,,r5aissance ,,9 ,,italy ,,! ,,f9e ,,arts ,,by ,,john ,,add+ton ,,symonds ,,au?or ,,( ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,dante1 ,,/udies ,,( ,,! ,,greek ,,poets ,,& ,,sket*es ,,9 ,,italy ,,& ,,greece 99 99 99 99 99 ,dii ,romae indigetes1 ,trojae tuque auctor1 ,apollo1 ,unde g5us no/rum coeli se tollit ad a/ra1 ,hanc saltem auf]ri laudem prohibete ,lat9is3 ,artibus em9eat semp]1 /udiisque ,m9]vae1 ,italia1 et g5tes doceat pul*]rima ,roma2 ,qu&oquidem armorum p5itus =tuna recessit1 ,tanta ,italos int] crevit discordia reges2 ,ipsi nos int] saevos di/r+imus enses1 ,nec patriam pudet ext]nis ap]ire tyrannis ,,vida1 ,poetica1 lib4 ii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,london ,,smi?1 ,,eld] ,,co #ahii ,,preface#a ,?is ?ird volume ( my book on ! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy does n pret5d to retrace ! hi/ory ( ! ,italian arts1 b r to def9e _! relation to ! ma9 movem5t ( ,r5aissance culture4 ,keep+ ?is1 ! *ief object ( my :ole "w1 /eadily 9 view1 ,i h tri$ to expla9 ! dep5d5ce ( ! arts on m$iaeval ,*ri/ianity at _! comm5cem5t1 _! gradual emancipation f ecclesia/ical control1 & _! f9al atta9m5t ( fre$om at ! mom5t :5 ! classical revival culm9at$4 ,n to notice ! m$iaeval p]iod 9 ?is evolution w\ld be impossible2 s9ce ! revival ( ,sculpture & ,pa9t+ at ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 0 among ! e>lie/ signs ( t new intellectual bir? to :i* we give ! title ( ,r5aissance4 ,i h1 !re=e1 _h to deal at "s l5g? ) /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ,ar*itecture1 ,sculpture1 & ,pa9t+1 :i* =m a prelude to ! prop] age ( my own hi/ory4 ,9 /udy+ ! ar*itectural bran* ( ! subject1 ,i h _h rec\rse to ,f]gusson's ,illu/rat$ ,h&book ( ,ar*itecture1 to ,burckh>dt's ,cic]one1 to ,grn]'s ,t]ra-,cotta ,build+s ( ,nor? ,italy1 to ,milizia's ,memorie degli ,ar*itetti1 & to _m illu/rat$ works on s+le build+s 9 ,rome1 ,tuscany1 ,lomb>dy1 & ,v5ice4 ,= ! hi/ory ( ,sculpture ,i h us$ ,burckh>dt's ,cic]one1 & ! two important works ( ,*>les ,c4 ,p]k9s1 entitl$ ,tuscan ,sculptors1 & ,italian ,sculptors4 ,su* books z ,le ,tre ,porte del ,batti/]o di ,fir5ze1 ,grn]'s ,ca!dral ( ,orvieto1 & ,las9io's ,tab]nacolo della ,madonna d',orsammi*ele h be5 helpful by _! illu/rations4 ,= ! hi/ory ( ,pa9t+ ,i h made use pr9cipally ( ,vas>i's ,vite de' pi eccell5ti ,pittori1 c41 9 ,le ,monni]'s edition ( ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle's ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+1 ( ,burckh>dt's ,cic]one1 ( ,ros9i's illu/rat$ ,/oria della ,pittura ,italiana1 ( ,rio's ,l',art ,*rti51 & ( ,h5ri ,beyle's ,hi/oire de la ,pe9ture en ,italie4 ,i %\ld1 h[ev]1 f> exce$ ! limits ( a preface 7 ,i to make a li/ ( all ! books ,i h consult$ ) pr(it on ! hi/ory ( ! arts 9 ,italy4 ,9 ?is "p ( my "w ,i feel t ,i owe less to read+ ?an to obs]vation4 ,i am n aw>e ( hav+ m5tion$ any important build+1 /atue1 or picture :i* ,i h n _h ! opportunity ( /udy+4 ,:at ,i h writt5 9 ?is volume ab\t ! monum5ts ( ,italian art has always be5 fir/ not$ face to face ) ! orig9als1 & aft]w>ds correct$1 modifi$1 or confirm$ 9 ! c\rse ( subsequ5t j\rneys to ,italy4 ,i "k t ?is me?od ( composition1 if x has ! m]it ( fre%ness1 entails "s inequality ( /yle & disproportion 9 ! di/ribution ( mat]ials4 ,9 ! f9al prep>ation ( my "w = press ,i h !re=e endeav\r$1 z f> z possible1 to comp5sate ?is disadvantage by adh]+ to ! ma9 motive ( my subject--! illu/ration ( ! ,r5aissance _s z ?is 0 manife/$ 9 ! ,arts4 ,i mu/ add1 9 conclusion1 t ,*apt]s ,,vii4 & ,,ix4 & ,app5dix ,,ii4 are 9 "p repr9t$ f ! ,we/m9/]1 ! ,cornhill1 & ! ,contempor>y4 ,,clifton3 ,m>* #ahgg4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,problem ,,= ,,! ,,f9e ,,arts ,art 9 ,italy & ,greece--,! ,lead+ ,phase ( ,culture--/hetic ,type ( ,lit]ature--,pa9t+ ! ,supreme ,italian ,art--,its ,task 9 ! ,r5aissance--,*ri/ian & ,classical ,traditions--,sculpture = ! ,anci5ts--,pa9t+ = ! ,romance ,nations--,m$iaeval ,fai? & ,sup]/ition--,! ,promise ( ,pa9t+--,h[ f> c ! ,figurative ,arts express ,*ri/ian ,ideas8--,greek & ,*ri/ian ,religion--,pla/ic ,art incapable ( solv+ ! ,problem--,a m ,emotional ,art ne$$--,place ( ,sculpture 9 ! ,r5aissance--,pa9t+ & ,*ri/ian ,/ory--,humanization ( ,ecclesia/ical ,ideas by ,art--,ho/ility ( ! ,_s ( ,true ,piety to ,art--,compromises effect$ by ! ,*ur*--,fra ,b>tolommeo's ,s4 ,seba/ian--,irreconcilability ( ,art & ,!ology1 ,art & ,philosophy--,recapitulation--,art 9 ! end ,paganises--,music--,! ,future ( ,pa9t+ aft] ! ,r5aissance4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,ar*itecture ,ar*itecture ( ,m$iaeval ,italy--,milan1 ,g5oa1 ,v5ice--,! ,despots z ,build]s--,div]sity ( ,/yles--,local ,influ5ces--,lomb>d1 ,tuscan1 ,romanesque1 ,go?ic--,italian want ( feel+ = ,go?ic--,ca!drals ( ,si5a & ,orvieto--,secul> ,build+s ( ! ,middle ,ages--,flor5ce & ,v5ice--,private ,palaces--,public ,halls--,palazzo della ,signoria at ,flor5ce--,arnolfo di ,cambio--,s4 ,m>ia del ,fiore--,brunelles*i's ,dome--,classical ,revival 9 ,ar*itecture--,roman ,ru9s--,?ree ,p]iods 9 ,r5aissance ,ar*itecture--,_! ,*>act]i/ics--,brunelles*i --,alb]ti--,palace-build+--,mi*ellozzo-- ,decorative ,"w ( ! ,revival--,bramante--,vitoni's ,*ur* ( ! ,umilt at ,pi/oja--,palazzo del ,te--,villa ,f>nes9a--,sansov9o at ,v5ice--,mi*ael ,angelo--,! ,build+ ( ,s4 ,pet]'s--,palladio--,! ,palazzo della ,ragione at ,vic5za--,lomb>d ,ar*itects--,!ori/s & ,/ud5ts ( ,vitruvius--,vignola & ,scamozzi--,european ,influ5ce ( ! ,palladian ,/yle--,comp>ison ( ,s*ol>s & ,ar*itects 9 relation to ! ,revival ( ,le>n+4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,sculpture ,niccola ,pisano--,obscurity ( ! ,s\rces = a ,hi/ory ( ,e>ly ,italian ,sculpture--,vas>i's ,leg5d ( ,pisano--,deposition f ! ,cross at ,lucca--,/udy ( ,nature & ! ,antique--,s>cophagus at ,pisa--,pisan ,pulpit--,niccola's ,s*ool--,giovanni ,pisano--,pulpit 9 ,s4 ,&rea at ,pi/oja--,fragm5ts ( 8 "w at ,pisa--,tomb ( ,b5$ict ,,xi4 at ,p]ugia--,bas-reliefs at ,orvieto--,&rea ,pisano--,relation ( ,sculpture to ,pa9t+--,giotto--,subord9ation ( ,sculpture to ,ar*itecture 9 ,italy--,pisano's ,influ5ce 9 ,v5ice--,balduccio ( ,pisa--,orcagna--,! ,tab]nacle ( ,orsammi*ele--,! ,gates ( ! ,flor5t9e ,bapti/]y --,competition ( ,ghib]ti1 ,brunelles*i1 & ,della ,qu]cia--,comp>ison ( ,ghib]ti's & ,brunelles*i's ,trial-pieces--,comp>ison ( ,ghib]ti & ,della ,qu]cia--,! ,bas-reliefs ( ,s4 ,petronio--,ghib]ti's ,education--,8 ,pictorial ,/yle 9 ,bas-relief--,8 ,feel+ = ! ,antique--,donatello--,e>ly ,visit to ,rome--,*ri/ian ,subjects--,reali/ic ,treatm5t--,s4 ,george & ,david--,judi?--,eque/rian ,/atue ( ,gattamelata--,influ5ce ( ,donatello's ,naturalism--,&rea ,v]oc*io--,8 ,david--,/atue ( ,colleoni--,aless&ro ,leop>di--,lion>do's ,/atue ( ,francesco ,s=za--,! ,pollajuoli--,tombs ( ,sixtus ,,iv4 & ,innoc5t ,,viii4--,luca della ,robbia--,8 ,treatm5t ( ,glaz$ ,e>!nw>e--,ago/9o di ,duccio--,! ,oratory ( ,s4 ,b]n>d9o at ,p]ugia--,antonio ,rossell9o--,matteo ,civitali--,m9o da ,fiesole--,b5$etto da ,majano--,*>act]i/ics & ,ma/]pieces ( ?is ,gr\p--,sepul*ral ,monum5ts--,&rea ,contucci's ,tombs 9 ,s4 ,m>ia del ,popolo--,desid]io da ,settignano--,sculpture 9 ,s4 ,francesco at ,rim9i--,v5etian ,sculpture--,v]ona--,guido ,mazzoni ( ,mod5a--,c]tosa ( ,pavia--,colleoni ,*apel at ,b]gamo--,sansov9o at ,v5ice--,pagan ,sculpture--,mi*ael ,angelo's ,s*ol>s--,baccio ,b&9elli--,b>tolommeo ,ammanati--,cell9i--,gian ,bologna--,survey ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,r5aissance ,sculpture4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,pa9t+ ,di/ribution ( ,arti/ic ,gifts 9 ,italy--,flor5ce & ,v5ice --,classification by ,s*ools--,/ages 9 ! ,evolution ( ,pa9t+--,cimabue --,! ,rucellai ,madonna--,giotto--,8 widespread ,activity--,! ,scope ( 8 ,art--,vitality--,composition--,col\r--, naturalism--,heal?9ess--,frescoes at ,assisi & ,padua--,leg5d ( ,s4 ,francis--,! ,giottes*i--,pictures ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t--,orcagna 9 ! ,/rozzi ,*apel--,ambrogio ,lor5zetti at ,pisa--,dogmatic ,!ology--,cappella degli ,spagnuoli--,tra9i's ,triumph1 ( ,s4 ,?omas ,aqu9as--,political ,doctr9e express$ 9 ,fresco--,sala della ,pace at ,si5a--,religi\s ,art 9 ,si5a & ,p]ugia--,! ,relation ( ! ,giottesque ,pa9t]s to ! ,r5aissance4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,pa9t+ ,m$iaeval ,motives exhau/$--,new ,impulse t[>d ,te*nical ,p]fection--,naturali/s 9 ,pa9t+--,int]m$iate ,a*ievem5t ne$$ = ! ,great ,age ( ,art--,positive ,_s ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury--,masaccio--,! ,mod]n ,mann]--,paolo ,uccello--,p]spective--,reali/ic ,pa9t]s--,! ,model--,pi]o della ,francesca--,8 ,/udy ( ,=m--,resurrection at ,borgo ,san ,sepolcro--,melozzo da ,=li--,squ>cione at ,padua--,g5tile da ,fabriano--,fra ,angelico--,b5ozzo ,gozzoli--,8 ,decorative ,/yle--,lippo ,lippi--,frescoes at ,prato & ,spoleto--,filipp9o ,lippi--,s&ro ,botticelli--,8 ,value = ! ,/ud5t ( ,r5aissance ,fancy--,8 ,feel+ = ,my?ology--,pi]o di ,cosimo--,dom5ico ,ghirl&ajo--,9 :at s5se he sums up ! ,age--,prosaic ,_s--,flor5ce hi!rto supreme 9 ,pa9t+--,ext5sion ( ,art ,activity ?r\gh\t ,italy--,m$icean ,patronage4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,pa9t+ ,two ,p]iods 9 ! ,true ,r5aissance--,&rea ,mantegna--,8 ,/atuesque ,design--,8 ,naturalism--,roman ,inspiration--,triumph ( ,julius ,caes>--,bas-reliefs--,luca ,signorelli--,! ,precursor ( ,mi*ael ,angelo--,anatomical ,/udies--,s5se ( ,beauty--,! ,*apel ( ,s4 ,brizio at ,orvieto--,its ,arabesques & ,m$allions--,degrees 9 8 ,ideal--,en?usiasm = ,organic ,life--,mode ( treat+ ,classical ,subjects--,p]ug9o--,8 ,pieti/ic ,/yle--,8 ,=malism--,! ,psy*ological ,problem ( 8 ,life--,p]ug9o's ,pupils--,p9turic*io--,at ,spello & ,si5a--,francia--,fra ,b>tolommeo--,transition to ! ,gold5 ,age--,lion>do da ,v9ci--,! ,magician ( ! ,r5aissance--,raphael--,! ,melodi/--,correggio--,! ,faun--,mi*ael ,angelo--,! ,prophet4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,v5etian ,,pa9t+ ,pa9t+ bloom$ late 9 ,v5ice--,conditions (f]$ by ,v5ice to ,art--,%elley & ,pietro ,aret9o--,political ,circum/ances ( ,v5ice--,comp>ison ) ,flor5ce--,! ,ducal ,palace--,art reg>d$ z an adjunct to ,/ate ,pageantry--,my? ( ,v5ezia--,h]oic ,de$s ( ,v5ice--,t9toretto's ,p>adise & ,gu>di's ,picture ( a ,ball--,e>ly ,v5etian ,ma/]s ( ,murano--,gian ,bell9i--,c>paccio's ,little ,angels--,! ,madonna ( ,s4 ,zacc>ia--,giorgione--,allegory1 ,idyll1 ,expression ( ,emotion--,! ,monk at ! ,clavi*ord--,titian1 ,t9toret1 & ,v]onese--,t9toretto's ,attempt to dramatise ,v5etian ,art--,v]onese's ,mundane ,spl5d\r--,titian's ,sophoclean ,h>mony--,_! ,s*ools--,fur!r ,*>act]i/ics ( ,v]onese--( ,t9toretto--,8 ,imag9ative ,en]gy--,pr$om9ant ,poetry--,titian's ,p]fection ( ,balance--,assumption ( ,madonna--,_s common to ! great ,v5etians4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,life ,,( ,,mi*ael ,,angelo ,contra/ ( ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,cell9i--,p>5tage & ,boyhood ( ,mi*ael ,angelo--,"w ) ,ghirl&ajo--,g>d5s ( ,s4 ,m>co--,! ,m$icean ,circle--,e>ly ,essays 9 ,sculpture--,visit to ,bologna--,fir/ ,visit to ,rome--,! ,piet ( ,s4 ,pet]'s--,mi*ael ,angelo z a ,patriot & a fri5d ( ! ,m$ici--,c>toon = ! ,battle ( ,pisa--,mi*ael ,angelo & ,julius ,,ii4--,! ,trag$y ( ! ,tomb--,design = ! ,pope's ,mausoleum--,visit to ,c>r>a--,flight f ,rome--,mi*ael ,angelo at ,bologna--,bronze ,/atue ( ,julius--,return to ,rome--,ceil+ ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel--,greek & ,mod]n ,art--,raphael--,mi*ael ,angelo & ,leo ,x4--,s4 ,lor5zo--,! new ,sacri/y--,circum/ances "u :i* x 0 design$ & p>tly f9i%$--,mean+ ( ! ,allegories--,incomplete /ate ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's ,m>bles--,paul ,,iii4--,! ,la/ ,judgm5t--,critiques ( ,contempor>ies--,! ,dome ( ,s4 ,pet]'s--,vittoria ,colonna--,tommaso ,cavali]i--,p]sonal ,habits ( ,mi*ael ,angelo--,8 ,emotional ,nature--,la/ ,illness4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,life ,,( ,,b5v5uto ,,cell9i ,8 ,fame--,8 ,autobiography--,its ,value = ! ,/ud5t ( ,hi/ory1 ,mann]s1 & ,"* 9 ! ,r5aissance--,bir?1 ,p>5tage1 & ,boyhood--,flute-play+--,appr5tice%ip to ,m>cone--,w&]jahr--,! ,goldsmi?'s ,trade at ,flor5ce--,torrigiani & ,engl&--,cell9i leaves ,flor5ce = ,rome--,qu>rel ) ! ,guasconti--,homicidal ,fury--,cell9i a ,law to ,himself--,?ree ,p]iods 9 8 ,manhood--,life 9 ,rome--,diego at ! ,banquet--,r5aissance ,feel+ = ,physical ,beauty--,sack ( ,rome--,miracles 9 ,cell9i's ,life--,8 ,affections--,murd] ( 8 ,bro!r's ,assass9--,sanctu>y--,p>don & ,absolution--,incantation 9 ! ,colosseum--,fir/ ,visit to ,france--,adv5tures on ! ,way--,accus$ ( /eal+ ,cr[n ,jewels 9 ,rome--,imprisonm5t 9 ! ,ca/le ( ,s4 ,angelo--,! ,gov]nor--,cell9i's ,escape--,8 ,visions--,! ,nature ( 8 ,religion--,second ,visit to ,france--,! ,w&]+ ,c\rt--,le ,petit ,nesle--,cell9i 9 ! ,fr5* ,law ,c\rts--,sc5e at ,fonta9ebleau--,return to ,flor5ce--,cosimo de' ,m$ici z a ,patron--,intrigues ( a ,petty ,c\rt--,b&9elli--,! ,du*ess--,/atue ( ,p]seus--,end ( ,cell9i's ,life--,cell9i & ,ma*iavelli4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,epigoni ,full ,developm5t & ,decl9e ( ,pa9t+--,exhau/ion ( ! old ,motives--,relation ( ,lion>do to 8 ,pupils--,8 ,legacy to ! ,lomb>d ,s*ool--,b]n>d9o ,lu9i--,gaud5zio ,f]r>i--,! ,devotion ( ! ,sacri ,monti--,! ,s*ool ( ,raphael--,no?+ left b ,imitation--,un:olesome ,influ5ces ( ,rome--,giulio ,romano--,mi*ael ,angelesque ,mann]i/s--,misconception ( ,mi*ael ,angelo--,correggio f\nds no ,s*ool--,p>migian9o--,mac*9i/i--,! ,bolognese--,aft]-gr[? ( ,art 9 ,flor5ce--,&rea del ,s>to--,8 ,foll[]s--,pontormo--,bronz9o--,revival ( ,pa9t+ 9 ,si5a--,sodoma--,8 ,influ5ce on ,pac*ia1 ,beccafumi1 ,p]uzzi--,g>(alo & ,dosso ,dossi at ,f]r>i--,! ,campi at ,cremona--,brescia & ,b]gamo--,! ,decad5ce 9 ! second half ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury--,! ,c\nt]-,re=mation--,ext9ction ( ! ,r5aissance ,impulse4 ,,app5dices ,i4--,! ,pulpits ( ,pisa & ,ravello ,,ii4--,mi*ael ,angelo's ,sonnets ,,iii4--,*ronological ,tables ,,footnotes3 #a ,to ! orig9al edition ( ?is volume4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,problem ,,= ,,! ,,f9e ,,arts ,art 9 ,italy & ,greece--,! ,lead+ ,phase ( ,culture--/hetic ,type ( ,lit]ature--,pa9t+ ! ,supreme ,italian ,art--,its ,task 9 ! ,r5aissance--,*ri/ian & ,classical ,traditions--,sculpture = ! ,anci5ts--,pa9t+ = ! ,romance ,nations--,m$iaeval ,fai? & ,sup]/ition--,! ,promise ( ,pa9t+--,h[ f> c ! ,figurative ,arts express ,*ri/ian ,ideas8--,greek & ,*ri/ian ,religion--,pla/ic ,art incapable ( solv+ ! ,problem--,a m ,emotional ,art ne$$--,place ( ,sculpture 9 ! ,r5aissance--,pa9t+ & ,*ri/ian ,/ory--,humanization ( ,ecclesia/ical ,ideas by ,art--,ho/ility ( ! ,_s ( ,true ,piety to ,art--,compromises effect$ by ! ,*ur*--,fra ,b>tolommeo's ,s4 ,seba/ian--,irreconcilability ( ,art & ,!ology1 ,art & ,philosophy--,recapitulation--,art 9 ! end ,paganises--,music--,! ,future ( ,pa9t+ aft] ! ,r5aissance4 ,x has be5 grant$ only to two nations1 ! ,greeks & ! ,italians1 & to ! latt] only at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance1 to inve/ e phase & v>iety ( intellectual en]gy ) ! =m ( art4 ,no?+ notable 0 produc$ 9 ,italy betwe5 ! ?irte5? & ! sev5te5? c5turies t did n be> ! /amp & "* ( f9e art4 ,if ! me?ods ( sci5ce may be truly said to regulate our modes ( ?9k+ at ! pres5t "t1 x is no less true t1 dur+ ! ,r5aissance1 art ex]cis$ a l controll+ influ5ce4 ,n only 0 ea* dep>tm5t ( ! f9e arts practis$ ) s+ul> success2 n only 0 ! national g5ius to a v l>ge ext5t absorb$ 9 pa9t+1 sculpture1 & ar*itecture2 b ! ae/hetic impulse 0 m subtly & widely diffus$ ?an ?is alone w\ld imply4 ,x possess$ ! ,italians 9 ! v c5tre ( _! intellectual vitality1 impos+ its conditions on all ! manife/ations ( _! ?\ght & feel+1 s t ev5 _! %ortcom+s may be ascrib$ 9 a great measure to _! inability to quit ! ae/hetic po9t ( view4 ,we see ?is 9 _! lit]ature4 ,x is probable t none b arti/ic natures w ev] r5d] full ju/ice to ! poetry ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,critics end[$ ) a less lively s5sibility to beauty ( outl9e & to h>mony ( =m ?an ! ,italians1 compla9 t _! poetry lacks sub/antial qualities2 nor is x except by long famili>ity ) ! pla/ic arts ( _! contempor>ies t we come to und]/& ! gr\nd assum$ by ,ario/o & ,poliziano4 ,we !n p]ceive t ^! poets 7 n s mu* unable z in/9ctively unwill+ to g beyond a c]ta9 circle ( effects4 ,!y subord9at$ _! "w to ! ideal ( _! age1 & t ideal 0 "o to :i* a pa9t] r ?an a poet might successfully aspire4 ,a succession ( pictures1 h>moni\sly compos$ & delicately ton$ to please ! m5tal eye1 satisfi$ ! ta/e ( ! ,italians4 ,b1 h[ev] exquisite 9 design1 ri* 9 col\r1 & complete 9 execution ?is lit]>y "w may be1 x /rikes a ,nor!rn /ud5t z want+ 9 ! highe/ elem5ts ( g5ius--sublimity ( imag9ation1 dramatic passion1 en]gy & e>ne/ness ( purpose4 ,9 l mann]1 he f9ds x h>d to appreciate ^? didactic compositions on trifl+ or prosaic !mes1 :i* delight$ ! ,italians = ! v reason t _! workman%ip surpass$ _! matt]4 ,^! defects1 z we judge !m1 are /ill m app>5t 9 ! grav] bran*es ( lit]ature4 ,9 an essay or a treatise we d n s mu* c>e = well-balanc$ disposition ( p>ts or beautifully r\nd$ p]iods1 ?\gh elegance may be ?\ght ess5tial to classic ma/]pieces1 z = weighty matt] & tr5*ant obs]vations4 ,hav+ ! latt]1 we c disp5se at ne$ ) ! =m]4 ,! ,italians ( ! ,r5aissance1 "u ! sway ( ! f9e arts1 s\ght aft] =m1 & satisfi$ !mselves ) rhetoric4 ,!re=e we condemn _! moral disquisitions & _! criticisms z ! flimsy play?+s ( intellectual voluptu>ies4 ,yet ! "r way ( do+ ju/ice to ^! /yli/ic trifles is to reg>d !m z products ( an all-embrac+ g5ius = art1 9 a p ^: mo/ s]i\s en?usiasms 7 ae/hetic4 ,! spee* ( ! ,italians at t epo*1 _! social habits1 _! ideal ( mann]s1 _! /&>d ( morality1 ! e/imate !y =m$ ( m51 7 alike condition$ & qualifi$ by art4 ,x 0 an age ( spl5did c]emonies & magnific5t p>ade1 :5 ! furniture ( h\ses1 ! arm\r ( soldi]s1 ! dress ( citiz5s1 ! pomp ( w>1 & ! pageantry ( fe/ival 7 inv>iably & inevitably beautiful4 ,on ! meane/ articles ( dome/ic utility1 cups & platt]s1 door-panels & *imney-pieces1 cov]lets = b$s & lids ( l95-*e/s1 a weal? ( arti/ic inv5tion 0 lavi%$ by innum]able craftsm51 no less skill$ 9 te*nical details ?an di/+ui%$ by r>e ta/e4 ,f ! ,pope ^u ,s4 ,pet]'s *air to ! cl]ks 9 a ,flor5t9e c\nt+-h\se1 e ,italian 0 a judge ( art4 ,art suppli$ ! spiritual oxyg51 )\t :i* ! life ( ! ,r5aissance mu/ h be5 atrophi$4 ,dur+ t p]iod ( prodigi\s activity ! entire nation seem$ to be end[$ ) an in/9ct = ! beautiful1 & ) ! capacity = produc+ x 9 e conceivable =m4 ,z we travel ?r\gh ,italy at ! pres5t day1 :5 "t1 w>1 pillage1 & pur*ase h done _! wor/ to d5ude ! c\ntry ( its treasures1 we /ill m>vel at ! incomp>able & c\ntless beauties /or$ 9 e burgh & hamlet4 ,pac+ ! picture gall]ies ( ,nor!rn ,europe1 ! c\ntry seats ( ,engli% nobles1 & ! palaces ( ,spa91 ! same reflection is /ill =c$ ^u u3 h[ c\ld ,italy h done :at %e a*iev$ )9 s %ort a space ( "t8 ,:at mu/ ! h\ses & ! *ur*es once h be51 f :i* ^! spoils 7 tak51 b :i* /ill rema9 s ri* 9 ma/]pieces8 ,psy*ologically to expla9 ?is univ]sal capacity = ! f9e arts 9 ! nation at ?is epo*1 is p]haps impossible4 ,yet ! fact rema9s1 t he :o w\ld compreh5d ! ,italians ( ! ,r5aissance mu/ /udy _! art1 & cl+ fa/ to t ,ariadne-?read ?r\gh\t ! labyr9?9e w9d+s ( national "*4 ,he mu/ le>n to recognise t h]e9 lay ! s\rces ( _! intellectual /r5g? z well z ! secret ( _! intellectual weakness4 ,x lies beyond ! scope ( ?is "w to embrace 9 "o inquiry ! diff]5t =ms ( art 9 ,italy1 or to analyse ! connection ( ! ae/hetic in/9ct ) ! manifold manife/ations ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,ev5 ! n>r[] task to :i* ,i mu/ conf9e myself1 is too va/ = ! limits ,i am =c$ to impose ^u its treatm5t4 ,i int5d to deal ) ,italian pa9t+ z ! "o complete product :i* rema9s f ! a*ievem5ts ( ?is p]iod1 t\*+ ^u sculpture & ar*itecture m sup]ficially4 ,n only is pa9t+ ! art 9 :i* ! ,italians among all ! nations ( ! mod]n _w /& unapproa*ably alone1 b x is also ! "o t be/ enables u to gauge _! g5ius at ! "t :5 !y impress$ _! culture on ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,italian intellect pa9t+ takes ! same rank z t ( sculpture 9 ! ,greek4 ,be=e beg9n+1 h[ev]1 to trace ! c\rse ( ,italian art1 x w be necess>y to discuss "s prelim9>y que/ions1 important = a "r und]/&+ ( ! relations assum$ by pa9t+ to ! ?\ghts ( ! ,r5aissance1 & = expla9+ its sup]iority ov] ! si/] art ( sculpture 9 t age4 ,?is ,i feel ! m b\nd to d because x is my object 9 ?is volume to treat ( art ) special ref]5ce to ! g5]al culture ( ! nation4 ,:at1 let u ask 9 ! fir/ place1 0 ! task appo9t$ = ! f9e arts on ! ?re%old ( ! mod]n _w8 ,!y _h1 be=e all ?+s1 to give =m to ! ideas evolv$ by ,*ri/ianity1 & to embody a class ( emotions unkn[n to ! anci5ts4#b ,! inh]itance ( ! ,middle ,ages _h to be appropriat$ & express$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( p]=m+ ?is "w1 ! pa9t]s help$ to humanise religion1 & reveal$ ! dignity & beauty ( ! body ( man4 ,next1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! ri*es ( classic culture 7 discov]$1 & art 0 call$ ^u to aid 9 ! int]pretation ( ! anci5t to ! mod]n m9d4 ,! problem 0 no long] simple4 ,*ri/ian & pagan traditions came into close contact1 & cont5d$ = ! empire ( ! newly lib]at$ intellect4 ,dur+ ?is /ruggle ! arts1 true to _! own pr9ciples1 elim9at$ f bo? traditions ! m /rictly human elem5ts1 & express$ !m 9 beautiful =m to ! imag9ation & ! s5ses4 ,! bru% ( ! same pa9t] depict$ ,bac*us w$d+ ,ariadne & ,m>y fa9t+ on ! hill ( ,calv>y4 ,c>eless ( any p]il to dogmatic or?odoxy1 & undet]r$ by ! dread ( enc\rag+ pagan s5suality1 ! arti/s wr\ght out _! mod]n ideal ( beauty 9 ! d\ble field ( ,*ri/ian & ,hell5ic leg5d4 ,be=e ! =ce ( pa9t+ 0 exhau/$1 x _h ?us trav]s$ ! :ole cycle ( ?\ghts & feel+s t =m ! cont5t ( ! mod]n m9d4 ,?r\gh\t ?is p]=mance1 art prov$ itself a p[]ful co-ag5t 9 ! emancipation ( ! intellect2 ! imp>tiality :]e) its me?ods 7 appli$ to subjects sacr$ & pr(ane1 ! emphasis laid ^u physical /r5g? & beauty z good ?+s & desirable1 ! subord9ation ( classical & m$iaeval my?s to "o ae/hetic law ( lovel9ess1 all t5d$ to )draw att5tion f ! diff]5ces betwe5 paganism & ,*ri/ianity1 & to fix x on ! goodl9ess ( t humanity :]e9 bo? f9d _! h>mony4 ,?is be+ 9 g5]al ! task assign$ to art 9 ! ,r5aissance1 we may next inquire :at con/itut$ ! specific quality ( mod]n z di/+ui%$ f antique feel+1 & :y pa9t+ c\ld n fail to take ! fir/ place among mod]n arts4 ,9 o!r words1 h[ 0 x t1 :ile sculpture 0 ! *>act]i/ic f9e art ( antiquity1 pa9t+ became ! di/+ui%+ f9e art ( ! mod]n era8 ,no true =m ( figurative art int]v5$ betwe5 ,greek sculpture & ,italian pa9t+4 ,! latt] took up ! "w ( inve/+ ?\ght ) s5sible %ape f ! dead h&s ( ! =m]4 ,nor _h ! tradition t connect$ art ) religion be5 int]rupt$1 al?\gh a new cycle ( religi\s ideas _h be5 sub/itut$ = ! old ones4 ,! late ,roman & ,byzant9e mann]s1 ?r\gh :i* ! vital en]gies ( ! ,a!nian g5ius dw9dl$ into b>r5 =malism1 /ill l+]$1 giv+ crude & lifeless =m to ,*ri/ian conceptions4 ,b ! ?9k+ & feel+ subject1 mean:ile1 _h und]gone a *ange s all-important t x n[ imp]atively requir$ fre% *annels = its self-expression4 ,x 0 de/9$ to f9d ^!1 n z ( old 9 sculpture1 b 9 pa9t+4 ,dur+ ! int]val betwe5 ! clos+ ( ! anci5t & ! op5+ ( ! mod]n age1 ! fai? ( ,*ri/ians _h atta*$ itself to symbols & mat]ial objects little bett] ?an feti%es4 ,! ho/1 ! relic1 ! wond]-work+ %r9e1 ?+s end[$ ) a my/]i\s pot5cy1 evok$ ! ye>n+ & ! awe ( m$ieval multitudes4 ,to su* concrete actualities ! wor%ipp]s ref]r$ _! s5se ( ! invisible div9ity4 ,! e>? ( ,j]usalem1 ! ,holy ,sepul*re1 ! ,h\se ( ,loreto1 ! ,sud>ium ( ,sa9t ,v]onica1 ar\s$ _! deepe/ s5tim5ts ( aweful adoration4 ,l ,?omas1 !y c\ld n be cont5t$ ) believ+2 !y mu/ also t\* & h&le4 ,at ! same "t1 9 app>5t contradi/9ction to ?is dem& = ?+s ( s5se z signs ( sup]-s5sual p[]1 ! claims ( dogma on ! intellect grew m imp]i\s1 & my/icism op5$ = ! dream+ s\l a realm ( spiritual rapture4 ,= ! figurative arts !re 0 no true place 9 ei!r ( ^! regions4 ,pa9t+ & sculpture 7 alike ali5 to ! gross] sup]/itions1 ! s*ola/ic subtleties1 & ! ec/atic trances ( ! ,middle ,ages2 nor _h !y any?+ 9 common ) ! logic ( !ology4 ,vot>ies :o kiss$ a fragm5t ( ! cross ) passion1 c\ld h f\nd b little to satisfy _! ard\r 9 pictures pa9t$ by a man ( g5ius4 ,a =mless wood5 idol1 end[$ ) ! virtue ( cur+ disease1 *>m$ ! pilgrim m ?an a /atue noticeable only = its beauty or its tru? to life4 ,we all "k t wund]?tige ,bild] s9d mei/ nur s*le*te ,gemlde4 ,9 ar*itecture alone1 ! my/icism ( ! ,middle ,ages1 _! vague b pot5t feel+s ( inf9ity1 _! ye>n+ t[>ds a deity invisible1 b localis$ 9 holy ?+s & places1 f\nd arti/ic outlet4 ,!re=e ar*itecture 0 ess5tially a m$ieval art4 ,! rise ( sculpture & pa9t+ indicat$ ! quick5+ to life ( new faculties1 fre% intellectual int]e/s1 & a novel way ( appreh5d+ ! old sub/ance ( religi\s feel+2 = compreh5sion ( ^! arts implies delight 9 ?+s ( beauty = _! own sake1 a sympa!tic attitude t[>ds ! _w ( s5se1 a new fre$om ( ! m9d produc$ by ! reg5]ation ( society ?r\gh love4 ,! m$iaeval fai?s 7 /ill vivid :5 ! fir/ ,italian pa9t]s began _! "w1 & ! s9c]e endeav\r ( ^! m5 0 to set =? 9 beautiful & wor?y =m ! tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! eyes ( ! wor%ipp] %\ld no long] h a m]e /ock or /one to contemplate3 8 imag9ation %\ld be help$ by ! dramatic pres5tation ( ! sc5es ( sacr$ hi/ory1 & 8 devotion be quick5$ by lively images ( ! passion ( our ,"l4 ,_s %\ld conv]se ) _s1 ?r\gh no veil ( symbol1 b ?r\gh ! transp>5t m$ium ( art1 itself in/9ct ) inbrea!d life & radiant ) ideal beauty4 ,! body & ! s\l1 moreov]1 %\ld be reconcil$2 & ,god's lik5ess %\ld be once m ackn[l$g$ 9 ! features & ! limbs ( man4 ,su* 0 ! promise ( art2 & ?is promise 0 9 a great measure fulfill$ by ! pa9t+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,m5 ceas$ to wor%ip _! ,god 9 ! hol9ess ( ugl9ess2 & a great city call$ its /reet ,glad on ! bir?day-fe/ival ( ! fir/ picture inve/+ religi\s emotion ) ae/hetic *>m4 ,b 9 mak+ good ! promise !y _h giv51 x 0 ne$ful = ! arts on ! "o h& to ent] a region n :olly _! own--! region ( ab/ractions & ( my/ical conceptions2 & on ! o!r to create a _w ( s5su\s delightfulness1 :]e9 ! spiritual elem5t 0 mat]ialis$ to ! injury ( its own ess5tial quality4 ,_s1 inde$1 spake to _s1 s f> z ! religi\s cont5t 0 conc]n$2 b fle% spake also to fle% 9 ! ae/hetic =m4 ,! inc>nation promis$ by ! arts involv$ a correspond+ s5su\sness4 ,heav5 0 br\ght d[n to e>?1 b at ! co/ ( mak+ m5 believe t e>? itself 0 heav5ly4 ,at ?is po9t ! subject ( our inquiry naturally divides into two ma9 que/ions4 ,! fir/ conc]ns ! =m ( figurative art specially adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( religi\s ?\ght 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! second treats ( ! effect result+ bo? to art & religion f ! expression ( my/ical & !ological conceptions 9 pla/ic =m4 ,:5 we consid] ! nature ( ! ideas assimilat$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages by ! human m9d1 x is cle> t art1 9 ord] to set !m =?1 dem&$ a language ! ,greeks _h nev] greatly ne$$1 & _h !re=e nev] fully le>n$4 ,to ov]-e/imate ! diff]5ce f an ae/hetic po9t ( view betwe5 ! religi\s notions ( ! ,greeks & ^? :i* ,*ri/ianity _h made ess5tial1 w\ld be difficult4 ,fai?1 hope1 & *>ity2 humility1 endurance1 suff]+2 ! ,resurrection & ! ,judgm5t2 ! ,pall & ! ,r$emption2 ,heav5 & ,hell2 ! height & dep? ( man's mix$ nature2 ! drama ( human de/9y be=e ! ?rone ( ,god3 into ! sph]e ( ?\ghts l ^!1 vivid & solemn1 transc5d+ ! region ( s5se & corporeity1 c>ry+ ! m9d away to an ideal _w1 :]e ! ?+s ( ?is e>? obta9$ a new reality by virtue ( _! relation to an invisible & inf9ite ,beyond1 ! mod]n arts 9 _! infancy 7 ?ru/4 ,!re 0 no?+ f9ite "h or tangible1 no gladness 9 ! beauty ( girli% =eheads or ! swiftness ( a "y man's limbs1 no simple idealisation ( natural delightfulness4 ,! human body1 :i* ! figurative arts mu/ ne$s use z ! vehicle ( _! expression1 _h ceas$ to h a value 9 & = itself1 _h ceas$ to be ! true & adequate inve/iture ( ?\ghts dem&$ f ! arti/4 ,at be/ x c\ld be tak5 only z ! symbol ( "s inn] mean+1 ! %r9e ( an indwell+ _s nobl] ?an itself2 j z a lamp ( alaba/] owes its beauty & its wor? to ! flame x m ?an half conceals1 ! light transmitt$ ?r\gh its sc>ce transp>5t walls4 ,9 anci5t art ^? moral & spiritual qualities :i* ! ,greeks recognis$ z truly human & !re=e div9e1 all[$ !mselves to be inc>nat$ 9 well-select$ types ( physical p]fection4 ,! deities ( ! ,greek my?ology 7 limit$ to ! conditions ( natural exi/5ce3 !y 7 m5 & wom5 ( a l>g] m\ld & fre] p]sonality2 less complex1 inasmu* z ea* complet$ "s "o attribute2 less ?w>t$ 9 activity1 inasmu* z no limit 0 assign$ to ex]cise ( p[]4 ,! passions & ! faculties ( man1 analys$ by unconsci\s psy*ology1 & deifi$ by religi\s fancy1 7 inve/$ by sculpture ) appropriate =ms1 ! tact ( ! arti/ select+ corporeal qualities fitt$ to imp]sonate ! special "* ( ea* div9ity4 ,nor 0 x possible t1 ! gods & goddesses be+ :at !y 71 exact analogues %\ld n be f\nd = !m 9 idealis$ humanity4 ,9 a ,greek /atue !re 0 en\gh s\l to *>act]ise ! beauty ( ! body1 to r5d] h] due me$ ( wisdom to ,pallas1 to di/+ui% ! swiftness ( ,h]mes f ! /r5g? ( ,h]acles1 or to contra/ ! virg9al grace ( ,artemis ) ! abundance ( ,aphrodite's *>ms4 ,at ! same "t ! spirituality t gave its "* to ea* ,greek deity1 0 n su* t1 ev5 9 ?\ght1 x c\ld be dissociat$ f corporeal =m4 ,! ,greeks ?\ght _! gods z inc>nate p]sons2 & all ! arti/ _h to see to1 0 t ?is inc>nate p]sonality %\ld be impressive 9 8 m>ble4 ,*ri/ianity1 on ! o!r h&1 made ! moral & spiritual nature ( man all-ess5tial4 ,x sprang f an e>li] religion1 t judg$ x impi\s to give any =m to ,god4 ,! body & its t]re/rial activity occupi$ b a subord9ate position 9 its sy/em4 ,x 0 ! life ( ! s\l1 sep>able f ?is frame ( fle%1 & de/9$ to endure :5 e>? & all t x conta9s _h end$--a life t ^u ?is planet 0 cont9u$ conflict & aspir+ /ruggle--:i* ! arts1 ins(> z !y became its in/rum5t1 7 call$ ^u to illu/rate4 ,x 0 ! wor%ip ( a ,deity1 all _s1 to be s\ght on no "o sacr$ hill1 to be ador$ 9 no transc5d5t %ape1 t !y 7 b\nd to height54 ,! mo/ highly priz$ among ! ,*ri/ian virtues _h no necess>y connection ) beauty ( feature or /r5g? ( limb4 ,su* beauty & su* /r5g? at any rate 7 accid5tal1 n ess5tial4 ,a ,greek faun c\ld n b be graceful2 a ,greek h]o 0 ( necessity vigor\s4 ,b ,s4 ,/eph5 might be /eadfa/ to ! dea? )\t physical *>m2 ,s4 ,an?ony might put to flight ! devils ( ! fle% )\t muscul> =ce4 ,x is cle> t ! radiant physical p]fection prop] to ! deities ( ,greek sculpture 0 n suffici5t 9 ?is sph]e4 ,aga91 ! mo/ /irr+ episodes ( ! ,*ri/ian my?ology involv$ pa9 & p]turbation ( ! _s2 ! victories ( ! ,*ri/ian a?letes 7 won 9 conflicts c>ri$ on )9 _! he>ts & s\ls--,= we wre/le n aga9/ fle% & blood1 b aga9/ pr9cipalities & p[]s1 demoniac lead]s ( spiritual legions4 ,x is1 !re=e1 no less cle> t ! tranquillity & s]5ity ( ! ,hell5ic ideal1 s necess>y to consummate sculpture1 0 "h out ( place4 ,h[ c\ld ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 t day ( wra?1 :5 e s\l1 h[ev] insignificant on e>?1 w play ! fir/ "p = "o mom5t 9 an awful trag$y1 be prop]ly express$ 9 pla/ic =m1 h>moni\s & pleas+8 ,& suppos+ t ! arti/ %\ld ab&on ! attempt to exclude ugl9ess & discord1 pa9 & confusion1 f 8 repres5tation ( ! ,dies ,irae1 h[ c\ld he succe$ 9 sett+ =? by ! sole m$ium ( ! human body ! anxiety & angui% ( ! s\l at su* a "t8 ,! physical =m1 in/ead ( be+ adequate to ! ideas express$1 & !re=e helpful to ! arti/1 is a positive emb>rassm5t1 a s\rce ( weakness4 ,! mo/ p[]ful pictorial or sculpturesque del9eation ( ! ,judgm5t1 :5 comp>$ ) ! pangs inflict$ on ! _s by a guilty consci5ce1 pangs :]e( words may r5d] "s acc\nt1 b :i* c f9d no analogue 9 wri?+s ( ! limbs or face1 mu/ ( necessity be f\nd a failure4 ,/ill m impossible1 if we pursue ?is tra9 ( ?\ght into ano!r region1 is x = ! figurative arts to approa* ! ,*ri/ian conception ( ,god 9 ,8 omnipot5ce & unity4 ,*ri/ ,himself1 ! c5tral figure ( ! ,*ri/ian univ]se1 ! desir$ ( all nations1 9 :om ! ,deity assum$ a human =m & dwelt ) m51 is no fit subject = su* art at any rate z ! ,greeks _h p]fect$4 ,! fact ( ,8 inc>nation br\ght ,him inde$ )9 ! prop] sph]e ( ! f9e arts2 b ! religi\s idea :i* ,he repres5ts remov$ ,him beyond ! rea* ( sculpture4 ,?is is an all-important consid]ation4 ,x is to ?is t our :ole argum5t is t5d+4 ,!re=e to enl>ge ^u ?is po9t w n be useless4 ,*ri/ is specially ador$ 9 ,8 la/ act ( love on ,calv>y2 & h[ impossible x is to set t =? consi/5tly ) ! requirem5ts ( /rictly pla/ic art1 may be ga!r$ by comp>+ ! passion ( ,s4 ,b]n>d's ,hymn to our ,"l ^u ! ,cross ) all t ,w9ckelmann & ,hegel h s truly said ab\t ! re/ra9$ expression1 dignifi$ g5]ality1 & h>moni\s beauty ess5tial to sculpture4 ,x is ! negation ( tranquillity1 ! excess ( feel+1 ! abs5ce ( comel9ess1 ! contra/ betwe5 visible weakness & invisible omnipot5ce1 ! physical humiliation volunt>ily suff]$ by ,him t rul$ ov] all ! angels1 t walk$ on ! pavem5ts ( heav51 ^: feet 7 clo!d ) />s--x is all ?is t gives _! =ce & pa?os to ^! /anzas3 ,omnis vigor atque viror ,h9c recessit2 non admiror3 ,mors app>et 9 inspectu1 ,totus p5d5s 9 defectu1 ,attritus aegr macie4 ,sic affectus1 sic despectus1 ,propt] me sic int]fectus1 ,peccatori tam indigno ,cum amoris 9 te signo ,app>e cl> facie#c4 ,we h nev] he>d t ,pheidias or ,praxiteles *ose ,prome!us ^u ,caucasus = ! supreme display ( 8 arti/ic skill2 & ev5 ! angui% express$ 9 ! gr\p ( ! ,laocoon is ju/ly ?\ght to violate ! laws ( antique sculpture4 ,yet "h 0 a great] ?an ,prome!us--"o :o _h suff]$ m1 & on ^: suff]+ ! salvation ( ! human race dep5d$1 to exclude :om f ! sph]e ( repres5tation 9 art 0 ! same z confess+ ! utt] impot5ce ( art to grasp ! vital ?\ght ( mod]n fai?4 ,x is cle> t ! muses ( ! new age _h to haunt ,calv>y in/ead ( ,helicon1 slak+ _! ?ir/ at no ,ca/alian spr+1 b at ! f\nt ( te>s outp\r$ by all creation = a /rick5 ,god4 ,:at ,hellas _h a*iev$ suppli$ no norm or me?od = ! arts 9 ?is new s]vice4 ,f :at has hi!rto be5 advanc$1 we may ass]t ) confid5ce t1 if ! arts 7 to play an important "p 9 ,*ri/ian culture1 an art 0 imp]atively dem&$ t %\ld be at home 9 ! sph]e ( int5se feel+1 t %\ld treat ! body z ! int]pret] & symbol ( ! s\l1 & %\ld n %r9k f pa9 & passion4 ,h[ f> ! f9e arts 7 at all qualifi$ to express ! ess5tial ?\ghts ( ,*ri/ianity--a d\bt sugge/$ 9 ! =ego+ p>agraphs--& h[ f>1 ?r\gh _! prov$ inadequacy to p]=m ?is task completely1 !y weak5$ ! hold ( m$iaeval fai?s ^u ! mod]n m9d1 are que/ions to be rais$ h]eaft]4 ,= ! pres5t x is en\gh to affirm t1 lea/ ( all ! arts1 c\ld sculpture1 ) its ess5tial repose & its dep5d5ce on corporeal conditions1 solve ! problem4 ,sculpture _h suit$ ! requirem5ts ( ,greek ?\ght4 ,x belong$ by "r to m5 :o n unwill+ly accept$ ! life ( ?is _w z f9al1 & :o wor%ipp$ 9 _! deities ! inc>nate p]sonality ( man made p]fect4 ,b x c\ld n express ! cycle ( ,*ri/ian ideas4 ,! desire ( a bett] _w1 ! fe> ( a worse2 ! s5se ( s9 ref]r$ to physical appetites1 & ! correspond+ mortification ( ! fle%2 hope1 ec/asy1 & p5it5ce & pray]2 all ^! imply contempt or hatr$ = ! body1 sugge/ notions too spiritual to be convey$ by ! r\nd$ cont\rs ( beautiful limbs1 too full ( /ruggle = /atuesque tranquillity4 ,! new elem5t ne$$ a m ela/ic m$ium ( expression4 ,motives m v>i$1 gradations ( s5tim5t m delicate1 ! fugitive & transi5t phases ( emotion1 ! inn] dep?s ( consci\sness1 _h someh[ to be seiz$4 ,x 0 "h t pa9t+ ass]t$ its supremacy4 ,pa9t+ is _m degrees fur!r remov$ ?an sculpture f dep5d5ce on ! body 9 ! fulness ( its physical proportions4 ,x t\*es our s5sibilities by sugge/ions m indirect1 m mobile1 & m multi=m4 ,col\r & %ad[1 arial p]spective & complicat$ gr\p+1 d5i$ to sculpture1 b )9 ! prop] realm ( pa9t+1 h _! own significance1 _! real relation to feel+s vagu]1 b n less pot5t1 ?an ^? :i* f9d expression 9 ! simple human =m4 ,to pa9t+1 aga91 belongs ! play ( feature1 indicative ( int]nal movem5t1 ?r\gh a :ole gamut ( modulations inappreh5sible by sculpture4 ,all t drap]y by its p>tial concealm5t ( ! =m x clo!s1 & l&scape by its sympa?ies ) human s5tim5t1 may supply to enhance ! passion ( ! spectator1 p]ta9s to pa9t+4 ,?is art1 !re=e1 ow+ to ! great] v>iety ( means at its disposal1 & its great] adequacy to express emotion1 became ! p>am\nt ,italian art4 ,to sculpture 9 ! ,r5aissance1 %orn ( ! div9e "r to create gods & h]oes1 0 left ! n>r[] field ( decoration1 portraiture1 & sepul*ral monum5ts4 ,9 ! la/ ( ^! dep>tm5ts x f\nd ! noble/ scope = its activity2 = beyond ! grave1 accord+ to ,*ri/ian belief1 ! acc\nt ( ! /riv+1 hop+1 & resi/+ s\l is settl$4 ,! corpse ^u ! bi] may be> ! /amp ( spiritual "* impress$ on x 9 life2 b ! _s1 ) its /ruggle & its passion1 has escap$ z f a prison-h\se1 & fl[n else-:i!r4 ,! body ( ! dead man1 = :om ?is _w is ov]1 & :o sleeps 9 peace1 await+ resurrection1 & !reby n :olly dead1 ar\nd ^: tomb wat* sympa?is+ angels or contemplative g5ii1 01 !re=e1 ! prop] subject = ! highe/ ,*ri/ian sculpture4 ,"h1 if any:]e1 ! "r emotion c\ld be adequately express$ 9 /one1 & ! m\ld$ =m be made ! symbol ( repose1 expectant ( re/or$ activity4 ,! greate/ sculptor ( ! mod]n age 0 ess5tially a poet ( ,dea?4 ,pa9t+1 !n1 = ! reasons already assign$ & insi/$ on1 0 ! art dem&$ by ! mod]n intellect ^u its em]g5ce f ! /illness ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! problem1 h[ev]1 ev5 = ! art ( pa9t+ 0 n simple4 ,! pa9t]s1 foll[+ ! ma/]s ( mosaic1 began by sett+ =? ! hi/ory1 my?ology1 & leg5ds ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 imag]y fre] & m beautiful ?an lay )9 ! scope ( treatm5t by ,romanesque or ,byzant9e art4 ,s f> _! task 0 comp>atively easy2 = ! idyllic grace ( mat]nal love 9 ! ,madonna1 ! pa!tic incid5ts ( m>tyrdom1 ! c\rage ( confessors1 ! ec/asies ( cele/ial joy 9 r$eem$ s\ls1 ! lovel9ess ( a pure life 9 mode/ virg9s1 & ! dramatic episodes ( sacr$ /ory1 furni% a multitude ( motives admirably pictorial4 ,!re 01 !re=e1 no great ob/acle ^u ! ?re%old1 s long z arti/s gave _! will+ s]vice to ! ,*ur*4 ,yet1 look+ back ^u ?is phase ( pa9t+1 we are able to p]ceive t already ! adaptation ( art to ,*ri/ian dogma entail$ concessions on bo? sides4 ,mu*1 on ! "o h&1 _h to be omitt$ f ! programme (f]$ to arti/ic treatm5t1 = ! reason t ! f9e arts c\ld n deal ) x at all4 ,mu*1 on ! o!r h&1 _h to be express$ by means :i* pa9t+ 9 a /ate ( p]fect fre$om w\ld repudiate4 ,allegorical symbols1 l ,prud5ce ) two faces1 & pa9ful episodes ( agony & angui%1 m>r$ h] "w ( beauty4 ,!re 0 consequ5tly a d\ble compromise1 involv+ a d\ble sacrifice ( some?+ preci\s4 ,! fai? suff]$ by hav+ its my/]ies br\ght into ! light ( day1 inc>nat$ 9 =m1 & humanis$4 ,art suff]$ by be+ =c$ to r5d] intellectual ab/ractions to ! eye ?r\gh figur$ symbols4 ,z te*nical skill increas$1 & z beauty1 ! prop] end ( art1 became m rightly und]/ood1 ! pa9t]s f\nd t _! craft 0 wor?y ( be+ made an end 9 itself1 & t ! actualities ( life obs]v$ ar\nd !m _h claims ^u _! g5ius no less weighty ?an dogmatic my/]ies4 ,! subjects !y _h /riv5 at fir/ to realise ) all simplicity n[ became little bett] ?an vehicles = ! display ( s5su\s beauty1 sci5ce1 & mundane pageantry4 ,! human body receiv$ sep>ate & indep5d5t /udy1 z a ?+ 9 itself incomp>ably beautiful1 comm&+ m p[]ful emotions by its magic ?an aught else t sways ! s\l4 ,at ! same "t ! ext]nal _w1 ) all its weal? ( animal & vegetable life1 toge!r ) ! works ( human +5uity 9 co/ly clo?+ & sup]b build+s1 0 se5 to be 9 e detail wor?y ( mo/ pati5t imitation4 ,anatomy & p]spective tax$ ! und]/&+ ( ! arti/1 ^: :ole =ce 0 no long] devot$ to ! task ( br++ religi\s ideas )9 ! limits ( ! repres5table4 ,next1 :5 ! classical revival came into play1 ! arts1 9 ob$i5ce to ! _s ( ! age1 left ! sph]e ( sacr$ subjects1 & employ$ _! full-gr[n faculties 9 ! doma9 ( my?s & ,pagan fancies4 ,9 ?is way pa9t+ may truly be said to h op5$ ! new era ( culture1 & to h fir/ manife/$ ! fre$om ( ! mod]n m9d4 ,:5 ,luca ,signorelli drew nak$ "y m5 = a backgr\nd to 8 picture ( ,madonna & ! infant ,*ri/1 he creat$ = ! /ud5t a symbol ( ! attitude assum$ by f9e art 9 its lib]ty ( outlook ov] ! :ole range ( human int]e/s4 ,/&+ be=e ?is picture 9 ! ,uffizzi1 we feel t ! ,*ur*1 :ile hop+ to adorn h] *]i%$ dogmas ) ae/hetic beauty1 _h enc\rag$ a p[] antagoni/ic to h] own1 a p[] t lib]at$ ! _s %e s\ght to en?ral1 re/or+ to mank9d ! e>?ly p>adise f :i* mona/icism _h expell$ x4 ,n to div]ge at ?is po9t1 & to ent]ta9 ! difficult problem ( ! relation ( ! f9e arts to ,*ri/ianity1 w\ld be to %r9k f ! mo/ ?orny "q (f]$ to ! und]/&+ by ! hi/ory ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,on ! v ?re%old ( ! matt] ,i am b\nd to affirm my conviction t ! spiritual puri/s ( all ages--! ,jews1 ! iconocla/s ( ,byzantium1 ,savon>ola1 & our ,puritan ance/ors--7 ju/ifi$ 9 _! mi/ru/ ( pla/ic art4 ,! _s ( ,*ri/ianity & ! _s ( figurative art are oppos$1 n because su* art is immoral1 b because x _c free itself f s5su\s associations#d4 ,x is always br++ u back to ! de> life ( e>?1 f :i* ! fai? w\ld sev] u4 ,x is always rem9d+ u ( ! body :i* piety bids u to =get4 ,pa9t]s & sculptors glorify t :i* sa9ts & ascetics h mortifi$4 ,! ma/]pieces ( ,titian & ,correggio1 = example1 lead ! s\l away f compunction1 away f p5it5ce1 away f wor%ip ev51 to dwell on ! delight ( y\?ful faces1 bloom+ col\r1 graceful movem5t1 delicate emotion#e4 ,nor is ?is all3 religi\s motives may be misus$ = :at is worse ?an m]ely s5su\s sugge/iv5ess4 ,! ma/]pieces ( ! ,bolognese & ,neapolitan pa9t]s1 :ile !y pret5d to quick5 compassion = m>tyrs 9 _! agony1 p&] to a be/ial blood-lu/ lurk+ 9 ! d>ke/ *amb]s ( ! s\l#f4 ,!re=e x is t piety1 :e!r ! piety ( mona/ic ,italy or ( ,puritan ,engl&1 turns f ^! ae/hetic triumphs z f some?+ ali5 to itself4 ,:5 ! wor%ipp] w\ld fa9 asc5d on w+s ( ec/asy to ,god1 ! inf9ite1 ineffable1 unrealis$1 h[ c he endure ! contact ( ^? spl5did =ms1 9 :i* ! lu/ ( ! eye & ! pride ( life1 pr(ess+ to subs]ve devotion1 rem9d him rudely ( ! goodl9ess ( s5sual exi/5ce8 ,art1 by magnify+ human beauty1 contradicts ^! ,paul9e maxims3 ,= me to live is ,*ri/1 & to die is ga92 ,set y\r affections on ?+s above1 n on ?+s on e>?2 ,y\r life is hid ) ,*ri/ 9 ,god4 ,! sublimity & elevation x gives to c>nal lovel9ess are !mselves ho/ile to ! _s t holds no truce or compromise ( traffic ) ! fle%4 ,z display$ 9 its mo/ p]fect phases1 9 ,greek sculpture & ,v5etian pa9t+1 art dignifies ! actual mundane life ( man2 b ,*ri/1 9 ! language ( uncompromis+ piety1 means ev]y?+ mo/ ali5 to ?is mundane life--self-d5ial1 ab/95ce f fle%ly pleasure1 ! wait+ = true bliss beyond ! grave1 seclusion ev5 f social & dome/ic ties4 ,he t love? fa!r & "m m ?an me1 is n wor?y ( me1 ,he t take? n 8 cross & foll[e? me1 is n wor?y ( me4 ,x is ne$ful to insi/ ^u ^! extreme/ s5t5ces ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 because ^u !m 0 bas$ ! religi\s practice ( ! ,middle ,ages1 m s9c]e 9 _! det]m9ation to fulfil ! lett] & embrace ! _s ( ! ,gospel ?an any succe$+ age has be54#g ,if1 !n1 !re really exi/s ?is antagonism betwe5 f9e art glorify+ human life & piety contemn+ x1 h[ came x1 we may ask1 t ev5 9 ! ,middle ,ages ! ,*ur* hail$ art z h] coadjutor8 ,! answ] lies 9 ?is1 t ! ,*ur* has always compromis$4 ,! movem5t ( ! mod]n _w1 ^u ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages1 (f]$ ! ,*ur* a compromise1 :i* x w\ld h be5 difficult to refuse1 & 9 :i* %e p]ceiv$ art fir/ no p]il to h] dogmas4 ,:5 ! conflict ( ! fir/ few c5turies ( ,*ri/ianity _h end$ 9 h] triumph1 %e began to m$iate betwe5 asceticism & ! _w4 ,int5t on absorb+ all exi/5t elem5ts ( life & p[]1 %e con=m$ h] sy/em to ! ,roman type1 e/abli%$ h] s]vice 9 basilicas & ,pagan temples1 adopt$ portions ( ! antique ritual1 & conv]t$ local g5ii into sa9ts4 ,at ! same "t %e utilis$ ! spiritual =ces ( mona/icism1 & turn$ ! my/ic impulse ( ec/atics to acc\nt4 ,! ,ord]s ( ! ,prea*]s & ! ,begg+ ,fri>s became h] militia & police2 ! my/]y ( ,*ri/'s pres5ce 9 ! ,eu*>i/ 0 made an eng9e ( ! prie/hood2 ! dreams ( ,p>adise & ,purgatory gave value to h] p>dons1 int]dictions1 jubilees1 indulg5ces1 & curses4 ,9 ! ,*ur* ! _s ( ! cloi/] & ! _s ( ! _w f\nd neutral gr\nd1 & to ! practical accommodation betwe5 ^! ho/ile elem5ts %e ow$ h] wide supremacy4 ,! ,*ri/ianity %e =m$ & propagat$ 0 diff]5t f t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 inasmu* z x _h tak5 up into itself a mass ( my?ological an?ropomorphic elem5ts4 ,?us transmut$ & mat]ialis$1 ?us accept$ by ! vivid fai? ( an unque/ion+ populace1 ,*ri/ianity (f]$ a prop] m$ium = arti/ic activity4 ,! :ole fir/ p]iod ( ,italian pa9t+ 0 occupi$ ) ! endeav\r to set =? 9 =m & col\r ! popul> conceptions ( a fai? at once unphilosophical & unspiritual1 beautiful & fit = art by reason ( ! human elem5ts x _h assum$ into its sub/ance4 ,x 0 natural1 !re=e1 t ! ,*ur* %\ld %[ h]self indulg5t to ! arts1 :i* 7 effect+ 9 _! own sph]e :at %e _h previ\sly accompli%$1 ?\gh puri/s & ascetics1 hold+ fa/ by ! orig9al _s ( _! cre$1 might rema9 irreconcilably antagoni/ic to _! influ5ce4 ,! ,re=mation1 on ! contr>y1 reject+ ! :ole mass ( compromises sanction$ by ! ,*ur*1 & return+ to ! elem5tal pr9ciples ( ! fai?1 0 no less naturally oppos$ to f9e arts1 :i*1 aft] giv+ s5su\s =m to ,ca?olic my?ology1 _h rec5tly atta9$ to lib]ty & br\ght aga9 ! gods ( ,greece4 ,a s+le illu/ration might be select$ f ! annals ( ,italian pa9t+ to prove h[ difficult ev5 ! holie/-m9d$ & mo/ e>ne/ pa9t] f\nd x to effect ! prop] junction betwe5 pla/ic beauty & pi\s feel+4 ,fra ,b>tolommeo1 ! disciple ( ,savon>ola1 pa9t$ a ,seba/ian 9 ! cloi/] ( ,s4 ,m>co1 :]e x rema9$ until ! ,dom9ican confessors became aw>e1 ?r\gh ! av[als ( female p5it5ts1 t ?is picture 0 a /umbl+-block & sn>e to s\ls4 ,x 0 !n remov$1 & :at became ( x we d n "k = c]ta94 ,fra ,b>tolommeo und\bt$ly int5d$ ?is ideal portrait ( ! m>tyr to be edify+4 ,s4 ,seba/ian 0 to /& be=e ! _w z ! "y man1 /rong & beautiful1 :o endur$ to ! end & won ! cr[n ( m>tyrdom4 ,no o!r ideas b ^? ( h]oism1 con/ancy1 or fai? 7 meant to be express$2 b ! pa9t]'s art dem&$ t _! expression %\ld be em95tly beautiful1 & ! beautiful body ( ! "y man di/ract$ att5tion f 8 spiritual virtues to 8 physical p]fections4 ,a simil> maladju/m5t ( ! means ( pla/ic art to ! purposes ( religion w\ld h be5 impossible 9 ,hellas1 :]e ! temples ( ,eros & ( ,phoebus /ood side by side2 b 9 ,*ri/ian ,flor5ce ! craftsman's skill s[$ se$s ( discord 9 ! s\ls ( ! dev\t#h4 ,?is /ory is b a co>se in/ance ( ! sep>ation betwe5 piety & pla/ic art4 ,9 tru?1 ! difficulty ( unit+ !m 9 su* a way t ! latt] %all en=ce ! =m]1 lies f> deep] ?an its p[]s ( illu/ration rea*4 ,religion has its prop] end 9 contemplation & 9 conduct4 ,art aims at pres5t+ s5su\s embodim5t ( ?\ghts & feel+s ) a view to intellectual enjoym5t4 ,n[1 _m ?\ghts are incapable ( s5su\s embodim5t2 !y appe> z ab/ractions to ! philosophical intellect or z dogmas to ! !ological und]/&+4 ,to effect an alliance betwe5 art & philosophy or art & !ology 9 ! specific region ( ei!r religion or speculation is1 !re=e1 an impossibility4 ,9 l mann] !re are _m feel+s :i* _c prop]ly assume a s5su\s =m2 & ^! are precisely religi\s feel+s1 9 :i* ! s\l ab&ons s5se1 & leaves ! actual _w beh9d1 to seek h] fre$om 9 a spiritual region4#i ,yet1 :ile we recognise ! tru? ( ?is reason+1 x w\ld be unsci5tific to ma9ta9 t1 until !y are br\ght into close & inconv5i5t contact1 !re is direct ho/ility betwe5 religion & ! arts4 ,! sph]e ( ! two is sep>ate2 _! aims are di/9ct2 !y mu/ be all[$ to p]fect !mselves1 ea* aft] its own fa%ion4 ,9 ! l>ge philosophy ( human nature1 repres5t$ by ,goe!'s fam\s motto1 !re is room = bo?1 because ^? :o embrace x b5d _! natures nei!r :olly to ! pietism ( ! cloi/] nor to ! s5suality ( art4 ,!y f9d ! meet+-po9t ( art & ( religion 9 _! own humanity1 & p]ceive t ! antagonism ( ! two beg9s :5 art is set to d "w ali5 to its nature1 & to m9i/] to :at x does n naturally s]ve4 ,at ! risk ( repetition ,i mu/ n[ resume ! po9ts ,i h attempt$ to e/abli% 9 ?is *apt]4 ,z 9 anci5t ,greece1 s also 9 ,r5aissance ,italy1 ! f9e arts assum$ ! fir/ place 9 ! intellectual culture ( ! nation4 ,b ! ?\ght & feel+ ( ! mod]n _w requir$ an ae/hetic m$ium m capable ( express+ emotion 9 its int5sity1 v>iety1 & subtlety ?an sculpture4 ,!re=e pa9t+ 0 ! art ( arts = ,italy4 ,yet ev5 pa9t+1 not)/&+ ! range & weal? ( its res\rces1 c\ld n deal ) ! motives ( ,*ri/ianity s successfully z sculpture ) ! my?s ( ,paganism4 ,! religion x int]pret$ transc5d$ ! actual conditions ( humanity1 :ile art is b\nd d[n by its nature to ! limitations ( ! _w we live 94 ,! ,*ur* imag9$ art w\ld help h]2 & )9 a c]ta9 sph]e ( subjects1 by vividly depict+ ,scripture hi/ories & ! lives ( sa9ts1 by creat+ new types ( s]5e beauty & pure joy1 by giv+ =m to angelic be+s1 by int]pret+ ,m>iolatry 9 all its *>m & pa?os1 & by r\s+ deep sympa?y ) our ,"l 9 ,8 ,passion1 pa9t+ l5t effici5t aid to piety4 ,yet pa9t+ _h to omit ! v pi? & k]nel ( ,*ri/ianity z conceiv$ by dev\t1 uncompromis+ puri/s4 ,nor did x d :at ! ,*ur* w\ld h desir$4 ,in/ead ( rivet+ ! fett]s ( ecclesia/ical au?ority1 in/ead ( en=c+ my/icism & asceticism1 x really re/or$ to humanity ! s5se ( its own dignity & beauty1 & help$ to prov$ ! unt5ability ( ! m$iaeval /&po9t2 = art is ess5tially & uncontrollably free1 &1 :at is m1 is free precisely 9 t realm ( s5su\s delightfulness f :i* cloi/ral religion turns aside to seek h] own ec/atic lib]ty ( contemplation4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! emancipation ( ! mod]n m9d 0 tak5 ?us by art1 proclaim+ to m5 ! glad tid+s ( _! goodl9ess & greatness 9 a _w ( manifold enjoym5t creat$ = _! use4 ,:atev] pa9t+ t\*$1 became by t t\* human2 piety1 at ! lure ( art1 fold$ h] so>+ w+s & re/$ on ! g5ial e>?4 ,?is ! ,*ur* _h n =ese54 ,because ! fre$om ( ! human _s express$ itself 9 pa9t+ only "u visible images1 & n1 l h]esy1 9 ab/ract s5t5ces2 because ?is art suffic$ = ,m>iolatry & confirm$ ! cult ( local sa9ts2 because its s5su\sness 0 n at v>iance ) a cre$ t _h be5 deeply s5sualis$--! pa9t]s 7 all[$ to run _! c\rse un*eck$4 ,!n came a second /age 9 _! developm5t ( art4 ,by plac+ ! end ( _! endeav\r 9 te*nical excell5ce & anatomical accuracy1 !y began to make repres5tation an object 9 itself1 indep5d5tly ( its spiritual significance4 ,next1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! classical revival1 !y br\ght home aga9 ! old p[]s ( ! e>?--,aphrodite & ,galatea & ! ,loves1 ,adonis & ,n>cissus & ! ,graces1 ,phoebus & ,daphne & ,aurora1 ,pan & ! ,fauns1 & ! ,nymphs ( ! woods & ! waves4 ,:5 ^! dead deities rose f _! sepul*res to sway ! he>ts ( m5 9 ! new age1 x 0 f\nd t some?+ _h be5 tak5 f _! anci5t bloom ( innoc5ce1 some?+ _h be5 add$ ( emotional int5sity4 ,italian art recognis$ _! claim to /& beside ,madonna & ! ,sa9ts 9 ! ,pan!on ( humane culture2 b ! pa9t]s re-made !m 9 accordance ) ! mod]n _s4 ,?is slight t\* ( trans=mation prov$ t1 ?\gh !y 7 no long] objects ( religi\s devotion1 !y /ill pres]v$ a vital mean+ = an alt]$ age4 ,hav+ p]sonifi$ = ! antique _w qualities :i*1 ?\gh suppress$ & ignor$ by militant & m$iaeval ,*ri/ianity1 7 /rictly human1 ! ,hell5ic deities /ill signifi$ ^? qualities = mod]n ,europe1 n[ at l5g? re-=tifi$ by contact ) ! anci5t m9d4 ,= x is ne$ful to rememb] t 9 all movem5ts ( ! ,r5aissance we ev] f9d a return 9 all s9c]ity & fai? to ! glory & gladness ( nature1 :e!r 9 ! _w )\t or 9 ! s\l ( man4 ,to appreh5d t glory & t gladness ) ! pure & primitive p]ceptions ( ! e>ly my?opoets1 0 n giv5 to ! m5 ( ! new _w4 ,yet !y did :at 9 !m lay1 ) s5ses sophi/icat$ by _m c5turies ( subtle/ w>p+1 to replace ! fir/1 free joy ( k9%ip ) primeval ?+s4 ,= ! pa9t]s1 f> m ?an = ! poets ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 x 0 possible to reproduce a ?\s& =ms ( beauty1 ea* atte/+ to ! delightfulness ( physical exi/5ce1 to ! inali5able rights ( natural desire1 & to ! p>ticipation ( mank9d 9 pleasures held 9 common by u ) ! p[]s ( e>? & sea & air4 ,x is wond]ful to wat* ! bl5d+ ( eld] & ( y\ng] =ces 9 ?is process4 ,! old gods l5t a portion ( _! *>m ev5 to ,*ri/ian my?ology1 & %[]$ _! beauty-bloom on sa9ts :o di$ r5\nc+ !m4 ,sodoma's ,seba/ian is b ,hyac9? or ,hylas1 transpi]c$ ) arr[s1 s t pa9 & m>tyrdom add pa?os to 8 poetry ( y\?fulness4 ,lion>do's ,s4 ,john is a ,faun ( ! =e/1 ivy-cr[n$ & laugh+1 on ^: lips ! ^w ,rep5t w\ld be a gleeful p>adox4 ,= ! pa9t]s ( ! full ,r5aissance1 ,roman m>tyrs & ,olympian deities--! h]oes ( ! ,acta ,sanctorum1 & ! h]oes ( ,greek romance--7 alike burgh]s ( "o spiritual city1 ! city ( ! beautiful & human4 ,:at exquisite & evanesc5t fragrance 0 educ$ f ^! app>5tly div]se blossoms by _! int]m+lem5t & fusion--h[ ! high-wr\ght s5sibilities ( ! ,*ri/ian 7 add$ to ! cle> & radiant fancies ( ! ,greek1 & h[ ! frank s5su\sness ( ! ,pagan gave body & fulness to ! float+ wrai?s ( an ascetic fai?--rema9s a miracle = ^? :o1 l our ma/] ,lion>do1 love to scrut9ise ! secrets ( tw9 natures & ( d\ble graces4 ,!re are n a few = :om ! my/]y is repell5t1 :o %r9k f x z f ,h]maphroditus4 ,^! w always f9d some?+ to pa9 !m 9 ! art ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,hav+ co-ord9at$ ! ,*ri/ian & ,pagan traditions 9 its "w ( beauty1 pa9t+ c\ld advance no f>!r4 ,! /ock ( its su/a9+ motives 0 exhau/$4 ,a problem t preoccupi$ ! m9ds ( ?9k+ m5 at ?is epo* 0 h[ to h>monise ! two *ief mom5ts ( human culture1 ! classical & ! ecclesia/ical4 ,)\t be+ z consci\s ( _! ho/ility z we are1 m5 felt t ! ,pagan ideal 0 oppos$ to ! ,*ri/ian1 & at ! same "t t a reconciliation _h to be effect$4 ,ea* _h be5 work$ out sep>ately2 b bo? 7 ne$$ = ! mod]n syn!sis4 ,all t ae/hetic h&l+1 9 ?is region m precoci\s & m imm$iately fruitful ?an pure ?\ght1 c\ld d t[>ds m+l+ !m1 0 done by ! imp>tiality ( ! f9e arts4 ,pa9t+1 9 ! "w ( ,raphael1 accompli%$ a m vital h>mony ?an philosophy 9 ! writ+s ( ,pico & ,fic9o4 ,a new ,ca?olicity1 a cosmopolitan or?odoxy ( ! beautiful1 0 manife/$ 9 8 pictures4 ,x lay outside 8 p[]1 or t ( any o!r arti/1 to d m ?an to extract f bo? revelations ! elem5ts ( pla/ic beauty !y conta9$1 & to %[ h[ freely he c\ld use !m = a common purpose4 ,no?+ b ! sci5tific me?od c 9 ! long run enable u to rea* t fur!r po9t1 outside bo? ,*ri/ianity & ,paganism1 at :i* ! classical ideal ( a temp]ate & joy\s natural life %all be re/or$ to ! consci5ce educat$ by ! ,gospel4 ,?is1 p]*ance1 is ! religion1 /ill unborn or undevelop$1 :]e( ,joa*im ( ,flora dimly prophesi$ :5 he said t ! k+dom ( ! ,fa!r 0 pa/1 ! k+dom ( ! ,son 0 pass+1 & ! k+dom ( ! ,_s 0 to be4 ,! ess5ce ( x is conta9$ 9 ! :ole gr[? to usw>d ( ! human m9d2 & ?\gh a cre$ s highly intellectualis$ z t w be1 c nev] receive adequate expression f ! figurative arts1 /ill ! pa9t+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury =ms = x1 z x 71 a n unwor?y ve/ibule4 ,x does s1 because x fir/ succe$$ 9 humanis+ ! religion ( ! ,middle ,ages1 9 proclaim+ ! true value ( antique paganism = ! mod]n m9d1 & 9 mak+ bo? subs]ve ! purposes ( free & unimp$$ art4 ,mean:ile1 at ! mom5t :5 pa9t+ 0 ab\t to be exhau/$1 a new art _h aris51 = :i* x rema9$1 )9 ! ae/hetic sph]e1 to a*ieve mu* t pa9t+ c\ld n d4 ,:5 ! cycle ( ,*ri/ian ideas _h be5 accompli%$ by ! pa9t]s1 & :5 ! fir/ passion = antiquity _h be5 satisfi$1 x 0 giv5 at la/ to ,music to express ! s\l 9 all its manifold feel+ & complexity ( movem5t4 ,9 music we see ! po9t ( dep>ture :]e art leaves ! doma9 ( my?s1 ,*ri/ian z well z ,pagan1 & occupies itself ) ! emotional activity ( man alone1 & = its own sake4 ,melody & h>mony1 disconnect$ f words1 are capable ( receiv+ mo/ v>i$ int]pretations1 s t ! same comb9ations ( s\nd express ! ec/asies ( e>?ly & ( heav5ly love1 convey+ to ! m9d ( ! he>] only t elem5t ( pure passion :i* is ! primitive & natural gr\nd-mat]ial ( ei!r4 ,!y give di/9ct =m to moods ( feel+ z yet undet]m9$2 or1 z ! ,italians put x1 la musica il lam5to dell' amore o la preghi]a a gli dei4 ,?is1 comb9$ ) its indep5d5ce ( all corporeal conditions1 f5d]s music ! true expon5t ( ! _s 9 its fre$om1 & !re=e ! ess5tially mod]n art4 ,= ,pa9t+1 aft] ! great "w accompli%$ dur+ ! ,r5aissance1 :5 ! pa9t]s ran ?r\gh ! :ole doma9 ( ?\ght )9 ! scope ( t age1 !re only rema9$ portraiture1 hi/ory1 dramatic incid5t1 l&scape1 g5re1 /ill life1 & animals4 ,9 ^! sph]es ! art is /ill ex]cis$1 & mu* good "w1 und\bt$ly1 is annually produc$ by ,european pa9t]s4 ,b pa9t+ has lo/ its hold ^u ! c5tre ( our intellectual activity4 ,x c no long] give =m to ! ideas t at ! pres5t epo* rule ! mod]n _w4 ,^! ideas are too ab/ract1 too mu* a matt] ( ! und]/&+1 to be successfully h&l$ by ! figurative arts2 & x _c be too (t5 or too emphatically /at$ t ^! arts produce no?+ really great & univ]sal 9 relation to ! _s ( _! c5tury1 except by a process analog\s to ! my?opoetic4 ,) conceptions incapable ( be+ s5su\sly appreh5d$1 ) ideas t lose _! value :5 !y are inc>nat$1 !y h no p[] to deal4 ,z meteors become lum9\s by trav]s+ ! gross] elem5t ( our t]re/rial atmosph]e1 s ! ?\ghts t art employs mu/ ne$s imm]se !mselves 9 s5su\sness4 ,!y mu/ be ( a nature to ga9 r ?an to suff] by su* imm]sion2 & !y mu/ make a direct appeal to m9ds habitually apt to ?9k 9 metaphors & my?s4 ,( ?is sort are all religi\s ideas at a c]ta9 /age ( _! developm5t1 & ?is attitude at c]ta9 mom5ts ( hi/ory is adopt$ by ! popul> consci\sness4 ,we h s f> outgr[n x1 h s completely ex*ang$ my?ology = curiosity1 & metaphor = sci5ce1 t ! necess>y conditions = great art are want+4 ,our deepe/ ?\ghts ab\t ! _w & ,god are incapable ( p]sonification by any ae/hetic process2 !y nev] ent] t atmosph]e :]e9 alone !y c\ld become ?r\gh f9e art lum9\s4 ,= ! pa9t]1 :o is ! =m-giv]1 !y h ceas$ to be %9+ />s1 & are se5 z opaque /ones2 & ?\gh div9ity be 9 !m1 x is a deity t refuses ! inve/iture ( =m4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,x may fairly be que/ion$ :e!r t necess>y connection betwe5 art & religion1 :i* is commonly tak5 = grant$1 does 9 tru? exi/2 9 o!r words1 :e!r great art might n fl\ri% )\t any religi\s cont5t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a speculative problem1 = pres5t & ! future r ?an ! pa/4 ,hi/orically1 x has always be5 f\nd t ! arts 9 _! orig9 are dep5d5t on religion4 ,nor is ! reason f> to seek4 ,art aims at express+ an ideal2 & ?is ideal is ! transfiguration ( human elem5ts into some?+ nobl]1 felt & appreh5d$ by ! imag9ation4 ,su* an ideal1 su* an all-embrac+ glorification ( humanity only exi/s = simple & unsophi/icat$ societies 9 ! =m ( religion4 ,religion is ! univ]sal poetry :i* all possess2 & ! arti/1 deal+ ) ! my?ology ( 8 national belief1 feels himself 9 vital sympa?y ) ! imag9ation ( ! m5 = :om he works4 ,m ?an ! pa9t] is requir$ = ! creation ( great pa9t+1 & m ?an ! poet = ! exhibition ( immortal v]se4 ,pa9t]s are b ! h&s1 & poets b ! voices1 :]eby peoples express _! accumulat$ ?\ghts & p]man5t emotions4 ,beh9d !m cr[d ! g5]ations ( ! my?-mak]s2 & ar\nd !m floats ! vital atmosph]e ( en?usiasms on :i* _! own s\ls & ! s\ls ( _! bre?r5 h be5 n\ri%$4 #c ,all ,?y /r5g? & bloom are fad$3 ,:o ha? ?us ,?y /ate degrad$8 ,dea? ^u ,?y =m is writt52 ,see ! wan worn limbs1 ! smitt5 ,brea/ ^u ! cruel tree6 ,?us despis$ & desecrat$1 ,?us 9 dy+ desolat$1 ,sla9 = me1 ( s9n]s vile/1 ,lov+ ,"l1 on me ,?\ smile/3 ,%9e1 bright face1 & /r5g!n me6 #d ,i am aw>e t _m ( my read]s w demur t ,i am conf\nd+ ,*ri/ianity ) ascetic or mona/ic ,*ri/ianity2 yet ,i _c read ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! ,imitatio ,*ri/i1 ! ,confessions ( ,s4 ,augu/9e1 & ! ,pilgrim's ,progress )\t feel+ t ,*ri/ianity 9 its orig91 & z und]/ood by its *ief *ampions1 0 & is ascetic4 ,( ?is ,*ri/ianity ,i !re=e speak1 n ( ! philosophis$ ,*ri/ianity1 :i* is reasonably reg>d$ ) suspicion by ! or?odox & ! uncompromis+4 ,x 01 moreov]1 ) ,*ri/ianity ( ?is primitive type t ! arts came fir/ into collision4 #e ,titian's ,assumption ( ! ,virg9 at ,v5ice1 ,correggio's ,coronation ( ! ,virg9 at ,p>ma4 #f ,dom5i*9o1 ,guido1 ,rib]a1 ,salvator ,rosa4 #g ,n to quote aga9 ! ,imitatio ,*ri/i1 x is en\gh to allude to ,s4 ,francis z %[n 9 ! ,fioretti4 #h ,! difficulty ( comb9+ ! true _s ( piety ) ! ideal ( natural beauty 9 art 0 /rongly felt by ,savon>ola4 ,rio 7,l',art *rti51 vol4 ii4 pp4 #dbb-dbf7 has writt5 eloqu5tly on ?is subject1 b )\t mak+ x pla9 h[ ,savon>ola's condemnation ( life /udies f ! nude c\ld possibly h be5 o!r ?an an ob/acle to ! lib]al & sci5tific prosecution ( ! art ( pa9t+4 #i ,see ,rio1 ,l',art *rti51 vol4 ii4 *ap4 xi4 pp4 #cai-cbg1 = an +5i\s def5ce ( my/ic art4 ,! tales he tells ( ,b]n>d9o da ,si5a & ! bless$ ,umiliana w n w9 ! sympa?y ( ,teutonic ,*ri/ians1 :o mu/ believe t semi-s5su\s1 semi-pi\s raptures1 l ^? describ$ by ,s4 ,ca!r9e ( ,si5a & ,s4 ,!resa1 h some?+ 9 !m psy*ologically morbid4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,ar*itecture ,ar*itecture ( ,m$iaeval ,italy--,milan1 ,g5oa1 ,v5ice--,! ,despots z ,build]s--,div]sity ( ,/yles--,local ,influ5ces--,lomb>d1 ,tuscan1 ,romanesque1 ,go?ic--,italian want ( feel+ = ,go?ic--,ca!drals ( ,si5a & ,orvieto--,secul> ,build+s ( ! ,middle ,ages--,flor5ce & ,v5ice--,private ,palaces--,public ,halls--,palazzo della ,signoria at ,flor5ce--,arnolfo di ,cambio--,s4 ,m>ia del ,fiore--,brunelles*i's ,dome--,classical ,revival 9 ,ar*itecture--,roman ,ru9s--,?ree ,p]iods 9 ,r5aissance ,ar*itecture--,_! ,*>act]i/ics--,brunelles*i --,alb]ti--,palace-build+--,mi*ellozzo-- ,decorative ,"w ( ! ,revival--,bramante--,vitoni's ,*ur* ( ! ,umilt at ,pi/oja--,palazzo del ,te--,villa ,f>nes9a--,sansov9o at ,v5ice--,mi*ael ,angelo--,! ,build+ ( ,s4 ,pet]'s--,palladio--,! ,palazzo della ,ragione at ,vic5za--,lomb>d ,ar*itects--,!ori/s & ,/ud5ts ( ,vitruvius--,vignola & ,scamozzi--,european ,influ5ce ( ! ,palladian ,/yle--,comp>ison ( ,s*ol>s & ,ar*itects 9 relation to ! ,revival ( ,le>n+4 ,ar*itecture is always ! fir/ ( ! f9e arts to em]ge f b>b>ism 9 ! s]vice ( religion & ( civic life4 ,a h\se1 z ,hegel says1 mu/ be built = ! god1 be=e ! image ( ! god1 c>v$ 9 /one or figur$ 9 mosaic1 c be plac$ !re4 ,c\ncil *amb]s mu/ be prep>$ = ! s5ate ( a ,/ate be=e ! national a*ievem5ts c be pa9t$ on ! walls4 ,?us ,italy1 be=e ! age ( ! ,r5aissance prop]1 f\nd h]self provid$ ) *ur*es & palaces1 :i* 7 de/9$ 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies to be adorn$ ) frescoes & /atues4 ,x 0 9 ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 dur+ ! long /ruggle = indep5d5ce c>ri$ on by ! republics ( ,lomb>dy & ,tuscany aga9/ ! ,empire & ! nobles1 t "s ( ! mo/ durable & spl5did public works 7 execut$4 ,! domes & t[]s ( ,flor5ce & ( ,pisa 7 ris+ above ! city walls1 :ile ! burgh]s :o subscrib$ = _! erection 7 /a9+ ! waves ( ,meloria & ! cane-brakes ( ! ,arbia ) _! blood4 ,lomb>dy1 at ! end ( h] duel ) ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa1 complet$ a va/ und]tak+1 by :i* ! fields ( ,milan are /ill r5d]$ m productive ?an any o!r pa/urel& 9 ,europe4 ,! ,naviglio ,gr&e1 br++ ! wat]s ( ! ,tic9o ?r\gh a pla9 ( ?irty miles to ,milan1 0 begun 9 #aagi1 & 0 f9i%$ 9 #abeh4 ,! torr5ts ( ,s4 ,go?>d & ! ,simplon1 :i*1 aft] fill+ ! ,lago ,maggiore1 seem$ de/9$ to run wa/eful ?r\gh a wild]ness ( pebbles to ! sea1 7 ?us turn$ to acc\nt2 & to ?is great eng9e]+ "w1 z bold z x 0 simple1 ,milan ow$ ! weal? t plac$ h] pr9ces on a level ) ! sov]eigns ( ,europe4 ,at ! same p]iod %e built h] walls1 & clos$ _! circuit ) ! sixte5 gates t %[$ %e lov$ magnific5ce comb9$ ) /r5g?4 ,g5oa1 betwe5 #abgf & #abhc1 protect$ h] h>b\rs by a gigantic mole1 & 9 #abie br\ght ! /reams ( ! ,ligurian ,alps into ! city by an aqu$uct wor?y ( old ,rome4 ,v5ice _h to w9 h] v foot+ f ! sea & s&4 ,s firmly did %e drive h] piles1 s vigilantly wat* _! pres]vation1 t palaces & ca!drals ( m>ble might be safely re>$ ^u ! bosom ( ! deep4 ,mean:ile1 /one bridges began to span ! riv]s ( ,italy2 ! /reets & squ>es ( t[ns 7 ev]y:]e pav$ ) flags4 ,be=e ! fir/ ye>s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ! ,italian cities pres5t$ a spectacle ( solid & sub/antial com=t1 v />tl+ to nor!rn]s :o travell$ f ! unpav$ lanes ( ,london & ! muddy labyr9?s ( ,p>is4 ,sismondi rem>ks ) j pride t ^! great works 7 ,republican4 ,!y 7 set on foot = ! public use1 & 7 con/ruct$ at ! exp5se ( ! commonweal?s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 "r to add t :at ! communes _h begun ! pr9ces cont9u$4 ,to ! spl5did ta/e ( ! ,visconti dyna/y1 = in/ance1 ,milan ow$ h] wond]ful ,duomo & ! octagon bell-t[] ( ,s4 ,gott>do4 ,! ,c]tosas ( ,pavia & ,*i>avalle1 ! palace ( ,pavia1 & a ho/ ( m9or monum5ts rema9 9 ,milan & its neighb\rhood to prove h[ mu* a s+le family p]=m$ = ! adornm5t ( ! cities !y _h subjugat$4 ,& :at is true ( ,milan applies to ,italy ?r\gh\t its l5g? & bread?4 ,! ,despots held _! p[] at ! price ( magnific5ce 9 s*emes ( public utility4 ,s mu* at lea/ ( ! free _s ( ! communes surviv$ 9 !m1 t !y 7 always rivall+ ea* o!r 9 great works ( ar*itecture4 ,italian tyranny impli$ ae/hetic ta/e & lib]ality ( exp5diture4 ,9 no way is ! *>act]i/ic div]sity ( ! ,italian communities s noticeable z 9 _! build+s4 ,ea* di/rict1 ea* t[n1 has a well-def9$ peculi>ity1 reflect+ ! specific qualities ( ! inhabitants & ! conditions "u :i* !y grew 9 culture4 ,9 "s cases we may ref] ?is local "* to nationality & geographical position4 ,?us ! "n ( ! ,lomb>ds has be5 giv5 to a /yle ( ,romanesque1 :i* prevail$ ?r\gh ,nor!rn & ,c5tral ,italy dur+ ! p]iod ( ,lomb>d asc5d5cy4#aj ,! ,tuscans nev] =got ! domes ( _! remote ance/ors2 ! ,romans adh]$ closely to ,lat9 traditions2 ! ,s\!rn]s 7 affect$ by ,byzant9e & ,s>ac5ic models4 ,9 _m in/ances ! geology ( ! neighb\rhood det]m9$ ! picturesque features ( its ar*itecture4 ,! clay-fields ( ! valley ( ! ,po produc$ ! brickwork ( ,cremona1 ,pavia1 ,crema1 ,*i>avalle1 & ,v]celli4 ,to _! qu>ries ( m&orlato ! ,v]onese build]s ow$ ! pea*-bloom col\rs ( _! column$ aisles4 ,c>r>a provid$ ! ,pisans ) mell[ m>ble = _! ,bapti/]y & ,ca!dral2 ,monte ,f]rato suppli$ ,pi/oja & ,prato ) gre5 s]p5t9e2 :ile ! pietra s]5a ( ! ,ap5n9es add$ au/]ity to ! int]ior ( ,flor5t9e build+s4 ,aga91 9 o!r in/ances1 we detect ! influ5ce ( comm]ce or ( conque/4 ,! int]c\rse ( ,v5ice ) ,alex&ria det]m9$ ! unique ar*itecture ( ,s4 ,m>k's4 ,! ,arabs & ! ,normans left ineffaceable traces ( _! soj\rn on ,pal]mo4 ,naples & ,mess9a /ill be> m>ks ^u _! *ur*es ( ,fr5* workm54 ,all along ! coa/s we "h & !re f9d evid5ces ( ,ori5tal /yle import$ into m$iaeval ,italy1 :ile ! impress ( ! ,spani>d is no less manife/ 9 edifices ( a lat] p]iod4 ,exi/+ ?us 9 ! mid/ ( _m pot5t influ5ces1 & surr\nd$ by ! ru9s ( pa/ civilisations1 ! ,italians recomb9$ & m+l$ /yles ( m>k$ v>iety4 ,! ,roman1 ,byzant9e1 ,s>ac5ic1 ,lomb>d1 & ,g]man traditions 7 bl5d$ 9 _! ar*itecture1 z ! presid+ g5ius ( ea* place det]m9$4 ,x foll[$ t ma/]-works ( r>e & subtle inv5tion 7 produc$1 :ile no "o type 0 fully p]fect$1 nor c we po9t to any p>am\nt ,italian mann]4 ,9 ,italy :at 0 ga9$ 9 ri*ness & individuality 0 lo/ 9 uni=mity & might4 ,yet we may well wond] at ! v]satile appreciation ( all types ( beauty t ^! monum5ts ev9ce4 ,h[ /range1 = example1 x is to ?9k ( ! ,v5etians borr[+ ! =m & /ructure ( _! temple f ! mosques ( ,alex&ria1 deck+ its faade ) ! horses ( ,lysippus1 & panell+ ! sanctu>y ) m>bles f ! h>em-floors ( ,ea/]n emp]ors2 :ile at ! o!r end ( ,italy1 at ,pal]mo1 close beside ! ru9$ colonnades ( ,greek ,sege/a1 ,norman k+s 7 embroid]+ _! massive *ur*es ) ,s>ac5ic arabesques & ,byzant9e mosaics1 int]sp]s+ delicate ,arabian trac]y ) rope-patt]ns & mon/]s ( ! deep1 & l9k+ ,cuphic s5t5ces ) ,sc&9avian runes4 ,mean:ile1 at ,rome1 tombs1 ba?s1 & !atres _h be5 turn$ into =tresses4 ,! ,ors9i held ! ,mole ( ,hadrian2 ! ,savelli ensconc$ !mselves 9 ! ,!atre ( ,m>cellus1 & ! ,colonnesi 9 ! ,mausoleum ( ,augu/us2 ! ,colosseum & ! ,ar*es ( ,con/ant9e & ,titus h>b\r$ ! ,frangipani2 ! ,ba?s ( ,trajan h\s$ ! ,capocci2 :ile ! ,gaetani made a ca/le ( ,caecilia ,metella's tomb4 ,"u ^? va/ res\nd+ vaults sw>m$ a brood ( m$iaeval bravi--l ! wasps t hang _! pe>-%ap$ combs along ! cloi/]s ( ,pavia4 ,!re ! gho/ ( ! dead empire /ill sat ?ron$ & sceptr$4 ,! rites ( ,*ri/ianity 7 c>ri$ on b5ea? ,agrippa's dome1 9 ,diocletian's ba?s1 9 ! ,basilicas4 ,no o!r /yle b t ( ! imp]ial p /ruck root ne> ! ,et]nal ,city4 ,among h] ?ree hundr$ *ur*es1 ,rome c only %[ "o ,go?ic build+4 ,fur!r to ! nor?1 :]e ,g]man influ5ces 7 m pot5t1 ! ca!drals /ill display$1 ea* aft] its own k9d1 a sunny s\!rn wayw>dness4 ,gl[+ ) m>bles & mosaics1 glitt]+ ) ornam5ts1 :]e ! foliage ( ! ,cor9?ian acan?us hides ! symbols ( ! ,passion1 & :]e birds & ,cupids peep f tangl$ fruits b5ea? grave br[s ( sa9ts & m>tyrs2 lean+ n[ to ! long l[ colonnades ( ! ,basilica1 n[ to ! high-built ar*es ( ! purely ,po9t$ /yle2 surm\nt+ ! meet+ po9t ( nave & transept ) ,etruscan domes2 cov]+ ! faade ) bas-reliefs1 ! ro( ) /atues2 rais+ ! por*-pill>s ^u lions & w+$ griff9s2 flank+ ! nave ) bell-t[]s1 or plant+ !m ap>t l fl[]s 9 isolation on ! op5 squ>e--^! wond]ful build+s1 ! delight & joy ( all :o love to trace v>iety 9 beauty1 & to note ! impress ( a nation's g5ius ^u its art1 seem1 l ,italy h]self1 to feel all influ5ces & to assimilate all nationalities4 ,amid ! _m /yles ( ar*itecture cont5d+ = ma/]y 9 ,italy1 ?ree1 be=e ! age ( ! ,revival1 bid fair to w9 ! battle4 ,^! 7 ! ,lomb>d1 ! ,tuscan ,romanesque1 & ! ,go?ic4 ,*ronologically ! two =m] fl\ri%$ ne>ly dur+ ! same c5turies1 :ile ,go?ic1 com+ f )\t1 susp5d$ _! developm5t4 ,b *ronology is ( little help 9 ! hi/ory ( ,italian ar*itecture2 its ma9 features be+1 n uni=mity ( progression1 b syn*ron\s div]sity & sali5ce ( local type4 ,:at rema9$ fix$ ?r\gh all *anges 9 ,italy 0 a bias t[>d ! =ms ( ,roman build+1 :i* ev5tually 9 ! ,r5aissance1 becom+ sci5tifically appreh5d$1 det]m9$ ! ta/e ( ! :ole nation4 ,x is1 p]haps1 n :olly fanciful to say t1 z ! ,lomb>ds j fail$ to m\ld ! ,italians by conque/ into an unit$ p1 s _! ar*itecture fell %ort ( creat+ "o type = ! p59sula4#aa ,f "s po9ts ( view ! hi/orian might regret t ,italy did n receive t ?or\gh subjugation 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 :i* w\ld h brok5 d[n local di/9ctions4 ,su* regrets1 h[ev]1 are s+ul>ly idle2 = ! ma9 curr5ts ( ! _w's hi/ory move n by *ance2 & h[1 moreov]1 c\ld ,italy h fulfill$ h] de/9y )\t ! div]s =ms ( political exi/5ce t made h] :at %e 08 ,yet1 /&+ be=e "s ( ! great ,lomb>d *ur*es1 we are incl9$ to speculate1 p]haps ) bett] reason1 :at ! result w\ld h be5 if t /yle ( ar*itecture c\ld h assum$ ! complete asc5d5cy ov] ! ,italians :i* ! ,romanesque & ,go?ic ( ! ,nor? ex]t$ ov] ,france & ,engl&8#ab ,! pyramidal faade common 9 ^! build+s1 ! campanili t susp5d arial lant]ns ^u pla9 squ>e t[]s1 ! domes ris+ ti] ov] ti] f ! int]section ( nave & transept to end 9 m9>ets & p9nacles1 ! l[ long colonnades ( m>ble pila/]s1 ! op5 por*es re/+ ^u lions1 ! h>moni\s bl5d+ ( bak$ clay & rosy-t9t$ /one1 ! bold comb9ation ( r\nd & po9t$ ar*es1 & ! weird inv5tion :]eby e /r+-c\rse & capital has be5 c>v$ ) lions1 sph9xes1 s]p5ts1 m]maids1 griff9s1 h>pies1 w+$ horses1 liz>ds1 & knights 9 arm\r--all ^! are elem5ts t might1 we fancy1 h be5 develop$ into a noble national /yle4 ,z x is1 ! *ur*es 9 "q are (t5 m biz>re ?an really beautiful4 ,_! peculi> "*1 h[ev]1 is insep>ably associat$ ) ! long rea*es ( gre5 pla91 ! lordly riv]s1 & ! backgr\nd ( blue hills & sn[y ,alps t con/itute ! *>m ( ,lomb>d l&scape4 ,if ,lomb>d ar*itecture1 prop]ly s-call$1 0 p>tial 9 its influ5ce & conf9$ to a comp>atively n>r[ local sph]e1 ! same is true ( ! ,tuscan ,romanesque4 ,! *ur* ( ,samm9iato1 ne> ,flor5ce ab\t #ajac1 & ! ca!dral ( ,pisa begun #ajfc1 n to m5tion o!r less em95t examples at ,lucca & ,pi/oja1 are suffici5t evid5ces t 9 ! d>ke/ p]iod ( ! ,middle ,ages ! ,italians 7 aim+ at an ar*itectural ,r5aissance4 ,! influ5ce ( classical models is app>5t bo? 9 ! con/ruction & ! detail ( ^! basilicas2 :ile ! deeply gr\nd$ pref]5ce ( ! ,italian g5ius = r\nd ar*es1 = colonnades ( pill>s & pila/]s1 & = l>ge rectangul> spaces1 ) l[ ro(s & %all[ tribunes1 f9ds full satisfaction 9 ^! orig9al & noble build+s4 ,x is impossible to refra9 f deplor+ t ! ,romanesque ( ,tuscany %\ld h be5 *eck$ 9 its developm5t by ! intrusion ( ! ,g]man ,go?ic4 ,_h x run its c\rse un?w>t$1 a national /yle suit$ to ! temp]am5t ( ! p might h be5 =m$1 & mu* t 0 p$antic 9 ! revival ( ! fifte5? c5tury h be5 obviat$4 ,! place ( ,go?ic ar*itecture 9 ,italy dem&s full] treatm5t4 ,x 0 due p>tly to ! direct influ5ce ( ,g]man emp]ors1 p>tly to ! imp]ial sympa?ies ( ! great nobles1 p>tly to ! ,franciscan fri>s1 :o aim$ at build+ l>ge *ur*es *eaply1 & p>tly to ! admiration excit$ by ! gr&eur ( ! ,po9t$ /yle z x prevail$ 9 ,nor!rn ,europe1 t ,go?ic--s ali5 to ! ,italian g5ius & climate--took root1 spread widely1 & fl\ri%$ freely = a season4 ,9 ?us enum]at+ ! conditions fav\rable to ! spread ( ,gottico-,t$esco1 ,i am f> f wi%+ to ass]t t ?is /yle 0 purely =eign4 ,italy1 9 common ) ! re/ ( ,europe1 pass$ by a natural process ( evolution f ! ,romanesque to ! ,po9t$ mann]1 & treat$ ! latt] ) an orig9ality t proves a c]ta9 natural assimilation4 ,yet ! fir/ ,go?ic *ur*1 t ( ,s4 ,francis at ,assisi1 0 design$ by a ,g]man2 ! mo/ spl5did1 t ( ,our ,lady at ,milan1 is emphatically ,g]man4#ac ,dur+ ! comp>atively brief p]iod ( ,go?ic asc5d5cy ! ,italians nev] =got _! ,lat9 & ,lomb>d sympa?ies4 ,! mood ( m9d 9 :i* !y ,go?icis$ 0 p>tial & transi5t4 ,! evolution ( ?is /yle 01 !re=e1 nei!r s spontane\s & simple1 nor yet s un9t]rupt$ & complete1 9 ,italy z 9 ! ,nor?4 ,:ile x produc$ ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,francesco at ,assisi & ! ca!drals ( ,si5a1 ,orvieto1 ,lucca1 ,bologna1 ,flor5ce1 & ,milan1 toge!r ) ! t[n-halls ( ,p]ugia1 ,si5a1 & ,flor5ce1 x fail$ to take firm hold ^u ! national ta/e1 & di$ away be=e ! gr[+ passion = antiquity t re/or$ ! ,italians to a s5se ( _! own intellectual greatness4 ,x is cle> t1 z soon z !y 7 consci\s ( _! vocation to revive ! culture ( ! classic age1 !y at once & = ev] ab&on$ ! /yle appropriate to nor!rn feudalism4 ,!y seem to h adopt$ x half-unwill+ly & to h und]/ood x only 9 ! imp]fect way 9 :i* !y compreh5d$ *ivalry4 ,! ,italians nev] rightly appreh5d$ ! specific nature ( ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,!y c\ld n =get ! horizontal l9es1 flat ro(s1 & blank walls ( ! ,basilica4 ,l _! ,roman ance/ors1 !y aim$ at cov]+ ! gr\nd ) ! smalle/ possible exp5diture ( con/ruction2 to enclose l>ge spaces )9 simple limits 0 _! fir/ object1 & ! effect ( beauty or sublimity 0 ga9$ by ! proportions giv5 to ! total area4 ,:51 !re=e1 !y adopt$ ! ,go?ic /yle1 !y fail$ to p]ceive t its true m]it consi/s 9 ! negation ( ne>ly all t ! ,lat9 /yle holds preci\s4 ,horizontal l9es are z f> z possible annihilat$2 walls are lo/ 9 w9d[s2 aisles & columns1 apses & *apels1 are multipli$ ) a view to complexity ( ar*itectonic effect2 flat ro(s become intol]able4 ,! :ole =ce employ$ 9 ! con/ruction has an upw>d t5d5cy1 & ! spire is ! completion ( ! edifice2 = to ! spire its c\ntless so>+ l9es--l9es n ( /ation>y /r5g?1 b ( asc5d5t gr[?--conv]ge4 ,all ?is ! ,italians 7 sl[ to compreh5d4 ,! campanile1 = example1 nev] became an integral "p ( _! build+s4 ,x /ood alone1 & 0 res]v$ = its orig9al purpose ( keep+ ! bells4 ,! w9d[s1 = a reason v natural 9 ,italy1 :]e !re is r too mu* ?an too little sunlight1 7 curtail$2 & in/ead ( ! multipli$ bays & clu/]$ columns ( a nor!rn ,go?ic aisle1 ! nave ( s va/ a *ur* z ,s4 ,petronio at ,bologna is measur$ by six ar*es rais$ on simple pi]s4 ,! faade ( an ,italian ca!dral 0 /udi$ z a scre51 q indep5d5tly ( its relation to ! int]ior2 9 ! beautiful *ur* ( ,crema1 = example1 ! moon at night looks ?r\gh ! upp] w9d[s ( a frontispiece rais$ f> above ! l[ ro( ( ! nave4 ,= ! total effect ( ! ext]ior1 z w be app>5t to anyone :o obs]ves ! ,duomo ( ,orvieto f beh9d1 no ?\ght 0 tak54 ,9 ?is way ! ,italians miss$ ! po9t & fail$ to p]ceive ! poetry ( ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,its symbolical significance 0 lo/ ^u !m2 p]haps we ought to say t ! ,italian temp]am5t1 9 art z 9 religion1 0 incapable ( assimilat+ ! vague yet p[]ful my/icism ( ! ,teutonic races4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :at !y sacrific$ ( g5u9e ,go?ic "*1 0 made good aft] _! own fa%ion4 ,surface decoration1 :e!r ( fresco or mosaic1 bronze-"w or bas-relief1 wood-c>v+ or panell+ 9 m>ble1 bak$ clay or enamell$ e>!nw>e 0 nev] c>ri$ to su* p]fection 9 ,go?ic build+s ( ! pur] type2 nor _h sculpture 9 ! ,nor? an equal *ance ( deta*+ itself f ! ni*e & tab]nacle1 :i* =c$ x to rema9 ! slave ( ar*itecture4 ,?us ! comp>ative defects ( ,italian ,go?ic 7 directly helpful 9 promot+ ^? v arts = :i* ! p _h a g5ius unrivall$ among mod]n nations4 ,x is only necess>y to contra/ ! two f9e/ ca!drals ( ?is /yle1 ^? ( ,si5a & ,orvieto1 ) two su* build+s z ! ca!drals ( ,rheims & ,salisbury1 9 ord] to p]ceive ! /ructural inf]iority ( ! =m]1 z well z _! sup]iority = all subord9ate arti/ic purposes4 ,long /raight l9es1 l[ ro(s1 n>r[ w9d[s1 a faade ( surpris+ spl5d\r b )\t a /rict relation to ! /ructure ( ! nave & aisles1 a cupola surm\nt+ ! int]section ( nave1 *oir1 & transepts2 simple tribunes at ! ea/ end1 a deta*$ campanile1 r\nd columns in/ead ( clu/]$ pi]s1 a mixture ( semicircul> & po9t$ ar*es2 ^! are "s ( ! mo/ sali5t features ( ! ,si5ese ,duomo4 ,b ! mat]ial is all magnific5t2 & ! h&1 ob$i5t to ! dictates ( an arti/'s bra91 has made itself felt on e squ>e foot ( ! build+4 ,alt]nate c\rses ( :ite & black m>ble1 cornices load$ ) grave or animat$ portraits ( ! ,popes1 sculptur$ %r9es1 alt>s1 pulpits1 reliqu>ies1 fonts & holy-wat] vases1 panels ( inlaid wood & pictur$ pavem5ts1 bronze c&elabra & wr\ght-iron scre5s1 gild+ & col\r & preci\s "w ( agate & lapis lazuli--! ma/]pieces ( m5 fam\s ea* 9 8 own l9e--delight ! eye 9 all directions4 ,! :ole *ur* is a miracle ( ri*ness1 a radiant & gl[+ triumph ( inv5tive g5ius1 ! product ( a hundr$ ma/]-craftsm5 toil+ ?r\gh successive c5turies to d _! be/4 ,all its c\ntless details are s h>monis$ by ! controll+ ta/e1 s br\ght toge!r piece by piece 9 ob$i5ce to arti/ic in/9ct1 t ! total effect is ravi%+ly beautiful4 ,yet x is cle> t no "o p>am\nt idea1 det]m9+ & organis+ all ^! m>vels1 exi/$ 9 ! m9d ( ! fir/ ar*itect4 ,9 true ,go?ic "w ! details t make up ! *>m ( ?is ca!dral w\ld h be5 subord9at$ to "o ar*itectonic ?\ght2 !y w\ld n h be5 suff]$ to ass]t _! individuality1 or to contribute1 except z s]vants1 to ! :ole effect4 ,! nor!rn ,go?ic *ur* is l a body ) sev]al memb]s2 ! s\!rn ,go?ic *ur* is an accretion ( beautiful atoms4 ,! nor!rn ,go?ic /yle corresponds to ! national unity ( f$]alis$ races1 organis$ by a social hi]>*y ( mutually dep5d5t classes4 ,9 ! s\!rn ,go?ic /yle we f9d a mirror ( political div]sity1 indep5d5t p]sonality1 burgh]-l equality1 despotic w4 ,?us ! specific qualities ( ,italy on h] em]g5ce f ! ,middle ,ages may be trac$ by no undue ex]cise ( ! fancy 9 h] monum5ts4 ,!y are emphatically ! creation ( citiz5s--( m51 to use ,giannotti's phrase1 di/+ui%$ by alt]nat+ ob$i5ce & comm&1 n rank$ b5ea? a mon>*y1 b capable !mselves ( sov]eign p[]4#ad ,:at has be5 said ( ,si5a is no less true ( ! ,duomo ( ,orvieto4 ,?\gh x seems to aim at a sev]] ,go?ic1 & ?\gh ! faade is m ar*itecturally plann$1 a s+le glance at ! ext]ior ( ! edifice %[s t ! build]s _h no lively s5se ( ! requirem5ts ( ! /yle !y us$4 ,:at c be m melan*oly ?an ^? blank walls1 brok5 by small r\nd recesses protrud+ f ! side *apels ( ! nave1 ^? gaunt & b>r5 angles at ! ea/ end1 & ^? few p9nacles app5d$ at a v5ture8 ,x is cle> t ! _s ( ! nor!rn ,go?ic mann] has be5 :olly misconceiv$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! int]ior is noble4 ,! feel+ = space possess$ by ! ar*itect has express$ itself 9 proportions l>ge & solemn2 ! area enclos$1 ?\gh some:at cold & vacu\s to nor!rn ta/e1 is at lea/ impressive by its sev]e h>mony4 ,b ! real attractions ( ! *ur* are isolat$ details4 ,:]ev] ! individual arti/-m9d has _h occasion to em]ge1 !re our gaze is rivet$1 our criticism *all5g$1 our admiration won4 ,! frescoes ( ,signorelli1 ! bas-reliefs ( ! ,pisani1 ! /atu>y ( ,lo ,scalza & ,mosca1 ! t>sia ( ! *oir /alls1 ! ,alex&r9e "w & mosaics ( ! faade1 ! bronzes plac$ ^u its brackets1 & ! wr\ght acan?us scrolls ( its sup]b pila/]s--^! are ! objects = inexhau/ible wond] 9 ! ca!dral ( ,orvieto4 ,on approa*+ a build+ ( ?is type1 we mu/ ab&on our conceptions ( organic ar*itecture3 only ! ,greek & nor!rn ,go?ic /yles des]ve t epi!t4 ,we mu/ n seek = sev]e discipl9e & ar*itectonic design4 ,in/ead ( "o presid+1 all-det]m9+ idea1 we mu/ be prep>$ to welcome a weal? ( sep>ate beauties1 wr\ght out by m5 ( indep5d5t g5ius1 :]eby ea* "p is made a ma/]piece1 & _m div]se elem5ts become a :ole ( picturesque r ?an ar*itectural impressiv5ess4 ,x w\ld n be difficult to ext5d ?is k9d ( criticism to ! ,duomo ( ,milan4 ,speak+ /rictly1 a m unlucky comb9ation ( diff]5t /yles--! pyramidal faade ( ,lomb>d ar*itecture & ! long ?9 lights ( ,g]man ,go?ic1 = example--a clumsi] misuse ( ill-appropriat$ details 9 ! heavy pi]s ( ! nave1 or a m disa/r\s adju/m5t ( ! mon/] w9d[s to ! ma9 l9es ( ! nave & aisles1 c\ld sc>cely be imag9$4 ,yet no o!r *ur*1 p]haps1 9 ,europe leaves ! same impression ( ! m>vell\s ^u ! fancy4 ,! spl5d\r ( its pure :ite m>ble1 blu%+ ) ! rose ( ev5+ or ( dawn1 radiant 9 noonday sunlight1 & fabul\sly fairy-l b5ea? ! moon & />s1 ! multitudes ( /atues %>ply cut aga9/ a cle> blue sky1 & gaz+ at ! ,alps across t memorable tract ( pla91 ! imm5se space & light-irradiat$ gloom ( ! int]ior1 ! deep tone ( ! bells above at a va/ di/ance1 & ! gorge\s col\rs ( ! pa9t$ glass1 contribute to a sc5ical effect unp>allel$ 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,! two /yles1 ,lomb>d & ,go?ic1 ( :i* ,i h be5 speak+1 7 bo? 9 a c]ta9 s5se exotic4 ,)9 ! great cities ! pi? ( ! population 0 ,lat92 & no /yle ( build+ t did n cont9ue ! tradition ( ! ,romans1 9 ! _s ( ! ,roman mann]1 & ) /rict obs]vance ( its details1 satisfi$ !m4 ,x 0 a ma9 feature ( ! ,r5aissance t1 :5 ! ,italians und]took ! task ( reunit+ !mselves by /udy ) ! pa/1 !y ab&on$ all o!r =ms ( ar*itecture1 & did _! be/ to create "o 9 h>mony ) ! relics ( ,lat9 monum5ts4 ,to trace ! hi/ory ( ?is reviv$ classic ar*itecture w occupy me lat] 9 ?is *apt]2 b = ! mom5t x is necess>y to turn aside & consid] briefly ! secul> build+s ( ,italy be=e ! date ( ! ,r5aissance prop]4 ,ab\t ! same "t t ! ca!drals 7 be+ built1 ! nobles fill$ ! t[ns ) =tresses4 ,^! at fir/ 7 gaunt & unsightly2 h[ ov]cr[d$ ) tall b>e t[]s a m$iaeval ,italian city c\ld be1 is /ill %[n by ,san ,gemignano1 ! only exi/+ in/ance :]e ! torroni h be5 left unt\*$4#ae ,9 c\rse ( "t1 :5 ! ari/ocracy came to be fus$ ) ! burgh]s1 & public ord] 0 ma9ta9$ by law 9 ! great cities1 ^! =ts made way = spaci\s palaces4 ,! temp] ( ! citiz5s 9 ea* place & ! local "* ( arti/ic ta/e det]m9$ ! specific features ( dome/ic z ( ecclesia/ical ar*itecture4 ,?\gh x is h>d to def9e :at are ! social diff]5ces express$ by ! l>ge quadrangles ( ,francesco ,s=za's hospital at ,milan1 & ! heavy cube ( ! ,ricc>di palace at ,flor5ce1 we feel t ! g5ius loci has 9 ea* case controll$ ! ar*itect4 ,! sunny spaces ( ! "o build+1 ) its t]ra-cotta trac]ies ( birds & grapes & ,cupids1 contra/ ) ! /]n br[n m\ld+s & imp5etrable solidity ( ! o!r4 ,t ! "o 0 rais$ by ! munific5ce ( a sov]eign 9 8 capital1 :ile ! o!r 0 ! dwell+ ( a burgh] 9 a city pr\d ( its antique sobriety1 goes "s way to expla9 ! diff]5ce4 ,9 l mann] ! c\rt-life ( a dyna/ic pr9cipality produc$ ! ca/le ( ,urb9o1 s div]se 9 its /yle & adaptation f ! o/5tati\s mansions ( ! ,g5oese m]*ants4 ,x is n fanciful to say t ! civic life ( a free & facti\s republic is repres5t$ by ! heavy walls & n>r[ w9d[s ( ,flor5t9e dwell+-places4 ,9 _! r+s ( iron1 weld$ betwe5 rock & rock ab\t ! basem5t1 z ?\gh = ! beg9n+ ( a b>ricade--9 _! tor*-re/s ( wr\ght metal1 gloomy portals & dimly-light$ c\rts1 we trace ! habits ( caution & res]ve t m>k$ ! m5 :o l$ ! p>ties ( ,ub]ti & ,albizzi4 ,! ,si5ese palaces are light] & m elegant 9 /yle1 z belong+ to a p prov]bially pleasure-lov+2 :ile a /ill m sumptu\s & secure mode ( life f9ds expression 9 ! op5 loggie & spaci\s /aircases ( ,v5ice4 ,! graceful build+s :i* ov]hang ! ,gr& ,canal are exactly fitt$ = an olig>*y1 sure ( its own au?ority & lov$ ( ! p4 ,feudal despotism1 on ! contr>y1 reigns 9 ! he>t ( ,f]r>a1 :]e ! ,e/e's /ronghold1 moat$1 draw-bridg$1 & portcullis$1 ca/+ d5se %ad[ ov] ! wat] t protects ! dungeons1 /ill seems to ?reat5 ! public squ>e & ov]awe ! homes ( m54 ,to ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 aga91 we owe ! t[n halls & public palaces t =m s prom95t a feature 9 ! city ar*itecture ( ,italy4 ,! c5tral vitality ( once p[]ful ,/ates is symbolis$ 9 ! broletti ( ! ,lomb>d cities1 du/y & ab&on$ n[ 9 spite ( _! cle>-cut t]ra-cotta trac]ies4 ,!re is some?+ /rangely melan*oly 9 _! desolation4 ,w&]+ ?r\gh ! va/ hall ( ! ,ragione at ,padua1 :]e ! v %ad[s seem asleep z !y glide ov] ! wide unpeopl$ floor1 x is n easy to rememb] t ?is 0 once ! !atre ( eag] intrigues1 ere ! busy /ir ( ! old burgh 0 utt]ly ext+ui%$4 ,few ( ^! public palaces h ! good =tune to be di/+ui%$1 l t ( ! ,doge at ,v5ice1 by _w-hi/orical memories & by works ( art z yet unrivall$4 ,! _s ( ! ,v5etian ,republic /ill lives 9 t unique build+4 ,ar*itects may tell u t its ,go?ic arcades are melodramatic2 sculptors may depreciate ! decorative "w ( ,sansov9o2 pa9t]s may ass]t t ! g5ius ( ,titian1 ,t9toret1 & ,v]onese %9es else:]e ) great] lu/re4 ,yet ! poet cl+s ) ev]-deep5+ admiration to ! sea-born palace ( ! anci5t mi/ress ( ! sea1 & ! hi/orian feels t "h1 z at ,a!ns1 art has made ! pa/ t[>ds :i* he looks et]nal4 ,two o!r great ,italian h\ses ( ! ,commonweal?1 re>+ _! t[]s above ! t[n = tocs9 & = w>d1 owe immortality to _! intr9sic beauty4 ,^! are ! ,palazzo ,pubblico ( ,si5a & ! ,palazzo ,vec*io ( ,flor5ce4 ,few build+s 9 ,europe are m picturesquely fasc9at+ ?an ! palace ( ,si5a1 ) its outlook ov] hill & dale to cl\d-capp$ ,monte ,amiata4 ,yet1 9 spite ( its unp>allel$ position on ! curv$ & slop+ piazza1 :]e ! contrade ( ,si5a h run _! palio = c5turies1 ?is palace lacks ! vivid int]e/ atta*+ to ! home ,arnolfo rais$ at ,flor5ce = ! rul]s ( 8 native city4 ,dur+ _! t]m ( (fice ! ,priors nev] quitt$ ! ,palace ( ! ,signory4 ,all delib]ations on /ate affairs took place )9 its walls1 & its bell 0 ! pulse t told h[ ! he>t ( ,flor5ce ?robb$4 ,! ar*itect ( ?is huge mass ( masonry 0 ,arnolfo del ,cambio1 "o ( ! greate/ build]s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 a man :o may be call$ ! ,mi*ael ,angelo ( ! ?irte5? c5tury#af4 ,9 #abih he 0 ord]$ to erect a dwell+-place = ! ,commonweal?1 to ! end t ! p might be protect$ 9 _! =tress f ! viol5ce ( ! nobles4 ,! build+ ( ! palace & ! levell+ ( ! squ>e ar\nd x 7 att5d$ ) circum/ances t br+ =cibly be=e our m9ds ! /]n conditions ( republican life 9 m$iaeval ,italy4 ,a block ( h\ses _h to be b\ght f ! family ( ,=abos*i2 & _! t[]1 call$ ,torre della ,vacca1 0 rais$ & turn$ into ! belfry ( ! ,priors4 ,!re 0 n room en\gh1 h[ev]1 to con/ruct ! palace itself ) "r angles1 unless x 7 ext5d$ into ! op5 space :]e once _h /ood ! h\ses ( ! ,ub]ti1 traitors to ,flor5ce & ,ghibell9es4 ,9 de/roy+ ^!1 ! burgh]s _h decre$ t !nce=? = ev] ! feet ( m5 %\ld pass :]e ! he>?s ( ! proscrib$ nobles once _h blaz$4 ,arnolfo begg$ t he might trespass on ?is site2 b ! p refus$ p]mission4 ,:]e ! traitors' ne/ _h be51 !re ! sacr$ f\ndations ( ! public h\se %\ld n be laid4 ,consequ5tly ! ,flor5t9e ,palazzo is1 01 & w be cramp$ ( its correct proportions#ag4 ,no ,italian ar*itect has enjoy$ ! pr\d privilege ( /amp+ 8 own individuality m /rongly on 8 native city ?an ,arnolfo2 & = ?is reason x may be p]mitt$ to enl>ge ^u 8 lab\rs "h4 ,:5 we take our /& ^u ! hill ( ,samm9iato1 ! ,flor5ce at our feet owes h] physiognomy 9 a great measure to ?is man4 ,! tall t[] ( ! ,palazzo ,vec*io1 ! bulk ( ! ,duomo1 & ! long l[ oblong mass ( ,santa ,croce are all 84 ,8 too are ! walls t def9e ! city ( fl[]s f ! g>d5s r\nd ab\t h]4#ah ,ev5 ! ma/]-works ( 8 successors subord9ate _! beauty to 8 fir/ conception4 ,giotto's campanile1 ,brunelles*i's cupola1 & ,orcagna's *ur* ( ,orsammi*ele1 9 spite ( _! und\bt$ & au!ntic orig9ality1 are plac$ :]e he _h plann$4 ,9 #abid ! ,flor5t9es det]m9$ to rebuild _! "m-*ur* ^u a scale ( unexampl$ gr&eur4 ,! commission giv5 to _! ar*itect displays s /rik+ly ! lordly _s 9 :i* ^! burgh]s set ab\t ! "w1 t1 ?\gh x has be5 (t5 quot$1 a portion ( ! docum5t %all be recit$ "h4 ,s9ce ! highe/ m>k ( prud5ce 9 a p ( noble orig9 is to proce$ 9 ! managem5t ( _! affairs s t _! magnanimity & wisdom may be ev9c$ 9 _! outw>d acts1 we ord] ,arnolfo1 head-ma/] ( our commune1 to make a design = ! r5ovation ( ,santa ,rep>ata 9 a /yle ( magnific5ce :i* nei!r ! indu/ry nor ! p[] ( man c surpass1 t x may h>monise ) ! op9ion ( _m wise p]sons 9 ?is city & /ate1 :o ?9k t ?is commune %\ld n engage 9 any ent]prise unless its int5tion be to make ! result correspond ) t noble/ sort ( he>t :i* is compos$ ( ! unit$ w ( _m citiz5s4#ai ,f ,giovanni ,villani we le>n :at taxes 7 levi$ by ! ,wool-,guild1 & set ap>t 9 #acca = ! completion ( ! build+4 ,!y 7 rais$ ^u all goods b\ght or sold )9 ! city 9 two sep>ate rates1 ! net produce am\nt+ 9 ! fir/ ye> to #b1jjj lire4#bj ,! ca!dral design$ by ,arnolfo 0 ( va/ dim5sions3 x cov]s #hd1hjb feet1 :ile t ( ,cologne cov]s #ha1dfa feet2 &1 says ,f]gusson1 z f> z m]e conception ( plan goes1 !re c be little d\bt b t ! ,flor5t9e ca!dral f> surpasses its ,g]man rival4#ba ,no?+1 inde$1 c be imag9$ m noble ?an ! s*eme ( ?is huge edifice4 ,/udy+ its gr\nd-plan1 & not+ h[ ! nave unfolds into a mighty octagon1 :i* 9 its turn displays ?ree well-proportion$ apses1 we are induc$ to ?9k t a sublim] ?\ght has nev] be5 express$ 9 /one4 ,at ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 our admiration receives a *eck4 ,9 ! execution ( ! p>ts ! build] dw>f$ :at _h be5 conceiv$ on s magnific5t a scale2 aim+ at colossal simplicity1 he fail$ to secure ! multiplicity ( subord9at$ memb]s ess5tial to ! total effect ( size4 ,l all inexp]i5c$ ar*itects1 he seems to h ?\ght t greatness ( p>ts w\ld add to ! greatness ( ! :ole1 & 9 consequ5ce us$ only f\r great ar*es 9 ! :ole l5g? ( 8 nave1 giv+ ! c5tral aisle a wid? ( fifty-five feet cle>4 ,! :ole wid? is )9 t5 feet ( t ( ,cologne1 & ! height ab\t ! same2 & yet1 9 appe>ance1 ! height is ab\t half1 & ! bread? less ?an half1 ow+ to ! bett] proportion ( ! p>ts & to ! sup]ior appropriat5ess 9 ! details on ! "p ( ! ,g]man ca!dral4#bb ,! tru? ( ^! rem>ks w be felt by e "o on :om ! pond]\s vacuity ( ! int]ior has weigh$4 ,o!r notable defects !re are too 9 ?is build+1 proce$+ *iefly f ! ,italian misconception ( ,go?ic /yle4 ,! w9d[s are few & n>r[1 s t little light ev5 at noonday /ruggles ?r\gh !m2 & broad b>r5 spaces ( grey walls oppress ! eye4 ,ext]nally ! :ole *ur* is panell$ ) p>ti-col\r$ m>bles1 accord+ to ,flor5t9e cu/om2 b ?is panell+ be>s no relation to ! /ructure3 x is s mu* surface decoration possess+ value *iefly = ! col\ri/4 ,arnolfo di$ be=e ! dome1 z he design$ x1 c\ld be plac$ ^u ! octagon1 & no?+ is kn[n = c]ta9 ab\t ! =m he meant x to assume4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 probable t he int5d$ to adopt some?+ simil> to ! dome ( ,*i>avalle1 :i* ends1 aft] a succession ( n>r[+ octagons1 9 a sl5d] conical pyramid4#bc ,subord9ate spires w\ld !n h be5 plac$ at ea* ( ! f\r angles :]e ! nave & transepts int]sect2 & ! :ole ext]nal effect1 = ri*ness & v>iety1 w\ld h outrivall$ t ( any ,european build+4 ,x is well kn[n t ! erection ( ! dome 0 f9ally entru/$ to ,brunelles*i 9 #adbj4 ,arnolfo's *ur* n[ su/a9s 9 air an octagonal cupola ( ! simple/ possible design1 9 height & size rivall+ t ( ,s4 ,pet]'s4 ,x 0 ?us t ! g5ius ( ! ,r5aissance complet$ :at ! g5ius ( ! ,middle ,ages _h begun4 ,b 9 ,italy !re 0 no real break betwe5 ! two p]iods4 ,?\gh ,arnolfo employ$ ! ,po9t$ /yle 9 8 design1 we f9d no?+ g5u9ely ,go?ic 9 ! *ur*4 ,x has no p9nacles1 fly+ buttresses1 side *apels1 or subord9ate supports4 ,to use ! phrase ( ,mi*elet1 :o has *os5 ! dramatic episode ( ,brunelles*i's int]v5tion 9 ! re>+ ( ! dome = a p>able ( ! ,r5aissance1 ! colossal *ur* /ood up simply1 naturally1 z a /rong man 9 ! morn+ rises f 8 b$ )\t ! ne$ ( /aff or crut*4#bd ,?is inde$ is ! glory ( ,italian z comp>$ ) ,nor!rn ar*itecture4 ,! ,italians valu$ ! /r5g? ( simple p]spicuity3 all ! be/ works ( _! build]s are geometrical ideas ( ! pure/ k9d translat$ into /one4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 true t ! ga9 ( va/ arial space 0 h>dly suffici5t to comp5sate = ! impression ( empt9ess !y leave ^u ! s5ses4 ,we feel ?is v /rongly :5 we /udy ! model prep>$ by ,bramante's pupil1 ,cri/(oro ,roc*i1 = ! ca!dral ( ,pavia2 yet "h we see ! neo-,lat9 g5ius ( ! ,italian arti/ work+ freely 9 an elem5t exactly suit$ to 8 p[]s4 ,:5 ! same ord] ( g5ius s\ght to express its conception ?r\gh ! language ( ! ,go?ic /yle1 ! result 0 inv>iably defective4#be ,! classical revival ( ! fifte5? c5tury made itself imm$iately felt 9 ar*itecture2 & ,brunelles*i's visit to ,rome 9 #adjc may be fix$ z ! date ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ?is art4 ,go?ic1 z we h already se51 0 an ali5 9 ,italy4 ,its importation f ! ,nor? _h *eck$ ! free developm5t ( national ar*itecture1 :i* 9 ! elev5? c5tury began at ,pisa by a consci\s return to classic details4 ,b ! reign ( ,go?ic 0 de/9$ to be brief4 ,petr>* & ,boccaccio1 z ,i %[$ 9 my la/ volume1 turn$ ! :ole intellectual en]gy ( ! ,flor5t9es into ! *annels ( ,lat9 & ,greek s*ol>%ip4#bf ,! anci5t _w absorb$ all int]e/s1 & ! ,italians ) "o w %ook !mselves free ( ! m$ieval /yle !y nev] rightly und]/ood1 & :i* !y h5ce=? /igmatis$ z b>b>\s4#bg ,! problem t occupi$ all ! ,r5aissance ar*itects 0 h[ to re/ore ! mann] ( anci5t ,rome z f> z possible1 adapt+ x to ! mod]n requirem5ts ( ecclesia/ical1 civic1 & dome/ic build+s4 ,( ,greek art !y knew comp>atively no?+3 nor inde$ c\ld ,greek ar*itecture h (f]$ = _! purpose ! same pla/ic elem5ts z ,roman--itself a d]iv$ /yle1 admitt+ ( easi] adju/m5t to mod]n uses ?an ! inflexibly pure art ( ,greece4 ,at ! same "t !y possess$ b imp]fect fragm5ts ( ,roman "w4 ,! ru9s ( ba?s1 !atres1 tombs1 temple-fronts1 & triumphal ar*es1 7 ( little imm$iate assi/ance 9 ! lab\r ( design+ *ur*es & palaces4 ,all t ! ar*itects c\ld d1 aft] famili>is+ !mselves ) ! rema9s ( anci5t ,rome1 & assimilat+ ! _s ( ,roman art1 0 to clo! _! own inv5tions ) classic details4 ,! =m & /ructure ( _! edifices 7 mod]n2 ! p>ts 7 copi$ f antique models4 ,a want ( organic unity & /ructural s9c]ity is always ! result ( ^? necessities "u :i* a second>y & adapt$ /yle mu/ lab\r2 & ?us ! pseudo-,roman build+s ev5 ( ! be/ ,r5aissance p]iod display faults simil> to ^? ( ! ,italian ,go?ic4 ,:ile !y are rem>kable = gr&eur ( effect 9 all t conc]ns ! di/ribution ( light & %ade1 ! cov]+ & enclos+ ( space1 & ! disposition ( masses1 !y %[ at be/ b a sup]ficial correspond5ce betwe5 ! borr[$ =ms & ! con/ruction ^! are us$ to mask4#bh ,! edifices ( ?is p]iod ab\nd 9 m or less successful %ams1 9 surface decoration m or less pleas+ to ! eye2 _! real greatness1 mean:ile1 consi/s 9 ! feel+ = spatial proportions & = l9e> h>monies possess$ by _! ar*itects4 ,?ree p]iods 9 ! developm5t ( ,r5aissance ar*itecture may be r\ghly m>k$4#bi ,! fir/1 ext5d+ f #adbj to #aejj1 is ! age ( exp]im5t & ( luxuriant inv5tiv5ess4 ,! second embraces ! fir/ =ty ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! mo/ p]fect build+s ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance 7 produc$ )9 ?is %ort space ( "t4 ,! ?ird1 aga9 compris+ ab\t =ty ye>s1 f #aedj to #aehj1 leads onw>d to ! reign ( mann]ism & exagg]ation1 call$ by ! ,italians b>occo4 ,9 itself ! ?ird p]iod is di/+ui%$ by a scrupul\s purism bord]+ ^u p$antry1 /rict adh]5ce to !oretical rules1 & sacrifice ( inv5tive qualities to e/abli%$ canons4 ,to d m ?an briefly indicate ! ma/]pieces ( ^! ?ree p]iods1 w\ld be impossible 9 a "w t does n pret5d to treat ( ar*itecture exhau/ively3 & yet to omit all notice ( ! build]s ( ?is age & ( _! /yles1 w\ld be to neglect ! mo/ important art-phase ( ! "t ,i h und]tak5 to illu/rate4 ,9 ! fir/ p]iod we are bewild]$ by ! luxuriance ( creative p[]s & by ! riot+ ( ! fancy 9 all =ms ( beauty indiscrim9ately m+l$4 ,9 g5]al we detect a /riv+ aft] effects n fully realis$1 & a t5d5cy to indulge 9 sup]flu\s ornam5t )\t reg>d = /rictness ( design4 ,! imp]fect compreh5sion ( classical models & ! exub]ant vivacity ( ! imag9ation 9 ! fifte5? c5tury acc\nt = ! florid "w ( ?is "t4 ,some?+ too is left ( m$iaeval fancy2 ! details borr[$ f ! antique und]go fanta/ic transmutation at ! h&s ( m5 accu/om$ to ! vehem5t emotion ( ! romantic ages4 ,:atev] ! ,r5aissance took f antique art1 x 0 at fir/ unable to assimilate ei!r ! mod]ation ( ! ,greeks or ! practical sobriety ( ! ,romans4 ,*ri/ianity _h deep5$ & int5sifi$ ! s\rces ( imag9ative life2 & j z rem9isc5ces ( classic /yle impair$ ,italian ,go?ic1 s n[ a trace ( ,go?ic is p]ceptible 9 ! w\ld-be classic "w ( ! ,revival4 ,! result ( ^! comb9$ influ5ces 0 a wond]ful & _m-featur$ hybrid1 be/ repres5t$ 9 "o monum5t by ! faade ( ! ,c]tosa at ,pavia4 ,:ile *>act]is+ ! "w ( ! e>li] ,r5aissance z fus$ ( div]s mann]s1 we mu/ n =get t x 0 truly liv+1 full ( purpose1 & accord+ to its own /&>d s9c]e4 ,x 0 a new bir?2 no m]e repetition ( some?+ dead & gone1 b ! product ( vivid =ces /irr$ to orig9al creativ5ess by admiration = ! pa/4 ,x correspond$1 moreov]1 ) exquisite exactitude to ! halt+ ( ! consci5ce betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ,paganism1 & to ! bl5t beauty t ! poets lov$4 ,on re$s dropp$ f ! h&s ( dead ,pan ! arti/s ( ?is p]iod1 ea* 9 81 own sph]e1 pip$ ditties ( romance4 ,to ^! g5]al rem>ks ^u ! /yle ( ! fir/ p]iod ! ,flor5t9e ar*itects (f] an exception2 & yet ! fir/ m>k$ sign ( a new era 9 ! art ( build+ 0 giv5 at ,flor5ce4 ,purity ( ta/e & firmness ( judgm5t1 comb9$ ) sci5tific accuracy1 7 always di/9ctive ( ,flor5t9es4 ,to su* an ext5t did ^! qualities det]m9e _! treatm5t ( ! arts t acute critics h be5 f\nd to tax !m--& 9 my op9ion ju/ly--) h>dness & frigidity4#cj ,brunelles*i 9 #adbe design$ ! basilica ( ,s4 ,lor5zo aft] an orig9al b truly classic type1 rem>kable = its sobriety & correctness4 ,:at he _h le>n$ f ! ru9s ( ,rome he "h appli$ 9 ob$i5ce to 8 own arti/ic in/9ct4 ,s4 ,lor5zo is a column> edifice ) r\nd ar*es & semicircul> apses4 ,n a =m or detail 9 ! :ole *ur* is /rictly speak+ at v>iance ) ,roman prec$5t2 & yet ! g5]al effect resembles no?+ we possess ( antique "w4 ,x is a ma/]piece ( intellig5t ,r5aissance adaptation4 ,! same is true ( ,s4 ,spirito1 built 9 #adgj1 aft] ,brunelles*i's dea?1 accord+ to 8 plans4 ,! extraord9>y capacity ( ?is great ar*itect w1 h[ev]1 w9 m homage f ord9>y obs]v]s :5 !y contemplate ! ,pitti ,palace & ! cupola ( ! ca!dral4 ,bo? ( ^! are ma/]-works ( p]sonal orig9ality4 ,:at is ,roman 9 ! ,pitti ,palace1 is ! robu/ simplicity ( massive /r5g?2 b x is c]ta9 t no patrician ( ! republic or ! empire inhabit$ a h\se at all resembl+ ?is4 ,! dome/ic habits ( ! ,middle ,ages1 arm$ = self-def5ce1 & on gu>d aga9/ invasion f )\t1 /ill f9d expression 9 ! solid bulk ( ?is =bidd+ dwell+-place1 al?\gh its maje/y & l>g5ess %[ t ! reign ( mild] & m c\rtly mann]s has begun4 ,to speak ( ! cupola ( ! ,duomo 9 connection ) a simple revival ( ,roman ta/e1 w\ld be equally inappropriate4 ,x rema9s a t\r de =ce ( individual g5ius1 cultivat$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ,go?ic vault-build+1 & p5etrat$ ) ! greatness ( imp]ial ,rome4 ,its _s ( dauntless audacity & sev]e conc5tration alone is antique4 ,almo/ contempor>y ) ,brunelles*i 0 ,leo ,batti/a ,alb]ti1 a ,flor5t9e1 :o1 work+ ^u some:at diff]5t pr9ciples1 s\ght m closely to reproduce ! actual elem5ts ( ,roman ar*itecture4#ca ,9 8 remodell+ ( ,s4 ,francesco at ,rim9i ! type he foll[$ 0 t ( ! triumphal ar*1 & :at 0 f9i%$ ( t wond]ful faade1 rema9s to prove h[ mu* might h be5 made ( well-proportion$ pila/]s & nobly curv$ arcades4#cb ,! same pr9ciple is c>ri$ out 9 ,s4 ,&rea at ,mantua4 ,! frontispiece ( ?is *ur* is a gigantic ar* ( triumph2 ! int]ior is noticeable = its simple h>mony ( p>ts1 adopt$ f ! vault$ ba?s ( ,rome4 ,! comb9ation ( ^! antique details 9 an impos+ /ructure impli$ a high imag9ative faculty at a mom5t :5 ! rules ( classic ar*itecture _h n be5 z yet r$uc$ to me?od4 ,yet ! weakness ( ,alb]ti's pr9ciple is reveal$ :5 we consid] t "h ! l(ty c5tral ar* ( ! faade s]ves only = a decoration4 ,too high & spaci\s ev5 = ! *>iots ( a ,roman triumph1 x =ms an inappropriate entrance to ! mode/ ve/ibule ( a ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,l ,brunelles*i1 ,alb]ti appli$ 8 tal5ts to ! build+ ( a palace 9 ,flor5ce t became a model to subsequ5t ar*itects4 ,! ,palazzo ,rucellai reta9s _m details ( ! m$iaeval ,tuscan /yle1 especially 9 ! w9d[s divid$ by sl5d] pila/]s4 ,b ! ?ree ord]s introduc$ by way ( surface decoration1 ! doorways1 & ! cornices1 are transcripts f ,roman ru9s4 ,?is build+1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful 9 ,italy1 0 copi$ by ,francesco di ,giorgio & ,b]n>do ,fior5t9o = ! palaces !y con/ruct$ at ,pi5za4 ,?is 0 ! age ( sumptu\s palace-build+2 & = no purpose 0 ! e>ly ,r5aissance /yle bett] adapt$ ?an = ! erection ( dwell+-h\ses t %\ld mat* ! free & worldly spl5d\r ( ^? times4 ,! j m$ium betwe5 m$iaeval massiv5ess & classic simplicity 0 atta9$ 9 c\ntless build+s beautiful & v>i\s beyond description4 ,bologna is full ( !m2 & ,urb9o1 9 ! ,ducal ,palace1 conta9s "o specim5 unexampl$ 9 ext5t & unique 9 int]e/4 ,yet "h1 z 9 all dep>tm5ts ( f9e art1 ,flor5ce takes ! lead4 ,aft] ,brunelles*i & ,alb]ti came ,mi*ellozzo1 ! fav\rite ar*itect ( ,cosimo de' ,m$ici2 ,b5$etto da ,majano2 ,giuliano & ,antonio di ,san ,gallo2 & ,il ,cronaca4 ,cosimo de' ,m$ici1 hav+ said t envy is a plant no man %\ld wat]1 d5i$ himself ! monum5tal h\se design$ by ,brunelles*i1 & *ose in/ead ! mode/ plan ( ,mi*ellozzo4 ,brunelles*i _h meant to build ! ,casa ,m$ici along "o side ( ! ,piazza di ,s4 ,lor5zo2 b :5 ,cosimo refus$ 8 project1 he broke up ! model he _h made1 to ! great loss ( /ud5ts ( ?is age ( ar*itecture4 ,mi*ellozzo 0 !n commission$ to raise ! mighty1 b comp>atively humble1 ,ricc>di ,palace at ! corn] ( ! ,via ,l>ga1 :i* cont9u$ to be ! resid5ce ( ! ,m$ici ?r\gh all _! *equ]$ hi/ory1 until at la/ !y took possession ( ! ,palazzo ,pitti4#cc ,! mo/ beautiful ( all ,flor5t9e dwell+-h\ses design$ at ?is p]iod is t :i* ,b5$etto da ,majano built = ,filippo ,/rozzi4 ,comb9+ ! burgh]-l au/]ity ( antec$5t ages ) a gr&eur & a bread? ( /yle peculi> to ! ,r5aissance1 ! ,palazzo ,/rozzi may be *os5 z ! p]fect type ( ,flor5t9e dome/ic ar*itecture4#cd ,o!r cities 7 suppli$ by ,flor5ce ) build]s1 & ,milan ow$ h] fanciful ,osp$ale ,maggiore at ?is epo* to ,antonio ,fil>ete1 a ,flor5t9e4 ,?is great edifice illu/rates ! emancipation f fix$ rule t di/+ui%es mu* ( ! ar*itecture ( ! e>li] ,r5aissance4 ,! detail is n unfrequ5tly ,go?ic1 especially 9 ! po9t$ w9d[s2 b ! feel+ ( ! :ole /ructure1 9 its airy space & lightness1 delicate t]ra-cotta m\ld+s1 & op5 loggie1 is truly ,c9que ,c5to4#ce ,9 no o!r /yle ?an ?is ( ! e>li] ,r5aissance is ! build] m insep>ably connect$ ) ! decorator4 ,! lab\rs ( ! /one-c>v]1 :o provid$ alt>s *as$ ) ,scripture hi/ories 9 high relief1 pulpits hung aga9/ a column ( ! nave1 tombs ) canopies & floral g>l&s1 organ gall]ies enri*$ ) bas-reliefs ( s++ boys1 ciboria ) kneel+ & ador+ angels1 m>ble tab]nacles = relics1 vases = holy wat]1 fonts & f\nta9s1 & all ! indescribable weal? ( scrolls & friezes ar\nd doors & scre5s & balu/rades t f5ce ! *oir1 are add$ to ^? ( ! bronze-f\nd]1 ) 8 mighty doors & p5d5t lamps1 8 c&elabra su/a9$ by angels1 tor*-re/s & r+s1 emboss$ basem5ts = bann]s ( /ate1 & portraits ( recumb5t s5ators or prelates4#cf ,! wood c>v] contributes t>sia l t ( ,fra ,giovanni da ,v]ona4#cg ,! work] 9 wr\ght iron welds su* scre5s z gu>d ! *apel ( ! ,sacra ,c9tola at ,prato4 ,! ,robbias prep>e _! delicately-ton$ reliefs = ! lunettes above ! doorways4 ,modell]s 9 clay produce ! t]ra-cotta "w ( ! ,c]tosa1 or ! c>ola ( angels :o surr\nd ! little cupola beh9d ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,eu/orgio at ,milan4#ch ,mean:ile mosaics are provid$ = ! dome or let into ! floor2#ci agates & m>bles & lapis lazuli are piec$ toge!r = alt> fronts & panell+s2#dj /alls are c>v$ into fanta/ic patt]ns1 & heavy ro(s are emboss$ ) figures ( ! sa9ts & armorial emblems4#da ,tape/ry is wov5 f ! designs ( excell5t ma/]s2#db great pa9t]s contribute arabesques ( fresco or ( /ucco mix$ ) gild+1 & glass is col\r$ f ! outl9es ( su* draughtsm5 z ,ghib]ti4 ,"s ( ! decorative elem5ts ,i h ha/ily enum]at$1 w be treat$ 9 connection ) ! respective arts ( sculpture & pa9t+4 ,! fact1 mean:ile1 des]ves notice t !y receiv$ a new developm5t 9 relation to ar*itecture dur+ ! fir/ p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance1 & t !y =m$1 z x 71 an integral "p ( its ma9 ae/hetical purpose4 ,/rip a *apel ( ! fifte5? c5tury ( ornam5tal adjuncts1 & an un9t]e/+ %ell is left3 :at1 = in/ance1 w\ld ! faades ( ! ,c]tosa & ! ,cappella ,colleoni be )\t _! sculptur$ & inlaid m>bles8 ,! g5ius ( ! age f\nd scope 9 subord9ate details1 & ! mo/ successful ar*itect 0 ! man :o comb9$ 9 himself a feel+ = ! capacities ( ! greate/ numb] ( associat$ arts4 ,z ! consequ5ce ( ?is pr(use exp5diture ( lov+ c>e on e detail1 ! monum5ts ( ar*itecture belong+ to ! e>li] ,r5aissance h a poetry t comp5sates = /ructural defects2 j z its wilde/ lit]>y extravagances--! ,hypn]otoma*ia ,poliphili1 = in/ance--h a *>m ( wanton fancy & "y joy t atones to sympa!tic /ud5ts = intol]able p$antries4 ,9 ! second p]iod ! faults ( ! fir/ gr\p ( ,r5aissance build]s 7 9 a l>ge measure ov]come1 & _! /riv+ aft] ! production ( new yet classic =m 0 m completely realis$4 ,! reckless employm5t ( luxuriant decoration yield$ to a *a/5$ ta/e1 )\t ! sacrifice ( beauty or magnific5ce4 ,/yle 0 ref9$2 ! con/ruction ( l>ge build+s 0 bett] und]/ood1 & ! in/9ct = :at lies )9 ! means ( a reviv$ & second>y mann] 0 m true4 ,to ,bramante mu/ be assign$ ! =emo/ place among ! ar*itects ( ! gold5 age4#dc ,?\gh little ( 8 "w survives entire & unspoil$1 x is cle> t he ex]cis$ ! pr(\nde/ influ5ce ov] bo? successors & contempor>ies4 ,:at !y *iefly ow$ to him1 0 ! prop] subord9ation ( beauty 9 details to ! gr&eur ( simplicity & to unity ( effect4 ,he came at a mom5t :5 con/ructive problems _h be5 solv$1 :5 me*anical means 7 p]fect$1 & :5 ! si/] arts _h rea*$ _! highe/ po9t4 ,8 e>ly tra9+ 9 ,lomb>dy accu/om$ him to ! adoption ( clu/]$ pi]s in/ead ( s+le columns1 to semicircul> apses & ni*es1 & to ! free use ( m9or cupolas--elem5ts ( design introduc$ nei!r by ,brunelles*i nor by ,alb]ti into ! ,r5aissance /yle ( ,flor5ce1 b :i* 7 de/9$ to det]m9e ! future ( ar*itecture = all ,italy4 ,nature _h gift$ ,bramante ) calm judgm5t & ref9$ ta/e2 8 s5se ( ! "r limitations ( ! pseudo-,roman /yle 0 exquisite1 & 8 feel+ = /ructural symmetry 0 j4 ,if 8 mann] /rikes u z some:at cold & ab/ract :5 comp>$ ) ! m g5ial audacities ( ! e>li] ,r5aissance1 we mu/ rememb] h[ salut>y 0 ! example ( a rigor\s & mode/ mann] 9 an age :i* requir$ above all ?+s to be pres]v$ f its own luxuriant wayw>dness ( fancy4 ,x is h>d to say h[ mu* ( ! "w ascrib$ to ,bramante 9 ,nor!rn ,italy is g5u9e2 mo/ ( x1 at any rate1 belongs to ! mann] ( 8 y\?4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia della ,consolazione at ,todi1 ! palace ( ! ,cancell]ia at ,rome1 & ! unf9i%$ ca!dral ( ,pavia1 enable u to compreh5d ! g5]al "* ( ?is great ar*itect's ref9$ & noble mann]4 ,s4 ,pet]'s1 x may be said 9 pass+1 reta9s1 9 spite ( all subsequ5t modifications1 _m ess5tially ,bramantesque features--especially 9 ! di/ribution ( ! pi]s & r\nd$ ni*es4 ,bramante =m$ no s*ool /rictly s call$1 ?\gh 8 pupils1 ,cri/(oro ,roc*i & ,v5tura ,vitoni1 c>ri$ out 8 pr9ciples ( build+ at ,pavia & ,pi/oja4 ,vitoni's *ur* ( ! ,umilt 9 ! latt] city is a pure example ( consci5ti\s neo-,roman ar*itecture4 ,x consi/s ( a l>ge octagon surm\nt$ by a dome & prec$$ by a l(ty vault$ atrium or ve/ibule4 ,! s+le r\nd ar* ( ?is ve/ibule repeats ! te/udo ( a ,roman ba?1 & ! decorative details are accurately reproduc$ f simil> monum5ts4 ,un=tunately1 ,giorgio ,vas>i1 :o 0 employ$ to f9i% ! cupola1 spoil$ its effect by rais+ x ^u an ugly attic2 x is probable t ! *ur*1 z design$ by ,vitoni1 w\ld h pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( a m9iature ,pan!on4 ,at ,rome ! influ5ce ( ,bramante 0 propagat$ ?r\gh ,raphael1 ,giulio ,romano1 & ,baldass>e ,p]uzzi4 ,raphael's claim to consid]ation z an ar*itect re/s ^u ! ,palazzi ,vidoni & ,p&olf9i1 ! ,cappella ,*igi 9 ,s4 ,m>ia del ,popolo1 & ! ,villa ,madama4 ,! la/-nam$ build+1 execut$ by ,giulio ,romano aft] ,raphael's design1 is c>ri$ out 9 a /yle s =cible z to make u fancy t ! pupil _h a l>g] %>e 9 its creation ?an 8 tea*]4 ,^! works1 h[ev]1 s9k into insignificance be=e ! ,palazzo del ,te at ,mantua1 ! ma/]piece ( ,giulio's g5ius4 ,?is mo/ noble ( ,italian pleasure-h\ses rema9s to %[ :at ! imag9ation ( a poet-arti/ c\ld recov] f ! spl5d\r ( old ,rome & adapt to ! use ( 8 own age4 ,! vaults ( ! ,!rmae ( ,titus1 ) _! cameos ( /ucco & fresco$ arabesques1 are "h repeat$ on a scale & ) an exub]ance ( inv5tion t surpass ! model4 ,op5 loggie yield fair prospect ov] :at 7 once trim g>d5s2 spaci\s halls1 adorn$ ) frescoes 9 ! vehem5t & gorge\s /yle ( ! ,roman s*ool1 =m a fit !atre = ! gr& p>ade-life ( an ,italian pr9ce4 ,! :ole is ,pagan 9 its pride & s5suality1 its prodigality ( /r5g? & insol5ce ( fre$om4 ,hav+ se5 ?is palace1 we d n wond] t ! fame ( ,giulio flew across ! ,alps & liv$ ^u ! lips ( ,%aksp]e3 = 9 8 ma/]-"w at ,mantua he collect$1 z x 71 & epitomis$ 9 "o build+ all t en?rall$ ! fancy ( ! ,nor!rn nations :5 !y ?\ght ( ,italy4 ,a p5dant to ! ,palazzo del ,te is ! ,villa ,f>nes9a1 rais$ on ! banks ( ! ,tib] by ,baldass>e ,p]uzzi = 8 fell[ t[nsman ,ago/9o ,*igi ( ,si5a4 ,x is an idyll plac$ beside a lyric ode1 g5tl] & quiet] 9 /yle1 yet full ( grace1 brea?+ ! l>ge & lib]al _s ( enjoym5t t *>act]is$ ! age ( ,leo4 ,! frescoes ( ,galatea & ,psy*e1 execut$ by ,raphael & 8 pupils1 h made ?is villa fam\s 9 ! annals ( ,italian pa9t+4 ,! memory ( ! ,roman bank]'s spl5did /yle ( liv+ m>ks x out z no less notewor?y 9 ! hi/ory ( ,r5aissance mann]s4#dd ,among ! great edifices ( ?is second p]iod we may reckon ,jacopo ,sansov9o's build+s at ,v5ice1 ?\gh !y approximate r to ! /yle ( ! e>li] ,r5aissance 9 all t conc]ns exub]ance ( decorative detail4 ,! ,v5etians1 some:at beh9d ! re/ ( ,italy 9 ! developm5t ( ! f9e arts1 7 at ! height ( prosp]ity & weal? dur+ ! middle p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance2 & no city is m ri* 9 monum5ts ( ! florid /yle4 ,some?+ ( _! own delight 9 s5su\s magnific5ce !y communicat$ ev5 to ! =eign]s :o dwelt among !m4 ,! c\rt ( ! ,ducal ,palace1 ! ,scuola di ,s4 ,rocco1 ! ,palazzo ,corn]1 & ! ,palazzo ,v5dram9i-,cal]gi1 illu/rate !1 /rong yet fanciful bravura /yle t pleas$ ! ari/ocracy ( ,v5ice4 ,n[h]e else does ! ar*itecture ( ! ,middle ,ages melt by m imp]ceptible degrees into t ( ! ,revival1 reta9+ ?r\gh all *anges ! impress ( a p spl5d\r-lov+ 9 ! highe/ s5se4 ,! ,libr>y ( ,s4 ,m>k1 built by ,sansov9o 9 #aecf1 rema9s1 h[ev]1 ! cr[n+ triumph ( ,v5etian art4 ,x is impossible to contemplate its noble d\ble r[ ( op5 ar*es )\t feel+ ! eloqu5ce ( rhetoric s brilliant1 )\t e*o+ ! judgm5t ( ,palladio1 t no?+ m sumptu\s or beautiful _h be5 inv5t$ s9ce ! age ( anci5t ,rome4 ,"t w\ld fail to tell ( all ! ar*itects :o cr[d ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury--( ,antonio di ,san ,gallo1 fam\s = =tifications2 ( ,baccio d',agnolo1 :o rais$ ! ,campanile ( ,s4 ,spirito at ,flor5ce2 ( ,giovanni ,m>ia ,falconetto1 to ^: g5ius ,padua ow$ s _m pr9cely edifices2 ( ,mi*ele ,sanmi*eli1 ! milit>y ar*itect ( ,v]ona1 & ! build] ( five mighty palaces = ! nobles ( 8 native city4 ,yet ! greate/ "n ( all ?is p]iod _c be omitt$3 ,mi*ael ,angelo mu/ be add$ to ! li/ ( build]s 9 ! gold5 age4 ,9 ar*itecture1 z 9 sculpture1 he n only bequea!d to po/]ity ma/]pieces ( individual en]gy & orig9al inv5tion1 9 _! k9d unrivall$2 b he also prep>$ = 8 successors a false way ( work+1 & ju/ifi$ by 8 example ! extravagances ( ! decad5ce4 ,)\t notic+ ! faade design$ = ,s4 ,lor5zo at ,flor5ce1 ! trans=mation ( ! ,ba?s ( ,diocletian into a *ur*1 ! remodell+ ( ! ,capitol9e build+s1 & ! cont9uation ( ! ,palazzo ,f>nese--works t ei!r exi/ only 9 draw+s or h be5 confus$ by lat] alt]ations--x is en\gh "h to m5tion ! ,sagre/ia ,nuova ( ,s4 ,lor5zo & ! cupola ( ,s4 ,pet]'s4 ,! sacri/y may be look$ on ei!r z ! ma/]piece ( a sculptor :o requir$ fit sett+ = 8 /atues1 or ( an ar*itect :o design$ /atues to enhance ! /ructure he _h plann$4 ,bo? arts are us$ ) equal ease1 nor has ! g5ius ( ,mi*ael ,angelo dealt m ma/]fully ) ! human frame ?an ) ! =ms ( ,roman ar*itecture 9 ?is *apel4 ,he seems to h paid no he$ to classic prec$5t1 & to h tak5 no pa9s to adapt ! p>ts to ! /ructural purpose ( ! build+4 ,x 0 en\gh = him to create a :olly novel framework = ! mod]n miracle ( sculpture x en%r9es1 att5d+ to su* rules ( composition z det]m9e light & %ade1 & seek+ by ! slightness ( m\ld+s & pila/]s to enhance ! t]rible & massive =ms t brood above ! ,m$icean tombs4 ,! result is a product ( picturesque & pla/ic art1 z true to ! ,mi*aelangelesque _s z ! ,temple ( ! ,w+less ,victory to t ( ,pheidias4 ,b :]e ,mi*ael ,angelo a*iev$ a triumph ( boldness1 less] natures 7 betray$ into biz>r]ie2 & ?is *apel ( ! ,m$ici1 9 spite ( its gr&iose simplicity1 prov$ a /umbl+-block to subsequ5t ar*itects by enc\rag+ !m to despise propriety & violate ! laws ( /ructure4 ,! same may be said ) ev5 great] tru? ( ! ,laur5tian ,libr>y & its /aircase4 ,! false w9d[s1 repeat$ pill>s1 & b>efac$ aim+ at effect1 t m>k ! ins9c]ity ( ! b>occo /yle1 are f\nd "h almo/ = ! fir/ "t4 ,:at ,s4 ,pet]'s w\ld h be51 if ,mi*ael ,angelo _h liv$ to f9i% x1 c be imag9$ f 8 plans & elevations /ill pres]v$4 ,x mu/ always rema9 a matt] ( pr(\nd regret t 8 project 0 s f> alt]$ z to sacrifice ! effect ( ! dome f ! piazza4 ,?is dome is ,mi*ael ,angelo's supreme a*ievem5t z an ar*itect4 ,x n only pres]ves all t is maje/ic 9 ! cupola ( ,brunelles*i2 b x also avoids ! defects ( its av[$ model1 by secur+ ! entrance ( abundant light1 & dilat+ ! imag9ation ) ! s5se ( space to so> & float 94 ,x is ! dome t makes ,s4 ,pet]'s :at x is--! adequate symbol ( ! ,*ur* 9 an age t _h ab&on$ m$iaevalism & produc$ a new type ( civility = ! mod]n nations4 ,on ! connection betwe5 ! build+ ( ,s4 ,pet]'s & ! ,re=mation ,i h t\*$ already4#de ,?is mighty temple is ! %r9e ( ,ca?olicity1 no long] cosmopolitan by "r ( spiritual empire1 b secul>is$ & limit$ to ,lat9 races4 ,at ! same "t x repres5ts ! _s ( a p]iod :5 ! ,popes /ill l$ ! _w z intellectual *iefs4 ,z ! decree = its erection 0 ! la/ act ( ! ,papacy be=e ! s*ism ( ! ,nor? _h driv5 x into bl9d conflict ) advanc+ culture1 s ,s4 ,pet]'s rema9s ! monum5t to aft] ages ( a mom5t :5 ! ,roman ,*ur*1 unt]rifi$ z yet by ,g]man rebels1 d>$ to %>e ! mundane impulse ( ! classical revival4 ,%e _h =gott5 ! catacombs & ru?lessly de/roy$ ! ,basilica ( ,con/ant9e4 ,by rebuild+ ! "m *ur* ( ,we/]n ,*ri/ianity ^u a new plan1 %e broke ) tradition2 & if ,rome has n ceas$ to be ! ,et]nal ,city1 if all ways are /ill lead+ to ,rome1 we may ev5 haz>d a conjecture t 9 ! la/ days ( _! univ]sal mon>*y ! ,popes re>$ ?is fane to be ! temple ( a _s ali5 to _! own4 ,x is at any rate c]ta9 t ,s4 ,pet]'s produces an impression less ecclesia/ical1 & less /rictly ,*ri/ian1 ?an almo/ any ( ! eld] & f> humbl] *ur*es ( ,europe4 ,rais$ by pr\d & secul> pontiffs 9 ! heyday ( r5asc5t humanism1 x seems to wait ! "t :5 ! high prie/s ( a religion no long] ho/ile to sci5ce or antagoni/ic to ! inevitable =ce ( progress w *aunt _! hymns b5ea? its spaci\s dome4 ,! build+ ( ,s4 ,pet]'s 0 s mom5t\s 9 mod]n hi/ory1 & s decisive = ,italian ar*itecture1 t x may be p]mitt$ me to describe ! vicissitudes ?r\gh :i* ! /ructure pass$ be=e rea*+ completion4 ,ni*olas ,v41 f\nd] ( ! secul> papacy & *ief patron ( ! humani/ic movem5t 9 ,rome1 _h approv$ a s*eme = ?or\ghly rebuild+ & re=tify+ ! pontifical city4#df ,"p ( ?is plan involv$ ! recon/ruction ( ,s4 ,pet]'s4 ,! old basilica 0 to be remov$1 & on its site 0 to rise a mighty *ur*1 %ap$ l a ,lat9 cross1 ) a c5tral dome & two high t[]s flank+ ! ve/ibule4 ,ni*olas di$ be=e 8 project c\ld be c>ri$ into effect4 ,beyond de/roy+ ! old temple ( ,probus & m>k+ out f\ndations = ! tribune ( ! new *ur*1 no?+ _h be5 accompli%$2#dg nor did 8 successors until ! reign ( ,julius ?9k ( cont9u+ :at he _h begun4 ,9 #aejf1 on ! #ah? ( ,april1 ,julius laid ! fir/ /one ( ,s4 ,pet]'s accord+ to ! plans provid$ by ,bramante4 ,! basilica 0 design$ 9 ! %ape ( a ,greek cross1 surm\nt$ by a colossal dome1 & approa*$ by a ve/ibule front$ ) six columns4 ,z 9 all ! works ( ,bramante1 simplicity & dignity di/+ui%$ ?is fir/ s*eme4#dh ,= eight ye>s1 until 8 dea? 9 #aead1 ,bramante lab\r$ on ! build+4 ,julius1 ! mo/ impati5t ( ma/]s1 urg$ him to "w rapidly4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is ha/e1 ! sub/ructures ( ! new *ur* prov$ insecure1 & ! huge pi]s rais$ to support ! cupola 7 imp]fect1 :ile ! v5]able monum5ts conta9$ 9 ! old *ur* 7 ru?lessly de/roy$4#di ,aft] ,bramante's dea? ,giuliano di ,s4 ,gallo1 ,fra ,giocondo1 & ,raphael successively sup]9t5d$ ! con/ruction1 ea* = a %ort p]iod4 ,raphael1 "u ,leo ,x41 0 appo9t$ sole ar*itect1 & w5t s f> z to alt] ! design ( ,bramante by sub/itut+ ! ,lat9 = ! ,greek cross4 ,^u 8 dea?1 ,baldass>e ,p]uzzi cont9u$ ! "w1 & suppli$ a s]ies ( new designs1 re/or+ ! gr\nd-plan ( ! *ur* to its orig9al %ape4 ,he 0 succe$$ 9 ! reign ( ,paul ,,iii4 by ,antonio di ,s4 ,gallo1 :o once m rev]t$ to ! ,lat9 cross1 & propos$ a novel =m ( cupola ) flank+ t[]s = ! faade1 ( biz>re r ?an beautiful proportions4 ,aft] a %ort int]regnum1 dur+ :i* ,giulio ,romano sup]9t5d$ ! build+ & did no?+ rem>kable1 ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 call$ 9 #aece to und]take ! sole *>ge ( ! edifice4 ,he decl>$ t :]ev] subsequ5t ar*itects _h dep>t$ f ,bramante's project1 !y _h err$4 ,x is impossible to d5y t ,bramante 0 z great 9 ar*itecture z any man has be5 s9ce ! days ( ! anci5ts4 ,:5 he fir/ laid ! plan ( ,s4 ,pet]'s1 he made x n a mass ( confusion1 b cle> & simple1 well light$1 & s ?or\ghly deta*$ t x 9 no way int]f]$ ) any portion ( ! palace4#ej ,hav+ ?us pron\nc$ himself 9 g5]al = ,bramante's s*eme1 ,mi*ael ,angelo proce$$ to develop x 9 accordance ) 8 own canons ( ta/e4 ,he reta9$ ! ,greek cross2 b ! dome1 z he conceiv$ x1 & ! details design$ = ea* section ( ! build+1 diff]$ ess5tially f :at ! e>li] ma/] w\ld h sanction$4 ,n ! placid & pure ta/e ( ,bramante1 b ! ma/]ful & fi]y g5ius ( ,buon>roti1 is responsible = ! colossal scale ( ! subord9ate p>ts & v>i\sly brok5 l9eam5ts ( ! exi/+ *ur*4 ,9 spite ( all *anges ( direction1 ! fabric ( ,s4 ,pet]'s _h be5 /eadily advanc+4 ,mi*ael ,angelo 01 !re=e1 able to raise ! c5tral /ructure z f> z ! drum ( ! cupola be=e 8 dea?4 ,8 plans & models 7 c>efully pres]v$1 & a special papal ord9ance decre$ t h5ce=? !re %\ld be no deviation f ! s*eme he _h laid d[n4 ,unhappily ?is rule 0 n obs]v$4 ,"u ,pius ,v41 ,vignola & ,pi]o ,ligorio did inde$ cont9ue 8 tradition2 "u ,gregory ,,xiii41 ,sixtus ,v41 & ,clem5t ,,viii41 ,giacomo della ,porta made no sub/antial alt]ations2 & 9 #aeij ,dom5ico ,fontana f9i%$ ! dome4 ,b dur+ ! pontificate ( ,paul ,v41 ,c>lo ,mad]no resum$ ! =m ( ! ,lat9 cross1 & complet$ ! nave & ve/ibule1 z !y n[ /&1 ^u ?is alt]$ plan 7#afad74 ,! consequ5ce is :at has be5 already not$--at a mod]ate di/ance f ! *ur* ! dome is lo/ to view2 x only takes its true position ( pr$om9ance :5 se5 f f>4 ,9 ! ye> #afbf1 ,s4 ,pet]'s 0 consecrat$ by ,urban ,,viii41 & ! mighty "w 0 f9i%$4 ,x rema9$ = ,b]n9i to add ! colonnades ( ! piazza1 no less picturesque 9 _! effect ?an admirably fitt$ = ! pageantry ( _w-important c]emonial4 ,at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury x 0 reckon$ t ! *ur* _h co/ b little less ?an fifty million scudi4 ,mi*ael ,angelo =ms ! l9k betwe5 ! second & ?ird p]iods ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,among ! ar*itects ( ! latt] age we h to reckon ^? :o bas$ _! practice ^u m9ute /udy ( antique writ]s1 & :o1 m ?an any ( _! pr$ecessors1 realis$ ! long-s\ght re/itution ( ! classic /yle accord+ to precise s*ola/ic canons4#ea ,a new age _h n[ begun = ,italy4 ,! glory & ! grace ( ! ,r5aissance1 its bloom+ "t ( beauty1 & its spr+tide ( "y /r5g?1 7 ov]4 ,/rang]s held ! re9s ( p[]1 & ! ,re=mation _h begun to make itself felt 9 ! ,nor!rn prov9ces ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,a cold] & m =mal _s ev]y:]e prevail$4 ,! s\rces ( inv5tion 9 ! art ( pa9t+ 7 dri$ up4 ,s*ol>%ip _h p9$ away into p$antic purism4 ,correct ta/e 0 com+ to be priz$ m highly ?an orig9ality ( g5ius 9 lit]ature4 ,nor did ar*itecture fail to manife/ ! op]ation ( ?is *ange4 ,! greate/ build] ( ! p]iod 0 ,&rea ,palladio ( ,vic5za1 :o comb9$ a m complete analytical k ( antiquity ) a firm] adh]5ce to rule & prec$5t ?an ev5 ! mo/ imitative ( 8 =]unn]s4 ,x is useless to seek = decorative fancy1 weal? ( detail1 or sallies ( inv5tive g5ius 9 ! ,palladian /yle4 ,all is cold & calculat$ 9 ! _m palaces & *ur*es ( ?is ma/] :i* adorn bo? ,v5ice & ,vic5za2 !y make u feel t creative inspiration has be5 sup]s$$ by ! lab\r ( ! calculat+ reason4 ,"o great public build+ ( ,palladio's1 h[ev]--! ,palazzo della ,ragione at ,vic5za--may be cit$ z1 p]haps1 ! culm9at+ po9t ( pure ,r5aissance ar*itecture4 ,9 its simple & h]oical arcades1 its solid columns1 & noble op5 spaces1 ! /r5g? ( ,rome is realis$ to ! eyes ( ^? :o d n p5etrate too f> inside ! build+4#eb ,"h1 & "h only1 ! ar*itectural problem ( ! epo*--h[ to br+ ! art ( ! anci5ts back to life & use aga9--0 solv$ accord+ to ! _s & ! lett] ( ! pa/4 ,palladio nev] equall$ ?is1 ! e>lie/ ( all 8 _m works4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! dictator%ip ( art _h be5 already transf]r$ f ,flor5ce & ,rome to ,lomb>dy4#ec ,! pa9t]s :o c>ri$ on ! great traditions 7 ,v5etian4 ,among ! ar*itects1 ,palladio 0 a native ( ,vic5za2 ,giacomo ,b>ozzi1 ! au?or ( ! ,treatise on ! ,ord]s1 took ! "n by :i* he is kn[n f 8 bir?place1 ,vignola2 ,v9c5zo ,scamozzi 0 a fell[-t[nsman ( ,palladio2 ,galeazzo ,alessi1 ?\gh born at ,p]ugia1 sp5t 8 life & develop$ 8 tal5ts 9 ,g5oa2 ,&rea ,=mig9e1 ! palace-build]1 0 a ,bolognese2 ,b>tolommeo ,ammanati alone at ,flor5ce ex]cis$ ! arts ( sculpture & ar*itecture 9 _! old conjunction4 ,vignola1 ,palladio's eld] by a few ye>s1 displays 9 8 "w ev5 m ( ! s*ola/ically frigid _s ( ! late ,r5aissance1 ! n>r[+ ( poetic impulse1 & ! dw9dl+ ( vitality1 t sadd5 ! second half ( ! sixte5? c5tury 9 ,italy4 ,scamozzi1 lab\r+ at ,v5ice on works t ,sansov9o left unf9i%$1 caught ! g5ial _s ( ! old ,v5etian /yle4 ,alessi1 9 l mann]1 at ,g5oa1 felt ! influ5ces ( a ri* & spl5d\r-lov+ ari/ocracy4 ,8 *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia di ,c>ignano is "o ( ! mo/ successful ecclesia/ical build+s ( ! late ,r5aissance1 comb9+ ! pr9ciples ( ,bramante & ,mi*ael ,angelo 9 close imitation ( ,s4 ,pet]'s1 & adh]+ 9 detail to ! canons ( ! new ta/e4 ,^! canons 7 bas$ ^u a close /udy ( ,vitruvius4 ,palladio1 ,vignola1 & ,scamozzi 7 no less ambiti\s z au?ors ?an z ar*itects2#ed _! m9ute analysis ( antique treatises on ! art ( con/ruction l$ to ! =mation ( exact rules = ! treatm5t ( ! five classic ord]s1 ! proportions ( ! *ief p>ts us$ 9 build+1 & ! correct me?od ( design+ !atres & palaces1 *ur*-fronts & cupolas4 ,?us ar*itecture 9 its ?ird ,r5aissance p]iod pass$ into s*ola/icism4 ,! ma/]s ( ?is age1 *iefly ?r\gh ! weight ( _! au?ority z writ]s1 ex]cis$ a wid] ,european influ5ce ?an any ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,we ,engli%1 = example1 h giv5 ,palladio's "n to ! ,italian /yle adopt$ by u 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,?is selection ( "o man to repres5t an epo* 0 due p>tly no d\bt to ! pre/ige ( ,palladio's great build+s 9 ! ,s\?1 b m1 ,i ?9k1 to ! facility ) :i* 8 pr9ciples c\ld be assimilat$4 ,dep5d+ b little = effect ^u ! arts ( decoration1 8 /yle 0 easily imitat$ 9 c\ntries :]e pa9t+ & sculpture 7 unkn[n1 & :]e a g5ius l ,jean ,g\jon1 ! ,sansov9o ( ! ,fr5*1 has nev] be5 develop$4 ,to h rivall$ ! faade ( ! ,c]tosa w\ld h be5 impossible 9 ,london4 ,yet "h ,wr5 produc$ a ca!dral wor?y ( comp>ison ) ! pr\de/ ( ! late ,italian edifices4 ,moreov]1 ! pr9ciples ( ta/e t gov]n$ ,europe 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury 7 su* z f\nd fitt] ar*itectural expression 9 ?is /yle ?an 9 ! m g5ial & caprici\s mann] ( ! e>li] p]iods4 ,aft] review+ ! rise & developm5t ( ,r5aissance ar*itecture1 x is almo/ irresi/ible to comp>e ! process :]eby ! build]s ( ?is age le>n$ to use dead =ms = ! expression ( _! ?\ghts1 ) ! simil> process by :i* ! s*ol>s accu/om$ !mselves to ,lat9 metres & ! cad5ces ( ,cic]onian p]iods4#ee ,! object 9 ea* case 0 ! same--to be z true to ! antique z possible1 & )\t actually sacrific+ ! indep5d5ce ( ! mod]n m9d1 to impose ^u x ! limitations ( a bygone civilisation4 ,at fir/ ! en?usiasm = antiquity inspir$ ar*itects & s*ol>s alike ) a desire to imitate p] saltum1 & _m works ( f]vid sympa?y & pure arti/ic intuition 7 produc$4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! laws bo? ( language & con/ruction 7 m accurately /udi$2 inv5tion 0 sup]s$$ by p$antry2 aft] ,poliziano & ,alb]ti came ,bembo & ,palladio4 ,9 proportion z ar*itects le>n$ m ab\t ,vitruvius1 & s*ol>s n>r[$ _! ta/e to ,virgil1 ! /yle ( bo? became m cramp$ & =mal4 ,x ceas$ at la/ to be possible to express mod]n ideas freely 9 ! correct ,lat9ity requir$ by cultivat$ e>s1 :ile no room = orig9ality1 no scope = poetry ( inv5tion1 rema9$ 9 ! elaborat$ me?od ( ! ar*itects4 ,neo-,lat9 lit]ature dw9dl$ away to no?+1 & ,palladio 0 foll[$ by ! viol5t reaction>ies ( ! b>occo mann]ism4 ,9 "o all-important respect ?is p>allel breaks d[n4 ,:ile ! lab\rs ( ! ,lat9i/s subs]v$ ! simple process ( in/ruction1 by purify+ lit]>y ta/e & famili>is+ ! mod]n m9d ) ! ma/]pieces ( ! classic au?ors1 ! ar*itects creat$ a new common /yle = ,europe4 ,) all its defects1 x is n likely t ! neo-,roman ar*itecture1 s pr(\ndly /udi$ by ! ,italians1 & s anxi\sly ref9$ by _! *ief ma/]s1 w ev] :olly cease to be employ$4 ,9 all cases :]e a gr& & massive edifice1 no less suit$ to purposes ( practical utility ?an impos+ by its spl5d\r1 is requir$1 ?is /yle ( build+ w be f\nd ! be/4 ,*anges ( ta/e & fa%ion1 local circum/ances1 & ! p]sonal proclivities ( mod]n ar*itects may det]m9e ! *oice ( "o type r ?an ano!r among ! num]\s examples furni%$ by ,italian ma/]s4 ,b x is n possible t ei!r ,greek or ,go?ic %\ld p]man5tly take ! place assign$ to neo-,roman ar*itecture 9 ! public build+s ( ,european capitals4 ,,footnotes3 #aj ,! "q ( ! g5esis ( ! ,lomb>d /yle is "o ( ! mo/ difficult 9 ,italian art-hi/ory4 ,i w\ld n will+ly be und]/ood to speak ( ,lomb>d ar*itecture 9 any s5se diff]5t f t 9 :i* x is usual to speak ( ,norman4 ,to suppose t ei!r ! ,lomb>ds or ! ,normans _h a /yle ( _! own1 prior to _! occupation ( di/ricts f ! monum5ts ( :i* !y le>n$ rudely to use ! decay$ ,roman mann]1 w\ld be incorrect4 ,yet x seems impossible to d5y t bo? ,normans & ,lomb>ds 9 adapt+ antec$5t models add$ some?+ ( _! own1 specific to !mselves z ,nor!rn]s4 ,! ,lomb>d1 l ! ,norman or ! ,rh5i% ,romanesque1 is ! fir/ /age 9 ! progressive m$iaeval ar*itecture ( its own di/rict4 #aa ,i use ! t]m ,lomb>d ar*itecture "h1 z def9$ above 7p4 #ca1 note71 = ! /yle ( build+ preval5t 9 ,italy dur+ ! ,lomb>d occupation1 or j aft]4 #ab ,! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ,italy & ei!r ,nor!rn ,france or ,engl&1 0 t 9 ,italy !re exi/$ monum5ts ( ,roman greatness1 :i* c\ld nev] be =gott5 by h] ar*itects4 ,!y always work$ ) at lea/ half ( _! att5tion turn$ to ! pa/3 nor _h !y ! exhil>at+ s5se ( free1 spontane\s1 & progressive inv5tion4 ,?is po9t has be5 well work$ out by ,mr4 ,/reet 9 ! la/ *apt] ( 8 hook on ! ,ar*itecture ( ,nor? ,italy4 #ac ,ev5 ?\gh x be n[ prov$ t n ,he9ri* von ,gmund51 b ,m>co ,frisone da ,campione1 n a ,g]man1 b a ,milanese1 0 ! fir/ ar*itect1 ?is is none ! less true ab\t its /yle4 #ad ,see ,vol4 ,i41 ,age ( ! ,despots1 p4 #aec4 #ae ,pavia1 x may be m5tion$1 has /ill _m t[]s /&+1 & ! two at ,bologna are fam\s4 #af ,arnolfo 0 born 9 #abcb at ,colle1 9 ! ,val d',elsa4 ,he 0 a sculptor z well z ar*itect1 ! assi/ant ( ,niccola ,pisano at ,si5a1 & ! mak] ( ! tomb ( ,c>d9al de ,braye at ,orvieto4 ,?is tomb is rem>kable z ! e>lie/ in/ance ( ! canopy )drawn by att5dant angels f ! dead man's =m1 aft]w>ds s frequ5tly adopt$ by ! ,pisan s*ool4 #ag ,giov4 ,villani1 viii4 #bf4 #ah ,see ,milizia1 vol4 i4 p4 #ace4 ,^! walls 7 n f9i%$ till "s1 "t aft] ,arnolfo's dea?4 ,!y lo/ _! ornam5t ( t[]s 9 ! siege ( #aebi1 & !y are n[ be+ rapidly de/roy$4 #ai ,f ,p]k9s's ,tuscan ,sculptors1 vol4 i4 p4 #ed4 ,a rec5t "w by ,signor ,g4,j4 ,cavallucci1 entitl$ ,s4 ,m>ia del ,fiore1 ,fir5ze1 #ahha1 has creat$ a revolution 9 our k reg>d+ ?is *ur*4 #bj ,giov4 ,villani1 x4 #aib4 #ba ,illu/rat$ ,h&book ( ,ar*itecture1 book vi4 *ap4 i4 #bb ,ib4 #bc ,see ,grn]'s ,t]ra ,cotta ,ar*itecture ( ,nor? ,italy1 plates #c & #d4 #bd ,comp>e :at ,alb]ti says 9 8 preface to ! ,treatise on ,pa9t+1 ,op]e1 vol4 iv4 p4 #ab4 ,*i mai s duro e s invido non lodasse ,pippo ar*itetto v$5do qu /ruttura si gr&e1 erta sopra i cieli1 ampla da coprire con sua ombra tutti i popoli toscani1 fatta sanza alcuno aiuto di travam5ti o di copia di legname1 quale artificio c]to1 se io b5 giudico1 come a que/i tempi era incr$ibile pot]si1 cos =se appresso gli antiqui fu non saputo n conosciuto8 #be ,:at ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,petronio at ,bologna w\ld h be51 if x _h be5 complet$ on ! scale contemplat$1 c h>dly be imag9$4 ,z x /&s1 x is imm5se1 & coldly b>e 9 its imm5sity4 ,yet ! pres5t *ur* is b ! nave ( a temple design$ ) transepts & *oir4 ,! l5g? 0 to h be5 #hjj feet1 ! wid? ( ! transepts #fbe1 ! dome #ahc feet 9 diamet]4 ,a build+ s colossal 9 ext5t1 & s monoton\sly meagre 9 conception1 c\ld n b h be5 a failure4 #bf ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,revival ( ,le>n+1 *ap1 #a4 #bg ,! foll[+ passage quot$ f ,milizia1 ,memorie degli ,ar*itetti1 ,p>ma1 #agha1 vol4 i4 p4 #ace1 illu/rates ! contemptu\s attitude ( ,italian critics to ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,aft] describ+ ,arnolfo's build+ ( ! ,flor5t9e ,duomo1 he proce$s3 ,9 que/o ,ar*itetto si vide qual*e leggi]o b>lume di buona ,ar*itettura1 come di ,pittura 9 ,cimabue suo contemporaneo4 ,ma 9 tutte le cose e fisi*e e morali i passaggi si fanno p] ins5sibili gradagioni2 onde p] lungo tempo ancora si mant5ne il corrotto gu/o1 *e si pu *iam>e ,arabo-,t$esco4 #bh ,obs]ve1 = example1 ! cas+ ( a ,go?ic *ur* at ,rim9i by ,alb]ti ) a s]ies ( ,roman ar*es2 or ! faade ( ,s4 ,&rea at ,mantua1 :]e ! va/ & l(ty c5tral ar* leads1 n into ! nave itself1 b into a %all[ ve/ibule4 #bi ,see ,burckh>dt1 ,cic]one1 vol4 i4 p4 #afg4 #cj ,see ,de ,/5dhal1 ,hi/oire de la ,pe9ture en ,italie1 p4 #abb4 #ca ,= a notice ( 8 life1 see ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,revival ( ,le>n+1 p4 #bdg4 #cb ,! ,ar* ( ,augu/us at ,rim9i 0 ! model foll[$ by ,alb]ti 9 ?is faade4 ,he int5d$ to cov] ! *ur* ) a cupola1 z may be se5 f ! design on a m$al ( ,sigismondo ,p&olfo ,malate/a4 ,see too ! lett] writt5 by him to ,matteo da ,ba/ia1 ,alb]ti1 ,op]e1 vol4 iv4 p4 #cig4 #cc ,?is ance/ral palace ( ! ,m$ici pass$ 9 #afei to ! ,m>*ese ,gabriele ,ricc>di1 f ! ,duke ,francesco ,,ii4 #cd ,von ,reumont1 ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ahg-aia1 may be consult$ = an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! build+ ( ?is ,casa ,gr&e by ,filippo ,/rozzi4 ,! prep>ations 7 made ) great caution1 le/ x %\ld seem t a "w too magnific5t = a simple citiz5 0 be+ und]tak52 9 p>ticul>1 ,filippo s contriv$ t ! co/ly opus ru/icum employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! basem5t %\ld appe> to h be5 =c$ ^u him4 ,?is is *>act]i/ic ( ,flor5ce 9 ! days ( ,cosimo4 ,! f\ndation /one 0 laid 9 ! morn+ ( ,augu/ #af1 #adhi1 at ! mom5t :5 ! sun arose above ! summits ( ! ,cas5t9o4 ,! h\r1 prescrib$ by a/rolog]s z propiti\s1 _h be5 settl$ by ! horoscope2 masses mean:ile 7 said 9 sev]al *ur*es1 & alms di/ribut$4 #ce ,antonio ,fil>ete1 or ,av]ul9o1 ar*itect & sculptor1 0 au?or ( a treatise on ! build+ ( ! ideal city1 "o ( ! mo/ curi\s specim5s ( ,r5aissance fancy1 to judge f ! acc\nt r5d]$ ( ! manuscript by ,rio1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #cba-cbh4 #cf ,matteo ,civitale1 ,b5$etto da ,majano1 ,m9o da ,fiesole1 ,luca della ,robbia1 ,donatello1 ,jacopo della ,qu]cia1 ,lo ,scalza1 ,omodeo1 & ! ,sansov9i1 n to m5tion less illu/ri\s sculptors1 fill$ ! *ur*es ( ,italy ) ?is elaborate /one-"w4 ,among ! bronze-f\nd]s x is en\gh to "n ,ghib]ti1 ,antonio ,fil>ete1 ,antonio ,pollajuolo1 ,donatello & 8 pupil ,b]toldo1 ,&rea ,riccio1 ! ma/] ( ! c&elabrum 9 ,s4 ,antonio at ,padua1 ,jacopo ,sansov9o1 ! ma/] ( ! door ( ! sacri/y 9 ,s4 ,m>k's at ,v5ice1 ,aless&ro ,leop>di1 ! ma/] ( ! /&>d-p$e/als ( ! ,piazza ( ,s4 ,m>k's4 ,i d n mean ^! li/s to be 9 any s5se exhau/ive1 b simply to rem9d ! read] ( ! r>e & _m-sid$ m5 ( g5ius :o devot$ _! abilities to ?is k9d ( "w4 ,"s ( _! ma/]pieces w be notic$ 9 detail 9 ! *apt] on ,sculpture4 #cg ,especially 8 "w at ,monte ,oliveto1 ne> ,si5a1 & 9 ! *ur* ( ,monte ,oliveto at ,naples4 ,! ,sala del ,cambio at ,p]ugia may also be cit$ z ri* 9 t>sia-"w design$ by ,p]ug9o1 :ile ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,pietro de' ,cass95si outside ! city is a museum ( ma/]pieces execut$ by ,fra ,damiano da ,b]gamo & ,/efano da ,b]gamo f designs ( ,raphael4 ,n less beautiful are ! inlaid wood panels 9 ! ,palace ( ,urb9o1 by ,mae/ro ,giacomo ( ,flor5ce4 #ch ,! *ur*es & palaces ( ,lomb>dy are peculi>ly ri* 9 ?is k9d ( decoration4 ,! faade ( ! ,oratory ( ,s4 ,b]n>d9o at ,p]ugia1 design$ & execut$ by ,ago/9o di ,duccio1 is a ma/]piece ( r>e beauty 9 ?is /yle4 #ci ,n to m5tion ! ,r5aissance mosaics ( ,s4 ,m>k's at ,v5ice1 ! cupola ( ,s4 ,m>ia del ,popolo at ,rome1 execut$ 9 mosaic by ,raphael1 des]ves special m5tion4 ,a "w illu/rative ( ?is cupola is "o ( ,ludwig ,grn]'s be/ publications4 #dj ,s\? ,italy & ,flor5ce are di/+ui%$ by two m>k$ /yles 9 ?is decoration ( inlaid m>bles or op]a di commesso4 ,comp>e ! ,m$icean *apel 9 ,s4 ,lor5zo1 = in/ance1 ) ! high alt> ( ! ca!dral ( ,mess9a4 #da ,! ro( ( ! ,duomo at ,volt]ra is a f9e specim54 #db ,x w n be =gott5 t ,raphael's c>toons 7 made = tape/ry4 #dc ,bramante ,lazz>i 0 born at ,ca/el ,durante1 ne> ,urb9o1 9 #addd4 ,he sp5t ! e>ly ye>s ( 8 ar*itect's life 9 ,lomb>dy1 9 ! s]vice ( ,lodovico ,s=za1 & came probably to ,rome ^u 8 patron's d[nfall 9 #adii4 #dd ,see ,vol4 ,i41 ,age ( ! ,despots1 p4 #cdb4 #de ,see ,vol4 ,i41 ,age ( ! ,despots1 p4 #cdd4 ,see ,gregorovius1 ,ges*i*te d] ,/adt ,rom1 vol4 viii4 p4 #abg1 & ! quotation !re translat$ f ,pallavic9i's ,hi/ory ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t4 #df ,see ,vol4 ,i41 ,age ( ! ,despots1 pp4 #bif-bih4 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,revival ( ,le>n+1 pp4 #afa-aff4 ,= 8 ar*itectural designs see 8 ,life1 by ,manetti1 book ii41 9 ,muratori1 vol4 iii4 "p ii4 #dg ,gregorovius1 vol4 vii4 p4 #fch4 #dh ,besides ! great "w ( ,bonanni1 ,templi ,vaticani ,hi/oria1 ,i may ref] my read]s to ! atlas volume ( ,illu/rations1 ,ar*itectural & ,pictorial1 ( ! ,g5ius ( ,mi*ael ,angelo ,buon>roti1 compil$ by ,mr4 ,h>=d 7,colnaghi1 #aheg74 ,plates #a to #g ( t "w are devot$ to ! plans ( ,s4 ,pet]'s4 ,plate #d is specially int]e/+1 s9ce x repres5ts 9 "o view ! old basilica & ! design ( ,bramante1 toge!r ) ^? ( ,antonio di ,s4 ,gallo & ,mi*ael ,angelo4 #di ,! subt]ranean vaults ( ,s4 ,pet]'s conta9 m]e fragm5ts ( tombs1 "s preci\s z hi/orical records1 "s valuable z works ( art1 swept toge!r pell-mell f ! ru9s ( ! old basilica4 #ej ,see ! orig9al lett] to ,ammanati1 publi%$ f ! ,ar*ivio ,buon>roti1 by ,signor ,milanesi1 p4 #ece4 #ea ,i am f> f mean+ t ! e>li] ar*itects _h n be5 guid$ by anci5t au?ors4 ,alb]ti's ,treatise on ! ,art ( ,build+ is a suffici5t pro( ( _! /udy ( ,vitruvius1 & we "k t ,fabio ,calvi translat$ t writ] into ,italian = ,raphael4 ,9 ! lat] ,r5aissance ?is /udy pass$ into purism4 #eb ,x mu/ be confess$ t ?is gr&iose & picturesque /ructure is b a %ell to mask an e>li] ,go?ic edifice4 #ec ,comp>e ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,revival ( ,le>n+1 p4 #cgj1 = ! same transf]5ce ( p[] 9 lit]ature f ,c5tral to ,nor!rn ,italy at ?is "t4 #ed ,palladio's ,f\r ,books ( ,ar*itecture1 fir/ publi%$ at ,v5ice 9 #aegj1 & ,vignola's ,treatise on ! ,five ,ord]s1 h be5 translat$ into all ! mod]n languages4 ,scamozzi project$1 & p>tly f9i%$1 a compreh5sive "w on ,univ]sal ,ar*itecture1 :i* 0 pr9t$ 9 #afhe at ,v5ice4 #ee ,see ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,revival ( ,le>n+1 *ap4 viii4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,sculpture ,niccola ,pisano--,obscurity ( ! ,s\rces = a ,hi/ory ( ,e>ly ,italian ,sculpture--,vas>i's ,leg5d ( ,pisano--,deposition f ! ,cross at ,lucca--,/udy ( ,nature & ! ,antique--,s>cophagus at ,pisa--,pisan ,pulpit--,niccola's ,s*ool--,giovanni ,pisano--,pulpit 9 ,s4 ,&rea at ,pi/oja--,fragm5ts ( 8 "w at ,pisa--,tomb ( ,b5$ict ,,xi4 at ,p]ugia--,bas-reliefs at ,orvieto--,&rea ,pisano--,relation ( ,sculpture to ,pa9t+--,giotto--,subord9ation ( ,sculpture to ,ar*itecture 9 ,italy--,pisano's ,influ5ce 9 ,v5ice--,balduccio ( ,pisa--,orcagna--,! ,tab]nacle ( ,orsammi*ele--,! ,gates ( ! ,flor5t9e ,bapti/]y --,competition ( ,ghib]ti1 ,brunelles*i1 & ,della ,qu]cia--,comp>ison ( ,ghib]ti's & ,brunelles*i's ,trial-pieces--,comp>ison ( ,ghib]ti & ,della ,qu]cia--,! ,bas-reliefs ( ,s4 ,petronio--,ghib]ti's ,education--,8 ,pictorial ,/yle 9 ,bas-relief--,8 ,feel+ = ! ,antique--,donatello--,e>ly ,visit to ,rome--,*ri/ian ,subjects--,reali/ic ,treatm5t--,s4 ,george & ,david--,judi?--,eque/rian ,/atue ( ,gattamelata--,influ5ce ( ,donatello's ,naturalism--,&rea ,v]oc*io--,8 ,david--,/atue ( ,colleoni--,aless&ro ,leop>di--,lion>do's ,/atue ( ,francesco ,s=za--,! ,pollajuoli--,tombs ( ,sixtus ,,iv4 & ,innoc5t ,,viii4--,luca della ,robbia--,8 ,treatm5t ( ,glaz$ ,e>!nw>e--,ago/9o di ,duccio--,! ,oratory ( ,s4 ,b]n>d9o at ,p]ugia--,antonio ,rossell9o--,matteo ,civitali--,m9o da ,fiesole--,b5$etto da ,majano--,*>act]i/ics & ,ma/]pieces ( ?is ,gr\p--,sepul*ral ,monum5ts--,&rea ,contucci's ,tombs 9 ,s4 ,m>ia del ,popolo--,desid]io da ,settignano--,sculpture 9 ,s4 ,francesco at ,rim9i--,v5etian ,sculpture--,v]ona--,guido ,mazzoni ( ,mod5a--,c]tosa ( ,pavia--,colleoni ,*apel at ,b]gamo--,sansov9o at ,v5ice--,pagan ,sculpture--,mi*ael ,angelo's ,s*ol>s--,baccio ,b&9elli--,b>tolommeo ,ammanati--,cell9i--,gian ,bologna--,survey ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,r5aissance ,sculpture4 ,9 ! procession ( ! f9e arts1 sculpture always foll[s close ^u ! /eps ( ar*itecture1 & at fir/ appe>s 9 "s s5se z h] h&maid4 ,m$iaeval ,italy f\nd h] ,pheidias 9 a great man ( ,pisan orig91 born dur+ ! fir/ decade ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 ,niccola ,pisano1 ar*itect & sculptor1 :o fir/ brea!d ) ! brea? ( g5ius life into ! dead =ms ( pla/ic art4 ,f him we date ! dawn ( ! ae/hetical ,r5aissance ) ! same c]ta9ty z f ,petr>* t ( humanism2 = he det]m9$ ! direction n only ( sculpture b also ( pa9t+ 9 ,italy4 ,to quote ! language ( ,"l ,l9dsay's panegyric3 ,nei!r ,dante nor ,%aksp]e c boa/ su* ext5t & durability ( influ5ce2 = :atev] ( highe/ excell5ce has be5 a*iev$ 9 sculpture & pa9t+1 n 9 ,italy only b ?r\gh\t ,europe1 has be5 9 ob$i5ce to ! impulse he prim>ily gave1 & 9 foll[+ up ! pr9ciple :i* he fir/ /ruck out4#ef ,9 tru?1 ,niccola ,pisano put ! arti/ on ! "r track ( comb9+ ! /udy ( antiquity ) ! /udy ( nature2 & to him belongs ! cr$it n m]ely ( 8 own a*ievem5t1 consid]able z t may be1 b also ( ! "w ( 8 imm$iate s*ol>s & ( all :o le>n$ f him to portray life4 ,f ,niccola ,pisano onw>d to ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,cell9i we trace "o g5ealogy ( sculptors1 :o1 ?\gh !y c>ri$ art beyond ! sph]e ( 8 inv5tion1 look$ back to him z _! prog5itor4 ,! man :o fir/ emancipat$ sculpture f s]vile bondage1 & op5$ a way = ! atta9m5t ( true beauty1 w\ld by ! ,greeks h be5 hon\r$ ) a special cultas z ! ,h]o ,eponym ( art4 ,x rema9s = u aft] our own fa%ion to pay "s su* homage to ,pisano4 ,! *ief difficulty ) :i* ! /ud5t ( e>ly art & lit]ature has to deal1 is ! insuffici5cy ( positive in=mation4 ,in/ead ( accurate dates & well-e/abli%$ facts he f9ds a leg5d1 ri* app>5tly 9 detail1 b liable at e po9t to d\bt1 & subject to attack by plausible conjecture4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( contempor>y docum5ts & o!r tru/wor?y s\rces ( in/ruction1 he is tempt$ to sub/itute 8 own hypo!ses = tradition & to recon/ruct ! faulty outl9es ( =gott5 hi/ory accord+ to 8 own ideas ( fitness4 ,! ,g]mans h be5 our ma/]s 9 ?is species ( de/ructive1 dubitative1 re/orative criticism2 & x is und\bt$ly flatt]+ to ! hi/orian's vanity to con/itute himself a judge & arbit] 9 cases :]e tact & +5uity may claim to sift ! scatt]$ fragm5t ( confus$ n>ration4 ,yet to resi/ ?is temptation is 9 _m cases a pla9 & simple duty4 ,tradition1 :5 n positively disprov$1 %\ld be all[$ to h its full value2 & a s\nd] hi/oric s5se is ex]cis$ 9 adopt+ its te/imony ) due caution1 ?an 9 recklessly reject+ x & sub/itut+ guesses :i* ! lack ( k r5d]s unsub/antial4 ,tradition may err ab\t dates1 details1 & names4 ,x is j "h t antiqu>ian rese>* c r5d] valuable help4 ,b !re are occasions :5 ! p]usal ( docum5ts & ! ex]cise ( :at is call$ ! high] criticism af=d no sur] basis = op9ion4 ,if 9 su* cases a leg5d has be5 =m$ & record$1 ! /ud5t w advance fur!r t[>d compreh5d+ ! _s ( 8 subject by pati5tly consid]+ :at he kn[s to be 9 "p p]haps a my?us1 ?an by />t+ ) ! =egone conclusion t ! leg5d mu/ ( necessity be wor?less1 & t 8 cunn+ w suffice to supply ! miss+ clue4#eg ,?us mu* ,i h said by way ( preface to :at foll[s ^u ,niccola ,pisano4 ,almo/ all we "k ab\t him is d]iv$ f a c\ple ( inscriptions1 a few contracts1 & 8 ,life by ,giorgio ,vas>i4 ,x is cle> t ,vas>i (t5 wrote ) c>elessness1 confus+ dates & places1 & tak+ no pa9s to v]ify ! tru? ( 8 ass]tions4 ,mu* ( ,niccola's biography reads l a leg5d 9 8 pages--! popul> & oral tradition ( a great man1 ^: panegyric x 0 m easy 9 ! sixte5? c5tury to adorn ) rhetoric ?an to *ronicle ! details ( 8 life ) scrupul\s fidelity4 ,a well-f\nd$ conviction ( ,vas>i's frequ5t inaccuracy has induc$ rec5t critics to call 9 "q _m hi!rto accept$ po9ts ab\t ! nationality & tra9+ ( ,pisano4 ,! discussion1 ( _! argum5ts ,i leave = ! app5dix1 cont5t+ myself at pres5t ) relat+ s mu* ( ,vas>i's leg5d z _c1 ,i ?9k1 reasonably be reject$4#eh ,be=e ! sculptor appe>$ 9 ,niccola ,pisano1 he 0 already a fam\s ar*itect2 & x mu/ always be rememb]$ t he & 8 s*ool subord9at$ ! pla/ic to ! con/ructive arts4 ,x 0 n until ! ye> #abcc1 or #abcg1 accord+ to diff]5t mod]n calculations1 t he execut$ 8 fir/ ma/]piece 9 sculpture4#ei ,?is 0 a ,deposition f ! ,cross1 9 high relief1 plac$ 9 a lunette ov] "o ( ! side doors ( ,s4 ,m>t9o at ,lucca4 ,! noble =ms ( ?is gr\p1 ! l>g5ess ( its /yle1 ! bread? ( drap]y & fre$om ( action x displays1 b1 above all1 ! unity ( its design1 proclaim$ t a new era _h begun = art4 ,9 ord] to appreciate ! importance ( ?is relief1 x is only necess>y to comp>e x ) ! processional treatm5t ( simil> subjects ^u e>ly ,*ri/ian s>cophagi1 :]e ea* figure /&s up /iff & sep>ate1 nor c ! controll+ & comb9+ arti/'s ?\ght be trac$ 9 any ef=t aft] composition4 ,ev] s9ce ! silv] age ( ,hadrian1 :5 a ,bi?ynian slave by 8 beauty gave a f9al impulse to ! ,g5ius ( ,greece1 sculpture _h be5 gradually decl9+ until no?+ 0 left b a =mal repetition ( conv5tional outl9es4 ,! s-call$ ,romanesque & ,byzant9e /yles 7 b ! dotage ( second *ildhood1 fumbl+ ) ! me?ods & mat]ials ( an irrecov]able pa/4 ,x is true1 inde$1 t unkn[n m$iaeval c>v]s _h %[n an in/9ct = ! beautiful z well z great f]tility ( grotesque inv5tion4 ,! faades ( ,lomb>d *ur*es are cov]$ ) fanciful & sometimes =cibly dramatic gr\ps ( animals & m5 9 combat2 & contemporane\sly ) ,niccola ,pisano1 _m ,go?ic sculptors ( ! ,nor? 7 adorn+ ! faades & por*es ( ca!drals ) /atu>y unrivall$ 9 "o /yle ( lovel9ess4#fj ,yet ! f\nd] ( a l9e ( progressive arti/s _h n aris51 &1 except 9 ,italy1 ! conditions 7 /ill want+ "u :i* alone ! pla/ic arts c\ld atta9 to indep5d5ce4 ,a fre% />t1 at once consci\s & sci5tific1 0 imp]atively dem&$4 ,?is new beg9n+ sculpture took 9 ! bra9 ( ,niccola ,pisano1 :o return$ f ! bye-pa?s ( 8 pr$ecessors to ! free field ( nature1 & :o le>n$ preci\s lessons f ! fragm5ts ( classical sculpture exi/+ 9 8 native t[n4 ,z ?\gh to prove ! ess5tial dep5d5ce ( ! mod]n revival ^u ! recov]y ( antique culture1 we f9d t 8 g5ius1 9 spite ( its p[]ful orig9ality & pr(\ndly ,*ri/ian bias1 requir$ ! confirmation :i* c\ld only be d]iv$ f ,graeco-,roman prec$5t4 ,9 ! ,campo ,santo at ,pisa may /ill be se5 a s>cophagus repres5t+ ! /ory ( ,hippolytus & ,pha$ra1 :]e once repos$ ! du/ ( ,beatrice1 ! "m ( ! pi\s ,c\ntess ,matilda ( ,tuscany4 ,/udy+ ! h]oic nudities & noble attitudes ( ?is bas-relief1 ,niccola r$iscov]$ ! "r way ( art--n by m]ely copy+ 8 model1 b by div9+ ! secret ( ! gr& /yle4 ,8 "w at ,pisa conta9s abundant evid5ce t1 :ile he c\ld n :olly free himself f ! defects ( ! lat] ,romanesque mann]1 betray$ by 8 *oice ( %ort & squ>e-set types1 he nev]!less le>n$ f ! antique h[ to aim at beauty & fre$om 9 8 imitation ( ! liv+ human =m4 ,a m>ble vase1 sculptur$ ) ,indian ,bac*us & 8 tra9 ( ,ma5ads1 gave him fur!r help4 ,f ^! grave or graceful classic =ms1 satisfi$ ) _! own goodl9ess1 & void ( inn] symbolism1 ! ,*ri/ian sculptor drank ! inspiration ( ,r5aissance art4 ,9 ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi1 c>v$ ^u 8 ,pisan pulpit1 ,madonna assumes ! haughty pose ( ,!seus' wife2 :ile ! high prie/1 9 ! ,circumcision1 displays ! maje/y ( ,dionysus lean+ on ! neck ( ,ampelus4 ,nor aga9 is ! nak$ vig\r ( ,hippolytus )\t its e*o 9 ! figure ( ! "y man--,h]cules or ,=titude--^u a bracket ( ! same pulpit4 ,^! sculptures ( ,pisano are ?us = u a symbol ( :at happ5$ 9 ! age ( ! ,revival4 ,! old _w & ! new %ook h&s2 ,*ri/ianity & ,hell5ism kiss$ ea* o!r4 ,& yet !y /ill rema9$ antagoni/ic--fus$ ext]nally by art1 b sev]$ 9 ! consci\sness t1 dur+ ^? /range ye>s ( dubi\s impulse1 felt ! might ( bo?4 ,monks lean+ f ,pisano's pulpit prea*$ ! s9fulness ( natural pleasure to wom5 ^: eyes 7 fix$ on ! adolesc5t beauty ( an a?lete4 ,n f> (f 0 ! "t :5 ,fil>ete %\ld ca/ 9 bronze ! leg5ds ( ,ganym$e & ,l$a = ! portals ( ,s4 ,pet]'s1 :5 ,raphael %\ld m+le a c>nival ( m ?an pagan s5suality ) ,bible subjects 9 ,leo's ,loggie1 :5 ,guglielmo della ,porta %\ld place ! nak$ portrait ( ,giulia ,bella 9 m>ble at ! feet ( ,paul ,,iii4 ^u 8 sepul*re4#fa ,niccola1 mean:ile1 did n foll[ 8 ,roman models 9 any slavi% _s4 ,!y 7 nei!r num]\s nor excell5t en\gh to compel bl9d imitation or to p>alyse inv5tive impulse4 ,! ?\ghts to be express$ 9 m>ble by ! fir/ mod]n arti/ 7 n ,greek4 ,?is 9 itself sav$ him f t t5d5cy to idle reproduction :i* prov$ ! ru9 ( ! lat] neo-pagan sculptors4 ,yet ! fragm5ts ( antique "w he f\nd )9 8 rea*1 help$ him to /ruggle aft] a high] quality ( /yle1 & e/abli%$ /&>ds ( successful treatm5t4 ,= ! re/1 8 *oice ( =m & ! proportions ( 8 figures %[ t ,niccola resort$ to native ,tuscan models4 ,if no?+ ( 8 h&iwork 7 left b ! bas-relief ( ! ,inf]no on ! ,pisan pulpit1 ! torsos ( ! m5 /ruggl+ ) demons 9 t composition w\ld prove ?is po9t4 ,x rema9s 8 cr[n+ m]it to h fir/ express$ ! my?ology ( ,*ri/ianity & ! s5tim5t ( ! ,middle ,ages ) ! consci\s aim ( a real arti/4 ,& "h x may be notic$ t1 a true ,italian1 he infus$ b little ( int5se or my/ical emotion into 8 art4 ,niccola is m ( a humani/1 if ?is ^w may be appli$ to a sculptor1 ?an "s ( 8 imm$iate successors4 ,! hexagonal pulpit 9 ! ,bapti/]y ( ,pisa1 ! octagonal pulpit 9 ! ca!dral ( ,si5a1 ! f\nta9 9 ! m>ketplace ( ,p]ugia1 & ! %r9e ( ,s4 ,dom9ic at ,bologna1 all ( !m design$ & p>tly f9i%$ betwe5 #abfj & #abgd by ,niccola & 8 s*ol>s1 display 8 ma/]y ov] ! art ( sculpture 9 ! maturity ( 8 g5ius4 ,s highly did ! ,pisans prize _! fell[-t[nsman's pulpit t a law 0 pass$ & gu>dians 7 appo9t$ = its pres]vation--mu* 9 ! same way z ! ,zeus ( ,pheidias 0 consign$ to ! c>e ( ! ,phaidruntai4 ,niccola ,pisano f\nd$ a s*ool4 ,8 son ,giovanni1 & ! num]\s pupils employ$ ^u ! monum5ts j m5tion$ at ,si5a1 ,bologna1 & ,p]ugia1 c>ri$ on ! tradition ( _! ma/]1 & spread 8 /yle abroad ?r\gh ,italy4 ,giovanni ,pisano1 to :om we owe ! ,sp9a ,*apel & ! ,campo ,santo at ,pisa1 ! faade ( ! ,si5ese ,duomo1 & ! alt>-%r9e ( ,s4 ,donato at ,arezzo--f\r ( ! pure/ works ( ,go?ic art 9 ,italy--%[$ a v decid$ lean+ to ! vehem5t & my/ic /yle ( ! ,transalp9e sculptors4 ,we trace a dramatic int5sity 9 ,giovanni's "w1 n d]iv$ f 8 fa!r1 n caught f /udy ( ! antique1 & curi\sly bl5d$ ) ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! ,pisan s*ool4 ,9 spite ( ! ,go?ic cusps introduc$ by ,niccola into 8 pulpits1 ! _s ( 8 "w rema9$ classical4 ,! "y ,h]cules hold+ ! lion's cub 9 8 "r h& ^u 8 %\ld]1 :ile ) 8 left he tames ! rag+ lioness1 has ! true ,italian in/9ct = a return to ,lat9 /yle4 ,! same sympa?y ) ! pa/ is obs]vable 9 ! self-re/ra9t & comp>ative coldness ( ! bas-reliefs at ,pisa4 ,! ,junonian attitude ( ,madonna1 ! s5atorial dignity ( ,simeon1 ! pond]\s fold+ ( ! drap]y1 & ! massive c>riage ( ! neck ?r\gh\t1 d5ote an ef=t to revivify an antique mann]4 ,:at1 !re=e1 ,niccola effect$ = sculpture 0 a classical revival 9 ! v dep? ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! case is diff]5t ) 8 son ,giovanni4 ,pr(it+ by ! lab\rs ( 8 fa!r1 & foll[+ 9 8 foot/eps1 he c>ri$ ! new art into ano!r region1 & br\ght a g5ius ( m picturesque & =cible temp] into play4 ,! value ( ?is new direction giv5 to sculpture = ! arts ( ,italy1 especially = pa9t+1 _c be exagg]at$4 ,)\t ,giovanni's int]v5tion1 ! a*ievem5t ( ,niccola might possibly h be5 z unproductive ( imm$iate results z ! ,tuscan ,romanesque1 t m$iaeval ef=t aft] ! ,r5aissance1 0 9 ar*itecture4#fb ,! ,go?ic elem5t1 s cauti\sly adopt$ by ,niccola1 is us$ ) sympa?y & fre$om by 8 son1 ^: ma/]piece1 ! pulpit ( ,s4 ,&rea at ,pi/oja1 might be select$ z ! supreme triumph ( ,italian ,go?ic sculpture4 ,! sup]iority ( t complex & consummate "w ( pla/ic art ov] ! pulpit ( ! ,pisan ,bapti/]y1 9 all ! mo/ important qualities ( /yle & composition1 c sc>cely be call$ 9 "q4 ,its only s]i\s fault is an exagg]ation ( ! height ( ! pill>s 9 proportion to ! size ( ! hexagon !y support4 ,l ! pulpits ( ! ,bapti/]y1 ( ! ,duomo ( ,pisa1 & ( ! ,duomo ( ,si5a1 x comb9es bas-reliefs & deta*$ /atues1 c>v$ capitals1 & sculptur$ lions1 9 a maze ( m>vell\s inv5tion2 b x has no rival 9 ! ar*itectonic effect ( h>mony1 & ! ma/]ly feel+ = balanc$ masses x displays4 ,! five subjects *os5 by ,giovanni = 8 bas-reliefs are ! ,nativity1 ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi1 ! ,massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts1 ! ,crucifixion1 & ! ,la/ ,judgm5t4 ,9 ! ,nativity our ,lady is no long] ! ,roman matron ( ,niccola's conception1 b a graceful "m1 "y 9 ye>s1 & b5d+ ) ! weakness ( *ildbir?4 ,h] attitude1 exquisite by ! sugge/ion ( t5d]ness & delicacy1 is "o t (t5 reappe>s 9 ! lat] "w ( ! ,pisan s*ool--= example1 9 ! r\gh abozzam5to 9 ! ,campo ,santo at ,pisa1 above ! nor? door ( ! ,duomo at ,lucca1 & at ,orvieto on ! faade ( ! ca!dral2 b x has n[h]e else be5 treat$ ) ! same s5se ( beauty4 ,! ,massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts1 comp>$ ) ?is relief1 is a trag$y beside an idyll4 ,"h ! :ole =ce ( ,giovanni's em95tly dramatic g5ius comes into full play4 ,n only has he treat$ ! usual incid5ts ( mo!rs /ruggl+ ) soldi]s & bewail+ _! dead d>l+s1 b he has also introduc$ a motive1 :i* might well h be5 us$ by subsequ5t arti/s 9 deal+ ) ! same subjects4 ,h]od is ?ron$ 9 "o corn] ( ! composition2 be=e him /& a gr\p ( m5 & wom51 "s implor+ ! tyrant = m]cy1 "s defy+ him 9 impot5t despair1 & "s invok+ ! curse ( ,god ^u 8 head4 ,9 ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi1 aga91 ,giovanni %[s orig9ality by ! d\ble action he has *os5 to develop4 ,on "o side ! k+s are sleep+1 :ile an angel comes to wake !m1 po9t+ out ! />4 ,on ! o!r side !y fall at ! feet ( ! ,madonna4 ,x w be ga!r$ ev5 f ^! b>e descriptions t ,giovanni introduc$ a /ir ( life & movem5t1 & felt 8 subjects ) a poetic int5sity1 ali5 to ! ideal ( ,graeco-,roman sculpture4 ,he effect$ a fusion betwe5 ! gr& /yle reviv$ by ,niccola & ! romantic f]v\r ( ! mod]n imag9ation4 ,x 0 9 ?is way t ! tradition h&$ d[n by him prov$ ine/imably s]viceable to ! pa9t]s4 ,! bas-reliefs1 h[ev]1 by no means =m ! *ief attraction ( ?is pulpit4 ,at ea* ( its six angles /& sa9ts1 evangeli/s1 & angels1 ^: symbolism x is n n[ s easy to deciph]4 ,! mo/ beautiful gr\ps are a company ( angels bl[+ ! judgm5t trumpets1 & a w+$ y\? /&+ above a w+$ lion & bull4 ,^! gr\ps sep>ate ! sev]al comp>tm5ts ( ! bas-reliefs1 & help to =m ! body ( ! pulpit4 ,b5ea?1 on capital's ( ! support+ pill>s1 /& ! ,sibyls1 ea* ) h] att5dant g5ius1 :ile prophets lean or cr\* )9 ! sp&rils ( ! ar*es4 ,?us e portion ( ?is ma/]-"w is cr[d$ ) figures--"s deta*$1 "s execut$ 9 relief2 & yet1 amid s great a multitude1 ! eye is n confus$2 ! total effect is n[h]e dissipat$4 ,! :ole seems gov]n$ by "o con/ructive ?\ght1 project$ z a p]fect unity ( composition4#fc ,a lat] "w ( ,giovanni ,pisano 0 ! pulpit execut$ = ! ca!dral ( ,pisa1 n[ un=tunately brok5 up4 ,an int]e/+ fragm5t1 "o ( ! support+ columns ( ! octagon :i* =m$ ! body ( ?is /ructure1 /ill exi/s 9 ! museum ( ! ,campo ,santo4 ,x is an allegorical /atue ( ,pisa4 ,! ,ghibell9e city is p]sonifi$ z a cr[n$ woman1 suckl+ *ildr5 at h] brea/1 & /&+ on a p$e/al support$ by ! eagle ( ! ,empire4 ,%e we>s a girdle ( rope sev5 times knott$1 to betok5 ! rule ( ,pisa ov] sev5 subject isl&s4 ,at ! f\r corn]s ( h] ?rone /& ! f\r human virtues1 ,prud5ce1 ,temp]ance1 ,ju/ice1 & ,=titude1 di/+ui%$ less by beauty ( %ape ?an by det]m9$ en]gy ( symbolism4 ,temp]ance is a nak$ woman1 ) hair twi/$ 9 ! knots & curls ( a ,greek ,aphrodite4 ,ju/ice is old & wr9kl$1 clo!d ) massive drap]y1 & hold+ 9 h] h& ! scales4 ,?r\gh\t ?is gr\p !re is no attempt to realise =ms pleas+ to ! eye2 ! sculptor has aim$ at sugge/+ to ! m9d z _m po9ts ( intellectual significance z possible4 ,9 spite ( ugl9ess & h>dness1 ! ,allegory ( ,pisa comm&s respect by vig\r ( conception1 & rivets att5tion by =ce ( execution4 ,a m popul> & pleas+ monum5t by ,giovanni ,pisano is ! tomb ( ,b5$ict ,,xi4 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,dom5ico at ,p]ugia4 ,! ,pope1 ^: life 0 s obnoxi\s to ! ambition ( ,philip le ,bel t 8 timely dea? ar\s$ suspicion ( poison1 lies asleep ^u 8 m>ble bi] ) h&s cross$ 9 an attitude ( peaceful expectation4#fd ,at 8 head & feet /& angels draw+ back ! curta9s t w\ld else h %r\d$ ?is la/ slumb] ( a good man f ! eyes ( ! liv+4#fe ,a contra/ is ?us e/abli%$ betwe5 ! repose ( ! dead & ! ev]-wat*ful activity ( cele/ial m9i/]s4 ,sleep s gu>d$1 ! sculptor seeks to tell u1 mu/ h glori\s wak+2 & :5 ^? h&s unfold ^u ! ,resurrection morn+1 ! hu%$ sympa?y ( ! att5dant angels w break into smiles & s++1 z !y lead ! j man to ! ,"l he s]v$ 9 life4 ,:e!r ,giovanni ,pisano _h any %>e 9 ! sculpture on ! faade ( ! ca!dral at ,orvieto1 is n kn[n = c]ta94 ,vas>i ass]ts t ,niccola & 8 pupils work$ ^u ?is s]ies ( bas-reliefs1 sett+ =? ! :ole ,biblical hi/ory & ! cycle ( ,*ri/ian beliefs f ! creation ( ! _w to ! la/ judgm5t4 ,yet we "k t ,niccola himself di$ at lea/ twelve ye>s be=e ! f\ndation ( ! *ur* 9 #abij2 nor is !re any pro( t 8 imm$iate s*ol>s 7 engag$ ^u ! fabric4 ,! ,orvietan ar*ives are s+ul>ly sil5t ) reg>d to a monum5t ( s l>ge ext5t & va/ importance1 :i* mu/ h tax$ to ! utt]mo/ ! res\rces ( ! able/ /one-c>v]s 9 ,italy4#ff ,mean:ile1 :at ,vas>i says is valuable only z a witness to ! fame ( ,niccola ,pisano4 ,8 mann]1 z cont9u$ & develop$ by 8 s*ool1 is unmi/akable at ,orvieto3 b 9 ! abs5ce ( direct in=mation1 we are left to conjecture ! conditions "u :i* ?is1 ! clos+ if n ! cr[n+ a*ievem5t ( ?irte5?-c5tury sculpture1 0 produc$4 ,:5 ! great f\nd] ( ,italian art visit$ ,si5a 9 #abff = ! completion ( 8 pulpit 9 ! ,duomo1 he f\nd a guild ( sculptors1 or taglia-pietri1 9 t city1 numb]+ "s sixty memb]s1 & gov]n$ by a rector & ?ree *amb]la9s4 ,in/ead ( reg>d+ ,niccola ) jeal\sy1 ^! craftsm5 only s\ght to le>n 8 me?od4 ,accord+ly x seems t a new impulse 0 giv5 to sculpture 9 ,si5a2 & fam\s workm5 arose :o comb9$ ?is art ) t ( build+4 ,! *ief ( ^! 0 ,lor5zo ,maitani1 :o di$ 9 #accj1 hav+ design$ & c>ri$ to completion ! ,duomo ( ,orvieto dur+ 8 lifetime4#fg ,:ile engag$ 9 ?is great und]tak+1 ,maitani direct$ a body ( ar*itects1 /one-c>v]s1 bronze-f\nd]s1 mosai/s1 & pa9t]s1 ga!r$ toge!r into a guild f ! *ief cities ( ,tuscany4 ,x _c be prov$ t any ( ! ,pisani1 prop]ly s call$1 7 among _! numb]4 ,lack+ evid5ce to ! contr>y1 we mu/ give to ,maitani1 ! ma/]-_s ( ! company1 full cr$it = ! sculpture c>ri$ out 9 ob$i5ce to 8 g5]al plan4 ,z ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,francis at ,assisi =m$ an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( pa9t+1 by conc5trat+ ! g5ius ( ,giotto on a s]ies ( ma/]pieces1 s ! ,duomo ( ,orvieto1 by giv+ free scope to ! s*ool ( ,pisa1 m>k$ a po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( sculpture4 ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d else:]e ev5 sep>ate works ( great] =ce & beauty belong+ to ?is1 ! fir/ or ar*itectural1 p]iod ( ,italian sculpture2 & n[h]e has ! :ole body ( ,*ri/ian belief be5 set =? ) me?od m e>ne/ & ) vig\r m su/a9$4#fh ,! subjects select$ by ^! unkn[n craftsm5 = illu/ration 9 m>ble1 are 9 _m in/ances ! same z ^? aft]w>ds pa9t$ 9 fresco by ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,raphael at ,borne4 ,_! treatm5t1 = example1 ( ! creation ( ,adam & ,eve1 adopt$ 9 all probability f /ill e>li] & rud] workm51 aft] be+ ref9$ by ! improvem5ts ( successive g5]ations1 may /ill be obs]v$ 9 ! triumphs ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel & ! ,loggie4#fi ,x 0 ! practice ( ,italian arti/s n to seek orig9ality by div]g+ f ! traditional modes ( pres5tation1 b to prove _! ma/]y by r5d]+ ^! z p]fect & effective z ! maturity ( art c\ld make !m4 ,= ! ,italians1 z be=e !m = ! ,greeks1 plagi>ism 0 a ^w unkn[n1 9 all cases :]e x 0 possible to improve ^u ! inv5tion ( less =tunate pr$ecessors4 ,! /ud5t ( art may1 !re=e1 n[ enjoy ! pleasure ( trac+ sculpturesque or pictorial motives f _! g5esis 9 "s rude fragm5t to _! f9al developm5t 9 ! ma/]-works ( a ,lion>do or a ,raphael1 :]e sci5tific gr\p+ ( figures1 high] idealisation ( /yle1 ! sugge/ion ( fre] movem5t1 & m v>i$ dramatic expression yield at la/ ! full fl[] t ! simple g]m enfold$4 ,among ! mo/ di/+ui%$ s*ol>s ( ,niccola ,pisano's tradition mu/ n[ be m5tion$ ,&rea da ,pontad]a1 call$ ,&rea ,pisano1 :o c>ri$ ! mann] ( 8 ma/] to ,flor5ce1 & help$ to fulfil ! de/9y ( ,italian sculpture by submitt+ x to ! ris+ art ( pa9t+4 ,"u ! direction ( ,giotto he c>v$ /atues = ! ,campanile & ! faade ( ,s4 ,m>ia del ,fiore2 & 9 ! fir/ gate ( ! ,bapti/]y1 he bequea!d a model ( bas-relief 9 bronze1 :i* l>gely influ5c$ ! /yle ( ma/]s 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,to ov]praise ! simplicity & beauty ( design1 ! purity ( feel+1 & ! te*nical excell5ce ( ,&rea's bronze-"w1 w\ld be difficult4 ,_m /ud5ts w always be f\nd to pref] 8 self-re/ra9t & delicacy to ! m florid mann] ( ,ghib]ti4#gj ,:at we *iefly obs]ve 9 ?is gate is ! control ex]cis$ by ! si/] art ( pa9t+ ov] 8 mode ( conception & treatm5t4 ,if ,giovanni ,pisano develop$ ! dramatic & emphatic qualities ( ,go?ic sculpture1 ,&rea 0 attract$ to its allegories2 if ,giovanni infus$ romantic vehem5ce ( feel+ into ! frigid classicism ( 8 fa!r1 ,&rea div]g$ ^u ano!r track ( picturesque del9eation4 ,a new sun _h n[ aris5 9 ! heav5s ( art4 ,?is 0 ! sun ( ,giotto1 ^: g5ius1 em95tly pictorial1 br\ght ! ,italians to a true s5se ( _! ae/hetical vocation1 illum9at+ ) its brightness ! eld] & m te*nically f9i%$ craft ( ! /one-c>v]4 ,sculpture1 :i* 9 ! s*ool ( ,niccola ,pisano _h be5 subord9ate to ar*itecture1 became a sub-species ( pa9t+ 9 ! h&s ( ,&rea4 ,x 0 ?us1 z ,i h else:]e /at$1 t ! tw(old doom ( pla/ic art 9 ,italy 0 accompli%$4 ,9 ord] to embody ! ideas ( ,*ri/ianity1 art _h to ?9k m ( expression ?an ( pure =m4 ,expression is ! special sph]e ( pa9t+2 & !re=e sculpture foll[$ ! lead ( ! si/] art1 z soon z pa9t+ 0 /rong en\gh to give t lead1 in/ead ( rema9+1 z 9 ,greece1 ! mi/ress ( h] own doma94 ,on ! deep] reasons = ?is subord9ation ( sculpture to pa9t+ ,i h dwelt already1 :ile %[+ t a l>ge class ( subjects1 :]e physical qualities are comp>atively indiff]5t & ( no acc\nt1 7 =c$ ^u ! arti/ by ,*ri/ianity4#ga ,humility & *>ity may be f\nd alike 9 bloom+ y\? or 9 ascetic age2 nor is x possible to *>act]ize sa9ts & m>tyrs by ^? corporeal *>act]i/ics :i* di/+ui% a runn] f a box]1 or a *a/e huntress f a voluptu\s que5 ( love4 ,italian sculpture ab&on$ ! pres5tation ( ! nak$ human body z useless4 ,! emotions writt5 on ! face became ( m importance ?an ! modell+ ( ! limbs1 & rec\rse 0 _h to allegorical symbols or emblematic attitudes = ! int]pretation ( ! arti/'s ?\ght4 ,&rea ,pisano's figure ( ,hope1 rais+ h&s & eyes t[>d an (f]$ cr[n1 seems b a repetition ( ! motive express$ by ,giotto 9 ! *i>oscuro frescoes ( ! ,ar5a *apel4#gb ,ow+ to simil> causes1 drap]y1 :i* 9 ,greece _h s]v$ to illu/rate ! /ructure or ! movem5t ( ! body x clo!d1 0 us$ by ! ,italian sculptors to conceal ! limbs1 & to enhance by fl[+ skirt or s9u\s fold or agitat$ sc>f "s quality ( ! emotions4 ,! result 0 t sculpture assum$ a place subord9ate to pa9t+1 & t ! ma/]pieces ( ! e>ly ,italian c>v]s are *iefly bas-reliefs--pictures 9 bronze or m>ble4#gc ,9 a l degree1 ?\gh n = ! same reason1 sculpture 9 ,italy rema9$ subord9ate to ar*itecture1 until su* "t z ! neo-,hell5ism ( ! full ,r5aissance produc$ a cr[d ( pseudo-classic /atues1 de/9$ to take _! places--n 9 *ur*es1 b 9 ! c\rty>ds ( palaces & on ! op5 squ>es ( cities4 ,! cause ( ?is fact is n f> to seek4 ,9 anci5t ,greece ! temple _h be5 erect$ = ! god1 & ! /atue dwelt )9 ! cella l a ma/] 9 8 h\se4 ,*ri/ianity =bade an image ( ! liv+ ,god2 consequ5tly ! ,*ur* _h ano!r object ?an to ro( ! /atue ( a deity4 ,x 0 ! meet+-place ( a congregation b5t on wor%ipp+ ,him :o dwells n 9 h\ses made ) h&s1 & :om ! heav5 ( heav5s _c conta94 ,! va/ spaces & arial arcades ( m$iaeval ar*itecture _h _! mean+ 9 relation to ! my/ic appreh5sion ( an unse5 p[]4 ,x foll[$ ( necessity t ! c>v$ "w de/9$ to decorate a ,*ri/ian temple c\ld nev] be ! ma9 feature ( ! build+4 ,x exi/$ = ! ,*ur*1 & n ! ,*ur* = x4#gd ,?r\gh ,&rea ,pisano ! /yle ( ,niccola 0 ext5d$ to ,v5ice4 ,!re is reason to believe t he in/ruct$ ,filippo ,cal5d>io1 to :om we %\ld ascribe ! sculptur$ corn]s ( ! ,ducal ,palace4 ,v5ice1 h[ev]1 inv>iably ex]cis$ h] own controll+ influ5ce ov] ! arts ( ali5s2 s we f9d a l>g]1 fre]1 ri*]1 & m mundane treatm5t 9 ^! spl5did c>v+s ?an 9 aught produc$ by ,pisan workm5 = _! native t[ns ( ,tuscany4 ,n9o1 ! sculptor ( ! ,madonna della ,rosa1 ! *ief ornam5t ( ! ,sp9a *apel1 & ,tommaso1 bo? sons ( ,&rea da ,pontad]a1 toge!r ) ,giovanni ,balduccio ( ,pisa1 cont9u$ ! traditions ( ! s*ool f\nd$ by ,niccola4 ,balduccio1 invit$ by ,azzo ,visconti to ,milan1 c>v$ ! %r9e ( ,s4 ,pet] ,m>tyr 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,eu/orgio1 & impress$ 8 /yle on ,matteo da ,campione1 ! sculptor ( ! %r9e ( ,s4 ,augu/9e at ,pavia4#ge ,^! facts1 ?\gh briefly /at$1 are n )\t significance4 ,travell]s :o h visit$ ! *ur*es ( ,pavia & ,milan1 aft] /udy+ ! %r9e1 or arca z ,italians call x1 ( ,s4 ,dom9ic at ,bologna1 mu/ h notic$ ! asc5d5cy ( ,pisan /yle 9 ^! ?ree ,lomb>d t[ns1 & h felt h[ widely ,niccola's creative g5ius 0 ex]cis$4 ,traces ( ! same influ5ce may p]haps be obs]v$ 9 ! tombs ( ! ,scalig]s at ,v]ona4#gf ,! mo/ em95t pupil ( ,&rea ,pisano1 h[ev]1 0 a ,flor5t9e--! great ,&rea ,arcagnuolo di ,cione1 commonly kn[n z ,orcagna4 ,?is man1 l ! m illu/ri\s ,giotto1 0 "o among ! e>lie/ ( ^? compreh5sive1 _m-sid$ natures produc$ by ,flor5ce = h] ev]la/+ glory4 ,he /udi$ ! goldsmi?'s craft "u 8 fa!r1 ,cione1 pass+ ! ye>s ( 8 appr5tice%ip1 l o!r ,tuscan arti/s1 9 ! te*nical details ( an indu/ry t !n suppli$ ! /ricte/ me?od ( design4 ,) 8 bro!r1 ,b]n>do1 he practis$ pa9t+4 ,l ,giotto1 he 0 no mean poet2#gg & l all ! high] craftsm5 ( 8 age1 he 0 an ar*itect4 ,?\gh ! *ur* ( ,orsammi*ele owes its pres5t =m to ,taddeo ,gaddi1 ,orcagna1 z capo ma/ro aft] ,gaddi's dea?1 complet$ ! /ructure2 & ?\gh ! ,loggia de' ,lanzi1 long ascrib$ to him by writ]s ^u ar*itecture1 is n[ kn[n to be ! "w ( ,b5ci di ,cione1 yet ,orcagna's ,loggia del ,bigallo1 m mode/ b n less beautiful1 prep>$ ! way = its con/ruction4 ,( 8 g5ius z a pa9t]1 prov$ by ! frescoes 9 ! ,/rozzi *apel1 ,i %all h to speak h]eaft]4 ,z a sculptor he is be/ kn[n ?r\gh ! tab]nacle ( ,orsammi*ele1 built to en%r9e ! picture ( ! ,madonna by ,ugol9o da ,si5a4#gh ,9 ?is monum5t ,orcagna employ$ c>v$ bas-reliefs & /atuettes1 intaglios & mosaics1 incru/ations ( agates1 enamels1 & gild$ glass patt]ns1 ) a s5se ( h>mony s ref9$1 & a ma/]y ov] ea* k9d ( workman%ip s p]fect1 t ! :ole tab]nacle is an epitome ( ! m9or arts ( m$iaeval ,italy4 ,! subord9ation ( sculpture to ar*itectural effect is noticeable2 & ! ,giottesque influ5ce appe>s ev5 m /rongly "h ?an 9 ! gate ( ,&rea ,pisano4 ,?is influ5ce ,orcagna receiv$ indirectly ?r\gh 8 ma/] 9 /one c>v+2 x =m$1 inde$1 ! motive =ce ( figurative art dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,! subjects ( ! ,annunciation1 ! ,nativity1 ! ,m>riage ( ! ,virg91 & ! ,adoration ( ! ,?ree ,k+s1 fram$ 9 octagonal m\ld+s at ! base ( ! tab]nacle1 illu/rate ! dom9ation ( a _s di/9ct bo? f ! neo-,romanism ( ,niccola & ! ,go?icism ( ,giovanni ,pisano4 ,t _s is ,flor5t9e 9 a g5]al s5se1 & specifically ,giottesque4 ,*>ity1 aga91 ) a flam+ he>t 9 h] h&1 cr[n$ ) a flam+ brazi]1 & suckl+ a *ild1 is ,giottesque n only 9 allegorical conception b also 9 *oice ( type & treatm5t ( drap]y4 ,:ile admir+ ! tab]nacle ( ,orsammi*ele1 we are rem9d$ t ,orcagna 0 a goldsmi? to beg9 )1 & a pa9t]4 ,sculpture he practis$ z an accessory4 ,:at ! arti/s ( ,flor5ce ga9$ 9 delicacy ( execution1 accuracy ( modell+1 & precision ( design by _! appr5tice%ip to ! goldsmi?'s trade1 0 h>dly p]haps suffici5t to comp5sate = loss ( tra9+ 9 a l>g] /yle4 ,x 0 difficult1 we fancy1 = m5 s educat$ to conceive ! high] purposes ( sculpture4 ,cont5t$ ) elaborate workman%ip & beauty ( detail1 !y fail$ to atta9 to su* indep5d5ce ( treatm5t z may be rea*$ by sculptors :o d n c>ry to _! "w ! preconceptions ( a n>r[] h&icraft4 ,?us ev5 ,orcagna's ma/]piece may /rike u n z ! play?+ ( a ,pheidian g5ius condesc5d+ = once to brea! ?r\gh silv]1 b ( a consummate goldsmi? tax+ ! res\rces ( 8 craft to =m a monum5tal jewel4#gi ,! faade ( ,orvieto 0 ! f9al a*ievem5t ( ! fir/ or ar*itectural p]iod ( ,italian sculpture4 ,giotto1 ,&rea ,pisano1 & ,orcagna1 =m$ ! transition to ! second p]iod4 ,to f9d "o *>act]i/ic title = ! /yle ( ! fifte5? c5tury is n easy1 s9ce x 0 m>k$ by _m di/9ct peculi>ities4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we *oose to call x pictorial1 we %all suffici5tly m>k ! quality ( "s em95t ma/]s1 & keep 9 view ! supremacy ( pa9t+ at ?is epo*4 ,a great public ent]prise at ,flor5ce br+s toge!r 9 hon\rable rivalry ! *ief craftsm5 ( ! new age1 & m>ks ! adv5t ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,:5 ! ,signory1 9 conc]t ) ! ,arte de' ,m]canti1 decid$ to complete ! bronze gates ( ! ,bapti/]y 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 !y issu$ a manife/o invit+ ! sculptors ( ,italy to prep>e designs = competition4 ,_! call 0 answ]$ by ,giacomo della ,qu]cia ( ,si5a1 by ,filippo ,brunelles*i & ,lor5zo di ,c9o ,ghib]ti ( ,flor5ce1 & by two o!r ,tuscan arti/s ( less note4 ,! "y ,donatello1 ag$ sixte51 is said to h be5 consult$ z to ! rival m]its ( ! pro(s submitt$ to ! judges4 ,?us ! f\r great ma/]s ( ,tuscan art 9 its prime met be=e ! ,flor5t9e ,bapti/]y4#hj ,giacomo della ,qu]cia 0 exclud$ f ! competition at an e>ly /age2 b ! umpires wav]$ long betwe5 ,ghib]ti & ,brunelles*i1 until ! latt]1 ) notable g5]osity1 feel+ ! sup]iority ( 8 rival1 & consci\s p]haps t 8 own laurels 7 to be ga!r$ 9 ! field ( ar*itecture1 )drew 8 claim4 ,9 #adjc1 ,ghib]ti receiv$ ! commission = ! fir/ ( ! two rema9+ gates4 ,he aft]w>ds obta9$ ! second2 & z !y 7 n f9i%$ until #adeb1 ! bett] "p ( 8 lifetime 0 sp5t ^u !m4 ,he receiv$ 9 all a sum ( #cj1gih gold5 flor9s = 8 lab\r & ! co/ ( ! mat]ial employ$4 ,! trial-pieces prep>$ by ,brunelles*i & ,ghib]ti are n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,b>gello4#ha ,_! subject is ! ,sacrifice ( ,isaac2 & a comp>ison ( ! two leaves no d\bt ( ,ghib]ti's sup]iority4 ,! faults ( ,brunelles*i's model are want ( repose & abs5ce ( composition4 ,abraham ru%es 9 a fr5zy ( murd]\s agitation at 8 son1 :o wri!s b5ea? ! knife already at 8 ?roat4 ,! angel swoops f heav5 ) ext5d$ arms1 rea*+ =? "o h& to %[ ! ram to ,abraham1 & clasp+ ! patri>*'s wri/ ) ! o!r4 ,! ram mean:ile is scrat*+ 8 nose ) 8 ne> h9d leg2 "o ( ! s]vants is tak+ a ?orn f 8 foot1 :ile ! o!r fills a cup f ! /ream at :i* ! ass is dr9k+4 ,?us ea* figure has a sep>ate uneasy action4 ,^? critics :o cont5d t ! unre/ ( sixte5?-c5tury sculpture 0 due to *anges 9 arti/ic & religi\s feel+ wr\ght by ! ,r5aissance1 w\ld d well to exam9e ?is plate1 & see h[ mu* acc\nt mu/ be tak5 ( ! arti/'s temp]am5t 9 =m+ _! op9ion4 ,brunelles*i adh]$ to ! /yle & ta/e ( ! fifte5? c5tury at its comm5cem5t2 b ! too f]vid quality ( 8 "* impair$ 8 "w z a sculptor4 ,ghib]ti1 on ! o!r h&1 translat$ ! calm ( 8 h>moni\s nature into 8 composition4 ,! angel leans f heav5 & po9ts to ! ram1 :i* is seat$ quietly & out ( sight ( ! ma9 actors4 ,isaac kneels 9 ! attitude ( a submissive victim1 ?\gh 8 head is turn$ aside1 z if attract$ by ! ru% ( p9ions ?r\gh ! air2 :ile ,abraham has b j lift$ 8 h&1 & ! sacrifice is only sugge/$ z a possibility by ! nak$ knife4 ,! two s]vants are gr\p$ bel[ 9 conv]sation1 "o on ea* side ( ! br[s+ ass4 ,?is p[] ( tell+ a /ory pla9ly1 b )\t dramatic vehem5ce2 ( elim9at+ ! pa9ful details ( ! subject1 & comb9+ its *ief motives into "o agreeable :ole1 gave peculi> *>m to ,ghib]ti's mann]4 ,x m>k$ him z an arti/ di/+ui%$ by good ta/e4 ,h[ ,delia ,qu]cia treat$ ! ,sacrifice ( ,isaac we d n "k4 ,8 bas-reliefs ^u ! faade ( ,s4 ,petronio at ,bologna1 & r\nd ! font ( ,s4 ,john's ,*apel 9 ! ca!dral ( ,si5a1 enable u1 h[ev]1 to comp>e 8 /yle ) t ( ,ghib]ti 9 ! h&l+ ( a subject common to bo?1 ! ,creation ( ,eve4#hb ,!re is no d\bt b t ,della ,qu]cia 0 a =midable rival4 ,_h ! gates ( ! ,bapti/]y be5 entru/$ to 8 execution1 we might h possess$ a ma/]piece ( m h]oic /yle4 ,:ile smoo?ness & an almo/ voluptu\s suavity ( outl9e di/+ui% ,ghib]ti's nak$ ,eve1 glid+ upheld by angels f ! side ( ,adam at h] ,mak]'s bidd+1 ,della ,qu]cia's gr\p1 by ! conc5tration ( robu/ & rugg$ p[]1 anticipates ! /yle ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,ghib]ti treats ! subject pictorially1 plac+ 8 figures 9 a l&scape1 & lavi%+ att5dant angels4 ,della ,qu]cia1 9 ob$i5ce to ! /rict] laws ( sculpture1 re/ra9s 8 composition to ! ?ree *ief p]sons1 & br+s !m into close connection4 ,:ile ,adam recl9es asleep 9 a beautiful & highly /udi$ attitude1 ,eve has j /epp$ =? beh9d him1 & ,god /&s rob$ 9 massive drap]y1 rais+ ,8 h& z ?\gh to draw h] into life4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 an excess ( dramatic action 9 ! lift$ "r leg ( ,eve1 & too mu* ( pantomimic language 9 ! expressive h&s ( ,eve & h] ,creator4 ,! robe1 aga91 9 its volum9\s & snaky coils1 & ! triangul> nimbus ( ! ,deity1 convey an effect ( heav9ess r ?an ( maje/y4 ,yet we feel1 :ile /udy+ ?is composition1 t x is a noble & orig9al attempt1 fall+ b little %ort ( supreme accompli%m5t4 ,)\t ?is antec$5t sket*1 ,mi*ael ,angelo might n h matur$ ! mo/ complete ( all 8 designs 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel4 ,! simil>ity betwe5 ,delia ,qu]cia's bas-relief & ,buon>roti's fresco ( ,eve is inconte/able4 ,! "y ,flor5t9e1 :ile an exile 9 ,bologna1 & engag$ ^u ! %r9e ( ,s4 ,dom9ic1 mu/ h sp5t h\rs ( /udy be=e ! sculptures ( ,s4 ,petronio2 s t ?is se$ ( ,della ,qu]cia's s[+ bore aft] _m ye>s ! fruit ( _w-r5[n$ a*ievem5t 9 ,rome4 ,two o!r memorable works ( ,della ,qu]cia mu/ be p>5!tically m5tion$4 ,^! are ! ,fonte ,gaja on ! public squ>e ( ,si5a1 n[ unhappily re/or$1 & ! portrait ( ,il>ia del ,c>retto on h] tomb 9 ! ca!dral ( ,lucca4 ,! latt] has long be5 de> to ,engli% /ud5ts ( ,italian art ?r\gh words inimitable = _! /r5g? ( sympa!tic criticism4#hc ,ghib]ti 0 br\ght up z a goldsmi? by 8 /epfa!r1 & x is said t :ile a y\? he sp5t mu* ( 8 leisure 9 modell+ portraits & ca/+ imitations ( antique gems & co9s = 8 fri5ds4 ,at ! same "t he practis$ pa9t+4 ,we f9d him employ$ 9 decorat+ a palace at ,rim9i = ,c>lo ,malate/a1 :5 8 /epfa!r recall$ him to ,flor5ce1 9 ord] t he might compete = ! gate ( ! ,bapti/]y4 ,x is probable t f ?is e>ly tra9+ ,ghib]ti d]iv$ ! delicacy ( /yle & smoo?ness ( execution t are reckon$ among ! *ief m]its ( 8 "w4 ,he also develop$ a mann] m pictorial ?an sculpturesque1 :i* ju/ifies our call+ him a pa9t] 9 bronze4 ,:5 ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds rem>k$1 ,ghib]ti's l&scape & build+s occupi$ s l>ge a portion ( ! comp>tm5ts1 t ! figures rema9$ b second>y objects1#hd 8 criticism might fairly h be5 tax$ ) "s inju/ice ev5 to ! second ( ! two gates4 ,yet1 ?\gh exagg]at$ 9 sev]ity1 8 words convey a tru? important = ! und]/&+ ( ?is p]iod ( ,italian art4 ,! fir/ gate may be cit$ z ! supreme a*ievem5t ( bronze-ca/+ 9 ! ,tuscan prime4 ,9 ! second1 by ! introduction ( elaborate l&scapes & ! mass+ toge!r ( figures arrang$ 9 multitudes at ?ree & sometimes f\r di/ances1 ,ghib]ti ov]/epp$ ! limits t sep>ate sculpture f pa9t+4 ,hav+ le>n$ p]spective f ,brunelles*i1 he 0 eag] to apply ?is new sci5ce to 8 own craft1 n disc]n+ t x has no place 9 noble bas-relief4 ,he !re=e ab&on$ ! classical & ! e>ly ,tuscan tradition1 :]eby reliefs1 :e!r high or l[1 are /rictly re/ra9$ to figures arrang$ 9 l9e or gr\p$ toge!r )\t accessories4 ,in/ead ( pa9t+ frescoes1 he set himself to model 9 bronze :ole compositions t might h be5 express$ ) propriety 9 col\r4 ,! po9t ( ,sir ,jo%ua's criticism1 !re=e1 is t ,ghib]ti's practice ( di/ribut+ figures on a small scale 9 spaci\s l&scape framework 0 at v>iance ) ! sev]ity ( sculptural treatm5t4 ,! p]nici\s effect ( 8 example may be trac$ 9 mu* ,flor5t9e "w ( ! mid ,r5aissance p]iod :i* pass$ = supremely clev] :5 x 0 produc$4 ,:at ! unique g5ius ( ,ghib]ti made n m]ely p>donable b ev5 admirable1 became "u o!r h&s no less repulsive ?an ! transf]5ce ( pictorial effects to pa9t$ glass4#he ,t ,ghib]ti 0 n a great sculptor ( /atues is prov$ by 8 "w at ,orsammi*ele4 ,he 0 no ar*itect1 z we "k f 8 incompet5ce to d m ?an imp$e ,brunelles*i 9 ! build+ ( ! dome4 ,he came into ! _w to create a new & inimitable /yle ( hybrid beauty 9 ^? gates ( ,p>adise4 ,8 susceptibility to ! fir/ influ5ces ( ! classical revival des]ves notice "h1 s9ce x %[s to :at an ext5t a devotee ( ,greek art 9 ! fifte5? c5tury c\ld wor%ip ! relics ( antiquity )\t pass+ ov] into imitation4 ,:5 ! ,h]maphrodite 0 discov]$ 9 ! v9ey>d ( ,s4 ,celso1 ,ghib]ti's admiration f\nd v5t 9 exclamations l ! foll[+3 ,no tongue c\ld describe ! le>n+ & art display$ 9 x1 or d ju/ice to its ma/]ly /yle4 ,ano!r antique1 f\nd ne> ,flor5ce1 mu/1 he conjectures1 h be5 hidd5 out ( h>m's way by "s g5tle _s 9 ! e>ly days ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! t\* only1 he adds1 c discov] its beauties1 :i* escape ! s5se ( sight 9 any light4#hf ,x w\ld be impossible to express a rev]5tial love ( anci5t art m t5d]ly ?an is done 9 ^! s5t5ces4 ,s int5se 0 ,ghib]ti's passion = ! ,greeks1 t he reject$ ,*ri/ian *ronology & reckon$ by ,olympiads--a sy/em t has ?r[n obscurity ov] 8 o!rwise preci\s notes ( ,tuscan arti/s4 ,9 spite ( ?is devotion1 he nev] appe>s to h set himself consci\sly to reproduce ! /yle ( ,greek sculpture1 or to h set =? ,hell5ic ideas4 ,he rema9$ unaffect$ly natural1 & 9 a true s5se ,*ri/ian4 ,! paganism ( ! ,r5aissance is a phrase ) no m mean+ = him ?an = t /ill m delicate ,flor5t9e _s1 ,luca della ,robbia2 & if 8 works are classical1 !y are s only 9 ,goe!'s s5se1 :5 he pron\nc$1 ! po9t is = a "w to be ?or\ghly good1 & !n x is sure to be classical4 ,"o great advantage ( ! e>ly days ( ! ,r5aissance ov] ! latt] 0 ?is1 t pseudo-paganism & p$antry _h n z yet di/ort$ ! judgm5t or misdirect$ ! aims ( arti/s4 ,contact ) ! antique _w s]v$ only to /imulate orig9al endeav\r1 by lead+ ! /ud5t back to ! f\nta9 ( all excell5ce 9 nature1 & by exhibit+ types ( p]fection 9 te*nical processes4 ,to ape ! sculptors ( ,ant9\s1 or to br+ to life aga9 ! gods :o di$ ) ,pan1 0 n yet long$ =4 ,( ! impunity ) :i* a sculptor 9 t p]iod c\ld submit 8 g5ius to ! s]vice & ! /udy ( anci5t art )\t sacrific+ individuality1 ,donatello furni%es a /ill m illu/ri\s example ?an ,ghib]ti4 ,e>ly 9 8 y\? ,donatello j\rney$ ) ,brunelles*i to ,rome1 9 ord] to acqua9t himself ) ! monum5ts !n extant4 ,h[ ?or\ghly he compreh5d$ ! classic _s is prov$ by ! bronze pat]a wr\ght = 8 patron ,rub]to ,m>telli1 & by ! frieze ( ! triumphant ,bac*us4#hg ,yet ! great a*ievem5ts ( 8 g5ius 7 ,*ri/ian 9 _! s5tim5t & reali/ic 9 _! /yle4 ,! bronze ,magdal5 ( ! ,flor5t9e ,bapti/]y & ! bronze ,bapti/ ( ! ,duomo at ,si5a#hh are execut$ ) an unrel5t+ mat]ialism1 n ali5 inde$ to ! s9c]ity ( classic art1 b div]g5t f antique tradition1 inasmu* z ! ideas ( rep5tant & prophetic asceticism _h no place 9 ,greek my?ology4 ,donatello1 ) ! uncompromis+ c&\r ( an arti/ b5t on m>k+ "*1 felt t he 0 b\nd to seize ! v pi? & k]nel ( 8 subject4 ,if a ,magdal5 7 dem&$ ( him1 he w\ld n condesc5d to model a ,v5us & !n place a book & skull ^u a rock beside h]2 nor did he imag9e t ! bloom & beauty ( a laugh+ ,faun 7 fitt+ attributes = ! prea*] ( rep5tance4 ,x rema9$ = lat] arti/s1 intoxicat$ ) antique lovel9ess & corrod$ ) worldly scepticism1 to reproduce ! outw>d semblance ( ,greek deities "u ! pret5ce ( sett+ =? ! my?s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,su* compromise _h n occurr$ to ,donatello4 ,! motive ( 8 art 0 cle>ly appreh5d$1 8 me?od 0 s9c]e2 c]ta9 phases ( pr(\nd emotion _h to be repres5t$ ) ! physical *>act]i/ics prop] to !m4 ,! result1 ugly & pa9ful z x may sometimes be1 0 really m concordant ) ! _s ( ,greek me?od ?an ,lion>do's ,john or ,correggio's ,magdal54 ,t is to say1 x 0 /raight=w>d & tru?ful2 :]eas ! /range caprices ( ! lat] ,r5aissance too (t5 betray$ a d\ble m9d1 disloyal alike to paganism & to ,*ri/ianity1 9 _! ef=t to comb9e div]g5t =ces4 ,x may /ill be argu$ t su* conceptions z sorr[ = s9 & mortification ( ! fle%1 unfl9*+ly portray$ by hagg>d gauntness 9 ! sa9ts ( ,donatello1 are unfit = sculpturesque expression4 ,a m felicit\s embodim5t ( mod]n feel+ 0 a*iev$ by ,donatello 9 ,s4 ,george & ,david4 ,! =m] is a m>ble /atue plac$ ^u ! nor? wall ( ,orsammi*ele2 ! latt] is a bronze1 ca/ = ,cosimo de' ,m$ici1 & n[ exhibit$ 9 ! ,b>gello4#hi ,)\t /riv+ to idealise 8 models1 ! sculptor has express$ 9 bo? ! ,*ri/ian conception ( h]oism1 fe>less 9 ! face ( dang]1 & su/a9$ by fai?4 ,! nak$ beauty ( ! boy ,david & ! mail$ manhood ( ,s4 ,george are rais$ to a spiritual region by ! type ( feature & ! pose ( body select$ to int]pret _! animat+ impulse4 ,^! are no m]e portraits ( wre/l]s1 su*1 z peopl$ ! groves ( ,altis at ,olympia1 no ideals ( physical /r5g? translat$ into brass & m>ble1 l ! ,h]cules ( ,naples or ! ,vatican4 ,! "o is a ,*ri/ian soldi] ready to engage ,apollyon 9 battle to ! dea?2 ! o!r ! boy-h]o ( a m>vell\s romance4 ,! body 9 bo? is b ! %r9e ( an indwell+ s\l1 ! in/rum5t & ag5t ( a fai?-direct$ w2 & ! cr[n ( _! conflict is no wrea? ( laurel or ( p>sley4 ,9 o!r words1 ! value ( ,s4 ,george & ,david to ! sculptor lay n 9 _! /r5g? & y\?ful beauty--?\gh he has end[$ !m ) ^! excell5t gifts--s mu* z 9 _! significance = ! et]nal /ruggle ( ! s\l ) evil4 ,! same p[] ( express+ ,*ri/ian s5tim5t 9 a =m ( p]fect beauty1 transc5d+ ! ,greek type by pr(\nd] sugge/ion ( feel+1 is illu/rat$ 9 ! well-kn[n l[-relief ( an angel's head 9 pr(ile1 te*nically "o ( ,donatello's mo/ ma/]ly productions4#ij ,x is no "p ( my pres5t purpose to enum]ate ! _m works ( ,donatello 9 m>ble & bronze2 yet "s allusion to _! numb] & v>iety is necess>y 9 ord] to %[ h[ widely 8 influ5ce 0 diffus$ ?r\gh ,italy4 ,9 ! monum5ts ( ,pope ,john ,,xxiii41 ( ,c>d9al ,brancacci1 & ( ,b>tolommeo ,aragazzi1 he subord9at$ 8 g5ius to ! treatm5t ( sepul*ral & biographical subjects accord+ to "t-hon\r$ ,tuscan usage4 ,!y 7 sev]ally plac$ 9 ,flor5ce1 ,naples1 & ,montepulciano4 ,= ! ca!dral ( ,prato he execut$ bas-reliefs ( danc+ boys2 a simil> s]ies1 int5d$ = ! balu/rades ( ! organ 9 ,s4 ,m>ia del ,fiore1 is n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,b>gello museum4 ,! exultation ( movem5t has nev] be5 express$ 9 /one ) m fidelity to ! /rict rules ( pla/ic art4 ,= 8 fri5d & patron1 ,cosimo de' ,m$ici1 he ca/ 9 bronze ! gr\p ( ,judi? & ,hol(]nes--a "w t illu/rates ! clums9ess ( reali/ic treatm5t1 & des]ves to be rememb]$ *iefly = its /range =tunes4 ,:5 ! ,m$ici fl$ f ,flor5ce 9 #adid1 _! palace 0 sack$2 ! new republic took possession ( ,donatello's ,judi?1 & plac$ x on a p$e/al be=e ! gate ( ! ,palazzo ,vec*io1 ) ?is inscription1 om9\s to w\ld-be despots3 ,exemplum salutis publicae cives posu]e4 ,,mccccxcv4 ,x n[ /&s ne> ,cell9i's ,p]seus "u ! ,loggia de' ,lanzi4 ,= ! pulpits ( ,s4 ,lor5zo1 ,donatello made designs ( intricate bronze bas-reliefs1 :i* 7 aft]w>ds complet$ by 8 pupil ,b]toldo4 ,^!1 ?\gh bett] kn[n to travell]s1 are less excell5t ?an ! reliefs 9 bronze wr\ght by ,donatello's own h& = ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,an?ony at ,padua4#ia ,to t city he 0 call$ 9 #adea1 9 ord] t he might model ! eque/rian /atue ( ,gattamelata4 ,x /ill /&s on ! ,piazza1 a ma/]piece ( sci5tific bronze-f\nd+1 ! fir/ great portrait ( a g5]al on horseback s9ce ! days ( ,rome4#ib ,at ,padua1 9 ! hall ( ! ,palazzo della ,ragione1 is also pres]v$ ! wood5 horse1 :i* is said to h be5 con/ruct$ by ! sculptor = ! noble h\se ( ,capodili/a4 ,^! two examples ( eque/rian modell+ m>k$ an epo* 9 ,italian /atu>y4 ,:5 ,donato di ,nicolo di ,betto ,b>di1 call$ ,donatello because m5 lov$ 8 sweet & *e]ful temp]1 di$ 9 #adff at ! age ( eighty1 ! brighte/ light ( ,italian sculpture 9 its mo/ promis+ p]iod 0 ext+ui%$4 ,donatello's influ5ce1 felt f> & wide ?r\gh ,italy1 0 ( ine/imable value 9 correct+ ! false direction t[>d pictorial sculpture :i* ,ghib]ti1 _h he fl\ri%$ alone at ,flor5ce1 might h giv5 to ! art4 ,8 /yle 0 always em95tly mascul9e4 ,h[ev] ta/es may diff] ab\t ! positive m]its ( 8 sev]al works1 !re c be no d\bt t ! pr9ciples ( s9c]ity1 tru? to nature1 & te*nical accuracy !y illu/rate1 7 all-important 9 an age t l5t itself too readily to ! caprices ( ! fancy & ! pu]ilities ( florid ta/e4 ,to regret t ,donatello lack$ ,ghib]ti's exquisite s5se ( beauty1 is tantam\nt to wi%+ t two ( ! greate/ arti/s ( ! _w _h made "o man betwe5 !m4 ,donatello did n1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m1 f\nd a s*ool4#ic ,&rea ,v]oc*io1 goldsmi?1 pa9t]1 & work] 9 bronze1 0 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( 8 pupils4 ,to all ! arts he practis$1 ,v]oc*io appli$ limit$ p[]s1 a meagre mann]1 & a prosaic m9d4 ,yet few m5 h ex]cis$ at a v critical mom5t a m decid$ influ5ce4 ,! m]e fact t he numb]$ ,lion>do da ,v9ci1 ,lor5zo di ,cr$i1 & ,pietro ,p]ug9o among 8 s*ol>s1 proves ! e/eem ( 8 contempor>ies2 & :5 we h obs]v$ t ! type ( face select$ by ,lion>do & transmitt$ to 8 foll[]s1 appe>s also 9 ! pictures ( ,lor5zo di ,cr$i & is fir/ f\nd 9 ! ,david ( ,v]oc*io1 we h a "r to affirm t ! ma/] ( ^! m5 0 an arti/ ( creative g5ius z well z a c>eful workman4 ,flor5ce /ill po9ts ) pride to ! ,incr$ulity ( ,?omas on ! ea/]n wall ( ,orsammi*ele1 to ! ,boy & ,dolph9 9 ! c\rt ( ! ,palazzo ,vec*io1 & to ! ,david ( ?is sculptor3 b ! fir/ is spoil$ by heav9ess & angul>ity ( drap]y2 ! second1 ?\gh fanciful & m>k$ by flutt]+ movem5t1 is b a caprice2 ! ?ird outdoes ! h>de/ "w ( ,donatello by its realism4 ,v]oc*io's ,david1 a lad ( "s sev5te5 ye>s1 has ! lean1 ve9$ arms ( a /one-hew] or gold-beat]4 ,z a fai?ful portrait ( ! fir/ ,flor5t9e pr5tice :o came to h&1 ?is /atue might h m]it b = ! awkw>d cuirass & kilt t p>tly drape ! figure4 ,! "n ( ,v]oc*io is be/ kn[n to ! _w ?r\gh ! eque/rian /atue ( ,b>tolommeo ,colleoni4 ,:5 ?is great ,condotti]e1 ! la/ surviv+ g5]al tra9$ by ,braccio da ,montone1 di$ 9 #adge1 he bequea!d a l>ge portion ( 8 weal? to ,v5ice1 on condition t 8 /atue on horseback %\ld be erect$ 9 ! ,piazza di ,s4 ,m>co4 ,colleoni1 hav+ long held ! bton ( ! ,republic1 desir$ t aft] dea? 8 portrait1 9 8 habit z he liv$1 %\ld cont9ue to look d[n on ! sc5e ( 8 old spl5d\r4 ,by an +5i\s quibble ! ,s5ators adh]$ to ! lett] ( 8 w )\t infr++ a law t =bade !m to *>ge ! squ>e ( ,s4 ,m>k ) monum5ts4 ,!y rul$ t ! piazza 9 front ( ! ,scuola di ,s4 ,m>co1 bett] kn[n z ! ,campo di ,s4 ,zanipolo1 might be *os5 z ! site ( ,colleoni's /atue1 & to ,&rea ,v]oc*io 0 giv5 ! commission = its erection4 ,&rea di$ 9 #adhh be=e ! model = ! horse 0 f9i%$4 ,! "w 0 complet$1 & ! p$e/al 0 suppli$ by ,aless&ro ,leop>di4 ,to ,v]oc*io1 pr(it+ by ! example ( ,donatello's ,gattamelata1 mu/ be assign$ ! g5]al conception ( ?is /atue2 b ! brea? ( life t animates bo? horse & rid]1 ! ri*ness ( detail t enhances ! massive gr&eur ( ! gr\p1 & ! fi]y _s ( its /yle ( execution 7 due to ! ,v5etian g5ius ( ,leop>di4 ,v]oc*io alone produc$ no?+ s truly magnific5t4 ,?is jo9t creation ( ,flor5t9e sci5ce & ,v5etian f]v\r is "o ( ! mo/ preci\s monum5ts ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,f x we le>n :at ! m5 :o f\ght ! bloodless battles ( ! commonweal?s1 & :o aspir$ to pr9cipality1 7 l4 ,he 0 tall1 writes a biograph] ( ,colleoni1#id ( erect & well-knit figure1 & ( well-proportion$ limbs4 ,8 complexion t5d$ r to br[n1 m>k$ )al by bright & sangu9e fle%-t9ts4 ,he _h black eyes2 _! brilliancy 0 vivid1 _! gaze t]rible & p5etrat+4 ,9 ! outl9e ( 8 nose & 9 all 8 features he display$ a manly nobl5ess comb9$ ) goodness & prud5ce4 ,bett] phrases _c be *os5 to describe 8 /atue4 ,:ile admir+ ?is ma/]piece & dwell+ on its royal /yle1 we are l$ to deplore mo/ bitt]ly ! loss ( ! ?ird eque/rian /atue ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,no?+ n[ rema9s b a few te*nical /udies made by ,lion>do da ,v9ci = 8 portrait ( ,francesco ,s=za4 ,! two elaborate models he con/ruct$ & ! majority ( 8 m9ute designs h be5 de/roy$4 ,he int5d$1 we are told1 to repres5t ! fir/ ,duke ( ! ,s=za dyna/y on 8 *>g]1 trampl+ ! body ( a pro/rate & j conqu]$ enemy4 ,rub5s' transcript f ! ,battle ( ! ,/&>d1 enables u to compreh5d to "s ext5t h[ ,lion>do might h treat$ ?is motive4 ,! sev]e & cauti\s /yle ( ,donatello1 aft] ga9+ fre$om & f]v\r f ,leop>di1 0 adapt$ to ! ideal pres5tation ( dramatic passion by ,lion>do4 ,?us ,gattamelata1 ,colleoni1 & ,francesco ,s=za w\ld1 ?r\gh _! /atues1 h m>k$ ?ree di/9ct phases 9 ! gr[? ( art4 ,! f9al ef=t ( ,italian sculpture to express human activity 9 ! p]son ( a m\nt$ w>rior has p]i%$4 ,9 ?is sph]e we possess no?+ :i*1 l ! tombs ( ,s4 ,lor5zo 9 relation to sepul*ral /atu>y1 completes a s]ies ( developm5t4 ,if ,donatello f\nd$ no s*ool1 ?is 0 f> m ! case ) ,ghib]ti4 ,8 suppos$ pupil1 ,antonio del ,pollajuolo1 %[$ no sign ( ,ghib]ti's influ5ce1 b /ruck out = himself a /yle di/+ui%$ by almo/ brutal en]gy & biz>re realism--*>act]i/ics ! v opposite to ^? ( 8 ma/]4 ,if ! bronze relief ( ! ,crucifixion 9 ! ,b>gello be really ,pollajuolo's1 we may ev5 trace a lean+ to ,v]oc*io 9 8 mann]4 ,! emphatic passion ( ! wom5 recalls ! gr\p ( m\rn]s r\nd ! dea?-b$ ( ,selvaggia ,tornabuoni 9 ,v]oc*io's celebrat$ bas-relief4 ,pollajuolo1 l s _m ,flor5t9e arti/s1 0 a goldsmi?1 a pa9t]1 & a work] 9 niello1 be=e he took to sculpture4 ,z a goldsmi? he is said to h surpass$ all 8 contempor>ies1 & 8 ma/]y ov] ?is art influ5c$ 8 /yle 9 g5]al4 ,:at we *iefly notice1 h[ev]1 9 8 *oice ( subjects is a fr5zy ( murd]\s en?usiasm1 a grimness ( imag9ation1 r>e among ,italian arti/s4 ,! picture 9 ! ,uffizzi ( ,h]cules & ,antaeus & ! well-kn[n engrav+ ( nak$ m5 fight+ a s]ies ( savage duels 9 a wood1 might be *os5 z emphatic illu/rations ( 8 fav\rite motives4 ,! fi]ce/ emotions ( ! ,r5aissance f9d expression 9 ! cl5*$ tee?1 /ra9$ muscles1 knott$ br[s1 & t5se n]ves1 depict$ by ,pollajuolo ) ecc5tric en]gy4 ,we seem to be assi/+ at "s ( ^? combats a /eccato *iuso :]e9 ,sixtus ,,iv4 delight$1 or to h be=e our eyes a fray betwe5 ,croc5si & ,vall5si 9 ! /reets ( ,rome4#ie ,! same rem>ks apply to ! t]ra-cotta relief by ,pollajuolo 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,?is piece displays ! /ruggles ( twelve nak$ m51 divid$ into six pairs ( combatants4 ,two ( ! c\ples hold %ort *a9s ) ! left h&1 & seek to /ab ea* o!r ) ! "r4 ,9 ! case ( ano!r two c\ples ! fight is ov]1 & ! victor is insult+ 8 fall5 foe4 ,9 ea* ( ! rema9+ pairs "o gladiator is on ! po9t ( yield+ to 8 adv]s>y4 ,!re are ?us ?ree sev]al mom5ts ( duel to ! dea?1 ea* illu/rat$ by two c\ples4 ,! ma!matical di/ribution ( ^! dreadful gr\ps gives an effect ( froz5 passion2 :ile ! vigor\s workman%ip displays n only an en?usiasm = muscul> anatomy1 b a real sympa?y ) blood-fury 9 ! arti/4 ,!re 01 !re=e1 a c]ta9 propriety 9 ! *oice ( ,pollajuolo to ca/ ! sepul*re ( ,sixtus ,,iv4 9 bronze at ,rome4 ,! be/ judges compla91 n )\t reason1 t ! allegories surr\nd+ ?is tomb are exagg]at$ & affect$ 9 /yle2 yet ! dead ,pope1 /ret*$ 9 pomp ^u 8 bi]1 comm&s m ?an m]ely hi/orical int]e/2 :ile ! figures1 seat$ z gu>dians r\nd ! old man1 t]rible 9 dea?1 communicate an impression ( monum5tal maje/y4 ,criticis$ 9 detail1 ea* sep>ate figure may be faulty4 ,! composition1 z a :ole1 is picturesque & gr&iose4 ,! same c sc>cely be said ab\t ! tomb ( ,innoc5t ,,viii41 erect$ by ,antonio & 8 bro!r ,pi]o del ,pollajuolo4 ,:ile x p]petuates ! memory ( an un9t]e/+ ,pontiff1 x has b little1 z a "w ( art1 to recomm5d x4 ,! ,pollajuoli 7 n great sculptors4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ,italian art !y des]ve a place1 because ( ! vivid p]sonality impress$ ^u "s portions ( _! "w4 ,few draughtsm5 c>ri$ ! /udy ( muscul> anatomy s f> z ,antonio4#if ,luca della ,robbia1 ^: life embrac$ ! fir/ eighty ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 (f]s 9 _m important respects a contra/ to 8 contempor>ies ,ghib]ti & ,donatello1 & /ill m to _! imm$iate foll[]s4 ,he made 8 art z true to life z x is possible to be1 )\t ! rugg$ realism ( ,donatello or ! some:at effem9ate graces ( ,ghib]ti4 ,! *>m ( 8 "w is nev] impair$ by sci5tific mann]ism--t /umbl+-block to critics l ,de ,/5dhal 9 ! art ( ,flor5ce2 nor does x suff] f ! picturesqu5ess ( a s5tim5tal /yle4 ,h[ to r5d] ! beauty ( nature 9 h] mo/ delightful mom5ts--tak+ u ) him into ! holie/ ( holies1 & h&l+ ! sacr$ vessels ) a *ild's confid+ boldness--0 a secret kn[n to ,luca della ,robbia alone4 ,we may well f9d food = m$itation 9 ! innoc5t & *e]ful inspiration ( ?is man1 ^: lifetime co9cid$ ) a p]iod ( sordid passions & debas$ ambition 9 ! ,*ur* & ,/ates ( ,italy4 ,luca 0 appr5tic$ 9 8 y\? to a goldsmi?2 b ( :at he wr\ght be=e ! age ( =ty-five1 we "k b little4#ig ,at t "t 8 faculty _h atta9$ full maturity1 & he produc$ ! gr\ps ( danc+ *ildr5 & *ori/]s int5d$ = ! organ gall]y ( ! ,duomo4 ,:olly free f affectation1 & dep5d+ = effect ^u no m]ely decorative detail1 ^! bas-reliefs des]ve ! praise be/[$ by ,dante on ! sculpture se5 9 ,purgatory3#ih-- ,d9anzi a noi p>eva si v]ace1 ,quivi intagliato 9 un atto soave1 ,*e non sembrava immag9e *e tace4 ,movem5t has nev] be5 sugge/$ 9 /one ) less exagg]ation1 nor h m>ble lips be5 made to utt] sweet] & m v>i$ music4 ,luca's true p]ception ( ! limits to be obs]v$ 9 sculpture1 appe>s mo/ em95tly 9 ! glaz$ t]ra-cotta "w by :i* he is be/ kn[n4 ,an ord9>y arti/ might h f\nd ! temptation to aim at %[y & pictorial effects 9 ?is mat]ial ov]:elm+4 ,luca re/ra9$ himself to pure :ite on pale blue1 & pres]v$ an exquisite simplicity ( l9e 9 all 8 compositions4 ,!re is an almo/ une>?ly beauty 9 ! pr(iles ( 8 ,madonnas1 a temp]$ sweetness 9 ! modulation ( _! drap]y & attitude1 t prove complete ma/]y 9 ! art ( r5d]+ evanesc5t mom5ts ( expression1 ! mo/ fragile subtleties ( ! emotions t c /ir a tranquil _s4 ,&rea della ,robbia1 ! nephew ( ,luca1 ) 8 f\r sons1 ,giovanni1 ,luca1 ,ambrogio1 & ,girolamo1 cont9u$ to manufacture ! glaz$ e>!nw>e ( ,luca's inv5tion4 ,^! m51 ?\gh excell5t artific]s1 lack$ ! f9e ta/e ( _! tea*]4 ,co>s] col\rs 7 introduc$2 ! eye 0 dazzl$ ) v>iety2 b ! p[] ( speak+ to ! s\l z ,luca spoke 0 lo/4#ii ,aft] ! ,della ,robbias1 ?is is ! place to m5tion ,ago/9o di ,gucci or di ,duccio1#ajj a sculptor :o h&l$ t]ra-cotta some:at 9 ! mann] ( ,donatello's flat-relief1 introduc+ m ri*ness ( detail & aim+ at m passion ?an ,luca's ta/e p]mitt$4 ,= ! oratory ( ,s4 ,b]n>d9o at ,p]ugia he design$ ! faade p>tly 9 /one & p>tly 9 bak$ clay--cr[d$ ) figures1 fly+1 s++1 play+ ^u in/rum5ts ( music1 ) wav+ drap]ies & w9dy hair & ! ec/asy ( movem5t 9 _! delicately modell$ limbs4 ,if no?+ else rema9$ ( ,ago/9o's workman%ip1 ?is faade alone w\ld place him 9 ! fir/ rank ( contempor>y arti/s4 ,he ow$ some?+1 p]haps1 to 8 mat]ial2 = t]ra-cotta has ! *>m ( improvisation4 ,! h&1 ob$i5t to ! bra91 has made x 9 "o mom5t :at x is1 & no sl[ h\rs ( lab\r at ! /one h dull$ ! fir/ caprice ( ! creative fancy4 ,"w1 !re=e1 :i*1 if translat$ into m>ble1 might h left our sympa?y un/irr$1 affects u ) ke5 pleasure 9 ! m\ld ( pla/ic clay4 ,:at prodigality ( ?\ght & inv5tion has be5 lavi%$ on ! t]ra-cotta models ( unkn[n ,italian arti/s6 ,:at =ms & faces1 beautiful z %apes ( dreams1 &1 l dreams1 s airy t we ?9k !y w take flight & vani%1 lean to greet u f cloi/]s & palace fronts 9 ,lomb>dy6 ,to catalogue _! multitude w\ld be impossible4 ,x is en\gh to select "o in/ance out ( _m2 ?is %all be tak5 f ! *apel ( ,s4 ,pet] ,m>tyr 9 ,s4 ,eu/orgio at ,milan4 ,high up ar\nd ! cupola runs a frieze ( angels1 s++ toge!r & danc+ ) jo9$ h&s1 :ile bells compos$ ( fruits & fl[]s hang d[n betwe5 !m4 ,ea* angel is an individual %ape ( joy2 ! s\l 9 ea* moves to its own deep melody1 b ! music made ( all is "o4 ,_! raim5t flutt]s1 ! bells *ime2 ! *orus ( _! gladness falls l voices ?r\gh a />-lit heav51 half-he>d 9 dreams & ev]la/+ly rememb]$4 ,f\r sculptors1 ! y\ng] contempor>ies ( ,luca della ,robbia1 & m>k$ by c]ta9 common qualities1 dem& att5tion next4 ,all ! "w ( ,antonio ,rossell9o1 ,matteo ,civitali1 ,m9o da ,fiesole1 & ,b5$etto da ,majano1 is di/+ui%$ by sweetness1 grace1 tranquillity1 & self-re/ra9t--z ?\gh ^! arti/s _h volunt>ily impos$ limits on _! g5ius1 refus+ to trespass beyond a trac$ circle ( religi\s subjects1 or to aim at effects unrealisable by purity ( outl9e1 suavity ( expression1 delicacy ( feel+1 & urbanity ( /yle4 ,! *>m ( mann] !y possess 9 common1 c sc>cely he def9$ except by similes4 ,! innoc5ce ( *ildhood1 ! melody ( a lute or song-bird z di/+ui%$ f ! music ( an or*e/ra1 ! ra! t9ts ( e>ly dawn1 *e]ful light on %all[ /reams1 ! s]5ity ( a simple & unta9t$ nature t has nev] kn[n ! _w--_m su* images occur to ! m9d :ile ?9k+ ( ! sculpture ( ^! m54 ,to *>ge !m ) insipidity1 immaturity1 & monotony1 w\ld be to mi/ake ! =ce ( g5ius & skill display$ by !m4 ,we %\ld r assume t !y conf9$ !mselves to c]ta9 types ( tranquil beauty1 )\t c>+ to realise m obvi\sly /rik+ effects1 & t ?is 0 _! way ( meet+ ! requirem5ts ( sculpture consid]$ z a ,*ri/ian art4 ,! melody ( _! design1 mean:ile1 is l ! pure/ song-music ( ,p]golese or ,salvator ,rosa1 unapproa*ably p]fect 9 simple outl9e1 & inexhau/ibly refre%+4 ,?\gh x is possible to *>act]ise ! /yle ( ^! sculptors by "s common qualities obs]vable 9 _! "w1 x %\ld r be ! aim ( criticism to po9t out _! diff]5ces4 ,antonio ,rossell9o1 = example1 might be di/+ui%$ by 8 lean+ t[>d ! mann] ( ,ghib]ti1 ^: l&scape backgr\nds he has adopt$ 9 ! circul> m$allions ( 8 monum5tal sculpture4 ,a f9e p]ception ( ! poetic capabilities ( ,*ri/ian art is display$ 9 ,rossell9o's idyllic treatm5t ( ! ,nativity--! adoration ( ! %eph]ds1 ! hu% ( rev]5tial /illness 9 ! wor%ip ,m>y pays h] infant son4#aja ,to ! qualities ( sweetness & tranquillity r>e dignity is add$ 9 ! monum5t ( ! "y ,c>d9al di ,portogallo4#ajb ,! sublimity ( ! slumb] t is dea? has nev] be5 m nobly & feel+ly portray$ ?an 9 ! sup9e figure & sleep+ features ( ?is mo/ beautiful "y man1 :o lies wat*$ by angels b5ea? a heavy-curta9$ canopy4 ,! g5ii ( et]nal repose modell$ by ,greek sculptors are tw9-bro!rs ( ,love1 on :om p]petual slumb] has desc5d$ amid poppy-fields by ,le!'s /ream4 ,! turmoil ( ! _w is ov] = !m2 !y w nev] wake aga92 !y d n ev5 dream4 ,sleep is ! only p[] t /ill has life 9 !m4 ,b ! ,*ri/ian _c ?us conceive ! my/]y ( ! s\l fall5 on sleep4 ,8 art mu/ sugge/ a "t ( wait+ & a "t ( wak+2 & ?is x does p>tly ?r\gh ! m9i/ration ( att5dant angels1 :o w\ld n be /&+ !re on gu>d if ! clay-cold corpse _h no futurity1 p>tly by brea?+ ^u ! limbs & visage ( ! dead a _s z ( life susp5d$ = a :ile4 ,?us ! s\l h]self is imag$ 9 ! m>ble mo/ sweetly slumb]+ 9 ! gates ( dreams4 ,:at ,vespasiano tells u ( ?is c>d9al1 born ( ! royal h\se ( ,portugal1 adds ! virtue ( s9c]ity to ,rossell9o's "w1 prov+ !re is no flatt]y ( ! dead man 9 8 sculpture4#ajc ,among 8 o!r admirable virtues1 says ! biograph]1 ,mess] ,jacopo di ,portogallo det]m9$ to pres]ve 8 virg9ity1 ?\gh he 0 beautiful above all o!rs ( 8 age4 ,consequ5tly he avoid$ all ?+s t might prove imp$im5ts to 8 v[1 su* z free disc\rse1 ! society ( wom51 balls1 & songs4 ,9 ?is mortal fle% he liv$ z ?\gh he _h be5 free f x--! life1 we may say1 r ( an angel ?an a man4 ,& if 8 biography 7 writt5 f 8 *ildhood to 8 dea?1 x w\ld be n only an ensample1 b confusion to ! _w4 ,^u 8 monum5t ! h& 0 modell$ f 8 own1 & ! face is v l him1 = he 0 mo/ lovely 9 8 p]son1 b /ill m 9 8 s\l4 ,:ile contemplat+ ?is monum5t ( ! "y c>d9al1 we feel t ! ,italians ( t age und]/ood sepul*ral sculpture f> bett] ?an _! imm$iate successors4 ,!y knew h[ to c>ve ! v s\l1 accord+ to ! l9es :i* our ,web/]1 a ke5 obs]v] ( all ?+s relat+ to ! grave & dea?1 has put into ,jol5ta's lips3-- ,b inde$1 ,if ev] ,i w\ld h m9e drawn to ! life1 ,i w\ld h a pa9t] /eal x at su* "t ,i 7 dev\tly kneel+ at my pray]s2 ,!re is !n a heav5ly beauty 9't2 ! s\l ,moves 9 ! sup]ficies4 ,! same ,web/] condemns t evil cu/om ( ap+ life & movem5t on ! monum5ts ( dead m51 :i* began to obta9 :5 ! motives ( pure repose _h be5 exhau/$4 ,:y1 asks ! ,du*ess ( ,malfi1 d we gr[ fanta/ical 9 our dea?-b$8 ,d we affect fa%ion 9 ! grave8 ,mo/ ambiti\sly1 answ]s ,bosola2 pr9ces' images on _! tombs d n lie z !y 7 wont1 seem+ to pray up to heav52 b ) _! h&s "u _! *eeks 7z if !y di$ ( ! too?a*e73 !y are n c>v$ ) _! eyes fix$ ^u ! />s2 b1 z _! m9ds 7 :olly b5t ^u ! _w1 ! self-same way !y seem to turn _! faces4 ,a m tr5*ant criticism ?an ?is c\ld h>dly h be5 pron\nc$ ^u ,&rea ,contucci di ,monte ,sansav9o's tombs ( ,ascanio ,s=za & ,girolamo della ,rov]e1 if ,bosola _h be5 /&+ be=e !m 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia del ,popolo :5 he spoke4 ,7 x ! function ( monum5tal sculpture to satirise ! dead1 or to po9t out _! *>act]i/ic faults = ! w>n+ ( po/]ity1 !n ! sepul*res ( ^! worldly c>d9als ( ,sixtus ,,iv4's creation w\ld be arti/ically ju/ifi$4 ,b ! object ( art is n ?is4 ,! idea ( dea?1 z conceiv$ by ,*ri/ians1 has to be portray$4 ,! repose ( ! j1 ! resurrection ( ! body1 & ! com+ judgm5t1 af=d suffici5t scope = treatm5t ( good m5 & bad alike4 ,or if ! sculptor h sublime imag9ation1 he may1 l ,mi*ael ,angelo1 sugge/ ! alt]nations ( ! day & night1 slumb] & wak+1 :]eby our little life is r\nd$ ) a sleep4 ,?is digression w h>dly be ?\ght sup]flu\s :5 we reflect h[ l>ge a "p ( ! sculptor's en]gy 0 sp5t on tombs 9 ,italy4 ,matteo ,civitali ( ,lucca 0 at lea/ ,rossell9o's equal 9 ! sculpturesque del9eation ( spiritual qualities2 b ! motives he *ose = treatm5t 7 m v>i$4 ,all 8 "w is p5etrat$ ) deep1 pray]ful1 int5se feel+2 z ?\gh ! arti/'s s\l1 p\r$ =? 9 ec/asy & adoration1 _h be5 giv5 to ! m>ble4 ,?is is especially true ( two angels kneel+ ^u ! alt> ( ! ,*apel ( ! ,sacram5t 9 ,lucca ,ca!dral4 ,civitali1 by s+ul> good =tune1 0 *os5 9 ! be/ ye>s ( 8 life to adorn ! ca!dral ( 8 native city2 & x is "h1 r ?an at ,g5oa1 :]e mu* ( 8 sculpture may also be se51 t he des]ves to be /udi$4 ,= ! p ( ,lucca he design$ ! ,*apel ( ! ,santo ,volto--a gem ( ! pure/ ,r5aissance ar*itecture--& a pulpit 9 ! same /yle4 ,8 mo/ rem>kable sculpture is to be f\nd 9 ?ree monum5ts3 ! tombs ( ,dom5ico ,b]t9i & ,pietro da ,noceto1 & ! alt> ( ,s4 ,regulus4 ,! la/ might be *os5 z an epitome ( all t is mo/ *>act]i/ic 9 ,tuscan sculpture ( ! e>li] ,r5aissance4 ,x is built aga9/ ! wall1 & ar*itecturally design$ s z to compreh5d a full-l5g? figure ( ! bi%op /ret*$ ^u 8 bi] & wat*$ by angels1 a gr\p ( ,madonna & h] *ild seat$ above him1 a r[ ( /&+ sa9ts bel[1 & a pr$ella compos$ ( f\r delicately f9i%$ bas-reliefs4 ,e "p ( ?is complex "w is conceiv$ ) _s & execut$ ) c>e2 & ! v>i\s elem5ts are s comb9$ z to make "o composition1 ! body ( ! sa9t on 8 s>cophagus =m+ ! c5tral object ( ! :ole4 ,to d m ?an briefly m5tion ! m9or sculptors ( ?is gr\p w\ld be impossible4 ,m9o di ,giovanni1 call$ ,da ,fiesole1 0 *>act]is$ by grace t t5d$ to deg5]ate into =mality4 ,! tombs 9 ! ,abbey ( ,flor5ce h an almo/ infant9e sweetness ( /yle1 :i* might be extremely piquant1 7 x n t ,m9o pu%$ ?is quality 9 o!r works to ! v]ge ( mann]ism4#ajd ,_! ar*itectural features are ! same z ^? ( simil> monum5ts 9 ,tuscany3--a %all[ recess1 flank$ by ,r5aissance pila/]s1 & ro($ ) a semicircul> ar*2 )9 ! recess1 ! full-l5g? figure ( ! dead man on a m>ble c(f9 ( antique design2 9 ! lunette above1 a ,madonna c>v$ 9 l[ relief4#aje ,m9o's bu/ ( ,bi%op ,salutati 9 ! ca!dral *ur* ( ,fiesole is a p[]ful portrait1 no less di/+ui%$ = vigor\s individuality ?an consummate workman%ip4 ,! waxlike f9i% ( ! f9ely *isell$ m>ble alone betrays t delicacy :i* ) ,m9o v]g$ on insipidity4 ,! same faculty ( "* del9eation is se5 9 ?ree pr(iles1 n[ 9 ! ,b>gello ,museum1 attribut$ to ,m9o4 ,!y repres5t ,fr$]ick ,duke ( ,urb9o1 ,batti/a ,s=za1 & ,galeazzo ,s=za4 ,! relief is v l[1 ris+ at no po9t m ?an half an in* above ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 b s c>efully modulat$ z to pres5t a wond]ful v>iety ( light & %ade1 & to r5d] ! facial expression ) great vividness4 ,desid]io da ,settignano1 "o ( ,donatello's few s*ol>s1 0 end[$ ) ! same gift ( exquisite ta/e z 8 fri5d ,m9o da ,fiesole2#ajf b 8 inv5tive faculty 0 bold]1 & 8 g5ius m robu/1 9 spite ( ! pr(use ornam5tation & elaborate f9i% ( 8 ma/]piece1 ! tomb ( ,c>lo ,m>supp9i 9 ,s4 ,croce4 ,! bu/ he made ( ,m>ietta di ,palla degli ,/rozzi enables u to comp>e 8 /yle 9 portraiture ) t ( ,m9o4#ajg ,x w\ld be h>d to f9d else:]e a m captivat+ comb9ation ( womanly sweetness & dignity4 ,we feel1 9 look+ at ^! products ( ! be/ age ( ,italian sculpture1 t ! arti/s :o conceiv$ !m 71 9 ! true/ s5se ( ! ^w1 g5tle4 ,none b m5 c\rte\s & unaffect$ c\ld h c>v$ a face l t ( ,m>ietta ,/rozzi1 brea?+ ! v _s ( urbanity4 ,to express ! mo/ amiable qualities ( a liv+ p]son 9 a "w ( art t %\ld sugge/ emotional tranquillity by h>moni\s treatm5t1 & indicate ! temp]ance ( a discipl9$ nature by self-re/ra9t & mod]ation ( /yle1 & to d ?is ) ! highe/ te*nical p]fection1 0 ! triumph ( fifte5?-c5tury sculpture4 ,an arti/ :o claims a ?ird place beside ,m9o & 8 fri5d1 il bravo ,desid] si dolce e bello1#ajh is ,b5$etto da ,majano4 ,9 ,b5$etto's bas-reliefs at ,san ,gemignano1 c>v$ = ! alt>s ( ^? unlovely ,tuscan wor?ies1 ,s4 ,f9a & ,s4 ,b>tolo1 we f9d a pictorial treatm5t ( leg5d>y subjects1 prov+ t he _h /udi$ ,ghirl&ajo's frescoes4 ,! same is true ab\t 8 pulpit 9 ,s4 ,croce at ,flor5ce1 8 treatm5t ( ! /ory ( ,s4 ,sav9o at ,fa5za1 & 8 ,annunciation 9 ! *ur* ( ,monte ,oliveto at ,naples4 ,b5$etto1 inde$1 may be said to illu/rate ! work+ ( ,ghib]ti's influ5ce by 8 lib]al use ( l&scape & ar*itectural backgr\nds2 b ! /yle is r ,ghirl&ajo's ?an ,ghib]ti's4 ,if x 0 a mi/ake 9 ! sculptors ( t p]iod to subord9ate _! art to pa9t+1 ! error1 we feel1 0 aggravat$ by ! imitation ( a mann] s prosaic z t ( ,ghirl&ajo4 ,t ,b5$etto began life z a t>siatore may p]haps help to acc\nt = 8 pictorial /yle 9 bas-relief4#aji ,9 e/imat+ 8 total claim z an arti/1 we mu/ n =get t he design$ ! =midable & spl5did ,/rozzi ,palace4 ,x w be obs]v$ t all ! sculptors hi!rto m5tion$ h be5 ,tuscans2 & ?is is due to no m]e accid5t--nor yet to caprice on ! "p ( _! hi/orian4 ,?\gh ! o!r di/ricts ( ,italy produc$ admirable workm51 ! direction giv5 to ?is art proce$$ f ,tuscany4 ,flor5ce1 ! metropolis ( mod]n culture1 det]m9$ ! c\rse ( ! ae/hetical ,r5aissance4 ,ev5 at ,rim9i we _c acc\nt = ! c>v+s 9 l[ relief1 s fanciful1 s delicately wr\ght1 & s pr(usely scatt]$ ov] ! side *apels ( ,s4 ,francesco1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( two ,flor5t9es1 ,b]n>do ,ciuffagni & ,donatello's pupil ,simone2 :ile 9 ! palace ( ,urb9o we trace "s h& n unlike t ( ,m9o da ,fiesole at "w ^u ! m\ld+s ( door & ar*itrave1 cornice & high-built *imney4#aaj ,n only d we ?us f9d ,tuscan craftsm5 or _! s*ol>s employ$ on all ! great public build+s ?r\gh\t ,italy2 b x also happ5s t1 except 9 ,tuscany1 ! decoration ( *ur*es & palaces is n unfrequ5tly anonym\s4 ,?is does n1 h[ev]1 int]f]e ) ! tru? t sculpture1 l all ! arts1 assum$ a some:at diff]5t "* 9 ea* ,italian city4 ,! ,v5etian /one-c>v]s lean$ f ! fir/ to a ri*] & m passionate /yle ?an ! ,flor5t9e1 reproduc+ ! types ( ,cima's & ,bell9i's pa9t+s4#aaa ,:ole families1 l ! ,bregni--classes1 l ! ,lomb>di--s*ools1 l t ( ,aless&ro ,leop>di1 work$ toge!r on ! monum5tal sculpture ( ,s4 ,zanipolo4 ,9 ! tombs ( ! ,doges ! old ,pisan motive ( ! curta9s 7fir/ us$ by ,arnolfo di ,cambio at ,orvieto1 & aft]w>ds ) gr& effect by ,giovanni ,pisano at ,p]ugia7 is exp&$ into a sumptu\s t5t-canopy4 ,pages & g5ii & mail$ h]oes take ! place ( angels1 & ! m>9e details ( ,roman reliefs are copi$ 9 ! subord9ate decoration4 ,at ,v]ona ! m$iaeval tombs ( ! ,scalig]s1 ) _! va/ *e/-l s>cophagi & m\nt$ w>riors1 exhibit features m>k$ly diff]5t f ! monum5ts ( ,tuscany2 :ile ! mixture ( fresco ) sculpture1 9 monum5ts l t ( ! ,cavalli 9 ,s4 ,ana/asia1 & 9 _m alt>-pieces1 is at v>iance ) ,flor5t9e usage4 ,on ! t]ra-cotta m\ld+s1 s frequ5t 9 ,lomb>d cities1 ,i h already _h occasion to t\* briefly4 ,!y almo/ inv>iably display a feel+ = beauty m s5su\s1 ) less ( sci5tific purpose 9 _! naturalism1 ?an is common 9 ! ,tuscan /yle4 ,guido ,mazzoni ( ,mod5a1 call$ ,il ,modan9o1 may be m5tion$ z ! sculptor :o fre$ t]ra-cotta f its dep5d5ce ^u ar*itecture1 & :o modell$ gr\ps ( ov]p[]+ dramatic realism4 ,8 ,piet1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,monte ,oliveto at ,naples1 is valuable1 less = its passionate int5sity ( expression ?an = ! portraits ( ,pontano1 ,sannazz>o1 & ,alfonso ( ,aragon4#aab ,?is sub-species ( sculpture 0 freely employ$ 9 ,nor? ,italy to /imulate devotion1 & to impress ! p ) lively pictures ( ! ,passion4 ,! ,sacro ,monte at ,v>allo1 = example1 is cov]$ ) a multitude ( *apels1 ea* "o ( :i* pres5ts "s *apt] ( ,bible hi/ory dramatically r5d]$ by life-size gr\ps ( t]ra-cotta figures4 ,"s ( ^! 7 design$ by em95t pa9t]s1 & execut$ by clev] modell]s 9 clay4 ,ev5 n[ !y are sc>cely less /irr+ to ! m9d ( a dev\t spectator ?an ! sc5es ( a m$iaeval ,my/]y may h be54 ,! ,c]tosa ( ,pavia1 la/ly1 is ! c5tre ( a s*ool ( sculpture t has little 9 common ) ! ,flor5t9e tradition4 ,antonio ,amadeo#aac & ,&rea ,fus9a1 act+ 9 conc]t ) ,ambrogio ,borgognone ! pa9t]1 gave x 9 ! fifte5? c5tury t "* ( ri* & complex decorative beauty :i* _m g5]ations ( arti/s 7 de/9$ to cont9ue & complete4 ,among ! c\ntless sculptors employ$ ^u its m>vell\s faade ,amadeo ass]ts an individuality above ! re/1 :i* is fur!r manife/$ 9 8 "w 9 ! ,cappella ,colleoni at ,b]gamo4 ,we !re le>n to "k him1 n only z an en?usia/ic cultivator ( ! m+l$ ,*ri/ian & pagan mann] ( ! quattroc5to1 b z an arti/ 9 ! true/ s5se ( ! ^w sympa!tic4 ,! sepul*ral portrait ( ,m$ea1 daught] ( ! great ,condotti]e1 has a grace almo/ beyond t ( ,della ,qu]cia's ,il>ia4#aad ,mu*1 no d\bt1 is due to ! peculi>ly fragile beauty ( ! girl h]self1 :o lies asleep ) little crisp curls clu/]+ ^u h] =ehead1 & ) a /r+ ( pe>ls ar\nd h] sl5d] ?roat4 ,b ! s5sibility to lovel9ess s delicate1 & ! p[] to r5d] x 9 m>ble ) s e!real a t\* ^u ! rigid /one1 belong to ! sculptor1 & w9 = him our wor%ip4 ,! li/ ( fifte5?-c5tury sculptors is almo/ end$2 & already1 on ! ?re%old ( ! sixte5?1 /&s ! mighty =m ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,&rea ,contucci da ,sansav9o & 8 pupil ,jacopo ,tatti1 call$ also ,sansov9o1 aft] 8 ma/]1 mu/1 h[ev]1 next be m5tion$ z cont9u+ ! ,flor5t9e tradition )\t subs]vi5ce to ! /yle ( ,buon>roti4 ,&rea da ,sansav9o 0 a sculptor 9 :om = ! fir/ "t ! faults ( ! mid-,r5aissance p]iod are gl>+ly app>5t4 ,he p]si/5tly sacrific$ simplicity ( composition to decorative o/5tation1 & tranquillity ( feel+ to !atrical effect4 ,! tru? ( ?is w be ackn[l$g$ by all :o h /udi$ ! tombs ( ! c>d9als 9 ,s4 ,m>ia del ,popolo already m5tion$1#aae & ! bas-reliefs ^u ! ,santa ,casa at ,loreto4 ,9 te*nical workman%ip ,&rea prov$ himself an able craftsman1 modell+ m>ble ) ! pla/icity ( wax1 & lavi%+ patt]ns ( ! mo/ ref9$ inv5tion4 ,yet ! decorative prodigality ( ?is ma/] correspond$ to ! frigid & /yli/ic graces ( ! neo-,lat9 poets4 ,x 0 s mu* mann]ism--adopt$ )\t real passion f ! antique1 & appli$ ) a rhetorical int5tion4 ,^? acan?us scrolls & honeysuckle bord]s1 9 spite ( _! consummate f9i%1 fail to arre/ att5tion1 leav+ ! s\l z un/irr$ z ! ,ovidian cad5ces ( ,bembo4 ,jacopo ,tatti 0 a g5ius ( m di/9ction4 ,toge!r ) ,san ,gallo & ,bramante he /udi$ ! sci5ce ( ar*itecture 9 ,rome1 :]e he also work$ at ! re/oration ( newly discov]$ antiques1 & ca/ 9 bronze a copy ( ! ,laocoon4 ,?us equipp$ ) ! arti/ic le>n+ ( 8 age1 he 0 call$ 9 #aebc by ! ,doge1 ,&rea ,gritti1 to ,v5ice4 ,! mat]ial pomp ( ,v5ice at ?is epo*1 & ! pride ( h] unrivall$ luxury1 affect$ 8 imag9ation s p[]fully t 8 g5ius1 tutor$ by ,flor5t9e & ,umbrian ma/]s among ! ru9s ( old ,rome1 became at once ,v5etian4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,r5aissance ! names ( ,titian & ,aret9o1 !mselves acclimatis$ ali5s1 are insep>ably connect$ ) t ( _! fri5d ,sansov9o4 ,at ,v5ice he liv$ until 8 dea? 9 #aegj1 build+ ! ,zecca1 ! ,libr>y1 ! ,scala d',oro 9 ! ,ducal ,palace1 & ! ,loggietta b5ea? ! bell-t[] ( ,s4 ,m>k4 ,9 all 8 "w he subord9at$ sculpture to ar*itecture1 & 8 /atu>y is conceiv$ 9 ! bravura1 mann] ( ,r5aissance paganism4 ,:atev] may be ! faults ( ,sansov9o 9 bo? arts1 x _c be d5i$ t he express$1 9 a /yle peculi> to himself1 ! l>ge voluptu\s ext]nal life ( ,v5ice at a mom5t :5 ?is city 0 ! ,p>is or ! ,cor9? ( ,r5aissance ,europe4 ,at ! same "t1 ! %all[ness ( ,sansov9o's inspiration z a sculptor is pat5t 9 8 ma/]pieces ( p>ade--! ,neptune & ! ,m>s1 gu>d+ ! ,scala d',oro4 ,sep>at$ f ! ar*itecture ( ! c\rt & /aircase1 !y are insignificant 9 spite ( _! colossal scale4 ,9 _! place !y add a haughty gr&eur1 by ! contra/ :i* _! fl[+ =ms & arrogant attitudes pres5t to ! sev]] l9es ( ! con/ruction4 ,b !y are devoid ( arti/ic s9c]ity1 & occupy ! same relation to true sculpture z fl\ri%es ( rhetoric1 h[ev] brilliant1 to poetry embody+ deep ?\ght or passion4 ,at fir/ sight !y impose3 on fur!r acqua9tance we f9d !m *iefly int]e/+ z illu/rations ( a pot5t civic life ^u ! wane1 gorge\s 9 its decay4 ,sansov9o 0 a fir/-rate craftsman4 ,! mo/ f9i%$ specim5 ( 8 skill is ! bronze door ( ! ,sacri/y ( ,s4 ,m>co1 ^u :i* he is said to h work$ ?r\gh tw5ty ye>s4 ,portraits ( ! sculptor1 ,titian1 & ,pietro ,aret9o are introduc$ into ! decorative bord]4 ,^! heads />t f ! surface ( ! gate ) a/oni%+ vivacity4 ,t ,aret9o %\ld ?us daily assi/ 9 effigy at ! procession ( prie/s be>+ ! sacr$ emblems f ! sacri/y to ! high alt> ( ,s4 ,m>k1 is "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic pro(s ( sixte5?-c5tury indiff]5ce to ?+s holy & ?+s pr(ane4 ,jacopo ,sansov9o m>ks ! f9al intrusion ( paganism into mod]n art4 ,! classical revival _h work$ b p>tially & indirectly ^u ,ghib]ti & ,donatello--n because !y did n feel x mo/ int5sely1 b because !y clung to nature f> m closely ?an to antique prec$5t4 ,?is en?usiasm inspir$ ,sansov9o ) ! be/ & /ronge/ qualities t he c boa/2 & if 8 g5ius _h be5 p[]ful en\gh to resi/ ! fasc9ation ( m]ely rhetorical effects1 he might h produc$ a p]fect re/oration ( ! classic /yle4 ,8 0 no lifeless or p$antic imitation ( antique fragm5ts1 b a real expression ( ! f]v\r ) :i* ! mod]n _w hail$ ! discov]ies reveal$ to x by s*ol>%ip4 ,?is is said advis$ly4 ,! mo/ beautiful & spirit$ pagan /atue ( ! ,r5aissance p]iod1 ju/ify+ ! e/imate "h made ( ,sansov9o's g5ius1 is ! ,bac*us exhibit$ 9 ! ,b>gello ,museum4 ,bo? ! ,bac*us & ! ,satyriscus at 8 side are triumphs ( realism1 irradiat$ & idealis$ by ! sculptor's vivid s5se ( natural gladness4 ,consid]$ z a re/itution ( ! antique mann]1 ?is /atue is decid$ly sup]ior to ! ,bac*us ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,:ile ! mundane spl5d\r ( ,v5ice gave body & fulness to ,sansov9o's paganism1 he miss$ ! self-re/ra9t & purity ( ta/e peculi> to ! /udi\s %ades ( ,flor5ce4 ,9 8 /yle1 bo? ar*itectural & sculptural1 ! neo-pagan s5suality ( ,italy exp&$ all its bloom4 ,= ! arti/ at ?is p]iod a ,greek my? & a ,*ri/ian leg5d 7 all "o4 ,bo? af=d$ ! occasion = display+ te*nical skill 9 flu5t =ms1 devoid ( any b voluptu\s feel+2 :ile bo? might be subord9at$ to ri* effects ( decoration4#aaf ,to ?is po9t ! intellectual culture ( ! fifte5? c5tury _h br\ght ! pla/ic arts ( ,italy1 by a process simil> to t :i* end$ 9 ! ,p>tus ,virg9is ( ,sannazz>o4 ,!y 7 /ill indisputably vigor\s1 & work+ 9 accordance ) ! movem5t ( ! mod]n _s4 ,yet ! syn!sis !y attempt$ to effect betwe5 hea!nism & ,*ri/ianity1 by a %e] ef=t ( /yle1 & by indiff]5tism1 /rikes u f ! po9t ( view ( art alone1 n reckon+ religion or morality1 z unsuccessful4 ,/ill1 if x be *ildi% on ! "o h& to deplore t ! ,*ri/ian e>ne/ness ( ! e>li] ma/]s _h fail$1 x w\ld be ev5 m ridicul\s to compla9 t paganism _h n be5 m entirely recov]$4 ,! d\ble-m9d ( ! ,r5aissance1 ! s\rce ( its weakness 9 art z 9 ?\ght1 c\ld n be avoid$1 because humanity at ?is mom5t _h to lose ! m$iaeval s9c]ity ( fai?1 & to assimilate ! _s ( a bygone civilisation4 ,?is1 = bett] or = worse1 0 ! phase ?r\gh :i* ! intellect ( mod]n ,europe 0 oblig$ to pass2 & ^? :o h confid5ce 9 ! de/9ies ( ! human race1 w n sp5d _! /r5g? 9 moan+ ov] su* %ortcom+s z ! p]iods ( transition br+ inevitably ) !m4 ,! /ud5t ( ,italian hi/ory may inde$ m reasonably be all[$ to "q :e!r ! arts1 if left to foll[ _! own developm5t un*eck$1 might n h recov]$ f ! confusion ( ! ,r5aissance & h ent]$ on a /age ( nobl] activity ?r\gh e>ne/ & unaffect$ /udy ( nature4 ,b ! enslavem5t ( ! c\ntry1 toge!r ) ! c\nt]-,re=mation1 susp5d$ ! ,r5aissance 9 mid-c>e]2 & :at rema9s ( ,italian art is incomplete4 ,besides1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! confusion ( op9ions consequ5t ^u ! cla% ( ! mod]n ) ! anci5t _w1 left no body ( g5]ally accept$ beliefs to express2 nor has ! "t ev5 yet arriv$ = a settlem5t & syn!sis t %all be fav\rable to ! activity ( ! figurative arts4 ,sansov9o himself 0 nei!r orig9al nor p[]ful en\gh1 to elevate ! mix$ motives ( ,r5aissance sculpture by any l(ty idealisation4 ,to d t rema9$ = ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,! greatness ( ,mi*ael ,angelo consi/s 9 ?is--t :ile lit]ature 0 s9k+ into ! frivolity ( ,academies & ! fil? ( ! ,b]nesque ,capitoli1 :ile ! b>efac$ villanies ( ,aret9o won him cr$it1 :ile s5sual magnific5ce =m$ ! ideal ( arti/s :o 7 nei!r ,greeks nor ,*ri/ians1 :ile ,ario/o f\nd no subject fitt] = 8 g5ius ?an a glitt]+ romance1 he & he alone ma9ta9$ ! ,dantesque dignity ( ! ,italian intellect 9 8 sculpture4 ,mi*ael ,angelo /&s s f> ap>t f o!r m51 & is s gigantic a =ce = good & evil 9 ! hi/ory ( art1 t to e/imate 8 life & lab\r 9 relation to ! ,r5aissance mu/ =m ! subject ( a sep>ate *apt]4 ,= ! pres5t x is en\gh to obs]ve t 8 imm$iate s*ol>s1 ,raffaello da ,montelupo1 & ,gian ,angelo ,montorsoli1 caught little f _! ma/] b ! mann]ism ( contort$ =m & agitat$ action4 ,?is mann]ism1 a blemi% ev5 9 ! /rong "w ( ,buon>roti1 became ridicul\s :5 adopt$ by m5 ( feeble p[]s & passionless imag9ation4 ,by /ra9+ ! art ( sculpture to its utmo/ limits1 ,mi*ael ,angelo express$ vehem5t emotions 9 m>ble2 & ! =c$ attitudes affect$ 9 8 "w _h _! value z significant ( spiritual /ruggle4 ,8 imitators %[$ none ( _! ma/]'s sublime =ce1 none ( t t]ribilit :i* made him unapproa*able 9 social int]c\rse & inimitable 9 art4 ,!y m]ely fanci$ t dignity & beauty 7 to be a*iev$ by plac+ figures 9 difficult po/ures1 exagg]at$ muscul> anatomy1 & twi/+ ! limbs ( _! models ^u sections ( ellipses 9 uncom=table attitudes1 till ! :ole ( _! "w 0 wri!n into unc\? l9es4 ,buon>roti himself 0 n responsible = ^! results4 ,he wr\ght out 8 own ideal ) ! firmness ( a g5ius t obeys ! law ( its own nature1 do+ always :at x mu/4 ,t ! decad5ce ( sculpture into trucul5t bravado 0 indep5d5t ( 8 direct influ5ce1 is fur!r prov$ by ! ineffici5cy ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,baccio ,b&9elli & ,b>tolommeo ,ammanati fill$ ! squ>es ( ! ,italian cities ) /atues ( ,h]cules & ,satyrs1 ,neptune & ,riv]-gods4 ,we "k n :e!r to select ! vulg>ity1 ! feebl5ess1 or ! pret5ti\sness ( ^! pseudo-classical colossi = condemnation4 ,!y h no?+ ,greek ab\t !m b _! names1 _! nak$ness1 & _! association ) my?s1 ! significance :]e( 0 nev] really felt by ! sculptors4 ,"s ( ,b&9elli's designs1 x is true1 are vigor\s2 b !y are m]e draw+s f undrap$ peasants1 life /udies depict+ ! human animal4 ,8 ,h]cules & ,cacus1 :ile x des]ves all ! s>casm hurl$ at x by ,cell9i1 proves t ,b&9elli c\ld n rise above ! wre/l+ b\t ( a port] & a coal-heav]4 ,nor w\ld x be possible to inv5t a motive less 9 accordance ) ,greek ta/e ?an ! conceit ( ,ammanati's f\nta9 at ,ca/ello1 :]e ,h]cules by squeez+ ! body ( ,antaeus makes ! dr9k+ wat] ( a city sp\t f a giant's m\?4 ,su* pitiful misapplications ( an art :i* is design$ to elevate ! commonplace ( human =m1 & to r5d] p]man5t ! nobl] qualities ( physical exi/5ce1 %[ h[ sup]ficially & wrongly ! antique _s _h be5 appreh5d$4 ,"s ye>s be=e 8 dea? ,ammanati express$ 9 public 8 regret t he _h made s _m giants & satyrs1 feel+ t1 by exhibit+ =ms ( lu/1 brutality1 & animalism to ! gaze ( 8 fell[-c\ntrym51 he _h s9n$ aga9/ ! high] law reveal$ by ,*ri/ianity4 ,= a ,greek arti/ to h spok5 ?us w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,! ,faun1 ! ,titan1 & ! ,satyr _h a mean+ = him1 :i* he s\ght to set =? 9 accordance ) ! semi-religi\s1 semi-poetical traditions ( 8 race2 & :5 he 0 at "w ^u a my? ( nature-=ces1 he well knew t at ! o!r end ( ! scale1 sep>at$ by no spiritual b>ri]1 b remov$ to an almo/ inf9ite di/ance ( ref9em5t1 ,zeus1 ,phoebus1 & ,pallas claim$ 8 l(ti] arti/ic inspiration4 ,ammanati's confession1 on ! contr>y1 betrays t s*ism betwe5 ! consci5ce ( ,*ri/ianity & ! lu/s let loose by ill-assimilat$ sympa?y ) antique hea!nism1 :i* 0 a m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! co>s] passions1 held 9 *eck by ecclesia/ical discipl9e1 d>$ to em]ge into ! light ( day "u ! suppos$ sanction ( classical examples4 ,:at ! ,visconti & ! ,borgias practis$ 9 _! secret *amb]s1 ! sculptors expos$ 9 m>ble & ! poets 9 v]se4 ,all alike1 h[ev]1 7 mi/ak5 9 suppos+ t antique prec$5t sanction$ ?is effloresc5ce ( immorality4 ,no am\nt ( ,greek epigrams by ,/rato & ,meleag]1 nor all ! ,h]maphrodites & ,priapi ( ,rome1 _h p[] to annul ! law ( conduct e/abli%$ by ! f\nd]s ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ratifi$ by ! high] in/9cts ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,nor aga9 7 arti/s ju/ifi$ be=e ! b> ( consci5ce 9 select+ ! bas] elem5ts ( ,paganism = imitation1 in/ead ( aim+ at ,greek self-re/ra9t & ,roman /r5g? ( "*4 ,all ?is ! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance felt :5 !y li/5$ to ! voice )9 !m4 ,_! "w1 !re=e1 9 s f> z x pret5d$ to be a recon/ruction ( ! antique 0 false4 ,! s5suality x %>$ 9 common ) _m ,greek & ,roman ma/]pieces1 _h ceas$ to be frank & 9 ! true s5se pagan4 ,to %ake (f ,*ri/ianity1 & to rev]t ) an untr\bl$ consci5ce to ! mann]s ( a bygone age1 0 :at !y c\ld n d4 ,! errors ,i h attempt$ to *>act]ise did n1 h[ev]1 prev5t ! bett] & m c>eful works ( sculpture1 execut$ 9 illu/ration ( classical my?ology1 f hav+ a true value4 ,! ,p]seus ( ,cell9i & "s ( ,gian ,bologna's /atues belong to a class ( ae/hetic productions :i* %[ h[ mu* t is bo? orig9al & excell5t may be rais$ 9 ! hotb$ ( culture4#aag ,!y express a g5u9e mom5t ( ! ,r5aissance ) vig\r1 & des]ve to be rank$ ) ! ,lat9 poetry ( ,poliziano1 ,bembo1 & ,pontano4 ,! wor/ t c be said ( !m is t _! inspiration 0 factiti\s1 & t _! motives _h be5 h&l$ bett] 9 ! age ( ,greek s9c]ity4 ,gian ,bologna1 born at ,d\ai1 b a ,flor5t9e by education1 devot$ himself almo/ exclusively to my?ological sculpture4 ,t he 0 a great] sculptor ?an 8 imm$iate pr$ecessors w be affirm$ by all :o h /udi$ 8 bronze ,m]cury1 ! ,v5us ( ,petraja1 & ! ,neptune on ! f\nta9 ( ,bologna4 ,some?+ ( ! g5u9e classic feel+ _h pass$ into 8 nature4 ,! ,m]cury is n a rem9isc5ce ( any antique /atue4 ,x gives 9 bronze a fai?ful & spirit$ read+ ( ,virgil's l9es1 & is conceiv$ ) arti/ic purity n unwor?y ( a good ,greek p]iod4 ,! ,neptune is some?+ m ?an a muscul> old man2 &1 9 its place1 x =ms "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ ornam5ts ( ,italy4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t sculpture1 9 ?is /age1 cont9u$ to be decorative4 ,f\nta9s are among ! mo/ successful monum5ts ( ! late ,r5aissance4 ,ev5 ,montorsoli's f\nta9 at ,mess9a is 9 a high s5se picturesquely beautiful4 ,ca/+ a glance backw>d ov] ! =ego+ sket* ( ,italian sculpture1 x w be se5 t ?ree di/9ct /ages 7 trav]s$ 9 ! evolution ( ?is art4 ,! fir/ may be call$ ar*itectural1 ! second pictorial1 ! ?ird neo-pagan4 ,def9$ by _! arti/ic purposes1 ! fir/ idealises ,*ri/ian motives2 ! second is naturali/ic2 ! ?ird attempts an idealisation inspir$ by reviv$ paganism4 ,z f> z ! ,r5aissance is conc]n$1 all ?ree are mom5ts 9 its hi/ory2 ?\gh x 0 only dur+ ! ?ird t ! influ5ces ( ! classical revival made !mselves ov]:elm+ly felt4 ,niccola ,pisano 9 ! fir/ /age m>k$ a fre% po9t ( dep>ture = 8 art by a return to ,graeco-,roman /&>ds ( ! pure/ type !n atta9able1 9 comb9ation ) ! /udy ( nature4 ,giovanni ,pisano effect$ a fusion betwe5 8 fa!r's mann] & ! ,go?ic /yle4 ,! ,pisan sculpture 0 :olly ,*ri/ian2 nor did x attempt to free itself f ! s]vice ( ar*itecture4 ,giotto op5$ ! second /age by introduc+ new motives1 employ$ by him ) p>am\nt ma/]y 9 pa9t+4 ,"u 8 influ5ce ! sculptors incl9$ to picturesque effects1 & ! direction ?us giv5 to sculpture la/$ ?r\gh ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,= ! re/1 ! /yle ( ^! ma/]s 0 di/+ui%$ by a fre% & *>m+ naturalism & by rapid gr[? 9 te*nical processes4 ,:ile assimilat+ mu* ( ! classical _s1 !y rema9$ on ! :ole ,*ri/ian2 & h]e9 !y 7 confirm$ by ! subjects !y 7 *iefly call$ ^u to treat1 9 ! decoration ( alt>s1 pulpits1 *ur* faades1 & tombs4 ,! reviv$ int]e/ 9 antique lit]ature wid5$ _! sympa?ies & suppli$ _! fancy ) new mat]ial2 b !re is no imitative =malism 9 _! "w4 ,its beauty consi/s 9 a c]ta9 immature bl5d+ ( motives *os5 almo/ indiscrim9ately f ,*ri/ian & pagan my?ology1 vitalis$ by ! imag9ation ( ! arti/1 & pres5t$ ) ! orig9ality ( true creative in/9ct4 ,dur+ ! ?ird /age ! results ( prolong$ & almo/ exclusive att5tion to ! classics1 on ! "p ( ! ,italians z a p1 make !mselves manife/4 ,collections ( antiquities & libr>ies _h be5 =m$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury2 ! lit]>y en]gies ( ! nation 7 devot$ to ! int]pretation ( ,greek & ,lat9 texts1 & ! mann]s ( society affect$ paganism4 ,at ! same "t a worldly ,*ur* & a corrupt hi]>*y _h done _! utmo/ to enfeeble ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,t art %\ld prove itself s5sitive to ?is phase ( intellectual & social life 0 natural4 ,religi\s subjects 7 n[ treat$ by ! sculptors ) sup]ficial =malism & cynical indiff]5ce1 :ile all _! +5uity 0 be/[$ ^u provid+ pagan my?s ) new =ms4 ,h[ f> !y succe$$ has be5 already made ! matt] ( inquiry4 ,! mo/ s]i\s condemnation ( art 9 ?is ?ird p]iod is t x halt$ betwe5 two op9ions1 t x c\ld n be s9c]e4 ,b ?is d\ble-m9d$ness1 z ,i h tri$ to %[1 0 necess>y2 & !re=e to lam5t ov] x is weak4 ,:at ! ,r5aissance a*iev$ = ! mod]n _w 0 ! lib]ation ( ! reason1 ! p[] ( />t+ on a new c>e] ( progress4 ,! false direction giv5 to ! art ( sculpture at "o mom5t ( ?is intellectual revival may be deplor$2 & /ill m deplorable is ! correspond+ s5sual debasem5t ( ! race :o won = u ! possibility ( fre$om4 ,b ! life ( humanity is long & vigor\s1 & ! philosoph] ( hi/ory kn[s well t ! sum total ( accompli%m5t at any "t mu/ be dim9i%$ by an unavoidable disc\nt4 ,! ,r5aissance1 l a man ( g5ius1 _h ! defects ( its qualities4 ,,footnotes3 #ef ,sket*es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian ,art1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajb4 #eg ,s9ce ,i wrote ! p>agraph above1 ,i h *anc$ to read ,mr4 ,busk9's eloqu5t tirade aga9/ ! mod]n sceptical s*ool ( critics 9 8 ,morn+s 9 ,flor5ce1 ,! ,vault$ ,book1 pp4 #aje1 #ajf4 ,) ! _s ( x ,i ?or\ghly agree2 feel+ t1 9 ! abs5ce ( solid evid5ce to ! contr>y1 ,i w\ld always r accept sixte5?-c5tury ,italian tradition ) ,vas>i1 ?an reject x ) ,g]man or ,engli% speculators ( to-day4 ,?is does n mean t ,i wi% to swe> by ,vas>i1 :5 he c be prov$ to h be5 wrong1 b t ,i reg>d ! pres5t t5d5cy to mi/ru/ tradition1 only because x is tradition1 z 9 ! highe/ s5se uncritical4 #eh ,see ,app5dix ,i41 on ! ,pulpits ( ,pisa & ,ravello4 #ei ,! data is extremely d\btful4 ,7 we to tru/ int]nal evid5ce--! evid5ce ( /yle & h&l+--we %\ld be incl9$ to "n ?is n ! e>lie/ b ! late/ & ripe/ ( ,pisano's works4 ,x may be sugge/$ 9 pass+ t ! =m ( ! lunette 0 fav\rable to ! composition by =c+ a gradation 9 ! figures f ! c5tre to ei!r side4 ,!re is an engrav+ ( ?is bas-relief 9 ,ottley's ,italian ,s*ool ( ,design4 #fj ,rheims ,ca!dral1 = example1 0 begun 9 #abaa4 ,^u its we/]n portals is ! lovelie/ ( ,nor!rn ,go?ic sculpture4 #fa ,antonio ,fil>ete 0 commission$1 soon aft] #adca1 by ,eug5ius ,,iv41 to make ! great gates ( ,s4 ,pet]'s4 ,! decorative framework repres5ts a multitude ( liv+ creatures--snails1 snakes1 liz>ds1 mice1 butt]flies1 & birds--half hidd5 9 foliage1 toge!r ) ! be/ kn[n among ,greek my?s1 ! ,rape ( ,pros]p9e1 ,diana & ,actaeon1 ,europa & ! ,bull1 ! ,lab\rs ( ,h]cules1 c4 ,su* fables z ! ,fox & ! ,/ork1 ! ,fox & ! ,cr[1 & old /ories l t ( ! dea? ( s*ylus1 are includ$ 9 ?is m$ley4 ,! monum5t ( ,paul ,,iii4 is plac$ 9 ! *oir ( ,s4 ,pet]'s4 ,giulia ,bella 0 ! mi/ress ( ,alex&] ,,vi41 & a si/] ( ! ,f>nese1 :o ow$ 8 c>d9al's hat to h] influ5ce4 ,to repres5t h] z an allegory ( ,tru? ^u h] bro!r's tomb might well pass = a grim satire4 ,! ,prud5ce opposite is said to be a portrait ( ! ,pope's "m1 ,giovanna ,gatani4 ,%e resembles no?+ m ?an a du5na ( ! type ( ,m>?a 9 ,goe!'s ,fau/4 ,"h1 aga91 ! allegory w\ld po9t a sca?+ s>casm1 if we did n rememb] ! navet ( ! ,r5aissance4 #fb ,see above1 ,*apt] ,,ii1 ,italian want ( feel+ = ,go?ic4 #fc ,hav+ said s mu* ab\t ?is pulpit ( ,s4 ,&rea1 ,i am sorry t ,i _c ref] ! ,engli% read] to any accessible repres5tation ( x4 ,= its sake alone1 if = no o!r purpose1 ,pi/oja is well wor? a visit4 #fd ,x 0 long believ$ t he di$ ( eat+ poison$ figs4 #fe ,see above1 ,footnote #af1 = ! orig9al conception ( ?is motive at ,orvieto4 #ff ,see ,il ,duomo di ,orvieto1 descritto ed illu/rato p] ,lodovico ,luzi1 pp4 #ccj-cci4 #fg ,see ,luzi1 pp4 #cag-cbh1 & ! fir/ extant commission giv5 9 #acaj to ,maitani1 :i* foll[s1 pp4 #cbh-ccj4 #fh ,! :ole s]ies has be5 admirably engrav$ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,ludwig ,grn]4 ,special att5tion may be direct$ to ! gr\ps ( angels att5dant on ! ,creator 9 ,8 la/ day's "w2 to ! ,adoration ( ! ,%eph]ds1 di/+ui%$ by t5d] & idyllic grace3 & to ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi1 m>k$ no less by maje/y4 ,! dead break+ op5 ! lids ( _! s>cophagi & ris+ to judgm5t are ju/ly fam\s = spirit$ action4 #fi ,9 ,go?ic sculpture ( an e>ly date ! ,bible n>rative is lit]ally repres5t$4 ,god draws ,eve f ! op5 side ( sleep+ ,adam4 ,on ! faade ( ,orvieto ?is motive is less alt]$ ?an ref9$4 ,! w\nd 9 ,adam's side is visible1 b ,eve is com+ f beh9d 8 sleep+ body 9 ob$i5ce to ! beckon+ h& ( h] ,creator4 ,ghib]ti 9 ! bronze gate ( ! ,flor5t9e ,bapti/]y /ill fur!r develops ! poetic beauty ( ! motive4 ,angels lift ,eve 9 ! air above ,adam1 9 ^: side !re is n[ no op5 w\nd1 & su/a9 h] face to face ) ,god1 :o calls h] into life4 ,della ,qu]cia1 on ! faade ( ,s4 ,petronio1 conf9es himself to ! creative act1 express$ by ! rais$ h& ( ! ,mak]1 & ! answ]+ attitude ( ,eve2 & ?is conception receives f9al treatm5t f ,mi*ael ,angelo 9 ! frescoes ( ! ,si/9e4 #gj ,le ,tre ,porte del ,batti/]o di ,san ,giovanni di ,fir5ze1 incise ed illu/rate 7,fir5ze1 #ahba71 conta9s outl9es ( all ,&rea ,pisano's & ,ghib]ti's "w4 #ga ,see above1 ,*apt] ,i1 ,greek & ,*ri/ian ,ideals4 #gb ,see above1 ,*apt] ,i1 ,greek & ,*ri/ian ,ideals4 #gc ,:at ,giotto himself 01 z a design] = sculpture1 is %[n 9 ! little reliefs ^u ! basem5t ( 8 campanile4 #gd ,:at has previ\sly be5 not$ 9 ! *apt] ^u ar*itecture des]ves repetition "h--t ! ,italian /yle ( build+ gave m scope to indep5d5t sculpture1 ow+ to its pref]5ce = flat walls1 & its rejection ( multipli$ ni*es1 canopies1 & s =?1 ?an ! ,nor!rn ,go?ic4 ,?us1 h[ev] subord9at$ to ar*itecture1 sculpture 9 ,italy /ill _h m scope = self-ass]tion ?an 9 ,g]many or ,france4 #ge ,see ,p]k9s1 ,italian ,sculptors1 p4 #aji1 = a description ( ! ,arca di ,s4 ,ago/9o1 :i* he assigns to ,matteo & ,bon9o da ,campione4 ,?is %r9e1 n[ 9 ! ,duomo1 0 made = ! sacri/y ( ,s4 ,pietro 9 ,cielo d',oro1 :]e x /ood until ! ye> #ahcb4 #gf ,bon9o da ,campione1 ! ,milanese1 :o may h _h a h& 9 ! ,arca di ,s4 ,ago/9o1 c>v$ ! tomb ( ,c ,signorio4 ,t ( ,ma/9o ,,ii4 0 execut$ by ano!r ,milanese1 ,p]9o4 #gg ,see ,truc*i1 ,poesie ,italiane in$ite1 vol4 ii4 #gh ,see ! ,illu/rat$ "w1 ,il ,tab]nacolo della ,madonna d',or sammi*ele1 ,fir5ze1 #ahea4 #gi ,! weighty *apt] 9 ,alb]ti's ,treatise on ,pa9t+1 lib4 iii4 cap4 #e1 might be us$ to support ?is p>agraph4 #hj ,qu]cia1 born #acgd2 ,ghib]ti1 #acgh2 ,brunelles*i1 #acgi2 ,donatello1 #achf4 #ha ,!y are engrav$ 9 ! "w cit$ above1 ,le ,tre ,porte1 seconda ,porta1 ,tavole i4 ii4 #hb ,! bas-reliefs ( ,s4 ,petronio 7 execut$ betwe5 #adbe & #adce4 ,^? ( ! font 9 ! *apel ( ,s4 ,john 7n ! l[] *ur* ( ,s4 ,john71 at ,si5a1 are ascrib$ to ,qu]cia1 & are 9 8 mann]2 b :5 !y 7 f9i%$ ,i d n "k4 ,!y set =? six subjects f ! /ory ( ,adam & ,eve1 ) a comp>tm5t devot$ to ,h]cules kill+ ! ,c5taur ,nessus1 & ano!r to ,samson or ,h]cules & ! ,lion4 ,! *oice ( subjects1 af=d+ scope = treatm5t ( ! nude1 is *>act]i/ic2 s is ! en]gy ( h&l+1 ?\gh rude 9 detail4 ,x may be wor? :ile to notice "h a simil> s]ies ( reliefs ^u ! faade ( ! ,colleoni ,*apel at ,b]gamo1 repres5t+ sc5es f ! /ory ( ,adam 9 conjunction ) ! lab\rs ( ,h]cules4 #hc ,rusk9's ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 vol4 ii4 *ap1 vii41 ,repose4 #hd ,see ,flaxman's ,lectures on ,sculpture1 p4 #caj4 #he ,?is criticism ( ! ,gate ( ,p>adise s\nds ev5 to ! writ] ( x pr(ane1 & dem&s a pal9ode4 ,:o1 inde$1 c affirm t he w\ld wi% ! float+ figure ( ,eve1 or ! ?ree angels at ,abraham's t5t-door1 o!r ?an !y are8 #hf ,see ! ,comm5t>ies ( ,ghib]ti1 pr9t$ 9 vol4 i4 ( ,vas>i 7,lemonni]1 #ahdf74 #hg ,! pat]a is at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ! frieze at ,flor5ce4 #hh ,z also ! wood5 ,bapti/ 9 ! ,fr>i at ,v5ice4 #hi ,!re is ano!r ,david1 by ,donatello1 9 m>ble2 also 9 ! ,b>gello1 sc>cely less /iff & ugly ?an ! ,bapti/4 #ij ,! ca/ 0 publi%$ by ! ,arundel ,society4 ,! orig9al belongs to ,"l ,el*o4 #ia ,x has be5 sugge/$1 ) good %[ ( reason1 t ,mantegna 0 l>gely indebt$ to ^! bas-reliefs = 8 l(ty /yle4 #ib ,?is omits ! /atues ( ! ,scalig]s3 b no m$iaeval "w aim$ at equal animation4 ,! antique bronze horses at ,v5ice & ! /atue ( ,m>cus ,aurelius mu/ h be5 9 ,donatello's m9d4 #ic ,! sculptor ( a beautiful tomb erect$ = ! ,c\ntess ( ,montorio & h] infant daught] 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,b]n>d9o at ,aquila 0 probably ,&rea dell' ,aquila1 a pupil ( ,donatello4 ,see ,p]k9s's ,italian ,sculptors1 pp4 #df1 #dg4 #id ,i/oria della ,vita e ,fatti dell' eccell5tissimo ,capitano di gu]ra ,b>tolommeo ,colleoni1 scritta p] ,pietro ,sp9o4 ,republi%$1 #ahei4 #ie ,see ,vol4 ,i41 ,age ( ! ,despots1 p4 #caj1 note #b4 #if ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle1 vol4 ii4 *ap1 xvi41 may be consult$ z to ! sev]al claims ( ! two bro!rs4 #ig ,8 bas-reliefs on ,giotto's campanile ( ,gramm>1 ,a/ronomy1 ,geometry1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 c41 are ant]ior to #adde2 & ev5 ab\t ?is date !re is unc]ta9ty1 "s au?orities fix+ x at #adce4 #ih ,purg4 x4 #cg1 & xi4 #fh4 #ii ,among ! v be/ works ( ! lat] ,robbian s*ool may be cit$ ! frieze ^u ! faade ( ! ,osp$ale del ,ceppo at ,pi/oja1 repres5t+ 9 v>i$ col\r1 & ) graceful vivacity1 ! ,sev5 ,acts ( ,m]cy4 ,date ab\t #aebe4 #ajj ,he calls himself ,ago/9us ,flor5t9e ,lapicida on 8 faade ( ! ,oratory ( ,s4 ,b]n>d9o4 #aja ,see especially a r\ndel 9 ! ,b>gello1 & ! alt>-piece 9 ! *ur* ( ,monte ,oliveto at ,naples4 ,^? :o wi% to und]/& ,rossell9o %\ld /udy him 9 ! latt] place4 #ajb ,9 ! *ur* ( ,samm9iato1 ne> ,flor5ce4 #ajc ,vite di ,uom9i ,illu/ri1 pp4 #aeb-aeg4 #ajd ,^! tombs 9 ! ,badia 7 erect$ = ,c\nt ,ugo1 ,gov]nor ( ,tuscany "u ,o?o ,,ii41 & = ,mess] ,b]n>do ,giugni4 ,m9o also made ! tomb = ,pope ,paul ,,ii41 p>ts ( :i* are pres]v$ 9 ! ,grotte ( ,s4 ,pet]'s4 ,at ,rome he c>v$ a tab]nacle = ,s4 ,m>ia 9 ,tra/ev]e1 & at ,volt]ra a ciborium = ! ,bapti/]y--"o ( 8 mo/ sympa!tic productions4 ,! alt>s 9 ! ,baglioni ,*apel ( ,s4 ,pietro ,cass95se at ,p]ugia1 9 ,s4 ,ambrogio at ,flor5ce1 & 9 ! ca!dral ( ,fiesole1 & ! pulpit 9 ! ,duomo at ,prato1 may be m5tion$ among 8 be/ works4 #aje ,besides ,civitali's alt> ( ,s4 ,regulus1 & ! tomb ( ,pietro da ,noceto already m5tion$1 ,b]n>do ,rossell9o's monum5t to ,lion>do ,bruni1 & ,desid]io's monum5t to ,c>lo ,m>supp9i 9 ,s4 ,croce at ,flor5ce1 may be cit$ z em95t examples ( ,tuscan sepul*res4 #ajf ,! wood5 /atue ( ! ,magdal5 9 ,santa ,tr9it at ,flor5ce %[s ,desid]io's approximation to ! /yle ( 8 ma/]4 ,%e is a c>eworn & ascetic sa9t1 ) ! pa!tic traces ( great beauty 9 h] emaciat$ face4 #ajg ,?is bu/ is 9 ! ,palazzo ,/rozzi at ,flor5ce4 #ajh ,s ,giovanni ,santi1 ,raphael's fa!r1 describ$ ,desid]io da ,settignano4 #aji ,! foll[+ /ory is told ab\t ,b5$etto's y\?4 ,he made two l>ge inlaid *e/s or cassoni1 adorn$ ) all ! skill ( a work] 9 t>sia1 or wood-mosaic1 & c>ri$ ^! ) him to ,k+ ,mat?ias ,corv9us1 ( ,hung>y4 ,"p ( 8 j\rney 0 p]=m$ by sea4 ,on arriv+ & unpack+ 8 *e/s1 he f\nd t ! sea-damp _h unglu$ ! fragile wood-mosaic1 & all 8 "w 0 spoil$4 ,?is det]m9$ him to practise ! m p]man5t art ( sculpture4 ,see ,p]k9s1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbh4 #aaj ,= fur!r description ( ! sculpture at ,rim9i1 ,i may ref] to my ,sket*es 9 ,italy & ,greece1 pp4 #bej-beb4 ,= ! /ud5t ( ,italian art1 :o has no opportunity ( visit+ ,rim9i1 x is greatly to be regrett$ t ^! reliefs h nev] yet ev5 9 photography be5 reproduc$4 ,! palace ( ,duke ,fr$]ick at ,urb9o 0 design$ by ,luziano1 a ,dalmatian ar*itect1 & cont9u$ by ,baccio ,pontelli1 a ,flor5t9e4 ,! reliefs ( danc+ ,cupids1 :ite on blue gr\nd1 ) w+s & hair gilt1 & ! *ildr5 hold+ pots ( roses & gilly-fl[]s1 9 "o ( its great rooms1 may be select$ = special m5tion4 ,ambrogio or ,ambrog9o da ,milano1 none ( ^: h&iwork is f\nd 9 8 native di/rict1 & :o may !re=e be suppos$ to h le>n$ & practis$ 8 art else:]e1 0 ! sculptor ( ^! truly g5ial reliefs4 #aaa ,see1 = example1 ! rem>kable bas-relief ( ! ,doge ,lion>do ,lor$ano engrav$ by ,p]k9s1 ,italian ,sculptors1 p4 #bja4 #aab ,ano!r ,mod5ese1 ,antonio ,beg>elli1 born 9 #adgi1 develop$ ?is art ( ! pla/icatore1 ) q z mu* pictorial impressiv5ess1 & 9 a /yle ( /rict] sci5ce1 ?an 8 pr$ecessor ,il ,modan9o4 ,8 ma/]pieces are ! ,deposition f ! ,cross 9 ,s4 ,francesco1 & ! ,piet 9 ,s4 ,pietro1 ( 8 native city4 #aac ,! "n ( ?is great ma/] is v>i\sly writt5--,giovanni ,antonio ,amadeo1 or ,omodeo1 or degli ,amadei1 or de' ,madeo1 or a ,madeo--po9t+ possibly to ! t[n ,madeo z 8 native place4 ,?r\gh a long life he work$ ^u ! fabric ( ! ,milanese ,duomo1 ! ,c]tosa ( ,pavia1 & ! ,*apel ( ,colleoni at ,b]gamo4 ,to him we owe ! g5]al design ( ! faade ( ! ,c]tosa & ! cupola ( ! ,duomo ( ,milan4 ,= ! details ( 8 "w & an e/imate ( 8 capacity1 see ,p]k9s1 ,italian ,sculptors1 pp4 #abg-acg4 #aad ,?is /atue 0 orig9ally int5d$ = a *apel built & end[$ by ,colleoni at ,basella1 ne> ,b]gamo4 ,:5 he det]m9$ to erect 8 *apel 9 ,s4 ,m>ia ,maggiore at ,b]gamo1 he entru/$ ! execution ( ?is new "w to ,amadeo1 & ! monum5t ( ,m$ea 0 subsequ5tly plac$ !re4 #aae ,see above1 p4 #aac4 ,i h spelt ! "n ,sansov9o1 :5 appli$ to ,jacopo ,tatti1 9 accordance ) "t-hon\r$ usage4 #aaf ,to multiply in/ances is t$i\s2 b notice 9 ?is connection ! ,h]maphroditic /atue ( ,s4 ,seba/ian at ,orvieto1 ne> ! we/]n door4 ,x is a fair "w ( ,lo ,scalza4 #aag ,?is brief allusion to ,cell9i mu/ suffice = ! mom5t1 z ,i int5d to treat ( him 9 a sep>ate *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,pa9t+ ,di/ribution ( ,arti/ic ,gifts 9 ,italy--,flor5ce & ,v5ice --,classification by ,s*ools--,/ages 9 ! ,evolution ( ,pa9t+--,cimabue --,! ,rucellai ,madonna--,giotto--,8 widespread ,activity--,! ,scope ( 8 ,art--,vitality--,composition--,col\r--, naturalism--,heal?9ess--,frescoes at ,assisi & ,padua--,leg5d ( ,s4 ,francis--,! ,giottes*i--,pictures ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t--,orcagna 9 ! ,/rozzi ,*apel--,ambrogio ,lor5zetti at ,pisa--,dogmatic ,!ology--,cappella degli ,spagnuoli--,tra9i's ,triumph1 ( ,s4 ,?omas ,aqu9as--,political ,doctr9e express$ 9 ,fresco--,sala della ,pace at ,si5a--,religi\s ,art 9 ,si5a & ,p]ugia--,! ,relation ( ! ,giottesque ,pa9t]s to ! ,r5aissance4 ,x is ! duty ( ! hi/orian ( pa9t+ to trace ! beg9n+s ( art 9 ea* ( ! ,italian communities1 to diff]5tiate _! local /yles1 & to expla9 _! mutual connections4 ,= ! pres5t g5]ation ?is "w is be+ done ) all-suffici5t ?or\ghness & accuracy4#aah ,! hi/orian ( culture1 on ! o!r h&1 = :om ! arts =m "o important bran* ( intellectual activity1 may disp5se ) ^! detail$ inquiries1 & may endeav\r to seize ! m g5]al outl9es ( ! subject4 ,he ne$ n weigh 9 balances ! claims ( rival cities to priority1 nor hamp] 8 review ( national progress by discuss+ ! special m]its ( ! sev]al s*ools4 ,/ill !re are c]ta9 broad facts ab\t ! di/ribution ( arti/ic gifts 9 ,italy :i* x is necess>y to be> 9 m9d4 ,h[ev] mu* we may desire to treat ( pa9t+ z a phase ( national & n ( m]ely local life1 ! fundam5tal difficulty ( ,italian hi/ory1 its complexity & v>iety1 ow+ to ! subdivisions ( ! nation into div]s /ates1 mu/ "h z else:]e be ackn[l$g$4 ,to d5y t ea* ( ! ,italian c5tres _h its own /rong p]sonality 9 art--t pa9t+1 z practis$ 9 ,g5oa or ,naples1 diff]$ f ! pa9t+ ( ,f]r>a or ,urb9o--w\ld be to contradict a law t has be5 ov] & ov] aga9 insi/$ ^u already 9 ^! volumes4 ,! broad outl9es ( ! subject c be briefly /at$4 ,survey+ ! map ( ,italy1 we f9d t we may elim9ate f our consid]ation ! nor?-we/]n & ! s\!rn prov9ces4 ,n f ,pi$mont nor f ,liguria1 n f ,rome nor f ! ext5sive k+dom ( ,naples1 does ,italian pa9t+ take its orig91 or at any p]iod d]ive important contributions4#aai ,lomb>dy1 ) ! exception ( ,v5ice1 is comp>atively b>r5 ( orig9ative elem5ts4#abj ,to ,tuscany1 to ,umbria1 & to ,v5ice1 r\ghly speak+1 are due ! really creative =ces ( ,italian pa9t+2 & ^! ?ree di/ricts 7 m>k$ by /rong peculi>ities4 ,9 art1 z 9 politics1 ,flor5ce & ,v5ice exhibit di/9ct types ( "*4#aba ,! ,flor5t9es develop$ fresco1 & devot$ _! g5ius to ! expression ( ?\ght by sci5tific design4 ,! ,v5etians p]fect$ oil-pa9t+1 & set =? ! glory ( ! _w z x appeals to ! imag9ation & ! s5ses4 ,! art ( ,flor5ce may seem to "s judges to sav\r ov]-mu* ( intellectual dryness2 ! art ( ,v5ice1 9 ! appreh5sion ( ano!r class ( critics1 (f]s some?+ ov]-mu* ( mat]ial ri*ness4 ,m alli$ to ! ,tuscan ?an to ! ,v5etian _s1 ! ,umbrian ma/]s produc$ a /yle ( g5u9e orig9ality4 ,! cities ( ! ,c5tral ,ap5n9es ow$ _! specific quality ( religi\s f]v\r to ! influ5ces emanat+ f ,assisi1 ! head-qu>t]s ( ! cultus ( ,s4 ,francis4 ,?is pietism1 n[h]e else s p>am\nt1 except = a %ort p]iod 9 ,si5a1 con/itutes ! individuality ( ,umbria4 ,) reg>d to ! re/ ( ,italy1 ! old cu/om ( speak+ ab\t s*ools & places1 in/ead ( signalis+ great ma/]s1 has l$ to misconception1 by mak+ x appe> t local circum/ances 7 m important ?an ! facts ju/ify4 ,we d n f9d else:]e :at we f9d 9 ,tuscany1 9 ,umbria1 & 9 ,v5ice--a def9ite quality1 native to ! di/rict1 %>$ ?r\gh _m g5]ations by all its pa9t]s1 & culm9at+ 9 a few m5 ( comm&+ g5ius4 ,:51 = in/ance1 we speak ( ! ,s*ool ( ,milan1 :at we mean is ! cont9uation ?r\gh ,lion>do da ,v9ci & 8 pupils ( ! ,flor5t9e tradition1 z modifi$ by him & introduc$ into ! ,lomb>d capital4 ,t a special /yle 0 develop$ by ,lu9i1 ,f]r>i1 & o!r arti/s ( ! ,milanese du*y1 s t _! mann] diff]s ess5tially f t ( ,p>ma & ,cremona1 does n invalidate ! importance ( ?is fact ab\t its orig94 ,! "n ( ,roman ,s*ool1 aga91 has be5 giv5 to ,raphael & ,mi*ael ,angelo toge!r ) _! pupils4 ,! tru? is t ,rome1 = "o brief p]iod1 dur+ ! pontificates ( ,julius & ,leo1 0 ! focus ( ,italian intellect4 ,allur$ by ! patronage ( ! ,papal ,curia1 n only arti/s1 b s*ol>s & m5 ( lett]s1 flock$ f all ! cities ( ,italy to ,rome1 :]e !y f\nd a nobl] sph]e = ! ex]cise ( _! faculties ?an else:]e4 ,b ,rome1 :ile %e l5t h] imp]ial quality ( gr&eur to ! g5ius ( h] ali5s1 0 9 no s5se orig9ative4 ,rome produc$ no fir/-rate ma/] f h] own *ildr51 if we except ,giulio ,romano4 ,! title ( orig9ality is due r to ,padua1 ! bir?place ( ,mantegna1 or to ,p>ma1 ! city ( ,correggio1 ^: works display indep5d5ce ( ei!r ,flor5t9e or ,v5etian traditions4 ,yet ^! great ma/]s 7 isolat$1 nei!r express+ 9 any def9ite =m ! "* ( _! di/ricts1 nor f\nd+ a succession ( local arti/s4 ,_! influ5ce 0 inconte/ably great1 b widely diffus$4 ,bologna & ,f]r>a1 ,brescia & ,b]gamo1 ,cremona & ,v]ona1 h excell5t pa9t]s2 & x is n difficult to %[ t 9 ea* ( ^! cities art assum$ specific *>act]s4 ,yet ! int]e/ ( ! s*ools 9 ^! t[ns is due ma9ly to ! v>i$ influ5ces br\ght to be> ^u !m f ,v5ice1 ,umbria1 & ,milan4 ,9 o!r words !y are affiliat$1 ea* accord+ to its geographical position1 to ! *ief orig9ative c5tres4 ,:at ,i h advanc$ 9 ! =ego+ p>agraphs is n meant = a polemic aga9/ ! "t-hon\r$ division ( ,italian pa9t]s into local s*ools1 b = a ju/ification ( my own propos$ me?od ( treatm5t4 ,hav+ und]tak5 to deal ) pa9t+ z ! p>am\nt art-product ( ! ,r5aissance1 x w be my object to po9t out ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ae/hetic culture 9 ,italy1 r ?an to dwell ^u its specific diff]5ces4 ,! ,v5etian pa9t]s ,i int5d to res]ve = a sep>ate *apt]1 devot+ ?is & ! two next to ! g5]al hi/ory ( ! art z develop$ 9 ,tuscany & propagat$ by ,tuscan influ5ces4#abb ,9 pursu+ ?is plan ,i %all endeav\r to %[ h[ ! successive /ages 9 ! evolution ( ,italian pa9t+ correspond$ to simil> /ages 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,beg9n+ z ! h&maid ( ! ,*ur*1 & /imulat$ by ! en?usiasm ( ! two great popul> mona/ic ord]s1 pa9t+ 0 at fir/ devot$ to embody+ ! ?\ghts ( m$iaeval ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 proportion z ! pa9t]s =tifi$ !mselves by /udy ( ! natural _w1 _! art became m secul>4 ,my/icism gave way to realism4 ,x 0 felt t mu* beside religi\s s5tim5t 0 wor?y ( expression4 ,at ! same "t1 ab\t ! ye> #addj1 ?is process ( secul>isation 0 ha/5$ by ! influ5ces ( ! classical revival1 r5ew+ an int]e/ 9 ! pa/ life ( humanity1 & /irr+ a zeal = sci5ce4 ,! pa9t]s1 on ! "o h&1 n[ aim$ at accurate del9eation ( actual ?+s3 good p]spective1 correct draw+1 s\nd portraiture1 occupi$ _! att5tion1 to ! exclusion ( m purely spiritual motives4 ,on ! o!r h& !y conceiv$ an admiration = ! fragm5ts ( ! newly discov]$ antiques1 & felt ! pla/ic beauty ( ,hell5ic leg5ds4 ,x is futile to attempt1 z ,m4 ,rio has done1 to prove t ?is ab&onm5t ( ! religi\s sph]e ( e>li] art 0 = pa9t+ a pla9 decl9e f good to bad1 or to make ! m or less ( spiritual feel+ 9 a pa9t]'s /yle ! te/ ( 8 degree ( excell5ce2 nor c we by any sophi/ries be br\ght to believe t ! ,popes ( ! fifte5? c5tury 7 pa/oral protectors ( solely ,*ri/ian arts4 ,! tru? is1 t 9 ! ,*ur*1 9 politics1 & 9 society1 ! fifte5? c5tury witness$ a s5sible decrease ( religi\s f]v\r1 & a v consid]able corruption ( morality4 ,pa9t+ felt ?is *ange2 & ! secul>isation1 :i* 0 inevitable1 pass$ onw>d into paganism4 ,yet ! art itself _c be said to h suff]$1 :5 on ! ?re%old ( ! sixte5? c5tury /& ! greate/ pa9t]s :om ! _w has kn[n--nei!r ,ca?olics nor ,hea!ns1 b1 9 _! /r5g? ( full accompli%$ art & sci5ce1 human4 ,aft] ,italy1 9 ! c\rse ( t c5tury1 _h be5 f9ally enslav$1 !n1 & n till !n1 pa9t+ suff]$ f ! g5]al depression ( ! national g5ius4 ,! great lum9>ies 7 ext+ui%$ "o by "o1 till none 7 left b ,mi*ael ,angelo 9 ,rome1 & ,t9toret 9 ,v5ice4 ,! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ,italian pa9t+ is occupi$ ) its revival "u ! influ5ces ( ! c\nt]-,re=mation1 :5 a new religi\s s5tim5t1 emasculat$ & ec/atic1 0 express$ 9 company ) crude naturalism & cruel s5sualism by ,bolognese & ,neapolitan pa9t]s4 ,i ne$ sc>cely repeat ! tale ( ,cimabue's picture1 visit$ by ,*>les ( ,anj\1 & borne 9 triumph ?r\gh ! /reets ) trumpet]s1 b5ea? a %[] ( g>l&s1 to ,s4 ,m>ia ,novella4#abc ,yet ?is 0 ! bir?day fe/ival ( no?+ less ?an :at ! _w n[ values z ,italian pa9t+4 ,9 ?is public act ( joy ! p ( ,flor5ce recognis$ & paid en?usia/ic hon\r to ! art aris5 among !m f ! dead4 ,if we rightly consid] ! matt]1 x is n a little wond]ful t a :ole community %\ld ?us h hail$ ! pres5ce 9 _! mid/ ( a new _s ( p[] & beauty4 ,x proves ! widespread s5sibility ( ! ,flor5t9es to ?+s ( beauty1 & %[s ! sympa?y :i*1 emanat+ f ! p1 0 de/9$ to inspire & brace ! arti/ = 8 "w4#abd ,9 a d>k transept ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,novella1 rais$ by /eps above ! level ( ! *ur*1 /ill hangs ?is fam\s ,madonna ( ! ,rucellai--n f>1 p]haps1 f ! spot :]e ,boccaccio's y\?s & maid5s met t ,tuesday morn+ 9 ! ye> ( ! great plague2 nor f>1 aga91 f :]e ! solit>y woman1 beautiful beyond belief1 conv]s$ ) ,ma*iavelli on ! morn+ ( ! fir/ ( ,may 9 #aebg4abe ,we :o c call to m9d ! sc5es t picture has look$ d[n ^u--we :o h /udi$ ! rise & decad5ce ( pa9t+ ?r\gh\t ,italy f ?is beg9n+ ev5 to ! la/ "w ( ! late/ ,bolognese--may d well to visit x ) rev]5ce1 & to pond] on ! race ( mighty ma/]s ^: l9eage "h takes its orig94 ,cimabue did n free 8 /yle f :at are call$ ,byzant9e or ,romanesque mann]isms4 ,to unpractis$ eyes 8 sa9ts & angels1 ) _! /iff drap]ies & angul> attitudes1 ?\gh !y exhibit /atel9ess & maje/y1 belong to ! same tribe z ! grim mosaics & gaunt frescoes ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,x is only aft] c>eful comp>ison t we discov]1 9 ?is picture ( ! ,rucellai = example1 a di/9ctly fre% endeav\r to express emotion & to depict life4 ,! out/ret*$ arms ( ! infant ,*ri/ h be5 copi$ f nature1 n m]ely borr[$ f tradition4 ,! six kneel+ angels display v>iety ( attitude suit$ to sev]al %ades ( dev\t affection & ador+ s]vice4 ,! head ( ! ,madonna1 heavy z x is & conv5tional 9 type1 /ill /rives to repres5t mat]nal affection m+l$ ) an almo/ melan*oly rev]5ce4 ,prolong+ our /udy1 we are l$ to ask :e!r ! pa9t] might n h pa9t$ m freely _h he *os5--:e!r1 9 fact1 he 0 n b\nd d[n to ! antique mode ( pres5tation consecrat$ by dev\t tradition4 ,?is "q occurs ) ev5 great] =ce be=e ! wall-pa9t+s ascrib$ to ,cimabue 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,francis at ,assisi4 ,x rema9$ = ,giotto ,bondone1 born at ,vespignano 9 #abgf1 j at ! date ( ,niccola ,pisano's dea?1 to c>ry pa9t+ 9 8 lifetime ev5 fur!r ?an ! ,pisan sculptor _h advanc$ ! si/] art4 ,cimabue1 s runs a leg5d luckily n yet discr$it$1 f\nd ! *ild ,giotto among ! %eep-folds on ! solemn ,tuscan hill-side1 draw+ ) boyi% art ! outl9e ( a %eep ^u a /one4#abf ,! ma/] recognis$ 8 tal5t1 & took him f 8 fa!r's cottage to ! ,flor5t9e bottega1 mu* z "y ,haydn 0 tak5 by ,r5t] to ,s4 ,/eph5's at ,vi5na4 ,gift$ ) a l>ge & compreh5sive intellect1 capable ( su/a9$ lab\r1 & devot$ ) ! unaffect$ zeal ( a good craftsman to 8 art1 ,giotto 9 ! c\rse ( 8 long c>e] fill$ ,italy ) "w t taught succe$+ c5turies ( pa9t]s4 ,z we travel f ,padua 9 ! nor?1 :]e 8 ,ar5a ,*apel sets =? ! leg5d ( ,m>y & ! life ( ,*ri/ 9 a s]ies ( incomp>able frescoes1 s\?w>d to ,naples1 :]e he adorn$ ! conv5t ( ,s4 ,*i>a1 we meet ) ,giotto 9 almo/ e city4 ,! ,passion ( our ,"l & ! ,allegories ( ,s4 ,francis 7 pa9t$ by him at ,assisi4 ,s4 ,pet]'s at ,borne /ill %[s 8 mosaic ( ! ,%ip ( ! ,*ur*4 ,flor5ce raises 8 wond]ful bell-t[]1 t lily among campanili1 to ! sky2 & pres]ves two *apels ( ,s4 ,croce1 illum9at$ by him ) pa9t+s f ! /ories ( ,s4 ,francis & ,s4 ,john4 ,9 ! *apel ( ! ,pode/ he drew ! portraits ( ,dante1 ,brunetto ,lat9i1 & ,*>les ( ,valois4 ,& ^! are b a ti! ( 8 productions4 ,no?+1 inde$1 9 ! hi/ory ( art is m rem>kable ?an ! f]tility ( ?is orig9ative g5ius1 no less indu/ri\s 9 lab\r ?an fruitful ( results = m5 :o foll[$ him4 ,! s\nd common s5se1 ! g5ial temp]1 & ! hum\r ( ! man1 z we le>n to "k him 9 tales made curr5t by ,vas>i & ! noveli/s1 help to expla9 h[ he a*iev$ s mu*1 ) en]gy s untir+ & ) excell5ce s ev54 ,x is no exagg]ation to say t ,giotto & 8 s*ol>s1 )9 ! space ( little m ?an half a c5tury1 pa9t$ out ^u ! walls ( ! *ur*es & public palaces ( ,italy e great conception ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,& ?is !y a*iev$ )\t ascetic =malism1 en]getically1 b always rev]5tly1 aim+ at express+ life & dramatis+ ,scripture hi/ory4 ,! tale told ab\t ,giotto's fir/ essay 9 draw+ might be *os5 z a p>able3 he 0 n f\nd b5ea? a *ur* ro( trac+ a mosaic1 b on ! op5 m\nta91 try+ to draw ! portrait ( ! liv+ ?+ committ$ to 8 c>e4 ,:at1 !re=e1 ,giotto gave to art 01 be=e all ?+s else1 vitality4 ,8 ,madonnas are no long] symbols ( a c]ta9 phase ( pi\s awe1 b pictures ( mat]nal love4 ,! ,bride ( ,god suckles h] div9e infant ) a smile1 wat*es him play+ ) a bird1 or /ret*es out h] arms to take him :5 he turns cry+ f ! h&s ( ! circumcis+ prie/4 ,by *oos+ incid5ts l ^! f real home-life1 ,giotto1 ?r\gh 8 pa9t+1 humanis$ ! my/]ies ( fai?1 & br\ght !m close to common feel+4 ,nor 0 ! *ange less 9 8 me?od ?an 8 motives4 ,be=e 8 day pa9t+ _h be5 )\t composition1 )\t *>m ( col\r1 )\t sugge/ion ( movem5t or ! play ( liv+ en]gy4 ,he fir/ knew h[ to di/ribute figures 9 ! giv5 space ) p]fect balance1 & h[ to mass !m toge!r 9 animat$ gr\ps agreeable to ! eye4 ,he caught v>i$ & transi5t %ades ( emotion1 & express$ !m by ! po/ure ( ! body & ! play ( feature4 ,! hues ( morn+ & ( ev5+ s]v$ him4 ,( all pa9t]s he 0 mo/ successful 9 pres]v+ ! cle>ness & ! light ( pure1 well-temp]$ col\rs4 ,8 p[] ( tell+ a /ory by ge/ure & action is unique 9 its peculi> simplicity4 ,!re are no ornam5ts or accessories 9 8 pictures4 ,! :ole =ce ( ! arti/ has be5 conc5trat$ on r5d]+ ! image ( ! life conceiv$ by him4 ,rely+ on 8 k ( human nature1 & seek+ only to make 8 subject intelligible1 no pa9t] is m unaffect$ly pa!tic1 m unconsci\sly maje/ic4 ,:ile "u ! influ5ce ( 8 g5ius1 we are s9c]ely glad t ! requisite sci5ce = clev] imitation ( l&scape & ar*itectural backgr\nds 0 n =?com+ 9 8 age4 ,art _h to g ?r\gh a toilsome p]iod ( geometrical & anatomical p$antry1 be=e x c\ld v5ture1 9 ! frescoes ( ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,raphael1 to return ) great] weal? ( k on a high] level to ! div9e simplicity ( its *ildhood 9 ,giotto4 ,9 ! draw+ ( ! figure ,giotto 0 surpass$ by _m mean] arti/s ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,nor _h he t quality ( g5ius :i* selects a high type ( beauty1 & is scrupul\s to %un ! commonplace4 ,! faces ( ev5 8 mo/ sacr$ p]sonages are (t5 almo/ vulg>4 ,9 8 *oice ( models = sa9ts & apo/les we already trace ! ,flor5t9e in/9ct = contempor>y portraiture4 ,yet1 ?\gh 8 k ( anatomy 0 defective1 & 8 ta/e 0 reali/ic1 ,giotto solv$ ! great problem ( figurative art f> bett] ?an m le>n$ & fa/idi\s pa9t]s4 ,he nev] fail$ to make x manife/ t :at he meant to repres5t 0 liv+4 ,ev5 to ! non-exi/5t he gave ! semblance ( reality4 ,we _c help believ+ 9 8 angels lean+ wai/-deep f ! blue sky1 wr++ _! h&s 9 agony above ! ,cross1 pac+ l deacons beh9d ,*ri/ :5 ,he wa%es ! feet ( ,8 disciples1 or sitt+ wat*ful & s]5e ^u ! empty sepul*re4 ,he 01 moreov]1 ess5tially a fresco-pa9t]1 work+ ) rapid decision on a l>ge scale1 aim+ at broad effects1 & will+ to sacrifice subtlety to cle>ness ( expression4 ,! heal? ( 8 :ole nature & 8 robu/ good s5se are ev]y:]e app>5t 9 8 solid1 concrete1 human "w ( art4 ,!re is no trace ( my/icism1 no ec/atic piety1 no?+ morbid or hy/]ical1 9 8 imag9ation4 ,imbu+ :atev] he h&l$ ) ! =ce & fre%ness ( actual exi/5ce1 ,giotto approa*$ ! deep ?+s ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? & ! leg5d ( ,s4 ,francis 9 ! _s ( a man b5t simply on realis+ ! objects ( 8 belief z facts4 ,8 allegories ( ,pov]ty1 ,*a/ity1 & ,ob$i5ce1 at ,assisi1 are z beautiful & p[]fully felt z !y are c>efully con/ruct$4 ,yet !y conceal no ab/ruse spiritual mean+1 b are pla9ly pa9t$ = ! poor laity ( love to read4 ,! arti/ poet :o col\r$ ! virg9al =m ( ,pov]ty1 ) ! bri>s b5ea? h] feet & ! roses bloom+ r\nd h] =ehead1 prov$ by 8 well-kn[n canzone t he 0 free f mona/ic ,quixotism1 & took a practical view ( ! value ( worldly weal?4#abg ,8 homely hum\r sav$ him f ! exaltation & ! *ildi%ness t =m$ ! weakness ( ! ,franciscan revival4 ,by ! same firm grasp ^u reality he creat$ m ?an m]e ab/ractions 9 8 *i>oscuro figures ( ! virtues & vices at ,padua4 ,=titude & ,ju/ice1 ,fai? & ,envy1 are gift$ by him ) a real corporeal exi/5ce4 ,!y seem fit to play _! p>ts ) o!r concrete p]sonalities ^u ! /age ( ?is _w's hi/ory4 ,giotto 9 tru? possess$ a %>e ( t p[] :i* belong$ to ! ,greek sculptors4 ,he embodies my?s 9 physical =ms1 adequate to _! intellectual mean+4 ,?is 0 9 "p ! secret ( ! influ5ce he ex]cis$ ov] ! sculptors ( ! second p]iod2#abh & _h ! conditions ( ! age be5 fav\rable to su* developm5t1 "s ( ! allegorical types creat$ by him might h pass$ into ! ,pan!on ( popul> wor%ip z deities inc>nate4 ,! bir? ( ,italian pa9t+ is closely connect$ ) ! religi\s life ( ! ,italians4 ,! build+ ( ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,francis at ,assisi gave x ! fir/ great impulse2 & to ! piety ar\s$ by ,s4 ,francis ?r\gh\t ,italy1 b mo/ly 9 ! valleys ( ! ,ap5n9es1 x ow$ its animat+ _s 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! *ur* ( ,assisi is d\ble4 ,"o /ructure ( nave1 & *oir1 & transept1 is impos$ ^u ano!r2 & ! walls ( bo?1 f floor to cop+-/one1 are cov]$ ) fresco-pa9t$ pictures tak+ "h ! place occupi$ by mosaic 9 su* *ur*es z ! ca!dral ( ,monreale1 or by col\r$ glass 9 ! nor!rn ca!drals ( ! po9t$ /yle4 ,_m ( ^! frescoes date f ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,giotto4 ,giunta ! ,pisan1 ,gaddo ,gaddi1 & ,cimabue1 are suppos$ to h work$ !re1 pa9fully cont9u+ or feebly /ruggl+ to ?r[ (f ! decad5t traditions ( a dy+ art4 ,9 _! s*ool ,giotto lab\r$1 & mod]n pa9t+ arose ) ! movem5t ( new life b5ea? 8 bru%4 ,"h1 pond]+ 9 8 y\? ^u ! /ory ( ,*ri/'s suff]+1 & 9 8 lat] manhood on ! virtues ( ,s4 ,francis & 8 v[1 he le>n$ ! secret ( giv+ ! semblance ( fle% & blood reality to ,*ri/ian ?\ght4 ,8 a*ievem5t 0 no?+ less ?an ?is4 ,! ,creation1 ! ,fall1 ! ,r$emption ( ! ,_w1 ! moral discipl9e ( man1 ! ,judgm5t1 & ! f9al /ate ( bliss or mis]y--all ^! he quick5$ into beautiful & brea?+ =ms4 ,^? 7 noble days1 :5 ! pa9t] _h lit]ally acres ( walls giv5 him to cov]2 :5 ! :ole belief ( ,*ri/5dom1 grasp$ by 8 own fai?1 & firmly root$ 9 ! fai? ( ! p r\nd him1 z yet unimpair$ by ali5 emanations f ! _w ( classic culture1 _h to be set =? = ! fir/ "t 9 art4 ,8 "w 0 !n a ,bible1 a comp5dium ( grave div9ity & human hi/ory1 a book embrac+ all ?+s ne$ful = ! spiritual & ! civil life ( man4 ,he spoke to m5 :o c\ld n read1 = :om !re 7 no pr9t$ pages1 b ^: he>t receiv$ 8 tea*+ ?r\gh ! eye4 ,?us pa9t+ 0 n !n :at x is n[1 a decoration ( exi/5ce1 b a pot5t & effici5t ag5t 9 ! education ( ! race4 ,su* opportunities d n occur twice 9 ! same age4 ,once 9 ,greece = ! pagan _w2 once 9 ,italy = ! mod]n _w2--t mu/ suffice = ! education ( ! human race4 ,l ,niccola ,pisano1 ,giotto n only f\nd$ a s*ool 9 8 native city1 b spread 8 mann] f> & wide ov] ,italy1 s t ! fir/ p]iod ( ! hi/ory ( pa9t+ is ! ,giottesque4 ,! ,gaddi ( ,flor5ce1 ,giott9o1 ,puccio ,capanna1 ! ,lor5zetti ( ,si5a1 ,sp9ello ( ,arezzo1 ,&rea ,orcagna1 ,dom5ico ,v5eziano1 & ! less] arti/s ( ! ,pisan ,campo ,santo1 7 ei!r =m$ or influ5c$ by him4 ,to give an acc\nt ( ! frescoes ( ^! pa9t]s w\ld be to describe h[ ! religi\s1 social1 & philosophical conceptions ( ! f\rte5? c5tury f\nd complete expression 9 =m & col\r4 ,by means ( allegory & pictur$ sc5e !y drew ! portrait ( ! ,middle ,age 9 ,italy1 p]=m+ jo9tly & 9 comb9ation ) ! foll[]s ( ,niccola ,pisano :at ,dante _h done s+ly by 8 poetry4 ,x has (t5 be5 rem>k$ t ! drama ( ! life beyond ?is _w--its prologue 9 ! c\rts ( dea?1 ! trag$y ( judgm5t1 & ! f9al /ate ( bliss or mis]y prep>$ = s\ls--preoccupi$ ! m9d ( ! ,italians at ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,e city _h its pictorial repres5tation ( ! ,dies ,irae2 & )9 ?is framework ! arti/ 0 free to set =? 8 philosophy ( human nature1 add+ su* t\*es ( satire or admonition z suit$ 8 own temp] or ! circum/ances ( ! place = :i* he work$4 ,dante's poem has immortalis$ ?is mom5t ( ,italian consci\sness1 :5 ! belief 9 ano!r _w 0 us$ to int5sify ! emotions ( ?is life--:5 ! inscrutable d>kness t[>d :i* m5 travel became = !m a black & poli%$ mirror reflect+ ) t]rible lum9\sness ! ev5ts ( ! pres5t & ! pa/4 ,s famili> _h ! ,italians become ) ! !me ( dea? arti/ically treat$1 t !y did n %r9k f act$ pageants ( ! trag$y ( ,hell4 ,giovanni ,villani tells u t 9 #acjd ! companies & clubs ( pleasure1 =m$ = mak+ fe/ival ?r\gh\t ! t[n ( ,flor5ce on ! #a/ ( ,may1 cont5d$ ) ea* o!r = ! prize ( novelty & r>ity 9 sports provid$ = ! p4 ,among ! re/1 ! ,borgo ,s4 ,friano _h x cri$ ab\t ! /reets1 t :oso wi%$ = news f ! o!r _w1 %\ld f9d himself on ,mayday on ! bridge ,c>raja or ! neighb\r+ banks ( ,arno4 ,& 9 ,arno !y contriv$ /ages ^u boats & v>i\s small craft1 & made ! semblance & figure ( ,hell !re ) flames & o!r pa9s & torm5ts1 ) m5 dress$ z demons horrible to see2 & o!rs _h ! %ape ( nak$ s\ls2 & ^! !y gave unto ^? div]s tortures ) exce$+ great cry+ & groan+ & confusion1 ! :i* seem$ hateful & appall+ unto eyes & e>s4 ,! novelty ( ! sport drew _m citiz5s1 & ! bridge ,c>raja1 !n ( wood1 0 s cr[d$ t x brake 9 sev]al places & fell ) ! folk ^u x1 :]eby 7 _m kill$ & dr[n$1 & _m 7 disabl$2 & z ! cri] _h proclaim$1 s n[ 9 dea? w5t mu* folk to le>n news ( ! o!r _w4 ,su* be+ ! temp] ( ! p1 we f9d t "s ( ! greate/ works ( art 9 ?is age 7 pa9t+s ( ,dea? & ,hell1 ,heav5 & ,judgm5t4 ,orcagna1 9 ! ,/rozzi ,*apel ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,novella1 set =? ^! sc5es ) a wond]ful bl5d+ ( beauty & grotesque inv5tion4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( ! ,inf]no he /rove to del9eate ! :ole geography ( ,dante's fir/ cantica1 trac+ ! successive circles & introduc+ ! v>i\s episodes commemorat$ by ! poet4 ,int]e/+ z ?is "w may be = ! illu/ration ( ! ,div9e ,com$y z und]/ood by ,dante's imm$iate successors1 we turn f x ) a s5se ( relief to admire ! sa9ts & angels rang$ 9 goodly r[1 ea* burn+ upw>d to 8 po9t ( bliss :]eby ! pa9t] has depict$ ,p>adise4 ,e>ly ,italian art has no?+ m truly beautiful to (f] ?an ! :ite-rob$ ,madonna kneel+ at ! judgm5t seat ( ,*ri/4#abi ,x w be felt by e g5u9e /ud5t ( art t if ,orcagna pa9t$ ^! frescoes 9 ,s4 ,m>ia ,novella1 :]e( !re is no d\bt1 he c\ld n h execut$ ! wall-pa9t+s 9 ! ,campo ,santo at ,pisa attribut$ to him by ,vas>i4 ,to :at arti/s or arti/ we owe ^? ?ree grave & awful panels1 may /ill be reg>d$ an op5 "q4#acj ,at ! end ( ! s\!rn wall ( ! cemet]y1 expos$ to a cold & equal nor? light f ! cloi/] w9d[s1 ^! great compositions1 aft] ! lapse ( five c5turies1 br+ u face to face ) ! mo/ e>ne/ ?\ghts ( m$iaeval ,*ri/ianity4 ,_! ma9 purpose seems to be to illu/rate ! advantage ( ! ascetic ov] ! secul> mode ( life1 & to s*ool m5 into liv+ ) ! fe> ( dea? be=e _! eyes4 ,! fir/ displays ! solit>y vigils1 self-impos$ p5ances1 cruel temptations1 firm endurance1 & beatific visions ( ! an*orites 9 ! ,!baid4 ,! second is devot$ to ! triumph ( ,dea? ov] ! pomp1 /r5g?1 weal?1 & beauty ( ! _w4 ,! ?ird reveals a grimly reali/ic & yet awfully imag9ative vision ( judgm5t1 su* z x has r>ely be5 grant$ to a pa9t] to conceive4 ,?us to ! awak5+ s\l ( ! ,italians1 on ! ?re%old ( ! mod]n era1 ) ! sonnets ( ,petr>* & ! /ories ( ,boccaccio s\nd+ 9 _! memories1 ?is t]rible ma/] pres5t$ ! ?ree sadde/ phantoms ( ! ,middle ,ages--! spectre ( dea? omnipot5t1 ! solitude ( ! des]t z ! only refuge f a s9ful & doom$ _w1 ! dread ( ,div9e ju/ice inexorable & inevitable4 ,9 ^? piles ( ! promiscu\s & ab&on$ dead1 ^? fi5ds & angels pois$ 9 mid-air /ruggl+ = s\ls1 ^? bl9d & mutilat$ begg>s va9ly besieg+ ,dea? ) pray]s & imprecations = deliv]ance1 :ile %e desc5ds 9 h] robe ( wov5 wire to m[ d[n ) h] scy! ! knights & ladies 9 _! g>d5 ( delight2 aga9 9 ^? horses snuff+ at ! op5 graves1 ^? c\ntesses & pr9ces face to face ) skeletons1 ^? s]p5ts coil+ r\nd ! fle% ( :at 0 once fair y\? or maid1 ^? multitudes ( guilty m5 & wom5 trembl+ b5ea? ! trump ( ! ar*angel--te>+ _! *eeks1 _! hair1 _! brea/s 9 agony1 because !y see ,hell ?r\gh ! prison-b>s1 & he> ! rag+ ( its fi5ds1 & feel ! clasp ^u _! wri/s & ankles ( claw$ hairy demon h&s2 9 all ?is t]rific amalgamation ( s9i/] & tragic ideas1 vividly pres5t$1 full ( co>se dramatic p[]1 & int5sifi$ by fai? 9 _! mat]ial reality1 ! ,lor5zetti bre?r51 if !irs be inde$ ! h&s t pa9t$ "h1 summ$ up ! nightm>es ( ! ,middle ,age & bequea!d an ev] memorable picture ( its desolate preoccupations to ! ris+ _w4 ,!y h call$ to _! aid poetry1 & hi/ory1 & leg5d4 ,boccaccio supplies !m ) ! g>d5 sc5e ( y\?s & damsels danc+ among roses1 :ile ! plague is at _! gates1 & dea? is 9 ! air above4 ,f ,petr>* !y h borr[$ ! =m & my/ic robe ( ,dea? h]self#aca4 ,uguccione della ,faggiuola has sat = ! portrait ( ! ,capta9 :o mu/ quail be=e ! t]rors ( ! tomb1 & ,ca/ruccio ,ca/racane is ! /rong man cut (f 9 ! blossom ( 8 age4 ,! prisons ( ! ,visconti h disgorg$ _! victims1 ca/ adrift ) maim+ t makes life un5durable b does n ha/5 dea?4#acb ,! laz> h\ses & ! *>nels h be5 ransack$ = =ms ( grisly decay4 ,?us ! :ole "w is n m]ely an hi]oglyphical & %ad[$ lesson ( ascetic philosophy2 x is also a realisation ( m$iaeval life 9 its cruelle/ int5sity & mo/ uncompromis+ tru?4 ,= m]e beauty ^! pa9t]s _h b little reg>d4#acc ,_! di/ribution ( ! subjects *os5 = treatm5t on ea* panel %[s1 inde$1 a ke5 s5se = ! value ( dramatic contra/ & a ma/]ly p[] ( v>y+ :ile comb9+ ! composition4 ,_! *ief aim1 h[ev]1 is to produce ! utmo/ realism ( effect1 to translate ! poignancy ( passion1 ! dread c]ta9ty ( doom1 into =ms ( unmi/akable fidelity4 ,!re=e !y d n %r9k f prosaic & revolt+ details4 ,! knight :o has to hold 8 nose above ! op5 grave1 ! lady :o presses h] *eek aga9/ h] h& ) a spasm ( di/ress1 ! horse :o pricks 8 e>s & snorts ) op5 no/rils1 ! grooms :o />t aside l savage creatures1 all sugge/ ! loa?som5ess ( dea?1 its physical repulsiv5ess4 ,9 ! ,la/ ,judgm5t ! same k9d ( dramatic =ce is us$ to height5 a sublime conception4 ,! cr\*+ attitude & ! %r\d$ face ( ! ,ar*angel ,raphael1 ^: eyes alone are visible above ! h& t he has ?ru/ =? f 8 cloak to hide ! grief he feels1 prove m emphatically ?an any less reali/ic motive c\ld h done1 h[ t]rible1 ev5 = ! *]ubic be+s to ^: gu>dian%ip ! human race has be5 assign$1 w be ! trumpet ( ! wra? ( ,god4#acd ,/udy+ ^! frescoes1 we _c b reflect :at n]ves1 :at bra9s1 :at he>ts encas$ 9 triple brass ! m5 :o ?\ght & felt ?us mu/ h possess$4 ,!y make u compreh5d n m]ely ! /]n & savage temp] ( ! ,middle ,ages1 b ! int5se & fi]y ebullition ( ! ,r5aissance1 into :i*1 z by a sudd5 lib]ation1 s mu* imprison$ p5t-up =ce 0 driv54 ,a diff]5t b sc>cely less important phase ( m$iaeval ?\ght is imag$ 9 ! frescoes ( ! ,cappella degli ,spagnuoli 9 ,s4 ,m>ia ,novella4#ace ,dogmatic !ology is "h 9 ! asc5dant4 ,:ile ,s4 ,francis bequea!d a leg5d ( s+ul> suavity & beauty1 ov]fl[+ ) ! milk ( *>ity & mildness1 to ! ,*ur*1 ,s4 ,dom9ic assum$ ! attitude ( ! sa9t militant & or?odox4 ,dante's words ab\t him-- ,l'amoroso drudo#acf ,della f$e ,cri/iana1 il santo atleta1 ,b5igno a' suoi1 ed a' nemici crudo1 omit no?+ t is ne$$ to *>act]ise ! impression produc$ ^u ! ,*ri/ian _w by ?is remorseless foe ( h]esy1 ?is *ampion ( ! fai? :o dealt 9 but*]ies & burn+s4 ,s4 ,francis taught love2 ,s4 ,dom9ic taught wra?3 & bo?1 p]haps1 7 ne$$ = ! safety ( ! m$iaeval ,*ur*--! "o by resuscitat+ ! _s ( ! ,gospels1 ! o!r by resi/+ ! intrusion ( ali5 ideals ere ! "t = _! triumph _h arriv$4 ,:at ! pa9t]s ( ^! frescoes und]took to del9eate = ! ,dom9icans ( ,flor5ce1 0 ! fabric ( society su/a9$ & held toge!r by ! action ( inquisitors & doctors issu$ f _! ord]4 ,! ,pope ) 8 ,c>d9als1 ! ,emp]or ) 8 ,c\ncil1 repres5t ! two *ief =ces ( ,*ri/5dom1 z conceiv$ by ! m$iaeval juri/s & ! s*ool ( ,dante4 ,seat$ on ?rones1 !y are ready to rise 9 def5ce ( ,holy ,*ur*1 symbolis$ by a picture ( ,s4 ,m>ia del ,fiore4 ,at _! feet ! black & :ite h\nds ( ! ,dom9ican ord]--,dom9i canes1 accord+ to ! monki% pun--are hunt+ h]etical wolves4 ,opposite ?is pa9t+ is ! apo!osis ( ,s4 ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,b5ea? ! foot/ool ( ?is dumb ox ( ,sicily1 z he 0 call$1 grovel ! h]esi>*s--,arius1 ,sabellius1 ,av]roes4 ,at aga9 a l[] level1 z ?\gh support+ ! sa9t on ei!r h&1 are rang$ sev5 sacr$ & sev5 pr(ane sci5ces1 ea* ) its *ief repres5tative4 ,?us ,rhetoric & ,cic]o1 ,civil ,law & ,ju/9ian1 ,speculative ,!ology & ! ,areopagite1 ,practical ,!ology & ,pet] ,lomb>d1 ,geometry & ,euclid1 ,ari?metic & ,abraham1 are gr\p$ toge!r4 ,x w be se5 t ! :ole le>n+ ( ! ,middle ,age--its philosophy z well z its div9ity--is "h comb9$ z 9 a figur$ ab/ract1 = ! wise to comm5t on & = ! simple to p]use4 ,none c avoid draw+ ! lesson t k exi/s = ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur*1 & t ! ,*ur*1 :ile %e in/ructs society1 w claim complete ob$i5ce to h] decrees4 ,! ipse dixit ( ! ,dom9ican au?or ( ! ,summa is law4 ,su* frescoes1 by no means uncommon 9 ,dom9ican cloi/]s1 /ill reta9 great int]e/ = ! /ud5t ( s*ola/ic ?\ght4 ,9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,sopra ,m9]va at ,rome1 :]e ,galileo 0 aft]w>ds compell$ to sign 8 fam\s retractation1 ,filipp9o ,lippi pa9t$ ano!r triumph ( ,s4 ,?omas1 conceiv$ 9 ! _s ( ,taddeo ,gaddi's1 b express$ ) ! fre$om ( ! middle ,r5aissance4 ,nor %\ld we neglect to notice ! rem>kable picture by ,tra9i 9 ,s4 ,cat]9a at ,pisa4 ,"h ! doctor ( ,aqu9o is repres5t$ 9 an aureole surr\nd$ by a gold5 sph]e or disc1 on ! edge ( :i* are plac$ ! f\r evangeli/s1 toge!r ) ,moses & ,s4 ,paul4#acg ,at 8 side1 )9 ! burni%$ sph]e1 ,plato & ,ari/otle /& upright1 hold+ ! ,timaeus & ! ,e?ics 9 _! h&s4 ,*ri/ 9 glory is above ! gr\p1 emitt+ f ,8 m\? ?ree rays ^u ! head ( ,s4 ,?omas4 ,s+le rays desc5d 9 l mann] ^u ! evangeli/s & ,moses & ,s4 ,paul4 ,!y1 l ,plato & ,ari/otle1 hold op5 books2 & rays f ^! eight volumes conv]ge ^u ! head ( ! angelical doctor1 :o becomes ! focus1 z x 71 ( all ! beams s5t =? f ,*ri/ & f ! classic tea*]s1 :e!r directly effus$ or transmitt$ ?r\gh ! writ]s ( ! ,bible4 ,s4 ,?omas la/ly holds a book op5 9 8 h&1 & c>ries o!rs on 8 lap2 :ile l9es ( light are %$ f ^! ^u two b&s ( ! fai?ful1 *iefly ,dom9ican monks1 arrang$ on ea* side ( 8 foot/ool4 ,av]roes lies pro/rate b5ea? 8 feet ) 8 book face d[nw>ds1 lightn+-smitt5 by a %aft f ! leaves ( ! volume 9 ! sa9t's h&1 :]eon is writt53 v]itatem m$itabitur guttur meum et labia mea dete/abuntur impium4#ach ,?is picture1 aft]w>ds repeat$ by ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli ) "s *ange 9 ! p]sons1#aci has be5 m9utely describ$1 because x is important to be> 9 m9d ! measure ( inspiration conc$$ by ! m$iaeval ,*ur* to ! fa!rs ( ,greek philosophy1 & h] utt] dete/ation ( ! p]ipatetic traditions transmitt$ ?r\gh ! ,arabic by ,av]roes4 ,av]roes1 ?\gh ,dante plac$ him ) ! great s\ls ( pagan civilisation 9 ! fir/ circle ( ,inf]no1#adj 0 reg>d$ z ! protagoni/ ( infidelity4 ,! my? ( incr$ulity t ga!r$ r\nd 8 memory & made him hat$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 has be5 trac$ ) exquisite delicacy by ,r5an1#ada :o %[s t 8 "n became a rally+ po9t = free?9k]s4 ,s*ol>s l ,petr>* 7 eag] to confute 8 sect1 & arti/s us$ him z a symbol ( mat]iali/ic disbelief4 ,?us we meet ) ,av]roes among ! lo/ s\ls 9 ! ,pisan ,campo ,santo1 di/+ui%$ z usual by 8 turban & long be>d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! frank acceptance ( pagan philosophy1 ins(> z x c\ld be accommodat$ to ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*1 f9ds full expression 9 ! art ( ?is e>ly p]iod4 ,on ! walls ( ! ,palazzo ,pubblico at ,si5a 7 pa9t$ ! figures ( ,curius ,d5tatus & ,cato1#adb :ile ! pavem5t ( ! ,duomo %[$ ,h]mes ,trismegi/us in/ruct+ bo? a pagan & a ,*ri/ian1 & ,socrates asc5d+ ! /eep hill ( virtue4 ,p]ug9o1 "s ye>s lat]1 decorat$ ! ,sala del ,cambio at ,p]ugia ) ! h]oes1 philosoph]s1 & wor?ies ( ! anci5t _w4 ,we are ?us l$ by a gradual progress up to ! f9al a*ievem5t ( ,raphael 9 ! ,vatican4 ,sep>at+ ! antique f ! ,*ri/ian tradition1 b plac+ !m ^u an equality 9 8 art1 ,raphael made ! ,s*ool ( ,a!ns an epitome ( ,greek & ,roman wisdom1 :ile 9 ! ,dispute ( ! ,sacram5t he symbolis$ ! ,*ur* 9 heav5 & ,*ur* on e>?4 ,ano!r class ( ideas1 no less illu/rative ( m$iaevalism1 c be /udi$ 9 ! ,palazzo ,pubblico at ,si5a4 ,!re1 on ! walls ( ! ,sala della ,pace or de' ,nove1 may be se5 ! frescoes :]eby ,ambrogio ,lor5zetti express$ !ories ( society & gov]nm5t peculi> to 8 age4#adc ,! panels are ?ree 9 numb]4 ,9 ! fir/ ! pa9t] has del9eat$ ! ,commune ( ,si5a by an imp]ial male figure 9 ! prime ( life1 ?ron$ on a judgm5t-seat1 hold+ a sceptre 9 8 "r h& & a m$allion ( ,ju/ice 9 8 left4#add ,he we>s no coronet1 b a burgh]'s cap2 & b5ea? 8 foot/ool are ! ,roman tw9s1 suckl$ by ! %e-wolf4#ade ,above 8 head 9 ! air float ,fai?1 ,*>ity1 & ,hope--! ,*ri/ian virtues2 :ile ,ju/ice1 ,temp]ance1 ,magnanimity1 ,prud5ce1 ,=titude1 & ,peace1 six wom51 cr[n$1 & ) appropriate emblems1 are en?ron$ beside him4 ,! maje/ic giant ( ! ,commune t[]s above !m all 9 bulk & /ature1 z ?\gh to indicate ! p's sov]eignty4 ,! virtues are 8 assessors & inspir]s--he is ,k+4 ,b5ea? ! das occupi$ by ^! supreme p]sonages1 are rang$ on ei!r h& mail$ & visor$ cavali]s1 m\nt$ on *>g]s1 ! gu>dians ( ! ,/ate4 ,all ! citiz5s 9 _! degrees advance t[>d ! ?rone1 c>ry+ betwe5 !m1 pair by pair1 a rope receiv$ f ! h&s ( ,concord2 :ile "s :o h transgress$ h] laws1 are be+ br\ght ) b\nd h&s to ! judgm5t-seat4 ,concord h]self1 be+ less ! virtue ( ! gov]nm5t ?an ( ! gov]n$1 is seat$ on a l9e ) ! burgh]s 9 a place ap>t b5ea? ! ?rone ( ,civil ,ju/ice1 :o is allegoris$ z ! disp5s] ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 z well z controll] ( ! arm$ =ce & ! purse ( ! community4 ,! :ole ( ?is elaborate allegory suff]s by ! language ( description4 ,^? :o h se5 x1 & :o are famili> ) ,si5ese *ronicles1 feel t1 arti/ically lab\r$ z ! pa9t]'s "w may be1 e figure _h a passionate & int5se mean+ = him#adf4 ,8 picture is ! epitome ( gov]nm5t conduct$ by a sov]eign p4 ,nor c we fail to be /ruck ) ! beauty ( "s details4 ,! pale e>ne/ faces ( ! horsem5 are em95tly *ivalr\s1 ) knightly hon\r writt5 on _! calm & fe>less features4 ,peace1 recl9+ at ease ^u h] pill[1 is a lovely woman 9 loose raim5t1 h] hair wrea!d ) blossoms1 9 h] h& an olive bran*1 h] feet repos+ ^u casque & %ield4 ,%e is l a pa9t$ /atue1 mak+ u wond] :e!r ! arti/ _h n copi$ h] f ! ,aphrodite ( ,lysippus1 ere ! ,si5ese de/roy$ ?is /atue 9 _! dread ( paganism#adg4 ,9 ! o!r two panels ( ?is hall ,ambrogio ,lor5zetti pa9t$ ! contra/ ( good & bad gov]nm5t1 h>mony & discord4 ,a city full ( brawls & blood%$ is set 9 opposition to "o :]e ! dance & viol d n cease4 ,m]*ants are plund]$ z !y issue f ! gates on "o side2 on ! o!r1 tra9s ( sumpt] mules are securely w9d+ along m\nta9 pa?s4 ,tyranny1 ) all ! vices = 8 c\ncil & ) ,t]ror = prime m9i/]1 presides ov] ! ill-gov]n$ t[n4 ,! burgh]s ( ! happy commune foll[ trade or pleasure1 z !y li/2 a beautiful w+$ g5ius1 inscrib$ ,securitas1 floats above _! citadel4 ,x %\ld be add$ t 9 bo? ^! pictures ! ar*itecture is ! same2 = ! pa9t] has design$ to tea* h[ diff]5t may be ! /ate ( "o & ! same city accord+ to its =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,su* !n 7 ! vivid images :]eby ,ambrogio ,lor5zetti express$ ! m$iaeval curse ( discord1 & ! ideal ( a righte\s rule4 ,x is only necess>y to read ! ,di>io ,sanese ( ,allegretto ,allegretti 9 ord] to see t he drew no fancy picture4 ,! tor*light procession ( burgh]s swe>+ amity by c\ples 9 ! ca!dral !re describ$1 receives exact pictorial illu/ration 9 ! fresco ( ! ,sala della ,pace#adh4 ,si5a1 by h] bloody factions & h] passionate peacemak+s1 express$ 9 daily action :at ! pa9t] _h depict$ on h] palace walls4 ,! me?od ( treatm5t adopt$ = ^! *apt]s has oblig$ me to give priority to ,flor5ce1 & to speak ( ! two ,lor5zetti1 ,pietro 9 ! ,pisan ,campo ,santo & ,ambrogio 9 ! ,sala della ,pace at ,si5a1 z ?\gh !y 7 foll[]s ( ,giotto2 s true is x t ! ma9 curr5ts ( ,tuscan art 7 gov]n$ by ,flor5t9e influ5ces1 & t ,giotto's g5ius made itself felt 9 all ! "w ( 8 imm$iate successors4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$ t pa9t+ _h an indep5d5t orig9 among ! ,si5ese1 & t ,guido da ,si5a may claim to rank ev5 e>li] ?an ,cimabue4#adi ,9 ! ye> #abfj1 j be=e engag+ 9 _! duel ) ,flor5ce1 ! ,si5ese d$icat$ _! city to ! ,virg92 & ! victory ( ,montap]ti1 foll[+ imm$iately ^u ?is v[1 gave a m>k$ impulse to _! piety4#aej ,! e>ly ma/]s ( ,si5a devot$ !mselves to religi\s pa9t+s1 especially to pictures ( ,madonna suit$ = *apels & oratories4 ,we f9d ^u ^! my/ic panels an ec/asy ( adoration & a dep? ( f]v\r :i* are ali5 to ! m sob] _s ( ,flor5ce1 comb9$ ) an almo/ infant9e delight 9 pure bright col\rs1 & 9 ! decorative details ( ! m9iaturi/4 ,! fir/ great pa9t] among ! ,si5ese 0 ,duccio di ,buon9segna4#aea ,! completion ( 8 ma/]piece--a picture ( ! ,maje/y ( ! ,virg91 execut$ = ! high alt> ( ! ,duomo--m>k$ an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ,si5a4 ,ne>ly two ye>s _h be5 sp5t ^u x2 ! pa9t] receiv+ sixte5 soldi a day f ! ,commune1 toge!r ) 8 mat]ials1 9 ex*ange = 8 :ole "t & skill & lab\r4 ,at la/1 on ,june #i1 #acaj1 x 0 c>ri$ f ,duccio's work%op to its place 9 ! ca!dral4 ,a procession 0 =m$ by ! cl]gy1 ) ! ar*bi%op at _! head1 foll[$ by ! magi/rates ( ! ,commune1 & ! *ief m5 ( ! ,monte de' ,nove4 ,^! great folk cr[d$ r\nd _! ,lady2 aft] came a multitude ( burgh]s be>+ tap]s2 :ile ! re> 0 br\ght up by wom5 & *ildr54 ,! bells rang & trumpets blew z ?is new image ( ! ,sov]eign ,mi/ress ( ,si5a 0 borne along ! summ]-smil+ /reets ( h] metropolis to take its ?rone 9 h] high temple4 ,duccio's alt>-piece pres5t$ on "o face to ! spectator a ,virg9 seat$ ) ! infant ,*ri/ ^u h] lap1 & receiv+ ! homage ( ! patron sa9ts ( ,si5a4 ,on ! o!r1 he depict$ ! pr9cipal sc5es ( ! ,gospel /ory & ! ,passion ( our ,"l 9 tw5ty-eight comp>tm5ts4 ,:at gives peculi> value to ?is elaborate "w ( ,si5ese art is1 t 9 x ,duccio manag$ to comb9e ! tradition ( an e>ly hi]atic /yle ( pa9t+ ) all ! *>m ( brilliant col\r+ & ) dramatic =ce ( pres5tation only rivall$ at t "t by ,giotto4 ,indep5d5tly ( ,giotto1 he p]=m$ at a /roke :at ,cimabue & 8 pupil _h a*iev$ = ! ,flor5t9es1 & bequea!d to ! succe$+ pa9t]s ( ,si5a a tradition ( art beyond :i* !y r>ely pass$4 ,f> m ?an _! neighb\rs at ,flor5ce1 ! ,si5ese rema9$ fett]$ by ! te*nical me?ods & ! pieti/ic =mulae ( ! e>lie/ religi\s pa9t+4 ,to make _! conv5tional repres5tations ( ,madonna's love & woe & glory burn ) all ! passion ( a f]v5t _s1 & to te/ify _! wor%ip by ! oblation ( ri* gifts 9 col\r+ & gild+ mass$ ar\nd h]1 0 _! e>ne/ aim4 ,x foll[$ t1 :5 !y attempt$ subjects on a really l>ge scale1 ! faults ( ! m9iaturi/ clung ab\t !m4 ,i ne$ h>dly say t ,ambrogio & ,pietro ,lor5zetti =m notable exceptions to ?is g5]al /atem5t4 ,x may be appli$1 h[ev]1 ) "s tru? to ,simone ,m>t9i1 ! pa9t]1 :o dur+ 8 lifetime enjoy$ a celebrity only second to t ( ,giotto4#aeb ,l ,giotto1 ,simone ex]cis$ 8 art 9 _m p>ts ( ,italy4 ,si5a1 ,pisa1 ,assisi1 ,orvieto1 ,naples1 & ,avignon c /ill boa/ ( wall & easel pictures f 8 h&2 & ?\gh x has be5 sugge/$ t he took no "p 9 ! decoration ( ! ,cappella degli ,spagnuoli1 ! impress ( 8 mann] rema9s at ,flor5ce 9 ^? noble frescoes ( ! ,*ur* ,militant & ! ,consecration ( ,s4 ,dom9ic4#aec ,simone's fir/ undisput$ works are to be se5 at ,si5a & at ,assisi1 :]e we le>n :at he c\ld d z a frescante 9 competition ) ! able/ ,flor5t9es4 ,9 ! ,palazzo ,pubblico ( 8 native city he pa9t$ a va/ picture ( ! ,virg9 en?ron$ b5ea? a canopy & surr\nd$ by sa9ts2#aed :ile at ,assisi he put =? 8 :ole p[] 9 portray+ ! leg5d ( ,s4 ,m>t94 ,9 all 8 pa9t+s we trace ! skill ( an exquisite & pati5t craftsman1 elaborately c>eful to f9i% 8 "w ) ! utmo/ ref9em5t1 s5sitive to fem99e beauty1 full ( delicate inv5tiv5ess1 & gift$ ) a r>e feel+ = grace4 ,^! excell5t qualities t5d1 h[ev]1 t[>ds affectation & ov]-s(tness2 nor are !y =tifi$ by su* vig\r ( conception or su* maje/y 9 composition z belong to ! greate/ trec5ti/i4 ,! ,lor5zetti alone so>$ high above ! ,si5ese mann]ism into a region ( mascul9e imag9ative art4 ,we feel ,simone's *>m mo/ly 9 s+le heads & deta*$ figures1 "s ( :i* at ,assisi h incomp>able sweetness4 ,molles ,s5ae1 ! delicate & fem99ely v>iable1 fond ( all ?+s brilliant1 & un/able ?r\gh defect ( /]nness1 0 ! fit "m ( ?is +5i\s & delightful ma/]4 ,aft] ! days ( ,duccio & ,simone ,m>t9i1 ( ,ambrogio & ,pietro ,lor5zetti1 7 ov]1 !re rema9$ b little = ! ,si5ese to d 9 pa9t+4 ,taddeo di ,b>tolo cont9u$ ! tradition ( ,duccio z ! lat] ,giottesques cont9u$ t ( ,giotto4 ,8 mo/ rem>kable wall-pa9t+ is a fresco ( ! ,apo/les visit+ ! ,virg91 ! motive ( :i* is m>k$ by great orig9ality4#aee ,our ,lady is seat$ 9 an op5 loggia ) a company ( holy m5 & wom5 r\nd h]4 ,desc5d+ f ! sky & float+ ?r\gh ! ar*es are ?ree ( ! ,apo/les1 :ile "o :o has j alight$ f 8 arial transit kneels & folds 8 h&s 9 adoration4 ,seldom h ! long+ & ! peace ( lov+ wor%ip be5 m poetically express$ ?an "h4 ,! seat$1 kneel+1 /&+1 & fly+ figures are admirably gr\p$ toge!r2 _! drap]ies are dignifi$ & massive2 & ! ar*itectural accessories help ! composition by divid+ x into ?ree balanc$ sections4 ,su* p[] ( depict+ movem5t 0 r>e 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,to f9d its analogue1 we mu/ betake ourselves to ! frescoes ( ,sp9ello ,aret9o1 a ma/] m decid$ly ,giottesque ?an 8 contempor>y ,taddeo di ,b>tolo4#aef ,a ,gabriel1 ru%+ d[n f heav5 to salute ,madonna1 ) all ! :irr ( ar*-angelic p9ions & ! glory ( ,p>adise ar\nd him1 is a f9e specim5 ( ,sp9ello's vehem5ce4 ,! same quality1 m temp]$1 is noticeable 9 8 frescoes ( ! leg5d ( ,s4 ,ephesus at ,pisa4#aeg ,few faces 9 ! pa9t+s ( any p]iod are m fasc9at+ ?an ! pr(iles "u /eel-blue battle-caps ( t godlike pair--! knightly sa9t & ! ,ar*angel ,mi*ael--break+ by ! irresi/ible =ce ( _! onset & _! calm y\?ful beauty ?r\gh ! mail$ ranks ( ! ,s>d9ian pagans4 ,sp9ello 0 ess5tially a w>like pa9t]2 among ! be/ ( 8 compositions may be nam$ ! s]ies ( pictures f ! hi/ory ( ! ,v5etian campaign aga9/ ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa4#aeh ,x is a pity t ! w> ( lib]ation c>ri$ on by ! ,lomb>d communes ) ! ,empire %\ld h left b little trace on ,italian art2 & !re=e ^! pa9t+s ( ,sp9ello1 9 addition to _! intr9sic m]it1 h r>e hi/orical int]e/4 ,delight+ 9 ! gleam ( arm\r & ! %ock ( spe>$ w>riors1 ,sp9ello communicat$ some?+ ( ?is fi]y _s ev5 to 8 sa9ts4 ,! monks ( ,samm9iato ne> ,flor5ce employ$ him 9 #achh to pa9t _! newly-f9i%$ sacri/y ) ! leg5d ( ,s4 ,b5$ict4 ,9 ! execution ( ?is task ,sp9ello display$ 8 usual gr&eur & vig\r1 treat+ ! grey-rob$ bre?r5 ( ,monte ,cass9o l v]itable *ampions ( a militant ,*ur*4 ,:5 he di$ 9 #adaj1 x might h be5 truly said t ! flame ( ! tor* k9dl$ by ,giotto 0 at la/ ext+ui%$4 ,! /ud5t ( hi/ory _c b notice ) surprise t a city fam$ l ,si5a = its vanity1 its facti\s qu>rels1 & its delicate liv+1 %\ld h produc$ an almo/ passionately ard5t art ( piety4#aei ,! same reflections are sugge/$ at ,p]ugia1 torn by ! savage feuds ( ! ,oddi & ,baglioni1 at w>f>e ) ,assisi1 r$uc$ to exhau/ion by ! discords ( jeal\s p>ties1 yet memorable 9 ! hi/ory ( pa9t+ z ! head-qu>t]s ( ! pieti/ic ,umbrian s*ool4 ,! contradiction is1 h[ev]1 9 bo? cases m app>5t ?an real4 ,! p bo? ( ,si5a & ,p]ugia 7 highly impressible & emotional1 quick to obey ! prompt+s ( _! passion1 :e!r x took ! =m ( hatr$ or ( love1 ( spiritual f]v\r or ( c>nal viol5ce4 ,yield+ at "o mom5t to ! prea*+s ( ,s4 ,b]n>d9o1 at ano!r to ! p]suasions ( ,grifonetto degli ,baglioni1 ! ,p]ugians won ! "* ( be+ fi5ds or angels accord+ to ! temp] ( _! lead]s2 :ile ,si5a might boa/ ) equal "r ( hav+ giv5 bir? to ,s4 ,ca!r9e & nurtur$ ,beccadelli4 ,! religi\s feel+ 0 a passion ) !m on a p> ) all ! o!r movem5ts ( _! quick & mobile temp]am5t3 x ne$$ ec/atic art = its int]pretation4 ,:at 0 cold & sob] w\ld n satisfy ! m5 ( ^! two cities4 ,! ,flor5t9es1 m ju/ly balanc$1 less ab&on$ to ! fr5zies ( impassion$ impulse1 less capable ( feel+ ! rapt exaltation ( ! devotee1 express$ !mselves 9 art di/+ui%$ = its intellectual p[]1 its sanity1 its sci5tific indu/ry1 its adequacy to av]age human ne$s4 ,!re=e1 ,flor5t9e influ5ces det]m9$ ! c\rse ( pa9t+ 9 ,c5tral ,italy4 ,!re=e ,giotto1 :o repres5t$ ! ,flor5t9e g5ius 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 set 8 /amp ^u ! ,lor5zetti4 ,! my/ic pa9t]s ( ,umbria & ,si5a h _! high & hon\r$ place 9 ! hi/ory ( ,italian art4 ,!y supply an elem5t :i*1 except 9 ! "w ( ,fra ,angelico1 0 defective at ,flor5ce2 b to ! ,flor5t9es 0 committ$ ! great *>ge ( int]pret+ ! _s ( ,italian civilisation 9 all its bran*es1 n = ! cloi/] only1 or ! oratory1 b = humanity at l>ge1 ?r\gh pa9t+4 ,giotto & 8 foll[]s1 !n1 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury pa9t$1 z we h se51 ! religi\s1 philosophical1 & social conceptions ( _! age4 ,z arti/s1 _! great discov]y 0 ! secret ( depict+ life4 ,! ideas !y express$ belong$ to ! ,middle ,ages4 ,b by _! me?od & _! _s !y anticipat$ ! ,r5aissance4 ,9 execut+ _! "w ^u ! walls ( palaces & *ur*es1 !y employ$ a k9d ( fresco4 ,fresco 0 ess5tially ! ,flor5t9e vehicle ( expression4 ,among ! peoples ( ,c5tral ,italy x took ! place ( mosaic 9 ,sicily1 ,rav5na1 & ,v5ice1 z ! means ( communicat+ ideas by =ms to ! unlett]$ laity1 & z af=d+ to ! arti/ ! wide/ & ! free/ sph]e = ! expression ( 8 ?\ghts4#afj ,,footnotes3 #aah ,9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+ 9 ,italy1 by ,messrs4 ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle4 #aai ,no?+ is m a/oni%+ ?an ! /]ility ( ,g5oa & ( ,rome4 ,nei!r 9 sculpture nor 9 pa9t+ did ^! cities produce any?+ memorable1 ?\gh ,g5oa 0 well plac$ = receiv+ ! influ5ces ( ,pisa1 & _h ! comm& ( ! m>ble qu>ries ( ,c>r>a1 :ile ,rome 0 ! resort ( all ! art-/ud5ts ( ,italy4 ,! v e>ly em95ce ( ,apulia 9 ar*itecture & ! pla/ic arts l$ to no results4 #abj ,milan1 x is true1 produc$ a brilliant s*ool ( sculptors1 & ! ,c]tosa ( ,pavia is a monum5t ( h] spontane\s arti/ic g5ius4 ,b 9 pa9t+1 until ! date ( ,lion>do's adv5t1 %e a*iev$ little4 #aba ,see ,vol4 ,i41 ,age ( ! ,despots1 pp4 #ahb-ahh1 = ! con/itutional *>act]i/ics ( ,flor5ce & ,v5ice2 & ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,revival ( ,le>n+1 pp4 #aah-abj1 = ! intellectual supremacy ( ,flor5ce4 #abb ,a glance at ! map %[s to :at a l>ge ext5t ! ,italians ow$ ! progress ( _! arts to ,tuscany4 ,pisa1 z we h already se51 took ! lead 9 sculpture4 ,flor5ce1 at a some:at lat] p]iod1 reviv$ pa9t+1 :ile ,si5a contemporane\sly develop$ a /yle peculi> to h]self4 ,?is ,si5ese /yle--?or\ghly ,tuscan1 ?\gh diff]5t f t ( ,flor5ce--ex]cis$ an important influ5ce ov] ! s*ools ( ,umbria1 & gave a peculi> quality to ,p]ugian pa9t+4 ,?r\gh ,pi]o della ,francesca1 a native ( ,borgo ,san ,sepolcro1 ! ,flor5t9e tradition 0 ext5d$ to ,umbria & ! ,roman ,/ates4 ,p]ugia might be ev5 geographically claim$ = ,tuscany1 inasmu* z ! ,tib] divides ! old ,etrurian t]ritory f ! ,umbrians & ! du*y ( ,spoleto4 ,lion>do 0 a ,tuscan settl$ z an ali5 9 ,milan4 ,raphael1 ?\gh a native ( ,urb9o1 d]iv$ 8 tra9+ f ,flor5ce1 indirectly ?r\gh 8 fa!r & 8 ma/] ,p]ug9o1 m imm$iately f ,fra ,b>tolommeo & ,mi*ael ,angelo4 #abc ,if ,vas>i is to be tru/$1 ?is visit ( ,*>les ( ,anj\ to ,cimabue's /udio took place 9 #abfg2 b nei!r ! ,malesp9i nor ,villani m5tion x1 & ! old belief t ! ,borgo ,allegri ow$ its "n to ! popul> rejoic+ at t "t is n[ some:at discr$it$4 ,see ,vas>i1 ,le ,monni]1 #ahdf1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbe1 note #d4 ,g9o ,capponi1 9 8 ,/oria della ,repubblica di ,fir5ze1 vol4 i4 p4 #aeg1 refuses h[ev] to reject ! leg5d4 #abd ,see ,capponi1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ei1 #gh1 = a description ( ! gay & c\rte\s liv+ ( ! ,flor5t9es ^u ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 #abe ,see ! ,descrizione della ,pe/e di ,fir5ze4 #abf ,i wi% ,i c\ld "h transcribe ! mo/ beautiful passage f ,rusk9's ,giotto & 8 ,works 9 ,padua1 pp4 #aa1 #ab1 describ+ ! contra/ betwe5 ! l&scape ( ,vald>no & ! l&scape ( ! hills ( ! ,mugello di/rict4 ,i c only ref] read]s to ! book1 pr9t$ = ! ,arundel ,society1 #ahed4 #abg ,see ,truc*i1 ,poesie ,italiane ,in$ite1 vol4 ii4 p4 #h4 #abh ,see above1 ,*apt] ,,iii1 ,relation ( ,sculpture to ,pa9t+4 #abi ,! wond]ful beauty ( ,orcagna's faces1 pr(ile aft] pr(ile laid toge!r l lilies 9 a g>d5 bord]1 c only be discov]$ aft] long /udy4 ,x has be5 my good =tune to exam9e1 ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,mrs4 ,hig=d ,burr1 ( ,ald]ma/on1 a l>ge s]ies ( trac+s1 tak5 *iefly by ! ,"r ,hon4 ,a4 ,h4 ,lay>d1 f ! frescoes ( ,giottesque & o!r e>ly ma/]s1 :i*1 by ! selection ( simple =m 9 outl9e1 demon/rate n only ! gr& composition ( ^! religi\s pa9t+s1 b also ! incomp>able lovel9ess ( _! types4 ,h[ great ! ,trec5ti/i 7 z draughtsm51 h[ imag9ative 0 ! beauty ( _! conception1 c be be/ appreciat$ by ?us artificially sep>at+ _! design f _! col\r+4 ,! semblance ( ar*aism disappe>s1 & leaves a vision ( pure beauty1 delicate & spiritual4 ,! collection to :i* ,i h allud$ 0 made "s ye>s ago1 :5 access to ! wall-pa9t+s ( ,italy = ! purpose ( trac+ 0 /ill possible4 ,x includes ne>ly ! :ole ( ,lor5zetti's "w 9 ! ,sala della ,pace1 mu* ( ,giotto1 ! ,gozzoli frescoes at ,s4 ,gemignano1 frescoes ( ! ,v]onese ma/]s & ( ! ,paduan ,bapti/]y1 a great deal ( ,pi]o della ,francesca1 ,mantegna1 ,lu9i1 ,gaud5zio ,f]r>i1 ,p9turic*io1 ,masol9o1 c4 ,! e>lie/ ma/]s ( ,arezzo1 ,pisa1 ,si5a1 ,urb9o are copi\sly illu/rat$1 :ile few burghs or hamlets ( ! ,tuscan & ,umbrian di/ricts h be5 left unvisit$4 #acj ,see ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle1 vol4 i4 pp4 #dde-dea1 = a discussion ( ! "q4 ,!y incl9e to ! au?or%ip ( ,pietro & ,ambrogio ,lor5zetti4 ,b ! la/ ,flor5t9e edition ( ,vas>i r5d]s ?is op9ion d\btful4 #aca ,ed una donna involta 9 ve/e negra1 ,con un furor qual io non s se mai ,al tempo de' giganti fosse a ,flegra4 ,trionfo della ,morte1 cap4 i4 #ca4 #acb ,on a scroll above ^! wret*es is writt5 ?is leg5d3-- ,dac* prosp]itade ci ha lasciati1 ,o morte1 m$ic9a d'ogni p5a1 ,deh vi5i a d>ne omai l'ultima c5a4 #acc ,?is might be us$ z an argum5t aga9/ ! ,lor5zetti hypo!sis2 = _! "w at ,si5a is em95tly beautiful4 #acd ,! attitude & ! eyes ( ?is ar*angel h an imag9ative pot5cy beyond t ( any o!r motive us$ by any pa9t] to sugge/ ! t]ror ( ! ,dies ,irae4 ,simplicity & tru? ( vision 9 ! arti/ h "h t\*$ ! v summit ( int5se dramatic pres5tation4 #ace ,! ,triumph ( ,s4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 9 ?is cloi/]-*apel1 has long be5 decl>$ ! "w ( ,taddeo ,gaddi4 ,! ,triumph ( ! ,*ur* ,militant1 & ! ,consecration ( ,s4 ,dom9ic1 us$ to be ascrib$1 on ! fai? ( ,vas>i1 to ,simone ,m>t9i ( ,si5a4 ,indep5d5tly ( its ma9 subject1 ?is va/ wall-pa9t+ is specially int]e/+ on acc\nt ( its portraits4 ,! "w has a decid$ly ,si5ese "*2 b rec5t critics are incl9$ to assign x to a c]ta9 ,&rea1 ( ,flor5ce4 ,see ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hi4 ,! same critics d\bt ! h& ( ,taddeo ,gaddi 9 ! ,triumph ( ,s4 ,?omas1 vol4 i4 p4 #cgd1 & rem>k t ^! productions ( ! art ( ! f\rte5? c5tury are1 inde$1 second-class works1 execut$ by pupils ( ! ,si5ese & ,flor5t9e s*ool1 & unwor?y ( ! high praise :i* has ev] be5 giv5 to !m4 ,:atev] may be ultimately ?\ght ab\t ! "q ( _! au?or%ip & pictorial m]it1 _! int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( ,italian pa9t+ 9 relation to m$iaeval ?\ght w always rema9 indisputable4 ,few build+s 9 ! l5g? & bread? ( ,italy possess su* claims on our att5tion z ! ,cappella degli ,spagnuoli4 #acf ,! amor\s f]e ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 ! holy a?lete1 g5tle to 8 own1 & to 8 foes cruel4 #acg ,ev]y?+ outside ?is gold5 region is /udd$ ) />s to signify an epoyranios topos or heav5 ( heav5s4 ,s4 ,?omas & ! ,greeks are inside ! gold5 sph]e ( sci5ce1 & bel[ on e>? are ! h]esi>*s & fai?ful4 ,ros9i gives a fai?ful outl9e ( ?is picture 9 8 ,atlas ( ,illu/rations4 #ach ,= my m\? %all speak tru?2 & wick$ness is an abom9ation to my lips4--,prov4 viii4 #g4 #aci ,gozzoli's picture is n[ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,i ?9k ,guillaume de ,sa9t ,am\r takes ! place ( ,av]roes4 #adj ,inf4 iv4 #add4 #ada ,av]ros et l',av]rosme1 pp4 #bcf-caf4 #adb ,9 ! *apel4 ,!y are ! "w ( ,taddeo di ,b>tolo1 & be> ?is inscription3 ,spec*iatevi 9 co/oro1 voi *e reggete4 ,! m$iaeval pa9t]s ( ,italy le>n$ lessons ( civility & gov]nm5t z will+ly f classical tradition1 z !y d$uc$ ! lessons ( piety & godly liv+ f ! ,bible4 ,h]e9 !y 7 ak9 to ,dante1 :o *ose ,virgil = ! symbol ( ! human und]/&+ & ,beatrice = ! symbol ( div9e wisdom1 reveal$ to man 9 ,!ology4 #adc ,he began 8 "w 9 #accg4 #add ,a simil> mode ( symbolis+ ! ,commune is *os5 9 ! bas-reliefs ( ,ar*bi%op ,t>lati's tomb at ,arezzo1 :]e ! discord ( ! city is repres5t$ by an old man ( gigantic /ature1 ?ron$ & maltreat$ by ! burgh]s1 :o are te>+ out 8 hair by h&fuls4 ,ov] ?is figure is writt5 ,il ,comune ,pelato4 #ade ,^! 7 adopt$ z ! ensign ( ,si5a1 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 #adf ,9 ! ye> #accf1 j be=e ,ambrogio began to pa9t1 ! ,si5ese ,republic _h conclud$ a league ) ,flor5ce = ! ma9t5ance ( ! ,guelf p>ty4 ,! ,monte de' ,nove /ill rul$ ! city ) patriotic _s & equity1 & _h n yet become a =ceful olig>*y4 ,! p[] ( ! ,visconti 0 /ill 9 its cradle2 ! great plague _h n deva/at$ ,tuscany4 ,z e>ly z #acee ! :ole ( ! fair ord] repres5t$ by ,ambrogio 0 %ak5 to ! f\ndation1 & ,si5a des]v$ ! words appli$ to x by ,de ,comm9es4 ,see ,vol4 ,l1 ,age ( ! ,despots1 p4 #afb1 note #b4 #adg ,rio1 p]v]sely b5t on /igmatis+ :atev] 9 ,italian art sav\rs ( ! ,r5aissance1 depreciates ?is lovely =m ( ,peace4 ,l',art ,*rti51 vol4 i4 p4 #eg4 #adh ,see ,muratori1 vol4 xxiii41 or ! passage translat$ by me 9 ,vol4 ,i41 ,age ( ! ,despots1 p4 #dhj4 #adi ,8 ,madonna 9 ,s4 ,dom5ico is dat$ #abba4 ,= a full discussion ( ,guido da ,si5a's date1 see ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ahj-ahe4 #aej ,on _! co9s ! ,si5ese /ruck ?is leg5d3 ,s5a vetus ,civitas ,virg9is4 ,x w be rememb]$ h[ ! ,flor5t9es1 two c5turies & a half lat]1 d$icat$ _! city to ,*ri/ z k+4 #aea ,date ( bir? unkn[n2 date ( dea?1 ab\t #acbj4 #aeb ,he is bett] kn[n z ,simone ,memmi1 a "n giv5 to him by a mi/ake ( ,vas>i's4 ,he 0 born 9 #abhc at ,si5a4 ,he di$ 9 #acdd at ,avignon4 ,petr>* m5tions 8 portrait ( ,madonna ,laura1 9 ! #di? & #ej? sonnets ( ! ,rime 9 ,vita di ,madonna ,laura4 ,9 ano!r place he uses ^! words ab\t ,simone3 ,duos ego novi pictores egregios1 nec =mosos1 ,jottum ,flor5t9um civem1 cujus int] mod]nos fama +5s e/1 et ,simonem ,s55sem4--,epi/4 ,fam4 lib4 v4 #ag1 p4 #fec4 ,petr>* proce$s to m5tion t he has also kn[n sculptors1 & ass]ts _! inf]iority to pa9t]s 9 mod]n times4 #aec ,see above1 ,*apt] ,,iv1 ,!ology & ,s4 ,dom9ic4 ,messrs4 ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle reject1 n )\t reason1 z x seems to me1 ! tradition t ,simone pa9t$ ! frescoes ( ,s4 ,rani]i 9 ! ,campo ,santo at ,pisa4 ,see vol4 ii4 p4 #hc4 ,:at rema9s ( 8 "w at ,pisa is an alt>-piece 9 ,s4 ,cat]9a4 #aed ,to ,simone is also attribut$ ! int]e/+ portrait ( ,guidoriccio ,fogliani de' ,ricci1 on horseback1 9 ! ,sala del ,consiglio4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 has be5 s mu* repa9t$ z to h lo/ its "*4 #aee ,9 ,s4 ,francesco at ,pisa4 #aef ,sp9ello degli ,sp9elli 0 born ( a ,ghibell9e family1 exil$ f ,flor5ce1 :o settl$ at ,arezzo ab\t #acjh4 ,he di$ at ,arezzo 9 #adaj1 ag$ #ib1 accord+ to "s computations4 #aeg ,s\? wall ( ! ,campo ,santo1 on ! left-h& ( ! entrance4 #aeh ,9 ! ,sala di ,balia ( ! public palace at ,si5a4 #aei ,see ,inf]no1 xxix4 #aba2 ! sonnets on ! mon?s by ,c5e dalla ,*it>ra1 ,poeti del ,primo ,secolo1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aif-bjg2 ! epi!t ,molles ,s5ae1 giv5 by ,beccadelli2 & ! rem>ks ( ,de ,com9es4 #afj ,i h n ?\ght x necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 temp]a & fresco4 ,9 temp]a pa9t+ ! col\rs 7 mix$ ) egg1 gum1 & o!r vehicles dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & laid ^u a dry gr\nd4 ,9 fresco pa9t+ ! col\rs1 mix$ only ) wat]1 7 laid ^u pla/] :ile /ill damp4 ,! latt] process replac$ ! =m] = wall-pa9t+s 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,pa9t+ ,m$iaeval ,motives exhau/$--,new ,impulse t[>d ,te*nical ,p]fection--,naturali/s 9 ,pa9t+--,int]m$iate ,a*ievem5t ne$$ = ! ,great ,age ( ,art--,positive ,_s ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury--,masaccio--,! ,mod]n ,mann]--,paolo ,uccello--,p]spective--,reali/ic ,pa9t]s--,! ,model--,pi]o della ,francesca--,8 ,/udy ( ,=m--,resurrection at ,borgo ,san ,sepolcro--,melozzo da ,=li--,squ>cione at ,padua--,g5tile da ,fabriano--,fra ,angelico--,b5ozzo ,gozzoli--,8 ,decorative ,/yle--,lippo ,lippi--,frescoes at ,prato & ,spoleto--,filipp9o ,lippi--,s&ro ,botticelli--,8 ,value = ! ,/ud5t ( ,r5aissance ,fancy--,8 ,feel+ = ,my?ology--,pi]o di ,cosimo--,dom5ico ,ghirl&ajo--,9 :at s5se he sums up ! ,age--,prosaic ,_s--,flor5ce hi!rto supreme 9 ,pa9t+--,ext5sion ( ,art ,activity ?r\gh\t ,italy--,m$icean ,patronage4 ,aft] ! spl5did outbur/ ( pa9t+ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 !re came a lull4 ,! ?\ghts & s5tim5ts ( m$iaeval ,italy _h be5 n[ set =? 9 art4 ,! s9c]e & simple /yle ( ,giotto 0 work$ out4 ,b ! new culture ( ! ,revival _h n z yet suffici5tly p5etrat$ ! ,italians = ! pa9t]s to express x2 nor _h !y ma/]$ ! te*nicalities ( _! craft 9 su* a mann] z to r5d] ! del9eation ( m complex =ms ( beauty possible4 ,! ye>s betwe5 #adjj & #adgj may be r\ghly m>k$ out z ! second p]iod ( great1 activity 9 pa9t+4 ,at ?is "t sculpture1 "u ! h&s ( ,ghib]ti1 ,donatello1 & ,luca della ,robbia1 _h rea*$ a high] po9t ?an ! si/] art4 ,! debt ! sculptors ow$ to ,giotto1 !y n[ repaid 9 full measure to 8 successors1 9 ob$i5ce to ! law :]eby sculpture1 ?\gh subord9at$1 z 9 ,italy1 to pa9t+1 is m precoci\s 9 its evolution4 ,"o ( ! mo/ m>k$ features ( ?is p]iod 0 ! progress 9 ! art ( design1 due to bronze modell+ & bas-relief2 = ! pa9t]s1 lab\r+ 9 ! work%ops ( ! goldsmi?s & ! /one-c>v]s1 le>n$ h[ to /udy ! articulation ( ! human body1 to imitate ! nude1 & to aim by means ( graduat$ light & d>k at r5d]+ ! effect ( r\ndness 9 _! draw+4 ,! laws ( p]spective & =e%ort5+ 7 work$ out by ,paolo ,uccello & ,brunelles*i4 ,new me?ods ( col\r+ 7 attempt$ by ! ,peselli & ! ,pollajuoli4 ,ab&on+ ! conv5tional treatm5t ( religi\s !mes1 ! arti/s began to take delight 9 motives drawn f ev]yday exp]i5ce4 ,x became ! fa%ion to introduce contempor>y co/umes1 /rik+ portraits1 & famili> incid5ts into sacr$ subjects1 s t _m pictures ( ?is p]iod1 ?\gh wor?less to ! /ud5t ( religi\s art1 are int]e/+ = _! illu/ration ( ,flor5t9e cu/om & "*4 ,at ! same "t ! pa9t]s began to imitate l&scape & ar*itecture1 load+ ! backgr\nd ( _! frescoes ) pomp\s vi/as ( palaces & city t[]s1 or subord9at+ _! figures to fanta/ic sc5]y ( wood & rock & sea%ore4 ,_m 7 naturali/s1 delight+1 l ,g5tile da ,fabriano1 9 ! del9eation ( field fl[]s & liv+ creatures1 or1 l ,pi]o di ,cosimo1 9 ! portrayal ( ?+s r>e & curi\s4 ,g>d5s please _! eyes1 & birds & bea/s & insects4 ,:ole m5ag]ies & avi>ies1 = in/ance1 7 pa9t$ by ,paolo ,uccello4 ,o!rs1 aga91 ab&on$ ! old gr\nd ( ,*ri/ian /ory = ! tales ( ,greece & ,rome2 & n ! lea/ *>m+ products ( ! "t are antique motives treat$ ) ! fre%ness ( romantic feel+4 ,we look 9 va9 = ! allegories ( ! ,giottesque ma/]s3 t /age ( ?\ght has be5 trav]s$1 & a new cycle ( poetic ideas1 fanciful1 idyllic1 correspond+ to ,boi>do's episodes r ?an to ,dante's vision1 op5s = ! arti/4 ,in/ead ( seek+ to set =? va/ subjects ) ! equality ( m$iocrity1 l ! ,gaddi1 or to inv5t ar*itectonic compositions embrac+ ! :ole culture ( _! age1 l ! ,lor5zetti1 ! pa9t]s 7 n[ b5t ^u realis+ "s special quality ( beauty1 express+ "s fanta/ic motive1 or solv+ "s te*nical problem ( peculi> difficulty4 ,!y _h1 9 fact1 outgr[n ! *ildhood ( _! art2 & :ile !y _h n yet atta9$ to ma/]y1 _h ab&on$ ! impossible task ( mak+ x ! m$ium ( univ]sal expression4 ,9 ?is way ! manifold ef=ts ( ! work]s 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury prep>$ ! gr\nd = ! great pa9t]s ( ! ,gold5 ,age4 ,x rema9$ = ,raphael & 8 contempor>ies to a*ieve ! f9al syn!sis ( art 9 ma/]pieces ( consummate beauty4 ,b ?is !y c\ld n h done )\t ! aid ( ^? innum]able int]m$iate lab\r]s1 ^: productions occupy 9 art ! place ( ,bacon's m$ia axiomata 9 sci5ce4 ,rememb]+ ?is1 we ought n to compla9 t ! purpose ( pa9t+ at ?is epo* 0 divid$1 or t its a*ievem5ts 7 imp]fect4 ,! :ole intellectual conditions ( ! c\ntry 7 ^? ( gr[?1 exp]im5t1 prep>ation1 & acquisition1 r ?an ( full accompli%m5t4 ,:at happ5$ 9 ! field ( pa9t+1 0 happ5+ also 9 ! field ( s*ol>%ip2 & we h good reason to be ?ankful t by ! v nature ( ! arts1 ^! t5tative endeav\rs h a m endur+ *>m ?an ! dull tomes ( contempor>y /ud5ts4 ,nor1 aga91 is x rational to regret t pa9t+1 hav+ />t$ ) ! s9c]e desire ( express+ ! hopes & fe>s t agitate ! s\l ( man1 & raise him to a spiritual region1 %\ld n[ be occupi$ ) lessons 9 p]spective & anatomy4 ,9 ! tw(old process ( discov]+ ! _w & man1 ?is dry gr\nd _h inevitably to be explor$1 & its exploration c\ld n fail to co/ ! sacrifice ( mu* t 0 impassion$ & imag9ative 9 ! e>li] & less sci5tific age ( art4#afa ,! _s ( ,cosimo de' ,m$ici1 almo/ cynical 9 its positivism1 ! _s ( ,sixtus ,,iv41 almo/ godless 9 its egotism1 7 abroad 9 ,italy at ?is p]iod2#afb inde$1 ! fifte5? c5tury pres5ts at l>ge a spectacle ( prosaic worldl9ess & unideal aims4 ,yet ! "w done by ! arti/s 0 ! be/ "w ( ! epo*1 f> m fruitful ( results & f> m p]man5tly valuable ?an t ( ,filelfo inveigh+ 9 fil?y satires aga9/ 8 p]sonal foes1 or ( ,beccadelli endeav\r+ to inoculate mod]n lit]ature ) ! virus ( pagan vices4 ,petr>* 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury _h prea*$ ! evangel ( humanism2 ,giotto 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury _h giv5 life to pa9t+4 ,! /ud5ts ( ! fifte5?1 ?\gh _! _s 0 s mu* bas] & less l>ge ?an ,petr>*'s1 7 foll[+ 9 ! pa? m>k$ out = !m & lead+ =w>d to ,erasmus4 ,! pa9t]s ( ! fifte5?1 ?\gh !y lack$ ! unity ( aim & fre%ness ( _! ma/]1 7 le>n+ :at 0 ne$ful = ! cr[n+ & fulfilm5t ( 8 lab\rs on a l(ti] /age4 ,=emo/ among ! pione]s ( ,r5aissance-pa9t+1 t[]+ above !m all by head & %\ld]s1 l ,saul among ! tribes ( ,israel1 /&s ,masaccio4#afc ,! ,brancacci ,*apel ( ! ,c>m9e at ,flor5ce1 pa9t$ 9 fresco almo/ entirely by 8 h&1 0 ! s*ool :]e all succe$+ arti/s /udi$1 & :5ce ,raphael deign$ to borr[ ! composition & ! figures ( a portion ( 8 ,c>toons4 ,! ,leg5d ( ,s4 ,ca!r9e1 pa9t$ by ,masaccio 9 #h4 ,clem5te at ,rome1 ?\gh an e>li] "w1 is sc>cely less rem>kable z evid5ce t a new age _h begun = art4 ,9 8 frescoes ! qualities ess5tial to ! /yle ( ! ,r5aissance--:at ,vas>i calls ! mod]n mann]--appe> precoci\sly full-=m$4 ,besides life & nature !y h dignity & bread?1 ! gr& & height5$ mann] ( emancipat$ art4 ,masaccio is n inf]ior to ,giotto 9 8 p[] ( tell+ a /ory ) simplicity2 b he und]/&s ! value ( p]spective = realis+ ! circum/ances ( ! sc5e depict$4 ,8 augu/ gr\ps ( ! ,apo/les are surr\nd$ by l&scape tranquillis+ to ! s5se & pleasant to ! eye4 ,m\nta9-l9es & di/ant horizons l5d space & l>g5ess to 8 compositions1 & ! figures ( 8 m5 & wom5 move freely 9 a _w prep>$ = !m4 ,9 ,masaccio's managem5t ( drap]y we disc]n ! influ5ce ( pla/ic art2 )\t conceal+ ! limbs1 :i* are always modell$ ) a fre$om t sugge/s ! p[] ( movem5t ev5 9 /ation>y attitudes1 ! volum9\s folds & broad masses ( p[]fully col\r$ raim5t inve/ 8 =ms ) a nobility unkn[n be=e 9 pa9t+4 ,8 p[] ( repres5t+ ! nude is n less rem>kable4 ,b :at above all else r5d]s 8 /yle attractive is ! s5se ( arial space4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 art ! =ms ( liv+ p]sons are %[n mov+ 9 a transp>5t m$ium ( light1 graduat$ accord+ to degrees ( di/ance1 & h>monis$ by tones t indicate an atmosph]ic unity4 ,9 comp>+ ,masaccio ) ,giotto we mu/ admit t1 ) s mu* ga9$1 some?+ has be5 sacrific$4 ,giotto succe$$ 9 pres5t+ ! idea1 ! feel+1 ! pi? ( ! ev5t1 & pi]c$ at once to ! v gr\nd-root ( imag9ation4 ,masaccio ?9ks ov]-mu*1 p]haps1 ( ext]nal =m1 & is int5t on air-effects & col\r+4 ,he realises ! ph5om5al tru? ) a l>g5ess & a dignity peculi> to himself4 ,b we ask :e!r he 0 capable ( br++ close to our he>ts ! secret & ! s\l ( spiritual ?+s4 ,has n art b5ea? 8 t\* become m sc5ic1 los+ !reby some:at ( dramatic poignancy8 ,born 9 #adjb1 ,masaccio left ,flor5ce 9 #adbi = ,rome1 & 0 n he>d ( by 8 family aga94 ,?us p]i%$1 at ! e>ly age ( tw5ty-sev51 a pa9t] ^: "w reveals n only ! orig9ality ( real creative g5ius1 b a maturity t moves our wond]4 ,:at might he n h done if he _h liv$8 ,betwe5 8 /yle 9 ! ,brancacci *apel & t ( ,raphael 9 ! ,vatican !re seems to be b a n>r[ gap1 :i* might p]*ance h be5 pass$ ov] by ?is man1 if dea? _h sp>$ him4 ,masaccio c by no means be tak5 z a fair in/ance ( ! pa9t]s ( 8 age4 ,gift$ ) exceptional p[]s1 he ov]leap$ ! difficulties ( 8 art1 & arriv$ intuitively at results :]e( z yet no sci5tific c]ta9ty _h be5 secur$4 ,8 contempor>ies appli$ humbl] tal5ts to sev]e /udy1 & wr\ght out by pati5t indu/ry ^? pr9ciples :i* ,masaccio _h div9$4 ,_! "w is !re=e at ! same "t m ar*aic & m p$antic1 judg$ by mod]n /&>ds4 ,x is difficult to imag9e a /yle ( pa9t+ less attractive ?an t ( ,paolo ,uccello4#afd ,yet 8 fresco ( ! ,deluge 9 ! cloi/]s ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,novella1 & 8 battlepieces--"o ( :i* may be se5 9 ! ,national ,gall]y--taught ne>ly all t pa9t]s ne$$ ( p]spective4 ,! lesson 0 convey$ 9 h>d1 dry1 unc\? diagrams1 ill-col\r$ & defici5t 9 ! quality ( animation4 ,at ?is p]iod ! pa9t]s1 l ! sculptors1 7 tra9$ z goldsmi?s1 & ,paolo _h be5 a craftsman ( t guild be=e he gave 8 :ole m9d to ! /udy ( l9e> p]spective & ! draw+ ( animals4 ,! precision requir$ 9 ?is trade =c$ arti/s to /udy ! modell+ ( ! human =m1 & promot$ t crude naturalism :i* has be5 *>g$ aga9/ _! pictures4 ,c>efully to obs]ve1 m9utely to imitate "s actual p]son--! ,s&ro ( y\r work%op or ! ,cecco f ! m>ketplace--became ! pride ( pa9t]s4 ,no long] fasc9at$ by ! dreams ( m$iaeval my/icism1 & unable = ! mom5t to inve/ ideals ( ! fancy ) reality1 !y mean:ile made ! great discov]y t ! body ( a man is a miracle ( beauty1 ea* limb a div9e wond]1 ea* muscle a joy z great z sight ( />s or fl[]s4 ,mu* t is repulsive 9 ! pictures ( ! ,pollajuoli & ,&rea del ,ca/agno1 ! lead]s 9 ?is bran* ( realism1 is due to admiration = ! newly /udi$ me*anism ( ! human =m4 ,!y seem to h c>$ b little to select _! types or to acc5tuate expression1 s long z !y 7 able to portray ! man be=e !m ) fidelity4#afe ,! comel9ess ( av]age humanity 0 en\gh = !m2 ! difficulties ( reproduc+ :at !y saw1 exhau/$ _! =ce4 ,?us ! ma/]-works on :i* !y /ak$ _! reputation %[ !m emul\s ( fame z craftsm51 :ile only "h & !re1 9 m9or pa9t+s = ! mo/ "p1 ! poet t 0 9 !m sees ! light4 ,brunelles*i told ,donatello ! tru? :5 he said t 8 ,*ri/ 0 a crucifi$ contad9o4 ,int5t on ma/]+ ! art ( modell+1 & det]m9$ above all ?+s to be accurate1 ! sculptor _h =gott5 t some?+ m 0 want$ 9 a crucifix ?an ! c>eful /udy ( a robu/ peasant-boy4 ,a /ory ( a some:at lat] date /ill fur!r illu/rates ! dep5d5ce ( ! "w ( art ^u ! model 9 ,r5aissance ,flor5ce4 ,jacopo ,sansov9o made ! /atue ( a y\?ful ,bac*us 9 close imitation ( a lad call$ ,pippo ,fabro4 ,pos+ = h\rs toge!r nak$ 9 a cold /udio1 ,pippo fell into ill heal?1 & f9ally w5t mad4 ,9 8 madness he frequ5tly assum$ ! attitude ( ! ,bac*us to :i* 8 life _h be5 sacrific$1 & :i* is n[ 8 portrait4 ,! leg5d ( ! pa9t] :o kept 8 model on a cross 9 ord] t he might ! m m9utely repres5t ! agonies ( dea? by crucifixion1 is b a my?us ( ! reali/ic me?od c>ri$ to its logical extremity4 ,pi]o della ,francesca1 a native ( ,borgo ,san ,sepolcro1 & a pupil ( ,dom5ico ,v5eziano1 mu/ be plac$ among ! pa9t]s ( ?is p]iod :o advanc$ _! art by sci5tific /udy4 ,he c>ri$ ! pr9ciples ( correct draw+ & solid modell+ z f> z x is possible = ! g5ius ( man to d1 & compos$ a treatise on p]spective 9 ! vulg> tongue4 ,b ^! are n 8 only titles to fame4 ,by dignity ( portraiture1 by l(t9ess ( /yle1 & by a c]ta9 poetical solemnity ( imag9ation1 he rais$ himself above ! level ( ! mass ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,^? :o h once se5 8 fresco ( ! ,resurrection 9 ! hall ( ! ,compagnia della ,mis]icordia at ,borgo ,san ,sepolcro1 w nev] =get ! deep impression ( solitude & alo(ness f all e>?ly ?+s produc$ by x4 ,x is n s mu* ! admirable gr\p+ & ma/]ly draw+ ( ! f\r sleep+ soldi]s1 or ev5 ! maje/ic type ( ! ,*ri/ em]g5t )\t ef=t f ! grave1 z ! communication ( a mood felt by ! pa9t] & in/ill$ into our s\ls1 t makes ?is by f> ! gr&e/1 mo/ poetic1 & mo/ awe-inspir+ picture ( ! ,resurrection4 ,! l&scape is simple & sev]e1 ) ! cold light ^u x ( ! dawn be=e ! sun is ris54 ,! drap]y ( ! asc5d+ ,*ri/ is t+$ ) auroral col\rs l ! e>lie/ cl\ds ( morn+2 & ,8 level eyes1 ) ! my/]y ( ! slumb] ( ! grave /ill ^u !m1 seem gaz+1 f> beyond our scope ( vision1 into ! region ( ! et]nal & illimitable4 ,?us1 ) ,pi]o = my/agogue1 we ent] an inn] %r9e ( deep religi\s revelation4 ,! same high imag9ative faculty m>ks ! fresco ( ! ,dream ( ,con/ant9e 9 ,s4 ,francesco at ,arezzo1 :]e1 x may be said 9 pass+1 ! /ud5t ( art mu/ le>n to e/imate :at ,pi]o c\ld d 9 ! way ( accurate =e%ort5+1 p[]ful del9eation ( solid bodies1 & noble treatm5t ( drap]y4#aff ,to ,pi]o1 aga91 we owe mo/ preci\s portraits ( two ,italian pr9ces1 ,sigismondo ,p&olfo ,malate/a & ,f$]igo ( ,urb9o1 ma/]pieces#afg ( fidelity to nature & s\nd workman%ip4 ,9 addition to ! _m great pa9t+s t comm& our admiration1 ,pi]o claims hon\r z ! tea*] ( ,melozzo da ,=li & ( ,luca ,signorelli4 ,little is left to %[ ! greatness ( ,melozzo2 b ! frescoes pres]v$ 9 ! ,quir9al are en\gh to prove t he cont9u$ ! grave & l(ty mann] ( 8 ma/]4#afh ,signorelli be>s a "n illu/ri\s 9 ! fir/ rank ( ,italian pa9t]s2 & to speak ( him w be soon my duty4 ,x 0 ! special m]it ( ^! arti/s to elevate ! ideal ( =m & to seek aft] sublimity1 )\t dep>t+ f ! pa? ( consci5ti\s lab\r1 9 an age preoccupi$ on ! "o h& ) te*nicality & naturalism1 on ! o!r ) decorative prett9ess & pietism4 ,:ile ! ,flor5t9e & ,umbro-,tuscan ma/]s 7 p]fect+ ! arts ( accurate design1 a simil> direction t[>d sci5tific /udies 0 giv5 to ! pa9t]s ( ,nor!rn ,italy at ,padua4 ,mi*ael ,savon>ola1 writ+ 8 panegyric ( ,padua ab\t #addj1 expressly m5tions ,p]spective z a bran* ( philosophy taught 9 ! high s*ool2#afi & ! influ5ce ( ,francesco ,squ>cione1 ?\gh exagg]at$ by ,vas>i1 0 n inconsid]able4 ,?is man1 :o began life z a tailor or embroid]]1 0 e>ly int]e/$ 9 ! f9e arts4 ,l ,ciriac ( ,ancona1 he _h a ta/e = travel & collection1#agj visit+ ! sacr$ soil ( ,greece & soj\rn+ 9 div]s t[ns ( ,italy1 ev]y:]e mak+ draw+s1 copy+ pictures1 tak+ ca/s f /atues1 & amass+ memor&a on ! relics ( antiquity z well z on ! me?ods practis$ by contempor>y pa9t]s4 ,equipp$ ) ^! aids to /udy1 ,squ>cione return$ to ,padua1 8 native place1 :]e he op5$ a k9d ( s*ool = pa9t]s4 ,x is cle> t he 0 himself less an arti/ ?an an amateur ( pa9t+1 ) a turn = tea*+1 & a conviction1 bas$ ^u ! humani/ic in/9cts ( 8 age1 t ! "r way ( le>n+ 0 by imitation ( ! antique4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( 8 c>e] he is said to h taught no less ?an #acg pupils1 tra9+ 8 appr5tices by ! exhibition ( ca/s & draw+s1 & giv+ !m in/ruction 9 ! sci5ce ( p]spective4#aga ,f 8 /udio issu$ ! mighty ,&rea ,mantegna1 ^: life-"w1 "o ( ! mo/ weighty mom5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n art1 w be notic$ at l5g? 9 ! next *apt]4 ,= ! pres5t x is en\gh to obs]ve t ?r\gh ,squ>cione ! sci5tific & humani/ic movem5t ( ! fifte5? c5tury 0 communicat$ to ! art ( ,nor!rn ,italy4 ,!re1 z at ,flor5ce1 pa9t+ 0 sep>at$ f ecclesia/ical tradition1 & a new />t+-po9t 0 s\ght 9 ! /udy ( ma!matical pr9ciples1 & ! /riv+ aft] =m = its own sake4 ,)\t attempt+ ! detail$ hi/ory ( pa9t+ 9 ?is p]iod ( divid$ en]gy & div]se ef=t1 x is ne$ful "h to turn aside & notice ^? ma/]s ( ! fifte5? c5tury :o rema9$ comp>atively un9flu5c$ by ! s*ola/ic /udies ( _! contempor>ies4 ,( ^!1 ! e>lie/ & mo/ notable 0 ,g5tile da ,fabriano1 ! la/ great pa9t] ( ! ,gubbian s*ool4#agb ,9 ! pr$ella ( 8 ma/]piece at ,flor5ce !re is a little panel1 :i* attracts att5tion z "o ( ! e>lie/ attempts to repres5t a sunrise4 ,! sun has j appe>$ above "o ( ^? b>e sweep+ hill-sides s *>act]i/ic ( ,c5tral ,italian l&scape4 ,"p ( ! c\ntry lies unt\*$ by morn+1 cold & grey3 ! re/ is silv]$ ) ! level light1 fall+ sideways on ! burni%$ leaves & r$ fruit ( ! orange trees1 & ca/+ %ad[s f olive bran*es on ! furr[s ( a new-pl\gh$ field4 ,along ! road j\rney ,joseph & ,m>y & ! infant ,*ri/1 s t y may call ?is little l&scape a ,flight into ,egypt1 if y *oose4 ,g5tile1 ) all 8 ,umbrian pietism1 0 a pa9t] = :om ! fair sights ( ! e>? _h exquisite value4 ,! ri* co/umes ( ! ,ea/]n k+s1 _! tra9 ( s]vants1 _! hawks & horses1 h\nds & monkeys1 are pa9t$ by him ) scrupul\s fidelity2 & no?+ c be m true to nature ?an ! wild fl[]s he has copi$ 9 ! framework ( ?is picture4 ,yet we p]ceive t1 ?\gh he felt 9 8 own way ! naturali/ic impulse ( ! age1 he _h sc>cely any?+ 9 common ) ma/]s l ,uccello or ,v]oc*io4 ,/ill less _h ,fra ,angelico4 ,( all ! pa9t]s ( ?is p]iod he mo/ successfully resi/$ ! p]suasions ( ! ,r5aissance1 & p]fect$ an art t ow$ little to sympa?y ) ! ext]nal _w4 ,he ?\ght x a s9 to /udy or to imitate ! nak$ =m1 & 8 mo/ beautiful faces seem copi$ f angels se5 9 visions1 n f any sons ( m54 ,:ile ! arti/s ar\nd him 7 absorb$ 9 ma/]+ ! laws ( geometry & anatomy1 ,fra ,angelico s\ght to express ! inn] life ( ! ador+ s\l4 ,only j s mu* ( realism1 :e!r 9 ! draw+ ( ! body & its drap]y1 or 9 ! l&scape backgr\nd1 z seem$ necess>y = sugge/+ ! emotion or = sett+ =? ! /ory1 f\nd its way into 8 pictures4 ,! message !y convey might h be5 told almo/ z p]fectly ^u ! lute or viol4 ,8 _w is a /range "o--a _w n ( hills & fields & fl[]s & m5 ( fle% & blood1 b "o :]e ! p are embodi$ ec/asies1 ! col\rs t9ts f ev5+ cl\ds or apocalyptic jewels1 ! sc5]y a flood ( light or a backgr\nd ( illum9at$ gold4 ,8 my/ic g>d5s1 :]e ! ransom$ s\ls embrace1 & dance ) angels on ! lawns outside ! ,city ( ! ,lamb1 are su* z 7 nev] trodd5 by ! foot ( man 9 any p>adise ( e>?4 ,criticism has a h>d task 9 attempt+ to disc]n ! m]it ( ! sev]al pa9t]s ( ?is "t4 ,x is cle> t we mu/ look n to ,fra ,angelico b to ,masaccio = ! progressive =ces t 7 c>ry+ art =w>d to complete accompli%m5t4 ,yet ! *>m ( ,masaccio is z no?+ 9 comp>ison ) t :i* holds u spell-b\nd be=e ! sacr$ & impassion$ rev]ies ( ! ,fiesolan monk4 ,masaccio _h ine/imable value = 8 contempor>ies4 ,fra ,angelico1 n[ t we "k all ,masaccio c tea*1 has a quality s unique t we return aga9 & aga9 to ! contemplation ( 8 visions4 ,?us x (t5 happ5s t we are tempt$ to exagg]ate ! hi/orical importance ( "o pa9t] because he t\*es u by "s peculi> quality1 & to ov]-e/imate ! intr9sic value ( ano!r because he 0 a motive p[] 9 8 own age4 ,bo? ^! temptations %\ld be resolutely resi/$ by ! /ud5t :o is capable ( disc]n+ diff]5t k9ds ( excell5ce & div]se titles to affectionate remembrance4 ,trac+ ! hi/ory ( ,italian pa9t+ is l pursu+ a j\rney d[n an ev]-broad5+ riv]1 ^: afflu5ts are ,giotto & ,masaccio1 ,ghirl&ajo1 ,signorelli1 & ,mantegna4 ,we h to turn aside & l& ^u ! %ore1 9 ord] to visit ! heav5-reflect+ lakelet1 self-encompass$ & seclud$1 call$ ,angelico4 ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli1 ! pupil ( ,fra ,angelico1 b 9 no s5se ! cont9uator ( 8 tradition1 exhibits ! bl5d+ ( sev]al /yles by a g5ius ( less creative ?an assimilative =ce4 ,t he 0 ke5ly int]e/$ 9 ! problems ( p]spective & =e%ort5+1 & t none ( ! k collect$ by 8 fell[-work]s _h escap$ him1 is suffici5tly prov$ by 8 frescoes at ,pisa4 ,8 compositions are ri* 9 ar*itectural details1 n always *os5 ) pure ta/e1 b pa9t$ ) an almo/ infant9e delight 9 ! magnific5ce ( build+s4 ,qua9t birds & bea/s & reptiles cr[d 8 l&scapes2 :ile 8 imag9ation runs riot 9 rocks & riv]s1 trees ( all v>iety1 & ru/ic incid5ts adopt$ f real life4 ,at ! same "t he felt an enjoym5t l t ( ,g5tile da ,fabriano 9 depict+ ! pomp & circum/ance ( pageantry1 & no ,flor5t9e ( ! fifte5? c5tury 0 m fond ( assembl+ ! p]sonages ( contempor>y hi/ory 9 gr\ps4#agc ,?us he %[$ himself s5sitive to ! *ief influ5ces ( ! e>li] ,r5aissance1 & comb9$ ! sci5tific & naturali/ic t5d5cies ( 8 age 9 a mann] n devoid ( native poetry4 ,:at he lack$ 0 dep? ( feel+1 ! s5se ( noble =m1 ! orig9ative =ce ( a great m9d4 ,8 poetry ( inv5tion1 ?\gh copi\s & v>i$1 ow$ its *>m to ! un/udi$ grace ( improvisation1 & he (t5 und]took subjects :]e 8 idyllic r ?an dramatic g5ius fail$ to su/a9 him4 ,x is difficult1 = in/ance1 to compreh5d h[ ,m4 ,rio c\ld devote two pages to ,gozzoli's ,de/ruction ( ,sodom1 s comp>atively unimpressive 9 spite ( its aggregat$ incid5ts1 :5 he passes by ! ,fulm9ati ( ,signorelli1 s tragic 9 its t]rible simplicity1 ) a ^w4#agd ,?is pa9t]'s m>vell\s rapidity ( execution enabl$ him to produce an almo/ c\ntless s]ies ( decorative works4 ,! be/ ( ^! are ! frescoes ( ! ,pisan ,campo ,santo1 ( ! ,ricc>di ,palace ( ,flor5ce1 ( ,san ,gemignano1 & ( ,montefalco4 ,x has be5 well said ( ,gozzoli t1 ?\gh he attempt$ gr& subjects on a l>ge scale1 he c\ld n rise above ! limitations ( a /yle bett] adapt$ to ! decoration ( cassoni ?an to fresco4#age ,yet )9 ! range ( 8 own p[]s !re are few m fasc9at+ pa9t]s4 ,8 feel+ = fre% nature--= hunt]s 9 ! woods at night or dawn1 = v9tage-ga!r]s among _! grapes1 = fe/ival troops ( cavali]s & pages1 & = ! m>riage-dances ( "y m5 & maid5s--yields a delightful gladness to compositions lack+ ! simplicity ( ,giotto & ! dignity ( ,masaccio4#agf ,no "o knew bett] h[ to sket* ! qu>rels ( little boys 9 _! nurs]y1 or ! laught] ( s]v+-wom51 or *ildr5 c>ry+ _! books to s*ool2#agg & :5 ! idyllic g5ius ( ! man 0 appli$ to grav] !mes1 8 fancy suppli$ him ) multitudes ( angels wav+ ra9b[-col\r$ w+s above fair mortal faces4 ,bevies ( !m ne/le l pigeons on ! p5?\se ( ! hut ( ,be?lehem1 or cr[d toge!r r\nd ! infant ,*ri/4#agh ,f ^! obs]vations on ! /yle ( ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli x w be se5 t 9 ! evolution ( ,r5aissance culture he may be comp>$ ) ! romantic poets = :om ! *e]fulness ( nature & ! joy t comes to m5 f liv+ 9 a _m-col\r$ _w ( inexhau/ible delight 7 suffici5t s\rces ( inspiration4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ la/ly t he enjoy$ ! patronage & fri5d%ip ( ! ,m$icean pr9ces4 ,ano!r pa9t] fav\r$ by ! ,m$ici 0 ,fra ,filippo ,lippi1 ^: life & art-"w 7 alike ! deviation ( a pleasure-lov+ temp]am5t f its natural sph]e into ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur*4 ,left an orphan at ! age ( two ye>s1 he 0 br\ght up by an aunt1 :o plac$ him1 z a boy ( eight1 9 ! conv5t ( ! ,c>m9e at ,flor5ce4 ,= mona/ic duties he _h no vocation1 & ! irregul>ities ( 8 behavi\r caus$ sc&al ev5 9 t age ( cynical indulg5ce4 ,x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t ! s*ism betwe5 8 practice & pr(ession s]v$ to debase & vulg>ise a g5ius ( f9e imag9ative quality1 :ile ! uncong5ial "w ( decorat+ *oirs & pa9t+ alt>-pieces lim$ ! w+s ( 8 swift _s ) ! dulness ( r\t9e t sav\r$ ( hypocrisy4 ,b\nd d[n to sacr$ subjects1 he 0 too apt to make angels out ( /reet-ur*9s1 & to pa9t ! portraits ( 8 peasant-loves = ,virg9s4#agi ,8 delicate s5se ( natural beauty gave peculi> *>m to ?is false treatm5t ( religi\s !mes4 ,no?+1 = example1 c be m attractive ?an ! r[s ( angels be>+ lilies 9 8 ,coronation ( ! ,virg92#ahj & yet1 :5 we reg>d !m closely1 we f9d t !y h no cele/ial quality ( =m or feature4 ,_! grace is e>?ly1 & ! _s brea!d ^u ! picture is ! lovel9ess ( col\r1 quiet & yet gl[+--bl5d+ delicate blues & gre5s ) :it5ess purg$ ( gl>e4 ,! beauties z well z ! defects ( su* compositions make u regret t ,fra ,filippo nev] f\nd a m cong5ial sph]e = 8 imag9ation4 ,z a pa9t] ( subjects half-humor\s & half-pa!tic1 or z ! illu/rator ( romantic /ories1 we fancy t he might h won fame rivall$ only by ! greate/ col\ri/s4 ,"o su* picture x 0 grant$ him to pa9t1 & ?is is 8 ma/]piece4 ,9 ! prime ( life he 0 commission$ to decorate ! *oir ( ! ca!dral at ,prato ) ! leg5ds ( ,s4 ,john ,bapti/ & ,s4 ,/eph54 ,all ( ^! frescoes are notewor?y = _! firm grasp ^u reality 9 ! portraits ( ,flor5t9e wor?ies1 & = ! h>moni\s disposition ( ! gr\ps2 b ! sc5e ( ,salome danc+ be=e ,h]od is ! be/ = its poetic feel+4 ,h] movem5t across ! floor be=e ! tyrant & 8 gue/s at table1 ! qua9t flutt]+ ( h] drap]y1 ! well-br$ admiration ( ! spectators1 _! horror :5 %e br+s ! ,bapti/'s head to ,h]odias1 & ! weak face ( ! half-remorseful ,h]od are express$ ) a dramatic p[] t %[s ! g5ius ( a poet pa9t]4 ,& ev5 m lovely ?an ,salome are a pair ( girls lock$ 9 ea* o!r's arms close by ,h]odias on ! das4 ,a natural & spontane\s melody1 n only 9 ! sugge/$ movem5ts ( ?is sc5e1 b also 9 ! col\r+1 *oice ( =m1 & treatm5t ( drap]y1 makes x "o ( ! mo/ musical ( pictures ev] pa9t$4 ,fra ,filippo 0 n s successful 9 ! *oir ( ! ca!dral at ,spoleto1 :]e he und]took2 to pa9t sc5es f ! life ( ! ,virg94 ,yet ^? :o h n exam9$ ^! frescoes1 ru9\s 9 _! decay & spoil$ by /upid re/oration1 c =m no j notion ( ! lat5t capacity ( ?is great ma/]4 ,! :ole ( ! half-dome above ! tribune is fill$ )1 a ,coronation ( ,madonna4 ,a circul> ra9b[ surr\nds bo? h] & ,*ri/4 ,%e is kneel+ ) fi]y rays ar\nd h]1 glorifi$ by h] assumption into heav54 ,*ri/ is en?ron$1 & at ,8 side /&s a seat prep>$ = ,8 "m1 z soon z ! cr[n t ,he is plac+ on h] head %all h made h] ,que54 ,f ! out] c\rts ( heav51 ?rong$ ) multitudes ( cele/ial be+s1 angels are cr[d+ 91 break+ ! l9es ( ! prismatic aureole1 z ?\gh ! ard\r ( _! joy c\ld sc>cely be repress$2 :ile ! ev]la/+ light ( ,god %$s radiance f above1 & f> bel[1 lies e>? ) dim9i%$ sun & moon4 ,! boldness ( conception 9 ?is s+ul> fresco reveals a g5ius capable ( grappl+ ) su* problems z ,t9toretto solv$4 ,fra ,filippo di$ at ,spoleto1 & left 8 "w unf9i%$1 to ! c>e ( 8 assi/ant1 ! ,fra ,diamante4 ,ov] 8 tomb ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici caus$ a monum5t to be erect$1 & ,poliziano wrote ,lat9 c\plets to commemorate ! fame ( a pa9t] highly priz$ by 8 patrons4 ,! space devot$ 9 ^! pages to ,fra ,lippo ,lippi is ju/ifi$ n only by ! excell5ce ( 8 own "w1 b also by ! influ5ce he ex]cis$ ov] two ( ! be/ ,flor5t9e pa9t]s ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,:e!r ,filipp9o ,lippi 0 9 tru? 8 son by ,lucrezia ,buti1 a novice he is said to h c>ri$ f h] cloi/] 9 ,prato1 has be5 call$ 9 "q by rec5t critics2 b !y adduce no positive argum5ts = discr$it+ ! /ory ( ,vas>i4#aha ,!re c1 h[ev]1 be no d\bt t to ! ,frate1 :e!r he 0 8 fa!r or only 8 tea*]1 ,filipp9o ow$ 8 /yle4 ,8 greate/ works 7 pa9t$ 9 cont9uation ( ,masaccio's frescoes 9 ! ,c>m9e at ,flor5ce4 ,x is ! be/ w>rant ( _! excell5ce t we feel !m wor?y to hold ! place !y d1 & t ,raphael transf]r$ "o ( _! motives1 ! figure ( ,s4 ,paul address+ ,s4 ,pet] 9 prison1 to 8 c>toon ( ,m>s' ,hill4 ,t he 0 n s accompli%$ z ,masaccio 9 ! art ( composition1 t 8 scale ( col\r is less pleas+1 & t 8 /yle 9 g5]al lacks ! elevation ( 8 mighty pr$ecessor1 is n suffici5t to place him 9 any position ( humiliat+ inf]iority4#ahb ,:at above all ?+s int]e/s ! /ud5t ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ,filipp9o's "w1 is ! p[]ful action ( reviv$ classicism on 8 mann]4 ,?is c be trac$ bett] 9 ! ,c>affa ,*apel ( ,s4 ,m>ia sopra ,m9]va at ,rome & 9 ! ,/rozzi ,*apel ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,novella at ,flor5ce ?an 9 ! ,c>m9e4 ,! ,triumph ( ,s4 ,?omas ,aqu9as & ! ,miracle ( ,s4 ,john are rem>kable = an almo/ insol5t display ( ,roman antiquities--n /udi$1 x ne$ sc>cely be obs]v$1 ) ! sci5tific accuracy ( ,alma ,tadema--= su* sci5ce 0 non-exi/5t 9 ! fifte5? c5tury--b p>ad$ ) a k9d ( passion4 ,to ?is delight 9 antique details ,filipp9o add$ viol5t ge/ures1 /range attitudes1 & affect$ drap]ies1 produc+ a g5]al result impressive ?r\gh ! arti/'s en]gy1 b qua9t & unattractive4 ,s&ro ,botticelli1 ! o!r disciple ( ,fra ,lippo1 be>s a "n ( great] m>k4 ,he is "o ( ^? arti/s1 mu* respect$ 9 _! own days1 :o suff]$ eclipse f ! sup]ior spl5d\r ( imm$iate successors1 & to :om1 ?r\gh sympa?y /imulat$ by prolong$ /udy ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 we h ( late paid t>dy & p]haps exagg]at$ hon\rs4#ahc ,8 fell[-work]s seem to h admir$ him z an able draughtsman gift$ ) a r>e if :imsical imag9ation2 b no "o recognis$ 9 him a lead] ( 8 age4 ,= u he has an almo/ unique value z repres5t+ ! int]m+lem5t ( antique & mod]n fancy at a mom5t ( transition1 z embody+ 9 "s ( 8 pictures ! subtle/ ?\ght & feel+ ( m5 = :om ! classic my?s 7 beg9n+ to live once m1 :ile new guesses 7 timidly haz>d$ 9 ! sph]e ( or?odoxy4#ahd ,self-confid5t s5suality _h n z yet enc\rag$ pa9t]s to sub/itute a florid rhetoric = ! travail ( _! bra92 nor 0 en\gh kn[n ab\t antiquity to make ! s]vile imitation ( ,greek or ,roman fragm5ts possible4 ,yet s*ol>%ip _h already introduc$ a novel elem5t into ! culture ( ! nation4 ,x 0 no d\bt ) a k9d ( wond] t ! arti/s he>d ( ,fauns & ,sylvans1 & ! bir? ( ,aphrodite f ! waves4 ,su* fables took deep hold ^u _! fancy1 /irr+ !m to /range & delicate creations1 ! (fspr+ ( _! own ?\ght1 & no m]e copies ( m>bles se5 9 /atue gall]ies4 ,! v imp]fection ( ^! pictures l5ds a value to !m 9 ! eyes ( ! /ud5t1 by help+ him to compreh5d exactly h[ ! revelations ( ! humani/s affect$ ! arti/ic s5se ( ,italy4 ,9 ! my?ological "w ( ,botticelli !re is always an elem5t ( allegory1 recall+ ! ,middle ,ages & r5d]+ x f> tru] to ! feel+s ( ! fifte5? c5tury ?an to ! my?s x illu/rates4 ,8 pa9t+ ( ! ,spr+1 sugge/$ by a passage f ,lucretius1#ahe is exquisitely poetic2 & yet ! true _s ( ! ,lat9 v]se has n be5 seiz$--to h done t w\ld h tax$ ! en]gies ( ,titian--b some?+ special to ! arti/ & significant = ,m$icean s*ol>%ip has be5 add$4 ,!re is none ( ! ,roman l>g5ess & fre$om 9 its /yle2 ,v5us & h] ,graces are ev5 melan*oly1 & _! movem5ts sav\r ( affectation4 ,?is comb9ation or confusion ( arti/ic impulses 9 ,botticelli1 ?is treatm5t ( pagan !mes 9 ! _s ( m$iaeval my/icism1 sometimes end$ 9 grotesqu5ess4 ,x might suffice to cite ! pregnant ,aphrodite 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 if ! ,m>s & ,v5us 9 ! same collection 7 n ev5 a m /rik+ in/ance4 ,m>s is a "y ,flor5t9e1 ^: ?roat & *e/ are beautifully /udi$ f ! life1 b ^: legs & belly1 belong+ no d\bt to ! same model1 fall f> %ort ( h]oic =m4 ,he lies fa/ asleep ) ! corn]s ( 8 m\? drawn d[n1 z ?\gh he 7 ab\t to snore4 ,opposite !re sits a woman1 we>y & wan1 drap$ f neck to foot 9 ! ?9 raim5t ,botticelli lov$4 ,f\r little goat-foot$ ,cupids play+ ) ! arm\r ( ! sleep+ lad complete ! composition4 ,^! wanton loves are admirably conceiv$ & exquisitely drawn2 nor inde$ c any draw+ exce$ 9 beauty ! l9e t leads f ! flank along ! ribs & arm ( ,m>s up to 8 lift$ elb[4 ,! :ole design1 l "o ( ,pi]o di ,cosimo's pictures 9 ano!r key1 leaves a /rong impression on ! m9d1 due p>tly to ! oddity ( treatm5t1 p>tly to ! c>eful "w display$1 & p>tly to ! individuality ( ! arti/4 ,x gives u ke5 pleasure to feel exactly h[ a pa9t] l ,botticelli appli$ ! dry naturalism ( ! e>ly ,flor5t9e ,r5aissance1 z well z 8 own orig9al imag9ation1 to a subject he imp]fectly realis$4 ,yet are we "r 9 assum+ t he meant ! female figure 9 ?is gr\p = ,aphrodite1 ! sleep+ man = ,ares8 ,a ,greek or a ,roman w\ld h reject$ ?is picture z false to ! my?us ( ,m>s & ,v5us2 & :e!r ,botticelli wi%$ to be less descriptive ?an emblematic1 might be fairly que/ion$4 ,! face & attitude ( t uns$uctive ,v5us1 wide awake & melan*oly1 opposite h] snor+ lov]1 seems to symbolise ! indignities :i* wom5 may h to endure f insol5t & sotti% boys ) only y\? to recomm5d !m4 ,?is int]pretation1 h[ev]1 s\nds l satire4 ,we are left to conjecture :e!r ,botticelli design$ 8 composition = an allegory ( intemp]ance1 ! s-call$ ,v5us typify+ "s moral quality4 ,botticelli's ,bir? ( ,aphrodite expresses ?is transi5t mom5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,r5aissance ) m felicity4 ,x w\ld be impossible = any pa9t] to design a m exquisitely outl9$ figure ?an t ( 8 ,v5us1 :o1 ) no cov]+ b h] gold5 hair1 is waft$ to ! %ore by zephyrs4 ,roses fall ^u ! ruffl$ waves1 & ! "y gods ( ! air tw9e h&s & feet toge!r z !y float4 ,9 ! picture ( ,spr+ !re is ! same *oice ( =m1 ! same purity ( l9e1 ! same r>e int]lacem5t 9 ! limbs4 ,x w\ld seem z ?\gh ,botticelli int5d$ e articulation ( ! body to express "s mean+1 & ?is1 ?\gh x enhances ! value ( 8 "w = sympa!tic /ud5ts1 (t5 leads him to ! v]ge ( affectation4 ,no?+ b a t\* ( affectation 9 ! tw9$ f+]s ( ,raphael & ,tobias impairs ! beauty ( "o ( ,botticelli's be/ pictures at ,tur94 ,we feel ! same discord look+ at !m z we d :ile read+ ! occasional concetti 9 ,petr>*2 & all ! m 9 ea* case does ! discord pa9 u because we "k t x results f _! specific quality c>ri$ to excess4 ,botticelli's s5sibility to ! ref9em5ts ( draw+ gave peculi> "* to all 8 "w4 ,att5tion has frequ5tly be5 call$ to ! beauty ( 8 roses4#ahf ,e curl 9 _! frail petals is r5d]$ ) z mu* c>e z ?\gh !y 7 ! h&s or feet ( ,graces4 ,nor is x1 p]haps1 a m]e fancy to imag9e t ! corolla ( an op5 rose sugge/$ to ,botticelli's m9d ! composition ( 8 be/-kn[n picture1 ! circul> ,coronation ( ! ,virg9 9 ! ,uffizzi4 ,t ma/]piece comb9es all ,botticelli's be/ qualities4 ,= r>e di/9ction ( beauty 9 ! faces x is unique1 :ile ! my/ic calm & resignation1 s misplac$ 9 8 ,aphrodites1 f9d a mean+ "h#ahg4 ,!re is only "o o!r picture 9 ,italy1 a ,madonna & ,*ild ) ,s4 ,ca!r9e 9 a l&scape by ,boccacc9o da ,cremona1 t 9 any degree rivals ! peculi> beauty ( its types#ahh4 ,s&ro ,botticelli 0 n a great pa9t] 9 ! same s5se z ,&rea ,mantegna4 ,b he 0 a true poet )9 ! limits ( a c]ta9 sph]e4 ,we h to seek 8 p>allel among ! v]se-writ]s r ?an ! arti/s ( 8 day4 ,"s ( ! /anzas ( ,poliziano & ,boi>do1 9 p>ticul>1 might h be5 writt5 to expla9 8 pictures1 or 8 pictures might h be5 pa9t$ to illu/rate _! v]ses#ahi4 ,9 bo? ,poliziano & ,boi>do we f9d ! same t\* ^u antique ?+s z 9 ,botticelli2 & ?is makes him s]viceable almo/ above all pa9t]s to ! read]s ( ,r5aissance poetry4 ,! "n ( ,pi]o di ,cosimo has be5 m5tion$ incid5tally 9 connection ) t ( ,botticelli2 & ?\gh 8 life exce$s ! limits assign$ = ?is *apt]1 s _m l9ks unite him to ! class ( pa9t]s ,i h be5 discuss+1 t ,i c f9d no bett] place to speak ( him ?an ?is4 ,8 biography =ms "o ( ! mo/ amus+ *apt]s 9 ,vas>i1 :o has tak5 great delight 9 not+ ,pi]o's qua9t hum\rs & ecc5tric habits1 & ^: description ( a ,c>nival triumph devis$ by him is "o ( our mo/ preci\s docum5ts 9 illu/ration ( ,r5aissance pageantry4#aij ,! po9t t connects him ) ,botticelli is ! romantic treatm5t ( classical my?ology1 be/ exemplifi$ 9 8 pictures ( ! tale ( ,p]seus & ,&rom$a4#aia ,pi]o 0 by nature & employm5t a decorative pa9t]2 ! con/ruction ( c>s = pageants1 & ! adornm5t ( dwell+ rooms & m>riage *e/s1 affect$ 8 :ole /yle1 r5d]+ x less indep5d5t & m qua9t ?an t ( ,botticelli4 ,l&scape occupies ! ma9 "p ( 8 compositions1 made up by a /range amalgam ( ! mo/ ecc5tric details--rocks toppl+ ov] blue bays1 sea-cav]ns1 & fanta/ic m\nta9 ranges4 ,gr\ps ( little figures dispos$ ^u ^! spaces tell ! /ory1 & ! be/ inv5tion ( ! arti/ is lavi%$ on ! =m ( mon/r\s creatures l ! dragon sla9 by ,p]seus4 ,!re is no attempt to treat ! classic subject 9 a classic _s3 to d t1 & to fail 9 do+ x1 rema9$ = ,cell9i4#aib ,we h1 on ! contr>y1 be=e u an image ( ! orc1 z x appe>$ to ,ario/o's fancy--a creature borr[$ f romance & made to play its "p 9 a ,greek my?4 ,! same criticism applies to ,pi]o's picture ( ! murd]$ ,procris wat*$ by a ,satyr ( ! woodl&4#aic ,9 creat+ 8 ,satyr ! pa9t] has n _h rec\rse to any antique bas-relief1 b has imag9$ = himself a be+ half human1 half be/ial1 & yet :olly real2 nor has he portray$ 9 ,procris a nymph ( ,greek =m1 b a girl ( ,flor5ce4 ,! /range animals & gaudy fl[]s introduc$ into ! l&scape backgr\nd fur!r remove ! subject f ! sph]e ( classic treatm5t4 ,flor5t9e realism & qua9t fancy be+ ?us curi\sly bl5d$1 ! arti/ic result may be pr(itably /udi$ = ! light x ?r[s ^u ! s-call$ ,paganism ( ! e>li] ,r5aissance4 ,fancy at t mom5t 0 m free ?an :5 sup]ior k ( antiquity _h creat$ a dem& = reproductive art1 & :5 ! pa9t]s ?\ght less ( ! mean+ ( ! fable = !mselves ?an ( its capability ( be+ us$ z a ma*9e = ! display ( erudition4 ,x rema9s to speak ( ! pa9t] :o closes & at ! same "t ga!rs up ! :ole tradition ( ?is p]iod4 ,dom5ico ,ghirl&ajo des]ves ?is place ( hon\r n because he _h ! ke5e/ intuitions1 ! deepe/ ?\ght1 ! /ronge/ passion1 ! subtle/ fancy1 ! l(tie/ imag9ation--= 9 all ^! po9ts he 0 excell$ by "s "o or o!r ( 8 contempor>ies or pr$ecessors--b because 8 intellect 0 ! mo/ compreh5sive & 8 ma/]y ( art ! mo/ complete4 ,8 life la/$ f #addi to #adih1 & he did n di/+ui% himself z a pa9t] till he 0 pa/ ?irty4#aid ,!re=e he does n prop]ly fall )9 ! limit ( #adgj1 assign$ r\ghly to ?is age ( transition 9 pa9t+4 ,b 9 /yle & _s he belong$ to x1 resum+ 9 8 own "w ! qualities we f9d scatt]$ ?r\gh ! m9or arti/s ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & giv+ !m ! unity ( fusion 9 a l>ge & lucid mann]4 ,l ! pa9t]s hi!rto discuss$1 he 0 work+ t[>d ! full ,r5aissance2 yet he rea*$ x nei!r 9 ideality nor 9 fre$om4 ,8 art is ! art ( ! und]/&+ only2 & to ?is ! ma/]s ( ! gold5 age add$ radiance1 sublimity1 grace1 passion--qualities ( ! imag9ation beyond ! scope ( m5 l ,ghirl&ajo4 ,x is almo/ ) reluctance t a critic feels oblig$ to "n ?is p[]ful b prosaic pa9t] z ! ,giotto ( ! fifte5? c5tury 9 ,flor5ce1 ! tutel>y angel ( an age inaugurat$ by ,masaccio4 ,he 0 a consummate ma/] ( ! sci5ce collect$ by 8 pr$ecessors4 ,no "o surpass$ him 9 ! use ( fresco4 ,8 ord]ly composition1 9 ! di/ribution ( figures & ! use ( ar*itectural accessories1 is wor?y ( all praise2 8 portraiture is dignifi$ & p[]ful2#aie 8 *oice ( =m & treatm5t ( drap]y1 noble4 ,yet we _c help not+ 8 defici5cy 9 ! f9] s5se ( beauty1 ! abs5ce ( poetic inspiration or feel+ 9 8 "w1 ! commonplac5ess ( 8 col\r1 & 8 we>isome reit]ation ( calculat$ effects4 ,he nev] arre/s att5tion by sallies ( orig9ality1 or *>ms u by ! delicacies ( sugge/ive fancy4 ,he is always at ! level ( 8 own a*ievem5t1 s t 9 ! end we are z tir$ ) able ,ghirl&ajo z ! m5 ( ,a!ns ) j ,ari/ides4 ,:o1 h[ev]1 b ,ghirl&ajo c\ld h compos$ ! frescoes ( ,s4 ,f9a at ,s4 ,gemignano1 ! fresco ( ! ,dea? ( ,s4 ,francis 9 ,s4 ,tr9it at ,flor5ce1 or t aga9 ( ! ,bir? ( ! ,virg9 9 ,s4 ,m>ia ,novella8 ,!re is some?+ irritat+ 9 pure common s5se import$ into art1 & ,ghirl&ajo's ma/]pieces are ! apo!osis ( t quality4 ,h[ correct1 h[ judici\s1 h[ sagaci\s1 h[ ma!matically ord]$6 we exclaim2 b we gaze )\t emotion1 & we turn away )\t regret4 ,x does n vex u to read h[ ,ghirl&ajo us$ to scold 8 pr5tices = neglect+ trivial ord]s t w\ld fill 8 purse ) money4 ,simil> traits ( "* pa9 u ) a s5se ( impropriety 9 ,p]ug9o4 ,!y h>monise ) all we feel ab\t ! "w ( ,ghirl&ajo4 ,x is bitt] mortification to "k t ,mi*ael ,angelo nev] f\nd space or "t suffici5t = 8 va/ designs 9 sculpture4 ,x is a positive relief to ?9k t ,ghirl&ajo sigh$ 9 va9 to h ! circuit ( ! walls ( ,flor5ce giv5 him to pa9t4 ,h[ he w\ld h cov]$ !m ) compositions1 /ately1 fl[+1 easy1 sob]1 & incapable ( /irr+ any feel+ 9 ! s\l6 ,?\gh ,ghirl&ajo lack$ almo/ e true poetic quality1 he comb9$ ! art ( di/ribut+ figures 9 a giv5 space1 ) p]spective1 fair k ( ! nude1 & tru? to nature1 9 great] p]fection ?an any o!r s+le pa9t] ( ! age he repres5ts2 & s9ce ^! 7 precisely ! gifts ( t age to ! great ,r5aissance ma/]s1 we accord to him ! place ( hi/orical hon\r4 ,x %\ld be add$ t1 l almo/ all ! arti/s ( ?is epo*1 he h&l$ sacr$ & pr(ane1 anci5t & mod]n1 subjects 9 ! same /yle1 introduc+ contempor>y cu/oms & co/umes4 ,8 pictures are !re=e valuable = _! portraits & _! illu/ration ( ,flor5t9e life4 ,fresco 0 8 fav\rite vehicle2 & 9 ?is pref]5ce he %[$ himself a true ma/] ( ! s*ool ( ,flor5ce3 b he is said to h ma9ta9$ t mosaic1 z m durable1 0 sup]ior to wall-pa9t+4 ,?is say+1 if x be au!ntic1 ju/ifies our criticism ( 8 cold a*ievem5t z a pa9t]4 ,review+ ! gr\nd trav]s$ 9 ?is & ! la/ *apt]1 we f9d t ! pa9t+ ( ,tuscany1 & 9 p>ticul> ! ,flor5t9e section ( x1 has absorb$ att5tion4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! next age t o!r di/ricts ( ,italy began to contribute _! important quota to ! g5]al culture ( ! nation4 ,! =ce g5]at$ 9 ,tuscany exp&$ & dilat$ till e section ( ! c\ntry took "p 9 ! movem5t :i* ,flor5ce _h be5 fir/ to propagate4 ,:at 0 happ5+ 9 s*ol>%ip began to manife/ itself 9 art1 = ! same law ( gr[? & di/ribution affect$ bo? alike2 & ?us ! local diff]5ces ( ! ,italians 7 to "s ext5t aboli%$4 ,! nation1 nev] de/9$ to acquire political union 9 ! ,r5aissance1 possess$ at la/ an intellectual unity 9 its pa9t]s & its /ud5ts1 :i* ju/ifies our speak+ ( ! great m5 ( ! gold5 p]iod z ,italians & n z citiz5s ( su* or su* a burgh4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages ,unit$ ,italy 0 an ,idea to !ori/s l ,dante1 :o dream$ = h] an actual supremacy b5ea? h] ,emp]or's sway 9 ,rome4 ,! reason+ to :i* !y tru/$ prov$ fallaci\s1 & _! hopes 7 qu5*$4 ,in/ead ( ! political empire ( ! ,de ,mon>*i1 a spiritual empire _h be5 creat$1 & ! ,italians 7 nev] m p[]ful 9 ,europe ?an :5 _! sacr$ city 0 be+ plund]$ by ! imp]ial b&its 9 #aebg4 ,x is necess>y1 at ! risk ( "s repetition1 to keep ?is po9t be=e ! read]1 if only z an apology = ! me?od ( treatm5t to be foll[$ 9 ! next *apt]1 :]e ! pa9t]s ( ! mid-,r5aissance p]iod w be review$ less 9 relation to _! s*ools & cities ?an z repres5tatives ( ! ,italian _s4 ,s9ce ! intellectual unity ga9$ by ! ,italians 9 ! age ( ! ,r5aissance 0 *iefly due to ! ,flor5t9es1 x is a matt] ( "s mom5t to reconsid] ! direct influ5ces br\ght to be> ^u ! arts 9 ,flor5ce dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,i h *os5 ,ghirl&ajo z ! repres5tative ( pa9t+ 9 t p]iod4 ,i h also express$ ! op9ion t 8 /yle is s+ul>ly cold & prosaic1 & h h9t$ t ?is prosaic & cold quality 0 caus$ by a defect ( emotional en?usiasm1 by preoccupation ) f9ite aims4 ,h]e9 ,ghirl&ajo did b reflect ! temp] ( 8 age--t temp] :i* ,cosimo de' ,m$ici1 ! greate/ patron ( bo? art & s*ol>%ip 9 ,flor5ce be=e #adgj1 repres5t$ 9 8 life & 9 8 public policy4 ,x conc]ns u1 !re=e1 to take into acc\nt ! nature ( ! patronage ext5d$ by ! ,m$ici to art4 ,excessive praise & blame h be5 %[]$ ^u ^! burgh] pr9ces 9 almo/ equal quantities2 s t1 if we 7 to place ,roscoe & ,rio1 z ! repres5tatives ( conflict+ views1 9 ! scales toge!r1 !y w\ld balance ea* o!r1 & leave ! index quiv]+4 ,?is b>e /atem5t w>ns ! critic to be cauti\s1 & incl9es him to accept ! int]m$iate conclusion t nei!r ! ,m$ici nor ! arti/s c\ld escape ! conditions ( _! c5tury4 ,x is specially argu$ on ! "o h& aga9/ ! ,m$ici t !y enc\rag$ a s5sual & worldly /yle ( art1 employ+ ! pa9t]s to decorate _! palaces ) nude figures1 & lur+ !m away f sacr$ to pr(ane subjects4 ,yet ,cosimo gave ord]s to ,donatello = 8 ,david & 8 ,judi?1 employ$ ,mi*ellozzo & ,brunelles*i to build him conv5ts & *ur*es1 & fill$ ! libr>y ( ,s4 ,m>co1 :]e ,fra ,angelico 0 pa9t+1 ) a priceless collection ( ,,mss4 ,8 own private *apel 0 decorat$ by ,b5ozza ,gozzoli4 ,fra ,lippo ,lippi & ,mi*ael ,angelo ,buon>roti 7 ! h\se-fri5ds ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici4 ,leo ,batti/a ,alb]ti 0 a memb] ( 8 philosophical society4 ,! only great ,flor5t9e arti/ :o did n /& 9 cordial relations to ! ,m$icean circle1 0 ,lion>do da ,v9ci4 ,?is suffici5tly %[s t ! ,m$icean patronage 0 comm5surate ) ! be/ products ( ,flor5t9e g5ius2 nor w\ld x be easy to demon/rate t enc\ragem5t1 s l>gely exhibit$ & s intellig5tly us$1 c\ld h be5 9 ! ma9 injuri\s to ! arts4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a tru? 9 ! old grudge aga9/ ! ,m$icean pr9ces4 ,!y enslav$ ,flor5ce2 & ev5 pa9t+ 0 n sl[ to suff] f ! /ifl+ atmosph]e ( tyranny4 ,lor5zo delib]ately set himself to enfeeble ! p by luxury1 p>tly because he lik$ voluptu\s liv+1 p>tly because he aim$ at popul>ity1 & p>tly because x 0 8 int]e/ to en]vate republican virtues4 ,! arts us$ = ! purposes ( decoration 9 triumphs & c>nival %[s became ! in/rum5ts ( c>eless pleasure2 & !re is no d\bt t ev5 e>ne/ pa9t]s l5t _! p[]s ) no ill-w & no bad consci5ce to ! s]vice ( lascivi\s patrons4 ,p] la citt1 9 div]se case1 fece tondi di sua mano e femm9e ignude assai1 says ,vas>i ab\t ,s&ro ,botticelli1 :o aft]w>ds became a ,piagnone & refus$ to t\* a p5cil4#aif ,we may1 !re=e1 reasonably conc$e t if ! ,m$ici _h nev] tak5 hold on ,flor5ce1 or if ! _s ( ! times _h made !m o!r ?an !y 7 9 l(t9ess ( aim & nobl5ess ( he>t1 ! arts ( ,italy 9 ! ,r5aissance might h %[n less ( worldl9ess & mat]ialism4 ,x 0 aga9/ ! demoralisation ( society by paganism1 z aga9/ ! enslavem5t ( ,flor5ce by h] tyrants1 t ,savon>ola /rove2 & s9ce ! ,m$ici 7 ! lead]s ( ! classical revival1 z well z ! despots ( ! dy+ commonweal?1 !y ju/ly be> ! lion's %>e ( t blame :i* fell 9 g5]al ^u ! vices ( _! age d5\nc$ by ! prophet ( ,s4 ,m>co4 ,we may reg>d x ei!r z a s+ul> mis=tune = ,italy or z ! /ronge/ sign ( deep-seat$ ,italian corruption1 t ! mo/ brilliant lead]s ( culture bo? at ,flor5ce & at ,rome--,cosimo1 ,lor5zo1 & ,giovanni de' ,m$ici--promot$ r ?an *eck$ ! debas+ influ5ces ( ! ,r5aissance1 & add$ ! weight ( _! au?ority to ! popul> crav+ = s5su\s amusem5t4 ,mean:ile1 :at 0 truly great & noble 9 ,r5aissance ,italy1 f\nd its prop] home 9 ,flor5ce2 :]e ! _s ( fre$om1 if only z an idea1 /ill rul$2 :]e ! populace 0 /ill capable ( be+ /irr$ to sup]-s5sual en?usiasm2 & :]e ! flame ( ! mod]n intellect burn$ ) its pure/1 :ite/ lu/re4 ,,footnotes3 #afa ,see ,vol4 ,i41 ,age ( ! ,despots1 p4 #ab4 #afb ,see ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,revival ( ,le>n+1 pp4 #abb-abi4 #afc ,8 real "n 0 ,tommaso di ,s] ,giovanni1 ( ! family ( ,s*eggia4 ,masaccio means 9 ,tuscan1 ,great hulk+ ,tom1 j z ,masol9o1 8 suppos$ ma/] & fell[-work]1 means ,pretty little ,tom4 ,masol9o 0 ,tommaso di ,cri/(]o ,f9i1 born 9 #achd 9 ,s4 ,croce4 ,x is n[ ?\ght t we h b little ( 8 au!ntic "w except ! frescoes at ,ca/iglione di ,olona1 ne> ,milan4 ,masaccio 0 born at ,san ,giovanni1 9 ! upp] valley ( ! ,arno1 9 #adjb4 ,he di$ at ,borne 9 #adbi4 #afd ,8 family "n 0 ,doni4 ,he 0 born ab\t #acif1 & di$ at ! age ( ab\t #gc4 ,he got 8 "n ,uccello f 8 p>tiality = pa9t+ birds1 x is said4 #afe ,see above1 ,*apt] ,,iii1 ,&rea ,v]oc*io1 = :at has be5 said ab\t ,v]oc*io's ,david4 #aff ,a draw+ made 9 r$ *alk = ?is ,dream ( ,con/ant9e has be5 publi%$ 9 facsimile by ,ottley1 9 8 ,italian ,s*ool ( ,design4 ,he wrongly attributes x1 h[ev]1 to ,giorgione1 & calls x a ,subject ,unkn[n4 #afg ,! "o 9 ,s4 ,francesco at ,rim9i1 ! o!r 9 ! ,uffizzi4 #afh ,two angels h rec5tly be5 publi%$ by ! ,arundel ,society :o h also copi$ ,melozzo's wall-pa9t+ ( ,sixtus ,,iv4 9 ! ,vatican4 ,x is probable t ! picture 9 ! ,royal ,collection at ,w9dsor1 ( ,duke ,fr$]ick ( ,urb9o li/5+ to ! lecture ( a ,humani/1 is also a "w ( ,melozzo's1 mu* spoil$ by re-pa9t+4 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,revival ( ,le>n+1 p4 #bbj4 #afi ,muratori1 vol4 xxiv4 #aaha4 #agj ,= ,ciriac ( ,ancona1 see ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,revival ( ,le>n+1 p4 #aac4 #aga ,! s]vices r5d]$ by ,squ>cione to art h be5 ?or\ghly discuss$ by ,messrs4 ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle1 ,pa9t+ 9 ,nor? ,italy1 vol4 i4 *ap4 #b4 ,i _c b ?9k t !y und]rate ! importance ( 8 s*ool4 #agb ,he 0 born betwe5 #acfj & #acgj1 & he settl$ at ,flor5ce ab\t #adbb1 :]e he op5$ a bottega 9 ,s4 ,tr9it4 ,9 #adbc he pa9t$ 8 ma/]piece1 ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi1 n[ exhibit$ 9 ! ,flor5t9e ,academy ( ,arts4 #agc ,see1 = in/ance1 ! valuable portraits ( ! ,m$icean family ) ,pic9o & ,poliziano1 9 ! fresco ( ! ,t[] ( ,babel at ,pisa4 #agd ,l',art ,*rti51 vol4 ii4 p4 #cig4 #age ,! same rem>k might be made ab\t ! ,v5etian ,bonifazio4 ,x is rem>kable t ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi 0 always a fav\rite subject ) pa9t]s ( ?is calibre4 #agf ,i may ref] to ! picture ( ! hunt]s 9 ! ,taylor ,gall]y at ,ox=d1 ! ,v9tage ( ,noah at ,pisa1 ! att5dants ( ! ,magi 9 ! ,ricc>di ,palace1 & ! ,c>ola 9 ! ,m>riage ( ,jacob & ,ra*el at ,pisa4 #agg ,/ories ( ,isaac & ,i%mael & ( ,jacob & ,esau at ,pisa1 & ,/ory ( ,s4 ,augu/9e at ,san ,gemignano4 ,no?+ c be pretti] ?an ! s*ool *ildr5 9 ! latt] s]ies4 ,! gr\p ( ! little boy1 hors$ ^u a bigg] boy's back = a :ipp+1 is "o ( ! mo/ natural episodes 9 pa9t+4 #agh ,ricc>di ,*apel4 #agi ,= an example1 ! picture ( ,madonna wor%ipp+ ! infant ,*ri/ upheld by two little angels 9 ! ,uffizzi4 #ahj ,9 ! ,academy ( ,f9e ,arts at ,flor5ce4 #aha ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle1 vol4 ii4 *ap4 #ai4 ,no?+ 0 m common 9 ! practice ( ,italian arts ?an = pupils to take _! names f _! ma/]s1 9 ! same way z !y took !m f _! fa!rs1 by ! prefix di or o!rwise4 #ahb ,! mo/ simply beautiful ( ,filipp9o's pictures is ! oil-pa9t+ 9 ! ,badia at ,flor5ce1 :i* repres5ts ,madonna att5d$ by angels dictat+ ! /ory ( h] life to ,s4 ,b]n>d4 ,9 ?is mo/ lovely religi\s picture ,filipp9o comes into direct competition ) ,p]ug9o 7see ! same subject at ,muni*71 )\t suff]+ by ! contra/4 ,! type ( ,our lady1 /riv5 aft] by ,botticelli & o!r ma/]s ( 8 way ( feel+1 seems to me m ?or\ghly atta9$ by ,filipp9o ?an by any ( 8 fell[-work]s4 ,%e is a woman acqua9t$ ) grief & n[ise di/+ui%$ by ! radiance ( h] beauty among ! daught]s ( e>?4 ,x is measureless love = ! "m ( 8 ,"l t makes ,s4 ,b]n>d b[ be=e h] ) eyes ( wi/ful adoration & hu%$ rev]5ce4 #ahc ,! /udy ( ! f9e arts (f]s few subjects ( m curi\s int]e/ ?an ! vicissitudes ?r\gh :i* pa9t]s ( ! type ( ,botticelli1 n absolutely & confess$ly 9 ! fir/ rank1 b attractive by reason ( _! relation to ! _s ( _! age1 & ( ! seal ( intimit set ^u _! "w h pass$4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( ?is1 our pres5t preoccupation ) ,botticelli w\ld h pass$ = a mild lunacy1 because he has none ( ! qualities !n mo/ 9 vogue & mo/ en?usia/ically /udi$1 & because ! mom5t 9 ! hi/ory ( culture he s fai?fully repres5ts1 0 !n b little und]/ood4 ,! prophecy ( ,mr4 ,rusk91 ! t5d5cies ( our be/ contempor>y art 9 ,mr4 ,burne ,jones's pa9t+1 ! specific note ( our rec5t fa%ionable poetry1 &1 m ?an all1 our delight 9 ! delicately pois$ psy*ological problems ( ! middle ,r5aissance1 h evok$ a k9d ( h]o-wor%ip = ?is excell5t arti/ & true poet4 #ahd ,a fri5d1 writ+ to me f ,italy1 speaks ?us ( ,botticelli1 & ( ! pa9t]s associat$ ) him3 ,:5 ,i ask myself :at x is ,i f9d fasc9at+ 9 him--= in/ance1 :i* ( 8 pictures1 or :at elem5t 9 !m--,i am =c$ to admit t x is ! t\* ( paganism 9 him1 ! fairy-/ory elem5t1 ! e*o ( a beautiful laps$ my?ology :i* he has f\nd ! means ( transmitt+4 ,! words ,i h pr9t$ 9 italics seem to me v true4 ,at ! same "t we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! sci5tific inve/igation ( nature _h n 9 ! fifte5? c5tury begun to /& betwe5 ! sympa!tic intellect & ! out] _w4 ,!re 0 /ill ! possibility ( t laps$ my?ology1 ! dream ( poets & ! delight ( arti/s1 seem+ positively ! be/ =m ( expression = s5tim5ts ar\s$ by nature4 #ahe ,de ,r]um ,natur1 lib4 v4 #gcg4 #ahf ,! rose-tree backgr\nd 9 a ,madonna belong+ to ,"l ,el*o is a *>m+ in/ance ( ! value giv5 to fl[]s by c>eful treatm5t4 #ahg ,i _c br+ myself to accept ,mr4 ,pat]'s read+ ( ! ,madonna's expression4 ,x seems to me t ,botticelli meant to portray ! m+l$ awe & tranquillity ( a mortal "m *os5 = ! ,son ( ,god4 ,he appe>s to h sometimes aim$ at convey+ m ?an pa9t+ c compass2 &1 s9ce he _h n ,lion>do's g5ius1 he gives sadness1 m\rnfulness1 or discont5t1 = "s m subtle mood4 ,next to ! ,madonna ( ! ,uffizzi1 ,botticelli's lovelie/ religi\s picture to my m9d is ! ,nativity belong+ to ,mr4 ,full] ,maitl&4 ,poetic imag9ation 9 a pa9t] has produc$ no?+ m graceful & m t5d] ?an ! dance ( angels 9 ! air above1 & ! embracem5t ( ! angels & ! %eph]ds on ! lawns bel[4 #ahh ,9 ! ,academy ( ,f9e ,arts at ,v5ice4 ,i d n m5tion ?is picture z a complete p5dant to ,botticelli's fam\s tondo4 ,! faces ( ,s4 ,ca!r9e & ,madonna1 h[ev]1 h some?+ ( ! r>ity t is s /rik+ 9 t "w4 #ahi ,i might m5tion /anzas #abb-abd ( ,poliziano's ,gio/ra1 describ+ ,v5us 9 ! lap ( ,m>s2 or /anzas #ii-ajg1 describ+ ! bir? ( ,v5us2 & f ,boi>do's ,orl&o ,innamorato1 ,i might quote ! episode ( ,r9aldo's puni%m5t by ,love 7lib4 ii4 canto xv4 #dc71 or ! tale ( ,silvanella & ,n>cissus 7lib4 ii4 canto xvii4 #di74 #aij ,i hope to make use ( ?is passage 9 a future section ( my "w on ! ,italian ,poetry ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,!re=e ,i pass by ?is portion ( ,pi]o's art-"w n[4 #aia ,uffizzi ,gall]y4 #aib ,see ! bas-relief ^u ! p$e/al ( 8 ,p]seus 9 ! ,loggia de' ,lanzi4 #aic ,9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 #aid ,8 family "n 0 ,dom5ico di ,currado di ,d(fo ,bigordi4 ,he probably work$ dur+ 8 y\? & e>ly manhood z a goldsmi? & got 8 arti/'s "n f ! trade ( mak+ gold5 *aplets = ! ,flor5t9e wom54 ,see ,vas>i1 vol4 v4 p4 #ff4 #aie ,:at1 aft] all1 rema9s ! gr&e/ quality ( ,ghirl&ajo is 8 p[]ful draw+ ( *>act]i/ic heads4 ,!y are z v>i\s z !y are vigor\s4 ,:at a nation ( /rong m5 mu/ ! ,flor5t9es h be51 we feel :ile gaz+ at 8 frescoes4 #aif ,9 _m h\ses he pa9t$ r\ndels ) 8 own h&1 & ( nak$ wom5 pl5ty4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,pa9t+ ,two ,p]iods 9 ! ,true ,r5aissance--,&rea ,mantegna--,8 ,/atuesque ,design--,8 ,naturalism--,roman ,inspiration--,triumph ( ,julius ,caes>--,bas-reliefs--,luca ,signorelli--,! ,precursor ( ,mi*ael ,angelo--,anatomical ,/udies--,s5se ( ,beauty--,! ,*apel ( ,s4 ,brizio at ,orvieto--,its ,arabesques & ,m$allions--,degrees 9 8 ,ideal--,en?usiasm = ,organic ,life--,mode ( treat+ ,classical ,subjects--,p]ug9o--,8 ,pieti/ic ,/yle--,8 ,=malism--,! ,psy*ological ,problem ( 8 ,life--,p]ug9o's ,pupils--,p9turic*io--,at ,spello & ,si5a--,francia--,fra ,b>tolommeo--,transition to ! ,gold5 ,age--,lion>do da ,v9ci--,! ,magician ( ! ,r5aissance--,raphael--,! ,melodi/--,correggio--,! ,faun--,mi*ael ,angelo--,! ,prophet4 ,! ,r5aissance1 s f> z ,pa9t+ is conc]n$1 may be said to h culm9at$ betwe5 ! ye>s #adgj & #aeej4 ,^! dates1 x mu/ be frankly admitt$1 are arbitr>y2 nor is !re any?+ m unpr(itable ?an ! attempt to def9e by /rict *ronology ! mom5ts ( an intellectual gr[? s complex1 s unequally progressive1 & s v>i$ z t ( ,italian art4 ,all t ! hi/orian c hope to d1 is to /rike a mean betwe5 8 reckon+ ( ye>s & 8 m subtle calculations bas$ on ! em]g5ce ( decisive g5ius 9 special m54 ,an in/ance ( su* compromise is af=d$ by ,lion>do da ,v9ci1 :o belongs1 z f> z dates g1 to ! la/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 b :o mu/1 on any e/imate ( 8 a*ievem5t1 be class$ ) ,mi*ael ,angelo among ! f9al & supreme ma/]s ( ! full ,r5aissance4 ,to violate ! ord] ( "t1 ) a view to :at may "h be call$ ! morphology ( ,italian art1 is1 9 8 case1 a pla9 duty4 ,be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 x is /ill possible to reg>d ! eighty ye>s above m5tion$ z a p]iod no long] ( promise & prep>ation b ( fulfilm5t & accompli%m5t4 ,fur!rmore1 ! ?irty ye>s at ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury may be tak5 z "o epo* 9 ?is climax ( ! art1 :ile ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? =ms a second4 ,)9 ! =m] falls ! be/ "w ( ,mantegna1 ,p]ug9o1 ,francia1 ! ,bell9i1 ,signorelli1 ,fra ,b>tolommeo4 ,to ! latt] we may reckon ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,raphael1 ,giorgione1 ,correggio1 ,titian1 & ,&rea del ,s>to4 ,lion>do da ,v9ci1 ?\gh belong+ *ronologically to ! =m] epo*1 ranks fir/ among ! ma/]s ( ! latt]2 & to ?is also may be giv5 ,t9toretto1 ?\gh 8 life ext5d$ f> beyond x to ! la/ ye>s ( ! c5tury4 ,we ?us obta91 )9 ! p]iod ( eighty ye>s f #adgj to #aeej1 two subord9ate divisions ( "t1 ! "o includ+ ! la/ "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! o!r ext5d+ ov] ! be/ ye>s ( ! sixte5?4 ,! subdivisions ,i h j sugge/$ correspond to two di/9ct /ages 9 ! evolution ( art4 ,! pa9t]s ( ! e>li] gr\p w9 our admiration q z mu* by _! aim z by _! a*ievem5t4 ,_! a*ievem5t1 inde$1 is n s p]fect b t !y /ill make "s dem& ^u int]pretative sympa?y 9 ! /ud5t4 ,!re is1 besides1 a s5se ( res]v$ /r5g? 9 _! "w4 ,we feel t _! motives h n be5 develop$ to ! utmo/1 t _! inspiration is n exhau/$2 t x w be possible = _! successors to advance beyond !m on ! same pa?1 n realis+ m consummate excell5ce 9 special po9ts1 b comb9+ div]s qualities1 & rea*+ absolute fre$om4 ,! pa9t]s ( ! second gr\p display ma/]y m p]fect1 range ( faculty m all-embrac+4 ,:at !y design !y d2 nature & art obey !m equally2 ! res\rces plac$ at _! comm& are employ$ ) facile & unfett]$ ex]cise ( p[]4 ,! h& ob$i5t to ! bra9 is n[ s exp]t t no?+ fur!r is left to be desir$ 9 ! expression ( ! arti/'s ?\ght4#aig ,! /ud5t c only hope to p5etrate ! ma/]'s mean+4 ,to imag9e a /ep fur!r 9 ! same direction is impossible4 ,! full fl[] ( ! ,italian g5ius has be5 unfold$4 ,its message to ! _w 9 art has be5 deliv]$4 ,*ronology alone w\ld n ju/ify u 9 draw+ ^! di/9ctions4 ,:at really sep>ates ! two gr\ps is ! diff]5t degree 9 :i* !y sev]ally absorb$ ! _s & utt]$ ! message ( _! age4 ,9 ! =m] ! ,r5aissance 0 /ill immature1 9 ! latt] x 0 p]fect$4 ,yet all ^! pa9t]s des]ve 9 a true s5se to be call$ its *ildr54 ,_! common object is art reg>d$ z an indep5d5t function1 & reliev$ f ! bondage ( te*nical imp$im5ts4 ,9 _! "w ! lib]ty ( ! mod]n m9d f9ds its fir/ & noble/ expression4 ,!y deal ) famili> & "t-hon\r$ ,*ri/ian motives rev]5tly2 b !y use !m at ! same "t = ! exhibition ( pure human beauty4 ,pagan influ5ces yield !m _s-/irr+ inspiration2 yet ! antique models ( /yle1 :i* prov$ no less emb>rass+ to _! successors ?an ,saul's arm\r 0 to ,david1 weigh lightly1 l a magician's brea/-plate1 ^u _! h]oic /r5g?4 ,&rea ,mantegna 0 born ne> ,padua 9 #adca4 ,vas>i says t 9 8 boyhood he h]d$ cattle1 & x is probable t he 0 ! son ( a small ,lomb>d f>m]4 ,:at l$ him to ! /udy ( ! arts we d n "k2 b t 8 tal5ts 7 precoci\sly develop$1 is prov$ by 8 regi/ration 9 #adda ^u ! books ( ! pa9t]'s guild at ,padua4 ,he is !re describ$ z ! adopt$ son ( ,squ>cione4 ,at ! age ( sev5te5 he sign$ a picture ) 8 "n4 ,/udy+ ! ca/s & draw+s collect$ by ,squ>cione = 8 ,paduan s*ool1 ! "y ,mantegna f\nd cong5ial ex]cise = 8 peculi> gifts4#aih ,8 e>ly frescoes 9 ! ,eremitani at ,padua look z ?\gh !y _h be5 pa9t$ f /atues or clay models1 c>efully select$ = ! gr&eur ( _! =ms1 ! nobility ( _! attitudes1 & ! complicat$ beauty ( _! drap]y4 ,! figures1 arrang$ on diff]5t planes1 are p]fect 9 _! p]spective2 ! action is indicat$ by appropriate ge/ures1 & ! col\r+1 ?\gh fa9t & cold1 is sci5tifically calculat$4 ,yet n a man or woman 9 ^! wondr\s compositions seems to live4 ,well provid$ ) bone & muscle1 !y h nei!r blood nor any?+ sugge/ive ( ! brea? ( life )9 !m4 ,x is z ?\gh ,mantegna _h be5 call$ to pa9t a p turn$ to /one1 arre/$ sudd5ly amid _! v>i\s occupations1 & pres]v$ = c5turies f injury 9 "s ,egyptian solitude ( dewless s&4 ,9 spite ( ?is une>?ly immobility1 ! ,paduan frescoes ex]cise a /range & pot5t spell4 ,we feel ourselves b5ea? ! sway ( a gigantic g5ius1 int5t on solv+ ! sev]e/ problems ( 8 art 9 prep>ation = ! portraiture ( "s high intellectual ab/raction4 ,x %\ld also be obs]v$ t not)/&+ _! frigidity & /atuesque composure1 ! pictures ( ,s4 ,&rew & ,s4 ,*ri/oph] 9 ! *apel ( ! ,eremitani reveal m9ute /udy ( real objects4 ,transitory movem5ts ( ! body are not$ & transcrib$ ) m]ciless precision2 an ,italian hill-side1 ) its olive trees & w9d+ ways & cr[n ( turrets1 =ms ! backgr\nd ( "o sc5e2 9 ano!r ! drama is localis$ amid ,r5aissance ar*itecture ( ! co/lie/ /yle4 ,ru/ic types h be5 select$ = ! soldi]s1 & commonplace details1 d[n to a pat*$ j]k9 or a brok5 %oe1 be> witness to ! pati5ce & ! obs]vation ( ! ma/]4 ,b ov] all ^! ?+s ! glam\r ( ,m$usa's head has fall51 turn+ !m to /one4 ,we are cle>ly 9 ! pres5ce ( a pa9t] = :om ! attractions ( nature 7 subord9at$ to ! fasc9ations ( sci5ce--a man ! v opposite1 = in/ance1 to ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli4 ,if ,mantegna _h pass$ away 9 e>ly manhood1 l ,masaccio1 8 fame w\ld h be5 t ( a cold & calculat+ g5ius lab\r+ aft] an ideal unrealis$ except 9 its dry =mal elem5ts4 ,! tru? is t ,mantegna's inspiration 0 d]iv$ f ! antique4#aii ,! beauty ( classical bas-relief ent]$ deep into 8 s\l & rul$ 8 imag9ation4 ,9 lat] life he sp5t 8 acquir$ weal? 9 =m+ a collection ( ,greek & ,roman antiquities4#bjj ,he 01 moreov]1 ! fri5d ( /ud5ts1 eag]ly absorb+ ! k br\ght to light by ,ciriac ( ,ancona1 ,flavio ,biondo1 & o!r antiqu>ies2 & s completely did he assimilate ! mat]ials ( s*ol>%ip1 t ! _s ( a ,roman seem$ to be re-inc>nat$ 9 him4 ,?us1 indep5d5tly ( 8 high value z a pa9t]1 he embodies = u 9 art t s9c]e passion = ! anci5t _w :i* 0 ! dom9at+ intellectual impulse ( 8 age4 ,! m9ute le>n+ accumulat$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury ^u ! subject ( ,roman milit>y life f\nd noble illu/ration 9 8 frieze ( ,julius ,caes>'s ,triumph4#bja ,nor is ?is ma/]piece a cold display ( p$antry4 ,! life we va9ly look = 9 ! frescoes ( ! ,eremitani *apel may be f\nd "h--/atuesque1 inde$1 9 /yle1 & /ately 9 movem5t1 b gl[+ ) ! _s ( reviv$ antiquity4 ,! processional pomp ( legion>ies b[$ b5ea? _! trophi$ arms1 ! monum5tal maje/y ( rob$ citiz5s1 ! gravity ( /ol$ & veil$ prie/s1 ! beauty ( "y slaves1 & all ! p>aph]nalia ( spoils & wrea?s & elephants & ensigns are mass$ toge!r ) ! self-re/ra9t ( noble art subord9at+ pageantry to rules ( l(ty composition4 ,:at mu/ ! g5ius ( ! man h be5 :o c\ld move ?us maje/ically b5ea? ! weight ( pa9fully accumulat$ erudition1 conv]t+ an antiqu>ian motive into a !me = melodies ( l9e compos$ 9 ! grave ,dorian mood8 ,by no process c ! classic purity ( ?is bas-relief be bett] und]/ood ?an by comp>+ ! orig9al ) a transcript made by ,rub5s f a portion ( ! ,triumph4#bjb ,! ,flemi% pa9t] /rives to add ri*ness to ! sc5e by ,bac*analian riot & ! s5suality ( imp]ial ,rome4 ,8 elephants twi/ _! trunks1 & trumpet to ! d9 ( cymbals2 negroes fe$ ! flam+ c&elabra ) scatt]$ frank9c5se2 ! :ite ox5 ( ,clitumnus are load$ ) gaudy fl[]s1 & ! danc+ maid5s are di%evell$ ,ma5ads4 ,b ! rhy?mic procession ( ,mantegna1 modulat$ to ! s\nd ( flutes & s(t record]s1 c>ries our imag9ation back to ! be/ days & /r5g? ( ,rome4 ,8 prie/s & g5]als1 captives & *oric wom51 are z little ,greek z !y are mod]n4 ,9 !m awakes to a new life ! _s-quell+ en]gy ( ! republic4 ,! pa9t]'s sev]e ta/e keeps out ( sight ! insol5ce & orgies ( ! empire2 he conceives ,rome z ,%akspe>e did 9 ,coriolanus4#bjc ,9 compositions ( ?is type1 /udi$ aft] bas-reliefs & friezes1 ,mantegna display$ a p[] t 0 unique4 ,^? :o h once se5 8 draw+s = ,judi? ) ! head ( ,hol(]nes1 & = ,solomon judg+ betwe5 ! two mo!rs1 w nev] =get _! sculpture4 ,! l9es are grav5 on our memory4 ,:5 ?is m>ble ma/] *ose to be tragic1 8 int5sity 0 t]rible4 ,! designs = a dead ,*ri/ c>ri$ to ! tomb among ! weep+ ,m>ies1 conc5trate )9 ! briefe/ space ! utmo/ agony2 x is z ?\gh ! v ec/asy ( grief _h be5 congeal$ & fix$ = ev]4 ,:at1 aga91 he c\ld produce ( purely beautiful )9 ! region ( religi\s art1 is %[n by 8 ,madonna ( ! ,victory4#bjd ,no o!r pa9t] has giv5 to ! soldi] sa9ts =ms at once s h]oic & s *ivalr\sly t5d]4 ,) reg>d to ! circum/ances ( ,mantegna's biography1 x may be said briefly t1 ?\gh ( humble bir?1 he sp5t ! great] portion ( 8 life at ,c\rt & 9 ! s]vice ( pr9ces4 ,x 0 9 #adef1 aft] he _h di/+ui%$ himself by ! ,paduan frescoes1 t he fir/ receiv$ an invitation f ! ,m>quis ,lodovico ,gonzaga4 ,( ?is sov]eign ,i h already _h occasion to speak4#bje ,re>$ by ,vittor9o da ,feltre1 to :om 8 fa!r _h committ$ almo/ unlimit$ au?ority1 ,lodovico _h e>ly le>n$ to e/imate ! real advantages ( culture4 ,x 0 n[ 8 object to r5d] 8 capital no less illu/ri\s by art ?an by ! resid5ce ( le>n$ m54 ,) ?is view he (f]$ ,mantegna a sal>y ( fifte5 ducats a mon?1 toge!r ) lodg+1 corn1 & fuel--provid$ ! pa9t] w\ld place 8 tal5ts at 8 s]vice4 ,mantegna accept$ ! invitation2 b num]\s engagem5ts prev5t$ him f transf]r+ 8 h\sehold f ,padua to ,mantua until ! ye> #adfj4 ,f t date onw>ds to #aejf1 :5 he di$1 ,mantegna rema9$ atta*$ to ! ,gonzaga family s]v+ ?ree ,m>quises 9 succession1 & adorn+ _! palaces1 *apels1 & c\ntry-seats ) frescoes n[1 alas6 almo/ entirely ru9$4 ,! grants ( l& & pres5ts he receiv$ 9 addition to 8 sal>y1 enabl$ him to build a villa at ,buscoldo1 :]e he resid$ dur+ ! summ]1 z well z to erect a sumptu\s mansion 9 ! capital4 ,betwe5 ,mantua1 ,goito1 & ,buscoldo1 ,mantegna sp5t ! la/ =ty-six ye>s ( 8 life 9 cont9ual employm5t1 brok5 only by a %ort visit to ,flor5ce 9 #adff1 & ano!r to ,bologna 9 #adgb1bjf & by a long] resid5ce 9 ,rome betwe5 ! ye>s #adhh & #adij4 ,dur+ ! latt] p]iod ,innoc5t ,,viii4 0 ,pope4 ,he _h built a *apel 9 ! ,belv$]e ( ! ,vatican1 & wi%$ ! greate/ pa9t] ( ! day to decorate x4 ,!re=e he wrote to ,francesco1 ,m>quis ( ,mantua1 reque/+ t he might avail himself ( ,mantegna's skill4 ,francesco1 ?\gh unwill+ to "p ) 8 pa9t] 9 ord9>y1 ?\ght x unadvisable to disappo9t ! ,pope4 ,accord+ly he dubb$ ,mantegna knight1 & s5t him to ,rome4 ,! *apel pa9t$ 9 fresco = ,innoc5t 0 ru?lessly de/roy$ by ,pius ,,vi42 & ?us ! _w has lo/ "o ( ,mantegna's ma/]pieces1 execut$ :ile 8 g5ius 0 at its z5i?4 ,on 8 return to ,mantua he f9i%$ ! decorations ( ! ,ca/ello ( ! ,gonzaghi1 & complet$ 8 greate/ surviv+ "w1 ! ,triumph ( ,julius ,caes>4 ,by 8 wife1 ,nicolosia1 ! si/] ( ,giovanni & ,g5tile ,bell9i1 ,mantegna _h sev]al *ildr51 "o ( :om1 ,francesco1 adopt$ pa9t+ z a trade4 ,! great arti/ 0 by temp] arrogant & haughty2 nor c\ld he succe$ 9 liv+ peaceably ) any ( 8 neighb\rs4 ,x appe>s t he sp5t habitually m money ?an he c\ld well af=d1 freely indulg+ 8 ta/e = magnific5ce1 & disburs+ l>ge sums 9 ! pur*ase ( curiosities4 ,long be=e 8 dea? 8 e/ate _h be5 involv$ 9 debt2 & aft] 8 decease1 8 sons 7 =c$ to sell ! pictures 9 8 /udio = ! paym5t ( press+ cr$itors4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 ,alb]ti's *ur* ( ,s4 ,&rea at ,mantua1 9 a *apel decorat$ at 8 own exp5se4 ,ov] ! grave 0 plac$ a bronze bu/1 mo/ noble 9 modell+ & p]fect 9 execution4 ,! broad =ehead ) its deeply clov5 furr[s1 ! /]n & pi]c+ eyes1 ! l>ge lips compress$ ) n]v\s en]gy1 ! massive nose1 ! /r5g? ( jaw & *91 & ! sup]b clu/]s ( ! hair escap+ f a laurel-wrea? ^u ! royal head1 are su* z realise = u our notion ( a ,roman 9 ! days ( ! ,republic4 ,mantegna's own g5ius has inspir$ ?is ma/]piece1 :i* tradition assigns to ! m$alli/ ,sp]&o ,maglioli4 ,:oev] wr\ght x1 mu/ h felt ! incubation ( ! mighty pa9t]'s _s1 & h /riv5 to express 9 bronze ! "* ( 8 uncompromis+ art4 ,( a diff]5t temp]am5t1 yet n :olly unlike ,mantegna 9 a c]ta9 iron /r5g? ( arti/ic "*1 0 ,luca ,signorelli1 born ab\t #adda at ,cortona4 ,! supreme quality ( ,mantegna 0 /udi$ purity ( outl9e1 sev]e & height5$ /yle4 ,z ,l&or is di/+ui%$ by conc5tration above all ! ,engli% poets :o h made trial ( ! classic ,muse1 s ,mantegna holds a place ap>t among ,italian pa9t]s because ( 8 /]n ,roman self-control4 ,signorelli1 on ! contr>y1 made 8 m>k by boldness1 pu%+ exp]im5t almo/ beyond ! v]ge ( tru?1 & approa*+ ,mi*ael ,angelo 9 ! h>dihood ( 8 endeav\r to outdo nature4 ,vas>i says ( him1 t ev5 ,mi*ael ,angelo imitat$ ! mann] ( ,luca1 z e "o c see2 & inde$ ,signorelli anticipat$ ! greate/ ma/] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 n only 9 8 pr(\nd /udy ( human anatomy1 b also 9 8 resolution to express high ?\ght & tragic passion by pure =m1 disc>d+ all ! m9or *>ms ( pa9t+4 ,tra9$ 9 ! sev]e s*ool ( ,pi]o della ,francesca1 he e>ly le>n$ to draw f ! nude ) boldness & accuracy2 & to ?is po9t1 too mu* neglect$ by 8 pr$ecessors1 he devot$ ! full p[]s ( 8 maturity4 ,anatomy he practis$1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( ^? days1 9 ! gravey>d or b5ea? ! gibbet4 ,!re is a draw+ by him 9 ! ,l\vre ( a /alw>t man c>ry+ ^u 8 back ! corpse ( a y\?4 ,bo? are nak$4 ,! motive seems to h be5 tak5 f "s laz>-h\se4 ,life-long /udy ( p]spective 9 its application to ! draw+ ( ! figure1 made ! difficulties ( =e%ort5+ & ! del9eation ( brusque attitude m]e *ild's play to ?is audaci\s g5ius4 ,! mo/ rapid movem5t1 ! mo/ p]il\s contortion ( bodies fall+ ?r\gh ! air or fly+1 he depict$ ) h>d1 firmly-trac$1 un]r+ outl9e4 ,if we d>e to criticise ! productions ( a ma/] s orig9al & s accompli%$1 all we c say is t ,signorelli revell$ almo/ too wantonly 9 ! display ( haz>d\s po/ure1 & t he sacrific$ ! passion ( 8 !me to ! display ( sci5ce4#bjg ,yet 8 g5ius compreh5d$ great & tragic subjects1 & to him belongs ! cr$it 9 an age ( ornam5t & p$antry ( hav+ made ! human body a language = ! utt]ance ( all t is mo/ weighty 9 ! ?\ght ( man4 ,a /ory is told by ,vas>i :i* br+s ,signorelli v close to our sympa?y1 & enables u to und]/& ! fasc9ation ( pure =m he felt s deeply4 ,x is relat$ ( ,luca t he _h a son kill$ at ,cortona1 a y\? ( s+ul> beauty 9 face & p]son1 :om he _h t5d]ly lov$4 ,9 8 grief ! fa!r caus$ ! boy to be /ripp$ nak$1 & ) extraord9>y con/ancy ( s\l1 utt]+ no compla9t & %$d+ no te>1 he pa9t$ ! portrait ( 8 dead son1 to ! end t he might /ill be able1 ?r\gh ! "w ( 8 own h&1 to contemplate t :i* nature _h giv5 him1 b :i* an adv]se =tune _h tak5 away4 ,s passionate & ard5t1 s conv9c$ ( ! indissoluble bond betwe5 ! s\l he lov$ 9 life & its dead t5em5t ( clay1 & )al s iron-n]v$ & /\t ( w1 x behov$ t man to be1 :o und]took 9 ! pl5itude ( 8 p[]1 at ! age ( sixty1 to pa9t ^u ! walls ( ! *apel ( ,s4 ,brizio at ,orvieto ! images ( ,doomsday1 ,resurrection1 ,heav51 & ,hell4#bjh ,x is a gloomy *apel 9 ! ,go?ic ca!dral ( t =lorn ,papal city--gloomy by reason ( bad light+1 b m s because ( ! t]rible %apes ) :i* ,signorelli has fill$ x#bji4 ,9 no o!r "w ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 except 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 has s mu* ?\ght1 engag$ ^u ! mo/ mom5t\s subjects1 be5 express$ ) great] =ce by means m simple & ) effect m ov]:elm+4 ,ar*itecture1 l&scape1 & decorative accessories ( e k9d1 ! usual padd+ ( quattroc5to pictures1 h be5 disc>d$ f ! ma9 compositions4 ,! pa9t] has reli$ solely ^u 8 p[] ( imag9+ & del9eat+ ! human =m 9 e attitude1 & "u ! mo/ v>i\s conditions4 ,d>t+ l hawks or swall[s ?r\gh ! air1 huddl+ toge!r to %un ! outp\r$ vials ( ! wra? ( ,god1 wri?+ ) demons on ! floor ( ,hell1 /ruggl+ into new life f ! cl++ clay1 /&+ b5ea? ! foot/ool ( ! ,judge1 float+ ) lute & viol on ! w9ds ( ,p>adise1 kneel+ 9 pray]1 or clasp+ insep>able h&s ) joy & bliss 9 ov]measure = ev]--^! multitudes ( liv+ be+s1 angelic1 diabolic1 be/ial1 human1 cr[d ! huge spaces ( ! *apel walls4 ,:at makes ! impression ( controll+ doom ! m appall+1 is t we compreh5d ! drama 9 its sev]al sc5es1 :ile ! *ief actor1 ! div9e ,judge1 at ^: bidd+ ! *]ubs s\nd _! cl>ions1 & ! dead arise1 & weal & woe are portion$ to ! sav$ & damn$1 is ,himself unrepres5t$4#baj ,we brea! 9 ! pres5ce ( embodi$ consci5ces1 submitt+1 l our own1 to an unse5 inevitable w4 ,x w\ld be do+ ,signorelli inju/ice at ,orvieto to /udy only ^! great panels4 ,! details ) :i* he has fill$ all ! vacant spaces above ! *apel /alls & r\nd ! doorway1 ?r[ new light ^u 8 p[]4 ,! o/5sible motive = ?is elaborate ornam5tation is conta9$ 9 ! portraits ( six poets1 :o are probably ,hom]1 ,virgil1 ,lucan1 ,horace1 ,ovid1 & ,dante1 il se/o tra cotanto s5no4#baa ,b ! portraits !mselves1 ?\gh vigor\sly conceiv$ & rem>kable = bold =e%ort5+1 are ! lea/ "p ( ! :ole design4 ,its orig9ality consi/s 9 ! arabesques1 m$allions1 & *i>oscuro bas-reliefs1 :]e ! human =m1 treat$ z absolutely pla/ic1 supplies ! sole decorative elem5t4 ,! pila/]s by ! doorway1 = example1 are compos$1 aft] ! usual type ( ,italian grottes*i1 9 imitation ( antique c&elabra1 ) num]\s /ages = ! exhibition ( ! arti/'s fancies4 ,unlike ! "w ( ,raphael 9 ! ,loggie1 ^! pila/]s ( ,signorelli %[ no birds or bea/s1 no fl[]s or foliage1 fruits or fauns1 no masks or sph9xes4 ,!y are cr[d$ ) nak$ m5--dr9k+1 danc+1 lean+ =w>d1 twi/+ !mselves into /range attitudes1 & adapt+ _! bodies to ! sev]al degrees ( ! framework4 ,! same may be said ( ! arabesques ar\nd ! portraits ( ! poets1 :]e m51 wom51 & *ildr51 "s complete1 "s end+ 9 foliage or 9 fi%-tails1 are lavi%$ ) a wild & t]rible pr(usion4 ,hippogriffs & c5taurs1 sir5s & dolph9s1 are "h us$ z adjuncts to humanity4 ,amid ?is fanta/ic labyr9? ( twi/$ =ms we f9d m$allions pa9t$ 9 *i>oscuro ) subjects tak5 *iefly f ,ovidian & ,dantesque my?ology4 ,"h e attitude ( m5 9 combat & 9 motion has be5 /udi$ f ! nude1 & multitudes ( figures drap$ & undrap$ are compress$ into ! briefe/ compass4 ,all b ! human =m is /]nly elim9at$2 & ! body itself is treat$ ) a ma/]y & a boldness t prove ,signorelli to h held its v>i$ capabilities firmly 9 8 bra94 ,he c\ld n h work$ out all ^? po/ures f ! liv+ model4 ,he play$ freely ) 8 imm5se /ores ( k2 b 8 play 0 ! pa/ime ( a ,prome!us4 ,ea* pose1 h[ev] haz>d\s1 c>ries conviction ) x ( s9c]ity & tru?2 ! life & lib]ty ( nature reign ?r\gh\t4 ,f ! :ole maze ( int]lac$ & wre/l+ figures ! t]rible nature ( ! arti/'s g5ius %9es =?4 ,!y are almo/ all /rong m5 9 ! prime or pa/ ! prime ( life1 *os5 = _! sali5t display ( vital /ructure4 ,signorelli 0 ! fir/1 &1 ) ! exception ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ! la/ pa9t] ?us to use ! body1 )\t s5tim5t1 )\t voluptu\sness1 )\t any second int5tion :atsoev]1 z ! supreme decorative pr9ciple4 ,9 8 absolute s9c]ity he made1 z x 71 a p>ade ( h>d & rugg$ types1 scorn+ to introduce an elem5t ( beauty1 :e!r s5su\s or ideal1 t %\ld di/ract him f ! /udy ( ! body 9 & = itself4 ,?is di/+ui%es him 9 ! arabesques at ,orvieto alike f ,mantegna & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 f ,correggio & ,raphael1 f ,titian & ,paolo ,v]onese4 ,?is po9t is s important = its be>+ on ,r5aissance art t ,i may be p]mitt$ to dilate at great] l5g? on ,signorelli's *oice ( types & treatm5t ( =m 9 g5]al4 ,hav+ a special pr$ilection = ! human body1 he by no means conf9$ himself to monotony 9 its pres5tation4 ,on ! contr>y1 we c trace _m di/9ct grades ( corporeal expression4 ,fir/ comes ! ab/ract nude1 illu/rat$ by ! ,resurrection & ! arabesques at ,orvieto#bab4 ,contempor>y life1 ) all its pomp ( co/ume & insol5ce ( ruffl+ y\?1 is depict$ 9 ! ,fulm9ati at ,orvieto & 9 ! ,soldi]s ( ,totila at ,monte ,oliveto#bac4 ,^! transcripts f ! c\rts ( pr9ces & camps ( condotti]i are invaluable z portraits ( ! lawless "y m5 :o fill$ ,italy ) ! noise ( _! feuds & ! viol5ce ( _! adv5tures4 ,!y illu/rate ,mat>azzo's ,p]ugian *ronicle bett] ?an any o!r ,r5aissance pictures2 = 9 frescoes l ^? ( ,p9turic*io at ,si5a ! same qualities are s(t5$ to suit ! pa9t]'s pr$et]m9$ h>mony1 :]eas ,signorelli rejoices 9 _! pure untemp]$ "*#bad4 ,^!1 !n1 =m a second /age4 ,?ird 9 degree we f9d ! type ( highly idealis$ adolesc5ce res]v$ by ,signorelli = 8 angels4 ,all 8 sci5ce & 8 sympa?y ) real life are "h subord9at$ to poetic feel+4 ,x is a mi/ake to say t ^! angels are ! "y m5 ( ,umbria :om he lov$ to pa9t 9 _! /rip$ jackets1 ) ! addition ( w+s to _! %\ld]s4 ,! radiant be+s :o tune _! ci!rns on ! cl\ds ( ,p>adise1 or scatt] roses = elect s\ls1 c\ld n live & brea! 9 ! fi]y atmosph]e ( s5su\s passions to :i* ! ,baglioni 7 habituat$4 ,a grave & solemn s5se ( beauty animates ^! fair male be+s1 clo!d 9 volum9\s drap]y1 ) y\?ful faces & /ill e>ne/ eyes4 ,_! melody1 l t ( ,milton1 is sev]e4 ,nor are ,signorelli's angelic be+s ( "o uni=m type l ! angels ( ,fra ,angelico4 ,! a?letic *]ubs ( ! ,resurrection1 brea?+ _! :ole /r5g? into ! trumpets t awake ! dead2 ! mail$ & w+$ w>riors1 keep+ gu>d above ! pit ( ,hell1 t none may break _! prison-b>s among ! damn$2 ! lute-play]s ( ,p>adise1 ) _! almo/ fem99e sobriety ( movem5t2 ! flame-brea?+ s]aphs ( ! day ( doom2 ! ,gabriel ( ,volt]ra1 9 :om /r5g? is translat$ into swiftness3--^! are ! h]alds1 s5t9els1 musicians1 execution]s1 & mess5g]s ( ! cele/ial c\rt2 & ea* class is di/+ui%$ by appropriate physical *>act]i/ics4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! scale1 =m+ a f\r? grade1 we may m5tion ! deprav$ types ( humanity *os5 = 8 demons--^? gre5i%1 r$di%1 o*rei% fi5ds ( ! ,inf]no1 :om ,signorelli creat$ by exagg]at+ ! m grotesque qualities ( ! nude develop$ 9 8 arabesques4 ,we ?us obta9 f\r sev]al degrees ( =m3 ! demoniac1 ! ab/ract nude1 ! adolesc5t beauty ( "y m5 copi$ f *oice models1 & ! angelic4 ,except 9 8 angels1 ,signorelli 0 comp>atively indiff]5t to :at is commonly consid]$ beauty4 ,he 0 n c>eful to select 8 models1 or to idealise _! type4 ,! nak$ human body1 ap>t f facial di/9ction or ref9em5t ( =m1 cont5t$ him4 ,viol5t contra/s ( light & %ad[1 acc5tuat+ ! anatomical /ructure ) r\gh & angul> decision1 give ! effect ( illu/rative diagrams to 8 /udies4 ,h>mony ( proportion & ! magic ( expression are sacrific$ to en]gy em]g5t 9 a p[]ful physique4 ,r$undant life1 9 s9ewy limbs1 9 ! pr\d c>riage ( ! head ^u ! neck1 9 ! sway ( ! trunk backw>d f ! re9s1 ! firmly plant$ calves & brawny ?ighs1 ! ?ick hair1 broad %\ld]s1 sp>e flanks1 & massive gluteal muscles ( a man ( tw5ty-two or upw>ds1 ^: gr[? has be5 conf9$ to ! developm5t ( animal =ce1 0 :at delight$ him4 ,yet !re is no co>s5ess or animalism prop]ly s call$ 9 8 /yle4 ,he 0 attract$ by ! m>vell\s me*anism ( ! human frame--its goodl9ess reg>d$ z ! mo/ highly organis$ ( animate exi/5ces4 ,ow+1 p]haps1 to ?is exclusive pr$ilection = organic life1 ,signorelli 0 n great z a col\ri/4 ,8 pat*es ( blues & r$s 9 ! frescoes ( ,monte ,oliveto are oppressively di/9ct2 8 use ( dull br[n = ! %ad+ ( fle% imp>ts a disagreeable heav9ess to 8 be/ modell$ =ms2 nor did he (t5 atta9 9 8 oil pictures to t grave h>mony we admire 9 8 ,la/ ,supp] at ,cortona4 ,! _w ( light & col\r 0 to him a comp>atively untravell$ l&4 ,x rema9$ = o!r arti/s to raise ^! elem5ts ( pictorial expression to ! height rea*$ by ,signorelli 9 8 treatm5t ( ! nude4 ,be=e quitt+ ! frescoes at ,orvieto1 "s att5tion %\ld be paid to ! m$allions spok5 ( above1 9 special relation to ! classicism ( ! e>li] ,r5aissance4 ,sc5es f ,dante's ,purgatorio & subjects f ! ,metamorphoses ( ,ovid are treat$ "h 9 ! same key2 b ! latt]1 s9ce !y engag$ ,signorelli's fancy ^u ,greek my?ology1 are ! m important = our purpose4 ,two f ! leg5d ( ,orpheus & two f t ( ,pros]p9e might be *os5 z typical ( ! :ole s]ies4 ,m$iaeval int5sity1 curi\sly at v>iance ) antique feel+1 is disc]nible ?r\gh\t4 ,! satellites ( ,hades are gaunt & s9ewy devils1 eag] to d viol5ce to ,eurydice4 ,pluto himself drives 8 j>r+ c>-:eels up ?r\gh ! lava-blocks & flames ( ,etna ) a fury & a vehem5ce we seek 9 va9 ^u antique s>cophagi4 ,c]es1 w&]+ ?r\gh ,sicily 9 se>* ( h] lo/ daught]1 is a gaunt wit* ) di%evell$ hair1 rais+ frantic h&s to te> h] *eeks2 :ile ! snakes t draw h] *>iot are no grave symbols ( ! g]m9at+ corn1 b gre$y s]p5ts ready to spit fire aga9/ ! ravi%]s ( ,pros]p9e4 ,?us ! tranquillity & self-re/ra9t ( ,greek art yield to a passionate & tr5*ant realisation ( ! actual romance4 ,! mo/ ?rill+ mom5ts 9 ! leg5d are select$ = dramatic treatm5t1 grace & beauty be+ ex*ang$ = vivid pres5tation4 ,a :ole cycle ( human exp]i5ce sep>ates ^! m$allions f ! antique bas-relief at ,naples1 :]e ,h]mes h&s ! veil$ ,eurydice to ,orpheus1 & all ?ree are calm4 ,t ,signorelli1 if he *ose to d s1 c\ld repres5t a classic my? ) m ( classic feel+1 is %[n by 8 picture ( ,pan ,li/5+ to ,olympus#bae4 ,! nymph1 ! v9eleaf-girdl$ ,faun1 & ! two %eph]ds1 all undrap$ & drawn ) subtle feel+ = ! melodies ( l9e1 r5d] ?is "w "o ( 8 mo/ successful compositions4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to comp>e ,signorelli's treatm5t ( ! antique ) ,mantegna's or ,botticelli's4 ,! visions ( ! pagan _w1 float+ be=e ! m9d ( all m5 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 f\nd v diff]5t int]pret]s 9 ^! ?ree pa9t]s--,botticelli add+ ! qua9t alloy ( 8 own fancy1 ,signorelli imp>t+ ! semi-savag]y ( a t]rible imag9ation1 ,mantegna1 ) ! true/ in/9ct & ! firme/ t\*1 conf9+ himself to ! processional pageantry ( bas-relief4 ,yet1 7 ?is comp>ison to be in/itut$1 we c\ld h>dly refra9 f c>ry+ x mu* fur!r4 ,ea* great ma/] ( ! ,r5aissance _h 8 own relation to classical my?ology4 ,! my/ic sympa?ies ( ,l$a & ! ,swan1 z imag$ sev]ally by ,lion>do & ,mi*ael ,angelo2 ,correggio's romantic h&l+ ( ! my?s ( ,dana & ,io2 ,titian's & ,t9toretto's rival pictures ( ,bac*us & ,ariadne2 ,raphael's ,galatea2 ,pollajuolo's ,h]cules2 ! ,europa ( ,v]onese2 ! ,circe ( ,dosso ,dossi2 ,palma's ,v5us2 ,sodoma's ,m>riage ( ,alex&]--all ^!1 to m5tion none b pictures famili> to e travell] 9 ,italy1 raise = ! /ud5t ( ! classical ,revival absorb+ que/ions relative to ! influ5ces ( pagan my?s ^u ! mod]n imag9ation4 ,signorelli 0 *iefly occupi$1 dur+ ! c\rse ( 8 long c>e]1 ^u religi\s pictures2 & ! high place he occupies 9 ! hi/ory ( ,r5aissance culture is due p>tly to 8 free ab&onm5t ( conv5tional me?ods 9 treat+ sacr$ subjects4 ,! ,uffizzi ,gall]y conta9s a circul> ,madonna by 8 h&1 ) a r[ ( nak$ m5 = backgr\nd--! =]unn] ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's fam\s ,holy ,family4 ,s f> _h art = art's sake already encroa*$ ^u ! ecclesia/ical doma94 ,to discuss ,signorelli's m]its z a pa9t] ( alt>-pieces w\ld be to ext5d ! space allott$ to him f> beyond its prop] limits4 ,x is n z a religi\s arti/ t he takes 8 rank1 b z hav+ p[]fully promot$ ! rehabilitation ( ! body a*iev$ = art by ! ,r5aissance4 ,unlike ,mantegna1 ,signorelli nev] ent]$ ! s]vice ( a pr9ce1 ?\gh we h se5 t he execut$ commissions = ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici & ,p&olfo ,petrucci4 ,he bore a "n :i*1 if n noble1 _h be5 m ?an once di/+ui%$ 9 ! annals ( ,tuscany4 ,resid+ at 8 native place1 ,cortona1 he !re enjoy$ ! highe/ reputation1 & 0 frequ5tly elect$ to municipal (fice4 ,conc]n+ 8 dome/ic life v little is kn[n1 b :at we d "k is d]iv$ f an excell5t s\rce#baf4 ,8 "m 0 ! si/] ( ,lazz>o1 great-gr&fa!r ( ,giorgio ,vas>i4 ,9 8 biography ( ,signorelli1 ,vas>i relates h[1 :5 he 0 himself a boy ( eight1 8 illu/ri\s c\s9 visit$ ! h\se ( ! ,vas>i family at ,arezzo2 & he>+ f little ,giorgio's gramm>-ma/] t he sp5t 8 "t 9 draw+ figures1 ,luca turn$ to ! *ild's fa!r & said1 ,antonio1 s9ce ,giorgio takes aft] 8 family1 y mu/ by all means h him taught2 = ev5 ?\gh he %\ld pay att5tion to lit]ature z well1 draw+ _c fail to be a s\rce ( utility1 hon\r1 & recreation to him1 z x is to e man ( wor?4 ,luca's k9dness deeply impress$ ! boy1 :o aft]w>ds wrote ! foll[+ description ( 8 p]sonal qualities3 ,he 0 a man ( ! mo/ excell5t habits1 s9c]e & affectionate ) 8 fri5ds1 sweet ( conv]sation & amus+ 9 society1 above all ?+s c\rte\s to ^? :o _h ne$ ( 8 "w1 & easy 9 giv+ in/ruction to 8 pupils4 ,he liv$ spl5didly1 & took delight 9 dress+ h&somely4 ,?is excell5t disposition caus$ him to be always held 9 highe/ v5]ation bo? 9 8 own city & abroad4 ,to turn f ,signorelli to ,p]ug9o is to plunge at once into a v diff]5t atmosph]e#bag4 ,x is l quitt+ ! rugg$ gorges ( high m\nta9s = a valley ( ! ,s\!rn ,alps--/ill1 p5sive1 beautiful1 & col\r$ ) reflections f an ev5+ sky4 ,p]ug9o knew exactly h[ to repres5t a c]ta9 mood ( religi\s s5tim5t1 bl5d+ meek acquiesc5ce ) a pray]ful ye>n+ ( ! impassion$ s\l4 ,8 ,madonnas wor%ipp+ ! infant ,jesus 9 a tranquil ,umbrian l&scape1 8 angels m9i/rant1 8 pa!tic m>tyrs ) upturn$ holy faces1 8 sexless ,s4 ,seba/ians & immaculate ,s4 ,mi*aels1 display ! p]fection ( art able by col\r & by =m to a*ieve )9 a n>r[ range :at x desires4 ,:at ?is arti/ seems to h aim$ at1 0 to create = ! s\l amid ! pomps & passions ( ?is _w a re/+-place ( contemplation t5ant$ by sa9tly & s]aphic be+s4 ,no pa9 comes ne> ! folk ( 8 cele/ial city2 no long+ poisons _! repose2 !y are n we>y1 & ! wick$ tr\ble !m no m4 ,_! *e]fulness is no less p]fect ?an _! s]5ity2 l ! %ades ( ,hellas1 !y h drunk ,le!an wat]s f ! riv] ( cont5t1 & all remembrance ( ?+s sad or h>% has vani%$ f _! m9ds4 ,! quietude ( hol9ess express$ 9 ?is ideal region 0 a legacy to ,p]ug9o f e>li] ,umbrian ma/]s2 b 8 te*nical supremacy 9 fresco-pa9t+ & 9 oils1 8 correct draw+ )9 c]ta9 limits1 & 8 ref9$ s5se ( col\r enabl$ him to realise x m completely ?an 8 less accompli%$ pr$ecessors4 ,9 8 be/ "w ! ,r5aissance set ! seal ( absolute p]fection ^u pieti/ic art4 ,we ,engli% are =tunate 9 possess+ "o ( ,p]ug9o's s9c]e/ devotional oil pictures#bah4 ,8 frescoes ( ,s4 ,seba/ian at ,panicale1 & ( ! ,crucifixion at ,flor5ce1 are tol]ably well kn[n ?r\gh reproductions#bai2 :ile ! ,vision ( ,s4 ,b]n>d at ,muni* & ! ,piet 9 ! ,pitti ,gall]y are famili> to all travell$ /ud5ts ( ,italian pa9t+4 ,^! ma/]pieces belong to ,p]ug9o's be/ p]iod1 :5 8 inspiration 0 fre%1 & 8 en?usiasm = arti/ic excell5ce 0 /ill unimpair$2 & :51 z ,m4 ,rio ?9ks1 ! failure ( 8 fai? _h n yet happ5$4 ,x is only at ,p]ugia1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,sala del ,cambio1 t we are able to gauge ! ext5t ( 8 p[] & to e/imate ! value ( 8 a*ievem5t beyond ! pale ( /rictly religi\s !mes4 ,e>ly 9 ! c\rse ( 8 c>e] ,p]ug9o seems to h become cont5t$ ) a =mal repetition ( successful motives1 & to h *eck$ ! gr[? ( 8 g5ius by adh]+ closely to a prescrib$ cycle ( effects4 ,! praises ( 8 patrons & ! prosp]ity ( 8 trade prov$ to 8 ke5 comm]cial s5se t ! rais$ ec/atic eyes1 ! upturn$ oval faces1 ! pale olive sk91 ! head incl9$ ^u ! %\ld]1 ! ?9 flutt]+ hair1 ! rib&s & ! da9ty dresses ( 8 holy p]sons f\nd great fav\r 9 ,umbrian palaces & conv5ts4 ,!nce=w>d he pa9t$ b little else2 & :51 9 ! ,sala del ,cambio1 he 0 oblig$ to treat ! repres5tative h]oes ( ,greek & ,roman /ory1 he adopt$ ! same mann]#bbj4 ,leonidas1 ! lionhe>t$ ,sp>tan1 & ,cato1 ! au/]e ,roman1 :o pref]r$ lib]ty to life1 b5d _! mild heads l fl[]s 9 ,p]ug9o's frescoes1 & ga!r up _! drap]y 9 /udi$ folds ) cele/ial delicacy4 ,jove is a reproduction ( ! ,et]no ,padre1 conceiv$ z a b5evol5t old man = a conv5tional pa9t+ ( ! ,tr9ity2 & ,ganym$e is a page-boy ) ! sweet submissive features ( ,tobias4 ,already ,p]ug9o _h op5$ a manufactory ( pieti/ic pictures1 & 0 employ+ _m pupils on 8 works4 ,he co9$ money by fix+ artificially beautiful faces ^u artificially elegant figures1 plac+ a r[ ( ^! puppets 9 a l&scape ) calm sky beh9d !m1 & call+ ! composition by ! "n ( "s famili> sc5e4 ,8 inspiration 0 dead1 8 inv5tion exhau/$2 8 *ief object seem$ to be to make 8 trade ?rive4 ,p]ug9o w always rema9 a problem to ! psy*ologi/ :o believes 9 physiognomy1 z well z to ! /ud5t ( ! passionate times 9 :i* he liv$4 ,8 h>d unsympa!tic features 9 ! portraits at ,p]ugia & ,flor5ce d n belie1 b r w9 cr$5ce = ,vas>i's tales ab\t 8 sordid s\l4#bba ,local traditions & contempor>y rum\rs1 aga91 give col\r to :at ,vas>i relates ab\t 8 infidelity2 :ile ! crim9al records ( ,flor5ce prove t he 0 n ov]-scrupul\s to keep 8 h&s f viol5ce4#bbb ,h[ c\ld su* a man1 we ask ourselves1 h endur$ to pass a long life 9 ! fabrication ( devotional pictures8 ,:5ce did he d]ive ! s5tim5t ( ma/]pieces1 = piety only equall$ by ^? ( ,fra ,angelico1 ei!r 9 8 own nature or 9 ! society ( a city torn to pieces by ! factions ( ! ,baglioni8 ,h[1 aga91 0 x possible = an arti/ :o at times t\*$ beauty s ideal1 to be cont5t$ ) ! /5cill+ by 8 pupils ( conv5tional figures on canvases to :i* he gave 8 "n8 ,tak+ ^! que/ions sep>ately1 we might reply t !re is no art to f9d ! m9d's con/ruction 9 ! face2 t pa9t+ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 0 a trade regulat$ by ! dem& = p>ticul> w>es2 t m5 c live among ruffians )\t %>+ _! mood2 t ! arti/ & ! moral be+ are sep>ate1 & may n be us$ to int]pret ea* o!r4 ,yet1 aft] giv+ due weight to su* answ]s1 ,p]ug9o1 be+ :at he 01 liv+ at ! "t he did1 n z a recluse1 b z a prosp]\s impres>io ( pa9t+1 & sy/ematically devot+ 8 p[]s to pieti/ic art1 mu/ be = u a puzzle4 ,t ! quietism ( 8 highly artificial /yle %\ld h be5 fa%ionable 9 ,p]ugia1 :ile ! ,baglioni 7 te>+ ea* o!r to pieces1 & ! troops ( ! ,vitelli & ! ,borgia 7 trampl+ ^u ,umbria1 is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ p>adoxes ( an age ri* 9 dramatic contradictions4 ,x is mu* to be regrett$1 ) a view to solv+ ! "q ( ,p]ug9o's p]sonality 9 relation to 8 art1 t 8 "* does n em]ge ) any sali5ce f ! meagre notices we h receiv$ conc]n+ him1 & t we "k b little ( 8 private life4 ,vas>i tells u t he m>ri$ a v beautiful girl1 & t "o ( 8 *ief pleasures 0 to see ?is wife h&somely dress$ at home & abroad4 ,he (t5 deck$ h] out 9 clo!s & jewels ) 8 own h&4 ,= ! re/1 we f9d 9 ,p]ug9o1 f> m ?an 9 ei!r ,mantegna or ,signorelli1 an in/ance ( ! simple ,italian craftsman1 employ+ num]\s assi/ants1 und]tak+ contract "w on a l>ge scale1 & /rik+ ke5 b>ga9s ) 8 employ]s4 ,bo? at ,flor5ce & at ,p]ugia he op5$ a bottega2 & by ! ex]cise ( 8 trade z a ma/]-pa9t]1 he realis$ en\gh money to buy sub/antial e/ates 9 ^? cities1 z well z 9 8 bir?place4#bbc ,9 all ! greate/ artworks ( ! age he took 8 "p4 ,?us we f9d him pa9t+ 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel betwe5 #adhd & #adhf1 treat+ ) ! commune ( ,orvieto = ! completion ( ! *apel ( ,s4 ,brizio 9 #adhi1 jo9+ 9 ! debate ^u ! faade ( ,s4 ,m>ia del ,fiore 9 #adia1 giv+ 8 op9ion ^u ! erection ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's ,david at ,flor5ce 9 #aejd1 & compet+ ) ,signorelli1 ,p9turic*io1 & ,bazzi = ! decoration ( ! ,/anze ( ! ,vatican 9 #aejh4 ,! ris+ ( bright] />s above ! horizon dur+ 8 lifetime some:at dimm$ 8 fame1 & caus$ him mu* disquietude2 yet nei!r ,raphael nor ,mi*ael ,angelo int]f]$ ) ! dem& = 8 pictures1 :i* cont9u$ to be lively till ! v ye> ( 8 dea?4 ,t he 0 jeal\s ( ^! y\ng] rivals1 appe>s f ! fact t he br\ght an action aga9/ ,mi*ael ,angelo = hav+ call$ 8 /yle /upid & antiquat$4 ,9 ! celebrat$ phrase ca/ at him by ! blunt & scornful ma/] ( a new art-my/]y#bbd1 we disc]n ! abrupt l9e ( division betwe5 "t-hon\r$ tradition & ! mani]a mod]na ( ! full ,r5aissance4 ,! old ,titans _h to yield _! place be=e ! new ,olympian deities ( ,italian pa9t+4 ,!re is some?+ pa!tic 9 ! retirem5t ( ! grey-hair$ ,p]ug9o f ,rome1 to make way = ! victori\s ,phoebean beauty ( ! boy ,raphael4 ,! influ5ce ( ,p]ug9o ^u ,italian art 0 p[]ful ?\gh transitory4 ,he =m$ a b& ( able pupils1 among :om 0 ! great ,raphael2 & ?\gh ,raphael spe$ily ab&on$ 8 ma/]'s n>r[ footpa? ?r\gh ! fields ( pa9t+1 he ow$ to ,p]ug9o ! invaluable b5efit ( tra9+ 9 solid te*nical me?ods & traditions ( pure ta/e4 ,f none ( 8 eld] contempor>ies1 ) ! exception ( ,fra ,b>tolommeo1 c\ld ! "y ,raphael h le>nt s mu* t 0 cong5ial to 8 e>ly in/9cts4 ,:at1 = example1 might h befall5 him if he _h work$ ) ,signorelli1 x is difficult to imag9e2 = :ile no?+ is m obvi\s on ! "o h& ?an ,raphael's orig9ality1 8 /rong assimilative bias is sc>cely less rem>kable4 ,! "t has n yet come to speak ( ,raphael2 nor w space suffice = detail$ obs]vations on 8 fell[-/ud5ts 9 ! work%op at ,p]ugia4 ,! place occupi$ by ,p]ug9o 9 ! evolution ( ,italian pa9t+ is peculi>4 ,9 ! middle ( a positive & worldly age1 decl9+ fa/ to frigid scepticism & political corruption1 he set ! f9al t\* ( te*nical art ^u ! devotion transmitt$ f e>li] & m en?usia/ic c5turies4 ,! fl[] ( ,umbrian piety blossom$ 9 ! ma/]pieces ( 8 y\?1 & fad$ into dryness 9 ! affectations ( 8 manhood4 ,no?+ 0 left on ! same l9e = 8 successors4 ,among ^!1 ,b]n>do ,p9turic*io c "h alone be m5tion$4 ,a ?or\gh naturali/1 ?\gh saturat$ ) ! mann]ism ( ! ,umbrian s*ool1 ,p9turic*io 0 n di/ract$ ei!r by sci5tific or ideal aims f ! cle> & flu5t pres5tation ( contempor>y mann]s & co/umes4 ,he is a k9d ( ,umbrian ,gozzoli1 :o br+s u "h & !re 9 close relation to ! m5 ( 8 own "t1 & has 9 consequ5ce a special value = ! /ud5t ( ,r5aissance life4 ,8 wall-pa9t+s 9 ! libr>y ( ! ca!dral ( ,si5a are s well pres]v$ t we ne$ n seek else:]e = bett] specim5s ( ! decorative art mo/ highly priz$ 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury#bbe4 ,^! frescoes h a ri*ness ( effect & a vivacity ( natural action1 :i*1 9 spite ( _! sup]ficiality1 r5d] !m highly *>m+4 ,! life ( neas ,sylvius ,piccolom9i1 ,pius ,,ii41 is "h treat$ l a leg5d4 ,!re is no attempt at repres5t+ ! dress ( half a c5tury ant]ior to ! pa9t]'s date1 or at r5d]+ accurate hi/oric portraiture4 ,bo? ,pope & ,emp]or are romantically conceiv$1 & ea* portion ( ! tale is told z ?\gh x 7 a fit 9 "s popul> ballad4 ,s mu* rema9s ( ,p]ugian affectation z gives a k9d ( *ildlike grace to ! /udi$ attitudes & _m-col\r$ gr\ps ( elegant "y m54 ,we mu/ always be c>eful to di/+ui% ! importance ( an arti/ consid]$ z ! expon5t ( 8 age f t :i* he may claim by virtue ( "s special skill or "s peculi> quality ( feel+4 ,! art ( ,p]ug9o1 = example1 ?r[s b little light ^u ! ,r5aissance tak5 z a :ole4 ,intr9sically valuable because ( its te*nical p]fection & its purity ( s5tim5t1 x 0 already 9 ! pa9t]'s lifetime sup]s$$ by a l>g] & a gr&] mann]4 ,! progressive =ces ( ! mod]n /yle f\nd _! *annels outside him4 ,?is aga9 is true ( ,francesco ,raibol9i1 surnam$ ,francia f 8 ma/] 9 ! goldsmi?'s craft4 ,francia is kn[n to ,engli%m5 z "o ( ! mo/ s9c]ely pi\s ( ,*ri/ian pa9t]s by 8 incomp>able picture ( ! ,dead ,*ri/ 9 our ,national ,gall]y4 ,! spirituality t r5d]s ,fra ,angelico un9telligible to m9ds less ec/atically temp]$ ?an 8 own1 is n f\nd 9 su* excess 9 ,francia1 nor does 8 "w suff] f ! insipidity ( ,p]ug9o's affectation4 ,deep religi\s feel+ is comb9$ ) physical beauty ( ! pure/ type 9 a ma/]piece ( tranquil grace4 ,a great] degree ( navet & naturalness comp5sates = ! inf]iority ( ,francia's to ,p]ug9o's supremely p]fect h&l+4 ,?is is true ( ,francia's num]\s pictures at ,bologna2 :]e inde$1 9 ord] to be rightly kn[n1 he %\ld be /udi$ by all lov]s ( ! quattroc5to /yle 9 its mo/ delightful mom5ts#bbf4 ,= ma/]y ov] oil pa9t+ & = *>m ( col\r ,francia *all5ges comp>ison ) :at is be/ 9 ,p]ug9o1 ?\gh he did n q atta9 ! same te*nical excell5ce4 ,"o m pa9t] mu/ delay u yet a:ile )9 ! limits ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,b>tolommeo di ,paolo del ,fattor9o1 bett] kn[n z ,baccio della ,porta or ,fra ,b>tolommeo1 =ms at ,flor5ce ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! arti/s ( ! e>li] ,r5aissance & ! gold5 age#bbg4 ,by *ronological reckon+ he is ne>ly a qu>t] ( a c5tury lat] ?an ,lion>do da ,v9ci1 & is ! exact contempor>y ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,z an arti/1 he has ?or\ghly outgr[n ! quattroc5to /yle1 & falls %ort only by a little ( ! greate/4 ,9 assign+ him a place among ! pr$ecessors & precursors ( ! full ,r5aissance1 ,i am !re=e influ5c$ r by ! range ( subjects he select$1 & by ! "* ( 8 g5ius1 ?an by calculations ( "t or e/imate ( ability4 ,fra ,b>tolommeo 0 s5t1 :5 n9e ye>s old1 into ! work%op ( ,cosimo ,rosselli1 :]e he began 8 arti/'s life by col\r-gr9d+1 sweep+ out ! %op1 & err&-runn+4 ,x 0 9 ,cosimo's bottega t he made acqua9tance ) ,m>iotto ,alb]t9elli1 :o became 8 intimate fri5d & fell[-work]4 ,9 spite ( m>k$ diff]5ces ( "*1 disagreem5ts ^u ! fundam5tal matt]s ( politics & religion1 & n unfrequ5t qu>rels1 ^! m5 cont9u$ to be comrades ?r\gh ! bett] "p ( _! jo9t lives4 ,baccio 0 g5tle1 timid1 yield+1 & indu/ri\s4 ,m>iotto 0 wilful1 ob/9ate1 inconsequ5t1 & flighty1 ,baccio fell "u ! influ5ce ( ,savon>ola1 pr(ess$ himself a piagnone1 & took ! c[l ( ! ,dom9icans#bbh4 ,m>iotto 0 a p>tisan ( ! ,m$ici1 an upro>i\s pallesco1 & a loose liv]1 :o ev5tually des]t$ ! art ( pa9t+ = ! call+ ( an innkeep]4 ,yet s sweet 0 ! temp] ( ! ,frate1 & s firm 0 ! bond ( fri5d%ip e/abli%$ 9 boyhood betwe5 ?is ill-assort$ c\ple1 t !y did n "p company until #aeab1 ?ree ye>s be=e ,m>iotto's dea? & five be=e t ( ,b>tolommeo4 ,dur+ _! long association ! task ( design+ fell ^u ! ,frate1 :ile ,alb]t9elli took 8 ord]s & help$ to "w out 8 conceptions4 ,bo? 7 excell5t craftsm5 & consummate col\ri/s1 z is prov$ by ! pictures execut$ by ea* unassi/$4 ,alb]t9elli's ,salutation 9 ! ,uffizzi yields no po9t ( grace & vig\r to any ( 8 m di/+ui%$ coadjutor's pa9t+s4 ,! great contributions made by ,fra ,b>tolommeo to ! art ( ,italy 7 9 ! d\ble region ( composition & col\r+4 ,9 8 ju/ly celebrat$ fresco ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,nuova at ,flor5ce--a ,la/ ,judgm5t ) a ,*ri/ en?ron$ amid a *oir ( ,sa9ts--he exhibit$ = ! fir/ "t a ?or\ghly sci5tific s*eme ( gr\p+ bas$ on geometrical pr9ciples4 ,ea* "p is p]fectly balanc$ 9 itself1 & yet is necess>y to ! /ructure ( ! :ole4 ,! complex framework may be subdivid$ into num]\s sections no less h>moni\sly ord]$ ?an is ! total s*eme to :i* !y are subord9at$4 ,simple figures--! pyramid & ! triangle1 upright1 inv]t$1 & int]wov5 l ! rhymes 9 a sonnet--=m ! basis ( ! composition4 ,?is sy/em 0 adh]$ to by ! ,frate 9 all 8 subsequ5t works4 ,to :at ext5t x influ5c$ ! /yle ( ,raphael1 w be aft]w>ds discuss$4 ,z a col\ri/1 ,fra ,b>tolommeo 0 equal to ! be/ ( 8 contempor>ies1 & sup]ior to any ( 8 rivals 9 ! s*ool ( ,flor5ce4 ,few pa9t]s ( any age h comb9$ h>mony ( tone s p]fectly ) brilliance & ri*ness4 ,x is a real joy to contemplate ! pure & spl5did folds ( ! :ite drap]y he lov$ to place 9 ! =egr\nd ( 8 alt>-pieces4 ,solidity & s9c]ity di/+ui% 8 "w 9 e detail1 :ile 8 feel+ is rem>kable = elevation & sobriety4 ,all t he lacks1 is ! boldness ( imag9ation1 ! dep? ( passion1 & ! p[] ( ?\ght1 t are indisp5sable to g5ius ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,gift$ ) a sympa!tic & a pliant1 r ?an a creative & self-su/a9$ nature1 he 0 s5sitive to e influ5ce4 ,!re=e we f9d him le>n+ mu* 9 8 y\? f ,lion>do1 d]iv+ a fre% impulse f ,raphael1 & endeav\r+ 9 8 lat] life1 aft] a visit to ,rome 9 #aead1 to height5 8 /yle1 z ! phrase w5t1 by emulat+ ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,! attempt to tread ! pa? ( ,buon>roti 0 a failure4 ,:at ,fra ,b>tolommeo s\ght to ga9 9 maje/y1 he lo/ 9 *>m4 ,8 0 ess5tially a pure & graci\s mann]1 ^u :i* sublimity c\ld n be graft$4 ,! g5tle s\l1 :o dropp$ 8 weapon :5 ! conv5t ( ,s4 ,m>co 0 besieg$ by ! ,compagnacci#bbi1 & :o v[$1 if heav5 pres]v$ him 9 ! tumult1 to become a monk1 _h none ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's t]ribilit4 ,)\t possess+ "s %>e ( t _s1 x 0 va9 to aggr&ise ! =ms & mass ! raim5t ( 8 prophets 9 imitation ( ! ,si/9e4 ,nature made ,fra ,b>tolommeo ! pa9t] ( adoration#bcj4 ,8 ma/]piece at ,lucca--! ,madonna della ,mis]icordia--is a poem ( glad wor%ip1 a hymn ( pray]ful praise4 ,our ,lady /&s elate1 betwe5 e>? & heav51 appeal+ to h] ,son = m]cy4 ,at h] foot/ool are h] suppliants1 ! m5 & wom5 & little *ildr5 ( ! city %e has sav$4 ,! p]il is pa/4 ,salvation has be5 won2 & ! song ( ?anksgiv+ asc5ds f all ^? mass$ & m+l$ =ms 9 unison4 ,n less truly is ! great unf9i%$ picture ( ,madonna surr\nd$ by ! ,patron ,sa9ts ( ,flor5ce a poem ( adoration#bca4 ,?is pa9t+ 0 ord]$ by ! ,gonfaloni] ,pi]o ,sod]9i1 ! man :o d$icat$ ,flor5ce to ,*ri/ z ,k+4 ,he int5d$ x to take its place 9 ! hall ( ! ,consiglio ,gr&e1 :]e ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,lion>do ga9$ _! e>lie/ laurels4 ,be=e x c\ld be f9i%$1 ! ,republic p]i%$4#bcb ,t1 says ,rio1 is ! reason :y he left b an imp]fect "w--= ^? at lea/ :o are only /ruck by :at is want+ 9 x4 ,o!rs w at fir/ reg>d x ) ! int]e/ atta*+ to unf9i%$ poems1 int]rupt$ by ! jail]'s call or by ! /]n voice ( ! execution]4 ,!n !y w /udy x 9 all its details1 9 ord] to appreciate its beauties2 & t appreciation w be ! m p]fect 9 proportion z a man is ! m fully p5etrat$ ) its dom9ant idea1 & ) ! att5dant circum/ances t br+ ?is home to him4 ,x is n aga9/ an ab/ract enemy t ! int]cession ( ! cele/ial p[]s is "h invok$3 x is n by a caprice ( ! pa9t] or 8 patron t1 9 ! gr\p ( c5tral figures1 ,s4 ,anne attracts att5tion be=e ! ,holy ,virg91 n only by reason ( h] pre-em95ce1 b also ?r\gh ! int5sity ( h] heav5w>d pray]1 & aga9 ?r\gh h] beauty1 :i* f> surpasses t ( ne>ly all ,madonnas pa9t$ by ,fra ,b>tolommeo4#bcc ,b arti/ & patron _h inde$ good reason1 9 ?is crisis ( ! ,commonweal?1 to select z ! mo/ em95t advocate = ,flor5ce at ! b> ( ,heav5 t sa9t1 on ^: day1 ,july #bf1 #acdc1 _h be5 celebrat$ ! emancipation ( ! city f its s]vitude to ,walt] ( ,bri5ne4 ,! great ev5t ( ,fra ,b>tolommeo's life 0 ! impression produc$ on him by ,savon>ola4#bcd ,hav+ li/5$ to ! ,dom9ican's t]rific d5unciations ( worldl9ess & immorality1 he c>ri$ 8 life /udies to ! pyre ( vanities1 resolv$ to assume ! c[l1 & r5\nc$ 8 art4 ,betwe5 #adii1 :5 he 0 engag$ 9 pa9t+ ! ,la/ ,judgm5t ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,nuova1 & #aejf1 he is suppos$ nev] to h t\*$ ! p5cil4 ,:5 he resum$ x ,savon>ola _h be5 burn$ = h]esy1 & ,fra ,b>tolommeo 0 a bro!r 9 8 conv5t ( ,s4 ,m>co4 ,savon>ola has sometimes be5 describ$ z an iconocla/1 ob/9ately ho/ile to ! f9e arts4 ,?is is by no means a true acc\nt ( ! crusade he c>ri$ on aga9/ ! pagan s5suality ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,he desir$ t art %\ld rema9 ! submissive h&maid ( ! ,*ur* & ! will+ s]vant ( pure morality4 ,:ile he d5\nc$ ! hea!nism ( ! /yle 9 vogue at ,flor5ce1 & =bade ! /udy ( ! nude1 he /rove to enc\rage religi\s pa9t+1 & e/abli%$ a s*ool = its ex]cise 9 ! cloi/] ( ,s4 ,m>co4 ,x 0 9 ?is mona/ic bottega t ,fra ,b>tolommeo1 9 conc]t ) 8 fri5d ,alb]t9elli1 work$ = ! b5efit ( ! conv5t aft] ! ye> #aejf4 ,! re=ms ,savon>ola attempt$ 9 ! f9e arts z 9 mann]s1 by runn+ c\nt] to ! t5d5cies ( ! ,r5aissance at a mom5t :5 society 0 too corrupt to be reg5]at$1 & ! passion = antiquity 0 too p[]ful to be re/ra9$1 prov$ ( necessity ineffective4 ,x may fur!r be said t ! limitations he impos$ w\ld h be5 fatal to ! free developm5t ( art if !y _h be5 obs]v$4 ,sev]al pa9t]s1 besides ,fra ,baccio1 submitt$ to ,savon>ola's influ5ce4 ,among ^! ! mo/ di/+ui%$ 7 ! pure & g5tle ,lor5zo di ,cr$i & ,s&ro ,botticelli1 :o1 aft] ! great prea*]'s dea?1 is said to h ab&on$ pa9t+4 ,nei!r ,lor5zo di ,cr$i nor ,fra ,baccio possess$ a portion ( ! prophet's fi]y _s4 ,_h t b f\nd expression 9 _! cloi/ral pictures1 "o ( ! mo/ peculi> & *>act]i/ic fl[]s ( art ! _w has ev] kn[n1 w\ld !n h bloom$ 9 ,flor5ce4 ,! mantle ( ,savon>ola1 h[ev]1 if x fell ^u any pa9t]1 fell on ,mi*ael ,angelo1 & we mu/ seek an e*o ( ! fri>'s ?und]s 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel4 ,fra ,b>tolommeo 0 too t5d] & too timid4 ,! sublimities ( tragic passion lay beyond 8 scope4 ,?\gh ,i h v5tur$ to call him ! pa9t] ( adoration1 he did n feel ev5 ?is movem5t ( ! s\l ) ! int5sity ( ,fra ,angelico4 ,9 ! p]son ( ,s4 ,dom9ic kneel+ b5ea? ! cross ,fra ,angelico pa9t$ wor%ip z an ec/asy1 :]e9 ! s\l goes =? ) love & pa9 & ye>n+ beyond any p[] ( words or te>s or music to express :at x w\ld utt]4 ,to ^! heights ( ! ascetic ideal ,fra ,b>tolommeo nev] so>$4 ,8 sobriety bord]$ ^u ! prosaic4 ,we h n[ rea*$ ! great age ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 ! age 9 :i*1 n c\nt+ = ! mom5t ,v5ice1 f\r ar*-angelic natures ga!r$ up all t _h be5 hi!rto a*iev$ 9 art s9ce ! days ( ,pisano & ,giotto1 add+ su* cele/ial illum9ation f ! sunlight ( _! inborn g5ius t 9 !m ! _w = ev] sees :at art c d4 ,lion>do da ,v9ci 0 born 9 ,vald>no 9 #adeb1 & di$ 9 ,france 9 #aeai4 ,mi*ael ,angelo ,buon>roti 0 born at ,caprese1 9 ! ,cas5t9o1 9 #adge1 & di$ at ,borne 9 #aefd1 hav+ outliv$ ! lives ( 8 great pe]s by ne>ly half a c5tury4 ,raphael ,santi 0 born at ,urb9o 9 #adhc1 & di$ 9 ,rome 9 #aebj4 ,antonio ,allegri 0 born at ,correggio 9 #adid1 & di$ !re 9 #aecd4 ,to ^! f\r m51 ea* 9 8 own degree & accord+ to 8 own peculi> quality ( m9d1 ! fulness ( ! ,r5aissance1 9 its p[] & fre$om1 0 reveal$4 ,!y ent]$ ! inn] %r9e1 :]e dwelt ! _s ( _! age1 & bore to ! _w )\t ! message ea* ( !m _h he>d4 ,9 _! "w po/]ity /ill may read ! mean+ ( t epo*1 diff]5tly r5d]$ accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( gifts 9 ea* consummate arti/1 b compreh5d$ 9 its unity by /udy ( ! f\r toge!r4 ,lion>do is ! wiz>d or div9]2 to him ! ,r5aissance (f]s h] my/]y & l5ds h] magic4 ,raphael is ! ,phoebean s+]2 to him ! ,r5aissance reveals h] joy & d[]s him ) h] gift ( melody4 ,correggio is ! ,ariel or ,faun2 he has surpris$ laught] ^u ! face ( ! univ]se1 & he pa9ts ?is laught] 9 ev]-v>y+ movem5t4 ,mi*ael ,angelo is ! prophet & ,sibyll9e se]2 to him ! ,r5aissance discloses ! travail ( h] _s2 him %e endues ) p[]2 he wre/s h] secret1 voyag+1 l an ideal ,columbus1 ! va/ abyss ( ?\ght alone4 ,9 ord] t ?is revelation ( ! ,r5aissance 9 pa9t+ %\ld be complete1 x is necess>y to add a fif? p[] to ^! f\r--t ( ! ,v5etian ma/]s1 :o are ! poets ( c>nal beauty1 ! rhetoricians ( mundane pomp1 ! impassion$ int]pret]s ( all ?+s great & spl5did 9 ! pageant ( ! out] _w4 ,z ,v5ice h]self1 by type ( con/itution & hi/orical developm5t1 rema9$ seque/]$ f ! re/ ( ,italy1 s h] pa9t]s dem& sep>ate treatm5t4#bce ,x is en\gh1 !re=e1 = ! pres5t to rememb] t )\t ! note !y utt] ! *ord ( ! ,r5aissance lacks its h>mony4 ,lion>do1 ! natural son ( ,mess] ,pietro1 not>y ( ,flor5ce & l&$ proprietor at ,v9ci1 0 s beautiful ( p]son t no "o1 says ,vas>i1 has suffici5tly extoll$ 8 *>m2 s /rong ( limb t he c\ld b5d an iron r+ or horse-%oe betwe5 8 f+]s2 s eloqu5t ( spee* t ^? :o li/5$ to 8 words 7 fa9 to answ] ,yes or ,no z he ?\ght fit4 ,?is *ild ( grace & p]suasion 0 a wond]ful musician4 ,! ,duke ( ,milan s5t = him to play ^u 8 lute & improvise ,italian canzoni4 ,! lute he c>ri$ 0 ( silv]1 fa%ion$ l a horse's head1 & tun$ accord+ to ac\/ic laws discov]$ by himself4 ,( ! songs he sang to its accompanim5t none h be5 pres]v$4 ,only "o sonnet rema9s to %[ ( :at sort 0 ! poetry ( ,lion>do1 priz$ s highly by ! m5 ( 8 own g5]ation4 ,?is1 too1 is less rem>kable = poetic beauty ?an = sob] philosophy express$ ) s+ul> brevity ( phrase4#bcf ,?is /ory ( ,da ,v9ci's lute might be *os5 z a p>able ( 8 a*ievem5t4 ,art & sci5ce 7 nev] sep>at$ 9 8 "w2 & bo? 7 n unfrequ5tly subs]vi5t to "s fanciful caprice1 "s biz>re freak ( orig9ality4 ,curiosity & love ( ! uncommon rul$ 8 nature4 ,by intuition & by p]si/5t int]rogation ( nature he p5etrat$ _m secrets ( sci5ce2 b he 0 cont5t$ ) ! acquisition ( k4 ,once f\nd1 he _h b little c>e to di/ribute ! results ( 8 inve/igations2 at mo/ he s\ght to use !m = purposes ( practical utility4#bcg ,ev5 9 *ildhood he is said to h p]plex$ 8 tea*]s by prop\nd+ ari?metical problems4 ,9 8 maturity he c>ri$ anatomy fur!r ?an ,delia ,torre2 he inv5t$ ma*9]y = wat]-mills & aqu$ucts2 he devis$ eng9es ( w>1 discov]$ ! secret ( conical rifle-bullets1 adapt$ paddle-:eels to boats1 project$ new sy/ems ( siege artill]y1 inve/igat$ ! pr9ciples ( optics1 design$ build+s1 made plans = pi]c+ m\nta9s1 rais+ *ur*es1 connect+ riv]s1 dra9+ m>%es1 cle>+ h>b\rs4#bch ,!re 0 no bran* ( /udy :]eby nature ?r\gh ! ef=t ( ! inquisitive intellect might be subord9at$ to ! use ( man1 ( :i* he 0 n ma/]4 ,nor1 ri*ly gift$ z 0 ,lion>do1 did he tru/ 8 natural facility4 ,8 pati5ce 0 no less m>vell\s ?an ! quickness ( 8 insight4 ,he liv$ to illu/rate ! def9ition ( g5ius z ! capacity = tak+ inf9ite pa9s4 ,:ile he 0 a boy1 says ,vas>i1 ,lion>do modell$ 9 t]ra-cotta c]ta9 heads ( wom5 smil+4 ,?is 0 9 ! work%op ( ,v]oc*io1 :o _h already fix$ a smile on ,david's face 9 bronze4 ,:5 an old man1 he left ,mona ,lisa on ! easel n q f9i%$1 ! portrait ( a subtle1 %ad[y1 unc]ta9 smile4 ,?is smile1 ?is enigmatic revelation ( a movem5t 9 ! s\l1 ?is s$uctive ripple on ! surface ( ! human p]sonality1 0 to ,lion>do a symbol ( ! secret ( ! _w1 an image ( ! univ]sal my/]y4 ,x haunt$ him all ?r\gh 8 life1 & innum]able 7 ! attempts he made to r5d] by ext]nal =m ! magic ( ?is fugitive & evanesc5t *>m4 ,?r\gh long days he w\ld foll[ up & d[n ! /reets ( ,flor5ce or ( ,milan beautiful unkn[n faces1 le>n+ !m by he>t1 int]pret+ _! *anges ( expression1 read+ ! ?\ghts ?r\gh ! features4 ,^! he aft]w>ds committ$ to pap]4 ,we possess _m su* sket*es--a s]ies ( ideal portraits1 conta9+ ea* an unsolv$ riddle t ! ma/] read2 a procession ( %ad[s1 ca/ by reality1 t1 ent]+ ! cam]a lucida ( ! arti/'s bra91 ga9$ new & spiritual quality4#bci ,9 "s ( !m 8 fancy seems to be imprison$ 9 ! labyr9?s ( hair2 9 o!rs ! eyes deep ) feel+ or h>d ) gemlike brilliancy h caught x1 or ! lips t tell & hide s mu*1 or ! no/rils quiv]+ ) mom5t>y emotion4 ,beauty1 inexpressive ( inn] mean+1 mu/1 we conceive1 h _h b slight attraction = him4 ,we d n f9d t he drew a fair nak$ body = ! sake ( its c>nal *>m2 8 ha/y /udies ( ! nude are (t5 faulty1 m]e memor&a ( attitude & ge/ure4 ,! human =m 0 int]e/+ to him ei!r sci5tifically or else z an index to ! s\l4 ,yet he felt ! influ5ce ( p]sonal lovel9ess ,8 fav\rite pupil ,sala9o 0 a y\? ( s+ul> grace1 ) curl$ & wav+ hair1 a feature ( p]sonal beauty by :i* ,lion>do 0 always greatly pleas$4 ,hair1 ! mo/ my/]i\s ( human ?+s1 ! mo/ manifold 9 =m & hue1 snakelike 9 its subtlety = ! entanglem5t ( s\ls1 _h naturally supreme attractiv5ess = ! magician ( ! arts4 ,) l en]gy ,lion>do b5t himself to div9e ! import ( ugl9ess4 ,:ole pages ( 8 sket*-book are fill$ ) squalid heads ( %rivell$ crones & gha/ly old m5--) idiots1 gtr$ cret9s1 crim9als1 & cl[ns4 ,x 0 n t he lov$ ! horrible = its own sake2 b he 0 det]m9$ to seize "*1 to comm& ! gamut ( human physiognomy f ideal beauty d[n to =ms be/ialis$ by vice & disease4 ,! /ory relat$ by ,giraldi conc]n+ ! head ( ,judas 9 ! ,c5acolo at ,milan1 suffici5tly illu/rates ! me?od ( ,lion>do 9 creat+ types & ! utility ( su* c>icatures z 8 notebooks conta94#bdj ,x is told t he br\ght into 8 room "o day a collection ( reptiles--liz>ds1 newts1 toads1 vip]s1 efts--all creatures t are loa?some to ! common eye4 ,^!1 by ! magic ( imag9ation1 he comb9$ into a %ape s t]rible t ^? :o saw x %udd]$4 ,m$usa's snake-enwov5 head exhal+ poison\s vap\r f ! livid lips2 ,l$a1 swanlike beside h] swan lov]2 ,*ima]a1 9 :om _m natures m+l$ & made "o2 ! conflict ( a dragon & a lion2 ,s4 ,john conceiv$ n z a prophet b z a v9e-cr[n$ ,faun1 ! h>b+] ( joy3--ov] pictorial motives ( ?is k9d1 attractive by reason ( _! complexity or my/]y1 he lov$ to brood2 & to ?is fasc9ation ( a sph9x-l *>m we owe "s ( 8 mo/ exquisite draw+s4 ,lion>do m ?an any o!r arti/ :o has ev] liv$ 7except p]haps 8 great pr$ecessor ,leo ,batti/a ,alb]ti7 felt ! primal sympa?ies t b9d m5 to ! e>?1 _! "m1 & to liv+ ?+s1 _! bre?r54#bda ,!re=e ! bord]l& betwe5 humanity & nature allur$ him ) a spell half ae/hetic & half sci5tific4 ,9 ! dawn ( ,hellas ?is sympa!tic appreh5sion ( ! _w ar\nd him w\ld h made him a supreme my?opoet4 ,9 ! dawn ( ! mod]n _w curiosity claim$ ! lion's %>e ( 8 g5ius3 nor c x be d5i$ t 8 art suff]$ by ?is division ( int]e/s4 ,! "t 0 n yet come = accurate physiological inve/igation1 or = ! true bir? ( ! sci5tific _s2 & 9 any age x w\ld h be5 difficult = "o man to e/abli% on a s\nd basis discov]ies made 9 s _m realms z ^? explor$ by ,lion>do4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 b regret t he 0 n m exclusively a pa9t]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he _h conf9$ 8 activity to ! production ( works equal to ! ,c5acolo1 we %\ld h miss$ ! mo/ complete embodim5t 9 "o p]sonality ( ! tw(old impulses ( ! ,r5aissance & ( its b\ndless passion = discov]y4 ,lion>do's turn = physical sci5ce l$ him to /udy ! te*nicalities ( art ) f]v5t indu/ry4 ,:atev] 8 pr$ecessors _h acquir$ 9 ! k ( mat]ials1 ! *emi/ry ( col\rs1 ! ma!matics ( composition1 ! laws ( p]spective1 & ! illusions ( *i>oscuro1 he develop$ to ! utmo/4 ,to f9d a d>k] d>kness & a bright] brightness ?an _h yet be5 %[n ^u ! pa9t]'s canvas2 to solve problems ( =e%ort5+2 to deceive ! eye by f9ely graduat$ tones & subtle t\*es2 to submit ! free/ play ( =m to simple figures ( geometry 9 gr\p+1 7 among ! objects he mo/ e>ne/ly pursu$4 ,at ! same "t 8 deep feel+ = all ?+s t h life1 gave him new p[] 9 ! del9eation ( ext]nal nature4 ,! bran*+ ( fl[]-/ems1 ! outl9es ( fig-leaves1 ! attitudes ( bea/s & birds 9 motion1 ! ar*+ ( ! fan-palm1 7 r5d]$ by him ) ! same consummate skill z ! dimple on a *eek or ! f9e curves ( a "y man's lips4#bdb ,:]ev] he p]ceiv$ a difficulty1 he approa*$ & conqu]$ x4 ,love1 :i* is ! s\l ( art--,love1 ! bondslave ( ,beauty & ! son ( ,pov]ty by ,craft--l$ him to ^! triumphs4 ,he us$ to buy cag$ birds 9 ! m>ketplace t he might let !m loose4 ,he 0 atta*$ to horses1 & kept a sumptu\s /able2 & ^! he w\ld draw 9 ecc5tric attitudes1 /udy+ _! anatomy 9 detail = 8 /atue ( ,francesco ,s=za4#bdc ,9 ! ,battle ( ! ,/&>d1 kn[n to u only by a sket* ( ,rub5s1#bdd he gave passions to ! horse--n human passion1 nor yet m]ely equ9e--b su* z horses might feel :5 plac$ ^u a p> ) m54 ,9 l mann] ! w>riors are fi]y ) be/ial impulses--leon9e fury1 wolfi% f]ocity1 fox-l cunn+4 ,_! v arm\r takes ! %ape ( mon/r\s reptiles4 ,to su* an ext5t did ! int]*ange ( human & animal prop]ties haunt ,lion>do's fancy4 ,f :at has be5 already said we %all be bett] able to und]/& ,lion>do's love ( ! biz>re & grotesque4 ,"o day a v9e-dress] br\ght him a v curi\s liz>d4 ,! ma/] fitt$ x ) w+s inject$ ) quicksilv] to give !m motion z ! creature crawl$4 ,eyes1 horns1 & a be>d1 a m>vell\s dragon's mask1 7 plac$ ^u its head4 ,?is /range bea/ liv$ 9 a cage1 :]e ,lion>do tam$ x2 b no "o1 says ,vas>i1 d>$ s mu* z to look at x4#bde ,on qua9t puzzles & p]plex+ s*emes he mus$ a good "p ( 8 life away4 ,at "o "t he 0 = mak+ w+s to fly )2 at ano!r he inv5t$ ropes t %\ld uncoil1 /r& by /r&2 aga91 he devis$ a sy/em ( flat corks1 by means ( :i* to walk on wat]4#bdf ,"o day1 aft] hav+ scrap$ ! inte/9es ( a %eep s ?9 t he c\ld hold !m 9 ! holl[ ( 8 h&1 he fill$ !m ) w9d f a bell[s1 & blew & blew until ! room 0 *ok$1 & 8 visitors _h to run into corn]s4 ,lion>do told !m t ?is 0 a prop] symbol ( g5ius4 ,su* /ories =m :at may be call$ ! leg5d ( ,lion>do's life2 & "s ( !m seem simple1 o!rs almo/ *ildi%4#bdg ,!y illu/rate :at is meant :5 we call him ! wiz>d ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,art1 nature1 life1 ! my/]ies ( exi/5ce1 ! inf9ite capacity ( human ?\ght1 ! riddle ( ! _w1 all t ! ,greeks call$ ,pan1 s sway$ & allur$ him t1 :ile he dream$ & wr\ght & nev] ceas$ f toil1 he seem$ to h a*iev$ b little4 ,! fancies ( 8 bra9 71 p]haps1 too subtle & too fragile to be made app>5t to ! eyes ( m54 ,he 0 wont1 aft] ye>s ( lab\r1 to leave 8 "w /ill incomplete1 feel+ t he c\ld n p]fect x z he desir$3 yet ev5 8 mo/ fragm5t>y sket*es h a f9i% beyond ! scope ( less] m54 ,extraord9>y p[]1 says ,vas>i1 0 9 8 case conjo9$ ) rem>kable facility1 a m9d ( regal boldness & magnanim\s d>+4 ,yet he 0 con/antly accus$ ( indol5ce & inability to execute4#bdh ,(t5 & (t5 he made va/ prep>ations & accompli%$ no?+4 ,x is well kn[n h[ ! ,prior ( ,s4 ,m>ia delle ,grazie compla9$ t ,lion>do /ood = days look+ at 8 fresco1 & = weeks nev] came ne> x2 h[ ! monks ( ! ,annunziata at ,flor5ce 7 *eat$ out ( _! pa9t+1 = :i* elaborate designs _h yet be5 made2 h[ ,leo ,x41 see+ him mix oils ) v>ni% to make a new m$ium1 exclaim$1 ,alas6 ?is man w d no?+2 he ?9ks ( ! end be=e he makes a beg9n+4 ,a good answ] to acc\nt = ! delay 0 always ready on ! pa9t]'s lips1 z t ! man ( g5ius works mo/ :5 8 h&s are idle/2 ,judas1 s\ght 9 va9 ?r\gh all ! ?ieves' resorts 9 ,milan1 is n f\nd2 ,i _c hope to see ! face ( ,*ri/ except 9 ,p>adise4 ,aga91 :5 an eque/rian /atue ( ,francesco ,s=za _h be5 modell$ 9 all its p>ts1 ano!r model 0 begun because ,da ,v9ci w\ld fa9 %[ ! w>rior triumph+ ov] a fall5 foe4#bdi ,! fir/ motive seem$ to him tame2 ! second 0 unrealisable 9 bronze4 ,i c d any?+ possible to man1 he wrote to ,lodovico ,s=za1 & z well z any liv+ arti/ ei!r 9 sculpture or pa9t+4 ,b he w\ld d no?+ z taskwork1 & 8 creative bra9 lov$ bett] to inv5t ?an to execute4#bej ,( a tru?1 cont9ues 8 biograph]1 !re is good reason to believe t ! v greatness ( 8 mo/ exalt$ m9d1 aim+ at m ?an c\ld be effect$1 0 itself an imp$im5t2 p]petually seek+ to add excell5ce to excell5ce & p]fection to p]fection4 ,?is 0 )\t d\bt ! true h9drance1 s t1 z our ,petr>* has x1 ! "w 0 ret>d$ by desire4 ,at ! close ( t cynical & positive c5tury1 ! _s :]e( 0 s well express$ by ,cosimo de' ,m$ici1#bea ,lion>do set be=e himself aims inf9ite in/ead ( f9ite4 ,8 designs ( w+s to fly ) symbolise 8 :ole endeav\r4 ,he believ$ 9 solv+ ! insoluble2 & nature _h s ri*ly d[]$ him 9 ! v dawntime ( discov]y1 t he 0 almo/ ju/ifi$ 9 ?is delusion4 ,hav+ caught ! ,proteus ( ! _w1 he tri$ to grasp him2 b ! god *ang$ %ape b5ea? 8 t\*4 ,hav+ surpris$ ,sil5us asleep1 he begg$ f him a song2 b ! song ,sil5us sang 0 s m>vell\s 9 its v>iety1 s subtle 9 its modulations1 t ,lion>do c\ld d no m ?an recall scatt]$ phrases4 ,8 ,proteus 0 ! _s ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! ,sil5us f :om he =c$ ! song 0 ! d\ble nature ( man & ( ! _w4 ,by ill *ance x happ5$ t ,lion>do's greate/ works soon p]i%$4 ,8 c>toon at ,flor5ce disappe>$4 ,8 model = ,s=za's /atue 0 us$ z a t>get by ,fr5* b[m54 ,8 ,la/ ,supp] rema9s a m]e wreck 9 ! ,conv5t delle ,grazie4 ,su* z x is1 blurr$ by ill-usage & neglect1 m blurr$ by impi\s re-pa9t+1 t fresco mu/ be se5 by ^? :o wi% to und]/& ,da ,v9ci4 ,x has well be5 call$ ! comp5dium ( all 8 /udies & ( all 8 writ+s2 &1 *ronologically1 x is ! fir/ ma/]piece ( ! p]fect$ ,r5aissance4#beb ,o!r pa9t]s _h repres5t$ ! ,la/ ,supp] z a solemn prologue to ! ,passion1 or z ! my/ical inauguration ( ! greate/ ,*ri/ian sacram5t4#bec ,b none _h d>$ to break ! calm ( ! ev5t by a dramatic action4 ,! s*ool ( ,giotto1 ,fra ,angelico1 ,ghirl&ajo1 ,p]ug9o1 ev5 ,signorelli1 rema9$ )9 ! sph]e ( symbolical sugge/ion2 & _! "w ga9$ 9 dignity :at x lo/ 9 int5sity4 ,lion>do comb9$ bo?4 ,he und]took to pa9t a mom5t1 to del9eate ! effect ( a s+le ^w ^u twelve m5 seat$ at a table1 & to d ?is )\t sacrific+ ! tranquillity dem&$ by ideal art1 & )\t impair+ ! div9e maje/y ( ,him f ^: lips t ^w has fall54 ,! "t has long gone by = detail$ criticism or description ( a pa9t+ kn[n to ev]ybody4 ,x is en\gh to obs]ve t ! ideal repres5tation ( a dramatic mom5t1 ! life brea!d into ea* "p ( ! composition1 ! v>iety ( ! types *os5 to express v>ieties ( "*1 & ! sci5tific di/ribution ( ! twelve ,apo/les 9 f\r gr\ps ( ?ree ar\nd ! c5tral ,*ri/1 m>k ! appe>ance ( a new _s ( p[] & fre$om 9 ! arts4 ,:at _h hi!rto be5 treat$ ) religi\s timidity1 ) conv5tional /iffness1 or ) reali/ic want ( gr&eur1 0 n[ humanis$ & at ! same "t transport$ into a high] intellectual region2 & ?\gh ,lion>do discr[n$ ! ,apo/les ( _! aureoles1 he = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( pa9t+ creat$ a ,*ri/ n unwor?y to be wor%ipp$ z ! praes5s ,deus4 ,we "k n :e!r to admire mo/ ! p]fection ( ! pa9t]'s art or 8 insight into spiritual ?+s4#bed ,if we are =c$ to feel t1 ) ,da ,v9ci1 accompli%m5t fell %ort ( p[] & promise1 ! case is v diff]5t ) ,raphael4 ,9 him !re 0 no p]plexity1 no division ( int]e/s4 ,he 0 fasc9at$ by no insoluble my/]y & absorb$ by no s$uctive problems4 ,8 faculty & 8 arti/ic purpose 7 exactly balanc$1 adequate1 & mutually support+4 ,he saw by intuition :at to d1 & he did x )\t let or h9drance1 ex]cis+ f 8 boyhood till 8 e>ly dea? an unimp$$ en]gy ( pure productiv5ess4 ,l ,moz>t1 to :om he be>s 9 _m respects a rem>kable resemblance1 ,raphael 0 gift$ ) inexhau/ible f]tility & ) unwe>i$ indu/ry4 ,l ,moz>t1 aga91 he _h a nature :i* conv]t$ ev]y?+ to beauty4 ,?\ght1 passion1 emotion1 became 9 8 art liv+ melody4 ,we almo/ =get 8 /r5g? 9 admiration ( 8 grace2 ! travail ( 8 intellect is hidd5 by ! s]5ity ( 8 /yle4 ,!re is no?+ ov]-mu* 9 any portion ( 8 "w1 no s5se ( ef=t1 no /ra9+ ( a situation1 n ev5 t elem5t ( t]ror ne$ful to ! true sublime4 ,x is z ?\gh ! _s ( "y ,greece _h liv$ 9 him aga91 purify+ 8 ta/e to p]fection & re/ra9+ him f ! del9eation ( ?+s /]n or horrible4 ,raphael f\nd 9 ?is _w no?+ b its joy1 & communicat$ to 8 ideal ! beauty ( unt\*$ virg9ity4 ,brescia might be sack$ ) sword & flame4 ,! ,baglioni might hew !mselves to pieces 9 ,p]ugia4 ,! pla9s ( ,rav5na might fl[ ) blood4 ,urb9o might *ange ma/]s & obey ! vip]\s ,duke ,val5t9o4 ,raphael1 mean:ile1 work+ ?r\gh 8 %ort ,may-life ( less ?an tw5ty ,h&writt53 #dj ye>s1 receiv$ f nature & f man a message t 0 h>mony unspoil$ by "o discordant note4 ,8 v p]son 0 a symbol ( 8 g5ius4 ,lion>do 0 beautiful b /ately1 ) firm lips & p5etrat+ glance2 he conqu]$ by ! magnetism ( an incalculable p]sonality4 ,! lovel9ess ( ,raphael 0 fair & flexible1 fasc9at+ n by p[] or my/]y1 b by ! w9n+ *>m ( op5-he>t$ sweetness4 ,to ?is physical beauty1 r delicate ?an /rong1 he unit$ spiritual graces ( ! mo/ amiable nature4 ,he 0 g5tle1 docile1 mode/1 ready to oblige1 free f jeal\sy1 b9d+ all m5 to him by 8 *e]ful c\rtesy4#bee ,9 morals he 0 pure4 ,inde$1 judg$ by ! lax /&>d ( ^? times1 he might be call$ almo/ immaculate4 ,8 intellectual capacity1 9 all t conc]n$ ! art ( pa9t+1 0 unb\nd$2 b we _c place him among ! _m-sid$ h]oes ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,:at he attempt$ 9 sculpture1 ?\gh elegant1 is comp>atively insignificant2 & ! same may be said ab\t 8 build+s4 ,z a pa9t] he 0 capable ( compreh5d+ & express+ all ?+s )\t excess or s5se ( lab\r4 ,( no o!r arti/ d we feel t he 0 s in/9ctively1 un]r+ly "r 9 :at he ?\ght & did4 ,among 8 m5tal faculties ! p[] ( assimilation seems to h be5 develop$ to an extraord9>y degree4 ,he le>n$ ! rudim5ts ( 8 art 9 ! h\se ( 8 fa!r ,santi at ,urb9o1 :]e a ,madonna is /ill %[n--! portrait ( 8 "m1 ) a *ild1 p]haps ! infant ,raphael1 ^u h] lap4 ,/>t+1 soon aft] 8 fa!r's dea?1 z a pupil ( ,p]ug9o1 he spe$ily acquir$ t ma/]'s mann] s p]fectly t 8 e>lie/ works are only to be di/+ui%$ f ,p]ug9o's by _! great] delicacy1 spontaneity1 & inv5tiv5ess4 ,?\gh he absorb$ all t 0 excell5t 9 ! ,p]ug9esque /yle1 he avoid$ its affectations1 & seem$ to take dep>ture = a high] flight f ! mo/ exquisite among 8 tea*]'s e>ly pa9t+s4 ,lat] on1 :ile /ill a lad1 he escap$ f ,umbrian conv5tionality by le>n+ all t 0 valuable 9 ! art ( ,masaccio & ,fra ,b>tolommeo4 ,to ! latt] ma/]1 himself educat$ by ! influ5ce ( ,lion>do1 ,raphael ow$ m1 p]haps1 ?an to any o!r ( 8 tea*]s4 ,! me?od ( comb9+ figures 9 masses1 ne$ful to ! g5]al composition1 :ile !y pres]ve a subord9ate complet5ess ( _! own1 _h be5 appli$ ) almo/ ma!matical precision by ! ,frate 9 8 fresco at ,s4 ,m>ia ,nuova4#bef ,x reappe>s 9 all ,raphael's "w subsequ5t to 8 fir/ visit to ,flor5ce#beg 7#aejd-aejf74 ,s great1 inde$1 is ! resemblance ( treatm5t betwe5 ! two pa9t]s t we "k n well :i* ow$ ! o!r mo/4 ,_m gr\ps ( wom5 & *ildr5 9 ! ,/anze1 = example--especially 9 ! ,miracle ( ,bols5a & ! ,heliodorus--seem almo/ id5tical ) ,fra ,b>tolommeo's ,madonna della ,mis]icordia at ,lucca4 ,f9ally1 :5 ,raphael settl$ 9 ,rome1 he laid himself op5 to ! influ5ce ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 & drank 9 ! classic _s f ! newly discov]$ antiques4 ,"h at la/ x seem$ z ?\gh 8 native g5ius might suff] f contact ) ! pot5t /yle ( 8 great rival2 & !re are _m /ud5ts ( art :o feel t ,raphael's lat] mann] 0 a decl5sion f ! div9e purity ( 8 e>ly pictures4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 a some?+ sav\r+ ( ov]bloom 9 ! ,f>nes9a frescoes1 z ?\gh ! pa9t]'s faculty _h be5 /ra9$ beyond its natural =ce4 ,muscles are exagg]at$ to give ! appe>ance ( /r5g?1 & op5 m\?s are multipli$ to indicate a/oni%m5t & action4 ,^! faults may be f\nd ev5 9 ! ,c>toons4 ,yet :o %all say t ,raphael's p[] 0 on ! decl9e1 or t 8 noble /yle 0 pass+ into mann]ism1 aft] /udy+ bo? ! picture ( ! ,transfiguration & ! c>eful draw+s f ! nude prep>$ = ?is la/ "w8 ,s delicate 0 ! assimilative t5d5cy 9 ,raphael1 t :at he le>n$ f all 8 tea*]s1 f ,p]ug9o1 ,fra ,b>tolommeo1 ,masaccio1 ,da ,v9ci1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 & ! antique1 0 m+l$ ) 8 own /yle )\t sacrifice ( individuality4 ,inf]ior ma/]s imitat$ him1 & pass$ _! pictures (f ^u po/]ity z ,raphael's2 b to mi/ake a g5u9e piece ( 8 pa9t+ = ! p]=mance ( ano!r is almo/ impossible4 ,ea* successive /ep he made 0 b a lib]ation ( 8 g5ius1 a /ride t[>d ! full expression ( ! beautiful he saw & s]v$4 ,he 0 nev] an eclectic4 ,! ma/]pieces ( o!r arti/s taught him h[ to compreh5d 8 own ideal4 ,raphael is n m]ely a man1 b a s*ool4 ,j z 9 8 g5ius he absorb$ & compreh5d$ _m div]se /yles1 s are _m wor?y craftsm5 includ$ 9 8 s+le "n4 ,fresco-pa9t]s1 ma/]s ( ! easel1 workm5 9 mosaic & m>quetrie1 sculptors1 build]s1 arras-weav]s1 engrav]s1 decorators ( ceil+s & ( floors1 all lab\r$ "u 8 eye1 receiv+ designs f1 8 h&1 & execut+ :at 0 call$ !reaft] by 8 "n4#beh ,x 0 ?us p>tly by 8 facility & en]gy1 p>tly by ! use he made ( o!r m51 t ,raphael 0 able to a*ieve s mu*4 ,9 ! ,vatican he cov]$ ! walls & ceil+s ( ! ,/anze ) hi/orical & symbolical frescoes t embrace ! :ole ( human k4 ,! cramp+ limits ( ecclesia/ical tradition are transc5d$4 ,! synod ( ! antique sages f9ds a place beside ! synod ( ! ,fa!rs & ! company ( ,sa9ts4 ,p>nassus & ! allegory ( ! virtues front ea* o!r4 ,! leg5d ( ,m>syas & ! my?us ( ! ,fall are companion pictures4 ,a new ca?olicity1 a new or?odoxy ( ! beautiful1 appe>s4 ,! ,r5aissance 9 all its bread? & lib]ality ( judgm5t takes ideal =m4 ,nor is !re any s5se ( discord2 = ! g5ius ( ,raphael views bo? revelations1 ,*ri/ian & pagan1 f a po9t ( view ( art above !m4 ,to 8 pure & unimp$$ faculty ! task ( translat+ motives s div]se into mutually concordant %apes 0 easy4 ,on ! dom$ ceil+s ( ! ,loggie he pa9t$ sacr$ hi/ory 9 a s]ies ( exquisitely simple compositions1 kn[n z ,raphael's ,bible4 ,! walls & pila/]s 7 adorn$ ) arabesques t anticipat$ ! discov]y ( ,pompeii1 & surpass$ ! be/ ( ,roman frescoes 9 v>iety & fre$om4 ,) 8 own h&s he col\r$ ! incomp>able ,triumph ( ,galatea 9 ,ago/9o ,*igi's villa on ! ,tib]1 :ile 8 pupils trac$ ! leg5d ( ,cupid & ,psy*e f 8 draw+s on ! ro( ( ! great banquet hall4 ,rema9+ )9 ! circuit ( ,rome1 we may turn f ! sibyls ( ,s4 ,m>ia della ,pace to ! g5ii ( ! planets 9 ,s4 ,m>ia del ,popolo1 f ! ,viol9-play] ( ! ,sci>ra palace to ! ,transfiguration 9 ! ,vatican3 :]ev] we g1 we f9d ! ma/]pieces ( ?is y\?1 s v>i\s 9 conception1 s equal 9 p]=mance4 ,& !n1 to ?9k t ! palaces & picture-gall]ies ( ,europe are cr[d$ ) 8 easel-pictures1 t 8 orig9al draw+s display a b\ndless /ore ( prodigal inv5tive creativ5ess1 t ! ,c>toons1 ( :i* ,engl& is pr\d1 are alone en\gh to f\nd a mighty ma/]'s fame6 ,! va/ mass ( ,raphael's works is by itself a/\nd+4 ,! accuracy ( _! design & ! p]fection ( _! execution are lit]ally ov]:elm+ to ! imag9ation1 t attempts to realise ! conditions ( 8 %ort life4 ,!re is no?+1 or b v little1 ( rhetoric 9 all ?is _w ( pictures4 ,! bra9 has guid$ ! h& ?r\gh\t1 & ! result is /]l+ poetry4 ,! k1 aga91 express$ 9 _m ( 8 frescoes is s ?or\gh t we wond] :e!r 9 8 body liv$ aga9 ! s\l ( "s accompli%$ sage4 ,h[1 = example1 did he appropriate ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 set =? s lum9\sly 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,a!ns1 t ea* head1 ea* ge/ure1 is ! epitome ( "s sy/em8 ,fabio ,calvi may1 inde$1 h suppli$ him ) s]viceable notes on ,greek philosophy4 ,b to ,raphael alone belongs ! triumph ( hav+ p]sonifi$ ! dry elem5ts ( le>n+ 9 appropriate liv+ =ms4 ,! same is true ( ! ,p>nassus1 &1 9 a less degree1 ( ! ,disputa4 ,to ! physiognomi/ ^! frescoes w always be invaluable4 ,! ,heliodorus1 ! ,miracle ( ,bols5a1 & ! ,c>toons1 display a l faculty appli$ ) m dramatic purpose4 ,passion & action take ! place ( repres5tative ideas2 b ! capacity = translat+ into p]fect human =m :at has fir/ be5 intellectually appreh5d$ by ! arti/1 is ! same4 ,if1 aft] e/imat+ ! range ( ?\ght reveal$ 9 ?is portion ( ,raphael's "w1 we next consid] ! lab\r ( ! m9d involv$ 9 ! di/ribution ( s _m multitudes ( beautiful & augu/ human figures1 9 ! modell+ ( _! drap]y1 ! /udy ( _! expression1 & _! gr\p+ into balanc$ compositions1 we may =m "s notion ( ! magnitude ( ,raphael's p]=mance4 ,x is1 inde$1 probable t all attempts at reflective analysis ( ?is k9d d inju/ice to ! spontaneity ( ! pa9t]'s me?od4 ,yet1 ev5 suppos+ t ! ,miracul\s ,draught ( ,fi%es or ! ,s*ool ( ,a!ns 7 se5 by him z 9 a vision1 ?is presumption w increase our wond] at ! imag9ation :i* c\ld hold s ri* a /ore ( details ready = imm$iate use4 ,t ,raphael paid ! mo/ m9ute att5tion to ! details ( 8 "w1 is %[n by ! /udies made = ^! two subjects1 & by ! draw+s = ! ,transfiguration4 ,a "y man b5t on putt+ =? 8 p[] ! fir/ "t 9 a s+le picture t %\ld prove 8 ma/]y1 c\ld n h lab\r$ ) m dilig5ce ?an ,raphael at ! height ( 8 fame & 9 full possession ( 8 matur$ faculty4 ,:51 fur!rmore1 we take into acc\nt ! v>iety ( ,raphael's "w1 we arrive at a new po9t ( wond]4 ,! draw+ ( ,alex&]'s ,m>riage ) ,roxana1 ! ,temptation ( ,adam by ,eve1 & ! ,massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts1 engrav$ by ,m>c ,antonio1 are unsurpass$ n only z compositions1 b also z /udies ( ! nude 9 *os5 attitudes1 p[]fully felt & nobly execut$4 ,9 ^! designs1 :i* he nev] us$ = pa9t+1 ! same high /yle is successively appli$ to a pageant1 an idyll1 & a drama4#bei ,! rapture ( ,greek art 9 its mo/ y\?ful mom5t has nev] be5 recaptur$ by a mod]n pa9t] ) m =ce & fire ( fancy ?an 9 ! ,galatea4 ,! t5d]ness ( ,*ri/ian feel+ has f\nd no m exalt$ expression ?an 9 ! multitudes ( ! ,madonnas1 "o m lovely ?an ano!r1 l roses on a tree 9 ,june1 f ! maid5ly ,madonna del ,gran' ,duca to ! cele/ial vision ( ! ,san ,si/o1 t sublime/ lyric ( ! art ( ,ca?olicity4#bfj ,x is only by hurry+ ?r\gh a li/ l ?is t we c appreciate ! _m-sid$ p]fection ( ,raphael's accompli%m5t4 ,h[1 la/ly1 0 x possible t ?is "y pa9t] %\ld h f\nd ! "t to sup]9t5d ! build+ ( ,s4 ,pet]'s1 & to =m a plan = excavat+ ,rome 9 its twelve anci5t regions8#bfa ,:5 ,lomazzo assign$ emblems to ! *ief pa9t]s ( ! ,r5aissance1 he gave to ,mi*ael ,angelo ! dragon ( contemplation1 & to ,mantegna ! s]p5t ( sagacity4 ,= ,raphael1 by a happi] in/9ct1 he res]v$ man1 ! microcosm1 ! symbol ( p[]ful grace1 inc>nate intellect4 ,?is qua9t fancy ( ! ,milanese critic t\*es ! tru?4 ,:at di/+ui%es ! :ole "w ( ,raphael1 is its humanity 9 ! d\ble s5se ( ! humane & human4 ,phoebus1 z imag9$ by ! ,greeks1 0 n m radiant1 m victori\s by ! m>vel ( 8 smile1 m intol]ant ( ?+s obsc5e or ugly4 ,l ,apollo *as+ ! ,eum5ides f 8 ,delphian %r9e1 ,raphael w n suff] 8 eyes to fall on :at is loa?some or horrific4 ,ev5 sadness & sorr[1 trag$y & dea?1 take lovel9ess f him4 ,& "h x mu/ be m5tion$ t he %unn$ /]n & pa9ful subjects4 ,he pa9t$ no m>tyrdom1 no ,la/ ,judgm5t1 & no ,crucifixion1 if we except ! little e>ly picture belong+ to ,"l ,dudley4#bfb ,8 m5 & wom5 are ei!r glori\s ) y\? or dignifi$ 9 hale old age4 ,t\*$ by 8 innoc5t & e>ne/ g5ius1 mank9d is once m gift$ ) ! h>mony ( intellect & fle% & feel+1 t belong$ to ,hellas4 ,in/ead ( asceticism1 ,hell5ic temp]ance is ! virtue priz$ by ,raphael4 ,ov] 8 ni*e 9 ! ,temple ( ,fame might be writt53 ,i h said ye are gods2--= ! *ildr5 ( m5 9 8 ideal _w are div9iz$4 ,! godlike _s ( man is all 9 all4 ,happy inde$ 0 ! art t by its limitations & selections c\ld ?us e>ly express ! good news ( ! ,r5aissance2 :ile 9 ! sph]es ( politics & e?ics1 sci5ce & religion1 we are /ill f> f hav+ le>n$ its lesson4 ,correggio is ! ,faun or ,ariel ( ,r5aissance pa9t+4 ,turn+ to him f ,raphael1 we are naturally fir/ /ruck by ! aff9ities & diff]5ces betwe5 !m4 ,bo? drew f _! /udy ( ! _w ! elem5ts ( joy :i* x conta9s2 b ! gladness ( ,correggio 0 m s5su\s ?an t ( ,raphael2 8 intellectual faculties 7 less develop$2 8 rapture 0 m tumultu\s & ,bac*antic4 ,l ,raphael1 ,correggio di$ "y2 b 8 brief life 0 sp5t 9 comp>ative obscurity & solitude4 ,f> f ! society ( s*ol>s & arti/s1 ignorant ( c\rts1 unpatronis$ by pr9ces1 he wr\ght = himself alone ! miracle ( brightness & ( movem5t t delights u 9 8 frescoes & 8 easel-pictures4 ,l a poet hidd5 ,9 ! light ( ?\ght1 ,s++ hymns unbidd51 0 ?is lyri/ ( luxuri\s ec/asy4 ,9 8 "w !re 0 no?+ worldly2 t divides him f ! ,v5etians1 ^: s5su\sness he %>$3 no?+ sci5tific2 t di/+ui%es him f ,da ,v9ci1 ! magic ( ^: *i>oscuro he compreh5d$3 no?+ contemplative2 t sep>ates him f ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ! audacity ( ^: design 9 deal+ ) =c$ attitudes he rivall$1 )\t app>5tly hav+ enjoy$ ! opportunity ( /udy+ 8 works4 ,! *e]fulness ( ,raphael1 ! wiz>dry ( ,lion>do1 & ! boldness ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 met 9 him to =m a new /yle1 ! orig9ality ( :i* is indisputable1 & :i* takes u captive--n by intellectual p[]1 b by ! impulse ( emotion4 ,( 8 arti/ic education we "k no?+2 & :5 we call him ! ,ariel ( pa9t+1 ?is means t we are compell$ to ?9k ( him z an elem5tal _s1 ^: bidd+ ! air & ! light & ! hues ( ! morn+ obey4 ,correggio creat$ a _w ( beautiful human be+s1 ! :ole condition ( ^: exi/5ce is an innoc5t & radiant wantonness4#bfc ,ov] ! doma9 ( trag$y he _h no sway2 nor c\ld he deal ) subjects dem&+ pregnancy ( intellectual mean+4 ,he pa9ts ! ?ree ,fates = in/ance l "y & joy\s ,bac*antes2 if we plac$ rose-g>l&s & ?yrsi 9 _! h&s in/ead ( ! di/aff & ! ?read ( human de/9ies1 !y might figure ^u ! panels ( a banquet-*amb] 9 ,pompeii4 ,nor1 aga91 did he possess t sev]e & l(ty art ( composition :i* seeks ! highe/ beauty ( design 9 ar*itectural h>mony supreme above ! melodies ( gracefulness 9 detail4 ,he 0 ess5tially a lyrical z di/+ui%$ f an epical or dramatic poet4 ,! unity ( 8 "w is d]iv$ f ! effect ( light & atmosph]e1 ! inbrea!d s\l ( tremul\s & ?robb+ life1 :i* ba!s & liquefies ! :ole4 ,x 0 en\gh = him to produce a gleeful symphony by ! play ( light & col\r1 by ! animation ( 8 figures1 & by ! intoxicat+ beauty ( 8 =ms4 ,8 angels are g5ii disimprison$ f ! *alices ( fl[]s1 h\ris ( an erotic ,p>adise1 elem5tal sprites ( nature wanton+ 9 ,ed5 9 h] prime4 ,!y belong to ! g5]ation ( ! fauns4 ,l fauns1 !y comb9e a c]ta9 wildness1 a di?yrambic ec/asy1 a delight 9 rapid motion z !y revel amid cl\ds & fl[]s1 ) ! p]man5t & all-p]vad+ sweetness ( ! pa9t]'s /yle4 ,correggio's s5sibility to light & col\r--t quality :i* makes him unique among pa9t]s--0 on a p> ) 8 feel+ = =m4 ,brightness & d>kness are wov5 toge!r on 8 figures l an impalpable veil1 arial & transp>5t1 enhanc+ ! palpitations ( voluptu\s movem5t :i* he lov$4 ,8 col\r+ does n gl[ or burn2 bli!some & delicate1 x seems exactly su* a beauty-bloom z s5se requires = its satiety4 ,t cord ( jocund col\r :i* may fitly be comb9$ ) ! smiles ( daylight1 ! cle> blues f\nd 9 laugh+ eyes1 ! p9ks t t+e ! *eeks ( e>ly y\?1 & ! w>m yet silv]y tones ( heal?y fle%1 m+le1 z 9 a pe>l-%ell1 on 8 pictures4 ,)9 8 own magic circle ,correggio reigns supreme2 no o!r arti/ hav+ bl5t ! wit*]ies ( col\r+1 *i>oscuro1 & wanton lovel9ess ( =m1 into a h>mony s p]fect 9 its s5su\s *>m4 ,to feel 8 influ5ce1 & at ! same mom5t to be ! subject ( /rong passion1 or int5se desire1 or h]oic resolve1 or pr(\nd contemplation1 or p5sive melan*oly1 is impossible4 ,! ,nor!rn travell]1 /&+ b5ea? 8 ma/]-works 9 ,p>ma1 may he> f ea* ( ^? radiant & laugh+ faces :at ! "y ,italian said to ,goe!3 ,p]* p5sa8 p5s&o s' invec*ia4 ,mi*ael ,angelo is ! prophet or se] ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,x w\ld be impossible to imag9e a /rong] contra/ ?an t :i* di/+ui%es 8 art f ,correggio's1 or lives m diff]5t 9 all _! details1 ?an ^? :i* he & ,raphael or ,lion>do liv$ respectively4 ,dur+ ! eighty-n9e ye>s ( 8 e>?ly pilgrimage he saw ,italy enslav$ & ,flor5ce ext+ui%$2 x 0 8 exce$+ bitt] fate to wat* ! rapid decay ( ! arts & to witness ! triumph ( sac]dotal despotism ov] lib]al ?\ght4 ,to none ( ^! ?+s 0 he indiff]5t2 & ! sorr[ !y wr\ght 9 8 s\l1 f\nd expression 9 8 pa9t+4#bfd ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 n fram$ by nature to fasc9ate l ,lion>do or to *>m l ,raphael4 ,8 mann]s 7 sev]e & simple4 ,:5 he spoke1 8 words 7 brief & pung5t4 ,:5 he wrote1 :e!r 9 poetry or prose1 he us$ ! fewe/ phrases to express ! mo/ cond5s$ mean+4 ,:5 ask$ :y he _h n m>ri$1 he repli$ t ! wife he _h--8 art--co/ him already too mu* tr\ble4 ,he ent]ta9$ few fri5ds1 & %unn$ society4 ,brood+ ov] ! s]mons ( ,savon>ola1 ! text ( ! ,bible1 ! disc\rses ( ,plato1 & ! poems ( ,dante1 he made 8 _s /rong 9 solitude by ! companion%ip ) ev]la/+ ?\ghts4 ,!re=e1 :5 he 0 call$ to pa9t ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 he utt]$ ?r\gh pa9t+ ! weightie/ prophecy ! _w has ev] se5 express$ 9 pla/ic =m4 ,8 !me is no?+ less ?an ! burd5 ( ! prophets & ! ,sibyls :o prea*$ ! com+ ( a light ^u ! _w1 & ! condemnation ( ! _w :i* _h reject$ x1 by an inexorable judge4 ,mi*elet says1 n )\t tru?1 t ! _s ( ,savon>ola lives aga9 9 ^! frescoes4 ,! procession ( ! f\r-&-tw5ty eld]s1 arraign$ be=e ! p ( ,brescia to accuse ,italy ( s9--! voice t cri$ to ,flor5ce1 ,behold ! sword ( ! ,"l1 & t swiftly6 ,behold ,i1 ev5 ,i1 d br+ a deluge on ! e>?6 are bo? se5 & he>d "h v pla9ly4 ,b !re is m ?an ,savon>ola 9 ?is prophecy ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's4 ,x conta9s ! /]n _s ( ,dante1 aflame ) patriotism1 passionate = ju/ice4 ,x embodies ! philosophy ( ,plato4 ,! creative ,god1 :o divides light f d>kness1 :o draws ,adam f ! clay & calls =? new-born ,eve 9 awful beauty1 is ! ,demiurgus ( ! ,greek4 ,aga91 x c>ries ! indignation ( ,isaiah1 ! wild d5unciations ( ,ezekiel1 ! monoton\s refra9 ( ,j]emiah--,ah1 ,"l1 ,"l6 ,! classic ,sibyls intone _! my/ic hymns2 ! ,delphic on h] tripod ( inspiration1 ! ,ery?raean b5d+ ov] h] scrolls1 ! )]$ wit* ( ,cumae1 ! p>*$ prophetess ( ,libya--all seem to cry1 ,rep5t1 rep5t6 = ! k+dom ( ! _s is at h&6 ,rep5t & awake1 = ! judgm5t ( ! _w approa*es6 ,& above ^! voices we he> a mo/ trem5d\s wail3 ,! nations h come to ! bir?2 b !re is n /r5g? to br+ =?4 ,t is ! utt]ance ( ! ,r5aissance1 z x _h appe>$ 9 ,italy4 ,%e :o 0 fir/ among ! nations 0 n[ la/2 b\nd & ble$+1 %e lay pro/rate at ! temple-gate %e _h unlock$4 ,to ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 giv5 = 8 portion--n ! allur+ my/]ies ( ! new age1 n ! joy ( ! r5asc5t _w1 n ! petulant & puls+ rapture ( y\?3 ^! _h be5 divid$ betwe5 ,lion>do1 ,raphael1 & ,correggio--b ! bitt] burd5 ( ! s5se t ! awak5+ to life is 9 itself a pa91 t ! revelation ( ! lib]at$ s\l is itself judgm5t1 t a light is %9+1 & t ! _w w n compreh5d x4 ,pregnant z are ! pa9t+s ( ,mi*ael ,angelo ) religi\s import1 !y are no long] ,ca?olic 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! frescoes ( ! ,lor5zetti & ,orcagna & ,giotto are ,ca?olic4 ,he w5t beyond ! ecclesia/ical /&+ gr\nd & rea*$ "o :]e philosophy includes ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,?us ! true _s ( ! ,r5aissance 0 embodi$ 9 8 "w ( art4 ,among ! multitudes ( figures cov]+ ! wall above ! alt> 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel !re is "o t might well /& = a symbol ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,x is a woman ( gigantic /ature 9 ! act ( toil+ upw>ds f ! tomb4 ,grave clo!s imp$e ! motion ( h] body3 !y %r\d h] eyes & ga!r r\nd h] *e/4 ,"p only ( h] face & ?roat is visible1 :]e may be read a look ( blank bewild]m5t & /upefaction1 a /ruggle ) dea?'s slumb] 9 ob$i5ce to "s inn] impulse4 ,yet %e is ris+ sl[ly1 half awake1 & sc>cely consci\s1 to await a doom /ill undet]m9$4 ,?us ,mi*ael ,angelo int]pret$ ! mean+ ( 8 age4 ,,footnotes3 #aig ,la man *e ubb$isce all' intelletto is a phrase pregnant ) mean+1 us$ by ,mi*ael ,angelo 9 "o ( 8 sonnets4 ,see ,gua/i1 ,le ,rime di ,mi*ael ,angelo1 p4 #agc4 ,mi*ael ,angelo's blunt criticism ( ,p]ug9o1 t he 0 g(fo1 a fool 9 art1 & 8 rude spee* to ,francia's h&some son1 t 8 fa!r made bett] =ms by night ?an day1 suffici5tly indicate ! diff]5t aims pursu$ by ! pa9t]s ( ! two p]iods di/+ui%$ above4 #aih ,?\gh ,mantegna seems to h ow$ all 8 tra9+ to ,padua1 x is impossible to reg>d him z :at is call$ a ,squ>cionesque--"o among ! arti/ic hacks =m$ & employ$ by ! ,paduan impres>io ( ?ird-rate pa9t+4 ,no o!r eagle l to him 0 re>$ 9 t ne/4 ,8 greatness belong$ to 8 own g5ius1 assimilat+ f ! meagre means ( /udy )9 8 rea* ^? elem5ts :i* enabl$ him to div9e ! _s ( ! antique & to attempt its reproduction4 ,9 ord] to facilitate ! explanation ( ! problem (f]$ by 8 e>ly comm& ( /yle1 x has be5 sugge/$ ) great %[ ( reason t he receiv$ a /rong impression f ! "w execut$ 9 bas-relief by ,donatello = ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,antonio at ,padua4 ,?us ,flor5t9e influ5ces help$ to =m ev5 ! orig9al g5ius ( ?is greate/ ( ! ,lomb>d ma/]s4 #aii ,vas>i1 vol4 v4 p4 #afc1 may be consult$ ) reg>d to ,mantegna's pref]5ce = ! ideal ( /atu>y :5 comp>$ ) natural beauty1 z ! model = a pa9t]4 #bjj ,see ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle's ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+ 9 ,nor? ,italy1 vol4 i4 p4 #ccd1 = an acc\nt ( 8 antiqu>ian rese>*es 9 company ) ,felice ,feliciano4 ,8 museum 0 s fam\s t 9 #adhc ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 pass+ ?r\gh ,mantua f ,v5ice1 ?\ght x wor?y ( a visit4 ,9 8 old age ,mantegna fell into pecuni>y difficulties1 & _h to "p ) 8 collection4 ,! =c$ sale ( its *ief ornam5t1 a bu/ ( ,fau/9a1 is said to h brok5 8 he>t4 ,ib4 p4 #dae4 #bja ,pa9t$ on canvas 9 temp]a = ! ,m>quis ( ,mantua1 be=e #adhh1 loot$ by ! ,g]mans 9 #afcj1 sold to ,*>les ,i41 resold by ! ,commonweal?1 b\ght back by ,*>les ,,ii41 & n[ expos$1 mu* spoil$ by "t & *ange1 b m by villa9\s re-pa9t+1 on ! walls ( ,hampton ,c\rt4 #bjb ,an oil pa9t+ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 #bjc ,! s-call$ ,triumph ( ,scipio 9 ! ,national ,gall]y seems to me 9 e respect feebl] ?an ! ,hampton ,c\rt ,c>toons4 #bjd ,! ,madonna della ,vittoria1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre ,gall]y1 0 pa9t$ to commemorate ! a*ievem5ts ( ,francesco ,gonzaga 9 ! battle ( ,=novo4 ,t ,francesco1 ,g5]al ( ! ,v5etian troops1 %\ld h claim$ t action1 ! et]nal disgrace ( ,italian soldi]y1 = a victory1 is "o ( ! /ronge/ signs ( ! dep? to :i* ! s5se ( milit>y hon\r _h sunk 9 ,italy4 ,b ?\gh ! occasion ( its pa9t+ 0 s mean1 ! impression made by ?is picture is too p[]ful to be describ$4 ,x is 9 e detail gr&iose3 mascul9e en]gy be+ comb9$ ) incomp>able grace1 religi\s feel+ ) a?letic dignity1 & luxuriance ( ornam5tation ) sev]e gravity ( composition4 ,x is wor? comp>+ ?is portrait ( ,francesco ,gonzaga ) 8 bronze m$al1 j z ,pi]o della ,francesco's picture ( ,sigismondo ,malate/a %\ld be comp>$ ) ,pisanello's m$allion4 #bje ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,revival ( ,le>n+1 p4 #bab4 #bjf ,no?+ is kn[n ab\t ,mantegna's /ay 9 ,flor5ce4 ,he w5t to meet ! ,c>d9al ,francesco ,gonzaga at ,bologna4 ,?is ,c>d9al1 a great amateur ( music & connoisseur 9 relics ( antiquity1 came to ,mantua 9 ,augu/1 #adgb1 :]e ! ,orfeo ( ,mess] ,angelo ,poliziano 0 produc$ = 8 amusem5t4 #bjg ,t he c\ld conceive a /]n & tragic subject1 ) all ! passion x requir$1 is1 h[ev]1 prov$ n only by ! frescoes at ,orvieto1 b also by ! p[]ful oil-pa9t+ ( ! ,crucifixion at ,borgo ,san ,sepolcro4 #bjh ,?is /ory has be5 us$ = v]se 9 a way to height5 its romantic col\r+4 ,su* z ! l9es are1 ,i subjo9 !m = ! sake ( _! attempt to emphasize & illu/rate ,r5aissance feel+3-- ,vas>i tells t ,luca ,signorelli1 ,! morn+ /> ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,_h b "o son1 a y\? ( sev5te5 summ]s1 ,:o di$4 ,t day ! ma/] at 8 easel ,wield$ ! lib]al bru% :]e) he pa9t$ ,at ,orvieto1 on ! ,duomo's walls1 ,/]n =ms ( ,dea? & ,heav5 & ,hell & ,judgm5t4 ,!n came !y to him1 cri$3 ',?y son is dead1 ,sla9 9 a duel3 b ! bloom ( life ,yet l+]s r\nd r$ lips & d[ny *eek4' ,luca spoke n1 b li/5$4 ,next !y bore ,8 dead son to ! sil5t pa9t+-room1 ,& left on tip toe son & sire alone4 ,/ill ,luca spoke & groan$ n2 b he rais$ ,! wond]ful dead y\?1 & smoo!d 8 hair1 ,wa%$ 8 r$ w\nds1 & laid him on a b$1 ,nak$ & beautiful1 :]e rosy curta9s ,%$ a s(t glimm] ( unc]ta9 spl5d\r ,life-l ^u ! m>ble limbs bel[4 ,!n ,luca seiz$ 8 palette3 h\r by h\r ,sil5ce 0 9 ! room2 none dur/ approa*3 ,morn wore to noon1 & noon to eve1 :5 %yly ,a little maid peep$ 9 & saw ! pa9t] ,pa9t+ 8 dead son ) un]r+ h&-/roke1 ,firm & dry-ey$ be=e ! lordly canvas4 #bji ,see ! article on ,orvieto 9 my ,sket*es 9 ,italy & ,greece4 #baj ,! e>li] frescoes ( ,fra ,angelico1 on ! ro(1 depict ,*ri/ z ,judge4 ,b !re is no?+ 9 common ) ^! works & ,signorelli's4 #baa ,?is is ! conjecture ( ,signor ,luzi 7,il ,duomo di ,orvieto1 p4 #afh74 ,he bases x ^u ! ,dantesque subjects illu/rat$1 & quotes f ! ,inf]no3-- ,om]o poeta sovrano2 ,l' altro ,orazio satiro *e vi5e1 ,ovidio il t]zo1 e l' ultimo ,lucano4 ,no?+ is m m>k$ or m deeply int]e/+ ?an ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ,dante ov] ,signorelli1 an influ5ce he %>$ ) ,giotto1 ,orcagna1 ,botticelli1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ! greate/ imag9ative pa9t]s ( ,c5tral ,italy4 #bab ,! backgr\nd to ! circul> ,madonna 9 ! ,uffizzi1 ! ,flagellation ( ,*ri/ 9 ! ,academy at ,flor5ce & 9 ! ,br]a at ,milan1 & ! ,adam at ,cortona1 belong to ?is grade4 #bac ,we may add ! pages 9 a pr$ella repres5t+ ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi 9 ! ,uffizzi4 #bad ,vas>i m5tions ! portraits ( ,nicolo1 ,paolo1 & ,vitellozzo ,vitelli1 ,gian ,paolo1 & ,orazio ,baglioni1 among o!rs1 9 ! frescoes at ,orvieto4 #bae ,pa9t$ = ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici4 ,x is n[ 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum ?r\gh ! neglect ( ! ,national ,gall]y au?orities to pur*ase x = ,engl&4 #baf ,i mu/ n omit to qualify ,vas>i's praise ( ,luca ,signorelli1 by ref]5ce to a lett] rec5tly publi%$ f ! ,ar*ivio ,buon>roti1 ,lett]e a ,div]si1 p4 #cia4 ,mi*ael ,angelo !re addresses ! ,capta9 ( ,cortona1 & compla9s t 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ,leo's pontificate ,luca came to him & by v>i\s repres5tations obta9$ f him ! sum ( eighty ,giulios1 :i* he nev] repaid1 al?\gh he made pr(ession to h done s4 ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 ill at ! "t1 & work+ ) mu* difficulty on a /atue ( a b\nd captive = ! tomb ( ,julius4 ,luca gave a specim5 ( 8 r5[n$ c\rtesy by com=t+ ! sculptor 9 ^! r sanctimoni\s phrases3 ,d\bt n t angels w come f heav51 to support y\r arms & help y4 #bag ,pietro1 kn[n z ,p]ug9o f ! city ( 8 adoption1 0 ! son ( ,cri/(oro ,vannucci1 ( ,citt della ,pieve4 ,he 0 born 9 #addf1 & di$ at ,fontignano 9 #aebb4 #bah ,! tripty* 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 #bai ,!y h be5 publi%$ by ! ,arundel ,society4 #bbj ,^! frescoes 7 begun 9 #adii4 ,x may be m5tion$ t 9 ?is ye>1 on ! refusal ( ,p]ug9o to decorate ! ,cappella di ,s4 ,brizio1 ! ,orvietans entru/$ t "w to ,signorelli4 #bba ,uffizzi & ,sala del ,cambio4 #bbb ,fu ,pietro p]sona di assai poca religione1 e non se gli pot mai f> cr$]e l'immortalit dell' anima3 anzi1 con p>ole1 accomodate al suo c]vello di porfido1 o/9atissimam5te ricus ogni buona vita4 ,aveva ogni sua sp]anza ne' b5i della =tuna1 e p] dan>i arebbe fatto ogni male contratto4 ,vas>i1 vol4 vi4 p4 #ej4 ,! local tradition allud$ to above relates to ! difficulties rais$ by ! ,*ur* aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian burial ( ,p]ug9o3 b if he di$ ( plague1 z x is believ$ 7see ,c4 & ,c41 vol4 iii4 p4 #bdd71 ^! difficulties 7 probably caus$ by panic r ?an belief 9 8 impiety4 ,= ,gasp>o ,celio's note on ,p]ug9o's refusal to confess ^u 8 dea?-b$1 say+ t he pref]r$ to see h[ an imp5it5t s\l w\ld f>e 9 ! o!r _w1 ! read] may consult ,rio's ,l',art ,*rti51 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfi4 ,! record ( ,p]ug9o's arm+ himself 9 ,dec4 #adhf1 toge!r ) a notori\s assass91 ,auli/a di ,angelo ( ,p]ugia1 9 ord] to waylay & beat a private enemy ( 8 ne> ,s4 ,pietro ,maggiore at ,flor5ce is quot$ by ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ahc4 #bbc ,guadagn molte ric*ezze2 e 9 ,fior5za mur e compr case2 ed 9 ,p]ugia ed a ,ca/ello della ,pieve acqui/ molti b5i /ahili4 ,vas>i1 vol4 vi4 p4 #ej4 #bbd ,g(fo nell arte4 ,see ,vas>i1 vol4 vi4 p4 #df4 ,see too above1 p4 #aif4 #bbe ,i select ^! = comm5t r ?an ! frescoes at ,spello1 beautiful z ^! are1 because !y h m int]e/ 9 relation to ! /yle ( ! ,r5aissance4 #bbf ,! ,assumption 9 ,s4 ,fr$iano at ,lucca %\ld also be m5tion$ z "o ( ,francia's ma/]pieces4 #bbg ,8 fa!r 0 a mulete] ( ,suffignano1 :o settl$ at ,flor5ce1 9 a h\se & g>d5 ne> ! gate ( ,s4 ,pi]o ,gattol9o4 ,he 0 born 9 #adge1 & he di$ 9 #aeag4 #bbh ,9 ,s4 ,dom5ico at ,prato 9 #aejj4 ,he aft]w>ds resid$ 9 ,s4 ,m>co at ,flor5ce4 #bbi ,may #bc1 #adih4 #bcj ,9 addition to ! pictures m5tion$ above1 ,i may call att5tion to ! ador+ figure ( ,s4 ,ca!r9e ( ,si5a1 9 ?ree l>ge pa9t+s--n[ sev]ally 9 ! ,pitti1 at ,lucca1 & 9 ! ,l\vre4 #bca ,9 ! ,uffizzi4 ,z a composition1 x is ! ,frate's ma/]piece4 #bcb ,see ,vol4 ,i41 ,age ( ! ,despots1 p4 #dhg1 = ?is consequ5ce ( ! sack ( ,prato4 #bcc ,l',art ,*rti51 vol4 ii4 p4 #eae4 #bcd ,two ( our be/ portraits ( ,savon>ola1 ! e>li] inscrib$ ,hi]onymi ,f]r>i5sis a ,deo ,missi ,prophetae ,effigies1 ! lat] treat$ to repres5t ,s4 ,pet] ,m>tyr1 are f ! h& ( ,fra ,b>tolommeo4 ,see ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle1 vol4 iii4 p4 #dcc4 #bce ,see bel[1 *apt] vii4 #bcf ,?is sonnet ,i h translat$ into ,engli% ) su* clos5ess to ! orig9al words z ,i f\nd possible3-- ,he :o c d n :at he wills1 %\ld try ,to w :at he c d2 = s9ce 'tis va9 ,to w :at c't be compass$1 to ab/a9 ,f idle wi%+ is philosophy4 ,lo1 all our happ9ess & grief imply ,k or n ( w's ability3 ,!y !re=e c1 :o w :at ought to be4 ,nor wre/ true reason f h] seat awry4 ,nor :at a man c1 %\ld he always w3 ,(t seeme? sweet :at aft] is n s2 ,& :at ,i wi%$1 :5 _h1 ha? co/ a te>4 ,!n1 read] ( ^! l9es1 if ?\ w\ld/ /ill ,be helpful to ?yself1 to o!rs de>1 ,w to c alway :at ?\ ought to d4 #bcg ,see ! lett] address$ by ,lion>do to ,lodovico ,s=za enum]at+ 8 claims z a me*anician1 milit>y & civil eng9e]1 ar*itect1 c4 ,x ne$ sc>cely be m5tion$ t he s]v$ ,ces>e ,borgia & ! ,flor5t9e ,republic z an eng9e]1 & t mu* ( 8 "t at ,milan 0 sp5t 9 hydraulic works ^u ! ,adda4 ,x %\ld be add$ "h t ,lion>do committ$ ! results ( 8 discov]ies to writ+2 b he publi%$ v little1 & t by no means ! mo/ preci\s portion ( 8 ?\ghts4 ,he f\nd$ at ,milan an ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 if ?is "n may be giv5 to a reunion ( arti/s1 s*ol>s1 & m5 ( ! _w1 to :om x is probable t he communicat$ 8 rese>*es 9 anatomy4 ,! ,treatise on ,pa9t+1 :i* be>s 8 "n1 is a compilation f notes & ,,mss4 fir/ pr9t$ 9 #afea4 #bch ,! folio volume ( sket*es 9 ! ,ambrosian ,libr>y at ,milan conta9s designs = all ^! works4 ,! collection 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,w9dsor is no less ri*4 ,among ,lion>do's sci5tific draw+s 9 ! latt] place may be m5tion$ a s]ies ( maps illu/rat+ ! riv] sy/em ( ,c5tral ,italy1 ) plans = improv$ dra9age4 #bci ,%elley says ( ! poet3-- ,he w wat* f dawn to gloom ,! lake-reflect$ sun illume ,! yell[ bees 9 ! ivy bloom2 ,nor he$ nor see :at ?+s !y be1 ,b f ^! create he c ,=ms m real ?an liv+ man1 ,nursl+s ( immortality4 #bdj ,see ,de ,/5dhal1 ,hi/oire de la ,pe9ture en ,italie1 p4 #adc1 = ?is /ory4 #bda ,9 ! ,treatise on ,pa9t+1 da ,v9ci argues /rongly aga9/ isolat+ man4 ,he reg>d$ ! human be+ z 9 tru? a microcosm to be only und]/ood 9 relation to ! _w ar\nd him1 express+1 z a pa9t]1 ! same ?\ght z ,pico4 7,see ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,revival ( ,le>n+1 p4 #ce47 ,!re=e he urges ! claims ( l&scape on ! att5tion ( arti/s4 #bdb ,i might ref] 9 detail to f\r /udies ( bramble bran*es1 leaves1 & fl[]s & fruit1 9 ! royal collection at ,w9dsor1 mo/ wond]ful = pati5t accuracy & delicate execution3 also to draw+s ( oak leaves1 wild gueld]-rose1 broom1 columb9e1 asphodel1 bull-ru%1 & wood-spurge 9 ! same collection4 ,^! c>eful /udies are z valuable = ! botani/ z = ! arti/4 ,to r5d] ! specific "* ( ea* plant ) great] precision w\ld be impossible4 #bdc ,see ! s]ies ( anatomical /udies ( ! horse 9 ! ,royal ,collection4 #bdd ,engrav$ by ,edel9ck4 ,! draw+ has obvi\s ,lion>desque qualities2 b h[ f> x may be f ! "* ( ! orig9al we c guess by ,rub5s' transcript f ,mantegna4 7,see above1 ,*apt] ,,vi1 ,mantegna's ,biography47 ,de ,/5dhal says wittily ( ?is "w1 ,c'e/ ,virgile traduit p> ,madame de ,/al1 op4 cit4 p4 #afb4 #bde ,9 ! ,royal ,collection at ,w9dsor !re are anatomical draw+s = ! con/ruction ( an imag9>y quadrup$ ) gigantic claws4 ,! bony1 muscul>1 & v5\s /ructure ( its legs & feet is accurately indicat$4 #bdf ,see ! draw+s engrav$ & publi%$ by ,g]li 9 8 ,disegni di ,lion>do da ,v9ci1 ,milan1 #aghd4 #bdg ,vas>i is ! *ief s\rce ( ^! leg5ds4 ,giraldi ,lomazzo1 ! ,milanese hi/orian ( pa9t+1 & ,b&ello1 ! noveli/1 supply fur!r details4 ,x appe>s f all acc\nts t ,lion>do impress$ 8 contempor>ies z a s+ul> & mo/ comm&+ p]sonality4 ,!re is a t\* ( rev]5ce 9 ev5 ! /range/ /ories1 :i* is want+ 9 ! leg5d ( ,pi]o di ,cosimo4 #bdh ,ev5 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 meet+ him 9 ,flor5ce1 flung 9 8 tee? t he _h made ! model ( a horse to ca/ 9 bronze1 & c\ld n ca/ x1 & ?r\gh %ame left x z x 0 unf9i%$4 ,see ,ar*4 ,/4 ,x41 s]ie t]za1 xvi4 #bbf4 #bdi ,9 ! ,royal ,collection at ,w9dsor !re is a :ole s]ies ( /udies = ^! two /atues1 toge!r ) draw+s = ! m\ld 9 :i* ,lion>do int5d$ to ca/ !m4 ,! second ( ! two is sket*$ ) great v>iety ( motive4 ,! horse is re>+2 ! fall5 enemy is va9ly /riv+ to def5d himself2 ! victor 9 "o draw+ is re9+ 9 8 /e$1 9 ano!r is wav+ a trun*eon1 9 a ?ird is br&i%+ 8 sword1 9 a f\r? is hold+ ! sword 9 act to ?ru/4 ,! designs = ! p$e/als1 sometimes treat$ z a tomb & sometimes z a f\nta91 are equally v>i$4 #bej ,concevoir1 said ,balzac1 c'e/ j\ir1 c'e/ fum] des cig>ettes en*antes2 mais sans l'excution t\t s'en va en rve et en fume4 ,quot$ by ,sa9te-,beuve1 ,caus]ies du ,lundi1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cec4 #bea ,see ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,revival ( ,le>n+1 p4 #abh1 #abi4 #beb ,x 0 f9i%$1 accord+ to ,fra ,paciolo1 9 #adih4 #bec ,signorelli1 ) 8 usual orig9ality1 *ose ! mom5t :5 ,*ri/ broke bread & gave x to ,8 disciples4 ,9 t r>e picture at ,cortona1 we see n ! betray$ *ief b ! f\nd] ( a new religion4 #bed ,! ,c5acolo alone w n enable ! /ud5t to und]/& ,lion>do4 ,he mu/ give 8 att5tion to ! ma/]'s sket* books1 ^? /udies 9 *alk1 9 temp]a1 on ?9 canvas & pap]1 prep>$ = ! /ylus or ! p51 :i* ,vas>i calls ! f9al triumphs ( design+1 & ( :i*1 9 spite ( ! loss ( _m ( 8 books1 ! surviv+ specim5s are v num]\s4 ,"s are easily accessible 9 ,g]li1 ,*amb]la9e1 & ! autotype reproductions4 ,x is possible t a sympa!tic /ud5t may get clos] to ! all-embrac+ & all-d>+ g5ius ( ! magician ?r\gh ^! draw+s ?an if he _h be=e him an elaborate "w 9 fresco or 9 oils4 ,!y express ! _m-sid$1 mobile1 curi\s1 & subtle g5ius ( ! man 9 its entirety4 #bee ,raffaello1 *e era la g5tilezza /essa 444 re/avano v9ti dalla cortesia e dall' arte sua1 ma pi dal g5io della sua buona natura2 la quale era si pi5a di g5tilezza e si colma di c>it1 *e egli si v$eva *e f9o agli animali l'onoravano1 non *e gli uom9i4--,vas>i1 vol4 viii4 pp4 #f1 #fj4 #bef ,see above1 ,*apt] ,,vi1 ,fra ,b>tolommeo4 #beg ,! ,holy ,family at ,muni*1 & ! ,madonna del ,baldac*9o 9 ! ,pitti1 might be m5tion$ z exp]im5ts on ,raphael's "p to p]fect ! ,frate's s*eme ( composition4 #beh ,see ,vas>i1 vol4 viii4 p4 #fj1 = a description ( ! concord t reign$ 9 ?is va/ work%op4 ,! g5ius & ! g5tle nature ( ,raphael p5etrat$ ! :ole gr\p ( arti/s1 & seem$ to give !m a s+le s\l4 #bei ,! fresco ( ,alex&] 9 ! ,palazzo ,borghese is by an imitator4 #bfj ,! ,madonna di ,san ,si/o 0 pa9t$ = a bann] to be borne 9 processions4 ,x is a subtle obs]vation ( ,rio t ! bann]1 an inv5tion ( ! ,umbrian s*ool1 corresponds 9 pa9t+ to ! hymn 9 poetry4 #bfa ,see ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,revival ( ,le>n+1 p4 #caf1 = ,raphael's lett] on ?is subject to ,leo ,x4 #bfb ,la ,spasimo di ,sicilia is ! s+le ,passion picture ( ,raphael's maturity4 ,! pr$ella ( ,*ri/ c>ry+ ! ,cross at ,leigh ,c\rt1 & ! ,*ri/ %[+ ,8 ,w\nds 9 ! ,tosi ,gall]y at ,brescia1 are bo? e>ly works pa9t$ "u ,umbrian influ5ce4 ,! ,borghese ,entombm5t1 pa9t$ = ,atalanta ,baglioni1 a p5-&-ink draw+ ( ! ,piet 9 ! ,l\vre collection1 ,m>c ,antonio's engrav+ ( ! ,massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts1 & an e>ly picture ( ! ,agony 9 ! ,g>d51 are all ! o!r pa9ful subjects ,i c n[ rememb]4 #bfc ,= a full] work+ out ( ?is analysis ,i mu/ ref] to my ,sket*es 9 ,italy1 article ,p>ma4 ,mu* t foll[s is a quotation f t essay4 #bfd ,mu* ( ! controv]sy ab\t ,mi*ael ,angelo1 :i* is cont9ually be+ wag$ betwe5 8 admir]s & 8 detractors1 might be set at re/ if x 7 ackn[l$g$ t !re are two di/9ct ways ( judg+ works ( art4 ,we may reg>d !m simply z appeal+ to our s5se ( beauty1 & af=d+ h>moni\s intellectual pleasure4 ,or we may reg>d !m z express+ ! ?\ght & _s ( _! age1 & z utt]ances made by m5 ^: he>ts burn$ )9 !m4 ,critics tra9$ 9 ! /udy ( good ,greek sculpture1 or incl9$ by temp]am5t to admire ! e>li] products ( ,italian pa9t+1 are apt to pursue ! =m] pa? exclusively4 ,!y dem& s]5ity & simplicity4 ,p]turbation & viol5ce !y d5\nce z blemi%es4 ,x does n occur to !m t1 ?\gh ! ph5om5on is c]ta9ly r>e1 x does occasionally happ5 t a man arises ^: art is = him ! language ( 8 s\l1 & :o lives 9 sympa!tic relation to ! /]ne/ int]e/s ( 8 age4 ,if su* an arti/ be born :5 tranquil ?\ght & s]5e emotions are impossible = "o :o feels ! mean+ ( 8 times ) dep?1 he mu/ ei!r pa9t & c>ve lies1 or he mu/ ab&on ! s]5ity t 0 bo? natural & easy to ! ,greek & ! e>li] ,italian4 ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 "o ( ^! select arti/ic natures4 ,he us$ 8 *isel & 8 p5cil to express1 n m]ely beautiful arti/ic motives1 b :at he felt & ?\ght ab\t ! _w 9 :i* he _h to live3 & ?is _w 0 full ( ! ru9 ( republics1 ! corruption & humiliation ( society1 ! subjection ( ,italy to /rang]s4 ,9 ,mi*ael ,angelo ! /ud5t ( bo? art & hi/ory f9ds an ine/imably preci\s & r>e po9t ( contact betwe5 ! inn] _s ( an age1 & its ext]nal expression 9 sculpture & pa9t+4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,v5etian ,,pa9t+ ,pa9t+ bloom$ late 9 ,v5ice--,conditions (f]$ by ,v5ice to ,art--,%elley & ,pietro ,aret9o--,political circum/ances ( ,v5ice--,comp>ison ) ,flor5ce--,! ,ducal ,palace--,art reg>d$ z an adjunct to ,/ate ,pageantry--,my? ( ,v5ezia--,h]oic ,de$s ( ,v5ice--,t9toretto's ,p>adise & ,gu>di's ,picture ( a ,ball--,e>ly ,v5etian ,ma/]s ( ,murano--,gian ,bell9i--,c>paccio's little ,angels--,! ,madonna ( ,s4 ,zacc>ia--,giorgione--,allegory1 ,idyll1 ,expression ( ,emotion--,! ,monk at ! ,clavi*ord--,titian1 ,t9toret1 & ,v]onese--,t9toretto's attempt to dramatise ,v5etian ,art--,v]onese's ,mundane ,spl5d\r--,titian's ,sophoclean ,h>mony--,_! ,s*ools--,fur!r ,*>act]i/ics ( ,v]onese--( ,t9toretto--,8 ,imag9ative ,en]gy--,pr$om9ant ,poetry--,titian's ,p]fection ( ,balance--,assumption ( ,madonna--,_s common to ! ,great ,v5etians4 ,x 0 a fact ( ! greate/ importance = ! developm5t ( ! f9e arts 9 ,italy t pa9t+ 9 ,v5ice rea*$ maturity lat] ?an 9 ,flor5ce4 ,ow+ to ?is circum/ance "o *ief aspect ( ! ,r5aissance1 its mat]ial magnific5ce & fre$om1 receiv$ consummate treatm5t at ! h&s ( ,titian1 ,t9toretto1 & ,v]onese4 ,to idealise ! s5sualities ( ! ext]nal univ]se1 to a*ieve = col\r :at ! ,flor5t9es _h done = =m1 to inve/ ! worldly gr&eur ( human life at "o ( its mo/ gorge\s epo*s ) ! dignity ( ! highe/ art1 0 :at ^! great arti/s 7 call$ on to accompli%4 ,_! task c\ld n h be5 s wor?ily p]=m$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury z 9 ! sixte5?1 if ! developm5t ( ! ae/hetic s5se _h be5 m premature among ! ,v5etians4 ,v5ice 0 precisely fitt$ = ! "p h] pa9t]s _h to play4 ,free1 isolat$1 weal?y1 p[]ful2 fam\s ?r\gh\t ,europe = ! pomp ( h] /ate equipage1 & = ! immorality ( h] private mann]s2 rul$ by a prud5t ari/ocracy1 :o sp5t va/ weal? on public %[s & on ! ma9t5ance ( a m ?an imp]ial civic maje/y3 ,v5ice1 ) h] pavem5t ( liquid *rysoprase1 ) h] palaces ( porphyry & m>ble1 h] fresco$ faades1 h] quays & squ>es agl[ ) ! co/umes ( ! ,levant1 h] lagoons afloat ) ! galleys ( all nations1 h] *ur*es floor$ ) mosaics1 h] silv]y domes & ceil+s glitt]+ ) sculpture ba!d 9 molt5 gold3 ,v5ice luxuri\s 9 ! light & col\r ( a vapor\s atmosph]e1 :]e sea-mi/s rose into ! m\nd$ summ] cl\ds2 ar*$ ov] by ! broad expanse ( sky1 b\nd$ only by ! horizon ( waves & pla9 & di/ant m\nta9 ranges1 & reflect$ 9 all its _m hues ( sunrise & sunset ^u ! glassy surface ( smoo? wat]s3 ,v5ice asleep l a miracle ( opal or ( pe>l ^u ! bosom ( an undulat+ lake3--"h & "h only on ! face ( ! :ole globe 0 ! unique city :]e9 ! pride ( life might comb9e ) ! lu/re ( ! physical univ]se to create & /imulate 9 ! arti/ a s5se ( all t 0 mo/ sumptu\s 9 ! pageant ( ! _w ( s5se4 ,!re is col\r 9 fl[]s4 ,g>d5s ( tulips are radiant1 & m\nta9 valleys t\* ! s\l ) ! beauty ( _! pure & gemlike hues4 ,!re=e ! pa9t]s ( ,fl&]s & ( ,umbria1 ,john van ,eyck & ,g5tile da ,fabriano1 p5etrat$ "s ( ! secrets ( ! _w ( col\r4 ,b :at are ! purples & sc>lets & blues ( iris1 anemone1 or columb9e1 disp]s$ among deep mead[ grasses or tra9$ 9 quiet cloi/] g>d5-b$s1 :5 comp>$ ) t melodrama ( flame & gold & rose & orange & azure1 :i* ! skies & lagoons ( ,v5ice yield almo/ daily to ! eyes8 ,! ,v5etians _h no gre5 fields & trees1 no g>d5 bord]s1 no blossom+ or*>ds1 to tea* !m ! t5d] sugge/iv5ess1 ! qua9t poetry ( isolat$ or contra/$ t9ts4 ,_! mead[s 7 ! fruitless furr[s ( ! ,adriatic1 hu$ l a peacock's neck2 !y call$ ! pe>l-%ells ( _! ,lido fl[]s1 fior di m>e4 ,no?+ di/ract$ _! att5tion f ! glories ( morn+ & ( ev5+ pres5t$ to !m by _! sea & sky4 ,x 0 9 consequ5ce ( ?is t ! ,v5etians conceiv$ col\r h]oically1 n z a matt] ( missal-m>g9s or ( subord9ate decoration1 b z a motive wor?y 9 itself ( sublime treatm5t4 ,9 l mann]1 h$g$ 9 by no limit>y hills1 contract$ by no city walls1 /ifl$ by no n>r[ /reets1 b op5 to ! lib]al airs ( heav5 & ocean1 ! ,v5etians und]/ood space & imag9$ pictures almo/ b\ndless 9 _! imm5sity4 ,light1 col\r1 air1 space3 ^? are ! elem5tal conditions ( ,v5etian art2 ( ^? ! pa9t]s weav$ _! ideal _w = beautiful & pr\d humanity4 ,%elley's description ( a ,v5etian sunset /rikes ! keynote to ,v5etian pa9t+3#bfe-- ,z ^? :o pause on "s delightful way1 ,?\gh b5t on pleasant pilgrimage1 we /ood ,look+ ^u ! ev5+ & ! flood1 ,:i* lay betwe5 ! city & ! %ore1 ,pav$ ) ! image ( ! sky3 ! ho> ,& airy ,alps1 t[>ds ! nor? appe>$1 ,?r\gh mi/1 a heav5-su/a9+ bulw>k1 re>$ ,betwe5 ! ea/ & we/2 & half ! sky ,0 ro($ ) cl\ds ( ri* emblazonry1 ,d>k purple at ! z5i?1 :i* /ill grew ,d[n ! /eep we/ into a wondr\s hue ,bright] ?an burn+ gold1 ev5 to ! r5t ,:]e ! swift sun yet paus$ 9 8 desc5t ,among ! _m-fold$ hills--!y 7 ,^? fam\s ,euganean hills1 :i* be>1 ,z se5 f ,lido ?r\gh ! h>b\r piles1 ,! lik5ess ( a clump ( peak$ isles-- ,& !n1 z if ! e>? & sea _h be5 ,dissolv$ into "o lake ( fire1 7 se5 ,^? m\nta9s t[]+1 z f waves ( flame1 ,ar\nd ! vapor\s sun1 f :i* !re came ,! inmo/ purple _s ( light1 & made ,_! v peaks transp>5t4 ,ere x fade1 ,said my companion1 ,i w %[ y soon ,a bett] /ation4 ,s1 o'er ! lagune ,we glid$3 & f t fun]eal b>k ,i lean$1 & saw ! city2 & c\ld m>k ,h[ f _! _m isles1 9 ev5+'s gleam1 ,its temples & its palaces did seem ,l fabrics ( en*antm5t pil$ to heav54 ,) ?is we may comp>e ! foll[+ extract f a lett]1 address$ 9 ,may #aedd to ,titian1 by "o ( ! mo/ unpr9cipl$ ( lit]>y b&its :o h ev] disgrac$ humanity1 b :o nev]!less 0 solemnis$ to ! _s ( true poetry by ! gr&iose aspect ( nature z x appe>$ to him 9 ,v5ice4 ,t ,pietro ,aret9o %\ld h s deeply felt ! *>m ( natural beauty 9 an age :5 ev5 ! greate/ arti/s & poets s\ght inspiration 9 human life r ?an ! out] _w1 is a significant fact4 ,x seems to illu/rate ! necessity :]eby ,v5ice became ! cradle ( ! art ( nature4#bff ,hav+1 de> ,sir1 & my be/ gossip1 supp$ alone to ! injury ( my cu/om1 or1 to speak m truly1 supp$ 9 ! company ( all ! bor$oms ( a curs$ qu>tan fev]1 :i* w n let me ta/e ! flav\r ( any food1 ,i rose f table sat$ ) ! same disgu/ ) :i* ,i _h sat d[n to x4 ,9 ?is mood ,i w5t & lean$ my arms ^u ! sill outside my w9d[1 & ?r[+ my *e/ & ne>ly all my body on ! m>ble1 ab&on$ myself to ! contemplation ( ! spectacle pres5t$ by ! innum]able boats1 fill$ ) =eign]s z well z p ( ! city1 :i* gave delight n m]ely to ! gaz]s1 b also to ! ,gr& ,canal itself1 t p]petual delight ( all :o pl\gh its wat]s4 ,f ?is animat$ sc5e1 all ( a sudd51 l "o :o f m]e ennui kn[s n h[ to occupy 8 m9d1 ,i turn$ my eyes to heav51 :i*1 f ! mom5t :5 ,god made x1 0 nev] adorn$ ) su* pa9t$ lovel9ess ( lights & %ad[s4 ,! :ole region ( ! air 0 :at ^? :o envy y1 because !y are unable to be y1 w\ld fa9 express4 ,to beg9 )1 ! build+s ( ,v5ice1 ?\gh ( solid /one1 seem$ made ( "s e!real sub/ance4 ,!n ! sky 0 full ( v>iety--"h cle> & ard5t1 !re dull$ & ov]cl\d$4 ,:at m>vell\s cl\ds !re 76 ,masses ( !m 9 ! c5tre ( ! sc5e hung above ! h\se-ro(s1 :ile ! imm$iate "p 0 =m$ ( a grey t9t incl9+ to d>k4 ,i gaz$ a/oni%$ at ! v>i$ col\rs !y display$4 ,! ne>] masses burn$ ) flames ( sunset2 ! m remote blu%$ ) a blaze ( crimson less afire4 ,oh1 h[ spl5didly did ,nature's p5cil treat & dispose t airy l&scape1 keep+ ! sky ap>t f ! palaces1 j z ,titian does6 ,on "o side ! heav5s %[$ a gre5i%-blue1 on ano!r a blui%-gre51 inv5t$ v]ily by ! caprice ( ,nature1 :o is mi/ress ( ! greate/ ma/]s4 ,) h] lights & h] d>ks1 !re %e 0 h>monis+1 ton+1 & br++ out into relief1 j z %e wi%$4 ,see+ :i*1 ,i :o "k t y\r p5cil is ! _s ( h] inmo/ s\l1 cri$ al\d ?rice or f\r t9es1 ',oh1 ,titian6 :]e are y n[8' ,9 ord] to und]/& ! de/9y ( ,v5ice 9 art1 x is n en\gh to conc5trate att5tion on ! peculi>ities ( h] physical environm5t4 ,pot5t z ^! 7 9 ! creation ( h] /yle1 ! political & social conditions ( ! ,republic require also to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,among ,italian cities ,v5ice 0 unique4 ,%e alone 0 tranquil 9 h] empire1 unimp$$ 9 h] con/itutional developm5t1 indep5d5t ( ,*ur* int]f]5ce1 undi/urb$ by ! cross purposes & intrigues ( ! ,despots1 inhabit$ by m]*ants :o 7 pr9ces1 & by a free-born p :o _h nev] se5 w> at _! gates4 ,! s]5ity ( undi/urb$ security1 ! luxury ( weal? amass$ abroad & lib]ally sp5t at home1 gave a physiognomy ( ease & pr\d self-confid5ce to all h] edifices4 ,! grim & anxi\s /ruggles ( ! ,middle ,ages left no m>k on ,v5ice4 ,h[ diff]5t 0 ?is t[n f ,flor5ce1 e in* ( ^: doma9 c\ld tell ( civic w>f>e1 ^: passionate aspirations aft] indep5d5ce end$ 9 ! despotism ( ! b\rgeois ,m$ici1 ^: repeat$ revolutions _h slav]y = _! climax1 ^: grey palaces bore on _! fronts ! /amp ( m$iaeval vigilance1 ^: _s 0 inc>nat$ 9 ,dante ! exile1 ^: enslavem5t =c$ f ,mi*ael ,angelo ^? groans ( a *a9$ ,titan express$ 9 ! m>bles ( ,s4 ,lor5zo6 ,x is n an insignificant1 ?\gh a slight1 detail1 t ! pr$om9ant col\r ( ,flor5ce is br[n1 :ile ! pr$om9ant col\r ( ,v5ice is t ( "m-(-pe>l1 conceal+ )9 its g5]al :it5ess e t9t t c be plac$ ^u ! palette ( a pa9t]4 ,! conditions ( ,flor5ce /imulat$ m5tal en]gy & turn$ ! =ces ( ! s\l inw>ds4 ,^? ( ,v5ice incl9$ ! individual to accept life z he f\nd x4 ,in/ead ( excit+ him to ?9k1 !y dispos$ him to enjoy1 or to acquire by indu/ry ! means ( manifold enjoym5t4 ,to repres5t 9 art ! intellectual /riv+s ( ! ,r5aissance 0 ! task ( ,flor5ce & h] sons2 to create a monum5t ( ,r5aissance magnific5ce 0 ! task ( ,v5ice4 ,)\t ,v5ice ! mod]n _w c\ld n h produc$ t fl[] ( s5su\s & unreflective lovel9ess 9 pa9t+1 :i* is wor?y to /& beside ! highe/ product ( ! ,greek g5ius 9 sculpture4 ,= ,a!na f h] ,p>!non /ret*es ! h& to ,v5ezia en?ron$ 9 ! ducal palace4 ,! broad br[s & e>ne/ eyes ( ! ,hell5ic goddess are ( "o div9e bir? & l9eage ) ! gold5 hair & sup]b c>riage ( ! sea-que54 ,x is 9 ! he>t ( ,v5ice1 9 ! ,h\se ( ! ,republic1 t ! ,v5etian pa9t]s1 consid]$ z ! int]pret]s ( worldly spl5d\r1 fulfill$ _! function ) ! mo/ complete success4 ,c5turies contribut$ to make ! ,ducal ,palace :at x is4 ,! massive colonnades & ,go?ic loggias ( ! ext]nal basem5t date f ! ?irte5? c5tury2 _! sculpture belongs to ! age :5 ,niccola ,pisano's g5ius 0 9 ! asc5dant4 ,! squ>e fabric ( ! palace1 s beautiful 9 ! irregul>ity ( its po9t$ w9d[s1 s s+ul> 9 its mosaic diap] ( p9k & :ite1 0 design$ at ! same e>ly p]iod4 ,! inn] c\rt & ! faade t ov]hangs ! lat]al canal1 display ! h&iwork ( ,sansov9o4 ,! halls ( ! palace--spaci\s *amb]s :]e ! ,s5ate assembl$1 :]e ambassadors approa*$ ! ,doge1 :]e ! ,savi delib]at$1 :]e ! ,c\ncil ( ,t5 conduct$ _! inquisition--are wall$ & ro($ ) pictures ( ine/imable value1 encas$ 9 framework ( c>v$ oak2 ov]laid ) burni%$ gold4 ,supreme art--! art ( ! imag9ation p]fect$ ) delicate & skilful c>e 9 detail--is made 9 ^! pr\d halls ! m9i/] ( mundane pomp4 ,9 ord] t ! gold brocade ( ! ducal robes1 t ! sc>let & crimson ( ! ,v5etian s5ator1 might1 be duly h>monis$ by ! ri*ness ( _! surr\nd+s1 x 0 necess>y t canvases measur$ by ! squ>e y>d1 & r5d]$ priceless by ! au!ntic h&iwork ( ,titian1 ,t9toret1 & ,v]onese1 %\ld gl[ ^u ! walls & ceil+s4 ,a m insol5t display ( public weal?--a m lavi% outp\r+ ( human g5ius 9 ! s]vice ( ,/ate pageantry1 _c be imag9$4 ,sublime ov] all allegories & hi/ories depict$ 9 ^? multitudes ( pa9t+s1 sits ,v5ezia h]self en?ron$ & cr[n$1 ! p]sonification ( haught9ess & p[]4 ,figur$ z a regal lady1 ) yell[ hair tightly knott$ r\nd a small head pois$ ^u h] upright ?roat & ample %\ld]s1 ,v5ice takes h] *air ( sov]eignty--z mi/ress ( ! ocean to :om ,neptune & ! ,tritons (f] pe>ls1 z empress ( ! globe at ^: foot/ool wait ,ju/ice ) ! sword & ,peace ) ! olive bran*1 z a que5 ( heav5 exalt$ to ! cl\ds4 ,!y h made h] a goddess1 ^? great pa9t]s2 !y h produc$ a my?us1 & p]sonifi$ 9 native lovel9ess t bride ( ! sea1 _! love1 _! lady4 ,! beauty ( ,v5etian wom5 & ! glory ( ,v5etian empire f9d _! meet+ po9t 9 h]1 & live z ! _s ( ,a!ns liv$ 9 ,pallas ,proma*os4 ,on e side1 above1 ar\nd1 :]ev] ! eye falls 9 ^? va/ rooms1 are se5 ! de$s ( ,v5ice--pa9t$ hi/ories ( h] triumphs ov] emp]ors & popes & infidels1 or allegories ( h] greatness--sc5es :]e9 ! ,doges p]=m acts ( fai?1 ) ,s4 ,m>k = _! protector1 & ) ,v5ezia = _! patroness4 ,! sa9ts 9 ,p>adise1 mass$ toge!r by ,t9toretto & by ,palma1 m+le ) my?ologies ( ,greece & ,rome1 & episodes ( pure idyllic pa9t+4 ,religion 9 ^! pictures 0 a matt] ( p>ade1 an adjunct to ! co/ly public life ( ! ,republic4 ,we ne$ n1 !re=e1 conclude t x 0 unreal4 ,su* z x 01 ! religion ( ! ,v5etian ma/]s is inde$ z g5u9e z t ( ,fra ,angelico or ,alb]t ,dr]4 ,b x 0 ! fai?1 n ( humble m5 or ( my/ics1 n ( pr(\nd ?9k]s or ec/atic vision>ies1 s mu* z ( c\rti]s & /atesm51 ( s5ators & m]*ants1 = :om religion 0 a function among o!r functions1 n a ?+ ap>t1 n a s\rce ( sep>ate & supreme vitality4 ,ev5 z ,*ri/ians1 ! ,v5etians liv$ a life sep>ate f ! re/ ( ,italy4 ,_! ,*ur* claim$ indep5d5ce ( ! see ( ,rome1 & ! en?usiasm ( ,s4 ,francis 0 b fa9tly felt 9 ! lagoons4 ,si5a 9 h] h\r ( ne$ d$icat$ h]self to ,madonna2 ,flor5ce 9 ! h\r ( h] reg5]ation gave h]self to ,*ri/2 ,v5ice rema9$ "u ! ensign ( ! leon9e ,s4 ,m>k4 ,:ile ! cities ( ,lomb>dy & ,c5tral ,italy ran wild ) revivalism & religi\s panics1 ! ,v5etians ma9ta9$ _! calm1 & nev] suff]$ piety to exce$ ! limits ( political prud5ce4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no my/ical exaltation 9 ! fai? depict$ by h] arti/s4 ,t ,t9toretto c\ld h pa9t$ ! sa9ts 9 glory--a c\ntless multitude ( congregat$ =ms1 a sea :]e( ! waves are s\ls--z a backgr\nd = ,/ate c]emony1 %[s ! positive & reali/ic attitude ( m9d f :i* ! mo/ imag9ative ( ,v5etian ma/]s />t$1 :5 he und]took ! mo/ exalt$ ( religi\s !mes4 ,p>adise is a fact1 we may fancy ,t9toretto reason$2 & x is easi] to fill a qu>t] ( an acre ( canvas ) a picture ( ,p>adise ?an ) any o!r subject1 because ! figures c be arrang$ 9 conc5tric ti]s r\nd ,*ri/ & ,madonna 9 glory4 ,!re is a little sket* by ,gu>di repres5t+ a mask$ ball 9 ! ,c\ncil ,*amb] :]e ! ,p>adise ( ,t9toretto fills a wall4 ,! m5 are 9 p]iwigs & long wai/coats2 ! ladies we> hoops1 pat*es1 fans1 high heels1 & p[d]4 ,b[+1 prom5ad+1 intrigu+1 ex*ang+ complim5ts or rep>tees1 !y move f po9t to po9t2 :ile f ! bill[y surge ( sa9ts1 ,moses ) ! table ( ! law & ! ,magdal5 ) h] ador+ eyes ( p5it5ce look d[n ^u !m4 ,t9toretto c\ld n b h =ese5 t ! _w ( liv+ pett9ess & passion w\ld p]petually jo/le ) 8 _w ( pa9t$ sublimities & sanctities 9 t va/ hall4 ,yet he did n on t acc\nt %r9k f ! task or fail 9 its accompli%m5t4 ,p>adise exi/$3 !re=e x c\ld be pa9t$2 & he 0 call$ ^u to pa9t x "h4 ,if ! f9e g5tlem5 & ladies bel[ felt out ( h>mony ) ! cele/ial ho/1 s mu* ! worse = !m4 ,9 ?is practical _s ! ,v5etian ma/]s approa*$ religi\s art1 & su* 0 ! sph]e appo9t$ = x 9 ! pageantry ( ! ,republic4 ,:5 ,paolo ,v]onese 0 exam9$ by ! ,holy ,(fice respect+ "s suppos$ irrev]5ce 9 a sacr$ picture1 8 answ]s cle>ly prov$ t 9 plann+ x he _h ?\ght less ( its spiritual significance ?an ( its ae/hetic effect4#bfg ,9 ! ,ducal ,palace ! ,v5etian art ( ! ,r5aissance culm9ates2 & "h we might pause a mom5t to consid] ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! pa9t+s & ! m$iaeval frescoes ( ! ,palazzo ,pubblico at ,si5a4#bfh ,! ,si5ese pa9t]s consecrat$ all _! abilities to ! expression ( ?\ghts1 !ories ( political self-gov]nm5t 9 a free ,/ate1 & devotional ideas4 ,! citiz5 :o read ! lesson ( ! ,sala della ,pace 0 in/ruct$ 9 8 duties to ,god & to ! ,/ate4 ,! ,v5etian pa9t]s1 z we h se51 exalt$ ,v5ice & set =? h] acts ( p[]4 ,_! "w is a glorification ( ! ,republic2 b no doctr9e is inculcat$1 & no sy/em ( ?\ght is convey$ to ! m9d ?r\gh ! eye4 ,daily pac+ ! saloons ( ! palace1 ,doge & noble 7 rem9d$ ( ! greatness ( ! ,/ate !y repres5t$4 ,!y 7 n invit$ to reflect ^u ! duties ( ! gov]nor & gov]n$4 ,_! imag9ations 7 dilat$ & _! pride r\s$ by ! spectacle ( ,v5ice seat$ l a goddess 9 h] home4 ,( all ! secul> ,/ates ( ,italy ! ,republic ( ,s4 ,m>k's alone produc$ ?is my?ical ideal ( ! body politic1 self-su/a9$ & indep5d5t ( ! citiz5s1 compell+ _! allegiance1 & su/a9+ !m ?r\gh g5]ations ) ! life ( its organic unity4#bfi ,! arti/s _h no reason to pa9t ?\ghts & !ories4 ,x 0 en\gh to set =? ,v5ice & to illu/rate h] acts4 ,long be=e ,v5etian pa9t+ rea*$ a climax 9 ! decorative triumphs ( ! ,ducal ,palace1 ! ma/]s ( ! s*ool _h =m$ a /yle expressive ( ! _s ( ! ,r5aissance1 consid]$ z ! _s ( free enjoym5t & liv+ en]gy4 ,to trace ! hi/ory ( ,v5etian pa9t+ is to foll[ ?r\gh its sev]al /ages ! gr[? ( t ma/]y ov] col\r & s5su\s beauty :i* 0 p]fect$ 9 ! works ( ,titian & 8 contempor>ies4#bgj ,"u ! ,viv>9i ( ,murano ! ,v5etian s*ool 9 its infancy began ) a selection f ! natural _w ( all t /ruck !m z mo/ brilliant4 ,no o!r pa9t]s ( _! age 9 ,italy employ$ su* gl[+ col\rs1 or %[$ a m m>k$ pr$ilection = ! imitation ( fruits1 ri* /uffs1 ar*itectural canopies1 jewels1 & l&scape backgr\nds4 ,_! piety1 unlike ! my/icism ( ! ,si5ese & ! deep ?\ght ( ! ,flor5t9e ma/]s1 is some:at sup]ficial & conv5tional4 ,! m]it ( _! devotional pictures consi/s ( simplicity1 vivacity1 & joy\sness4 ,our ,lady & h] c\rt ( sa9ts seem liv+ & brea?+ ^u e>?4 ,!re is no atmosph]e ( tranc$ solemnity surr\nd+ !m1 l t :i* gives peculi> mean+ to simil> works ( ! ,van ,eycks & ,meml+--arti/s1 by ! way1 :o 9 _m important respects are m ne>ly alli$ ?an any o!rs to ! _s ( ! fir/ age ( ,v5etian pa9t+4#bga ,:at ! ,viv>9i began1 ! ?ree ,bell9i1#bgb ) ,crivelli1 ,c>paccio1 ,mansueti1 ,basaiti1 ,cat5a1 ,cima da ,conegliano1 ,bissolo1 ,cordegliaghi1 cont9u$4 ,bright co/umes1 di/9ct & sunny l&scapes1 broad backgr\nds ( ar*itecture1 l>ge skies1 poli%$ arm\r1 gild$ cornices1 "y faces ( fi%]boys & c\ntry girls1#bgc grave faces ( old m5 br[n ) sea-w9d & sunlight1 )]$ faces ( wom5 he>ty 9 a hale old age1 ! /rong manhood ( ,v5etian s5ators1 ! dignity ( patrician ladies1 ! gracefulness ( *ildr51 ! rosy :it5ess & amb]-col\r$ tresses ( ! daught]s ( ! ,adriatic & lagoons--^! are ! s\rce ( inspiration to ! ,v5etians ( ! second p]iod4 ,mantegna1 a few miles di/ant1 at ,padua1 0 work+ out 8 ideal ( sev]ely classical design4 ,yet he sc>cely t\*$ ! mann] ( ! ,v5etians ) 8 influ5ce1 ?\gh ,gian ,bell9i 0 8 bro!r-9-law & pupil1 & ?\gh 8 g5ius1 9 grasp ( matt] & 9 managem5t ( composition1 so>$ above 8 neighb\rs4 ,lion>do da ,v9ci at ,milan 0 p]fect+ 8 problems ( psy*ology 9 pa9t+1 (f]+ to ! _w solutions ( ! greate/ difficulties 9 ! del9eation ( ! _s by expression4 ,yet n a trace ( ,lion>do's subtle play ( light & %ad[ ^u ?\ghtful features c be disc]n$ 9 ! "w ( ! ,bell9i4 ,= !m ! my/]ies ( ! inn] & ! out] _w _h no attraction4 ,! ext]nals ( a full & vivid exi/5ce fasc9at$ _! imag9ation4 ,_! poetry & _! piety 7 alike simple & objective4 ,h[ to depict ! _w z x is se5--a miracle ( v>y+ lights & melt+ hues1 a pageant sub/antial to ! t\* & concrete to ! eyes1 a comb9ation ( =ms def9$ by col\rs m ?an outl9es--0 _! task4 ,!y did n rea* _! end by anatomy1 analysis1 & recon/ruction4 ,!y und]took to pa9t j :at !y felt & saw4 ,v in/ructive are ! wall-pictures ( ?is p]iod1 pa9t$ n 9 fresco b on canvas by ,c>paccio & ,g5tile ,bell9i1 = ! decoration ( ! ,scuole ( ,s4 ,ursula & ,s4 ,croce4#bgd ,n only d ^! br+ be=e u ! life ( ,v5ice 9 its manifold reality1 b !y illu/rate ! t5d5cy ( ! ,v5etian ma/]s to express ! actual _w1 r ?an to =mulate an ideal ( ! fancy or to se>* ! secrets ( ! s\l4 ,?is realism1 if ! "n c be appli$ to pictures s poetical z ^? ( ,c>paccio1 is n1 l ! ,flor5t9e realism1 h>d & sci5tific4 ,a natural feel+ = grace & a s5se ( romance inspire ! arti/1 & brea! f e figure t he pa9ts4 ,! type ( beauty produc$ is *>m+ by its neglig5ce & navet2 x is n ?\ght out ) pa9s or toilsomely elaborat$4#bge ,among ! lovelie/ motives us$ 9 ! alt>-pieces ( ?is p]iod might be m5tion$ ! boy-angels play+ flutes & m&ol9es b5ea? ,madonna on ! /eps ( h] ?rone4 ,!re are usually ?ree ( !m1 seat$1 or sometimes /&+4 ,!y hold _! in/rum5ts ( music z ?\gh !y _h j ceas$ f s++1 & 7 ready to recomm5ce at ! pleasure ( _! mi/ress4 ,mean:ile !re is a sil5ce 9 ! cele/ial company1 ?r\gh :i* ! /ill voice ( ! pray+ he>t is he>d1 a sil5ce correspond+ to ! hu%$ mood ( ! wor%ipp]4#bgf ,! *ildr5 are accu/om$ to ! holy place2 !re=e _! attitudes are bo? rev]5t & natural4 ,!y are m e>?ly ?an ,fra ,angelico's melodi/s1 & yet !y are n precisely ( human l9eage4 ,x is n1 p]haps1 too mu* to say t !y /rike ! keynote ( ,v5etian devotion1 at once real & devoid ( pieti/ic rapture4 ,gian ,bell9i br\ght ! art ( ?is second p]iod to completion4 ,9 8 sacr$ pictures ! rev]5tial _s ( e>ly ,italian pa9t+ is comb9$ ) a feel+ = col\r & a dext]ity 9 its manipulation peculi> to ,v5ice4 ,bell9i _c be call$ a ma/] ( ! full ,r5aissance4 ,he falls into ! same class z ,francia & ,p]ug9o1 :o adh]$ to quattroc5to modes ( ?\ght & s5tim5t1 :ile atta9+ at isolat$ po9ts to ! fre$om ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,9 him ! col\ri/s ( ! next age f\nd an absolute tea*]2 no "o has surpass$ him 9 ! difficult art ( giv+ tone to pure t9ts 9 comb9ation4 ,!re is a picture ( ,bell9i's 9 ,s4 ,zacc>ia at ,v5ice--,madonna en?ron$ ) ,sa9ts--:]e ! skill ( ! col\ri/ may be said to culm9ate 9 unsurpassable p]fection4 ,! :ole pa9t+ is ba!d 9 a s(t b lum9\s haze ( gold2 yet ea* figure has its individuality ( treatm5t1 ! gl[+ fire ( ,s4 ,pet] contra/+ ) ! pe>ly coolness ( ! drap]y & fle%-t9ts ( ! ,magdal54 ,no bru%-"w is p]ceptible4 ,surface & sub/ance h be5 elaborat$ into "o h>moni\s ri*ness t defies analysis4 ,betwe5 ?is picture1 s /rong 9 its smoo?ness1 & any ma/]piece ( ,velasquez1 s rugg$ 9 its /r5g?1 :at a wide abyss ( inadequate half-a*ievem5t1 ( smoo? feebl5ess & feeble rugg$ness1 exi/s6 ,giorgione1 did we b possess en\gh ( 8 au!ntic works to judge by1 w\ld be f\nd ! fir/ pa9t] ( ! true ,r5aissance among ! ,v5etians1 ! inaugurate ( ! ?ird & great p]iod4#bgg ,he di$ at ! age ( ?irty-six1 ! inh]itor ( unfulfill$ r5[n4 ,"t has de/roy$ ! la/ ve/ige ( 8 frescoes4 ,criticism has r$uc$ ! numb] ( 8 g5u9e easel pictures to half a doz54 ,he exi/s z a great "n4 ,! "p he play$ 9 ! developm5t ( ,v5etian art 0 simil> to t ( ,m>l[e 9 ! hi/ory ( our drama4 ,he fir/ cut pa9t+ altoge!r adrift f m$iaeval moor+s1 & laun*$ x on ! waves ( ! ,r5aissance lib]ty4 ,:ile equal z a col\ri/ to ,bell9i1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t & m s5su\s region1 ,giorgione1 by ! v>iety & inv5tiv5ess ( 8 conception1 prov$ himself a pa9t] ( ! calibre ( ,titian4 ,sacr$ subjects he seems to h b r>ely treat$1 unless su* purely idyllic pictures z ! ,f9d+ ( ,moses 9 ! ,uffizzi1 & ! ,meet+ ( ,jacob & ,ra*el at ,dresd5 des]ve ! "n4 ,allegories ( deep & problematic mean+1 ! key :]e( has to be f\nd 9 /ates ( ! emotion r ?an1 9 ?\ghts1 delight$ him4 ,he may be said to h inv5t$ ! ,v5etian species ( romance picture1 :]e an episode 9 a novella =ms ! motive ( ! pa9t+4#bgh ,nor 0 he defici5t 9 tragic p[]1 z ! trem5d\s /udy = a ,lucrece 9 ! ,uffizzi collection suffici5tly proves4 ,9 8 draw+s he models ! =m )\t outl9e by massive di/ribution ( light & d>k4 ,9 /yle !y are ! v opposite ( ,lion>do's cle>ly def9$ /udies t\*$ ) ! metal po9t ^u prep>$ pap]4 ,!y sugge/ col\r+1 & are inde$ ! designs ( a great col\ri/1 :o saw ?+s "u ! conditions ( _! t9ts & tone4 ,( ! undisput$ pictures by ,giorgione1 ! gr&e/ is ! ,monk at ! ,clavi*ord1 9 ! ,pitti ,palace at ,flor5ce4#bgi ,! "y man has 8 f+]s on ! keys2 he is modulat+ 9 a mood ( grave & su/a9$ emotion2 8 head is turn$ away t[>ds an old man /&+ ne> him4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! in/rum5t is a boy4 ,^! two figures are b foils & adjuncts to ! musician 9 ! middle2 & ! :ole int]e/ ( 8 face lies 9 its conc5trat$ feel+--! v s\l ( music1 z express$ 9 ,mr4 ,rob]t ,br[n+'s ,abt ,vogl]1 pass+ ?r\gh 8 eyes4 ,?is p[] ( pa9t+ ! portrait ( an emotion1 ( depict+ by ! features a deep & p[]ful b tranquil mom5t ( ! inn] life1 mu/ h be5 possess$ by ,giorgione 9 an em95t degree4 ,we f9d x aga9 9 ! s-call$ ,begrssung ( ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y4#bhj ,! picture is a l>ge l&scape1 ,jacob & ,ra*el meet & salute ea* o!r ) a kiss4 ,b ! %eph]d ly+ b5ea? ! %ad[ ( a *e/nut tree beside a well has a :ole ,arcadia ( int5se ye>n+ 9 ! eyes ( sympa?y he fixes on ! lov]s4 ,some?+ ( ?is faculty1 x may be said 9 pass+1 desc5d$ to ,bonifazio1 ^: romance pictures are among ! mo/ *>m+ products ( ,v5etian art1 & "o ( ^: s++ wom5 9 ! fea/ ( ,dives has ! ,giorgionesque fulness ( inn] feel+4 ,fate has dealt less unk9dly ) ,titian1 ,t9toret1 & ,v]onese ?an ) ,giorgione4 ,! works ( ^! arti/s1 9 :om ! ,v5etian ,r5aissance atta9$ completion1 h be5 pres]v$ 9 l>ge numb]s & 9 excell5t condition4 ,*ronologically speak+1 ,titian1 ! contempor>y ( ,giorgione1 prec$es ,t9toretto1 & ,t9toretto is some:at e>li] ?an ,v]onese4#bha ,b = ! purpose ( criticism ! ?ree pa9t]s may be consid]$ toge!r z ! repres5tatives ( ?ree m>k$ aspects 9 ! fully develop$ ,v5etian /yle4 ,t9toretto1 call$ by ! ,italians ! ?und]bolt ( pa9t+1 because ( 8 vehem5t impulsiv5ess & rapidity ( execution1 so>s above 8 bre?r5 by ! faculty ( pure imag9ation4 ,x 0 he :o br\ght to its p]fection ! poetry ( *i>oscuro1 express+ moods ( passion & emotion by brusque lights1 lum9\s half-%ad[s1 & semi-opaque d>kness1 no less unmi/akably ?an ,bee?ov5 by symphonic modulations4 ,he too engraft$ on ! calm & natural ,v5etian mann] some?+ ( ! ,mi*ael ,angelesque sublimity1 & s\ght to v>y by dramatic movem5t ! romantic motives ( 8 s*ool4 ,9 8 "w1 m ?an 9 t ( 8 contempor>ies1 ,v5etian art ceas$ to be decorative & idyllic4 ,v]onese elevat$ pageantry to ! height ( s]i\s art4 ,8 doma9 is noonday sunlight ablaze on sumptu\s dresses & ,palladian ar*itecture4 ,:]e ,t9toretto is dramatic1 he is sc5ic4 ,titian1 9 a wise h>mony1 )\t ei!r ! s*ylean fury ( ,t9toretto1 or ! mat]ial gorge\sness ( ,v]onese1 realis$ an ideal ( pure beauty4 ,cont9u+ ! traditions ( ,bell9i & ,giorgione1 ) a bread? ( treatm5t1 & a vig\r ( well-balanc$ faculties peculi> to himself1 ,titian gave to col\r 9 l&scape & ! human =m a sublime yet s5su\s poetry no o!r pa9t] 9 ! _w has rea*$4 ,t9toretto & ,v]onese are1 bo? ( !m1 excessive4 ,! imag9ation ( ,t9toretto is too passionate & d>+2 x sca!s & bl9ds l lightn+4 ,! s5se ( spl5d\r 9 ,v]onese is ov]p[]+ly pomp\s4 ,titian's exquisite humanity1 8 l>ge & sane nature1 gives prop] value to ! imag9ative & ! sc5ic elem5ts ( ! ,v5etian /yle1 )\t exagg]at+ ei!r4 ,9 8 ma/]pieces ?\ght1 col\r1 s5tim5t1 & composition--! spiritual & te*nical elem5ts ( art--exi/ 9 p]fect balance2 "o h>moni\s tone is giv5 to all ! p>ts ( 8 production1 nor c x be said t any quality ass]ts itself to ! injury ( ! re/4 ,titian1 ! ,sophocles ( pa9t+1 has infus$ into 8 pictures ! _s ( music1 ! ,dorian mood ( flutes & s(t record]s1 mak+ p[] inc>nate 9 a =m ( grace4 ,r\nd ^! great m5 are gr\p$ a ho/ ( second>y b di/+ui%$ pa9t]s--,palma ) 8 gold5-hair$ l>ge-bosom$ sir5s2 idyllic ,bonifazio2 dramatic ,pord5one1 ^: frescoes are all motion & excitem5t2 ,p>is ,bordone1 :o m+l$ on 8 canvas cream & mulb]ry juice & sunbeams2 ! ,robu/i1 ! ,cali>i1 ! ,bassani1 & o!rs :om x w\ld be t$i\s to m5tion4 ,"o brea?1 "o afflatus1 inspir$ !m all2 & x is due to ?is coh]5ce 9 _! /yle & inspiration t ! s*ool ( ,v5ice1 tak5 z a :ole1 c %[ m ma/]pieces by arti/s ( ! second class ?an any o!r 9 ,italy4 ,sup]ior or inf]ior z !y may relatively be among !mselves1 ea* be>s ! indubitable /amp ( ! ,v5etian ,r5aissance1 & produces "w ( a quality t raises him to high rank among ! pa9t]s ( ! _w4 ,9 ! same way ! _s ( ! ,r5aissance1 pass+ ov] ! dramati/s ( our ,elizabe?an age1 enabl$ intellects ( av]age =ce to take rank 9 ! company ( ! noble/4 ,=d1 ,mass+]1 ,heywood1 ,deck]1 ,web/]1 ,flet*]1 ,t\rneur1 ,m>/on1 are seat$ r\nd ! ?rone at ! feet ( ,%aksp]e1 ,m>l[e1 & ,jonson4 ,9 ord] to p5etrate ! *>act]i/ics ( ,v5etian art m ?or\ghly1 x w be ne$ful to ent] into detail$ criticism ( ! ?ree *ief ma/]s :o comm& ! s*ool4 ,to beg9 ) ,v]onese4 ,8 canvases are ne>ly always l>ge--fill$ ) figures ( ! size ( life1 mass$ toge!r 9 gr\ps or ext5d$ 9 long l9es b5ea? :ite m>ble colonnades1 :i* enclose spaces ( cle> sky & silv]y cl\ds4 ,arm\r1 %ot silks & sat9s1 brocad$ canopies1 bann]s1 plate1 fruit1 sceptres1 cr[ns1 all ?+s1 9 fact1 t burn & glitt] 9 ! sun1 =m ! habitual furniture ( 8 pictures4 ,re>+ horses1 dogs1 dw>fs1 cats1 :5 occasion s]ves1 are us$ to add reality1 vivacity1 grotesqu5ess to 8 sc5es4 ,8 m5 & wom5 are l>ge1 well proportion$1 vigor\s--em95t = pose & ge/ure r ?an = grace or lovel9ess--di/+ui%$ by adult m ?an adolesc5t qualities4 ,v]onese has no *oice type ( beauty = ei!r sex4 ,we f9d 9 him1 on ! contr>y1 a some:at co>se display ( animal =ce 9 m51 & ( sup]b voluptu\sness 9 wom54 ,he pref]s to pa9t wom5 drap$ 9 gorge\s raim5t1 z if he _h n felt ! beauty ( ! nude4 ,_! faces are too frequ5tly unref9$ & empty ( expression4 ,8 noble/ creatures are m5 ( ab\t tw5ty-five1 manly1 brawny1 crisp-hair$1 full ( n]ve & blood4 ,9 all ?is ,v]onese resembles ,rub5s4 ,b he does n1 l ,rub5s1 /rike u z gross1 s5sual1 fle%ly2#bhb he rema9s pr\d1 p[]ful1 & frigidly mat]iali/ic4 ,he raises nei!r repulsion nor desire1 b displays ) ! calm /r5g? ( art ! empire ( ! mundane _s4 ,all ! equipage ( weal? & worldl9ess1 ! lu/ ( ! eye1 & ! pride ( life--su* a vision z ! fi5d (f]$ to ,*ri/ on ! m\nta9 ( temptation2 ?is is ,v]onese's realm4 ,aga91 he has no fla%es ( poetic imag9ation l ,t9toretto2 b 8 grip on ! realities ( ! _w1 8 faculty = idealis+ prosaic magnific5ce1 is ev5 great]4 ,v]onese 0 precisely ! pa9t] suit$ to a nation ( m]*ants1 9 :om ! associations ( ! c\nt+-h\se & ! ex*ange m+l$ ) ! responsibilities ( ! ,s5ate & ! passions ( pr9ces4 ,he nev] portray$ vehem5t emotions4 ,!re are no brusque movem5ts1 no ext5d$ arms1 l ^? ( ,t9toretto's ,magdal5 9 ! ,piet at ,milan1 9 8 pictures4 ,8 ,*ri/s & ,m>ies & m>tyrs ( all sorts are compos$1 s]i\s1 c\rtly1 well-f$ p]sonages1 :o1 l p ( ! _w accid5tally ov]tak5 by "s tragic mis=tune1 d n /oop to di/ortions or express m ?an a grave surprise1 a decor\s s5se ( pa94#bhc ,8 angelic be+s are equally e>?ly4 ,! ,v5etian ,ro?s*ilds no d\bt pref]r$ ! c]emonial to ! imag9ative treatm5t ( sacr$ !mes2 & to d him ju/ice1 ,v]onese did n make :at w\ld 9 8 case h be5 ! mi/ake ( *oos+ ! trag$ies ( ! ,bible = repres5tation4 ,x is ! /ory ( ,e/h]1 ) its royal audi5ces1 coronations1 & processions2 ! m>riage fea/ at ,cana2 ! banquet 9 ! h\se ( ,levi1 t he selects by pref]5ce4 ,ev5 ^! !mes he removes into a region f> f ,biblical associations4 ,8 mise en scne is inv>iably borr[$ f luxuri\s ,italian palaces--l>ge op5 c\rts & loggie1 cr[d$ ) gue/s & lacqueys--tables pr(usely lad5 ) gold & silv] plate4 ,! same love ( display l$ him to delight 9 allegory--n allegory ( ! deep & my/ic k9d1 b ( ! pomp\s & processional1 9 :i* ,v5ice appe>s en?ron$ among ! deities1 or ,jupit] fulm9ates aga9/ ! vices1 or ! g5ii ( ! arts are p]sonifi$ z h&some wom5 & bloom+ boys4 ,9 deal+ ) my?ology1 aga91 x is n its poetry t he t\*es2 he uses ! tale ( ,europa1 = example1 z ! motive = ri* toilettes & delightful l&scape1 *oos+ ! mom5t t has lea/ 9 x ( pa?os4 ,^! be+ ! prom95t features ( 8 /yle1 x rema9s to be said t :at is really great 9 ,v]onese is ! sobriety ( 8 imag9ation & ! solidity ( 8 workman%ip4 ,amid s mu* t is di/ract+1 he nev] loses comm& ov] 8 subject2 nor does he deg5]ate into fulsome rhetoric4 ,t9toretto is n at home 9 ?is some:at vulg> region ( c]emonial gr&eur4 ,he requires bo? ?\ght & fancy z ! /imulus to 8 creative ef=t4 ,he _c be satisfi$ ) reproduc+1 ev5 9 ! noble/ comb9ations1 m]ely :at he sees ar\nd him ( respl5d5t & magnific5t4 ,!re mu/ be scope = poetry 9 ! conception & = audacity 9 ! projection ( 8 subject1 some?+ t %all r\se ! prophetic faculty & evoke ! se] 9 ! arti/1 or ,t9toretto does n rise to 8 own altitude4 ,accord+ly we f9d t1 9 contra/ ) ,v]onese1 he selects by pref]5ce ! mo/ tragic & dramatic subjects to be f\nd 9 sacr$ hi/ory4 ,! ,crucifixion1 ) its agonis+ deity & pro/rate gr\ps ( wom51 sunk bel[ ! grief ( te>s2--! ,temptation 9 ! wild]ness1 ) its passionate contra/ ( ! grey-rob$ ,man ( ,sorr[s & ! ruby-w+$1 voluptu\s fi5d2--! ,temptation ( ,adam 9 ,ed51 a gl[+ allegory ( ! fasc9ation ( ! _s by ! fle%2--,p>adise1 a tempe/ ( s\ls1 :irl$ l ,lucretian atoms or gold du/ 9 sunbeams by ! cele/ial =ces t p]=m ! movem5t ( ! sph]es2--! ,de/ruction ( ! _w1 :]e all ! f\nta9s & riv]s & lakes & seas ( e>? h =m$ "o cat>act1 t ?und]s ) cities & nations on its rapids d[n a bottomless gulf2 :ile all ! w9ds & hurricanes ( ! air h gr[n into "o bla/1 t c>ries m5 l dead leaves up to judgm5t2--! ,plague ( ! fi]y s]p5ts1 ) multitudes encoil$ & wri?+ on a burn+ wa/e ( s&2--! ,massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts1 ) its spil? ( blood on slipp]y pavem5ts ( porphyry & s]p5t9e2--! ,deliv]y ( ! tables ( ! law to ,moses amid cl\ds on ,s9ai1 a :ite ascetic1 lightn+-smitt5 man em]g+ 9 ! glory ( app>5t godhead2--! angui% ( ! ,magdal5 above h] m>tyr$ ,god2--! solemn sil5ce ( ,*ri/ be=e ! ?rone ( ,pilate2--! ru%+ ( ! w+s ( ,s]aphim1 & ! clang\r ( ! trumpet t awakes ! dead2--^! are ! s\l-/irr+ !mes t ,t9toretto h&les ) ! ease ( ma/]y4#bhd ,m$itat+ ^u ,t9toretto's *oice ( su* subjects1 we feel t ! pr(\nde/ *>act]i/ic ( 8 g5ius is ! det]m9ation t[>d motives pre-em95tly poetic r ?an prop] to ! figurative arts4 ,! poet imag9es a situation 9 :i* ! intellectual or emotional life is p>am\nt1 & ! body is subord9ate4 ,! pa9t] selects situations 9 :i* physical =m is ( ! fir/ importance1 & a feel+ or a ?\ght is sugge/$4 ,b ,t9toretto grapples imm$iately ) poetical ideas2 & he (t5 fails to realise !m fully ?r\gh ! inadequacy ( pa9t+ z a m$ium = su* matt]4 ,moses1 9 ! drama ( ! ,gold5 ,calf1 = in/ance1 is a poem1 n a true picture4#bhe ,! pale ec/atic /ret*+ out emaciat$ arms1 pres5ts no beauty ( attitude or outl9e4 ,en]gy ( ?\ght is conspicu\s 9 ! figure2 & reflection is ne$$ to br+ out ! purpose ( ! pa9t]4#bhf ,x is n1 h[ev]1 only 9 ! region ( ! va/1 tempe/u\s1 & tragic t ,t9toretto f9ds himself at home4 ,he is equal to e task t c be impos$ ^u ! imag9ation4 ,provid$ only t ! spiritual f\nt be /irr$1 ! jet ( liv+ wat] gu%es =?1 pure1 inexhau/ible1 & limpid4 ,9 8 ,m>riage ( ,bac*us & ,ariadne1 t mo/ p]fect lyric ( ! s5su\s fancy f :i* s5suality is abs5t2#bhg 9 8 ,temptation ( ,adam1 t symphony ( grey & br[n & ivory m lu/r\s ?an ! hues ( sunset2 9 8 ,miracle ( ,s4 ,agnes1 t lamb-l maid5 ) h] sn[-:ite lamb among ! soldi]s & ! prie/s ( ,rome1 ,t9toretto has prov$ beyond all "q t ! fi]y g5ius ( ,titanic arti/s c pi]ce & irradiate ! placid & ! t5d] secrets ( ! s\l ) m consummate ma/]y ?an falls to ! lot ( ^? :o make tranquillity _! special prov9ce4#bhh ,paolo ,v]onese nev] p5etrat$ to ?is inn] %r9e ( beauty1 ?is ,holie/ ( ,holies :]e ! spiritual graces dwell4 ,he c\ld n pa9t wax5 limbs1 ) silv] lights & gold5 & transp>5t my/]ies ( %ad[1 l ^? ( ,bac*us1 ,eve1 & ,ariadne4 ,titian himself 0 p[]less to imag9e movem5t l t ( ,aphrodite float+ 9 ! air1 or ( ,madonna adjur+ ,*ri/ 9 ! ,p>adiso1 or ( ,*ri/ ,himself judg+ by ! sil5t simplicity ( 8 div9e attitude ! worldly judge at ^: tribunal ,he /&s1 or ( ! tempt] rais+ 8 jewell$ arms al(t to dazzle ) m]etrici\s brilliancy ! impassive ,god above him1 or ( ,eve lean+ 9 irresi/ible s$uctiv5ess aga9/ ! fatal tree1 or ( ,s4 ,m>k d[n-ru%+ ?r\gh ! sky to save ! slave t cri$ to him1 or ( ! ,m>y :o has fall5 asleep ) fold$ h&s f utt] lassitude ( agony at ! foot ( ! cross4 ,x is 9 ^! attitudes1 movem5ts1 ge/ures1 t ,t9toretto makes ! human =m an index & symbol ( ! pr(\nde/1 mo/ tragic1 mo/ delici\s ?\ght & feel+ ( ! inmo/ s\l4 ,9 daylight radiancy & equable col\r+ he is surpass$ p]haps by ,v]onese4 ,9 ma/]y ( e portion ( 8 art1 9 solidity ( execution1 & 9 unwav]+ hold ^u 8 subject1 he falls bel[ ! level ( ,titian4 ,_m ( 8 pictures are unwor?y ( 8 g5ius--hurri$ly design$1 rapidly da%$ ^u ! canvas1 /udi$ by c&lelight f artificial models1 ) abnormal effects ( light & d>k1 ha/ily daub$ ) pigm5ts t h n /ood ! te/ ( "t4 ,he 0 a gigantic improvitsatore3 t is ! wor/ ?+ we c say ( him4 ,b 9 ! swift intuitions ( ! imag9ation1 9 ! purities & sublimities ( ! prophet-poet's s\l1 nei!r ,v]onese nor yet ev5 ,titian c approa* him4 ,! greate/ difficulty meets ! critic :o attempts to speak ( ,titian4 ,to seize ! sali5t *>act]i/ics ( an arti/ ^: glory x is to (f] no?+ ov]-prom95t1 & :o keeps ! middle pa? ( p]fection1 is impossible4 ,z complete heal? may be t]m$ ! abs5ce ( obtrusive s5sation1 z virtue has be5 call$ ! j proportion betwe5 two opposite extravagances1 s is ,titian's art a gold5 mean ( joy unbrok5 by brusque movem5ts ( ! passions--a well-temp]$ h>mony 9 :i* no ?rill+ note sugge/s ! possibility ( discord4 ,9 8 "w ! _w & m5 cease to be m]ely :at !y are2 he makes !m :at !y ought to be3 & ?is he does by sep>at+ :at is beautiful 9 s5su\s life f its alloy ( pa9ful m$itation & ( burd5some endeav\r4 ,! disease ( ?\ght is unkn[n 9 8 k+dom2 no divisions exi/ betwe5 ! _s & ! fle%2 ! w is ?w>t$ by no ob/acles4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ,titian1 we are irresi/ibly l$ to ?9k ( music4 ,8 ,assumption ( ,madonna 7! greate/ s+le oil-pa9t+ 9 ! _w1 if we except ,raphael's ,madonna di ,san ,si/o7 c be/ be describ$ z a symphony--a symphony ( col\r1 :]e e hue is br\ght into h>moni\s comb9ation--a symphony ( movem5t1 :]e e l9e contributes to melodi\s rhy?m--a symphony ( light )\t a cl\d--a symphony ( joy 9 :i* ! heav5s & e>? s+ ,hallelujah4 ,t9toretto1 9 ! ,scuola di ,san ,rocco1 pa9t$ an ,assumption ( ! ,virg9 ) *>act]i/ic en]gy & impulsiv5ess4 ,a gr\p ( agitat$ m5 ar\nd an op5 tomb1 a ru% ( air & cla% ( s]aph w+s above1 a blaze ( glory1 a woman borne ) sideways-sway+ figure f d>kness into light2--t is 8 picture1 all brio1 excitem5t1 spe$4 ,quickly conceiv$1 ha/ily execut$1 ?is pa9t+ 7s f> z clumsy re/oration suff]s u to judge7 be>s ! impress ( its au?or's impetu\s g5ius4 ,b ,titian work$ by a diff]5t me?od4 ,on ! e>?1 among ! ,apo/les1 !re is action en\gh & passion2 ard5t faces /ra9+ upw>d1 impati5t m5 rais+ impot5t arms & va9ly dive/+ !mselves ( _! mantles1 z ?\gh !y too might foll[ h] !y love4 ,9 heav5 is radiance1 half eclips+ ! ar*angel :o holds ! cr[n1 & reveal+ ! fa!r ( spirits 9 an aureole ( gold5 fire4 ,betwe5 e>? & heav51 amid *oirs ( angelic *ildr51 rises ! mighty "m ( ! fai? ( ,*ri/1 :o 0 ,m>y & is n[ a goddess1 ec/atic yet tranquil1 n yet accu/om$ to ! skies1 b f> above ! grossness & ! incapacities ( e>?4 ,h] womanhood is s complete t ^? = :om ! mean+ ( h] ,ca?olic leg5d is lo/1 may hail 9 h] humanity p]sonifi$4 ,! gr& mann] c rea* no fur!r ?an 9 ?is picture--s]5e1 compos$1 m$itat$1 endur+1 yet full ( dramatic =ce & ( pr(\nd feel+4 ,:atev] ,titian *ose to t\*1 :e!r x 0 classical my?ology or portrait1 hi/ory or sacr$ subject1 he treat$ 9 ?is l>ge & heal?ful /yle4 ,x is easy to tire ( ,v]onese2 x is possible to be fatigu$ by ,t9toretto4 ,titian1 l nature1 waits n = moods or hum\rs 9 ! spectator4 ,he gives to ! m9d joy ( :i* x c nev] we>y1 pleasures t _c satiate1 a satisfaction n to be rep5t$ (1 a sweetness t w n pall4 ,! lea/ in/ruct$ & ! simple feel 8 influ5ce z /rongly z ! wise or le>n$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is attempt to describe ! specific qualities ( ,t9toretto1 ,v]onese1 & ,titian1 ,i h be5 m at pa9s to di/+ui% diff]5ces ?an to po9t out simil>ities4 ,:at !y _h 9 common 0 ! ,r5aissance _s z ?is =m$ itself 9 ,v5ice4 ,n[h]e 9 ,italy 0 art m :olly emancipat$ f ob$i5ce to ecclesia/ical traditions1 )\t los+ ! "* ( g5ial & natural piety4 ,n[h]e 0 ! ,*ri/ian hi/ory treat$ ) a m vivid realism1 h>monis$ m simply ) pagan my?ology1 or m completely purg$ ( my/icism4 ,! ,umbrian devotion felt by ,raphael 9 8 boyhood1 ! prophecy ( ,savon>ola1 & ! ,platonism ( ,fic9o absorb$ by ,mi*ael ,angelo at ,flor5ce1 ! sci5tific preoccupations ( ,lion>do & ! antiqu>ian int]e/s ( ,mantegna1 7 all alike unkn[n at ,v5ice4 ,among ! ,v5etian pa9t]s !re 0 no conflict betwe5 art & religion1 or art & curiosity--no reaction aga9/ previ\s pietism1 no p]plexity ( consci5ce1 no confusion ( aims4 ,titian1 ,t9toretto1 & ,v]onese 7 *ildr5 ( ! p1 m5 ( ! _w1 m5 ( pleasure2 weal?y1 urbane1 indep5d5t1 pi\s3--!y 7 all ^! by turns2 b !y 7 nev] my/ics1 s*ol>s1 or philosoph]s4 ,9 _! ae/hetic ideal religion f\nd a place1 nor 0 s5suality reject$2 b ! religion 0 sane & manly1 ! s5suality 0 vigor\s & virile4 ,n ! intellectual greatness ( ! ,r5aissance1 b its happ9ess & fre$om1 0 :at !y repres5t$4 ,,footnotes3 #bfe ,f ! beg9n+ ( ,julian & ,maddalo1 :i* relates a ride tak5 by ,%elley ) ,"l ,byron1 on ! ,lido1 & _! visit to ! madh\se on its neighb\r+ isl&4 ,! description1 ri*ly col\r$ & some:at confus$ 9 detail1 seems to me peculi>ly true to ,v5etian sc5]y4 ,) ! exception ( ,tunis1 ,i "k ( no su* !atre = sunset-%[s z ,v5ice4 ,tunis has ! same elem5ts ( broad lagoons & di/ant hills1 b n ! same vapor\s atmosph]e4 #bff ,lett]e di ,mess] ,pietro ,aret9o1 ,p>igi1 ,,mdcix1 lib4 iii4 p4 #dh4 ,i h made a p>aphrase r ?an a translation ( ?is r>e & curi\s description4 #bfg ,see ,yri>te1 ,un ,patrici5 de ,v5ise1 p4 #dci4 #bfh ,see above1 ,*apt] ,,iv1 ,political ,doctr9e express$ 9 ,fresco4 #bfi ,see ,vol4 ,i41 ,age ( ! ,despots1 p4 #ahc4 #bgj ,i mu/ ref] my read]s to ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle = an e/imate ( ! influ5ce ex]cis$ at ,v5ice by ,g5tile de ,fabriano1 ,john ,alamannus1 & ! s*ool ( ,squ>cione4 ,antonello da ,mess9a br\ght 8 me?od ( oil-pa9t+ into ! city 9 #adgj1 & ,gian ,bell9i le>n$ some?+ at ,padua f ,&rea ,mantegna4 ,! true po9t ab\t ,v5ice1 h[ev]1 is t ! ,v5etian "* absorb$1 assimilat$1 & conv]t$ to its own orig9ality :atev] t\*$ x4 #bga ,! conditions ( art 9 ,fl&]s--weal?y1 b\rgeois1 pr\d1 free--7 n dissimil> to ^? ( art 9 ,v5ice4 ,! mi/y flats ( ,belgium h "s ( ! atmosph]ic qualities ( ,v5ice4 ,z ,van ,eyck is to ! ,viv>9i1 s is ,rub5s to ,paolo ,v]onese4 ,?is expresses ! am\nt ( lik5ess & ( diff]5ce4 #bgb ,jacopo & 8 sons ,g5tile & ,giovanni4 #bgc ,notice p>ticul>ly ! ,contad9a type ( ,s4 ,ca!r9e 9 a picture ascrib$ to ,cordegliaghi 9 ! ,v5etian ,academy4 #bgd ,^! ,scuole 7 ! halls ( meet+ = companies call$ by ! names ( patron sa9ts4 #bge ,notice 9 p>ticul>1 f ! s]ies ( pictures illu/rat+ ! leg5d ( ,s4 ,ursula1 ! v beautiful faces & figures ( ! sa9t h]self1 & h] "y bridegroom1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,brita94 ,att5dant squires & pages 9 ^! pa9t+s h all ! *>m ( simil> subord9ate p]sonages 9 ,p9turic*io1 ) none ( 8 affectation4 #bgf ,! mo/ beautiful ( ^! angiol9i1 ) long flakes ( flax5 hair fall+ f _! =eheads1 are 9 a ,sacra ,conv]sazione ( ,c>paccio's 9 ! ,academy4 ,gian ,bell9i's1 9 _m simil> pictures1 are ( ! same delicacy4 #bgg ,:at foll[s above ab\t ,giorgione is advanc$ ) diffid5ce1 s9ce ! "n ( no o!r great pa9t] has be5 s freely us$ to cov] ! works ( 8 inf]iors4 #bgh ,"l ,lansd[ne's ,giorgionesque picture ( a "y man cr[n$ ) v9e1 play+ & s++ to two girls 9 a g>d51 = example4 ,! celebrat$ ,conc]t ( ! ,l\vre ,gall]y1 s *>m+ = its l&scape & s voluptu\s 9 its dreamy s5se ( ,arcadian luxury1 is giv5 by ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle to an imitator ( ,seba/ian del ,piombo4 ,see ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+ 9 ,nor? ,italy1 vol4 ii4 p4 #adg4 #bgi ,"u ! fire ( ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle's de/ructive criticism1 x w\ld require m real c\rage ?an ,i possess to speak ( ! ,entombm5t 9 ! ,monte di ,piet at ,treviso z g5u9e4 ,co>se & unselect z are ! types ( ! boy angels1 z well z ( ! "y a?letic giant1 :o plays ! "p 9 x ( ! dead ,*ri/1 ?is is a truly gr&iose & /rik+ picture4 ,no?+ proves ! av]age greatness ( ! ,v5etian ma/]s m ?an ! possibility ( attribut+ su* compositions to obscure & subord9ate craftsm5 ( ! s*ool4 #bhj ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle assign ?is picture ) "s confid5ce & ) fair %[ ( reason1 to ,c>iani1 on :om aga9 !y fa!r ! frescoes at ,colleoni's ,ca/le ( ,malpaga4 ,i h v5tur$ to notice x above 9 connection ) ,giorgione1 s9ce x exhibits "s ( ! mo/ /rik+ ,giorgionesque qualities1 & %[s ! asc5d5cy ( 8 imag9ation ov] ! ,v5etian ,s*ool4 #bha ,giorgione1 b4 #adgh2 d4 #aeaa4 ,titian1 b4 #adgg1 d4 #aegf4 ,t9toretto1 b4 #aeab2 d4 #aeid4 ,v]onese1 b4 #aecj2 d4 #aehh4 #bhb ,i _c1 = example1 imag9e ,v]onese pa9t+ any?+ l ,rub5s' two pictures ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t at ,muni*4 #bhc ,= 8 sacr$ types see ! ,m>riage at ,cana 9 ! ,l\vre1 ! little ,crucifixion & ! ,baptism ( ! ,pitti1 & ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,s4 ,agata 9 ! ,uffizzi4 #bhd ,^! examples are mo/ly *os5 f ! ,scuola di ,s4 ,rocco & ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia dell' ,orto at ,v5ice2 also f ,piets1 9 ! ,br]a & ! ,pitti1 ! ,p>adise ( ! ,ducal ,palace1 & a sket* = ,p>adise 9 ! ,l\vre4 #bhe ,s4 ,m>ia dell' ,orto4 #bhf ,:at is "h said ab\t ,t9toretto is also true ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,8 sculpture 9 ,s4 ,lor5zo1 comp>$ ) ,greek sculpture1 ! norm & canon ( ! p]fect 9 t art1 may be call$ an invasion ( ! realm ( poetry or music4 #bhg ,!re are probably n few ( my read]s :o1 aft] see+ ?is pa9t+ 9 ! ,ducal ,palace1 w agree ) me t x is1 if n ! greate/1 at any rate ! mo/ beautiful1 oil picture 9 exi/5ce4 ,9 no o!r picture has a poem ( feel+ & ( fancy1 a romance ( v>i$ lights & %ades1 a symphony ( delicately bl5d$ hues1 a play ( attitude & movem5t transitory b 9 no s5se =c$ or viol5t1 be5 m successfully express$ by means m simple or ) effect m satisfy+4 ,some?+ ( ! my?opoeic faculty mu/ h surviv$ 9 ,t9toretto1 & enabl$ him to inspire ! ,greek tale ) ?is int5se vitality ( beauty4 #bhh ,! fir/ ( ^! pictures is 9 ! ,ducal ,palace1 ! o!r two 9 ! ,academy at ,v5ice4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,life ,,( ,,mi*ael ,,angelo ,contra/ ( ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,cell9i--,p>5tage & ,boyhood ( ,mi*ael ,angelo--,"w ) ,ghirl&ajo--,g>d5s ( ,s4 ,m>co--,! ,m$icean ,circle--,e>ly ,essays 9 ,sculpture--,visit to ,bologna--,fir/ ,visit to ,rome--,! ,piet ( ,s4 ,pet]'s--,mi*ael ,angelo z a ,patriot & a ,fri5d ( ! ,m$ici--,c>toon = ! ,battle ( ,pisa--,mi*ael ,angelo & ,julius ,,ii4--,! ,trag$y ( ! ,tomb--,design = ! ,pope's ,mausoleum--,visit to ,c>r>a--,flight f ,rome--,mi*ael ,angelo at ,bologna--,bronze ,/atue ( ,julius--,return to ,rome--,ceil+ ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel--,greek & ,mod]n ,art--,raphael--,mi*ael ,angelo & ,leo ,x4--,s4 ,lor5zo--,! new ,sacri/y--,circum/ances "u :i* x 0 design$ & p>tly f9i%$--,mean+ ( ! ,allegories--,incomplete /ate ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's ,m>bles--,paul ,,iii4--,! ,la/ ,judgm5t--,critiques ( ,contempor>ies--,! ,dome ( ,s4 ,pet]'s--,vittoria ,colonna--,tommaso ,cavali]i--,p]sonal ,habits ( ,mi*ael ,angelo--,8 ,emotional ,nature--,la/ ,illness4 ,! life ( ,italian arti/s at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance may be illu/rat$ by two biographies4 ,mi*ael ,angelo ,buon>roti & ,b5v5uto ,cell9i 7 almo/ opposite 9 all !y ?\ght & felt1 exp]i5c$ & aim$ at4 ,! "o impress$ 8 own /rong p]sonality on art2 ! o!r reflect$ ! light & %ad[ ( ! age 9 ! record ( 8 manifold exi/5ce4 ,cell9i hov]$1 l "s /rong-w+$ creature1 on ! surface ( human activity1 yield+ himself to e impulse1 seek+ e pleasure1 & ( beauty feel+ only ! rude animal compulsion4 ,deep philosophic ?\ghts1 ideas ( dea? & judgm5t1 ! /]n /ruggles ( ! s\l1 encompass$ ,mi*ael ,angelo2 ! s]vice ( beauty 0 ) him religion4 ,cell9i 0 ! creature ( ! mom5t--! glass & mirror ( corrupt1 enslav$1 yet /ill respl5d5t ,italy4 ,9 ,mi*ael ,angelo ! g5ius ( ! ,r5aissance culm9at$2 b 8 "* 0 r t ( an au/]e ,republican1 free & solit>y amid ! multitudes ( slaves & c\rti]s4 ,mi*ael ,angelo made art ! vehicle ( l(ty & s\l-%ak+ ?\ght4 ,cell9i br\ght ! f]v\r ( an inexhau/ibly active nature to ! s]vice ( s5suality1 & taught 8 art to be ! h&maid ( a s\lless paganism4 ,9 ^! two m51 !re=e1 we /udy two aspects ( _! age4 ,h[ f> bo? 7 exceptional1 ne$ n "h be que/ion$2 s9ce _! s+ul>ity consi/s n s mu* 9 be+ diff]5t f o!r ,italians ( ! sixte5? c5tury z 9 conc5trat+ qualities else:]e scatt]$ & imp]fect4 ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 born 9 #adge at ,caprese1 among ! m\nta9s ( ! ,cas5t9o1 :]e 8 fa!r ,lodovico held ! (fice ( ,pode/4 ,8 ance/ry 0 hon\rable3 ! ,buon>roti ev5 claim$ desc5t1 b app>5tly )\t due reason1 f ! pr9cely h\se ( ,canossa4#bhi ,8 "m gave him to be suckl$ by a /one-cutt]'s wife at ,settignano1 s t 9 aft] days he us$ to say t he _h drawn 9 ! love ( *isels & mallets ) 8 nurse's milk4 ,z he grew1 ! boy develop$ an inv9cible det]m9ation t[>ds ! arts4 ,lodovico f motives ( pride & prud5ce oppos$ 8 wi%es1 b )\t success4 ,mi*ael ,angelo made fri5ds ) ! lad ,granacci1 :o 0 appr5tic$ to ,dom5ico ,ghirl&ajo1 & at la/ induc$ 8 fa!r to sign articles = him to ! same pa9t]4 ,9 ,ghirl&ajo's work%op he le>n$ ! rudim5ts ( art1 help+ 9 ! execution ( ! frescoes at ,s4 ,m>ia ,novella1 until su* "t z ! pupil prov$ 8 sup]iority z a draughtsman to 8 tea*]4 ,! rupture betwe5 ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,ghirl&ajo might be comp>$ ) t betwe5 ,bee?ov5 & ,haydn4 ,9 bo? cases a pr\d1 uncompromis+1 some:at scornful /ud5t s\ght aid f a ma/] great 9 8 own l9e b inf]ior 9 fire & orig9ality ( g5ius4#bij ,9 bo? cases ! mom5t came :5 pupil & tea*] p]ceiv$ t ! eagle c\ld no long] be conf9$ )9 ! hawk's ne/1 & t h5ce=? x mu/ sweep ! skies alone4 ,aft] leav+ ,ghirl&ajo's bottega at ! age ( sixte51 ,mi*ael ,angelo did 9 tru? !nce=w>d ?r\gh 8 life pursue 8 art alone4 ,granacci procur$ him an introduction to ! ,m$ici1 & ! two fri5ds toge!r frequ5t$ ^? g>d5s ( ,s4 ,m>co :]e ,lor5zo _h plac$ 8 collection ( antiquities4 ,!re ! y\? discov]$ 8 vocation4 ,hav+ begg$ a piece ( m>ble & a *isel1 he /ruck out ! ,faun's mask t /ill is se5 9 ! ,b>gello4 ,x is wor? notic+ t ,mi*ael ,angelo seems to h done no m]ely pr5tice-"w4 ,n a fragm5t ( 8 lab\r f ! e>lie/ to ! late/ 0 insignificant1 & only su* ?\ghts z he committ$ to ! p]i%able mat]ials ( bronze or pap] h be5 lo/4 ,!re 0 no?+ t5tative 9 8 g5ius4 ,into art1 z into a ri* l&1 he came & conqu]$4 ,9 l mann]1 ! fir/ sonnet compos$ by ,dante is sc>cely less preci\s ?an ! la/ l9es ( ! ,p>adiso4 ,?is is true ( all ! highe/ arti/ic natures1 :o ne$ no prep>ations & h no p]iod ( grop+4 ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici disc]n$ 9 ,mi*ael ,angelo a y\? ( em95t g5ius1 & took ! lad into 8 own h\sehold4 ,! a/oni%$ fa!r f\nd himself sudd5ly provid$ ) a com=table po/ & c\rt$ = ! sake ( ! "y sculptor4 ,9 ,lor5zo's palace ! real education ( ,mi*ael ,angelo began4 ,he sat at ! same table ) ,fic9o1 ,pico1 & ,poliziano1 li/5+ to dialogues on ,plato & dr9k+ 9 ! gold5 poetry ( ,greece4 ,greek lit]ature & philosophy1 exp\nd$ by ! m5 :o _h discov]$ !m1 & :o 7 no less pr\d ( _! discov]y ?an ,columbus ( 8 passage to ! ,indies1 fir/ m\ld$ 8 m9d to ^? l(ty ?\ghts :i* x became ! task ( 8 life to express 9 =m4 ,at ! same "t he he>d ! prea*+ ( ,savon>ola4 ,9 ! ,duomo & ! cloi/] ( ,s4 ,m>co ano!r portion ( 8 s\l 0 t\*$1 & he acquir$ t deep religi\s tone :i* gives its maje/y & t]ror to ! ,si/9e4 ,mu* 9 ! same way 0 ,milton educat$ by ! classics 9 conjunction ) ! ,scriptures4 ,bo? ( ^! au/]e natures assimilat$ f pagan art & ,jewi% prophecy ! tw(old elem5ts !y ne$$ = _! own imag9ative life4 ,bo? ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,milton1 9 spite ( _! p>ade ( classic /yle1 7 sep>at$ f ! ,greek _w by a gulf ( ,hebrew & ( ,*ri/ian feel+4 ,:ile ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 ?us engag$ 9 /udy+ antique sculpture & 9 li/5+ to ,pico & ,savon>ola1 he c>v$ 8 fir/ bas-relief--a ,battle ( ,h]cules ) ! ,c5taurs1 sugge/$ to him by ,poliziano4#bia ,meantime ,lor5zo di$4 ,8 successor ,pi]o set ! "y man1 x is said1 to model a sn[ /atue1 & !n melt$ l a %ape ( sn[ himself d[n f 8 p$e/al ( p[] 9 ,flor5ce4 ,^u ! expulsion ( ! tyrant & ! proclamation ( ! new republic1 x 0 dang]\s = h\se-fri5ds ( ! ,casa ,m$ici to be se5 9 ! city4 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 !re=e1 made 8 way to ,bologna1 :]e he sp5t "s mon?s 9 ! palace ( ,gian ,francesco ,aldovr&9i1 /udy+ ,dante & work+ at an angel = ! %r9e ( ,s4 ,dom9ic4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z x seem$ safe to d s1 he return$ to ,flor5ce2 & to ?is p]iod belongs ! /atue ( ! ,sleep+ ,cupid1 :i* 0 sold z an antique to ! ,c>d9al ,raffaello ,ri>io4 ,a dispute ab\t ! price ( ?is ,cupid took ,mi*ael ,angelo 9 #adif to ,rome1 :]e x 0 de/9$ t ! great] portion ( 8 life %\ld he sp5t1 & 8 noble/ works ( art %\ld be produc$4 ,"h1 :ile ! ,borgias 7 turn+ ! ,vatican into a d5 ( ?ieves & h>lots1 he execut$ ! pure/ ( all 8 /atues--a ,piet 9 m>ble4#bib ,*ri/ is ly+ dead ^u 8 "m's knees4 ,) h] "r arm %e supports 8 %\ld]s2 h] left h& is g5tly rais$ z ?\gh to say1 ,behold & see6 ,all t art c d to make dea? beautiful & grief sublime1 is a*iev$ 9 ?is ma/]piece1 :i* 0 nev] surpass$ by ,mi*ael ,angelo 9 lat] ye>s4 ,already1 at ! age ( f\r-&-tw5ty1 he _h matur$ 8 t]rible mann]4 ,already 7 inv5t$ 9 8 bra9 t race ( sup]human be+s1 :o became ! hi]oglyphs ( 8 impassion$ utt]ance4 ,madonna has ! small head & h]oic torso us$ by ?is ma/] to symbolise =ce4 ,we feel %e has no difficulty 9 hold+ ! dead ,*ri/ ^u h] ample lap & 9 h] p[]ful arms4 ,yet :ile ! ,piet is :olly ,mi*ael ,angelesque1 we f9d no lack ( repose1 none ( ^? contort$ l9es t are commonly urg$ aga9/ 8 mann]4 ,x is a sob] & h>moni\s composition1 comb9+ ! pr(\nde/ religi\s feel+ ) classical tranquillity ( expression4 ,aga91 ?\gh ! gr\p is =cibly orig9al1 ?is effect ( orig9ality is produc$1 z 9 all ! be/ "w ( ! gold5 age1 n by new & />tl+ conception1 b by ! h&l+ ( an old & well-worn motive ) ! gr&eur ( consummate /yle4 ,:at ! g5ius ( ,italian sculpture _h = g5]ations be5 /riv+ aft]1 f9ds its p]fect realisation "h4 ,x 0 precisely by ?us cr[n+ ! endeav\rs ( antec$5t arti/s--by br++ ! op5+ buds ( pa9t+ & sculpture to full blossom1 & exhau/+ ! res\rces ( a long su/a9$ & common inspiration1 t ! great ma/]s prov$ _! supremacy & r5d]$ an advance beyond _! vantage gr\nd impossible4 ,to ^? :o saw & compreh5d$ ?is ,piet 9 #aejj1 x mu/ h be5 evid5t t a new p[] ( portray+ ! v s\l _h be5 manife/$ 9 sculpture--a p[] unkn[n to ! ,greeks because x lay outside ! sph]e ( _! spiritual exp]i5ce1 & unkn[n to mod]n arti/s because x 0 beyond _! faculties ( execution & conception4 ,yet :o 9 ,rome1 among ! c\rti]s ( ! ,borgias1 _h bra9 or he>t to und]/& ^! ?+s8 ,9 #aeja ,mi*ael ,angelo return$ to ,flor5ce1 :]e he /ay$ until ! ye> #aeje4 ,?is p]iod 0 fruitful ( results on :i* 8 aft] fame dep5d$4 ,! great /atue ( ,david1 ! two unf9i%$ m$allions ( ,madonna 9 relief1 ! ,holy ,family ( ! ,tribune pa9t$ = ,angelo ,doni1 & ! ,c>toon ( ! ,battle ( ,pisa 7 n[ produc$2 & no man's "n1 n ev5 ,lion>do's1 /ood high] 9 e/eem !nce=w>d4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,savon>ola 0 n[ dead1 b t 8 con/itution /ill exi/$ "u ! presid5cy ( ,pietro ,sod]9i--! non mai abba/anza lodato ,cavali]e1 z ,pitti calls him1 ! anima sciocca ( ,ma*iavelli's epigram4#bic ,s9ce ,mi*ael ,angelo at ?is "t 0 employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( ma/]s :o _h sup]s$$ 8 old fri5ds & patrons1 x may be well to review "h 8 attitude 9 g5]al t[>d ! h\se ( ,m$ici4 ,?r\gh\t 8 lifetime !re cont9u$ a conflict betwe5 ! arti/ & ! citiz5--! arti/ ow+ education & employm5t to successive memb]s ( t h\se1 ! citiz5 res5t+ _! despotism & do+ all t 9 him lay at times to keep !m out ( ,flor5ce4 ,z a patriot1 z ! /ud5t ( ,dante & ! disciple ( ,savon>ola1 ,mi*ael ,angelo dete/$ tyrants4#bid ,"o ( 8 e>lie/ madrigals1 conceiv$ z a dialogue betwe5 ,flor5ce & h] exiles1 expresses 8 m9d s decid$ly t ,i h v5tur$ to translate x2#bie ! exiles fir/ address ,flor5ce1 & %e answ]s3-- ,lady1 = joy ( lov]s numb]less ,?\ wa/ creat$ fair z angels are4 ,sure ,god ha? fall5 asleep 9 heav5 af>1 ,:5 "o man calls ! boon ( _m 84 ,give back to /ream+ eyes ,! daylight ( ,?y face1 t seems to %un ,^? :o mu/ live defraud$ ( _! bliss6 ,vex n y\r pure desire ) te>s & sighs2 ,= he :o robs y ( my light1 ha? none4 ,dwell+ 9 fe>1 s9 ha? no happ9ess2 ,s9ce amid ^? :o love1 _! joy is less ,^: great desire great pl5ty /ill curtails1 ,?an !irs :o1 poor1 h hope t nev] fails4 ,z an arti/1 ow+ 8 advancem5t to ,lor5zo1 he _h accept$ fav\rs b9d+ him by ties ( gratitude to ! ,m$ici1 & ev5 involv+ him 9 ! d[nfall ( _! h\se4 ,= ,leo ,x4 he und]took to build ! faade ( ,s4 ,lor5zo & ! ,laur5tian ,libr>y4 ,= ,clem5t ,,vii4 he began ! /atues ( ! ,dukes ( ,urb9o & ,nem\rs4 ,yet1 :ile accept+ ^! commissions f ,m$icean ,popes1 he c\ld n keep 8 tongue f speak+ op5ly aga9/ _! despotism4 ,aft] ! sack ( ,prato x appe>s f 8 correspond5ce t he _h expos$ himself to dang] by "s expression ( indignation4#bif ,?is 0 9 #aeab1 :5 ,sod]9i fl$ & left ! gates ( ,flor5ce op5 to ! ,c>d9al ,giovanni de' ,m$ici4 ,dur+ ! siege ( ,flor5ce 9 #aebi he =tifi$ ,samm9iato1 & all[$ himself to be nam$ "o ( ! ,otto di ,gu]ra *os5 = ! express purpose ( def5d+ ,flor5ce aga9/ ! ,m$ici4#big ,aft] ! fall ( ! city he made peace ) ,clem5t by cons5t+ to f9i% ! tombs ( ,s4 ,lor5zo4 ,yet1 :ile do+ all he c\ld to save ^? insignificant dukes f oblivion by ! immortality ( 8 art1 ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 consci\s ( 8 own & 8 c\ntry's %ame4 ,! memorable l9es plac$ 9 ! m\? ( 8 ,night1 suffici5tly display 8 feel+ aft] ! f9al return ( ! ,m$ici 9 #aecj3bih-- ,sweet is my sleep1 b m to be m]e /one1 ,s long z ru9 & di%on\r reign2 ,to he> n\ght1 to feel n\ght1 is my great ga93 ,!n wake me n1 speak 9 an "u-tone4 ,:5 ,clem5t ,,vii4 di$1 ! la/ real repres5tative ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's old patrons p]i%$1 & ! sculptor 0 free to quit ,flor5ce = ev]4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,duke ,cosimo he nev] set foot 9 8 native city4 ,x is ?us cle> t ! patriot1 ! arti/1 & ! man ( hon\r 7 at odds 9 him4 ,loyalty oblig$ him to s]ve ! family to :om he ow$ s mu*2 he 01 moreov]1 dep5d5t = opportunities ( do+ great "w on ! v m5 ^: public policy he execrat$4 ,h5ce arose a compromise & a confusion1 h>d to accommodate ) our conception ( 8 upright & unyield+ temp]4 ,only by volunt>y exile1 & aft] age _h made him /ubborn to resi/ s$uctive (f]s1 c\ld ,mi*ael ,angelo act up to ! prompt+s ( 8 he>t & decl>e himself a citiz5 :o held no truce ) tyrants4 ,i h already 9 ?is "w _h occasion to comp>e ,dante1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 & ,ma*iavelli4#bii ,9 e/imat+ ! conduct ( ! two la/1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t1 by ! action ( inevitable causes1 republican fre$om _h become 9 ,italy a ?+ ( ! pa/2 & 9 judg+ betwe5 ,ma*iavelli & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 we h to rememb] t ! sculptor's "w involv$ no sacrifice ( pr9ciple or self-respect4 ,c>v+ /atues = ! tombs ( ,m$icean dukes 0 a diff]5t matt] f d$icat+ ! ,pr9ce to !m4 ,?is digression1 ?\gh necess>y = ! "r und]/&+ ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's relation to ! ,m$ici1 has c>ri$ me beyond 8 ,flor5t9e resid5ce 9 #aeja-aeje4 ,! great a*ievem5t ( t p]iod 0 n ! ,david b ! ,c>toon = ! ,battle ( ,pisa4#cjj ,! hall ( ! ,consiglio ,gr&e _h be5 op5$1 & "o wall _h be5 assign$ to ,lion>do4 ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 n[ invit$ by ! ,signory to prep>e a design = ano!r side ( ! /ate-*amb]4 ,:5 he display$ 8 c>toon to ! ,flor5t9es1 !y pron\nc$ t ,da ,v9ci1 hi!rto ! undisput$ pr9ce ( pa9t+1 0 surpass$4 ,x is impossible = u to =m an op9ion on ?is matt]1 s9ce bo? c>toons are lo/ beyond recov]y4#cja ,we only "k t1 z ,cell9i says1 :ile !y la/$1 !y =m$ ! s*ool ( ! :ole _w1#cjb & made an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( art4 ,:5 we inquire :at 0 ! subject ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's fam\s picture1 we f9d t he _h aim$ at repres5t+ no?+ ( m mom5t ?an a gr\p ( soldi]s sudd5ly surpris$ by a trumpet-call to battle1 :ile ba?+ 9 ! ,arno--a cr[d ( nak$ m5 9 e po/ure indicat+ ha/e1 anxiety1 & /ruggle4 ,n = its intellectual mean+1 n = its col\r1 n = its s5tim5t1 0 ?is design s highly priz$4 ,its sci5ce won ! admiration ( arti/s & ! public4 ,at ?is p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance ! bold & p]fect draw+ ( ! body gave an exquisite delight4 ,h5ce1 p]haps1 ,vas>i's vapid talk ab\t /ravaganti attitud9i1 div9e figure1 scorticam5ti1 & s =?--z if ! s\l ( figurative art 7 9 su* matt]s4 ,! sci5ce ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 :i* 9 8 own m9d 0 /]nly subord9at$ to ?\ght1 _h already turn$ ! weak] heads ( 8 g5]ation4#cjc ,a false ideal took possession ( ! fancy1 & su* criticism z t ( ,vas>i & ,pietro ,aret9o became inevitable4 ,mean:ile1 a new ,pope _h be5 elect$1 & 9 #aeje ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 once m call$ to ,rome4 ,?r\gh\t 8 arti/'s life he oscillat$ ?us betwe5 ,rome & ,flor5ce--,flor5ce ! city ( 8 ance/ry1 & ,rome ! city ( 8 s\l2 ,flor5ce :]e he le>nt 8 art1 & ,rome :]e he display$ :at art c d ( highe/4 ,julius 0 a patron ( diff]5t /amp f ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t4 ,he 0 n le>n$ 9 book-lore3 ,place a sword 9 my h&6 he said to ! sculptor at ,bologna3 ( lett]s ,i "k no?+4 ,yet he 0 no less capable ( disc]n+ excell5ce ?an ! ,m$ici himself1 & 8 _s /rove incessantly aft] ! accompli%m5t ( va/ designs4 ,betwe5 ,julius & ,mi*ael ,angelo !re exi/$ a /rong bond ( sympa?y due to community ( temp]am5t4 ,bo? aim$ at colossal a*ievem5ts 9 _! respective fields ( action4 ,! imag9ation ( bo? 0 fir$ by l>ge & simple1 r ?an luxuri\s & subtle ?\ghts4 ,bo? 7 uom9i t]ribili1 to use a phrase d5ot+ vig\r ( "* made =midable by an abrupt uncompromis+ temp]4 ,bo? work$ con furia1 ) ! impetuosity ( daemonic natures2 & bo? left ! impress ( _! individuality grav5 indelibly ^u _! age4 ,julius ord]$ ! sculptor to prep>e 8 mausoleum4 ,mi*ael ,angelo ask$1 ,:]e am ,i to place x8 ,julius repli$1 ,9 ,s4 ,pet]'s4 ,b ! old basilica ( ,*ri/5dom 0 too small = ?is ambiti\s pontiff's sepul*re1 design$ by ! audaci\s arti/4 ,x 0 !re=e decre$ t a new ,s4 ,pet]'s %\ld be built to hold x4 ,9 ?is way ! two great lab\rs ( ,buon>roti's life 7 mapp$ out = him 9 a mom5t4 ,b1 by a /range contr>iety ( fate1 to ,bramante & ,san ,gallo fell respectively ! plann+ & ! spoil+ ( ,s4 ,pet]'s4 ,x 0 only 9 extreme old age t ,mi*ael ,angelo cr[n$ x ) t _w's miracle1 ! dome4 ,! mausoleum1 to =m a canopy = :i* ! build+ 0 design$1 dw9dl$ d[n at la/ to ! /atue ( ,moses ?ru/ out ( ! way 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,pietro 9 ,v9coli4 ,la trag$ia della ,sepoltura1 z ,condivi aptly t]ms ! hi/ory ( ,giulio's monum5t1 began ?us 9 #aeje & dragg$ on till #aede4cjd ,r>ely did ,mi*ael ,angelo und]take a "w comm5surate ) 8 creative p[]1 b some?+ came to int]rupt its execution2 :ile tasks outside 8 sph]e1 = :i* he nev] b>ga9$--! pa9t+ ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 ! faade ( ,s4 ,lor5zo1 ! =tification ( ,samm9iato--7 ?ru/ ^u him 9 ! mid/ ( o!r m cong5ial lab\rs4 ,:at we possess ( 8 a*ievem5t1 is a torso ( 8 huge designs4 ,giulio's tomb1 z he conceiv$ x1 w\ld h be5 ! mo/ /up5d\s monum5t ( sculpture 9 ! _w4#cje ,t m\nta9 ( m>ble cov]$ ) figures wr\ght 9 /one & bronze1 0 meant to be ! sculptur$ poem ( ! ?\ght ( ,dea?2 no m]e apo!osis ( ,pope ,julius1 b a pageant ( ! s\l triumphant ov] ! limitations ( mortality4 ,all t dignifies humanity--arts1 sci5ces1 & laws2 ! victory t cr[ns h]oic ef=t2 ! maje/y ( contemplation1 & ! en]gy ( action--0 symbolis$ ^u asc5d+ ti]s ( ! great pyramid2 :ile ! g5ii ( heav5 & e>? upheld ! op5 tomb1 :]e lay ! dead man wait+ = ! ,resurrection4 ,( ?is gigantic s*eme only "o imp]fect draw+ n[ rema9s4#cjf ,! ,moses & ! ,b\nd ,captives#cjg are all t ,mi*ael ,angelo accompli%$4 ,= =ty ye>s ! ,moses rema9$ 9 8 work%op4 ,= =ty ye>s he *]i%$ a hope t 8 plan might /ill 9 "p be execut$1 compla9+ ! :ile t x w\ld h be5 bett] = him to h made sulphur mat*es all 8 life ?an to h tak5 up ! desolat+ arti/'s trade4 ,e day1 he cries1 ,i am /on$ z ?\gh ,i _h crucifi$ ,*ri/4 ,my y\? has be5 lo/1 b\nd h& & foot to ?is tomb4#cjh ,x 0 decre$ app>5tly t ,mi*ael ,angelo %\ld exi/ = aft] ages z a fragm5t2 & su* might ,pheidias among ! ,greeks h be51 if he _h work$ = ephem]al ,popes & bankrupt pr9ces in/ead ( ,p]icles4 ,italy 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 dislocat$1 di/ract$1 & dra9$ ( h] mat]ial res\rces1 gave no opportunity to arti/s = ! creation ( monum5ts colossal 9 _! unity4 ,mi*ael ,angelo sp5t eight mon?s at ?is p]iod among ! /one qu>ries ( ,c>r>a1 select+ m>ble = ! ,pope's tomb4#cji ,!re 8 bra91 always teem+ ) gigantic conceptions1 sugge/$ to him a new fancy4 ,c\ld n ! headl& jutt+ out beyond ,s>zana into ! ,tyrrh5e ,sea be c>v$ by 8 workm5 into a ,ph>os8 ,to transmute a m\nta9 into a /atue1 hold+ a city 9 ei!r h&1 _h be5 ! dream ( a ,greek arti/4 ,mi*ael ,angelo reviv$ ! bold ?\ght2 b to execute x w\ld h be5 almo/ beyond 8 p[]4 ,mean:ile1 9 ,novemb] #aeje1 ! m>ble 0 %ipp$1 & ! quays ( ,rome 7 soon cr[d$ ) blocks de/9$ = ! mausoleum4 ,b :5 ! sculptor arriv$1 he f\nd t enemies _h be5 poison+ ! ,pope's m9d aga9/ him1 & t ,julius _h ab&on$ ! s*eme ( ! mausoleum4 ,on six successive days he 0 d5i$ entrance to ! ,vatican1 & ! la/ "t ) su* rud5ess t he det]m9$ to quit ,rome4#caj ,he hurri$ /raightway to 8 h\se1 sold 8 effects1 m\nt$1 & rode )\t fur!r c]emony t[>d ,flor5ce1 s5d+ to ! ,pope a writt5 message bidd+ him to seek = ,mi*ael ,angelo else:]e 9 future ?an 9 ,rome4 ,x is relat$ t ,julius1 anxi\s to recov] :at _h be5 s lightly lo/1 s5t sev]al c\ri]s to br+ him back4#caa ,mi*ael ,angelo ann\nc$ t he int5d$ to accept ! ,sultan's commission = build+ a bridge at ,p]a1 & refus$ to be p]suad$ to return to ,rome4 ,?is 0 at ,poggibonsi4 ,:5 he _h rea*$ ,flor5ce1 ,julius address$1 himself to ,sod]9i1 :o1 unwill+ to displease ! ,pope1 induc$ ,mi*ael ,angelo to seek ! p>don ( ! ma/] he _h s abruptly quitt$4 ,by t "t ,julius _h left ! city = ! camp2 & :5 ,mi*ael ,angelo f9ally appe>$ be=e him1 =tifi$ ) lett]s f ! ,signory ( ,flor5ce1 x 0 at ,bologna t !y met4 ,y h wait$ ?us long1 x seems1 said ! ,pope1 well satisfi$ b surly1 till we %\ld come ourselves to seek y4 ,! prelate :o _h introduc$ ! sculptor n[ began to make excuses = him1 :]eupon ,julius turn$ 9 a fury ^u ! (fici\s c\rti]1 & _h him beat5 f 8 pres5ce4 ,a few days aft] ?is enc\nt] ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 ord]$ to ca/ a bronze /atue ( ,julius = ! frontispiece ( ,s4 ,petronio4 ,! sculptor object$ t brass-f\ndry 0 n 8 affair4 ,nev] m9d1 said ,julius2 get to "w1 & we w ca/ y\r /atue till x comes out p]fect4#cab ,mi*ael ,angelo did z he 0 bid1 & ! /atue 0 set up 9 #aejh above ! great door ( ! *ur*4 ,! ,pope 0 seat$1 ) 8 "r h& rais$2 9 ! o!r 7 ! keys4 ,:5 ,julius ask$ him :e!r he 0 meant to bless or curse ! ,bolognese ) t uplift$ h&1 ,buon>roti f\nd an answ] wor?y ( a c\rti]3 ,y\r ,hol9ess is ?reat5+ ?is p1 if x be n wise4 ,less ?an f\r ye>s aft]w>ds ,julius lo/ 8 hold ^u ,bologna1 ! p>ty ( ! ,b5tivogli return$ to p[]1 & ! /atue 0 de/roy$4 ,a bronze cannon1 call$ ! ,giulia1 0 made out ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's ma/]piece by ! be/ gunsmi? ( 8 c5tury1 ,alfonso ,duke ( ,f]r>a4 ,x seems t ,mi*ael ,angelo's flight f ,rome 9 #aejf 0 due n only to 8 disappo9tm5t ab\t ! tomb1 b also to 8 fe> le/ ,julius %\ld give him uncong5ial "w to d4 ,bramante1 if we may believe ! old /ory1 _h :isp]$ t x 0 ill-om5$ = a man to build 8 own sepul*re1 & t x w\ld be well to employ ! sculptor's g5ius ^u ! ceil+ ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel4 ,accord+ly1 on 8 return to ,rome 9 #aejh1 ?is new task 0 allott$ him4 ,9 va9 did ,mi*ael ,angelo rem9d 8 ma/] ( ! mon?s wa/$ 9 ! qu>ries ( ,c>r>a2 9 va9 he po9t$ to 8 designs = ! monum5t1 & plead$ t he 0 n a pa9t] by pr(ession4#cac ,julius _h made up 8 m9d t he %\ld pa9t ! ,si/9e4 ,0 n ! c>toon at ,flor5ce a suffici5t pro( t he c\ld d ?is if he *ose1 & _h he n le>n$ ! art ( fresco 9 ! bottega ( 8 ma/] ,ghirl&ajo8 ,:atev] 8 orig9al reluctance may h be51 x 0 spe$ily ov]come2 & ! c>toons = ! ceil+1 project$ ) ! unity belong+ to a s+le great conception1 7 ready by ! summ] ( #aejh4cad ,! difficulty ( 8 new task ar\s$ ! arti/'s en]gy4 ,if we c\ld accept ! leg5d1 :]eby contempor>ies express$ _! admiration = ?is ,titanic lab\r1 we %\ld h to believe ! impossible--t ,mi*ael ,angelo gr\nd 8 own col\rs1 prep>$ 8 own pla/]1 & complet$ ) 8 own h& ! :ole "w1 aft] hav+ fir/ conqu]$ ! ob/acles ( scaffold+ & vault-pa9t+ by ma*9es ( 8 own inv5tion1#cae & t only tw5ty mon?s 7 devot$ to ! execution ( a s]ies ( pa9t+s almo/ unequall$ 9 _! delicacy1 & surpass$ by few s+le ma/]pieces 9 ext5t4 ,:at may be call$ ! my?us ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel has at la/ be5 f9ally disprov$1 p>tly by ! p]sonal obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,hea? ,wilson1 & p>tly by ! publication ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's correspond5ce4#caf ,?\gh "s unc]ta9ty rema9s z to ! exact dates ( ! comm5cem5t & completion ( ! vault1 we n[ "k t ,mi*ael ,angelo cont9u$ pa9t+ x at int]vals dur+ f\r successive ye>s2 & ?\gh we are n accurately in=m$ ab\t 8 help]s1 we no long] c d\bt t able craftsm5 yield$ him assi/ance4 ,on ,may #aj1 #aejh1 he sign$ a receipt = five hundr$ ducats advanc$ by ,julius = ! necess>y exp5ses ( ! und]tak+2 & on ! next day he paid t5 ducats to a mason = r\gh pla/]+ & surface-f9i%+ appli$ to ! vault4 ,!re is good reason to believe t he began 8 pa9t+ dur+ ! autumn ( #aejh4 ,on ,novemb] #a1 #aeji1 a c]ta9 portion 0 uncov]$ to ! public2 & be=e ! end ( ! ye> #aeab ! :ole 0 complet$4 ,?us1 ?\gh ! leg5d ( ,vas>i & ,condivi has be5 /ripp$ ( ! miracul\s by c>eful obs]vation & ke5-sight$ criticism1 en\gh rema9s to ju/ify ! s5se ( wond] t express$ itself 9 _! exagg]at$ /atem5ts4 ,no "o b ,mi*ael ,angelo c\ld h done :at he did 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel4 ,! conception 0 entirely 8 own4 ,! execution1 except 9 subord9ate details & 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to ! mason's craft1 0 also 84 ,! rapidity ) :i* he lab\r$ 0 a/\nd+4 ,mr4 ,hea? ,wilson inf]s f ! condition ( ! pla/] & ! jo9+s obs]vable 9 diff]5t p>ts1 t ! figure ( ,adam1 highly f9i%$ z x is1 0 pa9t$ 9 ?ree days4 ,nor ne$ we /rip ! romance f t "t-hon\r$ tale ( ! great ma/]'s solitude4 ,ly+ on 8 back b5ea? ! dre>y vault1 commun+ ) ,dante1 ,savon>ola1 & ! ,hebrew prophets 9 ! int]vals ( lab\r1 lock+ up ! *apel-doors 9 ord] to elude ! jeal\s curiosity ( rivals1 eat+ b little & sc>cely sleep+1 he accompli%$ 9 sixte5 mon?s ! fir/ "p ( 8 gigantic task4#cag ,f "t to "t ,julius climb$ ! scaffold & inspect$ ! pa9t]'s progress4 ,dread+ le/ dea? %\ld come be=e ! "w 7 f9i%$1 he kept cry+1 ,:5 w y make an end8 ,:5 ,i c1 answ]$ ! pa9t]4 ,y seem to want1 rejo9$ ! petulant old man1 t ,i %\ld h y ?r[n d[n f ! scaffold4 ,!n ,mi*ael ,angelo's bru% /opp$4 ,! ma*9]y 0 remov$1 & ! frescoes 7 uncov]$ 9 _! incomplet5ess to ! eyes ( ,rome4 ,ent]+ ! ,cappella ,si/9a1 & rais+ our eyes to sweep ! ro(1 we h above u a long & some:at n>r[ oblong space1 vault$ ) r\nd ar*es1 & cov]$ f end to end1 f side to side1 ) a network ( human =ms4 ,! :ole is col\r$ l ! dusky1 tawny1 bluei% cl\ds ( ?und]/orms4 ,!re is no luxury ( decorative art2--no gold1 no pa9t-box ( v]milion or em]ald gre51 has be5 lavi%$ "h4 ,sombre & arial1 l %apes cond5s$ f vap\r1 or dreams begott5 by ,ixion ^u mi/s ( eve or dawn1 ! phantoms evok$ by ! sculptor ?rong t space4 ,n9e compositions1 c>ry+ d[n ! sacr$ hi/ory f ! creation ( light to ! beg9n+ ( s9 9 ,noah's h\sehold1 fill ! c5tral comp>tm5ts ( ! ro(4 ,b5ea? ^!1 seat$ on ! sp&rils1 are alt]nate prophets & sibyls1 twelve 9 all1 atte/+ to ! future deliv]ance & judgm5t ( ! _w by ,*ri/4 ,! int]m$iate spaces betwe5 ^! l>g] masses1 on ! ro( & 9 ! lunettes ( ! w9d[s1 sw>m ) figures1 "s nak$ & "s drap$--wom5 & *ildr51 boys & "y m51 gr\p$ 9 tranquil attitudes1 or adapt+ !mselves ) fre$om to _! /ation on ! curves & angles ( ! ar*itecture4 ,9 ^! subord9ate creations ,mi*ael ,angelo deign$ to drop ! t]rible /yle1 9 ord] t he might %[ h[ sweet & full ( *>m 8 art c\ld be4 ,! grace ( col\r+1 realis$ 9 "s ( ^? y\?ful & a?letic =ms1 is su* z no copy c repres5t4 ,e po/ure ( beauty & ( /r5g?1 simple or /ra9$1 t x is possible = m5 to assume1 has be5 depict$ "h4 ,yet ! :ole is gov]n$ by a /rict s5se ( sobriety4 ,! re/lessness ( ,correggio1 ! viol5t attitud9is+ ( ,t9toretto1 belong alike to ano!r & less noble _s4 ,to speak adequately ( ^! =m-poems w\ld be q impossible4 ,buon>roti seems to h int5d$ to prove by !m t ! human body has a language1 inexhau/ible 9 symbolism--e limb1 e feature1 & e attitude be+ a ^w full ( significance to ^? :o compreh5d1 j z music is a language :]e( ea* note & *ord & phrase has correspond5ce ) ! spiritual _w4 ,x may be presumptu\s aft] ?is fa%ion to int]pret ! design ( him :o call$ into exi/5ce ! h]oic population ( ! ,si/9e4 ,yet ,mi*ael ,angelo has writt5 l9es :i* 9 "s measure ju/ify ! read+4 ,?is is h[ he closes "o ( 8 f9e/ sonnets to ,vittoria ,colonna3 ,nor ha? ,god deign$ to %[ ,himself else:]e ,m cle>ly ?an 9 human =ms sublime2 ,:i*1 s9ce !y image ,him1 compel my love4 ,!re=e to him a well-%ap$ h&1 or ?roat1 or head1 a neck sup]bly pois$ on an a?letic *e/1 ! sway ( ! trunk above ! hips1 ! />t+ ( ! muscles on ! flank1 ! t5dons ( ! ankle1 ! outl9e ( ! %\ld] :5 ! arm is rais$1 ! backw>d b5d+ ( ! lo9s1 ! curves ( a woman's brea/1 ! cont\rs ( a body c>eless 9 repose or /ra9$ = action1 7 all words pregnant ) pr(\nde/ mean+1 :]eby fit utt]ance might be giv5 to ! ?\ghts t raise man ne> to ,god4 ,b1 x may be ask$1 :at poems ( action z well z feel+ are to be express$ 9 ?is =m-language8 ,! answ] is simple4 ,pa9t or c>ve ! body ( a man1 &1 z y d x nobly1 y w give ! measure ( bo? highe/ ?\ght & mo/ impassion$ de$4 ,?is is ! key to ,mi*ael ,angelo's art4 ,he c>$ b little = inanimate nature4 ,! l&scapes ( ,italy1 s eloqu5t 9 _! sublimity & beauty1 7 app>5tly a blank to him4 ,8 _w 0 ! _w ( ideas1 tak+ visible =m1 inc>nat+ !mselves 9 man4 ,"o language ! ma/] _h to s]ve him 9 all ne$--! language ( pla/ic human =m2 b x 0 to him a tongue z ri* 9 its v>iety ( acc5t & ( intonation z ,bee?ov5's h>monies4 ,9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 :]e pla/ic art is s supreme1 we are b\nd to ask ! fur!r "q4 ,:at 0 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,mi*ael ,angelo & a ,greek8 ,! ,p>!non ) its processions ( y\?s & maid5s1 its gods & h]oes1 rejoic+ 9 _! /r5g?1 & rob$ ) raim5t t reveal$ _! liv+ =m1 made up a symphony ( mean+ z full z ?is ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 & f> m radiant4 ,! ,greek sculptor embrac$ humanity 9 8 "w no less compreh5sively ?an ! ,italian2 & :at he _h to say 0 said m pla9ly 9 ! spee* !y bo? c\ld use4 ,b betwe5 ,pheidias & ,mi*ael ,angelo lay ,*ri/ianity1 ! travail ( ! _w ?r\gh tw5ty c5turies4 ,cle> z morn+1 & calm 9 ! unconsci\sness ( beauty1 are ^? h]oes ( ! y\? ( ,hellas4 ,all is grace1 repose1 /r5g? %[n b n ass]t$4 ,mi*ael ,angelo's ,sibyls & ,prophets are old & wr9kl$1 b[$ ) ?\ght1 consum$ by vigils1 />tl$ f tranquillity by visions1 ov]burd5$ ) ! messages ( ,god4 ,! lovelie/ among !m1 ! ,delphic1 lifts dilat$ eyes1 z ?\gh to foll[ dreams t fly ^u ! pa?s ( trance4 ,ev5 ! "y m5 /ra9 _! spl5did limbs1 & seem to %\t or %riek1 z if ! life 9 !m conta9$ "s elem5t ( pa94 ,he make? 8 angels spirits1 & 8 m9i/]s a flame ( fire3 ?is v]se rises to our lips :5 we seek to describe ! g5ii t cr[d ! cornice ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel4 ,! human =m 9 ! "w ( ,pheidias wore a joy\s & s$ate s]5ity2 9 t ( ,mi*ael ,angelo x is turbid ) a /range & awful s5se ( inbrea!d agitation4 ,?r\gh ! figure-language ( ! "o 0 spok5 ! pagan cre$1 bright1 unp]turb$1 & sup]ficial4 ,! sculpture ( ! ,p>!non accompli%$ ! transfiguration ( ! natural man4 ,9 ! o!r man awakes to a new life ( conte/1 disillusionm5t1 hope1 dread1 & heav5w>d /riv+4 ,x 0 impossible = ! ,greek & ! ,italian1 be>+ s diff]5t a burd5 ( prophecy1 ev5 ?\gh !y us$ ! same spee*1 to tell ! same tale2 & ?is %\ld be rememb]$ by ^? critics :o ca/ exagg]ation & contortion 9 ! tee? ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,betwe5 ! bir? ( ! free _s 9 ,greece & its second bir? 9 ,italy1 !re yawn$ a sepul*re :]e9 ! old fai?s ( ! _w lay buri$ & :5ce ,*ri/ _h ris54#cah ,! /> ( ,raphael1 mean:ile1 _h aris5 ov] ,rome4 ,betwe5 ! two greate/ pa9t]s ( _! age ! diff]5ce 0 /rik+4 ,mi*ael ,angelo /ood alone1 8 own ma/]1 fa%ion$ 9 8 own s*ool4 ,a b& ( arti/s call$ !mselves by ,raphael's "n2 & 9 8 /yle we trace ! influ5ce ( sev]al pr$ecessors4 ,mi*ael ,angelo r>ely receiv$ visits1 frequ5t$ no society1 =m$ no pupils1 & boa/$ ( no fri5ds at ,c\rt4 ,raphael 0 foll[$ to ! ,vatican by cr[ds ( /ud5ts2 8 leves 7 l ^? ( a pr9ce2 he c\nt$ among 8 intimates ! be/ s*ol>s & poets ( ! age2 8 h& 0 pl$g$ 9 m>riage to a c>d9al's niece4 ,x does n appe> t !y engag$ 9 petty rivalries1 or t !y came mu* into p]sonal contact ) ea* o!r4 ,:ile ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 s fram$ t he c\ld le>n f no man1 ,raphael gladly le>n$ ( ,mi*ael ,angelo2 & aft] ! uncov]+ ( ! ,si/9e frescoes1 8 mann] %[$ evid5t signs ( alt]ation4 ,julius1 :o _h giv5 ,mi*ael ,angelo ! ,si/9e1 set ,raphael to "w ^u ! ,/anze4 ,= ,julius 7 pa9t$ ! ,miracle ( ,bols5a & ! ,expulsion ( ,heliodorus f ! ,temple1 sc5es conta9+ c\rtly complim5ts = ! old ,pope4 ,no su* complim5ts _h be5 paid by ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,l 8 great p>allel 9 music1 ,bee?ov51 he display$ an almo/ arrogant contempt = ! conv5tionalities :]eby an arti/ w9s ! fav\r ( 8 patrons & ! _w4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,julius1 ,leo ,x41 9 "* ! rev]se ( 8 fi]y pr$ecessor1 & by temp]am5t unsympa!tic to ! au/]e ,mi*ael ,angelo1 f\nd no?+ bett] = ! sculptor's g5ius ?an to set him at "w ^u ! faade ( ,s4 ,lor5zo at ,flor5ce4 ,! bett] "p ( ! ye>s betwe5 #aeaf & #aebj 0 sp5t 9 qu>ry+ m>ble at ,c>r>a1 ,pietra ,santa1 & ,s]avezza4 ,?is is ! mo/ arid & unfruitful p]iod ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's long life1 a p]iod ( delays & ?w>t$ s*emes & s]vile lab\rs4 ,:at makes ! s5se ( disappo9tm5t great]1 is t ! faade ( ,s4 ,lor5zo 0 n ev5 f9i%$4#cai ,we hurry ov] ?is wild]ness ( wa/$ mon?s1 & arrive at ano!r epo* ( arti/ic production4 ,already 9 #aebj ! ,c>d9al ,giulio de' ,m$ici _h conceiv$ ! notion ( build+ a sacri/y 9 ,s4 ,lor5zo to receive ! monum5ts ( ,cosimo1 ! f\nd] ( ! h\se1 ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t1 ,giuliano ,duke ( ,nem\rs1 ,lor5zo ,duke ( ,urb9o1 ,leo ,x41 & himself4#cbj ,to ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 committ$ ! design1 & 9 #aeba he began to apply himself to ! "w4 ,n9e ye>s _h n[ elaps$ s9ce ! ro( ( ! ,si/9e *apel _h be5 f9i%$1 & dur+ ?is "t ,mi*ael ,angelo _h produc$ little except ! ,*ri/ ( ,s4 ,m>ia sopra ,m9]va4 ,?is new und]tak+ occupi$ him at int]vals betwe5 #aeba & #aecd1 a space ( "t decisive = ! =tunes ( ! ,m$ici 9 ,flor5ce4 ,leo di$1 & ,giulio aft] a few ye>s succe$$ him z ,clem5t ,,vii4 ,! ba/>ds ( ! h\se1 ,ippolito & ,aless&ro1 7 expell$ f ,flor5ce 9 #aebg4 ,rome 0 sack$ by ! ,imp]ial troops2 !n ,mi*ael ,angelo quitt$ ! /atues & help$ to def5d 8 native city aga9/ ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange4 ,aft] ! failure ( ! ,republicans1 he 0 recall$ to 8 lab\rs by comm& ( ,clem5t4 ,sull5ly & sadly he qu>ri$ m>bles = ! sacri/y4 ,sadly & sull5ly he us$ 8 *isel ye> by ye>1 mak+ ! v /ones cry t %ame & ru9 7 ! doom ( 8 c\ntry4 ,at la/ 9 #aecd ,clem5t di$4 ,!n ,mi*ael ,angelo flung d[n 8 mallet4 ,! monum5ts rema9$ unf9i%$1 & ! sculptor set foot 9 ,flor5ce no m4#cba ,! ,sacri/y ( ,s4 ,lor5zo 0 built by ,mi*ael ,angelo & panell$ ) m>bles to receive ! sculpture he meant to place !re4#cbb ,?us ! colossal /atues ( ,giuliano & ,lor5zo 7 /udi$ ) a view to _! light & %ad[ z mu* z to _! =m2 & ?is is a fact to be rememb]$ by ^? :o visit ! *apel :]e ,buon>roti lab\r$ bo? z ar*itect & sculptor4 ,( ! two ,m$ici1 x is n fanciful to say t ! ,duke ( ,urb9o is ! mo/ immovable ( spectral %apes et]nalis$ 9 m>ble2 :ile ! ,duke ( ,nem\rs1 m graceful & elegant1 seems int5d$ to pres5t a contra/ to ?is t]rible ?\ght-burd5$ =m4#cbc ,! allegorical figures1 /ret*$ on segm5ts ( ellipses b5ea? ! p$e/als ( ! two dukes1 indicate phases ( d>kness & ( light1 ( dea? & life4 ,!y are two wom5 & two m52 tradition names !m ,night & ,day1 ,twilight & ,dawn+4 ,?us 9 ! /atues !mselves & 9 _! att5dant g5ii we h a s]ies ( ab/ractions1 symbolis+ ! sleep & wak+ ( exi/5ce1 action & ?\ght1 ! gloom ( dea?1 ! lu/re ( life1 & ! int]m$iate /ates ( sadness & ( hope t =m ! bord]l& ( bo?4 ,life is a dream betwe5 two slumb]s2 sleep is dea?'s tw9-bro!r2 night is ! %ad[ ( dea?2 dea? is ! gate ( life3--su* is ! my/]i\s my?ology wr\ght by ! sculptor ( ! mod]n _w 9 m>ble4 ,all ^! figures1 by ! int5sity ( _! expression1 ! vagu5ess ( _! symbolism1 =ce u to ?9k & "q4 ,:at1 = example1 occupies ,lor5zo's bra98 ,b5d+ =w>d1 lean+ 8 *9 ^u 8 wri/1 plac+ ! o!r h& ^u 8 knee1 on :at does he = ev] pond]8 ,! sight1 z ,rog]s said well1 fasc9ates & is intol]able4 ,mi*ael ,angelo has %ot ! beav] ( ! helmet =w>d on 8 =ehead1 & b[$ 8 head1 s z to clo! ! face 9 d>kness4 ,b beh9d ! gloom !re is no skull1 z ,rog]s fanci$4 ,! :ole frame ( ! p[]ful man is in/9ct ) "s imp]i\s ?\ght4 ,has he outliv$ 8 life & fall5 ^u ev]la/+ contemplation8 ,is he brood+1 injur$ & indignant1 ov] 8 own doom & ! ext9ction ( 8 race8 ,is he condemn$ to witness 9 immortal immobility ! woes ( ,italy he help$ to cause8 ,or has ! sculptor symbolis$ 9 him ! burd5 ( t p]sonality we c>ry ) u 9 ?is life & be> = ev] :5 we wake into ano!r _w8 ,b5ea? ?is inc>nation ( oppressive ?\ght !re lie1 full-l5g? & nak$1 ! figures ( ,dawn & ,twilight1 ,morn & ,ev5+4 ,s at lea/ !y are commonly call$3 & ^! names are n inappropriate2 = ! break+ ( ! day & ! approa* ( night are metaphors = _m transi5t conditions ( ! s\l4 ,x is only z allegories 9 a l>ge s5se1 compreh5d+ bo? ! physical & intellectual ord]1 & capable ( v>i\s int]pretation1 t any ( ^! /atues c be und]/ood4 ,ev5 ! ,dukes d n pret5d to be portraits3 & h5ce 9 "p p]haps ! unc]ta9ty t has ga!r$ r\nd !m4 ,v tranquil & noble is ,twilight3 a giant 9 repose1 he m$itates1 lean+ ^u 8 elb[1 look+ d[n4 ,b ,dawn />ts f h] c\*1 z ?\gh "s pa9ful summons _h rea*$ h] sunk 9 dreamless sleep1 & call$ h] =? to suff]4 ,h] wak+ to consci\sness is l t ( "o :o has be5 dr[n$1 & :o f9ds ! return to life agony4 ,be=e h] eyes1 se5 ev5 ?r\gh ! mi/s ( slumb]1 are ! ru9 & ! %ame ( ,italy4 ,opposite lies ,night1 s sorr[ful1 s utt]ly absorb$ 9 d>kness & ! %ade ( dea?1 t to %ake (f t ev]la/+ le?>gy seems impossible4 ,yet %e is n dead4 ,if we raise our voices1 %e too w /ret* h] limbs &1 l h] si/]1 %udd] into s5sibility ) sighs4 ,only we mu/ n wake h]2 = he :o fa%ion$ h]1 has told u t h] sleep ( /one is great good =tune4 ,bo? ( ^! wom5 are l>ge & brawny1 unlike ! ,fates ( ,pheidias 9 _! muscul> maturity4 ,! burd5 ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's ?\ght 0 too trem5d\s to be borne by virg9al or graceful be+s4 ,he _h to make wom5 no less capable ( suff]+1 no less _w-we>i$1 ?an 8 c\ntry4 ,/&+ be=e ^! /atues1 we d n cry4 ,h[ beautiful6 ,we murmur1 ,h[ t]rible1 h[ gr&6 ,yet1 aft] long gaz+1 we f9d !m gift$ ) beauty beyond grace4 ,9 ea* ( !m !re is a palpitat+ ?\ght1 torn f ! arti/'s s\l & cry/allis$ 9 m>ble4 ,x has be5 said t ar*itecture is petrifi$ music4 ,9 ! sacri/y ( ,s4 ,lor5zo we feel impell$ to rememb] phrases ( ,bee?ov54 ,ea* ( ^! /atues becomes = u a passion1 fit = musical expression1 b turn$ l ,niobe to /one4 ,!y h ! intellectual vagu5ess1 ! emotional c]ta9ty1 t belong to ! motives ( a symphony4 ,9 _! allegories1 left )\t a key1 sculpture has pass$ beyond h] old doma9 ( placid concrete =m4 ,! angui% ( intol]able emotion1 ! quick5+ ( ! consci\sness to a s5se ( suff]+1 ! acceptance ( ! inevitable1 ! /rife ( ! s\l ) de/9y1 ! burd5 & ! passion ( mank9d3--t is :at !y conta9 9 _! cold *isel-tortur$ m>ble4 ,x is op5 to critics ( ! s*ool ( ,less+ to object t "h is ! suicide ( sculpture4 ,x is easy to rem>k t ^? /ra9$ po/ures & wri!n limbs may h p]v]t$ ! ta/e ( less] craftsm54 ,yet if ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 call$ to c>ve ,m$icean /atues aft] ! sack ( ,rome & ! fall ( ,flor5ce--if he 0 oblig$ 9 sob] sadness to make sculpture a fit language = 8 sorr[-lad5 he>t--h[ c\ld he h wr\ght m tru?fully ?an ?us8 ,to imitate him )\t %>+ 8 emotions or compreh5d+ 8 ?\ghts1 z ! s\lless arti/ ( ! decad5ce attempt$1 0 )\t any d\bt a griev\s error4 ,surely also we may regret1 n )\t reason1 t 9 ! evil days ^u :i* he _h fall51 ! fair antique ,heit]keit & ,allgeme9heit 7 beyond 8 rea*4 ,mi*ael ,angelo left ! tombs ( ! ,m$ici unf9i%$2 nor1 9 spite ( ,duke ,cosimo's e>ne/ entreaties1 w\ld he aft]w>ds return to ,flor5ce to complete !m4 ,lor5zo's features are b r\gh-hewn2 s is ! face ( ,night4 ,day seems /ruggl+ into %ape b5ea? 8 mask ( rock1 & ,twilight %[s ev]y:]e ! too?-d9t ( ! *isel4 ,to leave unf9i%$ 0 ! fate ( ,mi*ael ,angelo--p>tly too1 p]haps1 8 pref]5ce2 = he 0 easily det]r$ f "w4 ,_m ( 8 m>bles are only j begun4 ,! two m$allion ,madonnas1 ! ,madonna & ,*ild 9 ,s4 ,lor5zo1 ! ,head ( ,brutus1 ! ,b\nd ,captives1 & ! ,piet 9 ! ,duomo ( ,flor5ce1 are in/ances ( ma/]pieces 9 ! r\gh4 ,he lov$ to fancy t ! =m dwelt )9 ! /one1 & t ! *isel dis5cumb]$ x ( sup]fluity4 ,!re=e1 to 8 eye1 =esee+ :at ! %ape w\ld be :5 ! rude envelope 0 *ipp$ away1 ! m>ble mask may h tak5 ! appe>ance ( a veil or mantle4 ,he may h f\nd "s fasc9ation 9 ! incomplet5ess t argu$ want ( w b n ( art1 & a r\gh-hewn ,madonna may h be5 to him :at a ,dryad /ill enclos$ )9 a gn>l$ oak 0 to a ,greek poet's fancy4 ,we are n1 h[ev]1 ju/ifi$ 9 !re=e assum+1 z a rec5t critic has sugge/$1 t ,mi*ael ,angelo s\ght to realise a c]ta9 preconceiv$ effect by want ( f9i%4 ,!re is en\gh 9 ! di/ract$ circum/ances ( 8 life & 9 8 temp]1 at once passionate & d[nca/1 to acc\nt = fragm5t>y & imp]fect p]=mance2 nor mu/ x be =gott5 t ! manual lab\r ( ! sculptor 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 0 by no means s light z x is n[4 ,a decisive argum5t aga9/ ?is !ory is t ,buon>roti's ?ree mo/ celebrat$ /atues--! ,piet 9 ,s4 ,pet]'s1 ! ,moses & ! ,dawn--are execut$ ) ! highe/ poli% x is possible = /one to take4#cbd ,t he always aim$ at ?is high f9i%1 b (t5 fell bel[ x ?r\gh discont5t & ennui & ! importunity ( patrons1 we h ! be/ reason to believe4 ,mi*ael ,angelo _h n[ rea*$ 8 fifty-n9? ye>4 ,lion>do & ,raphael _h already pass$ away1 & 7 rememb]$ z ! giants ( a bygone age ( gold4 ,correggio 0 9 8 la/ ye>4 ,&rea del ,s>to 0 dead4 ,n[h]e except at ,v5ice did ,italian art /ill fl\ri%2 & ! mundane /yle ( ,titian 0 n to ! sculptor's ta/e4 ,he _h ov]liv$ ! greatness ( 8 c\ntry1 & saw ,italy 9 ru9s4 ,yet he 0 de/9$ to survive ano!r ?irty ye>s1 ano!r lifetime ( ,masaccio or ,raphael1 & to witness /ill worse days4 ,:5 we call ,mi*ael ,angelo ! int]pret] ( ! burd5 & ! pa9 ( ! ,r5aissance1 we mu/ rememb] ?is long we>y old age1 dur+ :i* 9 solitude & sil5ce he wat*$ ! ext9ction ( ,flor5ce1 ! in/itution ( ! ,inquisition1 & ! abasem5t ( ! ,italian _s b5ea? ! tyranny ( ,spa94 ,8 sonnets1 writt5 *iefly 9 ?is latt] p]iod ( life1 turn (t5 on ! ?\ght ( dea?4 ,8 love ( art yields to religi\s hope & fe>1 & he bemoans a y\? & manhood sp5t 9 vanity4 ,once :5 he injur$ 8 leg by a fall f ! scaffold+ 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 he refus$ assi/ance1 %ut himself up at home1 & lay wait+ = deliv]ance 9 dea?4 ,8 life 0 only sav$ by ! =cible int]f]5ce ( fri5ds4 ,9 #aecd a new ,eury/heus arose = our ,h]cules4 ,! ,c>d9al ,aless&ro ,f>nese1 a fox by nature & infam\s ?r\gh 8 indulg5ce = a vici\s ba/>d1 0 made ,pope "u ! "n ( ,paul ,,iii4#cbe ,mi*ael ,angelo _h %$ lu/re on ! reigns ( ?ree ,popes1 8 pr$ecessors4 ,= ?irty ye>s ! ,f>nese _h wat*$ him ) gre$y eyes4 ,aft] ,julius1 ,leo1 & ,clem5t1 ! "t 0 n[ come = ! h]oic craftsman to s]ve ,paul4 ,! ,pope f\nd him at "w 9 8 bottega on ! tomb ( ,julius2 = ! trag$y ( ! mausoleum /ill dragg$ on4 ,! /atue ( ,moses 0 f9i%$4 ,t1 said ,paul1 is en\gh = "o ,pope4 ,give me y\r contract ) ! ,duke ( ,urb9o2 ,i w te> x4 ,h ,i wait$ all ^! ye>s2 & n[ t ,i am ,pope at la/1 %all ,i n h y = myself8 ,i want y 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel4 ,accord+ly ,mi*ael ,angelo1 :o _h already made c>toons = ! ,la/ ,judgm5t 9 ! life ( ,clem5t1 once m laid aside ! *isel & took up ! bru%4 ,= eight ye>s1 betwe5 #aecd & #aedb1 he lab\r$ at ! fresco above ! high alt> ( ! *apel1 devot+ 8 t]rible g5ius to a subject wor?y ( ! times 9 :i* he liv$4 ,s9ce he _h fir/ li/5$ :ile a y\? to ! prophecies ( ,savon>ola1 ! woes ann\nc$ 9 t apocalypse _h all come true4 ,italy _h be5 sc\rg$1 ,rome sack$1 ! ,*ur* *a/is$4 ,& yet ! _w _h n gr[n wis]2 vice 0 on ! increase1 virtue grew m r>e4#cbf ,x 0 impossible aft] ! exp]i5ce ( ! imm$iate pa/ & )9 view ( ! pres5t & ! future1 to conceive ( ,god z o!r ?an an angry judge1 v9dictive & implacable4 ,! ,la/ ,judgm5t has long be5 ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's pa9t+s2 p>tly no d\bt because x 0 execut$ 9 ! pl5itude ( 8 fame1 ) ! eyes ( all ,italy ^u him2 p>tly because its size ar\ses vulg> wond]1 & its !me /rikes t]ror into all :o gaze on x4 ,yet x is nei!r s /rong nor s beautiful z ! vault-pa9t+s ( ! ,si/9e4 ,! fre%ness ( ! g5ius t creat$ ,eve & ,adam1 unrivall$ 9 _! bloom ( primal y\?1 has pass$ away4 ,au/]ity & gloom h tak5 possession ( ! pa9t]4 ,8 /yle has h>d5$ into mann]ism1 & ! display ( b>r5 sci5ce 9 difficult po/ur+ & /ra9$ anatomy has become wilful4 ,/ill1 :e!r we reg>d ?is fresco z clos+ ! long s]ies ( ,la/ ,judgm5ts to be /udi$ on ,italian *ur*-walls f ,giotto d[nw>ds2 or :e!r we conf9e our att5tion1 z contempor>ies seem to h done1 to ! skill ( its =e%ort5+s & gr\p+s2#cbg or :e!r we analyse ! dramatic en]gy :]e) trem5d\s passions are express$1 its triumph is 9 ei!r case decid$4 ,! :ole wall sw>ms ) asc5d+ & desc5d+1 pois$ & hov]+1 %apes--m5 & wom5 ris+ f ! grave be=e ! judge1 tak+ _! /ations among ! sav$1 or s9k+ ) unutt]able angui% to ! place ( doom--a multitude t no man c numb]1 surg+ to & fro 9 dim tempe/u\s air4 ,9 ! c5tre at ! top1 ,*ri/ is ris+ f ,8 ?rone ) ! ge/ure ( an angry ,h]cules1 hurl+ ru9 on ! guilty4 ,he is su* z ! s9s ( ,italy h made ,him4 ,squadrons ( angels1 be>+ ! emblems ( ,8 passion1 :irl ar\nd ,him l grey ?und]-cl\ds1 & all ! sa9ts lean =w>d f _! vantage gr\nd to curse & ?reat54 ,at ! v bottom be/ial features take ! place ( human l9eam5ts1 & ! t]ror ( judgm5t has become ! torm5t ( damnation4 ,su* is ! g5]al scope ( ?is picture4 ,( all its m]its1 none is great] ?an ! del9eation ( unc]ta9ty & gradual awak5+ to life4 ,! middle region betwe5 vigilance & slumb]1 reality & dream1 ,mi*ael ,angelo rul$ z 8 own realm2 & a pa9t+ ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t enabl$ him to deal ) ?is metai*mios skotos--?is d>kness 9 ! int]val ( cross+ spe>s--"u its mo/ solemn aspect4 ,:5 ! fresco 0 uncov]$1 !re arose a g5]al murmur ( disapprobation t ! figures 7 all nude4 ,z society became m vici\s1 x grew nice4 ,mess] ,biagio1 ! ,pope's ma/] ( ! c]emonies1 rem>k$ t su* ?+s 7 m fit = /ews & tav]ns ?an a *apel4 ,! angry pa9t] plac$ 8 portrait 9 ,hell ) a m>k ( infamy t ca/ too lurid a light ^u ?is prudi% spee*4 ,:5 ,biagio compla9$1 ,paul wittily answ]$ t1 _h x be5 ,purgatory1 he might h help$ him1 b 9 ,hell is no r$emption4 ,ev5 ! f\l-m\!d & f\l-he>t$ ,aret9o wrote f ,v5ice to ! same effect--a lett] a/\nd+ = its impud5ce4#cbh ,mi*ael ,angelo made no def5ce4 ,p]haps he reflect$ t ! s\ls ( ! ,pope himself & ,mess] ,biagio & ,mess] ,pietro ,aret9o w\ld g =? "o day nak$ to appe> be=e ! judge1 ) ! de=mities ( s9 ^u !m1 z 9 ,plato's ,gorgias4 ,he refus$1 h[ev]1 to give clo!s to 8 m5 & wom54 ,daniel da ,volt]ra1 :o 0 aft]w>ds employ$ to d ?is1 got ! "n ( bree*es-mak]4 ,we are h>dly able to appreciate ! ,la/ ,judgm5t2 x has be5 s smir*$ & black5$ by ! smoke & du/ ( c5turies4 ,& ?is is true ( ! :ole ,si/9e ,*apel4#cbi ,yet x is "h t ! g5ius ( ,mi*ael ,angelo 9 all its t]ribl5ess mu/ /ill be /udi$4 ,9 ord] to *>act]ise ! impression produc$ by ev5 ! less awful ( ^! frescoes on a sympa!tic /ud5t1 ,i lay my p5 aside & beg ! read] to weigh :at ,h5ri ,beyle1 ! v]satile & brilliant critic1 p5cill$ 9 ! gall]y ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel on ,janu>y #ac1 #ahjg3ccj ,greek sculpture 0 unwill+ to reproduce ! t]rible 9 any %ape2 ! ,greeks _h en\gh real tr\bles ( _! own4 ,!re=e1 9 ! realm ( art1 no?+ c be comp>$ ) ! figure ( ! ,et]nal draw+ =? ! fir/ man f non5tity4 ,! pose1 ! draw+1 ! drap]y1 all is /rik+3 ! s\l is agitat$ by s5sations t are n usually communicat$ ?r\gh ! eyes4 ,:5 9 our disa/r\s retreat f ,russia1 x *anc$ t we 7 sudd5ly awak5$ 9 ! middle ( ! d>k night by an ob/9ate cannonad+1 :i* at ea* mom5t seem$ to ga9 9 ne>ness1 !n all ! =ces ( a man's nature ga!r$ close ar\nd 8 he>t2 he felt himself 9 ! pres5ce ( fate1 &1 hav+ no att5tion left = ?+s ( vulg> int]e/1 he made himself ready to dispute 8 life ) de/9y4 ,! sight ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's pictures has br\ght back to my consci\sness t almo/ =gott5 s5sation4 ,great s\ls enjoy _! own greatness3 ! re/ ( ! _w is seiz$ ) fe>1 & goes mad4 ,aft] ! pa9t+ ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 "o m great lab\r 0 res]v$ = ,mi*ael ,angelo4#cca ,by a brief ( ,septemb]1 #aece1 ,paul ,,iii4 _h made him ! *ief ar*itect z well z sculptor & pa9t] ( ! ,holy ,see4 ,he 0 n[ call$ ^u to sup]9t5d ! build+ ( ,s4 ,pet]'s1 & to ?is task1 und]tak5 = ! repose ( 8 s\l )\t emolum5t1 he devot$ ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life4 ,! dome ( ,s4 ,pet]'s1 z se5 f ,tivoli or ! ,alban hills1 l a cl\d ^u ! ,campagna1 is ,buon>roti's2 b he has no %>e 9 ! faade t scre5s x f ! piazza4 ,x lies beyond ! scope ( ?is *apt] to relate once m ! hi/ory ( ! vicissitudes ?r\gh :i* ,s4 ,pet]'s w5t betwe5 ! days ( ,alb]ti & ,b]n9i4#ccb ,i c b ref] to ,mi*ael ,angelo's lett] address$ to ,b>tolommeo ,ammanati1 valuable bo? z sett+ =? 8 views ab\t ! /ructure1 & z r5d]+ ! fulle/ & mo/ glori\s me$ ( praise to 8 old enemy ,bramante4#ccc ,all anci5t jeal\sies1 ev5 _h !y ev] /irr$ ! he>t ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 _h long be5 set at re/ by "t & dea?4 ,! "o wi% ( 8 s\l 0 to set a wor?y diadem ^u ! "m-*ur* ( ,*ri/ianity1 repair+ by ! maje/y ( art :at ,rome _h suff]$ at ! h&s ( ,g]many & ,spa91 & inaugurat+ by ?is visible sign ( sov]eignty ! new age ( ,ca?olicity r5asc5t & triumphant4 ,to ! la/ p]iod ( ,buon>roti's life 7a space ( tw5ty-two ye>s betwe5 #aedb & #aefd7 we owe "s ( 8 mo/ beautiful draw+s--sket*es = pictures ( ! ,crucifixion made = ,vittoria ,colonna1 & a few my?ological designs1 l ! ,rape ( ,ganym$e1 compos$ = ,tommaso ,cavali]i4 ,8 ?\ghts mean:ile 7 turn$ m & m1 z "t advanc$1 to piety2 & _m ( 8 sonnets brea! an almo/ ascetic _s ( religion4#ccd ,we see 9 !m ! old man regrett+ ! ye>s he _h sp5t on art1 deplor+ 8 en?usiasm = e>?ly beauty1 & seek+ com=t 9 ! cross alone4 ,pa9t+ nor sculpture n[ c lull to re/ ,my s\l1 t turns to ,8 great love on high1 ,^: arms to clasp u on ! cross 7 spread4 ,x is pleasant to "k t ^! la/ ye>s 7 also ! happie/ & calme/4 ,?\gh he _h lo/ 8 fai?ful fri5d & s]vant ,urb9o2 ?\gh 8 fa!r _h di$1 an old man1 & 8 bro!rs _h pass$ away be=e him "o by "o1 8 nephew ,lion>do _h m>ri$ 9 ,flor5ce1 & begott5 a son call$ ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,?us he _h ! satisfaction ( hop+ t 8 "n w\ld endure & fl\ri%1 z inde$ x has done almo/ to ?is v day 9 ,flor5ce4 ,:at consolation ?is ?\ght mu/ h br\ght him1 is cle> to ^? :o h /udi$ 8 correspond5ce & obs]v$ ! t5d] c>e & cont9ual anxiety he _h = 8 k9sm54#cce ,weal? n[ belong$ to him3 b he _h nev] c>$ = money2 & he cont9u$ to live l a poor man1 dress+ sob]ly & eat+ sp>ely1 (t5 tak+ b "o meal 9 ! day1 & t ( bread & w9e4#ccf ,he slept little1 & rose by night to "w ^u 8 /atues1 we>+ a cap ) a c&le /uck 9 front ( x1 t he might see :]e to drive ! *isel home4 ,dur+ 8 :ole life he _h be5 solit>y1 p>tly by pref]5ce1 p>tly by devotion to 8 art1 & p>tly because he kept m5 at a di/ance by 8 mann]4#ccg ,n t ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 s\r or haughty2 b he spoke 8 m9d out v pla9ly1 _h no tol]ance = fools1 & 0 apt to fly into passions4#cch ,"t _h n[ s(t5$ 8 temp] & remov$ all causes ( disc\ragem5t4 ,he _h surviv$ e rival1 & ! _w 0 conv9c$ ( 8 supremacy4 ,pr9ces c\rt$ him2 ! ,c\nt ( ,canossa 0 pr\d to claim him = a k9sman2 /rang]s1 :5 !y visit$ ,rome1 7 eag] to behold 9 him its greate/ liv+ wond]4#cci ,8 old age 0 ! s]5e & spl5did ev5+ ( a toilsome day4 ,b bett] ?an all ?is1 he n[ enjoy$ bo? love & fri5d%ip4 ,if ,mi*ael ,angelo c\ld ev] h be5 h&some is m ?an d\btful4 ,e>ly 9 8 y\? ! qu>relsome & va9 ,torrigiani broke 8 nose ) a bl[ ( ! fi/1 :5 !y 7 draw+ f ,masaccio's frescoes 9 ! ,c>m9e toge!r4#cdj ,!nce=? ! arti/'s s\l look$ =? f a sad face1 ) small grey eyes1 flat no/rils1 & rugg$ weight ( jutt+ br[s4 ,good c>e 0 ?us tak5 t light love %\ld n trifle ) ! man :o 0 de/9$ to be ! prophet ( 8 age 9 art4 ,l ,bee?ov51 he unit$ a lov+ nature1 s5sitive to beauty & desir\s ( affection1 ) a rude ext]ior4 ,he seem$ incapable ( atta*+ himself to any m]ely mortal object1 & w$d$ ! ideal4 ,9 t c5tury ( intrigue & am\r1 we he> ( no?+ to imply t ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 a lov] till he rea*$ ! age ( sixty4 ,h[ he may h lov$ 9 ! e>li] p]iods ( 8 life1 :]e( no record n[ rema9s1 c only be guess$ f ! t5d]ness & passion outp\r$ 9 ! poems ( 8 latt] ye>s4 ,t 8 morality 0 pure & 8 conv]se )\t /a91 is emphatically witness$ by bo? ,vas>i & ,condivi4#cda ,b t 8 emotion 0 int5se1 & t to beauty 9 all its human =ms he 0 ?r\gh\t 8 life a slave1 we h 8 own sonnets to prove4 ,9 ! ye> #aecd he fir/ became acqua9t$ ) ! noble lady ,vittoria1 daught] ( ,fabrizio ,colonna1 & wid[ ( ! ,m>quis ( ,pesc>a4 ,%e 0 !n ag$ =ty-f\r1 & _h n9e ye>s surviv$ ! loss ( a husb& %e nev] ceas$ to idolise4#cdb ,liv+ 9 retirem5t 9 ,rome1 %e employ$ h] leisure ) philosophy & poetry4 ,arti/s & m5 ( lett]s 7 admitt$ to h] society4 ,among ! subjects %e _h mo/ at he>t 0 ! re=m ( ! ,*ur* & ! re/oration ( religion to its evangelical purity4 ,betwe5 h] & ,mi*ael ,angelo a t5d] affection sprang up bas$ ^u ! sympa?y ( ard5t & high-seek+ natures4 ,if love be ! "r "n = ?is exalt$ & yet f]vid atta*m5t1 ,mi*ael ,angelo may be said to h lov$ h] ) all ! p5t-up =ces ( 8 he>t4 ,none ( 8 works display a pr$ilection = girli% beauty1 & x is probable t h] intellectual di/9ction & mature womanhood t\*$ him ev5 m ?an if %e _h be5 y\ng]4 ,:5 !y 7 toge!r 9 ,rome !y met frequ5tly = conv]sation on ! !mes ( art & piety !y bo? held de>4 ,( ^! disc\rses a *>m+ record has be5 pres]v$ to u by ! pa9t] ,francis ( ,holl&4#cdc ,:5 !y 7 sep>at$ !y ex*ang$ poems & wrote lett]s1 "s ( :i* rema94 ,on ! dea? ( ,vittoria1 9 #aedg1 ! light ( life seem$ to be ext+ui%$ = our sculptor4 ,x is said t he wait$ by h] b$-side1 & kiss$ h] h& :5 %e 0 dy+4 ,! sonnets he aft]w>ds compos$ %[ t 8 s\l foll[$ h] to heav54 ,ano!r fri5d :om ,mi*ael ,angelo f\nd 9 ?is la/ /age ( life1 & :om he lov$ ) only less w>m? ?an ,vittoria1 0 a "y ,roman ( p]fect beauty & ( w9n+ mann]s4 ,tommaso ,cavali]i mu/ be m5tion$ next to ! ,m>*ioness ( ,pesc>a z ! be+ :o b\nd ?is greate/ s\l a captive4#cdd ,bo? ,cavali]i & ,vittoria are said to h be5 pa9t$ by him1 & ^! are ! only two portraits he is report$ to h execut$4 ,x may "h be rem>k$ t no?+ is m *>act]i/ic ( 8 g5ius ?an ! det]m9ation to see ?r\gh nature1 to pass beyond ! actual to ! ab/ract1 & to use reality only z a /epp+-/one to ! ideal4 ,?is arti/ic ,platonism 0 ! s\rce bo? ( 8 greatness & 8 mann]ism4 ,z m5 *oose to foll[ ,blake or ,rusk91 !y may praise or blame him2 yet1 blame & praise pron\nc$ on su* a matt] ) reg>d to su* a man are equally imp]t95t & insignificant4 ,x is en\gh = ! critic to note ) rev]5ce t ?us & ?us ! _s t 0 9 him work$ & mov$4 ,:5 we read ! sonnets address$ to ,vittoria ,colonna & ,cavali]i1 we f9d some?+ inexpressibly pa!tic 9 ?is pure & f]v5t wor%ip ( beauty1 :5 ! arti/ ) a s\l /ill "y _h rea*$ ! limit ( ! ye>s ( man4 ,"h & !re we trace 9 !m an e*o ( 8 y\?4 ,! ,platonic dialogues he he>d :ile yet a "y man at ! supp]s ( ,lor5zo1 reappe> conv]t$ to ! v sub/ance ( 8 ?\ght & /yle4 ,at ! same "t ,savon>ola resumes asc5d5cy ov] 8 m9d2 & :5 he turns to ,flor5ce1 x is ( ,dante t he speaks4 ,at la/ ! mom5t came :5 ?is /rong solit>y _s1 mu* suff]+ & mu* lov+1 _h to r5d] its acc\nt4 ,x appe>s f a lett] writt5 to ,lion>do ,buon>roti on ,febru>y #ae1 #aefd1 t 8 old s]vant ,antonio del ,francese1 ! successor ( ,urb9o 9 8 h\sehold1 toge!r ) ,tommaso ,cavali]i & ,daniello ,ricci>elli ( ,volt]ra1 att5d$ him 9 8 la/ illness4 ,on ! #ah? ( t mon?1 hav+ bequea!d 8 s\l to ,god1 8 body to ! e>?1 & 8 worldly goods to 8 k9sfolk1 pray+ !m on _! dea?-b$ to ?9k ^u ,*ri/'s passion1 he brea!d 8 la/4 ,8 corpse 0 transport$ to ,flor5ce1 & buri$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,croce1 ) great pomp & hon\r1 by ! ,duke1 ! city1 & ! ,flor5t9e ,academy4 ,,footnotes3 #bhi ,see ,vas>i1 vol4 xii4 p4 #ccc1 & ,gotti's ,vita di ,mi*elangelo ,buon>roti1 vol4 i4 p4 #d1 = a discussion ( ?is claim1 & = a lett] writt5 by ,aless&ro ,c\nt ( ,canossa1 9 #aebj1 to ! arti/4 #bij ,t ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 contemptu\s to bro!r arti/s1 is prov$ by :at ,torrigiani said to ,cell9i3 ,aveva p] usanza di uccell>e tutti quelli *e dissegnavano4 ,he call$ ,p]ug9o g(fo1 told ,francia's son t 8 fa!r made h&som] m5 by night ?an by day1 & ca/ 9 ,lion>do's tee? t he c\ld n f9i% ! eque/rian /atue ( ! ,duke ( ,milan4 ,x is !re=e n improbable t :51 accord+ to ! leg5d1 he correct$ a draw+ ( ,ghirl&ajo's1 he may h said ?+s un5durable to ! eld] pa9t]4 #bia ,engrav$ 9 outl9e 9 ,h>=d's ,illu/rations ( ! ,g5ius ( ,mi*ael ,angelo ,buon>roti1 ,colnaghi1 #aheg4 #bib ,?is gr\p1 plac$ 9 ,s4 ,pet]'s1 0 made = ! ,fr5* ,c>d9al de ,sa9t ,d5ys4 ,x %\ld be said t ! fir/ "w ( ,mi*ael ,angelo 9 ,rome 0 ! ,bac*us n[ 9 ! ,flor5t9e ,b>gello1 execut$ = ,jacopo ,gallo1 a ,roman g5tleman4 #bic ,pitti approv$ ( ! =m ( gov]nm5t repres5t$ by ,sod]9i4 ,ma*iavelli despis$ ! want ( decision t made him quit ,flor5ce1 & ! eu!ia ( ! man4 ,h5ce _! curi\sly conflict+ phrases4 #bid ,see ! *apt] entitl$ ,della ,malitia e pessme ,conditioni del ,tyranno1 9 ,savon>ola's ,tractato circa el reggim5to e gov]no della ,citta di ,fir5ze compo/o ad in/antia delli excelsi ,signori al tempo di ,giuliano ,salviati1 ,gonfaloni]e di ,ju/itia4 ,a m t]rible picture has nev] be5 drawn by any analy/ ( human vice & cruelty & weakness4 #bie ,gua/i's edition ( ! ,rime1 p4 #bf4 #bif ,he def5ds himself ?us 9 a lett] to ,lodovico ,buon>roti3 ,del caso dei ,m$ici io non mai p>lato contra di loro cosa nessuna1 se non 9 quel modo *e s' p>lato g5]alm5te p] ogn' uomo1 come fu del caso di ,prato2 *e se le pietre avess9 saputo p>l>e1 n' avrebbono p>lato4 #big ,x seems cle> f ! correspond5ce 9 ! ,ar*ivio ,buon>roti1 rec5tly publi%$1 t :5 ,mi*ael ,angelo fl$ f ,flor5ce to ,v5ice 9 #aebi1 he did s "u ! pressure ( no ignoble panic1 b because 8 life 0 ?reat5$ by a traitor1 act+ possibly at ! secret in/ance ( ,malate/a ,baglioni4 ,see ,hea? ,wilson1 pp4 #cbf-ccj4 #bih ,see ,gua/i1 p4 #d4 #bii ,vol4 ,i41 ,age ( ! ,despots1 p4 #bea4 #cjj ,to ^! ye>s we mu/ also assign ! two unf9i%$ m$allions ( ,madonna & ! infant ,*ri/1 ! circul> oil picture ( ! ,holy ,family1 pa9t$ = ,angelo ,doni1 & ! beautiful unf9i%$ picture ( ,madonna ) ! boy ,jesus & ,s4 ,john 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,! la/ ( ^! works is "o ( ! lovelie/ ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's productions1 :e!r we reg>d ! symmetry ( its composition or ! ref9em5t ( its types4 ,! two gr\ps ( two boys /&+ beh9d ! c5tral gr\p on ei!r h& ( ! ,virg91 h incomp>able beauty ( =m4 ,! supreme /yle ( ! ,si/9e is "h reveal$ to u 9 embryo4 ,:e!r ! ,entombm5t1 also unf9i%$1 & also 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 belongs to ?is "t1 & :e!r x be ,mi*ael ,angelo's at all1 is a matt] = ! exp]ts to decide4 ,to my p]ception1 x is q unwor?y ( ! pa9t] ( ! ,doni ,holy family2 nor c ,i ?9k t 8 want ( practice 9 oil-pa9t+ w expla9 its want ( *>m & vig\r4 #cja ,x has long be5 believ$ t ,baccio ,b&9elli de/roy$ ,mi*ael ,angelo's2 b ,grimm1 9 8 ,life ( ! sculptor 7vol4 i4 p4 #cgf1 ,eng4 ,tr471 adduces solid argum5ts aga9/ ?is leg5d4 ,a few /udies1 toge!r ) ! engrav+s ( portions by ,m>c ,antonio & ,ago/9o ,v5eziano1 enable u to =m a notion ( ! composition4 ,at ,holkham !re is an old copy ( ! l>g] portion ( ! c>toon1 :i* has be5 engrav$ by ,s*iavonetti1 & reproduc$ 9 ,h>=d's ,illu/rations1 plate x4 #cjb ,vita1 p4 #bc4 ,cell9i1 ! impassion$ admir] ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 e/eem$ ?is c>toon s highly1 t he writes3 ,sebb5e il div9o ,mi*elagnolo fece la gran cappella di ,papa ,julio da poi1 non arriv mai a que/o segno alla meta3 la sua virt non aggiunse mai da poi alla =za di quei primi /udj4 #cjc ,! c>toon 0 probably exhibit$ 9 #aeje4 ,see ,gotti1 vol4 i4 p4 #ce4 #cjd ,gotti1 pp4 #bgg-bhb4 #cje ,spr+]1 9 8 essay1 ,mi*ael ,agnolo 9 ,rome1 p4 #ba1 makes out t ?is l>ge design 0 n conceiv$ till aft] ! dea? ( ,julius4 ,x is difficult to =m a cle> notion ( ! _m *anges 9 ! plan ( ! tomb1 betwe5 #aeje & #aedb1 :5 ,mi*ael ,angelo sign$ ! la/ contract ) ! heirs ( ,julius4 #cjf ,9 ! ,uffizzi at ,flor5ce4 ,see ,hea? ,wilson1 plate vi4 #cjg ,boboli ,g>d5s1 ,b>gello1 ,l\vre4 ,^! captives are unf9i%$4 ,! ,ra*el & ,leah at ,s4 ,pietro 9 ,v9coli 7 committ$ to pupils by ,mi*ael ,angelo4 #cjh ,*e mi fosso messo a f>e zolfanelli4444 ,son ogni di lapidato1 come se havessi crucifisso ,cri/o4444 io mi truovo av]e p]duta tutta la mia giov9ezza legato a que/a sepoltura4 #cji ,gotti1 p4 #db4 ,grimm makes two visits to ,c>r>a 9 #aeje & #aejf1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bci1 #bdc4 #caj ,see 8 lett]4 ,gotti1 p4 #dd4 #caa ,our au?orities = ?is episode 9 ,mi*ael ,angelo's biography are ma9ly ,vas>i & ,condivi4 ,?\gh !re may be exagg]ation 9 ! leg5d1 x is c]ta9 t a correspond5ce took place betwe5 ! ,pope & ! ,gonfaloni] ( ,flor5ce1 to br+ ab\t 8 return4 ,see ,hea? ,wilson1 pp4 #gi-hg1 & ! lett] to ,giuliano di ,san ,gallo 9 ,milanesi's ,ar*ivio ,buon>roti1 p4 #cgg4 ,mi*ael ,angelo appe>s to h _h "s reason to fe> assass9ation 9 ,rome4 #cab ,see ,mi*ael ,angelo's lett]s to ,giovan ,francesco ,fattucci1 & 8 family4 ,gotti1 pp4 #ee-fe4 #cac ,see ! sonnet to ,giovanni da ,pi/oja3-- ,la mia pittura morta ,dif5di orma'1 ,giovanni1 e 'l mio onore1 ,non s5do 9 loco bon1 n io pittore4 #cad ,accord+ to ! fir/ plan1 ,mi*ael ,angelo b>ga9$ ) ! ,pope = twelve ,apo/les 9 ! lunettes1 & ano!r "p to be fill$ ) ornam5t 9 ! usual mann]--dodici ,apo/oli nelle lunette1 e 'l re/o un c]to p>tim5to ripi5o d' adornam5ti come si usa4 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 aft] mak+ designs = ?is commission1 told ! ,pope he ?\ght ! ro( w\ld look poor1 because ! ,apo/les 7 poor folk--p]* furon pov]i an*e loro4 ,he !n began 8 c>toons = ! vault z x n[ exi/s4 ,see ! lett] to ,s] ,giovan ,francesco ,fattucci1 9 ! ,ar*ivio ,buon>roti1 ,milanesi1 pp4 #dbf-dbg4 ,?is seems to be ! f\ndation = an old /ory ( ! ,pope's compla9+ t ! ,si/9e ro( look$ poor )\t gild+1 & ,mi*ael ,angelo's reply t ! ,biblical p]sonages depict$ !re 7 b poor p4 #cae ,bramante1 ! ,pope's ar*itect1 did 9 tru? fail to con/ruct ! prop] scaffold+1 :e!r ?r\gh inability or jeal\sy4 ,mi*ael ,angelo design$ a sup]ior sy/em ( 8 own1 :i* became a model = future ar*itects 9 simil> con/ructions4 #caf ,see *apt]s vi4 vii4 & viii4 ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,hea? ,wilson's admirable ,life ( ,mi*el ,angelo4 ,aurelio ,gotti's ,vita di ,mi*el ,agnolo1 & ,anton ,spr+]'s ,mi*ael ,agnolo 9 ,rome1 des]ve to be consult$ on ?is passage 9 ! pa9t]'s biography4 #cag ,! conditions "u :i* ,mi*ael ,angelo work$1 )\t a tra9$ b& ( pupils1 mu/ h /ruck contempor>ies1 accu/om$ to ,raphael's cr[ds ( assi/ants1 ) a wond] t ju/ifi$ ,vas>i's emphatic language ( exagg]ation z to 8 s+le-h&$ lab\r4 #cah ,9 speak+ ( ! ,si/9e ,i h treat$ ,mi*ael ,angelo z a sculptor1 & x 0 a sculptor :o design$ ^? frescoes4 ,n io pittore is 8 own phrase4 ,comp>e an autotype ( ,adam 9 ! ,si/9e ) "o ( ,twilight 9 ,s4 ,lor5zo3 x is cle> t 9 ! =m] ,mi*ael ,angelo pa9t$ :at he w\ld h be5 well pleas$ to c>ve4 ,a sculptor's g5ius 0 ne$$ = ! modell+ ( ^? _m figures2 x 01 moreov]1 n a pa9t]'s "p to deal ?us drily ) col\r4 #cai ,! ,laur5tian ,libr>y1 h[ev]1 0 built 9 #aebd4 #cbj ,see ,gotti1 pp4 #aej1 #aee1 #aeh1 #aei1 = ! correspond5ce :i* pass$ ^u ! subject1 & ! v>i\s alt]ations 9 ! plan4 ,z 9 ! case ( all ,mi*ael ,angelo's works1 except ! ,si/9e1 only a small portion ( ! orig9al project 0 execut$4 #cba ,cosimo de' ,m$ici f\nd x impossible to induce him to return to ,flor5ce4 ,see ,b4 ,cell9i's ,life1 p4 #dcf1 = 8 way ( receiv+ ! ,duke's ov]tures4 #cbb ,see above1 ,*apt] ,,ii1 ,mi*ael ,angelo4 #cbc ,vas>i names ! gloomy /atue1 call$ by ! ,italians ,il ,p5s]oso1 ,lor5zo1 ,duke ( ,urb9o1 ! sprightly "o1 ,giuliano1 ,duke ( ,nem\rs2 & ?is contempor>y tradition has be5 rec5tly confirm$ by an inspection ( ! ,p5s]oso's tomb 7see a lett] to ! ,academy1 ,m>* #ac1 #ahge1 by ,mr4 ,*>les ,hea? ,wilson74 ,grimm1 9 8 ,life ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 gave plausible ae/hetic reasons :y we %\ld rev]se ! nom5clature2 b ! discov]y ( two bodies b5ea? ! ,p5s]oso1 almo/ c]ta9ly ^? ( ,lor5zo & 8 suppos$ son ,aless&ro1 ju/ifies ,vas>i4 ,nei!r ( ^! /atues c be accept$ z a portrait4 #cbd ,! ,bac*us ( ! ,b>gello1 ! ,david1 ! ,*ri/1 ( ! ,m9]va1 ! ,duke ( ,nem\rs1 & ! almo/ f9i%$ ,night1 might also be m5tion$4 ,8 *alk draw+s ( ! ,b]sagli]i1 ! ,infant ,bac*anals1 ! ,fall ( ,pha?on1 & ! ,puni%m5t ( ,tityos1 n[ 9 ! ,royal ,collection at ,w9dsor1 prove t ev5 9 old age ,mi*ael ,angelo c>ri$ delicacy ( execution z a draughtsman to a po9t n surpass$ ev5 by ,lion>do4 ,few frescoes1 aga91 7 ev] f9i%$ ) m consci5ti\s elaboration ?an ^? ( ! ,si/9e vault4 #cbe ,see ,v>*i1 at ! end ( ! ,/oria ,fior5t9a1 = episodes 9 ! life ( ,pi] ,luigi ,f>nese1 & ,cell9i = a popul> e/imate ( ! ,c>d9al1 8 fa!r4 #cbf ,?is extract f ,ces>e ,balbo's ,p5si]i sulla ,/oria d' ,italia1 ,le ,monni]1 #aheh1 p4 #eg1 may help to expla9 ! situation3 ,e se lasci&o gli uom9i e i nomi gr&i de' gov]nanti1 noi v5issimo a quella /oria1 troppo sov5te negletta1 dei piccoli1 dei pi1 dei gov]nati *e sono 9 somma scopo d' ogni sorta di gov]no2 se1 coll' aiuto delle tante memorie rima/e di quell' secolo1 noi ci adde/rassimo a conosc]e la condizione comune e privata degli ,italiani di quell' et1 noi trov]emmo trasmesse dai gov]nanti a' gov]nati1 e ritornate da que/i a quelli1 tali univ]sali sco/umatezze ed immoralit1 tali fiac*ezze e p]fidie1 tali mollezze e libid9i1 tali ozi e tali vizi1 tali avvilim5ti insomma e corruzioni1 *e sembrano app5a cr$ibili 9 una et d' incivilm5to cri/iano4 #cbg ,vas>i's description moves our laught] ) its j>gon ab\t attitud9i bellissime e scorti molto mirabili1 :5 ! man1 9 spite ( 8 hone/ & en?usia/ic admiration1 is s little capable ( p5etrat+ ! pa9t]'s ?\ght4 ,mr4 ,rusk9 leaves ! same impression z ,vas>i3 he too makes mu* talk ab\t attitudes & muscles 9 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 & seems to be on ,vas>i's level z to compreh5d+ him4 ,! diff]5ce is t ,vas>i praises1 ,rusk9 blames2 bo? miss ! m>k4 #cbh possibile *e voi1 *e p] ess]e div9o non degnate il consortio degli huom9i1 haviate ci fatto nel maggior tempio di ,dio84444 ,9 un bagno delitioso1 non 9 un *oro supremo si conv5iva il f> vo/ro4 ,^? :o are curi\s may consult ,aret9o's correspond5ce ) ,mi*ael ,angelo 9 8 publi%$ lett]s 7,p>igi1 #afji71 lib4 i4 p4 #aec2 lib4 ii4 p4 #i2 lib4 iii4 pp4 #de1 #abb2 lib4 iv4 p4 #cg4 #cbi ,braun's autotypes ( ! vault frescoes %[ :at ravage ! lapse ( "t has wr\ght 9 !m1 by ! crack+ ( ! pla/]1 ! peel+ (f 9 places ( ! upp] surface1 & ! deposit ( dirt & cobwebs4 ,mr4 ,hea? ,wilson1 aft] c>eful exam9ation1 pron\nces t n only "t1 b ! wilful h& ( man1 re-pa9t+ & wa%+ ! delicate t9t-coats ) corrosive acids1 has contribut$ to _! ru94 #ccj ,hi/oire de la ,pe9ture en ,italie1 p4 #ccb4 #cca ,t is n c\nt+ ! frescoes ( ! ,cappella ,paol9a 9 ! ,vatican1 pa9t$ ab\t #aedd1 :i* are n[ 9 a f> worse /ate ev5 ?an ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 & :i* c nev] h done m ?an %[ 8 /yle 9 decad5ce4 #ccb ,see above1 ,*apt] ,,ii1 ,s4 ,pet]'s4 #ccc ,see ,gotti1 p4 #cjg1 or ,ar*ivio ,buon>roti1 p4 #ece4 #ccd ,i h res]v$ my translation ( ! sonnets t ca/ mo/ light ^u ,mi*ael ,angelo's ?\ght & feel+ = an ,app5dix1 ,no4 ,,ii4 #cce ,! majority ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's lett]s are writt5 on dome/ic matt]s--ab\t ! affairs ( 8 bro!rs & 8 fa!r4 ,:5 !y vex$ him1 he w\ld break out into expressions l ! foll[+3 ,io son ito1 da dodici anni 9 qua1 tap9&o p] tutta ,italia2 sopportato ogni v]gognia2 patito ogni /5to2 lac]ato il corpo mio 9 ogni fatica2 messa la vita propria a mille p]icoli1 solo p] aiut> la casa mia4 ,!y are g5]ally full ( good c\nsel & s\nd love4 ,h[ he lov$ 8 fa!r may be se5 9 ! t]za rima poem on 8 dea? 9 #aecd4 #ccf ,notice ?is expression 9 a lett] to 8 fa!r1 writt5 f ,rome1 ab\t #aeab1 ,ba/ivi av]e del pane1 e vivete b5 con ,cri/o e pov]am5te2 come fo io qua1 *e vivo mes*9am5te4 ,x does n seem t he ev] alt]$ ?is poor way ( liv+4 ,= 8 hir+ at ,bologna1 9 #aejg1 a s+le room ) "o b$ 9 x1 = himself & 8 ?ree workm51 see ,gotti1 p4 #eh4 ,8 fa!r 9 #aejj rebuk$ him = ! meanness ( 8 e/abli%m5t2 ibid4 p4 #bc4 ,x appe>s t he 0 always s5d+ money home4 #ccg ,io /o qua 9 gr&e afanno1 e con gr&issima fatica di corpo1 e non amici di nessuna sorte1 e none voglio3 e non tanto tempo *e io possa mangi>e el bisognio mio4 ,lett] to ,gismondo1 publi%$ by ,grimm4 ,see1 too1 ,seba/ian del ,piombo's lett] to him ( ,novemb] #i1 #aebj3 ,ma fate paura a ognuno1 ins9o a' papi4 ,comp>e1 too1 ! lett] ( ,seba/ian1 ,oct4 #ae1 #aeab1 9 :i* ,julius is report$ to h said1 t]ribile1 come tu v$i1 non se pol pratic> con lui4 ,aga91 ,mi*ael ,angelo writes3 ,/o sempesolo1 vo poco attorno e non p>lo a p]sona e mass9o di fior5t9i4 ,gotti1 p4 #bee4 #cch ,:5 any?+ w5t wrong ) him1 he became moody & vehem5t3 ,non vi m>avigliate *e io vi abbi scritto alle volte cosi /izosam5te1 *e io alle volte di gran passione1 p] molte cagioni *e av5gono a *i fuor di casa4 ,s he writes to 8 fa!r 9 #adih4 ,a lett] to ,luigi del ,riccio ( #aede1 is sign$ ,mi*elagnolo ,buon>roti non pittore1 n scultore1 n ar*itettore1 ma quel *e voi volete1 ma none briaco1 come vi dissi1 9 casa4 #cci ,see ! lett]s ( ,cosimo de' ,m$ici1 ,gotti1 pp4 #cja-cac1 ! lett] ( ,c\nt ,aless&ro da ,canossa1 ibid4 p4 #d1 & ,pi] ,vettori's lett] to ,borgh9i1 ab\t ! visit ( "s ,g]man g5tlem51 ibid4 p4 #cae4 #cdj ,see ! /ory z told by ,torrigiani himself 9 ,cell9i1 ed4 ,le ,monni]1 p4 #bc4 #cda ,aft] say+ t he talk$ ( love l ,plato1 ,condivi cont9ues3 ,non s5ti mai uscir di quella bocca se non p>ole one/issime1 e *e avevan =za d' e/+u]e nella giov5t ogni incompo/o e sfr5ato desid]io *e 9 lei potesse cad]e4 ,comp>e ,scipione ,ammirato1 quot$ by ,gua/i1 ,le ,rime1 p4 xi4 #cdb ,h] int5se affection = ! ,m>quis ( ,pesc>a1 to :om %e _h be5 betro!d by h] fa!r at ! age ( five1 is suffici5tly prov$ by ^? _m sonnets & canzoni 9 :i* %e speaks ( him z h] ,sun4 #cdc ,see ,grimm1 vol4 ii4 #cdd ,see ! ,sonnets translat$ 9 my ,app5dix & 9 my ,sonnets ( ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,campanella1 ,london1 ,smi? ,eld]1 #ahgh4 ,see also ! lett]s to ,cavali]i1 quot$ by ,gotti1 pp4 #bca1 #bcb1 #bcd4 ,x is surely /ra9$ criticism to conjecture1 z ,gotti has done1 t ^! epi/les 7 meant = ,vittoria1 ?\gh writt5 to ,cavali]i4 ,tak5 toge!r ) ! sonnets & ! lett] ( ,b>tolommeo ,angiol9i 7,gotti1 p4 #bcc71 !y seem to me to prove only ,mi*ael ,angelo's w>m love = ?is "y man4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,life ,,( ,,b5v5uto ,,cell9i ,8 ,fame--,8 ,autobiography--,its ,value = ! ,/ud5t ( ,hi/ory1 ,mann]s1 & ,"*1 9 ! ,r5aissance--,bir?1 ,p>5tage1 & ,boyhood--,flute-play+--,appr5tice%ip to ,m>cone--,w&]jahr--,! ,goldsmi?'s ,trade at ,flor5ce--,torrigiani & ,engl&--,cell9i leaves ,flor5ce = ,rome--,qu>rel ) ! ,guasconti--,homicidal ,fury--,cell9i a ,law to ,himself--,?ree ,p]iods 9 8 ,manhood--,life 9 ,rome--,diego at ! ,banquet--,r5aissance ,feel+ = ,physical ,beauty--,sack ( ,rome--,miracles 9 ,cell9i's ,life--,8 ,affections--,murd] ( 8 ,bro!r's ,assass9--,sanctu>y--,p>don & ,absolution--,incantation 9 ! ,colosseum--,fir/ ,visit to ,france--,adv5tures on ! ,way--,accus$ ( ,/eal+ ,cr[n ,jewels 9 ,rome--,imprisonm5t 9 ! ,ca/le ( ,s4 ,angelo--,! ,gov]nor--,cell9i's ,escape--,8 ,visions--,! ,nature ( 8 ,religion--,second ,visit to ,france--,! ,w&]+ ,c\rt--,le ,petit ,nesle--,cell9i 9 ! ,fr5* ,law ,c\rts--,sc5e at ,fonta9ebleau--,return to ,flor5ce--,cosimo de' ,m$ici z a ,patron--,intrigues ( a petty ,c\rt--,b&9elli--,! ,du*ess--,/atue ( ,p]seus--,end ( ,cell9i's ,life--,cell9i & ,ma*iavelli4 ,few names 9 ! hi/ory ( ,italian art are m r5[n$ ?an t ( ,b5v5uto ,cell9i4 ,?is c h>dly be attribut$ to ! value ( 8 extant works2 = ?\gh1 :ile he liv$1 he 0 ! greate/ goldsmi? ( 8 "t1 a skill$ m$alli/ & an admirable /atu>y1 few ( 8 _m ma/]pieces n[ survive4 ,! plate & arm\r t be> 8 "n1 are only 9 "s r>e in/ances g5u9e2 & ! bronze ,p]seus 9 ! ,loggia de' ,lanzi at ,flor5ce rema9s almo/ alone to %[ h[ high he rank$ among ! lat] ,tuscan sculptors4 ,if1 !re=e1 ,cell9i _h be5 judg$ m]ely by ! au!ntic productions ( 8 art1 he w\ld n h acquir$ a celebrity unique among 8 fell[-work]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,t fame he owes to ! circum/ance t he left beh9d him at 8 dea? a full & graphic n>rative ( 8 /ormy life4 ,! vivid /yle ( ?is autobiography dictat$ by ,cell9i :ile /ill engag$ 9 ! lab\r ( 8 craft1 its animat$ picture ( a p[]ful "*1 ! v>iety ( its incid5ts1 & ! am\nt ( in=mation x conta9s1 place x high bo? z a life-romance & also z a record ( contempor>y hi/ory4 ,aft] /udy+ ! lab\r$ p]iods ( ,v>*i1 we turn to ^! memoirs1 & view ! same ev5ts f ! /&po9t ( an artisan convey+ 8 impressions ) plebeian rac9ess ( phrase4 ,! sack ( ,rome1 ! plague & siege ( ,flor5ce1 ! humiliation ( ,clem5t ,,vii41 ! pomp ( ,*>les ,v4 at ,rome1 ! behavi\r ( ! ,flor5t9e exiles at ,f]r>a1 ! intimacy betwe5 ,aless&ro de' ,m$ici & 8 murd]]1 ,lor5z9o1 ! policy ( ,paul ,,iii41 & ! me?od pursu$ by ,cosimo at ,flor5ce1 are briefly b significantly t\*$ ^u--no long] by ! hi/orian seek+ causes & sett+ =? ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 b by a %rewd obs]v] int]e/$ 9 depict+ 8 own "p 9 ! great game ( life4 ,cell9i haunt$ ! private rooms ( popes & pr9ces2 he knew ! *ief actors ( 8 day1 j z ! valet kn[s ! h]o2 & ! picturesque glimpses into _! life we ga9 f him1 add ! *>m ( col\r & reality to hi/ory4 ,at ! same "t ?is book pres5ts an admirable picture ( an arti/'s life at ,rome1 ,p>is1 & ,flor5ce4 ,cell9i 0 ess5tially an ,italian ( ! ,c9que-c5to4 ,8 passions 7 ! passions ( 8 c\ntrym52 8 vices 7 ! vices ( 8 "t2 8 ecc5tricity & en]gy & vital =ce 7 :at ! age idealis$ z virt4 ,comb9+ r>e arti/ic gifts ) a mo/ viol5t temp] & a mo/ ob/9ate w1 he pa9ts himself at "o "t z a consci5ti\s craftsman1 at ano!r z a desp]ate bravo4 ,he obeys 8 in/9cts & indulges 8 appetites ) ! irreflective simplicity ( an animal4 ,9 ! pursuit ( v5geance & ! commission ( murd] he is self-reliant1 coolly calculat+1 fi]ce & fatal z a tig]4 ,yet 8 religi\s f]v\r is s9c]e2 8 impulses are g5]\s2 & 8 he>t on ! :ole is good4 ,8 vanity is inord9ate2 & 8 unmi/akable c\rage is impair$1 to ,nor!rn appreh5sion1 by swagg]+ bravado4 ,! mixture ( ^! qualities 9 a p]sonality s natural & s cle>ly limn$ r5d]s ,cell9i a mo/ preci\s subject = ! /ud5t ( ,r5aissance life & "*4 ,ev5 suppos+ him to h be5 exceptionally passionate1 he 0 made ( ! same /uff z 8 contempor>ies4 ,we are ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ ?is n only f collat]al evid5ce & f :at he tells u1 b also f ! me$ ( hon\r he receiv$4 ,9 ,europe ( ! pres5t day he c\ld h>dly fail to be reg>d$ z a ruffian1 a dang]\s di/urb] ( morality & ord]4 ,9 8 own age he 0 held 9 high e/eem & buri$ by 8 fell[-citiz5s ) public c]emonies4 ,a fun]al oration 0 pron\nc$ ov] 8 grave 9 praise bo? ( 8 life & works1 & also ( 8 excell5t disposition ( m9d & body4#cde ,he dictat$ ! memoirs t pa9t him z blood?ir/y1 s5sual1 & rev5geful1 9 ! leisure ( 8 old age1 & left !m ) complac5cy to s]ve z witness ( 8 manly virtues to po/]ity4 ,ev5 ,vas>i1 :om he hat$1 & :o reciprocat$ 8 ill-w1 records t he always %[$ himself a man ( great _s & v]acity1 bold1 active1 ent]pris+1 & =midable to 8 enemies2 a man1 9 %ort1 :o knew z well h[ to speak to pr9ces z to ex]t himself 9 8 art4 ,en\gh has be5 said to prove t ,cell9i 0 n inf]ior to ! av]age morality ( ! ,r5aissance1 & t we are ju/ifi$ 9 accept+ 8 life z a valuable hi/orical docum5t4#cdf ,to give a detail$ acc\nt ( a book pron\nc$ by ,horace ,walpole m amus+ ?an any novel1 receiv$ by ,p>9i & ,tirabos*i z ! mo/ delightful ma/]piece ( ,italian prose1 translat$ into ,g]man by ,goe!1 & plac$ ^u 8 index ( select works by ,augu/e ,comte1 may seem sup]flu\s4 ,yet ,i _c af=d to omit f my plan ! mo/ s+ul> & *>act]i/ic episode 9 ! private hi/ory ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,i ne$ x = ! concrete illu/ration ( mu* t has be5 said 9 ?is & ! prec$+ volumes ( my "w4 ,cell9i 0 born ( respectable p>5ts at ,flor5ce on ! night ( ,all ,sa9ts' ,day 9 #aejj1 & 0 call$ ,b5v5uto to record 8 fa!r's joy at hav+ a son4#cdg ,x 0 ! wi% ( ,giovanni ,cell9i's he>t t 8 son %\ld be a musician4 ,b5v5uto 9 consequ5ce practis$ ! flute = _m ye>s att5tively1 ?\gh mu* aga9/ 8 w4 ,at ! age ( fifte5 s great 0 8 desire to le>n ! arts ( design t 8 fa!r plac$ him "u ! c>e ( ! goldsmi? ,m>cone4 ,at ! same "t he tells u 9 8 memoirs3 ,i cont9u$ to play sometimes ?r\gh complaisance to my fa!r ei!r ^u ! flute or ! horn2 & ,i con/antly drew te>s & deep sighs f him e "t he he>d me4 ,:ile engag$ 9 ! work%op ( ,m>cone1 ,b5v5uto came to bl[s ) "s "y m5 :o _h attack$ 8 bro!r1 & 0 oblig$ to leave ,flor5ce = a "t4 ,at ?is p]iod he visit$ ,si5a1 ,bologna1 & ,pisa1 gam+ 8 livelihood by work+ 9 ! %ops ( goldsmi?s1 & /eadily advanc+ 9 8 art4 ,x mu/ n be ?\ght t ?is education 0 a mean "o = s great an arti/4 ,pa9t+ & sculpture 9 ,italy 7 reg>d$ z trades1 & ! arti/ _h 8 bottega j z mu* z ! cobbl] or ! blacksmi?4#cdh ,i h already _h occasion to po9t out t an appr5tice%ip to goldsmi?'s "w 0 consid]$ at ,flor5ce an almo/ indisp5sable comm5cem5t ( advanc$ art-/udy4#cdi ,brunelles*i1 ,botticelli1 ,orcagna1 ,v]oc*io1 ,ghib]ti1 ,pollajuolo1 ,ghirl&ajo1 ,luca della ,robbia1 all und]w5t ?is tra9+ be=e !y appli$ !mselves to ar*itecture1 pa9t+1 & sculpture4 ,z ! goldsmi?'s craft 0 und]/ood 9 ,flor5ce1 x exact$ ! mo/ exquisite nicety 9 p]=mance z well z design4 ,x =c$ ! /ud5t to famili>ise himself ) ! mat]ials1 in/rum5ts1 & te*nical processes ( art2 s t1 lat] on 9 life1 he 0 n tempt$ to leave ! execution ( 8 "w to j\rneym5 & hirel+s4#cej ,no lab\r seem$ too m9ute1 no metal 0 too mean1 = ! ex]cise ( ! ma/]-workman's skill2 nor did he run ! risk ( becom+ "o ( ^? half-amateurs 9 :om accompli%m5t falls %ort ( fir/ conception4 ,art ennobl$ = him all t he 0 call$ to d4 ,:e!r c>d9als requir$ him to fa%ion silv] vases = _! banquet-tables2 or ladies wi%$ ! sett+ ( _! jewels alt]$2 or a pope want$ ! enamell$ b9d+ ( a book ( pray]s2 or m5-at-arms s5t swordblades to be damasc5$ ) acan?us foliage2 or k+s desir$ f\nta9s & /atues = _! palace c\rts2 or poets begg$ to h _! portraits ca/ 9 bronze2 or g5]als ne$$ m$als to commemorate _! victories1 or dukes new co9s = _! m9t2 or bi%ops ord]$ reliqu>ies = ! alt>s ( _! patron sa9ts2 or m]*ants s\ght = seals & signet r+s engrav$ ) _! device2 or m5 ( fa%ion ask$ = m$allions ( ,l$a & ,adonis to fa/5 9 _! caps--all ^! commissions c\ld be und]tak5 by a workman l ,cell9i4 ,he 0 prep>$ = all alike by 8 appr5tice%ip to orfevria2 & to all he gave ! same am\nt ( consci5ti\s toil4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t1 at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance1 furniture1 plate1 jewels1 & articles ( p]sonal adornm5t 7 objects ( true art4 ,! m9d ( ! craftsman 0 ex]cis$ afre% 9 e piece ( "w4 ,pretty ?+s 7 n b\ght1 ma*9e-made1 by ! gross 9 a w>eh\se2 nor 0 x cu/om>y1 z n[ x is1 to see ! same design repeat$ ) me*anical regul>ity 9 e h\se4 ,9 #aeah ,b5v5uto return$ to ,flor5ce & began to /udy ! c>toons ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,he mu/ h already acquir$ consid]able reputation z a workman1 = ab\t ?is "t ,torrigiani invit$ him to g to ,engl& 9 8 company & ent] ! s]vice ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,! ,r5aissance 0 n[ beg9n+ to p5etrate ! nations ( ! ,nor?1 & ,h5ry & ,francis vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 try+ to attract =eign arti/s to _! capitals4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 appe> t ! ,engli% k+ secur$ ! s]vices ( m5 s di/+ui%$ z ,lion>do da ,v9ci1 ,,ii ,rosso1 ,primaticcio1 ,del ,s>to1 & ,cell9i1 :o %$ an artificial lu/re on ! ,c\rt ( ,france4 ,go+ to ,london !n 0 worse ?an go+ to ,russia n[1 & to take up a l5g?y resid5ce among que/i diavoli 444 quelle be/ie di quegli ,+lesi1 z ,cell9i politely calls ! ,engli%1 did n suit a ,s\!rn ta/e4 ,he _h1 moreov]1 private reasons = dislik+ ,torrigiani1 :o boa/$ ( hav+ brok5 ,mi*ael ,angelo's nose 9 a qu>rel4 ,8 words1 says ,cell9i1 rais$ 9 me su* a hatr$ ( ! fell[ t1 f> f wi%+ to accompany him to ,engl&1 ,i c\ld n be> to look at him4 ,x may be m5tion$ t "o ( ,cell9i's be/ po9ts 0 h]o-wor%ip = ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,he nev] speaks ( him except z quel div9o ,mi*el ,agnolo1 il mio mae/ro1 & extols la bella mani]a ( ! mighty sculptor to ! skies4 ,torrigiani1 z f> z we c ga!r f ,cell9i's description ( him1 mu/ h be5 a man ( 8 own kidney & complexion3 he 0 h&some1 ( consummate assurance1 hav+ r ! airs ( a bravo ?an a sculptor2 above all1 8 fi]ce ge/ures & 8 sonor\s voice1 ) a peculi> mann] ( knitt+ 8 br[s1 7 en\gh to fright5 ev]yone t saw him2 & he 0 cont9ually talk+ ( 8 valiant feats among ^? be>s ( ,engli%m54 ,! /ory ( ,torrigiani's dea? 9 ,spa9 is wor? repeat+4 ,a gr&ee employ$ him to model a ,madonna1 :i* he did ) m ?an usual c>e1 expect+ a great rew>d4 ,8 pay1 h[ev]1 fall+ %ort ( is expectation1 9 a fit ( fury he knock$ 8 /atue to pieces4 ,= ?is act ( sacrilege1 z x 0 deem$1 to ! "w ( 8 own bra9 & h&1 ,torrigiani 0 ?r[n into ! dungeons ( ! ,inquisition4 ,!re he />v$ himself to dea? 9 #aebb 9 ord] to escape ! fate ( be+ burn$4 ,?is /ory helps to expla9 :y ! f9e arts 7 nev] well develop$ 9 ,spa91 & :y !y langui%$ aft] ! introduction ( ! ,holy ,(fice into ,italy4#cea ,in/ead ( emigrat+ to ,engl&1 ,b5v5uto1 aft] a qu>rel ) 8 fa!r ab\t ! obnoxi\s flute-play+1 saunt]$ out "o morn+ t[>d ! gate ( ,s4 ,pi]o ,gattol9i4 ,!re he met a fri5d call$ ,tasso1 :o _h also qu>rell$ ) 8 p>5ts2 & ! two y\?s agre$1 ^u ! mom5t1 to set (f = ,rome4 ,bo? 7 n9ete5 ye>s ( age4 ,s++ & laugh+1 c>ry+ _! bundle by turns1 & wond]+ :at ! old folks w\ld say1 !y trudg$ on foot to ,si5a1 !re hir$ a return horse betwe5 !m1 & s came to ,rome4 ,?is resid5ce 9 ,rome only la/$ two ye>s1 :i* 7 sp5t by ,cell9i 9 ! employm5t ( v>i\s ma/]s4 ,at ! expiration ( t "t he return$ to ,flor5ce1 & di/+ui%$ himself by ! mak+ ( a m>riage girdle = a c]ta9 ,raffaello ,lapacc9i4#ceb ,! fame ( ?is & o!r pieces ( jewell]y r\s$ aga9/ him ! envy & malice ( ! eld] goldsmi?s1 & l$ to a s]i\s fray1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he assault$ a "y man ( ! ,guasconti family1 & 0 oblig$ to fly disguis$ l a monk to ,rome4 ,z ?is is ! fir/ ( ,cell9i's homicidal qu>rels1 x is wor? :ile to transcribe :at he says ab\t x4 ,"o day z ,i 0 lean+ aga9/ ! %op ( ^! ,guasconti1 & talk+ ) !m1 !y contriv$ t a load ( bricks %\ld pass by at ! mom5t1 & ,gh]>do ,guasconti pu%$ x aga9/ me 9 su* wise t x hurt me4 ,turn+ sudd5ly & see+ t he 0 laugh+1 ,i /ruck him s h>d ^u ! temple t he fell d[n /unn$4 ,!n turn+ to 8 c\s9s1 ,i said1 ,t is h[ ,i treat c[>dly ?ieves l y2 & :5 !y began to %[ fight1 be+ _m toge!r1 ,i1 f9d+ myself on flame1 set h& to a little knife ,i _h1 & cri$1 ,if "o ( y leaves ! %op1 let ano!r run = ! confessor1 = a surgeon won't f9d any?+ to d "h4 ,nor 0 he cont5t$ ) ?is trucul5t behavi\r2 = :5 ,gh]>do recov]$ f 8 bl[1 & ! matt] _h come be=e ! magi/rates1 ,cell9i w5t to seek him 9 8 own h\se4 ,!re he /abb$ him 9 ! mid/ ( all 8 family1 rag+ mean:ile1 to use 8 own phrase1 l an infuriat$ bull4#cec ,x appe>s t on ?is occasion no "o 0 s]i\sly hurt2 b ! affair prov$ p]il\s to ,cell9i1 s9ce x 0 a m]e accid5t t he _h n kill$ m ?an "o ( ! ,guasconti4 ,^! affrays recur cont9ually among ! adv5tures record$ by ,cell9i 9 8 ,life4 ,he says ) comical res]vation ( phrase t he 0 naturally some:at *ol]ic2 & !n1 describes ! access ( 8 fury z a sort ( fev]1 la/+ = days1 prev5t+ him f tak+ food or sleep1 mak+ 8 blood boil 9 8 ve9s1 inflam+ 8 eyes1 & nev] suff]+ him to re/ till he rev5g$ himself by murd] or at lea/ by bl[s4 ,to enum]ate all ! p he kill$ or w\nd$1 or p\nd$ to a jelly 9 public brawls or private qu>rels1 9 ! pursuit ( delib]ate v5detta or "u a sudd5 impulse ( ungov]nable rage1 w\ld take too long4 ,we are =c$ by an ef=t to recall to m9d ! /ate ( society at t "t 9 ,italy1 9 ord] to und]/& h[ x is t he c talk ) unconc]n & ev5 self-complac5cy ab\t 8 homicides4 ,he makes himself accus]1 judge1 & execution]1 & is q satisfi$ ) ! goodness ( 8 cause1 ! ju/ice ( 8 s5t5ce1 & ! equity ( 8 adm9i/ration4 ,9 a sonnet writt5 to ,b&9elli1 he comp>es 8 own victims ) ! mangl$ /atues ( t sculptor1 mu* to 8 own satisfaction4#ced ,!re is ! same call\sness ( consci5ce 9 8 record ( spiteful acts t we %\ld blu% to ?9k (--/abs 9 ! d>k1 & su* a piece ( rev5ge z cutt+ ! b$s to bits 9 ! h\se ( an innkeep] :o _h (f5d$ him4#cee ,nor does he speak ) any %ame ( ! savage cruelty ) :i* he puni%$ a woman :o 0 sitt+ to him z a model1 & :om he haul$ up & d[n 8 room by ! hair ( h] head1 kick+ & beat+ h] till he 0 tir$4#cef ,x is true t on ?is occasion he regrets hav+ spoil$1 9 a mom5t ( bl9d passion1 ! be/ arms & legs t he c\ld f9d to draw f4 ,su* episodes1 to :i* x is impossible to allude o!rwise ?an v briefly1 illu/rate ) extraord9>y vividness :at ,i h already _h occasion to say ab\t ! ,italian s5se ( hon\r at ?is p]iod4#ceg ,! consci\sness ( physical c\rage & ! belief 9 8 own moral sup]iority su/a9$ ,cell9i 9 all 8 dang]s & 9 all 8 crimes4 ,arm$ ) 8 sword & dagg]1 & protect$ by 8 coat ( mail1 he 0 ready to /& aga9/ ! _w & fight 8 way t[>ds any object he desir$4 ,:5 a man oppos$ 8 s*emes or ent]$ into competition ) him z an arti/1 he swagg]$ up ) h& on hilt & ?reat5$ to run him ?r\gh ! body if he did n m9d 8 bus9ess4 ,at ! same "t he attributes ! success ( 8 own viol5ce 9 quell+ & maltreat+ 8 oppon5ts to ! provid5ce ( ,god4 ,i d n write ?is n>rative1 he says1 f a motive ( vanity1 b m]ely to return ?anks to ,god1 :o has extricat$ me out ( s _m trials & difficulties2 :o likewise deliv]s me f ^? t daily imp5d ov] me4 ,^u all occasions ,i pay my devotions to ,him1 call ^u ,him z my def5d]1 & recomm5d myself to ,8 c>e4 ,i always ex]t my utmo/ ef=ts to extricate myself1 b :5 ,i am q at a loss1 & all my p[]s fail me1 !n ! =ce ( ! ,deity displays itself--t =midable =ce :i*1 unexpect$ly1 /rikes ^? :o wrong & oppress o!rs1 & neglect ! great & hon\rable duty :i* ,god has enjo9$ on !m4 ,i %all h occasion lat] on to discuss ,cell9i's religi\s op9ions2 b "h x may be rem>k$ t ! feel+ ( ?is passage is ?or\ghly s9c]e & consi/5t ) ! _s ( ! times4 ,! sep>ation betwe5 religion & morality 0 complete 9 ,italy4#ceh ,m5 made _! own ,god & wor%ipp$ him2 & ! ,god ( ,cell9i 0 "o :o always help$ ^? :o began to help !mselves by tak+ ju/ice into _! own h&s4 ,f ! date ( 8 second visit to ,rome 9 #aebc1 ,cell9i's life divides itself into ?ree p]iods1 ! fir/ sp5t 9 ! s]vice ( ,popes ,clem5t ,,vii4 & ,paul ,,iii41 ! second 9 ,p>is at ! ,c\rt ( ,francis1 & ! ?ird at ,flor5ce "u ,cosimo de' ,m$ici4 ,on arriv+ 9 ,rome1 8 extraord9>y abilities soon br\ght him into notice at ! ,c\rt4 ,! ,*igi family1 ! ,bi%op ( ,salamanca1 & ! ,pope himself employ$ him to make v>i\s jewels1 ornam5ts1 & s]vices ( plate4 ,9 consequ5ce ( a dream 9 :i* 8 fa!r appe>$ & w>n$ him n to neglect music1 "u pa9 ( ! pat]nal mal$iction1 he accept$ a po/ 9 ! ,papal b&4 ,! old bugbe> ( flute-play+ foll[$ him until 8 fa!r's dea?1 & !n we he> no m ( x4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is portion ( 8 life is among ! mo/ ent]ta9+ passages ( 8 biography4 ,draw+ ! ,roman ru9s1 %oot+ pigeons1 sc\r+ ! ,campagna on a pony l a %aggy be>1 fight+ duels1 prosecut+ love-affairs1 def5d+ 8 %op aga9/ robb]s1 skirmi%+ ) ,moori% pirates on ! %ore by ,c]vet]ra1 /abb+1 fall+ ill ( ! plague & ! ,fr5* sickness--^! adv5tures div]sify ! acc\nt he gives ( ma/]pieces 9 gold & silv] w>e4 ,! lit]>y & arti/ic society ( ,rome at ?is p]iod 0 v brilliant4 ,pa9t]s1 sculptors1 & goldsmi?s mix$ ) s*ol>s & poets1 pass+ _! "t alt]nately 9 ! palaces ( dukes & c>d9als & 9 ! lodg+s ( gay wom54 ,bohemianism ( ! wilde/ type 0 comb9$ ) ! mann]s ( ! great _w4 ,a little incid5t describ$ at "s l5g? by ,cell9i br+s ?is v>i$ life be=e u4 ,!re 0 a club ( arti/s1 includ+ ,giulio ,romano & o!r pupils ( ,raphael1 :o met twice a week to sup toge!r & to sp5d ! ev5+ 9 conv]sation1 ) music & ! recitation ( sonnets4 ,ea* memb] ( ?is company br\ght ) him a lady4 ,cell9i1 on "o occasion1 n be+ provid$ = ! mom5t ) an innamorata1 dress$ up a beautiful ,spani% y\? call$ ,diego z a woman1 & took him to ! supp]4 ,! ensu+ sc5e is describ$ 9 ! mo/ vivid mann]4 ,we see be=e u ! b& ( pa9t]s & poets1 ! wom5 9 _! bright co/umes1 ! table adorn$ ) fl[]s & fruit1 &1 z a backgr\nd to ! :ole picture1 a trellis ( jasm9es ) d>k foliage & />ry blossoms4 ,diego1 call$ ,pomona1 ) reg>d d\btless to 8 d>k & ruddy beauty1 is unanim\sly proclaim$ ! faire/ ( ! fair4 ,!n a discov]y ( 8 sex is made2 & ! adv5ture leads1 z usual 9 ! do+s ( ,cell9i1 to dagg]s1 midnight ambu%es1 & v5dettas t only end ) blood%$4 ,an episode ( ?is sort may s]ve z ! occasion = obs]v+ t ! arti/s ( ! late ,r5aissance _h become absorb$ 9 ! admiration ( m]ely c>nal beauty4 ,) ! exception ( ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,t9toretto1 !re 0 no great ma/] left :o /ill pursu$ an intellectual ideal4 ,! ,romans & ! ,v5etians simply s\ght & pa9t$ :at 0 spl5did & luxuri\s 9 ! _w ar\nd !m4 ,_! ta/e 0 cont5t$ ) well-develop$ muscles1 gorge\s col\r1 y\?ful bloom1 activity ( limb1 & grace ( outl9e4 ,! habits ( ! day1 voluptu\s yet h>dy1 fo/]$ ?is "o-sid$ developm5t ( ! arts2 :ile ! asceticism ( ! ,middle ,ages _h yield$ to a pagan cult ( s5suality4 ,to draw un bel corpo ignudo ) fre$om 0 n[ ! ne plus ultra ( a*ievem5t4 ,h[ to express ?\ght or to indicate ! subtleties ( emotion1 _h ceas$ to be ! arti/'s aim4 ,we h already notic$ ! passionate love ( beauty :i* animat$ ! great ma/]s ( ! gold5 age4 ,?is1 9 ! less elevat$ natures ( ! craftsm5 :o succe$$ !m1 & "u ! conditions ( advanc+ national corruption1 0 no long] ref9$ or re/ra9$ by delicacy ( feel+ or by l(t9ess ( aim4 ,x deg5]at$ into s\lless animalism4 ,! capacity = p]ceiv+ & = reproduc+ :at is nobly beautiful 0 lo/4 ,vulg>ity & co>s5ess /amp$ !mselves ^u ! f9e/ "w ( m5 l ,giulio ,romano4 ,at ?is crisis x 0 prov$ h[ inf]ior 0 ! neo-paganism ( ! sixte5? c5tury to ! paganism ( antiquity x ap$4 ,my?ology pres]v$ ,greek art f degradation1 & connect$ a simil> en?usiasm = corporeal beauty ) ! ?\ghts & aspirations ( ! ,hell5ic race4 ,! ,italians lack$ ?is safegu>d ( a natural religion4 ,to ?r[ ! ,*ri/ian ideal aside1 & to /rive to grasp ! classical ideal 9 ex*ange1 0 easy4 ,b paganism alone c\ld give !m no?+ b its vices2 x 0 incapable ( communicat+ its real s\rce ( life--its poetry1 its fai?1 its cult ( nature4 ,art1 !re=e1 z soon z ! arti/s pron\nc$ !mselves = s5suality1 m]g$ 9 a skilful selection & reproduction ( elegant =ms1 & no?+ m4 ,a h&some y\? ^u a p$e/al 0 call$ a god4 ,a duke's mi/ress on ,titian's canvas pass$ = ,aphrodite4 ,&rea del ,s>to's fai?less wife figur$ z ,madonna4 ,cell9i himself1 ?\gh s5sitive to e k9d ( physical beauty--z we ga!r f :at he tells u ( ,c5cio1 ,diego1 ,fau/9a1 ,paol9o1 ,angelica1 ,ascanio--has n attempt$ to animate 8 ,p]seus1 or 8 ,ganym$e1 or 8 ,diana ( ,fonta9ebleau1 ) a ve/ige ( intellectual or moral lovel9ess4 ,! vacancy ( _! expression proves ! degradation ( an art t _h ceas$ to idealise any?+ beyond a faultless body4 ,n ?us did ! ,greeks imag9e ev5 _! mo/ s5sual div9ities4 ,!re is at lea/ a ?\ght 9 ,faun & ,satyr4 ,cell9i's /atues h no ?\ght2 _! blank animalism corresponds to ! condition ( _! mak]'s s\l4#cei ,:5 ,rome 0 c>ri$ by assault 9 #aebg1 & ! ,papal ,c\rt 0 besieg$ 9 ! ca/le ( ,s4 ,angelo1 ,cell9i play$ ! "p ( bomb>di]4 ,x is well kn[n t he claims to h %ot ! ,con/able ( ,b\rbon dead ) 8 own h&1 & to h w\nd$ ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange2 nor does !re seem to be any adequate reason = discr$it+ 8 n>rative4 ,x is c]ta9 t he 0 an exp]t m>ksman1 & t he did ,clem5t good s]vice by direct+ ! artill]y ( ,s4 ,angelo4 ,if we believ$ all 8 ass]tions1 h[ev]1 we %\ld h to suppose t no?+ memorable happ5$ )\t 8 int]v5tion4 ,9 8 own eyes 8 :ole life 0 a miracle4 ,! v hail/ones t fell ^u 8 head c\ld n be grasp$ 9 bo? h&s4 ,8 guns & p[d] br\ght d[n birds no o!r m>ksman _h a *ance ( hitt+4 ,:5 he 0 a *ild1 he grasp$ a scorpion )\t injury1 & saw a salam&] liv+ & enjoy+ himself 9 ! hotte/ flames4 ,aft] 8 fev] at ,rome 9 #aece1 he ?rew (f f 8 /oma* a hide\s worm--hairy1 speckl$ ) gre51 black1 & r$--! l :]e( ! doctors nev] saw4#cfj ,:5 he f9ally escap$ f ! dungeons ( ,s4 ,angelo 9 #aeci1 a lum9\s appe>ance l an aureole settl$ on 8 head1 & /ay$ !re = ! re/ ( 8 life4#cfa ,^! facts are relat$ 9 ! true _s ( ,j]ome ,c>dan1 ,p>acelsus1 ,"l ,h]b]t ( ,*]bury1 & ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne4 ,cell9i d\btless believ$ 9 !m2 b !y w>n u to be cauti\s 9 accept+ :at he says ab\t 8 exploits1 s9ce imag9ation & self-conceit c\ld s f> di/ort 8 judgm5t4 ,x may be regrett$ t ,cell9i has n giv5 a full] acc\nt ( ! memorable sack ( ,borne4 ,yet1 conf9+ himself almo/ :olly to 8 own adv5tures1 he pres5ts a v vivid picture ( ! sad life l$ by ! ,pope & c>d9als1 va9ly hop+ = succ\r f ,urb9o1 wrangl+ toge!r ab\t ! causes ( ! trag$y1 sew+ ! cr[n jewels into _! d\blets1 & runn+ ! p]ils ( ! siege ) common soldi]s on ! ramp>ts4 ,:5 peace at la/ 0 sign$1 ,cell9i paid a visit to ,flor5ce1 & f\nd t 8 fa!r & "s o!r relatives _h di$ ( plague4#cfb ,8 bro!r ,cec*9o1 h[ev]1 :o 0 a soldi] 9 ! ,b&e ,n]e ( ,giovanni de' ,m$ici1 & 8 si/] ,lip]ata surviv$4 ,) !m he sp5t a pleasant ev5+2 = ,lip]ata hav+ = a :ile lam5t$ h] fa!r1 h] si/]1 h] husb&1 & a little son t %e _h be5 depriv$ (1 w5t to prep>e supp]1 & dur+ ! re/ ( ! ev5+ !re 0 n a ^w m spok5 ( ! dead1 b mu* ab\t w$d+s4 ,?us we supp$ toge!r ) ! greate/ *e]fulness & satisfaction imag9able4 ,9 ^! s5t5ces !re is no av[al ( h>d-he>t$ness2 only ! c>eless famili>ity ) loss & dang]1 eng5d]$ by w>1 fam9e1 plague1 & p]sonal adv5tures 9 ^? riot\s times4#cfc ,cell9i gladly risk$ 8 life 9 a qu>rel = 8 fri5ds2 b he w\ld n sadd5 ! pres5t by reflect+ on inevitable accid5ts4 ,?is ela/ic temp] p]meates 8 "*4 ,8 affections 7 /rong1 b transi5t4 ,! "o s]i\s love-affair he describes1 among a multitude ( m]e debau*]ies1 made him mis]able = a few days4 ,8 mi/ress1 ,angelica1 ran away1 & left him on ! po9t ( los+ 8 s5ses or dy+ ( grief4 ,yet1 :5 he f\nd h] aga91 a %ort "t suffic$ to satisfy 8 long+1 & he turn$ 8 back ) jibes ^u h] :5 %e b>ga9$ ab\t money4 ,x is wor?y ( notice t1 at ! same "t1 he 0 an excell5t son & bro!r4 ,8 si/] 0 left a wid[ ) two *ildr52 :]eupon he took !m all into 8 h\se1 )\t bragg+ ab\t :at appe>s to h be5 ! be/ action ( 8 life4 ,9 ! same _s he consci5ti\sly p]=m$ :at he conceiv$ to be 8 duty to ,cec*9o1 murd]$ by a muskete] 9 ,rome4 ,aft] nurs+ 8 rev5ge till he 0 ne>ly mad1 he /ole out "o ev5+ & /abb$ ! murd]] 9 ! back4#cfd ,s viol5t 0 ! bl[ t he c\ld n extricate 8 dagg] f ! man's sp9e1 b _h to leave x /ick+ 9 8 nape4 ,next to 8 own egotism ! /ronge/ feel+s 9 ,cell9i 7 dome/ic2 & he %[$ !m at "o mom5t by *>ity to 8 si/]'s family1 at ano!r by a savage assass9ation4 ,aft] kill+ ! muskete]1 ,cell9i retir$ = refuge to ! h\se ( ,aless&ro de' ,m$ici1 ,duke ( ,civit di ,p5na1 :o _h be5 8 bro!r's patron4 ,! matt] rea*$ ! ,pope's e>s1 = :om ,b5v5uto 0 at "w ^u cr[n jewels4 ,clem5t s5t = him1 & simply said3 ,n[ y h recov]$ y\r heal?1 ,b5v5uto1 take c>e ( y\rself4 ,?is %[s h[ little !y ?\ght ( homicide 9 ,rome4 ,aft] kill+ a man1 "s p[]ful protector _h to be s\ght1 :o 0 usually a c>d9al1 s9ce ! c>d9als _h "r ( sanctu>y 9 _! palaces4 ,!re ! assass9 lay 9 hid+1 9 ord] to avoid 8 victim's fri5ds & relatives1 until su* "t z a p>don & safe-conduct & absolution _h be5 obta9$ f 8 ,hol9ess4 ,:5 ,cell9i1 soon aft] ?is occurr5ce1 /abb$ a private enemy1 by "n ,pompeo1 two c>d9als 7 anxi\s to scre5 him f pursuit1 & disput$ ! privilege ( h>b\r+ s tal5t$ a crim9al4#cfe ,! ,pope1 ) m>vell\s good-hum\r1 obs]v$3 ,i h nev] he>d ( ! dea? ( ,pompeo1 b (t5 ( ,b5v5uto's provocation2 s let a safe-conduct be in/antly made out1 & t w secure him f all mann] ( dang]4 ,a fri5d ( ,pompeo's :o 0 pres5t1 v5tur$ to ins9uate t ?is 0 dang]\s policy4 ,! ,pope put him d[n at once by say+1 ,y d n und]/& ^! matt]s2 ,i w\ld h y "k t m5 :o are unique 9 _! pr(ession1 l ,b5v5uto1 are n subject to ! laws4 ,:e!r ,paul really said ^! words1 may be d\bt$2 b x is cle> t mu* 0 conc$$ to a clev] workman1 & t ! laws 7 a m]e brutum fulm54 ,no man ( _s appeal$ to !m4 ,cell9i1 = example1 0 poison$ by a p>i% prie/ ne> ,flor5ce3#cff yet he nev] br\ght ! man to ju/ice2 & 9 ! case ( 8 own murd]s1 he only dread$ ! retaliation ( 8 victims' k9sm54 ,on "o occasion1 inde$1 ! civil arm came d[n ^u him2 :5 ! city gu>d attempt$ to arre/ him = ,pompeo's assass9ation4 ,he beat !m (f ) swords & /icks2 &1 aft] all1 x appe>$ t !y 7 only act+ at ! in/igation ( ,pi] ,luigi ,f>nese1 :om ,b5v5uto _h (f5d$4 ,dur+ 8 resid5ce at ,rome1 ,cell9i witness$ an incantation conduct$ 9 ! ,colosseum by a ,sicilian prie/ & necromanc]4 ,! conjur] & ! arti/1 accompani$ by two fri5ds1 & by a boy1 :o 0 to act z m$ium1 w5t by night to ! amphi!atre4 ,! magic circle 0 drawn2 fires 7 light$1 & p]fumes scatt]$ on ! flames4 ,!n ! _s-se] began 8 *>ms1 call+ 9 ,hebrew1 ,greek1 & ,lat91 or :at pass$ = su*1 ^u ! lead]s ( ! ho/s ( hell4 ,! :ole holl[ space n[ fill$ ) phantoms1 surg+ up by legions1 ru%+ d[n f ! gall]ies1 issu+ f subt]ranean cav]ns1 & :eel+ to & fro ) signs ( fury4 ,all ! p>ty1 says ,cell9i1 7 ?r[n into con/]nation1 except himself1 :o1 ?\gh t]ribly afraid1 kept up ! fa9t+ spirits ( ! re/4 ,at la/ ! conjur] summon$ c\rage to inquire :5 ,cell9i might hope to be re/or$ to 8 lo/ love1 ,angelica2--= ?is 0 ! trivial object ( ! incantation4 ,! demons answ]$ 7h[ we are n told7 t he w\ld meet h] ere a mon? _h pass$ away4 ,?is prophecy1 z x happ5$1 0 fulfill$4 ,!n !y r$\bl$ _! attacks2 ! necromanc] kept cry+ out t ! p]il 0 mo/ imm95t1 until ! mat9 bells ( ,rome swung ?r\gh ! d>kness1 free+ !m at la/ f fe>4 ,z !y walk$ home1 ! boy1 hold+ ! ,sicilian by 8 robe & ,b5v5uto by 8 mantle1 told !m t he /ill saw giants leap+ ) fanta/ic ge/ures on _! pa?1 n[ runn+ along ! h\se ro(s1 & n[ danc+ on ! e>?4 ,ea* "o ( !m t night dream$ 9 8 b$ ( devils4#cfg ,! int]e/ ( ?is incid5t is almo/ :olly picturesque4 ,x ?r[s b little light ^u ! sup]/itions ( ! age4#cfh ,! magnitude ( ! ,colosseum1 ! popul> leg5ds conc]n+ its magical orig91 & ! t]rible uses ( blood to :i* x _h be5 put1 inve/$ ?is build+ ) peculi> my/]y4 ,robb]s haunt$ ! huge caves4 ,rubbi% & we$s *ok$ ! passages4 ,sickly trees so>$ up f d>kness into light among ! por*es1 & ! moon pe]$ ?r\gh ! empty vomitories4 ,if we call imag9ation to our aid1 & place ! necromanc]s & _! brazi] 9 ! c5tre ( ?is space2--if we fancy ! prie/'s *aunt$ spells1 ! sacr$ names invok$ 9 8 unholy rites1 ! %udd]+ t]ror ( ! consci5ce-/rick5 accomplices1 & ,cell9i ) defiant mi5 b quail+ he>t1 we c well believe t he saw m ?an ! amphi!atre conta9$4 ,:e!r ! spectres 7 project$ by ! conjur] f a magic lant]n on ! smoke t issu$ f 8 heaps ( blaz+ wood1 s t ! volumes ( vap\r1 agitat$ by ! w9d & roll+ 9 ?ick spirals1 %[$ !m retreat+ & advanc+1 & v>y+ 9 %ape & numb]1 is a matt] = conjecture4 ,cell9i firmly believ$ t he _h be5 environ$ by liv+ squadrons ( ! spirits ( ! damn$4 ,! next f\r ye>s 7 sp5t by ,cell9i *iefly 9 ,rome1 9 p]il ( 8 life at sev]al seasons1 ow+ to ! animosity ( ,pi] ,luigi ,f>nese4 ,"o j\rney he took at ?is p]iod to ,v5ice1 pass+ ?r\gh ,f]r>a1 :]e he came to bl[s ) ! ,flor5t9e exiles4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d ! respectable hi/orian ,jacopo ,n>di involv$1 if only z a peacemak]1 9 ?is affray4#cfi ,he also visit$ ,flor5ce & ca/ dies = ,aless&ro's silv] co9age4 ,x 0 "h t he f\nd opportunities ( obs]v+ ! p]il\s intimacy betwe5 ! ,duke ( ,civit di ,p5na & 8 c\s9--quel pazzo mal9conico filos(o di ,lor5z9o4#cgj ,9 ,april #aecg1 hav+ qu>rell$ ) ! ,pope1 :o seems to h adopt$ ,pi] ,luigi's prejudice aga9/ him1 ,cell9i set out = ,france ) two ( 8 workm54 ,!y pass$ ?r\gh ,flor5ce1 ,bologna1 ,v5ice1 & ,padua1 /ay+ 9 ! la/ place to model a m$allion portrait ( ,pietro ,bembo2#cga !n !y cross$ ! ,grisons by ! ,b]n9a & ,albula passes4 ,we he> no?+ ab\t ?is "p ( ! j\rney1 except t ! sn[ 0 heavy1 & t !y ran great dang] ( _! lives4 ,cell9i mu/ h trav]s$ "s ( ! mo/ romantic sc5]y ( ,switz]l& at ! be/ season ( ! ye>2 yet n a ^w escapes him ab\t ! beauty ( ! ,alps or ! wond] ( ! glaci]s1 :i* he saw = ! fir/ "t4 ,! pleasure we d]ive f contemplat+ savage sc5]y 0 unkn[n to ! ,italians ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 ! height & cold1 ! gloom & solitude ( m\nta9s /ruck !m ) a s5se ( t]ror or ( dre>9ess4 ,on ! ,lake ( ,wall5/adt ,cell9i met ) a p>ty ( ,g]mans1 :om he hat$ z cordially z an ,a!nian ( ! age ( ,p]icles might h loa!d ! ,scy?ians = _! b>b>ism4#cgb ,! ,italians emb>k$ 9 "o boat1 ! ,g]mans 9 ano!r2 ,cell9i be+ "u ! impression t ! ,nor!rn lakes w\ld n be s likely to dr[n him z ^? ( 8 own c\ntry4 ,h[ev]1 :5 a /orm swept d[n ! hills1 he took a t]rible fright1 & compell$ ! boatm5 at ! po9t ( ! poni>d to put him & 8 company a%ore4 ,! description ( _! /ruggles to drag _! heavily lad5 horses ov] ! unev5 gr\nd ne> ,wes51 is extremely graphic1 & gives a good notion ( ! dang]s ( ! road 9 ^? days4#cgc ,t night !y he>d ! wat* s+ at all h\rs v agreeably2 & z ! h\ses ( t t[n 7 all ( wood1 he kept bidd+ !m to take c>e ( _! fires4 ,next day !y arriv$1 n )\t o!r accid5ts1 at ,zuri*1 a m>vell\s city1 z cle> & poli%$ z a jewel4 ,!nce by ,solo?urn1 ,lausanne1 ,g5eva1 & ,lyons1 !y made _! way to ,p>is4 ,?is long & tr\blesome j\rney l$ to no?+1 = ,cell9i grew we>y ( foll[+ ! ,fr5* ,c\rt ab\t f place to place2 8 heal? too fail$ him1 & he decid$ t he w\ld r die 9 ,italy ?an ,france4#cgd ,accord+ly he return$ to ,rome1 & !re1 n long aft] 8 arrival1 he 0 arre/$ by ! ord] ( ,pope ,paul ,,iii4#cge ,! *>ge aga9/ him1 pref]r$ by "o ( 8 own pr5tices1 0 ?is4 ,dur+ ! siege ( ,rome1 he _h be5 employ$ by ,clem5t to melt d[n ! ti>as & papal ornam5ts1 9 ord] t ! preci\s /ones might be convey$ away 9 secrecy4 ,he did s2 & aft]w>ds confess$ to hav+ kept a portion ( ! gold fil+s f\nd 9 ! c9d]s ( 8 brazi] dur+ ! op]ation4 ,= ?is crime ,clem5t gave him absolution4#cgf ,n[1 h[ev]1 he 0 accus$ ( hav+ /ol5 gold & jewels to ! am\nt ( ne>ly eighty ?\s& ducats4 ,! av>ice ( ! ,pope1 b m t ( 8 ba/>d1 !n call$ ,duke ( ,ca/ro1 incl9$ ,paul to believe ?is *>ge2 & ,pi] ,luigi 0 all[$ to f>m ! case4 ,cell9i 0 exam9$ by ! ,gov]nor ( ,rome & two assessors2 9 spite ( 8 vehem5t prote/ations ( innoc5ce1 ! abs5ce ( any evid5ce aga9/ him1 & ! s\nd argum5ts adduc$ 9 8 def5ce1 he 0 committ$ to ! ca/le ( ,s4 ,angelo4 ,:5 he receiv$ 8 s5t5ce1 he call$ heav5 & e>? to witness1 ?ank+ ,god t he _h ! happ9ess n to be conf9$ = "s error ( 8 s9ful nature1 z g5]ally happ5s to "y m54 ,:]eupon ! brute ( a ,gov]nor repli$1 ,yet y h kill$ en\gh m5 9 y\r "t4 ,?is rem>k 0 p]t95t2 b x provok$ a torr5t ( abuse & a long enum]ation ( 8 s]vices f ! virtu\s ,cell9i4 ,! acc\nt ( ?is imprisonm5t1 & especially ( ! hypo*ondriacal ,gov]nor :o ?\ght he 0 a bat & us$ to flap 8 arms & squeak :5 night 0 com+ on1 is highly ent]ta9+4#cgg ,n less int]e/+ is ! description ( ,cell9i's d>+ escape f ! ca/le4 ,9 climb+ ov] ! la/ wall1 he fell & broke 8 leg1 & 0 c>ri$ by a wat]man to ! palace ( ! ,c>d9al ,corn>o4 ,!re he lay 9 hid+1 visit$ by all ! rank & fa%ion ( ,rome1 :o 7 n a little curi\s to see ! h]o ( s p]il\s an escapade4 ,corn>o promis$ to secure 8 p>don1 b ev5tually ex*ang$ him = a bi%opric4 ,?is rem>kable proce$+ illu/rates ! mann]s ( ! ,papal ,c\rt4 ,! c>d9al want$ a b5efice = "o ( 8 foll[]s1 & ! ,pope wi%$ to get 8 son's enemy once m into 8 p[]4 ,s ! two ecclesia/ics b>ga9$ toge!r1 & by mutual k9d (fices atta9$ _! sev]al ends4 ,cell9i ) 8 brok5 leg w5t back to langui% 9 8 prison4 ,he f\nd ! flighty ,gov]nor furi\s because he _h fl[n away1 elud+ 8 bat's eyes & w+s4 ,! rig\r us$ t[>ds him made him dread ! wor/ extremities4 ,ca/ into a condemn$ cell1 he fir/ expect$ to be flay$ alive2 & :5 ?is t]ror 0 remov$1 he p]ceiv$ ! cry/als ( a p\nd$ jewel 9 8 food4 ,accord+ to 8 own acc\nt ( ?is my/]i\s circum/ance1 ,mess] ,durante ,duranti ( ,brescia1 "o ( ,cell9i's num]\s enemies1 _h giv5 a diamond ( small value to be brok5 up & mix$ ) a salad s]v$ to him at d9n]4 ,! jewell] to :om ?is *>ge 0 entru/$1 kept ! diamond & sub/itut$ a b]yl1 ?9k+ t ! inf]ior /one w\ld h ! same murd]\s prop]ties4 ,to ! av>ice ( ?is man ,cell9i attribut$ 8 escape f a l+]+ dea? by inflammation ( ! muc\s membrane4#cgh ,dur+ 8 fir/ imprisonm5t he _h occupi$ a fair *amb] 9 ! upp] turret ( ! ca/le4 ,he 0 n[ remov$ to a dungeon bel[ gr\nd :]e ,fra ,fojano1 ! re=m]1 _h be5 />v$ to dea?4 ,! floor 0 wet & infe/$ ) crawl+ creatures4 ,a few reflect$ sunbeams slant+ f a n>r[ w9d[ = two h\rs ( ! aft]noon1 0 all ! light t rea*$ him4 ,"h he lay1 alone1 unable to move because ( 8 brok5 leg1 ) 8 hair & tee? fall+ away1 & ) no?+ to occupy him b a ,bible & a volume ( ,villani's ,*ronicles4 ,8 _s1 h[ev]1 0 indomitable2 & ! passionate en]gy ( ! man1 hi!rto manife/$ 9 ungov]n$ acts ( fury1 took ! =m ( ec/asy4 ,he began ! /udy ( ! ,bible f ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 & tru/+ firmly to ! righte\sness ( 8 own cause1 comp>$ himself to all ! sa9ts & m>tyrs ( ,scripture1 m5 ( :om ! _w 0 n wor?y4 ,he sang psalms1 pray$ cont9ually1 & compos$ a poem 9 praise ( 8 prison4 ,) a piece ( *>coal he made a great draw+ ( angels surr\nd+ ,god ! ,fa!r on ! wall4 ,once only 8 c\rage gave way3 he det]m9$ on suicide1 & s plac$ a beam t x %\ld fall on him l a trap4 ,:5 all 0 ready1 an unse5 h& took viol5t hold ( him1 & da%$ him on ! gr\nd at a consid]able di/ance4 ,f ?is mom5t 8 dungeon 0 visit$ by angels1 :o heal$ 8 brok5 leg1 & reason$ ) him ( religion4 ,! m5tion ( ^! visions rem9ds u t ,cell9i _h become acqua9t$ ) ,savon>ola's writ+s dur+ 8 fir/ imprisonm5t4#cgi ,impress$ ) ! gr&eur ( ! prophet's dreams1 & exalt$ by ! read+ ( ! ,bible1 he no d\bt mi/ook 8 deliri\s fancies = angelic visitors1 & 9 ! f]v\r ( 8 en?usiasm laid claim to inspiration4 ,"o ( ^! halluc9ations is p>ticul>ly /rik+4 ,he _h pray$ t he might see ! sun at lea/ 9 trance1 if x 7 impossible t he %\ld look on x aga9 ) wak+ eyes4 ,b1 :ile awake & 9 possession ( 8 s5ses1 he 0 hurri$ sudd5ly away & c>ri$ to a room1 :]e ! invisible p[] su/a9+ him appe>$ 9 human %ape1 l a y\? ^: be>d is b j gr[+1 ) a face mo/ m>vell\s1 fair1 b ( au/]e & f> f wanton beauty4 ,9 t room 7 all ! m5 :o _h ev] liv$ & di$ on e>?2 & !nce !y two w5t toge!r1 & came into a n>r[ /reet1 "o side :]e( 0 bright ) sunlight4 ,!n ,cell9i ask$ ! angel h[ he might behold ! sun2 & ! angel po9t$ to c]ta9 /eps ^u ! side ( a h\se4 ,up ^! ,cell9i climb$1 & came into ! full blaze ( ! sun1 &1 ?\gh dazzl$ by its brightness1 he gaz$ /eadfa/ly & took 8 fill4 ,:ile he look$1 ! rays fell away ^u ! left side & ! disk %one l a ba? ( molt5 gold4 ,?is surface swell$1 & f ! glory came ! figure ( a ,*ri/ ^u ! cross1 :i* mov$ & /ood beside ! rays4 ,aga9 ! surface swell$1 & f ! glory came ! figure ( ,madonna & h] ,*ild2 & at ! "r h& ( ! sun !re knelt ,s4 ,pet] 9 8 sac]dotal robes1 plead+ ,cell9i's cause2 & full ( %ame t su* f\l wrong %\ld be done to ,*ri/ians 9 8 h\se4 ,?is vision m>vell\sly /r5g!n$ ,cell9i's s\l1 & he began to hope ) confid5ce = lib]ty4 ,:5 free aga91 he modell$ ! figures he _h se5 9 gold4 ,! religi\s phase 9 ,cell9i's hi/ory requires "s special comm5t1 s9ce x is precisely at ?is po9t t he mo/ fai?fully p]sonifies ! _s ( 8 age & nation4 ,t he 0 a dev\t ,ca?olic !re is no "q4 ,he made two pilgrimages to ,loreto1 & ano!r to ,s4 ,francis ( ,v]nia4 ,to ,s4 ,lucy he d$icat$ a gold5 eye aft] 8 recov]y f an illness4 ,he 01 moreov]1 always anxi\s to get absolution f ! ,pope4 ,m ?an ?is2 he cont9ually su/a9$ himself at ! great crises ( 8 life1 :5 9 p]il ( imprisonm5t1 :ile def5d+ himself aga9/ assass9s1 & aga9 on ! eve ( ca/+ 8 ,p]seus1 by direct & passionate appeals to ,god4 ,yet 8 religion _h b little effect ^u 8 life2 & he (t5 us$ x z a s\rce ( moral /r5g? 9 do+ de$s repugnant to real piety4 ,l love1 he put x (f & on q easily1 rev]t+ to x :5 he f\nd himself 9 dang] or bad spirits1 & =gett+ x aga9 :5 he 0 prosp]\s4 ,?us 9 ! dungeon ( ,s4 ,angelo he v[$ to visit ! ,holy ,sepul*re if ,god w\ld grant him to behold ! sun4 ,?is v[ he =got until he met ) disappo9tm5t at ! ,c\rt ( ,francis1 & !n he sudd5ly det]m9$ to travel to ,j]usalem4 ,! (f] ( a sal>y ( sev5 hundr$ cr[ns re/or$ 8 spirits1 & he ?\ght no m ab\t 8 v[4 ,:ile he lov$ 8 life s de>ly & indulg$ s freely 9 ! pleasures ( ?is e>?1 he made a virtue ( necessity z soon z dea? approa*$1 cry+1 ,! soon] ,i am deliv]$ f ! prison ( ?is _w1 ! bett]2 especially z ,i am sure ( salvation1 be+ unju/ly put to dea?4 ,8 good op9ion ( himself ext5d$ to ! c]ta9ty he felt ( heav54 ,=gett+ 8 murd]s & debau*]ies1 he su/a9$ 8 c\rage ) devotion :5 all o!r s\rces fail$4 ,z to ! div9e gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 he halt$ betwe5 two op9ions4 ,:e!r ! />s or ,provid5ce _h ! upp] h&1 he c\ld n cle>ly say2 b by ! />s he und]/ood a p[] antagoni/ic to 8 w1 by ,provid5ce a =ce t help$ him to d :at he lik$4 ,!re is a simil> confusion 9 8 m9d ab\t ! ,pope4 ,he goes to ,clem5t submissively = absolution f homicide & !ft1 say+1 ,i am at ! feet ( y\r ,hol9ess1 :o h ! full p[] ( absolv+1 & ,i reque/ y to give me p]mission to confess & communicate1 t ,i may ) y\r fav\r be re/or$ to ! div9e grace4 ,he also tells ,paul t ! sight ( ,*ri/'s vic>1 9 :om !re is an awful repres5tation ( ! div9e ,maje/y1 makes him tremble4 ,yet at ano!r "t he speaks ( ,clem5t be+ trans=m$ to a savage bea/1 & talks ( him z t poor man ,pope ,clem5t4#chj ,( ,paul he says t he believ$ nei!r 9 ,god nor 9 any o!r article ( religion2 he s9c]ely regrets n hav+ kill$ him by accid5t dur+ ! siege ( ,rome1 abuses him = 8 av>ice1 ca/s 8 ba/>ds 9 8 tee?1 & relates ) reli% ! crime ( =g]y = :i* 9 8 y\? he 0 imprison$ 9 ! ca/le ( ,s4 ,angelo4#cha ,inde$1 ! ,italians treat$ ! ,pope z negroes treat _! feti%es4 ,if !y _h cause to dislike him1 !y beat & heap$ insults on him--l ! ,flor5t9es :o describ$ ,sixtus ,,iv4 z l5o matris suae1 adult]orum m9i/]1 diaboli vic>ius1 & 8 spiritual (fspr+ z simonia1 luxus1 homicidium1 proditio1 ha]esis4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y really ?\ght t he c\ld op5 heav5 & %ut ! gates ( hell4 ,at ! end ( ! ye> #aeci1 ! ,c>d9al ,ippolito d',e/e appe>$ 9 ,rome ) solicitations f ,francis ,i4 t ! ,pope w\ld release ,cell9i & all[ him to ent] 8 s]vice4#chb ,^u ?is ! prison door 0 op5$4 ,cell9i return$ to 8 old re/less life ( viol5ce & pleasure4 ,we f9d him r5ew+ 8 fav\rite pa/imes--kill+1 wanton+1 disput+ ) 8 employ]s1 & work+ dilig5tly at 8 trade4 ,! tempor>y sa9t & vision>y becomes once m ! bravo & ! arti/4 ,a m complete p>allel to ! consequ5ces ( revivalism 9 ,italy c\ld n be f\nd4#chc ,mean:ile ! fir/ p]iod ( 8 hi/ory is clos$ & ! second beg9s4 ,cell9i's acc\nt ( 8 resid5ce 9 ,france has mu* hi/orical int]e/ besides ! *>m ( its romance4 ,:5 he fir/ jo9$ ! ,c\rt1 he f\nd ,francis travell+ f city to city ) a ret9ue ( eighte5 ?\s& p]sons & twelve ?\s& horses4 ,frequ5tly !y came to places :]e no accommodation c\ld be _h1 & ! suite 7 lodg$ 9 wret*$ t5ts4 ,x is n wond]ful t ,cell9i %\ld compla9 ( ! ,fr5* be+ less civilis$ ?an ! ,italians ( 8 "t4 ,francis among 8 ladies & c\rti]s1 pret5d+ to a k ( ! arts1 saunt]+ ) 8 spl5did tra9 into ! goldsmi?'s work%op1 enc\rag+ ,cell9i's viol5ce ) a boyi% love ( mis*ief1 va9 & flatt]$1 peevi%1 petulant1 & fond ( %[1 appe>s ^u ^! pages ) a life-l vividness4#chd ,:5 ! "t came = settl+ 9 ,p>is1 ! ,k+ pres5t$ 8 goldsmi? ) a ca/le call$ ,le ,petit ,nesle1 & made him "l !re( by lett]s ( naturalisation4 ,?is h\se /ood :]e ! ,in/itute has s9ce be5 built2 ( its ext5t we may judge f ! numb] ( occupations c>ri$ on )9 its prec9cts :5 ,cell9i ent]$ into possession4 ,he f\nd !re a t5nis-c\rt1 a di/ill]y1 a pr9t+ press1 & a factory ( saltpetre1 besides resid5ts engag$ 9 o!r trades4 ,cell9i's claims 7 resi/$4 ,probably ! occupi]s did n reli% ! intrusion ( a =eign]4 ,s he /orm$ ! place & in/all$ himself by =ce ( arms4 ,simil> viol5ce 0 ne$$ 9 ord] to ma9ta9 himself 9 possession2 b ?is ,cell9i lov$1 & _h he be5 let alone1 x is probable he w\ld h di$ ( ennui4 ,difficulties ( all k9ds1 due 9 "p to 8 ungov]nable temp]1 9 "p to 8 ill-regulat$ life1 9 "p to 8 ignorance ( ,fr5* habits1 ga!r$ r\nd him4 ,he fell into disfav\r ) ,madame d',e/ampes1 ! mi/ress ( ! ,k+2 & "h x may be m5tion$ t _m ( 8 tr\bles arose f 8 inability to please noble wom54#che ,pr\d1 self-confid5t1 ov]be>+1 & unable to comm& 8 words or actions1 ,cell9i 0 unfitt$ to pay c\rt to pr9ces4 ,!n aga9 he qu>rell$ ) 8 bro!r arti/s1 & made ! ,bolognese pa9t]1 ,primaticcio1 8 enemy4 ,aft] be+ attack$ by assass9s & robb]s on m ?an "o occasion1 he 0 involv$ 9 two lawsuits4 ,he draws a graphic picture ( ! ,fr5* c\rts ( ju/ice1 ) _! judge z grave z ,plato1 _! advocates all *att]+ at once1 _! p]jur$ ,norman witnesses1 & ! u%]s at ! doors vocif]at+ ,paix1 paix1 ,satan1 allez1 paix4 ,9 ?is cry ,cell9i recognis$ ! gibb]i% at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? canto ( ,dante's ,inf]no4 ,b ! mo/ picturesque gr\p 9 ! :ole sc5e pres5t$ to u is t made by ,cell9i himself1 arm$ & mail$1 & att5d$ by 8 pr5tices 9 arm\r1 z !y walk$ into ! c\rt to br[beat ju/ice ) ! clam\r ( _! voice4 ,if we are to tru/ 8 n>rative1 he f\ght 8 way out ( "o mo/ dang]\s trial by simple vocif]ation4 ,aft]w>ds he took ! law1 z usual1 into 8 own h&s4 ,"o pair ( litigants 7 beat52 ,cat]9a 0 ne>ly kick$ to dea?2 & ! attorneys 7 ?reat5$ ) ! sword4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! di/urbances1 ,cell9i began "s important works = ,francis4 ,at ,p>is ! ,k+ employ$ him to make huge silv] c&elabra1 & at ,fonta9ebleau to re/ore ! ca/le gate4 ,= ! *teau ( ,fonta9ebleau ,cell9i execut$ ! nymph 9 bronze1 recl9+ among trophies ( ! *ase1 :i* may /ill be se5 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,x is a long-limb$1 lifeless figure1 )\t mean+--a snuff-box ornam5t enl>g$ to a gigantic size4 ,francis1 :o _c h _h good ta/e 9 art1 if :at ,cell9i makes him say be g5u9e1 admir$ ^! designs above ! bronze copies ( ! ,vatican m>bles he _h rec5tly receiv$4 ,he seems to h felt "s p]sonal reg>d = ,b5v5uto1 & to h done all he c\ld to reta9 him 9 8 s]vice4 ,! animosity ( ,madame d',e/ampes1 & a grudge aga9/ 8 old patron1 ,ippolito d',e/e1 h[ev]1 det]m9$ ! re/less craftsman to quit ,p>is4 ,leav+ 8 ca/le1 8 unf9i%$ works1 & o!r prop]ty beh9d him 9 ! c>e ( ,ascanio1 8 fri5d & pupil1 he return$ alone to ,italy4 ,?is /ep1 tak5 9 a mom5t ( re/less pique1 0 ev] aft] regrett$ by ,cell9i1 :o look$ back ) ye>n+ f ,flor5ce to ! g5]osity ( ,francis4 ,cosimo de' ,m$ici 0 inde$ a v diff]5t patron f ,francis4 ,cauti\s1 little-m9d$1 m$dl+1 ) a true ,flor5t9e's love ( b>ga9+ & play+ cunn+ tricks1 he pret5d$ to protect ! arts1 b did n und]/& ! "p he _h assum$4 ,he 0 always %ort ( money1 & surr\nd$ by old av>ici\s s]vants1 ?r\gh ^: h&s 8 meagre pres5ts pass$4 ,z a connoisseur1 he did n tru/ 8 own judgm5t1 ?us lay+ himself op5 to ! intrigues ( inf]ior arti/s4 ,h5ce=w>d a l>ge "p ( ,cell9i's "t 0 wa/$ 9 wrangl+ ) ! ,duke's /ew>d1 squabbl+ ) ,b&9elli & ,ammanati1 & endeav\r+ to ov]come ! coldness or to meet ! vacillations ( 8 patron4 ,^? :o wi% to ga9 insight into ! life ( an arti/ at ,c\rt 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 w d well to /udy att5tively ! *apt]s devot$ by ,cell9i to 8 difficulties ) ! ,du*ess1 & 8 wordy w>f>es ) ,b&9elli4#chf ,?is atmosph]e ( intrigue & animosity 0 n uncong5ial to ,b5v5uto2 & z f> z words & bl[s w5t1 he almo/ always got ! be/ ( x4 ,no?+1 = example1 c\ld be ke5] & m cutt+ ?an ! v j criticism he made 9 ,b&9elli's pres5ce ( 8 ,h]cules & ,cacus4 ,quel be/ial buaccio ,b&9ello1 z he delights to "n him1 c\ld d no?+ b retort ) vulg> t]ms ( insult4#chg ,! great a*ievem5t ( ?is ?ird p]iod 0 ! modell+ & ca/+ ( ! ,p]seus4 ,no episode 9 ,cell9i's biography is n>rat$ ) m =ce ?an ! climax to 8 long-protract$ lab\rs1 :5 at la/1 amid ! *aos & confusion ( innum]able accid5ts1 ! metal 9 8 furnace liquefi$ & fill$ ! m\ld4 ,aft] ! /atue 0 uncov]$ 9 ! ,loggia de' ,lanzi1 :]e x n[ /&s1 ,cell9i a*iev$ a triumph adequate to 8 own highe/ expectations4 ,odes & sonnets 9 ,italian1 ,greek1 & ,lat91 7 writt5 9 its praise4 ,pontormo & ,bronz9o1 ! pa9t]s1 load$ x ) complim5ts4 ,cell9i1 ruffl+ ) h& on hilt 9 silks & sat9s ?r\gh ! squ>e1 0 po9t$ out to =eign]s z ! great sculptor :o _h ca/ ! admirable bronze4 ,x 01 9 tru?1 no slight di/9ction = a ,flor5t9e arti/ to erect a /atue b5ea? ! ,loggia de' ,lanzi 9 ! squ>e ( ! ,signory4 ,e great ev5t 9 ,flor5t9e hi/ory _h tak5 place on t piazza4 ,e "n ( di/9ction among ! citiz5s ( ,flor5ce 0 connect$ ) its monum5ts4 ,to ?is day we may read ! c\rse ( ,flor5t9e art by /udy+ its ar*itecture & sculpture2 & n ! lea/ ( its _m ornam5ts1 9 spite ( all t may be said aga9/ x1 is ! ,p]seus ( ,cell9i4 ,cell9i complet$ ! ,p]seus 9 #aeed4 ,8 autobiography is c>ri$ d[n to ! ye> #aefb1 :5 x abruptly t]m9ates4 ,x appe>s t 9 #aeeh he receiv$ ! tonsure & ! fir/ ecclesia/ical ord]s2 b two ye>s lat] on he m>ri$ a wife1 & di$ at ! age ( sixty-n9e1 leav+ ?ree legitimate *ildr54 ,he 0 buri$ hon\rably1 & a fun]al oration 0 pron\nc$ above 8 bi] 9 ! ,*apt] ,h\se ( ! ,annunziata4 ,z a man1 ,cell9i excites m int]e/ ?an z an arti/2 & = ?is reason ,i h refra9$ f ent]+ into m9ute criticism ( 8 few rema9+ ma/]pieces4 ,x has be5 well said t ! two extremes ( society1 ! /atesman & ! craftsman1 f9d _! po9t ( meet+ 9 ,ma*iavelli & ,cell9i1 inasmu* z bo? recognise no moral au?ority b ! individual w4#chh ,! virt1 extoll$ by ,ma*iavelli is exemplifi$ by ,cell9i4 ,ma*iavelli bids 8 pr9ce ignore ! laws2 ,cell9i respects no tribunal & takes ju/ice into 8 own h&s4 ,! ^w consci5ce does n occur 9 ,ma*iavelli's phraseology ( e?ics2 consci5ce nev] makes a c[>d ( ,cell9i1 & 9 ! dungeons ( ,s4 ,angelo he is visit$ by no remorse4 ,if we seek a lit]>y p>allel = ! /atesman & ! arti/ 9 _! idealisation ( =ce & p]sonal "*1 we f9d x 9 ,pietro ,aret9o4 ,9 him1 too1 consci5ce is ext9ct2 = him1 also1 !re is no respect ( ,k+ or ,pope2 he has plac$ himself above law1 & sub/itut$ 8 own w = ju/ice4 ,) 8 p51 z ,cell9i ) 8 dagg]1 he assass9ates2 8 cynicism s]ves him = a coat ( arm\r4 ,& s abject is society1 s natural has tyranny become1 t he extorts blackmail f mon>*s1 makes pr9ces tremble1 & receives smoo? answ]s to 8 insults f ,buon>roti4 ,^! ?ree m51 ,ma*iavelli1 ,cell9i1 & ,aret9o1 ea* 9 8 own l9e1 & ) ! prop] diff]5ces t p]ta9 to philosophic g5ius1 arti/ic skill1 & ribald ruffianism1 suffici5tly indicate ! dissolution ( ! social bond 9 ,italy4 ,!y m>k _! age z ! age ( adv5tur]s1 b&its1 bullies1 ,i%maelites1 & tyrants4 ,,footnotes3 #cde ,9 lode e onor della vita sua e op]e d'esso1 e buona disposizione della anima e del corpo4 ,la ,vita di ,b5v5uto ,cell9i1 ,fir5ze1 ,le ,monni]1 #aheb2 ,docum5ti1 p4 #egh4 #cdf ,i d n by ?is mean to commit myself to ! op9ion t ,cell9i is accurate 9 details or tru?ful4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is impossible to read 8 life )\t feel+ t 8 vanity & self-e/eem l$ him to exagg]ation & mis-/atem5t4 ,! value ( ! biography consi/s 9 its picturesqu5ess1 its brilliant & fai?ful col\r+1 & its unconsci\s self-revelation ( an en]getic "*4 #cdg ,) reg>d to 8 p$igree ,cell9i tells a ridicul\s /ory ab\t a c]ta9 ,fior9o da ,cell9o1 "o ( ,julius ,caes>'s capta9s1 :o gave 8 "n to ,flor5ce4 ,= ! arms ( ! ,cell9i family1 see lib4 i4 cap4 #ej4 #cdh ,to enl>ge ^u ?is po9t is h>dly necess>y2 or x w\ld be easy to prove f docum5t>y evid5ce t arti/s s em95t z ,simone ,m>t9i1 ,g5tile da ,fabriano1 ,p]ug9o1 & ,ghirl&ajo kept op5 %ops1 :]e cu/om]s c\ld buy ! products ( _! craft f a highly-f9i%$ alt>-piece d[n to a pa9t$ buckl] or a sign to hang above ! /reet-door4 ,! comm]cial /atus ( f9e art 9 ,italy 0 highly b5eficial to its advancem5t1 inasmu* z x impli$ a ?or\gh te*nical appr5tice%ip = le>n]s4 ,! defective side ( ! sy/em 0 app>5t 9 great work%ops l t ( ,raphael1 :o und]took pa9t+-commissions q beyond 8 p[]s ( consci5ti\s execution4 #cdi ,see above1 ,*apt] ,,iii1 ,orcagna's ,tab]nacle4 #cej ,see lib4 ii4 cap4 #e1 = ! description ( ,francis ,i4 visit+ ,cell9i 9 8 "w-room4 ,he f9ds him hamm]+ away at ! metal1 & sugge/s t he might leave t lab\r to 8 pr5tices4 ,cell9i replies t ! excell5ce ( 8 "w w\ld suff] if he did n d x himself4 #cea ,see ,yri>te1 ,vie d'un ,g5tilhomme de ,v5ise1 p4 #dci1 = a process in/itut$ by ! ,inquisition aga9/ ,paolo ,v]onese4 #ceb ,he calls x un *iavaquore di arg5to1 il quale era 9 quei tempi *iamato cosi4 ,que/o si era una c9tura di tre dita l>ga1 *e alle spose novelle s' usava di f>e4 #cec ,si come un toro invel5ito4 #ced ,liv+ m5 h felt my bl[s3 ^? _m maim$ & mutilat$ /ones "o sees1 atte/ to y\r disgrace3 ! e>? hides my bad "w4 ,see ! l9es quot$ by ,p]k9s1 ,tuscan ,sculptors1 vol4 ii4 p4 #adj4 #cee ,lib4 i4 cap4 #gi4 #cef ,lib4 ii4 cap4 #cd4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( ?is woman ,cat]9a1 & ( ! rev5ge he took ^u h] & 8 pr5tice ,paolo1 is "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y passages 9 ! life4 #ceg ,see ,vol4 #a41 ,age ( ! ,despots1 pp4 #cgg-chj4 #ceh ,see ,vol4 #a41 ,age ( ! ,despots1 pp4 #cfb-cfc4 #cei ,?is might be fur!r illu/rat$ by analys+ ,cell9i's mode ( lov+4 ,he nev] rises above animal appetite4 #cfj ,lib4 i4 cap4 #he4 ,nel qual vomito mi usci dello /omaco un v]me piloso1 gr&e un qu>to di braccio3 e' peli erano gr&i ed il v]me era bruttissimo1 mac*iato di div]si colori1 v]di1 n]i e rossi4 #cfa ,lib4 i4 cap4 #abh4 #cfb ,notice lib4 i4 cap4 #dj1 p4 #ij1 ! dialogue betwe5 ,cell9i & ! old woman1 on 8 return to ! pat]nal h\se3 ,oh dimmi1 gobba p]v]sa1 c4 #cfc ,p] ess]e il mondo int5ebrato di pe/e e di gu]ra1 is a phrase ( ,cell9i's1 i4 #dj4 #cfd ,lib4 i4 cap4 #ea4 #cfe ,lib4 i4 cap4 #gd4 ,clem5t 0 dead1 & ,paul ,,iii4 _h j be5 elect$1 #aecd4 ,paul s5t ,cell9i a safe-conduct & p>don = ,pompeo's murd] to ,flor5ce 9 #aece4 ,lib4 i4 cap4 #ha4 #cff ,lib4 ii4 cap4 #ajd4 #cfg ,lib4 i4 cap4 #fd4 #cfh ,see1 h[ev]1 :at is said ab\t ! m\nta9 villages ( ,norcia be+ good = incantations4 ,t di/rict 9 ,roman times 0 fam\s = su* sup]/itions4 ,burckh>dt1 ,die ,cultur d] ,r5aissance 9 ,itali51 pp4 #dbg-dbh1 gives curi\s in=mation on ?is topic4 #cfi ,lib4 i4 cap4 #gf4 #cgj ,lib4 i4 cap4 #hh4 ,t mad melan*oly philosoph] ,lor5z9o4 ,cf4 i4 #hj & #ha4 ,molte volte lo trovavo a dormic*i>e dopo des9>e con quel suo ,lor5z9o1 *e poi l'ammazz1 e non altri2 ed io molto mi m>avigliavo *e un duca di quella sorte cos si fidava 444 il duca' *e lo t5eva qu&o p] pazz]iccio1 e qu&o p] poltrone4 ,cf4 aga91 cap4 #hi4 #cga ,?is glimpse ( ,bembo 9 8 ,paduan villa is v pleas+4 ,lib4 i4 cap4 #id4 #cgb ,quei diavoli di quei g5tiluom9i t$es*i4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 ! language he uses ab\t ne>ly all =eign]s--,spani>ds1 ,fr5*1 & ,engli%4 #cgc ,lib4 i4 cap4 #if4 ,io ero tutto armato di maglia con i/ivali grossi e con uno scoppietto 9 mano1 e pioveva quanto ,iddio ne sapeva m&>e1 c4 #cgd ,lib4 i4 cap4 #ih4 #cge ,ib4 cap4 #aja4 #cgf ,see lib4 i4 cap4 #ch1 #dc4 #cgg ,! ,gov]nor1 p]plex$ by ,cell9i's vaunt t if he only tri$ he 0 sure he c\ld fly1 put him "u /rict gu>d1 say+1 ,b5v5uto un pipi/rello contrafatto1 ed io sono un pipi/rello da dov]o4 #cgh ,lib4 i4 cap4 #abe4 #cgi ,lib4 i4 cap4 #aje4 #chj ,il ,papa div5tato cos pessima be/ia1 lib4 i4 #eh2 ,il ,papa entrato 9 un be/ial furore1 ib4 #fj2 ,quel pov]o uomo di ,papa ,clem5te1 ib4 #ajc4 #cha ,ib4 #cf1 #aja1 #aaa4 #chb ,! sc5e is well describ$1 lib4 i4 #abg4 ,! ,pope 0 wont to h a weekly debau*1 & ! c>d9al *ose ?is fav\rable mom5t = 8 appeal3 ,gli usava una volta la settimana di f>e una crapula assai gagli>da1 p]* da poi la gomitava4444 ,allora il papa1 s5t5dosi appress>e all' ora del suo vomito1 e p]* la troppa abbundanzia del v9o ancora faceva l' ufizio suo1 disse1 c4 #chc ,see ,vol4 ,i41 ,age ( ! ,despots1 p4 #dhe4 #chd ,see especially ! visit to ! ,p>is work%op1 lib4 ii4 cap4 #ae1 & ! sc5e 9 ! ,gall]y at ,fonta9ebleau1 ib4 #da4 #che ,8 qu>rels1 = example1 ) ! ,du*ess ( ,flor5ce4 #chf ,lib4 ii4 cap4 #hc1 #hd1 #hg1 #gj1 #ga4 #chg ,t bea/ly big ox1 ,b&9elli4 ,cf4 cap4 #gj = ! critique4 ,x may be said "h1 9 pass+1 t ! insult ( ,b&9elli1 ,oh /a *eto1 soddomitaccio1 seems to h be5 ju/ifi$ by ,b5v5uto's conduct1 ?\gh ( c\rse he c>efully conceals x 9 8 memoirs4 ,aft] ! *>ge br\ght aga9/ him by ,c5cio1 = in/ance1 he ?\ght x bett] to leave ,flor5ce4--,ib4 cap4 #fa1 #fb4 #chh ,edg> ,qu9et1 ,les ,rvolutions d',italie1 p4 #ceh4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,epigoni ,full ,developm5t & ,decl9e ( ,pa9t+--,exhau/ion ( ! old ,motives--,relation ( ,lion>do to 8 ,pupils--,8 ,legacy to ! ,lomb>d ,s*ool--,b]n>d9o ,lu9i--,gaud5zio ,f]r>i--,! ,devotion ( ! ,sacri ,monti--,! ,s*ool ( ,raphael--,no?+ left b ,imitation--,un:olesome ,influ5ces ( ,rome--,giulio ,romano--,mi*ael ,angelesque ,mann]i/s--,misconception ( ,mi*ael ,angelo--,correggio f\nds no ,s*ool--,p>migian9o--,mac*9i/i--,! ,bolognese--,aft]-gr[? ( ,art 9 ,flor5ce--,&rea del ,s>to--,8 ,foll[]s--,pontormo--,bronz9o--,revival ( ,pa9t+ 9 ,si5a--,sodoma--,8 ,influ5ce on ,pac*ia1 ,beccafumi1 ,p]uzzi--,g>(alo & ,dosso ,dossi at ,f]r>i--,! ,campi at ,cremona--,brescia & ,b]gamo--,! ,decad5ce 9 ! second half ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury--,! ,c\nt]-,re=mation--,ext9ction ( ! ,r5aissance ,impulse4 ,9 ! =ego+ *apt]s ,i h n s\ght to write aga9 ! hi/ory ( art1 s mu* z to keep 9 view ! relation betwe5 ,italian art & ! lead+ intellectual impulses ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,9 ! ma/]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury--,lion>do1 ,raphael1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,correggio1 & ! ,v5etians--! =ce inh]5t 9 ! ,italian g5ius = pa9t+ rea*$ full developm5t4 ,:at rema9$ 0 b an aft]-bloom rapidly t5d+ to decad5ce4 ,to surpass ^? m5 9 _! own l9e seem$ impossible4 ,:at !y _h a*iev$ 0 s transc5d5t t imitation satisfi$ _! successors2 & if !y refus$ imitation1 orig9ality _h to be s\ght by deviat+ into extravagances4 ,mean:ile no new /ock ( ?\ghts _h be5 acquir$2 & /ud5ts ( hi/ory are n[ well aw>e t = really great art ideas common to ! nation are ess5tial4 ,! motives sugge/$ by m$iaeval ,*ri/ianity1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh successive /ages ( treatm5t 9 ! quattroc5to1 _h receiv$ ! gr& & humane h&l+ ( ! gold5 age4 ,! motives ( reviv$ paganism 9 l mann] 7 exhau/$1 & at ?is "t ! feel+ = antiquity _h lo/ its primal fre%ness4 ,x might seem sup]flu\s to c>ry ?is inquiry fur!r1 :5 we h ?us confess$ly atta9$ ! culm9at+ po9t ( pa9t+4 ,yet ! sket* attempt$ 9 ?is volume w\ld be incomplete & liable to mis9t]pretation1 if no acc\nt 7 tak5 ( ! legacy bequea!d to ! next g5]ation by ! great ma/]s4 ,lion>do da ,v9ci =m$1 z we h se51 a s*ool at ,milan4 ,x 0 ! special good =tune ( 8 pupils t :at he actually accompli%$1 bore no proportion to ! sugge/iv5ess ( 8 tea*+ & ! f]tility ( 8 inv5tion4 ,( f9i%$ "w he left b little to ! _w2 :ile 8 sket*es & designs1 ! teem+ ?\ghts ( 8 creative bra91 7 an ine/imable h]itage4 ,! :ole ( ?is ri* legacy ( ma/]pieces1 project$1 b n execut$1 0 *>act]is$ by a feel+ = beauty :i* has fall5 to no o!r pa9t]4 ,:5 we exam9e ! sket*es 9 ! ,royal ,collection at ,w9dsor1 we p]ceive t ! exce$+ s5se ( lovel9ess possess$ by ,lion>do c\ld n h fail$ to animate 8 pupils ) a high _s ( art4 ,at ! same "t ! extraord9>y v>iety ( 8 draw+--sometimes rem9d+ u ( ,g]man me?od1 sometimes mod]n 9 ! mann] ( ,fr5* & ,engli% draughtsm5--by turns bold & delicate1 broad & m9ute 9 detail--af=d$ to 8 s*ool examples ( p]fect treatm5t 9 a multiplicity ( diff]5t /yles4 ,!re 0 no =mality ( fix$ unalt]able prec$5t 9 ,lion>do1 no?+ = 8 s*ol>s to repeat ) ! monotony ( mann]ism4 ,x rema9$ = 8 disciples1 ea* 9 8 own sph]e1 ) inf]ior p[]s & feebl] intellect1 to p]petuate ! g5ius ( _! ma/]4 ,?us ! _s ( ,lion>do cont9u$ to live 9 ,lomb>dy aft] he 0 dead4 ,!re alone imitation 0 really fruitful1 because x did n imply m]e copy+4 ,in/ead ( attempt+ to give a fre% & !re=e a /ra9$ turn to motives t _h already receiv$ consummate treatm5t1 ,lion>do's successors 7 able to execute :at he _h plann$ b _h n c>ri$ to completion4 ,nor 0 ! pre/ige ( 8 /yle s oppressive ?r\gh ! mass ( pictures pa9t$ by 8 h& z to *eck individuality or to prev5t ! pupil f work+ out su* portions ( ! ma/]'s ve9 z suit$ 8 own tal5t4 ,ea* f\nd en\gh sugge/$1 b n us$1 to give 8 special faculty free scope4 ,?is is 9 fact ! reason :y ! majority ( pictures ascrib$ to ,lion>do are really ! production ( 8 s*ool4 ,!y h ! excell5ce ( orig9al "w1 b n su* excell5ce z ,lion>do c\ld h giv5 !m4 ,_! completion is due1 z se>*+ criticism proves1 to less] m52 b ! conception belongs to ! greate/4 ,&rea ,sala9o1 ,m>co d',oggiono1 ,francesco ,melzi1 ,giovanni ,antonio ,beltraffio1 & ,ces>e da ,se/o1 are all ( !m skill$ workm51 los+ & f9d+ _! individuality1 z j describ$1 9 ! mann] ( _! ma/]4 ,sala9o br+s exquisite delicacy ( execution2 d',oggiono1 wild & biz>re beauty2 ,melzi1 ! ref9em5ts ( a m9iaturi/2 ,beltraffio1 h>d brilliancy ( light & col\r2 ,ces>e da ,se/o1 some:at ( effem9ate sweetness2 & ?us ! qualities ( _m m5 em]ge1 to bl5d !mselves aga9 9 :at is ,lion>do's own4 ,x is surely n )\t significance t ?is metempsy*osis ( g5ius %\ld h happ5$ 9 ! case ( ,lion>do1 himself ! magician ( ,r5aissance art1 ! lov] ( all ?+s d\ble-natur$ & tw9-s\l$4 ,two pa9t]s ( ! ,lomb>d s*ool1 ,b]n>d9o ,lu9i & ,gaud5zio ,f]r>i1 dem& sep>ate notice4 ,)\t ,lion>do x is difficult to say :at ,lu9i w\ld h be53 s ?or\ghly did he appropriate 8 tea*]'s type ( face1 &1 9 oil-pa9t+1 8 ref9em5t4 ,& yet ,lu9i /&s on 8 own gr\nd1 9 no s5se an imitator1 ) a g5ius m simple & idyllic ?an ,da ,v9ci's4 ,little conception ( 8 *>m c be =m$ by ^? :o h n se5 8 frescoes 9 ! ,br]a & ,s4 ,maurizio ,maggiore at ,milan1 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,angeli at ,lugano1 or 9 ! pilgrimage *ur* ( ,s>onno4 ,to ! circum/ance ( 8 hav+ done 8 be/ "w 9 places h>dly visit$ until ( late ye>s1 may 9 "p p]haps be attribut$ ! t>dy recognition ( a pa9t] em95tly fitt$ to be popul>4 ,lu9i 0 ess5tially a fresco-pa9t]4 ,none1 p]haps1 ( all ! greate/ ,italian frescanti realis$ a high] quality ( brilliancy )\t gaud9ess1 by ! scale ( col\rs he select$ & by ! purity ) :i* he us$ !m 9 simple comb9ations4 ,8 frescoes are nev] dull or heavy 9 tone1 nev] gl>+1 nev] ?9 or *alky4 ,he knew h[ to r5d] !m bo? lum9\s & ri*1 )\t fall+ into ! extremes t r5d] fresco-pa9t+s (t5 less attractive ?an oil-pictures4 ,8 feel+ = lovel9ess ( =m 0 orig9al & exquisite4 ,! joy ( y\? f\nd 9 ,lu9i an int]pret] only less p[]ful & ev5 m t5d] ?an 9 ,raphael4 ,:ile he %>$ ) ! ,v5etians _! s5sibility to nature1 he _h none ( _! s5su\sness or love ( pomp4 ,9 idyllic pa9t+ ( a truly great type ,i "k ( no?+ m delightful ?an 8 figures ( "y musicians go+ to ! m>riage fea/ ( ,m>y1 no?+ m graceful ?an ! g5ius ivy-cr[n$ & seat$ at ! foot ( ! cross4#chi ,! s5tim5t = naive & artless grace1 s fully possess$ by ,lu9i1 gave fre%ness to 8 treatm5t ( conv5tional religi\s !mes4 ,"u 8 t\* !y appeal imm$iately to ! mo/ untutor$ ta/e1 )\t ! aid ( reali/ic or s5sational effects4 ,ev5 ,s4 ,seba/ian & ,s4 ,rocco1 :om x is difficult to repres5t ) any novelty ( attitude or expression1 became = him ! motives ( fre% poetry1 uns\ght b truly felt4#cij ,among all ! ,madonnas ev] pa9t$ 8 picture ( ,m>y ) ! espali] ( :ite roses1 & ano!r :]e %e holds ! infant ,*ri/ to pluck a purple columb9e1 di/+ui% !mselves by ?is engag+ spontaneity4 ,! frescoes ( ! m>riage ( ! ,virg9 & ( ,s4 ,ca!r9e c>ri$ by angels to ,m\nt ,s9ai might be cit$ = ! same quality ( fre%ness & un/udi$ poetry4#cia ,:5 ! subject dem&$ ! ex]cise ( grave emotion1 ,lu9i rose to ! occasion )\t los+ 8 simplicity4 ,! ,m>tyrdom ( ,s4 ,ca!r9e & ! fresco ( ,*ri/ aft] ! ,flagellation are two ma/]pieces1 :]e9 ! dep?s ( pa?os h be5 s\nd$1 & n a s+le note ( discord is /ruck4#cib ,all h>% & disagreeable details are ei!r elim9at$1 or s s(t5$ t ! g5]al impression1 z 9 ,p]golese's music1 is "o ( pr(\nde/ & yet sweete/ sorr[4 ,lu9i's g5ius 0 n tragic4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to a dramatic motive 9 8 "w is ! figure ( ! ,magdal5 kneel+ be=e ! cross1 ) h] long yell[ hair /ream+ ov] h] %\ld]s1 & h] arms ?r[n backw>ds 9 an ec/asy ( grief4#cic ,he did well to *oose mom5ts t /ir t5d] sympa?y--! piety ( deep & calm devotion4 ,h[ truly he felt !m--m truly1 ,i ?9k1 ?an ,p]ug9o 9 8 be/ p]iod--is prov$ by ! correspond5ce !y awake 9 u4 ,l melodies1 !y create a mood 9 ! spectator4 ,:at ,lu9i did n le>n f ,lion>do1 0 ! art ( composition4 ,tak5 "o by "o1 ! figures t make up 8 ,m>riage ( ! ,virg9 at ,s>onno1 are beautiful2 b ! :ole picture is clumsily con/ruct$2 & :at is true ( ?is1 may be said ( e pa9t+ 9 :i* he attempt$ complicat$ gr\p+4#cid ,we feel him to be a great arti/ only :]e ! subject does n dem& ! symmetrical arrangem5t ( _m p>ts4 ,gaud5zio ,f]r>i 0 a g5ius ( a diff]5t ord]1 m robu/1 m v>i$1 b less s+le-m9d$ ?an ,lu9i4 ,8 /yle reveals ! influ5ces ( a _m-sid$1 ill-assimilat$ education2 bl5d+ ! mann]s ( ,bramant9o1 ,lion>do1 & ,raphael )\t prop] fusion4 ,?\gh ,f]r>i travell$ mu*1 & le>n$ 8 art 9 sev]al s*ools1 he1 l ,lu9i1 c only be /udi$ 9 ! ,milanese di/rict--at 8 bir?place ,v>allo1 at ,s>onno1 ,v]celli1 & ,milan4 ,x is to be regrett$ t a pa9t] ( su* s+ul> ability1 almo/ unrivall$ at mom5ts 9 ! expression ( int5se feel+ & ! repres5tation ( en]getic movem5t1 %\ld h lack$ a simpl] tra9+1 or h be5 unable to adopt a mann] m uni=m4 ,!re is a /r5g? ( w+ 9 8 imag9ative flight1 a swiftness & impetuosity 9 8 execution1 & a dramatic =ce 9 8 conception1 t almo/ ju/ify ,lomazzo's *oice ( ! eagle = 8 emblem4 ,yet he 0 unable to collect 8 p[]s1 or to rule !m4 ,! di/ractions ( an age t _h produc$ its ma/]pieces1 7 too /rong = him2 & :at he fail$ to f9d 0 balance4 ,8 picture ( ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,s4 ,ca!r9e1 :]e rem9isc5ces ( ,raphael & ,lion>do m+le ) ! unc\? motives ( an e>li] /yle 9 a m$ley )\t unity ( composition or h>mony ( col\r+1 might be *os5 z a typical in/ance ( great res\rces misappli$4#cie ,! mo/ pleas+ ( ,f]r>i's pa9t+s are *oirs ( angels1 sorr[+ or rejoic+1 "s ( !m exquisitely & orig9ally beautiful1 all animat$ ) unusual life1 & pois$ ^u w+s p[]ful en\gh to be> !m--v]itable birds ( ,god4#cif ,8 dramatic sc5es f sacr$ hi/ory1 ri* 9 novel motives & exub]antly full ( inv5tion1 cr[d ! *ur*es ( ,v]celli2 :ile a :ole epic ( ! ,passion is pa9t$ 9 fresco above ! alt> ( ,s4 ,m>ia delle ,grazie at ,v>allo1 cov]+ ! wall f basem5t to ceil+4 ,! prodigality ( p[] display$ by ,f]r>i makes up = mu* ( crudity 9 /yle & confusion 9 aim2 nor c we refuse ! tribute ( w>me/ admiration to a ma/]1 :o1 :5 ! s*ools ( ,rome & ,flor5ce 7 s9k+ into empt9ess & bomba/1 pres]v$ ! fire ( feel+ = s]i\s !mes4 ,:at 0 deadly 9 ! neo-paganism ( ! ,r5aissance--its frivolity & worldl9ess1 corrod+ ! v s\rces ( belief 9 m5 :o made ( art a decoration = _! s5su\s exi/5ce--_h n p5etrat$ to ^? ,lomb>d valleys :]e ,f]r>i & ,lu9i work$4 ,!re ! devotion ( ! ,sacri ,monti /ill ma9ta9$ an intellig5ce betwe5 ! p & ! arti/1 f> m fruitful ( results to pa9t+ ?an ! patronage ( spl5d\r-lov+ c>d9als & nobles4#cig ,pass+ f ,lion>do to ,raphael1 we f9d exactly ! rev]se ( :at has hi!rto be5 notic$4 ,raphael work$ out ! m9e ( 8 own ?\ght s ?or\ghly--s completely exhau/$ ! motives ( 8 inv5tion1 & c>ri$ 8 /yle to su* p]fection--t he left no?+ unus$ = 8 foll[]s4 ,we h se5 t he =m$ a s*ool ( subord9ates 9 ,rome :o execut$ 8 lat] frescoes aft] 8 designs4 ,"s ( ^! m5 h names t c be m5tion$--,giulio ,romano1 ( :om m h]eaft]2 ,p]9o del ,vaga1 ! decorator ( ,g5oese palaces 9 a /yle ( ov]bl[n b gorge\s ,raphaelism2 ,&rea ,sabbat9i1 :o c>ri$ ! ,roman tradition d[n to ,naples2 ,francesco ,p5ni1 ,giovanni da ,ud9e1 & ,polidoro da ,c>avaggio4 ,_! "w1 ev5 :ile sup]9t5d$ by ,raphael himself1 began to %[ ! signs ( decad5ce4 ,9 8 ,roman mann] ! dramatic elem5t 0 conspicu\s2 & to c>ry dramatic pa9t+ beyond ! limits ( good /yle 9 art is un=tunately easy4 ,! ,hall ( ,con/ant9e1 left unf9i%$ at 8 dea?1 /ill fur!r prov$ h[ little 8 pupils c\ld d )\t him4#cih ,:5 ,raphael di$1 ! brea? ^: might su/a9$ & made !m pot5t1 ceas$4 ,= all ! high] purposes ( g5u9e art1 inspiration pass$ f !m z col\r fades f ea/]n cl\ds at sunset1 sudd5ly4 ,x has be5 cu/om>y to acc\nt = ?is rapid decl9e ( ! ,roman s*ool by ref]r+ to ! sack ( ,rome 9 #aebg4 ,no d\bt ! arti/s suff]$ at t mom5t at lea/ z sev]ely z ! s*ol>s2 _! disp]sion broke up a b& ( em95t pa9t]s1 :o might 9 comb9ation & competition h /ill a*iev$ great ?+s4 ,yet ! secret ( _! subsequ5t failure lay f> deep]2 p>tly 9 ! full developm5t ( _! ma/]'s /yle1 already describ$2 & p>tly 9 ! social conditions ( ,rome itself4 ,patrons1 /imulat$ by ! example ( ! ,popes1 desir$ va/ decorative works2 b !y expect$ ^! to be p]=m$ rapidly & at a *eap rate4 ,pa9t]s1 famili>is$ ) ! execution ( su* und]tak+s1 =got t hi!rto ! conception _h be5 n !irs b ,raphael's4 ,mi/ak+ h&-"w = bra9-"w1 !y audaci\sly accept$ commissions t w\ld h tax$ ! p[]s ( ! ma/] himself4 ,mean:ile moral e>ne/ness & te*nical consci5ti\sness 7 bo? ext9ct4 ,! patrons requir$ %[ & s5sual magnific5ce f> m ?an ?\ght & sub/ance4 ,!y 7 n1 !re=e1 det]r$ by ! vacuity & poor conceptive faculty ( ! arti/s f employ+ !m4 ,:at ! age dem&$ 0 a sumptu\s p>ade ( sup]ficial ornam5t1 & ?is ! pupils ( ,raphael felt compet5t to supply )\t mu* ef=t4 ,! result 0 t pa9t]s :o "u fav\rable circum/ances might h done "s m]itori\s "w1 became m]e j\rneym5 cont5t$ ) ! s\lless ins9c]ity ( *eap effects4 ,giulio ,romano alone1 by d9t ( robu/ en]gy & lurid fire ( fancy flick]+ amid ! smoke ( 8 co>s] nature1 a*iev$ a triumph 9 ?is l9e ( lab\r4 ,8 ,palazzo del ,te w always rema9 ! monum5t ( a specific mom5t 9 ,r5aissance hi/ory1 s9ce x is adequate to ! intellectual conditions ( a race demoralis$ b liv+ /ill ) l>g5ess & a s5se ( gr&eur4 ,mi*ael ,angelo =m$ no s*ool 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w4 ,yet 8 influ5ce 0 n ! less felt on t acc\nt1 nor less p[]ful ?an ,raphael's 9 ! same direction4 ,dur+ 8 manhood ! pa9t]s ,seba/ian del ,piombo1 ,m>cello ,v5u/i1 & ,daniele da ,volt]ra1 _h endeav\r$ to add ! *>m ( oil-col\r+ to 8 designs2 & long be=e 8 dea?1 ! s$uction ( 8 mighty mann]ism _h begun to ex]cise a fatal *>m = all ! s*ools ( ,italy4 ,pa9t]s incapable ( fa?om+ 8 int5tion1 unsympa!tic to 8 r>e type ( intellect1 & gift$ ) less ?an a ti! ( 8 native =ce1 set !mselves to reproduce :atev] may be ju/ly c5sur$ 9 8 works4 ,to height5 & enl>ge _! /yle 0 reckon$ a *ief duty ( aspir+ craftsm52 & x 0 ?\ght t recipes = atta9+ to ?is f9al p]fection ( ! mod]n arts might be extract$ )\t tr\ble f ,mi*ael ,angelo's ma/]pieces4 ,unluckily1 9 proportion z 8 fame increas$1 8 peculi>ities grew ) ! advance ( age m mann]i/ic & def9$2 s t 8 imitators fix$ precisely ^u t :i* sob] critics n[ reg>d z a d$uction f 8 greatness4 ,!y fail$ to p]ceive t he ow$ 8 gr&eur to 8 p]sonality2 & t ! audacities :i* fasc9at$ !m1 became m]e :imsical extravagances :5 sev]$ f 8 t]ribilit & sombre simplicity ( impassion$ ?\ght4 ,8 p[] & 8 _s 7 alike unique & uncommunicable1 :ile ! admiration ( 8 y\?ful wor%ipp]s betray$ !m into imitat+ ! ext]nals ( a /yle t 0 rapidly los+ spontaneity & s5se ( beauty4 ,!re=e !y fanci$ !y 7 tread+ 9 8 foot/eps & us+ ! gr& mann] :5 !y cov]$ *ur*-ro(s & canvases ) sprawl+ figures 9 di/ort$ attitudes4 ,in/ead ( /udy+ nature1 !y /udi$ ,mi*ael ,angelo's c>toons1 exagg]at+ by _! un9tellig5t disciple%ip 8 wilfulness & arbitr>y *oice ( =m4 ,vas>i's & ,cell9i's criticisms ( a ma/] !y bo? hone/ly rev]$1 may suffice to illu/rate ! false me?od adopt$ by ^! mimics ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's ideal4 ,to *>ge him ) faults proce$+ f ! weakness & bl9dness ( ! decad5ce--! faults ( m5 too bl9d to read 8 art aright1 too weak to /& on _! own feet )\t him--w\ld be ei!r /upid or malici\s4 ,if at ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! mann]i/s s\ght to />tle & entrance ! _w by empty exhibitions ( muscul> anatomy misund]/ood1 & by a braggadocio display ( mean+less effects--cr[d+ _! compositions ) /udies f ! nude1 & pa9t+ agitat$ gr\ps )\t a disc]nible cause = agitation--! crime surely lay ) ! patrons :o lik$ su* decoration1 & ) ! j\rneym5 :o provid$ x4 ,mi*ael ,angelo himself always made 8 mann] s]ve 8 ?\ght4 ,we may fail to appreciate 8 mann] & may be incapable ( compreh5d+ 8 ?\ght2 b only ins9c]e or conceit$ critics w v5ture to gauge ! latt] by :at !y feel to be displeas+ 9 ! =m]4 ,:at seems lawless 9 him1 foll[s ! law ( a pr(\nd & peculi> g5ius1 ) :i*1 :e!r we l x or n1 we mu/ reckon4 ,8 imitators 7 devoid ( ?\ght & too indiff]5t to "q :e!r !re 0 any law to be obey$4 ,l ! jackass 9 ! fable1 !y put on ! dead lion's sk9 ( 8 mann]1 & bray$ b5ea? x1 ?9k+ !y c\ld ro>4 ,correggio1 aga91 ?\gh he c h>dly be said to h f\nd$ a s*ool1 0 de/9$ to ex]cise wide & p]il\s influ5ce ov] a ho/ ( mann]i/ic imitators4 ,francesco ,mazzola1 call$ ,il ,p>migian9o1 foll[$ him s closely t 8 frescoes at ,p>ma are h>dly di/+ui%able f ! ma/]'s2 :ile ,f$]igo ,b>occio at ,urb9o endeav\r$ to pres]ve ! s5su\s & almo/ *ildi% sweetness ( 8 /yle 9 its integrity4#cii ,b ! real attraction ( ,correggio 0 only felt :5 ! new b>occo ar*itecture call$ = a new k9d ( decoration4 ,e cupola ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ,italy began !n to be pa9t$ ) roll+ cl\ds & loll+ angels4 ,:at ! wits ( ,p>ma _h once /igmatis$ z a ragot ( frogs1 n[ seem$ ! only possible expression = cele/ial ec/asy2 & to del9eate ! joy ( heav5 ^u ^? multitudes ( domes & semi-domes 0 a po9t ( religi\s etiquette4 ,false lights1 dubi\s =e%ort5+s1 %all[ col\r+s1 ill-/udi$ =ms1 & motiveless agitation suit$ ! ta/e t c>$ = gaudy brightness & s5sational effects4 ,! pa9t]s1 = _! "p1 f\nd x conv5i5t to adopt a mann]ism t enabl$ !m to conceal ! difficult p>ts ( ! figure 9 fea!r b$s ( vap\r1 requir+ nei!r ef=t ( conception nor exp5diture ( lab\r on draw+ & composition4 ,at ! same "t1 ! ,c>acci made ,correggio's /yle ! object ( m s]i\s /udy2 & ! hi/ory ( ,bolognese pa9t+ %[s :at 0 to be d]iv$ f ?is ma/] by intellig5t & consci5ti\s workm54 ,hi!rto1 ,i h _h pr9cipally to record ! errors ( arti/s copy+ ! ext]nal qualities ( _! great pr$ecessors4 ,x is refre%+ to turn f ! epigoni ( ! s-call$ ,roman s*ool to ma/]s 9 :om ! flame ( ! ,r5aissance /ill burn$ brightly4 ,&rea del ,s>to1 ! pupil ( ,pi]o di ,cosimo1 b m ne>ly relat$ 9 /yle to ,fra ,b>tolommeo ?an to any o!r ( ! eld] ma/]s1 0 himself a contempor>y ( ,raphael & ,correggio4 ,yet he mu/ be notic$ "h2 because he gave new qualities to ! art ( ,tuscany1 & =m$ a tradition decisive = ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ,flor5t9e pa9t+4 ,to make a j e/imate ( 8 a*ievem5t is a task ( no small difficulty4 ,! ,italians call$ him il pittore s5za errori1 or ! faultless pa9t]4 ,:at !y meant by ?is mu/ h be5 t 9 all ! te*nical requirem5ts ( art1 9 draw+1 composition1 h&l+ ( fresco & oils1 disposition ( drap]ies1 & feel+ = light & %ad[1 he 0 above criticism4 ,z a col\ri/ he w5t fur!r & produc$ m beautiful effects ?an any ,flor5t9e be=e him4 ,8 silv]-grey h>monies & liquid bl5d+s ( hues cool1 yet lu/r\s1 h a *>m peculi> to himself alone4 ,we f9d ! l n[h]e else 9 ,italy4 ,& yet ,&rea del ,s>to _c take rank among ! greate/ ,r5aissance pa9t]s4 ,:at he lack$ 0 precisely ! mo/ preci\s gift--inspiration1 dep? ( emotion1 en]gy ( ?\ght4 ,we are apt to feel t ev5 8 be/ pictures 7 design$ ) a view to solv+ an ae/hetic problem4 ,v few h ! poetic *>m belong+ to ! ,s4 ,john ( ! ,pitti or ! ,madonna ( ! ,tribune4 ,beautiful z are _m ( 8 types1 l ! ,magdal5 9 ! l>ge picture ( ! ,piet#djj we c nev] be sure t he w n break ! spell by =ms ( almo/ vulg> m$iocrity4 ,! /ory t 8 wife1 a wor?less woman1 sat = 8 ,madonnas1 & ! leg5ds ( 8 work+ = money to meet press+ ne$s1 seem ju/ifi$ by numb]s ( 8 pa9t+s1 faulty 9 _! faultlessness & want ( _s4 ,/ill1 aft] mak+ ^! d$uctions1 we mu/ all[ t ,&rea del ,s>to n unwor?ily repres5ts ! gold5 age at ,flor5ce4 ,!re is no affectation1 no false ta/e1 no trick]y 9 8 /yle4 ,8 workman%ip is always solid2 8 h& un]r+4 ,if ,nature d5i$ him ! s\l ( a poet1 & ! /]n w ne$$ = escap+ f ! sordid circum/ances ( 8 life1 %e gave him "s ( ! highe/ qualities a pa9t] c desire--qualities ( /r5g?1 tranquillity1 & ?or\ghness1 t 9 ! decl9e ( ! c5tury ceas$ to exi/ outside ,v5ice4 ,among ,del ,s>to's foll[]s x w be en\gh to m5tion ,franciabigio1 ,vas>i's fav\rite 9 fresco pa9t+1 ,rosso de' ,rossi1 :o c>ri$ ! ,flor5t9e mann] into ,france1 & ,pontormo1 ! ma/]ly pa9t] ( portraits4#dja ,9 ! hi/orical pictures ( ^! m51 :e!r sacr$ or secul>1 x is cle> h[ mu* 0 done = ,flor5t9e art by ,fra ,b>tolommeo & ,del ,s>to indep5d5tly ( ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,lion>do4 ,angelo ,bronz9o1 ! pupil ( ,pontormo1 is *iefly valuable = 8 portraits4 ,h>d & cold1 yet obvi\sly true to life1 !y =m a gall]y ( great int]e/ = ! hi/orian ( ,duke ,cosimo's reign4 ,8 frescoes & allegories illu/rate ! defects t h be5 po9t$ out 9 ^? ( ,raphael's & ,buon>roti's imitators4#djb ,want ( ?\ght & feel+1 comb9$ ) ! presumptu\s treatm5t ( colossal & imag9ative subjects1 r5d]s ^! compositions inexpressibly *ill+4 ,! psy*ologi/1 :o may h read a poem f ,bronz9o's p51 w be incl9$ to wond] h[ f> ?is b>r5 art 0 n connect$ ) p]sonal corruption4#djc ,su* speculations are1 h[ev]1 apt to be mislead+4 ,si5a1 aft] a long p]iod ( inactivity1 receiv$ a fre% impulse at ! same "t z ,flor5ce4 ,giovanni ,antonio ,bazzi1 or ,razzi1 call$ ,il ,sodoma1 0 born at ,v]celli ab\t #adgg4 ,he /udi$ 9 8 y\? "u ,lion>do da ,v9ci1 tra9+ 8 own exquisite s5se ( natural beauty 9 t sci5tific s*ool4 ,f ,milan1 aft] a c]ta9 int]val ( "t1 he remov$ to ,rome1 :]e he became a fri5d & foll[] ( ,raphael4 ,^! d\ble influ5ces det]m9$ a /yle t nev] lo/ its own orig9ality4 ,) :at delicacy & navet1 almo/ l a second ,lu9i1 b ) m ( hum\r & s5su\sness1 he approa*$ hi/oric !mes1 may be se5 9 8 frescoes at ,monte ,oliveto4#djd ,!y 7 execut$ be=e 8 ,roman visit1 & %[ ! facility ( a mo/ graceful improvisatore4 ,"o pa9t+ repres5t+ ! ,temptation ( ,monks by ,danc+ ,wom5 c>ries ! melody ( flu5t l9es & ! s$uction ( fair girli% faces into a region ( pure poetry4 ,^! frescoes are sup]ior to ,sodoma's "w 9 ! ,f>nes9a4 ,impress$1 z all arti/s 71 by ! monum5tal "* ( ,borne1 & fir$ by ,raphael's example1 he tri$ to ab&on 8 sket*y & idyllic /yle = "o ( great] maje/y & fulness4 ,! delici\s fre%ness ( 8 e>li] mann] 0 sacrific$2 b 8 be/ ef=ts to produce a gr&iose composition end$ 9 a confusion ( individually beautiful b ill-assort$ motives4 ,l ,lu9i1 ,sodoma 0 nev] successful 9 pictures requir+ comb9ation & arrangem5t4 ,he lack$ "s s5se ( symmetry & s\ght to a*ieve massiv5ess by cr[d+ figures 9 a giv5 space4 ,:5 we comp>e 8 gr\p ( ,s4 ,ca!r9e ,fa9t+ "u ! ,/igmata ) ! m$ley ( agitat$ =ms t make up 8 picture ( ! same sa9t at ,tuldo's execution1 we see pla9ly t he ought to h conf9$ himself to ! expression ( v simple !mes4#dje ,! =m] is incomp>able = its sweetness2 ! latt] is indi/9ct & we>y+1 9 spite ( _m details t adorn x4 ,gift$ ) an exquisite feel+ = ! beauty ( ! human body1 ,sodoma excell$ himself :5 he 0 cont5t$ ) a s+le figure4 ,8 ,s4 ,seba/ian1 not)/&+ its wan & fad$ col\r+1 is /ill ! v be/ t has be5 pa9t$4#djf ,suff]+1 ref9$ & spiritual1 )\t contortion or spasm1 c\ld n be pres5t$ ) m pa?os 9 a =m ( m surpass+ lovel9ess4 ,?is is a truly demonic picture 9 ! fasc9ation x ex]cises & ! memory x leaves ^u ! m9d4 ,"p ( its unanalysable *>m may be due to ! bold ?\ght ( comb9+ ! beauty ( a ,greek ,hylas ) ! ,*ri/ian s5tim5t ( m>tyrdom4 ,only ! ,r5aissance c\ld h produc$ a hybrid s successful1 because s deeply felt4 ,sodoma's influ5ce at ,si5a1 :]e he liv$ a picturesque life1 delight+ 9 8 horses & surr\nd+ himself ) /range f\r-foot$ pets ( all sorts1 soon produc$ a s*ool ( wor?y ma/]s4 ,girolamo del ,pac*ia1 ,dom5ico ,beccafumi1 & ,baldass>e ,p]uzzi1 ?\gh !y ow$ mu* to ! /imulus ( 8 example1 foll[$ him 9 no s]vile _s4 ,inde$1 x may be said t ,pac*ia's pa9t+s 9 ! ,oratory ( ,s4 ,b]n>d9o1 ?\gh !y lack$ 8 sir5 beauty1 are m p[]fully compos$2 :ile ,p]uzzi's fresco ( ,augu/us & ! ,sibyl1 9 ! *ur* ( ,fontegiu/a1 has a monum5tal dignity unkn[n to ,sodoma4 ,beccafumi is apt to leave ! spectator ( 8 pa9t+s cold4 ,f inv5tive p[]s s ri* & te*nical excell5ce s ?or\gh1 we dem& m ?an he c give1 & are !re=e disappo9t$4 ,8 mo/ int]e/+ picture at ,si5a is ! ,/igmatisation ( ,s4 ,ca!r9e1 fam\s = its ma/]y ( graduat$ :ites4 ,mu* ( ! pav$ "w ( ! ,duomo is attribut$ to 8 design4 ,bo? ,beccafumi & ,p]uzzi felt ! cold & mann]i/ic ,roman /yle ( rhetoric injuri\sly4 ,to m5tion ! rema9+ s*ools ( ,italy 9 detail w\ld be sup]flu\s4 ,true art /ill fl\ri%$ at ,f]r>a1 :]e ,g>(alo endeav\r$ to c>ry on ! ,roman mann] ( ,raphael )\t ! necess>y /r5g? or ideality1 b also )\t ! s\lless ins9c]ity ( ! mann]i/s4 ,8 be/ quality 0 col\r+1 gemlike & ri*2 b ?is f\nd little scope = ex]cise 9 ! dry & lab\r$ /yle he affect$4 ,dosso ,dossi f>$ bett]1 p]haps ?r\gh hav+ nev] exp]i5c$ ! s$uctions ( ,rome4 ,8 gl[+ col\r & qua9t fancy give ! attraction ( romance to _m ( 8 pictures4 ,! ,circe1 = example1 ( ! ,borghese ,palace1 is wor?y to rank ) ! be/ ,r5aissance "w4 ,x is p]fectly orig9al1 n ev5 sugge/+ ! influ5ce ( ,v5ice by its deep & lu/r\s hues4 ,no pa9t+ is m fit to illu/rate ! ,orl&o ,innamorato4 ,j s1 we feel 9 look+ at x1 did ,dragont9a %[ h]self to ,boi>do's fancy4 ,ario/o's ,alc9a belongs to a diff]5t family ( magnific5t wit*es4 ,cremona1 at ?is epo*1 _h a s*ool ( pa9t]s1 influ5c$ almo/ equally by ! ,v5etians1 ! ,milanese1 & ! ,roman mann]i/s4 ,! ,campi family cov]$ ^? grave ,lomb>d vaults ) /ucco1 fresco1 & gild+ 9 a /yle only j remov$ f ! b>occo4#djg ,brescia & ,b]gamo rema9$ )9 ! influ5ce ( ,v5ice1 produc+ "w ( ne>ly fir/-rate quality 9 ,moretto1 ,roman9o1 & ,lor5zo ,lotto4 ,moroni1 ! pupil ( ,moretto1 0 de/9$ to become "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful "* pa9t]s ( ! mod]n _w1 & to enri* ! /udies ( hi/orians & arti/s ) a s]ies ( portraits impressive by _! fidelity to ! _s ( ! sixte5? c5tury at its conclusion4 ,v5ice h]self at ?is p]iod 0 /ill produc+ ma/]pieces ( ! g5u9e ,r5aissance4 ,b ! decl9e into mann]ism1 caus$ by circum/ances simil> to ^? ( ,rome1 0 n f> di/ant4 ,x may seem /range to ^? :o h visit$ ! picture gall]ies ( ,italy1 & h notic$ h[ v l>ge a numb] ( ! pa9t]s fl\ri%$ aft] #aeej1 t ,i %\ld h p]si/5tly spok5 ( ! la/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury z a p]iod ( decad5ce4 ,?is x 01 h[ev]1 9 a deep & true s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! =ce ( ! ,r5aissance 0 exhau/$1 & a "t ( relaxation _h to be pass$ ?r\gh1 be=e ! reaction kn[n z ! ,c\nt]-,re=mation c\ld make itself felt 9 art4 ,!n1 & n till !n1 a new spiritual impulse produc$ a new /yle4 ,?is second>y gr[? ( pa9t+ began to fl\ri% at ,bologna 9 accordance ) fre% laws ( ta/e4 ,religi\s s5tim5ts ( a diff]5t ord] _h to be express$2 society _h und]gone a *ange1 & ! arts 7 gov]n$ by a g5u9e1 if f> inf]ior1 inspiration4 ,mean:ile1 ! ,r5aissance1 s f> z ,italy is conc]n$1 0 end$4 ,x is "o ( ! sad features ( ?is subject1 t ea* section has to end 9 lam5tation4 ,s]vitude 9 ! sph]e ( politics2 lit]>y feebl5ess 9 s*ol>%ip2 decad5ce 9 art3--to %un ^! conclusions is impossible4 ,he :o has und]tak5 to describe ! p>abola ( a projectile1 _c be satisfi$ ) trac+ its gradual rise & det]m9+ its culm9ation4 ,he mu/ foll[ its sp5t =ce1 & wat* x sl[ly s9k ) ev] dw9dl+ impetus to e>?4 ,intellectual movem5ts1 :5 we isolate !m 9 a special c\ntry1 obs]v+ ! causes t set !m 9 motion & calculat+ _! ret>d+ influ5ces1 may1 n unreasonably1 be comp>$ to ! p>abola ( a projectile4 ,to %r9k f /udy+ ! decl9e ( m5tal vig\r 9 ,italy ^u ! close ( ! ,r5aissance1 w\ld be !re=e weak2 ?\gh ! task ( trac+ ! impulse communicat$ by h] previ\s en]gy to o!r nations1 & _! /irr+ "u a l movem5t1 might be m agreeable4 ,,footnotes3 #chi ,frescoes 9 ! ,br]a & at ,lugano4 #cij ,s4 ,maurizio1 on ! ,scre51 inn] *ur*4 ,lugano 9 ! ,angeli4 #cia ,9 ! ,br]a4 ,see also ! ,madonna1 ) ,infant ,*ri/1 ,s4 ,john1 & a ,lamb1 at ,lugano4 #cib ,side *apel ( ,s4 ,maurizio at ,milan4 ,^! frescoes are1 9 my op9ion1 ,lu9i's v be/4 ,! :ole *ur* is a wond]ful monum5t ( ,lomb>d art4 #cic ,crucifixion at ,lugano4 #cid ,see1 = example1 ! oil-pa9t+s 9 ! ca!dral ( ,como1 s fasc9at+ 9 _! details1 s lame 9 composition4 #cie ,9 ! ,br]a4 #cif ,frescoes at ,s>onno & 9 ! ,sacro ,monte at ,v>allo4 #cig ,! :ole lake-di/rict ( ,italy1 :]e ! valleys ( ,monte ,rosa & ! ,simplon desc5d ^u ! pla9 ( ,lomb>dy1 is ri* 9 works ( ?is s*ool4 ,at ,lu9o & ,lugano1 on ! isl& ( ,san ,giulio1 & 9 ! hill-set *apels ( ! ,val ,sesia1 may be f\nd traces ( frescoes ( incomp>able beauty4 ,"o ( ^! sites des]ves special m5tion4 ,j at ! po9t :]e ! pa?way ( ! ,colma leaves ! *e/nut groves & mead[s to jo9 ! road lead+ to ,v>allo1 !re /&s a little *apel1 ) an op5 loggia ( r\nd ,r5aissance ar*es1 design$ & pa9t$1 accord+ to tradition1 by ,f]r>i1 & )\t d\bt repres5tative ( 8 mann]4 ,! h>mony betwe5 its col\rs1 s mell[ 9 _! ru91 its graceful arcades & quiet ro(+1 & ! gl[+ tones ( ^? granite m\nta9s1 ) _! weal? ( v9ey>ds1 & _! =e/s ( immemorial *e/nut trees1 is p]fect beyond words4 #cih ,?is1 ! la/ ( ! ,/anze1 0 only 9 "p design$ by ,raphael4 ,9 spite ( :at ,i h said above1 ! ,battle ( ,con/ant9e1 plann$ by ,raphael1 & execut$ by ,giulio1 is a gr& example ( a pupil's p[] to c>ry out 8 ma/]'s s*eme4 #cii ,b>occio _h great au?ority at ,flor5ce 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 ! cult ( ,correggio _h ov]spread all ,italy4 #djj ,pitti ,palace4 #dja ,franciabigio's & ,rosso's frescoes /& beside ,del ,s>to's 9 ! atrium ( ! ,annunziata at ,flor5ce4 ,pontormo's portraits ( ,cosimo & ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici 9 ! ,uffizzi1 ?\gh pa9t$ f bu/s & m$allions1 h a real hi/orical value4 #djb ,! ,*ri/ 9 ,limbo 9 ,s4 ,lor5zo at ,flor5ce1 & ! dete/able picture ( ,"t1 ,beauty1 ,love1 & ,folly1 9 our ,national ,gall]y4 #djc ,op]e ,burles*e1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #ci-df4 #djd ,ne> ,si5a4 ,^! pictures are a s]ies ( tw5ty-f\r subjects f ! life ( ,s4 ,b5$ict4 #dje ,9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,dom5ico1 ,si5a4 #djf ,9 ! ,uffizzi4 ,see also ,sodoma's ,sacrifice ( ,isaac 9 ! ca!dral ( ,pisa1 & ! ,*ri/ ,b\nd to ! ,pill> 9 ! ,academy at ,si5a4 #djg ,! *ur* ( ,s4 ,sigismondo1 outside ,cremona1 is v int]e/+ = ! unity ( /yle 9 its ar*itecture & decoration4 ,,app5dices ,,app5dix ,i ,! ,pulpits ( ,pisa & ,ravello ,hav+ tri$ to *>act]ise ,niccola ,pisano's relation to e>ly ,italian art 9 ! second *apt] ( ?is volume1 ,i adv]t$ to ! rec5t d\bts :i* h be5 ?r[n by v compet5t au?orities ^u ,vas>i's leg5d ( ?is ma/]4 ,messrs4 ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle1 :ile discuss+ ! "q ( 8 bir?place & 8 e>ly tra9+1 obs]ve1 :at is no d\bt true1 t !re are no traces ( good sculpture 9 ,pisa antec$5t to ! ,bapti/]y pulpit ( #abfj1 & rem>k t = su* a ph5om5on z ! sudd5 appe>ance ( ?is ma/]piece x is ne$ful to seek "s antec$5ts else:]e4#djh ,?is leads !m to ask :e!r ,niccola did n owe 8 orig9 & education to "s o!r "p ( ,italy4 ,f9d+ at ,ravello1 ne> ,ama91 a pulpit sculptur$ 9 #abgb by ,niccola di ,b>tolommeo da ,foggia1 !y sugge/ t a s*ool ( /one-c>v]s may h fl\ri%$ at ,foggia1 & t ,niccola ,pisano1 9 spite ( 8 sign+ himself ,pisanus on ! ,bapti/]y pulpit1 may h be5 an ,apulian tra9$ 9 t s*ool4 ,! argum5ts adduc$ 9 fav\r ( t hypo!sis are t ,niccola's fa!r1 ?\gh commonly believ$ to h be5 ,s] ,pietro da ,si5a1 0 p]haps call$ ,pietro di ,apulia1#dji & t m]itori\s arti/s c]ta9ly exi/$ at ,foggia & ,trani4 ,yet ! resemblance ( /yle betwe5 ! pulpits at ,ravello #abgb & ,pisa #abfj1 if t inde$ exi/s 7:]e( h]eaft] m mu/ be said71 might be us$ to prove t ,niccola da ,foggia le>n$ 8 art f ,niccola ,pisano1 in/ead ( ! contr>y2 nor aga91 suppos+ ! ,apulian s*ool to h fl\ri%$ be=e #abfj1 is x inconsi/5t ) ! tradition ( ,niccola's life t he %\ld h le>n$ ! sculptor's craft :ile work+ 9 8 y\? at ,naples4 ,= ! re/1 ,messrs4 ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle dismiss ! /ory ( ,pisano's /udy+ ! antique bas-reliefs at ,pisa ) contempt2#daj b !y omit to notice ! actual transcripts f ^? m>bles introduc$ into 8 fir/ pulpit4 ,aga91 !y assume t ! lunette at ,lucca 0 "o ( 8 late/ works1 giv+ prec$5ce to ! pulpits ( ,pisa & ,si5a & ! f\nta9 ( ,p]ugia4 ,a comp>ison ( /yle no d\bt r5d]s ?is view plausible2 = ! lunette at ,lucca is sup]ior to any o!r ( ,pisano's works z a composition4 ,! full discussion ( ^! po9ts is r5d]$ impossible by ! want ( contempor>y in=mation1 & ea* /ud5t mu/1 !re=e1 rema9 cont5t$ ) 8 own hypo!sis4 ,yet some?+ c be said ) reg>d to ! ,ravello pulpit t plays s important a "p 9 ! argum5t ( ! le>n$ hi/orians ( ,italian pa9t+4 ,unless a /rong simil>ity betwe5 x & ,pisano's pulpits c be prov$1 _! hypo!sis c>ries ) x no p]suasion4 ,! pulpit 9 ! ca!dral ( ,ravello is =m$ l an ambo ( ! antique type4 ,t is to say1 x is a long p>allelogram ) flat sides1 rais$ ^u pill>s1 & approa*$ by a flight ( /eps4 ,^! /eps are enclos$ )9 ri*ly-ornam5t$ walls1 & /& di/9ct f ! pulpit2 a %ort bridge connects ! two4 ,! six pill>s support+ ! ambo itself are sl5d] twi/$ columns ) classic capitals4 ,?ree re/ on lions1 ?ree on lionesses1 admirably c>v$ 9 diff]5t attitudes4 ,a small projection on ! nor? side ( ! pulpit su/a9s an eagle /&+ on a pill>1 & spread+ out 8 w+s to be> an op5 book4 ,on ! ar* ov] ! entrance to ! /aircase projects ! head ( ,sigelgaita1 wife ( ,niccola ,rufolo1 ! donor ( ! pulpit to ! *ur*1 sculptur$ 9 ! /yle ( ! ,roman decad5ce1 betwe5 two pr(ile m$allions 9 l[ relief4#daa ,! mat]ial ( ! :ole is fair :ite m>ble1 enri*$ ) mosaics1 & wr\ght into beautiful scroll-"w ( acan?us leaves & o!r ,romanesque adornm5ts4 ,an inscription1 ,ego ,magi/] ,nicolaus de ,b>?olomeo de ,fogia ,m>mor>ius hoc opus feci2 & ano!r1 ,lapsis mill5is bis c5tum bisque trig5is ,,xpi4 biss5is annis ab orig9e pl5is1 indicate ! arti/'s "n & ! date ( ! "w4 ,x is difficult to und]/& h[ anyone c\ld trace su* a resemblance betwe5 ?is rectangul> ambo & ! hexagonal /ructure 9 ! ,pisan ,bapti/]y z w\ld ju/ify !m 9 ass]t+ bo? to be ! products ( ! same s*ool4 ,! pulpit ( ,niccola da ,foggia does n mat]ially diff] f o!r ambones 9 ,italy--f sev]al1 = in/ance1 9 ,amalfi & ,ravello2 :ile ! di/9ctive features ( ,niccola ,pisano's "w--! comb9ation ( classically /udi$ bas-reliefs ) ,go?ic pr9ciples ( con/ruction1 ! feel+ = arti/ic unity 9 ! composition ( gr\ps1 ! ma/]y ov] pla/ic =m1 & ! deta*$ allegorical figures--are noticeable only by _! total abs5ce f x4 ,:at is left by way ( simil>ity is a sculpturesque ref9em5t 9 ,sigelgaita's portrait1 n unwor?y ( ,pisano's own *isel4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is b a sl5d] po9t :]eon to base s l>ge a pyramid ( pure conjecture4 ,surely we mu/ look else:]e ?an at ,ravello or at ,foggia = ! orig9 ( ,niccola ,pisano4 ,:y !n %\ld we reject tradition 9 ?is in/ance8 ,messrs4 ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle reply2 because ! sculpture ( no ,tuscan city be=e 8 p]iod is good en\gh to h l$ up to him4 ,yet ?is may be conte/$2 & at all ev5ts x w n be easy to prove f ! ,ravello head ( ,sigelgaita t a m advanc$ s*ool exi/$ 9 ! s\?4 ,! fact is t ! art ( ! /one-c>v]s or m>mor>ii _h nev] entirely di$ out s9ce ! days ( ,roman greatness2 nor 0 ,niccola )\t respectable pr$ecessors 9 ! v t[n ( ,lucca1 :]e he produc$ ! fir/ ma/]piece ( mod]n sculpture4 ,! circul> font ( ,s4 ,fr$iano1 = example1 c>v$ ) figures 9 high relief by a c]ta9 ,rob]tus ( ! twelf? c5tury1 comb9es ! ,romanesque mann]ism ) ! navet ( m$iaeval fancy4 ,i might po9t 9 p>ticul> to two knights seat$ on "o horse 9 :at ,i take to be ! company ( ,ph>aoh cross+ ! ,r$ ,sea1 z an in/ance ( a successful attempt to escape f ! =malism ( a decay$ /yle4 ,at ! same "t ! g5]al effect ( ! emboss$ "w ( ?is font is f9e2 nor d we fail to p]ceive t ! arti/ reta9$ "s portion ( ! classic feel+ = gr&iose & monum5tal composition4 ,f> less notewor?y1 yet /ill n utt]ly despicable1 is ! bas-relief ( ,bidu9us ov] ! side-door ( ,s4 ,salvatore at ,lucca4 ,:at ,niccola add$ ( indefeasibly 8 own to ! /yle ( ^! cont9uators ( a dead tradition1 0 feel+ = ! beauty ( classical "w 9 a good age1 & ?r\gh t feel+ a m p]fect sympa?y ) nature4 ,x is j at ?is po9t t ! old tale ab\t ! s>cophagus ( ! ,c\ntess ,beatrice conveys n only ! lett] b ! _s ( ! fact4 ,niccola's g5ius1 no less vivid & life-giv+ ?an t ( ,giotto1 infus$ into ! h>d & =mal mann] ( 8 imm$iate pr$ecessors true nature & true art4 ,betwe5 ! bas-relief ( ,s4 ,salvatore & ! bas-relief ov] ! nor? door ( ! ,duomo at ,lucca1 !re is inde$ a broad gulf1 yet su* z might h be5 pass$ at "o b\nd by a ma/] into ^: s\l ! beauty ( a fragm5t ( ,greek art _h sunk1 & :o _h receiv$ at 8 bir? ! gift ( a creative g5ius4 ,,footnotes3 #djh ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+ 9 ,italy1 vol4 i4 *ap4 iv4 #dji ,loc4 cit4 p4 #abg1 note4 #daj ,loc4 cit4 p4 #abg4 #daa ,mr4 ,p]k9s1 foll[+ ! sugge/ion ( ,panza1 9 8 ,i/oria dell' ,antica ,republica d',amalfi1 is incl9$ to ?9k t ?is head repres5ts1 n ,sigelgaita1 b ,joanna ,,ii4 ( ,naples1 & is !re=e m ?an a c5tury lat] 9 date ?an ! pulpit4 ,see ,italian ,sculptors1 p4 #ea4 ,,app5dix ,,ii ,mi*ael ,angelo's ,sonnets ,aft] ! dea? ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ! manuscripts ( 8 sonnets1 madrigals1 & o!r poems1 writt5 at v>i\s p]iods ( 8 life1 & well kn[n to 8 intimate fri5ds1 pass$ into ! h&s ( 8 nephew1 ,lion>do ,buon>roti4 ,f ,lion>do !y desc5d$ to 8 son1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 :o 0 himself a poet ( "s m>k4 ,?is gr&-nephew ( ! sculptor prep>$ !m = ! press1 & gave !m to ! _w 9 #afbc4 ,on 8 r$action ! commonly receiv$ v]sion ( ! poems re/$ until #ahfc1 :5 ,signor ,ces>e ,gua/i ( ,flor5ce1 hav+ ga9$ access to ! orig9al manuscripts1 publi%$ a critical edition1 pres]v+ e peculi>ity ( ! autograph1 & add+ a prose p>aphrase = ! explanation ( ! text4 ,! y\ng] ,mi*ael ,angelo1 work+ 9 an age ( lit]>y p$antry & moral prud]y1 fanci$ t x 0 8 duty to ref9e ! /yle ( 8 great ance/or1 & to remove allusions op5 to ignorant miscon/ruction4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( giv+ an exact transcript ( ! orig9al poems1 he set himself to s(t5 d[n _! h>%ness1 to cle> away _! obscurity1 to amplify1 transpose1 & mutilate accord+ to 8 own ideas ( syntax1 ta/e1 & rhetoric4 ,on ! ,dantesque rugg$ness ( ,mi*ael ,angelo he engraft$ ! prett9ess ( ! sev5te5? ,petr>*i/i2 & :]e he ?\ght ! morality ( ! poems 0 que/ionable1 especially 9 ! case ( ^? address$ to ,cavali]i1 he did n hesitate to introduce su* alt]ations z de/roy$ _! obvi\s int5tion4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! effect ( ?is me?od1 x is only necess>y to comp>e ! autograph z pr9t$ by ,gua/i ) ! v]sion ( #afbc4 ,9 ,sonnet xxxi41 = example1 ! two copies agree 9 only "o l9e1 :ile ! rema9+ ?irte5 are di/ort$ & adorn$ ) sup]flu\s conceits by ! ov]-scrupul\s b n too consci5ti\s editor ( #afbc4dab ,mi*ael ,angelo's poems1 ev5 aft] 8 gr&-nephew _h tri$ to r$uce !m to lucidity & ord]1 h always be5 consid]$ obscure & crabb$4 ,nor c x be pret5d$ t !y ga9 9 smoo?ness & cle>ness by ! re/oration ( ! true read+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 in/ances ( defective gramm>1 h>% elisions1 /ra9$ metaphors1 & incomplete expressions are multipli$4 ,! difficulty ( compreh5d+ ! s5se is r increas$ ?an dim9i%$1 & ! ob/acles to a translator become /ill m insurm\ntable ?an ,wordswor? f\nd !m4#dac ,?is be+ und\bt$ly ! case1 ! value ( ,gua/i's edition = /ud5ts ( ,mi*ael ,angelo is nev]!less ine/imable4 ,we read n[ = ! fir/ "t :at ! greate/ man ( ! sixte5? c5tury actually wrote1 & are able to ent]1 )\t ! int]f]5ce ( a fictiti\s veil1 into ! %r9e ( 8 own ?\ght & feel+4 ,8 sonnets =m ! be/ comm5t>y on ,mi*ael ,angelo's solit>y life & on 8 sublime ideal ( art4 ,?is reflection has guid$ me 9 ! *oice ( ^? n[ (f]$ 9 ,engli%1 z an illu/ration ( ! *apt] 9 ?is volume devot$ to _! au?or's biography4 ,?\gh ! dates ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's compositions are conjectural1 x may be assum$ t ! two sonnets on ,dante 7 writt5 :5 he 0 himself 9 exile4 ,we "k t1 :ile soj\rn+ 9 ! h\se ( ,gian ,francesco ,aldovr&9i at ,bologna1 he us$ to sp5d a portion ( 8 "t 9 read+ ,dante al\d to 8 protector2#dad & ! indignation express$ aga9/ ,flor5ce1 !n z ev] fickle & ungrateful1 ! g5te av>a1 invidiosa1 e sup]ba1 to use ,dante's own words1 seems prop] to a p]iod ( j res5tm5t4 ,/ill !re is no c]ta9ty t !y belong to #adie2 = ?r\gh\t 8 long life ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 occupi$ ) ,dante4 ,a /ory told ( him 9 #aejf1 toge!r ) ! dialogues report$ by ,donato ,giannotti1 prove t he 0 reg>d$ by 8 fell[-citiz5s z an au?ority ^u ! mean+ ( ! ,div9e ,com$y4#dae ,9 #aeah1 :5 ! ,flor5t9e ,academy petition$ ,leo ,x4 to transport ! bones ( ,dante f ,rav5na to ,flor5ce1 ,mi*ael ,angelo subscrib$ ! docum5t & (f]$ to erect a /atue wor?y ( ! poet4#daf ,h[ deeply ! /udy ( ,dante influ5c$ 8 art1 appe>s n only 9 ! l[] "p ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t3 we feel t s\rce ( /]n & l(ty inspiration 9 8 /yle at l>ge2 nor c we reckon :at ! _w lo/ :5 8 volume ( draw+s 9 illu/ration ( ! ,div9e ,com$y p]i%$ at sea4#dag ,! two foll[+ sonnets1 !re=e1 :5ev] writt51 may be tak5 z express+ 8 settl$ feel+ ab\t ! fir/ & greate/ ( ,italian poets3#dah-- ,,dal ,,ciel ,,discese ,f heav5 8 _s came1 & rob$ 9 clay ,! realms ( ju/ice & ( m]cy trod1 ,!n rose a liv+ man to gaze on ,god1 ,t he might make ! tru? z cle> z day4 ,= t pure /> t bright5$ ) 8 ray ,! ill-des]v+ ne/ :]e ,i 0 born1 ,! :ole wide _w w\ld be a prize to scorn2 ,none b 8 ,mak] c due gu]don pay4 ,i speak ( ,dante1 ^: high "w rema9s ,unkn[n1 unhon\r$ by t ?ankless brood1 ,:o only to j m5 d5y _! wage4 ,7 ,i b he6 ,born = l l+]+ pa9s1 ,aga9/ 8 exile c\pl$ ) 8 good ,i'd gladly *ange ! _w's be/ h]itage6 ,,quante ,,dirni ,,si ,,de' ,no tongue c tell ( him :at %\ld be told1 ,= on bl9d eyes 8 spl5d\r %9es too /rong2 ',tw]e easi] to blame ^? :o wr\ght him wrong1 ,?an s\nd 8 lea/ praise ) a m\? ( gold4 ,he to explore ! place ( pa9 0 bold1 ,!n so>$ to ,god1 to tea* our s\ls by song2 ,! gates heav5 op$ to be> 8 feet along1 ,aga9/ 8 j desire 8 c\ntry roll$4 ,?ankless ,i call h]1 & to h] own pa9 ,! nurse ( fell mis*ance2 = sign take ?is1 ,t ev] to ! be/ %e deals m scorn3 ,among a ?\s& pro(s let "o rema92 ,?\gh ne'er 0 =tune m unju/ ?an 81 ,8 equal or 8 bett] ne'er 0 born4 ,ab\t ! date ( ! two next sonnets !re is less d\bt4 ,! fir/ 0 cle>ly writt5 :5 ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 sm>t+ "u a s5se ( ! ill-treatm5t he receiv$ f ,julius4 ,! second1 compos$ at ,rome1 is int]e/+ z ! only pro( we possess ( ! impression made ^u 8 m9d by ! anomalies ( ! ,papal rule4 ,"h1 9 ! capital ( ,*ri/5dom1 he writes1 holy ?+s are sold = money to be us$ 9 w>f>e1 & ! pontiff1 quel nel manto1 p>alyses ! p[]s ( ! sculptor by refus+ him employm5t4#dai ,,signor1 ,,se ,,v]o ,my ,"l6 if ev] anci5t saw spake soo?1 ,he> ?is :i* sai?3 ,:o c1 do? nev] w4 ,lo6 ?\ ha/ l5t ?9e e> to fables /ill1 ,rew>d+ ^? :o hate ! "n ( tru?4 ,i am ?y drudge & h be5 f my y\?-- ,?9e1 l ! rays :i* ! sun's circle fill2 ,yet ( my de> "t's wa/e ?\ ?9k'/ no ills ,! m ,i toil1 ! less ,i move ?y ru?4 ,once 'twas my hope to raise me by ?y height2 ,b 'tis ! balance & ! p[]ful sword ,( ,ju/ice1 n false ,e*o1 t we ne$4 ,heav51 z x seems1 plants virtue 9 despite ,"h on ! e>?1 if ?is be our rew>d-- ,to seek = fruit on trees too dry to bre$4 ,,qua ,,si ,,fa ,,elmi ,"h helms & swords are made ( *alices3 ,! blood ( ,*ri/ is sold s mu* ! qu>t3 ,8 cross & ?orns are spe>s & %ields2 & %ort ,mu/ be ! "t ere ev5 8 pati5ce cease4 ,nay let ,him come no m to raise ! fees ,( fraud & sacrilege beyond report6 ,= ,rome /ill slays & sells ,him at ! c\rt1 ,:]e pa?s are clos$ to virtue's fair increase4 ,n[ 7 fit "t = me to scrape a treasure1 ,see+ t "w & ga9 are gone2 :ile he ,:o we>s ! robe1 is my ,m$usa /ill4 ,p]*ance 9 heav5 pov]ty is a pleasure3 ,b ( t bett] life :at hope h we1 ,:5 ! bless$ bann] leads to n\ght b ill8 ,a ?ird sonnet ( ?is p]iod is int5d$ to be half burlesque1 &1 !re=e1 is compos$ a coda1 z ! ,italians describe ! l5g!n$ =m ( ! conclusion4 ,x 0 writt5 :ile ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 pa9t+ ! ro( ( ! ,si/9e1 & 0 s5t to 8 fri5d ,giovanni da ,pi/oja4 ,! effect ( ?is "w1 z ,vas>i tells u1 on 8 eyesight 0 s injuri\s1 t1 = "s "t aft] its completion1 he c\ld only read by plac+ ! book or manuscript above 8 head & look+ up4#dbj ,i' ,,ho ,,gi ,,fatto ,,un ,,gozzo ,i've gr[n a goitre by dwell+ 9 ?is d5-- ,z cats f /agnant /reams 9 ,lomb>dy1 ,or 9 :at o!r l& !y hap to be-- ,:i* drives ! belly close b5ea? ! *93 ,my be>d turns up to heav52 my nape falls 91 ,fix$ on my sp9e3 my brea/-bone visibly ,gr[s l a h>p3 a ri* embroid]y ,b$ews my face f bru%-drops ?ick & ?94 ,my lo9s into my paun* l lev]s gr9d2 ,my buttock l a crupp] be>s my weight2 ,my feet unguid$ w&] to & fro2 ,9 front my sk9 gr[s loose & long2 beh9d1 ,by b5d+ x becomes m taut & /rait2 ,backw>d ,i /ra9 me l a ,syrian b[3 ,:5ce false & qua9t1 ,i "k1 ,mu/ be ! fruit ( squ9t+ bra9 & eye2 ,= ill c aim ! gun t b5ds awry4 ,come !n1 ,giovanni1 try ,to succ\r my dead pictures & my fame2 ,s9ce f\l ,i f>e & pa9t+ is my %ame4 ,! majority ( ! sonnets are devot$ to love & beauty1 conceiv$ 9 ! _s ( exalt$ ,platonism4 ,!y are suppos$ to h be5 writt5 9 ! latt] p]iod ( 8 life1 :5 he 0 ab\t sixty ye>s ( age2 & ?\gh we d n "k = c]ta9 to :om !y 7 9 e case address$1 !y may be us$ 9 confirmation ( :at ,i h said ab\t 8 admiration = ,vittoria ,colonna & ,tommaso ,cavali]i4#dba ,! foll[+1 ) its some:at obscure adaptation ( a ,platonic !ory ( creation to 8 own art1 0 probably compos$ soon aft] ,vittoria ,colonna's dea?4#dbb ,,se ',l ,,mio ,,rozzo ,,m>tello ,:5 my rude hamm] to ! /ubborn /one ,gives human %ape1 n[ t1 n[ ?is1 at w1 ,foll[+ 8 h& :o wields & guides x /ill1 ,x moves ^u ano!r's feet alone4 ,b ,he :o dwells 9 heav5 all ?+s do? fill ,) beauty by pure motions ( 8 own2 ,& s9ce tools fa%ion tools :i* else 7 none1 ,8 life makes all t lives ) liv+ skill4 ,n[1 = t e /roke excels ! m ,! clos] to ! =ge x /ill asc5d1 ,h] s\l t quick5$ m9e ha? s\ght ! skies3 ,:]e=e ,i f9d my toil w nev] end1 ,if ,god1 ! great artific]1 d5ies ,t tool :i* 0 my only aid be=e4 ,! next is peculi>ly valuable1 z prov+ ) :at int5se & religi\s f]v\r ,mi*ael ,angelo address$ himself to ! wor%ip ( intellectual beauty4 ,he alone1 9 t age ( s5suality & animalism1 pi]c$ ?r\gh ! =m ( fle% & s\ght ! div9e idea x imprison$3#dbc-- ,,p] ,,ritorn> ,l ,z "o :o w reseek h] home ( light1 ,?y =m immortal to ?is prison-h\se ,desc5d$1 l an angel pite\s1 ,to heal all he>ts & make ! :ole _w bright4 ',tis ?is t ?ralls my he>t 9 love's delight1 ,n ?y cle> face ( beauty glori\s2 ,= he :o h>b\rs virtue1 /ill w *oose ,to love :at nei!r ye>s nor dea? c blight4 ,s f>es x ev] ) ?+s high & r>e1 ,wr\ght 9 ! sweat ( nature2 heav5 above ,%[]s on _! bir? ! bless+s ( h] prime2 ,nor ha? ,god deign$ to %[ ,himself else:]e ,m cle>ly ?an 9 human =ms sublime2 ,:i*1 s9ce !y image ,him1 compel my love4 ,! same ,platonic !me is slightly v>i$ 9 ! two foll[+ sonnets3#dbd-- ,,spirto ,,b5 ,,nato ,*oice s\l1 9 :om1 z 9 a glass1 we see1 ,mirror$ 9 ?y pure =m & delicate1 ,:at beauties heav5 & nature c create1 ,! p>agon ( all _! works to be6 ,fair s\l1 9 :om love1 pity1 piety1 ,h f\nd a home1 z f ?y outw>d /ate ,we cle>ly read1 & are s r>e & great ,t !y adorn none o!r l to !e6 ,love takes me captive2 beauty b9ds my s\l2 ,pity & m]cy ) _! g5tle eyes ,wake 9 my he>t a hope t _c *eat4 ,:at law1 :at de/9y1 :at fell control1 ,:at cruelty1 or late or soon1 d5ies ,t dea? %\ld sp>e p]fection s complete8 ,,dai ,,dolce ,,pianto ,f sweet lam5ts to bitt] joys1 f peace ,et]nal to a brief & holl[ truce1 ,h[ h ,i fall56--:5 'tis tru? we lose1 ,m]e s5se survives our reason's de> decease4 ,i "k n if my he>t br$ ?is disease1 ,t /ill m pleas+ gr[s ) gr[+ use2 ,or else ?y face1 ?9e eyes1 9 :i* ! hues ,& fires ( ,p>adise d>t ec/asies4 ,?y beauty is no mortal ?+2 'twas s5t ,f heav5 on high to make our e>? div9e3 ,:]e=e1 ?\gh wa/+1 burn+1 ,i'm cont5t2 ,= 9 ?y sight :at c\ld ,i d b p9e8 ,if ,god ,himself ?us rules my de/9y1 ,:o1 :5 ,i die1 c lay ! blame on !e8 ,! next is sadd5$ by old age & dea?4 ,love has yield$ to piety1 & is only rememb]$ z :at us$ to be4 ,yet 9 =m & feel+ ?is is q "o ( ! mo/ beautiful 9 ! s]ies suppos$ to ref] to ,vittoria ,colonna3#dbe-- ,,tornami ,,al ,,tempo ,br+ back ! "t :5 bl9d desire ran free1 ,) bit & re9 too loose to curb 8 flight2 ,give back ! buri$ face1 once angel-bright1 ,t hides 9 e>? all comely ?+s f me2 ,br+ back ^? j\rneys ta'en s toilsomely1 ,s toilsome-sl[ to him ^: hairs are :ite2 ,^? te>s & flames t 9 "o brea/ unite2 ,if ?\ wilt once m take ?y fill ( me6 ,yet ,love6 ,suppose x true t ?\ do/ ?rive ,only on bitt] honey-dews ( te>s1 ,small pr(it ha/ ?\ ( a weak old man4 ,my s\l t t[>d ! o!r %ore do? /rive1 ,w>ds (f ?y d>ts ) %afts ( holi] fe>s2 ,& fire fe$s ill on br&s no brea? c fan4 ,aft] ?is x only rema9s to quote ! celebrat$ sonnet us$ by ,v>*i = 8 diss]tation1 ! be/ kn[n ( all ,mi*ael ,angelo's poems4#dbf ,! ?\ght is ?is3 j z a sculptor hews f a block ( m>ble ! =m t lies conceal$ )91 s ! lov] has to extract f 8 lady's he>t ! life or dea? ( 8 s\l1 ,,non ,,ha ,l',,ottimo ,,arti/a ,! be/ ( arti/s ha? no ?\ght to %[ ,:i* ! r\gh /one 9 its sup]flu\s %ell ,do? n include3 to break ! m>ble spell ,is all ! h& t s]ves ! bra9 c d4 ,! ill ,i %un1 ! good ,i seek1 ev5 s ,9 !e1 fair lady1 pr\d1 ineffable1 ,lies hidd53 b ! art ,i wield s well ,works adv]se to my wi%1 & lays me l[4 ,!re=e n love1 nor ?y transc5d5t face1 ,nor cruelty1 nor =tune1 nor disda91 ,cause my mis*ance1 nor fate1 nor de/9y3 ,s9ce 9 ?y he>t ?\ c>rie/ dea? & grace ,enclos$ toge!r1 & my wor?less bra9 ,c draw =? only dea? to fe$ on me4 ,! fire ( y\? 0 n ext9ct1 we feel1 aft] read+ ^! la/ sonnets4 ,!re is1 inde$1 an almo/ pa!tic int5sity ( passion 9 ! recurr5ce ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's ?\ghts to a sublime love on ! v]ge ( ! grave4 ,n less important 9 _! be>+ on 8 /ate ( feel+ are ! sonnets address$ to ,cavali]i2 & ?\gh 8 mod]n editor %r9ks f putt+ a lit]al int]pretation ^u !m1 ,i am conv9c$ t we mu/ accept !m simply z an expression ( ! arti/'s homage = ! wor? & beauty ( an excell5t "y man4 ,! two sonnets ,i int5d to quote next#dbg 7 writt51 accord+ to ,v>*i's direct te/imony1 = ,tommaso ,cavali]i1 9 :om--! words are ,v>*i's--,i discov]$1 besides incomp>able p]sonal beauty1 s mu* *>m ( nature1 su* excell5t abilities1 & su* a graceful mann]1 t he des]v$1 & /ill des]ves1 to be ! bett] lov$ ! m he is kn[n4 ,! play ( words ^u ,cavali]i's "n 9 ! la/ l9e ( ! fir/ sonnet1 ! evid5ce ( ,v>*i1 & ! indirect witness ( ,condivi1 toge!r ) ,mi*ael ,angelo's own lett]s1#dbh are suffici5t 9 my judgm5t to w>rant ! explanation ,i h giv5 above4 ,nor d ,i ?9k t ! d\bts express$ by ,gua/i ab\t ! int5tion ( ! sonnets1#dbi or ,gotti's curi\s !ory t ! lett]s1 ?\gh address$ to ,cavali]i1 7 meant = ,vittoria ,colonna1#dcj are mu* m hon\rable to ,mi*ael ,angelo's reputation ?an ! g>bl+ process :]eby ! v]ses 7 r5d]$ un9telligible 9 ! edition ( #afbc4 ,a ,,*e ,,pi ,,debb' ,,io ,:y %\ld ,i seek to ease int5se desire ,) /ill m te>s & w9dy words ( grief1 ,:5 heav51 or late or soon1 s5ds no relief ,to s\ls :om love ha? rob$ ar\nd ) fire8 ,:y ne$ my a*+ he>t to dea? aspire ,:5 all mu/ die8 ,nay1 dea? beyond belief ,unto ^! eyes w\ld be bo? sweet & brief1 ,s9ce 9 my sum ( woes all joys expire6 ,!re=e because ,i _c %un ! bl[ ,i r seek1 say :o mu/ rule my brea/1 ,glid+ betwe5 h] gladness & h] woe8 ,if only *a9s & b&s c make me ble/1 ,no m>vel if alone & b>e ,i g ,an arm$ ,knight's captive & slave confess$4 ,,veggio ,,co' ,,bei ,,vo/ri ,,oc*i ,) y\r fair eyes a *>m+ light ,i see1 ,= :i* my own bl9d eyes w\ld pe] 9 va92 ,/ay$ by y\r feet ! burd5 ,i su/a9 ,:i* my lame feet f9d all too /rong = me2 ,w+less ^u y\r p9ions =? ,i fly2 ,heav5w>d y\r _s /irre? me to /ra92 ,e'en z y w1 ,i blu% & blan* aga91 ,freeze 9 ! sun1 burn 'nea? a fro/y sky4 ,y\r w includes & is ! "l ( m9e2 ,life to my ?\ghts )9 y\r he>t is giv52 ,my words beg9 to brea! ^u y\r brea?3 ,l to ! moon am ,i1 t _c %9e ,alone2 = lo6 our eyes see n\ght 9 heav5 ,save :at ! liv+ sun illum9e?4 ,:e!r we are ju/ifi$ 9 assign+ ! foll[+ pair to ! ,cavali]i s]ies is m d\btful4 ,!y seem1 h[ev]1 to proce$ f a simil> mood ( ! poet's m9d4#dca ,s' ,,un ,,ca/o ,,amor ,if love be *a/e1 if virtue conqu] ill1 ,if =tune b9d bo? lov]s 9 "o bond1 ,if ei!r at ! o!r's grief despond1 ,if bo? be gov]n$ by "o life1 "o w2 ,if 9 two bodies "o s\l triumph /ill1 ,rais+ ! twa9 f e>? to heav5 beyond1 ,if love ) "o bl[ & "o gold5 w& ,h p[] bo? smitt5 brea/s to pi]ce & ?rill2 ,if ea* ! o!r love1 himself =ego+1 ,) su* delight1 su* sav\r1 & s well1 ,t bo? to "o sole end _! wills comb9e2 ,if ?\s&s ( ^! ?\ghts all ?\ght outgo+ ,fail ! lea/ "p ( _! firm love to tell2 ,say1 c m]e angry spite ?is knot untw9e8 ,,colui ,,*e ,,fece ,he :o orda9$1 :5 fir/ ! _w began1 ,"t t 0 n be=e creation's h\r1 ,divid$ x1 & gave ! sun's high p[] ,to rule ! "o1 ! moon ! o!r span3 ,!nce fate & *angeful *ance & =tune's ban ,did 9 "o mom5t d[n on mortals %[]3 ,to me !y portion$ d>kness = a d[]2 ,d>k ha? my lot be5 s9ce ,i 0 a man4 ,myself am ev] m9e own c\nt]feit2 ,& z deep night gr[s /ill m dim & dun1 ,s /ill ( m mis-do+ mu/ ,i rue3 ,mean:ile ?is solace to my s\l is sweet1 ,t my black night do? make m cle> ! sun ,:i* at y\r bir? 0 giv5 to wait on y4 ,a sonnet writt5 = ,luigi del ,riccio1 on ! dea? ( 8 fri5d ,cec*9o ,bracci1 is curi\s on acc\nt ( its conceit4#dcb ,mi*ael ,angelo says3 ,cec*9o1 :om y lov$1 is dead2 & if ,i am to make 8 portrait1 ,i c only d s by draw+ y1 9 :om he /ill lives4 ,"h1 aga91 we trace ! ,platonic conception ( love z no?+ if n spiritual1 & ( beauty z a =m t f9ds its immortality )9 ! lov]'s s\l4 ,?is ,cec*9o 0 a boy :o di$ at ! age ( sev5te54 ,mi*ael ,angelo wrote 8 epic$ion 9 sev]al c5turies ( v]ses1 di/ribut$ among 8 fri5ds 9 ! =m ( :at he t]ms polizz9i1 z ?\gh !y 7 trifles4 ,a ,,p5a ,,prima ,sc>ce _h ,i se5 = ! fir/ "t 8 eyes ,:i* to ?y liv+ eyes are life & light1 ,:5 clos$ at la/ 9 dea?'s injuri\s night ,he op5$ !m on ,god 9 ,p>adise4 ,i "k x & ,i weep1 too late made wise3 ,yet 0 ! fault n m9e2 = dea?'s fell spite ,robb$ my desire ( t supreme delight1 ,:i* 9 ?y bett] memory nev] dies4 ,!re=e1 ,luigi1 if ! task be m9e ,to make unique ,cec*9o smile 9 /one ,= ev]1 n[ t e>? ha? made him dim1 ,if ! belov$ )9 ! lov] %9e1 ,s9ce art )\t him _c "w alone1 ,!e mu/ ,i c>ve to tell ! _w ( him4 ,9 contra/ ) ! philosophical obscurity ( _m ( ! sonnets hi!rto quot$1 ,i place ! foll[+ address to ,night--"o1 c]ta9ly1 ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's mo/ beautiful & *>act]i/ic compositions1 z x is also ! mo/ transp>5t 9 /yle#dcc3-- ,o ,,nott'1 ,o ,,dolce ,,tempo ,o night1 ,o sweet ?\gh sombre span ( "t6-- ,all ?+s f9d re/ ^u _! j\rney's end-- ,:oso ha? prais$ !e1 well do? appreh5d2 ,& :oso hon\rs !e1 ha? wisdom's prime4 ,our c>es ?\ can/ to quietude sublime1 ,= dews & d>kness are ( peace ! fri5d2 ,(t5 by !e 9 dreams upborne ,i w5d ,f e>? to heav51 :]e yet ,i hope to climb4 ,?\ %ade ( ,dea?1 ?r\gh :om ! s\l at l5g? ,%uns pa9 & sadness ho/ile to ! he>t1 ,:om m\rn]s f9d _! la/ & sure relief6 ,?\ do/ re/ore our suff]+ fle% to /r5g?1 ,drie/ our te>s1 assuage/ e sm>t1 ,purg+ ! spirits ( ! pure f grief4 ,! religi\s sonnets h be5 res]v$ to ! la/4 ,^! 7 compos$ 9 old age1 :5 ! e>ly impressions ( ,savon>ola's tea*+ reviv$1 & :5 ,mi*ael ,angelo _h gr[n to reg>d ev5 8 art & ! beauty he _h lov$ g purely1 z a sn>e4 ,if we did n be> 9 m9d ! piety express$ ?r\gh\t 8 correspond5ce1 _! ascetic tone1 & ! remorse !y seem to indicate1 w\ld convey a pa9ful s5se ( *e]lessness & disappo9tm5t4 ,z x is1 !y /rike me z ! natural utt]ance ( a pr(\ndly dev\t & some:at melan*oly man1 9 :om religion has surviv$ all o!r int]e/s1 & :o1 review+ 8 pa/ life ( fame & toil1 f9ds t ! sole reality is ,god4 ,! two fir/ ( ^! compositions are address$ to ,giorgio ,vas>i4#dcd ,,giunio ,,gi ,n[ ha? my life across a /ormy sea ,l a frail b>k rea*$ t wide port :]e all ,are bidd5 ere ! f9al judgm5t fall1 ,( good or evil de$s to pay ! fee4 ,n[ "k ,i well h[ t fond phantasy ,:i* made my s\l ! wor%ipp] & ?rall ,( e>?ly art1 is va92 h[ crim9al ,is t :i* all m5 seek unwill+ly4 ,^? amor\s ?\ghts :i* 7 s lightly dress$1 ,:at are !y :5 ! d\ble dea? is nigh8 ,! "o ,i "k = sure1 ! o!r dread4 ,pa9t+ nor sculpture n[ c lull to re/ ,my s\l t turns to ,8 great love on high1 ,^: arms to clasp u on ! cross 7 spread4 ,,le ,,favole ,,del ,,mondo ,! fables ( ! _w h fil*$ away ,! "t ,i _h = ?9k+ ^u ,god2 ,8 grace lies buri$ deep 'nea? oblivion's sod1 ,:5ce spr+s an evil-crop ( s9s alway4 ,:at makes ano!r wise1 leads me a/ray1 ,sl[ to disc]n ! bad pa? ,i h trod3 ,hope fades2 b /ill desire asc5ds t ,god ,may free me f self-love1 my sure decay4 ,%ort5 half-way my road to heav5 f e>?8 ,de> ,"l1 ,i _c ev5 half-way rise1 ,unless ,?\ help me on ?is pilgrimage3 ,tea* me to hate ! _w s little wor?1 ,& all ! lovely ?+s ,i once did prize2 ,t endless life1 n dea?1 may be my wage4 ,! same note is /ruck 9 ! foll[+1 :i* brea!s ! _s ( a ,p5it5tial ,psalm3#dce-- ,,c>ico ,d' ,,anni ,burd5$ ) ye>s & full ( s9fulness1 ,) evil cu/om gr[n invet]ate1 ,bo? dea?s ,i dread t close be=e me wait1 ,yet fe$ my he>t on poison\s ?\ghts no less4 ,no /r5g? ,i f9d 9 m9e own feebl5ess ,to *ange or life or love or use or fate1 ,unless ,?y heav5ly guidance come1 ?\gh late1 ,:i* only helps & /ays our no?+ness4 ',tis n en\gh1 de> ,"l1 to make me ye>n ,= t cele/ial home1 :]e yet my s\l ,may be new made1 & n1 z er/1 ( n\ght3 ,nay1 ere ,?\ /rip h] mortal ve/m5t1 turn ,my /eps t[>d ! /eep asc5t1 t :ole ,& pure be=e ,?y face %e may be br\ght4 ,9 read+ ! two next1 we may rememb] t1 at ! end ( 8 life1 ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 occupi$ ) designs = a picture ( ! ,crucifixion1 :i* he nev] execut$1 ?\gh he gave a draw+ ( ,*ri/ ^u ! cross to ,vittoria ,colonna2 & t 8 la/ "w 9 m>ble 0 ! unf9i%$ ,piet 9 ! ,duomo at ,flor5ce4#dcf ,,sc>co ,d' ,,un ,,importuna ,fre$ f a burd5 sore & griev\s b&1 ,de> ,"l1 & f ?is we>y+ _w unti$1 ,l a frail b>k ,i turn me to ,?y side1 ,z f a fi]ce /orm to a tranquil l&4 ,?y ?orns1 ,?y nails1 & ei!r ble$+ h&1 ,) ,?y mild g5tle pite\s face1 provide ,promise ( help & m]cies multipli$1 ,& hope t yet my s\l secure may /&4 ,let n ,?y holy eyes be j to see ,my evil pa/1 ,?y *a/5$ e>s to he> ,& /ret* ! arm ( judgm5t to my crime3 ,let ,?y blood only lave & succ\r me1 ,yield+ m p]fect p>don1 bett] *e] ,z old] /ill ,i gr[ ) l5g!n+ "t4 ,,non ,,fur ,,m5 ,,lieti ,n less elate ?an smitt5 ) wild woe ,to see n !m b ,!e by dea? undone1 ,7 ^? ble/ s\ls1 :5 ,?\ above ! sun ,did/ raise1 by dy+1 m5 t lay s l[3 ,elate1 s9ce fre$om f all ills t fl[ ,f _! fir/ fault = ,adam's race 0 won2 ,sore smitt51 s9ce 9 torm5t fi]ce ,god's son ,s]v$ s]vants on ! cruel cross bel[4 ,heav5 %[$ %e knew ,!e1 :o ,?\ w]t & :5ce1 ,veil+ h] eyes above ! riv5 e>?2 ,! m\nta9s trembl$ & ! seas 7 tr\bl$3 ,he took ! ,fa!rs f hell's d>kness d5se3 ,! torm5ts ( ! damn$ fi5ds r$\bl$3 ,man only joy$1 :o ga9$ baptismal bir?4 ,! collection ( 8 poems is clos$ ) yet ano!r sonnet 9 ! same l(ty /ra9 ( pray]1 & fai?1 & hope 9 ,god4#dcg ,,m5tre ,m' ,,attri/a ,mid we>9ess & woe ,i f9d "s *e] ,9 ?9k+ ( ! pa/1 :5 ,i recall ,my weakness & my s9s & reckon all ,! va9 exp5se ( days t disappe>3 ,?is *e]s by mak+1 ere ,i die1 m cle> ,! frailty ( :at m5 delight miscall2 ,b sadd5s me to ?9k h[ r>ely fall ,god's grace & m]cies 9 life's late/ ye>4 ,= ?\gh ,?y promises our fai? compel1 ,yet1 ,"l1 :at man %all v5ture to ma9ta9 ,t pity w condone our long neglect8 ,/ill1 f ,?y blood p\r$ =? we "k full well ,h[ )\t measure 0 ,?y m>tyr's pa91 ,h[ measureless ! gifts we d>e expect4 ,f ! ?\ght ( ,dante1 ?r\gh ,plato1 to ! ?\ght ( ,*ri/3 s our /udy ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's sonnets has c>ri$ u4 ,9 communion ) ^! highe/ s\ls ,mi*ael ,angelo habitually liv$2 = he 0 born ( _! l9eage1 & 0 l !m a lifelong ali5 on ! e>?4 ,,footnotes3 #dab ,see ,gua/i's ,rime di ,mi*el ,agnolo ,buon>rote1 ,fir5zi1 #ahfc1 p4 #ahi4 ,! future ref]5ces w be made to t edition4 #dac ,i c translate1 & h translat$1 two books ( ,ario/o at ! rate ne>ly ( "o hundr$ l9es a day2 b s mu* mean+ has be5 put by ,mi*ael ,angelo into s little room1 & t mean+ sometimes s excell5t 9 itself1 t ,i f\nd ! difficulty ( translat+ him insurm\ntable4--,note to ,wordswor?'s ,engli% v]sion ( "s sonnets ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 #dad ,see above1 ,*apt] ,,viii1 ,! ,piet4 #dae ,see ,gotti's ,life1 p4 #dh1 & ,giannotti's works 7,fir5ze1 ,le ,monni]1 #ahej71 quot$ by ,gotti1 pp4 #bdi-beg4 #daf ,see ,app5dix to ,gotti's ,life1 ,no4 #be4 #dag ,see ,gotti's ,life1 p4 #bef4 #dah ,gua/i1 pp4 #aec-aee4 #dai ,gua/i1 pp4 #aef1 #afg4 #dbj ,gua/i1 p4 #aeh4 #dba ,see above1 ,*apt] ,,viii1 ,vittoria ,colonna4 #dbb ,gua/i1 p4 #bbf4 #dbc ,gua/i1 p4 #bah4 #dbd ,ib4 pp4 #ahb1 #baj4 #dbe ,gua/i1 p4 #bab4 #dbf ,deliv]$ be=e ! ,flor5t9e ,academy 9 #aedf4 ,see ,gua/i1 p4 #agc1 = ! sonnet1 & p4 lxxv4 = ! diss]tation4 ,see also ,gotti1 p4 #bdi1 = ,mi*ael ,angelo's rem>ks ^u ! latt]4 #dbg ,gua/i1 pp4 #ahi1 #ahh4 #dbh ,see ,ar*ivio ,buon>roti2 & above1 p4 #cah1 note #b4 #dbi ,rime1 p4 xlv4 #dcj ,gotti's ,life1 pp4 #bca-bcc4 #dca ,gua/i1 pp4 #aij-bjb4 #dcb ,ib4 p4 #afb4 #dcc ,gua/i1 p4 #bje4 #dcd ,gua/i1 pp4 #bcj-bcb4 #dce ,gua/i1 pp4 #bdd1 #bde4 #dcf ,ib4 pp4 #bda-bde4 #dcg ,gua/i1 p4 #bdf4 ,,app5dix ,,iii ,*ronological ,tables ( ! ,pr9cipal ,arti/s m5tion$ 9 ?is ,volume ,! li/s :i* foll[ h be51 drawn up ) a view to assi/+ ! read] ( my *apt]s on ,ar*itecture1 ,sculpture1 & ,pa9t+4 ,i h only includ$ ! m prom95t names2 & ^! ,i h plac$ 9 ! ord] ( _! occurr5ce 9 ! =ego+ pages4 ,9 compil+ !m1 ,i h consult$ ! ,index to ,le ,monni]'s edition ( ,vas>i 7#ahgj71 ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle's ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+1 & ,milizia's ,diction>y ( ,ar*itects4 ,,ar*itects ,"n ,born ,di$ ,arnolfo di ,cambio #abaj #acaa ,giotto di ,bondone #abgf #accg ,&rea ,orcagna -- ab\t #acfi ,filippo ,brunelles*i #acgg #addf ,leo ,batti/a ,alb]ti #adje #adgb ,mi*ellozzo ,mi*ellozzi #acia #adgb ,b5$etto da ,majano #addb #adig ,giuliano di ,san ,gallo #adde #aeaf ,antonio di ,san ,gallo #adee #aecd8 ,antonio ,fil>ete -- #adfe8 ,bramante ,lazz>i #addd #aead ,cri/(oro ,roc*i -- -- ,v5tura ,vitoni -- -- ,raffaello ,santi #adhc #aebj ,giulio ,romano #adii #aedf ,baldass>e ,p]uzzi #adha #aecf ,jacopo ,sansov9o #adgg #aegj ,mi*ele ,sanmi*eli #adhd #aeei ,baccio d',agnolo #adfb #aedc ,mi*ael ,angelo ,buon>roti #adge #aefd ,&rea ,palladio #aeah #aehj ,giacomo ,b>ozzi #aejg #aegc ,v9c5zo ,scamozzi #aeeb #afaf ,galeazzo ,alessi #aejj #aegb ,b>tolommeo ,ammanati #aeaa #aeib ,,sculptors ,"n ,born ,di$ ,niccola ,pisano aft] #abjj #abgh ,giovanni ,pisano ab\t #abdj #acbj ,lor5zo ,maitani -- #accj ,&rea ,pisano ab\t #abgc ab\t #acdi ,giotto di ,bondone #abgf #accg ,n9o ,pisano -- ab\t #acfj ,giovanni ,balduccio ab\t #acjj ab\t #acdg ,filippo ,cal5d>io -- #acee ,&rea ,orcagna -- ab\t #acfi ,lor5zo ,ghib]ti #acgh #adee ,giacomo della ,qu]cia #acgd #adch ,filippo ,brunelles*i #acgg #addf ,donatello #acff #adff ,&rea ,v]oc*io #adce #adhh ,aless&ro ,leop>di -- aft] #aebb ,antonio ,pollajuolo #adbi #adih ,pi]o ,pollajuolo #adda #adhi8 ,luca della ,robbia #adjj #adhb ,ago/9o di ,duccio -- aft] #adfa ,antonio ,rossell9o #adbg #adgh8 ,matteo ,civitali #adce #aeja ,m9o da ,fiesole #adca #adhd ,desid]io da ,settignano #adbh #adfd ,guido ,mazzoni -- #aeah ,antonio ,beg>elli #adgi ab\t #aefe ,antonio ,amadeo #addg8 ab\t #aebj ,&rea ,contucci #adfj #aebi ,jacopo ,sansov9o #adgg #aegj ,mi*ael ,angelo ,buon>roti #adge #aefd ,raffaello da ,montelupo #aeje #aefg ,giovanni ,angelo ,montorsoli #aejg #aefc ,baccio ,b&9elli #adic #aefj ,b>tolommeo ,ammanati #aeaa #aeib ,b5v5uto ,cell9i #aejj #aega ,gian ,bologna #aebd #afjh ,,pa9t]s ,"n ,born ,di$ ,giovanni ,cimabue #abdj8 #acjb8 ,giotto di ,bondone #abgf #accg ,&rea ,orcagna -- ab\t #acfi ,ambrogio ,lor5zetti -- ab\t #acdh ,pietro ,lor5zetti -- ab\t #acej ,taddeo ,gaddi ab\t #acjj #acff ,francesco ,tra9i -- aft] #acgh ,duccio di ,buon9segna -- ab\t #acbj ,simone ,m>t9i #abhe8 #acdd ,taddeo di ,b>tolo ab\t #acfb #adbb ,sp9ello ,aret9o -- #adaj ,masol9o da ,panicale #achd #addg8 ,masaccio #adjb #adbi ,paolo ,uccello #acig #adge ,&rea del ,ca/agno #acif #adeg ,pi]o della ,francesca #adbj8 #aejf8 ,melozzo da ,=li ab\t #adch #adid ,francesco ,squ>cione #acid #adgd ,g5tile da ,fabriano ab\t #acgj ab\t #adej ,fra ,angelico #achg #adee ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli #adbj #adih ,lippo ,lippi #adab8 #adfi ,filipp9o ,lippi #adeg #aejd ,s&ro ,botticelli #addg #aeaj ,pi]o di ,cosimo #adfb #aeba8 ,dom5ico ,ghirl&ajo #addi be=e #adih ,&rea ,mantegna #adca #aejf ,luca ,signorelli ab\t #adda #aebc ,pietro ,p]ug9o #addf #aebd ,b]n>do ,p9turic*io #aded #aeac ,francesco ,francia #adej #aeag ,fra ,b>tolommeo #adge #aeag ,m>iotto ,alb]t9elli #adgd #aeae ,lion>do da ,v9ci #adeb #aeai ,raffaello ,santi #adhc #aebj ,antonio ,allegri da ,correggio #adid8 #aecd ,mi*ael ,angelo ,buon>roti #adge #aefd ,b>tolommeo ,viv>9i -- aft] #adii ,jacopo ,bell9i #adjj8 #adfd8 ,g5tile ,bell9i #adbf #aejg ,vittore ,c>paccio -- aft] #aeai ,giovanni ,bell9i #adbg #aeaf ,giorgione #adgh #aeaa ,tiziano ,vecelli #adgg #aegf ,paolo ,v]onese #aecj #aehh ,t9toretto #aeab #aeid ,giovanni ,antonio ,beltraffio #adfg #aeaf ,m>co d' ,oggiono ab\t #adgj #aecj ,ces>e da ,se/o -- ab\t #aebd ,b]n>d9o ,lu9i ab\t #adfj aft] #aecj ,gaud5zio ,f]r>i #adhd #aedi ,giulio ,romano #adii #aedf ,giovanni da ,ud9e #adhg #aefd ,p]9o del ,vaga #adii #aedg ,m>cello ,v5u/i -- ab\t #aehd ,seba/ian del ,piombo #adhe #aedg ,daniele da ,volt]ra ab\t #aeji #aeff ,il ,p>migian9o #aejd #aedj ,f$]igo ,b>occio #aebh #afab ,&rea del ,s>to #adhg #aeca ,jacopo ,pontormo #adid #aeeg ,angelo ,bronz9o #aejb #aegb ,il ,sodoma #adgg #aedi ,baldass>e ,p]uzzi #adha #aecf ,dom5ico ,beccafumi #adhf #aeea ,b5v5uto ,g>(alo #adha #aeei ,dosso ,dossi ab\t #adgi #aedb ,il ,moretto ab\t #aejj aft] #aeef ,giovanni ,batti/a ,moroni #aeaj #aegh ,giorgio ,vas>i #aeaa #aegd ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,! ref]5ces 9 ! ,footnotes :i* conta9 ! text ,see ,*apt] 7 depict$ 9 ! orig9al text z page numb]s4 ,!y h be5 *ang$ to ! p>agraph head+ = t page z m>k$ 9 ! ,*apt] ,head+s 9 ?is text v]sion4