file which includes the original illustration4 ,see #aacfb-;h4htm or #aacfb-;h4zip3 7http3_/_/www4ibiblio4org_/gutenberg_/#a _/a_/c_/f_/aacfb_/aacfb-;h_/#aacfb-;h4ht m7 or 7http3_/_/www4ibiblio4org_/gutenberg_/#a _/a_/c_/f_/aacfb_/aacfb-;h4zip7 ,,the ,,mirror ,,of ,,literature1 ,,amusement1 ,,and ,,instruction4 ,,vol4 #ab1 ,no4 #cbb4 ,,saturday1 ,,july #ab1 #ahbh4 ,,price #b;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,clarence ,,terrace1 ,,regent',s ,,park4 ,illustration3 ,,clarence ,,terrace1 ,,regent',s ,,park4 ,,clarence ,,terrace1 ,,regent',s ,,park4 ,o mortal man1 who livest here1 ,do not complain of this thy hard estate4 ,thomson's ,castle of ,indolence4 ,the annexed continuation of our illustrated ramble in the ,regent's ,park is named ,clarence ,terrace1 in compliment to the illustrious ,lord ,high ,admiral of ,england4 ,it consists of a centre and two wings1 of the ,corinthian order1 connected by colonnades of the ,ilyssus ,ionic order1 and altogether presents a picturesque display of ,grecian architecture4 ,the three stories are a rusticated entrance1 or basement2 and a ,corinthian drawing-room and chamber story2 surmounted with an elegant entablature and balustrade4 ,in the details1 the spectator cannot fail to admire the boldness and richness of the columns supporting the pediment in the centre1 and the classic beauty of the pilasters which decorate the wings4 ,clarence ,terrace is from the designs of ,mr4 ,decimus ,burton1 to whose ingenious pencil we are indebted for some of the splendid architectural combinations in this district4 ,the present terrace is1 we believe1 the smallest in the park1 but yields to none in picturesque effect and harmonious design2 and the variety of its composition renders it one of the most attractive illustrations of our series4 ,it is likewise worthy of remark1 that this portion of the ,regent's ,park1 from its natural beauties1 is entitled to the first-rate embellishment of art1 inasmuch as the basement of ,clarence ,terrace commands a living picture of extraordinary luxuriance2 and from the drawing-room windows the lake may be seen studded with little islands1 and environed with lawny slopes and unusual park-like vegetation3 ,with ,nature the creating pencil vies ,with ,nature joyous at the mimic strife4 ,we have already indulged our fancy in anticipations of the future splendour of the ,regent's ,park4 ,as yet1 art triumphs1 and here the lordlings of wealth may enjoy otium cum dignitate3 but in a few years ,nature may enable this domain to vie with ,daphne of old1 and become to ,london what ,daphne was to ,antioch1 whose voluptuousness and luxury are perpetuated in history4 ,but the beginnings of such triumphs furnish more pleasing reflections than their decline4 ,clarence ,terrace is on the western side of the park1 and adjoins ,sussex ,place1 whose cupola tops were the signals for critical censure and ridicule among the first structures in this quarter4 ,the artists have1 however1 profited by the lesson1 and the architecture of the ,regent's ,park bids fair to rank among the proudest successes of art4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,origin ,,of ,,parishes4 7,for the ,mirror47 ,how ancient the division of parishes is1 may at present be difficult to ascertain4 ,mr4 ,camden says1 ,england was divided into parishes by ,archbishop ,honorius1 about the year #fcj4 ,sir ,henry ,hobart lays it down1 that parishes were first erected by the council of ,lateran1 which was held ,a4,d4 #aagi4 ,each widely differs from the other1 and both of them perhaps from the truth1 which will probably be found in the medium1 between the two extremes4 ,we find the distinction of parishes1 nay1 even of mother churches1 so early as in the laws of ,king ,edgar1 about the year #igj4 ,the civil division of ,england into counties1 of counties into hundreds1 of hundreds into tithings1 or towns1 as it now stands1 seems to owe its original to ,king ,alfred2 who1 to prevent the rapines and disorders which formerly prevailed in the realm1 instituted tithings2 so called1 from the ,saxon1 because ten freeholders with their families composed one4 ,these all dwelt together1 and were sureties1 or free-pledges to the king for the good behaviour of each other2 and if any offence were committed in their district1 they were bound to have the offender forthcoming4 ,and therefore1 anciently1 no man was suffered to abide in ,england above forty days1 unless he were enrolled in some tithing or decennary4 ,as ten families of freeholders made up a tithing1 so ten tithings composed a superior division1 called a hundred4 ,in some of the more northern counties these hundreds are called wapentakes4 ,the sub-division of hundreds into tithings seems to be most peculiarly the invention of ,alfred2 the institution of hundreds themselves he rather introduced than invented1 for they seem to have obtained in ,denmark2 and we find that in ,france a regulation of this sort was made above #bjj years before2 set on foot by ,clotharicus and ,childebert1 with a view of obliging each district to answer for the robberies committed in its own division4 ,in some counties there is an intermediate division between the shire and the hundred1 as lathes in ,kent1 and rapes in ,sussex1 each of them containing about three or four hundreds a-piece4 ,where a county is divided into three of these intermediate jurisdictions1 they are called trithings1 which still subsist in the large county of ,york1 where1 by an easy corruption1 they are denominated ridings2 the north1 the east1 and the west4 ,j4,m4 ,c----,d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,stanzas1 7,,being ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,an ,,intended ,,versification ,,of ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,tales ,,of ,,boccaccio47 7,for the ,mirror47 ,the young1 fair ,spring1 is tripping o'er the ,earth1 ,with feet that ne'er can know the lag of age2 ,the ,earth1 her lover1 conscious of her worth1 ,flings down all his rich treasures to engage ,that blushing wanderer3 but she journeys forth ,heedless of all his offerings4 ,the hot rage ,of love shall scorch his heart in tortures fell1 ,till ,winter comes with many an icicle4 ,that loved-one yet is here2 and flowers1 and songs1 ,and streams--to gush above her own free feet ,of stainless ivory1--and countless throngs ,of birds are living1 her pure soul to greet4 ,and the lone spirit1 thoughtfully that longs ,for a dim view of ,eden1 from a seat ,o'erhanging some green valley1 now espies ,nought that might dread compare with ,paradise6 ,there is a glory gone forth from on high6-- ,it quickens the heart's beat1 whereon it flings ,its fervour2--the flushed cheek and glowing eye ,confess its influence2--and the many strings1 ,voiceless too long in the young heart1 reply ,to the mute promptings of a thousand things ,which ,spring has conjured up2--all1 all is hers-- ,that ,glory without name--she ministers4 ,now--all the thoughts she wakens in the heart ,are glorious ,music6--divine ,poesy6-- ,now--all the dreams on ,fancy's eyes that start1 ,she will disown not1 wayward though they be4 ,sweet ,dreams6--down ,lethe's billow they depart-- ,words are too weak to clothe them worthily4 ,rich incense1 burnt upon some altar stone ,censerless1--in a temple--desert--lone6 ,what shall we do in these delightful days1 ,when the full1 bounding heart1 will not be still2-- ,when the glad eye1 absorbed in far-sent gaze1 ,forgets ,earth's plenitude of grief and ill2-- ,shall we dream on1 in a bewitching maze ,of sweet affections and bold hopes1 until ,earth is not ,earth--but ,heaven8 or shall we die ,hourly1 to some dissolving minstrelsy8 ,sometimes1 when day is dying--when twilight ,brings its dim ,vigil1--hour of quietness1-- ',tis sweet to listen1 till the cheated sight ,pictures strange shadowings of awfulness1-- ,some wild1 old tale of goblin's ghastly spite1 ,or antique strain of passionate distress2-- ,and one1 which has been wept o'er many a time ,i seek1 to mar1 perchance1 with feeble rhyme ,may1 #ahbh4 ,,thomas ,m----s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,execution ,,and ,,last ,,moments ,,of ,,lord ,,william ,,russel4 7,for the ,mirror47 ,this distinguished patriot and martyr to the cause of liberty was the third son of ,william1 the first ,duke of ,bedford1 by a daughter of the ,earl of ,somerset4 ,he refused the generous offer of ,lord ,cavendish to favour his escape1 by changing clothes with him in prison2 and he also declined the ,duke of ,monmouth's proposal to surrender himself1 should ,lord ,william ,russel think it might contribute to his safety4 ,it will be no advantage to me1 he said1 to have my friends die with me4 ,conjugal affection was the feeling that clung to his heart2 and when he had taken his last farewell of his wife1 he said1 ,the bitterness of death is now over4 ,he suffered the sentences of his judges with resignation and composure4 ,some of his expressions 7says his biographer7 imply much good-humour in this last extremity4 ,the day before his execution1 he was seized with a bleeding at the nose4 ,i shall not now let blood to divert this distemper1 said he to ,burnet1 who was present2 that will be done to-morrow4 ,a little before the sheriffs conducted him to the scaffold1 he wound up his watch4 ,now ,i have done1 said he1 with time1 and henceforth must think solely of eternity4 ,the sad tragedy of the death of the virtuous ,lord ,russel1 7says ,pennant17 who lost his head in the middle of ,lincoln's-,inn-,fields1 took place on ,july #bast1 #afhc4 ,party writers assert that he was brought here in preference to any other spot1 in order to mortify the citizens with the sight4 ,in fact1 it was the nearest open space to ,newgate1 the place of his lordship's confinement4 ,without the least change of countenance1 he laid his head on the block1 and at two strokes it was severed from his body4 ,he was1 at the time of his death1 only forty-two years of age4 ,to his character for probity1 sincerity1 and private worth1 even the enemies to his public principles bear testimony4 ,at ,woburn ,abbey is preserved1 in gold letters1 the speech of ,lord ,russel to the sheriffs1 together with the paper delivered by his lordship to them at the place of execution4 ,p4,t4,w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,independence ,,of ,,portugal4 7,for the ,mirror47 ,portugal was first created into a monarchy on the #bgth of ,july1 #aaci2 on which day1 ,dom ,alphonso ,i41 son of ,henry1 ,count of ,burgundy1 the son of ,robert1 king of ,france1 was proclaimed at ,lisbon1 after having vanquished and slain five ,moorish kings in the battle of ,campo d',ourique1 where he was unanimously chosen as sovereign of ,portugal by his army4 ,this dignity was confirmed to him by the first assembly of the states-general at ,lamego4 ,in commemoration of this event1 the ,portuguese arms bear five standards and five escudets4#a ,after the unfortunate expedition of ,dom ,sebastian ,i4 to ,africa1 where he was slain in the battle of ,alcazar1 the crown devolved upon his great uncle1 the ,cardinal ,dom ,henry1 a man of #fg years of age1 and who reigned but #ag months4 ,at his death there were several claimants for the succession1 and the kingdom in consequence became the theatre of civil war4 ,philip ,,ii4 of ,spain1 the most powerful of these1 sent an army1 under the ,duke of ,alba1 into ,portugal1 and completed the conquest of the country with little opposition4 ,this event took place in the year #aehj1 and the kingdom of ,portugal remained under the dominion of ,spain until the #ast of ,december1 #afdi1 the day on which the ,duke of ,braganza was proclaimed king with the title of ,dom ,joao ,,iv4 ,since that time ,portugal has maintained its independence4 ,for a more detailed account1 see ,l',abb ,nertot's ,revolutions of ,portugal4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,succession ,chronologica de los ,reyes de ,portugal4 ,c4,v41 ,a ,,constant ,,reader4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,recent ,,earthquake ,,in ,,colombia4 7,communicated by a ,correspondent to ,brande's ,journal47 ,on the #afth of ,november1 #ahbg1 at a quarter past six o'clock in the evening1 the inhabitants of ,bogota1 in ,colombia1 were thrown into the greatest consternation and alarm by the severest shock of an earthquake which has ever been known to visit that city4 ,at the moment of its occurrence1 a subterraneous noise was very distinctly heard1 resembling the noise of a carriage passing briskly over the pavement1 and a white1 thin1 transparent cloud was seen to hang over the city2 this cloud has been noticed in ,italy1 as generally1 if not always1 present1 near the volcanic commotions of that country1 previously1 and at the time of these commotions4 ,this cloud is entirely unlike any other which ,i have ever noticed1 and resembles a thin gauze veil4 ,i noticed it not only upon this occasion1 but also in the earthquake of ,june #agth1 #ahbf1 in this city4#b ,footnote #b3 ,if ,i may be allowed to offer a conjecture on the cause of this singular white veil1 or cloud1 ,i can only attribute it to the vapour of water which escapes from the earth from the heated mass below1 and which is condensed on rising into the cold air1 and thus rendered visible4 ,bogota1 according to my measurement1 which corresponds very nearly with that of ,baron ,humboldt1 is #i1fjj feet above the level of the sea1 and is distant at least one hundred miles from any known volcano4 ,the earthquake took a direction from ,s4,e4 to ,n4,w41 in which it could plainly be traced by the havoc which it made4 ,its effects on the city were partial in the above direction1 but every part was convulsed4 ,the confusion and affliction which such a calamity occasions1 particularly in a catholic country1 can neither be imagined1 nor described4 ,i was sitting reading in a small house of one story above the ground-floor1 when the trembling commenced2 the table on which my book lay1 first shook1 and almost at the same instant the chair on which ,i sat2 ,i immediately got on my legs1 but found much difficulty in sustaining myself without holding by some fixture2 the house all this time rocking to and fro as in a hurricane1 but not a breath of air stirred4 ,after passing ten or more seconds in this way1 ,i collected my reason sufficiently to run down the steps into the street2 all this time the earth was in motion4 ,when ,i arrived at the portal of the door1 ,i found it impossible to stand without holding very tight by the doorway1 and many persons fell on their faces4 ,during these moments1 part of the house adjoining mine fell with a terrible crash1 and the street was filled with a cloud of dust1 out of which emerged a man distorted with horror1 but who had almost miraculously escaped immolation1 without any other hurt than what his fright had occasioned4 ,after continuing a minute or more1 the trembling ceased1 and nothing could now be heard but the cries of the people2 with that exception all was still and silent1 and the stars appeared with all their brilliancy1 as if smiling at this scene of human distress4 ,some persons asserted1 that there were two distinct shocks1 but ,i must confess ,i felt the earth in motion during the whole period of a minute or more2 and being situated over the direction which the earthquake took1 was therefore1 better able to judge of this than others who were more distant1 and particularly as ,i retained my presence of mind4 ,fortunately for me my house was well built1 for had it fallen ,i should inevitably have been buried in the ruins4 ,to describe the scene which ensued is difficult2 the streets were filled with despair2 some entirely and others half naked were seen on their knees imploring divine protection2 no one knew what to do or where to fly1 for all were in the same consternation and distress4 ,after this had a little subsided1 the city became soon deserted1 and a fresh scene presented itself2 all those who had horses were seen scampering through the streets towards the plain1 to elude the terror of another shock2 others on foot with their beds on their backs2 and the sick1 wrapped up in blankets1 were conveyed in arm-chairs1 with two sticks passed underneath them to form sedan-chairs1 and some were conveyed in hammocks4 ,this afflicting sight1 accompanied by the cries of the distressed and the melancholy chant of their progress1 was painful in the extreme2 and hard1 indeed1 must be that heart who could view it with indifference2 yet such was the apathy occasioned by terror1 that scarcely any one offered assistance to his neighbour1 and frequently neglected his own safety4 ,when all was quiet ,i went out to examine the city4 ,the first thing which attracted my notice was the turret of the stately cathedral partly demolished1 and the building split and cracked in various places2 the precious stones1 consisting of diamonds1 emeralds1 and topazes1 which adorned the interior1 were scattered in all directions1 and many of them broken1 particularly a very large emerald weighing some ounces4 ,this edifice had but just been repaired from the effects of the earthquake in the preceding year1 and was1 by this last1 reduced to a tattered ruin4 ,in all the streets which ran in the direction of ,n4,w4 and ,s4,e41 many houses were levelled with the dust1 and others rent in twain2 and some of the unfortunate inhabitants buried beneath their ruins4 ,in all1 fourteen persons have lost their lives2 and the damage done to the city is estimated to be at least six millions of dollars1 although it did not contain a larger population than #cj1jjj souls4 ,deserted streets1 heaps of ruins1 and tottering houses1 threatening to crush the beholder1 give but a faint idea of this desolate picture4 ,general ,soublette and ,general ,bolivar were both present at the last fatal earthquake in ,caraccas1 and they both assert that this1 of which ,i have now given a description1 was at least as powerful1 although the suffering in the town of ,caraccas was much greater2 and they attribute the happy escape of thousands of lives to the difference in the construction of houses in the two places4 ,general ,bolivar1 as well as myself and others1 were affected with sickness at the stomach after the shock4 ,during the night of the earthquake in ,bogota1 on the #afth of ,november1 #ahbg1 tremulous motions of the earth were continually felt1 and the following day1 and every other since2 and even whilst ,i am now writing1 slight undulating motions are perceptible4 ,every person is still in the greatest alarm1 dreading a second severe shock1 which happened last year at the distance of four days from the first grand shock2 should this happen now1 scarcely one stone will remain upon another in ,bogota4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,draughtsman2#c ,,or1 ,,hints ,,on ,,landscape ,,painting4 ,footnote #c3 ,vide ,,mirror1 vol4 iv4 pp #b1 #bb1 #fa1 #ajb4 ,,observations ,,on1 ,,and ,,rules ,,for1 ,,sketching4 ,the following hints1 tending to further the tyro's progress in the delightful art of drawing1 will not ,i trust prove unacceptable to such of your readers as are interested in the subject4 ,for my own use ,i epitomized various directions relative to sketching1 when ,i met with them in ,gilpin's ,three ,essays on ,picturesque ,beauty1 and ,i shall feel particularly happy should my attempt at condensing much artistical matter from that interesting volume prove useful to the amateur3 the professor undergoes a regular1 severe1 but essential course of study in that beautiful art1 which is to purchase for him fame and emolument2 but he who takes up his pencil merely for pastime1 will do well to regulate its movements by a few rules1 not cumbrous to the memory1 and of easy application4--,it is my intention briefly to state the object of ,gilpin's first and second essays2 from the third ,i have deduced those rules for sketching which appeared most obviously to result from the tenour of his observations3-- ,essay #ast discusses the difference between actual and picturesque beauty2 smoothness is usually allowed to enter into our ideas of the former1 but roughness1 or ruggedness is decidedly essential to the latter3 for example--,the smooth shaven lawn1 the neatly turned walk1 the classic marble portico1 c4 c4 are beautiful2 but the ruined castle1 the chasmed mountain1 the tempestuous ocean1 c4 are picturesque1 i4e4 with appropriate accompaniments2 for1 after remarking that the sublime and beautiful are1 with many persons1 the divisions of the picturesque1 our acute observer of nature adds1 sublimity alone cannot make an object picturesque1 it must in form1 colour1 or accompaniment1 have some degree of beauty to render the epithet just4 ,nothing can be more sublime than the ocean1 but wholly unaccompanied it has little of the picturesque4 ,it should also be remembered that objects of rough and careless contour1 as the worn cart-horse1 and the tattered beggar 7neither of them laying claim to an iota of sublimity7 please better in a painting1 than the sleekest racer1 and the most finished belle of the ,magazin des ,modes4#d ,footnote #d3 ,it is singular1 but almost true to an axiom1 that objects capable of exciting disgust in their reality1 confer delight in their pictorial representation2 the interior of some wretched hovel1 a sty and its inmates1 and a boorish revel1 will exemplify this4 ,our pleasure in that case arises perhaps not from the objects represented1 but from the truth of the representation4 ,i know not that this paradox has ever been solved1 and therefore with diffidence offer1 that we are rather pleased with the artist than his subject4 ,essay #bnd treats of travelling1 as far as it regards the picturesque1 which is to be sought in natural1 and sometimes artificial1 objects2 these will constantly present themselves to the observer under all the varieties of light and shadow1 and the different combinations of colour1 form1 and accompaniment1 sometimes producing whole landscapes1 but more frequently only beautiful parts of scenery4 ,the curious and fantastic forms of nature are not subjects for the pencil1--and the draughtsman will endeavour to depict animate as well as inanimate objects4 ,the utility and amusement of travelling1 are also considered in this essay1 and hints thrown out for the improvement of barren and disagreeable country1 by the observation of lights and shadows1 tints of the season1 distances1 c41 with a recommendation to supply1 if possible1 every hiatus of nature1 by the imagination of all that is needed to render her perfectly picturesque4 7,an ingenious idea2 but1 alas6 mountains will not always rise in a marsh1 forests wave over a sterile heath1 nor lakes and rivers adorn a wheat-field4 ,this essay1 however1 is worthy the perusal of travellers even1 who never touched a pencil47 ,essay #crd treats of sketching from nature from whence are deduced the following ,rules4 #a4 ,every landscape should have a leading subject2 a rule too much neglected even by superior artists4 #b4 ,get the object1 or subject you design to copy1 into the best point of view4 #c4 ,landscape consists of three general parts3--fore-ground1 middle or second-ground1 and distance2 in sketching foreground1 it is a good rule to have some part of it higher than the rest of the picture4 7,vide ,rule the #gth47 #d4 ,mark the principal parts1 7or points7 of your landscape on paper1 that you may more readily ascertain the relative distances and situations of the others4 #e4 ,pay attention to the character of your subject2 mingle not trivial with grand details4 #f4 ,one landscape must not be crowded with circumstances sufficient for two or more4 #g4 ,it is sufficient to give the principal feature of what you essay to represent2 as a castle1 abbey1 bridge1 c42 but its accompaniments may 7and to make a picture1 should7 be often different4 ,the fore-ground of a drawing must be the artist's own2 and it should be ample1 since an extended distance1 and a narrow fore-ground is always awkward and bad in a picture--,n4,b4 ,taste and observation will direct the student to select for his fore-ground1 clusters of trees1 pieces of rock1 or the fragments of ruined fabrics1 c41 according to the nature of his subject4 #h4 ,on the accurate observation of distances the beauty of landscape depends2 be careful therefore to get them correct at your outset1 and to keep them so1 by shading lightly with pen or brush your black-lead sketch1 7should the parts be complicated17 whilst the view is before you1 or fresh in your memory4 #i4 ,the hand should be accustomed to the touch of various kinds of trees1 though in a mere sketch1 little variety is required2 the distinction1 however1 between full foliaged1 and straggling1 branchy trees must be preserved1 for both are necessary even in a sketch1 and the artist should therefore be prepared to represent them4 #aj4 ,the artist must attend to the composition1 and the disposition of his subject4 ,by the composition may be understood the objects with which he composes his view2 by the disposition1 their picturesque and tasteful arrangement4 #aa4 ,figures1 must be such as are appropriate to the scene2 thus1 history in miniature is bad1 because a landscape is in itself a subject sufficient for the employment both of pencil and eye2 therefore historical figures in a view1 are lost and out of place4 #ab4 ,birds may be introduced with good effect1 if thrown into proper distance2 to represent them near is absurd3 ruins and sea views are the best subjects in which they can appear4 #ac4 ,effect is to be produced best1 by strong contrasts of light and shade both in earth and sky2 but the student's taste must determine where these shall fall1 and though the contrasts should be strong1 yet gradation1 in both1 must be observed4 #ad4 ,a predominancy of shade has the best effect2 and light1 though it should not be scattered1 must not be drawn1 as it were1 into one focus4 #ae4 ,the light1 in a picture1 is best disposed when the fore-ground is in shadow1 and it falls in the middle2 but this rule is subject to many variations4 ,light should rarely be spread on the distance4#e ,footnote #e3 ,extraordinary and beautiful effects1 however1 are1 by superior painters1 frequently produced by violating this latter rule4 ,the writer would particularly notice the results of light thrown into the distance1 in stormy sea-views4 #af4 ,it is useful to know1 that the shadows of morning are darker than those of evening2 also1 that when objects are in shadow1 their light 7as it is then a reflected light17 falls on the opposite side to that on which it would come if they were enlightened4 #ag4 ,the harmony of the whole should be studied2 if the piece strikes you as defective in this respect1 place it at evening in some situation where it will not be reached by a strong light1 when the misplaced lights and shadows will strike you more forcibly than in the glare of day4 #ah4 ,to stain your paper with a slight reddish or yellowish tint1 adds to the harmony of a sketch1 yet it is a mere matter of taste2 but1 when it is desired1 it had better be done after the drawing is completed1 otherwise the colour risks looking patched from the rubber4#f ,footnote #f3 ,coffee has been recommended for this purpose1 but delicate and pleasing washes or glazings may be produced from burnt sienna1 yellow ochre1 burnt umbre1 and lake1 in various combinations1 and laid on extremely attenuated by water4 #ai4 ,in colouring1 the sky gives the ruling tint to the landscape2 it is absurd to unite a noonday sky1 with a landscape of sunset glow4 #bj4 ,from the three virgin colours1 red1 blue1 and yellow1 all the tints of nature are composed4#g ,there is not in nature a perfect white1 except snow1 and the petals of some flowers4 ,footnote #g3 ,the artist1 however1 cannot produce his tints from those simple colours entirely1 but the advice once given to the writer1 by a painter1 was3--,never fancy that many colours will effect your object2 a few well chosen will better succeed1 and be more easily managed2 half-a-dozen would1 for me1 answer every purpose4 ,the student is warned against gaudy colouring1 which1 if allowable in caricatures seen elsewhere1 reminds one of pedlar's pictures4 #ba4 ,sketch nothing but what you can adorn1 7for the purpose of showing to friends1 c47 but do not adorn your first1 or rough sketch2 make another1 and refer to your original draught1 as you would do to the view itself1 for it contains your general ideas--your first and freshest1 which may be lost by endeavouring to refine and improve upon them in the original sketch4#h ,footnote #h3 ,the old masters are well known to have made carefully many sketches of the subjects they designed for pictures1 ere they dreamt of painting compositions that were to last for ever4 #bb4 ,in adorning your sketch1 figures1 both animate and inanimate1 may be introduced1 but sparingly2 touch them slightly1 for an attempt at finish offends4 ,i shall take the liberty of adding--endeavour to get a free and flowing outline2 be not too minute either in detail or finishing2 use pen or brush for your rough sketch in preference to pencil2 you will gain confidence1 and correctness will be your aim in your adorned copy4 ,finally1 study nature1 art1 and good writers4 ,m4,l4,b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fine ,,arts4 7,to the ,editor of the ,mirror47 ,sir1--,i have made repeated visits this season to the exhibition of the works of the old masters at the ,british ,institution1 for the express purpose of presenting you with a few remarks on some of the most excellent paintings4 ,as ,i have strictly adhered to the notes which ,i made at the institution1 the accuracy of the subjoined may be depended upon3-- ,,british ,,institution4 ,the present exhibition consists of the works of the ,italian1 ,spanish1 ,flemish1 and ,dutch masters4 ,there are one hundred and ninety pictures1 which have chiefly been contributed to the institution by his ,majesty and the nobility4 ,no4 #e1 ,innocent the ,tenth1 by ,velasquez1 is an uncommon fine portrait2 it is very boldly executed1 combining at the same time a sufficient degree of finish and great beauty of colour4 ,his holiness is represented in quite a plain habit4 ,the beauties of ,guido's pencil will be traced in ,no4 #f1 ,hippomenes and ,atalanta4 ,claude1 in his ,embarkation of ,st4 ,paul2 ,sea ,port1 ,evening1 c41 charms us with his exquisite effects1 which are so truly natural1 that1 while we view his representations1 we may almost fancy ourselves transported to the magnificent scenery of ,italy4 ,in ,no4 #db1 ,titian's ,daughter1 are seen the genuine tints adopted by the ,venetian school of painting4 ,no4 #ef1 ,st4 ,appolonia1 by ,sebastian del ,piombo1 is a most admirable specimen of the master4 ,no4 #gd1 ,landscape and ,cattle1 by ,paul ,potter1 contains all that beauty of touch and delicacy of colour which render this famous artist so difficult to imitate4 ,there are several very capital pictures by the younger ,teniers2 ,no4 #gg1 his own portrait1 and ,no4 #ie1 portrait of the painter and his son1 are truly excellent2 as is ,no4 #id1 ,figures playing at ,bowls4 ,a remarkable and very forcible effect is found in ,no4 #ic1 ,the outside of a ,house with ,figures--painted by ,de ,hooge4 ,nos4 #aba and #abc1 ,flowers and ,fruit1 by the celebrated ,van ,huysum1 are extremely elaborate in their execution4 ,no4 #afa1 ,the ,battle between ,constantine and ,maxentius1 is a sketch by ,rubens1 possessing wonderful fire and spirit1 as well as great mellowness of colour4 ,besides the above pictures1 there are many beautiful productions by ,jan ,steen1 ,cuyp1 ,poussin1 ,salvator ,rosa1 ,guercino1 ,domenichino1 ,murillo1 ,albano1 ,vandyke1 ,ruysdael1 ,houdekoeter1 ,wouvermans1 c4 ,g4,w4,n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ancient ,,roman ,,festivals4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,july4 ,the ,caprotinia1 or feasts of ,juno ,caprotina1 were celebrated on the #ith of ,july1 in favour of the female slaves4 ,during this solemnity they ran about1 beating themselves with their fists and with rods4 ,none but women assisted in the sacrifices offered at this feast4 ,kennet says1 the origin of this feast1 or the famous ,nonae ,caprotinae1 or ,poplifugium1 is doubly related by ,plutarch1 according to the two common opinions4 ,first1 because ,romulus disappeared on that day1 when an assembly being held in the ,palus ,capreae1 or ,goats'-,marsh1 on a sudden happened a most wonderful tempest1 accompanied with terrible thunder1 and other unusual disorders in the air4 ,the common people fled all away to secure themselves2 but1 after the tempest was over1 could never find their king4 ,or1 else1 from ,caprificus1 a wild fig-tree1 because1 in the ,gallic war1 a ,roman virgin1 who was prisoner in the enemy's camp1 got up into a wild fig-tree1 and holding out a lighted torch toward the city1 gave the ,romans a signal to fall on2 which they did with such good success1 as to obtain a considerable victory4 ,the ,lucaria was an ancient feast1 solemnized in the woods1 where the ,romans1 defeated and pursued by the ,gauls1 retired and concealed themselves2 it was held1 on the #aith of ,july1 in a wood1 between the ,tyber and the road called ,via ,salaria4 ,the feast of ,neptunalia was held on the #bcrd of ,july1 in honour of ,neptune4 ,the ,furinalia were feasts instituted in honour of ,furina1 the goddess of robbers among the ,romans2 they took place on the #beth of ,july4 ,this goddess had a temple at ,rome1 and was served by a particular priest1 who was one of the fifteen ,flamens4#i ,near the temple there was a sacred wood1 in which ,caius ,gracchus was killed4 ,cicero takes her to be the same as one of the ,furies4 ,footnote #i3 ,flamen1 among the ancient ,romans1 was a priest or minister of sacrifice4 ,p4,t4,w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,notes ,,of ,a ,,reader4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,captain ,,popanilla',s ,,voyage4 ,who has not read ,vivian ,grey1 in five broad-margined volumes1 with space enough between each line to allow the indulgence of a nap1 when the poppy of the author predominated8 ,affectation1 foppery1 and conceit1 have protracted the memoirs of this renowned personage to such an extent2 but in spite of all that unfashionable critics have said1 ,vivian ,grey has just produced a volume under the title of the ,voyage of ,captain ,popanilla1 with as much of the aforesaid qualities as the most listless drawing-room or boudoir reader could require4 ,nevertheless1 the voyage has many touches of wit1 humour1 and caustic satire1 and it has the soul and characteristic of wit--brevity2 for we read the volume in little more than an hour2 and1 although ,vivian may regard our analysis of his voyage like showing the sun with a lantern1 we are disposed to venture upon the task for the gratification of our readers4 ,to say that ,popanilla resembles ,swift's ,tale of a ,tub1 or ,sir ,thomas ,more's ,utopia1 would be an advantageous comparison for our modern voyager1 but it would not sufficiently illustrate the character of his work1 since the latter books are so much less read than talked of4 ,swift wrote for the universal improvement of mankind1 but ,popanilla publishes for the benefit of the people of ,england1 whom he represents as living in a too artificial state4 ,he tells his story as the native of an ,indian isle1 whose men combine the vivacity of a faun with the strength of a ,hercules1 and the beauty of an ,adonis1 and whose women magically sprung from the brilliant foam of that ocean1 which is gradually subsiding before them4 ,this favoured spot he calls the ,isle of ,fantaisie1 about the shores of which appears a remarkable fish1 or rather a ship1 to the no small terror of the islanders4 ,the ship is wrecked1 and ,popanilla having in his fright1 during the storm1 lost a lock of hair which1 in a moment of glorious favour1 he had ravished from his fair mistress' brow1 is next introduced in search of this precious bijou4 ,the favourite of all the women1 the envy of all the men1 c4 c1 and--you know the rest1--,popanilla passed an extremely pleasant life4 ,no one was a better judge of wine--no one had a better taste for fruit--no one danced with more elegant vivacity--and no one whispered compliments in a more meaning tone4 ,what a pity that such an amiable fellow should have got into such a scrape6 ,instead of the dear lock1 ,popanilla finds a chest saved from the wreck1 and filled with ,useful ,knowledge ,tracts1 books on the ,hamiltonian system1 c4 which our adventurer1 like ,faustus and his bible1 turns to bad account2 he falls asleep1 is swallowed by a whale1 and spouted forth again4 ,the dreamer awoke amidst real chattering1 and scuffling1 and clamour4 ,a troop of green monkeys had been aroused by his unusual occupation1 and had taken the opportunity of his slumber to become acquainted with some of the first principles of science4 ,what progress they had made it is difficult to ascertain4 ,it is said1 however1 that some monkeys have been since seen skipping about the island1 with their tails cut off2 and that they have even succeeded in passing themselves for human beings among those people who do not read novels1 and are consequently unacquainted with mankind4 ,as for ,popanilla1 he took up a treatise on hydrostatics1 and read it straight through on the spot4 ,for the rest of the day he was hydrostatically mad2 nor could the commonest incident connected with the action or conveyance of water take place1 without his speculating on its cause and consequence4 ,so much for the first steps of intellect2 now for the march4 ,popanilla soon becomes a man of science3 his wit flies off in tangents1 and he tries to prove his sovereign a lantern1 and himself a sun1#aj by undertaking to re-shape all the institutions of ,fantaisie4 ,then follow a string of dogmas about utility1 c42 and man being a developing animal1 till he decides that there is no such thing as ,nature2 ,nature is ,art1 or ,art is ,nature2 that which is most useful is most natural1 because utility is the test of ,nature2 therefore1 a steam-engine is in fact a much more natural production than a mountain4 ,here1 observing a smile upon his majesty's countenance1 ,popanilla tells the king that he is only a chief magistrate1 and he has no more right to laugh at him than a constable4 ,this is too bad for the royal mind2 ,popanilla is cut2 rather crest-fallen1 he sneaks home1 and consoles himself for having nobody to speak to1 by reading some very amusing ,conversations on ,political ,economy4 ,but he sinks to rise again4 ,he obtains many pupils1 who had no sooner mastered the first principles of science1 than they began to throw off their retired habits and uncommunicative manners4 ,being not utterly ignorant of some of the rudiments of knowledge1 and consequently having completed their education1 it was now their duty1 as members of society1 to instruct and not to study2 and on all occasions they seized opportunities of assisting the spread of knowledge4 ,the voices of boys lecturing upon every lecturable topic1 resounded in every part of the island4 ,their tones were so shrill1 their manners so presuming1 their knowledge so crude1 and their general demeanour so completely unamiable1 that it was impossible to hear them without the greatest1 delight1 advantage1 and admiration4 ,the king at last becomes impregnated with the liberal spirit of the age2 ,popanilla is sent for to court2 he is overpowered with promotion1 told that with the aid of a treatise or two1 he will make a consummate naval commander1 although he has never been at sea in the whole course of his life1 and at length thrust into a canoe1 with some fresh water1 bread1 fruit1 dried fish1 and a basket of alligator pears4 ,unhappy ,popanilla6 and all from that unlucky lock of hair6 ,his fright is ludicrously sketched4 ,poor fellow6 how could he know better8 ,he certainly had enjoyed a seat at the ,admiralty ,board of ,fantaisie1 but then he was a lay-lord4 ,among his discoveries1 on the second day1 at #be m4 past #c p4m41 though at a considerable distance1 he saw a mountain and an island3 he called the first ,alligator ,mountain1 in gratitude to the pears2 and christened the second after his mistress2 but the happy discoverer further found the mountain to be a mist1 and the island a sea-weed4 ,at length1 on the third day1 after being in a valley formed by two waves1 each #c1jjj feet high1 and in as tremendous a tempest as ever raged in ,chelsea or ,battersea-reach1 great1 square and solid1 black clouds drew off like curtains1 and revealed to him a magnificent city rising out of the sea4 ,tower and dome1 arch1 and column1 and spire1 and obelisk1 and lofty terraces1 and many-windowed palaces1 rose in all directions from a mass of building1 which appeared each instant to grow more huge1 till at length it seemed to occupy the whole horizon4 ,on his landing he is pestered with questions from the natives2 but1 thanks to the ,hamiltonian system1 ,popanilla1 under these circumstances1 was more loquacious than could have been ,capt4 ,parry4 ,he announces himself as the most injured of human beings2 the women weep1 the men shake hands with him1 and all the boys huzza3 he then narrates his ill-fortunes at ,fantaisie1 not forgetting the never-enough-to-be-lamented lock of hair4 ,other danger awaits him1 for to be strangled was not much better than to be starved2 and certainly with half a dozen highly respectable females clinging round his neck1 he was not reminded1 for the first time in his life1 what a domestic bowstring is an affectionate woman4 ,he is next joined by an influential personage1 who informs him that he is in ,hubbabub 7,london7--the largest city1 not only that exists1 but that ever did exist1 and the capital of the ,island of ,vraibleusia1 the most famous island1 not only that is known1 but that ever was known4 ,he provides himself with a purse1 and exchanges his money with a banker1 who offers him during his stay in ,vraibleusia1 the use of a couple of equipages1 a villa1 an opera box2 insists upon sending to his hotel some pineapples and very rare wine2 and gives him a perpetual ticket to his picture-gallery4 ,popanilla leaves his gold and takes the banker's pink shells1 for no genteel person has ever anything else in his pocket4 ,then follow some quips on the shell question 7currency71 and ,mr4 ,secretary ,perriwinkle1 the most eminent conchologist1 and the debt of the richest nation in the world2 although1 a golden pyramid1 with a base as big as the whole earth and an apex touching the heavens1 would not supply sufficient metal to satisfy the creditors4 ,the annual interest upon our debt exceeds the whole wealth of the rest of the world2 therefore we must be the richest nation in the world4 ,footnote #aj3 ,what boots it thee to call thyself a sun4 ,our traveller being now settled at a splendid hotel in ,hubbabub1 ,skindeep1 his gentleman in black1 drives him about the city in an elegant equipage4 ,the western migrations of fashion are humorously sketched1 and the architecture of our metropolis comes in for a share of the author's banter4 ,in general1 the massy ,egyptian appropriately graced the attic stories2 while the finer and more elaborate architecture of ,corinth was placed on a level with the eye1 so that its beauties might be more easily discovered4 ,spacious colonnades were flanked by porticoes1 surmounted by domes2 nor was the number of columns at all limited1 for you occasionally met with porticoes of two tiers1 the lower one of which consisted of three1 the higher one of thirty columns4 ,pedestals of the purest ,ionic ,gothic1 were ingeniously mixed with ,palladian pediments2 and the surging spire exquisitely harmonized with the horizontal architecture of the ancients4 ,but1 perhaps1 after all1 the most charming effect was produced by the pyramids1 surmounted by weathercocks4 ,a lively sketch of the aboriginal inhabitant introduces some smart satire on the agriculturists1 and proves that1 between force1 and fear1 and flattery1 the ,vraibleusians paid for their corn nearly its weight in gold2 but what did it signify to a nation with so many pink shells4 ,popanilla is next introduced to an eminent bookseller1 who craves the honour of publishing a narrative of his voyage3 he informs the mercantile ,mecaenas that he does not know how to write2 who replies that he never had for a moment supposed that so sublime a savage could possess such a vulgar accomplishment1 and that it was by no means difficult for a man to publish his travels without writing a line4 ,this is a stale affair2 but ,popanilla's drinking a dozen of the bookseller's wine smacks more of novelty4 ,his voyage is published1 and contains a detailed account of every thing which took place during the whole of the three days1 forming a quarto volume6 ,then we have a shower of squibs on converzazioni--as dukes imbibing a new theory of gas1 a prime-minister studying pinmaking1 a bishop the escapements of watches1 a field-marshal intent on essence of hellebore4 ,but what most delighted ,popanilla was hearing a lecture from the most eminent lawyer and statesman in ,vraibleusia1 on his first and favourite study of hydrostatics4 ,his associations quite overcame him2 all ,fantaisie rushed upon his memory1 and he was obliged to retire to a less frequented part of the room1 to relieve his too excited feelings4 ,the hostess too declares it impossible for mankind ever to be happy and great1 until1 like herself and her friends1 her company are all soul6 ,popanilla is now constituted ambassador from ,fantaisie1 and goes through all the courtly scenes of diplomacy1 for which we have not room2 but their gist will be readily understood among the stars of ,st4 ,james's1 especially the authors allusions to ,navarino and the late ministry1 which are in good set terms4 ,the ,aboriginal1 too1 tells ,popanilla some long stories about a person who was chief manager1 about five hundred years ago1 to whom he said he was indebted for all his political principles4 ,during ,popanilla's sight-seeing career1 he1 of course1 visits our theatres1 and a tolerably broad caricature he gives of them4 ,to sit in a huge room hotter than a glass-house1 in a posture emulating the most sanctified ,faquir1 with a throbbing head-ache1 a breaking back1 and twisted legs1 with a heavy tube held over one eye1 and the other covered with the unemployed hand1 is1 in ,vraibleusia1 called a public amusement4 ,in one morning's lionizing1 too1 he acquires a general knowledge of the chief arts and sciences1 eats three hundred sandwiches1 and tastes as many bottles of sherry4 ,the frauds and fooleries of the joint stock company mania are1 perhaps1 among the least successful portion of the volume4 ,the literature is somewhat better1 as the establishment of a ,society for the ,diffusion of ,fashionable ,knowledge--its first treatise1 ,nonchalance--dissertations on leaving cards1 cutting friends1 on bores1 c4--and a new novel called ,burlington--the last a scratch at ,popanilla's publisher4 ,the ,clubs are next recommended for those fond of solitude1 and their satin luxuries humorously quizzed2 but the ,colonial ,system1 which follows1 has more causticity4 ,popanilla1 like all other great foreigners who visit ,england1 falls ill2 his disorder is unquestionably nervous2 he is to count five between each word he utters1 never ask questions1 and avoid society1 and only dine out once a day4 ,this regimen brings on a slow fever2 but his disorder is neither liver1 nor nervous1 but mind4 ,he next falls in with an ,essay on ,fruit1 from which he learns that thousands of the ,vraibleusians are dying with dyspepsia from eating pine-apples1 which are denounced as stupid1 sour1 and vulgar4 ,popanilla is ordered by his physician to ,blunderland1 where the women are angelic1 and the men the most light-hearted1 merry1 obliging1 entertaining fellows2 and where instead of knives and forks being laid for the guests at dinner1 the plates are flanked by daggers and pistols4 ,a row springs up2 all the guests lay lifeless about the room2 ,popanilla rang the bell1 and the waiters swept away the dead bodies1 and brought him a roasted potato for supper4 ,he next enjoys the pleasures of the chase1 and in revenge for a sharp fire1 burns two villages1 slays #b or #cjj head of women1 and bags children without number2 and in the evening ,popanilla's powers of digestion are improved4 ,he now returns to ,vraibleusia1 where all are panic-struck1 and his friend1 the banker1 unlike his perpetual ticket1 has stopped payment1 and all our traveller's resources4 ,popanilla consoles him with the joke that things were not quite so bad as they appeared1 till they get worse1 by two gentlemen in blue1 with red waistcoats1 arresting the ambassador for high treason4 ,this completes his amusements4 ,he fears confined cells1 overwhelming fetters1 black bread1 and green water1 in the principal gaol in ,hubbabub2 but becomes ensconced in ,leigh ,hunt's elegantly furnished apartment1 with ,french sash-windows and a piano4 ,its lofty walls were entirely hung with a fanciful paper1 representing a ,tuscan vineyard2 the ceiling was covered with sky and clouds2 roses were in abundance2 and the windows1 though well secured1 excited no jarring associations in the mind of the individual they illumined1 protected as they were by polished bars of cut-steel4 ,next to being a plenipotentiary1 ,popanilla preferred being a prisoner4 ,his daily meals consisted of every delicacy in season2 a marble bath was ever at his service2 a billiard-room and dumb-bells always ready2 and his old friends1 the most eminent physician1 and the most celebrated practitioner in ,hubbabub1 called upon him daily to feel his pulse and look at his tongue4 ,these attentions authorized a hope that he might yet again be an ambassador2 that his native land might still be discovered1 and its resources still be developed2 but when his gaoler told him that the rest of the prisoners were treated in a manner equally indulgent1 because the ,vraibleusians are the most humane people in the world1 ,popanilla's spirits became somewhat depressed4 ,he was greatly consoled1 however1 by a daily visit from a body of the most beautiful1 the most accomplished1 and the most virtuous females in ,hubbabub1 who tasted his food to see that his cook did his duty1 recommended him a plentiful use of pine-apple well peppered1 and made him a present of a very handsome shirt1 with worked frills and ruffles1 to be hanged in4 ,this enchanting committee generally confined their attentions to murderers1 and other victims of the passions1 who were deserted in their hour of need by the rest of the society they had outraged2 but ,popanilla being a foreigner1 a prince1 and a plenipotentiary1 and not ill-looking1 naturally attracted a great deal of notice from those who desire the amelioration of their species4 ,popanilla was so pleased with his mode of life1 and had acquired such a taste for poetry1 pine-apples1 and pepper1 since he had ceased to be an active member of society1 that he applied to have his trial postponed1 on the ground of the prejudice which had been excited against him by the public press4 ,as his trial was at present inconvenient to the government1 the postponement was allowed on these grounds4 ,in the meantime1 up jumps a public instructor1 ,flummery ,flam1 who ascribes all the debt and distress to a slight over-trading1 chatters about demand1 supply1 rent1 wages1 profit1 and1 as a temporary relief1 suggests emigration4 ,flummery-,flammism triumphs1 and every person1 from the managers down to the chalk-chewing mechanics1 attend lectures on that enlightening science4 ,at length ,popanilla's trial comes on2 the indictment is read2 he is accused of stealing #bai camelopards2 perceives that he has all the time been mistaken for another person3 he is1 however1 detained1 on the judge of ,fort ,jobation informing him1 that in order to be tried in his court for a modern offence of high treason1 he must first be introduced by fiction of law as a stealer of camelopards1 and then being in praesenti regio1 in a manner1 the business proceeds by a special power for an absolute offence4 ,this flummery is too much2 but every body with whom ,popanilla had conversed while in ,vraibleusia is subpoenaed against him3 the judge is about to sum up1 when a trumpet sounds1 and a government messenger presents a scroll1 and informs him1 that a remarkably clever young man1 recently appointed one of the managers1 had last night consolidated all the edicts into a single act4 ,the judge then compliments the young consolidator1 compared to whom1 he said1 ,justinian was a country attorney4 ,popanilla is found not guilty1 and kicked out of court1 amidst the hootings of the mob1 without a stain upon his reputation4 ,he then falls senseless on the steps of the ,asiatic club-house1 is recovered by the smell of mulligatawney soup1 and moralizes till he perceives it is possible for a nation to exist in too artificial a state4 ,he then sees the opposite house lit up1 and the words ,emigration ,committee written on a transparent blind4 ,he enters1 finds the last ,emigration squadron is about to sail in a few minutes2 is presented with a spade1 blanket1 and hard biscuit1 and quits the port of ,hubbabub3 what became of him will probably be discovered1 if ever we obtain ',popanilla's' second voyage--and thus shuts to the scene4 ,here1 gentle reader1 you have the ,captain's fun and badinage on all the wonderful wonders of ,hubbabub--videlicet this wonderful town4 ,they may serve to while away some of the ennui of this season of roast1 bake1 and broil1 or be read aloud during the halt of the march of intellect men4 ,there are the principal incidents of his voyage2 if you wish to see them expanded1 consult the book itself--that is if you are gratified with our abstract--if the reverse1 let well alone1 lest you find it1 like ceremony1 a penny-worth of spirit in a glass of water4 ,but recollect1 ,popanilla's adventures have already been published in quarto4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,spirit ,,of ,,discovery4 99 99 99 99 99 ,machine for ,sharpening ,knives at once1 ,consists of a number of steel cylinders grooved transversely1 and placed on two revolving axes parallel to each other1 and so that the bosses and recesses of the one fit into those of the other cylinder4 ,along these the knife is drawn1 and so is immediately sharpened4--,london ,jour4 of ,arts4 ,influence of ,electricity on the developement of ,seeds4 ,m4 ,astier has discovered that seeds which are electrified1 run through the first stages of vegetation more rapidly than others1 and that ,china roses submitted to this experiment1 produce flowers sooner1 and in greater abundance4--,from the ,french4 ,botany4 ,the number of different species of plants which have been described is about #ej1jjj2 but botanists are generally agreed that probably as many still remain undescribed2 and1 that the number of vegetable species on the surface of the earth ought not to be estimated under #ajj1jjj4 ,we may be struck at the amount of this number2 but our astonishment abates when we find that our own island1 which is but a mere misty speck1 compared with those broad zones of sunshine1 where the flowers ever brighten1 contains about #a1ejj native flowering plants4 ,of those which have been described1 about #h1jjj1 or nearly one-sixth1 belong to the first of the two classes1 and of these nearly #b1jjj are grasses4 ,in cold and temperate climates the species of this most interesting and important family are comparatively diminutive in size4 ,in our climate1 for instance1 the grasses are somewhat remarkable among vegetables for their humble stature1 and their inconspicuous appearance2 while in the warmer regions of the earth1 the bamboos and canes1 which are species of the same family1 emulate trees in height and beauty4 ,but what our species want in individual magnitude1 is far more than compensated by the comparative vastness of the number of individuals4 ,in tropical climates1 one plant may be seen here1 and another there1 which1 in their size1 astonish an ,european1 when he is told that they belong to the family of the grasses2 but there he would search in vain for those swards of grass1 and green meadows1 with which almost the whole aspect of his own climate is verdant4 ,he might find one plant stately enough to shade him from the torrid sun1 and to harbour among its boughs many a tropical bird with its bright metallic plumage2 but he could not find a lea covered with lowing herds1 or with bleating flocks1 on the soft sward of which he could lie down1 and listen to the lark that sings to him from heaven1 sending down its clear notes on the first sunbeams of spring4 ,it is in temperate climates--in those regions where man has made the greatest advances in civilization--where the comforts and conveniences of this life are most numerous around him--and the realities of that which is to come are most brightly seen above him--that this family of plants exists in greatest economic value4 ,it is one of the most important in every climate2 for it is from one species of grass or other that the present numbers of men1 as well as the domestic animals that serve him1 derive their sustenance4 ,the maize or ,indian corn of the west2 the rice of the east2 the wheat and other grains of the north2 equally belong to this tribe of plants4--,quar4 ,jour4 of ,agriculture ,blight in ,fruit ,trees4 ,whenever you see the branch of a tree blighted1 or eaten by insects1 procure a shoemaker's awl1 and pierce the lower extremity of the branch into the wood2 then pour in two or three drops of crude mercury1 7which is the quicksilver in common use7 and stop up the hole with a small stick4 ,in about forty-eight hours1 the insects1 not only upon that branch1 but upon all the rest of the tree1 will be destroyed1 and the blights will immediately cease4 ,g4,w4,n4 ,on the ,live ,stock of ,britain1 ,france1 c4 ,dupin1 in a work lately published1 with a view to promote the numbers and breeds of the live stock of ,france1 states1 that1 in ,britain1 the animal power is eleven times as great as the manual power2 while in ,france it is only four times as great2 hence1 ,french labourers receive from animals only a third part of the aid yielded by them in ,britain4 ,he also states1 that ,great ,britain consumes three times as much meat1 milk1 and cheese1 as ,france4 ,the following is the number of horses for every #a1jjj inhabitants in the countries mentioned4 ,hanover1 #aic2 ,sweden1 #ade2 ,canton de ,vaud1 7in ,switzerland17 #adj2 ,great ,britain1 #ajj2 ,prussia1 7six provinces7 #ie2 ,france1 #gi4 ,numbers1 however1 give a very imperfect idea of the relative amount of horse power1 the breeds being so various in the different countries4 ,supposed ,nervous ,system in ,plants4 ,m4 ,dutrochet1 in a volume on the moving powers which act in organized bodies1 affirms1 that there are seen on the walls of the cellular and fibrous tissue of vegetables1 small semi-transparent globular bodies and linear bodies1 which become opaque from the action of acids1 and are rendered transparent by that of alkalies4 ,he considers these small bodies as the elements of a diffused nervous system1 to the action of which he ascribes the movements of plants1 arising from what is denominated by him the nervomotility4--,from the ,french4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,novelist4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,marriage ,,lesson4 ,we are indebted to the last ,number 7#d7 of the ,foreign ,quarterly ,review for the following lively nouvelette1 from the ,conde ,lucanor of the ,infante ,don ,juan ,manuel1 written in the beginning of the fourteenth century4 ,it has much of the navete and light humour peculiar to the ,spanish novelists1 and1 to quote the ingenious reviewer1 besides its own merit1 possesses that of some striking resemblances to ,shakspeare's ,taming of the ,shrew4 ,in a certain town there lived a noble ,moor1 who had one son1 the best young man ever known perhaps in the world4 ,he was not1 however1 wealthy enough to enable him to accomplish half the many laudable objects which his heart prompted him to undertake2 and for this reason he was in great perplexity1 having the will and not the power4 ,now in that same town dwelt another ,moor1 far more honoured and rich than the youth's father1 and he too had an only daughter1 who offered a strange contrast to this excellent young man1 her manners being as violent and bad as his were good and pleasing1 insomuch that no man liked to think of an union with such an infuriate shrew4 ,now that good youth one day came to his father1 and said1 ,father1 ,i am well assured that you are not rich enough to support me according to what ,i conceive becoming and honourable4 ,it will1 therefore1 be incumbent upon me to lead a mean and indolent life1 or to quit the country2 so that if it seem good unto you1 ,i should prefer for the best to form some marriage alliance1 by which ,i may be enabled to open myself a way to higher things4 ,and the father replied1 that it would please him well if his son should be enabled to marry according to his wishes4 ,he then said to his father1 that if he thought he should be able to manage it1 he should be happy to have the only daughter of that good man given him in marriage4 ,hearing this1 the father was much surprised1 and answered1 that as he understood the matter1 there was not a single man whom he knew1 how poor soever he might be1 who would consent to marry such a vixen4 ,and his son replied1 that he asked it as a particular favour that he would bring about this marriage1 and so far insisted1 that however strange he thought the request1 his father gave his consent4 ,in consequence1 he went directly to seek the good man1 with whom he was on the most friendly terms1 and having acquainted him with all that had passed1 begged that he would be pleased to bestow his daughter's hand upon his son1 who had courage enough to marry her4 ,now when the good man heard this proposal from the lips of his best friend1 he said to him3--,good ,god1 my friend1 if ,i were to do any such thing1 ,i should serve you a very bad turn2 for you possess an excellent son1 and it would be a great piece of treachery on my part1 if ,i were to consent to make him so unfortunate1 and become accessory to his death4 ,nay ,i may say worse than death1 for better would it be for him to be dead than to be married to my daughter6 ,and you must not think that ,i say thus much to oppose your wishes2 for as to that matter1 ,i should be well pleased to give her to your son1 or to any body's son1 who would be foolish enough to rid my house of her4 ,to this his friend replied1 that he felt very sensibly the kind motives which led him to speak thus2 and intreated that1 as his son seemed so bent upon the match1 he would be pleased to give the lady in marriage4 ,he agreed1 and accordingly the ceremony took place4 ,the bride was brought to her husband's house1 and it being a custom with the ,moors to give the betrothed a supper and to set out the feast for them1 and then to take leave and return to visit them on the ensuing day1 the ceremony was performed accordingly4 ,however1 the fathers and mothers1 and all the relations of the bride and bridegroom went away with many misgivings1 fearing that when they returned the ensuing day they should either find the young man dead1 or in some very bad plight indeed4 ,so it came to pass1 that as soon as the young people were left alone1 they seated themselves at the table1 and before the dreaded bride had time to open her lips1 the bridegroom1 looking behind him1 saw stationed there his favourite mastiff dog1 and he said to him somewhat sharply1 ,mr4 ,mastiff1 bring us some water for our hands2 and the dog stood still1 and did not do it4 ,his master then repeated the order more fiercely1 but the dog stood still as before4 ,his master then leaped up in a great passion from the table1 and seizing his sword1 ran towards the mastiff1 who1 seeing him coming1 ran away1 leaping over the chairs and tables and the fire1 trying every place to make his escape1 with the bridegroom hard in pursuit of him4 ,at length reaching the dog1 he smote off his head with his sword1 then hewed off his legs1 and all his body1 until the whole place was covered with blood4 ,he then resumed his place at table1 all covered as he was with gore2 and soon casting his eyes around1 he beheld a lap-dog1 and commanded him to bring him water for his hands1 and because he was not obeyed1 he said1 ,how1 false traitor6 see you not the fate of the mastiff1 because he would not do as ,i commanded him8 ,i vow1 that if you offer to contend one moment with me1 ,i will treat thee to the same fare as ,i did the mastiff2 and when he found it was not done1 he arose1 seized him by the legs1 and dashing him against the wall1 actually beat his brains out1 showing even more rage than against the poor mastiff4 ,then in a great passion he returned to the table1 and cast his eyes about on all sides1 while his bride1 fearful that he had taken leave of his senses1 ventured not to utter a word4 ,at length he fixed his eyes upon his horse that was standing before the door1 though he had only that one2 and he commanded him to bring him water1 which the horse did not do4 ,how now1 ,mr4 ,horse1 cried the husband1 do you imagine1 because ,i have only you1 that ,i shall suffer you to live1 and not do as ,i command you6 ,no6 ,i will inflict as hard a death upon you as upon the others2 yea1 there is no living thing ,i have in the world which ,i will spare1 if ,i be not obeyed4 ,but the horse stood where he was1 and his master approaching with the greatest rage1 smote off his head1 and cut him to pieces with his sword4 ,and when his wife saw that he had actually killed his horse1 having no other1 and heard him declare he would do the same to any creature that ventured to disobey him1 she found that he had by no means done it by way of jest1 and took such an alarm1 that she hardly knew if she were dead or alive4 ,for all covered with gore as he was1 he again seated himself at table1 swearing that though he had a thousand horses or wives1 or servants1 if they refused to do his behest1 he would kill them all2 and he again began to look around him1 holding his sword in his hand4 ,and after he had looked well round him1 and found no living thing near him1 he turned his eyes fiercely towards his wife1 and said in a great passion1 ,get up1 and bring me some water to wash my hands6 and his wife1 expecting nothing less than to be cut to pieces1 rose in a great hurry1 and giving him water for his hands1 said to him1 ,ah1 how ,i ought to return thanks to ,god1 who inspired you with the thought of doing as you have done6 for otherwise1 owing to the wrong treatment of my foolish friends1 ,i should have behaved the same to you as to them4 ,afterwards he commanded her to help him to something to eat1 and that in such a tone1 that she felt as if her head were on the point of dropping off upon the floor2 so that in this way was the understanding between them settled during that night1 and she never spoke1 but only did every thing which he required her to do4 ,after they had reposed some time1 her husband said1 ,the passion ,i have been put into this night hinders me from sleeping2 get up1 and see that nobody comes to disturb me1 and prepare for me something well cooked to eat4 ,when it came full day1 and the fathers1 mothers1 and other relatives arrived at the door1 they all listened1 and hearing no one speak1 at first concluded that the unfortunate man was either dead1 or mortally wounded by his ferocious bride4 ,in this they were the more confirmed when they saw the bride standing at the door1 and the bridegroom not there4 ,but when the lady saw them advancing1 she walked gently on tiptoe towards them1 and whispered1 ,false friends1 as you are1 how dared you to come up to the door in that way1 or to say a word6 ,be silent6 as you value your lives1 and mine also4 ,and when they were all made acquainted with what she said1 they greatly wondered2 but when they learnt all that had passed during the night1 their wonder was changed into admiration of the young man1 for having so well known how to manage what concerned him1 and to maintain order in his house4 ,and from that day forth1 so excellently was his wife governed1 and well-conditioned in every respect1 that they led a very pleasant life together4 ,such1 indeed1 was the good example set by the son-in-law1 that a few days afterwards the father-in-law1 desirous of the same happy change in his household1 also killed a horse2 but his wife only said to him1 ,by my faith1 ,don ,fulano1 you have thought of this plan somewhat too late in the day2 we are now too well acquainted with each other4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,spirit ,,of ,,the ,,public ,,journals4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,summer ,,morning ,,landscape4--,,delta4 ,the eyelids of the morning are awake2 ,the dews are disappearing from the grass2 ,the sun is o'er the mountains2 and the trees1 ,moveless1 are stretching through the blue of heaven1 ,exuberantly green4 ,all noiseless ,the shadows of the twilight fleet away1 ,and draw their misty legion to the west1 ,seen for awhile1 'mid the salubrious air1 ,suspended in the silent atmosphere1 ,as in ,medina's mosque ,mahomet's tomb1-- ,up from the coppice1 on exulting wing1 ,mounts1 mounts the skylark through the clouds of dawn1-- ,the clouds1 whose snow-white canopy is spread ,athwart1 yet hiding not1 at intervals1 ,the azure beauty of the summer sky2 ,and1 at far distance heard1 a bodiless note ,pours down1 as if from cherub stray'd from ,heaven6 ,maternal ,nature6 all thy sights and sounds ,now breathe repose1 and peace1 and harmony4 ,the lake's unruffled bosom1 cold and clear1 ,expands beneath me1 like a silver veil ,thrown o'er the level of subjacent fields1 ,revealing1 on its conscious countenance1 ,the shadows of the clouds that float above3-- ,upon its central stone the heron sits ,stirless1--as in the wave its counterpart1-- ,looking1 with quiet eye1 towards the shore ,of dark-green copse-wood1 dark1 save1 here and there1 ,where spangled with the broom's bright aureate flowers4-- ,the blue-winged sea-gull1 sailing placidly ,above his landward haunts1 dips down alert ,his plumage in the waters1 and1 anon1 ,with quicken'd wing1 in silence re-ascends4-- ,whence comest thou1 lone pilgrim of the wild8 ,whence wanderest thou1 lone ,arab of the air8 ,where makest thou thy dwelling-place8 ,afar1 ,o'er inland pastures1 from the herbless rock1 ,amid the weltering ocean1 thou dost hold1 ,at early sunrise1 thy unguided way1-- ,the visitants of ,nature's varied realms1-- ,the habitant of ,ocean1 ,earth1 and ,air1-- ,sailing with sportive breast1 mid wind and wave1 ,and1 when the sober evening draws around ,her curtains1 clasp'd together by her ,star1 ,returning to the sea-rock's breezy peak4 ,and now the wood engirds me1 the tall stems ,of birch and beech tree hemming me around1 ,like pillars of some natural temple vast2 ,and1 here and there1 some giant pines ascend1 ,briareus-like1 amid the stirless air1 ,high stretching2 like a good man's virtuous thoughts ,forsaking earth for heaven4 ,the cushat stands ,amid the topmost boughs1 with azure vest1 ,and neck aslant1 listening the amorous coo ,of her1 his mate1 who1 with maternal wing ,wide-spread1 sits brooding on opponent tree4 ,why1 from the rank grass underneath my feet1 ,aside on ruffled pinion dost thou start1 ,sweet minstrel of the morn8 ,behold her nest1 ,thatch'd o'er with cunning skill1 and there1 her young ,with sparkling eye1 and thin-fledged russet wing2 ,younglings of air6 probationers of song6 ,from lurking dangers may ye rest secure1 ,secure from prowling weazel1 or the tread ,of steed incautious1 wandering 'mid the flowers8 ,secure beneath the fostering care of her ,who warm'd you into life1 and gave you birth2 ,till1 plumed and strong unto the buoyant air1 ,ye spread your equal wings1 and to the morn1 ,lifting your freckled bosoms1 dew-besprent1 ,salute with spirit-stirring song1 the man ,wayfaring lonely4 ,hark6 the striderous neigh6 ,there1 o'er his dogrose fence1 the chestnut foal1 ,shaking his silver forelock1 proudly stands1-- ,to snuff the balmy fragrance of the morn3-- ,up comes his ebon compeer1 and1 anon1 ,around the field in mimic chase they fly1 ,startling the echoes of the woodland gloom4 ,farewell1 ye placid scenes6 amid the land ,ye smile1 an inland solitude3 the voice ,of peace-destroying man is seldom heard ,amid your landscapes4 ,beautiful ye raise ,your green embowering groves1 and smoothly spread ,your waters1 glistening in a silver sheet4 ,the morning is a season of delight-- ,the morning is the self-possession'd hour-- ',tis then that feelings1 sunk1 but unsubdued1 ,feelings of purer thoughts1 and happier days1 ,awake1 and1 like the sceptred images ,of ,banquo's mirror1 in succession pass6 ,and1 first of all1 and fairest1 thou dost pass ,in ,memory's eye1 beloved6 though now afar ,from those sweet vales1 where we have often roam'd ,together4 ,do thy blue eyes now survey ,the brightness of the morn in other scenes8 ,other1 but haply beautiful as these1 ,which now ,i gaze on2 but which1 wanting thee1 ,want half their charms1 for1 to thy poet's thought1 ,more deeply glow'd the heaven1 when thy fine eye1 ,surveying its grand arch1 all kindling glow'd2 ,the white cloud to thy white brow was a foil2 ,and1 by the soft tints of thy cheek outvied1 ,the dew-bent wild-rose droop'd despairingly4 ,blackwood's ,mag4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,gatherer4 ,a snapper-up of unconsidered trifles4 ,,shakspeare4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,changing ,,coin4 ,judge ,gould married his daughter to ,lord ,cavan4 ,a gentleman asking what fortune1 was answered1 it was all in ,gould1 and his lordship changed it the first day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,voltaire4 ,voltaire said of a traveller1 who made too long a stay with him at ,ferney1 ,don ,quixote took inns for castles1 but ,mr4 ---- takes castles for inns4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,abroad ,,and ,,at ,,home4 ,the ,english abroad can never get to look as if they were at home4 ,the ,irish and ,scotch1 after being some time in a place1 get the air of the natives2 but an ,englishman1 in any foreign court1 looks about him as if he was going to steal a tankard4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,parody ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,song ,,in ,,the ,,beggar',s ,,opera4 ,through all the odd noses in vogue1 ,each nose is turn'd up at its brother2 ,broad and blunt they call platter and pug1 ,and thus they take snuff at each other4 ,the short calls the long nose a snout1 ,the long calls the short nose a snub2 ,and the bottle nose being so stout1 ,thinks every sharp one a scrub4 ,t4,h4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,garrick ,,and ,,sterne4 ,sterne1 who used his wife very ill1 was one day talking to ,garrick in a fine sentimental manner1 in praise of conjugal love and fidelity4 ,the husband1 said ,sterne1 who behaves unkindly to his wife1 deserves to have his house burnt over his head4 ,if you think so1 said ,garrick1 ,i hope your house is insured4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,unpalatable ,,improvement4 ,wilkes attended a city dinner1 not long after his promotion to city honours4 ,among the guests was a noisy1 vulgar deputy1 a great glutton1 who1 on his entering the dinner-room1 always with great deliberation took off his wig1 suspended it on a pin1 and with due solemnity put on a white cotton night-cap4 ,wilkes1 who was a high bred man1 and never accustomed to similar exhibitions1 could not take his eyes from so strange and novel a picture4 ,at length the deputy walked up to ,wilkes1 and asked him whether he did not think that his night-cap became him8 ,oh6 yes1 ,sir1 replied ,wilkes1 but it would look much better if it was pulled quite over your face4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,charms ,,of ,a ,,duel4 ,it has a strange quick jar upon the ear1 ,that cocking of a pistol1 when you know ,a moment more will bring the sight to bear ,upon your person1 twelve yards off1 or so1 ,a gentlemanly distance1 not too near1 ,if you have got a former friend for foe2 ,but after being fired at once or twice1 ,the ear becomes more ,irish1 and less nice4 ,,byron4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,westminster ,,hall4 ,a peasant newly arrived in ,london1 asked what building was that1 pointing to where the law courts are held4 ,it is a mill1 said an attorney1 to quiz the bumpkin4 ,i thought as much1 replied the countryman1 for ,i see a good many asses at the door with sacks4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,out ,,of ,,debt4 ,you say you nothing owe1 and so ,i say1 ,he only owes who something has--to pay4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,newspaper ,,libels4 ,writers in some journals1 like rope-dancers1 to engage the public attention1 must venture their necks every step that they take4 ,the pleasure people feel1 arises from the risk that they run4 99 99 99 99 99 ,printed and ,published by ,j4 ,,limbird1 #adc1 ,strand1 7near ,somerset ,house71 ,london3 and published by ,,ernest ,,fleischer1 #fbf1 ,new ,market1 ,liepsic2 and sold by all ,newsmen and ,booksellers4