,illu/ration ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t ,no4 #deh ,,new ,,york1 ,,octob] #aa1 #ahhd ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xviii1 ,no4 #deh4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,metallurgy4--,*emical ,nature ( ,/>* ,gra9s4 ,! ,amalgamation ( ,silv] ,ores4--,description ( ! ,francke t9a1 or vat process = amalgamation ( silv] ores4--,by ,e4,p4 ,,ra?bone4--#f figures4 ,int]e/+ ,facts ab\t ,plat9um4--,draw /ones us$ = draw+ wire ( preci\s metals4 ,,ii4 ,,eng9e]+1 ,,m9+1 ,,etc4--,mod]n ,locomotive ,practice4--,pap] read be=e ! ,civil & ,me*anical ,eng9e]s' ,society4--,by ,h4 ,,mi*ell ,,:itley--#aj figures4 ,new ,screw ,/eam ,colli]1 ,fro/burg4--#a figure4 ,de/ruction ( ! ,t>des ,viaduct by ,w9d4--,) engrav+4 ,joy's ,rev]s+ & ,expansion ,valve ,ge>4--#a figure4 ,! ,/eam ,bell = ,locomotives4--#b figures4 ,diamond ,m9+ 9 ,brazil4--,) engrav+s %[+ ! dam on ! ,ribeirao ,inf]no at ,portao de ,f]ro1 & ! arrangem5t ( ! ma*9]y4 ,,iii4 ,,electricity1 ,,etc4--,! ,frank=t & ,(f5ba* ,electric ,railway4--,) #c engrav+s4 ,possibilities ( ! ,telephone4--,its use by vessels at sea4 ,pyromet]s4--,! inv5tions ( ,siem5s & o!rs4 ,,iv4 ,,ar*,,ology4--,! ,cay ,monum5t at ,uxmal4--,discov]$ by ,dr4 ,le ,plongeon on ,june #a1 #ahha4--,) engrav+4 ,v4 ,,a/ronomy4--,! ,temp]ature ( ! ,sol> ,surface ,correspond+ ) ! ,temp]ature ,transmitt$ to ! ,sun ,motor4--,by ,j4 ,,ericsson4--,) #b engrav+s ( ! sun motor4 ,,vi4 ,,horticulture4--,halesia ,hispida1 a ,h>dy ,%rub4--,) engrav+4 ,w9dfl[]s or ,anemone4--,) engrav+4 ,,vii4 ,,m$ic9e1 ,,hygi5e4 ,,etc4--,:at we ,really ,"k ab\t ,asiatic ,*ol]a4--,by ,j4,c4 ,,pet]s1 ,m4,d4 ,dr4 ,ko* on ! ,*ol]a4 ,mal>ia4--,! natural production ( mal>ia & ! means ( mak+ mal>ial c\ntries heal?i]4--,by ,c4,t4 ,,crudeli1 ( ,rome4 ,/ory ( ,lieut4 ,greely's ,recov]y4--,treatm5t by ,surgeon ,gre54 ,,viii4 ,,miscellane\s4--,bayle's ,new ,lamp ,*imney4--,) engrav+4 ,lieut4 ,greely be=e ! ,briti% ,association4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,frank=t ,,& ,,(f5ba* ,,electric ,,railway4 ,! electric railway rec5tly set 9 op]ation betwe5 ,frank=t & ,(f5ba* furni%es an occasion = /udy+ ! "q ( su* roads anew & f a practical /&po9t4 ,= elevat$ railways ,messrs4 ,siem5s & ,halske a long "t ago *ose rails z curr5t conductors4 ,! electric railway f ,b]l9 to ,li*t]felde & ! "o at ,vi5na are 9 reality only elevat$ roads e/abli%$ ^u ! surface4 ,al?\gh x is possible to insulate ! rails 9 a satisfactory mann] 9 ! case ( an elevat$ road1 ! conditions ( insulation are n v favorable :]e ! railway is to be con/ruct$ on a level ) ! surface4 ,9 ?is case x becomes necess>y to disp5se ) ! simple & *eap arrangem5t ( rails z conductors1 & to set up1 in/ead1 a numb] ( poles to support ! electric conductors4 ,x is f ^! latt] t c]ta9 devices ( peculi> con/ruction take up ! curr5t4 ,! simple/ arrangem5t to be adopt$ "u ^! circum/ances w\ld evid5tly be to /ret* a wire ^u :i* a travel] w\ld slide--?is la/ nam$ piece be+ connect$ ) ! locomotive by means ( a flexible cord4 ,?is g5]al idea1 moreov]1 has be5 put 9 practice by sev]al con/ructors4 ,9 ! ,messrs4 ,siem5s ,bros4' electric railway t figur$ at ,p>is 9 #ahha ! arrangem5t adopt$ = tak+ up ! curr5t consi/$ ( two split tubes f :i* 7 susp5d$ two small contact c>riages t communicat$ ) ! electric c> ?r\gh ! int]m$ium ( flexible cables4 ,?is is ! mode ( con/ruction t ,messrs4 ,siem5s & ,halske h adopt$ 9 ! railway f ,frank=t to ,(f5ba*4 ,:ile ! ,p>is road 0 ( an entirely tempor>y "*1 t ( ,frank=t has be5 built accord+ to extremely well /udi$ plans1 & aft] mu* light hav+ be5 ?r[n ^u ! "q ( electric traction by ?ree ye>s ( new exp]im5ts4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! electric c> at ! mom5t ( its />t f ,frank=t1 ,fig4 #b %[s ! arrangem5t ( a turn\t1 & ,fig4 #c gives a g5]al plan ( ! electric works4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,! ,,electric ,,railway1 ,,frank=t1 ,,g]many4 ,! two groov$ tubes are susp5d$ f insulators fix$ ^u ext]nal ca/ iron supports4 ,z = ! conductors1 :i* h _! re/+ po9ts ^u ord9>y insulators m\nt$ at ! top ( ! same supports1 ^! are cables compos$ ( copp] & /eel4 ,!y s]ve bo? = lead+ ! curr5t & c>ry+ ! tubes4 ,! same arrangem5t 0 us$ by ,messrs4 ,siem5s & ,halske at ,vi5na 9 #ahhc4 ,! motors1 :i* are ( #bdj ,h4,p41 consi/ ( two c\pl$ /eam eng9es ( ! ,collmann sy/em4 ,! "o %aft 9 common runs ) a velocity ( #fj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,its motion is transmitt$ by means ( t5 hemp5 cables1 #c4e cm4 9 diamet]4 ,! fly:eel1 :i* is #d m4 9 diamet]1 s]ves at ! same "t z a driv+ pulley4 ,z ! pulley m\nt$ ^u ! transmitt+ %aft is only "o met] 9 diamet]1 x foll[s t ! %aft+ has a velocity ( #bdj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! /eam g5]ators are ( ! ,t5 ,br9k type1 & are sev5 9 numb]4 ,! normal pressure 9 !m is f\r atmosph]es4 ,!re are at pres5t f\r dynamo-electric ma*9es1 b suffici5t room 0 provid$ = f\r m4 ,! %afts ( ! dynamos h a velocity ( #fjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! pulleys are #fj cm4 9 diamet]1 & ! wid? ( ! driv+ belts is #ah cm4 ,! dynamos are m\nt$ ^u rails s z to p]mit ! t5sion ( ! belt+ to be regulat$ :5 necessity requires x4 ,?is arrangem5t1 :i* possesses great advantages1 _h already be5 adopt$ 9 _m o!r in/allations4 ,! electric ma*9es are #b met]s 9 height4 ,! diamet] ( ! r+s is ab\t #de cm4 & _! l5g? is #gj cm4 ,! electric t5sion ( ! dynamos measures #fjj volts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,turn\t ,,track ,,( ,,! ,,electric ,,railway1 ,,frank=t1 ,,g]many4 ,! duty v>ies betwe5 #hj & #ej p] c5t41 accord+ to ! arrangem5t ( ! c>s4 ,! total l5g? ( ! road is #f1fee met]s4 ,usually1 !re are f\r c>s en r\te1 & two dynamos s]ve to create ! curr5t4 ,:5 ! c>s are c\pl$ 9 pairs1 ?ree dynamos are us$--"o ( ! ma*9es be+ always held 9 res]ve4 ,all ! dynamos are gr\p$ = quantity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,g5]al ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,electric ,,works4 ,! company at pres5t owns six clos$ & five op5 c>s4 ,9 ! =m] !re is room = tw5ty-two p]sons4 ,! weight ( ^! c>s v>ies betwe5 #c1ejj & #d1jjj kilos4--,la ,lumi]e ,electrique4 99 99 99 99 99 ,by ! addition ( t5 p>ts ( collodion to fifte5 ( creasote 7says ! ,revue de ,!rap47 a sort ( jelly is obta9$ :i* is m conv5i5t to apply to decay$ tee? ?an is creasote 9 its liquid =m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,possibilities ,,( ,,! ,,telephone4 ,! meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association 0 "o ( unusual int]e/ & importance to ! memb]s ( ,section ,b4 ,?is is to be attribut$ n only to ! unusually l>ge att5dance ( ,am]ican physici/s1 b also to ! pres5ce ( a numb] ( di/+ui%$ memb]s ( ! ,briti% ,association1 :o h contribut$ to ! success ( ! meet+s n only by pres5t+ pap]s1 b by ent]+ freely into ! discussions4 ,9 p>ticul> ! section 0 =tunate 9 hav+ ! pres5ce ( ,sir ,william ,?omson1 to :om m ?an to any "o else we owe ! successful op]ation ( ! great ocean cables1 & :o /&s ) ,helmholtz fir/ among liv+ physici/s4 ,:5ev] he ent]$ any ( ! discussions1 all 7 b5efit$ by ! cle>ness & sugge/iv5ess ( 8 rem>ks4 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,graham ,bell1 ! inv5tor ( ! telephone1 read a pap] giv+ a possible me?od ( communication betwe5 %ips at sea4 ,! simple exp]im5t t illu/rates ! me?od :i* he propos$ is z foll[s3 ,take a bas9 ( wat]1 introduce into x1 at two widely sep>at$ po9ts1 ! two t]m9als ( a batt]y circuit :i* conta9s an int]rupt]1 mak+ & break+ ! circuit v rapidly4 ,n[ at two o!r po9ts t\* ! wat] ) ! t]m9als ( a circuit conta9+ a telephone4 ,a s\nd w be he>d1 except :5 ! two telephone t]m9als t\* ! wat] at po9ts :]e ! pot5tial is ! same4 ,9 ?is way ! equipot5tial l9es c easily be pick$ out4 ,n[ to apply ?is to ! case ( a %ip at sea3 ,suppose "o %ip to be provid$ ) a dynamo ma*9e g5]at+ a p[]ful curr5t1 & let "o t]m9al ent] ! wat] at ! pr[ ( ! %ip1 & ! o!r to be c>efully insulat$1 except at its end1 & be trail$ beh9d ! %ip1 mak+ connection ) ! sea at a consid]able di/ance f ! vessel2 & suppose ! curr5t be rapidly made & brok5 by an int]rupt]2 !n ! obs]v] on a second vessel provid$ ) simil> t]m9al conductors to ! fir/1 b hav+ a telephone in/ead ( a dynamo1 w be able to detect ! pres5ce ( ! o!r vessel ev5 at a consid]able di/ance2 & by suitable modifications ! direction ( ! o!r vessel may be f\nd4 ,?is conception ,pr(essor ,bell has actually tri$ on ! ,potomac ,riv] ) two small boats1 & f\nd t at a mile & a qu>t]1 ! fur!/ di/ance exp]im5t$ ^u1 ! s\nd due to ! action ( ! int]rupt] 9 "o boat 0 di/9ctly audible 9 ! o!r4 ,! exp]im5t did n succe$ q s well 9 salt wat]4 ,pr(essor ,tr[bridge !n m5tion$ a me?od :i* he _h sugge/$ "s ye>s ago = telegraph+ across ! ocean )\t a cable1 ! me?od hav+ be5 sugge/$ m = its int]e/ ?an ) any idea ( its ev] be+ put 9 practice4 ,a conductor is suppos$ to be laid f ,labrador to ,patagonia1 end+ 9 ! ocean at ^? po9ts1 & pass+ ?r\gh ,new ,york1 :]e a dynamo ma*9e is suppos$ to be includ$ 9 ! circuit4 ,9 ,europe a l9e is to ext5d f ! nor? ( ,scotl& to ! s\? ( ,spa91 mak+ connections ) ! ocean at ^? po9ts1 & 9 ?is circuit is to be includ$ a telephone4 ,!n any *ange 9 ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t 9 ! ,am]ican l9e w\ld produce a correspond+ *ange 9 curr5t 9 ! ,european l9e2 & ?us signals c\ld be transmitt$4 ,mr4 ,preece1 ( ! ,engli% po/al telegraph1 !n gave an acc\nt ( h[ su* a sy/em _h actually be5 put into practice 9 telegraph+ betwe5 ! ,isle ( ,wight & ,s\?ampton dur+ a susp5sion 9 ! action ( ! regul> cable communication4 ,! in/rum5ts us$ 7 a telephone 9 "o circuit1 & 9 ! o!r ab\t tw5ty-five ,leclan*e cells & an int]rupt]4 ,! s\nd c\ld !n be he>d di/9ctly2 & s communication 0 kept up until ! cable 0 aga9 9 work+ ord]4 ,( ! two l9es us$ 9 ?is case1 "o ext5d$ f ! sea at ! end ( ! isl& ne> ,hur/ ,ca/le1 ?r\gh ! l5g? ( ! isl&1 & ent]$ ! sea aga9 at ,rye2 :ile ! l9e on ! ma9l& ran f ,hur/ ,ca/le1 :]e x 0 connect$ ) ! sea1 ?r\gh ,s\?ampton to ,portsm\?1 :]e x aga9 ent]$ ! sea4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! two t]m9als at ,hur/ ,ca/le 0 ab\t "o mile1 :ile t betwe5 ! t]m9als at ,portsm\? & ,rye am\nt$ to six miles4--,sci5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pyromet]s4 ,! accurate measurem5t ( v high temp]atures is a matt] ( great importance1 especially ) reg>d to metallurgical op]ations2 b x is also "o ( great difficulty4 ,until rec5t ye>s ! only me?ods sugge/$ 7 to measure ! expansion ( a giv5 fluid or gas1 z 9 ! air pyromet]2 or to measure ! contraction ( a cone ( h>d1 burnt clay1 z 9 ! ,w$gwood pyromet]4 ,nei!r ( ^! sy/ems 0 at all reliable or satisfactory4 ,lately1 h[ev]1 o!r pr9ciples h be5 introduc$ ) consid]able success1 & ! matt] is ( s mu* int]e/1 n only to ! practical manufactur] b also to ! physici/1 t a sket* ( ! *ief sy/ems n[ 9 use w probably be acceptable4 ,he w ?us be enabl$ to select ! in/rum5t be/ suit$ = ! p>ticul> purpose he may h 9 view4 ,! fir/ real improvem5t 9 ?is direction1 z 9 s _m o!rs1 is due to ! g5ius ( ,sir ,william ,siem5s4 ,8 fir/ attempt 0 a calorimetric pyromet]1 9 :i* a mass ( copp] at ! temp]ature requir$ to be kn[n is ?r[n into ! wat] ( a calorimet]1 & ! heat x has absorb$ ?us det]m9$4 ,?is me?od1 h[ev]1 is n v reliable1 & 0 sup]s$$ by 8 well-kn[n electric pyromet]4 ,?is re/s on ! pr9ciple t ! electric resi/ance ( metal conductors increases ) ! temp]ature4 ,9 ! case ( plat9um1 ! metal *os5 = ! purpose1 ?is increase up to #a1ejj;,c4 is v ne>ly 9 ! exact proportion ( ! rise ( temp]ature4 ,! pr9ciple is appli$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,a cyl9d] ( fireclay slides 9 a metal tube1 & has two plat9um wires "o "o-hundr$? ( an in* 9 diamet] w\nd r\nd x 9 sep>ate grooves4 ,_! ends are connect$ at ! top to two conductors1 :i* pass d[n inside ! tube & end 9 a fireclay plug at ! bottom4 ,! o!r ends ( ! wires are connect$ ) a small plat9um coil1 :i* is kept at a con/ant resi/ance4 ,a ?ird conductor />t+ f ! top ( ! tube passes d[n ?r\gh x1 & comes out at ! face ( ! metal plug4 ,! tube is ins]t$ 9 ! m$ium ^: temp]ature is to be f\nd1 & ! electric resi/ance ( ! coil is measur$ by a diff]5tial voltamet]4 ,f ?is x is easy to d$uce ! temp]ature to :i* ! plat9um has be5 rais$4 ,?is pyromet] is probably ! mo/ widely us$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,tremes*9i's pyromet] is bas$ on a diff]5t pr9ciple1 viz41 on ! expansion ( a ?9 plate ( plat9um1 :i* is heat$ by a mass ( metal previ\sly rais$ to ! temp]ature ( ! m$ium4 ,! exact arrangem5ts are difficult to describe )\t ! aid ( draw+s1 b ! result is to measure ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5 ! m$ium to be te/$ & ! atmosph]e at ! position ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! :ole app>atus is simple1 compact1 & easy to manage1 & its indications appe> to be correct at lea/ up to #hjj;,c4 ,! ,trampl] pyromet] is bas$ ^u ! diff]5ce 9 ! coeffici5ts ( dilatation = iron & graphite1 t ( ! latt] be+ ab\t two-?irds t ( ! =m]4 ,!re is an iron tube conta9+ a /ick ( h>d graphite4 ,?is is plac$ 9 ! m$ium to be exam9$1 & bo? l5g!n "u ! heat1 b ! iron ! mo/ ( ! two4 ,at ! top ( ! /ick ( graphite is a metal cap c>ry+ a knife-edge1 on :i* re/s a b5t lev] press$ d[n ^u x by a light spr+4 ,a f9e *a9 atta*$ to ! long arm ( ?is lev] is w\nd ^u a small pulley2 a l>g] pulley on ! same axis has w\nd ^u x a second *a91 :i* actuates a ?ird pulley on ! axis ( ! indicat+ ne$le4 ,9 ?is way ! relative dilatation ( ! graphite is suffici5tly magnifi$ to be easily visible4 ,a some:at simil> in/rum5t is ! ,gauntlett pyromet]1 :i* is l>gely us$ 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&4 ,"h ! in/rum5t is p>tly ( iron1 p>tly ( fireclay1 & ! diff]5ce 9 ! expansion ( ! two mat]ials is caus$ to act by a sy/em ( spr+s ^u a ne$le revolv+ ^u a dial4 ,! ,ducomet pyromet] is on a v diff]5t pr9ciple1 & only applicable to r\gh det]m9ations4 ,x consi/s ( a s]ies ( r+s made ( alloys :i* h slightly diff]5t melt+-po9ts4 ,^! are /rung ^u a rod1 :i* is pu%$ into ! m$ium to be measur$1 & are press$ toge!r by a spiral spr+4 ,z soon z any "o ( ! r+s beg9s to s(t5 "u ! heat1 x is squeez$ toge!r by ! pressure1 &1 z x melts1 x is completely squeez$ out & disappe>s4 ,! rod is !n made to rise by ! ?ickness ( ! melt$ r+1 & a simple app>atus %[s at any mom5t ! numb] ( r+s :i* h melt$1 & !re=e ! temp]ature :i* has be5 atta9$4 ,?is in/rum5t _c be us$ to foll[ v>iations ( temp]ature1 b indicates cle>ly ! mom5t :5 a p>ticul> temp]ature is atta9$4 ,x is ( c\rse entirely dep5d5t on ! accuracy ) :i* ! melt+-po9ts ( ! v>i\s alloys h be5 fix$4 ,yet ano!r pr9ciple is involv$ 9 ! in/rum5t call$ ! ?alpotasimet]1 :i* may be us$ ei!r ) e!r1 wat]1 or m]cury4 ,x is bas$ on ! pr9ciple t ! pressure ( any saturat$ vapor corresponds to its temp]ature4 ,! in/rum5t consi/s ( a tube ( metal p>tly fill$ ) liquid1 :i* is expos$ to ! m$ium :i* is to be measur$4 ,a metallic pressure gauge is connect$ ) ! tube1 & indicates ! pressure exi/+ )9 x at any mom5t4 ,by graduat+ ! face ( ! gauge :5 ! in/rum5t is at kn[n temp]atures1 ! temp]ature c be read (f directly f ! position ( ! ne$le4 ,f #ajj to #bbj;,f4 e!r is ! liquid us$1 f !nce to #fhj x is wat]1 & above ! latt] temp]ature m]cury is employ$4 ,ano!r class ( pyromet]s hav+ great promise 9 ! future is bas$ on :at may be call$ ! wat]-curr5t pr9ciple4 ,"h ! temp]ature is det]m9$ by not+ ! am\nt ( heat communicat$ to a kn[n curr5t ( wat] circulat+ 9 ! m$ium to be obs]v$4 ,! idea1 :i* 0 due to ,m4 ,de ,sa9tignon1 has be5 c>ri$ out 9 its mo/ improv$ =m by ,m4 ,b\li]4 ,"h ! pyromet] itself consi/s ( a set ( tubes "o inside ! o!r1 & all inclos$ = safety 9 a l>ge tube ( fireclay4 ,! c5tral tube or pipe br+s 9 ! wat] f a tank above1 :]e x is ma9ta9$ at a con/ant level4 ,! wat] desc5ds to ! bottom ( ! in/rum5t1 & op5s into ! end ( ano!r small tube call$ ! explor] 7explorateur74 ,?is tube projects f ! fireclay cas+ into ! m$ium to be exam9$1 & c be pu%$ 9 or out z requir$4 ,aft] circulat+ ?r\gh ?is tube ! wat] rises aga9 9 ! annul> space betwe5 ! c5tral pipe & ! second pipe4 ,! simil> space betwe5 ! second pipe & ! ?ird pipe is always fill$ by ano!r & mu* l>g] curr5t ( wat]1 :i* keeps ! int]ior cool4 ,! result is t no loss ( heat is possible 9 ! in/rum5t1 & ! wat] 9 ! c5tral tube m]ely takes up j s mu* heat z is conduct$ into x ?r\gh ! metal ( ! explor]4 ,?is heat x br+s back ?r\gh a %ort ,india-rubb] pipe to a cas+ conta9+ a !rmomet]4 ,?is !rmomet] is imm]s$ 9 ! return+ curr5t ( wat]1 & records its temp]ature4 ,x is graduat$ by imm]s+ ! in/rum5t 9 kn[n & con/ant temp]atures1 & ?us ! graduations on ! !rmomet] give at once ! temp]ature1 n ( ! curr5t ( wat]1 b ( ! m$ium f :i* x has receiv$ its heat4 ,9 ord] to r5d] ! in/rum5t p]fectly reliable1 all t is necess>y is t ! curr5t ( wat] %\ld be always p]fectly uni=m1 & ?is is easily atta9$ by fix+ ! size ( ! outlet once = all1 & also ! level ( wat] 9 ! tank4 ,s arrang$1 ! pyromet] works ) great regul>ity1 indicat+ ! lea/ v>iations ( temp]ature1 requir+ no sort ( att5tion1 & nev] suff]+ injury "u ! mo/ int5se heat2 9 fact ! tube1 :5 )drawn f ! furnace1 is f\nd to be m]ely w>m4 ,if !re is any risk ( ! in/rum5t gett+ brok5 f fall ( mat]ials or o!r causes1 x may be fitt$ ) an +5i\s self-act+ app>atus %utt+ (f ! supply4 ,= ?is purpose ! wat] :i* has pass$ ! !rmomet] is made to fall into a funnel hung on ! long] arm ( a balanc$ lev]4 ,) an ord9>y fl[ ! wat] /&s at a c]ta9 height 9 ! funnel1 &1 :ile ?is is s1 ! lev] rema9s balanc$2 b if f any accid5t ! fl[ is dim9i%$1 ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! funnel desc5ds1 ! o!r arm ( ! lev] falls1 & 9 do+ s releases two spr+s1 "o ( :i* 9 fly+ up r+s a bell1 & ! o!r by deta*+ a c\nt]weight closes a cock & /ops ! supply ( wat] altoge!r4 ,x w be se5 t ^! in/rum5ts are n adapt$ = %ift+ ab\t f place to place 9 ord] to obs]ve diff]5t temp]atures1 b r = foll[+ ! v>iations ( temp]ature at "o & ! same place4 ,= _m purposes ?is is ( great importance4 ,!y h be5 us$ ) great success 9 porcela9 furnaces1 bo? at ! fam\s manufactories at ,sevres & at ano!r porcela9 works 9 ,limoges4 ,f bo? ^! e/abli%m5ts v favorable reports z to _! work+ h be5 receiv$4--,w4,r4 ,br[ne1 9 ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nature4 ,,! ,,temp]ature ,,( ,,! ,,sol> ,,surface4 ,i h1 dur+ ! summ] sol/ice ( #ahhd1 c>ri$ out an exp]im5tal inve/igation = ! purpose ( demon/rat+ ! temp]ature ( ! sol> surface correspond+ ) ! temp]ature transmitt$ to ! sun motor4 ,ref]r+ to ! illu/rations previ\sly publi%$1 x w be se5 t ! cyl9drical heat] ( ! sun motor1 con/ruct$ solely = ! purpose ( g5]at+ /eam or exp&+ air1 is n well adapt$ = an exact det]m9ation ( ! am\nt ( surface expos$ to ! action ( ! reflect$ sol> rays4 ,x w be p]ceiv$ on inspection t only "p ( ! bottom ( ! cyl9drical heat] ( ! motor is act$ ^u by ! reflect$ rays1 & t _! d5sity dim9i%es gradually t[>d ! sides ( ! vessel2 also t ow+ to ! imp]fections ( ! surface ( ! reflect+ plates ! exact c\rse ( ! t]m9al rays _c be def9$4 ,consequ5tly1 ! mo/ important po9t 9 ! inve/igation1 namely1 ! area act$ ^u by ! reflect$ radiant heat1 _c be accurately det]m9$4 ,i h accord+ly con/ruct$ an in/rum5t ( l>ge dim5sions1 a polygonal reflector 7see ,fig4 #a71 compos$ ( a s]ies ( incl9$ mirrors1 & provid$ ) a c5tral heat] ( conical =m1 act$ ^u by ! reflect$ radiation 9 su* a mann] t ea* po9t ( its surface receives an equal am\nt ( radiant heat 9 a giv5 "t4 ,! said reflector is conta9$ )9 two regul> polygonal planes twelve in*es ap>t1 ea* hav+ n9ety-six sides1 ! p]imet] ( ! upp] plane correspond+ ) a circle ( eight feet diamet]1 t ( ! l[] plane be+ six feet4 ,! correspond+ sides ( ^! planes are connect$ by flat tap] mirrors compos$ ( ?9 glass silv]$ on ! outside4 ,:5 ! reflector faces ! sun at "r angles1 ea* mirror int]cepts a p5cil ( rays ( #cb4fa squ>e in*es section1 h5ce ! entire reflect+ surface receives ! radiant heat ( an annul> sunbeam ( #cb4fa #if #c1acj squ>e in*es section4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! area ?us /at$ is #j4jaa less ?an ! total =e%ort5$ sup]ficies ( ! n9ety-six mirrors if suffici5tly wide to come 9 p]fect contact at ! v]tices4 ,fig4 #b repres5ts a transv]se section ( ! in/rum5t z x appe>s :5 fac+ ! sun2 ! direct & reflect$ rays be+ indicat$ by dott$ l9es4 ,! reflector & conical heat] are su/a9$ by a flat hub & eight radial spokes b5t upw>d t[>d ! ends at an angle ( #de4 ,! hub & spokes are support$ by a v]tical pivot1 by means ( :i* ! op]ator is enabl$ to foll[ ! diurnal motion ( ! sun1 :ile a horizontal axle1 secur$ to ! upp] end ( ! pivot1 & held by appropriate be>+s "u ! hub1 enables him to regulate ! incl9ation to correspond ) ! altitude ( ! lum9>y4 ,! heat] is compos$ ( roll$ plate iron #j4jag in* ?ick1 & provid$ ) bead & bottom =m$ ( non-conduct+ mat]ials4 ,by means ( a screw-plug pass+ ?r\gh ! bottom & ent]+ ! face ( ! hub ! heat] may be appli$ & remov$ 9 ! c\rse ( five m9utes1 an important fact1 z w be se5 h]eaft]4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to /ate t ! proportion ( ! ends ( ! conical heat] %\ld correspond ) ! p]imet]s ( ! reflector1 h5ce ! diamet] ( ! upp] end1 at ! int]section ( ! polygonal plane1 %\ld be to t ( ! l[] end z #h to #f1 9 ord] t e "p may be act$ ^u by reflect$ rays ( equal d5sity4 ,?is condition be+ fulfill$1 ! temp]ature communicat$ w be p]fectly uni=m4 ,a %ort tube passes ?r\gh ! upp] head ( ! heat]1 ?r\gh :i* a !rmomet] is ins]t$ = measur+ ! int]nal temp]ature4 ,! /em be+ some:at less ?an ! bore ( ! tube1 a small op5+ is =m$ by :i* ! necess>y equilibrium ( pressure w be e/abli%$ ) ! ext]nal atmosph]e4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t ! indications ( ! !rmomet] dur+ ! exp]im5t h be5 rem>kably prompt1 ! bulb be+ subject$ to ! jo9t influ5ce ( radiation & convection4 ,! =ego+ p>ticul>s1 x w be f\nd1 furni% all necess>y data = det]m9+ ) absolute precision ! diffusion ( rays act+ on ! c5tral vessel ( ! sol> pyromet]4 ,b ! det]m9ation ( temp]ature :i* un9t]rupt$ sol> radiation is capable ( transmitt+ to ! polygonal reflector calls = a correct k ( atmosph]ic absorption4 ,besides1 an accurate e/imate ( ! loss ( radiant heat att5d+ ! reflection ( ! rays by ! mirrors is indisp5sable4 ,let u consid] ^! po9ts sep>ately4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,atmosph]ic ,absorption4--,! pr9cipal object ( conduct+ ! inve/igation dur+ ! summ] sol/ice has be5 ! facilities af=d$ = det]m9+ atmosph]ic absorption1 ! sun's z5i? di/ance at noon be+ only #ag #ab' at ,new ,york4 ,! ret>dation ( ! sun's rays 9 pass+ ?r\gh a cle> atmosph]e obvi\sly dep5ds on ! dep? p5etrat$2 h5ce--neglect+ ! curvature ( ! atmosph]ic limit--! ret>dation w be z ! secants ( ! z5i? di/ances4 ,accord+ly1 an obs]vation ( ! temp]ature produc$ by sol> radiation at a z5i? di/ance ^: secant is twice t ( ! secant ( #ag #ab'1 viz41 #fa #bh'1 det]m9es ! m9imum atmosph]ic absorption at ,new ,york4 ,! result ( obs]vations conduct$ dur+ a s]ies ( ye>s %[s t ! maximum sol> int5sity at #ag #ab' rea*es #ff4b ,f41 :ile at a z5i? di/ance ( #fa #bh' x is #eb4e ,f42 h5ce1 m9imum atmosph]ic absorption at ,new ,york1 dur+ ! summ] sol/ice1 #ac4g is #ff4b-eb4e #ac4g ,f41 or ------ #j4bjg ( ! sun's #ff4b radiant en]gy :]e ! rays ent] ! t]re/rial atmosph]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,capta9 ,,ericsson',s ,,sol> ,,pyromet]1 ,,erect$ ,,at ,,new ,,york1 #ahhd4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! loss ( en]gy att5d+ ! reflection ( ! rays by ! diagonal mirrors1 ,i h con/ruct$ a special app>atus1 :i*1 by means ( a p>allactic me*anism1 faces ! sun at "r angles dur+ obs]vations4 ,x consi/s pr9cipally ( two small mirrors1 manufactur$ ( ! same mat]ials z ! reflector1 plac$ diagonally at "r angles to ea* o!r2 a !rmomet] be+ appli$ betwe5 ! two1 ^: /em po9ts t[>d ! sun4 ,! direct sol> rays ent]+ ?r\gh p]=ations ( an appropriate %ade1 & reflect$ by ! incl9$ mirrors1 act simultane\sly on opposite sides ( ! bulb4 ,! mean result ( repeat$ trials1 all diff]+ b slightly1 %[ t ! en]gy ( ! direct sol> rays act+ on ! polygonal reflector is r$uc$ #j4bce be=e rea*+ ! heat]4 ,9 accordance ) ! previ\s article1 ! inve/igation has be5 bas$ on ! assumption t ! temp]atures produc$ by radiant heat at giv5 di/ances f its s\rce are inv]sely z ! diffusion ( ! rays at ^? di/ances4 ,9 o!r words1 ! temp]ature produc$ by sol> radiation is z ! d5sity ( ! rays4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 9 e/imat+ ! temp]ature to :i* ! comet ( #afhj 0 subject$ :5 ne>e/ to ! sun1 bas$ 8 calculations on ! result ( 8 practical obs]vations t ! maximum temp]ature produc$ by sol> radiation 0 "o-?ird ( t ( boil+ wat]4 ,mod]n rese>* %[s t ! obs]v] ( #afhj und]rat$ sol> int5sity only #e = ! latitude ( ,london4 ,! di/ance ( ! comet f ! c5t] ( ! sun be+ to ! di/ance ( ! e>? f ! same z #f to #a1jjj1 ! au?or ( ! ,pr9cipia ass]t$ t ! d5sity ( ! rays 0 z #a1jjj to #f #bh1jjj to #a2 h5ce ! comet 0 subject$ to a temp]ature ( #bh1jjj #ahj_/c #a1fhj1jjj1 an int5sity exactly #b1jjj times great] ?an t ( r$-hot iron at a temp]ature ( #hdj4 ,! di/ance ( ! comet f ! sol> surface be+ equal to "o-?ird ( ! sun's radius1 x w be se5 t1 9 accordance ) ! ,newtonian doctr9e1 ! temp]ature to :i* x 0 subject$ indicat$ a sol> int5sity ( #d #a1fhj1jjj -------------- #b1ihf1jjj ,f4 #c ,! writ] has e/abli%$ ! correctness ( ! assumption t ! temp]ature is z ! d5sity ( ! rays1 by %[+ practically t ! dim9ution ( sol> temp]ature 7= correspond+ z5i? di/ances7 :5 ! e>? is 9 aphelion corresponds ) ! increas$ diffusion ( ! rays consequ5t on increas$ di/ance f ! sun4 ,?is practical demon/ration1 h[ev]1 has be5 que/ion$ on ! insuffici5t gr\nd t ! ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit is too small & ! temp]ature produc$ by sol> radiation too l[ to furni% a safe basis = computations ( sol> temp]ature4 ,9 ord] to meet ! objection t ! diffusion ( ! rays 9 aphelion d n diff] suffici5tly1 ! sol> pyromet] has be5 s arrang$ t ! d5sity1 i4 e41 ! diffusion ( ! reflect$ rays1 c be *ang$ f a ratio ( #a 9 #e1jdj to t ( #a 9 #aj1bda4 ,?is has be5 effect$ by employ+ heat]s respectively #aj in*es & #bj in*es 9 diamet]4 ,) ref]5ce to ! l[ sol> temp]ature po9t$ out1 x w be p]ceiv$ t ! adopt$ exp$i5t ( increas+ ! d5sity ( ! rays )\t rais+ ! temp]ature by conv]g+ radiation1 removes ! objection urg$4 ,agreeably to ! dim5sions already specifi$1 ! area ( ! #aj-;in* heat] act$ ^u by ! reflect$ sol> rays is #cca4fe squ>e in*es1 ! area ( ! #bj-;in* heat] be+ #fgc4i squ>e in*es4 ,! section ( ! annul> sunbeam ^: direct rays act ^u ! polygonal reflector is #c1acj squ>e in*es1 z be=e /at$4 ,reg>d+ ! diffusion ( ! sol> rays dur+ ! inve/igation1 ! foll[+ demon/ration w be readily und]/ood4 ,! area ( a sph]e ^: radius is equal to ! e>?'s di/ance f ! sun 9 aphelion be+ to ! sun's area z #bah4a to #a1 :ile ! reflect] ( ! sol> pyromet] int]cepts a sunbeam ( #c1acj squ>e in*es section1 x foll[s t ! reflector w receive ! radiant heat develop$ by #c1acj _/ #bah4a #j4jfeh squ>e in* ( ! sol> surface4 ,h5ce1 z ! #aj-;in* heat] pres5ts an area ( #cca4fe squ>e in*es1 we e/abli% ! fact t ! reflect$ sol> rays1 act+ on ! same1 are diffus$ 9 ! ratio ( #cca4fe to #j4jfeh1 or #cca4fe _/ #j4jfeh #e1jdj to #a2 ! diffusion ( ! rays act+ on ! #bj-;in* heat] be+ z #fgc4i to #j4jfeh1 or #fgc4i _/ #j4jfeh #aj1bda to #a4 ,! atmosph]ic conditions hav+ prov$ unfavorable dur+ ! inve/igation1 maximum sol> temp]ature 0 n record$4 ,accord+ly1 ! heat]s ( ! sol> pyromet] did n rea* maximum temp]ature1 ! highe/ indication by ! !rmomet] ( ! small heat] be+ #ccf4e1 t ( ! l>ge "o be+ #bjj4e above ! surr\nd+ air4 ,no comp5sation w1 h[ev]1 be introduc$ on acc\nt ( defici5t sol> heat1 ! int5tion be+ to base ! computation ( sol> temp]ature solely on ! result ( obs]vations conduct$ at ,new ,york dur+ ! summ] sol/ice ( #ahhd4 ,x w be notic$ t ! temp]ature ( ! l>ge heat] is proportionally high] ?an t ( ! small heat]1 a fact %[+ t ! latt]1 ow+ to its high] temp]ature1 loses m heat by radiation & convection ?an ! =m]4 ,besides1 ! rate ( cool+ ( heat$ bodies increases m rapidly ?an ! augm5tation ( temp]ature4 ,! loss occasion$ by ! imp]fect reflection ( ! mirrors1 z be=e /at$1 is #j4bce ( ! en]gy transmitt$ by ! direct sol> rays act+ on ! polygonal reflector1 h5ce ! temp]ature :i* ! sol> rays are capable ( imp>t+ to ! l>ge heat] w be #bjj4e #a4bce #bdg4fag2 b ! en]gy ( ! sol> rays act+ on ! reflector is r$uc$ #j4bjg by atmosph]ic absorption1 consequ5tly ! ultimate temp]ature :i* ! sun's radiant en]gy is capable ( imp>t+ to ! heat] is #a4bjg #bdg4fag #bih4hg ,f4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to obs]ve t ?is temp]ature 7develop$ by sol> radiation diffus$ fully t5-?\s&fold7 mu/ be reg>d$ z an actual temp]ature1 s9ce a p]fectly transp>5t atmosph]e1 & a reflector capable ( transmitt+ ! :ole en]gy ( ! sun's rays to ! heat]1 w\ld produce ! same4 ,! result ( ! exp]im5tal inve/igation c>ri$ out dur+ ! summ] sol/ice ( #ahhd may be ?us briefly /at$4 ,! diffusion ( ! sol> rays act+ on ! #bj in* heat] be+ 9 ! ratio ( #a to #aj1bda1 ! temp]ature ( ! sol> surface _c be less ?an #bih4hg #aj1bda #c1jfj1gbg ,f4 ,?is und]rat$ computation mu/ be accept$ unless x c be %[n t ! temp]ature produc$ by radiant heat is n inv]sely z ! diffusion ( ! rays4 ,physici/s :o "q ! exi/5ce ( su* high sol> temp]ature %\ld be> 9 m9d t 9 consequ5ce ( ! great attraction ( ! sol> mass1 hydrog5 on ! sun's surface rais$ to a temp]ature ( #d1jjj ,c4 w be ne>ly twice z heavy z hydrog5 on ! surface ( ! e>? at ord9>y atmosph]ic temp]atures2 & t1 ow+ to ! imm5se dep? ( ! sol> atmosph]e1 its d5sity w\ld be s enorm\s at ! /at$ l[ temp]ature t ! obs]v$ rapid movem5ts )9 ! sol> envelope c\ld n possibly take place4 ,x sc>cely ne$s demon/ration to prove t extreme t5uity c alone acc\nt = ! extraord9>y velocities record$ by obs]v]s ( sol> ph5om5a4 ,b extreme t5uity is incompatible ) l[ temp]ature & ! pressure produc$ by an atmosph]ic column probably exce$+ #ej1jjj miles 9 height subject$ to ! sun's p[]ful attraction1 dim9i%$ only "o-f\r? at ! /at$ elevation4 ,^! facts w>rant ! conclusion t ! high temp]ature e/abli%$ by our inve/igation is requisite to prev5t undue d5sity ( ! sol> atmosph]e4 ,x is n int5d$ at pres5t to discuss ! necessity ( t5uity ) ref]5ce to ! functions ( ! sun z a radiator2 yet x w be prop] to obs]ve t on m]ely dynamical gr\nds ! enorm\s d5sity ( ! sol> envelope :i* w\ld result f l[ temp]ature pres5ts an unansw]able objection to ! assumption ( ,p\illet1 ,vicaire1 ,sa9te-,claire ,deville1 & o!r em95t savants1 t ! temp]ature ( ! sol> surface does n rea* #c1jjj ,c4 ,j4 ,,ericsson4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*emical ,,nature ,,( ,,/>* ,,gra9s4 ,dr4 ,brukn] has contribut$ to ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,vi5na ,academy ( ,sci5ces a pap] on ! ,*emical ,nature ( ! ,diff]5t ,v>ieties ( ,/>*1 especially 9 ref]5ce to ! "q :e!r ! granulose ( ,nageli1 ! soluble />* ( ,jess51 ! amylodextr9 ( ,w4 ,nageli1 & ! amidul9 ( ,nasse are ! same or diff]5t sub/ances4 ,a s+le exp]im5t w s]ve to %[ t "u c]ta9 conditions a soluble sub/ance maybe obta9$ f />* gra9s4 ,if dri$ />* gra9s are rubb$ betwe5 two glass plates1 ! gra9s w be se5 "u ! microscope to be fissur$1 & if !n wett$ & filt]$1 ! filtrate w be a p]fectly cle> liquid %[+ a /rong />* reaction ) iod9e4 ,s9ce no solution is obta9$ f un9jur$ gra9s1 ev5 aft] soak+ = weeks 9 wat]1 ,brukn] concludes t ! out] lay]s ( ! />* gra9s =m a membrane protect+ ! int]ior soluble lay]s f ! action ( ! wat]4 ,! soluble filtrate f />* pa/e also conta9s a sub/ance id5tical ) granulose4 ,betwe5 ! two k9ds ( />*1 ! granul> & t conta9$ 9 pa/e1 !re is no *emical b only a physical diff]5ce1 dep5d+ on ! condition ( aggregation ( _! micell4 ,w4 ,nageli ma9ta9s t granulose1 or soluble />*1 diff]s f amylodextr9 9 ! =m] be+ precipitat$ by tannic acid & acetate ( lead1 :ile ! latt] is n4 ,brukn] fails to confirm ?is diff]5ce1 obta9+ a volum9\s precipitate ) tannic acid & acetate ( lead 9 ! case ( bo? sub/ances4 ,ano!r diff]5ce ma9ta9$ by ,nageli1 t fre%ly precipitat$ />* is insoluble1 amylodextr9 soluble 9 wat]1 is also conte/$2 ! au?or f9d+ t granulose is soluble to a consid]able ext5t 9 wat]1 n only imm$iately aft] precipitation1 b :5 x has rema9$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs "u absolute alcohol4 ,o!r diff]5ces po9t$ out by ,w4 ,nageli1 ,brukn] also ma9ta9s to be non-exi/5t1 & he reg>ds amidul9 & amylodextr9 z id5tical4 ,brucke gave ! "n ery?rogranulose to a sub/ance ne>ly relat$ to granulose1 b ) a /rong] aff9ity = iod9e1 & receiv+ f x n a blue b a r$ color4 ,brukn] reg>ds ! r$ color z result+ f a mixture ( ery?rodextr91 & ! great] solubility ( ?is sub/ance 9 wat]4 ,if a mixture ( filt]$ potato />* pa/e & ery?rodextr9 is dri$ 9 a wat* glass cov]$ ) a ?9 pellicle ( collodion1 & a drop ( iod9e solution plac$ on ! latt]1 x p5etrates v sl[ly ?r\gh ! pellicle1 ! dextr9 becom+ fir/ t9ctur$ ) r$1 & ! granulose aft]w>d ) blue4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 no ery?rodextr9 is us$1 ! diffusion ( ! iod9e causes at once simply a blue color+4 ,) reg>d to ! iod9e reaction ( />*1 ,brukn] conte/s ,sa*sse's view z to ! loss ( color ( iodide ( />* at a high temp]ature4 ,he %[s t ! iodide may resi/ heat1 & t ! loss ( color dep5ds on ! great] attraction ( wat] = iod9e z comp>$ ) />*1 & ! great] solubility ( iod9e 9 wat] at high temp]atures4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( />* d n take ! same t9t ) ! same quantity ( 7solid7 iod9e4 ,t f ! potato arum gives a blue1 & t f :eat & rice a violet t9t2 :ile ! filtrate f />* pa/e1 f :atev] s\rce1 always gives a blue color4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,amalgamation ,,( ,,silv] ,,ores4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,francke ,,t9a ,,or ,,vat ,,process ,,= ,,! ,,amalgamation ,,( ,,silv] ,,ores4 ,footnote3 ,pap] read be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s at ! ,c>diff meet+4--,eng9e]+4 ,by ,mr4 ,,edg> ,p4 ,,ra?bone1 ( ,london4 ,9 ! ye> #ahhb1 :ile on a visit to "s ( ! great silv] m9es 9 ,bolivia1 an opportunity 0 af=d$ ! writ] ( inspect+ a new & successful process = ! treatm5t ( silv] ores1 ! inv5tion ( ,h]r ,francke1 a ,g]man g5tleman long resid5t 9 ,bolivia1 ^: acqua9tance ! writ] _h also ! pleasure ( mak+4 ,aft] _m ye>s ( t$i\s work+ devot$ to exp]im5ts be>+ on ! metallurgical treatm5t ( ri* b refractory silv] ores1 ! inv5tor has successfully introduc$ ! process ( :i* x is propos$ 9 ?is pap] to give a description1 & :i* has1 by its satisfactory work+1 entirely eclips$ all o!r plans hi!rto tri$ 9 ,bolivia1 ,p]u1 & ,*ili4 ,! ,francke t9a process is bas$ on ! same metallurgical pr9ciples z ! sy/em describ$ by ,alonzo ,b>ba 9 #afdj1 & also on ^? introduc$ into ! ,/ates 9 m rec5t times "u ! "n ( ! ,wa%oe process4#a ,footnote #a3 ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s1 vol4 ii41 p4 #aei4 ,x 0 only aft] a long & c>eful /udy ( ^! two processes1 & by mak+ close obs]vations & exp]im5ts on o!r plans1 :i* _h up to t "t be5 tri$ ) m or less success 9 ,bolivia1 ,p]u1 & ,*ili--su* z ! ,mexican amalgamation process1 te*nically kn[n z ! patio process2 ! improv$ ,freib]g b>rel amalgamation process2 z us$ at ,copiapo2 & ! ,kronke process--t ,h]r ,francke ev5tually succe$$ 9 devis+ 8 new process1 & by its means treat+ economically ! ri* b refractory silv] ores1 su* z ^? f\nd at ! celebrat$ ,huan*aca & ,guadalupe m9es 9 ,potosi1 ,bolivia4 ,9 ?is description ( ! process ! writ] w endeavor to ent] into e possible detail hav+ a practical be>+ on ! f9al results2 & ) ?is view he comm5ces ) ! actual sep>ation ( ! ores at ! m9es4 ,ore ,dress+1 etc4--,?is consi/s simply 9 ! sep>ation ( ! ore by h& at ! m9es into diff]5t qualities1 by wom5 & boys ) small hamm]s1 ! process be+ t kn[n z cobb+ 9 ,cornwall4 ,! object ( ?is sep>ation is tw(old3 fir/ to sep>ate ! ri* p>ts f ! poor z !y come toge!r 9 ! same lump ( ore1 o!rwise ri* pieces might g undetect$2 &1 secondly1 to r$uce ! :ole body ( ore com+ f ! m9e to su* conv5i5t size z p]mits ( its be+ f$ directly into ! /amps batt]y4 ,! reason = ?is sep>ation n be+ effect$ by ^? me*anical appliances s common 9 mo/ ore dress+ e/abli%m5ts1 su* z /one break]s or cru%+ rolls1 is simply because ! ores are s ri* 9 silv]1 & frequ5tly ( su* a brittle nature1 t any undue pulv]ization w\ld c]ta9ly result 9 a great loss ( silv]1 z a l>ge am\nt w\ld be c>ri$ away 9 ! =m ( f9e du/4 ,s mu* att5tion is inde$ requir$ 9 ?is dep>tm5t t x is f\nd requisite to in/itute /rict sup]9t5d5ce 9 ! sort+ or cobb+ %$s1 9 ord] to prev5t z f> z practicable any improp] dim9ution ( ! ores4 ,accord+ to ! above me?od1 ! ores com+ f ! m9e are classifi$ into ! f\r foll[+ divisions3 #a4 ,v ri* ore1 av]ag+ ab\t six p] c5t4 ( silv]1 or conta9+ say #b1jjj ounces ( silv] to ! ton 7( #b1jjj lb474 #b4 ,ri* ore1 av]ag+ ab\t "o p] c5t4 ( silv]1 or say f #cjj to #djj ounces ( silv] to ! ton4 #c4 ,ord9>y ore1 av]ag+ ab\t p] c5t4 ( silv]1 or say f #aej oz4 to #bjj oz4 ( silv] to ! ton4 #d4 ,gangue1 or wa/e rock1 ?r[n on ! dump heaps4 ,! fir/ ( ^! qualities--! v ri* ore--is s valuable z to r5d] advantage\s its direct export 9 ! raw /ate to ! coa/ = %ipm5t to ,europe4 ,! co/ ( fuel 9 ,bolivia =ms s consid]able a *>ge 9 smelt+ op]ations1 t ! co/ ( freight to ,europe on v ri* silv] ores works out at a relatively insignificant figure1 :5 comp>$ ) ! co/ ( smelt+ op]ations 9 t c\ntry4 ,?is ri* ore is consequ5tly select$ v c>efully1 & pack$ up 9 t\gh ra:ide bags1 s z to make small compact p>cels "s #ah 94 to #b ft4 long1 & #h 94 to #ab 94 ?ick1 ea* conta9+ ab\t #a cwt4 ,two ( su* bags =m a mule load1 slung across ! animal's back4 ,! second & ?ird qualities ( ore are tak5 direct to ! smelt+ works2 & :]e ^! are situat$ at "s di/ance f ! m9es1 z at ,huan*aca & ,guadalupe1 ! transport is effect$ by means ( /rong b lightly built iron c>ts1 specially con/ruct$ to meet ! heavy we> & te> consequ5t ^u ! r\gh m\nta9 roads4 ,^! two classes ( ores are ei!r treat$ sep>ately1 or mix$ toge!r 9 su* proportion z is f\nd by exp]i5ce to be mo/ suitable = ! smelt+ process4 ,on its arrival at ! r$uction works ! ore is tak5 direct to ! /amp mill4 ,at ! ,huan*aca works !re are sixty-five heads ( /amps1 ea* head weigh+ ab\t #ejj lb41 ) five heads 9 ea* batt]y1 & cru%+ ab\t #ej cwt4 p] head p] tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! ore is /amp$ dry1 )\t wat]1 requir+ no c(f]s2 ?is is a decid$ advantage z reg>ds fir/ co/1 ow+ to ! great weight ( ! c(f]s1 f #b to #c tons--a v heavy item :5 ! co/ ( transport f ,europe at ab\t #ejl4 p] ton is consid]$4 ,z fa/ z ! ore is /amp$1 x is %ovel$ out by h&1 & ?r[n ^u incl9$ sieves ( =ty holes p] l9eal in*2 ! /uff :i* w n pass ?r\gh ! me% is return$ to ! /amps4 ,dry /amp+ may be said to be almo/ a necessity 9 deal+ ) ^! ri* silv] ores1 z ) ! employm5t ( wat] !re is a great loss ( silv]1 ow+ to ! f9] p>ticles be+ c>ri$ away 9 susp5sion1 & ?us gett+ mix$ ) ! slimes1 f :i* x is exce$+ly difficult to recov] !m1 especially 9 ^? remote regions :]e ! co/ ( ma9ta9+ l>ge ore-dress+ e/abli%m5ts is v heavy4 ,dry /amp+1 h[ev]1 pres5ts _m s]i\s drawbacks1 "s ( :i* c\ld probably be elim9at$ if !y receiv$ prop] att5tion4 ,= in/ance1 ! v f9e du/1 :i* rises 9 a d5se cl\d dur+ ! op]ation ( /amp+1 n only settles d[n on all p>ts ( ! ma*9]y1 int]f]+ ) its prop] work+1 s t "s "p ( ! batt]y is ne>ly always /opp$ = repairs1 b is also ! cause ( s]i\s inconv5i5ce to ! workm54 ,at ! ,huan*aca m9es1 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( gal5a or sulphide ( lead 9 ! ores1 ?is f9e du/ is ( su* an injuri\s "* z n unfrequ5tly to cause ! dea? ( ! workm52 z a precaution>y measure !y are accu/om$ to /uff cotton wool into _! no/rils4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only a p>tial prev5tive2 & ! m5 f9d ! be/ me?od ( ov]com+ ! evil effect is to return to _! homes at int]vals ( a few weeks1 _! places be+ tak5 by o!rs = ! same p]iods4 ,9 dry /amp+ !re is also a consid]able loss ( silv] 9 ! f9e p>ticles ( ri* ore :i* are c>ri$ away z du/ & irrevocably lo/4 ,to prev5t ?is loss1 ! writ] propos$ :ile at ,huan*aca t a *amb] %\ld be con/ruct$1 into :i* all ! f9e du/ might be exhau/$ or bl[n by a p[]ful fan or v5tilator4 ,roa/+4--,f ! /amps ! /amp$ ore is tak5 9 small ore c>s to ! roa/+ furnaces1 :i* are d\ble b$d$ 9 design1 "o he>? be+ built imm$iately above ! o!r4 ,?is type ( furnace has prov$1 aft] v>i\s trials1 to be t be/ suit$ = ! treatm5t ( ! ,bolivian silv] ores1 & is /at$ to h be5 f\nd ! mo/ economical z reg>ds consumption ( fuel1 & to give ! lea/ tr\ble 9 labor4 ,at ! ,huan*aca m9es ^! furnaces co/ ab\t #ajjl4 ea*1 & are capable ( roa/+ f #b to #b tons ( ore 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! quantity & co/ ( ! fuel consum$ be+ z foll[s3 ,bolivian doll>s at #cs4 #a;d4 ,tola 7a k9d ( %rub71 #c cwt41 at #fj c5ts4 #a4hj ,y>eta 7a res9\s moss71 #d cwt41 at #hj c5ts4 #c4bj ,torba 7turf71 #aj cwt41 at #dj c5ts4 #d4jj ---- ,bolivian doll>s4 #i4jj1 say #bhs4 ,"o man c att5d to two furnaces1 & e>ns #cs4 p] %ift ( twelve h\rs4 ,probably no revolv+ me*anical furnace is suit$ to ! roa/+ ( ^! ores1 z ! op]ation requires to be c>efully & intellig5tly wat*$1 = x is ess5tial to ! success ( ! ,francke process t ! ores %\ld n be completely or dead roa/$1 inasmu* z c]ta9 salts1 prejudicial to ! ultimate prop] work+ ( ! process1 are liable to be =m$ if ! roa/+ be too protract$4 ,^! salts are ma9ly due to ! pres5ce ( antimony1 z9c1 lead1 & ars5ic1 all ( :i* are unfavorable to amalgamation4 ,! ores are roa/$ ) #h p] c5t4 ( salt1 or #djj lb4 ( salt = ! *>ge ( #b tons ( ore2 ! salt co/s #gj c5ts1 or #bs4 #b;d4 p] #ajj lb4 ,s roa/$ ! ores are only p>tially *lor9iz$1 & _! complete *lor9ation is effect$ subsequ5tly1 dur+ ! process ( amalgamation2 ! *lorides are ?us =m$ progressively z requir$1 &1 9 fact1 x w\ld almo/ appe> t ! success ( ! process virtually consi/s 9 obviat+ ! =mation ( injuri\s salts4 ,all ! sulphide ores 9 ,bolivia conta9 suffici5t copp] to =m ! quantity ( cupr\s *loride requisite = ! fir/ /ages ( roa/+1 9 ord] to r5d] ! silv] conta9$ 9 ! ore ?or\ghly am5able to subsequ5t amalgamation4 ,amalgamat+4--,f ! furnaces ! roa/$ ore is tak5 9 ore c>s to l>ge hopp]s or b9s situat$ imm$iately beh9d ! gr9d+ & amalgamat+ vats1 locally kn[n z t9as1 into :i* ! ore is run f ! b9 ?r\gh a *ute fitt$ ) a regulat+ slide4 ,! t9as or amalgamat+ vats con/itute ! prom95t feature ( ! ,francke process2 !y are l>ge wood5 vats1 %[n 9 ,figs4 #a & #b1 page #agc1 f #f ft4 to #aj ft4 9 diamet] & #e ft4 deep1 capaci\s en\gh to treat ab\t #b tons ( ore at a "t4 ,ea* vat is v /rongly con/ruct$1 be+ b\nd ) ?ick iron hoops4 ,at ! bottom x is fitt$ ) copp] plates ab\t #c 94 ?ick1 ,a 9 ,fig4 #a2 & at int]vals r\nd ! sides ( ! vat are fix$ copp] plates1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #c & #d1 ) ribs on _! inn] faces1 slightly incl9$ to ! horizontal1 = promot+ a m ?or\gh mix+4 ,x is consid]$ ess5tial to ! success ( ! process t ! bottom plates %\ld pres5t a cle> rubb+ surface ( at lea/ #aj squ>e feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,francke ,,t9a ,,process ,,= ,,! ,,amalgamation ,,( ,,silv] ,,ores4 ,)9 ! vat1 & work+ on ! top ( ! copp] plates1 !re is a heavy copp] /irr] or mull]1 ,b1 ,figs4 #a & #b1 caus$ to revolve by ! %aft+1 ,c1 at ! rate ( #de revolutions p] m9ute4 ,at ,huan*aca ?is /irr] has be5 made ) f\r project+ radial arms1 ,d ,d1 ,figs4 #a & #b2 b at ,guadalupe x is compos$ ( "o s+le bell-%ap$ piece1 ,figs4 #c & #d1 )\t any arms1 b ) slabs l arms fix$ on its und]side2 & ?is latt] is claim$ to be ! mo/ effective4 ,! /irr] c be lift$ or depress$ 9 ! vat at w by means ( a worm & screw at ! top ( ! driv+ %aft1 ,fig4 #c4 ,! bevel ge>+ is revolv$ by %aft+ connect$ ) pulley :eels & belt+1 ! :eels be+ #c ft4 & #a ft4 9 diamet]1 & #f 94 broad4 ,! driv+ eng9e is plac$ at "o end ( ! build+4 ,ea* vat requires f #b to #c horse-p[]1 or 9 o!r words1 an exp5diture ( #a horse-p[] p] ton ( ore treat$4 ,at ! bottom ( ! vat1 & 9 front ( x1 a l>ge wood5 /op-cock is fitt$1 ?r\gh :i* ! liquid amalgam is drawn (f at ! end ( ! process into ano!r %all[-bottom$ & small] vat1 ,figs4 #a & #b4 ,directly above ?is la/ vat !re is a wat] hose1 suppli$ ) a flexible sp\t1 ?r\gh :i* a /rong /ream ( wat] is direct$ ^u ! amalgam z x issues f ! gr9d+ vat1 9 ord] to wa% (f all impurities4 ,! foll[+ is ! mode ( work+ usually employ$4 ,! gr9d+ vat or t9a is fir/ *>g$ to ab\t "o-fif? ( its dep? ) wat] & f #f cwt4 to #g cwt4 ( common salt4 ,! am\nt ( salt requir$ 9 ! process dep5ds naturally on ! "* ( ! ore to be treat$1 z asc]ta9$ by actual exp]im5t1 & av]ages f #aej lb4 to #cjj lb4 p] ton ( ore4 ,into ?is br9e a jet ( /eam is !n direct$1 & ! /irr] is set to "w = ab\t half an h\r1 until ! liquid is 9 a ?or\ghly boil+ condition1 9 :i* /ate x mu/ be kept until ! end ( ! process4 ,z soon z ! liquid rea*es boil+ po9t1 ! /amp$ & roa/$ ore is run into ! vat1 & at ! end ( ano!r half-h\r ab\t #a cwt4 ( m]cury is add$1 fur!r quantities be+ add$ z requir$ at diff]5t /ages ( ! process4 ,! /irr+ is kept up cont9u\sly = eight to twelve h\rs1 accord+ to ! "* & ri*ness ( ! ores4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ! amalgam is run out ?r\gh ! /op-cock at bottom ( ! vat1 is wa%$1 & is put into hydraulic presses1 by means ( :i* ! m]cury is squeez$ out1 leav+ beh9d a ?ick1 pulpy mass1 compos$ ma9ly ( silv]1 & locally t]m$ a pia1 f its resembl+ 9 %ape ! cone ( a p9e tree4 ,^! piz are !n c>efully weigh$ & put into a sublim+ furnace1 ,figs4 #e & #f1 9 ord] to drive (f ! re/ ( ! m]cury1 ! silv] be+ subsequ5tly run into b>s4 ,ab\t f\r ounces ( m]cury are lo/ = e p\nd ( silv] made4 ,! actual quantities ( m]cury to be add$ 9 ! gr9d+ vat1 & ! times ( its addition1 are bas$ entirely on practical exp]i5ce ( ! process4 ,) ore assay+ #aej oz4 to #age oz4 ( silv] to ! ton1 #ge lb4 ( m]cury are put 9 at ! comm5cem5t1 ano!r #ge lb4 at int]vals dur+ ! middle ( ! process1 & f9ally ano!r lot ( #ge lb4 %ortly be=e ! t]m9ation4 ,:5 treat+ pacos1 or e>?y *lorides ( silv]1 assay+ only #bj oz4 to #cj oz4 ( silv] to ! ton1 #cf lb4 ( m]cury is add$ to #b tons ( ore at ?ree diff]5t /ages ( ! process z j describ$4 ,! rationale ( ! process !re=e appe>s to be t ! *lor9ation ( ! ores is only p>tially effect$ dur+ ! roa/+1 s z to prev5t ! =mation ( injuri\s salts1 & is complet$ 9 ! vats1 9 :i* ! *loride ( copp] is =m$ progressively z requir$1 by ! gradual gr9d+ away ( ! copp] by friction betwe5 ! bottom copp] plates & ! /irr]2 & ?is *loride subsequ5tly becom+ incorporat$ ) ! boil+ br9e is consid]$ to quick5 ! action ( ! m]cury ^u ! silv]4 ,sublim+4--,! sublim+ furnace1 %[n 9 ,figs4 #e & #f1 is a pla9 cyl9drical *amb]1 ,a1 ab\t #d ft4 diamet] inside & #d ft4 high1 l9$ ) firebrick1 9 ! c5t] ( :i* is fix$ ! upright ca/-iron cyl9d] or retort1 ,c1 ( #a ft4 diamet]1 clos$ at top & op5 at bottom4 ,! furnace top is clos$ by a ca/-iron lid1 :i* is lift$ (f = *>g+ ! fuel4 ,r\nd ! top ( ! furnace is a ti] ( radial outlet holes = ! fuel smoke to escape ?r\gh2 & r\nd ! bottom is a correspond+ ti] ( inlet air-holes1 ?r\gh :i* ! fuel is cont9ually rabbl$ ) poles by h&4 ,! fuel us$ is llama dung1 co/+ #hj c5ts1 or #bs4 #f;d41 p] #bej lb42 x makes a v excell5t fuel = smelt+ purposes1 sm\ld]+ & ma9ta9+ /eadily ! l[ heat requir$ = sublim+ ! m]cury f ! amalgam4 ,b5ea? ! furnace is a vault conta9+ a wr\ght-iron wat]-tank1 ,b1 into :i* ! op5 m\? ( ! retort1 ,c1 projects d[nw>d & is subm]g$ bel[ ! wat]4 ,= *>g+ ! retort1 ! wat]-tank is plac$ on a trolly2 & /&+ upright on a /ool inside ! tank is plac$ ! pia1 or conical mass ( silv] amalgam1 :i* is held toge!r by be+ built up on a core-b> fitt$ ) a s]ies ( horizontal disks4 ,! trolly is !n run into ! vault1 & ! wat]-tank conta9+ ! pia is lift$ by screw-jacks1 s z to raise ! pia into ! retort1 9 :i* position ! tank is !n support$ by a cross-beam4 ,! sublim$ m]cury is cond5s$ & collect$ 9 ! wat]2 & on ! completion ( ! process ! tank is l[]$1 & ! spongy or por\s cone ( silv] is )drawn f ! retort4 ,! sublim+ furnaces are rang$ 9 a r[1 & communicate by l9es ( rails ) ! weigh-h\se4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,int]e/+ ,,facts ,,ab\t ,,plat9um4 ,aft] an excell5t day ( weakfi%+ on ,b>negat ,bay & an exceptionable supp] ( ! good1 old fa%ion$1 c\ntry tav]n k9d1 a social p>ty ( angl]s sat ab\t on ,uncle ,jo ,p>k]'s broad por* at ,=k$ ,riv]1 smok+ & enjoy+ ! cool1 fragrant brea? ( ! c$> swamp1 :5 someh[ ! *at drift$ to ! subject ( assay+ & ref9+ ! preci\s metals4 ,t 0 j :]e "o ( ! p>ty1 ,mr4 ,d4,w4 ,bak]1 ( ,new>k1 0 at home1 & 9 ! c\rse ( an impromptu lecture he told ! p>ty m ab\t ! topic "u discussion1 & especially ! plat9um bran* ( x1 ?an !y ev] knew be=e4 ,our firm1 he said1 practically does all ! plat9um bus9ess ( ?is c\ntry1 & ! dem& = ! mat]ial is s great t we nev] c get m ?an we want ( x4 ,! pr9cipal portion1 or1 9 fact1 ne>ly all ( x1 comes f ! fam\s m9es ( ! ,demid(f family1 :o h ! monopoly ( ! production 9 ,russia4 ,x is all ref9$ & made into %eets ( v>i\s ?icknesses1 & into wire ( c]ta9 comm]cial sizes1 be=e x comes to u2 b we h frequ5tly to cut1 roll1 & r$raw x to new =ms & sizes to meet ! dem&s ^u u4 ,at "o "t x 0 co9$ 9 ,russia1 b x is no long] appli$ to t use4 ,we h obta9$ "s v good crude plat9um ore f ,s\? ,am]ica & h ref9$ x successfully1 b ! supply f t s\rce is1 z yet1 v small4 ,i am n aw>e t x has be5 f\nd any:]e else ?an 9 ,colombia1 on t cont95t1 b ! explorations ?us f> made into ! m9]al res\rces ( ,s\? ,am]ica h be5 v meag]1 & x is by no means improbable t plat9um may yet be discov]$ !re 9 quantities rival+ ! supply ( ,russia4 ,a popul> error respect+ plat9um is t its intr9sic value is ! same z t ( gold4 ,at "o "t x did approximate to gold 9 value1 b nev] q rea*$ x1 & is n[ wor? only #h to #ab an ounce1 accord+ to ! "w exp5d$ ^u x 9 gett+ x into requir$ =ms & ! am\nt ( alloy x conta9s4 ,! alloy us$ = x is iridium1 :i* h>d5s x1 & ! m iridium x conta9s ! m difficult x is to "w1 & consequ5tly ! m exp5sive4 ,:5 pure1 plat9um is z s(t z silv]1 b by ! addition ( iridium x becomes ! h>de/ ( metals4 ,! great difficulty 9 manipulat+ plat9um is its excessive resi/ance to heat4 ,a temp]ature t w make /eel run l wat] & melt d[n fireclay has absolutely no effect ^u x4 ,y may put a piece ( plat9um wire no ?ick] ?an human hair into a bla/ furnace :]e +ots ( /eel are melt+ d[n all ar\nd x1 & ! bit ( wire w come out z absolutely un*ang$ z if x _h be5 9 an ice box all ! "t4 ,no means has be5 discov]$ = accurately det]m9+ ! melt+ temp]ature ( plat9um1 b x mu/ be enorm\s4 ,& yet1 if y put a bit ( lead into ! crucible ) ! plat9um1 bo? metals w melt d[n toge!r at ! l[ temp]ature t fuses ! lead1 & if y try to melt lead 9 a plat9um crucible1 y w f9d t z soon z ! lead melts ! plat9um ) :i* x comes into contact also melts & y\r crucible is de/roy$4 ,a di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( plat9um is its extreme ductility4 ,a wire c be made f x f9] ?an f any o!r metal4 ,i h a sample 9 my pocket1 ! gauge ( :i* is only "o two-?\s&? ( an in*1 & x is practicable to make x ?9n]4 ,x has ev5 be5 affirm$ t plat9um wire has be5 made s f9e z to be invisible to ! nak$ eye1 b t ,i d n /ate z ( my own k4 ,?is wire my son made4 ,mr4 ,bak] exhibit$ ! sample spok5 (4 ,x look$ l a tress ( silky hair1 & _h x n be5 %[n ^u a piece ( black pap] c\ld h>dly h be5 se54 ,he w5t on3 ,! draw plates1 by means ( :i* ^! f9e wires are made1 are sapphires & rubies4 ,y may fancy = y\rselves h[ extremely delicate mu/ be ! "w ( mak+ holes ( su* exce$+ smallness to accurate gauge1 too1 9 ^? v h>d /ones4 ,i get all my draw plates f an old ,swiss lady 9 ,new ,york1 :o makes !m h]self to ord]4 ,b1 delicate z is ! "w ( bor+ ! holes1 !re is some?+ /ill m delicate 9 ! processes t produce su* f9e wire z ?is4 ,t some?+ is ! fil+ ( a long po9t on ! wire to enable ! pok+ ( ! end ( x ?r\gh ! draw plate s t x c be caught by ! nipp]s4 ,imag9e y\rself fil+ a long1 tap]+ po9t on ! end ( a wire only "o eighte5-hundr$?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 9 ord] to get x ?r\gh a draw plate t w br+ x d[n to "o two-?\s&?s4 ,my son does t )\t us+ a magnify+ glass4 ,i _c say positively :at uses ?is v ?9 wire is put to1 b some?+ 9 surg]y1 ,i believe1 ei!r = fa/5+ toge!r portions ( bone or = op]ations4 ,a newly inv5t$ in/rum5t has be5 describ$ to me1 :i*1 if x does :at has be5 affirm$1 is "o ( ! greate/ & mo/ wond]ful discov]ies ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,a v ?9 plat9um wire loop1 br\ght to inc&esc5ce by ! curr5t f a batt]y--:i*1 ?\gh ( great p[]1 is s small t x hangs f ! lapel ( ! op]ator's coat--is us$ in/ead ( a knife = excisions & c]ta9 amputations4 ,x se>s z x cuts1 prev5ts ! loss ( blood1 & is absolutely pa9less1 :i* is ! mo/ a/oni%+ ?+ ab\t x4 ,our greate/ consum]s ( plat9um are ! electricians1 p>ticul>ly ! inc&esc5t light companies4 ,i supply ! plat9um wire = bo? ! ,edison & ! ,maxim companies1 & ! quantity !y require s con/antly increases t ! dem& ?reat5s to exce$ ! supply ( ! metal4 ,%eets ( plat9um are b\ght by *emi/s1 :o h !m conv]t$ into crucibles & o!r =ms4 ,! report]'s curiosity 0 awak5$ by ,mr4 ,bak]'s m5tion ( ! old lady :o made ^? v f9e draw plates1 & on 8 return to ! city he hunt$ h] up4 ,mrs4 ,francis ,a4 ,jeannot1 ! lady 9 "q1 0 f\nd 9 neat ap>tm5ts 9 a h&some flat 9 ,we/ ,fifty-fir/ /reet4 ,age has silv]$ h] hair1 b h] eyes are /ill bright1 & h] movem5ts indicate ela/icity & /r5g?4 ,%e is a native ( ,neuf*atel1 ,switz]l&1 & speaks ,engli% ) a little difficulty1 b :5ev] ! report]'s ,engli% 0 a little h>d = h] a v pretty girl ) brilliant eyes & cr9kly jet-black hair1 :o subsequ5tly prov$ to be a daught] ( ,mrs4 ,jeannot1 came to ! rescue4 ,) ! girl's occasional aid1 ! old lady's /ory 0 z foll[s3 ,i h be5 9 ?is bus9ess = ?irty ye>s4 ,i le>n$ x :5 ,i 0 a girl 9 ,switz]l&4 ,v few 9 ?is c\ntry "k any?+ correctly ab\t x4 ,numb]s ( p endeavor to f9d x out1 & !y exp]im5t to le>n x1 especially to d x by ma*9]y1 b )\t success4 ,b1 ah1 me6 ,x is no long] a bus9ess t is any?+ wor?4 ,?irty ye>s ago _m /one draw plates 7 want$1 = !n !re 0 a great deal done 9 filigree gold jewelry4 ,!n ! plates 7 wor? f #b4ej up to z high z #ae1 accord+ to ! magnitude ( ! /ones & ! size ( ! holes ,i bor$ 9 !m4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 all t good "t is pa/4 ,nobody wants filigree gold jewelry any m1 & !re is s little dem& = f9e wire ( ! preci\s metals t few draw plates are desir$4 ,! prices n[ are no m ?an f #a4be up to say #h1 b x is v r>e t "o is requir$ ! co/ ( :i* is m ?an #d4 ,& ( t a v l>ge "p mu/ g to ! lapid>y to pay = ! /one & = 8 "w 9 cutt+ x to an ev5 r\nd disk4 ,!n1 :at ,i get = ! long & h>d "w ( bor+ ! /one by h& is v little4 ',by h&8' ,oh1 yes4 ,t mu/ always be ! only good way4 ,! "w ( ! ma*9e is n p]fect4 ,x nev] produces su* good plates z are made by ! h& & eye ( ! tra9$ artisan4 ',h[ are !y bor$8' ,ah1 sir1 y mu/ excuse me t ,i d n tell y t4 ,x is simple1 b !re is j a little ( x t is a secret1 & t little makes a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 produc+ "w :i* is good & t :i* is n4 ,x has co/ me no little to le>n x1 & :ile x is wor? v little j n[1 p]haps fa%ion may *ange1 & plates may be want$ to make gold wire aga9 to an ext5t t may be pr(itable4 ,i d n wi% to tell ev]ybody t :i* w deprive me ( ! little advantage my k gives me4 ',! /ones8' ,oh1 we ( c\rse d n use f9ely color$ ones4 ,!y are too valuable4 ,b ^? t we employ mu/ be g5u9e sapphires & rubies1 s\nd & )\t flaws4 ,"h are "s4 ,y see !y look l only irregul> lumps ( muddy-t9t$ brok5 glass4 ,"h is a f9i%$ "o4 ,! old lady exhibit$ a piece ( solid brass ab\t an in* long1 ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 wid?1 & "o-sixte5? 9 ?ickness4 ,9 its c5t] 0 a small disk ( /one ) a hole ?r\gh x1 a hole t 0 v smoo?1 wide on "o side & h>dly p]ceptible on ! o!r4 ,! /one 0 sunk deep into ! brass & b$d$ firmly 9 x4 ,%e w5t on3 ,y w f9d1 if y try1 t y c ) difficulty pu% ?r\gh t hole a hair f y\r be>d4 ,b1 small z x is1 x mu/ be p]fectly smoo?1 & ( an accurate gauge4 ,i d n any long] myself set ! /ones 9 ! brass1 z ,i am n s /rong z ,i once 04 ,my son does t = me4 ,b nei!r he nor my daught]1 nor anybody else 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,i believe1 c bore ! holes s well z ,i c ev5 yet4 ',h[ long does a draw plate la/8' ,ah6 ,practically =ev]4 ,except by clumsy h&l+ or accid5t1 x does n ne$ to be replac$1 at lea/ 9 "o lifetime4 ,& !re is ano!r reason :y ,i sell s few n[4 ,^? :o require !m are suppli$4 ',wat* jewels8' ,yes1 ,i us$ to make !m1 b d s no long]4 ,!y c be import$ f ,europe at ! price ( #a a doz51 & at su* a figure "o c\ld n e>n bread 9 mak+ !m "h4--,manuf4 ,gazette4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bayle',s ,,lamp ,,*imney4 ,! diff]5t types ( lamps us$ 9 dome/ic light+ pres5t sev]al imp]fections1 & daily exp]i5ce %[s too (t5 h[ difficult x is1 ev5 ) ! mo/ c>eful & be/ /udi$ models1 to h a p]fect combu/ion ( ! usual liquids--oil1 k]os5e1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bayle',s ,,new ,,lamp ,,*imney4 ,mr4 ,p4 ,bayle has endeavor$ to rem$y ?is /ate ( ?+s by exp]im5ts ^u ! *imney1 inasmu* z he c\ld n ?9k ( modify+ ! arrangem5ts ( ! lamps ( comm]ce )\t injury to man int]e/s1 & enc\nt]+ mat]ial difficulties4 ,! *imney is n only an app>atus design$ to c>ry (f ! smoke & gases due to combu/ion1 = its pr9cipal role is to break ! equilibrium ( ! atmosph]ic air1 :i* is ! great res]voir ( oxyg51 & to suck into ! flame1 ?r\gh ! diff]5ce ( d5sities1 ?is indisp5sable ag5t to combu/ion4 ,! lamps :i* we n[ use are provid$ ) cyl9drical *imneys ei!r ) or )\t a %\ld] at ! base4 ,! %\ld]$ *imney w\ld be suffici5t to suck 9 ! quantity ( air necess>y = a good combu/ion if we c\ld at w increase its dim5sions 9 ! direction ( ! diamet] or height4 ,b1 on acc\nt ( ! fragile nature ( ! mat]ial ( :i* x consi/s1 z also because ( ! arrangem5t ( ! light+ app>atus1 we are =c$ lo give ! *imney limit$ dim5sions4 ,! result is an insuffici5t draught1 & consequ5tly an imp]fect combu/ion4 ,x became a "q1 !n1 ( f9d+ a *imney :i*1 ) small dim5sions1 %\ld h great suctional p[]4 ,mr4 ,bayle has tak5 advantage ( ! prop]ties ( conv]g5t-div]g5t ajutages1 & ( ! discov]y ( ,mr4 ,romilly t a curr5t ( gas direct$ into ! axis & t[>d ! small base ( a truncat$ cone1 at a def9ite di/ance !refrom1 has ! prop]ty ( draw+ along ) x a quantity ( air ne>ly d\ble t :i* ?is same curr5t c\ld c>ry along if x 7 direct$ t[>d a cyl9d]4 ,9 gett+ up 8 new *imney1 ,mr4 ,bayle has utiliz$ ^! pr9ciples z foll[s3 ,r\nd-burn] lamps h1 z well kn[n1 two curr5ts ( air--an int]nal curr5t :i* trav]ses ! small tube t c>ries ! wick1 & an ext]nal "o :i* passes "u ! *imney-hold] ext]nally to ! wick4 ,9 giv+ ! upp] "p ( ! *imney1 prop]ly s call$1 ! =m ( a truncat$ cone ^: small] base is turn$ t[>d ! int]nal curr5t ( air1 t is to say1 9 direct+ ?is curr5t t[>d ! contract$ "p ( ! upp] cone1 at ! po9t :]e ! depression is greate/1 a /rong suction is br\ght ab\t1 :i* has ! effect ( c>ry+ along ! air betwe5 ! wick & glass1 & giv+ x its own velocity4 ,! draught ( ! two curr5ts hav+ be5 effect$ ?r\gh ! conical =m ( ! upp] "p ( ! *imney1 x rema9$ to regulate ! entrance ( ! ext]nal curr5t into ! flame4 ,if ?is curr5t %\ld ent] ! latt] at too %>p an angle1 x w\ld c>ry x t[>d ! m\? ( ! *imney be=e ! *emical combu/ion ( ! c>bon & oxyg5 0 f9i%$2 & if1 on ! contr>y1 x %\ld trav]se x at too obtuse an angle1 x w\ld depress & contract x4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t 9 ! majority ( cases ! mo/ favorable angle at :i* ! ext]nal curr5t ( air c be l$ into ! flame v>ies betwe5 #ce & #de4 ,we say 9 ! majority ( cases1 = !re are exceptions2 ?is dep5ds ^u ! combu/ive mat]ials & ^u ! conditions "u :i* !y ent] ! flame4 ,! annex$ figure %[s ! =m adopt$ by ! inv5tor = oil & k]os5e lamps4 ,z may be se51 ! *imney consi/s ( two cones1 ,a & ,b1 connect$ end to end by _! small bases4 ,! upp] "o1 ,a1 or div]g5t cone1 is con/ruct$ accord+ to a v>iable angle1 b "o :i*1 9 ord] to produce its maximum effect1 ought n to diff] mu* f #e4 ,?is cone re/s ^u ! conv]g5t "o1 ,b1 ^: angle1 z we h said1 v>ies betwe5 #ce & #de4 ,to ! l>ge base ( ?is cone !re is sold]$ a cyl9drical "p1 c1 design$ = fix+ ! *imney to ! hold]4 ,! height giv5 ! div]g5t cone is likewise v>iable1 b a v beautiful light is obta9$1 :5 x is equal to six times ! diamet] ( ! contract$ "p4 ,:5 ! lamp is design$ to be us$ 9 a /ill atmosph]e1 free f abrupt curr5ts ( air1 ! height may be r$uc$ to f\r times ! diamet] ( ! base1 )\t ! light be+ !reby r5d]$ any ! less bright4 ,z = ! height to be giv5 ! conv]g5t cone1 ,b1 t is det]m9$ by ! op5+ ( ! angle accord+ to :i* x has be5 con/ruct$4 ,f9ally1 z a g5]al ?+1 ! diamet] ( ! small base %\ld be equal to half ! l>ge base ( ! conv]g5t cone1 ,b4 ,! new *imney %\ld be plac$ ^u ! hold] 9 su* a way t ! upp] "p ( ! wick tube1 ,d1 is a few millimet]s b5ea? ! base ( ! conv]g5t cone4 ,! height to be giv5 ! wick v>ies accord+ to ! lamp us$4 ,x is regulat$ s z to obta9 a /eady & regul> combu/ion4 ,9 oil lamps x mu/ project ab\t #a c5timet]s4 ,if two lamps ( ! same size be obs]v$1 "o ( :i* is fitt$ ) ! new *imney & ! o!r ) ! old /yle1 we %all be /ruck ) ! diff]5ce t exi/s 9 ! color ( ! flame z well z 9 its int5sity4 ,:ile 9 ! case ( ! cyl9drical glass ! flame is r$ & dull1 9 t ( ! circuit x is :ite & v bright4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n surpris+ :5 we reflect ^u ! !oretical conditions ^u :i* ! con/ruction ( ! new *imney is bas$--! /rong influx ( air hav+ ! result ( caus+ a m active combu/ion ( ! liquid1 & consequ5tly ( rais+ to :ite heat ! p>ticles ( c>bon dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! flame4 ,z x 0 ( int]e/ to asc]ta9 :at ! increase ( illum9at+ p[] 0 9 a giv5 lamp provid$ ) ! new *imney1 ,mr4 ,felix le ,blanc und]took "s photometric exp]im5ts4 ,! trials 7 made ) a ,gagneau lamp provid$ ) a *imney ( ! ord9>y %ape1 & !n ) "o ( ,mr4 ,bayle's4 ,! measurem5ts 7 made aft] ea* _h be5 burn$ half an h\r4 ,! light ( ! /&>d ,c>cel lamp be+ #a1 !re 0 obta9$ ) ! ,gagneau lamp ) ! ord9>y *imney #a4aac c>cels1 & ) ! ,bayle *imney #a4djd c>cels4 ,?us #a4aac3a4djd repres5ts ! ratio ( ! same lamp ) ! ord9>y *imney & ) t ( ,bayle4 ,:5ce x foll[s t ! light ( ! lamp ) ! old *imney be+ #a1 t ) ! new "o is #a4bf1 say an increase ( ab\t #be p] c5t4 ,!re is no?+ absolute ab\t ?is figure1 h[ev]4 ,on k]os5e lamps ! new *imney1 comp>$ ) ! contract$ ,prussian "o1 gives an increase ( #dj p] c5t4 9 illum9at+ p[]1 & ! oil is burn$ )\t odor or smoke4 ,z x 0 ( int]e/ to see :e!r ?is increase 9 int5sity 0 n due to a great] consumption ( oil1 a det]m9ation 0 made ( ! quantity ( ! latt] consum$ p] h\r4 ,! ,gagneau lamp1 ) ! old *imney1 burn$ #fb4be grammes p] h\r1 & ) ! ,bayle #fc grammes 9 ! same l5g? ( "t4 ,x may be conclud$1 !n1 t ! increase 9 light is due to ! special =m giv5 ! *imney4 ,?is new burn] is applicable to gas lamps z well z to oil & petroleum ones4 ,! effects obta9$ by ! new *imney may be summ$ up z foll[s3 increase 9 illum9at+ p[]1 z a natural result ( a bett] combu/ion2 suppression ( smoke2 & a m active combu/ion1 :i* dries ! c>bon ( ! wick & ?us facilitates ! asc5t ( ! oil4 ,! velocity ( ! curr5t ( air likewise facilitates ! action ( capill>ity by c>ry+ ! oil to ! top ( ! wick4 ,moreov]1 ! great influx ( air "u ! flame cont9ually cools ! base ( ! *imney z well z ! wick tube1 & ! result is t ! excess ( oil falls limpid & unalt]$ into ! res]voir1 & produces none ( ^? gummy deposits t soil ! ext]nal movem5ts & clog up ! conduits ?r\gh :i* ! oil asc5ds4 ,f9ally1 ! influx ( air produc$ by ?is *imney p]mits ( burn+1 )\t smoke & )\t *>r+ ! wick1 ^? oils ( poor quality t are un=tunately too (t5 met ) 9 comm]ce4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mod]n ,,locomotive ,,practice4 ,footnote3 ,pap] read be=e ! ,civil & ,me*anical ,eng9e]s' ,society1 ,april #b1 #ahhd4 ,by ,h4 ,,mi*ell ,,:itley1 ,assoc4 ,m4,i4,c4,e41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,a little m ?an half a c5tury ago1 b yet at a p]iod n s f> di/ant z to be beyond ! remembrance ( _m /ill liv+1 a cle>-head$ ,nor?-c\ntryman1 on ! banks ( ! ,tyne1 0 work+ out1 9 spite ( all opposition1 ! great problem ( adapt+ ! /eam eng9e to railway locomotion4 ,buoy$ up by an almo/ prophetic confid5ce 9 8 ultimate triumph ov] all ob/acles1 he cont9u$ to labor to complete an inv5tion :i* promis$ ! gr&e/ b5efits to mank9d4 ,:at 0 ?\ght ( ,/eph5son & 8 s*emes may be judg$ by ! foll[+ extracts f ! ,qu>t]ly ,review ( #ahbe1 9 :i* ! introduction ( locomotive traction is condemn$ 9 ! mo/ po9t$ mann]3 ,z to ^? p]sons :o speculate on mak+ railways g5]al ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 & sup]s$+ e o!r mode ( conveyance by l& & wat]1 we deem !m & _! vision>y s*emes unwor?y ( notice4444 ,! gross exagg]ation ( ! locomotive /eam eng9e may delude = a "t1 b mu/ end 9 ! mortification ( all conc]n$4444 ,x is c]ta9ly "s consolation to ^? :o are to be :irl$1 at ! rate ( #ah or #bj miles p] h\r1 by means ( a high-pressure eng9e1 to be told t !y are 9 no dang] ( be+ sea-sick :ile on %ore1 t !y are n to be scald$ to dea? or dr[n$ by ! bur/+ ( a boil]1 & t !y ne$ n m9d be+ %ot by ! %att]$ fragm5ts1 or da%$ 9 pieces by ! fly+ (f or break+ ( a :eel4 ,b ) all ^! assurances1 we w\ld z soon expect ! p ( ,woolwi* to suff] !mselves to be fir$ (f ^u "o ( ,congreve's rico*et rockets1 z tru/ !mselves to ! m]cy ( su* a ma*9e go+ at su* a rate4 ,^! words1 /range & ludicr\s z !y seem to u1 b t]sely express$ ! g5]al op9ion ( ! day2 b =tunately ! cle> head & ! undaunt$ w p]sev]$1 until success 0 at la/ atta9$1 & ! magnific5t railway sy/em ( ! pres5t1 :i* has revolutioniz$ ! _w1 is ! issue4 ,& ! results are almo/ ov]:elm+ 9 _! magnitude4 ,"h1 9 ,great ,brita9 alone1 #fed1jjj1jjj p travel annually4 ,!re are #ad1jjj locomotives1 & ! roll+ /ock w\ld =m a tra9 ne>ly #b1jjj miles long2 :ile ! numb] ( miles travel$ 9 a ye> by tra9s is m ?an #aj1jjj times r\nd ! _w2 & ! pass5g]s w\ld =m a procession #ajj abrea/1 a y>d ap>t1 & #c1gjj miles long4 ,^! /up5d\s results h be5 atta9$ gradually2 if we g back to #ahdh1 we f9d t on ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway ! numb] ( tra9s 9 & out ( ,eu/on 0 =ty-f\r p] day4 ,! av]age weight ( ! eng9es 0 #ah tons1 & ! gross loads 71 = pass5g] tra9s #gf tons1 & = goods #afj4 ,n[1 ! weight ( an express eng9e & t5d] is ab\t #fe tons1 & gross loads ( #bej to #cjj tons = an express1 & #ejj tons = a coal tra9 are n uncommon1 :ile n only h ! tra9s mat]ially increas$ 9 weight1 ow+ to ! c>riage ( ?ird-class pass5g]s by all 7except a few special7 tra9s1 & also to ! l[]+ ( f>es & consequ5t m frequ5t travel+1 b ! spe$1 & !re=e ! duty ( ! eng9es1 is greatly enhanc$4 ,a ,brad%aw's ,guide ( ?irty-five ye>s ago is n[ a r>e book1 b x is v int]e/+ to glance ov] its pages1 & 9 do+ s x w be f\nd t ! fa/e/ spe$ 9 all cases b "o falls f> %ort ( t :i* obta9s at pres5t4 ,! foll[+ table w %[ :at ! alt]ation has be53 #ahdi4 #ahhd4 ,spe$ miles,spe$ miles p] h\r4 p] h\r4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,great ,we/]n--,london to ,didcot4 #ef -- to ,sw9don4 -- #ec ,nor?-,we/]n--,eu/on to ,wolv]ton4 #cg -- ,nor?ampton to ,willesd54 -- #ea ,s\?-,we/]n--,wat]loo to ,f>nbor\gh4 #ci -- ,yeovil to ,exet]4 -- #df ,brighton--,london ,bridge to ,reigate4 #cf -- ,victoria to ,ea/b\rne4 -- #de ,midl&--,d]by to ,masbor\gh4 #dc -- ,london to ,kett]+4 -- #dg ,nor?-,ea/]n--,york to ,d>l+ton4 #ch -- -- #ej ,great ,ea/]n--,london to ,broxb\rne4 #bi -- ,l9coln to ,spald+4 -- #di ,great ,nor!rn--,k+'s ,cross to ,gran?am4 -- #ea ,*e%ire ,l9es--,man*e/] to ,liv]pool4 -- #ea ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,) ?is problem !n be=e !m1 increas$ weight1 increas$ spe$1 & increas$ duty1 ! locomotive sup]9t5d5ts ( our v>i\s railways h design$ num]\s types ( eng9es1 ( :i* ! au?or proposes to give a brief acc\nt1 conf9+ himself entirely to ,engli% practice1 z =eign practice 9 addition w\ld op5 too wide a field = a s+le pap]4 ,comm5c+ !n ) pass5g] eng9es = fa/ traffic1 & tak+ fir/ 9 ord] ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 we f9d t x holds a unique position1 z its fa/ broad gauge tra9s are work$ by ! same type ( eng9e z t design$ by ,sir ,daniel ,groo* 9 #ahdh1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! bulk ( ! /ock has be5 rebuilt1 almo/ on ! same l9es1 & r5d]$ sub/antially new eng9es4 ,!y are s+le eng9es ( #g ft4 gauge ) inside cyl9d]s #ah 94 diamet]1 & #bd 94 /roke2 ! driv+-:eels are #h ft4 9 diamet]1 & !re are two pairs ( lead+ :eels1 & "o ( trail+1 all ( #d ft4 #f 94 diamet]4 ,! total :eel base is #ah ft4 #f 942 ! boil] is #d ft4 #f 94 diamet]1 & #aa ft4 #c 94 long4 ,! grate area is #ba squ>e feet1 & ! heat+ surface is1 9 ! fire-box1 #aec squ>e feet2 tubes1 #a1hjj squ>e feet2 total1 #a1iec squ>e feet4 ,! weight 9 full work+ ord] is1 on ! f\r lead+ :eels1 #ae ton #ah cwt42 driv+ :eels1 #af tons2 trail+ :eels1 #i tons #aj cwt42 total1 #da tons #h cwt4 ,! t5d]1 :i* is l[-sid$ & v graceful 9 appe>ance1 weighs #ae tons #aj cwt41 & w hold #b1gjj gallons ( wat]4 ,! boil] pressure is #adj lb4 on ! squ>e in*1 & ! tractive p[] p] p\nd ( /eam pressure 9 ! cyl9d]s is #ha lb4 ,^! eng9es take ! fa/ tra9s to ! ,we/ ( ,engl&2 ! ,fly+ ,dut*man av]ages #agj tons gross load1 & runs at a mean "t-table spe$ ( #ec miles p] h\r1 :i* all[+ = />t+1 /opp+1 & sl[+ d[n to #be miles p] h\r ?r\gh ,didcot gives a spe$ ( ne>ly #fj miles an h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,great ,,we/]n ,,railway4 ,! av]age consumption ( coal p] mile1 ( ?irte5 ( ^! eng9es1 ) ! express tra9s betwe5 ,london & ,bri/ol1 dur+ ! half-ye> av]ag$ #bd4fg lb4 p] mile1 ! l[e/ be+ #bc4bb lb41 & ! highe/ #bf4ag lb41 ! av]age load be+ ab\t eight coa*es1 or #bdc tons4 ,we h already se5 t 9 #ahdi ! ,great ,we/]n express ran at a high] rate ?an at pres5t1 be+ an exception to ! g5]al rule2 & ! fa/e/ j\rney on record 0 p]=m$ at ?is "t by "o ( ^! eng9es1 :5 on ,may #ad1 #ahdh1 ! ,great ,brita9 took ?is ,bri/ol express1 consi/+ ( f\r coa*es & a van1 to ,didcot1 fifty-?ree miles1 9 =ty-sev5 m9utes1 or at ! av]age spe$ ( sixty-eight miles an h\r4 ,! maximum runn+ spe$ 0 sev5ty-five miles an h\r1 & ! indicat$ horse-p[] #a1jjj4 ,a class ( eng9es correspond+ to ?is type 9 _! g5]al dim5sions1 b ) #g ft4 c\pl$ :eels1 0 introduc$ on ! l9e1 b x 0 n f\nd successful4 ,?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,dean1 ,i am enabl$ to give a table %[+ ! runn+ spe$s & loads ( ! pr9cipal express tra9s1 broad & n>r[ gauge1 to ! ,we/ & ,nor? ( ,engl&1 run on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway4 ,great ,we/]n ,railway4--,av]age ,spe$ & ,weight ( ,express ,tra9s4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,spe$ to fir/ /opp+ /ation4 ,weight ( tra94 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,av]age ,tra94 spe$-- ,eng9e ,c>riages miles p] & & vans1 ,/ation,di/ance h\r4 t5d]4 empty4 ,total ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- miles tons4 tons4 ,,broad ,,gauge ,,to ,,we/ ,,( ,,engl&3 #i4j ,padd+ton to ,read+ #cf #dg #fg #adi #baf ,plym\? #aa4de d4 ,sw9don #gg #ec #fg #ajd #aga ,,n>r[ ,,gauge ,,to ,,! ,,nor? #aj4j ,padd+ton to,read+ #cf #ci4b #fj #aij #bej ,birk5head #d4de d4 ,ox=d #fc #dh4h #fj #abi #ahi ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #b4--;,,great ,,we/]n ,,railway4 ,! n>r[ gauge tra9s are work$ by two classes ( eng9es4 ,! fir/ is a s+le eng9e ) inside cyl9d]s #ah 94 diamet]1 #bd 94 /roke4 ,! driv+ :eels are #g ft4 diamet]1 & ! lead+ & trail+ :eels #d ft4 ,! frames are d\ble1 giv+ outside be>+s to ! lead+ & trail+ axles1 & outside & inside be>+s to ! driv+ axle2 ?is arrangem5t gives a v /eady runn+ eng9e1 & insures1 z f> z c possibly be done1 safety 9 case ( ! fracture ( a crank axle4 ,! frames are #ae in*es deep1 ( ,,bb ,/af=d%ire iron4 ,! :eel base is1 lead+ to driv+ :eels1 #h ft4 #f 92 driv+ to trail+ :eels1 #i ft42 total1 #ag ft4 #f 94 ,! boil] is ( ,l[moor iron1 #aj ft4 #f 94 long & #d ft4 #b 94 outside diamet]4 ,! grate area is #ag squ>e feet1 & ! heat+ surface is1 tubes1 #a1ade squ>e feet2 fire-box #acc squ>e feet2 total1 #a1bgh squ>e feet4 ,! boil] pressure is #adj lb4 on ! squ>e in*1 & ! tractive p[] p] lb4 ( mean pressure 9 cyl9d]s1 #ib lb4 ,! weight 9 full work+ ord] is1 eng9e1 lead+ :eel1 #aj tons2 ditto driv+ :eels1 #ad tons2 ditto trail+ :eels1 #i tons #aj cwt42 t5d]1 ) #dj cwt4 coal & #b1fjj gals4 wat]1 #bf tons #aj cwt42 total1 #fj tons4 ,^! eng9es are extremely simple1 b well proportion$1 & are a v h&some type1 & _! av]age consumption ( coal1 work+ tra9s av]ag+ t5 coa*es1 is ab\t #bd4hg lb4 p] mile4 ,! /&>d c\pl$ pass5g] express eng9e on ! n>r[ gauge has inside cyl9d]s #ag 94 diamet] & #bd 94 /roke2 ! c\pl$ :eels are #f ft4 #f 94 diamet]1 & ! lead+ :eels #d ft42 ! :eel base is #af ft4 #i 94 ,! frames are d\ble1 giv+ outside be>+s to ! lead+ axle1 & inside be>+s to ! c\pl$ :eels4 ,! boil] is #aa ft4 long by #d ft4 #b 94 diamet]2 ! grate area is #af4be squ>e feet2 & ! heat+ surface is1 tubes1 #a1baf4e squ>e feet2 fire-box1 #ig4j squ>e feet2 total1 #a1cac4e squ>e feet4 ,! boil] pressure is #adj lb41 & ! tractive p[] p] lb4 ( /eam pressure 9 ! cyl9d]s1 #hh lb4 ,! weight 9 full work+ ord] is on ! lead+ :eels1 #aj tons #e cwt42 driv+ :eels1 #aa tons2 trail+ :eels1 #i tons #ae cwt42 total1 #ca tons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,london ,,nor?-,,we/]n ,,railway4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,,joy',s ,,valve ,,ge>4 ,turn+ n[ to ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway1 we f9d t betwe5 #ahfb & #ahfe ! express tra9s 7 work$ ) a h&some type ( eng9es1 kn[n z ! ,lady ( ! ,lake class4 ,!y h outside cyl9d]s #af 94 diamet] & #bd 94 /roke1 ) s+le driv+ :eels ( #g ft4 #f 94 diamet]1 & lead+ & trail+ :eels #c ft4 #f 94 diamet]1 ) a total :eel base ( #ae ft4 #e 94 ,! frames are s+le1 ) inside be>+s to all ! :eels4 ,! boil] is #aa ft4 long & #d ft4 diamet]1 & ! heat+ surface is 9 ! tubes1 #a1jac feet2 fire-box1 #he ft42 total1 #a1jih feet4 ,! tractive p[] p] lb4 ( /eam pressure 9 ! cyl9d]s is #fh lb4 ,! weight 9 full work+ ord] is on ! lead+ :eels1 #i tons #h cwt42 driv+ :eels1 #aa tons #aj cwt42 trail+ :eels1 #f tons #b cwt42 total1 #bg tons4 ,! t5d] weighs #ag tons 9 work+ ord]4 ,^! eng9es burn ab\t #bg lb4 ( coal p] mile ) tra9s ( ! gross weight ( #aag tons1 :i* is n at all an economical duty4 ,ab\t #ahgb1 ! weight ( ! heavi] express tra9s on ! ,nor?-,we/]n _h s increas$1 t a new /&>d type = ?is s]vice 0 design$1 & is n[ ! /&>d pass5g] eng9e2 x has inside cyl9d]s #ag 94 diamet] & #bd 94 /roke2 ! driv+ & trail+ :eels are c\pl$1 & are #f ft4 #f 94 diamet]1 & ! lead+ :eels #c ft4 #f 94 ,! frames ( /eel are s+le1 ) inside be>+s to all ! :eels1 & ! boil]1 ( /eel1 is #i ft4 #aj 94 long & #d ft4 #b 94 diamet]4 ,! /eel us$ has a t5sile /r5g? ( #cb to #cd tons p] squ>e in*1 all ! rivets are put 9 by hydraulic pressure1 & ! magnetic oxide on ! surface ( ! plates :]e !y ov]lap is wa%$ (f by a little weak sal-ammoniac & wat]4 ,9 te/+1 /eam is fir/ got up to #cj lb4 on ! squ>e in*1 ! boil] is !n all[$ to cool1 x is !n prov$ to #bjj lb4 ) hydraulic pressure1 & aft]w>d to #afj lb4 ) /eam4 ,! fire-box is ( copp]1 fitt$ ) a fire brick ar* = coal burn+1 & ! grate area is #ae squ>e feet4 ,! heat+ surface is1 9 ! tubes1 #a1jac squ>e feet2 fire-box1 #hi squ>e feet2 total1 #a1ajb squ>e feet4 ,! :eel base is #ae ft4 #h 941 & ! tractive p[] #hh lb4 = ea* lb4 ( /eam pressure 9 ! cyl9d]s4 ,^! eng9es1 work+ ! fa/ pass5g] tra9s at a spe$ ( ab\t #de miles p] h\r1 burn ab\t #ce lb4 ( coal p] mile1 :5 tak+ tra9s weigh+ ab\t #bcj tons gross4 ,a v>iation f ?is type has be5 adopt$ on ! ,nor!rn & ,wel% sections1 kn[n z ! ,precursor class4 ,^! eng9es h #e ft4 #f 94 c\pl$ :eels1 & weigh #ca tons #h cwt4 9 work+ ord]1 b 9 o!r respects are v simil> to ! /&>d eng9es j describ$2 ) ! ,scot* express1 av]ag+ 9 total weight #ahg tons1 betwe5 ,crewe & ,c>lisle1 ov] heavy gradi5ts1 !y burn #cc lb4 ( coal p] mile4 ,^! eng9es1 al?\gh mu* m p[]ful ?an ! /&>d type1 are n ne>ly ( s h&some an appe>ance1 ! driv]s seem+ mu* too small = ! boil] "u :i* !y are plac$4 ,b by f> ! bolde/ innovation on exi/+ practice is ! new class ( comp\nd locomotives n[ be+ introduc$ by ,mr4 ,webb4 ,x is a six :eel eng9e1 ) lead+ :eels #d ft4 diamet]1 & two pairs ( driv]s1 #f ft4 #f 94 diamet]4 ,! trail+ driv]s are driv5 by a pair ( outside cyl9d]s1 #ah 94 diamet] & #bd 94 /roke2 & ! lead+ driv]s by a s+le l[-pressure cyl9d]--:i* takes ! exhau/ /eam f ! high-pressure cyl9d]s--( #bf 94 diamet] & #bd 94 /roke1 plac$ "u ! c5t] ( ! smoke-box4 ,! boil] is ! same z t 9 ! /&>d type ( eng9e1 b ! :eel base is #ag ft4 #g 941 & 9 ord] to all[ x to trav]se curves easily1 ! front axle is fitt$ ) a radial axle-box1 :i* is 9 "o ca/+ f j\rnal to j\rnal1 & fitt$ at ea* end ) brass /eps = ! be>+s2 ! box is radial1 /ruck f ! c5t] ( ! rigid :eel base1 & ! horn plates are curv$ to suit ! box1 ! lat]al motion be+ controll$ by /rong spr+s4 ,ano!r peculi>ity ( ?is eng9e is t1 in/ead ( ! ord9>y l9k motion1 x is fitt$ ) ,joy's valve ge>1 :i* is n[ be+ m & m adopt$4 ,?is ge>--:i* is ( a mo/ +5i\s decription--disp5ses altoge!r ) ecc5trics1 & s all[s ! inside be>+s to be mu* increas$1 ^? on ^! eng9es be+ #ac 94 long2 & x is also claim$ = x t x is simpl] & less co/ly1 weighs less1 & is m correct 9 its action ?an ! ord9>y l9k motion2 ! friction is less1 ! work+ p>ts are simplifi$1 x takes less oil1 & is well "u ! driv]'s eye4 ,x also all[s l>g] cyl9d]s to be got 9 betwe5 ! frames ( inside cyl9d] eng9es1 z1 ! slide valves may be plac$ on ! top or bottom ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,?is latt] advantage is a great "o1 z1 ) ! ord9>y l9k motion1 l>ge cyl9d]s are exce$+ly difficult to design s z to get ! requisite cle> exhau/4 ,! action ( ! ge> is z foll[s3 ,a rod1 a1 is fix$ by a p9 at b1 on :i* x is free to turn1 & is atta*$ to a rod1 c1 at d1 ! o!r end ( :i* l9k is fa/5$ to ! connect+ rod at e4 ,at ! po9t1 f1 9 ?is rod ano!r lev]1 g1 is connect$ to x1 ! upp] end ( :i* is c\pl$ to ! valve rod1 h1 at i1 & j bel[ ?is po9t a second connection is made to a block at j1 slid+ 9 a %ort curv$ piece1 k4 ,! incl9ation ( ! block1 k1 gov]ns ! travel ( ! valve4 ,! total weight ( ! eng9e 9 work+ ord] is3 ,on ! lead+ :eels1 #aj tons #h cwt42 front driv]s1 #ad tons #d cwt42 re> driv]s1 #ac tons #aj cwt42 total1 #cg4ge tons4 ,! t5d] weighs #be tons 9 full work+ ord]4 ,! boil] pressure is #aej lb41 & ! usual po9t ( cut-(f 9 ! high pressure cyl9d]s1 :5 runn+ at spe$1 is half-/roke1 :ile ! pressure ( /eam admitt$ to ! l>ge cyl9d] is nev] to exce$ #ge lb4 p] squ>e in*4 ,! av]age consumption ( coal betwe5 ,london & ,crewe is #bf4f lb4 p] tra9 mile1 or ab\t #h lb4 p] mile less ?an ! /&>d c\pl$ eng9e4 ,9 an exp]im5t made 9 ,octob]1 #ahhc1 "o ( ^! eng9es took ! ,scot* express f ,eu/on to ,c>lisle at an av]age spe$1 betwe5 /ations1 ( #dd miles an h\r1 ! eng9e1 t5d]1 & tra9 weigh+ #bcj tons1 ) a consumption ( #bi lb4 ( coal p] mile1 & an evaporation ( #h4e lb4 ( wat] p] p\nd ( fuel4 ,mr4 ,webb's object1 9 design+ ?is eng9e 0 to secure 9 ! fir/ place a great] economy ( fuel1 & secondly1 to d away ) c\pl+ rods1 :ile at ! same "t obta9+ great] adhesion1 ) ! fre$om ( a s+le eng9e4 ,! co/ is mu* m ?an an ord9>y locomotive1 b ! sav+ 9 fuel is said to be #bj p] c5t4 ov] ! o!r eng9es ( ! ,nor? ,we/]n ,rail way4 ,^! eng9es run v sweetly1 & are said to /eam freely1 al?\gh ) only half ! usual numb] ( bla/s2 b f ! small size ( ! high pressure cyl9d]s1 !y are liable to slip :5 />t+ heavy tra9s1 z ! l[ pressure cyl9d]s are n !n effective1 :ile ! consumption ( coal does n seem to %[ ! sav+ t w\ld h be5 expect$1 :5 comp>$ ) ord9>y eng9es do+ simil> duty on o!r l9es2 = in/ance1 ! ,great ,nor!rn s+le eng9e takes tra9s ( ! same weight ) ! same consumption ( coal & at a some:at high] spe$4 ,b x mu/1 ( c\rse1 be borne 9 m9d 9 mak+ su* a comp>ison1 t ! fuel us$ may n be ( ! same quality4 ,mr4 ,/irl+1 ( ! ,great ,nor!rn1 has adopt$ an entirely diff]5t type ( eng9e to ^? la/ describ$4 ,hold+ /rongly t s+le eng9es are m economical n only 9 runn+1 b 9 repairs1 & t cyl9d] p[] is g5]ally inadequate to ! adhesion1 he has design$ 8 magnific5t well-kn[n class ( express eng9es4 ,!y h s+le driv+ :eels #h ft4 9 diamet]1 ) a f\r-:eel bogie 9 front & a pair ( trail+ :eels1 #d ft4 diamet]1 beh9d4 ,! frames are s+le1 & inside ( "o solid piece2 ! cyl9d]s are outside #ah 94 diamet] & #bh 94 /roke2 & ! valve ge> is ( ! usual %ift+ l9k description4 ,! boil] is ( ,york%ire plates1 #aa ft4 #e 94 long & #d ft4 diamet]1 & ! /eam pressure is #adj lb42 :ile ! tractive p[] p] lb4 ( /eam 9 ! cyl9d]s is #id lb4 ,! fire-box is ( copp]1 & ! ro( is /ay$ to ! out] %ell by wr\ght iron radiat+ /ays screw$ into bo?2 a slop+ mid-fea!r is plac$ 9 ! fire-box4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,,great ,,nor!rn ,,railway4 ,! tubes1 #bag 9 numb]1 are ( brass1 #a-i_/af 94 diamet]2 & ! heat+ surface is 9 ! tubes1 #a1jdc squ>e feet2 fire-box1 #abb squ>e feet2 total1 #a1afe squ>e feet4 ,! fire-grate area is #ag4f squ>e feet4 ,! :eel base f ! c5t] ( ! bogie p9 to ! trail+ axle is #ai ft4 #e 941 & ! weight 9 work+ ord] is1 on ! bogie :eels1 #ae tons2 driv+ :eels1 #ae tons2 trail+ :eels1 #h tons2 total1 #ch tons4 ,! t5d] weighs #bg tons4 ,^! eng9es are rem>kable = _! effici5cy2 ! traffic ( ! ,great ,nor!rn ,railway is exce$+ly heavy1 & ! tra9s run at a high rate1 ! av]age spe$ ( ! ,fly+ ,scot*man be+ fifty miles an h\r1 & no tra9 9 ! k+dom keeps bett] "t4 ,^? :o rememb] ?is express at ,york 9 ! icy w9t] ( #ahgi-hj1 :5 ! few travel]s :o did n rema9 ?aw+ !mselves at ! wait+-room fires us$ to /amp up & d[n a sawdu/$ plat=m1 "u a d>k5$ ro(1 :ile day aft] day ! tra9 came glid+ 9 f ,gran?am ) c\pl+s l wool1 icicles p5d5t f ! c>riage eaves1 & an air ( punctual unconc]n2 or ^? :o h kn[n "s ( our o!r equally /]l+ tra9s--^! w h>dly m9d if fri5d%ip does let !m drift into exagg]ation :5 speak+ ( expresses4 ,! au?or well rememb]s h[1 :5 liv+ "s ye>s ago at ,newca/le-on-,tyne1 x 0 (t5 8 cu/om to /roll on ! plat=m ( ! ,c5tral ,/ation to wat* ! arrival ( ! ,fly+ ,scot*man1 & z ! h&s ( ! /ation clock m>k$ sev5 m9utes pa/ f\r he w\ld turn ar\nd1 & 9 n9e cases out ( t5 ! express 0 glid+ into ! /ation1 punctual to ! m9ute aft] its run ( #bgb miles4 ,su* results speak = !mselves1 & = ! p[] ( ! eng9es employ$1 & "o ( ! be/ runs on record 0 t ( ! special tra91 drawn by "o ( ^! locomotives1 :i* 9 #ahhj took ! ,"l ,mayor ( ,london1 to ,sc>bor\gh4 ,! tra9 consi/$ ( six ,great ,nor!rn coa*es1 & ran ! #ahh miles to ,york 9 #bag m9utes1 includ+ a /op ( t5 m9utes at ,gran?am1 or at ! av]age rate ( #ed miles an h\r4 ,! spe$ f ,gran?am to ,york1 #hb miles1 ) ?ree sl[+ d[ns at ,ret=d1 ,donca/]1 & ,selby1 av]ag$ #eg miles an h\r1 & ! #ei miles f ,claypole1 ne> ,new>k1 to ,selby1 7 run 9 #fj m9utes1 & = #bb consecutive miles ! spe$ 0 #fd miles an h\r4 ,9 ord9>y work+ ^! eng9es convey tra9s ( sixte5 to tw5ty-six coa*es f ,k+'s-,cross ) ease1 & (t5 tw5ty-eight are tak5 & "t kept4 ,consid]+ t ! ,great ,nor!rn ma9 l9e rises almo/ cont9u\sly to ,pott]'s ,b>1 #ac miles1 ) gradi5ts v>y+ f #a 9 #aje to #a 9 #bjj1 ?is is a v high duty1 :ile1 ) reg>d to spe$1 !y h run ) sixte5 coa*es = #ae miles at ! rate ( #ge miles an h\r4 ,_! consumption ( coal ) tra9s av]ag+ sixte5 t5 ton c>riages is #bg lb4 p] mile1 or #h lb4 p] mile less ?an ! /&>d c\pl$ eng9e ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ) simil> loads4 ,mr4 ,/irl+'s view1 t ! l>g] ! :eel ! bett] ! adhesion1 seems borne out ( ^! facts2 ?us to take tw5ty-eight coa*es1 or a gross load ( #cde tons1 up #a 9 #bjj at a spe$ ( #ce miles an h\r1 w\ld require an adhesive =ce ( #h1igj lb41 or #fjj lb4 p] ton--m ?an a qu>t] ! weight on ! driv+ :eels4 ,^! eng9es are magnific5t samples ( ! mo/ p[]ful express eng9es ( ! pres5t day4 ,! ,london1 ,brighton1 & ,s\? ,coa/ ,railway ,company has 9 ! la/ few ye>s _h its locomotive /ock almo/ entirely replac$1 & in/ead ( sev5ty-two diff]5t v>ieties ( eng9es out ( a total ( #bcc1 :i* 0 ! /ate ( locomotive /ock 9 #ahga4 a small numb] ( well-consid]$ types1 suit$ to ! diff]5t class ( "w requir$1 are n[ 9 use4 ,mr4 ,/r\dley consid]s--contr>y to ! op9ion once almo/ univ]sally held--t eng9es ) a high c5t] ( gravity are ! safe/ to trav]se curves at high spe$1 z ! c5trifugal =ce ?r[s ! greate/ weight on ! out] :eels1 & prev5ts _! m\nt+2 also t ! greate/ weight %\ld be on ! lead+ :eels1 & t !re is no objection to ^! :eels be+ ( a mu* l>g] diamet] ?an t usually adopt$2 9 fact1 by c\pl+ ! lead+ & driv+ :eels :]e ! ma9 weight is plac$ a light] load is ?r[n on ! trail+ :eels1 ?us enabl+ !m to trav]se curves at a high spe$ ) safety1 :ile x p]mits ( a l>g] fire-box be+ us$2 & ^! pr9ciples h be5 c>ri$ out 9 ! newe/ class ( eng9es1 especially design$ = work+ ! heavy fa/ pass5g] traffic ( ! l9e4 ,! mod]n express eng9es are ( two types4 ,! fir/ is a s+le eng9e ) #f ft4 #f 94 driv+ :eels1 & lead+ & trail+ :eels #d ft4 #f 94 9 diamet] & a :eel base ( #ae ft4 #i 94 ,! frames are s+le1 ) inside be>+s to all ! :eels2 ! cyl9d]s are inside1 #ag 94 diamet] & #bd 94 /roke4 ,! boil] is #aj ft4 #b 94 long & #d ft4 #c 94 diamet]2 ! fire-box is ( copp] ) a fire-grate area ( #ag4h squ>e feet1 & ! heat+ surface is 9 ! tubes #a1jhj squ>e feet1 fire-box #ajb squ>e feet2 total1 #aahb squ>e feet4 ,! weight 9 work+ ord] is ab\t #ce tons4 ,^! eng9es h a tractive p[] ( #hi lb4 p] p\nd ( mean /eam pressure 9 ! cyl9d]s1 & _! consumption ( coal ) tra9s av]ag+ n9e coa*es is ab\t #bj lb4 p] mile4 ,! next type ( eng9e design$ has c\pl$ :eels "u ! b>rel ( ! boil] #f ft4 #f 94 diamet]1 ) cyl9d]s #ag 94 diamet] & #bf 94 /roke1 & 7 f\nd s successful t ,mr4 ,/r\dley design$ a m p[]ful eng9e ( ! same class1 especially to take ! heavie/ fa/ tra9s 9 all wea!rs4 ,! #h3de ,a4,m4 tra9 f ,brighton has gr[n to be "o ( ! heavie/ fa/ tra9s 9 ! k+dom1 al?\gh ! di/ance x runs is b v %ort1 :ile x is also exceptional 9 consi/+ entirely ( fir/ class coa*es1 & ! pass5g]s ma9ly season ticket hold]s2 x (t5 weighs 9 ! gross #cej tons1 & to take ?is weight at a mean spe$ ( =ty-five to fifty miles an h\r ov] gradi5ts ( #a 9 #bfd is no light "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,,london1 ,,brighton1 ,,& ,,s\? ,,coa/ ,,railway4 ,! eng9es kn[n z ! ,glad/one type h inside cyl9d]s #ah 94 diamet] & #bf 94 /roke1 ) c\pl$ :eels #f ft4 #f 94 diamet] "u ! b>rel ( ! boil]2 ! trail+ :eels are #d ft4 #f 94 diamet]1 & ! total :eel base is #ae ft4 #g 94 ,! frames are inside1 ( /eel #a 94 ?ick1 ) inside be>+s to all ! axles4 ,! cyl9d]s are ca/ 9 "o piece #b ft4 #a 94 ap>t1 b 9 ord] to get !m s close toge!r ! valves are plac$ bel[ ! cyl9d]s1 ! lead+ axle com+ betwe5 ! pi/on & slide valve4 ,! boil] is ( iron1 #aj ft4 #b 94 long1 & #d ft4 #f 94 diamet]2 & ! heat+ surface is1 9 ! tubes1 #a1cgc squ>e feet2 fire-box1 #aab squ>e feet2 total1 #a1dhe squ>e feet4 ,! grate area is #bj4fe squ>e feet1 & ! tractive p[] p] p\nd ( mean cyl9d] pressure is #aaa lb4 ,! weight 9 full work+ ord] is--lead+ :eels1 #ac tons #af cwt42 driv+ :eels1 #ad tons #aj cwt42 trail+ :eels1 #aj tons #h cwt42 total1 #ch tons #ad cwt4 ,! t5d] weighs #bg tons4 ,to enable ^! eng9es to trav]se curves easily a special arrangem5t ( draw-b> is us$1 consi/+ ( a ,t-piece ) a :eel at ea* end work+ 9 a curv$ pa? 9 ! back ( ! frame "u ! foot plate2 on ! back buff] beam a curv$ plate abuts aga9/ a rubb+ piece on ! t5d]1 ?r\gh :i* ! draw-b> is pass$ & screw$ up aga9/ an ,india-rubb] wa%]1 ?us all[+ ! eng9e to move free ( ! t5d] z ! curvature ( ! road road requires2 ! flanges on ! driv+ :eel are also cut away1 s z n to t\* ! rail4 ,9 ord] to r$uce ! we> ( ! lead+ flanges1 a jet ( /eam f ! exhau/ is direct$ aga9/ ! out] side ( ea* :eel4 ,! c5t] l9e ( ! boil] is #g ft4 #e 94 above ! rails1 & ! tubes1 ( :i* !re are z _m z #cca1 are b5t upw>d #a 941 :i* p]mits expansion & contraction to take place )\t />t+ ! tubes1 & !y are /at$ nev] to leak or give tr\ble4 ,! fe$-wat] is heat$ by a portion ( ! exhau/ /eam & ! exhau/ f ! ,we/+h\se brake1 & ! boil] is consequ5tly f$ by pumps1 is kept clean]1 & makes /eam bett]4 ,! rev]s+ ge> is automatic & exce$+ly +5i\s1 ! compress$ air f ! ,we/+h\se brake res]voir be+ employ$ to d ! heavy "w4 ,a cyl9d] #d 94 diamet] is fitt$ ) a pi/on & rod atta*$ to ! nut ( ! rev]s+ screw1 & a ?ree-way cock supplies ! compress$ air beh9d ! pi/on2 ?is =ces ! eng9e into back ge>1 & by all[+ ! air to escape1 ! weight ( ! valve motion puts ! eng9e 9 =w>d ge>4 ,!re are no balance weights1 & ! screw regulates ! movem5t4 ,!re is also a v +5i\s spe$ indicator1 :i* consi/s ( a small brass case fill$ ) wat]1 9 :i* is a small fan driv5 by a cord f ! driv+ :eel2 a copp] pipe leads f ! fan case to a glass gauge tube2 ! fa/] ! fan runs ! high] ! wat] w /& 9 ! tube1 ?us indicat+ ! spe$4 ,! au?or has be5 l$ to describe ?is eng9e fully on acc\nt ( ! num]\s +5i\s appliances :i* h be5 adopt$ 9 its design4 ,9 a trial trip on ,octob] #c1 #ahhc1 f ,brighton to ,london ,bridge & back1 ) an av]age load ( #ai coa*es1 or #bhe tons gross1 & ) a spe$ ( #de miles p] h\r1 ! consumption ( coal 0 #ca lb4 p] tra9 mile1 evaporat+ #h4de lb4 ( wat] p] p\nd ( coal1 & ) z mu* z #a1ajj indicat$ horse-p[] at "o portion ( ! run4 ,! f9i% & pa9t+ ( ^! eng9es is well consid]$1 b ! l>ge c\pl$ :eels give a v high %\ld]$ appe>ance1 & z a type !y are n ne>ly z h&some z ! s+le eng9es previ\sly describ$4 ,f ! ,brighton to ! ,s\?-,we/]n ,railway is b a /ep2 b "h a totally diff]5t practice obta9s to t adopt$ on mo/ l9es1 all ! pass5g] eng9es hav+ outside cyl9d]s1 :]e !y are m expos$ to damage 9 case ( accid5t1 &1 f be+ less protect$1 !re is m cond5sation ( /eam1 :ile ! wid? betwe5 ! cyl9d]s t5ds to make an un/eady runn+ eng9e at high spe$s1 unless ! balanc+ is p]fect2 b ! co/ly crank axle1 ) its risk ( fracture1 is avoid$1 & ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! boil] may be consequ5tly l[]$1 :ile l>g] cyl9d]s may be employ$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 inside cyl9d]s are well secur$1 protect$1 & kept hot 9 ! smoke-box1 ?us m9imiz+ ! cond5sation ( /eam4 ,! /eam ports are %ort1 & ! eng9e runs /eadi] at high spe$s1 :ile ) ,joy's valve ge> mu* l>g] cyl9d]s c be got 9 ?an ) ! l9k motion4 ,?us mod]n improvem5ts h m9imiz$ ! advantages ( ! outside class4 ,! pass5g] eng9es = ! fa/ traffic are ( two types1 ! six-:eel eng9es ) #g ft4 c\pl$ :eels1 & ! new bogie eng9es :i* are be+ built to replace !m4 ,! =m] h #ag 94 cyl9d]s ) #bb 94 /roke1 & a pair ( c\pl$ :eels #g ft4 9 diamet]1 ! lead+ :eels be+ #d ft4 diamet]1 & ! :eel base #ad ft4 #c 94 ,! grate area is #af4a squ>e feet1 & ! heat+ surface #a1ada squ>e feet4 ,! total weight 9 work+ ord] is #cc tons4 ,! *ief peculi>ity ( ?is type ( eng9e consi/s 9 ! boil]1 :i* is fitt$ ) a combu/ion *amb] /ock$ ) p]=at$ bricks1 ! tubes be+ only #e ft4 #d 94 long4 ,^! eng9es are v exp5sive to build & ma9ta91 ow+ to ! complicat$ "* ( ! boil] & fire-box1 b z a coal burn+ eng9e !re is no d\bt ! class 0 v effici5t1 b no m are be+ built1 & a new type has be5 sub/itut$4 ,?is is an outside cyl9d] bogie eng9e1 ) cyl9d]s #ah 94 diamet] & #bf 94 /roke2 ! driv+ & trail+ c\pl$ :eels are #f ft4 #f 94 diamet]1 & ! bogie :eels #c ft4 #c 94 ,! :eel base to ! c5t] ( ! bogie p9 is #ah ft4 #f 942 ! heat+ surface is1 9 ! tubes1 #a1aab2 fire box1 #ajd2 total1 #a1baf sq4 ft4 ,! weight ( ! eng9e 9 work+ ord] is #db tons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,midl& ,,railway4 ,! ,midl& ,railway r\te to ! ,nor? is di/+ui%$ by ! heavy nature ( its gradi5ts2 betwe5 ,settle & ,c>lisle1 runn+ ?r\gh ! ,cumb]l& hills1 atta9+ a height ( #a1agj ft4 above sea level1 ! highe/ po9t ( any express r\te 9 ! k+dom2 & to "w heavy fa/ traffic ov] su* a l9e necessitates ! employm5t ( c\pl$ eng9es4 ,! /&>d express locomotive ( ?is company has inside cyl9d]s #ah 94 9 diamet] & #bf 94 /roke4 ,! c\pl$ :eels are #f ft4 #i 94 diamet]1 & ! lead+ :eels #d ft4 #c 941 ! total :eel base be+ #af ft4 #f 941 & ! tractive =ce #ajd lb4 = ea* lb4 ( mean cyl9d] pressure4 ,! boil] is ( be/ ,york%ire iron1 #aj ft4 #d 94 long & #d ft4 #a 94 diamet]4 ,! grate area is #ag4e squ>e feet1 & ! heat+ surface is1 9 ! tubes1 #a1jif2 fire-box1 #aaj2 total1 #a1bjf4 ,!re are d\ble frames to give outside be>+s to ! lead+ axle1 z 9 ! ,great ,we/]n eng9e1 & ! eng9e is fitt$ ) a /eam brake4 ,! weight 9 full work+ ord] is--lead+ :eels1 #ab tons #b cwt42 driv+ :eels1 #ae tons2 trail+ :eels1 #aa tons #f cwt42 total1 #ch tons #h cwt4 ,! t5d] weighs #bf tons #b cwt41 & holds #c1cjj gallons ( wat] & #e tons ( coal4 ,latt]ly a f9e type ( bogie express eng9e has be5 introduc$1 ) inside cyl9d]s #ah 94 diamet] & #bf 94 /roke1 & f\r c\pl$ driv+ :eels #g ft4 diamet]4 ,! total :eel base to ! c5t] ( ! bogie p9 is #ah ft4 #f 94 ,! grate area is #ag4e squ>e feet1 & ! heat+ surface is1 9 tubes1 #a1bjc squ>e feet1 & fire-box1 #aaj2 total1 #a1cac2 & ! eng9e weighs #db tons 9 work+ ord]4 ,^! eng9es take f\rte5 coa*es1 or a gross load ( #bbb tons1 at #ej miles an h\r ov] gradi5ts ( #a 9 #abj to #a 9 #acj1 ) a consumption ( #bh lb4 ( coal p] mile4 ,! ,london1 ,*a?am1 & ,dov] ,company has also "s f9e eng9es ( a simil> type4 ,!y h inside cyl9d]s #ag 94 diamet] & #bf 94 /roke2 ! c\pl$ :eels are #f ft4 #f 94 diamet]1 & ! bogie :eels #c ft4 #f 941 ! :eel base to ! c5t] ( ! bogie p9 be+ #ah ft4 #b 94 ,! boil] is #aj ft4 #b 94 long & #d ft4 #b 94 diamet]1 ! grate area is #af4c squ>e feet1 & ! heat+ surface is1 9 ! tubes1 #ifb squ>e feet2 fire-box1 #ajg squ>e feet2 total1 #a1jfi4 ,! boil] pressure is #adj lb41 & ! tractive =ce p] lb4 ( /eam 9 ! cyl9d] #ajb lb4 ,! weight 9 full work+ ord] is1 on ! bogie :eels1 #ae tons #aj cwt42 driv+ :eels1 #ac tons #aj cwt42 trail+ :eels1 #ac tons2 total1 #db tons4 ,mr4 ,worsdell has lately design$ = ! ,great ,ea/]n ,railway a f9e type ( c\pl$ express eng9e1 :i* des]ves m5tion4 ,x has inside cyl9d]s #ah 94 diamet] & #bd 94 /roke1 ) c\pl$ :eels #g ft4 diamet] & lead+ :eels #d ft4 diamet]1 ! latt] be+ fitt$ ) a radial axle on a some:at simil> plan to t previ\sly describ$ z adopt$ by ,mr4 ,webb = ! new ,nor?-,we/]n eng9es2 ! frames are s+le1 ) inside be>+s to all ! :eels1 & ,joy's valve ge> is us$4 ,! boil] pressure is #adj lb41 & ! tractive p[] p] lb4 ( mean cyl9d] pressure #ib lb4 ,! total :eel base is #ag ft4 #f 94 ,! boil]1 :i* is f$ by two injectors1 is ( /eel1 #aa ft4 #e 94 long & #d ft4 #b 94 diamet]4 ,! grate area is #ag4c squ>e feet1 & ! heat+ surface is1 9 ! tubes1 #a1jhc2 fire-box1 #aag2 total1 #a1bjj sq4 ft4 ,! weight 9 work+ ord] is1 on ! lead+ :eels1 #ab tons #ai cwt42 driv+ :eels1 #ae tons2 trail+ :eels1 #ac tons #d cwt42 total1 #da tons #c cwt4 ,^! eng9es burn #bg lb4 ( coal p] tra9 mile ) tra9s av]ag+ ?irte5 coa*es4 ,x has be5 se5 t ! ,*e%ire l9es express betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] is "o ( ! fa/e/ 9 ,engl&1 & ! ,man*e/]1 ,%effield1 & ,l9coln%ire ,railway ,company1 :o works ! tra9s1 has j introduc$ a new class ( eng9e specially = ?is & o!r express tra9s on ! l9e4 ,! cyl9d]s are outside1 #ag 94 diamet] & #bf 94 /roke1 ) s+le driv+ :eels #g ft4 #e 94 diamet]1 ! lead+ & trail+ :eels be+ #c ft4 #h 94 diamet]4 ,! total :eel base is #ae ft4 #i 941 & ! frames are d\ble1 giv+ outside be>+s to ! lead+ & trail+ axles1 & inside be>+s to ! driv+ axle4 ,! boil] is #aa ft4 #f 94 long & #c ft4 #aa 94 diamet]1 & ! grate area is #ag squ>e feet4 ,! heat+ surface is 9 ! tubes #a1jeg squ>e feet2 fire-box1 #hg squ>e feet2 total1 #a1add squ>e feet4 ,! tractive =ce p] p\nd ( mean cyl9d] pressure is #hh4d lb4 ,! weight 9 full work+ ord] is1 on ! lead+ :eels1 #aa tons #c cwt42 driv+ :eels1 #ag tons #aa cwt42 trail+ :eels1 #aa tons #ah cwt42 total1 #dj tons #ab cwt4 ,?is eng9e is rem>kable = ! great weight ?r[n on ! driv+ :eels1 & its cyl9d] p[] is great 9 proportion to its adhesion1 ?us all[+ ! /eam to be work$ at a high rate ( expansion1 :i* is mo/ favorable to ! economical consumption ( fuel4 ,!re are num]\s f9e eng9es runn+ on o!r l9es1 su* z ! new bogie locomotives on ! ,nor?-,ea/]n & ,lanca%ire & ,york%ire railways1 & ! c\pl$ express eng9es on ! ,cal$onian2 b ^? already describ$ repres5t fairly ! l5d+ features ( mod]n practice1 & ! au?or w n[ notice briefly ! two o!r classes ( eng9es--tank pass5g] eng9es = suburban & local traffic & goods eng9es4 ,! ,brighton tank pass5g] eng9e is a good example ( ! =m] class2 x has inside cyl9d]s #ag 94 diamet] & #bd 94 /roke4 ,! two c\pl$ :eels "u ! b>rel ( ! boil] are #e ft4 #f 94 diamet]1 & ! trail+ :eels #d ft4 #f 942 !re are s+le frames ) inside be>+s to all ! axles4 ,! boil] pressure is #adj lb41 & ! tractive =ce p] p\nd ( mean cyl9d] pressure #ajf lb42 ! total :eel base is #ad ft4 #f 94 ,! boil] is #aj ft4 #b 94 long & #d ft4 #d 94 diamet]1 & ! heat+ surface is 9 ! tubes1 #heh squ>e feet2 fire-box1 #ij squ>e feet2 total1 #idh squ>e feet4 ,! eng9e is furni%$ ) w+ tanks hold+ #hfj gallons ( wat]1 & c>ries #cj cwt4 ( coal4 ,! weight 9 work+ ord] is #ch tons4 ,^! eng9es h tak5 a maximum load ( tw5ty-five coa*es betwe5 ,london & ,brighton1 b are ma9ly employ$ 9 work+ ! suburban & bran* l9e traffic2 _! av]age consumption ( coal is #bc4e lb4 p] mile1 ) tra9s av]ag+ ab\t t5 coa*es4 ,ano!r example is ,mr4 ,webb's tank eng9e on ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway1 :i* pres5ts a contra/ to ! =ego+4 ,x has inside cyl9d]s #ag 94 diamet] & #bj 94 /roke1 c\pl$ :eels #d ft4 #f 94 diamet]1 & a tractive p[] p] lb4 ( mean cyl9d] pressure ( #ajg lb42 ! :eel base is #ad ft4 #f 94 ) a radial box to ! lead+ axle2 ! heat+ surface is 9 ! tubes1 #hhg2 fire-box1 #hd2 total1 #iga squ>e feet2 ! weight 9 work+ ord] is #ce tons #ae cwt4 ,! eng9e is fitt$ ) ,webb's hydraulic brake1 & /eel1 manufactur$ at ,crewe1 is l>gely us$ 9 its con/ruction4 ,! consumption ( coal-work+ fa/ pass5g] tra9s has be5 #bh lb4 p] mile4 ,!re are _m o!r types1 su* z ! t5 :eel bogie tank eng9es ( ! ,london1 ,tilbury1 & ,s\!nd & ,s\?-,we/]n railways2 ! saddle tank bogie eng9es1 work+ ! broad gauge tra9s on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 we/ ( ,newton2 & ! famili> class work+ ! ,metropolitan & ,nor? ,london traffic4 ,b ! same pr9ciple is adopt$ 9 ne>ly all--a flexible :eel base to enable !m to trav]se %>p curves1 small driv+ :eels c\pl$ = adhesion1 & w+ or saddle tanks to take ! wat]4 ,"o notable exception is1 h[ev]1 ! little six :eel all-c\pl$ eng9es weigh+ only #bd tons1 :i* "w ! ,s\? ,london traffic1 burn+ #bd lb4 ( coal p] mile1 ) an av]age load ( elev5 coa*es4 ,goods eng9es on all l9es d n v>y mu*4 ,z a rule !y are six :eel all-c\pl$ eng9es1 ) g5]ally #e ft4 :eels1 & cyl9d]s v>y+ betwe5 #ag 94 & #ah 94 diamet] & #bd 94 to #bf 94 /roke2 ! grate area is ab\t #ag squ>e feet1 & ! total heat+ surface f #a1jjj to #a1bjj sq4 ft42 ! av]age weight 9 full work+ ord] v>ies f #cj to #ch tons4 ,"o notewor?y exception occurs1 h[ev]1 on ! ,great ,ea/]n ,railway1 :]e a type ( goods eng9e ) a pony truck 9 front has be5 introduc$4 ,! cyl9d]s are outside #ai 94 diamet] & #bf 94 /roke1 !re are six c\pl$ :eels #d ft4 #aj 94 diamet]1 & ! pony truck :eels are #b ft4 #aj 94 diamet]2 ! total :eel :eel base is #bc ft4 #b 941 b !re are no flanges on ! driv+ :eels4 ,! boil] is #aa ft4 #e 94 long & #d ft4 #e 94 diamet]1 ! boil] pressure is #adj lb41 & ! tractive =ce p] lb4 ( mean cyl9d] pressure #afb lb42 ! grate area is #ah4c squ>e feet1 & ! heat+ surface is 9 ! tubes1 #a1ccd squ>e feet2 fire-box1 #abb squ>e feet2 total1 #a1def squ>e feet4 ,! weight 9 work+ ord] is on ! pony truck1 #h tons #aj cwt42 lead+ c\pl$1 #ab tons #h cwt42 driv+ c\pl$1 #ac tons #e cwt42 trail+ c\pl$1 #ab tons #ae cwt42 total1 #dg tons4 ,! t5d] weighs #bh tons 9 full work+ ord]4 ,^! eng9es take #dj load$ coal trucks or sixty empty ones1 & burn #eb lb4 ( coal p] tra9 mile1 ! wor/ gradi5t be+ #a 9 #agf4 ,a notice ( goods eng9es w\ld n be complete )\t allud+ to a /eep gradi5t locomotive1 & a good example is ! eng9e :i* works ! ,r$heugh ,bank on ! ,nor?-,ea/]n ,railway4 ,?is incl9e is #a1jdj y>ds long1 & rises = #egj y>ds #a 9 #cc1 !n = #bfj y>ds #a 9 #ba4g1 = #bjj y>ds #a 9 #be1 & f9ally = #aaj y>ds #a 9 #bg4 ,! eng9e1 :i* is an all-c\pl$ six :eel tank eng9e1 weighs #dh tons 9 work+ ord]1 x has cyl9d]s #ah 94 diamet] & #bd 94 /roke1 & #d ft4 :eels1 ! boil] pressure is #afj lb41 & ! tractive =ce p] lb4 ( mean /eam pressure 9 ! cyl9d]s is #afb lb4 ,?is eng9e w take up ! incl9e tw5ty-six coal wagons1 or a gross load ( #bah tons1 :i* is a v good duty inde$4 ,hav+ n[ pass$ 9 review ! g5]al types ( eng9es adopt$ 9 mod]n ,engli% practice1 ! au?or w\ld briefly draw att5tion to "s po9ts ( design & "s improvem5ts effect$ 9 late ye>s4 ,& fir/1 z to ! "q ( s+le or c\pl$ eng9es1 !re is a great div]sity ( op9ion4 ,mr4 ,/irl+ conducts 8 traffic at a high] rate ( spe$1 & c]ta9ly ) equal punctuality1 ) 8 magnific5t s+le #h ft4 eng9es1 z ,mr4 ,webb on ! ,nor?-,we/]n ) c\pl$ eng9es1 & ! economy ( fuel ( ! =m] class ov] ! latt] is v rem>kable2 ?is is1 no d\bt1 ow+1 z has be5 previ\sly po9t$ out1 to _! ample cyl9d] p[]1 :i* p]mits ( ! /eam be+ work$ at a high rate ( expansion4 ,!re is no d\bt t if s+le eng9es c take ! load !y w d s m freely & at a less co/ ?an c\pl$ eng9es1 burn+ on ! av]age #b lb4 ( coal p] mile less ) simil> tra9s4 ,)1 reg>d to loads1 x is a "q :e!r any express tra9 %\ld be made up ) m ?an tw5ty-five coa*es4 ,! ,great ,nor!rn eng9e w take tw5ty-six & keep "t1 & ! ,brighton s+le eng9e has tak5 ! five ,p4,m4 express f ,london ,bridge to ,brighton1 consi/+ ( tw5ty-two coa*es1 at a spe$ ( =ty-five miles p] h\r4 ,( c\rse :]e heavy gradi5ts h to be surm\nt$1 su* z ^? on ! ,midl& r\te to ,scotl&1 c\pl$ eng9es are a necessity4 ,s+le eng9es are said to slip m ?an c\pl$2 ?us an #h ft4 s+le ,great ,nor!rn eng9e runn+ d[n ! incl9e f ,pott]'s ,b> to ,wood ,gre5 ) twelve coa*es at ! rate ( sixty miles an h\r 0 f\nd to be mak+ #bdb revolutions p] mile in/ead ( #baj2 & 9 an exp]im5t tri$ on ! ,midl& ,railway x 0 f\nd t a c\pl$ eng9e ) t5 coa*es at fifty miles an h\r made sev5te5 extra revolutions a mile1 b :5 ! side rods 7 remov$ x made =ty-?ree4 ,! ,great ,we/]n1 ,great ,nor!rn1 & ,brighton ma9ly employ s+le eng9es = _! fa/ traffic2 & ! ,man*e/]1 ,%effield1 & ,l9coln%ire h n[ adopt$ ! s+le type 9 pref]5ce to ! c\pl$ = _! express tra9s2 :ile ! ,nor?-,we/]n1 ,midl&1 ,s\?-,we/]n1 & ,*a?am adopt$ ! c\pl$ type4 ,"o noticeable feature 9 mod]n practice is ! increas$ height ( ! c5t] l9e ( boil]2 =m]ly x 0 ! great aim to keep ?is l[1 & num]\s s*emes to ?is effect 7 prop\nd$1 b n[ x has become g5]ally recogniz$ t a high pit*$ eng9e w travel z /eadily & m safely r\nd a curve--giv5 a good road--?an a l[ pit*$ "o2 & ?us :ile 9 #ahej ! av]age height ( ! c5t] l9e ( boil]s v>i$ betwe5 #e ft4 #c 94 & #f ft4 #c 941 n[ 9 ! late/ designs x lies betwe5 #g ft4 & #g ft4 #f 94 ,s+le frames are v g5]ally adopt$1 b d\ble frames & outside be>+s to ! lead+ & trail+ :eels1 z 9 ! ,great ,we/]n eng9es1 give great /ead9ess 9 runn+1 & ?is class has also d\ble be>+s to ! driv+ :eels1 ?us entail+ great] security 9 case ( ! facture ( a crank axle4 ,! g5]al adoption ( cabs on ! foot-plate = ! m5 is ano!r improvem5t ( late introduction1 al?\gh at fir/ n univ]sally appreciat$ by ^? = ^: com=t x 0 design$--,i felt z if ,i 0 9 my c(f91 said an old driv] :5 ask$ h[ he lik$ ! new %elt]4 ,mild /eel fire-boxes1 :i* h be5 employ$ 9 ,am]ica1 are n 9 favor "h1 copp] be+ univ]sally us$2 !y h be5 tri$ on ! ,cal$onian1 ,great ,s\!rn & ,we/]n1 ,nor? ,london1 & ,nor?-,we/]n1 & 7 f\nd n to succe$4 ,brake blocks ( ca/ iron h n[ g5]ally sup]s$$ wood2 /eel is be+ m & m us$1 especially on ! ,nor? ,we/]n4 ,!re is less use ( brasswork = domes & fitt+s1 al?\gh x is claim$ = brass t x looks bright] & c easily be kept clean4 ,!re is great] simplicity ( design g5]ally1 & ! univ]sal sub/itution ( coal z coke = fuel1 ) its consequ5t economy2 & la/1 b n lea/1 ! adoption ( /&>d types ( eng9es1 are among ! *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 locomotive practice dur+ ! pa/ qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,,london1 ,,*a?am1 ,,dov] ,,railway4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,,great ,,ea/]n ,,railway4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,,man*e/]1 ,,%effield1 ,,& ,,l9coln%ire ,,railway4 ,hav+ n[ review$1 z f> z ! limits ( ?is pap] w all[1 ! locomotive practice ( ! pres5t day1 ! au?or w\ld 9 conclusion draw att5tion to :at may possibly be "o c\rse ( locomotive developm5t 9 ! future4 ,"t is money1 & x may be 9 ! com+ ye>s t a dem& w arise = fa/] means ( transit ?an t :i* we possess at pres5t4 ,h[ c we meet x8 ,) our railways laid out ) ! curves & gradi5ts exi/+1 & ) our national gauge1 & our pres5t type ( locomotive1 no great advance 9 spe$ is v probable2 ! mean spe$ ( express tra9s is ab\t fifty miles an h\r1 & to take an av]age tra9 ( #bjj tons weight at ?is spe$ ov] a level l9e requires betwe5 #fej & #gjj effective horse-p[]1 )9 ! compass ( ! be/ eng9es ( ! pres5t day4 ,b if in/ead ( fifty miles an h\r sev5ty is requir$1 an entirely diff]5t /ate ( ?+s obta9s4 ,tak+ a tra9 ( #ajj tons1 ) eng9e & t5d] weigh+ #ge tons1 or #age tons gross1 ! fir/ "q to det]m9e w be ! tra9 resi/ance1 & ) ref]5ce to ?is we mu* want c>eful exp]im5ts on ! subject1 l ^? :i* ,sir ,daniel ,goo* made 9 #ahdh1 on ! ,bri/ol & ,exet] ,railway1 :i* are ev5 n[ ! /&>d au?ority2 ! g5]al use ( oil axle-boxes & long bogie coa*es1 irrespective ( o!r improvem5ts1 w\ld r5d] ?is c\rse desirable4 ,) reg>d to ! =m]1 !y appe> to run ) less friction1 b are heavi] to />t1 oil boxes 9 "s exp]im5ts made on ! ,s\?-,we/]n ,railway giv+ a resi/ance ( #b4e lb4 p] ton1 :ile grease boxes rang$ f #f lb4 to #i lb4 p] ton4 ,aga91 ! long & heavy bogie ,pullman & o!r coa*es h ! reputation among driv]s1 rightly or wrongly1 ( be+ h>d to pull4 ,! resi/ance ( an express tra9 on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway at sev5ty-five miles an h\r 0 #db lb4 p] ton1 & tak+ #dj lb4 p] ton = sev5ty miles an h\r w\ld give a total resi/ance on ! level ( #g1jjj lb41 correspond+ to #a1djj horse-p[]--ab\t d\ble ! av]age duty ( an express eng9e ( ! pres5t day4 ,! weight on ! driv+ :eels requir$ w\ld be #ah tons1 all[+ "o-six? = adhesion1 ab\t ! same z t on ! driv+ axle ( ! ,bri/ol & ,exet] old bogie eng9es4 ,all[+ #b lb4 ( coal p] horse-p[] p] h\r w\ld give a total combu/ion ( #c1ejj lb4 p] h\r & to burn ?is ev5 at ! maximum economic rate ( #he lb4 p] squ>e foot ( grate p] h\r w\ld require a grate area ( #da squ>e feet1 & ab\t #b1hjj squ>e feet ( heat+ surface4 ,unless a mo/ exceptional con/ruction comb9$ ) small :eels is adopt$1 x appe>s almo/ impossible to get ?is am\nt on ! ord9>y gauge4 ,x is true ! ,woott5 locomotives on ! ,philadelphia & ,read+ ,railway h fire-boxes ) a grate area ( z mu* z #gf squ>e feet1 b ^! boxes ext5d clean ov] ! :eels1 & ! heat+ surface 9 ! tubes is only #ihb squ>e feet2 b al?\gh ^! eng9es run at a spe$ ( =ty-two miles an h\r1 !y are h>dly ! type to be adopt$ = su* a s]vice z is be+ consid]$4 ,on ! broad gauge1 h[ev]1 su* an eng9e c\ld easily be design$ on ! l9es n[ recogniz$ z be+ ess5tial = express eng9es )\t introduc+ any exceptional con/ruction1 & !re appe>s b little d\bt t 7 ,brunei's magnific5t gauge ! national "o1 competition w\ld h introduc$ a high] rate ( spe$ betwe5 ,london & our great t[ns ?an t :i* obta9s at pres5t4 ,! :ole "q ( ! future introduction ( trunk l9es1 exclusively = fa/ pass5g] traffic1 is fraught ) ! highe/ int]e/1 b x w\ld be =eign to ! subject matt] ( ?is pap] to ent] m fully on x1 ! au?or m]ely desir+ to /ate 8 op9ion t if ! future trade & weal? ( our c\ntry require _! con/ruction1 & if a v high rate ( spe$ mu* above our pres5t is to be atta9$1 _! gauge w h to be s]i\sly consid]$ & settl$1 n by ! reasons :i* caus$ ! adoption ( ! pres5t gauge1 b by ! p[] requir$ to c>ry on ! traffic--9 fact1 to adapt ! rail to ! eng9e1 & n1 z at pres5t1 ! eng9e to ! rail4 ,high spe$ requires great p[]1 & great p[] c only be obta9$ by ample fire-grate area1 :i* = a /eady runn+ eng9e means a broad gauge4 ,! ,gauge ,commission]s ( #ahdf 9 _! report e/eem$ ! importance ( ! highe/ spe$ on express tra9s = ! accommodation ( a comp>atively small numb] ( p]sons1 h[ev] desirable t may be to !m1 z ( f> less mom5t ?an af=d+ increas$ conv5i5ce to ! g5]al comm]cial traffic ( ! c\ntry4 ,! comm]cial traffic ( ,engl& has gr[n & prosp]$ "u our pres5t sy/em1 & if its ev] increas+ importance dem&s high spe$ pass5g] l9es1 we may re/ assur$ t ! +5uity ( man1 to :i* x is impossible to assign limits1 w satisfactorily solve ! problem4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,screw ,,/eam ,,colli] ,,fro/burg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,/eam ,,colli]4 ,our diagram %[s ! screw /eam colli] ,fro/burg1 built by ,h5ry ,h4 ,gorr+e 7! ,am]ican ,%ipbuild+ ,co471 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,l5g?1 #baj ft4 ,beam1 #cc ft4 ,dep?1 #ag ft1 ,regi/] tonnage1 #ecc4 ,c>ry+ capacity on #ad;ft41 #a1ajj tons1 & #ajj tons coal 9 bunk]4 ,cubical cont5ts ( c>go space1 #ee1afh cub4 ft4 ,c>ry+ capacity on #af feet draught1 #a1ddj tons4 ,eng9es1 comp\nd surface cond5s+4 ,high pressure #bf 94 diamet]1 l[ pressure #dh 94 diamet]1 /roke #cf 94 ,two boil]s1 ea* #ac ft4 diamet]4 #aj ft4 long1 & "o auxili>y #e ft4 diamet] & #aj ft4 high4 #ajj lb4 work+ pressure4 ,sea spe$ ) full c>go1 #aa knots4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ?irte5 ye> old girl1 :o is p]fect 9 o!r ways1 b :o has simply little blue spots t puff out slightly :]e h] eyes %\ld be1 is said to be liv+ at ,amh]/1 ,portage ,c\nty1 ,wiscons94 99 99 99 99 99 ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,t>des ,,viaduct4 ,! railroad f ,montlucon to ,eygur&e1 :i* is be+ con/ruct$ by ! /ate eng9e]s1 crosses ! valley ( ! ,t>des 9 ! environs ( ,evaux 7,creuse74 ,at ! spot select$ = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! viaduct ! gauge is deep & /eep4 ,! l9e passes at #cjj feet above ! riv]1 & ! total l5g? ( ! metallic sup]/ructure _h to be #hbb feet4 ,to support ?is !re 0 built ^u ! "r bank a pi] #aeh feet 9 height1 &1 ^u ! left1 ano!r "o ( #aif feet4 ,! sup]/ructure _h be5 complet$1 & a portion ( x _h already be5 swung into position1 :5 a viol5t1 gale occurr$ & blew x to ! bottom ( ! gorge4 ,at ! "t ( ! accid5t ! sup]/ructure project$ #agd feet beyond ! pi] on ! "r bank1 & _h to advance b #aba feet to rea* ! #cc foot scaffold+ t _h be5 e/abli%$ ^u ! o!r pi]4 ,x bl[s (t5 & viol5tly 9 ?is region4 ,= example1 a gale on ! #bj? ( ,febru>y1 #ahgi1 caus$ great damage1 &1 among o!r ?+s1 blew ! re> c>s ( a hay tra9 f ! top ( ! ,l\v\x viaduct to ! ,b\ble4 ,! sup]/ructure ( ! ,t>des viaduct _h already )/ood ! tempe/ ( ! #bc;d & ! #bd? ( ,janu>y1 #ahhd1 & nei!r any alt]ation 9 its direction nor any *ange 9 ! p>ts t held x ^u ! pile c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,b on ! night ( ,janu>y #bf-bg ! /orm d\bl$ 9 viol5ce1 & ! "w 0 precipitat$ into ! rav9e4 ,no "o 0 witness ( ! fall1 & ! noise 0 p]ceiv$ only by ! occupants ( ! mill locat$ bel[ ! viaduct4 ,! workm5 ( ! ent]prise1 :o liv$ ab\t #cbe feet above ?is mill & ab\t #fej feet f ! s\? abutm5t1 he>d no?+ ( x1 ! w9d hav+ c>ri$ ! noise 9 an opposite direction4 ,x 0 n until morn+ t !y le>n$ ( ! de/ruction ( _! "w & ! ext5t ( ! disa/]4 ,"o hundr$ & sixty-n9e feet ( ! sup]/ructure1 weigh+ #dej tons1 _h be5 precipitat$ f a height ( ne>ly #bjj feet & be5 brok5 up on ! rock at #de feet f ! axis ( ! pi]4 ,! breakage _h occurr$ ^u ! abutm5t1 & ! "p #aie feet 9 l5g? t rema9$ 9 position 9 ! cutt+ 0 /rongly w$g$ betwe5 walls ( rock1 :i* _h kept ?is portion 9 place & prev5t$ its foll[+ ! o!r into ! rav9e4 ,^u ! pi] !re rema9$ a few brok5 pieces & a portion ( ! app>atus us$ 9 sw++ ! sup]/ructure into place4 ,bel[1 9 ! debris ( ! sup]/ructure1 ! up-/ream gird] lay ^u ! d[n-/ream "o4 ,! annex$ engrav+ %[s ! /ate ( ?+s aft] ! disa/]4 ,sev]al op9ions h be5 express$ 9 reg>d to ! cause ( ! fall4 ,accord+ to "o ( ^!1 ! sup]/ructure 0 sudd5ly wr5*$ f its be>+s ^u ! pi]1 & 0 horizontally displac$ by an impulse su* t1 :5 x t\*$ ! masonry1 its up-/ream gird] /ruck ! c5t] ( ! pi]1 ^u :i* x divid$1 :ile ! d[n-/ream "o 0 already 9 space4 ,! fall w\ld h aft]w>d cont9u$ )\t ! sup]/ructure meet+ ! face ( ! pi]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,t>des ,,viaduct4 ,^u tak+ z a basis ! horizontal displacem5t ( ! sup]/ructure1 :i* 0 #de met]s to ! "r ( ! pi]1 & ^u comb9+ ! horizontal /ress t produc$ x ) t ( ! loads1 ! /ress ex]t$ ^u ! body may he d$uc$4 ,b ?is hypo!sis seems to u sc>cely t5able1 especially by reason ( ! great /ress t x w\ld h tak5 to lift ! sup]/ructure4 ,on ano!r h&1 x 0 possible = ! latt] to slide ov] "o edge ( ! pi]1 & ?is expla9s ! horizontal di/ance ( #de feet by :i* its c5t] ( gravity 0 displac$4 ,x is probable1 moreov]1 t ! sup]/ructure1 be=e go+ ov]1 mov$ lat]ally ^u its tempor>y supports4 ,! gird]s 71 9 fact1 re/+ ^u roll]s1 & ! roll] app>atus !mselves 7 r5t+ ^u w$ges1 & !re 0 no an*orage to prev5t a transv]se slid+4 ,"u ! prolong$ ?ru/ ( a v high w9d1 ! sup]/ructure1 by reason ( its consid]able projection1 mu/ h begun to sw+ l a p5dulum4 ,^! oscillations acquir$ suffici5t amplitude to cause ! sup]/ructure to gradually move ^u its roll]s until ! latt] no long] bore b5ea? ! webs4 ,! flanges !re=e f9ally b5t upw>d :]e !y re/$ ^u ! roll]s1 ?r\gh ! action ( ! weight :i* !y _h to support1 & ! entire sup]/ructure slid (f into space4 ,an exam9ation ( ! b5t pieces seems to give great value to ?is hypo!sis4--,le ,g5ie ,civil4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,joy',s ,,rev]s+ ,,& ,,expansion ,,valve ,,ge>4 ,footnote3 ,a pap] read be=e ! ,me*anical ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association1 at ,montreal1 ,augu/1 #ahhd4 ,f\r ye>s ago1 9 ,augu/1 #ahhj1 a pap] 0 read on ?is subject be=e ! ,annual ,summ] ,meet+ ( ! ,me*anical ,eng9e]s' ,society ( ,great ,brita91 !n held 9 ,b>r[-9-,furness1 describ+ ?is valve motion & its functions1 :i* 0 !n comp>atively new4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 illu/rat$ by its application to a l>ge express goods 7freight7 eng9e1 built by ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway ,company 7,engl&7 specially to te/ ! advantages & ! endurance ( ! ge>4 ,?is eng9e _h cyl9d]s ( #ah in*es 9 diamet] & #bd in* /roke1 & six :eels c\pl$ #e feet #a in* diamet]1 & 0 design$ by ,mr4 ,webb1 ! ,company's *ief eng9e]1 = _! heavy fa/ goods traffic on ! ma9 l9e4 ,! eng9e has be5 runn+ ?is class ( traffic ev] s9ce4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahhd1 x 0 pass$ ?r\gh ! repair %ops = a g5]al ov]haul+1 :5 x 0 f\nd t ! valve motion 0 9 su* good condition z to be put back on ! eng9e )\t any repairs4 ,! ma9 object ( ?is pres5t pap] is to deal ) ! advantages ( ! valve ge> & its application to v>i\s classes ( eng9es bo? on l& & at sea1 & ) ! results ( su* applications1 r ?an treat+ x z a novelty1 to give an exhau/ive description ( its con/ruction & functions1 :i* 0 done 9 ! pap] above ref]r$ to4 ,a v %ort description ( its action & ma9 features w1 h[ev]1 be necess>y to ! complet5ess ( ! pap]1 & z a basis f :i* ! improv$ results to be record$ %\ld necess>ily be %[n to spr+4 ,! ess5tial feature ( ?is valve ge> is t movem5t = ! valve is produc$ by a comb9ation ( two motions at "r angles to ea* o!r2 & by ! v>i\s proportions 9 :i* ^! are comb9$1 & by ! positions 9 :i* ! mov+ p>ts are set ) reg>d to ea* o!r1 x gives bo? ! rev]sal ( motion & ! v>i\s degrees ( expansion requir$4 ,ecc5trics are entirely disp5s$ ) & ! "t-honor$ l9k ge> ab&on$1 ! motion is tak5 direct f ! connect+ rod1 & by utiliz+ indep5d5tly ! backw>d & =w>d action ( ! rod1 due to ! reciprocation ( ! pi/on1 & comb9+ ?is ) ! vibrat+ action ( ! rod1 a movem5t results :i* is suitable to "w ! valves ( eng9es1 all[+ ! use ( any proportions ( lap & lead desir$1 & giv+ an almo/ ma!matically correct cut-(f = bo? sides ( ! pi/on & = all po9ts ( expansion int]m$iately1 z well z a mu* quick] action at ! po9ts ( cut-(f & release ?an is giv5 by a l9k ge>4 ,! ma*9]y = accompli%+ ?is is bo? less co/ly & less complicat$ ?an ! ord9>y l9k motion1 & is %[n 9 elevation on cut1 :i* is a view ( ! complete motion z on ! fir/ ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n locomotive4 ,"h ,e is ! ma9 valve lev]1 p9n$ at ,d to a l9k1 ,b1 "o end ( :i* is fa/5$ to ! connect+ rod at ,a1 & ! o!r end ma9ta9$ 9 ab\t ! v]tical by ! radius rod1 ,c1 :i* is fix$ at ! po9t1 ,c4 ,! c5t] or fulcrum1 ,f1 ( ! lev]1 ,e1 p>tak+ ( ! vibrat+ movem5t ( ! connect+ rod at ! po9t1 ,a1 is c>ri$ 9 a curv$ slide1 ,j1 ! radius ( :i* is equal to ! l5g? ( ! l9k1 ,g1 & ! c5t] ( :i* is fix$ to be conc5tric ) ! fulcrum1 ,f1 ( ! lev] :5 ! pi/on is at ei!r extreme end ( its /roke4 ,f ! upp] end ( ! lev]1 ,e1 ! motion is c>ri$ direct to ! valve by ! rod1 ,g4 ,x w be evid5t ?us t by "o revolution ( ! crank ! l[] end ( ! lev]1 ,e1 w h imp>t$ to x two diff]5t movem5ts1 "o along ! long] axis ( ! ellipse1 travel$ by ! po9t1 ,a1 & "o ?r\gh its m9or axis up & d[n1 ^! movem5ts diff]+ z to "t1 & correspond+ ) ! "p ( ! movem5t ( ! valve requir$ = lap & lead1 & t "p con/itut+ ! port op5+ = admission ( /eam4 ,illu/ration3 ,,joy',s ,,rev]s+ ,,& ,,exp&+ ,,valve ,,ge>4 ,! =m] ( ^! is con/ant & unalt]able1 ! latt] is controllable by ! angle at :i* ! curv$ slide1 ,j1 may be set ) ! v]tical4 ,x w fur!r be evid5t t if ! lev]1 ,e1 7 p9n$ direct to ! connect+ rod at ! po9t1 ,a1 :i* passes ?r\gh a practically true ellipse1 x w\ld vibrate its fulcrum1 ,f1 unequally on ei!r side ( ! c5t] ( ! curv$ slide1 ,j1 by ! am\nt ( ! v]s$ s9e ( ! arc ( ! lev]1 ,e1 f ,f ,d2 x is to correct ?is error t ! lev]1 ,e1 is p9n$ at ! po9t1 ,d1 to a p>allel motion =m$ by ! p>ts1 ,b & ,c4 ,! po9t1 ,d1 p]=m+ a figure :i* is equal to an ellipse1 ) ! error to be elim9at$ add$1 s neutraliz+ its effect on ! motion ( ! fulcrum1 ,f4 ,! lap & lead are op5$ by ! action ( ! valve lev] act+ z a lev]1 & ! port op5+ is giv5 by ! incl9e ( ! curv$ slide 9 :i* ! c5t] ( t lev] slides1 & ! am\nt ( ?is op5+ dep5ds ^u ! angle giv5 to t incl9e4 ,:5 ^! two actions are 9 unison1 ! motion ( ! valve is v rapid1 & ?is occurs :5 ! /eam is be+ admitt$4 ,!n foll[s a p]iod ( opposition ( ^! motions1 dur+ :i* "t ! valve pauses mom5t>ily1 ?is correspond+ to ! "t :5 ! port is fully op54 ,fur!r p]iods ( unison foll[1 at :i* "t ! %>p cut-(f is obta9$4 ,! compression result+ ) ?is ge> is also r$uc$ to a m9imum1 ow+ to ! peculi> movem5t giv5 to ! valves 7i4 e41 ! s]ies ( accel]ations & ret>dations ref]r$ to71 z1 :ile ! lead is obta9$ lat] & quick]1 ! port is also %ut = compression lat] & quick]1 do+ away ) ! necessity = a special expansion valve1 ) its complicat$ & exp5sive ma*9]y1 & all[+ ! ma9 valve to be us$ = expansion1 z ! compression is n ( an injuri\s am\nt1 ev5 ) a cut-(f r$uc$ to #ae p] c5t41 or ab\t #a_/f ( ! /roke4 ,?us1 s f> z ! di/ribution ( ! /eam & its treatm5t 9 ! cyl9d] is conc]n$1 a m>k$ advantage is %[n 9 favor ( ?is valve ge>4 ,b next 9 its favor1 z be=e said1 is t ! above advantages are n ga9$ at ! co/ ( add$ complication ( p>ts or increas$ co/ ( ma*9]y1 b ! rev]se1 z ?is ge> c be built at a less co/ ?an l9k ge>1 v>y+ accord+ to ! circum/ances1 b rea*+ z high z a sav+ ( #be p] c5t41 or1 if x be comp>$ ) a l9k ge> supplem5t$ by ! usual special expansion valve & ge> z employ$ on m>9e eng9es1 !n ! total sav+ is fully #ej p] c5t41 & an equally good result is obta9$ z to ! di/ribution & subsequ5t treatm5t ( ! /eam4 ,aft] accuracy ( result & r$uction 9 co/ may rank sav+ room & ! advantages aris+ !refrom 7?\gh = /eam%ips p]haps ?is %\ld h come fir/74 ,tak+ locomotives ( ! inside cyl9d] type1 :i* is ! g5]al =m 9 use 9 ,engl& & ! cont95t ( ,europe1 by cle>+ away ! ecc5trics & valves f ! middle ( ! eng9e1 mu* l>g] cyl9d]s may be introduc$ & a high] rate ( expansion employ$1 & ?is is be+ done4 ,also room is left = increas+ ! l5g? & we>+ surfaces ( all ! ma9 be>+s ) ev5 less cr[d+ ?an is n[ ! case ) eng9es ) ! small] cyl9d]s4 ,b ?is advantage ( sav+ room comes mu* m prom95tly =w>d 9 m>9e eng9es1 especially 9 w> %ips1 :]e e in* ( room sav$ is valuable2 & 9 ! new type ( triple-cyl9d] eng9es n[ com+ s mu* into vogue 9 ! m]cantile m>9e1 :e!r ^? eng9es be only ! ord9>y ?ree-cyl9d] eng9es ) d\ble expansion1 or ! new]1 triple expansion eng9e1 exp&+ ! /eam consecutively ?r\gh ?ree cyl9d]s--! =m ( m>9e eng9e :i* promises to come into use :]ev] high-class "w & economy are requir$4 ,on ?is sy/em1 by plac+ all ! valve *e/s 9 front ( ! cyl9d]s in/ead ( betwe5 !m1 or 9 a l9e ) !m1 suffici5t room is sav$ to get ! new-type ?ree-cyl9d] eng9e into ! space occupi$ by ! old =m ( two-cyl9d] eng9e4 ,besides ^! prom95t advantages !re are o!rs :i*1 ?\gh ( m9or importance1 are /ill necess>y to ! practical & p]man5t success ( any new me*anical arrangem5t1 su* z ! accessibility ( all ! work+ p>ts :ile 9 motion1 = exam9ation & oil+2 ! ease ) :i* any "p or ! :ole c be /ripp$ & clean$1 or p9n$ up out ( ! way 9 case ( break d[n or accid5t1 or got at & dismantl$ = ord9>y repair2 ! ease ) :i* ! :ole may be h&l$1 />t$1 rev]s$1 or set at any po9t ( expansion--all ^! be+ recomm5dations to enli/ ! c>e & att5tion ( ! eng9e]s 9 *>ge by light5+ _! duties & r5d]+ ! eng9es easy to "w4 ,) ^? advantages x is p]haps n surpris+ t ?is valve ge> has be5 v consid]ably adopt$ = _m classes ( /eam eng9es1 especially :]e a high result has be5 requir$1 ) economy ( space1 & a m9imum ( complication4 ,hav+ crucially te/$ ! orig9al eng9e on ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway1 ,mr4 ,webb proce$$ to build o!rs simil>1 & on 8 br++ out 8 ,comp\nd ,express ,eng9e--notably ! mo/ advanc$ /ep 9 locomotive design ( ! pres5t day--he adopt$ ?is valve ge> ?r\gh\t4 ,!re are n[ a numb] ( ^! eng9es runn+ "s ( ! fa/e/ tra9s on ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway1 ) ! mo/ satisfactory results4 ,foll[+ ^!1 o!rs ( ! lead+ railways took up ! sy/em1 & prom95tly among ^! ,mr4 ,worsdell1 ( ! ,great ,ea/]n ,railway1 built a numb] ( l>ge express eng9es = 8 fa/ & heavy traffic1 & is n[ build+ a numb] ( o!rs simil> z to ! valve ge> = 8 suburban traffic1 :i* is specially heavy4 ,also ! ,lanca%ire & ,york%ire & ! ,midl& & o!rs ( ! *ief railways are employ+ ! sy/em specially = l>ge express eng9es2 ! ,midl& eng9es hav+ cyl9d]s ( #ai in*es diamet] by #bf in*es /roke1 & f\r c\pl$ :eels ( #g feet diamet]4 ,a numb] ( ! above-nam$ eng9es h run l>ge mileages1 9 _m cases already exce$+ #ajj1jjj miles p] eng9e4 ,= o!r c\ntries also a numb] ( locomotive eng9es h be5 built or contract$ =--bo? ( inside & outside cyl9d] types--mak+ a total ( ne>ly #hjj locomotives built & build+1 _m ( !m be+ ( special design & l>ge size1 up to #bj in*es & #ba in*es diamet] ( cyl9d]4 ,9 all ^! ! abs5ce ( wire-draw+ may be specially not$ by ! full l9e at ! top ( ! diagram1 %[+ ! admission ( /eam--?is fullness aris+ f ! rapid & full op5+ ( ! port = admission4 ,pass+ n[ to ! o!r great type ( eng9es1 ^? cov]$ "u ! g5]al designation ( m>9e eng9es1 ?is ge> has be5 appli$ to ne>ly #dj1jjj ,h4,p4 indicat$1 built & build+1 & to all classes & sizes1 f ! laun* eng9e ) cyl9d]s #h in*es by #i in*es1 runn+ at #fjj to #gjj revolutions p] m9ute1 up to eng9es = ! l>ge/ class ( w> %ips1 su* z h] ,britannic ,maje/y's /eel cruis] ,amphion1 ( #e1jjj ,h4,p41 ) cyl9d]s 9 duplicate ( #df in*es & #hf in*es diamet]1 & #c feet #c in*es /roke1 runn+ #ajj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,an exam9ation ( ! indicator diagrams tak5 f ^! eng9es %[s t no wire-draw+ takes place1 & t1 ?\gh ! expansion is c>ri$ to a po9t beyond ! ord9>y requirem5ts1 ! compression is b slightly increas$4 ,9 all ! diagrams tak5 f ?is valve motion !re is se5 ! cle>1 full upp] l9e %[+ an abundant admission ( /eam )\t any wire-draw+1 & also ! di/9ctly m>k$ po9ts :]e cut-(f or suppression & :]e release takes place1 %[+ ! rapid action ( ! valves at ^? po9ts4 ,x is well kn[n to eng9e]s t to obta9 ! maximum advantage out ( comp\nd+1 x is necess>y to cut (f 9 ! l[ pressure cyl9d] at a po9t correspond+ to ! relation betwe5 ! l[ & ! high1 & t po9t %\ld be unalt]$1 :]eas ! po9t ( cut-(f 9 ! high may at ! same "t be v>i$ to suit ! "w to be done4 ,9 an ord9>y l9k motion eng9e 7:]e bo? l9ks are connect$ to ! same weigh %aft71 :5 l9k+ up ! high pressure cyl9d] to cut-(f %ort1 ! same *ange is necess>ily made 9 ! l[4 ,by ! use ( ! ,joy ge>1 cut-(f valves may be fitt$ to bo? cyl9d]s1 t = ! l[ pressure be+ fix$ at ! con/ant position requir$ by ! proportion ( ! cyl9d]s1 :ile t on ! high is adju/able2 ( c\rse1 9 ?is case1 ! position ( ! quadrants mu/ be only *ang$ = rev]s+4 ,9 arrang+ ! indep5d5t cut-(f on ! ,joy ge>1 x is only necess>y to increase ! l5g? ( ! vibrat+ l9k beyond ! po9t ( atta*m5t = ! ma9 valve sp9dle connection to obta9 a po9t f :i* motion may be tak5 to actuate ! cut-(f valve2 ev5 !n ! co/ ( ! ,joy ge> = bo? cyl9d]s is b little m ?an = a s+le set ( l9k ge>4 ,?is arrangem5t gives an absolutely p]fect di/ribution ( /eam = comp\nd+1 also equalizes ! p[] develop$ by bo? cyl9d]s1 & is f> m simple & inexp5sive ?an any o!r ge> 9 exi/5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,/eam ,,bell4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,! second>y railways 9 rural di/ricts 9 ,au/ria hav+ no gates or b>s at ! level cross+s1 or gu>ds at su* po9ts1 b be+ op5 l tramways1 special precautions are requir$ to avoid accid5ts1 & ! public has to be w>n$ ( ! approa* ( ! tra9 f a suffici5t di/ance4 ,?is is done by r++ bells pref]ably to s\nd+ :i/les1 z ^! are m likely to />tle horses4 ,! /eam bell %[n by our illu/rations has be5 adopt$ = ?is purpose on ! ,au/rian l9es1 & is a simple contrivance4 ,x consi/s ( a cyl9drical *amb]1 a1 end+ 9 a n>r[] tube1 c1 :i* =ms ! seat+ = a flap valve1 d1 to :i* ! hamm] or clapp]1 e1 is fix$4 ,/eam is admitt$ ?r\gh a small pipe1 b1 at ! bottom1 & aft] a c]ta9 int]val atta9s suffici5t pressure to lift ! valve4 ,! op5+ be+ l>ge comp>$ ) ! pipe1 b1 /eam escapes m rapidly ?an x arrives ?r\gh ! small orifice2 ! pressure falls1 & ! valve drops d[n & causes ! hamm] to /rike a bell surr\nd+ ! cyl9d]4 ,! valve is provid$ ) an int]nal coll> z %[n1 s t x has to rise = ! wid? ( ?is be=e ! /eam is let out1 & ?us det]m9es ! sw+ ( ! clapp] & ! =ce ( ! bl[4 ,to int5sify ! latt] & multiply ! numb] ( bl[s1 ! clapp] spr+ is prolong$ ov] ! fulcrum & b5t back s z to =m a spr+1 :i* is tight5$ by ! lift+ ( ! flap1 & s5ds ! clapp] d[n on ! bell ) increas$ =ce4 ,! h+e ( ! flap does n require any lubrication besides :at x gets ?r\gh ! /eam4 ,! bell is fix$ ^u ! ro( ( ! driv]'s cab1 s t ! /eam does n int]f]e ) 8 look\t1 & fa/5$ by ?ree bolts or screws4 ,! diamet] ( ! /eam-pipe is f to in* accord+ to ! size ( ! bell1 & ! di/ance ( ! clapp] f ! bell is a little less ?an ! diamet] ( ! correspond+ cock4 ,! /eam cock is p]=at$ z %[n by ! illu/ration to dra9 ! pipe :5 %ut1 & a small hole1 b1 9 ! bell cyl9d] dra9s ! latt]4 ,! /eam-pipe is made ) a b5d z usual1 to all[ = contraction & expansion4 ,! numb] ( bl[s giv5 v>ies accord+ to ! /eam pressure1 & ! op5+ ( ! /eam cock2 x is ,) #ij lb4 pressure1 & cock #a_/b op51 #agj bl[s p] m94 #a_/c #acf #aje #a_/b #bdj #a_/c #aef #a_/e #acf #abj #a_/c #bbh #ace #a_/e #bjj ,to />t ! bell1 ! cock is op5$ full1 & aft]w>d p>tly clos$4 ,! bl[s foll[ 9 su* rapid succession t a k9d ( uni=m s\nd ) l\d] int]vals is produc$1 b n ( ! same %rill "* z by a /eam :i/le4 ,! same k9d ( bell is us$ on ! %unt+ eng9es 9 goods y>ds1 :]e roadways h to be cross$ on :i* lurries & h&trucks circulate1 & ! results z f> z prev5tion ( accid5ts is conc]n$ are /at$ to be v satisfactory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lieut4 ,,greely ,,be=e ,,! ,,briti% ,,association4 ,lieuts4 ,greely & ,ray 7 receiv$ ) di/+ui%$ honors at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 ,montreal4 ,a complim5t>y lun*eon 0 t5d]$ him by ! memb]s ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 at ! ,w9dsor ,hotel4 ,g5]al ,sir ,h5ry ,lefroy presid$4 ,9 response to ! toa/ ,our ,di/+ui%$ ,gue/s1 c\pl+ ! names ( ,lieuts4 ,greely & ,ray & ,mrs4 ,greely1 ,lieut4 ,greely said3 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 ,ladies & ,g5tlem53 ,i ne$ sc>cely say t ?is flatt]+ reception f repres5tative m5 ( "o ( ,engl&'s mo/ di/+ui%$ societies t\*es deeply my feel+s z a soldi] & z a man4 ,x is n alone t y repres5t ! sci5ce & le>n+ ( ,engl& & ! _w1 b t y are all c\ntrym5 ( ^? d>+ seam5 & explor]s ^: names & ^: de$s h become h\sehold words ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,hudson1 ,baff91 ,cook1 ,nelson1 ,p>ry1 ,frankl91 & a score ( o!rs among ! dead2 ,mc,clintock1 ,n>es1 & ,m>kham1 & la/1 b n lea/1 ! man ^: "n 0 (t5e/ on our lips :5 pray+ = relief dur+ ! pa/ t]rible w9t]--,b$=d ,pim4 ,:at ^? m5 h done ! :ole _w kn[s4 ,t y %\ld deem aught t ,i h done wor?y to plac$ ) ! de$s ( ^? illu/ri\s m5 mu/ always be a s\rce ( pride to me4 ,= ?ree c5turies ,engl& ma9ta9$ aga9/ ! _w ! honors ( ! f>!/ nor?4 ,/ep by /ep e advance 0 made by ,engli%m54 ,n[ ,engl&'s gr&e/ colony presses to ! front2 b none ! less is ! honor ,engl&'s1 = at ! price ( h] sons' lives & by _! toil ! pa? 0 cle>$4 ,b = ,beaumont's dauntless pluck & indomitable en]gy 9 #ahgf1 ,lockwood w\ld nev] _h made 8 great nor?+ 9 #ahhb4 ,i h dur+ a qu>t] ( a c5tury's s]vice1 z becomes a soldi]1 be5 jeal\s ( my honor4 ,i h /riv5 to ma9ta9 x 9 ! field1 fight+ & ble$+ = my c\ntry1 & at my desk /udy+ & discuss+ sci5tific data2 9 ! ,arctic ,circle1 :5 pursu+ sci5tific & geographical "w1 or lat]1 :5 /r&$ by adv]se fate1 & />v+ & freez+ ^u ! b>r5 coa/4 ,?is m>k$ & public te/imonial ( y\r approval _c fail to make me d\bly jeal\s ( x 9 days to come4 ,lieut4 ,ray foll[$1 return+ ?anks 9 8 own behalf4 ,aft] o!r spee*es ,sir ,h5ry ,lefroy pres5t$ ,lieut5ant ,greely ) ! foll[+ in=mal address3 ,montreal1 ,sept4 #b1 #ahhd4 ,! und]sign$1 on behalf ( _m w>m fri5ds & admir]s1 & z repres5t+ v>i\s pr(essional & sci5tific pursuits1 desire to express to y _! appreciation ( ! c\rage & devotion :i* has *>act]iz$ y\r conduct dur+ ! try+ circum/ances ( y\r late ,arctic s]vice4 ,we tru/ t y\r heal? may soon be re/or$1 & t y may long be sp>$ to t5d]1 z dur+ y\r pa/ di/+ui%$ c>e]1 ^? valuable & di/+ui%$ s]vices to y\r great c\ntry :i* h already plac$ y among ! =emo/ ( sci5tific explor]s ( ! age4 ,y\rs fai?fully1 ,rayleigh1 ,presid5t4 ,9 introduc+ ,lieut4 ,greely1 ,sir ,h5ry ,lefroy1 ref]r+ to ! p]si/5ce ( purpose %[n by 8 p>ty 9 br++ back ! p5dulum app>atus1 rem>k$ t !re 0 no?+ nobl] 9 ! annals ( sci5tific h]oism ?an ! det]m9ation ( ^! hungry m5 to drag ! cumb]some box along _! we>y way4 ,x 0 fully two m9utes aft] ris+ be=e ,lieut4 ,greely c\ld speak1 s great 0 ! outbur/ ( en?usiasm :i* greet$ him4 ,he rem>k$ t he 0 surpris$ to le>n t ! gr\nd did n ?aw l[] at ,lieut4 ,ray's /ation1 :i* 0 t5 degrees f>!r s\? ?an 8 own1 :]e ! gr\nd ?aw$ to a mu* great] dep?--namely1 tw5ty to ?irty feet4 ,9 reg>d to an op5 pol> sea1 he diff]$ f ,lieut4 ,ray4 ,he did n believe !re 0 a navigable sea at ! pole1 b he 0 ( ! op9ion t !re 0 op5 wat] some:]e ab\t4 ,! geographical "w ( ! ,lady ,frankl9 ,bay exp$ition cov]s ne>ly ?ree degrees ( latitude & ov] =ty degrees ( longitude4 ,/>t+ f latitude #ha deg4 #dd m94 & longitude #hd deg4 #de m941 ,lieut4 ,lockwood rea*$1 ,may #ah1 #ahhb1 on ! nor? coa/ ( ,gre5l&1 latitude #hc deg4 #bd m94 & longitude #dj deg4 #df m94 ,f ! same />t+ po9t he rea*$ to ! s\?we/1 9 ,may1 #ahhc1 ,greely ,fiord1 an inlet ( ! ,we/]n ,pol> ,ocean1 latitude #hj deg4 #dh m94 & longitude #gh deg4 #bf m94 ,?is j\rney to ! nor?w>d result$ 9 ! addition to our *>ts ( a new coa/ l9e ( ne>ly #ajj miles beyond ! f>!/ po9t se5 by ,lieut4 ,beaumont1 ,r4,n4 ,x also c>ri$ ,gre5l& ov] #djj miles nor?w>d1 giv+ t cont95t a mu* great] ext5sion 9 t direction ?an x _h g5]ally be5 cr$it$ )4 ,9 a subsequ5t spee* he took occasion to say t a fact _h surpris$ him4 ,x 0 ! discov]y t :5 ! tide 0 fl[+ f ! ,nor? ,pole x 0 f\nd by 8 obs]vations t ! wat] 0 w>m] ?an :5 fl[+ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,he took ! tr\ble to h prep>$ an elaborate set ( obs]vations %[+ ?is wond]ful ph5om5on1 :i* w\ld ev5tually be publi%$4 ,to him ^! pecul>ities 7 unexpla9able1 & be hop$ t ! obs]vations w\ld be /udi$ by 8 he>]s1 & "s explanation f\nd 9 reg>d to ! !rmometric obs]vations ( ! exp$ition4 ,he rem>k$ t ! mean temp]ature = ! ye> ( ! h\rly obs]vations 0 #e degrees bel[ z]o1 :i* ju/ifi$ him 9 say+ 8 /ation 0 ! colde/ po9t ( e>? ev] rea*$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,diamond ,,m9+ ,,9 ,,brazil4 ,x 0 9 #agbi t ! ,portuguese gov]nm5t le>n$ ( ! discov]y ( ! diamond t _h be5 made 9 ! riv]s ( ! environs ( ,diamant9a by "s adv5tur]s :o _h ent]$ ?is region 9 se>* ( gold4 ,s9ce t epo* ! exploitation ( ?is gem1 pursu$ "u v>i$ regimes1 & ) div]se success1 has nev] ceas$4 ,z soon z x he>d ( ?is discov]y1 ! ,portuguese gov]nm5t ?\ght x w\ld make z mu* pr(it out ( x z possible1 s x no long] au?oriz$ any o!r exploitation 9 ! ,diamant9a regions ?an t ( ! diamond1 & x impos$ ^u su* exploitation a tax t 0 fix$ at #bh francs p] labor] 9 #agbi & #bbd 9 #agcd4 ,f #agcd to #agci all op]ations 7 susp5d$1 & a m lucrative organization = ! treasury 0 s\ght =4 ,9 #agci ! era ( contracts 0 inaugurat$4 ,! exploitation ( ! diamond 0 f>m$ out = f\r ye>s to a contratador1 :o 0 to "w a c]ta9 t]ritory ) a numb] ( m51 fix$ at #fjj z a maximum1 & to pay into ! treasury a sum p] workman 7:e!r work+ or n7 t v>i$ f #a1bhh francs p] ye> 9 #agcd to #a1cdd francs = ! la/ contract1 t end$ 9 #aggb4 ,at ?is epo* ! gov]nm5t took ! exploitation ( ! diamond 9 h&1 & gave x 9 *>ge ( a special adm9i/ration1 :i* 0 submitt$ to ! direction ( ! treasury ( ,lisbon1 & :i* _h at its head a comptroll]4 ,?is new regime la/$ till #ahde4 ,9 ord] to r5d] ! surveillance ( ! treasury ag5ts effici5t1 & prev5t smuggl+ 7:i* c be s easily done ) an object l ! diamond71 x 0 necess>y to impose a special regime ov] ! entire region ( ,diamant9a1 &1 9 fact1 ! latt] 01 up to ! indep5d5ce ( ,brazil1 submitt$ to ,draconian regulations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,dam ,,on ,,! ,,ribeirao ,,inf]no ,,at ,,portato ,,de ,,f]ro4 ,we only "k ! quantity ( /ones t 7 discov]$ dur+ ! p]iod :5 op]ations 7 direct$ by ! ,royale ,extraccao1 f #aggb to #ahde1 & ?is 0 #bfi1hgj grammes1 or m ?an #a1cjj1jjj c>ats4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t :at 0 tak5 by /eal? does n ent] into ?is total1 & x mu/ be /at$ t dur+ ! latt] ye>s1 :5 ! ,extraccao exi/$ only 9 "n1 smuggl+ mu/ h be5 active4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,! ,,ma*9]y ,,at ,,! ,,portato ,,de ,,f]ro ,,diamond ,,deposits4 ,s9ce t epo* ! exploitation has be5 cont9u$ by lessees ( ! diamondif]\s gr\nds4 ,x is almo/ impossible to e/imate :at ! t]ritory has produc$4 ,! discov]y ( ! ,cape deposits has giv5 x a t]rible bl[4 ,al?\gh ! ,brazilian diamond is mu* m beautiful1 & = ?is reason is held at a mu* high] price1 ^! new exploitations1 by annually ?r[+ l>ge quantities ( /ones ^u ! m>ket1 h l$ to a great r$uction 9 ! price1 & ! ,diamant9a exploitations1 :i* h become long1 difficult1 & co/ly1 h receiv$ a s]i\s set-back4 ,s ! annual production ( ?is region1 :i* 0 e/imat$ = ! ye>s prec$+ #ahgj at #c1jjj oitavas 7ab\t #eb1jjj c>ats71 is n[ sc>cely #ejj4 ,! riv]s 9 ! environs ( ,diamant9a rim at ! bottom ( deep & n>r[ gorges t h be5 scoop$ out to dep?s ( #cjj or #djj met]s ?r\gh ! d5ud$ plateau 9 ^: c5t] /&s ! city ( ,diamant9a4 ,9 ! b$ ( ^! riv]s1 9 places :]e !y h n yet be5 work$1 !re may be f\nd1 und]nea? a /ratum ( mod]n s&1 ano!r ( rocks1 & f9ally a diamondif]\s deposit ( r\nd$ pebbles1 mix$ ) s&4 ,?is gravel1 :i* is *>act]iz$ 9 ! fir/ place by ! fact t all its elem5ts are r\nd$1 & next by ! pres5ce ( a l>ge numb] ( m9]als 7among :i* ! mo/ important are all ! oxides ( titanium1 diff]5t oxides ( iron1 t\rmal9e1 & a :ole s]ies ( hydrat$ phosphates ( complex composition71 is call$ 9 ! language ( ! c\ntry cascalho4 ,x is ! matrix ( ! diamond1 & ! latt] is extract$ f x by wa%+4 ,x is arrang$ 9 r\ndi% masses ^u ! b$s ( ! riv]s1 & is met ) at dep?s rang+ f a few decimet]s up to #be & #cj met]s4 ,! same mat]ial1 ) ! same "n1 is also f\nd deposit$ at all heights ^u small t]races at ! sides ( ! valleys ?r\gh :i* ! riv]s fl[4 ,x is co>s] & less roll$1 & has v likely be5 deposit$ by ris+s ( ! riv]s dur+ ! p]iod :5 ! valleys 7 be+ =m$4 ,^! deposits be> ! "n ( gupi>ras4 ,f9ally1 x is f\nd 9 a /ill co>s] /ate1 mix$ ) r$ e>? & deposit$ 9 horizontal /rata ^u ! upp] plateau4 ,x is !n call$ gorgulho4 ,( ^! diff]5t deposits1 ! mo/ important are ^? ( ! riv] b$s1 ! mat]ial "h hav+ und]gone a true me*anical prep>ation & be+ ri*]4 ,^! are ! deposits t h be5 ! object ( ! mo/ important exploitations4 ,! ye> is divid$ into two di/9ct seasons--! dry1 f ,may to ,septemb]1 dur+ :i* ra9 is exceptional1 & ! ra9y1 f ,octob] to ,april4 ,z wat] is necess>y = all ! op]ations1 no "w c be done ^u ! high plateaux except ?r\gh ra9 wat] /or$ up 9 l>ge res]voirs4 ,^! b$s =m :at are call$ ! ra9y season wa%+s4 ,9 ! riv]s ! work+ ( ! b$s requires a prelim9>y dry+1 :i* is effect$ by div]t+ ! riv]'s c\rse4 ,n[ 9 all ?is rocky & d5ud$ region ! wat] t falls runs imm$iately to ! riv]1 & causes t]rible fre%ets !re92 s op]ations capable ( keep+ ! b$ dry w\ld be out ( proportion to ! probable results ( ! exploitation1 :5ce x foll[s t ! latt] is only possible 9 dry wea!r1 & ^! deposits are !re=e call$ dry season wa%+s4 ,^! deposits are /ill work$ 9 our day z !y 7 9 ! "t ( ! ,portuguese4 ,9 ord] to dry ! b$ a dam is con/ruct$1 & ! riv] is ei!r div]t$ into a plank flume support$ by piles1 or into a canal dug along ! %ore1 or by means ( tight walls1 accord+ to ! lay ( ! place4 ,! second process1 :i* is pref]able to ! fir/1 is 9 fact impossible :5 ! riv] runs1 z is (t5 ! case1 9 a n>r[1 abrupt1 wall$ *annel4 ,^! works are sometimes v important4 ,9 #ahha1 ! ,acaba ,mundo flume 0 #adj met]s 9 l5g? & #e4b m4 wide1 &1 ) a velocity ( #b4be m41 dis*>g$ #d1ejj lit]s p] second2 /ill long] ones might be cit$ t dis*>g$ z mu* z #h1jjj lit]s4 ,9 ! dry "p ( ! riv] ! extraction ( ! s&1 /ones1 & cascalho is done solely by h&4 ,! m5 c>ry ! s& ^u _! heads 9 small wood5 b[ls call$ c>umbs1 :i* hold ab\t #ae kilogrammes1 & ?r[ x some:]e :]e ! deposit w n int]f]e ) ! exploitation4 ,almo/ all ( ^! m5 are negroes1 :o run ) _! load ^u _! head ov] ! :ite s&1 s++ "s song ( _! c\ntry4 ,x1 is v picturesque1 b x is d\btful :e!r x is economical4 ,s9ce ! c5tury & a half t ^! riv]s h be5 dug & r$ug1 x may be admitt$ t :]ev] ! cascalho has be5 easy ( access x has be5 remov$2 & t :]ev] x has n be51 little attempt has be5 made to "w x4 ,h[ h ^! attempts1 :i* h d\btless be5 made at sev]al p]iods1 come out8 ,?is w\ld at pres5t be v difficult to asc]ta94 ,! exploitations h be5 too num]\s to all[ u n[ to e/imate ! value ( a b$ f ! data furni%$ by geology1 & local tradition is too unc]ta9 or exagg]at$ to all[ u to place mu* confid5ce 9 x4 ,we c1 at ! v mo/1 say t if "s po9ts /ill rema9 intact x mu/ be because ! exploitation ( !m 0 too difficult ) ! processes t 7 employ$1 & ?is %\ld be a reason1 7 x desir$ to attempt new op]ations1 = hav+ rec\rse to entirely diff]5t modes ( "w4 ,x w\ld seem rational1 z reg>ds ?is1 to try to put to pr(it ! hydraulic p[] t ! flumes & canals r5d] disposable = me*anically extract+ ! s&4 ,! field to be work$ be+ naturally long & n>r[1 x w\ld be ! prop] ?+ to employ a s]ies ( incl9$ planes di/ribut$ along ! banks1 actuat$ by wat] :eels1 & correspond+ to s _m small work+ po9ts4 ,! riv] (t5 fl[s ?r\gh a g5u9e canon ) ne>ly v]tical walls1 :]e space w\ld be absolutely want+ = in/all+ :eels else:]e ?an at ! exit ( ! canal1 & if may become necess>y to di/ribute ! p[] ( ^! :eels along ! works4 ,9 ^! regions ( difficult access & few res\rces x is necess>y to disp5se ) complicat$ app>atus1 & "o might 9 su* a case1 x w\ld seem1 try electric motors1 ^: in/allation w\ld be easy4 ,an exploitation 9 accordance ) ^! ideas 0 begun = ! fir/ "t 9 #ahhc ^u ! ,ribeirao de ,inf]no at ,portao de ,f]ro4 ,we %all describe x4 ,once e/abli%$ 9 ! c\ntry1 ! fir/ ?+ to d is to =m roads s z to secure communications ) ! neighbor+ villages & =e/s1 & aft]w>d to cut d[n trees = build+ h\ses4 ,^! latt] are usually con/ruct$1 = ^! works1 ( untrimm$ wood & mud1 ) ?at*$ ro(4 ,!re 7 ?us con/ruct$ at ,portao de ,f]ro a few kilomet]s ( roads1 !n "s h\ses = ! eng9e]s & special workm51 b>racks = #bjj labor]s1 /ores1 kit*5s1 etc41 a =ge1 & a %op ) a la! & a saw run by a :eel at ! side4 ,x 0 aft]w>d necess>y to repair ! old lat]al canal :i* _h be5 dug out ( ! rock 9 ! times ( ! ,royal ,extraction1 b :i* _h be5 torn op5 = a consid]able l5g?4 ,?is necessitat$ ! erection ( tight walls ( dry /one1 grass1 & mud1 = a l5g? ( #bjj met]s1 & ) ?icknesses ( f #f to #aj met]s4 ,9 ord] to div]t ! wat] into ?is canal1 x 0 necess>y to raise its level #e met]s4 ,! dam1 !n1 _h to support a /rong pressure1 & x c\ld n be built ^u s&4 ,x !re=e became necess>y to build a tempor>y dam & to turn ! riv] into a plank flume1 s z to make x possible to dig at ! location ( ! p]man5t dam 9 ord] to rea* a solid bottom at a dep? ( ne>ly #d met]s4 ,! p]man5t dam ?us _h a total height ( #aj met]s1 ) a ?ickness ( #ae at ! base & #g at ! top4 ,x 0 con/ruct$ ( dry /one1 grass1 & e>?1 ) ! addition ( /rong wood-"w4 ,! rocks ^u :i* x _h to be built 7 full ( fissures1 & :5 x 0 desir$ to close x great leakages ( wat] occurr$1 :i* came ne> ru9+ x & necessitat$ ! con/ruction ( a second wall beh9d x & a talus ( e>? 9 front4 ,! dam z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 :5 f9i%$1 _h a ?ickness ( #be met]s at ! base4 ,x 0 clos$ on ! second ( ,july1 & _h a /orage capacity ( #ee1jjj cubic met]s4 ,! pr9cipal excavation 0 begun at ! po9t :]e ! b$ 0 deepe/1 & :i* consequ5tly ! old] m9]s mu/ h _h mo/ tr\ble 9 rea*+4 ,"h 7 set up two ,lete/u pumps t 7 actuat$ by a f\r-horse :eel4 ,^! pumps lift$ #ej cubic met]s p] h\r4 ,all except ! pump *amb]s & pipes 0 made ( wood on ! spot4 ,! wat] t 0 lift$ 0 c>ri$ away f ! works 9 a flume #afj met]s 9 l5g?1 :i* likewise remov$ ! wat] f ! motive :eels4 ,= ! s]vice ( ! same excavation two simple act+ incl9$ planes 7 in/all$ t 7 mov$ by a f\r-horse :eel4 ,fig4 #b gives a g5]al view ( ! arrangem5t4 ,! tracks ( ^! planes 7 made ( wood4 ,/eel rails1 h[ev]1 _h be5 br\ght = ! c>s1 along ) ! cables & ! metallic p>ts ( ! w9dlass2 b all else 0 made ^u ! spot1 includ+ all ! wood5 pulleys = transmitt+ motion f ! :eel to ! w9dlasses4 ,?is excavation rea*$ bottom at a dep? ( #af met]s4 ,! second t\*$ bottom at ab\t #aj met]s1 & gave access to a subt]ranean canal1 :i* 0 foll[$ = ab\t #bj met]s4 ,! extraction ( s& 0 effect$ "h by an incl9$ plane mov$ by a ,gramme ma*9e4 ,! g5]atrix _h to make #a1ejj revolutions1 & be set 9 motion by an ov]%ot :eel4 ,z "t 0 want+1 x became necess>y to dim9i% to z great a degree z possible ! numb] ( p>ts to be employ$ 9 ! transmission ( motion1 & s9ce !re 0 an abundance ( wat]1 a velocity ( #ae revolutions 0 accept$ = ! :eel1 :i*1 ) a total fall ( #d4h met]s1 _h to give a p[] ( eight horses4 ,a ?ree met] pulley 0 plac$ ^u ! %aft ( ! :eel4 ,?is 0 made ( fre%ly cut wood t _h be5 expos$ to ! sun4 ,9 ord] to give x suffici5t /ability & prev5t its w>p+1 x 0 plac$ aga9/ ! :eel 9 su* a way z to re/ ^u ! latt]'s spokes4 ,?is r5d]$ x necess>y to give up ! idea ( us+ a belt1 s9ce x 0 n possible to prev5t its gett+ wet4 ,cords c\ld n be f\nd 9 ! c\ntry1 & s x 0 necess>y to make use ( a too heavy *a91 :i* 0 9 no wise int5d$ = su* a purpose1 & :i* at a velocity ( #ae revolutions began to sw+ & necess>ily absorb$ mu* p[]4 ,! l>ge pulley drove "o ( #j4d m4 ^u an int]m$iate %aft4 ,^u ?is latt] a #b4f m4 wood5 pulley directly drove1 ?r\gh a belt1 ! #j4b m4 pulley ( ! g5]atrix4 ,f ?is may be judg$ :at ! c\ntry's res\rces are4 ,! motor1 by means ( a belt1 actuat$ a w9dlass provid$ ) suitable *eck+ ge>+s4 ,! di/ance ( ! two ma*9es 0 #aaf met]s4 ,save ! transmission by *a91 ! :ole work$ 9 a satisfactory mann]4 ,! p]=mance c\ld only be e/imat$ 9 a lump1 by comp>+ on ! "o h& ! !oretical "w ( ! fall ( wat]1 &1 on ! o!r1 t ( ! v]tical elevation ( ! c>2 &1 fur!r1 "o 0 oblig$ to e/imate ! weight ( ! latt]4 ,if we all[ #a1jjj kilogrammes = ! weight ( a c> t receiv$ #cfj lit]s ( dry s& or #cjj ( wet1 ! p]=mance 0 #ai p] c5t41 & appe>$ to be satisfactory1 consid]+ ! conditions "u :i* ! in/allation 0 made4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 at all ev5ts ( su* a nature z to indicate ! use ( ^! ma*9es 9 cases :]e ! arrangem5t ( ! locality absolutely necessitates a transmission ( p[]4 ,! fir/ workm5 rea*$ ,portao de ,f]ro ,decemb] #ae1 #ahhb1 & ! mat]ial %ipp$ f ,france did n arrive until ,april #be1 #ahhc4 ,op]ations 7 susp5d$ ab\t ! #be? ( ,septemb]1 s9ce1 = a =tnight already1 !re _h no long] be5 any d\bt z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! riv] b$ _h be5 clean$ by =m] op]ators4 ,z a result ( ?is fir/ exp]im5t1 ! pro( rema9$ t x w\ld be easy 9 future exploitations to introduce into ! c\ntry me?ods ( "w t are quick] & m economical ?an ^? n[ 9 use4 ,9 fact1 all ! op]ations 7 p]=m$ ) natives ( ! c\ntry1 ) ! exception ( a c>p5t] & blacksmi? f ,rio ,janeiro4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,:at ,,we ,,really ,,"k ,,ab\t ,,asiatic ,,*ol]a4 ,,new ,,york1 ,septemb] #a1 #ahhd4 ,to ! ,editor ( ! ,new ,york ,m$ical ,j\rnal3 ,,sir3 ,i h be5 exce$+ly int]e/$ 9 ,dr4 ,b>tlett's sugge/ive article 9 y\r issue ( ,augu/ #cj4 ,b a suffici5t numb] ( well-e/abli%$ facts are kn[n to acc\nt = all ! peculi>ities & vag>ies ( *ol]a4 #a4 ,*ol]a has exi/$ 9 ,h9do/an = c5turies4 ,x 0 f\nd !re by ,vasco da ,gama 9 #adif1 & !re is a p]fectly au!ntic hi/ory ( x f t "t d[n to ! pres5t4 #b4 ,x is nev] abs5t f ,india1 f :5ce x has be5 convey$ innum]able times to o!r c\ntries4 ,x has nev] become domicil$ 9 any o!r l&1 n ev5 9 ,*9a1 p>ts ( :i* lie 9 ! same latitude2 nor 9 ,arabia1 to :i* c\ntry pilgrims g e ye> f ,india2 nor 9 ,egypt1 nor ,p]sia1 ) :i* communication is s frequ5t2 mu* less 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,canton 9 ,*9a1 ,muscat & ,mecca 9 ,arabia1 lie ne>ly 9 ! same degree ( latitude z ,calcutta1 9 :i* *ol]a is always exi/5t2 yet ^! places only h *ol]a occasionally1 & !n only aft] arrivals ( x f ,h9do/an4 #c4 ,! arrival ( *ol]a 9 o!r c\ntries is (t5 involv$ 9 "s easily removable obscurity1 :i* is deep5$ only by ! ignorance & want ( v]acity ( qu>ant9e & o!r (ficials4 #d4 ,*ol]a is almo/ always prec$$ by a premonitory di>rhoea1 :i* la/s f "o or two to ?ree or f\r or m days be=e urg5t & *>act]i/ic symptoms %[ !mselves4 ,( #f1bac cases1 no less ?an #e1ghf _h prec$+ di>rhoea4 ,! suff]]s f ?is s[ ! g]ms ( ! disease 9 num]\s1 (t5 di/ant & obscure1 places1 to :i* no *ol]aic p]son is suppos$ to h come4 #e4 ,! dis*>ges sw>m ) infective bact]ia ( v>i\s k9ds1 "s ( :i*1 especially ,ko*'s comma bacilli1 seem to be specific4 #f4 ,! disease has be5 reproduc$ 9 m5 & "s few animals by _! swall[+ ! dis*>ges4 #g4 ,! dis*>ges1 accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,?i]s*1 ,burdon-,s&]son1 & ,macnam>a1 are n virul5t & poison\s = ! fir/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 on ! second day elev5 p] c5t4 ( ^? :o swall[ !m w suff]2 on ! ?ird day1 ?irty-six p] c5t42 on ! f\r? day1 n9ety p] c5t42 on ! fif? day1 sev5ty-"o p] c5t42 on ! six? day1 =ty p] c5t42 & aft] t ! dis*>ges h no effect--! bact]ia die1 & ! poison becomes in]t4 ,pr(essor ,rob9 reproduc$ *ol]a 9 dogs1 & ! celebrat$ dog ,juno di$ ( *ol]a 9 ,egypt la/ ye>4 ,pr(essor ,botk91 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,dorpat1 reproduc$ *ol]a 9 dogs by ! subcutane\s injection ( ! ur9e ( *ol]a pati5ts4 ,ev5 if ! comma bacilli are n f\nd 9 ! ur9e1 o!r bact]ia are2 & ev5 ,ko* supposes t !y secrete a virul5t poison simil> to t ( "s insects1 :i* may be absorb$ into ! blood & escape f ! kidneys4 #h4 ,"s ( ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! ,h9doos are v peculi>4 ,!y always defecate ^u ! op5 gr\nd1 & w n use privies or latr9es ,?is is a matt] ( religi\s obligation ) !m4 ,x is also obligatory ^u !m to g to /ool e morn+2 to use ! left h& only 9 wip+ !mselves2 to wa% _! fundam5ts aft] /ool2 to wa% _! :ole p]sons & clo?+ e day2 &1 f9ally1 also to r9se _! m\?s ) wat]1 & ?is !y (t5 d aft] wa%+ 9 f\l tanks1 or /ill f\l] pools ( wat]4 ,on /eam%ips1 :]e tubs ( wat] 7 provid$ = wa%+ _! fundam5ts aft] defecation1 ,surgeon-,g5]al ,de ,r5zy saw _m ,h9doos r9se _! m\? ) ! same wat]4 #i4 ,! population ( ,h9do/an is ne>ly ?ree hundr$ millions1 & at lea/ "o hundr$ million p\nds ( fcal matt] is deposit$ on ! op5 gr\nd ev]yday1 & has be5 = c5turies4 #aj4 ,mu* ( ?is f\l matt] is wa%$ by ra9s into _! tanks & pools ( wat]1 :i* !y use indiscrim9ately = wa%+1 cook+1 & dr9k+ purposes4 #aa4 ,! poison ( *ol]a has repeat$ly be5 c>ri$ 9 soil$ clo?+ pack$ 9 trunks & boxes1 & convey$ to great di/ances4 #ab4 ,articles ( food1 ev5 bread & cake1 z well z apples1 plums1 & o!r fruit1 h&l$ by p]sons 9 ! incipi5t /ages ( *ol]a1 h be5 kn[n to convey ! disease4 #ac4 ,! numb] ( epidemics produc$ by *ol]a dis*>ges gett+ into dr9k+ wat] are almo/ innum]able1 & ^? f contam9at$ milk are n few4 #ad4 ,! fir/ case ( *ol]a is g5]ally c\nt$ f ! fir/ fatal "o1 :]eas ?is is almo/ always prec$$ by non-fatal ones1 :i* h escap$ notice4 ,& ea* subsequ5t fatal case is int]wov5 by "o1 or sev]al1 or ev5 _m1 non-fatal causes4 ,if ! /r+ ( a r[ ( beads is brok51 & ! beads scatt]$ ev]y:]e1 x w\ld be j z improp] to say t !y _h nev] be5 ^u a /r+ z to say t1 because all ! fatal cases ( *ol]a _c be trac$ to equally fatal ones1 no connection ev] exi/$ betwe5 !m4 ,^! po9ts are necess>ily /at$ categorically1 b e "o c be prov$1 if pro( is call$ =4 ,! num]\s & v l>ge pilgrimages ( ! ,h9doos mu/ n be =gott54 ,john ,c4 ,pet]s1 ,m4,d4 #hc ,madison ,av5ue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dr4 ,,ko* ,,on ,,! ,,*ol]a4 ,an important & influ5tial conf]5ce#a ^u *ol]a 0 op5$ 9 ,b]l9 at ! ,imp]ial ,bo>d ( ,heal? on ! ev5+ ( ,july #bf4 ,!re 7 pres5t ,drs4 v4 ,b]gmann1 ,col]1 ,eul5brg1 ,b4 ,frnkel1 ,gaffky1 ,hirs*1 ,ko*1 ,leyd51 ,s4 ,neumann1 ,pi/or1 ,s*ub]t1 ,skreczka1 ,/ruck1 ,vir*[1 & ,wollfhgel4 ,! conf]5ce _h be5 call$ at ! in/ance ( ! ,b]l9 ,m$ical ,society1 ^: ,presid5t1 ,pr(4 ,vir*[1 expla9$ t x 0 ?\ght advisable ,dr4 ,ko* %\ld1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 give a demon/ration ( 8 "w be=e a small] body ?an ! :ole society1 s t ! proce$+s might be fully report$ 9 ! m$ical press4 ,he m5tion$ t ,h]r ,director ,lucanus & ,presid5t ,syd[ _h express$ _! regret at be+ unable to be pres5t1 z well z _m o!rs1 includ+ ,drs4 ,von ,lau]1 ,von ,fr]i*s1 ,mehlhaus51 & ,k]saudt4 ,be=e ! meet+ ,dr4 ,ko* exhibit$ microscopical specim5s & draw+s ( ! *ol]a bacillus1 & demon/rat$ ! me?od ( its prep>ation & cultivation4 ,! prep>ations includ$ specim5s ( *ol]aic dejections dri$ on cov]+ glasses1 /a9$ ) fu*s9 or me?yl-blue1 & exam9$ ) oil imm]sion1 "o-twelf?1 & ,abbe's cond5s]2 also sections ( inte/9e pres]v$ 9 absolute alcohol1 & /a9$ ) me?yl-blue4 ,!re 7 also cultures 9 gelat91 etc4 ,footnote #a3 ,a detail$ report is publi%$ 9 ! ,b]l9] ,kl9is*e ,wo*5s*rift ,aug4 #d4 ,dr4 ,ko* comm5c$ by rem>k+ t :at 0 requir$ = ! prev5tion ( *ol]a 0 a sci5tific basis4 ,_m & div]se views z to its mode ( diffusion & infection prevail$1 b !y furni%$ no safe gr\nd = prophylaxis4 ,on ! "o h&1 x 0 held t *ol]a is a specific disease orig9at+ 9 ,india2 on ! o!r1 t x may arise spontane\sly 9 any c\ntry1 & own no specific cause4 ,"o view reg>ds ! infection to be convey$ only by ! pati5t & 8 surr\nd+s2 & ! o!r t x is spread by m]*&ise1 by heal?y individuals1 & by atmosph]ic curr5ts4 ,!re is a l discrepancy 9 ! views on ! possibility ( its diffusion by dr9k+ wat]1 on ! influ5ce ( conditions ( soil1 on ! "q :e!r ! dejecta conta9 ! poison or n1 & on ! duration ( ! incubation p]iod4 ,no progress 0 possible 9 combat+ ! disease until ^! root que/ions ( ! etiology ( *ol]a are decid$4 ,hi!rto ! advances 9 k ^u ! etiology ( o!r infective diseases h done little t[>d ! etiology ( *ol]a4 ,^! advances h be5 made )9 ! la/ t5 ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t no opportunity--at lea/ n 9 ,europe--has occurr$ to pursue rese>*es2 & 9 ,india1 :]e !re is abundant mat]ial = su* rese>*1 no "o has und]tak5 ! task4 ,! opportunity giv5 by ! outbreak ( *ol]a 9 ,egypt la/ ye> to /udy ! disease be=e x rea*$ ,european soil 0 tak5 advantage ( by v>i\s gov]nm5ts1 :o s5t exp$itions = ! purpose4 ,he _h ! honor to take "p 9 "o ( ^!1 & 9 accept+ x he well knew ! difficulties ( ! task be=e him1 = h>dly any?+ 0 kn[n ab\t ! *ol]a poison1 or :]e x %\ld be s\ght2 :e!r x 0 to be f\nd only 9 ! inte/9al canal1 or 9 ! blood1 or else:]e4 ,nor 0 x kn[n :e!r x 0 ( bact]ial nature1 or fungoid1 or an animal p>asite--e4g41 an amoeba4 ,b o!r difficulties appe>$ 9 an unexpect$ direction4 ,f ! acc\nts giv5 9 text-books he _h imag9$ t ! *ol]a inte/9e w\ld %[ v slight *anges1 & w\ld be fill$ ) a cle> rice-wat] fluid4 ,he _h n fully recollect$ ! conditions met ) 9 po/-mortem exam9ations _h =m]ly made1 & 0 !re=e at fir/ surpris$ to meet ) q a diff]5t /ate ( ?+s4 ,= he soon f\nd t 9 a l>ge majority ( cases rem>kably sev]e lesions 7 pres5t 9 ! inte/9es4 ,9 o!r cases ! *anges 7 slight]1 & ev5tually he met ) "s :i*1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 correspond$ ) ! type describ$ 9 text-books4 ,b x 0 "s "t1 & aft] _m inspections1 be=e he 0 enabl$ to correctly int]pret ! v>i$ *anges met )4 ,9 spite ( a mo/ c>eful exam9ation ( all o!r organs & ( ! ,mood1 no?+ 0 f\nd to e/abli% ! pres5ce ( an infective mat]ial1 & att5tion 0 f9ally conc5trat$ on ! inte/9al conditions4 ,!re 7 cases 9 :i* ! l[] segm5t ( ! small inte/9e1 mo/ m>k$ imm$iately above ! ileoccal valve1 ext5d+ !nce upw>d1 0 ( a d>k r$di%-br[n color1 ! muc\s membrane be+ cov]$ ) sup]ficial hmorrhages4 ,9 _m cases ! muc\s membrane appe>$ to be sup]ficially necros$1 & cov]$ ) diph!ritic pat*es4 ,! inte/9al cont5ts 9 su* cases 7 n colorless1 b consi/$ ( a sangu9ol5t1 i*or\s1 putrid fluid4 ,o!r cases %[$ a gradual transition to a less m>k$ *ange4 ,! r$ness 0 less int5se1 & 0 9 pat*es1 :ile 9 o!rs ! injection 0 limit$ to ! m>g9s ( ! follicul> & ,pey]ian gl&s1 giv+ an appe>ance :i* is q peculi> to *ol]a4 ,9 comp>atively few cases 7 ! *anges s slight z to consi/ 9 a some:at swoll5 & opaque condition ( ! sup]ficial lay]s ( ! muc\s membrane1 ) delicate rosy-r$ injection1 & "s prom95ce ( ! solit>y follicles & ,pey]'s pat*es4 ,9 su* cases ! inte/9al cont5ts 7 colorless1 b resembl+ meal-s\p r ?an rice-wat]4 ,9 only a solit>y in/ance 7 ! cont5ts wat]y & mucoid4 ,microscopical exam9ation ( ! inte/9e & its cont5ts reveal$1 especially 9 ! cases :]e ! m>g9s ( ,pey]'s pat*es 7 r$d5$1 a consid]able invasion ( bact]ia1 occurr+ p>tly )9 ! tubul> gl&s1 p>tly betwe5 ! epi!lium & basem5t membrane1 & 9 "s p>ts deep] /ill4 ,!n he f\nd cases 9 :i*1 besides bact]ia ( "o def9ite & con/ant =m1 !re 7 o!rs also accumulat$ )9 & ar\nd ! tubul> gl&s1 ( v>i\s size1 "s %ort & ?ick1 o!rs v f9e2 & be soon conclud$ t he _h to d "h ) a prim>y invasion ( pa?og5ic bacilli1 :i*1 z x 71 prep>$ ! tissues = ! entrance ( ! non-pa?og5ic =ms1 j z he _h obs]v$1 9 ! necrotic1 diph!ritic *anges 9 ! inte/9al mucosa & 9 typhoid ulc]s4 ,pass+ to speak ( ! microscopical "* ( ! cont5ts ( ! b[el1 ,dr4 ,ko* said t ow+ to ! sangu9ol5t & putresc5t "* ( ^! 9 ! cases fir/ exam9$1 no conclusion 0 arriv$ at = "s "t4 ,?us he f\nd multitudes ( bact]ia ( v>i\s k9ds1 r5d]+ x impossible to di/+ui% any special =ms1 & x 0 n until he _h exam9$ two acute & uncomplicat$ cases1 be=e hmorrhage _h occurr$1 & :]e ! evacuation _h n decompos$1 t he f\nd m abundantly ! k9d ( organism :i* _h be5 se5 s ri*ly 9 ! inte/9al mucosa4 ,he !n proce$$ to describe ! *>act]s ( ?is bact]ium4 ,x is small] ?an ! tub]cle bacillus1 be+ only ab\t half or at mo/ two-?irds ! size ( ! latt]1 b mu* m plump1 ?ick]1 & slightly curv$4 ,z a rule1 ! curve is no m ?an t ( a comma 717 b sometimes x assumes a semicircul> %ape1 & he has se5 x =m+ a d\ble curve l an ,s1 ^! two v>iations f ! normal be+ sugge/ive ( ! junction ( two individual bacilli4 ,9 cultures !re always appe>s a rem>kably free developm5t ( comma %ap$ bacilli4 ,^! bacilli (t5 gr[ out to =m long ?reads1 n 9 ! mann] ( an?rax bacilli1 nor ) a simple undulat+ =m1 b assum+ ! %ape ( delicate long spirals1 a corkscrew %ape1 rem9d+ "o v =cibly ( ! spiro*aete ( relaps+ fev]4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be difficult to di/+ui% ! two if plac$ side by side4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is developm5tal *ange1 he d\bt$ if ! *ol]a organism %\ld be rank$ ) bacilli2 x is r a transitional =m betwe5 ! bacillus & ! spirillum4 ,possibly x is a true spirillum1 portions ( :i* appe> 9 ! comma %ape1 mu* z 9 o!r spirilla--e4 g41 spirilla undula1 :i* d n always =m complete spirals1 b consi/ only ( m or less curv$ rods4 ,! comma bacilli ?rive well 9 meat infusion1 gr[+ 9 x ) great rapidity4 ,by exam9+1 microscopically1 a drop ( ?is bro? culture ! baccilli are se5 9 active movem5t1 sw>m+ at ! m>g9s ( ! drop1 int]sp]s$ ) ! spiral ?reads1 :i* are also app>5tly mobile4 ,!y gr[ also 9 o!r fluids--e4 g41 v abundantly 9 milk1 )\t coagulat+ x or *ang+ its appe>ance4 ,also 9 blood s]um !y gr[ v ri*ly4 ,ano!r good nutri5t m$ium is gelat9e1 :]e9 ! comma bacilli =m colonies ( a p]fectly *>act]i/ic k9d1 diff]5t f ^? ( any o!r =m ( bact]ia4 ,! colony :5 v "y appe>s z a pale & small spot1 n completely sph]ical z o!r bact]ial colonies 9 gelat9e are wont to be1 b ) a m or less irregul>1 protrud+1 or jagg$ cont\r4 ,x also v soon takes on a some:at granul> appe>ance4 ,z ! colony increases1 ! granul> "* becomes m m>k$1 until x seems to be made up ( highly refractile granules1 l a mass ( p>ticles ( glass4 ,9 its fur!r gr[? ! gelat9e is liquefi$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! colony1 :i* at ! same "t s9ks d[n deep] into ! gelat9e mass1 & makes a small ?read-l excavation 9 ! gelat9e1 9 ! c5t] ( :i* ! colony appe>s z a small :ite po9t4 ,?is aga9 is peculi>2 x is nev] se51 at lea/ s m>k$1 ) any o!r bact]ium4 ,& a simil> appe>ance is produc$ :5 gelat9e is inoculat$ ) a pure culture ( ?is bacillus1 ! gelat9e liquefy+ at ! seat ( inoculation1 & ! small colony cont9ually enl>g+2 b above x !re occurs ! excavat$ spot1 l a bubble ( air float+ ov] ! bacill>y colony4 ,x gives ! impression t ! bacillus gr[? n only liquefies ! gelat9e1 b causes a rapid evaporation ( ! fluid s =m$4 ,_m bact]ia also h ! p[] ( s liquefy+ gelat9e ) :i* !y are inoculat$1 b nev] d !y produce su* an excavation ) ! bladd]-l cavity on ! surface4 ,ano!r peculi>ity 0 ! sl[ness ) :i* ! gelat9e liquefi$1 & ! n>r[ limits ( ?is liquefaction 9 ! case ( a gelat9e disk4 ,cultures ( ! comma bacillus 7 also made 9 ag>-ag> jelly1 :i* is n liquefi$ by !m4 ,on potato ^! bacilli gr[ l ^? ( gl&]s1 =m+ a grayi%-br[n lay] on ! surface4 ,! comma bacilli ?rive be/ at temp]atures betwe5 #cj & #dj ,c41 b !y are n v s5sitive to l[ temp]atures1 _! gr[? n be+ prev5t$ until #ag or #af ,c4 is rea*$4 ,9 ?is respect !y agree ) an?rax bacilli4 ,ko* made an exp]im5t to asc]ta9 :e!r a v l[ temp]ature n m]ely *eck$ developm5t b kill$ !m1 & subject$ ! comma bacilli to a temp]ature ( #aj ,c4 ,!y 7 !n completely froz51 b yet reta9$ vitality1 gr[+ 9 gelat9e aft]w>d4 ,o!r exp]im5ts1 by exclud+ air f ! gelat9e cultures1 or plac+ !m "u an exhau/$ bell j>1 or 9 an atmosph]e ( c>bonic acid1 w5t to prove t !y requir$ air & oxyg5 = _! gr[?2 b ! deprivation did n kill !m1 s9ce on remov+ !m f ^! conditions !y aga9 began to gr[4 ,! gr[? ( ^! bacilli is exceptionally rapid1 quickly atta9+ its height1 & aft] a brief /ation>y p]iod z quickly t]m9at+4 ,! dy+ bacilli lose _! %ape1 sometimes appe>+ %rivel$1 sometimes swoll51 & !n /a9+ v slightly or n at all4 ,! special features ( _! vegetation are be/ se5 :5 sub/ances :i* also conta9 o!r =ms ( bact]ia are tak5--e4 g41 ! inte/9al cont5ts or *ol]aic evacuations mix$ ) moi/5$ e>? or l95 & kept damp4 ,! comma bacilli 9 ^! conditions multiply ) great rapidity s z to f> outnumb] ! o!r =ms ( bact]ia1 :i* at fir/ might h be5 9 f> great] abundance4 ,?is /ate ( affairs does n la/ long2 9 two or ?ree days ! comma bacilli began to die (f1 & ! o!r bact]ia began to multiply4 ,precisely ! same ?+ takes place 9 ! inte/9e1 :]e1 aft] ! rapid initial vegetation is ov]1 & :5 exudation ( blood occurs 9 ! b[el1 ! comma bacilli disappe> & putrefactive bact]ia pr$om9ate4 ,:e!r ! occurr5ce ( putrefaction is inimical to ! comma bacilli has n be5 prov$1 b f analogy x is v probable4 ,at any rate1 x is important to "k ?is = c]ta91 = if x be s1 !n ! comma bacilli w n ?rive 9 a cesspit1 & !n fur!r dis9fection w\ld be unnecess>y4 ,^! bacilli ?rive be/ 9 fluids conta9+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( nutrim5t4 ,exp]im5ts h n yet %[n ! limits 9 ?is respect1 b ,ko* has f\nd !m capable ( gr[+ 9 meat bro? dilut$ t5 times4 ,aga91 if ! nutri5t m$ium become acid 9 reaction _! gr[? is *eck$1 at lea/ 9 gelat9e & meat infusion2 b s+ul>ly en\gh1 !y cont9ue to gr[ on ! surface ( a boil$ potato :i* has become acid1 %[+ t all acids are n equally obnoxi\s to !m4 ,b "h1 z ) o!r sub/ances :i* h9d] _! gr[?1 !y d n kill ! bacilli4 ,dava9e has %[n t iod9e is a /rong bact]icide4 ,he exp]im5t$ ) an?rax bacilli 9 wat] to :i* iod9e 0 add$1 & ! bacilli 7 de/roy$4 ,b practically ! organisms h to be dealt ) 9 ! alkal9e cont5ts ( ! b[el1 or 9 ! blood or fluids ( ! tissues1 :]e iod9e _c rema9 9 ! free /ate4 ,ko* f\nd t ! addition ( an aque\s solution ( iod9e 7#a 9 #d1jjj7 to meat infusion1 9 ! proportion ( #a 9 #aj1 did n 9 ! lea/ int]f]e ) ! gr[? ( ! bacilli 9 t m$ium4 ,he did n pursue ?is l9e ( inquiry1 see+ t 9 practice l>g] quantities ( iod9e ?an t c\ld n be giv54 ,alcohol fir/ *ecks ! developm5t ( ! comma bacilli :5 x is mix$ ) ! nutri5t fluid 9 ! proportion ( #a 9 #aj1 a degree ( conc5tration :i* r5d]s x impracticable = treatm5t4 ,common salt 0 add$ to ! ext5t ( #b p] c5t4 )\t influ5c+ ! gr[? ( ! bacilli4 ,sulphate ( iron1 9 ! proportion ( #b p] c5t41 *ecks ?is gr[?1 probably by precipitat+ albumimites f ! fluids1 & possibly also by its acid reaction2 c]ta9ly x does n seem to h any specific dis9fect+ action--i4e41 9 de/roy+ ! bacilli4 ,inde$1 ,ko* ?9ks t ! admixture ( sulphate ( iron ) fcal matt] may arre/ putrefaction1 & really remove :at may be ! mo/ de/ructive process to ! comma bacilli4 ,h5ce he w\ld di/+ui% betwe5 sub/ances :i* m]ely arre/ putrefaction & ^? :i* are bact]icidal2 = ! =m] may simply s]ve ! purpose ( pres]v+ ! infective virus4 ,among o!r sub/ances :i* prev5t ! gr[? ( ! comma bacilli may be m5tion$ alum1 9 solutions ( ! /r5g? ( #a 9 #ajj2 camphor1 #a 9 #cjj2 c>bolic acid1 #a 9 #djj2 oil ( pepp]m9t1 #a 9 #b1jjj2 sulphate ( copp]1 #a 9 #b1ejj 7a rem$y mu* employ$1 b h[ mu* w\ld really be ne$$ m]ely to h9d] ! gr[? ( ! bacilli 9 ! inte/9e672 qu99e1 #a 9 #e1jjj2 & sublimate1 #a 9 #ajj1jjj4 ,9 contra/ ) ! =ego+ measures = prev5t+ ! gr[? ( ^! bacilli is ! /rik+ fact t !y are readily kill$ by dry+4 ,?is fact is prov$ by m]ely dry+ a small drop ( mat]ial conta9+ ! bacilli on a cov]-glass1 & !n plac+ ?is ov] "s ( ! fluid on a glass slide4 ,) an?rax bacilli vitality is reta9$ = ne>ly a week2 :]eas1 ! comma bacillus appe>s to be kill$ 9 a v %ort "t4 ,?us x 0 f\nd t al?\gh vitality 0 reta9$--dep5d+ l>gely ^u ! numb] ( bacilli--= a %ort "t1 yet )drawal ( ! nutri5t fluid = an h\r or ev5 less (t5 suffic$2 & x nev] happ5$ t ! bacilli reta9$ vitality aft] a deprivation la/+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,^! results w\ld seem to po9t to ! fact t ! comma bacillus does n1 l ! organisms ( an?rax & vacc9ia1 pass into ! re/+ /ate 7,dan]-zu/&e7 by dry+2 & if s1 x is "o ( ! mo/ important facts 9 ! etiology ( *ol]a4 ,mu*1 h[ev]1 rema9s to be done1 especially ) reg>d to ! soil$ l95 ( *ol]a pati5ts be+ kept 9 a damp /ate4 ,he f\nd t 9 soil$ articles1 :5 dri$ = a "t1 v>y+ f tw5ty-f\r h\rs & upw>d1 ! comma bacilli 7 q de/roy$4 ,nor 0 ! de/ruction delay$ by plac+ *ol]aic excreta 9 or ^u e>?1 dry or moi/1 or mix$ ) /agnant wat]4 ,9 gelat9e cultures ! comma bacilli c be cultivat$ = six weeks1 & also 9 blood s]um1 milk1 & potato1 :]e an?rax bacilli rapidly =m spores4 ,b a re/+ /ate ( ! comma bacilli has nev] be5 met )--a v exceptional ?+ 9 ! case ( bacilli1 & ano!r reason :y ! organism mu/ be reg>d$ r z a spirillum ?an a bacillus1 = ! spirilla require only a fluid m$ium1 & d n1 l ! an?rax bacilli1 ?rive 9 a dry /ate4 ,x is q unlikely t a re/+ /ate ( ! comma bacillus w ev] be discov]$2 &1 moreov]1 its abs5ce h>monizes ) our k ( *ol]a etiology4--,! ,lancet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,m$ical ,,record4 ,,mal>ia4--,,! ,,natural ,,production ,,( ,,mal>ia1 ,,& ,,! ,,means ,,( ,,mak+ ,,mal>ial ,,c\ntries ,,heal?i]4 ,footnote3 ,an ,address deliv]$ at ! ,eigh? ,session ( ! ,int]national ,m$ical ,congress1 ,cop5hag51 ,augu/ #ab1 #ahhd4 ,by ,conrad ,tommasi ,crudeli1 ,m4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,hygi5e1 ,univ]sity ( ,rome1 ,italy4 ,be=e ent]+ ^u my subject1 ,i mu/ crave ! indulg5ce ( ^? ( my colleagues ^: language ,i h borr[$ = any italicisms t ,i may use1 z well z = ! =eign acc5t :i* mu/ /rike _! e>s m or less disagreeably4 ,desir+ to respond z well z lay 9 my p[] to ! invitation ) :i* ,i h be5 honor$ to discuss ! hygi5ic que/ions relat+ to mal>ia1 ,i h *os5 ! ,fr5* language z be+ ! "o 9 :i*1 ap>t f my "m tongue1 ,i c\ld express myself ) ! greate/ ease & precision4 ,i %all be p>don$ also1 ,i hope1 = hav+ employ$ ! t]ms mal>ia & mal>ial di/ricts 9 place ( ! m commonly us$ expressions paludal miasm 7miasme palude57 & m>%y regions 7contres m>cageuses74 ,! sub/itution is n a happy "o f a lit]>y po9t ( view1 b ,i h made x delib]ately & = ! foll[+ reason3 ,! idea t int]mitt5t & p]nici\s fev]s are eng5d]$ by putrid emanations f swamps & m>%es is "o ( ^? semi-sci5tific assumptions :i* h contribut$ mo/ to lead a/ray ! inve/igations ( sci5ti/s & ! "w ( public adm9i/rations4 ,?is idea1 s widespread & s well e/abli%$ by ! traditions ( ! s*ool1 is radically false4 ,! specific f]m5t :i* eng5d]s ^? fev]s by its accumulation 9 ! atmosph]e :i* we brea! is n exclusively ( paludal orig91 & /ill less is x a product ( putrefaction4 ,inde$1 9 e region ( ! globe betwe5 ! two ,arctic circles !re are swamps & m>%es1 /eep+-tanks ( hemp & flax1 l>ge deltas :]e salt & fre% wat]s mix1 & yet !re is no mal>ia !re1 al?\gh putrid decomposition is on e side4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! same p>ts ( ! globe !re are places :i* are n & nev] 7 m>%y1 & 9 :i* !re is n ! lea/ trace ( putrefaction1 b :i*1 nev]!less1 produce mal>ia 9 abundance4 ,i reject1 !re=e1 :olly ! paludal assumption1 & 9 ord] to express ?is view 9 ! title ( my pap]1 h be5 =c$ to employ t]ms :i* to my he>]s may s\nd l italicisms4 ,! ,italians g5]ally h n ?is paludal notion1 = exp]i5ce taught !m long ago t mal>ia is produc$ ne>ly ev]y:]e--9 m>%y di/ricts z well z 9 ^? :i* might almo/ be call$ arid2 9 a volcanic soil z well z 9 ! deposits ( ! ,mioc5e & ,plioc5e p]iods & ! anci5t & mod]n alluvia2 9 a soil ri* 9 organic matt]s z well z 9 "o conta9+ almo/ none2 9 ! pla9s z well z on ! hills or m\nta9s4 ,! ^w mal>ia 7bad air71 :i* x is ! sad privilege ( ,italy to h l5t to all languages to express ! cause ( int]mitt5t & p]nici\s fev]s1 repres5ts1 !n1 among ! majority ( our rural populations1 ! idea ( an ag5t :i* may infect any sort ( c\ntry1 :atev] may be its hydraulic & topographical conditions1 & :atev] may be its geological =mation4 ,?is ^w1 !re=e1 is ! "o be/ suit$ to designate ?is specific f]m5t 9 "q1 & ,i h on ?is acc\nt1 employ$ x & its adjectival d]ivatives 9 ord] n to resuscitate ! idea ( ! exclusively paludal orig9 ( ! morbific ag5t4 ,i %all n t>ry long to speak ( ! nature ( ?is f]m5t1 = ! /udies be>+ ^u t po9t1 al?\gh f> advanc$1 are n yet complet$4 ,i may rem>k1 h[ev]1 t ! idea t ! f]m5t is =m$ ( liv+ organisms is a v old "o1 & has n aris5 sudd5ly because ( ! mod]n !ories ( ! p>asitic nature ( disease4 ,f ! "t ( ,v>r> 7:o believ$ t mal>ia 0 made up ( invisible mites susp5d$ 9 ! atmosph]e7 to our own day ?is !ory has be5 sev]al times advanc$ by hygi5i/s4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! g5]al consid]ations :i* l$ ,rasori1 & lat] ,h5le1 to =mulate ! doctr9e ( ! contagium vivum ( infection 7long be=e ! progress ( microscopical sci5ce _h reveal$ ! exi/5ce ( liv+ f]m5ts71 !re 7 peculi> circum/ances z reg>ds mal>ia :i* %\ld h impell$ m9ds to look 9 t direction1 ev5 9 times long pa/4 ,"s ( ^! circum/ances are ( a nature to /rike e s]i\s obs]v]1 & des]ve a few mom5ts' att5tion4 ,h[ c\ld "o ma9ta91 = example1 t ?is f]m5t is a product ( *emical reactions tak+ place 9 ! gr\nd1 :5 x is se5 to rema9 con/antly ! same :atev] may be ! composition ( ! soil f :i* x emanates6 ,z long z ! paludal !ory held sway1 ! *emical int]pretation ( ?is id5tity ( ! product 9 e latitude 0 easy4 ,rica does n hesitate to admit t :5 a swampy tract is heat$ by ! sun's rays to ! necess>y po9t = ! putrid decomposition ( ! organic matt]s conta9$ 9 x1 ! *emical f]m5t1 or r ! mephitic gases1 to :i* is attribut$ ! morbific action1 are develop$1 :atev] may be ! di/ance f ! equator at :i* ?is m>%y region lies4 ,b s9ce x has be5 asc]ta9$ t mal>ia is produc$ 9 soils ( ! mo/ v>i$ *emical composition1 ! p]si/5t id5tity ( ?is product has become *emically inexplicable2 :ile x is h[ev] readily conceivable1 if "o admits t mal>ia is an organiz$ f]m5t :i* easily f9ds ! necess>y conditions = its life & multiplication 9 ! mo/ v>i$ soils1 z is ! case ) millions ( o!r organisms va/ly sup]ior to ! rudim5t>y vegetables :i* con/itute ! liv+ f]m5ts4 ,! same ?+ may be said ( ! progressive int5sity ( ! morbific production 9 ab&on$ mal>i\s di/ricts4 ,?is fact has be5 hi/orically prov$ 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! e>?1 & especially 9 ,italy4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ,grecian1 ,etruscan1 & ,lat9 cities1 ev5 ,rome itself1 sprang up 9 mal>i\s t]ritories & atta9$ a high /ate ( prosp]ity4 ,fir/ among ! reasons = ?is success mu/ be plac$ ! works und]tak5 ) a view ( r5d]+ ^! places m salubri\s1 & :i* less5$ ! evil production1 b almo/ nev] ext+ui%$ x completely4 ,aft] ! ab&onm5t ( ^! localities1 ! production ( mal>ia recomm5c$ 9 a degree :i* w5t on increas+ f age to age1 & :i* has r5d]$ "s ( ^! places actually un9habitable4 ,?is 0 se51 9 ! "t ( ! anci5t ,romans1 9 ,etruria1 :5 x 0 conqu]$ & laid wa/e1 & 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,magna ,grcia1 & ( ,sicily4 ,f ! fall ( ,rome ev5 to ! pres5t day1 ?is ph5om5on has be5 manife/$ 9 a v evid5t mann] 9 ! ,roman ,campagna1 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( :i*1 ev5 up to ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance1 x 0 possible to ma9ta9 pleasure h\ses1 b :i* are n[ unhabitable dur+ ! hot season4 ,9 _m cases ! physical conditions ( ! soil h und]gone no appreciable *ange dur+ c5turies1 s t x is impossible to attribute s enorm\s an augm5tation ( mal>ia to an increase 9 its annual production1 itself increas$ by a progressive alt]ation ( ! *emical composition ( ! soil4 ,b if1 on ! contr>y1 x be admitt$ t mal>ia is caus$ by a liv+ organism ^: successive g5]ations accumulate 9 ! soil1 ! int]pretation ( ?is fact becomes v simple4 ,!re are1 f9ally1 peculi>ities 9 ! local *>g+ ( ! atmosph]e ) mal>ia :i* c be expla9$ only 9 ?is mann]4 ,if ! mal>ial miasm 7 compos$ ( gase\s bodies emanat+ f ! soil1 or r ( *emical f]m5ts =m$ b5ea? ! gr\nd & rais$ into ! air by gases or wat]y vapor1 ! *>g+ ( ! atmosph]e ) ! specific poison ought to arrive at its maximum dur+ ! hotte/ "p ( ! day1 :5 ! gr\nd is heat$ ! mo/ by ! sun's rays1 & :5 ! evaporation ( wat] & all *emical actions atta9 _! maximum int5sity4 ,b ?is is v diff]5t f :at actually occurs4 ,! local *>g+ ( ! atmosph]e is always less /rong dur+ ! m]idian h\rs ?an at ! beg9n+ & ! end ( ! day1 t is to say1 aft] ! ris+1 & especially aft] ! sett+1 ( ! sun4 ,n[ x is precisely at ^! h\rs t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! temp]ature ( ! l[] lay]s ( ! atmosph]e & t ( ! surface ( ! gr\nd is ! greate/1 & t ! asc5d+ curr5ts ( air />t+ f ! gr\nd are ! /ronge/4 ,if mal>ia consi/s ( solid p>ticles conta9$ 9 ! soil1 "o may readily und]/& h[ _! elevation en masse into ! atmosph]e %\ld take place especially at ^! two p]iods ( ! day4 ,all ^! facts1 :i* c be easily v]ifi$ if ! subject ( mal>ia be /udi$ on ! spot & )\t any preconceiv$ notions1 expla9 ! t5d5cy :i* has always be5 manife/$ to attribute ?is specific poison+ ( ! air to a liv+ organism :i* is multipli$ 9 ! soil2 & !y also expla9 ! ardor ) :i* hygi5i/s h appli$ !mselves to ! production ( ! sci5tific pro(4 ,un=tunately ! inve/igations und]tak5 = ?is end h = a long "t be5 fruitless1 = ! preconceiv$ paludal !ory has l$ inve/igators to occupy !mselves exclusively ) ! inf]ior organisms inhabit+ m>%es4 ,among ^! organisms !y /udi$ especially ! hyphomycetes1 :i* _h already acquir$ s great an importance 9 d]matology2 & _! entire att5tion 0 conc5trat$ ^u ! aquatic algae1 )\t ev5 tak+ ! precaution to det]m9e :e!r ! v>ieties :i* !y ?\ght to be mal>ial 7 f\nd 9 all mal>i\s swamps1 or :e!r !y 7 capable ( liv+ )9 ! human organism4 ,x has ?us happ5$ t ea* obs]v] has indicat$ z ! cause ( mal>ia a diff]5t v>iety ( alga1 :i*ev] he f\nd to be mo/ abundant 9 ! swampy gr\nd t he _h to exam9e4 ,?us ,salisbury has indicat$ ! palmella gemiasma1 :i* is f\nd ) u 9 places p]fectly free f mal>ia1 :ile x is (t5 want+ 9 mal>i\s m>%es 9 ! c5t] ( ,italy2 ,bale/ra1 a species ( alga :i* is z yet indet]m9ate2 ,b>gell9i1 ! palmogloea micrococca2 ,saf=d & ,b>tlett1 ! hydroga/rum granulatum2 & ,ar*]1 ! *itonobla/us o]ug9osus4 ,!re is n a s+le "o ( ^! species ! p>asitic nature ( :i* has be5 demon/rat$2 & z reg>ds ! two la/ nam$ v>ieties1 x c be positively d5i$ t !y are capable ( produc+ a g5]al infection1 = ! diamet] ( _! spores & filam5ts is great] ?an t ( ! capill>y blood vessels4 ,x 0 only 9 #ahgi t ,klebs & myself1 aft] hav+ be5 ?or\ghly fre$1 by a long s]ies ( prep>atory /udies1 f ! un=tunate paludal idea1 und]took toge!r "s inve/igations 9 mal>i\s di/ricts ( ! mo/ v>i$ "*1 m>%y & n m>%y4 ,we employ$ ! sy/em ( fractional cultivation1 mak+ exp]im5ts on animals ) ! f9al products ?us obta9$4 ,we felt ourselves ju/ifi$ 9 recogniz+ ! mal>ial f]m5t 9 ! s*izomycete bacillus4 ,! num]\s rese>*es made subsequ5tly by u1 & by _m o!r obs]v]s1 9 ! soil & 9 ! air ( sev]al mal>i\s localities1 z well z 9 ! blood & 9 ! organs ( m5 & animals specifically infect$1 h put x h5ce=? almo/ beyond d\bt t we really h to d ) a s*izomycete4 ,v rec5tly1 ,,mm4 ,m>*iafava & ,celli h succe$$ 9 demon/rat+ t ! g]ms ( ?is s*izomycete attack directly ! r$ blood-globules1 & de/roy !m1 caus+ !m to und]go a s]ies ( v *>act]i/ic *anges :i* admit ( easy v]ification1 & :i* r5d] c]ta9 ! exi/5ce ( a mal>ial infection4 ,sev]al obs]vations made rec5tly 9 ,rome t5d to demon/rate t ! s*izomycete ( mal>ia does n always assume ! complete bacill>y =m describ$ by ,klebs & myself2 b ?is morphological "q possesses no fur!r int]e/ = ! hygi5i/4 ,= him ! ess5tial ?+ is to "k t he has to deal ) a liv+ f]m5t :i* c fl\ri% 9 soils ( v v>i$ composition1 & )\t ! pres5ce ( :i* nei!r m>%es nor /agnant pools ( wat] are capable ( produc+ mal>ia4 ,we mu/ n ?9k1 h[ev]1 t all e>? conta9+ ?is f]m5t is capable ( poison+ ! sup]jac5t atmosph]e4 ,popul> exp]i5ce1 c]ta9 mod]n sci5tific inve/igation1 & ! facts :i* "o c (t5 v]ify :5 ! soil1 :i* 0 mal>i\s 9 anci5t times & :i* has s9ce ceas$ to be s1 is turn$ up to a great dep?1 all agree 9 prov+ t ! gr\nd rema9s in(f5sive z long z x is n plac$ 9 c]ta9 conditions indisp5sable = ! multiplication ( ?is specific f]m5t4 ,up to ?is po9t ! organism lives1 s to speak1 9 an in]t /ate1 & may rema9 s dur+ c5turies )\t los+ any ( its delet]i\s p[]4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ?is fact t ought to surprise u1 s9ce we "k t ! life & ! p[] ( evolution belong+ to ! se$s ( plants ( a mu* high] ord] ?an ^! vegetable organisms con/itut+ f]m5ts1 may rema9 lat5t = c5turies1 & may !n revive at once :5 ^! gra9s are plac$ 9 ! conditions suitable = _! g]m9ation4 ,among ! conditions favorable to ! multiplication ( ! mal>ial f]m5t conta9$ 9 ! soil1 & to its disp]sion ?r\gh ! sup]jac5t atmosph]e1 !re are ?ree :i* are absolutely ess5tial1 & ! concurr5ce ( :i* is indisp5sable = ! production ( bad air 7mal>ia74 ,fir/1 a temp]ature :i* does n fall bel[ #bj;,c4 7#fg4e;,f472 next1 a v mod]ate degree ( p]man5t humidity ( ! soil2 & f9ally1 ! direct action ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air ^u ! /rata ( e>? :i* conta9 ! f]m5t4 ,if a s+le "o ( ^! ?ree conditions be want+1 ! developm5t ( mal>ia becomes impossible4 ,?is is a po9t ( prime importance 9 ! natural hi/ory ( mal>ia1 & x gives u ! key to mo/ ( ! me?ods ( sanit>y improvem5t attempt$ by man4 ,let u see fir/ :at c be done 9 ?is direction )\t ! labor ( man4 ,= nature h]self makes localities salubri\s by susp5d+ = a great] or less "t ! production ( mal>ia4 ,x is ?us t w9t] br+s ab\t 9 e c\ntry a fre$om f mal>ia :i* is purely !rmic1 = x is due simply & entirely to a s9k+ ( ! temp]ature bel[ ! requir$ m9imum4 ,inde$1 if ! temp]ature 9 w9t] rises above ?is m9imum1 !re are (t5 sudd5 outbreaks ( mal>ia4 ,sometimes1 dur+ v w>m & dry summ]s1 ! heat extracts all ! humidity f ! mal>i\s soil1 & ?us procures = u a fre$om f ! disease :i* is purely hydraulic4 ,?is may cont9ue = a long "t 7z happ5$ 9 ! ,roman ,campagna dur+ ! ye>s #ahha & #ahhb71 b may also be completely de/roy$ by a s+le %[]4 ,nature also sometimes r5d]s a di/rict heal?y 9 a mann] purely atmosph]ic1 by cov]+ a mal>i\s soil ) e>? :i* does n conta9 ! mal>ial f]m5t1 or ) a matt+ =m$ ( e>? & ! roots ( grasses gr[+ closely toge!r 9 a natural mead[4 ,9 ! attempts ( purification by susp5d+ ! mal>ial action1 :i* h be5 devis$ by man1 ! same ?+ has be5 done2 t is to say1 x has be5 s\ght1 to elim9ate at lea/ "o ( ! ?ree conditions ess5tial to ! developm5t ( ! specific f]m5t conta9$ 9 ! infect$ soil4 ,naturally1 !y h n ?\ght ( br++ ab\t a !rmic purification1 su* z nature produces 9 w9t]1 because ( ! impossibility ( mod]at+ ! action ( ! sun2 b !y h tri$ f all "t to procure hydraulic or atmosph]ic purifications1 & sometimes to comb9e ^! toge!r 9 a v happy way4 ,! hydraulic sy/ems are v num]\s1 = ! problem :i* is pres5t$1 namely1 t ( depriv+ ! gr\nd ( its humidity dur+ ! hot season1 necessitates diff]5t solutions accord+ to ! nature & ! be>+ ( ! soil4 ,sometimes ?is is done by digg+ op5 or clos+ dit*es int5d$ to draw away l>ge bodies ( wat]4 ,at o!r limes a sy/em ( dra9age is e/abli%$1 by means ( :i* ! wat] is drawn out ( ! e>? & its level is depress$1 s t ! upp] mal>i\s /rata1 expos$ to ! direct action ( ! air1 are depriv$ ( moi/ure dur+ ! hot season4 ,?is sy/em ( dra9age is n a mod]n inv5tion2 ! ,italian monks und]/ood x z well z1 & ev5 bett] ?an1 we d4 ,9 deep & loose soils !y us$ sometimes1 j z we d n[1 por\s clay pipes2 b :5 ! subsoil 0 =m$ ( compact & ne>ly imp]meable matt]s1 !y employ$ a sy/em ( dra9age1 ! ext5t & gr&eur ( :i* a/oni%es u4 ,x is t ( dra9age by cavities1 appli$ by ! ,etruscans1 ,lat9s1 & ,volsci to all ! ,roman hills =m$ ( volcanic tufa1 ! tradition ( :i* ,i h f\nd /ill pres]v$ 9 "s c\ntries ( ! ,abruzzi4 ,we may sometimes e/abli% a d\ble dra9age1 f bel[ & f above2 t is to say1 to dra9 ! subsoil1 & at ! same "t increase ! evaporation ( wat] f ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,x is well kn[n t cle>+ (f ! =e/s ( mal>i\s c\ntries has (t5 prov$ an excell5t means ( mak+ l&s salubri\s :i* 7 be=e too damp2 =1 by remov+ e ob/acle to ! direct action ( ! sun's rays ^u ! gr\nd1 we cause an increase ( evaporation f its surface1 & may ?us be enabl$ to exhau/ ! sup]ficial /rata completely ( _! wat] dur+ ! hot season4 ,9 v moi/ l&s1 :i* l5d !mselves readily to deep dra9age1 ! comb9ation ( ! latt] ) a cle>+ ( ! surface has1 9 almo/ e qu>t] ( ! globe1 r5d]$ possible a v widespread & sometimes a q la/+ fre$om f mal>ia4 ,b1 al?\gh a ne>ly univ]sal exp]i5ce proclaims ?is fact1 !re is a s*ool :i*1 foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( ,lancisi1 ma9ta9s ! contr>y op9ion1 t x is necess>y to pres]ve ! =e/s 9 mal>i\s di/ricts1 & ev5 to increase _! ext5t1 s9ce ! trees filt] ! infect$ atmosph]e & arre/ ! mal>ia 9 _! foliage4 ,?is /range !ory 0 =mulat$ by ,lancisi 9 #agad1 on ! occasion ( ! propos$ cle>+ ( a =e/ belong+ to ! ,caetani family1 & ly+ betwe5 ! ,pont9e ,m>%es & ! di/rict ( ,ci/ema4 ,lancisi 0 completely imbu$ ) ! paludal notion1 & consequ5tly believ$ t ! v sev]e mal>ia ( ,ci/ema 0 br\ght by ! w9ds f ! coa/ m>%es1 in/ead ( be+ produc$ 9 ! soil surr\nd+ ! di/rict1 :i* 0 !n cov]$ by ?is =e/4 ,he believ$ !n t ! =e/ act$ z a protective ramp>t1 & he prev5t$ its be+ cut d[n4 ,b t[>d ! middle ( ! pres5t c5tury ! ,caetani _h ! woods cle>$ (f f ! entire belt ( l& surr\nd+ ,ci/ema4 ,tw5ty ye>s lat] ,i 0 able to %[ t ,ci/ema _h ga9$ greatly 9 salubrity4 ,i publi%$ my obs]vation 9 #ahgi1 &1 naturally1 0 tak5 to task r %>ply 9 ! "n ( ! sacr$ tradition4 ,happily ^! recrim9ations l$ our ,m9i/] ( ,agriculture to h ! "q /udi$ by a special commission4 ,?is commission1 aft] a consci5ti\s exam9ation ext5d+ ov] ?ree ye>s ( all ! mal>i\s localities 9 ! prov9ce ( ,rome1 has j publi%$ its report1#a ! conclusions ( :i* are entirely 9 accord ) ! facts ( univ]sal exp]i5ce4 ,!y 7 n able to v]ify a s+le fact 9 support ( ,lancisi's !ory1 :ile !y f\nd _m ( ! same nature z t ( ,ci/ema1 & :i* h result$ 9 ov]turn+ ! !ory entirely4 ,footnote #a3 ,della influ5za dei bo%i sulla mal>ia dom9ante nella regiona m>ittima della prov9cia di ,roma4 ,annali di ,agricoltura1 ,no4 #gg1 #ahhd4 ,roma3 ,er$i ,botta4 ,x has also be5 ?\ght possible to practice dra9age f above by means ( plantations ( c]ta9 trees :i* w\ld draw consid]able moi/ure f ! e>?1 a me?od :i* might really be s]viceable 9 "s mal>i\s di/ricts4 ,b 9 accordance ) ! idea t mal>ia is a product ( paludal decomposition1 ! trees select$ h almo/ always be5 ! eucalyptus4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ t trees ( s rapid a gr[? ought to dra9 ! soil v actively1 & also t ! aroma ( _! foliage ought to de/roy ! miasmatic emanations4 ,i h hi!rto be5 unable to v]ify a s+le in/ance ( ! de/ruction ( mal>ia by eucalyptus plantations1 b ,i d n consid] myself ju/ifi$ 9 d5y+ ! facts :i* h be5 /at$ by o!rs4 ,!re is no?+ to oppose ! admission t ^! plantations1 :5 prop]ly made1 may sometimes h be5 ( great utility4 ,i ma9ta9 frankly1 h[ev]1 t !y h n always be5 s1 & t x is necess>y to gu>d aga9/ ! exagg]ations into :i* "s h all[$ !mselves to fall 9 rec5t times4 ,su* exagg]ations might h be5 avoid$ if1 in/ead ( talk+ ab\t ^! plantations on ! basis ( a !oretical assumption1 ! results only _h be5 /udi$ 9 places :]e ! eucalyptus ab\nds4 ,x w\ld !n h be5 kn[n t ev5 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 ! orig9al home ( ! eucalyptus1 !re are eucalyptus =e/s :i* are v mal>i\s4 ,?is fact has be5 demon/rat$ by ,mr4 ,liv]sige1 pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,sydney1 ,au/ralia4 ,among u also1 al?\gh ev]ybody 0 conv9c$ by ! /atem5ts ( ! press t ! locality ( ! ,tre ,fonta9e1 ne> ,rome1 _h be5 fre$ f mal>ia by means ( ! eucalyptus1 p 7 disagreeably surpris$ by an outbreak ( v grave fev] occurr+ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ?is colony 9 #ahhb1 a ye> 9 :i* all ! re/ ( ! ,roman ,campagna enjoy$ an exceptional salubrity4 ,if1 alongside ( ^! hygi5ic unc]ta9ties1 we place ! agricultural unc]ta9ties1 we mu/ conclude t x is necess>y to cont5d /rongly aga9/ ?is fanatical prejudice 9 favor ( ! eucalyptus tree4 ,^! plants are1 9 fact1 v caprici\s 9 _! gr[?4 ,9 full vegetation dur+ ! w9t] 9 our climate1 !y are (t5 kill$ in/antly by a %>p w9t] fro/1 by damp cold1 by ! fro/s ( spr+1 or by o!r causes :i* ! botani/s h n yet be5 able to det]m9e4 ,at o!r times1 if ! w9t]s are v mild1 ^! plants gr[ too rapidly 9 height1 & !n are brok5 %ort (f by mod]ately /rong w9ds4 ,x %\ld fur!r be m5tion$ t ^! plantations are sometimes v exp5sive4 ,9 fact1 if ! e>? conta9s too mu* wat]1 x mu/ be dra9$ "u p5alty ( see+ ! roots ( ! eucalyptus rot4 ,!n aga91 if ! subsoil is compact1 x is necess>y to dig deep tr5*es 9 ord] to give room to ! long roots ( ^! trees1 & (t5 inde$ ^! tr5*es mu/ also be dra9$1 z is done = olive trees4 ,! conclusion evid5tly is t x is bett] to conf9e ourselves to hydraulic me?ods ( promot+ ! heal? fulness ( a locality1 ! imm$iate effects ( :i* are less unc]ta94 ,& !n1 :5 ! local conditions are su* z to make x desirable to try ! effects ( plants possess$ ( /rongly absorb+ p[]s1 x is bett] to *oose !m f among ! flora ( our own hemisph]e4 ,?is is m sure1 & w co/ less4 ,simple hydraulic me?ods ( purification1 ev5 ! mo/ p]fect1 d n1 h[ev]1 produce p]man5t hygi5ic effects1 s9ce ! moi/ure necess>y = ! multiplication ( ! mal>ia 9 ! soil is s slight t ^! effects may be compromis$ by any?+ :atev] t is capable ( re/or+ a mod]ate degree ( humidity to ! gr\nd dur+ ! hot season4 ,x has (t5 be5 ?\ght t a susp5sion ( mal>ial production w\ld be bett] assur$ by suppress+ at ! same "t ! humidity ( ! soil & ! direct action ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air ^u ! sup]ficial /rata ( e>? :i* conta9 ! f]m5t4 ,?is has be5 successfully accompli%$ by ! sy/em ( ov]lay+ 7combles74 ,?is consi/s 9 cov]+ ! infect$ soil by ?ick lay]s ( un9fect$ e>?1 c>ri$ !re ei!r by ! muddy wat]s ( riv]s or by ! h& ( man4 ,at ! same "t ! /eady dra9age ( ! surface & und]gr\nd wat] is provid$ =4 ,la/ ye> ,i advis$ our ,m9i/] ( ,w> to und]take 9 ano!r =m a hydraulico-atmosph]ic purification ( ! di/rict ( ! ,janiculum surr\nd+ ! ,salviati ,palace on ! ,via della ,long>a1 by dra9+ ! soil c>efully & cov]+ ) a lay] ( v close turf all ! p>ts ( ! surface :i* c\ld n be macadamiz$4 ,x w\ld seem z if ?is sy/em _h be5 r successful1 s9ce !re has n be5 ?is ye> a s+le case ( fev] 9 ! p]sonnel ( ! new milit>y college1 e/abli%$ 9 ! ,salviati ,palace2 :ile 9 ! ,corsimi ,palace1 :i* is situat$ on ! same side ( ! ,via della ,long>a1 b :i* looks out ^u t "p ( ! ,janiculum :i* is /ill uncov]$1 !re h be5 "s fatal cases ( fev]4 ,fur!rmore1 we h _h 9 ,rome1 dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 "s v evid5t pro(s ( ! efficacy ( atmosph]ic me?ods ( purification4 ,i w conf9e myself to ! relation "h only ( ! mo/ /rik+ in/ance1 "o :i* has be5 furni%$ u 9 ! build+ up ( new qu>t]s ( ! city4 ,!re 0 mu* discussion at fir/ z to :e!r ! improvem5ts %\ld be und]tak5 9 ! p>ts :]e !y n[ are or 9 ! valley ( ! ,tib]1 = ! uncov]$ l&s ( ! ,esquil9e & ( ! ,quir9al 7 mal>i\s1 &1 z ne>ly ev]ybody !n ?\ght t ! mal>ia ( ,rome 0 c>ri$ into ! city f ! coa/ m>%es1 x 0 suppos$ t ?is /ate ( ?+s 0 irrem$iable4 ,we oppos$ to ?is view ! fact ( ! salubrity ( ! ,vim9al1 :i* is situat$ betwe5 ! ,esquil9e & ! ,quir9al1 & :i* ought to be z unheal?y z ! two o!r hills 7 ! mal>ia ( ! latt] import$ into ! city in/ead ( be+ indig5\s4 ,believ+ x to be indig5\s1 we hop$ t by %ield+ ! surface ( ^! hills f ! direct action ( ! air 7by build+ h\ses & pav+ ! /reets71 ! mal>ia w\ld cease to be produc$ !re4 ,t is precisely :at has happ5$1 = ! new qu>t]s are v heal?y4 ,b ! mal>ia is only held 9 abeyance1 & is n def9itely ov]come2 = if an ext5sive excavation is made 9 ^! hills1 & ! contact ( ! air ) ! mal>i\s soil is ?us re-e/abli%$1 dur+ a hot & damp season1 ! production ( mal>ia comm5ces anew4 ,a complete atmosph]ic purification is nev]!less ! mo/ /able ( all ! me?ods ( obta9+ a susp5sion ( mal>ial production1 b un=tunately its realization is v limit$1 = x is re/rict$ to inhabit$ localities & to sodd$ surfaces4 ,! ideal me?od ( insur+ fre$om f mal>ia %\ld be to obta9 a p]man5t immunity1 t is1 to be able to modify ! composition ( ! infect$ soil 9 su* a way z to make x /]ile z reg>ds mal>ia1 )\t tak+ f x ! p[] ( furni%+ products useful = ! social economy4 ,b all ! elem5ts indisp5sable = obta9+ su* a result fail u utt]ly j "h4 ,we d n yet "k :at ought to be1 9 g5]al t]ms1 ! composition ( a soil incapable ( produc+ mal>ia1 yet reta9+ ^? prop]ties :i* are suitable = vegetation4 ,:5 we %all h arriv$ at ?is fir/ /age1 !re w /ill be a long road to travel2 & ! mo/ difficult "p w be to discov] a practical means ( imp>t+ ?is salut>y composition to all ! num]\s v>ieties ( mal>i\s soils4 ,sci5tifically1 !n1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k we are unable to affirm any?+ on ?is po9t4 ,practically1 we are n mu* fur!r advanc$4 ,x is v probable t ! comb9ation ( hydraulic purification ) a =c$ cultivation ( ! soil has sometimes det]m9$ *anges 9 its composition by :i* x has be5 r5d]$ /]ile z reg>ds mal>ia4 ,if t has happ5$1 x has happ5$ by *ance1 & we are unable to reproduce ! result at w2 = we h n all ! data :i* might enable u to und]/& h[ x has come ab\t4 ,mo/ ( ! purifications obta9$ 9 anci5t times1 by means ( =c$ cultivation1 cont9u$ dur+ c5turies1 h n be5 def9ite at all1 b ! production ( mal>ia has be5 simply susp5d$4 ,h>dly 0 ! regul> cultivation ( ! fields int]rupt$ ?an ! production ( mal>ia recomm5c$4 ,among ! num]\s examples t ,i might cite 9 ?is connection1 ,i w limit myself to t ( ! ,roman ,campagna4 ,?is seem$ to h be5 made p]man5tly heal?y "u ! ,antonii1 b aft] ! fall ( ! empire x began aga9 to produce mal>ia1 z if ! =c$ cultivation ?r\gh s _m c5turies _h nev] be54 ,"o might1 /rictly speak+1 be cont5t ) su* a result1 & boldly und]take =c$ cultivation ( all mal>i\s di/ricts1 )\t /opp+ to asc]ta9 :e!r ! fre$om f mal>ia s obta9$ w\ld be def9ite1 or :e!r ! production ( ! poison 7 only susp5d$4 ,un=tunately1 "o is nev] sure ( arriv+ at su* a result1 & no "o c say1 priori1 :e!r ! =c$ cultivation ( a giv5 mal>i\s tract w r5d] x heal?ful4 ,x mu/ always be rememb]$ t ! fir/ effect ( =c$ cultivation1 :i* requires an ov]turn+ ( ! soil by means ( ! pl[1 ! spade1 & ! pick1 is an un=tunate "o1 f a hygi5ic po9t ( view1 :5ev] we h to deal ) a mal>i\s c\ntry4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n1 especially 9 ,italy & ,am]ica1 t ?is ov]turn+ ( ! soil almo/ inv>iably increases ! local production ( mal>ia4 ,& ?is c be readily und]/ood1 s9ce ! pl[+ & ! digg+ 9 a soil conta9+ ! specific f]m5t increase ! ext5t ( surface ( ! gr\nd 9 imm$iate contact ) ! atmosph]e4 ,?is fir/ mis*iev\s effect is (t5 gradually weak5$ by ! cont9u$ cultivation1 & may end by disappe>+4 ,at o!r times1 on ! contr>y1 x p]si/s ob/9ately1 & "o is (t5 =c$ 9 desp]ation to ! resolve to level ! gr\nd aga9 & to v>ni% x1 s to speak1 ) a ?ick s[+ ( grass1 if he wi%es to susp5d or weak5 ! mal>ial production4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ! local conditions w p]mit1 x is well to try :e!r1 by means ( =c$ cultivation ( ! soil1 x may n be possible to increase ! efficacy ( ! hydraulic me?od ( procur+ immunity f mal>ia1 or ( ! hydraulico-atmosph]ic me?od ( ov]lay+4 ,! mom5t t x is kn[n t ?is cultivation has frequ5tly be5 advantage\s1 !re comes =w>d a cr[d ( social reasons :i* induce u to attempt x1 ev5 ?\gh we be p]suad$ t we are ab\t to engage 9 a game ( *ance4 ,b to d>e to attempt x is n all t is necess>y2 we ne$ also ! possibility ( s do+1 & j "h we f9d ourselves 9 a vici\s circle f :i* x is n easy to em]ge4 ,=c$ cultivation _c be accompli%$ )\t ! pres5ce ( agriculturi/s 9 ! region dur+ ! entire ye>2 & ! agriculturi/s _c rema9 9 ! region dur+ ! fev] season1 = !y run !reby too great a risk4 ,= ! solution ( ?is "q !re is b "o means3 try to increase ! p[] ( resi/ance ( ! human organism to ! attacks ( ! mal>ia4 ,x is to a se>* aft] ! means ( accompli%+ ?is result t ,i h devot$ myself dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s4 ,!re is no?+ to hope =1 z reg>ds mal>ia1 9 acclimation4 ,individual acclimation is1 & always has be51 impossible4 ,! mal>ial infection is n "o ( ^? a fir/ attack ( :i* conf]s immunity f o!r attacks4 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 a progressive infection1 ! duration ( :i* is indet]m9ate1 & :i* is ( su* a nature t a s+le attack may suffice to ru9 ! con/itution = life4 ,collective or racial acclimation c]ta9ly exi/$ 9 ! pa/1 at a "t :5 specific rem$ies = p]nici\s mal>ia 7 unkn[n2 & ev5 lat]1 :5 ! employm5t ( ^! rem$ies 0 v limit$4 ,! acclimation 0 due to a natural selection made by ! mal>ia ^u successive g5]ations1 f :i* x took away1 almo/ )\t opposition1 all ^? :o possess$ b a feeble individual p[] ( resi/ance to ! specific poison1 :ile x sp>$ ^? :o possess$ ?is p[] ( resi/ance 9 an extraord9>y degree4 ,! fir/ 71 accord+ to ! ,grecian my?1 ! human victims de/9$ to appease ! mon/] or demon :o oppos$ ! violation ( ! t]ritory ov] :i* he _h up to t "t ex]cis$ an absolute sov]eignty4 ,! second became ! f\nd]s ( ! race1 & ?r\gh !m1 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 ! collective p[] ( resi/ance to ! mal>ia 0 progressively increas$4 ,9 our own days a l selection may take place among b>b>\s races1 z x does among ! cattle & ! horses 9 a mal>i\s region1 b x has become an impossibility among civiliz$ nations4 ,by means ( ! specific rem$ies :i* we possess1 ! use ( :i* is n[ s g5]al1 ! lives ( a l>ge numb] ( individuals ^: resi/+ p[]s are v feeble are pres]v$2 & ^! individuals beget o!rs ^: p[] ( resi/ance to ! action ( ! specific poison is /ill m feeble4 ,?is results aft] a numb] ( g5]ations 9 ! physical degradation ( t "p ( ! human race :i* inhabits mal>i\s c\ntries4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 9 ! future1 c\nt ^u ! assi/ance ( ext]nal natural =ces to increase ! p[] ( resi/ance ( human society aga9/ ! assaults ( mal>ia4 ,su* an object c be obta9$ only by artificial means4 ,x has be5 s\ght to atta9 ?is end by ! daily adm9i/ration ( ! salts ( qu99e1 ( ! salicylates1 & ( ! t9cture ( eucalyptus1 ea* & e "o tri$ 9 turn4 ,b ! salts ( qu99e are de>1 ex]cise a prompt1 ?\gh v transi5t anti-mal>ial action1 &1 :5 adm9i/]$ = a long "t1 di/urb r s]i\sly ! functions ( ! dige/ive & n]v\s sy/ems4 ,! salicylates1 :5 well prep>$1 are r de>1 & !re is z yet no pro( t !y possess prophylactic p[]s aga9/ mal>ia4 ,! alcoholic t9cture ( eucalyptus is useful 9 mal>i\s regions 7z are all ! alcoholics1 beg9n+ ) w9e7 9 quick5+ ! circulation ( ! blood2 may x1 p]haps1 also act z a pres]vative aga9/ light attacks ( mal>ia8 ,possibly4 ,b x is v c]ta9 t x possesses no efficacy 9 places :]e mal>ia is sev]e4 ,x w suffice to prove ?is to recall ! two epidemics ( fev] :i* afflict$ ! colony ( ! ,tre ,fonta9e1 ne> ,rome1 9 #ahhj & #ahhb4 ,ev]ybody 0 attack$1 & !re 7 sev]al cases ( p]nici\s fev]1 al?\gh a good prep>ation ( eucalyptus is manufactur$ 9 ! place & is di/ribut$ l>gely to ! coloni/s dur+ ! dang]\s season ( ! ye>4 ,,ars5ic ,,= ,,mal>ia4 ,hav+ sev]al times _h occasion to obs]ve1 9 mal>i\s regions1 t :5 rec\rse 0 _h to ars5ic 9 ord] to subdue fev]s ov] :i* qu99e _h ex]t$ almo/ no effect1 relapses occurr$ b r>ely2 & hav+ be5 able to satisfy myself t ! ars5ical treatm5t sometimes procur$ a p]man5t1 immunity 9 individuals :o are subject to frequ5t attacks ( mal>ia1 ,i began 9 #ahhj to employ ars5ic 7ars5i\s acid7 z a prophylactic 9 c]ta9 portions ( ! ,roman ,campagna4 ,?is rem$y 0 indicat$ 9 an exp]im5t ( ?is sort1 n only by reason ( its durable anti-mal>ial effects1 b also by its l[ price1 by ! b5eficial influ5ce x ex]ts ^u all ! nutritive functions1 & because x has no disagreeable ta/e & may !re=e be giv5 to ev]ybody1 ev5 to *ildr54 ,my fir/ trials 9 #ahhj 7 r enc\rag+1 & ,i felt myself ju/ifi$ 9 engag+ "s proprietors & ! association ( our s\!rn railroads to repeat ! exp]im5ts on a l>ge scale ! foll[+ ye>1 recomm5d+ !m1 h[ev]1 to use ars5ic 9 a solid =m z (f]+ an easy & c]ta9 dosage4 ,?is ext5sive prophylactic exp]im5t began 9 #ahha1 & acquir$ con/antly increas+ proportions 9 #ahhb & #ahhc1 :i* h become /ill l>g] ?is ye>4 ,an exp]im5t ( ?is k9d is n easy to conduct 9 ! beg9n+4 ,! "n1 ars5ic1 fright5s n only ^? :om we desire to submit to its action1 b also ! physicians1 ^: exagg]at$ fe>s h sometimes r5d]$ ! exp]im5ts ( no avail1 s9ce !y 7 conduct$ too timidly & ! doses ( ars5ic employ$ 7 altoge!r insuffici5t4 ,b "s intellig5t m51 especially ,m4 ,ric*i1 physician 9 *ief to ! s\!rn railroads1 7 able spe$ily to triumph ov] ^! ob/acles1 & to place ! exp]im5t on a firm basis4 ,! g5]al te/imony ( all ! facts :i* !y h collect$ t5ds really to prove t :5 ! adm9i/ration ( ars5ic is begun "s weeks be=e ! presum$ season = ! appe>ance ( ! fev]1 & :5 x is cont9u$ regul>ly ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ?is season1 ! p[] ( resi/ance ( ! human organism to mal>ia is increas$4 ,_m individuals ga9$ !reby a complete immunity1 o!rs a p>tial immunity1 t is to say1 !y 7 sometimes attack$ by ! fev]1 b x nev]1 ev5 9 v mal>i\s di/ricts1 assum$ a p]nici\s =m1 & 0 easily subdu$ by v mod]ate doses ( qu99e4 ,la/ ye>1 = example1 9 ! di/rict ( ,bor9o1 :]e ! mal>ia is v sev]e1 ,m4 ,ric*i exp]im5t$ ^u sev5ty-eight employes ( ! s\!rn railroads1 divid+ !m into two equal divisions1 "o ( :i* receiv$ no prophylactic treatm5t1 :ile ! o!r 0 submitt$ to a sy/ematic ars5ical treatm5t4 ,at ! end ( ! fev] season x 0 f\nd t sev]al employes among ! fir/ half _h be5 attack$ by fev]s ( a sev]e type2 :ile ?irty-six ( ^? 9 ! second division _h enjoy$ a complete immunity1 ! ?ree o!rs hav+ be5 attack$1 b s lightly t !y cur$ !mselves by qu99e )\t seek+ m$ical aid4 ,facts ( ?is sort are v enc\rag+1 & ! m s z ! g5]al heal? ( ^? submitt$ to ! prophylactic treatm5t 0 mu* improv$4 ,x 0 f\nd almo/ inv>iably1 ^u ! t]m9ation ( ! exp]im5t1 t !re _h be5 an increase 9 bodily weight & an amelioration ( ! anmia :i* is s common 9 mil>i\s di/ricts4 ,b1 9 ord] to arrive at su* results1 x is necess>y to be at once bold & prud5t4 ,on ! "o h&1 x is necess>y to graduate v c>efully ! daily dose1 nev] exce$+ at ! comm5cem5t ! dose ( two milligrammes 7#c_/ajj gra9 p] diem7 = adults1 & nev] giv+ ! ars5ic ^u an empty /oma*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is necess>y to gradually pu% ! dose up to t5 or twelve milligrammes 7#ae_/ajj or #ah_/ajj7 a day = adults1 9 di/ricts :]e ! mal>ia is v sev]e1 giv+ ! ars5ic 9 su* a way t !re is nev] an accumulation ( ! drug 9 ! /oma*4 ,mo/ ( ! exp]im5ts :i* h be5 und]tak5 ?is ye> are be+ conduct$ on ?is plan1 & !re is reason to hope t !y w give satisfactory results4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 re/ "h if we wi% to atta9 promptly ! end propos$1 namely1 t ( plant+ colonies 9 mal>i\s di/ricts )\t expos+ ! coloni/s to grave dang]4 ,ev5 if we realize p]fectly ! hope :i* ,i conceiv$ 9 #ahhj1 & if we are enabl$ to prove t ars5ic increases man's p[] ( resi/ance to ! assaults ( mal>ia1 we mu/ n imag9e t ev]y?+ is accompli%$4 ,x w take a long "t be=e ! use ( a pres]vative me?od ( ?is k9d becomes g5]aliz$2 we h fir/ to cont5d aga9/ ! fe> :i* ne>ly e "o exp]i5ces :5 ars5ic is m5tion$1 & !n !re w also be difficulty 9 e/abli%+ ev]y:]e a prop] control ov] its adm9i/ration4 ,9 e attempt at ! colonization ( mal>i\s regions x w be necess>y to combat = a long "t ! diseases caus$ by mal>ia1 & we mu/ seek = a me?od ( combat+ !m by a means :i* is 9 ! possession ( ev]ybody1 & :i* %all n be dang]\s to ! g5]al economy ( ! human organism4 ,^? :o d n "k f actual exp]i5ce ! mis]ies ( a mal>i\s c\ntry1 ?9k only ( combat+ ! acute =ms ( infection1 :i* (t5 place ! pati5t 9 dang] ( dea?4 ,b ?is dang]1 ?\gh great1 is = ! mo/ "p imag9>y1 provid$ t assi/ance be obta9$ 9 "t4 ,b t :i* desolates families1 & :i* causes a physical degradation ( ! human race expos$ to ! attacks ( mal>ia1 is ! *ronic poison+1 :i* und]m9es ! spr+s ( life & produces a sl[ b progressive anmia4 ,?is infection (t5 resi/s all human !rapeutic measures1 & is ev5 aggravat$ by ! use ( qu99e1 :i* is giv5 dur+ ! recurr5t p>oxysms ( fev]4 ,qu99e is1 :5 giv5 = a long p]iod ( "t1 a true poison to ! vaso-motor n]ves4 ,! "q1 !n1 is to replace qu99e1 & ! alkaloids :i* possess an analog\s physiological action1 by an ag5t ! efficacy ( :i* aga9/1 *ronic mal>ial poison+ may be great] & ! dang]s ( its employm5t less4 ,,! ,,lemon ,,= ,,mal>ia4 ,a happy *ance has l$ ,dr4 ,magliori to ! discov]y ( an ag5t ( ?is sort :i* 0 traditionally 9 use by c]ta9 ,italian families4 ,x is an exce$+ly simple ?+--m]ely a decoction ( lemon4 ,x is prep>$ by cutt+ up "o lemon1 peel & all1 into ?9 slices1 :i* are !n put into ?ree glassfuls ( wat] & ! :ole boil$ d[n to "o glassful4 ,x is !n /ra9$ ?r\gh l951 squeez+ ! rema9s ( ! boil$ lemon1 & set aside = "s h\rs to cool4 ,! :ole am\nt ( ! liquid is !n tak5 fa/+4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 ,italy1 ,greece1 & ,nor? ,africa1 !y (t5 use lemon juice or a decoction ( lemon se$s1 z a rem$y 9 mal>ial fev]s ( mod]ate int5sity2 & 9 ,guadal\pe !y use = ! same purpose a decoction ( ! b>k ( ! roots ( ! lemon tree4 ,all ^! popul> practices t5d to %[ t ! lemon tree produces a febrifuge sub/ance1 :i* resides 9 all p>ts ( ! plant1 b :i* w\ld seem to be mo/ abundant 9 ! fruit4 ,9 fact1 among ! popul> rem$ies employ$ aga9/ mal>ial infection1 t :i* ,i h j describ$ is ! mo/ efficaci\s1 = x c be employ$ ) good effects 9 acute fev]s4 ,b x is especially advantage\s 9 combat+ ! *ronic infection1 :i* is rebelli\s to ! action ( qu99e1 & 9 remov+ or mod]at+ its deplorable effects4 ,h>dly _h ,i le>n$ ( ?is me?od ( m$ication1 :5 ,i ha/5$ to induce "s proprietors 9 ! ,roman ,campagna to try x ) _! f>m h&s2 &1 aft] witness+ ! good results !re1 ,i endeavor$ to p]suade practition]s to make a trial ( ! same treatm5t4 ,i 0 ridicul$ a little at fir/1 = !y ?\ght x r s+ul> t a pr(essor %\ld be try+ to popul>ize on old woman's rem$y4 ,9 reply to t ,i answ]$ t practical m$ic9e w\ld n h exi/$1 _h x n kn[n h[ to treasure up f age to age ! facts ( popul> exp]i5ce2 & ,i v5tur$ to rem>k t1 _h ! ,c\ntess de ,*9*on wait$ until me?odical rese>*es _h be5 made into ! physiological action ( c9*ona b>k1 be=e popul>iz+ ! rem$y1 ! use ( :i* %e _h le>n$ f ! semi-b>b>\s ,p]uvians1 9 all probability humanity w\ld /ill1 z reg>ds mal>ia1 be dep5d5t ^u ! m$ication practic$ 9 ! middle ages4 ,happily ^! argum5ts _h ! desir$ effect ^u c]ta9 di/+ui%$ practition]s1 "s ( :om1 especially 9 ,sicily & ,tuscany1 h already collect$ toge!r a tol]ably l>ge numb] ( v enc\rag+ obs]vations4 ,"o ( !m1 ,dr4 ,mascagni1 ( ,avezzo1 tri$ ! rem$y 9 8 own p]son1 & succe$$ 9 promptly cur+ an ob/9ate mal>ial fev] :i* _h resi/$ ! action ( qu99e4 ,g5tlem51 9 deal+ ) mal>ia we ought always to hold popul> exp]i5ce 9 high e/eem1 = we owe mu* to x4 ,we owe to x ! fact t we h be5 lib]at$ f ! paludal idea1 & fur!rmore1 t we h le>n$ t x is (t5 bett]1 in/ead ( try+ to prev5t ! importation1 = ! mo/ "p imag9>y1 ( mal>ia f di/ant m>%es1 to suppress its production 9 ! soil "u our feet or 9 t imm$iately surr\nd+ u4 ,we owe to x ! k1 :i* we n[ h1 t mal>ia rises up into ! atmosph]e only to a limit$ height1 s t by plac+ ourselves a little above ?is limit 9 ord] to elim9ate ! possibility ( ! mal>ia be+ c>ri$ up to u by oblique atmosph]ic curr5ts1 we are enabl$ to brea! an air :i* does n conta9 ?is f]m5t1 or :i* conta9s x only 9 insignificant am\nts2 ?us "o may ev5 sleep 9 ! op5 air dur+ ! night 9 v unheal?y di/ricts )\t runn+ any risks4 ,! k ( ?is fact has l$ "s peoples ( ,greece1 & ! inhabitants ( ! ,pont9e ,m>%es1 to sleep 9 ! op5 air on plat=ms rais$ on poles f\r or five met]s 7twelve to fifte5 feet7 9 height4 ,"s p 9 ! ,roman ,campagna h built h\ses = !mselves on top ( ! anci5t tombs1 ! walls ( :i* are p]p5dicul>2 ! ,am]ican ,indians fa/5 _! hammocks z high up z possible to ! trees ( ! mal>i\s =e/s2 & v rec5tly1 ! eng9e]s ( ! ,panama ,railroad _h little wood5 huts built 9 ! trees 9 ord] to procure safety aga9/ ! t]rible outbreak ( mal>ia :i* occurr$ dur+ ! con/ruction ( t iron way4 ,we owe1 f9ally1 to ?is popul> exp]i5ce ! discov]y ( ! specific action ( qu99e1 & ! consequ5t pres]vation ( ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( human lives4 ,:y %\ld we reject a priori & )\t inve/igation o!r useful data :i* x may yet pres5t to our consid]ation8 ,if we wi% to make progress 9 ?is "q ( r5d]+ mal>i\s c\ntries heal?y1 we mu/ always hold be=e our eyes a d\ble object--to f9d a means ( prophylaxis :i* may be accessible to ev]ybody2 &1 at ! same "t1 to f9d a means equally )9 ev]ybody's rea*1 to ov]come *ronic mal>ial poison+ & its evil consequ5ces4 ,sci5ce is /ill too f> beh9d to p]mit u to hope t we %all soon succe$ 9 discov]+ ?is second means by purely sci5tific rese>*es4 ,we ought1 !re=e1 to ga!r toge!r ) great c>e all ! facts :i* po9t to ! possibility ( a solution ( ?is problem1 & if ! measures to :i* ^! facts po9t seem to be incapable ( do+ h>m1 we ought to try !m boldly1 & n be re/ra9$ by a false idea ( ! dignity ( sci5ce4 ,! social importance ( ! problem is too great to all[ ( its solution be+ ret>d$ by ! fe> t sci5tific m5 may be accus$ ( hav+ be5 outrun by ! ignorant4 ,true sci5ce has none ( ^! pu]ile susceptibilities2 on ! contr>y1 x deems x an honor to be able to seize all ! obs]vations ( fact1 :oev] may h be5 _! fir/ record]1 to put !m to ! crucial te/ ( me?odical exp]im5t1 & to conv]t !m into a new /epp+ /one on ! m>* ( human progress4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,halesia ,,hispida4 ,illu/ration3 ,,halesia ,,hispida3 ,,h>dy ,,%rub3 ,,fl[]s ,,:ite4 ,?is f9e h>dy %rub is p]haps be/ kn[n "u ! "n ( ,pt]o/yrax1 b we ?9k g>d5]s w1 q indep5d5tly ( botanical gr\nds1 be incl9$ to ?ank ,messrs4 ,b5?am & ,hook] = r$uc+ ! g5us to ! m easily rememb]$ "n ( ,halesia4 ,halesia hispida is a h>dy ,japanese %rub ( rec5t introduction1 ) num]\s :ite ,deutzia-l fl[]s 9 long t]m9al racemes4 ,a peculi> appe>ance is produc$ by ! arrangem5t ( ! fl[]s on "o side only ( ! bran*lets ( ! infloresc5ce4 ,! botanical hi/ory ( ! plant is well kn[n1 & our illu/ration is suffici5t to %[ ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! plant4 ,x is decid$ly "o ( ! be/ rec5t additions to ! numb] ( h>dy decidu\s fl[]+ %rubs4 ,= ! specim5 :5ce our figure 0 tak5 we are indebt$ to ,w4,e4 ,gumbleton1 ,esq4--,! ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,w9dfl[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fl[]s ,,( ,,anemone ,,decapetala 7,natural ,size74 ,! g5us ,anemone has a great future4 ,ev5 at pres5t its popul>ity is only a little less ?an t ( roses & daffodils1 b :5 we tru/ to se$s z a means ( reproduc+ ! be/ ( w9dfl[]s in/ead ( buy+ dri$ roots f ! %ops1 !n1 & !n only1 w coy anemone become a g>d5 que54 ,a4 coron>ia1 if treat$ z an annual1 furni%es gl[+ blossoms f ,octob] until ,june1 aft] :i* ,a4 di*otoma & ,a4 japonica 9 all its =ms--:ite & rosy--c>ry on ! supply & complete ! cycle ( a ye>'s blossom+4 ,by s[+ good1 newly-sav$ se$ 9 succession f ,febru>y until ,may 9 prep>$ b$s out ( doors1 ! common cr[n anemone may 9 _m sunny1 %elt]$ g>d5s be _h 9 bloom all ! ye> r\nd4 ,?is is say+ a great deal1 b x is true2 inde$1 x is que/ionable if we h any o!r popul> g>d5 fl[] :i* is at once s %[y1 s h>dy1 & s cont9u\s 9 its blossom+4 ,a fri5d beside me says3 ,ah6 b :at ( violas8 ,to :i* ,i reply3 ,gr[ bo? 9 quantity1 s9ce bo? are z v>iable z !y are beautiful4 ,b :5 viola %r9ks 9 foggy ,novemb] f ! fro/ demon1 anemone rises ,pho5ix-l responsive to ! fir/ ray ( sun%9e4 ,besides1 fair ,viola1 ri*ly z %e dresses 9 velvet purple or 9 gold5 %e51 has n yet donn$ t vivid sc>let robe :i* ,que5 ,anemone we>e?1 nor are h] wrapp]s ( cele/ial azure s pure2 & blue is1 z we all "k1 ! highe/ note ( color+ 9 floral music4 ,b comp>isons are n requir$1 ,anemones are v>iable & beautiful en\gh to be gr[n = !mselves alone4 ,no matt] :e!r we look at a wav+ mass ( sp>kl+ w9dfl[]s 9 a v9ey>d or cornfield by ! ,m$it]ranean1 or walk knee deep among ! silv]y />s ( ,a4 nemorosa 9 an ,engli% wood--silv]y />s 9 a sea ( bluebells--!y are alike satisfy+4 ,i believe t !re is any am\nt ( raw mat]ial 9 ! g5us ,anemone--h>dihood1 good =m & habit1 & color+ alike delicate & brilliant2 & :at we n[ want is t amateurs %\ld gr[ !m ) ! att5tion & c>e t h be5 lavi%$ ^u roses & lilies & daffodils4 ,b1 alas6 we h "s caprici\s beauties 9 ?is gr\p4 ,a4 coron>ia & "s o!r species succe$ well treat$ z se$l+ h>dy annuals1 & o!rs1 z ,a4 ap5n9a1 ,a4 ,rob9soni1 ,a4 ,pulsatilla1 ,a4 di*otoma1 & ,a4 japonica1 may be multipli$ ad inf9itum by cutt+s ( ! root4 ,x is :5 we come to ! ari/ocratic ,alp9e =ms1 to ,a4 alp9a1 ,a4 sulphurea1 ,a4 n>cissiflora1 etc41 t difficulties alike ( propagation & ( culture te/ our skill to ! utt]mo/4 ,t\ri/s fond ( g>d5s walk ov] ^! plants 9 bloom e ye>2 !y dig up roots & s5d !m home2 b !y are z yet v r>e 9 ev5 ! be/ ( g>d5s4 ,nor is x easy to re> !m f se$s4 ,a ye> ago ,i s[$ se$ by ! ounce ea* ( ,a4 alp9a & ( ,a4 sulphurea1 b z yet n a s+le plantlet has rew>d$ me = my tr\ble4 ,ev5 fre%ly ga!r$ se$s ( ,a4 n>cissiflora w n g]m9ate ) me1 b ,i live 9 hopes ( surm\nt+ little difficulties ( ?is k9d1 & 9 ! mean "t1 p]haps1 o!rs m =tunate w tell u h[ to am5d our unsuccessful ways4 ,"o ( ! prettie/ species :i* is n[ 9 fl[] 9 our g>d5s is ! pure :ite ,a4 di*otoma1 :i* c>ries on ! succession aft] ! ,sn[drop anemone 7,a4 sylve/ris7 has pass$ away4 ,!n we h dreams1 & l5d will+ e>s to ! oral traditions ( ,anemone alba4 ,is ?is species 9 cultivation1 or :]e may a figure ( x be se58 ,x is said to be ( neat habit1 #ab in*es high1 ) erect1 sauc]-%ap$1 :ite blossoms #c in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! species we n[ figure is well wor? a place1 be+ easily rais$ f se$s4 ,x is call$ ,anemone decapetala1 & if n by any means a %[y species1 tufts ( x ?ree ye>s f se$ h ?is season be5 v pretty4 ,x gr[s less ?an a foot 9 height1 & be>s pale creamy yell[ fl[]s ! size ( a %ill+ on bran*$ fl[]+ /ems2 ea* blossom has eight or n9e sepals ar\nd a yell[i% gre5 c5t]4 ,"s ( our clumps _h f a doz5 to tw5ty fl[]s op5 at ! same "t1 & ! g5]al effect 9 ! e>ly morn+ sun%9e is a v pretty "o4 ,we h ano!r species simil> 9 habit :i* is j n[ a mass ( rosy buds1 & if y bl[ op5 its sepals1 !y are ( a bright mag5ta color inside1 b ,i nev] yet saw a fl[] op5 naturally on ?is plant4 ,j z ! sepals op5 at ! tips1 & y ?9k !y are ab\t to exp&1 !y %rivel & fall away1 leav+ a tuft ( gre5i% yell[ /am5s 9 ! c5t]4 ,is x ,a4 ,hudsoni8 ,ano!r species n (t5 se51 b well wor? culture1 is ,a4 co]ulea1 a k9d ) f9ely cut leaves & purpli% blue fl[]s4 ,!n ,a4 coron>ia1 ,! ,bride1 a pure creamy :ite k9d1 ) fl[]s #c in*es across1 rais$ by ,van ,vels51 ( ,ha>lem1 is really a good addition to ^! da9ty blossoms1 & af=ds a vivid contra/ to ! fi]y ,a4 fulg5s4 ,i h receiv$ ?is ye> "s roots ( anemones1 iris1 & o!r h>dy fl[]s f ! site ( anci5t ,troy1 & tru/ t "s ( ^!1 if n new1 w be beautiful additions to our g>d5s4 ,! true ,a4 vitifolia f nor!rn ,india does well 9 mild localities2 b be/ ( all ( ?is p]5nial l>ge-leav$ race is ,a4 japonica alba1 ! que5 ( all autumnal k9ds1 rival+ ! be/ ( all h>dy bord] fl[]s 9 purity & fre$om ( blossom+4 ,tak5 z a class1 w9dfl[]s are s beautiful t we _c gr[ !m too pl5tifully1 & b few o!r g5]a w s well repay cultural att5tion at all seasons4--,f4,w4,b41 9 ,! ,g>d54 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/ory ,,( ,,lieut4 ,,greely',s ,,recov]y4 ,! /ory ( ,lieut4 ,greely's recov]y aft] 8 rescue f ,cape ,sab9e is giv5 by ,pass$ ,assi/ant ,surgeon ,edw>d ,h4 ,gre51 ,u4,s4,n1 ( ! relief %ip ,!tis1 9 a communication to ! ,m$ical ,record4 ,! cases ( ,greely's six fell[ survivors1 x is rem>k$1 7 v simil> to 84 ,! condition ( all 0 s desp]ate t a delay ( two h\rs 9 ! camp 0 necess>y be=e !y c\ld be remov$ to ! relief vessels4 ,br&y1 milk1 & beef ess5ce 7 adm9i/]$4 ,lieut4 ,greely's disease is call$ by ! surgeon a/h5ia1 a dim9ution ( ! vital =ces4 ,greely fa9t$ aft] be+ c>ri$ to ! w>droom ( ! ,!tis4 ,:5 he 0 br\ght to1 a teaspoonful ( m9c$ raw fre% beef 0 giv5 to him4 ,8 clo!s 7 c>efully cut (f ( him1 & heavy r$ flannels1 previ\sly w>m$1 7-sub/itut$4 ,he 0 excessively enact$1 & 8 body emitt$ an (f5sive odor4 ,8 sk9 hung f 8 limbs 9 flaps4 ,8 face1 h&s1 & scalp 7 black ) a ?ick cru/ ( soot & dirt4 ,he _h n wa%$ himself or *ang$ 8 clo?+ = t5 mon?s4 ,he _h liv$ a long "t at a temp]ature inside ! hut ( f five to t5 degrees above z]o4 ,he 0 n]v\s & irritable1 at times almo/ irrational1 & 8 eyes 7 wild & />+4 ,he insi/$ on talk+1 crav+ news1 & dem&+ food1 b he compla9$ ( no pa94 ,8 tongue 0 dry & crack$1 & coat$ a br[ni% black4 ,he 0 rav5\sly hungry4 ,8 pulse 0 #eb1 & s(t or compressible4 ,8 sk9 0 cold1 clammy1 %rivel$1 & sall[4 ,8 temp]ature "u ! tongue 0 #ig4b deg4 ,!re 0 great muscul> wa/e1 & he 0 unable to move or to /& )\t support4 ,be=e leav+ ,=t ,cong] 9 ,augu/1 #ahhc1 he weigh$ #afh p\nds4 ,he n[ weigh$ #abj p\nds4 ,he 0 c>ri$ abo>d ! ,!tis ab\t #aa ,p4,m4 on ,june #bb1 x be+ !n broad daylight 9 t region1 & 8 treatm5t f t h\r until #h o'clock ! next morn+ 0 a teaspoonful ( m9c$ raw beef1 alt]nat$ e half h\r ) a teaspoonful ( milk pun*4 ,/rict quiet 0 enjo9$4 ,on ,june #bc ,surgeon ,gre5 0 compell$ to all[ him to read "s lett]s f home1 aft] :i* he seem$ less re/less4 ,he talk$ rationally1 b %[$ a loss ( memory 9 (t5 repeat+ :at he _h previ\sly said4 ,he _h n clos$ 8 eyes 9 sleep s9ce 8 rescue4 ,!re 0 excessive con/ipation4 ,! treatm5t 0 ! same z dur+ ! night1 except t f9ely cut raw onion 0 add$ to ! m9c$ beef1 & half an ounce ( milk pun* 0 giv5 e two h\rs4 ,on ! next day1 ,june #bd1 al?\gh he _h yet _h no sleep1 & he %[$ a great desire to talk & read1 !re 7 signs ( improvem5t4 ,he 0 less p]si/5t 9 dem&+ food1 8 tongue pres5t$ a moi/] appe>ance1 he began to compla9 ( sor5ess 9 8 limbs1 & 8 he>t s\nd$ /rong]4 ,surgeon ,gre5 _h him spong$ ) tepid wat]1 & briskly rubb$ ) flannels4 ,he gave him a small quantity ( oatmeal ?or\ghly boil$1 beef ess5ce1 & scrap$ beef & onion4 ,on ! next day1 ,june #be1 ,lieut4 ,greely slept = ! fir/ "t4 ,he awoke aft] two or ?ree h\rs1 mu* refre%$4 ,he talk$ )\t excitem5t1 & 8 tongue & sk9 began to look m natural4 ,8 muscles felt sore1 & 8 ankles 7 puff$4 ,on ! next day1 ,june #bf1 8 m9d 0 tranquil1 b !re 0 a loss ( memory ( words4 ,he 0 all[$ to sit up 9 b$ & read a little4 ,he slept six h\rs4 ,= ! fir/ "t s9ce 8 rescue m$ic9e 0 giv5 him--"s muriate ( iron4 ,on ! next morn+ he got eight ounces ( broil$ /eak & on ! foll[+ day1 ,june #bh1 he dress$ himself & sat up = two h\rs4 ,8 food 0 n[ gradually increas$ f day to day1 & he cont9u$ /eadily to improve4 ,on ,july #a he 0 well bundl$ up1 & all[$ to sit on deck = an h\r 9 ! sun%9e4 ,on ,july #ag1 ! ,!tis arriv$ at ,/4 ,johns4 ,lieut4 ,greely's muscles 7 n[ fill+ out rapidly1 & he 0 all[$ to g on %ore & take ex]cise4 ,"h1 ,surgeon ,gre5 says1 ! lieut5ant committ$ an error 9 diet at ! ,am]ican ,consul's table1 & suff]$ = two days ) a slight attack ( inte/9al indige/ion4 ,on ,july #be1 = ! fir/ "t1 he 0 all[$ to eat ?ree squ>e meals4 ,six weeks aft] 8 rescue he _h ga9$ #di p\nds4 ,he ga9$ #i p\nds ! fir/ week1 #ae p\nds ! second week1 #h p\nds ! ?ird week1 #g p\nds ! f\r? week1 #e p\nds ! fif? week1 & #d p\nds ! six? week4 ,surgeon ,gre5 adds1 "u ! head ( rem>ks3 ,vital depression1 z exhibit$ by ! temp]ature1 n m>k$2 dige/ion fairly good all ! "t2 n]v\s sy/em soon calm$4 ,microscopic exam9ation ( blood disappo9t+2 exhibit+ no unheal?y "* ( r$ blood globules4 ,liv] n secret+4 ,l>ge ga9 9 weight1 due to rapid assimilation ( food1 ow+ to a great muscul> wa/e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,cay ,,monum5t ,,at ,,uxmal4 ,,discov]$ ,,by ,,dr4 ,,le ,,plongeon ,,on ,,june #a1 #ahha4 ,9 #ahha1 we w5t = ! second "t to ! anci5t ru9$ city ( ,uxmal1 ,yucatan1 & liv$ !re f\r mon?s1 mak+ m\lds ( e ornam5t & inscription1 f :i* m\lds p]fect facsimiles ( ^? gr& old palaces c be produc$ 9 pla/]1 & plac$ 9 any exposition or museum4 ,dur+ our /ay !re1 on ,june #a1 ,dr4 ,le ,plongeon _h ! great satisfaction ( discov]+ a monum5t1 a spl5did "w ( art 9 all its pri/9e beauty1 fre% z :5 ! arti/ put ! f9i%+ t\* to x1 )\t blemi%1 unh>m$ by "t1 & n ev5 look$ ^u by man s9ce x 0 conceal$1 ages ago1 :]e ,dr4 ,le ,plongeon discov]$ x ?r\gh 8 int]pretations ( c]ta9 inscriptions4 ,x 0 probably hidd5 to save x f de/ruction1 betwe5 ! six? & sev5? c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 :5 ! ,naualts invad$ & ov]ran ! c\ntry1 demoli%+ _m art treasures ( ! ,mayas4 ,illu/ration ,! monum5t repres5ts a ma/odon head1 ) v>i\s ornam5ts above & bel[ x1 ! :ole measur+ #c4ej m4 7#aa feet #d in*es7 9 height1 & 9 wid? #a4be m4 7#d feet #a in*74 ,above ! ma/odon head !re is a *a91 ne>ly #aj in*es deep2 ! /ones =m+ ! l9ks are sculptur$ & fitt$ into ea* o!r j l ! rattles ( a rattlesnake2 & yet high] ano!r r[ ( /ones resembl+ knots4 ,! upp]mo/ "p is compos$ ( /ones t incl9e outw>d f above2 !y are flat1 measur+ #j4ee by #j4de c5timet]s 7#ba in*es by #ag in*es71 & are cov]$ ) v>i\s signs p]ta9+ to c]ta9 my/]ies4 ,on ! sides ( ! ma/odon's trunk are ^! signs ,illu/ration3 7an x & a circle ) a dot 9 ! middle7 :i* read ,tza1 & means t :i* is necess>y4 ,b5ea? ! trunk & ! upp] jaw is :at is meant to repres5t ! di/5d$ jaws ( a s]p5t2 on x is inscrib$ ! family "n1 1 ,c1 ! m\? 7*i7 ( ! s]p5t giv+ ! second "p ( ! "n4 ,can*i means s]p5t's m\?1 & 0 ! "n ( ! royal family t rul$ ov] ! ,mayas :5 _! civilization 0 at its height4 ,)9 ! s]p5t's jaws is ! greate/ gem ( ,am]ican sculpture yet discov]$4 ,x is a head & ?roat1 sculptur$ 9 ! r\nd1 ( ,cay ,can*i1 ! high prie/ & eld] bro!r ( ! w>rior ,*aacmol1 ^: /atue we exhum$ f #h met]s bel[ ! soil 9 ,*i*5 ,itza1 dur+ ! ye> #ahgf2 :i* /atue 0 aft]w>d robb$ f u by ! ,mexican gov]nm5t1 & is n[ 9 ! museum at ,mexico city4 ,! /one out ( :i* ! beautiful head is cut is n poli%$1 b wr\ght s f9ely z to almo/ imitate ! texture ( ! sk94 ,x is decid$ly a good look+ face4 ,! no/rils are mo/ delicately *isel$1 & ! c>tilage pi]c$2 ! eyes are op51 & cle>ly m>k$4 ,on ! "r *eek is 8 totem1 a fi% trac$ 9 exce$+ly small cross b>s4 ,! =ehead is well =m$1 n retreat+1 & incircl$ by a diadem compos$ ( small disks1 f ! front ( :i* projects a p]fect fi%'s head4 ,! hair is %ort 9 front1 & hangs l a fr+e on ! upp] "p ( ! =ehead1 b is long] at ! sides1 hang+ 9 /raight locks4 ,on ! wall aga9/ :i* ?is monum5t is built1 fea!rs are sculptur$1 =m+ a canopy4 ,su* a sup]b *ef d'oeuvre proves beyond d\bt t ! ,maya arti/s 7 9 no way inf]ior to ^? ( ,assyria & ,egypt4 ,hav+ be5 s unju/ly depriv$ ( ,*aacmol )\t any remun]ation = our "t1 labor1 & exp5diture1 we decid$ to save ! ,cay monum5t f de/ruction at any co/1 = %\ld any ignorant p]sons attempt to move x1 !y w\ld break x 9 s do+2 s1 aft] mak+ a m\ld ( x1 we gu>d$ x mo/ securely1 z we consid]$ be/1 aft]w>d inclos+ x ) planks1 !n built x up & left x z we _h f\nd x4 ,sr4 ,don ,rom]o ,ancona1 !n ,gov]nor ( ,yucatan1 0 v mu* provok$ because we w\ld n reveal ! :]eab\ts ( our f9d1 b ga9$ no?+ by x1 & ! beautiful monum5t is /ill safe4 ,,alice ,d4 ,,le ,,plongeon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,roll$ gold is made by ca/+ an +ot ( brass1 & :ile ?is is /ill hot p\r+ ^u x a ?9 lay] ( gold alloy4 ,! +ot :5 cold is =c$ betwe5 /eel roll]s until a long1 ?9 ribbon is produc$1 ( :i* ! proportion ( gold & brass is ! same z ( ! +ot4 ,! p]c5tage ( gold is r$uc$ z l[ z two & ?ree p] c5t4 ,?is roll$ gold is us$ 9 mak+ *eap bracelets & wat* *a9s4 ,x we>s f "o to t5 ye>s4 ,a ,,catalogue1 conta9+ brief notices ( _m important sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is (fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,subscription1 #e ,a ,,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #bfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #ch ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! "n & resid5ce ( ! ,pat5tee4 ,by ! imm5se circulation ?us giv51 public att5tion is direct$ to ! m]its ( ! new pat5t1 & sales or introduction (t5 easily effect$4 ,any p]son :o has made a new discov]y or inv5tion c asc]ta91 free ( *>ge1 :e!r a pat5t c probably be obta9$1 by writ+ to ,,munn ,co4 ,we also s5d free our ,h& ,book ab\t ! ,pat5t ,laws1 ,pat5ts1 ,caveats4 ,trade ,m>ks1 _! co/s1 & h[ procur$4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #bfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,bran* ,(fice1 cor4 ,f & #g? ,/s41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4