,illustration3 ,a ,fern ,lover ,the ,fern ,lover's ,companion ,a ,guide for the ,northeastern ,states and ,canada ,,by ,,george ,,henry ,,tilton1 ,a4,m4 ,this world's no blot for us ,nor blank2 it means intensely and it means good ,to find its meaning is my meat and drink4 ,illustration ,,dedication ,to ,alice ,d4 ,clark1 engraver of these illustrations1 who has spared no pains to promote the artistic excellence of this work1 and to encourage its progress1 these pages are dedicated with the high regards of ,,the ,,author4 ,,contents ,list of ,illustrations ,preface ,introduction ,key to ,genera ,classification of ,ferns ,the ,polypodies ,the ,bracken ,group3 ,bracken ,cliff ,brakes ,rock ,brake ,the ,lip ,ferns 7,cheilanthes7 ,the ,cloak ,fern 7,notholaena7 ,the ,chain ,ferns ,the ,spleenworts3 ,the ,rock ,spleenworts4 ,asplenium ,the ,large ,spleenworts4 ,athyrium ,hart's ,tongue and ,walking ,leaf ,the ,shield ,ferns3 ,christmas and ,holly ,fern ,marsh ,fern ,tribe ,the ,beech ,ferns ,the ,fragrant ,fern ,the ,wood ,ferns ,the ,bladder ,ferns ,the ,woodsias ,the ,boulder ,fern 7,dennstaedtia7 ,sensitive and ,ostrich ,ferns ,the ,flowering ,ferns 7,osmunda7 ,curly ,grass and ,climbing ,fern ,adder's ,tongue ,the ,grape ,ferns3 ,key to the ,grape ,fern ,moonwort ,little ,grape ,fern ,lance-leaved ,grape ,fern ,matricary ,fern ,common ,grape ,fern ,rattlesnake ,fern ,filmy ,fern ,noted ,fern ,authors ,fern ,literature ,time ,list for ,fruiting of ,ferns ,glossary ,note3 ,meaning of ,genus and ,species ,checklist ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,a ,fern ,lover ,prothallium ,diagram ,pinnate ,frond ,bipinnate ,frond ,pinnatifid ,frond ,spore ,cases ,linen ,tester ,curly ,grass4 ,schizaea ,cinnamon ,fern4 ,osmunda cinnamomea ,sensitive ,fern4 ,onoclea sensibilis ,ostrich ,fern4 ,onoclea ,struthiopteris ,interrupted ,fern4 ,osmunda ,claytoniana ,climbing ,fern4 ,lygodium ,flowering ,fern4 ,osmunda regalis spectabilis ,adder's ,tongue4 ,ophioglossum ,grape ,fern4 ,botrychium ,polypody4 ,polypodium ,beech ,fern4 ,phegopteris ,cloak ,fern4 ,notholaena ,filmy ,fern4 ,trichomanes ,bracken4 ,pteris ,maidenhair4 ,adiantum ,cliff ,brake4 ,pellaea ,lip ,fern4 ,cheilanthes ,rock ,brake4 ,cryptogramma ,chain ,fern4 ,woodwardia ,shield ,fern4 ,polystichum ,wood ,fern4 ,aspidium ,bladder ,fern4 ,cystopteris ,woodsia ,hayscented ,fern4 ,dennstaedtia ,hart's ,tongue4 ,scolopendrium ,walking ,fern4 ,camptosorus ,asplenium ,type ,athyrium ,type ,sporangia of the ,five ,families ,indusium ,common ,polypody4 ,polypodium vulgare ,sori of ,polypody ,polypody in mass 7,greenwood7 ,gray ,polypody4 ,polypodium incanum ,brake4 ,bracken4 ,sterile ,frond ,bracken4 ,fertile ,frond ,bracken1 var4 pseudocaudata ,spray of ,maidenhair ,sori of ,maidenhair ,maidenhair4 ,adiantum pedatum ,alpine ,maidenhair ,venus-,hair ,fern4 ,adiantum capillus-veneris ,purple ,cliff ,brake4 ,pellaea atropurpurea ,dense ,cliff ,brake4 ,cryptogramma densa ,slender ,cliff ,brake4 ,cryptogramma ,stelleri ,parsley ,fern4 ,cryptogramma acrostichoides ,alabama ,lip ,fern4 ,cheilanthes alabamensis ,hairy ,lip ,fern4 ,cheilanthes lanosa ,slender ,lip ,fern4 ,cheilanthes ,feei ,pinnae of ,slender ,lip ,fern ,powdery ,cloak ,fern4 ,notholaena dealbata ,common ,chain ,fern4 ,woodwardia virginica ,net-veined ,chain ,fern4 ,woodwardia areolata ,the ,spleenworts ,pinnatifid ,spleenwort4 ,asplenium pinnatifidum ,scott's ,spleenwort4 ,asplenium ebenoides ,green ,spleenwort4 ,asplenium viride ,maidenhair ,spleenwort4 ,asplenium ,trichomanes ,maidenhair ,spleenwort4 ,asplenium ,trichomanes 7,fernery7 ,ebony ,spleenwort4 ,asplenium platyneuron ,bradley's ,spleenwort4 ,asplenium ,bradleyi ,mountain ,spleenwort4 ,asplenium montanum ,rue ,spleenwort4 ,asplenium ,ruta-muraria ,rootstock of ,lady ,fern 7,two parts7 ,sori of ,lady ,fern4 ,athyrium angustum ,varieties of ,lady ,fern ,lowland ,lady ,fern4 ,athyrium asplenioides ,silvery ,spleenwort4 ,athyrium acrostichoides ,narrow-leaved ,spleenwort4 ,athyrium angustifolium ,pinnae and ,sori of ,athyrium angustifolium ,sori of ,scolopendrium vulgare ,hart's ,tongue4 ,scolopendrium vulgare ,walking ,fern4 ,camptosorus rhizophyllus ,christmas ,fern4 ,polystichum acrostichoides ,varieties of ,christmas ,fern ,braun's ,holly ,fern4 ,polystichum ,braunii ,holly ,fern4 ,polystichum ,lonchitis ,marsh ,fern4 ,aspidium ,thelypteris ,marsh ,fern1 in the mass ,massachusetts ,fern4 ,aspidium simulatum ,new ,york ,fern4 ,aspidium noveboracense ,sori of ,aspidium noveboracense ,pinnae and ,sori of ,aspidium noveboracense ,oak ,fern4 ,phegopteris ,dryopteris ,northern ,oak ,fern4 ,phegopteris ,robertiana ,broad ,beech ,fern4 ,aspidium hexagonoptera ,long ,beech ,fern4 ,aspidium polypedioides ,fragrant ,fern4 ,aspidium fragrans ,marginal ,shield ,fern4 ,aspidium marginale ,crown of ,fronds of ,aspidium marginale ,sori of ,aspidium marginale ,male ,fern4 ,aspidium ,filix-mas ,aspidium ,filix-mas and details ,goldie's ,shield ,fern4 ,aspidium ,goldianum ,aspidium ,goldianum1 in the mass ,crested ,shield ,fern4 ,aspidium cristatum ,crested ,shield ,fern4 ,aspidium cristatum 7,no4 #b7 ,clinton's ,shield ,fern4 ,aspidium cristatum var4 ,clintonianum ,crested ,marginal ,fern4 ,aspidium cristatum x marginale ,aspidium cristatum x marginale1 in the mass ,boott's ,shield ,fern4 ,aspidium ,boottii ,spinulose ,shield ,fern4 ,aspidium spinulosum ,aspidium spinulosum var4 intermedium ,aspidium spinulosum var4 americanum ,bulblet ,bladder ,fern4 ,cystopteris bulbifera ,cystopteris bulbifera with sprouting bulb ,fragile ,bladder ,fern4 ,cystopteris fragilis ,rusty ,woodsia4 ,woodsia ilvensis ,northern ,woodsia4 ,woodsia alpina ,details of ,alpine ,woodsia ,blunt-lobed ,woodsia4 ,woodsia obtusa ,smooth ,woodsia4 ,woodsia glabella ,hayscented ,fern4 ,dennstaedtia punctilobula ,forked variety of ,dennstaedtia punctilobula ,field ,view of ,dennstaedtia punctilobula ,pinnae and ,sori of ,dennstaedtia punctilobula ,meadow ,view of ,sensitive ,fern ,obtusilobata ,forms of ,sensitive ,fern1 ,leaf to ,fruit ,sori of ,sensitive ,fern ,sensitive ,fern4 ,onoclea sensibilis ,sensitive ,fern1 ,fertile and ,sterile ,fronds on ,same ,plant ,ostrich ,fern4 ,onoclea ,struthiopteris4 ,fertile ,fronds ,ostrich ,fern4 ,sterile ,fronds ,sori and ,sporangia of ,ostrich ,fern ,royal ,fern4 ,osmunda regalis spectabilis ,sori of ,royal ,fern ,interrupted ,fern4 ,osmunda ,claytoniana ,interrupted ,fern4 ,fertile ,pinnules ,spread ,open ,cinnamon ,fern4 ,osmunda cinnamomea ,cinnamon ,fern4 ,leaf ,gradations ,two ,varieties of ,cinnamon ,fern ,osmunda cinnamomea glandulosa ,curly ,grass4 ,schizaea pusilla ,sporangia of ,curly ,grass ,climbing ,fern4 ,lygodium palmatum ,adder's ,tongue4 ,ophioglossum vulgatum ,moonwort4 ,botrychium ,lunaria ,moonwort1 ,details ,little ,grape ,fern4 ,botrychium simplex ,lance-leaved ,grape ,fern4 ,botrychium lanceolatum ,matricary ,grape ,fern4 ,botrychium ramosum ,common ,grape ,fern4 ,botrychium obliquum ,botrychium obliquum var4 dissectum ,botrychium obliquum var4 oneidense ,ternate ,grape ,fern4 ,botrychium ternatum var4 intermedium ,ternate ,grape ,fern4 ,b4 ternatum var4 intermedium ,rattlesnake ,fern4 ,botrychium virginianum ,filmy ,fern4 ,trichomanes ,boschianum ,fruiting ,pinnules of ,filmy ,fern ,crosiers ,noted ,fern ,authors ,spray of the ,bulblet ,bladder ,fern ,,preface ,a lover of nature feels the fascination of the ferns though he may know little of their names and habits4 ,beholding them in their native haunts1 adorning the rugged cliffs1 gracefully fringing the water-courses1 or waving their stately fronds on the borders of woodlands1 he feels their call to a closer acquaintance4 ,happy would he be to receive instruction from a living teacher3 ,his next preference would be the companionship of a good fern book4 ,such a help we aim to give him in this manual4 ,if he will con it diligently1 consulting its glossary for the meaning of terms while he quickens his powers of observation by studying real specimens1 he may hope to learn the names and chief qualities of our most common ferns in a single season4 ,our most productive period in fern literature was between #ahgh1 when ,williamson published his ,ferns of ,kentucky1 and #aije1 when ,clute issued1 ,our ,ferns in ,their ,haunts4 ,between these flourished ,d4,c4 ,eaton1 ,davenport1 ,waters1 ,dodge1 ,parsons1 ,eastman1 ,underwood1 ,a4,a4 ,eaton1 ,slosson1 and others4 ,all their works are now out of print except ,clute's just mentioned and ,mrs4 ,parsons' ,how to ,know the ,ferns4 ,both of these are valuable handbooks and amply illustrated4 ,clute's is larger1 more scholarly1 and more inclusive of rare species1 with an illustrated key to the genera2 while ,mrs4 ,parsons' is more simple and popular1 with a naive charm that creates for it a constant demand4 ,we trust there is room also for this unpretentious1 but progressive1 handbook1 designed to stimulate interest in the ferns and to aid the average student in learning their names and meaning4 ,its geographical limits include the northeastern states and ,canada4 ,its nomenclature follows in the main the seventh edition of ,gray's ,manual1 while the emendations set forth in ,rhodora1 of ,october1 #aiai1 and also a few terms of later adoption are embodied1 either as synonyms or substitutes for the more familiar ,latin names of the ,manual1 and are indicated by a different type4 ,in every case the student has before him both the older and the more recent terms from which to choose4 ,however1 since the book is written primarily for lovers of ,nature1 many of whom are unfamiliar with scientific terms1 the common ,english names are everywhere given prominence1 and strange to say are less subject to change and controversy than the ,latin4 ,there is no doubt what species is meant when one speaks of the ,christmas fern1 the ostrich fern1 the long beech fern1 the interrupted fern1 etc4 ,the use of the common names will lead to the knowledge and enjoyment of the scientific terms4 ,a friend unfamiliar with ,latin has asked for pointers to aid in pronouncing the scientific names of ferns4 ,following ,gray1 ,wood1 and others we have marked each accented syllable with either the grave 77 or acute 77 accent1 the former showing that the vowel over which it stands has its long sound1 while the latter indicates the short or modified sound4 ,let it be remembered that any syllable with either of these marks over it is the accented syllable1 whose sound will be long or short according to the slant of the mark4 ,we have appropriated from many sources such material as suited our purpose4 ,our interest in ferns dates back to our college days at ,amherst1 when we collected our first specimens in a rough1 bushy swamp in ,hadley4 ,we found here a fine colony of the climbing fern 7,lygodium74 ,we recall the slender fronds climbing over the low bushes1 unique twiners1 charming1 indeed1 in their native habitat4 ,we have since collected and studied specimens of nearly every ,new ,england fern1 and have carefully examined most of the other species mentioned in this book4 ,by courtesy of the librarian1 ,mr4 ,william ,p4 ,rich1 we have made large use of the famous ,davenport herbarium in the ,massachusetts ,horticultural library1 and through the kindness of the daughter1 ,miss ,mary ,e4 ,davenport1 we have freely consulted the larger unmounted collection of ferns at the ,davenport homestead1 at ,medford1#a finding here a very large and fine assortment of ,botrychiums1 including a real ,b4 ternatum from ,japan4 ,footnote #a3 ,recently donated to the ,gray ,herbarium4 ,for numerous facts and suggestions we are indebted to the twenty volumes of the ,fern ,bulletin1 and also to its able editor1 ,mr4 ,willard ,n4 ,clute4 ,to him we are greatly obligated for the use of photographs and plates1 and especially for helpful counsel on many items4 ,we appreciate the helpfulness of the ,american ,fern ,journal and its obliging editor1 ,mr4 ,e4,j4 ,winslow4 ,to our friend1 ,mr4 ,c4,h4 ,knowlton1 our thanks are due for the revision of the checklist and for much helpful advice1 and we are grateful to ,mr4 ,s4,n4,f4 ,sanford1 of the ,boston ,society of ,natural ,history1 for numerous courtesies2 but more especially to ,mr4 ,c4,a4 ,weatherby for his expert and helpful inspection of the entire manuscript4 ,the illustrations have been carefully selected2 many of them from original negatives bequeathed to the author by his friend1 ,henry ,lincoln ,clapp1 pioneer and chief promoter of school gardens in ,america4 ,some have been photographed from the author's herbarium1 and from living ferns4 ,a few are from the choice herbarium of ,mr4 ,george ,e4 ,davenport1 and also a few reprints have been made from fern books1 for which due credit is given4 ,the ,scott's spleenwort1 on the dedication page1 is reprinted from ,clute's ,our ,ferns in ,their ,haunts4 ,,introduction ,thoreau tells us1 ,nature made a fern for pure leaves4 ,fern leaves are in the highest order of cryptogams4 ,like those of flowering plants they are reinforced by woody fibres running through their stems1 keeping them erect while permitting graceful curves4 ,their exquisite symmetry of form1 their frequent finely cut borders1 and their rich shades of green combine to make them objects of rare beauty2 while their unique vernation and method of fruiting along with their wonderful mystery of reproduction invest them with marked scientific interest affording stimulus and culture to the thoughtful mind4 ,by peculiar enchantments these charming plants allure the ardent ,nature-lover to observe their haunts and habits4 ,oh1 then most gracefully they wave ,in the forest1 like a sea1 ,and dear as they are beautiful ,are these fern leaves to me4 ,as a rule the larger and coarser ferns grow in moist1 shady situations1 as swamps1 ravines1 and damp woods2 while the smaller ones are more apt to be found along mountain ranges in some dry and even exposed locality4 ,a tiny crevice in some high cliff is not infrequently chosen by these fascinating little plants1 which protect themselves from drought by assuming a mantle of light wool1 or of hair and chaff1 with1 perhaps1 a covering of white powder as in some cloak ferns--thus keeping a layer of moist air next to the surface of the leaf1 and checking transpiration4 ,some of the rock-loving ferns in dry places are known as resurrection ferns1 reviving after their leaves have turned sere and brown4 ,a touch of rain1 and lo6 they are green and flourishing4 ,ferns vary in height from the diminutive filmy fern of less than an inch to the vast tree ferns of the tropics1 reaching a height of sixty feet or more4 ,,reproduction ,ferns are propagated in various ways4 ,a frequent method is by perennial rootstocks1 which often creep beneath the surface1 sending up1 it may be1 single fronds1 as in the common bracken1 or graceful leaf-crowns1 as in the cinnamon fern4 ,the bladder fern is propagated in part from its bulblets1 while the walking leaf bends over to the earth and roots at the tip4 ,illustration3 ,,male ,,shield ,,fern4 ,fern ,reproduction by the ,prothallium ,ferns are also reproduced by spores1 a process mysterious and marvellous as a fairy tale4 ,instead of seeds the fern produces spores1 which are little one-celled bodies without an embryo and may be likened to buds4 ,a spore falls upon damp soil and germinates1 producing a small1 green1 shield-shaped patch much smaller than a dime1 which is called a prothallium 7or prothallus74 ,on its under surface delicate root hairs grow to give it stability and nutriment2 also two sorts of reproductive organs known as antheridia and archegonia1 the male and female growths analogous to the stamens and pistils in flowers4 ,from the former spring small1 active1 spiral bodies called antherozoids1 which lash about in the moisture of the prothallium until they find the archegonia1 the cells of which are so arranged in each case as to form a tube around the central cell1 which is called the ooesphere1 or egg-cell1 the point to be fertilized4 ,when one of the entering antherozoids reaches this point the desired change is effected1 and the canal of the archegonium closes4 ,the empty ooesphere becomes the quickened ooesphore whose newly begotten plant germ unfolds normally by the multiplication of cells that become1 in turn1 root1 stem1 first leaf1 etc41 while the prothallium no longer needed to sustain its offspring withers away4#a ,footnote #a3 ,in the accompanying illustration1 it should be remembered that the reproductive parts of a fern are microscopic and cannot be seen by the naked eye4 ,fern plants have been known to spring directly from the prothallus by a budding process apart from the organs of fertilization1 showing that ,nature fulfills herself in many ways4#b ,footnote #b3 ,the scientific term for this method of reproduction is apogamy 7apart from marriage74 ,sometimes the prothallus itself buds directly from the frond without spores1 for which process the term apospory is used4 7,meaning1 literally1 without spores47 ,,vernation ,all true ferns come out of the ground head foremost1 coiled up like a watch-spring1 and are designated as fiddle-heads1 or crosiers4 7,a real crosier is a bishop's staff47 ,some of these odd young growths are covered with fern wool1 which birds often use in lining their nests4 ,this wool usually disappears later as the crosier unfolds into the broad green blade4 ,the development of plant shoots from the bud is called vernation 7,latin1 ver meaning spring71 and this unique uncoiling of ferns1 circinnate vernation4 ,,veins ,the veins of a fern are free1 when1 branching from the mid-vein1 they do not connect with each other1 and simple when they do not fork4 ,when the veins intersect they are said to anastomose 7,greek1 an opening1 or network71 and their meshes are called areolae or areoles 7,latin1 areola1 a little open space74 ,,explanation ,,of ,,terms ,a frond is said to be pinnate 7,latin1 pinna1 a feather71 when its primary divisions extend to the rachis1 as in the ,christmas fern 7,fig4 #a74 ,a frond is bipinnate 7,latin1 bis1 twice7 when the lobes of the pinnae extend to the midvein as in the royal fern 7,fig4 #b74 ,these divisions of the pinnae are called pinnules4 ,when a frond is tripinnate the last complete divisions are called ultimate pinnules or segments4 ,a frond is pinnatifid when its lobes extend halfway or more to the rachis or midvein as in the middle lobes of the pinnatifid spleenwort 7,fig4 #c74 ,the pinnae of a frond are often pinnatifid when the frond itself is pinnate2 and a frond may be pinnate in its lower part and become pinnatifid higher up as in the pinnatifid spleenwort just mentioned 7,fig4 #c74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c ,the divisions of a pinnatifid leaf are called segments2 of a bipinnatifid or tripinnatifid leaf1 ultimate segments4 ,,sporangia ,,and ,,fruit ,,dots ,fern spores are formed in little sacs known as spore-cases or sporangia 7,fig4 #d74 ,they are usually clustered in dots or lines on the back or margin of a frond1 either on or at the end of a small vein1 or in spike-like racemes on separate stalks4 ,sori 7singular sorus1 a heap71 or fruit dots may be naked as in the polypody1 but are usually covered with a thin1 delicate membrane1 known as the indusium 7,greek1 a dress1 or mantle74 ,the family or genus of a fern is often determined by the shape of its indusium2 e4g41 the indusium of the woodsias is star-shaped2 of the ,dicksonias1 cup-shaped2 of the aspleniums1 linear2 of the wood ferns1 kidney-shaped1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d ,in many ferns the sporangia are surrounded in whole or in part by a vertical1 elastic ring 7annulus7 reminding one of a small1 brown worm closely coiled 7,fig4 #d74 ,as the spores mature1 the ring contracts and bursts with considerable force1 scattering the spores4 ,the spores of the different genera mature at different times from ,may to ,september4 ,a good time to collect ferns is just before the fruiting season4 7,for times of fruiting see individual descriptions or chronological chart on page #bbj47 ,,helpful ,,hints ,the following hints may be helpful to the young collector3 #a4 ,a good lens with needles for dissecting is very helpful in examining the sori1 veins1 glands1 etc41 as an accurate knowledge of any one of these items may aid in identifying a given specimen4 ,bausch and ,lomb make a convenient two-bladed pocket glass for about two dollars4#a ,footnote #a3 ,in the linen tester here figured 7cost #a4ej7 the lens is mounted in a brass frame which holds it in position1 enabling the dissector to use both hands4 ,a tripod lens will also be found cheap and serviceable4 ,illustration #b4 ,do not exterminate or weaken a fern colony by taking more plants than it can spare4 ,in small colonies of rare ferns take a few and leave the rest to grow4 ,it is decidedly ill-bred to rob a locality of its precious plants4 ,pick your fern leaf down close to the root-stock1 including a portion of that also1 if it can be spared4 ,place your fronds between newspaper sheets and lay dryers over them 7blotting paper or other absorbent paper74 ,cover with a board or slat frame1 and lay on this a weight of several pounds1 leaving it for twenty-four hours2 if the specimens are not then cured1 change the dryers4 ,mount the prepared specimens on white mounting sheets4 ,the regulation size is #af-a_/b by #aa-a_/b inches4 ,the labels are usually #c-c_/d by #a-c_/d inches4 ,a sample will suggest the proper inscription4 ,,herbarium ,,of ,,john ,,doe ,ophioglossum vulgatum1 ,l4 7,adder's ,tongue7 ,willoughby ,lake1 ,vt4 ,august #ai1 #aiaa4 ,wet meadow4 ,coll4 ,x4,y4,z4 ,rather common but often overlooked ,place the label at the lower right-hand corner of the sheet1 which is now ready to be laid in the genus cover1 usually of manila paper #af-a_/b by #ab inches4 ,it is well to jot down important memoranda at the time of collecting4 ,this is the method in use at the ,gray ,herbarium in ,cambridge4 ,it can1 of course1 be modified to suit one's own taste or convenience4 ,the young collector can begin by simply pressing his specimens between the leaves of a book1 the older and coarser the better2 and he can mount them in a blank book designed for the purpose1 or if he has only a common blank book1 he can cut out some of the leaves1 alternately with others left in place1 as is often done with a scrap book1 that when the book is full it may not be crowded at the back4 ,or he can use sheets of blank paper of any uniform size and mount the specimens on these with gummed strips1 and then group them1 placing those of the same genus together4 ,such an extemporized herbarium1 though crude1 will serve for a beginning1 while stimulating his interest1 and advancing his knowledge of the ferns4 ,let him collect1 press1 and mount as many varieties as possible1 giving the name with date and place of collecting1 etc4 ,such a first attempt may be kept as a reminder of pleasant hours spent in learning the rudiments of a delightful study4 ,we cannot insist too strongly upon the necessity of handling and studying the living plant4 ,every student needs to observe for himself the haunts1 habits1 and structure of real ferns4 ,we would say to the young student1 while familiarizing yourself with the ,english names of the ferns1 do not neglect the scientific names1 which often hold the key to their meaning4 ,repeat over and over the name of each genus in soliloquy and in conversation until your mind instantly associates each fern with its family name--,adiantum1 ,polystichum1 ,asplenium1 and all the rest4 ,fix them in the memory for a permanent asset4 ,with hard study and growing knowledge will come growing attachment4 ,how our great expert1 ,mr4 ,davenport1 loved the ferns6 ,he would handle them with gentle touch1 fondly stroke their leaves1 and devoutly study their structure1 as if inspired by the ,all-wise ,interpreter4 ,move along these shades ,in gentleness of heart3 with gentle hand ,touch--for there is a spirit in the woods4 ,,key ,,to ,,the ,,genera ,this key1 in illustrating each genus1 follows the method of ,clute in ,our ,ferns in ,their ,haunts1 but substitutes other and larger specimens4 ,five of these are from ,waters' ,ferns by permission of ,henry ,holt ,co4 ,as the indusium1 which often determines the name of a fern1 is apt in some species to wither early1 it is important to secure for study not only a fertile frond1 but one in as good condition as possible4 ,for convenience the ferns may be considered in two classes4 ,i ,,those ,,which ,,have ,,the ,,fruiting ,,portion ,,in ,,greenish1 ,,berry-,,like ,,structures ,,and ,,not ,,on ,,the ,,back ,,of ,,fronds ,a4 ,,fruiting ,,fronds ,,wholly ,,fertile 7,fertile and sterile fronds entirely unlike7 ,illustration #a4 ,fruit in a one-sided spike in two ranks2 plants very small2 sterile fronds thread-like and tortuous4 ,curly ,grass4 ,schizaea4 ,illustration #b4 ,fruit in a club-shaped1 brown or cinnamon-colored spike loaded with sporangia2 fruit in early spring4 ,cinnamon ,fern4 ,osmunda cinnamomea4 ,illustration #c4 ,fruit in berry-like1 greenish structures in a twice pinnate spike1 which comes up much later than the broad and coarse pinnatifid sterile fronds4 ,wet ground4 ,sensitive ,fern4 ,onoclea4 ,illustration #d4 ,fruit in pod-like or necklace-like pinnae2 fertile frond pinnate2 sterile frond tall1 pinnatifid2 fruit late4 ,ostrich ,fern4 ,onoclea struthiopteris4 ,b4 ,,fruiting ,,fronds ,,partly ,,sterile ,illustration #a4 ,fruiting portion in the middle of the frond2 two to four pairs of fertile pinnae4 ,interrupted ,fern4 ,osmunda ,claytoniana4 ,illustration #b4 ,fruiting portion at the apex of the frond4 ,sterile pinnae palmate2 rachis twining4 ,climbing ,fern4 ,lygodium4 ,illustration ,sterile pinnae pinnate2 fronds large1 fertile portion green1 turning brown1 forming a panicle at the top4 ,royal ,fern4 ,osmunda regalis4 ,illustration #c4 ,fruiting portion seemingly on a separate stock a few inches above the sterile4 ,sterile part an entire1 ovate1 green leaf near the middle2 fertile part a spike4 ,adder's ,tongue4 ,ophioglossum4 ,illustration ,sterile portion more or less divided2 fruit in racemes or panicles1 rarely in spikes4 ,grape ,ferns4 ,moonwort4 ,botrychium4 ,,ii ,,those ,,which ,,have ,,the ,,fruiting ,,portion ,,on ,,the ,,back ,,or ,,margin ,,of ,,fronds ,a4 ,,indusium ,,wanting ,illustration #a4 ,fruit-dots large1 roundish2 fronds evergreen4 ,rock species4 ,polypody4 ,polypodium4 ,illustration #b4 ,fruit-dots small1 roundish2 fronds triangular4 ,beech ,ferns4 ,phegopteris4 ,illustration #c4 ,fruit in lines on the margin of the pinnules2 under surface of the fronds covered with whitish powder4 ,cloak ,ferns4 ,notholaena4 ,b4 ,,indusium ,,present ,illustration #a4 ,sori on the edge of a pinnule terminating a vein2 sporangia at the base of a long1 bristle-like receptacle surrounded by a cup-shaped indusium4 ,filmy ,fern4 ,trichomanes4 ,illustration #b4 ,indusium formed by the reflexed margin of the pinnules4 7#a7 ,sporangia on a continuous line2 fronds large1 ternate2 indusium narrow4 ,bracken4 ,brake4 ,pteris4 ,illustration 7#b7 ,sporangia in oblong sori under a reflexed tooth of a pinnule2 indusium broad2 rachis dark and shining4 ,maidenhair4 ,adiantum4 ,illustration 7#c7 ,sori in roundish or elongated masses4 ,indusium broad1 nearly continuous1 fronds mostly smooth1 somewhat leathery1 pinnate4 ,rock species4 ,cliff brakes4 ,pellaea4 ,illustration ,indusium narrow1 seldom continuous1 formed by the margin of separate lobes or of the whole pinnules2 often inconspicuous1 fronds usually hairy4 ,lip ,ferns4 ,cheilanthes4 ,illustration ,indusium of the reflexed edges1 at first reaching to the midrib1 or nearly so2 later opening out nearly flat2 fruiting pinnules pod-like2 sterile fronds broad4 ,rock brakes4 ,cryptogramma4 ,illustration #c4 ,indusium never formed of the margin of the frond4 ,sori various4 7#a7 ,fruit-dots oblong1 parallel with the midrib1 somewhat sunken in the tissues of the frond4 ,water-loving species4 ,chain ,ferns4 ,woodwardia4 ,illustration 7#b7 ,fruit-dots and indusium roundish4 ,indusium shield-shaped1 fixed by the center4 ,evergreen glossy ferns in rocky woods4 ,shield ,ferns4 ,polystichum4 ,illustration ,indusium cordate1 fixed by the sinus4 ,wood ,ferns4 ,aspidium4 ,illustration ,indusium hood-shaped1 fixed centrally behind the sorus and arching over it1 soon withering1 often illusive4 ,fronds two to three pinnate1 very graceful4 ,moisture-loving species4 ,bladder ,ferns4 ,cystopteris4 ,illustration ,indusium star-shaped1 of a few irregular segments fixed beneath the sorus1 often obscure4 ,mostly small1 rock-loving plants1 usually rather chaffy1 at least at the base1 and growing in tufts4 ,woodsia4 ,illustration ,indusium cup-shaped1 fixed beneath the sorus1 supported by the tooth of a leaf2 sporangia borne in an elevated1 globular receptacle open at the top4 ,fronds finely cut4 ,hayscented ,fern4 ,dennstaedtia4 ,illustration 7#c7 ,fruit-dots and indusium linear4 7,but see ,athyrium47 ,very long1 nearly at right angles to the midrib1 double2 blade thick oblong-lanceolate1 entire2 heart-shaped at the base4 ,hart's ,tongue4 ,scolopendrium4 ,illustration ,shorter and irregularly scattered on the under side of the frond1 some parallel to the midrib1 others oblique to it1 and often in pairs or joined at the ends2 blade tapering to a slender tip4 ,walking ,fern4 ,camptosorus4 ,illustration ,short1 straight1 mostly oblique to the midrib4 ,indusium rather narrow1 opening toward the midrib1 fronds lobed or variously divided4 ,spleenworts4 ,asplenium4 ,illustration ,short1 indusium usually more or less curved and frequently crossing a vein4 ,the large spleenworts including ,lady ,fern4 ,athyrium4 ,,descriptive ,,text ,,of ,,the ,,ferns ,in this manual our native ferns are grouped scientifically under five distinct families4 ,by far the largest of these groups1 and the first to be treated1 is that of the real ferns 7,polypodiaceae7 with sixty species and several chief varieties4 ,then follow the flowering ferns 7,osmundaceae7 with three species2 the curly grass and climbing ferns 7,schizaeaceae7 with two species2 the adder's tongue and grape ferns 7,ophioglossaceae7 with seven species2 and the filmy ferns 7,hymenophyllaceae7 with one species4 ,corresponding with these five families1 the sporangia or spore cases of ferns have five quite distinct forms on which the families are founded4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d #a4 ,the ,fern ,family proper 7,polypodiaceae7 has the spore cases stalked and bound by a vertical1 elastic ring 7,fig4 #a74 ,the clusters of fruit-dots containing the spore cases may be open and naked as in polypody 7,fig4 #b71 or covered by an indusium1 as in the shield ferns 7,fig4 #c74 #b4 ,the ,royal ,fern ,family 7,osmunda7 has the spore cases stalked with only a rudimentary ring on one side1 which opens longitudinally 7,fig4 #d74 #c4 ,the ,climbing ,fern ,family 7,lygodium1 ,schizaea7 has the spore cases sessile in rows2 they are small1 nut-like bodies with the elastic ring around the upper portion 7,fig4 #e74a ,footnote #a3 ,these figures are enlarged4 #d4 ,the ,adder's ,tongue ,family 7,ophioglossum1 ,botrychium7 has simple spore cases without a ring1 and discharges its spores through a transverse slit 7,fig4 #f74 #e4 ,the ,filmy ,fern ,family 7,trichomanes7 has the spore cases along a bristle-like receptacle and surrounded by an urn-shaped1 slightly two-lipped involucre2 ring transverse and opening vertically 7,fig4 #g74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g ,,the ,,fern ,,family ,,proper ,,or ,,real ,,ferns ,,polypodiaceae ,green1 leafy plants whose spores are borne in spore-cases 7sporangia71 which are collected in dots or clusters 7fruit-dots or sori7 on the back of the frond or form lines along the edge of its divisions4 ,sporangia surrounded by vertical1 elastic rings bursting transversely and scattering the spores4 ,fruit-dots 7sori7 often covered1 at least when young1 by a membrane called the indusium4 ,spores brown4 ,,the ,,polypodies #a4 ,,polypody4 ,polypodium 7,from the ,greek meaning many-footed1 alluding to the branching rootstocks47 ,simple ferns with stipes articulated to the creeping rootstocks1 which are covered with brown1 chaffy scales4 ,fruit-dots round1 naked1 arranged on the back of the frond in one or more rows each side of the midrib4 ,sporangia pedicelled1 provided with a vertical ring which bursts transversely4 ,a large genus with about #cej species1 widely distributed1 mostly in tropical regions4 7#a7 ,,common ,,polypody4 ,polypodium vulgare ,fronds somewhat leathery in texture1 evergreen1 four to ten inches tall1 smooth1 oblong1 and nearly pinnate4 ,the large fruit-dots nearly midway between the midrib and the margin1 but nearer the margin4 ,illustration3 ,common ,polypody4 ,polypodium vulgare ,common everywhere on cliffs1 usually in half shade1 and may at times spring out of decaying logs or the trunks of trees4 ,as the jointed stipes1 harking back to some ancient mode of fern growth1 fall away from the rootstocks after their year of greenness1 they leave behind a scar as in ,solomon's seal4 ,the polypody is a gregarious plant4 ,by intertwining its roots the fronds cling together in cheerful community1 and a friendly eye discovers their beauty a long way off4 ,august4 ,abounds in every clime1 including ,europe and ,japan4 ,in transplanting1 sections should be cut1 not pulled from the matted mass4 ,var4 cambricum has segments broader and more or less strongly toothed4 ,var4 cristatum has the segments forked at the ends4 ,several other forms are also found4 ,illustration3 ,fruited ,frond ,illustration3 ,the ,common ,polypody4 ,polypodium vulgare 7,photographed by ,miles ,greenwood1 ,melrose1 ,mass47 7#b7 ,,gray ,,or ,,hoary ,,polypody ,polypodium incanum4 ,p4 polypodioides ,fronds oblong1 two to seven inches long1 deeply pinnatifid1 gray and scurfy underneath with peltate scales having a dark center4 ,fruit-dots rather small1 near the margin and obscured by the chaff4 ,illustration3 ,gray or ,hoary ,polypody4 ,polypodium incanum ,in appearance the gray polypody is much like the common species1 as the ,greek ending oides 7like7 implies4 ,in ,florida and neighboring states it often grows on trees2 farther north mostly on rocks4 ,reported as far north as ,staten ,island4 ,it is one of the resurrection ferns1 reviving quickly by moisture after seeming to be dead from long drouth4 ,july to ,september4 ,widely distributed in tropical ,america4 ,often called ,tree-,polypody4 ,,the ,,bracken ,,group ,sporangia near or on the margin of the segments1 the reflexed portions of which serve as indusia4 #a4 ,,bracken ,,or ,,brake ,pteris aquilina4 ,,pteridium ,,latiusculum#a ,footnote #a3 ,the use of small capitals in the scientific names indicates in part the newer nomenclature which many botanists are inclined to adopt4 ,fronds broadly triangular1 ternate1 one to three feet high or more1 the widely spreading branches twice pinnate1 the lower pinnules more or less pinnatifid4 ,sporangia borne in a continuous line along the lower margin of the ultimate divisions whose reflexed edges form the indusium4 7,greek1 pteron1 a wing1 the feathery fronds suggesting the wings of a bird47 ,illustration3 ,common ,bracken or ,brake1 a ,sterile ,frond4 ,pteris aquilina 7,providence ,county1 ,r4,i47 ,illustration3 ,a ,fertile ,frond of ,common ,bracken4 ,pteris aquilina 7,suffolk ,county1 ,mass47 ,the heath this night must be my bed1 ,the bracken curtain for my head4 ,,scott4 ,the outlines of the young bracken resemble the little oak fern4 ,it flourishes in thickets and open pastures1 often with poor soil and scant shade4 ,it is found in all parts of the world1 and is said to be the most common of all our ,north ,american ferns4 ,in a cross section of the mature stipe superstition sees the devil's hoof and ,king ,charles in the oak1 and any one may see or think he sees the outlines of an oak tree4 ,it was the bracken1 or eagle fern1 as some call it1 which was supposed to bear the mysterious fern seed1 but only on midsummer eve 7,st4 ,john's eve74 ,but on ,st4 ,john's mysterious night1 ,confest the mystic fern seed fell4 ,this enabled its possessor to walk invisible4 ,we have the receipt for fern-seed1 ,we walk invisible4 ,,shakespeare4 ,the word brake or bracken is one of the many plant names from which some of our ,english surnames are derived1 as ,brack1 ,breck1 ,brackenridge1 etc41 and fern 7meaning the bracken7 is seen in ,fern1 ,fearns1 ,fernham1 ,fernel1 ,fernside1 ,farnsworth1 etc4 ,also1 in names of places as ,ferney1 ,ferndale1 ,fernwood1 and others4 ,although the bracken is coarse and common1 it makes a desirable background for rockeries1 or other fern masses4 ,the young ferns should be transplanted in early spring with as much of the long1 running rootstock as possible4 ,var4 pseudocaudata has longer1 narrower and more distant pinnules1 and is a common southern form4 ,illustration3 ,var4 pseudocaudata #b4 ,,maidenhair4 ,adiantum ,ferns with much divided leaves and short1 marginal sori borne at the ends of free-forking veins1 on the under side of the reflexed and altered portion of the pinnules1 which serves as an indusium4 ,stipes and branches of the leaves very slender and polished4 7,greek1 unwetted1 because drops of water roll off without wetting the leaves47 7#a7 ,,common ,,maidenhair4 ,adiantum pedatum ,a graceful fern of shady glen and rocky woodland1 nine to eighteen inches high1 the black1 shining stalks forked at the top into two equal1 recurved branches1 the pinnae all springing from the upper side4 ,pinnules triangular-oblong1 bearing short sori on their inwardly reflexed margins which form the indusium4 ,illustration3 ,a ,spray of ,maidenhair ,illustration3 ,fruiting ,pinnae of ,maidenhair ,the maidenhair has a superficial resemblance to the meadow rue1 which also sheds water1 but it may be known at once by its black1 shining stalks with their divisions all borne on one side4 ,it is indeed a most delicate fern1 known and admired by every one4 ,the term maidenhair may have been suggested by the black1 wiry roots growing from the slender rootstock1 or by the dark1 polished stems1 or1 as ,clute explains it1 because the black roots1 like hair1 were supposed1 according to the 'doctrine of signatures' to be good for falling hair1 and the plant was actually used in the 'syrup of capillaire',a 7,am4 ,botanist1 ,november1 #aiba74 ,while the maidenhair is not very common1 it is widely distributed1 being found throughout our section1 westward to ,california1 and northward to the ,british ,provinces4 ,though the maidenhair has a wide range1 and grows abundantly in many localities1 it possesses a quality of aloofness which adds to its charm4 ,its chosen haunts are dim1 moist hollows in the woods1 or shaded hillsides sloping to the river4 ,in such retreats you find the feathery fronds tremulous on their glistening stalks1 and in their neighborhood you find1 also1 the very spirit of the woods4 ,,mrs4 ,,parsons4 ,footnote ,a3 ,it may be stated that capillaire syrup besides the use here indicated was highly esteemed as a pectoral for the relief of difficult breathing4 ,illustration3 ,common ,maidenhair4 ,adiantum pedatum 7,reading1 ,mass41 ,kingman7 ,illustration3 ,alpine ,maidenhair4 ,adiantum pedatum1 ,var4 aleuticum 7,fernald and ,collins1 ,gaspe ,county1 ,quebec1 #aijf7 7,from the ,gray ,herbarium7 ,the fern is not hard to cultivate if allowed sufficient moisture and shade4 ,along with the ostrich fern it makes a most excellent combination in a fern border4 ,var4 ,,aleuticum1 or ,alpine ,maidenhair4 ,a beautiful northern form especially abundant on the high tableland of the ,gaspe ,peninsula1 ,quebec1 where it is said to cover hundreds of acres4 ,in the east it is often dwarfed--six to ten inches high1 growing in tufts with stout rootstocks1 having the pinnules finely toothed instead of rounded and the indusia often lunate1 rarely twice as long as broad4 7,fernald in ,rhodora1 ,november1 #aije47 ,also found in northern ,vermont1 and to the northwestward4 7#b7 ,,the ,,venus-,,hair ,,fern4 ,adiantum ,capillus-,veneris ,fronds with a continuous main rachis1 ovate-lanceolate1 twice pinnate below4 ,pinnules1 fan-shaped on slender1 black stalks1 long1 deeply and irregularly incised4 ,veins extending from the base of the pinnules like the ribs of a fan4 ,illustration3 ,venus ,hair ,fern4 ,adiantum ,capillus-,veneris ,while our common maidenhair is a northern fern1 the ,venus-hair ,fern is confined to the southern states4 ,it is rarely found as far north as ,virginia1 where it meets1 but scarcely overlaps its sister fern4 ,the medicinal properties of ,adiantum pedatum were earlier ascribed to the more southern species1 which is common in ,great ,britain1 but1 like many another old remedy1 the syrup of capillaire is long since defunct4 #c4 ,,cliff ,,brakes4 ,pellaea ,sporangia borne on the upper part of the free veins inside the margins1 in dot-like masses1 but may run together1 as in the continuous fruiting line of the bracken4 ,indusium formed of the reflexed margins of the fertile segments which are more or less membranous4 7,pellaea1 from the ,greek pellos1 meaning dusky1 in allusion to the dark stipes47 7#a7 ,,purple ,,cliff ,,brake4 ,pellaea atropurpurea ,stipes dark purple or reddish-brown1 polished and decidedly hairy and harsh to the touch1 at least on one side4 ,fronds coriaceous1 pale1 simply pinnate1 or bipinnate below2 the divisions broadly linear or oblong1 or the sterile sometimes oval1 chiefly entire1 somewhat heart-shaped1 or else truncate at the stalked base4 ,veins about twice forked4 ,basal scales extending into long1 slender tips1 colorless or yellow4 ,illustration3 ,purple ,cliff ,brake4 ,pellaea atropurpurea ,another name is the winter brake1 as its fronds remain green throughout the winter1 especially in its more southern ranges4 ,it grows on rocky ledges with a preference for limestone1 and often in full sun4 ,in large and mature fronds its pinnae are apt to be extremely irregular4 ,while its stipes are purplish1 its leaves are bluish-green1 and its scales light-brown or yellow4 ,strange to say1 this brake of the cliffs thrives in cultivation4 ,woolson says of it1 ,this fern is interesting and valuable4 ,it is not only beautiful in design1 but unique in color1 a dark blue-green emphasizing all the varying tints about it--a first-class fern for indoor winter cultivation4 ,it is a rapid grower1 flourishing but a few feet from coal fire or radiator1 in a north or south window4 ,it quickly forgives neglect1 and if allowed to dry up out of doors or indoors1 recovers in due time when put in a moist atmosphere4 ,it makes but one imperative demand1 and that is the privilege of standing still4 ,overzealous culturists usually like to turn things around1 but revolving cliffs are not in the natural order of things4 ,the slender black stipes are very susceptible to changes of light and warped and twisted fronds result4 ,dry1 calcareous rocks1 southern ,new ,england and westward4 ,rare4 ,var4 cristata has forked pinnae somewhat crowded toward the summit of the frond4 ,missouri4 7#b7 ,,smooth ,,cliff ,,brake ,pellaea glabella4 ,pellaea atropurpurea1 var4 ,bushii ,naked with a few1 scattered1 spreading hairs1 smooth surface and dark polished stipes4 ,rhizome short with membranous1 orange or brown scales having a few bluntish teeth on each edge4 ,pinnae sub-opposite1 divergent1 narrowly oblong1 obtuse2 base truncate1 cordate or clasping1 occasionally auricled2 lower pinnae often with orbicular or cordate pinnules4 ,sterile pinnae broader1 bluish or greenish glaucous above1 often crowded to overlapping4 ,the smooth cliff brake has a decidedly northern range1 growing from northern ,vermont to ,missouri1 and northwestward1 but found rarely1 if at all1 in southern ,new ,england4 ,illustration3 ,dense ,cliff ,brake4 ,cryptogramma densa 7,from ,waters's ,ferns1 ,henry ,holt ,co47 7#c7 ,,dense ,,cliff ,,brake ,cryptogramma densa4 ,pellaea densa ,modern botanists are inclined to place the dense cliff brake and the slender cliff brake under the genus ,cryptogramma1 which is so nearly like ,pellaea that one hesitates to choose between them4 ,the word ,cryptogramma means in ,greek a hidden line1 alluding to the line of sporangia hidden beneath the reflexed margin4 ,the dense cliff brake may be described as follows3 ,stipes three to nine inches tall1 blades one to three inches1 triangular-ovate1 pinnate at the summit1 and tripinnate below4 ,segments linear1 sharp-pointed1 mostly fertile1 having the margins entire and recurved1 giving the sori the appearance of half-open pods4 ,sterile fronds sharply serrate4 ,stipes in dense tufts 7densa7 slender1 wiry1 light-brown4 ,this rare little fern is a northern species and springs from tiny crevices in rocks1 preferring limestone4 ,like many other rock-loving species1 it produces spores in abundance1 having no other effective means of spreading1 and its fertile fronds are much more numerous than the sterile ones1 and begin to fruit when very small4 ,gaspe and ,mt4 ,albert in the ,province of ,quebec1 ,grey ,county1 ,ontario1 and in the far west4 7#d7 ,,slender ,,cliff ,,brake ,cryptogramma ,stelleri4 ,pellaea gracilis ,fronds 7including stipes7 three to six inches long1 thin and slender with few pinnae4 ,the lower pinnae pinnately parted into three to five divisions1 those of the fertile fronds oblong or linear-oblong2 those of the sterile1 obovate or ovate1 crenulate1 decurrent at the base4 ,confined to limestone rocks4 ,quebec and ,new ,brunswick1 to ,vermont1 ,connecticut1 ,pennsylvania1 and to the northwest4 ,illustration3 ,slender ,cliff ,brake4 ,cryptogramma ,stelleri ,we have collected this dainty and attractive little fern on the limestone cliffs of ,mt4 ,horr1 near ,willoughby ,lake1 ,vt4 ,it grew in a rocky grotto whose sides were kept moist by dripping water4 ,how we liked to linger near its charming abode high on the cliff6 ,and we liked also to speak of it by its pleasing1 simple name1 ,pellaea gracilis1 now changed for scientific reasons1 but we still like the old name better4 7#e7 ,,the ,,rock ,,brake4 ,,parsley ,,fern ,cryptogramma acrostichoides ,sterile and fertile fronds very dissimilar2 segments of the fertile1 linear and pod-like2 of the sterile1 ovate-oblong1 obtuse1 and toothed4 ,the plants spring from crevices of rocks and are from six to eight inches high4 ,stipes of the fertile fronds are about twice as long as the sterile1 making two tiers of fronds4 ,illustration3 ,parsley ,fern or ,rock ,brake4 ,cryptogramma acrostichoides 7,california and ,oregon7 7,herbarium of ,geo4 ,e4 ,davenport7 ,the parsley fern is the typical species of the genus ,cryptogramma4 ,the indusium is formed of the altered margin of the pinnule1 at first reflexed to the midrib1 giving it a pod-like appearance1 but at length opening out flat and exposing the sporangia4 ,clute1 speaking of this fern as the rock brake1 calls it a border species1 as its home is in the far north--,arctic ,america to ,lake ,huron1 ,lake ,superior1 ,colorado and ,california4 #d4 ,,lip ,,ferns4 ,cheilanthes ,mostly small southern ferns growing on rocks1 pubescent or tomentose with much divided leaves4 ,sori at the end of the veins at first small and roundish1 but afterwards more or less confluent4 ,the indusium whitish and sometimes herbaceous1 formed of the reflexed margin of the lobes or of the whole pinnule4 ,veins free1 but often obscure4 ,most of the ferns of this genus grow in dry1 exposed situations1 where rain is sometimes absent for weeks and months4 ,for this reason they protect themselves by a covering of hairs1 scales or wool1 which hinders the evaporation of water from the plant by holding a layer of more or less saturated air near the surface of the frond4 7,in ,greek the word means lip flower1 alluding to the lip-like indusia47 7#a7 ,,alabama ,,lip ,,fern4 ,cheilanthes alabamensis ,fronds smooth1 two to ten inches long1 lanceolate1 bipinnate4 ,pinnae numerous1 oblong-lanceolate1 the lower usually smaller than those above4 ,pinnules triangular-oblong1 mostly acute1 often auricular or lobed at the base4 ,indusia pale1 membranous and continuous except between the lobes4 ,stipes black1 slender and tomentose at the base4 ,illustration3 ,alabama ,lip ,fern4 ,cheilanthes alabamensis 7,from ,waters's ,ferns1 ,henry ,holt ,co47 ,this species of lip fern may be distinguished from all the others within our limits by its smooth pinnae4 ,on rocks--mountains of ,virginia to ,kentucky1 and ,alabama1 and westward to ,arizona4 7#b7 ,,hairy ,,lip ,,fern4 ,cheilanthes lanosa1 ,c4 vestita ,illustration3 ,hairy ,lip ,fern ,fronds twice pinnate1 lanceolate with oblong1 pinnatifid pinnules2 seven to fifteen inches tall1 slender and rough with rusty1 jointed hairs4 ,pinnae triangular-ovate1 usually distant1 the ends of the rounded lobes reflexed and forming separate involucres which are pushed back by the ripening sporangia4 ,this species like the other lip ferns is fond of rocks1 springing from clefts and ledges4 ,while hairy it is much less tomentose than the two following species4 ,unlike most of the rock-loving ferns this species is not partial to limestone1 but grows on other rocks as well4 ,it has been found as far north as ,new ,haven1 ,conn41 also near ,new ,york1 and in ,new ,jersey1 ,georgia1 and westward to ,wyoming and southward4 7#c7 ,,woolly ,,lip ,,fern4 ,cheilanthes tomentosa ,fronds eight to eighteen inches long1 lanceolate-oblong1 tripinnate4 ,pinnae and pinnules ovate-oblong1 densely woolly especially beneath1 with slender1 whitish1 obscurely jointed hairs4 ,of the ultimate segments the terminal one is twice as long as the others4 ,pinnules distant1 the reflexed1 narrow margin forming a continuous1 membranous indusium4 ,stipe stout1 dark brown1 densely woolly4 ,by donning its thick coat of wool this species is prepared to grow in the most exposed situations of the arid southwest4 ,it is said to be the rarest1 tallest and handsomest of the lip ferns4 ,mountains of ,virginia and ,kentucky to ,georgia1 and west to ,missouri1 ,texas and ,arizona4 7#d7 ,,slender ,,lip ,,fern ,cheilanthes ,feei1 ,c4 lanuginosa ,stipes densely tufted1 slender1 at first hairy1 dark brown1 shining4 ,fronds three to eight inches long1 ovate-lanceolate1 with thickish1 distinctly articulated hairs1 twice or thrice pinnate4 ,pinnae ovate1 the lowest deltoid4 ,pinnules divided into minute1 densely crowded segments1 the herbaceous margin recurved and forming an almost continuous indusium4 ,illustration3 ,slender ,lip ,fern ,the slender lip fern1 known also as ,fee's fern1 is much the smallest of the lip ferns1 averaging1 ,clute tells us1 but two inches high4 ,this is only one-third as tall as the woolly lip fern and need not be mistaken for it4 ,the fronds form tangled mats difficult to unravel4 ,it grows on dry rocks and cliffs--,illinois and ,minnesota to ,british ,columbia1 and south to ,texas1 ,new ,mexico and ,arizona4 ,illustration3 ,pinnae of ,slender ,lip ,fern4 ,cheilanthes ,feei 7,from ,waters's ,ferns1 ,henry ,holt ,co47 #e4 ,,cloak ,,fern4 ,notholaena ,small ferns with fruit-dots borne beneath the revolute margin of the pinnules1 at first roundish1 but soon confluent into a narrow band without indusium4 ,veins free4 ,fronds one to several times pinnate1 the lower surface hairy1 or tomentose or powdery4 ,includes about forty species1 mostly ,american1 but only one within our limits4 7,greek name means spurious cloak1 alluding to the rudimentary or counterfeit indusium47 7#a7 ,,powdery ,,cloak ,,fern4 ,notholaena dealbata ,fronds two to six inches long1 triangular-ovate1 acute1 broadest at the base1 tripinnate4 ,stalks tufted1 wiry1 shining1 dark brown4 ,upper surface of the very small segments green1 smooth1 the lower densely coated with a pure1 white powder2 hence1 the specific name dealbata1 which means whitened4 ,sori brown at length2 veins free4 ,there are several species of cloak ferns1 but only one within our limits4 ,the dry1 white powder which covers them doubtless is designed to protect them from too rapid evaporation of moisture1 as they all inhabit dry and sunny places4 ,this delicate rock-loving fern is found in the clefts of dry limestone rocks in ,missouri1 ,kansas1 ,colorado1 and southwestward4 ,,the ,,chain ,,ferns4 ,woodwardia ,large and somewhat coarse ferns of swampy woods with pinnate or nearly two-pinnate fronds1 and oblong or linear fruit-dots1 arranged in one or more chain-like rows1 parallel to and near the midribs4 ,indusium fixed by its outer margin to a veinlet and opening on the inner side4 ,in our section there are two species4 7,named for ,thomas ,j4 ,woodward1 an ,english botanist47 ,illustration3 ,powdery ,cloak ,fern4 ,notholaena dealbata 7,kansas7 7,g4,e4 ,davenport7 ,illustration3 ,the ,common ,chain ,fern4 ,woodwardia virginica 7#a7 ,,the ,,common ,,chain ,,fern4 ,woodwardia virginica ,sterile and fertile fronds similar in outline1 two to four feet high1 once pinnate1 the pinnae deeply incised with oblong segments4 ,fruit-dots oblong in chain-like rows along the midrib both of the pinnae and the lobes1 confluent when ripe4 ,veins forming narrow rows of net-like spaces 7areoles7 beneath the fruit-dots1 thence free to the margin4 ,the spores ripen in ,july4 ,the sterile fronds resemble those of the cinnamon fern1 but the latter grow in crowns1 with a single frond in the center1 while the fronds of the chain fern rise singly from the creeping rootstock1 which sends them up at intervals all summer4 ,the sori are borne on the backs of fertile fronds4 ,there are usually more sterile than fertile blades1 especially in dense shade4 ,we have waded repeatedly through a miry swamp in ,melrose1 ,mass41 where the wild calla flourishes along with the blueberry and other swamp bushes1 and have found the chain fern in several shaded spots1 but every frond was sterile4 ,it is said that when exposed to the sun it always faces the south4 ,swamps1 ,maine to ,florida1 especially along the ,atlantic ,coast1 and often in company with the narrow-leaved species4 ,illustration3 ,net-,veined ,chain ,fern4 ,woodwardia areolata 7,stratford1 ,conn47 7#b7 ,,net-,,veined ,,chain ,,fern ,,narrow-,,leaved ,,chain ,,fern ,woodwardia areolata4 ,w4 angustifolia ,root stocks creeping and chaffy4 ,sterile and fertile fronds unlike2 sterile ones nine to twelve inches tall1 deltoid-ovate4 ,broadest at the base1 with lanceolate1 serrulate divisions united by a broad wing4 ,veins areolate2 fertile fronds taller1 twelve to twenty inches high with narrowly linear divisions1 the areoles and fruit-dots in a single row each side of the secondary midrib1 the latter sunk in the tissues4 ,this species is less common than the ,virginia fern1 but they often grow near each other4 ,we have collected both in the ,blue ,hill reservation near ,boston1 and both have been found in ,hingham1 ,medford1 and ,reading1 and doubtless in other towns along the coast4 ,mrs4 ,parsons speaks of finding them in the flat1 sandy country near ,buzzard's ,bay4 ,the net-veined species has some resemblance to the sensitive fern1 but in the latter the spore cases are shut up in small pods formed by the contracting and rolling up of the lobes1 whereas the chain fern bears its sori on the under side of long1 narrow pinnae4 ,besides1 the sterile fronds of the latter have serrulate segments4 ,as in the sensitive fern there are many curious gradations between the fertile and sterile fronds1 both in shape and fruitfulness4 ,waters calls them the obtusilobata form4 ,illustration3 ,the ,spleenworts #a4 ,narrow-leaved #b4 ,ebony #c4 ,rue #d4 ,scott's #e4 ,maidenhair #f4 ,green #g4 ,mountain ,,the ,,spleenworts ,a4 ,,the ,,rock ,,spleenworts4 ,asplenium ,small1 evergreen ferns4 ,fruit-dots oblong or linear1 oblique1 separate when young4 ,indusium straight or rarely curved1 fixed lengthwise on the upper side of a fertile veinlet1 opening toward the midrib4 ,veins free4 ,scales of rhizome and stipes narrow1 of firm texture and with thick-walled cells4 7#a7 ,,pinnatifid ,,spleenwort4 ,asplenium pinnatifidum ,fronds four to six inches long1 lanceolate1 pinnatifid or pinnate near the base1 tapering above into a slender prolongation4 ,lobes roundish-ovate1 or the lower pair acuminate4 ,fruit-dots irregular1 numerous4 ,stipes tufted1 two to four inches long1 brownish beneath1 green above4 ,although this fern1 like all the small spleenworts1 is heavily fruited1 it is extremely rare4 ,it is found as far north as ,sharon1 ,conn41 thence southward to ,georgia1 to ,arkansas and ,missouri4 ,on cliffs and rocks4 ,resembles the walking fern1 and its tip sometimes takes root4 7#b7 ,,scott',s ,,spleenwort4 ,asplenium ebenoides ,fronds four to ten inches long1 broadly lanceolate1 pinnatifid or pinnate below1 tapering to a prolonged and slender apex4 ,divisions lanceolate from a broad base4 ,fruit-dots straight or slightly curved4 ,stipe and rachis brown4 ,illustration3 ,pinnatifid ,spleenwort4 ,asplenium pinnatifidum a1 ,small ,plants from ,harper's ,ferry2 b1 ,sori on ,young ,fronds 7,from ,waters's ,ferns1 ,henry ,holt ,co47 ,illustration3 ,scott's ,spleenwort4 ,asplenium ebenoides a1 from ,virginia2 b1 from ,alabama2 c1 from ,maryland 7,from ,waters's ,ferns1 ,henry ,holt ,co47 ,resembles the last1 and like that has been known to root at the tip4 ,it is a hybrid between the walking fern and the ebony spleenwort1 as proved by ,miss ,margaret ,slosson1 and may be looked for in the immediate vicinity of its parents4 ,it was discovered by ,r4,r4 ,scott1 in #ahfb1 at ,manayunk1 ,pa41 a suburb of ,philadelphia1 and described by him in the ,gardener's ,monthly of ,september1 #ahfe4 ,vermont to ,alabama1 ,missouri1 and southward4 ,rare1 but said to be plentiful in a deep ravine near ,havana1 ,ala4 ,illustration3 ,green ,spleenwort4 ,asplenium viride 7#c7 ,,green ,,spleenwort4 ,asplenium viride ,fronds two to ten inches long1 linear1 pinnate1 pale green4 ,pinnae roundish-ovate1 crenate1 with indistinct and forking midveins4 ,stalks tufted1 short1 brownish below1 green above4 ,rachis green4 ,discovered at ,smuggler's ,notch1 ,mt4 ,mansfield1 ,vt41 by ,c4,g4 ,pringle in #ahgf4 ,found sparingly at ,willoughby ,lake1 high on the cliffs of ,mt4 ,horr4 ,this rare and delicate little plant bears a rather close resemblance to the maidenhair spleenwort1 which1 however1 has dark stipes instead of green4 ,northern ,new ,england1 west and northwest on shaded limestone rocks4 ,illustration3 ,maidenhair ,spleenwort4 ,asplenium ,trichomanes 7#d7 ,,maidenhair ,,spleenwort4 ,asplenium ,trichomanes ,stipes densely tufted1 purple-brown1 shining4 ,fronds three to eight inches long1 linear1 dark green1 rather rigid4 ,pinnae roundish-oblong or oval1 entire or finely crenate1 attached at the base by a narrow point4 ,midveins forking and evanescent4 ,not very common1 but distributed almost throughout ,north ,america4 ,may be looked for wherever there are ledges1 as it does not require limestone4 ,july4 ,illustration3 ,maidenhair ,spleenwort4 ,asplenium ,trichomanes 7,from ,woolson's ,ferns1 ,doubleday1 ,page ,co47 7#e7 ,,small ,,spleenwort ,asplenium parvulum4 ,a4 resiliens ,fronds four to ten inches tall1 narrowly linear1 rather firm1 erect4 ,pinnae opposite1 oblong1 entire or finely crenate1 and auricled at the base4 ,stipes and rachis black and shining4 ,midveins continuous4 ,this small fern is a southern species half way between the maidenhair and ebony spleenworts1 but rather more like the latter from which it differs in being smaller and thicker1 and in having the fertile and sterile fronds of the same size4 ,mountains of ,virginia to ,kansas and southward4 7#f7 ,,ebony ,,spleenwort ,asplenium platyneuron4 ,a4 ebeneum ,fronds upright1 eight to eighteen inches high1 linear-lanceolate1 the fertile ones much taller1 and pinnate4 ,pinnae scarcely an inch long1 the lower ones very much shorter1 alternate1 spreading1 finely serrate or incised1 the base auricled4 ,sori numerous1 rather near the midvein1 stipe and rachis lustrous brown4 7,ebony47 ,this rigidly upright but graceful fern flourishes in rocky1 open woods1 and on rich1 moist banks1 often in the neighborhood of red cedars4 ,having come upon it many times in our rambles1 we should say it was not uncommon4 ,a lightly incised form of the pinnae has been described as var4 serratum4 ,a handsome form discovered in ,vermont in #aijj by ,mrs4 ,horton and named ,hortonae 7also called incisum7 has plume-like fronds with the pinnae cut into oblique lobes1 which are coarsely serrate4 ,illustration3 ,ebony ,spleenwort4 ,asplenium platyneuron 7,melrose1 ,mass41 ,g4,e4 ,davenport7 ,illustration3 ,bradley's ,spleenwort4 ,asplenium ,bradleyi a1 from ,maryland2 b1 from ,kentucky 7,from ,waters's ,ferns1 ,henry ,holt ,co47 7#g7 ,,bradley',s ,,spleenwort4 ,asplenium ,bradleyi ,fronds oblong-lanceolate1 pinnate1 three to ten inches long4 ,pinnae oblong-ovate1 obtuse1 incised or pinnatifid into oblong1 toothed lobes4 ,the basal pinnae have broad bases1 and blunt tips and are slightly stalked4 ,stipes and rachis dark brown and the sori short1 near the midrib4 ,a rare and beautiful fern growing on rocks preferring limestone and confined mostly to the southern states4 ,newburg1 ,n4,y41 to ,kentucky and ,alabama1 westward to ,arkansas4 7#h7 ,,mountain ,,spleenwort4 ,asplenium montanum ,fronds ovate-lanceolate from a broad base1 two to eight inches long1 somewhat leathery1 pinnate4 ,pinnae ovate-oblong1 the lowest pinnately cleft into oblong or ovate cut-toothed lobes1 the upper ones less and less divided4 ,rachis green1 broad1 and flat4 ,illustration3 ,mountain ,spleenwort 7,from the ,fern ,bulletin7 ,small evergreen ferns of a bluish-green color1 growing in the crevices of rocks and cliffs4 ,connecticut to ,ohio1 ,kentucky1 ,arkansas and southwest4 ,july4 ,rare4 ,williams1 in his ,ferns of ,kentucky1 says of this species1 ,common on all sandstone cliffs and specimens are large on sheltered rocks by the banks of streams4 7#i7 ,,rue ,,spleenwort4 ,asplenium ,ruta-muraria ,fronds evergreen1 small1 two to seven inches long1 deltoid-ovate1 two to three pinnate below1 simply pinnate above1 rather leathery in texture4 ,divisions few1 stalked1 from cuneate to roundish-ovate1 toothed or incised at the apex4 ,veins forking4 ,rachis and stipe green4 ,sori few1 soon confluent4 ,illustration3 ,the ,rue ,spleenwort4 ,a4 ,ruta-muraria 7,top1 ,lake ,huron--,lower ,left1 ,mt4 ,toby1 ,mass4--,lower ,right1 ,vermont7 7,from ,herbarium of ,geo4 ,e4 ,davenport7 ,this tiny fern grows from small fissures in the limestone cliffs1 and is rather rare in this country2 but in ,great ,britain it is very common1 growing everywhere on walls and ruins4 ,from ,mt4 ,toby1 ,mass41 and ,willoughby ,mountain1 ,vt41 to ,michigan1 ,missouri1 ,kentucky and southward4 ,b4 ,,the ,,large ,,spleenworts4 ,athyrium ,the following species1 which are often two to three feet high and grow in rich soil1 are quite different in appearance and habits from the small rock spleenworts just described4 ,some botanists have kept them in the genus ,asplenium because their sori are usually rather straight or only slightly curved1 but others are inclined to follow the practice of the ,british botanists and put them into a separate group under ,athyrium4 ,nearly all agree that the lady fern1 with its variously curved sori1 should be placed here1 and many others would place the silvery spleenwort in the same genus1 partly because of its frequently doubled sori4 ,in regard to the last member of the group1 the narrow-leaved spleenwort1 there is more doubt4 ,the sori taken separately would place it with the ,aspleniums1 but considering its size1 structure1 habits of growth and all1 it seems more closely allied to the two larger ferns than to the little rock species4 ,we shall group the three together as the large spleenworts1 or for the sake of being more definite adopt ,clute's felicitous phrase4 ,,the ,,lady ,,fern ,,and ,,its ,,kin #a4 ,,the ,,lady ,,ferns ,fronds one to three feet high1 broadly lanceolate1 or ovate-oblong1 tapering towards the apex1 bipinnate4 ,pinnae lanceolate1 numerous4 ,pinnules oblong-lanceolate1 cut-toothed or incised4 ,fruit-dots short1 variously curved4 ,indusium delicate1 often reniform1 or shaped like a horseshoe1 in some forms confluent at maturity4 ,widely distributed1 common and varying greatly in outline4 ,the newer nomenclature separates the lady fern of our section into two distinct species1 which should be carefully studied4,a ,footnote ,a3 ,see monograph by ,f4,k4 ,butters in ,rhodora of ,september1 #aiag4 7#a7 ,,the ,,upland ,,lady ,,fern4 ,,athyrium ,,angustum ,asplenium ,filix-femina ,the rootstock or rhizome of the ,upland ,lady ,fern here pictured shows how the thick1 fleshy bases of the old fronds conceal the rootstock itself4 ,in the ,lowland ,lady ,fern the rootstock is but slightly concealed by old stipe bases1 and so may be distinguished from its sister fern4 ,one design of such rootstocks is to store up food 7mostly starch71 during the summer to nourish the young plants as they shoot forth the next spring4 ,the undecayed bases of the old stipes are also packed with starch for the same purpose4 ,illustration3 ,rootstock of the ,upland ,lady ,fern ,illustration3 ,the same split lengthwise 7,from ,waters's ,ferns1 ,henry ,holt ,co47 ,illustration3 ,sori of ,lady ,fern4 ,athyrium angustum ,rootstocks horizontal1 quite concealed by the thick1 fleshy bases of old fronds4 ,scales of the long1 tufted stipes dark brown4 ,indusium curved1 often horseshoe-shaped1 usually toothed or fringed with fine hairs1 but without glands4 ,fronds bipinnate1 one to three feet high1 widest near the middle4 ,this is the common species of northern ,new ,england and the ,canadian ,provinces4 ,the fronds differ very widely in form and a great many varieties have been pointed out1 but the fern student1 having first learned to identify the species1 will gradually master the few leading varieties as he meets them4 ,those growing in warm1 sunny places where the fruit-dots when mature incline to cover the whole back of the frond are called sun forms4 ,these are varieties ,,typicum and ,,elatius1 both with the pinnae obliquely ascending 7including variety angustum of ,d4,c4 ,eaton71 but the latter has broader fronds with the pinnules of the sterile fronds oblong-lanceolate1 somewhat acute and strongly toothed or pinnatifid4 ,illustration3 ,varieties of ,lady ,fern ,left to right--#ast and #bnd1 ,var4 typicum2 #c;d1 elatius2 #dth1 rubellum2 #eth1 uncertain1 perhaps confertum ,var4 ,,rubellum has the sori distinct even when mature2 its pinnules stand at a wide angle from the rachis of the pinna and are strongly toothed or pinnatifid with obtuse teeth4 ,this variety favors regions with cool summers1 or dense shade in warmer regions4 ,the term ,,rubellum alludes to the reddish stems so often seen but this sign alone may not determine the variety4 ,it occurs throughout the range of the species1 being a common ,new ,england fern4 ,fernald remarks that this is also a common form of the species in southern ,nova ,scotia4 ,among other varieties named by ,butters are ,,confertum1 having the pinnules irregularly lobed and toothed2 joined by a membranous wing1 the lobes of the pinnules broad and overlapping1 giving the fern a compact appearance2 ,,laciniatum with pinnules very irregular in size and shape1 with many long1 acute teeth1 which project in various directions4 ,an abnormal form which looks as if it had been nibbled when young4 ,these varieties are represented in the ,gray ,herbarium4 7#b7 ,,the ,,lowland ,,lady ,,fern ,,athyrium ,,asplenioides ,rootstocks creeping1 not densely covered with the persistent bases of the fronds4 ,stipes about as long as the blade4 ,scales of the stipe very few1 seldom persistent1 rarely over #c-af of an inch long4 ,fronds narrowly deltoid1 lanceolate1 widest near the base1 the second pair of pinnae commonly longest4 ,indusia ciliate1 the cilia 7hairs7 ending in glands4 ,spores dark1 netted or wrinkled4 ,illustration3 ,lowland ,lady ,fern4 ,,athyrium ,,asplenioides 7,from the ,gray ,herbarium7 ,the following two forms are named by ,butters3 ,f4 ,,typicum4 ,the usual form frequent in eastern ,massachusetts1 ,rhode ,island1 ,connecticut1 ,new ,york1 ,pennsylvania1 ,north ,carolina1 ,ohio1 and ,missouri4 ,f4 ,,subtripinnatum4 ,an unusually large and rare form with triangular1 lanceolate1 and pinnatifid pinnules1 having blunt1 oblong segments4 ,wet situations in half shade4 ,massachusetts1 ,west ,virginia1 and ,virginia4 ,our lowland or southern lady fern flourishes in the southern states1 comes up the ,atlantic ,coast until it meets the upland or northern species in ,pennsylvania and southern ,new ,england1 and their identification can hardly fail to awaken in the student a keen interest4 ,our ,american botanists are inclined to think that the real ,athyrium filix-femina is not to be found in the northeastern ,united ,states1 but is rather a western species1 with its habitat in ,california and the ,rocky ,mountain region and identical with ,athyrium cyclosorum4 ,but whatever changes may occur in the scientific name of the old ,athyrium filix-femina1 the name lady fern will not change1 but everywhere within our limits it will hold its own as a familiar term4 ,underwood1 writing of the lady fern under the genus ,asplenium1 mentions the form exile1 small1 starved specimens growing in very dry situations and often fruiting when only a few inches high4 ,he also mentions ,eaton's angustum1 and alludes to the ,remaining sixty-three varieties equally unimportant that have been described of this species4 ,the lady fern is common in moist woods1 by walls and roadsides1 and at its best is a truly handsome species1 although1 like ,mrs4 ,parsons1 we have noticed that in the late summer it loses much of its delicacy4 ,many of its forms become disfigured and present a rather blotched and coarse appearance4 ,the lady fern has inspired several poems1 which have been quoted more or less fully in the fern books4 ,the following lines are from the pen of ,calder ,campbell3 ,but not by burne in wood or dale ,grows anything so fair ,as the palmy crest of emerald pale ,of the lady fern when the sunbeams turn ,to gold her delicate hair4 ,referring1 perhaps1 to the fair colors of the unfolding crosiers revealing stipes of a clear wine color in striking contrast with the delicate green of the foliage4 ,in identifying this fern the novice should bear in mind the tendency of the curved sori of youth to become straightened and even confluent with age1 although such changes are rather unreliable4 ,possibly the suggestion of the poetic ,davenport may be helpful to some that there is ,an indefinable charm about the various forms of the lady fern1 which soon enables one to know it from its peculiarly graceful motion by merely gently swaying a frond in the hand4 ,spores ripen in ,august4 ,the lady fern is very easy to cultivate and when once established is apt to crowd aside its neighbors4 7#c7 ,,silvery ,,spleenwort4 ,,athyrium ,,acrostichoides ,asplenium acrostichoides4 ,asplenium thelypteroides ,fronds two to four feet tall1 pinnate1 tapering both ways from the middle4 ,pinnae deeply pinnatifid1 linear-lanceolate1 acuminate4 ,lobes oblong1 obtuse1 minutely toothed1 each bearing two rows of oblong or linear fruit-dots4 ,indusium silvery when young4 ,illustration3 ,silvery ,spleenwort4 ,athyrium acrostichoides ,illustration3 ,silvery ,spleenwort4 ,athyrium acrostichoides ,the sterile fronds come up first and the taller1 fertile ones do not appear until late in ,june4 ,where there are no fruit-dots the hairs on the upper surface of the fronds will help to distinguish it from specimens of the ,marsh fern tribe1 which it somewhat resembles4 ,the regular rows of nearly straight1 clear-cut sori of the fertile fronds are very attractive1 and the lower ones1 as well as those at the slender tips of the pinnae1 are frequently double4 ,rich woods and moist1 shady banks1 ,new ,england to ,kentucky and westward4 ,generally distributed but hardly common4 7#d7 ,,narrow-,,leaved ,,spleenwort ,,athyrium ,,angustifolium4 ,asplenium angustifolium ,fronds one to four feet tall1 pinnate4 ,pinnae numerous1 thin1 short-stalked1 linear-lanceolate1 acuminate1 those of the fertile fronds narrower4 ,fruit-dots linear4 ,indusium slightly convex4 ,illustration3 ,narrow-leaved ,spleenwort4 ,athyrium angustifolium 7,vermont7 7,geo4 ,e4 ,davenport7 ,in rich woods from southern ,canada and ,new ,hampshire to ,minnesota and southward4 ,september4 ,not common4 ,mt4 ,toby1 ,mass41 ,berlin and ,meriden1 ,conn41 and ,danville1 ,vt4 ,can be cultivated but should not be exposed to severe weather1 as its thin and delicate fronds are easily injured4 ,woolson writes of it1 ,there is nothing in the fern kingdom which looks so cool and refreshing on a hot day as a mass of this clear-cut1 delicately made-up fern4 ,illustration3 ,pinnae and ,sori of ,athyrium angustifolium ,,hart',s ,,tongue ,scolopendrium4 ,,phyllitis ,sori linear1 a row on either side of the midvein1 and at right angles to it1 the indusium appearing to be double4 7,scolopendrium is the ,greek for centipede1 whose feet the sori were thought to resemble4 ,phyllitis is the ancient ,greek name for a fern47 ,only one species in the ,united ,states4 ,illustration3 ,sori of ,scolopendrium vulgare 7#a7 ,scolopendrium vulgare ,,phyllitis ,,scolopendrium ,fronds thick and leathery1 oblong-lanceolate from an auricled1 heart-shaped base1 ten to twenty inches long and one to two inches wide4 ,margin entire1 bright green4 ,in shaded ravines under limestone cliffs4 ,chittenango ,falls1 and ,scolopendrium ,lake1 central ,new ,york1 and ,tennessee4 ,also1 locally in ,ontario and ,new ,brunswick4 ,one of the rarest of our native ferns1 although very common in ,great ,britain4 ,this plant is said to be easily cultivated1 and to produce numerous varieties4 ,according to ,woolson1 ,no rockery is complete without the ,hart's ,tongue1 the long1 glossy1 undulating fronds of which are sufficiently unique to distinguish any collection4 ,in cultivation it needs light protection through the winter in northern ,new ,england4 ,illustration3 ,hart's ,tongue4 ,scolopendrium vulgare 7,base of calcareous rocks1 ,owen ,sound1 ,ontario1 ,canada7 ,,walking ,,fern4 ,,walking ,,leaf ,camptosorus ,fruit-dots oblong or linear as in ,asplenium1 but irregularly scattered on either side of the reticulated veins of the simple frond1 the outer ones sometimes confluent at their ends1 forming crooked lines 7hence1 the name from the ,greek meaning crooked sori74 ,only one species within our limits4 ,camptosorus rhizophyllus ,fronds evergreen1 leathery1 four to eighteen inches long1 heart-shaped at the base1 but tapering towards the apex1 which often roots and forms a new plant4 ,veins reticulated4 ,the auricles of this species are sometimes elongated and may even take root4 ,this curious and interesting fern is one of the finest for rockeries1 the tips taking root in rock-fissures4 ,shaded limestone1 or sometimes other rocks4 ,shapleigh and ,winthrop1 ,me41 rarely in ,new ,hampshire 7,lebanon71 and ,connecticut1 ,mt4 ,toby1 ,mass41 and western ,new ,england2 also ,canada to ,georgia and westward4 ,illustration3 ,walking ,fern4 ,camptosorus rhizophyllus ,,the ,,shield ,,ferns ,,the ,,christmas ,,and ,,holly ,,ferns ,polystichum ,these have been grouped with the wood ferns1 but are now usually placed under the genus ,polystichum1 which has the sori round and covered with a circular indusium fixed to the frond by its depressed center4 ,the wood ferns1 on the other hand1 have a kidney-shaped indusium attached to the fronds by the sinus4 7,polystichum is the ,greek for many rows1 the sori of some species being in many ranks47 7#a7 ,,the ,,christmas ,,fern ,polystichum acrostichoides4 ,aspidium acrostichoides ,stipes clothed with pale1 brown scales4 ,frond rigid and evergreen1 one to two feet long1 lanceolate1 pinnate4 ,pinnae linear-lanceolate1 scythe-shaped1 auricled on the upper side1 and with bristly teeth2 fertile pinnae contracted toward the top1 bearing two rows of sori1 which soon become confluent and cover the entire surface4 ,indusium orbicular1 fixed by its depressed center4 ,f4 incisum is a form in which the pinnae are much incised4 ,f4 crispum has the edges of its pinnae crisped and ruffled4 ,the name ,christmas fern1 due to ,john ,robinson1 of ,salem1 ,mass41 suggests its fitness for winter decoration4 ,its deep green and glossy fronds insure it a welcome at ,christmas time4 ,its mission is to cheer the winter months and enhance the beauty of the other ferns by contrast4 ,in transplanting1 a generous mass of earth should be included and its roots should not be disturbed4 ,illustration3 ,christmas ,fern4 ,polystichum acrostichoides ,illustration3 ,christmas ,fern4 ,polystichum acrostichoides ,illustration3 ,christmas ,fern4 ,polystichum acrostichoides ,top1 ,forked ,form2 ,bottom1 ,incised ,form 7,maine7 7#b7 ,,braun',s ,,holly ,,fern ,polystichum ,braunii4 ,aspidium aculeatum ,braunii ,fronds thick1 rigid1 one to two feet long1 spreading1 lanceolate1 tapering both ways1 bipinnate4 ,pinnules ovate or oblong1 truncate1 nearly rectangular at the base1 sharply toothed and covered beneath with chaff and hairs4 ,fruit-dots small and near the mid veins4 ,indusium orbicular1 entire4 ,stipes chaffy with brown scales4 ,illustration3 ,braun's ,holly ,fern4 ,polystichum ,braunii 7,willoughby ,mountain1 ,vt47 7,herbarium of ,g4,h4,t47 ,this handsome fern is rather common in northern ,new ,england4 ,we have collected it in the ,willoughby ,lake region1 ,vt41 and it is found at ,mt4 ,mansfield1 ,randolph1 and elsewhere in that state2 also at ,gorham1 ,n4,h41 and ,fernald reports it as common in northern ,maine4 ,it also grows in the mountains of ,new ,york and ,pennsylvania1 and westward4 ,it was formerly thought to be a variety of the prickly shield fern 7,p4 aculeatum71 which has a very wide range and numerous varieties4 ,the fronds remain green through the winter but the stipes weaken and fall over4 7#c7 ,,holly ,,fern4 ,polystichum ,lonchitis ,fronds linear-lanceolate1 short-stalked and rigid1 eight to fifteen inches long4 ,pinnae broadly lanceolate-falcate or the lowest triangular1 strongly auricled on the upper side1 densely spinulose-toothed4 ,sori midway between the margin and midrib4 ,illustration3 ,holly ,fern4 ,polystichum ,lonchitis 7,nottawasaga1 ,canada1 ,west1 ,right1 ,alaska1 ,left7 7,herbarium of ,c4,e4 ,davenport7 ,the name holly fern suggests its resemblance to holly leaves with their bristle-tipped teeth4 ,the specific name lonchitis 7like a spear7 refers to its sharp teeth4 ,a northern species growing in rocky woods from ,labrador to ,alaska1 and south to ,niagara ,falls1 ,lake ,superior and westward4 ,its southern limits nearly coincide with the northern limits of the ,christmas fern4 ,,the ,,marsh ,,fern ,,tribe ,under this designation ,clute has grouped three of the shield ferns1 which have a close family resemblance1 and has thus distinguished them from the wood ferns1 which also belong to the shield fern family4 7#a7 ,,the ,,marsh ,,fern ,aspidium thelypteris4 ,,thelypteris ,,palustris ,dryopteris thelypteris4 ,nephrodium thelypteris ,illustration3 ,the ,marsh ,fern ,these are all good names and each one is worthy to be chosen4 ,aspidium1 ,greek for shield1 in use for a century1 adopted in all the seven editions of ,gray's ,manual1 is still the most familiar and pleasing term to its friends4 ,dryopteris1 ,greek for oak fern1 has been chosen by ,underwood and ,britton and ,brown and has grown in favor4 ,nephrodium1 meaning kidney-like1 favored by ,davenport1 ,waters and1 of late1 ,clute1 is a most fitting name4 ,,thelypteris1 meaning lady fern1 is found to be the earliest name in use and according to rule the correct one4 ,illustration3 ,the ,marsh ,fern4 ,aspidium ,thelypteris ,fronds pinnate1 lanceolate1 slightly or not at all narrowed at the base4 ,pinnae horizontal or slightly recurved1 linear-lanceolate and deeply pinnatifid4 ,lobes obtuse1 but appear acute when their margins are reflexed over the sori4 ,veins once forked4 ,indusium minute4 ,stipes tall1 lifting the blades ten to fifteen inches above the mud1 whence they spring4 ,the fronds of the marsh fern are apt to be sterile in deep shade4 ,it may be readily distinguished from the ,new ,york fern by its broad base1 instead of tapering to very small pinnae2 by its long stalk1 lifting the blade up into the sunlight1 and by the revolute margins of the fertile fronds1 which have suggested for it the name of snuff-box fern4 ,it is separated from the ,massachusetts fern by its forked veins4 ,common in marshes and damp woodlands2 ,canada to ,florida and westward4 ,while the marsh fern loves moisture and shade it is sometimes found in dry1 open fields4 ,miss ,lilian ,a4 ,cole1 of ,union1 ,me41 reports a colony as growing on land above the swale in which ,twayblade and ,adder's ,tongue are found1 around rock heaps in open sunlight on clay soil1 but homely and twisted1 as if a former woodsy environment had been long since cleared away while the deserted ferns persisted4 7#b7 ,,massachusetts ,,fern ,aspidium simulatum4 ,,thelypteris ,,simulata ,dryopteris simulata4 ,nephrodium simulatum ,fronds pinnate1 one to three feet long1 oblong-lanceolate1 somewhat narrowed at the base4 ,pinnae lanceolate1 deeply pinnatifid1 the lower most often turned inward4 ,veins simple4 ,indusium glandular4 ,sori rather large4 ,resembles the marsh fern1 of which it was once thought to be a variety4 ,in some respects it is also like the ,new ,york fern1 and is in fact intermediate between the two4 ,illustration3 ,massachusetts ,fern4 ,aspidium simulatum #a4 ,sterile ,frond4 #b4 ,a ,fruiting ,pinnule4 #c4 ,pinnule enlarged showing venation 7,from the ,fern ,bulletin7 ,that it is a distinct species was first pointed out by ,raynal ,dodge in #ahhj1 and it later was named simulatum by ,geo4 ,e4 ,davenport because of its similarity to a form of the lady fern4 ,it may be identified by its thin texture and particularly by its simple veins4 ,on account of its close resemblance to the marsh fern1 ,clute would call it ,the lance-leaved ,marsh ,fern1 instead of the irrelevant name of ,massachusetts ,fern4 ,woodland swamps usually in deep shade1 ,new ,england to ,maryland and westward4 ,often found growing with the marsh fern4 7#c7 ,,new ,,york ,,fern ,aspidium noveboracense4 ,,thelypteris ,,noveboracensis ,dryopteris noveboracensis4 ,nephrodium noveboracense ,fronds pinnate1 tapering both ways from the middle4 ,pinnae lanceolate1 pinnatifid1 the lowest pairs gradually shorter and deflexed4 ,veins simple4 ,indusium minute and beset with glands4 ,illustration3 ,new ,york ,fern4 ,aspidium noveboracense ,very common in woodlands1 preferring a dryer soil than the marsh fern4 ,august4 ,the fronds are pale green1 delicate and hairy beneath along the midrib and veins4 ,illustration3 ,sori of ,new ,york ,fern 7,from ,waters's ,ferns1 ,henry ,holt ,co47 ,illustration3 ,new ,york ,fern4 ,aspidium noveboracense ,when bruised its resinous glands give out a pleasing1 ferny odor4 ,this species can be distinguished from every other by the greatly reduced pinnae at its base4 ,throughout ,north ,america east of the ,mississippi4 ,,the ,,beech ,,ferns ,the beech ferns are often classed with the polypodies1 because1 like them1 they have no indusium2 but in other ways they are more akin to the wood ferns4 ,their stipes are not jointed to the root stock1 nor are their sori at the ends of the veins as in the polypodies4 ,we here place them with the wood ferns1 retaining the familiar name ,phegopteris but giving ,,thelypteris as a synonym4 ,the fruit-dots are small1 round and naked1 borne on the back of the veins below the apex4 ,stipe continuous with the rootstock4 ,veins free4 7,the name ,phegopteris in ,greek means oak or beech fern47 7#a7 ,,oak ,,fern ,phegopteris dryopteris4 ,,thelypteris ,,dryopteris ,fronds glabrous1 broadly triangular1 ternate1 four to seven inches broad1 the divisions widely spreading1 each division pinnate at the base4 ,segments oblong1 obtuse1 entire or toothed4 ,fruit-dots near the margin4 ,rootstock slender and creeping from which fronds are produced all summer1 in appearance like the small1 ternate divisions of the bracken4 ,this dainty fern has fronds of a delicate yellow-green1 the greenest of all green things growing4 ,its ternate character is shown even in the uncoiling of the fronds1 the three round balls suggesting the sign of the pawnbroker4 ,the parts of the oak fern develop with great regularity1 each pinna1 pinnule and lobe having another exactly opposite to it nearly always4 ,in rocky woods1 common northward2 also in ,virginia1 ,kansas and ,colorado4 ,a fine species for cultivation at the base of the artificial rockery4 ,illustration3 ,oak ,fern4 ,phegopteris ,dryopteris 7#b7 ,,the ,,northern ,,oak ,,fern ,phegopteris ,robertiana4 ,phegopteris calcarea ,,thelypteris ,,robertiana ,resembles the oak fern1 but with fronds rather larger1 especially the terminal segment2 also more rigid and coarser in appearance4 ,stalks and fronds minutely glandular beneath4 ,lower pinnules of the lateral divisions scarcely longer than the others4 ,often called ,limestone ,polypody1 the beech ferns having formerly been classed with the polypodies4 ,britton and ,brown designate it as the ,scented ,oak ,fern4 ,canada and the northwestern states4 ,rare4 ,illustration3 ,northern ,oak ,fern4 ,phegopteris ,robertiana 7,from ,water's ,ferns1 ,henry ,holt ,co47 ,illustration3 ,,broad ,,beech ,,fern4 ,phegopteris hexagonoptera 7#c7 ,,broad ,,beech ,,fern ,phegopteris hexagonoptera ,,thelypteris ,,hexagonoptera ,fronds triangular1 broader than long1 seven to twelve inches broad1 spreading more or less horizontally at the summit of the stipe2 pubescent and often glandular beneath2 pinnae fragrant1 lanceolate1 the lowest pair usually much larger than those above1 having the segments elongated and cut into lobes4 ,basal segments decurrent and forming a many-angled wing along the main rachis4 ,fruit-dots small1 near the margin4 ,the broad beech fern is usually larger than its sister1 the long beech fern1 and extends farther south1 ranging from ,new ,england to ,minnesota and southward to ,florida4 ,it is sometimes called six-angled polypody4 ,according to ,dodge it is most common in ,rhode ,island and ,connecticut4 ,it prefers rather dry1 open woods4 ,it is said to have a pleasant1 ferny odor when bruised4 ,august4 7#d7 ,,long ,,beech ,,fern ,phegopteris polypodioides4 ,,thelypteris ,,phegopteris ,fronds triangular1 longer than broad1 four to six inches long1 twice pinnatifid4 ,pinnae lanceolate1 acuminate1 the lowest pair deflexed and standing forward2 cut into oblong1 obtuse segments4 ,fruit-dots near the margin4 ,compared with the broad beech fern this is the more northern species4 ,while usually quite distinct in structure1 it sometimes approaches its sister fern rather closely4 ,it prefers deep woods and shaded banks4 ,newfoundland to ,alaska and southward to the mountains of ,virginia4 ,july4 ,illustration3 ,long ,beech ,fern4 ,phegopteris polypodioides ,illustration3 ,the ,long ,beech ,fern ,,the ,,fragrant ,,fern ,aspidium fragrans4 ,nephrodium fragrans ,,thelypteris ,,fragrans4 ,dryopteris fragrans ,fronds four to twelve inches high1 glandular-aromatic1 narrowly lanceolate and twice pinnate or nearly so4 ,pinnae oblong-lanceolate1 pinnate or deeply pinnatifid4 ,pinnules toothed or entire nearly covered beneath with the large1 thin1 imbricated indusia which are orbicular with a narrow sinus1 having the margins ragged and sparingly glanduliferous4 ,stipe short and chaffy4 ,the fragrant fern grows on high cliffs among the mountains of northern ,new ,england4 ,it is reported from scattered stations in northern ,maine1 from north of the ,white ,mountains and from ,sunapee ,lake in ,new ,hampshire1 and in the ,green ,mountains south to central ,vermont1 ,new ,brunswick and to ,minnesota4 ,found also in ,alaska and ,greenland4 ,this much-coveted fern has a singularly sweet and lasting fragrance1 compared by some to strawberries1 by others to new-mown hay and sweet brier leaves4 ,we have seen herbarium specimens that were mildly and pleasantly odorous after several years4 ,when growing the fern may be tested by its fragrance1 its stickiness and its beautiful brown curls4 ,evergreen4 ,spores ripen the middle of ,august4 ,illustration3 ,fragrant ,fern4 ,aspidium fragrans 7,mt4 ,mansfield4 ,vt47 ,,key ,,to ,,the ,,wood ,,ferns ,,aspidium ,fronds pinnate1 the pinnae pinnatifid2 ,blade soft and thin1 not evergreen2 ,lower pinnae reduced to mere lobes ,new ,york ,fern ,lower pinnae but slightly reduced2 ,veins simple4444444444444444444444,massachuset ts ,fern ,veins forked444444444444444444444444444444,mar sh ,fern ,blade rather thick 7subcoreaceous7 mostly evergreen2 ,fronds small1 narrow1 glandular1 rock species ,fragrant ,fern ,fronds large1 two or more feet high2 ,lower pinnae short1 broadly triangular ,crested ,shield ,fern ,lower pinnae longer2 ,sori close to the margin4444 ,marginal ,shield ,fern ,sori nearer the midvein2 ,frond lanceolate44444444444444444444,male ,fern ,frond ovate44444444444444,goldie's ,shield ,fern ,fronds twice pinnate with the lower pinnules pinnatifid ,boott's ,shield ,fern ,fronds nearly thrice pinnate4444444444444444,spinulose ,shield ,fern ,illustration3 ,marginal ,shield ,fern4 ,aspidium marginale ,,the ,,wood ,,ferns ,the ferns of this group1 not counting the small fragrant fern1 prefer the woods or at least shady places4 ,although the genus ,polystichum represents the true shield ferns1 the wood ferns are also thus designated1 as their indusia have nearly the shape of small1 roundish shields4 ,the old generic name for them all was ,aspidium 7meaning shield71 first published in #ahjj4 ,for a long time its chief rival was ,nephrodium 7kidney-like71 #ahjc4 ,many modern botanists have preferred the earlier name ,dryopteris 7#agfc71 meaning oak fern1 alluding1 perhaps1 to its forest-loving habits4 ,,thelypteris1 still earlier 7#agfb71 may supersede the others4 ,illustration3 ,marginal ,shield ,fern4 ,aspidium marginale 7,from ,woolson's ,ferns1 ,doubleday1 ,page ,co47 ,illustration3 ,sori of ,marginal ,shield ,fern 7#a7 ,,marginal ,,shield ,,fern1 ,,evergreen ,,wood ,,fern ,aspidium marginale4 ,,thelypteris ,,marginalis ,dryopteris marginalis4 ,nephrodium marginale ,fronds from a few inches to three feet long1 ovate-oblong1 somewhat leathery1 smooth1 twice pinnate4 ,pinnae lanceolate1 acuminate1 broadest just above the base4 ,pinnules oblong1 often slightly falcate1 entire or toothed4 ,fruit-dots large1 round1 close to the margin4 ,rocky hillsides in rich woods1 rather common throughout our area4 ,the heavy rootstock rises slightly above the ground and is clothed at the crown with shaggy1 brown scales4 ,its rising caudex1 often creeping for several inches over bare rocks1 suggests the habit of a tree fern4 ,in early spring it sends up a graceful circle of large1 handsome1 bluish-green blades4 ,the stipes are short and densely chaffy4 ,no other wood fern endures the winter so well4 ,the fronds burdened with snow lop over among the withered leaves and continue green until the new ones shoot up in the spring4 ,it is the most valuable of all the wood ferns for cultivation4 7#b7 ,,the ,,male ,,fern ,aspidium ,filix-mas4 ,,thelypteris ,,filix-,,mas ,dryopteris ,filix-mas4 ,nephrodium ,filix-mas ,fronds lanceolate1 pinnate1 one to three feet high growing in a crown from a shaggy rootstock4 ,pinnae lanceolate1 tapering from base to apex4 ,pinnules oblong1 obtuse1 serrate at the apex1 obscurely so at the sides1 the basal incisely lobed1 distant1 the upper confluent4 ,fruit-dots large1 nearer the mid vein than the margin1 mostly on the lower half of each fertile segment4 ,the male fern resembles the marginal shield fern in outline1 but the fronds are thinner1 are not evergreen1 and the sori are near the midvein4 ,its use in medicine is of long standing4 ,its rootstock produces the well-known filix-mas of the pharmacist4 ,this has tonic and astringent properties1 but is mainly prescribed as a vermifuge1 which is one of the names given to it4 ,in ,europe it is regarded as the typical fern1 being oftener mentioned and figured than any other4 ,in rocky woods1 ,canada1 ,northfield1 ,vt41 and northwest to the great lakes1 also in many parts of the world4 ,illustration3 ,the ,male ,fern4 ,aspidium ,filix-mas 7,vermont7 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cc;,g4 ,aspidium filix mas #a1 ,illustration exhibiting general habit2 a1 young leaves3 #b1 transverse section of rhizome showing the conducting bundles a3 #c1 portion of the leaf bearing sori2 a indusium b1 sporangia2 #d1 longitudinal2 #e1 transverse section of a soris2 a1 leaf2 b1 indusium2 c1 sporangia3 #f1 a single sporangium2 a1 stalk2 c1 annulus2 d1 spores4 7,after ,,wossidlo ,,officinal7 ,from a ,german print1 giving details 7#c7 ,,goldie',s ,,fern ,aspidium ,goldianum4 ,,thelypteris ,,goldiana ,dryopteris ,goldiana4 ,nephrodium ,goldianum ,fronds two to four feet high and often one foot broad1 pinnate1 broadly ovate1 especially the sterile ones4 ,pinnae deeply pinnatifid1 broadest in the middle4 ,the divisions 7eighteen or twenty pairs7 oblong-linear1 slightly toothed4 ,fruit-dots very near the midvein4 ,indusium large1 orbicular1 with a deep1 narrow sinus4 ,scales dark brown to nearly black with a peculiar silky lustre4 ,a magnificent species1 the tallest and largest of the wood ferns4 ,it delights in rich woodlands where there is limestone4 ,its range is from ,canada to ,kentucky4 ,while not common1 there are numerous colonies in ,new ,england4 ,it is reported from ,fairfield1 ,me41 ,spencer and ,mt4 ,toby1 ,mass41 and frequently west of the ,connecticut ,river4 ,we have often admired a large and beautiful colony of it on the west side of ,willoughby ,mountain in ,vermont4 ,it is easily cultivated and adds grace and dignity to a fern garden4 ,illustration3 ,goldie's ,shield ,fern4 ,aspidium ,goldianum 7,vermont1 #ahgd4 ,c4,g4 ,pringle7 7,herbarium of ,g4,e4 ,davenport7 ,illustration3 ,goldie's ,fern 7,from ,woolson's ,ferns1 ,doubleday1 ,page ,co47 7#d7 ,,the ,,crested ,,fern ,aspidium cristatum4 ,,thelypteris ,,cristata ,dryopteris cristata4 ,nephrodium cristatum ,fronds one to two feet long1 linear-oblong or lanceolate1 pinnate1 acute4 ,pinnae two to three inches long1 broadest at the base1 triangular-oblong1 or the lowest triangular4 ,divisions oblong1 obtuse1 finely serrate or cut-toothed1 those nearest the rachis sometimes separate4 ,fruit-dots large1 round1 half way between the midvein and the margin4 ,indusium smooth1 naked1 with a shallow sinus4 ,the short sterile fronds1 though spreading out gracefully1 are conspicuous only in winter2 while the fertile fronds1 tall1 narrow and erect1 are found only in summer4 ,it is one of our handsomest evergreen ferns and even the large sori1 with their dark spore cases and white indusia1 are very attractive4 ,the fertile pinnae have a way of turning their faces upward toward the apex of the frond for more light4 ,in moist land1 ,canada to ,kentucky4 ,var4 ,clintonianum4 ,clinton's ,wood ,fern4 ,resembles the type1 but is in every way larger4 ,divisions eight to sixteen pairs4 ,fruit-dots near the midvein1 the sides of the sinus often overlapping4 ,south central ,maine to ,new ,york and westward4 ,rare in ,new ,england attaining its best development in western sections4 7,dodge47 ,mt4 ,toby1 ,mass41 ,hanover1 ,n4,h4 ,july4 ,fine for cultivation4 ,illustration3 ,crested ,shield ,fern4 ,aspidium cristatum 7,reading1 ,mass41 ,kingman7 ,illustration3 ,the ,crested ,shield ,fern4 ,aspidium cristatum ,illustration3 ,clinton's ,wood ,fern4 ,aspidium cristatum1 var4 ,clintonianum 7,gray ,herbarium7 ,,crested ,,marginal ,,fern ,aspidium cristatum ,x marginale ,both the crested fern and ,clinton's fern appear to hybridize with the marginal shield fern with the result that the upper part of the frond is like marginale and the lower like cristatum1 including the veining and texture4 ,this form was discovered by ,raynal ,dodge1 verified by ,margaret ,slosson and described by ,geo4 ,e4 ,davenport1 who had a small colony under cultivation in his fern garden at ,medford1 ,mass41 and to him the writer and other friends are indebted for specimens4 ,found occasionally throughout ,new ,england and ,new ,jersey4 ,other supposed hybrids have been found between the marginal shield and the spinulose fern and its variety intermedium1 and with ,goldie's fern2 also between the crested fern1 including ,clinton's variety and each of the others mentioned2 and1 in fact1 between almost all pairs of species of the wood ferns1 although we do not think they have been positively verified4 ,still other species of ferns are known to hybridize more or less1 as we saw in the case of ,scott's spleenwort4 ,illustration3 ,crested ,marginal ,fern4 ,a ,hybrid4 ,aspidium ,cristatum ,x marginale 7,fernery of ,geo4 ,e4 ,davenport7 ,illustration3 ,aspidium cristatum ,x marginale ,one of the very best for cultivation 7#e7 ,,boott',s ,,shield ,,fern ,aspidium ,boottii4 ,,thelypteris ,,boottii ,dryopteris ,boottii4 ,nephrodium ,boottii ,fronds one to three feet high1 oblong-lanceolate1 bipinnate1 the upper pinnae lanceolate1 the lower triangular with spinulose teeth4 ,sori in rows each side of the midvein1 one to each tooth and often scattering on the lower pinules4 ,indusium large1 minutely glandular1 variable4 ,this fern has been thought to be a hybrid between the crested and spinulose ferns1 but is now regarded as distinct4 ,like the crested fern its fertile fronds wither in autumn1 while its sterile blades remain green throughout the winter4 ,it differs from it1 however1 by being twice pinnate below1 and from the typical spinulose fern by its glandular indusium2 but from the intermediate variety it is more difficult to separate it1 as that also has indusiate glands4 ,the collector needs to study authentic specimens and have in mind the type1 with its rather long1 narrow blade as an aid to the verbal description1 and even then he will often find it an interesting puzzle4 ,shaded swamps throughout our area4 ,illustration3 ,aspidium ,boottii 7#f7 ,,spinulose ,,shield ,,fern ,aspidium spinulosum4 ,,thelypteris ,,spinulosa ,dryopteris spinulosa4 ,nephrodium spinulosum ,stipes with a few pale brown deciduous scales4 ,fronds one to two and one-half feet long1 ovate-lanceolate1 twice pinnate4 ,pinnae oblique to the rachis1 the lower ones broadly triangular1 the upper ones elongated4 ,pinnules on the inferior side of the pinnae often elongated1 especially the lower pair1 the pinnule nearest the rachis being usually the longest1 at least in the lowest pinnae4 ,pinnules variously cut into spinulose-toothed segments4 ,indusium smooth1 without marginal glands4 ,the common ,european type1 but in this country far less common than its varieties4 ,they all prefer rich1 damp woods1 and because of their graceful outline and spiny-toothed lobes are very attractive4 ,they can be transplanted without great difficulty1 and the fern garden depends upon them for its most effective lacework4 ,var4 intermedium has the scales of the stipe brown with darker center4 ,fronds ovate-oblong1 often tripinnate4 ,pinnae spreading1 oblong-lanceolate4 ,pinnules pinnately cleft1 the oblong lobes spinulose-toothed at the apex4 ,margin of the indusium denticulate and beset with minute1 stalked glands4 ,in woods nearly everywhere--our most common form4 ,millions of fronds of this variety are gathered in our northern woods1 placed in cold storage and sent to florists to be used in decorations4,a ,as long as the roots are not disturbed the crop is renewed from year to year1 and no great harm seems to result4 ,canada to ,kentucky and westward4 ,footnote ,a3 ,horticulture reports that twenty-eight million fern leaves have been shipped from ,bennington1 ,vt41 in a single season2 and that nearly #ajj1jjj were paid out in wages4 ,illustration3 ,spinulose ,shield ,fern4 ,aspidium spinulosum 7,maine1 #ahgg1 ,herbarium of ,geo4 ,e4 ,davenport7 ,illustration3 ,aspidium spinulosum1 var4 intermedium ,illustration3 ,aspidium spinulosum1 var4 ,,americanum ,a tripinnate form of this variety discovered at ,concord1 ,mass41 by ,henry ,purdie1 has been named var4 ,,concordianum4 ,it has small1 elliptical1 denticulate pinnules and a glandular-pubescent indusium4 ,var4 ,,americanum 7dilatatum1 syn474 ,fronds broader1 ovate or triangular-ovate in outline4 ,a more highly developed form of the typical plant1 the lower pinnae being often very broad1 and the fronds tripinnate4 ,inferior pinnules on the lower pair of pinnae conspicuously elongated4 ,a variety preferring upland woods2 northern ,new ,england1 ,greenland to the mountains of ,north ,carolina1 ,pennsylvania1 ,michigan and northward4 ,,the ,,bladder ,,ferns4 ,cystopteris ,mark ye the ferns that clothe these dripping rocks1 ,their hair-like stalks1 though trembling 'neath the shock ,of falling spraydrops1 rooted firmly there4 ,the bladder ferns are a dainty1 rock-loving family partial to a limestone soil4 7,the ,greek name cystopteris means bladder fern1 so called in allusion to the hood-shaped indusium47 7#a7 ,,the ,,bulblet ,,bladder ,,fern ,cystopteris bulbifera4 ,filix bulbifera ,fronds lanceolate1 elongated1 one to three feet long1 twice pinnate4 ,pinnae lanceolate-oblong1 pointed1 horizontal1 the lowest pair longest4 ,rachis and pinnae often bearing bulblets beneath4 ,pinnules toothed or deeply lobed4 ,indusium short1 truncate on the free side4 ,stipe short4 ,illustration3 ,bulblet ,bladder ,fern4 ,cystopteris bulbifera 7,willoughby1 ,vt41 #aijd1 ,g4,h4,t47 ,illustration3 ,bulblet ,bladder ,fern4 ,cystopteris bulbifera ,one of the most graceful and attractive of our native ferns2 an object of beauty1 whether standing alone or massed with other growths4 ,it is very easily cultivated and one of the best for draping4 ,we may drape our homes by the yard1 says ,woolson1 with the most graceful and filmy of our common ferns1 the bladder fern4 ,this fern and the maidenhair were introduced into ,europe in #afbh by ,john ,tradescant1 the first from ,america4 ,it delights in shaded ravines and dripping hillsides in limestone districts4 ,while producing spores freely it seems to propagate its species mainly by bulblets1 which1 falling into a moist soil1 at once send out a pair of growing roots1 while a tiny frond starts to uncoil from the heart of the bulb4 ,mt4 ,toby1 ,mass41 ,willoughby ,mountain1 ,vt41 calcareous regions in ,maine1 and west of the ,connecticut ,river1 ,newfoundland to ,manitoba1 ,wisconsin and ,iowa2 south to northern ,georgia1 ,alabama and ,arkansas4 7#b7 ,,the ,,common ,,bladder ,,fern ,cystopteris fragilis4 ,filix fragilis ,stipe long and brittle4 ,fronds oblong-lanceolate1 five to twelve inches long1 twice pinnate1 the pinnae often pinnatifid or cut-toothed1 ovate-lanceolate1 decurrent on the winged rachis4 ,indusium appearing acute at the free end4 ,very variable in the cutting of the pinnules4 ,the fragile bladder fern1 as it is often called1 and which the name fragilis suggests1 is the earliest to appear in the spring1 and the first to disappear1 as by the end of ,july it has discharged its spores and withered away4 ,often1 however1 a new crop springs up by the last of ,august1 as if ,nature were renewing her youth4 ,in outline the fragile bladder fern suggests the blunt-lobed ,woodsia1 but in the latter the pinnae and pinnules are usually broader and blunter1 and its indusium splits into jagged lobes4 ,rather common in damp1 shady places where rocks abound4 ,in one form or another1 found nearly throughout the world though only on mountains in the tropics4 ,illustration3 ,fragile ,bladder ,fern1 ,fruited ,portion ,illustration3 ,fragile ,bladder ,fern4 ,cystopteris fragilis 7,wakefield1 ,mass47 ,,key ,,to ,,the ,,woodsias ,stipes not jointed3 ,indusium ample1 segments broad1 frond without hairs4 ,obtuse ,woodsia4 ,pinnae hispidulous1 with white jointed hairs beneath4 ,rocky ,mountain ,woodsia4 ,fronds bright green1 pinnae glabrous1 oblong4 ,oregon ,woodsia4 ,fronds dull green1 lanceolate1 glandular beneath4 ,cathcart's ,woodsia4 ,stipes obscurely jointed near the base3 ,fronds more or less chaffy1 pinnae oblong to ovate1 crowded4 ,rusty ,woodsia4 ,fronds linear1 smooth1 pinnae deltoid or orbicular4 ,smooth ,woodsia4 ,fronds lanceolate1 a few white scales beneath2 pinnae deltoid-ovate4 ,alpine ,woodsia4 ,,the ,,woodsias ,small1 tufted1 pinnately divided ferns4 ,fruit-dots borne on the back of simply forked1 free veins4 ,indusium fixed beneath the sori1 thin and often evanescent1 either small and open1 or early bursting at the top into irregular pieces or lobes4 7,named for ,james ,woods1 an ,english botanist47 7#a7 ,,rusty ,,woodsia4 ,woodsia ilvensis ,fronds oblong-lanceolate1 three to ten inches high1 rather smooth above1 thickly clothed underneath with rusty1 bristle-like chaff4 ,pinnate1 the pinnae crowded1 sessile1 cut into oblong segments4 ,fruit-dots near the margin often confluent at maturity4 ,indusium divided nearly in the center into slender hairs which are curled over the sporangia4 ,stipes jointed an inch or so above the rootstock4 ,illustration3 ,rusty ,woodsia1 ,woodsia ilvensis ,the rusty ,woodsia is decidedly a rock-loving fern1 and often grows on high cliffs exposed to the sun2 its rootstock and fronds are covered with silver-white1 hair-like scales1 especially underneath4 ,these scales turn brown in age1 whence the name1 rusty4 ,as the short stipes separate at the joints from the rootstock1 they leave at the base a thick stubble1 which serves to identify the fern4 ,exposed rocks1 ,labrador to ,north ,carolina and westward4 ,rather common in ,new ,england4 ,said to be very abundant on the trap rock hillocks about ,little ,falls1 ,n4,j41 where it grows in dense tufts4 7#b7 ,,northern ,,woodsia4 ,,alpine ,,woodsia ,woodsia alpina4 ,woodsia hyperborea ,fronds narrowly lanceolate1 two to six inches long1 smooth above1 somewhat hairy beneath1 pinnate4 ,pinnae triangular-ovate1 obtuse1 lobed1 the lobes few and nearly entire4 ,fruit-dots rarely confluent4 ,indusium as in ,woodsia ilvensis4 ,illustration3 ,details of ,northern ,woodsia4 ,woodsia alpina ,thought by some botanists to be a smooth form of ,woodsia ilvensis4 ,it was discovered in the ,united ,states by ,horace ,mann1 in #ahfc1 at ,willoughby ,lake1 ,vt4 ,twenty years or more later it was collected by ,c4,h4 ,peck in the ,adirondacks1 who supposed it to be ,woodsia glabella4 ,in #ahig it was rediscovered at ,willoughby ,lake by ,c4,h4 ,pringle4 ,new ,york1 ,vermont1 ,maine1 and ,british ,america4 ,rare4 ,illustration3 ,northern ,woodsia1 ,woodsia alpina 7,from ,waters' ,ferns1 ,henry ,holt ,co47 7#c7 ,,blunt-,,lobed ,,woodsia4 ,woodsia obtusa ,fronds broadly lanceolate1 ten to eighteen inches long1 nearly twice pinnate1 often minutely glandular4 ,pinnae rather remote1 triangular-ovate or oblong1 pinnately parted into obtuse1 oblong1 toothed segments4 ,veins forked4 ,fruit-dots on or near the margin of the lobes4 ,indusium conspicuous1 at length splitting into several spreading1 jagged lobes4 ,illustration3 ,blunt-lobed ,woodsia4 ,woodsia obtusa ,this is our most common species of ,woodsia and it has a wider range than the others1 extending from ,maine and ,nova ,scotia to ,georgia and westward4 ,on rocky banks and cliffs4 ,the sori of this species have a peculiar beauty on account of the star-shaped indusium1 as it splits into fragments4 ,var4 angusta is a form with very narrow fronds and pinnae4 ,highlands1 ,new ,york4 ,the type grows in ,middlesex ,county1 ,mass41 but is rare4 7#d7 ,,smooth ,,woodsia4 ,woodsia glabella ,fronds two to five inches high1 very delicate1 linear1 pinnate4 ,pinnae remote at the base1 roundish-ovate1 very obtuse with a few crenate lobes4 ,stipes jointed1 straw-colored4 ,hairs of the indusium few and minute4 ,illustration3 ,smooth ,woodsia4 ,woodsia glabella 7,willoughhy ,mountain1 ,vt4 ,g4,h4,t47 ,on moist1 mossy1 mostly calcareous rocks1 northern ,new ,england1 ,mount ,mansfield1 ,willoughby1 and ,bakersfield ,ledge1 ,vt41 ,gorham1 ,n4,h41 also ,newfoundland1 ,new ,york1 and far to the northwest4 ,not very common4 ,it differs from the alpine species by the absence of scales above the joint4 ,as the name implies1 the plant is smooth1 except for the chaffy scales at or near the rootstock1 which mark all the ,woodsias1 and many other ferns1 and which serve as a protective covering against sudden changes in extremes of heat and cold4 7#e7 ,,oregon ,,woodsia4 ,woodsia oregana ,fronds two to ten inches high1 smooth1 bright green1 glandular beneath1 narrowly lance-oblong1 bipinnatifid4 ,pinnse triangular-oblong1 obtuse1 pinnatifid4 ,segments ovate or oblong1 obtuse1 crenate1 the teeth or margin nearly always reflexed4 ,indusium minute1 concealed beneath the sorus1 divided into a few beaded hairs4 ,like the obtuse ,woodsia this fern has no joint near the base of the stipe1 but is much smaller and has several points of difference4 ,limestone cliffs1 ,gaspe ,peninsula1 southern shore of ,lake ,superior1 ,colorado1 ,oregon to the northwest4 ,its eastern limit is northern ,michigan4 7#f7 ,,rocky ,,mountain ,,woodsia4 ,woodsia scopulina ,fronds six to fifteen inches long smooth1 lanceolate1 pinnatifid4 ,pinnae triangular-ovate1 the lowest pair shortened4 ,under surface of the whole frond hispidulous with minute1 white hairs and stalked glands4 ,indusium hidden beneath the sporangia1 consisting mostly of a few hair-like divisions4 ,in crevices of rocks1 mountains of ,west ,virginia1 ,gaspe ,peninsula1 ,rocky ,mountains1 and westward to ,oregon and ,california4 7#g7 ,,cathcart',s ,,woodsia4 ,woodsia ,cathcartiana ,fronds eight to twelve inches high1 lanceolate1 bipinnatifid1 finely glandular-puberulent4 ,pinnse oblong2 the lower distant segments oblong1 denticulate1 separated by wide sinuses4 ,rocky river banks1 west ,michigan to northeast ,minnesota4 ,,dennstaedtia4 ,dicksonia ,fruit-dots small1 globular1 marginal1 each on the apex of a vein or fork4 ,sporangia borne on an elevated1 globular receptacle in a membranous1 cup-shaped indusium which is open at the top4 7,named in honor of ,august ,wilhelm ,dennstaed47 ,,hayscented ,,fern4 ,,boulder ,,fern ,,dennstaedtia ,,punctilobula,a ,dicksonia punctilobula4 ,dicksonia pilosiuscula ,footnote ,a3 ,we again remind our readers that the ,latin names in small capitals represent the newer nomenclature4 ,fronds one to three feet high1 minutely glandular and hairy1 ovate-lanceolate1 pale green1 very thin and mostly bipinnate4 ,primary pinnae in outline like the frond2 the secondary1 pinnatifid into oblong and obtuse1 cut-toothed lobes4 ,fruit-dots minute1 each on a recurved toothlet1 usually one at the upper margin of each lobe4 ,indusium fixed under the sporangia1 appearing like a tiny green cup filled with spore cases4 ,illustration3 ,hayscented ,fern4 ,dennstaedtia punctilobula 7,sudbury1 ,mass4 ,g4,e4,d47 ,illustration3 ,forked ,variety of ,hayscented ,fern ,illustration3 ,hayscented ,fern4 ,dennstaedtia punctilobula ,while ,dennstaedtia is the approved scientific name of this species1 the name ,dicksonia has come to be used almost as commonly as hay scented fern or boulder fern4 ,it is one of our most graceful and delicate species1 its long-tapering outline suggesting the bulblet bladder fern4 ,it delights to cluster around rocks and boulders in upland fields and pastures and in the margin of rocky woods4 ,it is sweet-scented in drying4 ,a fine species for the fernery and one of the most decorative of the entire fern family4 ,the effect of the shimmering fronds1 so delicately wrought1 flanked by evergreens1 is highly artistic4 ,fine-haired mountain fern1 pasture fern1 and hairy ,dicksonia are other names4 ,canada to ,tennessee and westward4 ,var4 cristata has the fronds more or less forked at the top4 ,illustration3 ,pinnule and ,sori ,illustration3 ,mass of ,sensitive ,fern ,,the ,,sensitive ,,and ,,ostrich ,,ferns ,onoclea4 ,,pteretis4 ,matteuccia4 ,struthiopteris 7,last three names applied to ,ostrich ,fern only47 ,it is a question whether the sensitive and ostrich fern should be included in the same genus4 ,they are similar in many respects1 but not in all4 ,the sensitive fern has a running rootstock1 scattered fronds1 and netted veins2 while the ostrich fern has an upright rootstock1 fronds in crowns1 and free veins4 ,illustration3 ,sensitive ,fern4 ,gradations from ,leaf to ,fruit4 ,obtusilobata ,form 7#a7 ,,sensitive ,,fern4 ,onoclea sensibilis ,fronds one to three feet high1 scattered along a creeping rootstock1 broadly triangular1 deeply pinnatifid1 with segments sinuately lobed or nearly entire4 ,veins reticulated with fine meshes4 ,the fertile fronds shorter1 closely bipinnate with the pinnules rolled up into berry-like structures which contain the spore cases4 7,the name in ,greek means a closed vessel1 in allusion to the berry-like fertile segments47 ,the sensitive fern is so called from its being very sensitive to frost4 ,the sterile and fertile fronds are totally unlike1 the latter not coming out of the ground until about ,july1 when they appear like rows of small1 green grapes or berries1 but soon turn dark and remain erect all winter1 and often do not discharge their spores until the following spring4 ,the little berry-like structures of the fertile frond represent pinnules1 bearing fruit-dots1 around which they are closely rolled4 ,as ,waters remarks1 ,most ferns hold the sori in the open hand1 but the sensitive fern grasps them tightly in the clenched fist4 ,var4 obtusilobata is an abortive form with the fertile segments only partially developed4 ,the illustration shows several intermediate forms4 ,illustration3 ,sori of ,sensitive ,fern ,illustration3 ,sensitive ,fern4 ,onoclea sensibilis ,illustration3 ,sensitive ,fern1 ,fertile and ,sterile ,fronds on one ,stock ,onoclea sensibilis 7,from the collection of ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,l4,p4 ,breckenridge7 ,illustration3 ,ostrich ,fern4 ,onoclea ,struthiopteris4 ,fertile ,fronds 7#b7 ,,ostrich ,,fern ,onoclea struthiopteris4 ,,pteretis ,,nodulosa ,struthiopteris ,germanica4 ,matteuccia struthiopteris ,fronds two to eight feet high1 growing in a crown2 broadly lanceolate1 pinnate1 the numerous pinnae deeply pinnatifid1 narrowed toward the channeled stipe4 ,fertile fronds shorter1 pinnate with margins of the pinnae revolute into a necklace form containing the sori4 ,illustration3 ,ostrich ,fern4 ,sterile ,fronds 7,new ,hampshire7 ,the rootstocks send out slender1 underground stolons which bear fronds the next year4 ,sterile fronds appear throughout the summer1 fertile ones in ,july4 ,seen from a distance its graceful leaf-crowns resemble those of the cinnamon fern4 ,an intermediate form between the fertile and sterile fronds is sometimes found1 as in the sensitive fern4 ,this handsome species thrives under cultivation4 ,for grace and dignity it is unrivaled1 and for aggressiveness it is1 perhaps1 equaled only by the lady fern4 ,for the climax of beauty it should be combined with the maidenhair4 ,the ostrich fern is fairly common in alluvial soil over the ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,illustration3 ,sori and sporangia of ,ostrich ,fern ,,ii ,,the ,,flowering ,,fern ,,family ,,osmundaceae ,this family is represented in ,north ,america by three species1 all of which belong to the single genus4 ,,osmunda ,the osmundas are tall swamp ferns growing in large crowns from strong1 thickened rootstocks2 the fruiting portion of the fertile frond much contracted and quite unlike the sterile4 ,sporangia large1 globular1 short-stalked1 borne on the margin of the divisions and opening into two valves by a longitudinal slit4 ,ring obscure4 7,from ,osmunder1 a name of the god ,thor47 7#a7 ,,flowering ,,fern1 ,,royal ,,fern ,osmunda regalis4 ,osmunda regalis1 var4 ,,spectabilis ,fronds pale green1 one to six feet high2 sterile part bipinnate1 each pinna having numerous pairs of lance-oblong1 serrulate pinnules alternate along the midrib4 ,fruiting panicle of the frond six to twelve inches long1 brown when mature and sometimes leafy4 ,a magnificent fern1 universally admired4 ,well named by the great ,linnaeus1 regalis1 royal1 indeed1 in its type of queenly beauty4 ,the wine-colored stipes of the uncoiling fronds shooting up in early spring1 lifting gracefully their pink pinnae and pretty panicles of bright green spore cases1 throw an indescribable charm over the meadows and clothe even the wet1 stagnant swamps with beauty nor is the attraction less when the showy fronds expand in summer and the green sporangia are turned to brown4 ,the stout rootstocks are often erect1 rising several inches to a foot above the ground1 as if in imitation of a tree fern4 ,the poet ,wordworth hints at somewhat different origin of the name from that given here4 ,fair ferns and flowers and chiefly that tall fern ,so stately of the ,queen ,osmanda named4 ,illustration3 ,royal or ,flowering ,fern ,osmunda regalis ,the royal fern may be transplanted with success if given good soil1 sufficient shade and plenty of water4 ,common in swamps and damp places4 ,newfoundland to ,virginia and northwestward4 ,illustration3 ,sori of ,osmunda regalis 7,from ,waters's ,ferns1 ,henry ,holt ,co47 7#b7 ,,interrupted ,,fern4 ,,clayton',s ,,fern ,osmunda ,claytoniana ,fronds pinnate1 one to five feet high4 ,pinnae cut into oblong1 obtuse lobes4 ,fertile fronds taller than the sterile1 having from one to five pairs of intermediate pinnae contracted and bearing sporangia4 ,illustration3 ,interrupted ,fern4 ,osmunda ,claytoniana ,the fronds have a bluish-green tint2 they mature their spores about the last of ,may4 ,the sterile fronds may be distinguished from those of the cinnamon fern by not having retained1 like those1 a tuft of wool at the base of each pinna4 ,besides1 in ,clayton's fern the fronds are broader1 blunter and thinner in texture1 and the segments more rounded2 the fronds are also more inclined to curve outwards4 ,they turn yellow in the fall1 at times flooding the woods with golden light1 but soon smitten by the early frosts they wither and disappear4 ,the interrupted fern is rather common in damp1 rocky woods and pastures2 ,newfoundland to ,minnesota1 south to ,north ,carolina and ,missouri4 ,although fond of moisture it is easily cultivated and its graceful outlines make it worthy of a prominent place in the fern garden4 ,var4 dubia has the pinnules of the sterile frond widely separated1 and the upper-middle ones much elongated4 ,southern ,vermont4 ,illustration3 ,interrupted ,fern with the ,fertile ,pinnules ,spread ,open 7#c7 ,,cinnamon ,,fern4 ,,brakes ,osmunda cinnamomea ,fronds one to six feet long1 pinnate4 ,pinnae lanceolate1 pinnatifid with oblong1 obtuse divisions4 ,fertile pinnae on separate fronds1 which are contracted and covered with brown sporangia4 ,illustration3 ,cinnamon ,fern4 ,leaf ,gradations ,illustration3 ,cinnamon ,fern4 ,gradations from ,sterile to ,fertile ,fronds ,illustration3 ,cinnamon ,fern1 var4 frondosa ,each fertile frond springs up at first outside the sterile ones1 but is soon surrounded and overtopped by them and finds itself in the center of a charming circle of green leaves curving gracefully outwards4 ,in a short time1 however1 it withers and hangs down or falls to the ground4 ,the large1 conspicuous clusters of cinnamon ferns give picturesqueness to many a moist1 hillside pasture and swampy woodyard4 ,in its crosier stage it is wrapped in wool1 which falls away as the fronds expand1 but leaves1 at the base of each pinna1 a tiny tuft1 as if to mark its identity4 ,illustration3 ,cinnamon ,fern1 var4 incisa 7,maine7 ,many people in the country call the cinnamon fern the buckhorn brake1 and eat with relish the tender part which they find deep within the crown at the base of the unfolding fronds4 ,this is known as the heart of ,osmund4 ,the fern1 itself1 with its tall1 recurving leaves makes a beautiful ornament for the shady lawn1 and like the interrupted fern is easy to cultivate4 ,the spores of all the osmundas are green1 and need to germinate quickly or they lose their vitality4 ,common in low and swampy grounds in eastern ,north ,america and ,south ,america and ,japan4 ,may4 ,some think it was this species which was coupled with the serpent in the old rhyme1 ,break the first brake you see1 ,kill the first snake you see1 ,and you will conquer every enemy4 ,illustration3 ,osmunda cinnamomea1 var4 glandulosa 7,from ,waters's ,ferns1 ,henry ,holt ,co47 ,var4 frondosa has its fronds partly sterile below and irregularly fertile towards the summit4 ,var4 incisa has the inner pinnules of some of the pinnae more or less cut-toothed4 ,var4 glandulosa has glandular hairs on the pinnae1 rachis and even the stipes of the sterile frond4 ,this is known only on the coastal plain from ,rhode ,island to ,maryland4 ,,iii ,,curly ,,grass ,,family ,,schizaeaceae ,,curly ,,grass4 ,schizaea pusilla ,small1 slender ferns with linear or thready leaves1 the sterile1 one to two inches high and tortuous or curled like corkscrews2 fertile fronds longer1 three to five inches1 and bearing at the top about five pairs of minute1 fruited pinnae4 ,sporangia large1 ovoid1 sessile in a double row along the single vein of the narrow divisions of the fertile leaves1 and provided with a complete apical ring4 7,schizaea1 from a ,greek root meaning to split1 alluding to the cleft leaves of foreign species47 ,illustration3 ,curly ,grass4 ,schizaea pusilla ,the curly grass is so minute that it is difficult to distinguish it when growing amid its companion plants1 the grasses1 mosses1 sundews1 club mosses1 etc4 ,the sterile leaves are evergreen4 ,pine barrens of ,new ,jersey1 ,grand ,lake1 ,nova ,scotia1 and in ,new ,brunswick4 ,several new stations for the curly grass have recently been discovered in the southwest counties of ,nova ,scotia by the ,gray ,herbarium expedition1 mostly in bogs and hollows of sandy peat or sphagnum4 ,illustration3 ,sporangia of ,curly ,grass ,,climbing ,,fern4 ,,hartford ,,fern ,lygodium palmatum ,and where upon the meadow's breast ,the shadow of the thicket lies4 ,,bryant4 ,fronds slender1 climbing or twining1 three to five feet long4 ,the lower pinnae 7frondlets7 sterile1 roundish1 five to seven lobed1 distant in pairs with simple veins2 the upper fertile1 contracted1 several times forked1 forming a terminal panicle2 the ultimate segments crowded1 and bearing the sporangia1 which are similar to those of curly grass1 and fixed to a veinlet by the inner side next the base1 one or rarely two covered by each indusium4 7,from the ,greek meaning like a willow twig pliant1 alluding to the flexible stipes47 ,illustration3 ,climbing ,fern4 ,lygodium palmatum ,fifty years ago this beautiful fern was more common than at present4 ,there was a considerable colony in a low1 alluvial meadow thicket at ,north ,hadley1 ,mass41 not far from ,mt4 ,toby1 where we collected it freely in #ahgb4 ,many used to decorate their homes with its handsome sprays1 draping it gracefully over mirrors and pictures4 ,it was known locally as the ,hartford fern4 ,greedy spoilers ruthlessly robbed its colonies and it became scarce1 at least in the ,mt4 ,toby region4 ,in ,connecticut a law was enacted in #ahfg for its protection and with good results4 ,but as ,mr4 ,c4,a4 ,weatherby states in the ,american ,fern ,journal 7,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #d71 the encroachments of tillage 7mainly of tobacco1 which likes the same soil71 are forcing it from its cherished haunts1 thus jeopardizing its survival4 ,doubtless an aggressive agriculture is in part responsible for its scarcity in the more northern locality4 ,it is still found here and there in ,new ,england1 ,new ,york and ,new ,jersey2 also in ,kentucky1 ,tennessee and ,florida1 but is nowhere common4 ,the fertile portion dies when the spores mature1 but the sterile frondlets remain green through the winter4 ,a handsome species for the fernery in the house or out of doors4 ,,iv ,,adder',s ,,tongue ,,family ,,ophioglossaceae ,plants more or less fern-like consisting of a stem with a single leaf4 ,in ,ophioglossum the leaf or sterile segment is entire1 the veins reticulated and the sporangia in a simple spike4 ,in ,botrychium the sterile segment is more or less incised1 the veins free1 and the sori in a panicle or compound or rarely simple spike4 ,sporangia naked1 opening by a transverse slit4 ,spores copious1 sulphur-yellow4 ,,adder',s ,,tongue4 ,ophioglossum vulgatum ,rootstock erect1 fleshy4 ,stem simple1 two to ten inches high1 bearing one smooth1 entire leaf about midway1 and a terminal spike embracing the sporangia1 coherent in two ranks on its edges4 7,generic name from the ,greek meaning the tongue of a snake1 in allusion to the narrow spike of the sporangia47 ,in moist meadows or rarely on dry slopes4 ,overlooked rather than rare4 ,new ,england states and in general widely distributed4 ,july4 ,often grows in company with the ragged orchis4 ,the ancient ointment known as adder's speare ointment had the adder's tongue leaves as a chief ingredient1 and is said to be still used for wounds in ,english villages4 ,for them that are with newts or snakes or adders stung1 ,he seeketh out a herb that's called adder's tongue4 ,illustration3 ,adder's ,tongue4 ,ophioglossum vulgatum ,var4 minus1 smaller2 fronds often in pairs4 ,the sterile segment yellowish-green1 attached usually much below the middle of the plant4 ,sandy ground1 ,new ,hampshire to ,new ,jersey4 ,var4 ,engelmanni4 7,given specific rank in ,gray47 ,has the sterile segment thicker and cuspidate1 the stipe slender and the secondary veins forming a fine network within the meshes of the principal ones4 ,virginia and westward4 ,var4 arenarium4 7,from the ,latin1 arena1 meaning sand1 being found in a sandy soil47 ,probably a depauperate form of ,ophioglossum vulgatum and about half as large4 ,a colony of these ferns was discovered growing in poor soil at ,holly ,beach1 ,new ,jersey4 ,,key ,,to ,,the ,,grape ,,ferns 7,botrychium7 ,plant large1 fruiting in ,june1 sterile part much divided3 ,rattlesnake ,fern4 ,plant smaller3 ,fruiting in autumn1 sterile part long-stalked1 triangular4 ,common ,grape ,fern4 ,fruiting in summer3 ,plant fleshy1 sterile part mostly with lunate segments4 ,moonwort4 ,plant less fleshy1 segments not lunate3 ,sterile part short-stalked above the middle of the stem4 ,matricary ,fern4 ,sterile part stalked usually below middle of stem4 ,little ,grape ,fern4 ,sterile part sessile near the top of the stem4 ,lance-leaved ,grape ,fern4 ,,grape ,,ferns ,botrychium ,rootstock very short1 erect with clustered fleshy roots2 the base of the sheathed stalk containing the bud for the next year's frond4 ,fertile frond one to three pinnate1 the contracted divisions bearing a double row of sessile1 naked1 globular sporangia1 opening transversely into two valves4 ,sterile segment of the frond ternately or pinnately divided or compound4 ,veins free4 ,spores copious1 sulphur yellow4 7,the name in ,greek means a cluster of grapes1 alluding to the grape-like clusters of the sporangia47 7#a7 ,,moonwort4 ,botrychium ,lunaria ,very fleshy1 three to ten inches high1 sterile segment subsessile1 borne near the middle of the plant1 oblong1 simple pinnate with three to eight pairs of lunate or fan-shaped divisions1 obtusely crenate1 the veins repeatedly forking2 fertile segment panicled1 two to three pinnate4 ,illustration3 ,moonwort ,botrychium ,lunaria ,illustration3 ,moonwort4 ,botrychium ,lunaria4 ,details ,the moonwort was formerly associated with many superstitions and was reputed to open all locks at a mere touch1 and to unshoe all horses that trod upon it4 ,unshoe the horse was one of the names given to it by the country people4 ,horses that feeding on the grassy hills1 ,tread upon moonwort with their hollow heels1 ,though lately shod1 at night go barefoot home ,their maister musing where their shoes be gone4 ,in dry pastures1 ,lake ,superior and northward1 but rare in the ,united ,states4 ,willoughby1 ,vt41 where the author found a single plant in #aijd1 and ,st4 ,johnsbury1 ,vt4 ,also ,new ,york1 ,michigan and westward4 ,in ,england said to be local rather than rare4 ,sometimes called ,lunary4 ,then sprinkled she the juice of rue ,with nine drops of the midnight dew ,from ,lunary distilling4 ,,drayton4 7#b7 ,,little ,,grape ,,fern4 ,botrychium simplex ,fronds two to four inches high1 very variable4 ,sterile segment short-petioled1 usually near the middle1 simple and roundish or pinnately three to seven lobed4 ,veins all forking from the base4 ,fertile segments simple or one to two pinnate1 apex of both segments erect in the bud4 ,in moist woods and fields1 ,canada to ,maryland and westward2 ,conway and ,plainfield1 ,mass41 ,berlin and ,litchfield1 ,conn4 ,rare4 ,according to ,pringle it is abundantly scattered over ,vermont1 its habitat usually poor soil1 especially knolls of hill pastures4 ,may or ,june4 7#c7 ,,lance-,,leaved ,,grape ,,fern ,botrychium lanceolatum ,,botrychium ,,angustisegmentum ,frond two to nine inches high1 both sterile and fertile segments at the top of the common stalk4 ,sterile segment triangular1 twice pinnatifid1 the acute lobes lanceolate1 incised or toothed1 scarcely fleshy1 resembling a very small specimen of the rattlesnake fern4 ,fertile segment slightly overtopping the sterile1 two to three pinnate and spreading4 ,one of the constant companions of the rattlesnake fern4 ,new ,england to ,lake ,superior4 ,july4 ,illustration3 ,little ,grape ,fern ,botrychium simplex ,illustration3 ,lance-leaved ,grape ,fern ,botrychium lanceolatum ,botrychium angustisegmentum 7#d7 ,,matricary ,,fern ,botrychium ramosum4 ,botrychium matricariaefolium ,fronds small1 one to twelve inches high4 ,sterile segment above the middle1 usually much divided4 ,fertile segment twice or thrice pinnate4 ,apex of both segments turned down in the bud1 the sterile overtopping and clasping the fertile one4 ,illustration3 ,the ,matricary ,fern ,botrychium ramosum ,the matricary fern differs from the preceding in ripening its spores about a month earlier1 in having its sterile frond stalked1 besides being a taller and fleshier plant4 ,it may also be noted that in the lance-leaved species the midveins of the larger lobes are continuous1 running to the tip2 whereas in the matricary fern the midveins fork repeatedly and are soon indistinguishable from the veinlets4 ,the two are apt to grow near each other1 with the rattlesnake fern as a near neighbor4 ,june4 ,,note4 ,in #ahig ,a4,a4 ,eaton discovered certain ,botrychia in a sphagnum swamp in ,new ,hampshire1 to which he gave the specific name of ,botrychium tenebrosum4 ,the plants were very small1 not averaging above two or three inches high1 with the sterile blade sessile or slightly stalked4 ,many botanists prefer to place this fern as a variety of the matricary1 but others regard it as a form of ,botrychium simplex4 ,borders of maple swamps1 ,vermont1 ,new ,hampshire1 ,massachusetts1 and ,new ,york4 7#e7 ,,common ,,grape ,,fern ,botrychium obliquum4 ,botrychium ternatum1 var4 obliquum ,,botrychium ,,dissectum1 var4 ,,obliquum ,rootstock short1 its base including the buds of succeeding years4 ,fronds two to twelve inches or more high4 ,leafy or sterile segment triangular1 ternate1 long-petioled1 springing from near the base of the plant1 and spreading horizontally4 ,from the main leafstock grow several pairs of stalked pinnae1 with the divisions ovate-oblong1 acutish1 crenate-serrulate1 obliquely cordate or subcordate4 ,fertile segment taller1 erect1 about three times pinnate1 maturing its fruit in autumn4 ,occasionally two or three fertile spikes grow on the same plant4 ,in vernation the apex of each segment is bent down with a slight curve inward4 ,illustration3 ,common ,grape ,fern4 ,botrychium obliquum ,new ,england to ,virginia1 westward to ,minnesota and southward4 ,botrychium obliquum1 var4 dissectum4 ,similar to the type1 but with the divisions very finely dissected or incisely many-toothed1 the most beautiful of all the grape ferns4 ,there is considerable variety in the cutting of the fronds4 ,maine to ,florida and westward4 ,botrychium obliquum1 var4 oneidense4 ,ultimate segments oblong1 rounded at the apex1 crenulate-serrate1 less divided than any of the others and1 perhaps1 less common4 ,vermont to ,central ,new ,york4 ,botrychium obliquum1 var4 elongatum4 ,divisions lanceolate1 elongated1 acute4 ,illustration3 ,botrychium obliquum var4 oneidense ,note3 ,a ,botrychium not uncommon in ,georgia and ,alabama1 named by ,swartz ,b4 lunarioides1 deserves careful study4 ,it is known as the ,southern ,botrychium4 ,illustration3 ,botrychium obliquum1 var4 dissectum 7#f7 ,,ternate ,,grape ,,fern ,botrychium ternatum1 var4 intermedium ,botrychium obliquum1 var4 intermedium ,leaf more divided than in obliquum and the numerous segments not so long and pointed1 but large1 fleshy1 ovate or obovate 7including var4 australe71 crenulate1 and more or less toothed4 ,sandy soil1 pastures and open woods4 ,more northerly in its range--,new ,england and ,new ,york4 ,var4 rutaefolium4 ,more slender1 rarely over six or seven inches high2 sterile segment about two inches broad1 its divisions few1 broadly ovate1 the lowest sublunate4 ,the first variety passes insensibly into the second4 ,illustration3 ,ternate ,grape ,fern ,botrychium ternatum var4 intermedium 7,reduced7 ,illustration3 ,ternate ,grape ,fern ,botrychium ternatum var4 intermedium 7,two stocks1 reduced7 7#g7 ,,rattlesnake ,,fern4 ,botrychium virginianum ,fronds six inches to two feet high4 ,sterile segment sessile above the middle of the plant1 broadly triangular1 thin1 membranaceous1 ternate4 ,pinnules lanceolate1 deeply pinnatifid2 ultimate segments oblong or lanceolate and scarcely or not at all spatulate4 ,fertile part long-stalked1 two to three pinnate1 its ultimate segments narrow and thick1 nearly opaque in dried specimens4 ,mature sporangia varying from dark yellow-brown to almost black4 ,open sporangia close again and are flattened or of a lenticular form4 ,in rich1 deciduous woods1 rather common and widely distributed4 ,illustration3 ,rattlesnake ,fern4 ,botrychium virginianum 7,from ,waters's ,ferns1 ,henry ,holt ,co47 ,prince ,edward ,island1 ,minnesota1 south to ,florida and ,texas1 and north to ,newfoundland and ,labrador4 ,var4 gracilis4 ,a form much reduced in size4 ,var4 ,,laurentianum4 ,a conspicuous variety having thick and heavy sterile fronds less finely divided than the type1 with the segments crowded to overlapping4 ,pinnules shorter than the type1 tending to be ovate1 outer segments strongly spatulate4 ,fertile spike relatively short and stout1 strongly paniculate when well developed4 ,ultimate segments flat1 folaceous1 one mm4 wide4 ,mostly confined to the limestone district near the ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence1 ,labrador1 ,newfoundland1 ,quebec1 ,maine1 and ,michigan4 ,var4 ,,intermedium4 ,segments of sterile fronds ultimately much spatulate1 previously ovate1 not overlapping4 ,segments of fertile fronds ultimately narrowly flattened4 7,for this and the other varieties see ,rhodora of ,september1 #aiai47 ,nova ,scotia1 ,maine1 ,vermont1 ,massachusetts1 ,connecticut1 northern ,new ,york1 ,illinois1 and ,missouri4 ,var4 ,,europaeum4 ,fertile frond less finely dissected than in type4 ,ultimate segments more obtuse than in type2 has but very slight tendency towards the spatulate form of the two previous varieties4 ,pinnules lanceolate1 strongly decurrent so that the pinnae are merely pinnatifid4 ,in coniferous forests of ,canada1 and confined to calcareous regions4 ,quebec1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,new ,hampshire1 ,vermont1 ,new ,york1 ,ontario1 ,montana1 and ,british ,columbia4 ,said to be rare even in ,europe4 ,v ,,the ,,filmy ,,fern ,,family ,,hymenophyllaceae ,the filmy ferns are small1 delicate plants with membranaceous1 finely dissected fronds from slender1 creeping rootstocks4 ,sporangia sessile on a bristle-like receptacle4 ,there are about one hundred species1 mostly tropical1 only one of which grows as far north as ,kentucky4 ,illustration3 ,filmy ,fern ,trichomanes ,boschianum 7,from ,waters' ,ferns1 ,henry ,holt ,co47 ,,filmy ,,fern4 ,,bristle ,,fern ,trichomanes ,boschianum4 ,trichomanes radicans ,rootstocks creeping1 filiform1 stipes ascending1 one to three inches long1 thin1 very delicate1 pellucid1 much divided1 oblong-lanceolate1 bipinnatifid4 ,rachis narrowly winged4 ,sporangia clustered around the slender bristle1 which is the prolongation of a vein1 and surrounded by a vase-like1 slightly two-lipped involucre4 ,on moist1 dripping sandstone cliffs1 ,kentucky to ,alabama4 ,often called the ,killarney fern1 as it grows about the lakes of ,killarney in ,ireland4 ,illustration3 ,fruiting ,pinnules of ,filmy ,fern 7,from ,waters's ,ferns4 ,henry ,holt ,co47 ,illustration3 ,ostrich ,fern ,illustration3 ,cinnamon ,fern ,illustration3 ,marginal ,shield ,fern ,illustration3 ,lady ,fern ,crosiers ,illustration3 ,fiddleheads or ,crosiers of ,christmas ,fern ,,noted ,,fern ,,authors ,,biographical ,,sketches ,the works of these authors are listed under ,fern ,literature in the following pages4 ,,eaton1 ,,daniel ,,cady4 ,born at ,gratiot1 ,mich41 ,september #ab1 #ahcd4 ,his grandfather was ,amos ,eaton1 noted botanist and author4 ,studied botany under his friend1 ,prof4 ,asa ,gray1 who had studied with ,prof4 ,john ,torrey1 who in turn was a pupil of ,amos ,eaton4 ,daniel ,c4 was professor of botany in ,yale ,college1 for more than thirty years4 ,a man of graceful and winsome personality1 an authority on ferns1 and widely known by his writings4 ,his masterpiece was ,the ,ferns of ,north ,america in two large1 quarto volumes1 beautifully illustrated4 ,he died ,june #bi1 #ahie4 ,,clute1 ,,willard ,,nelson4 ,born at ,painted ,post1 ,n4,y41 ,february #bf1 #ahfi4 ,education informal2 common schools1 university lectures and private study4 ,manifested early a keen interest in birds and flowers4 ,was founder and first president of the ,american ,fern ,society4 ,collected in ,jamaica more than three hundred species of ferns4 ,has written extensively on the ferns and their allies1 besides publishing several standard volumes4 ,his great distinction is in founding and editing the ,fern ,bulletin through its twenty volumes1 when he combined this publication with ,the ,american ,botanist1 which is now on its twenty-eighth volume1 the whole a prodigious achievement of great scientific value4 ,illustration3 ,noted ,writers on ,ferns ,w4,n4 ,,clute1 ,d4,c4 ,,eaton1 ,f4,t4 ,,parsons1 ,g4 ,,davenport1 ,j4 ,,williamson1 ,l4,m4 ,,underwood1 ,w4,r ,,maxon1 ,a4,a4 ,,eaton1 ,c4,e4 ,,waters1 ,r4 ,,dodge ,,underwood1 ,,lucius ,,marcus4 ,born at ,new ,woodstock1 ,n4,y41 ,october #bf1 #ahec4 ,spent early life on a farm4 ,was graduated from ,syracuse ,university in #ahgg4 ,after teaching several years in his alma mater and elsewhere1 he became ,professor of ,botany in ,columbia ,university4 ,he contributed numerous articles to the ,torrey ,bulletin1 ,fern ,bulletin1 and other scientific journals4 ,his scholarly book1 ,our ,native ,ferns and ,their ,allies1 continued unexcelled through six editions4 ,he died ,november #af1 #aijg4 ,,davenport1 ,,geo4 ,,edward4 ,born in ,boston1 ,august #c1 #ahcc4 ,a promoter and officer of the ,middlesex ,institute4 ,an accurate and diligent student of the ferns1 his numerous articles were published in the ,fern ,bulletin1 in the ,torrey ,bulletin1 ,rhodora1 and in separate monographs4 ,he was a leading authority on the pteridophyta1 and collected a large and choice herbarium of the native ferns1 which he donated to the ,massachusetts ,horticultural ,society4 ,by his gentle manners and kindly spirit he won many friends1 all of whom were proud to recognize his distinguished ability4 ,he cultivated many of our rare native ferns in his ,fellsway home1 at ,medford1 ,mass41 and freely gave specimens to his friends4 ,he died suddenly of heart failure1 ,november #bi1 #aijg4 ,,waters1 ,,campbell ,,easter4 ,born in ,baltimore ,county1 ,md41 ,september #ad1 #ahgb4 ,was graduated at ,johns ,hopkins ,university in #ahie4 ,ph4,d4 in #ahii4 ,was for a time a close student of ferns1 and issued his notable book1 ,ferns1 in #aijc1 containing his ,analytical ,key ,based on the ,stipes4 ,a chemist by profession1 he has pursued that branch of science for the last eighteen years4 ,his address is ,bureau of ,standards1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,,maxon1 ,,william ,,ralph4 ,born at ,oneida1 ,n4,y41 ,february #bg1 #ahgg4 ,was graduated at ,syracuse ,university in #ahih4 ,began as aid in cryptogamic botany1 ,united ,states ,national ,herbarium1 #ahii1 and is now associate curator of the same4 ,has specialized in scientific work on the pteridophyta1 distinguishing himself by the excellence as well as by the large number of his publications1 the more important being ,studies of ,tropical ,american ,ferns1 ,nos4 #a to #f4 ,the ,fern ,bulletin1 ,torrey ,bulletin1 ,american ,fern ,journal1 ,fernwort ,papers1 et al41 have profited from his expert and up-to-date knowledge4 ,he is president of the ,american ,fern ,society4 ,,parsons1 ,,frances ,,theodora4 ,born in ,new ,york1 ,december #e1 #ahfa4 ,nee ,smith4 ,married ,commander ,william ,starr ,dana of the ,united ,states ,navy1 who was lost at sea4 ,as ,mrs4 ,dana1 she published1 ,how to ,know the ,wild ,flowers1 in #ahic1 and within ten years more than seventy thousand copies of the book had been sold4 ,according to ,season appeared in #ahid4 ,in ,february1 #ahif1 she married ,prof4 ,james ,russell ,parsons1 treasurer of the ,university of the ,state of ,new ,york4 ,in #ahii she published1 ,how to ,know the ,ferns4 ,she combined a thorough knowledge of her subject with an easy and graceful style4 ,,dodge1 ,,raynal4 ,born at ,newburyport1 ,mass41 ,september #i1 #ahdd4 ,civil ,war veteran4 ,wounded at ,port ,hudson1 ,june #bh1 #ahfc4 ,a machinist by trade4 ,a careful observer and student of nature1 he discovered ,aspidium simulatum at ,follymill1 ,seabrook1 ,n4,h41 in #ahhj4 7,whittier's ,my ,playmate1 verse #i47 ,he discovered also the hybrid ,aspidium cristatum x ,marginale4 ,he published his little book1 ,ferns and ,fern ,allies of ,new ,england1 in #ahif4 ,died ,october #bj1 #aiah4 ,,eaton1 ,,alvah ,,augustus4 ,born at ,seabrook1 ,n4,h41 ,november #bj1 #ahfe4 ,studied at the ,putnam ,school in ,newburyport1 but was largely self-educated4 ,he took up teaching for several years1 spending three years in ,california4 ,returning ,east1 he became a florist and began to write for various fern journals1 giving special attention to the fern allies4 ,he prepared the genera ,equisetum and ,isoetes for the seventh edition of ,gray's ,manual4 ,he proved the keenness of his observing powers by discovering several ferns new to the ,united ,states4 ,died at his home in ,north ,easton1 ,mass41 ,september #bi1 #aijh4 ,,williamson1 ,,john4 ,born in ,abernathy1 ,scotland1 about the year #ahch4 ,he came to ,louisville1 ,ky41 to live in #ahff4 ,a wood-carver by trade1 he could work skillfully in wood or metal1 and after a time established a brass foundry4 ,his friend1 ,george ,e4 ,davenport1 writes of him3 ,he caught as by some divine gift or inspiration the innermost life and feelings of the wild flowers and ferns1 and his marvelously accurate needle transfixed them with revivifying power on paper or metal4 ,his ,ferns of ,kentucky1 issued in #ahgh1 was the first handbook on ferns published in the ,united ,states4 ,he died ,june #ag1 #ahhd1 in the mountains of ,west ,virginia1 whither he had gone for his health4 ,,fern ,,literature ,,american ,,fern ,,journal4 #aiaj4 ,the ,american ,fern ,society4 7,annual subscription1 #a4be47 ,,belairs1 ,,nona4 ,hardy ,ferns4 ,smith1 ,elder and ,co4 ,london1 #ahfe4 ,,british ,,fern ,,gazette4 ,,britten1 ,,james4 ,european ,ferns4 ,colored ,plates4 ,cassell ,co4 ,london4 ,quarto4 ,,butters1 ,f4,k4 ,athyrium4 ,study of the ,american ,lady ,ferns4 ,rhodora1 ,september1 #aiag4 ,,campbell1 ,d4,h4 ,structure and ,development of the ,mosses and ,ferns4 ,macmillan ,co4 #aije4 ,ed4 #b4 ,,clute1 ,,willard ,n4 ,our ,ferns in ,their ,haunts4 ,frederick ,a4 ,stokes ,co4 ,new ,york1 #aija4 ,fern ,collector's ,guide4 ,frederick ,a4 ,stokes ,co4 ,new ,york1 #aijb4 ,the ,fern ,allies4 ,frederick ,a4 ,stokes ,co4 ,new ,york1 #aije4 ,the ,fern ,bulletin4 ,founder and ,editor4 #bj vols4 #ahic-aiab4 ,combined with ,the ,american ,botanist4 ,joliet1 ,ill4 #aiab4 ,,conard1 ,,henry ,s4 ,structure and ,history of ,hayscented ,fern4 ,washington1 #aijh4 ,,cook1 ,m4,c4 ,fern-book for ,everybody4 ,e4 ,warne ,co4 ,london4 ,,davenport1 ,,geo4 ,e4 ,catalog of ,davenport ,herbarium1 ,massachusetts ,horticultural ,society4 #ahgi4 ,numerous ,monographs and ,notes on ,new ,england ferns in ,torrey ,bulletin1 ,fern ,bulletin1 and ,rhodora4 ,the following monographs are in single booklets by ,massachusetts ,horticultural ,society4 ,aspidium cristatum x marginale1 ,aspidium simulatum1 ,aspidium spinulosum and its ,varieties1 ,botrychium ternatum and its ,varieties1 ,notes on ,botrychium simplex4 ,,dodge1 ,,raynal4 ,the ,ferns and ,fern ,allies of ,new ,england--very small volume1 now out of print4 ,w4,n4 ,clute ,co4 #aijd4 ,,druery1 ,,charles ,t4 ,british ,ferns and ,their ,varieties4 ,routledge ,son4 ,london4 ,,eastman1 ,,helen4 ,new ,england ,ferns and ,their ,common ,allies4 ,houghton ,mifflin ,co4 ,boston1 #aijd4 ,out of print4 ,,eaton1 ,,daniel ,c4 ,the ,ferns of ,north ,america4 #b vols4 #ahgi-hj4 ,s4,e4 ,cassino1 ,salem4 ,drawings by ,j4,h4 ,emerton and ,c4,e4 ,faxon4 ,,eaton1 ,a4,a4 ,specialist in ,fern ,allies4 ,prepared ,equisetum and ,isoetes for ,gray's ,manual1 #gth ed4 #aijh4 ,,gilbert1 ,,benj4 ,d4 ,list of ,north ,american ,pteridophytes4 #aija4 ,utica1 ,n4,y4 ,,hervey1 ,,alphaeus ,b4 ,wayside ,flowers and ,ferns4 ,page ,co4 ,boston1 #ahii4 ,,hemsley1 ,,alfred4 ,book of ,fern ,culture4 ,john ,lane4 ,london1 #aijh4 ,,hibbard1 ,,shirley4 ,the ,fern ,garden4 ,groombridge ,sons4 #e ,paternoster ,row1 ,london4 #ahfi4 ,,hooker1 ,,sir ,w4,j4 ,genera ,filicum4 ,large #hvo4 ,london1 #ahdb4 ,contains fine plates which include all ,american genera4 ,costs about #be4 ,species ,filicum4 #e vols4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahdf-fd4 ,vol4 ,,ii contains seventeen and ,vol4 ,ill contains two plates of ,american ferns with descriptions of more species4 ,cost about #ej4 ,,hooker1 ,,sir ,w4,j41 ,,baker4 ,synopsis ,filicum #b;d ed4 #ahgd4 #hvo4 ,describes all ferns then known1 including the ,american species4 ,has also figures illustrating each genus4 ,costs about #aj4 ,,lowe1 ,,edward ,j4 ,ferns ,british and ,exotic4 #i vols4 #hvo4 ,bell ,daldy4 ,london1 #ahfh4 #eej plates1 some very poor4 ,some ,american ferns are represented4 ,the descriptions1 says ,john ,robinson1 are worthless1 and the synonymy is often incorrect4 ,,maxon1 ,,william ,r4 ,a ,list of ,ferns and ,fern ,allies of ,north ,america1 north of ,mexico1 etc4 ,national ,museum1 #bc3fai-fea4 #aija4 ,numerous ,monographs and ,notes on ,american ,ferns in current magazines4 ,studies of ,tropical ,american ,ferns4 ,united ,states ,national ,herbarium1 #ag3eda4 ,pteridophyta 7excepting ,equisitaceae and ,isoetaceae7 of the northern ,united ,states1 ,canada and the ,british ,possessions4 ,in ,britton and ,brown1 ,illustrated ,flora1 etc41 ed4 #b1 pp4 #a-ed4 #aiac4 ,new ,york4 ,,meehan1 ,,thomas4 ,native ,flowers and ,ferns of the ,united ,states4 ,boston1 #ahgh-i4 ,,moore1 ,,thomas4 ,nature-printed ,british ,ferns4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahei4 ,,parsons1 ,,frances ,t4 ,how to ,know the ,ferns4 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons4 ,new ,york1 #ahii4 ,,pratt1 ,,anne4 ,the ,ferns of ,great ,britain and ,their ,allies4 ,f4 ,warne ,co4 ,london4 ,no date4 ,,redfield1 ,,john4 ,geographical ,distribution of the ,ferns of ,north ,america4 ,torrey ,bulletin1 ,,vi1 #a-g4 7#ahge74 ,,rhodora4 ,journal of the ,new ,england ,botanical ,club4 ,january1 #ahii1 to date4 ,,robinson1 ,,john4 ,ferns in ,their ,homes and ,ours4 ,s4,e4 ,cassino4 ,salem1 #ahgh4 ,out of print4 ,,sachs1 ,,julius4 ,text ,book of ,botany4 7,translated47 ,macmillan ,co4 ,london4 #hvo4 ,,slosson1 ,,margaret4 ,how ,ferns ,grow4 ,henry ,holt ,co4 ,new ,york4 #aijf4 ,out of print4 ,,small1 ,,john ,k4 ,ferns of ,tropical ,florida4 ,new ,york1 #aiah4 ,,smith1 ,,john4 ,historia ,filicum4 ,london1 #ahge4 ,amply illustrated1 reliable4 ,,step1 ,,edward4 ,wayside and ,woodland ,ferns4 ,f4 ,warne ,co4 ,london1 #aijh4 ,,tidestrom1 ,,ivar4 ,elysium ,marianum4 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,,underwood1 ,,lucien ,m4 ,our ,native ,ferns and ,their ,allies4 ,henry ,holt ,co4 ,edition #f4 #aijj4 ,valuable4 ,out of print4 ,,waters1 ,,campbell ,e4 ,ferns4 ,henry ,holt ,co4 #aijc4 ,out of print4 ,scarce4 ,,weatherby1 ,c4,a4 ,changes in the ,nomenclature of the ,gray's ,manual of ,ferns4 ,important article in the ,rhodora of ,october1 #aiai4 ,,williamson1 ,,john4 ,ferns of ,kentucky4 ,j4,p4 ,morton ,co4 ,louisville1 ,ky4 #ahgh4 ,fern ,etchings4 ,j4,p4 ,morton ,co4 #ahgi4 ,both out of print4 ,,woolson1 ,,grace ,a4 ,ferns and ,how to ,grow ,them4 ,doubleday1 ,page ,co4 ,new ,york1 #aiji4 ,,wright1 ,,mabel ,o4 ,flowers and ,ferns in ,their ,haunts4 ,macmillan ,co4 ,new ,york1 #aija4 ,illustration3 ,fringing the stream at every turn1 ,swung low the waving fronds of fern4 ,,whittier4 ,,times ,,of ,,the ,,fruiting ,,of ,,ferns ,ah6 well ,i mind the calendar ,faithful through a thousand years ,of the painted race of flowers4--,,emerson4 ,compiled from ,dodge's ,ferns and ,fern ,allies of ,new ,england ,may #be4 ,little ,grape ,fern4 ,interrupted ,fern4 ,may #cj4 ,cinnamon ,fern4 ,june #e4 ,ostrich ,fern4 ,june #aj4 ,frondosa variety of ,cinnamon ,fern4 ,june #ae4 ,matricary ,grape ,fern4 ,june #bj4 ,royal ,fern4 ,interrupted ,fern4 ,june #be4 ,rattlesnake ,fern4 ,june #cj4 ,oak ,fern4 ,spinulose ,wood ,fern and ,varieties4 ,july #e4 ,fragile ,bladder ,fern4 ,christmas ,fern4 ,july #aj4 ,long ,beech ,fern4 ,crested ,shield ,fern4 ,boott's ,shield ,fern4 ,july #ae4 ,moonwort4 ,virginia ,chain ,fern4 ,adder's ,tongue4 ,crested ,marginal ,shield ,fern4 ,july #bj4 ,slender ,cliff ,brake4 ,blunt-,lobed ,woodsia4 ,july #be4 ,purple ,cliff ,brake4 ,bulblet ,bladder ,fern4 ,mountain ,spleen wort4 ,july #cj4 ,goldie's ,shield ,fern4 ,marginal ,shield ,fern4 ,clinton's ,wood ,fern4 ,august #e4 ,wall ,rue4 ,walking ,fern4 ,lady ,fern4 ,august #aj4 ,alpine ,woodsia4 ,smooth ,woodsia4 ,common ,polypody4 ,maidenhair ,fern4 ,fragrant ,shield ,fern4 ,scott's ,spleenwort4 ,braun's ,holly ,fern4 ,august #ae4 ,rusty ,woodsia4 ,silvery ,spleen wort4 ,lance-leaved ,grape ,fern4 ,august #bj4 ,ebony and ,maidenhair ,spleenworts4 ,hayscented ,fern4 ,new ,york ,fern4 ,august #be4 ,broad ,beech ,fern4 ,august #cj4 ,marsh ,fern4 ,september #e4 ,bracken or ,brake4 ,september #aj4 ,climbing ,fern4 ,narrow-leaved ,spleenwort4 ,september #ae4 ,massachusetts ,fern4 ,green ,spleenwort4 ,sensitive ,fern4 ,ternate ,grape ,fern4 ,september #cj4 ,narrow-leaved ,chain ,fern4 ,,glossary ,,acuminate4 ,gradually tapering to a point4 ,,aculeate4 ,prickly4 ,beset with prickles4 ,,acute4 ,sharp pointed1 but not tapering4 ,,adventitious4 ,irregular1 incidental4 ,growing out of the usual or normal position4 ,,anastomosing4 ,connected by cross veins and forming a network as in the ,sensitive ferns4 ,,annulus4 ,a jointed1 elastic ring surrounding the spore cases in most ferns4 ,,antheridia4 ,the male organs on a prothallium4 ,,apex ,the top or pointed end of leaf or frond4 7plu4 ,,apices74 ,,archegonia4 ,the female organs on a prothallium4 ,,areola4 ,a space formed by intersecting veins2 a mesh4 ,,auricle4 ,an ear-shaped lobe at the base4 ,,articulate4 ,jointed2 having a joint or node4 ,,axil4 ,the angle formed by a leaf or branch with the stem4 ,,bi 7,latin1 ,two1 twice1 doubly4 bis1 twice74 ,,blade4 ,the expanded1 leafy portion of a frond4 ,,bulblet4 ,a small bulb1 borne on a leaf or in its axil4 ,,caudate4 ,with a slender1 tail-like appendage4 ,,caudex4 ,a trunk or stock of a plant2 especially of a tree fern4 ,,chaff4 ,thin1 dry scales of a yellowish-brown color4 ,,chlorophyll4 ,the green coloring matter of plants4 ,,ciliate4 ,fringed with fine hairs4 ,,circinate4 ,coiled downward from the apex1 as in the young fronds of a fern4 ,,clavate4 ,club-shaped4 ,,compound4 ,divided into two or more parts4 ,,confluent4 ,blended together4 ,,cordate4 ,heart-shaped4 ,,crenate4 ,scalloped with rounded teeth2 said of margins4 ,,crosier4 ,an uncoiling frond4 ,,cuneate4 ,wedge-shaped4 ,,cuspidate4 ,hard pointed1 tipped with a cusp4 ,,deciduous4 ,falling away when done growing--not evergreen4 ,,decompound4 ,more than once compounded or divided4 ,,decurrent4 ,running down the stem below the point of insertion1 as the bases of some pinnae4 ,,decumbent4 ,not erect2 trailing1 bending along the ground1 but with the apex ascending4 ,,deflexed4 ,bent or turned abruptly downward4 ,,dentate4 ,toothed4 ,having the teeth of a margin directed outward4 ,,dichotomous4 ,forking regularly in pairs4 ,,dimorphous4 ,of two forms2 said of ferns whose fertile fronds are unlike the sterile4 ,,emarginate4 ,notched at the apex4 ,,entire4 ,without divisions1 lobes1 or teeth4 ,,falcate4 ,scythe-shaped1 slightly curved upward4 ,,fertile4 ,bearing spores4 ,,filiform4 ,thread-like2 long1 slender1 and terete4 ,,filmy4 ,having a thin membrane2 gauzy2 said of the filmy fern fronds4 ,,flabellate4 ,fan-shaped2 broad and rounded at the summit and narrow at the base4 ,,frond4 ,a fern leaf or blade2 may include both stipe and blade1 or only the latter--called also lamina4 ,,glabrous4 ,smooth2 not rough or hairy4 ,,gland4 ,a small secreting organ1 globular or pear-shaped2 it is often stalked4 ,,glaucous4 ,covered with a fine bloom1 bluish-white and powdery1 in appearance like a plum4 ,,hastate4 ,like an arrowhead with the lobes spreading4 ,,imbricate4 ,overlapping1 like shingles on a roof4 ,,incised4 ,cut irregularly into sharp lobes4 ,,indusium4 ,the thin membrane covering the sori in some ferns4 ,,involucre4 ,in ferns1 an indusium2 in filmy ferns1 cup-shaped growths encircling the sporangia4 ,,lamina4 ,a blade2 the leafy portion of a fern4 ,,laciniate4 ,slashed2 cut into narrow1 irregular lobes4 ,,lanceolate4 ,lance-shaped2 broadest above the base and tapering to the apex4 ,,lobe4 ,a small rounded segment of a frond4 ,,midrib4 ,the main rib or vein of a segment1 pinnule1 pinna1 or frond2 a midvein4 ,,mucronate4 ,ending abruptly in a short1 sharp point4 ,,oblong4 ,from two to four times longer than broad and with sides nearly parallel4 ,,obtuse4 ,blunt or rounded at the end4 ,,oides4 ,a ,greek ending1 meaning like1 or like to1 as polypodioides--like to a polypody4 ,o,oe,s,p,h,e,r,e4 ,the egg-cell in fern reproduction--becoming the ooespore when fertilized4 ,,ovate4 ,egg-shaped with the broader end downward4 ,,palmate4 ,having lobes radiating like the fingers of a hand4 ,,panicle4 ,a loose compound cluster of flowers or sporangia with irregular stems4 ,,pedicel4 ,a tiny stalk1 especially the stalk of the sporangia4 ,,pellucid4 ,clear1 transparent4 ,,persistent4 ,remaining on the plant for a long time1 as leaves through the winter4 ,,petiole4 ,the same as stalk or stipe4 ,,pinna4 ,one of the primary divisions of a frond4 ,,pinnate4 ,feather-like2 with the divisions of the frond extending fully to the rachis4 ,,pinnatifid4 ,having the divisions of the frond extend halfway or more to the rachis or mid vein4 ,,pinnule4 ,a secondary pinna4 ,in a bipinnate frond one of the smaller divisions extending to the secondary midvein4 ,,procumbent4 ,lying on the ground4 ,,prothallium4 7,or prothallus47 ,a delicate1 cellular1 leaf-like structure produced from a fern spore1 and bearing the sexual organs4 ,,pteridophyta4 ,a group of flowerless plants embracing ferns1 horsetails1 club mosses1 etc4 ,,pubescent4 ,covered with fine1 soft hairs2 downy4 ,,rachis4 ,the continuation of the stipe through the blade or leafy portion of the fern4 ,,reflexed4 ,bent abruptly downward or backward4 ,,reniform4 ,kidney-shaped4 ,,revolute4 ,rolled backward from the margin or apex4 ,,rootstock4 7,or rhizome47 ,an underground stem1 from which the fronds are produced4 ,,scape4 ,a naked stem rising from the ground4 ,,segment4 ,one of the smaller divisions of a pinnatifid frond4 ,,serrate4 ,having the margin sharply cut into teeth pointing forward4 ,,serrulate4 ,the same only with smaller teeth4 ,,sessile4 ,without a stalk4 ,,sinus4 ,a cleft or rounded curve between two lobes4 ,,sinuate4 ,with strongly wavy margins4 ,,sorus ,a cluster of sporangia2 a fruit dot4 7plu4 ,,sori74 ,,spatulate4 ,shaped like a druggist's spatula or a flattened spoon4 ,,spike4 ,an elongated cluster of sessile sporangia4 ,,spinulose4 ,spiny2 set with small1 sharp spines4 ,,sporange 7plu4 ,a spore case4 ,a tiny globe in which ,,sporangia74 the spores are produced4 ,,stipe4 ,the stem of a fern from the ground up to the leafy portion2 the leaf stalk4 ,,stolon4 ,an underground branch or runner4 ,,subulate4 ,awl-shaped4 ,,ternate4 ,with three nearly equal divisions4 ,,truncate4 ,ending abruptly as if cut off4 ,,tuft4 ,things flexible1 closely grouped into a bunch or cluster4 ,,venation4 ,the veining of a frond or leaf4 ,,vernation4 ,the arrangement of leaves in the bud4 ,,whorl4 ,a circle of leaves around a stem4 ,,winged4 ,margined by a thin expansion of the rachis4 ,,note ,the student should have some idea of the terms genus1 species and variety1 although they are not capable of exact definition4 ,a species1 or kind1 is in botany the unit of classification4 ,it embraces all such individuals as may have originated in a common stock4 ,such individuals bear an essential resemblance to each other1 as well as to their common parent in all their parts4 ,e4g41 the ,cinnamon fern is a kind or species of fern with the fronds evidently of one kind1 and of a common origin1 and all producing individuals of their own kind by their spores or rootstocks4 ,when such individuals differ perceptibly from the type in the shape of the pinnae1 or the cutting of the fronds1 we have varieties as frondosum1 incisum1 etc4 ,or if the difference is less striking the word form is used instead of variety1 but in any given case opinions may differ in respect to the more fitting term4 ,a genus is an assemblage of species closely related to each other1 and having more points of resemblance than of difference2 e4g41 the royal fern1 the cinnamon fern1 and the interrupted fern are alike in having similar spore cases borne in a somewhat similar manner on the fronds1 and forming the genus ,osmunda4 ,in like manner certain members of the clover group--red1 white1 yellow1 etc41 make up the genus ,trifolium4 ,thus individuals are grouped into species and species are associated into genera1 and the two groups are united to give each fern or plant its true name1 the generic name being qualified by that of the species2 as in the cinnamon fern ,osmunda 7genus71 cinnamomea 7species74 ,,check ,,list ,,of ,,the ,,ferns ,,of ,,northeastern ,,america ,in the following list the first name is usually the one adopted in the text1 and those that follow are synonyms4 ,names printed in small capitals are those of the newer nomenclature1 now adopted at the ,gray ,herbarium but not in the ,manual4 ,,adiantum ,l4 #a4 ,adiantum ,capillus-,veneris ,l4 #b4 ,adiantum pedatum ,l4 ,var4 ,,aleuticum ,,rupr4 ,,aspidium ,,sw4 #c4 ,aspidium ,boottii4 ,tuckerm4 ,dryopteris ,boottii4 7,tuckerm47 ,underw4 ,,thelypteris ,,boottii4 7,tuckerm47 ,nieuwl4 #d4 ,aspidium cristatum4 7,l47 ,sw4 ,dryopteris cristata4 7,l47 ,a4 ,gray4 ,,thelypteris ,,cristata4 7,l47 ,nieuwl4 #e4 ,aspidium cristatum var4 ,clintonianum4 ,d4,c4 ,eaton4 ,dryopteris cristata var4 ,clintoniana4 7,d4,c4 ,eaton47 ,underw4 ,,thelypteris ,,cristata var4 ,,clintoniana4 7,d4,c4 ,eaton47 ,weatherby4 #f4 ,aspidium cristatum x marginale4 ,davenp4 #g4 ,aspidium ,filix-mas4 7,l47 ,sw4 ,dryopteris ,filix-mas4 7,l47 ,sw4 ,,thelypteris ,,filix-,,mas4 7,l47 ,nieuwl4 #h4 ,aspidium fragrans4 7,l47 ,sw4 ,dryopteris fragrans4 7,l47 ,schott4 ,,thelypteris ,,fragrans4 7,l47 ,nieuwl4 #i4 ,aspidium ,goldianum4 ,hook4 ,dryopteris ,goldiana4 7,hook47 ,a4 ,gray4 ,,thelypteris ,,goldiana4 7,hook47 ,nieuwl4 #aj4 ,aspidium marginale4 7,l47 ,sw4 ,dryopteris marginalis4 7,l47 ,a4 ,gray4 ,,thelypteris ,,marginalis4 7,l47 ,nieuwl4 #aa4 ,aspidium noveboracense4 7,l47 ,sw4 ,dryopteris noveboracensis4 7,l47 ,a4 ,gray4 ,,thelypteris ,,noveboracensis4 7,l47 ,nieuwl4 #ab4 ,aspidium simulatum4 ,davenp4 ,dryopteris simulata4 ,davenp4 ,,thelypteris ,,simulata4 7,davenp47 ,nieuwl4 #ac4 ,aspidium spinulosum4 7,o4,f4 ,muell47 ,sw4 ,dryopteris spinulosa4 7,o4,f4 ,muell47 ,kuntze4 ,,thelypteris ,,spinulosa4 7,o4,f4 ,muell47 ,nieuwl4 #ad4 ,aspidium spinulosum var4 intermedium4 7,muhl47 ,d4,c4 ,eaton4 ,dryopteris spinulosa var4 intermedia4 7,muhl47 ,underw4 ,,thelypteris ,,spinulosa var4 ,,intermedia4 7,muhl47 ,nieuwl4 #ae4 ,aspidium spinulosum var4 concordianum4 7,davenp47 ,eastman4 ,,thelypteris ,,spinulosa var4 ,,concordiana4 7,davenp47 ,weatherby4 #af4 ,aspidium spinulosum var4 dilatatum4 7,hoff47 ,gray4 ,dryopteris spinulosa var4 dilatata4 7,hoff47 ,underw4 ,,thelypteris ,,spinulosa var4 ,,americana4 7,fisch47 ,weatherby4 #ag4 ,aspidium thelypteris4 7,l47 ,sw4 ,dryopteris thelypteris4 7,l47 ,a4 ,gray4 ,,thelypteris ,,palustris4 ,schott4 ,,asplenium ,l4 #ah4 ,asplenium ,bradleyi4 ,d4,c4 ,eaton4 #ai4 ,asplenium platyneuron4 7,l47 ,oakes4 ,asplenium ebeneum4 ,ait4 #bj4 ,asplenium ebenoides4 ,r4,r4 ,scott4 #ba4 ,asplenium montanum4 ,willd4 #bb4 ,asplenium parvulum4 ,mart1 and ,gal4 ,asplenium resiliens4 ,kze4 #bc4 ,asplenium pinnatifidum4 ,nutt4 #bd4 ,asplenium ,ruta-muraria4 ,l4 #be4 ,asplenium ,trichomanes4 ,l4 #bf4 ,asplenium viride4 ,huds4 ,,athyrium4 ,,roth #bg4 ,,athyrium ,,acrostichoides4 7,sw47 ,diels4 ,asplenium acrostichoides4 ,sw4 ,asplenium thelypteroides4 ,michx4 #bh4 ,,athyrium ,,angustifolium4 7,michx47 ,milde4 ,asplenium angustifolium4 ,michx4 ,asplenium pycnocarpon4 ,spreng4 #bi4 ,,athyrium ,,angustum4 7,willd47 ,presl4 ,athyrium filix-femina4 ,american ,authors not ,roth4 ,asplenium filix-femina4 ,american ,authors not ,bernh4 #cj4 ,,athyrium ,,asplenioides4 7,michx47 ,desv4 ,,botrychium4 ,,sw4 #ca4 ,botrychium lanceolatum4 7,gmel47 ,angstroem4 ,,botrychium ,,angustisegmentum4 7,pease and ,moore47 ,fernald4 #cb4 ,,botrychium ,,dissectum4 ,spreng4 ,botrychium obliquum var4 dissectum4 7,spreng47 ,clute4 #cc4 ,botrychium obliquum4 ,muhl4 ,,botrychium ,,dissectum var4 ,,obliquum4 7,muhl47 ,clute4 #cd4 ,botrychium lunaria4 7,l47 ,sw4 #ce4 ,botrychium ramosum4 7,roth47 ,aschers4 ,botrychium matricariaefolium4 ,a4 ,br4 ,botrychium neglectum4 ,wood4 #cf4 ,botrychium simplex4 ,e4 ,hitchcock4 #cg4 ,botrychium ternatum4 7,thunb47 ,sw4 ,var4 intermedium4 ,d4,c4 ,eaton4 ,botrychium obliquum var4 intermedium4 7,d4,c4 ,eaton47 ,underw4 #ch4 ,botrychium virginianum4 7,l47 ,sw4 ,,camptosorus4 ,,link #ci4 ,camptosorus rhizophyllus4 7,l47 ,link4 ,,cheilanthes4 ,,sw4 #dj4 ,cheilanthes alabamensis4 7,buckley47 ,kunze4 #da4 ,cheilanthes ,feei4 ,moore4 ,cheilanthes lanuginosa4 ,nutt4 #db4 ,cheilanthes lanosa4 7,michx47 ,watt4 ,cheilanthes vestita4 ,sw4 #dc4 ,cheilanthes tomentosa4 ,link4 ,,cryptogramma4,r4 ,,br4 #dd4 ,cryptogramma densa4 7,brack47 ,diels4 ,pellaea densa4 7,brack47 ,hook4 #de4 ,cryptogramma ,stelleri4 7,gmel47 ,prantl4 ,pellaea gracilis4 7,michx47 ,hook4 #df4 ,cryptogramma acrostichoides4 ,r4 ,br4 ,,cystopteris4 ,,bernh4 #dg4 ,cystopteris bulbifera4 7,l47 ,bernh4 ,filix bulbifera4 7,l47 ,underw4 #dh4 ,cystopteris fragilis4 7,l47 ,bernh4 ,filix fragilis4 7,l47 ,underw4 ,,dennstaedtia ,l',,her4 #di4 ,,dennstaedtia ,,punctilobula4 7,michx47 ,moore4 ,dicksonia pilosiuscula4 ,willd4 ,,lygodium ,,sw4 #ej4 ,lygodium palmatum4 7,bernh47 ,sw4 ,,notholaena4,r4 ,,br4 #ea4 ,notholaena dealbata4 7,pursh47 ,kunze4 ,notholaena nivea var4 dealbata4 7,pursh47 ,davenp4 ,,onoclea ,l4 #eb4 ,onoclea sensibilis4 ,l4 #ec4 ,onoclea ,struthiopteris4 7,l47 ,hoff4 ,struthiopteris ,germanica4 ,willd4 ,matteuccia ,struthiopteris4 7,l47 ,todaro4 ,,pteretis ,,nodulosa4 7,michx47 ,nieuwl4 ,,ophioglossum4 7,,tourn47 ,l4 #ed4 ,ophioglossum vulgatum4 ,l4 ,ophioglossum vulgatum var4 minus4 ,moore4 #ee4 ,ophioglossum ,engelmanni4 ,prantl4 ,,osmunda4,l4 #ef4 ,osmunda cinnamomea4 ,l4 #eg4 ,osmunda ,claytoniana4 ,l4 #eh4 ,osmunda regalis4 ,l4 ,,osmunda ,,regalis var4 ,,spectabilis4 7,willd47 ,gray4 ,,pellaea4 ,,link #ei4 ,pellaea atropurpurea4 7,l47 ,link4 #fj4 ,pellaea glabella4 ,mett4 ,,phegopteris ,,fee #fa4 ,phegopteris ,dryopteris4 7,l47 ,fee4 ,,thelypteris ,,dryopteris4 7,l47 ,slosson4 #fb4 ,phegopteris hexagonoptera4 7,michx47 ,fee4 ,,thelypteris ,,hexagonoptera4 7,michx47 ,weatherby4 #fc4 ,phegopteris polypodioides ,fee4 ,,thelypteris ,,phegopteris4 7,l47 ,slosson4 ,phegopteris ,phegopteris4 7,l47 ,underw4 #fd4 ,phegopteris ,robertiana4 7,hoff47 ,a4 ,br4 ,phegopteris calcarea4 ,fee4 ,,thelypteris ,,robertiana4 7,hoff47 ,slosson4 ,,polypodium4,l4 #fe4 ,polypodium vulgare4 ,l4 #ff4 ,polypodium polypodioides4 7,l47 ,watt4 ,polypodium incanum4 ,sw4 ,,polystichum4 ,,roth #fg4 ,polystichum acrostichoides4 7,michx47 ,schott4 ,aspidium acrostichoides4 ,sw4 ,dryopteris acrostichoides4 7,michx47 ,kuntze4 #fh4 ,polystichum ,braunii4 7,spenner47 ,fee4 ,dryopteris ,braunii4 7,spenner47 ,underw4 ,aspidium aculeatum var4 ,braunii4 ,doel4 #fi4 ,polystichum ,lonchitis4 7,l47 ,roth4 ,aspidium ,lonchitis4 ,sw4 ,dryopteris ,lonchitis4 ,kuntze4 ,,pteris4,l4 #gj4 ,pteris aquilina4 ,l4 ,pteridium aquilinum4 7,l47 ,kuhn4 ,,pteridium ,,latiusculum4 7,desv47 ,maxon4 ,,pteridium ,,latiusculum var4 ,,pseudocaudatum4 7,clute47 ,maxon4 ,,schizaea4,j4,e4 ,,smith #ga4 ,schizaea pusilla4 ,pursh4 #gb4 ,scolopendrium vulgare4 ,j4,e4 ,smith4 ,,phyllitis ,,scolopendrium4 7,l47 ,newman4 ,,trichomanes4,l4 #gc4 ,trichomanes radicans4 ,sw4 ,trichomanes ,boschianum4 ,sturm4 ,,woodsia4,r4 ,,by4 #gd4 ,woodsia glabella4 ,r4 ,br4 #ge4 ,woodsia alpina4 7,bolton47 ,s4,f4 ,gray4 ,woodsia hyperborea4 ,r4 ,br4 #gf4 ,woodsia ilvensis4 7,l47 ,r4 ,br4 #gg4 ,woodsia ,cathcartiana4 ,b4,l4 ,robinson4 #gh4 ,woodsia obtusa4 7,spreng47 ,torr4 #gi4 ,woodsia oregana4 ,d4,c4 ,eaton4 #hj4 ,woodsia scopulina4 ,d4,c4 ,eaton4 ,,woodwardia4,j4,e4 ,,smith #ha4 ,woodwardia virginica4 ,sm4 #hb4 ,woodwardia areolata4 7,l47 ,moore4 ,woodwardia angustifolia4 ,sm4 ,,the ,,petrified ,,fern ,in a valley1 centuries ago1 ,grew a little fern-leaf green and slender1 ,veining delicate and fibers tender1 ,waving when the wind crept down so low2 ,rushes tall and moss and grass grew round it1 ,playful sunbeams darted in and found it1 ,drops of dew stole down by night and crowned it4 ,but no foot of man e'er came that way-- ,earth was young and keeping holiday4 ,monster fishes swam the silent main1 ,stately forests waved their giant branches1 ,mountains hurled their snowy avalanches1 ,mammoth creatures stalked across the plain1 ,nature reveled in grand mysteries2 ,but the little fern was not of these1 ,did not slumber with the hills and trees1 ,only grew and waved its wild1 sweet way2 ,no one came to note it day by day4 ,earth1 one time1 put on a frolic mood1 ,heaved the rocks and changed the mighty motion ,of the deep1 strong currents of the ocean2 ,moved the plain and shook the haughty wood1 ,crushed the little fern in soft1 moist clay1 ,covered it and hid it safe away4 ,oh1 the long1 long centuries since that day6 ,oh1 the changes6 ,oh1 life's bitter cost6 ,since the useless little fern was lost4 ,useless8 ,lost8 ,there came a thoughtful man ,searching ,nature's secrets far and deep2 ,from a fissure in a rocky steep ,he withdrew a stone o'er which there ran ,fairy pencilings1 a quaint design1 ,leafage1 veining1 fibers clear and fine1 ,and the fern's life lay in every line6 ,so1 ,i think1 ,god hides some souls away1 ,sweetly to surprise us the last day6--,m4,b4 ,,branch4