file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #aaehg-;h4htm or #aaehg-;h4zip3 7http3_/_/www4ibiblio4org_/gut5b]g_/#a_/ a_/e_/h_/aaehg_/aaehg-;h_/#aaehg-;h4htm7 or 7http3_/_/www4ibiblio4org_/gut5b]g_/#a_/ a_/e_/h_/aaehg_/aaehg-;h4zip7 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,book ,,( ,,=e/ry ,by ,,*>les ,,la?rop ,,pack ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,tree ,,association #aibb ,illu/ration3 ,,=e/ ,,fire ,,gu>d ,,/ation$ ,,9 ,a ,,tree ,,top ,,! ,,au?or ,,gratefully ,,ackn[l$ges ,,in=mation ,,& ,,assi/ance ,,f ,,! ,,writ+s ,,& ,,reports ,,( ,,col4 ,w4,b4 ,,greeley1 ,u4,s4 ,,=e/]2 ,,col4 ,,h5ry ,s4 ,,graves1 ,,=m] ,u4,s4 ,,=e/]2 ,,gif=d ,,p9*ot1 ,,=m] ,u4,s4 ,,=e/]2 ,,dr4 ,b4,e4 ,,f]n[1 ,,dr4 ,j4,w4 ,,t\mey1 ,f4,w4 ,,besley1 ,w4,i4 ,,hut*9son1 ,r4,h4,d4 ,,bo]k]1 ,,pr(4 ,,nelson ,c4 ,,br[n1 ,,pr(4 ,r4,s4 ,,hosm]1 ,e4,a4 ,,/]l+1 ,r4,s4 ,,kellogg1 ,e4,t4 ,,all51 ,s4 ,,gordon ,,dorrance1 ,,dr4 ,,hugh ,p4 ,,bak]1 ,,alfr$ ,,gaskill1 ,j4,s4 ,,illick1 ,,& ,,_m ,,o!r ,,lead]s ,,9 ,,=e/ry4 ,,! ,,"p ,,( ,,good ,,citiz5s ,a p )\t *ildr5 w\ld face a hopeless future2 a c\ntry )\t trees is almo/ z helpless2 =e/s :i* are s us$ t !y _c r5ew !mselves w soon vani%1 & ) !m all _! b5efits4 ,:5 y help to pres]ve our =e/s or plant new ones y are act+ ! "p ( good citiz5s4 --,,!odore ,,roosevelt4 ,,introduction ,our =e/s1 ) _! billions ( trees1 are ! backbone ( agriculture1 ! skeleton ( lumb]+1 & ! he>t ( indu/ry4 ,ev5 n[1 9 spite ( _! depletion1 !y are ! cream ( our natural res\rces4 ,!y furni% wood = ! nation1 pa/ure = ?\s&s ( cattle & %eep1 & wat] supply = c\ntless cities & f>ms4 ,!y are ! dom9ions ( wild life4 ,millions ( birds1 game animals1 & fi% live 9 ! =e/s & ! =e/ /reams4 ,! "t is com+ :5 our =e/s w be ! greate/ playgr\nds ( ,am]ica4 ,x is necess>y t we pres]ve1 protect1 & exp& our timb]l&s4 ,by s do+ we %all provide = ! ne$s ( future g5]ations4 ,! =e/ is "o ( ! mo/ fai?ful fri5ds ( man4 ,x provides him ) mat]ials to build homes4 ,x furni%es fuel4 ,x aids agriculture by prev5t+ floods & /or+ ! surplus ra9fall 9 ! soil = ! use ( f>m crops4 ,x supplies ! f\ndation = all our railroads4 ,x is ! produc] ( f]tile soils4 ,x gives employm5t to millions ( workm54 ,x is a res\rce :i* b\ntifully repays k9d treatm5t4 ,x is ! be/ organiz$ feature ( ! plant _w4 ,! =e/ is n m]ely a collection ( diff]5t k9ds ( trees4 ,x is a p]man5t asset :i* w yield l>ge returns ov] long p]iods :5 prop]ly manag$4 ,our =e/ =tune has be5 ?\ghtlessly squ&]$ by successive g5]ations ( sp5d?rifts4 ,=tunately1 x is n too late to rebuild x ?r\gh cop]ative ef=t4 ,! "w has be5 well begun1 b x is a "w ( ye>s1 & x is to ! y\? ( ! c\ntry t we mu/ look = its cont9u\s expansion & p]petuation4 ,a "p ( our ef=t mu/ be direct$ t[>d famili>iz+ !m ) ! ne$s & rew>ds ( an intellig5t =e/ry policy4 ,,cont5ts ,,introduction ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,h[ ,,trees ,,gr[ ,,& ,,multiply ,,ii4 ,,! ,,=e/ ,,families ,,iii4 ,,=e/s ,,& ,,floods ,,iv4 ,,wild ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,=e/ ,v4 ,,important ,,=e/ ,,trees ,,& ,,_! ,,uses ,,vi4 ,,! ,,greate/ ,,enemy ,,( ,,! ,,=e/--,,fire ,,vii4 ,,insects ,,& ,,diseases ,,t ,,de/roy ,,=e/s ,,viii4 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,=e/ry ,,idea ,,ix4 ,,our ,,national ,,=e/s ,x4 ,,! ,,national ,,=e/s ,,( ,,alaska ,,xi4 ,,progress ,,9 ,,/ate ,,=e/ry ,,xii4 ,,! ,,playgr\nds ,,( ,,! ,,nation ,,xiii4 ,,solv+ ,,our ,,=e/ry ,,problems ,,xiv4 ,,:y ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,%\ld ,,practice ,,=e/ry ,,xv4 ,,:y ,,! ,,lumb]man ,,%\ld ,,practice ,,=e/ry ,,xvi4 ,,:y ,,! ,,f>m] ,,%\ld ,,practice ,,=e/ry ,,xvii4 ,,putt+ ,,wood ,,wa/e ,,to ,,"w ,,xviii4 ,,wood ,,= ,,! ,,nation ,,illu/rations ,=e/ ,fire ,gu>d ,/ation$ 9 a ,tree ,top ,section ( a ,virg9 ,=e/ ,! ,sequoias ( ,cali=nia ,a ,=e/ ,rang] & ,8 ,=e/ ,cab9 ,p9e ,:i* ,yields ,turp5t9e & ,timb] ,=e/ ,fires ,de/roy ,millions ( ,doll>s ,wor? ( ,timb] ,e ,ye> ,black5$ ,ru9s ( a ,fire ,swept ,=e/ ,=e/ ,managem5t ,provides = ,cutt+ ,mature ,trees ,se$ ,b$s 9 a ,=e/ ,nurs]y ,s[+ ,=e/ ,se$ 9 an ,ef=t to ,gr[ a ,new ,=e/ ,a ,camp+ ,gr\nd 9 a ,national ,=e/ ,good ,=e/s ,mean ,good ,hunt+ & ,fi%+ ,"y ,:ite ,p9e ,se$$ f ,adjo9+ ,p9e ,trees ,:at ,"s ,k9ds ( ,timb] ,cutt+ ,d to a ,=e/ ,on ,poor ,soil ,trees are ,m ,pr(itable ,?an ,f>m ,crops ,a ,=e/ ,crop on its ,way to ! ,m>ket ,transcrib]'s note3 ,section ( a ,virg9 ,=e/ is ! sev5? 7n ! second7 illu/ration 9 ! book4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,h[ ,,trees ,,gr[ ,,& ,,multiply ,! trees ( ! =e/ gr[ by =m+ new lay]s ( wood directly "u ! b>k4 ,trees are held upright 9 ! soil by means ( roots :i* rea* to a dep? ( _m feet :]e ! soil is loose & por\s4 ,^! roots are ! supports ( ! tree4 ,!y hold x rigidly 9 position4 ,!y also supply ! tree ) food4 ,?r\gh delicate hairs on ! roots1 !y absorb soil moi/ure & plant food f ! e>? & pass !m along to ! tree4 ,! body ( ! tree acts z a passage way ?r\gh :i* ! food & dr9k are convey$ to ! top or cr[n4 ,! cr[n is ! place :]e ! food is dige/$ & ! reg5]ation ( trees effect$4 ,! leaves conta9 a mat]ial kn[n z *lorophyll1 :i*1 9 ! pres5ce ( light & heat1 *anges m9]al sub/ances into plant food4 ,*lorophyll gives ! leaves _! gre5 color4 ,! cells ( ! plant t are ri* 9 *lorophyll h ! p[] to conv]t c>bonic-acid gas into c>bon & oxyg54 ,^! cells comb9e ! c>bon & ! soil wat] into *emical mixtures :i* are p>tially dige/$ :5 !y rea* ! cr[n ( ! tree4 ,! wat]1 conta9+ salts1 :i* is ga!r$ by ! roots is br\ght up to ! leaves4 ,"h x comb9es ) ! c>bonic-acid gas tak5 f ! air4 ,"u ! action ( *lorophyll & sunlight ^! sub/ances are split up1 ! c>bon1 oxyg5 & hydrog5 be+ comb9$ into plant food4 ,x is ei!r us$ imm$iately or /or$ away = future em]g5cy4 ,trees brea! some:at l human be+s4 ,!y take 9 oxyg5 & give (f c>bonic-acid gas4 ,! air ent]s ! tree ?r\gh ! leaves & small op5+s 9 ! b>k1 :i* are easily se5 9 su* trees z ! *]ry & bir*4 ,trees brea! con/antly1 b !y dige/ & assimilate food only dur+ ! day & 9 ! pres5ce ( light4 ,9 ! process ( dige/ion & assimilation !y give (f oxyg5 9 abundance1 b !y reta9 mo/ ( ! c>bonic acid gas1 :i* is a plant food1 & :atev] "p ( x is n us$ imm$iately is /or$ up by ! tree & us$ = its gr[? & developm5t4 ,trees also give (f _! excess moi/ure ?r\gh ! leaves & b>k4 ,o!rwise !y w\ld become wat]logg$ dur+ p]iods :5 ! wat] is ris+ rapidly f ! roots4 ,aft] ! fir/ ye>1 trees gr[ by increas+ ! ?ickness ( ! old] buds4 ,increase 9 height & d5sity ( cr[n cov] is due to ! developm5t ( ! y\ng] twigs4 ,new gr[? on ! tree is spread ev5ly betwe5 ! wood & b>k ov] ! entire body ( ! plant4 ,?is process ( wood production resembles a factory ent]prise 9 :i* ?ree lay]s ( mat]ial are engag$4 ,9 ! fir/ two ( ^! delicate tissues ! wood is actually made4 ,! inn] side ( ! middle lay] produces new wood :ile ! out] side gr[s b>k4 ,! ?ird lay] is responsible = ! production ( ! t\gh1 out] b>k4 ,ye> aft] ye> new lay]s ( wood are =m$ ar\nd ! fir/ lay]s4 ,?is fir/ lay] f9ally develops into he>twood1 :i*1 s f> z gr[? is conc]n$1 is dead mat]ial4 ,its cells are block$ up & prev5t ! fl[ ( sap4 ,x aids 9 support+ ! tree4 ,! liv+ sapwood surr\nds ! he>twood4 ,ea* ye> "o r+ ( ?is sapwood develops4 ,?is process ( gr[? may cont9ue until ! annual lay]s am\nt to #ej or #ajj1 or m1 accord+ to ! life ( ! tree4 ,"o c tell ! age ( a tree by c\nt+ ! numb] ( annual r+s4 ,sometimes1 because ( ! int]ruption ( normal gr[?1 two false r+s may be produc$ in/ead ( a s+le true r+4 ,h[ev]1 su* blemi%es are easy = ! tra9$ eye to recognize4 ,he>twood does n occur 9 all v>ieties ( trees4 ,9 "s cases1 :]e bo? he>twood & sapwood appe>1 x is difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 !m z _! colors are s ne>ly alike4 ,because x takes up s mu* moi/ure & plant food1 sapwood rots mu* m quickly ?an he>twood4 ,! sapwood really acts z a pipe l9e to c>ry wat] f ! roots to ! top ( ! tree4 ,9 "s ( our l>ge/ trees ! moi/ure is rais$ z high z #cjj feet or m ?r\gh ! sapwood4 ,/range ?\gh x may seem1 trees fight ) ea* o!r = a place 9 ! sunlight4 ,sprightly trees t %oot skyw>d at a swift pace are ! ones t develop into ! mon>*s ( ! =e/4 ,!y excel _! mates 9 gr[? because at all times !y are expos$ to pl5ty ( light4 ,! less =tunate trees1 t are m /ocky & /urdy1 & less spe$y 9 _! climb t[>d ! sky1 are kill$ out 9 l>ge numb]s ea* ye>4 ,! weak]1 sp9dly trees ( ! =e/1 :i* are sl[ gr[]s1 (t5 are smo!r$ out by ! m vigor\s trees4 ,"s trees are able to gr[ 9 ! %ade4 ,!y develop ne> or "u ! l>ge trees ( ! =e/4 ,:5 ! giants ( ! woodl& die1 ^! small] trees1 :i* previ\sly 7 %ad$1 develop rapidly z a result ( _! fre$om f suppression4 ,9 _m cases !y gr[ almo/ z l>ge & high z ! huge trees t !y replace4 ,9 our ea/]n =e/s ! hemlock (t5 foll[s ! :ite p9e 9 ?is way4 ,spruce trees may live = _m ye>s 9 d5se %ade4 ,!n f9ally1 :5 !y h access to pl5ty ( light !y may develop into /urdy trees4 ,a tree t is a pigmy 9 "o locality may rank z a giant 9 ano!r region due to diff]5t conditions ( gr[? & climate4 ,= example1 ! canoe bir* at its nor!rn limit is a runt4 ,x nev] gr[s high] ?an a few feet above ! gr\nd4 ,"u ! mo/ favorable conditions 9 ,florida1 :]e ?is species ?rives1 su* trees (t5 t[] to a height ( #abe feet4 ,9 %elt]$ regions ! se$s ( trees may fall1 spr\t & take root close to _! p>5t trees4 ,z a rule1 ! w9d plays a prom95t "p 9 di/ribut+ se$ 9 e section ( ! c\ntry4 ,p9e & fir se$s are equipp$ ) w+s l ^? ( a bird or an airplane4 ,!y enable ! se$s to fly long di/ances on ! w9d be=e !y drop to ! gr\nd & are cov]$ ) leaves4 ,maple se$s fly by means ( d\ble-w+$ sails :i* c>ry !m f> afield be=e !y settle4 ,a% se$s h peculi> app5dages :i* act l a skate-sail 9 transport+ !m to di/ant sections4 ,cottonwood se$s h d[ny w+s :i* aid _! flight1 :ile basswood se$s are di/ribut$ ov] ! c\ntry by means ( p>a*ute-l w+s4 ,! pods ( ! locu/ tree fall on ! froz5 gr\nd or sn[ cru/ & are bl[n long di/ances f _! s\rce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 oak1 hickory1 & *e/nut trees produce heavy se$s :i* g5]ally rema9 :]e !y fall4 ,squirrels are ! mo/ indu/ri\s =e/]s 9 ! animal _w4 ,ea* ye> !y bury great quantities ( tree se$s 9 ho>ds or ca*es hidd5 away 9 holl[ logs or 9 ! moss & leaves ( ! =e/ floor4 ,birds also scatt] tree se$ "h1 !re1 & ev]y:]e ov] ! =e/s & ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,runn+ /reams & riv]s c>ry se$s un9jur$ = _m miles & f9ally deposit !m 9 places :]e !y spr\t & gr[ into trees4 ,_m se$s are c>ri$ by ! ocean curr5ts to di/ant =eign %ores4 ,! decay ( leaves & woodl& vegetation =ms ri* & f]tile soils 9 ! =e/s1 9 :i* conditions are favorable = ! developm5t ( new tree gr[?4 ,:5 liv+ tree se$s are expos$ to prop] am\nts ( moi/ure1 w>m? & air 9 a f]tile soil1 !y w spr\t & gr[4 ,a root develops :i* pu%es its way d[n into ! soil1 :ile ! leaf-bud ( ! plant1 :i* spr+s f ! o!r end ( ! se$1 works its way upw>d t[>d ! light & air4 ,?is leafy "p ( ! se$ f9ally =ms ! /em ( ! tree4 ,b trees may produce pl5ty ( se$ & yet fail to ma9ta9 _! prop] proportion 9 ! =e/4 ,?is results because mu* ( ! se$ is uns\nd4 ,ev5 :]e a satisfactory supply ( s\nd f]tile se$ is produc$1 x does n foll[ t ! trees ( t v>iety w be ma9ta9$ 9 ! =e/1 z ! se$ supply may be scatt]$ 9 unfavorable positions = g]m9ation4 ,millions ( little se$l+s1 h[ev]1 />t to gr[ 9 ! =e/ ea* ye>1 b only a small numb] survive & become l>ge trees4 ,?is is because s _m ( ! se$l+s are de/roy$ by =e/ fires1 cattle & %eep graz+1 unfavorable soil & wea!r conditions1 & _m o!r causes4 ,bee* & *e/nut trees & o!rs ( ! broad-leav$ type reproduce by means ( spr\ts z well z by se$4 ,g5]ally1 ! "y /umps ( broad-leav$ trees produce m spr\ts ?an ! /umps ( old] trees :i* h /ood = "s "t4 ,among ! cone-be>+ trees reproduction by spr\ts is r>e4 ,! r$wood ( ,cali=nia is "o ( ! few exceptions4 ,! pit* p9e ( ! ,ea/]n ,/ates produces _m spr\ts1 few ( :i* live & develop into m>ketable timb]4 ,:5 trees are gr[n 9 nurs]ies1 ! practice is to s[ ! se$ 9 special b$s fill$ ) ri* soil4 ,la? scre5s are us$ z %ade4 ,!y protect ! "y se$l+s f ! sun j z ! p>5t trees w\ld d 9 ! =e/4 ,! se$b$s are kept well cultivat$ & free ( we$s s t ! se$l+s may h ! be/ opportunities = rapid gr[?4 ,g5]ally ! se$s are s[n 9 ! spr+ betwe5 ,m>* & ,may4 ,su* se$s z ! elms & s(t maples1 :i* rip5 9 ! e>ly summ]1 are s[n z soon z possible aft] !y are ga!r$4 ,practical te/s h %[n t ?ick s[+s ( tree se$s give ! be/ results4 ,!re is little dang] ( we$s smo!r+ out ! se$l+s "u su* conditions4 ,aft] ! se$ has g]m9at$ ! b$s may be ?9n$ s t ! se$l+s w h m room to develop4 ,dur+ ! fall ( ! same ye>1 or 9 ! foll[+ spr+1 ! se$l+s %\ld be transplant$ to nurs]y r[s4 ,!reaft] x is cu/om>y to transplant ! "y trees at lea/ once aga9 dur+ damp wea!r4 ,:5 ! trees f9ally are robu/ & vigor\s & h rea*$ ! age ( two to five ye>s1 !y are dug up c>efully & set out p]man5tly4 ,! usual practice is to keep ! se$l+s "o ye> 9 ! se$b$ & two ye>s 9 ! nurs]y r[s be=e !y are set out4 ,:e!r ! transplant+ %\ld take place dur+ ! spr+ or fall dep5ds l>gely on ! climate & geography ( ! locality4 ,practical exp]i5ce is ! be/ guide 9 su* matt]s4 ,"s f>m]s & l& own]s are n[ int]e/$ 9 sett+ out h>dwood =e/s = comm]cial purposes4 ,if !y d n wi% to pur*ase _! se$l+s f a reliable nurs]y-man1 !y c gr[ !m f c>efully select$ se$ plant$ 9 well-prep>$ se$b$s4 ,! popul> practice is to s[ ! se$ 9 drills ab\t #b to #c feet ap>t s t horses may be us$ = cultivation4 ,! se$s are s[n to a dep? ( #b to #c times _! ?ickness4 ,!y are plac$ close en\gh 9 ! drill s t f #ab to #ae se$l+s to ! l9e> foot result4 ,9 ord] to ha/5 ! spr\t+ ( ! se$s1 "s plant]s soak !m 9 cold wat] = sev]al days be=e s[+4 ,9 ! case ( su* h>d-coat$ se$ z ! black locu/ or honey locu/1 x is be/ to soak !m 9 hot wat] be=e plant+4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,=e/ ,,families ,trees are z que] 9 pick+ out places to live & 9 _! habits ( gr[? z are ! peoples ( ! v>i\s races :i* inhabit ! _w4 ,"s trees d be/ 9 ! icy nor?l&4 ,!y become weak & die :5 br\ght to w>m climates4 ,o!rs t are accu/om$ to tropical wea!r fail to make fur!r gr[? :5 expos$ to extreme cold4 ,! appe>ance ( ,jack ,fro/ means dea? to mo/ ( ! trees t come f ne> ! equator4 ,ev5 on ! opposite slopes ( ! same m\nta9 ! types ( trees are (t5 v diff]5t4 ,trees t d well on ! nor? side require pl5ty ( moi/ure & cool wea!r4 ,^? t prosp] on s\? exposures are equipp$ to resi/ late & e>ly fro/s z well z v hot sun%9e4 ,! moi/ure ne$s ( diff]5t trees are z rem>kable z _! likes & dislikes = w>m? & cold4 ,"s trees atta9 l>ge size 9 a swampy c\ntry4 ,trees ( ! same k9d w become /unt$ 9 sections :]e dry wea!r p]si/s4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates =e/ry exp]ts c tell :]e !y are by ! local tree gr[?4 ,= example1 9 ! extreme nor!rn di/ricts ! spruce & ! balsam fir are native4 ,z "o travels f>!r s\? ^! give way to little ,jack p9e & asp5 trees4 ,next come ! /ately =e/s ( :ite & ,norway p9e4 ,sometimes a few sl[-gr[+ hemlock trees appe> 9 ! cold] sections4 ,if "o cont9ues 8 j\rney t[>d ! equator he w next pass ?r\gh =e/s ( broad-leav$ trees4 ,!y w include oak1 maple1 bee*1 *e/nut1 hickory1 & sycamore4 ,9 ,k5tucky1 :i* is a c5tre ( ! broad-leav$ belt1 !re are sev]al hundr$ diff]5t v>ieties ( trees4 ,f>!r s\?1 ! cone-be>+ species prevail4 ,!y are foll[$ 9 ! m>* t[>d ! ,gulf ( ,mexico by ! tropical trees ( s\!rn ,florida4 ,if "o j\rneys we/ f ! ,mississippi ,riv] across ! ,great ,pla9s he f9ally w come to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 :]e ev]gre5 trees pr$om9ate4 ,if oak1 maple1 popl>1 or o!r broad-leav$ trees gr[ 9 t region1 !y occur 9 scatt]$ /&s4 ,9 ! ea/]n =e/s ! trees are close toge!r4 ,!y =m a leafy canopy ov]head4 ,9 ! =e/s ( ! ,rockies ! ev]gre5s /& "s di/ance ap>t s t _! tops d n t\*4 ,z a result1 ^! ,we/]n =e/s d n %ade ! gr\nd z well z ^? 9 ! ea/4 ,?is causes ! soils ( ^! =e/s to be mu* dri]1 & also increases ! dang] f fire4 ,! =e/s ( we/]n ,wa%+ton & ,oregon1 unlike mo/ timb]l&s ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,region1 are z d5se z any =e/s 9 ! _w4 ,ev5 at midday x is z d>k z twilight 9 ^! =e/s4 ,! trees are gigantic4 ,!y t[] #aej to #cjj feet above ! gr\nd4 ,_! trunks (t5 are #f feet or l>g] 9 diamet]4 ,!y make ! trees ( ! ea/]n =e/s look /unt$4 ,!y are excell$ 9 size only by ! mammo? r$wood trees ( nor!rn ,cali=nia & ! giant ,sequoias ( ! s\!rn ,si]ras4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,sequoias ,,( ,,cali=nia ,diff]5ces ( climate h l>gely influ5c$ tree gr[? & types 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! di/ribution ( tree families is *ang+ all ! "t4 ,x %ifts j z ! climate & o!r conditions *ange4 ,trees con/antly /rive among !mselves = control ( diff]5t localities4 ,= a "t "o species w pr$om9ate4 ,!n o!r v>ieties w appe> & displace ! ones already e/abli%$4 ,! di/ribution ( trees *anges v rem>kably f "o c5tury to ano!r4 ,= example1 9 "s sections1 ! r$ & black oaks are replac+ ! :ite oaks4 ,"s trees are light-lov]s4 ,!y require mu* m sunlight ?an o!rs t d well "u heavy %ade4 ,oak trees require pl5ty ( light2 maples or bee*es ?rive on little light4 ,! se$ ( trees requir+ little light may be scatt]$ 9 a d5se =e/ toge!r ) t ( trees :i* ne$ pl5ty ( daylight 9 ord] to make normal gr[?4 ,! se$l+s t l %ade w develop "u su* conditions :ile ^? t ne$ light w p9e away & die4 ,gradually ! %ade-lov+ trees w replace ! light-lov+ trees 9 su* a =e/ /&4 ,ev5 ! diff]5t trees ( ! same family (t5 /rive ) "o ano!r = light & moi/ure4 ,ea* tree diff]s f e o!r "o 9 %ape & size4 ,trees w adapt !mselves to ! light & moi/ure conditions to :i* !y are expos$4 ,a tree t has access to pl5ty ( moi/ure & sunlight gr[s ev5ly f ! gr\nd to its top ) a bu%y1 wide-spread+ cr[n4 ,! same tree1 if x gr[s 9 ! %ade1 w rea* a great] height b w h a small compact cr[n4 ,trees run a race 9 _! rapidity ( gr[?4 ,! w9n]s get ! desirable places 9 ! sunlight & prosp]4 ,! los]s develop into /unt$ trees t (t5 die1 due to lack ( light exposure4 ,a bett] quality ( lumb] results f tall /raight trees ?an t produc$ by ! symmetrical1 bran*+ trees4 ,t is :y e =e/] :o sets out trees tries to provide conditions :i* w make !m gr[ tall & ) ! smalle/ possible cov]+ ( bran*es on ! l[] "p ( ! trunks4 ,:]e trees are expos$ to /rong w9ds1 !y develop deep & /rong root sy/ems4 ,!y produce l>ge & /rong trunks t c b5d & resi/ viol5t w9ds :i* sway & twi/ !m 9 e direction4 ,su* trees are mu* /rong] & /urdi] ?an ^? t gr[ 9 a %elt]$ =e/4 ,! trees t are bl[n d[n 9 ! =e/ provide space = ! introduction & gr[? ( new v>ieties4 ,^! activities are con/antly *ang+ ! type ( tree gr[? 9 ! =e/4 ,our orig9al =e/s :i* bord]$ ! ,atlantic coa/ l9e :5 ,am]ica 0 fir/ settl$1 7 d5se & imp5etrable4 ,! coloni/s fe>$ ! =e/s because !y %elt]$ ! ho/ile ,indians :o lurk$ ne> ! :ite settlem5ts4 ,9 "t ?is fe> ( ! =e/ develop$ into hatr$ ( ! =e/4 ,z a result1 ! coloni/s cut trees z rapidly z !y c\ld4 ,9 e way !y f\ght back ! wild]ness4 ,!y & _! *ildr5's *ildr5 h work$ s effectively t ! orig9al weal? ( woodl&s has be5 deplet$4 ,at pres5t1 cle>$ fields & cutov] areas ab\nd 9 regions t at "o "t 7 cov]$ ) magnific5t /&s ( timb]4 ,9 _m sections ( ! c\ntry our =e/s are n[ s r$uc$ t !y are ( little comm]cial importance4 ,h[ev]1 ^! areas are n yet entirely d5ud$4 ,pr$ictions h be5 made frequ5tly t our woodl&s w\ld soon disappe>4 ,sci5tific =e/]s report t su* /atem5ts are incorrect4 ,!re are only a few di/ricts 9 ! c\ntry :i* probably w nev] aga9 support mu* tree gr[?4 ,_! d5ud$ condition is due l>gely to ! de/ruction ( ! neighbor+ m\nta9 =e/s & to ! activities ( erosion4 ,"u ord9>y conditions1 natural re=e/ation w ma9ta9 a satisfactory tree gr[? on l&s :]e a practical sy/em ( =e/ protection is practic$4 ,! complete removal ( ! =e/ is n[ accompli%$ only 9 f]tile f>m+ regions1 :]e ! agricultural value ( ! l& is too high to p]mit x to rema9 long] 9 =e/ cov]4 ,ev5 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley & ! ,great ,lakes belts !re are /ill l>ge areas ( =e/ l&4 ,mo/ ( ! f>ms h woodlots :i* provide fuel1 f5c+1 & "s lumb]4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ^! f>m woodlots are abus$4 ,!y h n be5 manag$ correctly4 ,=tunately1 a *ange = ! bett] is n[ evid5t4 ,! f>m woodlot own]s are com+ to appreciate ! importance ( protect+ ! trees = future use4 ,9 "s cases1 !y are ev5 replant+ areas t h be5 cut ov]4 ,!re are l>ge tracts ( s&y1 rocky & swampy l& 9 ^! di/ricts t are satisfactory = tree production4 ,9 fact1 ab\t all ^! fields are good = is ! gr[+ ( timb]4 ,campaigns are n[ "u way to increase tree plant+ & develop ! production ( l&s adapt$ = =e/ry :i* previ\sly h be5 idle4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ! future w n be a des]t1 tree-less c\ntry4 ,h[ev]1 imm$iate measures to save our rema9+ trees mu/ be develop$4 ,! great] "p ( our virg9 timb] has already be5 fell$4 ,! aft]ma? =e/s1 :i* succe$ ! virg9 /&1 g5]ally are inf]ior4 ,our supplies ( a%1 black walnut & hickory1 once abundant1 are n[ s]i\sly limit$4 ,=m]ly1 ^! mix$ =e/s cov]$ va/ /ret*es ( c\ntry :i* today support only a scant crop ( "y trees :i* w n be ready = m>ket = _m ye>s4 ,^! second-gr[? /&s w nev] approa* 9 value or quality ! orig9al =e/s4 ,ov] l>ge areas1 popl>1 :ite bir*1 & ,jack p9e trees n[ pr$om9ate on l&s :i* =m]ly bore d5se /&s ( :ite p9e4 ,9 _m places1 scrubby und]bru% & /unt$ trees occupy l&s :i* h]et(ore h be5 heavy produc]s ( m>ketable timb] trees4 ,g5]ally speak+1 f>m l&s %\ld n be us$ = =e/ry purposes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s =e/ l&s c be pr(itably cle>$ & us$ = agriculture4 ,= example1 settl]s are fell+ trees & fight+ /umps 9 nor!rn ,wiscons91 ,mi*igan1 & ,m9nesota4 ,"s ( ^! virg9 l&s are valuable = f>m+ purposes1 o!rs are n4 ,x is pref]able t !y %\ld produce f>m crops in/ead ( tree crops if ! l& is be/ adapt$ to agricultural use4 ,x is an economic necessity t all l&s 9 ?is c\ntry be/ suit$ = f>m+ purposes %\ld be till$4 ,our ev]-increas+ population dem&s t e acre ( l& useful = gr[+ crops %\ld be cle>$ & devot$ to f>m+4 ,"u su* conditions1 ! settl]s %\ld res]ve suffici5t woodl&s = _! home ne$s1 c>efully di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! l& t is be/ = agricultural purposes & ! l& t is be/ = =e/ry purposes1 & ?us d\bl+ _! res\rces4 ,?\ghtless lumb]m5 h pillag$ millions ( acres ( our mo/ productive =e/s4 ,! e>ly lumb]m5 wa/$ our woodl& res\rces4 ,!y made ! same mi/akes z ev]yone else 9 ! c>e & protection ( our orig9al =e/s4 ,! greate/ blame = ! wa/+ ( our lumb] res\rces re/s ) ! ,/ate & ,f$]al au?orities :o p]mitt$ ! depletion4 ,_m ( our lumb]m5 n[ appreciate ! ne$ ( pres]v+ & protect+ our =e/s = future g5]ations4 ,"s ( !m h *ang$ _! policies & are n[ do+ all 9 _! p[] to aid =e/ cons]vation4 ,! ability ( a prop]ly manag$ =e/ to produce new crops ( trees ye> aft] ye> promises u a future supply ( wood suffici5t = all our ne$s if only we w cons]ve our timb]l&s z !y des]ve4 ,x is our duty to h&le ! =e/s 9 ! same way t f]tile f>m+ fields are manag$4 ,t is to say1 !y %\ld be s treat$ t !y w yield a pr(itable money crop e ye> )\t r$uc+ _! p[]s ( future production4 ,private own]s & f>m]s are com+ sl[ly to realize ! grave importance ( pres]v+ & ext5d+ our woodl&s4 ,! public1 ! ,/ate & ! ,nation are n[ solidly beh9d ! movem5t to improve our =e/ry & to safe-gu>d our =e/s4 ,sev]al ( ! ,/ates1 includ+ ,new ,york & ,p5nsylvania1 h pur*as$ l>ge areas ( timb]l&s = ,/ate =e/s4 ,^! w be develop$ z future s\rces ( lumb] supply4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,=e/s ,,& ,,floods ,=e/s are necess>y at ! headwat]s ( /reams4 ,! trees break ! =ce ( ! ra9 drops1 & ! =e/ floor1 act+ z a l>ge sponge1 absorbs ra9fall & prev5ts run-(f & floods4 ,unless !re are =e/s at ! s\rces ( /reams & riv]s1 floods occur4 ,! spr+ upris+s ( ! ,mississippi1 ,ohio & ,miss\ri ,riv]s are due l>gely to ! lack ( =e/s at _! headwat]s4 ,9 ! regions dra9$ by ^! /reams ! run-(f wat] is n absorb$ z x %\ld be4 ,x fl[s unimp$$ f ! high] levels to ! riv] valleys4 ,x floods ! riv] c\rses ) s mu* wat] t !y bur/ _! banks & p\r pell-mell ov] ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,_m floods :i* occur 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates occur because we h cut d[n l>ge areas ( trees :i* =m]ly protect$ ! s\rces ( /reams & riv]s4 ,a grave dang] t ?reat5s we/]n f>m+ is t "s "t 9 ! future ! great] "p ( ! vegetation & =e/ cov] on ! wat]%$s ( t section may entirely disappe>4 ,su* a condition w\ld cause floods aft] e heavy ra94 ,! available supplies ( ra9wat] :i* are ne$$ = ! ?ir/y crops w\ld be wa/$ z flood wat]s4 ,^! floods w\ld cause great damage 9 ! valleys ?r\gh :i* !y ru%$4 ,! fre%ets w\ld be foll[$ by p]iods ( wat] fam9e4 ,! /reams w\ld !n be s l[ t !y c\ld n supply ! normal dem&s4 ,f>m]s w\ld suff] on acc\nt ( ! lack ( irrigation wat]4 ,t[ns & cities t dep5d$ on ! m\nta9 /reams = _! wat] supplies w\ld be h&icapp$ sev]ely4 ,9 a ?\s& & "o ways1 a defici5t wat] supply due to =e/ depletion w\ld cause h>d%ips & suff]+ 9 ! regions expos$ to su* mis=tune4 ,! important "p :i* =e/s play 9 ! developm5t ( our c\ntry is %[n by ! fact t f ! /reams ( ! ,national ,=e/s ov] #gjj we/]n cities & t[ns1 ) an aggregate population ( ne>ly #b1ejj1jjj1 obta9 _! dome/ic wat] supply4 ,! =e/s include #abff irrigation projects & #cbe wat]-p[] plants1 9 addition to _m o!r p[] & irrigation companies :i* dep5d on ! ,gov]nm5t timb]l&s = wat] cons]vation & ! regulation ( ra9 wat] run-(f & /ream fl[4 ,! ,national ,=e/s aid greatly 9 cons]v+ & mak+ available = use ! preci\s limit$ ra9fall ( ! arid regions4 ,t is :y settl]s 9 irrigat$ di/ricts are deeply int]e/$ 9 ! cutt+ ( timb] 9 ! ,f$]al woodl&s4 ,de/ructive lumb]+ is nev] practic$ 9 ^! =e/s4 ,9 its place has be5 sub/itut$ a sy/em ( managem5t t assures ! cont9u$ pres]vation ( ! =e/-cov]4 ,uncle ,sam is pay+ special att5tion to ! we/]n wat]-%$s :i* supply reclamation & irrigation projects4 ,he und]/&s t ! ability ( ! =e/ to regulate /ream fl[ is ( great importance4 ,! irrigation f>m]s also desire a regul> fl[1 ev5ly di/ribut$1 ?r\gh\t ! gr[+ season4 ,"o ( ! *ief reasons = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,national ,=e/ 0 to pres]ve ! natural conditions favorable to /ream fl[4 ,9 a treeless c\ntry1 ! rise ( ! /reams is a v accurate measure ( ! ra9fall4 ,9 ! region :]e =e/s are frequ5t1 an ord9>y ra9 is sc>cely notic$ 9 its effect on ! /ream4 ,9 a d5ud$ di/rict no natural ob/acles imp$e ! ra9drops z !y patt] to ! gr\nd4 ,! surface ( ! soil is usually h>d4 ,x is bak$ & dri$ out by ! sun4 ,x is n 9 condition to absorb or reta9 mu* ( ! run-(f wat]1 consequ5tly1 ! ra9 wat] f9ds little to /op x z x swirls d[n ! slopes4 ,9 torr5ts x ru%es d[n ! /ream b$s1 l %eets ( wat] fl[+ d[n ! /eep ro( ( a h\se4 ,conditions are v diff]5t 9 a region :]e =e/ cov] is abundant4 ,9 ! =e/s1 ! tops ( ! trees cat* mu* ( ! ra9 t falls4 ,! leaves1 twigs1 bran*es & trunks ( ! trees also soak up consid]able moi/ure4 ,! am\nt ( ra9fall t directly /rikes ! gr\nd is relatively small4 ,! upp] lay] ( ! =e/$ gr\nd consi/s ( a network ( %rubs1 & dead leaves1 bran*es1 & moss4 ,?is =e/ c>pet acts l an enorm\s sponge4 ,x soaks up ! moi/ure :i* drops f ! trees dur+ a /orm4 ,x c absorb & hold = a "t a ra9fall ( f\r or five in*es4 ,! wat] t f9ally rea*es ! gr\nd s9ks into ! soil & is evaporat$ or runs (f sl[ly4 ,! portion t is absorb$ by ! soil is tak5 up by ! roots ( ! trees & plants or goes to supply spr+s & wat]c\rses4 ,! p[] ( ! trees & =e/ soil to absorb wat] regulates ! rate at :i* ! ra9fall is f$ to ! /reams & riv]s4 ,frequ5tly x takes weeks & ev5 mon?s = all ! wat]s ( a c]ta9 ra9 to rea* ^! /reams4 ,?is gradual supply+ ( wat] to ! /reams regulates _! fl[4 ,x prev5ts floods & fre%ets4 ,c>eful obs]vation & measurem5ts h %[n t un=e/$ regions w dis*>ge ra9 wat] at lea/ twice z fa/ z w =e/$ di/ricts4 ,! /eal+ ( soil by erosion occurs :]e run-(f wat]s are n ob/ruct$ by =e/ gr[?4 ,silt1 s&1 & e o!r k9d ( soil are swept f _! natural positions & spritt$ away by ! foam+ wat]s z !y surge d[n ! /eep slopes4 ,! /ream or riv] :i* is flood$ by ^! ru%+ wat]s ro>s d[n its n>r[ *annel1 te>+ loose & und]m9+ ! jutt+ banks4 ,9 "s cases1 x w break f its ord9>y c\rse to flood expos$ fields & to c>ry away m soil4 ,z ! spe$ ( ! /ream increases its p[] to /eal soil & c>ry x (f is increas$4 ,eng9e]s report t ! c>ry+ p[] ( a /ream is increas$ #fd times :5 its rate ( fl[ is d\bl$4 ,if ! fl[ ( a riv] is spe$$ up t5 times1 ?is rag+ torr5t w be able to c>ry "o million times z mu* =eign mat]ial z x did :5 x 0 fl[+ at a normal rate ( spe$1 caus+ inexpressible damage & de/ruction ( life & prop]ty4 ,! protection af=d$ by =e/s on ! wat]-%$s ( /reams furni%+ ! dome/ic wat] supply = cities & t[ns is becom+ m fully realiz$4 ,a l>ge numb] ( cities & t[ns h pur*as$ & are ma9ta9+ municipal or communal =e/s = ?is v reason4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,wild ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,=e/ ,! =e/s ( our c\ntry are ! home & bre$+ gr\nds ( hundr$s ( millions ( birds & game animals1 :i* ! =e/s provide ) food & %elt]4 ,if we _h no =e/s1 _m ( ^! birds & animals w\ld soon disappe>4 ,! acorns & o!r nuts t ! squirrels live ^u are examples ( ! food t ! =e/ provides = its resid5ts4 ,9 ! cle>1 cold /reams ( ! =e/s !re are _m diff]5t k9ds ( fi%4 ,if ! =e/s 7 de/roy$ by cutt+ or fire _m ( ! brooks & riv]s w\ld ei!r dry up or ! wat] w\ld become s l[ t ?\s&s ( fi% w\ld die4 ,! mo/ abundant game animals ( =e/ regions are de]1 elk1 antelope & moose4 ,p>tridge1 gr\se1 quail1 wild turkeys & o!r game birds are pl5tiful 9 "s regions4 ,! be/ kn[n ( all ! inhabitants ( ! woods are ! squirrels4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! _m birds & animals adds greatly to ! attractiv5ess ( ! =e/4 ,pr$atory animals1 su* z wolves1 be>s1 m\nta9 lions1 coyotes & bobcats also live 9 ! =e/4 ,!y kill mu* live/ock ea* ye> 9 ! m\nta9 regions ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates & !y also prey on "s species ( bird life4 ,! ,f$]al & "s ,/ate gov]nm5ts n[ employ pr(essional hunt]s to trap & %oot ^! m>aud]s4 ,ea* ye> ! hunt]s kill ?\s&s ( pr$atory animals1 ?us sav+ ! f>m]s & cattle & %eep own]s _m ?\s&s ( doll>s4 ,sportsm5 are s num]\s & hunt+ is s popul>1 t game refuges h to be provid$ 9 ! =e/s & p>ks4 ,7 x n = ^! hav5s ( refuge :]e hunt+ is n p]mitt$1 "s ( our be/ kn[n wild game & birds w\ld soon be ext9ct4 ,!re are m ?an #aa1fdj1fdh acres ( =e/ l& 9 ! gov]nm5t game refuges4 ,cali=nia has #bb game refuges 9 h] #ag ,national ,=e/s4 ,new ,mexico has #ai1 :ile ,montana1 ,idaho1 ,colorado1 ,wa%+ton & ,oregon also h set aside areas ( gov]nm5t =e/ l& = t purpose4 ,9 e/abli%+ a game refuge1 x is necess>y to pick out a l>ge area ( l& t conta9s en\gh good fe$ = bo? ! summ] & w9t] use ( ! animals t w inhabit x4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,=e/ ,,rang] ,,& ,,8 ,,=e/ ,,cab9 ,live/ock is sometimes graz$ on game refuges1 b only 9 small numb]s1 s t pl5ty ( grass w be left = ! support ( ! wild game4 ,! refuges are "u ! direction ( ! ,f$]al & ! ,/ate game dep>tm5ts4 ,to p]petuate game animals & game birds1 x is n en\gh to pass game laws & =bid ! %oot+ ( c]ta9 animals & birds except at special times ( ! ye>2 x is also necess>y to provide good bre$+ gr\nds = ! birds & animals :]e !y w n be mole/$ or kill$4 ,! game refuges provide su* conditions4 ,! division ( ! range c\ntry into small f>ms & ! rais+ ( all k9ds ( crops h1 x is claim$1 done m to decrease our h]ds ( antelope1 elk1 de] & o!r big game ?an h ! rifles ( ! hunt]s4 ,! pl[ & h>r[ h driv5 ! wild life back into ! r\gh] c\ntry4 ,! sn[ becomes v deep 9 ! m\nta9s 9 ! w9t] & ! wild animals c\ld n get food 7 x n = ! game refuges 9 ! l[ c\ntry4 ,9 ! ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k c\ntry great b&s ( elk come d[n f ! m\nta9s dur+ sev]e w9t]s & h to be f$ on hay to keep !m f />v+1 z !re is n suffici5t w9t] range 9 ?is region to supply food = ! ?\s&s ( elk4 ,:]e ! elk are protect$ f hunt]s !y increase rapidly4 ,?is means t "s ( ! surplus animals h to be kill$1 o!rwise1 ! elk w\ld soon be s num]\s t !y w\ld s]i\sly int]f]e ) ! graz+ ( dome/ic live/ock4 ,9 diff]5t sections ( ! elk c\ntry1 a c\nt is made e few ye>s on ! bre$+ animals 9 ea* b&4 ,:5ev] a surplus accumulates1 ! /ate p]mits hunt]s to %oot "s ( ! elk4 ,if ! bre$+ h]ds get too small1 no hunt+ is all[$4 ,9 ?is way1 a prop] balance is ma9ta9$4 ,9 _m /ates ! wild game birds & fur-be>+ animals ( ! =e/s are protect$ by clos$ seasons dur+ :i* hunt+ is n p]mitt$4 ,x is realiz$ t birds & animals are n only ( int]e/ to visitors to ! =e/s1 b t !y1 z well z ! trees1 are a valuable =e/ product4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,important ,,=e/ ,,trees ,,& ,,_! ,,uses ,( our native trees1 ! :ite p9e is "o ( ! be/ & mo/ valuable4 ,x is a tall /raight tree t gr[s to a height ( #ajj to #aej feet4 ,x produces wood t is light 9 weight & easy to "w because x is s s(t4 ,at "o "t !re 7 ext5sive p9e =e/s 9 ! nor!a/]n /ates4 ,_m ( ! trees 7 v l>ge1 & occasionally "o may /ill see p9e /umps t are #e to #f feet 9 diamet]4 ,:ite p9e made f9e lumb] = h\ses & o!r build+s & ?is timb] 0 among ! fir/ to be exhau/$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,spruce trees h long furni%$ ! bulk ( ! woodpulp us$ 9 mak+ our supplies ( pap]4 ,^! trees live 9 ! cold] climates ( ! nor!rn /ates4 ,!y l to gr[ 9 l[1 wet localities close to lakes or riv]s4 ,! spruces g5]ally d n gr[ high] ?an #ge-ajj feet4 ,! wood is s(t l p9e & ev5 :it] 9 color4 ,! aborig9al ,indians us$ ! roots ( ! spruce trees z ?read1 tw9e & rope4 ,! c$> trees1 :i* are l&m>ks 9 _m ( our nor!rn /ates1 yield light1 s(t1 durable wood t is useful 9 mak+ poles1 f5ce po/s1 lead p5cils & c$> *e/s4 ,! wood ( ! r$ c$> gives (f a peculi> odor :i* is said to keep mo?s away f clo!s /or$ 9 c$> *e/s1 b x is ! close con/ruction ( ! *e/ :i* keeps !m out4 ,^! trees are becom+ sc>ce 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,c$>s g5]ally are small trees t gr[ sl[ly & live a long "t4 ,! outside wood is :ite & ! he>twood is r$ or yell[4 ,c$> po/s la/ a long "t & are excell5t = use 9 f>m f5ces4 ,*e/nut blight1 :i* de/roys entire =e/s ( *e/nut timb]1 is gradually exhau/+ our supplies ( ?is wood4 ,*e/nut timb] has long be5 us$ = railroad ties1 f5ce po/s & 9 ! manufacture ( *eap furniture4 ,! wood is s(t & br[n 9 color4 ,! b>k & wood are treat$ at special plants 9 su* a way t an extract :i* is valuable = tann+ lea!r is obta9$4 ,*e/nut trees are up/&+1 /raight trees t t[] #hj to #ajj feet above ! gr\nd4 ,! ext9ction ( our *e/nut =e/s ?reat5s z no effectual control measures = *eck+ ! *e/nut blight disease ov] l>ge areas has yet be5 discov]$4 ,! yell[ popl> or tulip popl> furni%es timb] = ! manufacture ( furniture1 pap]1 ! int]ior ( railroad c>s & automobiles4 ,! dug\ts ( ! e>ly settl]s & ,indians 7 hew$ out ( popl> logs4 ,^! boats 7 /rong] ?an ^? made ( canoe bir*4 ,popl> wood is yell[ 9 color & s(t 9 texture4 ,! popl> is ! l>ge/ broad-leaf tree 9 ?is c\ntry & ! trees are ( great size & height4 ,"s specim5s f\nd 9 ! m\nta9s ( ! ,s\? h be5 ov] #bjj feet high & #h to #aj feet 9 diamet]1 :ile popl>s #abe to #aej feet high are q common4 ,among our mo/ useful & valuable trees are ! :ite oak1 & its close k91 ! r$ oak1 :i* produce a br[n-color$1 h>d wood ( rem>kable durability4 ,! :ite oak is ! mon>* ( ! =e/1 z x lives v long & is l>g] & /rong] ?an ! majority ( its associates4 ,! timb] is us$ = railroad ties1 furniture1 & 9 g5]al con/ruction "w :]e t\gh1 durable lumb] is ne$$4 ,_m ( our wood5 %ips h be5 built ( oak4 ,! :ite oaks (t5 gr[ z high z #ajj feet & atta9 massive dim5sions4 ,! se$s ( ! :ite oaks are light br[n acorns1 :i* are highly reli%$ by birds & animals4 ,_m s\!rn f>m]s range _! hogs 9 :ite oak =e/s s t ! pork]s c live on ! acorn crop4 ,bee* wood is /rong & t\gh & is us$ 9 mak+ boxes & b>rels & casks = ! %ipm5t ( butt]1 sug> & o!r foods4 ,x makes axles & %afts = wat]-:eels t w la/ = _m ye>s4 ,! %oes worn by ,dut* *ildr5 are g5]ally made ( bee*4 ,! wood is r$ 9 color4 ,! bee* tree is ( m$ium size gr[+ to a height ( ab\t #ge feet above ! gr\nd4 ,!re is only "o common v>iety ( bee* tree 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,hickory trees are v popul> because !y produce sweet1 edible nuts4 ,! hickory wood is exce$+ly /rong & t\gh & is us$ :]ev] /\t mat]ial is ne$$4 ,= ! spokes1 :eels & bodies ( buggies & wagons1 = agricultural implem5ts1 = automobile :eels & = h&les1 hickory is unexcell$4 ,! %afts ( golf clubs z well z "s types ( base-ball bats are made ( hickory4 ,mo/ hickory trees are easy to id5tify on acc\nt ( _! %aggy b>k4 ,! nuts ( ! hickory1 :i* rip5 9 ! autumn1 are sweet1 delici\s & mu* 9 dem&4 ,our native elm tree is /ately1 rea*+ a height ( #ajj feet & a diamet] ( #e to #f feet or m4 ,x is "o ( our be/ %ade trees4 ,elm wood is light br[n 9 color & v heavy & /rong4 ,x is ! be/ available wood = mak+ wagon :eel hubs & is also us$ l>gely = baskets & b>rels4 ,! rims ( bicycle :eels g5]ally are made ( elm4 ,! canoe bir* is a tree :i* 0 treasur$ by ! e>ly ,indians because x yield$ b>k = mak+ canoes4 ,bir* wood is us$ 9 mak+ %oe la/s & pegs because ( its /r5g? & light weight1 & ! millions ( spools on :i* cotton is w\nd are made ( bir* wood4 ,s*ool desks & *ur* furniture1 also1 are made ( bir*4 ,! orange-color$ inn] b>k ( ! bir* tree is s f9e & delicate t ! e>ly settl]s c\ld use x z !y w\ld pap]4 ,no matt] :e!r bir* wood is gre5 or dry1 x w burn readily4 ,! bir* 0 ! mo/ useful tree ( ! =e/ to ! ,indians4 ,its b>k 0 us$ n only = mak+ _! canoes1 b also = build+ _! wigwams4 ,!y ev5 dri$ & gr\nd ! inn] b>k into a fl\r :i* !y us$ z a food4 ,! nor!rn sug> maple is ano!r tree :i* is a favorite 9 all sections :]e x is gr[n4 ,?is tree yields a h>d wood t is ! be/ & t\ghe/ timb] gr[n 9 "s localities4 ,! trees gr[ to heights ( #ge to #ajj feet & atta9 gir?s ( #e to #i feet4 ,maple lumb] is /\t & heavy4 ,x makes f9e floor+ & is us$ 9 skat+ r9ks & = b[l+ alleys4 ,_m pianos are made ( maple4 ,wood5 di%es & roll+ p9s are usually made f maple wood4 ,dur+ ! spr+ ( ! ye> :5 ! sap is fl[+1 ! av]age mature maple tree w yield f fifte5 to tw5ty gallons ( sap 9 a p]iod ( ?ree to f\r weeks4 ,?is sap is aft]w>ds boil$ d[n to maple syrup & sug>4 ,hemlock trees1 despite ! fact t !y rank among ! mo/ beautiful trees ( ! =e/1 produce lumb] :i* is suitable only = r\gh build+ op]ations4 ,! wood is br[n & s(t & w n la/ long :5 expos$ to ! wea!r4 ,x cracks & splits easily because x is s brittle4 ,hemlock is n[ ( consid]able importance z pulpwood = mak+ pap]4 ,= _m ye>s1 a mat]ial important = tann+ lea!r has be5 extract$ 9 l>ge am\nts f ! b>k ( hemlock trees4 ,"o ( ! mo/ pleas+ uses to :i* ! balsam fir is put is z ,*ri/mas trees4 ,sometimes x is us$ 9 mak+ pap] pulp4 ,! balsam fir seldom gr[s high] ?an #ej feet or ?ick] ?an #ab in*es4 ,! leaves ( ?is tree h a v sweet odor & are 9 dem& at ,*ri/mas "t4 ,=e/]s & woodsm5 (t5 use balsam b\ghs to make _! b$s & pill[s :5 camp+ 9 ! woods4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p9e ,,:i* ,,yields ,,turp5t9e ,,& ,,timb] ,our native supplies ( h>dwoods & s(twoods are us$ = g5]al build+ purposes1 = f>m repairs1 = railroad ties1 9 ! furniture & v5e] indu/ry1 9 ! h&le indu/ry1 & 9 ! vehicle & agricultural implem5t indu/ries4 ,on ! av]age ea* ,am]ican f>m] uses ab\t #b1jjj bo>d feet ( lumb] ea* ye>4 ,new f>m build+ decreas$ 9 ! sev]al ye>s foll[+ ! ,_w ,w>1 due to ! high price ( lumb] & labor4 ,z a result ( ?is lack ( necess>y build+1 millions ( doll>s wor? ( f>m ma*9]y /ood out 9 ! wea!r4 ,live/ock lack$ /ables 9 "s sections4 ,v little build+ 0 done 9 t p]iod 9 two hundr$ & fifty prosp]\s agricultural c\nties 9 ?irty-two diff]5t /ates4 ,! railroads consume ab\t #ae p] c5t4 ( our total lumb] cut4 ,!y use betwe5 #ajj1jjj1jjj & #abe1jjj1jjj railroad ties a ye>4 ,x us$ to be t mo/ ( ! cross-ties 7 ( :ite oak cut close to ! places :]e !y 7 us$4 ,n[ ,d\glas fir1 s\!rn p9e & o!r woods are be+ us$ l>gely ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,we/]n & ,ea/]n ,/ates4 ,! supply ( :ite oak ties is small & ! prices are high4 ,"s ye>s ago1 :5 :ite oak 0 abundant1 ! railroads t n[ are us+ o!r cross-ties w\ld n h ev5 consid]$ su* mat]ial = use 9 _! roadb$s4 ,! fact t o!r ties are n[ be+ us$ emphasizes ! fact t we are %ort on oak timb] 9 ! sections :]e ?is h>dwood =m]ly 0 common4 ,! furniture indu/ry uses h>dwoods ( sup]ior grade & quality4 ,! factories ( ?is indu/ry h mov$ f region to region z ! supply ( h>dwoods became deplet$4 ,orig9ally1 ^! factories 7 locat$ 9 ! ,nor!a/]n ,/ates4 ,!n1 z ! supplies ( h>dwood timb] 9 ^? sections gave out1 !y mov$ we/w>d4 ,!y rema9$ ne> ! ,corn ,belt until ! virg9 h>dwood =e/s ( ! ,middle ,we/ 7 practically exhau/$4 ,! furniture indu/ry is n[ l>gely dep5d5t on :at h>dwoods are left 9 ! remote sections ( ! ,s\!rn ,appala*ians & ! l[] ,mississippi ,valley4 ,:5 ^! limit$ supplies are us$ up1 !re w be v little m old-gr[? timb] 9 ! c\ntry = !m to use4 ,! furniture1 v5e]1 h&le1 vehicle1 automobile & agricultural implem5t indu/ries all are 9 competition = h>dwood timb]4 ,! furniture indu/ry uses #a1bej1jjj1jjj feet ( high-grade h>dwood lumb] annually4 ,production ( timb] ( ?is type = furniture has decreas$ z mu* z #ej p] c5t4 dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s4 ,x is n[ difficult = ! furniture factories & v5e] plants to secure en\gh raw mat]ials4 ,facilities = dry+ ! gre5 lumb] artificially are few4 ,x us$ to be t ! h>dwood lumb] 0 season$ = six to n9e mon?s be=e be+ sold4 ,furniture deal]s n[ h to buy ! mat]ial gre5 f ! sawmills4 ,competition has become s ke5 t buy]s pay high prices4 ,!y mu/ h ! mat]ial to keep _! plants runn+ & to supply _! trade4 ,! v5e] indu/ry provides furniture manufactur]s1 musical in/rum5t factories1 box mak]s & ! automobile indu/ry ) high-grade mat]ial4 ,! indu/ry uses annually #ghj1jjj1jjj bo>d feet ( fir/ quality h>dwood cut f virg9 /&s ( timb]4 ,r$ gum & :ite oak are ! h>dwoods mo/ 9 dem&4 ,9 ! ,lake ,/ates1 a bran* ( ! v5e] indu/ry :i* uses maple1 bir* & basswood is locat$4 ,oak =m]ly 0 ! mo/ important wood us$4 ,n[ r$ gum has replac$ ! oak1 z ! supplies ( ! latt] timb] h dw9dl$4 ,at pres5t !re is less ?an "o-f\r? ( a normal supply ( v5e] timb] 9 sight4 ,ev5 ! supplies 9 ! f>m]s' woodl&s are be+ deplet$4 ,! indu/ry is n[ l>gely dep5d5t on ! timb] ( ! s\!rn ,mississippi ,valley4 ,! v5e] indu/ry requires be/-grade mat]ial4 ,cle> logs are dem&$ t are at lea/ #af in*es 9 diamet] at ! small end4 ,x is gett+ h>d] e ye> to secure su* logs4 ,l ! furniture indu/ry1 ! v5e] mills lack adequate supplies ( good timb]4 ,no satisfactory sub/itutes = ! hickory & a% us$ 9 ! h&le indu/ry h yet be5 f\nd4 ,ab\t ! only /ocks ( ^! timb]s n[ left are 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,ev5 9 ^? p>ts ! supplies are gett+ %ort & x is necess>y to cut timb] 9 ! m remote sections di/ant f ! railroad4 ,! a% %ortage is ev5 m s]i\s ?an t ( hickory timb]4 ,! supplies ( a% 9 ! ,middle ,we/ ,/ates nor? ( ! ,ohio ,riv] are practically exhau/$4 ,! dem& = a% & hickory h&les is l>g] ev5 ?an be=e ! ,_w ,w>4 ,! entire _w dep5ds on ! ,unit$ ,/ates = h&les made f ^! woods4 ,h&le deal]s are n[ will+ to pay high prices = a% & hickory timb]4 ,"s ( !m prep>$ = ! %ortage by buy+ tracts ( h>dwood timb]4 ,:5 ^! res]ves are cut ov]1 ^! deal]s w be 9 ! same position z ! re/ ( ! trade4 ,a% & hickory are 9 dem& also by ! vehicle & agricultural implem5t indu/ries4 ,!y also use consid]able oak & compete ) ! furniture indu/ry to secure :at !y ne$ ( ?is timb]4 ,mo/ ( ^! plants are locat$ 9 ! ,middle ,we/ b !y draw _! timb] *iefly f ! ,s\?4 ,hickory is a necess>y wood to ! vehicle indu/ry = use 9 spokes & :eels4 ,! factories ex]t e ef=t to secure adequate supplies ( timb] f ! f>m woodl&s1 sawmills & logg+ camps4 ,! automobile indu/ry n[ uses consid]able hickory 9 ! :eels & spokes ( motor c>s4 ,mo/ ( ! /ock us$ by ! vehicle indu/ry is pur*as$ gre54 ,nei!r ! lumb] nor vehicle indu/ry is equipp$ ) en\gh kilns = cur+ ?is gre5 mat]ial4 ,! losses 9 work+ & manufactur+ are heavy1 runn+ z high z #dj p] c5t4 ,_m sub/itutes = a%1 oak & hickory h be5 tri$ b !y h fail$ to prove satisfactory4 ,on acc\nt ( ! %ortage & ! high prices ( hickory1 vehicle factories are us+ /eel 9 place ( hickory :]ev] possible4 ,/eel is m exp5sive b x c always be secur$ 9 quantity :5 ne$$4 ,fur!rmore1 x is durable & v /rong4 ,?us we see t our res\rces ( useful s(t woods & h>d woods h bo? be5 s dim9i%$ t prompt re=e/ation ( ^! species is an urg5t necessity4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,greate/ ,,enemy ,,( ,,! ,,=e/--,,fire ,our =e/s are expos$ to de/ruction by _m enemies1 ! wor/ ( :i* is fire4 ,f #h1jjj1jjj to #ab1jjj1jjj acres ( =e/ l&s annually are burn$ ov] by de/ructive fires4 ,^! fires are />t$ 9 _m diff]5t ways4 ,!y may be caus$ by sp>ks or hot a%es f a locomotive4 ,lightn+ /rikes 9 _m =e/s e summ]1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 & ignites _m trees4 ,9 ! ,s\? p sometimes set fires 9 ord] to improve ! graz+4 ,settl]s & f>m]s :o are cle>+ l& (t5 />t big bru% fires t get out ( _! control4 ,camp]s1 t\ri/s1 hunt]s1 & fi%]m5 are responsible = _m =e/ fires by neglect+ to ext+ui% _! campfires4 ,sp>ks f logg+ eng9es also cause fires4 ,cig> & cig>ette /ubs & burn+ mat*es c>elessly ?r[n aside />t _m =e/ fires4 ,occasionally fires are also malici\sly set by evil-m9d$ p4 ,! (fic]s ( ! ,national ,=e/s 9 ! ,we/ h become v exp]t 9 runn+ d[n ! p :o set inc5di>y fires4 ,!y collect evid5ce at ! sc5e ( ! fire1 su* z pieces ( lett]s & envelopes1 mat*es1 lo/ h&k]*iefs & simil> articles4 ,!y hunt = foot tracks & ho( m>ks4 ,!y /udy automobile tire tracks4 ,!y make pla/] ( ,p>is impressions ( ^! tracks4 ,!y foll[ ! tracks--sometimes ,indian fa%ion4 ,(t5 !re are peculi>ities ab\t ! tracks :i* lead to ! detection & puni%m5t ( ! culprits4 ,a horse may be %od 9 an unusual mann]2 a man may h peculi> hob nails or rubb] heels on 8 boots or else 8 footpr9ts may %[ "s de=mity4 ,! =e/ rang]s play ! p>ts ( detectives v well4 ,?is novel police "w has greatly r$uc$ ! numb] ( inc5di>y fires4 ,illu/ration3 ,,=e/ ,,fires ,,de/roy ,,millions ,,( ,,doll>s ,,wor? ,,( ,,timb] ,,e ,,ye> ,a =e/ fire may de/roy 9 a few h\rs trees t requir$ hundr$s ( ye>s to gr[4 ,a heavy /& ( timb] may be r$uc$ to a desolate wa/e because "s "o =got to put out a campfire4 ,occasionally l>ge =e/ fires burn f>m build+s & homes & kill hundr$s ( p4 ,dur+ ! dry summ] season :5 a /rong w9d is bl[+1 ! fire w run = _m miles4 ,x always leaves woe & desolation 9 its wake4 ,a mammo? =e/ fire 9 ,wiscons9 _m ye>s ago burn$ ov] an area ( two ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,x kill$ ab\t f\rte5 hundr$ p & de/roy$ _m millions ( doll>s wor? ( timb] & o!r prop]ty4 ,a big =e/ fire 9 ,mi*igan laid wa/e a tract =ty miles wide & "o hundr$ & eighty miles long4 ,m ?an f\r billion feet ( lumb]1 wor? #aj1jjj1jjj1 0 de/roy$ & sev]al hundr$ p lo/ _! lives4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 a de/ructive =e/ fire 9 ,m9nesota caus$ a loss ( #be1jjj1jjj wor? ( timb] & prop]ty4 ,!re are sev]al diff]5t k9ds ( =e/ fires4 ,"s burn unse5 two to f\r feet b5ea? ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,:]e ! soil conta9s mu* peat1 ^! fires may p]si/ = weeks or ev5 mon?s4 ,sometimes1 !y d n give (f any noticeable smoke4 ,_! fuel is ! decay+ wood1 tree roots & simil> mat]ial 9 ! soil4 ,^! und]gr\nd fires c be /opp$ only by flood+ ! area or by digg+ tr5*es d[n to ! m9]al soil4 ,! mo/ effectual way to fight light surface fires is to ?r[ s& or e>? on ! flames4 ,:]e ! fire has n made mu* headway1 ! flames c sometimes be beat5 out ) gre5 bran*es1 wet gunny sacks or blankets4 ,! leaves & debris may be rak$ away 9 a pa? s z to imp$e _! advance4 ,usually 9 ! h>dwood =e/s1 !re is n mu* cov]1 su* z dry leaves1 on ! gr\nd4 ,fires 9 ^! =e/s de/roy ! se$l+s & sapl+s1 b d n usually kill ! mature trees4 ,h[ev]1 !y damage ! base ( ! trees & make x easy = fungi & insects to ent]4 ,!y also burn ! top soil & r$uce ! wat]-absorb+ p[]s ( ! =e/ floor4 ,9 ?ick1 d5se ev]gre5 =e/s :]e ! c>pet is heavy1 fires are mu* m s]i\s4 ,!y frequ5tly kill ! /&+ trees1 burn+ trunks & bran*es & ev5 foll[+ ! roots deep into ! gr\nd4 ,dead /&+ trees & logs aid fires ( ?is k9d4 ,! w9d sweeps pieces ( burn+ b>k or rott5 wood great di/ances to k9dle new fires4 ,:5 !y fall1 dead trees scatt] sp>ks & emb]s ov] a wide belt4 ,fires also run along ! tops ( ! conif]\s trees high above ! gr\nd4 ,^! are call$ cr[n-fires & are v difficult to control4 ,! w9d plays a big "p 9 ! int5sity ( a =e/ fire4 ,if ! fire c be turn$ s t x w run into ! w9d1 x c be put out m easily4 ,fires t h ! w9d back ( !m & pl5ty ( dry fuel ahead1 spe$ on _! way ( de/ruction at a velocity ( #e to #aj miles an h\r1 or m4 ,!y usually de/roy ev]y?+ 9 _! c\rse t w burn1 & wa/e great am\nts ( valuable timb]4 ,wild animals1 9 panic1 run toge!r be=e ! flames4 ,settl]s & f>m]s ) _! families flee4 ,_m are ov]tak5 9 ! mad flight & p]i%4 ,! fi]ce fires ( ?is type c be /opp$ only by heavy ra91 a *ange ( w9d1 or by b>ri]s :i* provide no fuel & ?us *oke out ! flames4 ,l>ge fires are sometimes controll$ by back-fir+4 ,a back-fire is a second fire built & s direct$ z to run aga9/ ! w9d & t[>d ! ma9 fire4 ,:5 ! two fires meet1 bo? w g out on acc\nt ( lack ( fuel4 ,:5 prop]ly us$ by exp]i5c$ p]sons1 back-fires are v effectual4 ,9 inexp]i5c$ h&s !y are dang]\s1 z ! w9d may *ange sudd5ly or !y may be light$ too soon4 ,9 su* cases !y (t5 become z great a m5ace z ! ma9 fire4 ,ano!r practical sy/em ( fight+ fires is to make fire l9es ar\nd ! burn+ area4 ,^! fire l9es or lanes z !y are sometimes call$1 are /ret*es ( l& f :i* all trees & %rubs h be5 remov$4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! l9es a n>r[ tr5* is dug to m9]al soil or ! l9es are pl[$ or burn$ ov] s t !y are b>e ( fuel4 ,su* l9es also are ( value ar\nd woods & gra9 fields to keep ! fire out4 ,!y are commonly us$ along railroad tracks :]e locomotive sp>ks are a con/ant s\rce ( fire dang]s4 ,our =e/s1 on acc\nt ( _! great size & ! relatively small man =ce :i* gu>ds !m1 are m expos$ to fire dang]s ?an any o!r woodl&s 9 ! _w4 ,! scant ra9fall ( _m ( ! we/]n /ates :]e great unbrok5 areas ( =e/ are locat$ increases ! fire damages4 ,! fact t ! we/]n c\ntry 9 _m sections is sp>sely settl$ favors de/ruction by =e/ fires4 ,! preval5ce ( lightn+ 9 ! m\nta9s dur+ ! summ] adds f>!r to ! dang]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important tasks ( ! rang]s 9 ! ,f$]al =e/s is to prev5t =e/ fires4 ,dur+ ! fire season1 extra =e/ gu>ds are kept busy hunt+ = signs ( smoke ?r\gh\t ! =e/s4 ,! look\ts 9 _! high t[]s1 :i* ov]look l>ge areas ( =e/1 wat* con/antly = smoke1 & z soon z !y locate signs ( fire !y notify ! sup]visor ( ! =e/4 ,look\ts use special sci5tific in/rum5ts :i* enable !m to locate ! position ( ! fires f ! smoke4 ,at ! sup]visor's headqu>t]s & ! rang] /ations scatt]$ ?r\gh ! =e/s1 equipm5t1 horses & automobiles are kept ready = in/ant use :5 a fire is report$4 ,telephone l9es & radio sets are us$ to spread ! news ab\t fires t h brok5 out4 ,f five ?\s& to six ?\s& =e/ fires occur ea* ye> 9 ! ,national ,=e/s ( our c\ntry4 ,to %[ h[ effici5t ! =e/ rang]s are 9 fight+ fires1 x is wor?y ( note t by _! prompt actions1 #hj p] c5t4 ( ^! fires are conf9$ to areas ( less ?an t5 acres ea*1 :ile only #bj p] c5t4 spread ov] areas l>g] ?an t5 acres4 ,lightn+ causes f #be to #cj p] c5t4 ( ! fires4 ,! rema9+ #gj or #ge p] c5t4 are class$ z man-caus$ fires1 :i* are set by camp]s1 smok]s1 railroads1 bru% burn]s1 sawmills & inc5di>ies4 ,! total annual loss f =e/ fires 9 ! ,f$]al =e/s v>ies f a few hundr$ ?\s&s ( doll>s 9 favorable ye>s to sev]al million 9 p>ticul>ly bad fire seasons4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 due to effici5t fire-fight+ me?ods1 ! annual losses h be5 /eadily r$uc$4 ,! be/ way ( fight+ =e/ fires is to prev5t !m4 ,! =e/ (fic]s d _! be/ to r$uce ! *ances = fire outbreak 9 ! ,gov]nm5t woodl&s4 ,!y give away mu* dead timb] t ei!r has fall5 or /ill is /&+4 ,lumb]m5 :o hold contracts to cut timb] 9 ! ,national ,=e/ are requir$ to pile & burn all ! sla%+s4 ,dry grass is a s]i\s fire m5ace4 ,t is :y graz+ is enc\rag$ 9 ! =e/s4 ,rang]s patrol ! pr9cipal automobile roads to see t c>eless camp]s & t\ri/s h n left burn+ campfires4 ,railroads are requir$ to equip _! locomotives ) sp>k-arre/]s4 ,!y also are oblig$ to keep _! rights ( way free ( mat]ial :i* burns readily4 ,sp>k-arre/]s are requir$ also on logg+ eng9es4 ,! ,national & ,/ate ,=e/s are po/$ ) signs & notices ask+ ! camp]s & t\ri/s to be c>eful ) campfires1 tobacco & mat*es4 ,adv]tisem5ts are run 9 newspap]s1 w>n+ p to be c>eful s z n to set fire to ! =e/s4 ,exhibits are made at fairs1 %[s1 community meet+s & simil> ga!r+s1 %[+ ! dang]s f =e/ fires & h[ ^! de/ructive conflagrations may be controll$4 ,e possible means is us$ to tea* ! public to respect & protect ! =e/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,black5$ ,,ru9s ,,( ,a ,,fire-,,swept ,,=e/ ,= _m ye>s1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,=e/ ,s]vice & ,/ate ,=e/ry ,dep>tm5ts h be5 keep+ a record ( =e/ fires & _! causes4 ,/udies h be5 made ( ! l5g? & "* ( ea* fire season4 ,in=mation has be5 ga!r$ conc]n+ ! p>ts ( ! =e/ :]e lightn+ is mo/ likely to /rike or :]e campfires are likely to be left by t\ri/s4 ,! spots or zones ( greate/ fire dang] are locat$ 9 ?is way & m =e/ gu>ds are plac$ 9 ^! areas dur+ ! dang]\s fire season4 ,c>eful surveys ( ?is k9d are aid+ greatly 9 r$uc+ ! numb] ( =e/ fires4 ,9 try+ to get all possible in=mation ab\t future wea!r conditions1 ! ,=e/ry ,dep>tm5ts cop]ate ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau4 ,:5 ! exp]ts pr$ict t long p]iods ( dry wea!r or dang]\s /orms are approa*+1 ! =e/ rang]s are especially wat*ful1 z dur+ su* times1 ! m5ace to ! woods is greate/4 ,! rang]s also h big fire maps :i* !y hang 9 _! cab9s4 ,^! maps %[ ! location ( dang]\s fire areas1 roads1 trails1 look\t-po/s1 cities1 t[ns & ran*es1 sawmills1 logg+ camps1 telephone l9es1 fire tool boxes & o!r data ( value to fire fight]s4 ,all ?is in=mation is s arrang$ z to be readily available 9 "t ( ne$4 ,x %[s :]e em]g5cy fire fight]s1 tools & food supplies c be secur$1 & h[ be/ to attack a fire 9 any c]ta9 di/rict4 ,a detail$ plan = fight+ =e/ fires is also prep>$ & kept on file at e rang] /ation4 ,! foll[+ are six rules :i*1 if put 9 practice1 w help prev5t outbreaks ( fires3 #a4 ,mat*es4--,be sure y\r mat* is out4 ,break x 9 two be=e y ?r[ x away4 #b4 ,tobacco4--,?r[ pipe a%es & cig> or cig>ette /ubs 9 ! du/ ( ! road & /amp or p9* out ! fire be=e leav+ !m4 ,don't ?r[ !m into ! bru%1 leaves or ne$les4 #c4 ,mak+ camp4--,build a small campfire4 ,build x 9 ! op51 n aga9/ a tree or log1 or ne> bru%4 ,scrape away ! tra% f all ar\nd x4 #d4 ,leav+ camp4--,nev] leave a campfire1 ev5 = a %ort "t1 )\t qu5*+ x ) wat] or e>?4 ,be sure x is ,,out4 #e4 ,bonfires4--,nev] build bonfires 9 w9dy wea!r or :]e !re is ! slighte/ dang] ( _! escap+ f control4 ,don't make !m l>g] ?an y ne$4 #f4 ,fight+ fires4--,if y f9d a fire1 try to put x out4 ,if y c't1 get ^w ( x to ! ne>e/ ,unit$ ,/ates =e/ rang] or ,/ate fire w>d5 at once4 ,rememb] m9utes c\nt 9 report+ =e/ fires4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,insects ,,& ,,diseases ,,t ,,de/roy ,,=e/s ,=e/ insects & tree diseases occasion heavy losses ea* ye> among ! /&+ m>ketable trees4 ,insects cause a total loss ( m ?an #ajj1jjj1jjj annually to ! =e/ products ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a great numb] ( de/ructive insects are con/antly at "w 9 ! =e/s injur+ or kill+ live trees or else attack+ dead timb]4 ,=e/ weevils kill tree se$s & de/roy ! "y %oots on trees4 ,b>k & timb] beetles bore into & girdle trees & de/roy ! wood4 ,_m bor]s & timb] worms infe/ logs & lumb] aft] !y are cut & be=e !y are remov$ f ! =e/4 ,?is scatt]$ "w ( ! insects "h1 !re1 & ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! =e/s causes great damage4 ,diff]5t k9ds ( flies & mo?s deposit _! eggs on ! leaves ( ! trees4 ,aft] ! eggs hat*1 ! baby cat]pill>s fe$ on ! t5d]1 juicy leaves4 ,"s ( ! bugs de/roy all ! leaves & ?us remove an important means :i* ! tree has ( gett+ food & dr9k4 ,wire worms attack ! roots ( ! tree4 ,leaf hopp]s suck on ! sap supply ( ! leaves4 ,leaf roll]s cause ! leaves to curl up & die4 ,trees injur$ by fire fall easy prey be=e ! attacks ( =e/ insects4 ,x takes a heal?y1 /urdy tree to escape injury by ^! pirates ( ! =e/s4 ,!re are m ?an five hundr$ insects t attack oak trees & at lea/ two hundr$ & fifty diff]5t species t c>ry on de/ruction among ! p9es4 ,insect pe/s h work$ s actively t _m =e/s h lo/ practically all _! be/ trees ( c]ta9 species4 ,quantities ( ! l>ge/ spruce trees 9 ! ,adirondacks h be5 kill$ (f by b>k beetles4 ,! saw-fly worm has kill$ (f mo/ ( ! mature l>*es 9 ^! ea/]n =e/s4 ,z !y travel ov] ! ,national & ,/ate ,=e/s1 ! rang]s are always on ! wat* = signs ( tree infection4 ,:5ev] !y notice r$-br[n masses ( pit* & sawdu/ on ! b>k ( ! trees1 !y "k t insects are busy !re4 ,:]e ! ne$les ( a p9e or spruce turn yell[ or r$1 ! pres5ce ( b>k beetles is %[n4 ,signs ( pit* on ! b>k ( conif]\s trees are ! fir/ symptoms ( infection4 ,^! beetles bore ?r\gh ! b>k & into ! wood4 ,!re !y lay eggs4 ,! p>5t beetles soon die b _! *ildr5 cont9ue ! "w ( burr[+ 9 ! wood4 ,f9ally1 !y kill ! tree by mak+ a complete cut ar\nd ! trunk ?r\gh ! lay]s ( wood t act z wait]s to c>ry ! food f ! roots to ! trunk1 bran*es & leaves4 ,! next spr+ ^! "y develop into full-gr[n beetles1 & come out f ! diseas$ tree4 ,!y !n attack new trees4 ,:5 ! =e/ rang]s f9d evid5ces ( s]i\s infection1 !y cut d[n ! diseas$ trees4 ,!y /rip ! b>k f ! trunk & bran*es & burn x 9 ! fall or w9t] :5 ! beetles are work+ 9 ! b>k & c be de/roy$ mo/ easily4 ,if ! infection ( trees ext5ds ov] a l>ge tract1 & !re is a ne>by m>ket = ! lumb] ! timb] is sold z soon z possible4 ,trap trees are also us$ 9 controll+ c]ta9 species ( injuri\s =e/ insects4 ,c]ta9 trees are girdl$ ) an ax s t !y w become weak5$ or die1 & ?us provide easy means ( entrance = ! insects4 ,! beetles sw>m to su* trees 9 great numb]s4 ,:5 ! tree is full ( insects1 x is cut d[n & burn$4 ,9 ?is way1 infections :i* are n too sev]e c (t5 be rem$i$4 ,! b>k-bor+ beetles are ! mo/ de/ructive insects t attack our =e/s4 ,!y h wa/$ enorm\s tracts ( p9e timb] ?r\gh\t ! s\!rn /ates4 ,! ea/]n spruce beetle has de/roy$ c\ntless feet ( spruce4 ,! ,engelmann spruce beetle has deva/at$ _m =e/s ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,! ,black ,hills beetle has kill$ billions ( feet ( m>ketable timb] 9 ! ,black ,hills ( ,s\? ,dakota4 ,! hickory b>k beetle1 ! ,d\glas fir beetle & ! l>* worm h be5 v de/ructive4 ,=e/ fungi cause mo/ ( ! =e/ tree diseases4 ,a tree disease is any condition t prev5ts ! tree f gr[+ & develop+ 9 a normal1 heal?y mann]4 ,acid fumes f smelt]s1 fro/1 sunscald1 dry or extremely wet wea!r1 all limit ! gr[? ( trees4 ,leaf diseases less5 ! food supplies ( ! trees4 ,b>k diseases prev5t ! movem5t ( ! food supplies4 ,sapwood ailm5ts cut (f ! wat] supply t rises f ! roots4 ,se$ & fl[] diseases prev5t ! trees f produc+ m ( _! k9d4 ,mo/ ( ! tree p>asites c ga9 entrance to ! trees only ?r\gh knots & w\nds4 ,infection usually occurs ?r\gh w\nds 9 ! tree trunk or bran*es caus$ by lightn+1 fire1 or by m5 or animals4 ,! cone-be>+ trees give (f pit* to cov] su* w\nds4 ,9 ?is way !y protect ! injuries aga9/ disease infection4 ,! h>dwood trees are unable to protect _! w\nds z effectively z ! ev]gre5s4 ,:]e ! w\nd is l>ge1 ! expos$ sapwood dies1 dries out1 & cracks4 ,! fungi ent] ^! cracks & "w _! way to ! he>twood4 ,_m ( ! fungi _c live unless !y rea* ! he>twood ( ! tree4 ,fires w\nd ! base & trunks ( =e/ trees sev]ely s t !y are expos$ to s]i\s de/ruction by he>trot4 ,=e/]s try to locate & dispose ( all ! diseas$ trees 9 ! ,/ate & ,gov]nm5t =e/s4 ,!y /rive to remove all ! s\rces ( tree disease f ! woods4 ,!y c gr[ heal?y trees if all disease g]ms are kept away f ! timb]l&s4 ,"s tree diseases h become e/abli%$ s /rongly 9 =e/ regions t x is almo/ impossible to drive !m out4 ,= example1 *e/nut blight is a fung\s disease t is kill+ _m ( our mo/ valuable *e/nut trees4 ,! fungi ( ?is disease worm _! way ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! b>k ( ! trees1 & spread ar\nd ! trunk4 ,diseas$ pat*es or cank]s =m on ! limbs or trunk ( ! tree4 ,aft] ! cank] =ms on ! trunk1 ! tree soon dies4 ,*e/nut blight has kill$ mo/ ( ! *e/nut trees 9 ,new ,york & ,p5nsylvania4 ,x is n[ active 9 ,virg9ia & ,we/ ,virg9ia & is work+ its way d[n into ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,a ,,virg9 ,,=e/ ,diseas$ trees are a m5ace to ! =e/4 ,!y rob ! heal?y trees ( space1 light & food4 ,t is :y x is necess>y to remove !m z soon z !y are discov]$4 ,9 ! small] & old] =e/s ( ,europe1 tree surg]y & doctor+ are practis$ widely4 ,w\nds are treat$ & cur$ & ! trees are prun$ & spray$ at regul> int]vals4 ,9 our ext5sive woods su* practices are too exp5sive4 ,all ! =e/]s c d is to cut d[n ! sick trees 9 ord] to save ! ones t are s\nd4 ,!re is a big diff]5ce betwe5 tree damages caus$ by =e/ insects & ^? caus$ by =e/ fungi & mi/letoe4 ,! insects are always pres5t 9 ! =e/4 ,h[ev]1 x is only occasionally t !y conc5trate & "w great injury & damage 9 any "o section4 ,at r>e int]vals1 "s v de/ructive insects may c5tre _! "w 9 "o di/rict4 ,!y w kill a l>ge numb] ( trees 9 a %ort "t4 ,!y cont9ue _! de/ruction until "s natural ag5cy puts !m to flight4 ,! fungi1 on ! o!r h&1 develop sl[ly & "w ov] long p]iods4 ,sudd5 outbreaks ( fung\s diseases are unusual4 ,heavy sn[s1 lightn+ & w9d /orms also lay l[ _m ( ! tree giants ( ! =e/4 ,heavy falls ( sn[ may weigh d[n ! "y1 tall trees to su* an ext5t t !y break4 ,lightn+--x is wor/ 9 ! hills & m\nta9s ( ! we/]n /ates--may /rike & damage a numb] ( trees 9 ! same vic9ity4 ,if ^! trees are n kill$ outright1 !y are usually damag$ s badly t =e/ insects & fungi complete _! de/ruction4 ,big trees are sometimes uproot$ dur+ =e/ /orms s t !y fall on y\ng] trees & cripple & de=m !m4 ,w9ds b5efit ! =e/s 9 t !y bl[ d[n old trees t are no long] ( mu* use & provide space = y\ng] & heal?i] trees to gr[4 ,usually ! trees t are bl[n d[n h %all[ roots or else are situat$ 9 m>%y1 wet spots s t _! root-hold 9 ! soil is n secure4 ,trees t h be5 expos$ to fire are (t5 weak5$ & bl[n d[n easily4 ,:]e excessive live/ock graz+ is p]mitt$ 9 "y =e/s consid]able damage may result4 ,goats1 cattle & %eep injure "y se$l+s by br[s+4 ,!y eat ! t5d] %oots ( ! trees4 ,! trampl+ ( %eep1 especially on /eep hills1 damages ! v "y trees4 ,on m\nta9 sides ! trampl+ ( %eep frequ5tly breaks up ! =e/ floor ( sponge-l grass & debris & ?us aids fre%ets & floods4 ,9 ! ,alps ( ,france %eep graz+ de/roy$ ! m\nta9 =e/s &1 lat] on1 ! grass :i* replac$ ! woods4 ,de/ructive floods result$4 ,x has co/ ! ,fr5* p _m millions ( doll>s to repair ! damage done by ! %eep4 ,! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t does its be/ to keep =eign tree diseases out ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,z soon z any s]i\s disease is discov]$ 9 =eign c\ntries ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture puts 9 =ce a qu>ant9e aga9/ t c\ntry4 ,no se$ or tree /ock c be import$4 ,fur!rmore1 all ! new species ( trees1 cutt+s or plants introduc$ to ?is c\ntry are giv5 ?or\gh exam9ation & inspection by gov]nm5t exp]ts at ! ports :]e ! products are receiv$ f abroad4 ,all diseas$ trees are fumigat$1 or if f\nd diseas$1 de/roy$4 ,9 ?is mann] ! ,gov]nm5t protects our c\ntry aga9/ new diseases :i* might come to our %ores on =eign plants & tree /ock4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,=e/ry ,,idea ,our =e/s ( ! ,new ,_w 7 s abundant :5 ! e>ly settl]s l&$ on ! ,atlantic ,coa/ t x 0 almo/ impossible to f9d en\gh cle>$ l& 9 "o tract to make a #dj-;acre f>m4 ,^! ?ick1 d5se timb]l&s ext5d$ we/w>d to ! prairie c\ntry4 ,x 0 b natural1 !re=e1 t ! =e/ %\ld be consid]$ by ^! pione]s z an ob/acle & view$ z an enemy4 ,f>ms & settlem5ts _h to be hew$ out ( ! timb]l&s1 & ! =e/s seem$ inexhau/ible4 ,exp]ts say t ! orig9al1 virg9 =e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates cov]$ approximately #hbb1jjj1jjj acres4 ,!y are n[ %runk to "o-six? ( t area4 ,at "o "t !y 7 ! ri*e/ =e/s 9 ! _w4 ,today !re are millions ( acres :i* conta9 nei!r timb] nor "y gr[?4 ,consid]able c be re/or$ if ! ess5tial measures are />t$ on a national scale4 ,su* measures w\ld insure an adequate lumb] supply = all "t to come4 ,rules & regulations conc]n+ ! cutt+ ( lumb] & ! misuse ( =e/s 7 sugge/$ z e>ly z ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,plym\? ,colony 9 #afbf pass$ an ord9ance prohibit+ ! cutt+ ( timb] f ! ,colony l&s )\t (ficial cons5t4 ,?is is said to be ! fir/ cons]vation law pass$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,william ,p5n 0 "o ( ! e>ly *ampions ( ! ,woodman1 sp>e t tree slogan4 ,he ord]$ 8 coloni/s to leave "o acre ( =e/ = e five acres ( l& t 7 cle>$4 ,9 #agii ,congress set aside #bjj1jjj = ! pur*ase ( a small =e/ res]ve to be us$ z a supply s\rce ( %ip timb]s = ! ,navy4 ,ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s lat]1 x gave ! ,presid5t ! p[] to call ^u ! ,army & ,navy :5ev] necess>y to protect ! live oak & r$ c$> timb] s select$ 9 ,florida4 ,9 #ahbg1 ! ,gov]nm5t />t$ its fir/ "w 9 =e/ry4 ,x 0 an attempt to raise live oak 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates to provide %ip timb]s = ! ,navy4 ,=ty ye>s lat]1 ! ,wiscons9 ,/ate ,legislature began to inve/igate ! de/ruction ( ! =e/s ( t /ate 9 ord] to protect !m & prolong _! life4 ,mi*igan & ,ma9e1 9 turn1 foll[$ suit4 ,^! 7 "s ( ! fir/ /eps tak5 to /udy our =e/s & protect !m aga9/ possible ext9ction4 ,! purpose ( ! ,timb] ,culture ,act pass$ by ,congress 9 #ahgc 0 to increase national int]e/ 9 re=e/ation4 ,x provid$ t e settl] :o w\ld plant & ma9ta9 #dj acres ( timb] 9 ! treeless sections %\ld be entitl$ to secure pat5t = #afj acres ( ! public doma9--t va/ t]ritory consi/+ ( all ! /ates & t]ritories we/ ( ! ,mississippi1 except ,texas1 z well z ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,ill9ois1 ,mi*igan1 ,wiscons91 ,florida1 ,alabama & ,mississippi4 ,?is act1 z well z sev]al ,/ate laws1 fail$ because ! settl]s did n "k en\gh ab\t tree plant+4 ,! laws also 7 n effective because !y did n prev5t di%one/ practices4 ,9 #ahgf1 ! fir/ special ag5t 9 =e/ry 0 appo9t$ by ! ,commission] ( ,agriculture to /udy ! annual consumption1 exportation & importation ( timb] & o!r =e/ products1 ! probable supply = future wants1 & ! means be/ adapt$ = =e/ pres]vation4 ,five ye>s lat]1 ! ,division ( ,=e/ry 0 organiz$ z a bran* ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,x 0 e/abli%$ 9 ord] to c>ry on inve/igations ab\t =e/ry & h[ to pres]ve our trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cutt+ ,,mature ,,trees ,,& ,,leav+ ,,se$ ,,trees ,,to ,,insure ,a ,,second ,,crop ,= "s n9e ye>s ! ,division ( ,=e/ry 0 no?+ m ?an a dep>tm5t ( in=mation4 ,x di/ribut$ te*nical facts & figures ab\t ! managem5t ( private woodl&s & collect$ data conc]n+ our =e/ res\rces4 ,x did n manage any ( ! ,gov]nm5t timb]l&s because !re 7 no =e/ res]ves at t "t4 ,x 0 n until #ahia t ! fir/ =e/ res]ve1 ! ,yell[/one ,p>k ,timb]l& ,res]ve1 0 creat$ by special proclamation ( ,presid5t ,h>rison4 ,lat] x became "p ( ! ,national ,p>k res]ves4 ,al?\gh ! ,division ( ,=e/ry _h no special p[]s to ov]see & direct ! managem5t ( ! =e/ res]ves1 dur+ ! next six ye>s a total ( #dj1jjj1jjj acres ( valuable timb]l& 7 s designat$ & set aside4 ,at ! reque/ ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior1 ! ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces !re=e work$ out a basis = laws gov]n+ national =e/s4 ,congress enact$ ?is law 9 #ahig4 ,!reaft] ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior _h active *>ge ( ! timb]l&s4 ,at t "t little 0 kn[n sci5tifically ab\t ! ,am]ican =e/s4 ,!re 7 no s*ools ( =e/ry 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,dur+ ! p]iod #ahih-aijc1 sev]al su* s*ools 7 e/abli%$4 ,presid5t ,mc,kinley1 dur+ 8 t]m ( (fice1 increas$ ! numb] ( =e/ res]ves f #bh to ov] #dj1 cov]+ a total area ( #cj1jjj1jjj acres4 ,presid5t ,roosevelt add$ _m millions ( acres to ! =e/ res]ves1 br++ ! net total to m ?an #aej1jjj1jjj acres1 includ+ #aei diff]5t =e/s4 ,9 #aije1 ! adm9i/ration ( ! =e/ res]ves 0 transf]r$ f ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 & _! "n *ang$ to ,national ,=e/s4 ,no great additions to ! gov]nm5t timb]l&s h be5 made s9ce t "t4 ,small1 valuable areas h be5 add$4 ,o!r undesirable tracts h be5 cut (f f ! orig9al res]ves4 ,! gr[? ( ! ,division ( ,=e/ry1 n[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,=e/ ,s]vice1 has be5 v rem>kable s9ce #ahih1 :5 x consi/$ ( only a few sci5tific work]s & cl]ks4 ,at pres5t x employs m ?an #b1fjj work]s1 :i* numb] is increas$ dur+ ! dang]\s fire season to f #d1jjj to #e1jjj employees4 ,! annual appropriations h be5 increas$ f #bh1ejj to approximately #f1ejj1jjj4 ,! annual income f ,uncle ,sam's woodl&s is also on ! ga9 & n[ am\nts to ab\t #e1jjj1jjj ye>ly4 ,?is income results l>gely f ! sale ( timb] & ! graz+ ( live/ock on ! ,national ,=e/s4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,our ,,national ,,=e/s ,our ,national ,=e/s include #adg di/9ct & sep>ate bodies ( timb] 9 tw5ty-sev5 diff]5t /ates & 9 ,alaska & ,porto ,rico4 ,!y cov] m ?an #aef1jjj1jjj acres4 ,if !y c\ld be mass$ toge!r 9 "o huge area l ! /ate ( ,texas1 x w\ld make easi] ! task ( h&l+ ! =e/s & fight+ fires4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,=e/ ,s]vice1 :i* has *>ge ( _! managem5t & protection1 is "o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ effici5t organizations ( its k9d 9 ! _w4 ,x employs exp]t =e/]s1 sci5ti/s1 rang]s & cl]ks4 ,! bus9ess ( runn+ ! =e/ is c5tr$ 9 eight di/rict (fices locat$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry ) a g5]al headqu>t]s at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,^! di/ricts are 9 *>ge ( di/rict =e/]s & _! assi/ants4 ,! di/rict headqu>t]s & ! ,/ates t !y look aft] are3 ,no4 #a4 ,nor!rn ,di/rict1 ,miss\la1 ,montana4 7,montana1 nor!a/]n ,wa%+ton1 nor!rn ,idaho1 & nor?we/]n ,s\? ,dakota47 ,no4 #b4 ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,di/rict1 ,d5v]1 ,colorado4 7,colorado1 ,wyom+1 ! rema9d] ( ,s\? ,dakota1 ,nebraska1 nor!rn ,mi*igan1 & nor!rn ,m9nesota47 ,no4 #c4 ,s\?we/]n ,di/rict1 ,albuqu]que1 ,new ,mexico4 7,mo/ ( ,arizona & ,new ,mexico47 ,no4 #d4 ,int]m\nta9 ,di/rict1 ,ogd51 ,utah4 7,utah1 s\!rn ,idaho1 we/]n ,wyom+1 ea/]n & c5tral ,nevada1 & nor?we/]n ,arizona47 ,no4 #e4 ,cali=nia ,di/rict1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cali=nia4 7,cali=nia & s\?we/]n ,nevada47 ,no4 #f4 ,nor? ,pacific ,di/rict1 ,portl&1 ,oregon4 7,wa%+ton & ,oregon47 ,no4 #g4 ,ea/]n ,di/rict1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 7,arkansas1 ,alabama1 ,florida1 ,oklahoma1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,georgia1 ,t5nessee1 ,virg9ia1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,ma9e1 & ,porto ,rico47 ,no4 #h4 ,alaska ,di/rict1 ,juneau1 ,alaska4 7,alaska47 ,ea* ( ! ,national ,=e/s is "u ! direct sup]vision ( a =e/ sup]visor & is split up into f #e to #aj or m rang] di/ricts4 ,ea* rang] di/rict is 9 *>ge ( a =e/ rang] :o has an area ( f #ajj1jjj to #bjj1jjj acres 9 8 *>ge4 ,! ,national ,=e/s are1 = ! mo/ "p1 locat$ 9 ! m\nta9\s region ( ! ,we/1 ) small scatt]$ areas 9 ! ,lake ,/ates1 & ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s1 ,s\!rn ,appala*ians & ,oz>ks ( ! ,ea/]n & ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,_m ( !m are a wild]ness ( d5se timb]4 ,x is a huge task to protect ^! =e/s aga9/ ! ravages ( fire4 ,fire fight+ takes prec$5ce ov] all o!r "w 9 ! ,national ,=e/s4 ,look\t /ations are e/abli%$ on high po9ts to wat* = signs ( fire4 ,airplanes are us$ on fire patrol ov] great areas ( =e/4 ,:]e railroads pass ?r\gh ! ,national ,=e/s1 rang]s op]ate motor c>s & h&-c>s ov] ! tracks 9 _! patrol "w4 ,laun*es are us$ 9 ,alaska & on "s ( ! =e/s :]e !re are l>ge lakes1 to enable ! fire fight]s & =e/ gu>dians to cov] _! beats quickly4 ,e ye> ! ,national ,=e/s are be+ improv$ & made m accessible by ! build+ ( p]man5t roads1 trails & telephone l9es4 ,special trails are built to & 9 ! fire protection areas ( remote sections4 ,a network ( good roads is con/ruct$ 9 e =e/ to improve fire fight+ activities z well z to af=d bett] means ( communication betwe5 t[ns1 settlem5ts & f>ms4 ,! road & trail plan foll[$ 9 ! ,national ,=e/s is mapp$ out ye>s 9 advance4 ,9 ! m remote sections1 trails are fir/ con/ruct$4 ,lat]1 ^! trails may be develop$ into wagon or motor roads4 ,congress annually appropriates l>ge sums ( money = ! build+ ( roads 9 ! ,national ,=e/s4 ,ov] #be1jjj miles ( roads & #ce1jjj miles ( trails h already be5 con/ruct$ 9 ^! =e/s4 ,communication ?r\gh\t ! ,national ,=e/s is _h by ! use ( ! telephone & ! radio or wireless telephone4 ,signall+ by means ( ! heliograph is practic$ on bright days 9 regions t h no telephones4 ,arrangem5ts made ) private telephone companies p]mit ! =e/ (fic]s to use _! l9es4 ,! effici5t communication sy/ems aid 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! =e/s & spe$s ! "w ( ga!r+ fire fight]s quickly at ! po9ts :]e smoke is detect$4 ,agricultural & =e/ry exp]ts h survey$ ! l&s 9 ! ,national ,=e/s4 ,?us !y h prev5t$ ! use ( l&s = =e/ry purposes :i* are bett] adapt$ = f>m+4 ,s9ce #aiaj1 m ?an #bf1ejj1jjj acres ( l&s h be5 exclud$ f ! =e/s4 ,^! l&s 7 m useful = f>m+ or graz+ ?an = =e/ry4 ,practically all l&s )9 ! ,national ,=e/s h n[ be5 exam9$ & classifi$4 ,at int]vals ,congress has comb9$ sev]al areas ( =e/ l&s into s+le tracts4 ,gov]nm5t l&s outside ! ,national ,=e/s h also be5 trad$ = /ate or private l&s )9 _! b\nd>ies4 ,?us ! =e/s h be5 l9$-up 9 m compact bodies4 ,c>eful surveys are made be=e su* trades are clos$ to make sure t ! l& giv5 to ,uncle ,sam is valuable = timb] production & ! protection ( /ream fl[1 & t ! ,gov]nm5t receives full value = ! l& t is ex*ang$4 ,! ,national ,=e/s conta9 ne>ly five hundr$ billion bo>d feet ( m]*antable timb]4 ,?is is #bc p] c5t4 ( ! rema9+ timb] 9 ! c\ntry4 ,:5ev] ! trees 9 ! =e/ rea* maturity !y are sold & put to use4 ,all gre5 trees to be cut are select$ by qualifi$ =e/ (fic]s & blaz$ & m>k$ ) a ,u4,s4 ,?is m>k+ is done c>efully s z to protect ! =e/ & insure a future crop ( trees on ! area4 ,timb] is furni%$ at l[ rates to local f>m]s1 settl]s1 & /ockm5 = use 9 mak+ improvem5ts4 ,mu* fire wood & dead & d[n timb] also is giv5 away4 ,! removal ( su* mat]ial less5s ! fire dang] 9 ! =e/4 ,ov] a billion feet ( timb]1 valu$ at m ?an #c1jjj1jjj1 is sold annually f ! ,national ,=e/s4 ,"o g5]ally does n ?9k ( meat1 lea!r & wool z =e/ crops4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,national ,=e/s play an important "p 9 ! we/]n live/ock indu/ry4 ,exp]ts report t ov] "o-fif? ( ! cattle & "o-half ( ! %eep ( ! we/]n /ates are graz$ 9 ! ,national ,=e/s4 ,^! live/ock are e/imat$ to be wor? ne>ly "o-qu>t] billion doll>s4 ,m ?an #i1ejj1jjj head ( live/ock are pa/ur$ annually "u p]mit 9 ! ,f$]al =e/s4 ,9 addition1 "s #d1jjj1jjj to #f1jjj1jjj calves & lambs are graz$ free ( *>ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,se$ ,,b$s ,,9 ,a ,,=e/ ,,nurs]y ,! ranges suitable = /ock graz+ are us$ to pa/ure %eep1 cattle1 horses1 hogs & goats4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture decides :at numb] & :at k9d ( animals %all graze on ea* =e/4 ,he regulates ! graz+ & prev5ts injury to ! ranges f be+ ov]/ock$ ) too _m cattle & %eep4 ,! =e/ ranges are divid$ into graz+ units4 ,g5]ally1 ! cattle & horses are graz$ 9 ! valleys & on ! l[] slopes ( ! m\nta94 ,! %eep & goats are pa/ur$ on ! high m\nta9 sides & 9 ! grassy mead[s at or above timb]l9e4 ,pref]5ces to graze live /ock on ! =e/ ranges are = ! mo/ "p grant$ to /ockm5 :o own improv$ ran* prop]ty & live 9 or ne> "o ( ! ,national ,=e/s4 ,! fee = graz+ on =e/ ranges is bas$ on a ye>long rate ( #a4bj a head ( cattle1 #a4ej = horses1 4#ij = hogs & 4#cj a head = %eep4 ,at times x is necess>y1 = %ort p]iods1 to prohibit graz+ on ! ,gov]nm5t =e/ ranges4 ,= example1 :5 mature timb] has be5 cut f c]ta9 areas1 x is ess5tial t %eep be kept (f su* tracts until ! "y gr[? has made a good />t 9 natural re=e/ation4 ,camp+ gr\nds ne$$ = recreation purposes by ! public are exclud$ f ! graz+ range4 ,if a %ortage ( ! wat] supply ( a neighbor+ t[n or city ?reat5s1 or if floods or erosion become s]i\s due to fire or ov]graz+ ( ! l&1 ! range is clos$ to live-/ock & all[$ to recup]ate4 ,:]e artificial plant+ is practic$1 graz+ is (t5 =bidd5 until ! "y trees get a good />t4 ,! total receipts :i* ,uncle ,sam collects f ! #cj1jjj or m /ockm5 :o graze _! cattle & %eep on ! ,national ,=e/s am\nt to ne>ly #b1ejj1jjj annually4 ,z a result ( ! tea*+s ( ! ,=e/ ,s]vice1 ! /ockm5 are n[ rais+ bett] live/ock4 ,improv$ bre$+ animals are kept 9 ! h]ds & flocks4 ,_m ( ! fat /ock n[ g directly f ! range to ! m>ket4 ,=m]ly1 mo/ ( ! animals _h to be f$ on corn & gra9 9 "s ( ! ,middle ,we/]n ,/ates to fle% !m = m>ket4 ,exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ on :i* h %[n ! advantages ( new fe$+ & h]d+ me?ods4 ,! ran*]s h b&$ toge!r 9 live/ock associations1 :i* cop]ate ) ! ,=e/ ,s]vice 9 manag+ ! =e/ ranges4 ,x co/s ab\t #e to s[ "o acre ( gr\nd to tree se$1 & approximately #aj an acre to set out se$l+ trees4 ,! se$ is obta9$ f ! same locality :]e x is to be plant$4 ,9 _m in/ances1 cones are pur*as$ f settl]s :o make a bus9ess ( ga!r+ !m4 ,! ,f$]al =e/]s dry ^! cones 9 ! sun & ?re% out ! se$1 :i* !y !n fan & clean4 ,if x is desir$ to /ore supplies ( tree se$ f ye> to ye> x is kept 9 sacks or j>s1 9 a cool1 dry place1 protect$ f rats & mice4 ,:]e se$ is s[n directly on ! gr\nd1 poison bait mu/ be scatt]$ ov] ! area 9 ord] to de/roy ! goph]s1 mice & *ipmunks :i* o!rwise w\ld eat ! se$4 ,s[+ se$ broadca/ on unprep>$ l& has usually fail$ unless ! soil & wea!r conditions 7 j "r4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 sett+ out nurs]y se$l+s has giv5 bett] results ?an direct se$+4 ,two m5 c set out betwe5 five hundr$ & "o ?\s& trees a day4 ,! ,national ,=e/s conta9 ab\t "o million acres ( d5ud$ =e/ l&s4 ,mu* ( ?is 0 cut-ov] & s sev]ely burn$ be=e ! creation ( ! =e/s t x be>s no tree gr[?4 ,"s ( ^! l&s w rese$ !mselves naturally :ile o!r areas h to be se$$ or plant$ by h&4 ,9 ?is way ! l&s t w produce pr(itable trees are fitt$ to support =e/ cov]4 ,because ! soils & climate ( our ,national ,=e/s are diff]5t1 special exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ on 9 diff]5t places to decide ! be/ practices to foll[4 ,two me?od ( re=e/ation are commonly practic$4 ,9 "s places1 ! tree se$ is s[n directly ^u ! gr\nd &1 !reaft]1 may or may n be cultivat$4 ,?is me?od is limit$ to ! localities :]e ! soil & moi/ure conditions are favorable = rapid gr[?4 ,"u ! o!r plan1 ! se$l+s are gr[n 9 nurs]ies = sev]al ye>s "u favorable conditions4 ,!y are !n mov$ to ! field & set out 9 p]man5t plantations4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,national ,,=e/s ,,( ,,alaska ,!re are two great ,national ,=e/s 9 ,alaska4 ,!y cov] #bj1egi1gdj acres or ab\t #e-a_/b p] c5t4 ( ! total area ( ,alaska4 ,! l>g] ( ^! woodl&s1 ! ,tongass ,national ,=e/1 is e/imat$ to conta9 #gj1jjj1jjj1jjj bo>d feet ( timb] ripe = m>ket+4 ,/&s ( #ajj1jjj bo>d feet p] acre are n infrequ5t4 ,?is is ! ,alaskan =e/ t w "s day be %ipp+ l>ge am\nts ( timb] to ! ,/ates4 ,x has ov] #ab1jjj miles ( %ore l9e & n9ety p] c5t4 ( ! usable timb] is )9 two miles ( tidewat]4 ,?is makes x easy to log ! timb] & load ! lumb] directly f ! =e/s to ! /eam]s4 ,?is =e/ is #aejj miles clos] to ! ma9l& m>kets ?an is ! o!r ,alaskan ,national ,=e/4 ,9 mo/ ( ! ,national ,=e/s ! rang]s ride ar\nd _! beats on horseback4 ,! =e/]s 9 ! ,tongass use motor boats4 ,!y travel 9 c\ples2 two m5 to a #ce-;foot boat1 :i* is provid$ ) com=table eat+ & sleep+ qu>t]s4 ,! rang]s live on ! boat all ! "t4 ,dur+ ! summ] !y "w sixte5 to tw5ty h\rs daily4 ,! days are long & ! nights %ort1 & !y mu/ travel long di/ances betwe5 po9ts ( "w4 ,on su* runs "o man /e]s ! boat & wat*es ! =e/$ %orel9e = ?ree or f\r h\rs at a "t1 :ile 8 mate reads or sleeps2 !n !y *ange (f4 ,9 ?is way1 !y are able to make ! mo/ effici5t use ( ! long p]iods ( daylight4 ,! o!r big timb]l& 9 ,alaska is ! ,*uga* ,national ,=e/4 ,x is a small] edition ( ! ,tongass ,=e/4 ,its trees are n s l>ge & ! /& ( timb] only ab\t "o-half z heavy z 9 ! ,tongass4 ,exp]ts e/imate t x conta9s #g1jjj1jjj1jjj bo>d feet ( lumb]4 ,we/]n hemlock pr$om9ates4 ,!re is also mu* spruce1 popl> & bir*4 ,/&s ( #dj1jjj to #ej1jjj feet ( lumb] an acre are n unusual4 ,9 ! future1 ! lumb] ( ! ,*uga* ,national ,=e/ w play an important "p 9 ! indu/rial life ( ,alaska4 ,ev5 n[1 x is us$ by ! fi%+1 m9+1 railroad & agricultural int]e/s4 ,on acc\nt ( its great di/ance f ! m>kets ( ! ,pacific ,nor?we/ x w be a long "t be=e lumb] f ?is =e/ w be export$4 ,! timb] 9 ! ,tongass ,national ,=e/ runs #fj p] c5t4 we/]n hemlock & #bj p] c5t4 ,sitka spruce4 ,! o!r #bj p] c5t4 consi/s ( we/]n r$ c$>1 yell[ cypress1 lodge-pole p9e1 cottonwood & :ite fir4 ,! yell[ cypress is v valuable = cab9et mak+4 ,all ^! species except ! c$> are suitable = pulp manufacture4 ,peculi>ly en\gh1 consid]able ( ! lumb] us$ 9 ,alaska = box %ooks 9 ! cann]ies & 9 build+ "w is import$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! local resid5ts d n ?9k _! native timb] is z good z t :i* !y import4 ,alaska w probably develop into "o ( ! pr9cipal pap] s\rces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,our ,national ,=e/s 9 ,alaska conta9 approximately #ajj1jjj1jjj cords ( timb] suitable = pap] manufacture4 ,exp]ts report t ^! =e/s c\ld produce #b1jjj1jjj cords ( pulpwood annually = c5turies )\t depletion4 ,ab\t #f1jjj1jjj tons ( pulpwood annually are n[ requir$ to keep u suppli$ ) en\gh pap]4 ,! ,tongass ,national ,=e/ c\ld easily supply "o-?ird ( ?is am\nt indef9itely4 ,?is =e/ is also ri* 9 wat] p[]4 ,x w\ld take m ?an #bej1jjj horses to produce z mu* p[] z t :i* ! /reams & riv]s ( s\!rn ,alaska supply4 ,! we/]n hemlock & ,sitka spruce are ! be/ = pap] mak+4 ,! spruce trees are g5]ally s\nd & ( good quality4 ,! hemlock trees are n s good1 be+ subject to decay at ! butts4 ,?is (t5 causes flut$ trunks4 ,! butt logs f su* trees usually are inf]ior4 ,?is defect 9 ! hemlock r$uces its m>ket value to ab\t "o-half t ( ! spruce = pap] mak+4 ,"s ( ! pap] mills 9 ,briti% ,columbia are n[ us+ ^! species ( pulpwood & report t !y make high-grade pap]4 ,! pulp logs are float$ d[n to ! pap] mill4 ,9 ! mill ! b>k is remov$ f ! logs4 ,special knives remove all ! knots & cut ! logs into pieces twelve in*es long & six in*es ?ick4 ,^! /icks !n pass into a p[]ful gr9d+ ma*9e :i* te>s !m into small *ips4 ,! *ips are cook$ 9 special /eam]s until !y are s(t4 ,! s(t5$ *ips are beat5 to pieces 9 l>ge vats until !y =m a pa/y pulp4 ,! pulp is spread ov] an endless belt ( wov5 wire clo? ( small me%4 ,! wat] runs (f & leaves a %eet ( wet pulp :i* !n is run betwe5 a l>ge numb] ( heat$ & poli%$ /eel cyl9d]s :i* press & dry ! pulp into %eets ( pap]4 ,f9ally1 x is w\nd into l>ge rolls ready = comm]cial use4 ,if a pulp & pap] indu/ry is built up 9 ,alaska1 x w be ( great b5efit to t nor!rn c\ntry4 ,x w increase ! population by creat+ a dem& = m labor4 ,x w aid ! f>m+ op]ations by mak+ a home m>ket = _! products4 ,x w improve transportation & develop all k9ds ( bus9ess4 ,altoge!r #dbj1jjj1jjj feet ( lumb] h be5 cut & sold f ! national =e/s ( ,alaska 9 ! pa/ t5 ye>s4 ,?is mat]ial has be5 made into su* products z pil+1 saw logs & %+le bolts4 ,all ?is lumb] has be5 us$ 9 ,alaska & none ( x has be5 export$4 ,mu* ( ! timb] 0 cut s t x w\ld fall almo/ into tide-wat]4 ,!n ! logs 7 fa/5$ toge!r 9 rafts & t[$ to ! sawmills4 ,"o typical raft ( logs conta9$ m ?an #a1ejj1jjj feet ( lumb]4 ,x is n unusual = spruce trees 9 ,alaska to atta9 a diamet] ( f six to n9e feet & to conta9 #aj1jjj or #ae1jjj feet ( lumb]4 ,s\!a/]n ,alaska has _m deep-wat] h>bors :i* are op5 ! ye> r\nd4 ,practically all ! timb] 9 t section is controll$ by ! ,gov]nm5t & is )9 ! ,tongass ,national ,=e/4 ,?is means t ?is important crop w be h&l$ prop]ly4 ,no wa/e ( mat]ial w occur4 ,cutt+ w be p]mitt$ only :]e ! good ( ! =e/ ju/ifies su* "w4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,progress ,,9 ,,/ate ,,=e/ry ,! rapid depletion & ?reat5$ exhau/ion ( ! timb] supply 9 ! m ?ickly populat$ sections ( ! ,ea/ has prompt$ sev]al ( ! /ates to initiate action look+ t[>d ! cons]vation ( _! timb] res\rces4 ,z f> back z #ahhj1 a =e/ry commission 0 appo9t$ 9 ,new ,hamp%ire to =mulate a =e/ policy = ! ,/ate4 ,v]mont took simil> action two ye>s lat]1 foll[$ )9 ! next few ye>s by _m ( ! nor!a/]n & lake /ates4 ,^! commissions 7 ma9ly bo>ds ( inquiry1 = ! purpose ( ga!r+ reliable in=mation ^u :i* to report1 ) recomm5dations1 = ! adoption ( a /ate =e/ policy4 ,z a result ( ! inquiries1 =e/ry dep>tm5ts 7 e/abli%$ 9 a numb] ( /ates4 ,! report ( ! ,new ,york ,commission ( #ahhd result$ 9 =e/ legislation1 9 #ahhe1 creat+ a =e/ry dep>tm5t & provid+ = ! acquisition ( /ate =e/s4 ,lib]al appropriations 7 made f "t to "t = ?is purpose1 until n[ ! /ate =e/s embrace ne>ly #b1jjj1jjj acres1 ! l>ge/ ( any s+le /ate4 ,new ,york /ate =e/s 7 creat$1 especially1 = ! protection ( ! ,adirondack & ,catskill regions z great camp+ & hunt+ gr\nds1 & n = timb] production4 ,! p ( ! /ate 7 s fe>ful t ?r\gh political manipulation ?is va/ =e/ res\rce might fall into ! h&s ( ! timb] exploit]s1 t a con/itutional am5dm5t 0 propos$ & adopt$1 absolutely prohibit+ ! cutt+ ( gre5 timb] f ! /ate l&s4 ,?us1 :ile ,new ,york owns l>ge areas ( /ate =e/ l&1 x is unproductive s f> z furni%+ timb] supplies to ! /ate is conc]n$4 ,x is held di/9ctly = ! recreation x af=ds to camp]s & hunt]s1 & conta9s _m fam\s summ] resorts4 ,/ate =e/ry 9 ,p5nsylvania began 9 #ahhg1 :5 a commission 0 appo9t$ to /udy conditions1 result+ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,commission ( ,=e/ry 9 #ahie4 ,two ye>s lat]1 an act 0 pass$ provid+ = ! pur*ase ( /ate =e/s4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ,p5nsylvania has #a1bej1jjj acres ( /ate =e/ l&4 ,unlike ^? ( ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania =e/s 7 acquir$ & are manag$ prim>ily = timb] production1 al?\gh ! recreational uses are n ov]look$4 ,! l>ge areas ( /ate-own$ l&s 9 ! ,lake ,/ates suitable1 ma9ly1 = timb] gr[+1 enabl$ ?is section to create ext5sive /ate =e/s )\t ! necessity ( pur*ase z 0 ! case 9 ,new ,york & ,p5nsylvania4 ,z a result1 ,wiscons9 has ne>ly #djj1jjj acres ( /ate =e/ l&1 ,m9nesota1 ab\t #ccj1jjj1 & ,mi*igan1 ab\t #bjj1jjj acres4 ,s\? ,dakota1 ) a relatively small area ( =e/ l&1 has set aside #hj1jjj acres = /ate =e/4 ,a numb] ( o!r /ates h initiat$ a policy ( acquir+ /ate =e/ l&s1 notably1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,v]mont1 ,massa*usetts1 ,connecticut1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,m>yl&1 & ,indiana1 ea* ) small areas1 b likely to be greatly increas$ )9 ! next few ye>s "u ! developm5t ( pres5t policies4 ,o!r /ates are fall+ 9 l9e ) ?is =w>d movem5t4 ,!re are b #d1bcg1ehg acres 9 /ate =e/s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is is only #a-a_/b p] c5t4 ( ! cut-ov] & d5ud$ l& 9 ! c\ntry :i* is useful only = tree production4 ,! lack ( funds prev5ts _m /ates f emb>k+ m ext5sively 9 ?is "w4 ,_m /ates set aside only a few ?\s& a ye>2 o!rs1 t are m progressive & realize ! ne$ ( =e/ry ext5sion1 sp5d annually f "o hundr$ ?\s& to five hundr$ ?\s& doll>s4 ,=e/]s are1 g5]ally1 agre$ t z mu* z #be p] c5t4 ( ! =e/ l& ( e /ate %\ld be publicly own$ = produc+ l>ge siz$ timb]1 requir+ sev5ty-five to "o hundr$ ye>s to gr[1 & :i* ! private own] w\ld n be int]e/$ 9 produc+4 ,national1 /ate1 or communal =e/s mu/ supply x4 ,all ( ^! comb9$ comprise a v small "p ( ! =e/s ( mo/ ( ! /ates1 s t mu* l>g] areas mu/ be acquir$ by ! /ates & ! national gov]nm5t to safegu>d our future timb] supplies4 ,n less ?an ?irty-two /ates are actually engag$ 9 /ate =e/ry "w4 ,_m ( !m h well-organiz$ =e/ry dep>tm5ts1 :i*1 9 /ates l ,new ,york & ,p5nsylvania1 hav+ l>ge areas ( /ate =e/s1 are devot$ l>gely to ! c>e & protection ( ^! l&s4 ,9 o!r /ates hav+ no /ate =e/s1 ! "w is l>gely educational 9 "*4 ,! mo/ notable progress 9 =e/ry has be5 made 9 fire protection4 ,all /ates hav+ =e/ry dep>tm5ts lay especial emphasis ^u =e/ protection1 s9ce x is recogniz$ t only by protect+ ! =e/s f fire is x possible to succe$ 9 gr[+ timb] crops4 ,9 fact1 9 mo/ cases1 ! prev5tion ( fire 9 itself is suffici5t to insure re-gr[? & productive =e/s4 ,p5nsylvania is sp5d+ #ejj1jjj annually 9 protect+ h] =e/s f fire4 ,! cop]ation ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t1 "u a provision ( ! ,weeks ,law :i* appropriates small sums ( money = =e/ protection1 provid$ ! /ate w appropriate an equal or great] am\nt1 has done mu* to enc\rage ! e/abli%m5t ( sy/ems ( =e/ protection 9 _m ( ! /ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s[+ ,,=e/ ,,se$ ,,9 ,,an ,,ef=t ,,to ,,gr[ ,a ,,new ,,=e/ ,! enorm\s areas ( d5ud$1 or wa/e l& 9 ! v>i\s /ates1 compris+ m ?an #hj1jjj1jjj acres1 :i* c be made aga9 productive only by =e/ plant+1 pres5t ano!r big problem 9 /ate =e/ry4 ,_m ( ! /ates h e/abli%$ /ate =e/ry nurs]ies = ! gr[+ ( tree se$l+s to plant up ^! l&s4 ,! trees are ei!r giv5 away1 or sold at co/1 millions be+ di/ribut$ ea* ye>1 indicat+ a live int]e/ & gr[+ s5tim5t 9 re-=e/+ wa/e l&s4 ,! appall+ wa/e ( timb] res\rces ?r\gh excessive & reckless cutt+1 am\nt+ to =e/ deva/ation1 is deplorable1 b we are helpless to prev5t x4 ,s9ce ! bulk ( woodl&s are privately own$1 & !re are no effective laws limit+ ! cutt+ ( timb] ) a view to cons]v+ ! supply1 ! only means ( br++ ab\t regulat$ cutt+ on private l&s is ?r\gh cop]ation ) ! own]s4 ,?is is be+ done 9 "s ( ! /ates 9 a limit$ way1 ?r\gh educational me?ods1 involv+ inve/igations1 reports1 demon/rations1 & o!r means ( br++ improv$ =e/ry practices to ! att5tion ( exi/+ own]s & enli/+ _! cop]ation & support 9 =e/ cons]vation4 ,=e/ry 9 ! /ate1 or 9 ! nation1 seems to progress no m rapidly ?an ! timb] disappe>s2 9 fact1 ! individual /ates d n take precaution to cons]ve _! timb] supplies until exhau/ion is ?reat5$4 ,! damage has be5 l>gely done be=e ! rem$y is consid]$4 ,we are today pay+ a trem5d\s toll = our lack ( =esight 9 ^! matt]s4 ,z a timb] produc+ /ate becomes a timb] import+ /ate1 7a condition exi/+ 9 mo/ ( ! ea/]n & middle /ates7 we beg9 to pay a heavy toll 9 ! loss ( home indu/ries dep5d5t ^u wood1 & also 9 heavy freight *>ges on lumb] t we mu/ import f di/ant po9ts to supply our ne$s4 ,9 _m /ates1 ! exp5diture ( an am\nt = re=e/ation & fire protection equal to ?is freight bill on import$ lumb] w\ld make ! /ate self-support+ 9 a decade1 in/ead ( becom+ worse (f ea* ye>4 ,m>k$ progress has be5 made along ! l9es indicat$1 b few ( ! /ates h begun to measure up to _! full responsibility 9 protect+ _! future timb] supply4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,playgr\nds ,,( ,,! ,,nation ,! public =e/s are /eadily increas+ 9 popul>ity z ! playgr\nds ( ! ,nation4 ,! woodl&s (f] spl5did opportunities = camp+1 hunt+1 fi%+ & outdoor life4 ,millions ( motori/s n[ sp5d _! vacations 9 ! gov]nm5t & /ate =e/s4 ,railroads & automobiles make ! =e/s accessible to all4 ,?\s&s ( miles ( improv$ motor highways lead into ! v he>t ( ! hills4 ,m ?an #e1ejj1jjj p annually visit ! ,national ,=e/s4 ,( ?is numb]1 "s #b1ejj1jjj are camp]s1 fi%]m5 & hunt]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,camp+ ,,gr\nd ,,9 ,a ,,national ,,=e/ ,! =e/s provide *eap heal? insurance to all :o w enjoy :at !y (f] 9 sport & recreation4 ,= example1 ov] #a1jjj1jjj vacationi/s visit ,colorado's =e/s ea* ye>4 ,if ea* p]son sp5t b five days 9 ! =e/s1 ?is w\ld mean a total ( #e1jjj1jjj days or #ej1jjj1jjj h\rs ( re/ & enjoym5t4 ,recreation at ! bea*es & amusem5t p>ks co/s at lea/ fifty c5ts an h\r4 ,apply+ t rate to ! free fun :i* ! p get out ( ! =e/s1 9 ,colorado 9 "o ye> ! t\ri/s1 camp]s & fi%]m5 ga9$ #be1jjj1jjj wor? ( pleasure f ! =e/s4 ,! ,national & ,/ate ,=e/s furni% summ] homes = ?\s&s ( p :o live 9 ! neighbor+ cities & t[ns4 ,regul> summ] home sites are laid (f 9 _m ( ! =e/s4 ,usually ^! individual sites cov] ab\t "o-qu>t] acre or less4 ,!y r5t = #e to #be a ye>1 dep5d+ on ! location4 ,a man c r5t "o ( ^! camp gr\nds = a t]m ( ye>s4 ,he c build a summ] cottage or bungal[ on x4 ,!re are no special rules ab\t ! size or co/ ( ! h\ses4 ,uncle ,sam requires only t ! cottages be sightly & ! surr\nd+s be kept clean & sanit>y4 ,_m ( ! cab9s are built = #aej to #cjj4 ,"s ( !m are m p]man5t & co/ f #c1jjj to #e1jjj or #aj1jjj4 ,9 ! ,angeles ,national ,=e/ 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia1 ov] sixte5 hundr$ ( ^! cottages are n[ 9 use & _m m are be+ built4 ,:]e !re are dead or mature trees 9 ! =e/1 ne> summ] home sites1 timb] c be pur*as$ at l[ prices = use 9 build+ cottages4 ,ev5 ! p ( small means c build cab9s 9 ! =e/s & enjoy liv+ 9 ! m\nta9s dur+ ! heat ( ! summ]4 ,^! camps provide f9e surr\nd+s = ! romp+s & summ] games ( ! *ildr5 & "y p4 ,9 ,cali=nia a numb] ( cities h set up municipal camps 9 ! ,national ,=e/s4 ,at v l[ co/s1 ! city resid5ts c sp5d _! vacations at ^! camps4 ,t5ts & cottages are provid$4 ,facilities = all k9ds ( games & sports furni% recreation4 ,ea* family may /ay at ! camp = two weeks4 ,! exp5ses are s l[ = meals & t5ts t ! municipal camps furni% ! be/ & *eape/ vacation :i* ! family ( limit$ means c enjoy4 ,^! camps are v popul>4 ,:]ev] !y h be5 tri$1 !y h be5 successful4 ,!re are twelve municipal camps 9 ,cali=nia4 ,!y co/ #aej1jjj4 ,f9e automobile camps are ma9ta9$ along _m ( ! important ,national & ,/ate ,=e/ highways = ! use ( t\ri/s4 ,concrete fireplaces1 tables1 b5*es & runn+ wat] are provid$ at ^! wayside camp+ places4 ,! t\ri/s :o c>ry _! camp kits l to /op at ^! automobile camps4 ,!y meet _m o!r t\ri/s & ex*ange in=mation ab\t ! be/ trails to foll[ & ! condition ( ! roads4 ,sometimes1 p]man5t cab9s & %elt]s are provid$ = ! use ( ! cross-c\ntry travel]s4 ,! only rules are t c>e be ex]cis$ 9 ! use ( fire & ! camp+ sites be kept 9 clean & sanit>y condition4 ,all ! =e/ roads are po/$ ) _m signs ask+ ! t\ri/s to be c>eful 9 ! use ( mat*es1 tobacco & camp fires1 s z n to />t de/ructive =e/ fires4 ,9 ! ,f$]al & ,/ate =e/s hundr$s ( man-caus$ fires occur annually1 due to ! neglect & c>elessness ( camp]s & t\ri/s to put out _! camp fires4 ,a s+le mat* or a cig>ette /ub toss$ f a pass+ automobile may />t a co/ly fire4 ,dur+ ! season f ,may to ,octob]1 ! we/]n =e/s usually are z dry z t9d]4 ,ra9s are r>e dur+ t p]iod4 ,a fire once />t$ runs riot unless effici5t control measures are us$ at once4 ,^? int]e/$ 9 fi%+ & hunt+ usually c f9d pl5ty ( *ance to pursue _! favorite sports 9 ! ,national & ,/ate ,=e/s4 ,!re is good fi%+ 9 ! =e/ /reams & lakes1 z ! rang]s1 work+ 9 cop]ation ) ,f$]al & ,/ate hat*]ies ye>ly re/ock important wat]s4 ,fi%+ & hunt+ 9 ! ,national ,=e/s are regulat$ by ! fi% & game laws ( t /ate 9 :i* ! =e/s are locat$4 ,! kill+ ( wild game is p]mitt$ dur+ c]ta9 op5 seasons 9 mo/ ( ! =e/ regions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,good ,,=e/s ,,mean ,,good ,,hunt+ ,,& ,,fi%+ ,! ea/]n =e/s 9 ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s1 ! ,adirondacks1 & ! ,appala*ians1 are n1 = ! mo/ "p1 z well develop$ z recreation gr\nds z are ! we/]n vacation l&s4 ,h[ev]1 m int]e/ is be+ tak5 ea* ye> 9 ! outdoor life features ( ! ea/]n =e/s1 & ultimately !y w be us$ on a l>ge scale z summ] camp gr\nds4 ,_m hik]s & camp]s n[ sp5d _! annual vacations 9 ^! =e/s4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,:ite ,m\nta9 =e/ ( ,new ,hamp%ire1 regul> trails = walk+ p>ties h be5 made4 ,at frequ5t int]vals simple camps = ! use ( travel]s h be5 built by m\nta9e]+ clubs4 ,?is =e/1 locat$ z x is ne> c5tres ( l>ge population is visit$ by a half-million t\ri/s ea* season4 ,! ,pisgah ,national ,=e/ ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a is becom+ a c5tre = automobile travel z x conta9s a f9e macadam road4 ,! ,sup]ior ,national ,=e/ ( ,m9nesota1 :i* cov]s #a1bej1jjj acres & conta9s #aej1jjj acres ( lakes1 is becom+ v popul>4 ,x is call$ ! l& ( t5 ?\s& lakes4 ,"o c travel 9 a canoe ?r\gh ?is =e/ = a mon? at a "t )\t pass+ ov] ! same lake twice4 ,o!r popul> national =e/s are ! ,angeles 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia1 ! ,pike & ,colorado 9 ,colorado1 & ! ,oregon & ,w5at*ee--! ,pacific ,nor?we/4 ,visitors to ^! =e/s total m ?an #a1gej1jjj a ye>4 ,! we/]n =e/s are also be+ us$ = w9t] sports4 ,!y furni% excell5t conditions = sn[-%oe trips1 ski+ & sl$d+4 ,! p :o h camps on gov]nm5t l& use _! places = week-end excursions dur+ ! sn[ season :5 ! roads are passable4 ,! ,:ite ,m\nta9 ,national ,=e/ is us$ m = w9t] sports ?an any o!r gov]nm5t woodl&4 ,at _m ( ! t[ns ( ,new ,hamp%ire & ,ma9e1 huge c>nivals are held ea* w9t]4 ,*ampion%ip conte/s 9 ski+1 sn[%oe+1 skat+1 ski jump+1 toboggan+ & ski-jor+ are held4 ,sn[ sport games are also annual ev5ts 9 ! ,r\tt1 ,leadville & ,pike ,national ,=e/s ( ,colorado4 ,cross c\ntry ski races & ski-jor+ conte/s are also held4 ,9 ! ,truckee ,national ,=e/ ( ,cali=nia1 dog-team races ov] c\rses ( #be to #ej miles are held ea* w9t]4 ,ab\t eighty p] c5t4 ( ! #e1ejj1jjj p :o visit ! ,national ,=e/s are automobile t\ri/s4 ,! o!r tw5ty p] c5t4 consi/s ( sportsm5 int]e/$ 9 hunt+1 fi%+1 canoe+1 boat+1 m\nta9 climb+1 ba?+1 rid+ & hik+4 ,9 ! ,pacific ,coa/ ,/ates !re are a numb] ( m\nta9 climb+ clubs ^: memb]s compete ) ea* o!r 9 mak+ difficult asc5ts4 ,! m\nta9e]+ clubs ( ,portl&1 ,oregon1 = example1 /age an int]e/+ conte/ ea* summ] 9 climb+ ,m\nt ,hood1 "o ( ! highe/ peaks 9 ! c\ntry4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,solv+ ,,our ,,=e/ry ,,problems ,a sy/em ( =e/ry :i* w provide suffici5t lumb] = ! ne$s ( our c\ntry & keep our =e/ l& productive mu/ be built on ! ext5sion ( our public =e/s4 ,our ,national ,=e/s are1 at pres5t1 ! "o bright feature ( future lumb]+4 ,_! tree crops w nev] be cut fa/] ?an !y c be gr[n4 ,a balance betwe5 production & consumption w always be ma9ta9$4 ,our ne$s = m timb]1 ! necessity = protect+ ! headwat]s ( /reams1 ! dem&s = sav+ wild life1 & ! playgr\nd possibilities ( our =e/s ju/ify _! ext5sion4 ,approximately eighty p] c5t ( ! ,am]ican =e/s are n[ privately own$4 ,! *ances are t mo/ ( ^! wood$ tracts w always rema9 9 ! h&s ( private own]s4 ,x is important t ! production ( ^! =e/s be kept up )\t injur+ _! future value4 ,we mu/ prep>e = ! lumb] dem&s ( _m ye>s f n[4 ,"s me?od mu/ be work$ out ( h>ness+ our idle =e/ l&s & putt+ !m to "w gr[+ timb]4 ,any regulations t are impos$ on ! private own]s ( woodl&s mu/ be reasonable4 ,*anges 9 our pres5t me?ods ( tax+ timb]l&s mu/ be made to enc\rage re=e/ation4 ,! public mu/ aid ! private individuals 9 fight+ =e/ fires1 ! greate/ m5ace t mod]n =e/ry has to face4 ,a national policy is ne$$ :i* w p]mit ! private own] to gr[ trees :i* w give him fair & reasonable pr(it :5 sold4 ,! f>m]s ( ?is c\ntry use ab\t "o-half ( all ! lumb] consum$ annually4 ,!y own approximately #aia1jjj1jjj acres ( timb] 9 _! f>m woodlots4 ,if f>m]s w\ld devote a little "t & labor to ! p]man5t upkeep & improvem5t ( _! timb]1 !y w\ld aid 9 decreas+ ! dang] ( a future lumb] fam9e4 ,if !y w\ld b keep track ( ! acreage production ( _! woodl&s z closely z !y d ( _! corn & :eat crops1 ,am]ican =e/ry w\ld b5efit greatly4 ,betwe5 #aijh & #aiac1 ! ,u4,s4 ,=e/ ,s]vice e/abli%$ two =e/ exp]im5t /ations 9 ,cali=nia & "o ea* 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,idaho1 ,colorado1 & ,arizona4 ,!y devote ! same degree ( sci5ce & skill to ! solution ( tree gr[+ & lumb]+ problems z ! agricultural exp]im5t /ations give to que/ions ( f>m & crop managem5t4 ,despite ! fact t ^! =e/ry /ations did f9e "w = ! sections t !y s]v$1 rec5tly a numb] ( !m _h to close1 due to lack ( funds4 ,congress does n yet realize ! importance ( ?is "w4 ,m =e/ exp]im5t /ations are ne$$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,su* problems z :at k9ds ( trees are be/ to gr[1 mu/ be solv$4 ,( ! #die species ( trees 9 ?is c\ntry1 #abe are important comm]cially4 ,!y all diff] 9 _! hi/ories1 *>act]i/ics & requirem5ts4 ,rese>* & /udy %\ld be made ( ^! trees 9 ! sections :]e !y gr[ be/4 ,our k reg>d+ tree plant+ & ! peculi>ities ( ! diff]5t species is1 z yet1 v meagre4 ,we mu/ discov] ! be/ me?ods ( cutt+ trees & ( dispos+ ( ! sla%4 ,we mu/ inve/igate rates ( gr[?1 yields & o!r problems ( =e/ managem5t4 ,we mu/ /udy ! effect ( climate on =e/ fires4 ,we mu/ cont9ue exp]im5ts 9 ord] to develop bett] sy/ems ( fire protection4 ,we ne$ m =e/ exp]im5t /ations to promote ! production ( m timb]4 ,tw5ty ( our lead+ indu/ries utilize lumb] z _! mo/ important raw mat]ial4 ,fifty-five diff]5t indu/ries use specializ$ grades & quality ( lumb] 9 ! manufacture ( _m products4 ,?is use ( lumb] includes g5]al mill "w & plan+ mill products1 su* z build+ crates & boxes1 vehicles1 railroad c>s1 furniture1 agricultural implem5ts & wood5 w>e4 ,our manufactur]s make & use m ?an two hundr$ & sev5ty-five diff]5t k9ds ( pap]1 includ+ newspr9t1 boxbo>d1 build+ pap]s1 book pap]s & _m k9ds ( specialty pap]s4 ,! =e/ exp]im5t /ations w\ld help solve ! practical problems ( ^! _m indu/ries4 ,!y c\ld "w out me?ods by :i* to ma9ta9 our =e/s & /ill turn out ! ?irty-five to =ty billion bo>d feet ( lumb] us$ ea* ye>4 ,!y are ne$$ to det]m9e me?ods ( increas+ our annual cut = pulp & pap]4 ,!y are necess>y s t we c increase our annual output ( poles1 pil+s1 coop]age & v5e]4 ,a =e/ exp]im5t /ation is ne$$ 9 ! s\!rn p9e belt4 ,! l>ge p9e =e/s ( ,dixiel& h be5 %av$ d[n f #acj1jjj1jjj acres to #bc1ejj1jjj acres4 ,9 t region !re are m ?an #cj1jjj1jjj acres ( wa/e =e/ l&s :i* %\ld be reclaim$ & devot$ to ! gr[+ ( trees4 ,ea/]n & middle we/]n manufactur+ & lumb]+ c5tres are int]e/$ 9 ! re/or+ ( ! s\!rn p9e =e/s4 ,dur+ ! la/ score ( ye>s1 !y h us$ two-?irds ( ! annual output ( ^? =e/s4 ,9 ano!r t5 to fifte5 ye>s home dem& w use mo/ ( ! p9e cut 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! ,ea/ & ,middle ,we/ w !n h to rely mo/ly on ! ,pacific ,coa/ =e/s = _! p9e lumb]4 ,! ,lake ,/ates ne$ a =e/ exp]im5t /ation to "w out me?ods by :i* ! :ite p9e1 hemlock1 spruce1 bee*1 bir* & maple =e/s ( t section c be r5ew$4 ,! ,lake ,/ates are n[ produc+ only "o-n9? z mu* :ite p9e z !y 7 ?irty ye>s ago4 ,^! /ates n[ cut only #c1ejj1jjj1jjj feet ( all k9ds ( lumb] annually4 ,_! output is gr[+ small] ea* ye>4 ,wiscons9 l$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 lumb] production 9 #aijj4 ,n[ %e cuts less ?an ! second-gr[? yield ( ,ma9e4 ,mi*igan1 :i* l$ 9 lumb] production be=e ,wiscons91 n[ h>ve/s a crop ( :ite p9e t is #ej p] c5t4 small] ?an t ( ,massa*usetts4 ,exp]ts believe t a =e/ exp]im5t /ation 9 ! ,lake ,/ates w\ld /imulate production s t en\gh lumb] c\ld be produc$ to satisfy ! local dem&s4 ,n lea/ 9 importance among ! =e/ regions requir+ an exp]im5t /ation are ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates & nor!rn & ea/]n ,new ,york4 ,9 t section !re are approximately #be1jjj1jjj acres ( =e/ l&s4 ,five & "o-half million acres consi/ ( wa/e & idle l&4 ,eight million acres gr[ no?+ b fuel-wood4 ,! re/ ( ! timb] tracts are n produc+ any:]e ne> _! capacity4 ,new ,engl& produces #cj p] c5t4 & ,new ,york #ej p] c5t4 ( our newspr9t4 ,ma9e is ! lead+ /ate 9 pulp production4 ,new ,engl& imports #ej p] c5t4 ( h] lumb]1 :ile ,new ,york cuts less ?an "o-half ! timb] %e annually consumes4 ,ano!r exp]im5t /ation %\ld be provid$ to /udy ! =e/ry problems ( ,p5nsylvania1 s\!rn & we/]n ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 ,m>yl&1 ,new ,j]sey & ,delaw>e4 ,at "o "t ?is region 0 ! mo/ important lumb] c5tre ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,p5nsylvania sp5ds #ajj1jjj1jjj a ye> 9 import+ lumb] :i* %\ld be gr[n at home4 ,! d5ud$ & wa/e l&s at ! headwat]s ( ! ,allegh5y ,riv] n[ ext5d ov] "o-half million acres4 ,new ,j]sey is us+ m ?an tw5ty times z mu* lumb] z is produc$ 9 ! /ate4 ,ohio is a c5tre = wood manufactur+ indu/ries1 yet h] timb]-produc+ possibilities are neglect$1 z are ^? ( o!r /ates ne$+ wood = simil> purposes4 ,european nations h sp5t l>ge sums ( money 9 inve/igat+ =e/ry problems to make timb] produc+ economically feasible1 & h f\nd t x paid4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 our =e/ exp]im5t /ations w h to deal ) a timb]$ area twice t ( all ,europe1 exclusive ( ,russia4 ,t is :y we %all ne$ _m ( ^! /ations to help solve ! _m que/ions ( national welf>e :i* are s dep5d5t ^u our =e/s4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,:y ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,%\ld ,,practice ,,=e/ry ,( late ye>s ! dem& = lumb] by ! _w trade has be5 v great4 ,mo/ ( ! c\ntries :i* h ext5sive =e/s are tak+ /eps to protect _! supplies4 ,!y limit cutt+ & re/rict exports ( timb]4 ,bo? ,new ,zeal& & ,switz]l& h pass$ laws ( ?is k9d4 ,sw$5 exports mu* lumb]1 b by law =bids ! cutt+ ( timb] 9 excess ( ! annual gr[?4 ,norway regulates private cutt+4 ,engl& is plann+ to plant #a1ggj1jjj acres ( new =e/ res]ve4 ,?is body ( timb] :5 ready = cutt+1 w\ld be suffici5t to supply h] home ne$s 9 "t ( em]g5cy = at lea/ ?ree ye>s4 ,france is enl>g+ h] =e/ nurs]ies & protect+ h] timb] 9 e possible way4 ,ev5 ,russia1 a c\ntry ) huge =e/ tracts1 is beg9n+ to practice cons]vation4 ,russia n[ requires t all timb] cut "u concession %all be replac$ by plant+s ( trees4 ,= _m ye>s1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,*9a 7 ! greate/ wa/]s ( =e/ res\rces "u ! sun4 ,n[ ?is c\ntry has begun to practice sci5tific =e/ry on a l>ge scale s t ,*9a n[ has ! wor/-manag$ =e/s 9 ! _w4 ,japan1 on ! o!r h&1 h&les h] =e/s effici5tly & has e/abli%$ a national =e/ry s*ool4 ,au/ria1 ,norway1 ,sw$5 & ,italy h devot$ mu* "t1 labor & money to ! developm5t ( practical sy/ems ( =e/ry4 ,turkey1 ,greece1 ,spa9 & ,portugal1 all foll[ sane & s5sible =e/ry practices4 ,ev5 ,russia takes c>e ( h] national timb]l&s & annually draws enorm\s incomes f _! ma9t5ance4 ,france & ,g]many bo? h highly successful =e/ry sy/ems4 ,switz]l&1 ,au/ralia1 & ,new ,zeal& are us+ _! =e/s 9 a practical mann] & sav+ suffici5t supplies ( wood = po/]ity4 ,hi/ory tells u t ! =e/s fir/ 7 protect$ z ! homes ( wild game4 ,little att5tion 0 paid to ! trees 9 ^? days4 ,! =e/s 7 places to hunt & abodes devot$ to wild animals4 ,sci5tific =e/ry 0 fir/ /udi$ & practis$ widely 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,its developm5t & expansion h be5 rapid4 ,g]many /ill leads z "o ( ! mo/ prom95t c\ntries t practices effici5t =e/ry4 ,g]man =e/s are n[ said to be wor? m ?an #e1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,france has ov] #b1gej1jjj acres ( f9e publicly own$ =e/s1 9 addition to private =e/s1 :i* yield a net income ( m ?an #b an acre a ye> to ! gov]nm5t4 ,! ,fr5* h l$ 9 ext5d+ re=e/ation on d5ud$ m\nta9 sides4 ,briti% ,india has well-manag$ =e/s :i* cov] ov] #bjj1jjj squ>e miles ( area4 ,^! timb]l&s return a net income ( f #c1jjj1jjj to #d1jjj1jjj a ye>4 ,india n[ protects m ?an #ce1jjj squ>e miles ( =e/ aga9/ fire at an annual co/ ( less ?an half a c5t an acre4 ,=e/ exp]ts say t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* produces m ?an "o-half ( all ! saw$ timb] 9 ! _w1 %\ld pay m att5tion to ! export lumb] bus9ess4 ,su* trade mu/ be built up on ! basis ( a p]man5t supply ( timb]4 ,?is means ! practice ( c>eful cons]vation & ! replacem5t ( =e/s t h be5 de/roy$4 ,we c n export timb] f su* meagre res]ves z ! p9e =e/s ( ! ,s\?1 :i* w n supply ev5 ! dome/ic ne$s ( ! region = mu* m ?an t5 or fifte5 ye>s long]4 ,_m ( our timb] m5 desire to develop ext5sive export trade4 ,our sawmills are l>ge en\gh & num]\s en\gh to cut mu* m timb] annually ?an we ne$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,h[ev]1 ! dang] is t we %all only abuse our =e/s ! m & fur!r deplete ! timb] res]ves ( future g5]ations z a result ( ext5sive export trade4 ,if su* trade is develop$ on a l>ge scale1 a cons]vative1 practical national =e/ry policy mu/ be work$ out1 endors$ & liv$ up to by e produc+ export]4 ,! ,u4,s4 ,=e/ ,s]vice reports t be=e ! _w w>1 we 7 export+ annually #c1jjj1jjj1jjj bo>d feet ( lumb] & sawlogs1 n includ+ ties1 /aves & simil> mat]ial4 ,?is mat]ial consi/$ ( ,s\!rn yell[ p9e1 ,d\glas fir1 :ite oak1 r$wood1 :ite p9e1 yell[ popl>1 cypress1 walnut1 hickory1 a%1 basswood & simil> k9ds ( wood4 ,! exports 7 made up ( #gi p] c5t4 s(twoods & #ba p] c5t4 h>dwoods4 ,! export trade consum$ ab\t #h-a_/b p] c5t4 ( our annual lumb] cut4 ,s\!rn yell[ p9e 0 ! mo/ popul> timb] %ipp$ abroad4 ,"o-half ( ! total export 0 ( ?is mat]ial4 ,dur+ ! f\r ye>s be=e ! w> our imports ( lumb] f =eign c\ntries am\nt$ to ab\t #a1bjj1jjj1jjj bo>d feet ( lumb] & logs4 ,9 #aiah1 imports exce$$ exports by #ajj1jjj1jjj bo>d feet4 ,9 addition to ?is lumb]1 we also %ipp$ 91 l>gely f ,canada1 #a1cgj1jjj cords ( pulp wood1 #eif1jjj tons ( wood pulp1 #eaf1jjj tons ( pap]1 & close to a billion %+les4 ,"s ( ! mat]ial1 su* z wood pulp & pap]1 also came f ,sw$51 ,norway1 ,g]many1 ,spa91 ! ,ne!rl&s & ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,z a result ( ! w>1 ,european c\ntries = sev]al ye>s c use #g1jjj1jjj1jjj feet ( lumb] a ye> above _! normal requirem5ts4 ,= h\s+ con/ruction1 ,engl& ne$s #b1jjj1jjj1jjj feet a ye> m ?an normally2 ,france1 #a1ejj1jjj1jjj feet2 ,italy1 #a1gej1jjj1jjj feet2 ,belgium & ,spa9 #gej1jjj1jjj feet apiece4 ,ev5 be=e ! w>1 !re 0 a great defici5cy ( timb] 9 p>ts ( ,europe4 ,x am\nt$ to #af1jjj1jjj1jjj bo>d feet a ye> & 0 suppli$ by ,russia1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,canada1 ,sw$51 ,au/ria-,hung>y & a few o!r c\ntries ( we/]n ,europe4 ,if we c regulate cutt+ & repl5i% our =e/s z !y des]ve1 !re is a rem>kable opportunity = u to build up a l>ge & p]man5t export trade4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"y ,,:ite ,,p9e ,,se$$ ,,f ,,adjo9+ ,,p9e ,,trees ,! ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ican c\ntries n[ h to dep5d on ,canada1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,sw$5 = mo/ ( _! s(twoods4 ,unless !y develop home =e/s by ! practice ( mod]n =e/ry1 !y w always be dep5d5t on import$ timb] ( ?is type4 ,s\? ,africa & ,egypt are bo? heavy import]s ( lumb]4 ,africa has l>ge tropical =e/s b ! timb] is h>d to get at & move4 ,*9a produces b little lumb] & ne$s mu*4 ,%e is develop+ into a heavy import+ c\ntry4 ,japan gr[s only ab\t en\gh timb] to supply h] home ne$s4 ,au/ralia imports s(twoods f ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,new ,zeal& is 9 ! m>ket = ,d\glas fir & h>dwoods4 ,9 ! pa/1 our export lumb] bus9ess has be5 second only to t ( ,russia 9 total am\nt4 ,! value ( ! timb] t we export$ 0 l>g] ?an t ( ,russia because mu* ( our timb] t 0 s5t abroad consi/$ ( ! be/ grades ( mat]ial gr[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ! future1 we %all h to compete 9 ! s(twood export bus9ess ) ,russia1 ,f9l&1 ,sw$51 ,norway & ! v>i\s /ates ( s\!a/]n ,europe :i* sell lumb]4 ,9 ! h>dwood bus9ess1 we h only a limit$ numb] ( rivals4 ,) ! exception ( a small section ( ea/]n ,europe1 our h>dwood =e/s are ! f9e/ 9 ! ,temp]ate ,zone4 ,we export hickory1 black walnut1 yell[ popl>1 :ite & r$ oak ev5 to ,russia & ,sw$51 c\ntries t are our ke5e/ rivals 9 ! s(twood export bus9ess4 ,europe wants export lumb] f our ea/]n /ates because ! transportation co/s on su* mat]ial are l[4 ,%e does n l to pay heavy co/s ( haul+ timb] f ! ,pacific ,coa/ to ! ,atlantic seabo>d & !n h x re%ipp$ by wat]4 ,our ea/]n =e/s are practically exhau/$4 ,our supplies ( export lumb] except ,d\glas fir are decl9+4 ,mo/ ( ! k9ds ( export timb] t ,europe wants we ne$ "r at home4 ,we h only ab\t #beh1jjj1jjj1jjj feet ( s\!rn yell[ p9e left1 yet ?is mat]ial composes "o-half ( our annual %ipm5ts abroad4 ,we are cutt+ ?is mat]ial at ! rate ( #af1jjj1jjj1jjj bo>d feet a ye>4 ,"s au?orities believe t our res]ves w la/ only sixte5 ye>s unless measures to protect !m are put into effect at once4 ,at ! pres5t rate ( cutt+ long-leaf p9e trees1 our outputs ( naval /ores includ+ turp5t9e & ros9 are dw9dl+4 ,we _c af=d to increase our export ( s\!rn yell[ p9e unless re=e/ation is />t$ on all l& suitable = t purpose4 ,our p9e l&s ( ! s\!rn /ates mu/ be re/ock$ & made p]man5tly productive4 ,!n !y c\ld ma9ta9 ! turp5t9e indu/ry1 provide all ! lumb] ( ?is k9d we ne$ = home use1 & supply a l>g] surplus = export4 ,al?\gh our supplies ( ,d\glas fir1 we/]n :ite p9e1 sug> p9e & we/]n yell[ p9e are /ill l>ge1 !y w h to be> an extra burd5 :5 all ! s\!rn p9e is gone4 ,?is indicates t ! l>ge supplies ( ^! woods w n la/ z long z we w\ld wi%4 ,to prev5t ov]tax+ _! production1 x is ess5tial t "p ( ! load be pass$ to ! s\!rn p9e cut-ov] l&s4 ,by prop] protection & r5ewal ( our =e/s1 we c increase our production ( lumb] & /ill h a p]man5t supply4 ,! ,=e/ ,s]vice e/imates t by protect+ our cut-ov] & wa/e l&s f fire & practic+ c>e to secure reproduction aft] logg+ on our rema9+ virg9 =e/ l&1 we c produce annually at lea/ #bg1gej1jjj1jjj cubic feet ( wood1 includ+ #gj1jjj1jjj1jjj bo>d feet ( sawtimb]4 ,su* a production w\ld meet indef9itely ! ne$s ( our gr[+ population1 & /ill leave an am\nt ( timb] available = export4 ,our h>dwoods ne$ protection z well z our s(twoods4 ,t5 p] c5t ( our ye>ly cut ( valuable :ite oak is %ipp$ ov]seas4 ,9 addition we annually wa/e mu* ( our be/ oak 9 ! prep>ation ( split /aves = export4 ,at ! pres5t rate ( cutt+1 ! supply1 x is said1 w n la/ m ?an tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,we %ip abroad ab\t sev5 p] c5t4 ( our popl> lumb]4 ,our supplies ( ?is mat]ial w be exhau/$ 9 ab\t tw5ty ye>s if ! pres5t rate ( cutt+ cont9ues4 ,we sell to =eign c\ntries at lea/ "o-half ( our cut ( black walnut :i* w be exhau/$ 9 t5 to twelve ye>s unless pres5t me?ods are re=m$4 ,our supplies ( hickory1 a% & basswood w be us$ up 9 tw5ty to ?irty ye>s4 ,we ne$ all ?is h>dwood lumb] = future dome/ic purposes4 ,h[ev]1 ! furniture factories ( ,france1 ,spa9 & ,italy are beh9d on ord]s4 ,!y ne$ h>dwood & mu* ( our valuable h>dwood timb] is be+ %ipp$ to ,europe4 ,exp]i5ce has prov$ t correct sy/ems ( h&l+ ! private =e/s c n be secur$ by m]e sugge/ions or education4 ,no ord9>y me?od ( public cop]ation has be5 work$ out :i* produces ! desir$ results4 ,x is necess>y t suitable measures be adopt$ to induce private own]s to pres]ve & protect _! woodl&s4 ,! timb]l&s mu/ be protect$ aga9/ =e/ fires4 ,timb] mu/ be cut s z to aid natural reproduction ( =e/4 ,cut-ov] l&s mu/ be re=e/$4 ,if su* me?ods 7 practic$1 & national1 /ate & municipal =e/s 7 e/abli%$ & ext5d$1 our lumb] problem w\ld l>gely solve itself4 ,we n only %\ld produce a l>ge p]man5t supply ( timb] = dome/ic use1 b also %\ld h great res]ves available = export4 ,"u su* conditions1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld become ! greate/ supply s\rce 9 ! _w = lumb]4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,:y ,,! ,,lumb]man ,,%\ld ,,practice ,,=e/ry ,! lumb] indu/ry ( ?is c\ntry c aid re=e/ation by practic+ bett] me?ods4 ,x c h>ve/ its annual crop ( timb] )\t injur+ ! future production ( ! =e/s4 ,x c limit =e/ fires by leav+ ! woods 9 a safe condition aft] x has remov$ ! timb]4 ,"s private timb] own]s :o make a liv+ out ( cutt+ lumb]1 h ev5 rea*$ ! /age :]e !y are plant+ trees4 ,!y are com+ to appreciate ! ne$ = replac+ trees t !y cut d[n1 9 ord] t new gr[? may develop to furni% future timb] crops4 ,! tr\ble 9 ?is c\ntry has be5 t ! lumb]m5 h h>ve/$ ! crop ( ! =e/s 9 ! %orte/ possible "t in/ead ( spread+ out ! "w ov] a long p]iod4 ,mo/ ( our privately own$ =e/s h be5 tempor>ily ru9$ by practices ( ?is sort4 ,! aim ( ! ord9>y lumb]man is to fell ! trees & r$uce !m to lumb] ) ! lea/ labor possible4 ,he does n ex]cise special c>e z to h[ ! tree is cut d[n4 ,he pays little att5tion to ! protection ( "y trees & new gr[?4 ,he cuts ! tree to fall 9 ! direction t be/ s]ves 8 purpose1 no matt] :e!r ?is means t ! =e/ giant w cru% & s]i\sly cripple _m "y trees4 ,he wa/es l>ge p>ts ( ! trunk 9 cutt+4 ,he leaves ! tops & *ips & bran*es scatt]$ ov] ! gr\nd to dry out4 ,!y develop into a fire trap4 ,z g5]ally foll[$1 ! ord9>y me?od ( lumb]+ is de/ructive ( ! =e/s4 ,x ravages ! future production ( ! timb]l&s4 ,x pays no he$ to ! "y gr[? ( ! =e/4 ,x does n provide = ! prop] gr[? & developm5t ( ! future =e/4 ,our va/ /ret*es ( desolate & des]t$ cut-ov] l&s are sil5t witnesses to ! ru9 :i* has be5 work$ by ! practice ( de/ructive lumb]+4 ,=tunately1 a *ange = ! bett] is n[ develop+4 ,) ! la/ ( our timb]l& ri*es 9 sight on ! ,pacific ,coa/1 ! lumb]+ indu/ry is com+ to see t x mu/ prep>e = ! future4 ,consequ5tly1 op]ators are h&l+ ! woods bett] ?an ev] be=e4 ,!y n[ are try+ to increase bo? ! production & p]man5t value ( ! rema9+ =e/s4 ,!y aim to h>ve/ ! tree yield m ?or\ghly & to ext5d _! cutt+s ov] _m ye>s4 ,!y appreciate t x is necess>y to protect & pres]ve ! =e/ at ! same "t t pr(itable tree crops are be+ remov$4 ,!y see ! ne$ = sav+ & increas+ "y gr[? & = protect+ ! woodl&s aga9/ fire4 ,if only ^! me?ods ( =e/ry _h be5 obs]v$ f ! "t ! e>ly settl]s fell$ ! fir/ trees1 n only w\ld our =e/s be produc+ at pres5t all ! lumb] we c\ld use1 b also ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld be ! greate/ lumb]-export+ c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:at ,,"s ,,k9ds ,,( ,,timb] ,,cutt+ ,,d ,,to ,a ,,=e/ ,x w nev] be possible to /op timb] cutt+ entirely 9 ?is c\ntry1 nor w\ld x be desirable to d s4 ,! dem&s = build+ mat]ial1 fuel1 wood pulp & ! l are too great to p]mit ( su* a condition4 ,! ,nation w\ld suff] if all =e/ cutt+ 0 susp5d$4 ,!re is a vital ne$1 h[ev]1 ( p]petuat+ our rema9+ =e/s4 ,wa/eful lumb]+ practices %\ld be /opp$4 ,only trees t are ready = h>ve/ %\ld be fell$4 ,!y %\ld be cut "u conditions :i* w protect ! be/ int]e/s & production ( ! timb]l&s4 ,z a class1 our lumb]m5 are no m selfi% or gre$y ?an m5 9 _m o!r bran*es ( bus9ess4 ,!y h work$ "u peculi> conditions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,our population 0 small z comp>$ ) our va/ =e/ res\rces4 ,conditions impos$ 9 ,france & ,g]many1 :]e ! population is s d5se t m cons]vative sy/ems ( lumb]+ are g5]ally practic$1 7 n always applicable 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,fur!rmore1 our lumb]m5 h kn[n little ab\t sci5tific =e/ry4 ,?is sci5ce is comp>atively new 9 ,am]ica4 ,all our =e/ry s*ools are /ill 9 ! e>ly /ages ( _! developm5t4 ,z lumb]m5 le>n m ab\t ! value ( mod]n =e/ry !y gradually are com+ to practice its pr9ciples4 ,! e>ly lumb]m5 (t5 made mi/akes 9 e/imat+ ! timb] yields ( ! =e/s4 ,!y also neglect$ to provide = ! future production ( ! woodl&s aft] ! virg9 timb] 0 remov$4 ,^? :o foll[$ 9 _! /eps h le>n$ by ^! errors :at mi/akes to avoid4 ,our lumb]m5 lead ! _w 9 skill & +5uity4 ,!y h work$ out mo/ effici5t me?ods ( fell+ & logg+ ! trees4 ,_m =eign c\ntries h long practic$ =e/ry & lumb]+1 yet _! lumb]m5 _c compete ) ! ,am]icans :5 x comes to a matt] ( +5uity 9 ! woods4 ,am]ican woods & me?ods ( logg+ are peculi>4 ,!y w\ld no m fit "u ,european =e/ conditions ?an w\ld =eign sy/ems be suitable 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,am]ican lumb]m5 are sl[ly com+ to devise & foll[ a comb9ation me?od :i* includes all ! good po9ts ( =eign =e/ry revis$ to apply to our conditions4 ,we c keep our rema9+ =e/s alive & piece out _! production ov] a long p]iod if we practice cons]vation me?ods g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,our rema9+ =e/s c be lumb]$ accord+ to ! rules ( practical =e/ry )\t great exp5se to ! own]s4 ,9 ! long run1 !y w realize mu* l>g] returns f h&l+ ! woods 9 ?is way4 ,?is "w ( sav+ ! =e/s %\ld beg9 at once4 ,x %\ld be practic$ 9 e /ate4 ,our cut-ov] & idle l&s %\ld be put to "w4 ,our =e/ l&s %\ld be h&l$ j l f]tile f>m+ l&s t produce big crops4 ,! f>m] does n attempt to take all ! f]tility out ( ! l& 9 ! h>ve/ ( "o bump] crop4 ,he h&les ! field s t x w produce pr(itable crops e season4 ,he f]tilizes ! soil & tills x s z to add to its productive p[]4 ,simil>ly1 our =e/s %\ld be work$ s t !y w yield successive crops ( lumb] ye> aft] ye>4 ,lumb]m5 :o own =e/s f :i* !y desire to h>ve/ a timb] crop %\ld fir/ ( all survey ! woods1 or h "s exp]i5c$ =e/] d ?is "w1 to decide on :at trees %\ld be cut & ! be/ me?ods ( logg+ to foll[4 ,! trees to be cut %\ld be select$ c>efully & m>k$4 ,! own] %\ld det]m9e h[ be/ to protect ! "y & /&+ timb] dur+ lumb]+4 ,he %\ld decide on :at plant+s he w make to replace ! trees t are cut4 ,he %\ld survey & e/imate ! future yield ( ! =e/4 ,he %\ld /udy ! "y trees & decide ab\t :5 !y w be ripe to cut & :at !y w yield4 ,f ?is in=mation1 he c det]m9e 8 future income f ! =e/ & ! be/ ways ( h&l+ ! woodl&s4 ,"u pres5t conditions 9 ?is c\ntry1 only ^? trees %\ld be cut f our =e/s :i* are mature & ready = ! ax4 ,?is means t ! h>ve/ mu/ be made "u conditions :]e !re are en\gh "y trees to take ! place ( ! full-gr[n trees t are remov$4 ,cutt+ is be/ done dur+ ! w9t] :5 ! trees are dormant4 ,if ! cutt+ is p]=m$ dur+ ! spr+ or summ]1 ! b>k1 twigs & leaves ( ! surr\nd+ "y gr[? may be s]i\sly damag$ by ! fall+ trees4 ,! trees %\ld be cut z l[ to ! gr\nd z is practicable1 z high /umps wa/e valuable timb]4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 s t !y w n break or split 9 fall+4 ,trees %\ld be dropp$ s t !y w n cru% "y se$l+s & sapl+ gr[? z !y fall4 ,x is no m difficult or co/ly to ?r[ a tree s t x w n injure "y trees ?an x is to drop x any:]e )\t reg>d = ! future ( ! =e/4 ,directly aft] cutt+1 ! fall5 timb] %\ld be trimm$ s z to remove bran*es t are cru%+ d[n any "y gr[? or se$l+4 ,9 "s =e/s ! "y gr[? is s ?ick t x is impossible to ?r[ trees )\t fall+ !m on "s ( ^! baby trees :i* w spr+ back into place aga9 if ! heavy bran*es are remov$ at once4 ,! top ( ! tree %\ld be trimm$ s t x w lie close to ! gr\nd4 ,"u su* conditions x w rot rapidly & be less ( a fire m5ace4 ,! dry tops ( trees :i* lodge above ! gr\nd are mo/ dang]\s s\rces ( fire z !y burn easily & rapidly4 ,! lumb]m5 c also aid ! future developm5t ( ! =e/s by us+ c>e 9 skidd+ & haul+ ! logs to ! y>d or mill4 ,c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 ! logg+ op]ations n to te> or damage ! b>k ( trunks ( /&+ timb]4 ,if possible1 only ! trees ( unimportant timb] species %\ld be cut = mak+ corduroy roads 9 ! =e/s4 ,?is w be a sav+ ( valuable mat]ial4 ,9 lumb]+ op]ations z practic$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! logs are usually mov$ to ! sawmills on sl$s or by means ( logg+ railroads4 ,if /reams are ne> by1 ! logs are run into ! wat] & float$ to ! mill4 ,if ! curr5t is n swift en\gh1 special dams are built4 ,!n :5 en\gh logs are ga!r$ = ! drive1 ! dam is op5$ & ! captive wat]s flood away rapidly & c>ry ! logs to ! mill4 ,on l>g] /reams & riv]s1 ! logs are (t5 fa/5$ toge!r 9 rafts4 ,exp]t log driv]s :o ride on ! tipp+1 roll+ logs 9 ! rag+ riv]1 guide ! logs on ^! drives4 ,on arrival at ! sawmill1 ! logs are r$uc$ to lumb]4 ,_m diff]5t k9ds ( saws are us$ 9 ?is "w4 ,"o ( ! mo/ effici5t is ! circul> saw :i* p]=ms rapid "w4 ,x is s wide 9 bite1 h[ev]1 t x wa/es mu* wood 9 sawdu/4 ,= example1 9 cutt+ f\r bo>ds ( "o-in* lumb]1 an ord9>y circul> saw wa/es en\gh mat]ial to make a fif? bo>d1 because x cuts an op5+ t is "o-qu>t] ( an in* 9 wid?4 ,b& saws1 al?\gh !y d n "w at su* high spe$1 are replac+ circul> saws 9 _m mills because !y are less wa/eful ( lumb]4 ,al?\gh sawmills try to prev5t wa/e ( wood by conv]t+ slabs & %ort pieces into la?s & %+les1 l>ge am\nts ( refuse1 su* z sawdu/1 slabs & edg+s1 are burn$ ea* season4 ,z a rule1 only ab\t "o-?ird ( ! tree is f9ally us$ = con/ruction purposes1 ! balance be+ wa/$ 9 "o way or ano!r4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,:y ,,! ,,f>m] ,,%\ld ,,practice ,,=e/ry ,! tree crop is a pr(itable crop = ! av]age f>m] to gr[4 ,not)/&+ ! comp>atively sure & easy incomes :i* result f ! f>m woodl&s t are well manag$1 f>m]s z a class neglect _! timb]4 ,n infrequ5tly !y sell _! timb] on ! /ump at l[ rates ?r\gh ignorance ( ! real m>ket value ( ! wood4 ,9 o!r cases1 !y d n c>e = _! woodl&s prop]ly4 ,!y cut )\t reg>d to future gr[?4 ,!y d n pile ! sla%+s & h5ce expose ! timb] tracts to fire dang]s4 ,!y conv]t "y trees into hew$ cros/ies :i* w\ld yield twice z great a return if all[$ to gr[ = f\r or five ye>s long] & !n be cut z lumb]4 ,j to %[ h[ a small tract ( trees w gr[ into money if all[$ to mature1 ! case ( a ?ree-acre side-hill pa/ure 9 ,new ,engl& is int]e/+4 ,=ty-f\r ye>s ago ! f>m] :o own$ ?is wa/e l& dug up f\rte5 hundr$ se$l+ p9es :i* 7 gr[+ 9 a clump & set !m out on ! sidehill4 ,tw5ty ye>s lat] ! f>m] di$4 ,8 wid[ sold ! ?ree acres ( "y p9e = #cjj4 ,fifte5 ye>s lat] ! woodlot aga9 *ang$ h&s = a consid]ation ( #a1jjj1 a lumb] company buy+ x4 ,today1 ?is small body ( p9e woods conta9s #ij1jjj bo>d feet ( lumb] wor? at lea/ #a1ejj on ! /ump4 ,! f>m] :o set out ! trees devot$ ab\t #ce wor? ( l& & labor to ! m9iature =e/4 ,)9 a g5]ation ?is exp5diture has gr[n into a valuable asset :i* yield$ a return ( #cd4ji a ye> on ! inve/m5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,on ,,poor ,,soil ,,trees ,,su* ,,z ,,^! ,,are ,,m ,,pr(itable ,,?an ,,f>m ,,crops ,a ,new ,york f>m] :o plays squ>e ) 8 woodl& realizes a cont9u\s pr(it ( #a a day f a #aae-;acre timb] tract4 ,! annual gr[? ( ?is well-manag$ f>m =e/ is 4#fe cords ( wood p] acre1 equival5t to #ge cords ( wood--mo/ly tulip popl>--a ye>4 ,! f>m]'s pr(it am\nts to #d4fh a cord1 or a total ( #cfd4ej f ! entire timb] tract4 ,ov] 9 ,new ,hamp%ire1 an associate sold a two-acre /& ( :ite p9e--?is 0 be=e ! inflat$ w> prices 7 9 =ce--= #b1jjj on ! /ump4 ,! total cut ( ?is f>m =e/ am\nt$ to #bed cords equival5t to #agj1jjj bo>d feet ( lumb]4 ,?is 0 an av]age ( ab\t #he1jjj feet an acre4 ,! trees 7 betwe5 eighty & eighty-five ye>s old :5 fell$4 ,?is indicates an annual gr[? on ea* acre ( ab\t #a1jjj feet ( lumb]4 ,! gross returns f ! sale ( ! woodl& crops am\nt$ to #ab4bj an acre a ye>4 ,^!1 ( c\rse1 are n av]age in/ances4 ,f>m]s %\ld prize _! woodl&s because !y provide build+ mat]ial = f5ces & f>m outbuild+s z well z = g5]al repairs4 ,! f>m woodl& also supplies fuel = ! f>m h\se4 ,any surplus mat]ials c be sold 9 ! =m ( /&+ timb]1 sawlogs1 po/s1 poles1 cros/ies1 pulpwood1 blocks or bolts4 ,! f>m =e/ also s]ves z a good w9dbreak = ! f>m build+s4 ,x supplies %elt] = ! live/ock dur+ /ormy wea!r & protects ! soil aga9/ erosion4 ,dur+ slack times1 x provides pr(itable "w = ! f>m h&s4 ,!re are approximately "o-fif? ( a billion acres ( f>m woodl&s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates !re are ab\t #afi1jjj1jjj acres ( f>ml& =e/s4 ,if ^! woodl&s c\ld be jo9$ toge!r 9 a solid /rip "o hundr$ miles wide1 !y w\ld rea* f ,new ,york to ,san ,francisco4 ,!y w\ld am\nt to an area almo/ eight times z l>ge z ! comb9$ =e/s ( ,france :i* furni%$ ! bulk ( ! timb] us$ by ! ,allies dur+ ! ,_w ,w>4 ,9 ! ,nor?1 ! f>m woodl&s compose two-fif?s ( all ! =e/s4 ,altoge!r !re are approximately #ec1jjj1jjj acres ( f>m woodlots :i* yield a gross income ( ab\t #afb1jjj1jjj annually to _! own]s4 ,surveys %[ t 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates m ?an #fe p] c5t4 ( ! =e/$ l& is on f>ms1 :ile 9 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,ill9ois & ,i[a f #hj to #ajj p] c5t4 ( ! timb] tracts are on corn belt f>ms4 ,conditions 9 ! ,s\? also emphasize ! importance ( f>m woods1 z 9 ?is region !re are m ?an #abe1jjj1jjj acres :i* yield an income ( ab\t #aej1jjj1jjj a ye>4 ,9 fact ! woodl&s on ! f>ms compose ab\t #ej p] c5t4 ( all ! =e/ l&s s\? ( ! ,mason-,dixon l9e4 ,9 ,m>yl&1 ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,k5tucky & ,oklahoma1 ov] #fj p] c5t4 ( all ! =e/ l& is on f>ms4 ,! ,gov]nm5t says timb] rais+ is v pr(itable 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates because !re is pl5ty ( *eap l& :i* is n suitable = f>m+1 :ile ! ra9fall is abundant & favors rapid tree gr[?4 ,fur!rmore1 !re are _m l>ge cities :i* use enorm\s supplies ( lumb]4 ,! transportation facilities1 bo? rail & wat]1 are excell5t4 ,?is section is a long di/ance f ! la/ ( ! virg9 =e/s ( ! ,pacific ,coa/ c\ntry4 ,! f>ms t report$ at ! la/ c5sus sold an av]age ( ab\t #hb wor? ( tree crop products a ye>4 ,new ,york1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,virg9ia1 ,georgia1 ,t5nessee1 ,alabama1 ,k5tucky1 ,wiscons9 & ,p5nsylvania ea* sold ov] #ae1jjj1jjj wor? ( lumb] & o!r =e/ products f _! f>m woodlots dur+ a s+le season4 ,9 #aiah ! report %[$ t ! f>ms ( ! c\ntry burn up ab\t #gh1jjj1jjj cords ( firewood annually1 equal to approximately #aa4e cords ( fuel a f>m4 ,! ,s\!rn ,/ates burn m wood ?an ! cold] ,nor!rn ,/ates4 ,9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a ea* f>m consumes eighte5 cords ( fuel annually1 :ile ! f>ms ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,arkansas us$ sev5te5 cords apiece1 & ^? ( ,mississippi1 ,georgia1 ,t5nessee1 ,l\isiana1 & ,k5tucky f fifte5 to sixte5 cords4 ,ev5 "u ^! conditions ( ext5sive cordwood use1 our f>m woodlots are produc+ only ab\t "o-?ird to "o-half ( ! wood supplies :i* !y c\ld gr[ if !y 7 prop]ly manag$4 ,! f>m] :o appreciates ! importance ( c>+ = 8 home =e/s is always int]e/$ 9 kn[+ h[ mu* timb] w gr[ on an acre dur+ a p]iod ( twelve mon?s4 ,! ,gov]nm5t reports t :]e ! f>m woodlots are fully /ock$ ) trees & well-c>$ =1 an acre ( h>dwoods w produce f "o-half to "o cord ( wood--a cord ( wood is equal to ab\t #ejj bo>d feet ( lumb]4 ,a p9e =e/ w produce f "o to two cords ( wood an acre4 ,! gr[? is great] 9 ! w>m] s\!rn climate ?an x is 9 ! ,nor? :]e ! gr[+ season is mu* %ort]4 ,exp]t =e/]s say t po/s & cros/ies c be gr[n 9 f t5 to ?irty ye>s & t mo/ ( ! rapid gr[+ trees w make saw timb] 9 betwe5 tw5ty & =ty ye>s4 ,aft] ! f>m woodl& is logg$1 a new /& ( "y trees w develop f se$s or spr\ts f ! /umps4 ,f>m]s f9d t x is pr(itable to h>r[ ! gr\nd 9 ! cut-ov] woodl&s to aid natural reproduction1 or to turn hogs into ! timb] tract to ru/le a liv+ z ^! animals aid 9 scatt]+ ! se$ "u favorable circum/ances4 ,x is also notewor?y t ! mo/ vigor\s spr\ts come f ! clean1 well-cut /umps f :i* ! trees 7 cut dur+ ! late fall1 w9t] or e>ly spr+ be=e ! sap beg9s to fl[4 ,! top ( ea* /ump %\ld be cut slant+ s t x w readily %$ wat]4 ,! trees t reproduce by spr\ts include ! oak1 hickory1 basswood1 *e/nut1 gum1 cottonwood1 will[s & "y %ort-leaf & pit* p9es4 ,9 ord] t ! f>m woodl& may be kept 9 ! be/ ( productive condition1 ! f>m] %\ld remove = firewood ! trees adapt$ only = t purpose4 ,usually1 remov+ ^! trees improves ! gr[? ( ! rema9+ trees by giv+ !m bett] *ances to develop4 ,trees %\ld be cut ^: gr[? has be5 /unt$ because trees ( m rapid gr[? cr[d$ !m out4 ,diseas$ trees or ^? t h be5 s]i\sly injur$ by insects %\ld be fell$4 ,9 sections expos$ to *e/nut blight or gypsy mo? infection1 x is advisable to remove ! *e/nut & bir* trees be=e !y are damag$ s]i\sly4 ,x is wise managem5t to cut ! fire-sc>r$ trees z well z ^? t are crook$1 l>ge-cr[n$ & %ort-bol$1 z !y w n make good lumb]4 ,! removal ( ^! undesirable trees improves ! =e/ by provid+ m gr[+ space = ! /urdy1 heal?y trees4 ,s\nd dead trees z well z ! sl[-gr[+ trees t cr[d ! fa/ gr[+ v>ieties %\ld be cut4 ,9 addition1 :]e su* less valuable trees z ! bee*1 bir*1 black oak1 jack oak or black gum are cr[d+ valuable trees l ! sug> maples1 :ite or %ort-leaf p9es1 yell[ popl> or :ite oak1 ! =m] species %\ld be *opp$ d[n4 ,^! cutt+ op]ations %\ld be done ) ! lea/ possible damage to ! liv+ & "y trees4 ,! we$ trees %\ld be cut d[n1 j z ! we$s are ho$ out ( a field ( corn1 9 ord] t ! surviv+ trees may make bett] gr[?4 ,(t5 ! f>m] errs 9 m>ket+ 8 tree crops4 ,!re h be5 num]\s in/ances :]e f>m]s h be5 delud$ by timb] cruis]s & o!rs :o pur*as$ _! valuable =e/ tracts = a m]e fraction ( :at ! woodl&s 7 really wor?4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,=e/ ,s]vice & ,/ate ,=e/ry ,dep>tm5ts h inve/igat$ _m ( ^! cases & its exp]ts advise f>m]s :o are plann+ to sell tree crops to get prices = ! v>i\s wood products f z _m sawmills & wood-us+ plants z possible4 ,! =e/]s recomm5d t ! f>m]s consult ) _! neighbors :o h sold timb]4 ,sometimes x may pay to sell ! timb] locally if ! prices are "r1 z !n ! heavy transportation co/s are elim9at$4 ,mo/ /ates h /ate =e/]s :o exam9e woodl&s & advise ! own] j :at to d4 ,x pays to adv]tise 9 ! newspap]s & secure z _m competitive bids z possible = ! timb] on ! /ump4 ,g5]ally1 unless ! prices (f]$ = su* timb] are unusually high1 ! f>m] w get great] returns by logg+ & saw+ ! timb] & sell+ x 9 ! =m ( lumb] & o!r wood products4 ,! f>m] :o owns a l>ge =e/ tract %\ld h "s reliable & exp]i5c$ timb]man c>efully inspect 8 timb] & e/imate ! am\nt & value4 ,! own] %\ld deal ) only responsible buy]s4 ,he %\ld use a writt5 agreem5t 9 sell+ timb]1 p>ticul>ly :]e ! pur*as] is to d ! cutt+4 ,! f>m woodl& own] mu/ always be> 9 m9d t /&+ timb] c always be held ov] a p]iod ( l[ prices )\t rapid det]ioration4 ,9 sell+ lumb]1 ! be/ plan is to use ! inf]ior timb] at home = build+ & repair "w & to m>ket ! be/ ( ! mat]ial4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,putt+ ,,wood ,,wa/e ,,to ,,"w ,= _m ye>s te*nical /udies ( wood 7 neglect$4 ,detail$ inve/igations ( /eel1 concrete1 oil1 rubb] & o!r mat]ials 7 made b wood app>5tly 0 =gott54 ,x has be5 only dur+ ! la/ decade s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,=e/ ,products ,laboratory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,=e/ ,s]vice1 at ,madison1 ,wiscons91 t te/s & exp]im5ts to det]m9e ! real value ( diff]5t woods h be5 begun4 ,"o ( ! big problems ( ! gov]nm5t sci5ti/s at t /ation1 :i* is conduct$ 9 cop]ation ) ! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons91 is to *eck ! ne$less wa/e ( wood4 ,by actual te/ !y f9d out all ab\t ! wa/eful practices ( lumb]+ 9 ! woods & mills4 ,!n !y try to educate & conv]t ! lumb]m5 & manufactur]s away f su* practices4 ,! laboratory exp]ts h already p]=m$ m ?an #ejj1jjj te/s ) #adi diff]5t k9ds ( native woods4 ,z a result ( ^! exp]im5ts1 ^! woods are n[ be+ us$ to bett] advantage ) less wa/e 9 ! build+ & manufactur+ indu/ries4 ,a pot5tial sav+ ( at lea/ #bj p] c5t4 ( ! timb]s us$ = build+ purposes is promis$1 :i* means a salvage ( ab\t #dj1jjj1jjj annually z a result ( /r5g? te/s ( s\!rn yell[ p9e & ,d\glas fir4 ,additional te/s h %[n t ! r$ he>twood ( hickory is j z /rong & s]viceable z ! :ite sap wood4 ,=m]ly1 ! cu/om has be5 to ?r[ away ! he>twood z useless4 ,?is discov]y greatly ext5ds ! use ( our hickory supply4 ,h]et(ore1 ! cu/om has be5 to season woods by dry+ !m 9 ! sun4 ,?is me?od ( cur+ n only took a long "t b also 0 wa/eful & exp5sive4 ,! =e/ry sci5ti/s & lumb]m5 h n[ improv$ ! use ( dry kilns & artificial sy/ems ( cur+ gre5 lumb]4 ,n[ m ?an ?irty-five ( ! lead+ woods su* z ,d\glas fir1 s\!rn yell[ p9e1 spruce1 gum & oak c be season$ 9 ! kilns 9 %ort "t4 ,x us$ to take ab\t two ye>s ( air dry+ to season fir & spruce4 ,at pres5t ! artificial kiln p]=ms ?is job 9 f tw5ty to =ty days4 ,! kiln-dri$ lumb] is j z /rong & useful = con/ruction z ! air-cur$ /ock4 ,te/s h prov$ t kiln dry+ ( walnut = use 9 gun /ocks or airplane propell]s1 9 "s cases r$uc$ ! wa/e ( mat]ial f #fj to #b p] c5t4 ,! kiln-dri$ mat]ial 0 ready = use 9 "o-?ird ! "t x w\ld h tak5 to season ! mat]ial 9 ! air4 ,heavy gre5 oak timb]s = wagons & :eels 7 dri$ 9 ! kiln 9 n9ety to "o hundr$ days4 ,x w\ld h tak5 two ye>s to cure ?is mat]ial outdoors4 ,by _! valuable te/ "w1 sci5ti/s are devis+ effici5t means ( protect+ wood aga9/ decay4 ,!y treat ! woods ) su* *emicals z creosote1 z9c *loride & o!r pres]vatives4 ,! life ( ! av]age railroad tie is at lea/ d\bl$ by su* treatm5t4 ,we c\ld save ab\t "o & "o-half billion bo>d feet ( valuable h>dwood lumb] annually if all ! #he1jjj1jjj untreat$ railroad ties n[ 9 use c\ld be protect$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,if all wood expos$ to decay 7 simil>ly treat$1 we c\ld save ab\t six billion bo>d feet ( timb] ea* ye>4 ,ab\t "o-six? ( all ! lumb] t is cut 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is us$ 9 mak+ crates & pack+ boxes4 ,! majority ( ^! boxes are n satisfactory4 ,ei!r !y are n /rong en\gh or else !y are n ! "r size or %ape4 ,dur+ a rec5t ye>1 ! railroads paid out m ?an #ajj1jjj1jjj to %ipp]s :o lo/ goods 9 transit due to boxes & crates t 7 damag$ 9 %ipm5t4 ,9 ord] to f9d out :at woods are be/ to use 9 crates & boxes & :at sizes & %apes w )/& r\gh h&l+1 ! ,laboratory exp]ts develop$ a novel drum t tosses ! boxes to & fro & gives !m ! same k9d ( r\gh h&l+ !y get on ! railroad4 ,?is te/+ ma*9e has demon/rat$ t ! prop] me?od ( nail+ ! box is ( great importance4 ,te/s h %[n t ! weake/ wood prop]ly nail$ into a conta9] is m s]viceable ?an ! /ronge/ wood poorly nail$4 ,bett] designs ( boxes h be5 work$ out :i* save lumb] & space & produce /rong] conta9]s4 ,educat+ ! lumb]+ indu/ry away f extravagant practices is "o ( ! important activities ( ! mod]n =e/ry exp]ts4 ,op]ators :o manufacture h&les1 spokes1 *airs1 furniture1 toys & agricultural implem5ts c\ld1 by sci5tific me?ods ( wood us+1 produce j z good products by us+ #aj to #ej p] c5t4 ( ! tree z !y d by us+ all ( x4 ,! furniture indu/ry n infrequ5tly wa/es f #dj to #fj p] c5t4 ( ! raw lumb] :i* x buys4 ,mu* ( ?is wa/e c\ld be sav$ by cutt+ ! small sizes ( mat]ial directly f ! log in/ead ( f lumb]4 ,x is also ess5tial t sizes ( mat]ial us$ 9 ^! indu/ries be /&>diz$4 ,! ,=e/ ,products ,laboratory has p]fect$ practical me?ods ( build+ up mat]ial f small pieces :i* o!rwise w\ld be ?r[n away4 ,= example1 %oe la/s1 hat blocks1 b[l+ p9s1 base-ball bats1 wagon bol/]s & :eel hubs are n[ made ( %ort pieces ( mat]ial :i* are fa/5$ toge!r ) wat]pro( glue4 ,if ?is me?od ( built-up con/ruction c be made popul> 9 all sections ( ! c\ntry1 v great sav+s 9 our annual consumption ( wood c be br\ght ab\t4 ,z matt]s n[ /&1 approximately #be p] c5t4 ( ! tree 9 ! =e/ is lo/ or wa/$ 9 ! woods1 #dj p] c5t4 at ! mills1 #e p] c5t4 9 season+ ! lumb] & f #e to #aj p] c5t4 9 work+ ! lumb] ov] into ! manufactur$ articles4 ,?is new me?od ( con/ruction :i* makes full use ( odds & ends & slabs & edg+s (f]s a pr(itable way to make use ( ! #ge p] c5t4 ( mat]ial :i* n[ is wa/$4 ,! va/ importance ( pres]v+ our =e/s is emphasiz$ :5 "o /ops to consid] ! great numb] ( uses to :i* wood is put4 ,9 addition to be+ us$ z a build+ mat]ial1 wood is also manufactur$ into newspap] & writ+ pap]4 ,fur!rmore1 x is a mo/ important product 9 ! mak+ ( l9oleum1 artificial silk1 gunp[d]1 pa9ts1 soaps1 inks1 celluloid1 v>ni%es1 sausage cas+s1 *lor(orm & iod(orm4 ,wood alcohol1 :i* is made by ! de/ructive di/illation ( wood1 is ano!r important by-product4 ,acetate ( lime1 :i* is us$ ext5sively 9 *emical plants1 & *>coal1 are o!r products :i* result f wood di/illation4 ,! *>coal makes a good fuel & is valuable = smelt+ iron1 t9 & copp]1 9 ! manufacture ( gunp[d]1 z an insulat+ mat]ial1 & z a cl>ifi] 9 sug> ref9]ies4 ,x is pr$ict$ t ! future fuel = use 9 automobile eng9es w be obta9$ f wood wa/e4 ,e?yl or gra9 alcohol c n[ be made f sawdu/ & o!r mill refuse4 ,"o ton ( dry ,d\glas fir or s\!rn yell[ p9e w yield f tw5ty to tw5ty-five gallons ( #ie p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,x is e/imat$ t m ?an #cjj1jjj1jjj gallons ( alcohol c\ld be made annually f wood n[ wa/$ at ! mills4 ,?is supply c\ld be increas$ by ! use ( second-gr[?1 inf]ior trees & o!r l[-grade mat]ial4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,wood ,,= ,,! ,,nation ,we/w>d ! c\rse ( =e/ discov]y & depletion has tak5 its way 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! p9e & h>dwood =e/s ( ! ,atlantic & ,new ,engl& ,/ates fir/ fell be=e ! bite ( ! woodman's ax & ! sweep ( 8 saw4 ,wa/eful lumb]+ f9ally sapp$ ! res\rces ( ^! productive timb]l&s4 ,%ift 0 !n made f>!r we/w>d to ! ,lake ,/ates4 ,_! va/ /ret*es ( :ite p9e & native h>dwoods 7 cut to a skeleton ( _! orig9al size4 ,! lumb]+ op]ations !n spread to ! s\!rn p9e belt4 ,9 a few ye>s ! supplies ( m>ketable lumb] 9 t region 7 consid]ably r$uc$4 ,!n ! we/w>d trail 0 resum$4 ,! /rip ( c\ntry betwe5 ! ,mississippi ,riv] & ! ,cascade1 ,si]ra ,nevada & ,coa/ ,ranges 0 comb$ & cut4 ,today1 ! la/ big drive aga9/ our timb] assets is be+ wag$ 9 ! =e/s ( ! ,pacific ,coa/4 ,our virg9 =e/s orig9ally cov]$ #hbb1jjj1jjj acres4 ,today1 only "o-six? ( !m are left4 ,all ! =e/ l& n[ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates includ+ cull$1 burn$ & cut-ov] tracts1 totals #dfc1jjj1jjj acres4 ,we n[ h m wa/e & cut-ov] l&s 9 ?is c\ntry ?an ! comb9$ =e/ area ( ,g]many1 ,belgium1 ,d5m>k1 ,holl&1 ,france1 ,switz]l&1 ,spa9 & ,portugal4 ,! m]*antable timb] left 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is e/imat$ at #b1bae1jjj1jjj1jjj bo>d feet4 ,! re/ is second-gr[? trees ( poor quality4 ,"o-half ( ?is timb] is 9 ,cali=nia1 ,wa%+ton & ,oregon4 ,x is a long & co/ly haul f ^! ,pacific ,coa/ =e/s to ! ea/]n m>kets4 ,less ?an "o-fif? ( our rema9+ timb] is h>dwood4 #ef1jjj1jjj1jjj bo>d feet ( mat]ial ( saw timb] size are us$ or de/roy$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea* ye>4 ,altoge!r1 we use m ?an #bf1jjj1jjj1jjj cubic feet ( timb] ( all classes annually4 ,our =e/s are mak+ annual gr[? at ! rate ( less ?an "o-f\r? ( ?is total consumption4 ,we are rapidly cutt+ away ! la/ ( our virg9 =e/s4 ,we also are cutt+ small-siz$ & ?rifty trees mu* m rapidly ?an we c replace !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,=e/ ,,crop ,,on ,,its ,,way ,,to ,,! ,,m>ket ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is %ort on timb] today because our fa!rs & =efa!rs abus$ our =e/s4 ,if !y _h plant$ trees on ! l&s aft] ! virg9 timb] 0 remov$1 we %\ld n[ be "o ( ! ri*e/ c\ntries 9 ! _w 9 =e/ res\rces4 ,in/ead1 !y left b>r5 /ret*es & desolate wa/es :]e d5se woods once /ood4 ,x is "t t ! pres5t own]s ( ! l& beg9 ! reclamation ( our #cbf1jjj1jjj acres ( cut-ov] timb]l&s4 ,"s ( ^! l&s /ill are yield+ fair crops ( timb] due to natural re/ock+ & prop] c>e4 ,mo/ ( !m are indiff]5t produc]s4 ,"o-qu>t] ( all ?is l& is b>e ( =e/ gr[?4 ,x is our duty z citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to aid z we may 9 ! re=e/ation ( ?is area4 ,fires are cutt+ d[n ! size ( our =e/s ea* ye>4 ,dur+ a rec5t five-ye> p]iod1 #afj1jjj =e/ fires burn$ ov] #ef1dhh1jjj acres1 an area z l>ge z ! /ate ( ,utah1 & de/roy$ or damag$ timb] & prop]ty valu$ at #he1gae1jjj4 ,ye> by ye>1 fires & bad timb] practices h be5 increas+ our total areas ( wa/e & cut-ov] l&4 ,we are fac+ a future lumb] fam9e1 n alone because we h us$ up our timb]1 b also because we h fail$ to make use ( our va/ acreage ( idle l& adapt$ = gr[+ =e/s4 ,we mu/ call a halt & beg9 all ov] aga94 ,our new />t mu/ be along ! l9es ( timb] plant+ & tree increase4 ,! l&[n]s1 ! ,/ates & ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t mu/ all get toge!r 9 ?is big drive = re=e/ation4 ,x is impossible to make ,national ,=e/s out ( all ! idle =e/ l&4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! matt] ( re=e/ation _c be left to private own]s4 ,"s ( !m w\ld set out trees & re/ore ! =e/s z desir$4 ,o!rs w\ld n4 ,! public has l>ge int]e/s at /ake4 ,x mu/ be> "p ( ! burd54 ,prop] protection ( ! =e/s aga9/ fire c come only ?r\gh unit$ public action4 ,ev]yone mu/ d 8 "p to r$uce ! fire dang]4 ,! public mu/ also br+ ab\t ne$$ *anges 9 _m ( our tax me?ods s t private own]s w be enc\rag$ to g into ! bus9ess ( rais+ timb]4 ,! ,gov]nm5t mu/ d its %>e1 ! private l&[n] mu/ help to ! utmo/ & ! public mu/ aid 9 e possible way1 includ+ paym5t ( high] prices = lumb] z ! co/ ( gr[+ timb] increases4 ,france & ,sc&9avia h solv$ _! =e/ problems along ab\t ! same l9es ! ,unit$ ,/ates w h to foll[4 ,^! c\ntries keep up well-protect$ public =e/s4 ,all ! l&[n]s are taught h[ to set out & raise trees4 ,ev]yone has le>n$ to respect ! timb]l&s4 ,! woods are ?\ght ( z treasures :i* mu/ be c>efully h&l$4 ,! av]age man w\ld no m ?9k ( abus+ ! trees 9 ! =e/ ?an he w\ld ( sett+ fire to 8 home4 ,! =eign c\ntries are n[ busy work+ out _! =e/ry problems ( ! ye>s to come4 ,we 9 ,am]ica are lett+ ! future take c>e ( itself4 ,our ,/ates %\ld aid g5]ally 9 ! "w ( prev5t+ =e/ fires4 ,!y %\ld pass laws :i* w require m c>eful h&l+ ( private =e/ l&s4 ,!y %\ld pass m favorable timb] tax laws s t tree gr[+ w be enc\rag$4 ,uncle ,sam %\ld be ! director 9 *>ge ( all ?is "w4 ,he %\ld in/ruct ! /ates h[ to protect _! =e/s aga9/ fire4 ,he %\ld tea* !m h[ to r5ew _! deplet$ woodl&s4 ,he %\ld "w = a gradual & regul> expansion ( ! ,national ,=e/s4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,=e/ ,s]vice %\ld h ! p[] to help ! v>i\s /ates 9 matt]s ( fire protection1 ways ( cutt+ =e/s1 me?ods ( r5ew+ =e/s & ( decid+ :e!r idle l&s 7 bett] adapt$ = f>m+ or =e/ry purposes4 ,exp]ts believe t ! ,gov]nm5t %\ld sp5d at lea/ #b1jjj1jjj a ye> 9 ! pur*ase ( new ,national ,=e/s4 ,ab\t "o-fif? ( all our =e/s are n[ publicly own$4 ,"o ( ! be/ ways ( prev5t+ ! conc5tration ( timb] 9 private own]%ip is to increase ! area ( publicly own$ =e/s4 ,su* actions w\ld prev5t ! wa/e ( valuable timb] & w\ld aid plant+ "w4 ,= be/ results1 x is ?\ght t ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t %\ld own ab\t "o-half ( all ! =e/s 9 ! c\ntry4 ,to protect ! wat]%$s ( navigable /reams ! ,gov]nm5t %\ld buy #a1jjj1jjj acres ( woodl&s 9 ,new ,engl& & #e1jjj1jjj acres 9 ! s\!rn ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s4 ,! ,national ,=e/s %\ld also be ext5d$ & consolidat$4 ,f$]al funds %\ld be increas$ s t ! ,=e/ ,s]vice c und]take on a l>ge scale ! replant+ ( burn$-ov] l&s 9 ! ,national ,=e/s4 ,z soon z ?is "w is well "u way1 ,congress %\ld supply ab\t #a1jjj1jjj annually = su* "w4 ,_m wat]%$s 9 ! ,national ,=e/s are b>e ( cov] due to =e/ fires4 ,z a result1 ! wat] ( ^! /reams is n suffici5t = ! ne$s ( irrigation1 wat] p[] & city wat] supply ( ! surr\nd+ regions4 ,"r n[1 ev5 our lead+ =e/]s d n "k exactly :at ! =e/ res\rces ( ! c\ntry am\nt to4 ,x w take sev]al ye>s to make su* a survey ev5 aft] ! necess>y funds are provid$4 ,we ne$ to "k j h[ mu* wood ( ea* class & type is available4 ,we want to "k1 9 ea* case1 ! pres5t & possible output4 ,we want to f9d out ! timb] requirem5ts ( ea* /ate & ( e important wood-us+ indu/ry4 ,exact figures are ne$$ on ! timb] /&s & _! gr[?4 ,! exp]im5tal "w ( ! ,=e/ ,s]vice %\ld be ext5d$4 ,practically e =e/ is diff]5t f e o!r =e/4 ,x is necess>y to "w out locally ! problems ( ea* timb] res]vation4 ,mo/ urg5t ( all is ! dem& = a law to all[ ,f$]al (fic]s to r5d] great] assi/ance to ! /ate =e/ry dep>tm5ts 9 fight+ =e/ fires4 ,_m /ate laws design$ to p]petuate our =e/s mu/ be pass$ if our rema9+ timb] res\rces are to be sav$4 ,dur+ times :5 fires ?reat51 all ! =e/ l&s 9 ea* /ate %\ld be gu>d$ by organiz$ ag5cies4 ,?is protection %\ld include cut-ov] & unimprov$ l& z well z timb] tracts4 ,su* a plan w\ld require t ! ,/ate & ,f$]al gov]nm5ts be> ab\t "o-half ! exp5ses :ile ! private =e/ own]s %\ld /& ! balance4 ,!re w\ld be special rules regulat+ ! disposal ( sla%+s1 me?ods ( cutt+ timb]1 & ( extract+ =e/ products su* z pulpwood or naval /ores4 ,if our =e/s are to be sav$ = ! future we mu/ beg9 cons]vation at once4 ,to a small degree1 luck plays a "p 9 ma9ta9+ ! size ( ! =e/4 ,"s woodl&s 9 ! ,s\? ,atlantic ,/ates are n[ produc+ _! ?ird cut ( saw logs4 ,despite =e/ fires & o!r de/ructive ag5cies1 ^! =e/s h cont9u$ to produce4 ,"s ( ! nor!rn timb]l&s h gr[n crops ( saw timb] & wood pulp = f "o hundr$ fifty to two hundr$ fifty ye>s4 ,exp]t =e/]s report t private own]s are ea* ye> increas+ _! plant+s on d5ud$ woodl&s4 ,new ,engl& l&[n]s are plant+ betwe5 #ab1jjj1jjj & #ae1jjj1jjj "y =e/ trees a ye>4 ,! ,middle ,atlantic & ,c5tral ,/ates are do+ ab\t z well4 ,to save our =e/s1 plant+ ( ?is sort mu/ be univ]sal4 ,x takes f fifty to "o hundr$ ye>s to gr[ a crop ( m]*antable timb]4 ,:at ! ,unit$ ,/ates ne$s is a national =e/ry policy :i* w induce e l&[n] to plant & gr[ m trees on l& t is n useful = f>m crops4 ,our =e/ry problem is to put to "w millions ( acres ( idle l&4 ,z "o em95t =e/] rec5tly rem>k$1 ,if we are to rema9 a nation ( timb] us]s1 we mu/ become a nation ( wood gr[]s4