s4 ,h[ long ?is w la/ is ( c\rse unc]ta91 z ! pres5t po/al s]vice seems suitable en\gh = ! ne$s ( ! p4 ,! fir/ task ( ! mail is naturally ! collection ( lett]s4 ,fig4 #ag repres5ts a lett] box 9 a level c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,,c\ntry ,,lett] ,,box4 ,by way ( example1 x is n un9t]e/+ to "k t ! inhabitants ( ,hanov] 9 ,g]many made great opposition to ! introduction ( lett] boxes1 = ! moral reason t !y c\ld be us$ to c>ry on =bidd5 correspond5ce1 & t consequ5tly all lett]s %\ld be deliv]$ p]sonally to ! po/ ma/]4 ,aft] ! lett]s are collect$1 ! sort+ = ! place ( de/9ation foll[s1 & ,fig4 #ah repres5ts ! sort+ room 9 ! ,b]l9 ,po/ ,(fice4 ,a fev]i% sort ( life is l$ "h day & night1 z defici5t addresses mu/ be complet$1 & ! illegible ones deciph]$4 ,x may "h be m5tion$ t ! deliv]y ( lett]s to ea* floor ( ap>tm5t h\ses is limit$ *iefly to ,au/ria & ,g]many4 ,9 ,france & ,engl&1 ! lett]s are deliv]$ to ! janitor or else ?r[n into ! lett] box plac$ 9 ! hall4 ,aft] ! lett]s are arrang$1 !n comes ! transportation ( !m by means ( ! railroad1 ! *aise1 or gig1 & f9ally ! dog mail1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,x is h>d to believe t ?is primitive vehicle is useful = s5d+ mail t is especially urg5t1 & yet x is us$ 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,canada4 ,drawn by ?ree or f\r dogs1 x glides swiftly ov] ! sn[4 ,x is inde$ a l>ge jump f free ,am]ica1 ! home ( ! mo/ unlimit$ progress1 into ! ,fl[]y ,k+dom1 :]e cues are worn1 b we hope our read]s are will+ to accompany u1 9 ord] to h ! pleasure ( see+ h[ rapidly a ,*9ese mail c>ri] 7,fig4 #bj7 trots along 8 r\te "u 8 sun umbrella4 ,only ! l>ge/ & mo/ robu/ p$e/rians are *os5 = s]vice1 & !y are oblig$ to pass ?r\gh a sev]e c\rse ( tra9+ be=e !y c lay any claim to ! dignifi$ "n1 ,?\s& ,mile ,horse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,,sort+ ,,room ,,9 ,,b]l9 ,,po/ ,,(fice4 ,b ev5 ! ,*9ese c>ri] may n /rike u s curi\sly z ano!r associate1 giv5 9 our next picture1 ,fig4 #ba1 & yet he is a ,european employe f ! ,l&es dep>tm5t ( highly cultivat$ ,france4 ,! inhabitants ( ?is c\ntry buckle /ilts on to _! feet1 s z to make _! way fa/] ?r\gh brambles & und]bru% :i* surr\nds !m4 ,! mail c>ri] copi$ !m 9 8 equipm5t1 & ?us he goes ar\nd on /ilts1 provid$ ) a l>ge cane to help him keep 8 balance1 & furni%es a correct example ( a po/ (fice (ficial suit+ ! dem&s ( e di/rict4 ,:ile ! mail 9 ,europe has b little to d ) ! transportation ( pass5g]s1 x is important 9 its activity 9 ?is respect 9 ! l>ge ,russian empire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,,dog ,,po/ ,,at ,,lake ,,sup]ior4 ,! t>antass 7,fig4 #bb71 drawn by ?ree nimble horses1 flies ?r\gh ! endless des]ts ) w9d-l rapidity4 ,! next illu/ration 7,fig4 #bc7 leads u to a mu* m remote & des]t$ c\ntry1 ,po/ (fice on ! ,booby ,isl&1 occupi$ only by birds1 & a hut conta9+ a box 9 :i* are p5s1 pap]1 ink1 & waf]s4 ,! m>9]s put _! lett]s 9 ! box1 & look 9 to see if !re is any?+ !re address$ to !m1 !n !y cont9ue _! j\rney4 ,po/age /amps are n dem&$ 9 ?is ideal po/ (fice1 b provision is made = ! %ipwreck$1 by a notice in=m+ !m :]e !y c f9d means ( n\ri%m5t4 ,once aga9 we make a leap4 ,! ,bosnian mail c>ri]'s equipm5t 7,fig4 #bd7 is1 or r 01 q s+ul>1 = our picture 0 tak5 be=e ! occupation4 ,?is m\nt$ mail c>ri] ) 8 weapons gives "o ! impression ( a robb]4 ,! task ( conduct+ ! mail ?r\gh ! ,alps ( ,switz]l& 7,fig4 #be7 mu/ be uncom=table 9 w9t]1 :5 ! sl$ges glide by fe>ful precipices & ov] sn[-cov]$ passes4 ,s9ce ! t>iff union mail develop$ f ! ,prussian mail1 & ! _w's mail f ! t>iff union1 x seems suitable to close our s]ies ( pictures by repres5t+ ! old ,prussian po/al s]vice 7,fig4 #bf7 c>ri$ on by soldi] po/m5 9 ! eighte5? c5tury dur+ ! reign ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,,*9ese ,,po/man4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,,deliv]+ ,,lett]s ,,9 ,,l&es ,,dep>tm5t1 ,,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,,russian ,,extra ,,po/4 ,! compla9t is made t poetry is want+ 9 our era1 & x has c]ta9ly disappe>$ f ! po/al s]vice4 ,"o rememb]s t ! po/ilion 0 = q a :ile ! favorite h]o ( our poets1 ! be/ ( :om h sung to 8 praises1 & giv5 space to 8 melan*oly ?\ghts ( mod]n times 9 :i* he is pu%$ aside4 ,x is too true t ! po/ horn1 =m]ly bl[n by a po/ilion1 is n[ sil5c$1 t ! horse has n be5 able to keep up 9 ! race ) ! _w 9 its use ( ! /eam horse1 & yet h[ mu* poetry !re is 9 t little po/ (fice all alone by itself on ! ,booby ,isl&1 t we h describ$--! sublime/ poetry1 t ( love = mank9d6 ,! poet ( ! mod]n po/al sy/em has n yet appe>$2 b he w f9d pl5ty ( mat]ial4 ,he w be able to depict ! dang]s a po/man passes ?r\gh 9 dis*>g+ 8 duty on ! field1 he w s+ ! praises ( ^? :o are injur$ 9 a railroad disa/]1 & yet cont9ue _! good "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,,po/ ,,(fice ,,on ,,booby ,,isl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,,bosnian ,,po/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,,swiss ,,alp9e ,,po/ ,,9 ,,w9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,,soldi] ,,po/man ,,( ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury4 ,he c also praise ! noble ?\ght ( unit+ ! nations1 :i* assum$ its fir/ tangible =m 9 ! _w's mail4 ,x w n be a s5tim5tal song1 b "o full ( p[] & indicative ( our own "t1 9 spite ( ^? :o scorn x4--,translat$ = ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t by ,j5ny ,h4 ,bea*1 f ,neue ,illu/rirte ,zeitung4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,nickel ,,plat+4 ,by ,,?omas ,t4,p4 ,,bruce ,,w>r54 ,! comp\nd us$ pr9cipally = ! electro-deposition ( nickel is a d\ble sulphate ( nickel & ammonia4 ,! silv]y appe>ance ( ! deposit dep5ds ma9ly on ! purity ( ! salt z well z ! anodes4 ,! condition ( ! ba?1 z to age1 temp]ature1 & degree ( saturation1 position ( anodes1 /r5g? ( curr5t1 & o!r details ( manipulation1 :i* require c>e1 cleanl9ess1 & exp]i5ce1 su* z may be met ) 9 any intellig5t workman fairly acqua9t$ ) 8 bus9ess1 are easily acquir$4 ,9 ! pres5t pap] ,i %all deal pr9cipally ) ! *emical dep>tm5t ( ?is subject1 & %all briefly introduce1 :]e necess>y1 allusion to ! me*anical & electrical details connect$ ) ! process4 ,at a future "t ,i %all be glad to enl>ge ^u ?is "p ( ! subject1 ) a view ( mak+ ! article complete4 ,a %ort "t ago nickel plat+ 0 ne>ly z exp5sive z silv] plat+4 ,?is is expla9$ by ! fact t only a few p1 at lea/ 9 ?is c\ntry1 7 exp]t 9 ! me*anical portions ( ! process1 & only a v few *emi/s gave att5tion to ! matt]4 ,to ?is mu/ be add$ t our text-books 7 fe>fully defici5t 9 in=mation be>+ on ?is subject4 ,! salt us$1 & also ! anodes1 7 orig9ally introduc$ into ?is c\ntry f ,am]ica1 & latt]ly f ,g]many4 ,i am n aw>e ( any ,engli% manufactur] :o makes a specialty 9 ! way ( anodes4 ,?is is a matt] on :i* we c h>dly congratulate ourselves1 z a well kn[n ,london firm "s "t ago suppli$ me ) my fir/ exp]im5tal anodes1 :i* 7 9 e way v sup]ior to ! ,g]man or ,am]ican productions4 ,al?\gh ! price paid p] p\nd 0 great]1 ! plates !mselves 7 *eap] on acc\nt ( _! less] ?ickness4 ,! texture ( ! inn] portions ( ^! =eign anodes w\ld lead "o to inf] t ! metallurgy ( nickel 0 v primitive4 ,a good homog5e\s plate c be produc$1 /ill ! spongy1 rott5 plates ( =eign manufacture 7 all[$ ! free run ( our m>kets4 ,! ,g]man plates are1 9 my op9ion1 m compact ?an ! ,am]ican4 ,a s]i\s fault ) plates ( e>li] manufacture 0 _! crumpl$ condition aft] a little use4 ,?is involv$ a difficulty 9 clean+ !m :5 necess>y4 ,! ,engli% plates 7 n op5 to ?is objection2 9 fact1 :5 ! out] surfaces 7 plan$ away1 !y rema9$ p]fectly smoo? & compact4 ,l>ge plates h be5 kn[n to dis9tegrate & fall to pieces aft] be+ us$ = "s "t4 ,a l>ge anode surface1 comp>$ ) t ( ! article to be plat$1 is ( p>am\nt importance4 ,! tank %\ld be suffici5tly wide to take ! l>ge/ article = plat+1 & to admit ( ! anodes be+ mov$ ne>] to or fur!r f ! article4 ,9 ?is way ! necess>y electrical resi/ance c v conv5i5tly be ins]t$ betwe5 ! anode & ca?ode surfaces4 ,! elim9ation ( hydrog5 f ! ca?ode mu/ be avoid$1 or at any rate mu/ n accumulate4 ,mov+ ! article be+ plat$1 :ile 9 ! ba?1 tak+ c>e n to break ! electrical contacts1 is a good security aga9/ a /reaky or foggy appe>ance 9 ! deposit4 ,at "o "t a me*anical arrangem5t 0 made1 by :i* ! ca?odes 7 kept 9 motion4 ,! addition ( a little borax to ! ba? is a great advantage 9 mitigat+ ! appe>ance ( gas4 ,its behavior is electrical r ?an *emical4 ,if ! anode surface is too great1 a few plates %\ld be transf]r$ to ! ca?ode b>s4 ,:5 an article has be5 nickel plat$1 x g5]ally pres5ts a dull appe>ance1 resembl+ fro/$ silv]4 ,to get ov] ?is ,i tri$1 "s "t ago1 ! use ( bisulphide ( c>bon 9 ! same way z us$ = obta9+ a bright silv] deposit4 ,curi\sly ! deposit 0 v d>k1 almo/ black1 :i* c\ld n be buff$ or poli%$ bright4 ,b by us+ a v small quantity ( ! bisulphide mixture1 ! plat$ surfaces 7 s bright t ! use ( poli%+ mops or buffs c\ld be almo/ disp5s$ )4 ,:5 we consid] ! am\nt ( labor requir$ 9 poli%+ a nickel plat$ article1 & ! impossibility ( f9i%+ (f bright an und]cut surface1 ?is becomes an important add5dum to ! nickel plat]'s li/ ( odds & ends4 ,?is mixture is made precisely 9 ! same way z = bright silv]+1 b a great deal less is to be add$ to ! ba?1 ab\t "o p9t p] #ajj gallons4 ,x %\ld be well /irr$ 91 aft] ! day's "w is done1 :5 ! ba? w be 9 prop] condition = work+ next day4 ,! mixture is made by %ak+ toge!r1 9 a glass bottle1 "o ounce bisulphide & "o gallon ( ! plat+ liquid1 all[ to /& until excess ( bisulphide has settl$1 & decant ! cle> liquid = use z requir$4 ,x is bett] to add ?is by degrees ?an to run ! risk ( ov]do+4 ,if too mu* is add$1 ! ba? is n ( necessity spoil$1 b x takes a great deal ( work+ to br+ x 9 ord] aga94 ,ab\t eight ounces ( ! d\ble sulphate to ea* gallon ( di/ill$ or ra9 wat] is a good proportion to use :5 mak+ up a ba?4 ,!re is a slight excess ) ?is4 ,x is a mi/ake to add ! salt aft]w>d1 :5 ! ba? is 9 good condition4 ,! *loride & cyanide are said to give good results4 ,i c only say t ! use ( ei!r ( ^! salts has n l$ to promis+ results 9 my h&s4 ,9 prep>+ ! d\ble sulphate1 ,engli% gra9 nickel is decid$ly ! be/ =m ( metal to use4 ,9 practice1 old anodes are g5]ally us$4 ,! metal is dissolv$ 9 a mixture ( nitric & dilute sulphuric acid1 ) ! application ( a g5tle heat4 ,:5 suffici5t metal has be5 dissolv$1 & ! unus$ nitric acid expell$1 ! salt may be precipitat$ by a /rong solution sulphate ( ammonia1 or1 if mu* free acid is pres5t1 c>bonate ( ammonia is bett] to use4 ,t91 lead1 & portion ( ! iron1 if pres5t1 are remov$ by ?is me?od4 ,! silica1 c>bon1 & portions ( copp] are left beh9d ) ! undissolv$ fragm5ts ( metals4 ,! precipitat$ salt1 aft] slight wa%+1 is dissolv$ 9 wat] & /rong solution ammonia add$4 ,a clean iron plate is imm]s$ 9 ! solution to remove any trace ( copp]4 ,?is plate mu/ be clean$ occasionally s z to remove any r$uc$ copp]1 :i* w imp$e its action4 ,z soon z ! liquid is free f copp]1 x is left alkal9e & well /irr$ s z to facilitate p]oxidation & removal ( iron1 :i* =ms a film on ! ba?4 ,:5 ?is ceases1 ! liquid is r5d]$ neutral by addition ( sulphuric acid1 & filt]$ or decant$4 ,! solution1 :5 prop]ly dilut$1 has sp4 gr4 ab\t #a4jf at #fj ,f4 ,x is be/ to "w ! ba? ) a weak curr5t = a %ort "t until ! liquid yields a f9e :ite deposit4 ,too /rong a curr5t mu/ be avoid$4 ,if ! copp] has n be5 remov$1 x w deposit on ! anodes :5 ! ba? is at re/4 ,x %\ld !n be remov$ by sc\r+4 ,copp] produces a r$di% t+e1 :i* is by no means unpleasant comp>$ ) ! dazzl+ :it5ess ( ! nickel deposit4 ,if ?is is desir$1 x is f> bett] to use a sep>ate ba?1 us+ anodes ( suitable composition4 ,! want ( adhesion betwe5 ! deposit$ coat+ & ! article ne$ n be fe>$ if cleanl9ess be att5d$ to & ! article1 :ile 9 ! ba?1 be n t\*$ by ! h&s4 ,! ba? %\ld be neutral1 or ne>ly s1 slightly acid r ?an alkal9e4 ,x is obvi\s t1 z su* a liquid has no det]g5t action on a soil$ surface1 scrupul\s c>e mu/ be tak5 9 sc\r+ & r9s+4 ,boil+ alkal9e solutions & a free use ( p[d]$ pumice & ! scrubb+ bru% mu/ on no acc\nt be neglect$4 ,a few words on ! con/ruction ( ! tanks4 ,a /\t wood box1 :i* ne$ n be wat]-tight1 is l9$ ) %eet lead1 ! jo9ts be+ bl[n1 n sold]$4 ,an inn] cas+ ( wood :i* projects a few in*es above ! lead l9+ is necess>y 9 ord] to avoid any *ance ( %ort circuit+ or damage to ! lead f ! accid5tal fall+ ( anodes or any article :i* might cut ! lead4 ,x is by no means a necessity t ! l9+ %\ld be su* z to prev5t ! liquid gett+ to ! lead4 ,on a future occasion ,i hope to supplem5t ?is pap] ) ! analysis ( ! d\ble sulphates us$1 & an acc\nt ( ! behavior ( electrolytically prep>$ crucibles & di%es z comp>$ ) ^? n[ 9 ! m>ket4--,*em4 ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ill$ ,,ca/ ,,iron4 ,at a rec5t meet+ ( ! eng9e]+ section ( ! ,bri/ol ,naturali/s' ,society a pap] on ,*ill$ ,iron 0 read by ,mr4 ,morgans1 ( :i* we give an ab/ract4 ,among ! descriptions ( *ill$ ca/+s 9 common use ! au?or in/anc$ ! foll[+3 ,%eet1 corn mill+1 & sug> rolls2 tilt hamm] anvils & bits1 pl[%>es1 brasses & bu%es1 c>t-:eel boxes1 s]rat$ cones & cups = gr9d+ mills1 railway & tramway :eels & cross+s1 artill]y %ot & bolts1 /one-break] jaws1 circul> cutt]s1 etc4 ,mr4 ,morgans !n spoke ( ! high reputation ( %eet mill rolls & :eel axle boxes made 9 ,bri/ol4 ,( ! latt] 9 comb9ation ) wr\ght iron :eels & /eel$ axles1 ! local wagon works company are export+ l>ge numb]s4 ,) respect to ! /r5g? & fatigue resi/ance ( *ill$ ca/+s1 details 7 giv5 ( "s impact te/s made 9 ,july1 #ahfd1 at ,pontypool1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,capta9 ,pallis]1 ^u "s ( 8 *ill$ bolts1 #ab 94 long by #d 94 diamet]1 made f ,pontypool cold-bla/ pig iron4 ,^? made f ,no4 #a pig iron--! mo/ graphitic & co/ly--broke m easily ?an ^? f ,no4 #b1 & s on until ^? made f ,no4 #d 7 te/$1 :5 ! maximum /r5g? 0 rea*$4 ,no4 #d pig iron 0 9 fracture a pale gray1 bord]+ on mottl$4 ,sev]al po9ts reg>d+ f\ndry op]ations 9 ! production ( *ill$ ca/+s 7 rais$ = discussion4 ,!y embrac$ ! dep? ( *ill to be imp>t$ to *ill$ rolls & railway :eels1 & 9 ! case ( traction :eels1 ! wid? ( *ill 9 ! tread2 prep>ation ( ! *ills--by coat+ ) v>i\s c>bonace\s matt]s1 lime1 be] gr\nds1 or1 occasionally1 "s my/]i\s compo/--& m\lds1 selection & mixture ( pig irons1 me?ods & plant = melt+1 suitable heat = p\r+1 prev5tion ( honeycomb+1 f]ro/atic pressure ( head1 etc4 ,melt+ = rolls be+ mo/ly conduct$ 9 rev]b]atories1 ! v>iations 9 ! condition ( ! furnace atmosph]e1 alt]+ f r$uc+ to oxidiz+1 & vice v]sa1 9 cases ( bad /ok+ & diff]5t fuels1 7 ref]r$ to z occasionally affect+ results4 ,siem5s' me?od ( melt+ by radiant heat 0 m5tion$ = discussion4 ,= promot+ ! success ( a *ill$ roll 9 its "w1 la?+ or turn+ x to p]fect circul>ity 9 ! necks fir/1 & !n turn+ ! body :ile ! necks be> 9 /eady brasses1 are matt]s ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,! au?or next ref]r$ to ! great excell5ce = *ill+ purposes possess$ by "s ,am]ican pig irons1 & to ! fact t iron ( a giv5 c>bon cont5t d]iv$ f "s ores & fluxes diff]$ mu* 9 *ill+ prop]ties f iron hold+ a simil> proportion ( c>bon--free & comb9$--d]iv$ f o!r ores & mat]ials4 ,^? irons are be/ :i* develop ! h>de/ possible *ill mo/ uni=mly to ! desir$ dep? )\t produc+ a too abrupt l9e ( division betwe5 ! h>d :ite sk9 & ! s(t] gray body4 ,a m$ium %ad+ (f bo? ways is want$ "h1 z 9 all ?+s4 ,! impossibility ( secur+ a uni=m quality & *emical composition 9 any numb] grade ( any br& ( pig iron ov] a l5g!n$ p]iod 0 adv]t$ to4 ,consequ5t f ?is a too resolute fai? 9 any p>ticul> make ( pig iron is likely to be at times ill-requit$4 ,occasional physical te/s1 accompani$ ) *emical analysis ( irons us$ = *ill+1 7 advocat$2 & ! au?or 0 ( op9ion x w\ld be well :5ev] a *ill$ ca/+ _h enjoy$ a good reputation = /&+ up to its "w1 t :5 x 0 retir$ f "w "s portions ( x %\ld be *emically analyz$ s z to obta9 clews to compositions ( excell5ce4 ,"s ( ! physical *>act]i/ics ( *ill$ iron1 z well z ! surpris+ locomotive prop]ties ( c>bon pres5t 9 heat$ iron1 7 notic$4 ,att5tion 0 call$ to "s ,g]man data1 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,p]cy 9 #ahfd1 conc]n+ an iron :i* be=e melt+ weigh$--approximately--#ddh lb4 p] cubic foot1 & conta9$--approximately--#d p] c5t4 ( c>bon--#c be+ graphitic & comb9$4 ,! *ill$ portion ( a ca/+ f ?is _h a specific gravity equival5t to #dga lb4 p] cubic foot1 & conta9$ #e p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 all comb9$4 ,! s(t portion ( ! same ca/+ weigh$ #ddg lb4 p] cubic foot1 & conta9$ #cd4e p] c5t4 ( c>bon--#ca4e be+ graphitic & #c4e comb9$4 ,mr4 ,morgans d\bt$ :e!r s great an increase 9 d5sity (t5 arises f *ill+4 ,tool /eel1 :5 h>d5$ by be+ *ill$ 9 cold wat]1 does n become cond5s$1 b slightly exp&$ f its bulk :5 anneal$ & s(t4 ,"h an increase ( h>dness is accompani$ by a decrease ( d5sity4 ,! gradual developm5t ( a network ( cracks ov] ! face ( a *ill$ anvil orbit :ile be+ us$ 9 tilt hamm]s 0 m5tion$4 ,su* m9ute cleavages became m m>k$ z ! *ill is worn d[n by "w & f gr9d+4 ,traces ( ! same occurr5ce are obs]vable ov] ! surface ( mu* worn *ill$ rolls us$ 9 %eet mills4 ,9 su* cases ! %eets get a fa9t diap] patt]n impress$ ^u !m4 ,! op5+ ( crack spaces po9ts to lat]al %r9kage ( ! portions ( *ill$ mat]ial !y surr\nd1 & to "s release f a /ate ( involunt>y t5sion4 ,if ?is action is accompani$ by "s actual d5sification ( ! fissur$ *ill1 !n we h a result t possibly conflicts ) ! example ( cond5sation f *ill+ cit$ by ,dr4 ,p]cy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sn[ ,,hall4 ,! rec5t d$ication ( ,sn[ ,hall1 at ,lawr5ce1 ,kansas1 is an ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,/ate1 bo? hi/oric & prophetic4 ,s9ce ! incorporation ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,kansas1 & be=e t ev5t1 !re has be5 a /eady gr[? ( sci5ce 9 ! ,/ate1 :i* has culm9at$ 9 ,sn[ ,hall1 a build+ set ap>t = ! increase & diffusion ( ! k ( natural sci5ce1 z long z its massive walls %all /&4 ,x is nam$ 9 honor ( ! man :o has be5 ! inspiration & guid+ _s ( ! :ole ent]prise1 & "s incid5ts 9 8 life may be ( int]e/ to ! public4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago ,pr(essor ,frank ,h4 ,sn[1 a rec5t graduate ( ,williams ,college1 came to ,kansas1 to become a memb] ( ! faculty ( ! ,/ate ,univ]sity4 ,8 election to ! *air ( natural sci5ce 0 unexpect$1 z he fir/ taught ma!matics 9 ! univ]sity1 & expect$ 9 due "t to become pr(essor ( ,greek4 ,z pr(essor ( ! melliflu\s & mo/ pla/ic ( all ! anci5t tongues1 he w\ld und\bt$ly h be5 pr(ici5t1 z 8 college classics /ill rema9 fre% 9 8 w>m & ret5tive memory1 & 8 lit]>y ta/e is s sev]e & *a/e z to make "s ( 8 sci5tific pap]s read l a psalm4 ,b nature design$ him = ano!r1 & "s ?9k a bett]1 field1 & end[$ him ) p[]s z a naturali/ t h won = him recognition among ! highe/ liv+ au?orities ( 8 pr(ession4 ,^u be+ elect$ to ! *air ( natural hi/ory1 ,pr(4 ,sn[ ent]$ ^u 8 life "w ) an en?usiasm t *>m$ 8 associates & inspir$ 8 pupils4 ,! true naturali/ mu/ possess l>ge & accurate p[]s ( obs]vation & a love = 8 *os5 pr(ession t c>ries him ov] all ob/acles & r5d]s him oblivi\s to ev]y?+ else except ! specim5 ^u :i* he has set 8 he>t4 ,ye>s ago ! writ] 0 walk+ 9 ! hall ( ! new univ]sity build+ 9 company ) ,g5]al ,fras] & ,pr(essor ,sn[1 :5 ! latt] sudd5ly d>t$ =w>d up ! /airs & captur$ an insect 9 its flight1 t _h evid5tly j dug its way out ( ! p9e ( ! new build+4 ,9 a few mom5ts he return$ ) su* a gl[ on 8 c\nt5ance & su* a satisfi$ air at hav+ captur$ a r>e b famili> specim51 ^: "n 0 on 8 lips1 t we bo? felt ,surely "h is a g5u9e naturali/4 ,"s ye>s ago an incid5t occurr$ 9 connection ) 8 sci5tific excursions 9 ,colorado t is q *>act]i/ic1 %[+ 8 oblivi\sness to self & ev]y?+ else save ! object ( 8 sci5tific pursuit1 & a f]tility 9 ov]com+ dang] :5 x meets him face to face4 ,he 0 desc5d+ alone f "o ( ! highe/ peaks ( ! ,rockies1 :5 he ?\ght he c\ld leave ! pa? & rea* ! foot ( ! m\nta9 by pass+ directly d[n its side ov] an imm5se glaci] ( sn[ & ice1 & ?us save "t & a j\rney ( sev]al miles4 ,aft] a :ile 8 way d[n ! glaci] grew /eep] & m difficult1 until he rea*$ a po9t :]e he c\ld n advance any fur!r1 & f\nd1 to 8 con/]nation1 t he c\ld n return by ! way he _h come4 ,!re he clung to ! side ( ! imm5se glaci]1 ready1 %\ld he miss 8 hold1 to be plung$ hundr$s ( feet into a deep *asm4 ,! situation fla%$ ov] him1 & he knew n[ x 01 inde$1 a /ruggle = de> life4 ,) a prec>i\s foo?old1 he clung to ! glaci] ) "o h&1 :ile ) 8 pocket knife he cut a saf] foo?old ) ! o!r4 ,re/+ a little1 he cut ano!r foo?old l[] d[n 9 ! h>d sn[1 & s work$ 8 way aft] a sev]e /ruggle ( sev]al h\rs amid con/ant dang] to ! foot ( ! m\nta9 9 safety4 ,b1 cont9u$ ! pr(essor1 speak+ ( ?is incid5t to "s ( 8 fri5ds1 ,i 0 ri*ly repaid = all my tr\ble & p]il1 = :5 ,i rea*$ ! foot ( ! m\nta9 ,i captur$ a new & v r>e species ( butt]fly4 ,multitudes ( practical m5 _c appreciate su* devotion to pure sci5ce1 b x is ?is absorb+ passion & pure grit t enable ! devotees ( sci5ce to enl>ge its b\nd>ies ye> by ye>4 ,once1 :ile on a sci5tific excursion on ! great pla9s1 ) ! lam5t$ ,pr(4 ,mudge1 he ne>ly lo/ 8 life4 ,he _h captur$ a rattlesnake1 &1 9 try+ to introduce x into a j> fill$ ) alcohol1 ! snake manag$ to bite him on ! h&4 ,! arm 0 imm$iately b\nd tightly ) a h&k]*ief1 & ! w\nd enl>g$ ) a pocket knife1 & bo? pr(essors took turns 9 suck+ x z clean z possible1 & eject+ ! poison f _! m\?s4 ,?is & a heavy dose ( spirits br\ght ! pr(essor ?r\gh 9 safety1 al?\gh ! poison rema9+ 9 ! w\nd caus$ consid]able swell+ & pa9 9 ! h& & arm4 ,:5 ?is incid5t 0 m5tion$ 9 ! ,kansas ,academy ( ,sci5ce t ye>1 "s "o said1 ,n[ we "k ! effect ( ! bite ( ! prairie rattlesnake on ! human sy/em4 ,let "s "o1 9 ! int]e/s ( pure sci5ce1 try ! effect ( ! timb] rattlesnake on ! human sy/em4 ,b l ! mice 9 ! fable1 no "o 0 f\nd :o c>$ to put ! bell on ! cat4 ,pr(essors ,mudge & ,sn[1 because sci5ti/s 7 s few 9 ! ,/ate at t e>ly day1 divid$ ! field ( natural sci5ce betwe5 !mselves1 ! =m] tak+ geology & ! latt] liv+ =ms4 ,pr(essor ,mudge built up at ! agricultural college a royal cab9et1 easily wor? #aj1jjj1 & ,pr(essor ,sn[ has made a collection at ! ,/ate ,univ]sity ^: value _c be readily e/imat$ until x is catalogu$ & plac$ 9 cases 9 ,sn[ ,hall4 ,z a sci5ti/1 ,pr(essor ,sn[ is an indefatigable work]1 consci5ti\s & pa9/ak+ to ! la/ degree1 nev] neglect+ any?+ t c be discov]$ by ! microscope1 & :5 he describes & names a new species1 he gives ! absolute facts1 )\t reg>d to !ories or philosophies4 ,= accuracy 8 descriptions ( animal & vegetable life resemble photographs1 & are receiv$ by sci5ti/s ) unque/ion$ au?ority4 ,he possesses ano!r quality1 :i* may be call$ hone/y4 ,"s sci5ti/s1 ^: reputation has rea*$ o!r cont95ts1 _c be tru/$ alone 9 ! cab9et ) ! keys1 = !y are liable to borr[ valuable specim5s1 & =get aft]w>d to return !m4 ,x is possible only to glance at ! imm5se am\nt ( "w p]=m$ by ,pr(essor ,sn[ dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,neglect+ ! small fry t c only be tak5 9 nets ) v f9e me%es1 he asc]ta9$ t !re are tw5ty-sev5 species ( fi% 9 ! ,kansas ,riv] at ,lawr5ce4 ,"w on ?is pap] occupi$ ! leisure "t ( two summ]s1 z mu* "t 9 su* inve/igations only produces negative results4 ,= sev]al ye>s he work$ on a catalogue ( ! birds ( ,kansas1 inspir+ sev]al p]sons 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,/ate to assi/ him4 ,lat] ?is "w 0 turn$ ov] to ,colonel ,n4,s4 ,gross1 ( ,topeka1 an en?usia/ 9 orni?ology4 ,colonel ,goss has a v f9e collection ( m\nt$ birds 9 ! capitol build+ at ,topeka1 & he has rec5tly publi%$ a catalogue ( ! ,birds ( ,kansas1 :i* conta9s #cce species4 ,pr(essor ,sn[ has work$ fai?fully on ! plants ( ,kansas1 b z o!r botani/s came into ! ,/ate1 he turn$ ! "w ov] to _! h&s4 ,= sev]al ye>s he has giv5 a l>ge %>e ( 8 "t & /r5g? to entomology4 ,ne>ly e ye> he has l$ sci5tific excursions to diff]5t po9ts 9 ,colorado1 ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 etc41 :]e he might reap ! be/ results4 ,once1 dur+ a meet+ ( ! ,kansas ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 at ,lawr5ce1 ,pr(essor ,sn[ 0 adv]tis$ to read a pap] on "s r>e species ( butt]flies4 ,z ! h\r approa*$1 ! hall 9 ! univ]sity build+ 0 ?rong$1 pr9cipally by ladies f ! city1 :5 ,pr(essor ,sn[ br\ght out piles ( 8 trays ( butt]flies1 & )\t a note gave su* an exhibit & description ( 8 specim5s z *>m$ ! :ole audi5ce4 ,9 meteorology1 ,pr(essor ,sn[ is an ackn[l$g$ au?ority1 :]ev] ?is sci5ce is /udi$1 & he has1 probably1 all ?+s consid]$1 ! be/ meteorological record 9 ! ,/ate4 ,p]sonally1 ,pr(essor ,sn[ possesses qualities t are wor? m1 p]haps1 to 8 pupils1 9 =m+ "*1 ?an ! k d]iv$ f him z an in/ructor4 ,8 life is pure & ennobl+1 8 pres5ce inspir+1 & _m "y m5 h gone f 8 lecture room to hold good positions 9 ! sci5tific _w4 ,:5 "o sees him 9 8 own home1 surr\nd$ by 8 family1 ) books & specim5s & in/rum5ts all ar\nd1 he feels t ! ideal home has n lo/ ev]y?+ 9 ! fall4 ,sn[ ,hall is ! natural resultant ( tw5ty ye>s ( e>ne/ & fai?ful labor on ! "p ( ?is em95t sci5ti/4 ,! reg5ts display$ ! r>e good s5se ( committ+ ev]y?+ reg>d+ ! plans ( ! build+1 & ! =m & arrangem5t ( ! cases1 to ,pr(essor ,sn[1 :i* has result$ 9 giv+ to ,kansas ! model build+ ( its k9d 9 ! ,we/1 if n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,v l>ge collections h accumulat$ at ! ,/ate ,univ]sity1 "u ! labors ( ,pr(essor ,sn[ & 8 assi/ants1 :i* ne$ to be classifi$1 arrang$1 & label$2 & :5 ! legislature appropriates ! money to furni% cases to display ?is collection 9 almo/ e dep>tm5t ( natural sci5ce1 ,kansas w possess a hall ( natural sci5ce ^: influ5ce w be felt ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate1 & be an attraction to sci5ti/s ev]y:]e4--,*apla9 ,j4,d4 ,p>k]1 9 ,kansas ,city ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,elim9ation ,,( ,,poisons4 ,a /udy ( ! means by :i* nature rids ! economy ( :at is h>mful has be5 made by ,sanquirico1 ( ,si5a1 & 8 exp]im5ts & conclusions are z foll[s3 ,he f9ds t ! vessels ( ! body1 )\t und]go+ ext5sive /ructural alt]ation1 c by exosmosis rid !mselves ( fluid to an am\nt ( eight p] c5t4 ( ! body weight ( ! subject ( ! exp]im5t4 ,?r\gh ! injection ( neutral fluids a great increase 9 ! vascul> t5sion is effect$1 :i* is reliev$ by elim9ation ?r\gh ! kidneys4 ,) ref]5ce to ?is fact1 ! au?or1 9 #ahhe1 made exp]im5ts ) alcohol & /ry*n9e1 & cont9u$ 8 rese>*es 9 ! use ( *loral & aconit9e ) results favorable to ! me?od employ$1 :i* is z foll[s3 ,! m9imal fatal dose ( a giv5 poison 0 select$1 & f\nd to be 9 a c]ta9 relation to ! body weight4 ,imm$iately ^u ! injection ( ! poison a solution ( sodium *loride1 #j4ge p] c5t4 9 /r5g?1 0 inject$ into ! subcutane\s tissues ( ! neck1 9 quantities be+ eight p] c5t4 ( ! body weight ( ! animal4 ,9 ! case ( ^? poisons ^: effect is n in/antane\s1 ! injection ( sal9e solution 0 made on ! fir/ appe>ance ( toxic symptoms4 ,9 o!r poisons ! injection 0 made at once4 ,! result ( ! use ( sal9es 0 a diuresis v>y+ 9 ! promptness ( its appe>ance & 9 its am\nt4 ,^? animals 9 :i* diuresis 0 limit$ at fir/ & !n increas$ g5]ally recov]$1 :ile ^? 9 :i* diuresis 0 n e/abli%$ p]i%$4 ,! poison us$ 0 f\nd 9 ! ur9e ( ^? :i* di$ & also ^? :i* recov]$4 ,! au?or succe$$ 9 rescu+ animals poison$ by alcohol1 /ry*n9e1 *loral1 & aconit9e4 ,) morph9e1 cur>e1 & hypnone1 ! me?od ( elim9ation fail$1 al?\gh t5 p] c5t4 9 quantity ( ! body weight ( ! animal 0 us$ 9 ! sal9e injection4 ,) aconit9e1 diuresis 0 n always e/abli%$1 & :5 x fail$ ! animal di$ 9 convulsions4--,c5tralblatt fur die ,m$ic9is*5 ,wiss5s*aft51 ,decemb] #ah1 #ahhf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a catalogue1 conta9+ brief notices ( _m important sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is (fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,t]ms ( ,subscription1 #e a ,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #db ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! "n & resid5ce ( ! ,pat5tee4 ,by ! imm5se circulation ?us giv51 public att5tion is direct$ to ! m]its ( ! new pat5t1 & sales or introduction (t5 easily effect$4 ,any p]son :o has made a new discov]y or inv5tion c asc]ta91 free ( *>ge1 :e!r a pat5t c probably be obta9$1 by writ+ to ,,munn ,co4 ,we also s5d free our ,h& ,book ab\t ! ,pat5t ,laws1 ,pat5ts1 ,caveats4 ,trade ,m>ks1 _! co/s1 & h[ procur$4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,bran* ,(fice1 #fbb & #fbd ,f ,/41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4