,,the    ,,atlantic ,,monthly4    ,a    
,,magazine ,,of ,,literature1 ,,art1    
,,and ,,politics4           99       99 
99       99       99    ,,vol4          
,,vi4--,,july1 #ahfj4--,,no4 ,,xxxiii4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,,meteorology4    ,a ,,glance ,,at ,,the
 ,,science4    ,the purpose of this     
article is to present1 in a brief and   
simple manner1 the leading principles on
 which the science of  ,meteorology is  
founded1--rather1 however1 in the spirit
 of an  inquirer than of a teacher4     
,for1 notwithstanding the rapid         
progress it has made within the last    
thirty years1 it is far  from having the
 authority of an exact science2 many of 
its  phenomena are as yet inexplicable1 
and many differences of  opinion among  
the learned remain unreconciled on      
points at first  sight apparently easy  
to be settled4    ,meteorology has      
advanced very far beyond its original   
limits4  ,spherical vapor and           
atmospheric space give but a faint idea 

of its  range4 ,we find it a leading    
science in ,physics1 and having intimate
  relations with heat1 light1           
electricity1 magnetism1 winds1 water1   
vegetation1 geological changes1 optical 
effects1 pneumatics1  geography1--and   
with climate1 controlling the pursuits  
and  affecting the character of the     
human race4 ,it is so intimately        
blended1 indeed1 with the other matters 
here named1 as scarcely to  have any    
positive boundary of its own2 and its   
vista seems ever  lengthening1 as we    
proceed4    ,without dwelling upon the  
numerous consequences which flow from   
meteorological influences1 let us see   
what is properly included under  the    
subject of ,meteorology4 ,and first1 of 
the ,atmosphere4    ,this is a gaseous1 
vapor-bearing1 elastic fluid1           
surrounding the  earth4 ,its volume is  
estimated at #a_/bith1 and its weight at
 about  #dc_/ajjjths1 that of the globe4
 ,it is composed of #ba parts in weight 
of ,oxygen and #gg of ,nitrogen1 with a 

little ,carbonic ,acid1  ,aqueous       
,vapor1 and a trace of ,carburetted     
,hydrogen4 ,there are  numerous         
well-known calculations of the          
proportions of the various  constituents
 of the atmosphere1 which we owe to     
,priestley1 ,dalton1  ,black1           
,cavendish1 ,liebig1 and others2 but    
that given by ,professor  ,ansted is    
sufficiently simple and intelligible4   
,in #aj volumes or  parts of it1 he     
gives to    ,oxygen1 the great supporter
 of life    #b4ajj  ,nitrogen1 7not     
condensible under #ej    atmospheres1   
and not respirable or    combustible17  
#g4gej  ,aqueous ,vapor                 
4l#db  ,carbonic ,acid                  
4#jjd  ,carburetted ,hydrogen           
4#jjd                                   
#aj4jjj    and he adds a trace of       
,ammoniacal ,vapor4 ,it is usual to     
state the  proportions of air as being  
#a ,oxygen to #d ,nitrogen4    ,it is a 
curious fact1 that1 while there are six 
varieties of compounds  of nitrogen and 

oxygen1 but one of these is fitted to   
sustain life1  and that is our          
atmosphere4    ,it is well enough to    
note1 that1 when we use the word volume 
or  measure1 in speaking of the         
atmosphere or any gaseous body1 we adopt
  the theory of ,gay-,lussac1 who       
discovered that gases unite with each   
other in definite proportions whenever  
they enter into combination4  ,this     
theory led to important results2 for by 
knowing the elements of a  compound gas1
 we easily determine its specific       
gravity4    ,it has been attempted to   
apply the principle to organic bodies2  
but it has not yet been carried to a    
full and satisfactory  conclusion4 ,it  
may be noticed1 too1 that ,dalton       
affirmed that  simple substances unite  
with each other in definite weights  to 
form compound substances1 thus          
supporting the idea of  ,lussac4 ,these 
discoveries were made about the same    
time1  ,dalton having the credit of     
originating them4 ,various modifications

  of the principle have been from time  
to time presented to public  attention4 
,whether the constituents of the        
atmosphere are chemically or            
mechanically combined1--one of the      
things about which the learned are  not 
fully agreed1--it is found to be        
chemically the same in its              
constituents1 all over the world1       
whether collected on mountains or on    
plains1 on the sea or on the land1      
whether obtained by aronauts miles      
above the earth or by miners in their   
deepest excavations4 ,on the  theory of 
its mechanical combination1 however1 as 
by volume1 and that  each constituent   
acts freely for itself and according to 
its own laws1  important speculations   
7conclusions1 indeed7 have arisen1 both 
as  regards temperature and climatic    
differences4 ,it should be observed1    
that volume1 as we have used the word1  
is the apparent space occupied1  and    
differs from mass1 which is the         
effective space occupied1 or the  real  

bulk of matter1 while density is the    
relation of mass to volume1  or the     
quotient resulting from the division of 
the one by the other4  ,those empty     
spaces which render the volume larger   
than the mass are  technically called   
its pores4    ,has the composition of   
the atmosphere changed in the lapse of  
years8  ,on this point both ,french and 
,german philosophers have largely       
speculated4 ,it is computed that it     
contains about two millions of  cubic   
geographical miles of oxygen1 and that  
#ab1ejj cubic geographical  miles of    
carbonic acid have been breathed out    
into the air or  otherwise given out in 
the course of five thousand years4 ,the 
inference1 then1 should be1 that the    
latter exists in the air in the         
proportion of #a to #afj1 whereas we    
find but #d parts in #aj1jjj4 ,dumas    
and ,bossingault decided that no change 
had taken place1 verifying  their       
conclusion by experiments founded on    
observations for more than  thirty-five 

years4 ,no chemical combination of      
oxygen and nitrogen  has ever been      
detected in the atmosphere1 and it is   
presumed none will  be4           99    
99       99       99       99    ,the   
atmosphere possesses1 as may be readily 
imagined1 many important                
characteristics4 ,one of these is       
,weight4    ,this is demonstrated by    
simple1 yet decisive experiments4 ,the  
discovery of the fact is attributed to  
the illustrious ,galileo1 but  to modern
 science we owe all the certainty1      
variety1 and elegance of  the           
demonstration4 ,a vessel containing a   
quantity of air is weighed2  the air is 
exhausted from it and it is weighed     
again4 ,an accurate  scale will then    
detect the difference of weight4 ,a     
cubic foot of air  weighs #a4b oz4      
,hence a column of air of one inch in   
diameter and a  mile in height weighs   
#dd oz4    ,the atmosphere is supposed  
to have an elevation of from #de to #ej 
miles1 but its weight diminishes in     

proportion to its height4 ,the  whole   
pressure at the surface of the earth is 
estimated to be #ae lbs4  to the square 
inch2 a person of ordinary size is      
consequently pressed  upon by a weight  
of from #ac to #ad tons4 ,happily for   
us1 the pressure  from without is       
counteracted by the pressure from       
within4    ,the weight of the air is of 
great importance in the economy of      
,nature1  since it prevents the         
excessive evaporation of the waters upon
 the  earth's surface1 and limits its   
extent by unalterable laws4 ,water      
boils at a certain temperature when at  
the earth's surface1 where the  weight  
of the atmosphere is greatest1 but at   
different temperatures at  different    
elevations from the surface4 ,at the    
level of the sea it  boils at #bab4 ,on 
the high plains of ,quito1 #h1gbd feet  
above the sea1  it boils at #aid1 and an
 egg cannot be cooked there in an open  
vessel4  ,at ,potos the boiling-point is
 still lower1 being #ahh1 and the       

barometrical column stands at #ah4      
,indeed1 the experiment is often        
exhibited at our chemical lectures1 of a
 flask containing a small  quantity of  
water1 which1 exhausted of air1 is made 
to boil by the  ordinary heat of the    
hand4    ,fahrenheit proposed to        
ascertain the height of mountains by    
this  principle1 and a simple apparatus 
was contrived for the purpose1 which  is
 now in successful use4 ,the late       
,professor ,forbes of ,edinburgh1  whose
 untimely death the friends of science  
have had so much reason to  deplore1    
ascertained that the temperature of     
boiling water varied  arithmetically    
with the height1 and at the rate of one 
degree of the  thermometric scale for   
every #edi4je feet4 ,multiplying the    
difference  of the boiling-point by this
 number of feet1 we have the elevation4 
,the weight of the atmosphere1 as       
indicated by the barometer1 is also a   
means for ascertaining the height of    
mountains or of plains2 but  correction 

must be made for the effects of         
expansion or contraction1  and for      
capillarity1 or the attraction between  
the mercury and the  glass tube1 at     
least whenever great exactness is       
required4 ,tables for  the convenience  
of calculation are given in several     
scientific works1  and particularly in a
 paper of ,professor ,forbes1 ,ed4      
,trans4 ,vol4 #ae4  ,briefly1 however1  
we may state1 that between #j and #cb1  
#cd  thousandths of an inch must be     
allowed for depression or contraction1  
and between #cb and #eb #cc thousandths4
 ,the weight of the atmosphere  is not  
only affected by rarefaction1 but by    
currents of air1 which  give it a sudden
 density or rarity4 ,those who have     
ascended mountains  have experienced    
both these changes4    ,a common        
experiment to prove the weight of air is
 that of the  ,magdeburg ,hemispheres1 a
 simple contrivance of ,otto ,guericke1 
a  merchant of that city4 ,it is a part 
of every complete philosophical         

apparatus4 ,it consists of brass caps1  
which1 when joined together1 fit        
tightly and become a globe4 ,the air    
within being exhausted1 it will be      
found difficult to separate them4 ,if   
the superficies be #ajj square  inches  
and the height of the mercury be #cj    
inches1 the atmosphere will  press on   
these hemispheres with a weight of      
#a1dge lbs1 requiring the  efforts of   
seven or eight powerful men to tear them
 asunder4 ,one of  these instruments1 of
 the diameter of a ,german ell1 required
 the  strength of #bd horses to separate
 it4 ,the experiment was publicly made  
in #afej at the ,imperial ,diet at      
,rendsborg1 in the presence of the      
,emperor ,ferdinand ,,iii4 and a large  
number of princes and nobles1 much  to  
their astonishment4    ,as compared with
 water1 the air 7the barometer          
indicating #cj1 and the  thermometer    
#ee7 is #hcc times lighter4    ,it is   
this weight of the atmosphere which     
counterbalances that of a  column of    

mercury #bi inches in height1 and a     
column of water #cb to #cd  feet in     
height4    ,the old quaint notion of    
,nature's abhorring a vacuum was found  
to be  practically only an assertion    
that the air had weight4 ,the ordinary  
pump1 commonly called the suction-pump1 
is constructed on this  principle4 ,the 
weight of the atmosphere at the level of
 the sea is  found to be the same all   
over the world4           99       99   
99       99       99    ,we find the    
atmosphere with another                 
characteristic1--,elasticity4           
,however it may be compressed1 air      
returns1 on liberation1 to its  original
 volume1 and while thus perfectly       
elastic it is also the most             
compressible of bodies4 ,this elasticity
 arises from the repulsive  force of its
 particles1 and is always equal to the  
compressive force  which it balances4 ,a
 glass vessel full of air1 placed under 
a receiver  and then exhausted by the   
air-pump1 will burst into atoms4 ,water1

 on  the other hand1 is almost the      
reverse4 ,twenty cubic inches1          
introduced  into a cannon whose sides   
are three inches thick1 cannot be       
compressed  into nineteen inches without
 bursting it4 ,this non-elastic property
 of  water1 with another1 that of       
communicating1 when under the action of 
any force1 an equal pressure in all     
directions1 led to the invention  of the
 hydraulic press4    ,the elasticity of 
the air enables fishes to rise and sink 
in water1  through the action of the    
air-bladder4    ,the sudden compression 
of air liberates its latent heat1 and   
produces  fire4 ,on this principle the  
pneumatic tinder-box is constructed4    
,brockhaus says that air has as yet been
 compressed only into  one-eighth of its
 original bulk4    ,for every degree of 
heat between the freezing-point and the 
boiling-point1  #cb and #bab1 the       
expansion of air is about #a_/dijth     
part1 so that  any invention which seeks
 to use rarefied air as a motive power  

must employ a very intense degree of    
heat1 enough to fuse many kinds  of     
metals4    ,to the celebrated ,mr4      
,boyle and to ,henry ,cavendish1 both of
 ,great  ,britain1 we are indebted for  
most of what we know of this particular 
property of the air4           99       
99       99       99       99           
,density1 or closeness1 is another      
quality of the atmosphere4 ,it has  been
 found to be #ggj times less than that  
of water1 and #ggj cubic  inches of air 
weigh as much as a cubic inch of water4 
,it is in direct  ratio with its        
elasticity1 and there are tables by     
which it may be  determined at different
 altitudes4 ,at the surface of the      
earth1 this  density is indicated as #a2
 at #b-a_/b miles1 as #a_/b2 at #e      
miles1 as #a_/d2  and so on1 the        
difference being in a geometrical       
progression4    ,as we proceed in the   
consideration of our general subject1 we
 shall  find1 under the appropriate     
heads1 that density is not without      

material influence on reflection and    
refraction1 on transparency and  the    
transmission of light1 the presence or  
absence of moisture1 and  the amount of 
heat at the earth's surface1--and we    
might add1 on  health1 and the increase 
or diminution of the vital energies4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,temperature is another branch of our   
subject1 and one involving a  series of 
subordinate topics on which volumes have
 been written1 and  to which are still  
devoted the labors of the most learned  
men of our  day4 ,in this place1 merely 
an out-line can be attempted4           
,temperature is the degree of heat or   
cold in the particles of all  bodies1   
which is perceptible by sensation1 and  
is measurable by their  expansion or    
contraction4 ,it is the key to the      
theory of the winds1 of  rain1 of aerial
 and oceanic currents1 of vegetation and
 climate with  all their multifarious   
and important differences4 ,while the   
inclined  position of the earth on its  

axis and its movement in its elliptical 
orbit influence the general amount of   
heat1 it is rather to the  consequences 
of these in detail that we are called   
when we speak of  temperature4 ,if the  
sun shone on a uniformly level surface1 
everywhere  of the same conducting and  
radiating power1 there would be but     
little  difficulty in tracing the       
monotonous effects of temperature4      
,the reformer ,luther1 as eccentric as  
he was learned and sincere1 is  reported
 to have said1 that1 if he had been     
consulted at the ,creation1  he would   
have placed the sun directly over the   
centre of the world and  kept it there1 
to give unchanging and uniform light and
 heat6 ,it is  certainly much better    
that he was not consulted4 ,in that     
case1 every  parallel of latitude would 
have been isothermal1 or of equal mean  
annual temperature4 ,the seasons would  
have been invariable in  character4     
,some portions of the earth would have  
been scorched to  crispness1 others     

locked up in never-changing ice4        
,vegetation1 instead of being universal1
 would have been confined to a  narrow  
zone2 and the whole human race would    
have been driven together  into one     
limited habitable space1 to interfere   
with1 incommode1 and  destroy each      
other4 ,the arrangement is best as it   
is4    ,we find very important          
modifications of temperature1 occasioned
 not  only by astronomical influences1  
but by local causes and geographical    
characteristics4 ,for while1 as a       
general rule1 the nearer we approach    
the equator1 the warmer we shall be1 yet
 temperature is greatly  affected by    
mountains1 seas1 currents of air or     
water1 by radiation1  by forests1 and by
 vegetation4 ,it is found1 in fact1 that
 the lines of  temperature1 7the happy  
conception of ,humboldt17 when they are 
traced  upon the map1 are anything but  
true zones or circles4    ,the line of  
the greatest mean warmth is not         
coincident with the  equator1 but falls 

to the north of it4 ,this line at #afj  
,w4 ,long1 from  ,greenwich is #d below 
the geographical equator2 at #hj it is  
about #f  north1 sweeping along the     
coast of ,new ,granada2 at #bj it comes 
down  and touches the equator2 at #dj   
,e4 ,long41 it crosses the ,red ,sea    
about  #af north of the equator1 and at 
#abj it falls at ,borneo1 several       
degrees below it2--and the points of the
 greatest heat1 in this line1  are in   
,abyssinia1 nearer the tropic of ,cancer
 than to the equator4 ,on  the other    
hand1 the greatest mean cold points1    
according to the  opinions of ,humboldt1
 ,sir ,david ,brewster1 and others1 do  
not coincide1  as would seem natural1   
with the geographical poles1 but they   
are both  to be found in the northern   
hemisphere1 in ,latitude #hj1 #ie;,e4   
,long4  and #ajj ,w4 ,long4 from        
,greenwich4 ,the western is ascertained 
to be  #d-a_/b colder than the eastern  
or ,siberian4 ,if this be the fact1--but
  it is not positively admitted1--an    

open sea at the pole may be  considered 
as probable1 on the ground of its having
 a higher mean  temperature than is     
found at #hj4 ,kaemptz places one of    
these cold  points at the north of      
,barrow's ,straits1--the other near     
,cape ,taimur1  in ,siberia4 ,burghaus1 
in his ,atlas1 transfers the ,american  
cold pole  to #gh ,n4 ,lat4 ,it is      
perhaps too early to determine          
rigorously the  true temperature of     
these points4    ,a noticeable fact also
 is this1--that places in the same      
latitude  rarely receive the same amount
 of heat4 ,quebec1 in ,british ,america1
  and ,drontheim1 in ,norway1 enjoy     
about the same quantity1 while the      
former is in #dg and the latter in #fh  
,n4 ,lat4 ,the mean winter  temperature 
of ,pekin1 #ci #de' ,n4 ,lat41 is #e    
below the freezing-point2  while at     
,naples1 which is north of ,pekin1 it   
seldom1 if ever1 goes  below it1 and    
,paris1 #ejj miles farther north1 has a 
mean winter  temperature of #f above the

 freezing-point4 ,the city of ,new      
,york1  about #aa south of ,london1 has 
a winter temperature of much greater    
severity4 ,the mean temperature of the  
,state of ,new ,york1 as determined  by 
a long series of observations1 is #dd   
#ca'4    ,the mean temperature of       
countries is found to be very stable1   
and but  very small variations have been
 detected in modern times4 ,but that    
there have been important climatic      
changes1 since the ,christian era1      
cannot be doubted1 unless we doubt      
history4 ,not many centuries ago1 it    
was a common thing for all the ,british 
rivers to freeze up during the  winter1 
and to remain so for several months4 ,if
 space permitted1 an  interesting       
statement could he made of the changes  
which have taken  place in vegetation in
 ,greenland1 and throughout certain     
northern  parts of ,europe1--also in    
,palestine1 ,greece1 and other southern 
countries1--while we know that the      
earth's inclination upon its axis  has  

been unchanged4    ,mrs4 ,somerville    
remarks1 that1 though the temperature of
 any one place  may be subject to very  
great variations1 yet it never differs  
from the  mean state more than a few    
degrees4    ,without this atmospheric   
covering of ours1 it is considered that 
the  temperature of the earth at its    
surface would be the same as that of    
the celestial spaces1 supposed to be at 
least #gf below zero1 or  possibly1 says
 ,humboldt1 #adjj below6 ,human life1   
without our  atmosphere1 could not exist
 for a single moment4    ,it is         
computed1 that1 if the annual heat      
received by the earth on its  surface   
could be equally distributed over it1 it
 would melt1 in the  course of a year1 a
 stratum of ice #df feet thick1 though  
it covered  the whole globe1 and as a   
consequence the amount of unradiated    
heat  would render it uninhabitable4    
,the relative position of the sun       
affects temperature1 rather than its    
distance4 ,in winter the earth is three 

millions of miles nearer the  sun than  
in summer1 but the oblique rays of the  
former season reach us  in less quantity
 than the more direct ,the distribution 
of land and  water1 the nature of the   
soil1 the indentation of bays1 the      
elevation  of land above the sea-level1 
insularity1 etc41 all1 as we have       
already  suggested1 have a modifying    
influence on temperature4    ,the       
atmosphere possesses also a reflecting  
and refracting power1  arising from its 
varying density1 and1 perhaps1 in the   
latter case1  somewhat from its         
lenticular outline4    ,but for this    
property we should have no twilight4    
,the sun1 instead of  sending up his    
beams while #ah below the visible       
horizon1 would come  upon us out of an  
intense darkness1 pass over our sky a   
brazen  inglorious orb1 and set in an   
instant amid unwelcome night4           
,reflection is the rebound of the rays  
of light or heat from an  opposing      
surface at the same angle as that at    

which they fall upon it4  ,these are    
called angles of incidence and          
reflection1 and are equal4              
,refraction is the bending of a ray     
passing obliquely from a rarer into  a  
denser medium4 ,this may be observed    
when a rod is placed slantingly  in a   
vessel of clear water2 the part immersed
 will appear bent or  broken4 ,this is  
ordinary refraction4 ,terrestrial       
refraction is the  same thing1 occurring
 whenever there is a difference of      
density in the  aerial strata4    ,the  
atmosphere absorbs some portion of the  
light which it receives4 ,it  is not all
 reflected or refracted or even         
penetrative4    ,objects seen under     
various degrees of light1 either        
convected or  retarded by different     
media1 appear near or distant1 distinct 
or  confused4 ,thus1 we are often       
surprised at the apparent nearness and  
brightness of an opposite shore or      
neighboring island1 in some  conditions 
of the air1 while at other times they   

seem distant and lie  in shadowy        
obscurity4    ,the looming up of a      
vessel on the water is another common   
instance of  the principle of           
refraction4    ,it has been noticed by  
almost every one1 that1 during the warm 
and  moist nights of summer1 the moon1  
as she rises above the horizon1  appears
 much larger than when at the zenith4   
,so the setting sun is  seen of         
apparently increased size4 ,sir ,john   
,herschel asserts that the  appearance  
is an illusion1 and so do some others4  
,professor ,carey  says1 that1 if we    
look through a paper tube at the moon   
when on the  horizon1 the paper being   
folded so as to make the aperture of its
  exact size1 and then look again at it 
when it reaches the zenith1 we  shall   
find there is no difference4    ,on the 
other hand1 an experiment is offered by 
a ,german ,professor1 of  the name of   
,milo1 of this kind3 ,if we look through
 a tube so  constructed as to have one  
side filled with spirits of wine and the

  other with common air1 the half of the
 object seen through the former  will be
 found to appear much larger to the eye 
than the other half  seen through the   
latter4    ,it is laid down1 that1 where
 extraordinary refraction takes place   
laterally or vertically1 the visual     
angle of the spectator is  singularly   
enlarged1 and objects are magnified1 as 
if seen through a  telescope4 ,dr4      
,scoresby1 a celebrated meteorologist   
and navigator1  mentions some curious   
instances of the effects of refraction  
seen by  him in the ,arctic ,ocean4     
,many remarkable phenomena attend this  
state of the atmosphere1 known  as the  
,fata ,morgana of ,sicily1 the ,mirage  
of the ,desert1 the ,spectre  of the    
,brocken1 and the more common           
exhibitions of halos1 coron1 and  mock  
suns4 ,the ,mountain ,house at ,catskill
 has repeatedly been seen  brightly     
pictured on the clouds below4 ,rainbows 
are also due to this  condition of the  
atmosphere4    ,we might occupy the     

remainder of the space allowed us by    
enlarging on  various topics which      
belong to this part of our subject4 ,the
 twilight  gray1 the hues of the evening
 and morning sky1 the peculiarity of the
  red rays of light1 the scintillation  
of stars1 their flashing changes  of    
colors1 are all meteorological in their 
character1 as well as  strikingly       
beautiful and interesting4           99 
99       99       99       99           
,polarity of light is another of the    
wonders of which ,meteorology takes     
cognizance4 ,the celebrated ,malus1 in  
#ahjh1 while looking at the light  of   
the setting sun shining upon the windows
 of the ,luxembourg1 was led  to the    
discovery that a beam of light which was
 reflected at a certain  angle from     
transparent and opaque bodies1 or by    
transmission through  several plates of 
uncrystallized bodies1 or of bodies     
crystallized and  possessing the        
property of double refraction1 changed  
its character1  so as to have sides1 to 

revolve around poles peculiar to itself1
 and  to be incapable of a second       
reflection4 ,the angle of polarity was  
found to be #ed4    ,the beam of        
polarized light was also found to have  
the peculiar  property of penetrating   
into the molecules of bodies1           
illuminating  them and1 enabling the eye
 to determine as to their structure4    
,the  production of beautiful spectres1 
prismatic colors of gorgeous hues1  and 
the most remarkable system of rings1 has
 followed the discovery1  and important 
results are expected from the           
continuation of the  researches4 ,it has
 already enabled the astronomer to      
determine what  heavenly bodies do or do
 not shine with their own light4 ,the   
subject  is still under investigation4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,color from light comes also under the  
notice of the meteorologist4 ,the       
received opinion is1 that there is no   
inherent color in any object we  look   
at1 but that it is in the light itself  

which falls upon and is  reflected from 
the object4 ,each object1 having a      
particular reflecting  surface of its   
own1 throws back light at its own angle1
 absorbing some  rays and dispersing    
others1 while it preserves its own4 ,in 
this sense  it may be said that the rose
 has no color1--its hues are only       
borrowed4 ,if the idea should be carried
 out1 it would certainly  destroy much  
of the poetry of color4 ,thus1 in       
praising the modest  blush which        
crimsons the cheek of beauty1 we should 
destroy all its  charm1 if we attributed
 it to a sudden change in the reflecting
  surface of the epidermis1--a mere     
mechanical rushing of blood to the      
skin1 and a corresponding change in its 
angle of reflection6    ,without light1 
however1 there is no color4             
,agriculturists and chemists  understand
 this4 ,plants without light retain     
their oxygen1 which  bleaches them4     
,the theory of color has never been     
fully agreed upon4 ,some writers        

maintain that the character of its hues 
depends on the number of  undulations of
 a ray4 ,goethe's theory is             
substantially1 that colors  are produced
 by the thinning or thickening and      
obstructing of light4  ,brewster        
contends that there are but three       
primary colors1--red1  yellow1 and blue4
 ,wollaston finds four1--red1 yellowish 
green1 blue1  and violet4 ,but this1 as 
well as the consideration of the solar  
spectrum of ,newton1 is more the        
specialty of ,optics4 ,the atmospheric  
relations of color are more apposite to 
our purpose4    ,the color of the       
clouds1 which may be occasionally       
affected by  electricity1 is owing to   
the state of the atmosphere and its     
reflecting and refracting properties4   
,the color of snow is white because it  
is composed of an infinite  variety of  
crystals1 which reflect all the colors  
of light1 absorbing  none1 and these1   
uniting before they reach the eye1      
appear white1  which is the combination 

of all the colors4    ,wind1 the        
atmosphere in action1 though not        
picturesque1 is always  wonderful1 often
 terrible and sublime4 ,the origin of   
wind1 its  direction and its force1 its 
influence on the health of man1 his     
business1 his dwelling-place1 and the   
climate where he perpetuates his  race1 
have attracted the profound attention of
 the greatest  philosophers4    ,to the 
rarefaction of the air at the equator1  
and the daily revolution  of the earth1 
is attributed the origin of the         
,trade-,winds1 which blow  from the east
 or a little to the north of east1 north
 of the equator1  and east or south of  
east after we are south of the equator4 
,the hot  current of ascending air is   
replaced by cold winds from the poles4  
,but why are we not constantly subject  
to the action of north winds1  which we 
rarely are8 ,because of the diurnal     
motion of the earth1 which  at the      
equator equals one thousand miles an    
hour1 the polar winds in  coming down to

 the equator do not have any such       
velocity1 because  there is a less      
comparative diurnal speed in the higher 
latitudes4 ,the  air at the poles       
revolves upon itself without moving     
forward2--at the  equator1 the velocity1
 as we have mentioned1 is enormous4 ,if1
 then1  says ,professor ,schleiden1 we  
imagine the air from the pole to be     
carried to the equator1 some time must  
elapse before it will acquire  the same 
velocity of motion from west to east    
which is always found  there4 ,therefore
 it would remain behind1 the earth      
gliding1 as it  were1 from beneath it2  
or1 in other words1 it would have the   
appearance of an east wind4 ,lieutenant 
,maury adopts the same  explanation4 ,it
 is1 indeed1 that of ,halley1 slightly  
modified4    ,the warm air1 ascending   
from the equatorial regions1 rushes to  
the  poles to be cooled in turn1 sliding
 over the heavy strata of cold air      
below4    ,the northern trade-wind      
prevails in the ,pacific between #b and 

#be of  ,n4 ,latitude2 the southern     
trade1 between #aj and #ba of ,s4       
,latitude4  ,in the ,atlantic the trades
 are generally limited by the #hth and  
#bhth  degrees of ,n4 ,latitude4 ,the   
region of calms lies between these      
trades1  and beyond them are what are   
styled the ,variables4 ,in the former   
the  seaman finds baffling winds1 rain1 
and storms4 ,occasionally1 from  causes 
not yet fully explained1 north and south
 periodical winds break  in upon them1  
such as the ,northers which rage in the 
,gulf of ,mexico4    ,there are many    
curious facts connected with the        
,trades1 and with the  ,monsoons1 or    
trade-winds turned back by continental  
heat in the ,east  ,indies1 the         
,typhoons1 the ,siroccos1 the           
,harmattans1 land and sea  breezes and  
hurricanes1 the ,samiel or ,poison      
,wind1 and the ,etesian4  ,the          
,cyclones1 or rotary hurricanes1 offer a
 most inviting field for  observation   
and study1 and are an important branch  

of our subject4 ,but  we are obliged to 
omit the consideration of these topics1 
to be taken  up1 possibly1 at some other
 opportunity4 ,the theory of the        
,cyclones  may be justly considered as  
original with our countryman1 ,mr4      
,redfield4 ,colonel ,reid1 ,mr4         
,piddington1 and other learned          
,englishmen  have adopted it2 and so    
much has been settled through the labors
 of  these eminent men1 that intelligent
 seamen need fear these storms no       
longer4 ,by the aid of maps and         
sailing-directions they may either      
escape them altogether1 or boldly take  
advantage of their outward  sweep1 and  
shorten their passages4    ,we have yet 
to ascertain the causes of the many     
local winds prevailing  both on the     
ocean and the land1 and which do not    
appear to be  influenced by any such    
general principle as the ,trades or the 
,monsoons4    ,the force of air in      
motion gives us the gentle breeze1 the  
gale1 or  the whirlwind4 ,at one hundred

 miles an hour it prostrates forests4   
,in  the ,west ,indies1 thirty-two pound
 cannon have been torn by it from  their
 beds1 and carried some distance through
 the air4 ,tables of the  velocity of   
winds are familiar to our readers4      
,let us next advert to the connection of
 the atmosphere with ,vapor and         
,evaporation4 ,the vapor rising from the
 earth and the sea by  evaporation1     
promoted by dry air1 by wind1 by        
diminished pressure1 or  by heat1 is    
borne along in vesicles so rare as to   
float on the bosom  of the winds1       
sometimes a grateful shade of clouds1 at
 other times  condensed and gravitating 
in showers of rain4 ,thus it enriches   
the  soil1 or cools the air1 or reflects
 back to the earth its radiated  heat4  
,at times the clouds1 freighted with    
moisture1 present the most  gorgeous    
hues1 and we have over us a pavilion    
more magnificent than  any ever         
constructed by the hand of man4 ,these  
clouds are not merely  the distilleries 

of rain1 but the reservoirs of snow and 
hail1 and  they are the agents of       
electric and magnetic storms4           
,notwithstanding their variety1 clouds  
are easily classified1 and are  now by  
universal consent distinguished as      
follows4    ,in the higher regions of   
the air we look for the ,cirri1 the     
,curl  ,clouds4 ,they are light1 lie in 
long ranges1 apparently in the          
direction of the magnetic pole1 and are 
generally curled up at one  extremity4  
,they are sometimes called ,mackerel    
,clouds4 ,they are  composed of thin    
white filaments1 disposed like woolly   
hair1 feather  crests1 or slender       
net-work4 ,they generally indicate a    
change of  weather1 and a disturbance of
 the electric condition of the          
atmosphere4 ,when they descend into the 
lower regions of the air1 they  arrange 
themselves in horizontal sheets and lose
 much of their  original type4 ,the     
,germans call them ,windsbume1 or       
wind-trees4    ,the ,cumulus is another 

form of cloud1 which floats along in    
fleecy  masses1 in the days of summer1  
but dissolves at night4 ,sometimes it   
resembles a great stack or pile of snow1
 sometimes it has a silvery or  a golden
 edge1 as if we saw a little of the     
lining4 ,sometimes they lie  motionless 
in the distance1 and are mistaken by    
mariners for land4  ,they rest upon a   
large base1 and are borne along by      
surface-winds4  ,their greatest height  
is not more than two miles4 ,they carry 
large  quantities of moisture with them1
 and1 when preceding rain1 fall  rapidly
 into other shapes4    ,the ,stratus1 or
 ,fall ,cloud1 is horizontal in its     
figure1 lies near the  earth1 and its   
length is usually greater than its      
breadth4 ,it floats  in long bands with 
rounded or sharpened points1 and is seen
 rising  from rivers or lakes1 at first 
as a fog4 ,in the morning it indicates  
fine weather4 ,the ,fall ,cloud never   
discharges rain4    ,this comes only    
from the ,nimbus1 which is quite unlike 

the others4 ,it  puts on a dark gray    
color1 has irregular transparent edges1 
and  increases rapidly so as to obscure 
the sky4 ,it appears to absorb the      
other clouds1 to be a union of their    
differently electrified  particles1     
which are attracted to each other1 form 
drops of water1 and  descend as rain4   
,of the first three forms we have three 
modifications or varieties4 ,the        
,cirro-,cumulus is a congeries of       
roundish little clouds in close         
horizontal position1 varying in size and
 roundness1 and often1 to use  the words
 of the poet ,bloomfield1 appearing as  
,the beauteous  semblance of a flock at 
rest4    ,the ,cirro-,stratus is more   
compact than the ,cirrus1--the strata   
being  inclined or horizontal4 ,it is   
sometimes seen cutting the moon's disc  
with a sharp line4 ,the                 
,cumulo-,stratus1 or ,twain ,cloud1 is  
denser than  the ,cumulus1 and more     
ragged in its outlines4 ,it overhangs   
its base in  folds1 and often bears     

perched on its summit some other form of
 cloud1  which inosculates itself with  
it4 ,sometimes a ,cirro-,stratus cloud  
comes along and fastens itself to it    
parasitically4 ,it is one of our  most  
picturesque forms of clouds4    ,within 
the last two years we have twice        
observed in the city of ,new  ,york1    
during the summer afternoons1 large     
masses of clouds coming over  from the  
southwest1 and hanging rather low1 which
 could not be well  placed in any of the
 classes already described1 or          
recognized as such  by meteorologists4  
,they consisted of a great number of    
hemispherical  forms of large diameter1 
hanging vertically from a ,stratus cloud
 or  plane above them1 and to which they
 appeared attached4 ,they were  regular 
in shape1 and very distinct2 they barely
 touched each other1  and were of a gray
 color4 ,they might be compared to a    
hay-field turned  upside down1 with     
innumerable hay-cocks hanging below it4 
,unfortunately1 the circumstances under 

which the spectacle was  observed did   
not2 admit of any resort to the         
barometer1 thermometer1  or anemometer4 
,should further observations verify     
these remarks1 it  might perhaps be     
proper to style this variety the        
,hemispherical4           99       99   
99       99       99    ,dew is another 
atmospheric product4 ,it is the         
condensation of the  warmer vapor of the
 atmosphere1 in calm and serene nights1 
and in the  absence of clouds1 by the   
cold surface of bodies on which it      
rests4 ,in  some countries it is copious
 enough to supply the want of rain4 ,the
  earth radiates its own acquired heat1 
grows colder than the  atmosphere1 and  
so condenses it4    ,what is            
thermometrically called the dew-point is
 that degree at which  the moisture     
present in the atmosphere1 on being     
subjected to a  decrease of temperature1
 begins to be precipitated or condensed4
 ,it is  the same as the point of       
saturation4 ,daniell calls it the       

constituent  temperature of atmospheric 
vapor4 ,it is our criterion for         
ascertaining how much moisture there is 
in the air1 and at what degree  of heat 
or cold it would be precipitated4 ,when 
the air is saturated1 a  dry bulb and a 
wet bulb will read alike4    ,the       
dew-point has been a puzzle to most     
persons4 ,very few treatises  explain it
 satisfactorily4 ,the definition just   
given1 though explicit1  is not quite   
enough4 ,for it will be perceived that  
an ordinary  subtraction of the degrees 
of temperature on a wet thermometer1    
which  had cooled down by evaporation1  
from the actual temperature indicated   
by a dry thermometer1 will not give us  
the dew-point4    ,for example1--if a   
free or dry thermometer indicates #fc1  
and the one  with the wet bulb has by   
evaporation cooled down to #ed1 the     
difference would be #i4 ,the dew-point  
would not be #ed1 but that  degree to   
which the mercury would fall in the free
 thermometer1 for  the atmosphere to    

become saturated with the quantity of   
moisture then  actually existing in it4 
,it would be #df4h4    ,this dew-point1 
which figures so largely in all         
well-kept  meteorological reports1 is   
the key to many important conditions of 
the  atmosphere1 affecting health1      
vegetation1 and climate4    ,it is found
 that the air at different degrees of   
heat has different  degrees of          
elasticity1 different degrees of        
tension1 and different  degrees of      
capacity to hold vapor4 ,dalton1 by a   
series of experiments  with             
barometer-tubes1 into which he          
introduced air and vapor at  certain    
temperatures1 found what its force was  
upon the mercurial  column from degree  
to degree4 ,he also experimentally      
determined the  ratio of the weight of  
moisture and of air1 the former being   
five-eights  of the latter1--in other   
words1 how many grains of moisture      
additional could be held by the air1    
advancing from degree to degree  of     

temperature4 ,this being ascertained1 a 
table of factors was  constructed1 in   
other words1 a set of figures contrived1
 which should1  by a multiplication of  
the subtracted difference between the   
range of  the dry bulb and the wet bulb 
of the thermometers1 furnish the amount 
of deduction from the former which would
 indicate the dew-point1 or  the point  
to which the mercury in the dry         
thermometer must fall to  show how much 
more moisture the air could hold without
 its  condensation4 ,these tables of    
factors have been constructed at the    
,greenwich ,observatory1 and are        
generally used4    ,the ,hygrometer1    
invented by ,mr4 ,daniell1 gives the    
dew-point by  inspection4    ,it is an  
error to suppose that dew falls like    
rain from the air2 it  forms on the body
 which is cooled down below the         
temperature of the  air4 ,it differs in 
quantity with the radiating or cooling  
surface2  that which has absorbed and   
retained the most heat during the day   

radiates the most at night and furnishes
 the most cold in return4               
,hoar-frost1 such as we find on our     
window-panes1 or on the grass1 is  the  
moisture of the warm air cooled down and
 frozen1 and is produced  when the cold 
at the surface is below the             
freezing-point4 ,what we in  common     
parlance call the action of frost1 and  
which in this climate is  well known to 
be very powerful1 is not particularly   
injurious to  organized bodies4         
,mists are the vapor near the ground    
rendered visible by the  temperature of 
the air falling below that of the vapor4
 ,when we see  our breath in a cold     
morning1 we see a mist4 ,where the      
surface is  comparatively warm and damp1
 and the air is cooler1 we have mists1  
which1 if dense1 are called fogs4 ,these
 are found plentifully on the  banks of 
,newfoundland2 and with icebergs on the 
one hand and the ,gulf  ,stream on the  
other1 we must always expect to have    
them4    ,the distribution of rain1     

which is one of the offices of the      
clouds1  is another of the more         
important features of ,meteorology4 ,the
 amount  of water taken up by           
evaporation into the atmosphere is      
almost  incredible4 ,it is calculated by
 ,lieutenant ,maury that there is       
annually taken up in the torrid zone a  
belt of water three thousand  miles in  
breadth and sixteen feet deep4 ,rain    
occurs regularly and  irregularly in    
different parts of the earth4 ,in some  
places it may be  calculated upon to a  
day2 in others it is quite unknown4     
,latitude and  longitude may indicate   
the points of distribution1 but the     
causes are  dependent on temperature1   
winds1 locality1 and1 what may seem a   
strange assertion1 upon the conduct of  
man himself4 ,the greatest  quantity    
falls near the equator1 diminishing     
towards the poles4  ,much more falls on 
islands and coasts than in the interior 
of  continents1--more in the region of  
the variables and less in that of  the  

trades4 ,there are1 however1 tropical   
countries of great extent  where rain is
 scarcely ever seen4    ,the influence  
of man upon rain is seen in the progress
 of  civilization1 the destruction of   
forests1 and the drying-up of meres1    
swamps1 and water-courses4    ,forests  
undoubtedly affect the distribution of  
rain1 and the supplies  of streams and  
springs4 ,their cooling influence       
precipitates the vapor  passing over    
them1 and the ground beneath them not   
getting heated does  not readily        
evaporate moisture4 ,lands1 on the      
contrary1 which are  cleared of forests 
become sooner heated1 give off larger   
quantities of  rarefied air1 and the    
passing clouds are borne away to        
localities of  greater atmospheric      
density4    ,the ,canary ,islands1 when 
first discovered1 were thickly clothed  
with  forests4 ,since these have been   
destroyed1 the climate has been dry4 ,in
  ,fuerteventura the inhabitants are    
sometimes obliged to flee to other      

islands to avoid perishing from thirst4 
,similar instances occur in the  ,cape  
,verdes4 ,parts of ,egypt1 ,syria1 and  
,persia1 that once were wooded1  are now
 arid and sterile deserts4    ,in the   
temperate zones these results are not so
 immediately apparent4  ,it is now much 
in doubt whether the climate of our     
country has changed  its character      
within the last two hundred years4      
,jefferson and ,dr4  ,rush both         
contended that it had4 ,our oldest      
inhabitants assert that in  their day   
our winters began nearly two months     
earlier than they do  now4    ,the      
general laws laid down in relation to   
rain are these3--    #a4 ,it decreases  
in quantity as we approach the poles4   
#b4 ,it decreases as we pass from       
maritime to inland countries4    #c4 ,it
 decreases in the temperate zones on    
eastern coasts as compared  with western
 coasts1 but within the tropics it is   
the reverse4    #d4 ,more rain falls in 
mountainous than in level countries4    

#e4 ,most rain falls within the tropics4
           99       99       99       99
       99    ,the rainless regions1 not 
deserts1 are parts of ,guatemala1 the   
table-land  of ,mexico1 the ,peruvian   
coast1 parts of ,morocco1 ,egypt1       
,arabia1  ,persia1 etc4    ,the electric
 character of the air is another subject
 of interest1 and  a leading one in     
,meteorology4 ,what can be more         
magnificent1 what more  awful1 than     
those storms of lightning and thunder   
which are witnessed  sometimes even in  
our own latitudes8    ,faraday1 who as a
 chemist and philosophical writer is of 
the highest  authority1 professes to    
have demonstrated that one single gram  
of  water contains as much electricity  
as can be accumulated in eight  hundred 
thousand ,leyden jars1 each requiring to
 charge it thirty turns  of the large   
machine at the ,royal ,institution4     
,it is not intended that this astounding
 statement should be received  without  
some grains of allowance2 but a very    

elegant and scientific  writer1 who     
adopts it without hesitation1 adds1 ,we 
can from this  crystal sphere of water  
evoke heat1 light1 electricity in       
enormous  quantities1 and beyond these  
we can see powers or forces for which1  
in  the poverty of our ideas and our    
words1 we have not names4    ,flashes of
 electricity have been detected1 during 
warm1 close weather1  issuing from some 
species of plants4 ,the ,tuberose and   
,african ,marigold  have been seen to   
emit these mimic lightnings4 7,goethe is
 the  authority for this47 ,to          
atmospheric electricity we doubtless owe
 the  coruscations of the ,aurora1 one  
of the most beautiful of our meteors4   
,the usual forms of lightning are the   
zigzag or forked sharply  defined1--the 
sheet-lightning1 illuminating a whole   
cloud1 which it  seems to               
open1--heat-lightning1 not emanating    
from any cloud1 but  apparently diffused
 through the air and without report4    
,there are also  fireballs which shoot  

across the sky1 leaving a train often   
visible  for seconds and minutes4 ,these
 last1 when they project any masses to  
the earth1 are termed arolites4         
,atmospheric electricity has much to do 
with the distribution of rain1  the     
precipitation of vapor1 the condition of
 our nervous system1 and1  according to 
,humboldt1 with the circulation of the  
organic juices4  ,atmospheric           
electricity has heretofore been a great 
obstacle to the  success of the         
,magnetic ,telegraph1 and curiously     
disturbs its  operation2 but there has  
recently been invented an instrument    
called a  ,mutator1 which is connected  
with the wires1 and carries off all the 
disturbing influences of the atmosphere 
without interfering with the  working   
current4 ,on the other hand1            
artificially created electricity  has   
led to important advances in many of the
 arts and sciences4    ,ice is water    
frozen under a very curious and peculiar
 law4 ,hail is the  congelation of drops

 of rain in irregular forms1 always     
sudden1--by  some attributed to         
electricity and currents of air         
violently rarefied  by it1 and by others
 to rain-drops falling through a cold   
stratum of  air and suddenly congealed4 
,snow1 the ermine of the earth1 is the  
crystallized moisture of the air1 and is
 in subjection to unchanging  laws4     
,water contracts as it grows colder1    
until it falls in temperature to  #db4  
,it then expands till it reaches #cb1   
when it becomes solid1  though its      
density is actually diminished1 and its 
specific gravity is  reduced to 4#ibi1  
while that of unfrozen water is #a4jjj4 
,of course it  is much lighter1 and it  
floats4 ,this admirable arrangement     
prevents  our rivers being frozen up and
 our lakes becoming solid4 ,ice thickens
  because it is porous1 and allows the  
heat of the water to pass up and  the   
cold to descend2 but this is happily a  
slow process1 as ice is a  bad          
conductor4 ,salt water freezes at the   

temperature of #g1 #be below            
freezing-point4 ,there are many things  
to be said about ice1 whether as        
glaciers1 or ,arctic bergs1 or1 as it is
 found sometimes1 contrary to  its      
general law1 at the bottom of rivers and
 ponds1 its geological  movements in the
 transportation of boulders1 and as an  
article of  luxury2--but we are         
compelled to leave them for the present4
    ,snow1 which1 in its                
crystallization1 surpasses the most     
perfect gems1  is invariably found      
arranged in determinate angles1 to wit1 
#fj1 and  its double1 #abj1 and formed  
of six-sided prisms4 ,more than one     
hundred kinds have been described by    
,dr4 ,scoresby and others1 and all      
these are combinations of the six-sided 
prism4 ,the uses of snow1 from  its     
non-conducting qualities1 whether as    
appreciated by the ,esquimaux  as a     
material for huts1 or by the            
agriculturists of our own climate as    
sheltering the seed1 are too well known 

to require any particular  remarks4     
,strange as it may appear1 the proximate
 cause of the  formation of snow is not 
yet fully agreed upon by the learned4   
,the connection between ,sound and the  
atmosphere is an important one4  ,the   
air is a conductor of sound1 and in some
 conditions one of the  best4 ,a bell   
rung in an exhausted receiver gives no  
sound4 ,in the  ,arctic regions ordinary
 conversations have been distinctly     
heard for  the distance of a mile and a 
half4    ,all that we have thus far said
 in this article bears directly1 in some
  form or other1 on another of the great
 features of ,meteorology1 one of  its  
great objects1 and an unceasing         
topic1--namely1 ,climate4    ,the term  
,climate1 in its general sense1         
indicates the changes and  condition of 
the atmosphere1 such as we have been    
considering4 ,it has  something to do   
with all of them2 it is not entirely    
controlled by  any4 ,thus1 places having
 the same mean annual temperature often 

differ  materially in climate4 ,in some 
7we quote ,mrs4 ,somerville7 the winters
  are mild and the summers cool1 whereas
 in others the extremes of heat  and    
cold prevail4    ,climates are not found
 coincident with lines of latitude2 they
 are  quite as often found parallel to  
lines of longitude4 ,if you connect  the
 extreme points of the mean annual      
temperatures by a line passing  round   
the earth1 you have a zone1 but never a 
true circle4 ,the curves  are           
longitudinal4    ,climate is dependent  
on temperature1 winds1 the elevation of 
land1  soil1 ranges of mountains1 and   
proximity of bodies of water2 and it is 
also the expression1 if we may so term  
it1 of the changes in the  atmosphere   
sensibly affecting our organs4 ,humboldt
 refers it to  humidity1 temperature1   
changes in barometric pressure1 calmness
 or  agitation of the air1 amount of    
electric force1 and transparency of  the
 sky4    ,when mountains range          
themselves in lines of latitude across a

  continent1 they are barriers to       
civilization1 to the mingling of  races1
 and the union of states4 ,thus1 the    
,pyrenees have always kept  ,france and 
,spain apart1 the ,alps and the         
,apennines have secluded  ,switzerland  
from its neighbors4 ,in our own country1
 ,providence has  placed our great      
mountains on a northern and southern    
axis2 the  slopes1 the direction1 the   
prevailing winds1 the facilities for    
transportation and travel favor no one  
of our northern1 southern1 and  western 
,states more than another4    ,climate  
affects vegetation and the distribution 
of animal life1 and  thus greatly       
modifies commerce4    ,whatever of      
importance is accomplished in those     
countries where  climate has overpowered
 a race is best and principally done by 
the men  of the temperate zones1 who    
carry with them perseverance1 courage1  
and  ability1 and maintain their        
ascendency1 true to their type1 while   
they  have their life to live4    ,but  

with our own eyes we may perceive how   
much climate affects  agriculture4 ,the 
humidity or dryness of soils1 their     
natural or  acquired heat or cold1 the  
prevailing winds1 the quantity of rain1 
the  snows1 the dews1 all affect the    
planter of the seed and the tiller of   
the ground2 they increase or diminish   
the aggregate of the products of        
countries1 the value of their imports   
and exports1--in short1 their  material 
power1 their resources1 their influence1
 their very  existence4    ,the climate 
of our own country is exceedingly       
variable4 ,the  transitions from heat to
 cold are very sudden1 the range of the 
mercury is very great4 ,in the ,north1  
we have almost the ,arctic  winters2 in 
the ,south1 almost the peculiarities of 
the tropics4 ,of the  ,state of         
,pennsylvania it has been said1 that in 
this respect it is a  compound of all   
the countries in the world4 ,mr4        
,jefferson and ,dr4  ,rush1 as before   
observed1 insisted that our climate has 

changed2 and  ,williams1 the historian  
of ,vermont1 contends that ,new ,england
 has  deteriorated in its seasons1      
temperature1 harvests1 and health1 since
  its early settlement4 ,our winds blow 
from every point of the compass1  but a 
due north wind is very rare4 ,our great 
western lakes have a  large influence on
 our climate4 ,some learned men have    
asserted1 that1  if they were land1     
their area being about ninety-four      
thousand square  miles1 the region would
 be so cold as to be scarcely           
inhabitable4    ,such is an outline of  
our subject4 ,the science itself is by  
no means  systematized4 ,many things are
 taken for granted which may yet be     
disproved4 ,if1 says ,humboldt1 we      
perceive a want of connection in the    
phenomena of certain sciences1 we may   
anticipate the revelation of new  facts1
 whose importance will probably be      
commensurate with the  attention        
directed to other branches of study4    
,what we want is a  larger class of     

observers1 and not only those who are   
professional  persons1 but those who    
would commune with ,nature1 and seek to 
invigorate their minds by the           
acquisition of new ideas1 and a recourse
  to rich and pure sources of enjoyment4
    ,but more than this4 ,it is a       
requirement of the present age1 says the
  same authority1 that there should be  
an equal appreciation of all  branches  
of mathematical and physical science2   
for the material wealth  and the growing
 prosperity of nations are principally  
based upon a  more enlightened          
employment of the products and forces of
 ,nature4    ,much attention has of late
 years been paid to this subject4 ,many 
distinguished men in ,europe have       
connected their great reputations       
indissolubly with it1 and it is         
absolutely true that more persons are   
engaged in a common effort to promote   
this science than any other of  our     
time4 ,in ,paris there is a large and   
flourishing society where the  most     

brilliant of its savans combine their   
efforts4 ,in ,london1 that  which was   
established in #ahej has met with       
remarkable success1 and a  most         
unexpected crowd of supporters4 ,the    
finest instruments1 the most  accurate  
observations1 and entire uniformity of  
purpose have been the  result4 ,in      
,germany1 equal zeal prevails among its 
naturalists4 ,there  are more than eight
 hundred stations throughout the world  
where  regular observations are made1   
and upwards of three hundred and sixty  
of them are in the ,united ,states4 ,the
 ,smithsonian ,institution has been     
also a wise patron of this science1 by  
its numerous publications1 its  lucid   
directions for observing meteorological 
changes1 and the  bestowal of standard  
instruments in large numbers to         
efficient and  well-placed observers4   
,by a recent arrangement1 a portion of  
this work  is to be performed by the    
,patent ,office4    ,observation1 and   
accuracy in observation1 are the        

foundation of this  science4 ,the       
results are compared to the leaves of a 
book1 which will  some day be arranged  
and bound together in one volume4 ,the  
instruments  in use are delicate1       
ingenious1 and indispensable4 ,their    
history1  uses1 and importance would be 
topic enough for a separate article4    
,while at the first view ,meteorology   
may appear to occupy but a limited      
sphere1 upon a closer examination it    
will be found to embrace almost  all the
 sciences1 and to be commensurate with  
,nature itself4 ,it is  continually     
influencing us1 by its agencies         
appealing to our senses1  ministering to
 our wants1 and governing our conduct4  
,its influence upon its votaries is     
equally remarkable2 for1 as a rule1     
they are distinguished among the        
learned1 their characters are in        
harmony with their pursuits1 and they   
are recognized everywhere for           
disinterestedness1 philanthropy1 and    
public and private virtue4 ,while       

,mental ,philosophy1 has made but little
 progress since the times of  ,plato1   
and the world is but little better for  
scholastic disputations1  ,natural      
,science has civilized man1 elevated his
 condition1 increased  the circle of his
 exertions1 and1 by the development of  
some of its  simplest principles1 united
 the intelligent1 the learned1 the      
enterprising1 and the virtuous of all   
nations into a recognized and a  noble  
brotherhood4                            
,,treasure-,,trove4        ,once1 the   
,castle of ,chalus1 crowned    ,with    
sullen battlements1 stood and frowned   
,on the sullen plain around it2    ,but 
,richard of ,england came one day1      
,and the ,castle of ,chalus passed away 
,in such a rapid and sure decay         
,no modern yet has found it4      ,who  
has not heard of the ,lion ,king    ,who
 made the harps of the minstrels ring8  
,oh1 well they might imagine it    ,hard
 for chivalry's ranks to show    ,a     
knight more gallant to face a foe1      

,with a firmer lance or a heavier blow1 
,than ,richard ,i4 ,plantagenet2        
,or gayer withal3 for he loved his joke1
    ,as well as he loved1 with slashing 
stroke1         ,the haughtiest helm to 
hack at3    ,wine or blood he laughingly
 poured2    ',twas a lightsome word or a
 heavy sword1    ,as he found a foe or a
 festive board1         ,with a skull or
 a joke to crack at4      ,yet some     
their candid belief avow1    ,that1 if  
,richard lived in ,england now1         
,and his lot were only a common one1    
,he ne'er had meddled with kings or     
states1    ,but might have been a       
bruiser of pates    ,and champion now of
 the heavy weights1--         ,a        
first-rate ,fighting ,phenomenon4       
,a vassal bound in peace and war    ,to 
,richard ,i4 was ,vidomar1--         ,a 
noble as proud and needy    ,as ever    
before that monarch bowed1    ,but not  
so needy and not so proud         ,as   
the monarch himself was greedy4         
,vicomte was he of the ,limousin1       

,where stones were thick and crops were 
thin1    ,and profits small and slow to 
come in4    ,but slow and sure1 the     
father's plan1 did    ,not suit the son4
 ,sire lived close-handed2    ,became1  
not rich1 but very landed4    ,the only 
debt that ever he made    ,was ,nature's
 debt1 and that he paid    ,about the   
time of the ,third ,crusade1--    ,a    
time when the fashion was fully set     
,by ,richard of running in tilts and    
debt1    ,when plumes were high and     
prudence low1    ,and every knight felt 
bound to go    ,the pace1 and just like 
,richard do1    ,by running his purse   
and a ,paynim through4    ,yet do not   
suppose that ,vidomar    ,was ever a    
knight in the ,holy ,war3    ,for       
,richard many a ,saracen's head    ,had 
lopped before the old ,count was dead2  
,and ,richard was home from ,palestine1 
,home from the dungeon of ,tiernstein1  
,and many a ,christian corpse had made1 
,ere the time in which the story is     
laid4    ,but the fashion he set became 

so strong1    ,that ,vidomar was hurried
 along1    ,and did as many a peer has  
done    ,on reaching a title and        
twenty-one1    ,and met the fate that   
will meet a peer    ,who lives in state 
on nothing a year4    ,deserted by all1 
except some ,jews1    ,holding old      
post-obits and ,i,o,us1    ,who hunted  
him up and hunted him down1    ,he left 
,limoges1 the capital town1         ,for
 his country castle ,chalus1    7,as    
spendthrift lords to ,boulogne repair1  
,to give their estates a chance to air17
         ,and went to turning fallows2  
,at least1 he ordered it1 7much the     
same17    ,and went himself in pursuit  
of game         ,or any rural pleasure1 
,till one fine day1 as he rode away1    
,a serf came running behind to say      
,they'd found a crock of treasure4      
,no more he thought of hawk or hound1   
,but spurred to the spot1 and there he  
found1         ,beyond his boldest      
thoughts1    ,a sum to set him afloat   
again1--    ,the leading figure1 'twas  

very plain1         ,was followed by    
several #js4      ,oh1 who can tell of  
the schemes that flew    ,through his   
head1 as the treasure met his view1     
,and he knew that again his note was    
good8    ,he may have felt as a debtor  
would         ,who has dodged a dogging 
dun1    ,or a bank-cashier in his hour  
of dread    ,with brokers behind and    
breakers ahead1    ,or a blood with his 
last upon the red1--         ,and each  
expecting a run4    ,what should he do8 
',twas very true    ,that all of his    
debts were overdue2    ,but the         
real-whole-souled must use their gold   
,to run new scores1--not to pay off old4
    ,that night he lay till the break of
 day1         ,the doubtful question    
solving3    ,himself in his bed1 and    
that in his head1         ,he kept by   
turns revolving4      ,that selfsame    
day1 not very far    ,from the country  
castle of ,vidomar1         ,the king   
had been progressing3    ,a courtly     
phrase1 when the king was out    ,on a  

chivalrous bender2 any route    ,as good
 as another3 what about         ,were   
little good in guessing4      ,that     
night1 as he sat and drank1 he frowned1 
,while courtiers moodily stood around1  
,all wondering what the journey meant1  
,till a scout reported1 ,treasure       
found6--    ,with a rap that made the   
glasses bound1    ,he swore1 ,by        
,arthur's table round1         ,i'll    
have another tournament6      ,no more1 
as he sat and drank1 he frowned1    ,or 
courtiers moodily stood around1         
,but all were singing1 drinking2    ,and
 louder than all the songs he led1      
,and louder he said1 ,ho6 pass the red6 
,till he went to bed with a ring in his 
head         ,that seemed like gold     
a-chinking4      ',twere wrong to infer 
from what you're read    ,that ,richard 
awoke with an aching head2         ,for 
nerves like his resisted    ,with       
wonderful ease what we might deem       
,enough to stagger a ,polypheme1    ,and
 his spirits would never more than seem 

,a trifle too much assisted4      ,and  
yet in the morn no fumes were there1    
,and his eyes were bright1--almost as a 
pair         ,of eyes that you and ,i   
know2    ,for his head1 the best        
authorities write1    7,see the ,story  
of ,tuck17 was always right    ,and     
sound as ever after a night         ,of 
,pellite curas vino6      ,as soon as   
the light broke into his tent1          
,without delay for a herald he sent1    
,and bade him don his tabard1    ,and   
away to the ,count to say1 ,by law      
,that gold was the king's3 unless he saw
    ,the same ere noon1 his sword he    
would draw         ,and throw away the  
scabbard4      ,an hour1 for his morning
 exercise1    ,he swayed that sword of  
wondrous size1--         ',twas called  
his great persuader2    ,then a mace of 
steel he smote in two1--    ,a feat     
which the king would often do1    ,since
 ,saladin wondered at that coup         
,when he met our stout crusader4      ,a
 trifle for him3 he trained to light1-- 

,grown lazy now3 but his appetite1      
,on the whole1 was satisfactory1--      
,as the vanishing viands1 warm and cold1
    ,most amply proved1 ere1 minus the  
gold1    ,the herald returned and       
trembling told         ,how the ,count  
had proved refractory3      ,had owned  
it true that his serfs had found    ,a  
treasure buried somewhere in the        
ground1--         ,perhaps not strictly 
a nugget3    ,though none but ,norman   
lawyers chose    ,to count it tort1 if  
the finders froze    ,to                
treasure-trove1--especially those       
,who held the land where they dug it1-- 
,for quits he'd give up                 
half1--down1--cash2    ,and that1 for   
one who had gone to smash1         ,was 
a liberal restitution3    ,his neighbor 
,shent-per-,shent did sue    ,on a      
better claim1 and put it through1--     
,recovered his suit1 but not a sou      
,at the tail of an execution4           
,coeur gazed around with the ominous    
glare    ,of the lion deprived of the   

lion's share1--         ,a look there   
was no mistaking1--    ,a look which the
 courtiers never saw    ,without a      
sudden desire to draw    ,away from the 
sweep of the lion's paw         ,before 
their bones were aching4      ,he caught
 the herald1--'twas by the slack    ,of 
garments below and behind his back1--   
,then twirled him round for a minute2   
,and when at last he let him free1      
,he shied him at a neighboring tree1    
,a distance of thirty yards and three1  
,and lodged him handsomely in it3       
,then seized his ponderous battle-axe1  
,and bade his followers mount their     
hacks1         ,with a look on his      
countenance so stern1    ,so little of  
fun1 so full of fight1    ,that1 when he
 came in the ,count's full sight1    ,in
 something of haste and more of fright1 
,the ,count rode out of the postern2    
,and crowding leagues from his angry    
liege1    ,he left his castle to storm  
or siege1--         ,his poor           
beef-eaters to hold out1    ,or save    

themselves as well as they could1    ,or
 be food for crows3 what noble should   
,waste thought on such8 ,as a noble     
would1         ,he prudently smuggled   
the gold out4      ,in the feudal days1 
in the good old times    ,of feudal     
virtues and feudal crimes1        ,a    
point of honor they'd make in it1       
,though sure in the end their flag must 
fall1    ,to show stout fight and never 
to call    ,a truce till they saw a hole
 in the wall        ,or a larder without
 any steak in it4      ,the fight began4
 ,shouts filled the air1--    ,st4      
,george6 ,st4 ,denis6--as here and there
         ,the shock of the battle       
shifted2    ,there were catapult-shots  
and shots by hand1    ,ladders with     
desperate climbers manned1    ,rams and 
rocks1 hot lead1 and sand         ,on   
the heads of the climbers sifted4       
,but the sturdy churls would not give   
way1    ,though ,richard in person      
rushed to the fray         ,with all of 
his rash proclivity    ,for knocks2     

till1 despairing of knightly fame    ,in
 doughty deeds for a doubtful claim1    
,the hero of ,jaffa changed his game    
,to a masterly inactivity4      ,he     
stretched his lines in a circle round1  
,and pitched his tent on a rising ground
         ,for general supervision    ,of
 both the hostile camps1 while he       
,could join with ,blondel in minstrel   
glee1    ,or drink1 or dice with        
,marcadee1         ,and they--consume   
provision4      ,to starve a garrison   
day by day    ,you may not think a      
chivalrous way         ,to take a       
fortification4    ,the story is dull3 by
 way of relief1    ,i make a digression1
 very brief1    ,and leave the ins to   
swallow their beef1         ,the outs   
their mortification4      ,many there   
were in ,richard's train      ,more     
known to fame and of higher degree1     
,but none that suited his fickle vein   
,so well as ,blondel and ,marcadee4     
,blondel had grown from a minstrel-boy  
,to a very romantic troubadour    ,whose

 soul was music1 whose song was joy1    
,whose only motto was ,vive l'amour6    
,in lady's bower1 in lordly hall1       
,from the king himself to the poorest   
clown1    ,a joyous welcome he had from 
all1      ,and ,care in his presence    
forgot to frown4    ,sadly romantic1    
fantastic and vain1      ,his heart for 
his head still made amends2    ,for he  
never sang a malicious strain4      ,and
 never was known to fail his friends4   
,who but he1 when the captive king1     
,by a brother betrayed1 was left to rot1
    ,would have gone disguised to seek  
and sing1      ,till he heard his tale  
and the tidings brought8    ,little the 
listening sentries dreamed1      ,as    
they watched the king and a minstrel    
play1    ,that what but an idle rhyming 
seemed      ,would rouse all ,england   
another day6    ',twas the timely aid of
 a friend in need1      ,and1 seldom as 
,richard felt the power    ,of a service
 past1 he remembered the deed      ,and 
cherished him ever from that hour3  ,he 

made him his bard1 with nought to do    
,but court the ladies and court the     
,nine1    ,and every day bring something
 new      ,to sing for the revellers    
over their wine2    ,with once a year a 
pipe of ,sherry1      ,a suit of        
clothes1 and a haunch of venison1    ,to
 make himself and his fellows merry1--  
,the salary now of ,alfred ,tennyson4   
,marcadee was a stout ,brabanon1        
,with conscience weak and muscles       
strong1    ,who roamed about from clime 
to clime1    ,the side of virtue or yet 
of crime    ,ready to take in a regular 
way    ,for any leader and regular pay2 
,who trusted steel1 and thought it odd  
,to fear the ,devil or honor ,god4      
,his forte was not in the field alone1  
,he was no common fighter1    ,for in   
all accomplishments he shone1--      ,at
 least1 in all the lighter4    ,to lance
 or lute alike au fait1      ,with grasp
 now firm1 now light1    ,he flourished 
this to knightly lay1      ,and that to 
lay a knight4    ,ready in fashion to   

lead the ton1      ,in the battle-field 
his men1    ,he danced like a ,zephyr1  
and1 harness on1      ,could walk his   
mile in ten4    ,and ,nature gave him   
such a frame1      ,his tailor such a   
fit1    ,that1 whether a head or a heart
 his aim1      ,he always made a hit4   
,wherever he went1 the ladies dear      
,would very soon adore him1    ,and1    
quite of course1 the lords would        
sneer1--      ,but never sneer before   
him6    ,perhaps it fared with the      
ladies worse      ,than it fared with   
their gallants2    ,for he broke a vow  
with as slight remorse      ,as he ever 
broke a lance4    ,thus1 tilting here   
and jilting there1    ,he fought a foe  
or he fooled a fair1      ,but little   
recking how2    ,so deadly smooth1 so   
cruel and vain1    ,he might have made a
 capital ,cain1      ,or a splendid     
dandy now4    ,in short1 if you looked  
o'er land and sea1      ,from ,london to
 the ,niger1    ,you certainly must have
 said with me1--    ,if ,richard was    

lion1 ,marcadee      ,might well have   
been the tiger4      ,a month went by4  
,they lay there still1    ,and chafed   
with nothing but time to kill1--    ,a  
tough old foe4 ,observe the way    ,they
 laid him out1 as thus3--,one day1--    
',twas after dinner and afternoon1      
,when the noise was over of knife and   
fork1    ,and only was heard an         
occasional cork      ,and ,blondel idly 
thrumming a tune1--    ,king ,richard   
pushed the wine along1    ,and rapped   
the table1 and cried1 ,a song6          
,dulness ,i hold a shame1 a sin         
,against good wine4 ,come1 ,blondel1    
begin6    ,blondel coughed1--was half   
afraid1--    ,was out last night on a   
serenade1    ,and caught a cold1--his   
voice was gone1--    ,and really1 just  
now1 his head--,go on6    ,he bowed1 and
 swept the chords--,brrrrang--    ,with 
a handful of notes1 and thus he sang3-- 
,,blondel4      ,life is fleeting1--make
 it pleasant2    ,care for nothing but  
the present2    ,for the past we leave  

behind us1    ,and the future may not   
find us4      ,though we cannot shun its
 troubles1        ,care and sorrow we   
may banish2      ,though its pleasures  
are but bubbles1        ,catch the      
bubbles ere they vanish4      ,there is 
joy we cannot measure1--    ,joy we may 
not win with treasure4    ,when the     
glance of ,beauty thrills us'1    ,when 
her love with rapture fills us1         
,let us seize it ere it passes2         
,be our motto1 ,love is mighty4         
,fill1 then1 fill your brimming glasses6
        ,fill1 and drink to ,aphrodite6 
,of course they drank with a right good 
will1    ,for they never missed a chance
 to fill4    ,and yet a few1 ,i'm sorry 
to own1    ,made side-remarks in an     
undertone1    ,like those we hear1 when1
 nowadays1    ,good-natured friends1    
with seeming praise1    ,contrive to    
damn4 ,in the midst of the hum    ,they 
heard a loud and slashing thrum3        
',twas the king3 and each his breath    
drew in    ,till you might have heard a 

falling pin4    ,some little excuse1 at 
first1 he made1    ,while over the lute 
his fingers strayed3--    ,you know my  
way1--as the fancies come1    ,i        
improvise4--,there was ink on his thumb4
    ,that morning1 alone1 good hours he 
spent    ,in writing despatches never   
sent4          ,,richard4      ,there is
 pleasure when bright eyes are glancing 
,and ,beauty is willing2 but more       
,when the war-horse is gallantly        
prancing        ,and snuffing the battle
 afar1--    ,when the foe1 with his     
banner advancing1        ,is sounding   
the clarion of war4      ,where the     
battle is deadly and gory1        ,where
 foeman 'gainst foeman is pressed1      
,where the path is before me to glory1  
,is pleasure for me1 and the best4      
,let me live in proud chivalry's story1 
,or die with my lance in its rest6      
,the plaudits followed him loud and free
    ,as he tossed the lute to ,marcadee1
    ,who caught it featly1 bowing low1  
,and said1 ,my liege1 ,i may not know   

,to improvise2 but ,i'll give a song1   
,the song of our camp1--we've known it  
long4    ,it suits not well this tinkle 
and thrum1    ,but needs to be heard    
with a rattling drum4    ,ho1 there6    
,tambour6--,he knows it well1--    ',the
 ,brabanon6'--,now make it tell2    ,let
 your elbows now with a spirit wag      
,in the outside roll and the double     
drag4          ,,marcadee4      ,i'm but
 a soldier of fortune1 you see3         
,huzza6    ,glory and love1--they are   
nothing to me3                          
,ha1 ha6    ,glory's soon faded1 and    
love is soon cold3    ,give me the      
solid1 reliable gold3                   
,hurrah for the gold6      ,country or  
king ,i have none1 ,i am free3          
,huzza6    ,patriot's quarrel1--'tis    
harvest for me3                         
,ha1 ha6    ,a soldier of fortune1 my   
creed is soon told1--    ,i'd fight for 
the ,devil1 to pocket his gold3         
,hurrah for the gold6      ,he turned to
 the king1 as he finished the verse1    

,and threw on the table a heavy purse   
,with a pair of dice2 another1 ,i trow1 
,still lurked incog4 for a lucky        
throw3--    ',tis mine2 'twas thine4 ,if
 the king would play1    ,perchance he'd
 find his revenge to-day4    ,gambling1 
,i own1 is a fault1 a sin2    ,i always 
repent--unless ,i win4    ,le jeu est   
fait4--,well thrown6 eleven6    ,my     
purse is gone4--,double-six1 by heaven6 
,at this unlucky point in the game    ,a
 herald was ushered in4 ,he came        
,with a flag of truce1 commissioned to  
say    ,the garrison now were willing to
 lay    ,the keys of the castle at his  
feet1    ,if he'd let them go and let   
them eat3    ,they'd done their best2   
could do no more    ,than humbly wait   
the fortune of war    ,and ,richard's   
word4 ,it came in tones    ,that grated 
harshly3--,d--n the bones    ,and       
double-six6 ,marcadee1 you've won4--    
,take back my word to each mother's son1
        ,and tell them ,richard swore   
it3    ,be the smoke of their den their 

funeral pall6    ,by the ,holy ,tomb1   
,i'll hang them all6    ,they've hung   
out so well behind their wall1          
,they'll hang out well before it4       
,then ,richard laughed in his hearty    
way1    ,enjoying his joke1 as a monarch
 may2    ,he laughed till he ached for  
want of breath3    ,if it lacked in     
life1 it was full of death3    ,like    
many1 believing the next best thing     
,to a joke with a point is a joke with a
 sting4    ,loud he laughed2 but he     
laughed not long    ,ere he leaped to   
the back of his charger strong1    ,and 
bounded forward1 axe on high1           
,circling the tents with his            
battle-cry1--    ,away6 away6 we shall  
win the day3        ,in the front of the
 fight you'll find me3    ,the first to 
get in my spurs shall win1--        ,my 
boots to the wight behind me6      99 99
 99 ,they have reached the moat2    ,the
 draw is up1 but a wooden float    ,is  
thrust across1 and onward they run2     
,the bank is gained and the barbican    

won2    ,the outer gate goes down with a
 crash2    ,through the portcullis they 
madly dash1    ,and with shouts of      
triumph they now assail    ,the         
innermost gate4 ,the crushing hail      
,of rocks and beams goes through the    
mass1    ,like the summer-hail on the   
summer-grass2--    ,they falter1 they   
waver4 ,a stalwart form    ,breaks      
through the ranks1 like a bolt in the   
storm3    ',tis the ,lion ,king6--,how1 
now1 ye knaves6    ,do ye look for      
safety8 ,find your graves6--    ,one    
blow to the left1 one blow to the       
right1--    ,two recreants fall2--no    
more of flight4    ,one stride to the   
front1 and1 stroke on stroke1    ,his   
curtle-axe rends the double oak4        
,down shower the missiles2--they fall in
 vain2    ,they scatter like drops from 
the lion's mane4    ,he is down1--he is 
up2--that right arm6 how    ',tis nerved
 with the strength of twenty1 now6      
,the barrier yields1--it shivers1--it   
falls4    ,huzza6 ,saint ,george6 to the

 walls6 to the walls6    ,throw the rate
 to the moat6 cut down6 spare not6      
,no quarter6 remember----,je--su6 ,i'm  
shot6      ,on a silken pallet lying1   
under hangings stiff with gold1    ,now 
is ,coeur-de-,lion sighing1 weakly      
sighing1 he the bold6    ,for with      
riches1 power1 and glory now forever he 
must part4    ,they have told him he is 
dying4 ,keen remorse is at his heart    
,life is grateful1 life is glorious1    
with the pulses bounding high    ,in a  
warrior frame victorious3 it were easy  
so to die4    ,yet to die is fearful    
ever2 oh1 how fearful1 when the sum     
,of the past is lengthened murder1--and 
a fearful world to come6    ,where are  
now the wretched victims of his wrath8  
,the deed is done4    ,he has conquered4
 ,they have suffered4 ,yonder1          
blackening in the sun1    ,from the     
battlements they're hanging4 ,little joy
 it gives to him    ,now to see the work
 of vengeance1 when his eye is growing  
dim6    ,one was saved1--the daring     

bowman who the fatal arrow sped2    ,he 
was saved1 but not for mercy2 better    
numbered with the dead6    ,now1        
relenting1 late repenting1 ,richard     
turns to ,marcadee1    ,saying1 ,haste1 
before ,i waver1 bring the captive youth
 to me4    ,he is brought1 his feet in  
fetters1 heavy shackles on his hands1   
,and1 with eye unflinching1 gazing on   
the king1 erect he stands4    ,he is    
gazing not in anger1 not for insult1 not
 for show2    ,but his soul1 before its 
leaving1 ,richard's very soul would     
know4    ,death is certain1--death by   
torture3 death for him can have no      
sting1    ,if that arrow did its        
duty1--if he share it with the king4    
,were he trembling or defiant1 were he  
less or more than bold1    ,once again  
to vengeful fury would he rouse the     
fiend of old    ,that in ,richard's     
breast is lurking1 ready once again to  
spring4    ,dreading now that vengeful  
spirit1 with a wavering voice1 the king 
,questions impotently1 wildly3          

,prisoner1 tell me1 what of ill    ,ever
 ,i have done to thee or thine1 that me 
thou wouldest kill8    ,higher1 prouder 
still he bears him2 o'er his countenance
 appear1    ,flitting quickly1 looks of 
wonder and of scorn3 what does he hear8 
,and dost thou ask me1 man of blood1    
what evil thou hast done8    ,hast thou 
so soon forgot thy vow to hang each     
mother's son8    ,no6 oft as thou hast  
broken vows1 ,i know them to be strong1 
,whene'er thy pride or lust or hate has 
sworn to do a wrong4    ,but churls     
should bow to right divine of kings1 for
 good or ill1    ,and bare their necks  
to axe or rope1 if 'twere thy royal     
will8    ,ah1 hadst thou1 ,richard1 yet 
to learn the very meanest thing    ,that
 crawls the earth in self-defence would 
turn upon a king8    ,yet deem not 'twas
 the hope of life which led me to the   
deed3    ,i'd freely lose a thousand    
lives to make thee1 tyrant1 bleed6--    
,ay6 mark me well1 canst thou not see   
somewhat of old ,bertrand8    ,my father

 good6 my brothers dear6--all murdered  
by thy hand6    ,yes1 one escaped2 he   
saw thee strike1 he saw his kindred die1
    ,and breathed a vow1 a burning vow  
of vengeance2--it was ,i6    ,i've      
lived2 but all my life has been a memory
 of the slain2    ,i've lived but to    
revenge them1--and ,i have not lived in 
vain6    ,i read it in thy haggard face1
 the hour is drawing nigh    ,when power
 and wealth can aid thee not1--when1    
,richard1 thou must ,,die6    ,what mean
 those pale1 convulsive lips8 ,what     
means that shrinking brow8    ,ha6      
,richard of the lion-heart1 thou art a  
coward now6    ,now call thy hireling   
ruffians2 bid them bring the cord and   
rack1    ,and bid them strain these     
limbs of mine until the sinews crack2   
,and bid them tear the quivering flesh1 
break one by one each bone2--    ,thou  
canst not break my spirit1 though thou  
mayst compel a groan4    ,i die1 as ,i  
would live and die1 the ever bold and   
free2    ,and ,i shall die with joy1 to 

think ,i've rid the world of thee4      
,swords are starting from their         
scabbards1 grim and hardened warriors   
wait    ,richard's slightest word or    
gesture that may seal the bowman's fate4
    ,but his memory has been busy with  
the deeds of other times4    ,in the    
eyes of wakened conscience all his      
glories turn to crimes1    ,and his     
crimes to something monstrous2 worlds   
were little now to give    ,in atonement
 for the least4 ,he cries1 in anguish1  
,let him live4    ,he has reason2 never 
treason more became a traitor bold4     
,youth1 forgive as ,i forgive thee6     
,give him freedom1--give him gold4      
,marcadee1 be sure1 obey me2 'tis the   
last1 the dying hest    ,of a monarch   
who is sinking1 sinking fast1--oh1 not  
to rest6    ,haply1 ,he above1          
remembering1 may relieve my dark despair
    ,with a ray of hope to light the    
gloom when ,i am suffering--there6      
,the captain neared the royal bed       
,and humbly bowed his helmd head1       

,and laid his hand upon the plate       
,that sheathed his breast1 and said1    
,though late    ,thy mercy comes1 ,i    
hold it still    ,my duty to do thy     
royal will4    ,if ,i should fail to    
serve thee fair1    ,may ,i be doomed to
 suffer--there6      ,i've often met    
with a fast young friend    ,more ready 
to borrow than ,i to lend2    ,i've     
heard smooth men in election-time       
,prove every creed1 but their own1 a    
crime3    ,perhaps1 if the fast one     
wished to borrow1    ,i've taken his    
word to pay to-morrow2    ,perhaps1     
while ,smooth explained his creed1      
,i've thought him the man for the       
country's need2    ,perhaps ,i'm more of
 a trusting mood    ,than you suppose2  
but ,i think ,i would        ,have      
trusted that man of mail1    ,if ,i had 
been the dying king1    ,about as far as
 you could sling        ,an elephant by 
the tail6      ,good subjects then1 as  
now1 no doubt1    ,when a king was dead1
 were eager to shout        ,in time1   

,god save the new one6    ,one trouble  
was always whom to choose    ,amongst   
the heirs2 for it raised the deuse      
,and ran the subject's neck in a noose1 
,unless he chose the true one4          
,another difficult task1--to judge      
,if the coming king would bear a grudge 
,for some old breach of concord1    ,and
 take the earliest chance to send    ,a 
trusty line by a trusty friend    ,to   
give his compliments at the end         
,of a disagreeable strong cord4         
,and whoever would have must seize his  
own4    ,thus a dying king was left     
alone1        ,with a sad neglect of    
manners2    ,ere his breath was out1 the
 courtiers ran1    ,with fear or zeal   
for the coming man1    ,in time to      
escape from under his ban1        ,or   
hurry under his banners4      ,so       
,richard was left in a shabby way    ,to
 ,marcadee1 with an abbot to pray       
,and pother with consolation1           
,reminding 'twas never too late to      
search    ,for mercy1 and hinting that  

,mother ,church    ,was never known to  
leave in the lurch        ,a king with a
 fat donation4    ,but the abbot was    
known to ,richard well1    ,as one who  
would smoothen the road to hell1        
,and quite as willing to revel    ,as   
preach2 and he always preached to       
soothe1    ,with a mild regard for the  
follies of youth1--    ,himself1 in     
epitome1 proving the truth        ,of   
the world1 the flesh1 and the ,devil4   
,this was the will that ,richard made3--
    ,my body at father's feet be laid2  
,and to ,rouen 7it loved me most7    ,my
 heart ,i give2 and ,i give my ins-     
,ides to the rascally ,poitevins2    ,to
 the abbot ,i give my darling--sins2    
,and ,i give --,he gave up the ghost4   
,the abbot looked grave1 but never      
spoke4    ,the captain laughed1 gave the
 abbot a poke1        ,and1 without ado 
or lingering1    ,conveyed the          
personals1 jewels1 and gold1            
,omitting the formal ,to ,have and to   
,hold    ,from the royal finger1 before 

it was cold1        ,he slipped the     
royal finger-ring4      ,there might    
have been in the eye of the law    ,a   
something which lawyers would call a    
flaw        ,of title in such a         
conversion3    ,but if weak in the law1 
he was strong in the hand1    ,and had  
the nine points4--,he summoned his band1
    ,and ordered before him the archer  
,bertrand1        ,intending a little   
diversion4      ,he called the          
cutter1--no cutter of clothes1    ,but  
such as royalty kept for those          
,who happened to need correcting1--     
,and told him that ,richard1 before he  
died1    ,desired to have a scalpel     
applied    ,to the traitor there4 ,with 
professional pride1        ,the cutter  
began dissecting4      ,now ,bones was  
born with a genius to flay3    ,he might
 have ranked1 had he lived to-day1      
,as a capital taxidermist3    ,and yet1 
as he tugged1 they heard him say1    ,of
 all the backs that ever lay    ,before 
him in a professional way1        ,that 

was of all backs the firmest4      ,kind
 reader1 allow me to drop a veil    ,in 
pity2 ,i cannot pursue the tale         
,in the heartless tone of the last      
strophe4    ',tis done1 and again ,i'll 
be the same4    ,they triumphed not1 if 
they felt no shame3    ,no muscle       
quivered1 no murmur came1        ,until 
the final catastrophe4      ,the captain
 jested a moment1 then    ,he waved his 
hand and bowed to his men        ,with a
 single word1 ,disbanded1    ,and       
galloped away with three or four        
,stout men-at-arms to the nearest shore1
    ,where a gallant array not long     
before        ,with the king in pride   
had landed4      ,he coasted around1    
went up the ,rhine1    ,so famous then  
for robbers and wine1        ,so famous 
now as a ramble4    ,the wine and the   
robbers still are there2        ,but    
they rob you now with a bill of fare1   
,and gentlemen bankers on the square    
,will clean you out1 if you gamble4     
,he built him a ,schloss                

on--something-,stein1    ,and became the
 first of as proud a line        ,as    
e'er took toll on the river1    ,when   
barons1 perched in their castles high1  
,on the valley would keep a watchful    
eye1    ,and pounce on travellers with  
their cry1        ,the ,rhine-dues6     
down6 deliver6      ,and crack their    
crowns for any delay    ,in paying down4
 ,and that1 by the way1        ,about as
 correctly as ,i know1    ,is the origin
 true of an ancient phrase    ,so       
frequently heard in modern days1        
,when a gentleman quite reluctantly     
pays1--        ,i mean1 ,to come down   
with the rhino4          ,a ,,legend    
,,of ,,maryland      ,,an ,,owre ,,true 
,,tale4    ,the framework of modern     
history is1 for the most part1          
constructed  out of the material        
supplied by national transactions       
described in  official documents and    
contemporaneous records4 ,forms of      
government  and their organic changes1  
the succession of those who have        

administered them1 their legislation1   
wars1 treaties1 and the  statistics     
demonstrating their growth or           
decline1--these are the  elements that  
furnish the outlines of history4 ,they  
are the dry  timbers of a vast old      
edifice2 they impose a dry study upon   
the  antiquary1 and are still more dry  
to his reader4    ,but that which makes 
history the richest of philosophies and 
the most  genial pursuit of humanity is 
the spirit that is breathed into it by  
the thoughts and feelings of former     
generations1 interpreted in  actions and
 incidents that disclose the passions1  
motives1 and  ambition of men1 and open 
to us a view of the actual life of our  
forefathers4 ,when we can contemplate   
the people of a past age  employed in   
their own occupations1 observe their    
habits and manners1  comprehend their   
policy and their methods of pursuing it1
 our  imagination is quick to clothe    
them with the flesh and blood of human  
brotherhood and to bring them into full 

sympathy with our individual  nature4   
,history then becomes a world of living 
figures1--a theatre that  presents to us
 a majestic drama1 varied by alternate  
scenes of the  grandest achievements and
 the most touching episodes of human    
existence4    ,in the composing of this 
drama the author has need to seek his   
material in many a tangled thicket as   
well as in many an open field4  ,facts  
accidentally encountered1 which singly  
have but little  perceptible            
significance1 are sometimes strangely   
discovered to  illustrate incidents long
 obscured and incapable of explanation4 
,they  are like the lost links of a     
chain1 which1 being found1 supply the   
means of giving cohesion and            
completeness to the heretofore useless  
fragments4 ,the scholar's experience is 
full of these reunions of  illustrative 
incidents gathered from regions far     
apart in space1 and  often in time4 ,the
 historian's skill is challenged to its 
highest  task in the effort to draw     

together those tissues of personal and  
local adventure which1 at first without 
seeming or suspected  dependence1 prove1
 when brought into their proper         
relationship with  each other1 to be    
unerring exponents of events of highest 
concern4    ,it is pleasant to fall upon
 the course of one of these currents of 
adventure1--to follow a solitary rivulet
 of tradition1 such as by  chance we now
 and then find modestly flowing along   
through the  obscure coverts of time1   
and to be able to trace its progress to 
the  confluence of other streams1--and  
finally to see it grow1 by the aid  of  
these tributaries1 to the proportions of
 an ample river1 which  waters the      
domain of authentic history and bears   
upon its bosom a  clear testimony to the
 life and character of a people4    ,the
 following legend furnishes a striking  
and attractive  exemplification of such 
a growth1 in the unfolding of a romantic
  passage of ,maryland history1 of which
 no annalist has ever given more  than  

an ambiguous and meagre hint4 ,it refers
 to a deed of bloodshed1  of which the  
only trace that was not obliterated from
 living rumor so  long as a century ago 
was to be found in a vague and misty    
relic of  an old memory of the          
provincial period of the ,state4 ,the   
facts by  which ,i have been enabled to 
bring it to the full light of an        
historical incident1 it will be seen in 
the perusal of this  narrative1 have    
successively1 and by most curious       
process of  development1 risen into view
 through a series of accidental         
discoveries1 which have all combined1   
with singular coincidence and           
adaptation1 to furnish an unquestionable
 chapter of ,maryland history1          
altogether worthy of recital for its    
intrinsic interest1 and still  more     
worthy of preservation for the elements 
it supplies towards a  correct estimate 
of the troubles which beset the career  
and formed  the character and manners of
 the forefathers of the ,state4         

,,chapter ,i4    ,,talbot',s ,,cave4    
,it is now many years ago1--long before 
,i had reached manhood1--that1  through 
my intimacy with a friend1 then         
venerable for his years and  most       
attractive to me by his store of        
historical knowledge1 ,i became         
acquainted with a tradition touching a  
strange incident that had  reference to 
a mysterious person connected with a    
locality on the  ,susquehanna ,river    
near ,havre de ,grace4 ,in that day the 
tradition was  repeated by a few of the 
oldest inhabitants who dwelt in the     
region4  ,i dare say it has now entirely
 run out of all remembrance amongst     
their descendants1 and that ,i am1      
perhaps1 the only individual in the     
,state who has preserved any traces of  
the facts to which ,i allude4    ,there 
was1 until not long ago1 a notable      
cavern at the foot of a  rocky cliff    
about a mile below the town of ,port    
,deposit4 ,it was of  small compass1 yet
 sufficiently spacious to furnish some  

rude shelter  against the weather to one
 who might seek refuge within its       
solitary  chamber4 ,it opened upon the  
river just where a small brook comes    
brattling down the bank1 along the base 
of a hill of some magnitude  that yet   
retains the stately name of ,mount      
,ararat4 ,the visitor of  this cavern   
might approach it by a boat from the    
river1 or by a  rugged path along the   
margin of the brook and across the      
ledges of  the rock4 ,this rough shelter
 went by the name of ,talbot's ,cave    
down  to a very recent period1 and would
 still go by that name1 if it were  yet 
in existence4 ,but it happened1 not many
 years since1 that ,port  ,deposit was  
awakened to a sudden notion of the value
 of the granite  of the cliff1 and1 as  
commerce is a most ruthless contemner of
 all  romance1 and never hesitates      
between a speculation of profit and a   
speculation of history1 ,talbot's ,cave 
soon began to figure  conspicuously in  
the ,price ,current1 and in a very      

little while  disappeared1 like a witch 
from the stage1 in blasts of sulphur    
fire  and rumbling thunder1 under the   
management of those effective           
scene-shifters1 the quarrymen4 ,a       
government contract1 more potent than   
the necromancy of the famed wizard      
,michael ,scott1 lifted this massive    
rock from its base1 and1 flying with it 
full two hundred miles1  buried it      
fathoms below the surface of the        
,atlantic1 at the ,rip ,raps1  near     
,hampton ,roads2 and thus it happens    
that ,i cannot vouch the  ocular proof  
of the ,cave to certify the legend ,i am
 about to relate4    ,the tradition     
attached to this spot had nothing but a 
misty and  spectral outline4 ,it was    
indefinite in the date1 uncertain as to 
persons1 mysterious as to the           
event1--just such a tradition as to     
whet the edge of one's curiosity and to 
leave it hopeless of  gratification4 ,i 
may relate it in a few words4    ,once  
upon a time1 somewhere between one and  

two hundred years ago1  there was a man 
by the name of ,talbot1 a kinsman of    
,lord ,baltimore1  who had committed    
some crime1 for which he fled and became
 an outlaw  and was pursued by the      
authorities of the ,province4 ,to escape
 these1  he took refuge in the          
wilderness on the ,susquehanna1 where he
  found this cave1 and used it for      
concealment and defence for some        
time1--how long1 the tradition does not 
say4 ,this region was then  inhabited by
 a fierce tribe of ,indians1 who are    
described on ,captain ,john  ,smith's   
map as the ,sasquesahannocks1 and who   
were friendly to the  outlaw and        
supplied him with provisions4 ,to these 
details was added  another1 which threw 
an additional interest over the         
story1--that  ,talbot had a pair of     
beautiful ,english hawks1 such as were  
most  prized in the sport of falconry1  
and that these were the companions  of  
his exile1 and were trained by him to   
pursue and strike the wild  duck that   

abounded1 then as now1 on this part of  
the river2 and he  thus found amusement 
to beguile his solitude1 as well as     
sustenance  in a luxurious article of   
food1 which is yet the pride of         
gastronomic  science1 and the envy of   
bons vivants throughout this continent4 
,these hawks my aged friend had often   
himself seen1 in his own boyish  days1  
sweeping round the cliffs and over the  
broad expanse of the  ,susquehanna4     
,they were easily distinguished1 he     
said1 by the  residents of that         
district1 by their peculiar size and    
plumage1 being  of a breed not known to 
our native ornithology1 and both being  
males4  ,for many years1 it was         
affirmed1--long after the outlaw had    
vanished  from the scene1--these gallant
 old rovers of the river still pursued  
their accustomed game1 a solitary pair1 
without kindred or  acquaintance in our 
woods4 ,they had survived their         
master1--no one  could tell how         
long1--but had not abandoned the haunts 

of his exile4  ,they still for many a   
year saw the wilderness beneath their   
daily  flight giving place to arable    
fields1 and learned to exchange their   
wary guard against the ,indian's arrow  
for a sharper watch of the              
,anglo-,saxon rifle4 ,up to the last of 
their appearance the  country-people    
spoke of them as ,talbot's hawks4       
,this is a summary of the story1 as it  
was told to me4 ,no inquiry  brought me 
any addition to these morsels of        
narrative4 ,who this  ,talbot was1--what
 was his crime1--how long he lived in   
this cave1 and  at what era1--were      
questions upon which the oracle of my   
tradition  was dumb4    ,such a story   
would naturally take hold of the fancy  
of a lover of  romance1 and kindle his  
zeal for an enterprise to learn         
something  more about it2 and ,i may    
reasonably suppose that this short      
sketch  has already stirred the bosoms  
of the novel-reading portion1 at  least1
 of my readers with a desire that ,i    

should tell them what1 in  my later     
researches1 ,i have found to explain    
this legend of the ,cave4  ,even the    
outline ,i have given is suggestive of  
inferences to furnish  quite a plausible
 chapter of history4    ,first1 it is   
clear1 from the narrative1 that ,talbot 
was a gentleman  of rank in the old     
,province1--for he was kinsman to the   
,lord  ,proprietary2 and there is one of
 the oldest counties of ,maryland that  
bears the name of his family1--perhaps  
called so in honor of himself4  ,then he
 kept his hawks1 which showed him to be 
a man of condition1  and fond of the    
noble sport which figures so gracefully 
in the annals  of ,chivalry4            
,secondly1 this hawking carries the     
period of the story back to the  time of
 one of the early ,lords ,baltimore2 for
 falconry was not common  in the        
eighteenth century3 and yet the date    
could not have been much  earlier than  
that century1 because the hawks had been
 seen by old  persons of the last       

generation somewhere about the period of
 our  ,revolution2 and this bird does   
not live much over a hundred years4 ,so 
we fix a date not far from sixteen      
hundred and eighty for ,talbot's        
sojourn on the river4    ,thirdly1 the  
crime for which he was outlawed could   
scarcely have been  a mean felony1      
perpetrated for gain1 but more likely   
some act of  passion1--a homicide1      
probably1 provoked by a quarrel1 and    
enacted in  hot blood4 ,this ,talbot was
 too well conditioned for a sordid      
crime2  and his flight to the wilderness
 and his abode there would seem to      
infer a man of strong purpose and       
self-reliance4    ,and1 lastly1 as he   
must have had friends and confederates  
on the  frontier1 to aid him in his     
concealment1 and to screen him from the 
pursuit of the government officers1 and1
 moreover1 had made himself  acceptable 
to the ,indians1 to whose power he had  
committed himself1  we may conclude that
 he possessed some winning points of    

character2  and ,i therefore assume him 
to have been of a brave1 frank1 and     
generous nature1 capable of attracting  
partisans and enlisting the  sympathies 
and service of bold men for his personal
 defence4    ,so1 with the help of a    
little obvious speculation1 founded upon
 the  circumstantial evidence1 we weave 
the network of quite a natural  story of
 ,talbot2 and our meagre tradition takes
 on the form1 and  something of the     
substance1 of an intelligible incident4 
,,chapter ,,ii4    ,,strange            
,,revelations4      ,at this point ,i   
leave the hero of my narrative for a    
while1 in order  that ,i may open       
another chapter4    ,many years elapsed1
 during which the tradition remained in 
this  unsatisfactory state1 and ,i had  
given up all hope of further            
elucidation of it1 when an accidental   
discovery brought me once more  upon the
 track of inquiry4    ,there was        
published in the city of ,baltimore1 in 
the year #ahjh1 a  book whose title was 

certainly as little adapted to awaken   
the  attention of one in quest of a     
picturesque legend as a treatise on     
,algebra4 ,it was called ,the           
,landholder's ,assistant1 and was       
intended1 as its name imported1 to      
assist that lucky portion of  mankind   
who possessed the soil of ,maryland in  
their pursuit of  knowledge touching the
 mysteries of patents1 warrants1        
surveys1 and  such like learning1       
necessary to getting land or keeping    
what they  had4 ,the character and style
 of this book1 in its exterior aspect1  
were as unpromising as it's title4 ,it  
was printed by ,messrs4 ,dobbin         
,murphy1 on rather dark paper1 in a     
muddy type1--such as no ,mr4  ,dobbin   
nor ,mr4 ,murphy of this day would allow
 to bear his  imprimatur1--though in    
#ahjh1 ,i doubt not1 it was considered a
 very  creditable piece of ,baltimore   
typography4 ,this unpretending volume   
was  compiled by ,chancellor ,kilty4 ,it
 is a very instructive book1 containing 

much curious matter1 is worthy of better
 adornment in the form of its           
presentation to the world1 and ought to 
have a title more suggestive  of its    
antiquarian lore4 ,i should call it     
,fossil ,remains of ,old  ,maryland     
,law1 with ,notes by an ,antiquary4     
,it fell into my hands by a purchase at 
auction1 some twenty years  after ,i had
 abandoned the ,legend of the ,cave and 
the ,hawks as a  hopeless quest4 ,in    
running over its contents1 ,i found that
 a ,colonel  ,george ,talbot was once   
the ,surveyor-,general of ,maryland2 and
 in two  short marginal notes 7the      
substance of which ,i afterwards found  
in  ,chalmers's ,annals7 it was said    
that he was noted in the ,province  for 
the murder committed by him on          
,christopher ,rousby1 ,collector of  the
 ,customs1--the second note adding that 
this was done on board a  vessel in     
,patuxent ,river1 and that ,talbot was  
conveyed for trial to  ,virginia1 from  
whence he made his escape2 and after    

being retaken1  and 7as the author      
expresses his belief7 tried and         
convicted1 was  finally pardoned by     
,king ,james the ,second4    ,these     
marginal notes1 though bringing no clear
 support to the story  of the ,cave1    
were embers1 however1 of some old fire  
not entirely  extinct1--which emitted a 
feeble gleam upon the path of inquiry4  
,the  name of the chief actor coincided 
with that of the tradition2 the  time1  
that of ,james the ,second1 conformed   
pretty nearly to my  conjecture derived 
from the age of the hawks2 and the      
nature of the  crime was what ,i had    
imagined4 ,there was just enough in this
 brief  revelation to revive the desire 
for further investigation4 ,but where   
was the search to be made8 ,no history  
that ,i was aware of1 no sketch  of our 
early time that ,i had ever seen1       
nothing in print was known to  be in    
existence that could furnish a clue to  
the story of the  ,outlaw's ,cave4      
,and here the matter rested again for   

some years4 ,but after this  lapse1     
chance brought me upon the highway of   
further development1  which led me in   
due time to a strange realization of the
 old proverb  that ,murder will         
out1--though1 in this case1 its         
discovery could  bring no other         
retribution than the settlement of an   
historical  doubt1 and give some        
posthumous fame to the subject of the   
disclosure4    ,in the month of ,may1   
#ahcf1 ,i had a motive and an           
opportunity to make  a visit to the     
,county of ,st4 ,mary's4 ,i had been    
looking into the  histories of our early
 ,maryland settlement1 as they are      
recounted in  the pages of ,bozman1     
,chalmers1 and ,grahame1 and found there
 some  inducements to persuade me to    
make an exploration of the whereabouts  
of the old city which was planted near  
the ,potomac by our first  pilgrims4    
,through the kindness of a much valued  
friend1 whose  acquirements and         
taste--both highly cultivated--rendered 

him a most  effective auxiliary in my   
enterprise1 ,i was supplied with an     
opportunity to spend a week under the   
hospitable roof of ,mr4  ,carberry1 the 
worthy ,superior of the ,jesuit ,house  
of ,st4 ,inigoes on  the ,st4 ,mary's   
,river1 within a short distance of the  
plain of the  ancient city4    ,mr4     
,campbell and myself were invited by our
 host to meet him1 on an  appointed day1
 at the ,church of ,st4 ,nicholas on the
 ,patuxent1 near  the landing at ,town  
,creek1 and we were to travel from there
 across to  ,st4 ,inigoes in his        
carriage1--a distance of about fifteen  
miles4    ,upon our arrival at ,st4     
,nicholas1 we found a full day at our   
disposal  to look around the            
neighborhood1 which1 being the scene of 
much  historical interest in our older  
annals1 presented a pleasant  temptation
 to our excursion4 ,our friendly guide1 
,mr4 ,carberry1 took  us to ,drum       
,point1 the southern headland of the    
,patuxent at its  entrance into         

,chesapeake ,bay4 ,here was1 at that    
time1 and perhaps  still is1 the        
residence of the ,carroll family1 whose 
ancestors  occupied the estate for many 
generations4 ,the dwelling-house was a  
comfortable wooden building of the style
 and character of the present  day1 with
 all the appurtenances proper to a      
convenient and pleasant  country        
homestead4 ,immediately in its          
neighborhood--so near  that it might be 
said to be almost within the curtilage  
of the  dwelling--stood an old brick    
ruin of what had apparently been a      
substantial mansion-house4 ,such a      
monument of the past as this1 of        
course1 could not escape our special    
attention1 and1 upon inquiry1 we  were  
told that it was once1 a long time ago1 
the family home of the  ,rousbys1 the   
ancestors of the present occupants of   
the estate2 that  several generations of
 this family1 dating back to the early  
days of the  ,province1 had resided in  
it2 and that when it had fallen into    

decay1  the modern building was erected1
 and the old one suffered to crumble    
into the condition in which we saw it4  
,i could easily understand and          
appreciate the sentiment that preserved 
it untouched as part and  parcel in the 
family associations of the place1 and as
 a relic of the  olden time which no one
 was willing to disturb4    ,the mention
 of the name of the ,rousbys1 here on   
the ,patuxent ,river1  was a sudden and 
vivid remembrancer to me of the old     
story of ,talbot1  and gave new         
encouragement to an almost abandoned    
hope of solving  this mystery4          
,,chapter ,,iii4    ,a ,,graveyard ,,and
 ,,an ,,epitaph4      ,within a short   
distance of this spot1 perhaps not a    
mile from ,drum  ,point1 there is a     
small creek which opens into the river  
and bears  the name of ,mattapony4 ,in  
early times there was a notable fort    
here1  and connected with it a stately  
mansion1 built by ,charles ,calvert1    
,lord ,baltimore1 for his own occasional

 residence4 ,the fort and  mansion are  
often mentioned in the ,provincial      
records as the place  where the ,council
 sometimes met to transact business2 and
 accordingly  many public acts are dated
 from ,mattapony4    ,calvert was       
doubtless attracted to this spot by the 
pleasant scenery  of the headland which 
here looks out upon the noble water-view
 of the  ,chesapeake1 and by its breezy 
position as an agreeable refuge from    
the heats of summer4    ,our party1     
therefore1 determined to set out upon a 
search for some  relics of the mansion  
and fort2 and as a guide in this        
enterprise1 we  engaged an old negro who
 seemed to have a fair claim in his own 
conceit to be regarded both as the      
,solomon and the ,methuselah of the     
plantation4 ,he was a wrinkled1         
wise-looking old fellow1 with a watery  
eye and a grizzled head1 and might1     
perhaps1 have been about eighty2  but1  
from his own account1 he left us to     
infer that he was not much  behind that 

great patriarch of ,scripture whose     
years are described as  one hundred and 
threescore and fifteen4    ,finding that
 he was native to the estate1 and had   
lived here all his  life1 we            
interrogated him with some confidence in
 his ability to  contribute something   
useful to the issue of our pursuit4     
,amongst all  the ,solomons of this     
world1 there is not one so consciously  
impressed  with the unquestionable      
verity of his wisdom and the intensity  
of his  knowledge as one of these       
veterans of an old family-estate upon   
which  he has spent his life4 ,he is    
always an aristocrat of the most        
uncompromising stamp1 and has a         
contemptuous disdain and intolerance    
for every form of democracy4 ,poor white
 people have not the slightest  chance  
of his good opinion4 ,the pedigree and  
history of his master's  family possess 
an epic dignity in his imagination2 and 
the liberty he  takes with facts        
concerning them amounts to a grand      

poetical  hyperbole4 ,he represents     
their wealth in past times to have      
amounted  to something of a fabulous    
superfluity1 and their magnificence so  
unbounded1 that he stares at you in     
describing it1 as if its excess         
astonished himself4    ,when we now     
questioned our venerable conductor1 to  
learn what he  could tell us of the old 
,proprietary ,mansion1 he said1 in his  
way1 he  membered it1 as if it was built
 only yesterday3 he was fotch up so     
near it1 that he could see it now as if 
it was standing before him3  if he      
couldn't pint out where it stood1 it was
 time for him to give  up3 it was a     
mighty grand brick house1--laying an    
emphasis on  brick1 as a special point  
in his notion of its grandeur2 and then 
he added1 with all the gravity of which 
his very solemn visage was a  copious   
index1 that ,old ,master ,baltimore1 who
 built it1 was a real  fine gentleman4  
,he knowed him so well6 ,he never gave  
anything but  gold to the servants for  

tending on him4 ,bless you6 he wouldn't 
even  think of silver6 ,many a time has 
he given me a guinea for waiting on     
him4    ,this account of ,old ,master   
,baltimore1 and his magnificent contempt
 of  silver1 and the intimacy of our    
patriarch with him1 rather startled  us1
 and ,i began to fear that the story of 
the house might turn out to  be as big a
 lie as the acquaintance with the ,lord 
,proprietary1--for  ,master ,baltimore  
had then been dead just one hundred and 
twenty-one  years4 ,but we went on with 
him1 and were pleasantly disappointed   
when  he brought us upon a hill that    
sloped down to the ,mattapony1 and      
there traced out for us1 by the         
depression of the earth1 the visible    
lines of an old foundation of a large   
building1 the former existence  of which
 was further demonstrated by some       
scattered remains of the  old imported  
brick of the edifice which were imbedded
 in the soil4    ,this spot had a fine  
outlook upon the ,bay1 and every        

advantage of  locality to recommend its 
choice for a domestic establishment4 ,we
  could find nothing to indicate the old
 fort except the commanding  character  
of the hill with reference to the river1
 which might  warrant a conjecture as to
 its position4 ,i believe that the house
 was  included within the ramparts of   
the fortification1 as ,i perceive in    
some of the old records that the        
fortification itself was called the     
,mattapony ,house1 which was once       
beleaguered and taken by ,captain ,john 
,coode and ,colonel ,jowles4    ,after  
we had examined all that was to be seen 
here1 our next point of  interest was a 
graveyard1 which1 we had been informed  
by some of the  household at ,mrs4      
,carroll's1 had been preserved upon the 
estate from  a very early period4 ,our  
old gossip professed to know all about  
this1  from its very first              
establishment4 ,it was in another       
direction from  the mansion-house1 about
 a mile distant1 on the margin of an    

inlet  from the ,bay1 called ,harper's  
,creek2 and thither we accordingly went4
  ,before we reached the spot1 the old  
negro stopped at a cabin that lay  in   
our route and provided himself with a   
hoe1 which1 borne upon his  shoulder1   
gave a somewhat mysterious significance 
to the office he  had assumed4 ,he did  
not explain the purpose of this         
equipment to us1  and we forbore to     
question him4 ,after descending to the  
level of the  tide and passing through  
some thickets of wild shrubbery1 we     
arrived  upon a grassy plain immediately
 upon the border of the creek2 and      
there1 in a quiet1 sequestered nook of  
rural landscape1 the smooth  and        
sluggish little inlet begirt with       
waterlilies and reflecting wood  and sky
 and the green hill-side upon its       
surface1 was the chosen  resting-place  
of the departed generations of the      
family4 ,a few simple  tombstones--some 
of them darkened by the touch of        
,time--lay clustered  within an old     

inclosure4 ,the brief memorials engraved
 upon them told  us how inveterately    
,death had pursued his ancient vocation 
and  gathered in his relentless tribute 
from young and old in times past  as he 
does to-day4    ,here was a theme for a 
sermon from the patriarch1 who now      
leaned upon  his hoe and shook his head 
with a slow ruminative motion1 as if he 
hoped by this action to disengage from  
it some profound moral  reflections1 and
 then began to enumerate how many of    
these good  people he had helped to     
bury2 but before he had well begun this 
discourse we had turned away and were   
about leaving the place1 when  he       
recalled us by saying1 ,i have got one  
tombstone yet to show you1  as soon as  
,i can clear it off with the hoe3 it    
belongs to old ,master  ,rousby1 who was
 stobbed aboard ship1 and is1 besides   
that1 the  grandest tombstone here4     
,here was another of those flashes of   
light by which my story seemed  to be   
preordained to a prosperous end4 ,we    

eagerly encouraged the old  man to this 
task1 and he went to work in removing   
the green sod from  a large slab which  
had been entirely hidden under the soil1
 and in a  brief space revealed to us a 
tombstone fully six feet long1 upon     
which we were able to read1 in plainly  
chiselled letters1 an  inscription      
surmounted by a carved heraldic shield  
with its proper  quarterings and        
devices4    ,our group at this moment   
would have made a fine artistic study4  
,there  was this quiet landscape around 
us garnished with the beauty of ,may2   
there were the rustic tombs1--the old   
negro1 with a countenance  surcharged   
with the expression of solemn           
satisfaction at his  employment1 bending
 his aged figure over the broad1 carved 
stone1 and  scraping from it the grass  
which had not been disturbed perhaps for
 a  quarter of a century2 and there was 
our own party looking on with  eager    
interest1 as the inscription every      
moment became more legible4  ,that      

interest may be imagined1 on reading the
 inscription1 which1  when brought to   
the full light of day1 revealed these   
words3--    ,here lyeth the body of     
,xph'r ,rousbie ,esquire1 who was taken 
out of  this world by a violent death   
received on board his ,majesty's ship   
,the ,quaker ,ketch1 ,capt4 ,tho's4     
,allen ,commander1 the last day of      
,october #afhd4 ,and also of ,mr4 ,john 
,rousbie1 his brother1 who departed     
this naturall life on board the ,ship   
,baltimore1 being arrived in  ,patuxen  
the first day of ,february #afhe4       
,this was a picturesque incident in its 
scenic character1 but a still  more     
engaging one as an occurrence in the    
path of discovery4 ,here was  most      
unexpectedly brought to view a new link 
in the chain of our  story4 ,it was a   
pleasant surprise to have such a fact as
 this  breaking upon us from an         
ambuscade1 to help out a half-formed    
narrative which ,i had feared was       
hopeless of completion4 ,the            

inscription is a necessary supplement to
 the marginal notes4 ,as an  insulated  
monument1 it is meagre in its detail1   
and stands in need of  explanation4 ,it 
does not describe ,christopher ,rousby  
as the ,collector  of the ,customs2 it  
does not affirm that he was murdered2 it
 makes no  allusion to ,talbot3 but it  
gives the name of the ship and its      
commander1 along with the date of the   
death4 ,the ,landholder's  ,assistant   
supplies all the facts that are wanting 
in this brief  statement4 ,these two    
memorials help each other and enlarge   
the common  current of testimony1 like  
two confluent streams coming from       
opposite  sources4 ,from the two        
together we learn1 that ,colonel        
,talbot1 the  ,surveyor-,general in     
#afhd1 killed ,mr4 ,christopher ,rousby 
on board of a  ship of war2 and we are  
apprised that ,rousby was a gentleman of
 rank  and authority in the ,province1  
holding an important commission from    
the ,king4 ,the place at which the tomb 

is found shows also that he was  the    
owner of a considerable landed estate   
and a near neighbor of the  ,lord       
,proprietary4    ,the story1 however1   
requires much more circumstance to give 
it the  interest which we hope yet to   
find in it4    ,,chapter ,,iv4          
,,dryasdust4    ,i have now to change my
 scene1 and to pursue in another quarter
 more  important investigations4 ,i     
break off with some regret from my visit
  to ,st4 ,mary's1 because it had many  
attractions of its own1 which  would    
form a pleasant theme for description4  
,some of the results of  that visit ,i  
embodied1 several years ago1 in a       
fiction which ,i fear  the world will   
hardly credit me in saying has as much  
history in it  as invention4 ,footnote3 
,rob of the ,bowl4 ,but my journey had  
no  further connection with the         
particular subject before us1 after the 
discovery of the tomb4 ,i therefore take
 my leave1 at this juncture1  of good   
,father ,carberry and ,st4 ,inigoes1 and

 also of my companion in  this          
adventure1--pausing but a moment to say1
 that the ,superior of  ,st4 ,inigoes   
has1 some time since1 gone to his       
account1 and that ,i am  not willing to 
part with him in my narrative without a 
grateful  recognition of the esteem ,i  
have for his memory1 in which ,i share  
with all who were acquainted with       
him1--an esteem won by the simple1      
unostentatious merit of his character1  
his liberal religious  sentiment1 and   
his frank and cordial hospitality1 which
 had the best  flavor of the good old   
housekeeping of ,st4 ,mary's1--a        
commendation  which every one conversant
 with that section of ,maryland will    
understand to imply what the ,irish     
schoolmaster1 in one of ,carleton's     
tales1 calls the hoighth of good living4
    ,after my return from this          
excursion1 ,i resolved to make a search 
amongst the records at ,annapolis1 to   
ascertain whether any memorials  existed
 which might furnish further information

 in regard to the  events to which ,i   
had now got a clue4 ,and here comes in a
 morsel of  official history which will 
excuse a short digression4    ,the      
,legislature had1 about this time1      
directed the ,executive to cause  a     
search through the government buildings1
 with a view to the  discovery of old   
state papers and manuscripts1 which1    
having been  consigned1 time out of     
mind1 to neglect and oblivion1 were     
known only  as heaps of promiscuous     
lumber1 strewed over the floors of damp 
cellars and unfrequented garrets4 ,the  
careless and unappreciative  spirit of  
the proper guardians of our archives in 
past years had  suffered many precious  
folios and separate papers to be        
disposed of  as mere rubbish2 and the   
not less culpable and incurious         
indolence of  their successors1 in our  
own times1 had treated them with equal  
indifference4 ,the attention of the     
,legislature was awakened to the        
importance of this investigation by ,mr4

 ,david ,ridgely1 the ,state            
,librarian1 and he was appointed by the 
,executive to undertake the  labor4     
,never did beagle pursue the chase with 
more steady foot than  did this eager   
and laudable champion of the ancient    
fame of the ,state  his chosen duty4 ,he
 rummaged old cuddies1 closets1 vaults1 
and  cocklofts1 and pried into every    
recess of the ,chancery1 the ,land      
,office1 the ,committee-,rooms1 and the 
,council-,chamber1 searching  up-stairs 
and down-stairs1 wherever a truant paper
 was supposed to lurk4  ,groping with   
lantern in hand and body bent1 he made  
his way through  narrow passages1       
startling the rats from their           
fastnesses1 where they  had been        
intrenched for half a century1 and      
breaking down the thick  drapery--the   
,gobelin tapestry ,i might call         
it--woven by successive  families of    
spiders from the days of the last ,lord 
,proprietary4 ,the  very dust which was 
kicked up in ,annapolis1 as the old     

newspapers  tell us1 at the passage of  
the ,stamp ,act1 was once more set in   
motion  by the foot of this resolute and
 unwearied invader1 and everywhere      
something was found to reward the toil  
of the search4 ,but the most  valuable  
discoveries were made in the old        
,treasury1--made1 alas6 too  late for   
the full fruition of the ,librarian's   
labor4 ,the ,treasury1  one of the most 
venerable structures in the ,state1 is  
that lowly and  quaint little edifice of
 brick which the visitor never fails to 
notice within the inclosure of the      
,state-,house grounds4 ,it was          
originally designed for the             
accommodation of the ,governor and his  
,council1 and for the sessions of the   
,upper ,house of the ,provincial        
,legislature2 the ,burgesses1 at that   
time1 holding their meetings in  the old
 ,state ,house1 which occupied the site 
of the present more  imposing and       
capacious building3 this latter having  
been erected  about the year #aggb4     

,in some dark recess of the ,treasury   
,office ,mr4 ,ridgely struck upon a     
mine of wealth1 in a mouldy wooden box1 
which was found to contain  many missing
 ,journals of the ,provincial ,council1 
some of which bore  date as far back as 
#afff4 ,it was a sad disappointment to  
him1 when  his eye was greeted with the 
sight of these folios1 to see them      
crumble1 like the famed ,dead-,sea      
,apples1 into powder1 upon every        
attempt1 to handle them4 ,the form of   
the books was preserved and the         
character of the writing distinctly     
legible1 but1 from the effect of        
moisture1 the paper had lost its        
cohesion1 and fell to pieces at  every  
effort to turn a leaf4 ,i was myself a  
witness to this  tantalizing deception1 
and1 with the ,librarian1 read enough to
 show  the date and character of the    
perishing record4    ,through this      
accident1 the ,council ,journals of a   
most interesting  period1 embracing     
several years between #afff and #afib1  

were  irretrievably lost4 ,others       
sustained less damage1 and were         
partially  preserved4 ,some few survived
 in good condition4    ,our ,maryland   
historians have had frequent occasion to
 complain of the  deficiency of material
 for the illustration of several epochs 
in the  ,provincial existence1 owing to 
the loss of official records4 ,no       
research has supplied the means of      
describing the public events of  these  
intervals1 beyond some few inferences1  
which are only  sufficient to show that 
these silent periods were marked by     
incidents  of important interest4 ,the  
most striking of these privations occurs
  towards the end of the seventeenth    
century1--precisely that period to      
which the crumbling folios had          
reference4    ,this loss of the records 
has been ascribed to their frequent     
removals  during periods of trouble1 and
 to the havoc made in the rage of       
parties4 ,the ,province1 like the great 
world from which it was so far  remote1 

was distracted with what are sometimes  
called religious  quarrels1 but what ,i 
prefer to describe as exceedingly       
irreligious  quarrels1 carried on by men
 professing to be ,christians1 and      
generated in the heat of disputes       
concerning the word of the great        
,teacher of peace on earth4 ,out of     
these grew any quantity of  rebellion   
and war1 tinctured with their usual     
flavor of persecution4  ,for at this era
 the wars of ,christendom were chiefly  
waged in support  of dogmas and creeds1 
and took a savage hue from the fury of  
religious bigotry4 ,the wars of ,europe 
since that period have arisen  upon     
commercial and political questions1 and 
religion has been freed  from the       
dishonor of promoting these bloody      
strifes so incompatible  with its high  
office4 ,in these quarrels of the       
fathers of ,maryland1  the archives of  
government were seized more than once1  
and1 perhaps1  destroyed4 ,on one       
occasion they were burnt4 ,and so1      

amongst all these  disorders1 it has    
fallen out that the full development of 
the ,state  history has been rendered   
impossible4    ,mr4 ,ridgely's foray1   
however1 into this domain of dust and   
darkness  has happily rescued much      
useful matter to aid the future         
chronicler  in supplying the deficiency 
of past attempts to trace the path of   
our  modest annals through these silent 
intervals4 ,incidentally the            
,librarian's work has assisted my story2
 for1 although the recovered  folios did
 not touch the exact year of my search1 
the pursuit of them  led me to what ,i  
may claim as a discovery of my own4 ,i  
found what ,i  could not say was wholly 
lost1 but what1 until ,mr4 ,ridgely's   
exploration drew attention to the       
records1 might have been said to  have  
shrunk from all notice of the present   
generation1 and to be fast  falling a   
prey to the tooth of time and the visit 
of the worm4 ,a few  years more of      
neglect and the ill usage of careless   

custodians1 and  it would have passed to
 that depository of things lost upon the
  earth1 which fable has placed in the  
moon4 ,it was my good fortune1 in  this 
upturning of relics of the past1 to lay 
my hand upon a sadly  tattered and      
decayed ,,ms4 volume1--unbound1 without 
beginning and  without end1 coated with 
the dust which had been gathering upon  
it  ever since ,chalmers and ,bozman had
 done their work of deciphering its     
quaint old text4 ,it lay in the state of
 rubbish1 in an old case1  where many   
documents of the same kind had been     
consigned to the same  oblivion1 and    
with it had been sleeping for as many   
years1 perhaps1  as the ,beauty in the  
fairy tale1--happily destined1 at last1 
to be  awakened1 as she was1 by one who 
by his perseverance had won a title  to 
herself4    ,this manuscript was now1 in
 this day of revival1 brought out from  
its  hiding-place1 and1 upon inspection1
 proved to be a ,journal of the         
,council for some few years including   

the very date of the death of  the      
,collector on the ,patuxent4    ,the    
record was complete1 neatly written in  
the peculiar manuscript  character of   
that age1 so difficult for a modern     
reader to decipher4  ,its queer         
old-fashioned spelling suggested the    
idea that our  ancestors considered both
 consonants and vowels too weak to stand
  alone1 and that therefore they doubled
 them as often as they could2  and there
 was such an actual identification of   
its antiquity in its  exterior aspect as
 well as in its forms of speech1 that1  
when ,i have  sat poring over it alone  
at midnight in my study1 as ,i have     
often  done1 ,i have turned my eye over 
my shoulder1 expecting to see the       
apparition of ,master ,john             
,llewellin--who subscribes his name with
 a  very energetic nourish as ,clerk of 
the ,council--standing behind me in     
grave-colored doublet and trunk-hose1   
with a starched ruff1 a  wide-awake hat 
drawn over his brow1 and a short black  

feather falling  amongst the locks of   
his dark hair towards his back4    ,this
 ,journal lets in a blaze of light upon 
the old tradition of  ,talbot's ,cave4  
,the narrative of what it discloses it  
is now my  purpose to make as brief as  
is compatible with common justice to my 
subject4        ,,chapter ,v4    ,a     
,,fragment ,,of ,,history4      ,charles
 ,calvert1 ,lord ,baltimore1 the son of 
,cecilius1 was1 according  to the       
testimony of all our annalists1 a worthy
 gentleman and an  upright ruler4 ,he   
was governor of ,maryland1 by the       
appointment of his  father1 from #affb  
to #afge1 and after that became the     
,lord ,proprietary  by inheritance1 and 
administered the public affairs in      
person4 ,his  prudence and judgment won 
him the esteem of the best portion of   
his  people1 and the ,province prospered
 in his hands4    ,all our histories    
tell of the troubles that beset the     
closing years  of his residence in      
,maryland4 ,they arose partly out of his

 religion1  and in part out of the      
jealousy of the crown concerning the    
privileges of his charter4    ,he was a 
,roman ,catholic2 but1 like his father1 
liberal and tolerant  in opinion1 and   
free from sectarian bias in the         
administration of his  government4      
,apart from the influence of his        
father's example1 the  training of his  
education1 his real attachment to the   
interests of  the ,province1 and his own
 natural inclination1--all of which     
pointed  out to him the duty as well as 
the advantage of affording the utmost   
security to the freedom of religious    
opinion1--the conditions under  which he
 held his proprietary rights rendered a 
departure from this  policy the most    
improbable accusation that could be made
 against him4  ,the public mind of      
,england at that period was fevered to a
 state of  madness by the domestic      
quarrel that raged within the kingdom   
against  the ,catholics4 ,the people    
were distracted with constant alarms of 

,popish plots for the overthrow of the  
government4 ,the ,king1 a  heartless    
profligate1 absorbed in frivolous       
pleasures1 scarcely  entertained any    
grave question of state affairs that had
 not some  connection with his hatreds  
and his fears of ,catholics and         
,dissenters4 ,then1 also1 the ,province 
itself was composed1 in far the  greater
 part1 of a ,protestant                 
population1--computed by some           
contemporary writers at the proportion  
of thirty to one1--a  population who    
were guarantied freedom of conscience by
 the ,charter1  and who possessed all   
necessary power both legal and physical 
to  enforce it4    ,under such          
circumstances as these1 how is it       
possible to impute  designs against the 
old established toleration1 which had   
marked the  history of ,maryland from   
its first settlement to that day1 to so 
prudent and careful a ruler as ,charles 
,calvert1 without imputing to  him1 at  
the same time1 a folly so absurd as to  

belie every opinion  that has ever been 
uttered to his advantage8    ,yet1      
notwithstanding these improbabilities1  
the accusation was made  and affected to
 be believed by the ,king and his       
,council2 the result  of which was that 
a royal order was sent to the           
,proprietary1  commanding him to dismiss
 every ,catholic from employment in the 
,province1 and to supply their places by
 the appointment of  ,protestants4      
,the most plausible theory upon which ,i
 can account for this harsh  proceeding 
is suggested by the fact that parties in
 the ,province took  the same complexion
 with those in the mother country and   
ran parallel  with them1--that the same 
excitements which agitated the minds of 
the  people in ,england were            
industriously fomented here1 where no   
similar  reason for them existed1 as the
 volunteer work of demagogues who saw   
in them the means of promoting their own
 interest1--that1 in fact1  this        
opposition to the ,proprietary grew out 

of a failing in our  ancestors which has
 not yet been cured in their            
descendants1 a  weakness in favor of the
 loaves and fishes4 ,the party in the   
majority  carried the elections1 and    
felt1 of course1 as all parties do who  
perform such an exploit1 that they had  
made a very gigantic sacrifice  for the 
good of the country and deserved to be  
remunerated for such  an act of heroism1
 and thereupon set up and asserted that 
venerable  doctrine which has been      
erroneously and somewhat vaingloriously 
claimed as the conception of a modern   
statesman1 namely1--that to  the victors
 belong the spoils4 ,i rejoice in the   
discovery that a  dogma so profound and 
so convenient has the sanction of       
antiquity to  commend it to the platform
 of the patriots of our own time4    ,i 
must in a few words notice another      
charge against ,lord ,baltimore1  which 
was even more serious than the first1   
and to which the cupidity  of the ,king 
lent a willing ear4 ,parliament had     

passed an act for  levying certain      
duties on the trade of the ,southern    
,colonies1 which  were very oppressive  
to the commerce of ,maryland4 ,these    
duties were  gathered by ,collectors    
specially appointed for the occasion1   
who held  their commissions from the    
,crown1 and who were stationed at the   
several ports of entry of the ,province4
 ,the frequent evasion of these  duties 
gave rise to much ill-will between the  
,collectors and the  people4 ,lord      
,baltimore was charged with having      
connived at these  evasions1 and with   
obstructing the collection of the royal 
revenue4  ,his chief accusers were the  
,collectors1 who1 being ,crown officers1
  seemed naturally to array themselves  
against him4 ,although there was  really
 no foundation for this complaint1 yet  
the ,king1 who never  threw away a      
chance to replenish his purse1 compelled
 the ,proprietary  to pay by way of     
retribution a large sum into the        
,exchequer4    ,i have no need to dwell 

upon this subject1 and have referred to 
it  only because it explains the        
relation between ,lord ,baltimore and   
,christopher ,rousby1 and has therefore 
some connection with my story4  ,rousby 
was an enemy to the ,proprietary2 and   
from a letter preserved  by ,chalmers it
 appears there was no love lost between 
them4 ,lord  ,baltimore writes to the   
,earl of ,anglesey1 the ,president of   
the ,king's  ,council1 in #afha1--;,i   
have already written twice to your      
,lordship  about ,christopher ,rousby1  
who ,i desired might be removed from his
  place of ,collector of his ,majesty's 
,customs1--he having been a great       
knave1 and a disturber of the trade and 
peace of the ,province2 which  letter1  
it seems1 had no effect1--as            
,christopher ,rousby was continued  in  
his post4 ,he was doubtless emboldened  
by the failure of this  remonstrance    
against him to exhibit his ill-will     
towards the  ,proprietary in more open  
and more vexatious modes of annoyance4  

,all these embarrassments threw a heavy 
shadow over the latter years  of ,lord  
,baltimore's life1 and now drove him to 
the necessity of  making a visit to     
,england for the purpose of personal    
explanation and  defence before the     
,king4 ,he accordingly took his         
departure in the  month of ,june1 #afhd1
 intending to return in a few months2   
but a tide  of misfortune that now set  
in upon him prevented that wish1 and he 
never saw ,maryland again4    ,in about 
half a year after ,calvert's arrival in 
,england1 ,king ,charles  the ,second   
was gathered to his fathers1 and his    
brother1 the ,duke of  ,york1 a worse   
man1 a greater hypocrite1 and a more    
crafty despot1  reigned in his stead4   
,james the ,second was a ,roman         
,catholic1 and ,calvert1 on that score  
alone1 might have expected some sympathy
 and favor3 he might1 at  least1 have   
expected justice4 ,but ,james was       
heartless and selfish4  ,the            
,proprietary found nothing but cold     

neglect1 and a contemptible  jealousy of
 the prerogatives and power conferred by
 his charter4  ,james himself claimed to
 be a proprietary on this continent by  
virtue  of extensive royal grants1 and  
was directly interested with ,william   
,penn in defeating the claims of the    
,baltimore family to the country  upon  
the ,delaware2 he was1 therefore1 in    
fact1 the secret and  prepossessed enemy
 of ,calvert4 ,instead of protection    
from the ,crown1  ,calvert found        
proceedings instituted in the ,king's   
,bench to annul his  charter1 which1 but
 for the abrupt termination of this     
short1  disgraceful reign in abdication 
and flight1 would have been  consummated
 under ,james's own direction4 ,the     
,revolution of #afhh  brought up other  
influences more hostile still to the    
,proprietary2  and the ,province1 which 
was always sedulous to follow the       
fashions of  ,london1 was not behindhand
 on this occasion1 but made1 also1 its  
revolution1 in imitation of the great   

one4 ,the end of all was the  utter     
subversion of the ,charter1 and a new   
government of ,maryland  under a royal  
commission4 ,how this was accomplished  
our historians  are not able to tell4   
,from #afhh to #afib is one of our dark 
intervals  of which ,i have spoken4 ,it 
begins with a domestic revolution and   
ends  with the appointment of a ,royal  
,governor1 and that is pretty nearly    
all we know about it4 ,after this1 there
 was no ,proprietary dominion  in       
,maryland1 until it was restored upon   
the accession of ,george the  ,first in 
#agae1 when it reappears in the second  
,charles ,calvert1 a  minor1 the        
grandson of the late ,proprietary4 ,this
 gentleman was the  son of ,benedict    
,leonard ,calvert1 and was educated in  
the ,protestant  faith1 which his father
 had adopted as more consonant with the 
prosperity of the family and the hopes  
of the ,province4    ,before ,lord      
,baltimore took his departure1 he made  
all necessary  arrangements for the     

administration of the government during 
his  absence4 ,the chief authority he   
invested in his son ,benedict ,leonard1 
to whom ,i referred just now1--at that  
time a youth of twelve or  fourteen     
years of age4 ,my old record contains   
the commission issued  on this occasion1
 which is of the most stately and royal 
breadth of  phrase1 and occupies paper  
enough to make a deed for the route of  
the  ,pacific ,railroad4 ,in this       
document our dearly beloved son         
,benedict  ,leonard ,calvert is ordained
 and appointed to be ,lieutenant        
,general1  ,chief ,captain1 ,chief      
,governor and ,commander1 ,chief        
,admiral both by  sea and land1 of our  
,province of ,maryland1 and of all our  
,islands1  ,territories1 and ,dominions 
whatsoever1 and of all and singular our 
,castles1 ,forts1 ,fortresses1          
,fortifications1 ,munitions1 ,ships1 and
  ,navies in our said ,province1        
,islands1 ,territories1 and ,dominions  
aforesaid4    ,i hope to be excused for 

the particularity of my quotation of    
this  young gentleman's titles1 which ,i
 have given at full length only by  way 
of demonstration of the magnificence of 
our old ,palatine ,province  of         
,maryland1 and to excite in the present 
generation a becoming pride  at having  
fallen heirs to such a principality2    
albeit ,benedict  ,leonard's more recent
 successors to these princely           
prerogatives may  have reason to        
complain of that relentless spirit of   
democracy which  has shorn them of so   
many worshipful honors4 ,but we         
republicans are  philosophical1 and can 
make sacrifices with a good grace4      
,as it was quite impossible for this    
young ,lieutenant ,general to go  alone 
under such a staggering weight of       
dignities1 the same  commission puts him
 in leading-strings by the appointment  
of nine  ,deputy or ,lieutenant         
,governors who are charged with the     
execution of  all his duties4 ,the      
first-named of these deputies is our    

dearly  beloved ,cousin1 ,colonel       
,george ,talbot1 who is associated with 
our  well-beloved ,counsellor1 ,thomas  
,tailler1 ,colonel ,vincent ,low1       
,colonel ,henry ,darnall1 ,colonel      
,william ,digges1 ,colonel ,william     
,stevens1 ,colonel ,william ,burgess1   
,major ,nicholas ,sewall1 and ,john     
,darnall1 ,esquire4 ,these same         
gentlemen1 with ,edward ,pye and ,thomas
  ,truman1 are also commissioned to be  
of the ,privy ,council1 for and in      
relation to all matters of ,state4      
,these appointments being made and other
 matters disposed of1 ,charles  ,calvert
 took leave of his beautiful and        
favorite ,maryland1 never to  see this  
fair land again4    ,,chapter ,,vi4     
,a ,,border ,,chieftain4    ,i have now 
to pursue the narrative of my story as  
,i find the  necessary material in the  
old ,council ,journal4 ,i shall not     
incumber  this narrative with literal   
extracts from these proceedings1 but    
give  the substance of what ,i find     

there1 with such illustration as ,i have
  been able to glean from other sources4
    ,colonel ,george ,talbot1 whom we   
recognize as the first-named in the     
commission of the nine ,deputy          
,governors and of the ,privy ,council1  
seems to have been a special favorite of
 the ,proprietary4 ,he was the  grandson
 of the first ,baron of ,baltimore1 the 
,secretary of ,state of  ,james the     
,first4 ,his father was an ,irish       
baronet1 ,sir ,george ,talbot1  of      
,cartown in ,kildare1 who had married   
,grace1 one of the younger  sisters of  
,cecilius1 the second ,proprietary and  
father of ,charles  ,calvert4 ,he was1  
therefore1 as the commission describes  
him1 the  cousin of ,lord ,baltimore1   
who had now invested him with a leading 
authority in the administration of the  
government4    ,he was born in ,ireland1
 and from some facts connected with his 
history ,i infer that he did not        
emigrate to ,maryland until after his   
marriage1 his wife being an ,irish lady4

    ,that he was a man of consideration 
in the ,province1 with large  experience
 in its affairs1 is shown by the        
character of the  employments that were 
intrusted to him4 ,he had been1 for some
 years  before the departure of ,lord   
,baltimore on his visit to ,england1 a  
conspicuous member of his ,council4 ,he 
had1 for an equal length of  time1 held 
the post of ,surveyor-,general1 an      
office of high  responsibility and      
trust4 ,but his chief employment was of 
a military  nature1 in which his        
discretion1 courage1 and conduct were in
  constant requisition4 ,he had the     
chief command1 with the title and       
commission of ,deputy ,governor1 over   
the northern border of the  ,province1 a
 region continually exposed to the      
inroads of the fierce  and warlike tribe
 of the ,sasquesahannocks4    ,the      
country lying between the ,susquehanna  
and the ,delaware1 that  which now      
coincides with parts of ,harford and    
,cecil ,counties in  ,maryland and the  

upper portion of the ,state of          
,delaware1 was known in  those days as  
,new ,ireland1 and was chiefly settled  
by emigrants from  the old kingdom whose
 name it bore4 ,this region was included
 within  the range of ,talbot's command1
 and was gradually increasing in        
population and in farms and houses      
scattered over a line of some  seventy  
or eighty miles from east to west1 and  
slowly encroaching  upon the thick      
wilderness to the north1 where surly    
savages lurked  and watched the advance 
of the white man with jealous anger4    
,the tenants of this tract held their   
lands under the ,proprietary  grants1   
coupled with a condition1 imposed as    
much by their own  necessities as by the
 law1 to render active service in the   
defence of  the frontier as a local     
militia4 ,they were accordingly         
organized on a  military establishment1 
and kept in a state of continual        
preparation  to repel the unwelcome     
visits of their hostile neighbors4    ,a

 dispute between ,lord ,baltimore and   
,william ,penn1 founded upon the  claim 
of the former to a portion of the       
territory bounding on the  ,delaware1   
had given occasion to border feuds1     
which had imposed upon  our ,proprietary
 the necessity of building and          
maintaining a fort on  ,christiana      
,creek1 near the present city of        
,wilmington2 and there were  also some  
few block-houses or smaller fortified   
strongholds along the  line of          
settlement towards the ,susquehanna4    
,these forts were garrisoned by a small 
force of musketeers maintained  by the  
government4 ,the ,province was also at  
the charge of a regiment  of cavalry1 of
 which ,talbot was the ,colonel1 and    
parts of which were  assigned to the    
defence of this frontier4    ,if we add 
to these a corps of rangers1 who were   
specially employed in  watching and     
arresting all trespassers upon the      
territory of the  ,province1 it will    
complete our sketch of the military     

organization of  the frontier over which
 ,talbot had the chief command4 ,the    
whole or  any portion of this force     
could be assembled in a few hours to    
meet  the emergencies of the time4      
,signals were established for the muster
  of the border4 ,beacon fires on the   
hills1 the blowing of horns1 and  the   
despatch of runners were familiar to the
 tenants1 and often called  the         
ploughman away from the furrow to the   
appointed gathering-place4  ,three      
musket-shots fired in succession from a 
lonely cabin1 at  dead of night1        
awakened the sleeper in the next        
homestead2 the three  shots1 repeated   
from house to house1 across this silent 
waste of  forest and field1 carried the 
alarm onward2 and before break of day a 
hundred stout yeomen1 armed with cutlass
 and carbine1 were on foot to  check and
 punish the stealthy foray of the       
,sasquesahannock against  the barred and
 bolted dwellings where mothers rocked  
their children  to sleep1 confident in  

the protection of this organized and    
effective  system of defence4    ,in    
this region ,talbot himself held a manor
 which was called ,new  ,connaught1 and 
here he had his family mansion1 and kept
 hospitality  in rude woodland state1 as
 a man of rank and command1 with his    
retainers and friends gathered around   
him4 ,this establishment was  seated on 
,elk ,river1 and was1 doubtless1 a      
fortified position4 ,i  picture to my   
mind a capacious dwelling-house built of
 logs from the  surrounding forest2 its 
ample hall furnished with implements of 
war1  pikes1 carbines1 and basket-hilled
 swords1 mingled with antlers of  the   
buck1 skins of wild animals1 plumage of 
birds1 and other trophies  of the       
hunter's craft2 the large fireplace     
surrounded with hardy  woodsmen1 and the
 tables furnished with venison1 wild    
fowl1 and fish1  the common luxuries of 
the region1 in that prodigal profusion  
to  which our forefathers were          
accustomed1 and which their descendants 

still regard as the essential condition 
of hearty and honest  housekeeping4     
,this mansion ,i fancy surrounded by a  
spacious picketed  rampart1 presenting  
its bristling points to the four        
quarters of the  compass1 and accessible
 only through a gateway of ponderous    
timber  studded thick with nails3 the   
whole offering defiance to the grim     
savage who might chance to prowl within 
the frown of its midnight  shadow4      
,here ,talbot spent the greater portion 
of the year with his wife and  children4
 ,here he had his yacht or shallop on   
the river1 and often  skimmed this      
beautiful expanse of water in pursuit of
 its abundant  game1--those hawks of    
which tradition preserves the memory his
  companions and auxiliaries in this    
pastime4 ,here1 too1 he had his  hounds 
and other hunting-dogs to beat up the   
game for which the banks  of ,elk ,river
 are yet famous4    ,this sylvan lodge  
was cheered and refined by the presence 
of his wife  and children1 whose daily  

household occupations were assisted by  
numerous servants chosen from the       
warm-hearted people who had left  their 
own ,green ,isle to find a home in this 
wilderness4    ,amidst such scenes and  
the duties of her station we may suppose
 that  ,mrs4 ,talbot1 a lady who could  
not but have relinquished many comforts 
in her native land for this rude life of
 the forest1 found sufficient  resource 
to quell the regrets of many fond       
memories of the home and  friends she   
had left behind1 and to reconcile her to
 the fortunes of  her husband1 to whom1 
as we shall see1 she was devoted with an
 ardor  that no hardship or danger could
 abate4    ,being the dispenser of her  
husband's hospitality1--the bread-giver1
  in the old ,saxon phrase1--the        
frequent companion of his pastime1 and  
the bountiful friend1 not only of the   
families whose cottages threw  up their 
smoke within view of her dwelling1 but  
of all who came and  went on the        
occasions of business or pleasure in the

 common  intercourse of the frontier1 we
 may conceive the sentiment of respect  
and attachment she inspired in this     
insulated district1 and the  service she
 was thus enabled to command4    ,this  
is but a fancy picture1 it is true1 of  
the home of ,talbot1  which1 for want of
 authentic elements of description1 ,i  
am forced to  draw4 ,it is suggested by 
the few scattered glimpses we get in the
  records of his position and           
circumstances1 and may1 ,i think1 be    
received at least as near the truth in  
its general aspect and  characteristic  
features4    ,he was undoubtedly a bold1
 enterprising man1--impetuous1          
passionate1  and harsh1 as the incidents
 of his story show4 ,he was1 most       
probably1  a soldier trained to the     
profession1 and may have served abroad1 
as  nearly all gentlemen of that period 
were accustomed to do4 ,that he  was an 
ardent and uncompromising partisan of   
the ,proprietary in the  dissensions of 
the ,province seems to be evident4 ,i   

suppose him1 also1  to have been        
warm-hearted1 proud in spirit1 and hasty
 in temper1--a  man to be loved or hated
 by friend or foe with equal intensity4 
,it is  material to add to this sketch  
of him1 that he was a ,roman            
,catholic1--as we have record proof that
 all the ,deputy ,governors  named in   
the recent commission were1 ,i believe1 
without  exception1--and that he was    
doubtless imbued with the dislike and   
indignation which naturally fired the   
gentlemen of his faith against  those   
who were supposed to be plotting the    
overthrow of the ,proprietary           
government1 by exciting religious       
prejudice against the ,baltimore        
family4    ,to be continued4            
,,hunting ,a ,,pass4    ,a ,,sketch ,,of
 ,,tropical ,,adventure4    ,continued4 
,,chapter ,,ii4      ,on the #ahth of   
,april1 having collected such           
information bearing on  our purposes as 
it was possible to obtain1 we left ,la  
,union1 and  fairly commenced the       

business of ,hunting a ,pass4 ,to reach 
the  valley of the ,goascoran1 on the   
extent and character of which so much   
depended1 it was necessary to go round  
the head of the ,bay of ,la  ,union4    
,for several miles our route coincided  
with that of the camino  real to ,san   
,miguel1 and we rode along it gayly1 in 
high and hopeful  spirits4 ,the morning 
was clear and bright1 the air cool and  
exhilarating1 and the very sense of     
existence was itself a luxury4 ,at  the 
end of four miles we struck off from the
 high road1 at right  angles1 into a    
narrow path1 which conducted us over low
 grounds1  three miles farther1 to the  
,rio ,sirama1 a small stream1 scarcely  
twenty feet across1 the name of which is
 often erroneously changed in  the maps 
for that of ,goascoran or ,rio ,san     
,miguel4 ,beyond this stream  the path  
runs over low hills1 which1 however1    
subside into plains  near the bay1 where
 the low grounds are covered with water 
at high  tide4 ,the natives avail       

themselves of this circumstance1 as did 
the  ,indians before them1 for the      
manufacture of salt4 ,they inclose      
considerable areas with little dikes of 
mud1 leaving openings for the  entrance 
of the water1 which are closed as the   
tide falls4 ,the water  thus retained is
 rapidly evaporated under a tropical    
sun1 leaving the  mud crusted over with 
salt4 ,this is then scraped up1         
dissolved in  water1 and strained to    
separate the impurities1 and the        
saturated  brine reduced in earthen     
pots1 set in long ranges of stone and   
clay4  ,the pots are constantly         
replenished1 until they are filled with 
a  solid mass of salt2 they are then    
removed bodily1 packed in dry           
plantain-leaves1 and sent to market on  
the backs of mules4 ,sometimes  the pots
 are broken off1 to lighten the load1   
and great piles of  their               
fragments--miniature ,monti             
testacci--are seen around the  ,salinas1
 as these works are called1 where they  

will remain long  after this rude system
 of salt-manufacture shall be supplanted
 by a  better1 as a puzzle for fledgling
 antiquaries4    ,six miles beyond the  
,rio ,sirama we came to another stream1 
called the  ,siramita or ,little        
,sirama1 for the reason1 probably1 as   
,h4 suggested1  that it is four times as
 large as the ,sirama4 ,it flows through
 a bed  twenty feet deep and upwards of 
two hundred feet wide1 paved with       
water-worn stones1 ragged with frayed   
fragments of trees1 and  affording      
abundant evidence that during the season
 of rains it is a  rough and powerful   
torrent4 ,between this stream and the   
,goascoran  there is a maze of barren   
hills1 relieved by occasional level     
reaches1 covered with acacias and       
deciduous trees4 ,through these the     
road winds in easy gradients1 and there 
are numerous passes perfectly  feasible 
for a railway1 in case it should ever be
 deemed advisable to  carry one around  
the head of the bay to ,la ,union4      

,the traveller emerges suddenly from    
among these hills into the valley  of   
the ,goascoran1 and finds the river a   
broad and gentle stream  flowing at his 
feet4 ,at the time of our passage1 the  
water at the  ford was nowhere more than
 two feet deep1 with gravelly bottom and
  high and firm banks1 without traces of
 overflow4 ,we had now passed  the      
threshold of the unknown region on which
 we were venturing1 and  although we had
 a moral conviction that the valley     
before us afforded  the requisite       
facilities for the enterprise which we  
had in hand1 yet  it was not without a  
deep feeling of satisfaction1 almost of 
exultation1 that1 on riding to the      
summit of a bare knoll close by1  we    
traced the course of the river1 in a    
graceful curve1 along the  foot of the  
green hills on our left1 and saw that it
 soon resumed its  general direction    
north and south1 on the precise line    
most favorable  for our purposes4 ,in   
the distance1 rising alone in the very  

centre of  the valley1 we discerned the 
castellated ,rock of ,goascoran1 behind 
which1 we were told1 nestled the village
 of ,goascoran1 where we  intended      
passing the night4 ,we had taken its    
bearings from the top of  ,conchagua1   
and were glad to find that the          
intervening country was  level and open1
 chiefly savanna1 or covered with       
scattered trees4  ,there was no need of 
instrumentation here1 and so1 ordering  
,dolores  to bring up the baggage as    
rapidly as possible1 we struck across   
the  plain in a right line1 in total    
disregard of roads or pathways1 for  the
 ,rock of ,goascoran4 ,a smart gallop of
 two hours brought us to its  foot1 and 
in a few minutes after we entered the   
village1 and rode  straight to the      
,cabildo1 or ,house of the              
,municipality1 tied our  mules to the   
columns of the corridor1 pushed open the
 door1 and made  ourselves at home4     
,and here ,i may mention that the       
,cabildo1 throughout ,honduras1 is  the 

stranger's refuge4 ,its door is never   
locked1 and every traveller1  high or   
low1 rich or poor1 has a right to enter 
it unquestioned1 and  make it his hotel 
for the time being4 ,its accommodations1
 it is  true1 are seldom extensive and  
never sumptuous4 ,they rarely consist   
of more than one or two hide-covered    
chairs1 a rickety table1 and two  or    
three long benches placed against the   
wall1 with a tinaja or jar  for water in
 the corner1 and possibly a clay oven or
 rude contrivance  for cooking under the
 back corridor4 ,in all the more        
important  villages1 which enjoy the    
luxury of a local court1 the end of the 
,cabildo is usually fenced off with     
wooden bars1 as a prison4  ,occasionally
 the traveller finds it occupied by some
 poor devil of a  prisoner1 with his    
feet confined in stocks1 to prevent his 
digging a  hole through the mud walls or
 kicking down his prison-bars1 who      
exhibits his ribs to prove that he is   
muy flaco1 7very thin17 and  solicits1  

in the name of the ,virgin and all the  
,santos1 algo para  comer 7something to 
eat74    ,in most of the cabildos there 
is suspended a rude drum1 made by       
drawing a raw hide over the end of a    
section of a hollow tree1 which  is     
primarily used to call together the     
municipal wisdom of the place1  whenever
 occasion requires1 and secondarily by  
the traveller1 who  beats on it as a    
signal to the alguazils1 whose duty it  
is to  repair at once to the ,cabildo   
and supply the stranger with what he    
requires1 if obtainable in the town1 at 
the rates there current4 ,not  an       
unwise1 nor yet an unnecessary          
regulation this1 in a country where     
nobody thinks of producing more than is 
just necessary for his wants1  and1     
having no need of money1 one does not   
care to sell1 lest his  scanty store    
should run short1 and he be compelled to
 go to work or  purchase from his       
neighbors4    ,the people of ,goascoran 
stared at us as we rode through their   

streets1 but none came near us until    
after we had vigorously pounded  the    
magical drum1 when the alguazils made   
their appearance1  followed by all the  
urchins of the place1 and by a crowd of 
lean and  hungry curs1--the latter      
evidently in watery-mouthed anticipation
 of  obtaining from the strangers1 what 
they seldom got at home1 a stray  crust 
or a marrow-bone4 ,we informed our      
alguazils that we had mules  coming1 and
 wanted sacate for them4 ,to which they 
responded1--    ,no hay4 7,there is     
none47    ,then let us have some maize4 
,tampoco4    ,what6 no maize8 ,what do  
you make your tortillas of8    ,we have 
no tortillas4    ,how1 then1 do you     
live8    ,we don't live4    ,but we must
 have something for our animals2 they   
can't be allowed to  starve4    ,to     
which our alguazil made no reply1 but   
looked at us vacantly4    ,do you hear8 
we must have some sacate or some maize  
for the  animals4    ,still no          
reply1--only the same vacuous look1--now

 more stolid1 if  possible1 than before4
    ,i had observed that the ,teniente's
 wrath was rising1 and that an          
explosion was imminent4 ,but ,i must    
confess that ,i was not a little        
startled1 when1 drawing his bowie-knife 
from his belt1 he strode  slowly up to  
our impassible friend1 and1 firmly      
grasping his right  ear1 applied the    
cold edge of the steel close to his     
head4 ,the  supplementary alguazil and  
the rabble of children took to their    
heels in affright1 followed by the dogs1
 who seemed to sympathize in  their     
alarm4 ,but1 beyond a slight wincing    
downwards1 and a partial  contraction of
 his eyes and lips1 the object of the   
,teniente's  wrath made no movement1 nor
 uttered a word of expostulation4 ,he   
evidently expected to lose his ears1 and
 probably was surprised at  nothing     
except the pause in the operation4 ,my  
own apprehensions were  only for an     
instant2 but1 had they been more serious
 than they were1  they must have given  

way before the extreme ludicrousness of 
the  group4 ,i burst into a roar of     
laughter1 in which the ,teniente could  
not resist joining1 but which seemed to 
be incomprehensible to the  alguazil1   
whose face assumed an expression which  
,i can only  describe as that of        
astonished inanity4 ,i don't think he is
 quite  certain1 to this day1 that the  
incident was not altogether an ugly     
dream4 ,at any rate1 he lost no time in 
obeying my order to go  straight to the 
first alcalde of the village1 and tell  
him that he  was wanted at the ,cabildo4
    ,reassured by seeing the alguazil   
come out alive1 the muchachos  returned1
 greatly reinforced1 edging up to the   
open door timidly1  ready to retreat on 
our slightest movement4 ,we had not long
 to wait  for the first alcalde1 of     
whose approach we were warned by a      
sudden  scramble of curs and children1  
who made a broad lane for his passage4  
,evidently1 our alcalde was a man of    
might in ,goascoran1 and he  established

 an immediate hold on our hearts by     
stopping on the  corridor and clearing  
it of its promiscuous occupants by      
liberal  applications of his official   
cane4 ,he was a man of fifty1 burly in  
person1 and wore his shirt outside of   
his trousers1 but1 altogether1  carried 
himself with an air of authority4 ,he   
was prompt in speech1  and1 although    
evidently much surprised to find a party
 of foreigners  in the ,cabildo1 rapidly
 followed up his salutation by putting  
himself and the town and all the people 
in it at the disposition of  our        
,worships4    ,i explained to him how it
 was that he had been sent for1 placing 
due  emphasis on the stupidity of the   
alguazil4 ,he heard me without          
interruption1 keeping1 however1 one eye 
on the alguazil1 and  handling his cane 
nervously4 ,by the time ,i had finished1
 the cane  fairly quivered2 and the     
delinquent himself1 who had scarcely    
flinched under the ,teniente's knife1   
was now uneasily stealing away  towards 

the door4 ,our alcalde saw the movement1
 and1 with a hurried  bow1 and ,con     
permiso1 ,caballeros 7,with your        
permission1  gentlemen17 started after  
the fugitive1 who was saluted with ,que 
bestia6 7,what a beast67 and a          
staggering blow over his shoulders4  ,he
 hurried his pace1 but the alcalde's    
cane followed close1 and  with vigorous 
application1 half-way across the plaza4 
,and when the  alcalde returned1 out of 
breath1 but full of apologies1 he       
received  a welcome such as could be    
inspired only by a profound faith in his
  ability and willingness to secure for 
us not merely sacate and  maize1 but    
everything else that we might desire4   
,we told him that he  was a model       
officer and a man after our own hearts1 
all of which he  listened to with       
dignified modesty1 wiping the           
perspiration from his  face1 meanwhile1 
with--well1 with the tail of his shirt6 
,the alcalde was very hard on his       
constituency1 and1 from all that  we    

could gather1 he seemed to regard them  
collectively as  bestias1 and hombres   
sin vergenza 7men without shame74 ,we   
concurred with him1 and regretted that  
he had not a wider and more  elevated   
official sphere1 and gave him1 withal1 a
 trago of brandy1  which he seemed      
greatly to relish1 and then again       
approached the  subject of sacate for   
our mules4 ,to our astonishment1 the    
alcalde  suddenly grew grave1 and       
interrupted me with--    ,pero1 no hay1 
,seor4 7,but there is none1 ,sir47      
,well1 maize will answer4    ,tampoco4  
,what6 no maize8 ,what do you make your 
tortillas of8    ,we have no tortillas4 
,how1 then1 do you live8    ,we don't   
live4    ,a general shout of laughter   
greeted this last reply1 in which1 after
  a moment of puzzled hesitation1 the   
alcalde himself joined4    ,so1 you     
don't live8    ,absolutely1 no6    ,but 
you eat8    ,very little4 ,we are very  
poor4    ,well1 what do you eat8        
,cheese1 frijoles1 and an egg now and   

then4    ,but1 no tortillas8    ,no4 ,we
 planted the last kernel of maize two   
days ago4    ,and so it was4 ,the little
 stock of dried grass and maize-stalks  
stored up from the present rainy season 
had long ago been consumed1  and the    
maize itself1 which is here the real    
staff of life1 had run  short1--and     
that1 too1 in a country where three     
crops a year might  easily be produced  
by a very moderate expenditure of labor 
in the way  of tillage and irrigation4  
,fortunately for our poor animals1      
,dolores had provided against           
contingencies like this1 and taken in a 
supply of maize at ,la ,union4  ,as for 
ourselves1 what with a few eggs and     
frijoles1 furnished by  the alcalde1 in 
addition to the stock of edibles1       
pickled oysters  and other luxuries1    
prepared for us by ,doa ,maria1 we      
contrived to  fare right sumptuously in 
,goascoran4 ,we afterwards found out1   
experimentally1 what it was not to live1
 in the sense intended to be  conveyed  

by the unfortunate alguazil and the     
impetuous alcalde1  and which ,h4       
declared logically meant to be without  
tortillas--,but  we could never make out
 why the alcalde should call the        
alguazil a  beast1 and beat him over his
 shoulders with a cane1 withal4         
,goascoran is a small town1 of about    
four hundred inhabitants1 and  boasts a 
tolerably genteel church and a          
comfortable cabildo4 ,it is  situated on
 the left bank of the river to which it 
gives its name1  and which here still   
maintains its character of a broad and  
beautiful  stream4 ,on the opposite side
 from the town rises a high1 picturesque
  bluff1 at the foot of which the river 
gathers its waters in deep1  dark pools 
with mirror-like surfaces1 disturbed    
only by the splash of  fishes springing 
at their prey1 or by the sudden dash of 
water-fowls  settling from their arrowy 
flight in a little cloud of spray4    ,i
 have alluded to the castellated ,rock  
of ,goascoran1 which1 however1  is only 

a type of the general features of the   
surrounding country4  ,the prevailing   
rock is sandstone1 and it is broken up  
in fantastic  peaks1 or great cubical   
blocks with flat tops and vertical      
walls1  resembling the mesas of ,new    
,mexico4 ,at night1 their dark masses1  
rising on every hand1 might be mistaken 
for frowning fortresses or  massive     
strongholds of the ,middle ,ages4 ,they 
seem to mark the line  where the        
volcanic forces which raised the high   
islands in the ,bay of  ,fonseca had    
their first conflict with the           
sedimentary and primitive  rocks of the 
interior4 ,the river is full of boulders
 of quartz and  granite reddened by     
fire1 resembling jasper1 and alternating
 with  worn blocks of lava1--further    
evidences of volcanic action4           
,altogether1 the country1 in its natural
 aspects1 reminds the  traveller of the 
district lying between ,pompeii and     
,sorrento1 in  ,italy1 and probably owes
 its essential features to the same     

causes4    ,from ,goascoran to          
,aramacina1 a distance of twelve miles1 
the road  traverses a slightly broken   
country1 while the river pursues its    
course1 as before1 through a picturesque
 valley1 narrowed in places  by outlying
 mesas1 but still regular1 and          
throughout perfectly  feasible for a    
railway4 ,aramacina itself is prettily  
situated1 in a  bend of one of the      
tributaries of the ,goascoran1 the ,rio 
,aramacina1  and numbers perhaps three  
hundred inhabitants4 ,immediately in    
front  rises a broad sandstone table or 
mesa1 at the foot of which there  are   
some trickling springs of salt water1   
much frequented by cattle1  and         
corresponding to the saltlicks of our   
,western ,states4    ,behind the town is
 a high spur of the mountain range of   
,lepaterique1  covered with pines1 and  
veined with silver-bearing quartz4 ,we  
visited  the abandoned mines of         
,marqueliso and ,potos1 but the shafts  
were  filled with water1 and only faint 

traces remained of the ancient          
establishments4 ,extravagant traditions 
are current of the wealth of  these     
mines1 and of the amounts of treasure   
which were taken from  them in the days 
of the ,viceroys4 ,a few specimens of   
the refuse ore1  which we picked up at  
the mouth of the principal shaft1       
proved1 on  analysis1 to be exceedingly 
rich1 and gave some color to the local  
traditions4    ,the cabildo of          
,aramacina was very much dilapidated1   
and promised us  but poor protection    
against the rain1 which now began to    
fall every  night with the greatest     
regularity4 ,we nevertheless selected   
the  corner where the roof appeared     
soundest1 and managed to pass the  night
 without a serious wetting4 ,the evening
 was enlivened by visits  from all the  
leading inhabitants1 whom we found to be
 far more  communicative than their     
neighbors of ,goascoran4 ,our most      
entertaining visitor1 however1 was a    
countryman1 as he styled  himself1 a    

negro by the name of ,john ,robinson1   
born in ,new ,york1 and  now a magnate  
in ,aramacina1 where he had resided for 
upwards of  sixteen years4 ,although he 
had fallen into the habits of the native
  population1 and wore neither shirt nor
 shoes1 he entertained for them  a      
superlative contempt1 which he expressed
 in a strange jumble of bad  ,english   
and worse ,spanish4 ,he had been with   
,perry on ,lake ,erie1 and  afterwards  
on board various vessels of war1 in some
 capacity which he  did not explain with
 great clearness1 but which he evidently
 intended  should be understood as but  
little lower than that of commander4 ,a 
glass of brandy made him eloquent1 and  
he took a position in the  middle of the
 cabildo1 and gave us an oration on the 
people of  ,honduras1 in a style        
singularly grotesque and demonstrative4 
,in  broken and scarcely intelligible   
,english1--for he had nearly  forgotten 
the language of his youth1--he denounced
 them as thieves  and liars1 and then   

asked them1 ,is it not true8 ,imagining1
  doubtless1 that he was declaiming     
their praises1 the enthusiastic         
assemblage responded1 ,s6 s6 7,yes6     
yes67 ,not a crime so gross1  nor a     
trait of character so degraded1 but he  
laid it to their charge1  receiving     
always the same vehement response1 ,s6  
,s6    ,we got rid of our paisano with  
difficulty1 and only under a promise  to
 visit his chacra1 somewhere in the     
vicinity1 next morning4 ,but  we saw no 
more of him1--not much to our regret2   
for ,john ,robinson1 ,i  fear1 was sadly
 addicted to brandy1 of which our supply
 was far too  small to admit of honoring
 many such drafts as he had made the    
preceding evening4    ,one and a half   
miles to the southeast of ,aramacina is 
a ledge of  sandstone rock1 with a      
smooth vertical face1 which is covered  
over  with figures1 deeply cut in       
outline4 ,this ledge forms one side of a
  rural amphitheatre overlooking the    
adjacent valley1 and is by nature  a    

spot likely to be selected as a sacred  
place by the ,indians4 ,it  faces       
towards the west1 and from all parts of 
the amphitheatre1 which  may have       
answered the purposes of a temple1 the  
morning sun would  appear to rise       
directly over the rock4 ,the engravings 
in some places  are much defaced or worn
 by time1 so that they cannot be made   
out2  but generally they are deep and   
distinct1--so deep1 indeed1 that ,i     
used those which run horizontally as    
steps whereby to climb up the  face of  
the ledge4 ,i should say that they were 
two and a half inches  deep4 ,a portion 
had been effaced by a rude quarry which 
the people of  ,aramacina had opened    
here to obtain stone for their church4  
,some of the figures are easily         
recognizable as those of men and        
animals1 while others appear entirely   
arbitrary1 or designed simply  for      
ornament4 ,enough can be clearly made   
out to show the affiliation  of the     
engravers with the ancient ,mexican     

families of ,nicaragua and  ,san        
,salvador4 ,the space covered by these  
inscriptions is about one  hundred feet 
long1 by twelve or fifteen in height4 ,a
 quarter of a  mile to the southward are
 other smaller rocks with figures1 too  
much  defaced1 however1 to be traced    
satisfactorily4 ,vases of curious       
workmanship1 human bones in considerable
 quantities1 and other relics  and      
remains1 it is said1 may be discovered  
by digging in the earth  anywhere within
 the natural amphitheatre to which ,i   
have referred4  ,this is another        
circumstance going to favor the belief  
that this was  anciently a place of     
great sanctity2 for it is a universal   
custom  among all nations to bury their 
dead in the neighborhood of shrines  and
 temples4    ,although the immediate    
district in which these aboriginal      
traces are  found does not seem to have 
fallen within the region occupied by the
  ,nahuatt or ,mexican tribes of        
,central ,america at the time of the    

,conquest1 but in what was called the   
country of the ,chontals1 yet it  is not
 difficult to suppose1 that1 in the     
various hostile encounters  which we    
know took place between the two nations1
 the ,nahuatts may  have penetrated as  
far as ,aramacina1 and left here some   
record of  their visit1--if1 indeed1    
they did not succeed in effecting a     
temporary lodgment4 ,at any rate1 there 
can be but little doubt that a  portion 
of the engravings on the rocks above    
described1 but  particularly those which
 seem to record dates1 were made by     
them4    ,from ,aramacina to ,caridad1  
the next town on our course1 and four   
leagues distant1 the road is laid out on
 ,spanish principles1 which  are the    
very reverse of scientific4 ,instead of 
keeping along the  river-valley1 it     
passes directly over a high1 rocky spur 
of the  lateral mountains1 through a    
pass called ,el ,portillo1 7,the        
,portal17  elevated fifteen hundred feet
 above the sea4 ,the view from its      

summit1 whence we were enabled to trace 
our course up to this point1  as if on a
 map1 in some degree compensated us for 
the labor of the  ascent4 ,from here we 
could also look ahead1 beyond the town  
of  ,caridad2 and we saw1 with some     
misgivings1 that there the lateral      
ranges of mountains seemed to send down 
their spurs boldly to the  river1       
leaving only what the ,spaniards call a 
canon or narrow  gorge1 walled in with  
precipitous rocks1 for its passage4 ,a  
shadow  came over every face1 in view of
 the possible obstacles in our path2    
and although we tried to reassure       
ourselves by the reflection1 that1      
where so large a stream could pass1     
there must certainly be room  enough for
 a road1 yet1 it must be confessed1 we  
wound down the hill  of ,el ,portillo to
 ,caridad with spirits much depressed4  
,moreover1 a  drizzling rain set in     
before we reached the village1 and      
clouds and  vapor settled down gloomily 
on the surrounding hills and mountains1 

rendering us altogether more dismal than
 we had been since leaving  ,new ,york4 
,we rode up to the cabildo of ,caridad  
in silence1 and  fortunately found it   
new1 neat1 and comfortable1 with cover  
for our  mules1 ample facilities for    
cooking1 and an abundance of dry wood   
for  a fire1 now rendered necessary to  
comfort by the damp1 and the  proximity 
of high mountains4 ,fortunately1 also1  
we experienced no  difficulty in getting
 fodder for our animals and food for    
ourselves1--a bright-eyed ,seora1 wife  
of the principal alcalde1  volunteering 
to send us freshly baked and crisp      
tortillas1 which  were brought to us    
hot1 in the folds of the whitest of     
napkins4 ,after  dinner and coffee1 and 
under the genial influences of a fire of
 the  pitch-pine1 which gave us both    
light and heat1 our spirits returned1   
and we did not refuse a hearty laugh1   
when ,h4 read from a dingy  paper1 which
 he found sticking on the wall of the   
cabildo1 the  report of the day's       

transactions on the ,caridad ,exchange1 
marked by  a great and sudden decline in
 railway shares1 caused by the timidity 
of holders1 and by an equally sudden    
reaction1 occasioned by two  dozen of   
soft-boiled eggs and a peck of          
tortillas4    ,caridad is a neat little 
town1 of about three hundred            
inhabitants1  situated on a level       
plateau nearly surrounded by high       
mountains1--the  valley of the river1   
both above and below1 being reduced to  
its  narrowest limits4 ,to the          
northeastward of the town1 and on a     
shelf of  the ,lepaterique ,mountains1  
which rise abruptly in that direction1  
and  are covered with pine forests to   
their summits1 is distinctly visible    
the ,indian town of ,lauterique1--its   
position indicating clearly that  it had
 been selected with reference to        
defensive purposes4 ,we had  seen its   
white church from ,el ,portillo1 looking
 like a point of  silver on the dark    
green slope of the mountain4    ,rain   

fell heavily during the night2 but the  
morning broke bright and  clear4 ,the   
increased roar of the river1 however1   
made known to us  that it was greatly   
swollen1 and when we walked down to its 
brink we  found it a rapid and angry    
torrent1 with its volume of water more  
than double that of the previous day4   
,this was not an encouraging            
circumstance2 for we had learned1 that1 
if we intended following up  the stream1
 instead of making a grand dtour over   
the mountains1 it  would be necessary to
 ford the river1 about a mile above the 
town4  ,all advised us against          
attempting the passage4 ,maana1         
7,tomorrow17 they said1 would do as     
well1 and we had better wait4           
,meanwhile the waters would subside4    
,nobody had ever attempted the  passage 
after such a storm2 and the river was   
muy bravo 7very  angry74 ,i have said   
that all advised us against moving2 but 
,i should  except the second alcalde1   
who had taken a great fancy to us1 and  

wanted to enter our service4 ,his       
dignity did not rebel at the  position  
of arriero or muleteer2 any place would 
suit him1 so that  we would agree to    
take him finally to ,el ,norte1--for    
such is the  universal designation of   
the ,united ,states among the people of 
,central ,america4 ,he shared in none of
 the fears of his townsmen1 and  told   
them1 that1 fortunately1 all the world  
was not as timid as  themselves1 and    
wound up by volunteering to accompany us
 and get us  across4 ,we gladly accepted
 his offer1 and started out with the    
least  possible delay4 ,i need not say  
that we made rather an anxious party4   
,the unpromising observations of the    
preceding day1 and the  possibilities of
 the mountains' closing down on the     
river so as to  forbid a passage1 were  
uppermost in every mind2 but all sought 
to  hide their real feelings under an   
affectation of cheerfulness1 not to  say
 of absolute gayety4 ,as we advanced1   
and rounded the hills which  shut in the

 little plateau of ,caridad on the      
north1 we saw that the  high lateral    
mountains sent down their rocky spurs   
towards each other  like huge           
buttresses1 lapping by1 and1 so far as  
the eye could  discern1 forming a       
complete and insurmountable barrier4    
,over the brow  of one of these1 a      
zigzag streak of white marked the line  
of the  mule-path4 ,our guide traced it 
out to us with his finger1 and assured  
us that it traversed a bad portillo1    
over which the wind sometimes  sweeps   
with such force as to take a loaded mule
 off his feet1 and  dash him down the   
steep sides of the mountain4 ,half a    
mile of level  ground still intervened  
between us and the apparent limit of our
  advance1 and we trotted over it in    
silence1 pulling up on the abrupt  bank 
of the deep trough of the river1 which  
foamed and chafed among  the great      
boulders in its bed1 and against its    
rocky shores1 nearly a  hundred feet    
below us4 ,a break-neck path wound down 

to a little  sandpit2 and on the        
opposite side of the stream another path
 wound  up1 in like manner1 to a narrow 
plateau1 on which stood a single  hut1  
with its surroundings of plantain-trees 
and maize-fields4 ,i  looked anxiously  
up the stream1 but a sudden bend1 a few 
hundred  yards above1 shut off the view2
 and there the flinty buttresses of  the
 mountain rose sheer and frowning1      
perpendicularly from the  water's edge4 
,the eyes of the ,lieutenant had        
followed mine1 and we exchanged a       
glance which expressed as plainly as    
words1 that1 unless the  mountain-spur  
which projected into the bend of the    
river should prove  sufficiently narrow 
to be tunnelled1 or should fall off so  
as to  admit of a side-cutting in the   
rock1 our project might be regarded as  
at an end4 ,to determine that point was 
our next and most important  step4 ,down
 the steep descent1 scrambling amongst  
rocks and bushes1  where it seemed a    
goat would hardly dare to venture1--down

 we plunged  to the water's edge4 ,here 
the stream was not less than a hundred  
yards broad1 flowing over a rocky bed   
full of rolling stones and  boulders1   
with a velocity which it seemed         
impossible for man or beast  to stem4   
,but our alcalde was equal to the       
emergency4    ,stripping himself naked1 
he took a long pole shod with iron1     
which  seemed to be kept here for the   
purpose1 and started out boldly into    
the stream1 for the purpose of making a 
preliminary survey of the  line of      
passage4 ,planting his pole firmly down 
the stream1 so as to  support himself   
against the current1 he cautiously      
advanced1 step by  step1 prospecting the
 bottom with his feet1 so as to         
ascertain the  shallowest ford1 and that
 freest from rocks and stones4          
,sometimes he  slipped into deep holes  
and disappeared beneath the surface1 but
 be  always recovered himself1 and went 
on with his work with the greatest      
deliberation and composure4 ,after      

crossing and recrossing the river  in   
this manner three or four times1 he     
succeeded in fixing on a  serpentine    
line1 where the water1 except for a few 
yards near the  opposite bank1 was only 
up to his shoulders1 and which he       
pronounced  muy factible 7very          
feasible74    ,but1 amigo exclaimed ,h41
 in an excited tone1 you forget that you
  are six feet high1 and that ,i am but 
five feet five6    ,no hay cuidado6     
7,have no care67 was the reassuring     
reply of the  alcalde1 as he slapped his
 broad chest with his open palm2 soy    
responsable6 7,i am responsible67       
,the mules were now unsaddled1 and the  
trunks taken over1 one by one1  on the  
alcalde's head4 ,next1 the animals were 
forced into the  water1 and1 after      
vehement flounderings1 now swimming1 now
 stumbling  over rolling stones1 they   
were finally1 bruised and bleeding and  
the  forlornest of animals1 got across  
in safety4 ,next came our turn1 and  ,i 
led the way1 with a thong fastened      

around my body below the  armpits1 and  
attached1 in like manner1 to our        
stalwart alcalde4  ,long before we      
reached the middle of the stream1       
notwithstanding ,i  carried a large     
stone under each arm by way of ballast1 
,i was swept  from my feet out to the   
length of my tether1 and thus towed over
 by  our guide4 ,when all were snugly   
across1 the laughter was loud and  long 
over the ridiculous figure which        
everybody had cut in  everybody's eyes1 
except his own4 ,h4 immortalized the    
transit in what  the ,french call un    
croquis1 but it would hardly bear       
reproduction  in the pages of a         
narrative so staid as this4    ,intent  
on determining1 with the least possible 
delay1 the important  question1 whether 
the mountains really opposed an         
insurmountable  obstacle to our project1
 ,i left my companions and ,dolores to  
resaddle  and get under way at their    
leisure1 and pushed ahead with the      
alcalde4 ,striking off from the         

mule-path1 we climbed up1 among  loose  
rocks and dwarf-trees and bushes1 to the
 top of the mountain4  ,my excitement   
gave me unwonted vigor1 and my sturdy   
guide1 streaming  with perspiration long
 before we reached the summit1 prayed   
me1 in  the name of all the saints1 to  
moderate my rate of speed1 and give  him
 a trago of ,cognac4 ,my suspense was   
not of long duration2 for1  on reaching 
the crest of the eminence1 ,i found that
 we were indeed on  a narrow spur1      
easily tunnelled1 or readily turned by  
galleries in  the rock1 and that1       
beyond1 the country opened out again in 
a broad  table-land sloping gently from 
the north1 and traversed nearly in its  
centre by the gorge of the river4 ,the  
break in the ,cordilleras was  now      
distinct1 and ,i could look quite       
through it1 and see the blue  peaks of  
the mountains on the ,atlantic slope of 
the continent4 ,a  single glance        
sufficed to disclose all this to my     
eager vision1 and  the next instant six 

rapid shots from my revolver conveyed   
the  intelligence to my companions1 who 
were toiling up the narrow  mule-path1  
half a mile to my right4 ,the ,teniente 
dismounted1 evidently  with the         
intention of joining us1 but soon got   
back again into his  saddle1--having    
experienced1 as ,h4 explained1 a sudden 
recurrence of  palpitation4             
,rejoining my companions1 ,i dismissed  
our guide with a reward which  surprised
 him1 and we pursued our way to the     
,portillo4 ,this name is  given to the  
point where the path1 after winding up  
the side of the  mountain half-way to   
its summit1 suddenly turns round its    
brow1 and  commences its descent4 ,it is
 a narrow shelf1 in some places scarcely
  more than a foot wide1 rudely worked  
in the living rock1 which falls  off    
below in a steep and almost precipitous 
descent to the river2 and  although it  
did not quite realize the idea we had   
formed of it from  the description of   
our guide1 it was sufficiently pokerish 

to inspire  the most daring mountaineer 
with caution4 ,at any rate1 most of our 
party dismounted1 preferring to lead    
their mules around the point to  having 
their heads turned in riding past it4   
,exposed to the full  force of the      
winds1 which are drawn through this     
river-valley as  through a funnel1 and  
with a foothold so narrow1 it was easy  
to  believe that neither man nor beast  
could pass here during the season  of   
the northers1 except at great risk of   
being dashed down the  declivity4    ,a 
little beyond the ,portillo1 the road   
diverges from the valley  proper of the 
river1 and is carried over an undulating
 country to the  village of ,san        
,antonio del ,norte1 finely situated on 
a grassy plain1  of considerable extent1
 a dependency of the valley of the      
,goascoran4  ,we had intended stopping  
here for the night2 but the cabildo was 
already filled with a motley crowd of   
arrieros and others on their  way to    
,san ,miguel4 ,a tall mestizo1 covered  

with ulcers1 sat in the  doorway1 and   
two or three culprits extended their    
claw-like hands  towards us through the 
bars of their cage and invoked alms in  
the  name of the ,virgin and all things 
sacred4 ,we therefore contented         
ourselves with a lunch under the        
corridor of a neighboring house1  and1  
notwithstanding it was late in the      
afternoon1 pressed forward  towards the 
little ,indian town of ,san ,juan1 three
 leagues distant4    ,it was a long and 
rough and weary way1 and as night fell  
without any  sign of a village in front1
 we began to have a painful suspicion   
that  we had lost our road1--if a narrow
 mule-path1 often scarcely  traceable1  
can be dignified by that name4 ,so we   
stopped short1 to  allow a man on foot1 
whom we had observed following on our   
track for  half an hour1 to come up4 ,he
 proved to be a bright-eyed1            
good-natured  ,indian1 who addressed us 
as ,vuestras ,mercedes1 and who informed
  us not only that we were on the right 

road to ,san ,juan1 but also that  he   
himself belonged there and was now on   
his way home4    ,good1 amigo6--but how 
far is it8    ,hay no mas 7,there is no 
more17 was the consoling response4      
,but where is the town8    ,all6        
7,there67    ,and he threw his hand     
forward1 and projected his lips in the  
direction he sought to indicate1--a mode
 of indication1 ,i may add1  almost     
universal in ,central ,america1 and     
explicable only on the  assumption that 
it costs less effort than to raise the  
hand4    ,our new friend was            
communicative1 and told us that he had  
been all  the way to ,caridad to bring a
 priest to ,san ,juan1 para hacer cosas 
de familia1 7to attend to family        
affairs17 which he explained as  meaning
 to marry1 baptize1 and catechize4 ,the 
people of ,san ,juan1  he added1 were   
too poor to keep a priest of their own2 
they couldn't  pay enough2 and1         
moreover1 their women were all old and  
ugly4 ,and he  indulged in a knowing    

wink and chuckle4    ,meantime we had   
kept on our course1 and it had become   
quite dark2  still there was no sign of 
the village1--not even the flicker of   
lights or the barking of dogs4    ,what 
did the fellow say about the distance8  
inquired ,h41 angrily4    ,that there   
was no more distance4    ,ask him again2
 he couldn't have understood you4       
,amigo1 where is your village8 ,you said
 just now that it was close  by4    ,hay
 no masita1 ,seor6    ,what's that8     
,he says that the distance was nothing  
before1 and is still less  now6    ,bah6
 he's a fool6 ,half an hour later1 which
 to ,h4's indignant  imagination seemed 
an age1 we reached the top of a high    
ridge1 and  saw the first glimmer of the
 lights of the village1 on the farther  
edge of a broad plain1 a mile and a half
 distant4    ,estamos aqu6 7,here we    
are67 exclaimed our guide1 triumphantly4
    ,our mules pricked forward their    
ears at the welcome sight1 and we       
trotted briskly over the plain1 and1 as 

usual1 straight to the  cabildo1--a     
newly constructed edifice of canes      
plastered with mud1  but1 for a tropical
 country1 suffering under the slight    
defect of  having no windows or aperture
 for ventilation besides the door4 ,the 
drum brought us the most attentive of   
alguazils1 and we fared by no  means    
badly in ,san ,juan2 that is to say1 we 
had plenty of milk and  eggs4    ,when  
supper was over1 ,h4 lighted a pine     
splinter1 and put on record  his        
,observations on the ,standard of       
,measurement in ,honduras1 which  ,i am 
allowed to copy for the information of  
travellers4    ,distances here are      
computed by what may be called ,long    
,measure4  ,league is a vague term1 and1
 like x in an algebraic equation1       
stands for an unknown quantity4 ,it may 
mean ten miles1 more or  less1--any     
distance1 in fact1 over five miles4 ,the
 unit of measure1  as fixed by law1 is  
estamos aqu1 7here we are17 which is a  
mile  and a half2 hay no masita 7a      

little less than nothing7 is five       
miles2 hay no mas 7there is no more7 is 
ten miles2 and muy cerca  7very near7 is
 a hard day's journey4 ,as regards      
spirituous liquors1 a  trago of brandy1 
or 'a drink1' is whatever may be in the 
bottle1 be  the same large or small1 and
 the quantity more or less4    ,san     
,juan is insignificant in point of size1
 but its population seems  to be well to
 do in the world1 in the relative sense 
in which that  term is to be interpreted
 in ,central ,america4 ,here we found   
that the  river forks1--the principal   
branch1 however1 which retains the name 
of ,goascoran1 still preserving its     
general course north and south4  ,the   
smaller branch1 called ,rio de ,san     
,juan1 descends from high  mountains to 
the westward1 having its rise1 we were  
told1 near the  secluded ,indian pueblos
 of ,similaton and ,opotoro4 ,we found  
the  elevation of ,san ,juan to be nine 
hundred feet above the sea1--an         
altitude sufficiently great1 combined   

with the proximity of the  ,cordilleras1
 to give it a generally cool and        
delightful climate4 ,the  change in     
temperature from that of the sea-coast1 
however1 is less  marked than the change
 in scenery and vegetation4 ,it is true1
 we find  the ever-graceful palm1 the   
orange1 plantain1 and other tropical    
fruit-trees2 but the country is no      
longer loaded down with forests4  ,it   
spreads out before the traveller in a   
succession of swelling hills  and level 
savannas1 clothed with grass1 and       
clumped over with pines1  and miniature 
parks of deciduous trees1 sufficiently  
open to permit  cattle and horsemen to  
roam freely in every direction4 ,during 
the dry  season1 however1 this open     
region becomes dry and parched1 and the 
traveller passing over it then would be 
apt to pronounce the whole  country     
sterile and without cultivation4 ,but in
 little lateral  valleys and coves among
 the mountains1 sheltered from the sun1 
and  watered by springs or running      

streams1 there are many plantations of  
sugar-cane1 maize1 rice1 and other      
standard products of the tropics1  of   
unsurpassed luxuriance4 ,we sometimes   
came on these green places              
unexpectedly1 far away from any         
habitation1 and all the more gem-like   
and beautiful from their rough setting  
of sere savanna and rugged  mountain4   
,we left ,san ,juan early in the        
morning1 crossing to the left bank of   
the river1 still a noble stream1 a      
hundred and fifty feet broad1 and  pure 
as crystal4 ,a government tambo1 or     
rancho1 opposite the  town1 on the bank1
 indicated that even here the river was 
sometimes  unfordable4 ,hence the       
construction of this public shelter for 
travellers obliged to wait for the      
subsidence of the waters4 ,these        
government ranchos are common on all the
 roads1 in the less  populous parts of  
the country1 or where the towns are     
widely  separated1 and are the refuge of
 the wayfarer benighted or overtaken  by

 a storm in his journey4 ,they seldom   
consist of more than four  forked posts 
planted in the ground1 supporting a roof
 of paja or  thatch4 ,occasionally one  
or two sides are wattled up with canes1 
or  closed with poles placed closely    
together4 ,they are usually built  where
 some spring or stream furnishes a      
supply of water1 and where  there is an 
open patch of pasturage2 and although   
they afford nothing  beyond shelter1    
they are always welcome retreats to the 
weary or  belated traveller4 ,for one1  
,i generally preferred stopping in them 
to  passing the night in the little     
villages1 where the cabildos are  often 
dirty and infested with fleas1 and where
 a horrible concert is  kept up by the  
lean and mangy curs which throughout    
,central ,america  disgrace the         
respectable name of dog4 ,in fact1 a    
large part of the  romance and many of  
the pleasantest recollections of our    
adventures  in ,honduras are connected  
with these rude shelters1 and with the  

long  nights which we passed in them1   
far away in dark valleys1 or on         
mountain-crests1 but always amongst     
,nature's deepest solitudes4    ,after  
crossing the river1 our path1 with the  
perversity of all  ,spanish roads1      
instead of following up the valley of   
the stream1  diverged widely to the     
right through a cluster or knot of      
hills1 in  which we were involved until 
we reached a rapid stream called ,rio   
,guanupalapa1 flowing through a narrow  
gorge1 over a wild mass of  stones and  
boulders4 ,here we breakfasted1         
picturesquely enough1 and1  resuming our
 course1 soon emerged from the hilly    
labyrinth on a  series of terraces1     
falling off like steps to the river on  
our left4  ,they had been burned over1  
and the young grass was sprouting up1   
under the freshening influence of the   
early rain1 in a carpet of  translucent 
green4 ,at a distance of four leagues   
from ,san ,juan1 after  descending from 
terrace to terrace1 we again reached the

 river1 now  flowing through a valley   
three hundred yards broad1 and about    
fifty  feet below the general level of  
the adjacent plateau4 ,here we found    
another fork in the stream3 the         
principal body of water descending1  as 
before1 from the right1 and called ,rio 
,rancho ,grande2 the smaller  stream1 on
 the left1 bearing the name of ,rio     
,chaguiton2 and the two  forming the    
,rio ,goascoran4 ,half a mile beyond the
 ford is a  collection of three or four 
huts1 called ,rancho ,grande4 ,here we  
stopped to determine our position4 ,we  
were now at the foot of the  divide1 and
 close to the pass1 if such existed1 of 
which we were in  search4 ,immediately  
in front rose a high peak1 destitute of 
trees1  which the people called ,el     
,volcan4 ,it had deep breaks or valleys 
on  either side1 evidently those of the 
streams to which ,i have alluded4       
,outside of these1 the mountains1 six or
 eight thousand feet in  height1 swept  
round in a majestic curve4 ,were there1 

then1 two passes  through the           
,cordilleras1 separated by the conical  
peak of ,el ,volcan8  or did the great  
valley of the ,goascoran divide here1   
only to waste  itself away in narrow    
gorges1 leaving a summit too high to be 
traversed except by mountain mules8     
,strange to say1 the occupants of the   
huts at ,rancho ,grande could give  us  
no information on these points1 but to  
all our inquiries only  answered1 ,quien
 sabe8 7,who knows87--and pointed out to
 us the  line of the mule-path1 winding 
over the intervening hills and along    
the flank of ,el ,volcan4 ,up to this   
time we had had comparatively  small    
experience1 and did not quite           
understand1 what we afterwards  came to 
know too well1 that a ,spanish road is  
perfect only when it  runs over the     
highest and roughest ground that by any 
possibility may  be selected between two
 given points4    ,we did not waste much
 time with the people of ,rancho        
,grande1 but  urged on our mules as     

rapidly as possible4 ,turning abruptly  
to the  right and leaving the plateau   
behind us1 we advanced straight up  the 
high ridge intervening between the two  
valleys1 and thence in a  zigzag course 
to the foot of ,el ,volcan1 a mass of   
igneous rock1  protruded through the    
horizontal sandstone strata1--the       
gradual  recession of which gives to the
 country the terraced character to      
which ,i have so often alluded4 ,leaving
 our mules here1 ,h4 and myself         
clambered up amongst rough and angular  
rocks1 strewn in wildest  disorder1 to  
the bare and rugged summit of ,el       
,volcan4 ,from this  commanding position
 the view was unobstructed all the way  
back to the  ,pacific4 ,the whole valley
 of the river1 and line of our          
reconnaissance1 the ,portillo of        
,caridad1 the ,rock of ,goascoran1  the 
,volcano of ,conchagua1 and the high    
islands of the ,bay of ,fonseca1  were  
all included in the view4 ,rancho       
,grande and the fork of the  river      

appeared at our feet2 and on the right  
hand and the left1  extending upwards in
 nearly parallel directions1 were the   
deep  valleys of the rivers ,rancho     
,grande and ,chaguiton1--that of the    
former clothed with pines1 while that of
 the latter presented only a  succession
 of savannas1 with here and there a     
group of forest-trees4  ,our view to the
 northward1 however1 was obstructed by  
hills and  forests1 and our ascent of   
,el ,volcan failed to give us a view of 
the  ,pass1 which we knew must now be   
near at hand4 ,we descended1  therefore1
 and resumed our course1--anxiously1 it 
is true1 but with  few of the serious   
misgivings which had beset us at        
,caridad4    ,the path wound around the 
base of ,el ,volcan1 on the level       
terrace or  shelf from which it springs4
 ,as we advanced1 we could distinctly   
perceive that the valley to our right   
rose gradually1 with a gentle1  but     
constant grade4 ,at a distance of three 
miles it had nearly  reached the level  

of the terrace along which we rode1 and 
at the end  of our fourth mile the      
terrace and the valley merged into each 
other1  and the mule-path dipping into  
the waters of the stream1 now reduced   
to a sparkling brook1 resumed its       
direction on the opposite bank4 ,we     
stopped here1 in a natural park of tall 
pines1 and lunched beneath  their shade1
 drinking only the cool1 clear water    
which murmured among  the mossy stones  
at our feet4 ,we needed no artificial   
stimulus2 our  spirits were high and    
buoyant2 we had almost traced the       
,goascoran to its source2 half an hour  
more must bring us to its               
fountain-head1--and then8 ,we knew not  
exactly what then2 but one  thing was   
certain1 that nothing in the form of a  
hill or mountain  obstructed our        
advance1 for the light1 reflected from a
 clear sky1  streamed horizontally      
between the tree-trunks in front1 while 
on either  hand the vistas were dark1   
and the outlines of gigantic mountains  

could be  discerned towering to         
mid-heaven4    ,half a mile farther on1 
crossing in the interval a number of    
little  tributary streams1 we came where
 the pines were more scattered2 they    
soon disappeared1 and we emerged upon an
 open glade or natural  meadow4 ,a high 
mountain1 dark with forests1 rose on our
 right2 on the  left was a long range of
 grassy hills2 but in front all was     
clear6 ,a  government rancho1 built     
under the shade of a couple of tall     
fruit-trees1 stood in the middle of the 
savanna1 and on its farther edge  were  
the cane buildings of a cattle-hacienda1
 just visible through  the wealth of    
plantain-trees by which they were       
surrounded1 while the  cattle themselves
 were dotted over the intervening space1
 cropping  the young grass1 which here  
looked brighter and fresher than in the 
valley below4 ,impulsively my mule      
pricked her ears forward1 and broke     
into a rapid trot4 ,soon she stepped    
across the stream1 which we had         

followed to its birthplace1 now reduced 
to a trickling rivulet  stealing out    
from a spring1 an eye of water1 7ojo de 
agua17 coyly  hidden away under a clump 
of trees draped with evergreen vines at 
the  foot of the neighboring hills4 ,i  
knew that we were at the summit2  the   
faint swell of the savanna1 scarcely    
perceptible to the eye1  which supported
 the government rancho1 it was clear1   
was the  highest point between the two  
great oceans1 and the cool breeze which 
fanned our foreheads was the expiring   
breath of the trade-winds  coming all   
the way from the ,bay of ,honduras6 ,my 
mule halted at the  rancho2 ,i threw the
 bridle over her neck1 and went forward 
on foot2  but ,i had not proceeded a    
hundred paces before my attention was   
arrested by the cheerful murmur of      
another little stream1 also  descending 
from the foot of the mountain at our    
right1--but this  time1 after traversing
 half the width of the savanna1 it      
turned away  suddenly to the north1 and 

with a merry dash and sparkling leap    
started off on its journey to the       
,atlantic6 ,in that direction1  however1
 a forest of tall pines still shut off  
the view1 and it was  not until ,i      
reached the summit of one of the lateral
 hills that ,i  could look over and     
beyond them4 ,then1 for the first time1 
,i saw the  great plain of ,comayagua1  
at a level some hundreds of feet below  
us1  spreading away for a distance of   
forty miles1 in a rich succession of    
savannas and cultivated grounds1 dotted 
with villages1 and  intersected by dark 
waving lines of forest1 marking the     
courses of  the various streams that    
traverse it like the veins on an        
out-spread  hand4 ,at its northeastern  
extremity1 its white walls now gleaming 
like silver in the sunlight1 and anon   
subdued and distant under the  shadow of
 a passing cloud1 was the city of       
,comayagua1 unmistakable1  from its     
size1 but especially from the imposing  
mass of its  cathedral1 as the principal

 town of the plain1 and the capital of  
the  ,republic4 ,circling around this   
great plain1 and1 with the exception  of
 only a narrow opening at its northern  
extremity1 literally  shutting it in    
like an amphitheatre1 is a cincture of  
mountains1  rising to the height of from
 three to six thousand feet1--a fitting 
frame-work for so grand a picture4    ,i
 returned slowly to the rancho1 where my
 companions were preparing  our         
encampment1 and communicated to them the
 result of my  observations4 ,singularly
 enough1 there was no excitement2 even  
,h4  forgot to inquire what was the     
price of stock4 ,but we took our  dinner
 in calm satisfaction1--if four         
tortillas1 three eggs1 six  onions1 and 
a water-melon1 the total results of     
,dolores's foraging  expedition to the  
cattle-hacienda1 equally divided between
 eight  hungry men1 can be called a     
dinner4    ,we spent the evening1 a good
 part of the night1 and the next day    
until afternoon1 in determining our     

position and altitude1 and in  various  
explorations in both directions from the
 summit4 ,we found  that we were distant
 seventy-eight miles in a right line    
from ,la  ,union1 and 7barometrically7  
#bieh feet above mean-tide in the       
,pacific4  ,we afterwards ascertained   
that the hut in which we passed the     
night  is called ,rancho ,chiquito1 and 
that name was accordingly given to  this
 summit1 and to the ,pass1 as           
distinguished from another break        
through the mountains1 to the westward1 
which we subsequently  discovered and   
designated as the ,pass of ,guajoca4    
,after ,rancho ,chiquito1 the first town
 which is reached in the plain  of      
,comayagua1 entering it from this       
direction1 is ,lamani1--a small         
village1 it is true1 but delightfully   
situated in an open meadow1  relieved   
only by fruit-trees and the stems of the
 nopal or palmated  cactus1 which here  
grows to a gigantic size1 frequently    
reaching the  height of twenty or thirty

 feet4 ,the cabildo was in a state of   
extreme dilapidation1 and we called on  
the first alcalde for better            
accommodations4 ,he took us to the house
 of the padre1 who was away  from home1 
and installed us there4 ,it was the best
 house in the  place1 whitewashed1 and  
painted with figures of trees1 men1     
animals1  and birds1 all in red ochre1  
and in a style of art truly archaic4    
,the  padre's two servants1 an old woman
 and her boy1 were the sole  occupants  
of the establishment1 and did not appear
 at all delighted  to see us4 ,according
 to their account1 there was nothing in 
the  house to eat2 they had no          
tortillas1 no eggs1 no chickens1        
absolutamente nada 7absolutely nothing74
 ,all this was affirmed  with the       
greatest gravity1 while a dozen fat     
fowls were distinctly  visible through  
the open doorway1 perched1 for the      
night1 among the  bare limbs of the     
jocote trees in the court-yard4 ,i      
pointed them  out to the old woman1 and1

 producing a handful of silver1 told her
  that we were willing to pay for such  
as we required4    ,pero no puedo       
venderles4 7,but ,i can't sell them47   
,why8    ,no puedo    ,dolores meantime 
took a stick1 knocked three of the      
finest from their  perches1 and quietly 
wrung their necks4 ,i expected to see   
the old  dame swoon away1 or at least go
 off in a paroxysm of tears2 but1       
instead of committing any such civilized
 folly1 she silently took up  her       
slaughtered innocents1 dressed and      
cooked them1 and thanked me  profoundly 
for the medio each1 which ,i handed her 
next morning4 ,the  lesson was not lost 
on us1 in our subsequent travels2 for we
 found it  almost universal1 that the   
lower classes are utterly indisposed to 
sell their domestic commodities4 ,their 
services may be purchased2 but  their   
chickens are above price4 ,when1        
however1 you have helped  yourself1 you 
are astonished to find how ridiculously 
small a sum  will heal the wound you    

have made and atone for the loss you    
have  inflicted4    ,from ,lamani to    
,comayagua the road is direct1 over a   
slightly  undulating plain1 subsiding   
gently to the north1 and traversed      
nearly  in its centre by the ,rio       
,hanuya1 fed by numerous tributaries    
falling  from the mountains on either   
hand4 ,we forded it at a distance of ten
  miles from ,lamani1 and were surprised
 to find it already a large and  deep   
stream1 frequently impassable for days  
and weeks together1  during the season  
of rains4 ,half a mile beyond the ford  
we came to  the ,villa de ,san ,antonio1
 a considerable place1 and1 next to the 
capital itself and the town of ,las     
,piedras1 the largest in the plain4     
,here we stopped at the house of the    
first alcalde1 who gave us a  cordial   
reception1 and an ample dinner1 in a    
civilized fashion1--that  is to say1 we 
had veritable plates1 and knives and    
forks withal4    ,in ,central ,america1 
curiosity is unchecked by our           

conventional laws1  and the traveller   
soon ceases to be surprised at any of   
its  manifestations1 however            
extraordinary4 ,when1 therefore1 a      
couple of  dozen spectators1 of all ages
 and both sexes1 invaded the house of   
our host1 and huddled around us while   
eating1 we were in no degree            
astonished1 but continued our meal as if
 unconscious of their  presence4 ,one   
yellow dame1 however1 was determined not
 to be ignored1  and insisted on        
speaking ,english1 of which she had a   
vocabulary of  four or five words1      
picked up in her intercourse with       
,american  sailors at the port of       
,truxillo4 ,we were hungry1 and did not 
much  heed her2 whereupon she           
disappeared1 as if piqued1 but soon     
returned  with what she evidently       
regarded as an irresistible appeal to   
our  interest1 in the shape of a        
blue-eyed1 flaxen-haired child1 perhaps 
three years old1 perfectly naked1 but   
which she placed triumphantly  on the   

table before us4    ,mira estos         
caballeros6 son paisanos tuyos1 niito6  
7,see these  gentlemen1 child6 they are 
your countrymen67    ,yes6 ejaculated   
the brat1 to the infinite entertainment 
of the  spectators1 none of whom        
appeared to discover the slightest      
impropriety in the proceeding4    ,of   
course1 we had not come all the way to  
the ,villa de ,san ,antonio to  set up  
our standard of what is moral or        
amusing2 so we laughed also1  and asked 
the mother to give us the history of the
 phenomenon4 ,it was  given without     
circumlocution2 and we learned1 in most 
direct phrase1  that ,captain ---- of   
----1 who traded to ,truxillo1 was      
responsible  for this early effort      
towards what ,h4 called the             
enlightenment of  the country4 ,so far  
from feeling ashamed of her escapade    
with the  ,captain1 the mother gloried  
in it1 and rather affected a social     
superiority over her less fortunate     
neighbors1 in consequence4 ,it is1      

however1 but right to say1 that the     
freedom with which matters of  this sort
 are talked about in ,central ,america  
does not necessarily  imply that the    
people at large are less virtuous than  
in other  countries4 ,honi soit qui mal 
y pense is a motto universally acted    
on2 legs are called legs2 and even the  
most delicate relations and  complaints 
are spoken of and discussed without the 
slightest attempt  at concealment or    
periphrasis4 ,it is no doubt true1 that 
marriage is  far from general among the 
middle and lower classes2 and a woman   
may  live with a man in open concubinage
 without serious detriment to her       
character or position1 so long as she   
remains faithful to him4#a ,it  is only 
when she becomes light o' love and      
indiscriminate in her  conduct1 that she
 is avoided and despised4 ,and although 
the remark  may sound strangely to      
,american ears1 ,i have no question that
 this  left-hand compact1 on the whole1 
is here quite as well kept as the  vows 

which have secured the formal sanction  
of the law and the  ,church4            
,footnote #a3 ,but few statistics       
relating to this subject are in         
existence2 but those few quite bear out 
these observations4 ,according  to the  
official returns of the ,district of    
,amatitlan in ,guatemala1  the whole    
number of births in that ,department for
 the year #aheh was  #acid1 of which    
#eha were illegitimate6    ,to be       
continued4          ,,the ,,cattle ,,to 
,,the ,,poet4,footnote        ,how do   
you know what the cow may know1      ,as
 under the tasselled bough she lies1    
,when earth is a-beat with the life     
below1    ,when the orient mornings     
redden and glow1    ,when the silent    
butterflies come and go1--      ,the    
dreamy cow with the ,juno eyes8         
,how do you know that she may not know  
,that the meadow all over is lettered1  
,love1    ,or hear the mystic syllable  
low    ,in the grasses' growth and the  
waters' flow8    ,how do you know that  

she may not know      ,what the robin   
sings on the twig above8      ,footnote3
 ,see ,the ,poet's ,friends1            
,atlantic ,monthly1 vol4 v41 p4 #ahe4   
,,more ,,words ,,about ,,shelley4       
,there is a moral or a lesson to be     
found in the life of almost every  man1 
the chief duty of a biographer being to 
set forth and illustrate  this2 and a   
history of the commonest individual1 if 
written truly1  could not fail to be    
interesting to his fellows2 for the     
feelings and  aspirations of men are    
pretty much alike all the world over1   
and the  elements of genius not very    
unequally distributed through the mass  
of  mankind1--the thing itself being a  
development due to circumstances1  very 
probably1 as much as to anything        
singular in the man4 ,but there  are few
 good biographies extant2 the writers1  
for the most part1  contenting          
themselves with superficial facts1      
refusing or unable to  follow the mind  
and motive powers of the subject1--or   

following these  imperfectly4 ,for this 
reason1 they who would read the truest  
kind of  biographies must turn to those 
written by men of themselves1--that  is1
 the autobiographies2 and these are1 in 
fact1 found to be among  the most       
attractive specimens of literature in   
our language1 or any  other4    ,the    
life of any man is more or less of a    
mystery to other men1 and  one who would
 write it effectively must have been    
intimate with him  from his youth       
onward4 ,when the biography is that of a
 man of genius1  the difficulty is      
greatly increased1 even to the writer   
who has been  his life-long familiar2   
for genius1 by the necessity of its     
being1  implies a departure in a variety
 of ways from the thoughts and rules  of
 that regulated existence which is most 
favorable to the progress  and welfare  
of men in the mass1--at least1 as these 
are generally  understood4 ,but if the  
life-long intimacy be wanting in this   
instance1 the task of the writer is the 

most difficult of all1 and  almost      
always a failure1--save in some rare    
case1 where the writer  and his subject 
have been men of a similar stamp4       
,few biographies are written by the     
life-intimates of the dead4 ,in  most   
instances they are composed as tasks or 
duties by comparative  strangers2 or if 
now and then by the friends or          
associates of the  subject1 these are   
very likely the observers of only a part
 of his  life1 the seri studiorum of his
 latter or middle career1 and           
unacquainted with that period when the  
strong lines of character are  formed   
and the mental tendencies fixed4        
,boswell's ,life of ,johnson  is        
considered one of the best performances 
of its kind in our  language2 but it is1
 after all1 only half a biography1 as it
 were4 ,we  have the pensioned and      
petted life of the rough and            
contemptuous man  of genius1--whose     
great renown in ,english literature1    
by-the-by1 is  owing far more to that   

garrulous admirer of his than to his own
  works1--but we have little or nothing 
about those days of study or  struggle  
when he taught and flogged little boys1 
or felt all the  contumely excited by   
his shabby habiliments1 or knocked down 
his  publisher1 or slept at night with a
 hungry stomach on a bulkhead in  the   
company of the poor poet ,savage4 ,all  
the racier and stronger part  of the    
man's history is slurred over4 ,no doubt
 he would not encourage  any prying into
 it1 and neither cared to remember it   
himself nor  wished others to do so4 ,he
 had a sensitive horror of having his   
life  written by an ignorant or         
unfriendly biographer1 and even spoke of
  the justice of taking such a person's 
life by anticipation1 as they  tell us4 
,others1 feeling a similar horror1 and  
some of them conscious  of the enmities 
they should leave behind them1 have     
themselves  written the obscurer        
portions of their own lives1 like ,hume1
 ,gibbon1  ,gifford1 ,scott1 ,moore1    

,southey4 ,these men must have felt1    
that1 even  at best1 and with the       
fairest intentions1 the task of the     
biographer  is full of difficulties1 and
 open to mistakes1 uncertainties1 and   
false conclusions without number4       
,the autobiographies are the best       
biographies4 ,no doubt1 self-love and   
some cowardly sensitiveness will operate
 on a man in speaking of his  own       
doings2 but all such drawbacks will     
still leave his narrative far  more     
trustworthy1 as regards the truth of    
character1 than that of any  other man3 
and this is more emphatically the case  
in proportion to  the genius of the     
writer2 for genius is naturally bold and
 true1 the  antipodes of anything like  
hypocrisy1 and prone to speak out1--if  
it  were but in defiance of hatred or   
misrepresentation1 even though the      
better and more philosophic spirit were 
wanting4 ,we should have  better and    
more instructive autobiographies1 if    
distinguished men  were not deterred by 

the self-denying ordinance so generally 
accepted1 that it is not becoming in any
 one to speak frankly of  himself or his
 own convictions4 ,we have no longer any
 of the strong1  wayward egotists1--the 
,st4 ,augustines1 the ,montaignes1 the  
,rousseaus1  the ,mirabeaus1 the        
,byrons2 even the ,cobbetts have died   
out4 ,but the  ,carlyles and the        
,emersons preserve amongst us still the 
evidences of  a stronger time4    ,there
 are two sorts of biographies1 which may
 be described1 in a  rough way1 as      
biographies of thought and biographies  
of action4 ,it  may not be a very       
difficult thing1 perhaps1 to write the  
life of a  politician or a general1 or  
even of a statesman or a great soldier4 
,at any rate1 the history of such a one 
is an easy matter1 compared  with that  
of a mere man of thought1 of a man of   
genius4 ,in the former  case1 we have   
the marked events1 which are1 as it     
were1 the  stepping-stones of           
biography1--events belonging to the     

narrative of the  time1--and the        
individual receives a reflected light   
from many men  and things4 ,dates and   
facts make the task of statement or     
commentary  more easy to the writer1 and
 his work more interesting to the       
general  reader4 ,but the case of the   
mere thinker1 the man of inaction1 whose
  sphere of achievement is for the most 
part a little room1 and who  produces   
his effects in a great measure in       
silence or solitude1 is a  very         
different one4 ,the names of his        
publications1 the dates of them1  the   
number of them1 the publisher's price   
for them1 the critic's  opinion of them1
 are meagre facts for the biographer2   
and if the man  of genius be a man of   
quiet1 sequestered life1 the record of  
it will  be only the more uninteresting 
to the reader4 ,it is only when         
something painful has been suffered1    
something eccentric done and            
misunderstood and denounced or derided1 
that the biography rouses the  languid  

interest of the public4 ,indeed1 so     
imperfect and false are  the plan and   
style of the literary biographies1 that 
such opprobria  are1 as it were1        
necessary to them1--necessary stimulants
 of  attention1 and necessary shades of 
what would otherwise be a  monotonous   
and ineffective picture2 and thus the   
unlucky men of  letters suffer          
posthumously for the stupidity of others
 as well as  their faults or            
divergencies4 ,when biographers have not
 facts1 they  are not unwilling to make 
use of fallacies3 they set down         
elephants  for want of towns4 ,dean     
,swift is a case in point4 ,society has 
avenged itself by calumniating the man  
who spat upon its hypocrisies  and      
rascalities2 and to appease the wounded 
feelings of the world1 he  is           
attractively set down as a savage and a 
tyrant4 ,mr4 ,thackeray and  others find
 such a verdict artistically suitable to
 their criticisms  or their narratives1 
7a ,french author has written a romantic

 book  about the ,dean and ,stella17 and
 so the man is still depicted and       
explained as the slayer of two poor     
innocent women1 a sort of  clerical     
,bluebeard1 and the horrid ogre who     
proposed to kill and eat  the fat ,irish
 babies4 ,thackeray's plan of           
dissertation1 indeed1 was  inconsistent 
with any displacing or disturbing of the
 preconceived  notions2 the success of  
it was1 on the contrary1 to be built    
upon the  customary old impressions of  
the subject4 ,everybody is pleased to   
find his own idea in ,thackeray1 liking 
it all the better for the  graphic way  
in which it is set forth and            
illustrated2 and the result  shows the  
shrewd artistic judgment of the critic1 
who apparently  7especially in the      
,dean's case7 understands his readers   
rather better  than his theme4 ,as for  
,swift1--though a fair knowledge of the 
man may  be gleaned from the several    
biographies of him that we have1 his    
life  has not yet been fairly written   

and interpreted2 and we believe the     
same may be said of most literary men of
 genius4    ,it must certainly be said  
of ,shelley1--and this brings us to the 
beginning of our remarks4 ,not one man  
in ten thousand would be  capable of    
writing the life of that poet as it     
should be  written1--even supposing the 
biographer were one of his intimate     
friends4  ,shelley went entirely away   
from the ranks of society1--farther away
  than ,byron1 and was a man harder to  
be understood by the generality  of men4
 ,an autobiography of such a man was    
more needed than that of  any other2 but
 we could not expect an autobiography   
from ,shelley4 ,he  felt nothing but    
pain and sorrow in the retrospect of his
 life1 and1  like ,byron1 shrank from   
the task of explaining the mixture of   
self-will1  injustice1 falsehood1 and   
impetuous defiance that made up the     
greater part of his history2 and when he
 died1 he left everything at  sixes and 
sevens1 as regarded his place and acts  

in the world4  ,accordingly1 until      
lately1 no one ventured forward with a  
biography  of the departed poet1 who has
 been for more than a generation looked 
on1 as it were1 through the medium of   
two lights3 one1 that of his  poetry1   
which represents him as the loftiest and
 gentlest of minds2  and the other1 the 
imperfect notices of his life1 which    
show him  forth a cruel1 headstrong1 and
 reckless outlaw1--hooted at1           
anathematized1 7and by his own father   
first17 driven out1 like a  leper in the
 ,middle ,ages1 and deprived of the care
 of his children4  ,in his case1        
however1 the tendency to dwell upon and 
bring out the  darker traits of         
biography does not exhibit itself in any
 remarkable  way2 and1 on the whole1    
,shelley's character wears a mild and   
retiring  rather than a defiant or      
fiendish aspect4 ,the world is inclined 
to  make allowances for him1 on account 
of his beautiful poetry2 and this  is   
something of the justice which1 on other

 grounds also1 is probably  due to him4 
,still1 nobody has come forward to write
 his biography as  it should be written2
 and we are yet to seek for the         
illustrated  moral of a sensitive1      
unaccommodating1 and impulsive being1   
rebelling  against the rules of life and
 the general philosophy of his          
fellow-creatures1 and shrinking with a  
shy1 uncomprehended pride from the      
companionship of society4 ,shelley's    
disposition was a marked and rare  one1 
but there is nothing of the riddle in   
it2 for thousands1 of his  temperament1 
may always be found going strangely     
through the world1  here and there1 and 
the interpretation of such a character  
could be  made extremely interesting1   
and even instructive1 by any one capable
  of comprehending it4    ,after a      
considerable interval1 some notices of  
,shelley have appeared1  without1       
however1 throwing much additional light 
on the wayward heart  and pilgrimage of 
the poet4 ,mr4 ,c4,s4 ,middleton has    

published a book  upon ,shelley and his 
writings2 ,mr4 ,t4,j4 ,hogg has given a 
sketch of  his life2 and ,e4,j4         
,trelawny some recollections of him1 as 
well as of  ,byron4 ,none of these      
pretends to explain that eccentric      
nature1 or  harmonize in any way his    
acts and his feelings2 though a few     
things  may be gathered that tend to    
make the biography somewhat more        
distinct than before1 in some           
particulars4 ,on the subject of his     
first unfortunate marriage1 we are made 
aware that his wife was a  self-willed1 
ill-taught young woman1 who set her own 
father at  defiance1 and threw herself  
on the protection of such a wandering   
oddity as ,percy ,shelley4 ,she was     
strong-minded1 and brought with her     
into her husband's house her elder      
sister1 also strong-minded1 a           
ridiculous and insufferable duenna1 whom
 ,shelley hated with all  his heart and 
soul1 and wished dead and buried out of 
his  sight1--finding1 no doubt1 his     

unsteady disposition controlled and     
thwarted by the voice and authority of  
his sister-in-law1 who1 knowing  that   
her father furnished the young couple   
with their chief means of  livelihood1  
would be all the more resolute in       
advising them or  domineering over the  
migratory household4 ,at last1 these    
women grew  tired of the moping and     
ineffectual youth who still remained    
poor and  unsettled1 with a father      
desperately healthy and inexorable1 and 
all  hope of the baronetcy very far off 
indeed2 they grew tired of him and  went
 away1--the wife1 like ,lady ,byron1    
refusing to go back to such an  aimless1
 rhapsodizing vagabond4 ,with her       
natural decision of mind1  aided and    
encouraged1 very likely1 by her astute  
relatives1 she  thought she saw good    
reasons for breaking and setting aside  
the  contract which had united them2 and
 no doubt the poor woman must have  felt
 the hardship of living with such a     
melancholy outlaw4 ,having  nothing in  

common with the devoted ,emma1 drawn in 
the ballad of ,the  ,nut-brown ,maid1   
she must have hated that wandering about
 from1 place  to place1 living in lonely
 country-houses1 under perpetual terror 
of  robbers in the night1 and subsisting
 for the most part on potatoes  and     
,platonism2 and she must have especially
 hated the ,latin ,grammar4  ,she       
naturally thought1 that1 when she was   
married1 she should have  nothing more  
to say to exercises and lessons2 but she
 found a  pedagogue in ,shelley1 and the
 honeymoon saw her attacking ,latin for 
the purpose of construing the poet      
,horace4 ,how she must have hated  all  
poets6 ,she had other ideas1--ideas of  
ease1 respectability1  baronetcy2 and   
her disappointment was greater than she 
could bear4  ,mr4 ,hogg says1 she had a 
propensity to strong courses1 and would 
talk  of suicide in a speculative way4  
,it is not difficult to discover the    
truth of that unfortunate union and     
disunion4 ,shelley1 betrayed by  the    

impulses of his enthusiast nature and   
the ignorant and deplorable  credulity  
of a bookworm1 allowed himself to be    
imposed upon by a  designing            
boarding-school girl and her relatives1 
and everything  followed as a matter of 
course4 ,the unhappy wife recklessly    
broke the  bond which she had as        
recklessly formed1 and which the poet   
would  have honorably and truly         
respected all his life2 and then her    
passionate regret reacted fatally on    
herself1--and on him also1 by a         
,nemesis not so very strange or         
unnatural1 as the world goes4#a         
,footnote #a3 ,since this article was   
written1 ,mr4 ,peacock1 an early  friend
 of ,shelley1 has published a very      
different estimate of the  character of 
,harriet ,shelley4 ,see ,fraser's       
,magazine for ,march1  #ahfj4    ,the   
subject of ,shelley's character is a    
delicate and a difficult one1  and ,mr4 
,hogg and ,mr4 ,trelawny1 especially1   
show their inability to  understand it1 

by the way in which they put forward and
 dwell upon  the poet's peculiarities4  
,trelawny1 a hard-minded1 thorough-paced
 man  of the world1 publishing          
garrulously in his old age what he was  
silent about in his better period1 talks
 of the poet's oddity1  awkwardness1 and
 want of punctuality1--as if ,percy were
 some clerkly  man on ',change2 and     
,hogg1 hilariously clever1 says ,shelley
 was so  erratic1 fragmentary1 and      
unequal1 that his character cannot be   
shown  in any way but as the figures of 
a magic-lantern are shown on a          
wall1--,mr4 ,hogg's own style of        
description being the wall1--,o wall1   
,o wall1 ,o sweet and lovely wall6 ,he  
also tells us1 to instance the  poet's  
familiarity with the sex1 a story of    
,shelley sitting with one  of his lady  
friends and being plied with cups of tea
 by that fair  sympathizer1--the poet   
talking and letting his saucer fall1 and
 the  lady wiping his perspiring face   
with a pocket-handkerchief4 ,such       

scraps of silly gossip are not          
biography2 they may do for tea-table    
chit-chat1 but show very feebly in the  
place where one looks for  something    
like a philosophical criticism on the   
mind of so  extraordinary a man as      
,shelley4    ,genius alone can do       
justice to genius2 and kindred genius   
alone will  do it4 ,there have been1 no 
doubt1 a great many writers of biography
  who had no objection to compensate    
their feelings for bygone slights  or   
discourtesies1 suffered from some       
wayward or inattentive  superiority1    
some stroke of ridicule or malice4      
,literary antipathies  do not die with  
the dead4 ,the posthumous impression of 
,margaret  ,fuller ,ossoli has been     
colored by some who sneer at her ways   
and  pretensions1 because there was     
probably something in her manner which  
displeased them in a personal way4 ,she 
had certainly a very awkward  fashion of
 blinking her eyes1 and also a          
mountainous me4 ,it is  very probable   

poor ,edgar ,poe has had his faults     
exaggerated by those  who suffered from 
the critical superiority of his         
intellect2 since  some of those notices 
of him which tend most to fix his       
character as  a reprobate1 and appear in
 a laggard way in the ,english          
periodicals1  were probably written by  
some of his own countrymen4 ,it was a   
painful  consciousness of this literary 
revenge that made ,h4,w4 ,herbert1 in   
his  last agony1 call on his            
brother-penmen for mercy on his remains1
 and  that induces many of our public   
men to bring out their own memoirs or   
encourage others to do so4 ,it looks    
like vainglory1 but it is  not such4    
,the memoirs show a mortal dread of     
calumny or  misrepresentation4 ,mr4     
,barnum1 for instance1 was more just to 
himself  than anybody else would be4 ,he
 showed that his doings were only of a  
piece with those of thousands around him
 in society2 and this not  unreasonable 
extenuation is one that few of his      

critics are apt to  make use of in      
commenting on him and his dexterities of
 living4 ,as  for ,shelley1 he might    
have shunned or slighted or overlooked  
,mr4  ,trelawny in some painful or      
preoccupied moment1 or offended the     
robust man of the world by the mere     
delicate shyness of his look2 he  might 
also have puzzled and bewildered ,mr4   
,hogg1 being1 perhaps1  puzzled and     
bewildered himself1 by some subtile     
mental  speculation1--unconscious that  
for these things he was yet to be       
brought  to judgment and turned into    
ridicule1 for the coming generation1 by 
these familiar men1--these drilled and  
pipe-clayed familiar men4 ,he  might    
have tossed up a paradox or two to keep 
the muscles of his mind  in exercise on 
a cold day1 and his rapid intellect may 
have run away  from his hearer1         
trampling on the conventions and        
platitudes in its  course2 but ,mr4     
,hogg does not think he had fixed       
notions concerning  anything4 ,the poet 

did not nail his colors with a cheer to 
the mast  of any of the great questions 
of the day1 ethical or social1 and      
therefore suffered the disparagements of
 those intelligent friends of  his who  
have been taught to consider a          
well-defined rigidity of  conviction and
 maintenance1 in the midst of all these 
phenomena of  our universe1 telluric and
 uranological1 as the test of everything
  valuable in human character and       
morals4 ,and thus it has come about1    
that genius1 with its native instincts  
of reason1 truth1 and common  sense1 is 
doomed to pay the penalty of its        
preminence and its  divergencies1 and   
suffer at the hands of friends and      
enemies alike1  from the show of those  
false appearances1 insincerities1       
equivocations1 which are its natural and
 proper antipathies4    ,since the      
foregoing observations were written1 the
 writer has seen a  certain             
corroboration of them in the interesting
 ,memorials of  ,shelley1 recently      

edited by ,lady ,shelley1 and published 
by ,ticknor  and ,fields4 ,for1 in the  
preface of this book1 she takes occasion
 to  speak of the misstatements of all  
those who have hitherto written on  the 
subject of the poet1 instancing the     
fallacies of ,captain ,medwin's  book1  
and also1 in an especial manner1 though 
vaguely enough1 the  incorrectness1     
amounting to caricature1 put forth by a 
later  biographer1 one of ,shelley's    
oldest friends1--by which she evidently 
means to indicate ,mr4 ,hogg4 ,at the   
same time1 the nature of her            
,ladyship's book is1 involuntarily1 an  
additional evidence of the  difficulty  
that seems fated to attend all attempts 
to set forth or  set right the character
 of ,shelley4 ,indeed1 she appears to be
 in some  degree conscious of this2 for 
she says1 apologetically1 that she has  
published the ,memorials for the special
 purpose of neutralizing the            
misstatements and spirit of ,mr4 ,hogg's
 work1 and also lets us know  that the  

time is not yet come for the publication
 of other and more  important matter    
calculated to do justice to the         
character of ,percy  ,bysshe ,shelley4  
,it is only natural to think that ,lady 
,shelley is not the person to  write the
 biography of the poet1 whose           
relationship to her is such a  close    
one4 ,she would far more willingly leave
 the events of his  troubled life       
forever unremembered4 ,indeed1 when we  
find1 that1 in  her long widowhood of   
thirty years1 ,mrs4 ,shelley shrank from
 the task  of writing the life of her   
husband1 we can the more easily         
understand  why any member of his       
family1 especially a lady1 should be the
 most  unfit to undertake the task4     
,nobody could expect ,lady ,shelley to  
enter into those painful explanations   
necessary to it4 ,accordingly1  in the  
work before us1 we do not find any light
 thrown on those  places where a person 
would be most anxious to see it4 ,lady  
,shelley  slurs over the undutiful      

boyhood of the poet and the terrible    
sternness of his ,mirabeau-father4 ,she 
merely glances across the first  foolish
 marriage and the catastrophe that      
closed it1 as a bird flies  over an     
abyss4 ,on such subjects she cannot set 
about contradicting  anybody4    ,but it
 is an ungrateful task to go on speaking
 of short-comings in a  case like this1 
where the hardest critic in the world   
must sympathize  with the feelings of   
the author1 whatever becomes of the     
book4 ,and  yet the book will be very   
welcome to every one who regards it as a
  feminine offering of tender admiration
 and grief laid upon the grave  of      
departed genius4 ,though not exactly the
 sort of personal history  one would    
wish for from another hand1 it is still 
valuable1 as  furnishing very           
interesting matter for a future         
biography4 ,we have in  it several new  
letters of ,shelley's1 some letters of  
,godwin's1 and  others of ,mrs4         
,shelley's1 together with a number of   

touching extracts  from the diary of the
 latter4 ,there are also two papers from
 the  poet's pen3 one an ,address to    
,lord ,ellenborough in defence of a man 
punished for having published ,paine's  
,age of ,reason1 and another an  ,essay 
on ,christianity4 ,in the first1 with   
all a boy's enthusiasm1  he opposes the 
high abstract logic of truth and        
toleration to the  hard government      
policy which tries to keep a reckless   
kind of  semi-civilization in order1 and
 cannot bring itself to believe1 that1  
as  yet1 the broad principle of license 
is the one that can serve the  cosmogony
 best4 ,in the next he rather surprises 
the reader by  exhibiting himself as the
 eulogist and expounder of ,jesus       
,christ1--but not after the manner of   
,saint ,paul4 ,no doubt1 the secular    
and semi-pagan tone of this dissertation
 will jar against the orthodoxy  of a   
great many readers1--to whom1 however1  
it will be interesting as  a literary   
curiosity4 ,but it is meant to show the 

character of  ,shelley in a more amiable
 light than that in which it is         
contemplated  by the generality of      
people4    ,to explain ,percy ,bysshe   
,shelley1 by telling us he was          
inconsequent1  absurd1 and odd in his   
manners1 is as futile as to explain him 
by  saying he was a strange1 wonderful  
genius1 of the ,platonic or             
,pythagorean order1 always soaring above
 the atmosphere of common men4  ,to call
 a man of genius an inspired idiot or an
 inspired oddity is an  easy1 but false 
way of interpreting him4 ,the truth of  
,shelley's  character may be found by a 
more matter-of-fact investigation4 ,he  
was  naturally of a feeble constitution 
from childhood1 and not addicted  to the
 amusements of stronger boys2 hence he  
became shy1 and1 when  bullied or       
flouted by the others1 sensitive and    
irritable1 and given  to secret reading 
and study1 instead of play with those   
little  fiends that scoffed incessantly4
 ,these habits gave him the name of  an 

oddity1 and what is called a ,miss      
,molly1 and the persecution  that       
followed only made him more recluse and 
speculative1 and  disgusted with the    
ways and feelings of others4 ,he began  
to have  thoughts beyond his years1 and 
was happy to think he had1 in these1 a  
compensation for what he suffered from  
his schoolfellows4 ,with his  hermit    
habits grew naturally a strong          
egotistical vanity1 which he  could as  
little repress as the other youths could
 repress their  muscular propensities to
 exercise2 and hence his eagerness to   
set  forth the threadbare heretical     
theories he had found among his books4  
,for supporting these with an insolent  
show of importunity1 he was  turned away
 from college1 and soon left his        
father's home1 with his  father's curse 
to bear him company4 ,had the baronet   
been in the way  of a lettre de cachet1 
like ,mirabeau's father1 he would       
certainly  have had ,percy put into     
,newgate and kept there4    ,the        

malediction of the old man seems to have
 clung to ,shelley's mind  to the end1  
and made him rebellious against         
everything bearing the  paternal name4  
,he assailed the ,father of the ,hebrew 
theocracy with  amazing bitterness1 and 
joined ,prometheus in cursing and       
dethroning  ,zeus1 the ,olympian        
usurper4 ,with him1 tyrant and father   
were  synonymous1 and he has drawn the  
old ,cenci1 in the play of that name1   
with the same fierce1 unfilial pencil1  
dipped in blood and wormwood4  ,shelley 
was by nature1 self-instruction1 and    
inexperience of life1  impatient and    
full of impulse2 and the sharp and      
violent measures by  which they         
attempted to reclaim him only           
exasperated him the more  against       
everything respected by his opponents   
and persecutors4 ,genius  is by nature  
aggressive or retaliatory2 and the young
 poet1 writhing  and laughing           
hysterically1 like ,demogorgon1 returned
 the scorn of  society with a scorn1 the

 deeper and loftier in the end1 that it 
grew  calm and became the abiding       
principle of a philosophic life4 ,it was
  the act of his father which drove     
,shelley into such open rebellion       
against gods and men4 ,very probably1   
though he might have lived an  infidel  
in religious matters1 like tens of      
thousands of his fellows1  he would not 
have written1 or1 at least1 published1  
such shocking  things1 if his father had
 been more patient with a youth so      
organized4 ,but parents have a right to 
show a terrible anger when  thwarted by 
their children1 and in this case the    
father too much  resembled the son in   
wilful impetuosity of temper4 ,turned   
out of his  first home1 ,shelley went   
wandering forth by land and sea1--a reed
  shaken by the wind1 a restless outcast
 yearning for repose and human          
sympathy1 and in this way encountering  
the questionable accidents of  his      
troubled1 unguarded life1 and gathering 
all the feverish  inspiration of his    

melancholy and unfamiliar poetry4       
,with a sense of physical infirmity or  
defect which shaped the  sequestered    
philosophy of the ,cowpers1 the         
,brangers1 and others1 the  manlier     
minds of literature1 including ,byron   
himself1 in some  measure1 ,shelley felt
 he was not fit for the shock and hum of
 men and  the greater or lesser         
legerdemain of life1 and so turned shyly
 away  to live and follow his plans and 
reveries apart1 after the law of his    
being1 violating in this way what may be
 called the common law of  society1 and 
meeting the fate of all nonconformists4 
,he was slighted  and ridiculed1 and    
even suspected2 for people in general1  
when they  see a man go aside from the  
highway1 maundering and talking to      
himself1 think there must be a reason   
for it2 they suppose him  insane1 or    
scornful1 or meditating a murder1--in   
any case1 one to be  visited with hard  
thoughts2 and thus baffled curiosity    
will grow  uneasily into disgust1 and   

into calumny1 if not into some species  
of  outrage1--and very naturally1 after 
all2 for man is1 on the whole1  made for
 society1 and society has a sovereign   
right to take  cognizance of him1 his   
ways and his movements1 as a matter of  
necessary surveillance4    ,the world   
will class men in its coarse blacks and 
whites4 ,some mark  ,shelley with       
charcoal1 others with chalk1--the former
 considering him  a reprobate1 the      
latter admiring him as a high-souled    
lover of human  happiness and human     
liberty4 ,but he was something of both  
together1--and would have been nothing  
without that worst part of him4  ,he ran
 perversely counter to the lessons of   
his teachers1 and acted in  defiance of 
the regular opinions and habits of the  
world4 ,he was too  out-spoken1 like all
 genius2 whereas the world inculcates   
the high  practical wisdom of a shut    
mouth and a secretive mind4 ,fontenelle1
  speaking according to the philosophy  
of the crowd1 says1 ,a wise man1  with  

his fist full of truths1 would open only
 his little finger4  ,shelley opened his
 whole hand1 in a fearless1 unhappy     
manner2 and was  accordingly punished   
for ideas which multitudes entertain in 
a quiet  way1 saying nothing1 and living
 in the odor of respectable opinion4    
,with a mind that recoiled from anything
 like falsehood and injustice1  he      
wanted prudence4 ,and as1 in the belief 
of the matter-of-fact  ,romans1 no      
divinity is absent1 if ,prudentia be    
present1 so it still  seems that        
everything is wanting to a man1 if he   
wants that4 ,shelley  denied the        
commonly received ,divinity1 as all the 
world knows1--an  ,atheist of the most  
unpardonable stamp1--and has suffered in
  consequence2 his life being considered
 a life of folly and vagary1  and his   
punishment still enduring1 as we may    
perceive from the tone  and philosophy  
of his biographers1 or rather his       
critics1 who1 not  being able to        
comprehend such a simple savage1 present

 his character  as an oddity and a      
wonder1--an extravaganza that cannot be 
understood without some wall of the     
world's pattern and plastering to  show 
it up against4    ,it is1 to be sure1   
much easier and safer to regard         
,shelley's career  in this way than to  
justify it1 since the customs and       
opinions of the  great majority must1   
after all1 be the law and rule of the   
world4  ,shelley's apologist would be a 
bold man4 ,whether he shall ever have   
one is a question4 ,at all events1 he   
has not had a biographer as yet4  ,his  
widow shrank from the task4 ,of those   
familiar friends of his1 we  can say    
that no man's thought keeps the roadway 
better than theirs1  and all to show how
 futile is the attempt to measure such a
 man with  the footrule of the          
conventions4 ,shelley was a mutineer on 
board  ship1 and a deserter from the    
ranks2 and he must1 therefore1 wait for 
a biographer1 as other denounced and    
daring geniuses have waited for  their  

audience or their epitaph4              
,,clarian',s ,,picture4      ,a ,,legend
 ,,of ,,nassau ,,hall4    ,turbine      
raptus ingenii4--,scaliger    concluded4
    ,the next morning there was queer   
talk about ,clarian4 ,mac and ,i stared 
at each other when we heard it at       
breakfast1 but still kept our own       
counsel in silence4 ,some late walkers  
had met him in the moonlight1  crossing 
the campus at full speed1 hatless1      
dripping wet1 and flying  like a ghost4 
,i tell you1 said our informant1 a good 
enough fellow1 and one not  prone to be 
violently startled1 he scared me1 as he 
flitted past4  ,his eyes were like      
saucers1 his hair wet and streaming     
behind him1  his face white as a        
chalk-mark on ,professor ,cosine's      
blackboard4  ,depend on it1 that boy's  
either going mad or has got into some   
desperate scrape4    ,pshaw6 growled    
,mac1 you were drunk1--couldn't see     
straight4    ,mr4 ,innocence was        
returning from some assignation1 ,i     

suspect1  remarked ,zoile4    ,if he had
 been1 you'd have encountered him1 ,mr4 
,zoile1 said ,mac1  curtly4    ,but ,i  
noticed my chum did not like this new   
feature in the case4    ,after this1    
until the time of my receiving the lad's
 invitation1 ,i  neither saw nor had    
communication with ,clarian1 nor did any
 others of  us4 ,if he left his room1 it
 was solely at night2 he had his meals  
sent to him1 under pretence of illness1 
and admitted no one1 except  his own    
servant4 ,this fellow1 ,dennis1 spoke of
 him as looking  exceedingly feeble and 
ill2 and also remarked that he had      
apparently  not been to bed for some    
days1 but was mixing colors1 or         
painting1  the whole time4 ,i went to   
his door several times2 but was         
invariably  refused admittance1 and     
told1 kindly1 but firmly1 that he would 
not  be interrupted4 ,mac also tried to 
see him1 but in vain4    ,i caught a    
glimpse of that boy's face at his window
 just now1 said  he1 one day1 coming in 

after recitation4 ,you may depend upon  
it1  there's something terribly wrong4  
,my ,god1 ,i was horrified1 ,ned6 ,did  
you ever see any one drown8 ,no8 ,well1 
,i did once1--a woman4 ,she fell        
overboard from a ,chesapeake steamboat  
in which ,i was coming up the  ,bay1 and
 sank just before they reached her4 ,i  
shall never forget her  looks as she    
came up the last time1 turned her white1
 despairing1  death-stricken face       
towards us1 screamed a wild nightmare   
scream1 and  went down4 ,clarian's face 
was just like hers4 ,depend upon it1    
there's  something wrong4 ,what can we  
do8    ,nothing1 indeed1 save what we   
did1--wait1 until that pleasant morning 
came round and brought me ,clarian's    
note4 ,i could scarcely brook the  slow 
laziness with which the day dragged by1 
as if it knew its own  beauty1 and      
lingered to enjoy it4 ,at last1 however1
 the night came1  the hour also1 and    
punctually with it came ,dr4 ,thorne1 a 
kindly  young physician1 and a man of   

much promise1 well-read1 prompt1        
clear-headed1 resourceful1 and          
enthusiastically attached to his        
profession  ,mac tucked a volume of     
,shakspeare under his arm1 and we made  
our way  to ,clarian's room forthwith4  
,here we found about a dozen students1  
all known to us intimately4 ,they were  
seated close to one another1  conversing
 in low tones1 and betraying upon their 
faces quite an  anxiety of expectation4 
,the door of the bedroom was closed1 the
  curtain was lowered1 and the only     
light in the room came from a  shaded   
lamp1 which was placed upon a small     
table in the recess to the  right of the
 picture4    ,what is this for8 inquired
 ,dr4 ,thorne1 pointing to a sort of    
salver  resting upon a low tripod       
directly in front of the picture4       
,where is ,clarian8 asked ,i4    ,he    
looks awful1 someone began in a whisper1
 when the lad's feeble  voice called out
 from the bedroom1--    ,is it ,ned and 
,mac8    ,the door was pulled open1 and 

,clarian came towards us4    ,i am glad 
to see you1 my friends4 ,dr4 ,thorne1   
you are truly welcome4  ,pray1 be       
seated4 ,mac1 here is your place1 you   
and your ,shakspeare1  said he1         
indicating the chair and table in the   
recess4    ,i had held out my hand to   
the lad1 but he turned away without     
taking  it1 and began to adjust the     
cords that moved the curtain4    ,the   
tripod1 ,dr4 ,thorne1 said he1 with a   
sickly smile1 is a--a mere  fancy of    
mine1--childish1--but in the salver ,i  
shall burn some  pyrotechnic            
preparations1 while the picture is being
 exhibited1 by  way of substitute for   
daylight4 ,excuse me a moment1 added he1
 as he  went into the bedroom again4    
,blount1 said ,dr4 ,thorne1 in my ear1  
why have you permitted this8  ,what ails
 that boy8 ,if he is not cared for soon1
 he will go crazy4  ,hush6--here he     
comes1--keep your eye on him4    ,then1 
as ,clarian came out1 and stood in the  
bedroom doorway1 quite  near me1 ,i     

remarked the terrible change since ,i   
had last seen him4 ,he  leaned against  
the door-frame1 as if too weak to       
support himself  erect2 and ,i saw that 
his knees shook1 his hands jerked1 and  
his  mouth twitched in a continual      
nervous unrest4 ,he had on a handsome   
robe de chambre of maroon velvet1 which 
he seldom wore about  college1 though it
 was very becoming to him1 its long     
skirts falling  nearly to his feet1     
while its ample folds were gathered     
about his  waist1 and secured with cord 
and tassel4 ,his feet were thrust into  
neat slippers1 and his collar rolled    
over a flowing black cravat   la        
,corsaire4 ,his long hair1 which was    
just now longer than usual1  was evenly 
parted in the middle1 like a girl's1    
and1 combed out  straight1 fell down to 
his shoulders on either side4 ,all this 
care  and neatness of dress made the    
contrast of his face stand out the  more
 strikingly4 ,its pallor was ghastly3 no
 other word conveys the  idea of it4    

,his lips kept asunder1 as we see them  
sometimes in  persons prostrated by long
 illness1 and the nether one quivered   
incessantly1 as did the smaller facial  
muscles near the mouth4 ,his  eyes were 
sunken and surrounded by livid circles1 
but they themselves  seemed consuming   
with the dry and thirsty fire of fever3 
hot1 red1  staring1 they glided ever to 
and fro with a snake-like motion1 as    
uncertain1 wild1 and painful1 in their  
unresting search1 as those of  a wounded
 and captive hawk4 ,the same            
restlessness1 approaching in  violence  
the ceaseless spasmodic habit of a      
confirmed ,chorea1  betrayed itself in  
all his movements1 particularly in a way
 he had of  glancing over his shoulder  
with a stealthy look of apprehension1   
and  the frequent starts and shivers    
that interrupted him when talking4  ,his
 voice also was changed1 and in every   
way he gave evidence not  only of       
disease of mind and body1 but of a      
nervous system shattered  almost beyond 

hope of reaction and recovery4          
,trembling for him1 ,i  rose and        
attempted to speak with him aside1 but  
he waived me off1  saying1 with that    
sickly smile which ,i had never before  
seen him  wear1--    ,no1 ,ned1--you    
must not interrupt me to-night1 neither 
you nor the  rest1--for ,i am very weak 
and nervous and ill1 and just now need  
all  my strength for my picture1 which1 
as it has cost me labor and  pain1--much
 pain1--,i wish to show in its best     
light4 ,macbeth's  terror--it means more
 than it did the other night1           
,ned--but--    ,here he murmured an     
inarticulate word or two1 recovering    
himself  almost instantly1 however1 and 
resuming in a stronger voice1--         
,macbeth's doom is my picture4 ,you will
 wonder ,i preferred the solid  wall to 
canvas1 perhaps1--but so did the genuine
 old artists4 ,lippo  ,lippi1 and       
,giotto1 and--why1 ,orcagna painted on  
graveyard walls2 and  ,i can almost     
fancy1 sometimes1 that this room is a   

vault1 a tomb1 a  dungeon1 where they   
torture people4 ,turn to the place1 good
 ,mac1  ,shakespeare's tragedy of       
',macbeth1' ,act ,third1 ,scene ,fourth1
 and read  the scene to us1 as you know 
how to read2 ,i will manage the         
accompaniments4    ,as he spoke1 he     
touched the salver with a lighted match1
 so that a  blue alcoholic flame        
flickered up before the curtain1 making 
the poor  lad's face seem more ghastly  
than ever4    ,you must sit down1       
,clarian1 cried ,dr4 ,thorne1           
resolutely4    ,clarian smiled again1   
that dim1 uncertain smile1 and          
answered1--    ,nay1 ,doctor1 let me    
have my own way for an hour1 and after  
that you  shall govern me as your       
learned skill suggests4 ,and do not be  
uneasy  about my 'creamfaced' aspect1 as
 ,i see ,ned is3 there is plentiful     
cause for it1 beyond the feebleness of  
this very present1 and  to-night is not 
the first time ,i have worn these 'linen
 cheeks4' ,read  on1 ,mac4    ,we sat   

there in the dim light1 breathless1     
awed1--for all of us saw  the boy's     
agony1 and were the more shocked that we
 were unable to  understand it1--until1 
at last1 in a voice made more impressive
 by  its tremor1 ,mac began to read the 
terrible text1--to read as ,i had  never
 heard him read before1 until a fair    
chill entered our veins and  ran back to
 our shuddering hearts from sympathy4   
,then1 as he read on  and painted the   
king and murderer together1 while his   
voice waxed  stronger and fuller1 we saw
 ,clarian step forward to the salver and
  busy with its lambent flame1 till it  
blazed up with a broad1 red  light1     
that1 shedding a weird splendor upon all
 around1 and lending a  supernatural    
effect to the room's deep shadows1 the  
picture's  funereal aspect1 and the     
unearthly pallor of the boy's           
countenance1  startled our eyes like the
 painful glare of midnight lightning4   
,thou canst not say1 ,i did it6 ,never  
shake ,thy gory locks at me6    ,as the 

reader thrust the terror of these words 
upon us1 all started  back1 for the     
curtain was plucked suddenly away1 and  
there before us1  not in ,clarian's     
picture1 it seemed1 but in very truth1  
stood  ,macbeth1 conscious of the       
murdered presence4 ,even the reader1    
absorbed as he was in his text1 paused  
short1 amazed2 and ,i forgot  that ,i   
had seen this picture1 only knew that it
 was a living scene of  terror4         
,doubtless much of this startling effect
 was the result of  association1 the    
agitation of anxiety1 the influence of  
the  impressive text1 the suddenness of 
the apparition1 the unusual light2  but 
in the figure of ,macbeth1 at which     
alone we gazed1 there was a  life1 a    
terrible significance1 that outran all  
these causes4 ,it was  not in the       
posture1 grand as that was1--not in the 
sin-stamped brow1  rough with wrinkles  
like a storm-chafed sea1--not in the    
wiry hair1  gray and half rising in     
haggard locks1 like adders that in vain 

try  to escape the foot that treads them
 down1--nor in the mouth1 for that  was 
hid behind the impotent guard of the    
upraised arm and clenched  fist1--but in
 those painted eyes1 into which1        
all-fascinated1 we ever  gazed1 reading 
in them all that crouching terror1 all  
the punishment  of that spectral        
presence1 all the poignant consciousness
 of his fate  to whom such things could 
happen1 to whom already his victims rise
  again1    ,with twenty mortal murders 
on their crowns ,and push us from our   
stools6    ,while ,i yet gazed1 a       
sickening terror pervading me in the    
presence of  these ghastly eyes1 there  
came a voice1 as if from afar1--,read   
on6--so consonant with the tone of my   
emotions1 that ,i looked to see  the    
figure itself take speech1 until ,mac1  
with a gasp1 resumed4  ,still1 as he    
read1 the nightmare-spell possessed me1 
till a  convulsive clutch upon my arm   
roused me1 and instinctively1 with the  
returning sense1 ,i turned to ,clarian4 

,not too soon1--for then1 in his own    
person1 and in that strange  glare1 he  
was interpreting the picture to us4 ,he 
stood1 not thrown  back like ,macbeth1  
but drawn forward1 on tiptoe1 with neck 
reached  out1 form erect1 but lax1 one  
arm extended1 and one long diaphanous   
finger pointing over our heads at       
something he saw behind us1 but  towards
 which1 in the extremity of our terror1 
we dared not turn our  eyes4 ,he saw    
it1--more than saw it1--we knew1 as we  
noted the  scream swelling in his       
throat1 yet dying away into an          
inarticulate  breath ere it passed the  
blue and shaken lips1--he saw it1 and   
those  eyes of his1 large enough in     
their wont1 waxed larger still1 wilder1 
madder with desperate affright1 till    
every one of us1 save the  absorbed     
reader1 recognized in them the nightmare
 horror of the  picture1--knew that in  
,macbeth ,clarian had drawn his own     
portrait6  ,there he stood1 drawn on1   
staring1 pointing--    ,stop6 shouted   

,dr4 ,thorne1 his voice hoarse and      
strident with  emotion2 but ,mac1       
absorbed in his text1 still read1       
flinging a fine  and subtile emotion of 
scorn into the words1--        ,o proper
 stuff6 ,this is the very painting of   
your fear3  ,this----    ,triple fool6  
be silent6 cried ,dr4 ,thorne again1    
springing to his  feet1--while we1      
spell-bound1 sat still and waited for   
the end4  ,cease6 do you not see8 cried 
he1 seizing ,mac4    ,but there stood   
,clarian yet1 that red light upon his   
cheek and brow1  that fixed stare of a  
real1 unpainted horror in his speechless
 face1  that long finger still pointing 
and trembling not1--there he stood1     
fixed1 while one might count ten4 ,then 
over his blue lips1 like a  ghost from  
its tomb1 stole a low and hissing       
whisper1 that curdled  our blood1 and   
peopled all the room with dreadful      
things1--a low  whisper that said1--    
,prithee1 see there6 behold6 it comes6  
it comes6 ,now he beckoned in  the air1 

and called with a shuddering1 smothered 
shriek1--,come6 ,i  did it6 come6 ,ha6  
yelled he1 plucking the spell from his  
limbs like  a garment1 and springing    
madly forward towards the door1--,ha6   
touch  me not6 ,off1 ,i say1 off6 ,he   
paused1 gazed wildly round1 flung his   
hand to his brow1 and1 while his eyes   
rolled till nothing but their  whites   
were seen1 while the purple veins       
swelled like mole-tracks in  his        
forehead1 and a bubbling froth began to 
gather about his lips1 he  tossed his   
arms in the air1 gave shrieking         
utterance to the cry1--,o  ,christ6 it  
is gone6 it is gone6 and fell to the    
floor with a bound4    ,we sprang to    
him1--,thorne first of any4    ,this is 
my place1 gentlemen1 said he1 in quick1 
nervous tones4  ,then1 taking the       
prostrate child into his arms1 he       
carried him to his  bed1 laid him down1 
felt his pulse1 and placed his head in  
,mac's  arms4 ,returning then1 he veiled
 the picture1 flung the salver out of   

the window1 and dismissed the huddled   
throng of frightened students1  warning 
them to be silent as to the night's     
events4 ,very likely  ,clarian will     
never see to-morrow2 so be careful1 lest
 you soil his  memory4    ,what does it 
mean1 ,thorne8 asked ,mac1 as the       
,doctor and ,i came  again to the       
bedside4 ,it is nothing more than an    
overdose of  cannabis or opium upon an  
excited nervous system1 is it8          
,thorne looked at the delicate-limbed   
child who lay there in ,mac's  strong   
arms1 wiped away the gathering froth    
from the lips1 replaced  the feebly     
quivering limbs1 and1 as he lingered    
over the pulse1  replied1--    ,he has  
been taking hashish8    ,he has taken   
it1--,i do not say he is under its      
influence now4    ,no1--he has not      
touched any stimulant4 ,this is much    
worse than  that1--this means epilepsy1 
,mac1 and we may have to choose between 
death and idiocy4    ,he was still      
examining the boy1 and showing ,mac how 

to hold him most  comfortably4    ,if ,i
 could only get at the causes of this   
attack1--those1 ,i mean1  which lie     
deeper than the mere physical           
disorder1--if ,i could only  find out   
what it is he has been doing1--and ,i   
could1 easily1 were ,i  not afraid of   
directing suspicion towards him1 or     
bringing about some  unfortunate        
embarrassment--    ,what is it you      
suspect8 thundered ,mac4    ,either some
 cruel trick has been played upon the   
boy1 or he has been  guilty of some act 
of madness--    ,impossible6 cried we in
 a breath2 ,clarian is as pure as       
,heaven4    ,look at him1 ,thorne6 said 
my good chum1--look at the child's      
baby-face1 so frank and earnest6--look  
at him6 ,you dare not say an impure     
thought ever awoke in that brain1 an    
impure word ever crossed those  lips4   
,dr4 ,thorne smiled sadly4    ,there is 
no standard of reason to the enthusiast1
 my dear ,mac2 and  here is one1 of a   
surety4 ,however1 time will reveal2 ,i  

wish ,i knew4  ,come1 ,ned1 help me to  
mix some medicines here4 ,be careful to 
keep his  head right1 ,mac1 so as to    
have the circulation as free as         
possible4    ,while we were occupied in 
the front room1 there came a stout      
double  knock at the door1 and when ,i  
opened it1 ,hullfish1 the weather-beaten
  old constable of the borough1 made his
 hesitating appearance4 ,the  ,doctor   
gave me a quick glance1 as if to say1 ,i
 told you so1 and  then returned the old
 man's bluff salutation4 ,as soon as    
,hullfish saw  him1 he came forward with
 something like a sigh of relief1 and   
said1--    ,ah1 ,doc1 you here8         
',tar'n't a hoax1 then1 though ,i was   
mightily  'feared it was4 ,them students
 is the ,devil for chivying of a        
feller1--beggin' your pardon1 ,mr4      
,blount4 ,have you got him yonder1      
,doctor8 said he1 his keen eye noticing 
,mac and ,clarian in the back  room4    
,what do you mean1 ,hullfish8 ,got whom8
 asked ,thorne1 making me a  sign to be 

quiet4    ,the party1 ,sir1 that was to 
be copped4 ,i've got a blank warrant    
here1 all right1 and a pair of          
bracelets1 in case of trouble4    ,what 
fool's errand is this1 old man8 asked   
the ,doctor1 sternly4    ,what6 you     
don't know about it8 ,lord6 p'raps it's 
a sell1 after all1  said he1 quite      
chopfallen4 ,but ,i've got my pay1      
anyhow1 and there's  no mistake in a ,v 
on the ,princeton ,bank4 ,and here's the
 papers1 said  he1 handing a note to the
 ,doctor4 ,if that's slum1 ,i'm done1   
that's  all4    ,the ,doctor glanced at 
the scrap of paper1 then handed it to   
me1  asking1 ,is that his handwriting8  
,it was a note1 requiring ,mr4          
,hullfish4 to privately arrest a person 
guilty of a capital offence1 until now  
concealed4 ,if he was not  brought to   
,hullfish's house between nine and ten  
that night1 then  ,hullfish was to      
proceed to ,no4--,north ,college1 where 
he would be  certain to find the party4 
,the arrest must be made quietly4 ,the  

handwriting was undoubtedly ,clarian's1 
and ,i told ,thorne as much4    ,you    
see1 gentlemen1 said ,hullfish1 ,i      
wouldn't 'a' taken no notice  of it1 ef 
it hadn't been for the money2 but1      
thinks ,i1 them students  a'n't in the  
habit of sech costly jokes1 and maybe   
there'll be some  pinching to do1 after 
all4 ,so you mean to say it's a gam1 do 
you1  ,doctor8 ,may ,i be so bold as to 
inquire what yonder chap's holding on   
to 'tother about8    ',tother' is       
dangerously ill1--has a fit1 ,hullfish4 
,he is the author  of that note1--very  
probably was out of his mind when he    
wrote it4    ,so8 ,pity6 ,very sick8    
,mayn't ,i see him8    ,but1 as he      
stepped forward1 ,thorne stood in the   
way and effectually  intercepted his    
view4 ,the constable smiled cunningly1  
as he drew  back1 and said1--    ,you're
 sure 'ta'n't nothing else1 then8       
,nobody's been getting rapped  on the'  
head8 ,didn't see no blood1             
though1--that's true4 ,well1 ,i  don't  

like to be sold1 that's a fact1--but    
there's no help for it4  ,here's the    
young man's change1 ,doctor1--warrant   
sixty-six1 my fees  one dollar4         
,thorne carelessly asked if there had   
been any rows lately1--if he had  heard 
of any one being hurt1--if they had been
 quiet recently along  the canal2 and   
being assured that there had been no    
disturbance of  moment1--only a little  
brush between ,arch and ,long ,tobe1    
down to  ,gibe's1--he handed the money  
back to ,hullfish4    ,keep that        
yourself1--it is yours by rights4 ,and1 
look you1 mum's the  word in this case1 
for two reasons3 there's danger that the
 poor  little fellow there is going to  
croak before long1 and you'd be sorry   
to think you'd given trouble to a dead  
man2 and what's more1 if the  boys get  
hold of this1 there'll be no end of     
their chaffing4 ,there's  not a few of  
them would like to cook your goose for  
you1--,i needn't  tell you why2 so1 if  
you don't want them to get the flashest 

kind of  a pull over you1 why1 you'll   
take my advice and keep dark4           
,nothing like slang1 ,ned1 with the     
police or the prigging gentry4 ,it      
gives them a wonderful respect for your 
opinion1 said the ,doctor1  when        
,hullfish was gone4 ,but his serious1   
almost stern look returned  immediately1
 as he continued1--,now to solve this   
mystery1 and find  out what this        
wretched boy has been doing4 ,come1 you 
and ,mac1 help me  to understand him4   
,when we had told the ,doctor all we    
knew of the lad1 he pondered long  over 
our recital4    ,one thing is certain1  
said he3 the boy is innocent in         
intention1  whatever he has done1 and we
 must stand by him1--you two            
particularly2 for you are to blame1 if  
he has got himself into any             
predicament4    ,the boy has done       
nothing wrong1 ,thorne1 said ,mac1      
sturdily2 he may  have been trapped1 or 
got himself involved somehow1 but he    
never  could have committed any crime   

capable of superinducing such an  attack
 as this4    ,the ,doctor shook his     
head4    ,you may be right1 my          
friend1--and ,i hope you are1 for the   
child's  sake1 for it will certainly    
kill him1 if he has4 ,but ,i never trust
 an  intense imagination when morbidly  
excited1 and ,i have read of some       
strange freaks done by persons under the
 influence of that infernal  hashish4   
,however1 trust me1 ,i shall find out   
what is the matter  before long1 and    
bring the boy round nicely4 ,he is      
improving fast  now1 and all we have to 
do is to avert another attack4    ,thank
 ,heaven1 in a day or two ,clarian was  
pronounced to be out of  danger1 and    
promising rapid recovery4 ,we had       
removed him to our  rooms1 as soon as   
the violence of the convulsion left him1
 in order  to spare him the associations
 connected with his own abode4 ,still1  
the lad continued very weak1 and ,thorne
 said he had never seen so  slight an   
attack followed by such extreme         

prostration4 ,then it did my  heart good
 to see how my chum transformed himself 
into the tenderest1  the most efficient 
of nurses4 ,he laid aside entirely his  
brusque  manner1 talked in the softest  
tones1 stole noiselessly about our      
rooms1 and showed all the tender        
solicitude1 all the quiet  handiness of 
a gentle woman4 ,i could see that       
,clarian loved to have  him at his      
bedside1 and to feel his caressing hand4
    ,you see1 ,ned1 ,mac would say1 in a
 deprecatory tone that amused me        
vastly1 ,i really pity the poor little  
devil1 and can't help doing  all in my  
power for him4 ,he's such a soft little 
ass1--confound  ,thorne6 he makes me mad
 with his cursed suspicions6--and then  
the boy  is out of place here in this   
rough-and-tumble tiltyard4 ,reminds me  
of  a delicate wineglass crowded in     
among a ruck of ale flagons and         
battered quart-cups4    ,but1 though we 
rejoiced to see that ,clarian's health  
promised to be  better than it had been 

for months1 we did not fail to notice   
with  regret and apprehension1 that1 as 
he grew physically better and  mentally 
clearer1 a darkening cloud settled over 
his whole being1  until he seemed on the
 point of drowning in the depths of an  
irremediable dejection and despair4     
,besides this1 he was ever on the  point
 of telling us something1 which he yet  
failed of courage to put  into words2   
and ,thorne1 noticing this1 when1 one   
day1 we were all  seated round the bed1 
while the lad fixed his shaded1 large1  
mournful  eyes upon us with a painfully 
imploring look1 said suddenly1 his      
fingers upon ,clarian's pulse1--    ,you
 have something to say to us1--a        
confession to make1 ,clarian4    ,the   
boy flushed and shuddered1 but did not  
falter1 as he replied1  ,yes4    ,you   
must withhold it until you are well     
again4 ,i know what it is4    ,clarian  
quickly withdrew his hand from the      
,doctor's grasp4    ,you know it1 and   
yet here1 touching me8 ,impossible6     

entirely  impossible6    ,oh1 as to     
that1 said ,thorne1 with a cool shrug of
 the shoulders1  you must remember that 
our relations are simply those of       
physician  and patient4 ,other things   
have nought to do with it4 ,and1 as your
  physician1 ,i require you to withhold 
the matter until you are well  enough to
 face the world4    ,no1--,i must reap  
where ,i have sown4 ,i have no right to 
impose upon  my friends any longer4     
,bad news travel fast enough1 ,clarian1 
and there is no wisdom in  losing a     
friend so long as you can retain him4   
,i do not see the force of your         
reasoning1 ,dr4 ,thorne4 ,i have enough 
to answer for1 without the additional   
contumely of being called an  impostor4 
,for your mother's sake1 ,clarian1 ,i   
command you to wait4 ,spare her  what   
pain you can1 at least4    ,my mother6  
,oh1 my ,god1 do not name her6 do not   
name her6    ,and he burst into the only
 tears ,i ever saw him shed1 hiding his 
face  in the bed-clothes1 and sobbing   

piteously4    ,what does this mean8 said
 ,mac1 as soon as we were where ,clarian
  could not hear us4 ,what have you     
found out8    ,positively nothing more  
than you know already1 answered ,thorne4
    ,nothing8 echoed ,mac1 very         
indignantly2 you speak very confidently 
for one having such poor grounds4    ,my
 dear ,mac1 said ,thorne1 kindly1 do you
 think ,i am not as much  concerned     
about ,clarian as you are8 ,positively1 
,i would give half ,i  own to arrive at 
a satisfactory solution of this mystery4
 ,but what  can we do8 ,the boy believes
 himself a great criminal4 ,do you not  
see  at once1 that1 if we permit him to 
confess his crime1 he will insist  upon 
taking himself out of our               
keeping1--commit suicide1 get himself   
sent to the madhouse1 or anyhow lose our
 care and our soothing  influence8 ,we  
cannot relieve him until we restore his 
strength and  composure4 ,all we can do 
now is to watch him1 soothe him1 and by 
all  means stave off this confession    

until he is stronger4 ,it would kill    
him to face a charge now4 ,i am         
inquiring quietly1 and1 if anything     
serious has happened1 shall be sure to  
find out his connection with  it4       
,though we rebelled against the         
,doctor's conclusions1 we could not but 
see the prudence of the course he       
advised1 and so we sat down to  watch   
our poor little friend1 gnawed with     
bitter anxiety1 and feeling  a sad      
consciousness that the disease itself   
under which he suffered  was beyond our 
skilfullest surgery1 and one that       
inevitably  threatened the saddest      
consequences4 ,a man has grand powers of
  recovery1 so long as his spirit is    
free2 but let him once be  persuaded    
that his soul is chained down forever in
 adamantine  fetters1 and1 though1 like 
,prometheus1 he may endure with silence1
  patience1 even divinely1 he is        
nevertheless utterly incapable of any   
positive effort towards recuperation4   
,his faith becomes1 by a subtile  law of

 our being1 his fact2 the mountain is   
gifted with actual  motion1 and rewards 
the temerity of his zeal by falling upon
 him and  crushing him forever4 ,such a 
person moves on1 perchance1 like a deep1
  noble river1 in calm and silence1 but 
still moves on1 inevitably  destined to 
lose himself in the common ocean4 ,and  
this was the  promise of ,clarian's     
case4 ,whatever was his hidden woe1     
however  trivial its rational results1  
or baseless its causes1 it had beyond   
remedy seized upon his soul1 and we     
knew1 that1 unless it could be  done    
away with at the source1 the end was    
certain3 first the fury1  then the      
apathy of madness4 ,he was no longer    
tortured with a visible  haunting       
presence1 such as had borne him down on 
that fatal night1  but we saw plainly   
that he had taken the spectre into his  
own breast1  and nursed it1 as a bosom  
serpent1 upon his rapidly exhausting    
energies4    ,happily for us1--ere      
,clarian was quite beyond recovery1     

while ,mac  still tore his hair in rage 
at his own impotence1 while the ,doctor 
still pursued his researches with the   
sedateness of a philosopher1  and ,i was
 using what power ,i had to alleviate my
 little friend's  misery1--that subtile 
and mysterious agency1 which1 in our    
blindness  and need1 we term ,chance1   
interposed its offices1 rolled away the 
cloud from the mystery1 and1 like a good
 angel1 rescued ,clarian1 even  as he   
was tottering upon the very brink of the
 dismal precipice to  whose borders he  
had innocently strayed4    ,i shall     
never forget that pleasant ,june day4   
,it was the first time  that ,clarian   
had been out since his illness2 and ,i  
was his single  companion1 as he strayed
 slowly along through the college       
grounds1  leaning tremulously upon my   
arm1 dragging his feet languidly over   
the  pebbled walks1 and drinking in the 
warm1 fresh1 quivering air with a       
manner that1 although apathetic1 still  
spoke of some power of  enjoyment4 ,it  

was during the hour for the forenoon    
recitation1 and  the elm-shaded campus  
was entirely free of students4 ,as      
,clarian  walked along1 his eyes bent   
down1 ,i heard him murmuring that       
delicious verse of ,george ,herbert's1--
      ,sweet day6 so cool1 so calm1 so  
bright1      ,the bridal of the earth   
and sky6    ,the dew shall weep thy fall
 to-night1      ,for thou must die6     
',for thou must die1'--so sad6 ,and yet 
the thought itself of death is  not that
 which saddens us so1 do you think1     
,ned8 he went on1 ,i  hearing his words 
without heeding them1--for ,i was       
looking just then  towards the outer    
gate next the ,president's house1       
through which ,i  saw ,dr4 ,thorne      
coming rapidly1 accompanied by a stout1 
middle-aged  man1 having the dress and  
appearance of a well-to-do farmer1--,not
  the thought1 simply1 ',thou must die1'
 repeated ,clarian1 in his  plaintive   
murmur1 but the feeling that all this   
decay and death is  of ourselves1 and   

could be averted by ourselves1 had we   
only  self-control1 could we only keep  
ourselves pure1 and so be ever near ,god
  and of ,him4 ,there's cause for a     
deeper melancholy1 poignanter  tears    
than ever ,jacques shed4    ,dr4 ,thorne
 and his companion were now quite near1 
coming towards us  on the same path1    
when ,i saw the stranger slap his thigh 
energetically and catch ,thorne by the  
arm1 while he exclaimed in  tones of    
boisterous surprise1--    ,why1 there's 
the very little chap1 as ,i'm alive6    
,i had half a glimpse of the ,doctor's  
seizing his companion and  clapping one 
hand over his mouth1 as if to prevent   
him from saying  more1--but it was too  
late4 ,at the sound of the man's voice  
,i felt  ,clarian bound electrically4   
,he looked up1--over his face began to  
come again that terrible anguish of the 
night of the picture1 but the  muscles  
seemed too weak to bring it all         
back1--he grew limp against  me1--his   
arms hung inert at his side1--a word    

that sounded like  ,spare me6 gurgled in
 his throat1--a feeble shudder shook    
him1 and1  ere ,i could interpose my    
arm1 he sank in a heap at my feet1      
white1  and cold1 and lifeless4 ,before 
,i had raised him1 ,thorne and the man  
sprang to my aid1 and the latter1       
bending over with eager haste1 took  the
 thin white hands in his own1 half      
caressing them1 half fearing to  grasp  
them1 speaking to him the while in tones
 of frightened  entreaty1 that1 on any  
other occasion1 would have been         
ludicrous  enough4    ,come1 now1 my    
little man1 said he1--come1 don't be    
afeard1 don't  be afeard of me6 ,dan    
,buckhurst won't harm ye1 not for the   
world1 poor  child6 ,come1 stand up6    
',twas all a joke4 ,come1 come6--,my    
,god6 ,doctor1  he a'n't dead1 is he8   
cried he to ,thorne1 in horror4    ,if  
he is1 you have killed him1 you damned  
old fool1 you6 responded  ,thorne1      
impetuously1 thrusting the man aside    
with an angry gesture1  and bending down

 to examine the lad's inert form4 ,thank
 ,god1 ,ned1  said he at last1 it is    
only a swoon this time1 and we'll soon  
have  him all right4 ,we must get him to
 bed1 though4 ,here1 ,buckhurst1 you    
are the strongest2 stop whimpering      
there1 you old jackanapes1 and  bring   
him along4    ,buckhurst quickly obeyed1
 lifting ,clarian up in his arms as     
gently  and tenderly as if he had been  
an infant1 and following ,thorne1 who   
led the way to our rooms4 ,there the lad
 was placed upon the bed with  which he 
had become only too familiar1 and the   
,doctor1 by means of  his restoratives1 
soon had the satisfaction of recalling  
breath and  motion4 ,as soon as the     
boy's sighs gave evidence of returning  
vitality1 ,thorne thrust us all from the
 room1 including ,mac1 who had  now come
 in from class1 saying to ,buckhurst1-- 
,now1 ,sir1 tell them all about it1--and
 wait here2 ,i shall want you           
presently4 ,with which words he closed  
the door upon us1 and returned  to his  

patient4    ,mr4 ,buckhurst refused the 
chair tendered him by ,mac1 and paced up
 and  down the room in a state of       
immense perturbation4    ,well1 ,i      
never6 said he1 well1 ,i never6 ,it     
taken me all aback1  ,sir1 added he1    
turning to me4 ,did you ever see        
anything like it8  ,why1 he's jest like 
a gal6 ,dang it1 ,sir6 my ,molly a'n't  
half as  nervous as he is4 ,i hope he'll
 get well1--,i raelly do1 now4 ,i       
wouldn't hev had it happen for ,i dunno 
what1 now1 indeed6 ,and he  resumed his 
walk1 repeating to himself1 ,well1 ,i   
never6 ,who'd 'a'  judged 'twas a child 
like that8    ,may ,i beg to know what  
you refer to1 ,mr4 ,buckhurst8 asked    
,mac1 with  considerable impatience in  
his tones4    ,eh1--what8 ,he's mighty  
delicate1 a'n't he8 said the man1 with  
his  thumb indicating the next room4    
,very delicate indeed1 ,sir1--perhaps   
you can explain the cause of his        
present attack1 said ,i1 angrily2 for ,i
 had begun to think1 from  ,buckhurst's 

manner1 that he had been guilty of some 
practical joke  upon ,clarian4 ,i saw   
the fire of a similar suspicion blazing 
in ,mac's  eyes2 and ,i fear1 had our   
conclusions been verified1 the worthy   
,mr4  ,buckhurst would have fared very  
badly at our hands1 spite the laws of   
hospitality4    ,what6 did he never tell
 you8 ,of course not1 though1 being sick
 ever  sence1 and thinking me dead1 too4
 ,well1 ,i'll tell you3 but mind1 you   
mustn't banter the child about it1 for  
he can't stand it1--though  it's only a 
joke4 ,might have been serious1 to be   
sure1 but1 as things  turns out1 a      
pretty good joke1 to my notion1--though 
,i'm rael sorry  he's been so bad about 
it4    ,mac rose1 removed his coat1 and 
marched deliberately up to our guest4   
,see here1 ,sir1 said he in his deepest 
bass voice1 which his dark  frown made  
still more ominous1 do you mean us to   
infer that you have  been making that   
child ,clarian the victim of any of your
 infernal  jokes1 as you style them8    

,buckhurst stared a moment1 and then1   
seeming to comprehend the drift  of     
,mac's words1 burst into a hearty laugh4
    ,no1 ,sir6 he shouted1 the shoe's on
 the other foot1 thank the ,lord6  ,the 
boy himself played the joke1 or trick1  
whatever it was4 ,dr4  ,thorne tells me 
he was kind of crazy1 from drinking     
laudanum1 or some  sech pisonous matter4
 ,howsever that was1 ,i'm sure he didn't
 do it in  airnest1--thought so from the
 very first1--and now ,i've had a good  
look at his face1 ,i'd swear to it      
,what did he do8 asked ,mac1 hurriedly4 
,buckhurst laughed in that hearty way of
 his4 ,said he1--    ,i'll wager you a  
stack of hay agin them books yander you 
couldn't  guess in a week now4 ,what    
d'ye think it was8 ,ho6 ho6 ,why1 why1  
the  little rascal shoved me into the   
canawl6    ,shoved you into the canal6  
echoed ,i1 while ,mac1 looking first at 
him1 then at me1 finally burst into a   
peal of laughter1 shouting the  while1--
    ,bravo6 ,there's your 'experience'  

philosophy1 ,ned ,blount6 ,catch me     
teaching milksops again6 ,go on1        
,buckhurst1 tell us all about it4       
,yes1 said ,mr4 ,buckhurst1 apparently  
quite pleased to see that we  laughed   
with him4 ,it don't look like it was in 
the nature of things1  somehow1 does it8
 ,fact1 though1 he did indeed4 ,shoved  
me right in1 so  quick ,i didn't know   
what the ,devil was the matter1 until ,i
 soused  kersplash6 and see him taking  
out over the drawbridge like mad4       
,when was that1 ,mr4 ,buckhurst8        
,jest inside of a month ago1 ,sir1 one  
night4    ,sapperment1 ,ned6 that was   
the time of the 'herb ,pantagruelion'6--
  ,well1 what were you doing on the     
canal at that hour8 asked ,mac1  slyly4 
,no1 you needn't1 now1--,i see you wink 
at him1--honor bright4 ,i'd  been up to 
town1 to take a mess o' clams at        
,giberson's1 with maybe a  sprinklin' of
 his apple-jack1--nothing else1--and ,i 
was on my way  home1--to ,skillman's    
tavern at the dpt1 you know1--and ,i'd  

jest  stopped a piece1 and was          
a-standing there1 looking at the moon in
 the  water1 when he tipped me over4 ,i 
tell you1 ,i was mad when ,i crawled    
out wet as a rat2 and if ,i'd ketched   
him then1 you may depend upon  it1 ,i'd 
'a' given his jacket a precious warming4
 ,as ,i said1 he run  off1 but jest as  
,i turned towards the tavern1 ,i see him
 a-coming  back1 kinder wild-like2 so ,i
 slipped behind a lumber-pile1 hoping he
  might come over the bridge1 so ,i     
could lay my fingers on him4 ,the  moon 
was about its highest1 so ,i could see  
his face1 plain as day1--               
white1--skim-milk warn't a circumstance 
to it1--and his eyes wide  open as they 
could stretch4 ,i tell you1 he was wild6
 ,he looked up and  down a bit1 mumbled 
somethin' ,i couldn't make out1 and then
 what do  you think that boy did8 ,why1 
he jumped in1 clothes and all1 bold as a
  lion1--plainly to save me from        
drowning1 and me all the time a-spyin'  
at him from behind a lumber-pile6 ,he   

was sarching for me1 ,i knowed1  for he 
swum up and down jest about there for   
the space maybe of a  quarter of an     
hour4 ,and when he give it up at last1  
and come out1 he  kinder sunk down on   
the tow-path1 and ,i heard him say plain
 enough1  though he only whispered      
it1--jest like a woman actor ,i see down
 to  ,york oncet1 playin' in ,guy       
something or other1--she was a sort of  
an  old gypsy devil1--says he1 ',i am a 
murderer1 then6' ,thinks ,i1 ',sonny1   
all but the murderer6' ,and as he stood 
up again1 he 'peared to suffer  so1 his 
face was so white1 and his knees so     
shaky1 that ,i says to  myself1 ',dan1  
you've carried the joke far enough4' ,so
 ,i sings out to  him1 and comes out    
from behind the lumber-stack1 but1 ,lord
 bless ye6  he jest peeped round over   
his shoulder oncet1 gave a kind of      
chokin'  scream like1 and put out up the
 road as if the ,devil was after him4 ,i
  knowed it warn't no use to follow him1
 so ,i got on a dry shirt and  went to  

bed4 ,the next day ,i went home1 and    
,i'd mighty near forgot all  about it1  
only today ,i came to see ,dr4 ,thorne  
for somethin' to do my  cold good1 and  
he wantin' to know how ,i ketched it    
brought the whole  matter back again4   
,you're an old brick1 ,buckhurst6 cried 
,mac1 giving the jovial farmer  a       
thundering slap on the back1 and a      
hearty grasp of his hand2 and  you shall
 drink the boy's health with ,ned and me
 this day1 or ,i'll  know the reason    
why4 ,ned ,blount1 a'n't it glorious8   
,said ,i not1 you  ill-omened bird1 said
 ,i not1 ',il y a toujours un ,dieu pour
 les  enfans et pour les ivrognes'8--,so
 you came down with ,thorne to ease  the
 poor little fellow's mind1 did you1    
,buckhurst8 ,that's right1 and  you     
shall see the picture1 by ,jove6 ,and   
you'll say1 when you see it1  that such 
a picture were cheap at the cost of     
duckings for a dozen  ,buckhursts4 ,now 
tell me truly1 what do you think made   
him push you  in8    ,of course1 it was 

the pison1 ,sir1--a baby like that      
wouldn't harm a  flea4 ,i thought maybe1
 until ,i see ,dr4 ,thorne1 that he done
 it out of  mischieviousness1 as boys   
will do1 you know1--jest as they steal a
  feller's apples1 and knock his turkeys
 of'n the roost1--but yander's  not one 
of them kind2 so he must 'a' been crazy1
 and ,i'm rael sorry  he's been so bad  
put to about it1--,i am1 indeed4        
,here the inner door was opened1 and    
,thorne joined us1 with a moisture      
about his eyes that he used afterwards  
to deny most vehemently4    ,buckhurst1 
he wants to see you2 go in there1 said  
he1--adding1 in a  lower tone1 ,now1    
mind you1 the child's delicate as spun  
glass2 so be  careful4    ,come in1 ,mr4
 ,buckhurst1 called ,clarian4    ,the   
worthy farmer looked to right and left1 
as if he would much  rather have made   
his escape1 but1 impelled by a shove    
from the  ,doctor1 he ran his fingers   
through his coarse hair1 and1 with a    
very  red and ,i-wish-,i-was-out-of-this

 face1 went in1 closing the door  behind
 him4    ,phew6 said ,thorne1 seating   
himself somewhat testily1 after having  
filled and lighted a pipe1--,phew6 ,so  
that's over1 and ,i a'n't sorry2  it's  
as bad as reading the ',diary of a      
,physician4' ,the boy will be  all right
 now1 and the lesson won't hurt him1    
though it has been a  rough one4 ,but no
 more metaphysics for him1 ,ned ,blount6
 ,and1 boys1  let this be a warning to  
you4 ,he's too brittle a toy to be      
handled in  your rough fashion4    ,you 
needn't tell us that1 ,thorne1 said     
,mac1 drawing a long breath4  ,catch me 
kicking over children's baby-houses     
again1 or telling 'em  ghost-stories in 
the dark6    ,he vows never again to    
touch brush1 crayon1 or pencil2 and if  
he is  the devotee you describe him to  
be1 ,ned1 ,i would not advise you to    
oppose him in his determination4 ,you   
must keep him here till  vacation1 and  
next term he can exchange his room4     
,macbeth's company  will never be very  

agreeable to him1 ,i should judge2 and  
it will not  do to let him destroy the  
picture4    ,thorne puffed away         
vigorously for a minute or two4    ,that
 boy ought to turn preacher1 ,mac4 ,he  
touched me nearer just now  than ,i have
 been touched for an age4      ',his    
voice was a sweet tremble in mine ear1  
,made tunable with every saddest grief1 
,till those sad eyes1 so spiritual and  
clear1'    almost persuaded me to follow
 the example of divine ,achilles and    
'refresh my soul with tears4' ,he has   
that tear-bringing privilege of  genius1
 to a certainty4    ,and so it seemed1  
indeed2 for presently the worthy ,mr4   
,buckhurst made  his reappearance in    
quite a sad state1 mopping his red face 
and  swollen eyes most vigorously with a
 figured cotton handkerchief1 and       
proclaiming1 with as much               
intelligibility as the cold in his head 
and  the peculiar circumstances of the  
case would admit of1 that he'd be       
dagg'd ef he hadd't raver be chucked    

idto two cadawls dad 'ave dat  iddocedt 
baby beggid his pardod about de         
codfouded duckid6 ,wat de  hell did he  
care about gittid wet1 he'd like to     
kdow8  ,dodsedse6--'twad all dud id fud1
 adyhow6    ----,and now you1 my dear1  
dear friends1 said ,clarian1 turning his
  sad1 full eyes upon us1 and calling us
 to his side1 and to his arms4    ,but  
,i shall draw a veil over that          
interview4    ,that night1 after we had 
talked long and lovingly together1 and  
were  now sitting1 each absorbed in his 
own thoughts1 and emulating the  quiet  
that reigned around college1 ,clarian   
softly joined us1 and  placed an open   
book in ,mac's hands4    ,will you1 dear
 ,mac8 murmured he4    ,then ,mac1 all  
full of solemn emotion1 read through the
 grand periods  of the ,church ,litany1 
and when he had finished1 ,clarian1 with
 a  thrilling ,let us pray1 offered up  
such a thanksgiving as ,i had  never    
heard1 praying to the kind ,father who  
had so mercifully  extricated him1 that 

our paths might still be enlightened1   
and our  walks made humble and          
righteous4    ,clarian1 said ,mac1 after
 a pause1 when we were again on our     
feet1--  he laid his hands on the boy's 
shoulders1 as he spoke1 and looked  into
 his eyes1--,clarian1 would it have     
happened1 if you had not  taken that    
foul drug8    ,clarian shuddered1 and   
covered up his face in his hands4    ,do
 not ask me1 dear ,mac6 do not ask me6  
,oh1 be sure1 my aims1 ,i  thought1 were
 noble1 and myself ,i thought so        
pure6--but--,i cannot  say1 ,mac1 ,i    
cannot say4    ',we are so weak1 we know
 our motives least ,in their confused   
beginning4'    ,at least1 ,clarian1 said
 ,mac1 after a while1 his deep voice    
wonderfully refined with strong emotion1
 at least1 the picture was  not painted 
in vain4 ,even as it is in the play1    
,banquo died that his  issue might reign
 after him2 and this lesson of ours will
 bear fruit  far mightier than the      
trifling pains of its parturition4 ,ay1 

,clarian1  your picture has not been    
vainly painted4--,and now1 ,ned1 said   
he1  rising1 we must put our baby to    
bed2 for he is to wake early  to-morrow1
 and know himself a man6                
,,spring4        ,doves on the sunny    
eaves are cooing1    ,the chip-bird     
trills from the apple-tree1    ,blossoms
 are bursting and leaves renewing1      
,and the crocus darts up the spring to  
see4      ,spring has come with a smile 
of blessing1    ,kissing the earth with 
her soft warm breath1    ,till it       
blushes in flowers at her gentle        
caressing1    ,and wakes from the       
winter's dream of death4      ,spring   
has come6 ,the rills1 as they glisten1  
,sing to the pebbles and greening grass2
    ,under the sward the violets listen1
    ,and dream of the sky as they hear  
her pass4      ,coyest of roses feel her
 coming1    ,swelling their buds with a 
promise to her1--    ,and the wild bee  
hears her1 around them humming1    ,and 
booms about with a joyous stir4         

,oaks1 that the bark of a century       
covers1    ,feel ye the spell1 as ye    
groan and sigh8    ,say1--does her      
spirit that round you hovers    ,whisper
 of youth and love gone by8             
,windows are open1--the pensive maiden  
,leans o'er the sill with a wistful     
sigh1    ,her heart with tender longings
 o'erladen1    ,and a happy sadness1 she
 knows not why4      ,for we and the    
trees are brothers in nature2--    ,we  
feel in our veins the season's thrill   
,in hopes that reach to a higher        
stature1    ,in blind dim longings      
beyond our will4      ,whence dost thou 
come1 ,o joyous spirit8    ,from realms 
beyond this human ken1    ,to paint with
 beauty the earth we inherit1    ,and   
soften to love the hearts of men8       
,dear angel6 that blowest with breath of
 gladness    ,the trump to waken the    
year in its grave1    ,shall we not     
hear1 after death's deep sadness1    ,a 
voice as tender to gladden and save8    
,dost thou not sing a constant promise  

,that joy shall follow that other       
voice1--    ,that nothing of good shall 
be taken from us1    ,but all who hear  
it shall rise1 to rejoice8              
,,rufus ,,choate4      ,mr4 ,choate's   
mind was so complex1 peculiar1 and      
original1--so foreign  in temperament   
and spirit to the more representative   
traits of ,new  ,england character1--so 
large1 philosophic1 and sagacious in    
vision  and survey of great questions1  
and so dramatic and vehement in their   
exposition and enforcement1--so judicial
 and conservative in always  maintaining
 in his arguments the balance and       
relation of  interdependent principles1 
and so often in details marring the most
  exquisite poetry with the wildest     
extravagancies of style1--so free  from 
mere vulgar tricks of effect1 and so    
full of imaginative  tricksiness and    
surprises1--so mischievous1 subtle1     
mysterious1  elusive1 ,protean1--that it
 is no wonder he has been more admired  
and  more misunderstood than any eminent

 ,american of his time4 ,it was  because
 of these unaccustomed qualities of mind
 that matter-of-fact  lawyers and judges
 came slowly but surely to ,mr4         
,webster's  conclusion1 that he was the 
most accomplished of ,american lawyers1 
whether arguing to courts or juries4 ,in
 the same way1 critically  correct but  
unimaginative scholars1 who can pardon  
anything but a  false quantity1--who see
 the hair on the rope1 but not the rope1
  and detect minute errors1 but not     
poetic apprehension1--admitted at  last 
the fulness and variety of his          
scholastic attainments4 ,and  perhaps   
the finest tribute to the power and     
subtlety of his influence  was1 that1 to
 the last1 juries1 who began cases by   
steeling  themselves against it1 and who
 ended by giving him their verdicts1    
maintained that they were not at all    
influenced by him1--so profound1  so    
complete1 and so unconscious had been   
the spell this man of genius  had woven 
around them4    ,when it is remembered  

that a great lawyer in the ,united      
,states is  called upon 7as he is not in
 ,england7 to practise in all our       
courts1  civil and criminal1 law1       
equity1 and admiralty1 and1 in addition 
to  all the complicated questions       
between parties1 involving life1        
liberty1 and property1 arising therein1 
that he is to know and  discuss our     
whole scheme of government1 from        
questions under its  patent laws up to  
questions of jurisdiction and           
constitutional  law1--it will be seen   
what a field there is for the exhibition
 of the  highest talents1 and how few   
lawyers in the country can become       
eminent in all these various and        
important departments of mental  labor4 
,in their whole extent ,mr4 ,choate was 
not only thoroughly  informed as a      
student and profound as a reasoner1 but 
his genius  produced such a fusion of   
imagination and understanding as to give
  creativeness to argumentation and     
philosophy to treatment of facts4    ,we

 propose to try to give some idea of    
those mental characteristics  and       
peculiarities in which he differed from 
other lawyers1 and to  indicate some    
salient points of his genius and nature 
which went to  make up so original and  
interesting an individuality4 ,immense  
labor  and talent will no more produce  
genius or its results1 than mere        
natural genius1 without their aid and   
instrumentality1 can reach and  maintain
 the highest rank in any of the great   
departments of life or  thought4 ,with  
true genius1 imagination is1 to be sure1
 paramount to  great and balanced       
faculties2 but genius is always         
demonstrating its  superiority to talent
 as well by its greater rapidity and    
certainty  in seizing1 arranging1 and   
holding facts1 and by the extent of its 
acquisitions1 as by its superior        
philosophic and artistic grasp and      
vision4    ,though ,mr4 ,choate was so  
much more than a mere lawyer1 it was in 
court that he displayed the full force  

and variety of his powers4  ,hic currus 
et arma4 ,we shall1 however1 speak more 
especially of his  jury-trials1 because 
in them more of his whole nature was    
brought  into play1 and because of them 
and of his management of them there is  
and can be no full record4 ,the         
arguments and triumphs of the great     
advocate are almost as evanescent and   
traditionary as the  conversation of    
great talkers like ,coleridge4 ,in what 
we have to say  we cannot be expected to
 call up the arguments and cases        
themselves1  and we must necessarily be 
confined to a somewhat general statement
  of certain mental qualities and       
characteristics which were of the       
secret of his power4 ,we shall be       
rewarded1 if we succeed in giving in    
mere outline some explanation of the    
fact1 that so much of interest  and     
something of mystery attach themselves  
throughout the country to  his name and 
genius4    ,a jury-trial is in itself   
dramatic2 but mere eloquence is but a   

small  part of what is demanded of a    
great advocate4 ,luther ,martin and     
,jeremiah ,mason were the most eminent  
,american examples of the very  many    
great jury-lawyers who were almost      
destitute of all that makes  up popular 
eloquence4 ,a jury-lawyer is of course  
greater with it1 but  he can do entirely
 without it4 ,almost all great trials   
appeal to the  intellects rather than to
 the passions of jurors4 ,what an       
advocate  needs first is thorough       
knowledge of law1 and that adaptiveness 
and  readiness of faculty which are     
never surprised into forgetfulness or   
confusion1 so that he can instantly see1
 meet1 reason upon1 and apply  his legal
 learning to the unexpected as well as  
the expected points  of law and evidence
 as they arise in a case4 ,secondly1 he 
must have  thorough knowledge of human  
nature3 he must not only profoundly     
discuss motives in their relations to   
the laws of the human mind1 and         
practically reconcile motives with      

conduct as they relate to the  parties  
and witnesses in his cases1 but he must 
prepare1 present1  develop1 guide1 and  
finally argue his case1 within the rules
 of law1  with strict reference to its  
effect upon the differing minds of      
twelve men4 ,it would be difficult to   
name any other field of public  mental  
effort which demands and gives scope for
 such variety of  faculty and           
accomplishment4    ,whatever may have   
been ,mr4 ,choate's defects of character
 or of style1  no competent judge ever  
saw his management of any case in court1
 from  its opening to its close1 without
 recognizing that he was a man of       
genius4 ,it mattered not whether the    
amount involved was little or  great1   
whether the parties were rich or poor1  
wise or ignorant1  whether the          
subject-matter was dry or fertile1--such
 were his  imaginative insight1 his     
knowledge of law and of human nature1   
his  perfection of arrangement1 under   
which every point was treated fully1    

but none unduly1 his consummate tact and
 tactics1 his command of  language in   
all its richness and delicacy to express
 the fullest  force and the nicest      
shades of his meaning1 and his haggard  
beauty of  person and grace of nature1  
that every case rose to dramatic dignity
  and to its largest relations to law1  
psychology1 and poetry2 and  thus1 while
 giving it artistic unity and           
completeness1 he all the  more enforced 
his arguments and insured his success4  
,how widely  different in method and    
surroundings from the poet's exercise of
 the  creative faculty in the calm of   
thought and retirement1 on a selected   
topic and in selected hours of          
inspiration1 was his entering1 with     
little notice or preparation1 into a    
case involving complicated  questions of
 law and fact1 with only a partial      
knowledge of the case  of his           
antagonist6 met at point after point by 
unexpected evidence  and rulings of law1
 often involving such instantaneous     

decisions as  to change his whole       
combinations and method of attack2      
examining  witnesses with unerring      
skill1 whom he was at once too          
chivalrous and  too wise to browbeat2   
arguing to the court unexpected         
questions of  law with full and         
available legal learning2 carrying in   
his mind the  case1 and the known or    
surmised plan of attack of his          
antagonist1 and  shaping his own case to
 meet it2 holding an exquisitely        
sensitive  physical and mental          
organization in such perfect control as 
never to  be irritated or disturbed2    
throwing his whole force on a given     
point1  and rising to a joyousness of   
power in meeting the great obstacles to 
his success2 and finally1 with little or
 no respite for preparation1  weaving   
visibly1 as it were1 before the mental  
eye1 from all these  elicited materials1
 his closing argument1 which1 as we have
 said1 was  all the more effective1     
because profound reasoning and exquisite

 tact  and influence were involved in it
 as a work of art4    ,he had the       
temperament of the great actors1--that  
of the elder ,kean  and the elder       
,booth1 not of ,kemble and              
,macready1--and1 like them1 had  the    
power of almost instantly passing into  
the nature and thought and  emotion of  
another1 and of not only absolutely     
realizing them1 but of  realizing them  
all the more completely because he had  
at the same  time perfect self-direction
 and self-control4 ,the absurd question 
is  often asked1 whether an actor is    
ever the character he represents        
throughout a whole play4 ,he could be   
so1 only if insane4 ,but every  great   
actor and orator must be capable of     
instantaneous abandonment  to his part1 
and of as instantaneous withdrawal from 
it1--like the  elder ,booth1 joking one 
minute at a side-scene and in the next  
having  the big tears of a realized     
,lear running down his cheeks4 ,an      
eminent  critic says1--,genius always   

lights its own fire1--and this constant 
double process of mind1--one of         
self-direction and self-control1 the    
other of absolute abandonment and       
identification1--each the more  complete
 for the other1--the dramatic poet1 the 
impassioned orator1  and the great      
interpretative actor1 all know1 whenever
 the whole mind  and nature are in their
 highest action4 ,mr4 ,choate1          
therefore1 from  pure force of mental   
constitution1 threw himself into the    
life and  position of the parties and   
witnesses in a jury-case1 and they      
necessarily became dramatis personae1   
and moved in an atmosphere of  his own  
creation4 ,his narrative was the        
simplest and most artistic  exhibition  
of his case thus seen and presented from
 the point of  their lives and natures1 
and not from the dry facts and points of
 his  case2 and his argument was all the
 more perfect1 because not  exhibited in
 skeleton nakedness1 but incorporated   
and intertwined  with the interior and  

essential life of persons and events4   
,it was in  this way that he effected   
the acquittal of ,tirrell1 whom any     
matter-of-fact lawyer1 however able1    
would have argued straight to the       
gallows2 and yet we have the highest    
judicial authority for saying  that in  
that case he did his simple technical   
duty1 without  interposing his own      
opinions or convictions4 ,we shall say a
 word1  before we close1 of the charge  
that he surrendered himself too         
completely to his client2 but to a great
 degree the explanation and  the excuse 
at once lie in this dramatic            
imagination1 which was of the  essence  
of his genius and influence1 and through
 which he lived the  life1 shared the   
views1 and identified himself with a    
great actor's  realization1 in the part 
of his client4    ,in making real to    
himself the nature1 life1 and position  
of his  client1--in gathering from him  
and his witnesses1 in the preparation   
and trial of his case1 its main facts   

and direction1 as colored or  inflamed  
by his client's opinions1 passions1 and 
motives1--and in  seeking their         
explanation in the egotism and          
idiosyncrasy which his  own sympathetic 
insight penetrated and harmonized into a
 consistent  individuality1--he1 of     
course1 knew his client better than his 
client  knew himself2 he conceived him  
as an actor conceives character1 and1   
in a great measure1 saw with his eyes   
from his point of view1 and1 in  the    
argument of his case1 gave clear        
expression and consistent               
characterization to his nature and to   
his partisan views in their  relations  
to the history of the case4 ,we have    
seen his clients sit  listening to the  
story of their own lives and conduct1   
held off in  artistic relief and in     
dramatic relation1 with tears running   
down  cheeks which had not been         
moistened by the actual events          
themselves1  re-presented by his        
arguments in such coloring and          

perspective4    ,as a part of this power
 of merging his own individuality in    
that of  his client was his absolute    
freedom from egotism1 conceit1          
self-assertion1 and personal pride of   
opinion4 ,such an instance is1 of       
course1 exceptional4 ,nearly all the    
eminent jury-lawyers we have  known have
 been1 consciously or unconsciously1    
self-asserting1 and  their individuality
 rather than that of their clients has  
been  impressed upon juries4 ,an        
advocate with a great jury-reputation   
has  two victories to win3 the first1 to
 overcome the determination of the  jury
 to steel themselves against his        
influence2 the second1 to  convince     
their judgments4 ,mr4 ,choate's         
self-surrender was so complete  that    
they soon forgot him1 because he forgot 
himself in his case2  nothing personally
 demonstrative or antagonistic induced  
obstinacy or  opposition1 and every door
 was soon wide open to sympathy and     
conviction4 ,if an advocate is          

conceited1 or vain1 or self-important1  
or if he thinks of producing effects as 
well for himself as for his  client1 or 
if his nature is hard and               
unadaptive1--great abilities  display   
these qualities1 instead of hiding them1
 and they make a  refracting medium     
between a case and the minds of a jury4 
,mr4 ,choate  was more completely free  
from them than any able man we ever     
knew4  ,any one of them would have been 
in complete contradiction to the  whole 
composition and current of his nature4  
,though conscious of his  powers1 he was
 thoroughly and lovingly modest4 ,it was
 because he  thought so little of       
himself and so much of his client that  
he never  made personal issues1 and was 
never diverted by them from his strict  
and full duty4 ,instead of greatly      
finding quarrel in a straw1 where  some 
supposed honor was at stake1 he would   
suffer himself rather than  that his    
case should suffer4 ,early in his       
practice1 when a friend  told him he    

bore too much from opposing counsel     
without rebuking  them1 he said3 ,do you
 suppose ,i care what those men say8 ,i 
want to  get my client's case4 ,want of 
pugnacity too often passes for want of  
courage4 ,we have seen him in positions 
where we wished he could have  been more
 personally demonstrative1 and 7to apply
 the language of the  ring to the       
contests of the court-room7 that he     
could have stood  still and struck      
straight from the shoulder2 but when we 
remember how  perfectly he saw through  
and through the faults and foibles of   
men1  how his mischievous and genial    
irony1 when it touched personal         
character1 stamped and characterized it 
for life1 and how keen was  the edge and
 how fine the play of every weapon in   
his full armory of  sarcasm and         
ridicule1 7of which his speech in the   
,senate in reply to  ,mr4 ,mc,duffie's  
personalities gives masterly            
exhibition17 we are  thankful that his  
sensibility was so exquisite and his    

temper so  sweet1 that he was a delight 
instead of a terror1 and that he was    
loved instead of feared4 ,delicacy      
should be commensurate to power1  that  
each may be complete4 ,it would seem    
almost impossible that a  lawyer with a 
practice truly immense1 passing a great 
part of his  life in public and heated  
contests and in discussing and often    
severely criticizing the motives and    
conduct of parties and  witnesses1      
should not make many enemies2 but he was
 so essentially  modest1 simple1        
gentlemanly1 and tender1 so considerate 
of the  feelings of others1 so evidently
 trying to mitigate the pain which it   
was often his duty to inflict1 that we  
never heard of his searching  and       
subtile examination of witnesses1 or his
 profound and exhaustive  analysis of   
character and motive1 or his            
instantaneous and  irresistible retorts 
upon counsel1 creating or leaving behind
 him1 in  the bar or out of it1 malice  
or ill-will in a human being4 ,one of   

the  most touching and beautiful things 
we ever saw in a court-room would  have 
been in other hands purely painful and  
repulsive4 ,it was his  examination of  
the wretched women who were witnesses in
 the ,tirrell  case4 ,his tact in       
eliciting what was necessary to be      
known1 and which  they would have       
concealed1 was forgotten and lost in his
 chivalrous  and ,christian recognition 
of their common humanity1 and in his    
gentlemanly thoughtfulness that even    
they were still women1 with  feelings   
yet sensitive to eye and word4    ,in   
jury-trials it would be foolish to judge
 style by severe or  classic standards4 
,if an advocate have skill and insight  
and adequate  powers of expression1 his 
style must yield and vary with the      
circumstances of different cases and the
 minds of different juries  and jurors4 
,when a friend of ,erskine asked him1 at
 the close of a  jury-argument1 why he  
so unusually and iteratively1 and with  
such  singular illustration1 prolonged  

one part of his case1 he said1--,it     
took me two hours to make that fat man  
with the buff waistcoat join  the       
eleven6    ,all men of great powers of  
practical influence over the minds of   
men  know how stupid and dull of        
apprehension the mass of mankind are2   
and  no one knows better than a great   
jury-lawyer in how many different  ways 
it is often necessary to present        
arguments1 and how they must be         
pressed1 urged1 and hammered into most  
men's minds4 ,he is  endeavoring to     
persuade and convince twelve men upon a 
question in  which they have no direct  
pecuniary or personal interest1 and he  
must  more or less know and adapt his   
reasoning and his style to each  juror's
 mind4 ,he should know no audience but  
the judge and these  twelve men4        
,retainers never seek and should not    
find counsel who  address jurors with   
classical or formal correctness4        
,napoleon1 at ,st4  ,helena1 after      
reading one of his bulletins1 which had 

produced the  great and exact effect for
 which he had intended it1              
exclaimed1--,and  yet they said ,i      
couldn't write6    ,the true ,yankee is 
suspicious of eloquence1 and stops a    
metaphor  like a suspected person in an 
enemy's country4 ,a stranger1 who       
looked in for a few minutes upon one of 
,mr4 ,choate's jury-arguments1  and saw 
a lawyer with a lithe and elastic figure
 of about five feet  and eleven inches1 
with a face not merely of a scholarly   
paleness1  but wrinkled all over1 and1  
as it were1 scathed with thought and    
with  past nervous and intellectual     
struggles1 yet still beautiful1 with    
black hair curling as if from heat and  
dewy from heightened action  and        
intensity of thought and feeling1 and   
heard a clear1 sympathetic1  and varying
 voice uttering rapidly and             
unhesitatingly1 sometimes with  sweet   
caesural and almost monotonous cadences1
 and again with  startling and electric 
shocks1 language now exquisitely        

delicate and  poetic1 now vehement in   
its direct force1 and again decorated   
and  wild with ,eastern extravagance and
 fervor of fancy1 would have  thought   
him the last man to have been born on   
,new ,england soil1 or to  convince the 
judgments of twelve ,yankee jurors4 ,but
 those twelve men1  if he had opened the
 case himself1 had been quietly1 simply1
 and  sympathetically led into a        
knowledge of its facts in connection    
with  its actors and their motives2 they
 had seen how calmly and with what  tact
 he had examined his witnesses1 how     
ready1 graceful1 and unheated  had been 
his arguments to the court1 and how     
complete throughout had  been his       
self-possession and self-control2 they  
had1 moreover1  learned and become      
interested in the case1 and were no     
longer the  same hard and dispassionate 
men with whom he had begun1 and they    
knew1 as the casual spectator could not 
know1 how systematically he  was arguing
 while he was also vehemently enforcing 

his case4 ,he1  meanwhile1 knew his     
twelve men1 and what arguments1 appeals1
 and  illustrations were needed to reach
 the minds of one or all4 ,he did  not  
care how certain extravagances of style 
struck the critical  spectator1 if they 
stamped and riveted certain points of   
his case in  the minds of his jury4     
,with the keenest perception of the     
ridiculous  himself1 he did not hesitate
 to say things which1 disconnected from 
his purpose1 might seem ridiculous4 ,one
 consequence of these  audacities of    
expression was1 that1 when it became    
necessary for him  to be iterative1 he  
was never tedious4 ,they gave full play 
to his  imaginative humor and irony1 and
 to his poetic unexpectedness and       
surprises4 ,a wise observer1 hearing him
 try a case from first to  last1 while  
recognizing those higher qualities of   
genius which we  have before described1 
saw1 that1 for all the purposes of      
persuasion  and argumentation1 for      
conveying his meaning in its full force 

and in  its most delicate distinctions  
and shadings1 for analytic reasoning  or
 for the clothing upon of the           
imagination1 for all the essential      
objects and vital uses of language1 his 
style was perfect for his  purpose and  
for his audience4 ,his excesses came    
from surplus power  and dramatic        
intensity1 and were pardoned by all     
imaginative minds to  the real genius   
with which they were informed4    ,every
 great advocate must1 at times1         
especially in the trial of  capital     
cases1 be held popularly responsible for
 the acquittal of men  whom the public  
has prejudged to be guilty4 ,this       
unreasoning1  impulsive1 and            
irresponsible public never stops to     
inform itself2  never discriminates     
between legal acumen and pettifogging   
trickery1  between doing one's full duty
 to his client and interposing or       
misrepresenting his own personal        
opinions2 and never remembers that  the 
functions of law and the practice of law

 are to prevent and to  punish crime1 to
 ascertain the truth1 and to determine  
and enforce  justice1--that trial by    
jury1 and the other means and methods   
through  which justice is administered1 
are founded in the largest wisdom1      
philanthropy1 and experience1--that they
 cannot work perfectly1  because human  
nature is imperfect1 but they constitute
 the best  practical system for the     
application of abstract principles of   
right  to the complicated affairs of    
life which the world has yet seen1 and  
which steadily improves as our race     
improves1--and that every great  lawyer 
is aiding in elucidating truth and in   
administering justice1  when doing his  
duty to his client under this system4   
,our trial by  jury has its             
imperfections2 but1 laying aside its    
demonstrated value  and necessity in    
great struggles for freedom1 before and 
since the  time of ,erskine1 no better  
scheme can be devised to do its great   
and  indispensable work4 ,the very      

things which seem to an uninformed man  
like rejection or confusion of truth are
 a part of the sifting by  which it is  
to be reached4 ,the admission or        
rejection of evidence  under sound rules
 of law1 the presenting of the whole    
case of each  party and of the best     
argument which can be made upon it by   
his  counsel1 the charge of the judge   
and the verdict of the jury1--all  are  
necessary parts of the process of       
reaching truth and justice4  ,counsel   
themselves cannot know a whole case     
until tried to its end2  their clients  
have a right to their best services1    
within the limits  of personal honor2   
and lawyers are derelict in duty1 not   
only to  their clients1 but to justice  
itself1 if they do not present their    
cases to the best of their ability1 when
 they are to be followed by  opposing   
counsel1 by the judge1 and by the jury4 
,the popular judgment  is not only      
capricious1--it not only assumes that   
legal precedents1  founded in justice   

for the protection of the honest1 are   
petty  technicalities or tricks through 
which the dishonest escape1--it is  not 
only formed out of the court-room1 with 
no opportunity to see  witnesses and    
hear testimony1 often very different in 
reality from  what they seem in         
print1--but it visits upon counsel its  
ignorant  prejudices against the theory 
and practice of the law itself1 and     
forgets that lawyers cannot present to  
the jury a particle of  evidence except 
with the sanction of the court under    
sound rules of  law1 and that the law is
 to be laid down by the court alone4    
,a man thoroughly in earnest in any     
direction is more or less a  partisan4  
,histories are commonly uninfluential or
 worthless1 unless  written with views  
so earnest and decided as to show bias4 
,as the  greater interests of truth are 
best subserved by those whose zeal is   
commensurate to their scope of mind1 so 
it is a part of the scheme of           
jury-trials1 that1 within the limits we 

have named1 counsel shall  throw their  
whole force into their cases1 that thus 
they may be  presented fully in all     
lights1 and the right results more      
surely  reached4 ,the scheme of         
jury-trials itself thus providing for a 
lawyer's standing in the place of his   
client and deriving from him  his       
partisan opinions1 and for urging his   
case in its full force  within the      
limits of sound rules of law1 it almost 
invariably  follows1 that1 the greater  
the talent and zeal of the advocate1 and
  the more he believes in the views of  
his client1 the more liable he  is to be
 charged with overstating or misstating 
testimony4 ,mr4 ,choate  never conceived
 that his duty to his client should     
carry him up to  the line of            
self-surrender drawn by ,lord ,brougham2
 but1 recognizing  his client's full and
 just claims upon him1 entering into his
  opinions and nature with the          
sympathetic and dramatic realization we 
have described1 he could not faithfully 

perform the prescribed and  admitted    
duty of the advocate1--necessarily1 with
 him1 involving his  throwing the whole 
force of his physical and intellectual  
vitality  into every case he            
tried1--without being a vehement        
partisan1 or  without being sometimes   
charged with misstating evidence or     
going too  far for his client4          
,occasionally this may have been true2  
but we see  the explanation in the very 
quality of his genius and temperament1  
and not in conscious or intentional     
wrong-doing4    ,his ability and method 
in his strictly legal arguments to      
courts of  law are substantially        
indicated in what we have already said4 
,his  manner1 however1 was here calm1   
his general views of his subject  large 
and philosophic1 his legal learning     
full1 his reasoning clear1  strong1 and 
consequential1 his discrimination quick 
and sure1 and his  detection of a       
logical fallacy unerring1 his style1    
though sometimes  fairly open to the    

charge of redundancy1 graceful and      
transparent in  its exhibition of his   
argument1 and his mind always at home1  
and in  its easiest and most natural    
exercise1 when anything in his case rose
  into connection with great principles4
    ,while exhibiting in his            
jury-trials1 as we have shown1 this     
double  process of absolute             
identification and of perfect           
supervision and  self-control1--of      
instantaneous imaginative dips into his 
work1 and  of as instantaneous          
withdrawal from it1--of purposely and   
yet  completely throwing himself in one 
sentence into the realization of  an    
emotion1 thus perfectly conveying his   
meaning while living the  thought1 and  
yet coming out of it to see quicker than
 any one that it  might be made absurd  
by displacement1--he always had1 as it  
were1 an  air-drawn1 circle of larger   
thought and superintending relation far 
around the immediate question into which
 he passed so dramatically4  ,within    

this outer circle1 attached and related 
to it by everything in  the             
subject-matter of real poetic or        
philosophic importance1 was his  case1  
creatively woven and spread in artistic 
light and perspective2  and between the 
two 7if we do not press our illustration
 beyond clear  limits7 was a            
heat-lightning-like play of mind1       
showing itself1 at  one moment1 in      
unexpected flashes of poetic analogy1 at
 another in  ,puck-like mischief1 and   
again in imaginative irony or humor4    
,as he recovered himself from           
abandonment to some part of his case or 
argument to guide and mould the whole1  
so1 going into his library1 he  could1  
as completely1 for minutes or for hours1
 banish and forget his  anxieties and   
dramatic excitements1 and pass into the 
cooling air and  loftier and purer      
stimulations of the great minds of other
 times and  countries and of the great  
questions that overhang us all4 ,his    
mind1  capacious1 informed1 wise1       

doubting1 looking before and after1 here
  found its highest pleasures1 and its  
little1 but most loved repose4  ,the    
more a man does1 the more he can do2    
and1 notwithstanding his  immense       
practice1 and that by physical and      
intellectual constitution  he couldn't  
half do anything1 he never allowed a day
 of his life to  pass1 without reading  
some1 if ever so little1 ,greek1 and it 
was a  surprise to those who knew him   
well to find that he kept up with       
everything important in modern          
literature4 ,rising and going to bed    
early1 taking early morning exercise1   
having a strong constitution1  though he
 was subject to sudden but quickly      
overcome nervous and  bilious illness1  
wasting no time1 caring nothing for the 
coarser  social enjoyments1 leading1 out
 of court1 a self-withdrawn and         
solitary life1 though playful1 genial1  
and stimulating in social  intercourse1 
with a memory as tenacious and ready as 
his apprehension  was quick1 with high  

powers of detecting1 mastering1         
arranging1 and  fusing his acquisitions1
 and of penetrating to the centre of    
historical characters and events1--it is
 not strange1 though he may  not have   
been critically exact and nice in       
questions of quantity and  college      
exercises1 that his scholarship was     
large and available in  all its higher  
aims and uses4    ,it will naturally be 
asked1 how such qualities as we have    
described  manifested themselves in     
character1 and in political and other   
fields  of thought and exertion4 ,fair  
abilities1 zeal1 industry1 a sanguine   
temperament1 and some special bent or   
fitness for the profession of  the law1 
will make a good and successful lawyer4 
,such a man's mind  will be entirely in 
and limited by the immediate case in    
hand1 and  virtually his intellectual   
life will be recorded in his cases4 ,but
  with ,mr4 ,choate1 the dramatic genius
 and large scope and vision which  made 
him superior to other great advocates at

 the same time prevented  his           
overestimating the value of his work in 
kind or degree1 showed  him how         
ephemeral are the actual triumphs and   
how small the real  value of nearly all 
the questions he thus vitalized into    
artistic  reality1 when compared with   
the great outlying truths and principles
  to which he allied them4 ,feeling this
 all through his cases1 at the  same    
time that he was moulding them and      
giving them dramatic  vitality1 they    
took their true position from natural   
reaction and  rebound1 with all the more
 sharpness of contrast1 when he came out
 of  them4 ,with such a nature1 it could
 be assumed a priori as a  psychological
 certainty1 at any rate it was the fact 
with him1 that a  certain unreality was 
at times thrown over life and its       
objects1 that  its projects and         
ambitions seemed games and mockeries1   
and this  brave o'erhanging firmament a 
pestilent congregation of vapors1 and   
that grave doubts and fears on the great

 questions of existence were  ever on   
the horizon of his mind4 ,this gave     
perpetual play to his  irony1 and made  
it a necessity and a relief of mind4    
,except when in  earnest in some larger 
matter1 or closely occupied in          
accomplishing  some smaller necessary   
purpose or duty1 his imagination loved  
the  tricksy play of exhibiting the     
petty side of life in contrast to its   
realities1 just as in his cases it found
 its exercise in lifting them  up to    
relations with what is poetic and       
permanent4 ,but1 though irony  was thus 
the natural language of his mind1 it did
 not pass beyond the  limits of the     
mischievous and kindly1 because there   
was nothing  scoffing or bitter in his  
nature4 ,it was fresh and natural1 never
  studied for effect1 and gave his      
conversation the charm of constant      
novelty and surprises4 ,he loved to     
condense the results of thought  and    
study into humorous or grotesque        
overstatements1 which1 while  they      

amused his hearers1 conveyed his exact  
meaning to every one who  followed the  
mercurial movement of his mind4 ,it will
 readily be seen  how a person with     
neither insight into his nature nor     
apprehension of  his meaning should1    
without intending it1 misinterpret his  
life and  caricature his                
opinions1--blundering only the more     
deeply when trying  to be literally     
exact in reporting conversations or     
portraying  character4    ,it has been  
shrewdly said1 that1 when the ,lord     
wants anything done  in this world1 he  
makes a man a little wrong-headed in the
 right  direction4 ,with this goes the  
disposition to overestimate the         
importance of one's work and to push    
principles and theories towards         
extremes4 ,the saying is true of some   
individuals at or before certain  crises
 in affairs2 it is not true of the great
 inevitable historical  movements1 any  
more than the history of revolutions is 
the history of  nations4 ,halifax is    

called a trimmer4 ,william ,wilberforce 
was a  reformer4 ,each did a great work4
 ,but it would be simply absurd1  except
 in the estimation of the moral purist1 
to call ,wilberforce as  great a man or 
as great an historical and influential  
person as  ,halifax4 ,halifax saw and   
acted in the clear light and large      
relations  in which the great historian 
of our own times wrote the history of   
the ,stuarts4 ,wilberforce was a purer  
man1 who acted more  conscientiously and
 persistently within his smaller range  
of life and  thought4 ,it would have    
been inconsistent with ,mr4 ,choate's   
nature for  him to have been            
wrong-headed in any direction4 ,such    
largeness of  view1 such dramatic and   
interpretative imagination1 such        
volatile  play of thought and fancy1 and
 such perception of the pettiness and   
hollowness of nearly all the aims and   
ambitions of daily life we  cannot      
expect to find coexisting with the      
coarser blood-sympathies1  the direct   

passion1 and the dogged and tenacious   
hold of temporary  and smaller objects  
and issues1 which distinguish the       
,american  politician1 or with the      
narrowness of view1 the zeal1 and the   
moral  persistency which characterize   
the practical reformer4 ,there was1     
therefore1 in his nature a certain want 
of the sturdier1 harder1 and  more      
robust elements of character1 which1    
though commonly manifesting  themselves 
in connection with self-assertion and   
partisan zeal1 are  indispensable to the
 man who1 in any large and political    
way1 would  take hold of practical      
circumstances and work a purpose out of 
them4  ,we admire him for what he was4  
,we do not condemn him for the absence  
of qualities not allied to such delicacy
 and breadth of nature4 ,it is  simply  
just to state the fact4    ,he had too  
little political ambition to seek his   
own advancement4 ,he  never could have  
been a strictly party man4 ,his interest
 in our  politics was a patriotic       

interest in the country4 ,while he      
recognized  the necessity of two great  
parties1 he despised the arts and       
intrigues of the politician4 ,his       
modesty1 sensibility1 large views1  and 
want of political ambition and partisan 
spirit prevented  interest1 as they     
would have precluded success in party   
management4  ,had he spent many years   
instead of a few in the national        
,senate1 he  never could have been a    
leader in its great party struggles4 ,he
 had  not the hardier personal and      
constitutional qualities of mind and    
character which lead and control        
deliberative bodies in great crises4    
,he would not have had that             
statesmanlike prescience which in the   
case  of ,lord ,chatham and others seems
 separable from great general scope  of 
thought1 and which one is tempted to    
call a faculty for  government4 ,but he 
must have been influential2 for1 besides
 being the  most eloquent man in the    
,senate1 his speeches would have been   

distinguished for amplitude and judgment
 in design1 and for tact and            
persuasiveness in enforcement4 ,they    
might not have had immediate and        
commanding effect1 but they would have  
had permanent value4 ,his  speech upon  
the ,ashburton ,treaty indicates the    
powers he would have  shown1 with a     
longer training in the ,senate4 ,more   
than ten years had  passed between that 
speech and his two speeches in the      
,massachusetts  ,constitutional         
,convention1 upon ,representation and   
the ,judiciary1 and  in that time a     
great maturing and solidifying work had 
been going on  in his mind4 ,indeed1 it 
was one sure test of his genius1 that   
his  intellect plainly grew to the day  
of his death4 ,we would point to  those 
two speeches as giving some adequate    
expression of his ability  to treat     
large subjects simply1 profoundly1      
artistically1 and  convincingly4 ,many  
of his earlier and some of his later    
speeches and  addresses1 though large in

 conception and stamped with            
unmistakable  genius1 want solid body of
 thought1 and are1 so to speak1 too     
fluid  in style4 ,this obviously springs
 from the qualities of mind and from    
the circumstances we have indicated4 ,in
 court1 the necessities of his  case and
 the determination and shaping of all   
his argument and  persuasion to         
convincing twelve men1 or a court only1 
on questions  requiring prompt decision1
 kept his style free from everything    
foreign to his purpose4 ,but1 released  
from these restraints1 and  called upon 
for a treatment more general and        
comprehensive than acute  and           
discriminating1 his style often became  
inflamed and decorated  with sensibility
 and fancy4 ,his mind1 moreover1 was    
overtasked in his  profession4 ,his     
unremitting mental labor in the         
preparation and trial  of so many cases 
was immense and exhausting4 ,it         
shortened his life4  ,that his genius   
might have that free and joyous exercise

 necessary to  its full use and         
exhibition in literary or political     
directions1 an  abandonment of a great  
part of his professional duties was     
indispensable4 ,this was to him neither 
possible nor desirable4 ,the  mental    
heat and pressure1 therefore1 under     
which he wrote his  speeches and        
addresses1 and the necessity for the    
exercise of  different methods of       
thought and treatment from those called 
into  play at the bar1 explain why 7with
 a few noble exceptions7 they do  not   
give a fair or full exhibition of his   
genius and accomplishments4  ,but in    
them his judgment never lost its        
anchorage4 ,unlike ,burke1 who  was the 
god of his political idolatry1 his      
sensibility never  overmastered his     
reasoning4 ,through a style sometimes   
,eastern in  flush and fervor1 and again
 tropical in heat and luxuriance1 were  
always seen the adjusting and           
attempering habit of thought and        
argument and the even balance of his    

mind4    ,we have said that his interest
 in politics was a patriotic interest   
in the nation4 ,he knew her history and 
her triumphs and reverses on  land and  
sea by heart4 ,though limited by no     
narrow love of country1  he felt from   
sentiment and imagination that          
attachment to every  symbol of          
patriotism and national power which     
makes the sailor suffer  death with joy 
when he sees his country's flag floating
 in the smoke  of victory4 ,the radiant 
ensign of the ,republic was to him the  
living embodiment of her honor and her  
power4 ,he had for it the pride  and    
passion of the boy1 with the prophetic  
hopes of the patriot4 ,men  of genius   
are ever revivifying the commonplace    
expressions and  visible signs of       
popular enthusiasm with the poetic and  
historic  realities which gave them     
birth4 ,he felt the glow and impulse of 
the  great sentiments of race and       
nationality in all their natural        
simplicity and poetic force4 ,it is not 

now the time to discuss ,mr4  ,choate's 
political preferences and opinions4 ,no 
one who knew him well  can hesitate to  
pronounce his motives pure and          
patriotic4 ,we could  not come to his   
conclusions on the policy and duty of   
our people at  the last ,presidential   
election4 ,our duties to the ,union     
forced us to  regard as paramount what  
he regarded as subsidiary4 ,our fear for
 the  ,union sprang from other sources  
than his4 ,but we believe he acted  from
 the highest convictions of duty1 and he
 certainly exposed  himself with        
unflinching courage to obloquy and      
misinterpretation  when silence would   
have been easy and safe4    ,in what we 
have said of him as a lawyer we are sure
 that in every  essential respect we    
have not overstated or misstated his    
powers and  characteristics as they were
 known and conceded by lawyers and      
judges  in ,massachusetts4 ,we have     
confined ourselves mainly to his        
jury-trials1 because into them he threw 

the whole force and vitality of  his    
nature1 and because we could thus more  
completely indicate the  variety of his 
accomplishments and the essential       
characteristics of  his genius and      
individuality4 ,a knowledge of them is  
indispensable to  a just estimate of the
 man1 and it must die with him and his  
hearers1  excepting only as it may be   
preserved by contemporaneous written    
criticism and judgment1 and by          
indeterminate and shadowy tradition4    
,the labors of so great a lawyer are as 
much more useful as they are  less      
conspicuous than those of any prominent 
politician or  legislator1 unless he be 
one of the very few who have high       
constructive or creative ability4 ,there
 is little risk of  overestimating the  
value of a life devoted to mastering    
that complex  system of jurisprudence1  
the old1 ever-expanding1 and            
ever-improving  common law which is     
interwoven with our whole fabric of     
government1  property1 and personal     

rights1 and to applying it profoundly   
through  trial by jury and before courts
 of law1 not merely that justice may  be
 obtained for clients1 but that         
decisions shall be made determining  the
 rights and duties of men for           
generations to come4 ,and when such a   
life is not only full of immense work   
and achievement1 but  is penetrated and 
informed with genius1 sensibility1 and  
loving-kindness1 it passes sweetly and  
untraceably1 but influentially  and     
immortally1 into the life of the nation4
          ,,the ,,regicide ,,colonels   
,,in ,,new ,,england4      ,before the  
restoration of ,charles the ,second1 in 
#affj1 to the throne  of his ancestors1 
he had issued a ,declaration1 promising 
to all  persons but such as should be   
excepted by ,parliament a pardon of     
offences committed during the late      
disorderly times4 ,in the               
,parliamentary ,act of ,indemnity which 
followed1 such as had been  directly    
concerned in the death of the late ,king

 were excepted from  mercy4 ,colonel    
,whalley and ,colonel ,goffe were       
members of the ,high  ,court of ,justice
 which convicted and sentenced him4 ,it 
was known that  they had fled from      
,england2 and one ,captain ,breedon1    
lately returned  from ,boston1 reported 
that he had seen them there4 ,the       
,ministry sent  an order to ,endicott1  
the ,governor of ,massachusetts1 for    
their  apprehension and transportation  
to ,england4    ,the friendly welcome   
which had in fact been extended to the  
distinguished fugitives cannot be       
confidently interpreted as an           
indication of favorable judgment of the 
act by which their lives were  now      
endangered4 ,no one of the ,new-,england
 ,colonies had formally  expressed      
approval of the execution of ,king      
,charles the ,first1 nor is  there any  
other evidence of its having been       
generally regarded by  them with favor4 
,it is likely that in ,new ,england1 as 
in the parent  country1 the opinions of 

patriotic men were divided in respect to
 the  character of that measure4 ,in    
,new ,england1 remote as it was from the
  scene of those crimes which had       
provoked so extreme a proceeding1 it    
may be presumed that there was greater  
difficulty in admitting the  force of   
the reasons1 by which it was vindicated4
 ,and the sympathy of  ,new ,england    
would be more likely to be with ,vane1  
who condemned it1  than with ,cromwell4 
,but the strangers1 however one act of  
theirs  might be regarded1 had been     
eminent among those who had fought for  
the rights of ,englishmen1 and they     
brought introductions from men          
venerated and beloved by the people     
among whom a refuge was sought4         
,edward ,whalley1 a younger son of a    
good family1 first cousin of the        
,protector ,oliver1 and of ,john        
,hampden1 distinguished himself at the  
,battle of ,naseby as an officer of     
cavalry1 and was presently promoted  by 
,parliament to the command of a         

regiment4 ,he commanded at the storm  of
 ,banbury1 and at the first capture of  
,worcester4 ,he was intrusted  with the 
custody of the ,king's person at        
,hampton ,court2 he sat in the  ,high   
,court of ,justice at the trial of      
,charles1 and was one of the  signers of
 the death-warrant4 ,after the ,battle  
of ,dunbar1 at which he  again won      
renown1 ,cromwell left him in ,scotland 
in command of four  regiments of horse4 
,he was one of the ,major-,generals     
among whom the  kingdom was parcelled   
out by one of the ,protector's last     
arrangements1 and as such governed the  
,counties of ,lincoln1  ,nottingham1    
,derby1 ,warwick1 and ,leicester4 ,he   
sat as a member for  ,nottinghamshire in
 ,cromwell's ,second and ,third         
,parliaments1 and was  called up to the 
other ,house when that body was         
constituted4    ,william ,goffe1 son of 
a ,puritan clergyman in ,sussex1 was a  
member of  ,parliament1 and a colonel of
 infantry soon after the breaking out of

  the ,civil ,war4 ,he married a        
daughter of ,whalley4 ,like his         
father-in-law1 he was a member of the   
,high ,court of ,justice for the        
,king's trial1 a signer of the warrant  
for his execution1 a member of the      
,protector's ,third and ,fourth         
,parliaments1 and then a member of the  
other ,house4 ,he commanded ,cromwell's 
regiment at the ,battle of  ,dunbar1 and
 rendered service particularly          
acceptable to him in the  second        
expurgation of ,parliament4 ,as one of  
the ten ,major-,generals1  he held the  
government of ,hampshire1 ,berkshire1   
and ,sussex4    ,when ,whalley and      
,goffe1 upon the ,king's return1 left   
,england to  escape what they           
apprehended might prove the fate of     
regicides1 the  policy of the ,court in 
respect to persons circumstanced as they
 were  had not been promulgated4        
,arriving in ,boston1 in ,july1 and     
having  been courteously welcomed by the
 ,governor1 they proceeded the same  day

 to ,cambridge1 which place for the     
present they made their home4  ,for     
several months they appeared there      
freely in public4 ,they  attended the   
public religious meetings1 and others   
held at private  houses1 at which latter
 they prayed1 and prophesied1 or        
preached4  ,they visited some of the    
principal towns in the neighborhood1    
were  often in ,boston1 and were        
received1 wherever they went1 with      
distinguished attention4    ,at the end 
of four months1 intelligence came to    
,massachusetts of the  ,act of          
,indemnity1 and that ,whalley and ,goffe
 were among those  excepted from it1 and
 marked for vengeance4 ,three months    
longer they  lived at ,cambridge        
unmolested2 but in the mean while       
affairs had been  growing critical      
between ,massachusetts and the mother   
country1 and1  though some members of   
the ,general ,court assured them of     
protection1  others thought it more     
prudent that they should have a hint to 

provide for their safety in some way    
which would not imply an affront  to the
 royal government on the part of the    
,colony4 ,the ,governor  called a ,court
 of ,assistants1 in ,february1 and      
without secrecy asked  their advice     
respecting his obligation to secure the 
refugees4 ,the  ,court refused to       
recommend that measure1 and four days   
more passed1  at the end of which       
time--whether induced by the persuasion 
of  others1 or by their own conviction  
of the impropriety of involving  their  
generous hosts in further embarrassment1
 or simply because they  had been       
awaiting till then the completion of    
arrangements for their  reception at    
,new ,haven--they set off for that      
place4    ,a journey of nine days       
brought them to the hospitable house of 
the  ,reverend ,mr4 ,davenport1 where   
again they moved freely in the society  
of the ministers and the magistrates4   
,but they had scarcely been at  ,new    
,haven three weeks1 when tidings came   

thither of the reception at  ,boston of 
a proclamation issued by the ,king for  
their arrest4 ,to  release their host   
from responsibility1 they went to       
,milford1 7as if  on their way to ,new  
,netherland17 and there showed          
themselves in  public2 but returned     
secretly the same night to ,new ,haven1 
and were  concealed in ,davenport's     
house4 ,this was towards the last of    
,march4    ,they had been so situated a 
month1 when their friends had           
information  from ,boston that the      
search for them was to be undertaken in 
earnest4  ,further accounts of their    
having been seen in that place had      
reached  ,england1 and the ,king had    
sent a peremptory order to the ,colonial
  governments for their apprehension4   
,endicott1 to whom it was  transmitted1 
could do no less than appear to interest
 himself to  execute it2 and this he    
might do with the less reluctance1      
because1  under the circumstances1 there
 was small likelihood that his          

exertions would be effectual4 ,two young
 ,english merchants1 ,thomas  ,kellond  
and ,thomas ,kirk1 received from him a  
commission to prosecute  the search in  
,massachusetts1 and were also furnished 
with letters of  recommendation to the  
,governors of the other ,colonies4 ,that
 they were  zealous ,royalists1 direct  
from ,england1 would be some evidence to
 the  home government that the quest    
would be pursued in good faith4 ,that   
they were foreigners1 unacquainted with 
the roads and with the habits  of the   
country1 and betraying themselves by    
their deportment wherever  they should  
go in ,new ,england1 would afford       
comfortable assurance to  the ,governor 
that they would pursue their quest in   
vain4    ,from ,boston1 the pursuivants1
 early in ,may1 went to ,hartford1 where
  they were informed by ,winthrop1      
,governor of ,connecticut1 that the     
,colonels1 as they were called1 had     
passed thence immediately before1  on   
their way to ,new ,haven4 ,thither the  

messengers proceeded1 stopping  on the  
way at ,guilford1 the residence of      
,deputy-,governor ,leete4 ,since  the   
recent death of ,governor ,newman1      
,leete had been ,chief ,magistrate  of  
the ,colony of ,new ,haven1 which was   
now1 and for a few years later1         
distinct from ,connecticut4    ,the     
,deputy-,governor received them in the  
presence of several other  persons4 ,he 
looked over their papers1 and then began
 to read them  audibly2 whereupon we    
told him1 say the messengers1 it was    
convenient to be more private in such   
concernments as that was4 ,they  desired
 to be furnished with horses1 c41 for   
their further  journey1 which was       
prepared with some delays4 ,they were   
accosted1  on coming out1 by a person   
who told them that the ,colonels were   
secreted at ,mr4 ,davenport's1 and that1
 without all question1 ,deputy  ,leete  
knew as much2 and that in the head of a 
company in the field  a-training1 it had
 lately been openly spoken by them1     

that1 if they  had but two hundred      
friends that would stand by them1 they  
would not  care for ,old or ,new        
,england4    ,the messengers returned to
 ,leete1 and made an application for aid
  and a power to search and apprehend   
the fugitives4 ,he refused to  give any 
power to apprehend them1 nor order any  
other1 and said he  could do nothing    
until he had spoken with one ,mr4       
,gilbert and the  rest of his           
magistrates4 ,new ,haven1 the seat of   
government of the  ,colony1 was twenty  
miles distant from ,guilford4 ,it was   
now ,saturday  afternoon1 and for a     
,new-,england ,governor to break the    
,sabbath by  setting off on a journey1  
or by procuring horses for any other    
traveller1 was impossible4 ,an ,indian  
was observed to have left  ,guilford    
while the parley was going on1 and was  
supposed to have gone  on an errand to  
,new ,haven4    ,monday morning the     
messengers proceeded thither4 ,to our   
certain  knowledge1 they write1 one     

,john ,meigs was sent a-horseback before
  us1 and by his speedy and unexpected  
going so early before day was to  give  
them an information1 and the rather     
because by the delays was  used1 it was 
break of day before we got to horse2 so 
he got there  before us4 ,upon our      
suspicion1 we required the ,deputy that 
the said  ,john ,meigs might be examined
 what his business was1 that might      
occasion so early going2 to which the   
,deputy answered1 that he did  not know 
any such thing1 and refused to examine  
him4 ,leete was in no  haste to make his
 own journey to the capital4 ,it was for
 the  messengers to judge whether they  
would use such despatch as to give  an  
alarm there some time before any        
magistrate was present1 to be  invoked  
for aid4 ,he arrived1 they write1 within
 two hours1 or  thereabouts1 after us   
and came to us to the ,court chamber1   
where we  again acquainted him with the 
information we had received1 and that   
we had cause to believe they the        

fugitives were concealed in ,new        
,haven1 and thereupon we required his   
assistance and aid for their            
apprehension2 to which he answered1 that
 he did not believe they  were2         
whereupon we desired him to empower us1 
or order others for it2  to which he    
gave us this answer1 the he could not1  
or would not1 make  us magistrates444   
,we set before him the danger of that   
delay and  their inevitable escape1 and 
how much the honor and service of his   
,majesty was despised and trampled on by
 him1 and that we supposed by  his      
unwillingness to assist in the          
apprehension he was willing they  should
 escape4 ,after which he left us1 and   
went to several of the  magistrates1 and
 were together five or six hours in     
consultation1 and  upon breaking up of  
their council they told us they would   
not nor  could not to anything until    
they had called a ,general ,court of the
  freemen4    ,the messengers labored   
with great earnestness to shake this    

determination1 but all in vain4 ,for    
precedents they appealed to the         
promptness of the ,governors of         
,massachusetts and ,connecticut1 who1   
upon the recite of his ,majesty's       
pleasure and order concerning the  said 
persons1 stood not upon such niceties   
and formalities4 ,they  represented how 
much the honor and justice of his       
,majesty was  concerned1 and how ill his
 ,sacred ,majesty would resent such     
horrid  and detestable concealments and 
abettings of such traitors and          
regicides as they were1 and asked him   
whether he would honor and obey  the    
,king or no in this affair1 and set     
before him the danger which by  law is  
incurred by any one that conceals or    
abets traitors2 to which  the ,deputy   
,leete answered1 ',we honor his         
,majesty1 but we have tender            
consciences'2 to which we replied1 that 
we believed that he knew  where they    
were1 and only pretended tenderness of  
conscience for a  refusal4444 ,we told  

them that for their respect to two      
traitors they  would do themselves      
injury1 and possibly ruin themselves and
 the  whole ,colony of ,new ,haven4     
,finding them obstinate and pertinacious
 in their contempt of his  ,majesty1 the
 messengers1 probably misled by some    
false information1  took the road to    
,new ,netherland1 the next day1 in      
further prosecution  of their business4 
,the ,dutch ,governor at that place     
promised them1  that1 if the ,colonels  
appeared within his jurisdiction1 he    
would give  notice to ,endicott1 and    
take measures to prevent their escape by
 sea4  ,thereupon ,kellond and ,kirk    
returned by water to ,boston1 where they
  made oath before the magistrates to a 
report of their proceedings4    ,the    
fugitives had received timely notice of 
the chase4 ,a week before  ,kellond and 
,kirk left ,boston1 they removed from   
,mr4 ,davenport's house  to that of     
,william ,jones1 son-in-law of ,governor
 ,eaton1 and  afterwards                

,deputy-,governor of ,connecticut4 ,on  
the day when the  messengers were       
debating with ,governor ,leete at       
,guilford1 ,whalley and  ,goffe were    
conducted to a mill1 at a short distance
 from ,new ,haven1  where they were     
hidden two days and nights4 ,thence they
 were led to a  spot called ,hatchet    
,harbor1 about as much farther in a     
northwesterly  direction1 where they lay
 two nights more4 ,meantime1 for fear of
 the  effect of the large rewards which 
the messengers had offered for  their   
capture1 a more secure hiding-place had 
been provided for them  in a hollow on  
the east side of ,west ,rock1 five miles
 from the town4  ,in this retreat they  
remained four weeks1 being supplied with
 food  from a lonely farm-house in the  
neighborhood1 to which they also        
sometimes withdrew in stormy weather4   
,they caused the ,deputy-,governor  to  
be informed of their hiding-place2 and  
on hearing that ,mr4  ,davenport was in 
danger from a suspicion of harboring    

them1 they left  it1 and for a week or  
two showed themselves at different times
 at ,new  ,haven and elsewhere4 ,after  
two months more of concealment in their 
retreat on the side of ,west ,bock1 they
 betook themselves1 just after  the     
middle of ,august1 to the house of one  
,tomkins1 in or near  ,milford4 ,there  
they remained in complete secrecy for   
two years1 after  which time they       
indulged themselves in more freedom1 and
 even  conducted the devotions of a few 
neighbors assembled in their  chamber4  
,but the arrival at ,boston of          
,commissioners from the ,king with      
extraordinary powers was now expected1  
and it was likely that they  would be   
charged to institute a new search1 which
 might endanger the  fugitives1 and     
would certainly be embarrassing to their
 protectors4  ,just at this time a feud 
in the churches of ,hartford and        
,wethersfield  had led to an emigration 
to a spot of fertile meadow forty miles 
farther up the river4 ,mr4 ,russell1    

hitherto minister of ,wethersfield1     
accompanied the new settlers as their   
pastor4 ,the ,general ,court gave  their
 town the name of ,hadley4 ,in this     
remotest northwestern frontier  of ,new 
,england a refuge was prepared for the  
fugitives4 ,on hearing of  the arrival  
of the ,commissioners at ,boston1 they  
withdrew to their  cave2 but some       
,indians in hunting observed that it had
 been occupied1  and its secrecy could  
no longer be counted on4 ,they          
consequently  directed their steps      
towards ,hadley1 travelling only by     
night1 and  there1 in the month of      
,october1 #affd1 were received into the 
house of  ,mr4 ,russell4                
,there--except for a remarkable         
momentary appearance of one of them1    
and except for the visits of a few      
confidential friends--they  remained    
lost forever to the view of men4        
,presents were made to them  by leading 
persons among the colonists1 and they   
received remittances  from friends in   

,england4 ,governor ,hutchinson1 when he
 wrote his  ,history1 had in his hands  
the ,diary of ,goffe1 begun at the time 
of  their leaving ,london1 and continued
 for six or seven years4 ,they were  for
 a time encouraged by a belief1 founded 
on their interpretation of  the         
,apocalypse1 that the execution of their
 comrades was the slaying  of the       
witnesses1 and that their own triumph   
was speedily to follow4  ,letters passed
 between ,goffe and his wife1 purporting
 to be between a  son and mother1 and   
signed respectively with the names of   
,walter and  ,frances ,goldsmith4 ,four 
of these letters survive2 tender1       
magnanimous1 and devout1 they are       
scarcely to be read without tears4      
,in the tenth year of his abode at      
,hadley ,whalley had become extremely   
infirm in mind and body1 and he probably
 did not outlive that year4  ,mr4       
,russell's house was standing till      
within a little more than half  a       
century ago4 ,at its demolition1 the    

removal of a slab in the cellar         
discovered human remains of a large     
size4 ,they are believed to have        
belonged to the stout frame which swept 
through ,prince ,rupert's lines  at     
,naseby4 ,goffe survived his            
father-in-law nearly five years1 at     
least2 how much longer1 is not known4   
,once he was seen abroad1 after  his    
retirement to ,mr4 ,russell's house4    
,the dreadful war1 to which the  ,indian
 ,king ,philip bequeathed his long      
execrated name1 was raging  with its    
worst terrors in the autumn of #afge4   
,on the first day of  ,september1 the   
people of ,hadley kept a fast1 to       
implore the ,divine  protection in their
 distress4 ,while they were engaged in  
their  worship1 a sentry's shot gave    
notice that the stealthy savages were   
upon them4 ,hutchinson1 in his ,history1
 relates what follows1 as he  had       
received it from the family of ,governor
 ,leverett1 who was one of  the few     
visitors of ,goffe in his retreat4 ,the 

people were in the  utmost confusion4   
,suddenly a grave1 elderly person       
appeared in the  midst of them4 ,in his 
mien and dress he differed from the rest
 of the  people4 ,he not only encouraged
 them to defend themselves1 but put     
himself at their head1 rallied1         
instructed1 and led them on to          
encounter the enemy1 who by this means  
were repulsed4 ,as suddenly the         
deliverer of ,hadley disappeared4 ,the  
people were left in  consternation1     
utterly unable to account for this      
strange phenomenon4  ,it is not probable
 that they were ever able to explain it4
    ,in the first years of the          
retirement of the ,colonels at ,hadley1 
they  enjoyed the society of a former   
friend1 who did not feel obliged to  use
 the same strict precautions against    
discovery4 ,john ,dixwell1 like         
themselves1 was a colonel in the        
,parliamentary service1 a member of  the
 ,high ,court of ,justice1 and a signer 
of the death-warrant of the  ,king4     

,nothing is known of his proceedings    
after the restoration of  the monarchy1 
till he came to ,hadley1 three or four  
months later than  ,whalley and ,goffe4 
,after a residence of some years in     
their  neighborhood1 he removed to ,new 
,haven1 where1 bearing the name of      
,james ,davids1 and affecting no        
particular privacy1 he lived to old     
age4 ,the home-government never traced  
him to ,america2 and though1  among his 
acquaintance1 it was understood that he 
had a secret to  keep1 there was no     
disposition to penetrate it4 ,he married
 twice at  ,new ,haven1 and by his      
second nuptials established a family1   
one  branch of which survives4 ,in      
testamentary documents1 as well as in   
communications1 while he lived1 to his  
minister and others1 he  frankly made   
known his character and history4 ,he    
died just too early  to hear the        
tidings1 which would have renewed his   
strength like the  eagle's1 of the      
expulsion of the ,house of ,stuart4 ,a  

fit monument  directs the traveller to  
the place of his burial1 in the square  
bounded on one side by the halls of     
,yale ,college4          ,,to ,,the     
,,cat-,,bird4        ,you1 who would    
with wanton art    ,counterfeit         
another's part1    ,and with noisy      
utterance claim    ,right to an ignoble 
name1--    ,inharmonious6--why must you1
    ,to a better self untrue1    ,gifted
 with the charm of song1    ,do the     
generous gift such wrong8      ,delicate
 and downy throat1    ,shaped for pure1 
melodious note1--    ,silvery wing of   
softest gray1--    ,bright eyes glancing
 every way1--    ,graceful              
outline1--motion free3    ,types of     
perfect harmony6      ,ah6 you much     
mistake your duty1    ,mating discord   
thus with beauty1--    ',mid these      
heavenly sunset gleams1    ,vexing the  
smooth air with screams1--    ,burdening
 the dainty breeze    ,with insane      
discordancies4      ,i have heard you   
tell a tale    ,tender as the           

nightingale1    ,sweeter than the early 
thrush    ,pipes at day-dawn from the   
bush4    ,wake once more the liquid     
strain    ,that you poured1 like        
music-rain1    ,when1 last night1 in the
 sweet weather1    ,you and ,i were out 
together4    ,unto whom two notes are   
given1    ,one of earth1 and one of     
heaven1    ,were it not a shameful tale 
,that the earth-note should prevail8    
,for the sake of those who love us1     
,for the sake of ,god above us1    ,each
 and all should do their best    ,to    
make music for the rest4    ,so will ,i 
no more reprove1    ,though the chiding 
be in love3    ,uttering harsh rebuke to
 you1    ,that were inharmonious1 too4  
,,the ,,professor',s ,,story4           
,,chapter ,,xiii4    ,,curiosity4       
,people will talk4 ,ciascun lo dice is a
 tune that is played oftener  than the  
national air of this country or any     
other4    ,that's what they say4 ,means 
to marry her1 if she is his cousin4     
,got money himself1--that's the         

story1--but wants to come and live in   
the old place1 and get the ,dudley      
property by-and-by4--,mother's  folks   
was wealthy4--,twenty-three to          
twenty-five year old4--,he  a'n't more'n
 twenty1 or twenty-one at the           
outside4--,looks as if he  knew too much
 to be only twenty year old4--,guess    
he's been through  the mill1--don't look
 so green1 anyhow1--hey8 ,did y' ever   
mind that  cut over his left eyebrow8   
,so they gossipped in ,rockland4 ,the   
young fellows could make nothing  of    
,dick ,venner4 ,he was shy and proud    
with the few who made advances  to him4 
,the young ladies called him handsome   
and romantic1 but he  looked at them    
like a many-tailed pacha who was in the 
habit of  ordering his wives by the     
dozen4    ,what do you think of the     
young man over there at the ,venners'8  
said  ,miss ,arabella ,thornton to her  
father4    ,handsome1 said the ,judge1  
but dangerous-looking4 ,his face is     
indictable at common law4 ,do you know1 

my dear1 ,i think there is a  blank at  
the ,sheriff's office1 with a place for 
his name in it8    ,the ,judge paused   
and looked grave1 as if he had just     
listened to the  verdict of the jury and
 was going to pronounce sentence4       
,have you heard anything against him8   
said the ,judge's daughter4    ,nothing4
 ,but ,i don't like these mixed bloods  
and half-told stories4  ,besides1 ,i    
have seen a good many desperate fellows 
at the bar1 and ,i  have a fancy they   
all have a look belonging to them4 ,the 
worst one ,i  ever sentenced looked a   
good deal like this fellow4 ,a wicked   
mouth4  ,all our other features are made
 for us2 but a man makes his own  mouth4
    ,who was the person you sentenced8  
,he was a young fellow that undertook to
 garrote a man who had won  his money at
 cards4 ,the same slender shape1 the    
same cunning1 fierce  look1 smoothed    
over with a plausible air4 ,depend upon 
it1 there is an  expression in all the  
sort of people that live by their wits  

when  they can1 and by worse weapons    
when their wits fail them1 that we old  
law-doctors know just as well as the    
medical counselors know the  marks of   
disease in a man's face4 ,dr4 ,kittredge
 looks at a man and  says he is going to
 die2 ,i look at another man and say he 
is going to  be hanged1 if nothing      
happens4 ,i don't say so of this one1   
but ,i  don't like his looks4 ,i wonder 
,dudley ,venner takes to him so kindly4 
,it's all for ,elsie's sake1 said ,miss 
,thornton2 ,i feel quite sure  of that4 
,he never does anything that is not     
meant for her in some  way4 ,i suppose  
it amuses her to have her cousin about  
the house4 ,she  rides a good deal since
 he has been here4 ,have you seen them  
galloping about together8 ,he looks like
 my idea of a ,spanish bandit  on that  
wild horse of his4    ,possibly he has  
been one1--or is one1 said the          
,judge1--smiling as  men smile whose    
lips have often been freighted with the 
life and  death of their                

fellow-creatures4 ,i met them riding the
 other day4  ,perhaps ,dudley is right1 
if it pleases her to have a companion4  
,what  will happen1 though1 if he makes 
love to her8 ,will ,elsie be easily     
taken with such a fellow8 ,you young    
folks are supposed to know more  about  
these matters than we middle-aged       
people4    ,nobody can tell4 ,elsie is  
not like anybody else4 ,the girls that  
have  seen most of her think she hates  
men1 all but ',dudley1' as she calls    
her father4 ,some of them doubt whether 
she loves him4 ,they doubt  whether she 
can love anything human1 except perhaps 
the old black  woman that has taken care
 of her since she was a baby4 ,the      
village  people have the strangest      
stories about her3 you know what they   
call  her8    ,she whispered three words
 in her father's ear4 ,the ,judge       
changed  color as she spoke1 sighed     
deeply1 and was silent as if lost in    
thought for a moment4    ,i remember her
 mother1 he said1 so well6 ,a sweeter   

creature never  lived4 ,elsie has       
something of her in her look1 but those 
are not the  ,dudley eyes4 ,they were   
dark1 but soft1 in all ,i ever saw of   
the race4  ,her father's are dark too1  
but mild1 and even tender1 ,i should    
say4 ,i  don't know what there is about 
,elsie's1--but do you know1 my dear1 ,i 
find myself curiously influenced by     
them8 ,i have had to face a good  many  
sharp eyes and hard ones1--murderers'   
eyes and pirates'1--men  that had to be 
watched in the bar1 where they stood on 
trial1 for  fear they should spring on  
the prosecuting officers like           
tigers1--but  ,i never saw such eyes as 
,elsie's2 and yet they have a kind of   
drawing  virtue or power about them1--,i
 don't know what else to call it3 have  
you never observed this8    ,his        
daughter smiled in her turn4    ,never  
observed it8 ,why1 of course1 nobody    
could be with ,elsie ,venner  and not   
observe it4 ,there are a good many other
 strange things about  her3 did you ever

 notice how she dresses8    ,why1       
handsomely enough1 ,i should think1 the 
,judge answered4 ,i  suppose she dresses
 as she likes1 and sends to the city for
 what she  wants4 ,what do you mean in  
particular8 ,we men notice effects in   
dress1 but not much in detail4    ,you  
never noticed the colors and patterns of
 her dresses8 ,you never  remarked      
anything curious about her ornaments8   
,well6 ,i don't believe  you men know1  
half the time1 whether a lady wears a   
ninepenny collar  or a thread-lace cape 
worth a thousand dollars4 ,i don't      
believe you  know a silk dress from a   
bombazine one4 ,i don't believe you can 
tell  whether a woman is in black or in 
colors1 unless you happen to know  she  
is a widow4 ,elsie ,venner has a strange
 taste in dress1 let me  tell you4 ,she 
sends for the oddest patterns of stuffs1
 and picks out  the most curious things 
at the jeweller's1 whenever she goes to 
town  with her father4 ,they say the old
 ,doctor tells him to let her have  her 

way about all such matters4 ,afraid of  
her mind1 if she is  contradicted1 ,i   
suppose4--,you've heard about her going 
to school at  that place1--the          
',institoot1' as those people call it8  
,they say she's  bright enough in her   
way1--has studied at home1 you know1    
with her  father a good deal1--knows    
some modern languages and ,latin1 ,i    
believe3 at any rate1 she would have it 
so1--she must go to the  ',institoot4'  
,they have a very good female teacher   
there1 ,i hear2 and  the new master1    
that young ,mr4 ,langdon1 looks and     
talks like a  well-educated young man4  
,i wonder what they'll make of ,elsie1  
between  them6    ,so they talked at the
 ,judge's1 in the calm1 judicial-looking
  mansion-house1 in the grave1 still    
library1 with the troops of wan-hued    
law-books staring blindly out of their  
titles at them as they talked1  like the
 ghosts of dead attorneys fixed         
motionless and speechless1  each with a 
thin1 golden film over his unwinking    

eyes4    ,in the mean time1 everything  
went on quietly enough after ,cousin    
,richard's return4 ,a man of            
sense1--that is1 a man who knows        
perfectly  well that a cool head is     
worth a dozen warm hearts in carrying   
the  fortress of a woman's affections1  
7not yours1 ,astarte1 nor yours1        
,viola17--who knows that men are        
rejected by women every day because     
they1 the men1 love them1 and are       
accepted every day because they do  not1
 and therefore can study the arts of    
pleasing1--a man of sense1  when he     
finds he has established his second     
parallel too soon1  retires quietly to  
his first1 and begins working on his    
covered ways  again4 ,the whole art of  
love may be read in any ,encyclopaedia  
under  the title ,fortification1 where  
the terms just used are explained4      
,after the little adventure of the      
necklace1 ,dick retreated at once to    
his first parallel4 ,elsie loved        
riding1--and would go off with him on  a

 gallop now and then4 ,he was a master  
of all those strange ,indian            
horseback-feats which shame the tricks  
of the circus-riders1 and used  to      
astonish and almost amuse her sometimes 
by disappearing from his  saddle1 like a
 phantom horseman1 lying flat against   
the side of the  bounding creature that 
bore him1 as if he were a hunting       
leopard with  his claws in the horse's  
flank and flattening himself out against
 his  heaving ribs4 ,elsie knew a little
 ,spanish too1 which she had learned    
from the young person who had taught her
 dancing1 and ,dick enlarged  her       
vocabulary with a few soft phrases1 and 
would sing her a song  sometimes1       
touching the air upon an ancient-looking
 guitar they had  found with the ghostly
 things in the garret1--a quaint old    
instrument1 marked ,e4,m4 on the back1  
and supposed to have belonged to  a     
certain ,elizabeth ,mascarene1 before   
mentioned in connection with a  work of 
art1--a fair1 dowerless lady1 who smiled

 and sung and faded  away1 unwedded1 a  
hundred years ago1 as dowerless ladies1 
not a few1  are smiling and singing and 
fading now1--,god grant each of them    
,his  love1--and one human heart as its 
interpreter6    ,as for school1 ,elsie  
went or stayed away as she liked4       
,sometimes1  when they thought she was  
at her desk in the great school-room1   
she  would be on ,the ,mountain1--alone 
always4 ,dick wanted to go with her1    
but she would never let him4 ,once1 when
 she had followed the zigzag  path a    
little way up1 she looked back and      
caught a glimpse of him  following her4 
,she turned and passed him without a    
word1 but giving  him a look which      
seemed to make the scars on his wrist   
tingle1 went  to her room1 where she    
locked herself up1 and did not come out 
again  till evening1--old ,sophy having 
brought her food1 and set it down1  not 
speaking1 but looking into her eyes     
inquiringly1 like a dumb  beast trying  
to feel out his master's will in his    

face4 ,the evening  was clear and the   
moon shining4 ,as ,dick sat at his      
chamber-window1  looking at the         
mountain-side1 he saw a gray-dressed    
figure flit  between the trees and steal
 along the narrow path that led upward4 
,elsie's pillow was impressed that      
night1 but she had not been missed  by  
the household1--for ,dick knew enough to
 keep his own counsel4 ,the  next       
morning she avoided him and went off    
early to school4 ,it was the  same      
morning that the young master found the 
flower between the  leaves of his       
,virgil4    ,the girl got over her angry
 fit1 and was pleasant enough with her  
cousin for a few days after this2 but   
she shunned rather than sought  him4    
,she had taken a new interest in her    
books1 and especially in  certain       
poetical readings which the master      
conducted with the elder  scholars4     
,this gave ,master ,langdon a good      
chance to study her ways  when her eye  
was on her book1 to notice the          

inflections of her voice1  to watch for 
any expression of her sentiments2 for1  
to tell the  truth1 he had a kind of    
fear that the girl had taken a fancy to 
him1  and1 though she interested him1 he
 did not wish to study her heart  from  
the inside4    ,the more he saw her1 the
 more the sadness of her beauty wrought 
upon  him4 ,she looked as if she might  
hate1 but could not love4 ,she hardly   
smiled at anything1 spoke rarely1 but   
seemed to feel that her natural  power  
of expression lay all in her bright     
eyes1 the force of which so  many had   
felt1 but none perhaps had tried to     
explain to themselves4 ,a  person       
accustomed to watch the faces of those  
who were ailing in body  or mind1 and to
 search in every line and tint for some 
underlying  source of disorder1 could   
hardly help analyzing the impression    
such a  face produced upon him4 ,the    
light of those beautiful eyes was like  
the lustre of ice2 in all her features  
there was nothing of that  human warmth 

which shows that sympathy has reached   
the soul beneath  the mask of flesh it  
wears4 ,the look was that of remoteness1
 of utter  isolation4 ,there was in its 
stony apathy1 it seemed to him1 the     
pathos which we find in the blind who   
show no film or speck over the  organs  
of sight2 for ,nature had meant her to  
be lovely1 and left out  nothing but    
love4 ,and yet the master could not help
 feeling that some  instinct was working
 in this girl which was in some way     
leading her  to seek his presence4 ,she 
did not lift her glittering eyes upon   
him  as at first4 ,it seemed strange    
that she did not1 for they were surely  
her natural weapons of conquest4 ,her   
color did not come and go like  that of 
young girls under excitement4 ,she had a
 clear brunette  complexion1 a little   
sun-touched1 it may be1--for the master 
noticed  once1 when her necklace was    
slightly displaced1 that a faint ring or
  band of a little lighter shade than   
the rest of the surface encircled  her  

neck4 ,what was the slight peculiarity  
of her enunciation1 when  she read8 ,not
 a lisp1 certainly1 but the least       
possible imperfection  in articulating  
some of the lingual sounds1--just enough
 to be  noticed at first1 and quite     
forgotten after being a few times heard4
    ,not a word about the flower on     
either side4 ,it was not uncommon for   
the schoolgirls to leave a rose or pink 
or wild flower on the  teacher's desk4  
,finding it in the ,virgil was nothing1 
after all2 it  was a little delicate    
flower1 that looked as if it were made  
to  press1 and it was probably shut in  
by accident at the particular  place    
where he found it4 ,he took it into his 
head to examine it in a  botanical point
 of view4 ,he found it was not          
common1--that it grew  only in certain  
localities1--and that one of these was  
among the  rocks of the eastern spur of 
,the ,mountain4    ,it happened to come 
into his head how the ,swiss youth climb
 the sides  of the ,alps to find the    

flower called the ,edelweiss for the    
maidens  whom they wish to please4 ,it  
is a pretty fancy1 that of scaling some 
dangerous height before the dawn1 so as 
to gather the flower in its  freshness1 
that the favored maiden may wear it to  
church on ,sunday  morning1 a proof at  
once of her lover's devotion and his    
courage4 ,mr4  ,bernard determined to   
explore the region where this flower was
 said  to grow1 that he might see where 
the wild girl sought the blossoms of    
which ,nature was so jealous4    ,it was
 on a warm1 fair ,saturday afternoon    
that he undertook his  land-voyage of   
discovery4 ,he had more curiosity1 it   
may be1 than he  would have owned2 for  
he had heard of the girl's wandering    
habits1 and  the guesses about her      
sylvan haunts1 and was thinking what the
 chances  were that he should meet her  
in some strange place1 or come upon     
traces of her which would tell secrets  
she would not care to have  known4      
,the woods are all alive to one who     

walks through them with his mind  in an 
excited state1 and his eyes and ears    
wide open4 ,the trees are  always       
talking1 not merely whispering with     
their leaves1 7for every  tree talks to 
itself in that way1 even when it stands 
alone in the  middle of a pasture17 but 
grating their boughs against each       
other1 as old horn-handed farmers press 
their dry1 rustling palms               
together1--dropping a nut or a leaf or a
 twig1 clicking to the tap of a         
woodpecker1 or rustling as a squirrel   
flashes along a branch4 ,it was  now the
 season of singing-birds1 and the woods 
were haunted with  mysterious1 tender   
music4 ,the voices of the birds which   
love the  deeper shades of the forest   
are sadder than those of the open       
fields3  these are the nuns that have   
taken themselves away from the world and
  tell their griefs to the infinite     
listening ,silences of the              
wilderness1--for the one deep inner     
silence that ,nature breaks with  her   

fitful superficial sounds becomes       
multiplied as the image of a  star in   
ruffled waters4 ,strange6 ,the woods at 
first convey the  impression of profound
 repose1 and yet1 if you watch their    
ways with  open ear1 you find the life  
which is in them is restless and nervous
  as that of a woman3 the little twigs  
are crossing and twining and  separating
 like slender fingers that cannot be    
still2 the stray leaf  is to be         
flattened into its place like a truant  
curl2 the limbs sway  and twist1        
impatient of their constrained attitude2
 and the rounded  masses of foliage     
swell upward and subside from time to   
time with  long soft sighs1 and1 it may 
be1 the falling of a few rain-drops     
which had lain hidden among the deeper  
shadows4 ,i pray you1 notice1  in the   
sweet summer days which will soon see   
you among the mountains1  this inward   
tranquillity that belongs to the heart  
of the woodland1  with this nervousness1
 for ,i do not know what else to call   

it1 of  outer movement4 ,one would say1 
that ,nature1 like untrained persons1   
could not sit still without nestling    
about or doing something with  her limbs
 or features1 and that high breeding was
 only to be looked  for in trim gardens1
 where the soul of the trees is ill at  
ease  perhaps1 but their manners are    
unexceptionable1 and a rustling branch  
or leaf falling out of season is an     
indecorum4 ,the real forest is  hardly  
still except in the ,indian summer2 then
 there is death in the  house1 and they 
are waiting for the sharp shrunken      
months to come  with white raiment for  
the summer's burial4    ,there were many
 hemlocks in this neighborhood1 the     
grandest and most  solemn of all the    
forest-trees in the mountain regions4   
,up to a  certain period of growth they 
are eminently beautiful1 their boughs   
disposed in the most graceful           
pagoda-like series of close terraces1   
thick and dark with green crystalline   
leaflets4 ,in spring the tender  shoots 

come out of a paler green1 finger-like1 
as if they were  pointing to the violets
 at their feet4 ,but when the trees have
 grown  old1 and their rough boles      
measure a yard through their diameter1  
they are no longer beautiful1 but they  
have a sad solemnity all their  own1 too
 full of meaning to require the heart's 
comment to be framed  in words4 ,below1 
all their earthward-looking branches are
 sapless and  shattered1 splintered by  
the weight of many winters' snows2      
above1  they are still green and full of
 life1 but their summits overtop all    
the deciduous trees around them1 and in 
their companionship with  heaven they   
are alone4 ,on these the lightning loves
 to fall4 ,one such  ,mr4 ,bernard      
saw1--or rather1 what had been one such2
 for the bolt had  torn the tree like an
 explosion from within1 and the ground  
was  strewed all around the broken stump
 with flakes of rough bark and  strips  
and chips of shivered wood1 into which  
the old tree had been  rent by the      

bursting rocket from the thunder-cloud4 
----,the master had struck up ,the      
,mountain obliquely from the western    
side of the ,dudley mansion-house4 ,in  
this way he ascended until he  reached a
 point many hundred feet above the level
 of the plain1 and  commanding all the  
country beneath and around4 ,almost at  
his feet he  saw the mansion-house1 the 
chimney standing out of the middle of   
the  roof1 or rather1 like a black      
square hole in it1--the trees almost    
directly over their stems1 the fences as
 lines1 the whole nearly as  an         
architect would draw a ground-plan of   
the house and the inclosures  round it4 
,it frightened him to see how the huge  
masses of rock and  old forest-growths  
hung over the home below4 ,as he        
descended a little  and drew near the   
ledge of evil name1 he was struck with  
the  appearance of a long narrow fissure
 that ran parallel with it and  above it
 for many rods1 not seemingly of very   
old standing1--for  there were many     

fibres of roots which had evidently been
 snapped  asunder when the rent took    
place1 and some of which were still     
succulent in both separated portions4   
,mr4 ,bernard had made up his mind1 when
 he set forth1 not to come back  before 
he had examined the dreaded ledge4 ,he  
had half persuaded  himself that it was 
scientific curiosity4 ,he wished to     
examine the  rocks1 to see what flowers 
grew there1 and perhaps to pick up an   
adventure in the zological line2 for he 
had on a pair of high1 stout  boots1 and
 he carried a stick in his hand1 which  
was forked at one  extremity1 so as to  
be very convenient to hold down a       
crotalus  with1 if he should happen to  
encounter one4 ,he knew the aspect of   
the  ledge1 from a distance2 for its    
bald and leprous-looking declivities    
stood out in their nakedness from the   
wooded sides of ,the ,mountain1  when   
this was viewed from certain points of  
the village4 ,but the  nearer aspect of 
the blasted region had something        

frightful in it4  ,the cliffs were      
water-worn1 as if they had been gnawed  
for thousands  of years by hungry waves4
 ,in some places they overhung their    
base so  as to look like leaning towers 
that might topple over at any minute4   
,in other parts they were scooped into  
niches or caverns4 ,here and  there they
 were cracked in deep fissures1 some of 
them of such width  that one might enter
 them1 if he cared to run the risk of   
meeting the  regular tenants1 who might 
treat him as an intruder4    ,parts of  
the ledge were cloven perpendicularly1  
with nothing but  cracks or slightly    
projecting edges in which or on which a 
foot could  find hold4 ,high up on one  
of these precipitous walls of rock he   
saw  some tufts of flowers1 and knew    
them at once for the same that he had   
found between the leaves of his ,virgil4
 ,not there1 surely6 ,no woman  would   
have clung against that steep1 rough    
parapet to gather an idle  blossom4 ,and
 yet the master looked round everywhere1

 and even up the  side of that rock1 to 
see if there were no signs of a woman's 
footstep4 ,he peered about curiously1 as
 if his eye might fall on some  of those
 fragments of dress which women leave   
after them1 whenever  they run against  
each other or against anything else1--in
 crowded  ballrooms1 in the brushwood   
after picnics1 on the fences after      
rambles1 scattered round over every     
place that has witnessed an act  of     
violence1 where rude hands have been    
laid upon them4 ,nothing4  ,stop1       
though1 one moment4 ,that stone is      
smooth and polished1 as if it  had been 
somewhat worn by the pressure of human  
feet4 ,there is one  twig broken among  
the stems of that clump of shrubs4 ,he  
put his foot  upon the stone and took   
hold of the close-clinging shrub4 ,in   
this way  he turned a sharp angle of the
 rock and found himself on a natural    
platform1 which lay in front of one of  
the wider fissures1--whether  the mouth 
of a cavern or not he could not yet     

tell4 ,a flat stone made  an easy seat1 
upon which he sat down1 as he was very  
glad to do1 and  looked mechanically    
about him4 ,a small fragment splintered 
from the  rock was at his feet4 ,he took
 it and threw it down the declivity a   
little below where he sat4 ,he looked   
about for a stem or a straw of  some    
kind to bite upon1--a                   
country-instinct1--relic1 no doubt1 of  
the  old vegetable-feeding habits of    
,eden4 ,is that a stem or a straw8 ,he  
picked it up4 ,it was a hairpin4    ,to 
say that ,mr4 ,langdon had a strange    
sort of thrill shoot through  him at the
 sight of this harmless little implement
 would be a  statement not at variance  
with the fact of the case4 ,that smooth 
stone had been often trodden1 and by    
what foot he could not doubt4 ,he  rose 
up from his seat to look round for other
 signs of a woman's  visits4 ,what if   
there is a cavern here1 where she has a 
retreat1  fitted up1 perhaps1 as        
anchorites fitted their cells1--nay1 it 

may  be1 carpeted and mirrored1 and with
 one of those tiger-skins for a  couch1 
such as they say the girl loves to lie  
on8 ,let us look1 at any  rate4    ,mr4 
,bernard walked to the mouth of the     
cavern or fissure and looked  into it4  
,his look was met by the glitter of two 
diamond eyes1 small1  sharp1 cold1      
shining out of the darkness1 but gliding
 with a smooth1  steady motion towards  
the light1 and himself4 ,he stood fixed1
 struck  dumb1 staring back into them   
with dilating pupils and sudden numbness
  of fear that cannot move1 as in the   
terror of dreams4 ,the two sparks  of   
light came forward until they grew to   
circles of flame1 and all at  once      
lifted themselves up as if in angry     
surprise4 ,then for the first  time     
thrilled in ,mr4 ,bernard's ears the    
dreadful sound that nothing  which      
breathes1 be it man or brute1 can hear  
unmoved1--the long1  loud1 stinging     
whirr1 as the huge1 thick-bodied reptile
 shook his  many-jointed rattle and     

flung his jaw back for the fatal stroke4
 ,his  eyes were drawn as with magnets  
toward the circles of flame4 ,his ears  
rung as in the overture to the swooning 
dream of chloroform4 ,nature  was before
 man with her anesthetics3 the cat's    
first shake stupefies  the mouse2 the   
lion's first shake deadens the man's    
fear and feeling2  and the crotalus     
paralyzes before he strikes4 ,he waited 
as in a  trance1--waited as one that    
longs to have the blow fall1 and all    
over1 as the man who shall be in two    
pieces in a second waits for the  axe to
 drop4 ,but while he looked straight    
into the flaming eyes1 it  seemed to him
 that they were losing their light and  
terror1 that they  were growing tame and
 dull2 the open jaws closed1 the neck   
fell  backward and downward on the coil 
from which it rose1 the charm was       
dissolving1 the numbness was passing    
away1 he could move once more4  ,he     
heard a light breathing close to his    
ear1 and1 half turning1 saw  the face of

 ,elsie ,venner1 looking motionless into
 the reptile's eyes1  which had shrunk  
and faded under the stronger enchantment
 of her own4    ,,chapter ,,xiv4        
,,family ,,secrets4    ,it was commonly 
understood in the town of ,rockland that
 ,dudley ,venner  had had a great deal  
of trouble with that daughter of his1 so
  handsome1 yet so peculiar1 about whom 
there were so many strange  stories4    
,there was no end to the tales that were
 told of her  extraordinary doings4 ,yet
 her name was never coupled with that of
 any  youth or man1 until this cousin   
had provoked remark by his visit2 and   
even then it was rather in the shape of 
wondering conjectures whether  he would 
dare to make love to her1 than in any   
pretended knowledge of  their relations 
to each other1 that the public tongue   
exercised its  village-prerogative of   
tattle4    ,the more common version of  
the trouble at the mansion-house was    
this3--,elsie was not exactly in her    
right mind4 ,her temper was  singular1  

her tastes were anomalous1 her habits   
were lawless1 her  antipathies were many
 and intense1 and she was liable to     
explosions  of ungovernable anger4 ,some
 said that was not the worst of it4 ,at 
nearly fifteen years old1 when she was  
growing fast1 and in an  irritable state
 of mind and body1 she had had a        
governess placed over  her for whom she 
had conceived an aversion4 ,it was      
whispered among a  few who knew more of 
the family secrets than others1 that1   
worried  and exasperated by the presence
 and jealous oversight of this person1  
,elsie had attempted to get finally rid 
of her by unlawful means1 such  as young
 girls have been known to employ in     
their straits1 and to  which the sex at 
all ages has a certain instinctive      
tendency1 in  preference to more        
palpable instruments for the righting of
 its  wrongs4 ,at any rate1 this        
governess had been taken suddenly ill1  
and  the ,doctor had been sent for at   
midnight4 ,old ,sophy had taken her     

master into a room apart1 and said a few
 words to him which turned  him as white
 as a sheet4 ,as soon as he recovered   
himself1 he sent  ,sophy out1 called in 
the old ,doctor1 and gave him some few  
hints1 on  which he acted at once1 and  
had the satisfaction of seeing his      
patient out of danger before he left in 
the morning4 ,it is proper to  say1     
that1 during the following days1 the    
most thorough search was  made in every 
nook and cranny of those parts of the   
house which ,elsie  chiefly haunted1 but
 nothing was found which might be       
accused of  having been the intentional 
cause of the probably accidental sudden 
illness of the governess4 ,from this    
time forward her father was never  easy4
 ,should he keep her apart1 or shut her 
up1 for fear of risk to  others1 and so 
lose every chance of restoring her mind 
to its healthy  tone by kindly          
influences and intercourse with         
wholesome natures8  ,there was no proof1
 only presumption1 as to the agency of  

,elsie in  the matter referred to4 ,but 
the doubt was worse1 perhaps1 than      
certainty would have been1--for then he 
would have known what to do4    ,he took
 the old ,doctor as his adviser4 ,the   
shrewd old man listened to  the father's
 story1 his explanations of             
possibilities1 of  probabilities1 of    
dangers1 of hopes4 ,when he had got     
through1 the  ,doctor looked him in the 
face steadily1 as if he were saying1 ,is
  that all8    ,the father's eyes fell4 
,that was not all4 ,there was something 
at the  bottom of his soul which he     
could not bear to speak of1--nay1 which1
  as often as it reared itself through  
the dark waves of unworded              
consciousness into the breathing air of 
thought1 he trod down as the  ruined    
angels tread down a lost soul trying to 
come up out of the  seething sea of     
torture4 ,only this one daughter6 ,no6  
,god never would  have ordained such a  
thing4 ,there was nothing ever heard of 
like it2  it could not be2 she was      

ill1--she would outgrow all these       
singularities2 he had had an aunt who   
was peculiar2 he had heard that         
hysteric girls showed the strangest     
forms of moral obliquity for a  time1   
but came right at last4 ,she would      
change all at once1 when her  health got
 more firmly settled in the course of   
her growth4 ,are there  not rough buds  
that open into sweet flowers8 ,are there
 not fruits1  which1 while unripe1 are  
not to be tasted or endured1 that mature
  into the richest taste and fragrance8 
,in ,god's good time she would  come to 
her true nature2 her eyes would lose    
that frightful1 cold  glitter2 her lips 
would not feel so cold when she pressed 
them  mechanically against his cheek2   
and that faint birth-mark1 her mother   
swooned when she first saw1 would fade  
wholly out1--it was less  marked1       
surely1 now than it used to be6    ,so  
,dudley ,venner felt1 and would have    
thought1 if he had let his  thoughts    
breathe the air of his soul4 ,but the   

,doctor read through  words and thoughts
 and all into the father's              
consciousness4 ,there are  states of    
mind that may be shared by two persons  
in presence of each  other1 which remain
 not only unworded1 but unthoughted1 if 
such a  word may be coined for our      
special need4 ,such a mutually          
interpenetrative consciousness there was
 between the father and the  old        
physician4 ,by a common impulse1 both of
 them rose in a mechanical  way and went
 to the western window1 where each      
started1 as he saw the  other's look    
directed towards the white stone that   
stood in the midst  of the small plot of
 green turf4    ,the ,doctor had1 for a 
moment1 forgotten himself1 but he looked
 up at  the clouds1 which were angry1   
and said1 as if speaking of the         
weather1 ,it is dark now1 but we hope it
 will clear up by-and-by4  ,there are a 
great many more clouds than rains1 and  
more rains than  strokes of lightning1  
and more strokes of lightning than there

 are  people killed4 ,we must let this  
girl of ours have her way1 as far as  it
 is safe4 ,send away this woman she     
hates1 quietly4 ,get her a  foreigner   
for a governess1 if you can1--one that  
can dance and sing  and will teach her4 
,in the house old ,sophy will watch her 
best4 ,out  of it you must trust her1 ,i
 am afraid1--for she will not be        
followed  round1 and she is in less     
danger than you think4 ,if she wanders  
at  night1 find her1 if you can2 the    
woods are not absolutely safe4 ,if  she 
will be friendly with any young people1 
have them to see  her1--young men1      
especially4 ,she will not love any one  
easily1 perhaps  not at all2 yet love   
would be more like to bring her right   
than anything  else4 ,if any young      
person seems in danger of falling in    
love with  her1 send him to me for      
counsel4    ,dry1 hard advice1 but given
 from a kind heart1 with a moist eye1   
and  in tones that tried to be cheerful 
and were full of sympathy4 ,this  advice

 was the key to the more than indulgent 
treatment which1 as we  have seen1 the  
girl had received from her father and   
all about her4  ,the old ,doctor often  
came in1 in the kindest1 most natural   
sort of  way1 got into pleasant         
relations with ,elsie by always treating
 her in  the same easy manner as at the 
great party1 encouraging all her        
harmless fancies1 and rarely reminding  
her that he was a professional  adviser1
 except when she came out of her own    
accord1 as in the talk  they had at the 
party1 telling him of some wild trick   
she had been  playing4    ,let her go to
 the girls' school1 by all means1 said  
the ,doctor1  when she had begun to talk
 about it4 ,possibly she may take to    
some  of the girls or of the teachers4  
,anything to interest her4  ,friendship1
 love1 religion1--whatever will set her 
nature at work4 ,we  must have headway  
on1 or there will be no piloting her4   
,action first  of all1 and then we will 
see what to do with it4    ,so1 when    

,cousin ,richard came along1 the        
,doctor1 though he did not  like his    
looks any too well1 told her father to  
encourage his staying  for a time4 ,if  
she liked him1 it was good2 if she only 
tolerated him1  it was better than      
nothing4    ,you know something about   
that nephew of yours1 during these last 
years1 ,i suppose8 the ,doctor said4    
,looks as if he had seen life4  ,has a  
scar that was made by a sword-cut1 and a
 white spot on the side  of his neck    
that looks like a bulletmark4 ,i think  
he has been what  folks call a 'hard    
customer4'    ,dudley ,venner owned that
 he had heard little or nothing of him  
of  late years4 ,he had invited himself1
 and of course it would not be  decent  
not to receive him as a relative4 ,he   
thought ,elsie rather  liked having him 
about the house for a while4 ,she was   
very  capricious1--acted as if she      
fancied him one day and disliked him the
  next4 ,he did not know1--but 7he said 
in a low voice7 he had a  suspicion that

 this nephew of his was disposed to take
 a serious  liking to ,elsie4 ,what     
should he do about it1 if it turned out 
so8    ,the ,doctor lifted his eyebrows 
a little4 ,he thought there was no      
fear4 ,elsie was naturally what they    
call a man-hater1 and there was  very   
little danger of any sudden passion     
springing up between two  such young    
persons4 ,let him stay awhile2 it gives 
her something to  think about4--,so he  
stayed awhile1 as we have seen4    ,the 
more ,mr4 ,richard became acquainted    
with the family1--that is1  with the two
 persons of whom it consisted1--the more
 favorably the  idea of a permanent     
residence in the mansion-house seemed to
 impress  him4 ,the estate was          
large1--hundreds of acres1 with         
woodlands and  meadows of great value4  
,the father and daughter had been living
  quietly1 and there could not be a     
doubt that the property which came      
through the ,dudleys must have largely  
increased of late years4 ,it was        

evident enough that they had an abundant
 income1 from the way in  which ,elsie's
 caprices were indulged4 ,she had horses
 and carriages to  suit herself2 she    
sent to the great city for everything   
she wanted in  the way of dress4 ,even  
her diamonds--and the young man knew    
something  about these gems--must be of 
considerable value2 and yet she wore    
them carelessly1 as it pleased her      
fancy4 ,she had precious old laces1     
too1 almost worth their weight in       
diamonds1--laces which had been         
snatched from altars in ancient ,spanish
 cathedrals during the wars1  and which 
it would not be safe to leave a duchess 
alone with for ten  minutes4 ,the old   
house was fat with the deposits of rich 
generations  which had gone before4 ,the
 famous golden fireset was a purchase of
  one of the family who had been in     
,france during the ,revolution1 and     
must have come from a princely palace1  
if not from one of the royal            
residences4 ,as for silver1 the iron    

closet which had been made in the       
dining-room wall was running over with  
it3 tea-kettles1 coffee-pots1           
heavy-lidded tankards1 chafing-dishes1  
punch-bowls1 all that all the  ,dudleys 
had ever used1 from the caudle-cup that 
used to be handed  round the young      
mother's chamber1 and the porringer from
 which  children scooped their          
bread-and-milk with spoons as solid as  
ingots1  to that ominous vessel1 on the 
upper shelf1 far back in the dark1  with
 a spout like a slender italic ,s1 out  
of which the sick and  dying1 all along 
the last century1 and since1 had taken  
the last  drops that passed their lips4 
,without being much of a scholar1 ,dick 
could see well enough1 too1 that the    
books in the library had been  ordered  
from the great ,london houses1 whose    
imprint they bore1 by  persons that knew
 what was best and meant to have it4 ,a 
man does not  require much learning to  
feel pretty sure1 when he takes one of  
those  solid1 smooth1 velvet-leaved     

quartos1 say a ,baskerville ,addison1   
for  instance1 bound in red morocco1    
with a margin of gold1 as rich as the   
embroidery of a prince's collar1 as     
,vandyck drew it1--he need not  know    
much to feel pretty sure that a score or
 two of shelves full of  such books mean
 that it took a long purse1 as well as a
 literary  taste1 to bring them         
together4    ,to all these attractions  
the mind of this thoughtful young       
gentleman  may be said to have been     
fully open4 ,he did not disguise from   
himself1 however1 that there were a     
number of drawbacks in the way of  his  
becoming established as the heir of the 
,dudley mansion-house and  fortune4 ,in 
the first place1 ,cousin ,elsie was1    
unquestionably1 very  piquant1 very     
handsome1 game as a hawk1 and hard to   
please1 which  made her worth trying    
for4 ,but then there was something about
 ,cousin  ,elsie1--7the small1 white    
scars began stinging1 as he said this to
  himself1 and he pushed his sleeve up  

to look at them17--there was  something 
about ,cousin ,elsie he couldn't make   
out4 ,what was the  matter with her     
eyes1 that they sucked your life out of 
you in that  strange way8 ,what did she 
always wear a necklace for8 ,had she    
some  such love-token on her neck as the
 old ,don's revolver had left on  his8  
,how safe would anybody feel to live    
with her8 ,besides1 her  father would   
last forever1 if he was left to himself4
 ,and he may take  it into his head to  
marry again4 ,that would be pleasant6   
,so talked ,cousin ,richard to himself1 
in the calm of the night and in  the    
tranquillity of his own soul4 ,there was
 much to be said on both  sides4 ,it was
 a balance to be struck after the two   
columns were added  up4 ,he struck the  
balance1 and came to the conclusion that
 he would  fall in love with ,elsie     
,venner4    ,the intelligent reader will
 not confound this matured and serious  
intention of falling in love with the   
young lady with that mere  impulse of   

the moment before mentioned as an       
instance of making love4  ,on the       
contrary1 the moment ,mr4 ,richard had  
made up his mind that he  should fall in
 love with ,elsie1 he began to be more  
reserved with  her1 and to try to make  
friends in other quarters4 ,sensible    
men1 you  know1 care very little what a 
girl's present fancy is4 ,the question  
is3 ,who manages her1 and how can you   
get at that person or those  persons8   
,her foolish little sentiments are all  
very well in their  way2 but business is
 business1 and we can't stop for such   
trifles4  ,the old political            
wire-pullers never go near the man they 
want to  gain1 if they can help it2 they
 find out who his intimates and         
managers are1 and work through them4    
,always handle any positively           
electrical body1 whether it is charged  
with passion1 or power1 with  some      
non-conductor between you and it1 not   
with your naked  hands4--,the above were
 some of the young gentleman's working  

axioms2  and he proceeded to act in     
accordance with them4    ,he began by   
paying his court more assiduously to his
 uncle4 ,it was  not very hard to       
ingratiate himself in that quarter2 for 
his manners  were insinuating1 and his  
precocious experience of life made him  
entertaining4 ,the old neglected        
billiard-room was soon put in order1    
and ,dick1 who was a magnificent player1
 had a series of games with  his uncle1 
in which1 singularly enough1 he was     
beaten1 though his  antagonist had been 
out of play for years4 ,he evinced a    
profound  interest in the family        
history1 insisted on having the details 
of its  early alliances1 and professed a
 great pride of race1 which he had      
inherited from his father1 who1 though  
he had allied himself with the  daughter
 of an alien race1 had yet chosen one   
with the real azure  blood in her veins1
 as proud as if she had ,castile and    
,aragon for her  dower and the ,cid for 
her grandpapa4 ,he also asked a great   

deal of  advice1 such as inexperienced  
young persons are in need of1 and       
listened to it with great reverence4    
,it is not very strange that ,uncle     
,dudley took a kinder view of his       
nephew than the ,judge1 who thought he  
could read a questionable  history in   
his face1--or the old ,doctor1 who knew 
men's temperaments  and organizations   
pretty well1 and had his prejudices     
about races1  and could tell an old     
sword-cut and a bullet-mark in two      
seconds from  a scar got by falling     
against the fender1 or a mark left by   
king's  evil4 ,he could not be expected 
to share our own prejudices2 for he  had
 heard nothing of the wild youth's      
adventures1 or his scamper over  the    
,pampas at short notice4 ,so1 then1     
,richard ,venner1 ,esquire1 guest  of   
,dudley ,venner1 ,esquire1 at his       
elegant mansion1 prolonged his  visit   
until his presence became something like
 a matter of habit1 and  the neighbors  
settled it beyond doubt that the fine   

old house would  be illuminated before  
long for a grand marriage4    ,he had   
done pretty well with the father3 the   
next thing was to gain  over the nurse4 
,old ,sophy was as cunning as a red fox 
or a gray  woodchuck4 ,she had nothing  
in the world to do but to watch ,elsie2 
she  had nothing to care for but this   
girl and her father4 ,she had never     
liked ,dick too well2 for he used to    
make faces at her and tease her  when he
 was a boy1 and now he was a man there  
was something about  him--she could not 
tell what--that made her suspicious of  
him4 ,it was  no small matter to get her
 over to his side4    ,the jet-black    
,africans know that gold never looks so 
well as on the  foil of their dark      
skins4 ,dick found in his trunk a string
 of gold  beads1 such as are            
manufactured in some of our cities1     
which he had  brought from the gold     
region of ,chili1--so he said1--for the 
express  purpose of giving them to old  
,sophy4 ,these ,africans1 too1 have a   

perfect passion for gay-colored         
clothing2 being condemned by ,nature1   
as it were1 to a perpetual              
mourning-suit1 they love to enliven it  
with all sorts of variegated stuffs of  
sprightly patterns1 aflame  with red and
 yellow4 ,the considerate young man had 
remembered this1  too1 and brought home 
for ,sophy some handkerchiefs of rainbow
 hue1  which had been strangely         
overlooked till now1 at the bottom of   
one of  his trunks4 ,old ,sophy took his
 gifts1 but kept her black eyes open    
and watched every movement of the young 
people all the more closely4  ,it was   
through her that the father had always  
known most of the  actions and          
tendencies of his daughter4    ,in the  
mean time the strange adventure on ,the 
,mountain had brought  the young master 
into new relations with ,elsie4 ,she had
 saved him in  the extremity of peril by
 the exercise of some mysterious power4 
,he  was grateful1 and yet shuddered at 
the recollection of the whole  scene4   

,in his dreams he was pursued by the    
glare of cold glittering  eyes1--whether
 they were in the head of a woman or of 
a reptile he  could not always tell1 the
 images had so run together4 ,but he    
could  not help seeing that the eyes of 
the young girl had been often1 very     
often1 turned upon him when he had been 
looking away1 and fell as his  own      
glance met them4 ,helen ,darley told him
 very plainly that this  girl was       
thinking about him more than about her  
book4 ,dick ,venner  found she was      
getting more constant in her attendance 
at school4 ,he  learned1 on inquiry1    
that there was a new master1 a handsome 
young  man4 ,the handsome young man     
would not have liked the look that came 
over ,dick's face when he heard this    
fact mentioned4    ,in short1 everything
 was getting tangled up together1 and   
there would  be no chance of            
disentangling the threads in this       
chapter4          ,,on ,,the ,,formation
 ,,of ,,galleries ,,of ,,art4    ,it is 

barely fifty years since ,england       
refused the gift of the  pictures that  
now constitute the ,dulwich ,gallery4   
,so rapidly1  however1 did public       
opinion and taste become enlightened1   
that  twenty-five years afterwards      
,parliament voted seventy-three thousand
  pounds for the purchase of            
thirty-eight pictures collected by ,mr4 
,angerstein4 ,this was the commencement 
of their ,national ,gallery4 ,in  #agij 
but three national galleries existed in 
,europe1--those of  ,dresden1 ,florence1
 and ,amsterdam4 ,the ,louvre was then  
first  originated by a decree of the    
,constituent ,assembly of ,france4      
,england  now spends with open hand on  
schools of design1 the accumulation of  
treasures of art of every epoch and     
character1 and whatever tends to        
elevate the taste and enlarge the means 
of the artistic education of  her       
people1--perceiving1 with far-sighted   
wisdom1 that1 through  improved         
manufacture and riper civilization1     

eventually a tenfold  return will result
 to her treasury4 ,the nations of       
,europe exult over  a new acquisition to
 their galleries1 though its cost may   
have  exceeded a hundred thousand       
dollars4    ,we are in that stage of    
indifference and neglect that one of our
  wealthiest cities recently refused to 
accept the donation of a  gallery of    
some three hundred pictures1 collected  
with taste and  discrimination by a     
generous lover of art1 because it did   
not wish to  be put to the expense of   
finding wall-room for them4 ,but this   
spirit  is departing1 and now our       
slowness or reluctance is rather the    
result  of a want of knowledge and      
critical judgment than of a want of     
feeling for art4    ,to stimulate this  
feeling1 it is requisite that our public
 should  have free access to galleries  
in which shall be exhibited in          
chronological series specimens of the   
art of all nations and schools1         
arranged according to their motives and 

the special influences that  attended   
their development4 ,after this manner a 
mental and artistic  history of the     
world may be spread out like a chart    
before the  student1 while the artist   
with equal facility can trace up to     
their  origin the varied methods1       
styles1 and excellences of each         
prominent  epoch4 ,a gallery of art is a
 perpetual feast of the most intense and
  refined enjoyment to every one capable
 of entering into its phases of  thought
 and execution1 analyzing its external  
and internal being1 and  tracing the    
mysterious transformations of spirit    
into form4 ,it has  been well said1 that
 a complete gallery1 on a broad         
foundation1 in  which all tastes1       
styles1 and methods harmoniously mingle1
 is a court  of final appeal of one     
phase of civilization against another1  
from an  examination of which we can sum
 up their respective qualities and      
merits1 drawing therefrom for our own   
edification as from a perpetual         

wellspring of inspiration and knowledge4
 ,but if we sit in judgment  upon the   
great departed1 they likewise sit in    
judgment upon us4 ,and  it is precisely 
where such means of testing artistic    
growth best  exist that modern art is at
 once most humble and most aspiring3    
conscious of its own power and in many  
respects superior technical  advantages1
 both it and the public are still       
content to go to the  past for          
instruction1 and each to seek to rise   
above the transitory  bias of fashion or
 local passions to a standard of taste  
that will  abide world-wide comparison  
and criticism4    ,an edifice for a     
gallery or museum of art should be      
fire-proof1  sufficiently isolated for  
light and effective ornamentation1 and  
constructed so as to admit of indefinite
 extension4 ,its chief feature  should  
be the suitable accommodation and       
exhibition of its contents4  ,but       
provision should be made for its        
becoming eventually in  architectural   

effect consistent with its object4 ,the 
skeleton of such  a building need not be
 costly4 ,its chief expense would be in 
its  ultimate adornment with marble     
facings1 richly colored stones1         
sculpture or frescoes1 according to a   
design which should enforce  strict     
purity of taste and conformity to its   
motive4 ,this gradual  completion1 as   
happened to the medival monuments of    
,europe1 could be  extended through many
 generations1 which would thus be linked
 with  one another in a common object of
 artistic and patriotic pride  gradually
 growing up among them1 as a national   
monument1 with its  foundations deeply  
laid in a unity of feeling and those    
desirable  associations of love and     
veneration which in older civilizations 
so  delightfully harmonize the past with
 the present4 ,each epoch of  artists   
would be instructed by the skill of its 
predecessor1 and  stimulated to connect 
its name permanently with so glorious a 
shrine4  ,wealth1 as in the days of     

democratic ,greece and ,italy1 would be 
lavished upon the completion of a temple
 of art destined to endure as  long as  
material can defy time1 a monument of   
the people's taste and  munificence4    
,there would be born among them the     
spirit of those  ,athenians who said to 
,phidias1 when he asked if he should use
 ivory  or marble for the statue of     
their protecting goddess1 ,use that     
material which is most worthy of our    
city4    ,until recently1 no attention  
has been paid1 even in ,europe1 to      
historical sequence and special motives 
in the arrangement of  galleries4 ,as in
 the ,pitti ,gallery1 pictures were     
generally hung so  as to conform to the 
symmetry of the rooms1--various styles1 
schools1  and epochs being intermixed4  
,as the progress of ideas is of more    
importance to note than the variations  
of styles or the degree of  technical   
merit1 the chief attention in selection 
and position should  be given to lucidly
 exhibiting the varied phases of        

artistic thought  among the diverse     
races and widely separated eras and     
inspirations  which gave them being4    
,the mechanism of art is1 however1 go   
intimately interwoven with the idea1    
that by giving precedence to the  latter
 we most readily arrive at the best     
arrangement of the former4  ,each cycle 
of civilization should have its special 
department1  ,paganism and ,christianity
 being kept apart1 and not1 as in the   
,florentine ,gallery1                   
intermixed1--presenting a strange jumble
 of  classical statuary and modern      
paintings in anachronistic disorder1 to 
the loss of the finest properties of    
each to the eye1 and the  destruction of
 that unity of motive and harmonious    
association so  essential to the proper 
exhibition of art4 ,for it is essential 
that  every variety of artistic         
development should be associated solely 
with those objects or conditions most in
 keeping with its  inspirations4 ,in    
this way we quickest come to an         

understanding of its  originating idea1 
and sympathize with its feeling1 tracing
 its  progress from infancy to maturity 
and decay1 and comparing it as a  whole 
with corresponding or rival varieties of
 artistic development4  ,this           
systematized variety of one great unity 
is of the highest  importance in placing
 the spectator in affinity with art as a
 whole  and with its diversities of     
character1 and in giving him sound      
stand-points of comparison and          
criticism4 ,in this way1 as in the      
,louvre1  feeling and thought are       
readily transported from one epoch of   
civilization to another1 grasping the   
motives and execution of each  with     
pleasurable accuracy4 ,we perceive that 
no conventional standard  of criticism1 
founded upon the opinions or fashions of
 one age1 is  applicable to all4 ,to    
rightly comprehend each1 we must broadly
 survey  the entire ground of art1 and  
make ourselves for the time members1 as 
it were1 of the political and social    

conditions of life that give  origin to 
the objects of our investigations4 ,this
 philosophical mode  of viewing art does
 not exclude an sthetic point of view1  
but rather  heightens that and makes it 
more intelligible4 ,paganism would be   
subdivided into the various national    
forms that illustrated its rise  and    
fall4 ,egypt1 ,india1 ,china1 ,assyria1 
,greece1 ,etruria1 and ,rome1  would    
stand each by itself as a component part
 of a great whole3 so  with             
,christianity1 in such shapes as have   
already taken foothold in  history1 the 
,latin1 ,byzantine1 ,lombard1 ,medival1 
,renaissant1 and  ,protestant art1      
subdivided into its diversified schools 
or leading  ideas1 all graphically      
arranged so as to demonstrate1 amid the 
infinite varieties of humanity1 a divine
 unity of origin and design1  linking   
together mankind in one common family4  
,beside statuary and paintings1 an      
institution of this nature should       
contain specimens of every kind of      

industry in which art is the  primary   
inspiration1 to illustrate the qualities
 and degrees of  social refinement in   
nations and eras4 ,this would include   
every  variety of ornamental art in     
which invention and skill are           
conspicuous1 as well as those works more
 directly inspired by higher  motives   
and intended as a joy forever4          
,architecture and objects not           
transportable could be represented by   
casts or photographs4 ,models1          
drawings1 and engravings also come      
within its scope2 and there should  be  
attached to the parent gallery a library
 of reference and a  lecture- and       
reading-room4    ,connected with it     
there might be schools of design for    
improvement in  ornamental manufacture1 
the development of architecture1 and    
whatever  aids to refine and give beauty
 to social life1 including a simple     
academic system for the elementary      
branches of drawing and coloring1  upon 
a scientific basis of accumulated       

knowledge and experience1  providing    
models and other advantages not readily 
accessible to  private resources1 but   
leaving individual genius free to follow
 its  own promptings upon a well-laid   
technical foundation4 ,as soon as the   
young artist has acquired the grammar of
 his profession1 he should be  sent     
forth to study directly from ,nature and
 to mature his invention  unfettered by 
authoritative academic system1 which    
more frequently  fosters conventionalism
 and imposes trammels upon talent than  
endows  it with strength and freedom4   
,such is a brief sketch of institutions 
feasible amongst us from  humble        
beginnings by individual enterprise4    
,once founded and their  value          
demonstrated1 the countenance of the    
state may be hopefully  invoked4 ,their 
very existence would become an incentive
 to munificent  gifts4 ,individuals     
owning fine works of art would grow     
ambitious to  have their memories       
associated with patriotic enterprise4   

,art invokes  liberality and evokes     
fraternity4 ,the sentiment1 that there  
is a  common property in the productions
 of genius1 making possession a  trust  
for the public welfare1 will increase   
among those by whose  taste and wealth  
they have been accumulated4             
,masterpieces will cease  to be regarded
 as the selfish acquisitions of covetous
 amateurs1 but1  like spoken truth1 will
 become the inalienable birthright of   
the  people1--finding their way freely  
and generously1 through the  magnetic   
influences of public spirit and         
pertinent examples1 to those            
depositories where they can most        
efficaciously perform their mission  of 
truth and beauty to the world4 ,then the
 people themselves will  begin to take  
pride in their artistic wealth1 to honor
 artists as  they now do soldiers and   
statesmen1 and to value the more highly 
those virtues which are interwoven with 
all noble effort4    ,in #ahbc1 when the
 ,national ,gallery of ,england was     

founded1 the  ,english were nearly as   
dead to art as we are now4 ,a few       
amateurs  alone cultivated it1 but there
 was no general sympathy with nor       
knowledge of it4 ,yet by #ahcg1 in      
donations alone1 the gallery had        
received one hundred and thirty-seven   
pictures4 ,since that period  gifts have
 increased tenfold in value and numbers4
 ,connected with it1  and a part of that
 noble1 comprehensive1 and munificent   
system of  art-education which the      
,british government has inculcated1 are 
the  ,british and ,kensington ,museums4 
,schools of design1 with every          
appliance for the growth of art1 have   
rapidly sprung into existence4  ,private
 enterprise and research have           
correspondingly increased4  ,british    
agents1 with unstinted means1 are       
everywhere ransacking the  earth in     
quest of everything that can add to the 
value and utility of  their national and
 private collections4 ,a keen regard for
 all that  concerns art1 a desire for   

its national development1 an enlightened
  standard of criticism1 and with it the
 most eloquent art-literature  of any   
tongue1 have all recently sprung into   
existence in our  motherland4 ,all honor
 to those generous spirits that have    
produced  this1--and honor to the nation
 that so wisely expends its wealth6 ,a  
noble example for ,america6 ,england    
also throws open to the  competition of 
the world plans for her public buildings
 and  monuments4 ,mistakes and defects  
there have been1 but an honest desire   
for amendment and to promote the        
intellectual growth of the nation  now  
characterizes her pioneers in this      
cause4 ,and what progress6  ,between    
#ahbc and #ahej1 in the ,museum alone1  
there have been expended  #aj1jjj1jjj4  
,within twelve years1 #dej1jjj have been
 expended on the  ,national ,gallery for
 pictures1 and yet its largest accession
 of  treasures is by gifts and bequests4
 ,lately1 beside the ,pisani  ,veronese 
bought for #gj1jjj1 eight other         

paintings have been  purchased at a cost
 of #ej1jjj4 ,in #aheh1 #cf1jjj were    
given for the  choice of twenty1 of the 
early ,italian schools1 from the        
,lombardi  ,gallery at ,florence1--not  
masterpieces1 but simply characteristic 
specimens1 more or less restored4 ,the  
average cost of late  acquisitions has  
been about #f1jjj each4 ,in #aheh1 there
 were #hbc1jjj  visitors to both        
branches of the ,national ,gallery4 ,who
 can estimate  not alone the pleasure   
and instruction afforded by such an     
institution to its million of annual    
visitors1 but the ideas and  inspiration
 thence born1 destined to grow and      
fructify to the glory  and good of the  
nation8 ,at present there are           
seventy-seven schools of  art in        
,england1 attended by #fh1jjj students4 
,in #ahei1 they and  kindred            
institutions received a public grant of 
nearly #dej1jjj4 ,the  appropriation for
 the ,british ,museum alone1 for #ahfj1 
is #gg1deb4    ,to the ,louvre ,louis   

,,xviii4 added one hundred and eleven   
pictures1 at  a cost of about #acb1jjj2 
,charles ,x41 twenty-four1 at #ab1jjj2  
,louis  ,philippe1 fifty-three1 at      
#ad1ejj2 and ,napoleon ,,iii41 thus far1
  thirty paintings1 costing #bjj1jjj1   
one of which1 the ,murillo1 cost        
#abe1jjj4 ,russia is following in the   
same path4 ,italy1 ,greece1 and  ,egypt1
 by stringent regulations1 are making it
 yearly more difficult  for any precious
 work to leave their shores4 ,if1       
therefore1 ,america  is ever to follow  
in the same path1 she must soon bestir  
herself1 or  she will have nothing but  
barren fields to glean from4            
,,darwin ,,on ,,the ,,origin ,,of       
,,species4      ,novelties are enticing 
to most people3 to us they are simply   
annoying4 ,we cling to a long-accepted  
theory1 just as we cling to an  old suit
 of clothes4 ,a new theory1 like a new  
pair of breeches1 7,the  ,atlantic still
 affects the older type of nether       
garment17 is sure to  have hard-fitting 

places2 or even when no particular fault
 can be  found with the article1 it     
oppresses with a sense of general       
discomfort4 ,new notions and new styles 
worry us1 till we get well  used to     
them1 which is only by slow degrees4    
,wherefore1 in ,galileo's time1 we might
 have helped to proscribe1 or  to       
burn--had he been stubborn enough to    
warrant cremation--even the  great      
pioneer of inductive research2 although1
 when we had fairly  recovered our      
composure1 and had leisurely excogitated
 the matter1 we  might have come to     
conclude that the new doctrine was      
better than the  old one1 after all1 at 
least for those who had nothing to      
unlearn4    ,such being our habitual    
state of mind1 it may well be believed  
that  the perusal of the new book ,on   
the ,origin of ,species by ,means of    
,natural ,selection left an             
uncomfortable impression1 in spite of   
its  plausible and winning ways4 ,we    
were not wholly unprepared for it1 as   

many of our contemporaries seem to have 
been4 ,the scientific reading  in which 
we indulge as a relaxation from severer 
studies had raised  dim forebodings4    
,investigations about the succession of 
species in  time1 and their actual      
geographical distribution over the      
earth's  surface1 were leading up from  
all sides and in various ways to the    
question of their origin4 ,now and then 
we encountered a sentence1  like        
,professor ,owen's axiom of the         
continuous operation of the  ordained   
becoming of living things1 which haunted
 us like an  apparition4 ,for1 dim as   
our conception must needs be as to what 
such  oracular and grandiloquent phrases
 might really mean1 we felt  confident  
that they presaged no good to old       
beliefs4 ,foreseeing1 yet  deprecating1 
the coming time of trouble1 we still    
hoped1 that1 with  some repairs and     
make-shifts1 the old views might last   
out our days4  ,aprs nous le dluge4     
,still1 not to lag behind the rest of   

the  world1 we read the book in which   
the new theory is promulgated4 ,we  took
 it up1 like our neighbors1 and1 as was 
natural1 in a somewhat  captious frame  
of mind4    ,well1 we found no cause of 
quarrel with the first chapter4 ,here   
the  author takes us directly to the    
barn-yard and the kitchen-garden4  ,like
 an honorable rural member of our       
,general ,court1 who sat silent  until1 
near the close of a long session1 a bill
 requiring all swine  at large to wear  
pokes was introduced1 when he claimed   
the privilege  of addressing the house1 
on the proper ground that he had been   
brought up among the pigs1 and knew all 
about them1--so we were  brought up     
among cows and cabbages2 and the lowing 
of cattle1 the  cackling of hens1 and   
the cooing of pigeons were sounds native
 and  pleasant to our ears4 ,so         
,variation under ,domestication dealt   
with  familiar subjects in a natural    
way1 and gently introduced ,variation   
under ,nature1 which seemed likely      

enough4 ,then follows ,struggle for     
,existence1--a principle which we       
experimentally know to be true and      
cogent1--bringing the comfortable       
assurance1 that man1 even upon          
,leviathan ,hobbes's theory of society1 
is no worse than the rest of  creation1 
since all ,nature is at war1 one species
 with another1 and  the nearer kindred  
the more internecine1--bringing in      
thousand-fold  confirmation and         
extension of the ,malthusian doctrine1  
that  population tends far to outrun    
means of subsistence throughout the     
animal and vegetable world1 and has to  
be kept down by sharp  preventive       
checks2 so that not more than one of a  
hundred or a  thousand of the           
individuals whose existence is so       
wonderfully and so  sedulously provided 
for ever comes to anything1 under       
ordinary  circumstances2 so the lucky   
and the strong must prevail1 and the    
weaker and ill-favored must perish2--and
 then follows1 as naturally  as one     

sheep follows another1 the chapter on   
,natural ,selection1  ,darwin's cheval  
de bataille1 which is very much the     
,napoleonic  doctrine1 that ,providence 
favors the strongest battalions1--that1 
since many more individuals are born    
than can possibly survive1 those        
individuals and those variations which  
possess any advantage1 however  slight1 
over the rest1 are in the long run sure 
to survive1 to  propagate1 and to occupy
 the limited field1 to the exclusion or 
destruction of the weaker brethren4 ,all
 this we pondered1 and could  not much  
object to4 ,in fact1 we began to        
contract a liking for a  system which at
 the outset illustrates the advantages  
of good  breeding1 and which makes the  
most of every creature's best4    ,could
 we let by-gones be by-gones1 and1      
beginning now1 go  on improving and     
diversifying for the future by natural  
selection1--could we even take up the   
theory at the introduction of the       
actually existing species1 we should be 

well content1 and so perhaps would  most
 naturalists be4 ,it is by no means     
difficult to believe that  varieties are
 incipient or possible species1 when we 
see what trouble  naturalists1          
especially botanists1 have to           
distinguish between  them1--one         
regarding as a true species what another
 regards as a  variety2 when the        
progress of knowledge increases1 rather 
than  diminishes1 the number of doubtful
 instances2 and when there is less      
agreement than ever among naturalists as
 to what the basis is in  ,nature upon  
which our idea of species reposes1 or   
how the word is  practically to be      
defined4 ,indeed1 when we consider the  
endless  disputes of naturalists and    
ethnologists over the human races1 as to
  whether they belong to one species or 
to more1 and if to more1  whether to    
three1 or five1 or fifty1 we can hardly 
help fancying that  both may be         
right1--or rather1 that the             
uni-humanitarians would have  been right

 several thousand years ago1 and the    
multi-humanitarians  will be a few      
thousand years later2 while at present  
the safe thing  to say is1 that1        
probably1 there is some truth on both   
sides4  ,natural selection1 ,darwin     
remarks1 leads to divergence of         
character2 for more living brings can be
 supported on the same area  the more   
they diverge in structure1 habits1 and  
constitution1 7a  principle which1 by   
the way1 is paralleled and illustrated  
by the  diversification of human labor17
 and also leads to much extinction of   
intermediate or unimproved forms4 ,now1 
though this divergence may  steadily    
tend to increase1 yet this is evidently 
a slow process in  ,nature1 and liable  
to much counteraction wherever man does 
not  interpose1 and so not likely to    
work much harm for the future4 ,and if  
natural selection1 with artificial to   
help it1 will produce better  animals   
and better men than the present1 and fit
 them better to the  conditions of      

existence1 why1 let it work1 say we1 to 
the top of its  bent4 ,there is still   
room enough for improvement4 ,only let  
us hope  that it always works for good3 
if not1 the divergent lines on          
,darwin's diagram of transmutation made 
easy ominously show what small          
deviations from the straight path may   
come to in the end4    ,the prospect of 
the future1 accordingly1 is on the whole
 pleasant and  encouraging4 ,it is only 
the backward glance1 the gaze up the    
long  vista of the past1 that reveals   
anything alarming4 ,here the lines      
converge as they recede into the        
geological ages1 and point to           
conclusions which1 upon the theory1 are 
inevitable1 but by no means  welcome4   
,the very first step backwards makes the
 ,negro and the  ,hottentot our         
blood-relations2--not that reason or    
,scripture objects  to that1 though     
pride may4 ,the next suggests a closer  
association of  our ancestors of the    
olden time with our poor relations of   

the  quadrumanous family than we like to
 acknowledge4 ,fortunately1             
however1--even if we must account for   
him scientifically1--man with  his two  
feet stands upon a foundation of his    
own4 ,intermediate links  between the   
,bimana and the ,quadrumana are lacking 
altogether2 so  that1 put the genealogy 
of the brutes upon what footing you     
will1 the  four-handed races will not   
serve for our forerunners2--at least1   
not  until some monkey1 live or fossil1 
is producible with great toes1  instead 
of thumbs1 upon his nether extremities2 
or until some lucky  geologist turns up 
the bones of his ancestor and prototype 
in ,france  or ,england1 who was so busy
 napping the chuckie-stanes and chipping
  out flint knives and arrow-heads in   
the time of the drift1 very many  ages  
ago1--before the ,british ,channel      
existed1 says ,lyell#a1--;and  until    
these men of the olden time are shown to
 have worn their  great-toes in a       
divergent and thumb-like fashion4 ,that 

would be evidence  indeed3 but until    
some testimony of the sort is produced1 
we must  needs believe in the separate  
and special creation of man1 however it 
may have been with the lower animals and
 with plants4    ,no doubt1 the full    
development and symmetry of ,darwin's   
hypothesis  strongly suggest the        
evolution of the human no less than the 
lower  animal races out of some simple  
primordial animal1--that all are        
equally lineal descendants of sense few 
beings which lived long  before the     
first bed of the ,silurian system was   
deposited4 ,but1 as  the author speaks  
disrespectfully of spontaneous          
generation1 and  accepts a supernatural 
beginning of life on earth1 in some form
 or  forms of being which included      
potentially all that have since existed 
and are yet to be1 he is thereby not    
warranted to extend his  inferences     
beyond the evidence or the fair         
probability4 ,there seems  as great     
likelihood that one special origination 

should be followed  by another upon     
fitting occasion1 7such as the          
introduction of man17  as that one form 
should be transmuted into another upon  
fitting  occasion1 as1 for instance1 in 
the succession of species which differ  
from each other only in some details4   
,to compare small things with  great in 
a homely illustration3 man alters from  
time to time his  instruments or        
machines1 as new circumstances or       
conditions may  require and his wit     
suggest4 ,minor alterations and         
improvements he  adds to the machine he 
possesses3 he adapts a new rig or a new 
rudder  to an old boat3 this answers to 
variation4 ,if boats could engender1    
the variations would doubtless be       
propagated1 like those of domestic      
cattle4 ,in course of time the old ones 
would be worn out or wrecked2  the best 
sorts would be chosen for each          
particular use1 and further  improved   
upon1 and so the primordial boat be     
developed into the scow1  the skiff1 the

 sloop1 and other species of            
water-craft1--the very  diversification1
 as well as the successive improvements1
 entailing  the disappearance of many   
intermediate forms1 less adapted to any 
one  particular purpose2 wherefore these
 go slowly out of use1 and become       
extinct species3 this is natural        
selection4 ,now let a great and         
important advance be made1 like that of 
steam-navigation3 here1  though the     
engine might be added to the old vessel1
 yet the wiser and  therefore the actual
 way is to make a new vessel on a       
modified plan3  this may answer to      
specific creation4 ,anyhow1 the one does
 not  necessarily exclude the other4    
,variation and natural selection may    
play their part1 and so may specific    
creation also4 ,why not8    ,footnote   
#a3 ,vide ,proceedings of the ,british  
,association for the  ,advancement of   
,science1 #ahei1 and ,london ,athenum1  
passim4 ,it  appears to be conceded that
 these celts or stone knives are        

artificial productions1 and of the age  
of the mammoth1 the fossil  rhinoceros1 
etc4    ,this leads us to ask for the   
reasons which call for this new theory  
of transmutation4 ,the beginning of     
things must needs lie in  obscurity1    
beyond the bounds of proof1 though      
within those of  conjecture or of       
analogical inference4 ,why not hold fast
 to the  customary view1 that all       
species were directly1 instead of       
indirectly1 created after their         
respective kinds1 as we now behold      
them1--and that in a manner which1      
passing our comprehension1 we           
intuitively refer to the supernatural8  
,why this continual striving  after the 
unattained and dim1--these anxious      
endeavors1 especially  of late years1 by
 naturalists and philosophers of various
 schools and  different tendencies1 to  
penetrate what one of them calls the    
mystery of mysteries1 the origin of     
species8 ,to this1 in general1          
sufficient answer may be found in the   

activity of the human  intellect1 the   
delirious yet divine desire to know1    
stimulated as  it has been by its own   
success in unveiling the laws and       
processes of  inorganic ,nature1--in the
 fact that the principal triumphs of our
 age  in physical science have consisted
 in tracing connections where none  were
 known before1 in reducing heterogeneous
 phenomena to a common  cause or origin1
 in a manner quite analogous to that of 
the reduction  of supposed independently
 originated species to a common ultimate
  origin1--thus1 and in various other   
ways1 largely and legitimately          
extending the domain of secondary       
causes4 ,surely the scientific mind  of 
an age which contemplates the solar     
system as evolved from a  common1       
revolving1 fluid mass1--which1 through  
experimental research1  has come to     
regard light1 heat1 electricity1        
magnetism1 chemical  affinity1 and      
mechanical power as varieties or        
derivative  and convertible forms of one

 force1 instead of independent          
species1--which has brought the         
so-called elementary kinds of matter1   
such  as the metals1 into kindred       
groups1 and raised the question1 whether
 the  members of each group may not be  
mere varieties of one species1--and     
which speculates steadily in the        
direction of the ultimate unity of      
matter1 of a sort of prototype or simple
 element which may be to the  ordinary  
species of matter what the protozoa or  
component cells of  an organism are to  
the higher sorts of animals and         
plants1--the mind  of such an age cannot
 be expected to let the old belief about
 species  pass unquestioned4    ,it will
 raise the question1 how the diverse    
sorts of plants and  animals came to be 
as they are and where they are1 and will
 allow  that the whole inquiry          
transcends its powers only when all     
endeavors  have failed4 ,granting the   
origin to be supernatural1 or miraculous
  even1 will not arrest the inquiry4    

,all real origination1 the  philosophers
 will say1 is supernatural2 their very  
question is1  whether we have yet gone  
back to the origin1 and can affirm that 
the  present forms of plants and animals
 are the primordial1 the  miraculously  
created ones4 ,and even if they admit   
that1 they will  still inquire into the 
order of the phenomena1 into the form of
 the  miracle4 ,you might as well expect
 the child to grow up content with  what
 it is told about the advent of its     
infant brother4 ,indeed1 to  learn that 
the new-comer is the gift of ,god1 far  
from lulling  inquiry1 only stimulates  
speculation as to how the precious gift 
was  bestowed4 ,that questioning child  
is father to the man1--is  philosopher  
in short-clothes4    ,since1 then1      
questions about the origin of species   
will be raised1  and have been          
raised1--and since the theorizings1     
however different  in particulars1 all  
proceed upon the notion that one species
 of plant  or animal is somehow derived 

from another1 that the different sorts  
which now flourish are lineal 7or       
unlineal7 descendants of other and      
earlier sorts1--it now concerns us to   
ask1 ,what are the grounds in  ,nature1 
the admitted facts1 which suggest       
hypotheses of derivation1  in some shape
 or other8 ,reasons there must be1 and  
plausible ones1  for the persistent     
recurrence of theories upon this genetic
 basis4 ,a  study of ,darwin's book1 and
 a general glance at the present state  
of  the natural sciences1 enable us to  
gather the following as perhaps  the    
most suggestive and influential4 ,we can
 only enumerate them here1  without much
 indication of their particular bearing4
 ,there is1--    #a4 ,the general fact  
of variability2--the patent fact1 that  
all  species vary more or less2 that    
domesticated plants and animals1  being 
in conditions favorable to the          
production and preservation of          
varieties1 are apt to vary widely2 and  
that by interbreeding1 any  variety may 

be fixed into a race1 that is1 into a   
variety which comes  true from seed4    
,many such races1 it is allowed1 differ 
from each  other in structure and       
appearance as widely as do many admitted
  species2 and it is practically very   
difficult1 perhaps impossible1 to  draw 
a clear line between races and species4 
,witness the human races1  for instance4
    ,wild species also vary1 perhaps    
about as widely as those of             
domestication1 though in different ways4
 ,some of them appear to vary  little1  
others moderately1 others immoderately1 
to the great  bewilderment of systematic
 botanists and zoologists1 and their    
increasing disagreement as to whether   
various forms shall be held to  be      
original species or marked varieties4   
,moreover1 the degree to  which the     
descendants of the same stock1 varying  
in different  directions1 may at length 
diverge is unknown4 ,all we know is1    
that  varieties are themselves variable1
 and that very diverse forms have  been 

educed from one stock4    #b4 ,species  
of the same genus are not distinguished 
from each other by  equal amounts of    
difference4 ,there is diversity in this 
respect  analogous to that of the       
varieties of a polymorphous species1    
some of  them slight1 others extreme4   
,and in large genera the unequal        
resemblance shows itself in the         
clustering of the species around        
several types or central species1 like  
satellites around their  respective     
planets4 ,obviously suggestive this of  
the hypothesis that  they were          
satellites1 not thrown off by           
revolution1 like the moons of  ,jupiter1
 ,saturn1 and our own solitary moon1 but
 gradually and  peacefully detached by  
divergent variation4 ,that such closely 
related  species may be only varieties  
of higher grade1 earlier origin1 or     
more favored evolution1 is not a very   
violent supposition4 ,anyhow1 it  was a 
supposition sure to be made4    #c4 ,the
 actual geographical distribution of    

species upon the earth's  surface tends 
to suggest the same notion4 ,for1 as a  
general thing1  all or most of the      
species of a peculiar genus or other    
type are  grouped in the same country1  
or occupy continuous1 proximate1 or     
accessible areas4 ,so well does this    
rule hold1 so general is the            
implication that kindred species are or 
were associated  geographically1 that   
most trustworthy naturalists1 quite free
 from  hypotheses of transmutation1 are 
constantly inferring former             
geographical continuity between parts of
 the world now widely  disjoined1 in    
order to account thereby for the generic
 similarities  among their inhabitants4 
,yet no scientific explanation has been 
offered to account for the geographical 
association of kindred  species1 except 
the hypothesis of a common origin4      
#d4 ,here the fact of the antiquity of  
creation1 and in particular of  the     
present kinds of the earth's            
inhabitants1 or of a large part of      

them1 comes in to rebut the objection1  
that there has not been time  enough for
 any marked diversification of living   
things through  divergent               
variation1--not time enough for         
varieties to have diverged  into what we
 call species4    ,so long as the       
existing species of plants and animals  
were thought to  have originated a few  
thousand years ago and without          
predecessors1  there was no room for a  
theory of derivation of one sort from   
another1 nor time enough even to account
 for the establishment of the  races    
which are generally believed to have    
diverged from a common  stock4 ,not that
 five or six thousand years was a short 
allowance for  this2 but because some of
 our familiar domesticated varieties of 
grain1 of fowls1 and of other animals1  
were pictured and mummified by  the old 
,egyptians more than half that number of
 years ago1 if not  much earlier4       
,indeed1 perhaps the strongest argument 
for the original  plurality of human    

species was drawn from the              
identification of some  of the present  
races of men upon these early historical
 monuments and  records4    ,but this   
very extension of the current           
chronology1 if we may rely  upon the    
archologists1 removes the difficulty by 
opening up a longer  vista4 ,so does the
 discovery in ,europe of remains and    
implements of  pre-historic races of men
 to whom the use of metals was          
unknown1--men  of the stone age1 as the 
,scandinavian archologists designate    
them4  ,and now1 axes and knives of     
flint1 evidently wrought by human skill1
  are found in beds of the drift at     
,amiens1 7also in other places1 both  in
 ,france and ,england17 associated with 
the bones of extinct species  of        
animals4 ,these implements1 indeed1 were
 noticed twenty years ago2  at a place  
in ,suffolk they have been exhumed from 
time to time for  more than a century2  
but the full confirmation1 the          
recognition of  the age of the deposit  

in which the implements occur1 their    
abundance1 and the appreciation of their
 bearings upon most  interesting        
questions1 belong to the present time4  
,to complete the  connection of these   
primitive people with the fossil ages1  
the ,french  geologists1 we are told1   
have now found these axes in ,picardy   
associated with remains of ,elephas     
primigenius1 ,rhinoceros  tichorhinus1  
,equus fossilis1 and an extinct species 
of ,bos4#a ,in  plain language1 these   
workers in flint lived in the time of   
the  mammoth1 of a rhinoceros now       
extinct1 and along with horses and      
cattle unlike any now                   
existing1--specifically different1 as   
naturalists say1 from those with which  
man is now associated4 ,their           
connection with existing human races may
 perhaps be traced through  the         
intervening people of the stone age1 who
 were succeeded by the  people of the   
bronze age1 and these by workers in     
iron4#b ,now1  various evidence carries 

back the existence of many of the       
present  lower species of animals1 and  
probably of a larger number of plants1  
to the same drift period4 ,all agree    
that this was very many thousand  years 
ago4 ,agassiz tells us that the same    
species of polyps which are  now        
building coral walls around the present 
peninsula of ,florida  actually made    
that peninsula1 and have been building  
there for  centuries which must be      
reckoned by thousands4    ,footnote #a3 
,see ,correspondence of ,m4 ,nickls1 in 
,american ,journal  of ,science and     
,arts1 for ,march1 #ahfj4    ,footnote  
#b3 ,see ,morlet1 ,some ,general ,views 
on ,archology1 in  ,american ,journal of
 ,science and ,arts1 for ,january1      
#ahfj1 translated  from ,bulletin de la 
,socit ,vaudoise1 #ahei4    #e4 ,the    
overlapping of existing and extinct     
species1 and the seemingly  gradual     
transition of the life of the drift     
period into that of the  present1 may be
 turned to the same account4 ,mammoths1 

mastodons1 and  ,irish elks1 now        
extinct1 must have lived down to human1 
if not almost  to historic times4       
,perhaps the last dodo did not long     
outlive his  huge ,new ,zealand kindred4
 ,the auroch1 once the companion of     
mammoths1  still survives1 but          
apparently owes his present and         
precarious  existence to man's care4    
,now1 nothing that we know of forbids   
the  hypothesis that some new species   
have been independently and             
supernaturally created within the period
 which other species have  survived4 ,it
 may even be believed that man was      
created in the days of  the mammoth1    
became extinct1 and was recreated at a  
later date4 ,but  why not say the same  
of the auroch1 contemporary both of the 
old man  and of the new8 ,still it is   
more natural1 if not inevitable1 to     
infer1 that1 if the aurochs of that     
olden time were the ancestors of  the   
aurochs of the ,lithuanian forests1 so  
likewise were the men of  that age--if  

men they were--the ancestors of the     
present human races4  ,then1 whoever    
concludes that these primitive makers of
 rude flint  axes and knives were the   
ancestors of the better workmen of the  
succeeding stone age1 and these again of
 the succeeding artificers in  brass and
 iron1 will also be likely to suppose   
that the ,equus and  ,bos of that time  
were the remote progenitors of our own  
horses and  cattle4 ,in all candor we   
must at least concede that such         
considerations suggest a genetic descent
 from the drift period down  to the     
present1 and allow time enough--if time 
is of any account--for  variation and   
natural selection to work out some      
appreciable results  in the way of      
divergence into races or even into      
so-called species4  ,whatever might have
 been thought1 when geological time was 
supposed  to be separated from the      
present era by a clear line1 it is      
certain  that a gradual replacement of  
old forms by new ones is strongly       

suggestive of some mode of origination  
which may still be operative4  ,when    
species1 like individuals1 were found to
 die out one by one1 and  apparently to 
come in one by one1 a theory for what   
,owen sonorously  calls the continuous  
operation of the ordained becoming of   
living  things could not be far off4    
,that all such theories should take the 
form of a derivation of the  new from   
the old seems to be inevitable1 perhaps 
from our inability  to conceive of any  
other line of secondary causes1 in this 
connection4 ,owen himself is apparently 
in travail with some  transmutation     
theory of his own conceiving1 which may 
yet see the  light1 although ,darwin's  
came first to the birth4 ,different as  
the  two theories will probably be in   
particulars1 they cannot fail to        
exhibit that fundamental resemblance in 
this respect which betokens a  community
 of origin1 a common foundation on the  
general facts and the  obvious          
suggestions of modern science4          

,indeed1--to turn the point of  a taking
 simile directed against ,darwin1--the  
difference between the  ,darwinian and  
the ,owenian hypotheses may1 after all1 
be only that  between homoeopathic and  
heroic doses of the same drug4    ,if   
theories of derivation could only stop  
here1 content with  explaining the      
diversification and succession of       
species between the  tertiary period and
 the present time1 through natural      
agencies or  secondary causes still in  
operation1 we fancy they would not be   
generally or violently objected to by   
the savans of the present  day4 ,but it 
is hard1 if not impossible1 to find a   
stopping-place4  ,some of the facts or  
accepted conclusions already referred   
to1 and  several others1 of a more      
general character1 which must be taken  
into  the account1 impel the theory     
onward with accumulated force4 ,vires   
7not to say virus7 acquirit eundo4 ,the 
theory hitches on  wonderfully well to  
,lyell's uniformitarian theory in       

geology1--that  the thing that has been 
is the thing that is and shall be1--that
 the  natural operations now going on   
will account for all geological  changes
 in a quiet and easy way1 only give them
 time enough1 so  connecting the present
 and the proximate with the farthest    
past by  almost imperceptible           
gradations1--a view which finds large   
and  increasing1 if not general1        
acceptance in physical geology1 and of  
which ,darwin's theory is the natural   
complement4    ,so the ,darwinian       
theory1 once getting a foothold1 marches
 boldly on1  follows the supposed near  
ancestors of our present species farther
  and yet farther back into the dim     
past1 and ends with an analogical       
inference which makes the whole world   
kin4 ,as we said at the  beginning1 this
 upshot discomposes us4 ,several        
features of the theory  have an uncanny 
look4 ,they may prove to be innocent3   
but their first  aspect is suspicious1  
and high authorities pronounce the whole

 thing  to be positively mischievous4   
,in this dilemma we are going to take   
advice4 ,following the bent of  our     
prejudices1 and hoping to fortify these 
by new and strong  arguments1 we are    
going now to read the principal reviews 
which  undertake to demolish the        
theory2--with what result our readers   
shall  be duly informed4    ,meanwhile1 
we call attention to the fact1 that the 
,appletons have  just brought out a     
second and revised edition of ,mr4      
,darwin's book1  with numerous          
corrections1 important additions1 and a 
preface1 all  prepared by the author for
 this edition1 in advance of a new      
,english  edition4          ,,vanity    
7#a74    7,,on ,a ,,picture ,,of        
,,herodias',s ,,daughter ,,by ,,luini47 
,alas1 ,salome6 ,could'st thou know     
,how great man is1--how great thou      
art1--    ,what destined worlds of weal 
or woe      ,lurk in the shallowest     
human heart1--      ,from thee thy      
vanities would drop1      ,like lusts in

 noble anger spurned    ,by one who     
finds1 beyond all hope1      ,the       
passion of his youth returned4      ,ah1
 sun-bright face1 whose brittle smile   
,is cold as sunbeams flashed on ice6    
,ah1 lips how sweet1 yet hard the while6
      ,ah1 soul too barren even for     
vice6      ,mirror of ,vanity6 ,those   
eyes      ,no beam the less around them 
shed1    ,albeit in that red scarf there
 lies      ,the ,dancer's meed1--the    
,prophet's head4        ,,vanity 7#b47  
,i4    ,false and ,fair6 ,beware1       
beware6      ,there is a ,tale that     
stabs at thee6    ,the ,arab ,seer6 he  
stripped thee bare      ,long since6 ,he
 knew thee1 ,vanity6    ,by day a       
mincing foot is thine3    ,thou runnest 
along the spider's line3--    ,ay1 but  
heavy sounds thy tread    ,by night1    
among the uncoffined dead6        ,,ii4 
,fair and ,foul6 ,thy mate1 the ,ghoul1 
,beats1 bat-like1 at thy golden gate6   
,around the graves the night-winds howl3
      ,arise6 they cry1 thy feast doth  

wait6    ,dainty fingers thine1 and     
nice1    ,with thy bodkin picking       
rice6--      ,ay1 but when the night's  
o'erhead1    ,limb from limb they rend  
the dead6          ,,reviews ,,and      
,,literary ,,notices4        ,popular   
,astronomy4 ,a ,concise ,elementary     
,treatise on the ,sun1  ,planets1       
,satellites1 and ,comets4 ,by ,o4,m4    
,,mitchell1 ,director of the            
,cincinnati and ,dudley ,observatories4 
,new ,york4 #ahfj4    ,in this volume   
,professor ,mitchell gives a very clear1
 and1 in the  general plan pursued1 a   
very good account of the methods and    
results  of investigation in modern     
astronomy4 ,he has explained with great 
fulness the laws of motion of the       
heavenly bodies1 and has thus aimed  at 
giving more than the collection of      
disconnected facts which  frequently    
form the staple of elementary works on  
astronomy4    ,in doing this1 however1  
he has fallen into errors so numerous1  
and  occasionally so grave1 that they   

are difficult to be accounted for1      
except on the supposition that some     
portions of the work were written  in   
great haste4 ,passing over a few mere   
oversights1 such as a  statement from   
which it would follow that a transit of 
,venus occurred  every eight years1     
mistakes of dates1 etc41 we cite the    
following4    ,on page #aad1 speaking of
 ,kepler's third law1 the author says1  
,and  even those extraordinary objects1 
the revolving double stars1 are  subject
 to the same controlling law4 ,since    
,kepler's third law  expresses a        
relationship between the motions of     
three bodies1 two of  which revolve     
around a third much larger than either1 
it is a logical  impossibility that a   
system of only two bodies should conform
 to this  law4    ,on page #ahb1 it is  
stated1 that ,newton's proving1 that1 if
 a body  revolved in an elliptical orbit
 with the sun as a focus1 the force of  
gravitation toward the sun would always 
be in the inverse ratio of  the square  

of its distance1 was equivalent to      
proving1 that1 if a  body in space1 free
 to move1 received a single impulse1 and
 at the  same moment was attracted to a 
fixed centre by a force which           
diminished as the square of the distance
 at which it operated  increased1 such a
 body1 thus deflected from its          
rectilinear path1  would describe an    
ellipse1 etc4 ,not only does this       
deduction1 being  made in the logical   
form1    ,if ,a is ,b1 ,x is ,y2  but ,x
 is ,y2  therefore ,a is ,b1    not     
follow at all1 but it is absolutely not 
true4 ,the body under the  circumstances
 might describe an hyperbola as welt as 
an ellipse1 as  ,professor ,mitchell    
himself subsequently remarks4    ,the   
author's explanation of the manner in   
which the attraction of the  sun changes
 the position of the moon's orbit is    
entirely at fault4 ,he  supposes the    
line of nodes of the moon's orbit       
perpendicular to the  line joining the  
centres of the earth and sun1 and the   

moon to start  from her ascending node  
toward the sun1 and says that in this   
case  the effect of the sun's attraction
 will be to diminish the  inclination of
 the moon's orbit during the first half 
of the  revolution1 and thus cause the  
node to retrograde2 and to increase it  
during the second half1 and thus cause  
the nodes to retrograde4 ,but  the real 
effect of the sun's attraction1 in the  
case supposed1 would  be to diminish the
 inclination during the first quarter of
 its  revolution1 to increase it during 
the second1 to diminish it again  during
 the third1 and increase it again during
 the fourth1 as shown  by ,newton a     
century and a half ago4    ,in ,chapter 
,,xv4 we find the greatest number of    
errors4 ,take1 for  example1 the        
following computation of the diminution 
of gravity at  the surface of the sun in
 consequence of the centrifugal         
force1--part  of the data being1 that a 
pound at the earth's surface will weigh 
twenty-eight pounds at the sun's        

surface1 and that the centrifugal  force
 at the earth's equator is #a_/bhi of   
gravity4    ,now1 if the sun rotated in 
the same time as the earth1 and their   
diameters were equal1 the centrifugal   
force on the equators of the  two orbs  
would be equal4 ,but the sun's radius is
 about #aaa times that  of the earth1   
and if the period of rotation were the  
same1 the  centrifugal force at the     
sun's equator would be greater than that
 at  the earth's in the ratio of 7#aaa7b
 to #a1 or1 more exactly1 in the  ratio 
of #ab1cdb4bg to #a4 ,but the sun       
rotates on its axis much slower  than   
the earth1 requiring more than #be days 
for one revolution4 ,this  will reduce  
the above in the ratio of #a to 7#be7b1 
or #a to #fbe2 so  that we shall have   
the earth's equatorial centrifugal force
 7#a_/bhi7   #ab1cdb4bg  #fbe           
#ab1cdb4bg_/ahj1fje  #j4jg nearly for   
the sun's  equatorial centrifugal force4
 ,hence the weight before obtained1 #bh 
pounds1 must be reduced seven hundredths

 of its whole value1 and we  thus obtain
 #bh - #j4aif  #bg4hjd pounds as the    
true weight of one  pound transported   
from the earth's equator to that of the 
sun4    ,in this calculation we have    
three errors1 the effect of one of which
  would be to increase the true answer  
#aaa times1 of another #bh times1  and  
of a third to diminish it #aj times2 so 
that the final result is  more than #cjj
 times too great4 ,if this result were  
correct1 ,leverrier  would have no need 
of looking for intermercurial planets to
 account  for the motion of the         
perihelion of ,mercury2 he would find a 
sufficient cause in the ellipticity of  
the sun4    ,considered from a          
scientific point of view1 some of the   
gravest  errors into which the author   
has fallen are the suppositions1 that   
the perihelia and nodes of the planetary
 orbits move uniformly1 and  that they  
can ever become exactly circular4 ,at   
the end of about  twenty-four thousand  
years the eccentricity of the earth's   

orbit will  be smaller than at any other
 time during the next two hundred       
thousand1 at least2 but it will begin to
 increase again long before  the orbit  
becomes circular4 ,astronomers have long
 known that the  eccentricity of        
,mercury's orbit will never be much     
greater or much  less than it is now2   
and moreover1 instead of diminishing1 as
 stated  by ,professor ,mitchell1 it is 
increasing1 and has been increasing for 
the last hundred thousand years4        
,finally1 the chapter closes with an    
attempt to state the principle  known to
 mathematicians as the law of the       
conservation of areas1  which statement 
is entirely unlike the correct one in   
nearly every  particular4    ,it will be
 observed that we have criticized this  
work from a  scientific rather than from
 a popular point of view4 ,as questions 
of  popular interest1 it is perhaps of  
very little importance whether the      
earth's orbit will or will not become   
circular in the course of  millions of  

years1 or in what the principle of areas
 consists or does  not consist4 ,but if 
such facts or principles are to be      
stated at all1  we have a right to see  
them stated correctly4 ,however1 in the 
first  nine chapters1 which part of the 
book will be most read1 few mistakes  of
 any importance occur1 and the method   
pursued by ,newton in deducing  the law 
of gravitation is explained in the      
author's most felicitous  style4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,el ,fureids4 ,by the ,author of ,the   
,lamplighter and ,mabel  ,vaughan4      
,boston3 ,ticknor  ,fields4 #afmo4      
,that large army of readers whose mere  
number gave celebrity at once  to the   
authoress of ,the ,lamplighter will at  
first be disappointed  with what they   
may call the location of this new       
romance by ,miss  ,cummins4 ,the scene  
is laid in ,syria1 instead of ,new      
,england1 and the  village known to ,new
 ,yorkers as ,boston gives way to ,el   
,fureids1  a village in the valley of   

,lebanon4 ,but while so swift a         
transition  from the ,west to the ,east 
may disappoint that ,expectation which  
,fletcher tells us sits i' the air1 and 
which we all know is not to  be balked  
with impunity1 there can be no doubt1   
that1 in shifting the  scene1 the       
authoress has enabled us to judge her   
essential talent  with more accuracy4   
,possessing none of the elements which  
are thought  essential to the production
 of a sensation1 ,the ,lamplighter      
forced  itself into notice as a         
sensation book4 ,the writer was innocent
 of  all the grave literary crimes      
implied in such a distinction4 ,the     
first hundred and fifty pages were as   
simple1 and as true to ordinary  nature1
 as the daisies and buttercups of the   
common fields2 the  remaining two       
hundred pages repeated the stereotyped  
traditions and  customary hearsays which
 make up the capital of every           
professional  story-teller4 ,the book   
began in the spirit of ,jane ,austen1   

and ended  in that of ,jane ,porter4    
,in ,el ,fureids everything really      
native to the sentiment and  experience 
of ,miss ,cummins is exhibited in its   
last perfection1 with  the addition of a
 positive1 though not creative1 faculty 
of  imagination4 ,feeling a strong      
attraction for all that related to the  
,east1 through an accidental connection 
with friends who in  conversation       
discoursed of its peculiarities and     
wonders1 she was led  to an extensive   
and thorough study of the numerous      
eminent scholars  and travellers who    
have recorded their experience and      
researches in  ,syria and ,damascus4    
,gradually she obtained a vivid internal
 vision of  the scenery1 and a practical
 acquaintance with the details of life1 
of those far-off ,eastern lands4 ,on    
this imaginative reproduction of  the   
external characteristics of the ,orient 
she projected her own  standards of     
excellence and ideals of character2 and 
the result is  the present romance1 the 

most elaborate and the most pleasing    
expression of her genius4    ,there is  
hardly anything in the work which can   
rightfully be called  plot4 ,the        
incidents are not combined1 but happen4 
,a shy1 sensitive1  fastidious1         
high-minded1 and somewhat melancholy and
 dissatisfied  ,englishman1 by the name 
of ,meredith1 travelling from ,beyrout  
to  ,lebanon1 falls in love with a      
,christian maiden by the name of        
,havilah4 ,she rejects him1 on the      
ground1 that1 however blessed with  all 
human virtues1 he is deficient in       
,christian graces4 ,one of those  rare  
women who combine the most exquisite    
sensuous beauty with the  beauty of     
holiness1 she cannot consent to marry1  
unless souls are  joined1 as well as    
hands4 ,meredith1 in the course of the  
somewhat  rambling narrative1           
experiences religion1 and the heroine   
then  feels for him that affection which
 she did not feel even in those  moments
 when he recklessly risked his life to  

save hers4 ,in regard to                
characterization1 ,meredith1 the hero1  
is throughout a mere name1  without     
personality2 but the authoress has      
succeeded in transforming  ,havilah from
 an abstract proposition into an        
individual existence4  ,her ,bedouin    
lover1 the wild1 fierce1 passionate     
,arab boy1 ,abdoul1  with his vehement  
wrath and no less vehement love1 passing
 from a  frustrated design to           
assassinate ,meredith1 whom he          
considered the  accepted lover of       
,havilah1 to an abject prostration of   
his whole  being1 corporeal and mental1 
at the feet of his mistress1 saluting   
them with a devouring storm of kisses1  
is by far the most intense  and         
successful effort at characterization in
 the whole volume4 ,the  conclusion of  
the story1 which results in the         
acceptance by ,meredith  of the         
conditions enforced by the celestial    
purity of the heroine1  will be far less
 satisfactory to the majority of readers

 than if  ,havilah had been represented 
as possessed of sufficient spiritual    
power to convert her passionate ,arab   
lover into a being fit to be a          
,christian husband4 ,by all the         
accredited rules of the logic of        
passion1 ,abdoul deserved her1 rather   
than ,meredith4 ,leaving1 however1  all 
those considerations which relate to the
 management of the story  as connected  
with the impulses of the characters1    
great praise cannot  be denied to the   
authoress for her conception and        
development of the  character of        
,havilah4 ,virgin innocence has rarely  
been more happily  combined with        
intellectual culture1 and the reader    
follows the course  of her thoughts--and
 so vital are her thoughts that they    
cause all  the real events of the       
story--with a tranquil delight in her   
beautiful simplicity and intelligent    
affectionateness1 compared with  which  
the pleasure derived from the ordinary  
stimulants of romance is  poor and tame4

 ,at least two-thirds of the volume are 
devoted to  descriptions of ,eastern    
scenery1 habits1 customs1 manners1 and  
men1  and these are generally excellent4
 ,altogether1 the book will add to  the 
reputation of the authoress4            
99       99       99       99       99  
,life and ,times of ,general ,sam4      
,dale1 the ,mississippi ,partisan4 ,by  
,j4,f4,h4 ,,claiborne4 ,illustrated by  
,john ,m',lenan4 ,new ,york3 ,harper    
,brothers4    ,the adventures of        
,general ,dale1 ,mr4 ,claiborne tells   
us1 were taken  from his own lips by the
 author and two friends1 and from the   
notes  of all three a memoir was        
compiled1 but the ,,mss4 were lost in   
the  ,mississippi4 ,we regret that      
,dale's own words were thus lost2 for   
the  stories of the hardy partisan are  
not improved by his biographer's        
well-meant efforts to tell them in more 
graceful language4 ,mr4  ,claiborne's   
cheap eloquence is perhaps suited to the
 unfastidious  taste of a lower         

latitude2 but we prefer those stories1  
too few in  number1 in which the homely 
words of ,dale are preserved4    ,dale  
does not appear to have done anything to
 warrant this attempt  on his life1     
being no more remarkable than hundreds  
of others4 ,he  saw several             
distinguished men2 but of his anecdotes 
about them we can  only quote the old   
opinion1 that the good stories are not  
new1 and  the new are not good4 ,as     
there is nothing particularly           
interesting in  the subject1 so there is
 no peculiar charm thrown around it by  
the  manner in which ,mr4 ,claiborne has
 executed his task4 ,a noticeable and   
very comic feature is presented in the  
praises which he has  interpolated1 when
 ever any acquaintance of his is        
referred to4 ,we  readily acquiesce1    
when we are told that ,mr4 ,a is a model
 citizen1  and that ,mr4 ,b is alike    
unsurpassed in public and private life2 
but  the latter statement becomes less  
intensely gratifying when we learn  the 

fact that ,mr4 ,c also has no superior1 
and that there are no  better or abler  
men than ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 or ,g4 ,we were    
aware that  ,mississippi was uncommonly 
fortunate in having meritorious sons1   
but  not that so singularly exact an    
equality existed among them4 ,are they  
all best8 ,it is like the case of the   
volunteer regiment in which they  were  
all ,major-,generals4 ,occasional       
eminence we can easily believe1  but a  
table-land of merit is more than we are 
prepared for2 and we  are strongly led  
to suspect that praise so lavishly given
 may be  cheaply won4           99      
99       99       99       99    ,the   
,money-,king and ,other ,poems4 ,by     
,,john ,g4 ,,saxe4 ,boston3 ,ticknor    
,fields4 #afmo4    ,we regret having    
overlooked this pleasant volume so long4
 ,in a  previous collection of poems1   
which has run through fifteen editions1 
,mr4 ,saxe fully established his        
popularity2 and the present volume1     
which is better than its predecessor1   

has in it all the elements of a  similar
 success4 ,the two longest poems1 ,the  
,money-,king and ,the  ,press1 have been
 put to the severe test of repeated     
delivery before  lyceum audiences in    
different parts of the country2 and a   
poet is  sure to learn by such a method 
of publication1 what he may not learn   
by an appearance in print1 the real     
judgment of the miscellaneous  public on
 his performance4 ,he may doubt the     
justice of the praise or  the censure of
 the professional critic2 but it is hard
 for him to  resist the fact of failure1
 when it comes to him palpably in the   
satire that scowls in an ominous stare  
and the irony that lurks in an  audible 
yawn1--hard for him to question the     
reality of triumph1 when  teeth flash at
 every gleam of his wit and eyes moisten
 at every touch  of his sentiment4      
,having tried each of these poems before
 more than a  hundred audiences1 ,mr4   
,saxe has fairly earned the right to    
face  critics fearlessly2 and1 indeed1  

the poems themselves so abound in       
sense1 shrewdness1 sagacity1 and fancy1 
in sayings so pithy and wit  so         
sparkling1 are so lull of humor and     
good-humor1 and flow on their  rhythmic 
and rhyming way with so much of the easy
 abandonment of  vivacious conversation1
 that few critics will desire to reverse
 the  favorable decisions of the        
audiences they have enlivened4    ,among
 the miscellaneous poems1 there are many
 which1 in brilliancy1  in keen1        
good-natured satire1 in facility and    
variety of  versification1 in ingenious 
fancy1 in joyousness of spirit and pure 
love of fun1 excel the longer poems to  
which we have just referred4  ,we have  
found the great majority of them        
exceedingly exhilarating  reading1 and1 
if our limits admitted an extended      
examination1 we feel  sure that the     
result of the analysis would be the     
eliciting of  unexpected merits rather  
than the detection of hidden defects4   
99       99       99       99       99  

,say and ,seal4 ,by the ,author of      
,wide1 ,wide ,world1 and the ,author  of
 ,dollars and ,cents4 ,in ,two ,volumes4
 ,philadelphia3 ,j4,b4 ,lippincott      
,co4    ,another story from ,elizabeth  
,wetherell is a welcome addition to our 
scanty stock of ,american1 novels4 ,our 
real ,american novels may be  counted on
 our fingers1 while the tales that claim
 the name may be  weighed by the ton4   
,at the present time1 we count          
,hawthorne among our  novelists1 and    
,mrs4 ,stowe1 and perhaps ,curtis1 since
 his ,trumps2  but as for our thousand  
and one unrivalled authors1 whose       
matchless  knowledge of the human heart 
and wonderful powers of delineation     
place them far above ,dickens or        
,thackeray1 they are all1 from          
,sylvanus ,cobb1 ,junior1 down to ,ned  
,buntline and ,gilmore ,simms1  beneath 
serious notice1 and may be left to the  
easy verdict of the  readers of the     
cheap magazines and illustrated         
newspapers1 in whose  columns they have 

gained a world-wide obscurity4 ,miss    
,warner's books  have always a genuine  
flavor of originality1 and an acute1    
living  appreciation of ,yankee         
character1 that give them a right to    
rank1  unchallenged1 as real and        
valuable novels4 ,in their simplicity1  
their  freshness1 their quiet humor and 
not less quiet fun1 their frequent      
narrowness and stiffness1 and their deep
 and true religious  sentiment1 they    
have the real essence of the ,new       
,england character4    ,in every novel  
there are three principal elements1--the
 ,hero1 the  ,heroine1 the              
,villain1--all three gracefully         
blending1 in the ,plot4 ,we  cannot     
especially congratulate our authors upon
 their ,hero4 ,in a  favorite farce1 the
 slightly bewildered ,mr4 ,lullaby      
observes  musingly1 ,brown8 ,brown8     
,that name sounds familiar6 ,i must have
 heard  that name before6 ,i'll swear   
,i've heard that name before6 ,we have a
  dim consciousness of having met ,mr4  

,linden before1 albeit under a          
different name4 ,a certain ,mr4         
,humphreys1 whom we remember of old1    
strongly resembles him3 so does one ,mr4
 ,guy ,carleton4 ,we were very  well    
pleased with our old friend ,humphreys1 
7or ,carleton17 and would  by no means  
hint at any reluctance to meet him      
again2 but a new  novel1 by its very    
announcement1 implies a new hero1--and  
if we come  upon a plain family-party1  
when fondly hoping for an introduction  
to  some distinguished stranger1 we may 
be excused for thinking ourselves       
hardly treated4 ,is it so infallible a  
sign of superiority1 moreover1  to speak
 constantly in riddles8 ,this           
,sphinx-like style is eminently         
characteristic of ,mr4 ,linden4 ,then   
again1 our authors have been too        
ambitious4 ,they laboriously assert ,mr4
 ,linden to be a marvel of  learning1--a
 man of vast and curious literary       
attainments3 but all  that their hero   
does to maintain this reputation and    

vindicate their  opinion is to quote    
trite passages of poetry1 which are all 
very  well1 but which every gentleman of
 ordinary cultivation is expected  to   
know1 and which no gentleman of ordinary
 cultivation is expected  to            
quote1--things that are remembered only 
to be avoided as utterly  threadbare4   
,one unfortunate instance may be found  
at the beginning of  the second volume4 
,mr4 ,linden's acquirements are to      
receive peculiar  lustre from a triumph 
over no ordinary competitor1--over the  
intelligent and well-read ,doctor       
,harrison4 ,naturally1 we expect        
something recondite1 and are by no means
 satisfied with the trite      ,cupid   
and my ,campaspe played    ,at cards for
 kisses1 etc4    ,mr4 ,linden might as  
well have astonished the company by such
 a  transcendent proof of erudition as  
,all the world's a stage1    ,and all   
the men and women1 etc4    ,or1 passing 
from grave to gay1 from lively to       
severe1 7for novelty  in quotations we  

find to be contagious17 have recounted  
the wildly  erratic history of that     
false matron known in nursery rhyme1    
,insidious ,morey1 or quoted      ,how  
doth the little busy bee4    ,after     
which he might have soared into         
unapproachable heights of  surpassing   
literary erudition1 by informing his    
awe-struck hearers  that the latter poem
 was written by ,doctor ,watts6 ,the    
fact is1 any  attempt to give the       
novelist's characters a learning which  
the  novelist does not possess is always
 hazardous4    ,the ,heroine1 ,miss     
,faith ,derrick1 is a pretty1 but not   
remarkably  original creation1 who taxes
 our magnanimity sorely at times by her 
blind admiration of her lover when he is
 peculiarly absurd1 but whose  dumb     
rejection of ,doctor ,harrison1 though a
 trifle theatrical1 is  really charming4
 ,faith is better than ,linden3 ,linden 
is superbe1  magnifique2 but ,faith is  
pretty good4    ,but the conception of  
the ,villain is very fine4 ,in ,doctor  

,harrison we  hail a new development of 
that indispensable character4 ,of       
course1  the gentlemanly1 good-humored  
,doctor is not to be considered a       
villain in the ordinary acceptation of  
the word2 he is only a  technical       
villain1--a villain of eminent          
respectability4 ,it is almost           
unnecessary to add1 that he is          
immeasurably more attractive than the   
real hero1 ,mr4 ,linden4    ,we regret  
to say that the conception is not       
carried out so well as it  deserves to  
be4 ,doctor ,harrison descends to some  
low business1 quite  unworthy of him1   
such as tampering with the mails4 ,this 
is not only  mortifying1 but entirely   
unnecessary2 inasmuch as ,doctor        
,harrison has  a subordinate villain to 
do all the low villany1 in the person of
  ,squire ,deacon1 who shoots at ,mr4   
,linden from behind a hedge 7671 and  is
 never called to account therefor1--a   
strange remissness on the  part of      
everybody1 which seems to have no       

recommendation except that  it leaves   
him free to do this very work of robbing
 the mails1 and  which1 by his failure  
to do it1 is left utterly unexplained   
and  profoundly mysterious4 ,all this is
 very bad4 ,the ,doctor's meanness is   
utterly inconsistent2 and the bare      
thought of a sober and uncommonly       
awkward ,yankee1 like ,squire ,deacon1  
deliberately making two  separate       
attempts at assassination1 is           
unspeakably ludicrous4  ,moreover1 we   
are hopelessly unable to see the need of
 having the  unfortunate ,mr4 ,linden   
shot at all4 ,everything was going on   
very well  before1 as nearly as we could
 see1 and nothing appears to come of it1
  after all1--not even the condign      
punishment of the incongruous and       
never-to-be-sufficiently-marvelled-at   
assassin1 who is suspected by  several  
people1 and yet remains as unharmed as  
if murder on the  highway were          
altogether too common an occurrence in  
,new ,england to  excite more than a    

moment's thought4    ,this leads us to  
speak of the ,plot2 and we are          
constrained to say  that a more         
inartistic1 unfinished piece of work we 
cannot remember4  ,there is a lamentable
 waste of capital on ,squire ,deacon's  
sportsmanlike propensities4 ,why not    
have something come of them8 ,we  are   
not anxious to have the man hanged1 or  
even indicted2 but we did  expect a     
magnanimous pardon to be extended to him
 by ,mr4 ,linden2 and  although that    
gentleman was altogether too magnanimous
 before1 we  should have acquiesced     
mildly4 ,and what becomes of ,mrs4      
,derrick8  ,there we are in earnest2 for
 ,mrs4 ,derrick is an especial favorite 
with us4 ,it seems as if our authors had
 become bewildered1 and1  finding       
themselves fairly at a loss what to do  
with their characters1  who drift       
helplessly along through a great part of
 the second volume1  had seized         
desperately on the hero and heroine1    
determined to save  them at least1 and1 

having borne them to a place of refuge1 
had  concluded to let the others look   
after themselves4    ,what redeems the  
novel1 and gives it its peculiar and    
exquisite  charm1 is the execution of   
certain detached passages4 ,we have     
never  seen the drollery of a genuine   
,yankee to more advantage than in ,say  
and ,seal4 ,an occasional specimen we   
venture to quote4    ,on ,mr4 ,linden's 
first appearance at ,mrs4 ,derrick's    
house1 where he is  known only as the   
new teacher1 nobody knows and nobody    
dares ask his  name2 and recourse is    
accordingly had to the diplomacy of the 
help4    ',child1' said ,mrs4 ,derrick1 
'what on earth is his name8'            
',mother1 how should ,i know8 ,i didn't 
ask him4'    ',but the thing is1' said  
,mrs4 ,derrick1 ',i did know2 the       
,committee  told me all about him4 ,and 
of course he thinks ,i know1--and ,i    
don't1--no more than ,i do my           
great-grandmother's name1 which ,i never
  did remember yet4'    ',mother1 shall 

,i go and ask him1 or wait till after   
supper8'    ',oh1 you sha'n't go1' said 
her mother4 ',wait till after supper1   
and  we'll send ,cindy4 ,he won't care  
about his name till he gets his tea1    
,i'll warrant444 ,faith1 don't you think
 he liked his supper8'    ',i should    
think he would1 after having no dinner1'
 said ,faith4    ',there's ,cindy1 this 
minute6 ,run and tell her to go right   
away1 and  find out what his name       
is1--tell her ,i want to know1--you can 
put  it in good words4'    ,cindy       
presently came back1 and handed a card  
to ,faith4    ',it's easy done1' said   
,cindy4 ',i jest asked him if he'd any  
objections towards tellin' his          
name1--and he kinder opened his eyes  at
 me1 and said1 ,no4 ,then ,i said1 says 
,i1 ,mis' ,derrick do' know1  and she'd 
like ter4 ,miss ,derrick6 says he1 and  
he took out his  pencil and writ that4  
,but ,i'd like ter know what he cleans  
his  pencil with1' said ,cindy1 in      
conclusion1 for ,i'm free to confess ,i 

never see brass shine so in my born     
days4'    ,cindy's free confessions are 
an important feature of the book4    ,in
 ,chapter ,,vi1 ,squire ,deacon and his 
sister hold a brief ,yankee  dialogue1  
of which this is a sample3--    ',sam6  
what are you bothering yourself about   
,mr4 ,linden for8'    ',how long since  
you was made a trustee8' said the       
,squire1 beginning  his sentence with an
 untranslatable sort of grunt1 and      
ending it in  his teacup4    ',i've been
 your trustee ever since you was up to  
anything1' said  his sister4 ',come1    
,sam1--don't you begin now6 ,what's made
 you so  crusty8'    ',it a'n't the     
worst thing to be crusty1' said the     
,squire4 ',shows a  man's more'n half   
baked1 anyhow4'    ',well1 what has he  
done8'    ',sure enough6' said the      
,squire1 'what has he done8 ,that's just
  what ,i can't find out4'    ',what do 
you want to find out for8 ,what ails    
him8'    ',suppose he hasn't done       
nothin'4 ,is that the sort o' man to    

teach  litteratur in ,pattaquasset8'    
',now1 ,sam ,deacon1 what do you expect 
to do by all this fuss you're  making8' 
said his sister1 judicially4    ',what's
 the use of cross-examining a man at    
that rate8 ,when ,i do  anything1 you'll
 know it4'    ,the characters are all   
invested with reality by skilfully      
introduced  anecdotes1 or by personal   
traits carelessly and happily sketched4 
,but  it is a costly expedient to give  
this reality1 when our authors bring  in
 pet names1 and other love-lispings1    
which are sacred in privacy  and        
painfully ridiculous when exposed to the
 curious light4 ,many of  us readers    
find all this mawkish and silly1 and    
others of us are  pained that to such   
scrutiny should be exposed the dearest  
secrets of  affection1 and are not      
anxious to have them exposed to our own 
gaze4  ,it is too trying a confidence1  
too high an honor1 to be otherwise  than
 unwelcome4 ,with this criticism we     
close our notice of ,say and  ,seal1 in 

which we have been sparing neither of   
praise nor blame1  earnestly thanking   
the authors for a book that is worth    
finding fault  with4           99       
99       99       99       99    ,how   
,could ,he ,help ,it8 or1 ,the ,heart   
,triumphant4 ,by ,a4,s4 ,,roe4 ,new     
,york3 ,derby  ,jackson4    ,a fair     
representative of a class of books that 
are always pleasant  reading1 although  
written without taste1 cultivation1 or  
originality1--because they are obviously
 dictated by a kind heart and  genuine  
earnestness4 ,in this volume the        
numerous heroes 7so similar  in every   
respect that one might fancy them to be 
only one hero  mysteriously multiplied1 
like ,kehama7 and the fair heroines     
7exactly  equalling the heroes in       
number1 we are happy to assure the      
tenderhearted reader7 are not in the    
least interesting1 except for  sheer    
goodness of heart4 ,this unaided moral  
excellence1 however1  fairly redeems the
 book1 and so far softens even our      

critical  asperity that we venture only 
to suggest1--first1 that the utterly    
unprecedented patois of ,mrs4 ,kelly is 
not ,irish1 for which a  careful        
examination of the context leads us to  
think it was  intended1--secondly1 that 
if he had have done it is equally       
guiltless of being ,english1--thirdly1  
that1 if our author1 desiring to        
describe the feelings of a lover holding
 his mistress's hand1 was  inspired by  
,tennyson's phrase of dear wonder1 he   
failed1 in our  opinion1 to improve on  
his original1 when he substituted the   
fleshy  treasure in his grasp4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,the ,new ,tariff-,bill4 ,washington4   
#ahfj4    ,we do not propose to submit  
the ,english of this new literary effort
  of the ,house of ,representatives at  
,washington to a critical  examination1 
7though it strikingly reminds us of some
 of the poems of  ,mr4 ,whitman1 and is 
a very fair piece of descriptive verse  
in the  b'hoy-anergic style17 or to     

attempt any argument on the vexed       
question of ,protection4 ,but there is a
 section of the proposed act  which has 
a direct interest not only for all      
scholars1 but for that  large and       
constantly increasing class whose thirst
 for what may be  called voluminous     
knowledge prompts them to buy all those 
shelf-ornamenting works without which no
 gentleman's library can be  considered 
complete4 ,though in the matter of      
book-buying the  characters of gentleman
 and scholar1 so seldom united1 are     
distinguished from each other with      
remarkable precision1--the desire  of   
the former being to cover the walls of  
what he superstitiously  calls his      
study1 and that of the latter to line   
his head1 while the  resultant wisdom is
 measured respectively by volume and by 
mass1--yet  it is equally important to  
both that the literary furniture of the 
one and the intellectual tools of the   
other should be cheap4    ,the          
,providence ,journal deserves the thanks

 of all students for  having called     
attention to the fact1 that1 under the  
proposed tariff1  the duties will be    
materially increased on two classes of  
foreign  books3 the cheap ones1 like    
,bohn's ,library1--and the bulky1 but   
often indispensable ones1 such as the   
,encyclopaedia ,britannica4 ,the  new   
bill1 in short1 proposes to substitute  
for the old duty of eight  per cent4 ad 
valorem a new one of fifteen cents the  
pound weight4  ,could we suspect a      
,committee of ,members of ,congress of a
 joke  appreciable by mere members of   
the human family1 could we suppose  them
 in a thoughtless moment to have carried
 into legislation a  mildened modicum of
 that metaphorical language which forms 
the staple  of debate1 we should make no
 remonstrance4 ,we recognize the severe 
justice of an ideal avoirdupois in      
literary criticism4 ,we remember  the   
unconscious sarcasm of the ,atlantic    
,telegraph1 as it sank  heart-broken    
under the strain of conveying the answer

 of the ,heavy ,father  of our political
 stage to the graceful good-morning of  
,victoria4  ,the enthusiastic member of 
the ,academy of ,lagado1 who had spent  
eight  years in a vain attempt to       
extract sunbeams from cucumbers1 might  
have found profitable employment in     
smelting the lead even from light       
literature1 not to speak of richer      
deposits4 ,under an act thus  dubiously 
worded1 and in a country which makes    
,bancroft a collector  of the customs   
and ,hawthorne a weigher and gauger1 the
 works of an  ,alison and a ,tupper     
would be put beyond the reach of all but
 the  immensely rich4 ,the man of       
moderate means would be deprived of the 
exhaustless misinformation of the       
,scottish ,baronet1 who has so          
completely disproved the old charge     
against his countrymen of  possessing an
 ingenium perfervidum1 7which ,dr4      
,johnson would have  translated by      
brimstone temperament17 and of the      
don't-fail-to-                          

spread-your-umbrella-when-it-rains-or-yo
u'll-spoil-your-hat wisdom of  the      
,english ,commoner1 who seems to have   
named his chief work in a  moment of    
abnormal inspiration1 since it has      
become proverbial as the  severest test 
of human philosophy4    ,but we cannot  
suspect the ,congressional ,committee of
 a joke1 still  less of a joke at the   
expense of those anglers in the literary
  current whose tackle1 however bare of 
bait1 never fails of a sinker  at the   
end of every line4 ,they have been      
taught to look upon books as  in no wise
 differing from cotton and tobacco1 and 
rate them  accordingly by a merely      
material standard4 ,it has been the     
dealers in  books1 and not the makers of
 them1 who have hitherto contrived to   
direct public opinion in this matter4   
,we look upon ,public ,opinion  with no 
superstitious reverence1--for ,tom's way
 of thinking is none  the wiser because 
the million other ,toms and ,dicks and  
,harries agree  with him1--nevertheless1

 even a fetish may justly become an     
object of  respectful interest to one   
who is to be sacrificed to it4          
,however it may be with iron1 wool1 and 
manufactured cotton1 it is  clear that a
 duty on books is not protective of     
,american literature1  but simply a tax 
on ,american scholarship and refinement4
 ,the  imperfectness of our public      
libraries compels every student to      
depend  more or less upon his own       
private collection of books2 and it is a
  fact of some significance1 that1 with 
the single exception of  ,hildreth1 all 
our prominent historians1 ,sparks1      
,irving1 ,bancroft1  ,prescott1         
,ticknor1 ,motley1 and ,palfrey1 have   
been men of independent  fortune4 ,if   
anything should be free of duty1 it     
should seem to be the  material of      
thought4    ,if ,congress be really     
desirous of doing something for the     
benefit of  ,american authors1 it would 
come nearer the mark1 if it directed its
  attention to the establishment on     

equitable grounds of some system of     
,international ,copyright4 ,a           
well-considered enactment to this end   
would1 we are convinced1 be quite as    
advantageous to the  manufacturers as to
 the producers of books4 ,we believe    
that a  majority of the large publishing
 houses of the country have been        
gradually convinced of the              
inconveniences of the present want of   
system4 ,many of them have found it     
profitable to enter into an  agreement  
with popular ,english authors for the   
payment of copyright1  and works thus   
reprinted cost the buyer no more than   
under the  privateering policy4 ,but    
without some definite establishment of  
legal  rights and remedies1 the         
publisher is at the mercy of a          
dishonorable1  sometimes of a vindictive
 competition1 and must run the risk of  
having the market flooded within a week 
with a cheaper and inferior  edition1   
reprinted from the sheets of his own    
which had been  honorably paid for4 ,we 

do not pretend to argue the question of 
literary property1 the principle of it  
being admitted in the fact  that we have
 any copyright-laws at all4 ,our wish is
 to show1 that1 in  the present absence 
of settled law1 the honest publisher is 
subjected  to risks from the resultant  
evils of which the whole reading        
community suffers4 ,the publisher1 to   
protect himself1 is forced to  make his 
reprint as cheaply as possible1 and to  
hurry it through the  press with the    
disregard of accuracy inseparable from  
hasty  publication1--while the reader is
 put in possession of a book            
destructive of eyesight1 crowded with   
blunders1 and unsightly in  appearance4 
,maps and plates are omitted1 or copied 
so carelessly as  to be worse than      
useless2 and whoever needs the book for 
study or  reference must still buy the  
original edition1 made more costly      
because imported in single copies1 and  
because taxed for the  protection of a  
state of things discreditable in every  

way1 and not  only so1 but hostile to   
the true interests of both publishers   
and  public4    ,we do not claim any    
protection of ,american authorship from 
foreign  competition1 but we cannot but 
think it unfair that ,british           
authorship should be protected 7as it   
now practically is7 at the cost  of our 
own1 and for the benefit of such        
publishers as are willing to  convey an 
,english book without paying for it4    
,the reprint of a  second-rate work by  
an ,english author has not only the     
advantage of a  stolen cheapness over a 
first-rate one on the same subject by an
  ,american1 but may even be the means  
of suppressing it altogether4 ,the      
intellectual position of an ,american is
 so favorable for the  treatment of     
,european history as to overbalance in  
some instances the  disadvantages       
arising from want of access to original 
documents2 yet  an ,american author     
whose work was yet in manuscript could  
not  possibly compete with an ,english  

rival1 even of far inferior ability1    
who had already published4 ,if1 within  
the last few years1 a tolerably  popular
 history of ,france had been published  
in ,england1 and cheaply  reprinted     
here1 7as it surely would have been17 we
 doubt whether ,mr4  ,godwin would have 
undertaken his laborious and elaborate  
work1--or1  if he had1 whether he would 
have readily found a bookseller bold    
enough to pay an adequate price for the 
copyright4 ,and it is to be  remembered 
that an ,american publisher gives this  
preference to an  ,english over an      
,american book simply because he can get
 it for  nothing1 by defrauding its     
author of the just reward of his        
industry  or genius4 ,that an author    
loses his equitable claim to copyright  
for  the simple reason that by          
publication he has put himself in our   
power  is an argument fit to be used    
only by one who would make use of a     
private letter that had accidentally    
come into his possession to the  damage 

of the writer4    ,the necessity of some
 kind of equitable arrangement was so   
strongly  felt by ,american publishers  
that a kind of unwritten law gradually  
established itself among them4 ,it was  
tacitly understood1 that1 when  a       
publisher had paid an ,english author   
for advance sheets1 no rival  ,american 
edition should be published4 ,but it    
already appears too  plainly that an    
arrangement with no guaranty but a      
private sense of  honor is liable to    
constant infringement for the           
gratification of  personal enmity1 or in
 the hope of immediate profit4 ,the     
rewards of  uprightness and honorable   
dealing are slow in coming1 while those 
of  unscrupulous greed are immediate1   
even though dirty4 ,under existing      
circumstances1 free-trade and fair-play 
exist only in appearance3 for  the      
extraordinary claim has been set up1    
that an ,american bookseller  has an    
exclusive right to all the future works 
of an ,english author  any one of whose 

former productions he has reprinted1    
whether with or  without paying for it2 
so that1 however willing another        
publisher may  be to give the author a  
fair price for his book1 or however     
desirous  the latter may be to conclude 
such a bargain1 it is practically       
impossible1 so long as privateering is  
tolerated in the trade4    ,we have said
 nothing of the advantages which would  
accrue to our own  authors from a       
definite settlement of the question of  
international  copyright between        
,england and ,america4 ,how great these 
would be is  plain from the fact that   
the editions of ,american books         
republished  in ,england are already    
numbered by thousands4 ,with the growth 
of the  ,english ,colonies the value to 
an ,american author of an ,english      
copyright is daily increasing4 ,indeed1 
it is a matter of  consideration for our
 publishers1 whether ,canada may not    
before long  retaliate upon them1 and by
 cheaper reprints become as troublesome 

to  them as ,belgium once was to        
,france4    ,it is not creditable that  
,america should be the last of civilized
  nations to acknowledge the justice of 
an author's claim to a share in  the    
profits of a commercial value which he  
has absolutely created4  ,england is    
more liberal to our authors than we to  
hers1 but it is  only under certain     
strictly limited contingencies that an  
,american  can acquire copyright there4 
,were all our booksellers as scrupulous 
as the few honorably exceptional ones   
among them now are1 there would  be no  
need of legislative regulation2 but1 in 
the present condition  of things1 he who
 undertakes to reprint an ,english book 
which he has  honestly paid for is at   
the mercy of whoever can get credit for 
poor  paper and worse printing4 ,there  
is no reason why a distinction should   
be made between copy-right and          
patent-right2 but1 if our legislators   
refuse to admit any abstract right in   
the matter1 they might at least  go so  

far as to conclude an international     
arrangement by which a  publisher in    
either country who was willing to pay   
for the right of  publication should be 
protected in its exercise4 ,no just     
objection  could be made to a plan of   
this kind1 which1 if not so honest as a 
general international law of copyright1 
would be profitable to our  publishers1 
and to such of our authors at least as  
had acquired any  foreign reputation4   
,,recent ,,american ,,publications      
,,received ,,by ,,the ,,editors ,,of    
,,the ,,atlantic ,,monthly4        ,the 
,church of the ,first ,three ,centuries2
 or1 ,notices of the ,lives and         
,opinions of ,some of the ,early        
,fathers1 with ,special ,reference to   
the  ,doctrine of the ,trinity2         
illustrating its ,late ,origin and      
,gradual  ,formation4 ,by ,alvan        
,lamson1 ,d4,d4 ,boston4 ,walker1 ,wise1
  ,co4 #hvo4 pp4  xii41 #ceb4           
,plato's ,apology and ,crito2 with      
,notes1 by ,w4,s4 ,tyler1 ,graves       

,professor of ,greek in ,amherst        
,college4 ,new ,york4 ,appleton  ,co4   
#abmo4  pp4 #ahj4 #ge cts4    ,poems4   
,by ,william ,h4 ,holcombe1 ,m4,d4 ,new 
,york4 ,mason ,brothers4 #abmo4  pp4    
#cfj4 #a4be4    ,science in ,theology4  
,sermons preached in ,st4 ,mary's1      
,oxford1 before  the ,university4 ,by   
,adam ,s4 ,farrar1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,g4,s41   
,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,michel  ,fellow of       
,queen's ,college1 ,oxford2 late ,one of
 the ,select ,preachers  to the         
,university2 and ,preacher at the       
,chapel ,royal1 ,whitehall4             
,philadelphia4 ,smith1 ,english1  ,co4  
#abmo4 pp4 #bej4 #he cts4    ,remembered
 ,words from the ,sermons of ,rev4 ,i4  
,nichols1 late ,pastor of  the ,first   
,parish in ,portland1 ,maine4 ,boston4  
,crosby1 ,nichols1 ,lee1   ,co4 #abmo4  
pp4 viii41 #ada4 #ge cts4    ,the       
,throne of ,david2 from the             
,consecration of the ,shepherd of       
,bethlehem to the ,rebellion of ,prince 
,absalom4 ,being an ,illustration  of   

the ,splendor1 ,power1 and ,dominion of 
the ,reign of the ,shepherd1  ,poet1    
,warrior1 ,king1 and ,prophet1 ,ancestor
 and ,type of ,jesus2 in a  ,series of  
,letters addressed by an ,assyrian      
,ambassador1 ,resident at  the ,court of
 ,saul and ,david1 to his ,lord and     
,king on the ,throne of  ,nineveh2      
wherein the ,glory of ,assyria1 as well 
as the ,magnificence of  ,judea1 is     
presented to the ,reader as by an       
,eye-witness4 ,by the ,rev4  ,j4,h4     
,ingraham1 ,,ll4,d41 ,author of ,the    
,prince of the ,house of ,david1  and of
 ,the ,pillar of ,fire4 ,philadelphia4  
,evans4 #abmo4 pp4 #fjc4  #a4be4    ,the
 ,boy-,inventor2 a ,memoir of ,matthew  
,edwards1 ,mathematical                 
,instrument-,maker4 ,boston4 ,walker1   
,wise1  ,co4 #afmo4 pp4 #aji4 #ej cts4  
,history of the ,republic of the ,united
 ,states of ,america1 as traced in  the 
,writings of ,alexander ,hamilton and of
 his ,contemporaries4 ,by ,john  ,c4    
,hamilton4 ,volume ,,vi4 ,new ,york4    

,appleton  ,co4 #hvo4 pp4 xii41 #fbj4   
#b4ej4    ,a ,course of ,exercises in   
,all ,parts of ,french ,syntax1         
methodically  arranged after ,poitevin's
 ,syntaxe ,franaise2 to which are added 
,ten  ,appendices4 ,designed for the    
,use of ,academies1 ,colleges1 and      
,private  ,learners4 ,by ,frederick ,t4 
,winkelmann1 ,a4,m41 ,ph4,d41 ,professor
 of  ,latin1 ,french1 and ,german in the
 ,packer ,collegiate ,institute of      
,brooklyn1 ,n4,y4 ,new ,york4 ,appleton 
,co4 #afmo4 pp4 xvi41 #cff4 #a4jj4      
,letters on the ,divine ,trinity1       
addressed to ,henry ,ward ,beecher4 ,by 
,b4,f4 ,barrett4 ,new ,york4 ,mason     
,brothers4 #afmo4 pp4 #acg4 #ej cts4    
,echoes of ,harper's ,ferry4 ,by ,james 
,redpath4 ,boston4 ,thayer   ,eldridge4 
#abmo4 pp4 #eac4 #a4be4    ,the ,right  
of ,american ,slavery4 ,by ,t4,w4 ,hoit1
 of the ,st4 ,louis  ,literary and      
,philosophical ,association4 ,southern  
and ,western ,edition4  ,st4 ,louis4 ,l4
 ,bushnell4 #hvo4 pp4 #ea4 #be cts4     

,el ,fureids4 ,by the ,author of ,the   
,lamplighter and ,mabel ,vaughan4       
,boston4 ,ticknor  ,fields4 #afmo4 pp4  
iv41 #cgi4 #a4jj4    ,dickens's ,short  
,stories4 ,containing ,thirty-,one      
,stories never before  published in this
 ,country4 ,by ,charles ,dickens4       
,philadelphia4 ,peterson   ,brothers4   
#abmo4 pp4 #bih4 #a4be4    ,a ,mother's 
,trials4 ,by the ,author of ,my ,lady4  
,new ,york4 ,harper   ,brothers4 #abmo4 
pp4 #djj4 #a4jj4    ,letters of         
,alexander von ,humboldt to ,varnhagen  
von ,ense4 ,from #ahbg to  #aheh4 ,with 
,extracts from ,varnhagen's ,diaries1   
and ,letters of  ,varnhagen and ,others 
to ,humboldt4    ,translated from the   
,second ,german ,edition1 by ,friedrich 
,kapp4 ,new  ,york4 ,rudd  ,carleton4   
#abmo4 pp4 #djg4 #a4be4    ,our ,living 
,representative ,men4 ,from ,official   
and ,original ,sources4 ,by  ,john      
,savage4 ,philadelphia4 ,childs         
,peterson4 #abmo4 pp4 xxx41 #ejc4       
#a4be4    ,leaves of ,grass4 ,by ,walt  

,whitman4 ,boston4 ,thayer  ,eldridge4  
#abmo4  pp4 #def4 #a4be4    ,salmagundi2
 or1 ,the ,whim-,whams and ,opinions of 
,launcelot ,langstaff1  ,esq41 and      
,others4 ,by ,william ,irving1 ,james   
,kirke ,paulding1 and  ,washington      
,irving4 ,printed from the ,original    
,edition1 with a ,preface  and ,notes by
 ,evert ,a4 ,duyckinck4 ,new ,york4     
,putnam4 #abmo4 pp4 xiv41  #dab4 #a4ej4 
,text-,book in ,intellectual            
,philosophy1 for ,schools and ,colleges2
  containing an ,outline of the         
,science1 with an ,abstract of its      
,history4 ,by ,j4,t4 ,champlin1 ,d4,d41 
,president of ,waterville ,college4     
,boston4 ,crosby1 ,nichols1 ,lee1  ,co4 
#abmo4 pp4 #bdj4 #gf cts4    ,katherine 
,morris3 an ,autobiography4 ,by the     
,author of ,step by ,step  and ,here and
 ,hereafter4 ,boston4 ,walker1 ,wise1   
,co4 #abmo4 pp4 #cec4  #a4jj4    ,the   
,school and ,family ,primer3            
,introductory to the ,series of ,school 
and ,family ,readers4 ,by ,marcius      

,willson1 ,author of ,american ,history1
  ,outlines of ,general ,history1 etc4  
,new ,york4 ,harper  ,brothers4  #abmo4 
pp4 #dh4 #ae cts4    ,the ,first        
,reader1 of the ,school and ,family     
,series4 ,by ,marcius  ,willson4 ,new   
,york4 ,harper  ,brothers4 #abmo4 pp4   
#hd4 #bj cts4    ,the ,second ,reader1  
of the ,school and ,family ,series4 ,by 
,marcius  ,willson4 ,new ,york4 ,harper 
,brothers4 #abmo4 pp4 #aff4 #cj cts4    
,the ,third ,reader1 of the ,school and 
,family ,series4 ,by ,marcius  ,willson4
 ,new ,york4 ,harper  ,brothers4 #abmo4 
pp4 #bfd4 #ej cts4    ,the ,fourth      
,reader1 of the ,school and ,family     
,series4 ,by ,marcius  ,willson4 ,new   
,york4 ,harper  ,brothers4 #abmo4 pp4   
#cfj4 #ff cts4    ,kit ,kelvin's        
,kernels4 ,with ,illustrations4 ,new    
,york4 ,rollo4 #abmo4 pp4  #bgj4 #a4jj4 
,sermons4 ,by ,joseph ,addison          
,alexander1 ,d4,d4 ,in ,two ,volumes4   
,new ,york4  ,charles ,scribner4 #abmo4 
pp4 #dad1 #dbe4 #b4ej4    ,lectures on  

,natural ,history3 its ,relations to    
,intellect1 ,taste1  ,wealth1 and       
,religion4 ,by ,p4,a4 ,chadbourne1      
,professor1 etc4 ,new ,york4  ,a4,s4    
,barnes  ,burr4 #abmo4 pp4 #afj4    ,the
 ,elementary ,spelling-,book4 ,being an 
,improvement on ,the ,american          
,spelling-,book4 ,by ,noah ,webster1    
,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york4 ,appleton  ,co4    
#afmo4  pp4 #afh4 #ab cts4    ,home and 
,college4 ,a ,public ,address delivered 
in the ,hall of the  ,massachusetts     
,house of ,representatives1 ,march ,s1  
#ahfj4 ,by ,f4,d4  ,huntington1         
,preacher to the ,university1 and       
,plummer ,professor of  ,christian      
,morals in ,harvard ,college4 ,boston4  
,crosby1 ,nichols1 ,lee1   ,co4 #abmo4  
pp4 #gj4 #ej cts4    ,what will ,he ,do 
with ,it8 ,by ,pisistratus ,caxton4 ,a  
,novel4 ,by ,sir  ,edward ,bulwer       
,lytton1 ,bart4 ,library ,edition4 ,in  
,three ,volumes4  ,philadelphia4        
,lippincott  ,co4 #afmo4 pp4 #djh1 #ddd1
 #ddb4 #c4jj4    ,devereux4 ,a ,tale4   

,by ,sir ,edward ,bulwer ,lytton1 ,bart4
 ,library ,edition4  ,in ,two ,volumes4 
,philadelphia4 ,lippincott  ,co4 #abmo1 
pp4 #cdd1 #cej4  #b4jj4    ,the ,last   
,days of ,pompeii4 ,by ,sir ,edward     
,bulwer ,lytton1 ,bart4 ,library        
,edition4 ,in ,two ,volumes4            
,philadelphia4 ,lippincott  ,co4 #abmo4 
pp4  #cbj1 #ccd4 #b4jj4    ,norton's    
,hand-,book to ,europe2 or1 ,how to     
,travel in the ,old ,world4 ,by  ,j4,h4 
,siddons4 ,new ,york4 ,charles ,b4      
,norton4 #abmo4 pp4 #bdc4 #a4jj4        
,church ,choral ,book4 ,containing      
,tunes and ,hymns for ,congregational   
,singing1 and adapted to ,choirs and    
,social ,worship4 ,by ,b4,f4 ,baker and 
,j4,w4 ,tufts4 ,boston4 ,crosby1        
,nichols1 ,lee1  ,co4 #abmo4 pp4 #bjh4  
,home as ,found4 ,sequel to ,homeward   
,bound4 ,by ,j4 ,fenimore ,cooper4      
,illustrated from ,drawings by ,f4,o4,c4
 ,darley4 ,new ,york4 ,w4,a4 ,townsend  
,co4 #abmo4 pp4 #ejg4 #a4ej4    ,the    
,west ,indies and the ,spanish ,main4   

,by ,anthony ,trollope1 ,author of      
,doctor ,thorne1 etc4 ,new ,york4       
,harper  ,brothers4 #abmo4 pp4 #che4    
#a4jj4    ,the ,new ,discussion of the  
,trinity1 ,containing ,notices of       
,professor  ,huntington's ,recent       
,defence of that ,doctrine1 reprinted   
from ,various  ,sources2 together with  
,sermons by ,rev4 ,thos4 ,starr ,king   
and ,dr4  ,orville ,dewey4 ,boston4     
,walker1 ,wise1  ,co4 #abmo4 pp4 viii41 
#bdd4 #fc  cts4    ,life of ,george     
,washington4 ,by ,washington ,irving4   
,national ,edition4  ,vol4 ,i4 ,new     
,york4 ,putnam4 #abmo4 pp4 xvi41 #ddd4  
#a4ej4    ,american ,national ,lyrics   
and ,sonnets4 ,by ,o4 ,prescott ,hiller1
 ,author  of ,the ,pleasures of         
,religion1 and ,other ,poems4 ,boston4  
,otis ,clapp4  #afmo4 pp4 viii41 #hj4   
,hawksview4 ,a ,familiar ,history of our
 ,own ,times4 ,by ,holme ,lee1 ,author  
of ,against ,wind and ,tide1 etc4 ,new  
,york4 ,w4,a4 ,townsend  ,co4 #abmo4    
pp4 #ccj4 #a4jj4    ,forty ,years'      

,familiar ,letters of ,james ,w4        
,alexander1 ,d4,d4  ,constituting1 with 
the ,notes1 a ,memoir of his ,life4     
,edited by his  ,surviving              
,correspondent1 ,john ,hall1 ,d4,d4 ,in 
,two ,volumes4 ,new ,york4  ,charles    
,scribner4 #abmo4 pp4 viii41 #dab1 #cgi4
 #b4ej4    ,a ,discourse on the ,life1  
,character1 and ,genius of ,washington  
,irving1  delivered before the ,new     
,york ,historical ,society1 at the      
,academy of  ,music in ,new ,york1      
,april #c1 #ahfj4 ,by ,william ,cullen  
,bryant4 ,new ,york4  ,putnam4 #abmo4   
pp4 #df4    ,analytic ,orthography2 an  
,investigation of the ,sounds of the    
,voice1  and their ,alphabetic          
,notation2 including the ,mechanism of  
,speech1 and  its ,bearing upon         
,etymology4 ,by ,s4,s4 ,haldeman1       
,a4,m41 ,professor in  ,delaware        
,college1 etc4 ,philadelphia4           
,lippincott  ,co4 #dto4 pp4 viii41      
#adh4    ,the ,elements of ,christian   
,doctrine1 and its ,development4 ,five  

,sermons1 preached before the ,south    
,congregational ,society1 ,boston1 in   
,january1 ,february1 and ,march1 #ahfj1 
and printed at its ,request4 ,by        
,edward ,e4 ,hale4 ,boston4 ,walker1    
,wise1  ,co4 pp4 #fh4    ,mary ,bunyan1 
the ,blind ,dreamer's ,daughter4 ,a     
,tale of ,religious  ,persecution4 ,by  
,sallie ,rochester ,ford1 ,author of    
,grace ,truman4 ,new  ,york4 ,sheldon   
,co4 #abmo4 pp4 #dhh4 #a4jj4            
,unitarianism ,defined4 ,the ,scripture 
,doctrine of the ,father1 ,son1 and     
,holy ,ghost4 ,a ,course of ,lectures1  
by ,frederick ,a4 ,farley1 ,d4,d41      
,pastor of the ,church of the ,saviour1 
,brooklyn1 ,n4,y4 ,boston4 ,walker1     
,wise1  ,co4 #abmo4 pp4 #bgb4           
,state-,pride4 ,an ,oration1 delivered  
before the ,calliopean and  ,polytechnic
 ,societies of the ,state ,military     
,school1 at ,charleston4 ,by  ,william  
,d4 ,porter4 ,charleston4 ,walker1      
,evans1  ,co4 #hvo4 pp4 #bc4            
,student-,songs4 ,kenyon ,college1      

,gambier1 ,ohio4 ,pittsburgh4 ,w4,s4    
,haven4  #abmo4 pp4 #ej4    ,tom ,brown 
at ,oxford3 a ,sequel to ,school-,days  
at ,rugby4 ,by ,thomas  ,hughes1 ,author
 of ,school-,days at ,rugby4 ,part ,,vi4
 ,boston4 ,ticknor   ,fields4 #afmo4 pp4
 #gb4 #ab ,cts4    ,the ,countess and   
the ,page4 ,a ,tale of ,florentine      
,society4 ,by ,g4,w4,m4  ,reynolds4     
,philadelphia4 ,peterson  ,brothers4    
#hvo4 pp4 #aij4 #ej cts4    ,lucile4 ,by
 ,owen ,meredith1 ,author of ,the       
,wanderer1 ,clytemnestra1  etc4 ,boston4
 ,ticknor  ,fields4 #cbmo4 pp4 #ceb4 #ge
 cts4