,lectures on ,art    ,by    ,wa%+ton    
,all/on    ,edit$ by ,ri*>d ,h5ry ,dana1
 ,jr4    ,,mdcccl4          ,preface by 
! ,editor4        ,^u ! dea? ( ,mr4     
,all/on1 x 0 det]m9$1 by ^? :o _h  *>ge 
( 8 pap]s1 to prep>e 8 biography &      
correspond5ce1 &  publi% !m ) 8 writ+s 9
 prose & v]se2 a "w :i* w\ld  h occupi$ 
two volumes ( ab\t ! same size ) !      
pres5t4 ,a  delay has un=tunately       
occurr$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! biography  & 
correspond5ce2 &1 z !re h be5 frequ5t   
calls = a  publication ( 8 poems1 & ( ! 
,lectures on ,art he is kn[n to  h      
writt51 x has be5 ?\ght be/ to give !m  
to ! public 9  ! pres5t =m1 )\t await+ !
 completion ( ! :ole  design4 ,x may be 
und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t1 :5 ! biography  &   
correspond5ce are publi%$1 x w be 9 a   
volume precisely  correspond+ ) !       
pres5t1 s z to c>ry out ! orig9al       
design4    ,i w n anticipate ! duty ( ! 
biograph] by an ext5d$ notice  ( ! life 
( ,mr4 ,all/on2 b x may be int]e/+ to "s
 read]s  to "k ! outl9e ( 8 life1 & !   

diff]5t circum/ances "u  :i* ! sev]al   
pieces 9 ?is volume 7 writt54           
,,wa%+ton ,,all/on 0 born at ,*>le/on1 9
 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 on !  #e? ( ,novemb]1    
#aggi1 ( a family di/+ui%$ 9 ! hi/ory ( 
t ,/ate & ( ! c\ntry1 be+ a bran* ( a   
family ( !  b>onet rank 9 ! titl$       
commonalty ( ,engl&4 ,l mo/ "y  m5 ( !  
,s\? 9 8 position at t p]iod1 he 0 s5t  
to ,new  ,engl& to receive 8 s*ool &    
college education4 ,8 s*ool days  7     
pass$ at ,newport1 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 "u ! 
*>ge ( ,mr4  ,rob]t ,rog]s4 ,he ent]$   
,h>v>d ,college 9 #agif1 & graduat$ 9   
#ahjj4 ,:ile at s*ool & college1 he     
develop$ 9 a m>k$ mann]  a love (       
nature1 music1 poetry1 & pa9t+4 ,end[$ )
 s5ses  capable ( ! nice/ p]ceptions1 & 
) a m5tal & moral  con/itution :i* t5d$ 
always1 ) ! c]ta9ty ( a physical  law1  
to ! beautiful1 ! pure1 & ! sublime1 he 
l$ :at _m  might call an ideal life4    
,yet 0 he f> f be+ a recluse1 or f  be+ 
dispos$ to an excess ( introv]sion4 ,on 
! contr>y1 he 0  a popul>1 high-spirit$ 

y\?1 almo/ passionately fond ( society1 
ma9ta9+ an unusual numb] ( w>m          
fri5d%ips1 & unsurpass$ by  any ( ! "y  
m5 ( 8 day 9 adapt$ness to ! elegancies 
&  c\rtesies ( ! m ref9$ portions ( !   
mov+ _w4 ,romances  ( love1 knigh?ood1 &
 h]oic de$s1 tales ( b&itti1 & /ories  (
 sup]natural be+s1 7 8 *ief delight 9 8 
e>ly days4 ,yet  8 classical atta9m5ts 7
 consid]able1 &1 z a s*ol> 9 !          
lit]ature ( 8 own language1 8 reputation
 0 e>ly e/abli%$4  ,he deliv]$ a poem on
 tak+ 8 degree1 :i* 0 mu* admir$ 9  its 
day4    ,on leav+ college1 he return$ to
 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,hav+ det]m9$  to devote 
8 life to ! f9e arts1 he sold1 ha/ily & 
at a  sacrifice1 8 %>e ( a consid]able  
patrimonial e/ate1 &  emb>k$ = ,london 9
 ! autumn ( #ahja4 ,imm$iately ^u 8     
arrival1 he became a /ud5t ( ! ,royal   
,academy1 ( :i* 8  c\ntryman1 ,we/1 0   
,presid5t1 ) :om he =m$ an intimate &   
la/+ fri5d%ip4 ,aft] ?ree ye>s sp5t 9   
,engl&1 & a %ort]  /ay at ,p>is1 he w5t 
to ,italy1 :]e he sp5t f\r ye>s devot$  

exclusively to ! /udy ( 8 art4 ,at ,rome
 began 8 intimacy )  ,col]idge4 ,among !
 _m subsequ5t expressions ( 8 feel+ t[>d
  ?is great man1 none1 p]haps1 is m     
/rik+ ?an ! foll[+  extract f "o ( 8    
lett]s3--,to no o!r man d ,i owe s mu*1 
intellectually1 z to ,mr4 ,col]idge1 )  
:om ,i became acqua9t$  9 ,rome1 & :o   
has honor$ me ) 8 fri5d%ip = m ?an      
five-&-tw5ty ye>s4 ,he us$ to call ,rome
 ! sil5t city2 b ,i  nev] c\ld ?9k ( x z
 su* :ile ) him2 =1 meet him :5 &  :]e  
,i w\ld1 ! f\nta9 ( 8 m9d 0 nev] dry1 b1
 l !  f>-rea*+ aqu$ucts t once suppli$  
?is mi/ress ( ! _w1  its liv+ /ream     
seem$ specially to fl[ = e classic ru9  
ov]  :i* we w&]$4 ,& :5 ,i recall "s (  
our walks "u ! p9es  ( ! ,villa         
,borghese1 ,i am almo/ tempt$ to dream t
 ,i h once  li/5$ to ,plato 9 ! groves (
 ! ,academy4 ,read]s ( ,col]idge  "k 9  
:at e/imation he held ! qualities & !   
fri5d%ip (  ,mr4 ,all/on4 ,beside       
,col]idge & ,we/1 he numb]$ among 8     
fri5ds  9 ,engl&1 ,wordswor?1 ,s\!y1    

,lamb1 ,sir ,george ,beaumont1          
,reynolds1  & ,fuseli4    ,9 #ahji1 ,mr4
 ,all/on return$ to ,am]ica1 & rema9$   
two ye>s  9 ,bo/on1 8 adopt$ home1 & !re
 m>ri$ ! si/] ( ,dr4  ,*ann+4 ,9 #ahaa1 
he w5t aga9 to ,engl&1 :]e 8 reputation 
z  an arti/ _h be5 completely e/abli%$4 
,be=e 8 dep>ture1 he  deliv]$ a poem    
be=e ! ,phi ,beta ,kappa ,society at    
,cambridge4  ,dur+ a sev]e illness1 he  
remov$ f ,london to ,clifton1 at :i*    
place he wrote ,! ,sylphs ( ! ,seasons4 
,9 #ahac1 he made 8  fir/1 &1 ) !       
exception ( ,monaldi1 tw5ty-eight ye>s  
aft]w>ds1 8 only publication4 ,?is 0 a  
small volume1 entitl$  ,! ,sylphs ( !   
,seasons1 & o!r ,poems1 publi%$ 9       
,london2  &1 dur+ ! same ye>1 republi%$ 
9 ,bo/on "u ! direction  ( 8 fri5ds1    
,pr(essor ,will>d ( ,cambridge & ,mr4   
,edmund ,t4 ,dana4  ,?is volume 0 well  
receiv$1 & gave him a place among ! fir/
  poets ( 8 c\ntry4 ,! small] poems 9 t 
edition ext5d z f>  z page #bhi ( !     
pres5t volume4    ,beside ! long & s]i\s

 illness ?r\gh :i* he pass$1 8  _s 0    
de/9$ to suff] a deep] w\nd by ! dea? ( 
,mrs4  ,all/on1 9 ,london1 dur+ ! same  
ye>4 ,^! ev5ts gave to 8  m9d a m e>ne/ 
& undivid$ int]e/ 9 8 spiritual         
relations1  & drew him m closely ?an ev]
 be=e to 8 religi\s duties4  ,he receiv$
 ! rite ( confirmation1 & ?r\gh life 0 a
 dev\t  adh]5t to ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e &  
discipl9e4    ,! "* ( ,mr4 ,all/on's    
religi\s feel+s may be ga!r$1           
incid5tally1 f _m ( 8 writ+s4 ,x is a   
subject to be treat$  ) ! res]ve &      
delicacy ) :i* he himself w\ld h _h x   
inve/$4 ,few m9ds h be5 m ?or\ghly imbu$
 ) belief 9  ! reality ( ! unse5 _w2 few
 h giv5 m full ass5t to  ! tru?1 t ! ?+s
 :i* are se5 are temporal1 ! ?+s  :i*   
are n se5 are et]nal4 ,?is 0 n m]ely an 
adopt$  op9ion1 a conviction impos$ ^u 8
 und]/&+2 x 0 ( !  ess5ce ( 8 spiritual 
con/itution1 "o ( ! conditions ( 8      
rational exi/5ce4 ,to him1 ! ,supreme   
,be+ 0 no vague1 my/ical  s\rce ( light 
& tru?1 or an imp]sonation ( goodness & 

tru?  !mselves2 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 a cold
 rationali/ic notion ( an  unapproa*able
 executor ( natural & moral laws4 ,8 _s 
re/$  9 ! fai? ( a sympa!tic ,god4 ,8   
belief 0 9 a ,be+ z  inf9itely m9ute &  
sympa!tic 9 8 provid5ces1 z unlimit$  9 
8 p[] & k4 ,nor ne$ x be said1 t he 0 a 
firm  believ] 9 ! c5tral tru?s (        
,*ri/ianity1 ! ,inc>nation &            
,r$emption2 t he turn$ f unaid$         
speculation to ! inspir$  record & !    
visible ,*ur*2 t he s\ght aid 9 !       
sacram5ts  orda9$ = ! /r5g!n+ ( infirm  
humanity1 & look$ = !  resurrection ( ! 
dead1 & ! life ( ! _w to come4    ,aft] 
a second resid5ce ( sev5 ye>s 9 ,europe1
 he return$ to  ,am]ica 9 #ahah1 & aga9 
made ,bo/on 8 home4 ,!re1 9 a circle (  
w>mly atta*$ fri5ds1 surr\nd$ by a      
sympa?y & admiration :i*  8 elevation & 
purity1 ! entire h>mony ( 8 life &      
pursuits1  c\ld n fail to create1 he    
devot$ himself to 8 art1 ! labor (  8   
love4    ,?is is n ! place to enum]ate 8
 pa9t+s1 or to speak ( 8  "* z an arti/4

 ,8 g5]al read+ he cont9u$ to ! la/1  ) 
! e>ne/ness ( y\?4 ,z he retir$ f       
society1 8 ta/e  incl9$ him to          
metaphysical /udies1 ! m1 p]haps1 f _!  
contra/ ) ! usual occupations ( 8 m9d4  
,he took p>ticul>  pleasure 9 works (   
dev\t ,*ri/ian speculation1 )\t1 h[ev]1 
neglect+ a due proportion ( /rictly     
devotional lit]ature4 ,^!  he v>i$ by a 
con/ant recurr5ce to ! great epic &     
dramatic  ma/]s1 & occasional read+ ( ! 
e>li] & ! liv+  noveli/s1 tales ( wild  
romance & light] fiction1 voyages &     
travels1 biographies & lett]s4 ,nor 0 he
 )\t a /rong int]e/  9 ! curr5t politics
 ( 8 own c\ntry & ( ,engl&1 z to :i*  8 
pr9ciples 7 highly cons]vative4    ,^u 8
 m>riage ) ! daught] ( ! late ,judge    
,dana1 9 #ahcj1  he remov$ to           
,cambridge1 & soon aft]w>ds began !     
prep>ation (  a c\rse ( lectures on     
,art1 :i* he int5d$ to deliv] to a      
select  audi5ce ( arti/s & m5 ( lett]s 9
 ,bo/on4 ,f\r ( ^! he  complet$4 ,r\gh  
drafts ( two o!rs 7 f\nd among 8 pap]s1 

b  n 9 a /ate fit = publication4 ,9     
#ahda1 he publi%$ 8 tale (  ,monaldi1 a 
production ( 8 e>ly life4 ,! poems 9 !  
pres5t  volume1 n includ$ 9 ! volume (  
#ahac1 are1 ) two exceptions1  ! "w ( 8 
lat] ye>s4 ,9 !m1 z 9 8 pa9t+s ( !  same
 p]iod1 may be se5 ! extreme att5tion to
 f9i%1 always 8  *>act]i/ic1 :i*1 add$  
to increas+ bodily pa9 & infirmity1  0 !
 cause ( 8 leav+ s mu* t is unf9i%$     
beh9d him4    ,8 dea? occurr$ at 8 own  
h\se1 9 ,cambridge1 a little pa/        
midnight on ! morn+ ( ,sunday1 ! #i? (  
,july1 #ahdc4 ,he _h  f9i%$ a day & week
 ( labor 9 8 /udio1 ^u 8 great picture  
( ,bel%azz>'s ,fea/2 ! fre% pa9t d5ot+ t
 ! la/ t\*es  ( 8 p5cil 7 giv5 to t     
glori\s b melan*oly monum5t (  ! be/    
ye>s ( 8 lat] life4 ,hav+ conv]s$ ) 8   
retir+  family ) peculi> solemnity &    
e>ne/ness ^u ! obligation &  beauty ( a 
pure spiritual life1 & on ! realities ( 
! _w to  come1 he _h seat$ himself at 8 
nightly employm5t ( read+ &  writ+1 :i* 
he usually c>ri$ into ! e>ly h\rs ( !   

morn+4  ,9 ! sil5ce & solitude ( ?is    
occupation1 9 a mom5t1  ) t\* z g5tle z 
! morn+ light1 :i* 0 ev5 !n  approa*+1 8
 _s 0 call$ away to its prop] home4     
,cont5ts    ,preface ,by ,! ,editor     
,lectures on ,art4    ,prelim9>y        
,note4--,ideas    ,introductory         
,disc\rse    ,art    ,=m    ,composition
    ,aphorisms4    ,s5t5ces ,writt5 by  
,mr4 ,all/on on ! ,walls ( ,8 ,/udio    
,! ,hypo*ondriac          ,lectures on  
,art4          ,prelim9>y ,note4        
,ideas4        ,z ! ^w idea w frequ5tly 
occur1 & w be f\nd  also to hold an     
important relation to our pres5t        
subject1 we %all  endeav\r1 9 lim9e1 to 
possess our read]s ( ! p>ticul>  s5se 9 
:i* we und]/& & apply x4    ,an ,idea1  
!n1 accord+ to our appreh5sion1 is !    
highe/ or mo/  p]fect =m 9 :i* any ?+1  
:e!r ( ! physical1 !  intellectual1 or !
 spiritual1 may exi/ to ! m9d4 ,by =m1  
we d n  mean figure or image 7?\gh ^!   
may be includ$ 9 relation to !          
physical72 b t condition1 or /ate1 9 :i*

 su* objects become  cognizable to !    
m9d1 or1 9 o!r words1 become objects (  
consci\sness4    ,ideas are ( two k9ds2 
:i* we %all di/+ui% by ! t]ms prim>y  & 
second>y3 ! fir/ be+ ! manife/ation (   
objective  realities2 ! second1 t ( !   
reflex product1 s to speak1 ( !  m5tal  
con/itution4 ,9 bo? cases1 !y may be    
said to be  self-affirm$1--t is1 !y c>ry
 9 !mselves _! own evid5ce2  be+ !re=e n
 only indep5d5t ( ! reflective          
faculties1 b  con/itut+ ! only          
un*angeable gr\nd ( ,tru?1 to :i* ^?    
faculties may ultimately ref]4 ,yet h ^!
 ,ideas no liv+ en]gy 9  !mselves2 !y   
are b ! =ms1 z we h said1 ?r\gh or 9 :i*
  a high] ,p[] manife/s to !            
consci\sness ! supreme tru? ( all  ?+s  
real1 9 respect to ! fir/ class2 &1 9   
respect to ! second1  ! imag9ative tru?s
 ( ! m5tal products1 or m5tal           
comb9ations4 ,(  ! nature & mode (      
op]ation ( ! ,p[] to :i* we ref]1 we "k1
  & c "k1 no?+2 x is "o ( ^? secrets (  
our be+ :i* ,he  :o made u has kept to  

himself4 ,& we %\ld be cont5t ) !       
assurance1 t we h 9 x a sure & intuitive
 guide to a rev]5t  k ( ! beauty &      
gr&eur ( 8 works1--nay1 ( 8 own         
adorable reality4 ,& :o %all ga9say x1  
%\ld we add1 t ?is  my/]i\s ,p[] is     
ess5tially imman5t 9 t brea? ( life1 by 
:i* man becomes a liv+ s\l8    ,9 !     
foll[+ rem>ks we %all conf9e ourself to 
! fir/  class ( ,ideas1 namely1 ! ,real2
 leav+ ! second to be notic$  h]eaft]4  
,z to numb]1 ideas are limit$ only by ! 
numb] ( k9ds1 )\t  direct relation to   
degrees2 e object1 !re=e1 hav+ 9 itself 
a di/9ctive ess5tial1 has also its      
di/9ct idea2 :ile two  or m objects ( ! 
same k9d1 h[ev] diff]+ 9 degree1 mu/    
consequ5tly ref] only to "o & ! same4 ,=
 in/ance1 ?\gh a  hundr$ animals %\ld   
diff] 9 size1 /r5g?1 or color1 yet1 if  
none ( ^! peculi>ities are ess5tial to !
 species1 !y w\ld  all ref] to ! same   
supreme idea4    ,! same law applies    
equally1 & ) ! same limitation1 to  !   
ess5tial diff]5ces 9 ! intellectual1 !  

moral1 & !  spiritual4 ,all ideas1      
h[ev]1 h b a pot5tial exi/5ce until  !y 
are call$ into ! consci\sness by "s real
 object2 !  requir$ condition ( ! object
 be+ a pr$et]m9$ correspond5ce1  or     
correlation4 ,e su* object we t]m an    
assimilant4    ,) respect to ^? ideas   
:i* relate to ! physical _w1 we  rem>k1 
t1 ?\gh ! assimilants requir$ are       
suppli$ by  ! s5ses1 ! s5ses h 9        
!mselves no productive1  cop]at+ en]gy1 
be+ b ! passive in/rum5ts1 or m$ium1    
?r\gh :i* !y are convey$4 ,t ! s5ses1 9 
?is relation1  are m]ely passive1 admits
 ( no "q1 f ! obvi\s diff]5ce  betwe5 ! 
idea & ! objects4 ,! s5ses c d no m ?an 
transmit ! ext]nal 9 its actual =ms1    
leav+ ! images 9 !  m9d exactly z !y    
f\nd !m2 :]eas ! intuitive p[] rejects1 
or assimilates1 indef9itely1 until !y   
are resolv$ into ! prop]  p]fect =m4 ,n[
 ! p[] :i* prescribes t =m mu/1 (       
necessity1 be antec$5t to ! pres5tation 
( ! objects :i* x  ?us assimilates1 z x 
c\ld n else give consi/5ce & unity to   

:at 0 be=e sep>ate or fragm5t>y4 ,& e "o
 :o has  ev] realiz$ an idea ( ! class 9
 :i* alone we comp>e !  assimilants ) ! 
ideal =m1 be he poet1 pa9t]1 or         
philosoph]1  well kn[s ! wide diff]5ce  
betwe5 ! mat]ials & _! result4  ,:5 an  
idea is ?us realiz$ & made objective1 x 
affirms its own  tru?1 nor c any process
 ( ! und]/&+ %ake its f\ndation2  nay1 x
 is to ! m9d an ess5tial1 imp]ative     
tru?1 !n em]g+1  z x 71 f ! d>k pot5tial
 into ! light ( reality4    ,if ?is be  
s1 ! inf]5ce is pla91 t ! relation      
betwe5 !  actual & ! ideal is "o (      
necessity1 & !re=e1 also1 is !          
pr$et]m9$ correspond5ce betwe5 !        
prescrib$ =m ( an  idea & its           
assimilant2 = h[ o!rwise c\ld ! =m]     
become  recipi5t ( t :i* 0 repugnant or 
indiff]5t1 :5 !  pres5ce ( ! latt]      
con/itutes ! v condition by :i* x is    
manife/$1 or c be kn[n to exi/8 ,by     
actual1 "h1 we d n mean  ! exclusively  
physical1 b :atev]1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se1 c 
be  call$ an object1 z =m+ ! opposite to

 a m]e subject (  ! m9d4    ,x w\ld     
appe>1 !n1 t :at we call ourself mu/ h a
  dual reality1 t is1 9 ! m9d & 9 !     
s5ses1 s9ce  nei!r alone c\ld possibly  
expla9 ! ph5om5a ( !  o!r2 consequ5tly1 
9 ! exi/5ce ( ei!r we h cle>ly  impli$ !
 reality ( bo?4 ,& h5ce mu/ foll[ ! /ill
 m  important tru?1 t1 9 ! consci\s     
pres5ce ( any  spiritual idea1 we h !   
sure/ pro( ( a spiritual object2  nor is
 ?is ! less c]ta91 ?\gh we p]ceive n !  
assimilant4  ,nay1 a spiritual          
assimilant _c be p]ceiv$1 b1 to use !   
words  ( ,/4 ,paul1 is spiritually      
disc]n$1 t is1 by a s5se1 s to  speak1 (
 our own _s4 ,b to illu/rate by example3
 we c\ld n1  = in/ance1 h ! ideas ( good
 & evil )\t _! objective  realities1 nor
 ( "r & wrong1 9 any intelligible =m1   
)\t  ! moral law to :i* !y ref]1--:i*   
law we call ! ,consci5ce2  nor c\ld we h
 ! idea ( a moral law )\t a moral       
lawgiv]1  &1 if moral1 !n intellig5t1 &1
 if intellig5t1 !n p]sonal2  9 a ^w1 we 
c\ld n n[ h1 z we "k we h1 ! idea (     

consci5ce1 )\t an objective1 p]sonal    
,god4 ,su* ideas may well be  call$     
revelations1 s9ce1 )\t any p]ceiv$      
assimilant1 we f9d  !m equally affirm$ )
 ^? ideas :i* relate to ! purely        
physical4    ,b "h x may be ask$1 ,h[   
are we to di/+ui% an ,idea f a m]e      
notion8 ,we answ]1 ,by its              
self-affirmation4 ,= an ideal tru?1 hav+
  its own evid5ce 9 itself1 c nei!r be  
prov$ nor disprov$ by any  ?+ out (     
itself2 :atev]1 !n1 impresses ! m9d z   
tru?1 is  tru? until x c be %[n to be   
false2 & consequ5tly1 9 !  conv]se1     
:atev] c be br\ght into ! sph]e ( !     
und]/&+1 z  a dialectic subject1 is n an
 ,idea4 ,x w be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t we  d n
 say an idea may n be d5i$2 b to d5y is 
n to disprove4 ,_m  ?+s are d5i$ 9      
direct contradiction to fact2 = ! m9d c 
comm&1 & 9 no measur$ degree1 ! p[] (   
self-bl9d+1 s t x  _c see :at is        
actually be=e x4 ,?is is a psy*ological 
fact1 :i*  may be atte/$ by ?\s&s1 :o c 
well rememb] ! "t :5 !y _h  once cle>ly 

disc]n$ :at has n[ vani%$ f _! m9ds4    
,nor does  ! actual cessation ( ^!      
primeval =ms1 or ! aft] pres5ce (  _!   
fragm5t>y1 nay1 disfigur$ relics1       
disprove _! reality1 or  _! orig9al     
integrity1 z we c\ld n else call !m up 9
 _!  prop] =ms at any future "t1 to !   
reackn[l$g+ _! tru?3 a  resuscitation & 
result1 s to speak1 :i* _m h exp]i5c$4  
,9 conclusion3 ?\gh x be b "o & ! same  
,p[] t prescribes  ! =m & det]m9es !    
tru? ( all ,ideas1 !re is yet an        
ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! two classes (
 ideas to :i* we h  ref]r$2 = x may well
 be d\bt$ :e!r any ,prim>y ,idea c ev]  
be fully realiz$ by a f9ite m9d1--at    
lea/ 9 ! pres5t /ate4  ,take1 = in/ance1
 ! idea ( beauty4 ,9 its highe/ =m1 z   
pres5t$ to ! consci\sness1 we /ill f9d x
 ref]r+ to  some?+ beyond & above       
itself1 z if x 7 b an approximation  to 
a /ill high] =m4 ,! tru? ( ?is1 we ?9k1 
w be  p>ticul>ly felt by ! arti/1 :e!r  
poet or pa9t]1 ^: m9d  may be suppos$1 f
 8 natural bias1 to be m peculi>ly      

capable  ( its highe/ developem5t2 & :at
 true arti/ 0 ev] satisfi$  ) any idea (
 beauty ( :i* he is consci\s8 ,f ?is    
approximat$ =m1 h[ev]1 he d\btless      
d]ives a high degree (  pleasure1 nay1  
"o ( ! pure/ ( :i* 8 nature is capable2 
yet /ill is ! pleasure modifi$1 if we   
may s express x1 by an  undef9$ ye>n+ = 
:at he feels c nev] be realiz$4 ,&      
:]e=e ?is crav+1 b = ! ar*etype ( t :i* 
call$ x  =?8--,:5 we say n satisfi$1 we 
d n mean discont5t$1 b  simply n 9 full 
fruition4 ,& x is bett] t x %\ld be  s1 
s9ce "o ( ! happie/ elem5ts ( our nature
 is t :i*  cont9ually impels x t[>ds !  
indef9ite & unatta9able4 ,s  f> z we "k1
 ! l limits may be set to e o!r prim>y  
idea1--z if ! ,creator _h res]v$ to     
himself alone ! possible  contemplation 
( ! ar*etypes ( 8 univ]se4    ,) reg>d  
to ! o!r class1 t ( ,second>y ,ideas1   
:i* we  h call$ ! reflex product ( !    
m9d1 _! di/+ui%+  *>act]i/ic is1 t !y n 
only admit ( a p]fect realization1  b   
also ( outw>d manife/ation1 s z to be   

communicat$ to o!rs4  ,all works (      
imag9ation1 s call$1 pres5t examples (  
?is4 ,h5ce  !y may also be t]m$         
imitative or imag9ative4 ,=1 ?\gh !y    
draw _! assimilants f ! actual _w1 & are
 likewise  regulat$ by ! unkn[n ,p[]    
be=e m5tion$1 yet are !y b !  =ms ( :at1
 z a :ole1 h no actual exi/5ce2--!y are 
nev]!less true to ! m9d1 & are made s by
 ! same ,p[] :i*  affirms _!            
possibility4 ,?is species ( ,tru? we    
%all h]eaft]  h occasion to di/+ui% z   
,poetic ,tru?4          ,introductory   
,disc\rse4        ,next to ! developem5t
 ( our moral nature1 to h subord9at$ !  
s5ses to ! m9d is ! highe/ triumph ( !  
civiliz$ /ate4 ,7  x possible to embody 
! pres5t complicat$ s*eme ( society1 s z
  to br+ x be=e u z a visible object1   
!re is p]haps no?+  9 ! _w ( s5se t w\ld
 s fill u ) wond]2 = :at is  !re 9      
nature t may n fall )9 its limits8 & yet
 h[ small  a portion ( ?is /up5d\s      
fabric w be f\nd to h any direct1  mu*  
less exclusive1 relation to ! actual    

wants ( ! body6 ,x  might seem1 inde$1  
to an unreflect+ obs]v]1 t our physical 
necessities1 :i*1 truly e/imat$1 are few
 & simple1 h r  be5 increas$ ?an dim9i%$
 by ! civiliz$ man4 ,b ?is is n  true2  
=1 if a wid] duty is impos$ on ! s5ses1 
x is only to  m9i/] to ! increas$ dem&s 
( ! imag9ation1 :i* is n[ s  m+l$ ) our 
e-day conc]ns1 ev5 ) our dress1 h\ses1 &
  furniture1 t1 except ) ! brutaliz$1 ! 
purely s5su\s wants  might almo/ be said
 to h become ext9ct3 ) ! cultivat$ &    
ref9$1 !y are at lea/ s modifi$ z to be 
no long] prom95t4    ,b ?is refill+ on !
 physical1 l e ?+ else1 has _h its      
oppon5ts3 x is declaim$ aga9/ z         
artificial4 ,if by artificial is  meant 
unnatural1 we _c s consid] x2 b hold1 on
 ! contr>y1  t ! :ole multi=m s*eme ( ! 
civiliz$ /ate is n only 9  accordance ) 
our nature1 b an ess5tial condition to !
 prop]  developem5t ( ! human be+4 ,x is
 presuppos$ by ! v wants  ( 8 m9d2 nor  
c\ld x o!rwise h be51 any m ?an c\ld  h 
be5 ! cab9 ( ! beav]1 or ! curi\s hive (

 ! bee1  )\t _! prexi/+ in/9cts2 x is   
!re=e 9 ! highe/  s5se natural1 z gr[+  
out ( ! inh]5t desires ( ! m9d4    ,b we
 w\ld n be misund]/ood4 ,:5 we speak ( !
 ref9$  /ate z n out ( nature1 we mean  
su* results z proce$ f !  legitimate    
gr[? ( our m5tal con/itution1 :i* we    
suppose to  be gr\nd$ 9 p]man5t1        
univ]sal pr9ciples2 &1 :atev]           
modifications1 h[ev] subtile1 & app>5tly
 vision>y1 may foll[  _! op]ation 9 ! _w
 ( s5se1 s long z t op]ation  div]ge n f
 its orig9al gr\nd1 its effect mu/ be1 9
 !  /ricte/ s5se1 natural4 ,?us ! wilde/
 visions ( poetry1 !  unsub/antial =ms (
 pa9t+1 & ! my/]i\s h>monies (  music1 t
 seem to disembody ! _s1 & make u       
creatures ( !  air1--ev5 ^!1 unreal z !y
 are1 may all h _! f\ndation  9         
immutable tru?2 & we may moreov] "k (   
?is tru? by its own  evid5ce4 ,( ?is    
species ( evid5ce we %all h occasion to 
speak  h]eaft]4 ,b !re is ano!r k9d (   
gr[?1 :i* may well be  call$ unnatural2 
we mean1 ( ^? diseas$ appetites1 ^:     

effects  are se5 9 ! di/ort$ =ms ( !    
conv5tional1 hav+ no  gr\nd b 9 we>9ess 
( ! true2 & x _c be d5i$ t ?is  morbid  
gr[? has its full %>e1 inw>dly &        
outw>dly1 bo? (  space & importance4    
,^!1 h[ev]1 mu/ soon] or lat] end z !y  
began2 !y p]i% 9 ! lie !y make2 & x 7   
well did n  o!r falsehoods take _!      
places1 to prolong a life ^: only  t5ure
 is inconsequ5tial succession1--9 o!r   
words1 ,fa%ion4    ,if x be true1 !n1 t 
ev5 ! commonplaces ( life mu/ all 9  "s 
degree p>take ( ! m5tal1 !re c be b "o  
rule by :i*  to det]m9e ! prop] rank (  
any object ( pursuit1 & t is by  its    
ne>] or m remote relation to our inw>d  
nature4 ,e sy/em1  !re=e1 :i* t5ds to   
degrade a m5tal pleasure to ! subord9ate
  or sup]flu\s1 is bo? n>r[ & false1 z  
virtually rev]s+ its  natural ord]4     
,x pleas$ our ,creator1 :5 he end[$ u ) 
appetites &  functions by :i* to su/a9 !
 economy ( life1 at ! same "t to  annex 
to _! ex]cise a s5se ( pleasure2 h5ce   
our daily food1 &  ! daily alt]nation ( 

repose & action1 are no less grateful   
?an  imp]ative4 ,t life may be su/a9$1 &
 mo/ ( its functions  p]=m$1 )\t any    
co9cid5t enjoym5t1 is c]ta9ly possible4 
,our food may be di/a/eful1 action      
pa9ful1 & re/ unrefre%+2  & yet we may  
eat1 & ex]cise1 & sleep1 nay1 live ?us =
 ye>s4  ,b ?is is n our natural         
condition1 & we call x disease4 ,7  man 
a m]e animal1 ! v act ( liv+1 9 8       
natural or heal?y  /ate1 w\ld be to him 
a cont9u\s enjoym5t4 ,b he is also a    
moral  & an intellectual be+2 &1 9 l    
mann]1 is ! heal?ful  condition ( ^!1 ! 
nobl] p>ts ( 8 nature1 att5d$ )  some?+ 
m ?an a consci\sness ( ! m]e process (  
exi/5ce4  ,to ! ex]cise ( 8 intellectual
 faculties & moral attributes !  same   
b5evol5t law has sup]add$ a s5se (      
pleasure1--( a k9d1  too1 9 ! same      
degree transc5d+ ! highe/ bodily        
s5sation1 z  mu/ t :i* is immortal      
transc5d ! p]i%able4 ,x is n = u  to ask
 :y x is s2 mu* less1 because x squ>es n
 ) !  poor notion ( mat]ial usefulness1 

to call 9 "q a fact t  ann\nces a nature
 to :i* ! s5ses are b pass+ m9i/]s4 ,let
  u r receive ?is ennobl+ law1 at lea/  
)\t misgiv+1 le/  9 our s5su\s wisdom we
 ex*ange an endur+ gift = a transi5t    
gratification4    ,( ! peculi> fruits ( 
?is law1 :i* we %all "h di/+ui% by  !   
g5]al t]m m5tal pleasures1 x is our     
purpose to treat  9 ! pres5t disc\rse4  
,x is ) no assum$ diffid5ce t we v5ture 
on ?is subject2 =1  ?\gh we %all (f]    
no?+ n believ$ to be true1 we are b too 
s5sible h[ small a portion ( tru? x is 9
 our p[] to pres5t4  ,b1 7 x f> great]1 
& ! pres5t writ] ( a mu* high]  ord] (  
intellect1 !re w\ld /ill be suffici5t   
cause =  humility 9 view ( ^? impassable
 b\nds t h ev] met e  self-que/ion+ ( ! 
m9d4    ,b :il/ ! n>r[ness ( human k may
 well preclude all  self-exaltation1 x  
w\ld be worse ?an folly to hold z naught
 !  _m important tru?s :i* h be5 wr\ght 
out = u by ! mighty  intellects ( ! pa/4
 ,if !y h left u no?+ = va+lory1  !y h  
left u at lea/ en\gh to be grateful =4  

,nor is x  a little1 t !y h taught u to 
look into ^? my/]i\s  *amb]s ( our      
be+1--! abode ( ! _s2 & n a little1     
inde$1 if :at we are !re p]mitt$ to "k  
%all h br\ght )  x ! conviction1 t we   
are n ab&on$ to a bl9d empiricism1 to   
wa/e life 9 guesses1 & to guess at la/ t
 we h all our  lives be5 guess+         
wrong1--b1 unapproa*able ?\gh x be to ! 
subord9ate ,und]/&+1 t we h /ill )9 u an
 abid+  ,int]pret]1 :i* _c be ga9said1  
:i* makes our duty to ,god &  man cle> z
 ! light1 :i* ev] gu>ds ! f\nta9 ( all  
true  pleasures1 nay1 :i* holds 9       
subjection ! la/ high gift ( !          
,creator1 t imag9ative faculty :]eby 8  
exalt$ creature1 made  9 8 image1 might 
m\ld at w1 f 8 mo/ m>vell\s _w1 yet     
unborn =ms1 ev5 =ms ( beauty1 gr&eur1 & 
maje/y1 hav+ all  ( tru? b 8 own div9e  
pr]ogative1--! my/]y ( ,life4    ,z !   
great] "p ( ^? ,pleasures :i* we propose
 to discuss are  intimately connect$ ) !
 mat]ial _w1 x may be well1 p]haps1  to 
assign "s reason = ! epi!t m5tal4 ,to   

_m1 we "k1  ?is w seem sup]flu\s2 b1 :5 
x is rememb]$ h[ (t5 we  he> ( ?is & t  
object delight+ ! eye1 or ( c]ta9 s\nds 
*>m+ ! e>1 x may n be amiss to %[ t su* 
expressions  h really no mean+ except z 
metaphors4 ,:5 ! s5ses1 z !  m$ium (    
communication1 h convey$ to ! m9d ei!r !
 s\nds  or images1 _! function ceases4  
,s also ) respect to ! objects3  _! end 
is atta9$1 at lea/ z to u1 :5 ! s\nds or
 images  are ?us transmitt$1 :i*1 s f> z
 !y are conc]n$1 mu/ =  ev] rema9 ! same
 )9 z )\t ! m9d4 ,=1 :]e !  ultimate end
 is n 9 m]e bodily s5sation1 nei!r !    
s5ses nor  ! objects possess1 (         
!mselves1 any productive p[]2 ( !       
product t foll[s1 ! t]tium aliquid1 :e!r
 ! pleasure  we feel be 9 a beautiful   
animal or 9 accord+ s\nds1 nei!r !  "o  
nor ! o!r is really ! cause1 b simply ! 
occasion4  ,x is cle>1 !n1 t ! effect   
realiz$ supposes ( necessity  ano!r     
ag5t1 :i* mu/ !re=e exi/ only 9 ! m9d4  
,b (  ?is h]eaft]4    ,if ! cause ( any 
emotion1 :i* we seem to d]ive f an      

outw>d  object1 7 inh]5t exclusively 9 !
 object itself1 !re c\ld  be no failure 
9 any in/ance1 except :]e ! organs (    
s5se 7  ei!r diseas$ or imp]fect4 ,b x  
is a matt] ( fact t !y  (t5 d fail :]e  
!re is no disease or organic defect4 ,_m
 ( u1  p]haps1 c call to m9d c]ta9      
individuals1 ^: s5se ( he>+  is z acute 
z our own1 :o yet c by no possibility be
 made to  recognize ! slighte/ relation 
betwe5 ! accord+ notes ( !  simple/     
melody2 &1 ?\gh !y c z readily z o!rs   
di/+ui%  ! individual s\nds1 ev5 to !   
degrees ( flatness & %>pness1  ! h>monic
 agreem5t is to !m z m]e noise4 ,let u  
suppose  ourselves pres5t at a conc]t1 9
 company ) "o su* p]son &  ano!r :o     
possesses :at is call$ musical          
s5sibility4 ,h[ are  !y affect$1 =      
in/ance1 by a piece ( ,moz>t's8 ,9 !    
s5se  ( he>+ !y are equal3 look at !m4  
,9 ! "o we p]ceive  p]plexity1          
annoyance1 p]haps pa92 he he>s no?+ b a 
confus$  m$ley ( s\nds4 ,9 ! o!r1 ! :ole
 be+ is rapt 9 ec/asy1  ! unutt]able    

pleasure gu%es f 8 eyes1 he _c          
articulate  8 emotion2--9 ! words ( "o1 
:o felt & embodi$ ! subtile  my/]y 9    
immortal v]se1 8 v s\l seems lapp$ 9    
,elysium4  ,n[1 c\ld ?is diff]5ce be    
possible1 7 ! sole cause1 /rictly       
speak+1 9 m]e matt]8    ,nor d we       
contradict our position1 :5 we admit1 9 
c]ta9  cases1--= in/ance1 9 !           
produc]1--! necessity ( a nic]          
organization1 9 ord] to ! m p]fect      
transmission ( !  f9] emotions2 inasmu* 
z :at is to be communicat$ 9 space &  "t
 mu/ ne$s be by "s m$ium adapt$ !reto4  
,su* a p]son z ,pagan9i1 x is said1 0   
able to disc\rse mo/  excell5t music on 
a ballad-mong]'s fiddle2 yet w any "o   
"q t he ne$$ an in/rum5t ( some:at f9]  
con/ruction  to %[ =? 8 full p[]s8 ,nay1
 we might add1 t he ne$$ no  less ?an ! 
mo/ delicate ,cremona1--"s in/rum5t1 z x
  71 articulat$ into humanity1--to h    
inhal$ & respir$ ^?  att5uat$ /ra9s1    
:i*1 ^? :o he>d !m ?9k x h>dly          
extravagant to say1 seem$ almo/ to      

embody sil5ce4    ,n[ ?is me*anical     
in/rum5t1 by means ( :i* su* m>vels 7   
wr\ght1 is b "o ( ! _m visible symbols (
 t m subtile  in/rum5t ?r\gh :i* ! m9d  
acts :5 x w\ld manife/ itself4  ,x w\ld 
be too absurd to ask if any "o believ$ t
 ! music we  speak ( 0 creat$1 z well z 
convey$1 by ! in/rum5t4 ,!  viol9 (     
,pagan9i may /ill be se5 & h&l$2 b ! s\l
 t  inspir$ x is buri$ ) its ma/]4      
,if we admit a di/9ction betwe5 m9d &   
matt]1 & ! result we  speak ( be purely 
m5tal1 we %\ld contradict ! univ]sal law
  ( nature to assign su* a product to   
m]e matt]1 inasmu* z !  natural law     
=bids 9 ! l[] ! production ( ! high]4   
,take  an example f "o ( ! l[] =ms (    
organic life1--a common  vegetable4 ,w  
any "o ass]t t ! surr\nd+ inorganic     
elem5ts  ( air1 e>?1 heat1 & wat]       
produce its peculi> =m8 ,?\gh "s1  or   
all1 ( ^! may be ess5tial to its        
developem5t1 !y are s  only z its       
pr$et]m9$ correlatives1 )\t :i* its     
exi/5ce  c\ld n be manife/$2 & 9 l mann]

 mu/ ! peculi> =m (  ! vegetable prexi/ 
9 its life1--9 its idea1--9 ord] to     
evolve by ^! assimilants its own prop]  
organism4    ,no possible modification 9
 ! degrees or proportion ( ^!  elem5ts c
 *ange ! specific =m ( a plant1--=      
in/ance1 a  cabbage into a caulifl[]2 x 
mu/ ev] rema9 a cabbage1 small or  l>ge1
 good or bad4  ,s1 too1 is ! ext]nal _w 
to !  m9d2 :i* ne$s1 also1 z ! condition
 ( its manife/ation1 its  objective     
correlative4 ,h5ce ! pres5ce ( "s outw>d
 object1  pr$et]m9$ to correspond to !  
prexi/+ idea 9 its liv+  p[]1 is        
ess5tial to ! evolution ( its prop]     
end1--!  pleasurable emotion4 ,we beg x 
may be not$ t we d n say  s5sation4 ,&  
h5ce we hold ourself ju/ifi$ 9 speak+ ( 
su* pres5ce z simply ! occasion1 or     
condition1 & n1 p]  se1 ! cause4 ,&     
h5ce1 moreov]1 may be inf]r$ ! absolute 
necessity ( ,dual ,=ces 9 ord] to !     
actual exi/5ce ( any  ?+4 ,"o alone1 !  
incompreh5sible ,au?or ( all ?+s1 is    
self-subsi/+ 9 8 p]fect ,unity4    ,we  

%all n[ endeav\r to e/abli% ! foll[+    
proposition3 namely1  t ! ,pleasures 9  
"q h _! true s\rce 9 ,"o ,intuitive     
,univ]sal ,pr9ciple or liv+ ,p[]1 & t ! 
?ree ,ideas (  ,beauty1 ,tru?1 &        
,hol9ess1 :i* we assume to repres5t !   
p]fect 9 ! physical1 intellectual1 &    
moral worlds1 are  b ! sev]al realiz$   
phases ( ?is sov]eign pr9ciple1 :i* we  
%all call ,h>mony4    ,our fir/ /ep1 !n1
 is to possess ourself ( ! ess5tial or  
di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( ^! pleasurable   
emotions4 ,app>5tly1  !re is no?+ m     
simple4 ,& yet we are acqua9t$ ) no s+le
  t]m t %all fully express x4 ,b :at e  
"o has m or less  felt may c]ta9ly be   
made intelligible 9 a m ext5d$ =m1 &1   
we %\ld ?9k1 by any "o 9 ! slighte/     
degree compet5t to  self-exam9ation4    
,let a p]son1 !n1 be appeal$ to2 & let  
him put  ! "q z to :at passes )9 him :5 
possess$ by ^!  emotions2 & ! spontane\s
 feel+ w answ] = u1 t :at we  call self 
has no "p 9 !m4 ,nay1 we fur!r ass]t1 t1
  :5 s+ly felt1 t is1 :5 unalli$ to o!r 

emotions z  modify+ =ces1 !y are :olly  
unmix$ ) any p]sonal  consid]ations1 or 
any consci\s advantage to ! individual4 
,nor is ?is assign+ too high a "* to !  
feel+s 9 "q  because awak5$ 9 s _m      
in/ances by ! purely physical2 s9ce  _! 
true orig9 may cle>ly be trac$ to a     
common s\rce ) ^?  pr(\nd] emotions :i* 
we are wont to ascribe to ! intellectual
  & moral4 ,besides1 x %\ld be borne 9  
m9d1 t no physical  object c be o!rwise 
to ! m9d ?an a m]e occasion2 its  inw>d 
product1 or m5tal effect1 be+ f ano!r   
,p[]4 ,! prop]  view !re=e is1 n t su*  
alliance c ev] degrade ! high]  ag5t1 b 
t its m humble & mat]ial assimilant is  
?us  elevat$ by x4 ,s t no?+ 9 nature   
%\ld be c\nt$ mean1  :i* c ?us be       
exalt$2 b r be honor$1 s9ce no object c 
become s assimilat$ except by its       
pr$et]m9$ correlation to our  bett]     
nature4    ,nei!r is x ! privilege ( !  
exclusive few1 ! ref9$ &  cultivat$1 to 
feel !m deeply4 ,if we look beyond      
ourselves1 ev5 to  ! promiscu\s         

multitude1 ! in/ance w be r>e1 if exi/+ 
at  all1 :]e "s transi5t t\* ( ^! pur]  
feel+s has n rais$  ! individual to1 at 
lea/1 a mom5t>y exemption f ! common    
?raldom ( self4 ,& we greatly err if _! 
univ]sality is n  solely limit$ by ^?   
%ades ( ! prison-h\se1 :i*1 9 !  words (
 ! poet1 too (t5 close ^u ! gr[+ boy4   
,nay1 s  f> z we h obs]v$1 we _c admit x
 z a "q :e!r any  p]son ?r\gh a :ole    
life has always be5 :olly ins5sible1--we
  w n say 7?\gh well we might7 to ! good
 & true1--b to  beauty2 at lea/1 to "s  
"o k9d1 or degree1 ( ! beautiful4 ,!    
mo/ abject wret*1 h[ev] animaliz$ by    
vice1 may /ill be able to  recall ! "t  
:5 a morn+ or ev5+ sky1 a bird1 a fl[]1 
or  ! sight ( "s o!r object 9 nature1   
has giv5 him a pleasure1  :i* he felt to
 be di/9ct f t ( 8 animal appetites1 &  
to :i* he c\ld atta* n a ?\ght (        
self-int]e/4 ,&1 ?\gh  crime & mis]y may
 close ! he>t = ye>s1 & seal x up =  ev]
 to e r$eem+ ?\ght1 !y _c s %ut out f ! 
memory ^! gleams ( innoc5ce2 ev5 !      

brutifi$ _s1 !  ca/away ( 8 k9d1 has be5
 made to blu% at ?is endur+ light2  = x 
tells him ( a tru?1 :i* might else h    
nev] be5  rememb]$1--t he has once be5 a
 man4    ,& "h may occur a "q1--:i*     
might well be left to ! ultra  advocates
 ( ! cui bono1--:e!r a simple fl[] may n
  sometimes be ( high] use ?an a        
labor-sav+ ma*9e4    ,z to ! objects ^: 
effect on ! m9d is "h discuss$1 x is    
ne$less to specify !m2 !y are1 9 g5]al1 
all su* z are kn[n  to affect u 9 !     
mann] describ$4 ,! catalogue w v>y bo? 9
  numb] & k9d ) diff]5t p]sons1 accord+ 
to ! degree (  =ce or developem5t 9 !   
ov]rul+ ,pr9ciple4    ,we proce$1 !n1 to
 reply to su* objections z w d\btless be
  urg$ aga9/ ! *>act]i/ic assum$4 ,&    
fir/1 z reg>ds !  ,beautiful1 we %all   
probably be met by ! receiv$ notion1 t  
we  exp]i5ce 9 ,beauty "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful
 inc5tives to passion2  :ile examples   
)\t numb] w be br\ght 9 array to prove x
  also ! wond]-work+ cause ( almo/      
fabul\s trans=mations1--z  giv+ en]gy to

 ! indol5t1 pati5ce to ! quick1         
p]sev]ance  to ! fickle1 ev5 c\rage to !
 timid2 &1 vice v]s1 z  unmann+ !       
h]o1--nay1 urg+ ! honorable to          
falsehood1 treason1  & murd]2 9 a ^w1   
?r\gh ! ma/]$1 bewild]$1 sophi/icat$    
self1 z indiff]5tly rais+ & s9k+ !      
fasc9at$  object to ! heights & dep?s ( 
pleasure & mis]y1 ( virtue &  vice4     
,n[1 if ! ,beauty "h ref]r$ to is ( !   
human be+1 we  d n ga9say x2 b ?is is   
beauty 9 its mix$ mode1--n  9 its high1 
passionless =m1 its s+l5ess & purity4 ,x
 is n  ,beauty z x desc5d$ f heav51 9 ! 
cl\d1 ! ra9b[1 !  fl[]1 ! bird1 or 9 !  
concord ( sweet s\nds1 t seem to  c>ry  
back ! s\l to :5ce x came4    ,c\ld we  
look1 inde$1 at ! human =m 9 its simple1
 unalli$  physical /ructure1--on t1 =   
in/ance1 ( a beautiful woman1--&  =get1 
or r n feel1 t x is o!r ?an a =m1 !re   
c\ld be b "o feel+3 t no?+ visible 0 ev]
 s fram$ to  bani% f ! s\l e ignoble    
?\ght1 & imbue x1 z x 71  ) primeval    
innoc5ce4    ,we are q aw>e t ! doctr9e 

assum$ 9 our ma9 proposition  ) reg>d to
 ,beauty1 z hold+ exclusive relation to 
! ,physical1  is n v likely to =e/all   
favor2 we !re=e beg = x only  su* c&id  
att5tion z1 = ! reasons advanc$1 x may  
appe> to  des]ve4    ,t su* effects z h 
j be5 object$ c\ld n be f ,beauty       
alone1 9 its pure & s+le =m1 b r f its  
co9cid5ce  ) "s real or suppos$ moral or
 intellectual quality1 or ) !  animal   
appetites1 seems to u cle>2 z1 7 x      
o!rwise1 we might  inf] ! same f a      
beautiful infant1--! v ?\ght ( :i* is   
revolt+ to common s5se4 ,9 su*          
conjunction1 inde$1 x _c b  h a c]ta9   
influ5ce1 b s modifi$ z (t5 to become a 
m]e  accessory1 subord9at$ to ! animal  
or moral object1 & = !  atta9m5t ( an   
end n its own2 9 pro( ( :i*1 we f9d x   
almo/  uni=mly p>tak+ ! p5alty impos$ on
 its incid5tal associates1  %\ld ev] _! 
desires result 9 illusion1--namely1 9 ! 
av]sion  t foll[s4 ,b ! result ( ,beauty
 c nev] be su*2 :5 x  seems o!rwise1 !  
effect1 we ?9k1 c readily be trac$ to   

o!r  causes1 z we %all pres5tly endeav\r
 to %[4    ,x _c be a matt] ( controv]sy
 :e!r ,beauty is limit$ to !  human =m2 
! daily exp]i5ce ( ! mo/ ord9>y man w\ld
 answ]  ,no3 he f9ds x 9 ! woods1 !     
fields1 9 plants & animals1  nay1 9 a   
?\s& objects1 z he looks ^u nature2 nor1
 ?\gh  indef9itely div]sifi$1 does he   
hesitate to assign to ea* ! same  epi!t4
 ,& :y8 ,because ! feel+s awak5$ by all 
are simil> 9  k9d1 ?\gh v>y+1 d\btless1 
by _m degrees 9 int5s5ess4 ,n[  suppose 
he is ask$ ( :at p]sonal advantage is   
all ?is beauty to  him4 ,v]ily1 he w\ld 
be puzzl$ to answ]4 ,x gives him        
pleasure1  p]haps great pleasure4 ,& ?is
 is all he c\ld say4 ,b :y %\ld  !      
effect be diff]5t1 except 9 degree1 f ! 
beauty ( a human  be+8 ,we h already !  
answ] 9 ?is conclud+ t]m4 ,= :at is  a  
human be+ b "o :o unites 9 himself a    
physical1 intellectual1  & moral nature1
 :i* _c 9 "o become ev5 an object (     
?\ght  )\t at lea/ "s obscure %ad[+s (  
its natural allies8 ,h[1  !n1 c we      

sep>ate t :i* has an exclusive relation 
to 8  physical =m1 )\t "s p]ception ( ! 
moral & intellectual  ) :i* x is jo9$8  
,b h[ d we "k t ,beauty is limit$  to   
su* exclusive relation8 ,?is br+s u to !
 great problem2 s  simple & easy (      
solution 9 all o!r cases1 yet s         
intricate &  app>5tly inexplicable 9    
man4 ,9 o!r ?+s1 x w\ld be felt  absurd 
to make x a "q1 :e!r ref]r+ to =m1      
color1 or  s\nd4 ,a s+le in/ance w      
suffice4 ,let u suppose1 !n1 an         
unfamili> object1 ^: habits1            
disposition1 & s =?1 are :olly  unkn[n1 
= in/ance1 a bird ( p>adise1 to be se5 =
 !  fir/ "t by tw5ty p]sons1 & !y all   
in/antly call x  beautiful2--c\ld !re be
 any d\bt t ! pleasure x produc$  9 ea* 
0 ( ! same k9d8 or w\ld any "o ( !m     
ascribe 8  pleasure to any ?+ b its =m &
 plumage8 ,conc]n+ natural  objects1 &  
^? inf]ior animals :i* are n "u !       
influ5ce  ( dome/ic associations1 !re is
 little or no diff]5ce among m53  if !y 
diff]1 x is only 9 degree1 accord+ to _!

 s5sibility4  ,m5 d n dispute ab\t a    
rose4 ,& :y8 ,because !re is no?+       
beside ! physical to int]f]e ) !        
impression x 0  pr$et]m9$ to make2 & !  
idea ( beauty is realiz$ in/antly4  ,s1 
also1 ) respect to o!r objects ( an     
opposite "*2 !y  c speak )\t delib]at+1 
& call !m pla91 homely1 ugly1 &  s on1  
?us in/9ctively express+ ev5 _! degree (
 remot5ess  f ! condition ( beauty4 ,:o 
ev] call$ a pelican beautiful1 or  ev5  
_m animals ende>$ to u by _! valuable   
qualities1--su* z  ! intellig5t & docile
 elephant1 or ! affectionate            
orang-outang1  or ! fai?ful ma/iff8     
,nay1 we may run ?r\gh a long li/ ( mo/ 
useful & amiable creatures1 t c\ld n1 "u
 any circum/ances1  give bir? to an     
emotion correspond+ to t :i* we ascribe 
to !  beautiful4    ,b !re is sc>cely a 
subject on :i* mank9d are wid] at       
v>iance1 ?an on ! beauty ( _! own       
species1--"s pref]r+  ?is1 & o!rs t1    
p>ticul> con=mation2 :i* c only be      
acc\nt$ = on ! supposition ( "s         

pr$om9ant expression1  ei!r moral1      
intellectual1 or s5sual1 ) :i* !y are 9 
sympa?y1 or else ! rev]se4 ,:ile "s w   
task _! memory1  & resort to ! s*ools1 =
 _! suppos$ infallible  rules2--=gett+1 
mean:ile1 t ultimate tribunal to :i*  _!
 canon mu/ itself appeal1 ! ev]-liv+    
pr9ciple :i* fir/  evolv$ its tru?1 &   
:i* n[1 z !n1 is n to be reason$  ab\t1 
b felt4 ,x ne$ n be add$ h[ fruitful (  
blund]s  is ?is me*anical gr\nd4    ,n[ 
we v5ture to ass]t t no mi/ake 0 ev]    
made1 ev5 9 a  s+le glance1 conc]n+ any 
natural object1 n disfigur$ by human    
caprice1 or :i* ! eye _h n be5 tra9$ to 
look at ?r\gh  "s conv5tional m$ium4 ,"u
 ?is latt] circum/ance1 !re are         
d\btless _m ?+s 9 nature :i* affect m5 v
 diff]5tly2 &  m especially su* z1 f _! 
famili> ne>ness1 h come "u  ! influ5ce (
 op9ion1 & be5 incru/$1 z x 71 by  !    
successive deposits ( _m g5]ations4 ,b (
 ! va/ &  v>i\s multitude ( objects :i* 
h ?us be5 =c$ f _!  orig9al /ate1 !re is
 p]haps no "o :i* has und]gone s _m  &  

su* /range disfigurem5ts z ! human =m2  
or 9 relation to  :i* our ideas1 z we   
are pleas$ to call !m1 b 9 tru? our     
op9ions1 h be5 s fluctuat+4 ,if an      
,idea1 inde$1 _h any ?+  to d ) ,fa%ion1
 we %\ld call _m ?+s mon/r\s to  :i*    
cu/om has reconcil$ u4 ,let u suppose a 
case1 by way (  illu/ration4 ,a g5tleman
 & lady1 f "o ( our fa%ionable  cities1 
are mak+ a t\r on ! bord]s ( "s ( our   
new  settlem5ts 9 ! ,we/4 ,!y are /&+ on
 ! edge ( a =e/1  p]haps admir+ ! gr&eur
 ( nature2 p]haps1 also1 !y are  lov]s1 
& %>+ ) nature _! admiration = ea* o!r1 
^:  p]sonal *>ms are set (f to ! utmo/1 
accord+ to ! mo/  approv$ notions1 by ! 
ta/e & elegance ( _! dress4 ,!n  suppose
 an ,indian hunt]1 :o _h nev] se5 "o (  
our civiliz$  _w1 or he>d ( our co/ume1 
com+ sudd5ly ^u !m1 _! faces  be+ turn$ 
f him4 ,w\ld x be possible = him to     
imag9e :at  k9d ( animals !y 78 ,we ?9k 
n2 & lea/ ( all1 t he  w\ld suppose !m  
to be ( 8 own species4 ,?is is no       
improbable  case2 & we v mu* fe>1 %\ld x

 ev] occur1 t ! unref9$  savage w\ld g  
home ) an impression n v flatt]+ ei!r to
  ! mill9] or ! tailor4    ,t1 "u su*   
disguises1 we %\ld consid] human beauty 
z a k9d  ( enigma1 or a ?+ to dispute   
ab\t1 is n surpris+2 nor ev5  t we %\ld 
(t5 diff] f ourselves1 :5 s mu* ( !     
outw>d man is ?us made to dep5d on !    
%ift+ humors ( "s  p>am\nt ,petronius ( 
! %e>s4 ,b1 admitt+ x to be an easy     
matt] to dive/ ! =m1 or1 :at is /ill m  
important1 our  own m9ds1 ( e ?+        
conv5tional1 !re is ! /ill great]       
ob/acle to any true effect f ! p]son    
alone1 9 t moral  admixture1 already    
m5tion$1 :i*1 m or less1 mu/ color !    
mo/ ( our impressions f e individual4   
,is !re n1 !n1  suffici5t gr\nd = at    
lea/ a d\bt if1 except+ idiots1 !re is  
"o human be+ 9 :om ! purely physical is 
at all times !  sole ag5t8 ,we d n say t
 x does n g5]ally pr$om9ate4 ,b1  9 a   
comp\nd be+ l man1 x seems next to      
impossible t !  nature )9 %\ld n at     
times1 9 "s degree1 transpire ?r\gh  !  

mo/ rigid texture ( ! outw>d =m4 ,we may
 n1 inde$1 always  read aright ! "* ?us 
obscurely index$1 or ev5 be able to     
guess at x1 "o way or ! o!r2 /ill1 x w  
affect u2 nay1 mo/  s1 p]haps1 :5 mo/   
indef9ite4 ,e man is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 
a physiognomi/3 we d n mean1 accord+ to 
! common acceptation1  t he is an       
int]pret] ( l9es & quantities1 :i* may  
be  r$uc$ to rules2 b t he is born "o1  
judg+1 n by any  consci\s rule1 b by an 
in/9ct1 :i* he c nei!r expla9 nor       
compreh5d1 & :i* compels him to sit 9   
judgm5t1 :e!r he w  or no4 ,h[ else c we
 acc\nt = ^? in/antane\s sympa?ies &    
antipa?ies t[>ds an utt] /rang]8    ,n[ 
?is moral influ5ce has a tw(old s\rce1  
"o 9 ! object1  & ano!r 9 ourselves2 nor
 is x easy to det]m9e :i* is !  /rong] z
 a c\nt]act+ =ce4 ,hi!rto we h consid]$ 
only  ! =m]2 we n[ proce$ ) a few rem>ks
 ^u ! latt]4    ,w any man say1 t he is 
:olly )\t "s natural or acquir$  bias8  
,?is is ! s\rce ( ! c\nt]act+ influ5ce  
:i* we speak  ( 9 ourselves2 b :i*1 l _m

 o!r ( ! secret spr+s1  bo? ( ?\ght &   
feel+1 few m5 ?9k (4 ,x is nev]!less "o 
:i*1 on ?is p>ticul> subject1 is sc>cely
 ev] inactive2  & accord+ to ! bias w be
 our impressions1 :e!r we be            
intellectual or s5sual1 coldly          
speculative or ard5tly imag9ative4  ,we 
d n mean t x is always call$ =? by e ?+ 
we  approa*2 we speak only ( its usual  
activity betwe5 man & man2 =  !re seems 
to be a my/]i\s some?+ 9 our nature1 t1 
9 spite  ( our wi%es1 w r>ely all[ ( an 
absolute indiff]5ce t[>ds  any ( !      
species2 "s effect1 h[ev] slight1 ev5 z 
t ( !  air :i* we unconsci\sly inhale & 
aga9 respire1 mu/ foll[1  :e!r directly 
f ! object or react+ f ourselves4 ,nay1 
s  /rong is ! law1 :e!r 9 attraction or 
repulsion1 t we _c  resi/ x ev5 9       
relation to ^? human %ad[s project$ on  
air by  ! m]e imag9ation2 = we feel x 9 
art only less ?an 9 nature1  provid$1   
h[ev]1 t ! imag9$ be+ possess b !       
indication  ( a human s\l3 yet n s is x1
 if pres5t+ only ! outw>d  =m1 s9ce a   

m]e =m c 9 itself h no aff9ity ) ei!r  !
 he>t or intellect4 ,& "h we w\ld ask1  
,does n ?is  /rik+ exception 9 ! pres5t 
argum5t ca/ back1 z x 71 a  confirmatory
 reflection8    ,we h (t5 ?\ght1 t ! p[]
 ( ! m]e =m c\ld n be  m /rongly        
exemplifi$ ?an at a common pa9t-%op4    
,among !  annual importations f ! v>i\s 
m>ts ( ,europe1 h[  _m beautiful faces1 
)\t an atom ( mean+1 attract !          
pass5g]s1--/opp+ high & l[1 p ( all     
descriptions1  & actually giv+ pleasure1
 if n to e "o1 at lea/ to !  majority2 &
 v ju/ly1 = !y h beauty1 & no?+  else4  
,b let ano!r arti/1 "s man ( g5ius1 copy
 ! same  faces1 & add "*1--brea! into !m
 s\ls3 f t mom5t  ! pass]s-by w\ld see z
 if ) o!r eyes2 ! affections &  !       
imag9ation !n become ! spectators2 &1   
accord+ to !  quickness or dulness1 !   
vulg>ity or ref9em5t1 ( ^!1 w\ld be  !  
impression4 ,?us a co>se m9d may feel ! 
beauty 9 ! h>d1  s\lless =ms ( ,van d]  
,w]f1 yet turn away ) apa?y f !         
sanctifi$ lovel9ess ( a ,madonna by     

,raffaelle4    ,b to return to !        
individual bias1 :i* is cont9ually      
incl9+  to1 or repell+1 ,:at is m       
common1 especially ) wom51 ?an  a high  
admiration ( a pla9 p]son1 if connect$ )
 wit1 or a  pleas+ address8 ,c we h a   
/rong] case 9 po9t ?an t (  ! celebrat$ 
,wilkes1 "o ( ! uglie/1 yet "o ( ! mo/  
admir$ m5 ( 8 "t8 ,ev5 8 own sex1 bl9d$ 
no d\bt by _!  sympa!tic bias1 c\ld see 
no fault 9 him1 ei!r 9 m9d or  p]son2 =1
 :5 x 0 object$ to ! latt]1 t he squ9t$ 
conf\nd$ly1 ! reply 01 ,no1 ,sir1 n m   
?an a g5tleman  ought to squ9t4    ,( ! 
t5d5cy to p>ticul> pursuits1--to art1   
sci5ce1 or any  p>ticul> c\rse (        
life1--we d n speak2 ! bias we allude to
 is  9 ! m p]sonal disposition ( !      
man1--9 t :i* gives a  tone to 8 int]nal
 "*2 nor is x mat]ial ( :at  proportions
 comp\nd$1 ( ! affections1 or !         
intellect1 or !  s5ses1--:e!r ( "s only1
 or ! :ole2 t ^! =m !  gr\nd ( e man's  
bias is no less c]ta91 ?an ! fact t  !re
 is sc>cely any secret :i* m5 are 9 !   

habit ( gu>d+  ) su* s$ul\s c>e4 ,nay1 x
 w\ld seem z if e "o 7  impell$ to x by 
"s sup]/iti\s in/9ct1 t e "o might  h x 
to say to himself1 ,!re is "o ?+ 9 me   
:i* is all my  own4 ,be ?is z x may1 !re
 are few ?+s m haz>d\s ?an  to pron\nce 
) confid5ce on any man's bias4 ,inde$1  
mo/ m5 w\ld  be puzzl$ to "n x to       
!mselves2 b its exi/5ce 9 !m is  n !    
less a fact1 because ! =m assum$ may be 
s mix$ &  complicat$ z to be utt]ly     
undef9able4 ,x is en\gh1 h[ev]1 t  e "o 
feels1 & is m or less l$ by x1 :e!r     
def9ite or  n4    ,?is be+ ! case1 h[ is
 x possible t x %\ld n 9 "s  degree     
affect our feel+s t[>ds e "o we meet1--t
 x %\ld  n leave "s speck ( leav5 on ea*
 impression1 :i* %all  impregnate x )   
some?+ t we admire & love1 or else )  t 
:i* we hate & despise8    ,& :at is !   
mo/ beautiful or ! mo/ unga9ly =m be=e a
  sorc]] l ?is1 :o c end[ a fair        
simpleton ) ! r>e/  intellect1 or       
trans=m1 by a glance1 ! intellectual1   
noble-he>t$  dw>f to an angel ( light8  

,^!1 ( c\rse1 are extreme cases4 ,b  if 
true 9 ^!1 z we h reason to believe1 h[ 
=midable !  p[]6    ,b ?\gh1 z be=e     
obs]v$1 we may n read ?is secret )      
precision1 x is sometimes possible to   
make a %rewd guess at !  prevail+ t5d5cy
 9 c]ta9 individuals4 ,p]haps ! mo/     
obvi\s  cases are among ! sangu9e &     
imag9ative2 & ! guess w\ld be1  t a     
beautiful p]son w\ld pres5tly be enri*$ 
) all possible  virtues1 :ile ! cold]   
speculati/ w\ld only see 9 x1 n :at  x  
possess$1 b ! m9d t x want$4 ,n[ x w\ld 
be curi\s to  imag9e 7& ! case is n     
impossible7 h[ ! eyes ( ea* might be    
op5$1 ) ! probable consequ5ce1 h[ ea*   
might feel :5 8  eyes 7 op5$1 & ! object
 0 se5 z x really is4 ,"s  unt[>d       
circum/ance comes unaw>es on ! p]fect   
creature3 a bur/  ( temp] knits ! br[1  
inflames ! eye1 inflates ! no/ril1      
gna%es ! tee?1 & conv]ts ! angel into a 
/orm+ fury4 ,:at  !n becomes ( !        
vision>y virtues8 ,!y h pass$ into air1 
&  tak5 ) !m1 also1 :at 0 ! fair        

creature's "r1--h]  v beauty4 ,yet a    
diff]5t *ange takes place ) ! dry man ( 
intellect4 ,! m9dless object has tak5   
%ame ( h] ignorance2 %e  beg9s to       
cultivate h] p[]s1 :i* are gradually    
develop$ until  !y exp& & bright52 !y   
in=m h] features1 s t no "o c  look ^u  
!m )\t see+ ! evid5ce ( no common       
intellect3 !  dry man1 at la/1 is /ruck 
) _! sup]ior intellig5ce1 & :at  m      
surprises him is ! grace & beauty1 :i*1 
= ! fir/ "t1  !y reveal to 8 eyes4 ,!   
le>n$ du/ :i* _h s long buri$ 8  he>t is
 quickly bru%$ away1 & he w$s ! embodi$ 
m9d4 ,:at  ?ird *ange may foll[1 x is n 
to our purpose to =esee4    ,has human  
beauty1 !n1 no p[]8 ,:5 unit$ ) virtue &
  intellect1 we might almo/ answ]1--,all
 p[]4 ,x is ! embodi$  h>mony ( ! true  
poet2 8 visible ,muse2 ! gu>dian angel (
 8  bett] nature2 ! inspir+ sibyl ( 8   
be/ affections1 draw+ him  to h] ) a    
purify+ *>m1 f ! selfi%ness ( ! _w1 f   
pov]ty & neglect1 f ! l[ & base1 nay1 f 
8 own frailty  or vices3--= he _c       

approa* h] ) unhall[$ ?\ghts1 :om  !    
unlett]$ & ignorant look up to ) awe1 z 
to "o ( a  race above !m2 be=e :om !    
wise/ & be/ b[ d[n )\t  abasem5t1 & w\ld
 b[ 9 idolatry b = a high] rev]5ce4     
,no6 !re is no p[] l ?is ( mortal bir?4 
,b aga9/ !  antagoni/ moral1 ! human    
beauty ( itself has no p[]1 no          
self-su/a9+ life4 ,:ile x p&]s to evil  
desires1 !n1 inde$1  !re are few ?+s may
 p>allel its fe>ful might4 ,b ! unholy  
alliance mu/ at la/ h an end4 ,look at x
 !n1 :5 ! beautiful  s]p5t has ca/ h]   
sl\gh4    ,let u turn to x = a mom5t1 & 
behold x 9 league ) elegant             
accompli%m5ts & a subtile intellect3 h[ 
complete its triumph6 ,if  ev] ! s\l may
 be said to be intoxicat$1 x is !n1 :5 x
 feels  ! full p[] ( a beautiful1 bad   
woman4 ,! fabl$ en*antm5ts  ( ! ,ea/ are
 less /range & wond]-work+ ?an !        
m>vell\s  *anges :i* h] spell has       
wr\ght4 ,= a "t e ?\ght seems  b\nd to  
h] w2 ! et]nal eye ( ! consci5ce closes 
be=e  h]2 ! ev]la/+ tru?s ( "r & wrong  

sleep at h] bidd+2  nay1 ?+s mo/ gross &
 abhorr$ become sudd5ly inve/$ )  a     
seem+ purity3 till ! :ole m9d is h]s1 & 
! bewild]$  victim1 drunk ) h] *>ms1    
calls evil good4 ,!n1 :at may foll[8    
,read ! annals ( crime2 x w tell u :at  
foll[s ! brok5  spell1--brok5 by ! fir/ 
degrad+ !ft1 ! fir/ /roke ( !  dagg]1 or
 ! fir/ drop ( poison4 ,! felon's eye   
turns ^u !  beautiful sorc]ess ) loa?+ &
 abhorr5ce3 an asp1 a toad1 is  n m     
hateful6 ,! /ory ( ,milwood has _m      
c\nt]p>ts4    ,b1 al?\gh ,beauty _c     
su/a9 itself p]man5tly aga9/ :at is     
morally bad1 & has no direct p[] (      
produc+ good1 x yet may1  & (t5 does1 :5
 unob/ruct$1 ?r\gh its unimpassion$     
purity1  pr$ispose to ! good1 except1   
p]haps1 9 natures grossly deprav$2      
inasmu* z all aff9ities to ! pure are s 
_m reproa*es to !  vitiat$ m9d1 unless  
conv]tible to "s selfi% end4 ,witness ! 
beautiful wife1 w$d$ = :at is misnam$   
love1 yet becom+ !  scorn ( a brutal    
husb&1--! m bitt]1 p]haps1 if %e be also

  good4 ,b1 aside f ^? c\nt]act+ causes 
s (t5 m5tion$1  x is z we h said3 we are
 pr$ispos$ to feel k9dly1 & to ?9k      
purely1 ( e beautiful object1 until we h
 reason to ?9k  o!rwise2 & accord+ to   
our own he>ts w be our ?\ghts4    ,we   
are aw>e ( b "o o!r objection :i* has n 
be5 notic$1  & :i* might be made to !   
intuitive nature ( ! ,idea4 ,h[ is  x1  
we may be ask$1 t arti/s1 :o are        
suppos$1 f _! e>ly  discipl9e1 to h     
ov]come all conv5tional bias1 & also to 
h  acquir$ ! m difficult p[] ( analyz+  
_! models1 s z to  contemplate !m 9 _!  
sep>ate elem5ts1 h s (t5 v>i$ z  to _!  
ideas ( ,beauty8 ,:e!r arti/s h really !
 p[] ?us  ascrib$ to !m1 we %all n "h   
inquire2 x is no d\bt1 if  possible1 _! 
bus9ess to acquire x4 ,b1 admitt+ x z   
true1 we  d5y ! position3 !y d n *ange  
_! ideas4 ,!y c h b  "o ,idea ( ,beauty1
 inasmu* z t ,idea is b a specific phase
 (  "o immutable ,pr9ciple1--if !re be  
su* a pr9ciple2 z we %all  h]eaft]      
endeav\r to %[4 ,nor c !y h ( x any     

ess5tially diff]5t1 mu* less opposite1  
conceptions3 b _!  appreh5sion ( x may  
und]go _m app>5t *anges1 :i*1           
nev]!less1 are b ! v>i\s degrees t only 
m>k a full]  conception2 z _! m ext5d$  
acqua9tance ) ! high]  outw>d           
assimilants ( ,beauty br+s !m1 ( c\rse1 
ne>] to a  p]fect realization ( !       
prexi/+ ,idea4 ,by p]fect1 "h1  we mean 
only ! ne>e/ approximation by man4 ,& we
 appeal to e  arti/1 compet5t to answ]1 
if x be n s4 ,does he ev] desc5d  f a   
high] assimilant to a l[]8 ,suppose him 
to h be5 born 9  ,italy2 w\ld he g to   
,holl& to realize 8 ,idea8 ,b _m a      
,dut*man  has s\ght 9 ,italy :at he c\ld
 n f9d 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,we  d n by ?is  
int5d any reflection on ! latt]1--a     
c\ntry s  fruitful ( g5ius2 x is only   
say+ t ! human =m 9 ,italy is  f a f9]  
m\ld4 ,!n1 :at directs ! arti/ f "o     
object to  ano!r1 & det]m9es him :i* to 
*oose1 if he has n ! guide  )9 him8 ,&  
:y else %\ld all nations in/9ctively b[ 
be=e  ! sup]ior =ms ( ,greece8    ,we   

add b "o rem>k4 ,suppos+ ! arti/ to be  
:olly fre$ f  all modify+ biases1 su* is
 seldom ! case ) ^? :o criticize  8     
"w1--especially ^? :o w\ld %[ _!        
sup]iority by  detect+ faults1 & :o     
frequ5tly condemn ! pa9t] simply =  n   
express+ :at he nev] aim$ at4 ,z to "s1 
!y are nev]  cont5t if !y d n f9d       
beauty1 :atev] ! subject1 ?\gh  x may   
neutralize ! "*1 if n r5d] x ridicul\s4 
,7  ,raffaelle1 :o seldom s\ght ! purely
 beautiful1 to be judg$ by  ! want ( x1 
he w\ld fall bel[ ,guido4 ,b 8 object 0 
mu*  high]1--9 ! intellect & !          
affections2 x 0 ! human be+  9 8 endless
 inflections ( ?\ght & passion1 9 :i*   
!re is  little probability he w ev] be  
approa*$4 ,yet false criticism has  be5 
z prodigal to him 9 ! ascription (      
beauty1 z p>simoni\s  & unju/ to _m     
o!rs4    ,9 conclusion1 may !re n be1 9 
! difficulty we h ?us  endeav\r$ to     
solve1 a probable significance ( !      
responsible1 z  well z di/9ct1 position 
:i* ! ,human be+ holds 9 ! _w (  life8  

,are !re no %ad[+s1 9 t reciprocal      
influ5ce betwe5  s\l & s\l1 ( "s my/]i\s
 *a9 :i* l9ks toge!r ! human  family 9  
its two extremes1 giv+ to ! v l[e/ an   
indefeasible  claim on ! highe/1 s t we 
_c be indep5d5t if we w\ld1  or         
indiff]5t ev5 to ! v meane/1 )\t        
violation ( an  imp]ative law ( our     
nature8 ,& does x n at lea/ h9t  (      
duties & affections t[>ds ! mo/ de=m$ 9 
body1 ! mo/  deprav$ 9 m9d1--(          
int]m9able consequ5ces8 ,if man 7 a m]e 
animal1 ?\gh ! highe/ animal1 c\ld ^!   
inscrutable influ5ces  affect u z !y d8 
,w\ld n ! animal appetites be our true &
  sole end8 ,:at ev5 w\ld ,beauty be to 
! sat$ appetite8 ,if x did  n1 z 9 ! la/
 in/ance1 ( ! brutal husb&1 become an   
object  ( scorn1--:i* x c\ld n be1 f !  
necess>y abs5ce ( moral                 
obliquity1--w\ld x be bett] ?an a pick$ 
bone to a gorg$ dog8  ,lea/ ( all c\ld x
 resemble ! visible sign ( t pure idea1 
9  :i* s _m l(ty m9ds h recogniz$ ! type
 ( a f> high]  love ?an t ( e>?1 :i* !  

s\l %all "k1 :51 9 a bett]  _w1 %e %all 
realize ! ultimate reunion ( ,beauty ) !
  cot]nal =ms ( ,tru? & ,hol9ess4    ,we
 w n[ apply ! *>act]i/ic assum$ to !    
second lead+  ,idea1 namely1 to ,tru?4  
,9 ! fir/ place1 we take x = grant$1  t 
no "o w d5y to ! p]ception ( tru? "s    
positive  pleasure2 no "o1 at lea/1 :o  
is n at ! same "t prep>$ to  contradict 
! g5]al s5se ( mank9d1 nay1 we w add1 _!
  univ]sal exp]i5ce4 ,! mom5t we beg9 to
 ?9k1 we beg9 to  acquire1 :e!r x be 9  
trifles or o!rwise1 "s k9d (  k2 & ( two
 ?+s pres5t$ to our notice1 suppos+ "o  
to  be true & ! o!r false1 no "o ev]    
kn[+ly1 & = its own  sake1 *ooses !     
false3 :atev] he may d 9 aft] life1 = "s
  selfi% purpose1 he _c d s 9 *ildhood1 
:]e !re is no su*  motive1 )\t viol5ce  
to 8 nature4 ,& "h we are suppos+ !     
und]/&+1 ) its triumphant pride &       
subtilty1 out ( !  "q1 & ! *ild mak+ 8  
*oice "u ! spontane\s s5se  ( ! true & !
 false4 ,=1 7 x o!rwise1 & ! *oice      
indiff]5t1 :at possible f\ndation = !   

commone/ acts ( life1  ev5 z x respects 
himself1 w\ld !re be to him :o %\ld s[ )
  lies ! v soil ( 8 gr[+ nature4 ,x is  
"t en\gh 9 manhood  to beg9 to lie to   
"o's self2 b a self-ly+ y\? c h no      
prop] self to re/ on1 at any p]iod4 ,s t
 ! greate/ li>1 ev5  ,f]d9& ,m5dez      
,p9to1 mu/ h lov$ ! tru?1--at lea/ at "o
  "t ( 8 life4 ,we say lov$2 = a        
volunt>y *oice implies  ( necessity "s  
degree ( pleasure 9 ! *oos+1 h[ev] fa9t 
! emotion or insignificant ! object4 ,x 
is1 !re=e1 caet]is  p>ibus1 n only      
necess>y1 b natural1 to f9d pleasure 9  
tru?4    ,n[ ! "q is1 :e!r ! pleasurable
 emotion1 :i* is1 s  to speak1 !        
indig5\s gr[? ( ,tru?1 c 9 any case be  
free (  self1 or "s p]sonal             
gratification4 ,to ?is1 we appreh5d1 !re
  w be no lack ( answ]4 ,nay1 ! answ]   
has already be5 giv5 f  ! d>k antiquity 
( ages1 t ev5 = h] own exce$+ lovel9ess 
has ,tru? be5 canoniz$4 ,if !re 0 any ?+
 ( self 9 !  ,eureka ( ,py?agoras1 !re 0
 n 9 ! acclamations (  8 c\ntry :o      

rejoic$ ) him4 ,b we may d\bt ! feel+1  
if  appli$ to him4 ,if weal? or fame has
 sometimes foll[$ 9 ! track  ( ,g5ius1 x
 has foll[$ z an accid5t1 b nev] prec$$1
 z !  effici5t conductor to any great   
discov]y4 ,= :at is ,g5ius b !          
prophetic reveal] ( ! unse5 ,true1 t c  
nei!r be pur*as$  nor brib$ into light8 
,if x come1 !n1 at all1 x mu/ ne$s be   
evok$ by a k9dr$ love z pure z itself4  
,%all we appeal to !  arti/8 ,if he     
des]ve ! "n1 he w disda9 ! imputation t 
ei!r weal? or fame has ev] aid$ at !    
bir? ( 8 ideal  (fspr+3 x 0 ,tru? t     
smil$ ^u him1 t made light 8  travail1 t
 bless$ _! bir?1 &1 by h] fond          
recognition1  imp>t$ to 8 brea/ h] own  
mo/ pure1 unimpassion$ emotion4 ,b1     
:atev] mix$ feel+1 ?r\gh ! infirmity ( !
 ag5t1 may h  influ5c$ ! arti/1 :e!r    
poet or pa9t]1 !re c be b "o  feel+ 9 ! 
read] or spectator4    ,inde$1 s        
imp]i%able is ?is prop]ty ( ,tru?1 t x  
seems to  lose no?+ ( its p[]1 ev5 :5   
caus+ itself to be reflect$  f ?+s t 9  

!mselves h1 prop]ly speak+1 no tru?4 ,( 
?is we h abundant examples 9 "s ( !     
,dut* pictures1 :]e  ! pr9cipal object  
is simply a di% ( oy/]s or a pickl$     
h]r+4  ,we rememb] a picture ( ?is k9d1 
consi/+ solely ( ^! v  objects1 f :i* we
 exp]i5c$ a pleasure almo/ exquisite4   
,& we w\ld "h rem>k1 t ! appetite !n 0 9
 no way  conc]n$4 ,! pleasure1 !re=e1   
mu/ h be5 f ! imitat$  tru?4 ,x is      
c]ta9ly a curi\s "q :y ?is %\ld be1 :ile
  ! ?+s !mselves1 t is1 ! actual        
objects1 %\ld produce no  su* effect4 ,&
 x seems to be because1 9 ! latt] case1 
!re 0  no tru? involv$4 ,! real oy/]s1  
c41 7 inde$ s f> true z  !y 7 actual    
objects1 b !y did n conta9 a tru? 9     
relation to any ?+4 ,:]eas1 9 ! pictur$ 
oy/]s1  _! relation to ! actual 0 %[n & 
v]ifi$ 9 ! mutual  resemblance4    ,if  
?is be true1 z we d\bt n1 we h at lea/  
"o evid5ce1 :]e  x might n be look$ =1 t
 !re is t 9 ,tru? :i* is  satisfy+ (    
itself4 ,b a /rong] te/imony may /ill be
 f\nd  :]e1 f all  priori reason+1 we   

might expect1 if n  positive pa91 at    
lea/ no pleasure2 & t is1 :]e we f9d x  
unit$ ) human suff]+1 z 9 ! deep sc5es (
 trag$y4 ,n[ x  _c be d\bt$1 t "s ( our 
mo/ ref9$ pleasures are (t5  d]iv$ f ?is
 s\rce1 & f sc5es t 9 nature we c\ld  n 
look ^u4 ,& :y is ?is1 b = ! reason     
assign$ 9 !  prec$+ in/ance ( a         
/ill-life picture8 ! only diff]5ce be+1 
t ! latt] is address$ to ! s5ses1 & !   
=m] to !  he>t & intellect3 :i*         
diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 well acc\nts =  _! va/ 
disp>ity ( effect4 ,b may n ^! tragic   
pleasures  h _! s\rce 9 sympa?y alone8  
,we answ]1 ,no4 ,= :o ev] felt  x 9     
wat*+ ! progress ( actual villany or !  
betrayal (  innoc5ce1 or 9 be+ an       
eyewitness ( murd]8 ,n[1 ?\gh we revolt 
at ^! & ! l atrocities 9 actual life1 x 
w\ld be bo? new  & false to ass]t t !y h
 no attraction 9 ,art4    ,nor d we     
believe t ?is ackn[l$g$ int]e/ c well be
 trac$  to any o!r s\rce ?an ! "o       
assum$2 namely1 to ! tru?  ( relation4  
,& 9 ?is capacity does ,tru? /& to !    

,imag9ation1 :i* is ! prop] m$ium ?r\gh 
:i* ! arti/1  :e!r poet or pa9t]1       
projects 8 sc5es4    ,! seat ( int]e/   
"h1 !n1 be+ 9 ! imag9ation1 x  is       
precisely on t acc\nt1 & because x _c be
 br\ght home to  self1 t ! pleasure     
ensues2 :i* is pla9ly1 !re=e1 d]iv$  f  
its v]isimilitude to ! actual1 &1 ?\gh  
toge!r ) its  appropriate excitem5t1 yet
 )\t its imp]ative condition1 namely1   
its call ( life on ! liv+ affections4   
,! prop] ^w "h is int]e/1 n sympa?y1 =  
sympa?y  ) actual suff]+1 be ! object   
good or bad1 is 9 its nature  pa9ful2 an
 obvi\s reason :y s few 9 ! m prosaic _w
 h  ! virtue to seek x4    ,b is x n !  
bus9ess ( ! arti/ to t\* ! he>t8        
,true1--& x is 8 high privilege1 z its  
liege-"l1 to s\nd its  v dep?s2 nay1 f  
its l[e/ deep to t\* alike its l(tie/   
brea?+ p9nacle4 ,yet he may n ev5       
approa* x1 except ?r\gh  ! trans=m+     
atmosph]e ( ! imag9ation1 :]e alone !   
sadde/ notes ( woe1 ev5 ! appall+ %riek 
( despair1 are  s(t5$1 z x 71 by !      

temp]+ dews ( ?is vision>y region1  ere 
!y fall ^u ! he>t4 ,else h[ c\ld we /& !
 smo!r$  moan ( ,desdemona1 or ! fi5di% 
adjuration ( ,lady ,macbe?1--m          
frightful ev5 ?an ! aft]-de$ ( h]       
husb&1--or look ^u !  agony ( ! wret*$  
,judas1 9 ! t]rible picture ( ,rembr&t1 
:5 he returns ! pur*ase ( blood to !    
imp5etrable ,sanh$rim8  ,ay1 h[ c\ld we 
ev] /& ^! b = t ideal panoply ?r\gh  :i*
 we feel only _! modifi$ vibrations8    
,let ! imitation1 or r copy1 be s close 
z to tr5* on  deception1 ! effect w be  
f> diff]5t2 =1 ! condition  ( relation  
be+ ?us virtually lo/1 ! copy becomes z 
! orig9al1--circumscrib$ by its own     
qualities1 repulsive or  attractive1 z !
 case may be4 ,i rememb] a /rik+ in/ance
 ( ?is  9 a celebrat$ actress1 ^: copies
 ( actual suff]+ 7 s  pa9fully accurate1
 t ,i 0 =c$ to turn away f ! sc5e1      
unable to endure x2 h] scream ( agony 9 
,belvid]a seem$ to r+  9 my e>s = h\rs  
aft]4 ,n s 0 x ) ! great ,mrs4 ,siddons1
  :o mov$ n a /ep b 9 a poetic          

atmosph]e1 ?r\gh :i* !  fi]ce/ passions 
seem$ r to loom l di/ant m\nta9s  :5    
fir/ descri$ at sea1--massive & solid1  
yet re/+ on air4    ,x w\ld appe>1 !n1 t
 !re is some?+ 9 tru?1 ?\gh b  se5 9 !  
dim %ad[ ( relation1 t en=ces           
int]e/1--&1 s  x be )\t pa91 at lea/ "s 
degree ( pleasure2 :i*1 h[ev]  slight1  
is n unimportant1 z pres5t+ an          
impassable b>ri] to !  m]e animal4 ,we  
mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be und]/ood z claim+ = ?is
  ,relative ,tru? ! p[] ( excit+ a      
pleasurable int]e/ 9  all possible      
cases2 !re are exceptions1 z 9 !        
horrible1 !  loa?some1 c41 :i* "u no    
condition c be o!rwise ?an  revolt+4 ,x 
is en\gh = our purpose1 to h %[n t its  
effect  is 9 mo/ cases simil> to t we h 
ascrib$ to ,tru? absolute4    ,b        
objections are ! natural adv]s>ies ( e  
adv5tur]3 !re  is "o 9 our pa? :i* we   
soon descri$ at our fir/ sett+  out4 ,& 
we f9d x especially oppos$ to ! ass]tion
 respect+  *ildr52 namely1 t betwe5 two 
?+s1 :]e !re is no p]sonal  advantage to

 bias ! decision1 !y w always *oose t   
:i*  seems to !m true1 r ?an ! o!r :i*  
appe>s false4 ,to  ?is is oppos$ !      
notori\s fact ( ! rem>kable prop5sity   
:i*  *ildr5 h to ly+4 ,?is is readily   
admitt$2 b x does n meet  u1 unless x c 
be %[n t !y h n 9 ! act ( ly+ an  eye to
 its rew>d1--sett+ aside any outw>d     
advantage1--9  ! %ape ( self-complac5t  
?\ght at _! sup]ior wit or  +5uity4 ,n[ 
x is equally notori\s1 t su* secret     
triumph w  (t5 betray itself by a smile1
 or w9k1 or "s o!r sign f  ! *uckl+     
ur*91 :i* proves any ?+ b t ! lie 0     
gratuit\s4 ,no1 n ev5 a *ild c love a   
lie purely = its own  sake2 he w\ld else
 love x 9 ano!r1 :i* is aga9/ fact4     
,inde$1  s f> f x1 t1 long be=e he c h  
_h any notion ( :at  is meant by honor1 
! ^w li> becomes "o ( 8 fir/ &  mo/     
opprobri\s t]ms ( reproa*4 ,look at any 
*ild's face :5 he  tells 8 companion he 
lies4 ,we ask no m ?an t mo/ logical    
expression2 &1 if x speak n ( a natural 
abhorr5ce only to be  ov]come by        

self-int]e/1 !re is no tru/ 9 any ?+4   
,no4 ,we  _c believe t man or *ild1     
h[ev] deprav$1 c\ld tell  an            
unproductive1 gratuit\s lie4    ,( ! la/
 & highe/ s\rce ( our pleasurable       
emotions we ne$ say  little2 s9ce no "o 
w "q t1 if s\ght at all1 x c  only be = 
its own sake4 ,b x does n become u--at  
lea/ 9 ?is  place--to ent] on ! subject 
( ,hol9ess2 ( t angelic /ate1  ^: only  
manife/ation is 9 ! p]fect unison ) !   
,div9e  ,w4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 consid] x 9 
! next degree1 z x is kn[n1  & z we     
believe (t5 realiz$1 among m53 we mean  
,goodness4    ,we presume x is sup]flu\s
 to def9e a good act2 = e "o  kn[s1 or  
ought to "k1 t no act is good 9 its true
 s5se1 :i*  has any1 ! lea/1 ref]5ce to 
! ag5t's self4 ,nor is x necess>y  to   
adduce examples2 our object be+ r to %[ 
t !  recognition ( goodness--& we beg t 
! ^w be especially  not$--mu/ result1 ( 
necessity1 9 su* an emotion z %all      
p>take  ( its own "*1 t is1 be entirely 
devoid ( self-int]e/4    ,?is w no d\bt 

appe> to _m a />tl+ position4 ,b let x  
be  obs]v$1 t we h n said x w always be 
recogniz$4  ,!re are _m reasons :y x    
%\ld n be1 & is n4 ,we all "k  h[ easy x
 is to turn away f :at gives u no       
pleasure4 ,a long  c\rse ( vice1 toge!r 
) ! consci\sness t goodness has  dep>t$ 
f ourselves1 may make x pa9ful to look  
^u x4 ,nay1  ! contemplation ( x may    
become1 on ?is acc\nt1 s pa9ful z to    
am\nt to agony4 ,b t ,goodness c be hat$
 = its own sake we d  n believe1 except 
by a devil1 or "s irr$eemable inc>nation
 (  evil1 if su* !re be on ?is side !   
grave4 ,b x is object$1  t bad m5 h     
sometimes a pleasure 9 ,evil f :i* !y   
nei!r  d]ive nor hope = any p]sonal     
advantage1 t is1 simply because  x is   
evil4 ,b we d5y ! fact4 ,we d5y t an    
unmix$  pleasure1 :i* is purely ab/ract$
 f all ref]5ce to self1 is 9  ! p[] (   
,evil4 ,%\ld any man ass]t ?is ev5 (    
himself1 he is  n to be believ$2 he lies
 to 8 own he>t1--& ?is he may d  )\t be+
 consci\s ( x4 ,b h[ c ?is be8 ,no?+ m  

easy3 by a simple dislocation ( words2  
by ! aid ( t false  nom5clature :i*     
began ) ! fir/ ,fratricide1 & has       
cont9u$ to accumulate ?r\gh successive  
ages1 till x rea*$  its consummation1 = 
e possible s91 9 ! ,fr5* ,revolution4   
,inde$1 !re are few ?+s m easy2 x is    
only to transf] to !  evil ! "n ( its   
opposite4 ,"s ( u1 p]haps1 may h        
witness$  ! savage exultation ( "s h>d5$
 wret*1 :5 ! accid5tal  spectator ( an  
atroci\s act4 ,b is su* exultation      
pleasure8 ,is x  at all ak9 to :at is   
recogniz$ z pleasure ev5 by ?is h>d5$   
wret*8 ,yet s he may call x4 ,b %\ld we1
 c\ld we look into 8  he>t8 ,%\ld we n r
 pause = a "t1 f m]e ignorance (  ! true
 v]nacul> ( s94 ,:at he feels may ?us be
 a my/]y to all  b ! reprobate2 b x is n
 pleasure ei!r 9 ! de$ or !  do]3 =1 z !
 law ( ,good is ,h>mony1 s is ,discord t
 ( ,evil2  & z sympa?y to ,h>mony1 s is 
revulsion to ,discord4 ,& :]e is  hatr$ 
deepe/ & deadlie/8 ,among ! wick$4 ,yet 
!y (t5 hate  ! good4 ,true3 b n         

goodness1 n ! good man's virtues2 ^!  !y
 envy1 & hate him = possess+ !m4 ,b m   
commonly !  object ( dislike is fir/    
/ripp$ ( 8 virtues by detraction2 !     
detractor !n supplies _! place by !     
ne$ful vices1--p]haps  ) 8 own2 !n1     
inde$1 he is ripe = hatr$4 ,:5 a s9ful  
act  is made p]sonal1 x is ano!r affair2
 x !n becomes a "p  ( ! man2 & he may !n
 wor%ip x ) ! idolatry (  a devil4 ,b   
!re is a va/ gulf betwe5 8 own idol & t 
(  ano!r4    ,to prev5t misappreh5sion1 
we w\ld "h obs]ve1 t we d n  affirm (   
ei!r ,good or ,evil any irresi/ible p[] 
( en=c+  love or excit+ abhorr5ce1 hav+ 
evid5ce to ! contr>y 9  ! multitudes    
ab\t u2 all we affirm is1 t1 :5         
contemplat$  ab/ractly1 !y _c be view$  
o!rwise4 ,nor is ! fact (  _!           
ineffici5cy 9 _m cases difficult (      
solution1 :5 x is  rememb]$ t ! v       
condition to _! true effect is  !       
complete abs5ce ( self1 t !y mu/ cle>ly 
be view$ ab  extra2 a h>d1 n to say     
impracticable1 condition to ! v         

deprav$2 = x may well be d\bt$ if to su*
 m9ds any act or  object hav+ a moral   
nature c be pres5t$ )\t "s p]sonal      
relation4 ,x is n !re=e surpris+1 t1 :]e
 ! condition is  s preclud$1 !re %\ld   
be1 n only no prop] response to !  law (
 ,good or ,evil1 b su* frequ5t          
misappreh5sion ( _! true  "*4 ,7 x      
possible to see ) ! eyes ( o!rs1 ?is    
might  n s (t5 occur2 = x ne$ n be      
rem>k$1 t few ?+s1 if  any1 ev] reta9 _!
 prop] =ms 9 ! atmosph]e ( self-love2  a
 fact t w acc\nt = _m obliquities       
besides ! "o 9  "q4 ,to ?is we may add1 
t ! exi/5ce ( a compulsory p[]  9 ei!r  
,good or ,evil c\ld n1 9 respect to man1
 consi/ ) 8  free ag5cy1--)\t :i* !re   
c\ld be no consci5ce2 nor does x  foll[1
 t1 because m51 ) ! free p[] ( *oice1   
yet s (t5  *oose wrong1 !re is any      
natural indi/9ctness 9 ! absolute  "* ( 
,evil1 :i*1 z be=e h9t$1 is suffici5tly 
app>5t  to !m :5 ref]r+ to o!rs2 9 su*  
cases ! obliquit\s *oice  only %[s1 t1 )
 ! full =ce ( "r p]ception1 _!  int]pos+

 passions or int]e/s h also ! p[] ( giv+
 _!  own color to e object hav+ ! lea/  
relation to !mselves4    ,admitt+ ?is   
p]sonal modification1 we may !n safely  
repeat our  position1--t to hate ,good  
or to love ,evil1 solely = _! own       
sakes1 is only possible ) ! irr$eemably 
wick$1 9 o!r words1  ) devils4    ,we n[
 proce$ to ! latt] clause ( our g5]al   
proposition4 ,& "h  x may be ask$1 on   
:at gr\nd we assume "o intuitive        
univ]sal  ,pr9ciple z ! true s\rce ( all
 ^? emotions :i* h j be5  discuss$4 ,to 
?is we reply1 ,on ! gr\nd ( _! common   
agreem5t4 ,z  we %all "h use ! words    
effect & emotion z conv]tible t]ms1  we 
wi% x to be und]/ood1 t1 :5 we apply !  
epi!t common or  same to effect1 we d s 
only 9 relation to k9d1 & = !  sake (   
brevity1 in/ead ( say+ ! same class (   
effects2 imply+  also 9 ! ^w k9d !      
exi/5ce ( _m degrees1 b no o!r          
diff]5ce4 ,= in/ance1 if a beautiful    
fl[] & a noble act %all be  f\nd to     
excite a k9dr$ emotion1 h[ev] slight f !

 "o or deep  f ! o!r1 !y come 9 effect  
"u ! same category4 ,& ?is we  are =c$  
to admit1 h[ev] het]og5e\s1 s9ce a      
common gr\nd is  necess>ily pr$icat$ ( a
 common result4 ,h[ else1 = in/ance1 c  
we acc\nt = a sc5e 9 nature1 a bird1 an 
animal1 a human =m1  affect+ u ea* 9 a  
simil> way8 ,!re is c]ta9ly no          
similitude 9  ! objects t compose a     
l&scape1 & ! =m ( an animal & man2  !y h
 no resemblance ei!r 9 %ape1 or texture1
 or color1 9  r\ghness1 smoo?ness1 or   
any o!r kn[n quality2 :ile _! sev]al    
effects are s ne> ak91 t we d n /op to  
measure ev5 ! wide  degrees by :i* !y   
are m>k$1 b class !m 9 a brea? by "s    
common t]m4 ,x is v pla9 t ?is s+ul>    
prop]ty (  assimilat+ to "o :at is s    
widely unlike _c proce$ f any  simil>   
con=mation1 or quality1 or attribute (  
m]e be+1 t is1  ( any ?+ ess5tial to    
di/9ctive exi/5ce4 ,!re mu/ ne$s1 !n1   
be "s common gr\nd = _! common effect4  
,= if !y agree n 9  !mselves "o ) ! o!r1
 x foll[s ( necessity t ! gr\nd  ( _!   

agreem5t mu/ be 9 relation to some?+ )9 
our own  m9ds1 s9ce only !re is ?is     
common effect kn[n z a fact4    ,we are 
n[ br\ght to ! important "q1 ,:]e &  :at
 is ?is reconcil+ gr\nd8 ,c]ta9ly n 9   
s5sation1  = t c\ld only reflect _!     
di/9ctive diff]5ces4 ,nei!r c  x be 9 ! 
reflective faculties1 s9ce ! effect 9   
"q1 be+  co-in/antane\s1 is :olly       
indep5d5t ( any process ( reason+2  = we
 d n feel x because we und]/&1 b only   
because we are  consci\s ( its pres5ce4 
,nay1 x is because we nei!r d nor c     
und]/& x1 be+ !re=e a matt] alo( f all !
 p[]s (  reason+1 t its "* is su* z has 
be5 ass]t$1 &1 z  su*1 univ]sal4        
,:]e1 !n1 %all we se>* = ?is my/]i\s    
gr\nd b 9 !  m9d1 s9ce only !re1 z be=e 
obs]v$1 is ?is common effect  kn[n z a  
fact8 & :]e 9 ! m9d b 9 "s inh]5t       
,pr9ciple1  :i* is bo? intuitive &      
univ]sal1 s9ce1 9 a great] or less      
degree1 all m5 feel x )\t kn[+ :y8    ,b
 s9ce an inw>d ,pr9ciple c1 ( necessity1
 h only a pot5tial  exi/5ce1 until call$

 into action by "s outw>d object1 x is  
also  cle> t any simil> effect1 :i* %all
 !n be recogniz$ ?r\gh  x1 f any numb] (
 diff]+ & di/9ct objects1 c only arise  
f "s mutual relation betwe5 a some?+ 9 !
 objects  & 9 ! ,pr9ciple suppos$1 z _! 
jo9t result & prop]  product4    ,&1    
s9ce x w\ld appe> t we _c avoid !       
admission (  "s su* ,pr9ciple1 hav+ a   
reciprocal relation to c]ta9 outw>d     
objects1 to acc\nt = ^! k9dr$ emotions f
 s _m di/9ct  & het]og5e\s s\rces1 x    
rema9s only t we give x a "n2  :i* has  
already be5 anticipat$ 9 ! t]m ,h>mony4 
,! next "q "h is1 ,9 :at consi/s ?is    
peculi> relation8 ,we  h se5 t x _c be 9
 any ?+ t is ess5tial to any  condition 
( m]e be+ or exi/5ce2 x mu/ !re=e consi/
 9 "s  undiscov]able condition          
indiff]5tly applicable to ! ,physical1  
,intellectual1 & ,moral1 yet only       
applicable 9 ea* to c]ta9 k9ds4    ,&   
?is is all t we d or c "k ( x4 ,b ( ?is 
we  may be z c]ta9 z t we live & brea!4 
,x is true t1 = p>ticul> purposes1 we   

may analyze c]ta9  comb9ations ( s\nds &
 colors & =ms1 s z to asc]ta9 _!        
relative quantities or collocation2 & ^!
 facts 7( :i* we %all  h]eaft] h        
occasion to speak7 may be ( importance  
bo? 9 ,art &  ,sci5ce4 ,/ill1 :5 ?us    
obta9$1 !y w be no m ?an m]e  facts1 on 
:i* we c pr$icate no?+ b t1 :5 !y are   
imitat$1--t is1 :5 simil> comb9ations ( 
quantities1 c41 are  repeat$ 9 a "w (   
art1--!y w produce ! same effect4 ,b  :y
 !y %\ld is a my/]y :i* ! reflective    
faculties d  n solve2 & nev] c1 because 
x ref]s to a liv+ ,p[] t is  above !    
und]/&+4 ,9 ! human figure1 = in/ance1  
we c  give no reason :y eight heads to !
 /ature please u bett] ?an  six1 or :y  
?ree or twelve heads seem to u mon/r\s4 
,if we say1 9  ! latt] case1 because !  
head ( ! "o is too small &  ( ! o!r too 
l>ge1 we give no reason2 we only /ate ! 
fact ( _! disagreeable effect on u4 ,&1 
if we make !  proportion ( eight heads  
our rule1 x is because ( ! fact ( its   
be+ m pleas+ to u ?an any o!r2 &1 f !   

same feel+1  we pref] ^? /atures :i*    
approa* x ! ne>e/4 ,suppose we  analyze 
a c]ta9 comb9ation ( s\nds & colors1 s z
 to asc]ta9  ! exact relative quantities
 ( ! "o & ! collocation ( !  o!r1 & !n  
comp>e !m4 ,:at possible resemblance c !
  und]/&+ p]ceive betwe5 ^! s\nds &     
colors8 ,& yet a  some?+ )9 u responds  
to bo? 9 a simil> emotion4 ,& s )  a    
?\s& ?+s1 nay1 ) myriads ( objects t h  
no o!r  aff9ity b ) t my/]i\s h>mony :i*
 began ) our be+1  :i* slept ) our      
infancy1 & :i* _! pres5ce only seems to 
h awak5$4 ,if we _c g back to our own   
*ildhood1 we  may see its illu/ration 9 
^? ab\t u :o are n[ em]g+ into  t       
unsophi/icat$ /ate4 ,look at !m 9 !     
fields1 among !  birds & fl[]s2 _! happy
 faces speak ! h>mony )9 !m3  ! div9e   
in/rum5t1 :i* ^! h t\*$1 gives !m a joy 
:i*1 p]haps1 only *ildhood 9 its fir/   
fre% consci\sness c  "k4 ,yet :at d !y  
und]/& ( musical quantities1 or ( !     
!ory ( colors8    ,& s ) respect to     
,tru? & ,goodness2 ^: prexi/+ ,ideas1   

be+ 9 ! liv+ con/itu5ts ( an immortal   
_s1 ne$ b !  slighte/ brea? ( "s outw>d 
condition ( ! true & good1--a  simple   
problem1 or a k9d act1--to awake !m1 z x
 71 f _!  unconsci\s sleep1 & />t !m =  
et]nity4    ,we may v5ture to ass]t1 t  
no philosoph]1 h[ev] +5i\s1  c\ld       
communicate to a *ild ! ab/ract idea (  
,"r1 _h !  latt] no?+ beyond or above ! 
und]/&+4 ,he might1 inde$1 be  taught1 l
 ! inf]ior animals1--a dog1 =           
in/ance1--t1 if he  took c]ta9 =bidd5   
?+s1 he w\ld be puni%$1 & ?us d  "r     
?r\gh fe>4 ,/ill he w\ld desire ! =bidd5
 ?+1  ?\gh belong+ to ano!r2 nor c\ld he
 conceive :y he %\ld n  appropriate to  
himself1 & ?us allay 8 appetite1 :at 0  
held by  ano!r1 c\ld he d s undetect$2  
nor atta9 to any high] notion (  "r ?an 
t ( ! /ronge/4 ,b ! *ild has some?+     
high]  ?an ! m]e p[] ( appreh5d+        
consequ5ces4 ,! simple/  exposition1    
:e!r ( "r or wrong1 ev5 by an ignorant  
nurse1 is  in/antly respond$ to by      
some?+ )9 him1 :i*1 ?us  awak5$1 becomes

 to him a liv+ voice ev] aft]2 & ! good 
&  ! true mu/ !nce=? answ] its call1 ev5
 ?\gh succe$+  ye>s w\ld fa9 ov]lay !m )
 ! suffocat+ cr[ds ( evil &  falsehood4 
,we d n say t ^! et]nal ,ideas (        
,beauty1 ,tru?1 & ,goodness  w1 /rictly 
speak+1 always act4 ,?\gh inde/ructible1
 !y may  be bani%$ = a "t by ! p]v]t$   
,w1 & mock]ies ( !  bra91 l ! fume-born 
phantoms f ! wit*es' caldron 9  ,macbe?1
 take _! places1 & assume _! functions4 
,we h  examples ( ?is 9 e age1 & p]haps 
9 none m />tl+ ?an  9 ! pres5t4 ,b we   
mean only t !y _c be =gott53  nay1 !y   
are b1 too (t5 recall$ ) unwelcome      
di/9ctness4  ,c\ld we read ! annals :i* 
mu/ ne$s be scor$ on e  he>t1--c\ld we  
look ^u ^? ( ! ag$ reprobate1--:o w     
d\bt t _! d>ke/ passages are ^? made    
visible by !  di/ant gleams f ^! angelic
 ,=ms1 t1 l ! ,?ree :i*  /ood be=e ! t5t
 ( ,abraham1 once look$ ^u 8 y\?8    ,& 
we d\bt n t ! true/ witness to ! common 
s\rce ( ^!  inborn ,ideas w\ld readily  
be ackn[l$g$ by all1 c\ld !y return  to 

x n[ ) _! matur$ p[] ( introspection1   
:i* is1 at  lea/1 "o ( ! few advantages 
( advanc+ ye>s4 ,b1 ?\gh  we _c br+ back
 y\?1 we may /ill recov] mu* ( its pur] 
revelations ( our nature f :at has be5  
left 9 ! memory4 ,f  ! dim pres5t1 !n1  
we w\ld appeal to t fre%] "t1 ere  ! "y 
_s _h %runk f ! ov]be>+ pride ( !       
und]/&+1 & confid5tly ask1 if ! emotions
 we !n felt f  ! ,beautiful1 ! ,true1 & 
! ,good1 did n seem 9 "s way to  ref] to
 a common orig94 ,& we w\ld also ask1 if
 x 0 !n  frequ5t t ! influ5ce f "o 0    
s+ly felt1--if x  did n r br+ ) x1 h[ev]
 remotely1 a s5se ( some?+1  ?\gh widely
 diff]+1 yet /ill ak9 to x4 ,:5 we h    
bask$ 9  ! beauty ( a summ] sunset1 0   
!re no?+ 9 ! sky t spoke  to ! s\l (    
,tru? & ,goodness8 ,& :5 ! op5+         
intellect  fir/ receiv$ ! tru? ( ! great
 law ( gravitation1 or felt  itself     
m\nt+ ?r\gh ! pr(\nd ( space1 to travel 
) !  planets 9 _! un]r+ r\nds1 did nev] 
!n ! k9dr$ ,ideas (  ,goodness & ,beauty
 *ime 91 z x 71 ) ! fabl$ music1--n     

fabl$ to ! s\l1--:i* l$ y on l "o       
entranc$8    ,& aga91 :51 9 ! passive   
quiet ( y\r moral nature1 s pr$ispos$  9
 y\? to all ?+s g5ial1 y h look$ abroad 
on ?is m>vell\s1  ev] teem+ ,e>?1--ev]  
teem+ alike = m9d & body1--& h felt  ^u 
y fl[1 z f t5 ?\s& spr+s ( ,goodness1   
,tru?1 &  ,beauty1 t5 ?\s& /reams (     
innoc5t enjoym5t2 did y n !n  almo/ he> 
!m %\t 9 conflu5ce1 & almo/ see !m gu%+ 
upw>ds1 z if !y w\ld prove _! unity1 9  
"o h>moni\s f\nta98    ,b1 ?\gh ! prec$+
 be admitt$ z all true 9 respect to     
c]ta9 gift$ individuals1 x may yet be   
d5i$ t x is equally  true ) respect to  
all1 9 o!r words1 t ! ,pr9ciple assum$  
is an inh]5t con/itu5t ( ! human be+4   
,to ?is we reply1 t  univ]sality does n 
necess>ily imply equality4    ,!        
univ]sality ( a ,pr9ciple does n imply  
ev]y:]e equal  en]gy or activity1 or ev5
 ! same mode ( manife/ation1 any m  ?an 
d ! ess5tial ,faculties ( ! ,und]/&+4 ,(
 ?is we h  an analog\s illu/ration 9 !  
faculty ( ,memory2 :i* is almo/         

indef9itely diff]5c$ 9 diff]5t m51 bo? 9
 degree & mode4 ,9  "s1 its greate/ p[] 
is %[n 9 ! ret5tion ( ?\ghts1 b  n (    
words1 t is1 n ( ! orig9al words 9 :i*  
!y 7  pres5t$4 ,o!rs possess x 9 a v    
rem>kable degree z to =ms1  places1 c41 
& b imp]fectly = o!r ?+s2 o!rs1 aga91   
nev] =get names1 dates1 or figures1 yet 
_c repeat a  conv]sation ! day aft] x   
took place2 :ile "s few h !  d\btful    
happ9ess ( =gett+ no?+4 ,we might g on )
 a long  li/ ( ! v>i\s modes & degrees 9
 :i* ?is faculty1 s  ess5tial to ! human
 be+1 is ev]y:]e manife/$4 ,b ?is is    
suffici5t = our purpose4 ,9 l mann] is !
 ,pr9ciple ( ,h>mony  manife/$2 9 "o    
p]son z x relates to ,=m1 9 ano!r to    
,s\nd2  s1 too1 may x v>y z to ! degrees
 ( tru? & goodness4 ,we say  degrees2 = 
we may well d\bt :e!r1 ev5 9 ! faculty (
 memory1  its app>5t abs5ce z to any "o 
ess5tial object is any ?+ m  ?an a      
feeble degree ( activity3 & ! d\bt is   
/r5g!n$ by !  fact1 t 9 _m seem+ly      
hopeless cases x has be5 actually1 z  x 

71 br\ght into bir?4 ,& we are /ill     
indispos$ to admit its  entire abs5ce 9 
any "o p>ticul> = :i* x 0 be/[$ on man4 
,an imp]fect developem5t1 especially z  
relat+ to ! intellectual  & moral1 we "k
 to dep5d1 9 no slight measure1 on ! w  
( ! subject4 ,nay1 7) ! exception (     
idiots17 x may safely be  affirm$1 t no 
individual ev] exi/$ :o c\ld n p]ceive !
  diff]5ce betwe5 :at is true & false1 &
 "r & wrong4 ,we  "h1 ( c\rse1 except ^?
 :o h s +5i\sly unmade  !mselves1 9 ord]
 to recon/ruct _! humanity aft] a bett] 
fa%ion4 ,z to ! :y ( ^! diff]5ces1 we "k
 no?+2  x is "o ( ^? unfa?omable my/]ies
 :i* to ! f9ite m9d  mu/ ev] be hidd54  
,?\gh x has be5 our purpose1 ?r\gh\t ?is
 disc\rse1 to direct  our inquiries     
ma9ly to ! ess5tial ,elem5ts ( !        
subject1 x may  n be amiss "h to take a 
brief notice ( _! collat]al product  9  
^? mix$ modes f :i* we d]ive s l>ge a   
portion ( our  m5tal gratification3 we  
allude to ! v>i\s comb9ations ( !       
sev]al ,ideas1 :i* h j be5 exam9$1 ) ea*

 o!r z well  z ) _! opposites4 ,to ?is  
prolific s\rce may be trac$ mu*  ( t    
_m-color$ int]e/ :i* we take 9 _! v>i\s 
=ms z  pres5t$ by ! imag9ation1--9 e ?+1
 inde$1 :i* is true1  or ev5 p>tially   
true1 to ! great ,pr9ciple ( ,h>mony1   
bo? 9  nature & 9 art4 ,x is to ^! mix$ 
modes m especially1 t we  owe all t     
my/]i\s int]e/ :i* gives ! illusion (   
life to a  "w ( fiction1 & fills u )    
delight or melts ) woe1 :e!r  9 !       
happ9ess or ! suff]+ ( "s imag9$ be+1   
unit+  goodness ) beauty1 or virtue )   
pla9ness1 or uncommon purity &          
intellect ev5 ) de=mity2 = ev5 t may be 
s ov]p[]$ 9  ! prom95t h>mony ( sup]ior 
intellect & moral wor?1 z to be         
virtually neutraliz$1 at lea/1 to become
 unobtrusive z a discordant  =ce4       
,besides1 x _c be expect$ t complete    
h>mony is  ev] to be realiz$ 9 our      
imp]fect /ate2 we %\ld else1 p]haps1  ) 
su* expectation1 h no pleasures ( ! k9d 
we speak (3  nor is ?is necess>y1 !     
imag9ation be+ always ready to supply   

defici5cies1 :5ev] ! approximation is   
suffici5tly ne> to  call x =?4 ,nay1 if 
! int]e/ felt be no?+ m ?an m]e         
curiosity1 we /ill ref] to ?is presid+  
,pr9ciple2 :i* is no  less ess5tial to a
 simple comb9ation ( ev5ts1 ?an to !    
high]  dem&s ( ,=m or ,"*4 ,b its       
pres5ce mu/ be felt1 h[ev]  slightly4 ,(
 ?is we h ! evid5ce 9 _m cases1 &1      
p]haps1  mo/ conclusive :]e ! p>tial    
h>mony is felt to v]ge on a  p[]ful     
discord2 or :]e ! ef=t to unite !m      
produces t  s+ul> alt]nation ( :at is   
bo? revolt+ & pleas+3 z 9 !  />tl+ union
 ( evil passions ) "s noble quality1 or 
) a  ma/] intellect4 ,& "h we h a       
solution ( t p>adoxical  feel+ ( int]e/ 
& abhorr5ce1 :i* we exp]i5ce 9 su* a  "*
 z ,k+ ,ri*>d4    ,& may x n be t we are
 p]mitt$ ?is int]e/ = a deep]  purpose  
?an we are wont to suppose2 because ,s9 
is be/ se5 9 !  light ( ,virtue1--& !n  
mo/ fe>fully :5 %e holds ! tor* to      
h]self8 ,be ?is z x may1 ) pure1        
un9tellectual1 brutal evil  x is v      

diff]5t4 ,we _c look ^u x undismay$3 we 
take no  int]e/ 9 x1 nor c we4 ,9 ,ri*>d
 !re is sc>ce a glimm] (  8 bett]       
nature2 yet we d n despise him1 = 8     
intellect &  c\rage comm& our respect4  
,b ! fi5d ,iago1--:o ev] foll[$  him    
?r\gh ! weav+ ( 8 spid]-l web1 )\t      
p]petual  recurr5ce to its v5om\s       
s\rce1--8 devili% he>t8 ,ev5 !          
intellect he %[s seems actually         
animaliz$1 & we %udd] at its  subtlety1 
z at ! cunn+ ( a reptile4 ,:atev] int]e/
 may h  be5 imput$ to him %\ld be plac$ 
to ! acc\nt ( 8 hapless  victim2 to !   
fir/ /riv+ ) di/ru/ ( a g5]\s nature2 to
  ! vague s5se ( mis]y1 !n its gradual  
developem5t1 !n !  f9al ov]?r[ (        
absolute fai?2 &1 la/ ( all1 to ! ?roes 
( agony ( ! noble ,moor1 z he wri!s &   
gasps 9 8 accurs$  toils4    ,to ^! mix$
 modes may be add$ ano!r bran*1 :i* we  
%all t]m !  class ( ,imput$ ,attributes4
 ,9 ?is class are conc]n$ all ^? natural
  objects ) :i* we connect 7n by        
individual association1 b by a  g5]al   

law ( ! m9d7 c]ta9 moral or intellectual
 attributes2 :i*  are n1 inde$1 suppos$ 
to exi/ 9 ! objects !mselves1 b :i*1  by
 "s unkn[n aff9ity1 !y awak5 or occasion
 9 u1 & :i* we1 9  our turn1 impute to  
!m4 ,h[ev] ?is be1 !re are multitudes ( 
objects  9 ! inanimate _w1 :i* we _c    
contemplate )\t associat+  ) !m _m ( !  
*>act]i/ics :i* we ascribe to ! human   
be+2  & ! ideas s awak5$ we involunt>ily
 express by ! ascription (  su*         
significant epi!ts z /ately1 maje/ic1   
gr&1 & s on4 ,x is  s ) u1 :5 we call "s
 tall =e/ /ately1 or qualify z maje/ic  
"s broad & sl[ly-w9d+ riv]1 or "s va/1  
yet unbrok5 wat]fall1  or "s solit>y1   
gigantic p9e1 seem+ to disda9 ! e>?1 &  
to hold  ( "r its et]nal communion )    
air2 or :5 to ! smoo? &  f>-rea*+       
expanse ( our inl& wat]s1 ) _! bord]+ & 
rec$+ m\nta9s1 z !y seem to m>* f !     
%ores1 9 ! pomp (  _! d>k drap]ies (    
wood & mi/1 we apply ! t]ms gr& &       
magnific5t3 & s onw>d to an endless     
succession ( objects1  imput+1 z x 71   

our own nature1 & l5d+ our sympa?ies1   
till !  headlong ru% ( "s mighty cat>act
 sudd5ly ?und]s ^u u4 ,b h[  is x !n8 ,9
 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 ! outfl[+ sympa?ies 
ebb back  ^u ! he>t2 ! :ole m9d seems   
sev]$ f e>?1 & ! awful  feel+ to susp5d 
! brea?2--!re is no?+ human to :i* we c 
lik5 x4 ,& "h beg9s ano!r k9d ( emotion1
 :i* we call ,sublime4    ,we are n aw>e
 t ?is p>ticul> class ( objects has     
hi!rto  be5 notic$1 at lea/ z hold+ a   
di/9ct position4 ,&1 if we  may be all[$
 to supply ! omission1 we %\ld assign to
 x !  int]m$iate place betwe5 !         
,beautiful & ! ,sublime4 ,inde$1  !re   
seems to be no o!r /ation s peculi>ly   
prop]2 inasmu* z  !y w\ld ?us =m1 9 a   
consecutive s]ies1 a regul> asc5t f  !  
s5sible mat]ial to ! invisible          
spiritual3 h5ce naturally  unit+ into "o
 h>moni\s :ole e possible emotion ( our 
high]  nature4    ,9 ! prec$+           
discussion1 we h consid]$ ! outw>d _w   
only 9 its imm$iate relation to ,man1 & 
! ,human ,be+ z !  pr$et]m9$ c5tre to   

:i* x 0 design$ to conv]ge4 ,z !        
subject1 h[ev]1 ( :at are call$ !       
sublime emotions1 he holds a  diff]5t   
position2 = ! c5tre "h is n himself1    
nor1 inde$1  c he approa* x )9          
conceivable di/ance3 yet /ill he is     
drawn  to x1 ?\gh baffl$ = ev]4 ,n[ ! "q
 is1 ,:]e1 &  9 :at bias1 is ?is my/]i\s
 attraction8 ,x mu/ ne$s be 9  some?+   
hav+ a cle> aff9ity ) u1 or we c\ld n   
feel x4  ,b ! attraction is also bo?    
pure & pleasurable2 & x has j  be5 %[n1 
t we h 9 ourselves b "o pr9ciple by :i* 
to recognize any correspond+            
emotion1--namely1 ! pr9ciple (  ,h>mony4
 ,may we n !n inf] a simil> ,pr9ciple   
)\t u1 an  ,inf9ite ,h>mony1 to :i* our 
own is attract$8 & may we n  fur!r1--if 
we may s speak )\t irrev]5ce1--suppose  
our own to  h emanat$ !nce :5 man became
 a liv+ s\l8 ,& ?\gh ?is  relation may n
 be consci\sly ackn[l$g$ 9 e in/ance1 or
  ev5 9 "o1 by ! mass ( m51 does x !re=e
 foll[ t x does  n exi/8 ,h[ _m ?+s act 
^u u ( :i* we h no k8  ,if we f9d1 z 9 !

 case ( ! ,beautiful1 ! same1 or a      
simil>1  effect to foll[ f a great      
v>iety ( objects :i* h no  resemblance  
or agreem5t ) "o ano!r1 is x n a        
necess>y  inf]5ce1 t = _! common effect 
!y mu/ all ref] to  some?+ )\t & di/9ct 
f !mselves8 ,n[ 9 ! case (  ! ,sublime1 
! some?+ ref]r$ to is n 9 man3 = !      
emotion  excit$ has an outw>d t5d5cy2 ! 
m9d _c conta9 x2 & !  ef=t to foll[ x   
t[>ds its my/]i\s object1 if long       
cont9u$1  becomes1 9 ! excess ( int]e/1 
positively pa9ful4    ,c\ld any f9ite   
object acc\nt = ?is8 ,b1 suppos+ !      
,inf9ite1  we h an adequate cause4 ,if  
^! emotions1 !n1 f :atev]  object or    
circum/ance1 be to prompt ! m9d beyond  
its prescrib$  limits1 :e!r c>ry+ x back
 to ! primitive pa/1 !  incompreh5sible 
beg9n+1 or s5d+ x into ! future1 to  !  
unkn[n end1 ! ev]-pres5t ,idea ( !      
mighty ,au?or (  all ^! my/]ies mu/ /ill
 be impli$1 ?\gh we ?9k n ( x4  ,x is   
?is ,idea1 or r its influ5ce1 :e!r we be
 consci\s (  x or n1 :i* we hold to be !

 s\rce ( e sublime emotion4 ,to  make   
our mean+ pla9]1 we %\ld say1 t t :i*   
has ! p[]  ( possess+ ! m9d1 to !       
exclusion1 = ! "t1 ( all o!r  ?\ght1 &  
:i* pres5ts no compreh5sible s5se ( a   
:ole1  ?\gh /ill impress+ u ) a full    
appreh5sion ( su* z a  reality1--9 o!r  
words1 :i* _c be circumscrib$ by ! =ms  
( ! und]/&+ :ile x /ra9s !m to !        
utmo/1--t we  %\ld t]m a sublime object4
 ,b :e!r ?is effect be occasion$        
directly by ! object itself1 or be      
indirectly sugge/$ by its  relations to 
"s o!r object1 its unkn[n cause1 x      
matt]s n2  s9ce ! app>5t p[] ( call+ =? 
! emotion1 by :atev]  means1 is1 quoad  
ourselves1 its sublime condition4 ,h5ce1
 if a  m9ute insect1 an ant1 = in/ance1 
?r\gh its m>vell\s in/9ct1  lift ! m9d (
 ! amaz$ spectator to ! /ill m          
inscrutable  ,creator1 x mu/ possess1 z 
to him1 ! same p[]4 ,?is is1  inde$1 an 
extreme case1 & may be object$ to z     
dep5d+ on !  individual m9d2 on a m9d   
prep>$ by cultivation & previ\s         

reflection = ! effect 9 "q4 ,b to ?is x 
may be repli$1  t "s degree (           
cultivation1 or1 m prop]ly speak+1 (    
developem5t by ! ex]cise ( its          
reflective faculties1 is obvi\sly       
ess5tial ere ! m9d c atta9 to mature    
gr[?1--we might almo/  say to its       
natural /ate1 s9ce no?+ c be said to h  
atta9$  its true nature until all its   
capacities are at lea/ call$ into  bir?4
 ,no "o1 = example1 w\ld ref] to !      
savages ( ,au/ralia  = a true specim5 ( 
:at 0 prop] or natural to ! human m9d2  
we %\ld r seek x1 if su* 7 ! alt]native1
 9 a civiliz$  *ild ( five ye>s old4 ,be
 ?is z x may1 x w n be d5i$  t          
ignorance1 brutality1 & _m o!r          
det]iorat+ causes1 d  practically       
incapacitate ?\s&s = ev5 an             
approximation1 n only  to ?is1 b to _m (
 ! inf]ior emotions1 ! "* (  :i* is     
purely m5tal4 ,& ?is1 we ?9k1 is q      
suffici5t to  neutralize ! objection1 if
 n1 inde$1 to ju/ify ! application  ( ! 
t]m to all cases :]e ! imm$iate effect1 

:e!r  directly or indirectly1 is su* z  
has be5 describ$4 ,b1 to r$uce  ?is to a
 common-s5se view1 x is only say+1--:at 
no "o w  d5y1--t a man ( education &    
ref9em5t has n only m1 b  high]1        
pleasures ( ! m9d ?an a m]e cl[n4    ,b 
?\gh ! position "h advanc$ mu/          
necess>ily exclude _m  objects :i* h    
hi!rto1 ?\gh1 z we ?9k1 improp]ly1 be5  
class$ ) ! sublime1 x w /ill leave      
en\gh1 & m ?an  en\gh1 = ! utmo/ ex]cise
 ( our limit$ p[]s2 inasmu* z1 9        
addition to ! multitude ( objects 9 !   
mat]ial _w1 n only  ! actions1 passions1
 & ?\ghts ( m51 b :atev] conc]ns !      
human be+1 t 9 any way--by a h9t        
m]ely--leads ! m9d1 ?\gh  indirectly1 to
 ! ,inf9ite attributes1--all come ( "r  
)9 !  gr\nd assum$4    ,x w be borne 9  
m9d1 t ! consci\s pres5ce ( ! ,inf9ite  
,idea is n only n insi/$ on1 b expressly
 admitt$ to be1 9  mo/ cases1 un?\ght (2
 x is also admitt$1 t a sublime effect  
is  (t5 p[]fully felt 9 _m in/ances :]e 
?is ,idea c\ld n truly  be pr$icat$ ( ! 

app>5t object4 ,9 su* cases1 h[ev]1 "s  
k9d  ( resemblance1 or1 at lea/1 a seem+
 analogy to an inf9ite  attribute1 is   
nev]!less ess5tial4 ,x mu/ appe> to u1 =
 !  "t1 ei!r limitless1 indef9ite1 or 9 
"s o!r way beyond !  grasp ( ! m9d3 &1  
:atev] an object may seem to be1 x mu/  
ne$s 9 effect be to u ev5 t :i* x seems4
 ,nor does ?is  transf] ! emotion to a  
diff]5t s\rce2 = ! ,inf9ite ,idea1 or   
some?+ analog\s1 be+ ?us imput$1 is 9   
reality its true cause4    ,x is /ill ! 
unatta9able1 ! ev]-/imulat+1 yet        
ev]-elud+1 9 ! "* ( ! sublime object1 t 
gives to x bo? its t]m & its effect4 ,& 
:5ce ! conception (  ?is my/]i\s "*1 b f
 its my/]i\s prototype1 ! ,idea  ( !    
,inf9ite8 ,nei!r does x matt]1 z we h   
said1 :e!r  actual or suppos$2 = :at !  
imag9ation _c ma/] w ma/]  ! imag9ation4
 ,take1 = in/ance1 b a s+le passion1 &  
clo! x ) ?is "*2 9 ! same in/ant x      
becomes sublime4  ,s1 too1 ) a s+le     
?\ght4 ,9 ! ,mosaic words s (t5 quot$1  
,let !re be light1 & !re 0 light1 we h !

 sublime (  ?\ght1 ( m]e nak$ ?\ght2 b  
:at c\ld m awe ! m9d )  ! p[] ( ,god8 ,(
 l nature is ! conjecture ( ,newton1 :5 
he  imag9$ />s s di/ant f ! sun t _!    
coeval light has n  yet rea*$ u4 ,let u 
endeav\r = "o mom5t to conceive ( ?is2  
does n ! s\l seem to dilate )9 u1 & !   
body to %r9k  z to a gra9 ( du/8 ,woe is
 me6 unclean1 unclean6 said ! holy      
,prophet1 :5 ! ,inf9ite ,hol9ess /ood   
be=e him4 ,c\ld a m  t]rible di/ance be 
measur$1 ?an by ^! fe>ful words1 betwe5 
,god & man8    ,if x be object$ to ?is  
view1 t _m cases occur1 hav+ ! same     
conditions ) ^? assum$ 9 our g5]al      
proposition1 :i* are  yet exclusively   
pa9ful1 unmitigat$ ev5 by a transi5t    
mom5t (  pleasure1--9 ,despair1 =       
in/ance1--z :o c limit x8--to ?is we    
reply1 t no emotion hav+ its sole1 or   
circle ( exi/5ce 9  ! individual m9d    
itself1 c be to t m9d o!r ?an a         
subject4 ,a man 9 despair1 or "u any    
mode ( extreme  suff]+ ( l nature1 may1 
inde$1 if all int]f]+ sympa?y  h be5    

remov$ by "t or aft]-description1 be to 
ano!r  a sublime object1--at lea/ 9 "o (
 ^? sugge/ive =ms j  notic$2 b n to     
himself4 ,! s\rce ( ! sublime--z all    
along impli$--is ess5tially ab extra4 ,!
 human m9d is n  its c5tre1 nor c x be  
realiz$ except by a contemplative act4  
,besides1 z a m5tal pleasure1--inde$ !  
highe/ kn[n1--to  be recogniz$ z su*1 x 
mu/ ne$s be accompani$ by ! same        
relative "* by :i* is te/$ e o!r        
pleasure  com+ "u t d5om9ation2 namely1 
by ! entire abs5ce  ( self1 t is1 by !  
same fre$om f all p]sonal  consid]ation 
:i* has be5 %[n to *>act]ize ! true     
effect (  ! ,?ree lead+ ,ideas already  
consid]$4 ,b if to ?is also x be  fur!r 
object$1 t 9 c]ta9 p>ticul> cases1 z (  
p]sonal dang]1--f :i* ! sublime emotion 
has (t5 be5  exp]i5c$1--"s p]sonal      
consid]ation mu/ necess>ily be  involv$1
 z )\t a s5se ( security we c\ld n enjoy
 x2 we  answ]1 t1 if x be meant only t !
 m9d %\ld be 9 su* a  /ate z to enable u
 to receive an unemb>rass$ impression1 x

 seems  to u sup]flu\s1--an obvi\s      
truism plac$ 9 opposition to an  absurd 
impossibility4 ,we ne$$ n to be told1 t 
no pleasurable  emotion is likely to    
occur :ile we are unmann$ by fe>4 ,!    
same  might be said1 also1 9 respect to 
! ,beautiful3 = :o 0 ev]  alive to x "u 
a p>oxysm ( t]ror1 or pa9 ( any k9d8 ,a 
t]rifi$ p]son is 9 any ?+ b a fit /ate =
 su* emotion4 ,he  may inde$ aft]w>ds1  
:5 8 fe> is pass$ (f1 contemplate  !    
circum/ance t occasion$ x ) a diff]5t   
feel+2 b !  object ( 8 dismay is !n     
project$1 z x 71 completely  f himself2 
& he feels ! sublimity 9 a contemplative
 /ate3  he c feel x 9 no o!r4 ,nor is t 
/ate incompatible ) a  consci\sness (   
p]il1 ?\gh x c nev] be ) p]sonal t]ror4 
,&1 if x is meant t we %\ld h a         
positive1 pres5t  conviction t we are 9 
no dang]1 ?is we mu/ d5y1 z we f9d x    
contradict$ 9 innum]able in/ances4 ,s   
f>1 inde$1 is a s5se (  security f be+  
ess5tial to ! condition ( a sublime     
emotion1  t ! s5se ( dang]1 on !        

contr>y1 is "o ( its mo/ excit+         
accompanim5ts4 ,!re is a fasc9ation 9   
dang] :i* "s p]sons  nei!r c nor w\ld   
resi/2 :i* seems1 z x 71 to dis5?ral  !m
 ( self2--z if ! my/]i\s ,inf9ite 7     
actually draw+  !m on by an invisible   
p[]4    ,0 x m]e sci5tific curiosity t  
co/ ! eld] ,pl9y 8 life8  ,might x n h  
be5 r ?is sublime fasc9ation8 ,b we h   
repeat$ examples ( x 9 our own "t4 ,_m  
:o w read ?is may  h be5 9 a /orm at    
sea4 ,did !y nev] feel its sublimity    
:ile  !y knew _! dang]8 ,we w answ] =   
ourselves2 = we h be5  9 "o1 :5 !       
disma/$ vessels t surr\nd$ u p]mitt$ no 
mi/ake z to our p]il2 x 0 /rongly felt1 
b /ill /rong] 0  ! sublime emotion 9 !  
awful sc5e4 ,! crat] ( ,vesuvius is ev5 
n[1 p]haps = ! ?\s&? "t1 reflect+ f its 
lake ( fire  "s gha/ly face1 ) indrawn  
brea? & hair bri/l+1 b5t1 z by  fate1   
ov] its sulphur\s br9k4    ,let u turn  
to ,mont ,blanc1 t mighty pyramid ( ice1
 9 ^: %ad[  might repose all ! tombs ( !
 ,ph>aohs4 ,x rises be=e !  travell] l !

 accumulat+ mausoleum ( ,europe3 p]haps 
he looks  ^u x z 8 own be=e 8 natural   
"t2 yet he _c away f  x4 ,a t]rible *>m 
hurries him ov] frightful *asms1 ^: blue
  dep?s seem l ^? ( ! ocean2 he cuts 8  
way up a poli%$  precipice1 %9+ l       
/eel1--z elusive to ! t\*2 he creeps    
sl[ly & w>ily ar\nd & b5ea? huge cliffs 
( sn[2 n[ he looks  up1 & sees _! br[s  
frett$ by ! p]colat+ wat]s l a  ,go?ic  
ceil+1 & he fe>s ev5 to :isp]1 le/ an   
audible brea?  %\ld awak5 ! avalan*e3 & 
?us he climbs & climbs1 till !  dizzy   
summit fills up 8 measure ( fe>ful      
ec/asy4    ,n[1 ?\gh cases may occur :]e
 ! emotion 9 "q is att5d$  ) a s5se (   
security1 z 9 ! read+ or he>+ !         
description  ( an e>?quake1 su* z t (   
#agfh 9 ,lisbon1 :ile we are safely     
h\s$ & by a com=table fire1 x does n    
!re=e foll[1 t  ?is consci\sness (      
safety is its ess5tial condition4 ,x is 
m]ely  an accid5tal circum/ance4 ,x _c1 
!re=e1 apply1 ei!r z a  rule or an      
objection4 ,besides1 ev5 if support$ by 

fact1 we might  well dismiss x on !     
gr\nd ( irrelevancy1 s9ce a s5se (      
p]sonal safety _c be plac$ 9 opposition 
to & z inconsi/5t  ) a dis9t]e/$ or     
unselfi% /ate2 :i* is t claim$ =  !     
emotion z its true condition4 ,if !re be
 n1 !n1 a s\nd]  objection1 we may      
safely admit ! *>act]i/ic 9 "q2 =  !    
reception ( :i* we h1 on ! o!r h&1 !    
weight (  exp]i5ce1--at lea/ negatively1
 s9ce1 /rictly speak+1 we _c  exp]i5ce !
 abs5ce ( any ?+4    ,b ?\gh1 accord+ to
 our !ory1 !re are _m ?+s n[ call$      
sublime t w\ld prop]ly come "u a diff]5t
 classification1 su*  z _m objects (    
,art1 _m s5tim5ts1 & _m actions1 :i* are
  /rictly human1 z well 9 _! end z 9 _! 
orig92 x is n to  be inf]r$ t !         
exclusion ( any "w ( man is because (   
its  app>5t orig91 b ( its end1 ! end   
only be+ ! det]m9+  po9t1 z ref]r+ to   
its ,idea4 ,n[1 if ! ,idea ref]r$ to be 
(  ! ,inf9ite1 :i* is out ( 8 nature1 x 
_c /rictly be said  to orig9ate )       
man1--t is1 absolutely2 b x is r1 z x   

71 a reflect$ =m ( x f ! ,mak] ( 8 m9d4 
,if we are l$  to su* an ,idea1 !n1 by  
any "w ( imag9ation1 a poem1 a picture1 
a  /atue1 or a build+1 x is z truly     
sublime z any natural object4  ,?is1 x  
appe>s to u1 is ! sole my/]y1 )\t :i*   
nei!r  s\nd1 nor color1 nor =m1 nor     
magnitude1 is a true correlative to !   
unse5 cause4 ,& "h1 z ) ,beauty1 ?\gh ! 
te/ ( t be  )9 u1 is ! modus op]&i      
equally baffl+ to ! scrut9y (  !        
und]/&+4 ,we feel ourselves1 z x 71     
lift$ f ! e>?1  & look ^u ! outw>d      
objects t h s affect$ u1 yet le>n  n h[2
 & ! my/]y deep5s z we comp>e !m ) o!r  
objects  f :i* h foll[$ ! same effects1 
& f9d no resemblance4 ,=  in/ance2 ! ro>
 ( ! ocean1 & ! intricate unity ( a     
,go?ic  ca!dral1 ^: beg9n+ & end are    
alike intangible1 :ile its  climb+ t[]  
seems visibly ev5 to rise to ! ,idea :i*
 x /rives  to embody1--^! h no?+ 9      
common1--h>dly two ?+s c\ld be  nam$ t  
are m unlike2 yet 9 relation to man !y h
 b "o  end3 = :o c he> ! ocean :5 brea?+

 9 wra?1 & limit x 9  8 m9d1 ?\gh he ?9k
 n ( ,him :o gives x voice8 or asc5d t  
spire )\t feel+ 8 faculties vani%1 z x 7
 ) its  vani%+ po9t1 into ! abyss (     
space8 ,if !re be a diff]5ce 9  ! effect
 f ^! & o!r objects1 x is only 9 !      
int5sity1  ! degree ( impetus giv52 z   
betwe5 t f ! sudd5 explosion  ( a       
volcano & f ! sl[ & heavy movem5t ( a   
ris+  ?und]-cl\d2 its "* & its (fice are
 ! same1--9 its awful  h>mony to connect
 ! creat$ ) its ,inf9ite ,cause4    ,b  
let u comp>e ?is effect ) t f ,beauty4  
,w\ld !  ,p>!non1 = in/ance1 ) its      
beautiful =ms1--made /ill m  beautiful  
"u its native sky1--seem+ almo/ endu$ ) 
! brea?  ( life1 z if its consci\s      
purple 7 a liv+ suffusion br\ght  =? 9  
sympa?y by ! enam\r$ blu%es ( a ,grecian
 sunset2--w\ld  ?is beautiful object ev5
 !n elevate ! s\l above its own ro(8    
,no3 we %\ld be fill$ ) a pure          
delight1--b ) no long+ to  rise /ill    
high]4 ,x w\ld satisfy u2 :i* ! sublime 
does n2  = ! feel+ is too va/ to be     

circumscrib$ by human cont5t4    ,on !  
sup]natural x is ne$less to enl>ge2 =1 9
 :atev] =m  ! be+s ( ! invisible _w are 
suppos$ to visit u1 !y are  imm$iately  
connect$ 9 ! m9d ) ! unkn[n ,inf9ite2   
:e!r  ! fai? be 9 ! he>t or 9 !         
imag9ation2 :e!r !y bubble  up f ! e>?1 
l ! ,wit*es 9 ,macbe?1 tak+ %ape at w1  
or self-dissolv+ into air1 & no less    
m>vell\s1 =ekn[+  ?\ghts ere =m$ 9 man2 
or l ! ,gho/ 9 ,hamlet1 an  unsub/antial
 %ad[1 hav+ ! functions ( life1 motion1 
w1  & spee*2 a fe>ful my/]y inve/s !m ) 
a spell n to be  )/ood2 ! bewild]$      
imag9ation foll[s l a *ild1 leav+  !    
f9ite _w = "o unkn[n1 till x a*es 9     
d>kness1  trackless1 endless4           
,p]haps1 z be+ ne>e/ 9 /ation to !      
unse>*able ,au?or (  all ?+s1 ! highe/  
example ( ?is w\ld be f\nd 9 !  ,angelic
 ,nature4 ,if x be object$1 t ! poets h 
n always s  repres5t$ x1 x re/s ) !m to 
%[ cause :y !y h n4  ,milton1 no d\bt1  
c\ld h assign$ a suffici5t reason 9 !   
"t *os5 = 8 poem1--t ( ! creation ( !   

fir/ man1  :5 8 int]c\rse ) ! highe/    
ord] ( creat$ be+s 0 n  only ess5tial to
 ! plan ( ! poem1 b accord+ ) ! express 
w ( ! ,creator3 h5ce1 he might h        
consid]$ x no violation  ( ! !n relation
 betwe5 man & angels to assign ev5 !    
epi!t affable to ! ar*angel ,raphael2 = 
man 0 !n  s9less1 & 9 all po9ts save k a
 fit object ( reg>d1 &  c]ta9ly a fit   
pupil to 8 heav5ly in/ructor4 ,b1       
suppose !  poet1 ?r\gh\t 8 "w1 7z 9 !   
process ( 8 /ory he 0  =c$ to d ne> !   
end17--suppose he _h *os51 assum+ !     
philosoph]1 to assign to ,adam ! alt]$  
relation ( "o ( 8  fall5 po/]ity1 h[    
c\ld he h endur$ a holy spiritual       
pres5ce8 ,to be consi/5t1 ,adam mu/ h   
be5 dumb ) awe1  incapable ( hold+      
conv]se su* z is describ$4 ,betwe5      
s9less  man & 8 s9ful prog5y1 ! di/ance 
is immeasurable4 ,& s1 too1  mu/ be !   
effect on ! latt]1 9 su* a pres5ce2 & = 
?is  conclusion we h ! au?ority (       
,scripture1 9 ! dismay ( !  soldi]s at !
 ,savi\r's sepul*re1 on :i* m directly4 

,if !re  be no l effect att5d+ ! o!r    
angelic visits record$ 9  ,scripture1   
su* z ^? to ,lot & ,abraham1 ! reason is
 obvi\s 9  ! special mission to ^?      
individuals1 :o 7 d\btless  div9ely     
prep>$ = _! reception2 = x is reasonable
  to suppose ! mission _h else be5      
useless4 ,b ) ! ,roman  soldi]s1 :]e !re
 0 no su* qualify+ circum/ance1 ! case  
0 diff]5t2 inde$1 x 0 9 /rik+ contra/ ) 
t ( !  two ,m>ys1 :o1 ?\gh /ruck ) awe1 
yet be+ l$ !re1 z  witnesses1 by ! ,_s1 
7 n s ov]p[]$4    ,& "h1 z ! ,idea (    
,angels is univ]sally associat$ ) e     
p]fection ( =m1 may naturally occur ! "q
 s (t5  agitat$1--namely1 :e!r ,beauty &
 ,sublimity are1 "u any  circum/ances1  
compatible4 ,to u x seems ( easy        
solution4 ,= we see  no reason :y       
,beauty1 z ! condition ( a subord9at$   
object or  compon5t "p1 may n           
incid5tally ent] into ! ,sublime1 z well
  z a ?\s& o!r conditions ( opposite    
*>act]s1 :i* p]ta9  to ! multif>i\s     
assimilants t (t5 =m its o!r compon5ts4 

,:5 ,beauty is n made ess5tial1 b ent]s 
z a m]e  cont+5t1 its admission or      
rejection is a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,9   
an angel1 = in/ance1 beauty is !        
condition ( 8 m]e =m2 b  ! angel has    
also an intellectual & moral or         
spiritual nature1  :i* is ess5tially    
p>am\nt3 ! =m] be+ b ! condition1 s  to 
speak1 ( 8 visibility1 ! latt]1 8 v     
life1--an ,ess5ce  next to !            
inconceivable ,giv] ( life4    ,c\ld we 
/& 9 ! pres5ce ( "o ( ^! holy be+s1 7if 
to  /& 7 possible17 :at ( ! ,sublime 9  
?is l[] _w w\ld s  %ake u8 ,?\gh 8      
beauty 7 su* z nev] mortal dream$ (1  x 
w\ld be z no?+1--swall[$ up z           
d>kness1--9 ! awful1  spiritual         
brightness ( ! mess5g] ( ,god4 ,ev5 z ! 
soldi]s  9 ,scripture1 at ! sepul*re ( !
 ,savi\r1 we %\ld fall be=e  him1--we   
%\ld become1 l !m1 z dead m54    ,b ?\gh
 ,milton does n unveil ! face l lightn+2
 &  ?\gh ! angel ,raphael is made to    
hold conv]se ) man1 & !  sev]e 9 y\?ful 
beauty gives ev5 ! individual impress to

  ,zephon1 & ,mi*ael & ,abdiel are set  
ap>t 9 _! pr[ess2 !re  is n "o he names 
t does n brea! ( ,heav51 t is n         
encompass$ ) ! glory ( ! ,inf9ite4 ,& :y
 ! read] is n  ov]:elm$ 9 _! suppos$    
pres5ce is because he is a behold]      
?r\gh ,adam1--?r\gh him also a li/5]2 b 
:5ev] he is  made1 by ! poet's spell1 to
 =get ,adam1 & to see1 z x 7 9  8 own   
p]son1 ! embattl$ ho/s4444    ,if we    
dwell ^u ,=m alone1 ?\gh x %\ld be (    
surpass+  beauty1 ! idea w\ld n rise    
above t ( man1 = ?is is  conceivable (  
man3 b ! mom5t ! angelic nature is t\*$1
 we  h ! high] ideas ( sup]nal          
intellig5ce & p]fect hol9ess1  to :i*   
all ! *>ms & graces ( m]e =m imm$iately 
become subord9ate1 &1 ?\gh ! beauty     
rema91 its ag5cy is  comp>atively       
negative "u ! ov]p[]+ transc5d5ce ( a   
cele/ial _s4    ,z we h already se5 t ! 
,beautiful is limit$ to no p>ticul>  =m1
 b possesses its p[] 9 "s my/]i\s       
condition1  :i* is applicable to _m     
di/9ct objects2 9 l mann] does !        

,sublime include )9 its sph]e1 & subdue 
to its condition1 an  indef9ite v>iety (
 objects1 ) _! di/9ctive conditions2 &  
among !m we f9d t ( ! ,beautiful1 z well
 z1 to a c]ta9  degree1 its rev]se1 s t1
 ?\gh we may truly recognize _!         
coexi/5ce 9 ! same object1 x is n       
possible t _! effect  ^u u %\ld be      
o!rwise ?an unequal1 & t ! high] law    
%\ld n subord9ate ! l[]4 ,we d n d5y t !
 ,beautiful  may1 s to speak1 mitigate !
 awful int5sity ( ! ,sublime2 b x  _c   
*ange its "*1 mu* less imp>t its own2 ! 
"o w  /ill be awful1 ! o!r1 ( itself1   
nev]4    ,:5 at ,rome1 we once ask$ a   
=eign]1 :o seem$ to be talk+  some:at   
vaguely on ! subject1 :at he und]/ood by
 ! ,sublime4  ,8 answ] 01 ,le plus beau2
 mak+ x only a matt] ( degree4 ,n[  let 
u only imag9e 7if we c7 a beautiful     
e>?quake1 or a beautiful  hurricane4 ,& 
yet ! =eign] is n alone 9 ?is4          
,d',azz>a1  ! biograph] ( ,m5gs1 speak+ 
( ,beauty1 talks ( ?is sublime  quality1
 & 9 ano!r place1 = c]ta9 reasons       

assign$1 he says1  ,! gr& /yle is       
beautiful4 ,nay1 _m writ]s1 o!rwise (   
high  au?ority1 seem to h tak5 ! same   
view2 :ile o!rs :o c\ld  h _h no su*    
notion1 hav+ us$ ! words ,beauty & !    
,beautiful 9 an allegorical or          
metaphorical s5se1 h sometimes be5      
mis9t]pret$ lit]ally4 ,h5ce ,w9ckelmann 
reproa*es ,mi*ael ,angelo  = 8 cont9ual 
talk ab\t ,beauty1 :5 he %[$ no?+ ( x  9
 8 works4 ,b x is v evid5t t ! ,bell &  
,bellezza ( ,mi*ael ,angelo 7 nev] us$  
by him 9 a lit]al  s5se1 nor int5d$ to  
be s und]/ood by o!rs3 he adopt$ !  t]ms
 solely to express ab/ract ,p]fection1  
:i* he allegoriz$ z  ! mi/ress ( 8 m9d1 
to ^: exclusive wor%ip 8 :ole life  0   
devot$4 ,:e!r x 0 ! mo/ appropriate t]m 
he c\ld h  *os51 we %all n inquire4 ,x  
is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ! lit]al  adoption ( 
x by subsequ5t writ]s has be5 ! cause ( 
mu*  confusion1 z well z vagu5ess4    ,=
 ourselves1 we are q at a loss to imag9e
 h[ a notion s  obvi\sly gr\ndless has  
ev] _h a s+le support]2 =1 if a  di/9ct 

effect implies a di/9ct cause1 we d n   
see :y di/9ct  t]ms %\ld n be employ$ to
 express ! diff]5ce1 or h[ !  legitimate
 t]m = "o c 9 any way be appli$ to      
signify a  p>ticul> degree ( ! o!r4 ,l !
 two ,dromios1 !y sometimes  require a  
conjur] to tell :i* is :i*4 ,if only    
,p]fection1 :i*  is a g5]ic t]m imply+ !
 summit ( all ?+s1 be meant1  !re is    
surely no?+ to be ga9$ 7if we except    
int5d$  obscurity7 by sub/itut+ a       
specific t]m :i* is limit$ to a few4    
,we speak n "h ( allegorical or         
metaphorical propriety1 :i* is  n n[ !  
"q1 b ( ! lit]al & didactic2 & we may   
add1 t we h nev] kn[n b "o result f ?is 
arbitr>y  union1--:i* is1 to procreate  
words4    ,9 fur!r illu/ration ( our    
position1 x may be well "h to notice  "o
 mi/ak5 s\rce ( ! ,sublime1 :i* seems to
 h be5 sometimes  resort$ to1 bo? 9     
poems & pictures2 namely1 9 ! sympa?y   
excit$ by excruciat+ bodily suff]+4     
,suppose a man on ! rack  to be plac$   
be=e u1--p]haps "s mis]able victim ( !  

,inquisition2 ! crack+ ( 8 jo9ts is made
 frightfully audible2  8 calamit\s ,ah6 
goes to our m>r[2 !n ! cruel precision  
( ! me*anical famili>1 z he lays b>e to 
! sight 8 :ole  anatomy ( horrors4 ,&   
suppose1 too1 ! execution] compell$  to 
8 task1--consequ5tly an irresponsible   
ag5t1 :om we _c  curse2 &1 f9ally1 t ^! 
two objects compose ! :ole sc5e4  ,:at  
c\ld we feel b an agony ev5 l t ( !     
suff]]1 !  only diff]5ce be+ t "o is    
physical1 ! o!r m5tal8 ,& ?is  is all t 
m]e sympa?y has any p[] to effect2 x has
 l$ u to  its extreme po9t1--our fle%   
creeps1 & we turn away ) almo/  bodily  
sickness4 ,b let ano!r actor be add$ to 
! drama 9 !  presid+ ,inquisitor1 ! cool
 me?odiz] ( ?is process ( torture2  9 an
 in/ant ! sc5e is *ang$1 &1 /range to   
say1 our feel+s  become less            
pa9ful1--nay1 we feel a mom5t>y         
int]e/1--f an  in/ant revulsion ( our   
moral nature3 we are lo/ 9 wond] at !   
excess ( human wick$ness1 & ! hateful   
wond]1 z if p>tak+ (  ! inf9ite1 n[     

di/5ds ! faculties to _! utmo/ t5sion2 =
  :o c set b\nds to passion :5 x seizes 
! :ole s\l8 ,x is z  ! s\l itself1 )\t  
=m or limit4 ,we may n ?9k ev5 ( !  aft]
 judgm5t2 we become ourselves ju/ice1 & 
we aw>d a  hatr$ comm5surate ) ! s91 s  
indef9ite & mon/r\s t we  /& agha/ at   
our own judgm5t4    ,:y ?is extreme     
t5sion ( ! m9d1 :5 ?us outw>dly         
occasion$1 %\ld create 9 u an int]e/1 we
 "k n2 b su* is  ! fact1 & we are n only
 cont5t to endure x = a "t1 b  ev5 crave
 x1 & give to ! feel+ ! epi!t sublime4  
,we d n d5y t mu* bodily suff]+ may be  
admitt$ ) effect  z a subord9ate ag5t1  
:51 z 9 ! example la/ add$1 x is made   
to s]ve z a necess>y expositor ( moral  
de=mity4 ,!n1 inde$1  9 ! h&s ( a great 
arti/1 x becomes "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful      
auxili>ies to a sublime end4 ,all t we  
cont5d = is t sympa?y  alone is         
insuffici5t z a cause ( sublimity4      
,!re are yet o!r s\rces ( ! false       
sublime1 7if we may s call  x17 :i* are 
sometimes resort$ to also by poets &    

pa9t]s2 su*  z ! horrible1 ! loa?some1 !
 hide\s1 & ! mon/r\s3 ^!  =m !          
impassable b\nd>ies to ! true ,sublime4 
,inde$1 !re  appe>s to be 9 almo/ e     
emotion a c]ta9 po9t beyond :i* we  _c  
pass )\t recoil+1--z if we in/9ctively  
%runk f  :at is =bidd5 to our nature4   
,x w\ld seem1 !n1 t1 9 relation to man1 
,beauty is ! extreme  po9t1 or la/      
summit1 ( ! natural _w1 s9ce x is 9 t t 
we recognize ! highe/ emotion ( :i* we  
are susceptible f !  purely physical4   
,if we asc5d !nce into ! moral1 we %all 
f9d its  influ5ce dim9i% 9 ! same ratio 
) our upw>d progress4 ,9 !  cont9u\s *a9
 ( creation ( :i* x =ms a "p1 ! l9k     
above  x :]e ! moral modification beg9s 
seems sc>cely *ang$1 yet !  diff]5ce1   
?\gh slight1 dem&s ano!r "n1 & !        
nom5clator  )9 u calls x ,elegance2 9 ! 
next connect+ l9k1 ! moral  adjunct     
becomes m pr$om9ant1 & we call x        
,maje/y2 9 ! next1  ! physical becomes  
/ill fa9t]1 & we call ! union ,gr&eur2 9
  ! next1 x seems almo/ to vani%1 & a   

new =m rises be=e u1  s my/]i\s1 s      
undef9$ & elusive to ! s5ses1 t we turn1
  z if = its m di/9ct image1 )9         
ourselves1 & !re1 )  wond]1 amazem5t1   
awe1 we see x fill+1 di/5d+1 /ret*+  e  
faculty1 till1 l ! ,giant ( ,otranto1 x 
seems almo/ to  bur/ ! imag9ation3 "u   
?is /range conflu5ce ( opposite         
emotions1 ?is t]rible pleasure1 we call 
! awful =m ,sublimity4  ,?is 0 ! /ill1  
small voice t %ook ! ,prophet on        
,horeb2--?\gh small to 8 e>1 x 0 m ?an 8
 imag9ation  c\ld conta92 he c\ld n he> 
x aga9 & live4    ,x is n to be suppos$ 
t we h enum]at$ all ! =ms (  gradation  
betwe5 ! ,beautiful & ! ,sublime2 su* 0 
n our  purpose2 x is suffici5t to h not$
 ! mo/ prom95t1 leav+  ! int]m$iate     
modifications to be suppli$ 7z !y c     
readily be7  by ! read]4 ,if we desc5d f
 ! ,beautiful1 we %all pass 9 l  mann]  
?r\gh an equal v>iety ( =ms gradually   
modifi$ by !  gross] mat]ial influ5ces1 
z ! ,h&some1 ! ,pretty1 ! ,comely1  !   
,pla91 c41 till we fall to ! ,ugly4     

,!re ends ! *a9 ( pleasurable excitem5t2
 b n ! *a9 (  ,=ms2 :i*1 tak+ n[ z if a 
lit]al curve1 aga9 b5ds upw>d1  till1   
meet+ ! desc5d+ extreme ( ! moral1 x    
seems to  complete ! mighty circle4 ,& 9
 ?is d>k segm5t w be f\nd !  />tl+ union
 ( deep5+ discords1--/ill deep5+1 z x   
rises  f ! ,ugly to ! ,loa?some1 !      
,horrible1 ! ,frightful1#a !  ,appall+4 
,z we foll[ ! *a9 ?r\gh ?is la/ region (
 disease1 mis]y1  & s91 ( embodi$       
,discord1 & feel1 z we mu/1 9 ! mutilat$
  aff9ities ( its revolt+ =ms1 _! fe>ful
 relation to ?is  fair1 h>moni\s        
creation1--h[ does ! awful fact1 9 ^!   
its  brea?+ fragm5ts1 speak to u ( a    
fall5 _w6    ,z ! liv+ c5tre ( ?is      
/up5d\s circle /&s ! ,s\l ( ,man2  !    
consci\s ,reality1 to :i* ! va/         
inclosure is b !  symbol4 ,h[ va/1 !n1 8
 be+6 ,if space c\ld measure x1 !       
remote/ /> w\ld fall )9 its limits4     
,well1 !n1 may he tremble  to essay x   
ev5 9 ?\ght2 = :]e mu/ x c>ry him1--t   
w+$  mess5g]1 fleet] ?an light8 ,:]e b  

to ! conf9es ( !  ,inf9ite2 ev5 to !    
pres5ce ( ! unutt]able ,life1 on  :i*   
no?+ f9ite c look & live8    ,f9ally1 we
 %all conclude our ,disc\rse ) a few    
words on !  ma/] ,pr9ciple1 :i* we h    
suppos$ to be1 by ! w ( !  ,creator1 !  
realiz+ life to all ?+s fair & true &   
good3 &  m especially w\ld we rev]t to  
its spiritual purity1 emphatically      
manife/$ ?r\gh all its manifold         
op]ations1--s impossible  ( alliance )  
any ?+ sordid1 or false1 or wick$1--s   
unappreh5sible1 ev51 except = its own   
mo/ s9less sake4 ,inde$1  we _c look ^u 
x z o!r ?an ! univ]sal & et]nal witness 
( ,god's goodness & love1 to draw man to
 himself1 & to te/ify  to ! meane/1 mo/ 
obliquit\s m9d1--at lea/ once 9 life1 be
 x  ?\gh 9 *ildhood1--t !re is su* a ?+ 
z good  )\t self4 ,x w be rememb]$1 t1 9
 all ! v>i\s  examples adduc$1 9 :i* we 
h endeav\r$ to illu/rate !  op]ation (  
,h>mony1 !re 0 b "o "* to all its       
effects1  :atev] ! diff]5ce 9 ! objects 
t occasion$ !m2 t x  0 ev] unt+$ ) any  

p]sonal ta9t3 & we conclud$ !nce  its   
sup]nal s\rce4 ,we may n[ advance ano!r 
evid5ce /ill m  conclusive ( its        
spiritual orig91 namely1 9 ! fact1 t x  
_c be realiz$ 9 ! ,human ,be+ quoad     
himself4 ,) !  fulle/ consci\sness ( !  
possession ( ?is pr9ciple1 & )  ! p[] to
 realize x 9 o!r objects1 he has /ill no
 p[] 9  relation to himself1--t is1 to  
become ! object to himself4    ,n[1 z ! 
condition ( ,h>mony1 s f> z we c "k x   
?r\gh its  effect1 is t ( impletion1 :]e
 no?+ c be add$ or  tak5 away1 x is     
evid5t t su* a condition c nev] be      
realiz$  by ! m9d 9 itself4 ,& yet !    
desire to ?is end is z evid5tly  impli$ 
9 t incessant1 yet unsatisfy+ activity1 
:i*1 "u all  circum/ances1 is an        
imp]ative1 univ]sal law ( our nature4   
,x might seem ne$less to enl>ge on :at  
mu/ be g5]ally felt z an  obvi\s tru?2  
/ill1 x may n be amiss to (f] a few     
rem>ks1 by  way ( br++ x1 ?\gh a truism1
 m di/9ctly be=e u4 ,9 all  ages !      
majority ( mank9d h be5 m or less       

compell$ to "s  k9d ( ex]tion = _! m]e  
subsi/5ce4 ,l all compulsion1 ?is  has  
no d\bt be5 consid]$ a h>d%ip4 ,yet we  
nev] f9d1 :5 by  _! own indu/ry1 or any 
=tunate circum/ance1 !y h be5  reliev$ f
 ?is exig5cy1 t any "o individual has   
be5  cont5t$ ) do+ no?+4 ,"s1 inde$1    
be=e _! lib]ation1  h conceiv$ ( idl5ess
 z a k9d ( synonyme ) happ9ess2 b a     
%ort exp]i5ce has nev] fail$ to prove x 
no less remote f t  desirable /ate4 ,!  
mo/ (f5sive employm5ts1 = ! want (  a   
bett]1 h (t5 be5 resum$1 to relieve !   
m9d f !  intol]able load ( no?+1--!     
heavie/ ( all weights1--z  x ne$s mu/ be
 to an immortal _s3 = ! m9d _c /op1     
except x be 9 a mad-h\se2 !re1 inde$1 x 
may re/1 or r  /agnate1 on "o           
?\ght1--its little circle1 p]haps (     
mis]y4 ,f  ! v mom5t ( consci\sness1 !  
active ,pr9ciple beg9s to  busy itself )
 ! ?+s ab\t x3 x %[s itself 9 ! infant1 
/ret*+ its little h&s t[>ds ! c&le2 9 ! 
s*oolboy1  fill+ up1 if alone1 8        
play-h\r ) ! mimic toils ( aft] age2  & 

s on1 ?r\gh e /age & condition ( life2 f
 ! weal?y  sp5d-?rift1 begg>+ himself at
 ! gam+-table = employm5t1 to  ! poor   
prison] 9 ! ,ba/ile1 :o1 = ! want (     
some?+ to  occupy 8 ?\ghts1 ov]came !   
antipa?y ( 8 nature1 & f\nd  8 companion
 9 a spid]4 ,nay1 7 !re ne$1 we might   
draw out !  catalogue till x d>k5$ )    
suicide4 ,b en\gh has be5 said to  %[1  
t1 aside f guilt1 a m t]rible fi5d has  
h>dly be5  imag9$ ?an ! little ^w ,no?+1
 :5 embodi$ & realiz$ z  ! ma/] ( ! m9d4
 ,& well = ! _w t x is s2 s9ce to  ?is  
wise law ( our nature1 to say no?+ (    
conv5i5ces1 we owe  ! endless s\rces (  
innoc5t enjoym5t ) :i* ! indu/ry &      
+5uity ( man h suppli$ u4    ,b ! wisdom
 ( ! law 9 "q is n m]ely t x is a       
prev5tive to ! m9d prey+ on itself2 we  
see 9 x a high]  purpose1--no less ?an  
:at involves ! developem5t ( ! human    
be+2 &1 if we look to its f9al be>+1 x  
is ( ! deepe/  import4 ,x might seem at 
fir/ a p>adox1 t1 ! natural condition  (
 ! m9d be+ av]se to inactivity1 x %\ld  

/ill h s  /rong a desire = re/2 b a     
little reflection w %[ t ?is  involves  
no real contradiction4 ,! m9d only      
mi/akes ! "n  ( its object1 nei!r re/   
nor action be+ its real aim2 = 9 a  /ate
 ( re/ x desires action1 & 9 a /ate (   
action1 re/4 ,n[  all action supposes a 
purpose1 :i* purpose c consi/ ( b "o  ( 
two ?+s2 ei!r ! atta9m5t ( "s imm$iate  
object z its  completion1 or ! caus+ (  
"o or m future acts1 t %all  foll[ z a  
consequ5ce4 ,b :e!r ! action t]m9ates 9 
an  imm$iate object1 or s]ves z !       
procreat+ cause ( an indef9ite  s]ies ( 
acts1 x mu/ h "s ultimate object 9 :i* x
  ends1--or is to end4 ,ev5 suppos+ su* 
a s]ies ( acts to be  cont9u$ ?r\gh a   
:ole life1 & yet rema9 incomplete1 x    
w\ld  n alt] ! case4 ,x is well kn[n t  
_m su* s]ies h  employ$ ! m9ds (        
ma!maticians & a/ronom]s to _! la/  h\r2
 nay1 t ^? acts h be5 tak5 up by o!rs1 &
 cont9u$  ?r\gh successive g5]ations3   
/ill1 :e!r ! po9t be arriv$ at  or no1  
!re mu/ h be5 an end 9 contemplation4   

,n[ no "o c  believe t1 9 simil> cases1 
any man w\ld volunt>ily devote all  8   
days to ! add+ l9k aft] l9k to an       
endless *a91 =  ! m]e pleasure ( labor4 
,x is true he may be aw>e ( !           
:olesom5ess ( su* labor z "o ( ! means (
 *e]fulness2 b1  if he h no fur!r aim1 8
 be+ aw>e ( ?is result makes an  equable
 fl[ ( spirits a positive object4 ,)\t  
hope1  uncompell$ labor is an           
impossibility2 & hope implies an object4
 ,nor  w\ld ! v]ie/ idl]1 :o passes a   
:ole day 9 :ittl+ a /ick1  if he c\ld be
 br\ght to look into himself1 d5y x4 ,s 
f> f  hav+ no object1 he w\ld & mu/     
ackn[l$ge t he 0 9  fact hop+ to relieve
 himself ( an oppressive portion ( "t by
  :ittl+ away its m9utes & h\rs4 ,"h we 
h an extreme in/ance  ( t :i* con/itutes
 ! real bus9ess ( life1 f ! mo/  idle to
 ! mo/ indu/ri\s2 namely1 to atta9 to a 
satisfy+  /ate4    ,b no "o w ass]t t   
su* a /ate 0 ev] a consequ5ce ( !       
atta9m5t ( any object1 h[ev] exalt$4 ,& 
:y8 ,because ! motive  ( action is left 

beh9d1 & we h no?+ be=e u4    ,some?+ to
 desire1 some?+ to look =w>d to1 we mu/ 
h1 or we p]i%1--ev5 ( suicidal re/4 ,if 
we f9d x n "h 9  ! _w ab\t u1 x mu/ be  
s\ght = 9 ano!r2 to :i*1 z we  conceive1
 t secret rul] ( ! s\l1 ! inscrutable1  
ev]-pres5t  _s ( ,h>mony1 = ev] po9ts4  
,nor is x ess5tial t !  ?\ght ( h>mony  
%\ld ev5 cross ! m9d2 = a want may be   
felt )\t any di/9ct consci\sness ( ! =m 
( t :i* is  desir$4 ,&1 = ! mo/ "p1 x is
 only 9 ?is negative way t  its influ5ce
 is ackn[l$g$4 ,b ?is is suffici5t to   
acc\nt  = ! univ]sal long+1 :e!r def9ite
 or indef9ite1 & !  consequ5t univ]sal  
disappo9tm5t4    ,we h said t man _c to 
himself become ! object (  ,h>mony1--t  
is1 f9d its prop] correlative 9 himself2
 & we h  se5 t1 9 8 pres5t /ate1 !      
position is true4 ,h[ is x1  !n1 9 ! _w 
( _s8 ,:o c answ]8 ,& yet1 p]haps1--if  
)\t irrev]5ce we might haz>d !          
conjecture1--z a f9ite  creature1 hav+  
no c5tre 9 himself on :i* to revolve1   
may x n  be t 8 true correlative w !re  

be reveal$ 7if1 inde$1 x be  n be=e7 to 
! disembodi$ man1 9 ! ,be+ t made him8  
,&  may x n also foll[1 t ! ,pr9ciple we
 speak ( w cease to  be pot5tial1 & fl[ 
out1 z x 71 & h>monize ) !  et]nal =m ( 
,hope1--ev5 t ,hope ^: liv+ end is 9 !  
unapproa*able ,inf9ite8    ,let u       
suppose ?is =m ( hope to be tak5 away f 
an immortal  be+ :o has no self-satisfy+
 p[] )9 him1 :at w\ld be  8 condition8  
,a consci\s1 int]m9able vacuum1 7 su* a 
?+  possible1 w\ld b fa9tly image x4    
,hope1 !n1 ?\gh 9 its nature            
unrealizable1 is n a m]e notion2 = s    
long z x cont9ues  hope1 x is to ! m9d  
an object & an object to be realiz$2  s1
 :]e its =m is et]nal1 x _c b be to x an
 ev]-dur+  object4 ,h5ce we may conceive
 ( a nev]-end+ approximation to :at  c  
nev] be realiz$4    ,f ?is x w\ld appe>1
 t1 :ile we _c to ourselves become  !   
object ( ,h>mony1 x is nev]!less c]ta91 
f ! univ]sal  desire s to realize x1 t  
we _c suppress ! cont9ual  impulse ( ?is
 p>am\nt ,pr9ciple2 :i*1 !re=e1 z x     

seems to  u1 mu/ h a d\ble purpose2     
fir/1 by its outw>d manife/ation1  :i*  
we all recognize1 to confirm its        
reality1 & secondly1 to  conv9ce ! m9d t
 its true object is n m]ely out (1 b    
above1 itself1--& only to be f\nd 9 !   
,inf9ite ,creator4          ,art4       
,9 treat+ on ,art1 :i*1 9 its highe/    
s5se1 & m especially  9 relation to     
,pa9t+ & ,sculpture1 is ! subject       
propos$ =  our pres5t exam9ation1 ! fir/
 "q t occurs is1 ,9  :at consi/s its    
peculi> "*8 or r1 ,:at are !            
*>act]i/ics t di/+ui% x f ,nature1 :i* x
 pr(esses to  imitate8    ,to ?is we    
reply1 t ,art is *>act]iz$1--    ,fir/1 
by ,orig9ality4    ,secondly1 by :at we 
%all call ,human or ,poetic ,tru?2 :i*  
is !  v]ify+ pr9ciple by :i* we         
recognize ! fir/4    ,?irdly1 by        
,inv5tion2 ! product ( ! ,imag9ation1 z 
gr\nd$ on  ! fir/1 & v]ifi$ by ! second4
 ,&1    ,f\r?ly1 by ,unity1 ! syn!sis ( 
all4    ,z ! fir/ /ep to ! "r und]/&+ ( 
any disc\rse is a  cle> appreh5sion ( ! 

t]ms us$1 we add1 t by ,orig9ality we   
mean any ?+ 7admitt$ by ! m9d z true7   
:i* is peculi>  to ! ,au?or1 & :i*      
di/+ui%es 8 production f t (  all o!rs2 
by ,human or ,poetic ,tru?1 t :i* may be
 said to exi/  exclusively 9 & = ! m9d1 
& z contradi/+ui%$ f !  tru? ( ?+s 9 !  
natural or ext]nal _w2 by ,inv5tion1 any
  unpractis$ mode ( pres5t+ a subject1  
:e!r by ! comb9ation  ( entire objects  
already kn[n1 or by ! union &           
modification  ( kn[n b fragm5t>y p>ts   
into new & consi/5t =ms2 &1  la/ly1 by  
,unity1 su* an agreem5t & int]dep5d5ce (
 all !  p>ts1 z %all con/itute a :ole4  
,x w be our attempt to %[1 t1 by !      
pres5ce or abs5ce (  any "o ( ^!        
*>act]i/ics1 we %all be able to affirm  
or d5y  9 respect to ! pret5sion ( any  
object z a "w ( ,art2 & also  t we %all 
f9d )9 ourselves ! correspond+ law1 or  
by  :atev] ^w we *oose to designate x1  
by :i* ea* w be  recogniz$2 t is1 9 !   
degree proportion$ to ! developem5t1  or
 active =ce1 ( ! law s judg+4           

,suppos+ ! read] to h gone along ) u 9  
:at has be5 said (  ! ,univ]sal1 9 our  
,prelim9>y ,disc\rse1 & z ass5t+ to !   
position1 t any faculty1 law1 or        
pr9ciple1 :i* c be %[n to be  ess5tial  
to any "o m9d1 mu/ necess>ily be also   
pr$icat$ (  e o!r s\nd m9d1 ev5 :]e !   
p>ticul> faculty or law is s  feebly    
develop$ z app>5tly to am\nt to its     
abs5ce1 9 :i* case  x is inf]r$         
pot5tially1--we %all n[ assume1 on !    
same gr\nds1  t ! orig9at+ cause1       
not)/&+ its app>5t abs5ce 9  ! majority 
( m51 is an ess5tial reality 9 !        
condition ( !  ,human ,be+2 its pot5tial
 exi/5ce 9 all be+ ( necessity affirm$  
f its exi/5ce 9 "o4    ,assum+1 !n1 its 
reality1--or r leav+ x to be evid5c$  f 
its kn[n effects1--we proce$ to inquire 
9 :at consi/s  ?is orig9at+ p[]4    ,&1 
fir/1 z to its mo/ simple =m4 ,if x be  
true1 7z we hope to  set =? m at l>ge 9 
a future disc\rse17 t no two m9ds 7  ev]
 f\nd to be id5tical1 !re mu/ !n 9 e    
individual m9d  be some?+ :i* is n 9 any

 o!r4 ,&1 if ?is unkn[n  some?+ is also 
f\nd to give its peculi> hue1 s to      
speak1  to e impression f outw>d        
objects1 x seems b a natural  inf]5ce1  
t1 :atev] x be1 x mu/ possess a p]vad+  
=ce ov] ! entire m9d1--at lea/1 9       
relation to :at is  ext]nal4 ,b1 ?\gh   
?is may truly be affirm$ ( man g5]ally1 
f its evid5ce 9 any "o p]son1 we %all be
 f> f ! fact1  %\ld we !re=e affirm1 t1 
o!rwise ?an pot5tially1 !  p[] (        
outw>dly manife/+ x is also univ]sal4   
,we "k t x  is n1--& our daily exp]i5ce 
proves t ! p[] ( reproduc+  or giv+ out 
! individualiz$ impressions is widely   
diff]5t 9  diff]5t m54 ,) "s x is s     
feeble z app>5tly nev] to act2  &1 s f> 
z our subject is conc]n$1 x may         
practically be said  n to exi/2 ( :i* we
 h abundant examples 9 o!r m5tal        
ph5om5a1 :]e an imp]fect activity (t5   
r5d]s ! exi/5ce (  "s ess5tial faculty a
 virtual nullity4 ,:5 x acts 9 ! high]  
decrees1 s z to make ano!r see or feel z
 ! ,individual  saw or felt1--?is1 9    

relation to ,art1 is :at we mean1 9 its 
/ricte/ s5se1 by ,orig9ality4 ,he1      
!re=e1 :o possesses !  p[] ( pres5t+ to 
ano!r ! precise images or emotions  z !y
 exi/$ 9 himself1 pres5ts t :i* c be    
f\nd n[h]e  else1 & 0 fir/ f\nd by & )9 
himself2 &1 h[ev] light or  trifl+1 :]e 
^! are true z to 8 own m9d1 _! au?or is 
s  f> an orig9ator4    ,b let u take an 
example1 & suppose two portraits2 simple
  heads1 )\t accessories1 t is1 ) blank 
backgr\nds1 su* z  we (t5 see1 :]e no   
attempt is made at composition2 & bo? by
  arti/s ( equal tal5t1 employ+ ! same  
mat]ials1 & conduct+  _! "w accord+ to !
 same te*nical process4 ,we w also      
suppose ourselves acqua9t$ ) ! p]son    
repres5t$1 ) :om  to comp>e !m4 ,:o1 t  
has ev] made a simil> comp>ison1 w      
expect to f9d !m id5tical8 ,on !        
contr>y1 ?\gh 9 all respects  equal1 9  
execution1 lik5ess1 c41 we %all /ill    
p]ceive a c]ta9  exclusive some?+ t w   
in/antly di/+ui% ! "o  f ! o!r1 & bo? f 
! orig9al4 ,& yet !y %all bo?  seem to u

 true4 ,b !y w be true to u also 9 a    
d\ble s5se2  namely1 z to ! liv+ orig9al
 & z to ! individuality (  ! diff]5t    
pa9t]s4 ,:]e su* is ! result1 bo? arti/s
 mu/  orig9ate1 inasmu* z !y bo?        
outw>dly realize ! individual  image (  
_! di/9ctive m9ds4    ,nor c ! tru? !y  
pres5t be ascrib$ to ! te*nic process1  
:i* we h suppos$ ! same ) ea*2 z1 on su*
 a supposition1  ) _! equal skill1 !    
result mu/ h be5 id5tical4 ,no2  by     
:atev] x is t "o man's m5tal impression1
 or 8 mode (  ?\ght1 is made to diff] f 
ano!r's1 x is t some?+1 :i*  our imag9>y
 arti/s h "h transf]r$ to _! p5cil1 t   
makes !m diff]5t1 yet bo? orig9al4      
,n[1 :e!r ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* !           
impressions1 conceptions1 or  emotions (
 ! m9d are ?us ext]nally realiz$ be t ( 
colors1  words1 or any ?+ else1 ?is     
my/]i\s ?\gh c]ta9 pr9ciple is1  z we   
believe1 ! true & only s\rce ( all      
orig9ality4    ,9 ! p[] ( assimilat+ :at
 is =eign1 or ext]nal1 to our own       
p>ticul> nature consi/s ! individualiz+ 

law1 & 9 ! p[]  ( reproduc+ :at is ?us  
modifi$ consi/s ! orig9at+ cause4       
,let u turn n[ to an opposite           
example1--to a m]e me*anical copy (  "s 
natural object1 :]e ! m>ks 9 "q are     
:olly want+4  ,w any "o be truly affect$
 by x8 ,we ?9k n2 we d n say t  he w n  
praise x1--?is he may d f v>i\s motives2
 b 8  feel+--if we may s "n ! index ( ! 
law )9--w  n be call$ =? to any         
spontane\s correspond5ce ) ! object     
be=e him4    ,b :y talk ( feel+1 says ! 
pseudo-connoisseur1 :]e we %\ld  only1  
or at lea/ fir/1 br+ k8 ,?is is ! common
 cant (  ^? :o become critics = ! sake (
 di/9ction4 ,let ! ,arti/  avoid !m1 if 
he w\ld n disfran*ise himself 9 !       
suppression  ( t uncompromis+ te/ )9    
him1 :i* is ! only sure  guide to ! tru?
 )\t4    ,x is a poor ambition to desire
 ! (fice ( a judge m]ely =  ! sake (    
pass+ s5t5ce4 ,b su* an ambition is n   
likely to  possess a p]son ( true       
s5sibility4 ,!re are "s1 h[ev]1 9  :om  
!re is no defici5cy ( s5sibility1 yet   

:o1 ei!r f  self-di/ru/1 or f "s mi/ak5 
notion ( ,art1 are easily  p]suad$ to   
give up a "r feel+1 9 ex*ange = :at !y  
may  suppose to be k1--! b>r5 k (       
faults2 z if !re  c\ld be a human       
production )\t !m6 ,nev]!less1 !re is   
little to be appreh5d$ f any conv5tional
 !ory1 by "o :o is  =ew>n$ ( its m]e    
negative p[]1--t x c1 at be/1 only      
suppress feel+2 = no "o ev] 01 or ev] c 
be1 argu$ into  a real lik+ = :at he has
 once felt to be false4 ,b1 :]e !  feel+
 is g5u9e1 & n ! m]e reflex ( a popul>  
notion1 s  f> z x goes x mu/ be true4   
,let no "o1 !re=e1 di/ru/ x1 to  take   
c\nsel ( 8 head1 :5 he f9ds himself /&+ 
be=e a "w  ( ,art4 ,does he feel its    
tru?8 is ! only "q1--if1 inde$1 !       
imp]t95ce ( ! und]/&+ %\ld !n prop\nd   
"o2 :i* we  ?9k x w n1 :]e ! feel+ is   
p[]ful4 ,to su* a "o1 !  *>act]i/ic (   
,art ^u :i* we are n[ disc\rs+ w =ce    
its way ) ! p[] ( light2 nor w he ev] be
 9 dang] (  mi/ak+ a me*anical copy = a 
liv+ imitation4    ,b we sometimes he> (

 fai?ful transcripts1 nay1 (            
fac-similes4  ,if by ^! be impli$ nei!r 
m nor less ?an exi/s 9 _!  orig9als1 !y 
mu/ /ill1 9 t case1 f9d _! true place 9 
! dead category ( ,copy4 ,yet we ne$ n  
be deta9$ by any inquiry  conc]n+ !     
m]its ( a fac-simile1 s9ce we firmly d5y
 t a  fac-simile1 9 ! true s5se ( ! t]m1
 is a ?+ possible4    ,t an absolute    
id5tity betwe5 any natural object & its 
repres5t$  image is a ?+ impossible1 w  
h>dly be que/ion$ by any "o :o  ?9ks1 & 
w give ! subject a mom5t's reflection2 &
 !  difficulty lies 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 ! 
"o be+ ! "w ( !  ,creator1 & ! o!r ( !  
creature4 ,we %all !re=e assume z a     
fact1 ! et]nal & insup]able diff]5ce    
betwe5 ,art & ,nature4 ,t  our pleasure 
f ,art is nev]!less simil>1 n to say    
equal1 to t  :i* we d]ive f ,nature1 is 
also a fact e/abli%$ by exp]i5ce2 to    
acc\nt = :i* we are necess>ily l$ to !  
admission ( ano!r fact1  namely1 t !re  
exi/s 9 ,art a peculi> some?+ :i* we    
receive  z equival5t to ! admitt$       

diff]5ce4 ,n[1 :e!r we call ?is         
equival5t1 individualiz$ tru?1 or human 
or poetic tru?1 x matt]s  n2 we "k by   
its effects1 t "s su* pr9ciple does     
exi/1 &  t x acts ^u u1 & 9 a way       
correspond+ to ! op]ation ( t  :i* we   
call ,tru? & ,life 9 ! natural _w4 ,( ! 
v>i\s laws  gr[+ out ( ?is pr9ciple1 :i*
 take ! "n ( ,rules :5 appli$  to ,art1 
we %all h occasion to speak 9 a future  
disc\rse4 ,at pres5t  we %all conf9e    
ourselves to ! inquiry1 h[ f> ! diff]5ce
 allud$  to may be safely all[$ 9 any "w
 pr(ess+ to be an imitation (  ,nature4 
,! fact1 t tru? may subsi/ ) a v        
consid]able admixture  ( falsehood1 is  
too well kn[n to require an argum5t4    
,h[ev]  repreh5sible su* an admixture   
may be 9 morals1 x becomes 9 ,art1  f ! 
limit$ nature ( our p[]s1 a matt] (     
necessity4    ,= ! same reason1 ev5 !   
realiz+ ( a ?\ght1 or t :i*  is prop]ly 
& exclusively human1 mu/ ev] be         
imp]fect4 ,if ,tru?1  !n1 =m b ! great] 
proportion1 x is q z mu* z we may       

reasonably look = 9 a "w ( ,art4 ,b :y1 
x may be ask$1 :]e  ! false pr$om9ates1 
d we /ill d]ive pleasure8 ,simply       
because (  ! ,tru? t rema9s4 ,if x be   
fur!r dem&$1 ,:at is ! m9imum  ( tru? 9 
ord] to a pleasurable effect8 we reply1 
,s mu* only z  w cause u to feel t !    
tru? exi/s4 ,x is ?is feel+  alone t    
det]m9es1 n only ! true1 b ! degrees (  
tru?1  & consequ5tly ! degrees (        
pleasure4    ,:]e no su* feel+ is       
awak5$1 & suppos+ no defici5cy 9 !      
recipi5t1 he may safely1 f its abs5ce1  
pron\nce ! "w false2  nor c\ld any +5i\s
 !ory ( ! und]/&+ conv9ce him to  !     
contr>y4 ,he may1 inde$1 z "s are wont  
to d1 make a r&om  guess1 & call ! "w   
true2 b he c nev] s feel  x by any ef=t 
( reason+4 ,b may n m5 diff] z to _!    
impressions ( tru?8 ,c]ta9ly z to !     
degrees ( x1 & 9 ?is  accord+ to _!     
s5sibility1 9 :i* we "k t m5 are n      
equal4 ,by s5sibility "h we mean ! p[]  
or capacity ( receiv+  impressions4 ,all
 m51 inde$1 ) equal organs1 may be said 

9 a  c]ta9 s5se to see alike4 ,b w !    
same natural object1  convey$ ?r\gh ^!  
organs1 leave ! same impression8 ,! fact
 is  o!rwise4 ,:at1 !n1 causes !        
diff]5ce1 if x be n 7z be=e  obs]v$7 a  
peculi> some?+ 9 ! individual m9d1 t    
modifies  ! image8 ,if s1 !re mu/ (     
necessity be 9 e true "w (  ,art--if we 
may v5ture ! expression--ano!r1 or      
di/9ctive1 tru?4  ,to recognize ?is1    
!re=e1--z we h else:]e endeav\r$ to     
%[1--supposes 9 ! recipi5t some?+ ak9 to
 x4 ,&1 ?\gh x  be 9 reality b a sign ( 
life1 x is /ill a sign ( :i*  we no     
soon] receive ! impress1 ?an1 by a law (
 our m9d1 we feel  x to be act+ ^u our  
?\ghts & sympa?ies1 )\t our kn[+  h[ or 
:]e=e4 ,admitt+1 !re=e1 ! correspond+   
in/9ct1  or :atev] else x may be call$1 
to v>y 9 m51--:i* !re is no  reason to  
d\bt1--! solution ( _! unequal          
impression appe>s at  once4 ,h5ce x w\ld
 be no extravagant metaphor1 %\ld we    
affirm t  "s p]sons see m ) _! m9ds ?an 
o!rs ) _! eyes4  ,nay1 x mu/ be obvi\s  

to all :o are conv]sant ) ,art1 t  mu*1 
if n ! great] "p1 9 its high] bran*es is
 especially  address$ to ?is m5tal      
vision4 ,& x is v c]ta91 if !re 7  no   
tru? beyond ! rea* ( ! s5ses1 t little  
w\ld rema9 to  u ( :at we n[ consid] our
 highe/ & mo/ ref9$ pleasure4    ,b x   
mu/ n be inf]r$ t orig9ality consi/s 9  
any  contradiction to ,nature2 =1 7 ?is 
all[$ & c>ri$ out1 x  w\ld br+ u to !   
conclusion1 t1 ! great] ! contradiction1
  ! high] ! ,art4 ,we insi/ only on !   
modification ( ! natural  by ! p]sonal2 
= ,nature is1 & ev] mu/ be1 at lea/ !   
s5su\s gr\nd ( all ,art3 & :]e ! outw>d 
& inw>d are  s unit$ t we _c sep>ate !m1
 !re %all we f9d !  p]fection ( ,art4 ,s
 complete a union has1 p]haps1 nev] be5 
accompli%$1 & may be impossible2 x is   
c]ta91 h[ev]1  t no approa* to excell5ce
 c ev] be made1 if ! idea (  su* a union
 be n con/antly look$ to by ! arti/ z 8 
ultimate  aim4 ,nor c ! idea be admitt$ 
)\t suppos+ a ?ird z  ! product ( !     
two1--:i* we call ,art2 betwe5 :i* &    

,nature1  9 its /ricte/ s5se1 !re mu/   
ev] be a diff]5ce2 inde$1 a  diff]5ce ) 
resemblance is t :i* con/itutes its     
ess5tial condition4    ,x has d\btless  
be5 obs]v$1 t1 9 ?is inquiry conc]n+ !  
nature & op]ation ( ! fir/ *>act]i/ic1 !
 pres5ce ( !  second1 or v]ify+         
pr9ciple1 has be5 all along impli$2 nor 
c\ld  x be o!rwise1 because ( _! mutual 
dep5d5ce4 ,/ill m w  its active ag5cy be
 suppos$ 9 our exam9ation ( ! ?ird1     
namely1  ,inv5tion4 ,b be=e we proce$ to
 t1 ! p>am\nt index ( !  highe/ art1 x  
may n be amiss to obta91 if possible1 "s
 di/9ct  appreh5sion ( :at we h t]m$    
,poetic ,tru?2 to :i*1 x w be  rememb]$1
 0 also prefix$ ! epi!t ,human1 our     
object !re9  be+ to prep>e ! m9d1 by a  
s+le ^w1 = its peculi> sph]e2  & we ?9k 
x applicable also = a m important       
reason1  namely1 t ?is k9d ( ,tru? is ! 
true gr\nd ( !  poetical1--= 9 :at      
consi/s ! poetry ( ! natural _w1  if n 9
 ! s5tim5t & react+ life x receives f ! 
human  fancy & affections8 ,&1 until x c

 be %[n t s5tim5t &  fancy are also %>$ 
by ! brute creation1 ?is seem+ efflu5ce 
f ! beautiful 9 nature mu/ rightfully   
rev]t to man4 ,:at1 =  in/ance1 c we    
suppose to be ! effect ( ! purple haze (
 a  summ] sunset on ! c[s & %eep1 or ev5
 on ! m delicate  inhabitants ( ! air8  
,f :at we "k ( _! habits1 we  _c suppose
 m ?an ! m]e physical enjoym5t ( its    
g5ial  temp]ature4 ,b h[ is x ) ! poet1 
:om we %all suppose  an object 9 ! same 
sc5e1 /ret*$ on ! same bank ) !  rum9at+
 cattle1 & bask+ 9 ! same light t       
flick]s f  ! skimm+ birds4 ,does he feel
 no?+ m ?an ! g5ial w>m?8  ,ask him1 &  
he p]haps w say1--,?is is my s\l's h\r2 
?is  purpl$ air ! he>t's atmosph]e1     
melt+ by its brea? ! seal$  f\nta9s (   
love1 :i* ! cold commonplace ( ! _w _h  
froz53  ,i feel !m gu%+ =? on e ?+ ar\nd
 me2 & h[ wor?y (  love n[ appe> to me  
^! innoc5t animals1 nay1 ^! :isp]+      
leaves1 t seem to kiss ! pass+ air1 &   
blu% ! :ile at  _! own fondness6 ,surely
 !y are happy1 & grateful too t !y  are 

s2 = h>k6 h[ ! little birds s5d up _!   
song ( praise6  & see h[ ! wav+ trees & 
wav+ grass1 9 mute accordance1  keep "t 
) ! hymn6    ,?is is b "o ( ! ?\s& =ms 9
 :i* ! human _s is  wont to effuse      
itself on ! ?+s )\t1 mak+ to ! m9d a    
new & fair] _w1--ev5 ! %ad[+ ( t :i* its
 immortal  crav+ w sometimes dream ( 9 !
 unkn[n future4 ,nay1 !re  is sc>cely an
 object s famili> or humble1 t its      
magical t\*  _c inve/ x ) "s poetic *>m4
 ,let u take an extreme  in/ance1--a pig
 9 8 /y4 ,! pa9t]1 ,morl&1 0 able to    
conv]t  ev5 ?is disgu/+ object into a   
s\rce ( pleasure1--& a pleasure  z real 
z any t is kn[n to ! palate4    ,leav+  
?is to h ! weight x may be f\nd to      
des]ve1 we turn  to ! orig9al "q2       
namely1 ,:at d we mean by ,human or     
,poetic  ,tru?8    ,:51 9 respect to    
c]ta9 objects1 ! effects are f\nd to be 
uni=mly ( ! same k9d1 n only ^u         
ourselves1 b also ^u  o!rs1 we may      
reasonably inf] t ! effici5t cause is ( 
"o  nature1 & t its uni=mity is a       

necess>y result4 ,&1 :5 we also  f9d t  
^! effects1 ?\gh diff]+ 9 degree1 are   
yet uni=m 9  _! "*1 :ile !y seem to     
proce$ f objects :i* 9  !mselves are    
indef9itely v>iant1 bo? 9 k9d & degree1 
we are  /ill m =cibly drawn to !        
conclusion1 t ! cause is n  only "o1 b n
 inh]5t 9 ! object4#b ,! "q n[ arises1  
,:at1 !n1 is t :i* seems to u s l an    
alt] et idem1--:i*  appe>s to act ^u1 & 
is recogniz$ by u1 ?r\gh an animal1 a   
bird1  a tree1 & a ?\s& diff]5t1 nay1   
oppos+ objects1 9 ! same  way1 & to !   
same end8 ,! inf]5ce foll[s ( necessity1
 t !  my/]i\s cause mu/ be 9 "s g5]al   
law1 :i* is absolute &  imp]ative 9     
relation to e su* object "u c]ta9       
conditions4  ,& we receive ! solution z 
true1--because we _c help x4 ,!         
reality1 !n1 ( su* a law becomes a      
fixture 9 ! m9d4    ,b we d n /op "h3 we
 w\ld "k some?+ conc]n+ !  conditions   
suppos$4 ,& 9 ord] to ?is1 we g back to 
! effect4  ,& ! answ] is return$ 9 ! =m 
( a "q1--,may x n  be some?+ f          

ourselves1 :i* is reflect$ back by !    
object1--some?+ ) :i*1 z x 71 we imbue !
 object1 mak+  x correspond to a reality
 )9 u8 ,n[ we recognize !  reality )92  
we recognize x also 9 ! object1--& !    
affirm+  light fla%es ^u u1 n 9 ! =m (  
d$uction1 b (  inh]5t ,tru?1 :i* we _c  
get rid (2 & we call x  ,tru?1--= x w   
take no o!r "n4    ,x n[ rema9s to      
discov]1 s to speak1 its location4 ,9   
:at "p1  !n1 ( man may ?is self-evid5c$1
 yet elusive1 ,tru? or p[] be  said to  
reside8 ,x _c be 9 ! s5ses2 = ! s5ses c 
imp>t  no m ?an !y receive4 ,is x1 !n1 9
 ! m9d8 ,"h we are  compell$ to ask1    
,:at is und]/ood by ! m9d8 ,d we mean ! 
und]/&+8 ,we c trace no relation betwe5 
! ,tru? we w\ld  class & ! reflective   
faculties4 ,or 9 ! moral pr9ciple8      
,surely  n2 = we c pr$icate nei!r good  
nor evil by ! ,tru? 9  "q4 ,f9ally1 d we
 f9d x id5tifi$ ) ! tru? (  ! ,_s8 ,b   
:at is ! tru? ( ! ,_s b ! ,_s           
itself1--! consci\s ,i8 :i* is nev] ev5 
?\ght ( 9  connection ) x4 ,9 :at =m1   

!n1 %all we recognize x8 ,9  its own1--!
 =m ( ,life1--! life ( ! ,human ,be+2 t 
self-project+1 realiz+ p[]1 :i* is ev]  
pres5t1 ev] act+  & giv+ judgm5t on !   
in/ant on all ?+s correspond+ )  its    
inscrutable self4 ,we n[ assign x a     
di/9ctive epi!t1 & call  x ,human4    ,x
 is a common say+1 t !re is m 9 a "n ?an
 we are apt  to imag9e4 ,& ! say+ is n  
)\t reason2 = :5 ! "n  happ5s to be !   
true "o1 be+ prov$ 9 its application1 x 
becomes no unimportant indicator z to ! 
p>ticul> (fices =  :i* ! ?+ nam$ 0      
design$4 ,s we f9d x ) respect to !     
,tru? ( :i* we speak2 its di/9ctive     
epi!t m>k+ out to u1 z  its sph]e (     
action1 ! my/]i\s int]c\rse betwe5 man &
 man2  :e!r ! m$ium consi/ 9 words or   
colors1 9 ?\ght or =m1 or  9 any ?+ else
 on :i* ! human ag5t may impress1 be x 9
 a  sign only1 8 own m>vell\s life4 ,z  
to ! process or modus  op]&i1 x 7 a va9 
endeav\r to seek x out3 t div9e  secret 
mu/ ev] to man be an humbl+ d>kness4 ,x 
is en\gh = him  to "k t !re is t )9 him 

:i* is ev] answ]+ to t  )\t1 z life to  
life1--:i* mu/ be life1 & :i* mu/ be    
true4    ,we proce$ n[ to ! ?ird        
*>act]i/ic4 ,x has already be5  /at$1 9 
! g5]al def9ition1 :at we w\ld be       
und]/ood to mean  by ! t]m ,inv5tion1 9 
its p>ticul> relation to ,art2 namely1  
any  unpractis$ mode ( pres5t+ a        
subject1 :e!r by ! comb9ation  ( =ms    
already kn[n1 or by ! union &           
modification ( kn[n  b fragm5t>y p>ts   
into a new & consi/5t :ole3 9 bo? cases 
te/$ by ! two prec$+ *>act]i/ics4    ,we
 %all consid] fir/ t division ( !       
subject :i* /&s fir/  9 ord]1--!        
,inv5tion :i* consi/s 9 ! new comb9ation
 ( kn[n  =ms4 ,?is may be said to be    
gov]n$ by its exclusive relation ei!r   
to :at is1 or has be51 or1 :5 limit$ by 
! probable1 to :at  /rictly may be4 ,x  
may !re=e be di/+ui%$ by ! t]m ,natural4
  ,b ?\gh we s "n x1 inasmu* z all its  
=ms h _!  prototypes 9 ! ,actual1 x mu/ 
/ill be rememb]$ t ^!  exi/+ =ms d      
sub/antially con/itute no m ?an m]e p>ts

 to  be comb9$ into a :ole1 = :i*       
,nature has provid$ no orig9al4  ,=     
examples 9 ?is1 ! mo/ compreh5sive      
class1 we ne$ n ref]  to any p>ticul>   
s*ool2 !y are to be f\nd 9 all & 9 e    
gall]y3 f ! hi/ories ( ,raffaelle1 !    
l&scapes ( ,claude &  ,p\ss9 & o!rs1 to 
! famili> sc5es ( ,jan ,/e51 ,o/ade1 &  
,br[]4 ,9 ea* ( ^! an adh]5ce to !      
actual1 if n /rictly  obs]v$1 is at lea/
 suppos$ 9 all its p>ts2 n s 9 ! :ole1 z
  t relates to ! probable2 by :i* we    
mean su* a result z w\ld  be true1 7 !  
same comb9ation to occur 9 nature4 ,nor 
mu/ we be  und]/ood to mean1 by adh]5ce 
to ! actual1 t "o "p is to be  tak5 = an
 exact portrait2 we mean only su* an    
imitation z precludes  an int5tional    
deviation f already exi/+ & kn[n =ms4   
,x mu/ be v obvi\s1 t1 9 class+ toge!r  
any ( !  productions ( ! arti/s above   
nam$1 x _c be int5d$ to  r$uce !m to a  
level2 su* an attempt 7did our argum5t  
require x7  mu/ in/antly revolt ! common
 s5se & feel+ ( e "o at all  acqua9t$ ) 

,art4 ,& !re=e1 p]haps1 x may be ?\ght t
  _! /rik+ diff]5ce1 bo? 9 k9d & degree1
 might ju/ly call  = "s fur!r division4 
,b admitt+1 z all mu/1 a wide1 nay1     
almo/ impassable1 int]val betwe5 !      
famili> subjects ( ! l[]  ,dut* &       
,flemi% pa9t]s1 & ! high] intellectual  
works ( !  great ,italian ma/]s1 we see 
no reason :y !y may n be left to  draw  
_! own l9e ( dem>cation z to _!         
respective prov9ces1  ev5 z is e day    
done by actual objects2 :i* are all     
equally  natural1 ?\gh widely diff]5c$ z
 well 9 k9d z 9 quality4 ,x  is no      
degradation to ! greate/ g5ius to say ( 
him & ( ! mo/  unlett]$ boor1 t !y are  
bo? m54    ,besides1 z a m m9ute        
division w\ld be :olly irrelevant to !  
pres5t purpose1 we %all def] !          
exam9ation ( _! individual  diff]5ces to
 ano!r occasion4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 m      
di/9ctly to  exhibit _! common gr\nd (  
,inv5tion1 we w briefly exam9e a        
picture by ,o/ade1 & !n comp>e x ) "o by
 ,raffaelle1 ?an  :om no two arti/s c\ld

 well be imag9$ hav+ less 9 common4     
,! int]ior ( a ,dut* cottage =ms ! sc5e 
( ,o/ade's "w1  pres5t+ some?+ betwe5 a 
kit*5 & a /able4 ,its pr9cipal  object  
is ! c>cass ( a hog1 newly wa%$ & hung  
up to dry2  subord9ate to :i* is a woman
 nurs+ an infant2 ! accessories1  v>i\s 
g>m5ts1 pots1 kettles1 & o!r cul9>y     
ut5sils4    ,! b>e enum]ation ( ^! co>se
 mat]ials w\ld naturally  pr$ispose !   
m9d ( "o1 unacqua9t$ ) ! ,dut* s*ool1 to
  expect any ?+ b pleasure2 indiff]5ce1 
n to say disgu/1 w\ld  seem to be ! only
 possible impression f a picture compos$
 (  su* +r$i5ts4 ,& su*1 inde$1 w\ld be 
_! effect "u !  h& ( any b a real       
,arti/4 ,let u look into ! picture &    
foll[  ,o/ade's m9d1 z x leaves its     
impress on ! sev]al objects4  ,obs]ve h[
 he spreads 8 pr9cipal light1 f !       
susp5d$ c>cass  to ! surr\nd+ objects1  
m\ld+ x1 s to speak1 into agreeable     
%apes1 "h by ext5d+ x to a bit ( drap]y1
 !re to an e>!n  pot2 !n connect+ x1 by 
! fla% f a brass kettle1 ) 8  second    

light1 ! woman & *ild2 & aga9 turn+ !   
eye into  ! d>k recesses ?r\gh a labyr9?
 ( brok5 *airs1 old baskets1  roo/+     
f[ls1 & bits ( /raw1 till a glimpse (   
sun%9e1 f  a half-op5 w9d[1 gleams on ! 
eye1 z x 71 l an e*o1 &  s5d+ x back to 
! pr9cipal object1 :i* n[ seems to act  
on !  m9d z ! lum9\s s\rce ( all ^!     
div]g+ lights4 ,b !  magical :ole is n  
yet complet$2 ! my/]y ( color has be5   
call$ 9 to ! aid ( light1 & s subtly    
bl5ds t we c h>dly  sep>ate !m2 at lea/1
 until _! unit$ effect has fir/ be5     
felt1 & aft] we h begun ! process ( cold
 analysis4 ,yet ev5  !n we _c long      
proce$ be=e we f9d ! *>m return+2 z we  
pass f ! blaze ( light on ! c>cass1 :]e 
all ! t9ts (  ! prism seem to be fa9tly 
subdu$1 we are met on its bord]s by !   
d>k h>slet1 gl[+ l rubies2 !n we repose 
a:ile on ! :ite  cap & k]*ief ( ! nurs+ 
"m2 !n we are r\s$ aga9 by  ! flick]+   
/rife ( ! antagoni/ colors on a blue    
jacket &  r$ petticoat2 !n ! /rife is   
s(t5$ by ! l[ yell[ ( a  /raw-bottom$   

*air2 & ?us ) alt]nat+ excitem5t &      
repose  d we travel ?r\gh ! picture1    
till ! sci5tific explor] loses  ! analy/
 9 ! unresi/+ passiv5ess ( a poetic     
dream4 ,n[  all ?is w no d\bt appe> to  
_m1 if n absurd1 at lea/  exagg]at$3 b n
 s to ^? :o h ev] felt ! sorc]y (       
color4 ,!y1 we are sure1 w be ! la/ to  
"q ! "*  ( ! feel+ because ( ! +r$i5ts  
:i* work$ ! spell1  &1 if true to       
!mselves1 !y mu/ call x poetry4 ,nor w  
!y  consid] x any disp>agem5t to !      
all-accompli%$ ,raffaelle to say  (     
,o/ade t he also 0 an ,arti/4    ,we    
turn n[ to a "w ( ! great ,italian1--!  
,dea? ( ,ananias4  ,! sc5e is laid 9 a  
pla9 ap>tm5t1 :i* is :olly devoid (     
ornam5t1 z became ! hall ( audi5ce ( !  
primitive ,*ri/ians4  ,! ,apo/les 7!n   
elev5 9 numb]7 h assembl$ to transact ! 
temporal bus9ess ( ! ,*ur*1 & are /&+   
toge!r on a  slightly elevat$ plat=m1   
ab\t :i*1 9 v>i\s attitudes1 "s  /&+1   
o!rs kneel+1 is ga!r$ a promiscu\s      
assemblage (  _! new conv]ts1 male &    

female4 ,?is quiet assembly 7= we /ill  
feel its quietness 9 ! mid/ ( ! awful   
judgm5t7 is sudd5ly  r\s$ by ! sudd5    
fall ( "o ( _! bre?r52 "s ( !m turn  &  
see him /ruggl+ 9 ! agonies ( dea?4 ,a  
mom5t be=e he 0  9 ! vigor ( life1--z 8 
muscul> limbs /ill be> evid5ce2  b he _h
 utt]$ a falsehood1 & an in/ant aft] 8  
frame is  convuls$ f head to foot4 ,nor 
d we d\bt = a mom5t z to !  awful cause3
 x is almo/ express$ 9 voice by ^? ne>e/
 to  him1 &1 ?\gh v>i$ by _! diff]5t    
temp]am5ts1 by t]ror1  a/oni%m5t1 &     
submissive fai?1 ?is voice has yet b "o 
mean+1--,ananias has li$ to ! ,holy     
,gho/4 ,! t]rible words1 z  if audible  
to ! m9d1 n[ direct u to him :o pron\nc$
 8 doom1  & ! s+ly-rais$ f+] ( ! ,apo/le
 m>ks him ! judge2 yet  n ( himself1--= 
nei!r 8 attitude1 air1 nor expression   
has  any ?+ 9 unison ) ! impetu\s       
,pet]1--he is n[ ! simple1  passive1 yet
 awful in/rum5t ( ! ,almighty3 :ile     
ano!r on !  "r1 ) equal calmness1 ?\gh )
 m sev]ity1 by 8 elevat$  arm1 z beckon+

 to judgm5t1 anticipates ! fate ( !     
ent]+  ,sapphira4 ,yet all is n done2   
le/ a "q rema91 ! ,apo/le on  ! left    
confirms ! judgm5t4 ,no "o c mi/ake :at 
passes )9  him2 l "o transfix$ 9        
adoration1 8 uplift$ eyes seem to ray   
out 8 s\l1 z if 9 recognition ( ! div9e 
tribunal4 ,b !  ov]p[]+ ?\ght (         
,omnipot5ce is n[ temp]$ by ! human     
sympa?y ( 8 companion1 ^: op5 h&s1      
connect+ ! pa/ )  ! pres5t1 seem almo/  
to articulate1 ,alas1 my bro!r6 ,by ?is 
exquisite turn1 we are next br\ght to   
,john1 ! g5tle almon] ( !  ,*ur*1 :o is 
deal+ out _! portions to ! ne$y bre?r54 
,&  "h1 z mo/ remote f ! judg$ ,ananias1
 ^: suff]+ seems  n yet to h rea*$ x1 we
 f9d a spot ( repose1--n to pass by1  b 
to l+] ^u1 till we feel its quiet       
influ5ce diffus+ itself  ov] ! :ole m9d2
 nay1 till1 connect+ x ) ! belov$       
,disciple1 we f9d x lead+ u back ?r\gh !
 excit+ sc5e1  modify+ ev5 our deepe/   
emotions ) a k9dr$ tranquillity4    ,?is
 is ,inv5tion2 we h n mov$ a /ep ?r\gh !

 picture b at  ! w ( ! ,arti/4 ,he      
inv5t$ ! *a9 :i* we h foll[$1  l9k by   
l9k1 ?r\gh e emotion1 assimilat+ _m into
 "o2 &  ?is is ! secret by :i* he prep>$
 u1 )\t excit+ horror1  to contemplate !
 /ruggle ( mortal agony4    ,?is too is 
,art2 & ! highe/ art1 :5 ?us ! awful    
p[]1  )\t los+ its "*1 is temp]$1 z x 71
 to our  my/]i\s desires4 ,9 ! "w (     
,o/ade1 we see ! same inv5tive  p[]1 no 
less effective1 ?\gh act+ ?r\gh ! m$ium 
( !  humble/ mat]ials4    ,we h n[      
exhibit$ two pictures1 & by two pa9t]s  
:o may be  said to /& at opposite poles4
 ,& yet1 widely ap>t z are _!  app>5t   
/ations1 !y are nev]!less t5ants ( !    
same gr\nd1  namely1 actual nature2 !   
only diff]5ce be+1 t "o is  ! sov]eign (
 ! purely physical1 ! o!r ( ! moral &   
intellectual1 :ile _! common m$ium is ! 
ca?olic gr\nd ( !  imag9ation4    ,we d 
n fe> ei!r skeptical demur or direct    
contradiction1 :5  we ass]t t !         
imag9ation is z mu* ! m$ium ( ! homely  
,o/ade1 z ( ! ref9$ ,raffaelle4 ,= :at  

is t1 :i* has j  wrapp$ u z 9 a spell :5
 we ent]$ 8 humble cottage1--:i*1  z we 
w&]$ ?r\gh x1 inve/$ ! co>se/ object ) a
  /range *>m8 ,0 x ! tru? ( ^! objects t
 we !re  ackn[l$g$8 ,9 "p1 c]ta9ly1 b n 
simply ! tru? t  belongs to _! orig9als2
 x 0 ! tru? ( 8 own individual  m9d     
sup]add$ to t ( nature1 nay1 clo!d ^u   
besides by 8  imag9ation1 imbu+ x ) all 
! poetic hues :i* float 9 !  opposite   
regions ( night & day1 & :i* only a poet
 c m+le  & make visible 9 "o p]vad+     
atmosph]e4 ,to all ?is our own  m9ds1   
our own imag9ations1 respond1 & we      
pron\nce x true to  bo?4 ,we h no o!r   
rule1 & well may ! arti/s ( e age &     
c\ntry ?ank ! great ,lawgiv] t !re is no
 o!r4 ,!  despis$ feel+ :i* ! s*ools h  
sc\t$ is yet !  "m ( t sci5ce ( :i* !y  
va9ly boa/4 ,b ( ?is we may  h m to say 
9 ano!r place4    ,we %all n[ asc5d f ! 
probable to ! possible1  to t bran* (   
,inv5tion ^: prop] (fice is f ! kn[n b  
fragm5t>y to realize ! unkn[n2 9 o!r    
words1 to embody !  possible1 hav+ its  

sph]e ( action 9 ! _w ( ,ideas4 ,to ?is 
class1 !re=e1 may prop]ly be assign$ !  
t]m ,ideal4    ,& "h1 z be+ its mo/     
important sc5e1 x w be necess>y to  take
 a m p>ticul> view ( ! v]ify+ pr9ciple1 
! ag5t1 s  to speak1 t gives reality to 
! inw>d1 :5 outw>dly manife/$4    ,n[1  
:e!r we call ?is ,human or ,poetic      
,tru?1 or inw>d  life1 x matt]s n2 we "k
 by its effects1 7z we h  already said1 
& we n[ repeat17 t "s su* pr9ciple does 
exi/1  & t x acts ^u u1 & 9 a way       
analog\s to ! op]ation (  t :i* we call 
tru? & life 9 ! _w ab\t u4 ,& t !  cause
 ( ?is analogy is a real aff9ity betwe5 
! two p[]s seems  to u confirm$1 n only 
positively by ?is ackn[l$g$  fact1 b    
also negatively by ! abs5ce ( ! effect  
above  m5tion$ 9 all ^? productions ( ! 
m9d :i* we pron\nce  unnatural4 ,x is   
!re=e 9 effect1 or quoad ourselves1 bo? 
tru? & life1 address$1 if we may use !  
expression1 to t  inscrutable in/9ct ( !
 imag9ation :i* conducts u to  ! k ( all
 invisible realities4    ,a di/9ct      

appreh5sion ( ! reality & ( ! (fice (   
?is  important pr9ciple1 we _c b ?9k1 w 
enable u to asc]ta9  ) "s degree (      
precision1 at lea/ s f> z relates to    
art1  ! true limits ( ! ,possible1--!   
sph]e1 z premis$1 ( ,ideal  ,inv5tion4  
,z to :at "s h call$ our creative p[]s1 
we take x  = grant$ t no correct ?9k]   
has ev] appli$ su* expressions          
lit]ally4 ,/rictly speak+1 we c make    
no?+3 we c  only con/ruct4 ,b h[ va/ a  
!atre is "h laid op5 to !  con/ructive  
p[]s ( ! f9ite creature2 :]e ! physical 
eye is  p]mitt$ to travel = millions &  
millions ( miles1 :ile t (  ! m9d may1  
swift] ?an light1 foll[ out ! j\rney1 f 
/> to  />1 till x falls back on itself )
 ! humbl+ conviction t  ! measureless   
j\rney is !n b begun6 ,x is ne$less to  
dwell on  ! immeasurable mass ( mat]ials
 :i* a _w l ?is may supply  to ! ,arti/4
    ,! v ?\ght ( its va/ness d>k5s into 
wond]4 ,yet h[ mu*  deep] ! wond]1 :5 ! 
creat$ m9d looks into itself1 &         
contemplates ! p[] ( impress+ its ?\ghts

 on all ?+s  visible2 nay1 ( giv+ !     
lik5ess ( life to ?+s inanimate2 &1     
/ill m m>vell\s1 by ! m]e comb9ation (  
words or colors1 (  evolv+ into %ape its
 own ,idea1 till "s unkn[n =m1 hav+ no  
type 9 ! actual1 is made to seem to u an
 organiz$ be+4 ,:5  su* is ! result (   
any unkn[n comb9ation1 !n x is t we     
a*ieve ! ,possible4 ,& "h ! ,realiz+    
,pr9ciple may /rictly be  said to prove 
itself4    ,t su* an effect %\ld foll[ a
 cause :i* we "k to be purely  imag9>y1 
supposes1 z we h said1 some?+ 9         
ourselves :i*  holds1 ( necessity1 a    
pr$et]m9$ relation to e object ei!r     
outw>dly exi/+ or project$ f ! m9d1 :i* 
we ?us recognize  z true4 ,if s1 !n !   
,possible & ! ,ideal are conv]tible     
t]ms2  hav+ _! exi/5ce1 ab initio1 9 !  
nature ( ! m9d4  ,! s\ndness ( ?is      
inf]5ce is also support$ negatively1 z j
  obs]v$1 by ! opposite result1 z 9 !   
case ( ^? fanta/ic  comb9ations1 :i* we 
sometimes meet ) bo? 9 ,poetry &        
,pa9t+1 & :i* we d n hesitate to        

pron\nce unnatural1 t  is1 false4    ,& 
"h we w\ld n be und]/ood z imply+ !     
prexi/5ce (  all possible =ms1 z s _m   
patt]ns1 b only ( t  con/ructive ,p[]   
:i* imp>ts its own ,tru? to ! unse5     
real1 &1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 reflects !
 image or  semblance ( its tru? on all  
?+s imag9$2 & :i* mu/ be  assum$ 9 ord] 
to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a pres5t$ 9 !       
frequ5t co9cid5t effect betwe5 ! real & 
! feign$4 ,nor does  ! abs5ce (         
consci\sness 9 p>ticul> individuals1 z  
to ?is  ,p[] 9 !mselves1 fairly affect  
its univ]sality1 at lea/  pot5tially3   
s9ce by ! same rule !re w\ld be equal   
gr\nd =  d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( any faculty ( 
! m9d :i* is ( sl[ or  gradual          
developem5t2 all t we may reasonably    
inf] 9 su* cases  is1 t ! :ole m9d is n 
yet reveal$ to itself4 ,9 "s ( !        
greate/ arti/s1 ! inv5tive p[]s h be5 ( 
late developem5t2  z 9 ,claude1 & !     
sculptor ,falconet4 ,& c any "o believe 
t1  :ile ! latt] 0 hew+ 8 ma/]'s m>ble1 
& ! =m] mak+  pa/ry1 ei!r ( !m 0        

consci\s ( ! sublime ,ideas :i*         
aft]w>ds took =m = ! admiration ( ! _w8 
,:5 ,raffaelle1  !n a y\?1 0 select$ to 
execute ! noble works :i* n[ live  on ! 
walls ( ! ,vatican1 he _h done little or
 no?+1 says  ,reynolds1 to ju/ify s high
 a tru/4 ,nor c\ld he h be5  c]ta91 f   
:at he knew ( himself1 t he 0 equal to !
 task4  ,he c\ld only hope to succe$2 & 
8 hope 0 no d\bt f\nd$ on  8 exp]i5ce ( 
! progressive developem5t ( 8 m9d 9 =m] 
ef=ts2 rationally conclud+1 t !         
orig9ally seem+ blank  f :i* _h aris5 s 
_m admirable =ms 0 /ill teem+ )  o!rs1 t
 only want$ ! occasion1 or excitem5t1 to
 come =? at  8 bidd+4    ,to return to t
 :i*1 z ! int]pret+ m$ium ( 8 ?\ghts  & 
conceptions1 connects ! arti/ ) 8       
fell[-m51 we rem>k1  t only on ! gr\nd (
 "s self-realiz+ p[]1 l :at  we h t]m$  
,poetic ,tru?1 c\ld :at we call ! ,ideal
 ev] be  intelligible4    ,t "s su* p[] 
is inh]5t & fundam5tal 9 our nature1    
?\gh  diff]5c$ 9 individuals by m or    
less activity1 seems m  especially      

confirm$ 9 ?is latt] bran* ( ! subject1 
:]e !  ph5om5a pres5t$ are exclusively (
 ! ,possible4 ,inde$1 we _c  conceive h[
 )\t x !re c\ld ev] be su* a ?+ z true  
,art2  = :at might be receiv$ z su* 9 "o
 age might also be ov]rul$  9 ! next3 z 
we "k to be ! case ) mo/ ?+s dep5d+ on  
op9ion4 ,b1 happily = ,art1 if once     
e/abli%$ on ?is immutable  base1 !re x  
mu/ re/3 & re/ un*ang$1 amid/ ! endless 
fluctuations ( mann]s1 habits1 &        
op9ions2 = its tru? (  a ?\s& ye>s is z 
! tru? ( ye/]day4 ,h5ce ! be+s  describ$
 by ,hom]1 ,%akspe>e1 & ,milton are z   
true to u n[1 z  ! rec5t *>act]s (      
,scott4 ,nor is x ! lea/ *>act]i/ic  (  
?is important ,tru?1 t ! only ?+ ne$$ = 
its full  reception is simply its       
pres5ce1--be+ its own evid5ce4    ,h[   
o!rwise c\ld su* a be+ z ,caliban ev] be
 true to u8 ,we h  nev] se5 8 race2 nay1
 we knew n t su* a creature c\ld  exi/1 
until he />t$ ^u u f ! m9d ( ,%akspe>e4 
,yet :o  ev] /opp$ to ask if he 7 a real
 be+8 ,8 exi/5ce to ! m9d  is in/antly  

felt2--n z a matt] ( fai?1 b ( fact1 & a
 fact1  too1 :i* ! imag9ation _c get rid
 ( if x w\ld1 b :i* mu/  ev] rema9 !re1 
v]ify+ itself1 f ! fir/ to ! la/ mom5t  
( consci\sness4 ,f :atev] po9t we view  
?is s+ul> creature1  8 reality is felt4 
,8 v language1 8 habits1 8 feel+s1      
:5ev] !y recur to u1 are all issues f a 
liv+ ?+1 act+  ^u u1 nay1 =c+ ! m9d1 9  
"s in/ances1 ev5 to speculate on  8     
nature1 till x f9ds itself class+ him 9 
! *a9 ( be+ z  ! int]m$iate l9k betwe5  
man & ! brute4 ,& ?is we d1 n by  an    
+5i\s ef=t1 b almo/ by involunt>y       
induction2 = we  p]ceive spee* &        
intellect1 & yet )\t a s\l4 ,:at b an   
intellectual brute c\ld h utt]$ !       
imprecations ( ,caliban8 ,!y  w\ld n be 
natural 9 man1 :e!r savage or civiliz$4 
,he> him1 9  8 wra? aga9/ ,prosp]o &    
,mir&a3--      ,a wick$ dew z e'er my "m
 bru%$    ,) rav5's fea!r f un:olesome  
f51    ,light on y bo?6    ,! wild      
malignity ( ?is curse1 fi]ce z x is1 yet
 wants ! moral  v5om1 ! devili% leav51 (

 a cons5t+ _s3 x is all b  human4    ,to
 ?is we may add a simil> example1 f our 
own art1 9 ! ,puck1  or ,rob9           
,goodfell[1 ( ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds4 ,:o
 c look at ?is  exquisite little        
creature1 seat$ on its toad/ool cu%ion1 
& n  ackn[l$ge its pr]ogative ( life1--t
 my/]i\s influ5ce :i*  9 spite ( !      
/ubborn und]/&+ ma/]s ! m9d1--s5d+  x   
back to days long pa/1 :5 c>e 0 b a     
dream1 & its mo/  s]i\s bus9ess a *ildi%
 frolic8 ,b we no long] ?9k (  *ildhood 
z ! pa/1 /ill less z an ab/raction2 we  
see x  embodi$ be=e u1 9 all its mir? & 
fun & glee2 & ! grave  man becomes aga9 
a *ild1 to feel z a *ild1 & to foll[ !  
little en*ant] ?r\gh all 8 wiles &      
nev]-end+ labyr9? (  pranks4 ,:at c be  
real1 if t is n :i* s takes u out (  our
 pres5t selves1 t ! weight ( ye>s falls 
f u z a  g>m5t1--t ! fre%ness ( life    
seems to beg9 anew1 & !  he>t & ! fancy1
 resum+ _! fir/ joy\s consci\sness1 to  
laun* aga9 into ?is mov+ _w1 z on a     
sunny sea1 ^: pliant  waves yield to !  

t\*1 yet1 sp>kl+ & buoyant1 c>ry !m     
onw>d 9 _! m]ry gambols8 ,:]e all !     
purposes ( reality are  answ]$1 if !re  
be no philosophy 9 admitt+1 we see no   
wisdom 9  disput+ x4    ,( ! immutable  
nature ( ?is peculi> ,tru?1 we h a l    
in/ance 9 ! ,f>nese ,h]cules2 ! "w ( !  
,grecian sculptor  ,glycon1--we _h almo/
 said 8 immortal (fspr+4 ,s9ce ! "t (   
its bir?1 cities & empires1 ev5 :ole    
nations1 h disappe>$1  giv+ place to    
o!rs1 m or less b>b>\s or civiliz$2 yet 
^!  are z no?+ to ! c\ntless revolutions
 :i* h m>k$  ! int]val 9 ! mann]s1      
habits1 & op9ions ( m54 ,is x           
reasonable1 !n1 to suppose t any ?+ n   
immutable 9 its  nature c\ld possibly h 
)/ood su* cont9ual fluctuation8  ,b h[ h
 all ^! *anges affect$ ?is visible image
 (  ,tru?8 ,9 no wise2 n a jot2 &       
because :at is true is  indep5d5t (     
op9ion3 x is ! same to u n[ z x 0 to !  
m5  ( ! du/ ( antiquity4 ,! unle>n$     
spectator ( ! pres5t day  may n1 inde$1 
see 9 x ! ,demigod ( ,greece2 b he c    

nev]  mi/ake x = a m]e exagg]ation ( !  
human =m2 ?\gh ( mortal  m\ld1 he _c    
d\bt its possession ( m ?an mortal p[]s2
 he  feels its ess5tial life1 = he feels
 be=e x z 9 !  /irr+ pres5ce ( a sup]ior
 be+4    ,p]haps ! attempt to give =m & 
sub/ance to a pure ,idea 0  nev] s      
p]fectly accompli%$ z 9 ?is wond]ful    
figure4 ,:o has  ev] se5 ! ocean 9      
repose1 9 its awful sleep1 t smoo?s x  l
 glass1 yet _c level its unfa?om$ swell8
 ,s seems to u !  repose ( ?is trem5d\s 
p]sonification ( /r5g?3 ! labor+  eye   
heaves on its slumb]+ sea ( muscles1 &  
trembles l a skiff  z x passes ov] !m3 b
 ! sil5t intimations ( ! _s  b5ea? at   
l5g? become audible2 ! />tl$ imag9ation 
he>s x  9 its rage1 sees x 9 motion1 &  
sees its resi/less might 9  ! passive   
wrecks t foll[ ! upro>4 ,& ?is f a piece
 (  m>ble1 cold1 immovable1 lifeless6   
,surely !re is t 9 man1 :i*  ! s5ses _c 
rea*1 nor ! plumb ( ! und]/&+ s\nd4     
,let u turn n[ to ! ,apollo call$       
,belv$]e4 ,9 ?is sup]nal  be+1 ! human  

=m seems to h be5 assum$ z if to make   
visible  ! h>moni\s conflu5ce ( ! pure  
ideas ( grace1 fleetness1 &  maje/y2 nor
 d we ?9k x too fanciful to add cele/ial
 spl5dor2  = su*1 9 effect1 are ! ?\ghts
 :i* cr[d1 or r ru%1  into ! m9d on fir/
 behold+ x4 ,:o t saw x 9 :at may be    
call$ ! place ( its glory1 ! ,gall]y (  
,napoleon1 ev] ?\ght  ( x z a man1 mu*  
less z a /atue2 b did n feel r z if  !  
vision be=e him 7 ( ano!r _w1--( "o :o  
_h j  light$ on ! e>?1 & ) a /ep s      
e!real1 t ! next  in/ant he w\ld vault  
into ! air8 ,if ,i may be p]mitt$ to    
recall  ! impression :i* x made on      
myself1 ,i "k n t ,i c\ld bett]         
describe x ?an z a sudd5 intellectual   
fla%1 fill+ ! :ole  m9d ) light1--&     
light 9 motion4 ,x seem$ to ! m9d :at ! 
fir/ sight ( ! sun is to ! s5ses1 z x   
em]ges f ! ocean2  :5 f a po9t ( light !
 :ole orb at once appe>s to b\nd f  !   
wat]s1 & to d>t its rays1 z by a visible
 explosion1 ?r\gh  ! pr(\nd ( space4 ,b1
 z ! deifi$ ,sun1 h[ completely is !    

conception v]ifi$ 9 ! ?\ghts t foll[ !  
effulg5t orig9al  & its m>ble c\nt]p>t6 
,p]5nial y\?1 p]5nial brightness1  foll[
 !m bo?4 ,:o c imag9e ! old age ( ! sun8
 ,z soon  may we ?9k ( an old ,apollo4  
,n[ all ?is may be ascrib$ to !         
imag9ation ( ! behold]4 ,grant$1--yet w 
x n ?us be  expla9$ away4 ,= t is ! v   
faculty address$ by e "w  ( ,g5ius1--^: 
nature is sugge/ive2 & only :5 x        
excites to or awak5s cong5ial ?\ghts &  
emotions1 fill+ !  imag9ation )         
correspond+ images1 does x atta9 its    
prop] end4  ,! false & ! commonplace c  
nev] d ?is4    ,x 7 easy to multiply    
simil> examples2 ! b>e m5tion ( a  s+le 
"n 9 mod]n art might conjure up a       
ho/1--! "n (  ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ! mighty 
sov]eign ( ! ,ideal1 ?an :om no "o  ev] 
trod s ne>1 yet s securely1 ! dizzy br9k
 ( ! ,impossible4    ,( ,unity1 ! f\r? &
 la/ *>act]i/ic1 we %all say b little2  
= we "k 9 tru? little or no?+ ( ! law   
:i* gov]ns  x3 inde$1 all t we "k b     
am\nts to ?is1--t1 :]ev]  exi/+1 x      

pres5ts to ! m9d ! ,idea ( a ,:ole1--:i*
 is  itself a my/]y4 ,= :at answ] c we  
give to ! "q1 ,:at  is a ,:ole8 ,if we  
reply1 ,t :i* has nei!r m nor less ?an x
  ought to h1 we d n advance a /ep t[>ds
 a def9ite notion2 =  ! rule 7if !re be 
"o7 is yet undiscov]$1 by :i*  to       
measure ei!r ! too mu* or ! too little4 
,nev]!less1  incompreh5sible z x c]ta9ly
 is1 x is :at ! m9d w n  disp5se ) 9 a  
"w ( ,art2 nay1 x w n conc$e ev5 a "r   
to ! "n to any production :]e ?is is    
want+4 ,nor is x a s\nd  objection1 t we
 also receive pleasure f _m ?+s :i* seem
  to u fragm5t>y2 = in/ance1 f actual   
views 9 ,nature1--z we  %all hope to %[ 
9 ano!r place4 ,x is suffici5t at       
pres5t1  t1 9 relation to ,art1 ! law ( 
! imag9ation dem&s a :ole2  9 ord] to   
:i* n a s+le "p mu/ be felt to be want+2
 all  mu/ be !re1 h[ev] imp]fectly      
r5d]$2 nay1 su* is ! crav+  ( ?is active
 faculty1 t1 be !y b m]e h9ts1 x w (t5  
fill !m out to ! desir$ end2 ! only     
condition be+1 t !  "p h9t$ be f\nd$ 9  

tru?4 ,x is well kn[n to arti/s1 t a    
sket*1 consi/+ ( little m ?an h9ts1 w   
frequ5tly produce  ! desir$ effect1 & by
 ! same means1--! h9ts be+ true s  f> z 
express$1 & )\t an hiatus4 ,b let !     
arti/ attempt to  f9i% 8 sket*1 t is1 to
 fill out ! p>ts1 & suppose  him        
defici5t 9 ! necess>y skill1 !          
consequ5ce mu/ be1 t  ! true h9ts1      
becom+ trans=m$ to elaborate falsehoods1
 w  be all at v>iance1 :ile ! revolt$   
imag9ation turns away )  disgu/4 ,nor is
 ?is a ?+ ( r>e occurr5ce3 inde$1 he is 
a mo/  =tunate arti/1 :o has nev] _h to 
deplore a well-h9t$ :ole  ?us r$uc$ to  
fragm5ts4    ,^! are facts2 f :i* we may
 le>n1 t ) less ?an a :ole1  ei!r       
already wr\ght1 or s indicat$ t ! excit$
 imag9ation  c ( itself complete x1 no  
g5u9e response w ev] be giv5 to  any    
production ( man4 ,& we le>n f x also   
?is tw(old tru?2  fir/1 t ! ,idea ( a   
,:ole conta9s 9 itself a prexi/+ law2   
&1 secondly1 t ,art1 ! peculi> product (
 ! ,imag9ation1 is  "o ( its true &     

pr$et]m9$ ends4    ,z to its practical  
application1 x 7 fruitless to speculate4
 ,x  applies itself1 ev5 z tru?1 bo? 9  
action & reaction1 v]ify+  itself3 & our
 m9ds submit1 z if x _h said1 ,!re is   
no?+  want+2 s1 9 ! conv]se1 its dictum 
is absolute :5 x ann\nces  a defici5cy4 
,to return to ! objection1 t we (t5     
receive pleasure f _m  ?+s 9 ,nature :i*
 seem to u fragm5t>y1 we obs]ve1 t no?+ 
9  ,nature c be fragm5t>y1 except 9 !   
seem+1 & !n1 too1 to !  und]/&+         
only1--to ! feel+s nev]2 = a gra9 ( s&1 
no less  ?an a planet1 be+ an ess5tial  
"p ( t mighty :ole :i* we call  !       
univ]se1 _c be sep>at$ f ! ,idea ( ! _w 
)\t a  positive act ( ! reflective      
faculties1 an act ( volition2 b until   
!n ev5 a gra9 ( s& _c cease to imply x4 
,to ! m]e  und]/&+1 inde$1 ev5 ! greate/
 ext5t ( actual objects :i*  ! f9ite    
creature c possibly imag9e mu/ ev] fall 
%ort ( ! va/  works ( ! ,creator4 ,yet  
we nev]!less c1 & d1 appreh5d !  exi/5ce
 ( ! univ]se4 ,n[ we w\ld ask "h1 :e!r !

 influ5ce (  a real1--& ! epi!t "h is n 
unimportant1--:e!r ! influ5ce  ( a real 
,:ole is at no "t felt )\t an act (     
consci\sness1 t  is1 )\t ?9k+ ( a :ole4 
,is ?is impossible8 ,is x altoge!r out  
( exp]i5ce8 ,we h already %[n 7z we ?9k7
 t no unmodifi$  copy ( actual objects1 
:e!r s+le or multif>i\s1 ev] satisfies  
! imag9ation1--:i* imp]atively dem&s a  
some?+ m1 or at lea/  diff]5t4 ,& yet we
 (t5 f9d t ! v objects f :i* ^!  copies 
are made d satisfy u4 ,h[ & :y is ?is8  
,a "q m  easily put ?an answ]$4 ,we may 
sugge/1 h[ev]1 :at appe>s to u a  clew1 
t 9 abl] h&s may possibly lead to its   
solution2 namely1 !  fact1 t1 among !   
innum]able emotions ( a pleasurable k9d 
d]iv$  f ! actual1 !re is n "o1 p]haps1 
:i* is /rictly conf9$ to  ! objects be=e
 u1 & :i* we d n1 ei!r directly or      
indirectly1  ref] to some?+ beyond & n  
pres5t4 ,n[ h we at all times a  di/9ct 
consci\sness ( ! ?+s ref]r$ to8 ,are !y 
n r m  (t5 vague1 & only indicat$ 9 "s  
undef9$ feel+8 ,nay1 is its  s\rce m    

intelligible :]e ! feel+ is m def9ite1  
:5 tak+  ! =m ( a s5se ( h>mony1 z f    
some?+ t diffuses1 yet  deep5s1 unbrok5 
9 its progress ?r\gh endless v>iations1 
! melody  z x 7 ( ! pleasurable object8 
,:o has nev] felt1 "u c]ta9             
circum/ances1 an expansion ( ! he>t1 an 
elevation ( m9d1 nay1 a  /riv+ ( ! :ole 
be+ to pass its limit$ b\nds1 = :i* he  
c\ld  f9d no adequate solution 9 !      
objects ar\nd him1--! app>5t cause8  ,or
 :o c acc\nt = e mood t ?ralls him1--at 
times l "o  entranc$ 9 a dream by airs f
 ,p>adise1--at o!r times /eep$ 9        
d>kness1 :5 ! _s ( discord seems to     
m>%al 8 e ?\ght1  "o aga9/ ano!r8       
,:e!r x be t ! ,liv+ ,pr9ciple1 :i*     
p]meates all ?+s  ?r\gh\t ! physical _w1
 _c be t\*$ 9 a s+le po9t  )\t conduct+ 
to its c5tre1 its s\rce1 & conflu5ce1   
?us  giv+ by a "p1 ?\gh obscurely &     
indef9itely1 a s5se ( !  :ole1--we "k n4
 ,b ?is we may v5ture to ass]t1 & on no 
improbable gr\nd1--t a ray ( light is n 
m cont9u\sly  l9k$ 9 its lum9\s p>ticles

 ?an our moral be+ ) !  :ole moral      
univ]se4 ,if ?is be s1 may x n give u1 9
 a fa9t  %ad[+ at lea/1 "s intimation ( 
! _m real1 ?\gh unkn[n  relations1 :i*  
ev]y:]e surr\nd & be> ^u u8 ,9 ! deep]  
emotions1 we h1 sometimes1 :at seems to 
u a fe>ful pro( ( x4  ,b let u look at x
 negatively2 & suppose a case :]e ?is   
*a9  is brok51--( a human be+ :o is ?us 
cut (f f all possible  sympa?ies1 & %ut 
up1 z x 71 9 ! hopeless solitude (  8   
own m9d4 ,:at is ?is horrible avulsion1 
?is imp5etrable  self-imprisonm5t1 b !  
appall+ /ate ( despair8 ,& :at  if we   
%\ld see x realiz$ 9 "s =sak5 outca/1 & 
he> 8  =lorn cry1 ,alone6 alone6 :ile to
 8 liv+ _s t s+le  ^w is all t is left  
him to fill ! blank ( space8 ,9 su* a   
/ate1 ! v pr\de/ autocrat w\ld ye>n = ! 
sympa?y ( !  v]ie/ wret*4    ,x w\ld    
seem1 !n1 s9ce ?is liv+ cem5t :i* is    
diffus$  ?r\gh nature1 b9d+ all ?+s 9   
"o1 s t no "p c be  contemplat$ t does  
n1 ( necessity1 ev5 ?\gh unconsci\sly to
  u1 act on ! m9d ) ref]5ce to !        

:ole1--s9ce ?is1 z we  f9d1 _c be       
transf]r$ to any copy ( ! actual1 x mu/ 
ne$s  foll[1 if we w\ld imitate ,nature 
9 its true effects1 t rec\rse  mu/ be _h
 to ano!r1 ?\gh simil> pr9ciple1 :i*    
%all s  p]vade our production z to      
satisfy ! m9d ) an effici5t  equival5t4 
,n[1 9 ord] to ?is !re are two          
conditions requir$3  fir/1 ! p]sonal    
modification1 7already discuss$7 ( e    
sep>ate "p1--:i* may be consid]$ z its  
prop] life2 &1  secondly1 ! unit+ ( !   
p>ts by su* an int]dep5d5ce t  !y %all  
appe> to u z ess5tial1 "o to ano!r1 &   
all to ea*4  ,:5 ?is is done1 ! result  
is a :ole4 ,b h[ d we obta9  ?is mutual 
dep5d5ce8 ,we ref] ! que/ion] to ! law (
  ,h>mony1--t my/]i\s p[]1 :i* is only  
appreh5d$ by its  imp]ative effect4     
,b1 be ! above z x may1 we "k x to be a 
fact1 t1 :il/  no?+ 9 ,nature ev]       
affects u z fragm5t>y1 no unmodifi$ copy
  ( h] by man is ev] felt by u z        
o!rwise4    ,we h ?us--&1 we tru/1 on no
 fanciful gr\nd--endeav\r$ to  e/abli% !

 real & di/9ctive "* ( ,art4 ,&1 if our 
argum5t be admitt$1 x w be f\nd to h    
br\ght u to !  foll[+                   
conclusions3--fir/1 t ! true gr\nd ( all
 orig9ality  lies 9 ! individualiz+ law1
 t is1 9 t modify+  p[]1 :i* causes !   
diff]5ce betwe5 man & man z to _!  m5tal
 impressions2 secondly1 t only 9 a true 
reproduction  consi/s its evid5ce2      
?irdly1 t 9 ! involunt>y response f  o!r
 m9ds lies ! tru? ( ! evid5ce2 f\r?ly1 t
 9 ord]  to ?is response !re mu/ !re=e  
exi/ "s univ]sal k9dr$  pr9ciple1 :i* is
 ess5tial to ! human m9d1 ?\gh widely   
diff]5c$ 9 ! degree ( its activity 9    
diff]5t individuals2  & f9ally1 t ?is   
pr9ciple1 :i* we h "h d5om9at$  ,human  
or ,poetic ,tru?1 be+ indep5d5t bo? ( ! 
w & ( !  reflective faculties1 is 9 its 
nature imp]ative1 to affirm  or d5y1 9  
relation to e production pret5d+ to     
,art1 f !  simple imitation ( ! actual  
to ! probable1 & f ! probable  to !     
possible2--9 "o ^w1 t ! sev]al          
*>act]i/ics1  ,orig9ality1 ,poetic      

,tru?1 ,inv5tion1 ea* imply a some?+ n  
inh]5t 9 ! objects imitat$1 b :i* mu/   
emanate alone f  ! m9d ( ! ,arti/4    ,&
 "h x may be well to notice an app>5t   
objection1 t w  probably occur to _m1   
especially among pa9t]s4 ,h[1 !n1 !y may
  ask1 if ! pr9ciple 9 "q be univ]sal & 
imp]ative1 d we  acc\nt = ! mi/akes :i* 
ev5 great ,arti/s h sometimes made  z to
 ! realiz+ ( _! conceptions8 ,we hope to
 %[1 t1 s  f> f oppos+1 ! v fact on :i* 
! objection is gr\nd$  w be f\nd1 on !  
contr>y1 to confirm our doctr9e4 ,7 su* 
mi/akes uni=mly p]man5t1 !y might1      
p]haps1 h a rational  weight2 b t ?is is
 n ! case is cle>ly evid5t f !          
additional fact ( ! *ange 9 ! ,arti/'s  
judgm5t1 :i* almo/  inv>iably foll[s any
 consid]able int]val ( "t4 ,nay1 %\ld  a
 case occur :]e a simil> mi/ake is nev] 
rectifi$1--:i* is  h>dly probable1--we  
might well consid] x z "o ( ^?          
exceptions  t prove ! rule1--( :i* we h 
abundant examples 9 o!r  relations1 :]e 
a true pr9ciple is s feebly develop$ z  

to be  virtually exclud$ f ! sph]e (    
consci\sness1 or1 at lea/1  :]e its     
imp]fect activity is = all practical    
purposes a m]e  nullity4 ,b1 )\t suppos+
 any m5tal weakness1 ! case may  be     
resolv$ by ! no less =midable ob/acle ( 
a too invet]ate  memory3 & !re h be5    
su*1--:]e a ?\ght or an image once      
impress$ is nev] eras$4 ,9 ,art x is    
c]ta9ly an advantage to be  able        
sometimes to =get4 ,nor is ?is a new    
notion2 = ,horace1 x  seems1 mu/ h _h ! 
same1 or he w\ld h>dly h recomm5d$ s    
long a "t z n9e ye>s = ! revision ( a   
poem4 ,t ,titian  also 0 n unaw>e ( !   
advantage ( =gett+ is record$ by        
,bos*9i1 :o relates1 t1 dur+ ! progress 
( a "w1 he 0  9 ! habit ( occasionally  
turn+ x to ! wall1 until x _h  some:at  
fad$ f 8 memory1 s t1 on resum+ 8 labor1
 he  might see ) fre% eyes2 :5 7to use 8
 expression7 he w\ld  criticize !       
picture ) z mu* sev]ity z 8 wor/ enemy4 
,if1  in/ead ( ! picture on ! canvas1   
,bos*9i _h ref]r$ to t 9  8 m9d1 z :at  

,titian s\ght to =get1 he w\ld h be51 z 
we ?9k1 m correct4 ,?is practice is n   
uncommon ) ,arti/s1  ?\gh few1 p]haps1  
are aw>e ( its real object4    ,x has   
d\btless ! appe>ance ( a s+ul> anomaly 9
 ! judgm5t1  t x %\ld n always be z     
correct 9 relation to our own works  z  
to ^? ( ano!r4 ,yet no?+ is m common ?an
 p]fect tru?  9 ! "o case1 & complete   
delusion 9 ! o!r4 ,our surprise1  h[ev]1
 w\ld be s5sibly dim9i%$1 if we consid]$
 t !  reason+ or reflective faculties h 
no?+ to d ) ei!r case4  ,x is !         
,pr9ciple ( :i* we h be5 speak+1 ! life1
 or tru?  )91 answ]+ to ! life1 or r its
 sign1 be=e u1 t  "h sits 9 judgm5t4    
,/ill ! "q rema9s unansw]$2 &  aga9 we  
are ask$1 ,:y is x t our own works d n  
always respond  ) equal v]acity8 ,simply
 because we d n always see  !m1--t is1 z
 !y are1--b1 look+ z x 7 ?r\gh  !m1 see 
only _! orig9als 9 ! m9d2 ! m9d "h act+1
  in/ead ( be+ act$ ^u4 ,& ?us x is1 t  
an ,arti/ may  suppose 8 conception     
realiz$1 :ile t :i* gave life to x 9  8 

m9d is outw>dly want+4 ,b let "t erase1 
z we "k x (t5  does1 ! m5tal image1 &   
its embodi$ repres5tative w !n  appe> to
 its au?or z x is1--true or false4 ,!re 
is "o case1  h[ev]1 :]e ! effect _c     
deceive2 namely1 :]e x comes ^u  u z f a
 =eign s\rce2 :]e our own seems no long]
 ours4 ,?is1  inde$1 is r>e2 & p[]ful   
mu/ be ! pictur$ ,tru?1 t1 z  soon z    
embodi$1 %all ?us displace its own      
orig9al4    ,nor does x 9 any wise      
affect ! ess5tial nature ( ! ,pr9ciple  
9 "q1 or t ( ! o!r ,*>act]i/ics1 t !    
effect  :i* foll[s is n always ( a      
pleasurable k9d2 x may ev5 be           
disagreeable4 ,:at we cont5d = is simply
 its reality2 !  "* ( ! p]ception1 l t (
 e o!r tru?1 dep5d+  on ! individual "* 
( ! p]cipi5t4 ,! common tru? (  exi/5ce 
9 a liv+ p]son1 = in/ance1 may be to u  
ei!r a  matt] ( int]e/ or indiff]5ce1   
nay1 ev5 ( disgu/4 ,s also may  x be )  
:at is true 9 ,art4 ,temp]am5t1         
ignorance1 cultivation1  vulg>ity1 &    
ref9em5t h all1 9 a great] or less      

degree1 an  influ5ce 9 our impressions2 
s t any reality may be to u ei!r  an    
(f5ce or a pleasure1 yet /ill a reality4
 ,9 ,art1 z 9 ,nature1  ! ,true is      
imp]ative1 & mu/ be felt1 ev5 :]e a     
timid1 a  pr\d1 or a selfi% motive      
refuses to ackn[l$ge x4    ,^! la/      
rem>ks v naturally lead u to ano!r      
subject1 & "o  ( no m9or importance2 we 
mean1 ! education ( an ,arti/2 on ?is1  
h[ev]1 we %all at pres5t add b a few    
words4 ,we use ! ^w  education 9 its    
wide/ s5se1 z involv+ n only ! gr[?  &  
expansion ( ! intellect1 b a correspond+
 developem5t (  ! moral be+2 = ! wisdom 
( ! intellect is ( little wor?1  if x be
 n 9 h>mony ) ! high] spiritual tru?4   
,nor w a  mod]ate1 incid5tal cultivation
 suffice to him :o w\ld become a  great 
,arti/4 ,he mu/ s\nd no less ?an ! full 
dep?s ( 8 be+  ere he is fitt$ = 8      
call+2 a call+ 9 its v condition  l(ty1 
dem&+ an ag5t by :om1 f ! actual1 liv+  
_w1 is  to be wr\ght an imag9$ consi/5t 
_w ( ,art1--n fanta/ic1  or objectless1 

b hav+ a purpose1 & t purpose1 9 all its
  figm5ts1 a di/9ct relation to man's   
nature1 & all t p]ta9s  to x1 f !       
humble/ emotion to ! highe/ aspiration2 
! circle  t b\nds x be+ t only :i* b\nds
 8 _s1--ev5 !  conf9es ( t high] _w1 :]e
 ideal glimpses ( angelic =ms  are      
sometimes p]mitt$ to 8 sublimat$ vision4
 ,art may1 9 tru?1  be call$ ! human _w2
 = x is s f> ! "w ( man1  t 8 b5efic5t  
,creator has especially end[$ him ) !   
p[]s  to con/ruct x2 &1 if s1 surely n =
 8 m]e amusem5t1 b  z a "p 7small ?\gh x
 be7 ( t mighty plan :i* ! ,inf9ite     
,wisdom has orda9$ = ! evolution ( !    
human _s2 :]eby is  int5d$1 n alone !   
enl>gem5t ( 8 sph]e ( pleasure1 b (  8  
high] capacities ( adoration2--z if1 9 !
 gift1 he _h said  unto man1 ,?\ %alt "k
 me by ! p[]s ,i h giv5 !e4 ,!  call+ ( 
an ,arti/1 !n1 is "o ( no common        
responsibility2 & x  well becomes him to
 consid] at ! ?re%old1 :e!r he %all     
assume  x = high & noble purposes1 or = 
! l[ & lic5ti\s4          ,=m4        ,!

 subject propos$ = ! foll[+ disc\rse is 
! ,human ,=m2 a  subject1 p]haps1 ( all 
o!rs connect$ ) ,art1 ! mo/ obscur$  by 
vague !ories4 ,x is "o1 at lea/1 ( su*  
ackn[l$g$  difficulty z to con/ra9 !    
writ] to confess1 t he ent]s  ^u x ) m  
di/ru/ ?an hope ( success4 ,%\ld he     
succe$1  h[ev]1 9 dis5cumb]+ ?is p]plex$
 !me ( "s ( its useless  dogmas1 x w be 
q z mu* z he has all[$ himself to       
expect4    ,! object1 !re=e1 ( ! pres5t 
attempt w be to %[1 fir/1  t ! notion ( 
"o or m /&>d ,=ms1 :i* %all 9 all  cases
 s]ve z exempl>s1 is ess5tially false1 &
 ( impracticable  application = any true
 purpose ( ,art2 secondly1 t ! only     
approa* to ,sci5ce1 :i* ! subject       
admits1 is 9 a few g5]al  rules relat+  
to ,/ature1 & ^!1 too1 s]v+ r z         
conv5i5t exp$i5ts ?an exact guides1     
inasmu* z1 9 mo/  cases1 !y all[ (      
indef9ite v>iations2 &1 ?irdly1 t  !    
only effici5t ,rule mu/ be f\nd 9 !     
,arti/'s m9d1--9  ^? intuitive ,p[]s1   
:i* are above1 & beyond1 bo? ! s5ses  & 

! und]/&+2 :i*1 nev]!less1 are s f> f   
preclud+  k1 z1 on ! contr>y1 to        
require1 z _! effective  condition1 !   
wide/ intimacy ) ! ?+s ext]nal1--)\t    
:i* _! v exi/5ce mu/ rema9 unkn[n to !  
,arti/ himself4    ,suppos+1 !n1 c]ta9  
/&>d ,=ms to h be5 admitt$1 x may  n be 
amiss to take a brief view ( ! nature ( 
! ,be+ to :om  !y are int5d$ to be      
appli$2 & to consid] !m m especially  z 
auxili>ies to ! ,arti/4    ,9 ! fir/    
place1 we obs]ve1 t ! purpose ( ,art is 
n to  repres5t any giv5 numb] ( m51 b ! 
,human ,race2 & s t !  repres5tation    
%all affect u1 n inde$ z liv+ to !      
s5ses1  b z true to ! m9d4 ,9 ord] to   
?is1 !re mu/ be all 9  ! imitation 7?\gh
 x be b h9t$7 :i* ! m9d w recognize  z  
true to ! human be+3 h5ce ! fir/ bus9ess
 ( ! ,arti/ is  to become acqua9t$ ) 8  
subject 9 all its prop]ties4 ,he !n     
naturally inquires1 :at is its g5]al    
*>act]i/ic2 & 8 own  consci\sness in=ms 
him1 t1 besides an animal nature1 !re is
  also a moral intellig5ce1 & t !y      

toge!r =m ! man4 ,?is  important truism 
7we say important1 = x seems to h be5  n
 seldom ov]look$7 makes ! f\ndation (   
all 8 future  obs]vations2 nor c he     
advance a /ep )\t cont9ual ref]5ce  to  
?is d\ble nature4 ,we f9d him accord+ly 
9 ! daily habit (  m5tally di/+ui%+ ?is 
p]son f t1 z a moral be+1 &  ( assign+  
to ea* a sep>ate "*2 & ?is n volunt>ily1
  b simply because he _c avoid x4 ,yet1 
by :at does he presume  to judge (      
/rang]s8 ,he w probably answ]1 ,by _!   
g5]al  ext]ior4 ,& :at is ! inf]5ce8    
,!re c be b "o2 namely1  t !re mu/      
be--at lea/ to him--"s effici5t         
correspond5ce  betwe5 ! physical & !    
moral4 ,?is is s pla91 t ! wond]  is1 h[
 x ev] came to be d\bt$4 ,nor is x      
directly d5i$1 except  by ^? :o f       
habitual disgu/ reject ! guesswork ( !  
v>i\s  pret5d]s to sci5tific sy/ems2 yet
 ev5 ^!1 no less ?an o!rs1  d           
practically admit x 9 _! common         
int]c\rse ) ! _w4  ,& x _c be o!rwise2 =
 :at ! ,creator has jo9$ mu/ h  "s      

aff9ity1 al?\gh ! palpable signs may    
elude our cognizance4  ,& t !y d elude  
x1 except p]haps 9 a v slight degree1   
is actually ! case1 z is well prov$ by !
 signal failure ( all  attempts to r$uce
 !m to a sci5ce2 = nei!r diagram nor    
axiom  has ev] yet correct$ an in/9ctive
 impression4 ,b man does n  live by     
sci5ce2 he feels1 acts1 & judges "r 9 a 
?\s& ?+s  )\t ! consci\sness ( any rule 
by :i* he s feels1 acts1 or  judges4 ,&1
 happily = him1 he has a sur] guide ?an 
human sci5ce  9 t unkn[n ,p[] )9        
him1--)\t :i* he _h be5 )\t  k4 ,b ( ?is
 we %all h occasion to speak aga9 9     
ano!r "p ( our disc\rse4    ,?\gh !     
m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! s\l acts be1 z we h   
said1 elusive  to ! s5ses1--9 s f> z to 
be irr$ucible to any di/9ct =m1--x  is n
 !re=e ! less real1 z e "o may v]ify by 
8 own  exp]i5ce2 &1 ?\gh seem+ly        
invisible1 x mu/ nev]!less1  con/itut$ z
 we are1 act ?r\gh ! physical1 & a      
physical m$ium  expressly con/ruct$ =   
its peculi> action2 nay1 x does ?is     

cont9ually1 )\t our conf\nd+ = a mom5t !
 s\l ) its  in/rum5t4 ,:o c look into ! 
human eye1 & d\bt ( an influ5ce n  ( !  
body8 ,! =m & color leave b a mom5t>y   
impression1 or1 if  we rememb] !m1 x is 
only z we rememb] ! glass ?r\gh :i* we  
h read ! d>k problems ( ! sky4 ,b 9 ?is 
my/]i\s organ we  see n ev5 ! signs (   
its my/]y4 ,we see1 9 tru?1 no?+2 = :at 
is !re has nei!r =m1 nor symbol1 nor any
 ?+ r$ucible to a  s5su\s di/9ctness2 & 
yet :o c look into x1 & n be consci\s  (
 a real ?\gh invisible pres5ce8 ,9 ! eye
 ( a brute1 we see only a  "p ( !       
animal2 x gives u little beyond !       
palpable outw>d2 at  mo/1 x is b ! focal
 po9t ( its fi]ce1 or g5tle1            
affectionate1 or  timor\s "*1--! "* ( ! 
species1 ,b 9 man1 nei!r  g5tl5ess nor  
fi]c5ess c be m ?an z relative          
conditions1--!  outw>d moods ( 8 unse5  
_s2 :ile ! _s itself1 t daily  & h\rly  
s5ds =? its good & evil1 to take %ape f 
! body1  /ill sits 9 d>kness4 ,yet h we 
t :i* c surely rea* x2 ev5  our own _s4 

,by ?is x is t we c ent] into ano!r's   
s\l1 s\nd  its v dep?s1 & br+ up 8 d>k  
?\ghts1 nay1 place !m be=e  him till he 
/>ts at himself2 & m1--x is by ?is we "k
 t  ev5 ! tangible1 audible1 visible _w 
is n m real ?an a  spiritual int]c\rse4 
,& yet )\t ! physical organ :o c hold x8
  ,we c nev] inde$ und]/&1 b we may n   
d\bt1 t :i* has its  p[] ( pro( 9 a s+le
 act ( consci\sness4 ,nay1 we may add t 
we  _c ev5 conceive ( a s\l )\t a       
correlative =m1--?\gh x be  9 ! ab/ract2
 & vice v]s4    ,=1 among ! _m          
impossibilities1 x is n ! lea/ to look  
^u  a liv+ human =m z a ?+2 9 its       
pictur$ copies1 z already  %[n 9 a =m]  
disc\rse1 x may be a ?+1 & a beautiful  
?+2  b ! mom5t we conceive ( x z liv+1  
if x %[ n a s\l1 we  give x "o by a     
moral necessity2 & accord+ to ! outw>d w
 be  ! _s ) :i* we end[ x4 ,no poetic   
be+1 suppos$ ( our  species1 ev] liv$ to
 ! imag9ation )\t "s indication ( !     
moral2 x is ! brea? ( its life3 & ?is is
 also true 9 !  conv]se2 if !re be b a  

h9t ( x1 x w in/antly clo!  itself 9 a  
human %ape2 = ! m9d _c sep>ate !m4 ,9 ! 
:ole range ( ! poetic creations ( !     
great ma/] ( tru?1--we  ne$ h>dly say   
,%akspe>e1--n an in/ance c be f\nd :]e  
?is  condition ( life is ev] want+2 8 m5
 & wom5 all h s\ls4  ,s1 too1 :5 he     
peoples ! air1 ?\gh he describe no =m1  
he nev]  leaves ^! creatures ( ! bra9   
)\t a %ape1 = he w  sometimes1 by a s+le
 t\* ( ! moral1 enable u to supply "o4  
,( ?is we h a /rik+ in/ance 9 "o ( 8 mo/
 unsub/antial  creations1 ! delicate    
,ariel4 ,n an allusion to its %ape or   
figure is made ?r\gh\t ! play2 yet we   
assign x a =m on its  v fir/ entrance1 z
 soon z ,prosp]o speaks ( its refus+ to 
comply ) ! abhorr$ comm&s ( ! wit*1     
,sycorax4 ,& aga91  9 ! fif? act1 :5    
,ariel1 aft] rec\nt+ ! suff]+s ( !      
wret*$ usurp] & 8 foll[]s1 g5tly adds1--
              ,y\r *>m s /rongly works  
!m1    ,t1 if y n[ beheld !m1 y\r       
affections    ,w\ld become t5d]4    ,on 
:i* ,prosp]o rem>ks1--      ,ha/ ?\1 :i*

 art b air1 a t\*1 a feel+    ,( _!     
afflictions8    ,n[1 :e!r ,%akspe>e     
int5d$ x or n1 x is n possible aft]  ?is
 = ! read] to ?9k ( ,ariel b 9 a human  
=m2 = slight  z ^! h9ts are1 if !y d n  
indicate ! moral affections1 !y  at lea/
 imply some?+ ak9 to !m1 :i* 9 a mann]  
compels u to  inve/ ! g5tle ,_s ) a     
g5]al lik5ess to our own physical       
ext]ior1 ?\gh1 p]haps1 z indi/9ct z !   
emotion t call$  = x4    ,we h ?us      
consid]$ ! human be+ 9 8 complex        
condition1 (  body & _s1 or physical &  
moral2 %[+ ! impossibility (  ev5 ?9k+ (
 him 9 ! "o1 to ! exclusion ( ! o!r4 ,we
  may1 inde$1 successively ?9k fir/ ( ! 
=m1 & !n (  ! moral "*1 z we may ?9k (  
any "o "p ( ei!r  analytically2 b we _c 
?9k ( ! human be+ except  z a :ole4 ,x  
foll[s1 !re=e1 z a consequ5ce1 t no     
imitation ( man c be true :i* is n      
address$ to u 9 ?is  d\ble condition4 ,&
 "h x may be obs]v$1 t 9 ,art !re is    
?is additional requirem5t1 t !re be no  
discrepancy betwe5 !  =m & ! "*         

int5d$1--or r1 t ! =m mu/  express ! "*1
 or x expresses no?+3 a necessity :i* is
  f> f be+ g5]al 9 actual nature4 ,b (  
?is h]eaft]4    ,let u n[ endeav\r to =m
 "s g5]al notion ( ,man 9 8 v>i\s       
aspects1 z pres5t$ by ! myriads :i* p ! 
e>?4 ,b ^:  imag9ation is equal to !    
task1--to ! sett+ 9 array be=e x  !     
c\ntless multitudes1 ea* individual 9 8 
prop] =m1 8  prop] "*8 ,7 ?is possible1 
we %\ld /& amaz$ at !  int]m9able       
diff]5ces1 ! hide\s v>iety2 & t1 too1 no
 less  9 ! moral1 ?an 9 ! physical2 nay1
 s opposite & appall+ 9  ! =m] z h>dly  
to be figur$ by a *a9 ( animals1 tak+ = 
! extremes ! fi]ce & fil?y hy5a & !     
in(f5sive lamb4  ,?is is man 9 !        
concrete1--to :i*1 accord+ to "s1 is to 
be  appli$ ! ab/ract ,ideal6    ,n[ let 
u attempt to conceive ( a be+ t %all    
repres5t all !  div]sities ( m9d1       
affections1 & dispositions1 t fleck ?is 
het]og5e\s mass ( humanity1 & !n to     
conceive ( a ,=m t  %all be 9 su* p]fect
 aff9ity ) x z to indicate !m all4 ,!   

b>e /atem5t ( ! proposition %[s its     
absurdity4 ,yet ?is mu/  be ! (fice ( a 
,/&>d ,=m2 & ?is x mu/ d1 or x w be  a  
falsehood4 ,nor %\ld we f9d x easi] )   
any giv5 numb]1 )  tw5ty1 fifty1 nay1 an
 hundr$ 7s call$7 g5]ic =ms4 ,we d n    
hesitate to affirm1 t1 7 x possible1 x  
w\ld be q z easy  ) "o z ) a ?\s&4    ,b
 to ?is x may be repli$1 t ! ,/&>d ,=m 0
 nev]  int5d$ to repres5t ! vici\s or   
degrad$1 b man 9 8 mo/  p]fect          
developem5t ( m9d1 affections1 & body4  
,?is is c]ta9ly  n>r[+ its (fice1 &1    
un=tunately1 to ! repres5t+ ( b  "o man2
 consequ5tly1 ( no possible use beyond  
to ! ,pa9t]  or ,sculptor ( ,humanity1  
s9ce e repetition ( ?is p]fect =m  w\ld 
be z ! reflection ( "o multipli$ by     
mirrors4 ,b su*  repetitions1 x may be  
fur!r answ]$1 7 nev] contemplat$1 t  ,=m
 be+ giv5 only z an exempl> ( ! highe/1 
to s]ve z a  guide 9 our approa* to     
excell5ce2 z we c\ld n else "k to a     
c]ta9ty to :at degree ( elevation our   
conceptions might rise4  ,/ill1 9 t case

 its use w\ld be limit$ to a s+le       
object1 t  is1 to itself1 its own       
p]fectness2 x w\ld n aid ! ,arti/ 9 !   
int]m$iate asc5t to x1--unless x conta9$
 )9 itself all !  gradations ( human "*2
 :i* no "o w pret5d4    ,b let u see h[ 
f> x is possible to realize ! ,idea ( a 
p]fect ,human ,=m4    ,we h already se5 
t ! m]e physical /ructure is n man1 b   
only a "p2 ! ,idea ( man includ+ also an
 int]nal moral be+4  ,! ext]nal1 !n1 9  
an actually disjo9$ /ate1 _c1  /rictly  
speak+1 be ! human =m1 b only a diagram 
( x4 ,x is1  9 fact1 b a p>tial         
condition1 becom+ human only :5 unit$ ) 
! int]nal moral2 :i*1 9 pro( ( ! union1 
x mu/ ( necessity  indicate4 ,if we w\ld
 h a true ,idea ( x1 !re=e1 x mu/ be z  
a :ole2 consequ5tly1 ! p]fect physical  
ext]ior mu/ h1 z an  ess5tial "p1 !     
p]fect moral4 ,n[ come two important    
que/ions4  ,fir/1 ,9 :at consi/s ,moral 
,p]fection8 ,we use ! ^w moral  "h 7f a 
want 9 our language7 9 its mo/          
compreh5sive s5se1  z includ+ !         

spiritual & ! intellectual4 ,) respect  
to t  "p ( our moral be+ :i* p]ta9s to !
 affections1 9 all _!  high relations to
 ,god & man1 we h1 x is true1 a sure &  
holy  guide4 ,9 a ,*ri/ian l&1 ! humble/
 individual may answ] z  readily z ! mo/
 pr(\nd s*ol>1 & express its p]fection 9
  ! s+le ^w1 ,hol9ess4 ,b :at w be !    
reply 9 reg>d to !  ,intellect8 ,= :at  
is a p]fect ,intellect8 ,is x !         
,dialectic1 !  ,speculative1 or !       
,imag9ative8 ,or1 r1 w\ld x n include !m
  all8    ,we proce$ next to !          
,physical4 ,:at1 !n1 con/itutes its     
,p]fection8 ,"h1 x might seem1 !re c be 
no difficulty1 & !  reply w probably be 
9 nam+ all ! excell5t qualities 9 our   
animal nature1 su* z /r5g?1 agility1    
fleetness1 ) e o!r  t c be ?\ght (4 ,!  
b>e enum]ation ( ^! few qualities  may  
s]ve to %[ ! nature ( ! task2 yet a     
physically p]fect  =m requires !m all2  
none mu/ be omitt$2 x w\ld else be      
imp]fect2 nay1 !y mu/ n only be !re1 b  
all be develop$ 9  _! highe/ degrees4   

,we might "h exclaim ) ,hamlet1 ?\gh 9 a
  v diff]5t s5se1      ,a comb9ation & a
 =m inde$6    ,& yet !re is no o!r way  
to express physical p]fection4 ,b  c x  
be s express$8 ,! read] mu/ reply =     
himself4 ,we w1  h[ev]1 suppose x       
possible2 /ill ! task is incomplete )\t 
!  adju/m5t ( ^! to ! p]fect ,moral1 9 !
 highe/ kn[n degrees  ( its sev]al      
elem5ts4 ,to ^? :o c imag9e su* a =m  z 
%all be ! sure expon5t ( su* a moral    
be+1--& su*  x mu/ be1 or x w be        
no?+1--we leave ! task ( con/ruct+  ?is 
univ]sal exempl> = multitud9\s man4 ,we 
may add1 h[ev]1  "o rem>k2 t1 suppos+ x 
possible ?us to conc5trate1 &  ) equal  
prom95ce1 all ! qualities ( ! species   
into "o  individual1 x c only be done by
 supplant+ ,provid5ce1 9 o!r  words1 by 
virtually ov]rul+ ! great pr9ciple (    
subord9ation  s visibly impress$ on all 
creat$ life4 ,= al?\gh1 z we h  els:]e  
obs]v$1 !re c be no s\nd m9d 7& ! l may 
be  affirm$ ( ! :ole man71 :i* is       
defici5t 9 any "o ess5tial1  x does n   

!re=e foll[1 t ea* ( ^! ess5tials may n 
be  almo/ indef9itely diff]5c$ 9 !      
degrees ( _! developem5t  )\t impair+ ! 
human integrity4 ,& su* is ! fact 9     
actual  nature2 nor does ?is 9 any wise 
affect ! individual unity1--z  w be     
notic$ h]eaft]4    ,we w n[ briefly     
exam9e ! pret5sions ( :at are call$ !   
,g5]ic ,=ms4 ,& "h we are met by ano!r  
important *>act]i/ic  ( ! human be+1    
namely1 8 ess5tial individuality4    ,x 
is true t ! human family1 s call$1 is   
divid$ into _m  di/9ct races1 hav+ ea*  
its peculi> con=mation1 color1 & s  =?1 
:i* toge!r con/itute ess5tial diff]5ces2
 b x is  to be rememb]$ t ^! ess5tials  
are all physical2 & s  f> !y are prop]ly
 g5]ic1 z imply+ a diff]5ce 9 k9d4  ,b1 
?\gh a /rik+ diff]5ce is also obs]vable 
9 _! moral  be+1 x is by no means ( !   
same nature ) t :i* m>ks  _! physical   
condition1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! moral be+ only
 (  degree2 =1 h[ev] fi]ce1 brutal1     
/upid1 or cunn+1 or g5tle1  g5]\s1 or   
h]oic1 ! same *>act]i/ics may ea* be    

p>allel$  among ourselves2 nay1 we c\ld 
h>dly "n a vice1 a passion1 or  a       
virtue1 9 ,asia1 ,africa1 or ,am]ica1 t 
has n its e*o 9  civiliz$ ,europe4 ,&   
:at is ! inf]5ce8 ,t climate &          
circum/ance1 if su* are ! causes ( !    
physical v>iety1 h no  controll+ p[]1   
except 9 degree1 ov] ! ,moral4 ,does n  
?is  und5iable fact1 !n1 br+ u to ! fair
 conclusion1 t ! moral  be+ has no g5]a8
 ,to affirm o!rwise w\ld be virtually to
  d5y its responsible condition2 s9ce ! 
law ( its g5us mu/ be  p>am\nt to all   
o!r laws1--to education1 gov]nm5t1      
religion4 ,nor  c ! result be evad$1    
except by ! absurd supposition ( g5]ic  
responsibilities6 ,to u1 !re=e1 x seems 
conclusive t a moral  be+1 z a free     
ag5t1 _c be subject to a g5]ic law2 nor 
c\ld he n[ be--:at e man feels himself  
to be1 9 spite (  8 !ory--! fe>ful      
ar*itect ( 8 own de/9y4 ,9 "o s5se1     
inde$1 we may admit a human g5us1--su* z
 e man mu/ be 9 8  individual entir5ess4
    ,man has be5 call$ a microcosm1 or  

little _w4 ,& su*1 h[ev]  mean &        
contemptible to o!rs1 is man to himself2
 nay1 su* he mu/  ev] be1 :e!r he wills 
x or n4 ,he may hate1 he may despise1   
yet  he _c b cl+ to t )\t :i* he is n2  
he is ! c5tre  & ! circle1 be x (       
pleasure or ( pa92 nor c he be o!r4     
,t\* him ) mis]y1 & he becomes p>am\nt  
to ! :ole  _w1--to a ?\s& worlds2 = !   
beauty & ! glory ( !  univ]se are z no?+
 to him :o is all d>kness4 ,!n x is t he
  w feel1 %\ld he h be=e d\bt$1 t he is 
n a m]e  "p1 a fraction1 ( 8 k9d1 b     
inde$ a _w2 & ?\gh little  9 "o s5se1   
yet a _w ( awful magnitude 9 its        
capacity (  suff]+4 ,9 "o ^w1 ,man is a 
:ole1 an ,individual4    ,if ! prec$+   
argum5t be admitt$1 x w be f\nd to h    
reliev$ ! /ud5t ( two delusive          
dogmas1--& ! m delusive1  z c>ry+ ) !m a
 plausible %[ ( sci5ce4    ,z to ! fl[]y
 declamations ab\t ,beauty1 !y w\ld n "h
 be  notic$1 7 !y n occasionally met ) 9
 works ( high m]it1  & n unfrequ5tly    
mix$ up ) philosophic tru?4 ,if !y h    

any def9ite mean+1 x am\nts to ?is1--t !
 ,beautiful is !  summit ( e possible   
excell5ce6 ,! extravagance1 n to say    
absurdity1 ( su* a proposition1         
conf\nd+1 z x does1 all  receiv$        
di/9ctions1 bo? 9 ! moral & ! natural   
_w1 ne$s  no comm5t4 ,x is h>dly to be  
believ$1 h[ev]1 t ! writ]s 9  "q c\ld h 
delib]ately int5d$ ?is4 ,x is m         
probable1  t1 9 s express+ !mselves1 !y 
7 only giv+ v5t to an  en?usia/ic feel+1
 :i* we all "k is g5]ally mo/ vague :5  
associat$ ) admiration2 x is n !re=e    
/range t !  ard5t expression ( x %\ld   
p>take ( its vagu5ess4 ,among !  few    
critical works ( au?ority 9 :i* ! ^w is 
s us$1 we may  m5tion ! 79 _m respects  
admirable7 ,disc\rses ( ,sir ,jo%ua     
,reynolds1 :]e we f9d ! foll[+          
s5t5ce3--,! beauty (  ! ,h]cules is "o1 
( ! ,gladiator ano!r1 ( ! ,apollo ano!r2
  :i*1 ( c\rse1 w\ld pres5t ?ree diff]5t
 ,ideas ( ,beauty4 ,if  ?is _h be5 said 
( v>i\s animals1 diff]+ 9 k9d1 !  t]m s 
appli$ might1 p]haps1 h be5 appropriate4

 ,b ! same  t]m is "h appli$ to objects 
( ! same k9d1 diff]+ n  ess5tially ev5 9
 age2 we say age1 inasmu* z 9 ! ?ree    
great divisions1 or p]iods1 ( human     
life1 namely1 *ildhood1  y\?1 &         
maturity1 ! *>act]i/ic conditions ( ea* 
are s  ess5tially di/9ct1 z virtually to
 sep>ate !m into  positive k9ds4    ,b x
 is no less idle ?an invidi\s to employ 
our "t 9  ov]turn+ ! errors ( o!rs2 if  
we e/abli% ,tru?1 !y w  fall ( !mselves4
 ,!re _c be two "r sides to any "q2  &1 
if we are "r1 :at is oppos$ to u mu/ (  
necessity he  wrong4 ,:e!r we are s or n
 mu/ be det]m9$ by ^? :o admit  or      
reject :at has already be5 advanc$ on ! 
subject ( ,beauty1 9  ! fir/ ,disc\rse4 
,x w be rememb]$1 t1 9 ! c\rse ( our    
argum5t !re1 we 7 br\ght to !           
conclusion1 t ,beauty 0  ! ,idea ( a    
c]ta9 physical condition1 bo? g5]al &   
ultimate2 g5]al1 z presid+ ov] objects (
 _m k9ds1 &  ultimate1 z be+ ! p]fection
 ( t peculi> condition 9  ea*1 & !re=e n
 applicable to1 or repres5t+1 its       

degrees  9 any2 :i*1 z approximations   
only to ! "o supreme ,idea1 %\ld  truly 
be di/+ui%$ by o!r t]ms4 ,accord+ly1 we 
_c1  /rictly speak+1 say ( two p]sons ( 
! same age & sex1  diff]+ f ea* o!r1 t  
!y are equally beautiful4 ,we he>  ?is1 
inde$1 almo/ daily2 x is nev]!less n !  
true expression  ( ! actual impression  
made on ! speak]1 ?\gh he may n take  ! 
tr\ble to exam9e & comp>e !m4 ,b let him
 d s1 & we  d\bt n t he w\ld f9d ! "o to
 rise 79 h[ev] slight a  degree7 above !
 o!r2 &1 if he did n assign a diff]5t   
t]m  to ! l[]1 x w\ld be only because he
 0 n 9 ! habit (  m>k+1 or did n ?9k x  
wor? 8 :ile to note1 su* nice           
di/9ctions4    ,if !re is a fir/ & a la/
 to any ?+1 !  int]m$iates c be nei!r "o
 nor ! o!r2 &1 if we s "n  !m1 we speak 
falsely4 ,x is no less s ) ,beauty1 :i*1
 be+ at  ! head1 or fir/ 9 a s]ies1     
admits no transf]5ce ( its title4  ,we  
mean1 if speak+ /rictly2 :i*1 h[ev]1 we 
freely ackn[l$ge1  no "o c2 b t is ow+  
to ! insuffici5cy ( language1 :i*  9 no 

dialect c\ld supply a hundr$? "p ( !    
t]ms ne$$ to  m>k e m9ute %ade (        
diff]5ce4 ,p]haps no subject requir+ a  
wid] nom5clature has "o s contract$2 & !
 consequ5ce is1  t no subject is m      
obscur$ by vague expressions4 ,b x is ! 
bus9ess ( ! ,arti/1 if he _c =m to      
himself ! correspond+  t]ms1 to be      
prep>$ at lea/ to p]ceive & to note ^!  
v>i\s  %ades4 ,we d n say1 t an actual  
acqua9tance ) all ! nice  di/9ctions is 
an ess5tial requisite1 b only t x w n be
  altoge!r useless to be aw>e ( _!      
exi/5ce2 at any rate1 x  may s]ve to    
%ield him f ! annoyance ( false         
criticism1 :5  c5sur$ = want+ beauty :]e
 its pres5ce w\ld h be5 an  imp]t95ce4  
,be=e we quit ! subject1 x may n be     
amiss to obs]ve1 t1 9  ! prec$+ rem>ks1 
our object has be5 n s mu* to insi/ on  
correct speak+ z correct ?9k+4 ,! pov]ty
 ( language1  z already admitt$1 has    
made ! =m] impossible2 b1 ?\gh  con/ra9$
 9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r cases :]e a          
subord9ate is put  = its pr9cipal1 to   

apply ! t]m ,beautiful to its v>i\s     
degrees1  yet a "r appreh5sion ( :at    
,beauty is may c]ta9ly  prev5t its      
misapplication z to o!r objects hav+ no 
relation to  x4 ,nor is ?is a small     
matt] :]e ! avoid+ ( confusion is an    
object desirable2 & !re is cle>ly "s    
diff]5ce betwe5 an  approa* to precision
 & utt] vagu5ess4    ,we h n[ to consid]
 h[ f> ! ,correspond5ce betwe5 !  outw>d
 =m & ! inw>d be+1 :i* is assum$ by !   
,arti/1 is  support$ by fact4    ,9 a   
fair /atem5t1 !n1 ( facts1 x _c be d5i$ 
t )  ! mass ( m5 ! outw>d intimation (  
"* is c]ta9ly v  fa9t1 ) _m obscure1 & )
 "s ambigu\s1 :ile ) o!rs  x has (t5    
seem$ to express ! v rev]se ( ! tru?4   
,p]haps  a /rong] in/ance ( ! latt] c\ld
 h>dly occur ?an t cit$  9 a =m]        
disc\rse 9 illu/ration ( ! physical     
relation (  ,beauty2 :]e x 0 %[n t !    
fir/ & natural impression f  a beautiful
 =m 0 n only displac$1 b completely     
rev]s$1 by  ! revolt+ discov]y ( a moral
 discrepancy4 ,b :ile we admit1 on  !   

?re%old1 t ! ,correspond5ce 9 "q _c be  
su/a9$  z univ]sally obvi\s1 x is1      
nev]!less1 n appreh5d$ t ?is  admission 
c affect our argum5t1 :i*1 ?\gh 9 "p    
gr\nd$  on special cases ( actual       
co9cid5ce1 is yet support$ by o!r       
evid5ces1 :i* lead u to reg>d all su*   
discrepancies r z  exceptions1 & z s _m 
deviations f ! orig9al law ( our        
nature1 nay1 :i* lead u also rationally 
to inf] at lea/ a future1  pot5tial     
correspond5ce 9 e individual4 ,to ! pa/1
 inde$1 we  _c appeal2 nei!r c ! pa/ be 
cit$ aga9/ u1 s9ce little  is kn[n ( !  
e>ly hi/ory ( our race b a *ronicle ( _!
  actions2 ( _! outw>d appe>ance sc>cely
 any ?+1 c]ta9ly n  en\gh to w>rant a   
decision "o way or ! o!r4 ,%\ld we      
assume1  !n1 ! ,correspond5ce z a       
primeval law1 :o %all ga9say x8 ,x  is  
n1 h[ev]1 s ass]t$4 ,we may nev]!less   
hold x z a matt]  ( fai?2 & simply z su*
 x is "h submitt$4 ,b fai? (  any k9d   
mu/ h "s gr\nd to re/ on1 ei!r real or  
suppos$1  ei!r t ( au?ority or (        

inf]5ce4 ,our gr\nd ( fai?1 !n1  9 !    
pres5t in/ance1 is 9 ! univ]sal desire  
among/ m5 to  realize ! ,correspond5ce4 
,no?+ is m common ?an1  on he>+ or read+
 ( any rem>kable "*1 to f9d ?is         
in/9ctive crav+1 if we may s t]m x1     
in/antly awak5$1 &  actively employ$ 9  
pictur+ to ! imag9ation "s correspond+  
=m2 nor is any disappo9tm5t m g5]al1 ?an
 t :i* foll[s  ! detection ( a          
discrepancy on actual acqua9tance4      
,inde$1 we c  h>dly deem x ra%1 %\ld we 
re/ ! validity ( ?is univ]sal  desire on
 ! common exp]i5ce ( any individual1    
tak5 at  r&om1--provid$ only t he has a 
p>ticle ( imag9ation4 ,nor  is its      
action dep5d5t on our caprice or w4 ,ask
 any p]son (  ord9>y cultivation1 n to  
say ref9em5t1 h[ x is ) him1  :51 8     
imag9ation has n be5 =e/all$ by "s      
def9ite fact2  :e!r he has nev] f\nd    
himself involunt>ily associat+  ! good )
 ! beautiful1 ! en]getic ) ! /rong1 !   
dignifi$ ) ! ample1 or ! maje/ic ) !    
l(ty2 ! ref9$  ) ! delicate1 ! mode/ ) !

 comely2 ! base ) !  ugly1 ! brutal ) ! 
mis%ap51 ! fi]ce ) ! co>se &  muscul>1 &
 s on2 !re be+ sc>cely a %ade ( "* to   
:i* ! imag9ation does n affix "s        
correspond+ =m4    ,9 a /ill m /rik+ =m 
may we f9d ! evid5ce ( ! law  suppos$1  
if we turn to ! "y1 & especially to ^? (
 a poetic  temp]am5t1--to ! sangu9e1 !  
op51 & confid+1 ! creatures  ( impulse1 
:o reason be/ :5 tru/+ only to !        
spontane\s  sugge/ions ( feel+4 ,:at is 
m common ?an implicit fai? 9  _! y\?ful 
day-dreams1--a fai? t lives1 ?\gh dream 
aft]  dream vani% into common air :5 !  
sorc]] ,fact t\*es _!  eyes8 ,& :5ce ?is
 p]t9aci\s fai? t w n die1 b  f a spr+ (
 life1 t nei!r cu/om nor ! dry und]/&+  
c de/roy8 ,look at ! same ,y\? at a m   
advanc$ age1 :5 !  ref9+ intellect has  
mix$ ) 8 affections1 add+ ?\ght &       
s5tim5t to e ?+ attractive1 conv]t+ all 
?+s fair to  ?+s also ( good report4    
,let u turn1 at ! same "t1 to "o  /ill m
 advanc$1--ev5 s f> z to h ent]$ into ! 
conv5tional valley ( dry bones1--"o :om 

! _w is prep>+1  by its daily practical 
lessons1 to enlight5 ) unbelief4 ,if we 
see  !m toge!r1 p]haps we %all he> !    
s5ior sc(f at 8 y\ng]  companion z a    
poetic dream]1 z a hunt] aft] phantoms t
 nev]  71 nor c\ld be1 9 nature3 !n may 
foll[ a homily on ! virtues  ( exp]i5ce1
 z ! only security aga9/ disappo9tm5t4  
,b !re  are "s he>ts t nev] suff] ! m9d 
to gr[ old4 ,& su* we  may suppose t ( !
 dream]4 ,if he is "o1 too1 :o is       
accu/om$  to look into himself1--n z a  
reason]1--b ) an abid+ fai?  9 8        
nature1--we %all1 p]haps1 he> him       
reply1--,exp]i5ce1 x is  true1 has (t5  
br\ght me disappo9tm5t2 yet ,i _c di/ru/
 ^?  dreams1 z y call !m1 bitt]ly z ,i h
 felt _! pass+ (f2  = ,i feel ! tru? ( !
 s\rce :5ce !y come4 ,!y c\ld n  h be5 s
 respond$ to by my liv+ nature1 7 !y b  
phantoms2  !y c\ld n h tak5 su* =ms (   
tru?1 b f a possible  gr\nd4    ,by ! ^w
 poetic "h1 we d n mean ! vision>y or   
fanciful1--= !re may be mu* fancy :]e   
!re is no poetic  feel+1--b t s5sibility

 to h>mony :i* m>ks !  temp]am5t ( !    
,arti/1 & :i* is (t5 mo/ active 9 8     
e>li] ye>s4 ,& we ref] to su* natures1 n
 only z be+ m  peculi>ly alive to all   
exi/+ aff9ities1 b z nev] satisfi$  ) ^?
 m]ely :i* fall )9 _! exp]i5ce2 ev]     
/riv+1  on ! contr>y1 z if impell$ by   
in/9ct1 to supply ! defici5cy  :]ev] x  
is felt4 ,f su* m9ds proce$ :at are     
call$ romantic  imag9+s1 b :at we w\ld  
call--)\t int5d+ a p>adox--!  romance ( 
,tru?4 ,= x is impossible t ! m9d %\ld  
ev] h  ?is p]petual crav+ = ! ,false4   
,b ! desire 9 "q is n conf9$ to any     
p>ticul> age or  temp]am5t1 ?\gh x is1  
d\btless1 m ard5t 9 "s ?an 9  o!rs4     
,p]haps x is only d5i$ to ! habitually  
vici\s4 ,= :o1  n h>d5$ by vice1 has ev]
 look$ ^u a sleep+ *ild 9 its  fir/     
bloom ( beauty1 & se5 its pure1 fre%    
hues1 its ev]  v>y+1 yet accord+ l9es1  
m\ld+ & suffus+1 9 _! playful  h>mony1  
its delicate features1--:o1 n call\s1   
has ev] look$  ^u ?is exquisite         
creature1 7s l :at a poet might fancy ( 

visible music1 or embodi$ odors17 & has 
n felt himself c>ri$1  z x 71 out ( ?is 
pres5t _w1 9 que/ ( its moral  c\nt]p>t8
 ,x seems to u p]fect2 we desire no     
*ange1--n a l9e  or a hue b z x is2 &   
yet we h a p>adoxical feel+ ( a         
want1--= x is all physical2 & we supply 
t want by  end[+ ! *ild ) "s angelic    
attribute4 ,:y d we ?is8 ,to  make x a  
:ole1--n to ! eye1 b to ! m9d4    ,nor  
is ?is g5]al disposition to f9d a       
co9cid5ce betwe5 a fair  ext]ior & moral
 excell5ce altoge!r unsupport$ by facts 
(1 at  lea/1 a p>tial realization4 ,=1  
?\gh a p]fect correspond5ce  _c be look$
 = 9 a /ate :]e all else is imp]fect1 he
  is mo/ un=tunate :o has nev] met ) _m1
 & v ne>1  approximations to ! desir$   
union4 ,b we h a /ill /rong]  assurance 
( _! pr$et]m9$ aff9ity 9 ! peculi>      
activity (  ?is desire :]e !re is no su*
 approximation4 ,= example1 :5 we  meet 
) an in/ance ( ! high] virtues 9 an     
unattractive =m1  h[ natural ! wi% t t  
=m 7 beautiful6 ,s1 too1 on  behold+ a  

beautiful p]son1 h[ common ! wi% t ! m9d
  x clo!d 7 also good6 ,:at are ^! wi%es
 b unconsci\s  retrospects to our       
primitive nature8 ,& :y h we !m1 if !y  
be  n ! work+s ( t univ]sal law1 :i*    
ga!rs to itself all  scatt]$ aff9ities1 
body+ !m =? 9 ! nev]-end+ =ms (         
h>mony1--9 ! fl[]1 9 ! tree1 9 ! bird1 &
 ! animal1--if  !y be n ! evid5ce ( its 
cont9u\s1 ?\gh fruitless1 ef=t  to      
evolve too 9 man its la/ consummate "w1 
by ! p]fect  conflu5ce ( ! body & ! _s8 
,9 ?is univ]sal ye>n+ 7=  x seems to u  
no less7 to connect ! physical ) its    
appropriate  moral1--to say no?+ ( !    
my/]i\s intuition t po9ts to  !         
appropriate1--is !re n some?+ l a clew  
to :at 0  orig9ally natural8 ,&1 aga91 9
 ! nev]-ceas+ /riv+s ( !  two great     
elem5ts ( our be+1 ea* to supply !      
defici5cies (  ! o!r1 h we n also an    
intimation ( some?+ t once  01 t is n[  
lo/1 & w\ld be recov]$8 ,surely !re mu/ 
be m 9 ?is ?an a m]e conc]nm5t (        
,art2--if1 inde$1 !re be  n 9 ,art m ( !

 prophetic ?an we are n[ aw>e (4 ,to u  
x seems t ?is irrepressible desire to   
f9d ! good 9 !  beautiful1 & ! beautiful
 9 ! good1 implies an end1 bo?  beyond &
 above ! trifl+ pres5t2 po9t+ to deep & 
d>k  que/ions1--to no less ?an :]e !    
my/]ies :i* surr\nd u w  meet _!        
solution4 ,"o great my/]y we see 9 "p   
resolv+ itself  "h4 ,we see ! de=mities 
( ! body sometimes giv+ place to  its   
glori\s t5ant4 ,"s ( u may h witness$   
?is1 & felt  ! spiritual pres5ce ga9+   
daily ^u u1 till ! outw>d %ape  seem$   
lo/ 9 its brightness1 leav+ no trace 9 !
 memory4    ,:e!r ! position we h       
endeav\r$ to e/abli% be disput$ or  n1 !
 absolute correspond5ce betwe5 ! ,moral 
& ! ,physical  is1 at any rate1 !       
ess5tial gr\nd ( ! ,pla/ic arts2 :i*    
c\ld  n else exi/1 s9ce ?r\gh ,=m alone 
!y h to convey1  n only ?\ght & emotion1
 b di/9ct & p]man5t "*4  ,= our own "p1 
we _c b consid] _! success 9 ?is z  hav+
 settl$ ! "q4    ,f ! view "h pres5t$1  
:at is ! inf]5ce 9 relation to  ,art8 ,t

 ,man1 z a comp\nd be+1 _c be repres5t$ 
)\t an  indication z well ( ,m9d z (    
body2 t1 by a natural law :i* we  _c    
resi/1 we d cont9ually require t !y be  
to u z mutual  expon5ts1 ! "o ( ! o!r2  
&1 f9ally1 t1 z a responsible  be+1 &   
!re=e a free ag5t1 he _c be truly       
repres5t$1  ei!r to ! memory or to !    
imag9ation1 b z an ,individual4    ,x   
w\ld seem1 also1 f ! indef9ite v>ieties 
9 m51 ?\gh  occasion$ only by ! m]e     
diff]5ce ( degrees 9 _! common          
faculties & p[]s1 t ! co9cid5ce ( an    
equal developem5t (  all 0 nev] int5d$ 9
 nature2 b t "s "o or m ( !m1  becom+   
dom9ant1 %\ld di/+ui% ! individual4 ,x  
foll[s1  !re=e1 if ?is be ! case1 t only
 ?r\gh ! phase ( su*  pr$om9ance c !    
human be+ ev] be contemplat$4 ,to !     
,arti/1  !n1 x becomes ! only safe      
gr\nd2 ! />t+-po9t f  :5ce to asc5d to a
 true ,ideal1--:i* is no o!r ?an a      
p>tial  individual tru? made :ole 9 !   
m9d3 & ?us1 in/ead ( "o  ,ideal1 & t    
baseless1 he may h a ?\s&1--nay1 z _m z 

!re are m>k$ or appreh5sible            
individuals4    ,b we mu/ n be und]/ood 
z conf9+ ,art to actual portraits4  ,)9 
su* limits !re c\ld n be ,art1--c]ta9ly 
n ,art 9 its  highe/ s5se2 we %\ld h 9  
its place :at w\ld be little bett]  ?an 
a d\btful empiricism2 s9ce ! mo/ elevat$
 subject1 9 !  able/ h&s1 w\ld dep5d1 ( 
necessity1 on ! *ance success ( a  se>* 
aft] models4 ,&1 suppos+ t we br+ toge!r
 only !  r>e/ =ms1 /ill ^? =ms1 simply z
 circumscrib$ portraits1  & !re=e       
insulat$ p>ts1 w\ld in/antly close e    
av5ue  to ! imag9ation2 = su* is ! law (
 ! imag9ation1 t x  _c admit1 or1 9 o!r 
words1 recognize z a :ole1 t :i*  rema9s
 unmodifi$ by "s imag9ative p[]1 :i*    
alone c give  unity to sep>ate & di/9ct 
objects4 ,yet1 z x reg>ds man1  all true
 ,art does1 & mu/1 f9d its prop] object 
9 !  ,individual3 z )\t individuality   
!re c\ld n be  "*1 nor )\t "*1 ! human  
be+4    ,b "h x may be ask$1 ,9 :at     
mann]1 if we resort n to actual         
portrait1 is ! ,individual ,man to be   

express$8 ,we answ]1 ,by  c>ry+ out !   
natural individual pr$om9ant fragm5t :i*
  is visible to u 9 actual ,=m1 to its  
full1 consi/5t developem5t4  ,!         
,individual is ?us idealiz$1 :51 9 !    
complete accordance (  all its p>ts1 x  
is pres5t$ to ! m9d z a :ole4    ,:5 we 
apply ! t]m fragm5t to a human be+1 we d
 n  mean 9 relation to 8 species1 79    
reg>d to :i* we h already  %[n him to be
 a di/9ct :ole17 b 9 relation to !      
,idea1 to  :i* 8 pr$om9ant *>act]i/ic   
sugge/s itself b z a  p>tial            
manife/ation1 & made p>tial because     
c\nt]act$ by  "s inadequate expon5t1 or 
else modifi$ by o!r1 ?\gh m9or1         
*>act]i/ics4    ,h[ ?is is effect$ mu/  
be left to ! ,arti/ himself4 ,x is      
impossible to prescribe a rule t w\ld be
 to mu* purpose = any  "o :o /&s 9 ne$ (
 su* in/ruction2 if 8 own m9d does n    
sugge/ ! mode1 x w\ld n ev5 be          
intelligible4 ,p]haps our  mean+1 h[ev]1
 may be made m obvi\s1 if we illu/rate x
 by  example4 ,we w\ld ref]1 !n1 to !   

re/oration ( a /atue1 7a  ?+ (t5 done ) 
success17 :]e1 f a s+le fragm5t1 !      
unkn[n ,=m has be5 completely re/or$1 & 
s rem\ld$1 t !  p>ts add$ are 9 p]fect  
unity ) ! sugge/ive fragm5t4 ,n[ !  p>ts
 want+ hav+ nev] be5 se51 ?is _c be     
call$ a m]e  act ( ! memory4 ,nev]!less1
 x is n f no?+ t man c  produce ev5 !   
semblance ( any ?+4 ,! mat]ials ( !     
,arti/ are ! "w ( ,him :o creat$ !      
,arti/ himself2 b ov]  ^!1 :i* 8 s5ses &
 m9d are giv5 him to obs]ve & collect1  
he has a delegat$ p[]1 = ! purpose (    
comb9+ &  modify+1 z unlimit$ z my/]i\s4
 ,x is by ! ag5cy ( ?is  intuitive &    
assimilat+ ,p[]1 else:]e spok5 (1 t he  
is able  to sep>ate ! ess5tial f !      
accid5tal1 to proce$ also f a  "p to !  
:ole2 ?us educ+1 z x 71 an ,ideal nature
 f !  g]ms ( ! ,actual4    ,nor does !  
necessity ( ref]r+ to ,nature preclude !
  ,imag9ative1 or any o!r class ( ,art t
 re/s its tru? 9 !  desires ( ! m9d4 ,9 
an especial mann] mu/ ! p]sonification  
( ,s5tim5t1 ( ! ,ab/ract1 :i* owe _!    

int]e/ to ! common  desire ( r5d]+      
p]man5t1 by embody+1 t :i* has giv5 u   
pleasure1 take its />t+-po9t f !        
,actual2 f some?+  :i*1 by univ]sal     
association or p>ticul> expression1 %all
 recall  ! ,s5tim5t1 ,?\ght1 or ,"t1 &  
s]ve z _! expon5ts2 !re  be+ sc>cely an 
object 9 ,nature :i* ! _s ( man has n1 z
  x 71 impress$ ) sympa?y1 & l9k$ ) 8   
be+4 ,( ?is1  p]haps1 we c\ld n h a m   
/rik+ example ?an 9 ! ,aurora  ( ,mi*ael
 ,angelo3 :i*1 if n univ]sal1 is n s    
only because  ! faculty address$ is by  
no means common4 ,=1 z ! peculi>        
*>act]i/ic ( ! ,imag9ative is its       
sugge/ive p[]1 ! effect  ( ?is figure   
mu/ ( necessity diff] 9 diff]5t m9ds4 ,z
 9 _m  o!r cases1 !re mu/ ne$s be at    
lea/ "s degree ( sympa?y )  ! m9d t     
imag9$ x1 9 ord] to any impression2 & ! 
degree  9 :i* t is made w always be 9   
proportion to ! cong5iality  betwe5 !   
ag5t & ! recipi5t4 ,%\ld x appe>1 !n1 to
 any  "o z a ?+ ( no mean+1 x is n !re=e
 conclusive t !  ,arti/ has fail$4 ,=1  

if !re be b "o 9 a ?\s& to ^:  m9d x    
recalls ! deep /illness ( ,night1       
gradually brok5 by !  awak5+ /ir ( ,day1
 ) its myriad =ms ( life em]g+ into     
motion1 :ile _! l5g!n$ %ad[s1 undi/+ui%$
 f _!  objects1 seem to p ! e>? )       
gigantic be+s2 !n ! dim1  gray monotony 
( color trans=m+ !m to /one1 yet leav+  
!m  9 motion1 till ! :ole sc5e becomes  
awful & my/]i\s z )  mov+ /atues2--if   
!re be b "o 9 t5 ?\s& :o %all h  ?us    
imag9$1 z he /&s be=e ?is embodi$ ,dawn1
 !n is x1 =  e purpose ( feel+ ?r\gh !  
excit$ imag9ation1 z true &  real z if  
in/9ct ) life1 & possess+ ! m9d by its  
liv+  w4 ,nor is ! numb] s r>e ( ^? :o h
 ?us felt !  sugge/ive sorc]y ( ?is     
sublime ,/atue4 ,b ! m9d s influ5c$  mu/
 be "o to respond to sublime emotions1  
s9ce su* 0 !  emotion :i* inspir$ !     
,arti/4 ,if susceptible only to ! gay & 
beautiful1 x w n answ]4 ,= ?is is n !   
,aurora ( gold5  purple1 ( laugh+ fl[]s 
& jewell$ dew-drops2 b ! d>k            
,en*antress1 en?ron$ on rocks1 or craggy

 m\nta9s1 & ^: prop]  empire is ! %ad[y 
conf9es ( light & d>kness4    ,h[ all   
?is is done1 we %all n attempt to       
expla94 ,p]haps !  ,arti/ himself c\ld n
 answ]2 z to ! quo modo 9 e  p>ticul>1  
we d\bt if x 7 possible to satisfy      
ano!r4 ,he may  tell u1 inde$1 t hav+   
imag9$ c]ta9 appe>ances & effects       
peculi> to ! ,"t1 he endeav\r$ to imbue1
 z x 71 "s  human =m ) ! s5tim5t !y     
awak5$1 s t !  embodi$ s5tim5t %\ld     
associate itself 9 ! spectator's m9d  ) 
simil> images2 & fur!r endeav\r$1 t ! =m
  select$ %\ld1 by its air1 attitude1 & 
gigantic proportions1 also  excite !    
ideas ( va/ness1 solemnity1 & repose2   
add+ to ?is  t indef9ite expression1    
:i*1 :ile x is felt to act1 /ill  leaves
 no trace ( its indi/9ct action4 ,s f>1 
x is true1 he may  retrace ! process2 b 
( ! in=m+ life t quick5$  8 fiction1 ?us
 pres5t+ ! presid+ ,_s ( t om9\s  ,"t1  
he kn[s no?+ b t he felt x1 & imp>t$ x  
to !  ins5sible m>ble4    ,& n[ ! "q w  
naturally occur1 ,is all t has be5 done 

by ! le>n$ 9 ,art1 to e/abli% c]ta9     
canons ( ,proportion1  utt]ly useless8  
,by no means4 ,if rightly appli$1 &     
prop]ly  consid]$1--z x seems to u !y   
mu/ h be5 by ! great  arti/s (          
,antiquity1--z exp$i5t fictions1 !y     
und\bt$ly  des]ve at lea/ a c>eful      
exam9ation4 ,&1 inasmu* z !y are !      
result ( a comp>ison ( ! f9e/ actual =ms
 ?r\gh successive  ages1 & z !y indicate
 ! g5]al limits :i* ,nature has be5     
obs]v$ to assign to h] noble/ works1 !y 
are s f> to be valu$4  ,b x mu/ n be    
=gott51 t1 :ile a race1 or class1 may be
  g5]ally m>k$ by a c]ta9 av]age height 
& bread?1 or curve &  angle1 /ill is e  
class & race compos$ ( ,individuals1  :o
 mu/ ne$s1 z su*1 diff] f ea* o!r2 &    
?\gh !  diff]5ce be slight1 yet is x !  
little m1 or ! little less1  :i* (t5    
sep>ates ! great f ! mean1 ! wise f !   
fooli%1 9 human "*2--nay1 ! wide/ *asms 
are sometimes  made by a few l9es3 s t1 
9 e individual case1 ! limits 9  "q are 
r to be dep>t$ f1 ?an /rictly adh]$ to4 

,! canon ( ! ,s*ools is easily ma/]$ by 
e /ud5t :o has  only memory2 yet ( !    
hundr$s :o apply x1 h[ few d s to any   
purpose6 ,"s t5 or tw5ty1 p]haps1 call  
up life f ! qu>ry1  & fle% & blood f !  
canvas2 ! re/ conjure 9 va9 )  _! canon2
 !y call up no?+ b ! dead measures4     
,:5ce !  diff]5ce8 ,! answ] is          
obvi\s1--,9 ! diff]5t m9ds !y ea*  c>ry 
to _! labors4    ,b let u trace1 ) !    
,arti/1 ! beg9n+ & progress ( a         
successful "w2 a picture1 = in/ance4 ,8 
me?od ( proce$+ may  enable u to asc]ta9
 h[ f> he is assi/$ by ! sci5ce1 s      
call$1  ( :i* we are speak+4 ,he adju/s 
! height & bread? ( 8 figures  accord+  
to ! canon1 ei!r by ! division ( heads  
or faces1 z mo/  conv5i5t4 ,by ^! means1
 he gets ! g5]al divisions 9 ! easie/  &
 mo/ exp$iti\s way4 ,b c\ld he n obta9  
!m )\t su* aid8  ,he w\ld answ]1 ,yes1  
by ! eye alone2 b x w\ld be a wa/e ( "t 
7 he s to proce$1 s9ce he w\ld h to d1 &
 undo1 p]haps tw5ty  times1 be=e he c\ld
 erect ?is simple scaffold+2 :]eas1 by  

apply+  ^! rules1 ^: g5]al tru? is      
already admitt$1 he accompli%es 8       
object 9 a few m9utes4 ,"h we admit !   
use ( ! canon1 & admire  ! facility )   
:i* x enables 8 h&1 almo/ )\t ! aid ( a 
?\ght1 ?us to lay out 8 "w4 ,b "h ends !
 sci5ce2 & "h  beg9s :at may seem to _m 
! "w ( mutilation3 a leg1 an arm1 a     
trunk1 is increas$1 or dim9i%$2 l9e aft]
 l9e is eras$1 or  retr5*$1 or ext5d$1  
aga9 & aga91 till n a trace rema9s ( !  
orig9al draught4 ,if he is ask$ n[ by   
:at he is guid$ 9 ^!  innum]able *anges1
 he c only answ]1 ,by ! feel+ )9 me4    
,nor c  he bett] tell h[ he kn[s :5 he  
has hit ! m>k4 ,! same feel+  responds  
to its tru?2 & he repeats 8 attempts    
until t is  satisfi$4    ,x w\ld appe>1 
!n1 t 9 ! ,m9d alone is to be f\nd !    
true  or ultimate ,rule1--if1 inde$1 t c
 be call$ a rule :i*  *anges its measure
 ) e *ange ( "*4 ,x is !re=e            
all-important t e aid be s\ght :i* may 9
 any way contribute  to ! due           
developem5t ( ! m5tal p[]s2 & no "o w   

d\bt  ! effici5cy "h ( a good g5]al     
education4 ,z to ! c\rse (  /udy1 t mu/ 
be left 9 a great measure to be det]m9$ 
by !  /ud5t2 x w be be/ indicat$ by 8   
own natural wants4 ,we  may obs]ve1     
h[ev]1 t no species ( k c ev] be        
oppressive to real g5ius1 ^: peculi>    
privilege is t (  subord9at+ all ?+s to 
! p>am\nt desire4 ,b x is n likely  t a 
m9d s end[$ w be long div]t$ by any     
/udies t d  n ei!r /r5g!n its p[]s by   
ex]cise1 or h a direct be>+  on "s      
p>ticul> ne$4    ,if ! /ud5t be a pa9t]1
 or a sculptor1 he w n ne$ to be  told t
 a k ( ! human be+1 9 all 8 complicat$  
spr+s ( action1 is n m ess5tial to !    
poet ?an to him4 ,nor  w a true ,arti/  
require to be rem9d$1 t1 ?\gh himself   
mu/ be 8 ultimate dictator & judge1 !   
allegiance ( ! _w  is n to be comm&$    
ei!r by a dream] or a dogmati/4 ,&      
no?+1 p]haps1 w\ld be m likely to secure
 him f ei!r  "*1 ?an ! habit ( keep+ 8  
eyes op51--nay1 8 v  he>t2 nor ne$ he   
fe> to op5 x to ! :ole _w1 s9ce no?+  n 

k9dr$ w ent] !re to abide2 =      ,evil 
into ! m9d 444    ,may come & g1 s      
unapprov$1 & leave    ,no spot or blame 
beh9d4    ,& he may also be sure t a    
pure he>t w %$ a ref9+ light  on 8      
intellect1 :i* x may n receive f any o!r
 s\rce4    ,x _c be suppos$ t an ,arti/1
 s discipl9$1 w ov]look  ! works ( 8    
pr$ecessors1--especially ^? exquisite   
rema9s (  ,antiquity :i* "t has sp>$ to 
u4 ,b to 8 own discretion mu/  be left !
 sep>at+ ( ! factiti\s f ! true1--a task
 (  "s mom5t2 = x _c be d5i$ t a m]e    
antiqu>ian respect  = :atev] is anci5t  
has pres]v$1 ) ! good1 mu* t is         
wor?less4 ,inde$1 x is to little purpose
 t ! f9e/ =ms are  set be=e u1 if we    
feel n _! tru?4 ,& "h x may be  well to 
rem>k1 t an injudici\s ^w has (t5 giv5 a
  wrong direction to ! /ud5t1 f :i* he  
has f\nd x difficult  to recov] :5 8    
matur] m9d has p]ceiv$ ! error4 ,x is a 
common ?+ to he> su* & su* /atues1 or   
pictures1 recomm5d$  z models4 ,if !    
advice is foll[$1--z x too (t5 is       

lit]ally1--! consequ5ce mu/ be an       
(f5sive mann]ism2  =1 if repeat+ himself
 makes an arti/ a mann]i/1 he is /ill  m
 likely to become "o if he repeat ano!r4
 ,!re is b "o model  t w n lead him     
a/ray1--:i* is ,nature3 we d n mean :at 
is m]ely obvi\s to ! s5ses1 b :atev] is 
s ackn[l$g$ by  ! m9d4 ,s f>1 !n1 z !   
anci5t /atues are f\nd to repres5t      
h]1--& ! /ud5t's own feel+ mu/ be !     
judge ( t1--!y  are und\bt$ly bo? true &
 important objects ( /udy1 z  pres5t+ n 
only a wid]1 b a high] view ( ,nature1  
?an might  else be comm&$1 7 !y buri$ ) 
_! au?ors2 s9ce1 )  ! f9e/ =ms ( !      
faire/ portion ( ! e>?1 we h also 9  !m 
! realiz$ ,ideas ( "s ( ! greate/ m9ds4 
,9 l mann]  may we ext5d our sph]e ( k  
by ! /udy ( all ^?  productions ( lat]  
ages :i* h /ood ?is te/4 ,!re is no     
s*ool f :i* some?+ may n be le>n$4 ,b   
*iefly to !  ,italian %\ld ! /ud5t be   
direct$1 :o w\ld enl>ge 8 views  on !   
pres5t subject1 & especially to ! works 
( ,raffaelle &  ,mi*ael ,angelo2 9 ^:   

highe/ ef=ts we h1 s to speak1  c]ta9   
revelations ( ,nature :i* c\ld only h   
be5 made by h]  privileg$ se]s4 ,& we   
ref] to !m m p>ticul>ly1 z to !  two    
great sov]eigns ( ! two di/9ct empires (
 ,tru?1--!  ,actual & ! ,imag9ative2 9  
:i* _! claims are ackn[l$g$  by t )9 u1 
( :i* we "k no?+ b t x  mu/ respond to  
all ?+s true4 ,we ref] to !m1 also1 z   
important examples 9 _! mode ( /udy2 9  
:i* x is evid5t  t1 :atev] ! s\rce (    
in/ruction1 x 0 nev] consid]$ z a  law (
 s]vitude1 b r z ! means ( giv+ visible 
%ape to  _! own conceptions4    ,f !    
celebrat$ antique fragm5t1 call$ !      
,torso1 ,mi*ael ,angelo  is said to h   
con/ruct$ 8 =ms4 ,if ?is be true1--& we 
h  no reason to d\bt x1--x c\ld         
nev]!less h be5 to him little  m ?an a  
h9t4 ,b t is en\gh to a man ( g5ius1 :o 
/&s  9 ne$1 no less ?an o!rs1 ( a po9t  
to />t f4 ,!re 0  some?+ 9 ?is fragm5t  
:i* he seems to h felt1 z if ( a  k9dr$ 
nature to ! unembodi$ creatures 9 8 own 
m9d2 & he  pond]$ ov] x until he ma/]$ !

 spell ( its au?or4 ,he !n  turn$ to 8  
own1 to ! g]ms ( life t /ill await$     
bir?1  to knit _! jo9ts1 to atta* !     
t5dons1 to m\ld !  muscles1--f9ally1 to 
sway ! limbs by a mighty w4 ,!n em]g$   
into be+ t gigantic race ( !            
,si/9a1--giants 9 m9d no less  ?an 9    
body1 t appe> to h desc5d$ z f ano!r    
planet4  ,8 ,prophets & ,sibyls seem to 
c>ry 9 _! p]sons ! comm&+  evid5ce ( _! 
mission4 ,!y nei!r look nor move l be+s 
to  be affect$ by ! ord9>y conc]ns (    
life2 b z if !y c\ld  only be mov$ by ! 
va/ ( human ev5ts1 ! fall ( empires1 !  
ext9ction ( nations2 z if ! awful       
secrets ( ! future _h  ov]:elm$ 9 !m all
 pres5t sympa?ies4 ,z we h /ood be=e  ^!
 l(ty app>itions ( ! pa9t]'s m9d1 x has 
seem$ to u  impossible t ! mo/ vulg>    
spectator c\ld h rema9$ !re  irrev]5t4  
,) _m critics x seems to h be5 d\bt$    
:e!r mu* t  we n[ admire 9 ,raffaelle   
w\ld ev] h be5 b = 8 great  contempor>y4
 ,be ?is z x may1 x is a fact ( hi/ory1 
t1 aft]  see+ ! works ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1

 bo? 8 =m & 8 /yle  assum$ a bread? &   
gr&eur :i* !y possess$ n be=e4  ,& yet  
^! great arti/s _h little1 if any ?+1 9 
common2  a suffici5t pro( t an orig9al  
m9d may owe1 & ev5 freely  ackn[l$ge1   
its impetus to ano!r )\t any            
self-sacrifice4    ,z ,mi*ael ,angelo   
adopt$ f o!rs only :at accord$ ) 8  own 
peculi> g5ius1 s did ,raffaelle2 &1     
:]ev] collect$1 !  mat]ials ( bo? c\ld n
 b ent] _! respective m9ds z _!  natural
 alim5t4    ,! g5ius ( ,mi*ael ,angelo 0
 ess5tially ,imag9ative4 ,x  seems r>ely
 to h be5 excit$ by ! objects ) :i* we  
are  daily famili>2 & :5 he did treat   
!m1 x 0 r z ?+s  pa/1 z !y appe> to u   
?r\gh ! atmosph]e ( ! hall[+  memory4   
,we h a /rik+ in/ance ( ?is 9 8 /atue ( 
,lor5zo  de' ,m$ici2 :]e1 reta9+ ( !    
orig9al only en\gh to m>k !  individual1
 & inve/+ ! re/ ) an air ( gr&eur t %\ld
  accord ) 8 actions1 he has left to 8  
c\ntry1 n a m]e  effigy ( ! p]son1 b an 
embodim5t ( ! m9d2 a portrait  =        
po/]ity1 9 :i* ! unborn might recognize 

,lor5zo !  ,magnific5t4    ,b ! m9d (   
,raffaelle 0 an ev]-fl[+ f\nta9 ( human 
sympa?ies2 & 9 all t conc]ns man1 9 8   
va/ v>ieties &  complicat$ relations1 f 
! highe/ =ms ( maje/y to !  humble/     
condition ( humanity1 ev5 to ! maim$ &  
mis%ap51 he  may well be call$ a ma/]4  
,8 ,apo/les1 8 philosoph]s1 & mo/       
ord9>y subord9ates1 are all to u z liv+ 
be+s2 nor d we feel  any d\bt t !y all  
_h mo!rs1 & bro!rs1 & k9dr$4 ,9  !      
assemblage ( ! ,apo/les 7already ref]r$ 
to7 at ! ,dea? (  ,ananias1 we look ^u  
m5 :om ! effusion ( ! ,_s has equally   
sublimat$ above e unholy ?\ght2 a common
 p[] seems to h  inve/$ !m all ) a      
pret]natural maje/y4 ,yet n an iota ( ! 
individual is lo/ 9 any "o2 ! g5tle be>+
 & am5ity  ( ,john /ill foll[ him 9 8   
(fice ( almon]2 nor 9 ,pet] does  ! deep
 repose ( ! erect attitude ( ! ,apo/le1 
z he deals !  dea?-/roke to ! (f5d] by a
 simple b5d ( 8 f+]1 subdue  ! en]getic1
 sangu9e temp]am5t ( ! ,disciple4    ,if
 any man may be said to h reign$ ov] !  

he>ts ( 8 fell[s1  x 0 ,raffaelle       
,sanzio4 ,n t he knew bett] :at 0 9 !   
he>ts & m9ds ( m5 ?an _m o!rs1 b t he   
bett]  und]/ood _! relations to !       
ext]nal4 ,9 ?is ! greate/ names  9 ,art 
fall be=e him2 9 ?is he has no rival2 &1
 h[ev] d]iv$1  or 9 :atev] degree       
improv$ by /udy1 9 him x seems to h ris5
  to intuition4 ,we "k n h[ he t\*es &  
en?ralls u2 z if he  _h wr\ght ) !      
simplicity ( ,nature1 we see no ef=t2 & 
we  yield z to a liv+ influ5ce1 sure1   
yet inscrutable4    ,x is n to be       
suppos$ t ^! two celebrat$ ,arti/s 7 at 
all  times successful4 ,l o!r m51 !y _h 
_! mom5ts ( weakness1  :5 !y fell into  
mann]1 & gave u diagrams1 in/ead ( life4
  ,p]haps no "o1 h[ev]1 _h few] lapses (
 ?is nature ?an  ,raffaelle2 & yet !y   
are to be f\nd 9 "s ( 8 be/ works4 ,we  
%all notice n[ only "o in/ance1--!      
figure ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e 9  ! admirable     
picture ( ! ,madonna di ,si/o2 9 :i* we 
see an  evid5t rescript f ! ,antique1 ) 
all ! receiv$ l9es (  beauty1 z laid d[n

 by ! analy/1--app>5tly faultless1 yet  
)\t a s+le inflection :i* ! m9d c       
recognize z alli$ to  our sympa?ies2 &  
we turn f x coldly1 z f ! "w ( an       
artific]1 n ( an ,arti/4 ,b n s c we    
turn f ! int5se  life1 t seems almo/ to 
brea! ^u u f ! cele/ial gr\p (  ! ,virg9
 & h] ,*ild1 & f ! ,angels bel[3 9 ^! we
 h  ! evid5ce ( ! div9e afflatus1--(    
inspir$ ,art4    ,9 ! works ( ,mi*ael   
,angelo x 7 easy to po9t out num]\s     
examples ( a simil> failure1 ?\gh f a   
diff]5t cause2 n f  me*anically foll[+ !
 ,antique1 b r f erect+ into  a model ! 
exagg]at$ %ad[ ( 8 own practice2 f      
repeat+ l9es & masses t might h impress$
 u ) gr&eur  b = ! utt] abs5ce ( ! in=m+
 s\l4 ,& t su* is !  "*--or r want (    
"*--( _m ( ! figures 9 8  ,la/ ,judgm5t 
_c be ga9said by 8 w>me/ admir]s1--among
 :om  !re is no "o m s9c]e ?an ! pres5t 
writ]4 ,b ! failures  ( great m5 are our
 mo/ pr(itable lessons1--provid$ only1 t
 we  h he>ts & heads to respond to _!   
success4    ,9 conclusion4 ,we h n[     

arriv$ at :at appe>s to u !  turn+-po9t1
 t1 by a natural reflux1 mu/ c>ry u back
 to our  orig9al ,position2 9 o!r words1
 x seems to u cle>1 t !  result ( !     
argum5t is t :i* 0 anticipat$ 9 our ma9 
,proposition2 namely1 t no giv5 numb] ( 
,/&>d ,=ms c )  c]ta9ty apply to !      
,human ,be+2 t all ,rules !re=e1 !nce   
d]iv$1 c only be consid]$ z ,exp$i5t    
,fictions1 &  consequ5tly subject to be 
ov]rul$ by ! ,arti/1--9 ^:  m9d alone is
 ! ultimate ,rule2 &1 f9ally1 t )\t an  
intimate acqua9tance ) ,nature1 9 all   
its v>ieties ( ! moral1  intellectual1 &
 physical1 ! highe/ p[]s are want+ 9 _! 
necess>y condition ( action1 & are !re=e
 incapable (  supply+ ! ,rule4          
,composition4        ,! t]m             
,composition1 9 its g5]al s5se1         
signifies ! union (  ?+s t 7 orig9ally  
sep>ate3 9 ! art ( ,pa9t+ x  implies1 9 
addition to ?is1 su* an arrangem5t &    
reciprocal  relation ( ^! mat]ials1 z   
%all con/itute !m s _m  ess5tial p>ts ( 
a :ole4    ,9 a true ,composition ( ,art

 w be f\nd ! foll[+                     
*>act]i/ics3--,fir/1 ,unity ( ,purpose1 
z express+ ! g5]al  s5tim5t or int5tion 
( ! ,arti/4 ,secondly1 ,v>iety ( ,p>ts1 
z  express$ 9 ! div]sity ( %ape1        
quantity1 & l9e4 ,?irdly1  ,cont9uity1 z
 express$ by ! connection ( p>ts ) ea*  
o!r1  & _! relation to ! :ole4 ,f\r?ly1 
,h>mony ( ,p>ts4    ,z ^! *>act]i/ics1 l
 e ?+ :i* ! m9d c  recognize z true1 all
 h _! orig9 9 its natural desires1 !y   
may also be t]m$ ,pr9ciples2 & z su* we 
%all consid] !m4 ,9  ord]1 h[ev]1 to    
satisfy ourselves t !y are truly su*1 & 
n  arbitr>y assumptions1 or !           
traditional dogmas ( ,practice1 x may   
be well to inquire :5ce is _! au?ority2 
=1 ?\gh ! ultimate  cause ( pleasure &  
pa9 may ev] rema9 to u a my/]y1 yet x is
  n s ) _! int]m$iate causes1 or ! /eps 
t lead to !m4    ,) respect to ,unity ( 
,purpose1 x is suffici5t to obs]ve1 t1  
:]e ! att5tion is at ! same "t claim$ by
 two objects1 hav+  ea* a diff]5t end1  
!y mu/ ( necessity break 9 ^u t free    

/ate requir$ ( ! m9d 9 ord] to receive a
 full impression f  ei!r4 ,x is ne$less 
to add1 t su* conflict+ claims _c1  "u  
any circum/ances1 be r5d]$ agreeable4 ,&
 yet ?is mo/  obvi\s requirem5t ( ! m9d 
has sometimes be5 violat$ by great      
,arti/s1--?\gh n ( au?ority 9 ?is       
p>ticul>1 z we %all  endeav\r to %[ 9   
ano!r place4    ,we proce$1 mean:ile1 to
 ! second pr9ciple1 namely1 ,v>iety2 by 
:i* is to be und]/ood diff]5ce1 yet )   
relation  to a common end4    ,( a rul+ 
,pr9ciple1 or ,law1 we c only get a     
notion by obs]v+ !  effects ( c]ta9 ?+s 
9 relation to ! m9d2 ! uni=mity (  :i*  
leads u to inf] some?+ :i* is           
un*angeable & p]man5t4  ,x is 9 ?is way 
t1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 we le>n 
!  exi/5ce ( c]ta9 laws t inv>iably     
control u4 ,?us1 indirectly1  f our     
disgu/ at monotony1 we inf] ! necessity 
( v>iety4 ,b  v>iety1 :5 c>ri$ to       
excess1 results 9 we>9ess4 ,"s          
limitation1  !re=e1 seems no less ne$$4 
,x is1 h[ev]1 obvi\s1 t all  attempts to

 fix ! limit to ,v>iety1 t %all apply z 
a univ]sal  rule1 mu/ be nugatory1      
inasmu* z ! degree mu/ dep5d on !  k9d1 
& ! k9d on ! subject treat$4 ,= in/ance1
 if !  subject be ( a gay & light "*1 & 
! emotions int5d$ to be  excit$ ( a     
simil> nature1 ! v>iety may be c>ri$ to 
a f> great]  ext5t ?an 9 "o ( a grav]   
"*4 ,9 ! celebrat$ ,m>riage at  ,cana1  
by ,paul ,v]onese1 we see x c>ri$1      
p]haps1 to its utmo/  limits2 & to su*  
an ext5t1 t an h\r's travel w h>dly     
conduct  u ?r\gh all its p>ts2 yet we   
feel no we>9ess ?r\gh\t ?is  j\rney1    
nay1 we are q unconsci\s ( ! "t x has   
tak54 ,x is  no disp>agem5t ( ?is       
rem>kable picture1 if we consid] !      
subject1  n accord+ to ! title x be>s1 b
 z :at ! ,arti/ has actually  made x1--t
 is1 z a ,v5etian ent]ta9m5t2 & also !  
effect  int5d$1 :i* 0 to delight by !   
exhibition ( a gorge\s  pageant4 ,& 9   
?is he has succe$$ to a degree          
unexampl$2 =  lit]ally ! eye may be said
 to dance ?r\gh ! picture1 sc>cely      

light+ on "o "p be=e x is drawn to      
ano!r1 & ano!r1 &  ano!r1 z by a k9d (  
wit*]y2 :ile ! subtile int]lock+ (  ea* 
successive novelty leaves x no *oice1 b1
 s$uc+ x onw>d1  /ill keeps x 9 motion1 
till ! giddy s5se seems to call on !    
imag9ation to jo9 9 ! revel2 & e poetic 
temp]am5t answ]s  to ! call1 br++       
visions ( its own1 t m+le ) ! pa9t$     
cr[d1 ex*ang+ =ms1 & giv+ !m voice1 l ! 
creatures ( a  dream4    ,to ^? :o h    
nev] se5 ?is picture1 our acc\nt ( its  
effect  may p]haps appe> incr$ible :5 !y
 are told1 t x n only  has no /ory1 b n 
a s+le expression to :i* y c atta* a    
s5tim5t4 ,x is nev]!less = ?is v reason 
t we "h cite  x1 z a triumphant         
v]ification ( ^? immutable laws ( ! m9d 
to :i* ! pr9ciples ( ,composition are   
suppos$ to appeal2 :]e  ! simple te*nic 
exhibition1 or illu/ration ( ,pr9ciples1
  )\t /ory1 or ?\ght1 or a s+le def9ite 
expression1 has  /ill ! p[] to possess &
 to fill u ) a ?\s& delightful          
emotions4    ,& "h we _c refra9 f a     

pass+ rem>k on c]ta9  criticisms1 :i* h 
obta9$1 z we ?9k1 an undes]v$ curr5cy4  
,to ass]t t su* a "w is solely address$ 
to ! s5ses 7mean+  !reby t its only end 
is 9 m]e pleasurable s5sation7 is to    
give  ! lie to our convictions2 inasmu* 
z we f9d x appeal+ to "o  ( ! mightie/  
m9i/]s ( ! ,imag9ation1--! great ,law ( 
,h>mony1--:i* _c be t\*$ )\t awak5+ by  
its  vibrations1 s to speak1 ! untold   
myriads ( sleep+ =ms t lie  )9 its      
circle1 t />t up 9 tribes1 & ea* 9      
accordance  ) ! cong5ial in/rum5t t     
summons !m to action4 ,he :o  c ?us1 z x
 71 embody an ab/raction is no m]e p&]  
to !  s5ses4 ,& :o t has a modicum ( !  
imag9ative w\ld ass]t  ( "o ( ,haydn's  
,sonatas1 t its effect on him 0 no o!r  
?an  s5su\s8 ,or :o w\ld ask = ! /ory 9 
"o ( our gorge\s  autumnal sunsets8     
,9 subjects ( a grave or elevat$ k9d1 ! 
,v>iety w be f\nd to  dim9i% 9 ! same   
degree 9 :i* !y approa* ! ,sublime4 ,9 !
  rais+ ( ,laz>us1 by ,liev5s1 we h an  
example ( ! smalle/  possible numb] (   

p>ts :i* ! nature ( su* a subject w\ld  
admit4 ,&1 ?\gh a diff]5t conception    
might au?orize a mu*  great] numb]1 yet 
we d n feel 9 ?is any defici5cy2 inde$1 
x  may be d\bt$ if ! addition ( ev5 "o m
 "p w\ld n be felt  z obtrusive4    ,by 
! t]m p>ts we are n to be und]/ood z    
includ+ !  m9utiae ( dress or ornam5t1  
or ev5 ! sev]al memb]s ( a gr\p1  :i*   
come m prop]ly "u ! head ( detail2 we   
apply ! t]m  only to ^? prom95t         
divisions :i* con/itute ! ess5tial      
features ( a composition4 ,( ^! !       
,sublime admits ! fewe/4 ,nor  is !     
limitation arbitr>y4 ,by :atev] causes !
 /rong] passions  or high] faculties ( !
 m9d become pleasurably excit$1 if !y be
  pu%$ z x 7 beyond _! suppos$ limits1  
till a s5se ( !  indef9ite seems almo/  
to p>take ( ! inf9ite1 to ^! causes we  
affix ! epi!t ,sublime4 ,x is ne$less to
 inquire if su*  an effect c be produc$ 
by any ?+ %ort ( ! va/ &  ov]p[]+1 mu*  
less by ! gradual approa* or successive 
accumulation ( any numb] ( sep>ate =ces4

 ,e "o c answ]  f 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,we   
may also add1 t ! pleasure :i*  belongs 
to ! deep] emotions always tr5*es on    
pa92 & ! s5se  ( pa9 leads to reaction2 
s t1 s+ly r\s$1 !y w rise  b to fall1 l 
m5 at a brea*1--leav+ a conque/1 n ov] !
  liv+1 b ! dead4 ,! effect ( ! ,sublime
 mu/ !re=e be  sudd51 & to be sudd51    
simple1 sc>ce se5 till felt2 com+ l  a  
bla/1 b5d+ & levell+ e ?+ be=e x1 till x
 passes  into space4 ,s comes ?is       
m>vell\s emotion2 & s vani%es1--to  :]e 
no /ra9+ ( our mortal faculties w ev]   
c>ry !m4    ,to prev5t misappreh5sion1  
we may "h obs]ve1 t1 ?\gh !  p>ts be    
few1 x does n necess>ily foll[ t !y %\ld
 always  consi/ ( simple or s+le        
objects4 ,?is n>r[ inf]5ce has (t5  l$  
to ! error ( mi/ak+ m]e space = gr&eur1 
especially  ) ^? :o h wr\ght r f !ory   
?an f ! true  possession ( _! subjects4 
,h5ce1 by ! me*anical arrangem5t  (     
c]ta9 l>ge & sweep+ masses ( light &    
%ad[1 we are  sometimes surpris$ into a 
mom5t>y expectation ( a sublime         

impression1 :5 a ne>] approa* gives u   
only ! notion ( a va/  blank4 ,& ! error
 lies 9 ! misconception ( a mass4 ,= a  
mass  is n a ?+1 b ! condition ( ?+s2   
into :i*1  %\ld ! subject require x1 a  
legion1 a ho/1 may be compress$1  an    
army ) bann]s1--yet s t !y break n !    
unity ( _!  ,"p1 t te*nic =m to :i* !y  
are subord9ate4    ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a 
,"p & a ,mass is1 t a ,mass may include1
  p] se1 _m ,p>ts1 yet1 9 relation to a 
,:ole1 is no m  ?an a s+le compon5t4    
,p]haps ! same di/9ction may be m       
simply express$1 if we def9e x z only a 
l>g] division1 includ+  sev]al p>ts1 :i*
 may be said to be analog\s to :at is   
t]m$ ! detail ( a ,"p4 ,look at ! ocean 
9 a /orm1--at  t s+le wave4 ,h[ x gr[s  
be=e u1 build+ up its wat]s z  )        
consci\s life1 till its huge head       
ov]looks ! ma/6 ,a million  ( l9es      
int]sect its surface1 a myriad ( bubbles
 fleck x )  light2 yet its t]rible unity
 rema9s unbrok54 ,n a bubble or a l9e   
gives a ?\ght ( m9ut5ess2 !y fla% &     

flit1 ere ! eye c  c\nt !m1 leav+ only  
_! aggregate1 9 ! indef9ite s5se  (     
multitud9\s motion3 take !m away1 & y   
take f !  mass ! v sign ( its p[]1 t    
fe>ful impetus :i*  makes x :at x is1--a
 mov+ m\nta9 ( wat]4    ,we h ?us       
endeav\r$1 9 ! opposite *>act]s ( !     
,sublime  & ! ,gay or ,magnific5t1 to   
exhibit ! two extremes ( ,v>iety2 (  !  
int]m$iate degrees x is unnecess>y to   
speak1 s9ce 9 ^!  two is includ$ all t  
is applicable to ! re/4    ,?\gh x is ( 
vital importance to e composition t !re 
be  v>iety ( ,l9es1 little c be said on 
! subject 9 addition to  :at has be5    
advanc$ 9 relation to p>ts1 t is1 to    
%ape &  quantity2 bo? hav+ a common     
orig94 ,by a l9e 9 ,composition is      
meant some?+ v diff]5t f ! geometrical  
def9ition4  ,orig9ally1 x 0 no d\bt us$ 
z a metaphor2 b ! ne$s (  ,art h long   
s9ce conv]t$ ?is1 & _m o!r words ( l    
application1 7z tone1 c417 into te*nical
 t]ms4 ,l9e  ?us signifies ! c\rse or   
m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! eye is l$ f  "o "p ( !

 picture to ano!r4 ,! indication ( ?is  
c\rse is  v>i\s & multi=m1 app]ta9+     
equally to %ape1 to color1 & to  light &
 d>k2 9 a ^w1 to :atev] attracts & keeps
 ! eye 9  motion4 ,= ! regulation ( ^!  
l9es !re is no rule absolute1  except t 
!y v>y & unite2 nor is ! la/ /rictly    
necess>y1  x be+ suffici5t if !y s      
t]m9ate t ! transition f "o  to ano!r is
 made naturally1 & )\t ef=t1 by !       
imag9ation4  ,nor c any laws be laid d[n
 z to _! peculi> "*3 ?is  mu/ dep5d on !
 nature ( ! subject4    ,9 ! wild &     
/ormy sc5es ( ,salvator ,rosa1 !y break 
^u u  z ) ! angul> fla% ( lightn+2 ! eye
 is da%$ up "o  precipice only to be    
da%$ d[n ano!r2 !n1 sudd5ly hurri$ to  !
 sky1 x %oots up1 almo/ 9 a direct l9e1 
to "s %>p-edg$  rock2 :5ce pit*$1 z x 71
 into a sea ( cl\ds1 belly+ )  circles1 
x p>takes _! motion1 & seems to reel1 to
 roll1 & to  plunge ) !m into ! dep?s ( 
air4    ,if we pass f ,salvator to      
,claude1 we %all f9d a sy/em ( l9es     
totally diff]5t4 ,our fir/ impression f 

,claude is t ( p]fect  unity1 & ?is we h
 ev5 be=e we are consci\s ( a  s+le     
image2 z if1 circumscrib+ 8 sc5es by a  
magic circle1 he  _h impos$ 8 own mood  
on all :o ent]$ x4 ,! spell !n  op5s ere
 x seems to h begun1 act+ ^u u ) a vague
 s5se (  limitless expanse1 yet s       
cont9u\s1 s g5tle1 s imp]ceptible 9  its
 remote/ gradations1 z sc>cely to be    
felt1 till1 comb9+  ) unity1 we f9d !   
feel+ embodi$ 9 ! complete image (      
intellectual repose1--fulness & re/4 ,! 
m9d ?us dispos$1 !  *>m$ eye glides into
 ! sc5e3 a s(t1 undulat+ light leads x  
on1 f bank to bank1 f %rub to %rub2 n[  
leap+ & sp>kl+  ov] pebbly brooks &     
sunny s&s2 n[ fa9t] & fa9t]1 dy+  away  
d[n %ady slopes1 !n seem+ly qu5*$ 9 "s  
seclud$ dell2  yet only = a mom5t1--= a 
dimm] ray aga9 c>ries x onw>d1  g5tly   
w9d+ among ! boles ( trees & rambl+     
v9es1 t1  skirt+ ! asc5t1 seem to hem 9 
! twilight2 !n em]g+  into day1 x fla%es
 9 %eets ov] t[]s & t[ns1 & woods &     
/reams1 :5 x f9ally dips into an ocean1 

s f> (f1 s tw9-l  ) ! sky1 t ! d\btful  
horizon1 unm>k$ by a l9e1 leaves no     
po9t ( re/3 & n[1 z 9 a flick]+ ar*1 !  
fasc9at$ eye  seems to sail upw>d l a   
bird1 :eel+ its flight ?r\gh a  mottl$  
labyr9? ( cl\ds1 on to ! z5i?2 :5ce1    
g5tly  inflect$ by "s %ad[y mass1 x     
slants aga9 d[nw>d to a mass  /ill      
deep]1 & /ill to ano!r1 & ano!r1 until x
 falls into  ! d>kness ( "s massive     
tree1--focus$ l midnight 9 !  brighte/  
noon3 !re /ops ! eye1 in/9ctively clos+1
 & giv+  place to ! ,s\l1 !re to repose 
& to dream h] dreams ( romance  & love4 
,f ^! two examples ( _! g5]al effect1 "s
 notion may be  ga!r$ ( ! diff]5t sy/ems
 ( ! two ,arti/s2 & ?\gh  no m5tion has 
be5 made ( ! p>ticul> l9es employ$1 _!  
di/9ctive "* may readily be inf]r$ f !  
k9d ( motion  giv5 to ! eye 9 !         
descriptions we h attempt$4 ,9 !  rapid1
 abrupt1 contra/$1 :irl+ movem5t 9 ! "o1
 we h an  exposition ( an irregul>      
comb9ation ( curves & angles2 :ile !    
simple comb9ation ( ! p>abola & !       

s]p5t9e w acc\nt =  all ! imp]ceptible  
transitions 9 ! o!r4    ,x w\ld be easy 
to accumulate examples f o!r ,arti/s :o 
diff]  9 ! economy ( l9e n only f ^! b f
 ea* o!r2 z  ,raffaelle1 ,mi*ael        
,angelo1 ,correggio1 ,titian1 ,p\ss91--9
 a ^w1  e pa9t] des]v+ ! "n ( ma/]3 =   
l9es "h may be  call$ ! tracks ( ?\ght1 
9 :i* we foll[ ! au?or's m9d  ?r\gh 8   
imag9>y creations4 ,!y hold1 inde$1 !   
same relation  to ,pa9t+ t v]sification 
does to ,poetry1 an elem5t ( /yle2  =   
:at is meant by a l9e 9 ,pa9t+ is       
analog\s to t :i*  9 ! si/] art         
di/+ui%es ! abrupt gait ( ,crabbe f !   
saunt]+ walk ( ,c[ley1 & ! long1 maje/ic
 m>* ( ,dryd5  f ! surg+ sweep (        
,milton4    ,( ,cont9uity little ne$s be
 said1 s9ce its uses are impli$ 9 !     
explanation ( ,l9e2 inde$1 all t c be   
add$ w be express$  9 its ess5tial      
relation to a :ole1 9 :i* alone x diff]s
  f a m]e l9e4 ,=1 ?\gh a l9e 7z j      
expla9$7 supposes a  cont9u\s c\rse1 yet
 a l9e1 p] se1 does n necess>ily  imply 

any relation to o!r l9es4 ,x w /ill be a
 l9e1 ?\gh  /&+ alone2 b ! pr9ciple (   
cont9uity may be call$  ! unify+ _s ( e 
l9e4 ,x is !re=e t we h  di/+ui%$ x z a 
sep>ate pr9ciple4    ,9 fact1 if we     
judge f feel+1 ! only true te/1 x is no 
p>adox to say t ! excess ( v>iety mu/   
inevitably end 9  monotony2 =1 z soon z 
! s5se ( fatigue beg9s1 e new  v>iety b 
adds to ! pa91 till ! succe$+           
impressions are at  la/ resolv$ into    
cont9u\s pa94 ,b1 suppos+ a limit to    
v>iety1  :]e ! m9d may be pleasurably   
excit$1 ! v s5se ( pleasure1  :5 x      
rea*es ! extreme po9t1 w create ! desire
 ( r5ew+  x1 & naturally c>ry x back to 
! po9t ( />t+2 ?us  sup]9duc+1 ) ! r5ew$
 enjoym5t1 ! fulness ( pleasure1 9  !   
s5se ( a :ole4    ,x is by ?is summ+ up1
 z x 71 ( ! memory1 ?r\gh  recurr5ce1 n 
t we p]ceive1--:i* is in/antane\s1--b t 
we enjoy any ?+ z a :ole4 ,if we h n    
obs]v$ x 9 o!rs1  "s ( u1 p]haps1 may   
rememb] x 9 ourselves1 :5 we h /ood     
be=e "s f9e picture1 ?\gh ) a s5se (    

pleasure1 yet =  _m m9utes 9 a mann]    
ab/ract$1--sil5tly pass+ ?r\gh all its  
h>moni\s transitions )\t ! movem5t ( a  
muscle1 & h>dly  consci\s ( action1 till
 we h sudd5ly f\nd ourselves return+  on
 our /eps4 ,!n x 01--z if we _h no eyes 
till !n1--t  ! magic ,:ole p\r$ 9 ^u u1 
& v\*$ = its tru? 9 an  outbreak (      
rapture4    ,! f\r? & la/ division ( our
 subject is ! ,h>mony ( ,p>ts2  or !    
ess5tial agreem5t ( "o "p ) ano!r1 & (  
ea* )  ! :ole4 ,9 addition to our fir/  
g5]al def9ition1 we may fur!r  obs]ve1 t
 by a ,:ole 9 ,pa9t+ is signifi$ !      
complete  expression1 by means ( =m1    
color1 light1 & %ad[1 ( "o  ?\ght1 or   
s]ies ( ?\ghts1 hav+ = _! end "s        
p>ticul> tru?1 or s5tim5t1 or action1 or
 mood ( m9d4 ,we say  ?\ght1 because no 
images1 h[ev] put toge!r1 c ev]  be     
sep>at$ by ! m9d f o!r & extrane\s      
images1 s z to  comprise a positive     
:ole1 unless !y be limit$ by "s         
intellectual  b\nd>y4 ,a picture want+  
?is may h f9e p>ts1 b is n a            

,composition1 :i* implies p>ts unit$ to 
ea* o!r1 & also suit$  to "s specific   
purpose1 o!rwise !y _c be kn[n z unit$4 
,s9ce ,h>mony1 !re=e1 _c be conceiv$ (  
)\t ref]5ce to  a :ole1 s nei!r c a :ole
 be imag9$ )\t fitness ( p>ts4  ,to give
 ?is fitness1 !n1 is ! ultimate task &  
te/ ( g5ius3  x is1 9 fact1 call+ =m &  
life out ( :at be=e 0 b a  *aos (       
mat]ials1 & mak+ !m ! subject & expon5ts
 ( !  w4 ,z ! ma/]-pr9ciple1 also1 x is 
! dispos]1 regulator1  & modifi] ( %ape1
 l9e1 & quantity1 add+1 dim9i%+1  *ang+1
 %ap+1 till x becomes cle> &            
intelligible1 & x  f9ally manife/s      
itself 9 pleasurable id5tity ) ! h>mony 
)9 u4    ,to r$uce ! op]ation ( ?is     
pr9ciple to precise rules is1  p]haps1  
)\t ! prov9ce ( human p[]3 we might else
 expect to  see poets & pa9t]s made by  
recipe4 ,z 9 _m o!r op]ations (  ! m9d1 
we mu/ "h be cont5t to note a few ( ! m 
tangible  facts1 if we may be all[$ !   
phrase1 :i* h occasionally be5  ga!r$ by
 obs]vation dur+ ! process4 ,! fir/ fact

 pres5t$  is1 t equal quantities1 :5    
com+ toge!r1 produce monotony1  &1 if at
 all admissible1 are only s :5          
absolutely ne$$1 at  a prop] di/ance1 to
 e*o back or recall ! !me1 :i* w\ld     
o!rwise be lo/ 9 ! excess ( v>iety4 ,we 
speak ( quantity "h  z ( a mass1 n ( !  
m9utiae2 = ! ess5tial compon5ts  ( a "p 
may (t5 be equal quantities1 7z 9 a     
piece (  ar*itecture1 ( arm\r1 c417 :i* 
are analog\s to poetic feet1 =  in/ance1
 a spondee4 ,! same effect we f9d f     
p>allel l9es &  repetition ( %apes4     
,h5ce we obta9 ! law ( a limit$ v>iety4 
,! next is1 t ! quantities mu/ be s     
dispos$ z to balance  ea* o!r2 o!rwise1 
if all or too _m ( ! l>g] be on "o      
side1 !y w endang] ! imag9>y circle1 or 
o!r figure1 by  :i* e composition is    
suppos$ to be b\nd$1 mak+ x appe>       
lop-sid$1 or to be fall+ ei!r 9 ^u !    
small] quantities1  or out ( ! picture3 
f :i* we inf] ! necessity ( balance4    
,if1 )\t o!rs to c\nt]act & re/ra9 !m1 !
 p>ts  conv]ge1 ! eye1 be+ =c$ to !     

c5tre1 becomes /ation>y2 9  l mann]1 if 
all div]ge1 x is =c$ to fly (f 9        
tang5ts3  z if ! great laws (           
,attraction & ,repulsion 7 "h also      
ess5tial1 & illu/rat$ 9 m9iature4 ,if we
 add to ^! ,bread?1 ,i  believe we %all 
h enum]at$ all ! lead+ ph5om5a (        
,h>mony1 :i* exp]i5ce has enabl$ u to   
e/abli% z rules4 ,by  bread? is meant   
su* a mass+ ( ! quantities1 :e!r  by    
color1 light1 or %ad[1 z %all enable !  
eye to pass )\t  ob/ruction1 & by easy  
transitions1 f "o to ano!r1 s t x  %all 
appe> to take 9 ! :ole at a glance4 ,?is
 may be lik5$ to  bo? ! exordium &      
p]oration ( a disc\rse1 includ+ z well  
! la/ z ! fir/ g5]al idea4 ,x is1 9 o!r 
words1 a simple1  connect$1 & concise   
exposition & summ>y ( :at ! arti/       
int5ds4    ,we h ?us endeav\r$ to       
arrange & to give a logical p]man5cy  to
 ! sev]al pr9ciples ( ,composition4 ,x  
is n to be suppos$1  h[ev]1 t 9 ^! we h 
e pr9ciple t might be nam$2  b !y are   
all1 z we conceive1 t are ( univ]sal    

application4  ,( o!r m9or1 or r p]sonal 
ones1 s9ce !y p]ta9 to !  individual1 ! 
numb] c only be limit$ by ! v>iety ( !  
human intellect1 to :i* ^! may be       
consid]$ z s _m simple  elem5t>y guides2
 n to create g5ius1 b to enable x to    
und]/& itself1 & by a di/9ct k ( its own
 op]ations  to correct its mi/akes1--9 a
 ^w1 to e/abli% ! l&m>ks  betwe5 ! flats
 ( commonplace & ! b>r5s ( extravagance4
 ,&1  ?\gh ! p]sonal or individual      
pr9ciples ref]r$ to may n )  propriety  
be cit$ z examples 9 a g5]al treatise l 
! pres5t1  !y are n only n to be        
ov]look$1 b are to be reg>d$ by !  /ud5t
 z legitimate objects ( /udy4 ,to !     
truism1 t we c  only judge ( o!r m9ds by
 a k ( our own1 we may add  its conv]se 
z especially true4 ,9 t my/]i\s tract ( 
!  intellect1 :i* we call ! ,imag9ation1
 !re w\ld seem to lie  hid ?\s&s (      
unkn[n =ms1 ( :i* we are (t5 = ye>s     
unconsci\s1 until !y />t up awak5$ by ! 
foot/eps ( a  /rang]4 ,h5ce x is t !    
greate/ g5iuses1 z pres5t+ a  wid] field

 = excitem5t1 are g5]ally f\nd to be !  
wide/  lik]s2 n s mu* f aff9ity1 or     
because !y possess !  precise k9ds (    
excell5ce :i* !y admire1 b (t5 f !      
diff]5ces :i* ^! v excell5ces 9 o!rs1 z 
!  excit+ cause1 awak5 9 !mselves4 ,su* 
m5 may be said to be  end[$ ) a d\ble   
vision1 an inw>d & an outw>d2 ! inw>d   
see+ n unfrequ5tly ! rev]se ( :at is se5
 by ! outw>d4  ,x 0 ?is :i* caus$       
,annibal ,c>acci to rem>k1 on see+ = !  
fir/ "t a picture by ,c>avaggio1 t he   
?\ght a /yle totally  opposite might be 
made v captivat+2 & ! h9t1 x is said1   
sunk deep into & 0 n lo/ on ,guido1 :o  
soon aft] realiz$ :at  8 ma/] _h ?us    
imag9$4 ,p]haps no "o ev] caught m f    
o!rs ?an ,raffaelle4 ,i d n allude to 8 
borr[+1 s  +5i\sly1 n s\ndly1 def5d$ by 
,sir ,jo%ua1 b r to 8  excitability1 7if
 ,i may "h apply a mod]n t]m17--t       
inflammable  temp]am5t1 :i* took fire1 z
 x 71 f ! v friction  ( ! atmosph]e4 ,= 
!re 0 sc>ce an excell5ce1 )9 8  k1 ( 8  
pr$ecessors or contempor>ies1 :i* did n 

9 a  great] or less degree contribute to
 ! developem5t ( 8 p[]s2  n z pres5t+   
models ( imitation1 b z %$d+ new light  
on  8 own m9d1 & op5+ to view its hidd5 
treasures4 ,su* to him  7 ! =ms ( !     
,antique1 ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 & (      
,mi*ael  ,angelo1 & ! bread? & color (  
,fra ,b>tolomeo1--lights t  fir/ made   
him acqua9t$ ) himself1 n lights t he   
foll[$2  = he 0 a foll[] ( none4 ,to h[ 
_m o!rs he 0 indebt$ =  8 impulses _c n[
 be kn[n2 b ! new impetus he 0 kn[n to  
h receiv$ f e new excell5ce has l$ _m to
 believe1 t1  _h he liv$ to see ! works 
( ,titian1 he w\ld h add$ to 8  grace1  
"*1 & =m1 & ) equal orig9ality1 !       
spl5dor  ( color4 ,! design ( ,mi*ael   
,angelo & ! color ( ,titian1 0  !       
inscription ( ,t9toretto ov] ! door ( 8 
pa9t+-room4  ,:e!r he int5d$ to         
designate ^! two arti/s z 8 future      
models matt]s n2 b t he did n foll[ !m  
is evid5c$ 9  8 works4 ,nor1 inde$1 c\ld
 he3 ! temptation to foll[1  :i* 8      
y\?ful admiration _h excit$1 0 met by an

 int]diction  n easily )/ood1--! decree 
( 8 own g5ius4 ,& yet !  decree _h      
probably nev] be5 he>d b = ^! v ma/]s4  
,_!  pres5ce /irr$ him2 &1 :5 he ?\ght (
 s]v+1 8 teem+  m9d p\r$ out its        
abundance1 mak+ him a ma/] to future    
g5]ations4 ,to ! =ms ( ,mi*ael ,angelo  
he 0 c]ta9ly indebt$  = ! elevation ( 8 
own2 !re1 h[ev]1 ! inspiration end$4  ,)
 ,titian he 0 ne>ly alli$ 9 g5ius2 yet  
he ?\ght r )  ?an aft] him1--at times   
ev5 beyond him4 ,titian1 inde$1 may be  
said  to h fir/ op5$ 8 eyes to ! my/]ies
 ( nature2 b !y  7 no soon] op5$1 ?an he
 ru%$ into !m ) a rapidity &  d>+ unwont
 to ! m cauti\s _s ( 8 ma/]2 &1 ?\gh    
irregul>1 ecc5tric1 & (t5 inf]ior1 yet  
sometimes he made 8  way to poetical    
regions1 ( ^: cele/ial hues ev5 ,titian 
himself  _h nev] dreamt4    ,we might g 
on ?us ) e great "n 9 ,art4 ,b ^!       
examples  are en\gh to %[ h[ mu* ev5 !  
mo/ orig9al m9ds1 n only  may1 b mu/1   
owe to o!rs2 = ! social law ( our nature
  applies no less to ! intellect ?an to 

! affections4 ,:5 appli$  to g5ius1 x   
may be call$ ! social inspiration1 !    
simple  /atem5t ( :i* seems to u (      
itself a solution ( !  (t-repeat$ "q1   
,:y is x t g5ius always appe>s 9        
clu/]s8 ,to ,nature1 inde$1 we mu/ all  
at la/ recur1 z to !  only true &       
p]man5t f\ndation ( real excell5ce4 ,b  
,nature is  op5 to all m5 alike1 9 h]   
beauty1 h] maje/y1 h] gr&eur1 &  h]     
sublimity4 ,yet :o w ass]t t all m5 see1
 or1 if !y see1  are impress$ by ^! h]  
attributes alike8 ,nay1 s great is !    
diff]5ce1 t "o might almo/ suppose !m   
inhabitants (  diff]5t worlds4 ,(       
,claude1 = in/ance1 x is h>dly a        
metaphor to  say t he liv$ 9 two worlds 
dur+ 8 natural life2 = ,claude  !       
pa/ry-cook c\ld nev] h se5 ! same _w t 0
 made  visible to ,claude ! pa9t]4 ,x 0 
human sympa?y1 act+ ?r\gh  human works1 
t gave bir? to 8 intellect at ! age (   
=ty4  ,!re is some?+1 p]haps1 ludicr\s 9
 ! ?\ght ( an infant (  =ty4 ,yet ! fact
 is a solemn "o1 t ?\s&s die ^: m9ds  h 

nev] be5 born4    ,we c\ld n1 p]haps1   
in/ance a /rong] confutation ( ! vulg>  
error :i* opposes le>n+ to g5ius1 ?an ! 
simple hi/ory (  ?is rem>kable man4 ,9  
all t respects ! m9d1 he 0 lit]ally a   
*ild1 till accid5t or necessity c>ri$   
him to ,rome2 =1 :5 !  (fice (          
color-gr9d]1 add$ to t ( cook1 by awak5+
 8  curiosity1 fir/ excit$ a love = !   
,art1 8 progress ?r\gh its  rudim5ts    
seems to h be5 sc>cely less sl[ & pa9ful
 ?an t  ( a *ild ?r\gh ! horrors ( !    
alphabet4 ,x 0 ! /ruggle (  "o :o 0     
le>n+ to ?9k2 b1 ! rudim5ts be+ ma/]$1  
he  f\nd himself sudd5ly possess$1 n z  
yet ( ?\ght1 b ( new  =ms ( language2 !n
 came ?\ghts1 p\r+ f 8 m9d1 &  fill+ !m 
z m\lds1 )\t :i* !y _h nev]1 p]haps1 _h 
ei!r %ape or consci\sness4    ,n[ :at 0 
?is new language b ! product ( o!r      
m9ds1--(  successive m9ds1 am5d+1       
enl>g+1 elaborat+1 ?r\gh successive     
ages1 till1 fitt$ to all its wants1 x   
became true to ! ,ideal1 &  ! v]nacul>  
tongue ( g5ius ?r\gh all "t8 ,! fir/    

inv5tor  ( v]se 0 b ! prophetic h]ald ( 
,hom]1 ,%akspe>e1 &  ,milton4 ,& :at 0  
,rome !n b ! great ,univ]sity ( ,art1   
:]e  all ?is accumulat$ le>n+ 0         
treasur$8    ,mu* has be5 said (        
self-taught g5iuses1 z oppos$ to ^? :o  
h be5 in/ruct$ by o!rs3 b ! di/9ction1 x
 appe>s to  u1 is )\t a diff]5ce2 = x   
matt]s n :e!r we le>n 9 a  s*ool or by  
ourselves1--we _c le>n any ?+ )\t 9 "s  
way  recurr+ to o!r m9ds4 ,let u imag9e 
a poet :o _h nev] read1  nev] he>d1 nev]
 conv]s$ ) ano!r4 ,n[ if he w n be      
taught 9 any ?+ by ano!r1 he mu/ /rictly
 pres]ve ?is  indep5d5t negation4 ,truly
 ! v]ses ( su* a poet w\ld be a         
miracle4 ,( simil> self-taught pa9t]s we
 h abundant examples 9  our             
aborig9es1--b n[h]e else4    ,b1 :ile we
 ma9ta91 z a positive law ( our nature1 
! necessity  ( m5tal int]c\rse ) our    
fell[-creatures1 9 ord] to ! full       
developem5t ( ! individual1 we are f> f 
imply+ t  any ?+ :i* is actually tak5 f 
o!rs c by any process  become our own1 t

 is1 orig9al4 ,we may rev]se1 transpose1
  dim9i%1 or add to x1 & s skilfully t  
no scam or mutilation  %all be detect$2 
& yet we %all n make x appe> orig9al1--9
  o!r words1 true1 ! (fspr+ ( "o m9d4 ,a
 borr[$  ?\ght w always be borr[$2 z x w
 be felt z su* 9 its  effect1 ev5 :ile  
we are ourselves unconsci\s ( ! fact3  =
 x w want t effect ( life1 :i* only !   
fir/ m9d  c give x#c4      ,( !         
multif>i\s retail]s ( ! second-h& 9     
/yle1 ! class  is s num]\s z to make a  
selection difficult3 !y meet u at e  /ep
 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,art4 ,"o in/ance1      
h[ev]1 may suffice1  & we select ,v]net1
 z unit+ 9 himself a s+ul> & /rik+      
example ( ! false & ! true2 & also z !  
lea/  invidi\s in/ance1 inasmu* z we may
 prove our position by oppos+  him to   
himself4    ,9 ! l&scapes ( ,v]net1 7:5 
n m]e views17 we see !  imitator (      
,salvator1 or r copyi/ ( 8 l9es2 & ^! we
  h 9 all _! angul> nak$ness1 :]e rocks1
 trees1 & m\nta9s  are s jagg$1         
contort$1 & tumbl$ ab\t1 t no?+ b an    

explosion c\ld acc\nt = _! assemblage4  
,!y h n !  relation :i* we sometimes f9d
 ev5 9 a r&om collocation1 z 9  !       
accid5tal pictures ( a discolor$ wall2 =
 ! c>eful h&  ( ! contriv] is trac$     
?r\gh all ?is disord]2 nay1 ! v         
execution1 ! conv5tional da% ( p5cil1   
betrays :at a lawy]  w\ld call ! malice 
prep5se ( ! ,arti/ 9 _! /range          
disfigurem5t4 ,to _m ?is may appe> l    
hyp]criticism2 b we  s9c]ely believe t  
no "o1 ev5 among 8 admir]s1 has ev] be5 
deceiv$ into a real sympa?y ) su*       
te*nical fl\ri%es3 !y  are felt z       
factiti\s2 z m]e diagrams ( composition 
d$uc$ f  pictures4    ,n[ let u look at 
"o ( 8 ,/orms at ,sea1 :5 he wr\ght f 8 
own m9d4 ,a d>k lead5 atmosph]e prep>es 
u = some?+ fe>ful3  sudd5ly a sc5e (    
tumult1 fi]ce1 wild1 disa/r\s1 bur/s ^u 
u2  & we feel ! %ock drive1 z x 71 e o!r
 ?\ght f !  m9d3 ! t]rible vision n[    
seizes ! imag9ation1 fill+ x )  s\nd &  
motion3 we see ! cl\ds fly1 ! furi\s    
waves "o ^u  ano!r da%+ 9 conflict1 &   

roll+1 z if 9 wra?1 t[>ds !  devot$ %ip3
 ! w9d bl[s f ! canvas2 we he> x ro>    
?r\gh  h] %r\ds2 h] ma/s b5d l twigs1 & 
h] la/ =lorn hope1  ! close-reef$       
=esail1 /reams l a tatt]$ flag3 a       
t]rible  fasc9ation /ill con/ra9s u to  
look1 & a dim1 rocky %ore looms  on h]  
lee3 !n comes ! dreadful cry ( ,break]s 
ahead6 ! crew  /& appall$1 & ! ma/]'s   
trumpet is s\ndless at 8 lips4  ,?is is 
! upro> ( nature1 & we feel x to be     
true2  = "h e l9e1 e t\*1 has a mean+4  
,! ragg$ cl\ds1  ! huddl$ waves1 !      
pro/rate %ip1 ?\gh =c$ by contra/  into 
! %>pe/ angles1 all agree1 oppos$ z !y  
seem1--evolv+  h>mony out ( app>5t      
discord4 ,& ?is is ,g5ius1 :i* no       
criticism c ev] disprove4    ,b all     
great names1 x is said1 mu/ h _! %ad[s4 
,9 our ,art  !y h _m %ad[s1 or r ,i %\ld
 say1 reflections2 :i*  are m or less   
di/9ct accord+ to _! proximity to ! liv+
  orig9als1 &1 l ! images 9 opposite    
mirrors1 becom+  !mselves reflect$ &    
re-reflect$ ) a k9d ( battl$oor         

alt]nation1 gr[ dimm] & dimm] till !y   
vani% f m]e  di/ance4    ,?us h ! great 
s*ools ( ,italy1 ,fl&]s1 & ,holl& liv$ &
  walk$ aft] dea?1 till ev5 _! gho/s h  
become famili> to u4    ,we w\ld n1     
h[ev]1 be und]/ood z ass]t+ t we receive
  pleasure only f orig9al works3 ?is    
w\ld be contradict+  ! g5]al exp]i5ce4  
,we admit1 on ! contr>y1 t !re are      
hundr$s1 nay1 ?\s&s1 ( pictures hav+ no 
pret5sions to  orig9ality ( any k9d1 :i*
 /ill af=d pleasure2 z1 inde$1  d _m ?+s
 out ( ! ,art1 :i* we "k to be          
second-h&1 or  imp]fect1 & ev5 trifl+4  
,?us grace ( mann]1 = in/ance1  ?\gh    
:olly unaid$ by a s+le def9ite quality1 
w (t5 delight  u1 & a ready elocution1 )
 sc>ce a p>ticle ( s5se1 make           
commonplace agreeable2 & x seems to be1 
t ! pa9 ( m5tal  in]tness r5d]s action s
 desirable1 t ! m9d in/9ctively         
surr\nds itself ) myriads ( objects1    
hav+ little to recomm5d  !m b ! prop]ty 
( keep+ x f /agnat+4 ,& we are  f> f    
d5y+ a c]ta9 value to any ( ^!1 provid$ 

!y  be innoc5t3 !re are times :5 ev5 !  
wise/ man w f9d  commonplace :olesome4  
,all we h attempt$ to %[ is1 t !  effect
 ( an orig9al "w1 z oppos$ to an        
imitation1 is m>k$ by  a diff]5ce1 n (  
degree m]ely1 b ( k9d2 & t ?is  diff]5ce
 _c fail to be felt1 n1 inde$1 by e "o1 
b by  any compet5t judge1 t is1 any "o 9
 :om is develop$1 by  natural ex]cise1 t
 int]nal s5se by :i* ! _s ( life is     
disc]n$4           99       99       99 
99       99    ,e orig9al "w becomes su*
 f ! infusion1 s to speak1 (  ! m9d ( ! 
,au?or2 & ( ?is ! fre% mat]ials ( nature
  alone seem susceptible4 ,! imitat$    
works ( man _c be endu$  ) a second     
life1 t is1 ) a second m9d3 !y are to ! 
imitator z air already brea!d4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,:at has be5 said 9 relation to ,=m--t !
 works ( our  pr$ecessors1 s f> z !y are
 recogniz$ z true1 are to be  consid]$ z
 an ext5sion ( ,nature1 & !re=e prop]   
objects  ( /udy--is equally applicable  
to ,composition4 ,b x is n to be        

und]/ood t ?is ext5d$ ,nature 7if we may
 s t]m x7 is 9 any  in/ance to be       
imitat$ z a :ole1 :i* w\ld be br++ our  
m9ds into bondage to ano!r2 s9ce1 z     
already %[n 9 ! second  ,disc\rse1 e    
orig9al "w is ( necessity impress$ ) !  
m9d  ( its au?or4 ,if x be ask$1 !n1 :at
 is ! advantage ( su*  /udy1 we %all    
endeav\r to %[1 t x is n m]ely1 z "s h  
suppos$1 9 enri*+ ! m9d ) mat]ials1 b r 
9 wid5+  our view ( excell5ce1 &1 by    
consequ5t excitem5t1 exp&+ our  own p[]s
 ( obs]vation1 reflection1 & p]=mance4  
,by increas+  ! p[] ( p]=mance1 we mean 
enl>g+ our k ( !  te*nical process1 or !
 m$ium ?r\gh :i* ?\ght is express$2  a  
mo/ important species ( k1 :i*1 if to be
 o!rwise  atta9$1 is at lea/ mo/ readily
 le>n$ f ^? :o h left u  ! result ( _!  
exp]i5ce4 ,?is te*nical process1 :i* has
 be5  well call$ ! language ( ! ,art1   
includes1 ( c\rse1 all t  p]ta9s to     
,composition1 :i*1 z ! g5]al m$ium1 also
 conta9s  mo/ ( ! elem5ts ( ?is peculi> 
tongue4    ,f ! gradual progress ( !    

v>i\s arts ( civilization1 x  w\ld seem 
t only "u ! action ( "s great social law
  c man arrive at ! full developem5t ( 8
 p[]s4 ,9 our  ,art especially is ?is   
true2 = ! exp]i5ce ( "o man mu/         
necess>ily be limit$1 p>ticul>ly if     
comp>$ ) ! endless  v>ieties ( =m &     
effect :i* div]sify ! face ( ,nature2 & 
! f9e/ ( ^!1 too1 9 _! v nature         
transi5t1 or ( r>e  occurr5ce1 & only   
kn[n to occur to ^? :o are prep>$ to    
seize  !m 9 _! rapid transit2 s t 9 "o  
%ort life1 & ) b  "o set ( s5ses1 !     
greate/ g5ius c le>n b little4 ,!       
,arti/1 !re=e1 mu/ ne$s owe mu* to !    
liv+1 & m to !  dead1 :o are virtually 8
 companions1 inasmu* z ?r\gh _!  works  
!y /ill live to our sympa?ies4 ,besides1
 9 our great  pr$ecessors we may be said
 to possess a multipli$ life1 if life   
be measur$ by ! numb] ( acts1--:i*1 9   
?is case1 we may all  appropriate to    
ourselves1 z x 7 by a glance4 ,= ! dead 
9 ,art  may well be lik5$ to ! h>dy     
pione]s ( our own c\ntry1 :o h          

successively cle>$ be=e u ! swamps &    
=e/s t w\ld h  ob/ruct$ our progress1 & 
op5$ to u l&s :i* ! ef=ts (  no         
individual1 h[ev] p]sev]+1 w\ld enable  
him to rea*4          ,aphorisms4       
,s5t5ces ,writt5 by ,mr4 ,all/on on !   
,walls ( ,8 ,/udio4        #a4 ,no g5u9e
 "w ( ,art ev] 01 or ev] c be1 produc$ b
 =  its own sake2 if ! pa9t] does n     
conceive to please himself1 he  w n f9i%
 to please ! _w4--,,fuseli4    #b4 ,if  
an ,arti/ love 8 ,art = its own sake1 he
 w delight 9  excell5ce :]ev] he meets  
x1 z well 9 ! "w ( ano!r z 9  8 own4    
,?is is ! te/ ( a true love4    #c4 ,nor
 is ?is g5u9e love compatible ) a crav+ 
= di/9ction2  :]e ! latt] pr$om9ates1 x 
is sure to betray itself be=e           
contempor>y excell5ce1 ei!r by sil5ce1  
or 7z a bribe to !  consci5ce7 by a     
modicum ( praise4    ,! en?usiasm ( a   
m9d s influ5c$ is conf9$ to itself4     
#d4 ,di/9ction is ! consequ5ce1 nev] !  
object1 ( a great m9d4    #e4 ,! love ( 
ga9 nev] made a ,pa9t]2 b x has m>r$ _m4

    #f4 ,! mo/ common disguise ( ,envy  
is 9 ! praise ( :at is  subord9ate4     
#g4 ,selfi%ness 9 ,art1 z 9 o!r ?+s1 is 
s5sibility kept at  home4    #h4 ,!     
,devil's he>tie/ laugh is at a detract+ 
witticism4 ,h5ce !  phrase devili% good 
has sometimes a lit]al mean+4    #i4 ,! 
mo/ intangible1 & !re=e ! wor/1 k9d (   
lie is a  half tru?4 ,?is is ! peculi>  
device ( a consci5ti\s  detractor4      
#aj4 ,rev]5ce is an ennobl+ s5tim5t2 x  
is felt to be degrad+  only by ! vulg>  
m9d1 :i* w\ld escape ! s5se ( its own   
littl5ess by elevat+ itself into an     
antagoni/ ( :at is above x4  ,he t has  
no pleasure 9 look+ up is n fit s mu* z 
to look  d[n4 ,( su* m9ds are mann]i/s 9
 ,art2 9 ! _w1 tyrants (  all sorts4    
#aa4 ,no "r judgm5t c ev] be =m$ on any 
subject hav+ a moral  or intellectual   
be>+ )\t b5evol5ce2 = s /rong is man's  
natural self-bias1 t1 )\t ?is re/ra9+   
pr9ciple1 he  ins5sibly becomes a       
competitor 9 all su* cases pres5t$ to 8 
m9d2 &1 :5 ! comp>ison is ?us made      

p]sonal1 unless ! odds  be immeasurably 
aga9/ him1 8 decision w r>ely be        
imp>tial4  ,9 o!r words1 no "o c see any
 ?+ z x really is ?r\gh !  mi/y         
spectacles ( self-love4 ,we mu/ wi% well
 to ano!r 9 ord]  to d him ju/ice4 ,n[ !
 virtue 9 ?is good-w is n to bl9d u  to 
8 faults1 b to our own rival & int]pos+ 
m]its4    #ab4 ,9 ! same degree t we    
ov]rate ourselves1 we %all und]rate     
o!rs2 = inju/ice all[$ at home is n     
likely to be correct$  abroad4 ,nev]1   
!re=e1 expect ju/ice f a va9 man2 if he 
has  ! negative magnanimity n to        
disp>age y1 x is ! mo/ y c  expect4     
#ac4 ,! ,phr5ologi/s are "r 9 plac+ !   
organ ( self-love 9  ! back ( ! head1 x 
be+ !re :]e a va9 man c>ries 8          
intellectual light2 ! consequ5ce ( :i*  
is1 t e man he  approa*es is obscur$ by 
8 own %ad[4    #ad4 ,no?+ is r>] ?an a  
solit>y lie2 = lies bre$ l ,sur9am      
toads2 y _c tell "o b out x comes ) a   
hundr$ "y ones  on its back4    #ae4 ,if
 ! :ole _w %\ld agree to speak no?+ b   

tru?1 :at  an abridgm5t x w\ld make (   
spee*6 ,& :at an unravell+ !re  w\ld be 
( ! invisible webs :i* m51 l s _m       
spid]s1 n[  weave ab\t ea* o!r6 ,b !    
conte/ betwe5 ,tru? & ,falsehood  is n[ 
pretty well balanc$4 ,7 x n s1 & _h !   
latt] !  ma/]y1 ev5 language w\ld soon  
become ext9ct1 f its v  uselessness4 ,! 
pres5t sup]fluity ( words is ! result ( 
!  w>f>e4    #af4 ,a wit*'s skiff _c m  
easily sail 9 ! tee? ( ! w9d1  ?an !    
human eye lie aga9/ fact2 b ! tru? w    
(t5]  quiv] ?r\gh lips ) a lie ^u !m4   
#ag4 ,an op5 br[ ) a cl5*$ h& %[s any ?+
 b an op5  purpose4    #ah4 ,x is a h>d 
matt] = a man to lie all ov]4 ,nature   
hav+ provid$ k+'s evid5ce 9 almo/ e     
memb]4 ,! h& w  sometimes act z a vane  
to %[ :i* way ! w9d bl[s1 :5 e  feature 
is set ! o!r way2 ! knees smite toge!r1 
& s\nd !  al>m ( fe>1 "u a fi]ce        
c\nt5ance2 & ! legs %ake )  ang]1 :5 all
 above is calm4    #ai4 ,nature obs]ves 
a v>iety ev5 9 h] correspond5ces2       
insomu*  t 9 p>ts :i* seem b repetitions

 !re w be f\nd a  diff]5ce4 ,= in/ance1 
9 ! human c\nt5ance1 ! two sides (  :i* 
are nev] id5tical4 ,:5ev] %e deviates   
into monotony1  ! deviation is always   
m>k$ z an exception by "s /rik+         
defici5cy2 z 9 idiots1 :o are ! only    
p]sons t laugh equally  on bo? sides ( !
 m\?4    ,! insipidity ( _m ( ! antique 
,/atues may be trac$ to !  false        
assumption ( id5tity 9 ! correspond+    
p>ts4 ,no "w  wr\ght by feel+ 7:i*1 aft]
 all1 is ! ultimate rule (  ,g5ius7 0   
ev] m>k$ by ?is monotony4    #bj4 ,he is
 b half an orator :o turns 8 he>]s into 
spectators4  ,! be/ ge/ures 7quoad !    
speak]7 are ^? :i* he _c  help4 ,an     
unconsci\s ?ump ( ! fi/ or j]k ( ! elb[ 
is m  to ! purpose1 7:atev] t may be17  
?an ! mo/ graceful  cut-&-dri$ action4  
,x matt]s n :e!r ! orator  p]sonates a  
trip-hamm] or a w9d-mill2 if 8 mill b   
move ) !  gri/1 or 8 hamm] knead ! iron 
b5ea? x1 he w n fail (  8 effect4 ,an   
imp]t95t ge/ure is m likely to knock d[n
 !  orator ?an 8 oppon5t4    #ba4 ,!    

only true indep5d5ce is 9 humility2 = ! 
humble man  exacts no?+1 & _c be        
mortifi$1--expects no?+1 & _c  be       
disappo9t$4 ,humility is also a heal+   
virtue2 x w cicatrize  a ?\s& w\nds1 :i*
 pride w\ld keep = ev] op54 ,b humility 
is n ! virtue ( a fool2 s9ce x is n     
consequ5t ^u any  comp>ison betwe5      
ourselves & o!rs1 b betwe5 :at we are & 
:at we ought to be1--:i* no man ev] 04  
#bb4 ,! greate/ ( all fools is ! pr\d   
fool1--:o is at ! m]cy  ( e fool he     
meets4    #bc4 ,!re is an ess5tial      
meanness 9 ! wi% to get !  bett] ( any  
"o4 ,! only competition wor?y1 ( a wise 
man is  ) himself4    #bd4 ,he t argues 
= victory is b a gambl] 9 words1 seek+  
to  enri* himself by ano!r's loss4      
#be4 ,"s m5 make _! ignorance ! measure 
( excell5ce2 ^!  are1 ( c\rse1 v        
fa/idi\s critics2 =1 kn[+ little1 !y c  
f9d b little to l4    #bf4 ,! ,pa9t] :o 
seeks popul>ity 9 ,art closes ! door ^u 
8  own g5ius4    #bg4 ,popul> excell5ce 
9 "o age is b ! me*anism ( :at  0 good 9

 ! prec$+2 9 ,art1 ! te*nic4    #bh4    
,make no man y\r idol1 = ! be/ man mu/ h
 faults2 & 8  faults w ins5sibly become 
y\rs1 9 addition to y\r own4 ,?is is  z 
true 9 ,art z 9 morals4    #bi4 ,a man (
 g5ius %\ld n aim at praise1 except 9 ! 
=m (  sympa?y2 ?is assures him ( 8      
success1 s9ce x meets !  feel+ :i*      
possess$ himself4    #cj4 ,orig9ality 9 
,art is ! individualiz+ ! ,univ]sal2 9  
o!r  words1 ! impregnat+ "s g5]al tru? )
 ! individual m9d4    #ca4 ,! pa9t] :o  
is cont5t ) ! praise ( ! _w 9 respect   
to :at does n satisfy himself1 is n an  
arti/1 b an artisan2  = ?\gh 8 rew>d be 
only praise1 8 pay is t ( a  me*anic1--=
 8 "t1 & n = 8 art4    #cb4 ,reputation 
is b a synonyme ( popul>ity2  dep5d5t on
 suffrage1 to be increas$ or dim9i%$ at 
! w (  ! vot]s4 ,x is ! creature1 s to  
speak1 ( its p>ticul> age1 or  r ( a    
p>ticul> /ate ( society2 consequ5tly1   
dy+ ) t  :i* su/a9$ x4 ,h5ce we c       
sc>cely g ov] a page ( hi/ory1  t we d  
n1 z 9 a *ur*-y>d1 tread ^u "s buri$    

reputation4 ,b fame _c be vot$ d[n1 hav+
 its imm$iate  f\ndation 9 ! ess5tial4  
,x is ! et]nal %ad[ ( excell5ce1  f :i* 
x c nev] be sep>at$2 nor is x ev] made  
visible b  9 ! light ( an intellect     
k9dr$ ) t ( its au?or4 ,x is  t light   
:i* projects ! %ad[ :i* is se5 ( !      
multitude1  to be wond]$ at & rev]5c$1  
ev5 :ile s little compreh5d$  z to be   
(t5 conf\nd$ ) ! sub/ance1--! sub/ance  
be+  admitt$ f ! %ad[1 z a matt] ( fai?4
 ,x is ! economy (  ,provid5ce to       
provide su* lights3 l ris+ & sett+ />s1 
!y  foll[ ea* o!r ?r\gh successive ages3
 & ?us ! monum5tal  =m ( ,g5ius /&s =   
ev] reliev$ aga9/ its own imp]i%able    
%ad[4    #cc4 ,all excell5ce ( e k9d is 
b v>iety ( tru?4 ,if we wi%1  !n1 =     
some?+ beyond ! true1 we wi% = t :i* is 
false4  ,accord+ to ?is te/1 h[ little  
tru? is !re 9 ,art6 ,little  inde$6 b h[
 mu* is t little to him :o feels x6     
#cd4 ,fame does n dep5d on ! w ( any    
man1 b ,reputation  may be giv5 or tak5 
away4 ,fame is ! sympa?y ( k9dr$        

intellects1 & sympa?y is n a subject (  
will+2 :ile  ,reputation1 hav+ its s\rce
 9 ! popul> voice1 is a s5t5ce  :i* may 
ei!r be utt]$ or suppress$ at pleasure4 
,reputation1  be+ ess5tially            
contemporane\s1 is always at ! m]cy (  !
 envi\s & ! ignorant2 b ,fame1 ^: v bir?
 is  po/hum\s1 & :i* is only kn[n to    
exi/ by ! e*o (  its foot/eps ?r\gh     
cong5ial m9ds1 c nei!r be increas$  nor 
dim9i%$ by any degree ( w4    #ce4 ,:at 
light is 9 ! natural _w1 su* is fame  9 
! intellectual2 bo? requir+ an atmosph]e
 9 ord]  to become p]ceptible4 ,h5ce !  
fame ( ,mi*ael ,angelo is1 to "s  m9ds1 
a non5tity2 ev5 z ! sun itself w\ld be  
invisible 9  vacuo4    #cf4 ,fame has no
 necess>y conjunction ) ,praise3 x may  
exi/ )\t  ! brea? ( a ^w2 x is a        
recognition ( excell5ce1 :i* mu/  be    
felt1 b ne$ n be spok54 ,ev5 ! envi\s   
mu/ feel x1--feel  x1 & hate x1 9       
sil5ce4    #cg4 ,i _c believe t any man 
:o des]v$ fame ev] labor$ =  x2 t is1   
directly4 ,=1 z fame is b ! cont+5t (   

excell5ce1 x w\ld be l an attempt to    
project a %ad[1 be=e  its sub/ance 0    
obta9$4 ,_m1 h[ev]1 h s fanci$4 ,i      
write1  ,i pa9t1 = fame1 has (t5 be5    
repeat$3 x %\ld h be51 ,i  write1 ,i    
pa9t1 = reputation4 ,all anxiety1 !re=e1
 ab\t ,fame  %\ld be plac$ to ! acc\nt (
 ,reputation4    #ch4 ,a man may be     
pretty sure t he has n atta9$           
excell5ce1 :5 x is n all 9 all to him4  
,nay1 ,i may add1  t1 if he looks beyond
 x1 he has n rea*$ x4 ,?is is n !  less 
true = be+ good ,iri%4    #ci4 ,an      
orig9al m9d is r>ely und]/ood1 until x  
has be5  reflect$ f "s half-doz5        
cong5ial ) x1 s av]se  are m5 to admitt+
 ! true 9 an unusual =m2 :il/ any       
novelty1 h[ev] fanta/ic1 h[ev] false1 is
 gre$ily swall[$4 ,nor  is ?is to be    
wond]$ at2 = all tru? dem&s a response1 
& few  p c>e to ?9k1 yet !y mu/ h some?+
 to supply  ! place ( ?\ght4 ,e m9d w\ld
 appe> orig9al1 if e man  _h ! p[] (    
project+ 8 own into ! m9d ( o!rs4       
#dj4 ,all ef=t at orig9ality mu/ end    

ei!r 9 ! qua9t or !  mon/r\s4 ,= no man 
kn[s himself z an orig9al2 he c only    
believe x on ! report ( o!rs to :om he  
is made kn[n1 z  he is by ! project+ p[]
 be=e spok5 (4    #da4 ,!re is "o ?+ :i*
 no man1 h[ev] g5]\sly dispos$1 c  give1
 b :i* e "o1 h[ev] poor1 is b\nd to pay4
 ,?is is  ,praise4 ,he _c give x1       
because x is n 8 own1--s9ce :at is      
dep5d5t = its v exi/5ce on some?+ 9     
ano!r c nev]  become to him a           
possession2 nor c he ju/ly )hold x1 :5 !
  pres5ce ( m]it claims x z a           
consequ5ce4 ,z praise1 !n1 _c  be made a
 gift1 s1 nei!r1 :5 n 8 due1 c any man  
receive x3  he may ?9k he does1 b he    
receives only words2 = des]t be+  !     
ess5tial condition ( praise1 !re c be no
 reality 9 ! "o  )\t ! o!r4 ,?is is no  
fanciful /atem5t2 =1 ?\gh praise may  be
 )held by ! ignorant or envi\s1 x _c be 
b t1 9 !  c\rse ( "t1 an exi/+ m]it w1  
on "s "o1 produce its  effects2 inasmu* 
z ! exi/5ce ( any cause )\t its effect  
is an  impossibility4 ,a fe>ful tru?    

lies at ! bottom ( ?is1 an  irrev]sible 
ju/ice = ! weal or woe ( him :o confirms
 or  violates x4           99       99  
99       99       99    ,f ! back ( a   
p5cil sket*4    ,let no man tru/ to !   
g5tl5ess1 ! g5]osity1 or seem+  goodness
 ( 8 he>t1 9 ! hope t !y alone c safely 
be> him  ?r\gh ! temptations ( ?is _w4  
,?is is a /ate ( probation1  & a p]il\s 
passage to ! true beg9n+ ( life1 :]e ev5
 !  be/ natures ne$ cont9ually to be    
rem9d$ ( _! weakness1 &  to f9d _! only 
security 9 /eadily ref]r+ all _! ?\ghts1
  acts1 affections1 to ! ultimate end ( 
_! be+3 yet :]e1  imp]fect z we are1 !re
 is no ob/acle too mighty1 no temptation
  too /rong1 to ! truly humble 9 he>t1  
:o1 di/ru/+ !mselves1  seek to be su/a9$
 only by t holy ,be+ :o is life & p[]1  
& :o1 9 8 love & m]cy1 has promis$ to   
give to ^? t  ask4--,su* 7 my           
reflections1 to :i* ,i 0 giv+ way on    
read+  ?is melan*oly /ory4    ,if he is 
satisfi$ ) !m1 he may re/ assur$ t he is
 nei!r  fitt$ = ?is _w nor ! next4 ,ev5 

9 ?is1 !re are wrongs &  sorr[s :i* no  
human rem$y c rea*2--no1 te>s _c re/ore 
:at is lo/4           99       99       
99       99       99    ,writt5 9 a book
 ( sket*es1 ) a p5cil4    ,a real debt (
 gratitude--t is1 f\nd$ on a dis9t]e/$  
act (  k9dness--_c be cancell$ by any   
subsequ5t unk9dness on ! "p  ( our      
b5efactor4 ,if ! favor be ( a pecuni>y  
nature1 we may1  inde$1 by return+ an   
equal or great] sum1 balance ! money$   
"p2  b we _c liquidate ! k9d motive by !
 sett+ (f aga9/  x any numb] ( unk9d    
ones4 ,= an aft] injury c no m undo a   
previ\s k9dness1 ?an we c prev5t 9 !    
future :at has happ5$  9 ! pa/4 ,s nei!r
 c a good act undo an ill "o3 a fe>ful  
tru?6  ,= good & evil h a moral life1   
:i* no?+ 9 "t c  ext+ui%2 ! in/ant !y   
exi/1 !y />t = ,et]nity4 ,h[1  !n1 c a  
man :o has once s9n$1 & :o has n (      
himself  cleans$ 8 s\l1 be fit = heav5  
:]e no s9 c ent]8 ,i seek n  to ent]    
into ! my/]y ( ! atonem5t1 :i* ev5 !    
angels  s\ght to compreh5d & c\ld n2 b  

,i feel its tru? 9 an  unutt]able       
conviction1 & t1 )\t x1 all fle% mu/    
p]i%4  ,equally deep1 too1 & unali5able1
 is my conviction t ! fruit (  s9 is    
mis]y4 ,a second bir? to ! s\l is !re=e 
a necessity  :i* s9 =ces ^u u4 ,ay1--b n
 aga9/ ! desp]ate w  t rejects x4       
,?is conclusion 0 n anticipat$ :5 ,i    
wrote ! fir/ s5t5ce (  ! prec$+         
p>agraph4 ,b x does n surprise me4 ,= x 
is b a  recurr5ce ( :at ,i h repeat$ly  
exp]i5c$2 namely1 t ,i nev]  light$ on  
any tru? :i* ,i inw>dly felt z su*1     
h[ev]  app>5tly remote f our religi\s   
be+1 7z1 = in/ance1 9 !  philosophy ( my
 art17 t1 by foll[+ x out1 did n f9d its
  illu/ration & confirmation 9 "s great 
doctr9e ( ! ,bible1--!  only true       
philosophy1 ! sole f\nta9 ( light1 :]e !
 d>k  que/ions ( ! und]/&+ :i* h s long 
/ood1 l *aotic  spectres1 betwe5 ! fall5
 s\l & its reason1 at once lose _!      
d>kness & _! t]ror4          ,!         
,hypo*ondriac4#d          ,he w\ld n    
ta/e1 b swall[$ life at once2    ,&     

sc>ce _h rea*$ 8 prime ere he _h bolt$1 
,) all its g>ni%1 mix$ ( sweet & s\r1   
,full f\rscore ye>s4 ,= he1 9 tru?1 did 
wot n    ,:at mo/ he crav$1 & s dev\r$  
all2    ,!n1 ) 8 gases1 foll[$          
,indige/ion1    ,mak+ x food =          
night-m>es & _! foals4      ,bridg54#e  
,x 0 ! op9ion ( an anci5t philosoph]1 t 
we c h no want  = :i* ,nature does n    
provide an appropriate gratification4 ,z
 x  reg>ds our physical wants1 ?is      
appe>s to be true4 ,b !re are  moral    
crav+s :i* ext5d beyond ! _w we live 92 
&1 7 we  9 a hea!n age1 w\ld s]ve u ) an
 unansw]able argum5t = !  immortality ( 
! s\l4 ,t ^! crav+s are felt by all1 !re
  c be no d\bt2 yet t all feel !m 9 !   
same degree w\ld be z  absurd to        
suppose1 z t e man possesses equal      
s5sibility or  und]/&+4 ,boswell's      
desires1 f 8 own acc\nt1 seem to h  be5 
limit$ to read+ ,%akspe>e 9 ! o!r       
_w1--:e!r )  or )\t 8 comm5tators1 he   
has left u to guess2 & ,newton  probably
 p9$ = ! sight ( ^? di/ant />s ^: light 

has  n yet rea*$ u4 ,:at orig9ally 0 !  
p>ticul> crav+ ( my  own m9d ,i _c n[   
recall2 b t ,i _h1 ev5 9 my boyi% days1 
an insatiable desire aft] some?+ :i*    
always elud$ me1 ,i well  rememb]4 ,z ,i
 grew into manhood1 my desires became   
less def9ite2 &  by ! "t ,i _h pass$    
?r\gh college1 !y seem$ to h resolv$    
!mselves into a g5]al passion = do+4    
,x is ne$less to enum]ate ! diff]5t     
subjects :i* "o aft]  ano!r engag$ me4  
,ma!matics1 metaphysics1 natural & moral
  philosophy1 7 ea* begun1 & ea* 9 turn 
giv5 up 9 a passion (  love & disgu/4   
,x is ! fate ( all inord9ate passions to
 meet _! extremes2  s 0 x ) m9e4 ,c\ld  
,i h pursu$ any ( ^! /udies )           
mod]ation1 ,i might h be5 to ?is day1   
p]haps1 bo? le>n$ &  happy4 ,b ,i c\ld  
be mod]ate 9 no?+4 ,n cont5t ) be+      
employ$1 ,i mu/ always be busy2 &       
bus9ess1 z e "o  kn[s1 if long cont9u$1 
mu/ end 9 fatigue1 & fatigue 9 disgu/1  
& disgu/ 9 *ange1 if t be               
practicable1--:i* un=tunately  0 my     

case4    ,! re/lessness occasion$ by ^! 
half-f9i%$ /udies br\ght  on a sev]e fit
 ( self-exam9ation4 ,:y is x1 ,i ask$   
myself1 t  ^! le>n$ works1 :i* h ea*    
furni%$ _! au?ors )  suffici5t excitem5t
 to effect _! completion1 %\ld ?us we>y 
me  be=e ,i get midway into !m8 ,x is   
pla9 en\gh4 ,z a read] ,i  am m]ely a   
recipi5t1 b ! compos] is an active ag5t2
 a va/  diff]5ce6 ,& n[ ,i c acc\nt = ! 
s+ul> pleasure1 :i*  a c]ta9 bad poet ( 
my acqua9tance always took 9 inflict+ 8 
v]ses on e "o :o w\ld li/5 to him2 ea*  
p]usal be+ b a  sort ( m5tal e*o ( !    
orig9al bliss ( composition4 ,i w set   
ab\t writ+ imm$iately4    ,hav+1 "t out 
( m9d1 he>d ! epi!t great c\pl$ )       
,hi/orians1 x 0 t1 ,i believe1 incl9$ me
 to write a hi/ory4  ,i *ose my subject1
 & began collat+1 & transcrib+1 night & 
day1 z if ,i _h n ano!r h\r to live2 &  
on ,i w5t ) !  indu/ry ( a /eam-eng9e2  
:5 x "o day occurr$ to me1 t1  ?\gh ,i  
_h be5 labor+ = mon?s1 ,i _h n yet _h   
occasion =  "o orig9al ?\ght4 ,p%aw6    

said ,i1 't is only mak+ new clo!s out  
( old ones4 ,i w h no?+ m to d ) hi/ory4
    ,z x is natural = a m9d sudd5ly     
disgu/$ ) me*anic toil to  seek relief f
 its opposite1 x c easily be imag9$ t my
 next  res\rce 0 ,poetry4 ,e "o rhymes  
n[-a-days1 & s c ,i4 ,%all  ,i write an 
,epic1 or a ,trag$y1 or a ,metrical     
,romance8 ,epics are out (  fa%ion2 ev5 
,hom] & ,virgil w\ld h>dly be read 9 our
 "t1 b  t p are unwill+ to admit _!     
s*ool+ to h be5 ?r[n  away4 ,z to       
,trag$y1 ,i am a mod]n1 & x is a settl$ 
?+ t no  mod]n c write a trag$y2 s ,i   
mu/ n attempt t4 ,!n  = ,metrical       
,romances1--:y1 !y are n[ manufactur$2  
&1 z !  ,ed9burgh ,review says1 may be  
import$ by u 9 bales4 ,i w b9d  myself  
to no p>ticul> class1 b give free play  
to my imag9ation4  ,) ?is resolution ,i 
w5t to b$1 z "o go+ to be inspir$4 ,!   
morn+ came2 ,i ate my breakfa/1 ?rew up 
! w9d[1 & plac$  myself 9 my elb[-*air  
be=e x4 ,an h\r pass$1 & no?+  occurr$  
to me4 ,b ?is ,i ascrib$ to a fit (     

laught] t seiz$  me1 at see+ a duck made
 drunk by eat+ rum-*]ries4 ,i turn$ my  
back on ! w9d[4 ,ano!r h\r foll[$1 !n   
ano!r1 & ano!r3  ,i 0 /ill z f> f poetry
 z ev]2 e object ab\t me seem$  b5t     
aga9/ my ab/raction2 ! c>d-racks        
fasc9at+ me l  s]p5ts1 & compell+ me to 
read1 z if ,i w\ld get !m by he>t1  ,dr4
 ,jobl91 ,mr4 ,cumb]back1 ,mr4 ,milton  
,bull1 c4 c4 ,i took up  my p51 drew a  
%eet ( pap] f my writ+-desk1 & fix$ my  
eyes  ^u t2--'t 0 all 9 va92 ,i saw no?+
 on x b ! wat]m>k1  ,d4 ,ames4 ,i laid  
d[n ! p51 clos$ my eyes1 & ?rew my  head
 back 9 ! *air4 ,are y wait+ to be %av$1
 ,sir8 said  a famili> voice4 ,i />t$   
up1 & ov]turn$ my s]vant4 ,no1          
blockhead6--,i am wait+ to be           
inspir$2--b ?is ,i add$  m5tally4 ,:at  
is ! cause ( my difficulty8 said ,i4    
,some?+ )9  me seem$ to reply1 9 ! words
 ( ,le>1 ,no?+ comes ( no?+4  ,!n ,i mu/
 seek a subject4 ,i ran ov] a doz5 9 a  
few m9utes1 *ose  "o aft] ano!r1 &1 ?\gh
 tw5ty ?\ghts v readily occurr$  on ea*1

 ,i 0 fa9 to reject !m all2 "s = want+  
pi?1 "s  = belong+ to prose1 & o!rs =   
hav+ be5 worn out 9 !  s]vice ( o!r     
poets4 ,9 a ^w1 my eyes began to op5 on 
! tru?1  & ,i felt conv9c$ t t only 0   
poetry :i* a man  writes because he _c  
help writ+2 ! irrepressible efflu5ce  ( 
8 secret be+ on e ?+ 9 sympa?y ) x1--a  
k9d (  fl[]+ ( ! s\l amid ! w>m? & !    
light ( nature4  ,i am no poet1 ,i      
exclaim$1 & ,i w n disfigure ,mr4 ,ames 
)  commonplace v]ses4    ,i "k n h[ ,i  
%\ld h borne ?is second disappo9tm5t1 _h
 n  ! title ( a new ,novel1 :i* !n came 
into my head1 sugge/$ a  trial 9 t bran*
 ( lett]s4 ,i w write a ,novel4 ,hav+   
come to  ?is det]m9ation1 ! next ?+ 0 to
 collect mat]ials4 ,!y mu/  be s\ght    
aft]1 said ,i1 = my late exp]im5t has   
satisfi$ me t  ,i might wait = ev] 9 my 
elb[-*air1 & !y w\ld nev] come to  me2  
!y mu/ be toil$ =1--n 9 books1 if ,i    
w\ld n deal 9  second-h&1--b 9 ! _w1 t  
inexhau/ible /oreh\se (  all k9ds (     
orig9als4 ,i !n turn$ ov] 9 my m9d !    

v>i\s  *>act]s ,i _h met ) 9 life2      
among/ ^! a few only seem$  fitt$ = any 
/ory1 & ^? r z accessories2 su* z a     
politician :o hat$ popul>ity1 a         
s5tim5tal grave-digg]1 & a  metaphysical
 rope-danc]2 b = a h]o1 ! gr& nucleus ( 
my  fable1 ,i 0 sorely at a loss4 ,?is1 
h[ev]1 did n disc\rage me4 ,i  knew he  
might be f\nd 9 ! _w1 if ,i w\ld only   
take ! tr\ble  to look = him4 ,= ?is    
purpose ,i jump$ into ! fir/ /age-coa*  
t pass$ my door2 x 0 immat]ial :i!r     
b\nd1 my object be+  m51 n places4 ,my  
fir/ day's j\rney (f]$ no?+ bett] ?an a 
sailor :o rebuk$ a memb] ( ,congress =  
swe>+4 ,b at ! ?ird  /age1 on ! second  
day1 z we 7 *ang+ horses1 ,i _h ! good  
=tune to light on a face :i* gave       
promise ( all ,i want$4 ,x 0  s         
rem>kable t ,i c\ld n take my eyes f x2 
! =ehead  might h be5 call$ h&some b = a
 pair ( enorm\s eyebr[s1  t seem$ to    
project f x l ! qu>t]-gall]ies ( a %ip1 
& b5ea? ^! 7 a c\ple ( small1 re/less1  
gray eyes1 :i*1  glanc+ 9 e direction f 

"u _! %aggy br[s1 sp>kl$  l ! int]mitt5t
 light ( fire-flies2 9 ! nose !re 0     
no?+ rem>kable1 except t x 0 cre/$ by a 
huge w>t ) a  small grove ( black hairs2
 b ! m\? made ample am5ds1 be+  altoge!r
 indescribable1 = x 0 s v>iable 9 its   
expression1  t ,i c\ld n tell :e!r x _h 
mo/ ( ! s>donic1 !  b5evol5t1 or !      
sangu9>y1 appe>+ to exhibit !m all 9    
succession ) equal vividness4 ,my       
att5tion1 h[ev]1 0 ma9ly  fix$ by !     
sangu9>y2 x came across me l an ea/ w9d1
 &  ,i felt a cold sweat damp+ my l952 &
 :5 ?is 0 sudd5ly  succe$$ by !         
b5evol5t1 ,i 0 sure ,i _h got at !      
secret (  8 "*1--no less ?an t ( a      
murd]] haunt$ by remorse4  ,delight$ )  
?is discov]y1 ,i made up my m9d to foll[
 ! own]  ( ! face :]ev] he w5t1 till ,i 
%\ld le>n 8 hi/ory4 ,i  accord+ly made  
an end ( my j\rney = ! pres5t1 ^u le>n+ 
t ! /rang] 0 to pass "s "t 9 ! place :]e
 we /opp$4  ,= ?ree days ,i made m9ute  
inquiries2 b all ,i c\ld ga!r 01  t he  
_h be5 a great travell]1 ?\gh ( :at     

c\ntry no "o  c\ld tell me4 ,on ! f\r?  
day1 f9d+ him on ! move1 ,i took        
passage 9 ! same coa*4 ,n[1 said ,i1 is 
my "t ( h>ve/4 ,b ,i  0 mi/ak52 =1 9    
spite ( all ! lures :i* ,i ?rew out to  
draw him into a communicative humor1 ,i 
c\ld get no?+ f him b  monosyllables4 ,s
 f> f abat+ my ardor1 ?is res]ve only ! 
m :ett$ my curiosity4 ,at la/ we /opp$  
at a pleasant village  9 ,new ,j]sey4   
,"h he seem$ a little bett] kn[n2 !     
innkeep]  inquir+ aft] 8 heal?1 & !     
ho/l] ask+ if ! balls he  _h suppli$ him
 ) fitt$ ! b>rels ( 8 pi/ols4 ,! latt]  
inquiry ,i ?\ght 0 accompani$ by a      
significant glance1 t  indicat$ a k on !
 ho/l]'s "p ( m ?an met ! e>2  ,i       
det]m9$ !re=e to s\nd him4 ,aft] a few  
g5]al rem>ks1 t  _h no?+ to d ) any ?+1 
by way ( introduction1 ,i began by  h9t+
 "s r&om surmises z to ! use to :i* !   
/rang] might  h put ! pi/ols he spoke (2
 inquir$ :e!r he 0 9 ! habit  ( load+ !m
 at night2 :e!r he slept ) !m "u 8      
pill[2  if he 0 9 ! practice ( burn+ a  

light :ile he slept2 & if  he did n     
sometimes awake ! family by groans1 or  
by walk+ )  agitat$ /eps 9 8 *amb]4 ,b x
 0 all 9 va91 ! man  prote/+ t he nev]  
knew any ?+ ill ( him4 ,p]haps1 ?\ght   
,i1 ! ho/l] hav+ ov]he>d 8 midnight     
w&]+s1 & detect$  8 crime1 is paid =    
keep+ ! secret4 ,i pump$ ! l&lord1 &  ! 
l&lady1 & ! b>maid1 & ! *amb]maid1 & !  
wait]s1  & ! cook1 & e ?+ t c\ld speak 9
 ! h\se2 /ill to  no purpose1 ea* end+ 8
 reply )1 ,"l1 ,sir1 he's z hone/ a     
g5tleman1 = aught ,i "k1 z any 9 ! _w2  
!n w\ld come a  "q1--,b p]haps y "k     
some?+ ( him y\rself8  ,:e!r my answ]1  
?\gh giv5 9 ! negative1 0 utt]$ 9 su* a 
tone z to imply an affirmative1 !reby   
excit+ suspicion1 ,i _c  tell2 b x is   
c]ta9 t ,i soon aft] p]ceiv$ a visible  
*ange  t[>ds him 9 ! deportm5t ( ! :ole 
h\sehold4 ,:5 he spoke to  ! wait]s1 _! 
jaws fell1 _! f+]s spread1 _! eyes      
roll$1  ) e symptom ( involunt>y action2
 & once1 :5 he ask$ !  l&lady to take a 
glass ( w9e ) him1 ,i saw h]1 "u pret5ce

  ( look+ out ( ! w9d[1 ?r[ x into !    
/reet2 9 %ort1 !  v scullion fl$ at 8   
approa*1 & a *amb]maid d>$ n  ent] 8    
room unless "u gu>d ( a l>ge ma/iff4 ,t 
^!  circum/ances 7 n unobs]v$ by him w  
appe> by :at foll[s4    ,?\gh ,i _h come
 no ne>] to facts1 ?is g5]al suspicion1 
add$ to  ! rem>kable circum/ance t no "o
 _h ev] he>d 8 "n 7be+  kn[n only z !   
g5tleman7 gave e day new life to my     
hopes4 ,he is ! v man1 said ,i2 & ,i    
began to revel 9 all !  luxury (        
detection1 :51 z ,i 0 "o night undress+ 
= b$1 my  att5tion 0 caught by ! foll[+ 
lett] on my table4        ,,sir1        
,if y are ! g5tleman y w\ld be ?\ght1 y 
w n      refuse satisfaction = !        
diabolical calumnies y h s              
unprovok$ly circulat$ aga9/ an innoc5t  
man4        ,y\r ob$i5t s]vant1         
,,timoleon ,,bub4        ,p4,s4 ,i %all 
expect y at five o'clock to-morr[ morn+1
 at !      ?ree elms1 by ! riv]-side4   
,?is invitation1 z may be well imag9$1  
discompos$ me n a  little4 ,:o ,mr4 ,bub

 01 or 9 :at way ,i _h injur$ him1      
puzzl$  me exce$+ly4 ,p]haps1 ?\ght ,i1 
he has mi/ak5 me = ano!r  p]son2 if s1  
my appe>+ on ! gr\nd w soon set matt]s  
"r4  ,) ?is p]suasion ,i w5t to b$1     
some:at calm] ?an ,i %\ld  o!rwise h    
be52 nay1 ,i 0 ev5 compos$ en\gh to     
div]t myself  ) ! folly ( "o be>+ s     
vulg> an appellation tak+ x into  8 head
 to play ! man ( honor1 & c\ld n help a 
waggi%  feel+ ( curiosity to see if 8 "n
 & p]son 7 9 keep+4    ,i woke myself 9 
! morn+ ) a l\d laugh1 = ,i _h dreamt ( 
meet+1 9 ! r$\btable ,mr4 ,bub1 a little
 pot-belli$ man1 ) a  r\nd face1 a r$   
snub-nose1 & a pair ( gooseb]ry         
wall-eyes4 ,my  fit ( pleasantry 0 f> f 
pass$ (f :5 ,i came 9 sight ( !  fatal  
elms4 ,i saw my antagoni/ pac+ ! gr\nd )
 consid]able  viol5ce4 ,ah6 said ,i1 he 
is try+ to escape f 8 unh]oic "n6  & ,i 
laugh$ aga9 at ! conceit2 b1 z ,i drew a
 little ne>]1  !re appe>$ a maje/ic     
altitude 9 8 figure v unlike :at ,i  _h 
se5 9 my dream1 & my laugh began to     

/iff5 into a k9d (  rigid gr94 ,!re n[  
came ^u me some?+ v l a misgiv+  t !    
affair might turn out to be no joke4 ,i 
felt an unacc\ntable  wi% t ?is ,mr4    
,bub _h nev] be5 born2 /ill ,i advanc$3 
b  if an arolite _h fall5 at my feet1 ,i
 c\ld n h be5 m  />tl$1 ?an :5 ,i f\nd 9
 ! p]son ( my *all5g]--!  my/]i\s       
/rang]4 ,! consequ5ces ( my curiosity   
imm$iately  ru%$ ^u me1 & ,i 0 no long] 
at a loss 9 :at way ,i _h  injur$ him4  
,all my m]rim5t seem$ to curdle )9 me2 &
 ,i felt  l a dog t _h got 8 head into a
 jug1 & sudd5ly f9ds he  _c extricate x4
 ,well met1 ,sir1 said ! /rang]2 n[     
take y\r gr\nd1 & abide ! consequ5ces ( 
y\r inf]nal  ins9uations4 ,^u my ^w1    
repli$ ,i1--^u my honor1 ,sir1--&  !re  
,i /uck1 = 9 tru? ,i knew n :at x 0 ,i 0
 go+ to say2  :5 ! /rang]'s second1     
advanc+1 exclaim$1 9 a voice :i*  ,i    
imm$iately recogniz$1 ,:y1 z\nds6       
,ra9b[1 are y !  man8 ,is x y1 ,h>man8  
,:at6 cont9u$ he1 my old classmate      
,ra9b[ turn$ sl&]]8 ,impossible6 ,inde$1

 ,mr4 ,bub1 !re mu/ be  "s mi/ake "h4   
,none1 ,sir1 said ! /rang]2 ,i h x on  !
 au?ority ( my respectable l&lord1 t1   
ev] s9ce ?is  g5tleman's arrival1 he has
 be5 incessant 9 8 attempts to black5   
my "* ) e p]son at ! inn4 ,nay1 my      
fri5d--,b ,i  put an end to ,h>man's    
fur!r def5ce ( me1 by tak+ him aside1  &
 frankly confess+ ! :ole tru?4 ,x 0 ) "s
 difficulty ,i  c\ld get ?r\gh !        
explanation1 be+ frequ5tly int]rupt$ )  
bur/s ( laught] f my auditor2 :i*1      
inde$1 ,i n[ began to  ?9k v natural4 ,9
 a ^w1 to cut ! /ory %ort1 my fri5d     
hav+ repeat$ ! conf]5ce v]batim to ,mr4 
,bub1 he 0  good-natur$ en\gh to jo9 9 !
 mir?1 say+1 ) "o ( 8 be/  s>donics1 he 
_h always _h a misgiv+ t 8 unlucky ugly 
face  w\ld "o day or o!r be ! dea? (    
somebody4 ,well1 we pass$ !  day toge!r1
 & hav+ crack$ a social bottle aft]     
d9n]1 p>t$1  ,i believe1 z he>tily      
fri5ds z we %\ld h be5 7:i* is say+  a  
great deal7 _h he inde$ prov$ ! favorite
 villa9 9 my ,novel4  ,b1 alas6 ) ! loss

 ( my villa91 away w5t ! ,novel4    ,"h 
aga9 ,i 0 at a /&2 & 9 va9 did ,i       
torture my bra9s  = ano!r pursuit4 ,b :y
 %\ld ,i seek "o8 ,9 =tune ,i h a       
compet5ce1--:y n be z indep5d5t 9 m9d8  
,!re are ?\s&s 9  ! _w ^: sole object 9 
life is to atta9 ! means ( liv+  )\t    
toil2 & :at is any lit]>y pursuit b a   
s]ies ( m5tal  labor1 ay1 & (t5times m  
we>y+ to ! spirits ?an t (  ! body4 ,^u 
! :ole1 ,i came to ! conclusion1 t x 0 a
 v  fooli% ?+ to d any ?+4 ,s ,i s]i\sly
 set ab\t try+ to d  no?+4    ,well1 :at
 ) :i/l+1 hamm]+ d[n all ! nails 9 !    
h\se  t _h />t$1 p>+ my nails1 pull+ my 
fire to pieces &  rebuild+ x1 *ang+ my  
clo!s to full dress ?\gh ,i d9$ alone1  
try+ to make out ! figure ( a ,cupid on 
my discolor$ ceil+1 &  ?9k+ ( a lady ,i 
_h n ?\ght ( = t5 ye>s be=e1 ,i got     
along ! fir/ week tol]ably well4 ,b by !
 middle ( ! second  week1--'t 0         
horrible6 ! h\rs seem$ to roll ov] me l 
mill-/ones4 ,:5 ,i awoke 9 ! morn+ ,i   
felt l an ,indian  devotee1 ! day com+  

^u me l ! great temple ( ,jugg]naut2    
crack+ ( my bones beg9n+ aft] breakfa/2 
& if ,i _h any  respite1 x 0 seldom = m 
?an half an h\r1 :5 a newspap]  seem$ to
 /op ! :eels2--!n away !y w5t1 crack1   
crack1 noon  & aft]noon1 till ,i f\nd   
myself by night r$uc$ to a p]fect       
jelly1--good = no?+ b to be ladl$ into  
b$1 ) a great]  horror ?an ev] at !     
?\ght ( sunrise4    ,?is w nev] d1 said 
,i2 a toad 9 ! he>t ( a tree lives a m  
com=table life ?an a no?+-do+ man2 & ,i 
began to p]ceive  a v deep mean+ 9 !    
truism ( some?+ be+ bett] ?an  no?+4 ,b 
is a precise object always necess>y to !
 m9d8 ,no3 if  x be b occupi$1 no matt] 
) :at4 ,t may easily be done4  ,i h     
already tri$ ! sci5ces1 & made abortive 
attempts 9  lit]ature1 b ,i h nev] yet  
tri$ :at is call$ g5]al  read+2--t1 ?ank
 ,heav51 is a res\rce inexhau/ible4 ,i w
  h5ce=? read only = amusem5t4 ,my fir/ 
exp]im5t 9 ?is way  0 on ,voyages &     
,travels1 ) occasional dipp+s into      
,%ipwrecks1  ,murd]s1 & ,gho/-/ories4 ,x

 succe$$ beyond my hopes2 mon? aft]     
mon? pass+ away l days1 & z = days1--,i 
almo/ fanci$ t  ,i c\ld see ! sun move4 
,h[ com=table1 ?\ght ,i1 ?us to travel  
ov] ! _w 9 my closet6 h[ delightful to  
d\ble ,cape ,horn &  cross ! ,african   
,des]t 9 my rock+-*air1--to trav]se     
,caffr>ia  & ! ,mogul's dom9ions 9 !    
same pleasant vehicle6 ,?is is liv+  to 
"s purpose2 "o day d9+ on b>becu$ pigs 9
 ,otaheite2 !  next 9 dang] ( p]i%+     
amid/ ! sn[s ( ,t]ra del ,fuego2 !n  to 
h a lion cross my pa? 9 ! he>t (        
,africa2 to run = my  life f a w\nd$    
rh9oc]os1 & sit1 by mi/ake1 on a sleep+ 
boa-con/rictor2--?is1 ?is1 said ,i1 is  
life6 ,ev5 ! dang]s ( !  sea 7 b        
heal?ful /imulants4 ,if ,i met ) a      
tornado1 x 0  only an agreeable v>iety2 
wat]-sp\ts & ice-isl&s gave me no  mann]
 ( al>m2 & ,i h seldom be5 m compos$ ?an
 :5  cat*+ a :ale4 ,9 %ort1 ! ease ) :i*
 ,i ?us circumnavigat$  ! globe1 &      
conv]s$ ) all its v>ieties (            
inhabitants1  exp&$ my b5evol5ce2 ,i    

f\nd e place1 & ev]ybody 9 x1  ev5 to ! 
,hott5tots1 va/ly agreeable4 ,b1 alas6  
,i 0 doom$  to discov] t ?is c\ld n la/ 
= ev]4 ,?\gh ,i 0 /ill  curi\s1 !re 7 no
 long] curiosities2 = ! _w is limit$1  &
 new c\ntries1 & new p1 l e ?+ else1 wax
 /ale on  acqua9tance2 ev5 gho/s &      
hurricanes become at la/ famili>2 &     
books gr[ old1 l ^? :o read !m4    ,i 0 
n[ at :at sailors call a dead lift2 be+ 
too old to build  ca/les = ! future1 &  
too dissatisfi$ ) ! life ,i _h  l$ to   
look back on ! pa/4 ,9 ?is /ate ( m9d1  
,i b\ght me a  snuffbox2 =1 z ,i c\ld n 
hone/ly recomm5d my disjo9t$ self  to   
any dec5t woman1 x seem$ a k9d ( duty 9 
me to contract su*  habits z w\ld       
effectually prev5t my tak+ 9 ! lady ,i  
_h once  ?\ght (4 ,i set to1 snuff+ away
 till ,i made my nose sore1 &  lo/ my   
appetite4 ,i !n ?rew my snuffbox into ! 
fire1 & took to  cig>s4 ,?is *ange      
appe>$ to revive me4 ,= a %ort "t ,i    
?\ght  myself 9 ,elysium1 & wond]$ ,i _h
 nev] tri$ !m be=e4 ,?\  fragrant we$6  

,o1 t ,i 7 a ,dut* poet1 ,i exclaim$1 t 
,i might  r5d] due honor to ?y          
unspeakable virtues6 ,ineffable tobacco6
 ,e  puff seem$ l oil p\r$ ^u tr\bl$    
wat]s1 & ,i felt an  inexpressible      
calmness /eal+ ov] my frame2 9 tru?1 x  
seem$  l a b5evol5t _s reconcil+ my s\l 
to my body4 ,b  mod]ation1 z ,i h be=e  
said1 0 nev] "o ( my virtues4 ,i  walk$ 
my room1 p\r+ out volumes l a mov+      
glass-h\se4 ,my  ap>tm5t 0 soon fill$ ) 
smoke2 ,i look$ 9 ! glass & h>dly  knew 
myself1 my eyes pe]+ at me1 ?r\gh !     
curl+ atmosph]e1  l ^? ( a poodle4 ,i !n
 retir$ to ! opposite end1 &  survey$ ! 
furniture2 no?+ reta9$ its orig9al =m or
  position2--! tables & *airs seem$ to  
loom f ! floor1 & my  gr&fa!r's picture 
to ?ru/ =w>d its nose l a ,fr5*-horn1   
:ile t ( my gr&mo!r1 :o 0 reckon$ a     
beauty 9 h] day1  look$1 9 h] hoop1 l h]
 husb&'s wig-block /uck on a tub4  ,:e!r
 ?is 0 a signal = ! fi5ds )9 me to beg9 
_!  op]ations1 ,i "k n2 b f t day ,i    
began to be :at is call$  n]v\s4 ,!     

un9t]rupt$ heal? ,i _h hi!rto enjoy$ n[ 
seem$  ! greate/ curse t c\ld h befall5 
me4 ,i _h nev] _h !  usual it9]ant      
di/emp]s2 x 0 v unlikely t ,i %\ld      
always  escape !m2 & ! dread ( _! com+  
^u me 9 my advanc$ age  made me p]fectly
 mis]able4 ,i sc>cely d>$ to /ir abroad2
  _h s&bags put to my doors to keep out 
! measles2 =bade my  neighb\rs' *ildr5  
play+ 9 my y>d to avoid ! :oop+-c\gh2   
&1 to prev5t infection f ! small-pox1 ,i
 ord]$ all my male  s]vants' heads to be
 %av$1 made ! coa*man & footman we> t[  
wigs1 & _h !m bo? regul>ly smok$ :5ev]  
!y return$ f  ! neighb\r+ t[n1 be=e !y 7
 all[$ to ent] my pres5ce4  ,nor 7 ^!   
all my mis]ies2 9 fact1 !y 7 b a sort ( 
runn+ base to a ?\s& o!r /range &       
frightful fancies2 !  m]e skeleton to a 
:ole body-corporate ( horrors4 ,i became
 dreamy1  0 haunt$ by :at ,i _h read1   
frequ5tly f9d+ a ,hott5tot1 or a        
boa-con/rictor1 9 my b$4 ,sometimes ,i  
fanci$ myself buri$ 9 "o  ( ! pyramids (
 ,egypt1 break+ my %9s aga9/ ! bones ( a

  sacr$ c[4 ,!n ,i ?\ght myself a       
kang>oo1 unable to move because         
somebody _h cut (f my tail4    ,9 ?is   
mis]able /ate ,i "o ev5+ ru%$ out ( my  
h\se4 ,i "k  n h[ f>1 or h[ long1 ,i _h 
be5 f home1 :51 he>+ a  well-kn[n voice1
 ,i sudd5ly /opp$4 ,x seem$ to belong to
 a face  t ,i knew2 yet h[ ,i %\ld "k x 
some:at puzzl$ me1 be+ !n  fully p]suad$
 t ,i 0 a ,*9ese ,jo%4 ,my fri5d 7z ,i  
aft]w>ds  le>n$ he 07 invit$ me to g to 
8 club4 ,?is1 ?\ght ,i1 is "o  ( my     
wor%ipp]s1 & !y h a "r to c>ry me :]ev] 
!y  please2 accord+ly ,i suff]$ myself  
to be l$4    ,i soon f\nd myself 9 an   
,am]ican tav]n1 & 9 ! mid/ ( a doz5     
grave g5tlem5 :o 7 empty+ a l>ge b[l (  
pun*4 ,!y ea*  salut$ me1 "s call+ me by
 "n1 o!rs say+ !y 7 happy to  make my   
acqua9tance2 b :at appe>$ q unacc\ntable
 0 my n  only und]/&+ _! language1 b    
kn[+ x to be ,engli%4 ,a  k9d ( reaction
 n[ began to take place 9 my bra94      
,p]haps1 said ,i1  ,i am n a ,jo%4 ,i 0 
urg$ to pl$ge my fri5d 9 a glass ( pun*2

  ,i did s2 my fri5d's fri5d1 & 8 fri5d1
 & all ! re/1 9  succession1 begg$ to h 
! same honor2 ,i compli$1 aga9  & aga91 
till at la/1 ! pun* hav+ fairly turn$ my
  head topsy-turvy1 right$ my und]/&+2 &
 ,i f\nd myself  myself4    ,?is happy  
*ange gave a pleasant fillip to my      
spirits4 ,i return$  home1 f\nd no mon/]
 9 my b$1 & slept quietly till ne> noon 
!  next day4 ,i arose ) a slight heada*e
 & a great admiration  ( pun*2 resolv+1 
if ,i did n cat* ! measles f my late    
adv5ture1 to make a second visit to !   
club4 ,no symptoms appe>+1  ,i w5t aga92
 & my reception 0 su* z l$ to a ?ird1 & 
a  f\r?1 & a fif? visit1 :5 ,i became a 
regul> memb]4 ,i believe  my inducem5t  
to ?is 0 a c]ta9 un9telligible some?+ 9 
?ree  or f\r ( my new associates1 :i* at
 once gratifi$ & kept alive  my         
curiosity1 9 _! lett+ out j en\gh (     
!mselves :ile ,i  0 ) !m to excite me :5
 alone to speculate on :at 0 kept  back4
 ,i wond]$ ,i _h nev] met ) su* *>act]s 
9 books2 &  ! k9d ( int]e/ !y awak5$    

began gradually to wid5 to o!rs4        
,h5ce=? ,i w live 9 ! _w1 said ,i2 't is
 my only rem$y4 ,a  man's own affairs   
are soon conn$2 he gets !m by he>t till 
!y  haunt him :5 he w\ld be rid ( !m2 b 
^? ( ano!r c  be kn[n only 9 "p1 :ile t 
:i* rema9s unreveal$ is a  nev]-end+    
/imulus to curiosity4 ,! only natural   
mode1 !re=e1  ( prev5t+ ! m9d prey+ on  
itself1--! only rational1 because  !    
only int]m9able employm5t1--is to be    
busy ab\t o!r p's  bus9ess4    ,! v>iety
 ( objects :i* ?is new c\rse ( life ea* 
day  pres5t$1 br\ght me at l5g? to a    
/ate ( sanity2 at lea/1 ,i 0  no long]  
dispos$ to conjure up remote dang]s to  
my door1 or *ew  ! cud on my indige/$   
pa/ read+2 ?\gh sometimes1 ,i confess1  
:5 ,i h be5 tempt$ to m$dle ) a v bad   
"*1 ,i h  inv>iably be5 ?reat5$ ) a     
relapse2 :i* leads me to ?9k !  exi/5ce 
( "s secret aff9ity betwe5 rogues &     
boa-con/rictors  is n unlikely4 ,9 a    
%ort "t1 h[ev]1 ,i _h e reason to       
believe myself completely cur$2 = ! days

 began to appe> ( _!  natural l5g?1 & ,i
 no long] saw e ?+ ?r\gh a pair (  blue 
spectacles1 b f\nd nature div]sifi$ by a
 ?\s& beautiful  colors1 & ! p ab\t me a
 ?\s& times m int]e/+ ?an  hy5as or     
,hott5tots4 ,! _w is n[ my only /udy1 & 
,i tru/ ,i  %all /ick to x = ! sake ( my
 heal?4          ,footnotes        #a ,!
 ,frightful is n ! ,t]rible1 ?\gh (t5   
conf\nd$ ) x4    #b ,see ,introductory  
,disc\rse4    #c ,!re is "o species (   
imitation1 h[ev]1 :i*1 z hav+ be5       
practis$ by "s ( ! mo/ orig9al m9ds1 &  
also sanction$ by !  able/ writ]s1 dem&s
 at lea/ a little consid]ation2 namely1 
!  adoption ( an attitude1 provid$ x be 
employ$ to convey a diff]5t  ?\ght4 ,s  
f>1 inde$1 z ! imitation has be5 conf9$ 
to a  sugge/ion1 & ! attitude adopt$ has
 be5 modifi$ by ! new subject1  to :i* x
 0 transf]r$1 by a di/9ct *ange ( "* &  
expression1 ?\gh ) b little v>iation 9 !
 disposition ( limbs1  we may n diss5t2 
su* imitations be+ virtually little m   
?an  h9ts1 s9ce !y end 9 ?\ghts ei!r    

totally diff]5t f1 or m  complete ?an1 !
 fir/4 ,?is we d n condemn1 = e ,poet1 z
 well  z ,arti/1 kn[s t a ?\ght s       
modifi$ is ( "r 8 own4 ,x is !          
transplant+ ( a tree1 n ! borr[+ ( a    
se$1 aga9/ :i* we  cont5d4 ,b :5 writ]s 
ju/ify ! appropriation1 ( entire        
figures1  )\t any su* *ange1 we d n     
agree ) !m2 & _c b ?9k  t ! examples !y 
h quot$1 z 9 ! ,sacrifice at ,ly/ra1 by 
,raffaelle1 & ! ,baptism1 by ,p\ss91 w  
fully support our position4  ,! antique 
basso rilievo :i* ,raffaelle has        
introduc$ 9 ! =m]1  be+ c]ta9ly imitat$ 
bo? z to l9es & gr\p+1 is s di/9ct1  bo?
 9 "* & =m1 f ! surr\nd+ figures1 z to  
r5d]  !m a di/9ct p1 & _! v air rem9ds u
 ( ano!r age4 ,we  _c b believe we %\ld 
h _h a v diff]5t gr\p1 & f>  sup]ior 9  
expression1 _h he giv5 u a conception ( 
8 own4 ,x w\ld  at lea/ h be5 9         
accordance ) ! re/1 animat$ ) !         
sup]/iti\s en?usiasm ( ! surr\nd+ cr[d2 
& especially z  sacrific+ ,prie/s w\ld  
!y h be5 amaz$ & awe-/rick5 9 !  liv+   

pres5ce ( a god1 in/ead ( p]sonat+1 z 9 
! pres5t gr\p1  ! cold (ficials ( !     
,temple1 go+ ?r\gh a /at$ task at !     
%r9e ( _! idol4 ,9 ! figure by ,p\ss91  
:i* he borr[$ f  ,mi*ael ,angelo1 !     
discrepancy is /ill great]4 ,! orig9al  
figure1  :i* 0 9 ! ,c>toon at ,pisa1 7n[
 kn[n only by a pr9t17 is t (  a w>rior 
:o has be5 sudd5ly r\s$ f ! act ( ba?+  
by !  s\nd ( a trumpet2 he has j leap$  
^u ! bank1 &1 9 8 ha/e to  obey its     
summons1 ?ru/s 8 foot ?r\gh 8 g>m5t4    
,no?+ c\ld be  m appropriate ?an !      
viol5ce ( ?is action2 x is 9 unison )  !
 hurry & bu/le ( ! occasion4 ,& ?is is !
 figure :i* ,p\ss9  7)\t ! slighte/     
*ange1 if we recollect aright7 has      
transf]r$ to  ! /ill & solemn sc5e 9 :i*
 ,john baptizes ! ,savi\r4 ,no "o c     
look at ?is figure )\t suspect+ !       
plagi>ism4 ,simil> in/ances  may be f\nd
 9 8 o!r works2 z 9 ! ,plague ( !       
,phili/9es1  :]e ! ,alcibiades (        
,raffaelle is coolly saunt]+ among !    
dead &  dy+1 & ) z little relation to ! 

infect$ multitude z if he 7  /ill )     
,socrates 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,a!ns4 ,9 ! same 
picture may be  f\nd also "o ( !        
,apo/les f ! ,c>toon ( ! ,draught (     
,fi%es3  & we may naturally ask :at     
bus9ess he has !re4 ,& yet su*          
appropriations h be5 made to appe> no   
!fts1 simply because no  attempt seems  
to h be5 made at concealm5t6 ,b !ft1 we 
mu/ be  all[$ to ?9k1 is /ill !ft1 :e!r 
committ$ 9 ! d>k1 or 9 !  face ( day4 ,&
 ! example is a dang]\s "o1 inasmu* z x 
comes f  m5 :o 7 n con/ra9$ to resort to
 su* %ifts by any pov]ty (  inv5tion4   
,ak9 to ?is is ano!r & l>g] k9d (       
borr[+1 :i*1 ?\gh x  _c /rictly be call$
 copy+2 yet s evid5tly betrays a =eign  
orig91 z to produce ! same effect4 ,we  
allude to ! adoption ( !  peculi> l9es1 
h&l+1 & disposition ( masses1 c41 ( any 
p>ticul> ma/]4    #d ,fir/ pr9t$ 9      
#ahba1 9 ,! ,idle ,man1 ,no4 ,,ii p4    
#ch4    #e ,a feign$ "n4--,editor4