,,the ,,economist ,by ,xenophon ,translation by ,h4 ,g4 ,dakyns ,xenophon the ,athenian was born #dca ,b4,c4 ,he was a pupil of ,socrates4 ,he marched with the ,spartans1 and was exiled from ,athens4 ,sparta gave him land and property in ,scillus1 where he lived for many years before having to move once more1 to settle in ,corinth4 ,he died in #ced ,b4,c4 ,the ,economist records ,socrates and ,critobulus in a talk about profitable estate management1 and a lengthy recollection by ,socrates of ,ischomachus' discussion of the same topic4 ,,preparer',s ,,note ,this was typed from ,dakyns' series1 ,the ,works of ,xenophon1 a four-volume set4 ,the complete list of ,xenophon's works 7though there is doubt about some of these7 is3 ,work ,number of books ,the ,anabasis #g ,the ,hellenica #g ,the ,cyropaedia #h ,the ,memorabilia #d ,the ,symposium #a ,the ,economist #a ,on ,horsemanship #a ,the ,sportsman #a ,the ,cavalry ,general #a ,the ,apology #a ,on ,revenues #a ,the ,hiero #a ,the ,agesilaus #a ,the ,polity of the ,athenians and the ,lacedaemonians #b ,text in brackets is my transliteration of ,greek text into ,english using an ,oxford ,english ,dictionary alphabet table4 ,the diacritical marks have been lost4 ,the ,economist by ,xenophon ,translation by ,h4 ,g4 ,dakyns ,,the ,,economist #a ,a ,treatise on the ,science of the ,household in the form of a ,dialogue ,,interlocutors ,socrates and ,critobulus ,at ,chapter ,,vii4 a prior discussion held between ,socrates and ,ischomachus is introduced3 ,on the life of a beautiful and good man4 ,in these chapters 7vii4-xxi47 ,socrates is represented by the author as repeating for the benefit of ,critobulus and the rest certain conversations which he had once held with the beautiful and good ,ischomachus on the essentials of economy4 ,it was a tete-a-tete discussion1 and in the original ,greek the remarks of the two speakers are denoted by such phrases as ephe o ',iskhomakhos--ephen egio--said 7he7 ,ischomachus1 said ,i4 7,socrates7 ,to save the repetition of expressions tedious in ,english1 ,i have1 whenever it seemed help to do so1 ventured to throw parts of the reported conversations into dramatic form1 inserting ,isch4 ,soc4 in the customary way to designate the speakers2 but these1 it must be borne in mind1 are merely asides to the reader1 who will not forget that ,socrates is the narrator throughout--speaking of himself as ,i1 and of ,ischomachus as he1 or by his name4--,translator's note1 addressed to the ,english reader4 ,i ,i once heard him #b discuss the topic of economy #c after the following manner4 ,addressing ,critobulus1 #d he said3 ,tell me1 ,critobulus1 is economy1 like the words medicine1 carpentry1 building1 smithying1 metal-working1 and so forth1 the name of a particular kind of knowledge or science8 #a ,by economist we now generally understand political economist1 but the use of the word as referring to domestic economy1 the subject matter of the treatise1 would seem to be legitimate4 #b ,the master4 #c ,lit4 the management of a household and estate4 ,see ,plat4 ,rep4 #djg ,b2 ,aristot4 ,eth4 ,n4 v4 #f2 ,pol4 i4 #c4 #d ,see ,mem4 ,i4 iii4 #h2 ,symp4 p4 #bib4 ,crit4 ,yes1 ,i think so4 ,soc4 ,and as1 in the case of the arts just named1 we can state the proper work or function of each1 can we 7similarly7 state the proper work and function of economy8 ,crit4 ,it must1 ,i should think1 be the business of the good economist #e at any rate to manage his own house or estate well4 #e ,or1 manager of a house or estate4 ,soc4 ,and supposing another man's house to be entrusted to him1 he would be able1 if he chose1 to manage it as skilfully as his own1 would he not8 since a man who is skilled in carpentry can work as well for another as for himself3 and this ought to be equally true of the good economist8 ,crit4 ,yes1 ,i think so1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,then there is no reason why a proficient in this art1 even if he does not happen to possess wealth of his own1 should not be paid a salary for managing a house1 just as he might be paid for building one8 ,crit4 ,none at all3 and a large salary he would be entitled to earn if1 after paying the necessary expenses of the estate entrusted to him1 he can create a surplus and improve the property4 ,soc4 ,well6 and this word house1 what are we to understand by it8 the domicile merely8 or are we to include all a man's possessions outside the actual dwelling-place8 #f #f ,lit4 is it synonymous with dwelling-place1 or is all that a man possesses outside his dwelling-place part of his house or estate8 ,crit4 ,certainly1 in my opinion at any rate1 everything which a man has got1 even though some portion of it may lie in another part of the world from that in which he lives1 #g forms part of his estate4 #g ,lit4 not even in the same state or city4 ,soc4 ,has got8 but he may have got enemies8 ,crit4 ,yes1 ,i am afraid some people have got a great many4 ,soc4 ,then shall we say that a man's enemies form part of his possessions8 ,crit4 ,a comic notion indeed6 that some one should be good enough to add to my stock of enemies1 and that in addition he should be paid for his kind services4 ,soc4 ,because1 you know1 we agreed that a man's estate was identical with his possessions8 ,crit4 ,yes1 certainly6 the good part of his possessions2 but the evil portion6 no1 ,i thank you1 that ,i do not call part of a man's possessions4 ,soc4 ,as ,i understand1 you would limit the term to what we may call a man's useful or advantageous possessions8 ,crit4 ,precisely2 if he has things that injure him1 ,i should regard these rather as a loss than as wealth4 ,soc4 ,it follows apparently that if a man purchases a horse and does not know how to handle him1 but each time he mounts he is thrown and sustains injuries1 the horse is not part of his wealth8 ,crit4 ,not1 if wealth implies weal1 certainly4 ,soc4 ,and by the same token land itself is no wealth to a man who so works it that his tillage only brings him loss8 ,crit4 ,true2 mother earth herself is not a source of wealth to us if1 instead of helping us to live1 she helps us to starve4 ,soc4 ,and by a parity of reasoning1 sheep and cattle may fail of being wealth if1 through want of knowledge how to treat them1 their owner loses by them2 to him at any rate the sheep and the cattle are not wealth8 ,crit4 ,that is the conclusion ,i draw4 ,soc4 ,it appears1 you hold to the position that wealth consists of things which benefit1 while things which injure are not wealth8 ,crit4 ,just so4 ,soc4 ,the same things1 in fact1 are wealth or not wealth1 according as a man knows or does not know the use to make of them8 ,to take an instance1 a flute may be wealth to him who is sufficiently skilled to play upon it1 but the same instrument is no better than the stones we tread under our feet to him who is not so skilled444 unless indeed he chose to sell it8 ,crit4 ,that is precisely the conclusion we should come to4 #h ,to persons ignorant of their use #i flutes are wealth as saleable1 but as possessions not for sale they are no wealth at all2 and see1 ,socrates1 how smoothly and consistently the argument proceeds1 #aj since it is admitted that things which benefit are wealth4 ,the flutes in question unsold are not wealth1 being good for nothing3 to become wealth they must be sold4 #h ,reading tout auto1 or if tout au with ,sauppe1 transl4 ,yes1 that is another position we may fairly subscribe to4 #i i4e4 without knowledge of how to use them4 #aj ,or1 our discussion marches on all-fours1 as it were4 ,yes6 7rejoined ,socrates71 presuming the owner knows how to sell them2 since1 supposing again he were to sell them for something which he does not know how to use1 #aa the mere selling will not transform them into wealth1 according to your argument4 #aa ,reading pros touto o1 or if pros touton1 os1 transl4 to a man who did not know how to use them4 ,crit4 ,you seem to say1 ,socrates1 that money itself in the pockets of a man who does not know how to use it is not wealth8 ,soc4 ,and ,i understand you to concur in the truth of our proposition so far3 wealth is that1 and that only1 whereby a man may be benefited4 ,obviously1 if a man used his money to buy himself a mistress1 to the grave detriment of his body and soul and whole estate1 how is that particular money going to benefit him now8 ,what good will he extract from it8 ,crit4 ,none whatever1 unless we are prepared to admit that hyoscyamus1 #ab as they call it1 is wealth1 a poison the property of which is to drive those who take it mad4 #ab ,a dose of henbane1 'hogs'-bean1' so called4 ,diosc4 #d4 #fi2 #f4 #ae2 ,plut4 ,demetr4 xx4 7,clough1 v4 #aad74 ,soc4 ,let money then1 ,critobulus1 if a man does not know how to use it aright--let money1 ,i say1 be banished to the remote corners of the earth rather than be reckoned as wealth4 #ac ,but now1 what shall we say of friends8 ,if a man knows how to use his friends so as to be benefited by them1 what of these8 #ac ,or1 then let it be relegated444 and there let it lie in the category of non-wealth4 ,crit4 ,they are wealth indisputably1 and in a deeper sense than cattle are1 if1 as may be supposed1 they are likely to prove of more benefit to a man than wealth of cattle4 ,soc4 ,it would seem1 according to your argument1 that the foes of a man's own household after all may be wealth to him1 if he knows how to turn them to good account8 #ad #ad ,vide supra4 ,crit4 ,that is my opinion1 at any rate4 ,soc4 ,it would seem1 it is the part of a good economist #ae to know how to deal with his own or his employer's foes so as to get profit out of them8 #ae ,a good administrator of an estate4 ,crit4 ,most emphatically so4 ,soc4 ,in fact1 you need but use your eyes to see how many private persons1 not to say crowned heads1 do owe the increase of their estates to war4 ,crit4 ,well1 ,socrates1 ,i do not think1 so far1 the argument could be improved on2 #af but now comes a puzzle4 ,what of people who have got the knowledge and the capital #ag required to enhance their fortunes1 if only they will put their shoulders to the wheel2 and yet1 if we are to believe our senses1 that is just the one thing they will not do1 and so their knowledge and accomplishments are of no profit to them8 ,surely in their case also there is but one conclusion to be drawn1 which is1 that neither their knowledge nor their possessions are wealth4 #af ,or1 ,thanks1 ,socrates4 ,thus far the statement of the case would seem to be conclusive--but what are we to make of this8 ,some people444 #ag ,lit4 the right kinds of knowledge and the right starting-points4 ,soc4 ,ah6 ,i see1 ,critobulus1 you wish to direct the discussion to the topic of slaves8 ,crit4 ,no indeed1 ,i have no such intention--quite the reverse4 ,i want to talk about persons of high degree1 of right noble family #ah some of them1 to do them justice4 ,these are the people ,i have in my mind's eye1 gifted with1 it may be1 martial or1 it may be1 civil accomplishments1 which1 however1 they refuse to exercise1 for the very reason1 as ,i take it1 that they have no masters over them4 #ah ,eupatrids4 ,soc4 ,no masters over them6 but how can that be if1 in spite of their prayers for prosperity and their desire to do what will bring them good1 they are still so sorely hindered in the exercise of their wills by those that lord it over them8 ,crit4 ,and who1 pray1 are these lords that rule them and yet remain unseen8 ,soc4 ,nay1 not unseen2 on the contrary1 they are very visible4 ,and what is more1 they are the basest of the base1 as you can hardly fail to note1 if at least you believe idleness and effeminacy and reckless negligence to be baseness4 ,then1 too1 there are other treacherous beldames giving themselves out to be innocent pleasures1 to wit1 dicings and profitless associations among men4 #ai ,these in the fulness of time appear in all their nakedness even to them that are deceived1 showing themselves that they are after all but pains tricked out and decked with pleasures4 ,these are they who have the dominion over those you speak of and quite hinder them from every good and useful work4 #ai ,or1 frivolous society4 ,crit4 ,but there are others1 ,socrates1 who are not hindered by these indolences--on the contrary1 they have the most ardent disposition to exert themselves1 and by every means to increase their revenues2 but in spite of all1 they wear out their substance and are involved in endless difficulties4 #bj #bj ,or1 become involved for want of means4 ,soc4 ,yes1 for they too are slaves1 and harsh enough are their taskmasters2 slaves are they to luxury and lechery1 intemperance and the wine-cup along with many a fond and ruinous ambition4 ,these passions so cruelly belord it over the poor soul whom they have got under their thrall1 that so long as he is in the heyday of health and strong to labour1 they compel him to fetch and carry and lay at their feet the fruit of his toils1 and to spend it on their own heart's lusts2 but as soon as he is seen to be incapable of further labour through old age1 they leave him to his gray hairs and misery1 and turn to seize on other victims4 #ba ,ah6 ,critobulus1 against these must we wage ceaseless war1 for very freedom's sake1 no less than if they were armed warriors endeavouring to make us their slaves4 ,nay1 foemen in war1 it must be granted1 especially when of fair and noble type1 have many times ere now proved benefactors to those they have enslaved4 ,by dint of chastening1 they have forced the vanquished to become better men and to lead more tranquil lives in future4 #bb ,but these despotic queens never cease to plague and torment their victims in body and soul and substance until their sway is ended4 #ba ,to use others as their slaves4 #bb ,lit4 ,enemies for the matter of that1 when1 being beautiful and good1 they chance to have enslaved some other1 have ere now in many an instance chastened and compelled the vanquished to be better and to live more easily for the rest of time4 ,,ii ,the conversation was resumed by ,critobulus1 and on this wise4 ,he said3 ,i think ,i take your meaning fully1 ,socrates1 about these matters2 and for myself1 examining my heart1 ,i am further satisfied1 ,i have sufficient continence and self-command in those respects4 ,so that if you will only advise me on what ,i am to do to improve my estate1 ,i flatter myself ,i shall not be hindered by those despotic dames1 as you call them4 ,come1 do not hesitate2 only tender me what good advice you can1 and trust me ,i will follow it4 ,but perhaps1 ,socrates1 you have already passed sentence on us--we are rich enough already1 and not in need of any further wealth8 ,soc4 ,it is to myself rather1 if ,i may be included in your plural we1 that ,i should apply the remark4 ,i am not in need of any further wealth1 if you like4 ,i am rich enough already1 to be sure4 ,but you1 ,critobulus1 ,i look upon as singularly poor1 and at times1 upon my soul1 ,i feel a downright compassion for you4 ,at this view of the case1 ,critobulus fell to laughing outright1 retorting3 ,and pray1 ,socrates1 what in the name of fortune do you suppose our respective properties would fetch in the market1 yours and mine8 ,if ,i could find a good purchaser 7he answered71 ,i suppose the whole of my effects1 including the house in which ,i live1 might very fairly realise five minae #a 7say twenty guineas74 ,yours1 ,i am positively certain1 would fetch at the lowest more than a hundred times that sum4 #a #e x ,l#d3a3c4 ,see ,boeckh1 ,p4 ,e4 ,a4 ,bk4 i4 ch4 xx41 p4 #aji f4 7,eng4 ed47 ,crit4 ,and with this estimate of our respective fortunes1 can you still maintain that you have no need of further wealth1 but it is ,i who am to be pitied for my poverty8 ,soc4 ,yes1 for my property is amply sufficient to meet my wants1 whereas you1 considering the parade you are fenced about with1 and the reputation you must needs live up to1 would be barely well off1 ,i take it1 if what you have already were multiplied by three4 ,pray1 how may that be8 ,critobulus asked4 ,why1 first and foremost 7,socrates explained71 ,i see you are called upon to offer many costly sacrifices1 failing which1 ,i take it1 neither gods nor men would tolerate you2 and1 in the next place1 you are bound to welcome numerous foreigners as guests1 and to entertain them handsomely2 thirdly1 you must feast your fellow-citizens and ply them with all sorts of kindness1 or else be cut adrift from your supporters4 #b ,furthermore1 ,i perceive that even at present the state enjoins upon you various large contributions1 such as the rearing of studs1 #c the training of choruses1 the superintendence of gymnastic schools1 or consular duties1 #d as patron of resident aliens1 and so forth2 while in the event of war you will1 ,i am aware1 have further obligations laid upon you in the shape of pay #e to carry on the triearchy1 ship money1 and war taxes #f so onerous1 you will find difficulty in supporting them4 ,remissness in respect of any of these charges will be visited upon you by the good citizens of ,athens no less strictly than if they caught you stealing their own property4 ,but worse than all1 ,i see you fondling the notion that you are rich4 ,without a thought or care how to increase your revenue1 your fancy lightly turns to thoughts of love1 #g as if you had some special license to amuse yourself4444 ,that is why ,i pity and compassionate you1 fearing lest some irremediable mischief overtake you1 and you find yourself in desperate straits4 ,as for me1 if ,i ever stood in need of anything1 ,i am sure you know ,i have friends who would assist me4 ,they would make some trifling contribution--trifling to themselves1 ,i mean--and deluge my humble living with a flood of plenty4 ,but your friends1 albeit far better off than yourself1 considering your respective styles of living1 persist in looking to you for assistance4 #b ,see ,dr4 ,holden ad loc41 ,boeckh ,bk4 iii4 ch4 xxiii41 p4 #dfe f4 #c ,cf4 ,lycurg4 c4 ,leocr4 #aci4 #d ,al4 presidential duties4 #e trierarkhias misthous4 ,the commentators in general suspect misthous4 ,see ,boeckh1 ,p4 ,e4 ,a4 p4 #egi4 #f ,see ,boeckh1 p4 #dgj f42 ,revenues1 iii4 #i1 iv4 #dj4 #g ,or1 to childish matters1 frivolous affairs2 but for the full import of the phrase paidikois pragmasi see ,ages4 viii4 #b4 ,then ,critobulus3 ,i cannot gainsay what you have spoken1 ,socrates1 it is indeed high time that you were constituted my patronus1 or ,i shall become in very truth a pitiable object4 ,to which appeal ,socrates made answer3 ,why1 you yourself must surely be astonished at the part you are now playing4 ,just now1 when ,i said that ,i was rich1 you laughed at me as if ,i had no idea what riches were1 and you were not happy till you had cross-examined me and forced me to confess that ,i do not possess the hundredth part of what you have2 and now you are imploring me to be your patron1 and to stint no pains to save you from becoming absolutely and in very truth a pauper4 #h #h ,or1 literally beggared4 ,crit4 ,yes1 ,socrates1 for ,i see that you are skilled in one lucrative operation at all events--the art of creating a surplus4 ,i hope1 therefore1 that a man who can make so much out of so little will not have the slightest difficulty in creating an ample surplus out of an abundance4 ,soc4 ,but do not you recollect how just now in the discussion you would hardly let me utter a syllable #i while you laid down the law3 if a man did not know how to handle horses1 horses were not wealth to him at any rate2 nor land1 nor sheep1 nor money1 nor anything else1 if he did not know how to use them8 ,and yet these are the very sources of revenue from which incomes are derived2 and how do you expect me to know the use of any of them who never possessed a single one of them since ,i was born8 #i ,cf4 ,aristoph4 ,clouds1 #ide2 ,plut4 #ag2 ,dem4 #cec2 and ,holden ad loc4 ,crit4 ,yes1 but we agreed that1 however little a man may be blest with wealth himself1 a science of economy exists2 and that being so1 what hinders you from being its professor8 ,soc4 ,nothing1 to be sure1 #aj except what would hinder a man from knowing how to play the flute1 supposing he had never had a flute of his own and no one had supplied the defect by lending him one to practise on3 which is just my case with regard to economy1 #aa seeing ,i never myself possessed the instrument of the science which is wealth1 so as to go through the pupil stage1 nor hitherto has any one proposed to hand me over his to manage4 ,you1 in fact1 are the first person to make so generous an offer4 ,you will bear in mind1 ,i hope1 that a learner of the harp is apt to break and spoil the instrument2 it is therefore probable1 if ,i take in hand to learn the art of economy on your estate1 ,i shall ruin it outright4 #aj ,lit4 ,the very thing1 ,god help me6 which would hinder444 #aa ,lit4 the art of administering an estate4 ,critobulus retorted3 ,i see1 ,socrates1 you are doing your very best to escape an irksome task3 you would rather not1 if you can help it1 stretch out so much as your little finger to help me to bear my necessary burthens more easily4 ,soc4 ,no1 upon my word1 ,i am not trying to escape3 on the contrary1 ,i shall be ready1 as far as ,i can1 to expound the matter to you4 #ab 444 ,still it strikes me1 if you had come to me for fire1 and ,i had none in my house1 you would not blame me for sending you where you might get it2 or if you had asked me for water1 and ,i1 having none to give1 had led you elsewhere to the object of your search1 you would not1 ,i am sure1 have disapproved2 or did you desire to be taught music by me1 and ,i were to point out to you a far more skilful teacher than myself1 who would perhaps be grateful to you moreover for becoming his pupil1 what kind of exception could you take to my behaviour8 #ab ,or1 to play the part of exegetes1 'legal adviser1' or 'spiritual director1' to be in fact your 'guide1 philosopher1 and friend4' ,crit4 ,none1 with any show of justice1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,well1 then1 my business now is1 ,critobulus1 to point out #ac to you some others cleverer than myself about those matters which you are so anxious to be taught by me4 ,i do confess to you1 ,i have made it long my study to discover who among our fellow-citizens in this city are the greatest adepts in the various branches of knowledge4 #ad ,i had been struck with amazement1 ,i remember1 to observe on some occasion that where a set of people are engaged in identical operations1 half of them are in absolute indigence and the other half roll in wealth4 ,i bethought me1 the history of the matter was worth investigation4 ,accordingly ,i set to work investigating1 and ,i found that it all happened very naturally4 ,those who carried on their affairs in a haphazard manner ,i saw were punished by their losses2 whilst those who kept their wits upon the stretch and paid attention ,i soon perceived to be rewarded by the greater ease and profit of their undertakings4 #ae ,it is to these ,i would recommend you to betake yourself4 ,what say you8 ,learn of them3 and unless the will of ,god oppose1 #af ,i venture to say you will become as clever a man of business as one might hope to see4 #ac ,al4 to show you that there are others4 #ad ,or1 who are gifted with the highest knowledge in their respective concerns4 ,cf4 ,mem4 ,,iv4 vii4 #a4 #ae ,lit4 got on quicker1 easier1 and more profitably4 #af ,or1 short of some divine interposition4 ,,iii ,critobulus1 on hearing that1 exclaimed3 ,be sure1 ,socrates1 ,i will not let you go now until you give the proofs which1 in the presence of our friends1 you undertook just now to give me4 ,well then1 #a ,critobulus 7,socrates replied71 what if ,i begin by showing #b you two sorts of people1 the one expending large sums on money in building useless houses1 the other at far less cost erecting dwellings replete with all they need2 will you admit that ,i have laid my finger here on one of the essentials of economy8 #a ,lincke brackets as an editorial interpolation iii4 #a1 ti oun1 ephe--vi4 #aa1 poiomen4 ,see his edition ,xenophons ,dialog4 peri oikonomias in seiner ursprunglichen ,gestalt2 and for a criticism of his views1 an article by ,charles ,d4 ,morris1 ,xenophon's ,oeconomicus1 in the ,american ,journal of ,philology1 vol4 i4 p4 #afi foll4 #b ,as a demonstrator4 ,crit4 ,an essential point most certainly4 ,soc4 ,and suppose in connection with the same1 ,i next point out to you #c two other sets of persons3--,the first possessors of furniture of various kinds1 which they cannot1 however1 lay their hands on when the need arises2 indeed they hardly know if they have got all safe and sound or not3 whereby they put themselves and their domestics to much mental torture4 ,the others are perhaps less amply1 or at any rate not more amply supplied1 but they have everything ready at the instant for immediate use4 #c ,as in a mirror1 or a picture4 ,crit4 ,yes1 ,socrates1 and is not the reason simply that in the first case everything is thrown down where it chanced1 whereas those others have everything arranged1 each in its appointed place8 ,quite right 7he answered71 and the phrase implies that everything is orderly arranged1 not in the first chance place1 but in that to which it naturally belongs4 ,crit4 ,yes1 the case is to the point1 ,i think1 and does involve another economic principle4 ,soc4 ,what1 then1 if ,i exhibit to you a third contrast1 which bears on the condition of domestic slaves8 ,on the one side you shall see them fettered hard and fast1 as ,i may say1 and yet for ever breaking their chains and running away4 ,on the other side the slaves are loosed1 and free to move1 but for all that1 they choose to work1 it seems2 they are constant to their masters4 ,i think you will admit that ,i here point out another function of economy #d worth noting4 #d ,or1 economical result4 ,crit4 ,i do indeed--a feature most noteworthy4 ,soc4 ,or take1 again1 the instance of two farmers engaged in cultivating farms #e as like as possible4 ,the one had never done asserting that agriculture has been his ruin1 and is in the depth of despair2 the other has all he needs in abundance and of the best1 and how acquired8--by this same agriculture4 #e georgias4 ,see ,hartman1 ,an4 ,xen4 p4 #aic4 ,hold4 cf4 ,plat4 ,laws1 #hjf ,e4 ,isocr4 ,areop4 #cb4 ,yes 7,critobulus answered71 to be sure2 perhaps #f the former spends both toil and money not simply on what he needs1 but on things which cause an injury to house alike and owner4 #f ,or1 like enough in the one case the money and pains are spent1 etc4 ,soc4 ,that is a possible case1 no doubt1 but it is not the one that ,i refer to2 ,i mean people pretending they are farmers1 and yet they have not a penny to expend on the real needs of their business4 ,crit4 ,and pray1 what may be the reason of that1 ,socrates8 ,soc4 ,you shall come with me1 and see these people also2 and as you contemplate the scene1 ,i presume you will lay to heart the lesson4 ,crit4 ,i will1 if possibly ,i can1 ,i promise you4 ,soc4 ,yes1 and while you contemplate1 you must make trial of yourself and see if you have wit to understand4 ,at present1 ,i will bear you witness that if it is to go and see a party of players performing in a comedy1 you will get up at cock-crow1 and come trudging a long way1 and ply me volubly with reasons why ,i should accompany you to see the play4 ,but you have never once invited me to come and witness such an incident as those we were speaking of just now4 ,crit4 ,and so ,i seem to you ridiculous8 #g #g ,or1 a comic character in the performance4 ,soc4 ,not so comic as you must appear to yourself 7i4e4 with your keen sense of the ludicrous74 ,soc4 ,far more ridiculous to yourself1 ,i warrant4 ,but now let me point out to you another contrast3 between certain people whose dealing with horses has brought them to the brink of poverty1 and certain others who have found in the same pursuit the road to affluence1 #h and have a right besides to plume themselves upon their gains4 #i #h ,or1 who have not only attained to affluence by the same pursuit1 but can hold their heads high1 and may well pride themselves on their thrift4 #i ,cf4 ,hom4 ,il4 xii4 #aad1 ippoisin kai okhesphin agallomenos1 et passim2 ,hiero1 viii4 #e2 ,anab4 ,,ii4 vi4 #bf4 ,crit4 ,well1 then1 ,i may tell you1 ,i see and know both characters as well as you do2 but ,i do not find myself a whit the more included among those who gain4 ,soc4 ,because you look at them just as you might at the actors in a tragedy or comedy1 and with the same intent--your object being to delight the ear and charm the eye1 but not1 ,i take it1 to become yourself a poet4 ,and there you are right enough1 no doubt1 since you have no desire to become a playright4 ,but1 when circumstances compel you to concern yourself with horsemanship1 does it not seem to you a little foolish not to consider how you are to escape being a mere amateur in the matter1 especially as the same creatures which are good for use are profitable for sale8 ,crit4 ,so you wish me to set up as a breeder of young horses1 #aj do you1 ,socrates8 #aj ,see ,horsemanship1 ii4 #a4 ,soc4 ,not so1 no more than ,i would recommend you to purchase lads and train them up from boyhood as farm-labourers4 ,but in my opinion there is a certain happy moment of growth which must be seized1 alike in man and horse1 rich in present service and in future promise4 ,in further illustration1 ,i can show you how some men treat their wedded wives in such a way that they find in them true helpmates to the joint increase of their estate1 while others treat them in a way to bring upon themselves wholesale disaster4 #aa #aa ,reading e os pleista1 al4 e oi pleistoi to bring about disaster in most cases4 ,crit4 ,ought the husband or the wife to bear the blame of that8 ,soc4 ,if it goes ill with the sheep we blame the shepherd1 as a rule1 or if a horse shows vice we throw the blame in general upon the rider4 ,but in the case of women1 supposing the wife to have received instruction from her husband and yet she delights in wrong-doing1 #ab it may be that the wife is justly held to blame2 but supposing he has never tried to teach her the first principles of fair and noble conduct1 #ac and finds her quite an ignoramus #ad in these matters1 surely the husband will be justly held to blame4 ,but come now 7he added71 we are all friends here2 make a clean breast of it1 and tell us1 ,critobulus1 the plain unvarnished truth3 ,is there an one to whom you are more in the habit of entrusting matters of importance than to your wife8 #ab ,cf4 ,horsemanship1 vi4 #e1 of a horse to show vice4 #ac ,or1 things beautiful and of good report4 #ad ,al4 has treated her as a dunce1 devoid of this high knowledge4 ,crit4 ,there is no one4 ,soc4 ,and is there any one with whom you are less in the habit of conversing than with your wife8 ,crit4 ,not many1 ,i am forced to admit4 ,soc4 ,and when you married her she was quite young1 a mere girl--at an age when1 as far as seeing and hearing go1 she had the smallest acquaintance with the outer world8 ,crit4 ,certainly4 ,soc4 ,then would it not be more astonishing that she should have real knowledge how to speak and act than that she should go altogether astray8 ,crit4 ,but let me ask you a question1 ,socrates3 have those happy husbands1 you tell us of1 who are blessed with good wives educated them themselves8 ,soc4 ,there is nothing like investigation4 ,i will introduce you to ,aspasia1 #ae who will explain these matters to you in a far more scientific way than ,i can4 ,my belief is that a good wife1 being as she is the partner in a common estate1 must needs be her husband's counterpoise and counterpart for good2 since1 if it is through the transactions of the husband1 as a rule1 that goods of all sorts find their way into the house1 yet it is by means of the wife's economy and thrift that the greater part of the expenditure is checked1 and on the successful issue or the mishandling of the same depends the increase or impoverishment of a whole estate4 ,and so with regard to the remaining arts and sciences1 ,i think ,i can point out to you the ablest performers in each case1 if you feel you have any further need of help4 #af #ae ,aspasia4 ,see ,mem4 ,,ii4 vi4 #cf4 #af ,al4 there are successful performers in each who will be happy to illustrate any point in which you think you need1 etc4 ,,iv ,but why need you illustrate all the sciences1 ,socrates8 7,critobulus asked73 it would not be very easy to discover efficient craftsmen of all the arts1 and quite impossible to become skilled in all one's self4 ,so1 please1 confine yourself to the nobler branches of knowledge as men regard them1 such as it will best befit me to pursue with devotion2 be so good as to point me out these and their performers1 and1 above all1 contribute as far as in you lies the aid of your own personal instruction4 ,soc4 ,a good suggestion1 ,critobulus1 for the base mechanic arts1 so called1 have got a bad name2 and what is more1 are held in ill repute by civilised communities1 and not unreasonably2 seeing they are the ruin of the bodies of all concerned in them1 workers and overseers alike1 who are forced to remain in sitting postures and to hug the loom1 or else to crouch whole days confronting a furnace4 ,hand in hand with physical enervation follows apace enfeeblement of soul3 while the demand which these base mechanic arts makes on the time of those employed in them leaves them no leisure to devote to the claims of friendship and the state4 ,how can such folk be other than sorry friends and ill defenders of the fatherland8 ,so much so that in some states1 especially those reputed to be warlike1 no citizen #a is allowed to exercise any mechanical craft at all4 #a ,in the strict sense1 e4g4 the ,spartiates in ,sparta4 ,see ,pol4 ,lac4 vii42 ,newman1 op4 cit4 i4 #ii1 #ajc foll4 ,crit4 ,then which are the arts you would counsel us to engage in8 ,soc4 ,well1 we shall not be ashamed1 ,i hope1 to imitate the kings of ,persia8 #b ,that monarch1 it is said1 regards amongst the noblest and most necessary pursuits two in particular1 which are the arts of husbandry and war1 and in these two he takes the strongest interest4 #b ,it won't make us blush actually to take a leaf out of the great king's book4 ,as to the ,greek text at this point see the commentators1 and also a note by ,mr4 ,h4 ,richers in the ,classical ,review1 x4 #ajb4 ,what6 7,critobulus exclaimed72 do you1 ,socrates1 really believe that the king of ,persia pays a personal regard to husbandry1 along with all his other cares8 ,soc4 ,we have only to investigate the matter1 ,critobulus1 and ,i daresay we shall discover whether this is so or not4 ,we are agreed that he takes strong interest in military matters2 since1 however numerous the tributary nations1 there is a governor to each1 and every governor has orders from the king what number of cavalry1 archers1 slingers and targeteers #c it is his business to support1 as adequate to control the subject population1 or in case of hostile attack to defend the country4 ,apart from these the king keeps garrisons in all the citadels4 ,the actual support of these devolves upon the governor1 to whom the duty is assigned4 ,the king himself meanwhile conducts the annual inspection and review of troops1 both mercenary and other1 that have orders to be under arms4 ,these all are simultaneously assembled 7with the exception of the garrisons of citadels7 at the mustering ground1 #d so named4 ,that portion of the army within access of the royal residence the king reviews in person2 the remainder1 living in remoter districts of the empire1 he inspects by proxy1 sending certain trusty representatives4 #e ,wherever the commandants of garrisons1 the captains of thousands1 and the satraps #f are seen to have their appointed members complete1 and at the same time shall present their troops equipped with horse and arms in thorough efficiency1 these officers the king delights to honour1 and showers gifts upon them largely4 ,but as to those officers whom he finds either to have neglected their garrisons1 or to have made private gain of their position1 these he heavily chastises1 deposing them from office1 and appointing other superintendents #g in their stead4 ,such conduct1 ,i think we may say1 indisputably proves the interest which he takes in matters military4 #c ,or1 ,gerrophoroi1 wicker-shield bearers4 #d ,or1 rendezvous2 the ',champ de ,mars' for the nonce4 ,cf4 ,cyrop4 ,,vi4 ii4 #aa4 #e ,lit4 he sends some of the faithful to inspect4 ,cf4 our trusty and well-beloved4 #f ,see1 for the system1 ,herod4 iii4 #hi foll42 ,cyrop4 ,,viii4 vi4 #aa4 #g ,or1 as we say1 inspecting officers4 ,cf4 ,cyrop4 ,,viii4 i4 #i4 ,further than this1 by means of a royal progress through the country1 he has an opportunity of inspecting personally some portion of his territory1 and again of visiting the remainder in proxy as above by trusty representatives2 and wheresoever he perceives that any of his governors can present to him a district thickly populated1 and the soil in a state of active cultivation1 full of trees and fruits1 its natural products1 to such officers he adds other territory1 adorning them with gifts and distinguishing them by seats of honour4 ,but those officers whose land he sees lying idle and with but few inhabitants1 owing either to the harshness of their government1 their insolence1 or their neglect1 he punishes1 and making them to cease from their office he appoints other rulers in their place4444 ,does not this conduct indicate at least as great an anxiety to promote the active cultivation of the land by its inhabitants as to provide for its defence by military occupation8 #h #h ,lit4 by those who guard and garrison it4 ,moreover1 the governors appointed to preside over these two departments of state are not one and the same4 ,but one class governs the inhabitants proper including the workers of the soil1 and collects the tribute from them1 another is in command of the armed garrisons4 ,if the commandant #i protects the country insufficiently1 the civil governor of the population1 who is in charge also of the productive works1 lodges accusation against the commandant to the effect that the inhabitants are prevented working through deficiency of protection4 ,or if again1 in spite of peace being secured to the works of the land by the military governor1 the civil authority still presents a territory sparse in population and untilled1 it is the commandant's turn to accuse the civil ruler4 ,for you may take it as a rule1 a population tilling their territory badly will fail to support their garrisons and be quite unequal to paying their tribute4 ,where a satrap is appointed he has charge of both departments4 #aj #i ,or1 garrison commandant4 ,lit4 ,phrourarch4 #aj ,the passage reads like a gloss4 ,see about the ,satrap1 ,hell4 ,,iii4 i4 #aj2 ,cyrop4 ,,viii4 vi4 #a2 ,anab4 ,i4 ix4 #bi foll4 ,thereupon ,critobulus3 ,well1 ,socrates 7said he71 if such is his conduct1 ,i admit that the great king does pay attention to agriculture no less than to military affairs4 ,and besides all this 7proceeded ,socrates71 nowhere among the various countries which he inhabits or visits does he fail to make it his first care that there shall be orchards and gardens1 parks and paradises1 as they are called1 full of all fair and noble products which the earth brings forth2 and within these chiefly he spends his days1 when the season of the year permits4 ,crit4 ,to be sure1 ,socrates1 it is a natural and necessary conclusion that when the king himself spends so large a portion of his time there1 his paradises should be furnished to perfection with trees and all else beautiful that earth brings forth4 ,soc4 ,and some say1 ,critobulus1 that when the king gives gifts1 he summons in the first place those who have shown themselves brave warriors1 since all the ploughing in the world were but small gain in the absence of those who should protect the fields2 and next to these he summons those who have stocked their countries best and rendered them productive1 on the principle that but for the tillers of the soil the warriors themselves could scarcely live4 ,and there is a tale told of ,cyrus1 the most famous prince1 ,i need not tell you1 who ever wore a crown1 #aa how on one occasion he said to those who had been called to receive the gifts1 it were no injustice1 if he himself received the gifts due to warriors and tillers of the soil alike1 for did he not carry off the palm in stocking the country and also in protecting the goods with which it had been stocked8 #aa ,lit4 the most glorious king that ever lived4 ,the remark would seem to apply better to ,cyrus the ,great4 ,nitsche and others regard these ,,ss4 #ah1 #ai as interpolated4 ,see ,schenkl ad loc4 ,crit4 ,which clearly shows1 ,socrates1 if the tale be true1 that this same ,cyrus took as great a pride in fostering the productive energies of his country and stocking it with good things1 as in his reputation as a warrior4 ,soc4 ,why1 yes indeed1 had ,cyrus lived1 ,i have no doubt he would have proved the best of rulers1 and in support of this belief1 apart from other testimony amply furnished by his life1 witness what happened when he marched to do battle for the sovereignty of ,persia with his brother4 ,not one man1 it is said1 #ab deserted from ,cyrus to the king1 but from the king to ,cyrus tens of thousands4 ,and this also ,i deem a great testimony to a ruler's worth1 that his followers follow him of their own free will1 and when the moment of danger comes refuse to part from him4 #ac ,now this was the case with ,cyrus4 ,his friends not only fought their battles side by side with him while he lived1 but when he died they too died battling around his dead body1 one and all1 excepting only ,ariaeus1 who was absent at his post on the left wing of the army4 #ad ,but there is another tale of this same ,cyrus in connection with ,lysander1 who himself narrated it on one occasion to a friend of his in ,megara4 #ae #ab ,cf4 ,anab4 ,i4 ix4 #bi foll4 #ac ,cf4 ,hiero1 xi4 #ab1 and our author passim4 #ad ,see ,anab4 ib4 #ca4 #ae ,possibly to ,xenophon himself who may have met ,lysander on his way back after the events of the ,anabasis1 and implying this dialogue is concocted1 since ,socrates died before ,xenophon returned to ,athens1 if he did return at that period4 ,lysander1 it seems1 had gone with presents sent by the ,allies to ,cyrus1 who entertained him1 and amongst other marks of courtesy showed him his paradise at ,sardis4 #af ,lysander was astonished at the beauty of the trees within1 all planted #ag at equal intervals1 the long straight rows of waving branches1 the perfect regularity1 the rectangular #ah symmetry of the whole1 and the many sweet scents which hung about them as they paced the park4 ,in admiration he exclaimed to ,cyrus3 ,all this beauty is marvellous enough1 but what astonishes me still more is the talent of the artificer who mapped out and arranged for you the several parts of this fair scene4 #ai ,cyrus was pleased by the remark1 and said3 ,know then1 ,lysander1 it is ,i who measured and arranged it all4 ,some of the trees1 he added1 ,i planted with my own hands4 ,then ,lysander1 regarding earnestly the speaker1 when he saw the beauty of his apparel and perceived its fragrance1 the splendour #bj also of the necklaces and armlets1 and other ornaments which he wore1 exclaimed3 ,what say you1 ,cyrus8 did you with your own hands plant some of these trees8 whereat the other3 ,does that surprise you1 ,lysander8 ,i swear to you by ,mithres1 #ba when in ordinary health ,i never dream of sitting down to supper without first practising some exercise of war or husbandry in the sweat of my brow1 or venturing some strife of honour1 as suits my mood4 ,on hearing this1 said ,lysander to his friend1 ,i could not help seizing him by the hand and exclaiming1 ',cyrus1 you have indeed good right to be a happy man1 #bb since you are happy in being a good man4' #bc #af ,see ,hell4 ,i4 v4 #a4 #ag ,reading oi' isou pephuteumena1 or if ta pephuteumena1 transl4 the various plants ranged4 #ah ,cf4 ,dion4 ,hal4 de ,comp4 p4 #agj2 ,cic4 de ,senect4 ,s4 #ei4 #ai ,lit4 of these deiktikos1 i4e4 pointing to the various beauties of the scenery4 #bj ,reading to kallos4 #ba ,the ,persian ,sun-,god4 ,see ,cyrop4 ,,vii4 v4 #ec2 ,strab4 xv4 #c4 #ac4 #bb ,or1 fortunate4 #bc ,or1 you are a good man1 and thereby fortunate4 ,v ,all this ,i relate to you 7continued ,socrates7 to show you that quite high and mighty #a people find it hard to hold aloof from agriculture1 devotion to which art would seem to be thrice blest1 combining as it does a certain sense of luxury with the satisfaction of an improved estate1 and such a training of physical energies as shall fit a man to play a free man's part4 #b ,earth1 in the first place1 freely offers to those that labour all things necessary to the life of man2 and1 as if that were not enough1 makes further contribution of a thousand luxuries4 #c ,it is she who supplies with sweetest scent and fairest show all things wherewith to adorn the altars and statues of the gods1 or deck man's person4 ,it is to her we owe our many delicacies of flesh or fowl or vegetable growth2 #d since with the tillage of the soil is closely linked the art of breeding sheep and cattle1 whereby we mortals may offer sacrifices well pleasing to the gods1 and satisfy our personal needs withal4 #a ,lit4 ,not even the most blessed of mankind can abstain from4 ,see ,plat4 ,rep4 #cdd ,b1 ,the superlatively best and well-to-do4 #b ,lit4 ,devotion to it would seem to be at once a kind of luxury1 an increase of estate1 a training of the bodily parts1 so that a man is able to perform all that a free man should4 #c ,al4 and further1 to the maintenance of life she adds the sources of pleasure in life4 #d ,lit4 she bears these and rears those4 ,and albeit she1 good cateress1 pours out her blessings upon us in abundance1 yet she suffers not her gifts to be received effeminately1 but inures her pensioners to suffer glady summer's heat and winter's cold4 ,those that labour with their hands1 the actual delvers of the soil1 she trains in a wrestling school of her own1 adding strength to strength2 whilst those others whose devotion is confined to the overseeing eye and to studious thought1 she makes more manly1 rousing them with cock-crow1 and compelling them to be up and doing in many a long day's march4 #e ,since1 whether in city or afield1 with the shifting seasons each necessary labour has its hour of performance4 #f #e ,see ,hellenica ,essays1 p4 #cda4 #f ,lit4 each most necessary operation must ever be in season4 ,or to turn to another side4 ,suppose it to be a man's ambition to aid his city as a trooper mounted on a charger of his own3 why not combine the rearing of horses with other stock8 it is the farmer's chance4 #g ,or would your citizen serve on foot8 ,it is husbandry that shall give him robustness of body4 ,or if we turn to the toil-loving fascination of the chase1 #h here once more earth adds incitement1 as well as furnishing facility of sustenance for the dogs as by nurturing a foster brood of wild animals4 ,and if horses and dogs derive benefit from this art of husbandry1 they in turn requite the boon through service rendered to the farm4 ,the horse carries his best of friends1 the careful master1 betimes to the scene of labour and devotion1 and enables him to leave it late4 ,the dog keeps off the depredations of wild animals from fruits and flocks1 and creates security in the solitary place4 #g ,lit4 farming is best adapted to rearing horses along with other produce4 #h ,lit4 to labour willingly and earnestly at hunting earth helps to incite us somewhat4 ,earth1 too1 adds stimulus in war-time to earth's tillers2 she pricks them on to aid the country under arms1 and this she does by fostering her fruits in open field1 the prize of valour for the mightiest4 #i ,for this also is the art athletic1 this of husbandry2 as thereby men are fitted to run1 and hurl the spear1 and leap with the best4 #aj #i ,cf4 ,hipparch1 viii4 #h4 #aj ,cf4 ,hunting1 xii4 #a foll4 ,this1 too1 is that kindliest of arts which makes requital tenfold in kind for every work of the labourer4 #aa ,she is the sweet mistress who1 with smile of welcome and outstretched hand1 greets the approach of her devoted one1 seeming to say1 ,take from me all thy heart's desire4 ,she is the generous hostess2 she keeps open house for the stranger4 #ab ,for where else1 save in some happy rural seat of her devising1 shall a man more cheerily cherish content in winter1 with bubbling bath and blazing fire8 or where1 save afield1 in summer rest more sweetly1 lulled by babbling streams1 soft airs1 and tender shades8 #ac #aa ,lit4 ,what art makes an ampler return for their labour to those who work for her8 ,what art more sweetly welcomes him that is devoted to her8 #ab ,lit4 ,what art welcomes the stranger with greater prodigality8 #ac ,see ,hellenica ,essays1 p4 #chj2 and as still more to the point1 ,cowley's ,essays3 ,of ,agriculture1 passim4 ,her high prerogative it is to offer fitting first-fruits to high heaven1 hers to furnish forth the overflowing festal board4 #ad ,hers is a kindly presence in the household4 ,she is the good wife's favourite1 the children long for her1 she waves her hand winningly to the master's friends4 #ad ,or1 to appoint the festal board most bounteously4 ,for myself1 ,i marvel greatly if it has ever fallen to the lot of freeborn man to own a choicer possession1 or to discover an occupation more seductive1 or of wider usefulness in life than this4 ,but1 furthermore1 earth of her own will #ae gives lessons in justice and uprightness to all who can understand her meaning1 since the nobler the service of devotion rendered1 the ampler the riches of her recompense4 #af ,one day1 perchance1 these pupils of hers1 whose conversation in past times was in husbandry1 #ag shall1 by reason of the multitude of invading armies1 be ousted from their labours4 ,the work of their hands may indeed be snatched from them1 but they were brought up in stout and manly fashion4 ,they stand1 each one of them1 in body and soul equipped2 and1 save ,god himself shall hinder them1 they will march into the territory of those their human hinderers1 and take from them the wherewithal to support their lives4 ,since often enough in war it is surer and safer to quest for food with sword and buckler than with all the instruments of husbandry4 #ae ,reading thelousa1 vulg41 or if after ,cobet1 theos ousa1 transl4 by sanction of her divinity4 ,with thelousa ,holden aptly compares ,virgil's volentia rura1 ,georg4 ii4 #ejj4 #af ,that is1 her 'lex talionis4' #ag ,engaged long time in husbandry4 ,but there is yet another lesson to be learnt in the public shool of husbandry #ah--the lesson of mutual assistance4 ,shoulder to shoulder must we march to meet the invader2 #ai shoulder to shoulder stand to compass the tillage of the soil4 ,therefore it is that the husbandman1 who means to win in his avocation1 must see that he creates enthusiasm in his workpeople and a spirit of ready obedience2 which is just what a general attacking an enemy will scheme to bring about1 when he deals out gifts to the brave and castigation #bj to those who are disorderly4 #ah ,lit4 ,but again1 husbandry trains up her scholars side by side in lessons of444 #ai sun anthropois1 man with his fellow-man1 is the mot d'order 7cf4 the author's favourite sun theois72 united human effort4 #bj ,lashes1 punishment4 ,cf4 ,anab4 ,,ii4 vi4 #aj1 of ,clearchus4 ,nor will there be lacking seasons of exhortation1 the general haranguing his troops and the husbandman his labourers2 nor because they are slaves do they less than free men need the lure of hope and happy expectation1 #ba that they may willingly stand to their posts4 #ba ,the lure of happy prospects4 ,see ,horsemanship1 iii4 #a4 ,it was an excellent saying of his who named husbandry the mother and nurse of all the arts1 for while agriculture prospers all other arts like are vigorous and strong1 but where the land is forced to remain desert1 #bb the spring that feeds the other arts is dried up2 they dwindle1 ,i had almost said1 one and all1 by land and sea4 #bb ,or1 lie waste and barren as the blown sea-sand4 ,these utterances drew from ,critobulus a comment3 ,socrates 7he said71 for my part ,i agree with all you say2 only1 one must face the fact that in agriculture nine matters out of ten are beyond man's calculation4 ,since at one time hailstones and another frost1 at another drought or a deluge of rain1 or mildew1 or other pest1 will obliterate all the fair creations and designs of men2 or behold1 his fleecy flocks most fairly nurtured1 then comes murrain1 and the end most foul destruction4 #bc #bc ,see ,virg4 ,georg4 iii4 #dda foll43 ,turpis oves tentat scabies1 ubi frigidus imber4 ,to which ,socrates3 ,nay1 ,i thought1 ,critobulus1 you full surely were aware that the operations of husbandry1 no less than those of war1 lie in the hands of the gods4 ,i am sure you will have noted the behaviour of men engaged in war2 how on the verge of military operations they strive to win the acceptance of the divine powers2 #bd how eagerly they assail the ears of heaven1 and by dint of sacrifices and omens seek to discover what they should and what they should not do4 ,so likewise as regards the processes of husbandry1 think you the propitiation of heaven is less needed here8 ,be well assured 7he added7 the wise and prudent will pay service to the gods on behalf of moist fruits and dry1 #be on behalf of cattle and horses1 sheep and goats2 nay1 on behalf of all their possessions1 great and small1 without exception4 #bd ,see ,hell4 ,,iii4 i4 #af foll41 of ,dercylidas4 #be ,every kind of produce1 succulent 7like the grape and olive7 or dry 7like wheat and barley1 etc47 ,,vi ,your words 7,critobulus answered7 command my entire sympathy1 when you bid us endeavour to begin each work with heaven's help1 #a seeing that the gods hold in their hands the issues alike of peace and war4 ,so at any rate will we endeavour to act at all times2 but will you now endeavour on your side to continue the discussion of economy from the point at which you broke off1 and bring it point by point to its conclusion8 ,what you have said so far has not been thrown away on me4 ,i seem to discern already more clearly1 what sort of behaviour is necessary to anything like real living4 #b #a ,lit4 with the gods1 and for the sentiment see below1 x4 #aj2 ,cyrop4 ,,iii4 i4 #ae2 ,hipparch1 ix4 #c4 #b ,for bioteuein cf4 ,pind4 ,nem4 iv4 #aa1 and see ,holden ad loc4 ,socrates replied3 ,what say you then8 ,shall we first survey the ground already traversed1 and retrace the steps on which we were agreed1 so that1 if possible we may conduct the remaining portion of the argument to its issue with like unanimity8 #c #c ,lit4 try whether we can go through the remaining steps with like444 ,crit4 ,why1 yes6 ,if it is agreeable for two partners in a business to run through their accounts without dispute1 so now as partners in an argument it will be no less agreeable to sum up the points under discussion1 as you say1 with unanimity4 ,soc4 ,well1 then1 we agreed that economy was the proper title of a branch of knowledge1 and this branch of knowledge appeared to be that whereby men are enabled to enhance the value of their houses or estates2 and by this word house or estate we understood the whole of a man's possessions2 and possessions again we defined to include those things which the possessor should find advantageous for the purposes of his life2 and things advantageous finally were discovered to mean all that a man knows how to use and turn to good account4 ,further1 for a man to learn all branches of knowledge not only seemed to us an impossibility1 but we thought we might well follow the example of civil communities in rejecting the base mechanic arts so called1 on the ground that they destroy the bodies of the artisans1 as far as we can see1 and crush their spirits4 ,the clearest proof of this1 we said1 #d could be discovered if1 on the occasion of a hostile inroad1 one were to seat the husbandmen and the artisans apart in two divisions1 and then proceed to put this question to each group in turn3 ,do you think it better to defend our country districts or to retire from the fields #e and guard the walls8 ,and we anticipated that those concerned with the soil would vote to defend the soil2 while the artisans would vote not to fight1 but1 in docile obedience to their training1 to sit with folded hands1 neither expending toil nor venturing their lives4 #d ,this ,s4 #f has no parallel supra4 ,see ,breit4 and ,schenkl ad loc4 for attempts to cure the text4 #e ,see ,cobet1 ,n4 ,l4 #ehj1 reading uphemenous1 or if aphemenous transl4 to abandon4 ,next we held it as proved that there was no better employment for a gentleman--we described him as a man beautiful and good--than this of husbandry1 by which human beings procure to themselves the necessaries of life4 ,this same employment1 moreover1 was1 as we agreed1 at once the easiest to learn #f and the pleasantest to follow1 since it gives to the limbs beauty and hardihood1 whilst permitting #g to the soul leisure to satisfy the claims of friendship and of civic duty4 #f raste mathein4 ,vide infra1 not supra4 #g ,lit4 least allowing the soul no leisure to care for friends and state withal4 ,again it seemed to us that husbandry acts as a spur to bravery in the hearts of those that till the fields1 #h inasmuch as the necessaries of life1 vegetable and animal1 under her auspices spring up and are reared outside the fortified defences of the city4 ,for which reason also this way of life stood in the highest repute in the eyes of statesmen and commonwealths1 as furnishing the best citizens and those best disposed to the common weal4 #i #h ,cf4 ,aristot4 ,oec4 ,i4 ii4 #acdc ,b1 pros toutois k4t4l4 #i ,cf4 ,aristoph4 ,archarnians4 ,crit4 ,i think ,i am fully persuaded as to the propriety of making agriculture the basis of life4 ,i see it is altogether noblest1 best1 and pleasantest to do so4 ,but ,i should like to revert to your remark that you understood the reason why the tillage of one man brings him in an abundance of all he needs1 while the operations of another fail to make husbandry a profitable employment4 ,i would gladly hear from you an explanation of both these points1 so that ,i may adopt the right and avoid the harmful course4 #aj #aj ,lincke conceives the editor's interpolation as ending here4 ,soc4 ,well1 ,critobulus1 suppose ,i narrate to you from the beginning how ,i cam in contact with a man who of all men ,i ever met seemed to me to deserve the appellation of a gentleman4 ,he was indeed a beautiful and good man4 #aa #aa ,or1 a man 'beautiful and good1' as the phrase goes4 ,crit4 ,there is nothing ,i should better like to hear1 since of all titles this is the one ,i covet most the right to bear4 ,soc4 ,well1 then1 ,i will tell you how ,i came to subject him to my inquiry4 ,it did not take me long to go the round of various good carpenters1 good bronze-workers1 painters1 sculptors1 and so forth4 ,a brief period was sufficient for the contemplation of themselves and of their most admired works of art4 ,but when it came to examining those who bore the high-sounding title beautiful and good1 in order to find out what conduct on their part justified their adoption of this title1 ,i found my soul eager with desire for intercourse with one of them2 and first of all1 seeing that the epithet beautiful was conjoined with that of good1 every beautiful person ,i saw1 ,i must needs approach in my endeavour to discover1 #ab if haply ,i might somewhere see the quality of good adhering to the quality of beauty4 ,but1 after all1 it was otherwise ordained4 ,i soon enough seemed to discover #ac that some of those who in their outward form were beautiful were in their inmost selves the veriest knaves4 ,accordingly ,i made up my mind to let go beauty which appeals to the eye1 and address myself to one of those beautiful and good people so entitled4 ,and since ,i heard of ,ischomachus #ad as one who was so called by all the world1 both men and women1 strangers and citizens alike1 ,i set myself to make acquaintance with him4 #ab ,or1 and try to understand4 #ac ,or1 understand4 #ad ,see ,cobet1 ,pros4 ,xen4 s4n4 ,,vii ,it chanced1 one day ,i saw him seated in the portico of ,zeus ,eleutherios1 #a and as he appeared to be at leisure1 ,i went up to him and1 sitting down by his side1 accosted him3 ,how is this1 ,ischomachus8 you seated here1 you who are so little wont to be at leisure8 ,as a rule1 when ,i see you1 you are doing something1 or at any rate not sitting idle in the market-place4 #a ,the god of freedom1 or of freed men4 ,see ,plat4 ,theag4 #bei ,a4 ,the scholiast on ,aristoph4 ,plutus #aagf identifies the god with ,zeus ,soter4 ,see ,plut4 ,dem4 #hei 7,clough1 v4 #cj74 ,nor would you see me now so sitting1 ,socrates 7he answered71 but that ,i promised to meet some strangers1 friends of mine1 #b at this place4 #b ,foreign friends4 ,and when you have no such business on hand 7,i said7 where in heaven's name do you spend your time and how do you employ yourself8 ,i will not conceal from you how anxious ,i am to learn from your lips by what conduct you have earned for yourself the title beautiful and good4 #c ,it is not by spending your days indoors at home1 ,i am sure2 the whole habit of your body bears witness to a different sort of life4 #c ,the sobriquet of 'honest gentleman4' ,then ,ischomachus1 smiling at my question1 but also1 as it seemed to me1 a little pleased to be asked what he had done to earn the title beautiful and good1 made answer3 ,whether that is the title by which folk call me when they talk to you about me1 ,i cannot say2 all ,i know is1 when they challenge me to exchange properties1 #d or else to perform some service to the state instead of them1 the fitting out of a trireme1 or the training of a chorus1 nobody thinks of asking for the beautiful and good gentleman1 but it is plain ,ischomachus1 the son of ,so-and-so1 #e on whom the summons is served4 ,but to answer your question1 ,socrates 7he proceeded71 ,i certainly do not spend my days indoors1 if for no other reason1 because my wife is quite capable of managing our domestic affairs without my aid4 #d ,on the antidosis or compulsory exchange of property1 see ,boeckh1 p4 #ehj1 ,engl4 ed43 ,in case any man1 upon whom a leitourgia was imposed1 considered that another was richer than himself1 and therefore most justly chargeable with the burden1 he might challenge the other to assume the burden1 or to make with him an antidosis or exchange of property4 ,such a challenge1 if declined1 was converted into a lawsuit1 or came before a heliastic court for trial4 ,gow1 ,companion1 xviii4 ,athenian ,finance4 ,see ,dem4 ,against ,midias1 #efe1 ,kennedy1 p4 #aag1 and ,appendix ,,ii4 ,for the various liturgies1 ,trierarchy1 ,choregy1 etc41 see ,pol4 ,ath4 i4 #ac foll4 #e ,or1 the son of his father1 it being customary at ,athens to add the patronymic1 e4g4 ,xenophon son of ,gryllus1 ,thucydides son of ,olorus1 etc4 ,see ,herod4 vi4 #ad1 viii4 #ij4 ,in official acts the name of the deme was added1 eg4 ,demosthenes son of ,demosthenes of ,paiane2 or of the tribe1 at times4 ,cf4 ,thuc4 viii4 #fi2 ,plat4 ,laws1 vi4 p4 #gec ,b4 ,ah6 7said ,i71 ,ischomachus1 that is just what ,i should like particularly to learn from you4 ,did you yourself educate your wife to be all that a wife should be1 or when you received her from her father and mother was she already a proficient well skilled to discharge the duties appropriate to a wife8 ,well skilled6 7he replied74 ,what proficiency was she likely to bring with her1 when she was not quite fifteen #f at the time she wedded me1 and during the whole prior period of her life had been most carefully brought up #g to see and hear as little as possible1 and to ask #h the fewest questions8 or do you not think one should be satisfied1 if at marriage her whole experience consisted in knowing how to take the wool and make a dress1 and seeing how her mother's handmaidens had their daily spinning-tasks assigned them8 ,for 7he added71 as regards control of appetite and self-indulgence1 #i she had received the soundest education1 and that ,i take to be the most important matter in the bringing-up of man or woman4 #f ,see ,aristot4 ,pol4 vii4 #af4 #acce7;a74 ,see ,newman1 op4 cit4 i4 #agj foll4 #g ,or1 surveillance4 ,see ,pol4 ,lac4 i4 #c4 #h ,reading eroito2 or if with ,sauppe after ,cobet1 eroin1 transl4 talk as little as possible4 #i ,al4 in reference to culinary matters4 ,see ,mahaffy1 ,social ,life in ,greece1 p4 #bgf4 ,then all else 7said ,i7 you taught your wife yourself1 ,ischomachus1 until you had made her capable of attending carefully to her appointed duties8 ,that did ,i not 7replied he7 until ,i had offered sacrifice1 and prayed that ,i might teach and she might learn all that could conduce to the happiness of us twain4 ,soc4 ,and did your wife join in sacrifice and prayer to that effect8 ,isch4 ,most certainly1 with many a vow registered to heaven to become all she ought to be2 and her whole manner showed that she would not be neglectful of what was taught her4 #aj #aj ,or1 giving plain proof that1 if the teaching failed1 it should not be from want of due attention on her part4 ,see ,hellenica ,essays1 ,xenophon1 p4 #cef foll4 ,soc4 ,pray narrate to me1 ,ischomachus1 ,i beg of you1 what you first essayed to teach her4 ,to hear that story would please me more than any description of the most splendid gymnastic contest or horse-race you could give me4 ,why1 ,socrates 7he answered71 when after a time she had become accustomed to my hand1 that is1 was tamed #aa sufficiently to play her part in a discussion1 ,i put to her this question3 ,did it ever strike you to consider1 dear wife1 #ab what led me to choose you as my wife among all women1 and your parents to entrust you to me of all men8 ,it was certainly not from any difficulty that might beset either of us to find another bedfellow4 ,that ,i am sure is evident to you4 ,no6 it was with deliberate intent to discover1 ,i for myself and your parents in behalf of you1 the best partner of house and children we could find1 that ,i sought you out1 and your parents1 acting to the best of their ability1 made choice of me4 ,if at some future time ,god grant us to have children born to us1 we will take counsel together how best to bring them up1 for that too will be a common interest1 #ac and a common blessing if haply they shall live to fight our battles and we find in them hereafter support and succour when ourselves are old4 #ad ,but at present there is our house here1 which belongs like to both4 ,it is common property1 for all that ,i possess goes by my will into the common fund1 and in the same way all that you deposited #ae was placed by you to the common fund4 #af ,we need not stop to calculate in figures which of us contributed most1 but rather let us lay to heart this fact that whichever of us proves the better partner1 he or she at once contributes what is most worth having4 #aa 7,the timid1 fawn-like creature47 ,see ,lecky1 ,hist4 of ,eur4 ,morals1 ii4 #cje4 ,for the metaphor cf4 ,dem4 ,olynth4 iii4 #cg4 #i4 #ab ,lit4 woman4 ,cf4 ,n4 ,t4 gunai1 ,st4 ,john ii4 #d2 xix4 #bf4 #ac ,or1 our interests will centre in them2 it will be a blessing we share in common to train them that they shall fight our battles1 and444 #ad ,cf4 ,mem4 ,,ii4 ii4 #ac4 ,holden cf4 ,soph4 ,ajax4 #efg2 ,eur4 ,suppl4 #iah4 #ae ,or reading epenegke with ,cobet1 brought with you in the way of dowry4 #af ,or1 to the joint estate4 ,thus ,i addressed her1 ,socrates1 and thus my wife made answer3 ,but how can ,i assist you8 what is my ability8 ,nay1 everything depends on you4 ,my business1 my mother told me1 was to be sober-minded6 #ag #ag ,modest and temperate1 and 7below7 temperance4 ,most true1 my wife1 ,i replied1 and that is what my father said to me4 ,but what is the proof of sober-mindedness in man or woman8 ,is it not so to behave that what they have of good may ever be at its best1 and that new treasures from the same source of beauty and righteousness may be most amply added8 ,but what is there that ,i can do1 my wife inquired1 which will help to increase our joint estate8 ,assuredly1 ,i answered1 you may strive to do as well as possible what ,heaven has given you a natural gift for and which the law approves4 ,and what may these things be8 she asked4 ,to my mind they are not the things of least importance1 ,i replied1 unless the things which the queen bee in her hive presides over are of slight importance to the bee community2 for the gods 7so ,ischomachus assured me1 he continued71 the gods1 my wife1 would seem to have exercised much care and judgment in compacting that twin system which goes by the name of male and female1 so as to secure the greatest possible advantage #ah to the pair4 ,since no doubt the underlying principle of the bond is first and foremost to perpetuate through procreation the races of living creatures2 #ai and next1 as the outcome of this bond1 for human beings at any rate1 a provision is made by which they may have sons and daughters to support them in old age4 #ah ,reading oti1 or if with ,br4 eti444 auto1 with the further intent it should prove of maximum advantage to itself4 #ai ,cf4 7,aristot47 ,oecon4 i4 #c4 ,and again1 the way of life of human beings1 not being maintained like that of cattle #bj in the open air1 obviously demands roofed homesteads4 ,but if these same human beings are to have anything to bring in under cover1 some one to carry out these labours of the field under high heaven #ba must be found them1 since such operations as the breaking up of fallow with the plough1 the sowing of seed1 the planting of trees1 the pasturing and herding of flocks1 are one and all open-air employments on which the supply of products necessary to life depends4 #bj ,and the beast of the field4 #ba ,sub dis1 in the open air4 ,as soon as these products of the field are safely housed and under cover1 new needs arise4 ,there must be some one to guard the store and some one to perform such necessary operations as imply the need of shelter4 #bb ,shelter1 for instance1 is needed for the rearing of infant children2 shelter is needed for the various processes of converting the fruits of earth into food1 and in like manner for the fabrication of clothing out of wool4 #bb ,or1 works which call for shelter4 ,but whereas both of these1 the indoor and the outdoor occupations alike1 demand new toil and new attention1 to meet the case1 ,i added1 ,god made provision #bc from the first by shaping1 as it seems to me1 the woman's nature for indoor and the man's for outdoor occupations4 ,man's body and soul ,he furnished with a greater capacity for enduring heat and cold1 wayfaring and military marches2 or1 to repeat1 ,he laid upon his shoulders the outdoor works4 #bc ,straightway from the moment of birth provided4 ,cf4 7,aristot47 ,oecon4 i4 #c1 a work based upon or at any rate following the lines of ,xenophon's treatise4 ,while in creating the body of woman with less capacity for these things1 ,i continued1 ,god would seem to have imposed on her the indoor works2 and knowing that ,he had implanted in the woman and imposed upon her the nurture of new-born babies1 ,he endowed her with a larger share of affection for the new-born child than ,he bestowed upon man4 #bd ,and since ,he imposed on woman the guardianship of the things imported from without1 ,god1 in ,his wisdom1 perceiving that a fearful spirit was no detriment to guardianship1 #be endowed the woman with a larger measure of timidity than ,he bestowed on man4 ,knowing further that he to whom the outdoor works belonged would need to defend them against malign attack1 ,he endowed the man in turn with a larger share of courage4 #bd edasato1 ,cyrop4 ,,iv4 ii4 #dc4 #be ,cf4 ,hipparch1 vii4 #g2 ,aristot4 ,pol4 iii4 #b2 ,oecon4 iii4 ,and seeing that both alike feel the need of giving and receiving1 ,he set down memory and carefulness between them for their common use1 #bf so that you would find it hard to determine which of the two1 the male or the female1 has the larger share of these4 ,so1 too1 ,god set down between them for their common use the gift of self-control1 where needed1 adding only to that one of the twain1 whether man or woman1 which should prove the better1 the power to be rewarded with a larger share of this perfection4 ,and for the very reason that their natures are not alike adapted to like ends1 they stand in greater need of one another2 and the married couple is made more useful to itself1 the one fulfilling what the other lacks4 #bg #bf ,or1 ,he bestowed memory and carefulness as the common heritage of both4 #bg ,or1 the pair discovers the advantage of duality2 the one being strong wherein the other is defective4 ,now1 being well aware of this1 my wife1 ,i added1 and knowing well what things are laid upon us twain by ,god ,himself1 must we not strive to perform1 each in the best way possible1 our respective duties8 ,law1 too1 gives her consent--law and the usage of mankind1 by sanctioning the wedlock of man and wife2 and just as ,god ordained them to be partners in their children1 so the law establishes their common ownership of house and estate4 ,custom1 moreover1 proclaims as beautiful those excellences of man and woman with which ,god gifted them at birth4 #bh ,thus for a woman to bide tranquilly at home rather than roam aborad is no dishonour2 but for a man to remain indoors1 instead of devoting himself to outdoor pursuits1 is a thing discreditable4 ,but if a man does things contrary to the nature given him by ,god1 the chances are1 #bi such insubordination escapes not the eye of ,heaven3 he pays the penalty1 whether of neglecting his own works1 or of performing those appropriate to woman4 #cj #bh ,or1 with approving fingers stamps as noble those diverse faculties1 those superiorities in either sex which ,god created in them4 ,thus for the woman to remain indoors is nobler than to gad about abroad4 ta kala4442 kallion444 aiskhion444-- ,these words1 which their significant ,hellenic connotation1 suffer cruelly in translation4 #bi ,or1 maybe in some respect this violation of the order of things1 this lack of discipline on his part4 ,cf4 ,cyrop4 ,,vii4 ii4 #f4 #cj ,or1 the works of his wife4 ,for the sentiment cf4 ,soph4 ,oed4 ,col4 #ccg foll42 ,herod4 ii4 #ce4 ,i added3 ,just such works1 if ,i mistake not1 that same queen-bee we spoke of labours hard to perform1 like yours1 my wife1 enjoined upon her by ,god ,himself4 ,and what sort of works are these8 she asked2 what has the queen-bee to do that she seems so like myself1 or ,i like her in what ,i have to do8 ,why1 ,i answered1 she too stays in the hive and suffers not the other bees to idle4 ,those whose duty it is to work outside she sends forth to their labours2 and all that each of them brings in1 she notes and receives and stores against the day of need2 but when the season for use has come1 she distributes a just share to each4 ,again1 it is she who presides over the fabric of choicely-woven cells within4 ,she looks to it that warp and woof are wrought with speed and beauty4 ,under her guardian eye the brood of young #ca is nursed and reared2 but when the days of rearing are past and the young bees are ripe for work1 she sends them out as colonists with one of the seed royal #cb to be their leader4 #ca ,or1 the growing progeny is reared to maturity4 #cb ,or1 royal lineage1 reading ton epigonon 7emend4 ,h4 ,estienne72 or if the vulg4 ton epomenon1 with some leader of the host 7lit4 of his followers74 ,so ,breitenbach4 ,shall ,i then have to do these things8 asked my wife4 ,yes1 ,i answered1 you will need in the same way to stay indoors1 despatching to their toils without those of your domestics whose work lies there4 ,over those whose appointed tasks are wrought indoors1 it will be your duty to preside2 yours to receive the stuffs brought in2 yours to apportion part for daily use1 and yours to make provision for the rest1 to guard and garner it so that the outgoings destined for a year may not be expended in a month4 ,it will be your duty1 when the wools are introduced1 to see that clothing is made for those who need2 your duty also to see that the dried corn is rendered fit and serviceable for food4 ,there is just one of all these occupations which devolve upon you1 ,i added1 you may not find so altogether pleasing4 ,should any one of our household fall sick1 it will be your care to see and tend them to the recovery of their health4 ,nay1 she answered1 that will be my pleasantest of tasks1 if careful nursing may touch the springs of gratitude and leave them friendlier than before4 ,and ,i 7continued ,ischomachus7 was struck with admiration at her answer1 and replied3 ,think you1 my wife1 it is through some such traits of forethought seen in their mistress-leader that the hearts of bees are won1 and they are so loyally affectioned towards her that1 if ever she abandon her hive1 not one of them will dream of being left behind2 #cc but one and all must follow her4 #cc ,al4 will suffer her to be forsaken4 ,and my wife made answer to me3 ,it would much astonish me 7said she7 did not these leader's works1 you speak of1 point to you rather than myself4 ,methinks mine would be a pretty #cd guardianship and distribution of things indoors without your provident care to see that the importations from without were duly made4 #cd ,or1 ridiculous4 ,just so1 ,i answered1 and mine would be a pretty #ce importation if there were no one to guard what ,i imported4 ,do you not see1 ,i added1 how pitiful is the case of those unfortunates who pour water in their sieves for ever1 as the story goes1 #cf and labour but in vain8 #ce ,as laughable an importation4 #cf ,or1 how pitiful their case1 condemned1 as the saying goes1 to pour water into a sieve4 ,lit4 filling a bucket bored with holes4 ,cf4 ,aristot4 ,oec4 i4 #f2 and for the ,danaids1 see ,ovid4 ,met4 iv4 #dfb2 ,hor4 ,carm4 iii4 #aa4 #be2 ,lucr4 iii4 #icg2 ,plaut4 ,pseud4 #cfi4 ,cp4 ,coleridge3 ,work without hope draws nectar in a sieve1 ,and hope without an object cannot live4 ,pitiful enough1 poor souls1 she answered1 if that is what they do4 ,but there are other cares1 you know1 and occupations1 ,i answered1 which are yours by right1 and these you will find agreeable4 ,this1 for instance1 to take some maiden who knows naught of carding wool and to make her proficient in the art1 doubling her usefulness2 or to receive another quite ignorant of housekeeping or of service1 and to render her skilful1 loyal1 serviceable1 till she is worth her weight in gold2 or again1 when occasion serves1 you have it in your power to requite by kindness the well-behaved whose presence is a blessing to your house2 or maybe to chasten the bad character1 should such an one appear4 ,but the greatest joy of all will be to prove yourself my better2 to make me your faithful follower2 knowing no dread lest as the years advance you should decline in honour in your household1 but rather trusting that1 though your hair turn gray1 yet1 in proportion as you come to be a better helpmate to myself and to the children1 a better guardian of our home1 so will your honour increase throughout the household as mistress1 wife1 and mother1 daily more dearly prized4 ,since1 ,i added1 it is not through excellence of outward form1 #cg but by reason of the lustre of virtues shed forth upon the life of man1 that increase is given to things beautiful and good4 #ch #cg ,by reason of the flower on the damask cheek4 #ch ,al4 ,for growth is added to things 'beautiful and good1' not through the bloom of youth but virtuous perfections1 an increase coextensive with the life of man4 ,see ,breit4 ad loc4 ,that1 ,socrates1 or something like that1 as far as ,i may trust my memory1 records the earliest conversation which ,i held with her4 ,,viii ,and did you happen to observe1 ,ischomachus 7,i asked71 whether1 as the result of what was said1 your wife was stirred at all to greater carefulness8 ,yes1 certainly 7,ischomachus answered71 and ,i remember how piqued she was at one time and how deeply she blushed1 when ,i chanced to ask her for something which had been brought into the house1 and she could not give it me4 ,so ,i1 when ,i saw her annoyance1 fell to consoling her4 ,do not be at all disheartened1 my wife1 that you cannot give me what ,i ask for4 ,it is plain poverty1 #a no doubt1 to need a thing and not to have the use of it4 ,but as wants go1 to look for something which ,i cannot lay my hands upon is a less painful form of indigence than never to dream of looking because ,i know full well that the thing exists not4 ,anyhow1 you are not to blame for this1 ,i added2 mine the fault was who handed over to your care the things without assigning them their places4 ,had ,i done so1 you would have known not only where to put but where to find them4 #b ,after all1 my wife1 there is nothing in human life so serviceable1 nought so beautiful as order4 #c #a ,vetus proverbium1 ,cic4 ap4 ,columellam1 xii4 #b1 #c2 ,nobbe1 #bcf1 fr4 #f4 #b ,lit4 so that you might know not only where to put1 etc4 #c ,or1 order and arrangement4 ,so ,cic4 ap4 ,col4 xii4 #b1 #d1 dispositione atque ordine4 ,for instance1 what is a chorus8--a band composed of human beings1 who dance and sing2 but suppose the company proceed to act as each may chance--confusion follows2 the spectacle has lost its charm4 ,how different when each and all together act and recite #d with orderly precision1 the limbs and voices keeping time and tune4 ,then1 indeed1 these same performers are worth seeing and worth hearing4 #d ,or1 declaim1 phtheggontai1 properly of the recitative of the chorus4 ,cf4 ,plat4 ,phaedr4 #bch ,d4 ,so1 too1 an army1 ,i said1 my wife1 an army destitute of order is confusion worse confounded3 to enemies an easy prey1 courting attack2 to friends a bitter spectacle of wasted power2 #e a mingled mob of asses1 heavy infantry1 and baggage-bearers1 light infantry1 cavalry1 and waggons4 ,now1 suppose they are on the march2 how are they to get along8 ,in this condition everybody will be a hindrance to everybody3 'slow march' side by side with 'double quick1' 'quick march' at cross purposes with 'stand at ease'2 waggons blocking cavalry and asses fouling waggons2 baggage-bearers and hoplites jostling together3 the whole a hopeless jumble4 ,and when it comes to fighting1 such an army is not precisely in condition to deliver battle4 ,the troops who are compelled to retreat before the enemy's advance #f are fully capable of trampling down the heavy infantry detachments in reserve4 #g #e ,reading agleukestaton1 or1 if with ,breit1 akleestaton1 a most inglorious spectacle of extreme unprofitableness4 #f ,or1 whose duty 7or necessity7 it is to retire before an attack1 i4e4 the skirmishers4 ,al4 those who have to retreat1 i4e4 the non-combatants4 #g ,al4 are quite capable of trampling down the troops behind in their retreat4 tous opla ekhontas the troops proper1 heavy infantry4 ,how different is an army well organised in battle order3 a splendid sight for friendly eyes to gaze at1 albeit an eyesore to the enemy4 ,for who1 being of their party1 but will feel a thrill of satisfaction as he watches the serried masses of heavy infantry moving onwards in unbroken order8 who but will gaze with wonderment as the squadrons of the cavalry dash past him at the gallop8 ,and what of the foeman8 will not his heart sink within him to see the orderly arrangements of the different arms3 #h here heavy infantry and cavalry1 and there again light infantry1 there archers and there slingers1 following each their leaders1 with orderly precision4 ,as they tramp onwards thus in order1 though they number many myriads1 yet even so they move on and on in quiet progress1 stepping like one man1 and the place just vacated in front is filled up on the instant from the rear4 #h ,different styles of troops drawn up in separate divisions3 hoplites1 cavalry1 and peltasts1 archers1 and slingers4 ,or picture a trireme1 crammed choke-full of mariners2 for what reason is she so terror-striking an object to her enemies1 and a sight so gladsome to the eyes of friends8 is it not that the gallant ship sails so swiftly8 ,and why is it that1 for all their crowding1 the ship's company #i cause each other no distress8 ,simply that there1 as you may see them1 they sit in order2 in order bend to the oar2 in order recover the stroke2 in order step on board2 in order disembark4 ,but disorder is1 it seems to me1 precisely as though a man who is a husbandman should stow away #aj together in one place wheat and barley and pulse1 and by and by when he has need of barley meal1 or wheaten flour1 or some condiment of pulse1 #aa then he must pick and choose instead of laying his hand on each thing separately sorted for use4 #i ,see ,thuc4 iii4 #gg4 #b4 #aj ,should shoot into one place4 #aa ,vegetable stock1 kitchen4 ,see ,holden ad loc41 and ,prof4 ,mahaffy1 ,old ,greek ,life1 p4 #ca4 ,and so with you too1 my wife1 if you would avoid this confusion1 if you would fain know how to administer our goods1 so as to lay your finger readily on this or that as you may need1 or if ,i ask you for anything1 graciously to give it me3 let us1 ,i say1 select and assign #ab the appropriate place for each set of things4 ,this shall be the place where we will put the things2 and we will instruct the housekeeper that she is to take them out thence1 and mind to put them back again there2 and in this way we shall know whether they are safe or not4 ,if anything is gone1 the gaping space will cry out as if it asked for something back4 #ac ,the mere look and aspect of things will argue what wants mending2 #ad and the fact of knowing where each thing is will be like having it put into one's hand at once to use without further trouble or debate4 #ab dokimasometha1 we will write over each in turn1 as it were1 'examined and approved4' #ac ,lit4 will miss the thing that is not4 #ad ,detect what needs attention4 ,i must tell you1 ,socrates1 what strikes me as the finest and most accurate arrangement of goods and furniture it was ever my fortune to set eyes on2 when ,i went as a sightseer on board the great ,phoenician merchantman1 #ae and beheld an endless quantity of goods and gear of all sorts1 all separately packed and stowed away within the smallest compass4 #af ,i need scarce remind you 7he said1 continuing his narrative7 what a vast amount of wooden spars and cables #ag a ship depends on in order to get to moorings2 or again1 in putting out to sea2 #ah you know the host of sails and cordage1 rigging #ai as they call it1 she requires for sailing2 the quantity of engines and machinery of all sorts she is armed with in case she should encounter any hostile craft2 the infinitude of arms she carries1 with her crew of fighting men aboard4 ,then all the vessels and utensils1 such as people use at home on land1 required for the different messes1 form a portion of the freight2 and besides all this1 the hold is heavy laden with a mass of merchandise1 the cargo proper1 which the master carries with him for the sake of traffic4 #ae ,see ,lucian1 lxvi4 ,the ,ship1 ad in4 7translated by ,s4 ,t4 ,irwin74 #af ,lit4 in the tiniest receptacle4 #ag ,see ,holden ad loc4 re xelina1 plekta1 kremasta4 #ah ,in weighing anchor4 #ai ,suspended tackle 7as opposed to wooden spars and masts1 etc47 ,well1 all these different things that ,i have named lay packed there in a space but little larger than a fair-sized dining-room4 #bj ,the several sorts1 moreover1 as ,i noticed1 lay so well arranged1 there could be no entanglement of one with other1 nor were searchers needed2 #ba and if all were snugly stowed1 all were alike get-at-able1 #bb much to the avoidance of delay if anything were wanted on the instant4 #bj ,lit4 a symmetrically-shaped dining-room1 made to hold ten couches4 #ba ,lit4 a searcher2 an inquisitor4 ,cf4 ,shakesp4 ,rom4 and ,jul4 ,v4 ii4 #h4 #bb ,lit4 not the reverse of easy to unpack1 so as to cause a waste of time and waiting4 ,then the pilot's mate #bc--the look-out man at the prow1 to give him his proper title--was1 ,i found1 so well acquainted with the place for everything that1 even off the ship1 #bd he could tell you where each set of things was laid and how many there were of each1 just as well as any one who knows his alphabet #be could tell you how many letters there are in ,socrates and the order in which they stand4 #bc ,cf4 ,pol4 ,ath4 i4 #a2 ,aristoph4 ,knights1 #edc foll4 #bd ,or1 with his eyes shut1 at a distance he could say exactly4 #be ,or1 how to spell4 ,see ,mem4 ,,iv4 iv4 #g2 ,plat4 ,alc4 i4 #aac ,a4 ,i saw this same man 7continued ,ischomachus7 examining at leisure #bf everything which could possibly #bg be needful for the service of the ship4 ,his inspection caused me such surprise1 ,i asked him what he was doing1 whereupon he answered1 ,i am inspecting1 stranger1 #bh just considering1 says he1 the way the things are lying aboard the ship2 in case of accidents1 you know1 to see if anything is missing1 or not lying snug and shipshape4 #bi ,there is no time left1 you know1 he added1 when ,god makes a tempest in the great deep1 to set about searching for what you want1 or to be giving out anything which is not snug and shipshape in its place4 ,god threatens and chastises sluggards4 #cj ,if only ,he destroy not innocent with guilty1 a man may be content2 #ca or if ,he turn and save all hands aboard that render right good service1 #cb thanks be to ,heaven4 #cc #bf ,apparently when he had nothing better to do2 by way of amusement4 #bg ara1 as if he were asking himself1 ',would this or this possibly be wanted for the ship's service8' #bh ,sir4 #bi ,or1 things not lying handy in their places4 #cj ,or1 them that are slack4 ,cf4 ,anab4 ,v4 viii4 #ae2 ,mem4 ,,iv4 ii4 #dj2 ,plat4 ,gorg4 #dhh ,a3 ,the dolt and good-for-nothing4 #ca ,one must not grumble4 #cb ,the whole ship's crew right nobly serving4 uperetein to serve at the oar 7metaphorically to do service to heaven74 #cc ,lit4 great thanks be to the gods4 ,so spoke the pilot's mate2 and ,i1 with this carefulness of stowage still before my eyes1 proceeded to enforce my thesis3 ,stupid in all conscience would it be on our parts1 my wife1 if those who sail the sea in ships1 that are but small things1 can discover space and place for everything2 can1 moreover1 in spite of violent tossings up and down1 keep order1 and1 even while their hearts are failing them for fear1 find everything they need to hand2 whilst we1 with all our ample storerooms #cd diversely disposed for divers objects in our mansion1 an edifice firmly based #ce on solid ground1 fail to discover fair and fitting places1 easy of access for our several goods6 ,would not that argue great lack of understanding in our two selves8 ,well then6 how good a thing it is to have a fixed and orderly arrangement of all furniture and gear2 how easy also in a dwelling-house to find a place for every sort of goods1 in which to stow them as shall suit each best--needs no further comment4 ,rather let me harp upon the string of beauty--image a fair scene3 the boots and shoes and sandals1 and so forth1 all laid in order row upon row2 the cloaks1 the mantles1 and the rest of the apparel stowed in their own places2 the coverlets and bedding2 the copper cauldrons2 and all the articles for table use6 ,nay1 though it well may raise a smile of ridicule 7not on the lips of a grave man perhaps1 but of some facetious witling7 to hear me say it1 a beauty like the cadence of sweet music #cf dwells even in pots and pans set out in neat array3 and so1 in general1 fair things ever show more fair when orderly bestowed4 ,the separate atoms shape themselves to form a choir1 and all the space between gains beauty by their banishment4 ,even so some sacred chorus1 #cg dancing a roundelay in honour of ,dionysus1 not only is a thing of beauty in itself1 but the whole interspace swept clean of dancers owns a separate charm4 #ch #cd ,or1 coffers1 cupboards1 safes4 #ce ,cf4 ,anab4 ,,iii4 ii4 #ai1 firmly planted on terra firma4 #cf ,or1 like the rhythm of a song1 euruthmon4 ,see ,mr4 ,ruskin's most appropriate note 7,bib4 ,past4 i4 #ei71 ,a remarkable word1 as significant of the complete rhythm 7ruthmos7 whether of sound or motion1 that was so great a characteristic of the ,greek ideal 7cf4 xi4 #af1 metarruthmizo71 and much more equally to the point4 #cg ,just as a chorus1 the while its dancers weave a circling dance4 #ch ,or1 contrasting with the movement and the mazes of the dance1 a void appears serene and beautiful4 ,the truth of what ,i say1 we easily can test1 my wife1 ,i added1 by direct experiment1 and that too without cost at all or even serious trouble4 #ci ,nor need you now distress yourself1 my wife1 to think how hard it will be to discover some one who has wit enough to learn the places for the several things and memory to take and place them there4 ,we know1 ,i fancy1 that the goods of various sorts contained in the whole city far outnumber ours many thousand times2 and yet you have only to bid any one of your domestics go buy this1 or that1 and bring it you from market1 and not one of them will hesitate4 ,the whole world knows both where to go and where to find each thing4 #ci ,lit4 now whether these things ,i say are true 7i4e4 are facts71 we can make experiment of the things themselves 7i4e4 of actual facts to prove to us74 ,and why is this8 ,i asked4 ,merely because they lie in an appointed place4 ,but now1 if you are seeking for a human being1 and that too at times when he is seeking you on his side also1 often and often shall you give up the search in sheer despair3 and of this again the reason8 ,nothing else save that no appointed place was fixed where one was to await the other4 ,such1 so far as ,i can now recall it1 was the conversation which we held together touching the arrangement of our various chattels and their uses4 ,,ix ,well 7,i replied71 and did your wife appear1 ,ischomachus1 to lend a willing ear to what you tried thus earnestly to teach her8 ,isch4 ,most certainly she did1 with promise to pay all attention4 ,her delight was evident1 like some one's who at length has found a pathway out of difficulties2 in proof of which she begged me to lose no time in making the orderly arrangement ,i had spoken of4 ,and how did you introduce the order she demanded1 ,ischomachus8 7,i asked74 ,isch4 ,well1 first of all ,i thought ,i ought to show her the capacities of our house4 ,since you must know1 it is not decked with ornaments and fretted ceilings1 #a ,socrates2 but the rooms were built expressly with a view to forming the most apt receptacles for whatever was intended to be put in them1 so that the very look of them proclaimed what suited each particular chamber best4 ,thus our own bedroom1 #b secure in its position like a stronghold1 claimed possession of our choicest carpets1 coverlets1 and other furniture4 ,thus1 too1 the warm dry rooms would seem to ask for our stock of bread-stuffs2 the chill cellar for our wine2 the bright and well-lit chambers for whatever works or furniture required light1 and so forth4 #a ,or1 curious workmanship and paintings4 ,see ,mem4 ,,iii4 viii4 #aj4 ,cf4 ,plat4 ,rep4 vii4 #ebi ,b2 ,hipp4 maj4 #bih ,a4 ,see ,becker1 ,charicles1 ,exc4 i4 #aaa4 #b ,or1 the bridal chamber4 ,see ,becker1 op4 cit4 p4 #bff4 ,al4 our store-chamber4 ,see ,hom4 ,od4 xxi4 #i3 be d' imenai thalamonde sun amphipoloisi gunaixin eskhaton1 k4t4l4 ,and she 7,penelope7 betook her1 with her handmaidens1 to the treasure-chamber in the uttermost part of the house1 where lay the treasures of her lord1 bronze and gold and iron well wrought4--,butcher and ,lang4 ,cf4 ,od4 ii4 #ccg2 ,il4 vi4 #bhh4 ,next ,i proceeded to point out to her the several dwelling-rooms1 all beautifully fitted up for cool in summer and for warmth in winter4 #c ,i showed her how the house enjoyed a southern aspect1 whence it was plain1 in winter it would catch the sunlight and in summer lie in shade4 #d ,then ,i showed her the women's apartments1 separated from the men's apartments by a bolted door1 #e whereby nothing from within could be conveyed without clandestinely1 nor children born and bred by our domestics without our knowledge and consent #f--no unimportant matter1 since1 if the act of rearing children tends to make good servants still more loyally disposed1 #g cohabiting but sharpens ingenuity for mischief in the bad4 #c ,see ,mem4 ,,iii4 viii4 #h4 #d ,see ,mem4 ib4 #i4 #e ,by bolts and bars4 ,lit4 a door fitted with a bolt-pin4 ,see ,thuc4 ii4 #d2 ,aristoph4 ,wasps1 #bjj4 #f ,cf4 7,aristot47 ,oecon4 i4 #e1 dei de kai exomereuein tais teknopoiiais4 #g ,lit4 since 7you know7 if the good sort of servant is rendered1 as a rule1 better disposed when he becomes a father1 the base1 through intermarrying1 become only more ripe for mischief4 ,when we had gone over all the rooms 7he continued71 we at once set about distribution our furniture #h in classes2 and we began 7he said7 by collecting everything we use in offering sacrifice4 #i ,after this we proceeded to set apart the ornaments and holiday attire of the wife1 and the husband's clothing both for festivals and war2 then the bedding used in the women's apartments1 and the bedding used in the men's apartments2 then the women's shoes and sandals1 and the shoes and sandals of the men4 #aj ,there was one division devoted to arms and armour2 another to instruments used for carding wood2 another to implements for making bread2 another to utensils for cooking condiments2 another to utensils for the bath2 another connected with the kneading trough2 another with the service of the table4 ,all these we assigned to separate places1 distinguishing one portion for daily and recurrent use and the rest for high days and holidays4 ,next we selected and set aside the supplies required for the month's expenditure2 and1 under a separate head1 #aa we stored away what we computed would be needed for the year4 #ab ,for in this way there is less chance of failing to note how the supplies are likely to last to the end4 #h ,movable property1 meubles4 #i ,holden cf4 ,plut4 ,de ,curios4 #eae ,e1 os gar ,xenophon legei toi ,oikonomikois1 k4t4l4 #aj ,cf4 ,cyrop4 ,,viii4 ii4 #e4 ,see ,becker1 op4 cit4 p4 #ddg4 #aa ,see ,cic4 ap4 ,col4 who curiously mistranslates dikha4 #ab ,schneider1 etc41 cf4 ,aristot4 ,oecon4 i4 #f4 ,and so having arranged the different articles of furniture in classes1 we proceeded to convey them to their appropriate places4 ,that done1 we directed our attention to the various articles needed by our domestics for daily use1 such as implements or utensils for making bread1 cooking relishes1 spinning wool1 and anything else of the same sort4 ,these we consigned to the care of those who would have to use them1 first pointing out where they must stow them1 and enjoining on them to return them safe and sound when done with4 ,as to the other things which we should only use on feast-days1 or for the entertainment of guests1 or on other like occasions at long intervals1 we delivered them one and all to our housekeeper4 ,having pointed out to her their proper places1 and having numbered and registered #ac the several sets of articles1 we explained that it was her business to give out each thing as required2 to recollect to whom she gave them2 and when she got them back1 to restore them severally to the places from which she took them4 ,in appointing our housekeeper1 we had taken every pains to discover some one on whose self-restraint we might depend1 not only in the matters of food and wine and sleep1 but also in her intercourse with men4 ,she must besides1 to please us1 be gifted with no ordinary memory4 ,she must have sufficient forethought not to incur displeasure through neglect of our interests4 ,it must be her object to gratify us in this or that1 and in return to win esteem and honour at our hands4 ,we set ourselves to teach and train her to feel a kindly disposition towards us1 by allowing her to share our joys in the day of gladness1 or1 if aught unkind befell us1 by inviting her to sympathise in our sorrow4 ,we sought to rouse in her a zeal for our interests1 an eagerness to promote the increase of our estate1 by making her intelligent of its affairs1 and by giving her a share in our successes4 ,we instilled in her a sense of justice and uprightness1 by holding the just in higher honour than the unjust1 and by pointing out that the lives of the righteous are richer and less servile than those of the unrighteous2 and this was the position in which she found herself installed in our household4 #ad #ac ,or1 having taken an inventory of the several sets of things4 ,cf4 ,ages4 i4 #ah2 ,cyrop4 ,,vii4 iv4 #ab4 ,see ,newman1 op4 cit4 i4 #aga4 #ad ,or1 and this was the position in which we presently established her herself4 ,and now1 on the strength of all that we had done1 ,socrates 7he added71 ,i addressed my wife1 explaining that all these things would fail of use unless she took in charge herself to see that the order of each several part was kept4 ,thereupon ,i taught her that in every well-constituted city the citizens are not content merely to pass good laws1 but they further choose them guardians of the laws1 #ae whose function as inspectors is to praise the man whose acts are law-abiding1 or to mulct some other who offends against the law4 ,accordingly1 ,i bade her believe that she1 the mistress1 was herself to play the part of guardian of the laws to her whole household1 examining whenever it seemed good to her1 and passing in review the several chattels1 just as the officer in command of a garrison #af musters and reviews his men4 ,she must apply her scrutiny and see that everything was well1 even as the ,senate #ag tests the condition of the ,knights and of their horses4 #ah ,like a queen1 she must bestow1 according to the power vested in her1 praise and honour on the well-deserving1 but blame and chastisement on him who stood in need thereof4 #ae ,see ,plat4 ,laws1 vi4 #gee ,a1 #ggj ,c2 ,aristot4 ,pol4 iii4 #ae1 #abhg ,a2 iv4 #ad1 #abih ,b2 vi4 #h1 #acbc ,a2 ,ath4 ,pol4 viii4 #d2 and ,cic4 ap4 ,col4 xii4 #c4 #aj f4 ,holden cf4 ,cic4 de ,legg4 iii4 #bj1 ,s4 #df2 ,c4 ,i4 ,g4 #cgid4 #af ,lit4 ,phrourarch1 the commandant4 #ag ,or1 ,council at ,athens4 #ah ,cf4 ,hipparch4 i4 #h1 #ac4 ,nor did my lessons end here 7added he72 ,i taught her that she must not be annoyed should ,i seem to be enjoining upon her more trouble than upon any of our domestics with regard to our possessions2 pointing out to her that these domestics have only so far a share in their master's chattels that they must fetch and carry1 tend and guard them2 nor have they the right to use a single one of them except the master grant it4 ,but to the master himself all things pertain to use as he thinks best4 ,and so ,i pointed the conclusion3 he to whom the greater gain attaches in the preservation of the property or loss in its destruction1 is surely he to whom by right belongs the larger measure of attention4 #ai #ai ,or1 he it is on whom devolves as his concern the duty of surveillance4 ,when1 then 7,i asked71 ,ischomachus1 how fared it8 was your wife disposed at all to lend a willing ear to what you told her8 #bj #bj ,lit4 when she heard did she give ear at all8 ,bless you1 #ba ,socrates 7he answered71 what did she do but forthwith answer me1 ,i formed a wrong opinion if ,i fancied that1 in teaching her the need of minding our property1 ,i was imposing a painful task upon her4 ,a painful task it might have been #bb 7she added71 had ,i bade her neglect her personal concerns6 ,but to be obliged to fulfil the duty of attending to her own domestic happiness1 #bc that was easy4 ,after all it would seem to be but natural 7added he72 just as any honest #bd woman finds it easier to care for her own offspring than to neglect them1 so1 too1 he could well believe1 an honest woman might find it pleasanter to care for than to neglect possessions1 the very charm of which is that they are one's very own4 #ba ,lit4 ,by ,hera6 ,cf4 the old formula ,marry6 or ,by'r lakin6 #bb ,lit4 more painful had it been1 had ,i enjoined her to neglect her own interests than to be obliged444 #bc ton oikeion agathon1 cp4 charity begins at home4 ,see ,joel1 op4 cit4 p4 #ddh4 #bd ,or1 true and honest2 any woman worthy of the name4 sophroni with the sophrosune of womanhood2 possibly transl4 discreet and sober-minded4 ,x ,so 7continued ,socrates71 when ,i heard his wife had made this answer1 ,i exclaimed3 ,by ,hera1 ,ischomachus1 a brave and masculine intelligence the lady has1 as you describe her4 7,to which ,ischomachus7 ,yes1 ,socrates1 and ,i would fain narrate some other instances of like large-mindedness on her part3 shown in the readiness with which she listened to my words and carried out my wishes4 ,what sort of thing8 7,i answered74 ,do1 pray1 tell me1 since ,i would far more gladly learn about a living woman's virtues than that ,zeuxis #a should show me the portrait of the loveliest woman he has painted4 #a ,see ,mem4 ,i4 iv4 #c4 ,whereupon ,ischomachus proceeded to narrate as follows3 ,i must tell you1 ,socrates1 ,i one day noticed she was much enamelled with white lead1 #b no doubt to enhance the natural whiteness of her skin2 she had rouged herself with alkanet #c profusely1 doubtless to give more colour to her cheeks than truth would warrant2 she was wearing high-heeled shoes1 in order to seem taller than she was by nature4 #d #b ,cf4 ,aristoph4 ,eccl4 #hgh2 ib4 #ibi1 egkhousa mallon kai to son psimuthion3 ib4 #ajgb2 ,plut4 #ajfd4 #c ,lit4 enamelled or painted with anchusa or alkanet1 a plant1 the wild bugloss1 whose root yields a red dye4 ,cf4 ,aristoph4 ,lys4 #dh2 ,theophr4 ,h4 ,pl4 vii4 #h4 #c4 #d ,see ,becker1 op4 cit4 p4 #deb2 ,breit4 cf4 ,anab4 ,,iii4 ii4 #be2 ,mem4 ,,ii4 i4 #bb2 ,aristot4 ,eth4 ,nic4 iv4 #c1 #e1 ,true beauty requires a great body4 ,accordingly ,i put to her this question3 #e ,tell me1 my wife1 would you esteem me a less lovable co-partner in our wealth1 were ,i to show you how our fortune stands exactly1 without boasting of unreal possessions or concealing what we really have8 ,or would you prefer that ,i should try to cheat you with exaggeration1 exhibiting false money to you1 or sham #f necklaces1 or flaunting purples #g which will lose their colour1 stating they are genuine the while8 #e ,lit4 ,so ,i said to her1 ',tell me1 my wife1 after which fashion would you find me the more delectable partner in our joint estate --were ,i to4448 or were ,i to4448' #f ,lit4 only wood coated with gold4 #g ,see ,becker1 op4 cit4 p4 #dcd f2 ,holden cf4 ,athen4 ix4 #cgd1 xii4 #ebe2 ,ael4 ,v4 ,h4 xii4 #cb2 ,aristoph4 ,plut4 #ecc4 ,she caught me up at once3 ,hush1 hush6 she said1 talk not such talk4 ,may heaven forfend that you should ever be like that4 ,i could not love you with my whole heart were you really of that sort4 ,and are we two not come together1 ,i continued1 for a closer partnership1 being each a sharer in the other's body8 ,that1 at any rate1 is what folk say1 she answered4 ,then as regards this bodily relation1 ,i proceeded1 should you regard me as more lovable or less did ,i present myself1 my one endeavour and my sole care being that my body should be hale and strong and thereby well complexioned1 or would you have me first anoint myself with pigments1 #h smear my eyes with patches #i of 'true flesh colour1' #aj and so seek your embrace1 like a cheating consort presenting to his mistress's sight and touch vermillion paste instead of his own flesh8 #h ,red lead4 #i ,cf4 ,aristoph4 ,ach4 #ajbi4 #aj andreikelon4 ,cf4 ,plat4 ,rep4 #eja ,b1 the human complexion2 ,crat4 #dbd ,e4 ,frankly1 she answered1 it would not please me better to touch paste than your true self4 ,rather would ,i see your own 'true flesh colour' than any pigment of that name2 would liefer look into your eyes and see them radiant with health than washed with any wash1 or dyed with any ointment there may be4 ,believe the same1 my wife1 of me then1 ,ischomachus continued 7so he told me72 believe that ,i too am not better pleased with white enamel or with alkanet than with your own natural hue2 but as the gods have fashioned horses to delight in horses1 cattle in cattle1 sheep in their fellow sheep1 so to human beings the human body pure and undefiled is sweetest2 #aa and as to these deceits1 though they may serve to cheat the outside world without detection1 yet if intimates try to deceive each other1 they must one day be caught2 in rising from their beds1 before they make their toilet2 by a drop of sweat they stand convicted2 tears are an ordeal they cannot pass2 the bath reveals them as they truly are4 #aa ,see ,mem4 ,,ii4 i4 #bb4 ,what answer 7said ,i7 did she make1 in ,heaven's name1 to what you said8 ,what1 indeed 7replied the husband71 save only1 that thenceforward she never once indulged in any practice of the sort1 but has striven to display the natural beauty of her person in its purity4 ,she did1 however1 put to me a question3 ,could ,i advise her how she might become not in false show but really fair to look upon8 ,this1 then1 was the counsel which ,i gave her1 ,socrates3 ,not to be for ever seated like a slave2 #ab but1 with ,heaven's help1 to assume the attitude of a true mistress standing before the loom1 and where her knowledge gave her the superiority1 bravely to give the aid of her instruction2 where her knowledge failed1 as bravely try to learn4 ,i counselled her to oversee the baking woman as she made the bread2 to stand beside the housekeeper as she measured out her stores2 to go tours of inspection to see if all things were in order as they should be4 ,for1 as it seemed to me1 this would at once be walking exercise and supervision4 ,and1 as an excellent gymnastic1 ,i recommended her to knead the dough and roll the paste2 to shake the coverlets and make the beds2 adding1 if she trained herself in exercise of this sort she would enjoy her food1 grow vigorous in health1 and her complexion would in very truth be lovelier4 ,the very look and aspect of the wife1 the mistress1 seen in rivalry with that of her attendants1 being as she is at once more fair #ac and more beautifully adorned1 has an attractive charm1 #ad and not the less because her acts are acts of grace1 not services enforced4 ,whereas your ordinary fine lady1 seated in solemn state1 would seem to court comparison with painted counterfeits of womanhood4 #ab ,see ,becker1 p4 #dia4 ,breit41 etc41 cf4 ,nicostr4 ap4 ,stob4 ,tit4 lxxiv4 #fa4 #ac ,lit4 more spotles2 like a diamond of purest water4 ,cf4 ,shakesp4 ,lucr4 #cid1 whose perfect white ,showed like an ,april daisy in the grass4 #ad ,or1 is wondrous wooing1 and all the more with this addition1 hers are acts of grace1 theirs services enforced4 ,and1 ,socrates1 ,i would have you know that still to-day1 my wife is living in a style as simple as that ,i taught her then1 and now recount to you4 ,,xi ,the conversation was resumed as follows3 ,thanking ,ischomachus for what he had told me about the occupations of his wife2 on that side ,i have heard enough 7,i said7 perhaps for a beginning2 the facts you mention reflect the greatest credit on both wife and husband2 but would you now in turn describe to me your work and business8 ,in doing so you will have the pleasure of narrating the reason of your fame4 ,and ,i1 for my part1 when ,i have heard from end to end the story of a beautiful and good man's works1 if only my wits suffice and ,i have understood it1 shall be much indebted4 ,indeed 7replied ,ischomachus71 it will give me the greatest pleasure to recount to you my daily occupations1 and in return ,i beg you to reform me1 where you find some flaw or other in my conduct4 #a #a ,lit4 in order that you on your side may correct and set me right where ,i seem to you to act amiss4 metarruthmises--remodel4 ,cf4 ,aristot4 ,nic4 ,eth4 x4 #i4 #e4 ,the idea of my reforming you6 7,i said74 ,how could ,i with any show of justice hope to reform you1 the perfect model #b of a beautiful1 good man--,i1 who am but an empty babbler1 #c and measurer of the air1 #d who have to bear besides that most senseless imputation of being poor--an imputation which1 ,i assure you1 ,ischomachus1 would have reduced me to the veriest despair1 except that the other day ,i chanced to come across the horse of ,nicias1 #e the foreigner8 ,i saw a crowd of people in attendance staring1 and ,i listened to a story which some one had to tell about the animal4 ,so then ,i stepped up boldly to the groom and asked him1 ,has the horse much wealth8 ,the fellow looked at me as if ,i were hardly in my right mind to put the question1 and retorted1 ,how can a horse have wealth8 ,thereat ,i dared to lift my eyes from earth1 on learning that after all it is permitted a poor penniless horse to be a noble animal1 if nature only have endowed him with good spirit4 ,if1 therefore1 it is permitted even to me to be a good man1 please recount to me your works from first to last1 ,i promise1 ,i will listen1 all ,i can1 and try to understand1 and so far as in me lies to imitate you from to-morrow4 ,to-morrow is a good day to commence a course of virtue1 is it not8 #b ,cf4 ,plat4 ,rep4 #eff ,a1 a tyrant full grown 7,jowett74 #c ,cf4 ,plat4 ,phaed4 #gj ,c2 ,aristoph4 ,clouds1 #adhj4 #d ,or rather1 a measurer of air--i4e4 devoted not to good sound solid geometry1 but the unsubstantial science of aerometry4 ,see ,aristoph4 ,clouds1 i4 #bbe2 ,plat4 ,apol4 #ah ,b1 #ai ,b2 ,xen4 ,symp4 vi4 #g4 #e ,nothing is known of this person4 ,you are pleased to jest1 ,socrates 7,ischomachus replied71 in spite of which ,i will recount to you those habits and pursuits by aid of which ,i seek to traverse life's course4 ,if ,i have read aright life's lesson1 it has taught me that1 unless a man first discover what he needs to do1 and seriously study to bring the same to good effect1 the gods have placed prosperity #f beyond his reach2 and even to the wise and careful they give or they withhold good fortune as seemeth to them best4 ,such being my creed1 ,i begin with service rendered to the gods2 and strive to regulate my conduct so that grace may be given me1 in answer to my prayers1 to attain to health1 and strength of body1 honour in my own city1 goodwill among my friends1 safety with renown in war1 and of riches increase1 won without reproach4 #f ,the gods have made well-doing and well-being a thing impossible4 ,cf4 ,mem4 ,,iii4 ix4 #g1 #ad4 ,i1 when ,i heard these words1 replied3 ,and are you then indeed so careful to grow rich1 ,ischomachus8--amassing wealth but to gain endless trouble in its management8 ,most certainly 7replied ,ischomachus71 and most careful must ,i needs be of the things you speak of4 ,so sweet ,i find it1 ,socrates1 to honour ,god magnificently1 to lend assistance to my friends in answer to their wants1 and1 so far as lies within my power1 not to leave my city unadorned with anything which riches can bestow4 ,nay 7,i answered71 beautiful indeed the works you speak of1 and powerful the man must be who would essay them4 ,how can it be otherwise1 seeing so many human beings need the help of others merely to carry on existence1 and so many are content if they can win enough to satisfy their wants4 ,what of those therefore who are able1 not only to administer their own estates1 but even to create a surplus sufficient to adorn their city and relieve the burthen of their friends8 ,well may we regard such people as men of substance and capacity4 ,but stay 7,i added71 most of us are competent to sing the praises of such heroes4 ,what ,i desire is to hear from you1 ,ischomachus1 in your own order1 #g first how you study to preserve your health and strength of body2 and next1 how it is granted to you #h to escape from the perils of war with honour untarnished4 ,and after that 7,i added71 it will much content me to learn from your own lips about your money-making4 #g ,and from your own starting-point4 #h ,as to the construction themis einai see ,jebb ad ,oed4 ,col4 #aaia1 ,appendix4 ,yes 7he answered71 and the fact is1 ,socrates1 if ,i mistake not1 all these matters are in close connection1 each depending on the other4 ,given that a man have a good meal to eat1 he has only to work off the effect by toil #i directed rightly2 and in the process1 if ,i mistake not1 his health will be confirmed1 his strength added to4 ,let him but practise the arts of war and in the day of battle he will preserve his life with honour4 ,he needs only to expend his care aright1 sealing his ears to weak and soft seductions1 and his house shall surely be increased4 #aj #i ,see ,mem4 ,i4 ii4 #d2 ,cyrop4 ,i4 ii4 #af4 ,al4 bring out the effect of it by toil4 #aj ,lit4 it is likely his estate will increase more largely4 ,i answered3 ,so far ,i follow you1 ,ischomachus4 ,you tell me that by labouring to his full strength1 #aa by expending care1 by practice and training1 a man may hope more fully to secure life's blessings4 ,so ,i take your meaning4 ,but now ,i fain would learn of you some details4 ,what particular toil do you impose on yourself in order to secure good health and strength8 ,after what particular manner do you practise the arts of war8 ,how do you take pains to create a surplus which will enable you to benefit your friends and to gratify the state8 #aa ,or1 by working off ill-humours1 as we should say4 ,why then 7,ischomachus replied71 my habit is to rise from bed betimes1 when ,i may still expect to find at home this1 that1 or the other friend1 whom ,i may wish to see4 ,then1 if anything has to be done in town1 ,i set off to transact the business and make that my walk2 #ab or1 if there is no business to do in town1 my serving-boy leads my horse to the farm2 ,i follow1 and so make the country-road my walk1 which suits my purpose quite as well1 or better1 ,socrates1 perhaps1 than pacing up and down the colonnade4 #ac ,then when ,i have reached the farm1 where mayhap some of my men are planting trees1 or breaking fallow1 sowing or getting in the crops1 ,i inspect their various labours with an eye to every detail1 and1 whenever ,i can improve upon the present system1 ,i introduce reform4 ,after this1 as a rule1 ,i mount my horse and take a canter4 ,i put him through his paces1 suiting these1 as far as possible1 to those inevitable in war #ad--;in other words1 ,i avoid neither steep slope #ae nor sheer incline1 neither trench nor runnel1 only giving my utmost heed the while so as not to lame my horse while exercising him4 ,when that is over1 the boy gives the horse a roll1 #af and leads him homewards1 taking at the same time from the country to town whatever we may chance to need4 ,meanwhile ,i am off for home1 partly walking1 partly running1 and having reached home ,i take a bath and give myself a rub2 #ag and then ,i breakfast--a repast which leaves me neither empty nor replete1 #ah and will suffice to last me through the day4 #ab ,see ,mem4 ,,iii4 xiii4 #e4 #ac xusto--the xystus1 a covered corridor in the gymnasium where the athletes exercised in winter4 ,vitruv4 v4 #aa4 #d2 vi4 #g4 #e4 ,see ,rich1 ,companion1 s4n42 ,becker1 op4 cit4 p4 #cji4 ,cf4 ,plat4 ,phaedr4 #bbg--,phaedrus loq43 ,i have come from ,lysias the son of ,cephalus1 and ,i am going to take a walk outside the wall1 for ,i have been sitting with him the whole morning2 and our common friend ,acumenus advises me to walk in the country1 which he says is more invigorating than to walk in the courts4--,jowett4 #ad ,see ,horsemanship1 iii4 #g foll42 ib4 viii42 ,hipparch1 i4 #ah4 #ae ,slanting hillside4 #af ,see ,horsemanship1 v4 #c2 ,aristoph4 ,clouds1 #cb4 #ag ,lit4 scrape myself clean 7with the stleggis or strigil74 ,cf4 ,aristoph4 ,knights1 #ehj4 ,see ,becker1 op4 cit4 p4 #aej4 #ah ,see ,lac4 ,pol4 ii4 #e4 ,cf4 ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #f4 #abg3 pransus non avide1 quantum interpellet inani ventre diem durare4 ,then eat a temperate luncheon1 just to stay ,a sinking stomach till the close of day 7,conington74 ,by ,hera 7,i replied71 ,ischomachus1 ,i cannot say how much your doings take my fancy4 ,how you have contrived1 to pack up portably for use--together at the same time--appliances for health and recipes for strength1 exercises for war1 and pains to promote your wealth6 ,my admiration is raised at every point4 ,that you do study each of these pursuits in the right way1 you are yourself a standing proof4 ,your look of heaven-sent health and general robustness we note with our eyes1 while our ears have heard your reputation as a first-rate horseman and the wealthiest of men4 ,isch4 ,yes1 ,socrates1 such is my conduct1 in return for which ,i am rewarded with--the calumnies of half the world4 ,you thought1 ,i daresay1 ,i was going to end my sentence different1 and say that a host of people have given me the enviable title beautiful and good4 ,i was indeed myself about to ask1 ,ischomachus 7,i answered71 whether you take pains also to acquire skill in argumentative debate1 the cut and thrust and parry of discussion1 #ai should occasion call8 #ai ,lit4 to give a reason and to get a reason from others4 ,cf4 ,cyrop4 ,i4 iv4 #c4 ,isch4 ,does it not strike you rather1 ,socrates1 that ,i am engaged in one long practice of this very skill1 #bj now pleading as defendant that1 as far as ,i am able1 ,i do good to many and hurt nobody8 ,and then1 again1 you must admit1 ,i play the part of prosecutor when accusing people whom ,i recognise to be offenders1 as a rule in private life1 or possibly against the state1 the good-for-nothing fellows8 #bj ,the arts of the defendant1 the apologist2 and of the plaintiff1 the prosecutor4 ,but please explain one other thing1 ,ischomachus 7,i answered74 ,do you put defence and accusation into formal language8 #ba #ba ,does your practice include the art of translating into words your sentiments8 ,cf4 ,mem4 ,i4 ii4 #eb4 ,isch4 ,formal language1 say you1 ,socrates8 ,the fact is1 ,i never cease to practise speaking2 and on this wise3 ,some member of my household has some charge to bring1 or some defence to make1 #bb against some other4 ,i have to listen and examine4 ,i must try to sift the truth4 ,or there is some one whom ,i have to blame or praise before my friends1 or ,i must arbitrate between some close connections and endeavour to enforce the lesson that it is to their own interests to be friends not foes4 #bc444 ,we are present to assist a general in court2 #bd we are called upon to censure some one2 or defend some other charged unjustly2 or to prosecute a third who has received an honour which he ill deserves4 ,it frequently occurs in our debates #be that there is some course which we strongly favour3 naturally we sound its praises2 or some other1 which we disapprove of3 no less naturally we point out its defects4 #bb ,or1 ,one member of my household appears as plaintiff1 another as defendant4 ,i must listen and cross-question4 #bc ,the asyndeton would seem to mark a pause1 unless some words have dropped out4 ,see the commentators ad loc4 #bd ,the scene is perhaps that of a court-martial 7cf4 ,anab4 ,v4 viii42 ,dem4 c4 ,timocr4 #gdi4 #af74 7,al4 cf4 ,sturz1 ,lex4 s4v4 we are present 7as advocates7 and censure some general71 or more probably1 ,i think1 that of a civil judicial inquiry of some sort1 conducted at a later date by the ,minister of ,finance 7to stratego to epi tas summorias eremeno74 #be ,or1 ,or again1 a frequent case1 we sit in council 7as members of the ,boule74 ,see ,aristot4 ,pol4 iv4 #ae4 ,he paused1 then added3 ,things have indeed now got so far1 ,socrates1 that several times ,i have had to stand my trial and have judgment passed upon me in set terms1 what ,i must pay or what requital ,i must make4 #bf #bf ,see ,symp4 v4 #h4 ,al4 dielemmenos to be taken apart and have 444 ,and at whose bar 7,i asked7 is the sentence given8 ,that point ,i failed to catch4 #bg #bg ,or1 so dull was ,i1 ,i failed to catch the point4 ,whose but my own wife's8 7he answered74 ,and1 pray1 how do you conduct your own case8 7,i asked74 #bh #bh ,see ,mem4 ,,iii4 vii4 #d2 ,plat4 ,euth4 #c ,e4 ,not so ill 7he answered71 when truth and interest correspond1 but when they are opposed1 ,socrates1 ,i have no skill to make the worse appear the better argument4 #bi #bi ,see ,plat4 ,apol4 #ai-bc ,d2 ,aristoph4 ,clouds1 #aad foll4 ,perhaps you have no skill1 ,ischomachus1 to make black white or falsehood truth 7said ,i74 #cj #cj ,or1 ,it may well be1 ,ischomachus1 you cannot manufacture falsehood into truth4 ,lit4 ,like enough you cannot make an untruth true4 ,,xii ,but 7,i continued presently71 perhaps ,i am preventing you from going1 as you long have wished to do1 ,ischomachus8 ,to which he3 ,by no means1 ,socrates4 ,i should not think of going away until the gathering in the market is dispersed4 #a #a ,lit4 until the market is quite broken up1 i4e4 after mid-day4 ,see ,anab4 ,i4 viii4 #a2 ,,ii4 i4 #g2 ,mem4 ,i4 i4 #aj4 ,cf4 ,herod4 ii4 #agc2 iii4 #ajd2 vii4 #bbc4 ,of course1 of course 7,i answered71 you are naturally most careful not to forfeit the title they have given you of honest gentleman2 #b and yet1 ,i daresay1 fifty things at home are asking your attention at this moment2 only you undertook to meet your foreign friends1 and rather than play them false you go on waiting4 #b ,lit4 beautiful and good4 ,isch4 ,let me so far correct you1 ,socrates2 in no case will the things you speak of be neglected1 since ,i have stewards and bailiffs #c on the farms4 #c ,cf4 ,becker1 op4 cit4 p4 #cfc4 ,soc4 ,and1 pray1 what is your system when you need a bailiff8 ,do you search about1 until you light on some one with a natural turn for stewardship2 and then try to purchase him8--as1 ,i feel certain1 happens when you want a carpenter3 first1 you discover some one with a turn for carpentry1 and then do all you can to get possession of him4 #d ,or do you educate your bailiffs yourself8 #d ,the steward1 like the carpenter1 and the labourers in general1 would1 as a rule1 be a slave4 ,see below1 xxi4 #i4 ,isch4 ,most certainly the latter1 ,socrates2 ,i try to educate them1 as you say1 myself2 and with good reason4 ,he who is properly to fill my place and manage my affairs when ,i am absent1 my alter ego1 #e needs but to have my knowledge2 and if ,i am fit myself to stand at the head of my own business1 ,i presume ,i should be able to put another in possession of my knowledge4 #f #e ,or1 my other self4 #f ,lit4 to teach another what ,i know myself4 ,soc4 ,well then1 the first thing he who is properly to take your place when absent must possess is goodwill towards you and yours2 for without goodwill1 what advantage will there be in any knowledge whatsoever which your bailiff may possess8 ,isch4 ,none1 ,socrates2 and ,i may tell you that a kindly disposition towards me and mine is precisely what ,i first endeavour to instil4 ,soc4 ,and how1 in the name of all that is holy1 do you pick out whom you will and teach him to have kindly feeling towards yourself and yours8 ,isch4 ,by kindly treatment of him1 to be sure1 whenever the gods bestow abundance of good things upon us4 ,soc4 ,if ,i take your meaning rightly1 you would say that those who enjoy your good things grow well disposed to you and seek to render you some good8 ,isch4 ,yes1 for of all instruments to promote good feeling this ,i see to be the best4 ,soc4 ,well1 granted the man is well disposed to you does it therefore follow1 ,ischomachus1 that he is fit to be your bailiff8 ,it cannot have escaped your observation that albeit human beings1 as a rule1 are kindly disposed towards themselves1 yet a large number of them will not apply the attention requisite to secure for themselves those good things which they fain would have4 ,isch4 ,yes1 but believe me1 ,socrates1 when ,i seek to appoint such men as bailiffs1 ,i teach them also carefulness and application4 #g #g epimeleia is a cardinal virtue with the ,greeks1 or at any rate with ,xenophon1 but it has no single name in ,english4 ,soc4 ,nay1 now in ,heaven's name1 once more1 how can that be8 ,i always thought it was beyond the power of any teacher to teach these virtues4 #h #h ,for the ,socratic problem ei arete didakte see ,grote1 ,h4 ,g4 viii4 #eii4 ,isch4 ,nor is it possible1 you are right so far1 to teach such excellences to every single soul in order as simply as a man might number off his fingers4 ,soc4 ,pray1 then1 what sort of people have the privilege8 #i ,should you mind pointing them out to me with some distinctness8 #i ,lit4 what kind of people can be taught them8 ,by all means signify the sort to me distinctly4 ,ishc4 ,well1 in the first place1 you would have some difficulty in making intemperate people diligent--,i speak of intemperance with regard to wine1 for drunkenness creates forgetfulness of everything which needs to be done4 ,soc4 ,and are persons devoid of self-control in this respect the only people incapable of diligence and carefulness8 or are there others in like case8 ,isch4 ,certainly1 people who are intemperate with regard to sleep1 seeing that the sluggard with his eyes shut cannot do himself or see that others do what is right4 ,soc4 ,what then8 #aj ,are we to regard these as the only people incapable of being taught this virtue of carefulness8 or are there others in a like condition8 #aj ,or1 ,what then--is the list exhausted8 ,are we to suppose that these are the sole people444 ,isch4 ,surely we must include the slave to amorous affection4 #aa ,your woeful lover #ab is incapable of being taught attention to anything beyond one single object4 #ac ,no light task1 ,i take it1 to discover any hope or occupation sweeter to him than that which now employs him1 his care for his beloved1 nor1 when the call for action comes1 #ad will it be easy to invent worse punishment than that he now endures in separation from the object of his passion4 #ae ,accordingly1 ,i am in no great hurry to appoint a person of this sort to manage #af my affairs2 the very attempt to do so ,i regard as futile4 #aa ,see ,mem4 ,i4 iii4 #h foll42 ,,ii4 vi4 #bb4 #ab duserotes4 ,cf4 ,thuc4 vi4 #ac1 a desperate craving 7,jowett74 #ac ,cf4 ,symp4 iv4 #ba foll42 ,cyrop4 ,v4 i4 #g-ah4 #ad ,or1 where demands of business present themselves1 and something must be done4 #ae ,cf4 ,shakesp4 ,sonnets1 passim4 #af ,or1 ,i never dream of appointing as superintendent4 ,see above1 iv4 #g4 ,soc4 ,well1 and what of those addicted to another passion1 that of gain8 ,are they1 too1 incapable of being trained to give attention to field and farming operations8 ,isch4 ,on the contrary1 there are no people easier to train1 none so susceptible of carefulness in these same matters4 ,one needs only to point out to them that the pursuit is gainful1 and their interest is aroused4 ,soc4 ,but for ordinary people8 ,given they are self-controlled to suit your bidding1 #ag given they possess a wholesome appetite for gain1 how will you lesson them in carefulness8 how teach them growth in diligence to meet your wishes8 #ag ,or1 in matters such as you insist on4 ,isch4 ,by a simple method1 ,socrates4 ,when ,i see a man intent on carefulness1 ,i praise and do my best to honour him4 ,when1 on the other hand1 ,i see a man neglectful of his duties1 ,i do not spare him3 ,i try in every way1 by word and deed1 to wound him4 ,soc4 ,come now1 ,ischomachus1 kindly permit a turn in the discussion1 which has hitherto concerned the persons being trained to carefulness themselves1 and explain a point in reference to the training process4 ,is it possible for a man devoid of carefulness himself to render others more careful8 ,no more possible 7he answered7 than for a man who knows no music to make others musical4 #ah ,if the teacher sets but an ill example1 the pupil can hardly learn to do the thing aright4 #ai ,and if the master's conduct is suggestive of laxity1 how hardly shall his followers attain to carefulness6 ,or to put the matter concisely1 like master like man4 ,i do not think ,i ever knew or heard tell of a bad master blessed with good servants4 ,the converse ,i certainly have seen ere now1 a good master and bad servants2 but they were the sufferers1 not he4 #bj ,no1 he who would create a spirit of carefulness in others #ba must have the skill himself to supervise the field of labour2 to test1 examine1 scrutinise4 #bb ,he must be ready to requite where due the favour of a service well performed1 nor hesitate to visit the penalty of their deserts upon those neglectful of their duty4 #bc ,indeed 7he added71 the answer of the barbarian to the king seems aposite4 ,you know the story1 #bd how the king had met with a good horse1 but wished to give the creature flesh and that without delay1 and so asked some one reputed to be clever about horses3 ,what will give him flesh most quickly8 ,to which the other3 ,the master's eye4 ,so1 too1 it strikes me1 ,socrates1 there is nothing like the master's eye to call forth latent qualities1 and turn the same to beautiful and good effect4 #be #ah ,or1 to give others skill in 'music4' ,see ,plat4 ,rep4 #dee ,e2 ,laws1 #hjb ,b4 ,al4 a man devoid of letters to make others scholarly4 ,see ,plat4 ,phaedr4 #bdh ,d4 #ai ,lit4 when the teacher traces the outline of the thing to copy badly4 ,for upodeiknuontos see ,mem4 ,,iv4 iii4 #ac2 ,horsem4 ii4 #b4 ,cf4 ,aristot4 ,oecon4 i4 #f2 ,ath4 ,pol4 #da4 #ag2 and ,dr4 ,sandys' note ad loc4 #bj ,or1 but they did not go scot-free2 punishments then were rife4 #ba ,cf4 ,plat4 ,polit4 #bge ,e3 ,if we say either tending the herds1 or managing the herds1 or having the care of them1 that will include all1 and then we may wrap up the statesman with the rest1 as the argument seems to require4--,jowett4 #bb ,or1 he must have skill to over-eye the field of labour1 and be scrutinous4 #bc ,for every boon of service well performed he must be eager to make requital to the author of it1 nor hesitate to visit on the heads of those neglectful of their duty a just recompense4 7,the language is poetical47 #bd ,see ,aristot4 ,oecon4 i4 #f2 ,aesch4 ,pers4 #afe2 ,cato ap4 ,plin4 ,h4 ,n4 xviii4 #e4 ,cic4 ap4 ,colum4 iv4 #ah2 ib4 vi4 #ba2 ,la ,fontaine1 ,l',oeil du ,maitre4 #be ,or1 so1 too1 in general it seems to me 'the master's eye' is aptest to elicit energy to issue beautiful and good4 ,,xiii ,but now 7,i ventured71 suppose you have presented strongly to the mind of some one #a the need of carefulness to execute your wishes1 is a person so qualified to be regarded as fit at once to be your bailiff8 or is there aught else which he must learn in order to play the part of an efficient bailiff8 #a ,breit4 cf4 ,pol4 ,lac4 xv4 #h4 ,holden cf4 ,plat4 ,rep4 #fjj ,c4 ,most certainly there is 7he answered73 it still remains for him to learn particulars--to know1 that is1 what things he has to do1 and when and how to do them2 or else1 if ignorant of these details1 the profit of this bailiff in the abstract may prove no greater than the doctor's who pays a most precise attention to a sick man1 visiting him late and early1 but what will serve to ease his patient's pains #b he knows not4 #b ,lit4 what it is to the advantage of his patient to do1 is beyond his ken4 ,soc4 ,but suppose him to have learnt the whole routine of business1 will he need aught else1 or have we found at last your bailiff absolute8 #c #c ,cf4 ,plat4 ,rep4 #eff ,d4 ,or1 the perfect and consummate type of bailiff4 ,isch4 ,he must learn at any rate1 ,i think1 to rule his fellow-workmen4 ,what6 7,i exclaimed73 you mean to say you educate your bailiffs to that extent8 ,actually you make them capable of rule8 ,at any rate ,i try to do so 7he replied74 ,and how1 in ,heaven's name 7,i asked71 do you contrive to educate another in the skill to govern human beings8 ,isch4 ,i have a very simple system1 ,socrates2 so simple1 ,i daresay1 you will simply laugh at me4 ,soc4 ,the matter1 ,i protest1 is hardly one for laughter4 ,the man who can make another capable of rule1 clearly can teach him how to play the master2 and if can make him play the master1 he can make him what is grander still1 a kingly being4 #d ,once more1 therefore1 ,i protest3 ,a man possessed of such creative power is worthy1 not of ridicule1 far from it1 but of the highest praise4 #d i4e4 arkhikos includes 7#a7 despotikos1 i4e4 an arbitrary head of any sort1 from the master of one's own family to the turannos kai despotes 7,plat4 ,laws1 #hei ,a71 despotic lord or owner2 7#b7 basilikos1 the king or monarch gifted with regal qualities4 ,thus1 then1 ,i reason1 #e ,socrates 7he answered73 ,the lower animals are taught obedience by two methods chiefly1 partly through being punished when they make attempts to disobey1 partly by experiencing some kindness when they cheerfully submit4 ,this is the principle at any rate adopted in the breaking of young horses4 ,the animal obeys its trainer1 and something sweet is sure to follow2 or it disobeys1 and in place of something sweet it finds a peck of trouble2 and so on1 until it comes at last to yield obedience to the trainer's every wish4 ,or to take another instance3 ,young dogs1 #f however far inferior to man in thought and language1 #g can still be taught to run on errands and turn somersaults1 #h and do a host of other clever things1 precisely on this same principle of training4 ,every time the animal obeys it gets something or other which it wanted1 and every time it misbehaves it gets a whipping4 ,but when it comes to human beings3 in man you have a creature still more open to persuasion through appeals to reason2 #i only make it plain to him it is his interest to obey4 ,or if they happen to be slaves1 #aj the more ignoble training of wild animals tamed to the lure will serve to teach obedience4 ,only gratify their bellies in the matter of appetite1 and you will succeed in winning much from them4 #aa ,but ambitious1 emulous natures feel the spur of praise1 #ab since some natures hunger after praise no less than others crave for meats and drinks4 ,my practice then is to instruct those whom ,i desire to appoint as my bailiffs in the various methods which ,i have found myself to be successful in gaining the obedience of my fellows4 ,to take an instance3 ,there are clothes and shows and so forth1 with which ,i must provide my workfolk4 #ac ,well1 then1 ,i see to it that these are not all alike in make2 #ad but some will be of better1 some of less good quality3 my object being that these articles for use shall vary with the service of the wearer2 the worse man will receive the worse things as a gift1 the better man the better as a mark of honour4 ,for ,i ask you1 ,socrates1 how can the good avoid despondency seeing that the work is wrought by their own hands alone1 in spite of which these villains who will neither labour nor face danger when occasion calls are to receive an equal guerdon with themselves8 ,and just as ,i cannot bring myself in any sort of way to look upon the better sort as worthy to receive no greater honour than the baser1 so1 too1 ,i praise my bailiffs when ,i know they have apportioned the best things among the most deserving4 ,and if ,i see that some one is receiving preference by dint of flatteries or like unworthy means1 ,i do not let the matter pass2 ,i reprimand my bailiff roundly1 and so teach him that such conduct is not even to his interest4 #e oukoun4 ,this1 then1 is my major premiss3 the dumb animal444 7lit4 the rest of animals74 #f ta kunidia possibly implies performing poodles4 #g te gnome444 te glotte1 i4e4 mental impression and expression1 mind and tongue4 #h ,or1 to run round and round and turn heels over head4 ,al4 dive for objects4 #i ,logic1 argument4 ,or1 a creature more compliant2 merely by a word demonstrate to him444 #aj ,cf4 ,plat4 ,rep4 #eia ,c4 #aa ,see ,pater1 ,plato and ,platonism1 ,lacedaemon1 p4 #aif foll4 #ab ,see ,cyrop4 passim4 #ac ergastersi1 ,xenophontic for the common ,attic ergatais4 ,see ,hold4 ad loc4 for similar forms1 and cf4 ,rutherford1 ,new ,phrynichus1 #ei4 #ad ,cf4 ,aristot4 ,oecon4 i4 #e 7where the thesis is developed further74 ,,xiv ,soc4 ,well1 then1 ,ischomachus1 supposing the man is now so fit to rule that he can compel obedience1 #a is he1 ,i ask once more1 your bailiff absolute8 or even though possessed of all the qualifications you have named1 does he still lack something8 #b #a ,or1 that discipline flows from him2 al4 he presents you with obedient servants4 #b ,lit4 will he still need something further to complete him8 ,most certainly 7replied ,ischomachus74 ,one thing is still required of him1 and that is to hold aloof from property and goods which are his master's2 he must not steal4 ,consider1 this is the very person through whose hands the fruits and produce pass1 and he has the audacity to make away with them6 perhaps he does not leave enough to cover the expenses of the farming operations6 ,where would be the use of farming the land by help of such an overseer8 ,what 7,i exclaimed71 can ,i believe my ears8 ,you actually undertake to teach them virtue6 ,what really1 justice6 ,isch4 ,to be sure1 ,i do4 but it does not follow therefore that ,i find all equally apt to lend an ear to my instruction4 ,however1 what ,i do is this4 ,i take a leaf now out of the laws of ,draco and again another out of the laws of ,solon1 #c and so essay to start my household on the path of uprightness4 ,and indeed1 if ,i mistake not 7he proceeded71 both those legislators enacted many of their laws expressly with a view to teaching this branch of justice4 #d ,it is written1 ,let a man be punished for a deed of theft2 ,let whosoever is detected in the act be bound and thrown in prison2 ,if he offer violence1 #e let him be put to death4 ,it is clear that the intention of the lawgivers in framing these enactments was to render the sordid love of gain #f devoid of profit to the unjust person4 ,what ,i do1 therefore1 is to cull a sample of their precepts1 which ,i supplement with others from the royal code #g where applicable2 and so ,i do my best to shape the members of my household into the likeness of just men concerning that which passes through their hands4 ,and now observe--the laws first mentioned act as penalties1 deterrent to transgressors only2 whereas the royal code aims higher3 by it not only is the malefactor punished1 but the righteous and just person is rewarded4 #h ,the result is1 that many a man1 beholding how the just grow ever wealthier than the unjust1 albeit harbouring in his heart some covetous desires1 is constant still to virtue4 ,to abstain from unjust dealing is engrained in him4 #i #c ,cobet1 ,pros4 ,xen4 cf4 ,plut4 ,solon1 xvii4 proton men oun tous ,drakontos nomous aneile k4t4l4 ,first1 then1 he repealed all ,draco's laws1 except those concerning homicide1 because they were too severe and the punishments too great2 for death was appointed for almost all offences1 insomuch that those that were convicted of idleness were to die1 and those that stole a cabbage or an apple to suffer even as villains that committed sacrilege or murder 7,clough1 i4 #ahd74 ,see ,aul4 ,gell4 ,n4 ,a4 xi4 #ac4 #d ,the branch of justice which concerns us1 viz4 righteous dealing between man and man4 #e ,for this sense of tous egkheirountas cf4 ,thuc4 iv4 #aba2 ,hell4 ,,iv4 v4 #af4 ,al4 dedesthai tous egkheirountas kai thanatousthai en tis alo poion 7,weiske71 let the attempt be punished with imprisonment2 let him who is caught in the act be put to death4 #f ,cf4 ,plat4 ,laws1 #ged ,e4 #g ,or1 the royal laws1 i4e4 of ,persia4 ,cf4 ,anab4 ,i4 ix4 #af2 ,cyrop4 ,i4 ii4 #b1 #c4 ,or possibly regal2 cf4 ,plat4 ,minos1 #cag ,c2 to men orthon nomos esti basilikos4 #h ,lit4 benefited4 #i ,lit4 ,whereby1 beholding the just becoming wealthier than the unjust1 many albeit covetous at heart themselves most constantly abide by abstinence from evil-doing4 ,those of my household 7he proceeded7 whom1 in spite of kindly treatment1 ,i perceive to be persistently bent on evil-doing1 in the end ,i treat as desperate cases4 ,incurable self-seekers1 #aj plain enough to see1 whose aspiration lifts them from earth1 so eager are they to be reckoned just men1 not by reason only of the gain derivable from justice1 but through passionate desire to deserve my praise--these in the end ,i treat as free-born men4 ,i make them wealthy1 and not with riches only1 but in honour1 as befits their gentle manliness4 #aa ,for if1 ,socrates1 there be one point in which the man who thirsts for honour differs from him who thirsts for gain1 it is1 ,i think1 in willingness to toil1 face danger1 and abstain from shameful gains--for the sake of honour only and fair fame4 #ab #aj ,lit4 ,those1 on the other hand1 whom ,i discover to be roused 7to honesty--not solely because honesty is the best policy74 #aa ,or1 men of fair and noble type2 true gentlemen4 ,this passage suggests the silver lining to the cloud of slavery4 #ab ,cf4 ,hom4 ,il4 ix4 #dac1 oleto men moi nostos1 atar kleos aphthiton estai1 but my fame shall be imperishable4 ,,xv ,soc4 ,but now1 suppose1 ,ischomachus1 you have created in the soul of some one a desire for your welfare2 have inspired in him not a mere passive interest1 but a deep concern to help you to achieve prosperity2 further1 you have obtained for him a knowledge of the methods needed to give the operations of the field some measure of success2 you have1 moreover1 made him capable of ruling2 and1 as the crowning point of all your efforts1 this same trusty person shows no less delight1 than you might take yourself1 in laying at your feet #a earth's products1 each in due season richly harvested--,i need hardly ask concerning such an one1 whether aught else is lacking to him4 ,it is clear to me #b an overseer of this sort would be worth his weight in gold4 ,but now1 ,ischomachus1 ,i would have you not omit a topic somewhat lightly handled by us in the previous argument4 #c #a apodeiknuon1 i4e4 in presenting the inventory of products for the year4 ,cf4 ,hell4 ,v4 iii4 #ag2 ,revenues1 ii4 #g4 #b ede1 at this stage of the discussion4 #c ,or1 that part of the discussion which we ran over in a light and airy fashion1 in reference to xiii4 #b4 ,what topic1 pray1 was that8 7he asked74 ,soc4 ,you said1 if ,i mistake not1 that it was most important to learn the methods of conducting the several processes of husbandry2 for1 you added1 unless a man knows what things he has to do and how to do them1 all the care and diligence in the world will stand him in no stead4 ,at this point #d he took me up1 observing3 ,so what you now command me is to teach the art itself of tillage1 ,socrates8 #d ,keeping the vulg4 order of ,,ss4 #c-i1 which many commentators would rearrange in various ways4 ,see ,breit4 ad loc42 ,lincke1 op4 cit4 p4 #aaa foll4 ,yes 7,i replied71 for now it looks as if this art were one which made the wise and skilled possessor of it wealthy1 whilst the unskilled1 in spite of all the pains he takes1 must live in indigence4 ,isch4 ,now shall you hear1 then1 #e ,socrates1 the generous nature of this human art4 ,for is it not a proof of something noble in it1 that being of supreme utility1 so sweet a craft to exercise1 so rich in beauty1 so acceptable alike to gods and men1 the art of husbandry may further fairly claim to be the easiest of all the arts to learn8 ,noble ,i name it6 this1 at any rate1 the epithet we give to animals which1 being beautiful and large and useful1 are also gentle towards the race of man4 #f #e ,or1 ,listen1 then1 and whilst ,i recount to you at once the loving-kindness of this art1 to man the friendliest4 #f ,schenkl regards this sentence as an interpolation4 ,for the epithet gennaios applied to the dog see ,cyrop4 ,i4 iv4 #ae1 #ba2 ,hunting1 iv4 #g4 ,allow me to explain1 ,ischomachus 7,i interposed74 ,up to a certain point ,i fully followed what you said4 ,i understand1 according to your theory1 how a bailiff must be taught4 ,in other words1 ,i follow your descriptions both as to how you make him kindly disposed towards yourself2 and how1 again1 you make him careful1 capable of rule1 and upright4 ,but at that point you made the statement that1 in order to apply this diligence to tillage rightly1 the careful husbandman must further learn what are the different things he has to do1 and not alone what things he has to do1 but how and when to do them4 ,these are the topics which1 in my opinion1 have hitherto been somewhat lightly handled in the argument4 ,let me make my meaning clearer by an instance3 it is as if you were to tell me that1 in order to be able to take down a speech in writing1 #g or to read a written statement1 a man must know his letters4 ,of course1 if not stone deaf1 ,i must have garnered that for a certain object knowledge of letters was important to me1 but the bare recognition of the fact1 ,i fear1 would not enable me in any deeper sense to know my letters4 ,so1 too1 at present ,i am easily persuaded that if ,i am to direct my care aright in tillage ,i must have a knowledge of the art of tillage4 ,but the bare recognition of the fact does not one whit provide me with the knowledge how ,i ought to till4 ,and if ,i resolved without ado to set about the work of tilling1 ,i imagine1 ,i should soon resemble your physician going on his rounds and visiting his patients without knowing what to prescribe or what to do to ease their sufferings4 ,to save me from the like predicaments1 please teach me the actual work and processes of tillage4 #g ,or1 something from dictation4 ,isch4 ,but truly1 #h ,socrates1 it is not with tillage as with the other arts1 where the learner must be well-nigh crushed #i beneath a load of study before his prentice-hand can turn out work of worth sufficient merely to support him4 #aj ,the art of husbandry1 ,i say1 is not so ill to learn and cross-grained2 but by watching labourers in the field1 by listening to what they say1 you will have straightway knowledge enough to teach another1 should the humour take you4 ,i imagine1 ,socrates 7he added71 that you yourself1 albeit quite unconscious of the fact1 already know a vast amount about the subject4 ,the fact is1 other craftsmen 7the race1 ,i mean1 in general of artists7 are each and all disposed to keep the most important #aa features of their several arts concealed3 with husbandry it is different4 ,here the man who has the most skill in planting will take most pleasure in being watched by others2 and so too the most skilful sower4 ,ask any question you may choose about results thus beautifully wrought1 and not one feature in the whole performance will the doer of it seek to keep concealed4 ,to such height of nobleness 7he added71 ,socrates1 does husbandry appear1 like some fair mistress1 to conform the soul and disposition of those concerned with it4 #h ,nay1 if you will but listen1 ,socrates1 with husbandry it is not the same as with the other arts4 #i katatribenai1 worn out4 ,see ,mem4 ,,iii4 iv4 #a2 ,,iv4 vii4 #e4 ,al4 bored to death4 #aj ,or1 before the products of his pupilage are worth his keep4 #aa ,or1 critical and crucial4 ,the proem #ab to the speech is beautiful at any rate 7,i answered71 but hardly calculated to divert the hearer from the previous question4 ,a thing so easy to be learnt1 you say8 then1 if so1 do you be all the readier for that reason to explain its details to me4 ,no shame on you who teach1 to teach these easy matters2 but for me to lack the knowledge of them1 and most of all if highly useful to the learner1 worse than shame1 a scandal4 #ab ,or1 the prelude to the piece4 ,,xvi ,isch4 ,first then1 ,socrates1 ,i wish to demonstrate to you that what is called #a the intricate variety in husbandry #b presents no difficulty4 ,i use a phrase of those who1 whatever the nicety with which they treat the art in theory1 #c have but the faintest practical experience of tillage4 ,what they assert is1 that he who would rightly till the soil must first be made acquainted with the nature of the earth4 #a ,they term2 in reference to the author of some treatise4 #b ,or1 the riddling subtlety of tillage4 ,see ,mem4 ,,ii4 iii4 #aj2 ,plat4 ,symp4 #ahb ,b2 ,phileb4 #ec ,e4 #c ,theophr4 ,de ,caus4 ii4 #d1 #ab1 mentions ,leophanes amongst other writers on agriculture preceding himself4 ,and they are surely right in their assertion 7,i replied72 for he who does not know what the soil is capable of bearing1 can hardly know1 ,i fancy1 what he has to plant or what to sow4 ,but he has only to look at his neighbour's land 7he answered71 at his crops and trees1 in order to learn what the soil can bear and what it cannot4 #d ,after which discovery1 it is ill work fighting against heaven4 ,certainly not by dint of sowing and planting what he himself desires will he meet the needs of life more fully than by planting and sowing what the earth herself rejoices to bear and nourish on her bosom4 ,or if1 as well may be the case1 through the idleness of those who occupy it1 the land itself cannot display its native faculty1 #e it is often possible to derive a truer notion from some neighbouring district that ever you will learn about it from your neighbour's lips4 #f ,nay1 even though the earth lie waste and barren1 it may still declare its nature2 since a soil productive of beautiful wild fruits can by careful tending be made to yield fruits of the cultivated kind as beautiful4 ,and on this wise1 he who has the barest knowledge #g of the art of tillage can still discern the nature of the soil4 #d ,holden cf4 ,virg4 ,georg4 i4 #ec2 iv4 #aji4 ,according to the commentator ,servius1 the poet drew largely upon ,xenophon's treatise4 #e ,or1 cannot prove its natural aptitude4 #f ,or1 from a neighbouring mortal4 #g ,or1 a mere empiric in the art of husbandry4 ,thank you 7,i said71 ,ischomachus1 my courage needs no further fanning upon that score4 ,i am bold enough now to believe that no one need abstain from agriculture for fear he will not recognise the nature of the soil4 ,indeed1 ,i now recall to mind a fact concerning fishermen1 how as they ply their business on the seas1 not crawling lazily along1 nor bringing to1 for prospect's sake1 but in the act of scudding past the flying farmsteads1 #h these brave mariners have only to set eyes upon crops on land1 and they will boldly pronounce opinion on the nature of the soil itself1 whether good or bad3 this they blame and that they praise4 ,and these opinions for the most part coincide1 ,i notice1 with the verdict of the skilful farmer as to quality of soil4 #i #h ,or1 the flying coastland1 fields and farmyards4 #i ,lit4 ,and indeed the opinions they pronounce about 'a good soil' mostly tally with the verdict of the expert farmer4 ,isch4 ,at what point shall ,i begin then1 ,socrates1 to revive your recollection #aj of the art of husbandry8 since to explain to you the processes employed in husbandry means the statement of a hundred details which you know yourself full well already4 #aj ,or1 begin recalling to your mind4 ,see ,plat4 ,meno1 for the doctrine of ,anamensis here apparently referred to4 ,soc4 ,the first thing ,i should like to learn1 ,ischomachus1 ,i think1 if only as a point befitting a philosopher1 is this3 how to proceed and how to work the soil1 did ,i desire to extract the largest crops of wheat and barley4 ,isch4 ,good1 then6 you are aware that fallow must be broken up in readiness #aa for sowing8 #aa ,or1 ploughed up4 ,cf4 ,theophr4 ,hist4 ,pl4 iii4 i4 #f2 ,dion4 ,hal4 ,ant4 x4 #ag4 ,soc4 ,yes1 ,i am aware of that4 ,isch4 ,well then1 supposing we begin to plough our land in winter8 ,soc4 ,it would not do4 ,there would be too much mud4 ,isch4 ,well then1 what would you say to summer8 ,soc4 ,the soil will be too hard in summer for a plough and a pair of oxen to break up4 ,isch4 ,it looks as if spring-time were the season to begin this work1 then8 ,what do you say8 ,soc4 ,i say1 one may expect the soil broken up at that season of the year to crumble #ab best4 #ab kheisthai laxari1 dissolvi1 to be most friable1 to scatter readily4 ,isch4 ,yes1 and grasses #ac turned over at that season1 ,socrates1 serve to supply the soil already with manure2 while as they have not shed their seed as yet1 they cannot vegetate4 #ad ,i am supposing that you recognise a further fact3 to form good land1 a fallow must be clean and clear of undergrowth and weeds1 #ae and baked as much as possible by exposure to the sun4 #af #ac ,herbage1 whether grass or other plants1 grass1 clover1 etc2 ,theophr4 ,hist4 ,pl4 i4 #c4 #a2 ,holden1 green crops4 #ad ,lit4 and not as yet have shed their seed so as to spring into blade4 #ae ,or1 quitch4 #af ,holden cf4 ,virg4 ,georg4 i4 #fe1 coquat2 ii4 #bfj1 excoquere4 ,so ,lucr4 vi4 #ifb4 ,soc4 ,yes1 that is quite a proper state of things1 ,i should imagine4 ,isch4 ,and to bring about this proper state of things1 do you maintain there can be any other better system than that of turning the soil over as many times as possible in summer8 ,soc4 ,on the contrary1 ,i know precisely that for either object1 whether to bring the weeds and quitch grass to the surface and to wither them by scorching heat1 or to expose the earth itself to the sun's baking rays1 there can be nothing better than to plough the soil up with a pair of oxen during mid-day in midsummer4 ,isch4 ,and if a gang of men set to1 to break and make this fallow with the mattock1 it is transparent that their business is to separate the quitch grass from the soil and keep them parted8 ,soc4 ,just so6--to throw the quitch grass down to wither on the surface1 and to turn the soil up1 so that the crude earth may have its turn of baking4 ,,xvii ,you see1 ,socrates 7he said1 continuing the conversation71 we hold the same opinion1 both of us1 concerning fallow4 ,why1 so it seems 7,i said7--the same opinion4 ,isch4 ,but when it comes to sowing1 what is your opinion8 ,can you suggest a better time for sowing than that which the long experience of former generations1 combined with that of men now living1 recognises as the best8 ,see1 so soon as autumn time has come1 the faces of all men everywhere turn with a wistful gaze towards high heaven4 ,when will ,god moisten the earth1 they ask1 and suffer men to sow their seed8 #a #a ,see ,dr4 ,holden's interesting note at this point3 ,according to ,virgil 7',georg4' i4 #bae71 spring is the time1 etc4 ,yes1 ,ischomachus 7,i answered71 for all mankind must recognise the precept3 #b ,sow not on dry soil 7if it can be avoided71 being taught wisdom doubtless by the heavy losses they must struggle with who sow before ,god's bidding4 #b ,or1 it is a maxim held of all men4 ,isch4 ,it seems1 then1 you and ,i and all mankind hold one opinion on these matters8 ,soc4 ,why1 yes2 where ,god himself is teacher1 such accord is apt to follow2 for instance1 all men are agreed1 it is better to wear thick clothes #c in winter1 if so be they can4 ,we light fires by general consent1 provided we have logs to burn4 #c ,or1 a thick cloak4 ,see ,rich1 s4v4 ,pallium 7 imation74 ,yet as regards this very period of seed-time 7he made answer71 ,socrates1 we find at once the widest difference of opinion upon one point2 as to which is better1 the early1 or the later1 #d or the middle sowing8 #d ,see ,holden ad loc4 ,sauppe1 ,lex4 ,xen41 notes opsimos as ,ionic and poet4 ,see also ,rutherford1 ,new ,phryn4 p4 #abd3 ,first met with in a line of the ',iliad' 7ii4 #cbe71 opsimos does not appear till late ,greek except in the ',oeconomicus1' a disputed work of ,xenophon4 ,soc4 ,just so1 for neither does ,god guide the year in one set fashion1 but irregularly1 now suiting it to early sowing best1 and now to middle1 and again to later4 ,isch4 ,but what1 ,socrates1 is your opinion8 ,were it better for a man to choose and turn to sole account a single sowing season1 be it much he has to sow or be it little8 or would you have him begin his sowing with the earliest season1 and sow right on continuously until the latest8 ,and ,i1 in my turn1 answered3 ,i should think it best1 ,ischomachus1 to use indifferently the whole sowing season4 #e ,far better #f to have enough of corn and meal at any moment and from year to year1 than first a superfluity and then perhaps a scant supply4 #e ,or1 share in the entire period of seed time4 ,zeune cf4 ,geop4 ii4 #ad4 #h2 ,mr4 ,ruskin's translators1 ,bibl4 ,past4 vol4 i42 cf4 ,eccles4 xi4 #f4 #f ,lit4 according to my tenet1 nomizo4 ,isch4 ,then1 on this point also1 ,socrates1 you hold a like opinion with myself--the pupil to the teacher2 and what is more1 the pupil was the first to give it utterance4 ,so far1 so good6 7,i answered74 ,is there a subtle art in scattering the seed8 ,isch4 ,let us by all means investigate that point4 ,that the seed must be cast by hand1 ,i presume you know yourself8 ,soc4 ,yes1 by the testimony of my eyes4 #g #g ,lit4 ,yes1 for ,i have seen it done4 ,isch4 ,but as to actual scattering1 some can scatter evenly1 others cannot4 #h #h ,holden cf4 ,w4 ,harte1 ,essays on ,husbandry1 p4 #baj1 #bnd ed41 ,the main perfection of sowing is to disperse the seeds equally4 ,soc4 ,does it not come to this1 the hand needs practice 7like the fingers of a harp-player7 to obey the will8 ,isch4 ,precisely so1 but now suppose the soil is light in one part and heavy in another8 ,soc4 ,i do not follow2 by light do you mean weak8 and by heavy strong8 ,isch4 ,yes1 that is what ,i mean4 ,and the question which ,i put to you is this3 ,would you allow both sorts of soil an equal share of seed8 or which the larger8 #i #i ,see ,theophr4 ,hist4 ,pl4 viii4 #f4 #b2 ,virg4 ,georg4 ii4 #bge4 ,holden cf4 ,adam ,dickson1 ,husbandry of the ,ancients1 vol4 ii4 #ce4 #cc f4 7,edin4 #aghh71 ,were the poor light land in ,britain managed after the manner of the ,roman husbandry1 it would certainly require much less seed than under its present management4 ,soc4 ,the stronger the wine the larger the dose of water to be added1 ,i believe4 ,the stronger1 too1 the man the heavier the weight we will lay upon his back to carry3 or if it is not porterage1 but people to support1 there still my tenet holds3 the broader and more powerful the great man's shoulders1 the more mouths ,i should assign to him to feed4 ,but perhaps a weak soil1 like a lean pack-horse1 #aj grows stronger the more corn you pour into it4 ,this ,i look to you to teach me4 #aa #aj ,or1 lean cattle4 #aa ,or1 ,will you please answer me that question1 teacher8 ,with a laugh1 he answered3 ,once more you are pleased to jest4 ,yet rest assured of one thing1 ,socrates3 if after you have put seed into the ground1 you will await the instant when1 while earth is being richly fed from heaven1 the fresh green from the hidden seed first springs1 and take and turn it back again1 #ab this sprouting germ will serve as food for earth3 as from manure an inborn strength will presently be added to the soil4 ,but if you suffer earth to feed the seed of corn within it and to bring forth fruit in an endless round1 at last #ac it will be hard for the weakened soil to yield large corn crops1 even as a weak sow can hardly rear a large litter of fat pigs4 #ab ,if you will plough the seedlings in again4 #ac dia telous444 es telos1 continually444 in the end4 ,see references in ,holden's fifth edition4 ,soc4 ,i understand you to say1 ,ischomachus1 that the weaker soil must receive a scantier dose of seed8 ,isch4 ,most decidedly ,i do1 and you on your side1 ,socrates1 ,i understand1 give your consent to this opinion in stating your belief that the weaker the shoulders the lighter the burdens to be laid on them4 ,soc4 ,but those hoers with their hoes1 ,ischomachus1 tell me for what reason you let them loose #ad upon the corn4 #ad ,cf4 ,revenues1 iv4 #e4 ,isch4 ,you know1 ,i daresay1 that in winter there are heavy rains8 #ae #ae ,and melting snows1 much water every way4 ,soc4 ,to be sure1 ,i do4 ,isch4 ,we may suppose1 then1 that a portion of the corn is buried by these floods beneath a coat of mud and slime1 or else that the roots are laid quite bare in places by the torrent4 ,by reason of this same drench1 ,i take it1 oftentimes an undergrowth of weeds springs up with the corn and chokes it4 ,soc4 ,yes1 all these ills are likely enough to happen4 ,isch4 ,are you not agreed the corn-fields sorely need relief at such a season8 ,soc4 ,assuredly4 ,isch4 ,then what is to be done1 in your opinion8 ,how shall we aid the stricken portion lying mud-bedabbled8 ,soc4 ,how better than by lifting up and lightening the soil8 ,isch4 ,yes6 and that other portion lying naked to the roots and defenceless1 how aid it8 ,soc4 ,possibly by mounding up fresh earth about it4 #af #af ,scraping up a barrier of fresh earth about it4 ,isch4 ,and what when the weeds spring up together with the corn and choke it8 or when they rob and ruthlessly devour the corn's proper sustenance1 like unserviceable drones #ag that rob the working bees of honey1 pilfering the good food which they have made and stored away with labour3 what must we do8 #ag ,cf4 ,shakesp4 ,lazy yawning drones1 ,henry ,v4 ,i4 ii4 #bjd4 ,soc4 ,in good sooth1 there can be nothing for it save to cut out the noisome weed1 even as drones are cleared out from the hive4 ,isch4 ,you agree there is some show of reason for letting in these gangs of hoers8 ,soc4 ,most true4 ,and now ,i am turning over in my mind1 #ah ,ischomachus1 how grand a thing it is to introduce a simile or such like figure well and aptly4 ,no sooner had you mentioned the word drones than ,i was filled with rage against those miserable weeds1 far more than when you merely spoke of weeds and undergrowth4 #ah ,or1 ,i was just this moment pondering the virtue of a happy illustration4 ,lit4 what a thing it is to introduce an 'image' 7tas eikonas7 well4 ,see ,plat4 ,rep4 #dhg ,e1 de eikonos1 in a parable 7,jowett72 ,phaed4 #hg ,b1 a figure2 ,aristoph4 ,clouds1 #eei2 ,plat4 ,phaedr4 #bfg ,c2 ,aristot4 ,rhet4 ,,iii4 iv4 ,as to the drones1 ,j4 ,j4 ,hartman1 ,an4 ,x4 #ahf1 aptly cf4 ,aristoph4 ,wasps1 #aaad f4 ,,xviii ,but1 not to interrupt you further 7,i continued71 after sowing1 naturally we hope to come to reaping4 ,if1 therefore1 you have anything to say on that head also1 pray proceed to teach me4 ,isch4 ,yes1 by all means1 unless indeed you prove on this head also to know as much yourself already as your teacher4 ,to begin then3 ,you know that corn needs cutting8 ,soc4 ,to be sure1 ,i know that much at any rate4 ,isch4 ,well1 then1 the next point3 in the act of cutting corn how will you choose to stand8 facing the way the wind blows1 #a or against the wind8 #a ,lit4 7on the side7 where the wind blows or right opposite4 ,soc4 ,not against the wind1 for my part4 ,eyes and hands must suffer1 ,i imagine1 if one stood reaping face to face with husks and particles of straw4 #b #b i4e4 with particles of straw and beards of corn blowing in one's face4 ,isch4 ,and should you merely sever the ears at top1 or reap close to the ground8 #c #c ,see ,holden ad loc42 ,sir ,anthony ,fitzherbert1 ,husbandry1 #bg 7ed4 #agfg71 ,in ,somersetshire444 they do share theyr wheate very lowe4444 ,if the stalk of corn were short 7,i answered71 ,i should cut down close1 to secure a sufficient length of straw to be of use4 ,but if the stalk be tall1 you would do right1 ,i hold1 to cut it half-way down1 whereby the thresher and the winnower will be saved some extra labour 7which both may well be spared74 #d ,the stalk left standing in the field1 when burnt down 7as burnt it will be1 ,i presume71 will help to benefit the soil2 #e and laid on as manure1 will serve to swell the volume of manure4 #f #d ,lit4 will be spared superfluous labour on what they do not want4 #e ,al4 if burnt down4442 if laid on as manure444 #f ,help to swell the bulk 7,holden74 ,for the custom see ,virg4 ,georg4 i4 #hd2 ,j4 ,tull1 op4 cit4 ix4 #ada3 ,the custom of burning the stubble on the rich plains about ,rome continues to this time4 ,isch4 ,there1 ,socrates1 you are detected in the very act2 you know as much about reaping as ,i do myself4 ,it looks a little like it 7,i replied74 ,but ,i would fain discover whether ,i have sound knowledge also about threshing4 ,isch4 ,well1 ,i suppose you are aware of this much3 corn is threshed by beasts of burthen8 #g #g ,holden cf4 ,dr4 ,davy1 ,notes and ,observations on the ,ionian ,islands4 ,the grain is beaten out1 commonly in the harvest field1 by men1 horses1 or mules1 on a threshing-floor prepared extempore for the purpose1 where the ground is firm and dry1 and the chaff is separated by winnowing4--,wilkinson1 ,ancient ,egyptians1 ii4 #da foll4 ,soc4 ,yes1 ,i am aware of that much1 and beast of burthen is a general name including oxen1 horses1 mules1 and so forth4 #h #h ,see ,varro1 i4 #eb1 as to tritura and ventilatio4 ,isch4 ,is it your opinion that these animals know more than merely how to tread the corn while driven with the goad8 ,soc4 ,what more can they know1 being beasts of burthen8 ,isch4 ,some one must see1 then1 that the beasts tread out only what requires threshing and no more1 and that the threshing is done evenly itself3 to whom do you assign that duty1 ,socrates8 ,soc4 ,clearly it is the duty of the threshers who are in charge4 #i ,it is theirs to turn the sheaves1 and ever and again to push the untrodden corn under the creatures' feet2 and thus1 of course1 to keep the threshing-floor as smooth1 and finish off the work as fast1 as possible4 #i ,or1 to the over-threshers1 the drivers 7,holden74 ,isch4 ,your comprehension of the facts thus far1 it seems1 keeps pace with mine4 ,soc4 ,well1 after that1 ,ischomachus1 we will proceed to cleanse the corn by winnowing4 #aj #aj ,breit4 cf4 ,colum4 de r4 r4 ii4 #aj1 #ad1 #ba2 vide ,rich1 s4v4 ventilabrum4 ,isch4 ,yes1 but tell me1 ,socrates2 do you know that if you begin the process from the windward portion 7of the threshing-floor71 you will find your chaff is carried over the whole area4 ,soc4 ,it must be so4 ,isch4 ,then it is more than likely the chaff will fall upon the corn4 ,soc4 ,yes1 considering the distance1 #aa the chaff will hardly be carried across the corn into the empty portion of the threshing-floor4 #aa ,lit4 it is a long space for the chaff to be carried4 ,al4 7#a7 ,it is of great consequence the chaff should be carried beyond the corn4 7#b7 ,it often happens that the corn is blown not only on to the corn1 but over and beyond it into the empty portion of the threshing-floor4 ,so ,breit4 ,isch4 ,but now1 suppose you begin winnowing on the lee side of the threshing-floor8 #ab #ab ,or1 on the side of the threshing-floor opposite the wind4 ,al4 protected from the wind4 ,soc4 ,it is clear the chaff will at once fall into the chaff-receiver4 #ac #ac ,a hollowed-out portion of the threshing-floor1 according to ,breitenbach4 ,isch4 ,and when you have cleansed the corn over half the floor1 will you proceed at once1 with the corn thus strewn in front of you1 to winnow the remainder1 #ad or will you first pack the clean grain into the narrowest space against the central pillar8 #ae #ad ,lit4 of the chaff1 where we should say corn1 the winnowing process separating chaff from grain and grain from chaff4 #ae ,if that is the meaning of ton polon4 ,al4 the outer edge or rim of the threshing-floor4 ,soc4 ,yes1 upon my word6 first pack together the clean grain1 and proceed4 ,my chaff will now be carried into the empty portion of the floor1 and ,i shall escape the need of winnowing twice over4 #af #af ,or1 the same chaff 7i4e4 unwinnowed corn1 ,angl4 corn7 twice4 ,isch4 ,really1 ,socrates1 you are fully competent yourself1 it seems1 to teach an ignorant world #ag the speediest mode of winnowing4 #ag ,lit4 ,after all1 ,socrates1 it seems you could even teach another how to purge his corn most expeditiously4 ,soc4 ,it seems1 then1 as you say1 ,i must have known about these matters1 though unconsciously2 and here ,i stand and beat my brains1 #ah reflecting whether or not ,i may not know some other things--how to refine gold and play the flute and paint pictures--without being conscious of the fact4 ,certainly1 as far as teaching goes1 no one ever taught me these1 no more than husbandry2 while1 as to using my own eyes1 ,i have watched men working at the other arts no less than ,i have watched them till the soil4 #ah ,lit4 all this while1 ,i am thinking whether444 ,isch4 ,did ,i not tell you long ago that of all arts husbandry was the noblest1 the most generous1 just because it is the easiest to learn8 ,soc4 ,that it is without a doubt1 ,ischomachus4 ,it seems ,i must have known the processes of sowing1 without being conscious of my knowledge4 #ai #ai ,or1 but for all my science1 ,i was ignorant 7of knowing my own knowledge74 ,,xix ,soc4 7continuing74 ,but may ,i ask1 is the planting of trees #a a department in the art of husbandry8 #a i4e4 of fruit trees1 the vine1 olive1 fig1 etc4 ,isch4 ,certainly it is4 ,soc4 ,how is it1 then1 that ,i can know about the processes of sowing and at the same time have no knowledge about planting8 ,isch4 ,is it so certain that you have no knowledge8 ,soc4 ,how can you ask me8 when ,i neither know the sort of soil in which to plant1 nor yet the depth of hole #b the plant requires1 nor the breadth1 or length of ground in which it needs to be embedded2 #c nor lastly1 how to lay the plant in earth1 with any hope of fostering its growth4 #d #b ,reading to phuto1 nor yet how deep or broad to sink 7the hole7 for the plant4 ,holden 7ed4 #ahhf7 supplies bothunon4 ,al4 bothron4 #c ,see ,loudon1 ,encycl4 of ,agric4 ,s4 #djg1 ap4 ,holden3 ,in ,france plantations of the vine are made by dibbling in cuttings of two feet of length2 pressing the earth firmly to their lower end1 an essential part of the operation1 noticed even by ,xenophon4 #d ,lit4 how1 laid in the soil1 the plant will best shoot forth or grow4 ,isch4 ,come1 then1 to lessons1 pupil1 and be taught whatever you do not know already6 ,you have seen1 ,i know1 the sort of trenches which are dug for plants8 ,soc4 ,hundreds of times4 ,isch4 ,did you ever see one more than three feet deep8 ,soc4 ,no1 ,i do not think ,i ever saw one more than two and a half feet deep4 ,isch4 ,well1 as to the breadth now4 ,did you ever see a trench more than three feet broad8 #e #e ,or1 width1 wide4 ,the commentators cf4 ,plin4 ,h4 ,n4 xvii4 #aa1 #af1 #bb2 ,columell4 v4 #e4 #b2 ib4 iii4 #ae4 #b2 ,virg4 ,georg4 ii4 #bhh4 ,soc4 ,no1 upon my word1 not even more than two feet broad4 ,isch4 ,good6 now answer me this question3 ,did you ever see a trench less than one foot deep8 ,soc4 ,no1 indeed6 nor even less than one foot and a half4 ,why1 the plants would be no sooner buried than dug out again1 if planted so extremely near the surface4 ,isch4 ,here1 then1 is one matter1 ,socrates1 which you know as well as any one4 #f ,the trench is not to be sunk deeper than two feet and a half1 or shallower than one foot and a half4 #f ,lit4 quite adequately4 ,soc4 ,obviously1 a thing so plain appeals to the eye at once4 ,isch4 ,can you by eyesight recognise the difference between a dry soil and a moist8 ,soc4 ,i should certainly select as dry the soil round ,lycabettus1 #g and any that resembles it2 and as moist1 the soil in the marsh meadows of ,phalerum1 #h or the like4 #g ,see ,leake1 ,topog4 of ,athens1 i4 #bji4 #h ,or1 the ,phaleric marsh-land4 ,see ,leake1 ib4 #bca1 #dbg2 ii4 #i4 ,isch4 ,in planting1 would you dig 7what ,i may call7 deep trenches in a dry soil or a moist8 ,soc4 ,in a dry soil certainly2 at any rate1 if you set about to dig deep trenches in the moist you will come to water1 and there and then an end to further planting4 ,isch4 ,you could not put it better4 ,we will suppose1 then1 the trenches have been dug4 ,does your eyesight take you further8 #i ,have you noticed at what season in either case #aj the plants must be embedded8 #i ,lit4 ,as soon as the trenches have been dug then1 have you further noticed444 #aj 7#a7 ,the vulg4 reading openika444 ekatera at what precise time444 either 7i4e4 'the two different' kinds of7 plant1 i4e4 vine and olive or vine and fig1 ,i suppose2 7#b7 ,breit4 emend4 opotera444 en ekatera which kind of plant444 in either soil4442 7#c7 ,schenkl4 etc41 openika444 en ekatera at what season444 in each of the two sorts of soil444 ,soc4 ,certainly4 #aa #aa ,there is an obvious lacuna either before or after this remark1 or at both places4 ,isch4 ,supposing1 then1 you wish the plants to grow as fast as possible3 how will the cutting strike and sprout1 do you suppose1 most readily8--after you have laid a layer of soil already worked beneath it1 and it merely has to penetrate soft mould8 or when it has to force its way through unbroken soil into the solid ground8 ,soc4 ,clearly it will shoot through soil which has been worked more quickly than through unworked soil4 ,isch4 ,well then1 a bed of earth must be laid beneath the plant8 ,soc4 ,i quite agree2 so let it be4 ,isch4 ,and how do you expect your cutting to root best8--if set straight up from end to end1 pointing to the sky8 #ab or if you set it slantwise under its earthy covering1 so as to lie like an inverted gamma8 #ac #ab ,lit4 if you set the whole cutting straight up1 facing heavenwards4 #ac i4e4 ,anglice1 like the letter ,g upon its back an inverted upper-case gamma looks like an ,l4 ,see ,lord ,bacon1 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,cent4 v4 #dbf3 ,when you would have many new roots of fruit-trees1 take a low tree and bow it and lay all his branches aflat upon the ground and cast earth upon them2 and every twig will take root4 ,and this is a very profitable experiment for costly trees 7for the boughs will make stock without charge71 such as are apricots1 peaches1 almonds1 cornelians1 mulberries1 figs1 etc4 ,the like is continually practised with vines1 roses1 musk roses1 etc4 ,soc4 ,like an inverted gamma1 to be sure1 for so the plant must needs have more eyes under ground4 ,now it is from these same eyes of theirs1 if ,i may trust my own1 #ad that plants put forth their shoots above ground4 ,i imagine1 therefore1 the eyes still underground will do the same precisely1 and with so many buds all springing under earth1 the plant itself1 ,i argue1 as a whole will sprout and shoot and push its way with speed and vigour4 #ad ,lit4 it is from their eyes1 ,i see1 that plants444 ,isch4 ,i may tell you that on these points1 too1 your judgment tallies with my own4 ,but now1 should you content yourself with merely heaping up the earth1 or will you press it firmly round your plant8 ,soc4 ,i should certainly press down the earth2 for if the earth is not pressed down1 ,i know full well that at one time under the influence of rain the unpressed soil will turn to clay or mud2 at another1 under the influence of the sun1 it will turn to sand or dust to the very bottom3 so that the poor plant runs a risk of being first rotted with moisture by the rain1 and next of being shrivelled up with drought through overheating of the roots4 #ae #ae ,through there being too much bottom heat4 ,holden 7ed4 #ahhf74 ,isch4 ,so far as the planting of vines is concerned1 it appears1 ,socrates1 that you and ,i again hold views precisely similar4 ,and does this method of planting apply also to the fig-tree8 7,i inquired74 ,isch4 ,surely1 and not to the fig-tree alone1 but to all the rest of fruit-trees4 #af ,what reason indeed would there be for rejecting in the case of other plant-growths #ag what is found to answer so well with the vine8 #af akrodrua edible fruits in ,xenophon's time4 ,see ,plat4 ,criti4 #aae ,b2 ,dem4 c4 ,nicostr4 #abea2 ,aristot4 ,hist4 ,an4 viii4 #bh4 #h1 out akrodrua out opora khronios2 ,theophr4 ,h4 ,pl4 iv4 #d4 #aa4 7,at a later period1 see ,geopon4 x4 #gd1 fruits having a hard rind or shell1 e4g4 nuts1 acorns1 as opposed to pears1 apples1 grapes1 etc41 opora47 ,see further the interesting regulations in ,plat4 ,laws1 #hdd ,d1 #hde ,c4 #ag ,lit4 planting in general4 ,soc4 ,how shall we plant the olive1 pray1 ,ischomachus8 ,isch4 ,i see your purpose4 ,you ask that question with a view to put me to the test1 #ah when you know the answer yourself as well as possible4 ,you can see with your own eyes #ai that the olive has a deeper trench dug1 planted as it is so commonly by the side of roads4 ,you can see that all the young plants in the nursery adhere to stumps4 #bj ,and lastly1 you can see that a lump of clay is placed on the head of every plant1 #ba and the portion of the plant above the soil is protected by a wrapping4 #bb #ah ,plat4 ,prot4 #caa ,b1 #cdi ,c2 ,theaet4 #aeg ,c3 ,i cannot make out whether you are giving your own opinion1 or only wanting to draw me out 7,jowett74 #ai ,for the advantage1 see ,geopon4 iii4 #aa4 #b4 #bj ,holden cf4 ,virg4 ,georg4 ii4 #cj-- quin et caudicibus sectis1 mirabile dictu1 truditur e sicco radix oleagina ligno4 ,the stock in slices cut1 and forth shall shoot1 ,o passing strange6 from each dry slice a root 7,holden74 ,see ,john ,martyn ad loc43 ,la ,cerda says1 that what the ,poet here speaks of was practised in ,spain in his time4 ,they take the trunk of an olive1 says he1 deprive it of its root and branches1 and cut it into several pieces1 which they put into the ground1 whence a root and1 soon afterwards1 a tree is formed4 ,this mode of propagating by dry pieces of the trunk 7with bark on7 is not to be confounded with that of truncheons mentioned in ,georg4 ii4 #fc4 #ba ,see ,theophr4 ,h4 ,pl4 ii4 #b1 #d2 de ,caus4 iii4 #e4 #a2 ,geopon4 ix4 #aa4 #d1 ap4 ,hold42 ,col4 v4 #i4 #a2 xi4 #b4 #db4 #bb ,or1 covered up for protection4 ,soc4 ,yes1 all these things ,i see4 ,isch4 ,granted1 you see3 what is there in the matter that you do not understand8 ,perhaps you are ignorant how you are to lay the potsherd on the clay at top8 ,soc4 ,no1 in very sooth1 not ignorant of that ,ischomachus1 or anything you mentioned4 ,that is just the puzzle1 and again ,i beat my brains to discover why1 when you put to me that question a while back3 ,had ,i1 in brief1 the knowledge how to plant8 ,i answered1 ,no4 ,till then it never would have struck me that ,i could say at all how planting must be done4 ,but no sooner do you begin to question me on each particular point than ,i can answer you2 and what is more1 my answers are1 you tell me1 accordant with the views of an authority #bc at once so skilful and so celebrated as yourself4 ,really1 ,ischomachus1 ,i am disposed to ask3 ,does teaching consist in putting questions8 #bd ,indeed1 the secret of your system has just this instant dawned upon me4 ,i seem to see the principle in which you put your questions4 ,you lead me through the field of my own knowledge1 #be and then by pointing out analogies #bf to what ,i know1 persuade me that ,i really know some things which hitherto1 as ,i believed1 ,i had no knowledge of4 #bc ,or1 whose skill in farming is proverbial4 #bd ,lit4 ,is questioning after all a kind of teaching8 ,see ,plat4 ,meno2 ,mem4 ,,iv4 vi4 #ae4 #be ,it appears1 then1 that the ,xenophontean ,socrates has episteme of a sort4 #bf ,or1 a series of resemblances1 close parallels1 reading epideiknus3 or if with ,breit4 apodeiknus1 transl4 by proving such or such a thing is like some other thing known to me already4 ,isch4 ,do you suppose if ,i began to question you concerning money and its quality1 #bg ,i could possibly persuade you that you know the method to distinguish good from false coin8 ,or could ,i1 by a string of questions about flute-players1 painters1 and the like1 induce you to believe that you yourself know how to play the flute1 or paint1 and so forth8 #bg ,lit4 whether it is good or not4 ,soc4 ,perhaps you might2 for have you not persuaded me ,i am possessed of perfect knowledge of this art of husbandry1 #bh albeit ,i know that no one ever taught this art to me8 #bh ,or1 since you actually succeeded in persuading me ,i was scientifically versed in1 etc4 ,see ,plat4 ,statesm4 #cja ,b2 ,theaet4 #bjh ,e2 ,aristot4 ,an4 ,post4 i4 #f4 #d2 ,categ4 #h4 #da4 ,isch4 ,ah6 that is not the explanation1 ,socrates4 ,the truth is what ,i told you long ago and kept on telling you4 ,husbandry is an art so gentle1 so humane1 that mistress-like she makes all those who look on her or listen to her voice intelligent #bi of herself at once4 ,many a lesson does she herself impart how best to try conclusions with her4 #cj ,see1 for instance1 how the vine1 making a ladder of the nearest tree whereon to climb1 informs us that it needs support4 #ca ,anon it spreads its leaves when1 as it seems to say1 ,my grapes are young1 my clusters tender1 and so teaches us1 during that season1 to screen and shade the parts exposed to the sun's rays2 but when the appointed moment comes1 when now it is time for the swelling clusters to be sweetened by the sun1 behold1 it drops a leaf and then a leaf1 so teaching us to strip it bare itself and let the vintage ripen4 ,with plenty teeming1 see the fertile mother shows her mellow clusters1 and the while is nursing a new brood in primal crudeness4 #cb ,so the vine plant teaches us how best to gather in the vintage1 even as men gather figs1 the juiciest first4 #cc #bi ,or1 gives them at once a perfect knowledge of herself4 #cj ,lit4 best to deal with her1 make use of her4 #ca ,lit4 teaches us to prop it4 #cb ,lit4 yet immature4 #cc ,or1 first one and then another as it swells4 ,cf4 ,shakespeare3 ,the mellow plum doth fall1 the green sticks fast1 ,or being early pluck'd is sour to taste 7,v4 and ,a4 #ebg74 ,,xx ,at this point in the conversation ,i remarked3 ,tell me1 ,ischomachus1 if the details of the art of husbandry are thus easy to learn1 and all alike know what needs to be done1 how does it happen that all farmers do not fare like1 but some live in affluence owning more than they can possibly enjoy1 while others of them fail to obtain the barest necessities and actually run into debt8 ,i will tell you1 ,socrates 7,ischomachus replied74 ,it is neither knowledge nor lack of knowledge in these husbandmen which causes some to be well off1 while others are in difficulties2 nor will you ever hear such tales afloat as that this or that estate has gone to ruin because the sower failed to sow evenly1 or that the planter failed to plant straight rows of plants1 or that such an one1 #a being ignorant what soil was best suited to bear vines1 had set his plants in sterile ground1 or that another #b was in ignorance that fallow must be broken up for purposes of sowing1 or that a third #c was not aware that it is good to mix manure in with the soil4 ,no1 you are much more likely to hear said of ,so-and-so3 ,no wonder the man gets in no wheat from his farm1 when he takes no pains to have it sown or properly manured4 ,or of some other that he grows no wine3 ,of course not1 when he takes no pains either to plant new vines or to make those he has bear fruit4 ,a third has neither figs nor olives2 and again the self-same reason3 ,he too is careless1 and takes no steps whatever to succeed in growing either one or other4 ,these are the distinctions which make all the difference to prosperity in farming1 far more than the reputed discovery of any clever agricultural method or machine4 #d #a ,squire ,this4 #b ,squire ,that4 #c ,squire ,t'other4 #d ,there is something amiss with the text at this point4 ,for emendations see ,breit41 ,schenkl1 ,holden1 ,hartman4 ,you will find the principle applies elsewhere4 ,there are points of strategic conduct in which generals differ from each other for the better or the worse1 not because they differ in respect of wit or judgment1 but of carefulness undoubtedly4 ,i speak of things within the cognisance of every general1 and indeed of almost every private soldier1 which some commanders are careful to perform and others not4 ,who does not know1 for instance1 that in marching through a hostile territory an army ought to march in the order best adapted to deliver battle with effect should need arise8 #e--;a golden rule which1 punctually obeyed by some1 is disobeyed by others4 ,again1 as all the world knows1 it is better to place day and night pickets #f in front of an encampment4 ,yet even that is a procedure which1 carefully observed at times1 is at times as carelessly neglected4 ,once more3 not one man in ten thousand1 #g ,i suppose1 but knows that when a force is marching through a narrow defile1 the safer method is to occupy beforehand certain points of vantage4 #h ,yet this precaution also has been known to be neglected4 #e ,see ,thuc4 ii4 #ha3 ,the ,hellenic troops maintained order on the march and kept a look-out until444--,jowett4 #f ,see ,cyrop4 ,i4 vi4 #dc4 #g ,lit4 it would be hard to find the man who did not know4 #h ,or1 to seize advantageous positions in advance4 ,cf4 ,hiero1 x4 #e4 ,similarly1 every one will tell you that manure is the best thing in the world for agriculture1 and every one can see how naturally it is produced4 ,still1 though the method of production is accurately known1 though there is every facility to get it in abundance1 the fact remains that1 while one man takes pains to have manure collected1 another is entirely neglectful4 ,and yet ,god sends us rain from heaven1 and every hollow place becomes a standing pool1 while earth supplies materials of every kind2 the sower1 too1 about to sow must cleanse the soil1 and what he takes as refuse from it needs only to be thrown into water and time itself will do the rest1 shaping all to gladden earth4 #i ,for matter in every shape1 nay earth itself1 #aj in stagnant water turns to fine manure4 #i ,lit4 ,time itself will make that wherein ,earth rejoices4 #aj i4e4 each fallen leaf1 each sprig or spray of undergrowth1 the very weeds1 each clod4 ,lit4 what kind of material1 what kind of soil does not become manure when thrown into stagnant water8 ,so1 again1 as touching the various ways in which the earth itself needs treatment1 either as being too moist for sowing1 or too salt #aa for planting1 these and the processes of cure are known to all men3 how in one case the superfluous water is drawn off by trenches1 and in the other the salt corrected by being mixed with various non-salt bodies1 moist or dry4 ,yet here again1 in spite of knowledge1 some are careful of these matters1 others negligent4 #aa ,see ,anatol4 ,geop4 ii4 #aj4 #i2 ,theophr4 de ,caus4 ii4 #e4 #d1 #af4 #h1 ap4 ,holden4 ,cf4 ,virg4 ,georg4 ii4 #bch3 salsa autem tellus1 et quae perhibetur amara frugibus infelix4 ,but even if a man were altogether ignorant what earth can yield1 were he debarred from seeing any fruit or plant1 prevented hearing from the lips of any one the truth about this earth3 even so1 ,i put it to you1 it would be easier far for any living soul to make experiments on a piece of land1 #ab than on a horse1 for instance1 or on his fellow-man4 ,for there is nought which earth displays with intent to deceive1 but in clear and simple language stamped with the seal of truth she informs us what she can and cannot do4 #ac ,thus it has ever seemed to me that earth is the best discoverer of true honesty1 #ad in that she offers all her stores of knowledge in a shape accessible to the learner1 so that he who runs may read4 ,here it is not open to the sluggard1 as in other arts1 to put forward the plea of ignorance or lack of knowledge1 for all men know that earth1 if kindly treated1 will repay in kind4 ,no6 there is no witness #ae against a coward soul so clear as that of husbandry2 #af since no man ever yet persuaded himself that he could live without the staff of life4 ,he therefore that is unskilled in other money-making arts and will not dig1 shows plainly he is minded to make his living by picking and stealing1 or by begging alms1 or else he writes himself down a very fool4 #ag #ab ,or1 this fair earth herself4 #ac ,or1 earth our mother reveals her powers and her impotence4 #ad ,lit4 of the good and the bad4 ,cf4 ,dem4 adv4 ,phorm4 #iah4 #ah4 #ae ,lit4 no accuser of4 ,cf4 ,aesch4 ,theb4 #dci4 #af ,reading1 with ,sauppe1 all' e georgia1 or if1 with ,jacobs1 e en georgia argia1 transl4 as that of idleness in husbandry4 #ag ,or1 if not1 he must be entirely irrational4 ,cf4 ,plat4 ,apol4 #cg ,c4 ,presently1 ,ischomachus proceeded3 ,now it is of prime importance1 #ah in reference to the profitableness or unprofitableness of agriculture1 even on a large estate where there are numerous #ai workfolk1 #bj whether a man takes any pains at all to see that his labourers are devoted to the work on hand during the appointed time1 #ba or whether he neglects that duty4 ,since one man will fairly distance ten #bb simply by working at the time1 and another may as easily fall short by leaving off before the hour4 #bc ,in fact1 to let the fellows take things easily the whole day through will make a difference easily of half in the whole work4 #bd #ah ,lit4 it made a great difference1 he said1 with regard to profit and loss in agriculture4 #ai ,or if1 after ,hertlein1 adding kai meionon1 transl4 workmen now more1 now less1 in number4 #bj ergasteron1 poet4 ,l4 ,s4 cf4 ,orph4 ,h4 #fe4 #d4 ,see above1 v4 #ae2 xiii4 #aj4 #ba ,cf4 ,herod4 ,,ii4 ii4 #b4 #bb ,or1 ,why6 one man in ten makes all the difference by444 para by comparison with4 #bc ,reading as vulg41 or if to me pro k4t4l4 transl4 by not leaving off1 etc4 #bd i4e4 is a difference of fifty per cent on the whole work4 ,as1 on a walking-expedition1 it may happen1 of two wayfarers1 the one will gain in pace upon the other half the distance say in every five-and-twenty miles1 #be though both alike are young and hale of body4 ,the one1 in fact1 is bent on compassing the work on which he started1 he steps out gaily and unflinchingly2 the other1 more slack in spirit1 stops to recruit himself and contemplate the view by fountain side and shady nook1 as though his object were to court each gentle zephyr4 ,so in farm work2 there is a vast difference as regards performance between those who do it not1 but seek excuse for idleness and are suffered to be listless4 ,thus1 between good honest work and base neglect there is as great a difference as there is between--what shall ,i say8--why1 work and idleness4 #bf ,the gardeners1 look1 are hoeing vines to keep them clean and free of weeds2 but they hoe so sorrily that the loose stuff grows ranker and more plentiful4 ,can you call that #bg anything but idleness8 #be ,lit4 per #bjj stades4 #bf ,or1 wholly to work and wholly to be idle4 ,reading as ,sauppe1 etc41 or if with ,holden1 etc41 to de de kalos kai to kakos ergazesthai e epimeleisthai1 transl4 between toil and carefulness well or ill expended there lies all the difference2 the two things are sundered as wide apart as are the poles of work and play1 etc4 ,a4 ,jacobs' emend4 ap4 ,hartm4 ,an4 ,xen4 p4 #baa1 to de de kakos ergazesthai e kakos epimeleisthai kei to kalos1 seems happy4 #bg ,or1 such a hoer aught but an idle loon4 ,such1 ,socrates1 are the ills which cause a house to crumble far more than lack of scientific knowledge1 however rude it be4 #bh ,for if you will consider2 on the one hand1 there is a steady outflow #bi of expenses from the house1 and1 on the other1 a lack of profitable works outside to meet expenses2 need you longer wonder if the field-works create a deficit and not a surplus8 ,in proof1 however1 that the man who can give the requisite heed1 while straining every nerve in the pursuit of agriculture1 has speedy #cj and effective means of making money1 ,i may cite the instance of my father1 who had practised what he preached4 #ca #bh ,cf4 ,thuc4 v4 #g2 ,plat4 ,rep4 #cej ,a2 ,theaet4 #bjj ,b4 #bi ,or1 the expenses from the house are going on at the full rate1 enteleis4 ,holden cf4 ,aristoph4 ,knights1 #acfg3 ton misthon apodoso 'ntele1 ,i'll have the arrears of seamen's wages paid to a penny 7,frere74 #cj anutikotaten4 ,cf4 ,hipparch1 ii4 #f4 #ca ,or1 who merely taught me what he had himself carried out in practice4 ,now1 my father would never suffer me to purchase an estate already under cultivation1 but if he chanced upon a plot of land which1 owing to the neglect or incapacity of the owner1 was neither tilled nor planted1 #cb nothing would satisfy him but ,i must purchase it4 ,he had a saying that estates already under cultivation cost a deal of money and allowed of no improvement2 and where there is no prospect of improvement1 more than half the pleasure to be got from the possession vanishes4 ,the height of happiness was1 he maintained1 to see your purchase1 be it dead chattel or live animal1 #cc go on improving daily under your own eyes4 #cd ,now1 nothing shows a larger increase #ce than a piece of land reclaimed from barren waste and bearing fruit a hundredfold4 ,i can assure you1 ,socrates1 many is the farm which my father and ,i made worth ,i do not know how many times more than its original value4 ,and then1 ,socrates1 this valuable invention #cf is so easy to learn that you who have but heard it know and understand it as well as ,i myself do1 and can go away and teach it to another if you choose4 ,yet my father did not learn it of another1 nor did he discover it by a painful mental process2 #cg but1 as he has often told me1 through pure love of husbandry and fondness of toil1 he would become enamoured of such a spot as ,i describe1 #ch and then nothing would content him but he must own it1 in order to have something to do1 and at the same time1 to derive pleasure along with profit from the purchase4 ,for you must know1 ,socrates1 of all ,athenians ,i have ever heard of1 my father1 as it seems to me1 had the greatest love for agricultural pursuits4 #cb i4e4 out of cultivation1 whether as corn land or for fruit trees1 viz4 olive1 fig1 vine1 etc4 #cc ,or1 be it a dead thing or a live pet4 ,cf4 ,plat4 ,theaet4 #agd ,b2 ,laws1 #ghi ,b1 #gij ,d1 #hai ,b2 ,c4 ,i4 #agji4 #cd ,cf4 ,horsem4 iii4 #a2 and see ,cowley's ,essay above referred to4 #ce ,or1 is susceptible of greater improvement4 #cf ,or1 discovery4 ,see ,anab4 ,,iii4 v4 #ab2 ,hell4 ,,iv4 v4 #d2 ,hunting1 xiii4 #ac4 #cg ,or1 nor did he rack his brains to discover it4 ,see ,mem4 ,,iii4 v4 #bc4 ,cf4 ,aristoph4 ,clouds1 #ajb1 merimnophrontistai1 minute philosophers4 #ch ,he could not see an estate of the sort described but he must fall over head and ears in love with it at first sight2 have it he must4 ,when ,i heard this1 ,i could not resist asking a question2 ,ischomachus 7,i said71 did your father retain possession of all the farms he put under cultivation1 or did he part with them whenever he was offered a good price8 ,he parted with them1 without a doubt 7replied ,ischomachus71 but then at once he bought another in the place of what he sold1 and in every case an untilled farm1 in order to gratify his love for work4 ,as you describe him 7,i proceeded71 your father must truly have been formed by nature with a passion for husbandry1 not unlike that corn-hunger which merchants suffer from4 ,you know their habits3 by reason of this craving after corn1 #ci whenever they hear that corn is to be got1 they go sailing off to find it1 even if they must cross the ,aegean1 or the ,euxine1 or the ,sicilian seas4 ,and when they have got as much as ever they can get1 they will not let it out of their sight1 but store it in the vessel on which they sail themselves1 and off they go across the seas again4 #dj ,whenever they stand in need of money1 they will not discharge their precious cargo1 #da at least not in haphazard fashion1 wherever they may chance to be2 but first they find out where corn is at the highest value1 and where the inhabitants will set the greatest store by it1 and there they take and deliver the dear article4 ,your father's fondness for agriculture seems to bear a certain family resemblance to this passion4 #ci ,lit4 of their excessive love for corn4 #dj ,lit4 they carry it across the seas again1 and that1 too1 after having stored it in the hold of the very vessel in which they sail themselves4 #da ,or1 their treasure4 auton throughout1 which indeed is the humour of the passage4 ,the love of ,john ,barleycorn is their master passion4 ,to these remarks ,ischomachus replied3 ,you jest1 ,socrates2 but still ,i hold to my belief3 that man is fond of bricks and mortar who no sooner has built one house than he must needs sell it and proceed to build another4 ,to be sure1 ,ischomachus 7,i answered71 and for my part ,i assure you1 upon oath1 ,i1 ,socrates1 do verily and indeed believe #db you that all men by nature love 7or hold they ought to love7 those things wherebysoever they believe they will be benefited4 #cb ,reading e men pisteuein soi phusei 7nomizein7 philein tauta pantas4442 and for the belief propounded with so much humorous emphasis1 see ,adam ,smith1 ,moral ,sentiments4 ,hartman1 ,an4 ,xen4 #ahj1 cf4 ,plat4 ,lysis4 ,,xxi ,after a pause1 ,i added3 ,i am turning over in my mind how cleverly you have presented the whole argument to support your thesis3 which was1 that of all arts the art of husbandry is the easiest to learn4 ,and now1 as the result of all that has been stated1 ,i am entirely persuaded that this is so4 ,isch4 ,yes1 ,socrates1 indeed it is4 ,but ,i1 on my side1 must in turn admit that as regards that faculty which is common alike to every kind of conduct 7tillage1 or politics1 the art of managing a house1 or of conducting war71 the power1 namely1 of command #a--;,i do subscribe to your opinion1 that on this score one set of people differ largely from another both in point of wit and judgement4 ,on a ship of war1 for instance1 #b the ship is on the high seas1 and the crew must row whole days together to reach moorings4 #c ,now note the difference4 ,here you may find a captain #d able by dint of speech and conduct to whet the souls of those he leads1 and sharpen them to voluntary toils2 and there another so dull of wit and destitute of feeling that it will take his crew just twice the time to finish the same voyage4 ,see them step on shore4 ,the first ship's company are drenched in sweat2 but listen1 they are loud in praise of one another1 the captain and his merry men alike4 ,and the others8 ,they are come at last2 they have not turned a hair1 the lazy fellows1 but for all that they hate their officer and by him are hated4 #a ,see ,mem4 ,i4 i4 #g4 #b ,or1 the crew must row the livelong day444 #c ,for an instance see ,hell4 ,,vi4 ii4 #bg1 ,iphicrates' periplus4 #d ,or1 one set of boatswains4 ,see ,thuc4 ii4 #hd4 ,for the duties of the ,keleustes see ,dict4 ,gk4 ,rom4 ,ant4 s4v4 portisculus2 and for the type of captain see ,hell4 ,v4 i4 #c1 ,teleutias4 ,generals1 too1 will differ 7he proceeded71 the one sort from the other1 in this very quality4 ,here you have a leader who1 incapable of kindling a zest for toil and love of hairbreadth 'scapes1 is apt to engender in his followers that base spirit which neither deigns nor chooses to obey1 except under compulsion4 ,they even pride and plume themselves1 #e the cowards1 on their opposition to their leader2 this same leader who1 in the end1 will make his men insensible to shame even in presence of most foul mishap4 ,on the other hand1 put at their head another stamp of general3 one who is by right divine #f a leader1 good and brave1 a man of scientific knowledge4 ,let him take over to his charge those malcontents1 or others even of worse character1 and he will have them presently ashamed of doing a disgraceful deed4 ,it is nobler to obey will be their maxim4 ,they will exult in personal obedience and in common toil1 where toil is needed1 cheerily performed4 ,for just as an unurged zeal for voluntary service #g may at times invade1 we know1 the breasts of private soldiers1 so may like love of toil with emulous longing to achieve great deeds of valour under the eyes of their commander1 be implanted in whole armies by good officers4 #e ,lit4 magnify themselves4 ,see ,ages4 x4 #b2 ,pol4 ,lac4 viii4 #b4 #f ,or1 god-like1 with something more than human in him4 ,see ,hom4 ,il4 xxiv4 #bei3 oude eokei andros ge thnetou pais emmenai alla theoio4 ,od4 iv4 #fia2 theioi basilees4 ,cf4 ,carlyle1 ,heroes2 ,plat4 ,meno1 #ii ,d3 ,soc4 ,and may we not1 ,meno1 truly call those men divine who1 having no understanding1 yet succeed in many a grand deed and word8 ,and below3 ,soc4 ,and the women too1 ,meno1 call good men divine2 and the ,spartans1 when they praise a good man1 say1 'that he is a divine man' 7,jowett74 ,arist4 ,eth4 ,n4 vii4 #a3 ,that virtue which transcends the human1 and which is of an heroic or godlike type1 such as ,priam1 in the poems of ,homer1 ascribes to ,hector1 when wishing to speak of his great goodness3 ,not woman-born seemed he1 but sprung from gods4 ,and below3 ,and exactly as it is a rare thing to find a man of godlike nature--to use the expression of the ,spartans1 'a godlike man1' which they apply to those whom they expressively admire--so1 too1 brutality is a type of character rarely found among men 7,robert ,williams74 #g ,reading etheloponia tis1 or if philoponia1 transl4 just as some strange delight in labour may quicken in the heart of many an individual soldier4 ,see ,anab4 ,,iv4 vii4 #aa4 ,happy must that leader be whose followers are thus attached to him3 beyond all others he will prove a stout and strong commander4 ,and by strong1 ,i mean1 not one so hale of body as to tower above the stoutest of the soldiery themselves2 no1 nor him whose skill to hurl a javelin or shoot an arrow will outshine the skilfullest2 nor yet that mounted on the fleetest charger it shall be his to bear the brunt of danger foremost amid the knightliest horsemen1 the nimblest of light infantry4 ,no1 not these1 but who is able to implant a firm persuasion in the minds of all his soldiers3 follow him they must and will through fire1 if need be1 or into the jaws of death4 #h #h ,or1 through flood and fire or other desperate strait4 ,cf4 ,anab4 ,,ii4 vi4 #h4 ,lofty of soul and large of judgment #i may he be designated justly1 at whose back there steps a multitude stirred by his sole sentiment2 not unreasonably may he be said to march with a mighty arm1 #aj to whose will a thousand willing hands are prompt to minister2 a great man in every deed he is who can achieve great ends by resolution rather than brute force4 #i ,see ,ages4 ix4 #f1 of how lofty a sentiment4 #aj ,see ,herod4 vii4 #bj1 #aeg2 ,thuc4 iii4 #if4 ,so1 too1 within the field of private industry1 the person in authority1 be it the bailiff1 be it the overseer1 #aa provided he is able to produce unflinching energy1 intense and eager1 for the work1 belongs to those who haste to overtake good things #ab and reap great plenty4 ,should the master 7he proceeded71 being a man possessed of so much power1 ,socrates1 to injure the bad workman and reward the zealous--should he suddenly appear1 and should his appearance in the labour field produce no visible effect upon his workpeople1 ,i cannot say ,i envy or admire him4 ,but if the sight of him is followed by a stir of movement1 if there come upon #ac each labourer fresh spirit1 with mutual rivalry and keen ambition1 drawing out the finest qualities of each1 #ad of him ,i should say1 ,behold a man of kingly disposition4 ,and this1 if ,i mistake not1 is the quality of greatest import in every operation which needs the instrumentality of man2 but most of all1 perhaps1 in agriculture4 ,not that ,i would maintain that it is a thing to be lightly learnt by a glance of the eye1 or hearsay fashion1 as a tale that is told4 ,far from it1 ,i assert that he who is to have this power has need of education2 he must have at bottom a good natural disposition2 and1 what is greatest of all1 he must be himself a god-like being4 #ae ,for if ,i rightly understand this blessed gift1 this faculty of command over willing followers1 by no means is it1 in its entirety1 a merely human quality1 but it is in part divine4 ,it is a gift plainly given to those truly initiated #af in the mystery of self-command4 ,whereas despotism over unwilling slaves1 the heavenly ones give1 as it seems to me1 to those whom they deem worthy to live the life of ,tantalus in ,hades1 of whom it is written #ag he consumes unending days in apprehension of a second death4 #aa ,according to ,sturz1 ,lex4 s4v41 the epitropos is 7as a rule1 see ,mem4 ,,ii4 viii47 a slave or freedman1 the epistates a free man4 ,see ,mem4 ,,iii4 v4 #ah4 #ab ,apparently a homely formula1 like make hay whilst the sun shines1 a stitch in time saves nine4 #ac ,cf4 ,hom4 ,il4 ix4 #dcf1 xvii4 #fbe2 ,hell4 ,,vii4 i4 #ca4 #ad ,reading kratiste ousa1 or if with ,heindorf1 kratisteusai1 transl4 to prove himself the best4 #ae ,see ,cyrop4 ,i4 i4 #c2 ,grote1 ,plato1 vol4 iii4 #ega4 #af ,see ,plat4 ,phaed4 #fi ,c2 ,xen4 ,symp4 i4 #aj4 #ag ,or1 it is said4 ,see ,eur4 ,orest4 #e1 and ,porson ad loc4