,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #dfj ,,new ,,york1 ,,octob] #be1 #ahhd ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xviii1 ,no4 #dfj4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,*emi/ry4 ,,etc4--,wolp]t's ,me?od ( ,e/imat+ ! ,am\nt ( ,c>bonic ,acid 9 ! ,air4--#g ,figures4 ,japanese ,camphor4--,its prep>ation1 exp]im5ts1 & analysis ( ! camphor oil4--,by ,h4 ,,oi%i4 ,,ii4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,& ,,me*anics4--,l9ks 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,locomotive4--,) two engrav+s ( ! ,rocket4 ,! ,fl[ ( ,wat] ?r\gh ,turb9es & ,screw ,propell]s4--,by ,,ar?ur ,,rigg4--,exp]im5tal rese>*es4--,impact on level plate4--,impact & reaction 9 conf9$ *annels4--#d figures4 ,improv$ ,textile ,ma*9]y4--,! ,textile ,exhibition at ,isl+ton4--#e figures4 ,endless ,rope ,haulage4--#b figures4 ,,iii4 ,,te*nology4--,a ,reliable ,wat] ,filt]4--,) engrav+4 ,simple ,devices = ,di/ill+ ,wat]4--#d figures4 ,improv$ ,fire ,damp ,detect]4--,) full description & engrav+4 ,cam]a ,atta*m5t = ,pap] ,photo ,negatives4--#b figures4 ,in/antane\s ,photo ,%utt]4--#a figure4 ,sulphur\s ,acid4--,easy me?od ( prep>ation = photographic purposes4 ,,iv4 ,,physics4 ,,electricity1 ,,etc4--,/eps t[>d a ,k9etic ,!ory ( ,matt]4--,address by ,sir ,wm4 ,,?omson at ! ,montreal meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association4 ,application ( ,electricity to ,tramways4--,by ,m4 ,,holroyd ,,smi?4--#g figures4 ,! ,sun%9e ,record]4--#a figure4 ,v4 ,,ar*itecture ,,& ,,art4--,! ,national ,monum5t at ,rome4--,) full page engrav+4 ,on ! ,evolution ( ,=ms ( ,art4--,f a pap] by ,pr(4 ,,jacob/hal4--,plant ,=ms ! ar*etypes ( ca%m]e patt]ns4--,ornam5tal repres5tations ( plants ( two k9ds4--,ar*itectural =ms ( diff]5t ages4--#bj figures4 ,,vi4 ,,natural ,,hi/ory4--,! ,late/ ,k ab\t ,gapes4--,h[ to keep p\ltry free f !m4 ,! ,voyage ( ! ,vettor ,pisani4--,%>k fi%+ ,9 ! ,gulf ( ,panama4--,capture ( ,rh9odon typicus1 ! l>ge/ fi% 9 exi/5ce4 ,,vii4 ,,horticulture1 ,,etc4--,! ,prop] ,"t = ,cutt+ ,timb]4 ,rais+ ,f]ns f ,spores4--#a figure4 ,! ,life ,hi/ory ( ,vau*]ia4--,gr[? ( alga vau*]ia "u ! microscope4--#d figures4 ,,viii4 ,,miscellane\s4--,fires 9 ,london & ,new ,york4 ,! ,greely ,arctic ,exp$ition4--,) engrav+4 ,! ,nile ,exp$ition4--#a figure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,l9ks ,,9 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,locomotive4 ,x is1 p]haps1 m difficult to write accurate hi/ory ?an any?+ else1 & ?is is true n only ( nations1 k+s1 politicians1 or w>s1 b ( ev5ts & ?+s witness$ or call$ into exi/5ce 9 e-day life4 ,9 ,! ,eng9e] = ,septemb] #ag1 #ahhj1 we did our be/ to place a true /atem5t ( ! facts conc]n+ ! ,rocket be=e our read]s4 ,9 _m respects ?is 0 ! mo/ rem>kable /eam eng9e ev] built1 & ab\t x !re ought to be no difficulty1 "o w\ld imag9e1 9 arriv+ at ! tru?4 ,x 0 = a consid]able p]iod ! cynosure ( all eyes4 ,eng9e]s all ov] ! _w 7 int]e/$ 9 its p]=mance4 ,draw+s 7 made ( x2 acc\nts 7 writt5 ( x1 descriptions ( x ab\nd$4 ,little m ?an half a c5tury has elaps$ s9ce x />tl$ ! _w by its p]=mance at ,ra9hill1 & yet x is n too mu* to say t ! tru?--! :ole tru?1 t is to say--c nev] n[ be writt54 ,we are1 h[ev]1 able to put "s facts be=e our read]s n[ :i* h nev] be=e be5 publi%$1 :i* are suffici5tly />tl+1 & :ile supply+ a miss+ l9k 9 ! hi/ory ( ! locomotive1 g f> to %[ t mu* t has hi!rto be5 held to be true is n true at all4 ,:5 ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway 0 op5$ on ! #ae? ( ,septemb]1 #ahcj1 among ^? pres5t 0 ,james ,nasmy?1 subsequ5tly ! inv5tor ( ! /eam hamm]4 ,mr4 ,nasmy? 0 a good freeh& draughtsman1 & he sket*$ ! ,rocket z x /ood on ! l9e4 ,! sket* is /ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,mr4 ,nasmy? has plac$ ?is sket* at our disposal1 ?us e>n+ ! gratitude ( our read]s1 & we h reproduc$ z ne>ly z possible1 b to a some:at enl>g$ scale1 ?is invaluable l9k 9 ! hi/ory ( ! locomotive4 ,mr4 ,nasmy? writes conc]n+ x1 ,july #bf1 #ahhd3 ,?is slight & ha/y sket* ( ! ,rocket 0 made ! day be=e ! op5+ ( ! ,man*e/] & ,liv]pool ,railway1 ,septemb] #ab1 #ahcj4 ,i avail$ myself ( ! opportunity ( a %ort pause 9 ! exp]im5tal runs ) ! ,rocket1 ( ?ree or f\r miles betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,ra9hill1 ,george ,/eph5son act+ z eng9e driv] & 8 son ,rob]t z /ok]4 ,! limit$ "t ,i _h = mak+ my sket* prev5t$ me f mak+ a m elaborate "o1 b su* z x is1 all ! important & *>act]i/ic details are giv52 b ! p5cil l9es1 aft] ! lapse ( fifty-f\r ye>s1 h become some:at indi/9ct4 ,! p5cil draw+1 m ?an fifty ye>s old1 has become s fa9t t its reproduction has become a difficult task4 ,en\gh rema9s1 h[ev]1 to %[ v cle>ly :at mann] ( eng9e ?is ,rocket 04 ,= ! sake ( comp>ison we reproduce an engrav+ ( ! ,rocket ( #ahbi4 ,a glance w %[ t an a/oni%+ trans=mation _h tak5 place 9 ! elev5 mon?s :i* _h elaps$ betwe5 ! ,ra9hill trials & ! op5+ ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway4 ,we may indicate a few ( ! alt]ations4 ,9 #ahbi ! cyl9d]s 7 set at a /eep angle2 9 #ahcj !y 7 ne>ly horizontal4 ,9 #ahbi ! driv+ :eels 7 ( wood2 9 #ahcj !y 7 ( ca/ iron4 ,9 #ahbi !re 0 no smoke-box prop]1 & a t[]+ *imney2 9 #ahcj !re 0 a smoke-box & a comp>atively %ort *imney4 ,9 #ahbi a cask & a truck con/itut$ ! t5d]2 9 #ahcj !re 0 a neatly design$ t5d]1 n v diff]5t 9 /yle f t /ill 9 use on ! ,great ,we/]n broad gauge4 ,all ^! ?+s may p]haps be t]m$ concomitants1 or *anges 9 detail4 ,b !re is a radical diff]5ce yet to be consid]$4 ,9 #ahbi ! fire-box 0 a k9d ( sep>ate *amb] tack$ on to ! back ( ! b>rel ( ! boil]1 & communicat+ ) x by ?ree tubes2 "o on ea* side unit$ ! wat] spaces1 & "o at ! top ! /eam spaces4 ,9 #ahcj all ?is _h disappe>$1 & we f9d 9 ,mr4 ,nasmy?'s sket* a regul> fire-box1 su* z is us$ to ?is mom5t4 ,9 "o ^w1 ! ,rocket ( #ahbi is diff]5t f ! ,rocket ( #ahcj 9 almo/ e conceivable respect2 & we are driv5 p]=ce to ! conclusion t ! ,rocket ( #ahbi nev] work$ at all on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway2 ! eng9e ( #ahcj 0 an entirely new eng9e4 ,we see no possible way ( escap+ f ?is conclusion4 ,! mo/ t c be said aga9/ x is t ! eng9e und]w5t _m alt]ations4 ,! alt]ations mu/1 h[ev]1 h be5 s num]\s t !y 7 tantam\nt to ! con/ruction ( a new eng9e4 ,x is difficult1 inde$1 to see :at "p ( ! old eng9e c\ld exi/ 9 ! new "o2 "s plates ( ! boil] %ell might1 p]haps1 h be5 reta9$1 b we d\bt x4 ,x may1 p]haps1 di/urb "s hi!rto well root$ beliefs to say s1 b x seems to u indisputable t ! ,rocket ( #ahbi & #ahcj 7 totally diff]5t eng9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,! ,,rocket1 #ahbi4 ,,! ,,rocket1 #ahcj4 ,our engrav+1 ,fig4 #a1 is copi$ f a draw+ made by ,mr4 ,phipps1 ,m4,i4,c4,e41 :o 0 employ$ by ,messrs4 ,/eph5son to compile a draw+ ( ! ,rocket f su* draw+s & docum5ts z c\ld be f\nd4 ,?is g5tleman _h made ! orig9al draw+s ( ! ,rocket ( #ahbi1 "u ,messrs4 ,g4 ,r4 ,/eph5son's direction4 ,mr4 ,phipps is q sil5t ab\t ! hi/ory ( ! eng9e dur+ ! elev5 mon?s betwe5 ! ,ra9hill trials & ! op5+ ( ! railway4 ,9 ?is respect he is l e "o else4 ,?is p]iod is a p]fect blank4 ,x is assum$ t f ,ra9hill ! eng9e w5t back to ,messrs4 ,/eph5son's works2 b !re is no?+ on ! subject 9 pr9t1 s f> z we are aw>e4 ,mr4 ,g4,r4 ,/eph5son l5t u 9 #ahhj a work+ model ( ! ,rocket4 ,an engrav+ ( ?is w be f\nd 9 ,! ,eng9e] = ,septemb] #ag1 #ahhj4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 x & ! engrav+ bel[1 prep>$ f ,mr4 ,phipps' draw+1 is1 x w be se51 v small--"o ( proportions m ?an any?+ else4 ,mr4 ,/eph5son says ( 8 model3 ,i c say t x is a v fair repres5tation ( :at ! eng9e 0 be=e %e 0 alt]$4 ,hi!rto x has always be5 tak5 = grant$ t ! alt]ation consi/$ ma9ly 9 r$uc+ ! angle at :i* ! cyl9d]s 7 set4 ,! ,nasmy? draw+ alt]s ! :ole aspect ( ! "q1 & we are n[ left to speculate z to :at became ( ! orig9al ,rocket4 ,we are told t aft] x left ! railway x 0 employ$ by ,"l ,dundonald to supply /eam to a rot>y eng9e2 !n x propell$ a /eamboat2 next x drove small ma*9]y 9 a %op 9 ,man*e/]2 !n x 0 employ$ 9 a bricky>d2 ev5tually x 0 pur*as$ z a curiosity by ,mr4 ,?omson1 ( ,kirkh\se1 ne> ,c>lisle1 :o s5t x to ,messrs4 ,/eph5son to take c>e (4 ,) !m x rema9$ = ye>s4 ,!n ,messrs4 ,/eph5son put x into some?+ l its orig9al %ape1 & x w5t to ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 :]e x is n[4 ,! "q is1 ,:at eng9e is ?is8 ,0 x ! ,rocket ( #ahbi or ! ,rocket ( #ahcj1 or nei!r8 ,x c\ld n be ! la/1 z w be und]/ood f ,mr4 ,nasmy?'s draw+2 if we be> 9 m9d t ! s-call$ fire-box on ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton eng9e is only a %am made ( ?9 %eet iron )\t wat] space1 :ile ! fire-box %[n 9 ,mr4 ,nasmy?'s eng9e is an integral "p ( ! :ole1 :i* c\ld n h be5 cut (f4 ,t is to say1 ,messrs4 ,/eph5son1 9 gett+ ! eng9e put 9 ord] = ! ,pat5t ,(fice ,museum1 c]ta9ly did n cut (f ! fire-box %[n 9 ,mr4 ,nasmy?'s sket*1 & replace x ) ! %am box n[ on ! boil]4 ,if our read]s w turn to our impression = ! #cj? ( ,june1 #ahgf1 !y w f9d a v accurate engrav+ ( ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton eng9e1 :i* !y c comp>e ) ,mr4 ,nasmy?'s sket*1 & n fail to p]ceive t ! diff]5ces are radical4 ,9 ,wood on ,railroads1 second edition1 #ahcb1 page #cgg1 we are told t aft] ^? exp]im5ts--! ,ra9hill trials--7 conclud$1 ! ,novelty und]w5t consid]able alt]ations2 & on page #cii1 ,mr4 ,/eph5son _h also improv$ ! work+ ( ! ,rocket eng9e1 & by apply+ ! /eam m p[]fully 9 ! *imney to increase ! draught1 0 enabl$ to raise a mu* great] quantity ( /eam ?an be=e4 ,no?+ is said z to :]e ! new exp]im5ts took place1 nor _! precise date4 ,b x seems t ! ,meteor & ! ,arr[--,/eph5son eng9es--7 tri$ at ! same "t2 & ?is is really ! only h9t ,wood gives z to :at 0 done to ! ,rocket betwe5 ! #f? ( ,octob]1 #ahbi1 & ! #ae? ( ,septemb]1 #ahcj4 ,!re are m5 /ill alive :o no d\bt c\ld cle> up ! "q at issue1 & x is mu* to be hop$ t !y w d s4 ,z ! matt] n[ /&s1 x w be se5 t we d n s mu* "q t ! ,rocket 9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum is1 9 "p p]haps1 ! orig9al ,rocket ( ,ra9hill celebrity1 z t x ev] ran 9 regul> s]vice on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway4 ,yet1 if n1 !n we may ask1 :at became ( ! ,rocket ( #ahcj8 ,x is n at all improbable t ! fir/ ,rocket 0 ca/ on "o side1 until x 0 b\ght by ,"l ,dundonald1 & t its hi/ory is set out ) fair accuracy above4 ,b ! ,rocket ( ! ,man*e/] & ,liv]pool ,railway is h>dly less wor?y ( att5tion ?an its imm$iate pr$ecessor1 & conc]n+ x in=mation is ne$$4 ,any scrap ( in=mation1 h[ev] app>5tly trifl+1 t c be ?r[n on ?is subject by our read]s w be highly valu$1 & giv5 an appropriate place 9 our pages4--,! ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! l>ge/ gra9 elevator 9 ! _w1 says ! ,na%ville ,am]ican1 is t j con/ruct$ at ,newport ,news "u ! auspices ( ! ,*esapeake ,ohio ,railway ,co4 ,x is #ij ft4 wide1 #chf ft4 long1 & ab\t #afd ft4 high1 ) eng9e & boil] rooms #dj #ajj ft4 & #dj ft4 high4 ,9 its con/ruction !re 7 us$ ab\t #c1jjj piles1 #ajj1jjj ft4 ( :ite-oak timb]1 #hb1jjj cu4 ft4 ( /one1 #hjj1jjj brick1 #f1jjj1jjj ft4 ( p9e & spruce lumb]1 #d1ejj kegs ( nails1 #f l>ge boil]s1 #b l>ge eng9es1 #bjj tons ( ma*9]y1 #bj l>ge hopp]-scales1 & #ag1bjj ft4 ( rubb] belts1 f #h to #dh 94 wide & #ej to #a1gjj ft4 long2 9 addition1 !re 7 #h1jjj elevator buckets1 & o!r mat]ial4 ,! /orage capacity is #a1fjj1jjj bu%els1 ) a receiv+ capacity ( #cj1jjj1 & a %ipp+ capacity ( #bj1jjj bu%els p] h\r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,fl[ ,,( ,,wat] ,,?r\gh ,,turb9es ,,& ,,screw ,,propell]s4 ,footnote3 ,pap] read be=e ! ,briti% ,association at ,montreal4 ,by ,mr4 ,,ar?ur ,,rigg1 ,c4,e4 ,lit]ature relat+ to turb9es probably /&s unrival$ among all t conc]ns que/ions ( hydraulic eng9e]+1 n s mu* 9 its volum9\s "* z 9 ! ext5t to :i* purely !oretical writ]s h ignor$ facts1 or practical writ]s h reli$ ^u empirical rules r ?an ^u any s\nd !ory4 ,9 relation to ?is view1 x may suffice to note t !oretical d$uctions h frequ5tly be5 bas$ ^u a g5]alization t /reams ( wat] mu/ ent] ! buckets ( a turb9e )\t %ock1 & leave !m )\t velocity4 ,bo? ^! assum$ conditions are mislead+1 & x is n[ well kn[n t 9 e good turb9e bo? are c>efully disobey$4 ,s-call$ practical writ]s1 z a rule1 fail to give mu* useful in=mation1 & _! task seems r 9 praise ( "o description ( turb9e above ano!r4 ,b g5]ally1 x is ( no consequ5ce :atev] h[ a /ream ( wat] may be l$ ?r\gh ! buckets ( any =m ( turb9e1 s long z its velocity gradually becomes r$uc$ to ! smalle/ am\nt t w c>ry x freely cle> ( ! ma*9e4 ,! "* ( !oretical in=mation imp>t$ by "s ,*icago ,j\rnal ( ,comm]ce1 dat$ #bj? ,febru>y1 #ahhd4 ,!re we are in=m$ t ! height ( ! fall is "o ( ! mo/ important consid]ations1 z ! same /ream ( wat] w furni% five times ! horse p[] at t5 ft4 t x w at five ft4 fall4 ,by g5]al cons5t twice two are f\r1 b x has be5 res]v$ = ?is imag9ative writ] to make ! useful discov]y t sometimes twice two are t54 ,n until aft] ! translation ( ,capta9 ,morris' "w on turb9es by ,mr4 ,e4 ,morris 9 #ahdd1 0 att5tion 9 ,am]ica direct$ to ! advantages :i* ^! motors possess$ ov] ! gravity :eels !n 9 use4 ,a duty ( #ge p] c5t4 0 !n obta9$1 & a fur!r /udy ( ! subject by a mo/ acute & practical eng9e]1 ,mr4 ,boyd51 l$ to v>i\s improvem5ts ^u ,mr4 ,fauneyron's model1 by :i* 8 exp]im5ts indicat$ ! high duty ( #hh p] c5t4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s addition made by ,mr4 ,boyd5 0 ! diffus]4 ,! +5i\s contrivance _h ! effect ( trans=m+ "p ( :atev] velocity rema9$ 9 ! /ream aft] pass+ out ( a turb9e into an atmosph]ic pressure1 by :i* ! correspond+ lo/ head became effective1 & add$ ab\t #c p] c5t4 to ! duty obta9$4 ,x may be wor? notic+ t1 by an accid5tal application ( ^! pr9ciples to "s inw>d fl[ turb9es1 !re is obta9$ mo/1 if n all1 ( :atev] advantage !y are suppos$ to possess1 b oddly en\gh ?is g5u9e advantage is nev] m5tion$ by any ( ! writ]s :o are int]e/$ 9 _! introduction or sale4 ,! well-kn[n exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,james ,b4 ,francis 9 #aheg1 & 8 elaborate report1 gave to hydraulic eng9e]s a va/ /ore ( useful data1 & s9ce t p]iod mu* progress has be5 made 9 ! con/ruction ( turb9es1 & lit]ature on ! subject has become v complete4 ,9 ! limits ( a %ort pap] x is impossible to d ju/ice to m ?an "o aspect ( ! consid]ations relat+ to turb9es1 & x is n[ propos$ to br+ be=e ! ,me*anical ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association "s conclusions drawn f ! behavior ( jets ( wat] dis*>g$ "u pressure1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ! hope t1 z wat] p[] is extremely abundant 9 ,canada1 any rem>ks relat+ to ! subject may n fail to prove int]e/+4 ,betwe5 ! action ( turb9es & t ( screw propell]s exi/s an exact p>allelism1 al?\gh 9 "o case wat] imp>ts motion to ! buckets ( a turb9e1 :ile 9 ! o!r case blades ( a screw give spiral movem5t to a column ( wat] driv5 aft f ! vessel x propels =w>d4 ,turb9es h be5 driv5 sometimes by impact alone1 sometimes by reaction above1 ?\gh g5]ally by a comb9ation ( impact & reaction1 & x is by ! la/ nam$ sy/em t ! be/ results are n[ kn[n to be obta9$4 ,! ord9>y paddles ( a /eam] impel a mass ( wat] horizontally backw>d by impact alone1 b screw propell]s use reaction some:at disguis$1 & only to a limit$ ext5t4 ,! full use & advantages ( reaction = screw propell]s 7 n g5]ally kn[n until aft] ! publication ( pap]s by ! pres5t writ] 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,naval ,ar*itects = #ahfg & #ahfh1 & m fully 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,society ( ,eng9e]s = #ahfh4 ,s9ce t "t1 by ! au?or ( ^! inve/igations !n describ$1 by ! ,engli% ,admiralty1 & by private firms1 fur!r exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ out1 "s on a consid]able scale1 & all corroborative ( ! results publi%$ 9 #ahfh4 ,b no?+ fur!r has be5 done 9 utiliz+ ^! discov]ies until ! rec5t exig5cies ( mod]n naval w>f>e h l$ =eign nations to place a high value ^u spe$4 ,"s mak]s ( torp$o boats h ?us be5 induc$ to slack5 ! trammels ( an old] !ory & to apply a some:at incomplete =m ( ! au?or's reaction propell] = ga9+ "s portion ( ! notable p]=mance ( ^! hornets ( ! deep4 ,j z 9 turb9es a comb9ation ( impact & reaction produces ! maximum practical result1 s 9 screw propell]s does a correspond+ ga9 accompany ! same con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,turb9es4--,:ile /udy+ ^? effects produc$ by jets ( wat] imp++ ^u pla9 or concave surfaces correspond+ to buckets ( turb9es1 x simplifies matt]s to sep>ate ^! results due to impact f o!rs due to reaction4 ,& x w be well at ! outset to draw a di/9ction betwe5 ! nature ( ^! two pressures1 & to rem9d ourselves ( ! laws :i* lie at ! root & gov]n ! :ole "q "u pres5t consid]ation4 ,wat] obeys ! laws ( gravity1 exactly l e o!r body2 & ! velocity ) :i* any quantity may be fall+ is an expression ( ! full am\nt ( "w x conta9s4 ,by a suffici5tly accurate practical rule ?is velocity is eight times ! squ>e root ( ! head or v]tical column measur$ 9 feet4 ,velocity p] second #h sqrt 7head 9 feet71 !re=e1 = a head ( #ajj ft4 z an example1 ,v #h sqrt 7#ajj7 #hj ft4 p] second4 ,! graphic me?od ( %[+ velocities or pressures has _m advantages1 & is us$ 9 all ! foll[+ diagrams4 ,beg9n+ ) purely !oretical consid]ations1 we mu/ fir/ recollect t !re is no su* ?+ z absolute motion4 ,all movem5ts are relative to some?+ else1 & :at we h to d ) a /ream ( wat] 9 a turb9e is to r$uce its velocity relatively to ! e>?1 q a diff]5t ?+ to its velocity 9 relation to ! turb9e2 = :ile ! "o may be z]o1 ! o!r may be any?+ we please4 ,,abcd 9 ,fig4 #a repres5ts a p>allelogram ( velocities1 :]e9 ,,ac gives ! direction ( a jet ( wat] />t+ at ,a1 & arriv+ at ,c at ! end ( "o second or any o!r division ( "t4 ,at a scale ( #a_/dj 94 to #a ft41 ,,ac repres5ts #hj ft41 ! fall due to #ajj ft4 head1 or at a scale ( #a 94 to #a ft41 ,,ac gives #b ft41 or ! di/ance travel$ by ! same /ream 9 #a_/dj ( a second4 ,! velocity ,,ac may be resolv$ into two o!rs1 namely1 ,,ab & ,,ad1 or ,,bc1 :i* are f\nd to be #fi4bh ft4 & #dj ft4 respectively1 :5 ! angle ,,bac--g5]ally call$ x 9 treatises on turb9es--is #cj deg4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,,ac is tak5 at #b ft41 !n ,a ,b w be f\nd #bj4gh 941 & ,,bc #ab 94 = a "t ( #a_/dj or #j4jbe ( a second4 ,suppos+ n[ a flat plate1 ,,bc #ab 94 wide move f ,,da to ,,cb dur+ #j4jbe second1 x w be readily se5 t a drop ( wat] />t+ f ,a w h arriv$ at ,c 9 #j4jbe second1 hav+ be5 fl[+ along ! surface ,,bc f ,b to ,c )\t ei!r friction or loss ( velocity4 ,if n[1 in/ead ( a /raight plate1 ,,bc1 we sub/itute "o hav+ a concave surface1 su* z ,,bk 9 ,fig4 #b1 x w be f\nd necess>y to move x f ,a to ,l 9 #j4jbe second1 9 ord] to all[ a /ream to arrive at ,c1 t is ,k1 )\t1 9 transit1 friction or loss ( velocity4 ,?is concave surface may repres5t "o bucket ( a turb9e4 ,suppos+ n[ a resi/ance to be appli$ to t x c only move f ,a to ,b in/ead ( to ,l4 ,!n1 z we h already resolv$ ! velocity ,a ,c into ,,ab & ,,bc1 s f> z ! =m] 7,,ab7 is conc]n$1 no alt]ation occurs :e!r ,,bk be /raight or curv$4 ,b ! o!r portion1 ,,bc1 press+ v]tically aga9/ ! concave surface1 ,,bk1 becomes gradually dim9i%$ 9 its velocity 9 relation to ! e>?1 & produces & effect kn[n z reaction4 ,a comb9$ op]ation ( impact & reaction occurs by fur!r dim9i%+ ! di/ance :i* ! bucket is all[$ to travel1 z1 = examples1 to ,,ef4 ,"h ! jet is impell$ aga9/ ! l[] edge ( ! bucket1 ,b1 & gives a pressure by its impact2 !n foll[+ ! curve ,,bk1 ) a dim9i%+ velocity1 x is f9ally dis*>g$ at ,k1 reta9+ only suffici5t movem5t to c>ry ! wat] cle> out ( ! ma*9e4 ,?us f> we h consid]$ ! movem5t ( jets & buckets along ,,ab z /raight l9es1 b ?is c only occur1 s f> z buckets are conc]n$1 :5 _! radius 9 inf9ite4 ,9 practice ^! latt] movem5ts are always curves ( m or less complicat$ =m1 :i* effect a consid]able modification 9 ! =ms ( buckets1 etc41 b n 9 ! g5]al pr9ciples1 & x is ! duty ( ! design] ( any =m ( turb9e to give ?is consid]ation its due importance4 ,hav+ ?us cle>$ away any ambiguity f ! t]ms impact1 & reaction1 & %[n h[ !y c act indep5d5tly or toge!r1 we %all be able to foll[ ! c\rse & behavior ( /reams 9 a turb9e1 & by treat+ _! effects z aris+ f two sep>ate causes1 we %all be able to reg>d ! problem )\t t inevitable confusion :i* arises :5 !y are consid]$ z act+ conjo9tly4 ,turb9es1 ?\gh driv5 by va/ volumes ( wat]1 are 9 reality impell$ by c\ntless isolat$ jets1 or /reams1 all act+ toge!r1 & a cle> und]/&+ ( ! behavior ( any "o ( ^! facilitates & concludes a solution ( ! :ole problem4 ,exp]im5tal rese>*es4--,all exp]im5ts ref]r$ to 9 ?is pap] 7 made by jets ( wat] "u an actual v]tical head ( #de ft41 b z ! supply came ?r\gh a consid]able l5g? ( 94 bore lead pip+1 & _m b5ds1 a l>ge & con/ant loss occurr$ ?r\gh friction & b5ds1 s t ! actual work+ head 0 only kn[n by measur+ ! velocity ( dis*>ge4 ,?is 0 easily done by all[+ all ! wat] to fl[ into a tank ( kn[n capacity4 ,! /op cock _h a cle> circul> passage ?r\gh x1 & two diff]5t jets 7 us$4 ,"o oblong measur$ #j4e 94 by #j4ae 941 giv+ an area ( #j4jge squ>e in*4 ,! o!r jet 0 circul>1 & j s mu* l>g] ?an 94 to be #j4je ( a squ>e in* area1 & ! /ream fl[$ ) a velocity ( #dj ft4 p] second1 correspond+ to a head ( #be ft4 ,ei!r nozzle c\ld be atta*$ to ! same univ]sal jo9t1 & direct$ at any desir$ incl9ation ^u ! horizontal surface ( a special well-adju/$ comp\nd weigh+ ma*9e1 or into v>i\s b5t tubes & o!r atta*m5ts1 s t all pressures1 :e!r v]tical or horizontal1 c\ld be accurately asc]ta9$ & r$uc$ to ! unit1 :i* 0 ! qu>t] ( an ounce4 ,! v]tical compon5t p ( any pressure ,p may be asc]ta9$ by ! =mula-- p ,p s9 alpha1 :]e alpha is ! angle made by a jet aga9/ a surface2 & 9 ord] to te/ ! accuracy ( ! simple ma*9]y employ$ = ^! rese>*es1 ! oblong jet :i* gave #ga unit :5 imp++ v]tically ^u a circul> plate1 0 direct$ at #fj deg4 & #de deg4 !reon1 ) results %[n 9 ,table ,i41 & ^!1 x w be obs]v$1 are suffici5tly close to !ory to w>rant reliance be+ plac$ on data obta9$ f ! simple weigh+ ma*9]y us$ 9 ! exp]im5t4 ,table ,i4--,impact on ,level ,plate4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,incl9ation ( jet ,di/ance4 to ! horizonal4 #ij deg4 #fj deg4 #de deg4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,pressure ,pressure ,pressure _/ ,exp]im5t _/ #fa4jj #di4jj #a 94 #ga4jj ,!ory _/ #fa4dh #ej4aj _/ ,exp]im5t _/ #ee4jj #de4jj #a 94 #fc4jj ,!ory _/ #ed4jj #de4jj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,9 ea* case ! unit ( pressure is oz4 ,9 ! fir/ trial !re 0 a di/ance ( #a 94 betwe5 ! jet & po9t ( its contact ) ! plate1 :ile 9 ! second trial ?is space 0 dim9i%$ to 94 ,x w be notic$ t z ?is di/ance increases we h augm5t$ pressures1 & ^! are n due1 z might be suppos$1 to increase ( head1 :i* is practically no?+1 b !y are due to ! recoil ( a portion ( ! /ream1 :i* occurs increas+ly z x becomes m & m brok5 up4 ,^! alt]ations 9 pressure c only be elim9at$ :5 c>e is tak5 to measure t only due to impact1 )\t at ! same "t add+ ! effect ( an imp]fect reaction4 ,any /ream t c run (f at all po9ts f a smoo? surface gives ! m9imum ( pressure !reon1 = !n ! lea/ resi/ance is (f]$ to ! de/ruction ( ! v]tical elem5t ( its velocity1 b ?is fre$om becomes lo/ :5 a /ream is div]t$ into a conf9$ *annel4 ,z pressure is an indication & measure ( lo/ velocity1 we may !n reasonably look = great] pressure on ! scale :5 a /ream is conf9$ aft] impact ?an :5 x dis*>ges freely 9 e direction4 ,exp]im5tally ?is is %[n to be ! case1 = :5 ! same oblong jet1 dis*>g$ "u ! same conditions1 imp+$ v]tically ^u a smoo? plate1 & gave a pressure ( #ga units1 gave #hg units :5 dis*>g$ into a conf9$ "r-angl$ *annel4 ,?is result emphasizes ! necessity = conf9+ /reams ( wat] :5ev] x is desir$ to receive ! greate/ pressure by arre/+ _! velocity4 ,su* /reams w always endeavor to escape 9 ! directions ( lea/ resi/ance1 &1 !re=e1 9 a turb9e means %\ld be provid$ to prev5t any lat]al deviation ( ! /reams :ile pass+ ?r\gh _! buckets4 ,s ) screw propell]s ! great mass ( surr\nd+ wat] may be reg>d$ z act+ l a *annel ) ela/ic sides1 :i* p]mits ! area enl>g+ z ! velocity ( a curr5t pass+ dim9i%es4 ,! exp]im5ts ?us f> describ$ h be5 made ) jets ( an oblong %ape1 & !y give results diff]+ 9 "s degree f ^? obta9$ ) circul> jets4 ,yet z ! g5]al conclusions f bo? are f\nd ! same1 x w avoid unnecess>y prolixity by us+ ! data f exp]im5ts made ) a circul> jet ( #j4je squ>e in* area1 dis*>g+ a /ream at ! rate ( #dj ft4 p] second4 ,?is am\nts to #eb lb4 ( wat] p] m9ute ) an available head ( #be ft41 or #a1cjj foot-p\nds p] m9ute4 ,! tubes :i* receiv$ & direct$ ! c\rse ( ?is jet 7 g5]ally ( lead1 hav+ a p]fectly smoo? int]nal surface1 = x 0 f\nd t ) a r\gh] surface ! fl[ ( wat] is ret>d$1 & *anges occur 9 ! data obta9$4 ,any /ream hav+ its c\rse *ang$ presses aga9/ ! body caus+ su* *ange1 ?is pressure increas+ 9 proportion to ! angle ?r\gh :i* ! *ange is made1 & also accord+ to ! radius ( a curve ar\nd :i* x fl[s4 ,?is fact has long be5 kn[n to hydraulic eng9e]s1 & =mul exi/ by :i* su* pressures c be det]m9$2 nev]!less1 x w be useful to /udy ^! relations f a some:at diff]5t po9t ( view ?an has be5 hi!rto adopt$1 m p>ticul>ly z !y be> ^u ! con/ruction ( screw propell]s & turb9es2 & by direct+ ! /ream1 ,,ab1 ,fig4 #c1 v]tically into a tube #c_/h 94 int]nal diamet] & b5t s z to turn ! jet horizontally1 & plac+ ! :ole arrangem5t ^u a comp\nd weigh+ ma*9e1 x is easy to asc]ta9 ! d[nw>d pressure1 ,,ab1 due to impact1 & ! horizontal pressures1 ,,cb1 due to reaction4 ,9 !oretical inve/igations x may be conv5i5t to assume bo? ^! pressures exactly equal1 & ?is has be5 done 9 ! pap] ,on ,screw ,propell]s already ref]r$ to2 b ?is br+s 9 an error ( no importance s f> z g5]al pr9ciples are involv$1 b "o :i* de/roys mu* ( ! value su* rese>*es might1 o!rwise possess = ^? :o are engag$ 9 ! practical con/ruction ( screw propell]s or turb9es4 ,! d[nw>d impact pressure1 ,,ab1 is always some:at great] ?an ! horizontal reaction1 ,,bc1 & any proportions betwe5 ^! two c only be accurately asc]ta9$ by trials4 ,9 ^! p>ticul> exp]im5ts ! jet ( wat] fl[$ #dj ft4 p] second ?r\gh an orifice ( #j4je squ>e in* area1 & 9 e case its c\rse 0 b5t to a "r angle4 ,! pressures = impact & reaction 7 weigh$ co9cid5tly1 ) results giv5 by columns #a & #b1 ,table ,,ii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d ,table ,,ii4--,impact & ,reaction 9 ,conf9$ ,*annels4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,numb] ( column4 #a #b #c #d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,description ( exp]im5ts4 ,impact4,reaction4,resultant4 ,angles ,,abs4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,smoo? ,london tube1 #a 94 #ga #fb #id4be #di mean radius4 ,r\gh wr\ght iron tube1 #gh #eb #ih4ge #ef4e #a 94 ,smoo? lead5 tube b5t to a #ga #dj #ha4e #fj %>p "r angle4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,! ?ird column is obta9$ by con/ruct+ a p>allelogram ( =ces1 :]e impact & reaction =m ! measures ( oppos+ sides1 & x furni%es ! resultant due to bo? =ces4 ,! f\r? column gives ! incl9ation ,,abs1 at :i* ! l9e ( impact mu/ incl9e t[>d a plane surface ,,rs1 ,fig4 #c1 s z to produce ?is maximum resultant p]p5dicul>ly ^u x2 z ! resultant giv5 9 column #c indicates ! full practical effect ( impact & reaction4 ,:5 a /ream has its direction *ang$ to "o at "r angles to its orig9al c\rse1 & z su* a *ang$ direction is all t c be hop$ = by ord9>y screw propell]s1 ! figures 9 column #c %\ld be> "s relation%ip to su* cases4 ,!re=e1 x becomes an inquiry ( "s int]e/ z to :at angle ( impact has be5 f\nd be/ 9 ^? screw propell]s :i* h giv5 ! be/ results 9 practical "w4 ,tak+ "o ( ! mo/ improv$ propell]s made by ! late ,mr4 ,rob]t ,griffi?s1 its blades d n con=m to ! l9es ( a true screw1 b x is an oblique paddle1 :]e ! act+ portions ( its blades 7 set at #dh deg4 to ! keel ( ! %ip or #db deg4 to ! plane ( rotation4 ,aga91 tak+ a screw tug boat on ! riv] ,?ames1 ) blades ( a totally diff]5t =m to ^? us$ by ,mr4 ,griffi?s1 we /ill f9d !m set at ! same angle1 namely1 #dh deg4 to ! keel or #db deg4 to ! plane ( rotation4 ,an exam9ation ( o!r screws t5ds only to confirm ^! figures1 & !y ju/ify ! conclusion t ! incl9ations ( blades f\nd out by practice ought to be arriv$ at1 or at any rate approa*$1 by any s\nd & reliable !ory2 & t blades ( :atev] =m mu/ n transgress f> f ?is incl9ation if !y are to develop any consid]able effici5cy4 ,inde$1 _m favorable results obta9$ by propell]s are n due to _! peculi>ities1 b only to ! fact t !y h be5 made ) an incl9ation ( blade n f> f #db deg4 to ! plan ( rotation4 ,ref]r+ to column #d1 & accept+ ! case ( wat] fl[+ ?r\gh a smoo? tube z analog\s to t ( a curr5t fl[+ )9 a l>ge body ( wat]1 x appe>s t ! incl9ation necess>y to give ! highe/ resultant pressure is an angle ( #di deg41 & ?is corresponds closely en\gh ) ! angle :i* practical con/ructors ( screw propell]s h f\nd to give ! be/ results4 ,until1 !re=e1 we c deal ) curr5ts aft] !y h be5 dis*>g$ f ! blades ( a propell]1 x seems unlikely t any?+ c be done by alt]ations 9 ! pit* ( a propell]4 ,s f> z conc]ns !ory1 ! old] turb9es 7 re/rict$ to su* imp]fect results ( impact & reaction z might be obta9$ by turn+ a /ream at "r angles to its orig9al c\rse2 & ! m sci5tific ( mod]n turb9e con/ructors may fairly claim cr$it = an innovation by :i* practice gave bett] results ?an !ory seem$ to w>rant2 & ! consid]ation ( ?is aspect ( ! "q w =m ! conclud+ subject ( ! pres5t pap]4 ,ref]r+ aga9 to ,fig4 #c1 :5 a curr5t passes r\nd su* a curve z ! quadrant ( a circle1 its horizontal reaction appe>s z a pressure along c ,b1 :i* is ! result ( ! natural integration ( all ! horizontal compon5ts ( pressures1 all ( :i* act p]p5dicul>ly to ea* elem5t ( ! concave surface along :i* ! curr5t fl[s4 ,if1 n[1 we add ano!r quadrant ( a circle to ! curve1 & s turn ! /ream ?r\gh two "r angles1 or #ahj deg41 z %[n by ,fig4 #d1 !n su* a complete rev]sal ( ! orig9al direction repres5ts ! c>ry+ ( x back aga9 to ! highe/ po9t2 x means ! entire de/ruction ( its velocity1 & x gives ! maximum pressure obta9able f a jet ( wat] imp++ ^u a surface ( any =m :atsoev]4 ,! reaction notic$ 9 ,fig4 #c z act+ along c ,b is n[ confront$ by an impact ( ! n[ horizontal /ream z x is turn$ r\nd ! second #ij deg4 ( curvature1 & reacts also v]tically d[nw>d4 ,x w\ld almo/ seem z if ! fir/ reaction f ,b to ,f %\ld be exactly neutraliz$ by ! second impact f ,f to ,d4 ,b su* is n ! case1 z exp]im5t %[s an excess ( ! second impact ov] ! fir/ reaction am\nt+ to six units1 & %[s also t ! behavior ( ! /ream ?r\gh its second quadrant is precisely simil> 9 k9d to ! fir/1 only less 9 degree4 ,also ! impact takes place v]tically 9 "o case & horizontally 9 ! o!r4 ,! total d[nw>d pressure giv5 by ! /ream :5 turn$ #ahj deg4 is f\nd by exp]im5t ?us3 ,total impact & reaction f #ahj deg4 *ange 9 direction ( curr5t #acb units2 & by d$uct+ ! impact #ga units1 z previ\sly measur$1 ! new reaction corresponds ) an increase ( #fa units above ! fir/ impact4 ,x also %[s an increase ( #cg4ge units above ! greate/ resultant obta9$ by ! same /ream turn$ ?r\gh #ij deg4 only4 ,!re=e1 9 design+ a screw propell] or turb9e1 x w\ld seem f ^! exp]im5ts desirable to aim at *ang+ ! direction ( ! /ream1 s f> z possible1 into "o at #ahj deg4 to its orig9al c\rse1 & x is by c>ry+ out ?is view1 s f> z ! necessities ( con/ruction w p]mit1 t ! sci5tifically design$ mod]n turb9e has atta9$ to t prom95ce :i* x holds at pres5t ov] all hydraulic motors4 ,mu* m might be writt5 to ext5d & amplify ! conclusions t c be drawn f ! exp]im5ts describ$ 9 ! pres5t pap]1 & f _m o!rs made by ! writ]1 b ! exig5cies ( "t & y\r pati5ce alike preclude fur!r consid]ation ( ?is int]e/+ & important subject4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,textile ,,ma*9]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,textile ,,exhibition1 ,,isl+ton4 ,9 ! rec5t textile exhibition at ,isl+ton1 "o ( ! mo/ ext5sive exhibits 0 t1 ( ,messrs4 ,james ,f>m] & ,sons1 ( ,sal=d4 ,! exhibit consi/s ( a ,univ]sal cal5d]1 dry+ ma*9es1 pat5t creas+1 measur+1 & m>k+ ma*9es1 & app>atus = blea*+1 wa%+1 *lor+1 sc\r+1 soap+1 dung+1 & dye+ wov5 fabrics4 ,! purpose ( ! ,univ]sal cal5d] is1 says ! ,eng9e]1 to enable limit$ quantities ( goods to be f9i%$ 9 v>i\s ways )\t requir+ diff]5t ma*9es4 ,! ma*9e consi/s ( suitable fram+1 to :i* is atta*$ all ! requisite /ave rails1 bat*+ app>atus1 comp\nd lev]s1 top & bottom adju/+ screws1 & level sett+ d[n ge>1 also ,/anley roll] ) all its adju/m5ts4 ,x is fur!rmore suppli$ ) *as+ arrangem5t & f\r b[ls2 ! bottom "o is ( ca/ iron1 ) wr\ght iron c5t]2 ! next is ( pap] or cotton2 ! ?ird ( *ill$ iron fitt$ = heat+ by /eam or gas1 & ! top ( pap] or cotton4 ,by ?is ma*9e are giv5 su* f9i%es z are kn[n z *as+ f9i% :5 ! ?ready surface is want$2 friction+1 or :at is t]m$ glaz+ f9i%1 swigg+ f9i%1 & emboss+ f9i%2 ! lat] is done by sub/itut+ a /eel or copp] engrav$ roll] 9 place ( ! friction b[l4 ,?is ma*9e is also made to ,i produce ! ,moire lu/] f9i%4 ,! dry+ ma*9e consi/s ( n9ete5 cyl9d]s1 arrang$ ) /ave rails & plait+ d[n app>atus4 ,^! cyl9d]s are driv5 by bevel :eels1 s t ea* "o is indep5d5t ( its neighbor1 & %\ld any accid5t occur to "o or m ( ! cyl9d]s or :eels1 ! rema9+ ones c be run until a favorable opportunity arrives to repair ! damage4 ,a small sep>ate d\ble cyl9d] diagonal eng9e is fitt$ to ?is ma*9e1 ! spe$ ( :i* c be adju/$ = any texture ( clo?1 & be+ ( ! design x is1 w />t at once on /eam be+ turn$ "o4 ,! ma*9e cyl9d]s are roll$ by a special ma*9e = t purpose1 & are p]fectly true on ! face4 ,_! insides are fitt$ ) pat5t buckets1 :i* remove all ! cond5s$ wat]4 ,9 ! ma*9e exhibit$1 :i* is design$ = ! blea*+1 wa%+1 *lor+1 & dye+1 ! clo? is support$ by holl[ metallic cyl9d]s p]=at$ ) holes & corrugat$ to all[ ! liquor us$ to pass freely ?r\gh z mu* ( ! clo? z possible2 ! op5 ends ( ! cyl9d]s are s arrang$ t ne>ly all ( _! area is op5 to ! action ( ! pump4 ,! liquor1 :i* is drawn ?r\gh ! clo? into ! inside ( ! cyl9d]s by ! c5trifugal pumps1 is dis*>g$ back into ! ci/]n by a specially con/ruct$ dis*>ge pipe1 s devis$ t ! liquor1 :i* is s5t into x ) great =ce by ! pump1 is div]t$ s z to p\r /raight d[n 9 ord] to prev5t any eddies :i* c\ld cause ! clo? to w&] f its c\rse4 ,! clo? is support$ to & f ! cyl9d]s by flat p]=at$ plates 9 su* a mann] t ! =ce ( ! liquor _c bag or displace ! ?reads ( ! clo?1 & by ?is means also ! liquor has a fur!r t5d5cy to p5etrate ! fib]s ( ! clo?4 ,means are provid$ = readily & exp$iti\sly cleans+ ! entire ma*9e4 ,! next ma*9e :i* we h to notice 9 ?is exhibit is ,f>m]'s pat5t m>k+ & measur+ ma*9e1 ! purpose ( :i* is to /amp on ! clo?s ! l5g?s ( ! same at regul> di/ances4 ,x is v desirable t drap]s %\ld h "s simple means ( discov]+ at a glance :at am\nt ( mat]ial !y h 9 /ock )\t ! necessity ( unroll+ _! clo? to measure x1 & ?is ma*9e seems to p]fectly meet ! dem&s ( ! case4 ,! arrangem5t = effect+ ! pr9t+ & ink+ is %[n 9 our engrav+ at ,a4 ,x is conta9$ )9 a small disk1 :i* c be mov$ at w1 s t x c be adapt$ to v>i\s wid?s ( clo? or o!r mat]ial4 ,a measur+ roll] runs beside ! pr9t+ disk1 & on ?is is /amp$ ! requir$ figures by a simple contrivance at ! desir$ di/ances1 say e five y>ds4 ,! types are l9k$ toge!r into a roll] *a9 :i* is c>ri$ by ! disk1 ,a1 & !y ink !mselves automatically f a flannel pad4 ,! ma*9e works 9 ?is way3 ,! end ( ! piece to be measur$ is br\ght d[n until x t\*es ! surface ( ! table1 ! m>k] is turn$ to z]o1 & also ! f+] ( ! dial on ! end ( ! measur+ roll]4 ,! ma*9e is !n />t$1 & ! l5g?s are pr9t$ at ! requir$ di/ances until x becomes necess>y to cut out ! fir/ piec+ or jo9t 9 ! fabric4 ,! dial regi/]s ! total l5g? ( ! piece4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,endless ,,rope ,,haulage4 ,9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl& ,report1 ! endless rope sy/ems are classifi$ z ,no4 #a & ,no #b sy/ems4 ,no4 #a1 :i* has ! rope "u ! tubs1 is said to be 9 op]ation 9 ! ,midl& c\nties4 ,to give motion to ! rope a s+le :eel is us$1 & friction = driv+ ! rope is suppli$ ei!r by clip pulleys or by tak+ ! rope ov] sev]al :eels4 ,! diagram %[s an arrangem5t = a tight5+ arrangem5t4 ,"o driv+ :eel is us$1 says ,! ,colli]y ,gu>dian1 & ! rope is kept con/antly tight by pass+ x r\nd a pulley fix$ ^u a tram to :i* a heavy weight is atta*$4 ,ei!r "o or two l9es ( rails are us$4 ,:5 a s+le l9e is adopt$ ! rope works backw>d & =w>d1 only "o "p be+ on ! wagon way & ! o!r runn+ by ! side ( ! way4 ,:5 two l9es are us$ ! ropes move always 9 "o direction1 ! full tubs com+ out on "o l9e & ! empties go+ 9 on ! o!r4 ,! rope passes "u ! tubs1 & ! connection is made by means ( a clamp or by sockets 9 ! rope1 to :i* ! set is atta*$ by a %ort *a94 ,! rope runs at a mod]ately high spe$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tight5+ ,,arrangem5t--,,endless ,,rope ,,haulage4 ,no4 #b sy/em 0 peculi> to ,wigan4 ,a d\ble l9e ( rails is always us$4 ,! rope re/s ^u ! tubs1 :i* are atta*$ to ! rope ei!r s+ly or 9 sets v>y+ 9 numb] f two to twelve4 ,! o!r engrav+ %[s a mode ( connection betwe5 ! tubs & ! rope by a rope loop z %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,atta*m5t ,,to ,,endless ,,rope ,,ov]4 ,! tubs are plac$ at a regul> di/ance ap>t1 & ! rope works sl[ly4 ,motion is giv5 to ! rope by l>ge driv+ pulleys1 & friction is obta9$ by tak+ ! rope sev]al times r\nd ! driv+ pulley4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,reliable ,,wat] ,,filt]4 ,op9ions are s firmly fix$ at pres5t t wat] is capable ( c>ry+ ! g]ms ( disease t1 9 cases ( epidemics1 ! recomm5dation is made to dr9k natural m9]al wat]s1 or to boil ord9>y wat]4 ,?is is a wise measure1 assur$ly2 b m9]al wat]s are exp5sive1 &1 moreov]1 _m p]sons _c get us$ to !m4 ,z = boil$ wat]1 t is a bev]age :i* has no long] a normal composition2 a portion ( its salts has become precipitat$1 & its dissolv$ gases h be5 giv5 (f4 ,9 spite ( ! a]ation t x is aft]w>d made to und]go1 x pres]ves an insipid ta/e1 & ,i believe t x is n v dige/ible4 ,i h ?\ght1 !n1 t x w\ld be important1 f a hygi5ic /&po9t1 to h a filt] t %\ld effectually rid wat] ( all ! microbes or g]ms t x conta9s1 :ile at ! same "t pres]v+ ! salts or gases t x holds 9 solution4 ,i h rea*$ su* a result1 &1 al?\gh x is always delicate to speak ( ?+s t "o has himself done1 ,i ?9k ! "q is too important to all[ me to hold back my op9ion 9 reg>d to ! app>atus4 ,x is a "q ( g5]al hygi5e be=e :i* my own p]sonality mu/ disappe> completely4 ,9 ,mr4 ,pa/eur's laboratory1 we filt] ! liquids 9 :i* microbes h be5 cultivat$1 s z to sep>ate !m f ! m$ium 9 :i* !y exi/4 ,= ?is purpose we employ a small unglaz$ porcela9 tube t we h _h especially con/ruct$ !re=4 ,! liquid trav]ses ! por\s sides ( ?is "u ! influ5ce ( atmosph]ic pressure1 s9ce we cause a vacuum ar\nd ! tube by means ( an air-pump4 ,we collect 9 ?is way1 aft] sev]al h\rs1 a few cubic in*es ( a liquid :i* is absolutely pure1 s9ce animals may be inoculat$ ) x )\t dang] to !m1 :ile ! smalle/ quantity ( ! same liquid1 :5 n filt]$1 infallibly causes dea?4 ,?is is ! process t ,i h appli$ to ! filtration ( wat]4 ,i h introduc$ into x m]ely su* modifications z are necess>y to r5d] ! app>atus entirely practical4 ,my app>atus consi/s ( an unglaz$ porcela9 tube inv]t$ ^u a r+ ( enamel$ porcela91 =m+ a "p !re(1 & provid$ ) an ap]ture = ! outfl[ ( ! liquid4 ,?is tube is plac$ )9 a metallic "o1 :i* is directly atta*$ to a cock t is sold]$ to ! s]vice pipe4 ,a nut at ! base t c be maneuv]$ by h& p]mits1 ?r\gh ! int]m$ium ( a rubb] wa%] re/+ ^u ! enamel$ r+1 ( ! tube be+ h]metically clos$4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 :5 ! cock is turn$ on1 ! wat] fills ! space betwe5 ! two tubes & sl[ly filt]s1 "u ! influ5ce ( pressure1 ?r\gh ! sides ( ! por\s "o1 & is fre$ f all solid matt]1 includ+ ! microbes & g]ms1 t x conta9s4 ,x fl[s out ?or\ghly purifi$1 ?r\gh ! l[] ap]ture1 into a vessel plac$ !re to receive x4 ,i h directly asc]ta9$ t wat] ?us filt]$ is depriv$ ( all its g]ms4 ,= ?is purpose ,i h add$ "s ( x 7) ! necess>y precautions aga9/ introduc+ =eign organisms7 to v *angeable liquids1 su* z veal bro?1 blood1 & milk1 & h f\nd t !re 0 no alt]ation4 ,su* wat]1 !n1 is incapable ( transmitt+ ! g]ms ( disease4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*amb]l&',s ,,wat] ,,filt]4 ,) an app>atus l ! "o "h figur$1 & 9 :i* ! filt]+ tube is eight in*es 9 l5g? by ab\t "o in* 9 diamet]1 ab\t f\r & a half gallons ( wat] p] day may be obta9$ :5 ! pressure is two atmosph]es--! mean pressure 9 ,mr4 ,pa/eur's laboratory1 :]e my exp]im5ts 7 made4 ,naturally1 ! dis*>ge is great] or less accord+ to ! pressure4 ,a dis*>ge ( ?ree & a half to f\r & a half gallons ( wat] seems to me to be suffici5t = ! ne$s ( an ord9>y h\sehold4 ,= s*ools1 hospitals1 b>racks1 etc41 x is easy to obta9 ! necess>y volume ( wat] by associat+ ! tubes 9 s]ies4 ,! dis*>ge w be multipli$ by ! numb] ( tubes4 ,9 ! c\ntry1 or 9 t[ns t h no wat] ma9s1 x w be easy to devise an arrangem5t = giv+ ! necess>y pressure4 ,an increase 9 ! porosity ( ! filt]+ tube is n to be ?\ght (1 z ?is w\ld all[ v small g]ms to pass4 ,?is filt] be+ a p]fect "o1 we mu/ expect to see x soil quickly4 ,filt]s t d n get f\l are j ! ones t d n filt]4 ,b ) ! arrangem5t t ,i h adopt$ ! solid matt]s deposit ^u ! ext]nal surface ( ! filt]1 :ile ! inn] surface always rema9s p]fectly clean4 ,9 ord] to clean ! tube1 x is only necess>y to take x out & wa% x vigor\sly4 ,z ! tube is entirely ( porcela91 x may likewise be plung$ into boil+ wat] s z to de/roy ! g]ms t may h ent]$ ! sides or1 bett] yet1 x may be heat$ ov] a gas burn] or 9 an ord9>y ov54 ,9 ?is way all ! organic matt] w be burn$1 & ! tube w resume its =m] porosity4--,m4 ,*amb]l&1 ,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,simple ,,devices ,,= ,,di/ill+ ,,wat]4 ,! al*emi/s dream$ & talk$ ( t univ]sal solv5t :i* !y s long & va9ly endeavor$ to discov]2 /ill1 = all ?is1 n only ! al*emi/ ( old1 b 8 m imm$iate successor1 ! *emi/ ( to-day1 has f\nd no solv5t s univ]sal z wat]4 ,no liquid has ne>ly s wide a range ( dissolv+ p[]s1 &1 tak+ ?+s all r\nd1 no liquid ex]cises s slight an action ^u ! bodies dissolv$--evaporate ! wat] away1 & ! dissolv$ sub/ance is obta9$ 9 an un*ang$ condition2 at any rate1 ?is is ! g5]al rule4 ,! function ( wat] 9 nature is ess5tially t ( a solv5t or a m$ium ( circulation2 x is n1 9 any s5se1 a food1 yet )\t x no food c be assimilat$ by an animal4 ,)\t wat] ! solid mat]ials ( ! globe w\ld be unable to come toge!r s closely z to int]*ange _! elem5ts2 & unless ! temp]atures 7 suffici5tly high to e/abli% an igne\s fluidity1 su* z und\bt$ly exi/s 9 ! sun1 !re w\ld be no circulation ( matt] to speak (1 & ! e>? w\ld be1 z x 71 lock$ up or dead4 ,:5 we look ^u wat] z ! ne>e/ approa* to a univ]sal solv5t t ev5 ! a/ute sci5ti/ ( to-day has be5 able to discov]1 :o c wond] t x is nev] f\nd absolutely pure 9 nature8 ,= :]ev] x accumulates x dissolves some?+ f its surr\nd+s4 ,/ill1 9 a ra9-drop j =m$ we h v ne>ly pure wat]2 b ev5 ?is conta9s dissolv$ air to ! ext5t ( ab\t "o-fiftie? ( its volume1 & z ! drop falls d[nw>d x takes up su* impurities z may be float+ 9 ! atmosph]e2 s t if our ra9-drop is fall+ imm$iately aft] a long dr\ght1 x becomes *>g$ ) nitrate or nitrite ( ammonia & v>i\s organic matt]s--p]haps also ! spores or g]ms ( disease4 ,?us x w be se5 t ra9 t5ds to wond]fully cle> or wa% ! atmosph]e1 & we all "k h[ mu* a fir/ ra9 is appreciat$ z an air purifi]1 & h[ x c>ries d[n ) x valuable food = plants4 ,! ra9-wat]1 9 p]colat+ ?r\gh or ov] ! l&1 fl[s ma9ly t[>d ! riv]s1 & 9 do+ s x becomes m or less *>g$ ) m9]al matt]1 lime salts & common salt be+ ! *ief ( !m2 :ile "s ( t wat] :i* has p5etrat$ m deeply into ! e>? takes up f> m solid matt] ?an is ord9>ily f\nd 9 riv] wat]4 ,! bulk ( ?is m or less impure wat] t5ds t[>d ! ocean1 tak+ ) x its load ( salt & lime4 ,con/ant evaporation1 ( c\rse1 takes place f ! surface ( ! sea1 s t ! salt & lime accumulate1 ?is latt] be+1 h[ev]1 ultimately deposit$ z %ells1 coral1 & *alk1 :ile ne>ly pure or naturally di/ill$ wat] once m cond5ses 9 ! =m ( cl\ds4 ,?is process1 by :i* a con/ant supply ( purifi$ wat] is kept up 9 ! natural economy1 is imitat$ on a small scale :5 wat] is conv]t$ into /eam by ! action ( heat1 & ?is vapor is cool$ s z to reproduce liquid wat]1 ! op]ation 9 "q be+ kn[n z di/illation4 ,= ?is purpose an app>atus kn[n z a /ill is requir$2 & al?\gh by law "o mu/ pay an annual lic5se fee = ! "r to use a /ill1 x is n usual = ! gov]nm5t au?orities to en=ce ! law :5 a /ill is m]ely us$ = purify+ wat]4 ,"o ( ! be/ =ms ( /ill = ! photograph] to employ consi/s ( a t9 c or bottle 9 :i* ! wat] is boil$1 & to ?is a t9 tube is adapt$ by means ( a cork1 "o end ( ?is t9 tube t]m9at+ 9 a coil pass+ ?r\gh a tub or o!r vessel ( cold wat]4 ,a gas burn]1 z %[n1 is a conv5i5t s\rce ( heat1 & 9 ord] to insure a complete cond5sation ( ! vapor1 ! wat] 9 ! cool+ tub mu/ be *ang$ n[ & aga94 ,illu/ration ,sometimes ! vapor is cond5s$ by be+ all[$ to play aga9/ ! inside ( a conical cov] :i* is adapt$ to a saucepan1 & is kept cool by ! ext]nal application ( cold wat]2 & 9 ?is case ! /ill takes ! =m repres5t$ by ! subjo9$ diagrams2 su* compact & portable /ills be+ l>gely employ$ 9 ,irel& = ! private manufacture ( :isky4 ,illu/ration ,x is sc>cely necess>y to say t ! cond5s$ wat] trickles d[n on ! inside ( ! cone1 & fl[s out at ! sp\t4 ,an extemporiz$ arrangem5t ( a simil> "* may be made by pass+ a tobacco pipe ?r\gh ! side ( a t9 saucepan z %[n bel[1 & inv]t+ ! lid ( ! saucepan2 if ! lid is n[ kept cool by frequ5t *anges ( wat] inside x1 & ! pipe is prop]ly adju/$ s z to cat* ! dripp+s f ! convex side ( ! lid1 a consid]able quantity ( di/ill$ wat] may be collect$ 9 an h\r or s4 ,! proportion ( solid impurities pres5t 9 wat] z ord9>ily met ) is extremely v>iable3 ra9 wat] :i* has be5 collect$ t[>d ! end ( a /orm conta9s only a m9ute fraction ( a gra9 p] gallon1 :ile riv] or spr+ wat] may conta9 f less ?an ?irty gra9s p] gallon or s & upw>d4 ,ord9>y sea wat] g5]ally conta9s f ?ree to f\r p] c5t4 ( sal9e matt]1 b t ( ! ,dead ,sea conta9s ne>ly "o-f\r? ( its weight ( salts4 ,illu/ration ,! ?ree impurities ( wat] :i* mo/ int]e/ ! photograph] are lime or magnesia salts1 :i* give ! s-call$ h>dness2 *lorides 7z1 = example1 *loride ( sodium or common salt71 :i* ?r[ d[n silv] salts2 & organic matt]1 :i* may ov]turn ! balance ( photographic op]ations by caus+ premature r$uction ( ! s5sitive silv] comp\nds4 ,to te/ = !m is easy4 ,h>dness is easily recognizable by wa%+ "o's h&s 9 ! wat]1 ! soap be+ curdl$2 b 9 _m cases "o mu/ r seek = a h>d wat] ?an avoid x1 z ! t5d5cy ( gelat9e plates to frill is f> less 9 h>d wat] ?an 9 s(t wat]4 ,x is1 inde$1 a common & useful practice to h>d5 ! wat] us$ = wa%+ by add+ half an ounce or an ounce ( ,epsom salts 7sulphate ( magnesia7 to ea* bucket ( wat]4 ,*lorides--*loride ( sodium or common salt be+ t usually met )--may be detect$ by add+ a drop or two ( nitrate ( silv] to half a w9eglassful ( ! wat]1 a few drops ( nitric acid be+ !n add$4 ,a slight cl\d9ess indicates a trace ( *lorides1 & a decid$ milk9ess %[s ! pres5ce ( a l>g] quantity4 ,if x is wi%$ to get a some:at m def9ite idea ( ! am\nt1 x is easy to make up a s]ies ( /&>ds = comp>ison1 by dissolv+ kn[n weights ( common salt 9 di/ill$ or ra9 wat]1 & te/+ samples ( !m side by side ) ! wat] to be exam9$4 ,organic matt]s may be detect$ by add+ a little nitrate ( silv] to ! wat]1 filt]+ (f f any precipitate ( *loride ( silv]1 & expos+ ! cle> liquid to sunlight2 a clean /opp]$ bottle be+ ! mo/ conv5i5t vessel to use4 ,! ext5t to :i* a black5+ takes place may be reg>d$ z approximately proportionate to ! am\nt ( organic matt] pres5t4 ,filtration on a small scale is n altoge!r a satisfactory mode ( purify+ wat]1 z organic impurities (t5 accumulate 9 ! filt]1 & ent] into active putrefaction :5 hot wea!r sets 94--,photo4 ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,fire-,,damp ,,detect]4 ,accord+ to ! ,london ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 ,mr4 ,w4,e4 ,g>=?1 ( ,normanton1 has introduc$ an +5i\s inv5tion1 ! object ( :i* is to detect fire-damp 9 colli]ies ) ! lea/ possible degree ( risk to ^? engag$ 9 ! "w4 ,mr4 ,g>=?'s inv5tion1 :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ! diagram giv5 bel[1 consi/s 9 ! use ( a small ,india rubb] h& ball1 )\t a valve ( any description2 b by ! ord9>y action ( compress+ ! ball1 & !n all[+ x to exp&1 a sample ( ! suspect$ atmosph]e is drawn f ! ro(1 or any "p ( ! m9e1 )\t ! great risk :i* n[ att5ds ! op]ation ( te/+ = gas %\ld ! gauze ( ! lamp be defective4 ,! sample ?us obta9$ is !n =c$ ?r\gh a small protect$ tube on to ! flame1 :5 if gas is pres5t x is %[n by ! well-kn[n blue cap & elongat$ flame4 ,f ?is description1 & f ! fact t ! ball is s small t x c be c>ri$ 9 ! coat pocket1 or1 if necess>y1 9 ! wai/coat pocket1 x w be app>5t :at a valuable adjunct ,mr4 ,g>=?'s inv5tion w prove to ! safety-lamp4 ,x has be5 suppos$ by "s p]sons t explosions h be5 caus$ by ! fire-tri] himself1 b ow+ to 8 own dea? 9 mo/ cases ! cause has rema9$ undiscov]$4 ,?is dang] w n[ be altoge!r avoid$4 ,x is well kn[n t ! favorite =m ( lamp ) ! firem5 is ! ,davy1 because x %[s m readily ! pres5ce ( small quantities ( gas2 b ! ,davy 0 "s ye>s ago condemn$1 & is n[ /rictly prohibit$ 9 all ,belgian & _m ,engli% m9es4 ,rec5t exp]i5ce1 ga9$ by repeat$ exp]im5ts ) co/ly app>atus1 has result$ 9 n only prov+ ! ,davy & "s o!r descriptions ( lamps to be unsafe1 b "s ( our ,gov]nm5t ,inspectors & our mo/ exp]i5c$ m9+ eng9e]s g s f> z to say t no lamp 9 a /rong curr5t ( explosive gas is safe unless protect$ by a t9 %ield4 ,illu/ration ,if su* is ! case1 ,mr4 ,g>=? seems to h /ruck ! key-note :51 9 ! rec5t pap] read be=e ! ,midl& ,in/itute ( ,m9+ & ,civil ,eng9e]s1 & :i* we h n[ be=e u1 he says3 ,x w\ld seem f ! =ego+ rem>ks t 9 any exi/+ safety-lamp :]e "o qualification is increas$ ano!r is proportionately r$uc$2 s x is d\btful :e!r all ! necess>y requirem5ts ( s5sitiv5ess1 resi/ance to /rong curr5ts1 satisfactory light1 self-ext9ction1 p]fect combu/ion1 etc41 c ev] be comb9$ 9 "o lamp4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to ,mr4 ,g>=?'s inv5tion :i* we h ev] he>d ( is t ( a workman at a colli]y 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 :o1 m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago1 to avoid ! tr\ble ( gett+ to ! highe/ "p ( ! ro(1 us$ a k9d ( air pump1 sev5 or eight feet long1 to extract ! gas f ! breaks2 & "s five ye>s ago ,mr4 ,jones1 ( ,ebbw ,vale1 _h a simil> idea4 ,x appe>s t ^! appliances 7 s cumb]some1 besides requir+ too great l5g? or height = mo/ m9es1 & necessitat+ ! use ( bo? h&s1 t !y did n come into g5]al use4 ,! ideas1 h[ev]1 are totally diff]5t1 & ! causes :i* h mo/ likely l$ to ! inv5tion ( ! ball & protect$ tube 7 probably nev] ?\ght ( until rec5tly2 inde$1 ,mr4 ,g>=? writes t he has only le>n$ ab\t !m s9ce 8 pap] 0 read be=e ! ,midl& ,in/itute1 & "s weeks aft] 8 pat5t 0 tak5 out4 ,no "o1 says ,mr4 ,g>=?1 9 8 pap] read be=e ! ,midl& ,in/itute1 w1 ,i presume1 d5y t ! ,davy is m s5sitive ?an ! t9 %ield lamp1 inasmu* z 9 ! =m] ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e or explosive mixture has only "o ?ickness ( gauze to pass ?r\gh1 & t on a level ) ! flame2 :ile ! latt] has a numb] ( small holes & two or ?ree ?icknesses ( gauze 7accord+ to ! con/ruction ( ! lamp71 :i* ! gas mu/ p5etrate be=e x rea*es ! flame4 ,moreov]1 ! t9 %ield lamp1 :5 incl9$ to "o side1 is ext+ui%$ 7?\gh n s easily z ! ,muesel]72 & z ! inlet holes are #f in*es f ! top1 x does n %[ a ?9 /ratum ( fire-damp ne> ! ro( z p]ceptibly z ! ,davy1 :i* admits ( be+ put 9 almo/ a horizontal position4 ,al?\gh ! ,davy lamp 01 ne>ly fifty ye>s ago1 pron\nc$ unsafe1 by reason ( its inability to resi/ an ord9>y velocity ( eight feet p] second1 yet x is /ill kept 9 use on acc\nt ( its s5sitiv5ess4 ,its advocates ma9ta9 t a m9e c be kept saf] by us+ ! ,davy1 :i* detects small quantities ( gas1 & !reby %[s ! real /ate ( ! m9e1 ?an by a lamp :i*1 ?\gh able to resi/ a great] velocity1 is n s s5sitive1 & consequ5tly is apt to deceive4 ,assum+ ! ,davy lamp to be condemn$ 7z x has already be5 9 ,belgium & 9 "s ,engli% m9es71 ! ,/eph5son & "s ( ! m rec5tly inv5t$ lamps pron\nc$ unsafe1 !n if great] %ield+ is recomm5d$ ! "q is1 :at means h we = detect+ small quantities ( fire-damp8 ,x w\ld seem f ! =ego+ rem>ks t 9 any exi/+ safety-lamp1 :]e "o qualification is increas$ ano!r is proportionately r$uc$2 s x is d\btful :e!r all ! necess>y requirem5ts ( s5sitiv5ess1 resi/ance to /rong curr5ts1 satisfactory light1 self-ext9ction1 p]fect combu/ion1 etc41 c ev] be comb9$ 9 "o lamp4 ,! object ( ! pres5t pap] is to %[ t ) ! assi/ance ( ! fire-damp detect]1 ! t9 %ield1 or any o!r description ( lamp1 is made z s5sitive z ! ,davy1 :ile its o!r advantages ( resi/+ velocity1 etc41 are n 9 any way int]f]$ )4 ,z a pro( ( ?is ,i may m5tion t a deputy ( exp]i5ce rec5tly visit$ a work+ place to make 8 inspection4 ,he report$ ! /all to be free f gas1 b :5 ! manag] & /ew>d visit$ x ) ! detect]1 :i* !y appli$ to ! ro( 7:]e x w\ld h be5 difficult to put ev5 a small ,davy71 x drew a sample ( ! atmosph]e :i*1 on be+ put to ! te/ tube 9 ! t9-%ield lamp1 at once %[$ ! pres5ce ( fire-damp4 ,out ( tw5ty-eight te/s 9 a m9e work+ a long-wall face ! ,davy %[$ gas only elev5 times1 :ile ! detect] %[$ x 9 e case4 ,! detect]1 z w be p]ceiv$ f ! "o exhibit$1 & ! accompany+ sectional draw+1 consi/s simply ( an oval-%ap$ ,india rubb] ball1 fitt$ ) a m\?piece4 ,! diamet] is ab\t #b in*es by #c in*es1 its weight is two ounces1 & x is s small t x c be c>ri$ )\t any inconv5i5ce 9 ! coat or ev5 9 ! wai/coat pocket4 ,its capacity is su* t all ! air )9 x may be expell$ by ! compression ( "o h&4 ,! m\?piece is made to fit a tube 9 ! bottom ( ! lamp1 & :5 press$ aga9/ ! ,india rubb] r+ on ! ball-flange1 a p]fectly tight jo9t is made1 :i* prev5ts ! admission ( any ext]nal air4 ,! tube 9 ! bottom ( ! lamp is c>ri$ )9 a %ort di/ance ( ! height ( ! wick-hold]4 ,x is cov]$ at ! upp] end ) gauze1 besides be+ fitt$ ) o!r ?icknesses ( gauze at c]ta9 di/ances )9 ! tube2 & if x be f\nd desirable to fur!r protect ! flame aga9/ /rong curr5ts ( air1 a small valve may be plac$ at ! inlet1 z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,?is valve is made ( suffici5t weight to resi/ ! =ce ( a /rong curr5t1 & is only lift$ f its seat by ! pressure ( ! h& on ! m\?piece4 ,x w be app>5t f ! small size & ela/icity ( ! detect] t ! te/ c easily be made ) "o h&1 & :5 ! ball is all[$ to exp& a vacuum is =m$ )9 x1 & a sample ( ! atmosph]e drawn f ! breaks1 cavities1 or highe/ p>ts ( ! ro(1 or1 ( c\rse1 any portion ( ! m9e4 ,:5 ! sample is =c$ ?r\gh ! tube ne> ! flame1 gas if pres5t at once reveals itself by ! elongation ( ! flame 9 ! usual way1 at ! same "t giv+ an additional pro( by burn+ ) a blue flame on ! top ( ! te/ tube4 ,if gas is n pres5t1 ! di/9ction is easily se5 by ! flame keep+ ! same size1 b burn+ ) some:at great] brightness1 ow+ to ! increas$ quality ( oxyg5 =c$ ^u x4 ,i v5ture to claim = ?is me?od ( detect+ fire-damp among o!r advantages3 #a4 ,! detect]1 on acc\nt ( its size1 c be plac$ 9 a break 9 ! ro( :]e an ord9>y lamp--ev5 a small ,davy--c\ld n be put1 & a pur] sample ( ! suspect$ atmosph]e is obta9$ ?an w\ld be ! case ev5 a few in*es bel[ ! level ( ! ro(1 #b4 ,! obta9+ & te/+ ( a sample 9 ! mann] above describ$ takes away ! possibility ( an explosion1 :i* might be ! result if a lamp ) a defective gauze 7 plac$ 9 an explosive atmosph]e4 ,no "o kn[s h[ _m explosions h n be5 caus$ by ! fire-tri] himself4 ,?is w n[ be avoid$4 7,al?\gh lamps fitt$ ) a t9 %ield w be subject$ to ! same /rict exam9ation z hi!rto1 /ill !y d n admit ( ! same frequ5t inspection z ^? )\t %ields1 = 9 ! latt] case ea* workman c exam9e 8 own lamp z an extra precaution2 :]eas ! exam9ation ( ! t9 %ield lamps w re/ entirely ) ! lamp man47 #c4 ,! lamp c be kept 9 a pure atmosph]e :ile ! sample is obta9$ by ! detect]1 & at a great] height ?an ! flame 9 a safety-lamp c\ld be prop]ly di/+ui%$4 ,! te/ c aft]w>d be made 9 a safe place1 at "s di/ance f ! explosive atmosph]e2 &1 ow+ to ! vacuum =m$1 ! ball 7)\t clos+ ! m\?piece7 has be5 c>ri$ a mile or m )\t ! gas escap+4 #d4 ,! detect] supplies a bett] k ( ! condition ( ! work+ places1 especially 9 breaks & cavities 9 ! ro(2 :i* latt]1 ) ! help ( a nozzle & /aff1 may be rea*$ to a height ( t5 feet or m1 by ! detect] be+ press$ aga9/ ! ro( & sides1 or by ! use ( a special =m ( detect]4 #e4 ,be+ able at w to =ce ! cont5ts ( ! detect] on to ! flame1 ! effects ( an explosion inside ! lamp ne$ n be fe>$4 7,?is dang] be+ remov$1 admits1 ,i ?9k1 ( ! glass cyl9d] be+ made ( a l>g] diamet]1 :]eby a bett] light is obta9$2 x may also be consid]$ q z /rong1 :5 us$ ) ! detect]1 z a lamp ) a small diamet]1 :5 ! latt] is plac$ 9 an explosive atmosph]e47 #f4 ,! use ( ! detect] w p]mit ! fur!r protection ( ! pres5t t9 %ield lamp1 by an extra ?ickness ( gauze1 if su* addition is f\nd advantage\s 9 resi/+ an increas$ velocity4 #g4 ,9 ! ,muesel]1 ,/eph5son1 & o!r lamps1 :]e ! flame is surr\nd$ by glass1 !re is no means ( us+ ! wire = %ot fir+4 ,! detect] tube1 al?\gh protect$ by two ?icknesses ( gauze1 admits ( ?is be+ done by ! use ( a special =m ( valve turn$ by ! m\?piece ( ! detect]4 ,! sy/em ( fir+ %ots or us+ op5 lamps 9 ! same pit :]e safety lamps are us$ is exce$+ly objectionable2 /ill1 "u c]ta9 conditions %ots may be fir$ )\t dang]4 ,:e!r safety lamps or c&les are us$1 x is ?\ght ! use ( ! detect] w af=d su* a ready means ( te/+ t m exam9ations w be made be=e fir+ a %ot1 !reby insur+ great] safety4 #h4 ,9 te/+ = gas ) a safety lamp !re is a fe> ( ! light be+ ext+ui%$1 :5 ! lamp is sudd5ly plac$ 9 a quantity ( gas1 or 9 endeavor+ to get a v small light2 ?is is especially ! case ) "s k9ds ( lamps4 ,) ! detect] ?is is avoid$1 z a l>ge flame c be us$1 :i* is consid]$ by "s a pref]able means ( te/+ = small quantities2 & ! te/ c be made )\t risk4 ,:]e gas is pres5t 9 l>ge quantities1 ! blue flame at ! end ( ! te/ tube w be f\nd a fur!r pro(4 ,?is latt] result is produc$ by ! slighte/ compression ( ! ball4 7,i ne$ n po9t out ! inconv5i5ce & loss ( "t 9 hav+ to travel a mile or m to relight47 ,z reg>ds ! use ( ! detect] ) op5 lights1 sev]al ( ! =ego+ advantages or modifications ( !m w apply4 ,in/ead ( hav+ to use ! safety lamp z at pres5t1 x is ?\ght t ! work+ place w be m frequ5tly exam9$1 = a sample ( ! suspect$ atmosph]e c be c>ri$ to a safe place & =c$ on to ! nak$ light1 :51 if gas be pres5t1 x simply burns at ! end ( ! m\?piece l an ord9>y gas jet4 ,!re are o!r advantages1 su* z exam9+ ! return airways )\t expos+ ! lamp1 etc41 :i* w be app>5t1 & become ( m or less importance accord+ to ! conditions "u :i* ! te/s are made4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i wi% to pa9t out t ! practice adopt$ at "s colli]ies1 ( hav+ all ! m5 suppli$ ) ! mo/ approv$ lamp 7su* z ! ,muesel] or t9 %ield lamp7 is n a safe "o4 ,if ! /r5g? ( a *a9 is only equal to ! weake/ l9k1 x may be argu$ t ! safety ( a m9e is only equal to t ( ! mo/ c>eless man or mo/ unsafe lamp 9 x4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! deputies1 ^: duty x is to look = gas & travel ! mo/ dang]\s p>ts ( ! m9e1 are oblig$ to use ! ,davy on acc\nt ( its s5sitiv5ess1 may x n be said t1 z _! lamps are expos$ equally ) ! workm5's to ! high velocities ( air1 !y are ! weak l9ks 9 ! safety ( ! m9e8 ,= ! reasons giv51 ,i v5ture to submit t ! difficulties & dang]s ,i h m5tion$ w be l>gely r$uc$1 if n :olly ov]come1 by ! use ( ! fire-damp detect]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cam]a ,,atta*m5t ,,= ,,pap] ,,photo ,,negatives4 ,9 comput+ ! weight ( ! v>i\s items = a photographic t\r1 ! glass almo/ inv>iably comes out at ! head ( ! li/1 & ! f>!r or long] ! j\rney1 s mu* m does ! weight ( ! plates /& out pre-em95t2 inde$1 if "o goes out on a trip ) only ?ree doz5 half-plates1 ! glass w probably weigh ne>ly z mu* z cam]a1 backs1 & tripod1 9 spite ( ! /ipulation ) ! mak] to supply plates on ?9 glass4 ,next 9 importance to glass z a support comes pap]1 & x is q easy to und]/& t ! t\ri/ 9 out ( ! way p>ts might be able to take an app>atus conta9+ a roll ( s5sitive pap]1 :5 x w\ld be altoge!r impracticable = him to take an equival5t surface ( coat$ glass1 & 9 su* a case ! roll] slide becomes ( especial value4 ,! roll] slide ( ,melhui% is tol]ably well kn[n1 & is1 we believe1 n[ obta9able z an article ( comm]ce4 ,! slide is fitt$ up ) two roll]s1 a a1 & ! s5sitive %eets1 b b1 are gumm$ toge!r1 mak+ "o long b&1 ! ends ( :i* are gumm$ to pieces ( pap] always kept on ! roll]s4 ,! s5sitive %eets are w\nd (f ! left or res]ve roll] on to ! "r or expos$ roll]1 until all are expos$4 ,illu/ration ,! roll]s are support$ on spr+s1 a a1 to r5d] _! motion equal2 !y are turn$ by ! mill$ heads1 m m1 & clamp$ :5 ea* fre% %eet is br\ght into position by ! nuts1 a a4 c1 is a bo>d :i* is press$ =w>d by spr+s1 c c1 s z to hold ! %eet to be expos$1 & keep x smoo? aga9/ ! plate ( glass1 d2 :5 ! %eet has be5 expos$1 ! bo>d is drawn back f ! glass 9 ord] to release ! expos$ %eet1 & all[ x to be roll$ on ! expos$ roll]2 ! bo>d is kept back :ile ?is is be+ done by turn+ ! squ>e rod1 c1 half r\nd1 s t ! angles ( ! squ>e w n pass back ?r\gh ! squ>e op5+ until aga9 turn$ opposite to x2 e e are doors1 by op5+ :i* ! op]ator c see 7?r\gh ! yell[ glass1 y y7 to adju/ ! position ( ! s5sitive %eets :5 *ang+ !m4 ,! rem>kable simil>ity ( su* a slide to ! automatic pr9t+-frame describ$ la/ week w /rike ! read]2 &1 l ! pr9t+-frame1 x possesses ! advantage ( spe$ 9 work+--no small consid]ation to ! photograph] 9 a di/ant1 & possibly ho/ile1 c\ntry4 ,f9e pap] well siz$ ) an insoluble size & coat$ ) a s5sitive emulsion is1 we believe1 ! v be/ mat]ial to use 9 ! roll] slide2 & su* a pap] might be made 9 long l5g?s at a v l[ price1 a coat+ ma*9e simil> to t con/ruct$ = use 9 mak+ c>bon tissue be+ employ$4 ,we h us$ su* pap] ) success1 & hope t "s manufactur] w introduce x into comm]ce be=e long4 ,b ! "q sugge/s itself1 h[ are ! pap] negatives to be r5d]$ transp>5t1 & h[ is ! gra9 ( ! pap] to be oblit]at$8 ,simply by pressure1 z extremely heavy roll+ w r5d] su* pap] almo/ z transp>5t z glass1 a fact abundantly demon/rat$ by ,mr4 ,woodbury 9 8 exp]im5ts on ! ,photo-,filigrane process1 & confirm$ by "s trials :i* we h made4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t roll] slide exp]im5ts :i* we h made ) s5sitive films support$ on gelat9e %eets1 or on su* composite %eets z ! alt]nate rubb] & collodion pellicle ( ,mr4 ,w>n]ke1 h be5 h>dly satisfactory--possibly1 h[ev]1 f our own want ( skill2 :ile no =m ( ! ,calotype process :i* we h tri$ has prov$ s satisfactory z gelat9o-bromide pap]4--,photo4 ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,in/antane\s ,,photo ,,%utt]4 ,m4 ,audra1 9 ! "n ( ,m4 ,braun1 ( ,ang\lme1 has pres5t$ to ! ,photo ,society ( ,france a new in/antane\s %utt]4 ,! %utt] is =m$ by a revolv+ metallic disk out ( :i* a segm5t has be5 tak54 ,?is disk is plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! diaphragms1 9 ord] to obta9 ! greate/ rapidity comb9$ ) ! lea/ possible di/ance to travel4 ,on ! axis to :i* ?is circul> disk is fix$ is a small :eel1 to :i* is atta*$ a piece ( /r+1 & :5 ! disk is turn$ r\nd = ! exposure ! /r+ is w\nd r\nd ! :eel4 ,if ! /r+ be pull$1 naturally ! disk w revolve back to its =m] position s mu* ! m quickly ! m viol5tly ! /r+ is pull$4 ,m4 ,braun has replac$ ! h& by a /eel spr+ atta*$ to ! drum ( ! l5s 7,fig4 #b7 ,by %ort5+ or l5g!n+ ! /r+1 m or less rapid exposures may be obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,aaa1 l5s2 ,b1 ap]ture ( l5s2 ,c1 metallic disk2 ,d1 :eel on ! axis2 ,e1 cord or /r+2 ,e,e,e,e1 knots 9 /r+2 ,g1 /eel spr+2 ,h1 cat*2 ,k1 socket = cat*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sulphur\s ,,acid4--,,easy ,,me?od ,,( ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,photographic ,,purposes4 ,)9 a %ort p]iod sulphur\s acid has become an important elem5t 9 ! prep>ation ( an excell5t pyro develop] = gelat9e plates2 & z x is m or less un/able 9 its keep+ qualities1 "s easy me?od ( prep>+ a small quantity :i* %all h a uni=m /r5g? is desirable4 ,a me?od rec5tly describ$ 9 ! ,photographic ,news w af=d ! amateur photograph] a ready way ( prep>+ a small quantity ( ! acid4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! illu/ration giv5 above1 ,a & ,b are two bottles1 bo? ( :i* c be clos$ tightly ) corks4 ,a hole is made 9 ! cork 9 ! bottle1 ,a1 a little small] ?an ! glass tube :i* connects ,a & ,b4 ,x is fil$ out ) a rat-tail file until x is l>ge en\gh to admit ! tube v tightly4 ,! tube may be b5t easily1 by be+ heat$ ov] a common fi%-tail gas burn] or ov] ! top ( ! *imney ( a k]os5e lamp1 s z to =m two "r angles1 "o end ext5d+ close to ! bottom ( ! bottle ,b z %[n4 ,hav+ fitt$ up ! app>atus1 ab\t two ounces ( hyposulphite ( soda are plac$ 9 ! bottle ,a1 :ile ! bottle ,b is ab\t ?ree-f\r?s fill$ ) wat]--di/ill$ or melt$ ice wat] is to be pref]r$2 "s sulphuric acid--ab\t two ounces--is n[ dilut$ ) ab\t twice its bulk ( wat]1 by fir/ putt+ ! wat] into a di% & p\r+ 9 ! acid 9 a /eady /ream1 /irr+ mean:ile4 ,x is well to set ! di% 9 a s9k1 to avoid any damage :i* might occur ?r\gh ! break+ ( ! di% by ! heat produc$2 :5 cool1 ! solution is ready = use & may be kept 9 a bottle4 ,! cork :i* s]ves to adapt ! b5t tube to ! bottle ,a is n[ j remov$ = an in/ant1 ! o!r end rema9+ 9 ! wat] 9 bottle ,b1 & ab\t two or ?ree ounces ( ! dilute acid are p\r$ 9 ^u ! hyposulphite1 aft] :i* ! cork is imm$iately replac$4 ,sulphur\s acid is n[ evolv$ by ! action ( ! acid on ! hypo1 & z ! gas is g5]at$ x is l$ z a s]ies ( bubbles ?r\gh ! wat] 9 ! bottle ,b z %[n4 ,! air space above ! wat] 9 bottle ,b soon becomes fill$ by displacem5t ) sulphur\s acid gas1 :i* is a little ov] twice z heavy z air2 s 9 ord] to exp$ite ! complete saturation ( ! wat]1 x is conv5i5t to remove ! bottle ,a ) its tube f bottle ,b1 & aft] hav+ clos$ ! latt] by its cork or /opp]1 to agitate x ?or\ghly by turn+ ! bottle upside d[n4 ,z ! sulphur\s acid gas accumulat$ 9 ! air space ov] ! wat] is absorb$ by ! wat]1 a p>tial vacuum is creat$1 & :5 ! /opp] is eas$ an inru% ( air may be not$4 ,:51 aft] pass+ fre% gas ?r\gh ! liquid = "s m9utes1 no fur!r inru% ( air is not$ on eas+ ! /opp] z be=e describ$ aft] agitat+ ! bottle1 x may be conclud$ t ! wat] is ?or\ghly saturat$ ) sulphur\s acid & is /rong en\gh = imm$iate use4 ,m gas c be g5]at$ by add+ m dilute sulphuric acid to ! hypo until ! latt] is decompos$2 !n x %\ld be ?r[n aside1 & a fre% *>ge put 9 ! bottle4 ,on prep>+ ! solution x is well to set ! bottles on ! outside l$ge ( ! w9d[1 or 9 "s o!r op5 situation :]e no inconv5i5ce w result f ! escape ( ! excess ( sulphur\s gas z x bubbles ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,! solution ( sulphur\s acid1 if pres]v$ at all1 ought to be kept 9 small bottles1 completely fill$ & p]fectly clos$2 b z x is v easy to saturate a consid]able quantity ( wat] ) sulphur\s acid gas 9 a %ort "t1 !re is b little inducem5t to use a solution :i* may possibly h become weak5$ by keep+4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to add too mu* dilute acid to ! hypo at a "t1 else excessive eff]vesc5ce w occur1 & ! solution w fro? ov] ! top ( ! bottle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,national ,,monum5t ,,at ,,rome4 ,ab\t ?ree ye>s ago ! ,italian ,gov]nm5t invit$ ! ar*itects & arti/s ( ! _w to furni% competitive designs = a national monum5t to be erect$ to ! memory ( ,k+ ,victor ,emanuel ,,ii4 at ,rome4 ,m ?an #a1hjj1jjj 7 appropriat$ = ! monum5t exclusive ( ! f\ndation4 ,x is v seldom t an arti/ has occasion to c>ry out z gr& & int]e/+ a "w z ?is 0 to be3 ! repres5tation ( ! creator ( ! ,italian union 9 ! new capitol ( ! new /ate surr\nd$ by ! ru9s & mem5tos ( a pr\d & mighty pa/4 ,prizes ( #aj1jjj1 #f1jjj1 & #d1jjj 7 donat$ = ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird prize designs respectively4 ,designs 7 ent]$1 n only f ,italy1 b also f ,g]many1 ,france1 ,norway1 ,sw$51 ,engl&1 & ,am]ica1 & ev5 f ,caucasus & ,japan4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,union ,,( ,,italy4 ,,sacconi',s ,,prize ,,design ,,= ,,! ,,national ,,monum5t1 ,,rome1 ,,italy4 ,! height & size ( ! monum5t 7 n det]m9$ on1 nor 0 ! exact location1 & ! competitors _h full lib]ty 9 relation to ! arti/ic "* ( ! monum5t1 & x 0 left = !m to decide :e!r x %\ld be a triumphal ar*1 a column1 a temple1 a mausoleum1 or any o!r elaborate design4 ,?is great lib]ty giv5 to ! competitors 0 ( great value & s]vice to ! monum5t commission1 z x enabl$ !m to decide readily :at ! "* ( ! monum5t %\ld be b x 0 a dang]\s po9t = ! arti/s1 at :i* mo/ ( !m f\nd]$4 ,! competition 0 resultless4 ,two prizes 7 giv51 b new designs _h to be call$ =1 :i* 7 gov]n$ m or less by a c]ta9 programme issu$ by ! committee4 ,9 place ( ! ,piazza de ,t]m9i1 a squ>e ext5d+ f ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>ia degli ,angeli to ! new ,via ,nazionale1 to :i* pref]5ce 0 giv5 by ! competitors1 ! heights ( ,aracoeli 7 *os54 ,! monum5t 0 to be erect$ at ?is hi/oric place 9 front ( ! side wall ( ! *ur*1 ) ! c5t] t[>d ! ,corso1 high above ! surr\nd+ build+s4 ,! programme call$ = an eque/rian /atue ( ! ,k+ locat$ 9 front ( an ar*itectural backgr\nd :i* 0 to cov] ! old *ur* walls1 & 0 to be rea*$ by a gr& /aircase4 ,ev5 ! result ( ?is second competition 0 n def9ite1 b z ! design]s 7 guid$ by ! programme1 ! results obta9$ 7 mu* m satisfactory4 ,! commission decid$ n to aw>d ! fir/ prize1 b honor$ ! ,italian ar*itects ,giuseppi ,sacconi & ,manfr$o ,manfr$i1 & ! ,g]man ,bruno ,s*mitz1 ) a prize ( #b1jjj ea*2 & reque/$ !m to ent] into ano!r competition & deliv] _! models )9 f\r mon?s1 s z to enable ! commission to come to a f9al decision4 ,on ,june #ah1 ! commission decid$ to accept ,sacconi's design = execution1 & aw>d$ a second prize ( #b1jjj to ,manfr$i4 ,sacconi's design1 %[n opposite page1 cut tak5 f ! ,illu/rirte ,zeitung1 ne$s b little explanation4 ,an elegant gall]y ( sixte5 ,cor9?ian columns on a high1 prom95t base is cr[n$ by a high attica & flank$ by pavilions4 ,x =ms ! ar*itectural backgr\nd = ! eque/rian /atue1 & is rea*$ by an elaborately ornam5t$ /aircase4 ,manfr$i's design %[s a h&somely decorat$ wall 9 place ( ! gall]y1 & 9 front ( ! wall an amphi!at] is arrang$1 9 ! c5t] ( :i* ! eque/rian /atue is plac$4 ,bruno ,s*mitz' design %[s a ri* mosaic base support+ an ,ionic portico1 f ! middle ( :i* a six column ,cor9?ian pronaos projects1 :i* no d\bt w\ld h produc$ a magnific5t effect 9 ! /reets ( ,rome4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,=ms ,,( ,,ornam5t4 ,footnote3 ,f a pap] by ,pr(4 ,jacob/hal 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,ar*ological ,society ( ,b]l94--,nature4 ,! /atem5t t mod]n culture c be und]/ood only ?r\gh a /udy ( all its /ages ( developm5t is equally true ( its sev]al bran*es4 ,let u assume t decorative art is "o ( ^!4 ,x conta9s 9 itself1 l language & writ+1 elem5ts ( anci5t & ev5 ( prehi/oric =ms1 b x mu/1 l ^! o!r expressions ( culture1 :i* are =ev] und]go+ *anges1 adapt itself to ! new dem&s :i* are made ^u x1 n except+ ! v arbitr>y ones ( fa%ion2 & x is ow+ to ?is cause t1 sometimes ev5 9 ! e>ly /ages ( its developm5t1 little or no?+ ( its orig9al =m is recognizable4 ,inve/igations ! object ( :i* is to cle> up ?is process ( developm5t z f> z possible are likely to be ( "s s]vice2 a p]son is m likely to recognize ! beauties 9 ! details ( ornam5tal works ( art if he has an acqua9tance ) ! lead+ /yles1 & ! arti/ :o is fre$ f ! bondage ( absolute tradition w be put into a bett] position to discrim9ate betwe5 accid5tal & arbitr>y & organic & legitimate =ms1 & w ?us h 8 "w 9 ! creation ( new ones made m easy = him4 ,h5ce ,i v5ture to claim "s measure ( indulg5ce 9 communicat+ ! results ( ! foll[+ some:at !oretical inve/igations1 z !y are n altoge!r )\t a practical importance4 ,i mu/ ask ! read] to foll[ me into a mod]n draw+-room1 n into "o t w dazzle u ) its cold elegance1 b into "o ^: com=t invites u to rema9 9 x4 ,! simple /ucco ceil+ pres5ts a c5tral rosette1 :i* passes ov] by light conv5tional floral =ms into ! g5]al patt]n ( ! ceil+4 ,! frieze also1 :i* is made ( ! same mat]ial1 pres5ts a simil> b some:at m compact floral patt]n z its *ief motive4 ,nei!r ( ^!1 ?\gh !y belong to an old & nev] ext9ct species1 has z yet atta9$ ! dignity ( a special "n4 ,! walls are cov]$ ) a pap] ! ornam5tation ( :i* is bas$ ^u ! designs ( ! spl5did textile fabrics ( ! middle ages1 & repres5ts a floral patt]n ( spirals & climb+ plants1 & be>s evid5t traces ( ! influ5ce ( ,ea/]n culture4 ,x is call$ a pomegranate or p9e-apple patt]n1 al?\gh 9 ?is case nei!r pomegranates nor p9e-apples are recognizable4 ,simil>ly ) respect to ! patt]n ( ! cov]+s ( ! *airs & s(as & ( ! /ove-tiles2 ^!1 h[ev]1 %[ ! influ5ce ( ,ea/]n culture m di/9ctly4 ,! c>pet also1 :i* is n a true ,ori5tal "o1 fails to rivet ! att5tion1 b gives a quiet satisfaction to ! eye1 :i*1 z x 71 casually glances ov] x1 by its simple patt]n1 :i* is d]iv$ f ,p]sian-,indian ar*etypes 7,ca%m]e patt]n1 ,indian palmettas71 & :i* is ev] rhy?mically repeat+ itself 7see ,fig4 #a74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,! floral patt]n on ! dress+-g[n ( ! ma/] ( ! h\se1 z well z on ! light wool5 %awl t is ?r[n r\nd ! %\ld]s ( 8 wife1 & ev5 ! brightly color$ glass knicknacks on ! mantel-piece1 manufactur$ 9 ,silesia aft] ! ,indian patt]ns ( ! ,reuleaux collection1 aga9 %[ ! same motive2 9 ! "o case 9 ! m geometrical l9e> arrangem5t1 9 ! o!r 9 ! m freely entw9$ spirals4 ,n[ y w p]haps p]mit me to d5om9ate ^! ?ree gr\ps ( patt]ns t occur 9 our new home fabrics z mod]n patt]ns4 ,:e!r we %all 9 ! next season be able1 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w1 to call ^! patt]ns mod]n naturally dep5ds on ! rul+ fa%ion ( ! day1 :i* ( c\rse _c be calculat$ ^u 7,fig4 #b74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,i beg to be all[$ to po/pone ! ne>] def9ition ( ! =ms t occur 9 ! ?ree gr\ps1 :i*1 h[ev]1 on a clos] exam9ation all pres5t a good deal t !y h 9 common4 ,tak+ !m 9 a g5]al way1 !y all %[ a leaf-=m inclos+ an infloresc5ce 9 ! =m ( an e> or ?i/le2 or at o!r times a fruit or a fruit-=m4 ,9 ! same way ) ! /ucco ornam5ts & ! wall-pap] patt]n4 ,! ,ca%m]e patt]n also ess5tially consi/s ( a leaf ) its apex lat]ally exp&$2 x closes an e>-%ap$ fl[]-/em1 set ) small florets1 :i* 9 exceptional cases protrude beyond ! outl9e ( ! leaf2 ! :ole is treat$ rigor\sly z an absolute flat ornam5t1 & h5ce its recognition is r5d]$ some:at m difficult4 ,! blank expansion ( ! leaf is n q unreliev$ by ornam5t1 b is set (f ) small po9ts1 spots1 & blossoms4 ,?is w be ?\ght less /range if we reflect on ! ,ea/]n repres5tations ( animals1 9 ! portrayal ( :i* ! flat expanses produc$ by ! muscle-lay]s are (t5 treat$ f a purely decorative po9t ( view1 :i* /rikes u z an exagg]ation ( conv5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,"o _c g wrong 9 tak+ = grant$ t plant-=ms 7 ! ar*etypes ( all ^! patt]ns4 ,n[ we "k t x holds good1 z a g5]al pr9ciple 9 ! hi/ory ( civilization1 t ! till] ( ! gr\nd supplants ! %eph]d1 z ! %eph]d supplants ! hunt]2 & ! l holds also 9 ! hi/ory ( ! bran* ( art we are discuss+--repres5tations ( animals are ! fir/ to make _! appe>ance1 & !y are at ?is p]iod rem>kable = a wond]ful %>pness ( *>act]ization4 ,at a lat] /age man fir/ beg9s to exhibit a pref]5ce = plant-=ms z subjects = repres5tation1 & above all = su* z c 9 any way be useful or hurtful to him4 ,we1 h[ev]1 meet su* plant-=ms us$ 9 ornam5t 9 ! olde/ extant monum5ts ( art 9 ,egypt1 side by side ) repres5tations ( animals2 b ! previ\s hi/ory ( ?is v develop$ culture is unkn[n4 ,9 su* cases z af=d u an opportunity ( /udy+ m primitive ?\gh n equally anci5t /ages ( culture1 z = in/ance among ! ,greeks1 we f9d ! above dictum confirm$1 at any rate 9 cases :]e we h to deal ) ! repres5tation ( ! indig5\s flora z contradi/+ui%$ f su* repres5tations ( plants z 7 import$ f =eign civilizations4 ,9 ! case t is n[ to occupy u1 we h n to g back s v f> 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,! ornam5tal repres5tations ( plants are ( two k9ds4 ,:]e we h to deal ) a simple pictorial reproduction ( plants z symbols 7laurel bran*es1 b\ghs ( olive & fir1 & bran*es ( ivy71 i4 e41 ) a m]e *>act]i/ic decoration ( a te*nical /ructure1 /ress is laid ^u ! mo/ fai?ful reproduction ( ! object possible--! arti/ is aga9 & aga9 ref]r$ to ! /udy ( ,nature 9 ord] to imitate h]4 ,h5ce1 z a g5]al rule1 !re is less difficulty 9 ! explanation ( ^! =ms1 because ev5 ! m9ute details ( ! natural object n[ & !n (f] po9ts t "o c fa/5 ^u4 ,x is q ano!r ?+ :5 we h to deal ) actual decoration :i* does n aim at any?+ fur!r ?an at employ+ ! /ructural laws ( organisms 9 ord] to organize ! unwieldy sub/ance1 to end[ ! /one ) a high] vitality4 ,^! latt] =ms dep>t1 ev5 at ! "t :5 !y orig9ate1 v consid]ably f ! natural objects4 ,! successors ( ! orig9ators soon /ill fur!r modify !m by adapt+ !m to p>ticul> purposes1 comb9+ & fus+ !m ) o!r =ms s z to produce p>ticul> individual =ms :i* h ea* _! own hi/ory 7e4g41 ! acan?us ornam5t1 :i*1 9 its develop$ =m1 diff]s v greatly f ! acan?us plant itself72 & 9 a wid] s5se we may "h enum]ate all su* =ms z h be5 rais$ by art to ! dignity ( p]fectly viable be+s1 e4g41 griff9s1 sph9xes1 dragons1 & angels4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,! deciph]+ & d]ivation ( su* =ms z ^! is naturally en\gh m difficult2 9 ! case ( mo/ ( !m we are n ev5 9 possession ( ! mo/ necess>y prelim9>ies to ! inve/igation1 & 9 ! case ( o!rs !re are v important l9ks miss+ 7e4g41 = ! well-kn[n ,greek palmettas74 ,9 proportion z ! repres5tation ( ! plant 0 a second>y object1 ! trave/y has be5 m & m complete4 ,z 9 ! case ( language1 :]e ! root is h>dly recognizable 9 ! lat] ^w1 s 9 decorative art ! orig9al =m is indi/+ui%able 9 ! ornam5t4 ,! migration ( races & ! e>ly comm]cial int]c\rse betwe5 di/ant l&s h done mu* to br+ ab\t ! fusion ( types2 b aga9 9 contra/ to ?is we f9d1 9 ! case ( ext5sive tracts ( c\ntry1 notably 9 ! ,asiatic cont95t1 a fixity1 ?r\gh\t c5turies1 ( =ms t h once be5 introduc$1 :i* occasions a confusion betwe5 anci5t & mod]n works ( art1 & r5d]s inve/igations mu* m difficult4 ,an old ,fr5* travel] writes3 ,j'ai vu dans le trsor d',ispahan les vetem5ts de ,tam]lan2 ils ne diff]5t en ri5 de ceux d'auj\rd'hui4 ,e?nology1 ! natural sci5ces1 & la/1 b n lea/1 ! hi/ory ( te*nical art are "h set face to face ) great problems4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,9 ! case 9 po9t1 ! /udy ( ! fir/ gr\p ( arti/ic =ms t h be5 elaborat$ by ,we/]n art leads to def9ite results1 because ! execution ( ! =ms 9 /one c be foll[$ on monum5ts t are relatively n v old1 t are dat$1 & ( :i* ! rema9s are /ill extant4 ,9 ord] to foll[ ! developm5t1 ,i ask y\r p]mission to g back at once to ! v olde/ ( ! kn[n =ms4 ,!y come d[n to u f ! gold5 era ( ,greek decorative art--f ! f\r? or fif? c5tury ,b4,c4--:5 ! old] simple /yles ( ar*itecture 7 supplant$ by /yles *>act]iz$ by a great] ri*ness ( /ructure & m develop$ ornam5t4 ,a numb] ( fl[]s f capitals 9 ,pri5e1 ,miletus1 ,eleusis1 ,a!ns 7monum5t ( ,lysicrates71 & ,p]gamon2 also fl[]s f ! cala?os ( a ,greek c>yatid 9 ! ,villa ,albani ne> ,rome1 ^u _m ,greek sepul*ral wrea?s1 ^u ! magnific5t gold helmet ( a ,grecian w>rior 79 ! ,museum ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg7--^! %[ u ! simple/ type ( ! patt]n 9 "q1 a fold$ leaf1 t has be5 bulg$ out1 inclos+ a knob or a little blossom 7see ,figs4 #c & #d74 ,?is is an example f ! ,temple ( ,apollo at ,miletus1 "o t 0 con/ruct$ ab\t t5 ye>s ago1 = educational purposes4 ,"h is ! specim5 ( ! fl[] ( ! monum5t to ,lysicrates at ,a!ns1 ( :i* ! c5tral "p consi/s ( a small fl[] or fruits 7,figs4 #e & #f74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,! =m passes ov] into ,roman art4 ,! l>g] scale ( ! build+s1 & ! pret5sions to a great] ri*ness 9 details1 lead to a fur!r splitt+ up ( ! leaf into acan?us-l =ms4 ,in/ead ( a fruit-=m a fir-cone appe>s1 or a p9e-apple or o!r fruit 9 an almo/ naturali/ic =m4 ,9 a /ill l>g] scale we h ! club-%ap$ knob develop+ into a plant-/em bran*+ (f some?+ aft] ! fa%ion ( a c&elabrum1 & ! l[] "p ( ! leaf1 :]e x is fold$ toge!r 9 a some:at bell-%ap$ fa%ion1 becomes 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w a campanulum1 out ( :i* an absolute vessel-%ap$ =m1 z e4g4 is to be se5 9 ! frieze ( ! ,basilica ,ulpia 9 ,rome1 becomes develop$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,su* rema9s ( pictorial repres5tation z are /ill extant pres5t u ) an equally p]fect s]ies ( developm5ts4 ,! spl5did ,grco-,italian vessels1 ! ri*ly ornam5t$ ,apulian vases1 %[ fl[]s 9 ! spirals ( ! ornam5ts1 & ev5 9 ! =egr\nd ( ! pictorial repres5tations1 :i* correspond exactly to ! above m5tion$ ,greek relief repres5tations4 ,! lectur] s5t r\nd1 among o!r illu/rations1 a small photograph ( a celebrat$ vase 9 ,naples 7repres5t+ ! fun]al rites ( ,patroclus71 9 :i* ! fl[] 9 "q appe>s 9 ! =egr\nd1 & is p]haps also employ$ z ornam5t4 7,figs4 #g & #h47 ,! ,pompeian pa9t+s & mosaics1 & ! ,roman pa9t+s1 ( :i* un=tunately v few specim5s h come d[n to u1 %[ t ! fur!r developm5ts ( ?is =m 7 mo/ manifold1 & inde$ !y =m 9 conjunction ) ! ,roman a*ievem5ts 9 pla/ic art ! highe/ po9t t ?is =m rea*$ 9 its developm5t1 a po9t t ! ,r5aissance1 :i* foll[$ h>d ^u x1 did n get beyond4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,?us ! "w ( ,raphael f ! loggias foll[s 9 unbrok5 succession ^u ! =ms f ! ,!rm ( ,titus4 ,x is only aft]w>d t a fre] h&l+ ( ! traditional patt]n arose1 *>act]iz$ by ! sub/itution (1 = in/ance1 maple or :ite?orn = ! acan?us-l =ms4 ,(t5 ev5 ! c5tral "p falls away completely1 or is replac$ by ov]lapp+ leaves4 ,9 ! =ms ( ?is c5tury we h ! same process repeat$4 ,s*9kel & ,botti*] began ) ! ,greek =m1 & h put x to v>i\s uses2 ,/ul]1 ,/rack1 ,gropius1 & o!rs foll[$ 9 _! wake until ! m close resemblance to ! =ms ( ! p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance 9 reg>d to ,roman art :i* *>act]izes ! pres5t day 0 atta9$ 7,fig4 #i74 ,n[1 :at plant sugge/$ ?is almo/ indisp5sable =m ( ornam5t1 :i* ranks along ) ! acan?us & palmetta1 & :i* has also become s important by a c]ta9 fusion ) ! /ructural laws ( bo?8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,we meet ) organism ( ! =m 9 ! family ( ! ,arace1 or aroid plants4 ,an envelop+ leaf 7bract71 call$ ! spa!1 :i* is (t5 brilliantly color$1 surr\nds ! florets1 or fruits1 t are dispos$ ^u a spadix4 ,ev5 ! old] writ]s--,!ophra/us1 ,dioscorides1 ,gal51 & ,pl9y--devote a consid]able am\nt ( att5tion to sev]al species ( ?is int]e/+ family1 especially to ! value ( _! swoll5 /ems z a food-/uff1 to _! uses 9 m$ic9e1 etc4 ,"s species ( ,arum 7 eat51 & ev5 n[adays ! value ( ! swoll5 /ems ( "s species ( ! family causes !m to be cultivat$1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ,egypt & ,india1 etc4 7! s-call$ ,portl& sago1 ,portl& ,isl& arr[root1 is prep>$ f ! swoll5 /ems ( ,arum maculatum74 ,9 contra/ ) ! smoo? or s(tly undulat+ outl9es ( ! spa! ( ,m$it]ranean ,arace1 "o species /&s out 9 relief1 9 :i* ! %>ply-m>k$ fold ( ! spa! almo/ corresponds to ! =ms ( ! ornam5ts :i* we are discuss+4 ,x is ,dracunculus vulg>is1 & d]ives its "n f its /em1 :i* is spott$ l a snake4 ,?is plant1 :i* is pretty widely di/ribut$ 9 olive woods & 9 ! riv] valleys ( ! c\ntries bord]+ on ! ,m$it]ranean1 0 employ$ to a consid]able ext5t 9 m$ic9e by ! anci5ts 7& is s /ill n[adays1 accord+ to ,von ,heldrei*1 9 ,greece74 ,x 01 besides1 ! object ( p>ticul> reg>d1 because x 0 said n only to heal snake-bite1 b ! m]e fact ( hav+ x ab\t "o 0 suppos$ to keep away snakes1 :o 7 said altoge!r to avoid ! places :]e x grew4 ,b1 ap>t f ?is1 ! /rik+ appe>ance ( ?is plant1 :i* (t5 gr[s to an enorm\s size1 w\ld be suffici5t to sugge/ its employm5t 9 art4 ,accord+ to measurem5ts ( ,dr4 ,julius ,s*midt1 :o is n long s9ce dead1 & 0 ! director ( ! ,obs]vatory at ,a!ns1 a numb] ( ^! plants gr[ 9 ! ,valley ( ,cephisus1 & atta9 a height ( z mu* z two met]s1 ! spa! alone measur+ ne>ly "o met]4 ,! lectur] "h exhibit$ a draw+ 7natural size7 ( ?is species1 drawn to ! measurem5ts above ref]r$ to4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,dr4 ,s9t5is1 ! botani/1 :o la/ ye> travel$ ?r\gh ,asia ,m9or & ,greece1 tells me t he saw beautiful specim5s ( ! plant 9 _m places1 e4g41 9 ,assos1 9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,d>danelles1 "u ! cypresses ( ! ,turki% cemet]ies4 ,! infloresc5ce corresponds almo/ exactly to ! ornam5t1 b ! multip>tite leaf has also _h a p>ticul> influ5ce ^u its developm5t & ^u t ( sev]al collat]al =ms :i* ,i _c n[ discuss4 ,! %ape ( ! leaf acc\nts = sev]al z yet unexpla9$ extraord9>y =ms 9 ! anci5t plane-ornam5t1 & 9 ! ,r5aissance =ms t h be5 !nce develop$4 ,x fir/ sugge/$ ! idea to me ( /udy+ ! plant att5tively aft] hav+ _h ! opportunity five ye>s ago ( see+ ! leaves 9 ! ,botanic ,g>d5s at ,pisa4 ,x 0 only aft]w>d t ,i succe$$ 9 gr[+ "s fl[]s :i* fully confirm$ ! expectations t ,i _h ( !m 7,figs4 #aj & #aa74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,! leaf 9 dracunculus has a v peculi> %ape2 x consi/s ( a numb] ( lobes :i* are dispos$ ^u a /alk :i* is m or less =k$ 7t5ds m or less to di*otomize74 ,if y call to y\r m9ds "s ( ! ,pompeian wall decorations1 y w p]ceive t simil> =ms occur !re 9 all possible v>iations4 ,/ems are regul>ly se5 9 decorations t run p]p5dicul>ly1 surr\nd$ by leaves ( ?is description4 ,be=e ?is1 ^! sugge/$ ! idea ( a misund]/ood 7or v conv5tional7 p]spective repres5tation ( a circul> fl[]4 ,n[ ! =m also occurs 9 ?is fa%ion1 & ?us negatives ! idea ( a p]spective repres5tation ( a clos$ fl[]4 ,x is out ( ?is =m 9 comb9ation ) ! fl[]-=m t ! s]ies ( patt]ns 0 develop$ :i* we h become acqua9t$ ) 9 ,roman art1 especially 9 ! ornam5t ( ,titus' ,!rm & 9 ! ,r5aissance p]iod 9 ,raphael's "w4 ,! lectur] "h expla9$ a s]ies ( illu/rations ( ! ornam5ts ref]r$ to 7,figs4 #ab1 #ac1 #ad74 ,! attempt to det]m9e ! c\rse ( ! fir/ gr\p ( =ms has be5 to a c]ta9 ext5t successful1 b we meet great] difficulties 9 ! /udy ( ! second4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,x is difficult to obta9 a firm basis on :i* to conduct our inve/igations f ! hi/orical or geographical po9t ( view into ?is =m ( art1 :i* 0 introduc$ into ! ,we/ by ,arabico-,moori% culture1 & :i* has s9ce be5 fur!r develop$ "h4 ,!re is only "o me?od op5 to u 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! =m1 :i* is to pass gradually f ! ri*ly develop$ & /rongly diff]5tiat$ =ms to ! small] & simpl] ones1 ev5 if ^! latt] %\ld h appe>$ contemporane\sly or ev5 lat] ?an ! =m]4 ,"h we h aga9 to ref] to ! fact t has already be5 m5tion$1 to wit1 t ,ori5tal art rema9$ /ation>y ?r\gh\t long p]iods ( "t4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! simpl] =ms are inv>iably *>act]iz$ by a ne>] & ne>] approa* to ! m anci5t patt]ns & also to ! natural fl[]-=ms ( ! ,arace4 ,we f9d ! spa!1 aga91 sometimes drawn l an acan?us leaf1 m (t51 h[ev]1 bulg$ out1 com+ to be m & m ( a m]e outl9e figure1 & becom+ conv]t$ into a sort ( backgr\nd2 !n ! spadix1 g5]ally conical 9 %ape1 sometimes1 h[ev]1 altoge!r replac$ by a p]fect ?i/le1 at o!r times aga9 by a pomegranate4 ,aub]ville1 9 8 magnific5t "w ,l',ornem5t des ,tissus1 is a/oni%$ to f9d ! t]m pomegranate-patt]n almo/ conf9$ to ^! =ms1 s9ce _! c5tral "p is g5]ally =m$ ( a ?i/le-=m4 ,z f> z ,i c discov] 9 ! lit]ature t is at my disposal1 ?is "q has n _h any p>ticul> att5tion devot$ to x except 9 ! l>ge "w ^u ,ottoman ar*itecture publi%$ 9 ,con/ant9ople "u ! patronage ( ,edhem ,pa%a4 ,! pomegranate t has s]v$ z ! orig9al ( ! patt]n 9 "q is 9 ?is "w surr\nd$ ) leaves till x gives "s sort ( an approa* to ! patt]n4 7,!re are important sugge/ions 9 ! book z to ! employm5t ( melon-=ms47 ,:oev] has pick$ ! fruit f ! t5d] twigs ( ! pomegranate tree1 :i* are close set ) small alt]$ leaves1 w nev] dream ( attribut+ ! d]ivation ( ! ?orny leaves t appe> 9 ! patt]n to pomegranate leaves at any /age ( _! developm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad ,x does n require mu* p5etration to see t ! outl9e ( ! :ole =m corresponds to ! spa! ( ! ,arace1 ev5 al?\gh 9 lat] times ! jagg$ cont\r is all t has rema9$ ( x1 & x appe>s to h be5 provid$ ) ornam5tal =ms q indep5d5tly ( ! re/ ( ! patt]n4 ,! inn] ?i/le-=m _c be d]iv$ f ! common ?i/le1 because ! surr\nd+ leaves negative any su* idea4 ,! arti*oke !ory also has n en\gh 9 its favor1 al?\gh ! arti*oke1 z well z ! ?i/le1 0 probably at a lat] "t directly press$ into s]vice4 ,pr(4 ,as*]son fir/ call$ my att5tion to ! extremely anci5tly cultivat$ plant1 ! safflor 7,c>?amus t9ctoris1 ,fig4 #ae71 a ?i/le plant ^: fl[]s 7 employ$ by ! anci5ts z a dye4 ,"s draw+s & dri$ specim5s1 z well z ! lit]ature ( ! subject1 fir/ gave me a hope to f9d t ?is plant 0 ! ar*etype ( ?is ornam5t1 a hope t 0 borne out by ! /udy ( ! actual plant1 al?\gh ,i 0 unable to gr[ x to any great p]fection4 ,9 ! days ( ! ,egyptian ,k+ ,s>go 7accord+ to ,as*]son & ,s*we9fur?7 ?is plant 0 already well kn[n z a plant ( cultivation2 9 a wild /ate x is n kn[n 7,de ,c&olle1 ,orig9el des ,plantes cultives74 ,9 ,asia its cultivation /ret*es to ,japan4 ,semp] cites a passage f an ,indian drama to ! effect t ov] ! doorway !re 0 /ret*$ an ar* ( ivory1 & ab\t x 7 bann]ets on :i* wild safran 7,saflor7 0 pa9t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae ,! importance ( ! plant z a dye began /eadily to decrease1 & x has n[ ceas$ to h any value z su* 9 ! face ( ! introduction ( new] color+ matt]s 7a "q t 0 treat$ ( 9 a pap] read a %ort "t ago by ,dr4 ,reimann be=e ?is ,society74 ,p]haps its only use n[adays is 9 ! prep>ation ( r\ge 7r\ge vgtale74 ,b at a "t :5 dye+1 sp9n+1 & weav+ 71 if n 9 ! "o h&1 yet at any rate intimately connect$ ) "o ano!r 9 ! n>r[ circle ( a home indu/ry1 ! appe>ance ( ?is beautiful gold-yell[ plant1 heap$ up 9 l>ge masses1 w\ld be v likely to sugge/ its immortalization 9 textile art1 because ! draw+ is v fai?ful to nature 9 reg>d to ! ?orny involucre4 ,draw+s f nature ( ! plant 9 ! old botanical works ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies look v l ornam5tal patt]ns4 ,n[ aft] ! g5]al =m _h be5 introduc$1 pomegranates or o!r fruits--= in/ance1 p9e-apples--7 introduc$ )9 ! ne/ ( leaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,into ! detail$ /udy ( ! intricacies ( ?is subject ,i _c "h ent]2 ! ,ea/-,asian influ5ces are n to be neglect$1 :i* _h probably ev5 9 e>ly times an effect ^u ! =m t 0 assum$1 & h fus$ ! correct /yle ( comp\nd fl[]s = flat ornam5t ) ! above-m5tion$ =ms1 s z to produce peculi> patt]ns2 we meet !m (t5 9 ! s-call$ ,p]sian textures & flat ornam5ts 7,fig4 #af74 ,we n[ come to ! ?ird gr\p ( =ms--! s-call$ ,ca%m]e patt]n1 or ,indian palmetta4 ,! develop$ =ms1 :i*1 :5 !y h atta9$ _! highe/ developm5t1 (t5 %[ u outl9es t are m]ely fanciful1 & repres5t q a b\quet ( fl[]s lean+ ov] to "o side1 & spr++ f a vessel 7! :ole correspond+ to ! ,roman =m ) ! vessel71 mu/ be ?r[n to "o side1 :ile we foll[ up ! simpl] =ms1 because 9 ?is case also we h no in=mation z to ei!r ! :]e or ! :5 ! =ms orig9at$4 7,figs4 #ag1 #ah1 #ai47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,"h aga9 we are /ruck by resemblances to ! =ms t 7 ! subjects ( our previ\s /udy1 we ev5 come across direct transitional =ms1 :i* diff] f ! o!rs only by ! lat]al curve ( ! apex ( ! leaf2 sometimes x is ! c5tral "p1 ! spadix1 t is b5t outw>d1 & ! v details %[ a /rik+ agreem5t ) ! /ructure ( ! aroid infloresc5ce1 s mu* s t "o might reg>d !m z actually copi$ f !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,?is =m ( ornam5t has be5 introduc$ into ,europe s9ce ! ,fr5* exp$ition to ,egypt1 ow+ to ! importation ( g5u9e ,ca%m]e %awls4 7,:5 x cropp$ up 9 isolat$ =ms1 z 9 ,v5ice 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 x appe>s n to h ex]t$ any influ5ce2 its introduction is p]haps r to be attribut$ to calico-pr9t+47 ,soon aft]w>d ! ,european %awl-manufacture1 :i* is /ill 9 a fl\ri%+ /ate1 0 introduc$4 ,falcot in=ms u t designs ( a celebrat$ ,fr5* arti/1 ,c\d]1 = %awl-patt]ns1 a subject t he /udi$ 9 ,india itself1 7 export$ back to t c\ntry & us$ !re 7,fig4 #bj74 ,9 ^! %awl-patt]ns ! orig9al simple =m meets u 9 a highly develop$1 magnific5t1 & spl5didly color$ diff]5tiation & elaboration4 ,?is we c h no scruples 9 rank+ along ) ! m$ival plane-patt]ns1 :i* we h ref]r$ to above1 among ! highe/ a*ievem5ts ( decorative art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,x is evid5t t x1 at any rate 9 ?is high /age ( developm5t1 resi/$ fusion ) ,we/]n =ms ( art4 ,x is all ! m incumb5t ^u u to inve/igate ! laws ( its exi/5ce1 9 ord] to make x less ali5 to u1 or p]haps to assimilate x to ourselves by atta9+ to an und]/&+ ( ^? laws4 ,a great /ep has be5 made :5 criticism has1 by a m pa9/ak+ /udy1 put itself into a position to *>act]ize z wor?less ignorantly imitat$1 or ev5 orig9al1 miscreations su* z are et]nally cropp+ up4 ,if we look at our mod]n manufactures imm$iately aft] /udy+ patt]ns :i* en*ant u ) _! classical repose1 or aft] x su* o!rs z captivate ! eye by _! beautiful color+1 or ! elaborative work+ out ( _! details1 we recognize t ! beautifully balanc$ =m is (t5 cut up1 *ok$ ov] ) o!rs1 or mangl$ 7! fl[] spr++ up side d[n f ! leaves71 ! :ole be+ trav]s$ at r&om by spirals1 :i* are utt]ly =eign to ! _s ( su* a /yle1 & all ?is at ! caprice ( uncultur$1 boori% design]s4 ,once we see t ! orig9al ( ! =m 0 a plant1 we %all ev] 9 ! develop$1 arti/ic =m cl+1 9 a g5]al way at lea/1 to ! laws ( its organization1 & we %all at any rate be 9 a position to avoid viol5t incongruities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,i _h resort1 a few ye>s ago1 to ! "y botani/ ,ruhm]1 assi/ant at ! ,botanical ,museum at ,s*neb]g1 :o has un=tunately s9ce di$ ( "s *e/-disease1 9 ord] to get "s sort ( a gr\ndwork = direct inve/igations4 ,i ask$ him to look up ! lit]ature ( ! subject1 ) respect to ! employm5t ( ! ,indian ,arace = dome/ic uses or 9 m$ic9e4 ,a detail$ "w on ! subject 0 produc$1 & e/abli%es t1 q irrespective ( species ( ,alocasia & ,colocasia t h be5 ref]r$ to1 a l>ge numb] ( ,arace 7 employ$ = all sorts ( dome/ic purposes4 ,sc9dapsus1 :i* 0 us$ z a m$ic9e1 has actually reta9$ a ,sanskrit "n1 vu/iva4 ,i _c "h g fur!r into ! details ( ?is inve/igation1 b mu/ rem>k t ev5 ! incomplete & imp]fect draw+s ( ^! plants1 :i*1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( pres]v+ !m1 are s difficult to collect ?r\gh travel]s1 exhibit su* a weal? ( %ape1 t x is q natural t ,indian & ,p]sian fl[]-lov+ arti/s %\ld be q tak5 ) !m1 & employ !m en?usia/ically 9 decorative art4 ,let me also m5tion t ,haeckel1 9 8 ',lett]s ( an ,indian ,travel]1 v (t5 be>s witness to ! effect ( ! ,arace ^u ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! vegetation1 bo? 9 ! full & enorm\s developm5t ( species ( ,caladia & 9 ! species ( ,po?os :i* =m su* imp5etrable mazes ( int]loop+ /ems4 ,9 conclusion1 all[ me to rem>k t ! results ( my inve/igation1 ( :i* b a succ9ct acc\nt has be5 giv5 "h1 negative c]ta9 d]ivations1 :i* h be5 believ$ 91 ?\gh !y h nev] be5 prov$2 su* z t ( ! =m ,i h la/ discuss$ f ! ,assyrian palmetta1 or f a cypress b5t d[n by ! w9d4 ,to say ! lea/ ! laws ( =mation "h laid d[n h a m intimate connection ) ! =ms z !y h come d[n to u1 & give u a bett] h&le = future use & developm5t4 ,! object ( ! inve/igation 01 9 g5]al words1 to prep>e = an explanation ( ! que/ions rais$2 & ev5 if ! results _h turn$ out o!r ?an !y h1 x w\ld h suffic$ me to h giv5 an impulse to labors :i* w te/ify to ! tru? ( ! dead ma/]'s words3 ,0 ,du er]bt von de95 ,vt]n ha/1 ,erwirb es1 um es zu besitz54 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/eps ,,t[>d ,a ,,k9etic ,,!ory ,,( ,,matt]4 ,footnote3 ,meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 ,montreal4 #ahhd4 ,section ,a4 ,ma!matical & ,physical sci5ce4 ,op5+ ,address by ,pr(4 ,sir ,william ,?omson1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,,ss4,l4 & ,e41 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,presid5t ( ! ,section4 ,by ,sir ,,william ,,?omson4 ,! n[ well kn[n k9etic !ory ( gases is a /ep s important 9 ! way ( expla9+ seem+ly /atic prop]ties ( matt] by motion1 t x is sc>cely possible to help anticipat+ 9 idea ! arrival at a complete !ory ( matt]1 9 :i* all its prop]ties w be se5 to be m]ely attributes ( motion4 ,if we are to look = ! orig9 ( ?is idea we mu/ g back to ,democritus1 ,epicurus1 & ,lucretius4 ,we may !n1 ,i believe1 )\t miss+ a s+le /ep1 skip #ahjj ye>s4 ,e>ly la/ c5tury we f9d 9 ,malebran*e's ,re*]*e de la ,v]ite1 ! /atem5t t la durete de corps dep5ds on petits t\rbillons4 #a ,^! words1 emb$d$ 9 a hopeless mass ( un9telligible /atem5ts ( ! physical1 metaphysical1 & !ological philosophies ( ! day1 & unsupport$ by any explanation1 elucidation1 or illu/ration ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ! ?ree volumes1 & only m>r$ by any o!r s+le s5t5ce or ^w to be f\nd 9 ! great book1 /ill d express a di/9ct conception :i* =ms a mo/ rem>kable /ep t[>d ! k9etic !ory ( matt]4 ,a little lat] we h ,daniel ,b]n\lli's promulgation ( :at we n[ accept z a sure/ article ( sci5tific fai?--! k9etic !ory ( gases4 ,he1 s f> z ,i "k1 ?\ght only ( ,boyle's & ,m>iotte's law ( ! spr+ ( air1 z ,boyle call$ x1 )\t ref]5ce to *ange ( temp]ature or ! augm5tation ( its pressure if n all[$ to exp& = elevation ( temp]ature1 a ph5om5on :i* p]haps he sc>cely knew1 /ill less ! elevation ( temp]ature produc$ by compression1 & ! l[]+ ( temp]ature by dilatation1 & ! consequ5t necessity ( wait+ = a fraction ( a second or a few seconds ( "t 7) app>atus ( ord9>y exp]im5tal magnitude71 to see a subsid5ce f a l>g] *ange ( pressure d[n to ! am\nt ( *ange t v]ifies ,boyle's law4 ,! consid]ation ( ^! ph5om5a =ty ye>s ago by ,j\le1 9 connection ) ,b]n\lli's orig9al conception1 =m$ ! f\ndation ( ! k9etic !ory ( gases z we n[ h x4 ,b :at a spl5did & useful build+ has be5 plac$ on ?is f\ndation by ,clausius & ,maxwell1 & :at a beautiful ornam5t we see on ! top ( x 9 ! radiomet] ( ,crookes1 securely atta*$ to x by ! happy discov]y ( ,tait & ,dew>1#b t ! l5g? ( ! free pa? ( ! residual molecules ( air 9 a good mod]n vacuum may am\nt to sev]al in*es6 ,clausius' & ,maxwell's explanations ( ! diffusion ( gases1 & ( !rmal conduction 9 gases1 _! *>m+ly intelligible conclusion t 9 gases ! diffusion ( heat is j a little m rapid ?an ! diffusion ( molecules1 because ( ! int]*ange ( en]gy 9 collisions betwe5 molecules1#c :ile ! *ief transf]5ce ( heat is by actual transport ( ! molecules !mselves1 & ,maxwell's explanation ( ! viscosity ( gases1 ) ! absolute num]ical relations :i* ! "w ( ^? two great discov]]s f\nd among ! ?ree prop]ties ( diffusion1 !rmal conduction1 & viscosity1 h annex$ to ! doma9 ( sci5ce a va/ & ev] gr[+ prov9ce4 ,footnote #a3 ,preuve de la supposition que j'ay faite3 ,que la mati]e subtile ou e!ree e/ necessairem5t composee de ,,petits ,,t\rbillons2 et qu'ils sont les causes naturelles de t\s les *angem5ts qui arriv5t a la mati]e2 ce que je confirme p> i'explication des effets les plus g5]aux de la ,physique1 tels que sont la durete des corps1 leur fluidite1 leur pesanteur1 leg]ete1 la lumi]e et la refraction et reflexion de ses rayons4--,malebran*e1 ,re*]*e de la ,v]ite1 #agab4 ,footnote #b3 ,proc4 ,r4,s4,e41 ,m>* #b1 #ahgd1 & ,july #e1 #ahge4 ,footnote #c3 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 liquids1 on acc\nt ( ! cr[d$ness ( ! molecules1 ! diffusion ( heat mu/ be *iefly by int]*ange ( en]gies betwe5 ! molecules1 & %\ld be1 z exp]im5t proves x is1 enorm\sly m rapid ?an ! diffusion ( ! molecules !mselves1 & ?is aga9 ought to be mu* less rapid ?an ei!r ! mat]ial or !rmal diffusivities ( gases4 ,?us ! diffusivity ( common salt ?r\gh wat] 0 f\nd by ,fick to be z small z #j4jjjjaab squ>e c5timet] p] second2 ne>ly #bjj times z great z ?is is ! diffusivity ( heat ?r\gh wat]1 :i* 0 f\nd by ,j4,t4 ,bottomley to be ab\t #j4jjb squ>e c5timet] p] second4 ,! mat]ial diffusivities ( gases1 accord+ to ,los*midt's exp]im5ts1 range f #j4ih 7! int]diffusivity ( c>bonic acid & nitr\s oxide7 to #j4fdb 7! int]diffusivity ( c>bonic oxide & hydrog571 :ile ! !rmal diffusivities ( gases1 calculat$ accord+ to ,clausius' & ,maxwell's k9etic !ory ( gases1 are #j4jhi = c>bonic acid1 #j4af = common air ( o!r gases ( ne>ly ! same d5sity1 & #a4ab = hydrog5 7all1 bo? mat]ial & !rmal1 be+ reckon$ 9 squ>e c5timet]s p] second74 ,ri* z x is 9 practical results1 ! k9etic !ory ( gases1 z hi!rto develop$1 /ops absolutely %ort at ! atom or molecule1 & gives n ev5 a sugge/ion t[>d expla9+ ! prop]ties 9 virtue ( :i* ! atoms or molecules mutually influ5ce "o ano!r4 ,= "s guidance t[>d a deep] & m compreh5sive !ory ( matt]1 we may look back ) advantage to ! end ( la/ c5tury & beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 & f9d ,rum=d's conclusion reg>d+ ! heat g5]at$ 9 bor+ a brass gun3 ,x appe>s to me to be extremely difficult1 if n q impossible1 to =m any di/9ct idea ( any?+ capable ( be+ excit$ & communicat$ 9 ! mann] ! heat 0 excit$ & communicat$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 except x be ,,motion2 & ,davy's /ill m sugge/ive /atem5ts3 ,! ph5om5a ( repulsion are n dep5d5t on a peculi> ela/ic fluid = _! exi/5ce4 444 ,heat may be def9$ z a peculi> motion1 probably a vibration1 ( ! corpuscles ( bodies1 t5d+ to sep>ate !m4 444 ,to di/+ui% ?is motion f o!rs1 & to signify ! causes ( our s5sations ( heat1 etc41 ! "n repulsive motion has be5 adopt$4 ,"h we h a mo/ important idea4 ,x w\ld be some:at a bold figure ( spee* to say ! e>? & moon are kept ap>t by a repulsive motion2 & yet1 aft] all1 :at is c5trifugal =ce b a repulsive motion1 & may x n be t !re is no su* ?+ z repulsion1 & t x is solely by in]tia t :at seems to be repulsion is produc$8 ,two bodies fly toge!r1 &1 accel]at$ by mutual attraction1 if !y d n precisely hit "o ano!r1 !y _c b sep>ate 9 virtue ( ! in]tia ( _! masses4 ,s1 aft] da%+ pa/ "o ano!r 9 %>ply concave curves r\nd _! common c5t] ( gravity1 !y fly asund] aga94 ,a c>eless onlook] might imag9e !y _h repell$ "o ano!r1 & might n notice ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at he actually sees & :at he w\ld see if ! two bodies _h be5 project$ ) great velocity t[>d "o ano!r1 & ei!r collid+ & reb\nd+1 or repell+ "o ano!r into %>ply convex cont9u\s curves1 fly asund] aga94 ,j\le1 ,clausius1 & ,maxwell1 & no d\bt ,daniel ,b]n\lli himself1 & ,i believe e "o :o has hi!rto writt5 or done any?+ v explicit 9 ! k9etic !ory ( gases1 has tak5 ! mutual action ( molecules 9 collision z repulsive4 ,may x n aft] all be attractive8 ,?is idea has nev] left my m9d s9ce ,i fir/ read ,davy's ,repulsive ,motion1 ab\t ?irty-five ye>s ago1 & ,i nev] made any?+ ( x1 at all ev5ts h n done s until to-day 7,june #af1 #ahhd7--;if ?is c be said to be mak+ any?+ ( x--:51 9 endeavor+ to prep>e ! pres5t address1 ,i notice t ,j\le's & my own old exp]im5ts#a on ! !rmal effect ( gases exp&+ f a high-pressure vessel ?r\gh a por\s plug1 proves ! less d5se gas to h great] intr9sic pot5tial en]gy ?an ! d5s] gas1 if we assume ! ord9>y hypo!sis reg>d+ ! temp]ature ( a gas1 accord+ to :i* two gases are ( equal temp]atures #b :5 ! k9etic en]gies ( _! con/itu5t molecules are ( equal av]age am\nts p] molecule4 ,footnote #a3 ,republi%$ 9 ,sir ,w4 ,?omson's ,ma!matical & ,physical ,pap]s1 vol4 i41 article xlix41 p4 #cha4 ,footnote #b3 ,t ?is is a m]e hypo!sis has be5 sc>cely rem>k$ by ! f\nd]s !mselves1 nor by almo/ any writ] on ! k9etic !ory ( gases4 ,no "o has yet exam9$ ! "q1 ,:at is ! condition z reg>ds av]age di/ribution ( k9etic en]gy1 :i* is ultimately fulfill$ by two portions ( gase\s matt]1 sep>at$ by a ?9 ela/ic septum :i* absolutely prev5ts int]diffusion ( matt]1 :ile x all[s int]*ange ( k9etic en]gy by collisions aga9/ itself8 ,inde$1 ,i d n "k b1 t ! pres5t is ! v fir/ /atem5t :i* has ev] be5 publi%$ ( ?is condition ( ! problem ( equal temp]atures betwe5 two gase\s masses4 ,?9k ( ! ?+ ?us4 ,imag9e a great multitude ( p>ticles inclos$ by a b\nd>y :i* may be pu%$ inw>d 9 any "p all r\nd at pleasure4 ,n[ /ation an eng9e] corps ( ,maxwell's army ( sort+ demons all r\nd ! inclosure1 ) ord]s to pu% 9 ! b\nd>y dilig5tly ev]y:]e1 :5 none ( ! besieg$ troops are ne>1 & to d no?+ :5 any ( !m are se5 approa*+1 & until aft] !y h turn$ aga9 inw>d4 ,! result w be t1 ) exactly ! same sum ( k9etic & pot5tial en]gies ( ! same inclos$ multitude ( p>ticles1 ! ?rong has be5 caus$ to be d5s]4 ,n[ ,j\le's & my own old exp]im5ts on ! efflux ( air prove t if ! cr[d be common air1 or oxyg51 or nitrog51 or c>bonic acid1 ! temp]ature is a little high] 9 ! d5s] ?an 9 ! r>] condition :5 ! en]gies are ! same4 ,by ! hypo!sis1 equality ( temp]ature betwe5 two diff]5t gases or two portions ( ! same gas at diff]5t d5sities means equality ( k9etic en]gies 9 ! same numb] ( molecules ( ! two4 ,f our obs]vations prov+ ! temp]ature to be high]1 x !re=e foll[s t ! pot5tial en]gy is small] 9 ! cond5s$ cr[d4 ,?is--always1 h[ev]1 "u prote/ z to ! temp]ature hypo!sis--proves "s degree ( attraction among ! molecules1 b x does n prove ultimate attraction betwe5 two molecules 9 collision1 or at di/ances mu* less ?an ! av]age mutual di/ance ( ne>e/ neighbors 9 ! multitude4 ,! collisional =ce might be repulsive1 z g5]ally suppos$ hi!rto1 & yet attraction might pr$om9ate 9 ! :ole reckon+ ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! intr9sic pot5tial en]gies ( ! m d5se & less d5se multitudes4 ,x is h[ev] rem>kable t ! explanation ( ! propagation ( s\nd ?r\gh gases1 & ev5 ( ! positive fluid pressure ( a gas aga9/ ! sides ( ! conta9+ vessel1 accord+ to ! k9etic !ory ( gases1 is q indep5d5t ( ! "q :e!r ! ultimate collisional =ce is attractive or repulsive4 ,( c\rse x mu/ be und]/ood t1 if x is attractive1 ! p>ticles mu/1 be s small t !y h>dly ev] meet--!y w\ld h to be inf9itely small to nev] meet--t1 9 fact1 !y meet s seldom1 9 comp>ison ) ! numb] ( times _! c\rses--are turn$ ?r\gh l>ge angles by attraction1 t ! influ5ce ( ^! surely attractive collisions is prepond]ant ov] t ( ! comp>atively v r>e impacts f actual contact4 ,?us1 aft] all1 ! tra9 ( speculation sugge/$ by ,davy's ,repulsive ,motion does n all[ u to escape f ! idea ( true repulsion1 does n d m ?an let u say x is ( no consequ5ce1 nor ev5 say ?is ) tru?1 because1 if !re are impacts at all1 ! nature ( ! =ce dur+ ! impact & ! effects ( ! mutual impacts1 h[ev] r>e1 _c be evad$ 9 any attempt to realize a conception ( ! k9etic !ory ( gases4 ,& 9 fact1 unless we are satisfi$ to imag9e ! atoms ( a gas z ma!matical po9ts end[$ ) in]tia1 & z1 accord+ to ,boscovi*1 end[$ ) =ces ( mutual1 positive1 & negative attraction1 v>y+ accord+ to "s def9ite function ( ! di/ance1 we _c avoid ! "q ( impacts1 & ( vibrations & rotations ( ! molecules result+ f impacts1 & we mu/ look di/9ctly on ea* molecule z be+ ei!r a little ela/ic solid or a configuration ( motion 9 a cont9u\s all-p]vad+ liquid4 ,i d n myself see h[ we c ev] p]man5tly re/ any:]e %ort ( ?is la/ view2 b x w\ld be a v pleasant tempor>y re/+-place on ! way to x if we c\ld1 z x 71 make a me*anical model ( a gas out ( little pieces ( r\nd1 p]fectly ela/ic solid matt]1 fly+ ab\t ?r\gh ! space occupi$ by ! gas1 & collid+ ) "o ano!r & aga9/ ! sides ( ! conta9+ vessel4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 all we h ( ! k9etic !ory ( gases up to ! pres5t "t1 & ?is has done = u1 9 ! h&s ( ,clausius & ,maxwell1 ! great ?+s :i* con/itute our fir/ /ep t[>d a molecul> !ory ( matt]4 ,( c\rse f x we %\ld h to g on to f9d an explanation ( ! ela/icity & all ! o!r prop]ties ( ! molecules !mselves1 a subject va/ly m complex & difficult ?an ! gase\s prop]ties1 = ! explanation ( :i* we assume ! ela/ic molecule2 b )\t any explanation ( ! prop]ties ( ! molecule itself1 ) m]ely ! assumption t ! molecule has ! requisite prop]ties1 we might re/ happy = a :ile 9 ! contemplation ( ! k9etic !ory ( gases1 & its explanation ( ! gase\s prop]ties1 :i* is n only /up5d\sly important z a /ep t[>d a m ?or\ghgo+ !ory ( matt]1 b is und\bt$ly ! expression ( a p]fectly intelligible & def9ite set ( facts 9 ,nature4 ,b alas = our me*anical model consi/+ ( ! cl\d ( little ela/ic solids fly+ ab\t among "o ano!r4 ,?\gh ea* p>ticle h absolutely p]fect ela/icity1 ! end mu/ be pretty mu* ! same z if x 7 b imp]fectly ela/ic4 ,! av]age effect ( repeat$ & repeat$ mutual collisions mu/ be to gradually conv]t all ! translational en]gy into en]gy ( %rill] & %rill] vibrations ( ! molecule4 ,x seems c]ta9 t ea* collision mu/ h some?+ m ( en]gy 9 vibrations ( v f9ely divid$ nodal p>ts ?an !re 0 ( en]gy 9 su* vibrations be=e ! impact4 ,! m m9ute ?is nodal subdivision1 ! less mu/ be ! t5d5cy to give up "p ( ! vibrational en]gy into ! %ape ( translational en]gy 9 ! c\rse ( a collision2 & ,i ?9k x is rigor\sly demon/rable t ! :ole translational en]gy mu/ ultimately become trans=m$ into vibrational en]gy ( high] & high] nodal subdivisions if ea* molecule is a cont9u\s ela/ic solid4 ,let u1 !n1 leave ! k9etic !ory ( gases = a "t ) ?is difficulty unsolv$1 9 ! hope t we or o!rs aft] u may return to x1 arm$ ) m k ( ! prop]ties ( matt]1 & ) %>p] ma!matical weapons to cut ?r\gh ! b>ri] :i* at pres5t hides f u any view ( ! molecule itself1 & ( ! effects o!r ?an m]e *ange ( translational motion :i* x exp]i5ces 9 collision4 ,to expla9 ! ela/icity ( a gas 0 ! prim>y object ( ! k9etic !ory ( gases4 ,?is object is only atta9able by ! assumption ( an ela/icity m complex 9 "*1 & m difficult ( explanation1 ?an ! ela/icity ( gases--! ela/icity ( a solid4 ,?us1 ev5 if ! fatal fault 9 ! !ory1 to :i* ,i h allud$1 did n exi/1 & if we c\ld be p]fectly satisfi$ ) ! k9etic !ory ( gases f\nd$ on ! collisions ( ela/ic solid molecules1 !re w\ld /ill be beyond x a gr&] !ory :i* ne$ n be consid]$ a *im]ical object ( sci5tific ambition--to expla9 ! ela/icity ( solids4 ,b we may be /opp$ :5 we comm5ce to look 9 ! direction ( su* a !ory ) ! cynical "q1 ,:at d y mean by expla9+ a prop]ty ( matt]8 ,z to be+ /opp$ by any su* "q1 all ,i c say is t if eng9e]+ 7 to be all & to end all physical sci5ce1 we %\ld p]=ce be cont5t ) m]ely f9d+ prop]ties ( matt] by obs]vation1 & us+ !m = practical purposes4 ,b ,i am sure v few1 if any1 eng9e]s are practically satisfi$ ) s n>r[ a view ( _! noble pr(ession4 ,!y mu/ & d pati5tly obs]ve1 & discov] by obs]vation1 prop]ties ( matt] & results ( mat]ial comb9ations4 ,b deep] que/ions are always pres5t1 & always fraught ) int]e/ to ! true eng9e]1 & he w be ! la/ to give weight to any o!r objection to any attempt to see bel[ ! surface ( ?+s ?an ! practical "q1 ,is x likely to prove :olly futile8 ,b n[1 in/ead ( imag9+ ! "q1 ,:at d y mean by expla9+ a prop]ty ( matt]8 to be put cynically1 & lett+ ourselves be irritat$ by x1 suppose we give to ! que/ion] cr$it = be+ sympa!tic1 & condesc5d to try & answ] 8 "q4 ,we f9d x n v easy to d s4 ,all ! prop]ties ( matt] are s connect$ t we c sc>cely imag9e "o ?or\ghly expla9$ )\t our see+ its relation to all ! o!rs1 )\t 9 fact hav+ ! explanation ( all2 & till we h ?is we _c tell :at we mean by expla9+ a prop]ty or expla9+ ! prop]ties ( matt]4 ,b ?\gh ?is consummation may nev] be rea*$ by man1 ! progress ( sci5ce may be1 ,i believe w be1 /ep by /ep t[>d x1 on _m diff]5t roads conv]g+ t[>d x f all sides4 ,! k9etic !ory ( gases is1 z ,i h said1 a true /ep on "o ( ! roads4 ,on ! v di/9ct road ( *emical sci5ce1 ,/4 ,claire ,deville arriv$ at 8 gr& !ory ( dissociation )\t ! slighte/ aid f ! k9etic !ory ( gases4 ,! fact t he work$ x out solely f *emical obs]vation & exp]im5t1 & exp\nd$ x to ! _w )\t any hypo!sis :atev]1 & seem+ly ev5 )\t consci\sness ( ! beautiful explanation x has 9 ! k9etic !ory ( gases1 secur$ = x imm$iately an indep5d5t solidity & importance z a *emical !ory :5 he fir/ promulgat$ x1 to :i* x might ev5 by ?is "t sc>cely h atta9$ if x _h fir/ be5 sugge/$ z a probability indicat$ by ! k9etic !ory ( gases1 & be5 only aft]w>d confirm$ by obs]vation4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 guid$ by ! views :i* ,clausius & ,williamson h giv5 u ( ! cont9u\s int]*ange ( p>tn]s betwe5 ! comp\nd molecules con/itut+ *emical comp\nds 9 ! gase\s /ate1 we see 9 ,deville's !ory ( dissociation a po9t ( contact ( ! mo/ transc5d5t int]e/ betwe5 ! *emical & physical l9es ( sci5tific progress4 ,to return to ela/icity3 if we c\ld make out ( matt] devoid ( ela/icity a comb9$ sy/em ( relatively mov+ p>ts :i*1 9 virtue ( motion1 has ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( an ela/ic body1 ?is w\ld surely be1 if n positively a /ep 9 ! k9etic !ory ( matt]1 at lea/ a f+]po/ po9t+ a way :i* we may hope w lead to a k9etic !ory ( matt]4 ,n[ ?is1 z ,i h already %[n1#a we c d 9 sev]al ways4 ,9 ! case ( ! la/ ( ! communications ref]r$ to1 ( :i* only ! title has hi!rto be5 publi%$1 ,i %[$ t1 f ! ma!matical inve/igation ( a gyro/atically dom9at$ comb9ation conta9$ 9 ! passage ( ,?omson & ,tait's ,natural ,philosophy ref]r$ to1 x foll[s t any ideal sy/em ( mat]ial p>ticles1 act+ on "o ano!r mutually ?r\gh massless connect+ spr+s1 may be p]fectly imitat$ 9 a model consi/+ ( rigid l9ks jo9t$ toge!r1 & hav+ rapidly rotat+ fly :eels pivot$ on "s or on all ( ! l9ks4 ,! imitation is n conf9$ to cases ( equilibrium4 ,x holds also = vibration produc$ by di/urb+ ! sy/em inf9itesimally f a position ( /able equilibrium & leav+ x to itself4 ,?us we may make a gyro/atic sy/em su* t x is 9 equilibrium "u ! influ5ce ( c]ta9 positive =ces appli$ to diff]5t po9ts ( ?is sy/em2 all ! =ces be+ precisely ! same z1 & ! po9ts ( application simil>ly situat$ to1 ^? ( ! /able sy/em ) spr+s4 ,!n1 provid$ prop] masses 7t is to say1 prop] am\nts & di/ributions ( in]tia7 be attribut$ to ! l9ks1 we may remove ! ext]nal =ces f ea* sy/em1 & ! consequ5t vibration ( ! po9ts ( application ( ! =ces w be id5tical4 ,or we may act ^u ! sy/ems ( mat]ial po9ts & spr+s ) any giv5 =ces = any giv5 "t1 & leave x to itself1 & d ! same ?+ = ! gyro/atic sy/em2 ! consequ5t motion w be ! same 9 ! two cases4 ,if 9 ! "o case ! spr+s are made m & m /iff1 & 9 ! o!r case ! angul> velocities ( ! fly :eels are made great] & great]1 ! p]iods ( ! vibrational con/itu5ts ( ! motion w become %ort] & %ort]1 & ! amplitudes small] & small]1 & ! motions w approa* m & m ne>ly ^? ( two p]fectly rigid gr\ps ( mat]ial po9ts mov+ ?r\gh space & rotat+ accord+ to ! well kn[n mode ( rotation ( a rigid body hav+ unequal mom5ts ( in]tia ab\t its ?ree pr9cipal axes4 ,9 "o case ! ideal ne>ly rigid connection betwe5 ! p>ticles is produc$ by massless1 exce$+ly /iff spr+s2 9 ! o!r case x is produc$ by ! exce$+ly rapid rotation ( ! fly :eels 9 a sy/em :i*1 :5 ! fly :eels are depriv$ ( _! rotation1 is p]fectly limp4 ,footnote #a3 ,pap] on ,vortex ,atoms1 ,proc4 ,r4,s4,e4 ,febru>y4 #ahfg3 ab/ract ( a lecture be=e ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita91 ,m>* #d1 #ahha1 on ,ela/icity ,view$ z possibly a ,mode ( ,motion2 ,?omson & ,tait's ,natural ,philosophy1 second edition1 "p #a1 #cde viii4 to #cde xxxvii42 ,on ,oscillation & ,waves 9 an ,adynamic ,gyro/atic ,sy/em 7title only71 ,proc4 ,r4,s4,e4 ,m>*1 #ahhc4 ,! draw+s 7,figs4 #a & #b7 be=e y illu/rate two su* mat]ial sy/ems4#a ,! directions ( rotation ( ! fly-:eels 9 ! gyro/atic sy/em 7,fig4 #b7 are indicat$ by directional ellipses1 :i* %[ 9 p]spective ! direction ( rotation ( ! fly-:eel ( ea* gyro/at4 ,! gyro/atic sy/em 7,fig4 #b7 might h be5 con/itut$ ( two gyro/atic memb]s1 b f\r are %[n = symmetry4 ,! inclos+ circle repres5ts 9 ea* case 9 section an inclos+ sph]ical %ell to prev5t ! int]ior f be+ se54 ,9 ! inside ( "o !re are fly-:eels1 9 ! inside ( ! o!r a massless spr+4 ,! project+ hook$ rods seem z if !y are connect$ by a spr+ 9 ea* case4 ,if we hang any "o ( ! sy/ems up by ! hook on "o ( its project+ rods1 & hang a weight to ! hook ( ! o!r project+ rod1 ! weight1 :5 fir/ put on1 w oscillate up & d[n1 & w g on do+ s = ev] if ! sy/em be absolutely unfrictional4 ,if we *eck ! vibration by h&1 ! weight w hang d[n at re/1 ! p9 drawn out to a c]ta9 degree2 & ! di/ance drawn out w be simply proportional to ! weight hung on1 z 9 an ord9>y spr+ balance4 ,footnote #a3 ,9 ,fig4 #a ! two hook$ rods se5 project+ f ! sph]e are connect$ by an ela/ic coa*-spr+4 ,9 ,fig4 #b ! hook$ rods are connect$ "o to ea* ( two opposite corn]s ( a f\r-sid$ jo9t$ frame1 ea* memb] ( :i* c>ries a gyro/at s t ! axis ( rotation ( ! fly-:eel is 9 ! axis ( ! memb] ( ! frame :i* be>s x4 ,ea* ( ! hook$ rods 9 ,fig4 #b is connect$ to ! framework ?r\gh a swivel jo9t1 s t ! :ole gyro/atic framework may be rotat$ ab\t ! axis ( ! hook$ rods 9 ord] to annul ! mom5t ( mom5tum ( ! framework ab\t ?is axis due to rotation ( ! fly-:eels 9 ! gyro/at4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b ,"h1 !n1 out ( matt] possess+ rigidity1 b absolutely devoid ( ela/icity1 we h made a p]fect model ( a spr+ 9 ! =m ( a spr+ balance4 ,connect millions ( millions ( p>ticles by pairs ( rods su* z ^! ( ?is spr+ balance1 & we h a gr\p ( p>ticles con/itut+ an ela/ic solid2 exactly fulfill+ ! ma!matical ideal work$ out by ,navi]1 ,poisson1 & ,cau*y1 & _m o!r ma!maticians1 :o1 foll[+ _! example1 h endeavor$ to f\nd a !ory ( ! ela/icity ( solids on mutual attraction & repulsion betwe5 a gr\p ( mat]ial p>ticles4 ,all t c possibly be done by ?is !ory1 ) its assumption ( =ces act+ accord+ to any assum$ law ( relation to di/ance1 is done by ! gyro/atic sy/em4 ,b ! gyro/atic sy/em does1 besides1 :at ! sy/em ( naturally act+ mat]ial p>ticles _c d--x con/itutes an ela/ic solid :i* c h ! ,f>aday magneto-optic rotation ( ! plane ( pol>ization ( light2 suppos+ ! application ( our solid to be a model ( ! lum9if]\s e!r = illu/rat+ ! undulatory !ory ( light4 ,! gyro/atic model spr+ balance is arrang$ to h z]o mom5t ( mom5tum z a :ole1 & !re=e to contribute no?+ to ! ,f>aday rotation2 ) ?is arrangem5t ! model illu/rates ! lum9if]\s e!r 9 a field unaffect$ by magnetic =ce4 ,b n[ let !re be a diff]5t rotational velocity imp>t$ to ! jo9t$ squ>e r\nd ! axis ( ! two project+ hook$ rods1 su* z to give a resultant mom5t ( mom5tum r\nd any giv5 l9e ?r\gh ! c5t] ( in]tia ( ! sy/em2 & let pairs ( ! hook$ rods 9 ! model ?us alt]$1 :i* is no long] a model ( a m]e spr+ balance1 be appli$ z connections betwe5 millions ( pairs ( p>ticles z be=e1 ) ! l9es ( resultant mom5t ( mom5tum all simil>ly direct$4 ,we n[ h a model ela/ic solid :i* w h ! prop]ty t ! direction ( vibration 9 waves ( rectil9e> vibrations propagat$ ?r\gh x %all turn r\nd ! l9e ( propagation ( ! waves1 j z ,f>aday's obs]vation proves to be done by ! l9e ( vibration ( light 9 a d5se m$ium betwe5 ! poles ( a p[]ful magnet4 ,! case ( wave front p]p5dicul> to ! l9es ( resultant mom5t ( mom5tum 7t is to say1 ! direction ( propagation be+ p>allel to ^! l9es7 corresponds1 9 our me*anical model1 to ! case ( light travel+ 9 ! direction ( ! l9es ( =ce 9 a magnetic field4 ,9 ^! illu/rations & models we h diff]5t portions ( ideal rigid matt] act+ ^u "o ano!r1 by normal pressure at ma!matical po9ts ( contact--( c\rse no =ces ( friction are suppos$4 ,x is exce$+ly int]e/+ to see h[ ?us1 ) no o!r po/ulates ?an in]tia1 rigidity1 & mutual imp5etrability1 we c ?or\ghly model n only an ela/ic solid1 & any comb9ation ( ela/ic solids1 b s complex & recondite a ph5om5on z ! passage ( pol>iz$ light ?r\gh a magnetic field4 ,b n[1 ) ! view ( ultimately disc>d+ ! po/ulate ( rigidity f all our mat]ials1 let u suppose "s to be absolutely de/itute ( rigidity1 & to possess m]ely in]tia & incompressibility1 & mutual imp5etrability ) ref]5ce to ! /ill rema9+ rigid matt]4 ,) ^! po/ulates we c produce a p]fect model ( mutual action at a di/ance betwe5 solid p>ticles1 fulfill+ ! condition1 s ke5ly desir$ by ,newton & ,f>aday1 ( be+ expla9$ by cont9u\s action ?r\gh an int]v5+ m$ium4 ,! law ( ! mutual =ce 9 our model1 h[ev]1 is n ! simple ,newtonian law1 b ! mu* m complex law ( ! mutual action betwe5 electro magnets--) ?is diff]5ce1 t 9 ! hydro-k9etic model 9 e case ! =ce is opposite 9 direction to ! correspond+ =ce 9 ! electro-magnetic analogue4 ,imag9e a solid bor$ ?r\gh ) a hole1 & plac$ 9 our ideal p]fect liquid4 ,= a mom5t let ! hole be /opp$ by a diaphragm1 & let an impulsure pressure be appli$ = an in/ant uni=mly ov] ! :ole membrane1 & !n in/antly let ! membrane be dissolv$ into liquid4 ,?is action orig9ates a motion ( ! liquid relatively to ! solid1 ( a k9d to :i* ,i h giv5 ! "n ( irrotational circulation1 :i* rema9s absolutely con/ant h[ev] ! solid be mov$ ?r\gh ! liquid4 ,?us1 at any "t ! actual motion ( ! liquid at any po9t 9 ! neighborhood ( ! solid w be ! resultant ( ! motion x w\ld h 9 virtue ( ! circulation alone1 7 ! solid at re/1 & ! motion x w\ld h 9 virtue ( ! motion ( ! solid itself1 _h !re be5 no circulation e/abli%$ ?r\gh ! ap]ture4 ,x is int]e/+ & important to rem>k 9 pass+ t ! :ole k9etic en]gy ( ! liquid is ! sum ( ! k9etic en]gies :i* x w\ld h 9 ! two cases sep>ately4 ,n[1 imag9e ! :ole liquid to be inclos$ 9 an inf9itely l>ge1 rigid1 conta9+ vessel1 & 9 ! liquid1 at an inf9ite di/ance f any "p ( ! conta9+ vessel1 let two p]=at$ solids1 ) irrotational circulation ?r\gh ea*1 be plac$ at re/ ne> "o ano!r4 ,! resultant fluid motion due to ! two circulations1 w give rise to fluid pressure on ! two bodies1 :i*1 if unbalanc$1 w cause !m to move4 ,! =ce sy/ems--=ce-&-torques1 or pairs ( =ces--requir$ to prev5t !m f mov+ w be mutual & opposite1 & w be ! same z1 b opposite 9 direction to1 ! mutual =ce sy/ems requir$ to hold at re/ two electromagnets fulfill+ ! foll[+ specification3 ,! two electro magnets are to be ( ! same %ape & size z ! two bodies1 & to be plac$ 9 ! same relative positions1 & to consi/ ( inf9itely ?9 lay]s ( electric curr5ts 9 ! surfaces ( solids possess+ extreme diamagnetic quality--9 o!r words1 inf9itely small p]meability4 ,! di/ribution ( electric curr5t on ea* body may be any :atev] :i* fulfills ! condition t ! total curr5t across any clos$ l9e drawn on ! surface once ?r\gh ! ap]ture is equal to pi ( ! circulation#a ?r\gh ! ap]ture 9 ! hydro-k9etic analogue4 ,footnote #a3 ,! integral ( tang5tial compon5t velocity all r\nd any clos$ curve1 pass+ once ?r\gh ! ap]ture1 is def9$ z ! cyclic-con/ant or ! circulation 7,vortex ,motion1 #fj 7a71 ,trans4 ,r4,s4,e41 ,april #bi1 #ahfg74 ,x has ! same value = all clos$ curves pass+ j once ?r\gh ! ap]ture1 & x rema9s con/ant ?r\gh all "t1 :e!r ! solid body be 9 motion or at re/4 ,x might be imag9$ t ! action at a di/ance ?us provid$ = by fluid motion c\ld s]ve z a f\ndation = a !ory ( ! equilibrium1 & ! vibrations1 ( ela/ic solids1 & ! transmission ( waves l ^? ( light ?r\gh an ext5d$ quasi-ela/ic solid m$ium4 ,b un=tunately = ?is idea ! equilibrium is ess5tially un/able1 bo? 9 ! case ( magnets &1 not)/&+ ! fact t ! =ces are oppositely direct$1 9 ! hydro-k9etic analogue also1 :5 ! sev]al movable bodies 7two or any great] numb]7 are s plac$ relatively z to be 9 equilibrium4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we connect ! p]=at$ bodies ) circulation ?r\gh !m 9 ! hydro-k9etic sy/em1 by jo9t$ rigid connect+ l9ks1 we may arrange = configurations ( /able equilibrium4 ,?us1 )\t fly-:eels1 b ) fluid circulations ?r\gh ap]tures1 we may make a model spr+ balance or a model lum9if]\s e!r1 ei!r )\t or ) ! rotational quality correspond+ to t ( ! true lum9if]\s e!r 9 ! magnetic fluid--9 %ort1 d all by ! p]=at$ solids ) circulations ?r\gh !m t we saw we c\ld d by means ( l9k$ gyro/ats4 ,b some?+ t we _c d by l9k$ gyro/ats we c d by ! p]=at$ bodies ) fluid circulation3 we c make a model gas4 ,! mutual action at a di/ance1 repulsive or attractive accord+ to ! mutual aspect ( ! two bodies :5 pass+ )9 collisional di/ance#a ( "o ano!r1 suffices to produce ! *ange ( direction ( motion 9 collision1 :i* ess5tially con/itutes ! f\ndation ( ! k9etic !ory ( gases1 & :i*1 z we h se5 be=e1 may z well be due to attraction z to repulsion1 s f> z we "k f any inve/igation hi!rto made 9 ?is !ory4 ,footnote #a3 ,accord+ to ?is view1 !re is no precise di/ance1 or def9ite condition respect+ ! di/ance1 betwe5 two molecules1 at :i* app>5tly !y come to be 9 collision1 or :5 rec$+ f "o ano!r !y cease to be 9 collision4 ,x is conv5i5t1 h[ev]1 9 ! k9etic !ory ( gases1 to adopt arbitr>ily a precise def9ition ( collision1 accord+ to :i* two bodies or p>ticles mutually act+ at a di/ance may be said to be 9 collision :5 _! mutual action exce$s "s def9ite arbitr>ily assign$ limit1 z1 = example1 :5 ! radius ( curvature ( ! pa? ( ei!r body is less ?an a /at$ fraction 7"o "o-hundr$?1 = in/ance7 ( ! di/ance betwe5 !m4 ,!re rema9s1 h[ev]1 z we h se5 be=e1 ! difficulty ( provid+ = ! case ( actual impacts betwe5 ! solids1 :i* mu/ be done by giv+ !m massless spr+ buff]s or1 :i* am\nts to ! same ?+1 attribut+ to !m repulsive =ces suffici5tly p[]ful at v %ort di/ances to absolutely prev5t impacts betwe5 solid & solid2 unless we adopt ! equally repugnant idea ( inf9itely small p]=at$ solids1 ) inf9itely great fluid circulations ?r\gh !m4 ,7 x n = ?is fundam5tal difficulty1 ! hydro-k9etic model gas w\ld be exce$+ly int]e/+2 &1 ?\gh we c\ld sc>cely adopt x z conceivably a true repres5tation ( :at gases really are1 x might /ill h "s importance z a model configuration ( solid & liquid matt]1 by :i* )\t ela/icity ! ela/icity ( true gas might be repres5t$4 ,b la/ly1 s9ce ! hydro-k9etic model gas ) p]=at$ solids & fluid circulations ?r\gh !m fails because ( ! impacts betwe5 ! solids1 let u annul ! solids & leave ! liquid p]=m+ irrotational circulation r\nd vacancy1#a 9 ! place ( ! solid cores :i* we h hi!rto suppos$2 or let u annul ! rigidity ( ! solid cores ( ! r+s1 & give !m molecul> rotation accord+ to ,helmholtz's !ory ( vortex motion4 ,= /ability ! molecul> rotation mu/ be su* z to give ! same velocity at ! b\nd>y ( ! rotational fluid core z t ( ! irrotationally circulat+ liquid 9 contact ) x1 because1 z ,i h prov$1 frictional slip betwe5 two portions ( liquid 9 contact is inconsi/5t ) /ability4 ,!re is a fur!r condition1 ^u :i* ,i _c ent] into detail j n[1 b :i* may be und]/ood 9 a g5]al way :5 ,i say t x is a condition ( ei!r uni=m or ( increas+ molecul> rotation f ! surface inw>d1 analog\s to ! condition t ! d5sity ( a liquid1 re/+ = example "u ! influ5ce ( gravity1 mu/ ei!r be uni=m or mu/ be great] bel[ ?an above = /ability ( equilibrium4 ,all t ,i h said 9 favor ( ! model vortex gas compos$ ( p]=at$ solids ) fluid circulations ?r\gh !m holds )\t modification = ! purely hydro-k9etic model1 compos$ ( ei!r ,helmholtz cor$ vortex r+s or ( coreless vortices1 & we are n[ tr\bl$ ) no su* difficulty z t ( ! impacts betwe5 solids4 ,:e!r1 h[ev]1 :5 ! vortex !ory ( gases is ?or\ghly work$ out1 x w or w n be f\nd to fail 9 a mann] analog\s to ! failure :i* ,i h already po9t$ out 9 connection ) ! k9etic !ory ( gases compos$ ( little ela/ic solid molecules1 ,i _c at pres5t und]take to speak ) c]ta9ty4 ,x seems to me mo/ probable t ! vortex !ory _c fail 9 any su* way1 because all ,i h be5 able to f9d out hi!rto reg>d+ ! vibration ( vortices1#b :e!r cor$ or coreless1 does n seem to imply ! liability ( translational or impulsive en]gies ( ! individual vortices becom+ lo/ 9 en]gy ( small] & small] vibrations4 ,footnote #a3 ,inve/igations respect+ coreless vortices w be f\nd 9 a pap] by ! au?or1 ,vibrations ( a ,column> ,vortex1 ,proc4 ,r4,s4,e41 ,m>* #a1 #ahhj2 & a pap] by ,hicks1 rec5tly read be=e ! ,royal ,society4 ,footnote #b3 ,see pap]s by ! au?or ,on ,vortex ,motion4 ,trans4 ,r4,s4,e4 ,april1 #ahfg1 & ,vortex ,/atics1 ,proc4 ,r4,s4,e4 ,decemb]1 #ahge2 also a pap] by ,j4,j4 ,?omson1 ,b4,a41 ,on ! ,vibrations ( a ,vortex ,r+1 ,trans4 ,r4,s4 ,decemb]1 #ahha1 & 8 valuable book on ,vortex ,motion4 ,z a /ep t[>d k9etic !ory ( matt]1 x is c]ta9ly mo/ int]e/+ to rem>k t 9 ! quasi-ela/icity1 ela/icity look+ l t ( an ,india-rubb] b&1 :i* we see 9 a vibrat+ smoke-r+ laun*$ f an elliptic ap]ture1 or 9 two smoke-r+s :i* 7 circul>1 b :i* h become de=m$ f circul>ity by mutual collision1 we h 9 reality a virtual ela/icity 9 matt] devoid ( ela/icity1 & ev5 devoid ( rigidity1 ! virtual ela/icity be+ due to motion1 & g5]at$ by ! g5]ation ( motion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,application ,,( ,,electricity ,,to ,,tramways4 ,by ,m4 ,,holroyd ,,smi?4 ,la/ ye>1 :5 ,i _h ! pleasure ( read+ a pap] be=e y on my new sy/em ( electric tramways1 ,i v5tur$ to express ! hope t be=e twelve mon?s _h pass$1 to be able to report progress1 & ,i am happy to say t not)/&+ ! we>isome delay & "t lo/ 9 fruitless negotiations1 & ! hundr$ & "o difficulties )9 & )\t t h beset me1 ,i am able to appe> be=e y aga9 & tell y ( advance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,practical m5 "k well t !re is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 a model & a full siz$ ma*9e2 & :5 ,i decid$ to con/ruct a full siz$ tramc> & lay out a full siz$ track1 ,i f\nd x necess>y to make _m alt]ations ( detail1 my *ief difficulty be+ s to design my "w z to facilitate con/ruction & all[ ( comp5sation = t inaccuracy ( workman%ip :i* ,i h come to reg>d z inevitable4 ,9 ord] to satisfy ! directors ( a tramway company ( ! practical nature ( my sy/em be=e di/urb+ _! l9es1 ,i h laid1 9 a field ne> ! works ( ,messrs4 ,smi?1 ,bak] ,co41 ,man*e/]1 a track #aaj y>ds long1 #d ft4 #h 94 gauge1 & ,i h con/ruct$ a full siz$ /reet tramc> to run !reon4 ,my negotiations be+ ) a company 9 a t[n :]e !re are no /eep gradi5ts1 & :]e ! coeffici5t ( friction ( ord9>y :eels w\ld be suffici5t = all tractive purposes1 ,i ?\ght x bett] to avoid ! complication involv$ 9 employ+ a l>ge c5tral :eel ) a broad surface specially design$ = hilly di/ricts1 & ) :i* ,i _h m\nt$ a gradi5t ( "o 9 sixte54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b ,b z ! l9e 9 "q 0 laid ) all ! curves unnecess>ily quick1 ev5 ^? 9 ! pass-bies1 ,i ?\ght x exp$i5t to employ diff]5tial ge>1 z illu/rat$ at ,d1 ,fig4 #a1 :i* is a sket* plan %[+ ! me*anism employ$4 ,m is a ,siem5s electric motor runn+ at #fej revolutions p] m9ute2 ,e is a comb9ation ( box ge>+1 frictional clut*1 & *a9 p9ion1 & f ?is p9ion a /eel *a9 passes ar\nd ! *a9-:eel1 ,h1 :i* is free to revolve ^u ! axle1 & c>ries )9 x ! diff]5tial p9ion1 ge>+ ) ! bevel-:eel1 ,b1 key$ ^u ! sleeve ( ! loose tram-:eel1 ,t1 & ) ! bevel-:eel1 ,b1 key$ ^u ! axle1 to :i* ! o!r tram-:eel1 ,t1 is atta*$4 ,to ! o!r tram-:eels no ge> is connect$2 "o ( !m is fa/ to ! axle1 & ! o!r runs loose1 b to !m ! brake is appli$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! electric curr5t f ! collector passes1 by means ( a copp] wire1 & a swit* ^u ! da%bo>d ( ! c>1 & resi/ance coils plac$ "u ! seats1 to ! motor1 & f ! motor by means ( an adju/able clip 7illu/rat$ 9 diagram1 ,fig4 #b7 to ! axles1 & by !m ?r\gh ! f\r :eels to ! rails1 :i* =m ! return circuit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c ,i h design$ _m modifications ( ! track1 b x is1 p]haps1 be/ at pres5t to describe only t :i* ,i h 9 actual use1 & x is illu/rat$ 9 diagram1 ,fig4 #c1 :i* is a sectional & p]spective view ( ! c5tral *annel4 ,l is ! surface ( ! road1 & ,,ss are ! sleep]s1 ,,cc are ! *airs :i* hold ! angle iron1 ,,aa =m+ ! longitud9ally slott$ c5t] rail & ! electric lead1 :i* consi/s ( two half-tubes ( copp] insulat$ f ! *airs by ! blocks1 ,i1 ,i4 ,a special brass clamp1 free to slide ^u ! tube1 is employ$ = ?is purpose1 & ! same =m ( clamp s]ves to jo9 ! two ends ( ! copp] tubes toge!r & to make electric contact4 ,two half-tubes in/ead ( "o slott$ tube h be5 employ$1 9 ord] to leave a free passage = dirt or wet to fall ?r\gh ! slot 9 ! c5t] rail to ! dra9 space1 ,g4 ,betwe5 *air & *air hewn granite or artificial /one is employ$1 =m$1 z %[n 9 ! draw+1 to complete ! surface ( ! road & to =m a cont9u\s *annel or dra94 ,9 ord] t ?is dra9 may n become *ok$1 at suitable int]vals1 9 ! l5g? ( ! track1 sump holes are =m$ z illu/rat$ 9 diagram1 ,fig4 #d ,^! sump holes h a well = ! accumulation ( mud1 & are also connect$ ) ! ma9 /reet dra91 s t wat] c freely pass away4 ,! h& holes af=d facility = easily remov+ ! dirt4 ,9 a complete track ^! h& holes w\ld occasionally be wid] ?an %[n "h1 = ! purpose ( remov+ or fix+ ! collector1 ,fig4 #e1 :i* consi/s ( two sets ( spirally flut$ roll]s free to revolve ^u sp9dles1 :i* are held by knuckle-jo9ts drawn toge!r by spiral spr+s2 by ?is means ! pressure ( ! roll]s aga9/ ! inside ( ! tube is con/antly ma9ta9$1 & %\ld any ob/ruction occur 9 ! tube ! spiral flute causes x to revolve1 ?us automatically cleans+ ! tubes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d ,! collector is provid$ ) two /eel plates1 :i* pass ?r\gh ! slit 9 ! c5t] rail2 ! l[] ends ( ^! plates are clamp$ by ! upp] frame ( ! collector1 insulat+ mat]ial be+ int]pos$1 & ! upp] ends are held 9 two iron *eeks4 ,betwe5 ^! /eel plates insulat$ copp] /rips are held1 electrically connect$ ) ! collector & ) ! adju/able clip m\nt$ ^u ! iron *eeks2 ?is clip holds ! t]m9al on ! end ( ! wire 7lead+ to ! motor7 firmly en\gh = use1 ! *eeks be+ also provid$ ) /uds = ! atta*m5t ( lea!r /raps hook$ on to ! framework ( ! c>1 "o = ! =w>d & "o = backw>d movem5t ( ! collector4 ,^! /raps are /rong en\gh = ! ord9>y haulage ( ! collector1 & = ! removal ( pebbles & dirt t may get into ! slit2 b %\ld any absolute block occur !n !y break & ! t]m9al is )drawn f ! clip2 ! electric contact be+ !reby brok5 ! c> /ops1 ! ob/ruction c !n be remov$ & ! collector reconnect$ )\t damage & ) little delay4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e ,9 ord] to secure cont9uity ( ! c5t] rail ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! track1 & /ill provide = ! removal ( ! collector at frequ5t int]vals1 ! framework ( ! collector is s made t1 by slack5+ ! side-bolts1 ! /eel plates c be drawn upw>d & ! collector itself )drawn sideways ?r\gh ! h& holes1 "o ( ! half-tubes be+ remov$ = ! purpose4 ,fig4 #f illu/rates ano!r arrangem5t t ,i h con/ruct$1 bo? ( collector & me?od ( collect+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f ,z be=e m5tion$1 ! arrangem5t n[ describ$ has be5 c>ri$ out 9 a field ne> ! works ( ,messrs4 ,smi?1 ,bak] ,co41 ,cornbrook ,telegraph ,works1 ,man*e/]1 & its work+ effici5cy has be5 mo/ satisfactory4 ,aft] a week ( ra9 & dur+ dr5*+ %[]s ! c> ran ) ! same spe$ & "u ! same control z :5 ! gr\nd 0 dry4 ,?is ,i acc\nt = by ! !ory t :5 ! rails are wet & ! tubes moi/ ! bett] contact made comp5sates = ! slight leakage t may occur4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( my pap] ,i promis$ to conf9e myself to "w done2 ,i !re=e ab/a9 f describ+ v>i\s modifications ( detail = ! same purpose4 ,b "o me?od ( support+ & insulat+ ! conductor 9 ! *annel may be sugge/$ by an illu/ration ( ! plan ,i adopt$ = a little pleasure l9e 9 ! ,w9t] ,g>d5s1 ,blackpool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,fig4 #g4 ,!re ! track be+ exclusively = ! electric railway1 x 0 n necess>y to provide a c5t] *annel2 ! conductor has !re=e be5 plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! track1 & consi/s ( b> iron #a 94 by 941 & is held v]tically by means ( /uds rivet$ into ! side2 ^! /uds pass ?r\gh porcela9 insulators1 & by means ( wood5 clamps & w$ges are held 9 ! iron *airs :i* re/ ^u ! sleep]s4 ,! iron conductors 7 plac$ v]tically to facilitate b5d+ r\nd ! %>p curves :i* 7 unavoidable on ?is l9e4 ,! collector consi/s ( two metal slipp]s held toge!r by spr+s1 atta*$ to ! c> by /raps & electrically connect$ to ! motor by clips 9 ! same mann] z ! "o employ$ 9 ,man*e/]4 ,i am glad to say t1 not)/&+ ! curves ) a radius ( #ee feet & gradi5ts ( #a 9 #eg1 ?is l9e is also a practical success4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fires ,,9 ,,london ,,& ,,new ,,york4 ,:5 ! *ief ( ! ,london ,fire ,brigade visit$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahhb1 he 01 z is ! g5]al rule on ! o!r side ( ! ,atlantic1 int]view$--a cu/om1 x may be rem>k$1 :i* appe>s to be ga9+ gr\nd also 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! inf]5ces drawn f ^! int]views seem to be t ! abs5ce ( l>ge fires 9 ,london 0 *iefly due to ! sup]iority ( our fire brigade1 & t ! great] frequ5cy ( conflagrations 9 ,am]ican cities1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,new ,york1 0 due to ! inf]iority ( _! fire dep>tm5ts4 ,h[ unju/ su* a comp>ison w\ld be is %[n 9 a pap] pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,edw>d ,b4 ,dorsey1 a memb] ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 to t association1 9 :i* ! au?or discusses ! comp>ative liability to & dang] f conflagrations 9 ,london & 9 ,am]ican cities4 ,he f\nd f an inve/igation :i* he conduct$ ) mu* c>e dur+ a visit to ,london t x is und\bt$ly true t l>ge fires are mu* less frequ5t 9 ! metropolis ?an 9 ,am]ican cities2 b x is equally true t ! circum/ances exi/+ 9 ,london & ,new ,york are q diff]5t4 ,z x is a well-kn[n fact t ! promptness1 effici5cy1 & brav]y ( ,am]ican firem5 _c be surpass$1 we gladly give prom95ce to ! result ( ! au?or's inve/igations into ! true causes ( ! great liability ( ,am]ican cities to l>ge fires4 ,9 a highly int]e/+ comp>ison ! writ] has select$ ,new ,york & ,london z typical cities1 al?\gh 8 obs]vations w apply to mo/ ,am]ican & ,engli% t[ns1 if1 p]haps1 ) n q ! same =ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ef=ts ( ! ,london ,fire ,brigade receive mu* aid f our peculi>ly damp climate4 ,f ! av]age ( elev5 ye>s 7#ahga-ahha7 ( ! meteorological obs]vations made at ! ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 x appe>s t 9 ,london x ra9s1 on ! av]age1 m ?an ?ree days 9 ! week1 t ! sun %9es only "o-f\r? ( ! "t he is above ! horizon1 & t ! atmosph]e only lacks #ah p] c5t4 ( complete saturation1 & is cl\dy sev5-t5?s ( ! "t4 ,moreov]1 ! humidity ( ! atmosph]e 9 ,london is v uni=m1 v>y+ b little 9 ! diff]5t mon?s4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 wood w n be ignit$ v easily by sp>ks or by contact ) a weak flame4 ,?is is v diff]5t f ! condition ( wood 9 ! long1 hot1 dry seasons ( ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,! av]age temp]ature = ! ?ree w9t] mon?s 9 ,london is #ch4bd degrees ,fahr42 9 ,new ,york x is #ca4ef degrees1 or #f4fh degrees l[]4 ,?is l[] range ( temp]ature mu/ be ! cause ( _m conflagrations1 =1 to make up = ! defici5cy 9 ! natural temp]ature1 !re mu/ be 9 ,new ,york _m m & l>g] dome/ic fires4 ,! foll[+ /ati/ics1 tak5 f ! records ( ! ,new ,york ,fire ,dep>tm5t1 %[ ?is4 ,9 ! ?ree w9t] mon?s ( #ahha1 ,janu>y1 ,febru>y1 & ,decemb]1 !re 7 #ebb fire al>ms 9 ,new ,york1 or an av]age p] mon? ( #agd2 9 ! rema9+ n9e mon?s #a1bfc1 or an av]age p] mon? ( #adj4 ,9 ! correspond+ ?ree w9t] mon?s ( #ahhb !re 7 #fjb fire al>ms1 or an av]age p] mon? ( #bja2 9 ! rema9+ n9e mon?s #a1dja1 or an av]age p] mon? ( #aee4 ,9 r\nd numb]s !re 7 9 #ahha "o-f\r?1 & 9 #ahhb "o-?ird m fire al>ms 9 ! ?ree w9t] mon?s ?an 9 ! n9e w>m] mon?s4 ,we are n aw>e t simil> /ati/ics h ev] be5 compil$ = ,london1 & are consequ5tly unable to draw comp>ison2 b1 speak+ f recollection1 fires appe> to be m frequ5t also 9 ,london dur+ ! w9t] mon?s4 ,ano!r cause ( ! great] frequ5cy ( fires 9 ,new ,york & _! m de/ructive nature is ! great] d5sity ( population 9 t city4 ,! ,london ,metropolitan ,police ,di/rict cov]s #fij squ>e miles1 ext5d+ #ab to #ae miles 9 e direction f ,*>+ ,cross1 & conta9$ 9 #ahha a population ( #d1gfd1cab2 b :at is g5]ally kn[n z ,london cov]s #abb squ>e miles1 conta9+1 9 #ahha1 #ebh1gid h\ses1 & a population ( #c1had1egd1 av]ag+ #g4ba p]sons p] h\se1 #di p] acre1 & #ca1bfg p] squ>e mile4 ,n[ let u look at ,new ,york4 ,s\? ( ,=tie? ,/reet betwe5 ! ,hudson & ,ea/ ,riv]s1 ,new ,york has an area ( #c1ije acres1 a fraction ov] six squ>e miles1 exclusive ( pi]s1 & conta9$1 accord+ to ! c5sus ( #ahhj1 a population ( #hac1jgf4 ,?is gives #bjh p]sons p] acre4 ,! c5sus ( #ahhj reports ! total numb] ( dwell+s 9 ,new ,york at #gc1fhd2 total population1 #a1bjf1bii2 av]age p] dwell+1 #af4cg4 ,select+ = comp>ison an area ab\t equal f ! fifte5 mo/ d5sely populat$ di/ricts or p>i%es ( ,london1 ( an aggregate area ( #c1hif acres1 & ) a total population ( #gdf1cje1 we obta9 #aia4e p]sons p] acre4 ,?us briefly ,new ,york av]ag$ #bjh p]sons p] acre1 & #af4cg p] dwell+2 ,london1 = ! same area1 #aia4e p]sons p] acre1 & #g4ba p] h\se4 ,b ?is comp>ison is sc>cely fair1 z 9 ,london only ! mo/ popul\s & poore/ di/ricts are includ$1 correspond+ to ! entirely t5em5t di/ricts ( ,new ,york1 :ile 9 ! latt] city x includes ! ri*e/ & mo/ fa%ionable sections1 z well z ! poore/4 ,if t5em5t di/ricts 7 tak5 alone1 ! population w\ld be f\nd mu* m d5se1 & ,new ,york proportionately mu* m d5sely populat$4 ,tak+ f\r ( ! mo/ ?ickly populat$ ( ! ,london di/ricts 7,ea/ ,london1 ,/r&1 ,old ,/reet1 ,/4 ,luke's1 ,/4 ,giles-9-!-,fields1 & ,/4 ,george1 ,bloomsbury71 we f9d on a total area ( #gib acres a population ( #aig1bhe1 or an av]age ( #bdi p]sons p] acre4 ,9 f\r ( ! mo/ d5sely populat$ w>ds ( ,new ,york 7#aj?1 #aa?1 #ac?1 & #ag?71 we h on an area ( #gce acres a population ( #beh1iff1 or #ceb p]sons p] acre4 ,?is is #dj p] c5t4 high] ?an 9 ,london1 ! di/ricts be+ ab\t ! same size1 ea* conta9+ ab\t #a-a_/e squ>e miles4 ,ap>t f ! great] cr[d+ :i* takes place 9 ,new ,york1 & ! diff]5t /yle ( build+s1 ano!r v f]tile cause ( ! spread+ ( fires is ! fre] use ( wood 9 _! con/ruction4 ,x is ass]t$ t 9 ,new ,york !re is m ?an d\ble ! quantity ( wood us$ 9 build+s p] acre ?an 9 ,london4 ,f a h\se c5sus und]tak5 9 #ahhb by ! ,new ,york ,fire ,dep>tm5t1 moreov]1 x appe>s t !re 7 #ajf1hhe build+s includ+ %$s1 ( :i* #bh1gih h\ses 7 built ( wood or o!r inflammable mat]ials1 besides #c1hjc wood5 %$s1 giv+ a total ( #cb1fja wood5 build+s4 ,we are n aw>e t !re are any wood5 h\ses left 9 ,london4 ,!re are o!r m9or causes :i* act z *ecks ^u ! spread+ ( fires 9 ,london4 ,london h\ses are mo/ly small 9 size1 & fires are ?us conf9$ to a limit$ space betwe5 brick walls4 ,_! walls are g5]ally l[ & well brac$1 :i* enable ! firem5 to approa* !m )\t dang]4 ,ab\t #fj p] c5t4 ( ,london h\ses are less ?an #bb feet high f ! pavem5t to ! eaves2 m ?an half ( ! rema9d] are less ?an #dj feet high1 v few be+ ov] #ej feet high4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 excludes ! new] build+s 9 ! ,city4 ,/4 ,james's ,palace does n exce$ #dj feet1 ! ,bank ( ,engl& n ov] #cj feet 9 height2 b ^! are exceptional /ructures4 ,firepro( ro(+s & project+ p>ty walls also ret>d ! spread+ ( conflagrations4 ,! h\ses be+ comp>atively l[ & small1 ! firem5 are enabl$ to ?r[ wat] easily ov] !m1 & to rea* _! ro(s ) %ort ladd]s4 ,!re is 9 ,london an almo/ univ]sal abs5ce ( wood5 additions & outbuild+s1 & ! ,new ,york a% b>rel or box kept 9 ! h\se is also unkn[n4 ,! local au?orities 9 ,london keep a /rict wat* ov] ! manufacture or /orage ( combu/ible mat]ials 9 popul\s p>ts ( ! city4 ,al?\gh ov]head telegraph wires are multiply+ to an al>m+ ext5t 9 ,london1 _! numb] is no?+ to be comp>$ to _! bewild]+ multitude 9 ,new ,york1 :]e _! pres5ce is n only a h9d]ance to ! op]ations ( ! firem51 b a positive dang] to _! lives4 ,f9ally--& ?is has already be5 p>tly dealt ) 9 speak+ ( ! comp>ative d5sity ( population ( ! two cities--a look at ! map ( ,london w %[ u h[ ! ,riv] ,?ames & ! num]\s p>ks1 squ>es1 private gr\nds1 wide /reets1 z well z ! railways runn+ into ,london1 all act z effectual b>ri]s to ! ext5sion ( fires4 ,! rec5t great conflagrations 9 ! city vividly illu/rate to ,london]s :at fire c\ld d if _! metropolis 7 built on ! ,new ,york plan4 ,! ,city1 h[ev]1 z we h rem>k$1 is an exceptional "p ( ,london1 &1 tak+ ! ,briti% metropolis z x is1 ) its hundr$s ( squ>e miles ( suburbs1 & contra/+ its condition ) t ( ,new ,york1 we are l$ to adopt ! op9ion t ,london1 ) its excell5t fire brigade1 is safe f a de/ructive conflagration4 ,x 0 /at$ above1 & x is repeat$ "h1 t ! fire brigade ( ,new ,york is unsurpass$ = promptness1 skill1 & h]oic intrepidity1 b _! task1 by contra/1 is a heavy "o 9 a city l ,new ,york1 ) its num]\s wood5 build+s1 wood5 or asphalt ro(s1 build+s f f\r to t5 /ories high1 ) long unbrac$ walls1 weak5$ by _m l>ge w9d[s1 conta9+ m ?an t5 times ! timb] an av]age ,london h\se does1 & t v inflammable1 ow+ to ! dry & hot ,am]ican climate4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,9 ,new ,york we f9d ! five & six /ory t5em5t h\ses ) two or ?ree families on ea* floor1 ea* ) _! private a% b>rel or box kept h&y 9 _! rooms1 all /riv+ to keep w>m dur+ ! sev]e w9t]s ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,we also f9d n>r[ /reets & high build+s1 ) no?+ to arre/ ! ext5sion ( a fire except a few small p>ks1 n ev5 project+ or effectual fire-walls betwe5 ! sev]al build+s4 ,& to all ?is mu/ be add$ ! p]fect fre$om ) :i* ! city au?orities ( ,new ,york all[ 9 its mo/ popul\s portions l>ge /ables1 timb] y>ds1 c>p5t]s' %ops1 & ! manufacture & /orage ( inflammable mat]ials4 ,p]sonal lib]ty c\ld n be c>ri$ to a m dang]\s ext5t4 ,we ought to be ?ankful t 9 su* matt]s individual fre$om is some:at hamp]$ 9 our old-fa%ion$ & quiet]-go+ c\ntry4--,london ,morn+ ,po/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,late/ ,,k ,,ab\t ,,gapes4 ,! gape worm may be t]m$ ! bete noir ( ! p\ltry-keep]--8 greate/ enemy--:e!r he be f>m] or fanci]4 ,x is true !re are "s :o decl>e t x is unkn[n 9 _! p\ltry-y>ds--t !y h nev] be5 tr\bl$ ) x at all4 ,^! are apt to lay x d[n1 z ,i saw a correspond5t did 9 a rec5t numb] ( ! ,c\ntry ,g5tleman1 t ! cause is want ( cleanl9ess or neglect 9 "s way4 ,b ,i c v\* t t is n s4 ,i h be5 9 y>ds :]e ev]y?+ 0 fir/-rate1 :]e ! cleanl9ess 0 almo/ pa9fully complete1 :]e no fault 9 ! way ( neglect c\ld be f\nd1 & yet ! gapes 7 !re2 & on ! o!r h&1 ,i h kn[n places :]e e condition seem$ favorable to ! developm5t ( su* a disease1 & !re x 0 abs5t--?is n 9 isolat$ cases1 b 9 _m4 ,no1 we mu/ look else:]e = ! cause4 ,obs]vations lead me to ! belief t gapes are m ?an usually tr\blesome dur+ a wet spr+ or summ] foll[+ a mild w9t]4 ,?is w\ld t5d to %[ t ! egg f :i* ! worm 7t is 9 itself ! disease7 em]ges is communicat$ f ! gr\nd1 f ! food eat51 or ! wat] drunk1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 b x is m ?an possible t ! insects !mselves may pass f "o f[l to ano!r4 ,all ?is we c accept z a settl$ fact1 & also any description ( ! way 9 :i* ! p>asitic worms atta* !mselves to ! ?roats ( ! birds1 & cause ! peculi> gap+ ( ! m\? :i* gives ! "n to ! disease4 ,_m rem$ies h be5 sugge/$1 & my object n[ is to communicate "s ( ! lat] ones--?us to give a v>iety ( me?ods1 s t 9 case ( ! failure ( "o1 ano!r w be at h& ready to be tri$4 ,x is a mi/ake always to p9 ! fai? to "o rem$y1 = ! v>y+ conditions f\nd 9 f[ls compel a diff]5t treatm5t4 ,! old plan ( dislodg+ ! worms ) a fea!r is well kn[n1 & ne$ n be describ$ aga94 ,b ,i may m5tion t 9 ?is c\ntry "s h f\nd ! use ( an o9tm5t1 fir/ sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,lewis ,wright1 ,i believe1 mo/ valuable4 ,?is is made ( m]curial o9tm5t1 two p>ts2 pure l>d1 two p>ts2 fl\r ( sulphur1 "o "p2 crude petroleum1 "o "p--& :5 mix$ toge!r is appli$ to ! heads ( ! *icks z soon z !y are dry aft] hat*+4 ,_m h te/ifi$ t !y h nev] f\nd ?is to fail z a prev5tive1 & if ! success is to be attribut$ to ! o9tm5t1 x w\ld seem z if ! insects are driv5 (f by its pres5ce1 = ! application to ! heads m]ely w\ld n kill ! eggs4 ,"s "t ago ,"l ,wals+ham (f]$1 ?r\gh ! ,entomological ,society ( ,london1 a prize = ! be/ life hi/ory ( ! gapes disease1 & ?is has be5 won by ! em95t ,fr5* sci5ti/ ,m4 ,pi]re ,mgn91 ^: essay has be5 publi%$ by ! noble donor4 ,8 (f] 0 9 ! int]e/ ( pheasant bre$]s1 b ! b5efit is n conf9$ to t v>iety ( game alone1 = x is equally applicable to all gall9ace\s birds tr\bl$ ) ?is disease4 ,! pamphlet 9 "q is a v valuable "w1 & gives v cle>ly ! me?ods by :i* ! p>asite develops4 ,b = our purpose x w be suffici5t to n>rate :at ,m4 ,mgn9 recomm5ds = ! cure ( x4 ,^! are v>i\s1 z w be se51 & comprise ! exp]i5ce ( o!r inquir]s z well z himself4 ,he /ates t ,montague obta9$ great success by a comb9ation ( ! foll[+ me?ods3 ,removal f infe/$ runs2 a ?or\gh *ange ( food1 hemp se$ & gre5 vegetables figur+ l>gely 9 ! diet2 & = dr9k+1 in/ead ( pla9 wat]1 an infusion ( rue & g>lic4 ,& ,mgn9 himself m5tions an in/ance ( ! value ( g>lic4 ,9 ! ye>s #ahgg & #ahgh1 ! pheasant pres]ves ( ,fonta9ebleau 7 ravag$ by gapes4 ,! disease 0 !re arre/$ & totally cur$1 :5 a mixture1 consi/+ ( yolks ( eggs1 boil$ bullock's he>t1 /ale bread crumbs1 & leaves ( nettle1 well mix$ & p\nd$ toge!r ) g>lic1 0 giv51 9 ! proportion ( "o clove to t5 "y pheasants4 ,! birds 7 f\nd to be v fond ( ?is mixture1 b great c>e 0 tak5 to see t ! dr9k+ vessels 7 prop]ly clean$ out & refill$ ) clean1 pure wat] twice a day4 ,?is treatm5t has met ) ! same success 9 o!r places1 & if any ( y\r read]s are tr\bl$ ) gapes & w try x1 ,i %all be pleas$ to see ! results n>rat$ 9 ! columns ( ! ,c\ntry ,g5tleman4 ,g>lic 9 ?is case is und\bt$ly ! active +r$i5t1 & z x is volatile1 :5 tak5 into ! /oma* ! brea? is *>g$ ) x1 & 9 ?is way 7= g>lic is a p[]ful v]mifuge7 ! worms are de/roy$4 ,ano!r rem$y recomm5d$ by ,m4 ,mgn9 0 ! /rong smell+ v]mifuge assafoetida1 kn[n sometimes by ! sugge/ive "n ( devil's dung4 ,x has "o ( ! mo/ disgu/+ od]s possible1 & is n v pleasant to be ne>4 ,! assafoetida 0 mix$ ) an equal "p ( p[d]$ yell[ g5tian1 & ?is 0 giv5 to ! ext5t ( ab\t #h gra9s a day 9 ! food4 ,z an assi/ance to ! treatm5t1 ) ! object ( kill+ any embryos 9 ! dr9k+ wat]1 fifte5 gra9s ( salicylate ( soda 0 mix$ ) a p9t & ?ree-qu>t]s ( wat]4 ,s successful 0 ?is1 t on ,m4 ,de ,ro?s*ild's pres]ves at ,ramb\illet1 :]e a few days be=e gapes 7 s virul5t t #a1bjj pheasants 7 f\nd dead e morn+1 x succe$$ 9 /opp+ ! epidemic 9 a few days4 ,b to complete ! matt]1 ,m4 ,mgn9 adds t x is always advisable to dis9fect ! soil ( pres]ves4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! be/ means ( de/roy+ any eggs or embryos x may conta9 is to wat] ! gr\nd ) a solution ( sulphuric acid1 9 ! proportion ( a p5nyweight to ?ree p9ts ( wat]1 & also birds t die ( ! disease %\ld be deeply buri$ 9 lime4 ,fumigation ) c>bolic acid is an und\bt$ cure1 b !n x is a dang]\s "o1 & unless v great c>e is tak5 9 kill+ ! worms1 ! bird is kill$ also4 ,?us _m f9d ?is a risky me?od1 & pref] "s o!r4 ,lime is f\nd to be a valuable rem$y4 ,9 "s di/ricts ( ,engl&1 :]e lime-kilns ab\nd1 x is a common ?+ to take *ildr5 tr\bl$ ) :oop+-c\gh !re4 ,/&+ 9 ! smoke aris+ f ! kilns1 !y are compell$ to brea! x4 ,?is dislodges ! phlegm 9 ! ?roat1 & !y are enabl$ to get rid ( x4 ,except ne> lime-kilns1 ?is _c be done to *ick5s1 b f9e slak$ lime c be us$1 ei!r alone or mix$ ) p[d]$ sulphur1 two p>ts ( ! =m] to "o ( ! latt]4 ,! air is *>g$ ) ?is f9e p[d]1 & ! birds1 brea?+ x1 c\gh1 & ?us get rid ( ! worms1 :i* are /upefi$ by ! lime1 & d n reta9 s firm a hold on ! ?roat4 ,an app>atus has rec5tly be5 introduc$ to spread ?is lime p[d]4 ,x is 9 ! =m ( an air-fan1 ) a po9t$ nozzle1 :i* is put j )9 ! coop at night1 :5 ! birds are all )94 ,! p[d] is already 9 a comp>tm5t made = x1 & by ! turn+ ( a h&le1 x is driv5 ?r\gh ! nozzle1 & ! air )9 ! coop *>g$ ) x4 ,!re is no wa/e ( p[d]1 nor any fe> t x w n be prop]ly di/ribut$4 ,exp]i5c$ pheasant & p\ltry bre$]s /ate t by ! use ( ?is once a week1 gapes are effectually prev5t$4 ,9 ?is case1 also1 ,i %all be glad to le>n ! result if tri$4 ,,/eph5 ,,beale4 ,h----1 ,eng41 ,aug4 #a4 --,c\ntry ,g5tleman4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wolp]t',s ,,me?od ,,( ,,e/imat+ ,,! ,,am\nt ,,( ,,c>bonic ,,acid ,,9 ,,! ,,air4 ,!re is a l>ge numb] ( processes & app>atus = e/imat+ ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid 9 ! air4 ,"s ( !m1 su* z ^? ( ,regnault1 ,reiset1 ! ,monts\ris obs]v]s 7,fig4 #a71 & ,br&1 are accurate analytical in/rum5ts1 & consequ5tly q delicate1 & n easily manipulat$ by hygi5i/s ( middl+ exp]i5ce4 ,o!rs are less complicat$1 & also less exact1 b /ill require q a tr\blesome manipulation--su*1 = example1 z ! process ( ,pett5k(]1 z modifi$ by ,fodor1 t ( ,hesse1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,e/imat+ ,,! ,,c>bonic ,,acid ,,( ,,! ,,air4 ,,fig4 #a4--,monts\ris ,app>atus4 ,,fig4 #b4--,smi?'s ,m9imetric ,app>atus4 ,,fig4 #c4--;,b]t9-,sans ,app>atus4 ,,fig4 #d4--;,bubbl+ ,glass4 ,,fig4 #e4--,pipette4 ,,fig4 #f4--;,arrangem5t ( ! ,u-%ap$ ,tube4 ,,fig4 #g4--,wolp]t's ,app>atus4 ,hygi5i/s h = "s ye>s /riv5 to obta9 "s v simple app>atus 7r z an indicator ?an an analytical in/rum5t7 t %\ld p]mit x to be quickly asc]ta9$ :e!r ! degree ( impurity ( a place 0 incompatible ) heal?1 & 9 :at proportion x 0 s4 ,x is f su* ef=ts t h result$ ! processes ( ,messrs4 ,smi?4 ,lunge1 ,b]t9-,sans1 & ! app>atus ( ,pr(4 ,wolp]t 7,fig4 #g74 ,x is ( ! highe/ int]e/ to asc]ta9 ! proportion ( c>bonic acid 9 ! air1 & especially 9 t ( inhabit$ places1 s9ce up to ! pres5t ?is is ! be/ means ( f9d+ out h[ mu* ! air t we are brea?+ is pollut$1 & :e!r !re is suffici5t v5tilation or n4 ,exp]im5t has1 9 fact1 demon/rat$ t c>bonic acid increases 9 ! air ( inhabit$ rooms 9 ! same way z d ^? organic matt]s :i* are difficult ( direct e/imation4 ,al?\gh a few t5-?\s&?s m ( c>bonic acid 9 our air _c ( !mselves endang] u1 yet !y h on ano!r h& a baneful significance1 &1 inde$1 ! majority ( hygi5i/s w n tol]ate m ?an six t5-million?s ( ?is elem5t 9 ! air ( dwell+s1 & "s ( !m n m ?an five t5-million?s4 ,c>bonic acid readily betrays its pres5ce ?r\gh solutions ( ! alkal9e e>?s su* z b>yta & *alk1 9 :i* its passage produces an insoluble c>bonate1 & consequ5tly makes ! liquid turbid4 ,if1 !n1 "o has prep>$ a solution ( b>yta or lime1 ( :i* a c]ta9 volume is made turbid by ! passage ( a likewise kn[n volume ( ,,co#b1 x w be easy to asc]ta9 h[ mu* ,,co#b a c]ta9 air conta9s1 f ! volume ( ! latt] t x w be necess>y to pass ?r\gh ! basic solution 9 ord] to obta9 ! am\nt ( turbidity t has be5 tak5 z a /&>d4 ,! problem consi/s 9 det]m9+ ! m9imum ( air requir$ to make ! kn[n solution turbid4 ,h5ce ! "n m9imetric e/imation1 t has be5 giv5 to ?is process4 ,pr(4 ,lescoeur has _h ! goodness to con/ruct = me a ,smi?'s m9imetric app>atus 7,fig4 #b7 ) ! +5i\s improvem5ts t h be5 made 9 x by ,mr4 ,fis*li1 assi/ant to ,pr(4 ,weil1 ( ,zuri*4 ,i h employ$ x frequ5tly1 & ,i use x e ye> 9 my lectures4 ,i f9d x v practical1 provid$ "o has got accu/om$ to us+ x4 ,x is1 at all ev5ts1 ( mu* simpl] manipulation ?an t ( ,b]t9-,sans1 al?\gh ! accuracy ( ! latt] may be great] 7,figs4 #c1 #d1 #e1 & #f74 ,b x c]ta9ly has m ?an "o defect1 & "s ( ! faults t h be5 f\nd ) x are q s]i\s4 ,! wor/ ( ^! consi/s 9 ! difficulty ( cat*+ ! exact mom5t at :i* ! turbidity ( ! basic liquid is at ! prop] po9t = arre/+ ! op]ation4 ,9 addition to ?is capital defect1 x is regrettable t x is necess>y to %ake ! flask t conta9s ! solution aft] e insufflation ( air1 & also t ! play ( ! valves soon becomes imp]fect4 ,f9ally1 ,mr4 ,wolp]t rightly sees "o s]i\s drawback to ! use ( b>yta 9 an app>atus t has to be employ$ 9 s*ools1 among *ildr51 & t is t ?is sub/ance is poison\s4 ,?is g5tleman !re=e replaces ! solution ( b>yta by wat] saturat$ ) lime1 :i* co/s almo/ no?+1 & ! prep>ation ( :i* is exce$+ly simple4 ,moreov]1 x is a h>mless ag5t4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( two p>ts4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is a glass tube clos$ at "o end1 & #ab cm4 9 l5g? by #ab mm4 9 diamet]4 ,its bottom is ( porcela91 & be>s on its inn] surface ! date #ahhb 9 black *>act]s4 ,above1 & at ! level t corresponds to a volume ( ?ree cubic c5timet]s1 !re is a black l9e :i* s]ves z an inv>iable datum po9t4 ,a rubb] bulb ( tw5ty-eight cubic c5timet]s capacity is fix$ to a tube :i* rea*es its bottom1 & is flang$ at ! o!r extremity 7,fig4 #g74 ,! op]ation is z foll[s3 ,! saturat$1 b limpid1 solution ( lime is p\r$ into ! fir/ tube up to ! black m>k1 ! tube ( ! air bulb is introduc$ into ! lime wat] 9 su* a way t its orifice %all be 9 p]fect contact ) ! bottom ( ! o!r tube1 & !n1 :ile ! bulb is held betwe5 ! =e & middle f+]s ( ! upturn$ h&1 "o presses sl[ly ) ! ?umb ^u its bottom s z to expel all ! air t x conta9s4 ,?is air ent]s ! lime-wat] bubble by bubble4 ,aft] ?is ! tube is remov$ f ! wat]1 & ! bulb is all[$ to fill ) air1 & ! same maneuv] is aga9 gone ?r\gh )4 ,?is is repeat$ until ! figures #ahhb1 look$ at f above1 cease to be cle>ly visible1 & disappe> entirely aft] ! cont5ts ( ! tube h be5 vigor\sly %ak54 ,! measures are su* t ! turbidity sup]v5es at once if ! air 9 ! bulb conta9s tw5ty ?\s&?s ( ,,co#b4 ,if x becomes necess>y to inject ! cont5ts ( ! bulb into ! wat] twice1 x is cle> t ! proportion is only t5 ?\s&?s2 & if x requires t5 injections ! air conta9s t5 times less ,,co#b ?an t hav+ tw5ty ?\s&?s1 or only two p] c5t4 ,a table t accompanies ! app>atus has be5 con/ruct$ ^u ?is basis1 & does away ) ! necessity ( mak+ calculations4 ,an air t conta9$ t5 ?\s&?s ( ,,co#b1 or ev5 five1 w\ld be almo/ z delet]i\s1 9 my op9ion1 z "o ( two p] c5t4 ,x is ( no acc\nt1 !n1 to "k ! proportions int]m$iate to ^! r\nd numb]s4 ,yet x is possible1 if ! case requires x1 to obta9 an indication betwe5 two consecutive figures ( ! scale by means ( ano!r bulb ^: capacity is only half t ( ! prec$+4 ,?us1 two injections ( ! l>ge bulb1 foll[$ by "o ( ! small1 or two & a half injections1 correspond to a ri*ness ( #h ?\s&?s ( ,,co#b2 & #e to #c4f ?\s&?s4 ,?is half-bulb s]ves likewise = ano!r purpose4 ,f ! mom5t t ! l>ge bulb makes ! lime-wat] turbid ) an air conta9+ two p] c5t4 ( ,,co#b1 x is cle> t ! small "o c cause ! same turbidity only ) air twice ri*] 9 ,,co#b1 i4e41 ( f\r p] c5t4 ,?is app>atus1 al?\gh x makes no pret5sions to extreme accuracy1 is capable ( giv+ valuable in=mation4 ,! table t accompanies x is arrang$ = a temp]ature ( #ag & a pressure ( #gdj mm4 ,b diff]5t meteorological conditions d n mat]ially alt] ! results4 ,?us1 ) #aj less x w\ld require ?irty-"o injections in/ead ( ?irty1 & ,,co#b w\ld be #j4fd p] #a1jjj in/ead ( #j4ff2 & ) #aj m1 ?irty injections in/ead ( ?irty "o4 ,! app>atus is conta9$ 9 a box t likewise holds a bottle ( lime-wat] suffici5t = a doz5 analyses1 ! table ( proportions ( ,,co#b1 & ! app>atus = clean+ ! tubes4 ,! entire affair is small en\gh to be c>ri$ 9 ! pocket4--,j4 ,arn\ld1 9 ,sci5ce et ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nature4 ,,! ,,voyage ,,( ,,! ,,vettor ,,pisani4 ,kn[+ h[ mu* ,nature is read by all ! naturali/s ( ! _w1 ,i s5d ^! few l9es1 :i* ,i hope w be ( "s int]e/4 ,! ,italian ,r4,n4 corvette ,vettor ,pisani left ,italy 9 ,april1 #ahhb1 = a voyage r\nd ! _w ) ! ord9>y commission ( a man-(-w>4 ,! ,m9i/] ( ,m>9e1 wi%+ to obta9 sci5tific results1 gave ord]s to =m1 :5 possible1 a m>9e zoological collection1 & to c>ry on survey+1 deep-sea s\nd+s1 & abyssal !rmometrical measurem5ts4 ,! (fic]s ( ! %ip receiv$ _! diff]5t sci5tific *>ges1 & ,pr(4 ,dohrn1 director ( ! ,zoological ,/ation at ,naples1 gave to ! writ] necess>y in/ructions = collect+ & pres]v+ sea animals4 ,at ! end ( #ahhb ! ,vettor ,pisani visit$ ! ,/raits ( ,magellan1 ! ,patagonian ,*annels1 & ,*onos & ,*iloe isl&s2 we survey$ ! ,d>w9 ,*annel1 & foll[+ ,dr4 ,cun+ham's "w 7:o visit$ ^! places on bo>d ,h4,m4,s4 ,nassau71 we made a num]\s collection ( sea animals by dr$g+ & fi%+ along ! coa/s4 ,:ile fi%+ = a big %>k 9 ! ,gulf ( ,panama dur+ ! /ay ( our %ip 9 ,taboga ,isl&1 "o day 9 ,febru>y1 ) a dead clam1 we saw sev]al great %>ks "s miles f our an*orage4 ,9 a %ort "t sev]al boats ) natives w5t to sea1 accompani$ by two ( ! ,vettor ,pisani's boats4 ,hav+ w\nd$ "o ( ^! animals 9 ! lat]al "p ( ! belly1 we held him ) l9es fix$ to ! spe>s2 he !n began to describe a v n>r[ curve1 & irritat$ by ! cries ( ! p t 7 9 ! boats1 ran (f ) a mod]ate velocity4 ,to ! fir/ boat1 :i* held ! l9es j m5tion$1 ! o!r boats 7 fa/5$1 & x 0 a r /range emotion to feel ourselves t[$ by ! mon/] = m ?an ?ree h\rs ) a velocity t prov$ to be two miles p] h\r4 ,"o ( ! boats 0 fill$ ) wat]4 ,at la/ ! animal 0 tir$ by ! great loss ( blood1 & ! boats assembl$ to haul 9 ! l9es & t[ ! %>k on %ore4 ,) mu* difficulty ! n9e boats t[$ ! animal alongside ! ,vettor ,pisani to h him hoi/$ on bo>d1 b x 0 impossible on acc\nt ( 8 colossal dim5sions4 ,b z x 0 high wat] we w5t t[>d a s& bea* ) ! animal1 & we _h him safely /r&$ at night4 ,) mu* c>e 7 inspect$ ! m\?1 ! no/rils1 ! e>s1 & all ! body1 b no p>asite 0 f\nd4 ,! eyes 7 tak5 out & prep>$ = hi/ological /udy4 ,! set ( tee? 0 all cov]$ by a membrane t surr\nd$ int]nally ! lips2 ! tee? are v little1 & almo/ 9 a rudim5tal /ate4 ,! m\?1 in/ead ( op5+ 9 ! inf]ior "p ( ! head1 z 9 common %>ks1 0 at ! extremity ( ! head2 ! jaws hav+ ! same b5d4 ,cutt+ ! animal on "o side ( ! backbone we met 7#a7 a compact lay] ( :ite fat #bj c5timet]s deep2 7#b7 ! c>tilag9\s ribs cov]$ ) blood vessels2 7#c7 a /ratum ( flabby1 /r+y1 :ite muscle1 #fj c5timet]s high1 app>5tly 9 adipose deg5]acy2 7#d7 ! /oma*4 ,by ea* side ( ! backbone he _h ?ree *amf]+s1 or flut+s1 t 7 di/+ui%$ by inflect$ int]/ices4 ,! color ( ! back 0 br[n ) yell[ spots t became close & small t[>d ! head1 s z to be l m>ble spots4 ,! l5g? ( ! %>k 0 #h4ij m4 f ! m\? to ! p9na caudalis extremity1 ! greate/ circumf]5ce #f4ej m41 & #b4ej m4 ! ma9 diamet] 7! outl9e ( ! two projections is made = giv+ o!r dim5sions74 ,! natives call ! species ,t9toreva1 & ! mo/ ag$ ( ! village _h only once be=e fi%$ su* an animal1 b small]4 ,:ile ! animal 0 on bo>d we saw sev]al ,remora ab\t a foot long drop f 8 m\?2 x 0 prov$ t ^! fi% liv$ fix$ to ! palate1 & "o ( !m 0 pull$ (f & kept 9 ! zoological collection ( ! %ip4 ,! ,vettor ,pisani has up ! pres5t visit$ ,gibralt>1 ,cape ,v]de ,isl&s1 ,p]nambuco1 ,rio ,janeiro1 ,monte ,video1 ,valp>aiso1 _m ports ( ,p]u1 ,guayaquil1 ,panama1 ,galapagos ,isl&s1 & all ! collections 7 up to ?is s5t to ! ,zoological ,/ation at ,naples to be /udi$ by ! naturali/s4 ,by ?is "t ! %ip left ,callao = ,honolulu1 ,manila1 ,hong ,kong1 &1 z ! ,*all5g] _h n cross$ ! ,pacific ,ocean 9 ^! directions1 we made sev]al s\nd+s & deep-sea !rmometrical measurem5ts f ,callao to ,honolulu4 ,s\nd+s are made ) a /eel wire 7,?ompson sy/em7 & a s\nd+-rod inv5t$ by ,j4 ,palumbo1 capta9 ( ! %ip4 ,! !rmomet] employ$ is a ,negretti & ,zambra deep-sea !rmomet]1 improv$ by ,capta9 ,maguaghi 7director ( ! ,italian ,r4,n4 ,hydrographic ,(fice74 ,) ! !rmomet] wire has always be5 s5t d[n a t[-net :i* op5s & closes automatically1 also inv5t$ by ,capta9 ,palumbo4 ,?is t[-net has br\ght up "s little animals t ,i ?9k are unkn[n4 ,g4 ,,*i]*ia4 ,honolulu ,july #a4 ,! %>k captur$ by ! ,vettor ,pisani 9 ! ,gulf ( ,panama is ,rh9odon typicus1 probably ! mo/ gigantic fi% 9 exi/5ce4 ,mr4 ,sw9burne ,w>d1 =m]ly commission] ( ! ,sey*elles1 has in=m$ me t x atta9s to a l5g? ( #ej feet or m1 :i* /atem5t 0 aft]w>d confirm$ by ,pr(4 ,e4,p4 ,wright4 ,orig9ally describ$ by ,sir ,a4 ,smi? f a s+le specim5 :i* 0 kill$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ,cape ,t[n1 ?is species prov$ to be ( n uncommon occurr5ce 9 ! ,sey*elles ,ar*ipelago1 :]e x is kn[n by ! "n ( ,*agr94 ,q rec5tly ,mr4 ,haly report$ ! capture ( a specim5 on ! coa/ ( ,ceylon4 ,l o!r l>ge %>ks 7,c>*>odon rondeletii1 ,sela*e maxima1 etc471 ,rh9odon has a wide geographical range1 & ! fact ( its occurr5ce on ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,am]ica1 previ\sly indicat$ by two s\rces1 appe>s n[ to be fully e/abli%$4 ,t4 ,gill 9 #ahfe describ$ a l>ge %>k kn[n 9 ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia by ! "n ( ,tiburon ball5as or :ale-%>k1 z a di/9ct g5us--,micri/odus punctatus--:i*1 9 my op9ion1 is ! same fi%4 ,& f9ally1 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,nation exam9$ 9 #ahgh a specim5 captur$ at ,callao4 ,( ?is specim5 we possess 9 ! ,briti% ,museum a portion ( ! d5tal plate4 ,! tee? diff] 9 no respect f ^? ( a ,sey*elles ,*agr92 !y are conical1 %>ply po9t$1 recurv$1 ) ! base ( atta*m5t swoll54 ,mak+ no m ?an due all[ance = su* v>iations 9 ! descriptions by diff]5t obs]v]s z are unavoidable 9 acc\nts ( huge creatures exam9$ by "s 9 a fre%1 by o!rs 9 a pres]v$1 /ate1 we f9d ! pr9cipal *>act]i/ics id5tical 9 all ^! acc\nts1 viz43 ! =m ( ! body1 head1 & sn\t1 relative measurem5ts1 position ( m\?1 no/rils1 & eyes1 d5tition1 peculi> ridges on ! side ( ! trunk & tail1 coloration1 etc4 ,i h only to add t ?is %>k is /at$ to be ( mild disposition & q h>mless4 ,inde$1 ! m9ute size ( its tee? has l$ to ! belief 9 ! ,sey*elles t x is a h]bivor\s fi%1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n probable4 ,,alb]t ,,gun!r4 ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 ,july #cj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,greely ,,arctic ,,exp$ition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,greely ,,arctic ,,exp$ition4--,,! ,,f>!/ ,,po9t ,,nor?4 ,"s acc\nt has be5 giv5 ( ! ,am]ican ,meteorological ,exp$ition1 comm&$ by ,lieut5ant1 n[ ,major1 ,greely1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 9 ! f>!/ nor? *annels1 beyond ,smi? ,s\nd1 t "p ( ! ,arctic regions :]e ! ,briti% ,pol> exp$ition1 9 ,may1 #ahgf1 p5etrat$ to )9 f\r hundr$ geographical miles ( ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,! ,am]ican exp$ition1 9 #ahhc1 succe$$ 9 gett+ f\r miles beyond1 ?is be+ effect$ by a sl$ge p>ty travel+ ov] ! sn[ f ,=t ,cong]1 ! "n !y _h giv5 to _! huts erect$ on ! we/]n %ore ne> ,discov]y ,cove1 9 ,lady ,frankl9 ,s\nd4 ,! f>!/ po9t rea*$1 on ,may #ah1 0 9 latitude #hc deg4 #bd m94 ,n42 longitude #dj deg4 #df m94 ,w41 on ! ,gre5l& coa/4 ,! sl$ge p>ty 0 comm&$ by ,lieut5ant ,lockwood1 & ! foll[+ p>ticul>s are suppli$ by ,s]geant ,bra9]d1 :o accompani$ ,lieut5ant ,lockwood on ! exp$ition4 ,dur+ _! soj\rn 9 ! ,arctic regions ! m5 7 all[$ to gr[ ! full be>d1 except "u ! m\?1 :]e x 0 clipp$ %ort4 ,!y wore knitt$ mitt5s1 & ov] ^! heavy seal-sk9 mitt5s 7 drawn1 connect$ by a tann$ seal-sk9 /r+ t pass$ ov] ! neck1 to hold !m :5 ! h&s 7 slipp$ out4 ,l>ge tann$ lea!r pockets 7 fa/5$ outside ! jackets1 & 9 v sev]e wea!r j]seys 7 sometimes worn ov] ! jackets = great] protection aga9/ ! int5se cold4 ,on ! sl$ge j\rneys ! dogs 7 h>ness$ 9 a fan-%ap$ gr\p to ! traces1 & 7 nev] run t&em4 ,9 travel+1 ! m5 7 accu/om$ to hold on to ! back ( ! sl$ge1 nev] go+ 9 front ( ! team1 & (t5 took (f _! heavy ov]coats & ?rew !m on ! load4 ,:5 tak+ obs]vations ) ! sextant1 ,lieut5ant ,lockwood g5]ally recl9$ on ! sn[1 :ile ,s]geant ,bra9]d call$ "t & made notes1 z %[n 9 our illu/ration4 ,:5 fur!r progress nor?w>d 0 b>r$ by op5 wat]1 & ! p>ty almo/ miracul\sly escap$ drift+ into ! ,pol> sea1 ,lieut5ant ,lockwood erect$1 at ! highe/ po9t ( latitude rea*$ by civiliz$ man1 a pyramidal-%ap$ ca*e ( /ones1 six feet squ>e at ! base1 & eight or n9e feet high4 ,9 a little *amb] ab\t a foot squ>e half-way to ! apex1 & ext5d+ to ! c5t] ( ! pile1 he plac$ a self-record+ _s !rmomet]1 a small t9 cyl9d] conta9+ records ( ! exp$ition1 & !n seal$ up ! ap]ture ) a closely fitt+ /one4 ,! ca*e 0 surm\nt$ ) a small ,am]ican flag made by ,mrs4 ,greely1 b !re 7 only ?irte5 />s1 ! numb] ( ! old revolution>y flag4 ,f ! summit ( ,lockwood ,isl&1 ! sc5e pres5t$ 9 our illu/ration1 #b1jjj feet above ! sea1 ,lieut5ant ,lockwood 0 unable to make out any l& to ! nor? or ! nor?we/4 ,! awful panorama ( ! ,arctic :i* _! elevation spread out be=e !m made a pr(\nd impression ^u ! explor]s4 ,! exultation :i* 0 natural to ! a*ievem5t :i* !y f\nd !y _h accompli%$ 0 temp]$ by ! reflections inspir$ by ! sublime desolation ( t /]n & sil5t coa/ & ! m5ace ( its unbrok5 solitude4 ,beyond to ! ea/w>d 0 ! int]m9able defiance ( ! unexplor$ coa/--black1 cold1 & repell5t4 ,bel[ !m lay ! ,arctic ,ocean1 buri$ b5ea? froz5 *aos4 ,no words c describe ! confusion ( ?is sea ( ice--! hopeless asp]ity ( x1 ! we>9ess ( its torn & tortur$ surface4 ,only at ! remote horizon did di/ance & ! fall5 sn[ mitigate its r\ghness & s(t5 its outl9es2 & beyond x1 9 ! yet unatta9able recesses ( ! great circle1 !y look$ t[>d ! ,pole itself4 ,x 0 a wond]ful sight1 nev] to be =gott51 & 9 "s degree a realization ( ! picture t a/ronom]s conjure to !mselves :5 ! moon is ne>ly full1 & !y look d[n into ! great pla9 :i* is call$ ! ,ocean ( ,/orms1 & wat* ! %ad[s ( /]ile & airless peaks foll[ a sl[ procession across its silv] surface4--,illu/rat$ ,london ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,nile ,,exp$ition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:al] ,,gig ,,= ,,! ,,nile4 ,z soon z ! au?orities _h f9ally made up _! m9ds to s5d a flotilla ( boats to ,cairo = ! relief ( ,kh>t\m1 n a mom5t 0 lo/ 9 issu+ ord]s to ! diff]5t %ipbuild+ contractors = ! completion1 ) ! utmo/ dispat*1 ( ! #djj :al]-gigs = s]vice on ! ,nile4 ,!y are light-look+ boats1 built ( :ite p9e1 & weigh ea* ab\t #ibj lb41 t is )\t ! ge>1 & are suppos$ to c>ry f\r tons ( provisions1 ammunition1 & camp appliances1 ! food be+ suffici5t = #ajj days4 ,! crew w numb] twelve m51 soldi]s & sailors1 ! =m] r[+1 :ile ! latt] 7two7 w att5d ! helm4 ,ea* boat w be fitt$ ) two lug sails1 :i* c be work$ reef$1 s z to p]mit an awn+ to be fitt$ und]nea? = protection to ! m5 f ! sun4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! w9d bl[s = two or ?ree mon?s alt]nately up & d[n ! ,nile1 & ! au?orities expect ! flotilla w h ! advantage ( a fair w9d a/]n = f\r or five days at ! lea/4 ,on approa*+ ! ,cat>acts1 ! boats w be transport$ on wood5 roll]s ov] ! s& to ! next level = relaun*+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,prop] ,,"t ,,= ,,cutt+ ,,timb]4 ,to ! ,editor ( ! ,oregonian3 ,believ+ t any ideas relat+ to ?is matt] w be ( "s int]e/ to y\r read]s 9 ?is heavily-timb]$ region1 ,i !re=e propose giv+ y my op9ion & conclusions arriv$ at aft] hav+ exp]im5t$ ^u ! cutt+ & use ( timb] = v>i\s purposes = a numb] ( ye>s "h ^u ! ,pacific coa/4 ,?is1 we are all well aw>e1 is a v important "q1 & "o v difficult to answ]1 s9ce x requires obs]vation & exp]im5t ?r\gh a c\rse ( _m ye>s to arrive at any def9ite conclusion2 & x is a "q too ^u :i* ev5 at ! pres5t day !re exi/s a great diff]5ce ( op9ion among m5 :o1 be+ engag$ 9 ! lumb] bus9ess1 are !reby ! bett] qualifi$ to =m an op9ion4 ,_m articles h be5 publi%$ 9 ! v>i\s pap]s ( ! c\ntry ^u ?is "q = ! pa/ ?irty ye>s1 b 9 all cases an op9ion only has be5 giv51 :i*1 at ! pres5t day1 su* is ! advance & high] developm5t ( ! intellectual faculties ( man1 t a m]e op9ion ^u any "q )\t suffici5t & sub/antial reasons to back x is ( little value4 ,my object 9 writ+ ?is is n simply to give an op9ion1 b h[ & ! me?ods us$ by :i* ,i adopt$ su* conclusions1 z well also z ! reasons :y timb] is m durable & bett] :5 cut at a c]ta9 season ( ! ye> ?an :5 cut at any o!r4 ,9 ! c\rse ( my inve/igations ( ?is "q = ! pa/ ?irty ye>s1 ,i h ask$ ! op9ion ( a great _m p]sons :o h be5 engag$ 9 ! lumb] bus9ess 9 v>i\s ,/ates ( ! ,union1 f ,ma9e to ,wiscons91 & !y all agree ^u "o po9t1 viz41 t ! w9t] "t is ! prop] "t = cutt+ timb]1 al?\gh none has ev] be5 able to give a reason :y1 only ! fact t su* 0 ! case1 & !re=e draw+ ! inf]5ce t x 0 ! prop] "t :5 timb] %\ld be cut2 & s x is1 = "o reason only1 h[ev]1 & t is ! conv5i5ce = h&l+ or mov+ timb] ^u ! sn[ & ice4 ,x 0 :ile engag$ 9 ! bus9ess ( m9+ 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,cali=nia 9 e>ly days1 & hav+ occasion to "w (t5 among timb]1 9 remov+ /umps1 etc41 x 0 :ile s engag$ t ,i notic$ "o peculi> fact1 :i* 0 ?is--t ! /umps ( "s trees :i* _h be5 cut b two or ?ree ye>s _h decay$1 :ile o!rs ( ! same size & v>iety ( p9e :i* _h be5 cut ! same ye> 7 z s\nd & firm z :5 fir/ cut4 ,?is seem$ /range to me1 & ,i f\nd ^u inquiry ( old lumb]m5 :o _h work$ among timb] all _! lives1 t x 0 /range to !m also1 & !y c\ld (f] no explanation2 & x 0 ! inve/igation ( ?is s+ul> fact t l$ me to exp]im5t fur!r ^u ! problem ( cutt+ timb]4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until _m ye>s aft]1 & :5 engag$ 9 cle>+ l& = f>m+ purposes1 t ,i made ! discov]y :y "s /umps %\ld decay soon] ?an o!rs ( ! same size & v>iety1 ev5 :5 cut a few mon?s aft]w>d4 ,i _h occasion to cle> sev]al acres ( l& :i* 0 cov]$ ) a v d5se gr[? ( "y p9es f two to six in*es 9 diamet] 7?is "w = c]ta9 reasons is usually done 9 ! w9t]74 ,! "y trees1 n be+ suitable = fuel1 are ?r[n into piles & burn$ ^u ! gr\nd4 ,su* l&1 !re=e1 on acc\nt ( ! /umps is v difficult to pl[1 z ! /umps d n decay = ?ree or f\r ye>s1 :ile mo/ ( ! l>g] ones rema9 s\nd ev5 long]4 ,b1 = ! purpose ( exp]im5t+1 ,i clean$ a few acres ( gr\nd 9 ! spr+1 cutt+ !m 9 ,may & ,june4 ,i trimm$ ! poles1 leav+ !m ^u ! gr\nd1 & :5 season$ haul$ !m to ! h\se = fuel1 & f\nd t = cook+ or heat+ purposes !y 7 almo/ equal to oak2 & x 0 my practice = _m ye>s aft]w>d to cut ^! "y p9es 9 ,may or ,june = w9t] fuel4 ,i f\nd also t ! /umps1 in/ead ( rema9+ s\nd = any l5g? ( "t1 decay$ s quickly t !y c\ld all be pl[$ up ! foll[+ spr+4 ,f :i* facts ,i draw ^! conclusions3 t if 9 ! cutt+ ( timb] ! ma9 object is to pres]ve ! /umps1 cut y\r trees 9 ! fall or w9t]2 b if ! value ( ! timb] is any consid]ation1 cut y\r trees 9 ! spr+ aft] ! sap has asc5d$ ! tree1 b be=e any gr[? has tak5 place or new wood has be5 =m$4 ,i exp]im5t$ = _m ye>s also 9 ! cutt+ ( timb] = f5c+1 f5ce po/s1 etc41 & ) ! same results4 ,^? :i* 7 cut 9 ! spr+ & set aft] be+ season$ 7 ! mo/ durable1 su* timb] be+ mu* light]1 t\gh]1 & 9 all respects bett] = all v>iety ( purposes4 ,hav+ giv5 "s little idea ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,i exp]im5t$1 & ! conclusions arriv$ at z to ! prop] "t :5 timb] %\ld be cut1 ,i n[ propose to give :at are1 9 my op9ion1 ! reasons :y timb] cut 9 e>ly summ] is mu* bett]1 be+ light]1 t\gh] & m durable ?an if cut at any o!r "t4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] to d ?is x is necess>y fir/ to expla9 ! nature & value ( ! sap & ! gr[? ( a tree4 ,we f9d x to be ! g5]al op9ion at pres5t1 z x p]haps has always be5 among lumb]m5 & ^? :o "w among timb]1 t ! sap ( a tree is an evil :i* mu/ be avoid$ if possible1 = x is ?is :i* causes decay & de/roys ! life & good qualities ( all wood :5 all[$ to rema9 9 x = an unusual l5g? ( "t1 b t ?is is a mi/ak5 idea ,i w endeavor to %[1 n t ! decay is due to ! sap1 b to ! "t :5 ! tree 0 fell$4 ,we f9d by exp]im5t 9 evaporat+ a quantity ( sap ( ! p9e1 t x is wat] hold+ 9 solution a sub/ance ( a gummy nature1 be+ compos$ ( album5 & o!r elem5t>y matt]s1 :i* is deposit$ )9 ! pores ( ! wood f ! new gr[? ( ! tree2 t ^! sub/ances 9 solution1 :i* con/itute ! sap1 & :i* promote ! gr[? ( ! tree1 %\ld h a t5d5cy to cause decay ( ! wood is an impossibility4 ,! injury results f ! wat] only1 & ! improp] "t ( fell+ ! tree4 ,( ! process 9 :i* ! sap promotes ! gr[? ( ! tree1 ! sci5ti/ in=ms u t x is extract$ f ! soil1 & fl[s up ?r\gh ! pores ( ! wood ( ! tree1 :]e x is deposit$ ^u ! fib]1 & by a peculi> process ( nature ! album5 =ms new cells1 :i* 9 process ( =mation cr[d & pu% out f ! c5t]1 ?us con/itut+ ! gr[? ( ! tree 9 all directions f c5t] to circumf]5ce4 ,consequ5tly ?is new gr[? ( wood1 be+ compos$ pr9cipally ( album51 is ( a s(t1 spongy nature1 & "u ! prop] conditions w decay v rapidly1 :i* c be easily demon/rat$ by exp]im5t4 ,h5ce1 we mu/ inf] t ! prop] "t = fell+ ! tree is :5 ! conditions are su* t ! rapid decay ( a new gr[? ( wood is impossible2 & ?is ,i h f\nd by exp]im5t to be 9 e>ly summ]1 aft] ! sap has asc5d$ ! tree1 b be=e any new gr[? ( wood has be5 =m$4 ,! new gr[? ( ! previ\s season is n[ well matur$1 has become h>d & firm1 & w n decay4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! tree be+ cut :5 su* new gr[? has n well matur$1 decay soon takes place1 & ! value ( ! timb] is de/roy$4 ,! effect ( ?is cutt+ & use ( timb] "u ! wrong conditions c be se5 all ar\nd u4 ,9 ! timb]s ( ! bridges1 9 ! tre/lework & ties ( railroads & 9 ! pil+ ( ! :>ves w be f\nd portions %[+ rapid decay1 :ile o!r portions are yet firm & 9 s\nd condition4 ,mu* m might be said 9 ! explanation ( ?is subject1 b n wi%+ to ext5d ! subject to an improp] l5g?1 ,i w close4 ,i w\ld1 h[ev]1 say 9 conclusion t p]sons :o h ! opportunities & ! incl9ation c v]ify ! tru? ( a portion1 at lea/1 ( :at ,i h /at$1 9 a simple mann] & 9 a %ort "t2 = in/ance1 by cutt+ two or ?ree "y fir or spruce sapl+s1 say ab\t six in*es 9 diamet]1 m>k !m :5 cut1 & also m>k ! /umps by driv+ pegs m>k$ to correspond ) ! trees4 ,cont9ue ?is mon?ly = ! space ( ab\t "o ye>1 & note ! diff]5ce 9 ! wood1 :i* %\ld be left out & expos$ to ! wea!r until season$4 ,c4,w4 ,,hask9s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rais+ ,,f]ns ,,f ,,spores4 ,illu/ration3 #a1 ,,pan2 #b1 ,,bell ,,glass2 #c1 ,,small ,,pots ,,& ,,labels4 ,?is plan1 ( :i* ,i give a sket*1 has be5 9 use by myself = _m ye>s1 & mo/ successfully4 ,i h at v>i\s times giv5 x to gr[]s1 b /ill ,i he> ( difficulties4 ,procure a good siz$ bell-glass & an e>!nw>e pan )\t any holes = dra9age4 ,prep>e a numb] ( small pots1 all fill$ = s[+1 place !m inside ! pan1 & fit ! glass ov] !m1 s t x takes all 9 easily4 ,take ^! fill$ small pots out ( ! pan1 place !m on ! gr\nd1 & well wat] !m ) boil+ wat] to de/roy all animal & vegetable life1 & all[ !m to get p]fectly cold2 use a f9e rose4 ,!n tak+ ea* small pot sep>ately1 s[ ! spores on ! surface & label !m2 d ?is ) ! :ole numb]1 & !n place !m 9 ! pan "u ! bell-glass4 ,?is _h bett] be done 9 a room1 s t no?+ =eign c gr[ inside4 ,hav+ arrang$ ! pots & plac$ ! glass ov] !m1 & :i* %\ld fit d[n ^u ! pan ) ease1 take a clean sponge1 & te>+ x up pack ! pieces r\nd ! outside ( ! glass1 & t\*+ ! inn] side ( ! pan all r\nd4 ,wat] ?is ) cold wat]1 s t ! sponge is saturat$4 ,d ?is :5ev] requir$1 & always use wat] t has be5 boil$4 ,at ! end ( six weeks or s ! pro?allus w p]haps appe>1 c]ta9ly 9 a week or two m2 p]haps f un=ese5 circum/ances n = ?ree mon?s4 ,sl[ly ^! w beg9 to %[ !mselves z "y f]ns1 & mo/ int]e/+ x is to wat* ! results4 ,z ! f]ns are gradually increas+ 9 size pass a small piece ( slate "u ! edge ( ! bell-glass to admit air1 & d ?is by v c>eful degrees1 all[+ m & m air to rea* !m4 ,nev] wat] ov]head until ! se$l+s are acclimat$ & h p]fect =m z f]ns1 & ev5 !n wat] at ! edges ( ! pots4 ,9 due "t c>efully prick out1 & ! task s int]e/+ to wat* is p]=m$4--,! ,g>d54 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,life ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,vau*]ia4 ,footnote3 ,read be=e ! ,san ,francisco ,microscopical ,society1 ,augu/ #ac1 & furni%$ = publication 9 ! ,press4 ,by ,a4,h4 ,,breck5feld4 ,ne>ly a c5tury ago1 ,vau*]1 ! celebrat$ ,g5evan botani/1 describ$ a fre% wat] filam5t\s alga :i* he nam$ ,ectosp]ma gem9ata1 ) a correctness t appe>s truly rem>kable :5 ! imp]fect means ( obs]vation at 8 comm& are tak5 into consid]ation4 ,8 pupil1 ,de ,c&olle1 :o aft]w>d became s em95t a work] 9 ! same field1 :5 prep>+ 8 ,flora ( ,france1 9 #ahje1 propos$ ! "n ( ,vau*]ia = ! g5us1 9 commemoration ( ! m]itori\s "w ( its fir/ inve/igator4 ,on ,m>* #ab1 #ahbf1 ,ung] made ! fir/ record$ obs]vation ( ! =mation & lib]ation ( ! t]m9al or non-sexual spores ( ?is plant4 ,hassall1 ! able ,engli% botani/1 made x ! subject ( ext5d$ /udy :ile prep>+ 8 f9e "w entitl$ ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,briti% ,fre% ,wat] ,alg1 publi%$ 9 #ahde4 ,he has giv5 u a v graphic description ( ! ph5om5on fir/ obs]v$ by ,ung]4 ,9 #ahef ,pr+%eim describ$ ! true sexual propagation by oospores1 ) su* m9ut5ess & accuracy t our k ( ! plant c sc>cely be said to h ess5tially increas$ s9ce t "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,alga1 ,,vau*]ia1 ,,"u ,,! ,,microscope4 ,vau*]ia has two or ?ree r d\btful m>9e species assign$ to x by ,h>vey1 b ! fre% wat] =ms are by f> ! m num]\s1 & x is to "s ( ^! ,i w\ld call y\r att5tion = a few mom5ts ?is ev5+4 ,! plant gr[s 9 d5sely int]wov5 tufts1 ^! be+ ( a vivid gre5 color1 :ile ! plant is 9 ! actively vegetative condition1 *ang+ to a dull] t9t z x advances to maturity4 ,its habitat 7) ! exceptions above not$7 is 9 fre%wat]--usually 9 dit*es or sl[ly runn+ /reams4 ,i h f\nd x at pretty mu* all seasons ( ! ye>1 9 ! /ret* ( boggy gr\nd 9 ! ,presidio1 bord]+ ! road to ,=t ,po9t4 ,! filam5ts atta9 a l5g? ( sev]al in*es :5 fully develop$1 & are ( an av]age diamet] ( #a_/bej 7#j4jjd7 in*4 ,!y bran* b sp>+ly1 or n at all1 & are *>act]iz$ by consi/+ ( a s+le long tube or cell1 n divid$ by septa1 z 9 ! case ( ! great majority ( ! filam5t\s alg4 ,^! tubul> filam5ts are compos$ ( a ne>ly transp>5t cellulose wall1 includ+ an inn] lay] ?ickly /udd$ ) bright gre5 granules ( *lorophyl4 ,?is inn] lay] is ord9>ily n noticeable1 b x retracts f ! out] envelope :5 subject$ to ! action ( c]ta9 reag5ts1 or :5 imm]s$ 9 a fluid diff]+ 9 d5sity f wat]1 & x !n becomes di/9ctly visible1 z may be se5 9 ! engrav+ 7,fig4 #a74 ,! plant gr[s rapidly & is end[$ ) mu* vitality1 = x resi/s *anges ( temp]ature to a rem>kable degree4 ,vau*]ia af=ds a *oice hunt+ gr\nd to ! microscopi/1 = its tangl$ masses are ! home ( numb]less infusoria1 rotif]s1 & ! m9ut] cru/acea1 :ile ! filam5ts m advanc$ 9 age are usually ?ickly incru/$ ) diatoms4 ,"h1 too1 is a favorite haunt ( ! beautiful zoophytes1 ,hydra vividis & ,h4 vulg>is1 ^: delicate t5tacles may be se5 gracefully wav+ 9 ne>ly e ga!r+4 ,,reproduction ,,9 ,,vau*]ia4 ,aft] ! plant has atta9$ a c]ta9 /age 9 its gr[?1 if x be att5tively wat*$1 a m>k$ *ange w be obs]v$ ne> ! ends ( ! filam5ts4 ,! *lorophyl appe>s to assume a d>k] hue1 & ! granules become m d5sely cr[d$4 ,?is appe>ance increases until ! extremity ( ! tube appe>s almo/ swoll54 ,soon ! d5sely congregat$ granules at ! extreme end w be se5 to sep>ate f ! endo*rome ( ! filam5t1 a cle> space sometimes1 b n always1 m>k+ ! po9t ( division4 ,"h a septum or membrane appe>s1 ?us =m+ a cell ^: l5g? is ab\t ?ree or f\r times its wid?1 & ^: walls completely inclose ! d>k gre5 mass ( cr[d$ granules 7,fig4 #a1 b74 ,^! cont5ts are n[ gradually =m+ !mselves into ! spore or gonidium1 z ,c>p5t] calls x1 9 di/9ction f ! true sexual spores1 :i* he t]ms oospores4 ,at ! extreme end ( ! filam5t 7:i* is obtusely conical 9 %ape7 ! *lorophyl gra9s retract f ! old cellulose wall1 leav+ a v evid5t cle> space4 ,9 a less noticeable degree1 ?is is also ! case 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! cell1 &1 app>5tly1 ! granul> cont5ts h secret$ a sep>ate envelope entirely di/9ct f ! p>5t filam5t4 ,! gr& climax is n[ rapidly approa*+4 ,! cont5ts ( ! cell ne> its base are n[ s d5sely clu/]$ z to appe> ne>ly black 7,fig4 #a1 c71 :ile ! upp] half is ( a mu* light] hue & ! sep>ate granules are !re easily di/+ui%$1 &1 if v closely wat*$1 %[ an almo/ imp]ceptible motion4 ,! old cellulose wall %[s signs ( great t5sion1 its conical extremity r\nd+ out "u ! sl[ly increas+ pressure f )94 ,sudd5ly x gives way at ! apex4 ,at ! same in/ant1 ! inclos$ gonidium 7= x is n[ se5 to be fully =m$7 acquires a rot>y motion1 at fir/ sl[1 b gradually increas+ until x has ga9$ consid]able velocity4 ,its upp] portion is sl[ly twi/$ ?r\gh ! op5+ 9 ! apex ( ! p>5t wall1 ! granul> cont5ts ( ! l[] end fl[+ into ! extrud$ portion 9 a mann] rem9d+ "o ( ! fl[ ( protoplasm 9 a liv+ amoeba4 ,! old cell wall seems to (f] consid]able resi/ance to ! escape ( ! gonidium1 = ! latt]1 :i* displays rem>kable ela/icity1 is p9*$ ne>ly 9 two :ile =c+ its way ?r\gh1 assum+ an h\r glass %ape :5 ab\t half out4 ,! rapid rotation ( ! spore cont9ues dur+ ! process ( em]g+1 & aft] ab\t a m9ute x has fully fre$ itself 7,fig #a1 a74 ,x imm$iately assumes ! =m ( an ellipse or oval1 & d>ts (f ) great spe$1 revolv+ on its major axis z x does s4 ,its cont5ts are ne>ly all mass$ 9 ! po/]ior half1 ! comp>atively cle> portion inv>iably po9t+ 9 advance4 ,:5 x meets an ob/acle1 x p>tially flatt5s itself aga9/ x1 !n turns aside & sp9s (f 9 a new direction4 ,?is erratic motion is cont9u$ = usually sev5 or eight m9utes4 ,! longe/ duration ,i h yet obs]v$ 0 a little ov] n9e & "o-half m9utes4 ,hassall records a case :]e x cont9u$ = n9ete5 m9utes4 ,! "t1 h[ev]1 v>ies greatly1 z 9 "s cases ! motion ceases almo/ z soon z ! spore is lib]at$1 :ile 9 op5 wat]1 unret>d$ by ! cov] glass or o!r ob/acles1 its movem5ts h be5 se5 to cont9ue = ov] two h\rs4 ,! motile =ce is imp>t$ to ! gonidium by d5se r[s ( wav+ cilia ) :i* x is completely surr\nd$4 ,ow+ to _! rapid vibration1 x is almo/ impossible to di/+ui% !m :ile ! spore is 9 active motion1 b _! effect is v pla9ly se5 on add+ color$ pigm5t p>ticles to ! wat]4 ,by subject+ ! cilia to ! action ( iod9e1 _! motion is arre/$1 !y are /a9$ br[n1 & become v pla9ly visible4 ,aft] ! gonidium comes gradually to a re/ its cilia soon disappe>1 x becomes p]fectly globul> 9 %ape1 ! inclos$ granules di/ribute !mselves ev5ly ?r\gh\t its int]ior1 & aft] a few h\rs x g]m9ates by ?r[+ out "o1 two1 or sometimes ?ree tubul> prolongations1 :i* become precisely l ! p>5t filam5t 7,fig #b74 ,em95t ,engli% au?orities h advanc$ ! !ory t ! ciliat$ gonidium ( ,vau*]ia is 9 reality a d5sely cr[d$ aggregation ( biciliat$ zoospores1 simil> to ^? f\nd 9 _m o!r conf]void alg4 ,al?\gh ?is has by no means be5 prov$1 yet ,i _c help call+ ! att5tion ( ! memb]s ( ?is society to a fact :i* ,i ?9k /rongly be>s out ! said !ory3 ,:ile wat*+ a ga!r+ ( ,vau*]ia "o morn+ :5 ! plant 0 9 ! gonidia-=m+ condition 7:i* is usually assum$ a few h\rs aft] daybreak71 ,i obs]v$ "o filam5t1 ne> ! end ( :i* a septum _h =m$ precisely z 9 ! case ( ord9>y filam5ts ab\t to develop a spore4 ,b1 in/ead ( ! t]m9al cell be+ fill$ ) ! usual d5sely cr[d$ clu/] ( d>k gre5 granules con/itut+ ! rapidly =m+ spore1 x conta9$ hundr$s ( actively mov+1 ne>ly transp>5t zoospores1 & no?+ else4 ,n a s+le *lorophyl granule 0 to be se54 ,x is also to be not$ z a significant fact1 t ! cellulose wall 0 intact at ! apex1 in/ead ( %[+ ! op5+ ?r\gh :i* 9 ord9>y cases ! gonidium escapes4 ,x w\ld seem to be a reasonable inf]5ce1 ,i ?9k1 bas$ ^u ! !ory above /at$1 t 9 ?is case ! newly =m$ gonidium1 unable to escape f its prison by reason ( ! abnormal /r5g? ( ! cell wall1 became aft] a :ile resolv$ into its compon5t zoospores4 ,,wond]s ,,( ,,reproduction4 ,i v mu* regret t my descriptive p[]s are n equal to convey+ a suffici5t idea ( ! int5sely absorb+ int]e/ possess$ by ?is wond]ful process ( spore =mation4 ,i %all nev] =get ! bright sunny morn+ :5 = ! fir/ "t ,i witness$ ! entire process "u ! microscope1 & = ov] f\r h\rs sc>cely mov$ my eyes f ! tube4 ,to a ?\ghtful obs]v] ,i d\bt if !re is any?+ 9 ! :ole range ( microscopy to exce$ ?is ph5om5on 9 po9t ( />tl+ int]e/4 ,no wond] t its fir/ obs]v] publi%$ 8 rese>*es "u ! caption ( ,! ,plant at ! ,mom5t ( becom+ an ,animal4 ,,=mation ,,( ,,o!r ,,spores4 ,! process ( spore =mation j describ$1 x w be se51 is entirely non-sexual1 be+ simply a vegetative process1 analog\s to ! budd+ ( high] plants1 & ! fission ( "s ( ! l[] plants & animals4 ,vau*]ia has1 h[ev]1 a second & f> high] mode ( reproduction1 viz41 by means ( f]tiliz$ cells1 ! true oospores1 :i*1 ly+ dormant z re/+ spores dur+ ! w9t]1 are end[$ ) new life by ! rejuv5at+ influ5ces ( spr+4 ,_! =mation may be briefly describ$ z foll[s3 ,:5 ,vau*]ia has rea*$ ! prop] /age 9 its life cycle1 slight swell+s appe> "h & !re on ! sides ( ! filam5t4 ,ea* ( ^! sl[ly develops into a %ape resembl+ a /rongly curv$ horn4 ,?is becomes ! organ t]m$ ! an!ridium1 f its analogy 9 function to ! an!r ( fl[]+ plants4 ,:ile ?is is 9 process ( gr[?1 peculi> oval capsules or sporangia 7usually #b to #e 9 numb]7 are =m$ 9 close proximity to ! an!ridium4 ,9 "s species bo? ^! organs are sessile on ! ma9 filam5t1 9 o!rs !y appe> on a %ort p$icel 7,figs4 #c & #d74 ,! upp] "p ( ! an!ridium becomes sep>at$ f ! p>5t /em by a septum1 & its cont5ts are conv]t$ into ciliat$ motile an!rozoids4 ,! adjac5t sporangia also become cut (f by septa1 & ! inve/+ membrane1 :5 mature1 op5s3 x a beak-l prolongation1 ?us p]mitt+ ! inclos$ d5sely congregat$ gre5 granules to be p5etrat$ by ! an!rozoids :i* sw>m f ! an!ridium at ! same "t4 ,aft] be+ ?us f]tiliz$ ! cont5ts ( ! sporangium acquire a peculi> oily appe>ance1 ( a beautiful em]ald color1 an exce$+ly t\gh b transp>5t envelope is secret$1 & ?us is con/itut$ ! fully develop$ oospore1 ! beg9n] ( a new g5]ation ( ! plant4 ,aft] ! production ( ?is oospore ! p>5t filam5t gradually loses its vitality & sl[ly decays4 ,! spore be+ ?us lib]at$1 s9ks to ! bottom4 ,its brilliant hue has fad$ & *ang$ to a r$di% br[n1 b aft] a re/ ( ab\t ?ree mon?s 7accord+ to ,pr+%eim1 :o seems to be ! only "o :o has ev] foll[$ ! process ( oospore =mation entirely ?r\gh71 ! spore sudd5ly assumes its orig9al vivid hue & g]m9ates into a "y ,vau*]ia4 ,,*>m ,,( ,,microscopical ,,/udy4 ,?is concludes ! acc\nt ( my v imp]fect attempt to trace ! life hi/ory ( a l[ly plant4 ,its /udy has be5 to me a s\rce ( ev] increas+ pleasure1 & has aga9 demon/rat$ h[ our favorite in/rum5t reveals ph5om5a ( mo/ absorb+ int]e/ 9 directions :]e ! unaid$ eye f9ds b little promise4 ,9 walk+ along ! banks ( ! little /ream1 :]e1 half conceal$ by m pret5ti\s plants1 our humble ,vau*]ia gr[s1 ! av]age pass] by1 if he notices x at all1 sees b a tangl$ tuft ( d>k gre5 scum4 ,yet1 :5 ?is is exam9$ "u ! magic tube1 a cry/al cyl9d]1 closely set ) sp>kl+ em]alds1 is reveal$4 ,& al?\gh s transp>5t1 s app>5tly simple 9 /ructure t x does n seem possible = ev5 ! f9e/ details to escape our se>*1 yet almo/ z we wat* x my/ic *anges appe>4 ,we see ! bright gre5 granules1 impell$ by an unse5 =ce1 sep>ate & re>range !mselves 9 new =mations4 ,/range outgr[?s f ! p>5t filam5t appe>4 ,! /range p[] we call life1 d\bly my/]i\s :5 manife/$ 9 an organism s simple z ?is1 s op5 to our se>*1 seems to *all5ge u to discov] its secret1 &1 arm$ ) our glitt]+ l5ses & our fla%+ /&s ( exquisite workman%ip1 we se>* int5tly1 b 9 va94 ,& yet n 9 va91 = we are m ?an recomp5s$ by ! wondr\s revelations beheld & ! unalloy$ pleasures enjoy$1 ?r\gh ! /udy ( ev5 ! unpret5ti\s ,vau*]ia4 ,! amplification ( ! objects 9 ! engrav+s is ab\t #hj diamet]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,japanese ,,camphor--,,its ,,prep>ation1 ,,exp]im5ts1 ,,& ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,camphor ,,oil4 ,footnote3 ,f ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry4 ,by ,h4 ,,oi%i4 7,communicat$ by ,kakamatsa47 ,,laurus ,,camphora1 or kusunoki1 z x is call$ 9 ,japan1 gr[s ma9ly 9 ^? prov9ces 9 ! isl&s ,%ikobu & ,k9%91 :i* h ! s\!rn sea coa/4 ,x also gr[s abundantly 9 ! prov9ce ( ,ki%u4 ,! am\nt ( camphor v>ies accord+ to ! age ( ! tree4 ,t ( a hundr$ ye>s old is tol]ably ri* 9 camphor4 ,9 ord] to extract ! camphor1 su* a tree is select$2 ! trunk & l>ge /ems are cut into small pieces1 & subject$ to di/illation ) /eam4 ,an iron boil] ( #c feet 9 diamet] is plac$ ov] a small furnace1 ! boil] be+ provid$ ) an iron flange at ! top4 ,ov] ?is flange a wood5 tub is plac$1 :i* is some:at n>r[$ at ! top1 be+ #a foot #f in*es 9 ! upp]1 & #b feet #aj in*es 9 ! l[] diamet]1 & #d feet 9 height4 ,! tub has a false bottom = ! passage ( /eam f ! boil] b5ea?4 ,! upp] "p ( ! tub is connect$ ) a cond5s+ app>atus by means ( a wood5 or bamboo pipe4 ,! cond5s] is a flat rectangul> wood5 vessel1 :i* is surr\nd$ ) ano!r "o conta9+ cold wat]4 ,ov] ! fir/ is plac$ /ill ano!r tr\gh ( ! same dim5sions1 into :i* wat] is suppli$ to cool ! vessel at ! top4 ,aft] ! fir/ tr\gh has be5 fill$ ) wat]1 ! latt] fl[s into ! next by means ( a small pipe atta*$ to x4 ,9 ord] to expose a l>ge surface to ! vapors1 ! cond5s+ tr\gh is fitt$ int]nally ) a numb] ( v]tical p>titions1 :i* are op5 at alt]nate ends1 s t ! vapors may travel along ! p>titions 9 ! tr\gh f "o end to ! o!r4 ,! boil] is fill$ ) wat]1 & #abj kilogrammes ( *opp$ pieces ( wood are introduc$ into ! tub1 :i* is !n clos$ ) a cov]1 cem5t$ ) clay1 s z to make x air-tight4 ,fir+ is !n begun2 ! /eam passes into ! tub1 & ?us c>ries ! vapors ( camphor & oil into ! cond5s]1 9 :i* ! camphor solidifies1 & is mix$ ) ! oil & cond5s$ wat]4 ,aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs ! *>ge is tak5 out f ! tub1 & new pieces ( ! wood are introduc$1 & di/illation is conduct$ z be=e4 ,! wat] 9 ! boil] mu/ be suppli$ f "t to "t4 ,! exhau/$ wood is dri$ & us$ z fuel4 ,! camphor & oil accumulat$ 9 ! tr\gh are tak5 out 9 five or t5 days1 & !y are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by filtration4 ,! yield ( ! camphor & oil v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t seasons4 ,?us mu* m solid camphor is obta9$ 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]1 :ile ! rev]se is ! case ) ! oil4 ,9 summ]1 f #abj kilogrammes ( ! wood #b4d kilogrammes1 or #b p] c5t4 ( ! solid camphor are obta9$ 9 "o day1 :ile 9 w9t]1 f ! same am\nt ( ! wood1 #c kilogrammes1 or #b4e p] c5t41 ( camphor are obta9able at ! same "t4 ,! am\nt ( ! oil obta9$ 9 t5 days1 i4e41 f #aj *>ges or #a1bjj kilogrammes ( ! wood1 9 summ] is ab\t #ah lit]s1 :ile 9 w9t] x am\nts only to #e-g lit]s4 ,! price ( ! solid camphor is at pres5t ab\t #as4 #a;d4 p] kilo4 ,! oil conta9s a consid]able am\nt ( camphor 9 solution1 :i* is sep>at$ by a simple di/illation & cool+4 ,by ?is means ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ( ! camphor c be obta9$ f ! oil4 ,! au?or subject$ ! orig9al oil to fraction$ di/illation1 & exam9$ diff]5t fractions sep>ately4 ,t "p ( ! oil :i* di/ill$ betwe5 #ahj-ahe ,o4 0 analyz$ aft] repeat$ di/illations4 ,! foll[+ is ! result3 ,f\nd4 ,calculat$ z ,c#aj;,h#af,o4 ,c #gh4hg #gh4ie ,h #aj4gc #aj4eb ,o #aj4dj 7by diff]5ce7 #aj4eb ,! composition ?us ne>ly agrees ) t ( ! ord9>y camphor4 ,! fraction betwe5 #agh-ahj ,c41 aft] ?ree di/illations1 gave ! foll[+ analytical result3 ,c #hf4ie ,h #ab4bh ----- #ii4bc ,x appe>s f ?is result t ! body is a hydroc>bon4 ,! vapor d5sity 0 !n det]m9$ by ,v4 ,mey]'s app>atus1 & 0 f\nd to be #e4g 7air#a74 ,! molecul> weight ( ! comp\nd is !re=e #e4g #ad4db #b #afd4d1 :i* gives ,h 7#afd4d #ab4bh7_/ajj #bj4ah or ,c#ab;,h#bj ,c 7#afd4d #hf4ie7_/ajj #aa4ha ,h5ce x is a hydroc>bon ( ! t]p5e s]ies1 hav+ ! g5]al =mula ,cn,h7#bn-#d74 ,f ! above exp]im5ts x seems to be probable t ! camphor oil is a complicat$ mixture1 consi/+ ( hydroc>bons ( t]p5e s]ies1 oxy-hydroc>bons isom]ic ) camphor1 & o!r oxidiz$ hydroc>bons4 ,application ( ! ,camphor ,oil4 ,! di/+ui%+ prop]ty ( ! camphor oil1 t x dissolves _m res9s1 & mixes ) dry+ oils1 f9ds its application = ! prep>ation ( v>ni%4 ,! au?or has succe$$ 9 prep>+ v>i\s v>ni%es ) ! camphor oil1 mix$ ) diff]5t res9s & oils4 ,lampblack 0 also prep>$ by ! au?or1 by subject+ ! camphor oil to incomplete combu/ion4 ,9 ?is way f #ajj c4c4 ( ! oil1 ab\t #ac grammes ( soot ( a v good quality 7 obta9$4 ,soot or lampblack is a v important mat]ial 9 ,japan = mak+ inks1 pa9ts1 etc4 ,if ! manufacture ( lampblack f ! *eap camphor oil is conduct$ on a l>ge scale1 x w\ld no d\bt be pr(itable4 ,! foll[+ is ! report on ! am\nt ( ! annual production ( camphor 9 ! prov9ce ( ,tosa up to #ahhj3 ,am\nt ( ,camphor produc$4 ,total ,co/4 #ahgg4444444444 #ejd1jjj k9s4444 #fe1ebj y54 #ahgh4444444444 #eai1jjj 4444 #gb1ffj #ahgi4444444444 #bib1hij 4444 #gd1dha #ahhj4444444444 #aib1hcg 4444 #eh1cjb 7#a y5 #bs4 #i;d47 7#a k9 #a-a_/clb47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sun%9e ,,record]4 ,mc,leod's sun%9e record] consi/s ( a cam]a fix$ ) its axis p>allel to t ( ! e>?1 & ) ! l5s nor?w>d4 ,opposite to ! l5s !re is plac$ a r\nd-bottom$ flask1 silv]$ inside4 ,! sol> rays reflect$ f ?is sph]e pass ?r\gh ! l5s1 & act on ! s5sitive surface4 ,illu/ration ,! con/ruction ( ! in/rum5t is illu/rat$ by ! subjo9$ cut1 ,a be+ a cam]a support$ at an incl9ation ( #ef degrees ) ! horizon1 & ,b ! sph]ical flask silv]$ inside1 :ile at ,d is plac$ ! f]ro-prussiate pap] de/9$ to receive ! sol> impression4 ,! dott$ l9e1 ,c1 may repres5t ! direction ( ! c5tral sol> ray at "o p>ticul> "t1 & x is easy to see h[ ! sunlight reflect$ f ! flask always passes ?r\gh ! l5s4 ,z ! sun moves 7app>5tly7 9 a circle r\nd ! flask1 ! image =m$ by ! l5s moves r\nd on ! s5sitive pap]1 =m+ an arc ( a circle4 ,al?\gh x is obvi\s t any s5sitive surface might be us$ 9 ! ,mc,leod sun%9e record]1 ! inv5tor pref]s at pres5t to use ! ord9>y f]ro-prussiate pap] z employ$ by eng9e]s = copy+ trac+s1 z ?is pap] c be kept = a consid]able l5g? ( "t )\t *ange1 & ! blue image is fix$ by m]e wa%+ 9 wat]2 ano!r advantage is ! circum/ance t a scale or set ( datum l9es c be readily pr9t$ on ! pap] f an engrav$ block1 & if ! pr9t$ pap]s be made to regi/] prop]ly 9 ! cam]a1 ! records obta9$ w %[ at a glance ! "t at :i* sun%9e comm5c$ & ceas$4 ,in/ead ( specially silv]+ a flask inside1 x w be f\nd conv5i5t to make use ( "o ( ! silv]$ globes :i* are sold z ,*ri/mas tree ornam5ts4 ,! s5sitive fluid = prep>+ ! f]ro-prussiate pap] is made z foll[s3 ,"o "p by weight ( f]ricyanide ( potassium 7r$ prussiate7 is dissolv$ 9 eight p>ts ( wat]1 & "o "p ( ammonia-citrate ( iron is add$4 ,?is la/ addition mu/ be made 9 ! d>k-room4 ,a smoo?-fac$ pap] is n[ float$ on ! liquid & all[$ to dry4--,photo4 ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,break+ ,,( ,a ,,wat] ,,ma94 ,9 ,bo/on1 ,mass41 rec5tly1 at a po9t :]e two iron bridges1 ) /one abutm5ts1 are be+ built ov] ! ,bo/on & ,albany ,railroad tracks at ,brookl9e ,av5ue1 ! ma9 wat] pipe1 :i* p>tially supplies ! city ) wat]1 _h to be rais$1 & :ile 9 t position a l>ge /one :i* 0 be+ rais$ slipp$ ^u ! pipe & broke x4 ,imm$iately a /ream ( wat] fifte5 feet high spurt$ out4 ,be=e ! wat] c\ld be %ut (f x _h made a brea* ?irty feet long 9 ! ma9 l9e ( track1 s t ! entire f\r tracks1 sleep]s1 & roadb$ at t po9t 7 wa%$ completely away4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a catalogue1 conta9+ brief notices ( _m important sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is (fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,t]ms ( ,subscription1 #e a ,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #ci ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! "n & resid5ce ( ! ,pat5tee4 ,by ! imm5se circulation ?us giv51 public att5tion is direct$ to ! m]its ( ! new pat5t1 & sales or introduction (t5 easily effect$4 ,any p]son :o has made a new discov]y or inv5tion c asc]ta91 free ( *>ge1 :e!r a pat5t c probably be obta9$1 by writ+ to ,,munn ,co4 ,we also s5d free our ,h& ,book ab\t ! ,pat5t ,laws1 ,pat5ts1 ,caveats4 ,trade ,m>ks1 _! co/s1 & h[ procur$1 ) h9ts = procur+ advances on inv5tions4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,bran* ,(fice1 cor4 ,f & #g? ,/s41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4