,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #fja ,,new ,,york1 ,,july #i1 #ahhg ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xxiv1 ,no4 #fja4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,a/ronomy4--,a ,/> ,f9d]4--,a simple app>atus t c be con/ruct$ by any me*anic4--#a illu/ration4 ,photographic ,/udy ( ,/ell> ,spectra1 ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory4 --,fir/ annual report ( ! ,h5ry ,drap] memorial obs]vations4 --,review ( ! "w by ,pr(4 ,,edw>d ,c4 ,,pick]+4 ,,ii4 ,,biology4--,sponges4--,! gr[? & life hi/ory ( sponges4--,report ( a rec5t lecture at ! ,london ,royal ,in/itution by ,dr4 ,r4 ,,von ,,l$5feld4 ,,iii4 ,,electricity4--,ph5om5a ( ,alt]nat+ ,curr5ts4--,by ,pr(4 ,,elihu ,,?omson4--#af illu/rations4 ,,iv4 ,,eng9e]+4--,an ,engli% ,c> ,c\pl+4--,description ( an ,engli% automatic c\pl+4--#b illu/rations4 ,a ,new ,process ( ,ca/+ ,iron & o!r ,metals ^u ,lace1 ,embroid]ies1 ,f]n ,leaves1 & o!r ,combu/ible ,mat]ials4 --,by ,a4,e4 ,,out]bridge1 ,,jr4--,a new & em95tly practical process ( produc+ ornam5tal ca/+s4--#d illu/rations4 ,bricks & ,brick ,"w4--,by ,pr(4 ,t4 ,,rog] ,,smi?1 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a4 --,! hi/ory & te*nical review ( ?is subject4--,a mo/ rem>kable contribution to ! eng9e]+ ( ar*itecture4 ,l9k ,belt+4--,by ,,*>les ,a4 ,,s*i]54--,an int]e/+ & practical pap] on lea!r belt+ made ( l9ks4 --#i illu/rations4 ,rec5t ,progress 9 ,gas ,eng9e]+4--,a lecture by ,mr4 ,a4 ,,macph]son1 ( ,kirkcaldy1 review+ ! la/ improvem5ts 9 ?is bran*4 ,v4 ,,miscellane\s4--,h]bet's ,tepid ,d\*e4--,app>atus 9 use = ba?+ soldi]s 9 ! ,fr5* b>racks4--#a illu/ration4 ,k5t's ,torsion ,balance4--,a new type ( balance1 involv+ torsional susp5sion in/ead ( knife edges4--#e illu/rations4 ,pres]vative ,liquid4--,note on pres]vation ( organic sub/ances4 ,! ,falls ( ,gairsoppa4--,! great ,indian falls1 high] ?an ,niag>a4--#b illu/rations4 ,! ,new ,briti% ,co9age & ,jubilee ,m$al4--,illu/rations & descriptions ( ! new pieces4--#h illu/rations4 ,! ,w9n] ( ! ,d]by4--,portrait & description ( ,m]ry ,hampton4 ,,vi4 ,,naval ,,eng9e]+4--,! ,falke ,type ,torp$o ,boat4--,! fa/e/ type ( ,briti% torp$o boat1 con/ruct$ by ,messrs4 ,y>r[ ,co4--#a illu/ration4 ,! ,g]man ,navy4--,! ,new ,gunboat ,eb]4--,a description ( a late accession to ! ,g]man navy4--#a illu/ration4 ,,vii4 ,,ordnance ,,& ,,gunn]y4--,magaz9e ,rifles4--,cont9uation ( ?is important article1 includ+ ! ,*affee-,reece1 ,kropats*ek1 & o!r magaz9e guns4--#c illu/rations4 ,new ,briti% ,torp$o ,exp]im5ts4--,exp]im5ts ) torp$oes aga9/ a %ip4--,! effici5cy or torp$o nets4--,! effects ( ,:itehead torp$oes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,falke ,,type ,,torp$o ,,boat4 ,among ! diff]5t classes ( vessels design$ = special s]vices1 con/ruct$ by ,messrs4 ,y>r[ ,co41 at ,popl>1 = ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 is "o :i* is /at$ to be ! fa/e/ torp$o boat 9 h] maje/y's navy4 ,?is boat has be5 put ?r\gh its (ficial trials2 ) a load ( #ae tons1 runn+ cont9u\sly = two h\rs )\t /opp+1 a spe$ ( #bc knots1 :i* is equal to #bf /atute miles1 an h\r 0 obta9$4 ,! boat is #ace ft4 long by #ad ft4 beam4 ,its design is kn[n z ! ,falke type1 be+ 9 _m respects simil>1 b v sup]ior1 to a torp$o boat ( t "n :i* 0 built two ye>s ago by ! same firm = ! ,au/rian gov]nm5t4 ,! =m ( ! hull is ( su* a "* z to give exceptional /e]+ capabilities2 at ! "t ( trial x 0 f\nd to be able to /e] r\nd 9 a circle ( a diamet] ( #ajj y>ds1 av]ag+ #fb seconds4 ,! =w>d "p ( ! boat is completely cov]$ ov] by a l>ge turtle back1 :i* is ! cu/om>y =m ( ! boats built by ,messrs4 ,y>r[ ,co4 ,x 0 fir/ introduc$ 9 ! ,bat\m1 :i* !y con/ruct$ eight ye>s ago = ! ,russian gov]nm5t4 ,?is turtle back increases ! seawor?9ess ( ! craft by ?r[+ ! wat] t comes ^u x freely away4 ,x =ms1 also1 good & roomy accommodation = ! crew1 & incloses a l>ge portion ( ! torp$o app>atus4 ,! =w>d torp$o ge> consi/s ( "o torp$o gun1 adapt$ = eject+ ! ,:itehead torp$o by means ( gunp[d]1 n[ pref]r$ on acc\nt ( its simplicity4 ,! boil]1 "o ( ,messrs4 ,y>r[ ,co4's special con/ruction1 ( a type :i* has und]gone _m ye>s ( con/ant trial1 is capable ( develop+ #a1ffj horse p[]4 ,9 ! eng9e room !re are six eng9es--"o = driv+ ! boat1 two = compress+ ! air = ! torp$oes1 an eng9e = work+ ! dynamo = produc+ ! electric light1 an eng9e = =c+ air into ! /oke-hole1 & an eng9e work+ 9 conjunction ) ! di/ill+ app>atus = supply+ dr9k+ wat] = ! crew & ! wa/e incid5tal to ! boil]4 ,aft ( ! eng9e room come ! (fic]s' qu>t]s4 ,! /]n ( ! boat is fitt$ up z a pantry & = ! /[age ( ammunition & /ores4 ,on ! deck are m\nt$ ?ree ma*9e guns1 & ne> ! /]n an additional conn+ t[] = use 9 case ( ne$1 ar\nd :i* revolve two torp$o guns = fir+ ! torp$oes (f ei!r side4 ,^! torp$o guns c be tra9$ to any angle x may be desir$ to fire !m at4 ,on bo? conn+ t[]s are ma*9e guns4--,illu/rat$ ,london ,news4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,falke ,,type ,,torp$o ,,boat1 ,,& ,,section ,,%[+ ,,g5]al ,,arrangem5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,g]man ,,navy--,,! ,,new ,,gunboat ,,eb]4 ,! gunboat ,eb] is an improv$ vessel ( ! ,wolf type1 b diff]s f o!r vessels ( its class 9 t x has n a complete iron hull1 only ! frame & deck beams be+ ( iron1 :ile ! plank+ is ( wood & yell[ metal4 ,no copp] is us$ on ! bottom4 ,! composite sy/em ( build+ is look$ ^u ) favor = %ips ( ?is k9d1 because iron vessels :i* are kept p]man5tly at /ations 9 ! tropics soon become ov]gr[n 9 spite ( good c>e1 & ?us suff] a great loss ( spe$4 ,9 a wood5 vessel ! crew's qu>t]s are bett] & m heal?ful ?an 9 iron vessels1 = !y are n z mu* affect$ by ! temp]ature outside ( ! %ip4 ,! greate/ l5g? ( ! ,eb] is ab\t #bde ft42 its bread?1 #bf ft42 its dep?1 #ad ft42 & x has a displacem5t ( ab\t #ejj tons4 ,! armam5t w consi/ ( ?ree long #e 94 guns 9 c5t] pivot c>riages1 & a small numb] ( revolv]s4 ,"o ( ! =m] w be plac$ at ! /]n on ! qu>t] deck1 & ! two o!rs on ! =eca/le4 ,"s ( ! revolv]s w be on ! qu>t] deck & "s on ! =eca/le1 c>e be+ tak5 to arrange ! guns s z to obta9 ! wide/ possible range1 ?us enabl+ ! %ip to protect itself p]fectly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,new ,,g]man ,,gunboat ,,eb]4 ,! ,eb] is provid$ ) a two-cyl9d]1 comp\nd eng9e1 :i* c g5]ate #fej horse p[]1 giv+ ! vessel a spe$ ( #aa knots4 ,! coal bunk]s are s l>ge t ! %ip c travel #c1jjj miles at a spe$ slightly less ?an t j m5tion$ )\t requir+ a fre% supply ( coal4 ,! rigg+ is ! same z 9 iron vessels ( ! ,wolf class1 & ! sails are suffici5tly l>ge to all[ ! vessel to proce$ )\t /eam4 ,! %ip w c>ry ab\t #ij m51 includ+ (fic]s1 crew1 eng9e]s1 & firem54 ,a sum ( #ade1jjj 0 appropriat$ = ! con/ruction & equipm5t ( ! ,eb]1 :i* 0 begun at ,kiel 9 ! latt] "p ( #ahhe1 & 0 laun*$ ,febru>y #ae1 #ahhg4--;,illu/rirte ,zeitung4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,briti% ,,torp$o ,,exp]im5ts4 ,! torp$o exp]im5ts aga9/ ! ,resi/ance1 :i* h be5 susp5d$ s9ce ,novemb] la/1 7 resum$ on ,june #i at ,portsm\? by ! (fic]s ( ! ,v]non4 ,! injuries receiv$ by ! ironclad 9 ! previ\s exp]im5ts hav+ be5 repair$1 s z to make ! vessel wat]tight1 ! old %ip 0 t[$ up ! h>bor1 & moor$ 9 ,f>eham ,creek4 ,our read]s are aw>e t ! ,resi/ance is an obsolete ironclad :i* has f9i%$ h] c>e] z a battle %ip1 & t no?+ c\ld h conv]t$ h] into a mod]n armorclad4 ,al?\gh x 0 int5d$ to r5d] ! exp]im5ts f9al & conclusive z a practical demon/ration "u s]vice conditions ( ! de/ructive effects ( ! ,:itehead torp$o :5 direct$ aga9/ a mod]n vessel ( w>1 ! results /ill leave beh9d !m mu* unc]ta9ty4 ,! ,resi/ance 0 built ( iron1 :]eas battle %ips are n[ exclusively con/ruct$ ( /eel1 & x w\ld be p]haps haz>d\s to /ate t ! behavior ( ! two metals "u a sudd5 & viol5t %ock w\ld be exactly ! same4 ,! con/ruction ( ! d\ble bottom ( ! old %ip is also diff]5t4 ,s9ce ! la/ exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out aga9/ h]1 h[ev]1 measures h be5 tak5 to make h] z f> z possible ! c\nt]p>t1 s f> z "u wat] arrangem5ts & coal protection are conc]n$1 ( a mod]n %ip ( w>4 ,at ! la/ attack1 ! ,:itehead 0 direct$ aga9/ ! aft] "p ( ! hull on ! port side 9 wake ( ! boil]s4 ,dur+ ! pres5t s]ies ( exp]im5ts ! old %ip 0 assail$ on ! same side1 b directly amid%ips1 9 ! neighborhood ( ! eng9e room4 ,z no /eam 0 got up 9 ! boil]s1 ! effect ( ! j> ^u ! /eam pipes1 gl&s1 & fe$ connections rema9s a matt] ( speculation4 ,s f> z ! consequ5ces ( ! bur/ ^u ! /ructure ( ! hull itself is conc]n$1 e c>e 0 tak5 to make ! ordeal z complete & in/ructive z possible4 ,! w+ passage1 :i* has a maximum diamet] ( #c ft4 dim9i%+ to a po9t1 0 left empty1 al?\gh at ! =m] exp]im5ts ! l[] portions 7 fill$ ) coal4 ,b beh9d ?is1 & at a di/ance ( #h ft4 f ! bulkhead1 a longitud9al or =e & aft /eel bulkhead #c_/h 94 ?ick _h be5 work$ to a l5g? ( #fa ft41 &1 ) ! coal ) :i* ! int]v5+ comp>tm5t 0 pack$1 =m$ 7z 9 rec5t armorclads7 a solid ramp>t1 #bj ft4 high1 = ! def5se ( ! eng9e room4 ,! height ( ! d\ble bottom betwe5 ! out] & inn] sk9 plat+ is #b ft4 ,! wat]tight comp>tm5ts 7 divid$ into /ations by means ( v]tical light5+ plates pi]c$ by ?ree holes1 & 9 ord] to make !m1 z f> z 0 practicable1 resemble ! bracket frames ( a mod]n armorclad1 ! c5t] ( ! plates 0 cut away s z to leave a s+le oval hole in/ead ( ! ?ree circul> holes4 ,9 view ( ! diff]5ces ( op9ion :i* exi/ on ! "p ( exp]ts on ! subject ( "u wat] protection1 ! (fic]s ( ! ,v]non _h det]m9$ to submit ! problem to ! te/ ( exp]im5t4 ,= ?is purpose /eel armor #a 94 ?ick _h be5 work$ along ! outside ( ! upp] sk9 ( ! d\ble bottom ?r\gh\t "o ( ! comp>tm5ts1 9 addition to ! o!r protection m5tion$4 ,! ,resi/ance _h be5 br\ght d[n by iron balla/ to a trim ( #be feet #i 94 aft & #ai ft4 #g 94 =w>d1 giv+ a mean draught ( #bb feet #h in*es4 ,%e 0 consequ5tly r fur!r d[n by ! /]n ?an be=e1 b 0 9 o!r respects ! same4 ,:5 9 commission1 ! ,resi/ance _h a mean draught ( #bf feet #aj in*es4 ,! pres5t s]ies ( exp]im5ts 0 ( ev5 great] importance ?an ! fir/ s]ies4 ,! attack 0 gradually develop$ by means ( fix$ & outrigg] *>ges ( increas+ p[]1 & ! c\p de grace 0 n giv5 by means ( a s]vice ,:itehead 9 actual contact until v>i\s lessons _h be5 d]iv$4 ,! op5+ exp]im5t on ,june #i consi/$ ( an attack direct$ aga9/ a new sy/em ( torp$o def5ses :i* are to be c>ri$ by %ips 9 action1 or :5 9 expectation ( an attack1 r ?an an assault ^u ! %ip h]self4 ,! previ\s exp]im5ts _h cle>ly demon/rat$ t a ,:itehead1 :5 project$ aga9/ a vessel at close range1 & consequ5tly ) a maximum ( motive =ce1 c\ld n get ?r\gh ! ord9>y wire nett+ be=e exp5d+ its explosive en]gy 9 ! air1 & t ! sp>s by :i* ! nets are boom$ out f ! %ip's side c\ld be r$uc$ to #be ft4 9 l5g? )\t dang] to ! hull4 ,! ord9>y wood5 booms employ$ on bo>d %ip1 h[ev]1 are heavy & unwieldy1 weigh+1 z !y d1 m ?an half a ton ea*4 ,9 ord9>y circum/ances1 ! sp>s _c be l[]$ into place & ! nets made taut 9 less ?an a c\ple ( h\rs1 & ! "w ( /[+ !m is equally sl[ & labori\s4 ,mr4 ,bullivant1 :o manufactures ! torp$o nett+ & haws]s = ! navy1 has devis$ a me?od ( gett+ rid ( ! difficulties compla9$ ( by sub/itut+ /eel booms = ! wood5 booms & an arrangem5t ( pulleys & runn]s1 :]eby ! protection c be run out & 91 topp$ & brail$ up out ( ! way1 ) great facility4 ,! sy/em 0 tri$ at ,portsm\? la/ ye> ) consid]able success ^u ! ,dido1 b z x 0 ?\ght t "s ( ! fitt+s 7 some:at frail & might collapse b5ea? ! %ock ( a live torp$o1 x 0 resolv$ to submit !m to a practical te/ "u s]vice conditions ^u ! ,resi/ance4 ,! %ip 0 consequ5tly fitt$ ) ?ree ( ! /eel booms on ! port side4 ,!y 7 #cb ft4 long & spac$ #de ft4 ap>t1 & connect$ by a jack/ay to :i* ! nets 7 atta*$4 ,ea* /eel boom weigh$ #e cwt41 or less ?an half ! weight ( ! ord9>y boom1 & :]eas ! latt] is fix$ to ! %ip's side by a hook :i* is liable to be disconnect$ or brok5 by ! j]k ( an explod+ torp$o1 ,mr4 ,bullivant's boom works 9 a univ]sal or socket jo9t1 :i* _c get out ( ge> except by fracture1 & :i* p]mits ! boom to be mov$ 9 any direction1 :e!r v]tically or =e & aft1 close 9 aga9/ ! sides4 ,bel[ ea* boom is a flange1 :i* s]ves z a l9e along :i* a travel] moves1 ! latt] be+ actuat$ by means ( a topp+ l9e runn+ ov] a pulley at ! head & ano!r ne> ! heel4 ,^u ! booms be+ topp$ to a p]p5dicul> position1 ! nets are atta*$ to ! runn]s at ! bottom ( ! booms close inbo>d 7in/ead (1 "u ! exi/+ sy/em1 to ! tops ( ! booms f boats alongside or o!rwise71 & :5 ?is is done1 ! m]e depression ( ! booms into position w cause ! nets to run out ( _! own accord4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 ! occasion = _! use has pass$1 ! rais+ ( ! boom w cause ! nets to come alongside1 :5 !y c ei!r be brail$ up ?r\gh ! grummets or disconnect$ = future use4 ,! action ( ! ge> is s simple & rapid t ! torp$o protection c be always ready )\t arre/+ ! way ( ! %ip4 ,z a l5g? ( net #cj ft4 by #bj ft4 deep weighs ab\t #c cwt41 x w also be se5 t ! r$uction ( /ra9s by work+ ! cr9ol9es f ! heel in/ead ( ! head ( ! booms is consid]able4 ,! attack by ! ,:itehead ^u ! booms & nett+s 0 made %ortly be=e #b p4m41 at ! "t ( high tide4 ,! :ole affair occupi$ a v few m9utes4 ,z soon z ! r$ p5nant 0 /ruck on bo>d to %[ t ,mr4 ,bullivant 0 satisfi$ ) ! arrangem5ts1 & t ! t>get 0 ready1 ! torp$o vessel ,vesuvius got "u way1 & aft] circl+ r\nd ! doom$ hulk dis*>g$ a ,:itehead aga9/ ! nett+ f h] "u-wat] b[ torp$o tube at an approximate range ( #ej y>ds4 ,z on =m] occasions1 ! missile 0 "o ( ! old #af in* patt]n1 b x 0 und]/ood t ! *>ge ( gun cotton _h be5 r$uc$ to #hg lb41 s t ! net protection %\ld n be> a great] /ra9 ?an w\ld be ! case 9 actual ho/ilities4 ,! torp$o1 :i* 0 set to a dep? ( ab\t #aj feet1 /ruck ! net 9 ! middle & ?rew up an imm5se sp\t ( wat]1 b )\t gett+ to ! %ip1 :i* 0 app>5tly un9jur$4 ,al?\gh x hit ! net imm$iately bel[ ! c5t] boom1 no fracture occurr$1 & ! po9ts rema9$ intact4 ,al?\gh at ! %ort range ! torp$o w\ld sp9 ?r\gh ! wat] at f #cj to #dj horse p[]1 & w\ld deliv] a =midable bl[ ^u ! net1 ! ?ru/ 0 effectually resi/$1 ?\gh z a matt] ( c\rse ! net 0 mu* torn by ! explosion ( ! baffl$ projectile4 ,al?\gh at ! second torp$o attack made on ! ,resi/ance1 ! foll[+ day1 ! (f5sive p[] t 0 br\ght to be> 0 q exceptional1 ! victory rema9$ ) ! %ip4 ,! *>ge explod$ 0 an exceptionally heavy "o4 ,x consi/$ ( #bbj lb4 ( gun cotton4 ,x 0 consequ5tly m de/ructive ?an any :i* is ev] likely to be laun*$ aga9/ an armorclad mu* bett] prep>$ to resi/ x ?an ! obsolete & "t-worn ,resi/ance4 ,an idea1 h[ev]1 _h got abroad t ! ,russians ei!r h or int5d to h a locomotive torp$o capable ( c>ry+ ! same weight ( explosive 9 its head1 & ! object ( ! exp]im5t 0 to asc]ta9 :at w\ld be ! effect ( ! detonation ( su* an enorm\s *>ge ^u ! subm]g$ portions ( a %ip ( w>4 ,b1 :ile ?is 0 no d\bt ! prim>y purpose 9 view1 ! exp]im5t also s]v$ ! second>y purpose ( det]m9+ ! result ( ! explosion ^u ! net def5ses ( a %ip4 ,mr4 ,bullivant's booms & runn]s1 :i* 7 f\nd to be sc>cely any?+ ! worse f ! ordeal ( ! previ\s day1 7 aga9 us$4 ,! damag$ net 0 tak5 away & "o ( ! old s]vice grummet nets slung 9 its place1 ! cyl9d]s conta9+ ! gun cotton be+ atta*$ to ! jack/ay imm$iately 9 front ( ! batt]$ sides1 & #cj feet f ! hulk1 & sunk to a di/ance ( #bj feet bel[ ! wat] l9e1 :i* w\ld br+ x ab\t opposite ! b5d ( ! bilge4 ,by #c p4m4 ev]y?+ 0 ready = ! explosion ( ! *>ge--ev]ybody _h cle>$ out ( ! %ip :ile ! surr\nd+ small craft drew (f to a di/ance ( #cjj feet4 ,! *>ge 0 electrically fir$ f a p9nace4 ,! bur/ 0 t]rific & ! rev]b]ation 0 he>d & ! %ock di/9ctly felt 9 ! docky>d4 ,b ! rem>kable ?+ 0 t ! hulk did n appe> to jump 9 ! lea/1 ?\gh !re 0 n m ?an six feet ( wat] "u h] keel4 ,t %e w\ld n be s]i\sly crippl$ by ! dis*>ge seems to h be5 accept$ z a =egone conclusion by ,capta9 ,long & ! o!r torp$oi/s1 z ! day = ! ?ird exp]im5t _h be5 fix$ 9 advance2 b t ! /eel booms ) _! d\ble flange runn+ ways1 /ays1 travel]s1 & h+es %\ld h resi/$ ! trem5d\s j> & upheaval 0 a g5u9e surprise = all conc]n$1 & goes f> to prove t except a vessel be tak5 unaw>es1 x w be impossible = a torp$o to come into actual contact ) x4 ,at ! exp]im5ts la/ ye> ! wood5 booms 7 unh+$ & spl9t]$ "u a mu* less viol5t %ock4 ,b ! /eel booms employ$1 ?\gh some:at b5t1 rema9$ unbrok5 & 9 position1 & ! jo9ts 7 q un9jur$4 ,all t is necess>y = p]fect def5se is t ! booms %\ld be made a little heavi]4 ,! torp$o exp]im5ts aga9/ ! ,resi/ance 7 resum$ on ,june #ac1 :5 ! old ironclad suff]$ "s r\gh treatm5t4 ,z ! exp]im5t 0 und]/ood to be ! la/ ( ! second s]ies1 & 0 fully expect$ to h a s5sational t]m9ation1 a consid]able numb] ( int]e/$ spectators 7 attract$ to ! sc5e 9 ,f>eham ,creek4 ,! torp$oi/s resort$ to sev]e measures1 b ) a di/9ctly useful purpose 9 view1 hav+ b\nd ! %ip h& & foot1 s to speak1 9 su* a way t h] "n became a solecism4 ,!y explod$ #ie lb4 ( gun cotton #bj ft4 bel[ ! wat]1 & 9 contact ) h] d\ble bottom4 ,?is am\nt ( explosive repres5ts ! full *>ge ( ! old patt]n #af 94 ,:iteheads2 b z ! hulk 01 = prud5tial reasons1 moor$ close to a mud bank1 & z ! wat] 0 consequ5tly mu* too %all[ to all[ ( a locomotive torp$o be+ set to run at ! requir$ dep?1 a fix$ *>ge 0 la%$ =e & aft aga9/ ! bottom plat+ ( ! %ip & electrically explod$ f ,no4 #ie torp$o boat4 ,9 previ\s exp]im5ts ?is ye> ! ironclad 0 attack$ on ! port side1 :i* _h be5 specially /r5g!n$ = ! occasion1 & ! result 0 a victory = ! def5se4 ,on ,june #ac ! />bo>d side 0 select$ = attack1 9 ord] t a comp>ison might be in/itut$ ) ! effects produc$ "u diff]5t conditions by a simil> exp]im5t4 ,la/ ye> 9 ! latt] case ! d\ble bottom 0 fill$ ) coal2 & aft] ! *>ge1 :i* 0 la%$ aga9/ ! %ip 9 ! same way1 _h be5 explod$1 x 0 f\nd t ! bilge keel _h be5 %iv]$ = a l5g? ( #bj ft41 :ile ! l[] plat+ _h be5 mu* bulg$ above ! bilge keel4 ,f\r /rakes ( ! sk9 plat+ ext5d+ up to ! armor %elf _h also be5 =c$ inw>d & fractur$ :]e !y cross$ ! longitud9al frames4 ,!y _h p>t$ 9 ! middle = a di/ance ( #h ft41 :ile "s ( ! butts _h be5 op5$ s t ga%es #b 94 or #c 94 wide appe>$ betwe5 !m4 ,! coal _h be5 pulv]iz$ & scatt]$ 9 all directions1 & o!r int]nal damage inflict$4 ,nev]!less1 ! wat]tight bulkheads rema9$ intact1 & by conf9+ ! influx ( wat] to a s+le comp>tm5t s mu* buoyancy 0 pres]v$ t1 ?\gh ! %ip heel$ ov] to />bo>d & 0 maim$1 %e rema9$ afloat1 & might h cont9u$ to fight h] guns1 provid$ always t no injury _h be5 su/a9$ by h] ma*9]y1 a po9t :i* ^! exp]im5ts d n t\*4 ,crippl$1 h[ev]1 z %e 01 x 0 ?\ght at ! "t 7& ! probability 0 /r5g!n$ by subsequ5t exam9ation ( ! %ip 9 dock7 t ! coal1 in/ead ( be+ a protection to ! d\ble bottom1 _h 9 reality prov$ a s\rce ( weakness by receiv+ ! en]gy ( ! explosion f ! out] plat+ & communicat+ x to ! inn] plat+1 & s di/ribut+ x ?r\gh\t ! subm]g$ portions ( ! hulk4 ,! "q 0 suffici5tly important to dem& an exp]im5tal solution2 h5ce ! raison d'etre ( ! pres5t demon/ration4 ,! d\ble bottom1 :i* is ab\t #b ft4 deep1 0 consequ5tly kept empty1 & ! torp$o plac$ 9 imm$iate contact ) x 9 su* a mann] t1 be+ ov]hung by ! cont\r ( ! hull1 ! %ip w\ld feel ! full =ce ( ! upw>d z well z ! lat]al en]gy ( ! *>ge4 ,on o!r acc\nts ! importance ( ! exp]im5t 0 obvi\s1 =1 al?\gh x _h be5 asc]ta9$ t torp$o nets 7 capable ( protect+ a battle %ip f ! bur/s ( ! heavie/ locomotive & outrigg] *>ges1 x might happ51 ( c\rse1 t ! nets w\ld be r5t or displac$ by %ell fire or swept away by a graz+ ram or ev5 attack$ by a d\ble torp$o1 ! second pass+ ?r\gh ! ga%es made by ! explosion ( ! fir/ 9 any case4 ,x 01 !re=e1 ( urg5t necessity t ! effect ( a torp$o bur/+ 9 imm$iate contact ) a %ip's bottom %\ld be practically & cle>ly det]m9$4 ,! *>ge on ,june #ac 0 fir$ j be=e #e p4m4 9 ! wake ( ! boil]s1 & x 0 soon p]ceiv$ t some?+ ( a fatal "* _h tak5 place f ! appe>ance ( coal du/ sweep+ up ?r\gh ! hold4 ,! report _h n ! dull boom to :i* ! spectators _h become accu/om$4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 ! gun cotton explod$ ) a %>p1 angry1 :i/l+ noise1 :ile ! mann] 9 :i* ! mud 0 *urn$ up %[$ t ! =ce ( ! reb\nd 0 t]rific4 ,! %ip lift$ bodily ne> ! /]n1 aft] :i* x 0 se5 to leisurely heel ov] to />bo>d "s eight or t5 degrees1 & f9ally repose1 ?\gh n until ! tide fell1 ^u ! mud4 ,! old hulk _h be5 mortally w\nd$ at la/4 ,a complete k ( ! disa/] :i* has ov]tak5 h] 7says ! correspond5t ( ! ,london ,times1 to :i* we are indebt$ = ! above p>ticul>s7 w n be obta9$ until a c>eful inve/igation has be5 made ( ! hull 9 dock4 ,b1 f a ha/y exploration :i* 0 conduct$ on bo>d1 x 0 evid5t t ! %ot _h n only dislocat$ ! inn] plat+ ( ! d\ble bottom1 b _h p5etrat$ ! bunk] comp>tm5t1 /or$ z x 0 ) coal1 t ! wat]tight doors & comp>tm5ts _h ceas$ to op]ate1 & t wat] 0 fl[+ into ! hull ?r\gh a hundr$ crevices4 ,to su* an ext5t 0 ?is ! case t1 ?\gh a /rong work+ p>ty 0 at h& ready = any em]g5cy1 x 0 deem$ useless to attempt to free ! %ip ( wat] until h] ga%es _h be5 tempor>ily clos$ f outside4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done1 %e w be pump$ out & br\ght into dock = c>eful exam9ation4 ,f :at has be5 said1 x w be se5 t :ile ! explosion ( #ie lb4 ( gun cotton 9 actual contact la/ ,novemb] simply crippl$ ! ,resi/ance1 ! explosion ( a l *>ge at ! same spot1 & "u approximately ! same conditions1 has 9 ?is in/ance n simply disabl$1 b really sunk ! %ip4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,an ,,engli% ,,c> ,,c\pl+4 ,! new automatic railway c\pl+ illu/rat$ bel[ is ! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,hill1 & has be5 practically develop$ by ,mr4 ,b4,h4 ,?waite1 ( ,liv]pool4 ,x w be se5 t ! sy/em is some:at simil> to ! p>allel motion :5 9 action4 ,! cat* & peculi>ly %ap$ hooks slide ov] ! cross & cat* b>s4 ,^! latt] turn horizontally on a c5tral pivot atta*$ to ! jaw end ( ! drawb>4 ,! cross cat* b>s adju/ !mselves to ! direction ( ! l9e ( pull 9 ! drawb>4 ,! crank+ ( ! drawb> all[s = ! deflection ( ! buff] spr+s4 ,! arrangem5t ( unc\pl+1 or ?r[+ hooks out ( ge>1 is extremely simple & effective4 ,! crank$ "p ( ! rod pass+ across ! end ( ! wagon1 & ) h&les at ea* end workable f ! #f ft4 way1 is atta*$ to ! cat* hooks by means ( a light *a94 ,on ?r[+ ! h&le ov]1 & aga9/ ! end ( ! wagon1 ! crank moves ov] & bel[ ! c5t]1 lift+ up ! cat* into a position out ( range ( action1 & f ?is position x _c fall except x is releas$ by ! %unt]4 ,a %ackle & l9ks hang f ! end ( ! drawb> = atta*m5t to ord9>y wagons4 ,aft] a long & co/ly s]ies ( exp]im5ts ! =m ( c\pl+ %[n 9 illu/ration 0 adopt$4 ,"p ( ! exp]im5tal c\pl+s us$ 7 made by ! ,hadfield ,/eel ,f\ndry ,company1 b ! c\pl+s us$ at a rec5t trial at ,gl\ce/] 7 =g$ by ! ,gl\ce/] ,wagon ,company4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,engli% ,,c> ,,c\pl+4 ,! trial c\pl+s 7 appli$ to old & worn-out coal wagons1 v>y+ 9 relative heights & wid?s ( buff]s1 & ! te/s 73 #a4 ,c\pl+ & unc\pl+1 & pass+ c\pl$ r\nd curves ( less ?an two *a9s radius4 #b4 ,c\pl+ "u rapid transit movem5t & viol5t %ock4 #c4 ,c\pl+ "u sl[ movem5t1 ! wagons be+ %unt$ toge!r by two %unt]s4 #d4 ,wagons br\ght viol5tly toge!r :ile ! c\pl+ hooks 7 lift$ out ( action1 to te/ ! rigidity ( ! hooks 9 ?is position4 #e4 ,te/$ 9 competition ) ! ord9>y c\pl+ /ock4 ,! trial 0 a success4 ,! new automatic c\pl+ satisfactorily und]w5t ! v>i\s conditions1 & x 0 prov$ t3 #a4 ,x c be lift$ out ( action ) "o h& & q easily4 #b4 ,x c be c\pl$ & unc\pl$ six times z fa/ z ) ! pole hook 9 ! daytime4 ,at night ?is advantage w\ld be consid]ably increas$4 ,! c\pl+ is /rong z well z ela/ic 9 its p>ts1 & adju/s itself to ! v>i\s conditions ( traction4--,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #eig1 page #ieci4 ,,magaz9e ,,rifles4 ,*affee-,reece ,magaz9e ,rifle4--,we d n ins]t a draw+ ( ?is arm--"o ( ! ?ree select$ by ! ,am]ican bo>d--z x belongs to ! same class & is simil> 9 g5]al con/ruction to ! ,hot*kiss4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an important diff]5ce 9 ! magaz9e1 :i* has no spiral spr+1 b is furni%$ in/ead ) an +5i\s sy/em ( rat*et b>s4 ,"o ( ^! c>ries =w>d ! c>tridge a di/ance equal to its own l5g? at ea* reciprocal motion ( ! bolt1 :ile a second b> has no longitud9al motion1 b prev5ts ! c>tridges f mov+ to ! re> 9 ! magaz9e tube aft] !y h be5 mov$ =w>d by ! o!r b>4 ,! magaz9e is load$ ?r\gh an ap]ture 9 ! butt plate1 ! op5+ ( ! spr+ cov] ( :i* causes ! two rat*et b>s to be depress$1 s t ! magaz9e c be fill$ by pass+ ! c>tridges along a smoo? middle b>4 ,! act ( clos+ ! spr+ cov] aga9 br+s ! two rat*et b>s into play4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,,kropats*ek ,,magaz9e ,,gun ,by means ( a cut-(f ! rat*et b>s c be prev5t$ f act+1 & ! piece us$ z a s+le load]4 ,kropats*ek ,magaz9e ,rifle4--,?is rifle1 :i* is ! small arm ( ! ,fr5* navy1 has a bolt-action rifle resembl+ ! ,gras 7see ,fig4 #i74 ,! magaz9e is a brass tube und]nea? ! b>rel1 z 9 ! ,w9*e/]1 ,vett]li1 ,maus]1 & o!r rifles ( class #a4 ,x conta9s six c>tridges1 :ile a sev5? c be plac$ 9 ! tr\gh or c>ri]1 ,t4 ,:5 ! bree* is op5$ by pull+ back ! bolt1 a projection on ! latt] /rikes ! c>ri] at ,n1 caus+ its front extremity to raise ! c>tridge into ! position %[n 9 ! section4 ,?is movem5t is accel]at$ by ! spr+1 ,a1 act+ aga9/ a knife-edge projection on ! tr\gh1 ,t2 9 ! upp] position ( ! tr\gh1 ! spr+ acts ^u "o face ( ! angle1 & ^u ! o!r face :5 9 ! l[] position4 ,on clos+ ! bree*1 ! bolt pu%es ! c>tridge into ! *amb]1 & :5 ! h&le is lock$ d[n to ! "r1 a "p ( ! bolt presses aga9/ a /ud1 & ?us depresses ! tr\gh to be ready to receive ano!r c>tridge f ! magaz9e4 ,! magaz9e c be cut (f & ! rifle us$ z a s+le load] by pu%+ =w>d a ?umb-piece on ! "r side ( ! %oe4 ,! effect ( ?is is t1 on turn+ d[n ! h&le to lock ! bolt1 ! latt] does n act on ! /ud to depress ! c>ri]1 s t no fre% c>tridges are f$ up f ! magaz9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,,lee ,,magaz9e ,,gun ,!re is a projection1 ,z1 on ! =e "p ( ! c>ri]1 :i* keeps ! next c>tridge f leav+ ! magaz9e :ile ! tr\gh is 9 ! upp] or load+ position4 ,a supplem5t>y c>tridge /op1 ,r1 pivot$ at ,p & hav+ a spr+1 ,l1 und]nea? x1 acts 9 conjunction ) ,z 9 reta9+ ! c>tridges 9 ! magaz9e1 & especially 9 prev5t+ m ?an "o at a "t f pass+ out into ! c>ri] :5 ! latt] is depress$2 x also reta9s ! c>tridges 9 ! magaz9e tube :ile ! latt] is be+ fill$4 ,lee ,magaz9e ,rifle4--,?is arm 7see ,fig4 #aj71 :i* occupi$ ! place ( honor 9 ! report ( ! ,am]ican ,bo>d on ,magaz9e ,guns1 embodi$ two new pr9ciples ( consid]able importance1 viz41 ! c5tral position ( ! magaz9e1 & hav+ x deta*able ) ease1 s t two or m magaz9es c be c>ri$ by ! soldi]4 ,! bree* action ( ! ,lee does n mat]ially diff] 9 design f o!r bolt rifles1 except t ! bolt is 9 two pieces only--! body1 or bolt prop]1 & ! hamm] or cock+-piece4 ,! fir+ p91 or /rik]1 is screw$ into ! hamm]2 ! spiral ma9 spr+1 :i* surr\nds ! /rik]1 is conta9$ 9 a holl[ 9 ! body4 ,! h&le is plac$ at ! re> end ( ! bolt1 & b5t d[n t[>d ! /ock1 s z to all[ ! trigg] to be rea*$ )\t :olly quitt+ hold ( ! bolt4 ,! extractor is s connect$ ) ! bolt head z n to %>e ! rotation ( ! latt] :5 ! h&le is turn$ d[n into ! lock+ position4 ,:5 ! h&le is turn$ up to unlock ! bolt1 ! hamm] is camm$ slightly to ! re>1 by means ( oblique be>+s on ! bolt & hamm]1 s z to )draw ! po9t ( ! /rik] )9 ! face ( ! bolt4 ,?is oblique cam action also gives great p[] to ! extractor at fir/ />t+ ! empty c>tridge case out ( ! *amb]4 ,! magaz9e1 ,m1 is simply a %eet iron or /eel box ( a size to hold five c>tridges1 b !re seems no reason :y x %\ld n be ( l>g] dim5sions4 ,x is deta*able f ! rifle1 & is ins]t$ f und]nea? into a slot or mortise 9 ! /ock & 9 ! %oe1 9 front ( ! trigg] gu>d4 ,a magaz9e cat*1 ,c1 j above ! trigg] gu>d1 engages 9 a not*1 ,n1 9 ! re> ( ! magaz9e1 ! projection1 ,l1 fir/ ent]+ a recess prep>$ = x 9 ! %oe4 ,!re is a magaz9e spr+1 ,d1 at ! bottom ( ! magaz9e box :i* pu%es ! c>tridges up into ! %oe4 ,! po9t ( ! top c>tridge is pu%$ into ! projection1 ,l1 & ?is keeps ! l[] c>tridges 9 _! places 9 ! box :ile ! latt] is deta*$2 :5 ! magaz9e is ins]t$ 9 ! rifle1 ! )drawal ( ! bolt causes ! top c>tridge to be slightly drawn back1 s t x is n[ free to be f$ up into ! %oe by ! magaz9e spr+1 ,d4 ,!re is a lat] patt]n ( magaz9e1 :i* has its front face q pla91 ) no projection1 ,l1 z ! magaz9e cat* 0 f\nd suffici5t to hold ! box 9 its place4 ,to prev5t ! c>tridges be+ press$ out ( ! magaz9e be=e ! latt] is ins]t$ 9 ! rifle1 !re is a /rong spr+ plac$ v]tically 9 "o side ( ?is box1 ! curv$ upp] end ( :i* be>s ^u ! top c>tridge2 :5 ! magaz9e is 9 its place 9 ! %oe1 ?is side spr+ is s act$ ^u t x ceases to hold d[n ! c>tridges 9 ! box4 ,to use ! rifle z a s+le load]1 =m]ly ! magaz9e _h to be deta*$1 :5 a spr+ plate 9 ! %oe1 :i* is pu%$ aside by ! ins]tion ( ! magaz9e1 />ts back into its place & ne>ly fills ! magaz9e slot1 s z to prev5t c>tridges fall+ ?r\gh to ! gr\nd :5 f$ into ! *amb] by h&4 ,! lat] patt]n1 h[ev]1 has two not*es on ! magaz9e = ! cat*1 ,c1 to engage 94 ,:5 ! magaz9e is ins]t$ 9 ! slot only z f> z ! upp] not*1 ! rifle c be us$ only z a s+le load]1 b on press+ ! box home to ! second not*1 ! magaz9e imm$iately comes into play4 ,! magaz9e c be releas$ f ! slot by an upw>d pressure on ! l[] project+ end ( ! magaz9e cat*1 ,c1 :i* is cov]$ by ! trigg] gu>d4 ,improv$ ,lee4--,?is rifle is precisely simil> 9 pr9ciple to ! ,lee1 ! *ief diff]5ce be+ t ! magaz9e is p]man5tly fix$ 9 its slot und]nea? ! %oe1 & 9 front ( ! trigg] gu>d4 ,! c>tridges are ins]t$ f above4 ,!re is a /op by means ( :i* ! c>tridges c be prev5t$ ris+ up into ! %oe1 & :i* =ms a sort ( false bottom to ! slot 9 ! latt]1 s t ! arm c be us$ z a s+le load]4 ,lee-,burton4--,! bolt action is ! same z ! ,lee1 b ! box magaz9e is atta*$ to ! "r side ( ! %oe1 in/ead ( be+ und]nea?1 z 9 t rifle4 ,:5 ! magaz9e is rais$ to its high] position1 ! c>tridges pass successively into ! %oe by ! action ( gravity alone1 & are ?us press$ home into ! *amb] by ! clos+ ( ! bolt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,a numb] ( ! ,lee-,burton & improv$ ,lee rifles are n[ be+ manufactur$ = issue to ! troops1 9 ord] to und]go exp]im5tal trials on an ext5d$ scale4 ,sev]al o!r magaz9e rifles h ! box c5tral magaz9e1 b plac$ 9 diff]5t positions z reg>ds ! %oe & ! axis ( ! bore4 ,9 ! orig9al patt]n ( ! ,j>man 7,sw$5 & ,norway71 ! magaz9e is affix$ to ! upp] "p ( ! %oe1 incl9$ at a consid]able angle to ! "r h& 7see v]tical cross section1 ,fig4 #aa74 ,"h ! op]ation ( gravity obviates ! necessity ( a magaz9e spr+1 b ! magaz9e 0 f\nd to be v mu* 9 ! way & liable to be injur$4 ,x has !re=e be5 replac$ by a magaz9e und]nea? ! b>rel1 z 9 ! ,kropats*ek & o!r rifles4--,eng9e]+4 7,to be cont9u$47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pres]vative ,,liquid4 ,= a few weeks' pres]vation ( organic objects 9 _! orig9al =m1 dim5sions1 & color1 ,pr(4 ,grawitz recomm5ds a mixture compos$ ( #b ounces ( *loride ( sodium1 #b dra*ms ( saltpet]1 & #a p9t ( wat]1 to :i* is to be add$ #c p] c5t4 ( boric acid4--,annales des ,travaux ,publics4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,k5t',s ,,torsion ,,balance4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,torsion ,balance ,company1 ( ,new ,york1 has rec5tly br\ght be=e ! public a new =m ( balance :i* pres5ts s _m +5i\s & excell5t features t we illu/rate x bel[1 on ! pres5t page4 ,! in/rum5t 9 its simple/ =m is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,x consi/s ( a beam1 ,a1 :i* is firmly atta*$ to a wire or b&1 ,b1 at "r angles to x1 & :i* wire is tightly /ret*$ by any conv5i5t means4 ,!n1 s9ce ! wire & beam are bo? horizontal 9 _! normal position1 & s9ce ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! beam is imm$iately above or bel[ ! middle l9e ( ! wire1 ! torsional resi/ance ( ! latt] t5ds to keep ! beam horizontal & to limit its s5sitiv5ess4 ,:5 ! beam is deflect$ out ( its horizontal position & ! wire !reby twi/$1 ! resi/ance to twi/+ increases ) ! arc ( rotation4 ,to c\nt]act ?is resi/ance & to r5d] ! beam s5sitive to a v slight excess ( load at ei!r end1 a poise1 ,d1 is atta*$ to ! beam by a /&>d1 ,c1 :i* poise c>ries ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! /ructure above ! axis ( rotation4 ,?is high c5t] ( gravity t5ds to make ! beam top heavy1 or 9 un/able equilibrium4 ,by prop]ly proportion+ ! poise & its di/ance above ! wire to ! resi/ance ( ! wire1 ! top-heav9ess may be made to exactly neutralize ! torsional resi/ance1 & :5 ?is is done ! beam is inf9itely s5sitive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,k5t',s ,,torsion ,,balance4 ,fig #a4 ,! mom5t ( ! weight or its t5d5cy to fall increases directly z ! s9e ( ! arc ( rotation1 :ile ! torsional resi/ance increases z ! arc1 & = small angles ! s9e & ! arc are practically equal4 ,:5 arrang$ z 9 ,fig4 #a1 ! scale is balanc$ only :5 ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! /ructure is v]tically above ! middle l9e ( ! wire1 & ! support ( ! scale mu/ be level$ 9 ! direction ( ! beam1 s z to cause ! c5t] ( gravity to take ?is normal position4 ,aft] ! scale is ?us level$1 if f any cause :atev]1 su* z %ift+ ! scale on a table1 or %ift+ ! table itself1 ! scale support is ?r[n out ( level1 ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! poise & beam is %ift$ f ! v]tical l9e above ! support1 & its mom5t imm$iately becomes great] ?an ! torsional resi/ance1 & ! beam tips out ( balance1 & _c be us$ z a correct scale until ! support is aga9 level$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,k5t',s ,,torsion ,,balance4 ,fig #b4 ,9 spite ( all ! =ego+ facts1 x 0 res]v$ = ! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica1 9 its n9? edition1 to use ! foll[+ z ! result ( its cond5s$ wisdom3 ,9 ! torsion balance prop]1 ! wire is /ret*$ out horizontally1 & supports a beam s fix$ t ! wire passes ?r\gh ! c5t] ( gravity4 ,h5ce ! ela/icity ( ! wire plays ! same "p z ! weight ( ! beam does 9 ! common balance4 ,an in/rum5t ( ?is sort 0 inv5t$ by ,rit*ie1 = ! measurem5t ( v small weights1 & = ?is purpose x may (f] c]ta9 advantages2 b cle>ly if x 7 ev] to be us$ = measur+ l>g] weights1 ! beam w\ld h to be support$ by knife edges & be>+1 & 9 reg>d to su* applications !re=e 7z 9 s]i\s gravimetric "w71 x has no raison d'etre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,k5t',s ,,torsion ,,balance4 ,fig #c4 ,?is w\ld seem to settle ! :ole case1 = if ! encyclop$ia says x has no reason to be1 !n1 l ! edict ( ! ,mikado1 x is z good z dead1 & if t is ! case1 ,:y n say s8 ,on ! contr>y1 ! torsion balance seems v mu* alive4 ,b z x is n v g5]ally kn[n1 p]haps ! e>ly hi/ory ( ?is =m ( balance1 briefly sket*$1 may prove ( int]e/4 ,"o ( ! fir/ =ms ( ! torsion balance :i* met ! disapproval ( ! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica 0 att5d$ ) ! difficulty t ! pivot$ wires 7 atta*$ directly to ! bifurcat$ ends ( ! beam1 & c\ld n be t5sion$ )\t b5d+ ^! ends unless ! beam 0 made s heavy z to int]f]e ) its employm5t 9 delicate weigh+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,k5t',s ,,torsion ,,balance4 ,fig #d4 ,! next /ep 0 ! sub/itution ( light =ms /iff5$ by ! wires be+ t5sion$ ov] !m4 ,?is 0 ! inv5tion ( ,pr(essor ,ro$]1 rec5tly deceas$4 ,! next /ep 0 ! common c\nt] scale1 & !n t =m ( lett] scale 9 :i* "o ( ! b&s acts z a fulcrum & ! o!r z a pivot4 ,aft] ,pr(essor ,ro$]'s dea?1 ,dr4 ,alfr$ ,spr+]1 ( ,c9c9nati1 cont9u$ p]fect+ ?is inv5tion1 & ) m>k$ success--scales n int5d$ = any?+ b ! weigh+ ( ! ord9>y articles ( a groc]y /ore work+ s accurately t up to #ej lb4 two gra9s w\ld turn ! balance4 ,z w be not$1 ?is balance disp5ses entirely ) knife edges1 & ?is /atem5t c>ries ) x ! gi/ ( its entire m]it4 ,!re is no friction1 & ! elegance ( ! "w & ! nice adju/m5ts ( ! p>ts /ruck ! writ] at once4 ,illu/ration3 ,,k5t',s ,,torsion ,,balance4 ,fig #e4 ,! prescription scale & ! proportional scale 7see ,fig4 #d7 are p>ticul>ly int]e/+4 ,! =m] is s5sitive to #a_/fd ( a gra91 & ! latt]1 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,k5t1 is a mo/ +5i\s me?od = weigh+1 by :i*1 9 a small compass 7#aj 94 by #d 94 by #c 9471 we h a balance capable ( weigh+ #c lb4 avoirdupois by ?irty-seconds ( an ounce4 ,= ord9>y balances on ! torsion sy/em1 9 :i* extreme s5sitiv5ess is n ne$$1 ! tr\ble caus$ by *ange ( level ( ! scale is insignificant2 b x becomes a matt] ( importance 9 m s5sitive scales1 su* z f9e analytical balances 9 places :]e x is impossible to keep ! table or support ( ! scale level1 = in/ance on %ipbo>d4 ,to c\nt]act ?is effect ( ! *ange ( level1 ,dr4 ,alfr$ ,spr+] devis$ ! sy/em :i* is %[n 9 its mo/ elem5t>y =m 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,an additional beam1 ,e1 ) wire1 ,f1 & poise1 ,h1 on support1 ,c1 7 add$ to ! balance1 & connect$ to x by a jo9t$ connect+ piece1 ,j4 ,! mom5t ( ! /ructure1 ,e ,c ,h1 ab\t its c5t] ( rotation 0 made equal to ! mom5t ( ,a ,c ,d ab\t ! c5t]4 ,! wires1 ,b & ,f1 are atta*$ at _! ends to supports :i* are bo? rigidly connect$ to ! same base or f\ndation4 ,if ?is base1 ! normal position ( :i* is horizontal1 is tipp$ slightly1 ! weights1 ,c & ,h1 w bo? t5d to fall 9 ! same direction4 ,b suppose ! "r h& end ( ! base is rais$1 caus+ bo? ( ! weights to tip to ! left ( ! v]tical1 ,d1 t5d+ to fall ov]1 ! left t5ds to raise ! "r h& end ( ! beam1 & ! connect+ piece1 ,j ,h1 also t5d+ to fall to ! left1 t5ds to l[] ! left h& end ( ,e & ! piece1 ,j4 ,! mom5ts ( ! /ructure1 ,e ,c ,h1 & ,a ,b ,d be+ equal1 & "o t5d+ to raise ,j & ! o!r to l[] x1 ! effect w be z]o1 & ,j w rema9 9 its normal position4 ,x is n at all necess>y1 h[ev]1 to h ! weights & dim5sions ( ! /ructure1 ,e ,c ,h1 equal to ^? ( ,a ,b ,d4 ,all t is necess>y is t ! compon5ts ( ! weight ( ea* "p ( ! /ructure :i* act v]tically on ,j %all be equal & opposite4 ,=1 if ! left end ( ! beam1 ,e1 is made %ort] ?an ! "r end ( ! beam1 ,a1 a giv5 angle ( rotation ( ! beam1 ,a1 w cause a great]-angle ( rotation ( ,e1 consequ5tly w tip ! weight1 ,h1 fur!r f ! v]tical ?an ! weight1 ,d1 is tipp$1 & 9 t case ! weight1 ,d1 mu/ be made small] ?an ,h1 to produce an equal & opposite effect ^u ,j4 ,9 practice x is conv5i5t to make ! beam1 ,e1 only "o-fif? to "o-tw5tie? z long z ,a1 & to correspond+ly r$uce ! weight1 ,h1 relatively to ,d4 ,9 ?is case1 on acc\nt ( ! angle ( rotation ( ! beam1 ,e1 be+ great] ?an ! angle ( rotation ( ,a1 ! beam1 ,e1 becomes a multipli] ( ! indications ( ! prim>y beam1 ,a4 ,mr4 ,k5t has devis$ a modification ( ,dr4 ,spr+]'s sy/em1 :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,x is appli$ 9 ^? v>ieties ( ! torsion balance 9 :i* !re are two p>allel beams1 connect$ by ei!r f\r or six wires4 ,! wire1 ,f1 c>ry+ ! second>y beam1 ,e1 & poise1 ,h1 in/ead ( be+ c>ri$ on an indep5d5t support1 rigidly atta*$ to ! base1 z above describ$1 is atta*$ directly to a mov+ "p ( ! balance itself1 & pref]ably to ! two beams4 ,9 ,fig4 #c1 ,t ,t ,t are trusses ov] :i* are tightly /ret*$ ! wires1 ,b ,b ,b4 ,a ,a' are two beams rigidly clamp$ to ! wires2 t is ano!r truss ) /ret*$ wire1 ,f ,f4 ,! upp] wire1 ,f'1 is atta*$ by means ( a flexible spr+ & /&>d1 ,s1 to ! upp] beam1 & ! l[] wire is atta*$ ei!r directly or ?r\gh a /&>d to ! l[] beam4 ,! second>y poise1 ,h1 is rigidly atta*$ to ! truss1 t4 ,! second>y beam1 ,e1 is also rigidly atta*$ to ! truss1 & acts z a multiply+ beam4 ,! second>y /ructure ?us completely fills two functions3 ,fir/1 t ( multiply+ ! angle ( rotation & !reby increas+ ! app>5t s5sitiv5ess ( ! scale1 &1 second1 t ( ov]com+ ! effect ( *ange ( level4 ,! second>y beam may be disp5s$ ) if a multipli] is n ne$$1 & ! second>y truss1 t1 ) its /&>d & c\nt]poise1 ,h1 us$ alone to c\nt]act ! effect ( *ange ( level4 ,fig4 #e %[s a modification ( ?is extremely +5i\s arrangem5t4--,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,l9k ,,belt+4 ,footnote3 ,f a pap] read be=e ! ,te*nis*5 ,v]e9 ( ,new ,york1 ,may #bh1 #ahhg4 ,by ,,*as4 ,a4 ,,s*i]54 ,! old say+ t !re is no?+ new "u ! sun may well be appli$ to lea!r l9k belt+4 ,x is g5]ally believ$ t ^! belts are ( rec5t inv5tion1 b t is an error4 ,!y are ov] ?irty ye>s old4 ,mr4 ,c4,m4 ,r\lli]1 ( ,p>is1 exp]im5t$ t long ago ) small lea!r l9ks "o & "o-half in*es long by ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* wide4 ,^! l9ks _h two small holes at equal di/ances ap>t1 & 7 jo9$ ) iron bolts1 :i* 7 rivet$ at ! ends1 ?us mak+ a p]fectly flat surface1 & 9 t way =m+ a belt entirely ( lea!r l9ks4 ,mr4 ,r\lli]'s idea 0 to economize2 he !re=e utiliz$ ! mat]ial left ov] f ! manufacture ( flat belt+4 ,he p]fect$ 8 belt & came to ?is c\ntry 9 #ahfb1 :5 he pat5t$ ! article "h & tri$ to introduce x4 ,at fir/ x produc$ q a s5sation1 & _m te/s 7 made1 b x 0 soon f\nd t ,r\lli]'s belts 7 n suit$ to runn+ our swift motion ma*9]y1 & !y 7 !re=e ab&on$ z impracticable4 ,mr4 ,r\lli] !n introduc$ 8 inv5tion into ,engl&1 :]e he met ) "s success1 z 8 belt 0 bett] suit$ to ,engli% sl[ motion ma*9]y4 ,^! belts are n[ l>gely us$ 9 ,engl&1 _m good improvem5ts h be5 made 9 !m1 & almo/ e belt mak] 9 ,great ,brita9 manufactures !m4 ,mr4 ,jabez ,oldfield1 ( ,glasg[1 has ! reputation ( mak+ ! be/ & mo/ reliable l9k belt 9 ,great ,brita94 ,he has also ! reputation ( be+ ! orig9ator ( ^! belts4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 an error1 ! cr$it ( ! inv5tion belong+1 z we h said1 to ,mr4 ,r\lli]4 ,mr4 ,oldfield1 nev]!less1 has inv5t$ _m useful ma*9es = cutt+ & assort+ ! l9ks4 ,he has also introduc$ improv$ me?ods = putt+ ! l9ks toge!r4 ,= m ?an tw5ty ye>s aft] ,mr4 ,r\lli]'s visit1 no?+ 0 done ) lea!r l9k belt+ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 #ahhb1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,n4,w4 ,hall1 ( ,new>k1 ,n4,j41 pat5t$ a l9k belt1 compos$ ( lea!r & /eel l9ks4 ,8 me?od 0 to place a /eel l9k aft] e ?ird or f\r? lea!r "o1 9 ord] to /r5g!n ! belt4 ,9 practical use ?is belt 0 f\nd to be v defective1 because ! lea!r l9ks soon /ret*$1 & ?us all ! "w _h to be done by ! /eel l9ks4 ,! :ole /ra9 com+ ?us ^u ! /eel l9ks1 !y 9 c\rse ( "t cut ?r\gh ! bolts & ?us broke ! belt to pieces4 ,s ?is inv5tion prov$ wor?less4 ,9 #ahhd a ,*icago belt company obta9$ a pat5t on ano!r /yle ( l9k belt4 ,9 ?is belt all ! little holes 9 ! l9ks 7 l9$ ) metal1 simil> to ! holes 9 lac$ %oes4 ,?is produc$ an effect simil> to t produc$ by ,hall's pat5t4 ,! metal l9+ ( ! holes cut ! bolts into pieces by friction & ?us ru9$ ! belt4 ,!re=e ?is pat5t prov$ a failure also4 ,aft] all ^! failures x fell to our lot to improve ^! belts s t !y may n[ be work$ successfully on our ,am]ican fa/ runn+ ma*9]y4 ,dur+ ! pa/ two ye>s we h made & sold ov] five hundr$ lea!r l9k belts1 :i* are all 9 actual use & do+ excell5t s]vice1 z is prov$ by _m te/imonials :i* we h receiv$4 ,our success ) ^! belts has be5 s surpris+ t we ?9k we h f\nd1 at la/1 ! long look$ = miss+ l9k1 n 9 ,d>w9ism1 h[ev]1 b 9 ! belt+ l9e4 ,we prophesy a great future = ^! belts 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,h[ h we atta9$ su* success8 ,fir/3 ,we f\nd t ,r\lli] made a mi/ake 9 us+ lea!r (fal1 z1 9 ! l9ks ( an iron *a91 if "o l9k is weak or defective1 ! :ole *a9 is wor?less1 s 9 l9k belts1 if "o or two l9ks are weak or made ( poor mat]ial1 ! :ole belt is affect$ by !m4 ,x is !re=e ( vital importance t only ! be/ & mo/ solid lea!r be us$ 9 mak+ ! l9ks2 second1 ! lea!r mu/ be made v pliable1 b at ! same "t its t\ghness & t5acity mu/ n be injur$1 or x w /ret* & break4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #a4 ,^! ?+s are ( great importance1 & are ! pr9cipal reasons = ! failures ( all =m] ef=ts4 ,! lea!r :i* ,r\lli] us$ 0 /iff1 h>d1 & husky4 ,he believ$ t ! h>d] ! l9k ! great] its t5sile /r5g?1 b ^u actual te/ ?is 0 f\nd to be a fatal error4 ,our lea!r l9ks are saturat$ ) a mixture ( tall[1 neatsfoot oil1 etc4 ,?is makes !m v pliable & increases _! t\ghness1 s t !y w /& a /ra9 ?ree times z great z a piece ( h>d roll$ sole lea!r4 ,9 manufactur+ ?is belt1 ! jo9+ toge!r is important4 ,! l9ks mu/ be accurately assort$ z to ?ickness1 & ! out] l9ks c\nt]sunk1 to admit ! bolt4 ,!n ! mo/ valuable improvem5t ( all is our ,am]ican jo9t 7see ,fig4 #a74 ,by close inspection y w obs]ve t x is absolutely necess>y to use half l5g? bolts = ! wid? ( wide lea!r l9k belts4 ,exam9e ,figs4 #b & #c4 ,9 ! latt] y w notice "o l5g? ( bolt plac$ on a r\nd fac$ pulley4 ,t belt mu/ ei!r b5d or break1 & 9 any case x w n give satisfaction2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 exam9e ,fig4 #b2 "h two half l5g? bolts are us$1 & +5i\sly jo9$ 9 ! c5t]4 ,x gives j pliability en\gh to lay ! belt flat ^u ! pulley4 ,we exp]im5t$ = "s "t be=e p]fect+ ?is important improvem5t4 ,we also took out f\r pat5ts = diff]5t me?ods ( jo9+1 b ab&on$ !m all & adopt$ ! ,am]ican jo9t sy/em 7,fig4 #a7 z ! mo/ effici5t1 simple1 & reliable4 ,x gives ! belt an unbrok5 flat surface & is f> sup]ior to any?+ s f> introduc$ = t purpose4 ,we h n /opp$ at flat l9k belt+1 b h turn$ our att5tion to manufactur+ r\nd solid lea!r l9k belt+1 & believe t we h almo/ atta9$ p]fection 9 t l9e4 ,z ! illu/rations cle>ly %[1 !re is q a dem& = in* & upw>d solid r\nd belt+1 & ! difficulty always has be5 to jo9 su* a belt toge!r4 ,all /eel hooks1 etc41 d n seem to satisfy4 ,?is1 our new inv5tion1 is s simple t x h>dly ne$s explanation4 ,a belt ( ?is k9d c be tak5 ap>t 9 a %ort "t1 & %ort5$ or l5g!n$ at pleasure4 ,n[1 ,mr4 ,presid5t & g5tlem51 ,i %all be glad to answ] any que/ions 9 ref]5ce to ^! l9k belts1 or give any fur!r explanation y may desire4 ,"q4--,c ^! l9k belts be us$ on dynamos = electric lights8 ,answ]4--,yes4 ,9 ,engl& !y are us$ almo/ exclusively on dynamos4 ,h[ev]1 !y run only #gjj revolutions p] m9ute !re1 :]eas our sl[e/ dynamo runs #a1ajj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,que/4--,w\ld y advise l9k belts = high rate ( spe$8 ,ans4--,no2 !y give bett] results on sl[ runn+ ma*9]y4 ,que/4--,h ^! belts any special advantage ov] flat lea!r belt+8 ,ans4--,yes1 decid$ly4 ,:5 belts are run half cross$1 or :at is t]m$ qu>t] turn1 x is v h>d to make flat belts lie p]fectly ev5 on ! pulleys4 ,^! l9k belts1 h[ev]1 cov] ! entire face ( ! pulley 7see illu/ration71 & !re=e are sup]ior = t purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,que/4--,:y d !y give bett] results :5 run sl[8 ,ans4--,p>tly because ( _! great weight ov] ord9>y belt+1 also _! grip p[] is /rong] :5 run sl[4 ,no belt is sup]ior to !m = sl[1 h>d work+ ma*9]y4 ,que/4--,are !y m exp5sive ?an ord9>y flat belt+8 ,ans4--,n :5 comp>$ to ! "w !y c accompli%4 ,illu/ration ,que/4--,c !y be run 9 wet places1 su* z m9es1 etc48 ,ans4--,yes2 by wat]pro(+ ! lea!r1 no cem5t be+ us$ z 9 flat belts4 ,! l9ks c be made positively wat]pro(4 ,we h furni%$ pap] mills1 tann]ies & blea*]ies1 & o!r expos$ places ) wat]pro( l9k belts1 & all h be5 entirely satisfactory s f>4 ,que/4--,c !y be run on ord9>y flat pulleys8 ,ans4--,yes2 our ,am]ican jo9t l9k belt c be run on any /raight or r\nd$ pulley1 :e!r made ( iron1 pap]1 or wood1 & be+ all endless !y run mu* smoo!r ?an o!r belt+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,engli% ,,h+e ,,jo9t3 ,que/4--,h[ are !y made endless8 ,ans4--,by a v simple process 7see illu/ration71 & takes almo/ less "t ?an lac+ a flat belt4 ,all t is necess>y is to take bo? ends & int]lock ! l9ks1 !n pass ! bolt ?r\gh & rivet x1 & :5 y wi% to %ort5 ! belt proce$ likewise3 ,file (f ! end ( ! bolt & take out1 or add r[s ( l9ks at pleasure & rejo9 x aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d is a complete r\nd l9k belt4 ,que/4--,:at is ! relative /r5g? ( a l9k belt comp>$ to flat belt+8 ,ans4--,no?+ def9ite has yet be5 asc]ta9$4 ,we are prep>+ a table %[+ results1 & s f> we c report t !y c /& ab\t twice ! /ra9 ( d\ble flat belts4 ,a f\r in* l9k belt "o in* ?ick is able to d ! "w ( an eight in* flat d\ble belt4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e is a side view4 ,que/4--,expla9 ! advantage ( y\r ,am]ican jo9t ov] ! ,engli% h+e4 ,ans4--,! ,am]ican jo9t gives a p]fect unbrok5 surface ( entire wid? ( belt1 :]eas ! ,engli% h+e jo9t makes two half wid?s1 & :5ev] a sudd5 *ange ( p[] occurs & ! belt runs half way (f ! pulley1 x w cat* at ! edge & te> ev]y?+ to pieces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f is an end view4 ,que/4--,h y a table or s*$ule ( _! weight p] squ>e foot8 ,ans4--,yes4 ,! foll[+ is z ne> z we c e/imate ! weight ( lea!r l9k belt+ p] squ>e foot3 #a in* ?ick1 ab\t #e lb4 p] sq4 ft4 #g_/h #d #c_/d #d #e_/h #c ,^u motion a vote ( ?anks 0 pass$1 & ! pap] read ord]$ to be pr9t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g is a s+le l9k4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,process ,,( ,,ca/+ ,,iron ,,& ,,o!r ,,metals ,,^u ,,lace1 ,,embroid]ies1 ,,f]n ,,leaves1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,combu/ible ,,mat]ials4 ,footnote3 ,ab/ract ( a pap] read be=e ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,april1 #ahhg4--;,j4,f4,i4 ,by ,a4,e4 ,,out]bridge1 ,,jr4 ,! art ( mak+ *>coal--if1 inde$1 s crude a process is wor?y ( be+ dignifi$ by ! "n ( an art--dates back to a remote antiquity1 & has be5 practic$ ) b little *ange = hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,x is true t "s improvem5ts h be5 rec5tly made1 b ^! relate to ! recov]y ( c]ta9 volatile by-products :i* 7 =m]ly lo/4 ,e "o is famili> ) ! appe>ance & *>act]i/ics ( ord9>y *>coal1 yet ,i hope to %[ y ?is ev5+ t we /ill h some?+ new to le>n ab\t its qualities & ! unexpect$ practical uses to :i* x may be appli$4 ,we commonly reg>d *>coal z a brittle1 readily combu/ible sub/ance1 b we h be=e u specim5s 9 :i* ^! qualities are conspicu\sly abs5t4 ,"h is a piece ( c>boniz$ cotton %eet+1 :i* may be roll$ or fold$ ov] )\t break+1 &1 z y see1 :5 plac$ 9 ! flame ( a ,buns5 burn]1 ! fib]s may be heat$ :ite hot 9 ! air1 & :5 remov$ f ! flame1 ! mat]ial %[s no t5d5cy to consume4 ,"h1 aga91 we h a piece ( v f9e lace1 :i* has be5 simil>ly c>boniz$1 & displays ! same qualities ( ductility & incombu/ibility4 ,^! c>boniz$ fabrics may be subject$ to mu* m sev]e te/s ) impunity2 & :5 ,i tell y t !y h be5 expos$ to a ba? ( molt5 iron )\t injury1 y w readily admit t !y possess "s qualities n ord9>ily associat$ ) *>coal4 ,:5 remov$ f ! m\ld 9 :i* !y 7 plac$ aft] ! iron ca/+ _h cool$1 n a s+le fib] 0 consum$1 b ^u ! face ( ! ca/+ !re 0 f\nd a %>p & accurate reproduction ( ! design1 ?us =m+ a die4 ,?is die may be us$ = a v>iety ( purposes1 su* z emboss+ lea!r1 /amp+ pap]1 %eet metal1 etc41 or = produc+ ornam5tal surfaces ^u su* ca/+s4 ,"s ( ! c>boniz$ fabrics display$ ^u ! table are almo/ z delicate z cobwebs1 & "o w\ld naturally suppose t :5 a great body ( molt5 metal is p\r$ into a m\ld 9 :i* !y are plac$1 !y w\ld be torn to fragm5ts & float to ! surface ev5 ?\gh !y 7 unconsum$1 yet su* is n ! case4 ,i h f\nd 9 practice t ! mo/ delicate fabrics may be subject$ to ?is treatm5t )\t dang] ( de/ruction1 & t no special c>e is ne$$ ei!r 9 prep>+ ! m\ld or 9 p\r+ ! metal4 ,by ! aid ( ! megascope1 ! enl>g$ images ( "s ( ^! ca/+s1 %[+ ! delicate trac]y ( ! patt]ns1 w n[ be project$ ^u ! scre51 & y c all see h[ p]fectly ! design is reproduc$4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts1 ! m\ld 0 made 9 gre5 s& 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 & ! fabric laid smoo?ly ^u "o face1 be+ cut slightly l>g] ?an ! m\ld1 9 ord] t x might project ov] ! edge1 s t :5 ! m\ld+ flask 0 clos$1 ! fabric 0 held 9 its prop] position4 ,z ! molt5 metal fl[$ into ! m\ld1 x =c$ ! fabric firmly aga9/ ! s& wall1 & :5 ! ca/+ 0 remov$1 ! c>boniz$ fabric 0 /ripp$ (f f its face )\t injury4 ,9 ?is way sev]al ca/+s h be5 made f "o c>boniz$ mat]ial4 ,^! ca/+s are z %>p z electrotypes1 :e!r made ( s(t fluid iron or ( h>d1 quick-sett+ metal4 ,?is peculi>ity is ow+ to ! aff9ity betwe5 molt5 iron or /eel & c>bon4 ,! molt5 metal t5ds to absorb ! c>bon z x fl[s ov] x1 ?us caus+ ! fabric to hug ! metal closely4 ,x is some:at analog\s to ! effect ( p\r+ m]cury ov] z9c4 ,y "k t :5 m]cury is p\r$ ^u a bo>d1 x runs 9 a globul> =m1 x does n wet ! bo>d1 s to speak2 b :5 p\r$ ^u a plate ( clean z9c1 x fl[s l wat] & wets e portion ( ! z9c1 or1 z we say1 x amalgamates ) ! z9c4 ,s :5 molt5 iron is p\r$ into an ord9>y s& m\ld1 :i* has be5 fac$ ) ?is refractorily c>boniz$ fabric1 x wets e portion ( x1 t5d+ to absorb ! c>bon1 & d\btless w\ld d s if x rema9$ fluid long en\gh1 b z ! metal cools almo/ imm$iately1 !re is no appreciable de/ruction ( ! fib]s4 ,! ca/+ :i* ,i %all n[ exhibit repres5ts a v int]e/+ & novel exp]im5t4 ,9 ?is case1 ! piece ( lace1 hav+ op5 me%es a little l>g] ?an a p9's head1 in/ead ( be+ laid ^u "o face ( ! m\ld1 0 susp5d$ 9 x 9 su* a way z to divide x into two equal p>ts4 ,two gates or runn]s 7 provid$1 lead+ f ! s9k+ head to ! bottom ( ! m\ld1 "o on ea* side ( ! lace p>tition4 ,! molt5 iron 0 p\r$ into ! s9k+ head1 & fl[+ equally ?r\gh bo? runn]s1 fill$ ! m\ld to a common level4 ,! lace1 :i* 0 held 9 position by hav+ its edges emb$d$ 9 ! walls ( ! m\ld1 rema9$ intact4 ,:5 ! ca/+ 0 cold1 x 0 ?r[n ^u ! floor ( ! f\ndry & sep>at$ into two p>ts1 :ile ! lace fell out un9jur$1 & ! patt]n 0 f\nd to be reproduc$ ^u ea* face ( ! ca/+4 ,! "q naturally arises1 ,:y did n ! iron run ?r\gh ! holes & jo9 toge!r8 ,! answ] may be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! ?9 film ( oxide ( iron1 or sk91 z x is popul>ly call$1 :i* always =ms on ! surface ( molt5 iron1 0 caught 9 ^! f9e me%es1 & ?us prev5t$ ! molt5 metal f jo9+ ?r\gh ! holes4 ,i h repeat$ ! exp]im5t a numb] ( times1 & f9d t ! me%es mu/ be q small 7n ov] "o fiftie? ( an in*71 o!rwise ! metal w reunite4 ,i ?9k t ?is obs]vation expla9s ! cause ( _m obscure flaws f\nd 9 ca/+s1 sometimes caus+ !m to break :5 subject$ to q mod]ate /ra9s4 ,we frequ5tly f9d little cold %ot1 or metallic globules1 emb$d$ 9 ca/ iron or /eel1 impair+ ! /r5g? ( ! metal1 & x has long be5 ask$1 ,:at is ! cause ( ?is defect8 ,! pellicles h be5 c>efully analyz$1 "u ! supposition t !y might be alloys ( iron & nickel1 or "s o!r refractory metal1 b ! analysis has fail$ to sub/antiate ?is !ory4 ,is x n probable t 9 ! process ( ca/+1 little drops ( molt5 metal are sometimes spla%$ out ( ! /ream1 :i* imm$iately solidify & become coat$ ) a sk9 ( oxide1 !n fall+ back into ! /ream ( rapidly cool+ metal1 !y d n remelt1 nei!r d !y weld or amalgamate ) ! mass1 ow+ to ?is protective coat+1 ?us =m+ dang]\s flaws 9 ! ca/+8 ,! process ( c>boniz+ ! delicate fabrics1 leaves1 grasses1 etc41 is z foll[s3 ,! objects are plac$ 9 a ca/ iron box1 ! bottom ( :i* is cov]$ ) a lay] ( p[d]$ *>coal or o!r =m ( c>bon1 !n ano!r lay] ( c>bon du/ is spr9kl$ ov] !m1 & ! box is cov]$ ) a close fitt+ lid4 ,! box is next heat$ gradually 9 an ov51 to drive (f moi/ure1 & ! temp]ature sl[ly rais$ until ! escape ( blue smoke f "u ! lid ceases4 ,! heat is !n increas$ until ! box becomes :ite hot4 ,x is kept 9 ?is gl[+ condition = at lea/ two h\rs4 ,x is !n remov$ f ! fire1 all[$ to cool1 & ! cont5ts are te/$ 9 a gas flame4 ,if !y h be5 ?or\ghly c>boniz$1 !y w n gl[ :5 remov$ f ! flame1 & ! fib]s may ev5 be heat$ :ite hot be=e consum+4 ,( c\rse1 ! me?od employ$ to c>bonize ! mat]ials is suspectible ( v>iation1 b ! sci5tific pr9ciples involv$ are un*angeable1 viz43 7#a7 ,p>tial exclusion ( air & sub/itution !re= ( a c>bon atmosph]e4 7#b7 ,sl[ heat+ to drive (f moi/ure & volatile elem5ts4 7#c7 ,int5se & prolong$ heat+ ( ! p>tly *>r$ objects to elim9ate rema9+ =eign elem5ts1 & to *ange ! c>bon f ! combu/ible =m ( ord9>y *>coal to a highly refractory condition4 ,illu/ration ,,note4--,fig4 #a is photograph$ f a :ite iron ca/+ made ^u c>boniz$ co>se lace2 ! l[] portion ( ! plate %[s ! lace emb$d$ 9 ! iron4 ,fig4 #b is a ca/+ 9 gray iron ^u lace laid on an iron plate4 ,fig4 #c is a ca/+ 9 h>d iron ^u lace laid on d&4 ,fig4 #d is a ca/+ 9 gray iron ^u a piece ( ?9 summ] dress goods ) ma*9e embroid]y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rec5t ,,progress ,,9 ,,gas ,,eng9e]+4 ,at ! rec5t meet+ ( ,scotti% gas manag]s ,mr4 ,a4 ,macph]son1 ( ,kirkcaldy1 ! *airman1 said3 ,,! ,,reg5]ative ,,sy/em ,,( ,,retort ,,fir+s4 ,= me to attempt1 ) ! "t at my disposal1 to d full ju/ice to _m important po9ts :i* h cropp$ up s9ce our la/ meet+1 & :i* w1 no d\bt1 h be5 engag+ y\r individual att5tion1 w\ld be impossible4 ,b ,i ?9k !re c be no d\bt t1 al?\gh at our la/ meet+ we _h a v full & int]e/+ discussion on ! diff]5t sy/ems ( reg5]ative retort sett+s1 /ill we might v pr(itably sp5d a little "t to-day 9 he>+ ! exp]i5ce ( ^? :o h _h "s ( ! sy/ems introduc$ into _! works s9ce !n1 or :o may h ga9$ fur!r exp]i5ce ) ! sy/em !y 7 !n work+1 or h introduc$ improvem5ts or modifications !reon4 ,= ! purpose ( induc+ a discussion on ?is subject1 ,i w give y ! result ( ! work+ ( ! b5* ( retorts :i* ,i erect$ ?ree ye>s ago on ! ,siem5s sy/em4 ,z ,i /at$ la/ ye>1 my exp]i5ce up to t "t _h n be5 altoge!r a happy "o1 b "o ( sun%9e & cl\d alt]nately4 ,i am glad to be able to say1 h[ev]1 t s9ce !n ,i h _h no?+ b ! utmo/ satisfaction 9 ! work+ ( ! reg5]ative sett+s4 ,! *ief difficulties ,i h be=e exp]i5c$ 7 ( a mix$ nature--*ok$ asc5sion pipes1 entail+ consid]able loss ( gas2 ! *ok+ ( ! orifices f :i* ! second>y heat$ air issu$ to jo9 ! produc] gas2 & ! eat+ away1 9 a scoop$-out sort ( fa%ion1 ( ! brick l9+ ( ! produc]s at ! po9ts :]e ! prim>y air ent]$4 ,^!1 ,i am pleas$ to be able to say1 ,i am n[ completely cle> (2 & ?is has _h ! effect ( conv]t+ :at 0 be=e a consid]able s\rce ( annoyance & anxiety into z p]fect a work+ b5* ( retorts z any "o c\ld desire4 ,! results ,i h obta9$ h caus$ me mu* surprise1 be+ f> 9 excess ( any?+ ,i ev] anticipat$2 & ! sav+ effect$ w mat]ially assi/ 9 comp5sat+ = ! greatly r$uc$ value ( residuals4 ,i may /ate t ,i h us$ #cj p] c5t4 ( fuel on an av]age1 sav$ f #be to #cj p] c5t4 on /ok]s' wages1 & increas$ my production ( gas p] ton ( coal2 :ile ! regul>ity ( ! heats 0 a pleasure to look ^u4 ,z %[+ :at ,i h be5 able to accompli%1 ,i w give y a few details4 ,i 0 able regul>ly to produce #aj1jjj cubic feet ( gas p] m\?piece 9 #bd h\rs--! size ( my retorts be+ #ah by #ac in*es by #i feet long1 inside measure2 & on a sudd5 dullness com+ on1 ) an increase ( fir/ class cannel ,i produc$ f #cc retorts #ceg1jjj cubic feet1 or at ! rate ( #aa1ejj feet p] m\?piece 9 #bd h\rs4 ,) #cb retorts ,i made z mu* gas z w\ld h requir$ #db retorts to produce on ! old sy/em4 ,b ,i "k t ev5 ?is c be excell$2 & ,i am aw>e t !re are works :]e1 by ! introduction ( retorts measur+ #ba by #ae in*es1 in/ead ( #ah by #ac in*es--& :i*1 ,i may say1 c be put q easily into ! same ar*--a production ( #ab1jjj cubic feet p] m\?piece c be obta9$4 ,?is w1 ( c\rse1 /ill fur!r r$uce ! co/ ( production4 ,) su* an exp]i5ce1 g5tlem51 ,i ?9k x is almo/ ne$less = me to add t ,i am a /rong advocate ( ! reg5]ative sy/em4 ,i h (t5 he>d x ask$1 ,b c ! sy/em be pr(itably adapt$ to small works8 ,9 answ] to ?is1 ,i w say ,i h prov$ t x c4 ,dur+ la/ summ] ! manag] ( a small gas works 9 my neighborhood call$ on me reg>d+ ! work+ ( ?is sy/em1 & express$ a desire1 if x 0 at all possible to adapt x to 8 pres5t sett+s )\t mu* exp5se1 to try x4 ,i mu/ say ,i admir$ 8 progressive _s & pluck2 &1 aft] a some:at l5g?y conv]sation ) him1 dur+ :i* ,i ga!r$ ! full details ( 8 work+ & 8 requirem5ts1 ,i det]m9$ to enc\rage him 9 8 desire to prove if x c\ld be successfully appli$ to a works ( ! size m5tion$4 ,! pres5t sett+ consi/$ ( ?ree semicircle retorts 9 "o ar*2 & "o ( 8 /ipulations to me 03 ,y mu/ s contrive ! sett+ t if x %\ld prove a failure ,i c reconv]t x into ! old sy/em 9 a few h\rs4 ,i at once saw t ! /ipulation 0 reasonable1 or he might be caught 9 a fix 9 midw9t]4 ,b1 ) true ,scot* caution & =e?\ght1 he 01 :ile anxi\s to exp]im5t1 det]m9$ n to be caught napp+4 ,aft] "s consid]ation1 ,i prep>$ a sket* = him ( h[ ,i ?\ght x c\ld be done1 & at ! same "t comply ) 8 /ipulation2 & hav+ receiv$ full explanations1 he set ab\t x1 & has _h x work+ n[ = some?+ l six mon?s4 ,8 exp]i5ce has be5 some:at simil> to t ( mo/ ( ^? :o h gone 9 = ! new sy/em4 ,x did n answ] v well at fir/4 ,b aft] a little manipulation & exp]i5ce 9 ! prop] work+ & managem5t1 x is n[ act+ 9 fir/ rate /yle1 & is sav+ fuel1 ) bett] & m regul> heats2 & ?is al?\gh x is n con/ruct$ 9 su* a way z to yield ! be/ possible results1 ow+ to ! be=e m5tion$ /ipulation hav+ to be consid]$ & all[$ = 9 con/ruction4 ,9 answ] to an inquiry ,i made ! o!r day1 ! g5tleman ref]r$ to in=m$ me t he has n[ _h ?is sett+ 9 op]ation = six mon?s4 ,he has ?ree retorts1 #ad by #af in*es1 & #h feet long1 9 an ov5 c>boniz+ #b cwt4 ( coal e f\r h\rs2 ! heats are high] & m regul>2 & ! retorts easi] kept cle> ( c>bon4 ,! coke drawn f ! top retort is suffici5t = fuel4 ,my ov5 w\ld hold f\r retorts2 & ! same fuel w\ld heat ?is numb] j z well z ! ?ree4 ,i us$ only ! coke f ,c[d5hea? p>rot coal = ?is sett+2 b _h to mix x ) ,burghlee coke = ! old sy/em ( sett+4 ,no d\bt mo/ ( y w h notic$ ! satisfactory results obta9$ by ,mr4 ,hack1 ( ! ,saltley ,gas ,works1 ,birm+ham1 & by ,mr4 ,mc,minn1 ( ,k5sal ,gre51 ) ! furnaces employ$ by !m = gase\s fir+ )\t recup]ation1 :]eby !y are enabl$ to save fuel & c>bonize m coal p] m\?piece ?an ) ! old sy/em4 ,/ill !y admit t ! sav+ by ?is sett+ is only 9 fuel1 ) increas$ production1 b )\t any economy ( labor--"o ( ! po9ts 9 favor ( reg5]ative sett+ be+ a sav+ ( at lea/ #be p] c5t4 9 ! latt] respect4 ,ev5 :]e reg5]ative sett+s _c be _h1 ,i ?9k ! sy/em ( us+ gase\s fuel is well wor?y ! att5tion ( manag]s2 ! exp5se ( alt]+ ! exi/+ sett+s to ?is me?od be+ v small4 ,,improvem5ts ,,9 ,,gas ,,purification4 ,i mu/ n[1 h[ev]1 pass on to "s o!r topics4 ,aft] ! prop] production ( ! gas1 we h /ill ! processes ( purification to consid]1 & h[ ?is op]ation c be/ be effect$ at ! smalle/ co/1 comb9$ ) effici5cy & ! lea/ possible annoyance to resid5ts 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( gas works4 ,i ?9k all gas eng9e]s are agre$ t 9 ammoniacal liquor we h a useful & p[]ful purify+ ag5t1 al?\gh ea* "o may h 8 own p>ticul> idea ( h[ ?is c be mo/ effici5tly appli$--"s advocat+ scrubb]s1 o!rs wa%]s4 ,b ^! are ?+s :i* ea* "o mu/ det]m9e = himself4 ,b 9 :atev] way x is appli$1 we "k t x c be pr(itably us$ = ?is purpose2 & ,i am n )\t hope t x may soon be f\nd possible to remove ne>ly all ! impurities by ?is means4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 ?is is n s4 ,& consequ5tly we h a v>iety ( o!r me?ods employ$ = ! complete removal ( ! impurities4 ,b1 by :atev] means x is effect$1 x is unque/ionably ! duty ( ! gas eng9e] to s5d out to ! public an article f :i* ! :ole ( ! impurities h be5 remov$4 ,9 ,scotl&1 no d\bt1 our *ief purify+ mat]ial is lime1 al?\gh ,i "k t sev]al ( our fri5ds h = "s "t be5 us+ oxide ( iron1 & p]haps !y w favor u ) _! exp]i5ce & a /atem5t ( ! relative co/ ( lime & oxide4 ,i am n aw>e t ei!r ! ,hawk9s me?od or ! ,coop] coal lim+ process has yet receiv$ a trial f any ,scot* gas eng9e]4 ,,burn]s ,,& ,,reg5]ative ,,lamps4 ,b ev5 aft] we h be5 able to produce & s5d out gas ( ! greate/ purity1 our tr\bles are frequ5tly only beg9n+1 z1 v (t51 consum]s d n use1 b simply wa/e & de/roy ! gas by bad burn]s & fitt+s4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 w conv9ce !m t !y are 9 any way to blame = ! light be+ poor4 ,i am c]ta9ly ( op9ion t gas companies w\ld d ! public a s]vice 9 supply+ !m ) suitable burn]s = ! quality ( gas t is be+ s5t out = consumption4 ,i h myself = "s ye>s adopt$ ?is policy1 & almo/ inv>iably f9d t compla9ts cease & consum]s are pleas$ ) ! results4 ,we h n[ also s l>ge a numb] ( really good reg5]ative lamps :i* give excell5t results1 & c be made 9 a great v>iety ( v neat & ornam5tal designs1 t we ought to endeavor to ! utmo/ ( our p[] to introduce !m to ! public1 &1 if possible1 induce !m to use !m n only 9 halls & simil> places1 b 9 _! dwell+ h\ses1 z ) ^! lamps a mo/ ?or\gh & effici5t sy/em ( v5tilation c be c>ri$ out1 by :i* ! heat t is s mu* compla9$ ( 9 gas-light$ ap>tm5ts is r$uc$ to a m9imum1 & ! atmosph]e ( su* ap>tm5ts is r5d]$ heal?y & agreeable4 ,) su* improv$ lamps at our comm&1 ,i ?9k we h no?+ to fe> f ! competition ( ! electric light1 :i* dur+ ! pa/ ye> has n made any v />tl+ advance--g5]ally attribut$ by electricians to ! re/rictive legislation "u :i* !y h be5 plac$4 ,let u hope ?is is n[ ab\t to be remov$4 ,i am sure we all rejoice t su* is ! case1 z all we want is a fair field & no favor4 ,we c ) confid5ce await ! result4 ,,! ,,welsba* ,,gas ,,light4 ,9 ! mean "t1 h[ev]1 :ile electricity = light+ purposes has1 to say ! lea/1 n made any />tl+ advances1 we h1 besides ! reg5]ative lamps be=e m5tion$1 ! new ,welsba* light1 :i* is exhibit$ be=e y to-day1 by ! k9dness ( ,dr4 ,wallace2 & if ! results said to be obta9$ by x are at all :at !y are repres5t$ to be1 we c]ta9ly h a new dep>ture 9 gas light+ ( no mean ord]4 ,dr4 ,wallace--a g5tleman :o is well kn[n to u z "o well qualifi$ to te/ its m]its--has f\nd t ! ,welsba* burn] produces a light equal to m ?an #i c&les p] cubic foot ( gas ( #be c&le p[]1 ?us ne>ly d\bl+ ! am\nt ( light comp>$ ) gas consum$ 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,! con/ruction & manufacture ( ! burn] ,i h se5 describ$ 9 ^! t]ms3 ,*emi/s h be5 dilig5tly work+ = _m ye>s on ! problem ( h[ to conv]t into light ! highly cond5s$ heat ( ! ,buns5 burn]2 & a ,vi5na *emi/ n[ claims to h solv$ x4 ,! fir/ condition ( ! problem 0 to f9d a m$ium on :i* ! heat c\ld be p]fectly conc5trat$ & rais$ to illum9at+ p[]4 ,_m exp]im5ts h be5 made ) plat9um 9 a ,buns5 flame1 & a brilliant en\gh light has be5 produc$1 b at a co/ altoge!r outside comm]cial use4 ,! ,vi5na *emi/1 ,dr4 ,welsba*1 has discov]$ a composition :i* is z good a non-conductor--t is to say conc5trator--( heat z plat9um1 is mu* m durable1 & a great deal *eap]4 ,! base ( x is a peculi> clay1 f\nd 9 ,ceylon1 :i* comb9es ! inde/ructibility ( asbe/os ) ! non-conduct+ prop]ty ( plat9um2 & hav+ f\nd ! inc&esc5t m$ium1 he has next adapt$ x to ! ,buns5 burn]4 ,9 ?is arrangem5t !re is ! simplicity ( g5ius4 ,he gets a f9e cotton fabric wov5 into ! %ape ( a cyl9d]1 ) a tap]+ po9t4 ,9 its fir/ /age x is ab\t #b in*es 9 diamet]2 & aft] be+ coat$ ) ! composition1 x is subject$ to a /rong heat4 ,?is has two effects--fir/1 ! cotton fib] is completely burn$ out1 :ile ! composition reta9s ! %ape ( ! wov5 surface on :i* x 0 m\ld$4 ,!n ! cyl9d] contracts & solidifies until x becomes ab\t ! size ( ! =ef+] ( a glove4 ,dr4 ,welsba* calls ?is 8 mantle2 & by a simple arrangem5t he fits x on a ,buns5 burn]1 & places an ord9>y lamp *imney ov] x4 ,:5 ! flame is appli$1 ! mantle becomes inc&esc5t1 & gives out a brilliant yell[ light1 :i*1 x may be said )\t exagg]ation1 w comp>e favorably ) any electric light yet put on ! m>ket4 ,= decorative effect a pretty fro/$ globe is us$2 & by v>y+ ! globe a pure :ite or a pure yell[ may be obta9$4 ,x is also add$ t !re is no act ( ,p>liam5t requir$ = x1 nor ev5 a provisional ord] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4 ,no /reets h to be brok5 up 9 ord] to lay d[n pipes2 & no wires h to be hung across ! ro(s ( prote/+ h\sehold]s4 ,! :ole app>atus c be got ready to fit on an ord9>y gas bracket2 & two or ?ree sp>e frames ) mantles c be kept 9 ! h\se 9 case ( accid5t4 ,:oev] sees ! ,welsba* inc&esc5t light 9 op]ation w readily admit t x is ! com+ light4 ,x has beauty1 brilliancy1 purity1 & economy all on its side4 ,let u hope 7add$ ! *airman7 ?is description is n ov]drawn2 b ( ?is y w lat] on h an opportunity ( judg+ = y\rselves4 ,no d\bt ! g5]al or ev5 p>tial adoption ( ?is light w\ld h a t5d5cy to r$uce ! consumption ( gas1 z a small] quantity w\ld be requir$ to produce ! same am\nt ( illum9ation4 ,nev]!less1 gas eng9e]s w hail x ) approval if x 9 any way t5ds to popul>ize ! use ( gas1 & helps to increase ! com=t & improve ! sanitation ( our h\ses1 *ur*es1 halls1 etc4 ,moreov]1 gas is cont9ually be+ adopt$ = fre% purposes2 & we c confid5tly look =w>d to an almo/ unlimit$ field 9 ! rapid & ev] increas+ use ( gas z a fuel & = cook+ purposes1 z well z = motive p[]4 ,! new & really excell5t gas eng9es n[ be+ br\ght into ! m>ket w1 no d\bt1 create a heal?y rivalry1 & t5d to *eap5 ^! useful ma*9es1 & s br+ !m )9 ! rea* ( _m p]sons :o h hi!rto be5 prev5t$ f employ+ !m by _! consid]able fir/ co/4 ,,p>aff9 ,,z ,a ,,rival ,,( ,,coal ,,gas4 ,b :ile ! day has gone by :5 any "o ( u fe>s ! electric light z a possible rival1 we are n ins5sible to ! fact t p>aff9 oil1 f its pres5t l[-price1 is a rival :i* we _c af=d to despise4 ,& m especially is ?is ! case 9 _m ( ! small] t[ns & villages1 :]e ! *>ge = gas is ( necessity high] ?an 9 ! l>g] t[ns4 ,d\btless1 ) oil !re is n ! same cleanl9ess z ) gas2 :ile !re is also m tr\ble1 att5tion1 & consid]able dang] att5d+ its use4 ,/ill1 9 ^! h>d times1 mo/ p are incl9$ to adopt ! *eape/ article1 ev5 at ! co/ ( ^! drawbacks1 s z to make _! money g z f> z possible4 ,b n only z an illum9ant is x be+ br\ght into direct competition ) gas1 b also z a fuel & = cook+ purposes1 z well z = motive p[]4 ,& ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! soon] we set ab\t try+ to solve ! problem ( h[ to meet ?is new competitor1 ! bett]4 ,,oil ,,9 ,,gas ,,mak+4 ,a new dep>ture has also rec5tly tak5 place 9 ! adoption ( oil = gas mak+ purposes4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is m fraught ) dang] to ! coal ma/] ?an to gas companies1 inasmu* z1 %\ld ?is prove to be a m economical raw mat]ial f :i* to produce illum9at+ gas ?an coal1 our pres5t coal gas works c\ld be easily remodel$ & turn$ into oil gas works4 ,?is process has rec5tly be5 introduc$ into a village 9 ,fife%ire4 ,& ,i h made x a po9t to visit & inspect ! works1 :i* h be5 conv]t$ into an oil gas works1 s t ,i might be able to lay a few p>ticul>s be=e y4 ,! process1 h[ev]1 has n be5 9 op]ation long en\gh to enable me to give y mu* in=mation on ! subject1 especially 9 ! way ( details ( co/1 work+ exp5ses1 or p]man5cy ( ! gas "u v>y+ & l[ temp]atures4 ,! pat5tees claim t !y c produce #ajj cubic feet ( #fj c&le gas f a gallon ( oil1 or at a co/ ( #cs4 #aa;d4 p] #a1jjj cubic feet = oil1 fuel1 & labor2 no m exp5se be+ incurr$1 z ! gas does n require purification4 ,at ,col9sburgh 7! village allud$ to71 ,i 0 in=m$ t ! man s5t by ! pat5tees c\ld produce #ajj cubic feet ( gas p] gallon ( oil2 b !y _h no means ( te/+ ! illum9at+ p[]4 ,! gas company's own s]vant1 h[ev]1 only produc$ #hj cubic feet p] gallon1 :i* !y attribut$ to 8 want ( exp]i5ce 9 kn[+ ! prop] heat at :i* to "w ! retorts4 ,:e!r or n ?is 0 s ,i _c tell2 b ( ?is ,i am c]ta91 t ! /atem5t made t ! gas does n require purification w n be> inve/igation4 ,:5 ,i te/$ x = sulphuret$ hydrog5 & = ammonia1 bo? 7 indicat$ 9 su* an unmi/akable mann] z none ( u w\ld c>e to see 9 our coal gas z s5t out to ! consum]4 ,,prices ,,( ,,residual ,,products4 ,:at is ( f> m real consequ5ce to u ?an ! possible *ange f coal gas to oil gas1 h[ev]1 z long z we rema9 manufactur]s ( ! =m]1 is ! value ( our residual products1 :i* has suff]$ s great & sudd5 a decl9e 9 value1 = :i* v>i\s rem$ies h be5 propos$1 ?\gh none ( !m1 ,i regret to say1 h z yet re/or$ any?+ l ! =m] value4 ,a /atem5t ( ! highe/ prices realiz$ = coal t> products1 & a comp>ison ) ^? obta9$ on ! #cj? ( ,m>* la/ ye> & at ! same "t ?is ye>1 may n be un9t]e/+3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,highe/ ,price on ,price on ,price ,m>* #cj1 ,m>* #cj1 #ahhf #ahhg ---------------------------------------- ---- p] gal4 p] gal4 p] gal4 ---------------------------------------- - s4 d4 s4 d4 s4 d4 -------------------------------------- ,crude naph?a #j #d #j #j #j #d #j #j #h ,b5zol 7#ij p] c5t47 #j #ae #j #j #a #d #j #b #f ,solv5t naph?a #j #b #f #j #a #j #j #a #b ,burn+ naph?a #j #a #g #j #j #aj #j #j #aj ,creosote oil #j #j #c #j #j #j #j #j #a p] ton4 p] ton4 p] ton4 -------------------------------------- s4 d4 s4 d4 s4 d4 -------------------------------------- ,pit* #a #ad #j #j #ae #j #j #ab #f ,sulphate ( ammonia #ba #e #j #ac #aj #j #aa #aj #j ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,?is %[s a great fall 9 value f highe/ to l[e/1 :i* seems to h be5 t\*$ la/ ye>1 except 9 ! case ( pit* & sulphate ( ammonia1 bo? ( :i* h m>k$ a consid]able decl9e1 ev5 s9ce la/ ye>1 b x is pleas+ to note t ! o!rs h %[n at lea/ "s slight improvem5t--crude naph?a & b5zol hav+ dur+ ! ye> ris5 ne>ly "o hundr$ p] c5t4 9 value4 ,let u hope t ?is is ! precursor ( a g5]al rise 9 value f :i* we %all all pr(it4 ,= ! purpose ( br++ ab\t ?is mu* desir$ end1 ,i und]/& t "s ( ! g5tlem5 pres5t to-day h be5 burn+ _! t> 9 ! retort furnaces1 & z x w be int]e/+ to "k :at success !y h atta9$1 ,i hope "s ( !m w favor u ) _! exp]i5ce on ?is subject4 ,9 conclusion1 let me express ! hope t ! "t is n f> di/ant :5 ! g5]al trade ( ! c\ntry w atta9 to its wont$ prosp]ity1 by :i* e bran* ( indu/ry w b5efit--ours among ! numb]2 & t ! h>d times we h exp]i5c$1 n[ = a consid]able numb] ( ye>s1 may n aga9 return4 ,discussion next took place reg>d+ ! ,welsba* inc&esc5ce gas light1 :i* 0 op5$ by ,mr4 ,mc,grilchrist1 :o rem>k$ on ! v fragile & t5d] nature ( ! mantle1 & express$ a hope t 9 ?is direction improvem5t might be look$ =4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly a beautiful light1 & z to its consumption1 he /at$ t ! lamp !n %[n to ! meet+ 0 only burn+ two cubic feet ( gas p] h\r4 ,a voice3 ,two & two-t5?s4 ,he felt satisfi$ t x w\ld enable ! manufactur]s ( gas to compete ) p>aff9 oil1 s t ) ,glasg[ gas !y c\ld h su* a light z !y saw at ! rate ( #d;d4 = ab\t fifty h\rs4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,key 7,trade/on ,gas ,works7 made a /atem5t giv+ ! results ( inquiries he _h made at ,/4 ,eno* ,/ation ,hotel1 :]e ! light has = "s "t be5 on exhibition4 ,f ! answ]s giv5 to 8 inquiries he spoke r disp>ag+ly ( ! lamp1 b *iefly on acc\nt ( ! exp5se involv$ 9 r5ew+ ! mantles & ! glass *imneys4 ,he admitt$1 h[ev]1 t ! lamps :i* he _h se5 7 plac$ v unfavorably1 be+ expos$ to ! action ( some:at viol5t draughts1 & he subsequ5tly rem>k$ t ! lamp 0 ( su* a nature z to effect ! complete combu/ion ( ! c>bon conta9$ 9 ! gas4 ,! burn] mu/1 !re=e1 be reg>d$ z a great boon--z ! burn]1 9 %ort4 ,mr4 ,d4,m4 ,nelson 7,glasg[7 gave 8 exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 connection ) ! light1 rem>k+ t "o ( ! great drawbacks to x 0 ! v great r>ity ( ! m9]al f :i* ! zirconium 0 obta9$4 ,s sc>ce 0 x t x w\ld become de>] ?an plat9um & m valuable ?an gold if ! lamp came into g5]al use4 ,! light :i* ! lamp gave out1 ?\gh x possess$ int5sity1 0 defici5t 9 diffusibility z comp>$ ) t giv5 out f ord9>y flat flame gas burn]s1 & ?is 0 ano!r objection to x4 ,he argu$ at "s l5g? aga9/ ! f9ancial aspects ( ! s*eme :i* 0 be+ promot$ to buy up ! ,welsba* pat5ts1 & to introduce ! lamp into ?is c\ntry4 ,8 advice to 8 fri5ds 0 n to h any?+ to d ) ! ,welsba* company1 &1 z inve/ors1 to be v c>eful 9 accept+ all ! /atem5ts made ab\t ! light1 :i* he pr$ict$ w\ld n be a f9ancial success4 ,mr4 ,mc,crae 0 /rongly oppos$ to any discussion be+ rais$ 9 reg>d to ! "q be+ consid]$ 9 its f9ancial aspects4 ,!y1 z gas eng9e]s1 did n require to tr\ble !mselves ) ! do+s ( inve/ors4 ,he reg>d$ ! ,welsba* burn] z an improv$ appliance = consum+ gas4 ,x 0 an inv5tion :i* 0 q new to him1 & z he 0 n 9 possession ( any facts :i* w\ld enable him to condemn x1 he ?\ght !y ought1 at lea/1 to give x a fair trial4 ,ref]r+ to ! fragile nature ( ! mantle1 he rem>k$ t !re 7 m9ds at "w aim+ at giv+ a pur] & m brilliant light f gas1 & s f> he 0 ( op9ion t ! light be=e !m 0 a success4 ,8 op9ion z to ! diffusibility ( ! light emitt$ f ! burn] diff]$ f t ( ,mr4 ,nelson1 z he consid]$ ! light possess$ t quality 9 a high degree4 ,he _h no d\bt t ! m9ds already at "w on ! inc&esc5t light w\ld seek out means = improv+ ! burn]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to v>ni% *romos1 take equal quantities ( l9se$ oil & oil ( turp5t9e2 ?ick5 by exposure to ! sun & air until x becomes res9\s & half evaporat$2 !n add a portion ( melt$ beeswax4 ,v>ni%+ pictures %\ld always be p]=m$ 9 fair wea!r1 & out ( any curr5t ( cold or damp air4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,new ,,briti% ,,co9age ,,& ,,jubilee ,,m$al4 ,an important addition w be made to ! co9s n[ 9 circulation by ! issue ( ! d\ble flor91 ! design ( :i* is %[n 9 "o ( our engrav+s4 ,! rev]se is compos$ ( cr[n$ %ields1 be>+ ! arms ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom arrang$ 9 ! =m ( a cross betwe5 scept]s1 a device :i* 0 fir/ adopt$ = co9s ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,x 0 design$ by ,?omas ,simon1 ! greate/ ( all ,engli% engrav]s1 & x rema9s to be se5 :e!r ?is h&some co9 w be g5]ally popul>4 ,! rev]se ( ! flor9 w = ! future be> ! same design4 ,dur+ ! pa/ ye> h] maje/y 0 pleas$ to signify h] pleasure t a portrait m$allion1 by ,mr4 ,j4,e4 ,boehm1 ,r4,a41 model$ f life1 %\ld be sub/itut$ = ! effigy :i* ! co9s h hi!rto borne4 ,9 ! new effigy1 h] maje/y appe>s cr[n$ & veil$1 ) ! ribbon & /> ( ! g>t] & ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ord]4 ,! leg5d ,victoria ,dei ,gratia ,britanni>um ,reg9a1 ,fidei ,def5sor is v>i\sly arrang$ on ! diff]5t co9s1 accord+ to ! exig5cies ( ! design4 ,! opportunity has at ! same "t be5 tak51 ) h] maje/y's approval1 = mak+ c]ta9 alt]ations 9 ! designs = ! rev]ses ( "s ( ! co9s by ab&on+ ^? :i* did n appe> to possess suffici5t arti/ic m]it to w>rant _! ret5tion4 ,! rev]se ( ! sov]eign w /ill be> ! design ( ,/4 ,george & ! ,dragon1 by ,pi/rucci1 fir/ adopt$ = ! sov]eigns ( ,george ,,iv41 & ! rev]ses ( ! half-sov]eign & ?reep5ce rema9 un*ang$1 except t ! cr[n has be5 assimilat$ to t us$ = ! new effigy4 ,! ,/4 ,george & ! ,dragon design w be resum$ = ! five-p\nd piece1 ! d\ble sov]eign1 & ! cr[n1 ?is design hav+ be5 adopt$ = ^! pieces :5 orig9ally /ruck4 ,! half-cr[n w be> ! same rev]se z t co9 bore :5 fir/ issu$1 a design ( consid]able m]it1 by ,m]l94 ,dur+ ! la/ half c5tury public ta/e appe>s to h be5 satisfi$1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & abroad1 ) "s su* insignificant design z a wrea? surr\nd+ words or figures indicat+ ! value ( ! co92 & ! %ill+ & sixp5ce h1 dur+ ! pres5t reign1 be5 examples ( ?is treatm5t4 ,!y w 9 future1 l ! half-cr[n1 be> ! royal arms1 cr[n$1 & surr\nd$ by ! g>t]4 ,! que5 0 fur!r pleas$ to comm& t ! fiftie? anniv]s>y ( h] maje/y's accession %\ld be commemorat$ by ! issue ( a m$al4 ,! effigy = ?is m$al1 :i* is also f a m$allion by ,mr4 ,boehm1 has a some:at m ornate veil ?an t on ! co92 & on ! bu/1 9 addition to ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ord]1 is %[n ! badge ( ! imp]ial ord] ( ! cr[n ( ,india4 ,! rev]se is a beautiful "w by ,sir ,fr$]ic ,leighton1 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,academy1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a description3 ,9 ! c5t] a figure repres5t+ ! ,briti% empire sits en?ron$1 re/+ "o h& on ! sword ( ju/ice1 & hold+ 9 ! o!r ! symbol ( victori\s rule4 ,a lion is se5 on ea* side ( ! ?rone4 ,at ! feet ( ! seat$ figure lies ,m]cury1 ! ,god ( ,comm]ce1 ! ma9/ay ( our imp]ial /r5g?1 hold+ up 9 "o h& a cup heap$ ) gold4 ,opposite to him sits ! ,g5ius ( ,electricity & ,/eam4 ,bel[1 aga91 five %ields1 b&$ toge!r1 be> ! names ( ! five p>ts ( ! globe1 ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa1 ,am]ica1 & ,au/ralasia1 ov] :i* ! empire ext5ds4 ,on ea* side ( ! figure ( ,empire /& ! p]sonifi$ elem5ts ( its greatness--on ! "r 7( ! spectator71 ,indu/ry & ,agriculture2 on ! left1 ,sci5ce1 ,lett]s1 & ,art4 ,above1 ! occasion ( ! celebration commemorat$ is express$ by two w+$ figures repres5t+ ! ye> #ahhg 7! advanc+ figure7 & ! ye> #ahcg 7) av]t$ head71 hold+ ea* a wrea?4 ,:]e ^! wrea?s int]lock1 ! lett]s ,v4,r4,i4 appe>1 &1 ov] all1 ! words ',9 ,commemoration4' ,! issue ( bo? ! new co9s & ! m$al began on ,june #ba1 ! day appo9t$ = ! celebration ( h] maje/y's jubilee4--,illu/rat$ ,london ,news4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,new ,,briti% ,,co9age ,,& ,,jubilee ,,m$al4 #a4 ,half ,cr[n4 #b & #c4 ,d\ble ,flor91 rev]se & obv]se4 #d4 ,d\ble ,sov]eign4 #e4 ,%ill+4 #f4 ,sixp5ce4 #g & #h4 ,jubilee ,m$al4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bricks ,,& ,,brickwork4 ,footnote3 ,a rec5t lecture deliv]$ at ,c>p5t]s' ,hall1 ,london ,wall1 ,e4,c4--,build+ ,news4 ,by ,pr(essor ,t4 ,,rog] ,,smi?1 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a4 ,timb]1 /one1 e>?1 are ! ?ree mat]ials mo/ us$ by ! build] 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,:]e timb] is v pl5tiful1 z 9 ,norway or ,switz]l&1 x is freely us$1 ev5 ?\gh o!r mat]ials are obta9able1 & seems to be pref]r$1 not)/&+ ! risk ( fire :i* att5ds its use4 ,:]e timb] is sc>ce1 & /one c be _h1 h\ses are built ( /one4 ,:]e !re is no timb] & no /one1 !y are built ( e>?--sometimes 9 its natural /ate1 sometimes made into bricks & sun-dri$1 b m (t5 made into bricks & burn$4 ,london is "o ( ! places t occupies a spot :i* has long ceas$ to yield timb]1 & yields no /one1 s we fall back on e>?--burnt into ! =m ( bricks4 ,brick 0 employ$ 9 remote antiquity4 ,! ,egyptians1 :o 7 great & skillful build]s1 us$ x sometimes2 & z we "k f ! book ( ,exodus1 !y employ$ ! =c$ labor ( ! captives or tribut>ies :om !y _h 9 _! p[] 9 ! h>d task ( brick mak+2 & "s ( _! brick-built gran>ies & /ores h be5 rec5tly discov]$ ne> ! site ( ! battle ( ,tel-el-,kebir4 ,! ,assyrians & ,babylonians made almo/ exclusive use ( brickwork 9 erect+ ! va/ piles ( build+s ! %apeless ru9s ( :i* m>k ! site ( anci5t ,n9eveh & ( ! cities ( ! valley ( ! ,euphrates4 ,_! bricks1 x is believ$1 7 entirely sun-dri$1 n burnt to fuse or vitrify !m z ours are1 & !y h consequ5tly crumbl$ into m]e m\nds4 ,! ,assyrians also us$ f9e clay tablets1 bak$ 9 ! fire--9 fact1 a k9d ( t]ra cotta--= ! purpose ( records1 cov]+ ^! tablets ) beautifully execut$ inscriptions1 made ) a po9t$ in/rum5t :ile ! clay 0 s(t1 & r5d]$ p]man5t by burn+4 ,we don't "k mu* ab\t ,greek brickwork2 b x is probable t v little brick1 if any1 0 made or us$ 9 any "p ( ,greece1 z /one1 m>ble1 & timb] ab\nd !re2 b ! ,romans made bricks ev]y:]e1 & us$ !m con/antly4 ,!y 7 fond ( mix+ two or m mat]ials toge!r1 z = example build+ walls 9 concrete & ins]t+ brickwork at int]vals 9 horizontal lay]s to act z c\rses ( bond4 ,!y also erect$ build+s ( :i* ! walls 7 :olly ( brick4 ,!y turn$ ar*es ( wide span 9 brickwork2 & !y frequ5tly laid 9 _! walls at regul> di/ances ap>t c\rses ( brick on edge & c\rses ( slop+ bricks1 to :i* antiqu>ies h giv5 ! "n ( h]r+-bone "w4 ,! ,roman bricks are int]e/+ z records1 = x 0 cu/om>y to employ ! soldi]s on brick mak+1 & to /amp ! bricks ) names & dates2 & ?us ! ,roman bricks f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry give u "s in=mation z to ! milit>y comm&]s & legions occupy+ diff]5t p>ts ( ,engl& at diff]5t p]iods4 ,flue bricks1 = ! passage ( smoke "u floors & 9 o!r situations1 are sometimes f\nd4 ,! ,roman brick 0 (t5 flat & l>ge--9 fact1 m l our common pav+ tiles1 kn[n z foot tiles1 only ( l>g] size ?an l ! bricks t we use4 ,!y v>y1 h[ev]1 9 size1 %ape1 & ?ickness4 ,n a few ( !m are triangul> 9 %ape1 & ^! are mo/ly employ$ z a sort ( fac+ to concrete "w1 ! po9t ( ! triangle be+ emb$d$ 9 ! concrete & ! broad base appe>+ outside4 ,aft] ! ,roman "t1 brick mak+ seems to h almo/ ceas$ 9 ,engl& = _m c5turies4 ,x is true we f9d rema9s ( a c]ta9 numb] ( massive brick build+s erect$ n long aft] ! ,norman conque/2 b on exam9ation x turns out t ^! 7 put up at places :]e !re _h be5 a ,roman t[n1 & 7 built ( ,roman bricks obta9$ by pull+ d[n previ\s build+s4 ,! olde/ p>ts ( ,/4 ,albans ,abbey & portions ( ! old ,norman build+s at ,col*e/] are examples ( ?is sort4 ,app>5tly1 timb] 0 us$ 9 ?is c\ntry almo/ exclusively = humble build+s d[n to ! #af? c5tury4 ,?is is n surpris+1 consid]+ h[ well wood$ ,engl& 02 b /one s]v$ dur+ ! same p]iod = important build+s almo/ to ! exclusion ( brick4 ,?is is m rem>kable1 z we f9d /one *ur*es & ! ru9s ( /one ca/les 9 n a few spots remote f /one qu>ries1 & to :i* ! /one mu/ h be5 labori\sly convey$ at a "t :5 roads 7 v bad & :eel c>ts 7 sc>ce4 ,ab\t ! "t ( ! ,tudors1 say ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 ! mak+ ( bricks 0 resum$ 9 ,engl&1 & _m dwell+ h\ses & "s few *ur*es 7 built ( good brickwork 9 t & succe$+ reigns4 ,we f9d 9 su* build+s z ,hampton ,c\rt ,palace1 ,/4 ,james' ,palace1 & ,*elsea ,hospital examples ( ! use ( brickwork 9 important build+s ne> ,london at lat] dates4 ,! fire ( ,london1 9 #afff1 gave a sudd5 *eck to ! use ( timb] 9 h\se build+ 9 ! metropolis4 ,previ\s to t date ! majority ( h\ses _h be5 ( a sort ! mo/ ornam5tal examples ( :i* 7 copi$ 9 ,old ,london at ! ,colonial ,exhibition4 ,! rebuild+ aft] ! fire 0 l>gely 9 brick2 & 9 ! suburbs1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! #ag? & ! #ah? c5turies1 _m dignifi$ squ>e brick mansions1 ) bold1 ov]hang+ eaves & high ro(s & c>v$ ornam5ts1 ent]$ ?r\gh a pair ( florid wr\ght iron high gates1 7 built1 "s few ( :i* /ill l+] 9 ,hamp/ead & o!r suburbs4 ,! w> "t at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury 0 a try+ "t = build]s1 ) its high prices & heavy taxes1 & "s ( ! good-look+ brick build+s ( t day turn out to h be5 v badly built :5 !y are pull$ ab\t = alt]ations4 ,) ! rapid1 wond]ful increase 9 population & weal? 9 ?is metropolis dur+ ! la/ #ej ye>s a va/ consumption ( bricks has tak5 place1 & a ye> or two back x 0 report$ by ! commission]s ( police t ! ext5sions ( ,london equal$ 9 a ye> #gj miles ( new h\se prop]ty1 practically all ( brick4 ,brick 7 heavily tax$ 9 ! w> "t :i* ,i h ref]r$ to1 & ! tax 0 levi$ be=e burn+4 ,!re 0 a maximum size = ! raw brick1 :i* x 0 suppos$ s]v$ to keep bricks uni=m1 & ! expectation 0 ent]ta9$ t :5 ! duty came (f1 _m fancy sizes ( bricks w\ld be us$4 ,?is has n1 h[ev]1 turn$ out to be ! case4 ,! duty has be5 tak5 (f = ye>s2 b ! diff]5ces 9 ! size ( bricks 9 ,engl& are little m ?an :at is due to ! diff]5t rate ( %r9kage ( brick e>? "u burn+4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be suppos$ t !y h always1 & 9 all c\ntries1 be5 ( ab\t ! same dim5sions4 ,! size & proportions ( bricks h v>i$ extremely 9 diff]5t c\ntries & 9 ! same c\ntry at diff]5t p]iods4 ,"s bricks ( unusual %apes h also be5 employ$ f "t to "t4 ,o!r c\ntries besides ,engl& possess di/ricts :i* f v>i\s circum/ances h be5 m or less d5sely built on1 b d n yield mu* /one or timb]2 &1 accord+ly1 brickwork is to be met ) 9 _m localities4 ,holl& & ,belgium1 = example1 are c\ntries ( ?is sort2 & ! old connection betwe5 ,holl& & ,engl& l$ to ! introduction among u1 9 ! reign ( ,william ,,iii41 ( ! ,dut* /yle ( build+1 :i* has be5 9 our own day reviv$ "u ! r incorrect title ( ,que5 ,anne ar*itecture4 ,ano!r great brick di/rict exi/s on ! pla9s ( ,lomb>dy & ! nor!rn "p ( ,italy g5]ally1 & beautiful brickwork1 (t5 ) enri*m5ts 9 m>ble1 is to be f\nd 9 su* cities z ,milan1 ,pavia1 ,cremona1 & ,bologna4 ,_m cities & t[ns 9 ,nor!rn ,g]many are also brick built1 & furni% good examples ( ! successful treatm5t ( ! mat]ial4 ,9 "s ( ^! ,g]man build+s1 inde$1 v difficult pieces ( con/ruction1 su* z we are 9 ! habit ( ?9k+ c only be execut$ 9 /one1 are successfully attempt$ 9 brick4 ,= example1 !y execute l>ge trac]y w9d[s 9 ?is mat]ial4 ,great brick gables1 (t5 ) ! /epp$ outl9e kn[n z cr[s' feet1 are an excell5t ar*itectural feature ( ^! ,g]man brick-built t[ns4 ,9 p>ts ( ,france1 also1 ornam5tal brickwork 0 f "t to "t made use (1 b n ext5sively4 ,x is n necess>y to g v m9utely into ! manufacture ( bricks2 b p]haps ,i ought to say a ^w or two on ! subject4 ,good brick e>? is n simple clay1 b a comp\nd sub/ance2 & :at is ess5tial is t x %\ld burn h>d or1 9 o!r words1 p>tly vitrify "u ! action ( heat4 ,! brick e>? is usually dug up 9 ! autumn1 left = ! fro/s ( w9t] to break x up1 & work$ up 9 ! e>ly spr+4 ,! m\ld+ is to a v l>ge ext5t done by h&1 sometimes 9 a wet m\ld1 sometimes 9 a dry s&$ m\ld1 & ! bricks are fir/ air-dri$1 (t5 "u "s slight %elt]1 z ! ra9 or fro/ damages !m :5 fre% made2 & !n1 :5 ?is process has made !m solid en\gh to h&le1 !y are burn$1 & sort$ into qualities4 ,! ord9>y or /ock brick ( ,london & ! neighborhood pres5ts a peculi>ity ! orig9 ( :i* is n kn[n1 & :i* is n met )1 s f> z ,i "k1 9 o!r p>ts4 ,v f9e coal or c9d]s is mix$ ) ! brick e>?1 & :5 ! bricks are fir$ ^! m9ute p>ticles ( fuel scatt]$ ?r\gh ! mat]ial all ( !m burn1 & s]ve to bake ! he>t ( ! brick4 ,/ock bricks are burnt 9 a clamp made ( ! raw bricks !mselves ) lay]s ( fuel1 & erect$ on e>? slightly scoop$ out ne> ! middle1 s t z ! bricks %r9k !y drop toge!r1 & d n fall ov] sideways4 ,mo/ o!r v>ieties ( bricks are kiln burnt4 ,a v l>ge numb] ( inv5tions = mak+ bricks by ma*9]y h be5 pat5t$4 ,if y h occasion to look ?r\gh ! specifications ( ^! pat5ts1 y w f9d f\r or five ma9 ideas appe>+ & reappe>+1 & only "h & !re an inv5tion :i* is to "s ext5t diff]5t f ! o!rs4 ,a great majority ( ^! inv5tions include ma*9]y = prep>+ ! clay or brick e>?1 s t x may be dug up & fill$ into a receptacle & work$ up1 scre5$ f pebbles1 & made fit = use 9 a %ort "t1 s z n to h to wait a :ole w9t]4 ,?is is done 9 "s sort ( pug mill4 ,a pug mill is a ma*9e consi/+ ( a l>ge cyl9d] ) a c5tral %aft pass+ ?r\gh x f top to bottom4 ,knives or blades are arrang$ spirally on ! %aft1 & o!r blades project into ! int]ior ( ! cyl9d] f ! walls ( x4 ,! mat]ial1 aft] be+ scre5$1 is f$ into ?is at ! top1 & prop]ly moi/5$4 ,! %aft is caus$ to rotate1 & ! blades divide & subdivide ! mat]ial1 =c+ x always d[nw>d1 s t x at la/ escapes at ! bottom ( ! pug mill 9 a cont9u\s /ream ( moi/1 well work$ up clay1 issu+ ) "s =ce4 ,9 "o type ( ma*9e ?is clay /ream is =c$ ?r\gh a squ>e orifice1 f :i* x comes out ( ! section ( a brick1 & by a knife or wire or "s o!r means x is cut into l5g?s4 ,9 ano!r type ( ma*9e !re is a l>ge revolv+ drum work+ on a horizontal axis1 ) op5 m\lds all r\nd its edge4 ,! clay ent]s ^! m\lds1 & !re is an arrangem5t ( plung]s by :i* x is fir/ compress$ )9 ! m\ld & !n =c$ out on to an endless b& or "s o!r contrivance t receives x4 ,a ?ird type ( ma*9e has ! m\lds 9 ! flat top ( a revolv+ table1 :i*1 z x turns1 c>ries ea* m\ld 9 succession fir/ to a "p :]e x is fill$ f ! pug mill1 next to :]e its cont5ts are compress$1 & la/ly to :]e !y are pu%$ out = removal4 ,h[ev] made1 ! brick1 :5 m\ld$1 dri$1 & burnt1 & ready = m>ket1 belongs to "s "o sort1 & is di/+ui%$ f o!r sorts by its size1 color1 quality1 & peculi>ities4 ,! sorts ( brick t are to be met ) 9 ! ,london m>ket are v v>i$4 ,to enum]ate !m all w\ld make a t$i\s li/2 to describe !m all w\ld be equally t$i\s4 ,i w endeavor1 h[ev]1 to give "s idea ( ! mo/ conspicu\s ( !m4 ,we w beg9 ) t family ( bricks ( :i* ! ,london /ock brick is ! type4 ,x has be5 said ^! are clamp burnt1 & almo/ all ! int]nal brickwork--& n a little ( ! ext]nal--( ! metropolis is ( /ock brickwork4 ,a good ,london /ock brick is an excell5t brick = g5]al purposes1 b _c be call$ beautiful4 ,consid]+ ! va/ quantity ( brickwork done 9 ! metropolis1 x is a matt] = congratulation t su* s\nd mat]ials z good /ock bricks1 /one lime1 & ,?ames s& are s easily procurable1 & c be _h at a price t puts !m )9 ! rea* ( all respectable build]s4 ,:5 a clamp has be5 burnt its cont5ts are f\nd to h be5 unequally fir$1 & are "p ( !m und]burnt1 "p well burnt1 "p ov]burnt4 ,!y are sort$ accord+ly into %uffs1 grizzles1 /ocks ( two or ?ree qualities1 %ipp]s1 & burrs4 ,sev]al sorts ( malm /ocks1 :i* are sup]ior 9 color & texture1 are made1 & are us$ = fac+ bricks & = cutt+2 & :at are call$ paviors1 :i* are d>k & /rong bricks1 are also made4 ,! ,london /ock is errone\sly1 b usually1 describ$ z gray4 ,x is really ( a pie cru/ yell[ ( v>i\s tones4 ,sometimes x is ! same color :5 cut1 b ! h>de/ /ocks are ( a d>k1 dirty purple or br[n1 or sometimes ne>ly black inside4 ,a /ock brick is r>ely q squ>e or q true2 its surface is (t5 disfigur$ by black specks & small pits1 & a /ack ( !m (t5 looks un9vit+2 yet a skillful bricklay]1 by ?r[+ out ! wor/1 by plac+ ^? ( bad colors or mu* out ( %ape 9 ! he>t ( ! wall1 & by br++ to ! front ! be/ end or side ( ^? bricks :i* =m "p ( ! face1 c always make ! bricks 9 8 "w look f> bett] ?an 9 ! /ack4 ,ano!r important gr\p is ! gr\p ( ,suffolk & ,norfolk bricks1 r$ & :ite4 ,^! are v l>gely employ$ z fac+ bricks & = ar*es & cut m\ld+s4 ,m\ld$ bricks are also to a l>ge ext5t made ( ! same mat]ial4 ,^! bricks are br\ght to ,london 9 l>ge quantities4 ,!y h a s&$ face1 are mo/ly squ>e1 true1 & ( uni=m color1 b !y are usually por\s1 s(t1 & absorb5t4 ,/ill1 !y are 9 great dem& z fac+ bricks1 & ! m\ld$ bricks enable ! ar*itect to produce _m ar*itectural effects at a mod]ate outlay4 ,^! fields furni% _m sorts ( bricks1 :i* are call$ rubb]s1 & :i* are employ$ 7z malm /ocks also are7 = ar*es ( ! m elaborate sort1 :]e ea* brick is cut to its %ape & rubb$ true1 & = m\ld+s1 & ev5 sometimes = c>v+4 ,m\ld+s t are =m$ by cutt+ ! bricks c be got m p]fectly true ?an :5 m\ld$ bricks are us$2 b ! exp5se is great]1 & :5 x is done ! mat]ial is less durable1 = ! s(t] sorts ( brick are naturally us$ = cutt+1 & ! m\ld$ face is less s\nd ?an ! orig9al burnt face ( any brick4 ,r$ bricks are to "s ext5t made 9 fields )9 easy rea* ( ,london2 b ! be/ come f "s di/ance4 ,r$ ,suffolk bricks h be5 allud$ to4 ,!re is a consid]able importation ( r$ ,f>eham bricks1 br\ght all ! way f ! vic9ity ( ,portsm\?2 ^! are good bo? 9 quality & color4 ,good r$ bricks are also n[ made at ,ascot1 & are be+ us$ to a consid]able ext5t 9 ! metropolis4 ,a /rawb]ry-color$ brick f ,luton has be5 ext5sively us$ at ,hamp/ead4 ,x is h>d1 & ( a color :i* contra/s well ) /one1 b n v pleas+ us$ alone4 ,glaz$ bricks ( all colors are obta9able4 ,!y are usually v h>d & squ>e1 & ! use ( !m :]e an imp]vi\s glaz$ face is requir$1 z1 = example1 9 a good /able1 is bett] ?an ! employm5t ( glaz$ tiles1 9 ! employm5t ( :i* !re is always a possibility ( "p ( ! l9+ becom+ loose or fall+ (f4 ,!re is a difficulty 9 obta9+ a l>ge quantity 7( "s colors1 at lea/7 exactly uni=m 9 t9t4 ,bricks ) a v h>d face1 b n glaz$1 are obta9able4 ,:at is call$ a wa%+ brick is n[ made 9 v>i\s colors1 adapt$ = ! l9+ ( int]iors1 & !re are h>d bricks ( a v pale /raw color1 kn[n z ,be>t's pat5t bricks1 made1 ,i believe1 ( gault clay1 :i* 7 "s ye>s ago b\ght up by ! ,great ,nor!rn ,railway 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,^! bricks h ! peculi>ity ( be+ pi]c$ ) holes ab\t 94 9 diamet]1 pass+ q ?r\gh ! brick1 & !y are extremely h>d1 p>tly because ^! holes p]mit ! hot air & smoke 9 ! kiln to approa* v ne> to ! int]ior ( ! brick4 ,i am ( op9ion t ! glaz$ or dull qualities ( h>d bricks might ) great advantage be (t5 introduc$ into ,london /reets4 ,:at we want is some?+ t w wa%4 ,! r\gh surface ( /ocks or ,suffolk fac+ bricks cat*es ! black 9 ! ,london atmosph]e & gradually gets d>k & dull4 ,a p]fectly h>d face is wa%$ clean by e %[]4 ,a good _m ye>s ago ,i built a w>eh\se ) /ock bricks1 & =m$ ! ar*es1 /r+s1 etc41 ( bricks ) a v h>d face1 &1 z ,i expect$1 ! effect ( "t has be5 to make ^! features /& out f> bett] ?an :5 !y 7 fre%2 9 fact1 ! only "q is :e!r !y h n n[ become too conspicu\s4 ,to return to ! bricks 9 ! ,london m>ket3 we h firebricks made ( fireclay1 & almo/ vitrifi$ & capable ( /&+ int5se heat4 ,^! are us$ = l9+ furnaces1 ov5s1 flues1 etc4 ,!n we h almo/1 if n q1 z refractory a mat]ial 9 ,/af=d%ire blue bricks1 us$--9 v>i\s =ms--= pav+ *annels1 jambs ( ar*ways1 etc4 ,!re are also small bricks call$ cl9k]s1 *iefly us$ = /able pav+4 ,dut* cl9k]s1 =m]ly import$ l>gely f ,holl&1 7 small1 r\gh bricks1 laid on edge1 & af=d+ a good foo?old = ! horse4 ,adamant9e cl9k]s1 made ( gault clay1 are mu* us$2 !y mu/ h *amf]$ edges1 o!rwise !y make too smoo? a floor = a /able4 ,_m o!r v>ieties are obta9able 9 ,london1 & are m or less us$1 b ^! are ! mo/ prom95t4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,engl& special v>ieties ( brick are to be f\nd1 & e "h & !re "o falls ^u a good brickmak] :o is able to produce good m\ld$ or emboss$ or ornam5tal bricks1 su* z ^? :i* h be5 suppli$ to me ye>s ago by ,mr4 ,gunton1 & m rec5tly by ,mr4 ,br[n1 bo? ( ,norwi*1 or by ,mr4 ,coop]1 ( ,maid5head4 ,x is ( importance to ^? ^: bus9ess x is to look aft] or engage 9 build+ op]ations1 t !y %\ld e>ly le>n :at to look out = 9 ea* mat]ial4 ,( c\rse1 a man only becomes a judge ( bricks1 or timb]1 or /one by exp]i5ce2 b he is f> bett] able to take ! b5efit ( exp]i5ce :5 x comes to him if he kn[s f ! fir/ to :at po9ts to direct att5tion4 ,:]e=e ,i make no apology = try+ to put be=e y ! po9ts ( a good brick1 & 9 do+ s ,i %all p>tly quote f a memor&um publi%$ n[ a good _m ye>s ago by ! ,man*e/] ,society ( ,ar*itects4 ,a good brick is uni=m 9 size2 /&>d1 #i by #d by #b 942 weight ab\t #g lb4 ea* #aaj lb4 p] foot cube2 is rectangul>1 true fac$1 b only "o end & "o side ne$ be smoo?2 has no pr9t s9k+ on ei!r face1 b a holl[ on "o or bo? b$s4 ,:5 saturat$ ) wat]1 a brick %\ld n absorb m ?an #bj p] c5t1 ( its own weight ( wat]1 %\ld absorb x reluctantly1 & "p ) x freely at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,x %\ld be uni=mly burnt1 %\ld be s\nd1 free f cracks1 flaws1 /ones1 lumps ( any k9d1 b especially lumps ( lime1 %\ld be ( a good color = its sort 7:e!r r$1 yell[1 or :ite71 %\ld h a metallic clang :5 two bricks are /ruck toge!r2 :5 brok5 %\ld be s\nd "r ?r\gh1 %\ld be t\gh & pa/y 9 texture1 n granul>1 & %\ld require repeat$ bl[s to break x1 r ?an "o h>d bl[ 7su* bricks w )/& c>tage & h&l+ be/74 ,s mu* = bricks4 ,to make brickwork1 h[ev]1 ano!r +r$i5t is requir$--namely1 mort> or cem5t4 ,all mort>s &1 9 fact1 all ! cem5t+ mat]ials us$ 7except bitum9\s ones7 9 bricklay+ h lime z _! base1 & dep5d ^u ! sett+ quality ( quicklime1 :i* has to be mix$ ) s& or "s suitable sub/itute = x1 to make mort>s4 ,limes & cem5ts are f> too wide a subject to be dealt ) z "p ( an ev5+'s lecture on ano!r topic1 & no d\bt !y w h]eaft] =m ! subject ( a lecture or lectures4 ,to-night ,i propose only to rem9d y t !re are su* sub/ances z ^!1 & t !y possess c]ta9 qualities & are obta9able & available = ! bricklay]'s purposes1 )\t attempt+ an inve/igation into ! *emi/ry ( cem5ts1 or _! manufacture1 etc4 ,ord9>ily1 brickwork may be divid$ into brickwork 9 mort> & 9 cem5t2 b !re are _m qualities ( mort> & sev]al sorts ( cem5t4 ,mort> made ) :at are call$ fat or ri* limes--t is to say1 ne>ly pure lime1 su* z is got by calc9+ m>ble or pure *alk--sets sl[ly1 ) difficulty1 & is r>ely t5aci\s4 ,burnt clay or brick r$uc$ to p[d] improves ! sett+ ( su* lime1 especially if ! two mat]ials be calc9$ toge!r2 s w an admixture ( cem5t4 ,mort> made ) :at is kn[n z slightly hydraulic lime1 t is to say1 lime conta9+ a small proportion ( clay1 su* z ! gray /one lime ( ,dork+1 ,m]/ham1 & t neighborhood1 sets well1 & is t5aci\s & /rong4 ,mort> made ) hydraulic lime1 t is to say1 lime ) a consid]able admixture ( clay1 su* z ! lias lime1 sets "u wat] or 9 contact ) wet e>?4 ,x is be/ to use ?is lime gr\nd to p[d]1 & n to mix s mu* s& ) x z is us$ ) /one lime4 ,a sort ( mort> call$ sel5itic mort>1 ! inv5tion ( ! late ,g5]al ,scott1 has be5 made use ( 9 _m ( ! build+s ( ! ,s*ool ,bo>d = ,london1 & 0 fir/ employ$ on a l>ge scale 9 ! erection ( ! ,alb]t ,hall4 ,! peculi>ity consi/s 9 ! addition ( a small dose ( pla/] ( ,p>is 7sulphate ( lime7 v c>efully introduc$ & intimately mix$4 ,! result is t ! mort> s made sets rapidly1 & is v h>d4 ,x is claim$ t a l>g] proportion ( s& c be us$ ) sel5itic lime ?an ) ord9>y1 ?us c\nt]balanc+ ! extra exp5se occasion$ by royalty "u ! pat5t & special c>e 9 mix+4 ,:5 a lime/one conta9s #bj to #dj p] c5t1 ( clay1 x becomes :at is call$ a cem5t1 & its behavior is diff]5t f t ( lime/ones ) less clay4 ,ord9>y lime/ones are1 z y "k1 calc9$ 9 a kiln4 ,! mat]ial :i* comes f ! kiln is call$ quicklime1 &1 on be+ dos$ ) wat]1 x slakes1 & crumbles to p[d]1 & 9 ! /ate ( slak$ lime is mix$ up ) mort>4 ,cem5t /ones are also calc9$2 b ! result+ mat]ial w n fall to pieces or slake "u wat]4 ,x mu/ be gr\nd v f9e1 & :5 moi/5$ sets rapidly1 & z well "u wat] z 9 air1 & becomes v h>d & is v t5aci\s4 ,brickwork 9 mort> w always settle & compress to "s ext5t4 ,n s brickwork 9 cem5t1 :i* occasionally exp&s1 b is nev] to be compress$4 ,?is quality & ! rapid sett+1 t5acity1 & /r5g? ( brickwork 9 cem5t make x a mo/ valuable mat]ial to use 9 ^? build+s or p>ts ( a build+ :]e great /ead9ess & /r5g? are want$1 & 9 sewage & dock "w1 :]e !re is wat] to cont5d )4 ,a good _m cem5ts made f natural /ones us$ to be employ$1 su* z ,m$9a1 ,h>wi*1 ,atk9son's1 or ,roman cem5t4 ,! la/ nam$ is ! only "o :i* is n[ mu* employ$1 except locally4 ,x has ! quality ( sett+ ) exceptional rapidity1 & is on t acc\nt sometimes ! be/ mat]ial to employ2 b = almo/ e purpose ! artificial comp\nd kn[n z ,portl& cem5t is pref]able4 ,portl& cem5t is made l>gely ne> ,ro*e/]4 ,its mat]ials are simple & *eap4 ,!y may1 )\t mu* dep>ture f ! tru?1 be said to be ,?ames mud & *alk2 b ! process ( manufacture requires c>e & ?or\ghness4 ,! article suppli$1 :5 ( ! be/ quality1 has great /r5g?1 & is quick sett+1 & is f> bett] ?an :at 0 manufactur$ f /ones 9 :i* ! +r$i5ts exi/$ 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,9 ,engl& we slake our lime & make use ( x :ile x is fre%2 b x may int]e/ y to "k t ! cu/om 9 ,italy & p>ts ( ,france is diff]5t4 ,!re x is cu/om>y to slake ! lime long be=e x is want$1 & to deposit x 9 a pit & cov] x up ) e>?4 ,9 ?is condition x is left = mon?s--,i believe 9 ,italy = a ye>--& :5 tak5 out x is /iff1 b /ill a pa/y sub/ance4 ,x is beat51 & m wat] add$1 & x is !n made into mort> ) s&4 ,x is claim$ = mort> made 9 ?is way t is exceptionally /rong4 ,n[ t we h consid]$ bricks & p>tly consid]$ mort>1 x rema9s to pay "s att5tion to brickwork4 ,! simple/ & mo/ famili> "w = a bricklay] to d is to build a wall4 ,9 do+ ?is 8 object %\ld be to make x z /\t z possible = ! ?ickness1 & ?is /\tness c only be obta9$ by int]lac+ ! bricks4 ,if !y 7 simply laid on ! top ( ea* o!r1 ! wall w\ld be no m ?an a r[ ( disconnect$ piles ( bricks liable to tumble d[n4 ,:5 ! :ole is s adju/$ t ?r\gh\t ! entire wall ! jo9ts 9 "o c\rse %all re/ on solid bricks & %all be cov]$ by solid bricks aga9--9 %ort1 :5 ! :ole %all break jo9t--!n ?is wall is said to be prop]ly bond$1 & has z mu* /ability giv5 to x z x c possibly possess4 ,!re are two sy/ems ( bond+ 9 use 9 ,london1 "k z ,engli% bond & ,flemi% bond4 ,engli% bond is ! me?od :i* we f9d foll[$ 9 anci5t brickwork 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ?is sy/em a c\rse ( bricks is laid across ! wall1 %[+ _! heads at ! surface1 h5ce call$ head]s1 & next above comes a c\rse ( bricks /ret*+ l5g?ways at ! wall1 call$ /ret*]s1 & s on alt]nately4 ,) ! ,dut* fa%ions came 9 ,flemi% bond1 9 :i*1 9 ea* c\rse1 a head] & a /ret*] alt]nate4 ,9 ei!r case1 at ! corn]s1 a qu>t]-brick call$ a clos] has to be us$ 9 ea* alt]nate c\rse to complete ! break+ jo9t4 ,!re is n mu* to *oose betwe5 ^! me?ods :]e ! walls are only "o brick ?ick4 ,b :]e !y are ?ick] ! ,engli% has a decid$ advantage1 = 9 walls built 9 ,flemi% bond ( "o & a half brick ?ickness or m !re mu/ be a few brok5 bricks1 or bats1 & !re is a /rong temptation to make use ( _m4 ,if ?is takes place1 ! wall is uns\nd4 ,_m ( ! failures ( brickwork 9 ,london h\ses arise f ! ext]nal walls1 :]e !y are #a bricks ?ick1 be+ virtually 9 two sk9s2 ! inn] #i 94 does ! :ole ( ! "w ( support+ floors & ro(1 & :5 x beg9s to fail1 ! out] face bulges (f l a l>ge bli/]4 ,i h kn[n cases :]e ?is _h occurr$1 & :]e !re 0 no head] brick = y>ds1 s t "o c\ld pass a #e ft4 rod into ! space betwe5 ! two sk9s & turn x ab\t4 ,?is is r less easy to accompli% ) ,engli% bond1 & !re are o!r advantages 9 ! use ( t bond :i* make x decid$ly pref]able1 & x is n[ com+ back into v g5]al use4 ,!re are "s odd v>ieties ( bond1 su* z g>d5 bond & *imney bond4 ,b ( ^! ,i only wi% to draw y\r att5tion to :at is call$ cross bond4 ,! "n is n q a happy "o4 ,diagonal bond is h>dly bett]4 ,! ?+ itself is to be (t5 met ) on ! ,cont95t1 & x is almo/ unkn[n "h4 ,b x w\ld be wor? introduc+1 z ! effect ( x is v good4 ,fr5* cross bond1 o!rwise diagonal bond 7liaison en croix71 is ,engli% bond1 b ) ! peculi>ity t 9 e f\r? c\rse "o head] is made use ( 9 ! /ret*] c\rse at ! quo94 ,! result is t ! /ret*]s break jo9t ) ea* o!r1 & all ! jo9ts range !mselves 9 diagonal l9es1 & if 9 any "p ( ! "w head]s ( a diff]5t brick are introduc$1 ! appe>ance ( a cross is at once br\ght out2 & ev5 )\t ?is ! diagonal arrangem5t ( jo9ts is v p]ceptible & pleas+4 ,besides wall build+1 ! bricklay] has _m o!r works to p]=m4 ,he has to =m fireplaces1 flues1 *imneys1 & ! flat trimm] ar*es :i* support ! he>?1 & has to set ! /ove1 kit*5 range1 copp]1 etc41 9 a prop] mann]4 ,he has to =m v>i\s ornam5tal features & mu* else1 "s ( :i* we %all h an opportunity ( notic+ r lat]4 ,! /range/ bus9ess1 h[ev]1 :i* is intru/$ to ! bricklay] is build+ d[nw>d--by ! me?od kn[n z und]p9n+--s t if a f\ndation has fail$1 a s\nd] "o at a great] dep? may be rea*$2 or if a basem5t is requir$ "u an exi/+ build+ :i* has none1 ! space may be excavat$ & ! new walls built s z to ma9ta9 ! old4 ,?is "w has to be done ) great caution1 & bit by bit1 & is usually left to exp]i5c$ h&s4 ,! mode 9 :i* ! mort> jo9ts ( a brick wall are f9i%$ :]e !y %[ on ! ext]nal or int]nal face is a matt] wor? a mom5t's att5tion4 ,x is important t ! jo9ts ( ! "w %all be s f9i%$ z to keep out wet & to be z durable z possible1 & x is desirable t !y %\ld improve1 or at any rate n disfigure1 ! appe>ance ( ! "w4 ,! me?od :i* ar*itects /rongly advocate is t ! jo9ts %all be /ruck z ! "w proce$s--t is1 t v %ortly aft] a brick is laid1 & :ile ! mort> is yet s(t1 ! bricklay] %all draw 8 tr[el1 or a tool made = ! purpose1 across x1 to give x a smoo? & a slop+ surface4 ,?is is be/ :5 ! jo9t is :at is call$ a wea!r jo9t--i4e41 "o 9 :i* ! jo9t slopes outw>d4 ,slop+ x inw>d is n good1 z x lets 9 wet2 f9i%+ x ) a holl[ on ! face is (t5 practic$1 & is n bad4 ,bricklay]s1 h[ev]1 mo/ ( !m pref] t ! mort> jo9ts %\ld be rak$ out & po9t$--t is to say1 an in* or an in* & a half ( ! mort> next ! out] face be scrat*$ out & replac$ ) fre% mort>1 & f9i%$ to a l9e4 ,9 cases :]e ! brickwork is expos$ to fro/1 ?is proce$+ _c be avoid$1 because ! fro/ damages ! ext]nal mort> ( ! jo9ts4 ,b ! bricklay]s pref] x at all seasons ( ! ye>1 p>tly because brickwork is m quickly done if jo9ts are n /ruck at ! "t2 p>tly because !y c1 if !y l1 wa% ! :ole surface ( ! "w ) o*]1 or o!r color1 to improve ! t9t2 & p>tly because1 :e!r ! wa%+ is done or n1 x sm>t5s up ! appe>ance ( ! "w4 ,! mis=tune is t ?is po9t+1 in/ead ( be+ ! edge ( ! same mort> t goes "r ?r\gh1 is only ! edge ( a n>r[ /rip1 & does n hold on to ! old undi/urb$ mort>1 & s is f> less s\nd1 & f> m liable to decay4 ,!re is a sy/em ( improv+ ! appe>ance ( old1 decay$ "w by rak+ out & fill+ up ! jo9t1 & !n mak+ a n>r[ mort> jo9t 9 ! middle ( ?is fill+ 91 & project+ f ! face4 ,?is is call$ tuck po9t+4 ,x is v speci\s1 b x is n s\nd "w4 ,brick ar*es are con/antly be+ turn$1 & ( _m sorts4 ,an ar* consi/s ( a s]ies ( w$ge %ap$ blocks1 kn[n z v\ssoirs1 arrang$ 9 a curve1 & s lock+ "o ano!r toge!r t unless ! abutm5ts f :i* ! ar* spr+s give way1 x w n only c>ry itself1 b su/a9 a heavy load4 ,x is a con/ant practice to cut bricks to ?is %ape & build !m into an ar*1 & ^! are sometimes cut & rubb$2 sometimes1 :5 ! "w is r\gh]1 !y are ax$4 ,b 9 ord] to save ! labor ( cutt+1 ar*es are sometimes turn$ ) ! bricks left squ>e1 & ! jo9ts w$ge %ap$4 ,9 ?is case ! r+s %\ld be only half a brick ea*1 s t ! w$ge ne$ n be s v mu* wid] at back ?an at face1 & !y are set 9 cem5t1 z t mat]ial adh]es s closely & sets s h>d4 ,ar*es ( two or m half-brick r+s 9 cem5t are good con/ruction1 & are also us$ = culv]t "w4 ,a less satisfactory sort ( ar* is :at is call$ ! flat ar*4 ,"h1 in/ead ( be+ camb]$ z x ought to be1 ! s(fit is /raight2 b ! brickwork be+ deep1 !re is room en\gh = a true ar* t does ! "w1 & = useless mat]ial to hang f x4 ,^! ar*es are g5]ally rubb$ or ax$1 & are v common at ! op5+s ( ord9>y w9d[s4 ,b no "o :o has /udi$ con/ruction c look at !m )\t a k9d ( wi% = at lea/ a slight rise1 7 x only two in*es4 ,sometimes :5 ^! /raight ar*es are to be pla/]$ ov] !y are con/ruct$ 9 a v clumsy mann]1 :i* is any?+ b s\nd1 & f "t to "t !y give way4 ,! weight ( brickwork1 ( c\rse1 v>ies ) ! weight ( ! individual bricks4 ,b /ock brickwork 9 mort> weighs j ab\t "o hundr$ weight p] cubic foot1 or #bj cubic feet to ! ton4 ,9 cem5t x is heavi]1 ab\t #abj lb4 to ! cubic foot4 ,! /r5g? ( brickwork dep5ds ( c\rse on ! /r5g? ( ! weake/ mat]ial--i4e41 ! mort>--?\gh :5 x is 9 cem5t ! /r5g? ( brickwork to )/& a weight probably approa*es t ( ! individual bricks4 ,"s exp]im5ts quot$ 9 ,riv+ton's ,notes give ! foll[+ z ! cru%+ weight p] foot--t is to say1 weight at :i* cru%+ began--( pi]s hav+ a height ( less ?an twelve times _! diamet]3 ,tons p] foot4 ,be/ /ocks1 set 9 ,portl& cem5t & s& #a to #a1 & ?ree mon?s old4 #dj ,ord9>y good /ocks1 ?ree mon?s old4 #cj ,h>d /ocks1 ,roman cem5t & s& #a to #a1 ?ree mon?s old4 #bh ,h>d /ocks1 lias lime1 & s& #a to #b1 & six mon?s old4 #bd ,h>d /ocks1 gray *alk lime1 & s&1 six mon?s old4 #ab ,! rule giv5 9 popul> h&book1 t brickwork 9 mort> %\ld n h to c>ry m ?an ?ree tons p] sup]ficial foot1 & 9 cem5t m ?an five tons1 is probably s\nd1 z 9 no build+ ought ! load to approa* ! cru%+ po9t1 &1 inde$1 !re are _m sorts ( f\ndations on :i* su* a load z five tons p] foot w\ld be too great to be advisable4 ,x is a r int]e/+ inquiry1 :5ev] we are deal+ ) a build+ mat]ial1 if we ask :at c we be/ d ) x1 & = :at is x ill fitt$4 ,! purposes = :i* brick c be be/ us$ dep5d1 ( c\rse1 ^u its qualities4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 su* purposes are v num]\s & v v>i\s1 especially ! utilit>ian purposes1 ?\gh ri* & v>i$ ornam5tal "w c also be execut$ 9 brickwork4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable quality ( brickwork is t x c be ?r[n into almo/ any %ape4 ,x is 9 ?is respect almo/ l a pla/ic mat]ial1 & ?is peculi>ity x owes *iefly to ! v small size ( ea* brick z comp>$ ) ! l>ge masses ( ! brickwork ( mo/ build+s4 ,/one is f> less easily dealt ) ?an brick 9 ?is respect4 ,?9k = a mom5t ( ! great v>iety ( walls1 foot+s1 pi]s1 pila/]s1 op5+s1 recesses1 flues1 *imney brea/s1 *imney %afts1 vaults1 ar*es1 domes1 firepro( floors1 corbels1 /r+s1 capp+s1 panels1 cornices1 pl9?s1 & o!r features met ) 9 con/ant use1 & all =m$ by ! bricklay] ) little tr\ble out ( ! "o mat]ial--brickwork6 ,a little consid]ation w conv9ce y t if ! same mat]ial furni%es all ^!1 x mu/ be v pla/ic4 ,z a limitation we ought to note t ?is almo/ pla/ic mat]ial _c be sudd5ly & viol5tly dealt )--t is to say1 ) ! exception ( "s sorts ( ar*es1 y _c =m any abrupt or />tl+ feature 9 brickwork1 & y are especially limit$ z to projections4 ,if y wi% to ?r[ out any bold projection1 y may support x on a long & slop+ corbel ( brickwork4 ,b if !re is n room = t1 y mu/ call 9 "s o!r mat]ial1 & =m ! actual support 9 /one1 or t]ra cotta1 or iron1 & :5 y h ga9$ y\r projection1 y may !n g on 9 brickwork if y l4 ,brick cornices %\ld be /eep1 b _c be bold1 & s ) o!r ornam5tal & /ructural features4 ,a notewor?y prop]ty ( brickwork1 & "o ( imm5se value1 is t x is ?or\ghly firepro(2 9 fact1 almo/ ! only p]fectly firepro( mat]ial4 ,!re is an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! great fire ( ,london by "o ( ! eye witnesses1 & among ! /rik+ ph5om5a ( t awful "t he notes t ! few brick build+s :i* exi/$ 7 ! only ones able to )/& ! rag+ fire :5 x rea*$ !m4 ,9 our own day a /rik+ pro( ( ! same ?+ 0 giv5 9 ! great fire 9 ,tooley /reet1 :5 ,braidwood lo/ 8 life4 ,i witness$ t conflagration = a "t f ,london ,bridge1 & its fury 0 some?+ n to be describ$4 ,!re 7 vaults "u "s ( ! w>eh\ses /or$ ) inflammable mat]ials1 ! cont5ts ( :i* caught fire & burnt = a =tnight1 defy+ all attempts to put !m out4 ,yet ^! v vaults1 ?\gh !y 7 blaz+ furnaces = all t "t1 7 n mat]ially injur$4 ,:5 ! w>eh\ses came to be re9/at$1 x 0 only f\nd necess>y to repair & repo9t !m a little1 & !y 7 reta9$ 9 use4 ,! fact is t ! bricks h be5 calc9$ already1 s has ! lime 9 ! mort>1 & ! s& is n affect$ by heat1 s !re is no?+ 9 brickwork to burn4 ,aga9/ ea* ( ^! good qualities1 h[ev]1 we may set a correspond+ defect4 ,if brickwork is easily ?r[n into any %ape1 x is also easily ?r[n out ( %ape4 ,x has little coh]5ce or /ability1 less ?an masonry & v consid]ably less ?an timb]4 ,if any unequal settlem5t 9 ! f\ndation ( a brick build+ occurs1 ^? long zigzag cracks ) :i* we 9 ,london are only too famili> set !mselves up at once2 & if any undue load1 or any v>iation 9 load1 exi/s1 ! brickwork beg9s to bulge4 ,any s]i\s %ock may cause a build+ ( ord9>y brickwork to collapse altoge!r1 & f "t to "t a =midable accid5t occurs ow+ to ?is cause4 ,! fact is1 ! bricks are ea* s small comp>$ to ! mass ( ! "w1 & ! t5acity or hold ^u !m ( ev5 fairly good lime mort> is s comp>atively slight1 t !re is really b little grip ( "o put ^u ano!r4 ,p]sons :o h to design & con/ruct brick build+s %\ld nev] =get t !y h to be h&l$ ) caution1 & are really v tickli% & un/able4 ,"o or two ( ! me?ods ( ov]com+ ?is to "s ext5t may be m5tion$4 ,! fir/ is ! introduction ( :at is call$ bond4 ,at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury x 0 usual to build 91 at e few feet 9 height1 bond timb]s1 :i* 7 emb$d$ 9 ! he>t ( ! walls4 ,if ^! _h always rema9$ inde/ructible1 !y w\ld no d\bt h s]v$ _! purpose to "s ext5t4 ,un=tunately1 timb] bo? rots & burns1 & ?is bond timb] has br\ght d[n _m a wall ow+ to its be+ de/roy$ by fire1 & has 9 o!r cases decay$ away1 & caus$ cracks1 settlem5ts1 & failures4 ,! m mod]n me?od ( introduc+ a /rong horizontal tie is to build into ! wall a gr\p ( b&s ( ?9 iron1 su* z "s sorts ( b>rels are hoop$ )--h5ce call$ hoop iron4 ,! c\rses ( bricks :]e ?is occurs mu/ be laid 9 cem5t1 because iron 9 contact ) cem5t does n p]i% z x does 9 contact ) mort>4 ,if 9 e /ory ( a build+ f\r or five c\rses are ?us laid & =tifi$1 a great deal ( /r5g? is giv5 to ! /ructure4 ,ano!r me?od1 :i* has r fall5 into disuse1 is gr\t+4 ,?is is p\r+ liquid mort>1 ab\t ! consi/5cy ( gruel1 ^u ! "w at ab\t e f\r? c\rse4 ,! result is to fill up all int]/ices & cavities1 & to delay ! dry+ ( ! mort>1 & brickwork s treat$ sets extremely h>d4 ,i h se5 a wall t _h be5 s treat$ cut into1 & x 0 q z easy to cut ! bricks 7s\nd ones ?\gh !y 77 z ! mort> jo9ts4 ,gr\t+ is object$ to because x int]f]es ) ! good look ( ! "w1 z x is v difficult to prev5t /reaks ( x f runn+ d[n ! face1 & x is apt to delay ! "w4 ,b x is a valuable means ( obta9+ /rong brickwork4 ,ano!r & a m popul> me?od is to build ! "w 9 cem5t1 n[ usually ,portl& cem5t4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 makes v /rong1 s\nd "w1 & does n involve any delay or dirt l gr\t+1 or ! introduction ( any fre% mat]ial l hoop iron4 ,b x1 ( c\rse1 adds to ! exp5se ( ! "w consid]ably1 z cem5t is mu* m co/ly ?an lime4 ,i ought to add t ! advocates ( ,scott's sel5itic mort> claim t x n only sets quickly & h>d1 b t x is extremely t5aci\s1 & consequ5tly makes a mu* m robu/ wall ?an ord9>y mort>4 ,i d>e say ?is is true2 b ,i h n happ5$ to see su* a wall cut into1 & ?is is ! be/ te/ ( solidity4 ,! second defici5cy 9 brickwork :i* ,i am b\nd to notice is t1 ?\gh x is v firepro(1 x is f> f be+ wat]pro(4 ,9 an expos$ situation ra9 w drive completely ?r\gh a tol]ably /\t brick wall4 ,if wat] be all[$ to drop or fall aga9/ x1 ! wall w become saturat$ l a sponge4 ,if ! foot ( a wall becomes wet1 or if ! e>? re/+ aga9/ ! l[] p>ts ( x be moi/1 wat] w1 if n *eck$1 rise to a great height 9 x1 & if ! upp] "p ( ! wall be wet1 ! wat] w s9k d[nw>d4 ,) mo/ sorts ( brick ! out] face absorbs moi/ure :5ev] ! wea!r is moi/2 & 9 "t ! action ( ! ra91 & ! subsequ5t action ( fro/ ^u ! moi/ure s tak5 up1 de/roys ! mort> 9 ! jo9ts1 :i* are to be se5 p]fectly op51 z if !y _h be5 rak$ out1 9 old brickwork1 & 9 "s cases 7happily n 9 _m7 ! action ( wea!r de/roys ! bricks !mselves1 ! face decay+ away1 & ! brick becom+ s(t4 ,aga9/ ?is s]i\s defect 9 our /aple build+ mat]ial a s]ies ( precautions h be5 devis$4 ,damp ris+ f ! foot ( ! wall1 or f e>? ly+ r\nd its base1 is combat$ by a damp c\rse--a b$ ( "s imp]vi\s mat]ial go+ ?r\gh ! wall4 ,damp e>? may be kept (f by surr\nd+ ! walls ) an op5 area or a clos$ "o--usually t]m$ a dry area4 ,damp aga9/ ! face ( ! walls may be p>tly combat$ by a c>eful selection ( a non-absorb5t brick ) a h>d face & by /ruck jo9ts4 ,b x is mo/ effectually kept at bay by ! exp$i5t ( build+ ! wall holl[2 t is to say1 mak+ ! ext]nal wall ( ! h\se to consi/ ( two p]fectly di/9ct walls1 /&+ ab\t #b 94 ap>t1 & held toge!r by ties ( e>!nw>e or iron4 ,! result is t ! moi/ure bl[+ ?r\gh ! out] sk9 does n pass ! cavity1 b trickles d[n on ! inn] face ( ! out] wall1 :ile ! inn] wall rema9s dry4 ,! ties are con/ruct$ ( %apes to prev5t _! conduct+ wat] !mselves f )\t to ! inn] wall4 ,9 addition to ?is1 a s]ies ( slates =m+ an int]m$iate protection is sometimes introduc$1 & =ms an additional & mo/ valuable scre5 aga9/ wea!r4 ,sometimes1 ! two sk9s ( ! wall are clos] toge!r--say 94--& ! space is fill$ ) a bitum9\s mat]ial4 ,a sub/ance ( a bitum9\s nature1 call$ hygeian rock1 has be5 ( late ye>s introduc$1 & is be+ ext5sively us$ = ?is purpose2 x is melt$ & p\r$ into ! op5 space hot1 & quickly h>d5s4 ,! use ( su* a mat]ial is op5 to ! objection t no air c pass ?r\gh x4 ,! rooms ( our h\ses are receiv+ air con/antly ?r\gh ! walls1 & mu* ( ! con/ant curr5t up our *imneys is suppli$1 to our great advantage1 9 ?is v imp]ceptible mann]4 ,! h\se brea!s1 s to speak1 ?r\gh ! pores ( its brickwork4 ,:5 ?is is r5d]$ impossible1 x seems cle> t fi]c] draughts w ent] ?r\gh ! *9ks & crevices1 & t !re w be a great] dem& ^u flues n 9 use1 occasion+ d[n draught 9 ! *imneys4 ,ano!r mode ( keep+ out wea!r is to cem5t ! face ( ! brickwork4 ,b ?is hides up ! "w1 & s t5ds to promote bad "w1 besides be+ (t5 v unsightly4 ,among o!r peculi>ities ( brickwork are ! facilities = introduc+ diff]5t colors & diff]5t textures ( surface :i* x pres5ts1 ! ease ) :i* op5+s & ar*es c be =m$ 9 x1 ! possibility ( execut+ ornam5t & ev5 c>v+1 & ! ease ) :i* brickwork w comb9e ) o!r build+ mat]ials4 ,x _c be well made use ( = columns1 ?\gh x may readily en\gh be turn$ into pi]s or pila/]s4 ,x _c1 g5]ally speak+1 ) advantage be made use ( = any l>ge domes1 ?\gh ! inn] dome ( ,/4 ,paul's & ! int]m$iate cone are ( brick1 & /& well4 ,b x is an excell5t mat]ial = vault+ arcades & all purposes involv+ ! turn+ ( ar*es4 ,brickwork mu/ be said to be durable1 b x requires c>e4 ,if n ( ! be/1 brickwork )9 ! rea* ( ! con/ant vibration caus$ by ! traffic on a railway seems to be 9 dang] ( be+ %ak5 to pieces1 judg+ f "o or two in/ances t h come "u my own obs]vation4 ,! mort>1 & ev5 9 "s cases ! bricks !mselves1 w rapidly det]iorate if moi/ure be all[$ to get into ! he>t ( a brick wall1 & 9 expos$ situations ?is is v apt to happ54 ,c>e %\ld always be tak5 to keep ! po9t+ ( ext]nal brickwork 9 good ord]1 & to ma9ta9 all cop+s & o!r projections int5d$ to b> ! access ( wat] com+ d[n f above1 & to /op ! ov]fl[+ ( gutt]s & /ack pipes1 :i* soon soaks ! wall ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,( c\rse1 if !re is a failure ( f\ndations1 brickwork1 z 0 po9t$ out e>li]1 becomes affect$ at once4 ,b if ^! be good1 & ! mat]ials us$ be s\nd ones1 & if ! o!r precautions j recomm5d$ be tak51 x w la/ /rong & /urdy = an imm5se l5g? ( "t4 ,9 "s cases1 z = example 9 ! ,roman ru9s1 x has /ood = #a1ejj ye>s "u e possible exposure & neglect1 & /ill %[s some?+ ( a /urdy exi/5ce aft] all1 ?\gh sadly mutilat$4 ,if we n[ return to ! "q1 ,:at c be well done 9 brickwork8 no bett] answ] c be giv5 ?an to po9t to :at has be5 & is be+ done1 especially 9 ,london & )9 our own rea* & obs]vation4 ,great eng9e]+ works1 su* z railway viaducts1 ! l9+ ( railway tunnels1 ! pi]s & ev5 ! ar*es ( bridges1 sewage works1 dock & :>f walls1 furnace *imneys1 & o!r works ( ?is sort are *iefly done 9 brickwork4 ,& not)/&+ t iron is f> m us$ by ! eng9e] = "s purposes & concrete = o!rs n[ ?an =m]ly1 /ill !re is a great field = brickwork4 ,! late ,mr4 ,brunel1 :o 0 fond ( pu%+ size to extremes1 tri$ h[ wide a span he c\ld ar* ov] ) brickwork4 ,& ,i believe ! bridge :i* c>ries ! ,g4,w4,r4 ov] ! ,?ames at ,maid5head has ! wide/ ar* he or any o!r eng9e] has successfully erect$ 9 brick4 ,?is ar* has1 x is /at$1 a span ( #abh ft4 ,x is segm5tal1 ! radius be+ #afi ft41 & ! rise f spr++ to cr[n #bd ft41 & ! dep? ( ! ar* #e ft4 #c 94 ,n[adays1 ( c\rse1 no "o w\ld dream ( any?+ b an iron gird] bridge 9 su* a position4 ,mr4 ,brunel's fa!r1 :5 he con/ruct$ ! ,?ames ,tunnel1 l9$ x ) brickwork foot by foot z he w5t on1 & t l9+ su/a9$ ! heavy weight ( ! b$ ( ! riv] & ! riv] itself4 ,if y leave ,london by ei!r ( ! s\!rn l9es1 all ( :i* are at a high level1 y g = miles on viaducts consi/+ ( brick ar*es c>ri$ on brick walls4 ,if y leave by ! nor!rn l9es1 y plunge into tunnel aft] tunnel l9$ ) brickwork1 & kept secure by su* l9+4 ,mile aft] mile ( ,london /reets1 & ^? 9 ! suburbs1 pres5t to ! eye little b brick build+s2 dwell+ h\ses1 %ops1 w>eh\ses1 succe$ "o ano!r1 all 9 brickwork1 & ev5 :5 ! eye seems to cat* a *ange1 x is m app>5t ?an real4 ,! :ite mansions ( ,tyburnia1 ,belgravia1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 & ! neat villas ( ! suburbs are only brickwork1 ) a ?9 coat ( /ucco1 :i* s]ves ! purpose ( conceal+ ! real /ructure--(t5 only too mu* 9 ne$ ( concealm5t--) a mat]ial suppos$ to be a little m sightly1 & c]ta9ly capable ( keep+ ! wea!r out r m effectually ?an common brickwork w\ld4 ,m ?an ?is1 su* f9e /ructures1 app>5tly built entirely ( /one1 z are be+ put up = comm]cial purposes 9 ! /reets ( ! city1 & = public purposes ?r\gh\t ,london1 are all ( !m no?+ m ?an brick fabrics ) a fac+ ( masonry4 ,exam9e "o ( !m 9 progress1 & y w f9d ! f\ndations & vaults ( brickwork1 & n only ! int]ior walls1 b ! ma9 "p ( ! front wall1 execut$ 9 brickwork1 & ! /one only sk9 deep4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two or ?ree ways ( mak+ use ( brickwork )\t cov]+ x up1 & ( ga9+ good ar*itectural effects !reby1 & to ^! ,i beg n[ to direct y\r att5tion4 ,! ar*itect :o desires to make an effective brick build+1 :i* %all hone/ly proclaim to all ! _w t x is ( brick1 may d ?is1 &1 if he w1 may d x successfully1 by employ+ brickwork & no o!r mat]ial1 b mak+ ! be/ use ( ! opportunities :i* x af=ds1 or he may erect 8 build+ ( brickwork & /one comb9$1 or ( brickwork & t]ra cotta4 ,mr4 ,robson1 till lately ! ar*itect to ! ,s*ool ,bo>d = ,london1 has ! m]it ( hav+ put d[n 9 e "p ( ! metropolis a s]ies ( well contriv$ & well design$ build+s1 ! ext]ior ( :i* almo/ )\t exception consi/s ( brickwork only4 ,if y exam9e "o ( 8 s*ool-h\ses1 y w see t ! walls are ( ord9>y /ock brickwork1 b usually bright5$ up by a little r$ brick at ea* angle1 & surm\nt$ by well contra/$ gables & ) l(ty1 well design$ *imneys1 ris+ f ! til$ ro(4 ,! w9d[ op5+s & doorways are m>k$ by brickwork1 usually also r$1 & sometimes m\ld$1 & ?\gh ,i p]sonally mu/ diff] f ! ta/e :i* select$ "s ( ! =ms employ$ 7!y are ^? 9 use 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! #ag? & ! la/ c5turies71 ,i cordially recognize t ) v simple & inexp5sive means exce$+ly good1 appropriate1 & effective build+s h be5 design$4 ,among examples ( ar*itecture :olly1 or almo/ :olly1 execut$ 9 r$ brick1 ,i _c pass ov] a build+ built _m ye>s ago1 little kn[n on acc\nt ( its obscure situation1 b a gem 9 its way4 ,i allude to ! s*ools design$ by ,mr4 ,wilde1 & built 9 ,ca/le /reet1 ,endell /reet4 ,( build+s :]e a small am\nt ( /one is introduc$ into brickwork we h a good _m f9e specim5s 9 ,london4 ,"o ( ! be/--probably ! be/--is ! libr>y 9 ,l9coln's ,inn ,fields4 ,?is is a l>ge & picturesque pile1 built "u ,mr4 ,h>dwick1 z ar*itect1 9 r$ brick1 ) patt]ns 9 ! blank p>ts ( ! walls done 9 black brick4 ,x has spl5did m\ld$ brick *imneys1 & ! mullions ( ! w9d[s1 ! cop+s1 ! entrances1 & "s o!r ar*itectural features done 9 /one4 ,! build+ is a good reproduction ( ! /yle ( build+ 9 ,tudor times1 :51 z has be5 already m5tion$1 brickwork 0 tak5 into favor4 ,ano!r build+ ( ! same class1 b n s good1 is ! old] "p ( ! ,consumption ,hospital1 at ,brompton4 ,brickwork1 ) a little /one1 has be5 v successfully employ$ z ! mat]ial = *ur*es1 & 9 _m su* cases ! int]ior is ( unpla/]$ brickwork4 ,su* *ur*es (t5 atta91 :5 design$ by skillful h&s1 great dignity & bread? ( effect4 ,/4 ,albans1 ,holborn2 ! great *ur* design$ by ,mr4 ,butt]field1 9 ,m>g>et /reet2 ,mr4 ,/reet's *ur* ne> ,v9c5t squ>e1 ,we/m9/]2 & sev]al *ur*es ( ,mr4 ,brooks'1 su* z he 0 k9d en\gh to enable me to illu/rate tonight1 may be m5tion$ z examples ( ! sort4 ,mr4 ,wat]h\se has built an elaborate ,congregational *ur* at ,hamp/ead1 :i* %[s ! use ) :i* su* effects ( color may be obta9$ 9 int]iors1 & has k9dly l5t "s draw+s4 ,mr4 ,pe>son's *ur* at ,kilburn may also be ref]r$ to z a f9e example ( brick vault+4 ,brick & t]ra cotta seem to h a natural aff9ity = "o ano!r4 ,t]ra cotta is no m ?an a ref9$ brick1 made ( ! same sort ( mat]ial1 only 9 e respect m c>efully1 & kiln bak$4 ,its simil>ity to brick is su* t !re is no s5se ( incongruity if m\ld$ or c>v$ brickwork & t]ra cotta are bo? employ$ 9 ! same build+1 & ?is c h>dly be said to be ! case if ! attempt is made to comb9e ornam5tal brickwork & /one ornam5ts4 ,at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 a :ole gr\p ( examples ( brickwork ) t]ra cotta meet u4 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 ! f9e/ ( !m all1 is h>dly fit = our pres5t purpose1 z x is z completely encas$ 9 t]ra cotta z ! fronts ( ! build+s 9 ?is av5ue are 9 /one4 ,b "h are ! ,alb]t ,hall1 a f9e specim5 ( mass & effect2 ! ,city & ,guilds ,in/itute2 ! ,college ( ,music1 & "s private h\ses & blocks ( flats1 all 9 r$ brick ) t]ra cotta1 & all %[+ ! happy mann] 9 :i* ! two mat]ials c be bl5d$4 ,9 mo/ ( !m !re is a contra/ ( color2 b ,mr4 ,wat]h\se1 9 ! ,te*nical ,in/itute1 has employ$ r$ t]ra cotta ) r$ bricks1 z he also has done 9 8 f9e ,/4 ,paul's ,s*ool at ,hamm]smi?1 & ,mr4 ,norman ,%aw has1 9 8 f9e pile ( build+s 9 ,/4 ,james' /reet4 ,?is comb9ation--namely1 brick & t]ra cotta--,i look ^u z ! be/ = )/&+ ! ,london climate1 & = mak+ full use ( ! capabilities ( brickwork t c be employ$1 & ,i h no d\bt t 9 ! future x w be frequ5tly resort$ to4 ,"s ( ^? examples also %[ ! introduction ( ca/ ornam5ts1 & o!rs ! employm5t ( c>v+ z means ( enri*+ ! surface ( brick walls ) excell5t effect4 ,"h we mu/ leave ! subject2 b 9 clos+1 ,i _c =be> po9t+ to ! art ( ! bricklay] z a f9e example ( :at may be accompli%$ by /eady p]sev]ance4 ,e brick 9 ! miles ( viaducts or tunnels1 h\ses1 or public build+s1 to :i* we h made allusion1 0 laid sep>ately1 & x is only /eady p]sev]ance1 brick aft] brick1 on ! "p ( ! bricklay]1 :i* c\ld h rais$ ^! great masses ( "w4 ,let me add t no "o brick out ( ! _m laid is ( no importance4 ,"s "t ago a great fire occurr$ 9 a public asylum1 & ab\t #b1jjj ( damage 0 done1 & ! lives ( _m ( ! inmates endang]$4 ,:5 ! orig9 ( ?is fire came to be trac$ out1 x 0 f\nd t x 0 due to "o brick be+ left out 9 a flue4 ,a p5ny w\ld be a high e/imate ( ! co/ ( t brick & ( ! exp5se ( lay+ x1 yet ?r\gh ! neglect ( t p5nywor?1 #b1jjj damage 0 done1 & risk ( human life 0 run4 ,i ?9k !re is a moral 9 ?is /ory :i* ea* ( u c make out if he w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a firepro( :itewa% c be readily made by add+ "o "p silicate ( soda 7or pota%7 to e five p>ts ( :itewa%4 ,! addition ( a solution ( alum to :itewa% is recomm5d$ z a means to prev5t ! rubb+ (f ( ! wa%4 ,a coat+ ( a good glue size made by dissolv+ half a p\nd ( glue 9 a gallon ( wat] is employ$ :5 ! wall is to be pap]$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,alt]nat+ ,,curr5ts4 ,footnote3 ,f a pap] read be=e ! rec5t meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,electrical ,eng9e]s1 ,new ,york1 & report$ 9 ! ,electrical ,_w4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,elihu ,,?omson4 ,! actions produc$ & producible by ! ag5cy ( alt]nat+ curr5ts ( consid]able en]gy are assum+ great] importance 9 ! electric arts4 ,i mean1 ( c\rse1 by ! t]m alt]nat+ curr5ts1 curr5ts ( electricity rev]s$ at frequ5t int]vals1 s t a positive fl[ is succe$$ by a negative fl[1 & t aga9 by a positive fl[1 su* rev]sals occurr+ _m times 9 a second1 s t ! curve ( curr5t ( electromotive =ce w1 if plott$1 be a wave l9e1 ! amplitude ( :i* is ! ari?metical sum ( ! positive & negative maxima ( curr5t or electromotive =ce1 z ! case may be1 :ile a horizontal middle l9e jo9s ! z]o po9ts ( curr5t or electromotive =ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,x is well kn[n t su* a curr5t pass+ 9 a coil or conductor laid p>allel ) or 9 inductive relation to a second coil or conductor1 w induce 9 ! second conductor1 if on op5 circuit1 alt]nat+ electromotive =ces1 & t if its t]m9als be clos$ or jo9$1 alt]nat+ curr5ts ( ! same rhy?m1 p]iod1 or pit*1 w circulate 9 ! second conductor4 ,?is is ! action occurr+ 9 any induction coil ^: prim>y wire is trav]s$ by alt]nat+ curr5ts1 & ^: second>y wire is clos$ ei!r ^u itself directly or ?r\gh a resi/ance4 ,:at ,i desire to draw att5tion to 9 ! pres5t pap] are ! me*anical actions ( attraction & repulsion :i* w be exhibit$ betwe5 ! two conductors1 & ! novel results :i* may be obta9$ by modifications 9 ! relative dispositions ( ! two conductors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,9 #ahhd1 :ile prep>+ = ! ,int]national ,electrical ,exhibition at ,philadelphia1 we _h occasion to con/ruct a l>ge electro-magnet1 ! cores ( :i* 7 ab\t six in*es 9 diamet] & ab\t tw5ty in*es long4 ,!y 7 made ( bundles ( iron rod ( ab\t #e_/af in* diamet]4 ,:5 complete1 ! magnet 0 en]giz$ by ! curr5t ( a dynamo giv+ cont9u\s curr5ts1 & x exhibit$ ! usual p[]ful magnetic effects4 ,x 0 f\nd also t a disk ( %eet copp]1 ( ab\t #a_/af in* ?ickness & #aj in*es 9 diamet]1 if dropp$ flat aga9/ a pole ( ! magnet1 w\ld settle d[n s(tly ^u x1 be+ ret>d$ by ! developm5t ( curr5ts 9 ! disk due to its movem5t 9 a /rong magnetic field1 & :i* curr5ts 7 ( opposite direction to ^? 9 ! coils ( ! magnet4 ,9 fact1 x 0 impossible to /rike ! magnet pole a %>p bl[ ) ! disk1 ev5 :5 ! attempt 0 made by hold+ "o edge ( ! disk 9 ! h& & br++ x d[n =cibly t[>d ! magnet4 ,9 attempt+ to raise ! disk quickly (f ! pole1 a simil> b opposite action ( resi/ance to movem5t took place1 %[+ ! developm5t ( curr5ts 9 ! same direction to ^? 9 ! coils ( ! magnet1 & :i* curr5ts1 ( c\rse1 w\ld cause attraction z a result4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c ,! exp]im5t 01 h[ev]1 v>i$1 z 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! disk1 ,d1 0 held ov] ! magnet pole1 z %[n1 & ! curr5t 9 ! magnet coils cut (f by %unt+ !m4 ,!re 0 felt an attraction ( ! disk or a dip t[>d ! pole4 ,! curr5t 0 !n put on by op5+ ! %unt+ swit*1 & a repulsive action or lift ( ! disk 0 felt4 ,! actions j describ$ are :at w\ld be expect$ 9 su* a case1 = :5 attraction took place1 curr5ts _h be5 induc$ 9 ! disk1 ,d1 9 ! same direction z ^? 9 ! magnet coils b5ea? x1 & :5 repulsion took place ! induc$ curr5t 9 ! disk 0 ( opposite "* or direction to t 9 ! coils4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,n[ let u imag9e ! curr5t 9 ! magnet coils to be n only cut (f1 b rev]s$ back & =?4 ,= ! reasons j giv51 we w f9d t ! disk1 ,d1 is attract$ & repell$ alt]nately2 =1 :5ev] ! curr5ts induc$ 9 x are ( ! same direction ) ^? 9 ! induc+ or magnet coil1 attraction w ensue1 & :5 !y are opposite 9 direction1 repulsion w be produc$4 ,moreov]1 ! repulsion w be produc$ :5 ! curr5t 9 ! magnet coil is ris+ to a maximum 9 ei!r direction1 & attraction w be ! result :5 ! curr5t ( ei!r direction is fall+ to z]o1 s9ce 9 ! =m] case opposite curr5ts are induc$ 9 ! disk1 ,d1 9 accordance ) well kn[n laws1 & 9 ! latt] case curr5ts ( ! same direction w exi/ 9 ! disk1 ,d1 & ! magnet coil4 ,! disk might1 ( c\rse1 be replac$ by a r+ ( copp] or o!r good conductor1 or by a clos$ coil ( b>e or insulat$ wire1 or by a s]ies ( disks1 r+s or coils sup]pos$1 & ! results w\ld be ! same4 ,?us f>1 inde$1 we h no?+ ( a p>ticul>ly novel "*1 &1 d\btless1 o!r exp]im5t]s h made v simil> exp]im5ts & not$ simil> results to ^? describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e ,! acc\nt j giv5 ( ! effects produc$ by alt]nat+ curr5ts1 :ile true1 is n ! :ole tru?1 & j "h we may supplem5t x by ! foll[+ /atem5ts3 ,an alt]nat+ curr5t circuit or coil repels & attracts a clos$ circuit or coil plac$ 9 direct or magnetic inductive relation !re)2 b ! repulsive effect is 9 excess ( ! attractive effect4 ,:5 ! clos$ circuit or coil is s plac$1 & is ( su* l[ resi/ance metal t a comp>atively l>ge curr5t c circulate z an induc$ curr5t1 s z to be subject to a l>ge self-induction1 ! repulsive f> exce$s ! attractive ef=t4 ,= want ( a bett] "n1 ,i %all call ?is excess ( repulsive effect ! electro-inductive repulsion ( ! coils or circuits4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,?is prepond]at+ repulsive effect may be utiliz$ or may %[ its pres5ce by produc+ movem5t or pressure 9 a giv5 direction1 by produc+ angul> deflection z ( a pivot$ body1 or by produc+ cont9u\s rotation ) a prop]ly organiz$ /ructure4 ,"s ( ! simple devices realiz+ ! conditions ,i w n[ describe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,9 ,fig4 #b1 ,c is a coil trav]s$ by alt]nat+ curr5ts4 ,b is a copp] case or tube surr\nd+ x1 b n exactly ov] its c5t]4 ,! copp] tube1 ,b1 is fairly massive & is ! seat ( heavy induc$ curr5ts4 ,!re is a prepond]ance ( repulsive action1 t5d+ to =ce ! two conductors ap>t 9 an axial l9e4 ,! "p1 ,b1 may be replac$ by conc5tric tubes slid "o 9 ! o!r1 or by a pile ( flat r+s1 or by a clos$ coil ( co>se or f9e wire insulat$1 or n4 ,if ! coil1 ,c1 or prim>y coil1 is provid$ ) an iron core su* z a bundle ( f9e iron wires1 ! effects are greatly increas$ 9 int5sity1 & ! repulsion ) a /rong prim>y curr5t may become q vigor\s1 _m p\nds ( ?ru/ be+ producible by app>atus ( q mod]ate size4 ,! =ms & relations ( ! two p>ts1 ,c & ,b1 may be greatly modifi$1 ) ! g5]al result ( a prepond]ance ( repulsive action :5 ! alt]nat+ curr5ts circulate4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! "p1 ,b1 ( an int]nally tap]$ or con$ =m1 & ,c ( an ext]nally con$ =m1 w\nd on an iron wire bundle1 ,i4 ,! action 9 ,fig4 #b may be said to be analog\s to t ( a pla9 sol5oid ) its core1 except t repulsion1 & n attraction1 is produc$1 :ile t ( ,fig4 #c is m l ! action ( tap]$ or conically w\nd sol5oids & tap] cores4 ,( c\rse1 x is unnecess>y t bo? be tap]$4 ,! effect ( su* %ap+ is simply to modify ! range ( action & ! am\nt ( repulsive ef=t exi/+ at diff]5t p>ts ( ! range4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,9 ,fig4 #d ! arrangem5t is modifi$ s t ! coil1 ,c1 is outside1 & ! clos$ b& or circuit1 ,b1 inside & ar\nd ! core1 ,i4 ,electro-inductive repulsion is produc$ z be=e4 ,x w be evid5t t ! repulsive actions w n be me*anically manife/$ by axial movem5t or ef=t :5 ! electrical middles ( ! coils or circuits are co9cid5t4 ,9 cyl9drical coils 9 :i* ! curr5t is uni=mly di/ribut$ ?r\gh all ! p>ts ( ! conductor section1 :at ,i "h t]m ! electrical middle1 or ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! amp]e turns ( ! coils1 w be ! plane at "r angles to its axis at its middle1 t ( ,b & ,c1 9 ,fig4 #d1 be+ indicat$ by a dott$ l9e4 ,to repeat1 !n1 :5 ! c5t]s or c5t] planes ( ! conductors1 ,fig4 #d1 co9cide1 no indication ( electro-inductive repulsion is giv51 because x is mutually balanc$ 9 all directions2 b :5 ! coils are displac$1 a repulsion is manife/$1 :i* rea*es a maximum at a position dep5d+ on ! peculi>ities ( proportion & di/ribution ( curr5t at any "t 9 ! two circuits or conductors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,x is n my purpose n[ to discuss ! ways ( det]m9+ ! di/ribution ( curr5ts & me*anical effects1 z t w\ld ext5d ! pres5t pap] mu* beyond its int5d$ limit4 ,! =ms & relative arrangem5t ( ! two conductors may be greatly v>i$4 ,9 ,fig4 #e ! p>ts are ( equal diamet]1 "o1 ,b1 be+ a clos$ r+1 & ! o!r1 ,c1 be+ an annul> coil plac$ p>allel !reto2 & an iron core or wire bundle plac$ 9 ! common axis ( ! two coils increases ! repulsive action4 ,b may be simply a disk or plate ( any =m1 )\t greatly affect+ ! nature ( ! action produc$4 ,x may also be compos$ ( a pile ( copp] wa%]s or a coil ( wire1 z be=e indicat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,an arrangem5t ( p>ts some:at analog\s to t ( a horse%oe electro magnet & armature is %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,! alt]nat+ curr5t coils1 ,c ,c'1 are w\nd ^u an iron wire bundle b5t into ,u =m1 & opposite its poles is plac$ a pair ( ?ick copp] disks1 ,b ,b'1 :i* are attract$ & repell$1 b ) an excess ( repulsion dep5d+ on _! =m1 ?ickness1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,if ! iron core takes ! =m ( t %[n by ,i ,i1 ,fig4 #g1 su* z a cut r+ ) ! coil1 ,c1 w\nd !reon1 ! ins]tion ( a heavy copp] plate1 ,b1 into ! slot or divid$ portion ( ! r+ w be oppos$ by a repulsive ef=t :5 alt]nat+ curr5ts pass 9 ,c4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ =m ( device 9 :i* ,i notic$ ! ph5om5on ( repulsive prepond]ance 9 "q4 ,! t5d5cy is to ?ru/ ! plate1 ,b1 out ( ! slot 9 ! r+ except+ only :5 its c5t] is co9cid5t ) ! magnetic axis jo9+ ! poles ( ! r+ betwe5 :i* ,b is plac$4 ,if ! axes ( ! conductors1 ,fig4 #e1 are n co9cid5t1 b displac$1 z 9 ,fig4 #h1 !n1 besides a simple repulsion ap>t1 !re is a lat]al compon5t or t5d5cy1 z indicat$ by ! arr[s4 ,ak9 to ?is is ! exp]im5t illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,"h ! clos$ conductor1 ,b1 is plac$ ) its plane at "r angles to t ( ,c1 w\nd on a wire bundle4 ,! "p1 ,b1 t5ds to move t[>d ! c5t] ( ! coil1 ,c1 s t its axis w be 9 ! middle plane ( ,c1 transv]se to ! core1 z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9e4 ,?is leads u at once to ano!r class ( actions1 i4e41 deflective actions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,:5 "o ( ! conductors1 z ,b1 ,fig4 #aj1 compos$ ( a disk1 or1 bett]1 ( a pile ( ?9 copp] disks1 or ( a clos$ coil ( wire1 is m\nt$ on an axis1 ,x1 transv]se to ! axis ( coil1 ,c1 ?r\gh :i* coil ! alt]nat+ curr5t passes1 a deflection ( ,b to ! position indicat$ by dott$ l9es w take place1 unless ! plane ( ,b is at ! />t exactly co9cid5t ) t ( ,c4 ,if slightly incl9$ at ! />t1 deflection w be caus$ z /at$4 ,x matt]s n :e!r ! coil1 ,c1 incloses ! "p1 ,b1 or be inclos$ by x1 or :e!r ! coil1 ,c1 be pivot$ & ,b fix$1 or bo? be pivot$4 ,9 ,fig4 #aa ! coil1 ,c1 surr\nds an iron wire core1 & ,b is pivot$ above x1 z %[n4 ,x is deflect$1 z be=e1 to ! position indicat$ 9 dott$ l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac ,x is important to rem>k "h t 9 cases :]e deflection is to be obta9$1 z 9 ,figs4 #aj & #aa1 ,b _h be/ be made ( a pile ( ?9 wa%]s or a clos$ coil ( insulat$ wire in/ead ( a solid r+4 ,?is avoids ! less5+ ( effect :i* w\ld come f ! induction ( curr5ts 9 ! r+1 ,b1 9 o!r directions ?an p>allel to its circumf]5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,we w n[ turn our att5tion to ! explanation ( ! actions exhibit$1 & aft]w>d ref] to _! possible applications4 ,x may be /at$ z c]ta9ly true t 7 ! induc$ curr5ts 9 ! clos$ conductor unaffect$ by any self-induction1 ! only ph5om5a exhibit$ w\ld be alt]nate equal attractions & repulsions1 because curr5ts w\ld be induc$ 9 opposite directions to t ( ! prim>y curr5t :5 ! latt] curr5t 0 *ang+ f z]o to maximum positive or negative curr5t1 s produc+ repulsion2 & w\ld be induc$ 9 ! same direction :5 *ang+ f maximum positive or negative value to z]o1 s produc+ attraction4 ,?is condition c be illu/rat$ by a diagram1 ,fig4 #ab4 ,"h ! l9es ( z]o curr5t are ! horizontal /raight l9es4 ,! wavy l9es repres5t ! v>iations ( curr5t /r5g? 9 ea* conductor1 ! curr5t 9 "o direction be+ indicat$ by t portion ( ! curve above ! z]o l9e1 & 9 ! o!r direction by t portion bel[ x4 ,! v]tical dott$ l9es simply m>k (f correspond+ portions ( phase or succession ( times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae ,"h x w be se5 t 9 ! positive prim>y curr5t desc5d+ f m1 its maximum1 to ! z]o l9e1 ! second>y curr5t has ris5 f its z]o to m1 its maximum4 ,attraction w !re=e ensue1 = ! curr5ts are 9 ! same direction 9 ! two conductors4 ,:5 ! prim>y curr5t increases f z]o to its negative maximum1 n1 ! positive curr5t 9 ! second>y clos$ circuit w be decreas+ f m1 its positive maximum1 to z]o2 b1 z ! curr5ts are 9 opposite directions1 repulsion w occur4 ,^! actions ( attraction & repulsion w be reproduc$ cont9ually1 !re be+ a repulsion1 !n an attraction1 !n a repulsion1 & aga9 an attraction1 dur+ "o complete wave ( ! prim>y curr5t4 ,! lett]s1 r1 a1 at ! foot ( ! diagram1 ,fig4 #ab1 indicate ?is succession4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 ! effects ( self-induction 9 caus+ a lag1 %ift1 or ret>dation ( phase 9 ! second>y curr5t w consid]ably modify ! results1 & especially s :5 ! second>y conductor is con/ruct$ s z to give to su* self-induction a l>ge value4 ,9 o!r words1 ! maxima ( ! prim>y or induc+ curr5t w no long] be f\nd co9cid5t ) ! z]o po9ts ( ! second>y curr5ts4 ,! effect w be ! same z if ! l9e repres5t+ ! wave ( ! second>y curr5t 9 ,fig4 #ab _h be5 %ift$ =w>d to a great] or less ext5t4 ,?is is indicat$ 9 diagram1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,x gives d\btless an exagg]at$ view ( ! action1 ?\gh f ! effects ( repulsion :i* ,i h produc$1 ,i %\ld say x is by no means an unrealizable condition4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,x w be notic$ t ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! curr5ts are opposite1 & dur+ :i* repulsion c take place1 is l5g!n$ at ! exp5se ( ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! curr5ts are 9 ! same direction = attractive action4 ,^! diff]+ p]iods are m>k$ r1 a1 etc41 or ! p]iod dur+ :i* repulsion exi/s is f ! z]o ( ! prim>y or induc+ curr5t to ! succe$+ z]o ( ! second>y or induc$ curr5t2 & ! p]iod dur+ :i* attraction exi/s is f ! z]o ( ! induc$ curr5t to ! z]o ( induc+ curr5t4 ,b f> m important /ill 9 giv+ prom95ce to ! repulsive effect ?an ?is diff]5ce ( effective p]iod is ! fact t dur+ ! p]iod ( repulsion bo? ! induc+ & induc$ curr5ts h _! greate/ values1 :ile dur+ ! p]iod ( attraction ! curr5ts are ( small am\nts comp>atively4 ,?is condition may be o!rwise express$ by say+ t ! p]iod dur+ :i* repulsion occurs includes all ! maxima ( curr5t1 :ile ! p]iod ( attraction includes no maxima4 ,!re is !n a repulsion due to ! summative effects ( /rong opposite curr5ts = a l5g!n$ p]iod1 aga9/ an attraction due to ! summative effects ( weak curr5ts ( ! same direction dur+ a %ort5$ p]iod1 ! resultant effect be+ a greatly prepond]at+ repulsion4 ,x is n[ n difficult to und]/& all ! actions be=e describ$ z obta9$ ) ! v>i$ relations ( coils1 magnetic fields1 & clos$ circuits4 ,x w be easily und]/ood1 also1 t an alt]nat+ magnetic field is 9 all respects ! same z an alt]nat+ curr5t coil 9 produc+ repulsion on ! clos$ conductor1 because ! repulsions betwe5 ! two conductors are ! result ( magnetic repulsions aris+ f oppos+ fields produc$ by ! coils :5 ! curr5ts are ( opposite directions 9 !m4 ,?us f> ,i h appli$ ! repulsive action describ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( alt]nat+ curr5t indicators1 alt]nat+ curr5t arc lamps1 regulat+ devices = alt]nat+ curr5ts1 & to rot>y motors = su* curr5ts4 ,= curr5t indicators1 a pivot$ or susp5d$ copp] b& or r+ compos$ ( ?9 wa%]s pil$ toge!r & insulat$ f "o ano!r1 & made to c>ry a po9t] or index has be5 plac$ 9 ! axis ( a coil convey+ alt]nat+ curr5ts ^: am\nt or pot5tial is to be indicat$4 ,gravity or a spr+ is us$ to br+ ! index to ! z]o ( a divid$ scale1 at :i* "t ! plane ( ! copp] r+ or b& makes an angle (1 say1 #ae degrees to #bj degrees ) ! plane ( ! coil4 ,?is angle is increas$ by deflection m or less great1 accord+ to ! curr5t trav]s+ ! coil4 ,! in/rum5t c be calibrat$ = set conditions ( use4 ,"t w\ld n p]mit ( a full description ( ^! arrangem5ts z made up to ! pres5t4 ,9 arc lamps ! magnet = =m+ ! arc c be compos$ ( a clos$ conductor1 a coil = ! passage ( curr5t1 & an iron wire core4 ,! repulsive action ^u ! clos$ conductor lifts & regulates ! c>bons 9 mu* ! same mann] t electro magnets d :5 cont9u\s curr5ts are us$4 ,! electro-inductive repulsive action has also be5 appli$ to regulat+ devices = alt]nat+ curr5ts1 ) ! details ( :i* ,i _c n[ deal4 ,= ! con/ruction ( an alt]nat+ curr5t motor :i* c be />t$ f a /ate ( re/ ! pr9ciple has also be5 appli$1 & x may "h be rem>k$ t a numb] ( designs ( su* motors is practicable4 ,"o ( ! simple/ is z foll[s3 ,! coils1 ,c1 ,fig4 #ad1 are trav]s$ by an alt]nat+ curr5t & are plac$ ov] a coil1 ,b1 m\nt$ ^u a horizontal axis1 transv]se to ! axis ( ! coil1 ,c4 ,! t]m9als ( ! coil1 ,b1 :i* is w\nd ) insulat$ wire1 are c>ri$ to a commutator1 ! bru%es be+ connect$ by a wire1 z indicat$4 ,! commutator is s con/ruct$ z to keep ! coil1 ,b1 on %ort circuit f ! position ( co9cid5ce ) ! plane ( ,c to ! position :]e ! plane ( ,b is at "r angles to t ( ,c2 & to keep ! coil1 ,b1 op5-circuit$ f ! "r-angl$ position1 or !reab\ts1 to ! position ( p>allel or co9cid5t planes4 ,! deflective repulsion exhibit$ by ,b w1 :5 its circuit is complet$ by ! commutator & bru%es1 z describ$1 act to place its plane at "r angles to t ( ,c2 b be+ !n op5-circuit$1 its mom5tum c>ries x to ! position j pa/ p>allelism1 at :i* mom5t x is aga9 %ort-circuit$1 & s on4 ,x is capable ( v rapid rotation1 b its en]gy is small4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 ext5d$ ! pr9ciple to ! con/ruction ( m complete app>atus4 ,"o =m has its revolv+ portion or armature compos$ ( a numb] ( %eet iron disks w\nd z usual ) ?ree coils cross+ ne> ! %aft4 ,! commutator is arrang$ to %ort-circuit ea* ( ^! coils 9 succession1 & twice 9 a revolution1 & = a p]iod ( #ij-;degrees ( rotation ea*4 ,! field coils surr\nd ! armature1 & !re is a lam9at$ iron field /ructure complet+ ! magnetic circuit4 ,i may say "h t surr\nd+ ! armature ( a dynamo by ! field coils1 ?\gh v rec5tly put =? z a new dep>ture1 0 describ$ 9 v>i\s ,?omson-,h\/on pat5ts1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t all ,?omson-,h\/on ma*9es embody ?is feature4 ,figs4 #ae & #af w give an idea ( ! con/ruction ( ! motor ref]r$ to4 ,,cc' are ! field coils or induc+ coils1 :i* alone are put into ! alt]nat+ curr5t circuit4 ,,ii is a mass ( lam9at$ iron1 9 ! int]ior ( :i* ! armature revolves1 ) its ?ree coils1 ,b1 ,b1 ,b1 w\nd on a core ( %eet iron disks4 ,! commutator %ort-circuits ! armature coils 9 succession 9 ! prop] positions to utilize ! repulsive effect set up by ! curr5ts :i* are induc$ 9 !m by ! alt]nations 9 ! field coils4 ,! motor has no dead po9t1 & w />t f a /ate ( re/ & give out consid]able p[]1 b ) :at economy is n yet kn[n4 ,a curi\s prop]ty ( ! ma*9e is t at a c]ta9 spe$1 dep5d+ on ! rapidity ( ! alt]nations 9 ! coil1 ,c1 a cont9u\s curr5t passes f "o commutator bru% to ! o!r1 & x w en]gize electro magnets & p]=m o!r actions ( direct curr5ts4 ,"h we h1 !n1 a means ( induc+ direct curr5ts f alt]nat+ curr5ts4 ,to control ! spe$ & keep x at t requir$ = ! purpose1 we h only to prop]ly ge> ! motor to ano!r ( ! ord9>y type = alt]nat+ curr5ts1 namely1 an alt]nat+-curr5t dynamo us$ z a motor4 ,! *>g+ ( /orage batt]ies w\ld n be difficult ) su* a ma*9e1 ev5 f an alt]nat+-curr5t l9e1 ?\gh ! losses might be consid]able4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,photographic ,,/udy ,,( ,,/ell> ,,spectra1 ,,h>v>d ,,college ,,obs]vatory4 ,,h5ry ,,drap] ,,memorial4 ,fir/ ,annual ,report4 ,dr4 ,h5ry ,drap]1 9 #ahgb1 0 ! fir/ to photograph ! l9es ( a /ell> spectrum4 ,8 inve/igation1 pursu$ = _m ye>s ) great skill & +5uity1 0 mo/ un=tunately int]rupt$ 9 #ahhb by 8 dea?4 ,! rec5t advances 9 dry-plate photography h va/ly increas$ our p[]s ( deal+ ) ?is subject4 ,e>ly 9 #ahhf1 accord+ly1 ,mrs4 ,drap] made a lib]al provision = c>ry+ on ?is inve/igation at ! ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory1 z a memorial to h] husb&4 ,! results atta9$ are describ$ bel[1 & %[ t an opportunity is op5 = a v important & ext5sive inve/igation 9 ?is bran* ( a/ronomical physics4 ,mrs4 ,drap] has accord+ly decid$ greatly to ext5d ! orig9al plan ( "w1 & to h x conduct$ on a scale suit$ to its importance4 ,! attempt w be made to include all portions ( ! subject1 s t ! f9al results %all =m a complete discussion ( ! con/itution & conditions ( ! />s1 z reveal$ by _! spectra1 s f> z pres5t sci5tific me?ods p]mit4 ,x is hop$ t a great] advance w ?us be made ?an if ! subject 0 divid$ among sev]al in/itutions1 or ?an if a broad] range ( a/ronomical /udy 0 attempt$4 ,x is expect$ t a /ation to be e/abli%$ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e w p]mit ! "w to be ext5d$ s t a simil> me?od ( /udy may be appli$ to />s 9 all p>ts ( ! sky4 ,! inve/igations already und]tak51 & describ$ bel[ m 9 detail1 include a catalogue ( ! spectra ( all />s nor? (--#bd ( ! six? magnitude & bright]1 a m ext5sive catalogue ( spectra ( />s bright] ?an ! eigh? magnitude1 & a detail$ /udy ( ! spectra ( ! bright />s4 ,?is la/ w include a classification ( ! spectra1 a det]m9ation ( ! wave l5g?s ( ! l9es1 a comp>ison ) t]re/rial spectra1 & an application ( ! results to ! measurem5t ( ! approa* & recession ( ! />s4 ,a special photographic inve/igation w also be und]tak5 ( ! spectra ( ! b&$ />s1 & ( ! ends ( ! spectra ( ! bright />s4 ,! in/rum5ts employ$ are an eight in* ,voigtl&] photographic l5s1 regr\nd by ,alvan ,cl>k ,sons1 & ,dr4 ,drap]'s #aa in* photographic l5s1 = :i* ,mrs4 ,drap] has provid$ a new m\nt+ & obs]vatory4 ,! #ae in* refractor belong+ to ! ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory has also be5 employ$ 9 v>i\s exp]im5ts ) a slit spectroscope1 & is aga9 be+ us$ z describ$ bel[4 ,mrs4 ,drap] has decid$ to s5d to ,cambridge a #bh in* reflector & its m\nt+s1 & a #ae in* mirror1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ p]fect reflectors con/ruct$ by ,dr4 ,drap]1 & ) :i* 8 photograph ( ! moon 0 tak54 ,! fir/ two in/rum5ts m5tion$ above h be5 kept at "w dur+ ! fir/ "p ( e cle> night = sev]al mon?s4 ,x is n[ int5d$ t at lea/ ?ree telescopes %all be us$ dur+ ! :ole night1 until ! "w is int]rupt$ by daylight4 ,! spectra h be5 produc$ by plac+ 9 front ( ! telescope a l>ge prism1 ?us return+ to ! me?od orig9ally employ$ by ,fraunh(] 9 ! fir/ /udy ( /ell> spectra4 ,f\r #ae prisms h be5 con/ruct$1 ! ?ree l>ge/ hav+ cle> ap]tures ( ne>ly elev5 in*es1 & ! f\r? be+ some:at small]4 ,! entire weight ( ^! prisms exce$s a hundr$ p\nds1 & !y fill a brass cubical box a foot on ea* side4 ,! spectrum ( a /> =m$ by ?is app>atus is extremely n>r[ :5 ! telescope is driv5 by clockwork 9 ! usual way4 ,a motion is accord+ly giv5 to ! telescope slightly diff]+ f t ( ! e>? by means ( a second>y clock controll+ x electrically4 ,! spectrum is ?us spread into a b&1 hav+ a wid? proportional to ! "t ( exposure & to ! rate ( ! controll+ clock4 ,?is b& is g5]ally n uni=mly d5se4 ,x exhibits l9es p]p5dicul> to ! refract+ edge ( ! prism1 su* z are produc$ 9 ! field ( an ord9>y spectroscope by p>ticles ( du/ ^u ! slit4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 ^! l9es may be due to v>iations 9 ! transp>5cy ( ! air dur+ ! "t ( exposure1 or to in/rum5tal causes1 su* z irregul> runn+ ( ! driv+ clock1 or slight *anges 9 ! motion ( ! telescope1 result+ f ! mann] 9 :i* its pol> axis is support$4 ,^! in/rum5tal defects may be too small to be detect$ 9 ord9>y micrometric or photographic obs]vations1 & /ill suffici5t to affect ! photographs j describ$4 ,a me?od ( enl>gem5t has be5 tri$ :i* gives v satisfactory results1 & removes ! l9es above m5tion$ z defects 9 ! negatives4 ,a cyl9drical l5s is plac$ close to ! enl>g+ l5s1 ) its axis p>allel to ! l5g? ( ! spectrum4 ,9 ! app>atus actually employ$1 ! l5g? ( ! spectrum1 & ) x ! disp]sion1 is increas$ five times1 :ile ! bread? is made 9 all cases ab\t f\r in*es4 ,! advantage ( ?is arrangem5t is t x greatly r$uces ! difficulty aris+ f ! feeble light ( ! />4 ,until v lately1 ! spectra 9 ! orig9al negatives 7 made v n>r[1 s9ce o!rwise ! int5sity ( ! />light w\ld h be5 insuffici5t to produce ! prop] decomposition ( ! silv] p>ticles4 ,! enl>gem5t be+ made by daylight1 ! va/ am\nt ( en]gy !n available is controll$ by ! orig9al negative1 ! action ( :i* may be comp>$ to t ( a telegraphic relay4 ,! copies !re=e repres5t _m hundr$ times ! orig9al en]gy receiv$ f ! />s4 ,if c>e is n tak51 ! du/ & irregul>ities ( ! film w give tr\ble1 ea* =eign p>ticle appe>+ z a f9e spectral l9e4 ,our me?ods ( enl>gem5t h be5 consid]$1 & "s ( !m tri$1 ) ! object ( remov+ ! irregul>ities ( ! orig9al spectra )\t introduc+ new defects4 ,= in/ance1 ! s5sitive plate may be mov$ dur+ ! enl>gem5t 9 ! direction ( ! spectral l9es2 a slit p>allel to ! l9es may be us$ z ! s\rce ( light1 & ! orig9al negative sep>at$ by a small int]val f ! plate us$ = ! copy2 or two cyl9drical l5ses may be us$1 ) _! axes p]p5dicul> to ea* o!r4 ,9 "s ( ^! ways ! l9es due to du/ might ei!r be avoid$ or s mu* r$uc$ 9 l5g? z n to resemble ! true l9es ( ! spectrum4 ,! #ae in* refractor is n[ be+ us$ ) a modification ( ! app>atus employ$ by ,dr4 ,drap] 9 8 fir/ exp]im5ts--a slit spectroscope f :i* ! slit has be5 remov$4 ,a concave l5s has be5 sub/itut$ = ! collimator & slit1 & besides o!r advantages1 a great sav+ 9 l5g? is secur$ by ?is *ange4 ,x is propos$ to apply ?is me?od to ! #bh in* reflector1 ?us utiliz+ its great p[] ( ga!r+ light4 ,a description ( an accompany+ plate "h foll[s1 :i* is omitt$1 z ! plate _c be easily reproduc$ = ord9>y press pr9t+4 ,! results to be d]iv$ f ! l>ge numb] ( photographs already obta9$ c only be /at$ aft] a long s]ies ( measurem5ts & a c>eful r$uction & discussion ( !m4 ,an inspection ( ! plates1 h[ev]1 %[s "s po9ts ( int]e/4 ,a photograph ( a ,cygni1 tak5 ,novemb]1 #bf1 #ahhf1 %[s t ! ,h l9e is d\ble1 its two compon5ts hav+ a diff]5ce 9 wave l5g? ( ab\t "o t5-million? ( a millimet]4 ,a photograph ( o ,ceti %[s t ! l9es ,g & h are bright1 z are also f\r ( ! ultra-violet l9es *>act]i/ic ( spectra ( ! fir/ type4 ,! ,h & ,k l9es 9 ?is spectrum are d>k1 %[+ t !y probably d n belong to t s]ies ( l9es4 ,! /> ne> *i' ,orionis1 discov]$ by ,gore1 9 ,decemb]1 #ahhe1 gives a simil> spectrum1 :i* af=ds additional evid5ce t x is a v>iable ( ! same class z o ,ceti4 ,spectra ( ,sirius %[ a l>ge numb] ( fa9t l9es besides ! well-kn[n broad l9es4 ,! disp]sion employ$ 9 any normal map ( ! spectrum may be express$ by its scale1 t is1 by ! ratio ( ! wave l5g? z repres5t$ to ! actual wave l5g?4 ,x w be m conv5i5t to divide ^! ratios by "o million1 to avoid ! l>ge numb]s o!rwise involv$4 ,if "o million? ( a millimet] is tak5 z ! unit ( wave l5g?1 ! l5g? ( ?is unit on ! map 9 millimet]s w give ! same measure ( ! disp]sion z t j describ$4 ,:5 ! map is n normal1 ! disp]sion ( c\rse v>ies 9 diff]5t p>ts4 ,x increases rapidly t[>d ! violet end :5 ! spectrum is =m$ by a prism4 ,accord+ly1 9 ?is case ! disp]sion giv5 w be t ( ! po9t ^: wave l5g? is #djj4 ,?is po9t lies ne> ! middle ( ! photographic spectrum :5 a prism is us$1 & is n f> f ! ,h l9e4 ,! disp]sion may accord+ly be f\nd ) suffici5t accuracy by measur+ ! int]val betwe5 ! ,h & ,k l9es1 & divid+ ! result 9 millimet]s by #c4d1 s9ce ! diff]5ce 9 _! wave l5g?s equals ?is quantity4 ,! foll[+ examples s]ve to illu/rate ! disp]sion express$ 9 ?is way3 ,ang/rom1 ,cornu1 #aj2 ,drap]1 photograph] ( normal sol> spectrum1 #c4a & #e4b2 ,r[l&1 #bc1 #cc1 & #df2 ,drap]1 /ell> spectra1 #j4af2 ,hugg9s1 #j4a4 ,! mo/ rapid plates are ne$$ 9 ?is "w1 o!r consid]ations be+ g5]ally ( less importance4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,all5 & ,r[ell extra quick plates h be5 us$ until rec5tly4 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t !y 7 surpass$ by ! ,se$ plates ,no4 #ba1 :i* 7 accord+ly sub/itut$ = !m e>ly 9 ,decemb]4 ,recogniz+ ! importance ( supply+ ?is dem& = ! mo/ s5sitive plates possible1 ! ,se$ ,company h rec5tly succe$$ 9 mak+ /ill m s5sitive plates1 :i* we are n[ us+4 ,! limit does n seem to be rea*$ ev5 yet4 ,plates c\ld easily be h&l$ if ! s5sitiv5ess 7 increas$ t5fold4 ,a va/ increase 9 ! results may be anticipat$ ) ea* improvem5t ( ! plates 9 ?is respect4 ,app>atus = te/+ plates1 :i* is believ$ to be mu* m accurate ?an t ord9>ily employ$1 is 9 c\rse ( prep>ation4 ,x is expect$ t a v precise det]m9ation w be made ( ! rapidity ( ! plates employ$4 ,mak]s ( v rapid plates are invit$ to s5d specim5s = trial4 ,! photographic "w has be5 done by ,mr4 ,w4,p4 ,g]ri%1 :o has also r5d]$ important assi/ance 9 o!r p>ts ( ! inve/igation4 ,he has %[n great skill 9 v>i\s exp]im5ts :i* h be5 tri$1 & 9 ! use ( v>i\s novel & delicate in/rum5ts4 ,_m ( ! exp]im5tal difficulties c\ld n h be5 ov]come b = ! untir+ skill & p]sev]ance ( ,mr4 ,george ,b4 ,cl>k1 ( ! firm ( ,alvan ,cl>k ,sons1 by :om all ! l>ge in/rum5ts h be5 con/ruct$4 ,! progress ( ! v>i\s inve/igations :i* are to =m a "p ( ?is "w is giv5 bel[3 #a4 ,catalogue ( ,spectra ( ,bright ,/>s4--,?is is a cont9uation ( ! "w und]tak5 ) ! aid ( an appropriation f ! ,ba*e fund1 & describ$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,am]ican ,academy1 vol4 xi41 p4 #baj4 ,! #h in* telescope is us$1 ea* photograph cov]+ a region ( #aj squ>e4 ,! exposures = equatorial />s la/ = five m9utes1 & ! rate ( ! clock is su* t ! spectra h a wid? ( ab\t #j4a cm4 ,! l5g? ( ! spectra is ab\t #a4b cm4 = ! bright]1 & #j4f cm4 = ! fa9t] />s4 ,! disp]sion ( ! scale propos$ above is #j4a4 ,! spectra ( all />s ( ! six? magnitude & bright] w g5]ally be f\nd ^u ^! plates1 except 9 ! case ( r$ />s4 ,_m fa9t] blue />s also appe>4 ,?ree or f\r exposures are made ^u a s+le plate4 ,! entire sky nor? ( -#bd w\ld be cov]$ twice1 accord+ to ?is plan1 ) #ahj plates & #fij exposures4 ,x is f\nd pref]able 9 "s cases to make only two exposures2 & :5 ! plate appe>s to be a poor "o1 ! "w is repeat$4 ,! numb] ( plates is !re=e increas$4 ,la/ summ] ! plates appe>$ to be giv+ poor results4 ,du/ on ! prisms seem$ to be ! explanation ( ?is difficulty4 ,_m regions 7 reobs]v$ on ?is acc\nt4 ,! fir/ cycle1 cov]+ ! entire sky f z]o to tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( "r asc5sion1 has be5 complet$4 ,! "w w be f9i%$ dur+ ! com+ ye> by a second cycle ( obs]vations1 :i* has already be5 begun4 ,! fir/ cycle conta9s #beg plates1 all ( :i* h be5 measur$1 & a l>ge "p ( ! r$uction complet$4 #h1cac spectra h be5 measur$ on !m1 ne>ly all ( :i* h be5 id5tifi$1 & ! places ( a great] portion ( ! />s br\ght =w>d to ! ye> #aijj1 & ent]$ 9 catalogue =m4 ,9 ! second cycle1 #fd plates h be5 tak51 & ab\t z _m m w be requir$4 #ea plates h be5 measur$ & id5tifi$1 includ+ #b1igd spectra4 ,a /udy ( ! photographic brightness & di/ribution ( ! light 9 ! spectra w also be made4 ,! results w be publi%$ 9 ! =m ( a catalogue resembl+ ! ,photometric ,catalogue giv5 9 volume xiv4 ( ! ,annals ( ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory4 ,x w conta9 ! approximate place ( ea* /> = #aijj1 its designation1 ! "* ( ! spectrum z d]iv$ f ea* ( ! plates 9 :i* x 0 photograph$1 ! ref]5ces to ^! plates1 & ! photographic brightness ( ! />4 #b4 ,catalogue ( ,spectra ( ,fa9t ,/>s4--,?is "w resembles ! prec$+1 b is mu* m ext5sive4 ,! same in/rum5t is us$1 b ea* region has an exposure ( an h\r1 ! rate ( ! clock be+ su* t ! wid? ( ! spectrum w be z be=e #j4a cm4 ,_m />s ( ! n9? magnitude w ?us be includ$1 & ne>ly all bright] ?an ! eigh?4 ,9 "o case1 ov] ?ree hundr$ spectra are %[n on a s+le plate4 ,?is "w has be5 c>ri$ on only 9 ! int]vals :5 ! telescope 0 n ne$$ = o!r purposes4 #ii plates h1 h[ev]1 be5 obta9$1 & on ^! #d1ddb spectra h be5 measur$4 ,x is propos$ to complete ! equatorial zones fir/1 gradually ext5d+ ! "w nor?w>d4 ,9 all1 #ae1gbi spectra ( bright & fa9t />s h be5 measur$4 #c4 ,detail$ ,/udy ( ! ,spectra ( ! ,bright] ,/>s4--,?is "w has be5 c>ri$ on ) ! #aa in* photographic telescope us$ by ,dr4 ,drap] 9 8 lat] rese>*es4 ,a wood5 obs]vatory 0 con/ruct$ ab\t #bj feet squ>e4 ,?is 0 surm\nt$ by a dome hav+ a cle> diamet] ( #ah feet on ! inside4 ,! dome _h a wood5 frame1 %ea!d & cov]$ ) canvas4 ,x re/$ on eight ca/ iron :eels1 & 0 easily mov$ by h&1 ! p[] be+ directly appli$4 ,"w 0 begun ^u x 9 ,june1 & ! fir/ obs]vations 7 made ) ! telescope 9 ,octob]4 ,two prisms 7 =m$ by splitt+ a ?ick plate ( glass diagonally4 ,^! gave su* good results t two o!rs 7 made 9 ! same way1 & ! entire batt]y ( f\r prisms is ord9>ily us$4 ,! safety & conv5i5ce ( h&l+ ! prisms is greatly increas$ by plac+ !m 9 squ>e brass boxes1 ea* ( :i* slides into place l a draw]4 ,any comb9ation ( ! prisms may ?us be employ$4 ,z is usual 9 su* an inve/igation1 a great v>iety ( difficulties h be5 enc\nt]$1 & ! mo/ important ( !m h n[ be5 ov]come4 #d4 ,fa9t ,/ell> ,spectra4--,! #bh in* reflector w be us$ = ! /udy ( ! spectra ( ! fa9t />s1 & also = ! fa9t] portions ne> ! ends ( ! spectra ( ! bright] />s4 ,! =m ( spectroscope m5tion$ above1 9 :i* ! collimator & slit are replac$ by a concave l5s1 w be tri$4 ,! objects to be exam9$ are1 fir/1 ! />s kn[n to be v>iable1 ) ! expectation t "s evid5ce may be af=d$ ( ! cause ( ! v>iation4 ,! />s ^: spectrum is kn[n to be b&$1 to conta9 bright l9es1 or to be peculi> 9 o!r respects1 w also be exam9$ sy/ematically4 ,exp]im5ts w also be tri$ ) or?o*romatic plates & ! use ( a color$ absorb+ m$ium1 9 ord] to photograph ! r$ portions ( ! spectra ( ! bright />s4 ,qu>tz w also be tri$ to ext5d ! images t[>d ! ultra-violet4 #e4 ,absorption ,spectra4--,! ord9>y =m ( comp>ison spectrum _c be employ$ on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( a slit4 ,! mo/ promis+ me?od ( det]m9+ ! wave l5g?s ( ! /ell> spectra is to int]pose "s absorb5t m$ium4 ,exp]im5ts are 9 progress ) hyponitric fumes & o!r sub/ances4 ,a tank conta9+ "o ( ^! mat]ials is int]pos$ & ! spectra photograph$ ?r\gh x4 ,! /ell> spectra w !n be trav]s$ by l9es result+ f ! absorption ( ! m$ia ?us int]pos$1 &1 aft] _! wave l5g?s are once det]m9$1 !y s]ve z a precise /&>d to :i* ! /ell> l9es may be ref]r$4 ,! absorption l9es ( ! t]re/rial atmosph]e w\ld =m ! be/ /&>d = ?is purpose if ^? :i* are suffici5tly f9e c be photograph$4 #f4 ,wave ,l5g?s4--,! det]m9ation ( ! wave l5g?s ( ! l9es 9 ! /ell> spectra w =m an important "p ( ! "w :i* has n yet be5 begun4 ,! approximate wave l5g?s c readily be f\nd f a comp>ison ) ! sol> spectrum1 a suffici5t numb] ( sol> l9es be+ pres5t 9 mo/ /ell> spectra4 ,if1 !n1 satisfactory results are obta9$ 9 ! prec$+ inve/igation1 ! motion ( ! />s c probably be det]m9$ ) a high degree ( precision4 ,! id5tification ( ! l9es ) ^? ( t]re/rial sub/ances w ( c\rse =m a "p ( ! "w1 b ! details w be consid]$ subsequ5tly4 ,f ! above /atem5t x w be se5 t photographic app>atus has be5 furni%$ on a scale unequal$ else:]e4 ,b :at is m important1 ,mrs4 ,drap] has n only provid$ ! means = keep+ ^! in/rum5ts actively employ$1 sev]al ( !m dur+ ! :ole ( e cle> night1 b also ( r$uc+ ! results by a consid]able =ce ( comput]s1 & ( publi%+ !m 9 a suitable =m4 ,a field ( "w ( great ext5t & promise is op51 & !re seems to be an opportunity to erect to ! "n ( ,dr4 ,h5ry ,drap] a memorial su* z h]et(ore no a/ronom] has receiv$4 ,"o _c b hope t su* an example may be imitat$ 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( a/ronomy1 & t h]eaft] o!r names may be commemorat$1 n by a ne$less duplication ( unsupport$ obs]vatories1 b by ! m la/+ monum5ts ( useful "w accompli%$4 ,,edw>d ,c4 ,,pick]+1 ,director ( ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory4 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 ,u4,s4,a41 ,m>* #a1 #ahhg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,w9n] ,,( ,,! ,,d]by4 ,! d>k bay colt ,m]ry ,hampton _h nev] run 9 public be=e w9n+ ! ,d]by on ! #be? ( ,may la/4 ,?is colt1 by ,hampton out ( ,doll ,te>-%eet1 0 "o ( ,mr4 ,cr[!r ,h>rison's draught ( ye>l+s s5t up to ! ,donca/] sales 9 #ahhe1 & fell to ! bid ( ,mr4 ,t4 ,sp5ce1 act+ = ,mr4 ,ab+don1 = #c1ajj gu9eas4 ,! ,oaks1 on ,may #bg1 0 won by a daught] ( ! same sire4 ,m]ry ,hampton is to compete = ! ,gr& ,prize ( ,p>is & = ! ,/4 ,leg]4 ,he has also liabilities 9 ! ,?irty-n9? ,tri5nial & ,gr& ,duke ,mi*ael /akes at ,newm>ket1 ,fir/ ,octob]2 ,newm>ket ,d]by at ! ,second ,octob]2 ,ascot ,d]by & ,tw5ty-fif? ,new ,bi5nial2 ,draw+-room /akes at ,goodwood2 ,great ,int]national ,bre$]s' ,foal /akes at ,kempton ,p>k1 ,augu/2 ,nor? ,d]by at ,newca/le1 ,summ]2 ,/4 ,george /akes at ,liv]pool1 ,july2 ,bick]/affe /akes & ,/4 ,leg] at ,liv]pool1 ,augu/2 ,midl& ,d]by /akes at ,leice/]1 ,july2 & ,ebor ,/4 ,leg] at ,york1 ,augu/2 9 addition to ! foll[+ races 9 #ahhh3 ,*ampion /akes at ,newm>ket1 ,second ,octob]2 ,r\s ,memorial & ,h>dwicke /akes at ,ascot1 & ,eclipse /akes at ,s&[n ,p>k1 ,second ,summ]4 ,m]ry ,hampton's "n also appe>s 9 ! ,kempton ,p>k ,royal /akes ( #aj1jjj sov]eigns at ! ,spr+ ,meet+ ( #ahhi4--;,ill4 ,london ,news4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m]ry ,,hampton4 ,,! ,,w9n] ,,( ,,! ,,d]by1 #ahhg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,falls ,,( ,,gairsoppa4 ,at ! extreme s\? ( ! presid5cy ( ,bombay1 sep>at+ ! di/rict ( ,kan>a f ! t]ritory ( ,mysore1 are ! too little kn[n ,falls ( ,gairsoppa4 ,f> high] ?an ,niag>a1 f\r di/9ct divisions ( ! riv] ,%iravatti 7traditionally creat$ by a cleft made by ! arr[ ( ! great god ,rama7 fall ov] a precipice ( gneiss rock into an abyss eight hundr$ feet bel[4 ,ea* ( ^! cat>acts diff]s 9 type ( fl[4 ,! ,rajah1 eight hundr$ & ?irty feet1 & at a bread? ( fifty-six1 %oots sil5t & %e] ov] an uplift$ lip ( rock 9 ! b$ ( ! /ream1 ca/+ a d>k %ad[ beh9d him :5 fac$ by ! sun2 ! ,ro>] makes noise en\gh 9 its headlong ru% to vibrate ! /rong1 /one-built travel]s' bungal[ on ! heights above2 ! ,rocket is /raight 9 desc5t1 &1 z a comm5tator has already rem>k$1 z mu* l a rocket z any?+ else2 & ,la ,dame ,blan*e1 a tripty* ( rhy?mical fl[1 spreads a da9ty1 silky1 %e5 ( :ite1 :isp]+1 gli/5+1 s(tly fall+ wat] ov] a slightly %elv+ wid? ( rock1 t\*$ "h & !re ) prismatic color & /rong light4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,falls ,,( ,,gairsoppa1 ,,betwe5 ,,kan>a ,,& ,,mysore1 ,,bombay ,,presid5cy1 ,,india ,! ,falls ,f ,bel[4 ,! ,falls ,f ,above4 ,at ! bottom ( ! *asm1 sev5 hundr$ feet across1 & /ret*+ ov] a muddy1 turbul5t1 see?+ cauldron ( spray1 a brilliantly di/9ct ra9b[ 9 ! full light ( day may be se5 ) its sc>cely less glori\s reflection1 dazzl+ly beautiful4 ,9 ^! regions #baj in*es ( ra9 is an av]age d[np\r = ! monsoon betwe5 ,may & ,octob]1 ! heavie/ fall be+ g5]ally 9 ,july4 ,! cat>acts !n become frequ5tly conflu5t1 ?\gh n m picturesque4 ,!y are !n too difficult ( access1 & ! :ole di/rict is v mal>i\s4 ,decemb] & ,janu>y are ! be/ mon?s = travel]s1 be=e ! dry season fairly sets 9 aga91 dur+ :i* !re is b little wat]1 ev5 insuffici5t to =m f\r di/9ct falls4 ,! be/ r\te to !m is f ,bombay to ,honaurre by sea1 via ,kawai1 & on to ,old ,gairsoppa by riv] boat & palanqu9 to ! ,jog1 z ! special po9ts ( int]e/ 7! ,falls7 are call$ by ! ,kan>ese4 ,to ! en?usia/ic %ik>i1 h[ev]1 ! way f ,hubli 7on ! ,s\!rn ,mahratta ,railway1 easily rea*$ by ,g4,i4,p4 l9e f ,bombay71 tak+ him1 z x does1 ?r\gh ! v happie/ hunt+ gr\nds ( ! presid5cy1 :]e all game1 small & l>ge1 ab\nds1 w h attraction en\gh2 & at ,giddapur1 ! la/ /age1 )9 twelve miles ( ! ,falls1 !re is a c\rte\s ,engli%-speak+ native magi/rate1 will+ & able to help ! travel] on 8 way4 ,our engrav+s are f draw+s by ,mr4 ,j4,e4 ,page1 ,c4,e4--,london ,graphic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sponges4 ,z ! la/ ( a c\rse ( lectures ^u ,rec5t ,sci5tific ,rese>*es 9 ,au/ralasia1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,von ,l$5feld lately deliv]$ a lecture at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ^u ,rec5t ,additions to our ,k ( ,sponges4 ,! lectur] did n conf9e himself to ! sponges ( ,au/ralia alone1 b gave a resume ( ! results ( rec5t inve/igations on sponges1 toge!r ) sev]al new int]e/+ details obs]v$ m especially 9 /udy+ ! gr[? ( ,au/ralian sponges4 ,) a pass+ ref]5ce to "s peculi>ities ( ! l[] m>9e animals ( ! ,au/ralian coa/1 ,dr4 ,l$5feld rem>k$ ^u ! prepond]ance ( sponges ov] o!r =ms ( m>9e life 9 t "p ( ! _w4 ,x has long be5 a po9t ( discussion z to :e!r sponges belong to ! vegetable or animal k+dom1 b naturali/s are n[ g5]ally agre$ 9 reg>d+ !m z animals1 a conclusion1 ! lectur] rem>k$1 t ,ari/otle _h also arriv$ at4 ,sponges gr[ 9 a v>iety ( m or less irregul> %apes1 b x has be5 obs]v$ t ! mo/ regul> /ructures occur 9 ! calc>e\s species4 ,z to color1 ,dr4 ,l$5feld rem>k$ t "s ( ! ,au/ralian sponges are ( exceptionally brilliant hues1 :ile o!rs range f ! black ( ! common sponge 7,euspongia (fic9alis7 to a pure :ite4 ,also1 x may be rem>k$1 ! sponges gr[+ 9 deep wat] are ( less decid$ color & m ela/ic 9 "* ?an ^? liv+ 9 %all[ wat]1 & f ! la/ nam$ quality are m valuable 9 comm]ce4 ,! irregul> honeycomb$ appe>ance ( ! sponge is due to a mo/ complicat$ canal sy/em1 consi/+ ( a s]ies ( *amb]s ?r\gh :i* ! wat] is drawn by ! animal 9 always ! same direction4 ,! inhal5t pores are v m9ute1 & op5 into small subd]mal cavities :i* communicate by means ( int]radial tubes ) ! ciliat$ *amb]s1 ! latt] be+ v small ramifications ( ! int]radial *annels1 & 9 !m ! movem5t caus+ ! curr5t ( wat] is ma9ta9$4 ,f h5ce all faecal & o!r matt] is dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! oscula1 ! l>g] op5+s obs]v$ on ! surface ( ! sponge4 ,dr4 ,l$5feld %[$ ! diff]5t p>ts ( sponges by means ( microscopic slides ?r[n on to a scre51 & also ! %ape & arrangem5t ( ! *amb]s 9 diff]5t species4 ,! ciliat$ *amb]s especially attract$ att5tion4 ,!y are v small & circul>1 & ! int]ior is clo!d ) cells v simil> to ! cilia cells 9 high] animal life4 ,^! cells are arrang$ ar\nd ! ciliat$ *amb]s 9 ! =m ( a coll>1 & f ea* cell flagella protrude1 :i* are 9 cont9ual motion4 ,^! flagella1 l bats' w+s1 are capable ( be+ b5t 9 only "o direction1 s t1 9 ! c\rse ( _! p5dulum-l motion1 9 ! movem5t "o way ! flagella are b5t1 :ile 9 ! return movem5t !y rema9 /iff1 ?us caus+ a curr5t ( wat] always fl[+ 9 "o & ! same direction4 ,^! ciliat$ *amb]s are easily detect$ 9 ! sponge by means ( a microscope1 z !y appe> m highly color$4 ,aft] ! lectur] _h ?us giv5 a g5]al outl9e ( ! /ructure ( ! sponge1 he drew att5tion to ! "* ( its food & its me?od ( dige/ion4 ,x is n kn[n exactly :at ! sponge lives ^u1 b if ^u o!r animals !y mu/ be necess>ily v small1 ow+ to ! size ( its inhal5t pores4 ,! sponge1 l ! tape-worm1 has no /oma*1 b mu/ absorb its food ?r\gh ! out] sk9 f matt] 9 a soluble /ate1 simil>ly to ! roots ( trees4 ,?is process ( absorption is probably accompli%$ 9 ! int]radial or ciliat$ *amb]s1 m probably 9 ! =m]1 z ! latt] are g5]ally consid]$ excretory 9 function4 ,lime or silica mu/ also be absorb$ f ! wat] by mo/ sponges 9 ord] to make up ! skeleton4 ,! skeleton ( calc>e\s sponges consi/s ( a numb] ( spicules compos$ ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,^! spicules are ( v v>i$ ?\gh regul> %ape1 b ord9>ily assume a rod-l ne$le %ape or else a /ellate =m4 ,9 silici\s sponges ! spicules are compos$ ( silica1 & are g5]ally deposit$ ar\nd axial rods 9 conc5tric lay]s4 ,! spicules are jo9$ toge!r & cem5t$ by a body t has be5 nam$ spong91 :i* has mu* ! same *emical composition z silk1 &1 l silk1 is v ela/ic4 ,9 "s v>ieties ( sponges1 especially 9 ! k9ds :i* come into ! m>ket1 ! skeleton is almo/ entirely compos$ ( fib]s ( pure spong94 ,^! fib]s are s close toge!r z to draw up wat] by capill>y action1 &1 inde$1 a great deal 9 ! value ( a sponge dep5ds ^u ! f95ess & t5uity ( ^! fib]s4 ,dr4 ,l$5feld aga9 illu/rat$ ?is /age ( 8 lecture by means ( a numb] ( microscopic slides 9 :i* ! v>iety ( %ape & size ( ^! spicules & spong9 fib]s 7 %[n4 ,! spicules are "s crut*-l1 o!rs sp9$ or e*9at$1 :ile ! deep-sea sponges appe> to gr[ long ?ick spicules1 :i* atta* ! sponge to ! gr\nd by means ( grapnel-l ends4 ,9 "s cases ! skeleton seems to be m or less replac$ by s&1 ! small gra9s ( :i* are cem5t$ toge!r by ! spong94 ,dr4 ,l$5feld !n drew att5tion to ! pres5ce ( m highly develop$ organs 9 ! sponge4 ,muscles p]vade ! :ole tissue ( ! sponge1 b are f\nd m p>ticul>ly 9 ! sup]ficial p>ts4 ,"o set ( muscles affect ! size ( ! inhal5t pores1 caus+ !m to contract or exp&1 :ile ano!r set are able to close ! pores altoge!r1 ?us act+ z a protection f ! attack ( an enemy4 ,all ^! muscles are compos$ ( sp9dle %ap$ cells1 :i* are capable ( spasmodic motion1 b rec5tly 9 an ,au/ralian sponge1 ! ,euspongia canalicula1 ! lectur] said he _h obs]v$ muscles approa*+ v ne>ly 9 "* ^? ( ! human frame4 ,t sponges h n]ves is a discov]y ( rec5t date by a memb] ( ! ,royal ,microscopical ,society4 ,dr4 ,l$5feld also ab\t ! same "t f\nd indications ( ! pres5ce ( a n]v\s sy/em1 b ! =m 9 :i* he obs]v$ ! n]ves at fir/ app>5tly diff]$ f ^? obs]v$ simultane\sly4 ,?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 he aft]w>d f\nd to be due to ! mann] 9 :i* ! section _h be5 prep>$ = obs]vation4 ,! n]ves consi/ ( two cells at ! base ( a cone-l projection on ! epid]mis1 & f ea* cell a fib] runs to ! po9t ( ! cone1 besides sev]al o!rs connect+ !m ) ! int]ior ( ! sponge4 ,x is rem>kable t "h aga9 ,ari/otle has pr$ict$ t sponges h a n]v\s sy/em1 bas+ 8 /atem5t on ! fact t anci5t ,greek m>9]s =etold /orms by ! alleg$ contraction ( ! sponge4 ,! reproductive organs ( sponges are also v highly develop$1 & bo? ova & sp]matozoa are f\nd ?r\gh\t ! sponge1 ?\gh m conc5trat$ 9 ! int]ior4 ,! ova consi/ ( sph]ical cells1 :ile ! sp]matozoa resemble an arr[-head 9 %ape4 ,x has n yet be5 asc]ta9$ :e!r two sexes exi/ 9 sponges1 or :e!r ! ova & sp]matozoa are produc$ at diff]5t p]iods by ! same sponge4 ,:5 ! embryo has become p>tly develop$1 x deta*es itself f ! p>5t sponge1 &1 issu+ f ! oscula1 propels itself ?r\gh ! wat] by means ( a numb] ( flagella4 ,silici\s spicules next appe> 9 its /ructure1 & x !n atta*es itself to a rock & assumes its mature =m4 ,sponges are mo/ num]\s 9 ! wat]s ( ! temp]ate & sub-tropical zones1 & ! salt-wat] v>ieties are by f> m num]\s ?an ! fre% wat]4 ,?us1 :ile !re are n m ?an t5 fre%-wat] species kn[n1 ,dr4 ,l$5feld rem>k$ t ab\t "o ?\s& species ( salt-wat] sponges _h be5 recogniz$4 ,ea* species ( ! salt-wat] sponge is1 h[ev]1 g5]ally f\nd only 9 limit$ areas1 & v few1 all ( :i* inhabit deep wat]1 are cosmopolitan4 ,?is is ! m rem>kable z ,dr4 ,l$5feld ass]ts t all ! sponges inhabit+ ! riv]s ( ,au/ralia are id5tical ) ! fre%-wat] sponges ( ,europe1 & 9 ord] to expla9 ?is fact he put =w>d a r int]e/+ !ory4 ,he assumes t sponge life 9 riv]s has be5 orig9ally g5]at$ by ! introduction ( a s+le1 or at mo/ two or ?ree g]ms by means ( aquatic birds4 ,! inbre$+ consequ5t ^u ?is paucity ( sponge life has produc$ a c]ta9 fixity ( "* 9 fre%-wat] sponges1 & is 9 direct opposition to ! effects ( hybridization 9 ! salt-wat] sponges1 by :i* !y h acquir$ ! capacity ( adapt+ !mselves to local circum/ances4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h]bet',s ,,tepid ,,d\*e4 ,keep+ ! body clean is indisp5sable = ! pres]vation ( good heal?1 ?r\gh obta9+ an op]ation ( ! sk9 & expell+ matt] ^: pres5ce aids 9 ! developm5t ( diseases4 ,x is un=tunately necess>y to say t1 consid]+ ! population z a :ole1 ! proportion ( ^? :o take ba?s is v small4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! habit ( cleanl9ess1 :i* %\ld become a necessity1 has n be5 e>ly inculcat$ 9 e individual2 & ! reason t ?is complem5t to education is n realiz$ is because ! means ( satisfy+ its exig5cies are usually want+4 ,we %all n speak ( ! improv$ processes t are us$ solely by ! ri* or well-to-d1 z ^! become impracticable :]e x is a "q ( ! work+ classes or ( l>ge masses ( individuals4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! la/ nam$ category t int]e/s u1 & we are conv9c$ t if we get "y soldi]s & *ildr5 to hold dirt9ess 9 horror1 we %all be sure t !y w lat] on take c>e ( _! bodies !mselves4 ,! mo/ tempt+ solution ( ?is "q ( wa%+ seems to be f\nd 9 ! use ( l>ge pools ( runn+ tepid wat]2 b su* a process is too co/ly = g5]al use1 & ! mo/ economical "o1 )\t d\bt1 consi/s 9 giv+ tepid d\*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tepid ,,wat] ,,d\*e ,to our k1 ! only app>atus 9 ?is l9e t has be5 devis$ 0 exhibit$ la/ ye> at ! exhibition ( hygi5e 9 ! ,loban b>racks4 ,x has be5 us$ daily = six ye>s 9 sev]al g>risons1 & !re=e has ! sanction ( practice4 ,?is app>atus1 :i* is due to ,mr4 ,h]bet1 consi/s ( a /eam boil] & ( an ejector fix$ to a res]voir ( wat] & provid$ ) a rubb] tube to :i* a nozzle is atta*$4 ,! /eam g5]at$ 9 ! boil] passes into ! ejector1 sucks up ! wat] & =ces x out 9 a tepid /ate4 ,! app>atus ?us e/abli%$ did n suffici5tly fulfill ! purpose = :i* x 0 design$4 ,x 0 necess>y to h a means ( v>y+ ! temp]ature ( ! wat] project$1 accord+ to ! season & temp]ature ( ! air1 to h an in/antane\s & simple me?od ( regulat+ ! app>atus1 t c\ld be und]/ood by any op]ator1 & to h ! app>atus "u ! control ( ! p]son hold+ ! nozzle4 ,^! difficulties h be5 solv$ v simply by caus+ ! orifice ( ! nozzle to v>y4 ,?is nozzle1 f :5ce ! jet escapes1 is =m$ ( r+s t screw toge!r4 ,:5 ! nozzle is entire1 ! jet escapes at a temp]ature ( say #dj4 ,:5 ! fir/ r+ is unscrew$1 ! wat] w make its exit at a temp]ature ( #ch4 ,9 ord] to l[] ! temp]ature /ill fur!r1 x is only necess>y to unscrew ! o!r r+s 9 succession1 until ! desir$ temp]ature has be5 obta9$4 ,z x is1 ! app>atus is r5d]+ great s]vices :]e x has be5 introduc$2 = example1 at ,besancon & ,bel=t4 ,x s]ves1 9 fact1 = an entire g>rison1 :ile t be=e1 ! wa%+ 0 done 9 ea* regim5t1 ?us requir+ ! use ( mu* space & caus+ mu* loss ( "t4 ,eight m5 are wa%$ at once = five m9utes1 say #if m5 p] h\r4 ,e m9ute ! m5 turn "r ab\t face1 & :5 !y are 9 file ea* rubs ! o!r's back4 ,tw5ty-two p\nds ( coal & #bfj gallons ( wat] are consum$ p] h\r1 & ! boil] produces #acj lb4 ( /eam4--,le ,g5ie ,civil4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,/> ,,f9d]4 ,be+ all ( wood1 x is easily made by any "o :o c use a few tools1 ! only bit ( la! "w necess>y be+ ! turn$ %\ld]1 ,k1 ( pol> axis4 ,a is ! basebo>d1 #i 94 by #e 941 ne> ea* corn] ( :i* is ins]t$ an ord9>y wood screw1 ,s ,s1 = ! purpose ( level+ ! base1 to :i* two side pieces are nail$1 hav+ ! angle1 x1 equal to ! co-latitude ( ! place4 ,on to ^! side pieces is fa/5$ ano!r bo>d1 on :i* is m>k$ ! h\r circle1 ,f4 ,?r\gh ?is bo>d passes ! l[] end ( ! pol> axis1 hav+ a %\ld] turn$ up on x at ,k1 & is secur$ by a wood5 coll> & p9 und]nea?4 ,on to ! upp] "p ( ! pol> axis is fa/5$ ! decl9ation circle1 ,c1 #e 94 diamet]1 made ( 94 baywood1 hav+ ! out] rim ( a ?9 compass c>d divid$ into degrees pa/$ on to x4 ,! h\r circle1 ,f1 is half ( a simil> c>d1 ) ! h\rs pa9t$ und]nea?1 & divid$ to #bj m9utes4 ,g is ! h\r index4 ,d is a /raight wood5 po9t]1 #ab 94 long1 hav+ a piece ( brass tube1 ,e1 atta*$1 & a small op5+ at ,j1 into :i* is fix$ ! po9t ( a common p9 by :i* to set ! po9t] 9 decl9ation4 ,h is a nut to clamp po9t] 9 position4 ,by ?is simple toy affair ,i h (t5 pick$ up ! planet ,v5us at midday :5 visible to ! nak$ eye4--,t4,r4 ,clapham 9 ,engli% ,me*anic4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,/> ,,f9d]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! be/ mode ( f9d+ or trac+ tri*9ae 9 pork by means ( a microscope is ! foll[+3 ,cut a v ?9 longitud9al slice ( ! muscle by means ( a v %>p knife or razor4 ,press x betwe5 two glass slips1 & exam9e by transmitt$ light1 ,! coil$ tri*9ae may be readily di/+ui%$ f ! muscle fib]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,subscription1 #e ,a ,,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #db ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! "n & resid5ce ( ! ,pat5tee4 ,by ! imm5se circulation ?us giv51 public att5tion is direct$ to ! m]its ( ! new pat5t1 & sales or introduction (t5 easily effect$4 ,any p]son :o has made a new discov]y or inv5tion c asc]ta91 free ( *>ge1 :e!r a pat5t c probably be obta9$1 by writ+ to ,,munn ,co4 ,we also s5d free our ,h& ,book ab\t ! ,pat5t ,laws1 ,pat5ts1 ,caveats1 ,trade ,m>ks1 _! co/s1 & h[ procur$4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,bran* ,(fice1 #fbb & #fbd ,f ,/41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,ar*itects & ,build]s ,edition4 #b4ej a ,ye>4 ,s+le ,copies1 #be ,c5ts4 ,?is is a ,special ,edition ( ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 issu$ mon?ly--on ! fir/ day ( ! mon?4 ,ea* numb] conta9s ab\t =ty l>ge qu>to pages1 equal to ab\t two hundr$ ord9>y book pages1 =m+1 practically1 a l>ge & spl5did ,,magaz9e ,,( ,,ar*itecture1 ri*ly adorn$ ) elegant plates 9 colors & ) f9e engrav+s2 illu/rat+ ! mo/ int]e/+ examples ( mod]n ,ar*itectural ,con/ruction & alli$ subjects4 ,a special feature is ! pres5tation 9 ea* numb] ( a v>iety ( ! late/ & be/ plans = private resid5ces1 city & c\ntry1 includ+ ^? ( v mod]ate co/ z well z ! m exp5sive4 ,draw+s 9 p]spective & 9 color are giv51 toge!r ) full ,plans1 ,specifications1 ,co/s1 ,bills ( ,e/imate1 & ,%eets ( ,details4 ,no o!r build+ pap] conta9s s _m plans1 details1 & specifications regul>ly pres5t$ z ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican4 ,hundr$s ( dwell+s h already be5 erect$ on ! v>i\s plans we h issu$ dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 & _m o!rs are 9 process ( con/ruction4 ,ar*itects1 ,build]s1 & ,own]s w f9d ?is "w valuable 9 furni%+ fre% & useful sugge/ions4 ,all :o contemplate build+ or improv+ homes1 or erect+ /ructures ( any k9d1 h be=e !m 9 ?is "w an almo/ endless s]ies ( ! late/ & be/ examples f :i* to make selections1 ?us sav+ "t & money4 ,_m o!r subjects1 includ+ ,sew]age1 ,pip+1 ,light+1 ,w>m+1 ,v5tilat+1 ,decorat+1 ,lay+ out ( ,gr\nds1 etc41 are illu/rat$4 ,an ext5sive ,comp5dium ( ,manufactur]s ,ann\ncem5ts is also giv51 9 :i* ! mo/ reliable & approv$ ,build+ ,mat]ials1 ,goods1 ,ma*9es1 ,tools1 & ,appliances are describ$ & illu/rat$1 ) addresses ( ! mak]s1 etc4 ,! fullness1 ri*ness1 *eapness1 & conv5i5ce ( ?is "w h won = x ! ,,l>ge/ ,,circulation ,,( any ,ar*itectural publication 9 ! _w4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,a ,catalogue ( valuable books on ,ar*itecture1 ,build+1 ,c>p5try1 ,masonry1 ,heat+1 ,w>m+1 ,light+1 ,v5tilation1 & all bran*es ( indu/ry p]ta9+ to ! art ( ,build+1 is suppli$ free ( *>ge1 s5t to any address4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,build+ ,,plans & ,,specifications4 ,9 connection ) ! publication ( ! ,,build+ ,,edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,munn ,co1 furni% plans & specifications = build+s ( e k9d1 includ+ ,*ur*es1 ,s*ools1 ,/ores1 ,dwell+s1 ,c>riage ,h\ses1 ,b>ns1 etc4 ,9 ?is "w !y are assi/$ by able & exp]i5c$ ar*itects4 ,full plans1 details1 & specifications = ! v>i\s build+s illu/rat$ 9 ?is pap] c be suppli$4 ,^? :o contemplate build+1 or :o wi% to alt]1 improve1 ext5d1 or add to exi/+ build+s1 :e!r w+s1 por*es1 bay w9d[s1 or attic rooms1 are invit$ to communicate ) ! und]sign$4 ,our "w ext5ds to all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,e/imates1 plans1 & draw+s1 promptly prep>$4 ,t]ms mod]ate4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4