,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #gii ,,new ,,york1 ,,april #be1 #ahia ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xxxi1 ,no4 #gii4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,ar*itecture4--,m>ble & ,mosaic4--,by ,t4,r4 ,,sp5ce4--,a pap] rec5tly read be=e ! ,ar*itectural ,association1 ,london1 conta9+ valuable sugge/ions = design]s ( build+s4 ,! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,hospital = ! ,insane4--,a ,new ,york ,/ate hospital rec5tly built f designs by ! ,/ate ar*itect4--,full description4--#a illu/ration4 ,,ii4 ,,botany4--,lav5d] & its ,v>ieties4--,! hi/ory1 prop]ties1 & te*nology ( ?is plant4--#b illu/rations4 ,,iii4 ,,*emi/ry4--,a ,project+ ,app>atus ( ,precision4--,a useful adjunct = ! *emi/'s balance1 accel]at+ ! op]ation ( weigh+4--#a illu/ration4 ,spectrum ( ! ,sun & ,elem5ts4 ,allotropic ,=ms ( ,metals4 ,,iv4 ,,hydraulics4--,! ,p[] ( ,wat]1 or ,hydraulics ,simplifi$4 --,by ,g4,d4 ,,hiscox4--,curr5t :eels = p[] & rais+ wat]4 ,int]e/+ pres5tation ( ?is practical portion ( ! subject4 --#d illu/rations4 ,v4 ,,me*anical ,,eng9e]+4--,compress$ ,air ,production4-- ,by ,,wm4 ,l4 ,,saund]s4--,a ,sibley ,college lecture1 giv+ full elaboration to ?is important subject4--,! v>i\s =ms ( compressors & g5]al features ( ! s]vice4--#ah illu/rations4 ,improv$ ,pneumatic ,hamm]4--,a susp5sion hamm] capable ( deliv]+ #ejj bl[s p] m9ute4--#h illu/rations4 ,! ,!rmic ,motor ( ! ,future8--,a rem>kable exposition ( ! possibilities ( ! gas eng9e4--,rec5t exp]im5ts "u ,m4 ,aime ,witz4--#b illu/rations4 ,,vi4 ,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,hygi5e4--,! ,electrical ,purification ( ,sewage & ,contam9at$ ,wat]4--,by ,,wm4 ,,web/]4 ,,vii4 ,,naval ,,eng9e]+4--,! ,new ,g]man ,dispat* ,boat ,meteor4--,a ,g]man built w> vessel ( great spe$4--,h] dim5sions & rat+4--#a illu/ration4 ,! ,rais+ ( ! ,ulunda4--,a rem>kable feat4--,! rais+ ( a /eam%ip sunk (f ,nova ,scotia4--#aj illu/rations4 ,,viii4 ,,te*nology4--,/>*es = ! ,f9i%+ ( ,cotton ,fabrics4 --,classification ( />*es1 ) illu/rations ( _! appe>ance "u ! microscope4 ,,! ,,new ,,g]man ,,dispat* ,,boat ,,meteor4 ,9 "t ( w> ! dispat* boats are ! eyes ( ! fleet4 ,x is _! duty to reconnoit] & asc]ta9 ! /r5g? ( ! enemy & to c>ry ! ord]s ( ! comm&]4 ,= ?is s]vice great spe$ is ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,z all nations h increas$ ! spe$ ( _! w> %ips dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 x has become necess>y to build fa/] dispat* boats4 ,al?\gh our new vessels ( ?is class1 ,blitz1 ,pfeil1 ,greif1 ,jagd1 & ,wa*t1 fulfill ! requirem5ts1 /ill great] spe$ 0 deem$ requisite1 & /eps 7 tak5 = ! con/ruction ( ! ,meteor1 :i* 0 laun*$ at ,kiel 9 #ahij4 ,?is vessel is #bfb ft4 long1 #ca ft4 wide1 & has a draught ( #ac ft41 & a displacem5t ( #iej tons4 ,!re are two indep5d5t eng9es1 ea* ( :i* develops #b1ejj h4p41 mak+ a total ( #e1jjj h4p42 & ea* eng9e drives a screw4 ,:5 bo? eng9es are runn+ ) _! full p[]1 ! ,meteor has a spe$ ( #bd knots 7ov] #bg miles7 an h\r1 :i* is equal to ! spe$ ( a freight tra94#a ,z ! resi/ance ( ! wat] increases greatly ) an increase 9 ! spe$ ( ! vessel1 ! eng9es ( ! ,meteor are v l>ge 9 comp>ison ) ! size ( ! vessel4 ,! l>ge/ armor$ vessel 9 ! navy1 ! ,konig ,wilhelm1 = example1 has a displacem5t ( #i1eeg tons1 & its eng9es develop #h1jjj h4p41 driv+ ! vessel at a rate ( #ad knots an h\r2 t is1 #j4hd h4p4 to ea* ton ( displacem5t1 :ile 9 ! ,meteor !re is #e4bf h4p4 to ea* ton ( displacem5t4 ,! ,meteor has a crew ( #ij m51 & an armam5t ( eight light guns1 & has no rigg+2 only "o ma/ = signal+4 ,/eam p[] is us$ = rais+ ! an*or1 remov+ ! a%es f ! eng9e room1 & = di/ill+ wat]4 ,! vessel is light$ ) electricity1 & is also provid$ ) electrical app>atus = se>* lights4--,illu/rirte ,zeitung4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is1 we believe1 is ! fa/e/ vessel ( ! k9d afloat4--,,ed4 ,s4,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,new ,,g]man ,,dispat* ,,boat ,,meteor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,rais+ ,,( ,,! ,,ulunda4 ,%ortly aft] ! recov]y ( ! ,ulunda1 bel[ describ$1 ! ,nor? ,am]ican & ,we/ ,indian squadron ( ! ,royal ,navy visit$ ,halifax1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,! simple & novel means adopt$ = rais+ ! %ip attract$ consid]able att5tion among ! (fic]s ( ! fleet1 & by way ( /imulat+ ! /udies ( ! junior (fic]s 9 ?is bran* ( _! duties1 a prize 0 (f]$ = ! be/ essay on ! subject1 to be compet$ = by ! mid%ipm5 ( ! v>i\s %ips4 ,! essays 7 adjudicat$ ^u by ,capta9 ,w4,g4 ,/op=d1 ( ! flag %ip--,h4,m4,s4 ,bell]ophon--& ! fir/ prize 0 aw>d$ to ! foll[+ pap]1 writt5 by ,mr4 ,a4 ,gordon ,smi?1 ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,canada4 ,! article ne$s no apology1 b x is only j1 says ! ,eng9e]1 to m5tion ! fact t ! writ] is n yet eighte5 ye>s ( age4 ,! /eam%ip ,ulunda1 on ! rem>kable rais+ & recov]y ( :i* ?is pap] is writt51 is an iron screw %ip ( #a1afa tons1 until lately belong+ to ! ,furness l9e4 ,x is a si/] %ip to ! ,dam>a1 ( ! same company1 & 0 built & eng9$ by ,alex4 ,/eph5s1 %ipbuild] & eng9e]1 at ,glasg[1 be+ fitt$ ) comp\nd v]tical eng9es1 ( #bjj nom9al horse p[]1 hav+ two cyl9d]s ( #cc in*es & #ff in*es diamet] respectively1 :i* are capable ( sixty-five revolutions p] m9ute1 & give a spe$ ( twelve knots an h\r4 ,= supply+ /eam to ! eng9es !re are two return-tube boil]s1 ea* hav+ ?ree furnaces1 & !re is also a donkey boil]1 :i* is us$ 9 h>bor = work+ ! f\r /eam w9*es on deck4 ,%e is divid$ into sev5 wat]tight comp>tm5ts by a?w>t%ip bulkheads4 ,! =emo/ "o is ! usual collision bulkhead4 ,betwe5 ?is & ! =emo/ eng9e room bulkhead are ,nos4 #a & #b holds1 sep>at$ by a wat]tight bulkhead4 ,abaft ! aft] eng9e room are two m holds1 divid$ 9 ! same mann] z ! =w>d ones1 & a/]n is ano!r comp>tm5t1 9 :i* all /ores are kept4 ,coal bunk]s =m a protection = ! eng9es & boil]s4 ,=e & aft ! %ip1 z l[ d[n z possible1 are a numb] ( balla/ tanks1 :i* c be fill$ ) or empti$ ( wat] z occasion requires to alt] ! trim ( ! %ip4 ,ext5d+ ov] all holds !re is a /rong iron l[] deck1 ab\t #h feet bel[ ! upp] deck1 :i* is pi]c$ ) a hat* ov] ea* hold imm$iately "u a correspond+ hat* 9 ! upp] deck1 = /[+ & un/[+ c>go4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! eng9e room !re are six /eam pumps1 two ( !m bilge pumps1 work$ by ! ma9 cros%eads1 = cle>+ ! eng9e room ( wat]4 ,= pump+ out ! balla/ tanks !re are two m1 :i* h _! own indep5d5t eng9es4 ,! rema9+ two are = v>i\s purposes4 ,besides ^! !re are sev]al h& pumps on ! upp] deck4 ,hav+ be5 built 9 #ahhe1 ! ,ulunda is almo/ a new %ip1 & has be5 us$ pr9cipally z a c>go /eam]1 ?\gh %e is provid$ also ) a saloon & /at]ooms = a few pass5g]s4 ,%e 0 on h] way f ,/4 ,john1 ,new ,brunswick1 to ,halifax1 :5 dur+ a ?ick fog %e /ruck on ,c[l ,l$ge1 a reef betwe5 ,bry] & ,long ,isl&s1 on ! s\?we/ coa/ ( ,nova ,scotia1 ab\t half a mile f ! %ore4 ,! cause ( ! disa/] 0 probably "o ( ! /rong tide eddies :i* exi/ 9 ! ,bay ( ,fundy1 & :i* _h set h] 9 t[>d ! %ore4 ,x 0 calm at ! "t1 & %e 0 mak+ sev5 knots an h\r2 &1 be+ close to ! %ore1 leads %\ld h be5 go+ 9 ! *a9s4 ,_h ?is precaution be5 tak51 v probably %e w\ld h be5 able to /op or an*or 9 "t to av]t ?is cata/rophe4 ,!re 0 no c>go on bo>d1 x be+ int5d$ to %ip "o at ,halifax = ,london4 ,:5 a%ore on ?is reef %e 0 sold by public auction at ,halifax1 & fell to a syndicate ( private individuals = #ddj4 ,^! g5tlem5 at once decid$ to raise h] if possible1 transport h] into dock1 & repair h]4 ,!y commission$ ,capta9 ,kelly1 ( ! ,pr9cess ,beatrice1 a %ip !n 9 h>bor1 to visit h] & see :at c\ld be done = t purpose4 ,he w5t ) a hir$ crew to ,annapolis1 & f !nce proce$$ to ! /eam] by means ( a tug1 a di/ance ( ab\t =ty miles4 ,:5 !y arriv$ !y f\nd ! ,ulunda ) h] head to sea1 & h] /]n 9 only #b ft4 ( wat] at l[ tide1 ) a li/ ( #cj deg4 to port & h] =ema/ brok5 %ort (f4 ,at high tide ! wat] fl[$ ov] ! upp] deck4 ,on exam9ation1 ! eng9e room 0 f\nd full ( wat]1 :i* did n rise & fall ) ! tide1 %[+ t x _h be5 fill$ at high tide ?r\gh its skylight4 ,no4 #c hold 0 also full1 b _h a slight leak1 :i* 0 %[n by ! wat] fall+ sl[ly at l[ tide & ris+ 9 ! same mann] at high wat]4 ,! o!r ?ree holds 7 hopelessly leaky4 ,^u inve/igation1 x 0 decid$ to pump out ! eng9e room comp>tm5t & ,no4 #c hold1 & to make ! iron l[] deck wat]tight ov] ! rema9+ holds4 ,= ?is purpose ?ree p[]ful pumps1 ) ! necess>y boil]s1 7 obta9$ f ,halifax1 s5t by rail to ,annapolis1 & !n %ipp$ on bo>d a tug1 f :i* !y 7 hoi/$ into ! ,ulunda by means ( ! d]ricks on ! ma9ma/4 ,^! 7 c5trifugal pumps1 capable ( dis*>g+ #b1jjj gallons a m9ute ea*4 ,"o 0 plac$ 9 ! eng9e room1 ano!r ) its suction 9 ,no4 #c hold1 & :5 ^! two comp>tm5ts 7 pump$ dry1 x 0 f\nd t 9 ,no4 #c hold ! leak 0 easily kept "u1 :ile 9 ! eng9e room !re 0 no leak at all4 ,! ?ird pump 0 n us$4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! two =emo/ holds #b1jjj l>ge casks 7 !n plac$1 & all ! hat*es ov] ! leaky holds--,nos4 #a1 #b1 & #d--7 batt5$ d[n1 & made airtight ) felt1 pit*1 t[1 etc4 ,a small hole 0 !n made 9 ,nos4 #a & #b hat*es1 ab\t #b ft4 squ>e4 ,:5 ! tide _h sunk its f>!/1 ^! two holes 7 clos$ & made p]fectly airtight1 9 ! same mann] z ! hat*es _h be54 ,be=e ?is took place ! :ole ( ! l[] deck ov] ! badly damag$ holds _h be5 prev5t$ f bur/+ up by means ( wood5 %ores1 :i* 7 plac$ 9 r[s ab\t #d ft4 ap>t1 & w$g$ firmly into position4 ,! wood = ! %ores 0 obta9$ f ,annapolis1 & ! casks f ,/4 ,john4 ,! %ip w5t a%ore on ,augu/ #bf1 #ahij4 ,?is "w 0 comm5c$ on ,septemb] #h1 & complet$ t5 days aft]w>d4 ,! labor ( repair+ h] c\ld only be c>ri$ out at l[ tide1 & only !n ) ! greate/ difficulty1 z ! decks 7 v slipp]y ) we$s1 etc41 & incl9$ at an angle ( #cj deg4 ,ev]y?+ 0 ready = float+ h] (f at high tide on ! #ah?1 & ! hat*es 7 clos$ up on t day4 ,%e 0 rais$ (f ! rocks by ! wat] ris+ & compress+ ! air 9 ! two =emo/ holds1 assi/$ by ! buoyancy ( ! eng9e room & ,no4 #c comp>tm5ts4 ,at high wat] ! b[ 0 afloat1 b %e 0 agr\nd by ! /]n4 ,:51 h[ev]1 %e 0 tak5 9 t[ by ?ree tugs1 %e sl[ly slid d[n ! reef & float$ into deep wat]4 ,"o tug 0 plac$ on ea* b[1 & ! ?ird 0 ahead4 ,9 ?is /ate %e 0 t[$ into ,we/ ,port1 a di/ance ( f\r miles1 & !re bea*$ on a %elt]$ /ret* ( s&4 ,! casks p]=m$ no "p 9 float+ ! %ip (f1 b 7 only !re 9 case ! great pressure ( air %\ld cause ! escape ( "s ( x1 9 :i* ev5t all ! space und]nea? ! l[] deck w\ld soon h be5 occupi$ ) wat] in/ead ( air4 ,^! casks w\ld !n1 ( c\rse1 h s]v$ to displace a l>ge am\nt ( ?is wat]1 & s keep h] afloat4 ,luckily ! deck did n leak1 & ! b>rels 7 ?us n in/rum5tal 9 ! rais+4 ,:5 bea*$ ! hat*es 7 tak5 (f1 ! casks remov$1 & a false deck 0 built ab\t #g ft4 bel[ ! l[] deck1 & ab\t #aj ft4 above ! keel4 ,?is 0 us$ z ! bottom ( ! %ip to take h] r\nd to ,halifax1 & 0 built 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,a k9d ( iron plat=m1 ab\t #b ft4 wide1 runs along ! sides ( ! holds 9 ! ,ulunda = /r5g!n+ purposes1 brac$ at int]vals ( #ae ft4 by iron beams across ! %ip4 ,on ?is 0 built ! wood5 deck4 ,beams = ?is deck 7 con/ruct$ ( ?ree #c 94 planks1 & 7 laid d[n on ! iron plat=m ab\t #c ft4 ap>t1 & firmly w$g$ into ! %ip's side4 ,on ^! beams a lay] ( #c 94 planks 0 plac$ 9 a =e-&-aft direction & nail$ d[n2 on ?is 7 ?ree lay]s ( felt1 & on ?is aga9 m planks 7 laid d[n 9 ! same direction z be=e4 ,! :ole deck 0 !n c>efully calk$ & ! sides made wat]tight ) ,portl& cem5t4 ,?is deck only ext5d$ to ! eng9e room bulkhead ?r\gh ! two =emo/ holds4 ,x 0 prev5t$ f bur/+ up by ! pressure on ! bottom ( x1 by means ( %ores1 9 ! same mann] z ! iron deck _h be5 s]v$ be=e4 ,%ores 71 !re=e1 connect+ ! ?ree decks--! upp] deck1 l[] deck1 & wood5 deck--?is be+ done to equalize ! pressure on ! extempor deck & ! two p]man5t decks1 & ?us ga9 additional /r5g?4 ,no deck 0 built 9 ei!r ( ! aft] comp>tm5ts1 inasmu* z ,no4 #c hold 0 kept cle> ( wat] z be=e by its pump1 & 9 ,no4 #d ! deck 0 n necess>y4 ,to h built "o !re1 z 9 ! two =emo/ ones1 al?\gh x w\ld h giv5 a little m res]ve ( buoyancy to ! %ip1 w\ld h rais$ ! /]n high] ?an ! b[s1 & s w\ld h increas$ ! upw>d pressure on ! wood5 deck1 & ?us h increas$ ! liability to bur/ up4 ,= ! same reason1 :5 rais+ ! %ip (f ! rocks1 no compress$ air 0 us$ 9 ! aft] hold to lift ! %ip4 ,! an*ors & cables 7 9 bo? cases transf]r$ aft1 = ! same purpose1 namely1 to dim9i% ! upw>d pressure =w>d4 ,9 ! case ( ! wood5 deck leak+1 #bjj ( ! same casks 7 plac$ betwe5 x & ! l[] deck 9 ! =emo/ hold to reta9 "s ( ! buoyancy ( ! =ep>t1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be lo/4 ,no decks 7 built 9 ! comp>tm5t be=e ! collision bulkhead1 z v little buoyancy 0 lo/ by t space be+ full ( wat]1 & all t 0 !re 0 conf9$ to t comp>tm5t by ! bulkhead & ! iron l[] deck4 ,:ile all ^! =ego+ arrangem5ts 7 be+ made = ! exclusion ( wat] f ! inside ( ! %ip1 ! eng9e]s & firem5 7 employ$ cle>+ ! eng9e room ( "s fifty tons ( coal :i* _h be5 wa%$ f ! op5 bunk]s into ! ma*9]y by ! sea1 :5 ! eng9e room 0 full & ! %ip on ! reef4 ,! greate/ difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 digg+ out & excavat+ ! eng9es f ! coal & dirt1 & /ill great] 0 ! labor ( clean+ all ! me*anism & putt+ ev]y?+ once m 9 an effici5t /eam+ condition4 ,b all 0 f9i%$ soon aft] ! decks _h be5 complet$1 & on ,octob] #ab %e 0 ready = sea4 ,on ! foll[+ day %e 0 float$ (f & />t$ on h] p]il\s voyage to ,halifax1 us+ h] own eng9es1 & mak+ ab\t five & a half knots an h\r4 ,h] /eam pumps 7 by ?is "t all ready = s]vice to assi/ ! big ones on deck 9 an em]g5cy4 ,%e an*or$ once on h] way r\nd1 at ,%elburne1 on ! coa/ ( ,nova ,scotia1 arriv+ at ,halifax at #a p4m4 on ,octob] #ag4 ,! trip r\nd 0 a v anxi\s "t = all h&s1 m especially :5 !y 7 ov]tak5 by a fre% gale 9 ! ,atlantic1 = ! =w>d deck 0 v liable to be bur/ up ) ! increas$ pressure on x caus$ by ! pit*+ ( ! %ip2 also ! rudd] 0 entirely unable to be> any /ra9 on x1 because ! l[] "p ( ! rudd] po/ 0 unconnect$ ) ! /]n po/1 "p ( ! /]n fram+ :i* connects ! two hav+ be5 brok5 (f4 ,any heavy sea 0 !re=e likely to c>ry away ! rudd] altoge!r1 or ! same accid5t might happ5 if ! helm 0 put d[n too h>d1 r5d]+ ! %ip unmanageable4 ,%e 0 plac$ 9 dry dock z soon z %e arriv$ at ,halifax1 & x 0 n until !n t ! full ext5t ( ! damages1 caus$ by ! p\nd+ on ! rocks1 c\ld be fully realiz$4 ,! fir/ #bj feet ( ! keel _h be5 torn completely out1 & ab\t #cj feet f ! /]n !re 0 an imm5se hole1 ) ! ?ick plates torn & b5t l pap]1 ! fram+ & /an*ions be+ twi/$ into all sorts ( %apes almo/ beyond recognition4 ,"u ! =ema/ ! bottom ( ! %ip 0 b5t up 9 ! =m ( an ar*1 hav+ be5 rais$ #d feet above its natural position1 ) an imm5se hole punctur$ on ! />bo>d side1 besides sev]al small] ones4 ,also ! aft]mo/ #bj feet ( keel 0 torn & jagg$1 ) sev]al small holes 9 ! sk91 & ! l[] portion ( ! /]n fram+ 0 brok5 (f1 leav+ ! rudd] po/ to hang d[n unsupport$ at its extremity4 ,x w\ld /rike "o on look+ at ^! gap+ w\nds t x w\ld be ne>ly impossible to place ! ,ulunda 9 an effici5t condition aga91 b ! "w ( r5ew+ ! damag$ plates is be+ c>ri$ out at a great rate1 & 9 ?ree mon?s' "t x is hop$ t all ! repairs necess>y w be complet$ & ! %ip once m do+ h] duty4 ,%e has already co/ h] own]s "s #aj1jjj1 & #dj1jjj are e/imat$ to cov] all future repairs4 ,! =ema/ 0 snapp$ (f 9 a some:at novel mann]4 ,%e 0 pivot$ on ! rocks by h] b[s1 & at high tide1 ! day aft] %e /ruck1 a breeze sprang up & turn$ h] r\nd2 ! tide s9k+ aga91 ! :ole weight ( ! %ip came on ! bottom ( ! %ip :]e %e 0 !n t\*+1 namely1 j on ! spot :]e ! =emo/ 0 /epp$1 & "r a/]n1 leav+ ! c5t] portion ( ! %ip unsupport$4 ,?is caus$ ! =ema/ to rise1 & x be+ held d[n by wire rigg+1 x snapp$ 9 sev]al places1 at ! same "t te>+ up ! %r\ds f ! deck4 ,?is acc\nts also = ! ar*-l bulge 9 ! bottom at t spot & = ! damages a/]n2 also = ! fact t ,capta9 ,kelly discov]$ ! %ip ) h] head to sea4 ,ano!r incid5t happ5$ :5 ! %ip 0 j ris+ (f ! rocks1 :i* ne>ly result$ 9 a cata/rophe4 ,:5 ! %ip 0 j beg9n+ to lift1 ! leak 9 ,no4 #c comp>tm5t 0 f\nd to be ga9+ on its pump4 ,a div] 0 at once s5t d[n to asc]ta9 ! cause1 & he f\nd t a small hole1 ab\t #f in*es squ>e1 _h be5 punctur$ 9 ! sk91 :i* until !n _h be5 kept tight by ! rock t _h caus$ x4 ,x 0 necess>y to close ?is leak at once4 ,an iron bolt1 :i* 0 screw$ = a nut at "o end1 0 obta9$ & pass$ ?r\gh a /rong piece ( wood ab\t #b feet squ>e4 ,! inside ( ?is bo>d 0 cu%ion$ ) canvas & oakum1 & x 0 tak5 d[n outside ! %ip by ! div] & plac$ ov] ! hole1 ) ! fea!r$ end ( ! bolt /ick+ ?r\gh ! hole2 ! div] 0 !n s5t d[n inside ! hold1 & ) a nut set up ! :ole cu%ion until ! fl[ ( wat] 0 /opp$4 ,! leak 0 ?us /opp$ :i* _h ?reat5$ ! arrangem5ts = float+ ! %ip ) failure4 ,x has be5 se5 t ! me?od ( rais+ ! ,ulunda 0 v simple4 ,%e 0 float$ (f by ! ris+ tide4 ,if !re _h be5 only a small in/ead ( an #ah foot rise1 "s o!r mode w\ld h to h be5 adopt$4 ,no attempt 0 made to /op any ( ! leaks1 except ! "o j /at$1 b a deck above ! lac]ations 0 made wat]-tight1 & ?is1 toge!r ) ! sides ( ! %ip hang+ d[n1 =m$ a k9d ( div+ bell1 ! pressure ( air 9 :i*1 caus$ by ! wat] outside1 act+ on ?is deck1 be+ ! pr9cipal means ( buoy+ up ! %ip1 assi/$ by ! buoyancy ( ! two wat]-tight comp>tm5ts4 ,! deck aft]w>d built 0 only necess>y = ! safety ( ! %ip1 %e be+ able to float )\t x2 b x w\ld h be5 suicidal to tru/ ! %ip on ! ,atlantic 9 ! /ate %e 0 9 :5 rais$1 s9ce ) any swell on1 ! compress$ air w\ld escape & its place be tak5 by wat]1 ! buoyancy necess>y = keep+ h] afloat be+ ?us lo/4 ,x only rema9s to be said t ! risks run 9 /eam+ ar\nd to ,halifax by h]self 71 z x 01 v great1 & _h ! w9d & sea be5 less favorable1 ! und]tak+ w\ld probably h prov$ a disa/r\s failure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,!rmic ,,motor ,,( ,,! ,,future8 ,up to rec5t ye>s !re 0 no reason = putt+ ! "q t =ms ! title ( ?is article1 = x 0 admitt$ by all t ! conv]sion ( !rmic en]gy1 or heat produc$ by ! combu/ion ( coal1 into me*anical en]gy or "w c\ld no long] be effect$ economically except by hav+ rec\rse to /eam4 ,9 ord9>y language1 & ev5 to manufactur]s1 /eam eng9e 0 ! equival5t ( !rmic motor1 & x w\ld n h occurr$ to any "o to use any?+ else b /eam to effect ! trans=mation4 ,! progress t has be5 made dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s 9 ! !rmatic /udy & con/ruction ( gas motors 7)\t speak+ ( hot air motors7 has %[n t ! use ( /eam is n absolutely indisp5sable = ! production ( "w1 & x has demon/rat$ t1 z reg>ds dynamic product1 ! gas motor pres]ves ! advantage1 al?\gh ! relatively high price ( ! illum9at+ gas employ$ 9 ! production ( ! motive p[] g5]ally r5d]s ! use ( ?is combu/ible m co/ly ?an /eam1 especially = high p[]s4 ,! economic tru? ( tw5ty ye>s ago1 :5 gas motors absorb$ #a1ejj lit]s p] horse h\r & exce$$ ) difficulty an effective p[] ( f #h to #aj horses1 has become less & less c]ta91 :5 ! consumption has successively desc5d$ to #a1bjj1 #a1jjj1 #hjj & ev5 to #fjj lit]s ( gas p] horse h\r1 ! p[] ( ! motors ris+ gradually to #be1 #ej & #ajj horses ) a motor hav+ a s+le cyl9d] ( a diamet] ( #eg c5timet]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,corliss ,,eng9e ,,& ,,boil] ,,( #ajj ,,indicat$ ,h4,p4--,,elevation ,,& ,,plan4 ,a1 cyl9d]2 ,b1 cond5s]2 ,c1 boil]2 ,r1 fe$ wat] heat]2 ,d1 *imney4 ,b ^! results did n suffice1 & x 0 desir$ to d bett] /ill by disp5s+ ) ! use ( high pric$ illum9at+ gas4 ,an endeavor 0 made to obviate ! difficulty by manufactur+ a special gas = ! motive p[]1 z /eam is produc$ = ! same object1 by di/ill+ coal1 c>buret+ air1 produc+ wat] gas by ! ,d[son process1 & by o!r equival5t processes4 ,! /rides made 9 ?is direction 7 f9ally cr[n$ ) success1 & ! results obta9$ 9 ! rec5t exp]im5ts due to ,mr4 ,aim ,witz1 an und\bt$ au?ority 9 ! matt]1 p]mit ( affirm+ t n[ & h]eaft]1 9 _m circum/ances1 a gas g5]ator supply+ a gas motor w be able to advantage\sly de?rone a /eam boil] supply+ a /eam eng9e ( ! same p[]4 ,^! conclusions1 :i* t5d to no?+ less ?an to limit ! reign ( ! /eam eng9e1 are confirm$ on ! "o h& by an exp]im5t c>ri$ on = ! la/ two ye>s 9 ! ,b>ataud fl\r mill ( ,m>seilles1 :]e a #ej h4p4 ,simplex motor has be5 runn+ day & night = sev]al mon?s )\t /opp+1 & consum+ b ab\t #ejj grammes ( ,engli% an?racite p] effective horse h\r1 &1 on ano!r h&1 by "s p]sonal exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,witz's1 to :i* we %all %ortly adv]t1 & :5ce !re results a s5sibly equival5t production = a motor ( #ajj indicat$ h4p41 correspond+ to a p[] ( #ge effective horses4 ,be=e e/abli%+1 ) ,mr4 ,witz1 a comp>ison ( ! two sy/ems 9 pressure1 /eam or gas1 let u /ate 9 a few words 9 :at ! latt] consi/s1 ! /eam eng9e & ! boil] t supplies x be+ s well kn[n t no description is necess>y4 ,! ,d[son gas g5]ator does n diff] ess5tially f ! num]\s g5]ators devis$ dur+ rec5t ye>s = ! manufacture ( gase\s combu/ibles1 ! use ( :i* is s (t5 conv5i5t4 ,! motor t x supplies is ! mo/ p[]ful s+le cyl9d] "o t has hi!rto be5 con/ruct$4 ,x is ( #ajj indicat$ h4p41 & its normal angul> velocity is #ajj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,on trial x has yield$ #aab indicat$ h4p41 & #gf4h effective h4p41 correspond+ to an organic r5d]+ ( #fi p] c5t4 ,?is motor1 elaborat$ by ,messrs4 ,delam>e-,b\teville ,mal&91 ( ,r\51 op]ates by compression & 9 f\r p]iods1 accord+ to ! ,beau de ,ro*as cycle4 ,we give ! aspect ( x 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,9 ! fir/ p]iod ! mixture ( air & gas is suck$ 91 9 ! second x is compress$1 9 ! ?ird x is ignit$1 & 9 ! f\r? ! products ( combu/ion are expell$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,simplex ,,motor1 ,,d[son ,,g5]ator ,,( #ajj ,,indicat$ ,h4,p4--,,elevation ,,& ,,plan4 ,a1 cyl9d]2 ,b1 gas conduit2 ,c1 rubb] pockets2 ,d4 gasomet]2 ,e1 purifi]2 ,f1 scrubb]2 ,g1 hydraulic ma92 ,h1 cool+ pipe2 ,i /eam injector2 ,k1 /eam boil] & sup]heat]2 ,l1 gas g5]ator2 ,m1 *>g]2 ,n1 dis*>ge ( ! motor4 ,ignition is effect$ electrically by a s]ies ( sp>ks play+ betwe5 two plat9um po9ts 9 ! slide valve1 & ?is p]mits ( regulat+ ! in/ant ( ignition ?r\gh ! edges ( ! orifices4 ,! angul> velocity is regulat$ by a ,watt's gov]nor1 :i* secures an iso*ronism ( ! motion indep5d5tly ( ! *>ge4 ,! sett+ 9 motion ( s p[]ful an eng9e is effect$ v easily by means ( an arrangem5t t p]mits ( introduc+ into ! cyl9d]1 :ile ! pi/on is 9 ! c5t] ( ! /roke1 a mixture ( air & gas ^: pressure is suffici5t at ! arrival to expel ! in]t products4 ,aft] ?is ! ignition takes place1 & ! explosion is suffici5t to set ! motor 9 motion4 ,! trials made by ,mr4 ,witz ) ! motor repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #c gave ! foll[+ results1 d$uc$ f an exp]im5t ( #fh h\rs4 ,! figures relate to "o effective horse p[]1 measur$ ) ! brake ^u ! %aft ( ! motor4 ,consumption ( an?racite4 #eaf grammes4 coke4 #if ,consumption ( wat] = ! injection ( /eam4 #j4dhg lit]s4 ,consumption ( wat] = cool+ ! cyl9d]4 #ej4j ,consumption ( oil = lubricat+ ! cyl9d]4 #c4gd grammes4 ,consumption ( grease4 #j4de ,consumption ( gas r$uc$ to #j ,c4 & to #gfj mm4 #b1cgj lit]s4 ,?is la/ figure w appe> v high1 b ! fact mu/ n be lo/ sight ( t x is a "q ( poor gas1 ! net co/ ( :i* v>ies betwe5 "o & two c5times p] cubic met]1 & ! calorific p[] ( :i* is b #a1dhg heat units p] cubic met] ( con/ant volume1 & suppos+ ! /eam cond5s$4 ,?is combu/ion ( #fab grammes ( combu/ible p] effective horse h\r is rem>kable1 & fully %[s :at may be expect$ ( ! gas motor suppli$ by a gas g5]ator 9 putt+ to pr(it c]ta9 improvem5ts t w h]eaft] be possible1 su*1 = example1 z ! light5+ ( ! movable p>ts ( ! motor1 ! bett]+ ( its organic r5d]+ 7n[ q feeble71 ! use ( bett] oils1 ! r$uction ( ! consumption ( wat]1 ! sup]heat+ ( ! /eam inject$ into ! gas g5]ator1 etc4 ,a well con/ruct$ /eam eng9e1 c>efully kept 9 repair & z mu* improv$ z x is possible to make x1 w\ld c]ta9ly consume twice z mu* coal to produce ! same quantity ( effective "w1 say at lea/ #a1bjj grammes p] horse h\r4 ,b1 z has be5 object$ ) reason1 x does n suffice to comp>e ! figures z to ! consumption ( fuel 9 ord] to in/itute a s]i\s comp>ison betwe5 ! /eam eng9e & ! motor us+ poor gas4 ,! gas g5]ator requires ! use ( ,engli% an?racite1 :ile a /eam boil] is heat$ ) any k9d ( coal4 ,! prices ( unity ( weight are !re=e v diff]5t4 ,moreov]1 ! gas motor necessitates an imm5se am\nt ( wat] = ! wa%+ ( ! gas & ! cool+ ( ! cyl9d]1 ?r\gh circulation 9 ! jacket4 ,x is well to keep ?is fact 9 view4 ,on ano!r h&1 ! lubrification ( ! cyl9d]s requires a pr(usion ( oil ^: fla%+ po9t mu/ be at a v high temp]ature1 else x w\ld burn at e explosion & fill ! cyl9d] ) coom4 ,su* oil is v co/ly4 ,does n ! exp5diture ( oil 9 l>ge motors l>gely (fset ! sav+ 9 coal8 ,& !n1 gas motors are sold at high prices1 z are gas g5]ators1 & ?is in/allation necess>ily requires ! addition ( a l>ge gasomet]1 scrubb]s1 etc4 ,! we> ( ^! app>atus is rapid1 & if we take into acc\nt ! int]e/ & amortization ( ! capital engag$1 we %all f9d t ! use ( /eam is /ill m economical4 ,! ob/ruction caus$ by bulky app>atus is ano!r inconv5i5ce1 ^u :i* x is unnecess>y to dwell4 ,9 a ^w1 ! "q is a v complex "o4 ,we look at b "o side ( x 9 occupy+ ourselves only ) ! coal consum$1 & we %all c]ta9ly expose ^? :o all[$ !mselves to be influ5c$ by ! s$uctive figures ( consumption to bitt] disappo9tm5t4 ,to answ] su* objections ,mr4 ,aim ,witz has e/abli%$ a complete p>allel betwe5 ! two sy/ems1 9 :i* he looks at ! "q f a !oretical & practical & sci5tific & f9ancial po9t ( view4 ,consid]$ z a trans=mation app>atus1 a /eam motor burn+ good ,c>diff coal 9 a ,gall[ay boil] ) fe$ wat] heat]s w consume 7) a good cond5s+ eng9e utiliz+ an expansion ( a six?7 f #a1ajj to #a1bej grammes ( coal p] effective horse h\r1 :i* corresponds to a r\gh coeffici5t ( utilization ( #i4g p] c5t4 ,a gas g5]ator supply+ a gas motor burn+ ,swansea an?racite & ,noeux coke1 m$ium quality1 w consume #eaf grammes ( an?racite & #ij ( coke to produce #b1cgj lit]s ( gas giv+ #a1dhg heat units p] cubic met]4 ,( ! #c1ebd heat units furni%$ to ! motor by ! #b1cgj lit]s ( gas1 ! motor w conv]t #ah p] c5t4 into disposable me*anical "w4 ,) ! boil]1 ! gross r5d]+ ( ! :ole is #g p] c5t4 ,) ! gas g5]ator x rea*es #ab4g p] c5t4 ,f a !oretical po9t ( view ! advantage !re=e re/s ) ! gas g5]ator & gas motor4 ,9 ord] to comp>e ! net co/ ( ! units ( "w1 f an indu/rial po9t ( view1 x is necess>y to =m e/imates ( in/allation1 co/s ( keep+ 9 repair1 int]e/ & amortization4 ,figs4 #a & #b repres5t1 on ! same scale1 ! in/allations necess>y 9 ea* ( ^! sy/ems4 ,! leg5ds indicate ! names ( ! diff]5t app>atus 9 ea* in/allation4 ,! foll[+ table %[s t1 z reg>ds ! surface occupi$1 ! advantage is aga9 ) ! gas g5]ator & gas motor3 ,/eam ,eng9e4 ,gas ,motor4 ,surface cov]$4 #he sq4 m4 #gb sq4 m4 ,surface expos$4 #cc #dc --- --- ,total surface4 #aah #aae ,! e/imates ( in/allation =m$ by ,mr4 ,witz set =? ! exp5se relative to ! capital engag$ exactly at ! same figure ( #cb1jjj francs = a motive p[] ( #ge effective horses4 ,! exp5ses ( keep+ 9 repair1 int]e/1 etc41 summ$ up1 %[ t ! co/ p] day ( #aj h\rs is #dg4i francs = ! /eam eng9e & #ci4f = ! gas motor1 say a sav+ ( #h4c francs p] day1 or ab\t #b1ejj francs = a ye> ( #cjj days' "w4 ,! gas motor1 !re=e1 effects a great sav+1 :ile at ! same "t occupy+ less space1 consum+ less wat] & op]at+ j z well4 ,) ,mr4 ,witz we *e]fully admit all ! advantages t he s cle>ly e/abli%es ) 8 p]fect compet5cy 9 su* matt]s1 b !re /ill rema9 two po9ts ^u :i* we wi% to be enlight5$4 ,are n ! />t+ up1 ! op]ation & ! keep+ 9 repair ( a gas g5]ator actually m complicat$ & m delicate ?an ! same elem5ts ( a /eam eng9e8 ,does n ! poor gas manufactur$ 9 a gas g5]ator pres5t1 f a hygi5ic po9t ( view1 dang] suffici5tly great to proscribe ! use ( su* app>atus 9 _m circum/ances8 ,su* are ! po9ts ^u :i* we %\ld l to be enlight5$ be=e unres]v$ly %>+ ,mr4 ,witz's en?usiasm1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is ju/ifi$1 economically speak+1 by ! magnific5t results ( ! exp]im5ts made by ! le>n$ eng9e]4--,la ,nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,gas ,,motor ,,( #ajj ,,indicat$ ,,horse ,,p[]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,pneumatic ,,hamm]4 ,we publi% illu/rations ( a ,?waites susp5sion pneumatic p[] cwt4 hamm] ( a new design1 = plani%+ pipes & plates1 = :i* we are indebt$ to ,eng9e]+4 ,z indicat$ 9 ! p]spective view 7,fig4 #a7 ! me*anism is support$ at ! c5t] ( a cross gird] re/+ on two ca/ iron squ>e pill>s1 box section1 ea* bolt$ d[n to ! f\ndations by f\r #a 94 diamet] bolts4 ,! measurem5ts ( ^! columns & gird]s are giv5 9 ,figs4 #b & #c1 ! =m] an elevation ( ! hamm] & ! latt] a plan1 p>tly 9 section1 ( ! cross gird]1 :ile ,fig4 #d is a cross section %[+ ! arrangem5ts = op]at+ ! hamm]4 ,9 ! c5t] is a ca/ iron guide = work+ ! ram1 ! guide be+ ext5d$ on two sides to receive ! disk crank j\rnals1 #b 94 9 diamet] by #c 94 long4 ,! disk cranks are connect$ to a holl[ /eel ram by a connect+ rod4 ,! ram is divid$ inside into two comp>tm5ts1 ea* hav+ a phosphor bronze air pi/on4 ,^! are connect$ toge!r by a /eel pi/on rod1 ! top air pi/on =m+ a connection = ! small end ( ! connect+ rod4 ,! outside diamet] ( ! ram is #c 941 & ! diamet] ( ! air pi/ons #b 94 & #b-g_/h 94 respectively4 ,cott]$ into ! bottom ( ! ram is a /eel pallet hold] ) a dovetail1 s t ! pallet c be r5ew$ or ex*ang$ = "o ( ano!r %ape :5 requir$4 ,key$ on to ! crank%aft is a flang$ pulley #aj 94 9 diamet] by #c 94 betwe5 flanges4 ,!re is also an ov]head c\nt]%aft ) /rap %ift+ arrangem5t4 ,at ! side ( "o ( ! columns a h& lev] & quadrant are provid$1 z %[n 9 ! p]spective view & 9 ,fig4 #b1 = work+ an arrangem5t = tight5+ ! belt :5 ! ma*9e is work+4 ,to ?is arrangem5t is connect$ a p[]ful brake :i* /ops ! ma*9e 9 a few revolutions4 ,x w be se5 t ! brake is appli$ z ! belt is slack5$ = /opp+ ! ma*9e4 ,= plani%+ pipes or tubes a long wr\ght iron m&rel is provid$ m\nt$ on two ca/ iron c>riages1 ea* hav+ f\r flang$ :eels = runn+ on rails4 ,! hamm] is arrang$ s t tubes #d feet 9 diamet] c be work$ = plani%+ plates4 ,a pallet is fa/5$ on ! top ( "o ( ! m&rel c>riages1 ,figs4 #e to #h %[+ ! details ( ! c>riages4 ,! g5]al dim5sions are3 ,di/ance betwe5 pill>s1 #f feet2 height "u gird]1 #e feet2 height f gr\nd to top ( m&rel1 #d feet #a 942 & l5g? ( /roke1 #e 94 ,?is ma*9e is capable ( deliv]+ #ejj bl[s p] m9ute4 ,! con/ructors are ,messrs4 ,?waites ,bro!rs1 ,limit$1 ,brad=d1 ,york%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,susp5sion ,,pneumatic ,,p[] ,,hamm]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sibley ,,college ,,lectures4--#ahij-ia4 ,,by ,,! ,,cornell ,,univ]sity ,,non-,,resid5t ,,lectur]s ,,9 ,,me*anical ,,eng9e]+4 ,,compress$ ,,air ,,production4 ,by ,,wm4 ,l4 ,,saund]s1 ,c4,e41 ( ,new ,york4 ,i _c b realize z ,i /& be=e y t ,i w\ld be v mu* m at home 7 ,i 9 y\r mid/4 ,i feel b little old] & s v mu* less wise ?an :5 ,i sat 9 ! class room an und]graduate ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 t ,i tru/ ,i may expect y to give me ?is aft]noon1 n only y\r att5tion1 b y\r sympa?y4 ,! pres5t situation is n )\t sugge/ions ( my own exp]i5ce4 ,i recall a lecture 9 ! ord9>y c\rse1 giv5 by our pr(essor ( m9+1 ^: /ruggles ) ! ,engli% language 7 q z conspicu\s z 7 our ef=ts to tell :at he 0 driv+ at4 ,he 0 describ+ an ord9>y w9dlass hoi/ us$ at ! %aft ( a m9e4 ,he said ,!re is a w9dlass at de top ( de %aft ar\nd :i* is coil$ a rope1 on de two ends ( :i* is fa/5$ two er--er--pans1 "o ( :i* is a bucket & de od] a plat=m4 ,i m5tion ?is because ,i %all ask y to attribute my %ortcom+s 9 ?is lecture1 n s mu* to my lack ( famili>ity ) my native tongue1 z to--well1 because ,i 0 n educat$ at ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,we all "k :at free air is4 ,y :o are privileg$ to live ^u ^! beautiful hills ov]look+ ,i?aca & ! lake1 d\btless "k m ab\t free air ?an we d :o are *ok$ 9 ! du/y conf9es ( ,new ,york ,city4 ,compress$ air is simply air "u pressure4 ,t pressure may be an active "o1 z 9 ! case ( ! pi/on ( an air compressor2 or passive1 z ) ! walls ( a receiv] or transmission pipe4 ,x is usual to def9e compress$ air z air increas$ 9 d5sity by pressure1 b we "k t we may produce compress$ air by heat alone4 ,a simple illu/ration ( ?is is ! pressure :i* w bl[ a cork f an empty bottle :5 t bottle has be5 plac$ ne> ! fire4 ,"h we h pressure1 or compress$ air1 9 ! bottle produc$ by heat alone4 ,hav+ def9$ compress$ air1 we mu/ next def9e heat2 = 9 deal+ ) compress$ air1 we are br\ght face to face ) ! complex laws ( ,!rmodynamics4 ,we _c produce compress$ air )\t also produc+ heat1 & we _c use compress$ air z a p[] )\t produc+ cold4 ,bas$ on ! mat]ial !ory ( heat1 we w\ld say t :5 we take a c]ta9 volume ( free air & compress x into a small] space1 we get an increase 9 temp]ature because we h ! heat ( "o volume occupy+ less space1 b no "o at ?is date accepts ! mat]ial !ory ( heat4 ,y\r di/+ui%$ director1 ,pr(essor ,?ur/on1 9 discuss+ ,/eam & its ,rivals1 9 ! ,=um1 said3 ,! sci5ce ( ,!rmodynamics tea*es t heat & me*anical en]gy are only diff]5t phases ( ! same ?+1 ! "o be+ ! motion ( molecules1 & ! o!r t ( masses4 ,?is is ! accept$ !ory ( heat4 ,9 o!r words1 we d n believe t !re is any su* ?+ z heat1 b t :at we call heat is only ! s5sible effect ( motion4 ,9 ! cyl9d] ( an air compressor ! en]gy ( ! pi/on is conv]t$ into molecul> motion 9 ! air & ! result1 or ! equival5t1 is heat4 ,a high] temp]ature means an increas$ spe$ ( vibration1 & a l[] temp]ature means t ?is spe$ ( vibration is r$uc$4 ,if ,i hold an op5 cyl9d] 9 my left h& & a pi/on 9 my "r1 & place ! pi/on )9 ! cyl9d]1 ,i "h h a conf9$ volume ( air at ! temp]ature & ! pressure ( ?is room4 ,^! p>ticles ( air are 9 motion & produce heat & pressure 9 proportion to t motion4 ,n[ if ,i press ! pi/on to a po9t 9 ! c5t] ( ! cyl9d]1 t is1 to "o-half ! /roke1 ,i "h decrease ! di/ance betwe5 ! cyl9d] head & ! pi/on j "o-half1 h5ce ea* molecule ( air /rikes twice z _m bl[s ^u ! pi/on & head 9 travel+ ! same di/ance & ! pressure is d\bl$4 ,we h also produc$ ab\t #aaf degrees ( heat1 because we h exp5d$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w ^u ! air2 ! air has done no "w 9 return1 b we h increas$ ! en]gy ( molecul> vibration 9 ! air & ! result is heat4 ,b :at ( ?is heat8 ,:at h>m does x d8 ,if ,i in/antly release ! pi/on :i* ,i hold at "o-half /roke x w return to its orig9al position1 less only a little friction4 ,i h1 !re=e1 recov]$ all1 or ne>ly all1 ! p[] sp5t 9 compress+ ! air4 ,i h simply press$ a spr+1 & h let x recov]4 ,we see :at a p]fect spr+ compress$ air is4 ,we see ! possibility ( exp5d+ "o horse p[] ( en]gy ^u air & gett+ almo/ exactly "o horse p[] 9 return4 ,su* w\ld be ! case provid$ we us$ ! compress$ air p[] imm$iately & at ! po9t :]e ! compression takes place4 ,?is is nev] done1 b ! heat :i* has be5 box$ up#a 9 ! air is lo/ by radiation1 & we h lo/ p[]4 ,let u see to :at ext5t ?is takes place4 ,footnote #a3 ,i use mat]ial t]ms because !y add to simplicity ( expression & not)/&+ ! fact t heat is vibration4 ,?irte5 cubic feet ( free air at normal temp]ature & b>ometric pressure weigh ab\t "o p\nd4 ,we h se5 t #aaf degrees ( heat h be5 lib]at$ at half /roke4 ,! gauge pressure at ?is po9t rea*es #bd p\nds4 ,accord+ to ,m>iotte's law1 ,! temp]ature rema9+ con/ant1 ! volume v>ies inv]sely z ! pressure1 we %\ld h #ae p\nds gauge pressure4 ,! diff]5ce1 #i p\nds1 repres5ts ! effect ( ! heat ( compression 9 increas+ ! relative volume ( ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a43 ,,curves ,,( ,,compression ,,illu/rat$9 ,,volumes1 ,,pressures1 ,,& ,,temp]atures4 ,! specific heat ( air "u con/ant pressure be+ #j4bch1 we h #j4bch #aaf #bg4f heat units produc$ by compress+ "o p\nd or ?irte5 cubic feet ( free air into "o-half its volume4 #bg4f #ggb 7,j\le's equival5t7 #ba1cjg foot p\nds4 ,we "k t #cc1jjj foot p\nds is "o horse p[]1 & we see h[ easily ab\t two-?irds ( a horse p[] 9 heat units may be produc$ & lo/ 9 compress+ "o p\nd ( air4 ,i w\ld m5tion "h t exactly ?is same loss is suff]$ :5 compress$ air does "w 9 an eng9e & is exp&$ d[n to its orig9al pressure4 ,9 o!r words1 ! heat ( compression & ! cold ( expansion are 9 degree equal4 ,exp]im5ts made by ,m4 ,regnault & o!rs on ! influ5ce ( heat on pressures & volumes ( gases h enabl$ u to fix ! absolute z]o ( temp]ature z -#dfa degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,?is po9t1 #dfa degrees bel[ z]o1 is ! !oretical po9t at :i* a volume ( air is r$uc$ to no?+4 ,! volume ( air at diff]5t temp]atures is 9 proportion to ! absolute temp]ature1 & on ?is basis ,box gives u ! foll[+ table3 ,,table l4--,,( ,,! ,,volume ,,& ,,weight ,,( ,,dry ,,air ,,at ,,diff]5t ,,temp]atures ,,"u ,a ,,con/ant ,,atmosph]ic ,,pressure ,,( #bi4ib ,,in*es ,,( ,,m]cury ,,9 ,,! ,,b>omet] 7,,"o ,,atmosph]e71 ,,! ,,volume ,,at #cb ,,fahr5heit ,,be+ #a4 ,temp]ature ,volume 9 ,weight ( a 9 degrees4 cubic feet4 cubic foot 9 lb4 #cb #a4jjj #j4jhjg #db #a4jbj #j4jgia #eb #a4jda #j4jggf #fb #a4jfa #j4jgfa #gb #a4jhb #j4jgdg #hb #a4ajb #j4jgcc #ib #a4abb #j4jgbj #ajb #a4adc #j4jgjg #aab #a4afc #j4jfid #abb #a4ahd #j4jfhb #acb #a4bjd #j4jfga #adb #a4bbd #j4jffj #aeb #a4bde #j4jfdi #afb #a4bfe #j4jfch #agb #a4bhe #j4jfbh #ahb #a4cjf #j4jfah #aib #a4cbf #j4jfji #bjb #a4cdg #j4jfjj #bab #a4cfg #j4jeia #bcj #a4djd #j4jege #bej #a4ddd #j4jeei #bge #a4die #j4jedj #cjj #a4edf #j4jebb #cbe #a4eig #j4jejf #cej #a4fdh #j4jdij #cge #a4fhi #j4jdgg #djj #a4gej #j4jdfa #dej #a4heb #j4jdcf #ejj #a4ied #j4jdac #eej #b4jef #j4jchd #fjj #b4aea #j4jcgf #fej #b4bfj #j4jceg #gjj #b4cfb #j4jcch #gej #b4dfd #j4jcbh #hjj #b4eff #j4jcae #hej #b4ffh #j4jcjc #ijj #b4ggj #j4jbib #iej #b4hgb #j4jbha #a1jjj #b4igd #j4jbfh #a1ajj #c4agg #j4jbed #a1bjj #c4cha #j4jbci #a1cjj #c4ehe #j4jbbe #a1djj #c4ghi #j4jbac #a1ejj #c4iic #j4jbjb #a1fjj #d4aig #j4jaib #a1gjj #d4dja #j4jahc #a1hjj #d4fje #j4jage #a1ijj #d4hji #j4jafh #b1jjj #e4jab #j4jafa #b1ajj #e4baf #j4jaee #b1bjj #e4dbj #j4jadi #b1cjj #e4fbd #j4jadb #b1djj #e4hbh #j4jach #b1ejj #f4jcb #j4jacc #b1fjj #f4bcf #j4jacj #b1gjj #f4ddj #j4jabe #b1hjj #f4fdd #j4jaba #b1ijj #f4hdg #j4jaah #c1jjj #g4jea #j4jaad #c1ajj #g4bee #j4jaaa #c1bjj #g4dei #j4jajh ,transcrib]s note #a3 la/ digit illegible ,! effect ( ?is heat ( compression 9 increas+ ! volume1 & ! heat produc$ at diff]5t /ages ( compression1 are %[n by ! foll[+ table3 ,,table #b4--;,,heat ,,produc$ ,,by ,,compression ,,( ,,air4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,pressure4 ,atmo- ---------------------- ,volume ,temp]ature ,total sph]es4,p\nds p] ,p\nds p] 9 ,cubic ( ! ,air ,increase ( ,squ>e ,in*,squ>e ,in* ,feet4 ?r\gh\t ,temp]ature4 above a above ! ! ,process4 ,degrees4 ,vacuum4 ,atmosph]e ,degrees4 7,gauge ,pressure74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a4jj #ad4gj #j4jj #a4jjjj #fj4j #jj4j #a4aj #af4ag #a4dg #j4icdf #gd4f #ad4f #a4be #ah4cg #c4fg #j4hecf #id4h #cd4h #a4ej #bb4je #g4ce #j4geja #abd4i #fd4i #a4ge #be4ha #aa4aa #j4fgbd #aea4f #ia4f #b4jj #bi4dj #ad4gj #j4faag #age4h #aae4h #b4ej #cf4gj #bb4jj #j4ebba #bah4c #aeh4c #c4jj #dd4aj #bi4dj #j4dehh #bee4a #aie4a #c4ej #ea4dj #cf4gj #j4daac #bhg4h #bbg4h #d4jj #eh4hj #dd4aj #j4cgda #cag4d #beg4d #e4jj #gc4ej #eh4hj #j4caid #cfi4d #cji4d #f4jj #hh4bj #gc4ej #j4bhjf #dad4e #ced4e #g4jj #ajb4ij #hh4bj #j4beaf #ded4e #cid4e #h4jj #aag4fj #ajb4ij #j4bbhh #dij4f #dcj4f #i4jj #acb4cj #aag4fj #j4baje #ebc4g #dfc4d #aj4jj #adg4jj #acb4cj #j4aiec #eed4j #did4j #ae4jj #bbj4ej #bje4hj #j4adfe #fha4j #fba4j #bj4jj #bid4jj #bgi4cj #j4aaie #gha4j #gba4j #be4jj #cfg4ej #ceb4hj #j4ajbj #hfd4j #hjd4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,a cubic foot ( free air at a pressure ( "o atmosph]e 7equal to #ad4g p\nds above a vacuum7 at a temp]ature ( #fj degrees1 :5 compress$ to tw5ty-five atmosph]es1 w regi/] #cfg4e p\nds above a vacuum 7#ceb4h p\nds gauge pressure71 w occupy a volume ( #j4ajbj cubic foot1 w h a temp]ature ( #hfd degrees1 & ! total increase ( temp]ature is #hjd degrees4 ,! !rmal results ( air compression & expansion are %[n by ! accompany+ diagram4 ,! horizontal & v]tical l9es are ! measures ( volumes1 pressures & temp]atures4 ,! figures at ! top indicate pressures 9 atmosph]es above a vacuum1 ! correspond+ figures at ! bottom d5ote pressures by ! gauge4 ,at ! "r are volumes f "o to "o-t5?4 ,at ! left are degrees ( temp]atures f z]o to #a1jjj ,fahr5heit4 ,! two curves :i* beg9 at ! upp] left h& corn] & ext5d to ! l[] "r are ! l9es ( compression or expansion4 ,! upp] "o be+ ! ,adiabatic curve1 or t :i* repres5ts ! pressure at any po9t on ! /roke ) ! heat develop$ by compression rema9+ 9 ! air2 ! l[] is ! ,iso!rmal1 or ! pressure curve un9flu5c$ by heat4 ,! ?ree curves :i* beg9 at ! l[] left h& corn] & rise to ! "r are heat curves & repres5t ! increase ( temp]ature correspond+ ) diff]5t pressures & volumes1 assum+ 9 "o case t ! temp]ature ( ! air be=e admission to ! compressor is z]o1 9 ano!r sixty degrees1 & 9 ano!r "o hundr$ degrees4 ,beg9n+ ) ! adiabatic curve1 we f9d t = "o volume ( air :5 compress$ )\t cool+ ! curve int]sects ! fir/ v]tical l9e at a po9t betwe5 #j4f & #j4g volume1 ! gauge pressure be+ #ad4g p\nds4 ,if we assume t ?is air 0 admitt$ to ! compressor at a temp]ature ( z]o1 x w rea* ab\t #ajj degrees :5 ! gauge pressure is #ad4g p\nds4 ,we f9d ?is by foll[+ d[n ! fir/ l9e int]sect$ by ! adiabatic curve to ! po9t :]e ! z]o heat curve int]sects ?is same l9e1 ! read+ be+ giv5 9 figures to ! left imm$iately opposite4 ,if ! air _h be5 admitt$ to ! compressor at #fj degrees1 x w\ld regi/] ab\t #agf degrees at #ad4g p\nds gauge pressure4 ,if ! air 7 #ajj degrees be=e compression1 x w\ld g up to ab\t #bcj degrees at ?is pressure4 ,foll[+ ?is adiabatic curve until x int]sects l9e ,no4 #e1 repres5t+ a pressure ( five atmosph]es above a vacuum 7#eh4h lb4 gauge pressure71 we see t ! total increase ( temp]ature on ! z]o heat curve is ab\t #bgj degrees1 = ! #fj degree curve x is ab\t #cgj degrees1 & = ! #ajj degree curve x is ab\t #dce degrees4 ,! diagram %[s t :5 a volume ( air is compress$ adiabatically to #ba atmosph]es 7#bid lb4 gauge pressure71 x w occupy a volume a little m ?an "o-t5?2 ! total increase ( temp]ature ) an initial temp]ature ( z]o is ab\t #fej degrees2 ) #fj degrees initial temp]ature x is #hjj degrees1 & ) #ajj degrees initial x is #ijj degrees4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! z]o heat curve is flatt] ?an ! o!rs1 indicat+ t :5 free air is admitt$ to a compressor cold1 ! relative increase ( temp]ature is less ?an :5 ! air is hot4 ,?is po9ts to ! importance ( l[ initial temp]ature4 ,we h n[ se5 t ! economical production ( compress$ air dep5ds ^u ! foll[+ conditions3 7#a7 ,a l[ initial temp]ature4 7#b7 ,?or\gh cool+ dur+ compression4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ by exp]im5ts made 9 ,france t ! p[] requir$ to compress moi/ air is less ?an t = dry air4 ,a table %[+ ! p[] requir$ to compress moi/ & dry air has be5 prep>$ f ! data ( ,m4 ,mall>d & %[s t = five atmosph]es ! "w exp5d$ 9 compress+ "o p\nd ( dry air is #eh1ejj foot p\nds1 :ile t = moi/ air is #eb1ejj foot p\nds4 ,9 expansion also moi/ure 9 ! air adds to ! economy1 b 9 bo? cases ! sav+ ( p[] is n great en\gh to comp5sate = ! _m disadvantages due to ! pres5ce ( wat]4 ,mr4 ,norman ,selfe1 ( ! ,eng9e]+ ,association ( ,n4,s4,w41 has compil$ a table :i* %[s "s important !oretical conditions involv$ 9 produc+ compress$ air4 ,s mu* = ! !ory ( compression4 ,we n[ come to ! practical production ( compress$ air4 ,! fir/ record t we h ( ! use ( an air compressor is at ,ramsgate ,h>bor1 ,k5t1 9 ! ye> #aghh4 ,smeaton inv5t$ ?is pump = use 9 a div+ app>atus4 ,9 #ahea1 ,william ,cubitt1 at ,ro*e/] ,bridge1 & a little lat] an eng9e]1 ,brunel1 at ,salta%1 us$ compress$ air = bridge "w4 ,b ! fir/ notable application ( compress$ air is due to ,pr(essor ,colladon1 ( ,g5eva1 ^: plans 7 adopt$ at ! ,mont ,c5is tunnel4 ,m4 ,sommeill] develop$ ! ,colladon idea & con/ruct$ ! compress$ air plant illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,! ,sommeill] compressor 0 op]at$ z a ram1 utiliz+ a natural head ( wat] to =ce air at #hj p\nds pressure into a receiv]4 ,! column ( wat] conta9$ 9 ! long pipe on ! side ( ! hill 0 />t$ & /opp$ automatically1 by valves controll$ by eng9es4 ,! weight & mom5tum ( ! wat] =c$ a volume ( air ) su* %ock aga9/ a dis*>ge valve t x 0 op5$ & ! air 0 dis*>g$ into ! tank2 ! valve 0 !n clos$1 ! wat] *eck$2 a portion ( x 0 all[$ to dis*>ge & ! space 0 fill$ ) air1 :i* 0 9 turn =c$ into ! tank4 ,! effici5cy ( ?is compressor 0 ab\t #ej p] c5t4 ,at ! ,/4 ,go?>d tunnel1 begun 9 #ahgb1 ,pr(4 ,colladon fir/ introduc$ ! injection ( wat] 9 ! =m ( spray into ! compressor cyl9d] to absorb ! heat ( compression4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,fig4 #c illu/rates ! air cyl9d] ( ! ,dubois-,francois type ( compressor1 :i* 0 ! be/ 9 use ab\t ! ye> #ahgf4 ,?is compressor 0 exhibit$ at ! ,c5t5nial ,exposition & 0 adopt$ by ,mr4 ,sutro 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,sutro tunnel4 ,a *>act]i/ic feature seems to be to get z mu* wat] into ! cyl9d] z possible4 ,! wat] :i* flood$ ! bottom ( ! cyl9d] arose f ! volum9\s injection2 ?is wat] 0 pu%$ into ! end ( ! cyl9d] & "s ( x escap$ ) ! air ?r\gh ! dis*>ge valve4 ,an improv$ patt]n ( ?is compressor is %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,^! illu/rations are int]e/+ f an hi/orical po9t ( view1 z indicat+ ! l9e ( ?\ght :i* e>ly design]s ( air-compress+ ma*9]y foll[$4 ,z ! necessity = compress$ air p[] grew1 inv5tors turn$ _! att5tion to ! con/ruction ( air-compress+ eng9es t w\ld comb9e effici5cy ) light weight & economy ( space & co/4 ,! trade dem&$ compressors at inaccessible localities1 & 9 _m cases x 0 pref]r$ to sacrifice iso!rmal results to simplicity ( con/ruction & l[ co/4 ,x is evid5t t an air compressor :i* has ! /eam cyl9d] & ! air cyl9d] on a s+le /raight rod w apply ! p[] 9 ! mo/ direct mann]1 & w involve ! simple/ me*anics 9 ! con/ruction ( its p>ts4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ?is /raight l9e1 or direct con/ruction1 results 9 an eng9e :i* has ! greate/ p[] at a "t :5 !re is no "w to p]=m4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke /eam at ! boil] pressure is admitt$ beh9d ! pi/on1 &1 z ! air pi/on at t "t is also at ! initial po9t 9 ! /roke1 x has only free air aga9/ x4 ,! two pi/ons move simultane\sly1 & ! resi/ance 9 ! air cyl9d] rapidly increases z ! air is compress$4 ,to get economical results x is1 ( c\rse1 necess>y to cut (f 9 ! /eam cyl9d]1 s t at ! end ( ! /roke1 :5 ! /eam pressure is l[1 z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9e 7,fig4 #e71 ! air pressure is high1 z simil>ly indicat$4 ,! e>ly direct-act+ compressor us$ /eam at full pressure ?r\gh\t ! /roke4 ,! ,we/+h\se pump1 appli$ to locomotives1 is built on ?is pr9ciple1 & ^? :o h obs]v$ x "w h p]haps notic$ t its spe$ ( /roke is n uni=m1 b t x moves rapidly at ! beg9n+1 gradually r$uc+ its spe$1 & seems to labor1 until ! direction ( /roke is rev]s$4 ,?is con/ruction is admitt$ to be wa/eful1 b 9 "s cases1 notably t ( ! ,we/+h\se pump1 economy 9 /eam consumption is sacrific$ to lightness & economy ( space4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,_m ef=ts 7 made to equalize ! p[] & resi/ance by con/ruct+ ! air compressor on ! crank %aft pr9ciple1 putt+ ! cranks at v>i\s angles1 & by angul> positions ( /eam & air cyl9d]s4 ,sev]al types are %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,angul> positions ( ! cyl9d] involve exp5sive con/ruction & un/ead9ess4 ,exp]i5ce has conclusively prov$ t x does n pay to build air compressors ) v]tical cyl9d]s1 & moreov] we h f\nd out t !re is no?+ 9 ! app>5t difficulty 9 equaliz+ ! /ra9s 9 a direct-act+ eng9e4 ,x is simply necess>y to add en\gh weight to ! mov+ p>ts1 t is1 to ! pi/on1 pi/on rod1 fly :eel1 etc41 to cut (f e>ly 9 ! /roke & secure rotative spe$ ) ! mo/ economical results & ) ! *eape/ con/ruction4 ,x is obvi\s t ! !oretically p]fect air compressor is a direct-act+ "o ) a conical air cyl9d]1 ! base ( ! cone be+ ne>e/ ! /eam cyl9d]4 ,?is1 f a practical po9t ( view1 is impossible4 ,mr4 ,hill1 9 ref]r+ to ! fallaci\s t5d5cies ( pneumatic eng9e]s to equalize p[] & resi/ance 9 air compressors1 says3 ,! +5uity ( me*anics has be5 tax$ & a great v>iety ( devices h be5 employ$4 ,x is usual to build on ! patt]n ( presses :i* d _! "w 9 a few in*es ( ! end ( ! /roke & employ heavy fly :eels1 extra /rong connections1 & prodigi\s b$ plates4 ,c\nt]poise weights are also atta*$ to su* ma*9es2 ! /eam is all[$ to foll[ full /roke1 /eam cyl9d]s are plac$ at awkw>d angles to ! air-compress+ cyl9d]s & ! motion convey$ ?r\gh yokes1 toggles1 lev]s2 & _m jo9ts & o!r devices are us$1 _m ( :i* are entire failures1 :ile "s are us$ ) que/ionable eng9e]+ skill & v poor results4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,fig4 #g illu/rates ! !ory ( ,duplex ,air ,compressors4 ,! hydraulic pi/on or plung] compressor is l>gely us$ 9 ,g]many & else:]e on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe1 b ! duplex may be said to be ! /&>d type ( ,european compressor at ! pres5t "t4 ,x is also l>gely us$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,fig4 #g %[s ! f\r cyl9d]s ( a duplex compressor 9 two positions ( ! /roke4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ea* /eam cyl9d] has an air cyl9d] connect$ directly to ! tail rod ( its pi/on1 s t x is a direct-act+ ma*9e1 except 9 t ! /ra9s are transmitt$ ?r\gh a s+le fly :eel1 :i* is atta*$ to a crank %aft connect+ ! eng9es4 ,9 o!r words1 a duplex air compressor w\ld be id5tical ) a duplex /eam eng9e 7 x n = ! fact t air cyl9d]s are connect$ to ! /eam pi/on rods4 ,! result is1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #g1 t1 at t po9t ( ! /roke indicat$ 9 ! top section1 ! upp] "r h& /eam cyl9d]1 hav+ /eam at full pressure beh9d its pi/on1 is do+ "w ?r\gh ! angle ( ! crank %aft ^u ! air 9 ! l[] left h& cyl9d]4 ,at ?is po9t ( ! /roke ! opposite /eam cyl9d] has a r$uc$ /eam pressure & is do+ little or no "w1 because ! opposite air cyl9d] is beg9n+ its /roke4 ,ref]r+ n[ to ! l[] section1 x w be se5 t ! conditions are rev]s$4 ,"o crank has turn$ ! c5t]1 & t pi/on :i* 9 ! upp] section 0 do+ ! greate/ "w is n[ do+ little or no?+1 :ile ! labor ( ! eng9e has be5 transf]r$ to ^? cyl9d]s :i* a mom5t be=e _h be5 do+ no "w4 ,!re are "s advantages 9 ?is duplex con/ruction1 & "s disadvantages4 ,! crank %afts be+ set qu>t]+1 z is ! usual con/ruction1 ! eng9e may be run at l[ spe$ )\t gett+ on ! c5t]4 ,ea* half be+ complete 9 itself1 x is possible to deta* ! "o :5 only half ! capacity is requir$4 ,! p[] & resi/ance be+ equaliz$ ?r\gh opposite cyl9d]s1 l>ge fly :eels are n necess>y4 ,/range to say1 ! ,am]ican practice seems to be to atta* enorm\s fly :eels to duplex air compressors4 ,x is difficult to ju/ify ?is app>5tly useless exp5se 9 view ( ! facts %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,a fly :eel does n furni% p[]1 nor does x add to ! economy ( an eng9e except 9 s f> z x enables x to cut (f e>ly 9 ! /roke1 & to equalize ! p[] & resi/ance4 ,9 o!r words1 a fly :eel is n a s\rce ( p[]1 & 9 _m cases x is only a means by :i* we accompli% rotative spe$4 ,x takes p[] to move matt]1 & assum+ t o!r conditions are equal1 e eng9e t c>ries a fly :eel t is l>g] ?an is necess>y consumes a c]ta9 numb] ( foot p\nds 9 turn+ s mu* metal ar\nd ?r\gh space4 ,7 x possible to cut (f at ! same po9t & rotate z positively )\t a fly :eel1 x w\ld be done away ) entirely4 ,"s /raight l9e air compressors are s con/ruct$ t ! mom5tum ( ! pi/on & o!r mov+ p>ts is ne>ly suffici5t to equalize ! /ra9s )\t a fly :eel2 b ! fly :eel is !re because x insures a def9ite l5g? ( /roke1 & because x enables u to op]ate ecc5trics & to regulate ! spe$ ( ! eng9e uni=mly4 ,objections to ! duplex con/ruction are3 ,! /ra9s are indirect1 angul> & int]mitt5t4 ,x is necess>y !re=e to l>gely increase ! /r5g? ( p>ts2 to add a crank %aft ( l>ge diamet] ) enorm\s be>+s1 & to build exp5sive & v secure f\ndations4 ,%\ld ! f\ndations settle at any po9t1 excessive /ra9s w be br\ght ^u ! be>+s1 result+ 9 friction & liability to breakage4 ,a /eam eng9e meets ) a resi/ance on its crank %aft t is uni=m ?r\gh\t ! /roke2 :ile an air compressor is subject to a heavy maximum /ra9 at ! end ( ! /roke1 h5ce ! importance ( direct /raight l9e connection betwe5 p[] & resi/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,! friction loss on a duplex compressor seldom gets l[] ?an #ae p] c5t41 :ile /raight l9e compressors %[ z l[ a loss z #e p] c5t4 ,fig4 #h illu/rates ! ,r& ,duplex ,air ,compressor1 a ma*9e l>gely us$ 9 ,am]ica1 especially 9 ! ,lake ,sup]ior iron m9es4 ,fig4 #i illu/rates a ,duplex ,comp\nd ,cond5s+ ,corliss ,air ,compressor built by ! ,+]soll-,s]geant ,drill ,company4 ,?is is a compressor made ( ! be/ type ( ,corliss eng9e1 ) air cyl9d]s connect$ to ! tail rods ( ! /eam cyl9d]s4 ,"o ( ^! ma*9es1 ( ab\t #djj horse p[] capacity1 is n[ at "w furni%+ compress$ air p[] = ! ,brightwood ,/reet ,railway 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,fig4 #aj illu/rates ! ,norwalk direct-act+ /raight l9e air compressor1 ) comp\nd air cyl9d]4 ,! *ief purpose ( comp\nd+ is to r$uce ! maximum /ra94 ,?is con/ruction also adds to iso!rmal economy4 ,! l>ge cyl9d] to ! left det]m9es ! capacity ( ! compressor1 ! air be+ compress$ fir/ to a l[ pressure 7ord9>ily ab\t #cj p\nds p] squ>e in*71 aft]w>d pass+ ?r\gh an int]cool]1 by :i* its temp]ature is r$uc$1 & !n x is compress$ /ill high]1 ev5 to #e1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in* if desir$4 ,! t]m9al /ra91 :i* is s sev]e 9 air compressors1 is "h consid]ably r$uc$1 z 9 ?is case x is only equal to ! area ( ! initial air pi/on multipli$ by its l[ air pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,economical results are atta9$ ) ?is compressor at l[ co/ ( con/ruction4 ,! fly :eels are small1 & ! be>+s n>r[1 because ! maximum /ra9 is less1 & ! mom5tum ( ! pi/on & o!r mov+ p>ts is su* t mo/ ( ! high initial /eam p[] is tak5 up 9 />t+ ^! p>ts & is aft]w>d giv5 out at ! end ( ! /roke1 :5 ! /eam pressure is l[4 ,! /ra9s are direct1 & exp5sive f\ndations are n requir$4 ,fig4 #aa illu/rates ! ,+]soll-,s]geant ,comp\nd ,/raight ,l9e ,air ,compressor4 ,?is diff]s f ! "o j describ$ *iefly 9 t x is s+le-act+1 :ile ! o!r is d\ble-act+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,by s+le-act+ is meant t ! air cyl9d]s compress _! respective volumes ( air once e revolution4 ,! air is admitt$ to ! l>ge cyl9d] ?r\gh ! pi/on1 is compress$ to ab\t #cj p\nds1 & on ! return /roke ! pressure is rais$ to almo/ any po9t requir$1 & 9 proportion to ! diamet] ( ! small] cyl9d]4 ,?\gh s+le-act+1 ! capacity ( "o ( ^! compressors is ab\t equal to t ( ! d\ble-act+ ma*9e ( ! same co/ ( con/ruction4 ,! initial air cyl9d] is made l>ge en\gh to correspond ) ! capacity ( ! small] d\ble-act+ cyl9d]4 ,! /ra9s are equaliz$ because ! area ( ! l>ge cyl9d] multipli$ by its l[ pressure is exactly equal to t ( ! small cyl9d] multipli$ by its high pressure4 ,! maximum /ra9s are r$uc$ consid]ably bel[ ^? :i* exi/ 9 compressors t d n comp\nd ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,! advantage ( ! s+le-act+ air cyl9d] ov] ! d\ble is t x compresses a volume ( free air only once e revolution1 h5ce !re is a bett] *ance to cool ! air dur+ compression4 ,! cyl9d]s h "t to imp>t to ! wat] jackets ! heat produc$ by compression & are kept cool]4 ,! l>ge air head ( ! initial cyl9d] is jacket$1 also add+ to iso!rmal economy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,fig4 #ab illu/rates ! ,+]soll-,s]geant ,pi/on ,inlet ,cold ,air ,compressor4 ,?is a /raight l9e direct-act+ eng9e1 ) /eam & air pi/ons connect$ to a s+le rod ?r\gh a cros%ead :i* connects ) two fly :eels4 ,! /ra9s are direct & ! p[] & resi/ance are equaliz$ by ! in]tia ( ! cros%ead1 pi/on1 rods1 & fly :eels4 ,! ,mey]'s adju/able cut-(f is us$ on ! /eam cyl9d]4 ,! air cyl9d] is provid$ ) a tail rod tube ?r\gh :i* all ! air is admitt$ into ! cyl9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,,an ,,automatic ,,& ,,adju/able ,,regulator ,,& ,,unload+ ,,device ,,appli$ ,,to ,,+]soll-,,s]geant ,,air ,,compressors4 ,fig4 #ac illu/rates an unload+ device & regulator appli$ to ! ,+]soll-,s]geant compressor4 ,! purpose ( ?is unload+ device is to ma9ta9 a uni=m air pressure 9 ! receiv] & a uni=m spe$ ( eng9e1 not)/&+ ! consumption ( ! air1 & to d ?is )\t wa/e ( p[] or att5tion on ! "p ( ! eng9e]4 ,a weight$ valve ( safety valve patt]n is atta*$ to ! air cyl9d]1 & is connect$ ) ! air receiv]1 & ) a dis*>ge valve on ea* end ( ! air cyl9d]1 also ) a balanc$ ?rottle valve 9 ! /eam pipe4 ,:5 ! pressure ( ! air gets above ! desir$ po9t 9 ! receiv]1 ! valve is lift$ & ! air is exhau/$ f beh9d ! dis*>ge valves1 ?us lett+ ! compress$ air at full receiv] pressure into ! cyl9d] at bo? ends1 & balanc+ ! eng9e4 ,at ! same in/ant ! compress$ air is exhau/$ f ! little pi/on connect$ ) ! balanc$ /eam valve & ! /eam is automatically ?rottl$1 s t only en\gh /eam is admitt$ to keep ! eng9e turn+ ar\nd1 or to ov]come ! friction1 no "w be+ done4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,:5 ! compressor is unload$1 x is evid5t t ! function ( ! air pi/on is m]ely to =ce ! compress$ air ?r\gh ! dis*>ge valves & passages f "o end to ! o!r until m compress$ air is requir$1 ?is be+ indicat$ by a fall 9 ! receiv] pressure4 ,! weight$ valve n[ closes & ! small connect+ pipes are in/antly fill$ ) compress$ air2 ! /eam valve automatically op5s1 & ! compression goes on 9 ! regul> way4 ,ano!r function ( ?is device is to prev5t ! compressor f /opp+ or gett+ on ! c5t]4 ,direct-act+ compressors are liable to c5t] :5 do+ "w at sl[ spe$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,,pi/on ,,inlet ,,valve ,,op]at$ ,,by ,,! ,,natural ,,laws ,,( ,,mom5tum4 ,fig4 #ae illu/rates ! ,+]soll-,s]geant ,air ,cyl9d] & ,pi/on4 ,fig4 #af %[s ! pi/on inlet valve1 situat$ at ,g 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,two ( ^! valves are plac$ 9 ea* pi/on ( a d\ble-act+ air cyl9d]1 ! pi/on be+ holl[ & ! free air be+ admitt$ ?r\gh a tail-rod pipe1 lett] ,e1 ,fig4 #ae4 ,,jj are wat] jacket passages = cool+ ! air dur+ compression4 ,ow+ to ! abs5ce ( inlet valves1 l>ge wat] jackets are provid$1 n only ar\nd ! cyl9d] itself1 b ?r\gh ! heads4 ,z ! heat ( compression is great] ne> ! end ( ! /roke1 ! advantage ( a cool head is manife/4 ,h ,h are ! dis*>ge valves ?r\gh :i* ! compress$ air is =c$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,,pi/on ,,inlet ,,valve ,,op]at$ ,,by ,,! ,,natural ,,laws ,,( ,,mom5tum4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( ?is cyl9d] is ! pi/on inlet valve4 ,x is evid5t t ?is valve be+ atta*$ to ! pi/on ne$s no spr+s or o!r connections1 b is op5$ & clos$ exactly at ! "r "t by its natural in]tia4 ,) only ab\t ( an in* ?r[ ( valve a l>ge area is op5$1 ?r\gh :i* ! free air is drawn4 ,! valve is made ( a s+le piece ( composition metal & is practically inde/ructible4 ,its con/ruction is su* t x fills ! cle>ance spaces to a great] ext5t ?an is usual 9 air compressors4 ,a s+ul> feature is t indicator c>ds tak5 on ^! cyl9d]s %[ a free air l9e 9 "s cases a little above ! atmosph]ic l9e4 ,poppet valve compressors almo/ inv>iably %[ a slight vacuum1 due to sev]al causes1 ma9ly ! duty p]=m$ 9 compress+ ! spr+s ( ! valves1 b ! vacuum is also influ5c$ by insuffici5cy ( valve area1 hot air cyl9d]s1 etc4 ,?is cyl9d] gives its full volume ( air1 & app>5tly a little m at times1 because ! air is admitt$ by a conc5trat$ inlet 9 :i* free air is always mov+ 9 "o direction4 ,aft] x has be5 />t$1 ! spe$ ( ! compressor is su* t ! air atta9s a mom5tum due to its velocity & d5sity2 ?is s]ves a useful purpose 9 pil+ up ! free air 9 ! cyl9d] be=e ! inlet valve closes on ! return /roke4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,,comb9$ ,,/eam ,,& ,,air ,,indicator ,,c>d3 ,tak5 f a #afx#ah ,s]geant pi/on inlet air compressor1 mey]'s cut-(f at #c_/aj4 ,/eam at #eh lb42 air pressure1 #gg lb42 total eng9e friction1 #e p] c5t4 ,fig4 #ag illu/rates a comb9$ /eam & air indicator c>d tak5 f "o ( ^! cyl9d]s4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ) /eam & air cyl9d]s equal 9 diamet] & /roke1 an air pressure ( #gg p\nds is rea*$ ) a /eam pressure ( only #eh p\nds4 ,! reason = ?is is pla9ly %[n 9 ! c>ds1 _! areas be+ ne>ly equal4 ,:at is made up 9 ! air c>d by high pressure is repres5t$ 9 ! /eam c>d by great] volume4 ,! indicat$ effici5cy d$uc$ f ^! c>ds is #ie p] c5t41 t is1 ! area ( ! air c>d divid$ by ! area ( ! /eam c>d1 repres5t+ ! resi/ance divid$ by ! p[]1 results 9 #ie p] c5t4 ,:ile sev]al c>ds h be5 tak5 on ! cyl9d]s %[+ a loss by friction ( only #e p] c5t41 yet on ! av]age ! be/ practice %[s a loss ( #f p] c5t4 or an effici5cy ( #id p] c5t4 ,?is result indicates an almo/ p]fect proportion betwe5 p[] & resi/ance1 & good workman%ip 9 air-compress+ ma*9]y4 ,x is difficult to conceive an eng9e ( ?is size be+ work$ ) a less exp5diture = friction ?an #e or #f p] c5t4 ,7 x possible to reta9 ! heat :i* is 9 ! air1 & :i* is repres5t$ by ! space betwe5 ! dott$ iso!rmal curve & ! actual curve1 we might atta9 high effici5cy 9 us+ compress$ air p[]1 b x is evid5t t ! p[] repres5t$ by ! area ( ?is space w be lo/ by radiation ( heat be=e x is us$ 9 an eng9e situat$ sev]al hundr$ feet away4 ,^! indicator c>ds %[ at a glance t heat is responsible = ! important air losses1 & t s f> z ! design ( ! compress+ eng9e is conc]n$1 we h atta9$ a po9t v ne> p]fection4 ,all ! devices1 pa/1 pres5t & future1 on :i* inv5tors sp5d s mu* "t1 & 9 ! developm5t ( :i* capitali/s are innoc5tly inveigl$1 aim to save ?is six p] c5t4 loss6 ,we he> a good deal ab\t ,c5trifugal ,air ,compressors1 ,rot>ies1 ,plung] ,pumps1 etc41 designs involv+ exp5sive complications )\t any heat advantage1 & :i* seem to be bas$ ^u ! iridesc5t dream ( a l>ge loss 9 ! pres5t me?od ( compress+ air4 ,"h we h a simple eng9e1 compact & complete 9 itself1 capable ( high spe$ )\t injury1 con/ruct$ on ! basis ( our be/ /eam eng9e practice1 :i* produces compress$ air p[] at a loss ( only six p] c5t4 ,cle>ance is n tak5 into consid]ation 9 ! =ego+ figures1 b cle>ance is v mu* m ( a bete noir 9 !ory ?an 9 practice4 ,! e>ly design]s1 z %[n 9 ! ,dubois-,francois illu/rations1 ,figs4 #c & #d1 reg>d$ cle>ance loss z a v s]i\s matt]4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t "t "s air compressor manufactur]s admit wat] ?r\gh ! inlet valves into ! air cyl9d]1 n s mu* = ! purpose ( cool+ z to fill up ! cle>ance space4 ,a long /roke involv+ exp5sive con/ruction is usually ju/ifi$ by ! claim t a l>ge sav+ is effect$ by r$uc$ cle>ance loss4 ,let u see :at ! effect ( ?is cle>ance is4 ,assum+ t we h an air compressor :i* %[s an iso!rmal pressure l9e1 !re w\ld be "s loss ( p[] due to cle>ance space1 because we w\ld h a c]ta9 volume ( air ^u :i* "w 0 done & heat produc$1 t heat hav+ be5 absorb$ & ! air be+ reta9$ 9 ! cyl9d] & n s]v+ any useful purpose4 ,b let u assume t we h a compressor :i* %[s an adiabatic pressure l9e4 ,we n[ h ! air 9 ! cle>ance space act+ precisely z a spr+1 compress$ at ea* /roke1 reta9+ its heat ( compression1 & giv+ x out aga9/ ! air pi/on at ! po9t :5 ! /roke is rev]s$4 ,!re is no loss ( p[] 9 su* a case z ?is1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! air spr+ is useful 9 ov]com+ ! in]tia ( ! pi/on & mov+ p>ts4 ,! be/ air compressors give a result ab\t midway betwe5 ! iso!rmal & ! adiabatic1 & ! net loss ( p[] directly due to cle>ance is s small z to be practically unwor?y ( consid]ation4 ,x mu/ n be inf]r$ f ! prec$+ rem>ks t ! design] ( an air compressor may neglect ! "q ( cle>ance4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is a v important consid]ation4 ,if we assume a l>ge cle>ance space 9 ! end ( an air cyl9d] ( a compressor :i* is furni%+ air at a high pressure1 we may readily conceive t space to be s l>ge1 & t pressure s high1 t ! entire volume ( ! cyl9d] w\ld be fill$ by ! air f ! cle>ance space alone1 & ! compressor w\ld take 9 no free air & w\ld1 ( c\rse1 produce no compress$ air4 ,loss 9 capacity ( air compressors by cle>ance is 9 direct proportion to ! pressure4 ,ow+ to ! loss ( capacity by cle>ance space at high pressures1 x is important t comp\nd air cyl9d]s %\ld be us$ = furni%+ air at high pressure4 ,) comp\nd air cyl9d]s ! air is compress$ to alt]nate /ages ( pressure 9 ! diff]5t cyl9d]s1 & ! cle>ance loss is ?us r$uc$ because ( ! r$uc$ d5sity ( ! air 9 ! cle>ance spaces4 ,9 ord9>y practice air compressors deliv] ! air at less ?an #ajj p\nds pressure1 s t ) a prop]ly design$ air cyl9d] ! cle>ance space is s small t ! capacity ( ! compressor is n mat]ially affect$4 ,two sy/ems are 9 use by :i* ! heat ( compression is absorb$1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 "o & ! o!r is s di/9ct t air compressors are usually divid$ into two classes 7#a7 wet compressors1 7#b7 dry compressors4 ,a wet compressor is t :i* introduces wat] directly into ! air cyl9d] dur+ compression4 ,a dry compressor is t :i* introduces no wat] into ! air dur+ compression4 ,wet compressors may be subdivid$ into two classes4 7#a7 ,^? :i* inject wat] 9 ! =m ( a spray into ! cyl9d] dur+ compression4 7#b7 ,^? :i* use a wat] pi/on = =c+ ! air into conf9em5t4 ,! injection ( wat] into ! cyl9d] is usually kn[n z ! ,colladon idea4 ,compressors built on ?is sy/em h %[n ! highe/ iso!rmal results1 t is1 by means ( a f9ely divid$ spray ( cold wat] ! heat ( compression has be5 absorb$ to a po9t :]e ! compress$ air has be5 dis*>g$ at a temp]ature ne>ly equal to t at :i* x 0 admitt$ to ! cyl9d]4 ,! advantages ( wat] injection dur+ compression are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,l[ temp]ature ( air dur+ compression4 7#b7 ,increas$ volume ( air p] /roke1 due to fill+ ( cle>ance spaces ) wat] & to a cold air cyl9d]4 7#c7 ,l[ temp]ature ( air imm$iately aft] compression1 ?us cond5s+ moi/ure 9 ! air receiv]4 7#d7 ,l[ temp]ature ( cyl9d] & valves1 ?us ma9ta9+ pack+1 etc4 7#e7 ,economical results1 due to compression ( moi/ air 7see table #c74 ,,table #c4--,,%[+ ,,! ,,relative ,,quantity ,,( ,,"w ,,requir$ ,,to ,,compress ,a ,,giv5 ,,volume ,,& ,,weight ,,( ,,air1 ,,bo? ,,dry ,,& ,,moi/--,,also ,,relative ,,volumes ,,) ,,& ,,)\t ,,increase ,,( ,,temp]ature ,,f ,,compression4 ,compression at ,compression a ,con/ant ) ,temp]ature4 ,increase ( ,m>iotte's ,law4 ,temp]ature4 #aj4a #bj #fh #a4j #fh #bj4e #gaiiadfhj4fab #gicbafah #he4eahf #a4bbb #gccj4jibaaa #c4jbcejjbbejj #cj4cccaacefbcafj4deiaccfjbgbeacj4dbfg #a4cgebjjdj4aejace4ed4jcgjjjcejjj #dj4be #adbfjbijij4cgdaggcgcfahafe4fccj #a4diecdggj4aifaec4ed4hdhejjdejjj #ej4bjjafehjcchcj4cbjbabjidcbfaie4cchd #a4eiedfbij4bacafg #e4dehejjebejj #fj4afgahdgecgfhj4bhabdcajdieibbj4edbi #a4fhaehcej4bdjagi #f4jfgjjjfjjjj #gj4adcbjjchdjhgj4bebbgjdheeagbdc4bdgj #a4gehgjdjj4bfjaij #f4dgejjjffjjj #hj4abebadbbdcgjj4bbibieahfjbabfc4fejf4e a4hbhhjifj4bgd #ij4aaa #j4baj #bhb #eci4fa4hia #ajj4ajj #j4aie #bii #egj4ba4iej #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af ,column ,head+ #a ,t5sion 9 ,atmosph]es4 #b ,volume4 #c ,"w ( ,compression4 ,cubic ,met]s 9 ,kilogram-met]s4 #d ,"w ( ,compression4 ,cubic ,feet 9 ,foot ,p\nds4 #e ,volume4 #f ,"w ( ,compression4 7,dry47 ,cubic ,met]s 9 ,kilogram-met]s4 #g ,"w ( ,compression4 7,dry47 ,cubic ,feet 9 ,foot ,p\nds4 ,d$uc$ f #f4 #h ,temp]atures4 7,dry47 ,c5t4 #i ,temp]atures4 7,dry47 ,fah4 #aj ,ratio ( ,great] to ,less ,temp]ature4 ,absolute4 #aa ,loss ( ,"w 9 ,compress+ "o ,cubic ,met] 9 ,kilogram-met]s4 ,by ,increase ( ,temp]ature alone4 #ab ,p]c5tage ( ,"w ( ,compression ,conv]t$ into ,heat & ,lo/4 ,by ,increase ( ,temp]ature alone4 #ac ,f9al ,temp]ature if ,wat] is us$ 9 ,compression4 ,fah4 #ad ,p]c5tage ( ,wat] to ,air ,requir$4 #ae ,foot ,p\nds to ,compress ,"o ,p\nd ,air4 ,dry4 #af ,foot ,p\nds to ,compress ,"o ,p\nd ,air4 ,) suffici5t ,moi/ure4 ,! fir/ advantage is by f> ! mo/ important "o1 & is really ! only excuse = wat] injection 9 air compressors4 ,we h se5 7table #c7 t ! p]c5tage ( "w ( compression :i* is conv]t$ into heat & loss :5 no cool+ sy/em is us$ is z foll[s3 ,compress+ to #b atmosph]es loss #i4b p] c5t4 #c #ae4j #d #ai4f #e #ba4c #f #bd4j #g #bf4j #h #bg4d ,we see t 9 compress+ air to five atmosph]es1 :i* is ! usual practice1 ! heat loss is #ba4c p] c5t41 s t if we keep d[n ! temp]ature ( ! air dur+ compression to ! iso!rmal l9e1 we save ?is loss4 ,! be/ practice 9 ,am]ica has br\ght ?is heat loss d[n to #c4f p] c5t4 7old ,+]soll ,injection ,air ,compressor71 :ile 9 ,europe ! heat loss has be5 r$uc$ to #a4f p] c5t4 ,/eam-driv5 air compressors are usually run at a pi/on spe$ ( ab\t #cej feet p] m9ute1 or f #fj-hj revolutions p] m9ute ( compressors ( av]age sizes1 say #ah diamet] ( cyl9d]4 ,sixty revolutions p] m9ute is equal to #abj /rokes1 or two /rokes p] second4 ,an air cyl9d] #ah 9 diamet] fill$ ) free air once e half second1 & at ea* /roke compress+ ! air to #fj p\nds1 & !reby produc+ #cji degrees ( heat1 is ?us1 by means ( wat] injection1 cool$ to an ext5t h>dly possible ) m]e surface contact4 ,! specific heat ( wat] be+ ab\t f\r times t ( air1 x readily takes up ! heat ( compression4 ,a prop]ly design$ spray sy/em mu/ n be confus$ ) ! num]\s devices appli$ to air cyl9d]s1 by means ( :i* wat] is introduc$4 ,9 "s cases ! wat] is m]ely drawn 9 ?r\gh ! inlet valves4 ,9 o!rs x passes ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! pi/on & rod1 com+ 9 contact ) ! int]ior walls ( ! air cyl9d] betwe5 ! pack+ r+s4 ,introduc+ wat] into ! air cyl9d] 9 any o!r way1 except 9 ! =m ( a spray1 has b little effect 9 cool+ ! air dur+ compression4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is a mo/ fallaci\s sy/em1 because x introduces all ! disadvantages ( wat] injection )\t its iso!rmal influ5ce4 ,wat]1 by m]e surface contact ) air1 takes up b little heat1 :ile ! air1 hav+ a *ance to increase its temp]ature1 absorbs wat] ?r\gh ! aff9ity ( air = moi/ure1 & ?us c>ries ov] a volume ( saturat$ hot air into ! receiv] & pipes1 :i* on cool+1 z x always does 9 transit to ! m9e1 deposits its moi/ure & gives tr\ble ?r\gh wat] & freez+4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( mu* importance to be> 9 m9d t unless wat] c be introduc$ dur+ compression to su* an ext5t z to keep d[n ! temp]ature ( ! air 9 ! cyl9d]1 x _h bett] n be introduc$ at all4 ,if too little wat] is introduc$ into an air cyl9d] dur+ compression1 ! result is w>m1 moi/ air1 & if too mu* wat] is us$1 x results 9 a surplus ( p[] requir$ to move a body ( wat] :i* r5d]s no useful s]vice4 ,! foll[+ table d$uc$ f ,zahn]'s =mula gives ! quantity ( wat] :i* %\ld be inject$ p] cubic foot ( air compress$ 9 ord] to keep ! temp]ature d[n to #ajd degrees ,fah4 ,weight ( wat] ,weight ( wat] to be inject$ at to be inject$ at ,heat units devel-#fh ,fah4 to keep #fh ,fah4 to keep ,compression op$ 9 #a lb4 ! temp]ature at! temp]ature at by atmosph]e free air by #ajd ,fah4 9 lbs4 #ajd ,fah4 9 lbs4 ( above a volume4compression4 ( wat] & p] wat] = #a cubic lb4 ( free air4 foot ( free air4 #b #c4gjb #j4gcd #j4jef #c #e4hfg #a4ffd #j4jhi #d #g4djf #a4dfi #j4aac #e #h4eih #a4gja #j4aca #f #i4egj #a4hia #j4ade #g #aj4cih #b4jfc #j4aeh #h #aa4aji #b4bjd #j4afg #i #aa4gdj #b4cbi #j4agi #aj #ab4cja #b4ddj #j4ahh #aa #ab4hac #b4edb #j4aie #ab #ac4bgh #b4fcd #j4bjb #ac #ac4gjf #b4gai #j4bji #ad #ad4ajb #b4gih #j4bae #ae #ad4dga #b4hga #j4bbc ,objections to wat] injection are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,impurities 9 ! wat]1 :i*1 ?r\gh bo? me*anical & *emical action1 de/roy expos$ metallic surfaces4 7#b7 ,we> ( cyl9d]1 pi/on & o!r p>ts1 due directly to ! fact t wat] is a bad lubricant1 & z ! d5sity ( wat] is great] ?an t ( oil1 ! latt] floats on ! wat] & has no *ance to lubricate ! mov+ p>ts4 7#c7 ,wet air aris+ f insuffici5t quantity ( wat] & f ineffici5t means ( ejection4 7#d7 ,me*anical complications connect$ ) ! wat] pump1 & ! difficulties 9 ! way ( proportion+ ! volume ( wat] & its temp]ature to ! volume1 temp]ature & pressure ( ! air4 7#e7 ,loss ( p[] requir$ to ov]come ! in]tia ( ! wat]4 7#f7 ,limitations to ! spe$ ( ! compressor1 because ( ! liability to break ! cyl9d] head jo9t by wat] conf9$ 9 ! cle>ance spaces4 7#g7 ,absorption ( air by wat]4 ,be=e ! introduction ( cond5s+ air receiv]s1 wet air result+ 9 freez+ 0 consid]$ ! mo/ s]i\s ob/acle to wat] injection2 b ?is difficulty no long] exi/s1 z exp]i5ce has conclusively demon/rat$ t a l>ge "p ( ! moi/ure 9 compress$ air may be ab/ract$ 9 ! air receiv]4 ,ev5 9 ! s-call$ dry compressors a great deal ( moi/ure is c>ri$ ov] ) ! compress$ air1 because ! atmosph]e is nev] free f moi/ure4 ,?is subject w be ref]r$ to m fully :5 treat+ ( ! transmission ( compress$ air4 ,by f> ! mo/ s]i\s ob/acle to wat] injection1 & t :i* condemns ! wet compressor1 is ! influ5ce ( ! inject$ wat] ^u ! air cyl9d] & p>ts4 ,ev5 :5 pure wat] is us$1 ! cyl9d]s we> to su* an ext5t z to produce leakage & to require rebor+4 ,! limitation to ! spe$ ( a compressor is also an important objection4 ,! claim made by "s t ! inject$ wat] does n fill ! cle>ance spaces1 b is a]at$1 does n hold good1 except ) an ineffici5t injection sy/em4 ,! writ] has increas$ ! spe$ ( an air compressor 7cyl9d]s #ab 94 & #ab 94 by #ah 941 injection air cyl9d]7 t5 revolutions p] m9ute by plac+ 8 f+]s ov] ! orifice ( ! suction pipe ( ! wat] pump4 ,! boil] pressure rema9$ ! same1 ! cut-(f 0 n *ang$ & ! air pressure 0 uni=m1 h5ce ?is increase ( spe$ arose f ! fact t ! wat] 0 re/rict$ & ! cle>ance spaces 7 fill$ ) compress$ air1 :i* s]v$ z a cu%ion or spr+4 ,:ile ! volume ( compress$ air furni%$ by ?is compressor w\ld be some:at r$uc$ by ! re/riction ( ! wat]1 yet ! increase 9 spe$ :i* 0 obta9$ )\t any increase ( p[] fully comp5sat$ = ! cle>ance loss4 ,mr4 ,john ,d>l+ton1 ( ,engl&1 gives ! foll[+ p>ticul>s ( a mod]n air compressor ( ,european type3 ,eng9e1 two v]tical cyl9d]s1 /eam jacket$1 ) ,mey]'s expansion ge>4 ,cyl9d]s1 #af4i in*es diamet]1 /roke #ci4d in*es2 compressor1 two cyl9d]s1 diamet] ( pi/on1 #bc4j in*es2 /roke #ci4d in*es2 revolutions p] m9ute1 #cj to #dj2 pi/on spe$ #ci to #eb in*es p] second1 capacity ( cyl9d] p] revolution1 #bj cubic feet3 diamet] ( valves1 viz41 f\r inlet & f\r outlet1 #e in*es2 weight ( ea* inlet valve1 #h lb42 outlet1 #aj lb42 pressure ( air1 #d to #e atmosph]es4 ,! diagrams tak5 ( ! eng9e & compressor %[ t ! "w exp5d$ 9 compress+ "o cubic met] ( air to #d4ba effective atmosph]es 0 #ch1abh lb4 ,accord+ to ,boyle & ,m>iotte's law x w\ld be #cg1ecd lb41 ! diff]5ce be+ #eid lb41 or a loss ( #a4f p] c5t4 ,or if compress$ )\t ab/raction ( heat1 ! "w exp5d$ w\ld 9 t case h be5 #dh1aeh4 ,! volume ( air compress$ p] revolution 0 #j4efed cubic met]4 ,= obta9+ ?is measure ( compress$ air1 ! "w exp5d$ 0 #ba1eeg p\nds4 ,! "w done 9 ! /eam cyl9d]s1 f indicator diagrams1 is %[n to h be5 #be1bje p\nds1 ! useful effect be+ #he p] c5t4 ( ! p[] exp5d$4 ,! temp]ature ( air on ent]+ ! cyl9d] 0 #ej degrees ,fah41 on leav+ #fb degrees ,fah41 or an increase ( #ab degrees ,fah4 ,)\t ! wat] jacket & wat] injection = cool+ ! temp]ature x w\ld h be5 #cjb degrees ,fah4 ,! wat] inject$ into ! cyl9d]s p] revolution 0 #j4ha gallon4 ,we h 9 ! =ego+ a rem>kable iso!rmal result4 ,! heat ( compression is s ?or\ghly absorb$ t ! !rmal loss is only #a4f p] c5t42 b ! loss by friction ( ! eng9e is #ad4e p] c5t41 & ! net economy ( ! :ole sy/em is no great] ?an t ( ! be/ ,am]ican dry compressor1 :i* loses ab\t "o-half ! !oretical loss due to heat ( compression1 b :i* makes up ! diff]5ce by a l[ friction loss4 ,! wet compressor ( ! second class is ! wat] pi/on compressor1 ,fig4 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,,hydraulic ,,air ,,compressor4 ,! illu/ration %[s ! g5]al type ( ?is compressor1 ?\gh x has be5 subject to mu* modification 9 diff]5t places4 ,9 ,am]ica1 a plung] is us$ in/ead ( a pi/on1 & z x always moves 9 wat] ! result is m satisfactory4 ,! pi/on1 or plung]1 moves horizontally 9 ! l[] "p ( a ,u %ap$ cyl9d]4 ,wat] at all times surr\nds ! pi/on1 & fills alt]nately ! upp] *amb]s4 ,! free air is admitt$ ?r\gh a valve on ! side ( ea* column & is dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! top4 ,! movem5t ( ! pi/on causes ! wat] to rise on "o side & fall on ! o!r4 ,z ! wat] falls ! space is occupi$ by free air1 :i* is compress$ :5 ! motion ( ! pi/on is rev]s$1 & ! wat] column rais$4 ,! dis*>ge valve is s proportion$ t "s ( ! wat] is c>ri$ out aft] ! air has be5 dis*>g$4 ,h5ce !re are no cle>ance losses4 ,?is hydraulic compressor seems to h a c]ta9 *>m ab\t x1 :i* has result$ 9 its adoption 9 ,g]many1 ,france & ,belgium1 & by "o ( ! l>ge/ m9es 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,its advantages are purely !oretical1 & )\t c]ta9 adjuncts :i* h be5 9 "s cases appli$ to x1 ev5 ! !ory is a v bad "o4 ,! *ief claim = ?is wat] pi/on compressor is t its pi/on is also its cool+ device1 & t ! heat ( compression is absorb$ by ! wat]4 ,s mu* confid5ce seems to be plac$ 9 ! iso!rmal features ( ?is ma*9e t usually no wat] jacket or spray pump is appli$4 ,mr4 ,d>l+ton1 :o is "o ( ! /an* def5d]s ( ?is class ( compressors1 has f\nd x necess>y to introduce spray jets ( wat] imm$iately "u ! outlet valves1 ! object ( :i* is to absorb a l>g] am\nt ( heat ?an w\ld o!rwise be effect$ by ! simple contact ( ! air ) ! wat]-compress+ column4 ,)\t su* spray connections1 x is safe to say t ?is compressor has sc>cely any cool+ advantages at all1 s f> z air cool+ is conc]n$4 ,wat] is n a good conductor ( heat4 ,9 ?is case only "o side ( a l>ge body ( air is expos$ to a wat] surface1 & z wat] is a bad conductor1 ! result is t a ?9 film ( wat] gets hot 9 ! e>ly /age ( ! /roke & little or no cool+ takes place !reaft]4 ,! compress$ air is d\btless cool$ be=e x gets ev5 z f> z ! receiv]1 because s mu* wat] is tumbl$ ov] into ! pipes ) x1 b to produce economical results ! cool+ %\ld take place dur+ compression4 ,wat] & ca/ iron h ab\t ! same relative capacity = heat at equal volumes4 ,9 ?is wat] pi/on compressor we h only "o cool+ surface1 :i* soon gets hot1 :ile ) a dry compressor1 ) wat] jacket$ cyl9d]s & heads1 !re are sev]al cold metallic surfaces expos$ on "o side to ! heat ( compression1 & on ! o!r to a mov+ body ( cold wat]4 ,b ! wat] pi/on frat]nity promptly br+s =w>d ! "q ( spe$4 ,!y say t1 admitt+ t ! cool+ surfaces are equal1 we h 9 "o case m "t to absorb ! heat ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,?is is true1 & "h we come to an important class division 9 air compress+ ma*9]y--high spe$ & %ort /roke z aga9/ sl[ spe$ & long /roke4 ,hydraulic pi/on compressors are subject to ! laws t gov]n pi/on pumps1 & are1 !re=e1 limit$ to a pi/on spe$ ( ab\t #ajj feet p] m9ute4 ,x is q out ( ! "q to run !m at mu* high] spe$ ?an ?is )\t %ock to ! eng9e & fluctuations ( air pressure due to agitation ( ! wat] pi/on4 ,! quantity ( heat produc$1 t is1 ! degree ( temp]ature rea*$1 dep5ds entirely ^u ! conditions 9 ! air itself1 z to d5sity1 temp]ature & moi/ure1 & is entirely indep5d5t ( spe$4 ,we h se5 t x is possible to lose #ba4c p] c5t4 ( "w :5 compress+ air to five atmosph]es )\t any cool+ arrangem5ts4 ,) ! be/ compressors ( ! dry sy/em "o-half ( ?is loss is sav$ by wat] jacket absorption1 s t we are left ) ab\t #aa p] c5t41 :i* ! sl[ mov+ compressor seeks to erase4 ,we are q safe 9 say+ t ! elem5t ( "t alone 9 ! /roke ( an air compressor c\ld n possibly effect a sav+ ( m ?an half ( ?is1 or #e p] c5t4 ,n[1 9 ord] to get ?is #e p] c5t4 sav+1 we r$uce ! spe$ ( an air-compress+ eng9e f #cej feet p] m9ute to #ajj feet p] m9ute4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 9 "o case h a pi/on area ?ree & "o-half times t ( ! o!r 9 ord] to get ! same capacity ( air1 & 9 do+ ?is we build an eng9e ( enorm\s proportions ) heavy mov+ p>ts4 ,we load x d[n ) a l>ge mass ( wat]1 :i* x mu/ move back & =? dur+ its "w1 & ?us we produce a p]c5tage ( friction loss alone equal to twice or ev5 ?ree times ! #e p] c5t4 heat loss :i* is responsible = all ?is exp5se 9 fir/ co/ & 9 ma9t5ance1 b :i* really is n sav$ aft] all unless wat] injection 9 ! =m ( spray also =ms a "p ( ! sy/em4 ,x is obvi\s t co/ ( con/ruction & ma9t5ance h mu* to d ) ! comm]cial value ( an air compressor4 ,! hydraulic pi/on ma*9e n only co/s a great deal m 9 proportion to ! p[] x produces1 b x co/s m to ma9ta9 x1 & x co/s m to run x4 ,x is n an uncommon ?+ to he> eng9e]s speak ( ! hydraulic pi/on compressor z ! mo/ economical ma*9e = ! purpose1 b t x is s exp5sive & takes up s mu* room1 & requires su* exp5sive f\ndations t1 unless p]sons are will+ to sp5d s mu* money1 !y _h bett] take ! next be/ ?+1 a high spe$ ma*9e4 ,we he> ( magnific5t air-compress+ eng9es1 ! l>ge/ 9 ! c\ntry1 & pilgrimages are made to see ^! artificial wond]s :51 n unlike ! old pyramids1 !y repres5t a pile ( in]t matt]--a monum5t to money$ k+s4 ,! hydraulic pi/on compressor has "o solit>y advantage1 & t is1 x has no dead spaces4 ,x 0 conceiv$ at a "t :5 dead spaces 7 v s]i\s conditions--7 positive spect]s6 ,valves & o!r me*anism connect$ ) ! cyl9d] ( an air compressor 7 once ( su* crude con/ruction t x 0 impossible to r$uce ! cle>ance spaces to a reasonable po9t1 &1 fur!rmore1 ! valves 7 heavy & s complicat$ t any?+ l a high spe$ w\ld ei!r break !m or we> !m out rapidly1 or d]ange !m s t leakages w\ld occur4 ,b we h n[ r$uc$ inlet & dis*>ge valves & all o!r mov+ p>ts connect$ ) an air cyl9d] to a po9t ( extreme simplicity4 ,cle>ance space is 9 "s cases de/roy$ altoge!r by :at is1 z x 71 an ela/ic air head :i* is br\ght into direct contact ) ! pi/on4 ,all ?is r$uces cle>ance to s small a po9t t x has no influ5ce ( any consequ5ce4 ,! mov+ p>ts are made extremely simple1 ev5 arriv+ at a po9t :]e inlet valves are op5$ & clos$ by _! natural in]tia4 ,mr4 ,/urgeon1 ( ,engl&1 has appli$ a mo/ +5i\s & successful inlet valve1 :i* is op5$ & clos$ by ! friction ( ! air pi/on rod ?r\gh ! gl&4 ,we h1 !re=e1 rea*$ a po9t at :i* high spe$ is made possible4 ,long-/roke air compressors are evid5tly objectionable on ! basis ( great] exp5se ( con/ruction4 ,all ! p>ts mu/ be l>g] & heavi]4 ,! fly :eels are increas$ enorm\sly 9 diamet] & weight1 & ! /r5g? ( be>+s mu/ be enl>g$ 9 proportion4 ,x is difficult to equalize p[] & resi/ance 9 air compressors ) long /rokes4 ,! spe$ w be j]ky1 & :5 sl[1 ! fly :eel r ret>ds ?an assi/s 9 ! "w ( compression4 ,?is action t5ds to d]ange ! p>ts & makes l>ge be>+s a necessity4 ,! pi/on 9 a long-/roke compressor travels ?r\gh consid]able space be=e ! pressure rea*es a po9t :]e ! dis*>ge valve op5s1 & aft] rea*+ t po9t x has to g on /ill fur!r aga9/ a prolong$ uni=m resi/ance4 ,?is makes rotative spe$ difficult4 ,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! /roke1 ! en]gy ( ! /eam pi/on mu/ be /or$ up 9 ! mov+ p>ts1 to be giv5 out :5 ! /eam pressure has be5 r$uc$ ?r\gh an e>ly cut-(f4 ,) a %ort /roke & a l>ge diamet] ( /eam cyl9d] we are able to get /eam economy or e>ly cut-(f & expansion )\t ! complications ( comp\nd+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #gic1 page #abfgg4 ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,wat]1 ,,or ,,hydraulics ,,simplifi$4 ,by ,g4,d4 ,hiscox4 ,,curr5t ,,:eels ,,= ,,p[] ,,& ,,rais+ ,,wat]4 ,! natural fl[ ( wat] 9 a curr5t is probably "o ( ! olde/ & *eape/ ( ! me?ods = obta9+ p[]1 or ! lift+ ( wat] )9 mod]ate elevations1 = a supply = irrigation & dome/ic purposes2 & we propose1 ap>t f ! curr5t :eel1 to treat only ( self-wat]-rais+ devices 9 ?is *apt]4 ,wat] :eels ( v>i\s =ms = ?is purpose h be5 us$ f "t immemorial 9 ,europe1 ,asia & ,egypt1 :]e ! record gives examples ( :eels ( ! noria class f #cj to #ij feet 9 diamet]2 ! t]m noria hav+ be5 appli$ to wat] :eels c>ry+ buckets = rais+ wat]2 ! ,spani% noria hav+ buckets on an endless *a94 ,records ( a ,*9ese noria1 ( #cj feet diamet]1 made ( bamboo1 %[ a lift+ capacity ( #cjj tons ( wat] p] day to a height ( ( ! diamet] ( ! :eel--velocity ( curr5t n /at$4 ,= less quantity & great] elevation1 ^! =ms ( :eel may h pumps atta*$ to ! %aft1 by crank1 t w give a fair duty = a high wat] supply4 ,= p[] purposes1 z 9 ! pla9 curr5t :eel1 ,fig4 #bc1 !re are two pr9cipal factors 9 ! problem ( p[]--! velocity ( ! curr5t & ! area ( ! buckets or blades4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc ,_! effici5cy is v l[1 f #be to #cf p] c5t41 accord+ to _! lightness ( make & =m ( buckets4 ,a slightly curv$ plate iron bucket gives ! highe/ effici5cy1 ?us 7 to ! curr5t1 & an additional value may also be giv5 by slightly %r\d+ ! ends ( ! buckets4 ,! relative velocity ( ! p]iph]y ( ! :eel to ! velocity ( ! curr5t %\ld be #ej p] c5t4 ) curv$ blades = be/ effect4 ,! mo/ useful & conv5i5t sizes = p[] purposes are f #aj to #bj feet1 & f #b to #bj feet wide1 al?\gh1 z be=e /at$1 !re is sc>cely a limit "u #ajj feet diamet] = special purposes4 ,9 design+ ?is class ( :eels special att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! conc5tration & increase ( ! velocity ( ! curr5t by w+ dams or by ! n>r[+ ( %all[ /reams2 always be>+ 9 m9d t any increase 9 ! velocity ( ! curr5t is economy 9 increas$ p[]1 z well z 9 ! size & co/ ( a :eel = a giv5 p[]4 ,! blades 9 ! small] size :eels %\ld be #a_/d ( ! radius 9 wid?1 & = ! l>g] sizes up to #bj feet1 #a_/e to #a_/f ( ! radius 9 wid? & spac$ equal to f #a_/d to #a_/c ( ! radius4 ,!y %\ld be completely subm]g$ at ! l[e/ po9t4 ,= obta9+ ! horse p[] ( a curr5t :eel1 ! =mula is ,area ( #a blade velocity ( ! curr5t 9 ft4 p] sec4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #djj by ! squ>e ( diff]5ce ( velocities ( curr5t & :eel p]iph]y ! horse p[]2 or ,a ,v #b ------ 7,v - v7 h4 p4 #djj ,,tex3 frac,a times ,v#djj times 7,v - v7#b h4 p4 9 :i* ,a equals ! area ( blade 9 squ>e feet1 ,v & v velocities ( curr5t & :eel p]iph]y respectively1 9 feet p] second4 ,?us1 = example1 a :eel #aj feet 9 diamet] ) blades #f feet long & #a foot 9 wid?1 runn+ 9 a /ream ( #e feet p] second--assum+ ! :eel to be giv+ z mu* p[] z w r$uce its velocity to "o half t ( ! /ream--! figures w be #f' #e' #b ------- #b4e #j4dfh #djj ,,tex3 frac#f' times #e'djj times #b4eb #j4dfh horse p[] ( ! :eel4 ,! total p[] ( ! /ream due to ! area ( ! blade equals ! ,squ>e ( ! velocity ( ! /ream ------------------------------------ ,twice gravity 7#fd4cc7 volume ( wat] 9 cubic feet p] second #fb4e 7weight ( #a ,c'7 ! value or gross effect 9 p\nds fall+ #a foot p] second4 ,?is sum divid$ by #eej horse p[]4 ,?us1 z p] la/ example1 #b #e ------ #cj #fb4e #fd4cc ---------------------- #a4cb ! horse p[] ( ! curr5t #eej ,,tex3 fracfrac#ebfd4cc times #cj times #fb4eeej #a4cb text ! horse p[] ( ! curr5t due to ! area ( ! blades ( ! wat] :eel4 ,= ! effici5cy ( ?is class ( :eel1 ) slightly curv$ & ?9 blades1 divide ! horse p[] ( ! :eel by ! horse p[] ( ! curr5t area1 equals ! p]c5tage ( effici5cy4 ,z 9 ! la/ case1 #j4dfh _/ #a4cb #j4ce p] c5t4 effici5cy ( ! wat] :eel4 ,) high] velocities ( /ream & :eel ! effici5cy w be f #b to #c p] c5t4 less1 al?\gh ! horse p[] w increase ne>ly ) ! increase 9 velocity ( ! curr5t4 ,= details ( application ( v>i\s =ms ( curr5t :eels = p[] purposes see illu/rat$ description ,yagn's & ,roman's float+ motors 9 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #dfc4 ,a v good example ( a float+ motor ( ! propell] class is ,nossian's fluviatile motor1 illu/rat$ & describ$ 9 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #fef4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,fig4 #bd repres5ts a v complete float+ motor1 9 :i* ! floats are w$ge %ap$ at ! /em1 = ! purpose ( increas+ ! curr5t betwe5 !m1 ! :eel be+ an ord9>y curr5t :eel1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc1 ) a curv$ %ield or gate 9 front1 :i* c be mov$ ar\nd ! p]iph]y ( ! :eel = ! purpose ( regulat+ its spe$ or /opp+ its motion by cutt+ (f ! /ream f ! buckets4 ,! float1 ris+ & fall+ ) ! /ream1 is held 9 position by a brac$ frame sw++ on an*orages )9 ! mill on %ore1 & p>allel ) a swivel$ %aft4 ,tide :eels & tidal curr5t :eels h be5 9 use = m ?an #hjj ye>s1 & 7 l>gely 9 use 9 ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,no less ?an ?ree 7 runn+ 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ,new ,york1 9 #ahdj1 = mill+ purposes4 ,_! day seems to be pa/1 except 9 "s special localities4 ,we w also pass !m1 & illu/rate "s ( ! ,,self-,,act+ ,,wat]-,,rais+ ,,devices4 ,! tympanum d]ives its "n f its simil>ity to a drum z made by ! ,romans1 b its orig9 0 ,egyptian4 ,x is a curr5t :eel ) frame l ,fig4 #bc1 to ! outside ( :i* a set ( *amb]s or tubes are fix$1 radiat+ spirally1 s z to lead ! wat] to ! %aft z ! :eel revolves1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #be4 ,x has a lift ( a little less ?an half its diamet]1 & answ]s an excell5t purpose = ! irrigation ( rice & cranb]ry fields1 or on /reams runn+ ?r\gh l[ l&s 9 arid di/ricts4 ,x is /ill "o ( ! ,nile irrigat+ :eels4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be ,! build+ ( ^! :eels is )9 ! scope ( ! c>p5t] & ! t9smi?4 ,a %ort wood5 %aft made squ>e or octagonal1 z conv5i5t1 ) gudgeons 9 ! ends & arms ( wood bolt$ across ea* ( ! sides ( ! %aft1 or z %[n 9 ! cut1 w =m a frame "w ^u :i* a rim may be fa/5$1 to :i* ! blades & tubul> buckets c be atta*$4 ,! directions 9 reg>d to ! curr5t :eel1 ,fig4 #bc1 may be foll[$ z to numb] & =m ( blades1 :i* mu/ be made 9 l5g? & wid? proportional to ! velocity ( ! /ream & ! quantity ( wat] to be lift$ by ea* tubul> arm4 ,! tubes may be made ( galvaniz$ %eet iron & atta*$ to ! outside ( ! :eel1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #be4 ,,! ,,noria ,,or ,,bucket ,,:eel4 ,?is is a simple curr5t :eel ) pot buckets1 rigid or sw++1 arrang$ on ! rim ( ! :eel1 to c>ry up & dis*>ge ! wat] ne>ly at ! top ( ! :eel1 & ?r\gh ! long ages t x has be5 9 use = irrigation1 village wat] supply1 & ev5 = private e/abli%m5ts1 has assum$ a v>iety ( =ms 9 detail ( con/ruction rang+ f ! bamboo :eels ( ! ,*9ese to ! light iron :eels ( mod]n con/ruction4 ,we illu/rate ! mo/ simple ( ^! =ms 9 ,figs4 #bf & #bg1 9 :i* ! fir/ is a s]ies ( boxes or *amb]s 9 ! rim ( ! :eel ) side op5+s 9 ! =w>d "p ( ! box z ! :eel revolves1 & a lip ext5d+ f ! inn] edge ( ! op5+ to direct ! outfl[ into ! tr\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,ano!r =m1 ,fig4 #bg1 is arrang$ ) sw+ buckets or pots1 pivot$ j above _! c5t]s1 & ) ! cat* tr\gh s fix$ z to tip ! buckets at ! highe/ po9t1 ?us giv+ ?is :eel ! greate/ possible advantage z to height ( dis*>ge = a giv5 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,! p[] value ( ^! :eels = rais+ wat] is a matt] ( computation z ne>ly reliable z = o!r devices = ! same purpose1 :5 ! velocity ( ! curr5t is kn[n at ! po9t ( contact ) ! blades4 ,! horse p[] ( ! :eel may be comput$ z = ! curr5t :eel1 ,fig4 #bc1 &1 z ! horse p[] is equal to #cc1jjj p\nds rais$ "o foot high p] m9ute1 we may assume a con/ruction ( :eel t w all[ ( dis*>g+ at #h feet above ! /ream2 !n #cc1jjj _/ #h #d1abe p\nds ( wat] dis*>g$ at #h feet elevation p] horse p[] p] m9ute4 ,z ! net p[] ( ! :eel 9 ! la/ example1 = ,fig4 #bc1 0 #j4dfh ( a horse p[]1 !n #d1abe #j4dfh #a1icj p\nds ( wat] rais$ #h ft4 p] m9ute by ! size ( bucket & velocity ( curr5t 9 t case4 ,f ?is a d$uction ( #bj p] c5t4 %\ld be made = loss by spill & imp]fect con/ruction1 s t #a1ejj p\nds or #agf gallons p] m9ute w\ld be ! probable output--ov] #bec1jjj gallons p] day2 or1 = irrigat+ purposes1 equal to a ra9fall ( ov] #a in*es 9 dep? on #ej acres 9 "o week4 ,! proportion ( capacity ( ! lift+ buckets = su* a :eel becomes ( z great importance z its effici5cy4 ,if ! buckets are too l>ge1 ! :eel w /all1 & if too small1 ! :eel w n give its full duty4 ,= obta9+ ! approximate capacity ( ! lift+ buckets1 assum+ ! example z above comput$1 a #aj foot :eel ) ! velocity at p]iph]y ( #b feet p] second is #aej feet p] m9ute1 or five revolutions p] m9ute1 ne>ly4 ,!n #a1icj lb4 p] m4 _/ #e revolutions #chf p\nds wat] capacity = all ( ! buckets on ! :eel4 ,if su* a :eel is con/ruct$ ) #af blades & #af buckets1 "o betwe5 ea* blade1 !n #chf _/ #af #bd p\nds = ea* bucket1 or #ch _/ #ajj ( a cubic foot4 ,! spill f ?is capacity ( bucket be+ suffici5t to comp5sate = ! friction ( ! %aft j\rnals4 ,! lift+ buckets ( ! noria class1 ,figs4 #bf & #bg1 c be made ( positive dim5sions to suit ! computations z above2 b ^? ( ! tympanum class1 ,fig4 #be1 %\ld be made ( dim5sions to con=m ) ! requir$ capacity at ! mom5t ( leav+ ! wat]1 z ! wat] at ?is po9t fl[s into ! arm4 7,to be cont9u$47 99 99 99 99 99 ,to remove pa9t & v>ni%es1 :i* resi/ ! action ( /rong lye1 ,dr4 ,/ockmei] recomm5ds a mixture ( wat] ( ammonia1 two p>ts1 & turp5t9e1 "o "p2 ?is appli$ to ! surface to be clean$ w1 aft] a few m9utes' action1 enable ! pa9t to be remov$ by use ( cotton wa/e or simil> mat]ial4--7,bayr4 ,g54 ,ztg471 ,runds*au4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,gas ,,motors4 ,m4 ,witz1 says ! ,gas ,_w1 has be5 conduct+ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ! ,delam>e-,deb\tteville & ,mal9d9 gas eng9e1 driv5 by ,d[son gas1 & 9 :i* ! gas g5]ator takes ! place ( ! ord9>y /eam boil]4 ,! eng9e 0 a "o-cyl9d] motor 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ,messrs4 ,matt] ,co41 ,r\54 ,its p[] 0 #ajj horse indicat$2 ! cyl9d] 0 #bc in*es 9 diamet]1 ! /roke #ch in*es1 & ! normal spe$ #ajj revolutions4 ,! eng9e is ( ! ,simplex type2 ! k9dl+ is electric2 ! cycle ( op]ations is f\rfold1 ) p[]ful compression4 ,! ,d[son g5]ator is #cj in*es inside diamet] & #gf in*es 9 height f ! b>s to ! top4 ,air is bl[n 9 by /eam driv5 9 "u ! he>?4 ,!re is a siphon1 a coke scrubb] #aaj in*es high1 a sawdu/ purifi]1 & a ga%old] ( #gej cubic feet capacity1 & a pipe to ! eng9e #e4b in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! total area occupi$ by ?is app>atus is #adj squ>e y>ds1 ( :i* two-?irds are built on4 ,! an?racite employ$ 0 f ,swansea1 conta9+ #e4d p] c5t4 ( a%4 ,! obs]vations made ) a /r+ friction brake 7 cont9u$ = #fh h\rs1 ev]y?+ us$ be+ c>efully weigh$ & measur$4 ,"o day ! ma*9e 0 work$ = #ae h\rs on end2 ! o!r days x 0 work$ ) an int]val ( half an h\r e #ab h\rs to cle> ! he>?1 poke ! fire & lubricate ! ma*9e2 & x 0 cle>ly e/abli%$ t ) a big en\gh g5]ator x w\ld be q possible to "w cont9u\sly = sev]al days4 ,! foll[+ 7 ! data = a day ( #bd h\rs1 ) an int]val ( half an h\r3 #h3ee ,p4,m4 "o day to #h3ee ,p4,m4 ! next1 int]val #h3cj to #i ,a4,m4 ,an?racite us$1 #ah4d cwt42 coke us$1 #c4db cwt42 wat] us$ = /eam injection1 #bag4c gallons2 wat] us$ 9 scrubb]1 #d1ajf gallons2 wat] us$ 9 cool+ ! cyl9d]1 #bj1jjj gallons2 oil us$ 9 cyl9d]1 #ad4hd p\nds2 grease1 #a4h p\nds2 revolutions ( ma*9e1 #adb1aeg1 or #ajj4h p] m9ute2 effective "w1 #ge4hf ,fr5* horse p[]1 or #gg4d ,briti%2 gas us$1 #f1gdb cubic feet p] h\r1 at #ggb mm4 pressure & #gj4g ,f41 or #hc4g cubic feet p] effective horse p[]2 effici5cy1 #fi p] c5t4 ,n[1 ) reg>d to ! comp>ison betwe5 ! l>ge gas motors & /eam eng9es ( ! same size1 ,m4 ,witz goes on to rem>k t ! gas eng9e is by no means1 z 0 =m]ly ?\ght on high au?ority1 necess>ily re/rict$ to ! doma9 ( small] "w & sizes4 ,ev5 9 e>ly times x 0 se5 t ! gas eng9e belong$ to a type 9 :i* !re 7 possibilities ( improvem5t great] ?an ^? available 9 ! /eam eng9e1 because ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5 ! work+ sub/ance 9 its hott] & its cool] condition 0 great] ?an 9 ! /eam eng9e2 & consumptions ( #e1bej cubic feet p] horse p[] p] h\r soon desc5d$ /ep by /ep z f> z #b1jfj1 :ile ! p[] w5t up1 pa/ #d1 #h & #ab1 to #be or #ej horse p[]2 & 9 ! exhibition ( #ahhi !re 7 gas eng9es se5 9 :i* ! explosion *amb] _h a diamet] ( z mu* z #bc in*es4 ,b ! price ( coal gas seem$ to be too high = use 9 ^! l>ge eng9es1 9 :i* sizes /eam is comp>atively *eap2 & s poor] gas1 :i*1 ?\gh possess+ only ab\t #bh p] c5t4 ( ! heat+ p[]1 is /ill *eap] 9 proportion ?an coal gas1 :5 x is made on ! spot1 0 introduc$ to tide ov] ! difficulty4 ,difficulties h be5 successively ov]come1 ) ! result :i* we h j se51 namely1 #a4cg p\nds ( an?racite p] effective horse p[]1 or ab\t half ! c>bon :i* a /eam eng9e ( ! same p[] ( excell5t design1 & well kept up1 w\ld consume4 ,a #ej horse simplex at ,m>seilles1 9 ,b>ataud's fl\r mill1 is said to h run = ! la/ #b ye>s on #a4ab p\nds ( ,engli% an?racite p] effective horse p[]2 & ?us ,m4 ,witz says 8 pr$ictions ( #aj ye>s ago1 t ! gas produc] w\ld "s day replace ! boil]1 are be+ v]ifi$ 9 su* a way z to surprise ev5 himself4 ,b ! objection is /at$1 & x is a s]i\s "o3 ! weight ( fuel is n ! only ?+ to be consid]$4 ,! /eam eng9e uses coal1 ! produc] requires ,engli% an?racite1 :i* is de>]2 ! gas motor uses a great deal ( wat] & a great deal ( oil1 :i* co/ money2 & gas motors are de>1 :ile gas produc]s & _! adjuncts co/ a tidy bit ( money1 & we> out pretty fa/4 ,is n /eam1 aft] all1 m economical 9 ! long run8 ,besides1 produc]s are bulky & take up a great deal ( space2 ! weight ( fuel is only "o elem5t 9 a complicat$ problem4 ,9 ord] to /udy ! gr\nds ( ?is objection1 ,m4 ,witz has in/itut$ a comp>ison betwe5 ! actual co/ ( l>ge /eam eng9es & t ( gas motors ( simil> size4 ,take a good ,gall[ay or multitubul> boil]2 = #ge horse p[] effective ! heat+ surface mu/ be at lea/ #gd squ>e feet4 ,us+ good ,c>diff coal1 ) #d p] c5t4 ( a%1 & a heat+ p[] ( #ae1ffj ,fahr4 units2 ! /eam rais$ w be #h to #i p\nds p] p\nd ( coal1 s t #i1djj to #aj1egg ,fahr4 units are utiliz$ 9 rais+ /eam1 or #fh to #gf p] c5t41 :i* is an excell5t result4 ,take an eng9e ( #af in* cyl9d] diamet]1 #dj in* /roke1 & #ff revolutions1 etc42 x w use #bb4d p\nds ( /eam p] horse p[] effective1 :i* repres5ts #b4dg to #b4h p\nds ( coal "u ! boil]4 ,^! #aj p\nds ( /eam c>ry #aa1geb ,fahr4 units ( heat1 & produce "w equal to #ge horse1 or #a1adc ,fahr4 units ( heat2 :i* corresponds to an effici5cy ( #i4g p] c5t4 ,9 a gas motor1 on ! o!r h&1 we f9d ! mat]ials employ$1 z p] ! above data1 to conta9 #h1ieh ,fahr4 units ( heat1 & to make gase\s fuel 9 :i* #f1cdc units are available2 a return ( #gj4f p] c5t1 9 ! produc]4 ,! motor receives ^! #f1cdc1 & conv]ts #a1adc ( !m into "w2 an effici5cy ( #ah p] c5t4 ,9 ord] to be equival5t f ! heat po9t ( view1 a /eam eng9e ought to produce a horse p[] effective p] #i4gb p\nds ( /eam at #e atmosph]es2 b no su* /eam eng9e exi/s4 ,m4 ,witz goes on ) comp>ative e/imates4 ,= a ,corliss eng9e & boil]1 ) *imney1 etc41 complete1 & putt+ ^! up1 he all[s #a1bhj2 = a ,simplex gas motor & ,d[son produc] complete1 includ+ putt+ up1 he all[s #a1bij1 :i* he expla9s to be av]age actual prices2 b ^! prices d n cov] co/ ( transport1 & ,m4 ,witz does n g into co/ ( masonry = build+s1 ap>t f f\ndations1 etc41 = ! app>atus & ma*9]y4 ,z to wat]1 ! gas motor takes #bae cubic feet p] horse p[] effective4 ,a cond5s+ /eam eng9e uses five times z mu*4 ,! lubricat+ oil us$ at ,r\5 0 a mixture ( ,russian oil at #dcj fr4 p] ton1 & ,f]ry & ,h$uit ,f4,h4 oil at #ijj fr42 ! av]age 0 #fej fr4 p] ton1 or #b4h;d4 p] p\nd4 ,wann] grease1 at #f4d;d4 p] p\nd1 0 us$ = ! mov+ p>ts4 ,a /eam eng9e requires less oil = ! cyl9d]1 b ! same quantity = ! mov+ p>ts4 ,! att5dance on ! gas motor is too mu* = "o man1 n en\gh to occupy two2 reckon x at #ds4 #i;d4 a day4 ,^! elem5ts enable u to calculate ! daily co/ ( ! gas motor1 ( #ge actual horse p[]1 9 comp>ison ) a /eam eng9e ( ! same size4 ,/eam ,eng9e4 s4 d4 ,upkeep1 int]e/ & s9k+ fund at #ae p] c5t1 on #a1bib #aic4h p] day4 #ab #aa ,c>diff coal1 #b4fdc p\nds p] actual horse p[] p] h\r2 #b4fdc #aj #ge 9 #aj h\rs #a1ihb p\nds coal at #bbs4 a ton4 #ai #e ,oil1 #c4cf p\nds p] day at #b4h;d4 p] p\nd4 #j #i ,grease1 #j4fg p\nd at #f4d;d4 #j #d ,wages4 #d #i --------- #a #ah #d ,gas ,eng9e4 s4 d4 ,upkeep1 int]e/ & s9k+ fund at #ae p] c5t4 on #a1bib is1 p] day4 #ab #aa ,an?racite1 #a4aef p\nd p] actual horse p[] p] h\r = #gej horse-h\rs1 at #bes4 #f;d4 #i #aj ,coke1 #j4bae p\nd #aj #ge #afa p\nds at #bhs4 #b #j ,oil1 #j4jjhd p\nd p] actual horse p[] p] h\r1 or #j4jjhd #aj #ge #f4bh p\nds at #b4h;d4 #a #e ,grease1 #j4ged p\nd p] day at #f4d;d4 #j #e ,electric k9dl+1 on co/4 #j #c ,wages4 #d #i --------- #a #aa #h ,! big gas eng9e mak+ its own poor gas1 & runn+ #aj h\rs a day1 has ?us ! be/ ( x 9 ! comp>ison ) ! /eam eng9e ( equal p[]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,project+ ,,app>atus ,,= ,,balances ,,( ,,precision4 ,! lum9\s projection app>atus illu/rat$ h]e)1 :5 adapt$ to a balance ( precision1 p]mits ( effect+ weigh+s v rapidly4 ,= ! same approximation1 ! velocity ( oscillation becomes five or six times great]1 &1 by ! me?od employ$1 ! la/ c5tigrammes & ! milligrammes & _! fractions are e/imat$ directly1 ) imm$iate v]ification4 ,z ! app>atus is indep5d5t ( ! p>ts ( ! balance1 x c be plac$ on all ! exi/+ laboratory balances ( precision4 ,illu/ration3 ,,project+ ,,app>atus ,,= ,,balances ,,( ,,precision4 ,! modification introduc$ into ! balance consi/s 9 ! displac+ ( ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! beam 9 su* a way z to dim9i% ! s5sitiv5ess1 & consequ5tly to obta9 a mu* great] velocity1 & !n1 by optical means1 to consid]ably increase ! amplitude ( ! oscillations4 ,in/ead ( ! oscillations be+ obs]v$ ?r\gh ! microscope1 !y are project$ ^u a divid$ scre5 =m+ a dial1 ! division ( :i* is se5 by transmitt$ light4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( a small a*romatic objective plac$ at ! extremity ( ! tube ( a microscope1 9 :i* !re is a divid$ scre5 t receives ! enl>g$ image ( ! reticule fix$ ^u ! ne$le4 ,^u ?is reticule are project$ ! rays 7cond5s$ by a p[]ful l5s7 t come f a lum9\s s\rce plac$ beh9d ! balance4 ,! focus+ is done by means ( a rack & p9ion4 ,! lum9\s s\rce employ$ is a gas burn] ) reflector4 ,?is is plac$ 9 a walnut box 9 ord] to prev5t any projection ( heat ^u ! balance4 ,?is burn]1 ?us isolat$1 is light$ = b "o or two m9utes at a maximum1 at ! end ( ea* weigh+4 ,s1 on fix+ a !rmomet] 9 ! cage1 we f9d t no v>iation1 ev] s slight1 occurs 9 ! temp]ature4 ,9 ord] to effect a weigh+1 ! gas be+ turn$ d[n to a tap]1 we proce$ z ) an ord9>y balance until ! extremity ( ! ne$le no long] em]ges f ! l[] dial4 ,!n we c\nt ! diff]5ce ( ! numb] ( ! divisions made by ! ne$le to ! "r & left ( z]o4 ,?is diff]5ce1 multipli$ by ! approximate value1 9 milligrammes1 ( ea* division ( ?is dial 7value giv5 by ! in/rum5t7 imm$iately gives ! numb] ( c5tigrammes & milligrammes t mu/ be add$ to ! weights already plac$ ^u ! pan ( ! balance 9 ord] to obta9 an equilibrium1 to ab\t a half division ( ! l[] dial4 ,! value ( ea* division ( ?is dial v>ies f #c to #aj milligrammes accord+ z ! balance %[s #j4a or #j4e milligramme4 ,z ! dial has #aj divisions on ea* side ( ! c5tral m>k1 we ?us e/imate1 )\t t5tatives1 ! ?ree la/ c5tigrammes or ! la/ decigramme1 accord+ to ! s5sitiv5ess4 ,at ?is mom5t ! doors ( ! cage are clos$1 9 ord] to prev5t draughts ( air1 ! gas is turn$ on by means ( a regulat+ cock1 & ! balance is manipulat$ by fir/ l[]+ ! beam & !n br++ ! pans to a /&/ill4 ,we !n read ! diff]5ce ( ! divisions trav]s$ to ! left & "r ^u ! lum9\s dial ?r\gh ! image ( ! reticule4 ,! images are rev]s$ ^u ! dial1 b practice soon causes ?is petty difficulty to disappe>4 ,?is numb] ( divisions indicates ! numb] ( milligrammes & fractions ( a milligramme by :i* x is necess>y to %ift ! c\nt]poise on its arm 9 ord] to obta9 a p]fect equilibrium1 :i* latt] is v]ifi$ by a simple read+4 ,e half division ( ! dial corresponds1 z to weight1 to ! s5sitiv5ess indicat$ = ! in/rum5t4 ,) a little practice a weigh+ effect$ z above describ$ takes b a qu>t] or a fif? ( ! "t t x does ) an ord9>y balance4--,revue ,indu/rielle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/>*es ,,= ,,! ,,f9i%+ ,,( ,,cotton ,,fabrics4 ,! />*es h be5 classifi$ by ,dr4 ,mut]1 accord+ to ! appe>ance !y give "u ! microscope1 into five gr\ps3 ,class ,i4--,hilum & conc5tric r+s visible4 ,all ! granules1 oval or ovate4 ,t\s-le-mois1 potato1 arr[root1 etc4 ,class ,,ii4--,! conc5tric r+s are all b invisible1 ! hilum is /ellate4 ,maize1 pea1 bean1 etc4 ,class ,,iii4--,! conc5tric r+s are all b invisible1 also ! hilum 9 ! majority ( granules4 ,:eat1 b>ley1 rye1 *e/nut1 etc4 ,class ,,iv4--,all ! granules truncat$ at "o end4 ,sago1 tapioca1 etc4 ,class ,v4--,all ! granules angul> 9 =m4 ,rice1 tacca1 arr[root1 oats1 etc4 ,! pr9cipal />*es us$ = f9i%+ cotton fabrics are potato 7f>9a71 :eat1 ,indian corn 7maize71 rice1 tapioca1 arr[root1 sago2 ! la/ ?ree n s (t5 z ^? previ\sly nam$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,potato ,,/>*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,arr[root ,,/>*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:eat ,,/>* ,illu/ration3 ,,rice ,,/>* ,illu/ration3 ,,sago ,,/>* ,illu/ration3 ,,indian ,,corn ,,/>* ,illu/ration3 ,,tapioca ,,/>* 99 99 99 99 99 ,,m>ble ,,& ,,mosaic4 ,footnote3 ,a pap] rec5tly read be=e ! ,ar*itectural ,association1 ,london4--,f ! ,ar*itect4 ,by ,t4,r4 ,,sp5ce4 ,i d n propose to ent] into any hi/orical details z to ! fir/ & subsequ5t application ( mosaics4 ,9 a g5]al s5se we und]/& mosaic z a comb9ation ( v>i\s m or less imp]i%able mat]ials--fix$ toge!r by cem5t or o!r adhesive sub/ances--& laid ov] walls1 floors1 etc41 ) a view to p]man5t decorative effect4 ,! sub/ance ( ! tess] is ( _m k9ds1 namely1 glass1 *eap & preci\s m>bles1 h>d /one1 & burnt clay1 ^! m5tion$ be+ ma9ly 9 use = ar*itectural purposes4 ,= decorative s*emes we collect z _m gradations ( color z are obta9able 9 su* durable mat]ials 9 _! natural or manufactur$ /ate1 & ?us =m a color palette :i* we reg>d 9 ! same s5se z a pa9t] w\ld 8 pigm5ts4 ,( c\rse1 ! fir/ proce$+ is to prep>e a design on a small scale1 :i* %all embrace y\r notions ( color only4 ,!n foll[s a full-siz$ c>toon1 :i* ,i ne$ h>dly add %all embrace y\r be/ ef=ts 9 draw+4 ,a trac+ is made ( ! latt] & transf]r$ to %eets ( c>dbo>d4 ,?is c>dbo>d is cut to ! size ( c]ta9 sections ( y\r design1 &1 = conv5i5ce1 %\ld n be m ?an1 say1 #bj 94 squ>e4 ,( c\rse1 x w n always be squ>e1 b w be> ! same relation to y\r complete c>toon z a map ( ! c\nties w\ld to t ( all ,engl&4 ,n[1 work+ f ! small design 7( color71 ! tess] are cut to ! =ms requir$1 laid face d[nw>d1 & glu$ on to ! c>dbo>d sections conta9+ y\r enl>g$ c>toon4 ,:5 ! design is all work$ out on ^! sections !y are ready = fix+ on walls or floor by lay+ !m home on a float ( cem5t4 ,:5 ! cem5t sets1 ! c>dbo>d /ick+ to ! face is wa%$ (f1 & ! jo9ts ( tess] flu%$ ov] ) cem5t & clean$ (f1 leav+ all jo9ts fill$ up level4 ,!re are o!r processes us$ = ! same end4 ,! te*nical processes ne$ n occupy our att5tion at pres5t4 ,!re is "o process t may appeal to y1 & t is execut+ ! "w 9 situ by float+ on a limit$ expanse ( cem5t1 & /ick+ on ! tess] at once4 ,x has ! advantage ( enabl+ ! arti/ or ar*itect to see ! effect ( 8 ef=ts "u ! fix$ conditions ( light & height4 ,i %all conf9e myself to vitre\s or glass mosaic1 :i* = durability1 ext5d$ scales ( prim>y colors & _! num]\s semi-transp>5t gradations is unequal$ by any sub/ance yet us$ = wall or floor decoration4 ,i am surpris$1 hav+ all ^! f9e qualities1 x is n m us$ by ar*itects4 ,if y require pro(s ( its triumphs1 g to ,/4 ,m>k's1 ( ,v5ice1 & /& "u its mell[ gold5 ro(4 ,!re y w f9d its domes & vault$ aisles1 nave & transepts entirely ov]laid ) gold mosaic1 into :i* gr\nd is work$--9 ! deepe/ & ri*e/ colors & _! gradations t contempor>y manufactur]s c\ld produce--subjects select$ f ! creation d[n to ! life ( ,*ri/1 9 addition conta9+ a complete alphabet ( e>ly ,*ri/ian symbolism4 ,! ro( surfaces be+ "o succession ( ov]-ar*+ curves become receptive ( innum]able waves ( light & broad unities ( s(t %ad[s1 giv+ ! :ole an incomp>able quality ( tone & l[ juicy color4 ,nev] use y\r gold b on curv$ or undulat+ surfaces4 ,flat planes ( gold only give ! effect ( a monoton\s metallic yell[1 & c nev] be beautiful1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( ! v>iations t come ) waves ( %ad[4 ,by lett+ out ! re9s ( imag9ation we might feel t 9 ?is a t5? c5tury ,giorgione has giv5 (f ! m5tal impressions ( all ! gold5 autumn ( 8 life4 ,8 mat]ial gave him an advantage ov] 8 great foll[]s ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 insomu* t glass has a liv+ & gl[+ quality ( light n exi/+ 9 ! some:at cl\d$ purity ( oil or fresco4 ,9 ,/4 ,m>k's we h an example ( ! sup]b treatm5t 9 deepe/ & mo/ ,titianesque scales appli$ to curv$ =ms1 b to f9d a simil>ly complete example ( ! use ( light] tones & on flat surfaces1 we mu/ turn to ,rav5na4 ,i c give y no adequate description ( ! wall mosaics ( ,rav5na4 ,9 ! s5se ( delicate color !y rem9d me ( "s ( ! subtile h>monies ( _m ( ! f9e/ works ( ! mod]n ,fr5* s*ool--( ! ,impressioni/s & o!rs :o comb9e t quality ) a true in/9ct = design4 ,9 /&+ be=e !m y feel t ! ,dagnan ,b\v]ets1 ! ,m]sons1 ! ,caz9s1 ! ,puvis de ,*avannes1 etc41 ( ! fif? c5tury h _h a h& 9 ! conception & realization ( ! beautiful compositions to be f\nd on ! nave walls ( ! two *ur*es ( ,/4 ,appoll9>e ,nuovo & ,/4 ,appoll9>e 9 ,classe4 ,"h all ! scales are ( delicate degrees ( light tones1 supreme 9 _! beauty1 complet5ess1 &1 mo/ important to u1 _! true decorative in/9ct4 ,9 ! ,bapti/]y we f9d :at ,i may t]m a ?ird essay 9 color1 by weav+ 9 ri*1 d>k1 & gl[+ colors on figures & bold s9u\s =ms ( ornam5t 9 su* a skillful & judici\s mann] t ! :ole dome seems to be alive ) h>monies1 al?\gh !y are mo/ly prim>ies4 ,z y "k1 rules = ! disposition ( color are futile1 yet "s details t /ruck me z em95tly satisfactory may int]e/ y4 ,9 all cases ! tess] are ( small dim5sions1 ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* squ>e4 ,! /ucco jo9ts are l>ge & op51 surfaces f> f level1 b undulat+ consid]ably4 ,! tess] /ick up 9 p>ts1 brilliant edges %[+4 ,abs5ce ( flatness gives play to ! light4 ,! gray ( ! /ucco jo9ts br+s ! :ole composition toge!r1 s]v+ z cool grays 9 a picture to give t5d] unity4 ,gold1 ap>t f backgr\nds & l>ge surfaces1 is us$ v clev]ly 9 small pieces 9 bord]s ( g>m5ts1 & m especially 9 ?9 outl9es to make out ! draw+ & c]ta9 fl[+ =ms ( ornam5t4 ,brilliant pieces ( glass actually m\ld$ at ! kiln into =ms ( jewels add brilliancy to cr[ns1 bord]s1 etc4 ,^! /ick boldly out f ! surface4 ,i notic$ 9 ! ,bapti/]y bel[ ! spr++ ( ! dome a frieze ab\t #b ft4 #f 94 deep1 hav+ ! gr\nd entirely 9 black1 ?r\gh :i* 0 wov5 9 ?9 gold l9es a delicate foliat$ design4 ,?is1 9 conjunction ) ! upp] surfaces 9 d>k1 ri* color1 _h a mo/ delightful effect4 ,we1 z /ud5ts1 c le>n mo/ f ! ,rav5na examples1 = great are ! ne$s ( light & silv]y color 9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e gray & gloomy days f> outnumb] ^? 9 :i* ! sun gives lib]ally ( 8 light4 ,i may say1 9 pass+1 z our subject is really a matt] ( decoration1 t our n9ete5? c5tury ef=ts 9 ?is direction are all ( a some:at gloomy t5d5cy4 ,we fill our rooms ) imitations ( somb] ,spani% lea!r1 /a9 & pa9t our woodwork 9 lea!ry & muddy tones1 to arrive at :at is n[ a sort ( decorator's god4 ,qua9tness is ! "n ( t god4 ,_m are ! s9s = :i* he has to answ]4 ,_h we n bett] wor%ip a deity call$ beauty1 ^: place is a little high] up ,p>nassus8 ,:y %\ld we n 9 our endeavors attempt 9 "s measure to transfix ! brilliant h>monies t foll[ ! sun 9 8 lib]al & graci\s c\rse8 ,?is muddy qua9tness is c]ta9ly pleasant = brief p]iods1 :5 lamps are l[ & fire light gilds & deep5s its p>ts4 ,turn ! sunlight on ^! s-call$ triumphs ( ! mod]n decorator's art1 & !n y feel ! lack ( _m a phase ( color t might h be5 borr[$ f ! ?\s& & "o examples t 9 nature he vivifies & makes brilliant4 ,ref]r+ aga9 to ! ,rav5na mosaics1 ,i c only add t at ! pres5t day an ext5d$ palette ( color$ glass is available4 ,! te*nical difficulties are n great1 & !re is no "q z to ! f9e qualities ( design & color t are to be obta9$ 9 ?is mat]ial4 ,! great po9t 9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r s*emes ( decoration1 is ! art1 ! m5tal quality ( conception1 & ! s5se ( color & fitness4 ,if we hold ! preci\s h]itage ( an arti/'s m9d--t div9e & r>e some?+ :i* gives =m1 color1 & complet5ess to a /ory1 a dream or a vision--!n v little difficulty foll[s 9 mak+ vitre\s mosaic a valu$ s]vant 9 ! realization ( a f9e creation4 ,x is ! function ( ar*itects to design suitable spaces = color decoration1 s b\nd 9 by dignifi$ m\ld+s & o!r details ( 8 con/ructive art1 9 su* a mann] t ! addition ( decorative color %all 9 no way m> ! s*eme ( 8 complete "w1 b %all 7"u ^! well ord]$ di/ributions7 h set on !m ! seal & cr[n ( color :i* is insep>able f a p]fect piece ( ar*itecture4 ,9 su* spaces he may dream 8 dreams1 tell 8 /ories1 & /amp on !m = c5turies 8 subtile/ & div9e/ ?\ghts4 ,may ,i n urge t to su* spaces mu/ be giv5 ! be/ t is 9 y8 = once plac$ s %all !y rema9 un*ang$ ?r\gh g5]ations1 "t be+ p[]less to add any mell[ g>m5t ( tone or s(t5+ quality :atev]4 ,i mi/ook ! title ( ! subject 9 ?9k+ t x 0 mosaic only1 & at ! la/ mom5t f\nd x 0 m>ble & mosaic4 ,h[ev]1 ! same dom9ant pr9ciples %all und]lie ! treatm5t ( m>ble4 ,x is a "q ( ! f9] in/9cts = =m & color4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! dem& = *oice decorative mat]ials has be5 ! means ( op5+ out _m m>ble qu>ries all ov] ! _w4 ,transit be+ easy1 a l>ge scale ( v>ieties is available4 ,"o f9e addition is ! ,mexican onyx4 ,my feel+ is t ! mo/ beautiful m>bles are ^? :]e ! s(t & s9u\s ve9s melt & die into ! g5]al body1 comp>atively %>p m>k+s dy+ "r away at ! edges into innum]able gradations4 ,m>bles hav+ /rong & h>dly m>k$ ve9s pres5t great difficulties 9 di/ribution4 ,if !y are ne>1 !y (f5d y ) _! co>s5ess2 &1 plac$ at a di/ance1 ! h>d ve9 l9es h v little decorative value4 ,i %\ld say use ^! 9 n>r[ slips1 ) v little m\ld$ pr(ile or z p>ts ( intazzio4 ,m\ld+s %\ld be specially design$ = diff]5t m>bles4 ,i %\ld say ma9ly on ! pr9ciple ( sudd5 contra/s2 t is1 l>ge memb]s ) v little curve b\nd ) memb]s v small 9 detail1 ?us obta9+ %>p l9es1 hav+ little surface to be influ5c$ or di/ort$ by ! ve9$ m>k+s1 & s]v+ to %>p5 up & give =m to ! broad] memb]s 7:i* %[ ! color qualities ( ! m>ble71 mu* z y %>p5 up an ink draw+ by und]l9+4 ,^! small memb]s s]ve ! ar*itect's purpose = ! expression ( v]tical & horizontal l9es1 & :]e decisive & cutt+ %ad[s are requir$ 9 ! composition ( 8 "w4 ,if delicate c>v+ =ms "p ( y\r design1 ,i %\ld say /atu>y is ! be/1 z y h no ve9s to di/ort y\r detail4 ,i ne$ h>dly add t economy %\ld be /udi$ 9 us+ preci\s m>bles1 )\t injur+ ! durability ( ! "w4 ,cont\rs may be built up 9 ?9 sections4 ,intazzio is a beautiful =m ( treat+ m>ble on an inexp5sive gr\nd4 ,gem-l effects may be obta9$ by inlay+ ) small] pieces1 foll[+ su* ornam5tal =ms z y\r inv5tive bra9s %all dictate4 ,p]haps ! pockets ( y\r cli5ts w be ! *ief dictator4 ,h]aldic emblazon+s1 inlaid 9 m>ble1 are highly effective4 ,! conditions ( ! h]aldry necessitate ! use ( _m v>ieties1 b 9 su* small quantities t on a l>ge simple field !y are r>ely out ( h>mony4 ,9 addition !y map out a l>ge & int]e/+ v>iety t w save ! worry ( creation ( designs com+ entirely f y\r own bra91 & y "k ! worry ( an ar*itect's life makes him hail ) pleasure at times a re/ f ! /ra9 ( creation4 ,?is h]aldic "w may be se5 to p]fection 9 ! *apel ( ! tombs ( ! ,m$ici at ,flor5ce4 ,at ! ,pitti ,palace are "s tables :i* y may "k :]e m>ble intazzio c no fur!r g4 ,alaba/] does n appeal to me1 x is some:at sug>y 9 results4 ,if y are =tunate en\gh to h a sculptor :o is a sort ( n9ete5? c5tury ,donatello1 let him "w 8 w on /atu>y or su* re/ful m>ble4 ,! celebrat$ monum5t 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,giovanni ,paulo1 at ,v5ice1 :i* ,rusk9 says is ! f9e/ monum5t 9 ! _w1 if my recollection s]ves me correctly1 is 9 :ite m>ble1 & its beauty comes entirely f ! sculptor's art4 ,su* monum5ts give y mu* bett] ?an any words ( m9e ample sugge/ions = m>ble treatm5t4 ,i may quote su* names z ,nicolo ,pisano & ,v]oc*io4 ,photos ( "s ( _! "w ,i h br\ght4 ,note ,pisano's beautiful :ite alt> at ,bologna1 & ,m9a de ,fiesole's "w 9 ,flor5ce4 ,!y all %[ ! sculptor z supreme4 ,:y %\ld n we enc\rage individual "y sculptors m8 ,give !m portions ( y\r "w 9 :i* !y c put all ! f]vor & en?usiasm ( "y manhood4 ,_! p[]s may n be ripe1 b !y possess a v]ve & int5sity t may h =ev] fl$ :5 9 lat] ye>s ! imag9ation is less en?usia/ic & ! pulses sl[]4 ,i am sure !re are _m "y sculptors n[ want+ commissions :o h be5 tra9$ at ! academy1 & bett] /ill1 9 ! be/ ,fr5* s*ools4 ,i ma9ta9 t ! contempor>y ,fr5* s*ool ( sculpture is 9 its l9e equal to any s*ool ( sculpture t has ev] exi/$1 n except+ t ( ,phidias or t ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,i believe hi/ory w confirm ?is4 ,:y n give ^! m5 an opportunity1 & help on ! movem5t to f\nd a truly ,engli% s*ool ( sculpture1 r ?an give all su* "w to trad+ firms ( c>v]s1 :o w d y any numb] ( sup]ficial feet1 prop]ly pric$ & s*$ul$1 & 9 ! bills ( quantities1 ( any /yle y please1 f prehi/oric to ,victorian ,go?ic8 ,( c\rse1 ?is is our ,briti% way ( f\nd+ a great s*ool4 ,!re is "o me?od ( treatm5t t appeals to me v /rongly1 & t is ! application ( color$ metals to m>ble1 m especially bronze & copp]4 ,i may quote z a successful example ne> ! ,well+ton ,memorial at ,/4 ,paul's4 ,ano!r sugge/ion--al?\gh x is n us$ 9 comb9ation ) m>ble1 b x nev]!less sugge/s :at might be done 9 ! way ( bronze panels--t is1 ! ,fawcett ,memorial1 by ,gilb]t1 9 ! we/ *apel at ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,/4 ,,lawr5ce ,,hospital ,,= ,,! ,,insane4 ,! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,/ate ,hospital at ,ogd5sburg1 ,n4,y41 is a c5t] ( public1 pr(essional1 philan?ropic1 & legislative int]e/4 ,?\gh project$ 9 advance ( ! adoption ( ! sy/em ( ,/ate c>e = ! insane1 x 0 op5$ at a "t to make x come "u close obs]vation 9 relation to ! "q ( ,/ate c>e1 & ! fri5ds ( ?is dep>ture f ! ineffici5t1 (t5 almo/ b>b>\s provisions ( c\nty h\se conf9em5t c\ld h no bett] example to po9t ! excell5ce ( _! !ories ?an ?is new & progressively plann$ ,/ate hospital4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,/ate ,lunacy ,commission & ,miss ,s*uyl] & h] colleagues ( ! ,/ate ,*>ities ,aid ,society1 :o f\ght ! ,/ate c>e bills ?r\gh ! ,legislature ?is w9t] & 9 #ahij1 w\ld be repaid = all ( _! tr\ble by contra/+ ! condition ( ! inmates ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,/ate ,hospital ) ! /ate !y 7 9 "u _! =m] cu/odians1 ! c\nty (fic]s ( ! nor!rn ,new ,york c\nties4 ,at ! be/1 ev5 :5 ^! (ficials realiz$ ! responsibility ( _! *>ge & 7 actuat$ by humane impulses1 ! c\nty h\ses (f]$ no *ance ( rem$ial treatm5t4 ,cu/ody & ma9t5ance1 ! =m] ma9ly a reliance on =ce1 ! lat] (t5 ( scant provision1 7 ! sum total ( :at 0 deem$ necess>y = ! lunatics4 ,9 _! new environm5t !y f9d ev]y?+ z diff]5t 9 accommodations & treatm5t z ! ^w hospital 9 ! title ( ! in/itution is diff]5t 9 s\nd & significance f ! hope-dispell+1 s\l-*ill+ names ( asylum1 mad h\se1 & b$lam =m]ly giv5 to all retreats = ! m5tally afflict$4 ,!y f9d1 & x is an enc\rag+ feature ( ! plan t s _m ( !m quickly see & appreciate x1 t !y are consid]$ z suff]]s f disease & n f demoniacal possession4 ,! rem>kable range ( classification provid$ =1 ! adaptability ( con/ruction to ! diff]5t classifications1 ! reliance on occupation1 ! dep5d5ce on treatm5t1 & ! subord9ation ( ! cu/odial feature1 except :]e a wise cons]vatism dem&s its ret5tion1 are app>5t alike to inmates & visitors4 ,?is hospital is complete z to plans1 & z to ! p[] plant1 dra9age1 & subway con/ruction necess>y = ! #a1ejj pati5ts1 t ! legislature has provid$ = 9 its law e/abli%+ ! in/itution4 ,build+s are already f9i%$ & occupi$ t accommodate #bjj inmates1 & ! contractors h ne>ly f9i%$ "p ( ! c5tral gr\p t w br+ t numb] up to ne>ly #a1cjj4 ,! appropriation ask$ = ?is ye> by ! manag]s w be scal$ d[n consid]ably by ,mr4 ,mc,clelland1 ! v economical *airman ( ! ,ways & ,means ,committee ( ! ,democratic ,assembly4 ,b1 unless he has miscalculat$1 !re w be money en\gh to c>ry on ! "w ( con/ruction to advantage = ! ye>4 ,an appropriation suffici5t to complete ! build+s at once 0 ?\ght by _m to be ! wise/ economy1 b big figures 9 an appropriation bill h v little *ance ?is ye>4 ,! bill e/abli%+ ! ,/ate ,hospital di/rict & provid+ = ! build+ ( ! in/itution fix$ ! p] capita co/ ( con/ruction1 includ+ ! pur*ase ( l&1 at #a1aej1 & ! plans h be5 made on t basis = #a1ejj pati5ts4 ,b if ! ne$s ( ! di/rict %\ld require x1 ! capacity c\ld be increas$ by an almo/ indef9ite ext5sion ( ! sy/em ( outly+ colony gr\ps at a v small p] capita co/1 z ! c5tral gr\p is by f> ! mo/ exp5sive 9 con/ruction4 ,! adm9i/ration gr\p 9 "p1 & "o outly+ gr\p1 ) ! g5]al kit*51 bak]y1 work%op1 laundry1 employes' dwell+ h\se1 p[] h\se1 & pump+ /ation1 are already erect$1 & h add$ a feature ( ar*itectural beauty to ,po9t ,airy4 ,?is po9t1 ( itself ( picturesque & romantic beauty1 juts into ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv] at ! head ( ! ,gal\p ,rapids1 ?ree miles bel[ ,ogd5sburg4 ,x is a "p ( ! hospital f>m ( #iej acres1 :i* includes woodl&1 mead[1 f>m l&1 & a m>ket g>d5 tract ( ! #ajj an acre grade4 ,! location ( ! in/itution 9 ^! p>ticul>s & 9 ref]5ce to salubrity1 sew]age facilities & abundance & excell5ce ( wat] supply1 is wond]fully advantage\s4 ,9 plann+ ! hospital ,dr4 ,p4,m4 ,wise1 :o has s9ce become its m$ical sup]9t5d5t1 aim$ to take ! utmo/ advantage ( ! sc5ic & hygi5ic capabilities ( ! site1 & to improve on all previ\s comb9ations ( ! two g5]al divisions ( a mix$ asylum--a hospital dep>tm5t = ! conc5tration ( pr(essional treatm5t1 & a ma9t5ance dep>tm5t = ! sep>ate c>e ( ! *ronic insane4 ,he 0 anxi\s to secure z mu* z possible ( ! compactness & ease ( adm9i/ration ( ! l9e> plan ( con/ruction1 ) w+s on ei!r side ( ! executive build+ ( long corridors occupi$ z day rooms1 ) sleep+ rooms op5+ out ( !m on bo? sides4 ,b he want$ to avoid ! depress+ influ5ce ( ?is monoton\s /ructure1 z ! bett] results ( v>iety & increas$ opportunities ( subdivision & classification are well recogniz$4 ,he 0 n1 h[ev]1 prep>$ to accept :olly t abrupt dep>ture f ! l9e> plan kn[n z ! cottage plan1 :i* 9 "s in/itutions has be5 c>ri$ to ! extreme ( erect+ a deta*$ build+ = e w>d4 ,! climate ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce c\nty =bade ?is4 ,h] w9t]s are z vigor\s z ^? ( h] ,canadian neighbors1 ev5 z h] p are almo/ z ebulli5t 9 _! politics z ! vigor\s w>r+ lib]als & cons]vatives across ! riv]4 ,& !re are features ( ! l9e> plan t c only be left out ( our asylum /ructure at ! exp5se ( effici5cy4 ,o!r rules t he =mulat$ f 8 exp]i5ce 7 t a build+ = ! insane %\ld nev] exce$ two /ories 9 height2 t fire pro( con/ruction & at lea/ two /airways f ! upp] floors %\ld be provid$2 t day rooms %\ld be on ! fir/ & sleep+ rooms on ! second floor2 t all build+s = ! insane :o suff] f sluggi% & enfeebl$ circulation ( ! blood %\ld be capable ( be+ w>m$ to #gj 9 ! colde/ wea!r2 t ample cubic space & v5tilation %\ld be provid$2 & t1 z f> z possible1 )\t too great increase ( ! co/ ( ma9t5ance or sacrific+ ess5tial provisions = treatm5t & necess>y re/ra9t1 asylums %\ld aim to reproduce ! conditions ( dome/ic life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,/4 ,,lawr5ce ,,hospital ,,= ,,! ,,insane4 ,/ate ,ar*itect ,isaac ,g4 ,p]ry plann$ ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,/ate ,hospital build+s on ideas sugge/$ by m$ical exp]i5ce1 ) a bread? ( compreh5sion & a te*nical skill 9 comb9+ adaptability1 utility1 & beauty t h accompli%$ wond]s4 ,! build+s are satisfactory 9 e p>ticul> to e "o :o has se5 !m1 & ev5 ! mo/ casual obs]v] is impress$ ) ! effect ( beauty4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ )\t elaboration ( mat]ial1 expressive c>v+ or f9i%4 ,! ornam5tation is purely /ructural & is obta9$ by a h&l+ ( ! mat]ials ( con/ruction :i* also yield$ ! l>ge/ promise ( /r5g? & durability4 ,! c5tral hospital gr\p1 ( :i* an idea is giv5 9 ! cut1 n[ consi/s ( five build+s4 ,! picture %[s ?ree1 ! c5t] "o & two ( ! flank+ cottages on "o side4 ,!y are mat*$ on ! o!r side4 ,! c5tral or adm9i/ration build+ is a ?ree /ory /ructure ( ,g\v]neur m>ble1 &1 l all ( ! /one us$1 a native ,/4 ,lawr5ce c\nty /one4 ,! m>ble's blui% gray is reliev$ by sp>kl+ cry/allizations1 & its unwr\ght blocks are h&l$ ) an ornam5tal effect 9 ! pi]s1 l9tels1 & ar*es1 & well set (f by a simple high-pit*$ slate ro(1 ) t]ra-cotta hiprolls1 cre/+s1 & f9ials4 ,! op5 por*es are bo? ornam5tal & useful1 tak+ ! place ( piazzas4 ,! t[] is embelli%$ ) a t]ra-cotta frieze4 ,all accommodations = an executive /aff = ! #a1ejj pati5ts may be provid$ 9 ?is build+4 ,beh9d x on ! s\? is a "o /ory build+ ^: gr\nd plan is ! segm5t ( a circle4 ,x conta9s sun rooms1 m$ical (fices1 g5]al libr>y1 laboratory & disp5s>y1 & ! corridor connect+ ! reception cottages1 "o = wom51 on "o side1 & "o = m5 on ! o!r1 ) ! adm9i/ration build+4 ,z ?is "o /ory /ructure is #aga feet by #da1 ! build+s kn[n z cottages ( ! c5tral gr\p are m ?an nom9ally sep>at$4 ,all ! advantages ( segregation & congregation are comb9$4 ,! reception cottages are ( pale r$ ,potsdam s&/one4 ,_! simple con/ruction is pleas+4 ,! gr\nd plan is 9 ! =m ( a cross2 ! angles ( ! projections be+ flank$ by heavy pi]s betwe5 :i* are recess$ circul> bays c>ri$ up to ! attic & ar*$ ov] 9 ! gables4 ,! cross plan af=ds abundant light to all ! rooms1 & z mu* ( ! irregul> outl9e z possible is utiliz$ ) piazzas4 ,) /ill ano!r rec\rse to ! comb9ation corridor plan1 ! obs]vation cottages are jo9$ to ! reception cottages on ea* side4 ,! o!r utilization ( ! corridor 9 ?is case is = cons]vatories4 ,! obs]vation cottages are irregul> 9 plan & v>y f ea* o!r & f ! o!r build+s 9 ! gr\p4 ,unwr\ght native blue/one is ! build+ mat]ial4 ,^! cottages conta9 a prepond]ance ( s+le rooms1 ! purpose be+ to keep pati5ts sep>ate until _! classification is decid$ ^u4 ,! build+s plann$ b n yet con/ruct$ ( ! c5tral gr\p include two cottages = convalesc5ts & two "o-/ory retreats = noisy & di/urb$ pati5ts4 ,9 bo? cases ! plans are ! mo/ complete & progressive ev] made4 ,9 ! fir/ ! degree ( con/ruction is r$uc$ to ! m9imum4 ,convalesc5ts are to h fre$om f ! irritations ( hospital life t (t5 ret>d recov]y4 ,great reliance is plac$ ^u t important elem5t 9 treatm5t1 ! r\s+ ( a hopeful feel+ 9 ! m9d ( ! pati5t4 ,! retreat w>ds1 ) accommodations 9 ea* w+ = eighte5 pati5ts1 %[ 9 ?is p>ticul> h[ little ! old me?od ( /rict conf9em5t is to be employ$ 9 ! new in/itution4 ,t proportion ( ! total insane population ( #a1ejj is reg>d$ z all t x is necess>y to seque/] to prev5t ! di/urbance ( ! re/4 ,holl[ walls1 sleep+ room w9d[s op5+ into small areas1 & corridor space betwe5 ! sev]al divisions are features :i* make ! p] capita co/ ( ! con/ruction comp>atively l>ge = ^! two cottages1 b :i*1 x is believ$1 w prove to be wise ones4 ,all ( ^! build+s are z complete f a hospital /&po9t z c possibly be devis$4 ,out] walls w9d & moi/ure pro(1 & inn] walls ( brick1 ) an absolutely protect$ air space betwe51 insure /r5g? & w>m?4 ,an int]ior wall f9i% ( ! h>de/ & mo/ non-absorb5t mat]ials kn[n = su* uses is a valuable hygi5ic provision1 & bo? safety & salubrity are fur!r cons]v$ by an abs5ce ( any holl[ spaces betwe5 floors & ceil+s1 or 9 /ud p>titions4 ,no v]m9 retreats1 no h>bors = rod5ts1 no *annels = flame exi/4 ,heat+ is accompli%$ by indirect radiation ) ! /eam supply f ! p[] h\se1 b !re are _m op5 fireplaces to add to ! complete /ack & flue sy/em ( v5tilation4 ,atta*$ to ! c5tral gr\p & complet$ are ! kit*5 build+1 ! laundry build+ & a dwell+ h\se = employes1 :i* are s dispos$ 9 ! re> ( ! gr\p z to make a c\rty>d ( value = ! resort ( pati5ts1 z ! ma9 build+s protect & %elt] x4 ,^! build+s are ample = _! "w :5 ! in/itution's full capacity is atta9$4 ,! kit*5 build+ is a p>ticul>ly int]e/+ "o4 ,all ( ! cook+ is to be done !re1 & a sy/em ( subways1 ) tracks on :i* food c>s are run1 connects x ) all ( ! gr\ps4 ,an idea ( ! magnitude ( kit*5 plans = su* an in/itution may be got f "o s+le fact4 ,! pantry is a l(ty room1 #bjx#cb feet4 ,! calculation t #hj p] c5t4 ( ! insane ( ! di/rict w\ld be 9 ! *ronic /ages ( ! disease expla9s ! provision 9 deta*$ cottage gr\ps = ?is proportion ( ! pati5ts4 ,a great proportion ( ^! are feeble & helpless1 requir+ con/ant att5dance night & day1 b att5dance t c be giv5 *eaply & effici5tly 9 associate day rooms1 d9+ rooms & l>ge dormitories4 ,deta*$ gr\p ,no4 #a1 :i* is complet$1 is an infirm>y gr\p = pati5ts ( bo? sexes ( ?is class4 ,x is *iefly "o /ory 9 height1 & ! plan p]mits an abundance ( sunlight & air = e room4 ,deta*$ gr\p ,no4 #b is int5d$ = #ahe m5 ( ! *ronic insane class1 :o require m ?an ord9>y c>e & obs]vation4 ,deta*$ gr\p ,no4 #c is compos$ ( two-/ory build+s = #cbb wom54 ,x has sev]al l>ge "w-%ops4 ,occupation is "o ( ! ma9 reliances ( ! plann]s ( ! in/itution z a "p ( ! treatm5t !re4 ,deta*$ gr\p ,no4 #d is design$ = bo? m5 & wom51 & w accommodate #aej4 ,a :olly diff]5t classification is "h provid$ =1 ! actively indu/ri\s classes be+ int5d$ = ?is gr\p4 ,^? :o are able to d outdoor "w1 & = :om "s div]t+ employm5t w be b5eficial 9 mak+ !m cont5t$ & physically heal?y1 w live "h4 ,!re is complete sep>ation ( day rooms1 b ! two sexes w d9e toge!r 9 an associate hall4 ,an amusem5t hall to h>monize ) ! c5tral gr\p1 & to be built adjac5t to x1 is plann$1 & w be built ?is ye> if ! appropriation w p]mit4 ,x is a valuable & necess>y adjunct to ! o!r provisions = ! c>e ( a population ( #a1ejj4 ,accommodations = ent]ta9m5ts1 *apel ex]cises1 danc+ & a ba?+ e/abli%m5t are includ$ 9 ! plans 9 a way t gives great results ) great economy ( con/ruction4 ,probably ! feature 9 ! s*eme ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,/ate ,hospital ( ! greate/ popul> & pr(essional int]e/ is ,dr4 ,wise's plan to h !re an ,am]icaniz$ & improv$ ,gheel4 ,! orig9al ,gheel 9 ,belgium is a colony :]e = _m ye>s lunatics h be5 s5t = domicili>y c>e4 ,its inhabitants1 mo/ly ( ! peasant class1 h gr[n accu/om$ to ! pres5ce & c>e ( pati5ts ) disord]$ m9ds4 ,! sy/em is ! outgr[? ( a sup]/ition f\nd$ 9 ! presum$ miracul\s cure ( a lunatic ^: reason 0 re/or$ by ! %ock ( ! sight ( ! kill+ ( a beautiful girl by h] pursu+ fa!r1 ^: fury _h be5 r\s$ by h] *oice ( a husb&4 ,a monum5t to ?is un=tunate graces ,gheel1 & z ,/4 ,dymphna %e is suppos$ to be 9 b5ign control ( ! lunatic-%elt]+ colony4 ,"s ( ! features ( ! ,gheel sy/em ( c>e are also di/9ctively kn[n z ! ,scot* sy/em4 ,!re ! plac+ ( pati5ts 9 family c>e is common4 ,massa*usetts has also adopt$ x to a consid]able ext5t4 ,b !re are _m objections to family c>e 9 isolat$ domiciles1 z practic$ 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,special m$ical att5tion & (ficial visits are made exp5sive & inconv5i5t4 ,dr4 ,wise plans to get all ! advantages ( su* a mode ( life = pati5ts ^: condition retrogrades "u in/itutional influ5ce4 ,n ! lea/ ( ^! advantages is t ( economy 9 reliev+ ! ,/ate f ! p] capita co/ ( con/ruction = at lea/ "o-f\r? ( ! insane ( ! di/rict4 ,he w\ld utilize ! families 9 ! settlem5t :i* always gr[s up 9 ! vic9ity ( a l>ge hospital4 ,x is compos$ ( ! h\seholds ( employes1 _m ( :i* are ! result ( m>riages among ! att5dants & employes4 ,on ,po9t ,airy1 by ! use ( ! build+s t 7 on ! diff]5t plots b\ght by ! ,/ate to make up ! hospital f>m1 su* a settlem5t c be easily made up4 ,its inhabitants w\ld pay r5t to ! ,/ate4 ,!y w\ld be p>ticul>ly fit & prop] p]sons to bo>d & c>e = pati5ts ^: condition 0 suitable = t sort ( a life1 & ! pati5ts c\ld h _m privileges & b5efits n possible 9 ! hospital4 ,po9t ,airy's little ,gheel on su* a plan w\ld be a mo/ int]e/+ & valuable ext5sion ( ! b5efic5t rule ( ,/4 ,dymphna4 ,! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,/ate ,hospital 0 built & is op]at$ "u ! sup]vision ( a bo>d ( manag]s1 ^: fidelity to x is describ$ z ph5om5al by ! p ( ,ogd5sburg4 ,! memb]s ( ! executive committee1 ,*airman ,william ,l4 ,proctor1 ,secret>y ,a4,e4 ,smi?1 ,john ,hannan & ,george ,hall1 especially ,mr4 ,proctor & ,mr4 ,smi?1 h giv5 z mu* "t & att5tion to x z mo/ m5 w\ld to a matt] 9 :i* !y _h a bus9ess int]e/4 ,! result has be5 a p]=mance ( contract obligations 9 :i* ! ,/ate got its money's wor?4 ,! p ( ,ogd5sburg1 too1 h tak5 a great int]e/ 9 ! in/itution4 ,su* m5 z ,mayor ,edg> ,a4 ,newell1 ex-,collector ( ! ,port ( ,new ,york ,daniel ,magone1 ,po/ma/] ,a4,a4 ,smi?1 ,assemblyman ,george ,r4 ,malby1 & 8 pr$ecessor1 ,g54 ,n4,m4 ,curtis1 :o 0 ! legislative fa!r ( ! hospital s*eme2 ,frank ,tallman & ,amasa ,?ornton take z mu* pride 9 ! in/itution t ! ,/ate has set d[n at ! gates ( _! city z !y d 9 _! *]i%$ & admir$ city hall1 :i* comb9es a tidy little op]a h\se ) ! qu>t]s necess>y = all public & dep>tm5t uses4 ,! executive /aff ( ! hospital consi/s ( ,dr4 ,p4,m4 ,wise1 m$ical sup]9t5d5t2 ,dr4 ,j4 ,montgom]y ,mo%]1 assi/ant3 ,dr4 ,j4,a4 ,b>nette & ,/ew>d ,w4,c4 ,hall4--,n4,y4 ,sun4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,electrical ,,purification ,,( ,,sewage ,,& ,,contam9at$ ,,wat]4 ,footnote3 ,rec5tly read be=e ! ,*emical ,society1 ,london4 ,f ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society4 ,by ,,wm4 ,,web/]4 ,! t]m sewage _m ye>s ago 0 rightly appli$ to ! excrem5tal refuse ( t[ns1 b x is a mo/ difficult matt] to def9e ! liquid t teems into our riv]s "u ! "n ( sewage to-day2 9 mo/ t[ns *emical refuse is ! be/ "n = ! complex fluid runn+ f ! sew]s4 ,x is n[ m ?an t5 ye>s s9ce ,i fir/ comm5c$ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) a view ( ?or\ghly te/+ v>i\s me?ods ( purify+ sewage & wat] contam9at$ ) putrefy+ organic matt]4 ,x 0 :ile inve/igat+ ! action ( iron salts ^u organic matt] 9 solution & splitt+ up ! *lorides pres5t by means ( electrolysis1 t ,i fir/ became aw>e ( ! importance ( precipitat+ ! soluble organic matt] 9 su* mann] t no *emical solution %\ld take ! place ( ! precipitat$ organic matt]4 ,if *emical matt] is sub/itut$ = ! organic comp\nds1 ! cure is worse ?an ! disease1 z ! result+ solution 9 mo/ cases sets up aft] precipitation 9 ! riv] into :i* x fl[s4 ,my fir/ electrolytical exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ ) non-oxidizable plates ( plat9um & c>bon1 b ! co/ ( ! fir/ & ! impossibility ( obta9+ c>bon plates t w\ld /& long-cont9u$ action ( nasc5t *lor9e & oxyg5 made x desirable t "s modification %\ld be tri$4 ,i next tri$ ! effect ( electrolytic action :5 iron salts 7 pres5t1 b did n ?9k ( us+ iron electrodes until aft] try+ alum9um4 ,i f\nd t ! action ( non-oxidizable electrodes 0 mo/ efficaci\s aft] ! temp]ature ( ! fluid act$ ^u rose #d or #e2 b ! co/ ( work+ made x impossible on a l>ge scale4 ,aft] a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 iron plates 7 us$ z electrodes1 ) rem>kable results1 = ! comp\nds ( iron =m$ n only deodoriz$ ! samples ( sewage act$ on1 b produc$ complete precipitation ( ! matt]s 9 susp5sion1 & also ( ! soluble organic matt]2 ! result+ efflu5ts rema9+ p]fectly free f putrefaction4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! process is well illu/rat$ by ! small exp]im5ts n[ %[n2 ! organic matt] 9 susp5sion & 9 solution sep>ates into floccul5t p>ticles1 :i* rise to ! top ( ! liquid & rema9 until ! bubbles ( hydrog5 :i* h c>ri$ !m up escape1 :5 ! solid matt] w precipitate4 ,9 ! arrangem5t adopt$ on a work+ scale1 ! sep>at$ p>ticles precipitate readily4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! action ^u organic matt] 9 solution ,i take a small quantity ( dye1 mix x ) wat]1 & plac+ ! connect$ iron electrodes 9 ! mixture1 ! dye 9 solution sep>ates into floccul5t p>ticles4 ,! electrolytical action is ( c\rse easily und]/ood1 b ! *emical *anges t take place ne$ an explanation4 ,at ! positive pole1 hypo*lorite ( iron seems to be =m$ at fir/1 b ?is is quickly *ang$ into a proto*loride1 & z at ! negative pole an alkal9e reaction takes place1 ! iron salt is precipitat$ 9 ! =m ( ! f]r\s hydrat$ oxide1 toge!r ) ! organic matt]s 9 susp5sion & solution4 ,ow+ to ! c>bonates t are always pres5t 9 sewage1 f]r\s c>bonate is also =m$4 ,! success ( ^! laboratory exp]im5ts l$ me to a trial ( ! process on a l>g] scale1 = hi!rto only a gallon at any "o "t _h be5 treat$4 ,small brick tanks 7 erect$ at my :>f at ,peckham & iron electrodes fitt$ to !m4 ,wr\ght iron plates 7 fix$ ab\t an in* ap>t1 & connect$ 9 p>allel 9 ! tanks1 =m+ "o big cell4 ,sewage to ! am\nt ( ab\t #bjj gallons 0 run into ! electrode tank & !n treat$1 ! results be+ s satisfactory t l>g] works 7 erect$1 :5 a supply ( sewage equal to #bj1jjj gallons an h\r c\ld be obta9$4 ,aft] a numb] ( exp]im5ts _h be5 c>ri$ out x 0 decid$ to run ! sewage z rapidly z possible ?r\gh electrodes1 six cells or two r[s 9 s]ies fix$ 9 a long *annel or %oot1 = exp]i5ce %[$ t ! motion ( ! liquid act$ on r$uc$ ! back ,e4,m4,f4 & ha/5$ ! =mation ( ! precipitate4 ,a *annel is kept at ! bottom ( ! electrodes = ! silt to collect1 ) a culv]t at side to flu% x into1 s z to prev5t any block occurr+2 ! advantage ( ?is is obvi\s4 ,! plates 9 ea* section may be f half an in* to an in* ?ick1 & c be ( any l5g? up to #f ft4 ,x may possibly be object$ t a l>ge numb] ( plates is requir$4 ,?is may be s1 b ! l>g] ! numb] ( plates1 ! less ! eng9e p[] requir$1 & ! long] !y la/4 ,9 ea* section ! electrodes are 9 p>allel1 & any "o section is 9 s]ies ) ! o!r1 ! arrangem5t be+ exactly l t ( a s]ies ( prim>y batt]y cells4 ,by actual exp]i5ce ,i h be5 able to prove t at lea/ #be sections ( electrodes %\ld be 9 s]ies & across any "o ( ^! sections ! pot5tial diff]5ce ne$ n be great] ?an #a4h volts1 ! curr5t be+ ( any desir$ am\nt1 accord+ to ! surface ( plates us$4 ,! electrical measurem5ts tak5 by ,dr4 ,john ,hopk9son dur+ ^! exp]im5ts = ! ,electrical ,purification ,association1 to :om ,i _h sold my pat5ts1 entirely corroborat$ my cont5tions z to ,e4,h4,p4 us$1 & agre$ ) ! measurem5ts ( ! manag+ electrician1 ,mr4 ,octavius ,m>*4 ,! process 0 !n ?or\ghly inve/igat$ by ,sir ,h5ry ,roscoe1 :o _h control ( ! works = "o mon?4 ,he reports z foll[s3 ,! r$uction ( organic matt] 9 solution is ! crucial te/ ( ! value ( a purify+ ag5t1 = unless ! organic matt] is r$uc$1 ! efflu5t w putrefy & rapidly become (f5sive4 ,i h n obs]v$ 9 any ( ! unfilt]$ efflu5ts f ?is process :i* ,i h exam9$ any signs ( putrefaction1 b1 on ! contr>y1 a t5d5cy to oxidize4 ,! abs5ce ( sulphuret$ hydrog5 9 samples ( unfilt]$ efflu5t1 :i* h be5 kept = ab\t six weeks 9 /opp]$ bottles1 is also a fact ( importance4 ,! settl$ sewage 0 n 9 ?is condition1 z x rapidly und]w5t putrefaction1 ev5 9 contact ) air1 9 two or ?ree days4 ,! results ( ?is *emical inve/igation %[ t ! *ief advantages ( ?is sy/em ( putrefaction are3 ,fir/4--,! active ag5t1 hydrat$ f]r\s oxide1 is prep>$ )9 ! sewage itself z a floccul5t precipitate4 7,x is sc>cely necess>y to add t ! inorganic salts 9 solution are n increas$1 z 9 ! case :]e *emicals 9 solution are add$ to ! sewage47 ,n only does x act z a me*anical precipitant1 b x possesses ! prop]ty ( comb9+ *emically ) "s ( ! soluble organic matt] & c>ry+ x d[n 9 an insoluble =m4 ,second4--,hydrat$ f]r\s oxide is a deodoriz]4 ,?ird4--,by ?is process ! soluble organic matt] is r$uc$ to a condition favorable to ! fur!r & complete purification by natural ag5cies4 ,f\r?4--,! efflu5t is n liable to second>y putrefaction4 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,e4 ,flet*] also inve/igat$ ! process subsequ5tly1 & reports z foll[s3 ,! treatm5t causes a r$uction 9 ! oxidizable matt] 9 ! sewage1 v>y+ f #fj to #hj p] c5t4 ,! practical result ( ! process is a v rapid & complete cl>ification ( ! sewage1 :i* enables ! sludge to sep>ate freely4 ,x 0 notic$ t :ile ! raw sewage filt]s v sl[ly1 s t #ejj c4c4 requir$ #if h\rs to pass ?r\gh a pap] filt]1 ! electrically treat$ sewage settl$ well & filt]$ rapidly4 ,samples ( ! raw sewage1 hav+ b little smell :5 fre%1 /ank /rongly on ! ?ird day4 ,! treat$ samples1 h[ev]1 _h no smell orig9ally1 & rema9 sweet1 )\t putrefactive *ange4 ,9 produc+ ?is result two ag5cies are at "w1 !re is ! action ( electrolysis & ! =mation ( a hydrat$ oxide ( iron4 ,x is n possible1 p]haps1 to def9e ! exact action1 b z ! =mation ( an iron oxide is "p ( x1 x seem$ desirable to asc]ta9 :e!r ! simple addition ( a salt ( iron ) lime suffici5t to neutralize ! acid ( ! salt w\ld produce results simil> to ^? atta9$ by ,web/]'s process4 ,9 ord] to make ^! exp]im5ts1 samples ( fre% raw sewage 7 tak5 at ,crossness at int]vals ( "o h\r dur+ ! day4 ,z mu* z #aj gra9s ( diff]5t salts ( iron 7 add$ p] gallon1 plus #ae4g gra9s ( lime 9 "s cases & #abe gra9s ( lime 9 ano!r1 & ! treat$ sewage 0 all[$ to settle tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 ! results obta9$ 7 n ne>ly z good z ! electrical me?od4 ,dur+ ! pres5t ye> a v se>*+ inve/igation ( ! m]its ( v>i\s processes ( sewage treatm5t has be5 made by ! corporation ( ,sal=d2 among o!rs ( my electrical process4 ,z ! matt] is at pres5t "u discussion by ! c\ncil1 ,i am n 9 a position to give extracts f ! reports ( ! eng9e]s & *emi/s "u ^: sup]vision & control ! "w 0 done1 b ,i may g s f> z to say t ! results ( my sy/em ( electrical treatm5t h prov$ its effici5cy & applicability to sewages ( ev5 su* a f\l nature z t ( ,sal=d & ,p5dleton4 ,! sy/em 0 controll$ cont9u\sly = ! corporation by ,mr4 ,a4 ,jacob1 ,b4,a41 ,c4,e41 ! bor\gh eng9e]2 ,mr4 ,j4 ,c>t] ,bell1 ,f4,i4,c41 etc41 c\nty analy/2 ,messrs ,john ,newton ,sons1 eng9e]s1 ,man*e/]2 ,mr4 ,giles1 ( ,messrs4 ,ma!r ,pratt1 electrical eng9e]s1 ,man*e/]2 ,dr4 ,*>les ,a4 ,burgh>dt1 lectur] 9 m9]alogy at ,ow5s ,college4 ,i w\ld also ref] y to a pap] rec5tly read be=e ! ,man*e/] ,section ( ?is ,society by ,mr ,c>t] ,bell1 ! bor\gh analy/ = ,sal=d1 9 ^: rem>ks ,dr4 ,burgh>dt1 an indep5d5t au?ority1 p]mits me to add t he concurs4 ,he _c give details until 8 report has gone 91 :i* w be v %ortly4 ,mr4 ,c>t] ,bell's report has gone 91 & al?\gh he is preclud$ also f giv+ full details1 he has k9dly put at my disposal samples seal$ by him ( ! efflu5ts produc$ by ! electrical treatm5t1 :i* ,i n[ submit1 toge!r ) ! analyses 9 ! table4 ,! samples are tak5 at r&om4 ,:e!r ! process w or w n be adopt$ by ! ,sal=d au?orities ,i am ( c\rse unable to say1 b ,i ?9k ,i may safely say t ! electrical process has n[ absolutely prov$ its case 9 reg>d to ! solution ( ! sewage problem4 ,x is simple1 effici5t &1 ,i am sure1 m economical ?an any o!r kn[n process :]e duration is tak5 into acc\nt4 ,9 reg>d to ! ,sal=d trials x may be int]e/+ to give ! foll[+ p>ticul>s3 ,p>ts 9 #ajj1jjj4 ,may #ae4 ,june #g4 ,june #cj4 ,july #be4 ,n filt]$4 ,total solids4 #aji #abe #ada #acb ,loss on ignition4 #cc #ba #bi #bc ,*lor9e4 #cb #dd #db #dc ,oxyg5 requir$ = #ae m9utes4 #b4ef #j4gf #j4bg #j4gi ,oxyg5 requir$ = ?ree h\rs4 #d4bg #j4gi #j4ej #a4jj ,free ammonia4 #b4bj #j4hh #j4ej #j4ib ,album9oid am- monia4 #j4cb #j4ag #j4jib #j4ai ,! electrical %oot 0 built 9 brick & conta9$ #bh cells arrang$ 9 s]ies4 ,ea* cell conta9$ #ac ca/ iron plates #d 94 #b ft4 #h 94 94 ?ick connect$ 9 p>allel4 ,! available electrode surface 9 ea* cell 0 #bef sq4 ft4 ,! amp]e h\r treatm5t requir$ = ,sal=d 0 f\nd to be ab\t #j4cg amp]e h\rs p] gallon1 & ! ,i4,h4,p4 p] million gallons bas$ on ^! figures w\ld be #cg4 ,,note4--,9 e/imat+ = ! plant necess>y = treat+ ! :ole ( ! ,sal=d sewage1 a m>g9 0 all[$ on above figures4 ,! ,a4,h4,t4 0 tak5 at #j4d & ! ,i4,h4,p4 p] million at #ci to #ci4e4 ,mr4 ,octavius ,m>*1 electrical eng9e]1 :o has foll[$ ! process f ! comm5cem5t1 & :o sup]9t5d$ ! electrical details bo? at ,crossness & ,sal=d1 w give y on ! blackbo>d a r\gh sket* ( ! above trial plant4 ,! ,sal=d tanks are admirably adapt$ to ! application ( ! electrical or 9 fact any process ( precipitation4 ,!y are #ab 9 numb]1 & x is propos$ to take two end tanks = ! electrical *annels1 9 :i* ! iron electrodes w\ld be plac$4 ,! total ,i4,h4,p4 requir$ = treat+ ! :ole ( ! ,sal=d & ,p5dleton sewage1 tak5 at #aj1jjj1jjj gallons p] #bd h\rs1 is calculat$ at #djj ,i4,h4,p41 bas$ on ! actual "w done dur+ ! trial4 ,! electrical plant w\ld consi/ ( f\r eng9es & dynamos1 any ?ree ( :i* c\ld d ! :ole "w1 & ?ree boil]s1 ea* ( #bjj ,i4,h4,p4 ,! total co/ ( plant1 includ+ alt]ations1 is e/imat$ at #af1jjj1 to :i* mu/ be add$ ! co/ ( ab\t #e1jjj tons ( iron plates--ord9>y ca/ iron--at say #d p] ton4 ,^! plates w\ld la/ = sev]al ye>s4 ,if filtration 7 requir$1 !re w\ld be an extra exp5diture = ?is1 b x w be rem>k$ t z ! treat$ sewage is practically purifi$ :5 x leaves ! electrical *annels1 ^! filt]s w\ld be only requir$ = complete cl>ification1 :i* = mo/ places w\ld n be a necessity4 ,! filt]+ mat]ial us$ c\ld be gradually prep>$ f ! sludge obta9$ aft] electrical treatm5t1 unless x c\ld be m pr(itably sold z a manure1 & ,i am n a believ] 9 ! value ( sewage sludge 9 l>ge quantities4 ,?is sludge1 a wa/e product1 is conv]t$ into magnetic oxide ( iron1 ( :i* ,i h "h two small samples4 ,?is magnetic oxide is a good filt]+ mat]ial1 b1 l e o!r filt]+ mat]ial1 x w\ld ( c\rse require r5ewal4 ,!re w\ld1 h[ev]1 always be a supply ( ! wa/e product--sewage sludge--on ! spot1 & ! sp5t magnetic oxide rec>boniz$ c\ld be us$ indef9itely4 ,! annual co/ = deal+ ) ! ,sal=d sewage is e/imat$ at 9 r\nd figures #b1ejj = coal1 labor1 ma9t5ance ( eng9es1 boil]s & dynamos4 ,to ?is mu/ be add$ ! consumption ( iron & its replacem5t1 :i* w\ld h to be writt5 (f capital exp5diture4 ,if a colorless efflu5t 7 requir$1 absolutely free f susp5d$ matt]1 ! additional co/ is e/imat$ at f #a1bjj to #a1ejj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lav5d] ,,& ,,its ,,v>ieties4 ,by ,j4 ,,*4 ,,saw]1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,lav5d]--te*nically ,lav&ula4 ,?is "n is g5]ally consid]$ to be d]iv$ f ! ^w lav&o1 g]und ( ! v]b lav>e1 to wa% or to ba!1 & to orig9ate f ! anci5t ,roman cu/om ( p]fum+ ba?s ) ! fl[]s ( ?is plant4 ,! g5]al aspect ( ! v>i\s species :i* compose ?is g5us ( labiate plants1 al?\gh pres5t+ v *>act]i/ic diff]5ces1 m]ges gradually f "o species to ano!r2 all are1 9 _! native habitat1 small ligne\s und]%rubs ( f "o to two feet 9 height1 ) a ?9 b>k1 :i* deta*es itself 9 scales2 ! leaves are l9e>1 p]si/5t1 & cov]$ ) num]\s hairs1 :i* give ! plant a ho>y appe>ance4 ,! fl[]s1 :i* are produc$ on ! "y %oots1 approximate into t]m9al simple spikes1 :i* are1 9 vigor\s "y plants1 bran*$ at ! base & usually nak$ "u ! spikes4 ,z a rule1 lav5d] is a native ( ! c\ntries bord]+ on ! great bas9 ( ! ,m$it]ranean--at lea/ eight out ( twelve species are !re f\nd to be indig5\s on m\nta9 slopes4 ,! mo/ commonly kn[n species are ,l4 v]a1 ,l4 spica & ,l /*as4 ,comm]cially ! ,l4 v]a is ! mo/ valuable by reason ( ! sup]ior delicacy ( its p]fume2 x is f\nd on ! /]ile hills & /ony declivities at ! foot ( ! ,alps ( ,prov5ce1 ! l[] ,alps ( ,dauph9 & ,cevannes 7gr[+ 9 "s places at an altitude ( #d1ejj feet above ! sea level71 also nor?w>d1 9 expos$ situations1 z f> z ,monton1 ne> ,lyons1 b n beyond ! #df? degree ( latitude2 9 ,pi$mont z f> z ,t>antaise1 & 9 ,switz]l&1 9 ,l[] ,vallais1 ne> ,nyon1 9 ! canton ( ,vaud1 & at ,vuilly4 ,x has be5 ga!r$ betwe5 ,nice & ,cosni1 9 ! neighborhood ( ,limon1 on ! elevat$ slopes ( ! m\nta9s ( we/]n ,liguria1 & 9 ,etruria on hills ne> ! sea4 ,! ,l4 spica1 :i* is ! only species besides ,l4 v]a h>dy 9 ?is c\ntry1 0 =m]ly consid]$ only a v>iety ( ,l4 v]a2 x is di/+ui%$ by its l[] habit1 mu* :it] color1 ! leaves m conge/$ at ! base ( ! bran*es1 ! spikes d5s] & %ort]1 ! floral leaves lanceolate or l9e>1 & ! pres5ce ( l9e> & subulate bractes4 ,x yields by di/illation an oil t]m$ oil ( spike1 or1 to di/+ui% x f oil ( ,l4 /*as1 true oil ( spike4 ,x is d>k] 9 color ?an ! oil ( ,l4 v]a1 & mu* less grateful 9 odor1 rem9d+ "o ( turp5t9e & rancid cok] nut oil4 ,x is us$ by pa9t]s on porcela91 & 9 ! manufacture ( v>ni%es4 ,x is (t5 l>gely admix$ ) ess5ce ( turp5t9e4 ,l4 ,/*as 7,/i*as7 0 discov]$ prior to ! ye> #ej ,a4,d4 9 ! ,/*ades ,isl&s 7n[ ! ,isl&s ( ,hyres71 h5ce ! "n4 ,at pres5t x is f\nd wild 9 ! ,s\? ( ,europe & ,nor? ( ,africa1 also at ,t5]iffe4 ,! leaves are oblong l9e>1 ab\t half an in* long 7sometimes an in* long :5 cultivat$71 ) revolute edges & clo!d ) ho>y tom5tum on bo? surfaces2 ! spike is tetragonal1 compact1 ) a tuft ( purple leaves at ! top2 ! calyces are ovate & slightly %ort] ?an ! tube ( ! corolla4 ,! :ole plant has a /rong aromatic & agreeable flavor4 ,!re is a v>iety ( ?is species 7,l4 macro/*ya7 native ( ,corsica1 ,sicily1 & ,naples1 :i* has broad] leaves & ?ick] octagonal spikes4 ,l4 /*as is kn[n 9 ,spa9 z ,rom]o ,santo 7sacr$ rosem>y74 ,its ess5tial oil 7also t ( ,l4 d5tata7 is !re obta9$ = h\sehold use by susp5d+ ! fre% fl[]+ /alks1 fl[]s d[nw>d1 9 clos$ bottles & expos+ !m = "s "t 9 ! sun's rays2 a mixture ( wat] & ess5tial oil collects at ! bottom1 :i* is us$ z a hmo/atic & = cleans+ w\nds4 ,! specific gravity ( ,spani% oil ( ,l4 /*as is #j4idb at #ae ,c4 ,x boils betwe5 #ahj & #bde4 ,! odor ( ?is oil is n at all sugge/ive ( t ( lav5d]1 b resembles m t ( oil ( rosem>y1 possess+ also ! camphorace\s odor ( t oil4 ,9 ,india ?is oil is mu* priz$ z an expectorant & antispasmodic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lav&ula ,,v]a4 ,,lav&ula ,,spica4 7,f photographs ( ! plants4 ,natural size47 ,! o!r species :i* are di/9ctly *>act]iz$ are ,l4 p$unculata1 ,l4 viridis1 ,l4 d5tata1 ,l4 het]ophylla1 ,l4 pyr5aica1 ,l4 p9nata1 ,l4 coronopifolia1 ,l4 abrotonoides1 ,l4 ,lawii1 & ,l4 multifida4 ,! ,l4 multifida is synonym\s ) ,l4 ,burmanii4 ,9 ,spa9 ! !rapeutic prop]ties ( ,l4 d5tata are alleg$ to be ev5 m m>k$ ?an 9 ! oils ( any ( ! o!r species ( lav5d]4 ,x is said to promote ! heal+ ( sluggi% w\nds1 & :5 us$ 9 ! =m ( inhalation to h giv5 good results 9 cases ( sev]e cat>rh1 & ev5 9 cases ( diph!ria4 ,9 odor ?is oil /rongly sugge/s rosem>y & camphor4 ,its specific gravity is #j4ibf at #ae ,c4 ,x di/ills almo/ completely betwe5 #agj & #bjj4 ,! specific gravity ( ! oil ( ,l4 v]a 7accord+ to ,flckig] & ,hanbury1 ,ph>macographia7 ranges betwe5 #j4hg & #j4id4 ,! same au?orities /ate t 9 a tube ( #ej millimet]s ! plane ( pol>ization is div]t$ #d4b to ! left4 ,dr4 ,glad/one f\nd 7,jnl4 ,*4 ,soc41 xviii41 #c7 t a sample ( pure oil ( ,l4 v]a1 obta9$ f ,dr4 ,s4 ,piesse1 indicat$ a specific gravity ( #j4hijc at #ae ,c41 & t its p[] ( rotat+ ! plane ( pol>ization 7obs]v$ ) a tube t5 in*es long7 0 -#bj4 ,comp>$ ) ^! results he f\nd ! sp4 gr4 ( oil ( turp5t9e to be #j4hgbg1 & ! rotatory p[] -#gi4 ,al?\gh ,l4 /*as 0 well kn[n to ! anci5ts1 no allusion unque/ionably ref]r+ to ,l4 v]a has be5 f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( classical au?ors1 ! e>lie/ m5tion ( ?is latt] plant be+ 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 by ! ,abbess ,hildeg>d1 :o liv$ ne> ,b]g5-on-!-,rh9e4 ,"u ! "n ( ,llafant or ,llafantly1 x 0 kn[n to ! ,wel% physicians z a m$ic9al plant 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! be/ v>iety ( ,l4 v]a--& !re are sev]al1 al?\gh unnam$--improv$ by cultivation 9 ,engl&1 pres5ts ! appe>ance ( an ev]gre5 und]%rub ( ab\t two feet 9 height1 ) grayi% gre5 l9e> leaves1 roll$ "u at ! edges1 :5 "y2 ! bran*es are erect & give a bu%y appe>ance to ! plant2 ! fl[]s are borne on a t]m9al spike1 at ! summit ( along nak$ /alk1 ! spike be+ compos$ ( six to t5 v]ticilla/]s1 m widely sep>at$ t[>d ! base ( ! spike2 9 "y plants two or f\r sub-spikes w bran* alt]nately 9 pairs f ! ma9 /alk2 ?is indicates great vigor 9 ! plant1 & occurs r>ely aft] ! second ye> ( ! plant's gr[?4 ,! floral leaves are rhomboidal1 acum9ate1 & membrane\s1 ! upp] ones be+ %ort] ?an ! calyces1 bracteas obovate2 ! calyces are blui%1 ne>ly cyl9drical1 contract$ t[>d ! m\?1 & ribb$ ) _m ve9s4 ,! corolla is ( a pale blui% violet1 ( a deep] t9t on ! inn] surface ?an ! out]1 tubul>1 two-lipp$1 ! upp] lip ) two & ! l[] ) ?ree lobes4 ,bo? ! corolla & calyx are cov]$ ) /ellate hairs1 among :i* are emb$d$ %9+ oil gl&s1 to :i* ! fragrance ( ! plant is due4 ,! ,l4 v]a 0 id5tifi$ 9 #aeda1 & introduc$ into ,engl& 9 #aefh1 fl\ri%+ rem>kably well "u cultivation1 & yield+ an oil f> sup]ior 9 delicacy ( fragrance to t obta9$ f ! wild plant1 or to t obta9$ f ! same plant cultivat$ 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t nor? ( ! #ej? degree ( latitude ! v9e yields little b g>l&s ( leaves1 & t we %\ld attempt 9 va9 to cultivate ! olive nor? ( ! #dd? degree1 x may seem /range t ! ,lav&ula v]a1 :i* is a native ( ab\t ! same climate z ^!1 %\ld resi/1 unprotect$1 ! vigor\s fro/s ( ?is c\ntry4 ,ev5 at ,upsala1 latitude #ei #ea' ,n41 9 ! ,botanic ,g>d51 x m]ely requires ! %elt] ( a few bran*es to protect x 9 ! w9t]2 b ?is h>d9ess may be acc\nt$ = by sev]al physiological reasons4 ,l all fruticulose labiates :i* h a h>d compact tissue & conta9 mu* oily matt]1 ! lav5d] absorbs less moi/ure ?an h]bs :i* are s(t & spongy1 &1 z x always pref]s a dry calc>e\s1 ev5 /ony1 soil1 ! nor!rn cultivators f9d t by select+ su* localities ! tissues ( ! plant take up s little wat] t ! fro/ does n injure !m4 ,9 a nor!rn climate ! l5g? ( ! days 9 summ]1 & ! natural dryness ( ! air1 comp5sate 9 "s measure ! r$uction ( temp]ature1 & mature ! plant only to ! ext5t suffici5t = ! purpose = :i* x is gr[n4 ,p]haps ! susp5sion ( vital action dur+ w9t]1 :i* mu/ be m complete 9 nor!rn latitudes1 z our fro/s are m sev]e1 t5ds to pres]ve c]ta9 plants1 native ( ! s\?1 = x is obs]v$ t all plants are m s5sitive to cold :5 vegetation is active ?an :5 x is at re/4 ,! v9e is an in/ance ( ?is4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! plant is cultivat$ fur!r s\? ?an its natural b\nd>y1 ! same causes seem to ex]t _! influ5ce1 b 9 ! rev]se s5se4 ,lav5d] is cultivat$ on ! m\nta9s ( ,yem51 9 ,arabia2 ! humidity1 increas+ inv]sely to ! latitude1 comp5sates ! exhal+ =ce ( ! sun's rays1 & ! elevation ( ! locality ! effects ( ! heat4 ,?us is confirm$1 bo? 9 nor? & s\?1 ! law ( vegetable physiology obs]v$ by ,de ,c&olle1 9 ! temp]ate climates ( ,france1 & publi%$ 9 8 ,essai de ,geographie ,botanique1 t plants c be/ resi/ ! effects ( cold 9 a dry atmosph]e1 & ! effects ( heat 9 a humid atmosph]e4 ,a mild1 damp w9t]1 l ! "o ( #ahhi-ahij1 does m h>m ?an a h>d1 seasonable fro/1 z ! plants are apt to make gre5 %oots prematurely1 & ! late fro/s nip (f ^! t5d] portions1 ea* ( :i* w\ld o!rwise h produc$ a fl[] spike4 ,! v sev]e w9t] ( #ahij-ahia did n kill s _m plants z ! "o ( #ahhi-ahij4 ,! /ems & bran*es ( lav5d] be+ ligne\s & /rong are able to resi/ ! =ce ( ! w9d1 & ! plant ?rives be/ 9 a p]fectly op5 locality1 :]e ! air circulates freely2 ! oil & res9 :i* x conta9s 9 abundance enable x to resi/ ! p>*+ action ( ! w9d & sun4 ,?us1 on ! mo/ arid & /]ile gr\nd on ! m\nta9 sides 9 ! s\?1 & especially 9 ,spa91 plants ( ?is g5us fl\ri% ) m vigor 9 ! season :5 mo/ o!r vegetation is scor*$ up by ! ard5t rays ( ! sun1 & ! ,lav&ula v]a seems to h a pr$ilection = su* spots4 ,c]ta9ly ! plants !n assume a m /unt$ appe>ance ?an 9 ri*] soil1 b at ! same "t ! p]fume is /rong] & sweet]4 ,! calyces become *>g$ ) oil gl&s1 & yield a great] abundance ( volatile oil4 ,9 a v moi/ soil ! wat] p5etrates too mu* into ! tissues1 deta*es ! b>k1 ! plant black5s at ! root1 & a :ite fungus atta*es to ! ma9 /em & l[] bran*es2 x becomes feeble1 diseas$1 & dies4 ,a ri* soil furni%es too mu* nutrim5t1 ! plant gr[s v l>ge & h]bace\s1 becomes ov]*>g$ ) wat] relative to its assimilat+ & elaboratory p[]1 especially if gr[+ 9 a cold climate1 & ! equilibrium ( ! *emical proportions necess>y = ! =mation ( natural juices becomes d]ang$ at ! exp5se ( quantity & quality ( ! volatile oil produc$4 ,^! facts1 long ago po9t$ out by ,l9nu1 h be5 v]ifi$ 9 ,engl&4 ,"s ye>s ago a disease manife/$ itself 9 mo/ ( ! plantations1 :i*1 n be+ und]/ood by ! gr[]s1 0 n rem$i$ 79 fact1 is n g5]ally und]/ood & rem$i$ at ! pres5t "t71 ! acreage "u cultivation decreas$1 &1 p>tly ow+ to ?is & a sc>city occasion$ by a failure 9 ! crop1 ! price ( ! oil rapidly rose f #ejs4 to #bjjs4 p] lb4 ,consequ5tly1 ) ! cont9ually increas+ dem& & ! cont9u$ rise 9 price1 manufactur]s ( lav5d] wat] & ( comp\nd p]fumes 9 :i* oil ( lav5d] is a necess>y +r$i5t comm5c$ to buy ! ,fr5* oil1 & v5d]s ( ! ,engli% oil comm5c$ to adult]ate l>gely ! ,engli% ) ! ,fr5* oil4 ,by degrees ! ,fr5* oil become almo/ entirely sub/itut$ 9 ,engl& = ! ,engli%1 & at pres5t x is difficult to pur*ase true ,engli% lav5d] wat] ( a quality equal to t v5d$ tw5ty ye>s ago1 except at a few fir/ class h\ses4 ,! exorbitant pr(its dem&$ by *emi/s & druggi/s1 & ! incompreh5sible w ( ! public to buy any?+ *eap1 h[ev] bad1 h enc\rag$ a m>vel\s increase 9 ! figures ( ! imports ( ,fr5* 7& ,g]man1 :i* is worse7 oil4 ,9 #ahhj1 :5 ! price _h rea*$ #abes4 p] lb41 x 0 po9t$ out by an em95t ,london firm t unless ! cultivation 9 ,engl& 7 ext5d$1 ! price w\ld become prohibitive1 inf]ior oils w\ld be introduc$ into ! m>ket1 & s de/roy ! popul>ity ( ?is beautiful p]fume4 ,! price /ill ris+ did1 9 fact1 induce ?is importation1 & to ?is day ! bulk ( *emi/s & p]fum]s cont9ue to use ^! =eign oils1 not)/&+ ! fall 9 ! price ( ! ,engli% oil4 ,! con/ant dem&1 h[ev]1 9 ,am]ica 7:]e p w h ?+s good7 w yet support ! price ( ! g5u9e article--t is1 ( ! ,engli% oil1 :i* is ! f9e/ ! _w produces4 ,attempts 7 made by a ,fr5* manufactur+ p]fum] to e/abli% a plantation 9 ! s\? ( ,france ( plants tak5 f p>5t /ems gr[n 9 ,engl&4 ,! result 0 t ! "y plants det]iorat$ to _! orig9al condition--ev5 !re 9 _! native habitat4 ,! "* ( a plant & ! "* ( its produce dep5d ev5 on m ?an a simil>ity ( soil & geographical position4 ,x is ass]t$ t a good judge c di/+ui% betwe5 ! oils produc$ by two adjac5t fields1 & ! diff]5ce 9 odor is v app>5t betwe5 ! oils produc$ 9 ,h]t=d%ire & 9 ,surrey4 ,! oil produc$ 9 ,sussex is diff]5t f bo?4--,*emi/ & ,druggi/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,spectrum ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,& ,,elem5ts4 ,! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity ,circul>1 ,no4 #he1 issu$ 9 ,febru>y1 conta9s ,pr(4 ,r[l&'s report ( progress 9 spectrum "w4 ,! spectra ( all kn[n elem5ts1 ) ! exception ( a few gase\s ones1 or ^? too r>e to be yet obta9$1 h be5 photograph$ 9 connection ) ! sol> spectrum1 f ! extreme ultra-violet d[n to ! ,d l9e1 & eye obs]vations h be5 made on _m to ! limit ( ! sol> spectrum4 ,a table ( /&>d wave l5g?s ( ! impurities 9 ! c>bon poles ext5d+ to wave l5g? #b1jjj has be5 con/ruct$ to measure wave l5g?s beyond ! limits ( ! sol> spectrum4 ,9 addition to ?is1 maps ( ! spectra ( "s ( ! elem5ts h be5 drawn up on a l>ge scale1 ready = publication1 & ! great] "p ( ! l9es 9 ! map ( ! sol> spectrum h be5 id5tifi$4 ,! foll[+ r\gh table ( ! sol> elem5ts has be5 con/ruct$ entirely accord+ to ,pr(4 ,r[l&'s own obs]vations1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 mo/ ( !m h be5 giv5 by o!rs3 ,elem5ts 9 ! ,sun1 arrang$ accord+ to ,int5sity & ! ,numb] ( ,l9es 9 ! ,sol> ,spectrum4 ,accord+ to int5sity4 ,accord+ to numb]4 ,calcium ,zirconium ,iron 7#b1jjj or m7 ,magnesium 7#bj or m7 ,iron ,molybd5um ,nickel ,sodium 7#aa7 ,hydrog5 ,lan?anum ,titanium ,silicon ,sodium ,niobium ,manganese ,/rontium ,nickel ,palladium ,*romium ,b>ium ,magnesium ,neodymium ,cobalt ,alum9um 7#d7 ,cobalt ,copp] ,c>bon 7#bjj or m7 ,cadmium ,silicon ,z9c ,vanadium ,rhodium ,alum9um ,cadmium ,zirconium ,erbium ,titanium ,c]ium ,c]ium ,z9c ,*romium ,gluc9um ,calcium 7#ge or m7 ,copp] 7#b7 ,manganese ,g]manium ,sc&ium ,silv] 7#b7 ,/rontium ,rhodium ,neodymium ,gluc9um 7#b7 ,vanadium ,silv] ,lan?anum ,g]manium ,b>ium ,t9 ,yttrium ,t9 ,c>bon ,lead ,niobium ,lead 7#a7 ,sc&ium ,erbium ,molybd5um ,potassium 7#a7 ,yttrium ,potassium ,palladium ,d\btful ,elem5ts4 ,iridium1 osmium1 plat9um1 ru!nium1 tantalum1 ?orium1 tung/51 uranium4 ,n 9 ,sol> ,spectrum4 ,antimony1 ars5ic1 bismu?1 boron1 nitrog51 csium1 gold1 indium1 m]cury1 phosphorus1 rubidium1 sel5ium1 sulphur1 ?allium1 praseodymium4 ,) respect to ^! tables1 ,pr(4 ,r[l& adds3 ,! sub/ances "u ! head ( ',n 9 ! ,sol> ,spectrum' are (t5 plac$ !re because ! elem5ts h few /rong l9es or none at all 9 ! limit ( ! sol> spectrum :5 ! arc spectrum1 :i* ,i h us$1 is employ$4 ,?us1 boron has only two /rong l9es at #bdig4 ,aga91 ! l9es ( bismu? are all comp\nd1 & s too diffuse to appe> 9 ! sol> spectrum4 ,inde$1 "s good reason g5]ally appe>s = _! abs5ce f ! sol> spectrum4 ,( c\rse1 !re is b little evid5ce ( _! abs5ce f ! sun itself2 7 ! :ole e>? heat$ to ! temp]ature ( ! sun1 its spectrum w\ld probably resemble t ( ! sun v closely4 ,! p[]ful in/rum5t us$ at ,baltimore = photograph+ spectra1 & ! measur+ eng9e con/ruct$ to fit ! photographs s t its read+s give ! wave l5g?s ( l9es directly )9 #a_/ajj ( a division on ,ang/rm's scale1 give ! =ego+ results a weight sup]ior to _m o!rs publi%$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,allotropic ,,=ms ,,( ,,metals4 ,writ+ on "s curi\s prop]ties ( metals & alloys1 ,mr4 ,w4,c4 ,rob]ts-,au/51 says ! ,eng9e]1 rem>ks t ! importance ( ! isom]ic & allotropic /ates has be5 mu* neglect$ 9 ! case ( metals4 ,j\le & ,lyon ,playfair %[$1 9 #ahdf1 t metals 9 diff]5t allotropic /ates possess diff]5t atomic volumes1 & ,mat?iess51 9 #ahfj1 0 l$ to ! view t 9 c]ta9 cases :]e metals are alloy$ !y pass into allotropic /ates1 probably ! mo/ important g5]alization :i* has yet be5 made 9 connection ) ! molecul> con/itution ( alloys4 ,in/ances ( allotropy 9 pure metals are3 ,bolley's lead1 :i* oxidizes readily 9 air2 ,s*utz5b]g]'s copp]2 ,frits*e' t91 :i* falls to p[d] :5 expos$ to exceptionally cold w9t]2 ,gore's antimony2 ,graham's palladium & allotropic nickel4 ,j\le has also prov$ t1 :5 iron is releas$ f its amalgam by di/ill+ away ! m]cury1 ! metallic iron takes fire on exposure to air1 & is !re=e cle>ly diff]5t f ord9>y iron4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,new ,catalogue ( ,valuable ,pap]s ,conta9$ 9 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s1 s5t free ( *>ge to any address4 ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,ar*itects & ,build]s ,edition4 #b4ej a ,ye>4 ,s+le ,copies1 #be cts4 ,?is is a ,special ,edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 issu$ mon?ly--on ! fir/ day ( ! mon?4 ,ea* numb] conta9s ab\t =ty l>ge qu>to pages1 equal to ab\t two hundr$ ord9>y book pages1 =m+1 practically1 a l>ge & spl5did ,,magaz9e ,,( ,,ar*itecture1 ri*ly adorn$ ) elegant plates 9 colors & ) f9e engrav+s1 illu/rat+ ! mo/ int]e/+ examples ( mod]n ,ar*itectural ,con/ruction & alli$ subjects4 ,a special feature is ! pres5tation 9 ea* numb] ( a v>iety ( ! late/ & be/ plans = private resid5ces1 city & c\ntry1 includ+ ^? ( v mod]ate co/ z well z ! m exp5sive4 ,draw+s 9 p]spective & 9 color are giv51 toge!r ) full ,plans1 ,specifications1 ,co/s1 ,bills ( ,e/imate1 & ,%eets ( ,details4 ,no o!r build+ pap] conta9s s _m plans1 details1 & specifications regul>ly pres5t$ z ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican4 ,hundr$s ( dwell+s h already be5 erect$ on ! v>i\s plans we h issu$ dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 & _m o!rs are 9 process ( con/ruction4 ,ar*itects1 ,build]s1 & ,own]s w f9d ?is "w valuable 9 furni%+ fre% & useful sugge/ions4 ,all :o contemplate build+ or improv+ homes1 or erect+ /ructures ( any k9d1 h be=e !m 9 ?is "w an almo/ endless s]ies ( ! late/ & be/ examples f :i* to make selections1 ?us sav+ "t & money4 ,_m o!r subjects1 includ+ ,sew]age1 ,pip+1 ,light+1 ,w>m+1 ,v5tilat+1 ,decorat+1 ,lay+ out ( ,gr\nds1 etc41 are illu/rat$4 ,an ext5sive ,comp5dium ( ,manufactur]s' ,ann\ncem5ts is also giv51 9 :i* ! mo/ reliable & approv$ ,build+ ,mat]ials1 ,goods1 ,ma*9es1 ,tools1 & ,appliances are describ$ & illu/rat$1 ) addresses ( ! mak]s1 etc4 ,! fullness1 ri*ness1 *eapness1 & conv5i5ce ( ?is "w h won = x ! ,,l>ge/ ,,circulation ( any ,ar*itectural publication 9 ! _w4 ,a ,catalogue ( valuable books on ,ar*itecture1 ,build+1 ,c>p5try1 ,masonry1 ,heat+1 ,w>m+1 ,light+1 ,v5tilation1 & all bran*es ( indu/ry p]ta9+ to ! art ( ,build+1 is suppli$ free ( *>ge1 s5t to any address4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,build+ ,plans & ,specifications4 ,9 connection ) ! publication ( ! ,,build+ ,,edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,munn ,co4 furni% plans & specifications = build+s ( e k9d1 includ+ ,*ur*es1 ,s*ools1 ,/ores1 ,dwell+s1 ,c>riage ,h\ses1 ,b>ns1 etc4 ,9 ?is "w !y are assi/$ by able & exp]i5c$ ar*itects4 ,full plans1 details1 & specifications = ! v>i\s build+s illu/rat$ 9 ?is pap] c be suppli$4 ,^? :o contemplate build+1 or :o wi% to alt]1 improve1 ext5d1 or add to exi/+ build+s1 :e!r w+s1 por*es1 bay w9d[s1 or attic rooms1 are invit$ to communicate ) ! und]sign$4 ,our "w ext5ds to all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,e/imates1 plans1 & draw+s promptly prep>$4 ,t]ms mod]ate4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,subscription1 #e ,a ,,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,useful ,eng9e]+ ,books ,manufactur]s1 ,agriculturi/s1 ,*emi/s1 ,eng9e]s1 ,me*anics1 ,build]s1 m5 ( leisure1 & pr(essional m51 ( all classes1 ne$ good books 9 ! l9e ( _! respective call+s4 ,our po/ (fice dep>tm5t p]mits ! transmission ( books ?r\gh ! mails at v small co/4 ,a compreh5sive catalogue ( useful books by diff]5t au?ors1 on m ?an fifty diff]5t subjects1 has rec5tly be5 publi%$1 = free circulation1 at ! (fice ( ?is pap]4 ,subjects classifi$ ) names ( au?or4 ,p]sons desir+ a copy h only to ask = x1 & x w be mail$ to !m4 ,address1 ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #db ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! "n & resid5ce ( ! ,pat5tee4 ,by ! imm5se circulation ?us giv51 public att5tion is direct$ to ! m]its ( ! new pat5t1 & sales or introduction (t5 easily effect$4 ,any p]son :o has made a new discov]y or inv5tion c asc]ta91 free ( *>ge1 :e!r a pat5t c probably be obta9$1 by writ+ to ,,munn ,co4 ,we also s5d free our ,h& ,book ab\t ! ,pat5t ,laws1 ,pat5ts1 ,caveats1 ,trade ,m>ks1 _! co/s1 & h[ procur$4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,bran* ,(fice1 #fbb & #fbd ,f ,/41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4