,illu/ration ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t ,no4 #dae ,,new ,,york1 ,,decemb] #ae1 #ahhc ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 ,no4 #dae4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,metallurgy4--,c>bon 9 ,/eel4 ,heat develop$ 9 ,=g+4 ,rec5t ,/udies on ! ,con/itution ( ,alkaloids4--,extract f a lecture deliv]$ be=e ! ,philadelphia ,college ( ,ph>macy4 --,by ,,saml4,p4 ,,sadtl]4 ,,ii4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,& ,,me*anics4--,app>atus = ,extract+ ,/>* f ,potatoes4--,) engrav+4 ,a ,simple ,app>atus = describ+ ,ellipses4--,by ,pr(4 ,e4,j4 ,,hallock4 #a figure4 ,a ,novel ,propell] ,eng9e4--,) full description & num]\s engrav+s4--,by ,pr(4 ,,maccord4 ,! ,new ,russian ,torp$o ,boat1 ! ,poti4--,) engrav+4 ,a ,new ,/eam] ,propell$ by ,hydraulic ,reaction--,figures %[+ plan & side views ( ! /eam]4 ,a ,new ,=m ( ,flexible ,b& ,dynamomet]4--,by ,pr(4 ,w4,c4 ,,unw94 #d figures4 ,,iii4 ,,te*nology4--,enl>g+ on ,arg5tic ,pap] & ,opals4--,by ,a4 ,,goodall4 ,! ,manufacture & ,*>act]i/ics ( ,photographic ,l5ses4 ,improv$ ,develop]s = ,gelat9e ,plates4--,by ,,dr4 ,,ed]4 ,! ,prep>ation ( ,l>d = ,use 9 ,ph>macy4--,by ,pr(4 ,,r$wood4 ,anti-,corrosion ,pa9t4 ,manufacture ( ,*>coal 9 ,kilns4--,diff]5t kilns us$4 ,,iv4 ,,art1 ,,ar*itecture1 ,,& ,,ar*,,ology4--,! ,g]man ,national ,monum5t4--,) two engrav+s ( ! /atues ( ,peace & ,w>4 ,! ,art ,aspects ( ,mod]n ,dress4 ,artisans' ,dwell+s1 ,hornsey1 ,london4--,) engrav+4 ,discov]y ( ,anci5t ,*ur* ,9 ,j]usalem4 ,v4 ,,electricity1 ,,heat4 ,,etc4--,see's ,gas ,/ove4--,) engrav+4 ,rectification ( ,alcohol by ,electricity4 #c engrav+s %[+ ,app>atus = ,hydrog5iz+ ,impure ,spirits4 ,electrolyz+ ,app>atus1 & ,arrangem5t ( ! ,siem5s ,ma*9e4 ,,vi4 ,,geology4--,on ! ,m9]alogical ,localities 9 & ar\nd ,new ,york ,city4--,by ,,nelson ,h4 ,,d>ton4 ,,vii4 ,,natural ,,hi/ory4--,! ,zoological ,society's ,g>d5s1 ,london4--,) full page engrav+s %[+ ! new ,reptile ,h\se1 & ! ,babir\ssa family4 ,,viii4 ,,horticulture4--,! ,kauri ,p9e--,dam>ra ,au/ralis4-- ,) engrav+4 ,h[ to ,successfully ,transplant ,trees4 ,,ix4 ,,m$ic9e1 ,,hygi5e1 ,,etc4--,on ! ,treatm5t ( ,conge/ive ,heada*e4--,by ,dr4 ,j4,l4 ,,corn+4 ,! ,use ( ! ,mulle9 ,plant 9 ! ,treatm5t ( ,pulmon>y ,consumption4--,by ,dr4 ,j4,b4 ,,qu9lan4 ,action ( ,m9]al ,wat]s & ( ,hot ,wat] ^u ! ,bile4 ,vivisection4--,app>atus ,us$4--,full page ( engrav+s4 ,insanity f ,alcohol4--,intemp]ance a fruitful z well z inexhau/ible s\rce = ! increase ( insanity4--,by ,dr4 ,a4 ,,ba]1 ,b]l94 ,planta9 z a ,/yptic4--,by ,j4,w4 ,,colcord4 ,dang] f ,flies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,g]man ,,national ,,monum5t4--,,w> ,,& ,,peace4 ,9 our ,,supplem5t ,no4 #dab we gave sev]al engrav+s & a full description ( ! colossal ,g]man ,national monum5t ,g]mania1 lately unveil$ on ! ,ni$]wald slope ( ! ,rh9e4 ,we n[ pres5t1 z beautiful sugge/ions 9 art1 engrav+s ( ! two /atues1 ,w> & ,peace1 :i* adorn ! corn]s ( ! monum5tal facade4 ,^! figures are ab\t tw5ty feet high4 ,! /atue ( ,w> repres5ts an allegorical "*1 p>tly ,m]cury1 p>tly m$ival knight1 ) trumpet 9 "o h&1 sword 9 ! o!r4 ,! /atue ( ,peace repres5ts a mild & mode/ maid51 hold+ out an olive bran* 9 "o h& & ! full horn ( peaceful bless+s 9 ! o!r4 ,betwe5 ! two /atues is a magnific5t gr\p 9 relief repres5t+ ! ,wat* on ! ,rh9e4 ,"h ! ,emp]or ,william appe>s 9 ! c5t]1 on horseback1 surr\nd$ by a noble gr\p ( k+s1 pr9ces1 knights1 w>riors1 comm&]s1 & /atesm51 :o1 by ^w or de$ or c\nsel1 help$ to f\nd ! empire--an ,elg9 m>ble1 s to speak1 ( ! ,g]man nation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w>4 ,,! ,,g]man ,,national ,,monum5t4 ,,peace4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a writ] 9 ! ,london ,lancet ridicules a habit ( be+ 9 great ha/e & t]ribly press$ = "t :i* is common among all classes ( comm]cial m51 & argues t 9 mo/ cases !re is n ! lea/ cause = x1 & t x is done to convey a notion ( ! trem5d\s volume ( bus9ess :i* almo/ ov]:elms ! h\se4 ,! writ] fur!r says t1 :5 develop$ into a confirm$ habit1 x is f]tile 9 provok+ n]v\s maladies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,art ,,aspects ,,( ,,mod]n ,,dress4 ,at a rec5t conv]sazione ( ! ,london ,lit]>y & ,arti/ic ,society1 ,mr4 ,sellon read a pap] ^u ?is subject4 ,hav+ express$ 8 belief t m]e consid]ations ( heal? w\ld nev] de?rone fa%ion1 ! lectur] said he %\ld endeavor to %[ on art pr9ciples h[ ^? :o 7 op5 to conviction c\ld h all ! v>iety ,fa%ion promis$1 toge!r ) f> great] elegance ?an t goddess c\ld be/[1 :ile heal? receiv$ ! fulle/ att5tion4 ,two excell5t societies1 wor?y ( enc\ragem5t up to a c]ta9 po9t1 _h be5 %[+ u ! folly & wick$ness ( fa%ionable dress--dress :i* de=m$ ! body1 crippl$ ! feet1 conf9$ ! wai/1 expos$ ! *e/1 load$ ! limbs1 & ev5 enslav$ ! und]/&+4 ,b ^! societies _h be5 m successful 9 pull+ d[n ?an 9 build+ up1 & bl9d$ ) excess ( zeal 7 hurry+ u onw>d to a goal :i* might or might n be ! acme ( sanitative dress1 b 0 c]ta9ly ! z]o ( arti/ic excell5ce4 ,! cause ( ?is 0 n f> to seek4 ,we 7 inv5t+ a new sci5ce1 t ( dress1 & 7 )\t rules to guide u4 ,s long z ladies _h to *oose betwe5 ,p>is fa%ions & ^? ( ,piccadilly ,hall1 !y w\ld1 he felt sure1 *oose ! =m]4 ,let x be %[n t ! sub/itute 0 bo? sanit>y & beautiful1 capable ( an inf9ite v>iety 9 color & 9 =m--9 colors & =ms :i* nev] violat$ art pr9ciple1 & 9 :i* ! we>]1 & n "s ,p>is l9]1 c\ld ex]cise h] ta/e1 & ! day w\ld h be5 ga9$4 ,?is 0 ! task he _h set himself to =mulate1 & s do+ he %\ld divide 8 subject 9 two--,color & ,=m4 ,9 color x 0 desirable to di/+ui% c>efully betwe5 ! mean+ ( %ade1 t9t1 & hue4 ,x 0 amaz+ t a cultur$ nation l ! ,engli% %\ld be s g5]ally ignorant ( ! laws ( color h>mony4 ,we 7 nicely critical ( music1 yet 9 color 7 con/antly committ+ ! grave/ solecisms4 ,he did n ?9k !re 7 sev5te5 int]iors 9 ,london t ! educat$ eye c\ld w&] ov] )\t pa94 ,yet :at k 0 s useful8 ,we 7 n compet5t to buy a picture1 *oose a dress1 or furni% a h\se )\t a k ( color h>mony1 to say no?+ ( ! facility su* k gave 9 all k9ds ( pa9t+ on porcela91 art ne$lework1 & a hundr$ occupations4 ,an important consid]ation 9 *oos+ colors = dress 0 ! effect !y w\ld h 9 juxtaposition4 ,prim>y colors %\ld be worn 9 d>k %ades2 d>k r$ & d>k yell[1 or z x 0 commonly call$1 olive gre51 w5t well toge!r2 b a dress ( full r$ or yell[ w\ld be pa9ful to behold4 ,! rule = full prim>ies 01 employ !m sp>+ly1 & contra/ !m only ) black or gray4 ,he might notice 9 pass+ t :5 p dress$ 9 gray or black ! entire dress 0 usually ( ! "o color unreliev$4 ,yet "h !y _h a backgr\nd t w\ld l5d beauty to any color plac$ ^u x4 ,ano!r safe rule 0 nev] to place toge!r colors diff]+ widely 9 hue4 ,! eye exp]i5c$ a difficulty 9 accommodat+ itself to sudd5 *anges1 & a species ( color discord 0 ! consequ5ce4 ,b if ! colors1 ev5 ?\gh prim>ies1 7 ( "s v d>k or v light %ade1 !y become h>moni\s4 ,all v d>k %ades ( color w5t well ) black & ) ea* o!r1 & all v light %ades w5t well ) :ite & ea* o!r4 ,a mu*-vex$ "q ) ladies 01 ,:at w suit my complexion8 ,! g5]ally receiv$ op9ion 0 t ! complexion 0 p9k1 ei!r light or d>k1 & colors 7 *os5 accord+ly1 work+ dire confusion4 ,b no "o liv+ ev] _h a p9k complexion unless a pa9t$ "o4 ,! dolls 9 ! ,l[!r ,arcade 7 p9k1 & _! p9k dresses 7 9 h>mony4 ,no natural complexion :atev] 0 improv$ by p9k2 b gray w\ld g ) any4 ,! t5d5cy ( gray 0 to give prom95ce to ! dom9ant hue 9 ! complexion4 ,:5 an arti/ wi%$ to produce fle% color he mix$ :ite1 light r$1 yell[ o*]1 & t]ra v]t4 ,! sk9 ( a fair p]son 0 a gray light r$1 t+$ ) gre52 ! color t w\ld bright5 & int5sify x mo/ 0 a gray light sea gre51 t+$ ) p9k--9 o!r words1 its complem5t>y4 ,a color always subtract$ any simil> color t might exi/ 9 comb9ation ne> x4 ,?us r$ beside orange alt]$ x to yell[2 blue beside p9k alt]$ x to c]ise4 ,h5ce1 if a p]son 0 s un=tunate z to h a muddy complexion1 ! wor/ color !y c\ld we> w\ld be _! own complexion's complem5t>y--! be/ w\ld be mud color1 = x w\ld cle> _! complexion4 ,pass+ on to ! consid]ation ( =m 9 co/ume1 ! lectur] urg$ t ! prop] function ( dress 0 to drape ! human figure )\t disguis+ or burlesqu+ x4 ,an illu/ration ( ,miss ,m>y ,&]son1 attir$ 9 a ,greek dress z ,p>!nia1 0 exhibit$1 & ! lectur] obs]v$ t :ile ! dress once worn by ,greek wom5 0 unequal$ = elegance1 ,greek wom5 7 n 9 ! habit ( ty+ _! skirts 9 knots r\nd ! knees1 & ! n]v\s pose ( ! toes sugge/$ a m habitual acqua9tance ) %oes & /ock+s4 ,an enl>gem5t f a draw+ by ,walt] ,crane 0 %[n z illu/rat+ ! pr9ciples ( arti/ic & natural co/ume--co/ume :i* p]mitt$ ! wai/ to be ! normal size1 & all[$ ! drap]y to fall 9 natural folds--co/ume :i* knew no?+ ( pleats & fl\nces1 /ays & improv]s--co/ume :i* 0 v symbolization & embodim5t ( womanly grace & mode/y4 ,a life-siz$ enl>gem5t ( a fa%ion plate f ,myra's ,j\rnal1 dat$ ,june #a1 #ahhb1 0 next %[n4 ,! circumf]5ce ( ! wai/ 0 b #ab 941 involv+ an utt] exclusion ( ! liv] f t "p ( ! organization1 & ! attitude 0 wor?y ( a co/ume :i* 0 ! ne plus ultra ( =mal ugl9ess4 ,hav+ %[n ano!r & equally unbecom+ co/ume1 select$ f a rec5t issue by an ,ox=d ,/reet firm1 ! lectur] ask$1 ,:y did wom5 ?9k small wai/s beautiful8 ,0 x because big-wai/$ wom5 7 s frequ5tly fat & =ty1 old & ugly8 ,a "y girl _h no wai/1 & did n ne$ /ays4 ,z ! figure matur$ ! hips develop$1 & x 0 ?is developm5t :i* =m$ ! wai/4 ,! slighte/ artificial compression ( ! wai/ de/roy$ ! l9e ( beauty4 ,!re=e1 ! gr[n woman %\ld nev] we> /ays1 &1 s9ce !y t5d$ to weak5 ! muscles ( ! back1 ! ag$ & weak %\ld n adopt !m4 ,a wai/ really too l>ge 0 less ungraceful ?an a wai/ too small4 ,dress 0 design$ p>tly = w>m? & p>tly = adornm5t4 ,z ! uses 7 di/9ct1 ! g>m5ts %\ld be s4 ,a close-fitt+ inn] g>m5t %\ld supply all requisite w>m?1 & ! out] dress %\ld be z ?9 z possible1 t x might drape itself into natural folds4 ,velvet1 f its texture1 0 ill adapt$ = ?is4 ,:5 worn1 x %\ld be 9 close fitt+ g>m5ts1 & 9 d>k colors only4 ,x 0 mo/ effective :5 black4 ,turn+ = a few mom5ts1 9 conclusion1 to m5's attire1 ! lectur] sugge/$ t ! ill-success ( dress re=m]s hi!rto _h be5 ! too-radical *anges !y s\ght to introduce4 ,we c\ld be arti/ic )\t be+ ar*aic4 ,mo/ m5 7 satisfi$ )\t clo!s fairly 9 fa%ion1 a tol]able fit1 & any unobtrusive color _! tailor pleas$4 ,he w\ld sugge/ t any re=mation %\ld beg9 ) color4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,artisans' ,,dwell+s1 ,,hornsey4 ,! erection ( artisans' dwell+s is c]ta9ly a prom95t feature 9 ! progress ( build+ 9 ! metropolis1 & speculative build]s :o "w on a small] scale w\ld d well n to ignore ! fact4 ,! ,artisans1 ,labor]s1 & ,g5]al ,dwell+s ,company 7,limit$7 has be5 conspicu\sly successful 9 re>+ l>ge blocks ( dwell+s = artisans1 cl]ks1 & o!rs ^: means necessitates ! r5t+ ( a conv5i5t h\se at z l[ a r5tal z x is possible to f9d x4 ,we give an illu/ration ( a t]race ( fir/-class h\ses built by ! above company1 :o des]ve great praise = ! spirit$ & lib]al mann] 9 :i* !y are go+ to "w on ?is ! ?ird ( _! ,london e/ates--! ,noel ,p>k ,e/ate1 at ,hornsey4 ,on ! e/ates at ,%aftesbury & ,que5's ,p>ks !y h already built ab\t ?ree ?\s& h\ses1 employ+ !re9 a capital ( consid]ably ov] a million /]l+1 :ile at ,noel ,p>k !y are rapidly cov]+ an e/ate ( "o hundr$ acres1 :i* w conta91 :5 complet$1 no less ?an two ?\s& six hundr$ h\ses1 to be let at weekly r5tals v>y+ f #fs4 to #aas4 #f;d41 rates & taxes all includ$4 ,! object has be5 to provide sep>ate cottages1 ea* 9 itself complete1 & 9 s do+ !y h n made any m>k$ dep>ture f ! ord9>y type ( suburban t]race plan1 b adopt+ ?is z mo/ favorable to economy1 h add$ _m improvem5ts1 includ+ sanit>y appliances ( ! late/ & mo/ approv$ type4 ,! mo/ important entrance to ,noel ,p>k is by ,glad/one ,av5ue1 a road #fj ft4 wide lead+ f ! ,gre5 ,lanes to ! c5t] ( ! e/ate4 ,on ei!r side ( ?is road ! h\ses are set back #ae ft41 9 front ( :i*1 along ! edge ( ! pavem5t1 trees ( a suitable gr[? are be+ plant$1 z also on all o!r roads on ! e/ate4 ,ab\t ! c5t] ( ,glad/one ,av5ue an oval space has be5 res]v$ z a site = a *ur*1 & a space ( five acres 9 ano!r portion ( ! e/ate has be5 set ap>t to be laid out z a recreation gr\nd1 %\ld ! developm5t ( ! e/ate w>rant su* an outlay4 ,! rema9+ /reets are f #dj ft4 to #ej ft4 9 wid?1 cle> ( ! g>d5 space 9 front ( ! h\ses4 ,%ops w be erect$ z may be requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sugge/ions ,,9 ,,ar*itecture4--,a ,,r[ ,,( ,,com=table ,,dwell+s4 ,! dra9age ( ! e/ate has be5 arrang$ on ! dual sy/em1 ! surface wat] be+ kept sep>ate f ! sewage dra9s4 ,n[h]e h ^! dra9s be5 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! h\ses1 b !y are tak5 directly into dra9s at ! back1 hav+ specially v5tilat$ manholes & be+ br\ght ?r\gh at ! ends ( t]races into ! road sew]s2 ! v5tilat+ op5+s 9 ! roads h be5 conv]t$ into inlet v5tilators by plac+ upca/ %afts at %ort int]vals1 dis*>g+ above ! h\ses4 ,?is sy/em ( v5tilation 0 adopt$ on ! recomm5dation ( ,mr4 ,w4,a4 ,de ,pape1 ! eng9e] & surveyor to ! ,tott5ham ,local ,bo>d4 ,all ! h\ses are con/ruct$ ) a lay] ( concrete ov] ! :ole area ( ! site1 & a portion ( ! g>d5 at back4 ,e room is specially v5tilat$1 & all p>ty walls are holl[ 9 ord] to prev5t ! passage ( s\nd4 ,a con/ant wat] supply is laid on1 !re be+ no ci/]ns b ^? to ! wat]-wa/e prev5t]s to closets4 ,all wat] pipes dis*>ge ov] op5 trapp$ gullies outside4 ,! mat]ials us$ are r$ & yell[ bricks1 ) t]racotta sills1 ! ro(s be+ slat$ ov] ! great] "p1 & = ! purpose ( =m+ an agreeable relief1 ! end h\ses1 & 9 "s cases ! c5tral h\ses1 h r$ tile ro(s1 ! ro(s ov] por*es be+ simil>ly treat$4 ,! h\ses are simply b effectively design$1 & ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! f9i%$ portion ( ! e/ate is bright & *e]ful4 ,all end h\ses ( t]races h be5 specially treat$1 & 9 "s cases hav+ r m accommodation ?an h\ses imm$iately adjo9+1 a slightly increas$ r5tal is requir$4 ,!re are five diff]5t classes ( h\ses4 ,! fir/ class h\ses 7:i* we illu/rate ?is week7 are built on plats hav+ #af ft4 frontage by #he ft4 dep?1 & conta9+ eight rooms1 consi/+ ( two sitt+ rooms1 kit*51 scull]y1 ) wa%+ copp]1 coal cell>1 l>d]1 & wat]-closet on gr\nd floor1 & f\r b$rooms ov]4 ,! wat]-closet is ent]$ f ! outside1 b 9 _m fir/-class h\ses ano!r wat]-closet has be5 provid$ on ! fir/ floor1 & "o room on ?is floor is provid$ ) a small range1 s t if two families live 9 ! "o h\se !y w be entirely sep>at$4 ,! r5tal ( ^! h\ses is ab\t #aas4 to #aas4 #f;d4 p] week4 ,mr4 ,r[l& ,plumbe1 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a41 ( #ac ,fitzroy ,squ>e1 ,w41 is ! ar*itect4--,build+ & ,eng9e]+ ,times4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,enl>g+ ,,on ,,arg5tic ,,pap] ,,& ,,opals4 ,by ,a4 ,,goodall4 ,footnote3 ,read be=e ! ,dundee & ,ea/ ( ,scotl& ,photographic ,association4 ,! process ( mak+ gelat9o bromide ( silv] pr9ts or enl>gem5ts on pap] or opal has be5 be=e ! public = two or ?ree ye>s n[1 & _c be call$ new2 b /ill x is nei!r s well kn[n nor und]/ood z su* a facile & easy process des]ves to be1 & ,i may j say "h t aft] a pretty ext5sive exp]i5ce 9 ! work+ ( x ,i believe !re is no o!r enl>g+ process capable ( giv+ bett] results ?an c be got by ?is process :5 prop]ly und]/ood & wr\ght1 z ! results t c be got by x are c]ta9ly equal to ^? obta9able by any o!r me?od1 :ile ! ease & rapidity ) :i* enl>g$ pictures c be made by x place x decid$ly ahead ( any o!r me?od4 ,i propose to %[ y h[ ,i make a gelat9o bromide enl>gem5t on opal4 ,mr4 ,goodall !n proce$$ to make an enl>gem5t on a #ab by #aj opal1 us+ a sciopticon burn+ p>aff92 aft] an exposure = two & a-half m9utes ! develop] 0 appli$1 & a brilliant opal 0 ! result4 ,we n[ come to ! pap] process1 & mo/ effective enl>gem5ts c be made by x also2 inde$1 z a basis = color+1 no?+ c\ld well be bett]4 ,arti/s all ov] ! c\ntry h told me t aft] a few trials !y pref] x to any?+ else1 :ile excell5t & effective pla9 enl>gem5ts are easily made by x if only c>efully h&l$4 ,a v good enl>gem5t is made by vignett+ ! picture1 z ,i h j done1 ) ! opal1 & !n squeez+ x d[n on a clean glass1 & aft]w>d fram+ x ) ano!r glass 9 front1 :5 x w h ! appe>ance almo/ equal to an opal4 ,to make sure ( ! picture adh]+ to ! glass1 h[ev]1 & at ! same "t to give great] brilliancy1 x is bett] to fl[ ! glass ) a #aj or #ae gra9 solution ( cle> gelat9e be=e squeez+ x d[n4 ,! "o fault or %ortcom+ ( ! pla9 arg5tic pap] is ! dullness ( ! surface :5 dry1 & ?is c]ta9ly makes x unsuitable = small "w1 su* z ! rapid production ( c>tes or pro(s f negatives want$ 9 a hurry2 ! tone ( an arg5tic pr9t is also spok5 ( sometimes z be+ objectionable2 b my impression is1 t x is n s mu* ! tone z ! want ( brilliancy t is ! fault !re1 & if once ! public 7 accu/om$ to ! tones ( arg5t9e pap]1 !y might possibly l !m twice z well z ! purples & br[ns ) :i* !y are famili>1 provid$ !y _h ! dep? & gloss ( a silv] pr9t2 & "s "t ago1 act+ on a sugge/ion made by ! editor ( ! ,photographic ,news1 ,i set ab\t try+ to produce ?is result by enamel+ ! pap] ) a b>ium emulsion previ\s to coat+ x ) ! gelat9\s bromide ( silv]4 ,my exp]im5ts 7 successful1 & we n[ prep>e an enamel arg5tic pap] on :i* ! pr9ts /& out ) brilliancy equal to ^? on album5iz$ pap]4 ,i "h %[ y specim5s ( b\doirs & panels--pictures enl>g$ f ,c4,d4,v4--negatives on ?is enamel arg5tic4 ,mr4 ,goodall !n pass$ r\nd sev]al enl>gem5ts f l&scape & portrait negatives1 :i* x w\ld h be5 difficult to di/+ui% f pr9ts on d\ble album5iz$ pap]4 ,i h already spok5 ( ! great ease & facility ) :i* an arg5tic enl>gem5t may be made z comp>$ ) a collodion transf]1 = in/ance2 b !re is ano!r & m important po9t to be consid]$ betwe5 ! two1 & t is1 _! durability & p]man5ce4 ,n[ ) reg>d to a collodion transf]1 unless mo/ p>ticul> c>e be tak5 9 ! wa%+ ( x 7& ^? :o h made !m w well "k :at a delicate1 n to say difficult1 job x is to get !m ?or\ghly fre$ f ! hypo1 & at ! same "t pres]ve ! film intact71 !re is no p]man5ce 9 a collodion transf]1 & t practically 9 n9e cases out ( t5 !y h ! elem5ts ( decay 9 !m f ! fir/ day ( _! exi/5ce4 ,i "k1 at lea/ 9 ,glasg[1 :]e an enorm\s bus9ess has be5 done )9 ! la/ few ye>s by c]ta9 firms 9 ! club picture trade 7! club picture be+ a collodion transf] t9t$ 9 oil or v>ni% colors71 !re are lit]ally ?\s&s ( pictures = :i* ?irty %ill+s or m has be5 paid1 & ( :i* ! b>e frame is all t rema9s at ! pres5t day2 ! gilt ( ! frames has vani%$1 & ! picture 9 disgu/1 p]haps1 has foll[$ x4 ,9 %ort1 ,i believe a collodion transf] _c be made ev5 comp>atively p]man5t1 unless an am\nt ( c>e be tak5 9 ! mak+ ( x :i* is nei!r compatible nor consi/5t ) ! popul> price & ext5sive output4 ,h[ n[ /&s ! case ) an arg5tic enl>gem5t8 ,( c\rse x may be said t !re is sc>cely "t yet to make a fair comp>ison--t ! arg5tic enl>gem5ts are /ill only on _! trial4 ,i w give y my own exp]i5ce4 ,i m5tion$ at ! outset t sev5 or eight ye>s ago ,i _h tri$ ,k5net's pellicle & fail$1 b got "o or two results :i* ,i reta9$ z curiosities till only a mon? or two ago2 b up to t "t ,i _c say !y _h fad$ 9 ! lea/1 & ,i h "h a specim5 made ?ree ye>s ago1 :i* ,i h purposely subject$ to v sev]e treatm5t4 ,x has be5 expos$ )\t any protection to ! light & damp & all ! o!r noxi\s influ5ces ( a ,glasg[ atmosph]e1 & al?\gh c]ta9ly t>ni%$1 ,i ?9k y w f9d t x has n fad$2 ! :ites are dirty1 b ! blacks h lo/ no?+ ( _! orig9al /r5g?4 ,i "h %[ y ! picture ref]r$ to1 a #ab by #aj enl>gem5t on arti/'s canvas1 & may "h /ate1 9 %ort1 t my :ole exp]i5ce ( arg5tic enl>gem5ts leads me to ! conclusion t1 sett+ aside e o!r quality1 !y are ! mo/ p]man5t pictures t h ev] be5 produc$4 ,*romotypes & o!r c>bon pictures h be5 call$ p]man5t1 b _! p]man5ce dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! pigm5t employ$1 & associat$ ) ! *romat$ gelat9e 9 :i* !y are produc$1 mo/ ( pigm5ts us$1 & all ( ! prettie/ ones1 be+ unable to )/& ! blea*+ action ( ! light = m ?an a few weeks4 ,c>bon pictures are !re=e only p]man5t accord+ to ! degree 9 :i* ! color+ matt] employ$ is capable ( resi/+ ! decoloriz+ action ( light4 ,b !re is no pigm5t 9 an arg5tic pr9t1 no?+ b ! silv] r$uc$ by ! develop] aft] ! action ( light2 & t has be5 %[n by1 ,i ?9k1 ,capta9 ,abney1 to be ( a v /able & n easily decompos$ nature2 :ile if ! pictures are pass$ ?r\gh a solution ( alum aft] wa%+ & fix+1 ! gelat9e also is s act$ ^u z to be r5d]$ 9 a great degree imp]vi\s to ! action ( damp1 & ! pictures are !n some:at simil> to c>bon pictures )\t c>bon4 ,i may n[ say a few words on ! defects & failures sometimes met ) 9 work+ ?is process2 & fir/ 9 reg>d to ! yell[+ ( ! :ites4 ,i he> frequ5t compla9ts ( ?is want ( purity 9 ! :ites1 especially 9 vignett$ enl>gem5ts1 & ,i believe t ?is almo/ always arises f "o or o!r ( ! two foll[+ causes3 ,fir/4 ,an excess ( ! f]r\s salt 9 ! f]r\s oxalate develop]2 & :5 ?is is ! case1 ! yell[ comp\nd salt is m 9 susp5sion ?an solution1 & 9 ! c\rse ( developm5t x is deposit$ ^u1 & at ! same "t =m$ 91 ! gelat9\s film4 ,! proportions ( saturat$ solution ( oxalate to saturat$ solution ( iron1 to =m ! oxalate ( iron develop]1 t has be5 recomm5d$ by ! highe/ & almo/ only sci5tific au?ority on ! subject--,dr4 ,ed]--are f #d to #f p>ts ( potassic oxalate to #a "p ( f]r\s sulphate4 ,n[ :ile ^! proportions may be ! be/ = ! developm5t ( a negative1 !y are n1 accord+ to my exp]i5ce1 ! be/ = gelat9e bromide positive enl>gem5ts2 ,i f9d1 inde$1 t potassic oxalate %\ld n h m ?an "o-eigh? ( ! f]r\s sulphate solution add$ to x1 o!rwise x w n hold 9 prop] solution = any l5g? ( "t ! comp\nd salt =m$ :5 ! two are mix$4 ,! o!r cause is ! fix+ ba?4 ,?is1 = opals & vignett$ enl>gem5ts especially1 %\ld always be fre% & pretty /rong1 s t ! picture w cle> rapidly be=e any deposit has "t to take place1 z x w be obs]v$ t v %ortly aft] ev5 "o iron develop$ pr9t has be5 fix$ 9 x a deposit ( "s k9d beg9s to take place1 s t al?\gh x may be us$ a numb] ( times = fix+ pr9ts t are meant to be color$ aft]w>d x is be/ to take a small quantity ( fre% hypo = e enl>gem5t meant to be f9i%$ 9 black & :ite4 ,! proportions ,i use are #h ounces to ! p9t ( wat]4 ,almo/ ! only o!r compla9ts ,i n[ he> are traceable to ov]-exposure or lack ( intellig5t cleanl9ess 9 ! h&l+ ( ! pap]4 ,! op]ator1 aft] hav+ be5 dabbl+ = "s "t 9 hypo1 or pyro1 or silv] solution1 gives 8 h&s a wipe on ! focus+ clo?1 & /raightway sets ab\t mak+ an enl>gem5t1 end+ up by bless+ ! manufactur] :o s5t him pap] full ( black /a9s & sme>s4 ,arg5tic pap] is capable ( yield+ excell5t enl>gem5ts1 b x mu/ be intellig5tly expos$1 intellig5tly develop$1 & cleanly & c>efully h&l$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,& ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,photographic ,,l5ses4 ,at a rec5t meet+ ( ! ,london & ,prov9cial ,photographic ,association ,mr4 ,j4 ,traill ,taylor1 =m]ly ( ,new ,york1 comm5c$ 8 lecture by ref]r+ to ! functions ( l5ses1 & by describ+ ! me?od by :i* ! necess>y curves 7 comput$ 9 ord] to obta9 a def9ite focal l5g?4 ,! v>ieties ( optical glass 7 next discuss$1 & specim5s 7bo? 9 ! r\gh & p>tly %ap$ /ate7 7 h&$ r\nd = exam9ation4 ,! defects frequ5tly met ) 9 glass1 su* z /ri & te>s1 7 !n treat$ ^u2 specim5s ( l5ses defective f ?is cause 7 submitt$ to inspection1 & ! mode ( se>*+ = su* flaws describ$4 ,tools = gr9d+ & poli%+ l5ses ( v>i\s curvatures 7 exhibit$1 toge!r ) a collection ( glass disks obta9$ f ! factory ( ,messrs4 ,ross ,co41 & 9 v>i\s /ages ( manufacture--f ! fir/ r\gh slab to ! surface ( highe/ poli%4 ,details ( poli%+ & edg+ 7 gone into1 & a s]ies ( ! v>i\s grades ( em]y us$ 9 ! processes 0 %[n4 ,! lectur] !n1 by means ( diagrams :i* he plac$ ^u ! blackbo>d1 %[$ ! =ms ( v>i\s makes ( photographic l5ses1 & expla9$ ! influ5ce ( p>ticul> con/ructions 9 produc+ c]ta9 results2 positive & negative sph]ical ab]ration1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !y are made to balance ea* o!r1 0 also describ$ by ! aid ( diagrams1 z 0 also *romatic ab]ration4 ,he next spoke ( ! "q ( optical c5t] ( l5ses1 & said t t 0 n1 z _h be5 hi!rto g5]ally suppos$1 ! true place f :i* to measure ! focus ( a l5s or comb9ation4 ,?is place 0 a po9t v ne> ! optical c5t]1 & 0 kn[n z ! ,gauss po9t1 f ! "n ( ! em95t ,g]man ma!matician :o _h inve/igat$ & made kn[n its prop]ties1 ! k ( :i* 0 ( ! greate/ importance 9 ! con/ruction ( l5ses4 ,a diagram 0 drawn to %[ ! mann] ( asc]ta9+ ! two ,gauss po9ts ( a bi-convex l5s1 & a %eet exhibit$ 9 :i* ! v>i\s k9ds ( l5ses ) _! optical c5t]s & ,gauss po9ts 7 %[n4 ,= ?is draw+ he 7,mr4 ,taylor7 said he 0 indebt$ to ,dr4 ,hugo ,s*ro$]1 n[ ) ! firm ( ,ross ,co4 ,! lectur] congratulat$ ! newly-propos$ memb] ( ! ,society1 ,mr4 ,john ,/u>t1 = 8 ent]prise 9 secur+ = ?is c\ntry a man ( su* pr(\nd acquirem5ts4 ,! subject ( di/ortion 0 next treat$ (1 & ! mann] 9 :i* ! idea ( a non di/ort+ d\blet c\ld be evolv$ f a s+le bi-convex l5s by division into two plano-convex l5ses ) a c5tral diaphragm 0 %[n4 ,! influ5ce ( d5sity ( glass 0 illu/rat$ by a description ( ! d\blet ( ,/e9heil1 ! p>5t ( ! l>ge family ( rapid d\blets n[ kn[n "u v>i\s names4 ,! effect ( ?ickness ( l5ses 0 %[n by a diagram ( ! +5i\s me?od ( ,mr4 ,f4 ,w5ham1 :o _h long ago by ?is means correct$ sph]ical ab]ration 9 microscopic objective4 ,! con/ruction ( portrait l5ses 0 next gone into1 ! influ5ce ( ! negative elem5t ( ! back l5s be+ especially not$4 ,a me?od 0 !n ref]r$ to ( mak+ a rapid portrait l5s cov] a v l>ge angle by pivot+ at its optical c5t] & trav]s+ ! plate 9 ! mann] ( ! pantoscopic cam]a4 ,! lectur] conclud$ by reque/+ a c>eful exam9ation ( ! valuable exhibits ^u ! table1 k9dly l5t = ! occasion by ,messrs4 ,ross ,co4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,develop]s ,,= ,,gelat9e ,,plates4 ,by ,dr4 ,ed]4 ,we are indebt$ to ,*as4 ,ehrmann1 ,esq41 = ! improv$ =mulas giv5 bel[ z translat$ by him = ! ,photographic ,times4 ,dr4 ,ed] has = a consid]able "t direct$ especial att5tion to ! soda & pota% develop]s1 ei!r ( :i* seems to (f] c]ta9 advantages ov] ! ammoniacal pyrogallol4 ,?is advantage becomes p>ticul>ly app>5t ) emulsions prep>$ ) ammonia1 :i* frequ5tly %[ ) ammoniacal develop] gre5 or r$ fog1 or a fog ( clayi% color by reflect$1 & ( pale purple by transmitt$ light4 ,f]r\s oxalate works q well ) plates ( t k9d2 s d soda & potassa develop]s4 ,= soda develop]s1 ,ed] uses a solution ( #aj p>ts ( pure cry/alliz$ soda 9 #ajj p>ts ( wat]4 ,= use1 #ajj c4c4 ( ?is solution are mix$ ) #f c4c4 ( a pyrogallic solution ( #a3aj1 )\t ! addition ( any bromide4 ,m pleasant to "w ) is ,dr4 ,/olze's potassa develop]4 ,no4 #a3 ,wat]1 #bjj c4c42 *em4 pure potassium c>bonate1 #ij gr42 sodium sulphite1 #be gr4 ,no4 #b3 ,wat] #ajj c4c42 citric1 #a gr42 sodium sulphite1 #be gr42 pyrogallol41 #ab gr4 ,solution ,no4 #b is = its bett] keep+ qualities pref]able to ,dr4 ,/olze's solution4,a ,! solutions :5 9 well /opp]$ bottles keep well = "s "t4 ,to develop1 mix #ajj c4c4 ( wat] ) #dj m94 ( ,no4 #a & #ej m94 ( ,no4 #b4 ,! picture appe>s quickly & m vigor\sly ?an ) iron oxalate4 ,if x is desirable to decrease ! d5sity ( ! negatives1 d\ble ! quantity ( wat]4 ,! negatives h a gre5i% br[n to olive-gre5 tone4 ,a v f9e grayi%-black c be obta9$ by us+ a /rong alum ba? betwe5 develop+ & fix+4 ,! same ba? aft] fix+ does n act z effectual 9 produc+ ! desir$ tone4 ,a ba? ( equal volumes ( saturat$ solutions ( alum & f]r\s sulphate gives ! negative a deep olive-br[n color & an extraord9>y int5sity1 :i* excludes all possible necessities ( an aft] int5sification4 ,footnote ,a3 #ajj c4c4 wat]2 #aj c4c4 alcohol2 #aj gr4 pyrogallol2 #a gr4 salicylic acid4 ,! s5sitiv5ess ) ?is develop] is at lea/ equal to t :5 iron develop] is us$1 frequ5tly ev5 great]4 ,! addition ( bromides is sup]flu\s1 sometimes injuri\s4 ,bromides 9 quantities1 z add$ to ammoniacal pyro1 w\ld r$uce ! s5sitiv5ess to #a_/aj or #a_/bj2 w ev5 ret>d ! develop+ p[] almo/ entirely4 ,mu/ a re/ra9] be resort$ to1 #a to #c m94 ( a #a3aj solution ( potassium bromide is q suffici5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,l>d ,,= ,,use ,,9 ,,ph>macy4 ,footnote3 ,read at an ev5+ meet+ ( ! ,ph>maceutical ,society ( ,great ,brita91 ,novemb] #g1 #ahhc4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,r$wood4 ,i h read ) mu*1 int]e/ ! pap] on ,o9tm5t ,bases1 communicat$ by ,mr4 ,willmott to ! ,ph>maceutical ,conf]5ce at its rec5t meet+1 b ! "p ( ! subject :i* has m p>ticul>ly attract$ my att5tion is t :i* relates to prep>$ l>d4 ,ref]5ce is made by ,mr4 ,willmott to l>d prep>$ 9 diff]5t ways1 & x appe>s f ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts t :5 made accord+ to ! process ( ! ,briti% ,ph>macopoeia x does n keep free f rancidity = s long a "t z "s ( ! samples d :i* h be5 o!rwise prep>$4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! discussion1 z f> z relat$ to ?is "p ( ! subject1 seems to h be5 also 9 ! same direction2 b nei!r 9 ! pap] nor 9 ! discussion 0 ! "q ( ! be/ mode ( prep>+ l>d = use 9 ph>macy s specially ref]r$ to or fully discuss$ z ,i ?9k x des]ves to be4 ,:51 9 #ahfj1 ,mr4 ,hills1 at a meet+ ( ! ,ph>maceutical ,society1 sugge/$ a process = ! prep>ation ( l>d1 :i* consi/$ 9 remov+ f ! fl>e all matt] soluble 9 wat]1 by fir/ ?or\ghly wa%+ x 9 a /ream ( cold wat] aft] break+ up ! tissues & aft]w>d melt+ & /ra9+ ! fat at a mod]ate heat1 ?is me?od ( op]at+ seem$ to be g5]ally approv$4 ,x 0 adopt$ by m5 l>gely engag$ 9 r5d]+ fatty sub/ances = use 9 ph>macy & = o!r purposes = :i* ! fat 0 requir$ to be z free z possible f flavor & n unduly subject to become rancid4 ,x became ! process ( ! ,briti% ,ph>macopoeia 9 #ahfh4 ,9 #ahfi x =m$ ! basis ( a process1 :i* 0 pat5t$ 9 ,p>is & ?is c\ntry by ,hippolite ,mege1 = ! production ( a fat free f ta/e & odor1 & suitable = dietetic use z a sub/itute = butt]4 ,mege's process consi/s 9 pass+ ! fat betwe5 revolv+ roll]s1 toge!r ) a /ream ( wat]1 & !n melt+ at animal heat4 ,?is process has be5 us$ abroad 9 ! production ( ! fatty sub/ance call$ oleom>g>9e4 ,b :ile !re h be5 advocates = ?is process1 ( :om ,i h be5 "o1 op9ions h be5 n[ & !n express$ to ! effect t ! wa%+ ( ! fl>e be=e melt+ ! fat 0 r hurtful ?an b5eficial4 ,i h reason to believe t ?is op9ion has be5 ga9+ gr\nd among ^? :o h c>efully inquir$ into ! prop]ties ( ! products obta9$ by ! v>i\s me?ods :i* h be5 sugge/$ = obta9+ animal fat 9 its greate/ /ate ( purity4 ,i h _h occasion dur+ ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s to make _m exp]im5ts on ! r5d]+ & purification ( animal fat1 & at ! same "t h be5 br\ght into communication ) manufactur]s ( oleom>g>9e on ! l>ge scale2 ! result ( :i* exp]i5ce has be5 t ,i h lo/ fai? 9 ! efficacy ( ! ,ph>macopeia process4 ,i h f\nd t 9 ! me?od n[ g5]ally adopt$ by manufactur]s ( oleom>g>9e1 :i* is produc$ 9 imm5se quantities1 ! use ( wat]1 = wa%+ ! fat be=e melt+ x1 is n only omitt$ b specially avoid$4 ,! p>ts ( ! process to :i* mo/ importance is atta*$ are3 ,fir/1 ! selection ( fre% & p]fectly sweet natural fat1 :i* is hung up & freely expos$ to air & light4 ,x ?us becomes dri$ & fre$ f an odor :i* is pres5t 9 ! fre%ly slaught]$ c>cass4 ,x is !n c>efully exam9$1 & adh]+ portions ( fle% or membrane z f> z possible remov$2 aft] :i* x is cut up & pass$ ?r\gh a ma*9e 9 :i* x is ma%$ s z to completely break up ! membrane\s vesicles 9 :i* ! fat is inclos$4 ,! magma ?us produc$ is put into a deep jacket$ pan heat$ by w>m wat]1 & ! fat is melt$ at a temp]ature n exce$+ #acj;,f4 ,if ! fl>e has be5 v effectually ma%$1 ! fat may be easily melt$ away f ! membrane\s matt] at #abj;,f41 or ev5 bel[ t1 & no fur!r cont9uance ( ! heat is requir$ beyond :at is necess>y = effect+ a sep>ation ( ! melt$ fat f ! membrane\s or o!r susp5d$ matt]4 ,complete sep>ation ( all susp5d$ matt] is obvi\sly important1 & !re=e nitration seems desirable1 :]e practicable2 :i* h[ev] is n on ! l>ge scale4 ,my exp]im5ts t5d to indicate t ! process j describ$ is t be/ adapt$ = ! prep>ation ( l>d = use 9 ph>macy4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a po9t connect$ ) ?is or any o!r me?od ( prep>+ l>d :i* is des]v+ ( m att5tion ?an x has1 ,i believe1 usually receiv$1 & t is1 ! s\rce f :i* ! fl>e has be5 d]iv$4 ,ev]ybody kn[s h[ greatly ! quality ( pork dep5ds ^u ! mann] 9 :i* ! pig has be5 f$1 & ?is applies to ! fat z well z o!r p>ts ( ! animal4 ,"s "t ago ,i _h "s pork submitt$ to me = ! expression ( op9ion ^u x1 :i* _h a decid$ fi%y flavor1 bo? 9 ta/e & smell4 ,?is flavor 0 pres5t 9 e "p1 fat & lean1 & x is obvi\s t l>d prep>$ f t fat w\ld n be fit = use 9 ph>macy4 ,! pig _h be5 prescrib$ a fi% diet4 ,b>ley meal w\ld1 no d\bt1 h produc$ a bett] v>iety ( l>d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,anti-,,corrosion ,,pa9t4 ,! ,neue/e ,erf9d]ung describes an anti-corrosion pa9t = iron4 ,x /ates t if #aj p] c5t4 ( burnt magnesia1 or ev5 b>yta1 or /rontia1 is mix$ 7cold7 ) ord9>y l9se$-oil pa9t1 & !n en\gh m9]al oil to envelop ! alkal9e e>?1 ! free acid ( ! pa9t w be neutraliz$1 :ile ! iron w be protect$ by ! p]man5t alkal9e action ( ! pa9t4 ,iron to be buri$ 9 damp e>? may be pa9t$ ) a mixture ( #ajj p>ts ( res9 7colophony71 #be p>ts ( gutta-p]*a1 & #ej p>ts ( p>aff91 to :i* #bj p>ts ( magnesia & "s m9]al oil h be5 add$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,c>bon ,,9 ,,/eel4 ,at a rec5t meet+ ( ! ,*emical ,society1 ,london1 a pap] 0 read entitl$ ,notes on ! ,condition 9 :i* ,c>bon exi/s 9 ,/eel1 by ,sir ,f4,a4 ,abel1 ,c4,b41 & ,w4,h4 ,de]+4 ,two s]ies ( exp]im5ts 7 made4 ,9 ! fir/ s]ies disks ( /eel #b4e in*es 9 diamet] & #j4ja in* ?ick 7 employ$4 ,!y 7 all cut f ! same /rip ( metal1 b "s 7 cold-roll$1 "s anneal$1 & "s h>d5$4 ,! total c>bon 0 f\nd to be3 cold-roll$1 #a4ajh p] c5t42 h>d5$1 #a4abh p] c5t42 & anneal$1 #j4ibd & #j4hfj p] c5t4 ,"s ( ! disks 7 submitt$ to ! action ( an oxidiz+ solution consi/+ ( a cold saturat$ solution ( potassium bi*romate ) #e p] c5t4 by volume ( pure conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 ,9 all cases a blacki% magnetic residue 0 left undissolv$4 ,^! residues1 calculat$ ^u #ajj p>ts ( ! disks employ$1 _h ! foll[+ compositions3 ,cold-roll$ c>bon1 #a4jci p] c5t42 iron1 #e4hga4 ,anneal$1 ,c1 #j4hc p] c5t42 ,fe1 #d4gd p] c5t4 ,h>d5$1 ,c1 #j4agh p] c5t42 ,fe1 #j4gj p] c5t4 ,s t by treatm5t ) *romic acid 9 ! cold ne>ly ! :ole ( ! c>bon rema9s undissolv$ ) ! cold-roll$ & anneal$ disks1 b only ab\t "o-six? ( ! total c>bon is left undissolv$ 9 ! case ( ! h>d5$ disk4 ,! au?ors !n give a resume ( previ\s "w on ! subject4 ,9 ! second "p !y h inve/igat$ ! action ( bi*romate solutions ( v>i\s /r5g?s on ?9 %eet-/eel1 ab\t #j4jih in* ?ick1 :i* 0 cold-roll$ & conta9$3 ,c>bon1 #a4add p] c5t42 silica1 #j4aff p] c5t42 manganese1 #j4ajd p] c5t4 ,f\r solutions 7 us$4 ,! fir/ conta9$ ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( bi*romate & #i p] c5t4 ( ,h#b,,s#d by weight2 ! second 0 eight-t5?s z /rong1 ! ?ird ab\t half z /rong1 ! f\r? ab\t "o & a half times z /rong4 ,9 all cases ! am\nt ( solution employ$ 0 consid]ably 9 excess ( ! am\nt requir$ to dissolve ! /eel us$4 ,a residue 0 obta9$ z be=e4 ,) solution #a1 ! residue conta9$1 ,c1 #a4jba2 sol4 #b1 ,c1 #j4ifi2 sol4 #c1 ,c #a4jdi ! atomic ratio ( iron to c>bon 0 ,fe #b4fid3 ,c1 #a2 ,fe1 #b4fe3 ,c1 #a2 ,fe71 #b4hfg ,c1 #a73 sol4 #d4 ,c1 #j4bff p] #ajj ( /eel4 ,! au?ors conclude t ! c>bon 9 cold roll$ /eel exi/s n simply diffus$ me*anically ?r\gh ! mass ( /eel b 9 ! =m ( an iron c>bide1 ,fe#c;,c1 a def9ite product1 capable ( resi/+ ! action ( an oxidiz+ solution 7if ! latt] is n too /rong71 :i* ex]ts a rapid solv5t action ^u ! iron ?r\gh :i* ! c>bide is di/ribut$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,extract+ ,,/>* ,,f ,,potatoes4 ,9 ! app>atus ( ,mr4 ,angele1 ( ,b]l91 %[n 9 ! annex$ cuts 7,figs4 #a & #b71 ! potatoes1 aft] be+ clean$ 9 ! wa%]1 ,c1 slide ?r\gh ! *ute1 v1 into a rasp1 ,d1 :i* r$uces !m to a f9e pulp "u ! action ( a cont9u\s curr5t ( wat] l$ 9 by ! pipe1 d4 ,! liquid pulp fl[s into ! iron res]voir1 ,b1 f :5ce a pump1 ,p1 =ces x ?r\gh ! pipe1 w1 to a sieve1 g1 :i* is susp5d$ by f\r b>s & has a backw>d & =w>d motion4 ,by means ( a rose1 c1 wat] is spr9kl$ ov] ! entire surface ( ! sieve & sep>ates ! fecula f ! fibr\s matt]4 ,! wat]1 *>g$ ) f9e p>ticles ( fecula1 & =m+ a sort ( milk1 fl[s ?r\gh ! tube1 z1 into ! l[] "p1 ,n1 ( ! wa%+ app>atus1 ,f1 :ile ! pulp runs ov] ! sieve & falls into ! gr9d+-mill1 ,h4 ,?is latt] divides all ^? cellul> portions ( ! fecula t h n be5 op5$ by ! rasp1 & all[s !m to run1 ?r\gh ! tube1 h1 into ! wa%+ app>atus1 ,f1 :]e ! fecula is completely sep>at$ f woody fib]s4 ,! fluid pulp is c>ri$ by means ( a helix1 i1 to a revolv+ p]=at$ drum at e4 ,f ?is1 ! milky />* fl[s into ! jacket1 ,n1 :ile ! pulp 7ligne\s fib]s7 makes its exit f ! app>atus ?r\gh ! ap]ture1 n1 & falls into ! res]voir1 o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,angele',s ,,potato-,,/>* ,,app>atus4 ,! liquid f ! jacket1 ,n1 passes to a ref9+ sieve1 ,k1 :i*1 l ! "o be=e m5tion$1 has a backw>d & =w>d motion1 & :i* is cov]$ ) v f9e silk gauze 9 ord] to sep>ate ! v f9e/ impurities f ! milky />*4 ,! ref9$ liquid !n fl[s into ! res]voir1 m1 & ! impure mass ( s$im5t runs into ! pulp-res]voir1 o4 ,! pump1 l1 =ces ! milky liquid f ! res]voir1 m1 to ! settl+ back1 :ile ! pulp is =c$ by a pump1 u1 f ! receptacle1 o1 into a l>ge pulp-res]voir4 ,! wat] necess>y = ! manufacture is =c$ by ! pump1 a1 into ! res]voir1 ,w1 f :5ce x fl[s1 ?r\gh ! pipes1 r1 into ! diff]5t ma*9es4 ,all ! app>atus are set 9 motion by two %aft+s1 q4 ,! pr9cipal %aft makes two hundr$ revolutions p] m9ute1 b ! velocity ( t ( ! pumps is b fifty revolutions4--,polyte*4 ,j\rn41 & ,bull4 ,musee de l',indu/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,simple ,,app>atus ,,= ,,describ+ ,,ellipses4 ,by ,pr(4 ,e4,j4 ,,hallock4 ,a v simple app>atus = describ+ an oval or ellipse may be con/ruct$ by any appr5tice or s*ool boy z foll[s3 ,procure a /raight piece ( wood ab\t in* wide by #a_/h in* ?ick & #ac in*es long4 ,beg9n+ in* f ! end1 bore a r[ ( small holes only l>ge en\gh = a d>n+ ne$le to pass ?r\gh & half an in* ap>t4 ,m>k ! fir/ "o 7at ,a7 #j1 ! ?ird #a1 ! fif? #b1 & s on to #ab1 s t ! numb]s repres5t ! di/ance f ,o 9 in*es4 ,a small slit may be made 9 ! end ( ! rul] or /rip ( wood ne> ,a1 b a bett] plan is to atta* a small clip on "o side4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ellipse ,,in/rum5t4 ,next procure a /rong piece ( l95 ?read ab\t f\r feet long2 pass x ?r\gh ! eye ( a co>se ne$le1 wax & twi/ x until x =ms a s+le cord4 ,pass ! ne$le upw>d ?r\gh ! hole m>k$ #j1 & tie a knot 9 ! end ( ! ?read to prev5t its slipp+ ?r\gh4 ,! app>atus is n[ ready = imm$iate use4 ,x only rema9s to set x to ! size ( ! oval desir$4 ,suppose x is requir$ to describe an ellipse ! long] diamet] ( :i* is #h in*es1 & ! di/ance betwe5 ! foci #e in*es4 ,ins]t a p9 or small tack loosely 9 ! hole betwe5 #f & #g1 :i* is di/ant #f- in*es f ,o4 ,pass ! ne$le ?r\gh hole #e1 all[+ ! ?read to pass ar\nd ! tack or p92 draw x tightly & fa/5 x 9 ! slit or clip at ! end4 ,lay ! app>atus on a smoo? %eet ( pap]1 place ! po9t ( a p5cil at ,e1 & keep+ ! /r+ tight pass x ar\nd & describe ! curve1 j 9 ! same mann] z :5 ! two ends ( ! /r+ are fa/5$ to ! pap] at ! foci4 ,! *ief advantage claim$ ov] ! usual me?od is t x may be appli$ to metal & /one1 :]e x is difficult to atta* a /r+4 ,on draw+s x avoids ! necessity ( p]=at+ ! pap] ) p9s4 ,z ! p5cil po9t is liable to slip out ( ! loop =m$ by ! /r+1 x %\ld h a nick cut or fil$ 9 "o side1 l a cro*et ne$le4 ,z ! me*anic frequ5tly wants to make an oval hav+ a giv5 wid? & l5g?1 b does n "k :at ! di/ance betwe5 ! foci mu/ be to produce ?is effect1 a few directions on ?is po9t may be useful3 ,x is a fact well kn[n to ma!maticians t if ! di/ance betwe5 ! foci & ! %ort] diamet] ( an ellipse be made ! sides ( a "r angl$ triangle1 its hypo!nuse w equal ! great] diamet]4 ,h5ce 9 ord] to f9d ! di/ance betwe5 ! foci1 :5 ! l5g? & wid? ( ! ellipse are kn[n1 ^! two are squ>$ & ! less] squ>e subtract$ f ! great]1 :5 ! squ>e root ( ! diff]5ce w be ! quantity s\ght4 ,= example1 if x be requir$ to describe an ellipse t %all h a l5g? ( #e in*es & a wid? ( #c in*es1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! foci w be f\nd z foll[s3 7#e x #e7 - 7#c x #c7 7#d x #d7 or #be - #i #af & _/#af #d4 ,9 ! %op ?is di/ance may be f\nd exp]im5tally by lay+ a foot rule on a squ>e s t "o end ( ! =m] w t\* ! figure m>k+ ! less] diamet] on ! latt]1 & !n br++ ! figure on ! rule t repres5ts ! great] diamet] to ! edge ( ! squ>e2 ! figure on ! squ>e at ?is po9t is ! di/ance s\ght4 ,un=tunately !y r>ely repres5t :ole numb]s4 ,we pres5t h]e) a table giv+ ! wid? to ! eigh? ( an in* = sev]al diff]5t ovals :5 ! l5g? & di/ance betwe5 foci are giv54 ,l5g?4 ,di/ance betwe5 foci4 ,wid?4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 #b #a #a #b #a #a #b #a #b #b #a #b #b #b #a #c #a #a #c #a #b-g_/h #c #b #b-e_/h #c #b #b #c #a #c-c_/h #c #a #c-a_/h #c #b #b-g_/h #c #b #b #c #c #a #d #b #c #d #b #c-a_/h #d #c #b-e_/h #d #c #b #e #c #d #e #d #c ,= l>g] ovals multiples ( ^! numb]s may be tak52 ?us = #g & #d1 take f ! table twice ! wid? correspond+ to #c & #b1 :i* is twice #b-g_/h1 or #e4 ,x w be notic$ also t columns #b & #c are int]*angeable4 ,to use ! app>atus 9 connection ) ! table3 ,f9d ! l5g? ( ! desir$ oval 9 ! fir/ column ( ! table1 & ! wid? mo/ ne>ly correspond+ to t desir$ 9 ! ?ird column4 ,! correspond+ numb] 9 ! middle column tells :i* hole ! ne$le mu/ be pass$ ?r\gh4 ,! tack ,d1 ar\nd :i* ! /r+ mu/ pass1 is s plac$ t ! total l5g? ( ! /r+ ,,ad ,,dc1 or its equal ,,ae ,,ec1 %all equal ! great] diamet] ( ! ellipse4 ,9 ! figure x is plac$ #f in*es f ,a1 & #a in*es f ,c1 mak+ ! total l5g? ( /r+ #h in*es4 ,! oval describ$ w !n be #h in*es long & #f in*es wide4 ,! above table w be f\nd equally useful 9 describ+ ovals by fa/5+ ! ends ( ! /r+ to ! draw+ z is recomm5d$ 9 all ! text books on ! subject4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! in/rum5t may be set by guess :5 no p>ticul> accuracy is requir$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,*>coal ,,9 ,,kilns4 ,! manufacture ( *>coal 9 kilns 0 decl>$ _m ye>s ago1 aft] a s]ies ( exp]im5ts made 9 poorly con/ruct$ furnaces1 to be unpr(itable1 & ! subject is dismiss$ by mo/ writ]s ) ! rem>k1 t 9 ord] to use ! me?od economically ! products ( di/illation1 bo? liquid & gase\s1 mu/ be collect$4 ,t4 ,egle/on1 ,ph4,d41 ( ! ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 ,new ,york1 has read a pap] on ! subject be=e ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s1 f :i* we extract z foll[s3 ,z !re are _m ,,silv] ,,di/ricts ,,9 ,,! ,,we/ :]e coke _c be _h at su* a price z w all[ ( its be+ us$1 & :]e ! ores are ( su* a nature t wood _c be us$ 9 a rev]b]atory furnace1 ! mo/ economical me?od ( mak+ *>coal is an important "q4 ,kilns = ! manufacture ( *>coal are made ( almo/ any %ape & size1 det]m9$ 9 mo/ cases by ! fancy ( ! build] or by ! necessities ( ! %ape ( ! gr\nd select$4 ,!y d n diff] f ea* o!r 9 any pr9ciple ( manufacture1 nor does !re seem to be any appreciable diff]5ce 9 ! quality ( ! fuel !y produce1 :5 ! process is conduct$ ) equal c>e 9 ! diff]5t v>ieties2 b !re is a consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! yield & 9 ! co/ ( ! process 9 favor ( small ov] l>ge kilns4 ,! diff]5t v>ieties h come into & gone out ( use ma9ly on acc\nt ( ! co/ ( con/ruction & ( repairs4 ,! object ( a kiln is to replace ! cov] ( a meil] by a p]man5t /ructure4 ,int]m$iate betwe5 ! meil] & ! kiln is ! ,f\cauld sy/em1 ! object ( :i* is to replace ! cov] by a /ructure m or less p]man5t1 :i* has all ! disadvantages ( bo? sy/ems1 ) no advantages peculi> to itself4 ,! kilns :i* are us$ may be divid$ into ! rectangul>1 ! r\nd1 & ! conical1 b ! fir/ two seem to be disappe>+ be=e ! la/1 :i* is z readily built & mu* m easily manag$4 ,,all ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,kilns ,are usually built ( r$ brick1 or1 r>ely1 ( brick & /one toge!r4 ,occasionally1 refractory brick is us$1 b x is n necess>y4 ,! f\ndations are usually made ( /one4 ,!re are sev]al precautions necess>y 9 con/ruct+ ! walls4 ,! brick %\ld be suffici5tly h>d to resi/ ! fire1 & %\ld !re=e be te/$ be=e us+4 ,x is an unnecess>y exp5se to use ei!r second or ?ird quality fire-brick4 ,z ! pyroligne\s acid :i* results f ! di/illation ( ! wood attacks lime mort>1 x is be/ to lay up ! brick ) fire-clay mort>1 to :i* a little salt has be5 add$2 sometimes loam mix$ ) coal-t>1 to :i* a little salt is also add$1 is us$4 ,z ! pr9cipal (fice ( ?is mort> is to fill ! jo9ts1 special c>e mu/ be tak5 9 lay+ ! bricks t e jo9t is brok51 & frequ5t head]s put 9 to tie ! bricks toge!r4 ,x is especially necess>y t all ! jo9ts %\ld be c>efully fill$1 z any small op5 spaces w\ld admit air1 & w\ld mat]ially decrease ! yield ( ! kiln4 ,! floor ( ! kiln 0 =m]ly made ( two r[s ( brick set edgewise & c>efully laid1 b latt]ly x is f\nd to be be/ made ( clay4 ,any mat]ial1 h[ev]1 t w pack h>d may be us$4 ,x mu/ be well beat5 d[n ) pav+ mauls4 ,! c5t] mu/ be ab\t six in*es high] ?an ! sides1 :i* are br\ght up to ! bottom ( ! l[] v5ts4 ,mo/ kilns are c>efully po9t$1 & are !n pa9t$ on ! outside ) a wa% ( clay susp5d$ 9 wat]1 & cov]$ ) a coat+ ( coal-t>1 :i* makes !m wat]pro(1 & does n require to be r5ew$ = sev]al ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rectangul> ,,kilns ,,= ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,*>coal4 ,! kilns 7 =m]ly ro($ ov] ) r\gh bo>ds to protect ! masonry f ! wea!r1 b z no special advantage 0 f\nd to result f s do+1 s9ce ( late ye>s !y h be5 made wat]-pro(1 ! practice has be5 discont9u$4 ,! wood us$ is cut ab\t "o & a fif? met]s long4 ,! diamet] is n consid]$ ( mu* importance1 except 9 s f> z x is desirable to h x z ne>ly uni=m z possible4 ,:5 mo/ ( ! wood is small1 & only a small "p ( x is l>ge1 ! l>ge pieces are usually split1 to make x pack well4 ,x has be5 f\nd mo/ satisfactory to h ?ree r[s ( v5ts ar\nd ! kiln1 :i* %\ld be provid$ ) a ca/-iron frame rea*+ to ! inside ( ! furnace4 ,! v5ts ne> ! gr\nd are g5]ally five in*es high--! size ( two bricks--& f\r in*es wide--! wid? ( "o--& ! holes are clos$ by ins]t+ "o or two bricks 9 !m4 ,!y are usually ! size ( "o brick1 & l>g] on ! outside ?an on ! inside4 ,^! holes are usually f #j4de m4 to #j4fj m4 ap>t v]tically1 & f #j4hj m4 to #j4ij m4 ap>t horizontally4 ,! l[] v5ts />t on ! second r[ ( ! brickwork above ! f\ndation1 & are plac$ on ! level ) ! floor1 s t ! fire c draw to ! bottom4 ,!re is sometimes an additional op5+ ne> ! top to all[ ( ! rapid escape ( ! smoke & gas at ! "t ( fir+1 :i* is !n clos$1 & kept clos$ until ! kiln is dis*>g$4 ,?is applies mo/ly to ! be/ types ( conical kilns4 ,9 ! circul> & conical ones ! top *>g+ door is sometimes us$ = ?is purpose4 ,h>d & s(t woods are burn$ indiff]5tly 9 ! kilns4 ,h>d-wood coal weighs m ?an s(t1 & ! h>d v>iety ( *>coal is usually pref]r$ = bla/ furnaces1 & = su* purposes !re is an advantage ( fully #cc-a_/c p] c5t4 or ev5 m 9 us+ h>d woods4 ,= ! direct process 9 ! bloom>ies1 s(t-wood *>coal is pref]r$4 ,x is f\nd t x is n usually advantage\s to build kilns ( ov] #afj to #ahj cubic met]s 9 capacity4 ,l>g] furnaces h be5 us$1 & give z good a yield1 b !y are mu* m cumb]some to manage4 ,! l>ge/ yield got f kilns is f #ej to #fj bu%els = h>d wood to #ej = s(t wood4 ,! av]age yield1 h[ev]1 is ab\t #de bu%els4 ,9 meil]s1 two & a half to ?ree cords ( wood are requir$ = #ajj bu%els1 or #cj to #dj bu%els to ! cord4 ,! kiln *>coal is v l>ge1 s t ! loss 9 f9e coal is v mu* dim9i%$4 ,! pieces usually come out ! :ole size1 & sometimes ! :ole l5g? ( ! wood4 ,! rectangul> kilns 7 ^? :i* 7 =m]ly exclusively 9 use4 ,!y are g5]ally built to conta9 f #cj to #ij cords ( wood4 ,! usual sizes are giv5 9 ! table bel[3 #a #b #c #d ,l5g? #ej #dj #dj #dh ,wid? #ab #ae #ad #ag ,height #ab #ae #ah #ah ,capacity1 9 cords #ee #gj #ge #ij #a & #b4 ,us$ 9 ,new ,engl&4 #c4 ,type ( ^? us$ 9 ,mexico4 #d4 ,kiln at ,lauton1 ,mi*4 ,! ar* is usually an arc ( a circle4 ,a kiln ( ! size ( ,no4 #d1 z con/ruct$ at ! ,mi*igan ,c5tral ,iron ,works1 ) a good burn1 w yield #d1jjj bu%els ( *>coal4 ,! v]tical walls 9 ! be/ con/ructions are #ab to #ac feet high1 & #a- brick ?ick1 conta9+ f #bj to #eb bricks to ! cubic foot ( wall4 ,to insure suffici5t /r5g? to resi/ ! expansion & contraction due to ! heat+ & cool+1 !y %\ld be provid$ ) buttresses :i* are #a brick ?ick & #b wide1 z at ,wassaic1 ,new ,york2 b _m ( !m are built )\t !m1 z at ,lauton1 ,mi*igan1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,9 bo? cases !y are support$ ) /rong braces1 f #c to #d feet ap>t1 made ( r\nd or hewn wood1 or ( ca/ iron1 :i* are buri$ 9 ! gr\nd bel[1 & are ti$ above & bel[ ) iron rods1 z 9 ! engrav+1 & ! l[] end pass+ b5ea? ! floor ( ! kiln4 ,:5 made ( wood !y are usually #h in*es squ>e or r\nd1 or sometimes by #h in*es plac$ edgewise4 ,!y are sometimes ti$ at ! top ) wood5 braces ( ! same size1 :i* are securely fa/5$ by iron rods runn+ ?r\gh ! corn]s1 z %[n4 ,:5 a numb] ( kilns are built toge!r1 z at ! ,mi*igan ,c5tral ,iron ,works1 at ,lauton1 ,mi*igan1 %[n 9 ! plan view1 only ! end kilns are brac$ 9 ?is way4 ,! int]m$iate ones are support$ bel[ by wood5 braces1 securely fa/5$ at ! bottom4 ,! ro( is always ar*$1 is "o brick1 or eight in*es1 ?ick1 & is laid 9 head]s1 f\rte5 be+ us$ 9 ea* sup]ficial foot4 ,_m ( ! kilns h 9 ! c5t] a r\nd hole1 f sixte5 to eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* is clos$ by a ca/ iron plate4 ,x requires f #ce ,m4 to #dj ,m4 brick = a kiln ( #de cords1 & #fj ,m4 to #fe ,m4 = "o ( #ij cords4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! belief t population 9 ! ,we/ ,indies is /ation>y is s f> f accurate t1 z ,sir ,an?ony ,musgrave po9ts out1 x is increas+ m rapidly ?an ! population ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,! /ati/ics ( population %[ an increase ( #af p] c5t4 on ! la/ dec5nial p]iod1 :ile ! increase 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 9 ! t5 ye>s prec$+ ! la/ c5sus 0 "u #aa p] c5t4 ,?is increase appe>s to be g5]al1 & is only slightly influ5c$ by immigration4 ,! population ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 adds ,sir ,a4 ,musgrave1 is n[ great] ?an t ( any ( ! l>g] ,au/ralian colonies1 & ?ree times t ( ,new ,zeal&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,heat ,,develop$ ,,9 ,,=g+4 ,m4 ,tresca has lately pres5t$ to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces "s v int]e/+ exp]im5ts on ! developm5t & di/ribution ( heat produc$ by a bl[ ( ! /eam hamm] 9 ! process ( =g+4 ,! me?od us$ 0 z foll[s3 ,! b> 0 c>efully poli%$ on bo? sides1 & ?is poli%$ "p cov]$ ) a ?9 lay] ( wax4 ,x 0 !n plac$ on an anvil & /ruck by a monkey ( kn[n weight1 ,p1 fall+ f a height1 ,h4 ,! faces ( ! monkey & anvil 7 exactly alike1 & c>e 0 tak5 t ! :ole "w1 ,t ,,ph1 %\ld be exp5d$ ^u ! b>4 ,a s+le bl[ 0 en\gh to melt ! wax ov] a c]ta9 zone2 & ?is indicat$ cle>ly h[ mu* ( ! lat]al faces _h be5 rais$ by ! %ock to ! temp]ature ( melt+ wax4 ,! =m ( ?is melt$ "p c\ld be made to diff] consid]ably1 b approximat$ to t ( an equilat]al hyp]bola4 ,let ,a be ! area ( ?is zone1 b ! wid? ( ! b>1 d ! d5sity1 ,c ! heat capacity1 & t-t#j ! excess ( temp]ature ( melt+ wax ov] ! temp]ature ( ! air4 ,!n1 assum+ t ! area1 ,a1 is ! base ( a horizontal prism1 :i* is ev]y:]e heat$ to ! temp]ature1 t1 ! heat+ effect produc$ w be express$ by ,ab x d x ,c7t-t#j7 ,multiply+ ?is by #dbe1 or ,j\le's equival5t = ! metrical sy/em1 ! en]gy develop$ 9 heat is giv5 by ,t#a #dbe ,abd,c7t-t#j74 ,divid+ ,t#a by ,t1 we obta9 ! ratio :i* ! en]gy develop$ 9 heat be>s to ! total en]gy ( ! bl[4 ,) reg>d to ! =m ( ! zone ( melt+1 x 0 f\nd always to ext5d r\nd ! edges ( ! ind5t produc$ 9 ! b> by ! bl[4 ,we are speak+ = ! pres5t ( cases :]e ! faces ( ! monkey & anvil 7 %>p4 ,on ! sides ( ! b> ! zone took ! =m ( a sort ( cross ) curv$ arms1 ! arms be+ ?9n] or ?ick] accord+ to ! great] or less en]gy ( ! %ock4 ,^! =ms are %[n 9 ,figs4 #a to #f4 ,x w be se5 t ^! zones correspond to ! zones ( greate/ slid+ 9 ! de=mation ( a b> =g$ ) a %>p edg$ hamm]1 %[+ 9 fact t x is ! me*anical "w done 9 ?is slid+ :i* is aft]w>d trans=m$ into heat4 ,illu/ration ,) reg>d to ! ratio1 above m5tion$1 betwe5 ! heat develop$ & ! en]gy ( ! bl[1 x is v mu* great] ?an _h be5 expect$ :5 ! o!r s\rces ( loss 7 tak5 into consid]ation4 ,9 "s cases x rea*$ #hj p] c5t41 & 9 a table giv5 ! limits v>y = an iron b> betwe5 #fh4d p] c5t4 ) an en]gy ( #dj kilogram-met]s1 & #hc4f p] c5t4 ) an en]gy ( #ij kilogram-met]s4 ,) copp] ! en]gy is ne>ly con/ant at #gj p] c5t4 ,x w be se5 t ! proportion is less :5 ! en]gy is less1 & x also dim9i%es ) ! section ( ! b>4 ,?is is no d\bt due to ! fact t ! heat is !n conduct$ away m rapidly4 ,on ! :ole1 ! results are summ$ up by ,m4 ,tresca z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! developm5t ( heat dep5ds on ! =m ( ! faces & ! en]gy ( ! bl[4 7#b7 ,9 ! case ( faces ) %>p edges1 ! process describ$ all[s ?is heat to be cle>ly indicat$4 7#c7 ,! developm5t ( heat is greate/ :]e ! %e>+ ( ! mat]ial is /ronge/4 ,?is %e>+ is !re=e ! me*anical cause :i* produces ! heat+ effect4 7#d7 ,) a bl[ ( suffici5t en]gy & a b> ( suffici5t size1 ab\t #hj p] c5t4 ( ! en]gy reappe>s 9 ! heat4 7#e7 ,! figures =m$ by ! melt$ wax give a sort ( diagram1 %[+ ! di/ribution ( ! heat & ! "* ( ! de=mation 9 ! b>4 7#f7 ,:]e ! en]gy is small ! calculation ( ! p]c5tage is n reliable4 ,s f> we h spok5 only ( cases :]e ! anvil & monkey h %>p faces4 ,:]e ! faces are r\nd$ ! ph5om5a are some:at diff]5t4 ,figs4 #g to #ab give ! area ( melt$ wax 9 ! case ( b>s /ruck ) bl[s gradually increas+ 9 en]gy4 ,x w be se5 t1 in/ead ( comm5c+ at ! edges ( ! ind5t1 ! fusion beg9s ne> ! middle1 & appe>s 9 small triangul> figures1 :i* gradually increase 9 wid? & dep? until at la/ !y meet at ! apex1 z 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! explanation is t ) ! r\nd$ edges ! compression at fir/ takes place only 9 ! out] lay]s ( ! b>1 ! inn] rema9+ comp>atively unaffect$4 ,h5ce ! developm5t ( heat is conc5trat$ on ^! out] lay]s1 s long z ! bl[s are mod]ate 9 int5sity4 ,! same ?+ _h already be5 rem>k$ 9 cases ( holes pun*$ ) a r\nd$ pun*1 :]e ! burr1 :5 exam9$1 0 f\nd to h suff]$ ! greate/ compression j bel[ ! pun*4 ,) reg>d to ! p]c5tage ( en]gy develop$ z heat1 x 0 ab\t ! same z 9 ! previ\s exp]im5ts1 rea*+ 9 "o case1 ) an iron b> & ) an en]gy ( #aaj kilogram-met]s1 ! exce$+ly high figure ( #ia p] c5t4 ,) copp]1 ! same figure v>i$ betwe5 #ej & #fj p] c5t4--,iron4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,novel ,,propell] ,,eng9e4 ,by ,pr(4 ,c4,w4 ,mac,cord4 ,! accompany+ engrav+s illu/rate ! arrangem5t ( a propell] eng9e ( #bj in* bore & #bb in* /roke1 ^: cyl9d] & valve ge> 7 rec5tly design$ by ! writ]1 & are 9 process ( con/ruction by ,messrs4 ,valk ,murdo*1 ( ,*>le/on1 ,s4,c4 ,9 ! pr9cipal features ( ! eng9e1 tak5 z a :ole1 z w be p]ceiv$1 !re is no new dep>ture4 ,! ma9 slide valve1 foll[+ ne>ly full /roke1 is ( ! ord9>y =m1 & rev]s$ by a %ift+ l9k actuat$ by two ecc5trics1 9 ! usual mann]2 & ! expansion valves are ( ! well kn[n ,mey] type1 consi/+ ( two plates on ! back ( ! ma9 valve1 driv5 by a ?ird ecc5tric1 & connect$ by a "r & left h&$ screw1 ! turn+ ( :i* alt]s ! di/ance betwe5 ! plates & ! po9t ( cutt+ (f4 ,! details ( ?is me*anism1 h[ev]1 pres5t sev]al novel features1 ( :i* ! foll[+ description w be und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! deta*$ cuts1 :i* are drawn ^u a l>g] scale ?an ! g5]al plan %[n 9 ,figs4 #a & #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #a-b ,,improv$ ,,/eam ,,eng9e4--,,by ,,pr( ,,maccord4 ,! fir/ ( ^! relates to ! arrangem5t ( ! "r & left h&$ screw1 above m5tion$1 & ( ! device by :i* x is rotat$4 ,usually1 ! ?reads1 bo? "r h&$ & left h&$1 are cut ^u ! cut-(f valve /em itself1 :i* mu/ be s connect$ ) ! ecc5tric rod z to admit ( be+ turn$2 & 9 mo/ cases ! valve /em ext5ds ?r\gh bo? ends ( ! /eam *e/1 s t x mu/ bo? slide endwise & turn ^u its axis 9 two /uff+ boxes1 necess>ily ( comp>atively l>ge size4 ,all ?is involves consid]able friction1 & 9 ! eng9e "u consid]ation an attempt has be5 made to r$uce ! am\nt ( ?is friction1 & to make ! :ole ( ?is "p ( ! ge> neat] & m compact1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,two small valve /ems are us$1 :i* are connect$ at _! l[] ends by a cros/ail actuat$ directly by ! ecc5tric rod1 & at _! upp] ends by a transv]se yoke4 ,?is yoke1 fill+ snugly betwe5 two coll>s =m$ ^u a sleeve :i* x embraces1 imp>ts a longitud9al motion to ! latt]1 :ile at ! same "t leav+ x free to rotate4 ,?is sleeve has cut ^u x ! "r & left h&$ screws = adju/+ ! cut-(f valves2 & x slides freely ^u a c5tral sp9dle :i* has no longitud9al motion1 b1 project+ ?r\gh ! upp] end ( ! valve *e/1 c be turn$ at pleasure by means ( a bevel :eel & p9ion4 ,! rotation ( ! sp9dle is communicat$ to ! sleeve by means ( two /eel keys fix$ 9 ! body ( ! latt] & project+ inw>dly s z to slide 9 correspond+ longitud9al grooves 9 ! sp9dle4 ,?us ! po9t ( cutt+ (f is v>i$ at w :ile ! eng9e is runn+1 by means ( ! h& :eel on ! horizontal axis ( ! bevel p9ion1 & a small worm on ! same axis turns ! index1 :i* po9ts out ^u ! dial ! di/ance foll[$4 ,^! details are %[n 9 ,figs4 #c1 #d1 & #e2 9 fur!r explanation ( :i* x may be add$ t ,fig4 #c is a front view ( ! valve *e/ & its cont5ts1 ! cov]1 & also ! balance plate = reliev+ ! pressure on ! back ( ! ma9 valve 79 ! arrangem5t ( :i* !re is no?+ new71 be+ remov$ 9 ord] to %[ ! valve /ems1 transv]se yoke1 sleeve1 & sp9dle above describ$4 ,fig4 #d is a longitud9al section1 & ,fig4 #e is a transv]se section1 ! "r h& side %[+ ! cyl9d] cut by a plane ?r\gh ! middle ( ! exhau/ port1 ! left h& side be+ a section by a plane above1 = ! purpose ( exhibit+ m cle>ly ! mann] 9 :i* ! /eam is admitt$ to ! valve *e/2 ! latt] hav+ no pipes = ?is s]vice1 ! /eam ent]s bel[ ! valve1 at ea* end ( ! *e/1 j z x escapes 9 ! c5t]4 ,! second notewor?y feature consi/s 9 ?is3 t ! cut-(f ecc5tric is n key$ fa/1 z is cu/om>y :5 valve ge> ( ?is k9d is employ$1 b is loose ^u ! %aft1 ! angul> position 9 relation to ! crank be+ *ang$ :5 ! eng9e is rev]s$2 two /rong lugs are bolt$ on ! %aft1 "o driv+ ! ecc5tric 9 "o direction1 ! o!r 9 ! opposite1 by act+ aga9/ ! rev]se faces ( a projection f ! side ( ,! ecc5tric pulley4 ,! loose ecc5tric is ( c\rse a famili> arrangem5t 9 connection ) poppet valves1 z well z = ! purpose ( rev]s+ an eng9e :5 driv+ a s+le slide valve4 ,its use 9 connection ) ! ,mey] cut-(f valves1 h[ev]1 is believ$ to be new2 & ! reason = its employm5t w be und]/ood by ! aid ( ,fig4 #f4 ,= ! purposes ( ?is explanation we may neglect ! angul> vibrations ( ! connect+ rod & ecc5tric rod1 consid]+ !m bo? z ( inf9ite l5g?4 ,let ,o be ! c5t] ( ! %aft2 let ,l ,o ,m repres5t ! face ( ! ma9 valve seat1 9 :i* is %[n ! port lead+ to ! cyl9d]2 & let ,a be ! edge ( ! ma9 valve1 at ! beg9n+ ( a /roke ( ! pi/on4 ,x w !n be app>5t t ! c5t] ( ! ecc5tric mu/ at t in/ant be at ! po9t1 ,c1 if ! eng9e turn to ! left1 z %[n by ! arr[1 & at ,g1 if ! rotation be 9 ! opposite direction2 ,c & ,g !n may be tak5 z ! c5t]s ( ! g-ahead & ! back+ ecc5trics respectively1 :i* op]ate ! ma9 valve ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( ! l9k4 ,n[1 9 ea* revolution ( ! eng9e1 ! cut-(f ecc5tric 9 effect revolves 9 ! same direction ab\t ! c5t] ( ! ma9 ecc5tric4 ,consequ5tly1 we may let ,r ,c ,s1 p>allel to ,l ,o ,m1 repres5t ! face ( ! cut-(f valve seat1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! back ( ! ma9 valve1 9 :i* ! port1 ,c ,n1 corresponds to "o ( ^? %[n 9 ,fig4 #d2 & ! motion ( ! cut-(f valve ov] ?is seat w be precisely1 ! same z ?\gh x 7 driv5 directly by an ecc5tric revolv+ ar\nd ! c5t]1 ,c4 ,9 det]m9+ ! position ( ?is ecc5tric1 we proce$ ^u ! assumption t ! be/ results w be effect$ by su* an arrangem5t t :5 cutt+ (f at ! e>lie/ po9t requir$1 ! cut-(f valve %all1 at ! in/ant ( clos+ ! port1 be mov+ ov] x at its highe/ spe$4 ,& ?is requires t ! c5t] ( ! ecc5tric %all at ! in/ant 9 "q lie 9 ! v]tical l9e ?r\gh ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #c-ab ,,improv$ ,,/eam ,,eng9e4--,,by ,,pr( ,,maccord4 ,next1 ! lea/ di/ance to be foll[$ be+ assign$1 ! angle ?r\gh :i* ! crank w turn :ile ! pi/on is travel+ t di/ance is readily f\nd2 !n1 draw+ an indef9ite l9e ,c ,t1 mak+ ) ! v]tical l9e1 ,g ,o1 an angle1 ,g ,c ,t4 equal to ! "o ?us det]m9$1 any po9t ^u t l9e may be assum$ z ! position ( ! requir$ c5t] ( ! cut-(f ecc5tric1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke4 ,b aga91 9 ord] t ! cut-(f may op]ate 9 ! same mann] :5 back+ z :5 go+ ahead1 ?is ecc5tric mu/ be symmetrically situat$ ) respect to bo? ,c & ,g2 & s9ce ,l ,o ,m bisects & is p]p5dicul> to ,g ,c1 x foll[s t if ! cut-(f ecc5tric be fix$ on ! %aft1 its c5t] mu/ be locat$ at ,h1 ! int]section ( ,c ,t ) ,l ,m4 ,?is w\ld require ! edge ( ! cut-(f valve at ! giv5 in/ant to be at ,q1 p]p5dicul>ly ov] ,h2 & ! travel ov] ! ma9 valve w\ld be equal to twice ,c ,h1 ! virtual lev] arm ( ! ecc5tric1 ! actual trav]se 9 ! valve *e/ be+ twice ,o ,h1 ! real ecc5tricity4 ,?is be+ cle>ly excessive1 let u next see :at w occur if ! lev] arm1 ,,*1 be r$uc$ z 9 ! diagram to ,,ck4 ,! edge ( ! cut-(f valve w !n be at ,n2 x in/antly beg9s to close ! port4 ,,cn1 b n s rapidly z ! ma9 valve op5s ! port1 ,,ab4 ,! =m] motion increases 9 rapidity1 :ile ! latt] decreases2 !re=e at "s po9t !y w become equal 9 velocity1 & ! op5+s ( ! two ports w be ! same2 & ! "q is1 ,w ?is maximum effective port area give a suffici5t supply ( /eam8 ,?is diagram is ! same z ! "o actually us$ 9 ! eng9e "u consid]ation1 9 :i* x 0 requir$ to foll[ a m9imum di/ance ( #e in*es 9 ! /roke ( #bb4 ,"u ^! conditions x is f\nd t ! actual port op5+ = t po9t ( cutt+ (f is ?ree-fif?s ( t all[$ :5 foll[+ full /roke1 :]eas ! spe$ ( ! pi/on at ! "t :5 ?is maximum op5+ occurs is less ?an half its greate/ spe$4 ,?is1 x w\ld seem1 is ample2 b we n[ f9d ! ecc5tric1 ,k1 no long] 9 ! "r position = back+2 :5 ! eng9e is rev]s$ x ought to be at1 ,p1 ! angle1 ,,pol1 be+ equal to ! angle1 ,,kol4 ,by leav+ x free1 !re=e1 to move ^u ! %aft1 by ! means above describ$1 ?r\gh ! angle1 ,,kop1 ! desir$ object is accompli%$4 ,! real ecc5tricity is n[ r$uc$ 9 ! proportion ( ,,ok to ,,oh1 :ile ! l5g?s ( ! cut-(f valves1 & :at is equally important1 _! travel ov] ! back ( ! ma9 valve1 are r$uc$ 9 ! proportion ( ,,ck to ,,*1 9 ?is in/ance ne>ly "o-half2 a ga9 q suffici5t to w>rant ! adoption ( ! exp$i5t4 ,! ?ird1 & p]haps ! mo/ notable1 peculi>ity is ! mann] ( susp5d+ & op]at+ ! ma9 l9k4 ,z be=e /at$1 ?is l9k is us$ only = rev]s+1 & is !re=e always 9 full ge> 9 "o direction or ! o!r2 & ! /rik+ feature ( ! arrangem5t "h us$ is t1 :e!r go+ ahead or back+1 !re is no slipp+ ( ! l9k ^u ! l9k block4 ,! l9k itself is ( ! simple/ =m1 be+ m]ely a curv$ flat b>1 ,l1 9 :i* are two holes1 ,a & ,b 7,fig4 #g71 by :i* ! l9k is hung ^u ! p9s1 :i* project f ! sides ( ! ecc5tric rods at _! upp] ends4 ,?is is mo/ cle>ly %[n 9 ,fig4 #h1 :i* is a top view ( ! rev]s+ ge>4 ,! l9k block is a socket1 op5 on ! side next to ! ecc5tric rods1 b clos$ on ! side opposite1 f :i* projects ! j\rnal1 ,j1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i1 :i* is a v]tical section by ! plane1 ,,xy4 ,?is j\rnal turns freely 9 ! out] end ( a lev]1 ,m1 :i* transmits ! reciprocat+ motion to ! valve1 ?r\gh ! rock-%aft1 ,o1 & ano!r lev]1 ,n4 ,connect$ ) ! lev]1 ,m1 by ! bridge-piece1 ,k1 & fac+ x1 is a slott$ arm1 ,g1 z %[n 9 ! end view1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! c5t] l9e ( ?is slot lies 9 ! plane :i* conta9s ! axes ( ! j\rnal1 ,j1 & ( ! %aft1 ,o4 ,a block1 ,e1 is fitt$ to slide 9 ! slott$ arm1 ,g2 & 9 ?is block is fix$ a p91 ,p4 ,a bridle-rod1 ,r1 connects ,p ) ! p91 ,a1 ( "o ( ! ecc5tric-rods1 prolong$ = t purpose z %[n 9 ,fig4 #h2 & a susp5sion-rod1 ,s1 connects ! same p91 ,p1 ) ! upp] end ( ! rev]s+ lev]1 ,t1 :i* is op]at$ by ! worm & sector4 ,! di/ance1 ,,jo1 9 ,fig4 #aj1 or 9 o!r words ! l5g? ( ! lev]1 ,m1 is precisely equal to ! di/ance1 ,,ab1 9 ,fig4 #g1 measur$ 9 a "r l9e2 & ! rods1 ,r & ,s1 f c5t] to c5t] ( ! eyes1 are also ea* ( precisely ?is same l5g?4 ,fur!r1 ! axis ab\t :i* ! rev]s+ lev]1 ,t1 vibrates is s situat$ t :5 t lev]1 z 9 ,fig #aa1 is ?r[n full to ! left1 ! p9 9 its upp] end is exactly 9 l9e ) ! rock-%aft1 ,o4 ,:5 ! p>ts are 9 ?is position1 ! susp5sion-rod1 ,s1 ! arm1 ,g1 & ! lev]1 ,m1 w be z "o piece1 & _! motions w be id5tical1 consi/+ simply ( vibration ab\t ! axis ( ! rock-%aft1 ,o4 ,! motion ( ! lev]1 ,m1 is !n due solely to ! p91 ,b1 :i* is 9 ?is case exactly 9 l9e ) ! j\rnal1 ,j1 s t ! result is ! same z ?\gh ?is ecc5tric rod 7 connect$ directly to ! lev]2 & ! p91 ,p1 be+ also 9 l9e ) ,b & ,j1 & kept s by ! susp5sion-rod1 ,s1 x w be se5 t ! bridle-rod1 ,r1 w move ) ! l9k1 ,l1 z ?\gh ! two 7 rigidly fa/5$ toge!r4 ,:5 ! rev]s+ lev]1 ,t1 is ?r[n full to ! "r1 z 9 ,fig4 #ab1 ! p91 ,p1 is drawn to ! inn] end ( ! slot 9 ! arm1 ,g1 & is ?us exactly 9 l9e ) ! rock-%aft1 ,o4 ,! susp5sion-rod1 ,s1 w1 !re=e1 be at re/2 b ! p91 ,a1 w h be5 drawn1 by ! bridle-rod1 ,r1 into l9e ) ! j\rnal1 ,j1 & ! bridle-rod itself w n[ vibrate ) ! lev]1 ,m1 ^: sole motion w be d]iv$ f ! p91 ,a4 ,!re is1 !n1 no block slip :atev] :5 ! l9k ?us susp5d$ & op]at$ is run 9 full ge>1 ei!r =w>d or backw>d4 ,if ?is arrangem5t be us$ 9 cases :]e ! l9k is us$ z an expansion device1 !re w be1 ( c\rse1 "s block slip :ile runn+ 9 ! int]m$iate ge>s4 ,b ev5 !n1 x is to be obs]v$ t ! motion ( ! p91 ,a1 relatively to ! rock] arm is "o ( vibration ab\t ! mov+ c5t]1 ,j2 & its motion relatively to ! slid+ block1 ,e1 is "o ( vibration ab\t ! c5t]1 ,p1 ^: motion relatively to ,e is a small am\nt ( slid+ 9 ! direction ( ! slot1 due to ! fact t ! rock] arm itself1 :i* virtually c>ries ! block1 ,e1 vibrates ab\t ,o1 :ile ! susp5sion-rod1 ,s1 vibrates ab\t ano!r fix$ c5t]4 ,x w ?us be se5 t1 f9ally1 ! block slip w be det]m9$ by ! diff]5ce 9 curvature ( arcs :i* curve 9 ! same direction1 :e!r ! eng9e be runn+ =w>d or backw>d2 :]eas 9 ! common modes ( susp5sion ! block slip 9 "o direction is sub/antially ! half sum ( ! curvatures ( two arcs curv+ 9 opposite directions4 ,consequ5tly x w\ld appe> t ! av]age action ( ! new arrangem5t w\ld be at lea/ equal to t ( ! old 9 respect to r$uc+ ! block slip :5 runn+ 9 ! int]m$iate ge>s1 :ile 9 ! full ge>s x entirely obviates t objectionable feature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,new ,,russian ,,torp$o ,,boat1 ,,! ,,poti4 ,! ,russian gov]nm5t has j _h built at ! %ipy>ds ( ,mr4 ,norm&1 ! celebrat$ ,havre eng9e]1 a torp$o boat call$ ! ,poti1 :i* we h]e) illu/rate4 ,?is vessel p]ceptibly diff]s f all o!rs ( h] class1 at lea/ z reg>ds h] model4 ,h] extremities1 :i* are /rongly depress$ 9 ! upp]works1 & ! excessive incl9ation ( h] sides1 give ! boat z a :ole a c]ta9 resemblance to ! rams ( our navy1 su* z ! ,taureau & ,tigre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,new ,,russian ,,torp$o ,,boat1 ,,! ,,poti4 ,a transv]se section ( ! ,poti approa*es an ellipse 9 %ape4 ,h] wat] l9es are exce$+ly f9e1 &1 9 po9t ( elegance1 9 no wise c$e to ^? ( ! mo/ r5[n$ ya*ts4 ,! vessel is entirely ( /eel1 & h] dim5sions are z foll[s3 ,l5g?1 #bh met]s2 extreme bread?1 #c4f met]s2 dep?1 #b4e met]s2 draught1 #a4i met]s2 displacem5t1 #ff tons4 ,! eng9e1 :i* is a comp\nd "o1 is ( #fjj ,h4,p4 ,! m9imum spe$ requir$ is #ah knots1 or #cc-cd met]s1 p] h\r1 & x w probably rea* #dj kilomet]s4 ,! vessel w be arm$ ) #d ,:itehead torp$oes ( #e4h m41 & #b ,hot*kiss guns ( #dj cm4 ,h] supply ( coal w be suffici5t = a voyage ( #ajjj nautical miles at a spe$ ( #aa knots4--,l',illu/ration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,/eam] ,,propell$ ,,by ,,hydraulic ,,reaction4 ,! o>1 ! helix1 & ! paddle-:eel con/itute at pres5t ! means ( propulsion t are exclusively employ$ :5 "o has rec\rse to a motive p[] = effect+ ! propulsion ( a boat4 ,! sail con/itutes an entirely diff]5t mode1 & %\ld n figure 9 our enum]ation1 consid]+ ! ess5tially v>iable "* ( ! =ce utiliz$4 ,9 all ^! propell]s1 we h only an imitation1 v (t5 a rude "o1 ( ! processes :i* nature puts 9 play 9 fi%es & mollusks1 & ! mode t we n[ wi% to make kn[n is )\t contradiction t :i* imitates ^! ! be/4 ,hydraulic propulsion by reaction consi/s1 9 pr9ciple1 9 effect+ a movem5t ( boats1 by suck+ 9 wat] at ! b[ & =c+ x out at ! /]n4 ,?is is a v old idea4 ,naturali/s cite :ole families ( mollusks t move ab\t 9 ?is way ) great rapidity4 ,x is probable t su* 0 ! orig9 ( ! fir/ idea ( ?is mode ( op]at+4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 z long ago z #affa a pat5t 0 tak5 out 9 ,engl&1 on ?is pr9ciple1 by ,toogood ,hayes4 ,aft] ?is we f9d ! pat5ts ( ,all5 7#agbi7 & ,rumsay 7#aghh74 ,9 ,france1 ,daniel ,b]n\illi pres5t$ to ! ,acadmic des ,sci5ces a simil> project dur+ ! la/ c5tury4 ,mr4 ,seydell 0 ! fir/ to build a vessel on ?is pr9ciple4 ,?is %ip1 :i* 0 call$ ! ,ent]prise1 0 ( #ajj tons burd51 & 0 con/ruct$ at ,ed9burgh = m>9e fi%]y4 ,! success ( ?is 0 incomplete1 b x 0 suffici5t to %[ all ! advantage t c\ld be got f ! idea4 ,ano!r boat1 ! ,alb]t1 0 built at ,/ett91 aft] ! same type & at ab\t ! same epo*2 & ! "q 0 consid]$ ( plac+ a reaction propell] ^u ! ,great ,ea/]n4 ,ab\t #ahfj ! "q 0 tak5 up aga9 by ! h\se ( ,cok]ill de ,s]a+1 :i* built ! ,s]a+ ,no4 #b1 t did s]vice z an excursion boat betwe5 ,lige & ,s]a+4 ,! propell] ( ?is consi/$ ( a /rong c5trifugal pump1 ) v]tical axis1 actuat$ by a l[ pressure eng9e4 ,?is pump suck$ wat] into a p]=at$ *annel at ! bottom ( ! boat1 & =c$ x ?r\gh a spiral pipe to ! propell+ tubes4 ,^! latt] consi/$ ( two elb[$ pipes issu+ f ! sides ( ! vessel & capable ( pivot+ 9 ! exhau/ ports 9 su* a way z to ea* turn its m\? d[nw>d at w1 backw>d or =w>d4 ,! wat] expell$ by ! elb[$ pipes react$ ?r\gh pressure1 z 9 ! hydraulic t\rniquet ( cab9ets ( physics1 & effect$ ! propulsion ( ! vessel4 ,^u turn+ ! two m\?s ( ! propell+ tubes backw>d1 ! boat 0 ?ru/ =w>d1 &1 :5 !y 7 turn$ t[>d ! front1 %e 0 ?ru/ backw>d4 ,:5 "o 0 turn$ t[>d ! front & ! o!r t[>d ! /]n1 ! boat swung ar\nd4 ,f9ally1 :5 ! two m\?s 7 plac$ v]tically ! boat rema9$ immovable4 ,all ! evolutions 7 easy1 ev5 )\t ! help ( ! rudd]1 & ! ways 9 :i* ! propell+ tubes c\ld be plac$ 7 capable ( be+ v>i$ ad inf9itum by a sy/em ( lev]s4 ,! ,s]a+ ,no4 #b _h an eng9e ( a nom9al p[] ( #dj horses1 & took on an av]age #cj m9utes to make ! trip1 backw>d & =w>d1 ( #he kilomet]s1 ) f\r /oppages4 ,! success obta9$ 0 p]fect1 & ! runn+ 0 mo/ satisfactory4 ,x 0 rem>k$1 only1 t f ! /&po9t ( effective duty x w\ld h be5 desirable to r$uce ! velocity ( ! wat] at its exit f ! propell]s4 ,mr4 ,poillon attributes ! small effective p]=mance to ! sy/em employ$ = putt+ ! wat] 9 motion4 ,at "t ( ,mr4 ,s]a+'s exp]im5ts1 only c5trifugal =ce pumps 7 kn[n1 & ! !oretic effective duty ( ^!1 :atev] be ! peculi> sy/em ( con/ruction1 _c exce$ #ff p] c5t41 &1 9 practice1 falls to #dj or #ej p] c5t4 9 ! majority ( cases4 ,x is probable1 !n1 t 9 mak+ use ( ^? new rot>y pumps :]e effective duty rea*es & (t5 exce$s #hj p] c5t41 we might obta9 mu* bett] results1 & x is ?is t ju/ifies ! new rese>*es t h be5 und]tak5 by ,messrs4 ,mag9ot ,p9ette1 ^: fir/ exp]im5ts we are ab\t to make kn[n4 ,9 ord] to h x und]/ood :at int]e/ atta*es to ^! rese>*es1 let u /ate ! pr9cipal advantages t ?is mode ( propulsion w h ov] ! helix & paddle :eel3 ,! wid? ( side-:eel boats w be r$uc$ by f #bj to #cj p] c5t41 & ! draught ( wat] w be dim9i%$ 9 screw /eam]s to t ( ! hull itself2 ! maneuv] 9 :i* ! p[] ( ! eng9e might be directly employ$ w be simplifi$2 a ma*9e w be _h ( a s5sibly con/ant spe$1 & )\t *ange 9 its runn+2 ! production ( waves capable ( injur+ ! banks ( canals w be avoid$2 ! propell] w be capable ( be+ utiliz$ z a bilge pump2 all vibration w be suppress$2 ! boat w be able to run at any spe$ "u good conditions1 :ile ! helix works well only :5 ! spe$ ( ! vessel corresponds to its pit*2 x w be possible to put ! propell+ app>atus "u wat]2 &1 f9ally1 x w be possible to run ! pump directly by ! %aft ( ! high spe$ eng9e1 )\t int]m$iate ge>+1 :i* is some?+ t w\ld prove a v great advantage 9 ! case ( electric pleasure boats actuat$ by piles & accumulators & dynamo-electric ma*9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,/eam] ,,propell$ ,,by ,,hydraulic ,,reaction4 ,we n[ arrive at ,messrs4 ,mag9ot ,p9ette's sy/em1 ! description ( :i* w be greatly facilitat$ by ! diagram t accompanies ?is article4 ,! inv5tors h employ$ a boat #ad met]s 9 l5g? by #a4h m4 9 wid?1 & #fe c5timet]s draught beh9d & #cb 9 front4 ,! section ( ! mid%ip beam is #gj squ>e decimet]s1 & t ( ! exhau/ port is #d4 ,at a spe$ ( #b4b met]s p] second ! tractive /ress1 ,k1 is f #aj to #aa kilogrammes4 ,at a spe$ ( #ac4e kilomet]s p] h\r1 or #c4ge met]s p] second1 ! eng9e develops a p[] ( #ab horses4 ,! pi/on is #ai c5timet]s 9 diamet]1 & has a /roke ( #ae c5timet]s4 ,! %aft1 9 common1 ( ! pump & eng9e makes #daj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,x w be se5 f ! figure t suction occurs at ! l[] "p ( ! hull1 at ,a1 & t ! wat] is =c$ out at ,b1 to impel ! vessel =w>d4 ,c & ,c' are ! tubes = putt+ ! vessel ab\t1 & ,,dd' ! tubes = caus+ h] to run backw>d4 ,ow+ to ! tubes1 ,c1 ,c'1 ! rudd] has b small dim5sions & is only us$ = direct+ ! boat4 ,! vessel may be turn$ ab\t 9 situ by op5+ "o ( ! receiv+ tubes1 accord+ to ! side t[>d :i* x is desir$ to turn4 ,?is boat is z yet only 9 an exp]im5tal /ate1 & ! fir/ trials ( h] t h rec5tly be5 made ^u ! ,sane h %[n ! necessity ( c]ta9 modifications t ! inv5tors are n[ at "w ^u4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,=m ,,( ,,flexible ,,b& ,,dynamomet]4 ,footnote3 ,read be=e ,section ,g ( ,briti% ,association4 ,by ,pr(essor ,w4,c4 ,,unw94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,9 ! ord9>y /rap dynamomet] a flexible b&1 sometimes c>ry+ segm5ts ( wood blocks1 is hung ov] a pulley rotat$ by ! motor1 ! p[] ( :i* is to be measur$4 ,if ! pulley turns ) left-h&$ rotation1 ! friction w\ld c>ry ! /rap t[>d ! left1 unless ! weight1 ,q1 7 great] ?an ,p4 ,if ! belt does n slip 9 ei!r direction :5 ! pulley rotates "u x1 !n ,q-,p exactly measures ! friction on ! surface ( ! pulley2 & ,v be+ ! surface velocity ( ! pulley 7,q-,p7,v1 is exactly ! "w consum$ by ! dynamomet]4 ,b ! "w consum$ 9 friction c be express$ 9 ano!r way4 ,putt+ !ta = ! arc embrac$ by ! belt1 & mu = ! coeffici5t ( friction1 ,q_/,p epsilonmu!ta1 or = a giv5 arc ( contact ,q kappa,p1 :]e kappa dep5ds only on ! coeffici5t ( friction1 increas+ z mu increases1 & vice v]sa4 ,h5ce1 = ! belt to rema9 at re/ ) two fix$ weights1 ,q & ,p1 x is necess>y t ! coeffici5t ( friction %\ld be exactly con/ant4 ,b ?is con/ancy _c be obta9$4 ,! coeffici5t ( friction v>ies ) ! condition ( lubrication ( ! surface ( ! pulley1 :i* alt]s dur+ ! runn+ & ) e *ange 9 ! velocity & temp]ature ( ! rubb+ surfaces4 ,consequ5tly1 9 a dynamomet] 9 ?is simple =m m or less viol5t oscillations ( ! weights are set up1 :i* _c be directly controll$ )\t impair+ ! accuracy ( ! dynamomet]4 ,pr(essors ,ayrton & ,p]ry h rec5tly us$ a modification ( ?is dynamomet]1 9 :i* ! "p ( ! cord ne>e/ to ,p is l>g] & r\gh] ?an ! "p ne>e/ to ,q4 ,! effect ( ?is is t :5 ! coeffici5ts ( friction increase1 ,q rises a little1 & dim9i%es ! am\nt ( ! r\gh] cord 9 contact1 & vice v]sa4 ,?us r$uc+ ! friction1 not)/&+ ! increase ( ! coeffici5t4 ,?is is v +5i\s1 & ! only objection to x1 if x is an objection1 is t only a purely empirical adju/m5t ( ! friction c be obta9$1 & t ! range ( ! adju/m5t _c be v great4 ,if 9 place ( "o ( ! weights we use a spr+ balance1 z 9 ,figs4 #b & #c1 we get a dynamomet] :i* automatically adju/s itself to *anges 9 ! coeffici5t ( friction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4#b ,,fig4#c ,= any increase 9 ! coeffici5t1 ! spr+ 9 ,fig4 #b l5g!ns1 ,q increases1 & ! frictional resi/ance on ! surface ( ! pulley increases1 bo? 9 consequ5ce ( ! increase ( ,q1 :i* increases ! pressure on ! pulley1 & ( ! increase ( ! coeffici5t ( friction4 ,simil>ly = any increase ( ! coeffici5t ( friction1 ! spr+ 9 ,fig4 #c %ort5s1 ,p dim9i%es1 & ! friction on ! surface ( ! pulley dim9i%es s f> z ! dim9ution ( ,p dim9i%es ! normal pressure1 b on ! :ole increases 9 consequ5ce ( ! increase ( ! coeffici5t ( friction4 ,! value ( ! friction on ! surface ( ! pulley1 h[ev]1 is m con/ant = a giv5 v>iation ( ! frictional coeffici5t 9 ,fig4 #c ?an 9 ,fig4 #b1 & ! v>iation ( ! diff]5ce ( t5sions to be measur$ is less4 ,fig4 #c1 !re=e1 is ! bett] =m4 ,a num]ical calculation "h may be useful4 ,suppos+ ! break set to a giv5 diff]5ce ( t5sion1 ,q-,p1 & t 9 consequ5ce ( any cause ! coeffici5t ( friction increases #bj p] c5t41 ! diff]5ce ( t5sions = an ord9>y value ( ! coeffici5t ( friction w\ld increase f #a4e ,p to #b ,p 9 ,fig4 #b1 & f #a4e ,p to #a4fg ,p 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,t is1 ! vibration ( ! spr+1 & ! possible error ( measurem5t ( ! diff]5ce ( t5sion w\ld be mu* great] 9 ,fig4 #b ?an 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,x has rec5tly occurr$ to ! au?or t a fur!r *ange 9 ! dynamomet] w\ld make ! friction on ! pulley /ill m indep5d5t ( *anges 9 ! coeffici5t ( friction1 & consequ5tly ! measurem5t ( ! "w absorb$ /ill m accurate4 ,suppose ! cord tak5 twice ov] a pulley fix$ on ! %aft driv5 by ! motor & r\nd a fix$ pulley1 ,c4 ,= cle>ness1 ! pulleys1 ,a ,b1 are %[n ( diff]5t sizes1 b !y are m conv5i5tly ( ! same size4 ,fur!r1 let ! spr+ balance be at ! free end ( ! cord t[>d :i* ! pulley runs4 ,!n x w be f\nd t a v>iation ( #bj p] c5t4 9 ! friction produces a some:at great] v>iation ( ,p ?an 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,b ,p is n[ s mu* small] ?an be=e t ,q-,p is mu* less affect$ by any error 9 ! e/imate ( ,p4 ,an alt]ation ( #bj p] c5t4 9 ! friction w only alt] ! quantity ,q-,p f #e4be ,p to #e4ee ,p1 or an alt]ation ( less ?an #f p] c5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d ,to put x 9 ano!r way1 ! errors 9 ! use ( dynamomet] are due to ! vibration ( ! spr+ :i* measures ,p1 & are caus$ by v>iations ( ! coeffici5t ( friction ( ! dynamomet]4 ,by mak+ ,p v mu* small] ?an 9 ! usual =m ( ! dynamomet]1 any errors 9 det]m9+ x h mu* less influ5ce on ! measurem5t ( ! "w absorb$4 ,we may g fur!r4 ,! cord may be tak5 ov] f\r pulleys2 9 t case a v>iation ( #bj p] c5t4 9 ! frictional coeffici5t only alt]s ! total friction on ! pulleys #a p]c5t4 ,p is n[ s insignificant comp>$ ) ,q t an error 9 det]m9+ x is ( comp>atively little consequ5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e ,! dynamomet] is n[ m p[]ful 9 absorb+ "w ?an 9 ! =m ,fig4 #c4 ,z to ! practical con/ruction ( ! brake1 ! au?or ?9ks t simple wires = ! flexible b&s1 ly+ 9 ,v grooves 9 ! pulleys1 ( no great acut5ess1 w\ld give ! greate/ resi/ance ) ! lea/ v>iation ( ! coeffici5t ( friction2 ! heat develop$ be+ 9 t case neutraliz$ by a jet ( wat] on ! pulley4 ,x w\ld be q possible ) a pulley ( say #c feet diamet]1 & runn+ at #ej feet ( surface velocity p] second1 to h a suffici5tly flexible wire1 capable ( c>ry+ #ajj lb4 z ! great] load1 ,q4 ,n[ ) ^! proportions a brake ( ! =m 9 ,fig4 #c w\ld1 ) a probable value ( ! coeffici5t ( friction1 absorb #f horse p[]4 ,) a brake 9 ! =m ,fig4 #d1 #h4b horse p[] w\ld be absorb$2 & ) a brake 9 ! =m ,fig4 #e1 #h4h horse p[] w\ld be absorb$4 ,b s9ce x w\ld be easy to h two1 ?ree1 or m wires side by side1 ea* c>ry+ its load ( #ajj lb41 l>ge am\nts ( horsep[] c\ld be conv5i5tly absorb$ & measur$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,see',s ,,gas ,,/ove4 ,?is /ove consi/s ( two or m sup]pos$ pipes provid$ ) radiators4 ,a gas burn] is plac$ at ! entrance ( ei!r ! upp] or l[] pipe1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,! products ( combu/ion are dis*>g$ ?r\gh a pipe ( small diamet]1 :i* may be readily ins]t$ into an already exi/+ *imney or be hidd5 beh9d ! wa9scot+4 ,! heat furni%$ by ! gas flame is s well absorb$ by radiation f ! radiator r+s t ! gases1 on mak+ _! exit1 h no long] a temp]ature ( m ?an f #ce to #dj degrees4 ,illu/ration3 ,,see',s ,,gas ,,/ove4 ,! app>atus1 :i* is simple1 compact1 & *eap1 is surr\nd$ on all sides ) an ornam5t$ %eet iron cas+4 ,be+ entirely ( ca/ iron1 x w la/ = a long "t4 ,! jo9ts1 be+ ( asbe/os1 are absolutely tight1 s z to prev5t ! escape ( bad odors4 ,! wat] due to ! cond5sation ( ! gases is l$ ?r\gh a small pipe out ( doors or into a vessel f :5ce x may evaporate anew1 s z n to *ange ! hygrometric /ate ( ! air4 ,! consumption ( gas is v small1 x tak+ b #bej lit]s p] h\r to heat a room ( #hj cubic met]s to a temp]ature ( #ah ,c4--,revue ,indu/rielle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! numb] ( p]sons kill$ by wild animals & snakes 9 ,india la/ ye> 0 #bb1abe1 aga9/ #ba1dbg 9 ! previ\s ye>1 & ( cattle1 #df1gjg1 aga9/ #dd1ffi4 ,( ! human be+s de/roy$1 #b1fjf 7 kill$ by wild animals1 & #ai1eai by snakes4 ,( ! dea?s occasion$ by ! attacks ( wild animals1 #hie 7 caus$ by tig]s1 #bgh by wolves1 #bjg by leop>ds1 #cef by jackals1 & #bjb by alligators2 #ah1eia wild animals & #cbb1dba snakes 7 de/roy$1 = :i* ! ,gov]nm5t paid rew>ds am\nt+ to #ada1fec rupees4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rectification ,,( ,,alcohol ,,by ,,electricity4 ,"s "t ago1 ,mr4 ,laur5t ,naud91 x w be rememb]$1#a devis$ a me?od ( conv]t+ ! aldehydes t give a bad ta/e & odor to impure spirits1 into alcohol1 ?r\gh electrolytic hydrog51 ! app>atus fir/ employ$ be+ a z9c-copp] c\ple1 & aft]w>d electrolyz]s ) plat9um plates4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ( ,july #bi1 #ahhb1 p4 #edgb4 ,8 app>atus _h be5 9 op]ation = sev]al mon?s1 9 ! di/ill]y ( ,mr4 ,b\let1 at ,bapeaume-les-,r\51 :5 a fire 9 ,decemb]1 #ahha1 completely de/roy$ t e/abli%m5t4 ,9 recon/ruct+ 8 app>atus1 ,mr4 ,naud9 has avail$ himself ( ! exp]i5ce already acquir$1 & has necess>ily _h to introduce important modifications & simplifications into ! process4 ,9 ! z9c-copp] c\ple1 he _h 9 ! v fir/ place propos$ to employ z9c 9 ! =m ( clipp+s2 b ! metal 9 ?is /ate pres5ts grave inconv5i5ces1 s9ce ! subsid5ce ( ! l[] "p1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! z9c's weight1 soon proves an ob/acle to ! free circulation ( ! liquids1 &1 besides ?is1 ! clean+ pres5ts insurm\ntable difficulties4 ,?is is :y he sub/itut$ = ! clipp+s z9c 9 /raight & corrugat$ plates su* z may be easily f\nd 9 comm]ce4 ,! managem5t & clean+ ( ! pile ?us became v simple4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,app>atus ,,= ,,hydrog5iz+ ,,impure ,,spirits4 ,! app>atus t conta9s ! z9c-copp] c\ple n[ has ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,x may be cyl9drical1 z "h repres5t$1 or1 :at is bett]1 rectangul>1 because ( ! squ>e =m "u :i* ! %eets ( z9c are f\nd 9 comm]ce4 ,9 ?is vessel ( wood or iron plate1 ,p1 ! corrugat$ z9c plates1 b1 b'1 b1 are plac$ "o above ! o!r1 ea* alt]nat+ ) a flat "o1 a1 a'1 a4 ,^! plates h previ\sly be5 sc\r$1 fir/ ) a weak solution ( cau/ic soda 9 ord] to remove e trace ( fatty matt] d]iv$ f roll+1 & !n ) v dilute hydro*loric acid1 & f9ally are wa%$ ) common wat]4 ,9 ord] to facilitate ! dis5gagem5t ( hydrog5 dur+ ! reaction1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to =m ap]tures 9 ! z9c plates1 & to incl9e ! fir/ l[] r[ ) respect to ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,a cubical pile ( #aej hectolit]s conta9s #aje r[s ( ,no4 #af flat & corrugat$ z9c plates1 ^: total weight is #f1bjj kilogrammes4 ,we obta9 ?us a hydrog5iz+ surface ( #a1hjj squ>e met]s1 or #ab squ>e met]s p] hectolit] ( impure spirits ( #ej to #fj ,gay-,lussac4 ,! raw impure spirits ent] ! app>atus ?r\gh ! upp] pipe1 ,e1 &1 aft] a suffici5t /ay !re91 are drawn (f ?r\gh ! l[] pipe1 ,h1 into a res]voir1 ,r1 f :5ce1 by means ( a pump1 !y are =c$ to ! rectifi]4 ,! hydrog5 eng5d]$ dur+ ! electrolysis is dis5gag$ ?r\gh an ap]ture 9 ! cov] ( ! pile4 ,z a measure ( precaution1 ! hydrog5 saturat$ ) alcoholic vapors may be =c$ to trav]se a small1 cool$ room4 ,! liquefi$ alcohol returns to ! pile4 ,at a mean temp]ature ( #ae1 ! quantity ( alcohol c>ri$ along me*anically is insignificant4 ,9 ord] to secure a uni=mity ( action 9 all p>ts ( ! spirits1 dur+ ! p]iod devot$ to ! op]ation1 ! liquid is made to circulate f top to bottom by means ( a pump1 ,o4 ,! tube1 ,n1 indicates ! level ( ! liquid 9 ! vessel4 ,! z9c hav+ be5 arrang$1 ! fir/ op]ation consi/s 9 =m+ ! c\ple4 ,?is is done by introduc+ into ! pile1 by means ( ! pump1 ,o1 a solution ( sulphate ( copp] s z to completely fill x4 ,! adh]5ce ( ! copp] to ! z9c is ess5tial to a prop] work+ ( ! c\ple1 & may be obta9$ by obs]v+ ! foll[+ conditions3 #a4 ,impure spirits ( #dj ,gay-,lussac1 & n wat]1 %\ld be us$ z a m5/ruum = ! salt ( copp]4 #b4 ,! sulphatization %\ld be op]at$ by five successive solutions ( p] c5t41 repres5t+ #bj kilogrammes ( sulphate ( copp] p] #ajj squ>e met]s ( z9c expos$1 or a total ( #cfj kilogrammes ( sulphate = a pile ( #aej hectolit]s capacity4 #c4 ,a temp]ature ( #be %\ld n be exce$$ dur+ ! sulphatization4 ,! use ( spirits is ju/ifi$ by ! fact t ! pres5ce ( ! alcohol notably ret>ds ! precipitation ( copp]4 ,z ea* *>g+ ) copp] takes tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 x requires five days to =m ! pile4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ! deposit %\ld be ( a *ocolate-br[n & suffici5tly adh]5t2 b ! adh]5ce becomes mu* great] aft] a =tnight's op]ation4 ,temp]ature has a m>k$ influ5ce ^u ! rapidity & cont9uity ( ! reaction4 ,bel[ #e ! c\ple no long] works1 & above #ce ! reaction becomes vigor\s & de/roys ! adh]5ce ( ! copp] to su* a degree t x becomes necess>y to sulphatize ! pile anew4 ,! batt]y is kept up by add+ e eight days a few ?\s&?s ( hydro*loric acid to a vatful ( ! spirits "u treatm5t1 say #e kilos4 ( acid to #aej hectolit]s ( spirits4 ,! object ( add+ ?is acid is to dissolve ! hydrate ( oxide ( z9c =m$ dur+ ! electrolysis & deposit$ 9 a :iti% /ratum ^u ! surface ( ! copp]4 ,! pile requir$ no att5tion1 & x is capable ( op]at+ f #ah mon?s to two ye>s )\t be+ r5ew$ or clean$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,electrolyz+ ,,app>atus4 ,pass+ !m ov]1 ! z9c-copp] c\ple does n suffice to deodorize ! impure spirits1 s !y mu/ be s5t directly to a rectifi]4 ,b1 9 c]ta9 cases1 x is necess>y to foll[ up ! treatm5t by ! pile ) ano!r "o by electrolysis4 ,! voltamet]s 9 :i* ?is second op]ation is p]=m$ h likewise be5 modifi$4 ,!y consi/ n[ 7,fig4 #b7 ( cyl9drical glass vessels1 ,,ah1 #abe mm4 9 diamet] by #fjj 9 height1 ) poli%$ edges4 ,^! are h]metically clos$ by an ebonite cov] ?r\gh :i* pass ! tubes1 ,b' ,c' & ,b ,c1 t all[ ! liquid1 ,e,e-,e',e'1 to circulate4 ,! curr5t ( spirits is regulat$ at ! entrance by ! cock1 ,r1 :i*1 ?r\gh its division plate1 gives ! exact dis*>ge p] h\r4 ,9 addition1 9 ord] to secure great regul>ity 9 ! fl[1 !re is plac$ betwe5 ! voltamet]s & ! res]voir t supplies !m a second & con/ant level res]voir regulat$ by an automatic cock4 ,9 practice1 ,mr4 ,naud9 employs #ab voltamet]s t dis*>ge #ab hectolit]s p] h\r1 = a di/ill]y t h&les #cjj hectolit]s ( impure spirits e #bd h\rs4 ,! electric curr5t is furni%$ to ! voltamet]s by a ,siem5s ma*9e 7,fig4 #c7 hav+ inductors 9 d]ivation1 ! int5sity be+ regulat$ by ! aid ( resi/ance wires int]pos$ 9 ! circuit ( ! inductors4 ,! curr5t is made to pass into ! s]ies ( voltamet]s by means ( a commutator1 & its int5sity is %[n by a ,deprez galvanomet]4 ,! voltamet]s1 z %[n 9 ! diagram1 are m\nt$ 9 d]ivation 9 gr\ps ( two 9 t5sion4 ,! spirits trav]se !m 9 two p>allel curr5ts4 ,! ,siem5s ma*9e is ( ! type ,,sd#b1 & revolves at ! rate ( #a1bjj times p] m9ute1 absorb+ a motive p[] ( f\r horses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,! ,,siem5s ,,ma*9e4 ,! disacidification1 be=e ent]+ ! rectifi]1 is effect$ by ! metallic z9c4 ,let u n[ exam9e :at economic advantages ?is process pres5ts ov] ! old me?od ( rectify+ by pure & simple di/illation4 ,! foll[+ are ! data giv5 by ,mr4 ,naud93 ,9 ord9>y processes 7#a7 a giv5 quantity ( impure alcohol mu/ und]go five rectifications 9 ord] t ! products compos+ ! mixture 7pure alcohol1 oils1 etc47 may be sep>at$ & sold accord+ to _! respective quality2 7#b7 ! mean yield 9 ! fir/ di/illation does n exce$ #fj c5t42 7#c7 ! loss exp]i5c$ 9 di/illation am\nts1 = ea* rectification1 to #d p] c5t42 7#d7 ! quantity ( ess5tial oils 7mixture ( ! homologues ( e?ylic alcohol7 collect$ at ! end ( ! fir/ di/illation equals1 on an av]age1 #c4e p] c5t42 7#e7 ! co/ ( a rectification may be e/imat$ at1 on an av]age1 #d francs p] hectolit]4 ,all ?+s be+ equal1 ! yield 9 ! fir/ op]ation by ! electric me?od is #hj p] c5t41 & ! treatm5t co/s1 on an av]age1 #j4dj franc p] hectolit]4 ,! economy t is realiz$ is !re=e consid]able4 ,= an e/abli%m5t 9 :i* #aej hectolit]s ( #ajj alcohol are treat$ p] day ?is sav+ becomes evid5t1 am\nt+1 z x does1 to #cgc francs4 ,we may add t ! electric process p]mits ( rectify+ spirits :i*1 up to ! pres5t1 c\ld n be rectifi$ by ! ord9>y processes4 ,mr4 ,naud9's exp]im5ts h %[n1 = example1 t arti*oke spirits1 :i* c\ld n be utiliz$ by ! old processes1 give ?r\gh hydrog5ation an alcohol equal to t d]iv$ f ,indian corn4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pla/ic ,,c>bon ,,= ,,batt]ies4 ,max ,nits*e-,niesky recomm5ds ! foll[+ 9 ,neue/e ,erf9dung43 ,good coke is gr\nd & mix$ ) coal-t> to a /iff d\gh & press$ into m\lds made ( iron & brass4 ,aft] dry+ = a few days 9 a clos$ place1 x is heat$ 9 a furnace :]e x is protect$ f ! direct flames & burn$1 feebly at fir/1 !n /rongly1 ! fire be+ gradually rais$ to :ite heat :i* is ma9ta9$ = #f or #h h\rs4 ,! fire is !n p]mitt$ to sl[ly g d[n1 & :5 p]fectly cold ! c>bon is tak5 out ( ! furnace4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rec5t ,,/udies ,,on ,,! ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,alkaloids4 ,by ,,samuel ,p4 ,,sadtl]1 ,ph4,d4 ,footnote3 ,introductory lecture1 ,c\rse ( #ahhc-hd1 ,philadelphia ,college ( ,ph>macy4 ,! sci5ces ( to-day pres5t1 z might be expect$1 a v diff]5t aspect f ! same bran*es ( k z !y appe>$ fifty or sixty ye>s ago4 ,x is n m]ely t ! mass ( obs]vations 9 mo/ ( ^! l9es ( /udy has enorm\sly increas$ dur+ ?is int]val4 ,7 t all1 ! *ange c\ld h>dly be consid]$ z an unmix$ b5efit1 because ( ! increas$ difficulty ( assimilation ( ?is additional matt]4 ,_m w\ld be ! contradictions 9 ! obs]vations & hopeless w\ld be ! task ( br++ ord] out ( su* a *aos4 ,! advance 9 ! sev]al bran*es ( k has be5 l>gely "o result+ f improv$ me?ods ( /udy1 r ?an "o foll[+ simply f dilig5ce 9 ! application ( ! old ways4 ,let u turn to *emi/ry = our illu/ration ( ?is4 ,! *emi/ry ( ! la/ c5tury & ! e>ly decades ( ?is 0 l>gely a descriptive sci5ce1 su* z ! natural hi/ory bran*es1 zoology1 & botany are /ill 9 great "p4 ,reasonably exact m9]al analyses 7 made1 x is true1 b ! laws ( *emical comb9ation & ! fundam5tal conceptions ( atoms & molecules _h n be5 z yet g5]ally e/abli%$4 ,n[1 ?is want ( compreh5sive views ( *emical reactions1 _! :y & :]e=e1 0 bad en\gh z x affect$ ! /udy ( inorganic & metallic comp\nds1 b :at mu/ h be5 ! conditions = /udy+ ! complex comp\nds ( c>bon1 s widely spread 9 ! vegetable & animal k+doms4 ,_! numb] is s enorm\s t1 9 ! abs5ce ( any e/abli%$ relation%ips1 n mu* m ?an a m]e enum]ation 0 possible = ! /ud5t ( ?is bran* ( *emi/ry4 ,x is only )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s t *emi/s h atta9$ to any compreh5sive views at all 9 ! doma9 ( organic *emi/ry4 ,x has be5 f\nd possible to gradually range mo/ c>bon comp\nds "u two categories1 ei!r z m>%-gas or z b5zol d]ivatives1 z fatty comp\nds or z aromatic comp\nds4 ,to d ?is1 me?ods ( analysis v diff]5t f ^? us$ 9 m9]al *emi/ry _h to be appli$4 ,! m]e f9d+ out ( p]c5tage composition tells u little or no?+ ab\t an organic comp\nd4 ,:at ! elem5ts are t compose ! comp\nd is n to be f\nd out4 ,t c be told be=eh& ) almo/ absolute c]ta9ty4 ,:at is want$ is to "k h[ ! atoms ( c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 & nitrog5 are l9k$ toge!r1 =1 /range to say1 ^! diff]5ces ( gr\p+s1 :i* may be f\nd to exi/ betwe5 ^! ?ree or f\r elem5ts1 end[ ! comp\nds ) radically diff]5t prop]ties & s]ve u z a basis ( classification4 ,! developm5t ( ?is "p ( *emi/ry1 !re=e1 requir$ v diff]5t me?ods ( rese>*4 ,in/ead ( at once de/roy+ a comp\nd 9 ord] to le>n ( :at elem5ts x 0 compos$1 we submit x to a c\rse ( treatm5t ) reag5ts1 :i* take x ap>t v gradually1 or modify x 9 ! production ( "s relat$ sub/ance4 ,9 ?is way1 we are enabl$ to e/abli% its relations ) well def9$ classes & to put x 9 its prop] place4 ,( equal importance ) ! analytical me?od ( /udy1 h[ev]1 is ! syn!tical4 ,?is me?od ( rese>*1 z appli$ to organic comp\nds1 embodies 9 x ! highe/ triumphs ( mod]n *emi/ry4 ,x has be5 mo/ fruitful ( results1 bo? !oretical & practical4 ,)9 rec5t ye>s1 hundr$s ( ! products ( vegetable & animal life h be5 built up f simpl] comp\nds4 ,?\s&s ( valuable dye-colors & o!r comp\nds us$ 9 ! arts atte/ its practical value4 ,x may1 !re=e1 seem anomal\s :5 ,i say t "o ( ! mo/ important ( all ! classes ( organic comp\nds has n %>$ 9 ?is advance4 ,! alkaloids1 t mo/ important class f a m$ical & ph>maceutical po9t ( view1 h until q rec5tly be5 def9$ 9 ! books simply z vegetable bases1 conta9+ nitrog54 ,:e!r !y 7 m>%-gas or b5zol d]ivatives 0 n made out2 h[ ! f\r elem5ts1 c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 & nitrog51 7 gr\p$ toge!r 9 !m 0 absolutely a ?+ unkn[n4 ,*emi/s all admitt$ two ?+s--fir/1 t _! con/itution 0 v complex1 &1 second1 t ! syn!sis ( any ( ! m important m$ic9al alkaloids w\ld be an em95tly desirable ?+ to effect f e po9t ( view4 ,)9 ! la/ five ye>s1 h[ev]1 q consid]able progress has be5 made 9 arriv+ at a cle>] und]/&+ ( ^! mo/ important comp\nds1 & ,i %all (f] to y\r att5tion ?is ev5+ a brief /atem5t ( :at has be5 done & :at seems likely to be accompli%$ 9 ! ne> future4 ,x 0 e>ly recogniz$ t ! alkaloids 7 complex am9es or ammonia d]ivatives4 ,! m or less /rongly m>k$ basic "* ( ^! bodies1 ! pres5ce ( nitrog5 z an ess5tial elem5t1 &1 above all1 ! analogy %[n to ammonia 9 ! way ^! bases unit$ ) acids to =m salts1 n by replacem5t ( ! hydrog5 ( ! acid1 b by direct addition ( acid & base1 po9t$ unmi/akably to ?is con/itution4 ,b ) ?is grant$1 ! simple/ alkaloid =mulas1 ^? ( con9e1 ,c#h;,h#ag,n1 & nicot9e1 ,c#aj;,h#ad,n#b1 /ill %[$ t ! am9e molecule conta9$ q complex gr\ps ( c>bon & hydrog5 atoms1 & ! great majority ( ! alkaloids--! non-volatile ones--conta9$ gr\ps 9 :i* ! ?ree elem5ts1 c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg51 all ent]$4 ,h5ce ! difficulty 9 acquir+ a k ( ! molecul> /ructure ( ^? alkaloids at all comp>able ) t atta9$ 9 ! case ( o!r organic comp\nds4 ,( c\rse syn!sis c\ld n be appli$ until analysis _h reveal$ some?+ ( ! molecul> gr\p+ ( ^! comp\nds1 s ! action ( diff]5t classes ( reag5ts 0 tri$ ^u ! alkaloids4 ,be=e summ>iz+ ! results ( ?is /udy ( ! decomposition & alt]ation products ( ! alkaloids1 a brief ref]5ce to a relat$ class ( organic comp\nds w be ( assi/ance to ^? unfamili> ) rec5t rese>*es 9 ?is field4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 coal-t> is f\nd a s]ies ( ammonia-l bases1 anil9e or amido-b5zol1 toluid9e or amido-toluol1 & xylid9e or amido-xylol1 :i* are utiliz$ practically 9 ! manufacture ( ! s-call$ anil9e dye-colors4 ,x is p]haps n s well kn[n t !re are o!r s]ies ( bases f\nd !re too4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! pyrid9e s]ies1 includ+ pyrid9e1 ,c#e;,h#e,n1 picol9e 7me?yl-pyrid9e71 ,c#e;,h#d,n7,,*#c71 lutid9e 7dime?yl-pyrid9e71 ,c#e;,h#e,n7,,*#c7b1 & collid9e 7trime?yl-pyrid9e71 ,c#e;,h#b,n7,,*#c7c4 ,?is s]ies is also f\nd 9 relatively l>g] proportion 9 :at is kn[n z ,dippel's oil1 ! product ( ! dry di/illation ( bones4 ,! second s]ies is ! qu9ol9e s]ies1 includ+ qu9ol9e1 ,c#i;,h#g,n1 lepid9e 7me?yl-qu9ol9e71 ,c#aj;,h#i,n1 & cryptid9e 7dime?yl-qu9ol9e71 ,c#aa;,h#aa,n4 ,! two comp\nds :i* give "n to ^! s]ies1 pyrid9e1 ,c#e;,h#e,n1 & qu9ol9e1 ,c#i;,h#g,n1 respectively1 be> to ea* o!r a relation analog\s to t exi/+ betwe5 b5zol1 ,c#f;,h#f1 & naph?al5e1 ,c#aj;,h#h2 & ! !ory g5]ally accept$ by ^? *emi/s :o h be5 occupy+ !mselves ) ^! bases & _! d]ivatives is t pyrid9e is simply b5zol1 9 :i* an atom ( nitrog5 replaces ! triad gr\p1 ,,*1 & qu9ol9e1 ! naph?al5e molecule ) a simil> *ange4 ,inde$1 ,lad5b]g has rec5tly succe$$ 9 obta9+ b5zol z an alt]ation product f pyrid9e1 9 c]ta9 reactions4 ,moreov]1 f me?yl-pyrid9e1 ,c#e;,h#d,n7,,*#c71 w\ld be d]iv$ an acid "k z pyrid9e-c>boxylic acid1 ,c#e;,h#d,n7,,cooh71 j z b5zoic acid1 ,c#f;,h#e;,,cooh1 is d]iv$ f me?yl-b5zol1 ,c#f;,h#e;,,*#c1 & f dime?yl-pyrid9e1 ,c#e;,h#c,n7,,*#c7b1 an acid kn[n z pyrid9e-dic>boxylic acid1 ,c#e;,h#c,n7,,cooh7#b1 j z ph?alic acid1 ,c#f;,h#d7;,,cooh7#b1 is d]iv$ f dime?yl-b5zol1 ,c#f;,h#d7;,,*#c7b4 ,! same ?+ applies to qu9ol9e z comp>$ to naph?al5e4 ,we may n[ look at ! "q ( ! decompos+ effect ( reag5ts ^u ! alkaloids4 ,! means :i* h prov$ mo/ efficaci\s 9 decompos+ ^! bases are ! action ( oxidiz+ & r$uc+ ag5ts1 ( brom9e1 ( organic iodides1 ( conc5trat$ acids & alkalies1 & ( heat4 ,tak+ up ! volatile alkaloids1 we f9d ) reg>d to con9e1 fir/1 t ! action ( me?yl iodide %[s x to be a second>y am9e1 t is1 x re/ra9s only "o replaceable hydrog5 atom ( ! orig9al ammonia molecule4 ,its =mula is !re=e ,c#h;,h#af,,nh4 ,f con9e c be prep>$ me?yl-con9e1 :i* also occurs 9 nature1 & dime?yl-con9e4 ,f ?is latt] has be5 gott5 a hydroc>bon1 ,c#h;,h#ad1 conyl5e1 homolog\s ) acetyl5e1 ,c#b;,h#b4 ,con9e1 on oxidation1 yields *iefly butyric acid1 b among ! products ( oxidation has be5 f\nd ! pyrid9e c>boxylic acid be=e ref]r$ to4 ,! =mula ( con9e1 ,c#h;,h#ag,n1 %[s x to be homolog\s ) pip]id9e1 ,c#e;,h#aa,n1 a d]ivative ( pip]9e1 ! alkaloid ( pepp]1 to be spok5 ( lat]2 &1 j z pip]id9e is d]iv$ f pyrid9e by ! action ( r$uc+ ag5ts1 s con9e is probably d]iv$ f a propyl-pyrid9e4 ,! artificial alkaloid p>acon9e1 isom]ic ) ! natural con9e1 w be ref]r$ to lat]4 ,nicot9e1 ,c#aj;,h#ad,n#b1 ! next simple/ 9 =mula ( ! alkaloids1 is a t]ti>y base1 t is1 conta9s no replaceable hydrog5 atoms 9 its molecule4 ,x %[s v close relations to pyrid9e4 ,:5 nicot9e vapor is pass$ ?r\gh a r$-hot tube1 x yields ess5tially collid9e1 &1 ) ?is1 "s pyrid9e1 picol9e1 lutid9e1 & gases su* z hydrog51 m>%-gas1 & e?yl5e4 ,heat$ ) brom9e wat] to #abj;,c4 x decomposes into brom(orm1 c>bon dioxide1 nitrog51 & pyrid9e4 ,:5 its alcoholic solution is treat$ ) f]ricyanide ( potassium x is oxidiz$ to dipyrid9e1 ,c#aj;,h#aj,n#b4 ,potassium p]manganate1 *romic or nitric acid oxidises x to nicot9ic acid1 ,c#f;,h#e,,no#b1 :i* is simply pyrid9e-c>boxylic acid1 ,c#e;,h#d,n7,,cooh71 & :i*1 di/ill$ ov] quick-lime1 yields pyrid9e1 ,c#e;,h#e,n4 ,turn+ n[ to ! non-volatile & oxyg5iz$ bases1 we take up fir/ ! opium alkaloids4 ,morph9e1 ,c#ag;,h#ai,,no#c1 is a t]ti>y am9e1 & appe>s to conta9 a hydroxyl gr\p l ph5ols1 to :i* class ( bodies x has "s analogies1 z is %[n 9 its reaction ) f]ric *loride4 ,its mey?l e/]1 :i* c be =m$ f x1 is code9e1 "o ( ! accompany+ alkaloids ( opium4 ,besides ! me?yl d]ivative1 h[ev]1 o!rs are possible1 & sev]al h be5 rec5tly prep>$1 giv+ rise to a class ( artificial alkaloids kn[n z code9es4 ,morph9e1 rapidly di/ill$ ov] z9c du/1 yields ph5an?r51 trime?yl-am9e1 pyrrol1 pyrid9e1 qu9ol9e1 & o!r bases4 ,! action ( /rong hydro*oloric acid ^u morph9e *anges x into apomorph9e1 ,c#ag;,h#ag,,no#b1 by ! )drawal ( a molecule ( wat]4 ,f]ricyanide ( potassium & cau/ic soda solution *ange morph9e into oxidimorph9e1 ,c#cd;,h#cf,n#b,o#f4 ,:5 heat$ ) /rong potassium hydrate1 x yields me?ylam9e4 ,n>cot9e1 ano!r ( ! opium alkaloids1 :5 heat$ ) manganese dioxide & sulphuric acid1 is oxidiz$ & splits ap>t into opianic acid1 ,c#aj;,h#aj,o#e1 & cot>n9e1 ,c#ab;,h#ac,,no#c4 ,?is latt]1 by c>eful oxidation1 yields apophyll5ic acid1 ,c#h;,h#g,,no#d1 & ?is1 on heat+ ) hydro*loric acid to #bdj ,c41 yields pyrid9e-dic>boxylic acid1 ,c#e;,h#i,n7,,cooh7#b4 ,! base cot>n9e also results f ! prolong$ heat+ ( n>cot9e ) wat] alone4 ,9 ?is case1 in/ead ( opianic acid1 its r$uction product mecon9e1 ,c#aj;,h#aj,o#d1 is produc$4 ,meconic acid1 ,c#g;,h#d,o#g1 :i* is f\nd 9 opium 9 comb9ation ) ! diff]5t bases1 has also be5 inve/igat$4 ,by act+ ^u meconic acid ) ammonia1 com5amic acid is =m$1 & ?is latt]1 :5 heat$ ) z9c du/1 yields pyrid9e4 ,if we g n[ to ! c9*ona alkaloids1 we meet ) exce$+ly int]e/+ results4 ,qu99e1 ,c#bj;,h#bd,n#b,o#b1 :5 c>efully oxidiz$ ) *romic acid or potassium p]manganate1 yields a s]ies ( products4 ,fir/ is =m$ quit59e1 ,c#ai;,h#bb,n#b,o#d1 a weak base1 !n qu99ic acid1 ,c#aa;,h#i,,no#c1 !n ! s-call$ oxyc9*om]onic acid1 ,c#h;,h#e,n#jf1 & f9ally c9*om]onic acid1 ,c#g;,h#f,,no#d4 ,n[ ! two acids la/ m5tion$ are simple sub/itution products ( pyrid9e1 oxyc9*om]onic acid be+ a pyrid9e-dic>boxylic acid1 ,c#e;,h#b,n7,,cooh7#c1 & c9*om]onic acid1 a pyrid9e-dic>boxylic acid1 ,c#e;,h#c,n7,,cooh7#b4 ,:5 di/ill$ ) potassium hydrate1 qu99e yields qu9ol9e & its homologues4 ,! alkaloid has be5 %[n to be a t]ti>y base4 ,qu9id9e yields ) *romic acid ! same decomposition products z qu99e4 ,c9*on9e1 ,c#ai;,h#bb,n#b,o1 ! second mo/ important alkaloid ( ^! b>ks1 :5 oxidiz$ ) potassium p]manganate1 yields c9*onic acid1 :i* is a qu9ol9e-c>boxylic acid1 ,c#i;,h#f,n7,,cooh71 c9*om]onic acid1 :i* has j be5 /at$ to be a pyrid9e dic>boxylic acid1 & a pyrid9e tric>boxylic acid4 ,:5 c9*on9e is treat$ ) potassium hydrate1 x is decompos$ into qu9ol9e & a solid body1 :i* on fur!r treatm5t yields a liquid base1 ,c#g;,h#i,n1 :i* is probably lutid9e4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 moreov]1 t bo? tetrahydroqu9ol9e & dihydroqu9ol9e1 hydrog5 addition products ( qu9ol9e1 are pres5t4 ,:5 c9*on9e is di/ill$ ) solid potassium hydrate1 x yields pyrrol & bases ( bo? ! pyrid9e & qu9ol9e s]ies4 ,c9*onid9e1 :5 heat$ ) potassium hydrate1 yields qu9ol9e also1 & ) nitric acid ! same products z c9*on9e4 ,/ry*n9e has be5 f\nd to be a t]ti>y am9e4 ,:5 di/ill$ ) potassium hydrate1 qu9ol9e is =m$4 ,bruc9e is a t]ti>y diam9e1 t is1 =m$ by sub/itution 9 a d\ble ammonia molecule4 ,:5 di/ill$ ) potassium hydrate x yields qu9ol9e1 lutid9e1 & two isom]ic collid9es4 ,! alkaloid atrop9e has be5 q ?or\ghly /udi$ ) results ( great int]e/4 ,:5 heat$ ) b>yta-wat] or hydro*loric acid1 x takes up a molecule ( wat] & is split into trop9e1 ,c#h;,h#ae,,no1 & tropic acid1 ,c#i;,h#aj,o#c4 ,?is latt] is ph5yl-oxypropionic acid4 ,trop9e1 :5 heat$ to #ahj;,c4 ) conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid1 splits (f a molecule ( wat]1 & yields tropid9e1 ,c#h;,h#ac,n1 a liquid base1 ) an odor resembl+ con9e4 ,:5 ?is tropid9e is heat$ ) an excess ( brom9e1 x yields dibrompyrid9e4 ,pip]9e1 ! alkaloid ( pepp]1 has also be5 well /udi$4 ,:5 boil$ ) alcoholic pota% solution1 x takes up a molecule ( wat] & splits ap>t into pip]ic acid1 ,c#ab;,h#aj,o#d1 & pip]id9e1 ,c#e;,h#aa,n4 ,?is latt] base has be5 %[n to be a hydrog5 addition product ( pyrid9e1 ,c#e;,h#e,n4 ,:5 heat$ ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 x is oxidiz$ to pyrid9e4 ,pip]id9e hydro*lorate1 also1 :5 heat$ ) excess ( brom9e to #ahj ,c41 yields dibrompyrid9e4 ,s9ap9e1 ! alkaloid :i* exi/s z sulphocyanate 9 :ite mu/>d se$1 yields1 "u ! same reaction z t appli$ to atrop9e & pip]9e1 q diff]5t results4 ,:5 boil$ ) b>yta wat]1 s9ap9e decomposes into s9apic acid1 ,c#aa;,h#ab,o#e1 & *ol9e1 ,c#e;,h#ae,,no#b1 ! latt] a well-kn[n con/itu5t ( ! bile1 & produc$ also 9 ! decomposition ( ! leci?9 ( ! bra9 & yolk ( egg4 ,coca9e1 ! alkaloid ( coca leaves1 is decompos$ by heat+ ) hydro*loric acid into me?yl alcohol1 b5zoic acid1 & a cry/all9e base1 ecgon9e1 ,c#i;,h#ae,,no#c4 ,caffe9e & !obrom9e h also q diff]5t relations4 ,caffe9e1 x w be rememb]$1 is ! me?yl e/] ( !obrom9e1 & c be prep>$ f x4 ,:5 caffe9e is c>efully oxidiz$ ) *lor9e1 x yields dime?yl-alloxan & me?yl-urea4 ,bo? !obrom9e & caffe9e are decompos$ by heat+ to #bdj ,c4 9 seal$ tubes ) hydro*loric acid1 id5tical products be+ obta9$4 ,^! products are c>bon dioxide1 =mic acid1 ammonia1 me?yl-am9e1 & s>cos9e1 ! la/ ?ree be+ ( c\rse 9 comb9ation ) ! excess ( hydro*loric acid4 ,! artificial prep>ation ( !obrom9e & caffe9e f xan?9e1 & guan9e also %[ cle>ly _! relations4 ,if1 hav+ complet$ our survey ( :at has be5 done 9 ! way ( decompos+ ! alkaloids by ! diff]5t classes ( reag5ts1 we review ! field1 x w be se5 t ) all ! alkaloids m5tion$1 except ! la/ f\r1 a m or less imm$iate connection ) ! pyrid9e & qu9ol9e bases has be5 indicat$4 ,! conviction accord+ly =ces itself ^u u t1 if we want to attack ! problem ( build+ up any ( ^! important alkaloids artificially1 we mu/ turn to ^! bases z our />t+ po9t4 ,z already /at$1 bo? s]ies occur 9 coal-t> & ! pyrid9e s]ies also m abundantly 9 bone-oil4 ,pyrid9e1 picol9e1 lutid9e1 & collid9e1 ! fir/ f\r memb]s ( ! pyrid9e s]ies1 h1 moreov]1 all be5 =m$ syn!tically1 al?\gh ! processes are n su* z w\ld yield ! products z *eaply z !y c be gott5 f ,dippel's oil4 ,qu9ol9e1 ! fir/ memb] ( ! high] s]ies1 _h be5 made syn!tically by sev]al *emi/s1 b by exp5sive & involv$ me?ods1 :5 ,skraup1 9 #ahha1 effect$ its syn!sis f nitrob5zol & glyc]91 or /ill bett]1 a mixture ( nitrob5zol & anil9e ) glyc]94 ,?is process all[s ( its be+ made on a comm]cial scale if desirable4 ,%ortly aft]1 by an application ( ! same pr9ciple1 ,dobn] & ,mill] effect$ ! syn!sis ( lepid9e1 ! second memb] ( ! qu9ol9e s]ies4 ,at ! same "t t ?is g5]al agreem5t to consid] ^! bases z ! />t+ po9t 9 ! endeavor to effect ! syn!sis ( ! natural alkaloids _h be5 arriv$ at by *emi/s1 x 0 ?\ght well to look into ! "q :e!r ^! bases & _! imm$iate d]ivatives _h any !rapeutic value ( _! own4 ,pip]id9e1 ! decomposition product ( pip]9e1 :i* we h %[n may be consid]$ to be hexahydropyrid9e1 0 exam9$ by ,dr4 ,kroneck]1 ( ,b]l91 at ! reque/ ( ,pr(4 ,h(mann1 & 0 f\nd to h an action ^u animals 9 _m respects resembl+ t ( con9e4 ,pr(4 ,filehne1 ( ,erlang51 :o has /udi$ a l>ge numb] ( ^! pyrid9e & qu9ol9e d]ivatives1 f\nd1 moreov]1 t ! hydro*lorate ( e?yl-pip]id9e _h a physiological action q analog\s to t ( con9e4 ,! physiological action ( qu9ol9e itself has be5 /udi$ q ext5sively by ,dona? & o!rs1 & x 0 f\nd t sev]al ( its salts 7 q valuable febrifuges1 act+ v l qu99e1 & capable 9 cases ( be+ us$ z a sub/itute = x4 ,9 g5]al1 ! hydrog5 addition products 7 f\nd to be m active ?an ! simple base1 an obs]vation entirely 9 accord ) ! !ory =m$ by ,wis*negradsky1 & by ,konigs1 z ! result ( ! /udy ( ! decomposition products ( ! alkaloids1 viz41 ! alkaloids are 9 g5]al hydrog5 addition products ( pyrid9e & qu9ol9e1 or ( ! two bases comb9$4 ,?us ,pr(4 ,filehne f\nd t hydro*lorate ( tetrahydroqu9ol9e 0 mu* m en]getic 9 its action ?an qu9ol9e1 b c\ld n be us$ on acc\nt ( a too p[]ful local effect4 ,! hydro*lorate ( dime?yl-tetrahydroqu9ol9e1 :i* 0 di/+ui%$ by its /rong bitt] ta/e1 mu* resembl+ t ( qu99e1 _h an effect l t ( cur>e poison4 ,! mo/ decid$ febrifuge action1 h[ev] 0 f\nd by ,pr(4 ,filehne to reside 9 ! hydro*lorate ( oxyhydro-me?yl-qu9ol9e1 introduc$ to public notice by ,pr(4 ,o4 ,fis*] "u ! "n ( ,kair91 & 9 ! acid sulphate ( tetrahydro-me?ylqu9ol9e1 introduc$ "u ! "n ( ,kairol94 ,^! comp\nds _h a v surpris+ febrifuge action1 )\t any unpleasant aft] effects or local di/urbances4 ,! mo/ active work]s 9 ! field ( syn!tic =mation ( ! alkaloids h be5 ,wis*negradsky1 ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg--:o1 un=tunately = sci5ce1 di$ at an untimely age 9 #ahhj--,knigs & ,fis*]1 ( ,muni*1 & ,lad5burg1 ( ,kiel4 ,! /udy ( ! decomposition products ( ! c9*ona alkaloids especially po9ts q di/9ctly to ! probable exi/5ce 9 qu99e ( a hydrog5 addition product ( pyrid9e1 9 comb9ation ) a me?yl-qu9ol9e gr\p4 ,! _m exp]im5ts t are n[ be+ made to te/ ?is & o!r que/ions t sugge/ !mselves1 w n long leave u 9 ! d>k4 ,:e!r a practical comm]cial syn!sis ( qu99e w foll[ is ano!r matt]1 b x is )9 ! b\nds ( possibility1 or p]haps ev5 ( probability4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t no syn!ses ( alkaloids h be5 effect$ z yet4 ,by heat+ butyl-aldehyde ) alcoholic ammonia is =m$ p>acon9e1 an alkaloid isom]ic ) ! natural con9e1 b diff]+ 9 physiological action4 ,by ! action ( sodium ^u pyrid9e is produc$ a comp\nd ,c#aj;,h#h,n#b1 kn[n z dipyridyl1 & ?is1 "u ! influ5ce ( nasc5t hydrog51 takes up six atoms & becomes isonicot9e ,c#aj;,h#ad,n#b1 a physiologically active alkaloid1 isom]ic ) ! true nicot9e4 ,! =mation ( a s]ies ( alkaloids "u ! "n ( code9es1 by ! sub/itution ( o!r organic radicals in/ead ( me?yl 9 ! code9e reaction1 has already be5 allud$ to4 ,atrop9e c be =m$ by unit+ trop9e & tropic acid1 ! two decomposition products already not$4 ,! latt] ( ^! products is already %[n to be capable ( syn!tical =mation1 & ! o!r w no d\bt be =m$ 9 ! same way4 ,! artificial atrop9e is id5tical ) ! natural alkaloid4 ,lad5burg has also =m$ a s]ies ( artificial alkaloids1 call$ trope9es1 by unit+ ! base trop9e ) diff]5t organic acids1 z 9 ! case ( ! comp\nd ( m&elic acid & trop9e1 kn[n z homatrop9e1 an alkaloid ( action simil> to atrop9e1 b possess+ "s decid$ advantages 9 its use4 ,pip]9e has also be5 made by ! unit+ ( pip]id9e & pip]ic acid1 &1 z pip]id9e has already be5 =m$ f pyrid9e1 we h "h a true syn!sis also4 ,bo? !obrom9e & caffe9e1 its me?yl d]ivative1 h be5 made f xan?9e1 :i* itself c be =m$ f guan9e1 a con/itu5t ( guano4 ,we may conclude f ?is ref]5ce to :at has be5 done 9 ! la/ few ye>s1 t ! reproa* m5tion$ 9 fir/ speak+ ( ! alkaloids z a class1 t almo/ no?+ 0 kn[n ( _! con/itution1 w n long rema91 & t z _! molecul> /ructure is laid b>e 9 ^! /udies n[ be+ made1 ke5-sight$ *emi/s w effect _! artificial =mation4 ,:5 ^! mo/ valuable comp\nds c be made by exact me?ods1 9 a /ate ( entire purity1 & at a co/ mu* bel[ t paid = ! pres5t extraction ( !m f relatively r>e plants1 organic *emi/ry w h plac$ all ( u "u obligations z great z ^? ow+ any bran* ( sci5ce1 no matt] h[ practical we call x4--,am]4 ,j\r4 ( ,ph>macy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,! ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,conge/ive ,,heada*e4 ,by ,j4 ,,leon>d ,,corn+1 ,m4,d41 ,new ,york4 ,if we exam9e ! lit]ature ( our !me1 we are a/\nd$ by ! app>5tly hopeless confusion 9 :i* ! :ole is involv$4 ,ev]y:]e attempts at ill-f\nd$ g5]alization are enc\nt]$4 ,we are compell$ to admit1 aft] p]us+ long debates 9 reg>d to ! relative m]its ( v>i\s !rapeutic measures1 t ^? :o 7 =emo/ to disp>age ! treatm5t pursu$ by o!rs 7 totally ignorant ( ! fact t ^? same symptomatic manife/ations :i* !y 7 consid]+ might be ow+ to entirely diff]5t causes f simil> conditions describ$ by o!rs4 ,h5ce a comm5surate modification 9 !rapy might n only be admissible1 b em95tly desirable4 ,x is m especially ( rec5t ye>s t a laudable attempt to diff]5tiate ! v>i\s etiological factors involv$ 9 diff]5t =ms ( heada*e has be5 made4 ,9 #ahcb ,dr4 ,james ,mease1 ( ,philadelphia publi%$ a monograph on ,! ,cause1 ,cure1 & ,prev5tion ( ! ,sick ,heada*e1 :i* is sub/antially a treatise on ! dietetics ( ?is p>ticul> =m ( heada*e4 ,! "w1 h[ev]1 is conspicu\sly lack+ 9 ^? philosophical qualities :i* are s necess>y to a true und]/&+ ( ! que/ions involv$4 ,dr4 ,e4,h4 ,sievek+ publi%$ 9 #aheda a mo/ int]e/+ pap] on ,*ronic & ,p]iodical ,heada*e4 ,! views !re9 express$ are rem>kable = _! succ9ct & ?or\ghly sci5tific elucidation ( ! two great physiological pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! consid]ation ( by f> ! great] majority ( in/ances ( cephalalgia4 ,i ref] namely to ! importance ascrib$ by ?is em95t physician to ! fluctuations ( ! blood-/ream )9 ! cranial vault4 ,9 speak+ ( ?is subject ,dr4 ,sievek+ says3 ,no?+ is ( m importance 9 ref]5ce to ! pa?ology & !rapeutics ( ! head ?an cle> & well-def9$ notions on ! physiological subject ( ! circulation )9 ! cranium2 =1 among ! v>i\s s\rces ( m$ical skepticism1 no "o is m puzzl+ or m de/ructive ( logical practice ?an a contradiction betwe5 ! doctr9e ( physiology & ! daily practice ( m$ic9e4 ,footnote #a3 ,on ,*ronic & ,p]iodical ,heada*e1 by ,e4,h4 ,sievek+1 ,m4,d41 ,m$ical ,times & ,gazette ,london1 ,augu/ #ab1 #ahed4 ,:at ,dr4 ,sievek+ said 9 #ahed holds equally good to-day2 &1 inde$1 ! position !n tak5 has receiv$ sub/antial indorsem5t ?r\gh ! positive results ( m rec5t exp]im5tal physiology4 ,conspicu\s 9 ?is connection are ! inductive rese>*es ( ,durham1 ,flem+1 & ,hammond1 t\*+ ! modifications 9 ! c]ebral circulation dur+ sleep & wakefulness4 ,by ^! exp]im5ts x has be5 conclusively prov$ t ! am\nt ( blood 9 ! bra9 is decreas$ dur+ sleep & increas$ dur+ wakefulness4 ,m1 rec5tly ,i h _h occasion to confirm ! exp]im5ts ( ,flem+ 9 ?is direction1 & h publi%$ ! results ( ^? rese>*es 9 v>i\s pap]s & articles4#a ,:at ,hippocrates said ( spasm1 says ,dr4 ,sievek+1 t x results ei!r f fullness or empt9ess1 or1 to use m mod]n t]ms1 f hyp]mia or anmia1 applies equally to heada*e2 b1 to embrace all ! causes ( ?is affection we mu/ add a ?ird elem5t1 :i*1 ?\gh mo/ commonly complicat+ "o ( ! above circum/ances1 is n necess>ily includ$ 9 !m1 namely a *ange 9 ! con/itution ( ! blood4 ,:ile ,i agree ) ,dr4 ,sievek+ z reg>ds ! importance to be ascrib$ to ! fir/ two factors--c]ebral hyp]mia & anmia1 9 ! production ( ! gr\p ( symptoms kn[n z heada*e1--,i fail to p]ceive :y especial prom95ce %\ld be giv5 to ! ?ird condition m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,sievek+4 ,inde$1 ,i am q unable to imag9e h[ ! p]iodical1 & m especially ! int]mitt5t =m1 ( heada*e is to be expla9$ by :at ,dr4 ,sievek+ describes r ambigu\sly z a *ange 9 ! con/itution ( ! blood4 ,x is q evid5t1 admitt+ t su* a *ange is capable ( produc+ an am\nt ( c]ebral irritation suffici5t to develop well-m>k$ cephalalgia1 t ! latt] mu/ ( necessity be )9 c]ta9 limits cont9u\s4 ,?is is n ! case1 z ! causative factor is con/ant & n fluctuat+4 ,i am1 !re=e1 n prep>$ to accept ?is ?ird causative factor )\t "q4 ,nev]!less ,i am p]fectly will+ to admit t o!r factors besides c]ebral hyp]mia & anmia may produce ! functional v>iety ( heada*e4 ,!re w\ld seem to be ample gr\nd = ascrib+ great causative importance to excessive irritation ( ! bra9 plasma itself4 ,h5ce ^? =ms ( heada*e :i* :ile1 be+ unaccompani$ by any especial circulatory d]angem5ts1 succe$1 (t5times1 ) rel5tless regul>ity ^u any consid]able degree ( m5tal "w4 ,x is n my purpose to discuss ! treatm5t ( ! multif>i\s =ms ( cephalalgia on ?is occasion1 did "t p]mit4 ,z reg>ds ! s-call$ neuralgic v>iety ,i cont5t myself by ref]r+ to ! admirable "w on ,neuralgia & ,k9dr$ ,diseases ( ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em1 by ,dr4 ,john ,*apman ( ,london1 9 :i* w be f\nd _m int]e/+ facts be>+ on ! "q4 ,accept+ ! propositions1 !n1 t ! m adjac5t causes ( heada*e are 7#a7 c]ebral hyp]mia1 7#b7 c]ebral anmia1 & 7#c7 irritation ( ! c]ebral plasma itself1 let u n[ consid] h[ ^! morbid factors are mo/ sci5tifically & spe$ily met at ! b$side2 & h[1 m p>ticul>ly1 ^? di/ress+ conditions ( engorgem5t1 :i* are s baneful an item 9 ! causation ( a c]ta9 =m ( cephalalgia1 are be/ ov]come4 ,footnote #a3 ,vide ,c>otid ,compression & ,bra9 ,re/1 by ,j4,l4 ,corn+1 ,m4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,anson ,d4,f4 ,r&olph ,co4 ,two ye>s ago ,i began a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on epileptics & maniacs1 :i* involv$ ! application ( protract$ pressure to ! common c>otid art]y on bo? sides4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! exp]im5ts ! ?\ght sugge/$ itself t suppression ( ! c>otids might prove a salut>y means ( r$uc+ t =m ( c]ebral conge/ion :i* is s prolific a s\rce ( heada*e & v]tigo4 ,accord+ly ,i made a protract$ s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) c>otid compression ^u ^? suff]+ f conge/ive heada*e1 & ,i c only say t ,i h be5 s f> pleas$ ) ! uni=mly good results obta9$1 t ,i h felt x a duty to call ! att5tion ( ! pr(ession to a proc$ure :i*1 = obvi\s reasons1 possesses all ! advantages ( local depletion by lee*+ or cupp+1 )\t ! manife/ disadvantages ( ei!r ( ^! me?ods4 ,! in/rum5ts :i* ,i h devis$ z sub/itutes = ! primitive proc$ure ( digital compression ( ! c>otids h already be5 describ$ 9 =m] communications4 ,x is only necess>y to say t ! implem5ts 9 "q are ( two k9ds2 "o1 ! c>otid =k1 is an adju/able in/rum5t1 :i* be+ held 9 ! h& ( ! op]ator p]mits him to ex]t any degree ( pressure ^u bo? c>otids = any desir$ l5g? ( "t4 ,! o!r in/rum5t1 :i* ,i h designat$ z ! c>otid truss1 = lack ( a bett] "n1 is a circul> spr+ provid$ ) adju/able pads at ea* extremity4 ,! spr+ is plac$ ab\t ! neck ( ! pati5t1 & by suitable appliances ! pads at ! extremities c be plac$ directly above ! trunks ( ! two common c>otid art]ies4 ,by turn+ ! screws to :i* ! pads are atta*$ ! desir$ am\nt ( pressure c be appli$ to ! art]ies1 & ! app>atus c be worn = any l5g? ( "t by ! pati5t4 ,) ^! in/rum5ts ,i h frequ5tly succe$$ 9 arre/+ ! mo/ ob/9ate =m ( conge/ive heada*e 9 an incr$ibly %ort "t 7on "o occasion 9 ab\t five m9utes74 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 ! heada*e is ( manife/ly n]v\s orig9 & uncomplicat$ by any especial circulatory d]angem5ts1 ,i h nev] be5 able to a*ieve notable results ) ?is me?od4 ,inde$1 pressure ^u ! c>otids is an excell5t me?od ( diff]5tiat+ ! conge/ive =m ( heada*e f ! n]v\s v>ieties ( head pa9s4 ,( galvanism ?is mu* may be said1 t x is "o ( ! mo/ valuable me?ods :i* we possess = treat+ ! =m ( heada*e "u consid]ation1 = n only does x cause contraction ( ! small] art]ies1 b x also ex]ts a soo?+ influ5ce ^u ! plasma ( ! bra9 itself4 ,a p[]ful !rapeutic ag5t1 & "o :i* has be5 m or less ext5sively employ$ 9 ! treatm5t ( v>i\s =ms ( head & sp9al symptoms1 is cold4 ,a v excell5t me?od ( apply+ bo? cold & galvanism to ! head1 at ! same "t1 is af=d$ by a species ( refrig]at+ electrode1 design$ by myself = ?is purpose4 ,! app>atus 9 "q consi/s ( a concave sponge electrode1 ! concavity ( :i* corresponds to ! convexity ( ! ext]nal aspect ( ! cranium4 ,above ! electrode is a *amb] ( metal or ,india-rubb]1 design$ to conta9 ice4 ,! :ole is secur$ to ! head ( ! pati5t by a s+le *9-/rap1 & connection e/abli%$ ) an ord9>y galvanic batt]y by means ( an appropriate clamp & insulat$ cord4 ,! indiff]5t pole is appli$ ov] ! /]num or o!r conv5i5t po9t4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to employ too /rong curr5ts1 z o!rwise v]tigo & o!r unpleasant symptoms may be produc$4 ,an application ( f five to t5 m9utes is usually suffici5t to arre/ ! head-pa94 ,z an additional security x is well to recomm5d ! pati5t to take a hot foot-ba?1 & to rema9 z quiet z possible = twelve h\rs succe$+ ! treatm5t4 ,9 hyp]mic heada*e cupp+ & blood-lett+ h be5 recomm5d$2 b z a rule bo? proc$ures are n only unnecess>y b positively inadmissible1 z exclusion ( ! sup]flu\s am\nt ( blood by compression ^u ! c>otids1 foll[$ by a correspond+ dilatation ( ! p]iph]al circulation by means ( ! foot-ba?1 w almo/ always be suffici5t to cause a p]man5t cessation ( ! symptoms4 ,among ! int]nal rem$ies :i* may be employ$ ) good effect 9 c]ta9 cases are aconite1 bromide ( potassium1 & ,indian hemp4 ,! inhalation ( f five to t5 drops ( *lor(orm is an excell5t exp$i5t 9 "s in/ances4 ,*lorodyne1 :i* is no?+ m ?an a mixture ( s$atives1 (t5 works well1 & inde$ frequ5tly excels o!r rem$ies4 ,! regulation ( ! he>t's action is also ( v great importance 9 ^! cases1 & ! physician %\ld h no hesitancy 9 resort+ to su* rem$ies z digitalis & belladonna = ! purpose ( r$uc+ ! t5sion 9 ! doma9 ( ! c]ebral circulation4 ,z a matt] ( c\rse ! dige/ive functions %\ld be c>efully look$ to2 ! b[els %\ld be kept op52 & 9 all cases :]e !re are indications ( a conge/ive orig91 alcohol 9 all =ms %\ld be absolutely =bidd54--,m$4 ,record4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,mulle9 ,,plant ,,9 ,,! ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,pulmon>y ,,consumption4 ,footnote3 ,f a pap] publi%$ 9 ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 ,by ,f4,j4,b4 ,,qu9lan1 ,m4,d41 ,m4,r4,i4,a41 ,f4,k4,q4,c ,p41 ,physician to ,/4 ,v9c5t's ,hospital1 ,dubl94 ,f "t immemorial1 ! ,v]bascum ?apsus1 or great mulle91 has be5 a tru/$ popul> rem$y1 9 ,irel&1 = ! treatm5t ( ! above =midable malady4 ,x is a wild plant--mo/ p]sons w\ld call x a we$--f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom2 &1 accord+ to ,s[]by's ,briti% ,botany1 vol4 vi41 page #aaj1 is r sp>+ly di/ribut$ ov] ,engl& & ! s\? ( ,scotl&4 ,9 mo/ p>ts ( ,irel&1 h[ev]1 9 addition to gr[+ wild x is c>efully cultivat$ 9 g>d5s1 & occasionally on a r ext5sive scale2 & ?is is done :olly & solely 9 ob$i5ce to a /eady popul> call = ! h]b by ph?isical suff]]s4 ,con/antly1 9 ,iri% newspap]s1 !re are adv]tisem5ts (f]+ x = sale2 & !re are1 9 ?is city1 ph>maceutical e/abli%m5ts ( ! fir/ rank 9 :i* x c be b\ght4 ,/ill x does n appe> 9 ! ,ph>macopoeia2 nor1 z f> z ,i "k1 has its use receiv$ ! (ficial sanction ( ! m$ical pr(ession4 ,"s fri5ds ) :om ,i talk$ ov] ! matt] at ! ,ph>maceutical ,conf]5ce at ,s\?ampton la/ ,augu/1 sugge/$ t x w\ld be desirable to make a !rapeutical rese>* into ! p[]s ( ?is drug1 & asc]ta9 by actual exp]im5t its efficacy or o!rwise4 ,hav+ p>tially accompli%$ ?is1 ,i am anxi\s to v briefly set =? :at has be5 done1 9 ord] t o!rs may be induc$ to co-op]ate 9 ! "w4 ,!re are five mulle9s1 all belong+ to ! p>5t ord] ( ! ,scrophul>iace2 b ! old ,iri% rem$y is ! great mulle91 or ,v]bascum ?apsus1 a fai?ful del9eation ( :i* w be f\nd 9 ,plate #a1 #dcg1 vol4 vi41 ( ,s[]by4 ,x is a h>dy bi5nial1 ) a ?ick /alk1 f eighte5 in*es to f\r feet high1 & ) v peculi> l>ge woolly & mucilag9\s leaves1 & a long fl[] spike ) ugly yell[ & ne>ly sessile fl[]s4 ,! leaves are be/ ga!r$ 9 late summ] or autumn1 %ortly be=e ! plant fl[]s4 ,9 =m] times x appe>s to h be5 r highly ?\ght (1 p>ticul>ly z a rem$y = di>rhoea2 & ,dioscorides1 ,culpepp]1 & ,g]>de favorably allude to x4 ,hav+ be5 furni%$ ) a good supply ( fre% mulle9 f a g>d5 ne> ?is city1 :]e x is ext5sively gr[n1 ,i comm5c$ op]ations4 ,z x prov$ useful1 subsequ5t supplies 7 procur$ f our drug-contractor4 ,! old ,iri% me?od ( adm9i/]+ ! mulle9 is to place an ounce ( dri$ leaves1 or a correspond+ quantity ( ! fre% ones1 9 a p9t ( milk2 to boil = t5 m9utes1 & !n to /ra94 ,?is /ra9$ fluid is giv5 w>m to ! pati5t1 ) or )\t a little sug>4 ,x is adm9i/]$ twice a day2 & ! ta/e ( ! mixture is bl&1 mucilag9\s1 com=t+ to ! praecordia1 & n disagreeable4 ,i resolv$ to try ?is me?od1 & also ! wat]y infusion2 &1 moreov]1 ! natural express$ juice =tifi$ ) glyc]94 ,?is latt] prep>ation 0 c>efully made = me1 f fre% mulle9 leaves1 by ,dr4 ,john ,evans1 *emi/ to ! ,que5 & ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales4 ,"s ph?isical suff]]s1 ( :om !re are "h1 alas6 too _m1 7 n[ admitt$ f "t to "t into ,/4 ,v9c5t's ,hospital4 ,!y 7 admitt$ 9 all /ages1 f an e>ly "o to ! mo/ advanc$4 ,on ea* admission ! case 0 c>efully exam9$2 ! hi/ory1 symptoms1 & physical signs 7 exactly not$2 & ! pati5t 0 weigh$ on a /age balance ) great accuracy4 ,! pati5t 0 put z mu* z possible on ! mulle9 treatm5t only4 ,= obvi\s reasons1 no cod-liv] oil1 k\miss1 or o!r weight produc] 0 giv52 ! pati5ts got ! diet suitable to su* suff]]s2 &1 if ! special symptoms became tr\blesome1 receiv$ appropriate treatm5t4 ,z mu* z possible1 h[ev]1 !y 7 left to ! mulle9--a proce$+ :i* 0 entirely satisfactory to !mselves4 ,9 addition to ! admission weigh+1 !y 7 c>efully weigh$ e week1 & c>e 0 tak5 t ?is %\ld be done z ne>ly z possible on ! same day & h\r1 ) ! same clo!s1 &1 9 fact1 z mu* z c\ld be "u ! same conditions4 ,9 secur+ ?is ! pati5ts anxi\sly co-op]at$2 & x 0 frequ5tly amus+1 b sometimes pa9ful1 to wat* ! satisfaction or *agr9 ) :i* ! weekly result 0 receiv$4 ,i mu/ "h t5d] my ackn[l$gm5ts to our zeal\s1 att5tive1 & accurate h\se surgeon1 ,mr4 ,d5is ,p4 ,k5na1 by :om ?is important1 b t$i\s1 duty 0 dis*>g$4 ,dr4 ,qu9lan !n ref]s to sev]al cases1 9 :i* ! mulle9 plant has be5 tri$ z a rem$y = consumption1 & rem>ks t ^! cases1 al?\gh too few to ju/ify any g5]al conclusion1 appe> to e/abli% "s useful facts4 ,! mulle9 plant boil$ 9 milk is lik$ by ! pati5ts2 9 wat]y infusion x is disagreeable1 & ! succus is /ill m s4 ,! hot milk decoction causes a com=table 7:at our ,gallic neighbors call pectorale7 s5sation1 & :5 once pati5ts take x !y exp]i5ce a physiological want1 & :5 ! supply 0 once or twice int]rupt$1 compla9$ mu* 9 consequ5ce4 ,t x eases ph?isical c\gh !re c be no d\bt2 9 fact1 "s ( ! pati5ts sc>cely took _! c\gh mixtures at all--an unmix$ boon to ph?isical suff]]s ) delicate /oma*s4 ,its p[] ( *eck+ ph?isical loos5ess ( ! b[els 0 v m>k$1 & exp]im5t prov$ t ?is 0 n m]ely due to ! well kn[n a/r+5t prop]ties ( boil$ milk4 ,x also gave great relief to ! dyspnoea4 ,= ph?isical night sweats x is utt]ly useless2 b ^! c be completely *eck$ by ! hypod]mic use ( f "o-eighte5? to "o-fiftie? ( a gra9 ( ! atropia sulphate2 ! small] dose1 if x w answ]1 be+ pref]able1 z ! l>g] causes dryness ( ! ph>ynx1 & int]f]es ) ocul> accommodation4 ,9 advanc$ cases1 x does n prev5t loss ( weight1 nor am ,i aw>e ( any?+ t w1 except k\miss4 ,dr4 ,c>rick1 9 8 int]e/+ "w on ! k\miss treatm5t ( ,s\!rn ,russia 7page #bac71 says3 ,i h se5 a consumption invalid ga9 l>gely 9 weight1 :ile ! disease 0 mak+ rapid progress 9 h] lungs1 & ! ev5+ temp]ature r>ely fell bel[ #aja ,fahr4 ,until !n ,i consid]$ t an increase ( weight 9 ph?isis pulmonalis 0 a pro( ( ! arre/ ( ! malady4 ,if k\miss possesses ?is p[]1 mulle9 does n2 b un=tunately1 z real k\miss c be made f ! milk ( ! m>e only1 & z x does n be> travel+1 ! consumptive invalid mu/ g at lea/ to ,sam>a or ,s\!rn ,russia4 ,9 pretub]cul> & e>ly cases ( pulmon>y consumption1 mulle9 appe>s to h a di/9ct weight-increas+ p[]2 & ,i h obs]v$ ?is 9 sev]al private cases also4 ,hav+ no weigh+s ( ^! latt]1 h[ev]1 makes ?is /atem5t m]ely an expression ( op9ion4 ,9 e>ly cases1 mulle9 milk appe>s to act v mu* 9 ! same mann] z cod-liv] oil2 & :5 we consid] t x is at once *eap & palatable x is c]ta9ly wor? a trial4 ,i w cont9ue ! rese>* by c>eful weigh+s ( e>ly cases2 & w fur!r endeavor to asc]ta9 :e!r ! addition ( mulle9 to ! cultivat+ solution prev5ts ! propagation ( ! ph?isical bacillus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,action ,,( ,,m9]al ,,wat]s ,,& ,,( ,,hot ,,wat] ,,^u ,,! ,,bile4 ,lewas*ew & ,klik[it*1 f exp]im5ts ^u dogs1 conclude t ! use ( ord9>y alkal9e m9]al wat]s 0 to increase ! quantity ( bile & to make x m fluid & wat]y4 ,?is increas$ fl[ is b5eficial 9 cle>+ out any bile /agnat+ 9 ! gall-bladd]4 ,a subsequ5t increase 9 ! quantity ( bile indicates a great] fl[ ( bile into ! gall-bladd]1 & ?is also is ( s]vice 9 empty+ out any /agnant bile1 & re/or+ ! normal condition :5 ?is is di/urb$4 ,artificial solutions ( alkal9e salts 7 f\nd to h a simil> action to ! natural m9]al wat]s1 &1 z ) !m1 ! action v>ies accord+ to ! conc5tration ( ! solution4 ,bic>bonate ( sodium has a quick]1 m p[]ful1 & m la/+ effect on ! composition ( ! bile ?an ! sulphate ( sodium1 & weak solutions ?an /rong ones4 ,vi*y 0 m efficaci\s ?an ,c>lsbad wat]4 ,hot wat] 0 f\nd to h an effect on ! bile mu* l t ( ! m9]al wat]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,vivisection4 ,al?\gh ,mag5die is rightly consid]$ ! true initiator ( exp]im5tation ^u liv+ be+s1 ! practice ( vivisection is z old z sci5ce itself4 ,gali51 ! physician ( ,m>cus ,aurelius 79 ! second c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era71 dissect$ liv+ animals1 & yet he is reg>d$ z hav+ m]it$ 8 "n 7,gal5us1 g5tle7 f ! mildness ( 8 "*4 ,five c5turies be=e him1 "u ! ,ptolemies1 ,egyptian exp]im5t]s _h op]at$ ^u condemn$ p]sons4 ,s1 !n1 vivisection is n1 z usually ?\ght1 a diabolical inv5tion ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a-e ,,app>atus ,,us$ ,,9 ,,vivisection4 ,9 all ages ! necessity has be5 recogniz$ ( op]at+ ^u animals t are ne>e/ alli$ to man1 su* z ! monkey1 ! hog1 & ! dog1 & :o %>e ) ! k+ ( creation ! privilege ( eat+ a little ( ev]y?+4 ,claude ,b]n>d1 h[ev]1 _h ano!r way ( look+ at ?+s4 ,x is true t he especially made rese>*es into ! g5]al laws ( physiology1 ! secret ( ! vital functions1 & ! op]ation ( ! v>i\s organic sy/ems t con/itute liv+ matt]1 b 8 imm$iate object 0 n to furni% weapons = ! art ( cur+4 ,he left to physicians & surgeons ! c>e ( draw+ conclusions f 8 great "w 9 biology1 & ( act+ exp]im5tally ^u animals alli$ to man 9 ord] to f\nd a rational sy/em ( !rapeutics4 ,s he pref]r$ to op]ate ^u be+s plac$ l[ 9 ! animal scale--! frog especially1 an animal t has r5d]$ him great] s]vice ?an ev5 man himself c\ld h done4 ,cold-blood$ animals (f]1 moreov]1 ! advantage ( be+ less impressionable ?an o!rs1 & ! exp]im5ts to :i* !y are submitt$ pres5t m accurate conclusions1 s9ce x is n necess>y to take s mu* acc\nt ( ! victim's re/lessness4 ,& !n x is necess>y 9 _m cases to *oose subjects t possess endurance4 ,! un=tunate frog1 s aptly nam$ ! ,job ( physiology1 becomes resign$ to liv+ "u mo/ dreadful conditions1 & :51 ?r\gh %e] exhau/ion1 he has succumb$1 8 twit*+ limbs may /ill he us$ z an object ( exp]im5tation = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?anks are due to nature = giv+ s extraord9>y a vitality to ! tissues ( a mode/ batra*ian6 ,we owe to x ! fam\s exp]im5t ( ,galvani t l$ ,volta to ! discov]y ( ! pile & :at foll[$ x1 ! a/oni%+ conque/s ( electricity & ^? m m>vel\s ones /ill t are n[ 9 _! dawn4 ,sci5ce is mu* indebt$ to ! frog1 & may ! homage t we pay him help to alleviate ! suff]+s t h be5 impos$ ^u ?is brave animal6 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f-h ,,app>atus ,,us$ ,,9 ,,vivisection4 ,! simple fact t we h j enunciat$ pleads l\dly en\gh = ! cause ( vivisection to make x useless to def5d x4 ,no "o1 h[ev]1 has ris5 to ask = an absolute proscription ( x1 b x is only desir$ t ! abuse ( an abom9able practice %all be curb$4 ,does ! abuse exi/8 ,t is ! "q1 & x may be answ]$ 9 ! affirmative4 ,yes1 we d sometimes impose useless suff]+s ^u animals4 ,x is a culpable folly1 a bea/ly cruelty1 to con/antly repeat b>b>\s exp]im5ts ) ! object ( exhibit+ a well kn[n physical fact1 a hundr$ times v]ifi$ & always ! same1 :5 x w\ld only be necess>y to enunciate x4 ,b ?is is n ! place to expatiate ^u ! subject4 ,aft] proclaim+ ! utility ( vivisection1 we give x z our op9ion t ! practice ( x %\ld be conf9$ )9 n>r[ limits4 ,x is n too mu* to ask t x be conf9$ to ! privacy ( laboratories1 ) ! exclusion ( visitors1 & to require f /ud5ts a diploma gu>antee+ _! k & giv+ a programme ( rese>*es to be made4 ,x is useless to seek 9 ! liv+ :at a /udy ( ! corpse reveals 9 all its details4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i-aa ,,app>atus ,,us$ ,,9 ,,vivisection4 ,& n[1 aft] ^! prelim9>y rem>ks1 we pres5t h]e) a s]ies ( cuts repres5t+ ! v>i\s app>atus us$ 9 ! practice ( vivisection1 :i* are tak5 f a rec5t "w by ,claude ,b]n>d4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! mode ( muzzl+ a dog ) a /rong cord plac$ beh9d an iron bit4 ,fig4 #b %[s a me?od ( ty+ a dog4 ,fig4 #c is a vessel 9 :i* h>es or cats are plac$ 9 ord] to an/hetize !m4 ,fig4 #d %[s ! mode ( fix+ an animal on its side1 & ,fig4 #e ! mode ( fix+ him on 8 back4 ,fig4 #f %[s a dog fix$ ^u ! vivisect+ table1 & ,fig4 #g a h>e secur$ to ! same4 ,fig4 #h exhibits ! g5]al arrangem5t ( a vivisect+ table1 prop]ly s call$4 ,fig4 #i %[s 7#a7 an an/hetiz+ muzzle appli$ to a dog1 & 7#b7 ! extremity ( ! app>atus 9 section4 ,fig4 #aj %[s h[ ! muzzle is appli$ = an/hetiz+1 & gives ! details ( con/ruction ( ! *lor(orm box4 ,fig4 #aa exhibits ! arrangem5t ( ! app>atus us$ = hold+ ! animal's jaws op5 ^u ! vivisect+ table4--,l',illu/ration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,insanity ,,f ,,alcohol4 ,footnote3 ,read at ! late meet+ ( ! ,national ,association = ! ,protection ( ! ,insane & translat$ = ! ,am]ican ,psy*ological ,j\rnal by ,c>l ,siel]1 ,m4,d41 ( ,philadelphia4 ,by ,a4 ,,ba]1 ,m4,d41 ( ,b]l91 ,g]many4 ,! b5evol5t ef=ts ( y\r society div]ge 9 two diff]5t directions1 :i* h totally diff]5t aims & purposes1 & :i* require diff]5t means 9 ord] to atta9 la/+ success4 ,s9ce ! numb] ( insane has increas$ al>m+ly )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries1 s t ! responsibility ( ! prop] *>ge ( !m occupies cont9ually n only ! community1 b also ! ,/ate2 & s9ce ! public z well z ! private asylums are fill$ almo/ be=e !y are f9i%$1 x becomes necess>y to rid ! in/itutions1 z soon z possible1 ( ^? pati5ts :i* h be5 cur$1 z well z ( ^? :i* are improv$4 ,pati5ts ( ?is k9d are1 z e>ly z possible1 return$ to ! unre/ra9$ enjoym5t ( lib]ty ) ! expectation t ! new sc5es & surr\nd+s may h a b5eficial influ5ce1 besides hav+ ! advantage ( reliev+ ! ov]cr[d$ in/itutions4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 x has be5 frequ5tly f\nd t ! hut sudd5ly re/or$ m5tal & emotional equilibrium is n ( suffici5t /ability to )/& ! /orm ( conflict+ int]e/s4 ,frequ5tly x happ5s t ! b rec5tly dis*>g$ pati5t returns to ! in/itution1 aft] a %ort lapse ( "t1 because ! rudd] 7/eu]7 ( 8 intellig5ce 0 soon %att]$ 9 ! turmoil ( life4 ,h[ c1 = in/ance1 ! indig5t & poor pati5t1 aft] 8 dis*>ge f ! in/itution 9 :i* he has f\nd a %elt] & ! prop] c>e1 /& up 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & ! support ( 8 family8 ,is x n to be expect$ t a l>ge proportion ( ^? :o h be5 dis*>g$ z improv$1 or ev5 cur$1 _c )/& ! ev]-mov+ sea ( ! outside life & be> up "u ! turmoil :i* con/antly /irs m9d & s\l8 ,/>t+ ) ! recognition ( ?is fact1 societies ( b5evol5t p h be5 =m$ 9 all c\ntries 9 :i* true civilization & humanity are at "w1 to dim9i% or aboli% social evils1 ^: object is to assi/ ! re/or$ pati5t :o has be5 dis*>g$ f ! in/itution1 at a "t :5 he is mo/ 9 ne$ ( help & assi/ance4 ,switz]l& has tak5 ! lead ( all c\ntries by h] brilliant example1 & !re ^! societies f\nd ! greate/ enc\ragem5t4 ,x %\ld be look$ ^u z a good sign ( ! _s ( mod]n times1 t ! se$ ( true humanity1 ) a/oni%+ rapidity1 f\nd its way1 f> & wide1 = ! b5efit ( suff]+ mank9d4 ,ev]y:]e1 9 all ,european c\ntries1 & also on ! ,am]ican cont95t1 has ?is bran* ( a truly noble ?\ght become acclimat$1 & _m societies h be5 organiz$ = ! purpose ( assi/+ cur$ insane pati5ts1 by aid+ !m 9 obta9+ suitable occupations1 or by direct donations ( money1 etc41 ) a view ( prev5t+1 if possible1 a relapse ( ! disease4 ,may ?is portion ( ! "w ( y\r society be an ev]-fl[+ f\nta9 ( joy & satisfaction to y\r memb]s6 ,( mu* great] importance is ! be/ portion ( y\r "w1 namely1 ! prev5tion ( insanity4 ,x is nev]!less true1 & _c be d\bt$1 t 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries insanity increases 9 a mann] :i* is out ( proportion to ! increase ( ! population4 ,mu* ?\ght has be5 giv5 to ! cause ( ?is ph5om5on1 & physicians z well z morali/s1 national economi/s z well z philosoph]s & philan?ropi/s1 h endeavor$ to fa?om ! connection betwe5 ?is fact & ! conditions ( mod]n social life4 ,accord+ to all obs]vations1 x is c]ta9 t ! cause ( ?is ph5om5on is n a s+le etiological condition1 b t x is ! sum ( a numb] ( influ5ces :i* act ^u ! human race & produce _! travages 9 ! m5tal & moral life ( our pati5ts4 ,! conditions :i* give rise to ?is increase ( insanity may be look$ = 9 ! mann] 9 :i* mod]n civilization influ5ces mank9d1 9 its developm5t & culture1 9 ! family & 9 ! s*ool-room1 9 its views ( life & habits2 also 9 ! mann] 9 :i* civilization =ces a man to fight a heavi] & h>d] battle = pleasure & possessions1 p[] & k1 & causes him to g ev5 beyond 8 p[]s ( endurance4 ,m ?an ev5 civilization itself1 are at fault ^? p]nici\s abnormities1 r>e mon/rosities1 :i* are transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 or are also (t5 newly develop$ & appe> to belong to our civilization4 ,if we want to prev5t ! increase ( insanity1 we mu/ endeavor to d away ) ^! mon/rosities & ecc5tricities f our social life :i* remove mank9d m & m1 9 a p]nici\s mann]1 f its natural developm5t & f ! normal conditions ( moral & physical life2 we mu/ endeavor to kill ^! poison\s (f%oots ( pseudo civilization1 :i* are ! enemies ( ! normal exi/5ce ( man4 ,x is necess>y to lib]ate ! individual1 z well z ! entire society ( mod]n times1 f ! pot5tiat$ egotism :i* spurs man on 9 ov]ha/e1 & 9 all dep>tm5ts ( m5tal & physical life1 to a fev]i% activity1 & !n leads to an e>ly s5ile decay ( bo? body & m9d2 f t t]rible mat]ialism :i* causes ! mod]n individual 9 e class ( society to f9d satisfaction 9 ov] excit$ ta/e & +5i\s luxury4 ,x is necess>y to /r5g!n m ?an has be5 done h]et(ore ! "y1 by means ( _! education1 9 _! physical developm5t1 & at ! same "t to dim9i%1 9 prop] proportion1 ! am\nt ( m5tal ov]-ex]tion2 & f9ally x is necess>y to fight aga9/1 to d away )1 ^? habits ( mod]n society-life :i* h a p]nici\s influ5ce ^u ! physical z well z ! m5tal & moral organization ( man4 ,& ( ^! latt]1 !re is none s la/+ 9 its effects1 none s h>mful to ! physical z well z moral life1 z ! abuse ( intoxicat+ liquors4 ,intemp]ance is an inexhau/ible s\rce ( ! developm5t & increase ( insanity4 ,x dem&s our undivid$ att5tion1 n only on acc\nt ( its exi/+ relation1 b p>ticul>ly because intemp]ance1 among all ! factors :i* aid 9 ! increase ( insanity1 c be/ be dim9i%$1 & its influ5ce weak5$1 ?r\gh ! w ( ! s+le individual1 z well z ( society z a :ole4 ,! relation betwe5 intemp]ance & insanity is s def9ite & cle>1 t x is n necess>y to adduce pro(s ( ?is fact4 ,i w n ref] to ! writ+s ( ! old] au?ors1 su* z ,ru%1 9 ,am]ica2 ,hut*ison1 ,macni%1 ,c>p5t]1 & o!rs1 9 ,engl&2 ,huss & ,dahl1 9 ,sw$52 ,rama]1 9 ,holl&2 ,esquirol1 ,p9el ,bri]re de ,boismont1 ,morel1 & o!rs1 9 ,france2 ,flemm+1 ,jameson1 ,roll]1 ,gries+]1 & o!rs1 9 ,g]many4 ,i c\ld "n a mu* l>g] numb] ( ! greate/ mod]n au?orities on insanity1 :o are all unanim\s 9 _! op9ion t ! increase ( intemp]ance 7alcoholism7 produces a correspond+ increase ( insanity4 ,( especial int]e/ is ?is fact 9 ^? c\ntries 9 :i* ! consumption ( conc5trat$ alcohol1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! =m ( :iskies di/ill$ f potatoes & corn1 has only 9 lat] ye>s become g5]al4 ,?us ,luni] has %[n ! numb] ( alcoholic insane increas$ by t5 p] c5t4 9 ^? dep>tm5ts 9 :i* m :isky & less w9e is consum$4 ,9 ,italy a simil> result has be5 rea*$ by inve/igation2 & 9 t c\ntry 7accord+ to ,kanti1 ,sormani1 ,vesay1 ,r>]i1 ,ca/iglione1 ,f]ri1 & o!rs7 ! frequ5cy ( insanity caus$ by ! abuse ( alcohol /&s 9 an unmi/akable relation to ! consumption ( alcohol 9 c]ta9 prov9ces ( ,italy4 ,9 a discussion at "o ( ! meet+s 7#ahgf7 ( ! ,london ,m$ico-,psy*ological ,society1 ! g5]al op9ion ( ! memb]s 01 t intemp]ance is ! mo/ fruitful s\rce ( ! increase ( insanity1 ev5 :5 no o!r etiological elem5t c\ld be f\nd1 & alcohol _h to be look$ ^u z ! sole cause ( ! m5tal disease4 ,maudsley laid especial /ress ^u ! obs]vation1 t intemp]ance1 )\t h]$it>y pr$isposition1 0 "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful ag5cies 9 ! production ( ab]ration ( ! m9d4 ,ev5 ,beck)1 :o c\ld n co9cide ) o!rs z to ! great importance ( intemp]ance z an etiological elem5t1 says di/9ctly1 t intemp]ance 01 by f>1 ! mo/ pot5t ( all removable causes ( m5tal disease4 ,9 comp>+ ! numb] ( dr9k+ saloons 9 ! diff]5t prov9ces ( ! k+dom ( ,prussia ) ! numb] ( insane1 bo? 9 public in/itutions & 9 private families1 z glean$ f ! c5sus report ( #ahga1 ,i 0 enabl$ to %[ conclusively1 t ev]y:]e1 :]e ! numb] ( dr9k+ places1 i4e41 ! consumption ( alcohol1 0 greate/1 ! numb] ( insane 0 also l>ge/4 ,)\t d\bt1 to my m9d x is 9 alcohol t we mu/ look = & w f9d ! mo/ pot5t cause ( ! developm5t & spread ( m5tal diseases4 ,z is well kn[n1 alcohol acts z a di/urb+ elem5t ^u ! n]ve c5t]s1 ev5 if x has only once be5 imbib$ 9 excessive quantity4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! acute di/urbance ( circulation & nutrition an acute intoxication takes place1 :i* may range f a slight excitation to a complete loss ( consci\sness4 ,aft] habitual abuse ( alcohol1 ! functional di/urbances ( ! bra9 & sp9al cord became con/ant & disappe> ! less1 z 9 ! c5tral organs deg5]ative processes are m & m develop$1 processes :i* lead to conge/ions & hemorrhagic effusions 9 ! m5+es & 9 ! bra9 itself1 to s(t5+ or h>d5+1 & f9ally to disappe>ance ( ! bra9 sub/ance4 ,^! deg5]ations ( ! n]v\s sy/em give rise to a progressive decay ( all intellectual & also1 m especially1 ( ! e?ical functions1 a decay :i* pres5ts ! ph5om5a ( feeble m9d$ness1 complicat$ ) a l>ge numb] ( s5sational & motor di/urbances1 & gradually ends 9 complete idiocy4 ,! numb] ( ^? m5tal di/urbances :i* are caus$ by alcohol intoxication is a v consid]able "o4 ,we d n err if we ass]t t f #bj to #be p] c5t4 ( all m5tal diseases /& 9 a direct or indirect relation to ! evil consequ5ces ( intemp]ance 9 ! use ( intoxicat+ liquors4 ,?is is ! op9ion ( a l>ge numb] ( au?orities on m5tal diseases 9 all c\ntries4 ,habitual intemp]ance leads to sev]e 7psy*ical87 lesions 7( ! n]v\s sy/em7 :i* may %[ !mselves 9 ! diff]5t =ms ( insanity1 b express !mselves *iefly z m5tal weakness1 n only 9 p]sons ^: n]v\s sy/em 0 weak5$ ?r\gh inh]it$ or acquir$ defects1 b also 9 ^? ^: m5tal organization 0 intact4 ,9 _m o!r cases we see less complete =ms ( insanity & m indi/9ct psy*ological di/urbances & neuroses1 & among ! latt] epilepsy dem&s p>ticul> att5tion4 ,an inve/igation among ! pati5ts 9 ! insane dep>tm5t ( ! ,b]l9 ,*>ite ,hospital1 9 *>ge ( ,pr(4 ,we/fahl1 :i* 0 lately c>ri$ on by ,dr4 ,t4 ,galle 7,ub] die ,beziehung] des ,alcoholismus zur ,epilepsie4 ,inaug4 ,diss]t4 #ahha1 ,b]l971 %[$ t among #fjg pati5ts :o _h ent]$ ! w>d z epileptics or epileptic insane1 #aej #bd4g p] c5t4 _h be5 addict$ to dr9k2 #acc be=e1 & #ag aft] ! disease _h %[n itself2 fur!r1 t ( #aegb pati5ts ) delirium trem5s1 alcoholism1 alcoholic dem5tia1 & ebrietas1 #bdc1 or #ae4d p] c5t41 7 epileptic2 & t 9 #bba intemp]ance 0 pres5t be=e ! outbreak ( epilepsy2 f9ally1 t among #bfgi pati5ts :i* ent]$ ! dep>tm5t 9 six & a half ye>s1 #cic1 or #ah p] c5t41 7 inebriates & epileptics4 ,among #abh epileptics :i* ,i _h occasion to note 9 ! receiv+ in/itute1 ,plotseurie1 #ba p] c5t4 7 drunk>ds & #bj p] c5t4 7 ! (fspr+ ( intemp]ate p>5ts4 ,if ! li/ ( injuries :i* intemp]ance1 z we h se51 does directly to ! m5tal life ( man is a v consid]able "o1 ! baneful effect :i* is produc$ indirectly1 by ! intemp]ance ( p>5ts1 ^u ! m5tal con/itution ( _! prog5y is surely j z great & disa/r\s4 ,! *ildr5 ( intemp]ate p>5ts frequ5tly become drunk>ds !mselves2 !y h inh]it$ a deg5]ation ( ! vitiat$ con/itution1 & c>ry ! /amp ( ?is deg5]ation )9 !mselves4 ,! (fspr+ ( drunk>ds are n only weakly & sickly1 & die e>ly1 especially ( diseases ( ! bra91 b1 z ,dahl1 ,morel1 ,h[e1 ,bea*1 & o!rs h %[n1 !y are frequ5tly born idiotic1 or %[ e>ly signs ( insanity4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( alcohol1 ! individual con/itution ( ! dr9k] becomes l[]$ & deprav$1 &1 accord+ to ! law ( inh]itance1 is transmitt$ ?r\gh ! prog5y to ! race4 ,pr(4 ,boll+]1 ! late/ writ] on inh]itance ( disease 7,/uttg>t1 #ahhb--;,cotta--,ub] ,d]]bung von ,krankheit571 names alcoholism among ! transi5t abnormal conditions :i*1 dur+ conception1 ex]t _! influ5ce1 s t *ildr5 ( intemp]ate p>5ts acquire pa?ological1 & especially neuro-pa?ological1 dispositions4 ,intemp]ance1 says ?is au?or1 9 its acute1 z well z 9 its *ronic =m1 causes frequ5tly pa?ological *anges 9 ! n]v\s sy/em1 & ?us may ! pa?ological diff]5ces 9 *ildr5 ( ! same p>5ts be p>tially expla9$4 ,on acc\nt ( ! inh]itance ( a deprav$ & pa?ological con/itution1 ! *ildr5 ( intemp]ate p>5ts frequ5tly suff] f an abnormal psy*ical organization4 ,z 9 ! prog5y ( insane1 epileptics1 suicides1 & crim9als1 s also among ! *ildr5 ( drunk>ds1 d we see cases ( cong5ital idiocy & imbecility1 ( neura/h5ia & inebriety1 ( psy*ical & somatic deg5]acy1 also ( deprav$ morality1 ( vagrancy & crime4 ,mr4 ,presid5t & ,g5tlem53 ,9 ! light ( ! enum]at$ facts1 nobody w dispute t intemp]ance is a fruitful z well z inexhau/ible s\rce = ! increase & developm5t ( insanity2 & t e ef=t t[>d dim9ution ( ! frequ5cy ( insanity1 t[>d ! prev5tion ( m5tal diseases1 mu/ be direct$ aga9/ ?is widespread evil1 intemp]ance4 ,may y\r noble society succe$ 9 conf9+ ?is torr5t ( evil 9 a n>r[] gr[+ b$1 & to deliv] mank9d f a curse :i* _c be too mu* cont5d$ )4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,planta9 ,,z ,a ,,/yptic4 ,footnote3 ,read at ! meet+ ( ! ,am]4 ,ph>m4 ,assoc4 ,by ,j4,w4 ,,colcord4 ,sev]al articles dur+ ! pa/ few mon?s1 copi$ f ,engli% ph>maceutical j\rnals1 call+ att5tion to ! /yptic prop]ties ( planta9 leaves--,plantago major--hav+ attract$ my att5tion1 ,i det]m9$ to try a few exp]im5ts :5 opportunity (f]$4 ,hav+ a %iftless neighbor ^: y>d produc$ a b\ntiful crop ( ! article1 ,i 0 easily able to secure an abundant supply = my exp]im5ts4 ,believ+ t bett] results w\ld be obta9$ f fre% plants ?an f dri$1 ,i express$ ! juice f !m by means ( an ,ent]prise mill1 obta9+ ab\t #af fluid ounces ( juice f #c p\nds ( leaves4 ,! juice 0 ( a light gre5 color1 v turbid1 evid5tly caus$ by a l>ge am\nt ( *lorophyl4 ,sett+ aside #d ounces ( ! filt]$ liquid = fur!r exp]im5t+1 ,i pack$ ! residue f ! press into a conical glass p]colator & exhau/$ ) dilute alcohol1 evaporat+ ! p]colate 9 a wat]-ba? to two ounces1 mix+ ) ! #ab ounces ( express$ juice & add+ #b ounces ( alcohol4 ,?is prep>ation1 :i* ,i call a fluid extract1 repres5ts virtually equal p>ts by weight ( ! dri$ plants4 ,x is ( a d>k br[n color ) a m>k$ odor ( ! rec5t plant1 & s f>1 aft] /&+ ?ree mon?s undi/urb$ on my %elves1 %[s no sign ( precipitation4 ,my next exp]im5t 0 a mixture ( equal quantities ( ! express$ juice ) glyc]94 ,at ! pres5t "t1 aft] /&+ ?ree mon?s1 ! mixture is cle> & bright1 ) no sign ( precipitation4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 promises to be ! mo/ effici5t prep>ation1 & w prove valuable z an injection 9 ! treatm5t ( leucorrhoea1 hemorrhages1 & simil> disord]s4 ,exp]im5t numb] ?ree 0 made ) equal p>ts ( ! juice & alcohol1 & numb] f\r ) ?ree p>ts ( ! juice ) "o "p ( alcohol4 ,9 a %ort "t a precipitate 0 obs]v$ 9 bo? samples 9 ab\t equal proportions1 & 0 remov$ ab\t "o mon? aft] mak+ by filt]+ ?r\gh pap]1 & nei!r has %[n signs ( precipitation s9ce1 & cont9ue bright1 cle>1 light-br[n liquids4 ,( _! !rapeutic value z /yptics1 ,i h n _h suffici5t trial to =m an op9ion1 al?\gh1 z f> z ,i c judge1 !y h prov$ satisfactory4 ,:ile writ+ ?is article1 a cook f a neighbor+ re/aurant1 ) a f+] slic$ (f 9 a potato slic]1 expos+ ! bone1 came 9 = treatm5t4 ,hav+ b&ag$ ,i appli$ ! glyc]ate1 :i* soon /opp$ ! pr(use ble$+1 giv+ h] a small bottle ( x to apply subsequ5tly4 ,i ask$ h] to report to me 9 two or ?ree days1 &1 on report+1 ,i f\nd a heal?y granulation pres5t+4 ,its /yptic prop]ties are und\bt$ly due to tannic acid1 z all ! te/s ,i h be5 able to make prove ?is to be ! case4 ,! read9ess ) :i* x c be obta9$ 9 ! summ] r5d]s x a valuable adjunct1 und\bt$ly1 to ! mat]ia m$ica ( ! c\ntry practition] or h\sewife = /opp+ hemorrhages 9 simple w\nds4 ,! bruis$ leaves appli$ directly usually prove suffici5t = ! purpose2 z to :e!r x w prove suffici5tly valuable to add to our li/ ( ph>maceutical prep>ations w require long] & m ext5d$ exp]im5t4--,new ,rem$ies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dang] ,,f ,,flies4 ,dr4 ,grassi is said 7,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal7 to h made an important1 & by no means pleasant1 discov]y 9 reg>d to flies4 ,x 0 always recogniz$ t ^! insects might c>ry ! g]ms ( infection on _! w+s or feet1 b x 0 n kn[n t !y are capable ( tak+ 9 at ! m\? su* objects z ! ova ( v>i\s worms1 & ( dis*>g+ !m aga9 un*ang$ 9 _! fces4 ,?is po9t has n[ be5 e/abli%$1 & sev]al /rik+ exp]im5ts illu/rate x4 ,dr4 ,grassi expos$ 9 8 laboratory a plate conta9+ a great numb] ( ! eggs ( a human p>asite1 ! ,tricocephalus disp>4 ,"s %eets ( :ite pap] 7 plac$ 9 ! kit*51 :i* /&s ab\t t5 met]s f ! laboratory4 ,aft] "s h\rs1 ! usual little spots produc$ by ! fces ( flies 7 f\nd on ! pap]4 ,^! spots1 :5 exam9$ by ! microscope1 7 f\nd to conta9 "s ( ! eggs ( ! tricocephalus4 ,"s ( ! flies !mselves 7 !n caught1 & _! inte/9es pres5t$ l>ge numb]s ( ! ova4 ,simil> exp]im5ts ) ! ova ( ! ,oxyuris v]micul>is & ( ! ,to5ia solium af=d$ correspond+ results4 ,%ortly aft] ! flies _h "s m\ldy cream1 ! ,oidium lactis 0 f\nd 9 _! fces4 ,dr4 ,grassi m5tions an innocu\s & yet conclusive exp]im5t t e "o c try4 ,spr9kle a little lycopodium on sweet5$ wat]1 & aft]w>d exam9e ! fces & inte/9es ( ! flies2 num]\s spores w be f\nd4 ,z flies are by no means p>ticul> 9 *oos+ ei!r a place to fe$ or a place to defecate1 (t5 select+ meat or food = ! purpose1 a some:at al>m+ vision ( possible consequ5ces is rais$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,zoological ,,society',s ,,g>d5s4 ,! erection ( ! new h\se = ! accommodation ( ! s]p5ts1 alligators1 & o!r reptiles1 :i* is %[n 9 our illu/ration1 mu/ be comm5d$ z a valuable improvem5t ( ! ,zoological ,society's e/abli%m5t 9 ,reg5t's ,p>k4 ,?is build+1 :i* has a r /ately aspect & is ( impos+ dim5sions1 con/ruct$ ( brick & t]racotta1 ) a ro( ( glass & iron1 /&s close to ! s\? gate ( ! ,g>d5s1 ent]$ f ! ,broad ,walk ( ! ,p>k4 ,! visitor1 on ent]+ by t gate1 %\ld turn imm$iately to ! left h&1 along ! n>r[ pa? beside ! avi>y ( ! ,*9ese gold5 pheasants1 & w pres5tly come to ! ,reptile ,h\se1 :i* is too mu* conceal$ f view by "s ( ! %$s = ! de]4 ,! spaci\s int]ior1 repres5t$ 9 our view1 is "o ( ! mo/ agreeable places 9 ! :ole prec9ct ( ^! g>d5s1 be+ well air$ & light$1 v nicely pav$1 & ta/efully decorat$ 9 pale color1 ) "s f9e tropical plants 9 tubs on ! floor1 or 9 ! w9d[s1 & 9 baskets hang+ f ! ro(4 ,?ree oval bas9s1 ) sub/antial m>g9s ( concrete1 s =m$ z to prev5t ! reptiles crawl+ ov] !m1 :ile "o bas9 is fur!r protect$ by an iron grat+1 conta9 wat] 9 :i* ! alligators1 ! infant crocodiles1 & a numb] ( tortoises1 b none ( ! l>g] species1 make !mselves q at home4 ,"o side ( ! h\se1 ) its w9d[s look+ into a pleasant airy ve/ibule1 is occupi$ by _m small glass cases = ! small] liz>ds1 ) boxes & pots ( fl[]s set betwe5 !m ^u tables1 :i* pres5t a v attractive exhibition4 ,! o!r ?ree sides ( ! hall1 :i* is ne>ly squ>e1 are entirely devot$ to ! l>ge wall cages1 ) fronts ( /\t plate glass1 9 s+le %eets1 ris+ ab\t #ad feet to ! ro(1 9 :i* ! s]p5ts are conf9$--! huge py?ons1 anaconda1 & boa con/rictor1 ! poison\s cobras & rattlesnakes1 & o!rs well kn[n to ! visitors at ^! g>d5s4 ,ea* cage or comp>tm5t has a slid+ door ( iron beh9d1 to :i* ! keep] has access 9 a passage runn+ along ! back ( ! wall1 & !re are doors also f "o comp>tm5t to ano!r4 ,! floor is ( smoo? slate1 & ! l>ge/ snake has ample space to uncoil itself1 or to climb up ! trunks & bran*es ( trees plac$ !re = its ex]cise & amusem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,zoological ,,society',s ,,g>d5s4 ,,! ,,babir\ssa ,,family4 ,,! ,,babir\ssa4 ,we pres5t1 on ! same page1 a few sket*es ( ! babir\ssas1 a male & two females1 ) a "y "o1 rec5tly pres5t$ to ! society by ,dr4 ,f4,h4 ,bau]4 ,^! animals1 :i* are f ,celebes1 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 h be5 plac$ tempor>ily 9 diff]5t /alls ( ! o/ri* h\se1 on ! nor? side ( ! g>d5s4 ,! babir\ssa is a species ( wild hog1 peculi> to ! isl&s ( ,ea/]n ,asia1 & rem>kable1 9 ! male animal1 = ! extraord9>y gr[? & direction ( ! can9e tee?4 ,! upp] pair ( can9e tee?1 gr[+ out ?r\gh ! upp] jaw1 curve backw>d & upw>d on ! =ehead1 hav+ some:at ! aspect ( horns2 :ile ! l[] can9e tee? =m a pair ( crook$ tusks 9 ! "u jaw4 ,^! tee? may be useful = def5sive fight+1 z a gu>d to ! head1 b c\ld n s]ve = attack4 ,! skull ( a babir\ssa1 ) ! tee? fully develop$1 is 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,b>tlett1 ! able sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,zoological ,society's collection4--,illu/rat$ ,london ,news4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,zoological ,,society',s ,,g>d5s4 ,,! ,,new ,,reptile ,,h\se4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #cfc1 page #egig4 ,,on ,,! ,,m9]alogical ,,localities ,,9 ,,& ,,ar\nd ,,new ,,york ,,city4 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,by ,,nelson ,h4 ,,d>ton4 ,montville1 ,morris ,c\nty1 ,new ,j]sey4--,?is locality is an old "o1 & well kn[n to m9]alogi/s4 ,x is outside ( ! limits prescrib$ 9 introduc+ ?is s]ies ( pap]1 b by only a few miles1 & be+ su* an int]e/+ locality1 ,i h includ$ x 9 ! granul> lime/one1 :i* occurs 9 a small isolat$ ridge 9 ! gneiss )9 a space ( t5 acres1 ab\t two miles nor? ( ! railroad /ation ( ,montville1 on ! ,boonton ,bran* ( ! ,delaw>e1 ,lackawanna1 & ,we/]n ,railroad1 & is rea*$ by a road runn+ nor? f ab\t a mile ea/ ( ! railroad /ation4 ,?is road bran*es into two at ! lime/one kilns1 ab\t a mile f ! railroad track1 & ! left h& bran* is tak51 :i* leads m directly to ! qu>ry1 :i* is on ! "r h&1 ab\t a mile fur!r on1 & q conspicu\s by ! loose rock ly+ 9 front ( ! qu>ry4 ,x is on ! prop]ty ( a ,mr4 ,john ,j4 ,gordon1 & produces a v f9e lime/one = use 9 ! furnaces & =ges 9 ! vic9ity1 z well z lime = agricultural purposes1 x be+ ! only lime/one 9 ! vic9ity = fifte5 miles4 ,betwe5 x & its walk ( gneiss occur ve9s ( ! m9]als s *>act]i/ic ( ! locality1 & = :i* x has become fam\s--s]p5t9e1 asbe/os1 phlozopite1 gurh(ite pyrites1 biotite1 aragonite1 dolomite1 tremolite1 & possibly o!rs 9 less] quantity4 ,s]p5t9e4--,all ! v>ieties ( ?is species1 & ( e color f ne>ly :ite to black1 is pr(usely di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! lime/one 9 ! l[] or ma9 qu>ry 9 ve9s & pockets4 ,x is g5]ally s(t1 transluc5t1 & to be f\nd 9 masses f a pea to a cubic foot 9 size4 ,mu* ( x is ( a pure oil gre5 color1 ri* & transluc5t1 mak+ a v f9e & attractive look+ m9]al specim54 ,no difficulty ne$ be exp]i5c$ 9 produc+ all ! v>ieties ( ?is m9]al1 z mu* has be5 remov$ & may be f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ! qu>ry1 z x is always c>efully sep>at$ f ! lime/one z be+ useless1 & ?r[n aside1 or 9 "s in/ances1 :5 ( peculi> beauty1 sold z specim5s4 ,! v>iety ( s]p5t9e kn[n z m>molite1 :i* is made up ( numb]less plates ( ! m9]al pack$ toge!r simil> to mica1 b ( ! gre5 color ( ! s]p5t9e picolite1 or fibr\s s]p5t9e1 also frequ5tly occurs ( a light grass gre5 color1 & is a v int]e/+ v>iety4 ,9 select+ specim5s ( s]p5t9e1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to procure t :i* is ! mo/ transluc5t1 & t hold+ m9iature ve9s ( asbe/os4 ,^! are n s pl5tiful z ^? ( ! pure s]p5t9e alone1 b occur 9 ! s\!rn end ( ! ma9 qu>ry4 ,! wid? ( ^! ve9s ( asbe/os is seldom ov] an in*1 b ^? ( ev5 mu* less are highly priz$ z specim5s4 ,^! ve9s ( asbe/os are1 9 places1 sev]al in*es 9 l5g?1 b are g5]ally mu* brok5 9 remov+ !m1 z _! fibr\s /ructure1 at "r angles to _! l5g?1 makes !m v fragile1 & pure specim5s ( asbe/os c seldom be f\nd4 ,h[ev]1 !y make mu* f9] specim5s :5 ) ! s]p5t9e4 ,frequ5tly ^! specim5s may be obta9$ ) a lay] ( gurh(ite above !m1 & sep>at$ by ! s]p5t9e2 ?is assortm5t is v int]e/+1 reveal+ to u ! mann] 9 :i* !y 7 =m$1 :i* 0 by a process t]m$ segregation4 ,?is gurh(ite1 call$ bone by ! qu>rym51 occurs 9 :ite1 d5se look+ masses1 int]m+l$ ) ! s]p5t9e1 especially 9 ! upp] end ( ! qu>ry1 :]e ve9s six & eight in*es 9 ?ickness are abundant1 & f :i* specim5s may be readily obta9$ %[+ ! fibr\s /ructure ( ! gurh(ite & ! association ) ! s]p5t9e1 to :i* x is f\nd atta*$2 x is q diff]5t f ! lime/one 9 appe>ance1 & ne$ n be mi/ak5 = x4 ,phlozopite4--,9 a ve9 ne> ! l[] end ( ! qu>ry1 ne> ! asbe/os locality1 occurs l>ge plates ( ?is m9]al1 :i* is a v>iety ( mica1 & has all ( ! *>act]i/ics ( a pure silv]y :ite color1 & f "o by ?ree in*es 9 area to less4 ,x is easily sep>able 9 folia1 & _c be conf\nd$ ) any ( ! o!r m9]als4 ,a huge mass ( ! ve9/one hold+ abundance ( ?is m9]al is expos$1 :5ce x may be pl5tifully obta9$ 9 excell5t cry/als4 ,pyrites4--,:ite & yell[ iron pyrites are abundant 9 ! gneissic rock adjo9+ ! lime/one1 & frequ5tly v f9e1 p]fect cry/als may be f\nd h&somely dress$ ^u ! rock4 ,!re is no p>ticul> portion ( ! qu>ries 9 :i* !y ab\nd4 ,biotite4--,?is is a v>iety ( mica 9 small cry/als1 ( a d>k br[n color1 & q pl5tiful 9 ! gneiss inclos+ ! ve9s ( lime/one4 ,up 9 ! old] qu>ries x is m abundant2 on ! nor? wall ( ! ve9 x is (t5 9 v f9e specim5s1 & !re ev5 9 l>ge numb]1 9 a locality1 g5]ally a pocket 9 ! gneiss4 ,tremolite is q abundant on a l>ge mass ( lime/one 9 ! extreme upp] qu>ry1 :i* is a %ort di/ance ea/ ( ! ma9 "o1 ov] a small hill4 ,! tremolite occurs 9 :ite cry/als1 ab\t a qu>t] in* 9 wid? & f a half to ?ree in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! cry/als are opaque1 b v smoo? & gli/5+1 l9+ cavities 9 ?is mass ( lime/one4 ,x is a v>iety ( hornbl5de1 compos$ ( silica1 lime1 & magnesia1 ) a little alum9a4 ,x probably occurs 9 places 9 ! vic9ity ( ?is block1 & 9 f9] specim5s1 z ^! are frequ5tly1 :5 ne> ! surface1 mu* wea!r$ & worn4 ,?is is a *>act]i/ic granul> lime/one m9]al1 & a v int]e/+ "o4 ,we w aga9 meet x :5 exam9+ ! ,new ,york city localities4 ,aragonite occurs 9 v small masses1 ( a light yell[ color & fibr\s /ructure1 betwe5 lay]s ( s]p5t9e4 ,:5 !y are sep>at$ by a small int]space1 z x frequ5tly is1 ! fib]s are v l>ge1 co>se1 & brittle1 & ?us d n resemble asbe/os1 al?\gh 9 "s in/ances !y might be mi/ak5 = picolite1 b1 di/+ui%$ f x by eff]vesc+ on contact ) a drop ( acid1 z x is a c>bonate ( lime1 & also conta9+ a trace ( iron4 ,i h nev] se5 any f9e specim5s ( x f ?is locality1 b deep] d[n 9 ! rock x may occur 9 great] pr(usion4 ,dolomite occurs to a limit$ ext5t z su*2 mo/ ( x1 be+ 9 ! =m ( gurh(ite cry/als1 may be occasionally f\nd ) aragonite ( a light pe>ly gray color & rhomboh$ral cry/als4 ,z be=e notic$1 ,/at5 ,isl& is ! be/ locality = ?is species4 ,calcite4--,9 places ! lime/one is p]fectly cry/alliz$1 & ( a pure :ite or o!r color1 :5 x =ms an attractive m9]al1 & (t5 wor? remov+4 ,! lime/one ( ! ma9 qu>ry1 c>efully av]ag$1 0 f\nd to h ! foll[+ *emical composition4 ,lime4 #aa4ji ,magnesia4 #cg4id ,c>bonic acid4 #cj4fa ,silica4 #aj4bb ,wat] & loss4 #d4ij ,iron & alum9a4 #e4bd ------ #ajj4jj ,9 places x is spott$ ) ! s]p5t9e1 & judg+ f its r\gh /ate resembles v]de antique1 & at t ( a beautiful color2 samples ( ?is %\ld be obta9$4 ,feldsp>4--,?is m9]al occurs v pl5tfully 9 ! space betwe5 ! lime/ones & gneiss4 ,x is g5]ally ( a fle% r$ color & (t5 9 v p]fect cry/als1 9 "s in/ances an in* & a half 9 l5g?2 z its h>dness is #f1 x c be readily di/+ui%$ f calcite1 :i* x mu* resembles1 b :i* has only a h>dness ( #c1 & dissolves ) eff]vesc5ce 9 acids4 ,a visit to ?is locality is a delightful mann] 9 :i* to sp5d a holiday or o!r "t ( leisure2 & z x af=ds s _m int]e/+ & valuable m9]als1 x =ms a v pr(itable trip z well4 ,9 rea*+ x _m int]e/+ localities are pass$1 & if "o has an e>ly />t ^! may all be visit$4 ,i w describe a few ( ^!1 :i* are alike possessors ( beautiful sc5]y & in/ruct+ geological features & n f> f ! ma9 l9e ( travel4 ,/>t+ f ! ,erie depot1 on ! ,gre5wood ,lake road1 ! fir/ /op may be at ,arl+ton1 ab\t sev5 miles we/ ( ,j]sey ,city4 ,"h a visit to ! ,s*uyl] copp] m9e may be pr(itably tak52 & z ,i h writt5 a full acc\nt ( ?is locality 9 a previ\s portion ( ^! articles1#a ,i w n reit]ate x "h1 b ref] to t pap]4 ,! m9e1 ,i might add1 is only a mile nor? ( ! railroad /ation1 & on ,s*uyl] ,av5ue1 a %ort di/ance nor? f its junction ) ! ,j]sey ,city & ,pat]son turnpike4 ,com+ back to ,arl+ton depot1 & walk+ on ! track = ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile we/ ?r\gh ! deep cut1 ! mann] 9 :i* ! s&/ones & %ales :i* con/itute s l>ge a portion ( ,new ,j]sey are laid & arrang$ c be se5 to great advantage1 ?is be+ "o ( ! f9e/ exposures 9 ! =mation4 ,at a po9t ab\t equidi/ant f ei!r end is a fault 9 ! lay]s ( %ales & s&/one2 ?is fault is noticeable z a slight irregul>ity 9 ! o!rwise cont9u\s sides ( ! cut1 & is a po9t at :i* ! lay]s ( rock on ! ea/ h fall5 v]tically1 ! we/]n side rema9+ 9 its orig9al position4 ,?is fault has a ?ru/ ( only ?ree feet1 b is an in/ructive example ( faults :i* occur on a trem5d\s scale 9 "s ( ! o!r =mations4 ,x w be notic$ t betwe5 ! two edges ( ! sep>at$ lay]s !re is a deposit ( a talcky sub/ance1 :i* has be5 d]iv$ f infiltrat+ wat]s4 ,fissure ve9s are g5]ally 9 positions ( ?is k9d1 =m$ & fill$ 9 a simil> mann]1 b ) ! v>i\s metallic ores4 ,pass+ fur!r we/ a %ort di/ance we rea* ! ,passaic ,riv]1 & walk along its banks = a mile nor? to ! ,belleville bridge2 at ?is po9t is ! intake ( ! ,j]sey ,city wat] works1 ) _! huge ,wor?+ton pumps & o!r accessories1 :i* may be conv5i5tly visit$4 ,! ,passaic ,riv] is !n cross$1 & ! tra9 on ! ,new>k & ,pat]son road may be tak5 = ?ree miles to ,avondale1 f :5ce x is two miles ea/ to ! ,belleville s&/one qu>ries1 or ! bank ( ! ,passaic may be foll[$ & ! qu>ries rea*$ 9 an h\r f ,belleville4 ,"h aga9 are met ! s&/ones & %ales1 besides ano!r & l>g] fault1 & _m int]e/+ features ( ! s&/one & its qu>ry+ may be exam9$4 ,! railroad /ation hav+ be5 rega9$1 ,pat]son is ! next po9t ( int]e/4 ,! fir/ ?+ noticeable 9 approa*+ ! city are ! qu>ries 9 ! side ( ! hills to ! s\?1 & ^! may be visit$ ! fir/2 !y are b a %ort di/ance s\!a/ ( ! /ation4 ,"h ! s&/one w be f\nd 9 contact ) ! trap above & ! lay]s ( basalt1 trap1 tufa1 s&/one1 %ales & conglom]ates are expos$4 ,rega9+ ! ne>e/ railroad track 7! ,boonton bran* ( ! ,d41 ,l4 ,w4,r4,r471 ?is is foll[$ = "s di/ance we/1 :5 ! v>i\s /rata c be exam9$ 9 ! cut ( ! railroad & a fault ( ne>ly sixty feet 9 ! trap2 ?is is notic$ z a depression 9 ! face ( ! cliff1 & x may be se5 by ! sup]position ( ! lay]s ( trap & basalt4 ,:]e ! fault occurs a %ort di/ance fur!r we/1 !re is ano!r small] fault4 ,a visit to ! ,great ,falls ( ! ,passaic is a v pleasurable div]sion at ?is po9t1 & ^! are ab\t a half mile nor? ( ?is locality4 ,"h ! arrangem5t ( ! trap & s&/ones c be aga9 pr(itably /udi$1 & ! m9]alogical localities :i* ,i h describ$ 9 a =m] "o ( ^! articles#b exam9$1 n omitt+ ! "o at ,we/ ,pat]son1 :]e9 s mu* phr5ite may be f\nd4 ,tak+ ! tra9 f ,we/ ,pat]son to ,little ,falls1 a walk ( a few miles s\? br+s u to ! ,little ,falls1 & "h is ano!r int]e/+ locality :]e9 ! contact ( ! s&/one & trap may be exam9$ & ! num]\s additional ph5om5a /udi$4 ,a qu>ry ne> ! ,falls is ! be/ po9t 9 :i* to f9d ^! exposures1 & f ! viaduct cross+ ! riv] an excell5t view ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry may be obta9$4 ,rega9+ ! tra91 ,montville is soon rea*$ & visit$1 & aft] ?is1 if "t suffici5t ,boonville1 two miles we/1 may be tak5 91 or x may be necess>y to g !re to cat* a return tra91 z b few /op at ,montville4 ,at ,boonton !re are _m int]e/+ features--iron works furnaces1 localities 9 :i* fossil rema9s are f\nd1 footpr9ts1 conglom]itic b$s1 & _m o!r ?+s1 ( :i* ,i w endeavor to give a detail$ acc\nt 9 "s o!r ( ?is s]ies ( articles4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #cfc4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #cfc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,discov]y ,,( ,,anci5t ,,*ur* ,,9 ,,j]usalem4 ,an acc\nt ( ! newly discov]$ *ur*1 nor? ( ! ,damascus ,gate1 ,j]usalem1 appe>s 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,/atem5t ( ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,! au?or is ,dr4 ,selah ,m]rill4 ,! ru9 has prov$ to be "o ( great ext5t1 & ( special int]e/4 ,! way 9 :i* x 0 br\ght to light is wor? record+4 ,9 an unev5 field1 :i* rose consid]ably above ! l& ab\t x1 p>ts ( :i* appe>+1 inde$1 l little hillocks1 ! own] ( ! soil tri$ to ma9ta9 a vegetable g>d51 b ! gr\nd 0 s dry t nei!r gra9 nor vegetables w\ld fl\ri%1 & ev5 irrigation did little or no good2 besides1 "h & !re l>ge holes appe>$ 9 ! gr\nd :i* c\ld n be acc\nt$ =4 ,at la/ ! own] det]m9$ to dig & see :at !re 0 bel[ ! surface ( 8 field1 & to 8 surprise he v soon came ^u f9e walls & a pavem5t4 ,! excavations be+ foll[$ up h laid b>e a *ur* ) "s ( ! surr\nd+ build+s4 ,! am\nt ( dbris :i* _h accumulat$ above ! floor ( ^! build+s 0 #aj to #bj feet 9 dep?4 ,to remove ?is mass ( e>? has requir$ mu* "t & labor1 & ! "w is n yet complet$4 ,! piece ( gr\nd 9 "q has ab\t #fj y>ds ( frontage on ! ma9 road1 & ext5ds1 s f> z ! excavations g1 ab\t ! same di/ance back f ! road1 t is1 to ! ea/4 ,! *ur* itself is situat$ on ! s\? side ( ?is plot1 & is v ne> ! /reet4 ,! gr\nd 9 front ( ! *ur* is pav$ ) f9e slabs ( /one4 ,! /eps by :i* ! *ur* 0 ent]$ 7 #e feet wide1 b ! doorway itself 0 some:at wid]4 ,f ! entrance to ! alt> /ep1 or plat=m1 ! di/ance is #ee feet1 & f t po9t to ! back ( ! apse #ae feet #f in*es2 ! wid? ( ! apse is #af feet #f in*es4 ,! wid? ( ! *ur* is #bd feet #f in*es4 ,n9e feet 9 front ( ! alt> /ep a wall has be5 ?r[n across ! *ur* 9 a mann] simil> to t 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,nativity at ,be?lehem4 ,?is wall1 also ^? ( ! *ur*1 ( :i* sev]al c\rses rema91 & ! int]ior ( ! apse1 %[ t ! build+ 0 orig9ally pa9t$1 & "s ( ! figures & designs c /ill be trac$4 ,at ! s\!a/ corn] ( ! *ur*1 lead+ f ! apse1 !re is a n>r[ b well built passageway to ! build+s 9 ! re>4 ,! "* ( ^! build+s is n v evid5t2 c]ta9ly !y did n /& on a l9e ) ! *ur*1 b at an angle ( #be ) t l9e4 ,betwe5 ! *ur* & :at appe>s n[ to h be5 ! ma9 build+ 9 ! re>1 !re 0 a passage n ov] #c feet wide4 ,! ma9 build+ 9 ! re> ( ! *ur* is #dg feet #f in*es long1 b to ?is mu/ be add$ #bj feet m ( a special room1 :i* seems to h belong$ to x1 & :i* _h a beautiful mosaic pavem5t4 ,?us ! extreme l5g? f ! entrance ( ! *ur* to ! 7pres5t7 ea/ side ( ?is mosaic floor is #adj feet4 ,on ! we/ side ( ?is mosaic floor1 :]e x jo9s ! wall ( ! ma9 build+1 !re is a ?re%old ( a s+le /one1 #i feet #f in*es long1 ) a /ep #f feet #i in*es 9 ! cle>4 ,?is is consid]ably wid]1 x w be se51 ?an ! /eps1 & ev5 ! entrance ( ! *ur*4 ,sev]al pat*es ( mosaic pavem5t h be5 f\nd1 b 9 "o place two or ?ree squ>e y>ds h be5 pres]v$1 en\gh to %[ t ! "w 0 extremely beautiful4 ,! color$ trac+s resemble ^? 9 ! *ur* on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 & on "o side are ! l>ge ,greek lett]s ,!taepsilonomicronnu4 ,nor? ( ?is mosaic floor1 & ( ! ma9 build+ :i* jo9s x1 & runn+ alongside ( bo?1 !re is a wat]c\rse or *annel cut 9 ! solid rock1 :i* has be5 level$ to accommodate ! build+s above4 ,?is c be trac$ 9 an ea/ & we/ l9e = a di/ance ( #cg feet2 x is #b feet #c in*es deep1 #bj in*es wide at ! top & #ab at ! bottom4 ,f ab\t ! middle ( ! mosaic floor ?is *annel turns a "r angle & runs #bj feet or m to ! nor?2 x is possible t x l$ f ! nor?1 & at ! po9t indicat$ turn$ a "r angle & ran to ! we/4 ,piles ( /ones & debris prev5t u at pres5t f decid+ z to ! l5g? ( ! *annel or :]e x comes f4 ,9 ! bank ( debris1 :i* rises on ! ea/ side ( ! mosaic floor to a height ( #bj feet1 !re is1 ab\t #f feet above ! floor1 a wat]c\rse =m$ ( cem5t1 runn+ nor? & s\? at "r angles to ! l9e ( ! *ur* & ! o!r build+s1 :i* mu/ h belong$ to a mu* lat] p]iod4 ,9 fact--& ?is is an int]e/+ circum/ance--! mosaic pavem5t appe>s to ext5d "u & beyond ?is canal & ! mass ( debris :i* is yet to be remov$4 ,9 ! nor?we/ corn] ( ! room1 :]e ! mosaic floor is f\nd1 v ne> ! angle 7already m5tion$7 ( ! rock-cut *annel1 !re is a tomb ab\t #f feet bel[ ! surface or level ( ! floor4 ,! tomb is #aj feet long & #i feet wide1 & is ent]$ by a doorway #bf in*es wide1 :i* is well built1 & 9 ! sides ( :i* are grooves = a door to slide up & d[n4 ,on ! wall ( ! tomb at ! ea/ end !re is a rais$ ,greek cross1 #bb in*es long & #ac in*es wide4 ,"o _c /& erect 9 its highe/ "p1 b x is to be consid]$ t ! loculi are two-?irds full ( debris1 compos$ *iefly ( decay$ bones & bits ( glass4 ,^? 9 *>ge ( ! excavations h n1 up to ! pres5t "t1 all[$ ! tombs to be cle>$ out4 ,! loculi are #b feet 9 dep?4 ,:at ,capta9 ,cond] speaks ( z vaults nor? ( ! *ur*1 turn out to be ! tops ( h\ses4 ,!y are f\r 9 numb]1 ea* #ge feet long by #bh feet wide1 & fac$ ! /reet4 ,!y 7 divid$ 7"o or two ( !m at lea/7 into ap>tm5ts by means ( ar*es4 ,! l[] c\rses ( ! walls1 to ! height ( sev]al feet1 are ( squ>$ /ones1 :ile ! upp] portions & ! ro(s are ( rubble "w1 :i* 0 cov]$ ) a heavy coat+ ( pla/]4 ,! ?re%old ( "o has be5 expos$1 :i* is #f feet 9 ! cle>1 & ! sides ( ! doorway %[ excell5t "w4 ,among ! ru9s !re are two sections ( m>ble columns1 ea* #cc in*es 9 diamet]4 ,?ree l>ge ci/]ns h be5 f\nd1 two ( :i* 7 ne>ly full ( wat]2 ! m\?s ( ^!1 :i* 7 clos$1 7 _m feet bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd be=e ! excavations began1 h5ce no "o kn[s h[ old ! wat] 9 !m may be4 ,"s ( ! slabs ) :i* ! *ur* 0 pav$ 7 #f feet long by #b feet wide4 ,9 ! *ur* two pieces ( cornice 7 f\nd1 ea* #h feet 9 l5g?4 ,"o is entire & q pla91 :ile ! o!r is brok5 9 ! middle4 ,x is ^u ?is t ! figures ( ,*ri/ & 8 twelve apo/les 7 pa9t$4 ,!y c /ill be trac$1 al?\gh exposure has ne>ly oblit]at$ ! colors4 ,pott]y & a consid]able quantity ( brok5 glass h be5 f\nd & "s small articles 9 m>ble ( no great value4 ,! top ( a c]ta9 block ( m>ble has be5 =m$ into a bas91 & a hole drill$ ! entire l5g? ( ! block = ! wat] to run (f4 ,s\? ( ! mosaic floor & ( ! ea/ end ( ! ma9 build+ !re is a l>ge und]gr\nd *amb] ) sev5 op5+s 7ea* ! size ( a man's body7 to ! surface4 ,! *amb] is #ab feet wide & ne>ly #bj feet long1 b ! dep? is n yet asc]ta9$1 ow+ to ! accumulation ( debris on ! bottom4 ,on ! we/ & nor? sides a wall ( solid rock appe>s to a dep? ( #f feet1 %[+ t ! *amb] 0 excavat$ 9 "p at lea/ 9 ! solid rock4 ,! use ( ?is *amb] does n appe> evid5t1 unless x may h be5 a /ore room4 ,! place )9 ! city %[n z ,pet]'s ,prison consi/s ( a simil> *amb] 7n dug 9 ! solid rock1 h[ev]71 ) simil> op5+s 9 ! ceil+ or ro(4 ,! ru9s ext5d und]gr\nd "s di/ance to ! ea/ ( ! mosaic floor1 & ef=ts are be+ made to pur*ase ! l& 9 t direction1 9 ord] to all[ ( ! excavations be+ ext5d$ !re4 ,x is almo/ equally c]ta9 t ! build+s ext5d$ to ! s\? & s\!a/ ( ! pres5t plat ( gr\nd4 ,b ! own]s ( ! l& are jeal\s1 & ev]ybody is sup]/iti\s2 consequ5tly1 excavations mu/ be ab&on$1 or move ) aggravat+ sl[ness4 ,dr4 ,selah ,m]rill1 9 a note describ+ a late visit1 says t ! we/ wall ( :at he call$ ! ma9 build+1 t[>d ! apse ( ! *ur*1 has be5 remov$ & ! floor cle>$1 expos+ a f9e pavem5t4 ,?is pavem5t1 ! ?re%old be=e m5tion$1 & ! mosaic floor all belong to "o p]iod1 & to a /ructure v mu* old] ?an ! date ( ! ma9 build+4 ,x puzzl$ ! doctor1 because ! ?re%old we/ ( ! mosaic floor 0 n squ>e ) ! ea/ wall ( ! ma9 build+s1 b ! reason is n[ cle>4 ,capta9 ,cond] says ( ?is *ur* ) su* ( ! ru9s ab\t x z 7 expos$ :5 he 0 !re1 t ! :ole is evid5tly ( ! ,crusad+ p]iod4 ,z reg>ds ! *ur* itself1 ?is is n cle>1 & ! mosaic floor especially may belong to a "t _m c5turies previ\s to t era4 ,at ! s\? side ( ! floor ( ! ma9 build+ a new m\? to ! l>ge/ ci/]n has be5 discov]$2 ov] ! m\? !re is a ?ick /one #e feet 9 diamet]4 ,?is 0 eight sid$1 & 0 built aga9/ ! wall1 s t five sides are expos$4 ,! /one 0 cut 9 su* a way z to leave on two ( its sides small brackets %ap$ l ! two halves ( ! ut5sil call$ a tunnel4 ,x may be ( int]e/ to /ate t ?is piece ( l& 0 (f]$ = sale a few ye>s s9ce1 & = a long "t w5t a begg+ = a pur*as]2 at la/ x 0 sold = #dj ,napoleons4 ,dur+ ! pres5t ye> x has pass$ into ! h&s ( ! ,fr5* = #b1jjj ,napoleons4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,damm>a ,,au/ralis ,"o ( ! noble/ ev]gre5 trees 9 t noble/ ( collections ( su* plants conta9$ 9 ! ,temp]ate ,h\se at ,kew1 is ! subject ( ! pres5t note4 ,"s mon?s s9ce cones 7 obs]v$ to be =m+ on ?is tree1 & a repres5tation ( :i* we are n[ enabl$1 ?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ,mrs4 ,dy]1 to lay be=e our read]s4 ,we are n aw>e :e!r ! tree has previ\sly produc$ cones at ,kew1 ?\gh we h ! impression t su* is ! case2 at any rate x has done s else:]e1 z record$ 9 ! ,flore des ,s]res1 #ahef1 p4 #ge1 b f]tile se$ 0 n yield$1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( poll54 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! tree is only valuable = its massive aspect & ri*ly color$ ?ick ev]gre5 leaves1 borne on successive ti]s ( bran*es1 :i* r5d] x specially suitable = ! decoration ( w9t] g>d5s1 corridors1 & su* l situations1 :]e no great am\nt ( heat is requir$4 ,9 ! nor!rn isl& ( ,new ,zeal&1 h[ev]1 x is q ano!r matt]1 = !re1 :]e x is kn[n z ! ,kauri ,p9e1 x furni%es ! mo/ valuable ( timb]s1 z may be judg$ f ! fact t ! trunk ( ! tree atta9s a height ( f #ej to #ajj feet cle> ( ! bran*es2 moreov]1 x yields a gum res9 l copal1 :i* exudes f ! trunk1 & :i* is sometimes f\nd bel[ gr\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ! trees1 ?us giv+ ! clew to ! real nature ( amb] & o!r simil> sub/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,kauri ,,p9e4--,,damm>a ,,au/ralis4 ,! timb] is ( sl[ gr[?1 especially valuable = ! con/ruction ( ma/s ( %ips1 its durability1 /r5g?1 & ela/icity r5d]+ x p>ticul>ly suitable = ?is purpose1 & ,laslett speaks ( x z "o ( ! be/ woods = work+ t ! c>p5t] c take 9 h&1 & recomm5ds its use = ! decks ( ya*ts1 = cab9 panels1 = jo9]'s "w g5]ally1 or = ornam5tal purposes4 ,ow+ to ! difficulty & exp5se ( work+ ! =e/s1 & ! great di/ance1 comp>atively little ( x comes to ?is c\ntry4--,! ,london ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h[ ,,to ,,successfully ,,transplant ,,trees4 ,_m ?9k x *eap] & bett] to take up l>ge trees f ! woods1 & transplant !m to _! gr\nds or to ! road-side1 ?an to buy nurs]y trees4 ,z a rule1 su* trees die2 !y fail because prop] precautions h n be5 tak54 ,9 digg+ up a tree1 all ! roots outside ( a circle a few feet 9 diamet] are cut (f1 & ! tree is reset ) its full head ( bran*es4 ,:oev] has se5 trees 9 ! =e/ t 7 upturn$ by a tornado1 mu/ h be5 /ruck by ! mann] 9 :i* ! roots run v ne> to ! surface1 & to a great di/ance4 ,:5 ! roots ( ^! trees are cut (f at two or ?ree feet f ! trunk1 few or no fibr\s or fe$+ roots are left2 & if ! mass ( tops is left1 ! expansion ( ! buds 9 ! spr+ w n be respond$ to by a supply ( sap f ! roots1 & dea? mu/ foll[4 ,if su* trees h ! tops completely remov$1 leav+ only a b>e pole1 !y w usually gr[ :5 transplant$4 ,! tree is little m ?an an imm5se cutt+2 b !re are roots en\gh left to meet ! dem& ( ! few %oots t />t f ! top1 & gr[? above & bel[ gr\nd is well balanc$4 ,we h se5 maples1 elms1 & basswood trees1 fifte5 feet or m high1 transplant$ 9 ?is mann]1 )\t failure4 ,"s trees treat$ 9 ?is mann] 7 plant$ 9 our neighborhood ab\t t5 ye>s ago4 ,!y h n[ z f9e heads z "o w\ld wi%1 & %[ no signs ( =m] r\gh treatm5t4 ,trees 9 pa/ures1 or on ! edge ( ! woods1 are bett] furni%$ ) roots4 ,^! %\ld be prep>$ = transplant+ by digg+ d[n to ! roots1 & cutt+ (f all t ext5d$ beyond ! desir$ di/ance4 ,?is w cause ! =mation ( fibr\s roots ne> ! tree4 ,x w be saf] to take two ye>s = ! op]ation1 cutt+ half ( ! roots ea* ye>4 ,su* trees may be remov$ 9 safety1 especially if a good %>e ( ! top is remov$ at transplant+--,am]ican ,agriculturi/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,catalogue1 conta9+ brief notices ( _m important sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is (fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,subscription1 #e ,a ,,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #bfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #ch ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! "n & resid5ce ( ! ,pat5tee4 ,by ! imm5se circulation ?us giv51 public att5tion is direct$ to ! m]its ( ! new pat5t1 & sales or introduction (t5 easily effect$4 ,any p]son :o has made a new discov]y or inv5tion c asc]ta91 free ( *>ge1 :e!r a pat5t c probably be obta9$1 by writ+ to ,,munn ,co4 ,we also s5d free our ,h& ,book ab\t ! ,pat5t ,laws1 ,pat5ts1 ,caveats4 ,trade ,m>ks1 _! co/s1 & h[ procur$4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #bfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,bran* ,(fice1 cor4 ,f & #g? ,/s41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4