,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #eih ,,new ,,york1 ,,june #ah1 #ahhg ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xxiii1 ,no4 #eih4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,botany4--,! ,brazil ,nut4--,! botanical position1 appe>ance1 etc41 & g5]al features ( ! tree & plant4--#a illu/ration4 ,,ii4 ,,decorative ,,art4--,decoration4--,! /udy ( ornam5ts4--,by ,miss ,,m>ie ,r4 ,,g>es*e4--,! pr9ciples ( ornam5t & relations betwe5 nature & art2 anci5t & m$ival art contra/$4--#a illu/ration4 ,,iii4 ,,electricity4--,electric ,regi/]+ ,app>atus = ,meteorological ,in/rum5ts4--,grime's telem>eograph describ$2 an app>atus giv+ di/ant regi/rations ( tidal ph5om5a4--#b illu/rations4 ,! ,montaud ,accumulator4--,full acc\nt ( con/ruction & p[] ( ?is rec5t batt]y4--#d illu/rations4 ,,iv4 ,,eng9e]+4--,belt ,jo9ts4--,a new cem5t1 ! ,h]cules glue1 & its adaptation = cem5t+ belt jo9ts4 ,v4 ,,m9]alogy4--,preci\s ,/ones ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4--,a review ( ,mr4 ,g4,f4 ,,kunz',s rec5t report on ?is subject4 ,,vi4 ,,miscellane\s4--,a ,cl9ical ,lesson at ,la ,salpetri]e4--,a portraiture picture by ,m4 ,,&re ,,br\illet1 ( a cl9ic4--#b illu/rations4 ,inauguration ( ! /atue ( ,d5is ,pap94--,! /atue to ,pap9 erect$ 9 ,p>is by popul> subscription4--#a illu/ration4 ,! ,action ( ! ,magnet 9 ,hypnosis4--,! nullity ( ! action ( ! magnet disclos$4 ,to ,f9d ! ,day ( ! ,week = any ,ye>4--,a new me?od devis$ by ,lewis ,c>roll4 ,,vii4 ,,naval ,,eng9e]+4--,"s ,rec5t ,high ,spe$ ,tw9 ,screws4--,by ,e4,a4 ,,l9n+ton4--,an important pap] on ! subject ( screw propulsion4--#f illu/rations4 ,! ,havre ,m>itime ,exhibition4--,notes on ! rec5tly op5$ exhibition ( %ips & naval appliances at ,havre4--#a illu/ration4 ,! ,new ,g]man ,corvette ,greif4--,a rec5t addition to ! ,g]man fleet illu/rat$ & describ$4--#a illu/ration4 ,! ,/eam%ip ,great ,ea/]n4--,a plea = ! mammo? /eam]4--,probabilities ( h] future usefulness4 ,tw9 ,screw ,torp$o ,boat4--,! new sea-go+ vessel built by ,y>r[ ,co4 = ! ,italian gov]nm5t4--,h] extraord9>y spe$4 ,,viii4 ,,ordnance4--,our ,coa/ ,def5ses4--,an int]e/+ summ>y by ,g54 ,h4,l4 ,,abbott ( our means = def5d+ our coa/s4 ,! ,new ,krupp ,guns4--,! dim5sions ( ! l>ge/ guns 9 ! _w1 n[ 9 process ( con/ruction at ,ess54--#b illu/rations4 ,,ix4 ,,physics4--,colors ( ,?9 ,plates4--,report ( a rec5t lecture by ,"l ,rayleigh4 ,x4 ,,te*nology4--,rec5t ,advances 9 ,sew+ ,ma*9es4--,by ,,john ,w4 ,,urquh>t4--,a rec5t lecture be=e ! ,society ( ,arts ( ,london1 giv+ an exhau/ive review ( ! subject4--#ae illu/rations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,havre ,,m>itime ,,exhibition4 ,! ,havre ,m>itime ,exhibition op5$ on ! #g? ( ,may4 ,w ?is exhibition awak5 g5]al int]e/1 or w x prove a local affair simply8 ,?is is a secret ( ! weeks t are to foll[4 ,%\ld no?+ *ance to disc\rage ! g5]al int]e/ t surr\nds ,havre1 to damp5 ! en?usiasm ( ! public1 or to act to ! prejudice ( ! exhibitors1 ^: v evid5t desire is to %[ no?+ b rem>kable products 9 e l9e1 ! ,int]national ,m>itime ,exhibition w prove a great success4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,int]national ,,m>9e ,,exhibition ,,at ,,havre4--,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,entrance4 ,! p ( ,havre h two po9ts ( comp>ison t m p>ticul>ly conc]n !mselves3 ,_! ,m>itime ,exhibition ( #ahfh1 :i*1 z f> z exhibition goes1 0 a complete success1 is ! fir/4 ,! f9ancial results ( x 7 n brilliant1 b t 0 due to c]ta9 reasons ^u :i* x is n necess>y to dwell4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,r\5 ,exhibition ( #ahhd prov$ pr(itable4 ,! ,havre ,exhibition1 "u able managem5t1 c h only a l good =tune4 ,x mu/ be said t ! p ( ,havre w\ld be deeply humiliat$ %\ld x prove o!rwise4 ,a v appropriate location 0 select$ = ! ,exhibition1 9 ! busie/ qu>t] ( ! c5t] ( ! city4 ,its circumf]5ce embraces "o ( ! f9e/ docks ( ! port--! ,comm]ce ,dock1 ?us nam$ because x c\ld n be f9i%$ 79 #ahbg7 except by ! f9ancial co-op]ation ( ! %ip[n]s & m]*ants ( ! city4 ,= ! purposes ( ! ,exhibition1 ?is dock is n[ tempor>ily clos$ to navigation4 ,9 ! v>i\s /ructures1 wood has be5 exclusively employ$4 ,! ma9 build+1 :i* alone has a monum5tal "*1 is ,arabic 9 /yle1 & is situat$ 9 ! c5t] ( ,gambetta ,place1 ov] ,p>is ,/reet1 :i* "h becomes a tunnel4 ,two facades ov]look ! ends ( ?is tunnel4 ,a ?ird facade1 :i* is mu* long]1 fronts ,comm]ce ,dock4 ,! edifice is surm\nt$ by a sph]ical cupola t s]ves z a base to a semaphore provid$ ) ma/s & rigg+4 ,on ea* side ( ! sph]e !re are two p5d5t beacons4 ,wide glaz$ bays op5 9 ! ext]nal facades1 & all[ ! eye to w&] to ! s\? ?r\gh ,p>is ,/reet z f> z to ! out] port1 to ! summits ( ,floride1 & to see beyond ?is po9t ! bay ( ,la ,se9e1 ,honfleur1 & ! coa/ ( ,grce4 ,to ! nor?1 ! mo/ limit$ view has = p]spective ! ,city ,hall1 its g>d51 & ! *>m+ coa/ ( ,+onville4 ,! pr9cipal facade1 t :i* fronts ,comm]ce ,dock1 f :i* x is sep>at$ solely by a g>d5 laid out on ,mture ,place1 is ! mo/ attractive & mo/ ornam5t$4 ,"h are locat$ ! re/aurants1 ! cafes1 ! music pavilion1 & a few o!r light /ructures4 ,int]nally1 ?is portion ( ! ,exhibition comprises a va/ ent]ta9m5t hall1 brilliantly & arti/ically decorat$ ) tympans repres5t+ ! ?ree pr9cipal ports ( comm]ce--,havre1 ,bordeaux1 & ,m>seilles--& ) pictures by ! be/ m>9e pa9t]s4 ,x is light$ by an imm5se /a9$ glass w9d[ :i* fronts ,comm]ce ,dock & ! g>d51 & :i* lets 9 a flood ( s(t light4 ,! gall]ies to ! "r & left1 ov] ,p>is ,/reet1 are res]v$ = ! exhibitions ( ! m9i/]s ( /ate & ( ! l>ge public dep>tm5ts1 & = models1 specim5s1 plans1 & draw+s ( w> & m]*ant vessels1 & ( pleasure boats1 & = plans ( port1 road/ead1 & riv] works4 ,two endless gall]ies run to ! nor? & s\? ( ,comm]ce ,dock1 p>allel ) ,orleans ,:>f on ! "o h& & ,lambl>die ,:>f on ! o!r4 ,! nor!rn gall]y is connect$ by a foot bridge ) ! annex ( ,comm]ce ,place1 :]e is locat$ ! colonial exhibition1 ! c5t] ( :i* is occupi$ by a ,cambodian pavilion1 9 :i* are br\ght toge!r ! products ( ,indo-,*9a & ,alg]ia4 ,= half ( _! ext5t1 ! two gall]ies are sep>at$ f ! dock by a prom5ade provid$ ) seats & cov]$ ) a ro(4 ,on ?is prom5ade1 x became necess>y to make room = c]ta9 belat$ exhibitors ^: products are n affect$ by ! op5 air4 ,9 ,comm]ce ,dock are to be se51 float+1 specim5s ( e anci5t & mod]n naval con/ruction1 ,fr5* & =eign1 among :i* are ! /ate convette ,favorite & an ,engli% ?ree-ma/] conv]t$ into a cafe boat4 ,we f9d "h1 too1 ! giant & prehi/oric oak ( ! ,rh9e1 on bo>d ( ! ,drysphore4 ,comm]ce ,dock is divid$ into two p>ts by a foot bridge1 :i* all[s ! visitors to pass f "o side to ! o!r )\t be+ compell$ to tiresomely retrace _! /eps4 ,! ma9 entrance to ! ,exhibition is opposite ! portico ( ! !at]1 on ,gambetta ,place4 ,a second entrance is f\nd on ,comm]ce ,place 9 ! colonies annex4 ,! o!rs1 ne> ! c5t]1 are on ,orleans ,:>f1 opposite ,edw>d ,l>ue ,/reet1 & on ,lambl>die ,:>f1 opposite ,hospital ,/reet & opposite ,sa9t ,l\is ,/reet4 ,! g>d5 ( ! ,exhibition & ! gall]ies t surr\nd x are illum9at$ at night by ! electric light4--,l',illu/ration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,our ,,coa/ ,,def5ses4 ,g5]al ,h4,l4 ,abbott deliv]$ a lecture be=e ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 ,new ,york1 on ! ev5+ ( ,m>* #ba1 a summ>y ( :i* is giv5 by ! ,h]ald z foll[s3 ,accord+ to ,g5]al ,abbott1 ! c\ntry ne$s = its coa/ def5ses3 ,heavy guns2 ,armor-clad casemates2 ,disappe>+ gun c>riages 9 e>?works2 ,heavy mort>s2 ,subm>9e m9es or fix$ torp$oes2 & ,fi% torp$oes4 ,! lectur] said t ?is nation may be attack$ 9 f\r ways3 ,fir/1 by fleet & army comb9$1 z 9 our revolution>y w>2 second1 by blockad+ ! entrances to all our ports2 ?ird1 by bomb>dm5t ( our seaport cities f a long di/ance2 f\r?1 by a fleet =c+ its way into our h>bors1 & mak+ a direct attack or levy+ tribute on our p4 ,! fir/ is n n[ greatly to be fe>$4 ,we are too di/ant f great p[]s1 & too /rong on l&4 ,! second %\ld be met by ! navy1 & is1 !re=e1 outside a discussion ( coa/ def5ses4 ,! ?ird is n probable1 ?\gh x may be possible4 ,! extreme range ( #aj miles = heavy guns _c be obta9$ f %ipbo>d1 & z an elevation ( only #ae or #af c be giv51 n ov] #e to #f miles range is atta9able4 ,! f\r? is ! "o :i* is possible1 probable1 ev5 c]ta9--if we h w> be=e we h bett] def5ses4 ,! race betwe5 guns & armor began ab\t ?irty ye>s ago1 & !re has be5 m developm5t 9 %ips & guns 9 t "t ?an 9 ! two hundr$ prec$+ ye>s4 ,! jump has be5 f ! #g 94 rifle z ! l>ge/ piece to ! #aaj ton ,arm/rong2 9 armor1 f #d 94 ( iron to ! ,inflexible ) #bb 94 ( /eel plat+4 ,! new ,arm/rong gun ( #aaj tons1 tri$ only rec5tly1 ) #hej p\nds ( p[d] & an #a1hjj p\nd %ot c pi]ce all ! t>gets1 & s f> guns h ! victory ov] armor4 ,?is gun develop$ #eg1jjj foot tons ( en]gy1 & w probably rea* #fb1jjj4 ,imag9e ! ,egyptian ne$le 9 ,c5tral ,p>k1 %od on its apex ) h>d /eel1 dropp$ po9t d[nw>d f ! height ( ,tr9ity /eeple2 x weighs #bbe tons1 & x w\ld /rike ) j ab\t ! effect ( "o ( ! #aaj ton gun's projectiles4 ,two ( ^! guns are ready = ! ironclad ,b5b[1 & ! ,italians h sev]al equally p[]ful ( #aai tons f ,h]r ,krupp4 ,! mo/ p[]ful gun 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! #ae 94 or ! #ab 94 rifle1 has a muzzle en]gy ( #c1hjj foot tons4 ,%ips l ! ,inflexible are ! mo/ p[]ful afloat4 ,a /eel wat]-tight deck ext5ds across ! %ip1 & %e has #ace wat]-tight comp>tm5ts4 ,h] guns & eng9es amid%ips h a protection ( #bd 94 ( armor1 & amid%ips %e has a citadel c>ry+ two revolv+ turrets1 ea* conta9+ two #hj ton guns4 ,h] turret armor is #ah 94 ?ick4 ,%e c make #ad knots1 & %e has co/ #c1ejj1jjj4 ,b %e has a l[ freebo>d1 & ! guns1 !re=e1 get no plung+ fire4 ,! ,fr5* %ip ,meta has h] heavie/ guns m\nt$ en b>bette1 high above ! wat] l9e1 giv+ a spl5did plung+ fire4 ,ei!r ( ^! %ips c\ld ent] any ( our h>bors & hold u at h] m]cy4 ,! entrance to ! h>bor ( ,alex&ria1 ,egypt1 is ab\t #e miles across4 ,at ! "t ( ! bomb>dm5t ! protect+ =tifications 7 situat$ at ! ea/ end1 9 ! c5t]1 & at ! we/ end4 ,on ! we/ !re 7 m\nt$ #bj mod]n guns ( great size & p[]1 & !re 7 #g o!rs at ! ea/ end4 ,al?\gh ! ,egyptians f\ght bravely1 !y did v little h>m to ! ,engli% fleet1 :ile on ! second day ! def5se 0 sil5c$ altoge!r4 ,foll[+ ! bomb>dm5t--z 9 ,p>is--came ! reign ( mob law1 do+ m h>m ?an ! %ells _h done2 & x is a possibility t e su* bomb>dm5t w\ld be foll[$ by su* an ov]?r[--at lea/ tempor>y--( all =ms ( law & ord]4 ,! %ips t _h sil5c$ ! ,alex&ria batt]ies--:i* _h #bg heavy guns m ?an we h--c\ld rea* our coa/s 9 #aj or #ab days1 & we w\ld h no?+ to meet !m4 ,armor-clad casemates are beg9n+ to take ! place ( masonry4 ,a trem5d\s ?ickness ( masonry is built up to ! v embrasures = ! guns 9 ! /eel-clad turrets4 ,?is 7! ,gruson7 sy/em has be5 adopt$ by ,belgium1 ,holl&1 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 & ,italy4 ,9 #ahhb ,engl& _h #dcd heavy mod]n guns beh9d armor$ %ore batt]ies2 besides ^! at home1 %e _h #ib 9 h] colonies1 ( :i* #ac 7 9 ,halifax & #aa 9 ,b]muda--= our express b5efit4 ,:at we h are brick & /one casemates & e>?works4 ,a sample granite casemate1 ) iron-l9$ embrasure1 0 built at ,=tress ,monroe1 & #h %ots 7 fir$ at x f a #ab 94 rifle conv]t$ f an old #ae 94 smoo? bore4 ,?is gun develops only #c1hjj foot tons ( en]gy--a m]e no?+ comp>$ ) ! #fb1jjj foot tons ( ! ,engli% & ,g]man #aaj ton guns4 ,g5]al ,abbott %[$ mo/ conclusive pro( ( ! wor?lessness ( masonry =ts 9 pictures %[+ ! effect ( ! %ots4 ,! massive #h feet ?ickness ( granite 0 pi]c$ & batt]$ till x look$ l a ru94 ,n a man inside w\ld h be5 left alive4 ,he also %[$ a disappe>+ gun 9 an e>?work1 ! gun recoil+ bel[ ! level ( ! p>apet & be+ run up to a fir+ position by a c\nt]weight4 ,9 #ahgh ,congress /opp$ all appropriations = def5ses1 & no?+ _h be5 done s9ce4 ,g5]al ,abbott said t we ne$$ subm>9e m9es or fix$ torp$oes1 :i* %\ld be ?ickly int]sp]s$ ab\t ! *annel & be explod$ by an electric batt]y on %ore4 ,to prev5t ^! torp$oes f be+ explod$ by ! enemy1 ! surface ov] !m %\ld be cov]$ by pl5ty ( guns4 ,heavy guns & mort>s 7 ne$$ to resi/ attacks by heavy iron-clads4 ,movable torp$oes 7 valuable1 b only z an auxili>y--a v m9or auxili>y--comp>$ ) subm>9e m9es4 ,we %\ld be cauti\s n to inf] t torp$oes made a satisfactory def5se alone1 z !y mu/ be protect$ by l>ge & small guns1 & !y =m only a "p ( ! *a9 ( g5]al def5ses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,/eam%ip ,,great ,,ea/]n4 ,footnote3 ,see ,engrav+ 9 ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #ehd4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,great ,ea/]n is full ( surprises4 ,x is always t :i* is mo/ unlikely to happ5 to h] :i* occurs4 ,n long s9ce we record$ h] sale by auction 9 ,liv]pool = #bf1jjj4 ,x 0 /at$ t h] pur*as]s 7 go+ to fit h] out = ! ,au/ralian trade1 & t %e w\ld at once be s5t f ,dubl9 to ,glasg[ to be fitt$ ) new eng9es & boil]s1 & to und]go ?or\gh r5ovation4 ,"l ,rav5swor?1 9 8 address to ! ,in/itution ( ,naval ,ar*itects1 spoke rec5tly ( ! bright future be=e h] 9 t ,au/ralian trade = :i* %e 0 specially built4 ,yet at ?is mom5t ! ,great ,ea/]n is ly+ 9 h] old b]? 9 ! ,sloyne at ,liv]pool1 & unless some?+ else at pres5t q un=ese5 takes place1 %e w once m play ! undignifi$ "p ( a float+ music hall4 ,x seems t al?\gh %e 0 c]ta9ly sold1 z we h /at$1 ! transaction 0 n complet$4 ,h] own]s !n ca/ ab\t = ! next highe/ bidd]1 :o at once took h]4 ,he is1 we und]/&1 a ,man*e/] cotton sp9n]1 & he paid #be1ejj = h]4 ,x is no secret t ,messrs4 ,lewis made a consid]able sum out ( ! %ip la/ ye>1 & ! k ( ?is fact has no d\bt induc$ h] pres5t own] to foll[ _! example4 ,! %ip left ,dubl9 on ,sunday1 ,april #c1 "u h] own /eam & 9 t[ ( two ,liv]pool tugs1 ! ,brilliant ,/> & ! ,wre/l]1 & arriv$ 9 ! ,m]sey )\t accid5t on ,monday1 aft] a passage ( only ?irte5 h\rs4 ,mr4 ,reeves1 =m]ly h] *ief (fic]1 has be5 made capta94 ,mr4 ,jackson is /ill *ief eng9e]4 ,we _c at pres5t expla9 ! fact t %e w5t m ?an twice z fa/ z %e has done rec5tly1 h] eng9es mak+ z _m z #cf revolutions a m9ute1 save on ! assumption t :ile ly+ at ,dubl9 mu* ( ! enorm\s gr[? ( seawe$ on h] bottom di$ (f1 z w sometimes happ5 z a result ( *ange ( wat]4 ,h] eng9es & boil]s1 too1 h _h a good ov]haul by ,mr4 ,jackson1 & ?is may acc\nt 9 "p = ?is improvem5t4 ,x is mu* to be regrett$ t ! s*eme ( us+ ! %ip = h] legitimate purpose has n be5 c>ri$ out4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 yet too late4 ,! ,great ,ea/]n 0 n a success 9 ,dubl91 = "o reason1 t a be] & _s lic5se c\ld n be obta9$ = h]4 ,x is said t notice has be5 giv5 at ! ,birk5head police c\rt t any application = a lic5se ( a simil> k9d w be oppos$4 ,:e!r ! %ip w be z popul> a resort )\t z %e 0 ) a lic5se1 we _c pret5d to say2 & we may add t all our pr$ilections are aga9/ h] degradation to ! /atus ( a float+ music hall4 ,! great] h] failure z su*1 ! great] ! *ance ( h] be+ put to a bett] use2 & x may help to t desirable end if we say "h some?+ conc]n+ ! way 9 :i* %e c\ld be r5d]$ a comm]cial success z a trad]4 ,x may be tak5 z prov$ t ! pres5t value ( ! %ip is ab\t #bf1jjj4 ,mr4 ,de ,mattos gave1 we und]/&1 #bg1jjj = h]1 & he b\ght h] by auction4 ,! la/ sale gives ne>ly ! same figures4 ,if we assume t !re are #aj1jjj tons ( iron 9 h]1 we may also assume t if brok5 up x w\ld n fet* m ?an #c a ton at pres5t rates2 b ev5 if we say #d1 we h z a total b #dj1jjj4 ,to break ! %ip up w\ld be a h]culean task2 we v mu* d\bt if x c\ld be done = ! diff]5ce betwe5 #bf1jjj & #dj1jjj2 h] eng9es w\ld only sell = old iron1 be+ entirely wor?less = any o!r place ?an ! f\ndry once !y 7 tak5 out ( h]2 z = h] boil]s1 ! less said ab\t !m ! bett]4 ,9 "o ^w1 %e w\ld n pay to break up4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by a comp>atively mod]ate fur!r outlay1 %e might be made ! f9e/ trad+ %ip afloat4 ,!re are two h>bors at all ev5ts into :i* %e c always get1 namely1 ,mil=d & ,sydney4 ,!re are o!rs1 ( c\rse1 b ^! w d2 & ! %ip c\ld trade betwe5 ^! two ports4 ,by tak+ out h] paddle eng9es1 %e w\ld be reliev$ ( a weight ( #hej tons4 ,! removal ( h] paddle eng9e boil]s w\ld fur!r light5 h]1 & w\ld give 9 addition an enorm\s /[age space4 ,by us+ h] bo? z a c>go & a pass5g] %ip1 ! :ole ( ! upp] portion c\ld be utiliz$ = emigrants1 let u say1 & ! l[] decks = c>go1 ( :i* %e c\ld c>ry ne>ly1 if n q1 #bj1jjj tons4 ,%e w\ld possess ! great advantage t1 not)/&+ %e 0 a c>go %ip1 %e w\ld be ne>ly1 if n q1 z fa/ z any1 save a few ( ! mo/ rec5t additions to ! ,au/ralian fleet4 ,!re is e reason to believe t %e has be5 driv5 at #ad knots by ab\t #f1jjj horse p[]4 ,we are incl9$ to ?9k t ! p[] has be5 ov]/at$1 & we h x on good au?ority t %e has m ?an once atta9$ a spe$ ( #ae knots4 ,let u assume1 h[ev]1 t h] spe$ is to be #ac knots1 or ab\t fifte5 miles an h\r4 ,assum+ ! p[] requir$ to v>y z ! cube ( ! spe$1 if #f1jjj horsep[] gave #ad knots1 !n ab\t #d1hjj w\ld give #ac knots--say #e1jjj horse p[]4 ,n[1 good comp\nd eng9es ( ?is p[] ought n to burn m ?an #b lb4 p] horse p] h\r1 or say #d4e tons p] h\r1 or #ajh tons a day4 ,all[+ ! trip to ,au/ralia to take =ty days1 we h #d1cbj tons ( coal--say #e1jjj tons = ! trip4 ,! ,etruria burns ab\t ?is quantity 9 ! run to ,new ,york & back4 ,= ea* ton ( coal burn$ 9 ! ,great ,ea/]n ab\t #ae1jjj tons ( c>go & #c1jjj pass5g]s c\ld be mov$ ab\t #c-a_/c miles4 ,!re is1 we ne$ h>dly say1 no?+ afloat :i* c comp>e 9 economy ( fuel ) ?is4 ,tak5 on ano!r basis1 we may comp>e h] ) an ord9>y c>go boat4 ,9 su* a vessel ab\t #c1jjj tons ( gra9 c be mov$ at #i knots an h\r = #fjj horse p[]--t is #e tons ( c>go p] horse p[]4 ,r$uc+ ! spe$ ( ! ,great ,ea/]n to #i knots & ab\t #b1jjj horse p[]1 we h #i tons ( c>go mov$ at #i knots p] horse p[]2 s t 9 ! relation ( coal burn$ to c>go mov$ %e w\ld be ne>ly twice z economical z any o!r vessel afloat4 ,! important "q is1 ,:at w\ld ! necess>y alt]ations co/8 ,mu*1 ( c\rse1 w\ld dep5d on :at 0 done4 ,a v l>ge "p ( ! pres5t screw eng9es c\ld be us$4 ,= example1 ! crank %aft1 "s #b feet 9 diamet]1 is a spl5did job1 & no difficulty ne$ be met ) 9 work+ 9 ne>ly ! :ole ( ! pres5t fram+4 ,if ! eng9es 7 only to be comp\nd1 two ( ! exi/+ cyl9d]s might be left :]e !y are1 two high-pressure cyl9d]s be+ sub/itut$ = ! o!rs4 ,if triple expansion 7 adopt$1 !n new eng9es w\ld be want$1 b ! pres5t crank & screw %afts w\ld answ] p]fectly4 ,! pres5t screw w\ld h to be remov$ & "o ( small] diamet] & less pit* put 9 its place4 ,all ?+s consid]$1 we believe t = ab\t #ge1jjj ! ,great ,ea/]n c\ld be entirely r5ovat$ & remodel$ inside4 ,h] own]s w\ld !n h =1 say1 #ajj1jjj a %ip )\t a rival4 ,h] freights might be cut s l[ t %e w\ld always h c>go en\gh1 & h] spe$ & mod]ate f>es ought to attract pl5ty ( pass5g]s4 ,sum up ! matt] h[ we may1 !re appe>s to be a good case = fur!r inve/igation & inquiry z to ! prospects ( success = su* a %ip 9 ! ,au/ralian trade1 & ! op9ion ( m]*ants & o!rs 9 ,melb\rne & ,sydney ought to be obta9$4 ,some?+ w\ld be ga9$ ev5 if ! op9ions ( unprejudic$ exp]ts 7 adv]se4 ,we might !n re/ cont5t to reg>d ! %ip z an utt] failure1 & n object to see h] sunk & fill$ ) concrete to play ! "p ( a breakwat]4 ,until1 h[ev]1 su* an op9ion has be5 express$ aft] full discussion1 we mu/ cont9ue to reg>d ! %ip z fit = some?+ bett] ?an a music hall & danc+ saloon4--,! ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,new ,,g]man ,,corvette ,,greif4 ,our cut repres5ts ! corvette ,greif--! late/ addition to ! ,g]man fleet--on its trial trip1 ,m>* #aj4 ,z o!r naval p[]s1 especially ,engl& & ,france1 h lately built corvettes & cruis]s :i* c travel f #ag to #ah knots1 :ile ! fa/e/ ,g]man boats1 ,blitz & ,pfeil1 c make only #af knots an h\r1 ! *ief ( ! ,imp]ial ,admiralty decid$ to con/ruct a corvette :i* %\ld be ! fa/e/ vessel 9 ! _w4 ,! ord] 0 giv5 to ! %ip & eng9e corporation ,g]mania1 ( ,b]l9 & ,keil1 9 ,april1 #ahhe1 ! requirem5ts be+ t ! eng9es %\ld g5]ate #e1djj h4p41 & t ! vessel1 :5 load$1 %\ld h a spe$ ( #ai knots1 a po9t :i* has nev] be5 rea*$ by any boat ( its size4 ,! hull is made ( ! be/ ,g]man /eel ( ,krupp's manufacture1 & measures #cah ft4 9 l5g? at ! wat] l9e1 ) a bread? ( beam ( #cc ft41 ! dep? f keel to deck be+ #bb ft4 ,x draws ab\t #aa ft41 & has a displacem5t ( #b1jjj tons4 ,z ! vessel is to be us$ pr9cipally z a dispat* boat & = reconnoit]+1 & z--on acc\nt ( its great spe$--x w n be oblig$ to come into conflict ) l>g] & /rong] m5-(-w>1 no great prep>ations = protection 7 ne$$1 nor 0 x necess>y t x %\ld be heavily arm$1 all available room be+ devot$ to ! eng9es1 boil]s1 & ! /or+ ( coal2 ^! occupy m ?an half ! l5g? ( ! vessel1 leav+ only space en\gh = ! accommodation ( ! (fic]s & crew at ! ends4 ,! armam5t consi/s ( five ,hot*kiss revolv+ guns on ea* side1 & a #d 94 gun at ea* end1 ! latt] be+ s arrang$ t ea* "o c sweep half ! horizon4 ,! keel 0 laid 9 ,augu/1 #ahhe1 & ! %ip 0 laun*$ ,july #bi1 #ahhf1 on :i* occasion x 0 *ri/5$ ,greif4 ,on ! trial trip x 0 f\nd t ! sl5d] %ape ( ! vessel adapt$ x = ! developm5t ( a v high rate ( spe$ "u favorable conditions1 :5 x c make at lea/ #bb knots an h\r1 s t ! spe$ ( #ai knots an h\r gu>ante$ by ! build]s c c]ta9ly be rea*$1 ev5 :5 travel+ at a disadvantage4 ,9 spite ( its great l5g?1 ! ,greif c be easily maneuv]$4 ,:5 mov+ =w>d at full spe$1 x c be made to describe a circle by prop] manipulation ( ! rudd]1 & by turn+ "o screw =w>d & ! o!r backw>d1 ! %ip c be turn$ 9 a *annel ( its own l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,new ,,g]man ,,w> ,,/eam] ,,greif4 ,a l>ge & rapid cruis]1 also = ! ,g]man navy1 is be+ built by ! corporation ,g]mania4 ,?is vessel is ( ab\t ! same l5g? z ! ,greif1 has m ?an d\ble its displacem5t1 & w make #ah knots an h\r1 an unusual rate ( spe$ = a vessel ( its class4 ,x w be laun*$ by ! la/ ( ! summ] or e>ly 9 ! fall4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tw9 ,,screw ,,torp$o ,,boat4 ,we give sev]al illu/rations ( a sea go+ tw9 screw torp$o boat lately built = ! ,italian gov]nm5t by ,messrs4 ,y>r[ ,co41 ( ,popl>4 ,! vessel 9 "q is #adj ft4 long by #ad ft4 wide1 & h] displacem5t approa*es close on #ajj tons4 ,! eng9es are ( ! comp\nd surface cond5s+ type ord9>ily fitt$ by ?is firm 9 _! torp$o boats1 except+ :]e triple comp\nds are fitt$4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t is %[n by ! sectional plan4 ,z w be notic$1 !re are two boil]s1 "o be=e & ! o!r aft ( ! eng9es1 & ei!r boil] is arrang$ to supply ei!r or bo? ! eng9es4 ,y>r['s pat5t wat] tight a% pans are fitt$ to ea* boil]1 to prev5t ! fire be+ ext+ui%$ by a sudd5 influx ( wat] into ! /okehold4 ,!re is an indep5d5t c5trifugal pump+ eng9e arrang$ to take its suction f any comp>tm5t ( ! boat4 ,!re are also /eam ejectors & h& pumps to ea* comp>tm5t4 ,^! comp>tm5ts are v num]\s1 z ! space is mu* subdivid$1 bo? f consid]ations ( /r5g? & safety4 ,b[ & /]n rudd]s are fitt$1 ea* hav+ indep5d5t /eam /e]+ ge>1 b bo? rudd]s c be work$ 9 unison1 or !y c be imm$iately *ang$ to h& ge> :5 necess>y4 ,! accommodation is v good = a vessel ( ?is class4 ,(fic]s' & petty (fic]s' cab9s are aft1 :ile ! crew is b]!d =w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tw9 ,,screw ,,torp$o ,,boat ,,= ,,! ,,italian ,,gov]nm5t4 ,! armam5t consi/s ( two b[ tubes built 9 ! boat4 ,!re are two turntables1 z %[n 9 ! illu/rations1 ea* fitt$ ) two torp$o tubes4 ,^!1 x w be notic$1 are n arrang$ p>allel to ea* o!r1 b lie at a small angle1 s t if bo? torp$oes are eject$ at once1 !y w take a some:at div]g5t c\rse4 ,messrs4 ,y>r[ h introduc$ ?is plan 9 ord] to give a bett] *ance = "o ( ! torp$oes to hit ! vessel attack$4 ,!re are two quick fir+ ?ree p\nd] guns on deck1 & !re is a p[]ful se>* light1 ! dynamo & eng9e be+ plac$ 9 ! galley comp>tm5t4 ,we believe1 says ,eng9e]+1 ?is torp$o boat1 toge!r ) a si/] vessel1 built also = ! ,italian gov]nm5t1 are ! fa/e/ vessels ( _! class yet tri$1 & x is c]ta9 t ! ,briti% ,navy does n yet possess a craft to equal !m4 ,x is an extraord9>y & lam5table fact t ,great ,brita91 :i* claims to be ! =emo/ naval p[] 9 ! _w1 has always be5 beh9d ! times 9 ! matt] ( torp$o boats4 ,! (ficial trial ( ?is boat 0 rec5tly made 9 ! ,l[] ,hope 9 r\gh wea!r4 ,! foll[+ is a copy ( ! (ficial record ( ! six runs on ! measur$ mile3 ,boil] ,receiv] ,revolutions ,second ,pressure4 ,pressure4 ,vacuum4 p] ,m9ute4 ,spe$4 ,means4 ,means4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ lb4 lb4 94 #a #acj #cb #bh #cgc #bb4fda #bd4ief #b #acj #cb #bh #cgb4g #bg4bgb #bd4iib #be4jbh #c #acj #cb #bh #cgb #bb4ghd #be4jbh #be4jbh #d #acj #cb #bh #cgg #bg4bgb #be4ach #be4bdh #e #acj #cb #bh #cge #bc4bbe #be4bdh #be4bdh #f #acj #cb #bh #cgg #bg4bgb ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,means4 #acj #cb #bh #bgd #be4aja knots ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- --,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"s ,,rec5t ,,high-,,spe$ ,,tw9 ,,screws4 ,footnote3 ,a pap] rec5tly read be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,naval ,ar*itects1 ,london4 ,by ,e4,a4 ,,l9n+ton4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & valuable features 9 ! developm5t ( naval con/ruction 9 rec5t ye>s is ! great advance :i* has be5 made 9 ! spe$s ( our w> %ips4 ,?is advance has be5 g5]al1 & n conf9$ to any p>ticul> vessel or class ( vessel4 ,f ! fir/ class armor$ fight+ %ip ( ab\t #aj1jjj tons displacem5t d[n to ! comp>atively dim9utive cruis] ( #a1ejj tons1 ! v desirable quality ( a high spe$ has be5 provid$4 ,^! are all tw9 screw %ips1 & ea* ( ! tw9s is driv5 by its own set ( eng9es & l9e ( %aft+1 s t ! propell+ ma*9]y ( ea* %ip is duplicat$ ?r\gh\t4 ,! spe$s atta9$ indicate a high effici5cy ) ! tw9 screws4 ,9 all %ips1 b m especially 9 high spe$ %ips1 success dep5ds l>gely ^u ! provision ( propell]s suit$ = ! "w !y h to p]=m1 & :]e a high propulsive effici5cy has be5 secur$1 !re is no d\bt ! screws are work+ ) a high effici5cy4 ,! pr9cipal purpose ( ?is pap] is to record ! p>ticul>s ( ! propell]s1 & ! results ( ! trials ( sev]al ( ^! high spe$ tw9 screw %ips4 ,! table gives ! lead+ p>ticul>s ( sev]al classes ( %ips1 ! p>ticul>s ( ! screws1 & ! results obta9$ on ! measur$ mile trials f a %ip ( ea* class1 except ,c4 ,! vessels ^: trials are ins]t$ 9 ! table h n be5 select$ z %[+ ! highe/ spe$s = ! sev]al classes4 ,except+ ,c1 !y are ! %ips :i* h be5 run on ! measur$ mile at or ne> ! design$ load wat] l9e4 ,on light draught trials1 spe$s h be5 atta9$ f half a knot to a knot high] ?an ^? "h record$4 ,no %ip ( ! class ,c has yet be5 (ficially tri$ on ! measur$ mile1 b z sev]al are 9 a =w>d /ate1 p]haps ! actual data f "o ( !m may %ortly be obta9$4 ,all ^! measur$ mile trials 7 made "u ! usual ,admiralty conditions1 t is to say1 ! %ips' bottoms & ! screws 7 clean1 & ! =ce ( ! w9d & /ate ( ! sea 7 n su* z to make ! trials useless = purposes ( comp>ison4 ,on su* trials ! i4h4p4 is obta9$ f diagrams tak5 :ile ! %ip is on ! mile1 & ! revolutions are record$ by rue*anical c\nt]s = ! "t occupi$ 9 runn+ ! mile4 ,n less ?an f\r runs are made dur+ a trial ext5d+ ov] sev]al h\rs4 ,! i4h4p4 9 ! table is n necess>ily ! maximum dur+ ! trial1 = ! av]age :ile on ! mile is sometimes a little bel[ ! av]age = ! :ole ( ! trial4 ,! revolutions are ! mean = ! two sets ( eng9es1 & ! i4h4p4 is ! sum ( ! p[]s ( ! two sets4 ,! pit* ( ! screw is measur$4 ,! bolt holes 9 ! blade flanges all[ an adju/m5t ( pit*1 b 9 ea* case ! blades 7 set z ne>ly z possible at ! pit* at :i* !y 7 ca/4 ,! p>ticul>s giv5 9 ! table may be tak5 to be z reliable & accurate z su* ?+s c be obta9$1 & = ea* %ip !re are correspond+ data2 t is1 ! p[]s1 spe$s1 displacem5ts1 revolutions1 pit*es1 & o!r items exi/$ at ! same "t4 ,!re are a few po9ts ( detail ab\t ^! propell]s :i* des]ve a pass+ notice4 ,9 ,fig4 #a is %[n a =e & aft section ?r\gh ! boss4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! flanges ( ! blades are sunk into ! boss1 & t ! bolts are sunk into ! flanges4 ,! recess = ! bolt heads is cov]$ ) a ?9 plate hav+ ! curve ( ! flange1 s t ! flanges & ! boss =m a section ( a sph]e4 ,?is me?od ( con/ruction is a little m exp5sive ?an expos$ flanges & bolts1 :i*1 h[ev]1 r5d] ! boss a huge *urn4 ,) ! high revolutions at :i* ^! screws "w1 a sph]ical boss is extremely desirable1 b1 ( c\rse1 ! details ne$ n be exactly z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! conical tail is fitt$ to prev5t loss ) eddies beh9d ! flat end ( ! boss1 & is p>ticul>ly valuable ) ! screws ( high spe$ %ips4 ,! light hood %[n on ! /]n bracket is = ! purpose ( prev5t+ eddies beh9d ! boss ( ! /]n bracket1 & to save ! resi/ance ( ! flat face ( ! screw boss4 ,! edges ( ! blades are ca/ %>p1 in/ead ( be+ r\nd$ at ! back1 ) a small radius1 z 9 ! usual practice--! object ( ! %>p edge be+ ! dim9ution ( ! edge resi/ance4 ,! driv+ key ext5ds ! :ole l5g? ( ! boss1 & ! tap]$ %aft fits ?r\gh\t its l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,^! po9ts ( detail h be5 features ( all ,admiralty screws = "s ye>s4 ,! frictional resi/ance ( screw propell]s is always a fruitful s\rce ( ineffici5cy4 ,) a giv5 screw1 ! loss due to friction may be tak5 to v>y approximately z ! squ>e ( ! spe$4 ,?is is n to say t ! frictional resi/ance is great] 9 proportion to ! ?ru/ at high ?an at l[ spe$s4 ,! blades ( screws = any spe$ %\ld be z smoo? & clean z possible1 b = high spe$ screws ! absolute sav+ ( friction may be consid]able ) an improvem5t ( ! surface4 ,!re is no p]man5t advantage 9 poli%+ ! blades4 ,no d\bt !re is "s advantage = a little "t1 &1 probably1 bett] results may !reby be secur$ on trial1 b ! blades soon become r\gh1 & %ell fi% & we$ appe> to gr[ z rapidly on rec5tly poli%$ blades z on an ord9>y surface4 ,^! screws are ( gun metal4 ,!y 7 fitt$ to ! %ips 9 ! condition 9 :i* !y left ! f\ndry4 ,x appe>s t )9 c]ta9 limits m]e %ape ( blade does n affect ! effici5cy ( ! screw1 b1 ) a giv5 numb] ( blades & a giv5 disk1 ! possible v>iations 9 ! =m or di/ribution ( a giv5 area are su* t diff]5t results may be realiz$4 ,! %apes ( ! blades ( ^! propell]s are %[n 9 ,figs4 #b1 #c1 & #d4 ,x w be se5 ! %apes are n exactly ! same = all ! screws1 b ! diff]5ces d n call = mu* rem>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b41 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #b %[s ! blades = ! ,a screw4 ,c & ,d h ! same =m4 ,fig4 #c %[s 9 full l9es ! blades ( ! ,b screw1 &1 ?\gh v n>r[ at ! tips1 !y1 l ,a1 are aft] ! ,griffi? patt]n4 ,! blades ( ,e & ,f are ( a simil> %ape1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 & approa* an oval =m r ?an ! ,griffi? patt]n4 ,! p>ticul>s ( ^! propell]s w\ld be consid]$ incomplete )\t "s ref]5ce to _! positions ) respect to ! hulls4 ,:5 decid+ ! positions ( tw9 screws1 !re is room = v>iation1 v]tically1 longitud9ally1 & transv]sely4 ,= ^! screws1 ! imm]sions ins]t$ 9 ! table give ! v]tical positions4 ,! imm]sion 9 ,a is #i ft41 %[+ :at may be done 9 a deep draught %ip ) a small screw4 ,:atev] ! value ( deep imm]sion may be 9 smoo? wat]1 !re c be no "q t x is mu* enhanc$ 9 a seaway4 ,! longitud9al positions are su* t ! c5t] ( ! screw is ab\t "o-fif? ( ! diamet] =w>d ( ! aft side ( ! rudd] po/4 ,! positions may1 p]haps1 diff] some:at f ?is rule )\t appreciably affect+ ! p]=mance1 b1 if any alt]ation be made1 x w\ld probably be bett] to put ! screws a little f>!r aft r ?an =w>d4 ,! =w>d edges ( ! blades are f #b ft4 to #c ft4 cle> ( ! legs ( ! bracket :i* c>ries ! aft] be>+4 ,! transv]se positions are decid$1 to "s ext5t1 by ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5t] l9es ( ! eng9es4 ,z reg>ds propulsive effici5cy1 x w\ld appe> t ! ne>] ! screws are to ! middle l9e1 ! less is ! resi/ance due to ! %aft tubes & brackets1 & ! great] is ! ga9 f ! wake 9 ! screw effici5cy1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! great] is ! augm5t ( ! %ip's resi/ance1 due to ! action ( ! screws4 ,fur!r1 ! ne>] ! screws are to ! hull1 ! less are !y expos$4 ,b exp]i5ce is n want+ to %[ t ! vibration may be tr\blesome :5 ! blades come )9 a few in*es ( ! hull4 ,! av]age ( ! cle>ances betwe5 ! tips ( ! blades & ! respective hulls is ab\t "o-eigh? ( ! diamet] ( ! screw4 ,an int]e/+ & notewor?y fact 9 connection ) ^! propell]s is ! wide diff]5ces 9 ! pit*es & revolutions1 ?\gh ! products ( ! two d n greatly v>y4 ,su* diff]5ces are extremely r>e 9 ! m]cantile m>9e = simil> spe$s1 b 9 w> %ips !y are insep>able f ! conditions ( ! eng9e design4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ) 7revolutions pit*7 a con/ant1 an increase ( revolutions & ! consequ5t decrease ( pit* all[ a dim9ution ( disk & ( blade area--o!r modify+ conditions1 su* z ! ?ru/1 slip1 numb]1 & patt]n ( blades1 be+ ! same4 ,! screws = ,e & ,f are int]e/+1 because1 ) practically ! same spe$s & slips1 !re is a consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! revolutions4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,f is a vessel ( f9] =m & a little less displacem5t ?an ,e1 &1 !re=e1 has less resi/ance4 ,al?\gh ,e has ! great] resi/ance & ! screw ! small] pit*_/diamet]1 ! high] revolutions p]mit ! use ( a small] screw4 ,b f ?is example ! influ5ce ( ! high revolutions 9 dim9i%+ ! size ( screw does n appe> s great z "s empirical rules w\ld indicate4 ,! screws = ,a & ,b are also wor?y ( att5tion4 ,al?\gh ! %ip ,a has a mu* great] resi/ance ?an ,b1 ! screw ( ! =m] is mu* ! small]1 bo? 9 ! blade area & ! disk4 ,a's screws1 h[ev]1 9 addition to #bb p] c5t4 m revolutions ?an ,b1 h a mu* l>g] slip1 & ! blades h r a full] =m at ! tips4 ,comp>$ ) ! practice 9 ! m]cantile m>9e1 ! revolutions ( ^! screws are v high1 & f ! =ego+ rem>ks x may appe> t mu* l>g] screws w\ld be requir$ = a m]*ant %ip ?an = a w> %ip ( ! same displacem5t & spe$4 ,!re w\ld1 h[ev]1 be sev]al items favorable to ! use ( small screws4 ,= a giv5 displacem5t ! resi/ance w\ld be less 9 ! m]cantile %ip1 & ) ! l[] revolutions ! proportion ( blade area to ! disk c\ld be increas$ )\t impair+ ! effici5cy4 ,?us 9 pass+ f ! w> vessel to a m]*ant %ip ( ! same displacem5t1 !re are ! l[] revolutions favorable to a l>g] screw1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! small] resi/ance1 l>g] proportion ( blade area1 & ! co>s] pit*1 are favorable to a dim9ution ( ! screw4 ,! %ip ,b has a v l>ge screw at #hh revolutions1 b ! tips are v n>r[4 ,if ! blade 7 z dott$ = a diamet] ( #af ft41 ! same "w c\ld be done ) ! same revolutions1 b ) a little co>s] pit* & a little m slip4 ,!re is some?+ to be said = l>ge screws ) a small proportion ( blade area to disk4 ,= in/ance1 two blad$ screws h frequ5tly giv5 bett] results ?an f\r blad$ screws ( small] diamet]1 neglect+1 ( c\rse1 ! "q ( vibrations4 ,tw9 screws1 h[ev]1 %\ld1 z a rule1 be made z small z possible 9 diamet] )\t loss ( effici5cy4 ,! advantages ( small tw9 screws are ! %ort] %aft tubes & /]n brackets1 deep] imm]sion1 & less exposure z comp>$ ) l>ge screws4 ,! exposure ( ! screws is usually consid]$ an objection1 b1 p]haps1 too mu* has be5 made ( x1 = ^? well qualifi$ to speak on ! subject consid] t c>eful h&l+ ( ! %ip w\ld1 9 mo/ cases1 prev5t damage to ! screws1 & t :]e ! exposure is unusually great1 effectual protection by portable protectors pres5ts no insup]able difficulty4 ,,high ,,spe$ ,,tw9 ,,screws4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,%ip ,a4,%ip ,b4,%ip ,c4,%ip ,d4,%ip ,e4,%ip ,f4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,l5g?1 ft4 #cbe #cae #cjj #cjj #bbj #bej ,bread?1 ft4 #fh #fa #ef #df #cd #cb ,draught on trial1 #bf ft #bd ft #ae ft #ab ft #ac ft =w>d4 #b 9 #f 9 4444 #f 9 #aj 9 #a 9 ,draught on trial1 #bg ft #be ft #ai ft #ae ft #ad ft aft4 #c 9 #f 9 4444 #i 9 #b 9 #g 9 ,displacem5t1 tons4 #i1fij #g1fde #e1jjj #c1ehd #a1efj #a1edd ,i4,m4,s41 sq4 ft4 #a1efj #a1bhg #a1jjj #gdd #dch #cib ,spe$ ( %ip1 knots4 #af4ib #ag4ba #ah4ge #ah4ah #af4ia #ag ,i4,h4,p4 #aa1faj #aj1ahj #h1ejj #f1afj #c1aae #c1jde ,revolutions p] m9ute4 #ajg4b #hh #abj #abb4f #aej4d #acb4a ,pit* ( #ai ft #bb ft #ah ft #ag ft #ab ft #ad ft screw4 #e 9 #i 9 #f 9 #g;9 #i 9 ,slip4 p] c5t #ag4f #aj 444 #ad4b #i4g #aa4d ,diamet] ( #ae ft #ah ft #ad ft #ac ft #aj ft #aa ft screw4 #f 9 #f 9 #f 9 ,diamet] ( #d ft #d ft #c ft #c ft #b ft #b ft boss4 #d 9 #aa 9 #i 9 #e 9 #i 9 #aj 9 ,numb] ( blades #d #d #c #c #c #c ,blade area ( "o screw4 #gb #hg #fj #dg #bd #bd ,%ape ( blade4 ,fig4 #b4;,fig4 #c4;,fig4 #b4;,fig4 #b4;,fig4 #d4;,fig4 #d ,pit* ---------- #a4be #a4bb #a4c #a4cd #a4b #a4cd ,diamet] ,disk -------- #b4fb #b4ib #b4ge #b4hb #c4f #c4if ,blade area ,imm]sion ( #i ft #e ft #d ft #b ft #a ft screw4 #c 9 4444 #d 9 #i 9 #aj 9 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,! slips ( ^! screws v>y f #aj to #ag p] c5t41 :i* is c]ta9ly n an ext5sive range1 consid]+ ! widely diff]5t work+ conditions4 ,slip1 z an indication ( ! effici5cy ( ! screw1 is n only an int]e/+ subject1 b x is (t5 "o ( importance4 ,9 ^! %ips1 h[ev]1 !re is no?+ ab\t ! slips :i* w\ld give rise to any d\bts z to ! fitness ( ! screws = _! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,fig4 #f4 ,! anci5t fallacy t small slip meant a high screw effici5cy 0 support$ by ! great au?ority ( ! late ,pr(essor ,rank9e4 ,exp]i5ce prov$ t consid]able slips & effici5t screws 7 companions4 ,! late ,mr4 ,fr\de (f]$ an explanation ( ?is g5]al rule 9 a pap] read be=e ?is ,in/itution 9 #ahgh1 & gave a curve ( effici5cy ) v>y+ true slip4 ,9 ,mr4 ,r ,e4 ,fr\de's pap] la/ ye> !re 0 a =m ( ?is curve1 ) an arbitr>y abscissa scale = ! slip1 devis$ to illu/rate 9 "o diagram ! wide conditions cov]$ by 8 exp]im5ts4 ,9 ! screws n[ "u consid]ation1 ! values ( ! pit*_/diamet] v>y only f #a4b to #a4cd1 & = ^! ! abscissa values = ! same slips d n diff] mu*4 ,tak+ ! mean value1 & br++ ! slips to a common scale1 ,fig4 #e is obta9$1 :i* w\ld approximately repres5t ! relation betwe5 ! effici5cy ( any "o ( ^! screws & its true slip1 if ?is curve 7 applicable to full siz$ screws propell+ actual %ips4 ,! slips 9 ,fig4 #e be+ real or true1 are n ! slips ( comm]ce1 :i* are ! app>5t slips1 su* z ^? giv5 9 ! table4 ,let u endeavor to split up ^! real slips into ! app>5t slips & ano!r item1 ! spe$ ( ! wake4 ,we !n at once meet ) ! difficulty t ! wake 9 :i* ! screw works has n a uni=m motion4 ,complex1 h[ev]1 z are ! motions ( ! wake1 ! screw may be assum$ to "w 9 a cyl9d] ( wat] hav+ su* a uni=m =w>d velocity z w produce ! same effect z ! actual wake on ! ?ru/ ( ! screw4 ,x is !n readily se5 t ! real slip is ! sum ( ! app>5t slip & ! spe$ ( ! hypo!tical wake4 ,to make ?is cle>1 let ,v be ! spe$ ( ! %ip1 ,vs ! spe$ ( ! screw1 i4e41 revolutions pit*1 & ,v ! spe$ ( ! wake2 !n-- ,app>5t slip ,vs - ,v4 ,real slip ,vs - spe$ ( %ip ) respect to ! wake4 ,vs - 7,v - ,v7 7,vs - ,v7 ,vw4 ,app>5t slip spe$ ( ! wake4 ,if ! app>5t slip be z]o1 ! real slip is ! spe$ ( ! wake1 & if ! app>5t slip be negative1 ! real slip is less ?an ! spe$ ( ! wake4 ,! real slip is great] ?an ! app>5t slip1 & c nev] be a negative quantity4 ,f ,mr4 ,fr\de's model exp]im5ts1 x appe>s t ?is spe$ ( wake = ! ,a class ( %ip am\nts to ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( ! spe$ ( ! ,a screw4 ,if ?is value is correct1 !n ! real slip is 7#aj #ag4f7 p] c5t41 or #bg4f p] c5t4 ,?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #f1 :]e ,o is ! po9t ( no slip1 be+ #ag4fd f ! po9t ( real slip4 ,slips to ! "r ( ,o are positive app>5t slips1 slips to ! left are negative app>5t slips4 ,! vessel ,f w\ld c]ta9ly h a wake ) a spe$ consid]ably less ?an t ( ,a's wake4 ,f ! model exp]im5ts1 ! wake = ,f is ab\t "o-half t = ! ,a class1 or1 r\ghly1 #e p] c5t4 ( ! spe$ ( ! screw4 ,= ! %ip ,f1 ,o is ! po9t ( no app>5t slip1 & ! real slip is 7#e #aa4d7 or #af4d p] c5t4 ,= ,e1 ! po9t ( real slip is approximately ! same z = ,f4 ,= ,b & ,d1 ! positions on ! curve w\ld be ab\t ! same4 ,! %ip ,b has a high] spe$ ( wake ?an ,d1 b ! screw ,d has ! great] app>5t slip4 ,! influ5ce ( ! numb] ( blades on ! scale = ! slip has be5 neglect$4 ,if ?is effici5cy curve 7 applicable to full siz$ screws propell+ actual %ips1 & if ! det]m9ation ( ! wakes 7 beyond "q1 !n we %\ld h a pro( t our screws 7 at or ne> ! maximum effici5cy4 ,b1 z we "k1 f ! total propulsive effici5cies1 t ! screws h high & n widely diff]5t effici5cies on ^! %ips1 we may argue ! o!r way1 & say t !re is good reason to consid] t at lea/ ! upp] "p ( ! curve agrees ) exp]i5ce obta9$ f actual %ips4 ,n[ take ,fig4 #f & consid] ! g5]al laws !re repres5t$4 ,take ! spe$ ( ! wake z #aj p] c5t4 ( ! spe$ ( ! screw1 :i* is probably an av]age ( widely diff]5t conditions1 includ+ _m s+le z well z tw9 screw %ips4 ,!n ?is curve %[s t consid]able negative slips mean ineffici5t screws2 t screws may h v diff]5t positive slips )\t any appreciable diff]5ce 9 _! effici5cies2 & t v l>ge positive slips & ineffici5t screws may be companions4 ,= in/ance1 a screw ) a l>ge positive slip 9 smoo? wat] is frequ5tly ineffici5t at sea aga9/ a head w9d1 :i* increases ! resi/ance1 & necessitates an increase ( slip4 ,i v5ture to say t ^! /atem5ts1 tak5 9 a g5]al mann]1 are n at v>iance ) exp]i5ce obta9$ f ! p]=mances ( screw %ips4 ,be=e x is possible to satisfactorily decide if ?is curve applies 9 a g5]al mann] to full siz$ screws propell+ %ips1 we require ! results ( trials ( v>i\s %ips :]e ! screws are work+ ab\t ! region ( no slip4 ,model exp]im5ts tea* t ! scale = ! slip v>ies ) ! design ( ! screw1 & t ) a giv5 screw ! spe$ ( ! wake 7:i* decides ! po9t ( no app>5t slip7 v>ies ) ! type ( %ip & ) ! position ( ! screw ) respect to ! hull4 ,rememb]+ ^! di/urbances1 x is n improbable t x may be possible to acc\nt = or expla9 :at at fir/ sight may appe> dep>tures f ! curve4 ,! diamet]s ( ! screws 9 ! table are n comp>$ ) ! diamet]s giv5 by ! me?od expla9$ by ,mr4 ,fr\de 9 8 pap] la/ ye>1 = !re are diff]5ces 9 ! slips1 ! proportions ( blade area to disk1 &1 to "s ext5t1 9 ! %apes ( ! blades1 :i* are n tak5 into acc\nt 9 t me?od4 ,assum+1 h[ev]1 z ,mr4 ,fr\de does1 a con/ant proportion ( blade area to disk1 & a uni=m patt]n ( blade1 ! det]m9ation ( ! diamet] = a giv5 set ( conditions may1 z a rule1 be a complete solution ( ! problem ( ! design ( a screw1 b ^! assumptions d n cov] all ! necessities ( actual practice1 :i* make x extremely desirable to "k some?+ ab\t ! influ5ce or effici5cy ( v>i\s proportions ( blade area to disk1 & ( ! =m or di/ribution ( a giv5 area4 ,dur+ ! discussion :i* foll[$1 ,mr4 ,john said t1 bo? z reg>d$ ! m]cantile m>9e & ! ,royal ,navy1 !re 7 few data to "w ^u1 b few %ips hav+ be5 built ) tw9 screws4 ,mr4 ,l9n+ton's proportions ( pit* to diamet] ( #a4b to #a4cd 0 n inv>iably adh]$ to4 ,he m5tion$ a c\ple ( small tw9 screw vessels :]e ! proportion ( pit* to diamet] came ne>ly to #a4e1 & he rememb]$ a few ye>s ago ! propell]s 9 "o ( ^! vessels be+ *ang$ & ! pit* increas$1 ! result be+ a v consid]able improvem5t4 ,he believ$ !y might g ) quick runn+ tw9 screw eng9es to a l>g] proportion ( pit* to diamet] ?an !y c\ld ) a s+le screw4 ,he might in/ance ! *ange 9 ! ,iris4 ,%e 0 fir/ eng9$ ) ! pit* equal to ! diamet]1 & %e ga9$ two knots or !reab\t :5 ! diamet] 0 r$uc$ #b ft4 & ! pit* increas$ #b ft4 ,admiral ,de ,horsey said t he tri$ exp]im5ts ) ! s+le screw 9 ! ,aurora4 ,%e _h a fea!r+ s]ew1 & :5 ! sails 7 us$ to assi/1 !y commonly alt]$ ! pit* ( ! screw accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! w9d4 ,! screw c\ld be alt]$ :ile x 0 revolv+1 & z ! w9d fre%5$ !y co>s5$ ! pit*1 & :5 !y want$ to /op ! eng9es !y co>s5$ ! pit* s z to br+ ! screw "r =e & aft1 s t !y nev] alt]$ ! way ( ! %ip 9 *ang+ f /eam to sail alone4 ,! reason :y tw9 screws _h be5 adopt$ 9 ! navy 0 t if "o 0 damag$ !re 0 ! o!r /ill available4 ,b x gave !m a /ill fur!r advantage1 z x enabl$ !m to h a =e & aft bulkhead1 :i* ) a s+le screw 0 difficult4 ,! m]cantile m>9e _h n z yet look$ favorably on tw9 screws4 ,_! f9e/ & fa/e/ %ips 7 s+le screws1 probably because1 9 v bad wea!r1 ! s+le screw 0 bett]4 ,mr4 ,spy] said t 9 design+ propell]s = %ips ( w>1 !y 7 oblig$ to attempt to obta9 ! highe/ possible spe$1 & t 0 n necess>ily co9cid5t ) a propell] ( maximum effici5cy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 = m]cantile purposes1 coal consumption 0 obvi\sly ( p>am\nt importance1 & ! spe$ ( any p>ticul> vessel mu/ be obta9$ ) ! smalle/ possible am\nt ( indicat$ horse p[]1 & a propell] ( maximum effici5cy4 ,reg>d+ ! position ( ! propell]s 9 a small p9nace1 ! propell]s 7 %ift$ six or sev5 in*es fur!r out1 & ) ab\t t5 p] c5t4 less indicat$ horse p[] %e obta9$ ?ree t5?s ( a knot m spe$4 ,mr4 ,b>naby ask$ ,mr4 ,l9n+ton :e!r1 9 design+ tw9 screws = a vessel ( #h1jjj i4h4p41 he w\ld make ea* screw1 :i* w\ld h to take #d1jjj i4h4p41 ( ! same diamet] z a screw = a s+le %ip ( #d1jjj i4h4p41 ( ! same spe$4 ,un=tunately 9 high spe$ vessels1 f "o po9t ( view1 ! fa/] !y w5t = a giv5 p[] ! small] ! diamet] ( ! screw _h to be1 & ! l>g] ! pit*1 s t 9 v high spe$ tw9 screw vessels ! ratio ( pit* to diamet] w\ld be f\nd to come out v great inde$4 ,9 a tw9 screw torp$o boat1 to be tri$ %ortly1 !y _h a ratio z high z #a4fd4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,inflexible x 0 f\nd1 ow+ possibly to ! position ( ! screw1 t ! :ole ( ! plates imm$iately ov] ! screws 7 damag$4 ,mr4 ,beckett ,hill _h be5 us+1 dur+ ! pa/ ?ree or f\r ye>s1 ! tw9 screw /eam]s ! ,ludgate ,hill1 ,ri*mond ,hill1 & ,t[] ,hill4 ,^! 7 all ov] #d1jjj tons regi/]1 & indicat$1 :5 at "w at full spe$1 #b1ejj h4p4 ,be=e he & 8 fri5ds built ^! /eam]s1 !y built "s v l>ge tug boats on ! tw9 screw pr9ciple4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t1 f\r ( ! fa/e/ /eam]s build+ = ! ,atlantic s]vice 7 to h tw9 screws4 ,! great ob/acle to ! ext5sion ( ! tw9 screw 9 ! m]cantile navy _h be5 ! fe> t ! projection ( ^! screws w\ld make ! vessels v difficult to h&le1 b he _h f\nd no su* difficulties4 ,he _h f\nd x an advantage to put ! po9t ( ! propell] z ne> ! deadwood z he c\ld1 )\t actually t\*+ x1 & 9 ! l>ge /eam]s1 z well z 9 ! tugs1 ! di/ance 0 a few in*es4 ,z to ! po9t ( safety1 he ?\ght x a great advantage to h tw9 screws1 & on two occasions tw9 screw vessels _h met ) accid5ts :i*1 b = ! tw9 screws1 w\ld h necessitat$ _! putt+ back to ,new ,york = repairs4 ,! ,ri*mond ,hill1 on "o occasion1 met ) an accid5t to h] ma*9]y two days aft] leav+ ,new ,york2 b %e 0 able to come on ) ! second set ( eng9es1 & 0 only "o day late 9 ! passage4 ,no difficulty _h be5 f\nd 9 ! dock+ & undock+ ( ^! vessels1 ei!r 9 ,london or ,liv]pool1 & :ile ) s+le screw vessels !y _h sometimes to employ "o or two dock boats to dock & undock !m1 !y nev] _h to d s ) ! tw9 screw vessels4 ,^! vessels 7 #djj ft4 long1 ) #dh ft4 bread? ( beam--a v l>ge size to h&le 9 a riv] l ! ,?ames4 ,he notic$ 9 ! pap] a propell] ) a diamet] ( #ae ft4 #f 94 to indicate #aa1aaj h4p41 s t a great ,atlantic /eam]1 :i* %\ld indicate #aa1jjj or #ab1jjj h4p41 & h a beam ( ab\t #fe;ft41 w\ld h h] screws v well protect$4 ,mr4 ,:ite said t z soon z x 0 f\nd t ) tw9 screws !y lo/ no?+ 9 effici5cy1 %ip own]s g5]ally 7 contemplat+ _! adoption1 an admirable example ( :i* _h be5 set 9 ! vessels ( ! ,hill l9e4 ,9 adopt+ tw9 screws1 ! "q :e!r !y %\ld ov]lap 0 "o t des]v$ v s]i\s consid]ation1 & x 0 int]e/+ to "k1 f exp]i5ce ga9$ by ! vessels ( ! ,hill l9e1 t !re 0 no difficulty 9 ! way ( ! projection ( ! screws4 ,) a mod]ate p[]1 & ) vessels ( consid]able size1 ! screws 7 well %elt]$3 b 9 ! l>ge %ips :i* 7 contemplat$1 :]e !re mu/ necess>ily be l>g] screws1 ?is might be diff]5t1 & become a difficulty4 ,mr4 ,l9n+ton1 9 reply1 said !re 0 no reason to ?9k t ! tw9 screw at sea might n be z satisfactory1 9 comp>ison ) ! s+le screw1 z x appe>$ 9 smoo? wat]4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 "o ( ! great advantages ( tw9 screws 0 t at sea ! condition ( wea!r :i* w\ld br+ ! s+le screw out ( ! wat]1 & make x extremely ineffici5t1 w\ld h no appreciable effect on ! tw9 screws4 ,9 vessels ( deep draught especially1 !y 7 well imm]s$1 & !y 7 really m effici5t at sea ?an 9 smoo? wat]4 ,9 %ips ( full =m1 ! longitud9al position ( ! screws 0 ( importance2 b 9 ! %ips ref]r$ to 9 ?is table ! run 0 v f9e1 & ! screws 7 well cov]$ by ! hull4 ,he did n ?9k1 9 su* a case1 any small diff]5ce 9 longitud9al position w\ld affect ! p]=mance4 ,if any alt]ation 7 made1 x w\ld probably be bett] to put ! screws f>!r (f4 ,:5 ! rudd] 0 h>d ov]1 ! blades ( ! screw %\ld be ab\t a foot cle> ( ! rudd]4--,indu/ries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rec5t ,,advances ,,9 ,,sew+ ,,ma*9]y4 ,footnote3 ,a rec5t lecture be=e ! ,society ( ,arts1 ,london4 ,by ,,john ,w4 ,,urquh>t4 ,! di/9ct improvem5ts 9 sew+ ma*9]y to :i* ,i w\ld invite y\r att5tion ?is ev5+ h ref]5ce m p>ticul>ly to ! results ( inv5tive ef=t )9 ! pa/ t5 ye>s4 ,b al?\gh m>k$ developm5t 9 ! ma*9es has occurr$ 9 s %ort a "t1 x may be tak5 = grant$ t ^? advances are b ! accumulat$ results ( _m ye>s' prior inv5tion & exp]i5ce ( /it*+ appliances4 ,! hi/ory ( ! sew+ ma*9e1 & ! decision ( ! great "q1 ,:o inv5t$ an app>atus t w\ld unite fabrics by /it*es8 d n at pres5t conc]n u4 ,_m s\rces ( in=mation are op5 to ^? :o w\ld decide t extremely involv$ problem4 ,b :e!r ! production ( ! fir/ device ( ?is k9d be claim$ = ,engl& or = ,am]ica1 x is q c]ta9 t no "o man inv5t$ ! p]fect ma*9e1 & t ^? f9e specim5s ( sew+ app>atus %[n "h to-night embody ! labors ( _m e>ne/ work]s1 bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,mo/ ( u are famili> ) ! arrangem5ts ( an ord9>y lock /it* ma*9e1 & an able pap] by ,mr4 ,edw9 ,p4 ,alex&]1 embrac+ n only a good acc\nt ( its hi/ory1 b mo/ ( ! elem5ts ( ! e>li] ma*9es1 has already 7,april #e1 #ahfc71 be5 read be=e y4 ,?is1 & sundry descriptions ( su* app>atus 9 ! eng9e]+ pap]s1 conf9e my rem>ks to ! m rec5t improvem5ts 9 ?ree great classes ( ma*9es4 ,^! are1 briefly1 pla9 sew+ ma*9es2 sew+ ma*9es z us$ 9 factories1 :]e !y are mov$ by /eam p[]2 & special sew+ ma*9es1 embrac+ _m int]e/+ =ms1 only rec5tly introduc$4 ,we h ?us to consid]1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! g5]al effici5cy ( ! ma*9e z a pla9 /it*]4 ,secondly1 its adaptability to high rates ( spe$1 & ! provision t has be5 made to )/& su* velocities = a reasonable "t4 ,&1 ?irdly1 ! app>atus & means employ$ to effect ! controll+ ( ! motive p[] :5 appli$ to ! ma*9es4 ,to deal ) ! subject 9 ?is way mu/1 ,i fe>1 involve a good deal ( te*nical description2 & ,i hope to be p>don$ if 9 attempt+ to elucidate ! m important devices1 use mu/ be made ( words b seldom he>d outside ( a ma*9i/s' work%op4 ,x appe>s sc>cely necess>y to premise t ! sew+ ma*9e ( tw5ty ye>s ago has almo/ fad$ away1 save1 p]haps1 9 g5]al ext]ior appe>ance2 t ! bell crank arms1 ! he>t cams1 ! weav]'s %uttles1 ! spr+ take ups1 rectangul> ne$le b>s1 & ge> :eels1 h develop$ into v diff]5t devices = p]=m+ ! v>i\s functions ( ^? sev]al p>ts4 ,! %uttle is p]haps ! mo/ important "p ( a lock /it* ma*9e4 ,b :at is a %uttle8 ,s _m devices = p]=m+ ! functions ( ! e>ly weav]'s %uttle h be5 introduc$ ( late1 t ! ^w %uttle1 if x be us$ at all1 mu/ n be accept$ z mean+ to %oot4 ,we h vibrat+ %uttles1 :i* are1 /rictly speak+1 ! only surviv+ repres5tatives ( ! weav]'s %uttle 9 ^! new ord]s ( ma*9es2 & /ation>y %uttles1 oscillat+ %uttles1 & revolv+ %uttles1 besides ! e>li] rotat+ hook1 9 sev]al new =ms1 difficult to "n4 ,b ! g5]al acceptation ( ! ^w %uttle1 z indicat+ ^? devices t pass bodily ?r\gh ! loop ( upp] ?read1 is1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 suffici5tly correct4 ,_m *anges h be5 effect$ 9 ! =m1 size1 & movem5ts ( ! %uttle1 & we may pr(itably inquire into ! causes t h induc$ manufactur]s to ab&on ! e>li] =ms4 ,! long1 weav]'s k9d ( %uttle1 orig9ally us$ by ,h[e & ,s+]1 _h _m drawbacks4 ,mr4 ,a4,b4 ,wilson's +5i\s device1 ! lock /it* rotat+ hook1 0 n free f correspond+ faults4 ,! removal ( ^! 9 bo? has l$ to ! adoption ( an entirely new class ( bo? %uttles & revolv+ hooks4 ,x is well kn[n t ! lock /it* is =m$ by ! cross+ ( two ?reads1 "o ( :i* lies ov]1 & ! o!r "u1 ! clo? to be sewn4 ,?is cross+ po9t1 to insure integrity ( ! /it*1 mu/ occur z ne>ly z possible 9 ! middle ( ! ?ickness ( ! fabric4 ,! cross+ mu/ also be effect$ :ile a c]ta9 /ra91 call$ t5sion1 is impos$ ^u bo? ?reads4 ,if ! t5sion ( "o ?read %\ld outweigh t ( ! o!r1 ! lock+ po9t becomes displac$4 ,if ! t5sion be insignificant1 ! /it*es w be loose4 ,if ! t5sion %\ld v>y1 z 9 ! long %uttle1 !re w occur faulty po9ts 9 ! seam4 ,9 ! e>li] rotat+ hook ! t5sion dep5d$ ^u ! friction develop$ betwe5 ! spool & ! hook4 ,?is t5sion1 !re=e1 v>i$ 9 proportion to ! spe$ ( ! latt]1 & c\ld nev] be con/ant4 ,?is 0 q ap>t f ! frictional resi/ance (f]$ to ! upp] ?read 9 pass+ ov] ! cavity ( ! hook4 ,9 ! %uttle ! t5sion 0 obta9$ by ?read+ ?r\gh holes 9 ! %ell1 or b5ea? a t5sion plate1 z 9 ,h[e's ma*9e4 ,?is t5sion1 s long z ! reel ran betwe5 spr+ c5t]s1 0 nev] con/ant4 ,! v>iation 0 *iefly due to ! angul> /ra9 set up :5 unw9d+ f ! reel4 ,?is /ra9 v>i$ accord+ to ! po9t ( unw9d+4 ,x 0 light 9 ! middle ( ! reel & heavy at ei!r extremity4 ,^! drawbacks caus$ imm5se anxiety to ! fir/ mak]s ( sew+ ma*9es1 & num]\s attempts to ov]come !m l$ to little improvem5t4 ,) ref]5ce to high rates ( spe$1 ! old] %uttle1 requir+ a long & noisy reciprocation1 _h its disadvantages4 ,! only effective rem$y = ^! drawbacks 0 a radical "o4 ,x 0 necess>y to sub/itute dep? ( reel = l5g?4 ,h5ce1 sev]al attempts h be5 made to con/ruct disk or r+ %uttles4 ,_m =ms ( ^? h be5 tri$4 ,!y all dep5d ^u ! pr9ciple ( coil+ up ! ?read 9 a v]tical plane1 r ?an 9 horizontal spirals4 ,"s mak]s plac$ ! disk 9 a horizontal plane1 & caus$ x to revolve4 ,no?+ c\ld be worse1 z w be se51 if we foll[ ! c\rse ! envelop+ loop mu/ take 9 encircl+ su* a %uttle4 ,b a complete solution ( ! difficulty ( employ+ a r+ %uttle has be5 a*iev$ 9 ! oscillat+ =m1 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,phil4 ,diehl1 & kn[n z ,s+]'s 7,fig4 #a74 ,a %ort exam9ation ( x may pr(itably engage y\r att5tion4 ,! %uttle itself is suffici5tly well kn[n1 b c]ta9 features ( x1 & to :i* x owes its effici5cy1 appe> to call = "s explanation4 ,its introduction dates back "s ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t x has und]gone c]ta9 modifications4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,x consi/s ( a ?ick disk bobb9 ( ?read1 h1 fitt+ loosely 9 a case con/ruct$ 9 ! =m ( a bivalve1 a & d4 ,?is case is furni%$ ) a long beak1 usually =m+ a cont9uation ( ! p]iph]y4 ,! beak is int5d$ to ent] & deta9 ! loops ( upp] ?read1 & lead !m s t !y ultimately envelop ! %uttle1 a motion ( ! ?read :i* is *iefly due to ! oscillation ( ! %uttle 9 a v]tical plane4 ,! oscillat+ movem5t is to ! ext5t ( #ahj degs4 ( ! circle1 :i* suffices to ca/ ! loops freely ov] ! %uttle4 ,! c5t] ( oscillation is n co9cid5t ) ! c5t] ( ! %uttle2 b x is ne>ly s ) ! p]iph]y ( ! ?read reel1 & exactly co9cides ) ! po9t :]e ! "u ?read is drawn f ! %uttle1 g4 ,! %uttle ?read is ?us entirely fre$ f any t5d5cy to twi/1 an objection frequ5tly urg$ aga9/ circul> or revolv+ %uttles4 ,x w be obs]v$1 also1 t ! body ( ! %uttle is extremely n>r[4 ,bulg+ ( ! ?read loops to "o side or ! o!r is ?us obviat$4 ,b ! long beak 9 ?is description ( %uttle s]ves an important purpose o!r ?an t ( seiz+ ! upp] ?read loops1 o!rwise a v %ort beak w\ld be pref]able4 ,x adds s mu* to ! effici5cy ( ! ma*9e t a little fur!r explanation ( x appe>s ess5tial4 ,9 ! old fa%ion$ ma*9es ! ?read requir$ to envelop ! %uttle 0 dragg$ d[nw>d ?r\gh ! clo?1 :ile ! ne$le /ill rema9$ 9 ! fabric4 ,?is necessitat$ ! use ( l>ge ne$les ) deep side *annels1 to enable ! ?read to run freely1 & z a consequ5ce ! punctures t _h to be made 9 ! fabric 7 unnecess>ily l>ge1 & c\ld n 9 any case be entirely fill$ by ! ?read1 a condition :i* is n[ recogniz$ z ess5tial 9 l95 /it*+ & = wat]pro( boots4 ,! long beak 9 bo? %uttles & hooks (f]s an imm$iate solution ( ! old difficulty exp]i5c$ ) long %uttles4 ,:5 ! ne$le beg9s to rise1 ! %uttle comm5ces to oscillate1 ?r\gh ! loop1 ! motions s co9cid+ t ! long beak1 c1 m]ely deta9s ! loop until ! eye ( ! ne$le has asc5d$ above ! clo?2 !n1 & !n only1 does ! envelopm5t ( ! %uttle comm5ce1 & ! ?read requir$ = x fl[s d[nw>d ?r\gh ! puncture4 ,! envelopm5t is complet$ be=e ! ne$le has atta9$ its highe/ po9t1 & ! consequ5t loose ?read is imm$iately pull$ up by a lev]1 call$ a positive take-up1 be=e ! ne$le beg9s to desc5d = a fre% /it*4 ,9 ?is way little or no movem5t ( ! ?read is requir$ 9 ! clo? :ile ! puncture made is occupi$ by ! ne$le4 ,! result is ! capability ( su* app>atus to "w ) an incr$ibly f9e ne$le--inde$1 s f9e z to be no ?ick] ?an ! incompress$ ?read itself4 ,?is w\ld h be5 consid]$ q impossible ( accompli%m5t by our e>li] ma*9e mak]s4 ,! advantage !reby ga9$ 9 /it*+ l95 goods1 & 9 sew+ lea!r1 :]e e puncture ( ! ne$le %\ld be q fill$ by ! ?read1 is at once app>5t4 ,inde$1 a rubb] or lea!r sack1 /it*$ 9 ?is way1 w conta9 wat] )\t leakage--a v extreme te/4 ,revolv+ ,%uttles4--,! class ( %uttles kn[n z revolv+ or rotat+1 & :i* really consi/ ( a comb9ation ( ! disk %uttle & ! e>li] rotat+ hook ( ,wilson1 h be5 "u trial by sev]al mak]s = _m ye>s4 ,if1 = example1 ! oscillat+ %uttle we h j exam9$ 7 to complete its circul> movem5t1 x w\ld con/itute a revolv+ %uttle1 b w\ld n be q simil> to ^? devices n[ kn[n z su*4 ,! mo/ rem>kable device ( ?is k9d yet introduc$ is to be f\nd 9 ,:eel] ,wilson's ma*9e kn[n z ,no4 #aj ,d1 & inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,dials la/ ye>4 ,x consi/s1 9 fact1 ( a deta*$ hook1 & its inv5tor decl9es to class x ) %uttles at all1 /yl+ x a deta*$ hook4 ,x consi/s ( an ext]ior %ell or skeleton ( /eel1 capable ( rotation 9 an annul> raceway4 ,its deta*m5t f ! axis =ms a /rik+ exception to ! g5]al con/ruction ( int]lock+ app>atus 9 ?is company's ma*9es4 ,"u ! beak ( ?is curi\s device is f\nd an oblong recess1 into :i* fits loosely a c>ri] or driv]1 rotat+ ) a diff]5tial or v>iable motion4 ,! space betwe5 ! c>ri] & ! sides ( ! recess is suffici5t to p]mit ! free passage ( ! ?read 9 encircl+ ! %uttle1 & ! diff]5tial movem5t +5i\sly releases ! contact betwe5 ! hook & c>ri]4 ,! skeleton ( ?is device is only "o-sid$1 & does n really c>ry its bobb9 9 ! c\rse ( its revolution4 ,! bobb9 is plac$ 9 a cup-l hold]1 :i* lies )9 ! %uttle or hook body1 & is reta9$ 9 position by a lat* h+$ to ! b$ ( ! ma*9e4 ,! cup & bobb9 are prev5t$ f p>tak+ ( ! rotatory movem5t by a /eel spur project+ f ! cup1 & fitt+ loosely into a not* 9 ! lat*4 ,t5sion ^u ! "u ?read is obta9$ by pass+ x "u a t5sion plate ^u ! bobb9 cup4 ,twi/+ ( ! ?read is by ^! means entirely obviat$4 ,9 ?is app>atus1 ! disk-l appe>ance ( ! bobb9 is p>tially lo/ 9 its consid]able bread?1 & !re is ?us a di/9ct dep>ture f ! l9es ( ! r+ %uttles be=e m5tion$4 ,! diagrams exhibit ! hook 9 sev]al positions dur+ its revolution1 & ! position ( ! ?reads correspond+ !reto4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b ,fix$ ,rotat+ ,hooks4--,wilson's rotat+ hook = lock /it* ma*9es1 & ,gribbs' hook = s+le ?read ma*9es1 are bo? well kn[n4 ,9 ! ye> #ahgb1 ! ,:eel] ,wilson company introduc$ a new hook1 =m+ an improvem5t ^u ,wilson's orig9al device 7,fig4 #c74 ,its *ief peculi>ity consi/s 9 ! ext5sion ( ! t]m9ation ( ! p]iph]y1 =m+ a long tail piece1 q ov]lapp+ ! po9t1 & s]v+ z a gu>d1 bo? to keep (f ! bobb9 ?read & to prev5t collision betwe5 bobb9 & ne$le4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,?is improv$ class ( hooks are provid$ ) a mu* deep] cavity ?an ^? fir/ introduc$1 an arrangem5t p]mitt+ ( ! employm5t ( a m commodi\s bobb91 :i* is g5]ally cov]$ by a cap1 z 9 ! revolv+ %uttle1 b free to revolve4 ,9 "s cases ! cap c>ries a t5sion plate prev5t+ its revolution ) ! hook4 ,b beyond ^! improvem5ts on ,wilson's orig9al device1 ! utility ( ! hook ma9ly dep5ds ^u two ?+s q ap>t f ! hook itself4 ,^! are ! disp5s+ ) ! old fa%ion$ *eck bru% & ! use ( a positive take-up4 ,?us1 9 ! orig9al ma*9e1 ! /it* 0 pull$ up by ! succe$+ revolution ( ! hook4 ,= :ile "o revolution suffic$ to ca/ x ov] ! spool1 a second turn 0 requisite to complete ! /it*4 ,9 ?is way1 to make a fir/ /it* ) su* an app>atus requir$ two turns ( ! rotat+ hook4 ,! improvem5ts m5tion$ enable ! ma*9e to complete a /it* ) "o turn ( ! hook--an important /ep 9 advance1 :5 we consid] t by ! old me?od ea* l5g? ( slack ?read mu/ be tight5$ up solely ?r\gh ! fabric & ! ne$le eye4 ,b ?is p>ticul> arrangem5t be>s s mu* ^u ! introduction ( ! positive take-up itself t fur!r ref]5ce to x mu/ be res]v$ until t device has be5 describ$4 ,simple ,?read ,hooks4--,! be/ kn[n ( ^! is ,willcox ,gibbs4 ,x has be5 s (t5 describ$1 t no fur!r ref]5ce to x may be made4 ,x cont9ues to make ! same excell5t twi/$ /it* z x produc$ tw5ty-five ye>s ago4 ,( ,vibrat+ ,%uttles4--,^! are %uttles ( ! long description1 mov+ 9 a segm5t ( a circle4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties4 ,! mo/ novel ma*9e ( ?is k9d is ! vibrat+ %uttle ma*9e j produc$ by ! ,s+] ,manufactur+ ,company4 ,9 ?is case ! %uttle itself consi/s ( a /eel tube1 into ! op5 end ( :i* ! w\nd reel is dropp$1 & is free to revolve q loosely4 ,v>iation ( t5sion is ?us obviat$ 9 a v simple mann]4 ,! *ief po9t ( int]e/ 9 ! ma*9e is und\bt$ly ! means employ$ 9 transf]r+ ! motion f ! ma9 %aft to ! und]nea? p>ts1 an arrangem5t z +5i\s & effective z any device ev] introduc$ into /it*+ me*anism4 ,x is ! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,rob]t ,:itehall1 & consi/s ( a v]tical rock+ %aft situat$ 9 ! arm ( ! ma*9e ,motion is imp>t$ to x by means ( an elb[ =m$ ^u ! ma9 %aft act+ ^u two arms1 call$ wip]s1 project+ f ! rock+ %aft1 ! angle =m$ by ! arms exactly co9cid+ ) t ( ! elb[ 9 its revolution4 ,?is admirable motion w no d\bt attract mu* att5tion f me*ani/s & eng9e]s4 ,! ,lock ,/it* f ,two ,reels4--,9 ! e>ly days ( ! sew+ ma*9e1 ! mak]s ( x (t5 met ) ! "q1 ,:y d y use a %uttle at all8 ,c y n inv5t a me?od ( work+ f a reel direct8 ,! que/ion] g5]ally means a reel plac$ ^u a p91 j z ! upp] reel is plac$4 ,! reply to su* a qu]y is1 ( c\rse1 t to produce ! lock /it* 9 t way is impossible--z inde$ x is4 ,b _m +5i\s ma*9i/s h pond]$ long ov] ! problem1 & sev]al clev] contrivances h be5 inv5t$ ) a view to its solution4 ,x may sc>cely be necess>y to say t ! be/ manufactur]s ( sew+ ma*9es h conduct$ exp]im5ts ) ! same object 9 view1 & ! result has always be5 a return to ! %uttle1 ) its /eel bobb9s4 ,:y is ?is1 & h[ is x t a v big %uttle _c be us$1 l>ge en\gh1 inde$1 to accommodate any bobb9 )9 itself8 ,! answ] is v simple4 ,x has be5 done ov] & ov] aga94 ,s9ce ! :ole bulk ( ! "u ?read mu/ pass ?r\gh ! loop ( ! upp] "o1 x1 is q cle> t ! size ( t loop mu/ be proportion$ to ! bulk ( ! %uttle4 ,?us1 a small %uttle w\ld1 p]haps1 be cov]$ by an in* ( ?read1 :ile our suppos$ mammo? %uttle might require t5 times t am\nt4 ,n[1 let u consid] t to sew an in* ( ?read into lock /it*es frequ5tly involves its be+ drawn up & d[n ?r\gh bo? ne$le & fabric tw5ty times4 ,?is means consid]able *af+1 & possible injury to ! ?read4 ,b if we 7 to sanction ! use ( capaci\s %uttles1 t5 in*es ( ?read mu/ und]go ?is *af+ & seesaw treatm5t1 & "u ! above conditions e "p ( ! t5 in*es mu/ pass up & d[n two hundr$ times--treatm5t t might reasonably be expect$ to leave little life 9 ! ?read4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is trem5d\s drawback1 !re are ma*9es (f]$ = sale made ) su* %uttles4 ,= reasons t ,i h n[ po9t$ out1 x is q cle> t a l>ge %uttle or bobb9 is by no means an unmix$ advantage4 ,inde$1 ! v be/ mak]s ( sew+ ma*9es h always /riv5 to keep d[n ! bulk ( ! %uttle1 & 9 ^? spl5did ma*9es %[n "h to-night ! use ( ! small %uttles is conspicu\s4 ,x may be cont5d$ t small bobb9s frequ5tly require refill+1 :i* is q true1 b ! sav+ ( ! ?read effect$ !reby1 n to m5tion t ( ! ma*9e itself1 amply comp5sates = ! use ( small %uttles4 ,ap>t f ?is1 h[ev]1 x is no long] necess>y to w9d bobb9s at all4 ,de:ur/ ,sons1 ( ,skipton1 & ,cl>k ,co41 ( ,paisley1 h produc$ ready w\nd cops or bobb9s ( ?read = plac+ direct into %uttles4 ,?us no w9d+ ( bobb9s is necess>y1 & inde$ ! bobb9s !mselves are disp5s$ )4 ,i believe t ! slightly increas$ co/ ( ! ?read ?us w\nd is ! only pres5t b> to ! ext5sive introduction ( ready w\nd cops4 ,( ,?read ,controll]s4--,"o ( ! e>lie/ difficulties enc\nt]$ by ! mak] ( a sew+ ma*9e 0 t ( effectually controll+ ! loose ?read aft] x _h be5 ca/ (f ! %uttle4 ,9 "s ma*9es ?is slack ?read am\nts to six1 9 o!rs to "o or two in*es4 ,h[e got ov] ! difficulty by pass+ 8 ?read1 on its way to ! ne$le1 ov] ! upp] extremity ( ! ne$le b>--! asc5t ( ! b>1 !n1 suffic$ to pull up ! slack4 ,s+] improv$ ^u ?is by furni%+ 8 ma*9e ) a spr+ take-up lev]1 p>tially controll$ by ! ne$le b>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,wilson1 9 ! ,:eel]-,wilson ma*9e1 _h nei!r ( ^? arrangem5ts1 b dep5d$ ^u ! succe$+ revolution ( ! hook to draw up ! slack ( ! prec$+ /it*4 ,^! devices 7 all f> f p]fect 9 _! op]ation1 *iefly because !y comm5c$ to act too soon4 ,9 ea* case ! pull+ up comm5c$ ) ! rise ( ! ne$le1 & ! tight5+ op]ation subject$ ! ?read to all ! friction ( rubb+ its way ?r\gh bo? ne$le eye & fabric4 ,n[1 an ideal take-up %\ld n comm5ce to act until ! ne$le has asc5d$ above ! fabric1 & "o ( ! mo/ important /eps t[>d p]fection 9 sew+ ma*9es 0 und\bt$ly atta9$ :5 su* a device 0 actually inv5t$4 ,9 effect+ ?is1 ! means employ$ consi/s ( a diff]5tial or v>iable cam1 rotat+ ) ! ma9 %aft4 ,?is controls ! movem5ts ( a lev] call$ ! take-up1 pivot$ to ! ma*9e 7,fig4 #d74 ,n only has x be5 possible by ^! means to control ! tight5+ ( ! /it*1 b ! pay+ out ( ! ?read = envelop+ ! %uttle also1 & bo? ! pay+ out & pull+ up are actually effect$ aft] ! ne$le has asc5d$ above ! clo?4 ,! introduction ( ! positive take-up1 ! fir/ =ms ( :i* appe>$ 9 #ahgb1 n only simplifies ! movem5ts ( ! %uttle or hook1 b = ! fir/ "t r5d]s ! mak+ ( ! lock /it* possible1 :ile ! ne$le has a direct up & d[n motion4 ,?us1 we f9d t 9 mo/ ( ! swifte/ sew+ ma*9es1 ! ne$le b> is actuat$ by a simple crank p9 or ecc5tric1 !re be+ no loop dip or pause 9 its motion4 ,! diagram %[s a positive take-up 9 ?ree positions--at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ne$le's desc5t1 dur+ ! det5tion ( ! loop by ! beak1 & dur+ ! ca/+ (f ( ! loop4 ,! dott$ l9es indicate ! pa? ( ! cam to produce ^! positions4 ,! int]mitt5t movem5ts ( ! take-up h ?us l$ to ! ab&onm5t ( v>iable motions 9 bo? ne$le & %uttle1 & p>ticul>ly s 9 oscillat+ %uttle ma*9es4 ,:eel] ,wilson's ,v>iable ,motion4--,b :ile ! simple & direct movem5t is n[ pref]r$ = %uttles1 bo? oscillat+ & rot>y1 ! revolv+ hooks ( ,:eel] ,wilson are provid$ ) a diff]5tial motion1 & ! way x is effect$ appe>s suffici5tly int]e/+ to call = a %ort description4 ,:5 ! rotat+ hook has seiz$ ! loop ( ?read1 x makes half a revolution ) great rapidity2 its spe$ !n slack5s1 & becomes v sl[ = ! rema9+ half a revolution4 ,9 ! fir/ ma*9es introduc$1 ?is 0 effect$ by means ( a revolv+ disk1 hav+ slots 9 :i* work$ p9s atta*$ to ! ma9 %aft & hook %aft respectively4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,9 ! lat] & m improv$ ma*9es1 ! v>iable device is mu* simplifi$ 7,fig4 #e74 ,! ma9 %aft1 lead+ to ! rotat+ hook1 is sep>at$ into two portions1 ! axis ( "o portion be+ plac$ above t ( ! o!r4 ,a crank p9 is atta*$ to ea*1 & ^! p9s are connect$ toge!r by a simple l9k4 ,an exam9ation ( ! device itself %[s t1 :ile ! motion ( ! ma9 %aft portion is uni=m1 t ( ! hook %aft is alt]nately accel]at$ & ret>d$4 ,! picture on ! scre5 gives a g5]al view ( ! ,no4 #aj ,d ma*9e1 9 :i* ^! motions are embodi$1 & %[+ ! position ( ! positive take-up affect$ by ^? motions1 a position :i* is pref]r$ = v high spe$s 9 ?is ma*9e1 especially = ?reads possess+ little ela/icity4 ,motions ( ! ,fe$]4--,! spe$ atta9$ by ! fa/e/ sew+ ma*9es is due m to ! r$uction & simplification ( ! movem5ts ?an to any o!r improvem5t4 ,heavy concessions & reactions h be5 replac$ by direct motions1 & cams h be5 exclud$ z mu* z possible4 ,mr4 ,a4,b4 ,wilson's fam\s inv5tion ( ! f\r motion fe$] dep5d$ ^u bo? gravity & a react+ spr+ = two motions4 ,s+] improv$ ^u x by mak+ ?ree ( ! motions positive1 a spr+ be+ us$ = ! drop4 ,b a really positive f\r motion fe$] 0 long s\ght by inv5tors4 ,hi!rto ! reaction ( ! fe$]--t is1 its desc5t & recession--0 g5]ally atta9$ by means ( a spr+4 ,! drop & asc5t are n[ effect$ by means ( a sep>ate ecc5tric 9 ,s+]'s ma*9e4 ,unc]ta9ty ( action 9 ! fe$1 once a cause ( mu* inconv5i5ce1 may n[ be said to be ov]come4 ,a peculi>ity ( ! f\r motion fe$] 9 ,:eel] ,wilson's ma*9e is an arrangem5t enabl+ ! op]ator to fe$ 9 ei!r direction at w4 ,n less wor?y ( note are improvem5ts t h be5 made 9 :eel fe$]s4 ,! :eel fe$ 0 orig9ally mu* us$ = clo? sew+ ma*9es1 especially 9 ,s+]'s sy/em4 ,b 9 rec5t ye>s ! drop or f\r motion fe$] has entirely sup]s$$ x = su* purposes4 ,! :eel fe$ /ill holds its own1 h[ev]1 = sew+ lea!r1 especially 9 ! clos+ ( boot upp]s1 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,s+]'s orig9al :eel fe$] 0 actuat$ by a friction %oe rid+ ^u ! flange ( ! :eel4 ,! friction grip1 h[ev]1 _h c]ta9 faults1 ow+ to ! t5d5cy ( ! %oe to slip :5 ! surfaces became cov]$ ) oil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,a lat] =m ( ,h[e's ma*9e us$ a pair ( angul> clut*es1 embrac+ ! flange ( ! :eel4 ,9 bo? ,s+]'s & ,:eel] ,wilson's late/ /yles ( ma*9es ?is arrangem5t is simplifi$ & improv$ by ! use ( a s+le angle clut*1 :i* is f\nd to "w ev5 :5 ! surfaces are freely oil$ 7,fig4 #f74 ,any motion ( ! free extremity ( ! lev] ^u :i* ! bit+ clut* is =m$ b9ds ! latt] ^u ! flange ( ! :eel1 :i* !n advances s long z ! lev] cont9ues to move 9 t direction4 ,:5 ! /it* is complet$1 ! clut* is all[$ to rec$e1 & is pull$ back by a react+ spr+4 ,! bite ( ! clut* is giv5 by ! two opposite corn]s4 ,! fe$ :eel itself is free to revolve 9 a =w>d direction1 b is prev5t$ f rock+ backw>d 9 ,s+]'s ma*9e by an +5i\s little device1 rec5tly introduc$4 ,x consi/s ( a small /eel roll]1 situat$ )9 ! angle =m$ by an incl9$ plane & ! flange ( ! :eel1 & con/antly pull$ into ! angle by a spiral spr+4 ,any backw>d t5d5cy ( ! :eel b9ds ! roll] m firmly 9 ! angle & /ops ! :eel4 ,=m] fe$ :eels 7 *eck$ by a brake spr+ or block1 :i* ret>d$ ! motion ( ! :ole ma*9e :5 heavily adju/$4 ,fe$]s = ,button ,hole ,sew+ ,ma*9es are almo/ inv>iably ( ! :eel type1 b 9 ?is case ! clo? is usually c>ri$ by a clamp+ device1 & mov$ 9 a pe>-%ap$ pa? by means ( a cam cut 9 ! fe$ :eel1 z %[n 9 ! samples ( ?is wond]ful k9d ( me*anism exhibit$ "h to-night4 ,! ,comp5sat+ ,sy/em ( ,con/ruction4--,comp5sation = we> is a "p ( ! me*ani/'s art t appe>s j z ess5tial to him z comp5sation = v>iation ( temp]ature is to a mak] ( *ronomet]s4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( sew+ ma*9es to be run 9 factories by p[] at _! utmo/ spe$1 su* a sy/em is ( ! greate/ importance4 ,an effective sy/em ( comp5sation has be5 eag]ly s\ght by ! be/ ma*9e mak]s ev] s9ce ! introduction ( fa/ spe$ sew+4 ,comp5sation has be5 attempt$ "h & !re 9 ! ma*9es = _m ye>s1 b no sew+ app>atus c\ld be said to be s comp5sat$ until ! cone comp5sator came into use1 a device :i* has be5 tak5 advantage ( by v>i\s mak]s4 ,save 9 ! %uttle race itself !re is n a "p ( ! oscillat+ %uttle ma*9e subject to s]i\s we> t _c be in/antly adju/$ to full motion by ! turn+ ( a screw1 :ile we> 9 ! %uttle race c be comp5sat$ = 9 ! usual way4 ,?is effective sy/em dep5ds ^u ! union ( two ma!matical =ms1 long us$ 9 me*anism--! cone & ! screw4 ,9 screw cones we possess a p]fect comp5sator1 & x is surpris+ t p>ts ( me*anism s hung appe> subject to v little we>4 ,ano!r advantage1 too1 is ga9$ by ! introduction ( screw cone be>+s2 ! friction is always greatly r$uc$ by _! use4 ,9 e case ! f9e adju/m5t ( ! cones is securely ma9ta9$ by locknuts 7,fig4 #g74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,b ! screw cone sy/em is n ! only comp5sator us$ 9 sew+ ma*9]y2 :]e x _c be easily introduc$1 o!r devices h be5 employ$4 ,! well kn[n tap]+ ne$le b>s ( =m] ye>s h be5 sup]s$$ by cyl9drical ne$le b>s4 ,! ,:eel] ,wilson ,company appe> to be ! fir/ :o utiliz$ ! eng9e]'s %ift+ box z an antifriction device = r\nd ne$le b>s4 ,!y pack$ _! b>s r\nd ) felt r+s1 & compress$ ! :ole by a screw cap4 ,9 ! ,s+] ma*9es ! same excell5t device has be5 adopt$1 hemp pack+ & screw bu%es be+ us$ 7,fig4 #h72 f & g %[ ! direct action on ! ne$le b>4 ,?is me?od ( =m+ ne$le b> be>+s1 p>tially ( metal & p>tially ( felt or hemp1 has af=d$ ! mo/ surpris+ results4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,:5 ! b>s are ( h>d or f9ely poli%$ /eel1 no p]ceptible we> c be detect$ 9 !m1 ev5 aft] !y h be5 9 daily use 9 factories = twelve mon?s1 :]eas b>s n s bu%$ might %[ consid]able we> 9 t space ( "t4 ,! pack+1 to be effective1 %\ld be suffici5tly close to prev5t z mu* z possible friction ( ! /eel ) ! ca/ iron ne$le b> ways4 ,lubrication ( ! /eel is insur$ by keep+ ! hemp pack+ moi/5$ ) oil4 ,cyl9drical ne$le b>s1 :5 comb9$ ) an effective sy/em ( bru%+1 h prov$ !mselves sup]ior to e o!r =m ( slide = lock /it* ma*9es4 ,b _! introduction is by no means a ?+ ( ye/]day4 ,!y 7 us$ freely 9 sew+ ma*9es z f> back z #ahfj1 b 7 nev] v successful until unit$ ) ! lubricat+ bru%4 ,"s mak]s g a /ep fur!r1 & elaborate ! sy/em by ! introduction ( /eel bru%es1 easily r5ewable4 ,e ef=t is n[ made to r$uce1 z mu* z possible1 n only ! ext5t ( movem5t ( ! p>ts 9 high spe$ ma*9es1 b ! weight ( ! p>ts !mselves4 ,inde$1 s f> has ?is be5 c>ri$ t1 9 "s ( ! ,:eel] ,wilson ma*9es n[ %[n1 ! ne$le b>s consi/ really ( /eel tubes4 ,small mov+ p>ts are made z light z possible1 b rigidity is secur$ by ! free use ( /r5g!n+ ribs4 ,_m ( ! p>ts are ( ca/ iron1 r5d]$ malleable by anneal+1 & f9ally caseh>d5$4 ,su* p>ts are f\nd to be q z durable z if made ( =g$ /eel1 & are1 ( c\rse1 less co/ly4 ,z to ! automatic tools n[ us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ma*9es1 x may be said t sc>cely a file1 hamm]1 or *isel t\*es ! frame or p>ts :ile !y are be+ assembl$ to "w toge!r4 ,! int]*angeable sy/em ( con/ruction is1 ( c\rse1 ! only "o possible = ! accurate production ( ! millions ( sew+ ma*9es n[ manufactur$ annually4 ,high ,arm ,con/ruction4--,sew+ ma*9es1 z n[ con/ruct$1 exhibit a r %ort & v high arm1 a =m ( framework t has be5 f\nd to contribute 9 no small degree to ! light runn+ capabilities ( fa/ spe$ ma*9es4 ,:ile x r$uces ! l5g? ( ! v>i\s p>ts conc]n$ 9 ! transf]5ce ( ! motive p[]1 x adds to _! rigidity & dim9i%es _! weight1 ma9ta9+ at ! same "t ! capacity ( ! ma*9e to accommodate ! l>ge/ g>m5ts b5ea? ! arm4 ,b ! specific improvem5ts 9 pla9 sew+ ma*9es1 to :i* ,i h _h ! honor ( draw+ y\r att5tion1 d n exhau/ ! li/1 &1 "t p]mitt+1 x might be consid]ably augm5t$4 ,nor mu/ x be inf]r$ t advancem5t has tak5 place exclusively 9 ^? sy/ems ( sew+ ma*9]y n[ be=e u4 ,accessories to ,sew+ ,ma*9es4--,! numb] ( special atta*m5ts t h be5 successfully adapt$ to pla9 sew+ ma*9es has multipli$ s rapidly ( late1 t only "o or two ( ! m notable c be spok5 ( on ?is occasion4 ,p]haps ! mo/ g5]ally useful ( ^! is ! trimm]1 an arrangem5t consi/+ ( a vibrat+ knife1 :i* trims (f ! sup]flu\s edge ( a seam z ! ma*9e /it*es x4 ,^! are 9 ext5sive use 9 ! factories at ,leice/]1 ,nott+ham1 & else:]e1 :ile ,nor?ampton & ,norwi* use ! same device = p>+ ! seams 9 boot upp] manufacture4 ,! *isel-l knife is usually actuat$ by a cam rotat+ ) ! ma9 %aft1 & "o or two ( ! usual =ms ( ?is atta*m5t are to be se5 "h ?is ev5+ on bo? lock & loop /it* ma*9es4 ,:5 ma*9es are mov$ by ! foot1 !re are _m objections to runn+ ! :ole ma*9e :ile w9d+ ! %uttle reels4 ,we h1 !re=e1 sev]al useful devices = releas+ ! balance :eel ( ! ma*9e f ! ma9 %aft1 :ile w9d+4 ,^! are to be f\nd bo? on ,:eel] ,wilson's manufactur+ ma*9e & ^u ,s+]'s highly f9i%$ ,family ma*9e1 :i* also c>ries a mo/ +5i\s automatic reel w9d]1 capable ( do+ all ! "w itself1 & ceas+ to act z soon z ! bobb9 is fill$4 ,! sett+ ( ! ne$le 9 a sew+ ma*9e 0 once q a task4 ,(ttimes x _h to be adju/$ by *ance1 9 o!r in/ances by c]ta9 guid+ m>ks ^u ! ne$le b>4 ,x is gratify+ to "k t all ?is has be5 done away )1 & t ! ne$le has only to be ins]t$ into ! b>1 & fa/5$ by turn+ a small screw4 ,^! are /yl$ self-sett+ ne$les1 & are usually s arrang$ t !y _c be adju/$ wrongly z to ! position ( ! eye4 ,9 ! ,willcox ,gibbs ma*9e1 & 9 ,s+]'s s+le ?read ma*9e1 %[n "h1 we h an int]mitt5t t5sion arrangem5t1 :i* clamps ! ?read at ! "r mom5t1 & diff]s f ord9>y t5sion devices1 inasmu* z x may be said to be automatic4 ,! fe$]1 too1 on ^! ma*9es is ( excell5t design1 :ile ! arrangem5ts t h be5 introduc$ into ! ,willcox ,gibbs /raw hat sew+ ma*9e are surpris+ly effective 9 sp9n+ up a hat f a loose roll ( braid4 ,speak+ ( /raw hat ma*9es1 m5tion %\ld be made ( ,wiseman's h& /it* app>atus1 z improv$ by ,messrs4 ,willcox ,gibbs1 & %[n "h ?is ev5+4 ,?is ma*9e employs two ne$les1 & makes a /it* resembl+ h& "w at int]vals1 produc+ a %ort /it* at ! c5t] ( ! hat1 & automatically wid5+ ! space betwe5 ! /it*es z ! di/ance f ! c5t] increases4 ,! ma*9e itself is ( wond]ful +5uity1 & mu/ be exam9$ to be und]/ood4 ,! /it* mak+ itself is1 ,i believe1 q new1 & is also ( mu* int]e/4 ,a pair ( ne$les1 ! wid? ( a /it* ap>t1 rise f b5ea? ?r\gh ! mat]ial4 ,"o ( ^! is an ord9>y ma*9e ne$le1 ?read$2 ! o!r is a b>b$ ne$le4 ,aft] ris+ above ! surface1 ! loop ( ! ?read$ ne$le is seiz$ by a ?read]1 & ?r[n into ! b>b ( ! b>b$ ne$le4 ,! ne$les !n desc5d1 & ! fe$ occurs1 be+ ! l5g? betwe5 /it*es4 ,^u ! asc5t ( ! ne$les aga9 aga9/ ! mat]ial1 ! loop is bo? giv5 (f ! b>b & is ent]$ by ! ?read$ ne$le1 complet+ ! /it*4 ,( ,button ,hole ,ma*9es4--,! me*anism ( button hole ma*9es is s intricate1 t ,i c only attempt on ?is occasion to p>tially elucidate ! con/ruction ( "o ( !m1 rec5tly introduc$1 namely1 ,s+]'s1 :i* automatically cuts1 guides1 & /it*es ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,fig4 #i exhibits ! /it*+ made by ?is ma*9e ^u ! edge ( ! button hole4 ,fig4 #aj repres5ts ! "r & left h& loop]s & loop spread]s1 & = ! /it* mak+4 ,!y rock f "r to left ) an int]mitt5t motion obta9$ f a cam4 ,! left h& loop] c>ries ! "u ?read & int]weaves x ) ! upp]1 =m+ ! /it*1 orig9ally inv5t$1 ,i believe1 by ,mr4 ,george ,fi%]1 ( ,nott+ham1 & re9v5t$ = ! button hol+ ma*9e by ,d4,w4,g4 ,humphreys1 ( ,massa*usetts1 ,u4,s4,a41 9 #ahfb4 ,! loop spread]s are mov$ by a roll] c>ri$ ^u ! loop] frame4 ,fig4 #aa exhibits ! fe$+ arrangem5t1 bo? sides ( ! fe$ :eel1 ! driv+ lev]1 & ! %ape ( ! pa? giv5 to ! c>ry+ clamp by ! he>t cam cut 9 ! upp] surface ( ! fe$ :eel4 ,! picture on ! scre5 repres5ts ! upp] portions ( ! ma*9e1 exhibit+ ! convey+ clamp1 ! to & fro dipp+ motions ( ! ne$le b>1 & ! p>ts convey+ motion to ! arrangem5ts b5ea? ! b$ plate4 ,^! are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab1 & repres5t ! fe$ & loop] cams1 ! fe$+ & loop] lev]s1 & ! /it* =m+ me*anism already %[n4 ,a mo/ +5i\s device 9 ?is ma*9e is ! arrangem5t = automatically l5g!n+ ! ?r[ ( ! fe$ :ile /it*+ ar\nd ! eye ( ! button hole4 ,x is effect$ by means ( a cam1 :i* imp>ts m or less lev]age to ! fe$ arm by ! int]v5tion ( a %ipp] lev]1 h+$ to ! fe$ lev] itself4 ,! space ( "t at my disposal obliges me to recomm5d a p]sonal exam9ation ( ! ma*9e itself1 to fully und]/& its v>i\s motions & its action 9 work+ a button hole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,m5tion may be made ( ,s+]'s special button hole ma*9e = mak+ ! /raight holes us$ 9 l95 "w1 & 9 :i* a %uttle is employ$4 ,( ,:eel] ,wilson's +5i\s button hole ma*9e = ! same purpose1 ,i am enabl$ to %[ a diagram1 9 :i* x w be obs]v$ t ! fe$+ arrangem5ts are plac$ above ! b$ plate1 & are no d\bt !reby r5d]$ easily accessible4 ,application ( ,p[] to ,sew+ ,ma*9es4--,!re 0 a "t :5 a cry arose to ! effect t ! introduction ( me*anical sew+ w\ld lead to div]s calamities1 physical & m5tal4 ,! ladies 7 to become crook$ 9 ! sp9e1 & regul> op]ators 7 to become regul> cripples4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to ask1 ,has ?is be5 s8 ,! op]ators ( to-day are1 ,i ?9k1 sup]ior 9 physical atta9m5ts to _! si/]s ( ! ne$le & ?read fifty ye>s ago4 ,)9 ! pa/ few ye>s a revolution has tak5 place 9 ! mov+ ( sew+ ma*9es4 ,dome/ic ma*9es w probably always be driv5 by foot p[]1 spr+1 electric1 & wat] motors not)/&+4 ,b ! age ( treadles 9 ! great manufactur+ trades is a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,x 0 n necess>y = ,p>liam5t to /ep 9 & protect ! work]s1 z 0 frequ5tly sugge/$ by al>mi/s4 ,! comm]cial int]e/s ( manufactur]s !mselves 7 at /ake4 ,ma*9es driv5 by p[] c\ld d #be p] c5t4 m "w ?an ^? mov$ by foot4 ,! op]ators1 reliev$ ( ! treadl+1 ma9ta9$ a mu* bett] work+ condition2 & altoge!r ! introduction ( p[] driv+1 once well te/$1 became a necessity4 ,p[] sew+ ma*9]y 0 spe$ily devis$ & introduc$ by sev]al ( ! fir/ manufactur]s1 controll]s ( ! spe$ ( ! ma*9es foll[$1 & two or ?ree spl5did sy/ems ( /it*+ by /eam p[] 7 soon widely kn[n4 ,by ! k9dness ( ?ree ( ! be/ manufactur]s ( p[] sew+ ma*9]y1 ,i am enabl$ to %[ to y1 ?is ev5+1 ! be/ kn[n sy/ems1 arrang$ j z !y are fitt$ 9 _m l>ge factories1 z also a sket* ( ! arrangem5ts ( ,:eel] ,wilson's sy/em4 ,we h 9 ! fir/ place a light %aft+ c>ry+ a b& :eel opposite to ea* ma*9e4 ,by ! use ( a p[]ful electromotor1 ! %aft+ is caus$ to rotate at ! rate ( #djj revolutions p] m9ute by electricity4 ,! curr5t is g5]at$ by ! ,society's dynamo ma*9e1 & is convey$ "h by copp] cable4 ,i d n "k ( any in/ance ( sew+ ma*9]y 9 a factory be+ driv5 by an electromotor1 b su* means ( convey+ motive p[] appe>s admirably adapt$ = t purpose1 :5 ! /it*+ room happ5s to be f> remov$ f ! ma9 %aft+ or eng9e4 ,b ) reg>d to motors = sew+ ma*9es1 :5 special p[] has to be fitt$ d[n = t purpose1 my own exp]i5ce leads me to speak 9 favor ( ! admirably gov]n$ ,otto gas eng9es made by ,crossley ,bros4 ,^! are especially /eady1 a feature ( no small mom5t 9 mov+ /it*+ ma*9]y ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,mu* att5tion has be5 devot$ to ! inv5tion ( controll]s ( ! motive p[] suppli$ to sew+ ma*9es4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! friction disk has f\nd mo/ favor4 ,9 _m cases two ( ^! plates1 fa/ & loose1 are plac$ ^u ! ma9 %aft1 & _! sep>ation & contact controll$ by ! treadle4 ,! great s5sitiv5ess ( ! friction atta*m5t employ$ by ! ,s+] company is due *iefly to ! transf]5ce ( ! friction plates to ! axis ( ! ma*9e itself 7,fig4 #ac74 ,_! contact & sep>ation are controll$ by a lev] work$ by a v slight movem5t ( ! treadle4 ,b ! *ief po9t ( int]e/ 9 ?is device lies 9 ! comb9ation ) ! lev] ( a brake1 enabl+ ! op]ator1 by a simple rev]sal ( ! treadle's motion1 to in/antly susp5d ! rotation ( ! ma*9e4 ,! =k$ lev]1 9 fact1 acts simultane\sly 9 ?r[+ (f ! motion & apply+ ! brake4 ,! spe$ is always 9 direct proportion to ! pressure ex]t$ ^u ! treadle1 & a s+le /it* c be made at w4 ,fig4 #ad %[s ! friction :eel sep>at$1 ! portion a be+ fa/1 & e loose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,! ,:eel] ,wilson company d n conf9e !mselves to any p>ticul> controll]1 b pref] ! =m %[n "h ?is ev5+ 7,fig4 #ae71 9 :i* two b&s & an int]m$iate pulley are employ$4 ,! fir/ b& is left r loose1 & ! ma*9e is set 9 motion by ! tight5+ ( ?is b& ?r\gh ! depression ( ! treadle4 ,! spe$ v>ies 9 proportion to ! pressure appli$1 & ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! arrangem5t is increas$ by a brake device com+ into play by ! rev]sal ( ! treadle z be=e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,messrs4 ,willcox ,gibbs dep5d ^u a simil> device %[n 9 ?ree v>ieties to-night4 ,spe$ ( ,p[] ,sew+ ,ma*9es4--,! fa/e/ practicable spe$ ( a ma*9e work$ by ! foot appe>s to be #a1jjj /it*es p] m9ute4 ,mo/ op]ators c guide ! "w at a mu* high] rate1 especially 9 tailor+ or on long seams4 ,! av]age spe$ ^u su* "w is #a1bjj /it*es p] m9ute2 b _m lock-/it* ma*9es are run at #a1ejj & #a1hjj p] m9ute1 & ev5 at mu* high] rates4 ,!re is always a limit to be impos$ ^u spe$ by ! guid+ p[]s ( h& & eye2 x is ?is limit1 & n ! capability ( ! ma*9e1 t conf9es ! rate ( driv+4 ,willcox ,gibbs' s+le ?read ma*9es are run 9 _m in/ances at #c1ejj /it*es p] m9ute4 ,we h be=e u a s+le ?read ,s+] ma*9e 7appropriately nam$ ! ,lightn+ ,sew]7 & a ,willcox ma*9e1 mov+ at ! enorm\s rate ( #d1ejj /it*es p] m9ute1 & produc+ good "w4 ,b x is d\btful :e!r su* v great velocities c ev] be advantage\sly employ$4 ,^u coll> "w1 & 9 sew+ boot upp]s1 ! rate seldom rises above #a1bjj ) advantage4 ,if ! ma*9es be spe$$ too high 9 any trade1 ! op]ator nev] uses ! excess1 & x only proves a drawback4 ,i se5 ! heavie/ & h>de/ k9d ( navy boots /it*$ at #a1ejj to ! m9ute ^u ,s+]'s lock-/it* ma*9es4 ,:eel] ,wilson's ,no4 #aj ,d ma*9e has be5 run by !m1 ,i am in=m$1 z high z #b1ejj to ! m9ute4 ,loop-/it* ma*9es1 :5 well made1 c be actually run z high z #f1jjj1 b #d1ejj is1 ,i believe1 ! maximum yet us$ = ?is class ( ma*9e1 ev5 exp]im5tally4 ,!re c be no d\bt t lock-/it* ma*9es c be run z high z #c1jjj4 ,! actual spe$s ( ! lock-/it* ma*9es %[n "h ^u ! p[] /& av]age #a1cjj2 ^? ( ! *a9 /it* ma*9es v>y f #a1bjj = ! sack sew+ ma*9e to #d1ejj = ! small or s+le *a9 /it*]s4 ,any ( ! late/ /yles ( ei!r lock /it* or s+le ?read ma*9es c be run f> fa/] ?an any kn[n exp]t op]ator c possibly guide ! "w "u x4 ,x is v improbable t su* spe$s w ev] be exce$$4 ,! limit has no d\bt be5 rea*$4 ,v high spe$ is g5]ally a delusion1 & ei!r results 9 indiff]5t "w1 or actually ret>ds its progress4 ,"s idea ( ! spe$ ( ! s+le ?read ma*9es n[ %[n may be ga!r$ f ! fact t1 runn+ at #d1ejj1 & mak+ eight /it*es to ! in*1 !y accompli% ov] f\rte5 y>ds ( sew+ e m9ute4 ,( special ma*9es ( int]e/1 & :i* are too unwieldy to be %[n "h1 ,i am enabl$ to exhibit a few photographs4 ,"o ( ! mo/ novel ( ^! is ! ,tw9 ma*9e1 design$ by ! ,s+] company = ! connect+ toge!r ( ! ,jacqu>d c>ds us$ 9 lace ma*9es4 ,! op]ation 0 =m]ly p]=m$ by h&4 ,x is n[ done by ma*9e at less co/4 ,! c>ds are plac$ ^u a fe$+ drum1 & f$ b5ea? a pair ( ne$les4 ,! laces =m+ ! connection betwe5 ! c>ds are f$ above & b5ea?1 9 l9e ) ! ne$les1 & ! :ole is easily /it*$ toge!r4 ,an ext5sion ( ! same device is ! multiple ma*9e1 9 :i* f\r ne$les & %uttles are us$1 sew+ all ! f\r seams at "o op]ation4 ,?is me?od ( l9k+ ! c>ds is consid]$ bett] ?an simil> "w done by h&4 ,( ,:eel] ,wilson's new factory1 at ,bridgeport1 & ( ! ,s+] company's great new factory ne> ,glasg[1 ,i am enabl$ to exhibit photographic views4 ,be=e draw+ my rem>ks to a close1 ,i w\ld briefly indicate ! nature ( ! v>i\s ma*9es %[n ^u ! p[] b5*+4 ,( ! ,s+] sy/em1 !re are f\r4 ,a drop-fe$ oscillat+ %uttle ma*9e = manufactur+ purposes2 a :eel-fe$ oscillat+ %uttle ma*9e1 furni%$ ) a trimm]1 us$ *iefly 9 /it*+ lea!r & boot upp]s2 d\ble *a9-/it* ma*9e1 us$ = sack mak+1 n[ %[n = ! fir/ "t2 & a s+le ?read ,lightn+ ,sew]1 fitt$ ) a trimm] = hosi]y "w4 ,( ,:eel] ,wilson's sy/em1 !re is a drop-fe$ manufactur+ ma*9e ) ! new deta*$ hook & late/ improvem5ts2 a ,no4 #aj ma*9e ) ! usual hook1 a :eel fe$ & trimm]1 & a small] ma*9e ( ! same type ) drop fe$4 ,( ,willcox ,gibbs' sy/em1 !re is ! ord9>y s+le-?read ma*9e = manufactur+1 a s+le-?read ma*9e1 ) a trimm]1 z us$ 9 ! hosi]y trades1 & a ma*9e specially us$ = /raw hat mak+4 ,we h "h a small ,s+] ma*9e1 rid+ ^u ! edge ( two pieces ( c>pet1 a c>pet ma*9e weigh+ t5 p\nds4 ,:5 ! h&le is turn$1 x /it*es & travels ov] ! edges1 unit+ !m fa/] & m securely ?an six h& sew]s2 & sev]al o!rs1 repres5tative ( ! family type ( sew+ ma*9e1 besides ,:eel] ,wilson's hem/it* ma*9e1 ! work+ ( :i* is ( mu* int]e/4 ,i w\ld n[ invite ^? ( y :o seek a bett] acqua9tance ) ^? curi\s & novel ma*9es to freely exam9e & te/ ! v>i\s types to be f\nd ^u ! p[] b5*+ & ^u /&s4 ,"o or two op]ators w come =w>d & %[ "s ( ! capabilities ( ! ma*9es ^u actual "w1 9 :i* ! mak+ ( a /raw hat w p]haps %[ :at c be done 9 a few m9utes by quick spe$ & exp]t f+]s2 b ^! p]=mances mu/ n be reg>d$ 9 ! light ( competitive te/s betwe5 ! manufactur]s %[+ !m1 & are int5d$ m]ely to %[ ! utility ( motive p[] driv+4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i desire to ?ank ^? g5tlem5 at ! head ( ! lead+ firms ( sew+ ma*9e manufactur]s = ! tr\ble !y h tak5 to arrange = y\r inspection specim5s ( _! excell5t sy/ems1 & ,i h mu* satisfaction 9 express+ my obligations to !m = ready assi/ance 9 ! prep>ation ( my pap]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,p[] ma*9es & treadle ma*9es 7 exhibit$ by ,messrs4 ,willcox ,gibbs1 ,messrs4 ,:eel] ,wilson1 & ! ,s+] ,manufactur+ ,company4 ,! motive p[] 0 provid$ by an electrical motor1 suppli$ by ,mr4 ,moritz ,immi%4 ,! ,h[e ,ma*9e ,company exhibit$ a model ( ! fir/ ma*9e made by ,elias ,h[e1 & also "o ( ! mo/ rec5t ,h[e ma*9es4 ,mr4 ,newton ,wilson %[$ a model ( ! ,sa9t sew+ ma*9es1 con/ruct$ f ,?omas ,sa9t's pat5t specification1 #agij1 & ,mr4 ,c>v] %[$ ! ,/&>d sew+ ma*9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,new ,,krupp ,,guns4 ,no?+ is be+ talk$ ab\t at pres5t 9 ,g]many b ! guns ( great calib] t are manufactur+ at ! celebrat$ works on ! banks ( ! ,ruhr4 ,z our neighbors appe> to be elat$ ov] ?is wond]ful "w1 x is exp$i5t to exam9e ! subject1 9 ord] to see :e!r _! applause is legitimate4 ,we h kn[n = a long "t t ! artill]y mat]iel devot$ to ! def5se ( ! ,g]man coa/s consi/s ( a long1 /ation>y #e in* gun2 ( long #g in* hoop$ /eel guns1 clos$ by a cyl9drico-prismatic w$ge2 ( an #h in* mort>2 & ( guns ( #aa & #ae in* calib]4 ,! #aa in* gun is #bb feet 9 l5g?1 &1 includ+ ! clos+ me*anism1 weighs #gi1bjj p\nds4 ,z reg>ds ! projectiles t ?is weapon ?r[s1 ! ord9>y %ell is #cc in*es 9 l5g?1 & weighs1 all *>g$1 #fef p\nds1 & ! explod+ %ell1 ( ! same l5g?1 weighs1 all *>g$1 #a1afj p\nds4 ,! initial velocity ( ! latt] is #a1fjj feet ) a maximum *>ge ( #adh p\nds ( p[d]4 ,! #ae in* gun is #cb4h feet 9 l5g?1 & weighs #aeh1djj p\nds4 ,its projectiles are #c4fg feet 9 l5g?4 ,! ord9>y %ell1 *>ge includ$1 weighs #a1djj p\nds1 & ! explod+ %ell1 "u ! same circum/ances1 #a1gjj p\nds1 t is1 m ?an ?ree qu>t]s ( a metric ton4 ,! initial velocity ( ?is la/ nam$ projectile is #a1fej feet ) a maximum *>ge ( #a1fej p\nds ( p[d]4 ,we also "k t ,mr4 ,krupp has two models ( guns ( #ac in* calib]1 & ( a l5g? equal to #ce times ! calib]1 say #ci-e_/ab feet4 ,! light] ( ^! models 7:i* 0 %[n at ,anv]s7 weighs no less ?an #bfd1jjj p\nds1 c>riage n includ$4 ,its cyl9drico prismatic clos+ me*anism 7,rundkeilv]s*luss7 alone weighs #hb1ejj p\nds4 ,?is is ! weight ( a #e in* hoop$ /eel gun6 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,new #eb ,,foot ,,krupp ,,gun ,,& ,a ,,g]man ,,field ,,piece ,,figur$ ,,on ,,! ,,same ,,scale4 ,we n[ le>n t ! ,ess5 works h j begun ! manufacture ( a #cad1fjj p\nd gun4 ,?is piece1 call$ #dj cm4 kanone ,l_/#dj1 w1 ( c\rse1 be ( #ae4f in* calib]1 b x w diff] f ! "o above describ$ 9 t its l5g? w be equal to #dj times ! calib]1 say #eb feet1 or to ! space occupi$ on ! maneuv]+ gr\nd by a field piece drawn by six horses 7,fig4 #a74 ,?is gun w be provid$ ) two k9ds ( projectiles4 ,"o ( ^!1 call$ light1 w be #c feet 9 l5g?1 weigh #a1fbh p\nds1 & be capable ( tak+ an initial velocity ( #b1daj feet & ( pi]c+1 on its exit f ! *amb]1 ei!r a hamm]$ iron plate #c feet 9 ?ickness or two unit$ plates #a & #b feet 9 ?ickness4 ,! %ell call$ heavy w be #e feet 9 l5g?1 & weigh #b1caj p\nds1 say m ?an a #d in* siege piece6 ,! *>ge employ$ w be #a1jfg p\nds ( br[n1 prismatic ,dunwald p[d]4 ,t5 hundr$ & sixty-sev5 p\nds--ne>ly half a metric ton1 m ?an ! weight ( a field piece )\t its c>riage6 ,) ?is enorm\s *>ge1 ! heavy %ell w be capable ( an initial velocity ( #b1ajj feet & ( pi]c+1 on its exit f ! *amb]1 ei!r a hamm]$ iron plate #d feet 9 ?ickness or two unit$ plates #b & #b4hh feet 9 ?ickness4 ,! ,cologne ,gazette1 f :i* we borr[ mo/ ( ! data j pres5t$1 adds t ! #dj ,l_/#dj piece w be ! l>ge/ cannon 9 ! _w1 b t x w n long enjoy ! privilege ( su* pre-em95ce4 ,x appe>s1 9 fact1 t ,mr4 ,krupp is prep>+ to manufacture a gun ( #ag in* calib]1 weigh+ #ccj1jjj p\nds4 ,! projectile = ?is mon/] w be #f feet 9 l5g?1 say ! /ature ( a full gr[n man1 & w weigh no less ?an a ton & a half4 ,a man ( m$ium /ature w measure a little less ?an ?is projectile 7,fig4 #b74 ,x is possible t all ^! figures h be5 slightly exagg]at$ by ! ultra-,vosges j\rnals1 :o d\btless int5d to make an impression ^u u2 b we %all n dwell ^u t po9t4 ,z reg>ds ! p5etrat+ p[] ( ! l>ge #dj ,l_/#dj gun1 ! ,g]man press obs]ves t 9 #ahfh artill]y 0 incapable ( pi]c+ 9 "o-hundr$?s ( an in* :at x is n[ pi]c+ 9 t5?s ( an in*4 ,! pr9ciple 0 =m]ly admitt$1 x says1 t a %ell %\ld by "r h a ?ickness equal to its calib]4 ,n[1 ! l>ge/ cannon 9 ! _w p]=ates a plate ^: ?ickness is ?ree times ! diamet] ( ! gun's bore4 ,:at great progress6 exclaim ! ,g]man j\rnals1 & h[ jeal\s ! ,fr5* & ,engli% are go+ to be6 ,jeal\s ( t8 ,:y1 inde$8 ,we are n ! lea/ 9 ! _w s4 ,h[ c\ld we be8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we h a gun ( v great calib]--a #ac in* /eel coa/ & siege piece4 ,?is weighs #cg tons1 & is #cf feet 9 l5g?4 ,its projectile weighs f #ibd to #a1cbj p\nds1 accord+ to its int]nal organization4 ,its conoid head is v elongat$1 & by reason ( ?is elegant =m x always falls ^u its po9t1 ev5 at fall+ angles ( an amplitude approa*+ #fj degrees4 ,! *>ge us$ v>ies f #cif to #ddj p\nds1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! p[d]4 ,z = ! balli/ic prop]ties ( ! piece1 !y are v rem>kable4 ,its projectile has an initial velocity ( #b1acb feet1 & ! maximum range is f #aj to #aa miles1 say ! di/ance f ,p>is to ,montg]on by ! ,p>is-,lyons-,m$it]ranean railroad1 or f ,p>is to ,v]sailles4 ,f9ally1 ! accuracy ( ?is gun is mu* great] ?an t ( ! #i in* /eel "o4 ,n[1 ! accuracy ( ?is latt] is su* t x is impossible = its projectiles to miss a %ip "u way1 & t we are sure ( play+ ) x aga9/ ! enemy t game ^: device is ,we w9 at e %ot6 ,well1 we d n hesitate to say t ^! results appe> to u to be satisfactory--we mean q suffici5t--& t !re is no ne$ ( look+ = a bett] gun4 ,if !re 71 ,fr5* indu/ry w\ld be capable ( produc+ weapons ( any calib] desir$4 ,z reg>ds ?is1 !re is1 s to speak1 no limit2 moreov]1 tak+ into acc\nt m]ely ! t]re/rial conditions ( ! problem1 we may be satisfi$ t ! great works ( our c\ntry are m p[]fully equipp$ ?an ^? ( ,ess51 & consequ5tly bett] able to =ge l>ge pieces ( /eel4 ,mr4 ,krupp1 x is said1 is v pr\d ( 8 two p[] hamm]s1 :i* he has nam$ ,max & ,fritz4 ,b1 on ! :ole1 ^! two app>atus are only fifty ton ones1 & h a fall ( b t5 feet4 ,n[1 ,creusot & ,/4 ,*amond ea* has a hundr$ ton /eam hamm] ) a fall ( #af feet1 accompani$ ) f\r furnaces & f\r cranes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--c1cjj ,,p\nd ,,projectile ,,( ,a ,,krupp ,,gun ,,9 ,,c\rse ,,( ,,manufacture4 ,b :y proce$ to ! manufacture ( mon/r\s guns1 l ^? t ,mr4 ,krupp has j produc$1 or m$itates produc+ 9 ! future2 guns ( su* a calib] c be us$ only 9 special cases--9 batt]y on ! coa/ or on bo>d ( a %ip4 ,x is n ) mat]iel ( ?is k9d t w> is wag$2 x is ) field pieces4 ,our ultra-,vosges neighbors well "k ?is4 ,"o ( ! reasons t ! w> t v rec5tly ?reat5$ u did n break out1 0 because ! ,g]mans c\ld n fail to see t _! field mat]iel 0 n z p[]ful z ours2 t ! %ell ( our #c in* gun weighs #ag p\nds1 :ile t ( _! heavy #c in* gun does n weigh #ae4 ,n[1 ?is diff]5ce has its value4 ,hunt]s well "k :at importance x is necess>y to atta* to ! numb] ( ! ball t !y use4 ,?is grant$1 x is well to obs]ve t ! net co/ ( ! #dj cm4 kanone ,l_/#dj mu/ n be less ?an #cjj1jjj or #djj1jjj4 ,n[1 on ! int]e/ ( su* a sum we c\ld h f t5 to fifte5 complete batt]ies1 t is to say1 compris+1 9 addition to ! sixty or eighty guns1 all ! necess>y accessories1 su* z c>riages1 limb]s1 caissons1 h>ness1 etc4 ,frankly1 betwe5 ! two acquisitions1 !re is no hesitation possible4 ,f9ally1 if we mu/ say s1 we d n ?9k t =eign p[]s1 :5 !y believe x _! duty to provide !mselves ) mat]iel ( great calib]1 w ?9k ( supply+ !mselves f ! ,ess5 works1 on acc\nt ( ! memorable accid5ts due to ! imp]fection ( guns com+ f ?is celebrat$ e/abli%m5t4 ,! li/ ( bur/+s t h occurr$1 n only 9 ,g]many1 b also 9 ,russia1 ,bohemia1 ,italy1 ,turkey1 & ,r\mania1 is already a long "o4 ,to speak "h only ( :at occurr$ 9 ,france 9 #ahgj-ga1 x is c]ta9 t out ( sev5ty ,g]man guns ( l>ge calib] 9 batt]y aga9/ ! s\?we/ front ( ! wall ( ,p>is1 ?irty-six--say m ?an half--7 put out ( s]vice dur+ ! fir/ fifte5 days ( ! bomb>dm5t1 & t too ?r\gh fir+ m]ely2 & x 0 ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,de ,moltke himself t ! ,g]man siege batt]ies w\ld h be5 r$uc$ to sil5ce1 _h ! def5d]s be5 able to hold out = a week long]4 ,x is equally c]ta9 t1 dur+ ! c\rse ( ! ,loire campaign1 eighty guns ( ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick ,*>les' 7 put out ( s]vice by ! sole fact ( _! fir+4 ,summ+ up ! hi/ory ( ^! _m accid5ts1 ! ,duke ( ,cambridge ass]t$ to ! ,h\se ( ,lords 7,april #cj1 #ahgf7 t two hundr$ ,krupp guns bur/ dur+ ! ,franco-,g]man w>4 ,h ! eng9e]s ( ! ,ess5 works improv$ _! processes ( manufacture s9ce t epo*8 ,x is p]missible to d\bt x1 see+ t1 v rec5tly1 ! ,italian navy refus$ to take f ,mr4 ,krupp "s #ae in* guns ^: tubes 7 b v imp]fectly weld$4 ,mu/ ! num]\s accid5ts m5tion$ be attribut$ to defects 9 ! metal employ$8 ,7 !y due to defective hoop+8 ,7 !y due to "s "o ( ! num]\s inconv5i5ces inh]5t to ! cyl9drico-prismatic sy/em ( clos+ 7,rundkeilv]s*luss78 ,!y 7 d\btless ow+ to su* causes comb9$4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,colors ,,( ,,?9 ,,plates4 ,! ,"r ,hon4 ,"l ,rayleigh lately deliv]$ a lecture at ! ,royal ,in/itution ^u ,! ,colors ( ,?9 ,plates1 a t]m :i* he expla9$ 0 appli$ to ?9 films ( sub/ances1 su* z oily films on ! surface ( wat] or ! equally famili> soap bubble4 ,al?\gh ! reflection ( colors f ! surface ( a soap bubble is probably ! mo/ noticeable1 yet ! plate :i* l5ds itself mo/ readily = exp]im5t is a film ( air conf9$ betwe5 two %eets ( glass4 ,if a ray ( :ite light be reflect$ f ! surface ( ! film ^u a scre51 ! s-call$ ,newton's r+s1 a s]ies ( color$ conc5tric r+s1 are obta9$4 ,if1 in/ead ( reflect$ light1 ! ray ( light transmitt$ ?r\gh ! film ( air be all[$ to fall ^u ! scre51 ! same ph5om5on is obs]vable1 b ! effect is v consid]ably m9imiz$1 ow+ to ! great prepond]ance ( :ite light1 :i* ov]lies z x 7 ! color$ r+s4 ,ev5 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 z ! lectur] 0 able to %[ lat] on1 ! colors are n ne>ly s int5se z !y may be obta9$1 ow+ to "s :ite light be+ reflect$ f ! surfaces ( ! two %eets ( glass4 ,) reg>d to ! appe>ance ( ! ph5om5on1 x is obs]v$ t ! "p :i* corresponds to ! ?9ne/ "p ( ! film is consid]ably d>k] ?an ! re/ ( ! spectrum2 ar\nd ?is is a bright r+ ( :ite1 succe$$ by con/antly increas+ conc5tric r+s ( diff]5t colors app>5tly repeat+ !mselves4 ,"l ,rayleigh also obta9$ ! same results ) a film ( a solution ( soap & glyc]9e1 b 9 ?is case ! d>k portion 0 obs]v$ at ! top ( ! spectrum1 ! o!r colors arrang+ !mselves 9 ord] 9 ! soap film ?9n$ by ! =ce ( gravitation1 ?us %[+ t ! colors v>y accord+ to ! ?ickness ( ! film4 ,ano!r =m ( ! exp]im5t call$ =? a consid]able am\nt ( applause f ! audi5ce4 ,"l ,rayleigh caus$ a g5tle /ream ( air to play obliquely ^u a soap film1 s t ! "p /ruck 0 mov$ =w>d & ! :ole film rotat$4 ,!n ) ! alt]ation ( ! =ce ( ! curr5t ( air1 :i* ( c\rse regulat$ ! c5trifugal =ce1 alt]nat+ ?icknesses ( film 7 obta9$1 caus+ a v>y+ display ( beautiful colors & comb9ations ( colors4 ,?is la/ exp]im5t also t5d$ to prove t ! b&s ( color are n arrang$ 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 b v>y accord+ to ! ?ickness ( ! film1 a conclusion arriv$ at by ,brew/]1 :o obs]v$ t if a film reflect+ c]ta9 colors be c>efully inv]t$ s z n to di/urb ! gravity1 ! colors reflect$ are also inv]t$4 ,"l ,rayleigh expla9$ ! ph5om5on by ref]r+ to ,"y's wave !ory ( light4 ,he reg>d$ ! film z hav+ two surfaces f :i* light is reflect$1 an ant]ior ext]ior surface & a po/]ior int]ior surface4 ,if a ray ( light be ?r[n ^u ! film1 a "p ( ! light is reflect$ f ! fir/ surface1 b ! great] "p is transmitt$1 & "s ( ?is is reflect$ f ! second surface1 passes back ?r\gh ! film1 & is comb9$ ) ! light reflect$ f ! fir/ surface4 ,if !n ! light reflect$ f ! second surface be 9 ! same /ate ( vibration z t reflect$ f ! fir/ surface1 ! effect ( _! comb9ation w be to increase ! am\nt ( light reflect$ f ! fir/ surface1 b if o!rwise1 ! effect w be a p>tial neutralization ( ! light reflect$ f ! fir/ surface4 ,t is to say1 if ! ret>dation ( ! light :i* is reflect$ f ! second surface1 ow+ to its twice trav]s+ ! ?ickness ( ! film1 be equival5t to a wave l5g? ( ! vibration ( ! light1 x w increase ! int5sity ( ! light reflect$ f ! fir/ surface4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! ret>dation be only equival5t to half a wave l5g?1 ! int5sity ( ! light w be decreas$4 ,?us1 !n1 ) a ray ( mono*romatic light x w be se5 t ! effect ( diff]5ce 9 ! ?ickness ( ! film w be to alt] ! int5sity ( ! reflect$ ray1 b ) a :ite light compos$ ( sev]al colors ! result w be m complicat$4 ,z ea* color has a diff]5t wave l5g? 9 vibration1 x w be se5 t ea* color w act indep5d5tly ( ! o!rs1 & a c]ta9 ?ickness ( film :i*1 ^u ! comb9ation ( ! two reflect$ rays1 w cause "o p>ticul> color to be int5sifi$1 w at ! same "t cause ! o!r colors to be m or less obscur$4 ,?us z ! ?ickness ( ! film is alt]$ diff]5t colors prepond]ate1 caus+ ! appe>ance ( r+s or b&s1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! exp]im5t4 ,! d>k appe>ance on ! scre5 correspond+ to ! ?9ne/ "p ( ! film is probably due to refraction ( ! ray ( light reflect$ f ! second surface1 consequ5t 9 its pass+ f a r>e into a d5s] m$ium1 & aga9 f ! d5s] m$ium into ! r>e1 :i* refraction ,"l ,rayleigh consid]s to effect a ret>dation equival5t to half a wave l5g?4 ,"l ,rayleigh support$ ?is !ory ( ! =mation ( ,newton's r+s by sev]al int]e/+ exp]im5ts4 ,a beam ( light 0 int]cept$ by two ( ,nicol's prisms1 "o ( :i* act$ z a pol>iz] & ! o!r z an analyz] ( ! light1 s t no light 0 able to pass ?r\gh bo? on to ! scre54 ,betwe5 ! two prisms a d\ble refractive l5s 0 n[ plac$1 9 ?is case a d\ble concave l5s ( sel5ite1 :5 ! same s]ies ( conc5tric r+s obs]v$ ) ! film ( air 0 obta9$ on ! scre51 only mu* m int5se1 :ile a w$ge ( sel5ite gave ! b&s ( color 9 ! same ord] z ) ! soap bubble4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ pro( ( ! dep5d5ce ( ! colors ^u ! ?ickness ( ! film 0 %[n by ! reflection ( a beam ( light f a piece ( mica compos$ ( tw5ty-f\r v att5uat$ plates ov]lapp+ ea* o!r4 ,) ea* lay] a m>k$ gradation 9 color 0 visible4 ,! rema9d] ( ! lecture 0 devot$ to an explanation ( ! det]m9ation ( ! *romatic relations ( ! colors ( ! spectrum4 ,"l ,rayleigh at ?is po9t made a r />tl+ /atem5t t any color c be produc$ by two o!r colors4 ,z an example ( su* a =mation1 a ray ( :ite light 0 pass$ sep>ately ?r\gh a solution ( yell[ *romate ( pota% & an alkal9e litmus solution1 ?r[+ respectively a yell[ & violet-blue color ^u ! scre54 ,:5 ! ray 0 made to pass ?r\gh ! two solutions successively1 an orange-yell[ color 0 obta9$ ^u ! scre51 :i* color ,"l ,rayleigh ass]t$ to be made up ( r$ & gre5 rays4 ,to prove ?is1 ! ray ( :ite light 0 decompos$ by means ( a prism1 & ! decompos$ rays pass$ ?r\gh ! two solutions4 ,! "o solution 0 f\nd to exclude all ! yell[ & orange rays f ! spectrum1 :ile ! o!r exclud$ all ! blue & violet rays1 s t :5 ! ray _h pass$ ?r\gh bo? solutions1 only ! r$ & gre5 rays 7 left4 ,if1 in/ead ( all[+ ! decompos$ ray ( light to pass ?r\gh a slit1 & ?us obta9 def9ite b&s 9 ! spectrum1 ! ray 0 pass$ ?r\gh a circul> hole1 ! r$ & gre5 colors ov]lapp$ ea* o!r on ! scre51 =m+ by _! comb9ation ! id5tical orange-yell[ color obta9$ ) ! prim>y :ite light4 ,x 0 !n /at$ t if ?ree def9ite positions be tak5 9 a spectrum 9 ! r$1 gre51 & violet b&s respectively1 & ^! positions be repres5t$ by ! corn]s ( an equilat]al triangle 7,cl]k ,maxwell's triangle71 x has be5 ma!matically det]m9$ 9 :at position )9 ?is triangle ! colors ( ,newton's r+s w\ld fall4 ,"l ,rayleigh1 by means ( a diagram & ! sel5ite w$ge1 %[$ t ! relations to ! ?ree /&>d colors 9 practice 7 id5tical ) ! position assign$ !m by !ory4 ,9 conclusion1 ! lectur] %[$ a piece ( glass1 ! surface ( :i* _h be5 decompos$1 a ray ( light transmitt$ ?r\gh :i* %[$ ^u ! scre5 pat*es ( v pure color4 ,^! he consid]$ to be due to ! glass consi/+ ( a numb] ( ?9 plates1 "s ( :i* _h be5 remov$ by ! decomposition4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,belt ,,jo9ts4 ,f "t to "t1 s]i\s accid5ts h tak5 place1 & ! progress ( "w /opp$1 by ! sudd5 snapp+ ( driv+ belts 9 ma*9]y1 &1 z a g5]al rule1 x is f\nd t ! collapse is attributable ei!r to faulty lea!r or insecure jo9+4 ,a great improvem5t ( ! lea!r int5d$ = belts has be5 br\ght ab\t dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 by ! introduction ( improv$ processes = curry+ & ! subsequ5t treatm5t4 ,pat]son has work$ successfully a pat5t = r5d]+ belt lea!r m pliable1 & less5+ ! t5d5cy to /ret*4 ,"u ?is treatm5t ! lea!r is ei!r curri$ or r\gh dri$1 & !n soak$ 9 a solution ( wood1 res91 & gum ?us1 or frank9c5se1 fir/ melt$ toge!r1 & !n dissolv$1 by ! application ( heat1 9 boil$ or l9se$ oil4 ,! lea!r1 aft] ?is process1 is soak$ 9 petroleum or c>bon bisulphide conta9+ a little ,india-rubb] solution1 & is f9ally wa%$ ) petroleum b5zol9e4 ,%\ld ! mixture be f\nd to be too ?ick1 x is ?9n$ d[n ) b5zol9e _s until x is ab\t ! consi/5cy ( molasses at ! ord9>y temp]ature4 ,! lea!r s prep>$ is n liable to /ret*1 & c be jo9$ 9 ! usual way by copp] rivet+1 or ! ends c be sewn4 ,a good mat]ial = small] belts1 & = /r+s & b&s = connect+ l>g] ones1 is t rec5tly pat5t$ by ,vornb]g]1 9 :i* ! gut ( cattle is ! basis4 ,aft] c>eful cleans+1 ! gut is split up into /r&s1 & treat$ ) a ba? ( pe>la% wat] = sev]al days4 ,! /r&s are !n twi/$ toge!r1 & aft] be+ dipp$ 9 a solution ( ,condy's fluid1 are dri$4 ,!y are !n sulphur$ 9 a wood5 box = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 aft] :i* ! twi/+ c be complet$4 ,!y are by ?is process r5d]$ pliable1 & c be us$ 9 ?is /ate = /it*+ ! lea!r ends ( l>g] belts1 or c be /iff5$ by plung+ !m into a ba? ( is+lass & :ite w9e v9eg>4 ,aft] dry+ !y are susceptible ( a f9e poli%1 em]y clo? be+ usually employ$1 & ! f9al f9i% is giv5 to ! mat]ial ) gum arabic & oil4 ,canvas & wov5 fabrics1 coat$ ) ,india-rubb]1 are also n[ be+ us$ = driv+ belts & = cov]+ ma*9e roll]s4 ,z ?is mat]ial c be made 9 "o piece1 )\t ! necessity ( a jo9t1 x is uni=m 9 /r5g?1 & is recomm5d$ z a sub/itute = lea!r belts requir+ jo9ts4 ,a pat5t$ mat]ial ( ?is description is due to ,z+l]1 :o boils ! canvas or simil> wov5 fabric "u pressure 9 a solution ( tung/ate ( soda = ?ree h\rs4 ,x is !n transf]r$ to a ba? ( acetate ( lead solution1 & dra9$1 dri$1 & /ret*$4 ,:5 9 ?is condition x is coat$1 by means ( a spread+ ma*9e1 ) repeat$ lay]s ( a composition consi/+ ( ,india-rubb]1 antimony sulphide1 p]oxide ( iron1 sulphur1 lime1 asbe/os1 *alk1 sulphate ( z9c1 & c>bonate ( magnesia4 ,:5 a suffici5t ?ickness ( ?is composition has be5 appli$1 x is vulcaniz$ "u pressure at a temp]ature ( #bej ,f41 or a little high]4 ,! mat]ial produc$ 9 ?is mann] is said to h ! /r5g? & durability ( ! be/ lea!r belts4 ,attempts h rec5tly be5 made to obta9 a glue suitable = jo9+ ! ends ( driv+ belts1 )\t ! use ( metal fa/5+s or sew+1 & ,messrs4 ,david ,kirkaldy ,son h report$ favorably on su* a belt glue1 :i* is be+ introduc$ by ,mr4 ,w4,v4 ,van ,wyk1 ( #cj & #ca ,newgate /reet1 ,e4,c4 ,9 ! te/ appli$ by !m1 a jo9t ( ?is ,h]cules glue1 z x is call$1 9 a #d 94 s+le belt 0 /rong] ?an ! solid lea!r4 ,:5 a t5sile /ress ( #b1agd lb41 equival5t to #b1hfj lb4 p] squ>e in* ( section1 0 appli$1 ! lea!r gave way1 leav+ ! jo9t intact4 ,belts fa/5$ by a sc>f jo9t ) ?is glue are said to be ( absolutely ! same ?ickness & pliability at ! jo9t z 9 ! ma9 portion ( ! belt1 & ?us insure fre$om f noise & p]fect /ead9ess4 ,! in/ructions = use are simple1 & x requires only fifte5 m9utes = ! jo9t to set be=e be+ ready = use4 ,f a r\gh *emical analysis ( ! sample submitt$ to u1 we f9d t x consi/s ( gelat9e1 ) small am\nts ( m9]al +r$i5ts4 ,josef ,horadam1 "s few ye>s ago1 pat5t$ 9 ,g]many a process = pres]v+ glues f decomposition1 by ! addition ( f #h to #aj p] c5t4 ( magnesium or calcium *lorides4 ,! addition ( ^! salts does n impair 9 any way ! /r5g? ( ! glue1 b prev5ts x f decompos+1 & x may be t ! ,h]cules glue is pres]v$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,a cem5t ( ?is nature1 if ?or\ghly to be reli$ on1 mu/ be ( great value1 al?\gh ! great v>iation 9 ! quality ( lea!r1 ap>t f ! difficulty hi!rto exp]i5c$ ( securely connect+ ! ends toge!r1 op5s a wide field = a mat]ial ( uni=m composition1 & capable ( be+ made 9 "o piece 9 suitable l5g?s = driv+ belts & o!r ma*9e ge>4--,indu/ries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,inauguration ,,( ,,! ,,/atue ,,( ,,d5is ,,pap94 ,a l>ge cr[d 0 pres5t rec5tly at ! inauguration ( ! /atue ( ,d5is ,pap91 :i* took place 9 ! c\rt ( ! ,cons]vatoire des ,arts et ,meti]s1 "u ! presid5cy ( ,mr4 ,lockroy1 ,m9i/] ( ,comm]ce & ! ,indu/ries4 ,illu/ration3 ,,d5is ,,pap94 ,9 ! l>ge hall 9 :i* ! addresses 7 made !re 7 sev]al municipal c\nselors1 ! repres5tatives ( ! ,m9i/] ( ,w>1 ,capta9s ,driant & ,froc>d1 sev]al memb]s ( ! ,in/itute1 & o!rs4 ,a delegation f ! ,syndical ,*amb] ( ,conductors1 ,eng9em51 & ,/ok]s1 :i* contribut$ ?r\gh a subscription t[>d ! erection ( ! /atue1 0 pres5t at ! c]emony ) its bann]4 ,mr4 ,lanss$at1 sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,cons]vatoire1 receiv$ ! gue/s1 assi/$ by all ! pr(essors4 ,mr4 ,lanss$at op5$ ! proce$+s by an address 9 :i* he paid homage to ! sci5ti/s :o 7 p]secut$ :ile liv+1 to ,d5is ,pap91 :o did = me*anics :at ,nicolas le ,blanc did = *emi/ry1 & to ^? m5 ^: entire life 0 devot$ to ! triumph ( ! cause ( sci5ce4 ,aft] ?is1 an address 0 deliv]$ by ,mr4 ,lockroy1 :o expatiat$ ^u ! great s]vices r5d]$ by ! ma/] ( all ! sci5ces kn[n at t epo*1 :o 0 9 turn physician1 physici/1 me*anician1 & ma!matician1 & :o1 9 discov]+ ! prop]ties ( /eam1 laid ! f\ndation ( mod]n society1 :i*1 s to speak1 arose f ?is incomp>able discov]y4 ,spee*es 7 aft]w>d made by ,mr4 ,f]ay d',essonnes1 presid5t ( ! ,syndical ,*amb] ( ,conductors1 ,eng9em51 & ,/ok]s1 & by ,pr(4 ,comb]\sse1 ( ! ,c5tral ,s*ool1 :o broadly outl9$ ! life ( ,pap94 ,along ab\t f\r o'clock1 ! ,m9i/] ( ,comm]ce & ! ,indu/ries1 foll[$ by all ! invit$ gue/s1 repair$ to ! c\rt1 & ! veil t hid ! /atue 0 !n lift$ amid acclamation4 ,pap9 is repres5t$ z /&+ & p]=m+ an exp]im5t4 ,^u ! p$e/al is ! foll[+ inscription3 ,,d5is ,,pap9 ,,born ,,9 #afdg1 ,,di$ ,,ab\t #agad1 ,,inv5t$ ,,! ,,/eam ,,eng9e ,,9 #afij ,,national ,,subscription1 #ahhf4 ,! inauguration is due to ! initiative ( ,mr4 ,lanss$at1 = x 0 he :o 9 #ahhe sugge/$ ! national subscription1 :i* 0 quickly rais$4 ,d5is ,pap9 0 born at ,blois on ! #bb;d ( ,augu/1 #afdg4 ,he 0 ! son ( a physician4 ,aft] ! example ( 8 fa!r & ( sev]al ( 8 relatives1 he /udi$ m$ic9e & took 8 degree2 b 8 ta/e = ma!matics1 & especially = exp]im5tal physics1 soon l$ him to ab&on m$ic9e4 ,x 0 9 #afij t he publi%$ 9 ! ,actes ( ,leipsic ! memoir :i* w =ev] & irrevocably assign to him ! priority 9 ! inv5tion ( /eam eng9es & /eamboats1 & ! title ( :i* 03 ,new me?od ( *eaply obta9+ ! greate/ motive p[]s4 ,9 #agjd1 ,pap91 poor & oblig$ to d ev]y?+ = himself1 f9i%$ 8 fir/ /eamboat2 b = want ( money he 0 unable to make a trial ( x until ,augu/ #ae1 #agjg4 ,! trial 0 made ^u ! ,fulda & ,w]a1 afflu5ts ( ! ,wes]4 ,! op]ation succe$$ wond]fully1 &1 %ortly aft]w>d1 ,pap91 be+ desir\s ( r5d]+ ! exp]im5t complete1 put 8 boat on ! ,wes]2 b ! /upid boatm5 ( ?is riv] drew 8 craft a%ore & broke x & its eng9e 9 pieces4 ,?is cata/rophe ru9$ ,pap91 & annihilat$ all 8 hopes4 ,! great man1 fall+ into %ock+ de/itution1 brok5 d[n & conqu]$ by adv]sity1 return$ to ,engl& 9 #agab to seek aid & an asylum4 ,ev]y:]e repuls$1 he return$ to ,cassel ab\t #agad1 sad & disc\rag$2 & ! man to :om we owe t prodigy1 ! /eam eng9e1 t in/rum5t ( univ]sal welf>e & ri*es1 disappe>$ )\t leav+ any trace ( 8 dea?4--,le ,monde ,illu/re4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,decoration4 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,ornam5ts4 ,footnote3 ,au?orities consult$ 9 prep>+ ?is pap]3 ,analysis ( ,ornam5t1 ,wornum2 ,tru?1 ,beauty1 & ,p[]1 ,dress]2 ,lectures on ,art4 ,f4,w4 ,moody2 ,hopes & ,fe>s = ,art1 ,wm4 ,morris2 ,ornam5tal ,art1 ,hulme2 ,manuals ( ,art ,education1 ,prang4 ,by ,,miss ,,m>ie ,r4 ,,g>es*e1 ,/4 ,l\is ,high ,s*ool4 ,decoration is ! sci5ce & art ( beautify+ objects & r5d]+ !m m pleas+ to ! eye4 ,z an art1 individual ta/e & skill h mu* to d ) ! p]fection ( ! results2 z a sci5ce1 x is subject to c]ta9 inv>iable laws & pr9ciples :i* _c be violat$1 & a /udy ( :i*1 add$ to famili>ity ) "s ( ! be/ examples1 w enable any "o to appreciate & und]/& x1 ev5 if lack+ ! skill & p[] to create orig9al & beautiful designs4 ,! /udy ( decoration (f]s _m advantages4 ,x cultivates ! imag9ation & ! ta/e2 x develops our capacity = recogniz+ & enjoy+ ! beautiful 9 bo? nature & art2 x adds to ! pleasure & ref9em5t ( life4 ,practically1 its importance c h>dly be ov]e/imat$1 z x ent]s into almo/ all ! indu/rial pursuits4 ,we c ?9k ( b few classes ( objects1 ev5 ! mo/ simple1 9 :i* "s attempt at ornam5tation is n made4 ,ornam5t is "o ( ! pr9cipal means ( enhanc+ ! value ( ! raw mat]ial4 ,a piece ( c>v$ wood1 or an arti/ically decorat$ porcela9 vase1 wor? p]haps _m hundr$ doll>s1 if r$uc$ to ! comm]cial value ( ! mat]ial ( :i* !y are compos$ w\ld be valu$ at b a few doll>s or c5ts4 ,! high] ! ornam5tation ranks1 f an arti/ic po9t ( view1 ! great] becomes ! value ( ! article to :i* x is appli$4 ,k ( good designs is ?us evid5tly important1 to ! pur*as] ( ! object ornam5t$ z well z to ! design] :o plann$ x4 ,?is c only be atta9$ by cultivation4 ,to "k & appreciate ! be/ ornam5t %\ld be an aim set =? 9 any s*eme ( g5]al education4 ,?is k & appreciation c be obta9$ by /udy+ ! application ( ! laws & pr9ciples ( ornam5tal art z exemplifi$ 9 ! works ( ma/]s1 & also by endeavor+ to apply ^! pr9ciples 9 designs ( our own creation4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,ornam5t4 ,we c only arrive at a k ( ^! pr9ciples by a consid]ation ( ! object4 ,9 o!r words1 nature & hi/ory mu/ be /udi$4 ,fir/1 nature1 = %e is ! prim>y s\rce & orig9 ( all good ornam5t1 :e!r anci5t or mod]n2 & if1 z 9 ev]y?+ else1 we w\ld n become s]vile imitators & weak copyi/s1 we mu/ g to ! f\nta9 head4 ,second1 hi/ory1 = by ! /udy ( ! ornam5t ( pa/ ages we w n only become acqua9t$ ) ! highe/ developm5ts ( :i* ornam5tal art is capable1 b w moreov] broad5 our views z to its object & scope1 & w /imulate our own imag9ation & inv5tion1 by lead+ u to ! contemplation ( ! myriad beautiful & protean =ms x has assum$1 :5 surr\nd+ conditions1 su* z religion1 climate1 temp]am5t1 nationality1 etc41 h be5 diff]5t4 ,k ( hi/oric ornam5t w also prev5t ! imposition on ! public1 s common 9 our day1 ( weak & unwor?y productions :i* claim to be bas$ on classic orig9als1 & :i* con/itute a great /umbl+ block to ! progress & appreciation ( good art4 ,! result is some:at analog\s to t produc$ ^u consci5ti\s b ill-in=m$ m9ds1 :o make e ef=t to appreciate & enjoy ! spuri\s productions ( a great au?or1 n kn[+ t !y are n g5u9e4 ,,position ,,& ,,scope ,,( ,,ornam5tal ,,or ,,decorative ,,art4 ,i4 ,object ( ,ornam5tal ,art4--,! object or purpose ( ornam5t1 z 9 ! o!r f9e arts1 is to please4 ,9 music & poetry ?is enjoym5t is convey$ to ! m9d ?r\gh ! e>2 9 ! decorative & pictorial arts1 ?r\gh ! eye4 ,g5]ally1 ! mean+ t we f9d 9 su* productions1 ! appeal t !y make to ! und]/&+ or feel+s1 is z great a s\rce ( int]e/ to u z _! intr9sic beauty4 ,poetry & vocal music are greatly dep5d5t = _! effect ^u ! mean+ !y convey 9 words2 pa9t+ & sculpture1 ^u ! ideas or s5tim5ts !y sugge/4 ,9 all f\r1 h[ev]1 & mo/ decid$ly 9 music unaccompani$ by words1 ! appeal is frequ5tly made almo/ exclusively to ! /hetic s5se1 ! m9d or intellect rema9+ almo/ dormant "u ! impression4 ,gems ( rhy?mical v]se1 su* z ,poe's ,bells1 ,! ,rav51 ,:i/l]'s ,symphonies 9 ,color1 nameless =ms 9 /atu>y1 expressionless save 9 ! m]e beauty ( _! proportions & curves1 &1 z has be5 /at$1 ne>ly ! entire field ( in/rum5tal music1 are cases 9 po9t4 ,9 ! ornam5tal & decorative arts1 z well z 9 ar*itecture 7f :i* !y are inde$ insep>able71 beauty alone1 9 l mann]1 %\ld be ! pr9cipal aim & purpose4 ,9 ! =m]1 ( c\rse1 x is indisp5sable t su* %\ld be ! case1 z !y are entirely subord9ate & accessory 9 _! nature1 _! only raison d'etre be+ to beautify or r5d] m agreeable objects already creat$ = "s purpose4 ,x mu/ n be imag9$ t su* arti/ic impressions--viz41 :]e ! appeal is made almo/ solely to ! /hetic s5se1 reg>dless ( ! reason1 judgm5t1 or feel+s--are necess>ily ( a l[] ord]4 ,_! effect is almo/ analog\s to t :i* nature h]self produces ^u u--! />ry heav5s1 ! mighty ocean1 ! t5d] fl[]4 ,! impression1 :e!r ! object belongs to ! doma9 ( nature or art1 may be a m]ely s5su\s "o2 & if x /ops !re1 z x c]ta9ly does = ! majority ( p1 x ranks )\t d\bt f> bel[ productions :]e ! /hetic elem5t is only us$ to /imulate & height5 ! appeal to ! m9d or ! feel+s4 ,b if x ext5d beyond1 & makes ! s5su\s impression b ! p>t+ l9k to ! contemplation ( ideal1 ab/ract beauty1 )\t ! int]m$iate aid ( ! he>t or ! reason1 x is ! %orte/ & quicke/ road t[>d ! realization ( ! inf9ite1 & makes u inde$ feel t x is b a %ort /ep f nature up to nature's ,god4 ,?us ar*itecture1 :i* embodies1 m ?an any o!r ( ! space arts1 pr9ciples ( ab/ract beauty1 has be5 ) reason call$ ! noble/ ( !m all4 ,h[ev]1 ornam5tal & ar*itectural =ms frequ5tly d convey a mean+1 :i* we t]m symbolism 9 art4 ,if ?is symbolism does n detract f ! fir/ object ( ornam5t--viz41 to beautify--x is p]fectly legitimate & prop]4 ,x is impossible to fully appreciate _m phases ( art1 z1 = in/ance1 ! ,egyptian & ! e>ly ,*ri/ian1 if we leave out ( sight ! symbolism :i* p]vades !m4 ,:ile beauty1 or capacity = pleas+ ! eye1 may be v def9itely said to be ! aim ( ornam5tal art1 x is difficult to arrive at a univ]sal /&>d z to :at con/itutes beauty4 ,:at pleases "o p]son w n always please ano!r4 ,! *ild loves glitt]+ objects & gaudy comb9ations1 :i* ! mature ta/e ( ! man decl>es extravagant & unh>moni\s4 ,savages decorate _! weapons1 ut5sils1 & _! own p]sons ) ornam5ts t appe> unc\? & b>b>\s to civiliz$ p4 ,besides ^! diff]5ces 9 ta/e1 :i* are due to diff]5t degrees ( m5tal developm5t1 & :i* c consequ5tly be easily dispos$ (1 we f9d among highly civiliz$ & cultur$ nations1 at diff]5t p]iods1 a great div]sity ( ta/es4 ,^! v>y+ & sometimes app>5tly conflict+ products ( ornam5tal art we designate z /yles1 viz41 ,egyptian /yle1 ,greek /yle1 ,go?ic /yle1 etc4 ,s m>k$ are ! diff]5ces betwe5 !m t we c sometimes tell at a glance to :at p]iod & to :at /yle a small fragm5t ( decoration belongs4 ,not)/&+ ^! diff]5ces1 :i* at fir/ may appe> v great1 a c>eful /udy ( ! be/ /yles--^? t a*iev$ ! greate/ & mo/ la/+ popul>ity--w reveal ! fact t !y are all bas$ ^u c]ta9 fundam5tal laws & pr9ciples1 & t all are good1 bad1 or indiff]5t accord+ z !y con=m to or violate ^! pr9ciples4 ,^! ess5tials hav+ be5 pres]v$1 ! opportunities = ! ex]cise ( individual or national ta/e are almo/ b\ndless4 ,,ii4 ,position ( ,ornam5t4--,! position t ornam5t occupies is necess>ily a second>y "o1 z x _c exi/ indep5d5tly1 b is always appli$ to objects creat$ = "s purpose entirely indep5d5t ( _! capacity = pleas+4 ,?is gives u "o ( ! great und]ly+ pr9ciples t %\ld *>act]ize all ornam5t1 viz41 x mu/ be subord9ate to ! object :i* x adorns1 & mu/ n detract f its use4 ,we (t5 see ?is rule violat$ 9 p]sonal1 h\sehold1 & ar*itectural decoration--w9d[s s ov]load$ ) project+ cornices & lattice "w z to almo/ exclude light & air2 knife h&les c>v$ s elaborately t x is impossible to grasp !m firmly2 /yles ( dress 9 =m or color t imp$e ! motions ( ! we>]1 & make ! clo!s1 r ?an ! p]sonality ( ! we>]1 ! mo/ noticeable feature4 ,f ?is pr9ciple !re is b a /ep to ano!r3 ,all ornam5t %\ld be mode/ & mod]ate4 ,x mu/ n obtrude itself1 & a great pr(usion & o/5tation 9 its application is always a sign ( deg5]acy & bad ta/e4 ,( c\rse "s objects1 f _! nature1 position1 & use1 w admit ( great] & m elaborate ornam5t ?an o!rs4 ,ornam5t1 be+ entirely subord9ate1 %\ld n conceal ! con/ruction ( ! object4 ,9 ar*itecture x %\ld foll[ ! lead+ l9es ( ! build+1 & %\ld emphasize1 or at lea/ sugge/1 ! con/ruction4 ,if ar*itectural 9 "*1 x %\ld s ent] into ! con/ruction ( ! build+ t x c\ld n be tak5 away )\t injur+ x4 ,we mu/ feel t a column1 no matt] h[ beautiful1 is support+ some?+4 ,a floor1 always a plane surface1 mu/ n be til$ or decorat$ 9 any way to express relief4 ,?is w\ld app>5tly de/roy ! ess5tial con/ructive quality ( a floor1 viz41 flatness4 ,= ! same reason1 all %ams1 su* z pa9t$ ar*es1 pill>s1 etc41 are n legitimate4 ,z long z !y d n actually exi/1 !y are evid5tly n necess>y to ! con/ruction1 & h no purpose save an imag9>y decorative "o1 & 9 ! words ( ,ow5 ,jones1 con/ruction mu/ be decorat$--n decoration con/ruct$4 ,,iii4 ,scope ( ,ornam5t4--,! scope ( ornam5tal art is almo/ b\ndless4 ,x is appli$ to objects l>ge & small1 adapt$ to ! mo/ v>i\s uses1 con/ruct$ ( ! mo/ diff]5t mat]ials4 ,z ! ornam5tation is always to be subord9ate to ! object1 consid]ations reg>d+ size1 use1 position1 mat]ial1 etc41 mu/ gov]n x4 ,an ornam5t t w\ld be admirable appli$ to "o object1 might be dete/able if appli$ to ano!r4 ,a design _c be made )\t ref]5ce to its future application4 ,fir/3 ,! mat]ial mu/ be consid]$4 ,heavy & h>d mat]ials1 su* z wood & /one1 w n admit ( z delicate curves & l9es z textile fabrics1 su* z cotton & wool5 goods1 laces1 etc4 ,second3 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! article is to be made1 :e!r by weav+1 cutt+1 c>v+1 ca/+1 etc4 ,?ird3 ,! position ! object is to occupy4 ,if elevat$ or o!rwise remote f ! eye1 elaborate f9i% & m9ute detail are useless4 ,ornam5tal art1 f "t immemorial1 has atta9$ its greate/ excell5ce & ex]cis$ its greate/ influ5ce 9 connection ) ar*itecture4 ,9 fact1 ! /udy ( ornam5t is insep>able f t ( ar*itecture4 ,x is ^u ar*itectural =ms t ! greate/ arti/s h 9 all ages exp5d$ _! greate/ ef=ts & skill1 & 9 a treatise on hi/oric ornam5t !y are decid$ly ! mo/ int]e/+ & important object ( /udy4 ,,iv4 ,mat]ial ( ,ornam5t4--,! two great s\rces ( ornam5t are geometry & nature4 ,! latt] includes ! =m]2 = n only mu/ natural =ms1 9 ord] to be available z mat]ial = ornam5t1 be fir/ conv5tionaliz$1 or r$uc$ to regul>1 symmetrical1 geometric outl9es1 b any & all designs1 :e!r ! unit ( repetition be geometric or conv5tional1 mu/ be f\nd$ ^u geometric con/ruction4 ,?is ref]s to ! regul>ity1 repetition1 & di/ribution ( p>ts2 s t e good design1 if r$uc$ to its pr9cipal l9es ( con/ruction1 w\ld exhibit b a few geometric l9es & inclos+ spaces4 ,_m designs are n only geometric 9 _! basis or plan1 b make use ( geometric figures z ! units or mat]ials ( design4 ,su* designs1 h[ev]1 rank l[] ?an ^? 9 :i* natural =ms conv5tionaliz$ are tak5 z ! subjects ( repetition2 & z ! ornam5t rises 9 ! scale t[>d p]fection1 ev5 ! geometric basis becomes less & less app>5t1 & s9ks into a decid$ly subord9ate position2 s t 9 _m ( ! mo/ p]fect specim5s x c be trac$ only 9 a few lead+ l9es ( ! composition4 ,its pres5ce1 h[ev]1 is necess>y1 & is ! f\ndation1 if n ! mo/ important elem5t1 ( beauty 9 ! design4 ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,nature ,,& ,,ornam5tal ,,art4 ,:ile ! natural _w1 includ+ leaves1 fl[]s1 animals1 etc41 is ! greate/ s\rce ( ornam5t1 x is g5]ally ! op9ion ( ! be/ au?orities1 d]iv$ f ! /udy ( ! be/ /yles & by a consid]ation ( ! pr9ciples ( fitness & propriety :i* und]lie ! entire physical & moral _w1 t natural =ms 9 ornam5tal & decorative art %\ld n be lit]ally copi$ or imitat$4 ,t is ! aim ( pa9t+1 sculpture1 & ! o!r repres5tative arts1 :]e ! object is to pres5t some?+ to ! eye :i* w sugge/ at once ! actual pres5ce ( ! object4 ,to produce t effect1 ! object1 :e!r animal or vegetable1 is repres5t$ z mu* z possible 9 ! actual circum/ances ( its exi/5ce1 surr\nd$ by ! necess>y conditions ( its well-be+ & gr[?4 ,a frame is plac$ ar\nd x1 to %ut x (f z mu* z possible f o!r surr\nd+s1 & ?us help u delude ourselves t we are 9 ! pres5ce ( ! real ?+1 ei!r z x w\ld impress u ?r\gh our s5ses or our imag9ation4 ,b 9 ornam5tal art ! case is entirely diff]5t4 ,z x is to be appli$ & consequ5tly subord9at$ to some?+1 & does n exi/ = itself1 x w\ld be impossible1 except 9 v r>e in/ances1 to introduce 9 a design a natural object 9 a reali/ic mann] & n violate "s important law ( its gr[? or ! conditions ( its well-be+4 ,= in/ance1 to exactly repeat a c]ta9 rose1 ) all ! accid5ts ( its gr[?1 _m times 9 a c>pet is n natural4 ,nature nev] repeats h]self4 ,moreov]1 to tread on t :i* is suppos$ to sugge/ to u real roses is b>b>\s4 ,x w\ld really be outrag+ & di/ort+ nature :ile pret5d+ to be h] fai?ful disciple & imitator4 ,we n only d]ive f nature ! mo/ important mat]ials = our designs1 b also ! v>i\s modes ( arrang+ ?is mat]ial4 ,v>i\s modes ( repetition--radical1 bilat]al1 etc4--7 all probably sugge/$ by "s natural arrangem5t obs]v$ 9 fl[]s1 leaves1 etc4 ,( ^! diff]5t arrangem5ts x is curi\s to note t ! bilat]al is m *>act]i/ic ( ! high] =ms ( nature & ! radiat+ ( ! l[]4 ,! lead+ pr9ciples ( ornam5t--symmetry1 proportion1 rhy?m1 contra/1 unity1 v>iety1 repose1 etc4--are all exemplifi$ 9 natural =ms4 ,! latt] h also sugge/$ _m ( ! mo/ important ar*itectural =ms4 ,! ,go?ic ca!dral1 ) its clu/]$ columns bran*+ & =m+ po9t$ ar*es ov]head1 0 probably sugge/$ by a grove ( trees ) ov]>*+ bran*es & b\ghs4 ,! idea ( ! column 0 d]iv$ f ! papyrus plant1 a species ( re$ gr[+ 9 ! riv] ,nile4 ,! bud or fl[] sugge/$ ! capital ( ! column2 ! /alk1 ! %aft2 & ! bulb\s root1 ! p$e/al4 ,! blue vault ( ! sky und\bt$ly sugge/$ ! dome1 etc4 ,! foll[+ are a few ( ! lead+ pr9ciples ( ornam5tal art z set =? by ,ow5 ,jones 9 8 ,gramm> ( ,ornam5t1 a f9e "w1 magnific5tly illu/rat$1 ^: p]usal c\ld h>dly fail to delight ! mo/ indiff]5t3 ,all good ornam5tal art %\ld possess fitness1 proportion1 h>mony1 ! result ( all :i* is repose4 ,con/ruction %\ld be decorat$4 ,decoration %\ld nev] be purposely con/ruct$4 ,all ornam5t %\ld be bas$ ^u geometrical con/ruction4 ,h>mony ( =m consi/s 9 ! prop] balanc+ & contra/ ( ! /raight1 ! incl9$1 & ! curv$4 ,9 surface decoration all l9es %\ld fl[ out ( a p>5t /em4 ,e "p1 h[ev] di/ant1 %\ld be trac$ to its bran* or root4 ,natural law4 ,all junctions ( curv$ l9es ) ea* o!r1 or ) /raight l9es1 %\ld be tang5tial to ea* o!r4 ,natural law4 ,natural =ms1 z subjects ( ornam5t1 %\ld n be imitat$1 b %\ld be conv5tionaliz$4 ,,hi/oric ,,ornam5t4 ,! orig9 ( all attempts at decorat+ or beautify+ objects lies 9 ! univ]sal love ( mank9d = ! beautiful4 ,once ! necess>ies ( life provid$ =1 man in/9ctively1 ! _w ov]1 turns 8 att5tion t[>d gratify+ ?is feel+1 by improv+ & decorat+ ! =ms ar\nd him--8 arms1 ut5sils1 dwell+1 or 8 own p]son4 ,! hi/ory ( e nation proves ?is1 & no matt] h[ rude1 & ev5 ugly1 _! ef=ts may seem to u1 we are b\nd to recognize 9 !m ! same motives t actuat$ ! build]s ( ! ,p>!non or ( ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome4 ,?is awak5+ & gratification ( ! /hetic s5se seems to be ! fir/ advance f a condition ( m]e animal exi/5ce1 9 :i* food1 %elt]1 & com=t are ! only consid]ations1 to ta/es & desires t are high] &1 consequ5tly1 m imp]sonal4 ,! t]m hi/oric ornam5t is appli$ to ! v>i\s /yles ( ornam5tal art :i* h fl\ri%$ at v>i\s p]iods 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 f ! ,egyptian1 dat+ f ! #ad? c5tury ,b4,c41 to ^? t exi/ at ! pres5t day4 ,_! numb] is1 consequ5tly1 almo/ unlimit$1 & we w conf9e ourselves to ! consid]ation ( a few ( ! pr9cipal ones only--^? t h a*iev$ ! mo/ endur+ fame1 or ^? t ex]cis$ ! mo/ m>k$ influ5ce ^u succe$+ /yles4 ,9 consid]+ ! v>i\s /yles1 we mu/ always be> 9 m9d t1 ) ! exception ( ! ,egyptian1 all %[ v m>k$ly ! influ5ce ( ! /yles t prec$$ !m1 be+ v (t5 m]ely an outgr[? or developm5t ( a prec$+ "o4 ,?us ! ,greeks borr[$ _m =ms f ! ,egyptians4 ,! ,romans simply adapt$ & elaborat$ ! ,greek /yle1 etc4 ,s t :ile ea* /yle is usually kn[n by c]ta9 prom95t *>act]i/ics1 x does n foll[ t ^! *>act]i/ics are peculi> to x alone4#a ,!y may be f\nd 9 o!r /yles1 ?\gh n to su* a great ext5t4 ,:ile simil> features w ?us be se5 to run ?r\gh _m /yles1 ea* w usually be f\nd to possess an individuality ( its own4 ,e nation1 l e individual1 possesses diff]5t wants & capabilities1 & w develop itself accord+ly4 ,diff]5ces 9 religion1 climate1 mann]s1 cu/oms1 etc41 w cause diff]5ces 9 _! art & lit]ature1 ! mo/ la/+ monum5ts ( _! morals1 ta/e1 & feel+s4 ,footnote #a3 ,rudim5ts ( ,ar*itecture & ,build+1 ?r\gh c\rtesy ( ,h4,c4 ,baird4 ,x is r by ! /udy ( ! art & lit]ature ( a p t we arrive at a true k ( !m ?an f ! p]usal ( m]e hi/oric facts conc]n+ !m--:5 !y liv$1 :o conqu]$ !m1 etc4 ,,! ,,/yles4 ,,anci5t ,,or ,,classic4 #adjj ,b4,c4--#cjj ,a4,d4 ,egyptian4--,*>act]i/ics3 symbolic1 sev]e1 simple1 gr&1 massive4 ,conv5tional =ms ( lotus1 papyrus1 etc4 ,oblique l9es4 ,greek4--,*>act]i/ics3 /hetic1 simple1 h>moni\s1 beautiful4 ,conv5tional =ms1 an!mion1 acan?us4 ,ellipse4 ,roman4--,*>act]i/ics3 elaborate1 ri*1 co/ly4 ,conv5tional =ms1 acan?us scroll1 mon/]s4 ,circle4 ,,m$ieval4 #cjj ,a4,d4--#acjj ,a4,d4 ,byzant9e4--,symbolic1 ri*1 elaborate4 ,conv5tional =ms1 pr9cipal ar*itectural feature--dome4 ,s>ac5ic4--,gorge\s color+1 graceful curves4 ,=ms entirely geometric4 ,arabesque1 geometrical trac]y1 int]lac+4 ,go?ic4--,impos+1 gr&4 ,po9t$ ar*es1 clu/]$ columns1 vault$ ro(1 spire buttress4 ,=ms bo? natural & conv5tional4 ,/a9$ glass4 ,,mod]n ,,or ,,r5aissance4 #acjj ,a4,d4--#aijj ,a4,d4 ,r5aissance4--,mixture ( classic & m$ival elem5ts4 ,result n g5]ally good4 ,c9quec5to4--/hetic1 revival ( true classic pr9ciples4 ,beautiful curves1 f9e proportions & di/ribution4 ,conv5tional animal & plant =ms4 ,human figure4 ,l\is ,quatorze4--,sp>kl+1 glitt]+4 ,abs5ce ( color1 want ( symmetry4 ,i4 ,,anci5t ,,or ,,classic ,,art4 ,anci5t art is also kn[n z classic1 a t]m :i*1 9 ar*itecture1 sculpture1 pa9t+1 & music1 is almo/ synonym\s ) good & admirable4 ,tak5 z a :ole & at its be/1 classic art has nev] be5 surpass$4 ,! designs ( ! ,greeks1 ,romans1 & ,egyptians1 & ev5 ! =ms ( _! build+s1 are /ill copi$ at ! pres5t day4 ,! horizontal l9e is a m>k$ feature ( classic art4 ,x is visible 9 ! lead+ l9es ( _! ar*itecture1 9 ! frequ5cy ( horizontal bord]s1 friezes1 etc4 ,x accords admirably ) ! con/ructive features ( classic ar*itecture1 & ?us con=ms to ! important decorative pr9ciple t ornam5t %\ld emphasize r ?an disguise con/ruction4 #a4 ,egyptian ,art4--,! olde/ ( :i* we h any record dates f #ahjj ,b4,c4 ,egyptian art is symbolic1 t is to say1 ! =ms 7 *os5 n s mu* on acc\nt ( _! beauty z = ! purpose ( convey+ "s mean+4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ,egypt be+ almo/ entirely 9 ! h&s ( ! prie/s1 ^! symbols 7 g5]ally ( a religi\s "*1 signify+ p[] & protection4 ,! pr9cipal ones 73 ,! lotus1 signify+ pl5ty1 abundance2 ! zigzag1 symbolic ( ! riv] ,nile2 ! w+$ globe or sc>abu1 signify+ protection & dom9ion1 usually plac$ ov] doors ( h\ses2 ! fret1 type ( ! ,great ,labyr9?1 ) its ?ree ?\s& *amb]s1 :i* 01 9 its turn1 symbolic ( ! life ( a human s\l4 ,! column orig9at$ ) ! ,egyptians4 ,x 0 at fir/ heavy1 broad comp>$ to its l5g?1 & 0 usually cov]$ ) hi]oglyphics4 ,! ar*itecture ( ,egypt1 ( :i* ! pr9cipal =ms are pyramids1 sph9xes1 obelisks1 & temples1 is *>act]iz$ by massiv5ess ( mat]ial1 gr&eur ( proportion1 & simplicity ( p>ts--a /yle well suit$ to its flat1 s&y soil1 ?\gh x w\ld look heavy & out ( place 9 a c\ntry :]e nature _h h]self suppli$ ! elem5ts ( gr&eur & massiv5ess 9 ! =m ( l(ty m\nta9s or mighty =e/s4 ,egyptian art greatly influ5c$ all ! succe$+ /yles1 & to ?is "t is unsurpass$ 9 _m ( its qualities4 #b4 ,greek ,art4--,! next great hi/oric /yle is ! ,greek4 ,its _s diff]$ entirely f ! ,egyptian1 be+ /hetic & n symbolic4 ,its sole aim 0 to create beautiful =ms1 )\t any ?\ght ( atta*+ to !m a mean+4 ,x adopt$ _m ,egyptian =ms1 su* z ! lotus1 fret1 & scroll1 b dive/$ !m ( all symbolism or significance4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature ( ,greek ornam5t is ! an!mion1 a conv5tionaliz$ fl[] =m resembl+ our honeysuckle bud1 :i* 0 usually alt]nat$ ) ! lotus or lily =m bud4 ,! ,greeks also borr[$ ! column & flat ar* f ! ,egyptians1 b *ang$ x to a m sl5d]1 graceful =m4 ,! ?ree pr9cipal ord]s ( ,greek ar*itecture are nam$ f ! /yle ( ! column us$ t *>act]iz$ !m1 viz41 ! ,cor9?ian1 ! ,doric1 ! ,ionic4 ,( ^! ! ,doric is ! simple/ & ! ,cor9?ian ! mo/ elaborate4 ,= h>mony ( proportions1 elegance ( =m1 & simplicity ( detail1 ,greek ar*itecture & ornam5t has probably nev] be5 surpass$4 ,^! qualities are admirably display$ 9 ! ,p>!non1 a temple 9 ,a!ns1 d$icat$ to ,v5us4 ,?\gh 9 ru9s1 x is /ill "o ( ! greate/ attractions to travel]s 9 ,greece4 ,a v f9e collection ( fragm5ts tak5 f x is to be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,!y are kn[n z ! ,elg9 m>bles4 ,! mo/ fl\ri%+ p]iod ( ,greek art1 z w be f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( almo/ all nations1 0 id5tical ) ! mo/ fl\ri%+ p]iod ( its lit]ature & g5]al welf>e4 #c4 ,roman ,art4--,9 ! #f? c5tury ,b4,c4 ! ,greeks1 already on ! decl9e1 7 conqu]$ by ! ,romans1 a nation h>di] & m p[]ful1 ?\gh rud] & less civiliz$ ?an !mselves4 ,! conqu]ors recogniz$ ?is1 & imm$iately set to "w to copy or /eal f _! vanqui%$ foes ev]y?+ t might enhance ! beauty & spl5dor ( _! own city4 ,greek arti/s 7 transport$ to ,rome & plac$ 9 *>ge ( ! mo/ important public works4 ,roman art is1 consequ5tly1 b a developm5t or adaptation ( ! ,greek4 ,x is noticeable1 h[ev]1 t x almo/ completely ignor$ ! mo/ *>act]i/ic & popul> ( ! ,greek =ms--= example1 ! an!mion--& adapt$ ^?1 su* z ! acan?us & ! scroll1 :i* _h be5 consid]$ ( m9or importance among ! ,greeks4 ,!y add$ ano!r to ! ?ree ord]s ( ! ,greek ar*itecture1 viz41 ! ,composite1 ! mo/ elaborate ( all1 be+ a comb9ation ( ! ,ionic & ! ,cor9?ian4 ,?is leads u to consid] ! lead+ features ( ,roman ornam5t--ri*ness & pr(usion4 ,) ! acan?us & scroll z _! pr9cipal units ( design1 !y elaborat$ & enri*$ e =m t w\ld admit ( x4 ,! mo/ elaborate ,greek example _c comp>e 9 ?is respect to ! simple/ ,roman4 ,! ,roman /yle ( ar*itecture 0 v simil> to ! ,greek1 ?\gh m massive 9 its proportions1 probably on acc\nt ( ! l>g] numb] ( p to be accommodat$4 ,! details 7 also bold] & ! curves full]4 ,!y us$ ! r\nd ar* to a great ext5t4 ,! column ( ,trajan & ! ,=um are f9e examples ( _! ar*itecture4 ,,ii4 ,,m$i,,val ,,art4 ,! ,roman empire1 aft] hav+ reign$ z mi/ress ( ! _w = upw>d ( five c5turies1 comm5c$ to %[ signs ( decay4 ,its p _h gradually lo/ ! /urdy _s ( indep5d5ce1 endurance1 & c\rage :i* _h *>act]iz$ _! =efa!rs1 & _h deg5]at$ into a race ( effem9ate slaves & c[>ds4 ,o/5tation became ! feature ( _! art2 immorality & luxury1 ( _! mode ( liv+4 ,!y ?us fell an easy prey to ! rude b vigor\s b>b>ians ( ! ,nor?4 ,! latt]1 rude & unciviliz$ z !y 71 ext5d$ ! contempt !y _h = ! nation !y _h conqu]$ to _! works ( art z well1 & mutilat$ or de/roy$ !m :5ev] !y c\ld lay h&s on !m4 ,?is _s ( antagonism 0 /r5g!n$ ^u _! conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity1 & ev]y?+ t savor$ ( paganism 9 art or lit]ature 0 sev]ely proscrib$4 ,= ! hea!n =ms1 ^: only aim & object 0 beauty1 7 sub/itut$ religi\s symbols1 ! cross & o!r implem5ts ( ! passion1 ! lily1 ! fi%1 ! aureole1 etc41 ^: object 0 to recall to ! fai?ful ! my/]ies ( religion4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 z ! arti/ic feel+s ( ! new p became awak5$1 pr9ciples ( beauty comm5c$ to be reg>d$1 &1 :ile symbolism rema9$ an important feature ( ,european art until ! p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance1 & ev5 !n 0 n entirely sup]s$$1 magnific5t arti/ic results 7 obta9$4 #a4 ,byzant9e ,art4--,! pr9cipal ( ! e>ly m$ival art developm5ts 0 ! ,byzant9e4 ,x fl\ri%$ pr9cipally 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ,europe4 ,9 ! we/ x 0 kn[n1 ) a few v>iations1 z ! ,lomb>d & ! ,norman4 ,all ?ree are (t5 includ$ "u ! t]m ,romanesque4 ,byzant9e art 0 ess5tially ,*ri/ian 9 its _s & motives4 ,x us$ religi\s symbols ext5sively1 b incorporat$ 9 its ornam5t a few pagan elem5ts1 su* z ! acan?us & ! scroll4 ,natural =ms 7 always conv5tionally treat$4 ,its color+ 0 ri* & gorge\s4 ,! pr9cipal features ( its ar*itecture 7 ! dome & r\nd ar*4 ,! plan ( ! *ur*es 0 (t5 9 ! =m ( a ,greek or ,lat9 cross1 ) ! dome plac$ ov] ! int]section ( ! two arms4 ,! *ur* ( ,/4 ,sophia1 9 ,con/ant9ople1 is ! mo/ magnific5t example ( ,byzant9e ar*itecture & ornam5t4 ,al?\gh n[ a ,mohamm$an mosque1 x is1 probably1 9 ! motive & _s t actuat$ its con/ruction1 ! mo/ ,*ri/ian build+ 9 ! _w4 #b4 ,s>ac5ic ,art4--,develop$ f ! ,byzant9e by ! ,moors & ! ,s>ac5s4 ,x diff]s f x1 h[ev]1 9 "o important respect4 ,:ile ! ,byzant9e makes use ( num]\s conv5tionaliz$ plant & animal =ms1 ! ,s>ac5s & ,moors 7 =bidd5 by _! religion1 ! ,mohamm$an1 to copy 9 any mann] ! =m ( any liv+ ?+1 animal or vegetable4 ,!y 7 ?us limit$ entirely to geometric =ms1 :i*1 h[ev]1 (t5 fall ins5sibly into fl[] & leaf =ms4 ,int]lac+ b&s & curves ( intricate patt]n1 & exhibit+ ! peculi> ,moori% curve1 are v *>act]i/ic ( ,s>ac5ic ornam5t4 ,inscriptions 7 frequ5tly int]wov5 9 ?is trac]y4 ,! color+ 0 gorge\s1 consi/+ pr9cipally ( blue1 r$1 & gold4 ,! pr9cipal ar*es us$ 7 ! po9t$ & ! horse%oe ar*4 ,! ,alhambra ,palace 9 ,spa9 is ! mo/ fam\s example ( ,s>ac5ic ornam5t & ar*itecture4 #c4 ,go?ic ,art4--,go?ic art grew out ( ! ,byzant9e1 all ! symbolic elem5ts be+ reta9$4 ,x is divid$ into _m diff]5t v>ieties4 ,9 ! e>lie/ ! r\nd ar* 0 us$1 b ! lat] & m p]fect /yles hav+ employ$ ! po9t$ ar* almo/ exclusively1 ! latt] became *>act]i/ic ( ,go?ic art g5]ally4 ,x is a /yle ( ar*itecture & ornam5t usually appli$ to *ur*es1 & well adapt$ to moi/ & cold climates on acc\nt ( ! slop+ ro(4 ,clu/]$ columns1 ! spire or belfry1 ! ar*$ ro(1 & ! division ( ! int]ior into nave1 transept1 & *oir1 are lead+ features4 ,natural z well z conv5tional treatm5t ( plants is ano!r important *>act]i/ic4 ,illu/ration ,! ,go?ic /yle fl\ri%$ pr9cipally 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & p>ts ( ,g]many4 ,ne>ly all ! pr9cipal ca!drals & *ur*es 9 ^! c\ntries1 & _m 9 our own1 are built aft] ?is /yle4 ,! mo/ beautiful example 9 ?is c\ntry is ,/4 ,patrick's ,ca!dral1 9 ,new ,york4 ,! f9e/ specim5 9 ! _w is probably ! ,ca!dral ( ,cologne1 :i* 0 comm5c$ 9 ! #ad? c5tury1 b 0 n complet$ until _m ye>s lat]4 ,,iii4 ,,mod]n ,,art4 ,9 ! #ae? c5tury a rem>kable revival occurr$ 9 lit]ature & ! f9e arts1 %[+ a decid$ t5d5cy to return to ! old classic ideas ( ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,aft] an almo/ complete neglect1 :i* la/$ = c5turies1 arti/s & m5 ( lett]s turn$ _! att5tion to ! long neglect$ relics ( pagan civilization z wor?y ( /udy = _! intr9sic beauty alone4 ,symbolism 0 relegat$ to a m9or position1 & beauty 0 once m cultivat$ = its own sake4 ,?is epo* is t]m$ ! ,r5aissance--:i* lit]ally means a rebir? or revival4 #a4 ,r5aissance ,/yle4--,! t]m ,r5aissance is also appli$ to "o ( ! e>ly /yles :i* came into vogue at ?is "t4 ,x fl\ri%$ pr9cipally 9 s\!rn ,europe4 ,x is n a pure /yle1 b m>ks a transition p]iod f ! old popul> ,go?ic & ,s>ac5ic =ms to ! revivifi$ classic4 ,x naturally exhibits a que] mixture ( conflict+ elem5ts--classic & m$ival ?r[n toge!r )\t mu* reg>d to propriety or fitness4 ,x /ill %[$ traces ( symbolism4 #b4 ,! ,c9quec5to ,/yle4--,! ,r5aissance rea*$ its mo/ p]fect developm5t 9 ! ,c9quec5to or ! #ae? c5tury /yle4 ,x foll[$ ! ,quatroc5to or #ad? c5tury /yle4 ,entirely untrammel$ by symbolism1 & ) ! :ole field ( classic & m$ival ornam5t to glean f1 its aim 0 to develop a p]fect /yle ( ornam5t4 ,! be/ examples ( ?is p]iod are f\nd$ on ! s\nde/ pr9ciples ( ornam5tal art4 ,no?+ t c\ld be turn$ into an elem5t ( beauty 0 neglect$4 ,animals1 real & fictiti\s1 fl[]s1 leaves1 fruit1 ! human =m1 etc41 7 conv5tionaliz$ & made to contribute _! "p to enhance ! beauty ( ! :ole4 ,"s ( ! pr9cipal *>act]i/ics ( ! ,c9quec5to /yle are ! delicate arabesque scroll "w1 ! pr(usion & beauty ( ! curves1 its admirable v>iations ( /&>d classic ornam5ts1 su* z ! an!mion & scroll4 ,! color+1 also1 0 "o ( its mo/ pleas+ features4 ,?is /yle fl\ri%$ pr9cipally 9 ,italy & ,france4 ,f>nese ,palace & ! tombs ( ! ,m$icis are not$ examples4 #c4 ,! ,l\is ,quatorze4--,?is /yle succe$$ ! ,c9quec5to1 b 0 f> inf]ior to x4 ,x arose 9 ,italy1 & :ile pres]v+ g5]ally ! mat]ials ( ! /yle t prec$$ x1 x add$ z *>act]i/ic features ! scroll & ! %ell4 ,its pr9cipal object 0 to create brilliant & />tl+ effects 9 light & %ade4 ,color 01 9 consequ5ce1 decid$ly second>y1 gild+ be+ us$ ev]y:]e4 ,! ,palace ( ,v]sailles1 ne> ,p>is1 is a gorge\s example ( ?is /yle4 ,ev]y?+ 9 x is glitt]+ & sp>kl+4 ,mirrors are ev]y:]e plac$ to int5sify ?is effect4 ,?is /yle 0 foll[$ by ! ,l\is ,qu9ze1 inf]ior to x 9 e respect1 & 9 :i* symmetry1 at lea/ 9 detail1 seems to be c>efully avoid$4 ,x /ill fur!r deg5]at$ into ! ,rococo1 ! mo/ extravagant & exagg]at$ ( all ! hi/oric /yles1 & :i* prevail$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! #ah? & ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,! pres5t c5tury _c boa/ ( any great *>act]i/ic /yle 9 ei!r ar*itecture or ornam5t4 ,:e!r x is only 9 a c\rse ( developm5t1 & :at w be ! results1 "t only c %[4 ,all /yles are n[ 9 vogue1 h5ce ! importance ( accurate k on ! subject4 ,to be able to judge ( & appreciate ! be/1 & to pr(it by ! labors ( ^? gone be=e u1 at ! same "t imp>t+ individuality & "* to our own design1 %\ld be ! aim & object ( ! /udy ( decoration1 & x %\ld ent] into any s*eme ( g5]al education & culture4--,j\rnal ( ,education4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,montaud ,,accumulator4 ,?is accumulator is ( ! ,plante type1 & is modifi$ s z to obta9 a m rapid =mation1 a l>g] surface1 & a symmetrical di/ance ( ! plates f ea* o!r4 ,if into an alkal9e ba? saturat$ ) li?>ge 7add$ 9 excess7 we plunge two lead electrodes & pass 9 a curr5t ( suitable t5sion & int5sity1 !re is deposit$ ^u ! anode a lay] ( p]oxide ( lead v>y+ 9 ?ickness ) ! int5sity ( ! curr5t1 & m or less ri* 9 oxyg5 accord+ to ! int5sity ( ! ba?1 :ile ! ca?ode is cov]$ ) a /ratum ( r$uc$ lead4 ,! liquid ( ! ba? supplies mat]ial = bo? deposits1 :ile 9 galvanopla/ic op]ations ! anode supplies x to ! ca?ode4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! =mation consi/s 9 introduc+ 9 an efficaci\s mann] curr5ts ( a great int5sity1 & ?us abridg+ its duration4 ,( two plates ?us treat$1 ! "o becomes positive1 & is cov]$ ) a ?ick lay] ( p]oxide ( lead4 ,on leav+ ! ba? x und]goes v>i\s prep>ations & sev]al wa%+s1 & is !n fit to be m\nt$ along ) o!rs to =m an accumulator ready to be *>g$ & to "w4 ,! second1 or negative1 plate is cov]$ ) a ?ick sponge ( lead4 ,x is c>efully wa%$1 pres]v$ 9 wat] ) exclusion ( air1 & submitt$ to a v consid]able pressure4 ,aft] ?is op]ation x pres5ts ! appe>ance ( ord9>y %eet lead1 b ?\gh ! physical porosity has disappe>$1 ! *emical porosity is intact1 & ?is alone comes into play 9 accumulators4 ,:5 a negative plate is con/ruct$ 9 ?is mann]1 x is ready to be comb9$ ) ! positives to =m an accumulator4 ,! inv5tor has sometimes put into ! ba? at ! positive pole negative plates prep>$ z j describ$4 ,!y become v easily p]oxidiz$1 b !y h ! grave defect ( requir+ two prep>ations 9 place ( "o4 ,to secure an accumulator aga9/ any leakage f plate1 ! sold]+s & ! entire plates mu/ be subm]g$ 9 ! liquid1 s t no?+ projects up out ( ! acidulat$ wat] except two /rong rods = mak+ contact4 ,^! rods are cov]$ ) an insulat+ v>ni% f _! orig9 to above ! po9t :]e !y issue f ! liquid4 ,! plates are ( a rectangul> =m 7,fig4 #a74 ,!y are slop$ out at "o corn]1 & z two plates 9 juxtaposition are cut toge!r1 :5 !y are sep>at$ ! slop+ out ( ! "o s]ves = ! h&le ( ! o!r4 ,?is h&le is d\bl$ back on ! plate :i* is susp5d$ 9 ! ba?1 s t ! "p :i* has to be sold]$ does n und]go any prep>ation4 ,a hole pi]c$ 9 ?is corn] ( ! plate s]ves to receive a squ>e rod ( lead1 :i* connects ! plates toge!r & supports "o ( ! poles or contacts ( ! accumulator4 ,at ! po9t ( sold]+ ! d\bl$-d[n h&le gives a d\ble ?ickness1 & ! m>g9s ( ! plate are fold$ 9 su* a mann] z to insure _! solidity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,! slop$ out corn] af=ds ! free space necess>y = ! rod ( ! opposite pole1 & "o & ! same plate may be indiff]5tly connect$ ei!r to ! or ! - at ! "r or ! left4 ,! plates are made ( f\r diff]5t sizes3 ,no4 #a1 #ai ( :i* s]ve = an accumulator ( #a squ>e met]2 ,no4 #b1 #ba1 #be1 or #bi ( :i* s]ve = accumulators ( #b1 #c1 & #d squ>e met]s2 ,no4 #c1 :i* ) #ba1 #be1 or #bi plates composes accumulators ( #e1 #f1 & #g squ>e met]s2 & ,no4 #d1 :i* ) #ba1 #bc1 #be1 #bg or #bi plates =ms accumulators ( #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 & #ab squ>e met]s4 ,z ! plates are entirely subm]g$ 9 ! liquid _! entire surface is active1 & ! entire surface be+ absolutely flat1 x is suffici5t to pres]ve _! respective di/ance at any "o po9t 9 ord] to h x ev]y:]e alike4 ,! weight ( ! plate dep5ds on ! int5d$ duration ( ! plate & its capacity4 ,z = ! negative plate1 its ?ickness is ! mo/ important factor ( its capacity4 ,! proportion has yet to be e/abli%$ = daily practice4 ,! inv5tor uses 9 practice positive plates ( #j4jjb met] 9 ?ickness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! negative plates h a body ( only #j4jja met] 9 ?ickness1 _! great] ?ickness be+ due only to ! deposit ( compress$ lead4 ,! rod :i* fixes ! plate to ea* pole 7,fig4 #b7 is =m$ ( a special alloy ( lead & antimony1 n attack$ by acid4 ,?is gives rigidity to ! rod1 & h9d]s x f b9d+ :5 ! accumulator is tak5 out ( its case4 ,! copp] piece :i* surm\nts x is fitt$ at its base ) an iron cramp1 :i* is fix$ 9 ! lead1 & above :i* is a wide furr[ ) two groov$ p>ts1 :i* be+ imm]s$ 9 ! lead h9d]s ! copp] f slipp+ r\nd "u ! action ( ! screw4 ,! rod is squ>e1 & is ca/ 9 a s+le piece4 ,aga9/ "o ( its surfaces ! ends ( ! connect$ plates press flatly up4 ,a squ>e =m has be5 select$ to give m surface = sold]+4 ,! sold]+ is autog5\s 7z 9 ! lead *amb]s at vitriol works74 ,! sold]+1 z well z ! entire plates1 is entirely imm]s$ 9 ! liquid1 & to prev5t any leakage an insulat+ v>ni%1 p]fectly pro( aga9/ ! acid & ! curr5t1 is laid ov] ! rod f ! "p sold]$ upw>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,if x is wi%$ to lift ! accumulator f its *e/ = any v]ification1 hooks pass+ betwe5 ! plates seize hold ( ! rods1 & ?anks to ! rigidity ( ! antimony lead1 !y effect ! removal ( ! app>atus )\t b5d+ ! rods 9 ! lea/4 ,all ! p>ts ( ! plates mu/ be kept at exactly ! same reciprocal di/ances1 & a diff]5ce ( only #j4jja met] betwe5 two po9ts is suffici5t to affect ! yield consid]ably4 ,= an insulat+ mat]ial1 wood1 :5 plung$ 9 dilute acid1 is pref]r$ by ! inv5tor4 ,he makes a comb ( wood1 ! tee? ( :i* v>y accord+ to ! ?ickness ( ! plates to be lodg$ betwe5 !m4 ,fig4 #c repres5ts a comb hav+ #ae_/aj ( a millimet] = ! negative plates & #be_/aj = ! positive plates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,?is appliance1 :i* is #j4ja met] 9 ?ickness & #j4jb met] 9 wid? 9 ! back1 is made v *eaply by ma*9]y4 ,! weight ( ! accumulator be>s entirely ^u ! back ( ! combs1 :i* are all plac$ back d[nw>d1 & ! numb] ( :i* v>ies accord+ to ! size ( ! plates4 ,small combs ( wood clasp ! plates at _! extremities1 & make ! entire accumulator q compact & manageable4 ,! entire accumulator is %ut up 9 a wood5 *e/1 :i* ! out] tee? ( ! comb s]ve to insulate f ! lead5 *e/1 & to prev5t any loss ( electricity along ! sides4 ,fig4 #d %[s ! arrangem5t ( ! side combs4 ,a s+le glance at ?is figure %[s t x w\ld be difficult to h m surface )\t hav+ rec\rse to curv$1 undulat$1 or fold$ plates1 9 :i* ! di/ances are v>iable1 & consequ5tly defective4 ,9 ! ,montaud accumulator1 ! weight is simply proportional to ! int5d$ duration4 ,= ! notion1 ,s mu* capacity & s mu* yield p] kilo41 ,montaud sub/itutes ! notion1 ,s mu* capacity or yield p] squ>e met]1 ! weight n be+ tak5 into consid]ation4 ,^! ,montaud accumulators are classifi$ z foll[s3 ,!y h f #a to #ab squ>e met]s ( surface1 & ! numb] correspond+ to ! surface indicates its weight ( useful lead1 its mann] ( *>g+1 its capacity1 & its mann] ( dis*>ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,accord+ to ! inv5tor's exp]im5ts1 ! squ>e met] ( active surface c receive a *>g+ curr5t ( #aj amp]es1 & furni% on dis*>g+ a curr5t ( ! int5sity ( #bj amp]es4 ,= a ,no4 #aj accumulator we h an active surface ( #aj squ>e met]s1 a *>g+ curr5t ( #ajj amp]es1 & on dis*>g+ a curr5t ( #bjj amp]es4 ,a squ>e met] ( lead ( ! ?ickness ( #j4jja met] weighs ab\t #aa kilos4 ,z bo? surfaces ( ! lead are utiliz$1 _! weight is r$uc$ to #e kilos4 ,a ,no4 #aj !re=e requires #ee kilos4 ( useful lead4 ,x w be se5 t to increase ! ?ickness ( ! %eet ( lead m]ely augm5ts ! duration ( ! accumulator1 )\t affect+ its capacity or its mann] ( *>g+ & dis*>g+4 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d may be plac$ 9 vessels ( /onew>e1 glass1 or ebonite1 or 9 boxes ( pit* p9e1 pa9t$ ) ?ree coats ( gum lac & l9$ ) %eet lead4 ,nos4 #e to #ab are only s5t out 9 pit* p9e boxes l9$ ) lead4 ,! box is support$ on feet ( porcela9 ( ! %ape ( a mu%room4 ,if a drop ( wat] falls ^u ?is foot1 x _c give a communication ) ! e>?1 s9ce1 fall+ ^u ! broad "p ( ! mu%room1 x w glide (f )\t runn+ along ! foot1 :i* s]ves z ! /alk ( ! mu%room4 ,a slip ( glass is plac$ "u ea* foot2 ! "p :i* supports ! mu%room is cov]$ ) an insulat+ v>ni%1 :i* prev5ts ! =mation ( climb+ salts & pres]ves ! screws f ru/4 ,a common lay] ( insulat+ v>ni% is appli$ "u ! head ( ! mu%room4 ,z reg>ds ! advantages ( ! ,montaud accumulator we notice1 fir/1 its longevity4 ,dr4 ,d',arsonval po9ts out t ! accumulators ( ! ,plante class h a great advantage ov] ! ,faure type z reg>ds duration1 & t ! mo/ /rik+ quality ( ! ,montaud accumulator is its longevity4 ,! inv5tor has 9 8 possession positive plates1 five to six ye>s old1 completely p]oxidiz$1 ?\gh !re rema9s 9 ! int]ior a ?9 core ( metallic lead suffici5t to give passage to ! curr5t4 ,! adhesion ( ! p]oxide is su* t to deta* x1 x mu/ be beat5 ) a hamm] ^u an anvil4 ,! next f\r po9ts--i4e41 ! rapidity ( *>ge2 ! yield1 mu* great] ?an t ( any o!r sy/em 9 proportion to its surface2 its small weight 9 comp>ison ) its yield2 & its capacity1 :i* = an equal weight is great] ?an t ( any o!r accumulator4 ,9 8 exp]im5ts 9 ,septemb]1 #ahhe1 ,dr4 ,d',arsonval obta9$ ) an accumulator ( #b squ>e met]s ( surface3 ,useful capacity #dj amp]e h\rs4 ,total #fb ,surface #b squ>e met]s ,*>ge #aj amp4 p] sq4 met]4 ,dis*>ge #bj ,useful weight ( lead #aj kilos4 ,repres5t+ a total capacity ( six amp]e h\rs p] kilo41 & ( a dis*>ge ( #e amp]es p] kilo41 or a total capacity ( #ha amp]e h\rs p] squ>e met]1 & a useful capacity ( #bj amp]e h\rs p] squ>e met]4 ,subsequ5tly ! modification ( ! negative plate has greatly improv$ ^! figures1 :i* w c]ta9ly become mu* m advantage\s 9 future4 ,! total capacity ( an accumulator hav+ exactly #a met]s ( surface has become #hg amp]e h\rs1 :i* if ref]r$ to an accumulator ( #b squ>e met]s ( surface1 w\ld give ! foll[+ results3 ,useful weight ( lead p] sq4 met] #e kilos4 ,total capacity ( useful lead p] kilo #i4a amp4 hr4 ,total capacity p] sq4 met] #ej ,useful capacity ( p] kilo ( useful lead #f4bc ,useful capacity p] squ>e met] #cd4cj ,curr5t ( *>ge p] squ>e met] #aj amp4 ,curr5t ( *>ge p] kilo1 ( useful lead #b ,curr5t ( dis*>ge p] sq4 met] #bj ,curr5t ( dis*>ge p] kilo1 ( useful lead #d4ef ,! next advantage ( ! ,montaud accumulator is ! ease ) :i* x c be tak5 out ( its box & repair$ )\t special tools & exp]i5ce4 ,a capital defect 9 ?is respect has hi!rto mu* int]f]$ ) ! use ( accumulators4 ,9 case ( accid5ts1 sev]al k9ds ( :i* are possible1 x is f\nd v difficult to rectify ! app>atus4 ,! ,montaud accumulator is mu* less liable to accid5ts1 on acc\nt ( ! firmness & compactness ( its con/ruction1 & if any accid5t happ5s1 ! repairs are simple & easy4 ,la/ly1 ! /\t framework secures ! app>atus f any accid5t due to a disproportionate *>ge or dis*>ge4 ,! peculi>ities ( ! combs & rods already describ$ solve ?is problem4 ,on ,septemb] #h1 #ahhe1 ,dr4 ,d',arsonval1 pr(essor at ! ,college ( ,france1 wrote z foll[s3 ,! ,montaud accumulator is ( ! ,plante type1 & is extremely well conceiv$ f a me*anical po9t ( view4 ,! wood5 combs prev5t ! plates f com+ 9 mutual contact1 & give ! app>atus great solidity4 ,! process ( =mation is +5i\s & rapid4 ,to give #a squ>e met] a capacity ( #bj amp]e h\rs1 !re is requir$ only a qu>t] ( an h\r's treatm5t4 ,to obta9 ! same result by ,plante's me?od1 mon?s are requir$4 ,! entire exp]im5ts h be5 effect$ ) ,no4 #b1 :i* has a surface ( two squ>e met]s4 ,?is app>atus1 if *>g$ to saturation1 gives #fb amp]e h\rs z its total capacity1 &1 z 9 ! ,plante1 ?is capacity con/antly increases ) use4 ,! normal rule = ! *>ge is #aj amp]es p] squ>e met]1 & = ! dis*>ge d\ble ?is quantity4 ,?is app>atus has always giv5 me on dis*>g+ #dj amp]es at ! ,e4,m4,f4 ( #a4he volts dur+ #fj or #fe m9utes4 ,! *>ge is effect$ 9 two h\rs up to #bj amp]es1 )\t any appreciable loss ( electricity4 ,! po9ts to be aim$ at 9 an accumulator are longevity & en]gy1 or1 r1 rapid yield p] kilo4 ,f bo? po9ts ( view accumulators ( ! ,plante type 7& consequ5tly ^? ( ,montaud7 are f> sup]ior to ^? ( ! ,faure type4 ,my op9ion1 !re=e1 is t ! ,montaud accumulator is v practical1 t x is a great improvem5t on ! ,plante type1 & t x c compete successfully ) ! o!r sy/ems 9 use4--,revue ,int]nationale de l',electricite4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electric ,,regi/]+ ,,app>atus ,,= ,,meteorological ,,in/rum5ts4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,gime1 ^: "n is n unkn[n to our read]s1 s5ds u a description ( a c]ta9 numb] ( meteorological app>atus to :i* he has appli$ a peculi> me?od ( regi/]+ t x is ( int]e/ to make kn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,diagram ,,( ,,gime',s ,,telem>eograph4 ,mr4 ,gime 9 ! fir/ place has devis$ a telem>eograph1 t is to say1 an app>atus design$ to regi/] at a di/ance ! curve ( ! motions ( ! tide 9 a giv5 place4 ,! /ructure ( ?is device1 %[n diagramatically 9 ,fig4 #a1 is v simple4 ,x is divid$ into two di/9ct p>ts--a transmitt] & a regi/]+ app>atus4 ,! transmitt] consi/s ( a long glass tube1 ,a1 clos$ at "o end & communicat+ ?r\gh ! o!r ) a receptacle fill$ ) m]cury4 ,a b>ometric vacuum is =m$ 9 ?is tube4 ,! level ( ! op5 receptacle corresponds exactly to ! level ( ! l[e/ tide4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,! ,,app>atus ,,) ,,?ree ,,regi/]+ ,,/ations4 ,pieces ( iron wire project+ suffici5tly 9 ! int]ior to e/abli% good contacts ) ! column ( m]cury are fa/5$ "o millimet] ap>t to ! inn] surface ( ! tube4 ,^! iron contacts are connect$ ) ! divisions ( a rheo/at1 ,r1 arrang$ 9 a tight comp>tm5t surr\nd$ ) p>aff9e1 ne> ! tube4 ,?is rheo/at is int]pos$ 9 ! g5]al circuit4 ,x is connect$ ?r\gh "o extremity ) ! l9e1 & ?r\gh ! o!r ) a disk ( copp]1 :i* has a surface ( "o squ>e met]1 & is imm]s$ 9 ! sea4 ,! l9e1 ,l1 insulat$ l an ord9>y telegraph wire1 is prolong$ z f> z to ! regi/]+ /ation4 ,! regi/]+ app>atus consi/s ( a sol5oid1 ,s1 t acts ^u a s(t iron core susp5d$ by a cord f ! extremity1 x1 ( ! beam ( a balance4 ,?is cord passes betwe5 ! *annels ( two roll]s design$1 despite ! motion ( ! beam1 to keep ! core 9 a v]tical position 9 ! c5t] ( ! sol5oid4 ,! opposite arm ( ! balance c>ries a slid+ weight1 i1 t moves ov] a graduat$ scale & is design$ to balance ! core1 ,n1 9 a c]ta9 position 9 regulat+ ! motions ( ! curve4 ,at its extremity x c>ries a /yle t be>s aga9/ ! drum1 ,t1 on :i* ! pap] is w\nd t is to receive ! m>eometric curve4 ,! sol5oid1 ,s1 is int]pos$ 9 ! g5]al circuit1 be+ connect$ on ! "o h& ) ! l9e1 ,l1 & on ! o!r ) a v con/ant batt]y ( an electromotive =ce proportion$ to ! resi/ance ( ! circuit4 ,?r\gh ! electrode t rema9s free1 ! batt]y is gr\nd$ ) s great c>e t no v>iation 9 resi/ance c be produc$ !reby4 ,if ! /ation is ne> ! sea1 ! conductor ( ?is electrode may be run to a copp] disk1 hav+ ! same surface z ! "o at ! transmitt+ /ation4 ,) ?is description1 ! op]ation ( ! app>atus may be easily und]/ood4 ,at l[ wat]1 ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e balances a column ( m]cury ris+ 9 a glass tube to a height proportionate to su* pressure4 ,9 measure z ! level ( ! wat] rises1 ! pressure on ! m]cury 9 ! receptacle increases1 & causes ! metal to rise 9 ! tube4 ,! high] ! level ( ! sea1 ! less becomes ! sum ( ! resi/ances ( ! rheo/at1 s9ce ! column ( m]cury puts 9 %ort circuit all ! divisions ( ! rheo/at1 ^: contacts are compris$ 9 ! height ( ! column4 ,f ^! v>iations 9 ! resi/ance ( ! circuit naturally result v>iations 9 ! curr5t f ! batt]y1 ,b1 at ! regi/]+ /ation4 ,to ! v>iations 9 int5sity ( ! curr5t 9 ! circuit !re correspond v>iations 9 ! attraction ( ! sol5oid = ! core t transmits ^! motions to ! balance t c>ries ! regi/]+ /yle1 :i* latt] amplifies or r$uces !m4 ,! same transmitt] suffices = v>i\s regi/]+ /ations arrang$ 9 s]ies1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! v>iations 9 ! resi/ance ( ! circuit1 due to v>iations 9 ! temp]ature1 & ! v>iations 9 ! height ( ! column ( m]cury1 due to atmosph]ic v>iations1 etc41 are1 accord+ to ! inv5tor1 ( no importance4 ,x w\ld evid5tly be possible1 on ! same pr9ciple1 to con/ruct an app>atus = regi/]+ ! indications ( a !rmomet] at a di/ance4 ,su* is ! pr9ciple ( ,mr4 ,gime's app>atus4 ,we d n believe t !y are entirely clos$ to criticism4 ,:at1 9 fact1 are ! conditions ess5tial = _! prop] work+8 ,evid5tly3 7#a7 ! con/ancy ( ! batt]y us$2 7#b7 a rigor\sly accurate adju/m5t4 ,?is latt] condition1 is easily realiz$2 b ! same is n ! case ) ! =m]4 ,( :at elem5ts %all ?is con/ant batt]y be =m$8 ,mr4 ,gime recomm5ds ! use ( ! ,latim]-,cl>k elem5ts4 ,e "o kn[s t ! ,latim]-,cl>k elem5t is n[ ! be/ /&>d ( electromotive =ce2 b let u n =get t ?is is on condition ( its be+ employ$ 9 op5 circuit4 ,n[1 x is n a "q "h ( an op5 circuit1 nor ev5 ( inf9itely weak curr5ts1 s9ce 9 ! l9e we h a sol5oid ^: core mu/ set 9 motion a :ole sy/em ( connect$ pieces4 ,we d n see any possibility ( employ+ ,latim]-,cl>k elem5ts2 on ! contr>y1 x seems to u indisp5sable to select piles ( l>ge dis*>ge1 s9ce ! sol5oid1 ,s1 w attract no?+ at all unless a notable quantity ( en]gy is exp5d$ 9 x4 ,is !re a pile ( ?is k9d s con/ant z n to r5d] a rigor\sly accurate adju/m5t illusory8 ,!re9 lies ! entire "q1 & = our "p we hesitate to pron\nce ourselves 9 ! negative4--,la ,lumi]e ,electrique4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,cl9ical ,,lesson ,,at ,,la ,,salpetri]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,salon ,,( #ahhg4--;,a ,,lecture ,,9 ,,! ,,disp5s>y ,,at ,,la ,,salpetri]e4--,pa9t$ by ,m4 ,&re ,br\illet4--,m4 ,do*y4 ,engrav]4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,cl9ical ,,lecture ,,at ,,la ,,salpetri]e4 ,we reproduce ! picture ( ,mr4 ,&re ,br\illet1 :i* 0 9 ! ,salon ( #ahhg2 & t ! subject may be bett] und]/ood1 we give ! accompany+ sket* & description4 ,?is picture is v int]e/+1 n only f an arti/ic po9t ( view1 b also z a repres5tation ( /ud5ts & spectators ( all ages admirably gr\p$ ar\nd a great ma/] ( sci5ce :5 mo/ int]e/$ 9 8 "w4 ,we borr[ f ,mat9-,salon ,mr4 ,goets*y's explanation ( ! picture3 ,! hall 9 :i* ! lesson is giv5 is light$ by two l>ge w9d[s op5+ on "o ( ! c\rts ( ! hospital4 ,! ,pr(essor /&s at ! "r ( ! picture1 8 head uncov]$1 "o h& close to 8 body & ! o!r ext5d$ slightly 9 a ge/ure :i* is famili> to him1 8 audi5ce be+ be=e him4 ,at 8 side is ,mr4 ,bab9ski1 *ief ( ! cl9ic1 support+ a p]son afflict$ ) hy/]ia4 ,ne> ! latt] /&s a nurse & assi/ant :o wat*es e movem5t ( ! pati5t4 ,?is is ,"m ,bott>d1 a good1 intellig5t1 & devot$ woman1 :o is well kn[n to all ^? pres5t4 ,! auditors h arrang$ !mselves at ! /ud5ts' tables1 "s seat$ on ! *airs & /ools :i* furni% ! room1 & o!rs /&+1 b all foll[+ closely ! tea*+ ( ! ma/]1 & at ! same "t wat*+ ! subject4 ,! picture is full ( life & motion1 & yet is v exact4 ,! head & %\ld]s ( ! subject are beautifully & correctly drawn4 ,! arti/ has br\ght toge!r _m m5 :o are well kn[n 9 lit]ature & sci5ce4--,le ,monde ,illu/re4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nature4 ,,to ,,f9d ,,! ,,day ,,( ,,! ,,week ,,= ,,any ,,giv5 ,,date4 ,hav+ hit ^u ! foll[+ me?od ( m5tally comput+ ! day ( ! week = any giv5 date1 ,i s5d x y 9 ! hope t x may int]e/ "s ( y\r read]s4 ,i am n a rapid comput] myself1 & z ,i f9d my av]age "t = do+ any su* "q is ab\t #bj seconds1 ,i h little d\bt t a rapid comput] w\ld n ne$ #ae4 ,take ! giv5 date 9 #d portions1 viz41 ! numb] ( c5turies1 ! numb] ( ye>s ov]1 ! mon?1 ! day ( ! mon?4 ,compute ! foll[+ #d items1 add+ ea*1 :5 f\nd1 to ! total ( ! previ\s items4 ,:5 an item or total exce$s #g1 divide by #g1 & keep ! rema9d] only4 ,! ,c5tury ,item4--,= old /yle 7:i* end$ ,septemb] #b1 #ageb7 subtract f #ah4 ,= new /yle 7:i* began ,septemb] #ad7 divide by #d1 take ov]plus f #c1 multiply rema9d] by #b4 ,! ,ye> ,item4--,add toge!r ! numb] ( doz5s1 ! ov]plus1 & ! numb] ( #d's 9 ! ov]plus4 ,! ,mon? ,item4--,if x beg9s or ends ) a v[el1 subtract ! numb] d5ot+ its place 9 ! ye> f #aj4 ,?is1 plus its numb] ( days1 gives ! item = ! foll[+ mon?4 ,! item = ,janu>y is #j2 = ,febru>y or ,m>* 7! #c;d mon?71 #c2 = ,decemb] 7! #ab? mon?71 #ab4 ,! ,day ,item is ! day ( ! mon?4 ,! total ?us rea*$ mu/ be correct$ by d$uct+ #a 7fir/ add+ #g1 if ! total be #j71 if ! date be ,janu>y or ,febru>y 9 a leap ye>2 rememb]+ t e ye> divisible by #d is a leap ye>1 except+ only ! c5tury ye>s1 9 new /yle1 :5 ! numb] ( c5turies is n s divisible 7e4g41 #ahjj74 ,! f9al result gives ! day ( ! week1 #j mean+ ,sunday1 #a ,monday1 & s on4 ,,examples4 #aghc1 ,septemb] #ah4 #ag divid$ by #d leaves #a ov]2 #a f #c gives #b2 twice #b is #d4 #hc is #f doz5 & #aa1 giv+ #ag2 plus #b gives #ai1 i4e4 7divid+ by #g71 #e4 ,total #i1 i4e41 #b4 ,! item = ,augu/ is #h f #aj1 i4e41 #b2 s1 = ,septemb]1 x is #b plus #c1 i4e41 #e4 ,total #g1 i4e41 #j1 :i* goes out4 #ah gives #d4 ,answ]1 ,?ursday4 #afgf1 ,febru>y #bc4 #af f #ah gives #b4 #gf is #f doz5 & #d1 giv+ #aj2 plus #a gives #aa1 i4e41 #d4 ,total #f4 ,! item = ,febru>y is #c4 ,total #i1 i4e41 #b4 #bc gives #b4 ,total #d4 ,correction = leap ye> gives #c4 ,answ]1 ,w$nesday4 ,,lewis ,,c>roll4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,preci\s ,,/ones ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,to ! rec5tly di/ribut$ gov]nm5t report on ! m9]al res\rces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = #ahhe4a ,mr4 ,g4,f4 ,kunz contributes an int]e/+ *apt] 9 :i* is record$ ! progress made dur+ t ye> 9 ! discov]y & utilization ( preci\s /ones4 ,footnote #a3 ,m9]al ,res\rces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 ,cal5d> ,ye> #ahhe4 ,wa%+ton3 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice4 #ahhh4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahhe1 a rem>kably l>ge pocket conta9+ f9e cry/als ( muscovite1 ) brilliant cry/als ( rutile implant$ on !m1 0 f\nd at ! ,em]ald & ,hidd5ite ,m9+ ,company's works1 at ,/ony ,po9t1 ,n4,c41 & 0 sold 9 ! =m ( cab9et specim5s = #gej4 ,:ile ! soil ov]ly+ ! rock 0 be+ work$1 n9e cry/als ( em]ald 7 f\nd1 all ( :i* 7 d\bly t]m9at$1 & measur$ f #a in* to #c-a_/h in*es 9 l5g? & #a-b_/c in* 9 wid?4 ,"o ( ^! cry/als is v p]fect z a specim51 be+ ( a f9e light gre5 color1 & weigh+ #h ounces4 ,x is held by ! company at #a1ejj1 & ! n9e cry/als toge!r at #c1jjj4 ,ano!r ( ^! cry/als1 d\bly t]m9at$1 measures #b in*es by #aa_/ab ( an in*1 & is fill$ ) l>ge rhomboh$ral cavities1 :i* =m]ly conta9$ dolomite4 ,! only cry/al f ?is collection t has be5 cut into a gem 0 f\nd 9 a pocket at a dep? ( ov] #dc feet4 ,9 color x is ( a pleas+ light gre51 & x weighs #d-bb_/cb c>ats4 ,no cry/al ( a f9] color has z yet be5 f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! gem is held by ! company at #bjj4 ,dur+ ! rec5t m9+1 ! l>ge/ f9e cry/al ( li?ia em]ald ev] f\nd 0 also br\ght to light4 ,x measures #b in*es by #c_/e ( an in* by #a_/c ( an in*4 ,"o end is ( a v f9e color1 & w\ld af=d ! l>ge/ gem ( ?is m9]al yet f\nd1 & "o :i* w\ld probably weigh #e c>ats4 ,) ?is !re 0 a numb] ( sup]ior cry/als & "s ounces ( common pieces ( ! same m9]al4 ,! company e/imates ! value ( ?is entire yield ( hidd5ite at ab\t #b1ejj4 ,!re 0 also f\nd a quantity ( qu>tz fill$ ) :ite byssolite1 =m+ v attractive specim5s & valu$ at #bej4 ,a numb] ( b]yls ( a f9e blue color1 resembl+ ! ,m\rne ,m\nta9 specim5s1 7 f\nd ne> ,m\nt ,ant]o1 ,*affee ,c\nty1 ,col4 ,"o ( ^! 0 #d in*es long & #c_/h ( an in* across1 ) cutt+ mat]ial 9 x4 ,! o!r cry/als measur$ f #a to #a in* 9 l5g?1 & f #a_/e to #a_/c in* 9 wid?4 ,! l>ge b]yl m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,kunz 9 ! ,m9]al ,res\rces = #ahhc & #ahhd has af=d$ ! f9e/ aquam>9e ( ,am]ican orig9 kn[n4 ,x is brilliant z a cut gem1 &1 ) ! exception ( a few int]nal hair-l /ri1 is absolutely p]fect4 ,x weighs #acc c>ats1 measures #a-b_/e #a-b_/e #d_/e in*1 & is ( a deep blui% gre51 equal to t ( gems f any kn[n locality4 ,mr4 ,g4,f4 ,bre$1 manag] ( ! ,val5cia ,mica ,company1 has cut ne>ly "o hundr$ aquam>9es1 rang+ f c>at to #d c>ats 9 weight1 & ( a light blue color1 f :ite b]yls f\nd 9 ! company's mica m9e at ,nor? ,grafton1 ,n4,h4 ,a numb] ( f9e1 deep gold5-yell[1 blue1 & gre5 b]yls1 equal+ any ev] f\nd1 h be5 tak5 by ,mr4 ,m4,w4 ,b>se f 8 mica m9e betwe5 ,new ,mil=d & ,lit*field1 ,conn4 ,"s f9e blood-r$ g>nets f ?is same locality h be5 cut into gems4 ,! l>ge/ ph5acite cry/al ev] f\nd is own$ by ,mr4 ,:itman ,cross4 ,x 0 discov]$ at ,cry/al ,p>k1 ,col41 weighs #ei p5nyweights #f gra9s1 & measures #a-d_/e in* 9 l5g? & #a-a_/e in* 9 ?ickness4 ,?\s&s ( g>net cry/als1 f\nd at ,ruby ,m\nta91 ne> ,salides1 ,col41 h be5 made into pap]weights & sold to t\ri/s4 ,^? t weigh a few ounces sell = ab\t t5 c5ts ea*4 ,"o 0 sold t weigh$ #ad p\nds4 ,apropos ( g>nets1 ! discov]y1 9 ! he>t ( ,new ,york city1 ( z f9e a cry/al z 0 ev] f\nd on ?is cont95t1 & weigh+ #i p\nds #aj ounces1 may be m5tion$ z a matt] ( peculi> int]e/4 ,sev]al ?\s& doll>s' wor? ( ! wood jasp] ( ,arizona has be5 cut into pap] weights1 *>ms1 & o!r objects1 or poli%$ on "o side = cab9et specim5s4 ,numb]s ( ^! articles are n[ be+ cut & sold to t\ri/s along ! l9e ( ! ,at*ison1 ,topeka1 & ,santa ,fe ,railroad4 ,! compact qu>tzite ( ,si\x ,falls1 ,dakota1 is be+ qu>ri$ & poli%$ = ornam5tal purposes4 ,x is kn[n & sold z ,si\x ,falls jasp]1 & is really ! /one ref]r$ to by ,longfell[ 9 8 ,hiawa?a z be+ us$ = arr[ heads4 ,?is /one takes a v high poli%1 & is f\nd 9 a v>iety ( pleas+ t9ts1 su* z *ocolate1 br[ni%-r$1 brick-r$1 & yell[i%4 ,= ! two ye>s previ\s to #ahhe1 #ae1jjj wor? ( x 0 sold4 ,a rem>kable mass ( rock cry/al has be5 receiv$ by ,messrs4 ,tiffany ,co4 f a locality ne> ,cave ,city1 ,va4 ,al?\gh ?is mass weighs #ea p\nds1 x is b a fragm5t ( ! orig9al cry/al1 :i* weigh$ #cjj p\nds1 & :i* 0 brok5 9 pieces by ! ignorant m\nta9 girl :o f\nd x4 ,! fragm5t1 z x is1 w furni% slabs #h in*es squ>e & f #a_/c to #a in* ?ick4 ,! orig9al cry/al w\ld h furni%$ a ball f #d to #e in*es 9 diamet]1 & almo/ p]fect4 ,a numb] ( f9e agates ( v>i\s k9ds 7 f\nd by ,mr4 ,f4,c4 ,yeomans at ! same locality4 ,! meccanite f ,cumb]l&1 ,r4,i41 is (t5 spott$ ) :ite qu>tz4 ,x has be5 cut into oval /ones sev]al in*es 9 l5g?1 :i* take a f9e poli%4 ,?is quality1 c\pl$ ) its h>dness1 makes x a desirable ornam5tal gem /one4 ,mr4 ,kunz records ! discov]y1 by himself1 9 ! l>ge/ mass ( ! ,glorieta ,m\nta9 7,santa ,fe ,c\nty1 ,n4,m471 ( pieces ( p]idot ( suffici5t transp>5cy to af=d gems "o-fif? ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,l>ge quantities ( turquoise f ,los ,cevillos1 ,n4,m41 h be5 sold1 bo? z cab9et specim5s & gems2 b1 un=tunately1 _m ( ^? ( ! f9e/ color h be5 f\nd to be artificially color$4 ,mala*ite 9 l>ge masses has be5 f\nd at ! ,copp] ,que5 m9e at ,bisbee1 ,oregon4 ,"o ( ^! masses weigh$ #ae p\nds & o!rs 7 q z l>ge4 ,all 7 ( good en\gh quality & l>ge en\gh = table tops4 ,9 conclusion1 ,mr4 ,kunz says t ! ,national ,museum collection ( gems1 =m$ by ,pr(4 ,f4,w4 ,cl>ke1 is n[ "o ( ! mo/ complete1 = species1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & z _m ( ! gems are ( m ?an av]age m]it1 & all c h access to !m1 ?is is "o ( ! be/ opportunities af=d$ ! /ud5t 9 ?is c\ntry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,brazil ,,nut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,brazil ,,nut4 ,e "o is acqua9t$ ) ! h>d-%ell$1 triangul> fruit call$ ! ,brazil nut1 b !re are1 p]haps1 b few :o "k any?+ ab\t ! tree t produces x1 or its mode ( gr[?4 ,! ,brazil nut tree belongs to a g5us ( ,lecy?idace ( :i* !re is only "o species1 ,b]?olletia excelsa4 ,?is tree is a native ( ,guiana1 ,v5ezuela1 & ,brazil4 ,x =ms l>ge =e/s on ! banks ( ! ,amazons & ,rio ,negro1 & likewise ab\t ,esm]aldas1 on ! ,or9oco1 :]e ! natives call x juvia4 ,! natives ( ,brazil call ! fruit capucaya1 :ile to ! ,portuguese x is kn[n z ca/aa de m>aon4 ,! tree is "o ( ! mo/ maje/ic 9 ! ,s\? ,am]ican =e/s1 atta9+ a height ( #ajj or #aej feet4 ,its trunk is /raight & cyl9drical1 & measures ab\t #c or #d feet 9 diamet]4 ,! b>k is grayi% & v ev54 ,at a di/ance1 ! tree some:at resembles a *e/nut4 ,its bran*es are alt]nate1 op51 v long1 & droop t[>d ! e>?4 ,! leaves are alt]nate1 oblong1 %ort petiol$1 ne>ly coriace\s1 ab\t #b feet long by #f in*es wide1 entire or undivid$1 & ( a bright gre5 color4 ,! fl[]s h a two-p>t$1 decidu\s calyx1 six unequal cream-color$ petals1 & num]\s /am5s unit$ into a broad1 hood-%ap$ mass1 ^? at ! base be+ f]tile1 & ! upp] ones /]ile4 ,! fruit is ne>ly orbicul>1 & ab\t #f in*es 9 diamet]1 & has a h>d %ell ab\t half an in* ?ick1 :i* conta9s f #ah to #bd triangul>1 wr9kl$ se$s t are s beautifully pack$ )9 ! %ell t :5 once di/urb$ x is impossible to replace !m4 ,:5 ^! fruits are ripe1 !y fall f ! tree & are collect$ into heaps by troops ( ,indians call$ ,ca/anhi]os1 :o visit ! =e/s at ! prop] season ( ! ye> expressly = ?is purpose4 ,!y are !n split op5 ) an ax1 & ! se$s 7! ,brazil nuts ( comm]ce7 tak5 out & pack$ 9 baskets = transportation to ,p>a 9 ! native canoes4 ,! meat t ! ,brazil nut conta9s consi/s ( a :ite sub/ance ( ! same nature z t ( ! common almond1 & :i* is good to eat :5 fre%1 b :i*1 by reason ( its v oily nature1 soon gets rancid4 ,besides its use z an article ( dess]t1 a bl& oil1 us$ by wat*mak]s & arti/s1 is obta9$ f ! nut by pressure4 ,brazil nuts =m a consid]able article ( export f ! port ( ,p>a1 :5ce !y are sometimes call$ ,p>a nuts4 ,! ,brazil nut tree rema9$ = a long "t unkn[n to ,european botani/s1 al?\gh ! fruit has be5 f a v remote epo* consum$ 9 l>ge quantities 9 c]ta9 s\!rn c\ntries ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,! fir/ description ( ! tree we owe to ,humboldt & ,bonpl&1 :o e/abli%$ ! g5us & species 9 ! botanical "p ( ! acc\nt ( _! voyage4 ,! g5us is d$icat$ to ! illu/ri\s ,b]?ollet4 ,we 7 v =tunate1 say ^! au?ors1 to f9d "s ( ^! nuts 9 our travels on ! ,or9oco4 ,= ?ree mon?s we _h be5 liv+ on no?+ b poor *ocolate & rice cook$ 9 wat]1 always )\t butt]1 & (t5 )\t salt1 :5 we procur$ a l>ge quantity ( ! fre% fruits ( ! ,b]?olletia4 ,x 0 along 9 ,june1 & ! natives _h j ga!r$ !m4 ,! =mation ( a l>ge woody fruit1 (t5 9 ! %ape ( an urn1 f :i* ! top spontane\sly sep>ates 9 ! =m ( a lid1 is "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ord] ,lecy?idace1 :i* includes ! ,c\ronpita ,guian5sis1 or cannon ball tree2 ! gigantic ,lecy?is oll>ia1 or monkey-pot tree1 ^: great woody p]ic>ps s]ve z dr9k+ vessels2 & ! ,lecy?is ,zabucajo1 ^: fruit is kn[n 9 ! m>ket z sapucaia nuts1 & is greatly sup]ior to ! closely alli$ ,brazil nuts z reg>ds flavor & ease ( dige/ion4 ,all ! trees ( ?is ord] are natives ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & especially ( ,guiana4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,magnet ,,9 ,,hypnosis4 ,mr4 ,tambur9i "s "t ago obs]v$ t1 dur+ a p]iod ( le?>gy1 ! approa* ( a magnet produc$ 9 p]sons affect$ ) hy/]ical hypnosis a s]ies ( modifications ( ! respiratory functions & ( contractility4 ,f "s v c>eful exp]im5ts made by him & ,mr4 ,righi 9 common1 ^u ! lady :o 0 ! pr9cipal subject ( 8 obs]vations1 x results t 7#a7 x makes no diff]5ce :e!r ! magnet be pres5t$ by its poles or its neutral l9e2 7#b7 t any mass ( metal :atev] acts l a magnet2 7#c7 t an electromagnet produces exactly ! same effect :e!r x be or be n excit$ by a curr5t2 & 7#d7 t a glass tube fill$ ) cold or w>m wat] likewise produces analog\s effects1 :i* disappe> :5 ! wat] is rais$ to ! temp]ature ( ! human body4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 t ! magnetic prop]ties ( ! magnet c\nt = no?+ 9 ! ph5om5a obs]v$4--,j\rnal de ,physique4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,t]ms ( ,subscription1 #e a ,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #ci ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! "n & resid5ce ( ! ,pat5tee4 ,by ! imm5se circulation ?us giv51 public att5tion is direct$ to ! m]its ( ! new pat5t1 & sales or introduction (t5 easily effect$4 ,any p]son :o has made a new discov]y or inv5tion c asc]ta91 free ( *>ge1 :e!r a pat5t c probably be obta9$1 by writ+ to ,,munn ,co4 ,we also s5d free our ,h& ,book ab\t ! ,pat5t ,laws1 ,pat5ts1 ,caveats4 ,trade ,m>ks1 _! co/s1 & h[ procur$4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,bran* ,(fice1 #fbb & #fbd ,f ,/41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,ar*itects ,,& ,,build]s ,,edition4 #b4ej a ,ye>4 ,s+le ,copies1 #be ,c5ts4 ,?is is a ,special ,edition ( ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 issu$ mon?ly--on ! fir/ day ( ! mon?4 ,ea* numb] conta9s ab\t =ty l>ge qu>to pages1 equal to ab\t two hundr$ ord9>y book pages1 =m+1 practically1 a l>ge & spl5did ,magaz9e ( ,ar*itecture1 ri*ly adorn$ ) elegant plates 9 colors & ) f9e engrav+s2 illu/rat+ ! mo/ int]e/+ examples ( mod]n ,ar*itectural ,con/ruction & alli$ subjects4 ,a special feature is ! pres5tation 9 ea* numb] ( a v>iety ( ! late/ & be/ plans = private resid5ces1 city & c\ntry1 includ+ ^? ( v mod]ate co/ z well z ! m exp5sive4 ,draw+s 9 p]spective & 9 color are giv51 toge!r ) full ,plans1 ,specifications1 ,co/s1 ,bills ( ,e/imate1 & ,%eets ( ,details4 ,no o!r build+ pap] conta9s s _m plans1 details1 & specifications regul>ly pres5t$ z ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican4 ,hundr$s ( dwell+s h already be5 erect$ on ! v>i\s plans we h issu$ dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 & _m o!rs are 9 process ( con/ruction4 ,ar*itects1 ,build]s1 & ,own]s w f9d ?is "w valuable 9 furni%+ fre% & useful sugge/ions4 ,all :o contemplate build+ or improv+ homes1 or erect+ /ructures ( any k9d1 h be=e !m 9 ?is "w an almo/ endless s]ies ( ! late/ & be/ examples f :i* to make selections1 ?us sav+ "t & money4 ,_m o!r subjects1 includ+ ,sew]age1 ,pip+1 ,light+1 ,w>m+1 ,v5tilat+1 ,decorat+1 ,lay+ out ( ,gr\nds1 etc4 are illu/rat$4 ,an ext5sive ,comp5dium ( ,manufactur]s' ,ann\ncem5ts is also giv51 9 :i* ! mo/ reliable & approv$ ,build+ ,mat]ials1 ,goods1 ,ma*9es1 ,tools1 & ,appliances are describ$1 & illu/rat$1 ) addresses ( ! mak]s1 etc4 ,! fullness1 ri*ness1 *eapness1 & conv5i5ce ( ?is "w h won = x ! ,l>ge/ ,circulation ( any ,ar*itectural publication 9 ! _w4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,a ,catalogue ( valuable books on ,ar*itecture1 ,build+1 ,c>p5try1 ,masonry1 ,heat+1 ,w>m+1 ,light+1 ,v5tilation1 & all bran*es ( indu/ry p]ta9+ to ! art ( ,build+1 is suppli$ free ( *>ge1 s5t to any address4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,build+ ,,plans & ,,specifications4 ,9 connection ) ! publication ( ! ,,build+ ,,edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,munn ,co4 furni% plans & specifications = build+s ( e k9d1 includ+ ,*ur*es1 ,s*ools1 ,/ores1 ,dwell+s1 ,c>riage ,h\ses1 ,b>ns1 etc4 ,9 ?is "w !y are assi/$ by able & exp]i5c$ ar*itects4 ,full plans1 details1 & specifications = ! v>i\s build+s illu/rat$ 9 ?is pap] c be suppli$4 ,^? :o contemplate build+1 or :o wi% to alt]1 improve1 ext5d1 or add to exi/+ build+s1 :e!r w+s1 por*es1 bay w9d[s1 or attic rooms1 are invit$ to communicate ) ! und]sign$4 ,our "w ex5ds to all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,e/imates1 plans1 & draw+s promptly prep>$4 ,t]ms mod]ate4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4