,,books ,,on ,,egypt ,,& ,,*aldea ,,by ,e4 ,a4 ,,wallis ,,budge1 ,m4 ,a41 ,,litt ,d41 ,d4 ,,lit4 ,keep] ( ! ,egyptian & ,assyrian ,antiquities 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,,& ,l4 ,w4 ,,k+1 ,m4 ,a4 ,assi/ant 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,egyptian & ,assyrian ,antiquities 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,cr[n #hvo1 #c,s1 #f;d1 net ea* ,vol ,i--,,egyptian ,,religion4 ,egyptian ,ideas ( ! ,future ,life ,by ,e4 ,a4 ,,wallis ,,budge ,vol ,,ii--,,egyptian ,,magic4 ,by ,e4 ,a4 ,,wallis ,,budge ,vol4 ,,iii--,,egyptian ,,language4 ,easy ,lessons 9 ,egyptian ,hi]oglyphics ,by ,e4 ,a4 ,,wallis ,,budge ,vol ,,iv--,,babylonian ,,religion4 ,babylonian ,religion & ,my?ology4 ,by ,l4 ,w4 ,k+ ,vol ,v--,,assyrian ,,language4 ,easy ,lessons 9 ! ,cunei=m ,texts ,by ,l4 ,w4 ,,k+1 ,m4 ,a4 ,vols ,,vi1 ,,vii1 ,,viii--,,! ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,dead4 an ,engli% ,translation ( ! ,*apt]s1 ,hymns1 c41 ( ! ,!ban ,rec5sion ,) ,introduction1 ,notes1 & num]\s ,illu/rations ,by ,e4 ,a4 ,,wallis ,,budge1 ,litt4 ,d4 ,vols ,,ix-,,xvi--,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,egypt4 f ! end ( ! ,neoli?ic ,p]iod to ! ,dea? ( ,cleopatra ,,vii1 ,b4,c4 #cj ,by ,e4 ,a4 ,,wallis ,,budge1 ,litt4 ,d4 #h vols4 ,illu/rat$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,egyptian ,,ideas ,,( ,,! ,,future ,,life ,,publi%]s' ,,note4 ,9 ! ye> #ahid1 ,dr4 ,wallis ,budge prep>$ = ,messrs4 ,kegan ,paul1 ,tr5*1 ,trbn] ,co4 an elem5t>y "w on ! ,egyptian language1 entitl$ ,fir/ ,/eps 9 ,egyptian1 & two ye>s lat] ! companion volume1 ,an ,egyptian ,read+ ,book1 ) translit]ations ( all ! texts pr9t$ 9 x1 & a full vocabul>y4 ,! success ( ^! works prov$ t !y _h help$ to satisfy a want long felt by /ud5ts ( ! ,egyptian language1 & z a simil> want exi/$ among /ud5ts ( ! languages writt5 9 ! cunei=m "*1 ,mr4 ,l4,w4 ,k+1 ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 prep>$1 on ! same l9es z ! two books m5tion$ above1 an elem5t>y "w on ! ,assyrian & ,babylonian languages 7,fir/ ,/eps 9 ,assyrian71 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahih4 ,^! works1 h[ev]1 dealt ma9ly ) ! philological bran* ( ,egyptology & ,assyriology1 & x 0 impossible 9 ! space all[$ to expla9 mu* t ne$$ explanation 9 ! o!r bran*es ( ^? subjects--t is to say1 matt]s relat+ to ! ar*aeology1 hi/ory1 religion1 etc41 ( ! ,egyptians1 ,assyrians1 & ,babylonians4 ,9 answ] to ! num]\s reque/s :i* h be5 made1 a s]ies ( %ort1 popul> h&books on ! mo/ important bran*es ( ,egyptology & ,assyriology h be5 prep>$1 & x is hop$ t ^! w s]ve z introductions to ! l>g] works on ^! subjects4 ,! pres5t is ! fir/ volume ( ! s]ies1 & ! succe$+ volumes w be publi%$ at %ort int]vals1 & at mod]ate prices4 ,,egyptian ,,ideas ,,( ,,! ,,future ,,life ,,by ,e4,a4 ,,wallis ,,budge1 ,m4 ,a41 ,,litt4 ,d41 ,d4 ,,lit4 ,,keep] ,( ,,! ,,egyptian ,,& ,,assyrian ,,antiquities ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,museum ,,) ,,eight ,,illu/rations ,,?ird ,,edition #aijh ,to ,,sir ,,john ,,evans1 ,k4 ,c4 ,b41 ,d4 ,c4 ,l41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 ,,etc41 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,,9 ,,grateful ,,remembrance ,,( ,,mu* ,,fri5dly ,,help ,,& ,,enc\ragem5t ,,preface4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ pages are int5d$ to place be=e ! read] 9 a h&y =m an acc\nt ( ! pr9cipal ideas & beliefs held by ! anci5t ,egyptians conc]n+ ! resurrection & ! future life1 :i* is d]iv$ :olly f native religi\s works4 ,! lit]ature ( ,egypt :i* deals ) ^! subjects is l>ge &1 z 0 to be expect$1 ! product ( diff]5t p]iods :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 cov] sev]al ?\s&s ( ye>s2 & x is exce$+ly difficult at times to reconcile ! /atem5ts & beliefs ( a writ] ( "o p]iod ) ^? ( a writ] ( ano!r4 ,up to ! pres5t no sy/ematic acc\nt ( ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection & ( ! future life has be5 discov]$1 & !re is no reason = hop+ t su* a ?+ w ev] be f\nd1 = ! ,egyptians d n appe> to h ?\ght t x 0 necess>y to write a "w ( ! k9d4 ,! inh]5t difficulty ( ! subject1 & ! natural impossibility t diff]5t m5 liv+ 9 diff]5t places & at diff]5t times %\ld ?9k alike on matt]s :i* mu/1 aft] all1 belong always to ! region ( fai?1 r5d] x m ?an probable t no college ( prie/s1 h[ev] p[]ful1 0 able to =mulate a sy/em ( beliefs :i* w\ld be receiv$ ?r\gh\t ,egypt by ! cl]gy & ! laity alike1 & w\ld be copi$ by ! scribes z a f9al & au?oritative "w on ,egyptian es*atology4 ,besides ?is1 ! g5ius & /ructure ( ! ,egyptian language are su* z to preclude ! possibility ( compos+ 9 x works ( a philosophical or metaphysical "* 9 ! true s5se ( ! words4 ,9 spite ( ^! difficulties1 h[ev]1 x is possible to collect a great deal ( important in=mation on ! subject f ! fun]eal & religi\s works :i* h come d[n to u1 especially conc]n+ ! great c5tral idea ( immortality1 :i* exi/$ un*ang$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & =m$ ! pivot ^u :i* ! religi\s & social life ( ! anci5t ,egyptians actually turn$4 ,f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( 8 life ! ,egyptian's *ief ?\ght 0 ( ! life beyond ! grave1 & ! hew+ ( 8 tomb 9 ! rock1 & ! provid+ ( its furniture1 e detail ( :i* 0 prescrib$ by ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry1 absorb$ ! be/ ?\ghts ( 8 m9d & a l>ge %>e ( 8 worldly goods1 & kept him ev] m9dful ( ! "t :5 8 mummifi$ body w\ld be borne to 8 ev]la/+ h\se 9 ! lime/one plateau or hill4 ,! *ief s\rce ( our in=mation conc]n+ ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection & ( ! future life z held by ! ,egyptians is1 ( c\rse1 ! great collection ( religi\s texts g5]ally kn[n by ! "n ( ,book ( ! ,dead4 ,! v>i\s rec5sions ( ^! wond]ful compositions cov] a p]iod ( m ?an five ?\s& ye>s1 & !y reflect fai?fully n only ! sublime beliefs1 & ! high ideals1 & ! noble aspirations ( ! educat$ ,egyptians1 b also ! v>i\s sup]/itions & *ildi% rev]5ce = amulets1 & magical rites1 & *>ms1 :i* !y probably inh]it$ f _! pre-dyna/ic ance/ors1 & reg>d$ z ess5tials = _! salvation4 ,x mu/ be di/9ctly und]/ood t _m passages & allusions 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead /ill rema9 obscure1 & t 9 "s places any translator w be at a difficulty 9 attempt+ to r5d] c]ta91 important words into any mod]n ,european language4 ,b x is absurd to talk ( almo/ ! :ole text ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead z be+ utt]ly corrupt1 = royal p]sonages1 & prie/s1 & scribes1 to say no?+ ( ! ord9>y educat$ folk1 w\ld n h caus$ co/ly copies ( a v l5g?y "w to be multipli$1 & illu/rat$ by arti/s possess+ ! highe/ skill1 unless x _h "s mean+ to !m1 & 0 necess>y = ! atta9m5t by !m ( ! life :i* is beyond ! grave4 ,! f9ds ( rec5t ye>s 9 ,egypt h result$ 9 ! recov]y ( valuable texts :]eby num]\s difficulties h be5 cle>$ away2 & we mu/ hope t ! faults made 9 translat+ to-day may be correct$ by ! discov]ies ( to-morr[4 ,9 spite ( all difficulties1 bo? textual & grammatical1 suffici5t is n[ kn[n ( ! ,egyptian religion to prove1 ) c]ta9ty1 t ! ,egyptians possess$1 "s six ?\s& ye>s ago1 a religion & a sy/em ( morality :i*1 :5 /ripp$ ( all corrupt accretions1 /& second to none among ^? :i* h be5 develop$ by ! greate/ nations ( ! _w4 ,e4 ,a4 ,,wallis ,,budge4 ,,london1 ,augu/ #ba/1 #ahii4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,,god ,,almighty ,,ii4 ,,osiris ,,! ,,god ,,( ,,! ,,resurrection ,,iii4 ,,! ,,gods ,,( ,,! ,,egyptians ,,iv4 ,,! ,,judgm5t ,,( ,,! ,,dead ,v4 ,,! ,,resurrection ,,& ,,immortality ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,creation ,,ii4 ,,isis ,,suckl+ ,,horus ,,9 ,,! ,,papyrus ,,swamp ,,iii4 ,,! ,,s\l ,,( ,,osiris ,,& ,,! ,,s\l ,,( ,r,a ,,meet+ ,,9 ,,tattu4 ,r,a1 ,,9 ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,a ,,cat1 ,,cutt+ ,,(f ,,! ,,head ,,( ,,! ,,s]p5t ,,( ,,d>kness ,,iv4 ,,! ,,judgm5t ,,( ,,! ,,dead ,,9 ,,! ,,hall ,,( ,,ma,a,,ti ,v4 ,,! ,,deceas$ ,,be+ ,,l$ ,,into ,,! ,,pres5ce ,,( ,,osiris ,,vi4 ,,! ,,sekhet-,,a>u ,,or ,,elysian ,,fields-- 7#a7 ,,f ,,! ,,papyrus ,,( ,,nebs5i 7#b7 ,,f ,,! ,,papyrus ,,( ,,ani 7#c7 ,,f ,,! ,,papyrus ,,( ,,anilai ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,,god ,,almighty4 ,a /udy ( anci5t ,egyptian religi\s texts w conv9ce ! read] t ! ,egyptians believ$ 9 ,"o ,god1 :o 0 self-exi/5t1 immortal1 invisible1 et]nal1 omnisci5t1 almighty1 & inscrutable2 ! mak] ( ! heav5s1 e>?1 & und]world2 ! creator ( ! sky & ! sea1 m5 & wom51 animals & birds1 fi% & creep+ ?+s1 trees & plants1 & ! incorporeal be+s :o 7 ! mess5g]s t fulfill$ 8 wi% & ^w4 ,x is necess>y to place ?is def9ition ( ! fir/ "p ( ! belief ( ! ,egyptian at ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ?is brief acc\nt ( ! pr9cipal religi\s ideas :i* he held1 = ! :ole ( 8 !ology & religion 0 bas$ ^u x2 & x is also necess>y to add t1 h[ev] f> back we foll[ 8 lit]ature1 we nev] seem to approa* a "t :5 he 0 )\t ?is rem>kable belief4 ,x is true t he also develop$ poly!i/ic ideas & beliefs1 & t he cultivat$ !m at c]ta9 p]iods ( 8 hi/ory ) dilig5ce1 & to su* a degree t ! nations ar\nd1 & ev5 ! /rang] 9 8 c\ntry1 7 misl$ by 8 actions1 & describ$ him z a poly!i/ic idolat]4 ,b not)/&+ all su* dep>tures f obs]vances1 ! keep+ ( :i* befitt$ ^? :o believ$ 9 ,god & 8 unity1 ?is sublime idea 0 nev] lo/ sight (2 on ! contr>y1 x is reproduc$ 9 ! religi\s lit]ature ( all p]iods4 ,:5ce came ?is rem>kable *>act]i/ic ( ! ,egyptian religion no man c say1 & !re is no evid5ce :atsoev] to guide u 9 =mulat+ ! !ory t x 0 br\ght into ,egypt by immigrants f ! ,ea/1 z "s h said1 or t x 0 a natural product ( ! indig5\s peoples :o =m$ ! population ( ! valley ( ! ,nile "s t5 ?\s& ye>s ago1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( o!rs4 ,all t is kn[n is t x exi/$ !re at a p]iod s remote t x is useless to attempt to measure by ye>s ! int]val ( "t :i* has elaps$ s9ce x grew up & e/abli%$ itself 9 ! m9ds ( m51 & t x is exce$+ly d\btful if we %all ev] h any v def9ite k on ?is int]e/+ po9t4 ,b ?\gh we "k no?+ ab\t ! p]iod ( ! orig9 9 ,egypt ( ! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( an almighty ,god :o 0 ,"o1 ! inscriptions %[ u t ?is ,be+ 0 call$ by a "n :i* 0 some?+ l ,net]1 ,footnote3 ,!re is no e 9 ,egyptian1 & ?is v[el is add$ m]ely to make ! ^w pron\nceable4 ! picture sign = :i* 0 an axe-head1 made probably ( /one1 let into a long wood5 h&le4 ,! col\r$ picture "* %ews t ! axe-head 0 fa/5$ into ! h&le by ?ongs ( lea!r or /r+1 & judg+ by ! g5]al look ( ! object x mu/ h be5 a =midable weapon 9 /rong1 skill$ h&s4 ,a !ory has rec5tly be5 put =w>d to ! effect t ! picture "* repres5ts a /ick ) a bit ( col\r$ rag ti$ to !1 b x w h>dly comm5d itself to any ar*aeologi/4 ,! l9es :i* cross ! side ( ! axe-head repres5t /r+ or /rips ( lea!r1 & indicate t x 0 made ( /one :i*1 be+ brittle1 0 liable to crack2 ! picture *>act]s :i* del9eate ! object 9 ! latt] dyna/ies %ew t metal took ! place ( ! /one axe-head1 & be+ t\gh ! new sub/ance ne$$ no support4 ,! mightie/ man 9 ! prehi/oric days 0 he :o _h ! be/ weapon1 & knew h[ to wield x ) ! greate/ effect2 :5 ! prehi/oric h]o ( _m fights & victories pass$ to 8 re/1 8 own or a simil> weapon 0 buri$ ) him to enable him to wage w> successfully 9 ! next _w4 ,! mightie/ man _h ! l>ge/ axe1 & ! axe ?us became ! symbol ( ! mightie/ man4 ,z he1 by reason ( ! (t-told n>rative ( 8 d\ghty de$s at ! prehi/oric camp fire at ev5tide1 9 c\rse ( "t pass$ f ! rank ( a h]o to t ( a god1 ! axe likewise pass$ f be+ ! symbol ( a h]o to t ( a god4 ,f> away back 9 ! e>ly dawn ( civilization 9 ,egypt1 ! object :i* ,i id5tify z an axe may h _h "s o!r signification1 b if x _h1 x 0 lo/ long be=e ! p]iod ( ! rule ( ! dyna/ies 9 t c\ntry4 ,pass+ n[ to ! consid]ation ( ! mean+ ( ! "n = ,god1 net]1 we f9d t great div]sity ( op9ion exi/s among ,egyptologi/s on ! subject4 ,"s1 tak+ ! view t ! equival5t ( ! ^w exi/s 9 ,coptic1 "u ! =m ( ,nuti1 & because ,coptic is an anci5t ,egyptian dialect1 h s\ght to d$uce its mean+ by seek+ 9 t language = ! root f :i* ! ^w may be d]iv$4 ,b all su* attempts h _h no good result1 because ! ^w ,nuti /&s by itself1 & in/ead ( be+ d]iv$ f a ,coptic root is itself ! equival5t ( ! ,egyptian net]1 ,footnote3 ,! lett] r has dropp$ out 9 ,coptic ?r\gh phonetic decay4 & 0 tak5 ov] by ! translators ( ! ,holy ,scriptures f t language to express ! words ,god & ,"l4 ,! ,coptic root nomti _c 9 any way be connect$ ) nuti1 & ! attempt to prove t ! two are relat$ 0 only made ) ! view ( help+ to expla9 ! fundam5tals ( ! ,egyptian religion by means ( ,sanskrit & o!r ,aryan analogies4 ,x is q possible t ! ^w net] means /r5g?1 p[]1 & ! l1 b ^! are only "s ( its d]iv$ mean+s1 & we h to look 9 ! hi]oglyphic inscriptions = help 9 ord] to det]m9e its mo/ probable mean+4 ,! em95t ,fr5* ,egyptologi/1 ,e4 de ,r\g1 connect$ ! "n ( ,god1 net]1 ) ! o!r ^w net]1 r5ewal or r5ovation1 & x w\ld1 accord+ to 8 view1 seem z if ! fundam5tal idea ( ,god 0 t ( ! ,be+ :o _h ! p[] to r5ew himself p]petually--or 9 o!r words1 self-exi/5ce4 ,! late ,dr4 ,h4 ,brugs* p>tly accept$ ?is view1 = he def9$ net] z be+ ! active p[] :i* produces & creates ?+s 9 regul> recurr5ce2 :i* be/[s new life ^u !m1 & gives back to !m _! y\?ful vig\r4 ,footnote3 ,religion und ,my?ologie1 p4 #ic4 ,!re seems to be no d\bt t1 inasmu* z x is impossible to f9d any "o ^w :i* w r5d] net] adequately & satisfactorily1 self-exi/5ce & possess+ ! p[] to r5ew life indef9itely1 may toge!r be tak5 z ! equival5t ( net] 9 our own tongue1 ,m4 ,masp]o combats rightly ! attempt to make /rong ! mean+ ( net] 7masc471 or net]it 7fem47 9 ^! words3 ,9 ! expressions 'a t[n net]it 'an arm net]i1' 444 is x c]ta9 t 'a /rong city1' 'a /rong arm1' give u ! primitive s5se ( net]8 ,:5 among ourselves "o says 'div9e music1' 'a piece ( div9e poetry1' '! div9e ta/e ( a pea*1' '! div9e beauty ( a woman1' ! ^w div9e is a hyp]bole1 b x w\ld be a mi/ake to decl>e t x orig9ally meant 'exquisite' because 9 ! phrases :i* ,i h imag9$ "o c\ld apply x z 'exquisite music1' 'a piece ( exquisite poetry1' '! exquisite ta/e ( a pea*1' '! exquisite beauty ( a woman4' ,simil>ly1 9 ,egyptian1 'a t[n net]it is 'a div9e t[n2' 'an arm netsri' is 'a div9e arm1' & net]i is employ$ metaphorically 9 ,egyptian z is ! ^w 'div9e' 9 ,fr5*1 )\t its be+ any m necess>y to attribute to ! ^w net]i ! primitive mean+ ( '/rong1' ?an x is to attribute to ! ^w 'div9e' ! primitive mean+ ( 'exquisite4' ,footnote3 ,la ,my?ologie ,egypti5ne1 p4 #bae4 ,x may be1 ( c\rse1 t net] _h ano!r mean+ :i* is n[ lo/1 b x seems t ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ,god & 8 mess5g]s & creat$ ?+s is t he is ! ,be+ :o is self-exi/5t & immortal1 :il/ !y are n self-exi/5t & are mortal4 ,"h x w be object$ by ^? :o decl>e t ! anci5t ,egyptian idea ( ,god is on a level ) t evolv$ by peoples & tribes :o /& comp>atively little remov$ f v intellig5t animals1 t su* high conceptions z self-exi/5ce & immortality belong to a p :o are already on a high grade ( developm5t & civilization4 ,?is is precisely ! case ) ! ,egyptians :5 we fir/ "k !m4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we "k no?+ ( _! ideas ( ,god be=e !y develop$ suffici5tly to build ! monum5ts :i* we "k !y built1 & be=e !y possess$ ! religion1 & civilization1 & complex social sy/em :i* _! writ+s h reveal$ to u4 ,9 ! remote/ prehi/oric times x is probable t _! views ab\t ,god & ! future life 7 little bett] ?an ^? ( ! savage tribes1 n[ liv+1 ) :om "s h comp>$ !m4 ,! primitive god 0 an ess5tial feature ( ! family1 & ! =tunes ( ! god v>i$ ) ! =tunes ( ! family2 ! god ( ! city 9 :i* a man liv$ 0 reg>d$ z ! rul] ( ! city1 & ! p ( t city no m ?\ght ( neglect+ to provide him ) :at !y consid]$ to be due to 8 rank & position ?an !y ?\ght ( neglect+ to supply _! own wants4 ,9 fact ! god ( ! city became ! c5tre ( ! social fabric ( t city1 & e inhabitant !re( inh]it$ automatically c]ta9 duties1 ! neglect ( :i* br\ght /at$ pa9s & p5alties ^u him4 ,! rem>kable peculi>ity ( ! ,egyptian religion is t ! primitive idea ( ! god ( ! city is always cropp+ up 9 x1 & t is ! reason :y we f9d semi-savage ideas ( ,god side by side ) "s ( ! mo/ sublime conceptions1 & x ( c\rse und]lies all ! leg5ds ( ! gods :]e9 !y possess all ! attributes ( m5 & wom54 ,! ,egyptian 9 8 semi-savage /ate 0 nei!r bett] nor worse ?an any o!r man 9 ! same /age ( civilization1 b he /&s easily fir/ among ! nations 9 8 capacity = developm5t1 & 9 8 ability = evolv+ conceptions conc]n+ ,god & ! future life1 :i* are claim$ z ! peculi> product ( ! cultur$ nations ( our "t4 ,we mu/ n[1 h[ev]1 see h[ ! ^w = ,god1 net]1 is employ$ 9 religi\s texts & 9 works :i* conta9 moral precepts4 ,9 ! text ( ,unas1 ,footnote3 ,ed ,masp]o1 ,pyramides de ,saqq>ah2 p4 #be4 a k+ :o reign$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #ccjj1 we f9d ! passage3--,t :i* is s5t by ?y ka come? to !e1 t :i* is s5t by ?y fa!r come? to !e1 t :i* is s5t by ,ra come? to !e1 & x arrive? 9 ! tra9 ( ?y ,ra4 ,?\ art pure1 ?y bones are ! gods & ! goddesses ( heav51 ?\ exi/e/ at ! side ( ,god1 ?\ art unfa/5$1 ?\ come/ =? t[>ds ?y s\l1 = e evil ^w 7or ?+7 :i* ha? be5 writt5 9 ! "n ( ,unas ha? be5 done away4 ,&1 aga91 9 ! text ( ,teta1 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 p4 #aac4 9 ! passage :i* ref]s to ! place 9 ! ea/]n "p ( heav5 :]e ! gods give bir? unto !mselves1 :]e t to :i* !y give bir? is born1 & :]e !y r5ew _! y\?1 x is said ( ?is k+1 ,teta /&e? up 9 ! =m ( ! />444he weighe? words 7or trie? de$s71 & behold ,god he>k5e? unto t :i* he sai?4 ,else:]e ,footnote3 ,ed4 ,masp]o1 ,pyramides da ,saqq>ah1 p4 #aaa4 9 ! same text we read1 ,behold1 ,teta ha? arriv$ 9 ! height ( heav51 & ! h5memet be+s h se5 him2 ! ,semketet ,footnote3 ,! morn+ boat ( ! sun4 boat kn[e? him1 & x is ,teta :o saile? x1 & ! ,mant*et ,footnote3 ,! ev5+ boat ( ! sun4 boat calle? unto him1 & x is ,teta :o br+e? x to a /&/ill4 ,teta ha? se5 8 body 9 ! ,semketet boat1 he kn[e? ! uraeus :i* is 9 ! ,mant*et boat1 & ,god ha? call$ him 9 8 "n444& ha? tak5 him 9 to ,ra4 ,& aga9 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 p4 #aej4 we h3 ,?\ ha/ receiv$ ! =m 7or attribute7 ( ,god1 & ?\ ha/ become great !re) be=e ! gods2 & ( ,pepi ,i41 :o reign$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #cjjj1 x is said1 ,?is ,pepi is ,god1 ! son ( ,god4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 p4 #bbb4 ,n[ 9 ^! passages ! allusion is to ! supreme ,be+ 9 ! next _w1 ! ,be+ :o has ! p[] to invoke & to obta9 a fav\rable reception = ! deceas$ k+ by ,ra1 ! ,sun-god1 ! type & symbol ( ,god4 ,x may1 ( c\rse1 be urg$ t ! ^w net] "h ref]s to ,osiris1 b x is n cu/om>y to speak ( ?is god 9 su* a way 9 ! texts2 & ev5 if we admit t x does1 x only %[s t ! p[]s ( ,god h be5 attribut$ to ,osiris1 & t he 0 believ$ to occupy ! position 9 respect ( ,ra & ! deceas$ :i* ! supreme ,be+ himself occupi$4 ,9 ! la/ two extracts giv5 above we might read a god in/ead ( ,god1 b !re is no object 9 ! k+ receiv+ ! =m or attribute ( a nameless god2 & unless ,pepi becomes ! son ( ,god2 ! hon\r :i* ! writ] ( t text int5ds to ascribe to ! k+ becomes little & ev5 ridicul\s4 ,pass+ f religi\s texts to works conta9+ moral precepts1 we f9d mu* light ?r[n ^u ! idea ( ,god by ! writ+s ( ! e>ly sages ( ,egypt4 ,fir/ & =emo/ among ^! are ! ,precepts ( ,kaqemna & ! ,precepts ( ,ptah-hetep1 works :i* 7 compos$ z f> back z ,b4,c4 #cjjj4 ,! olde/ copy ( !m :i* we possess is1 un=tunately1 n old] ?an ,b4,c4 #bejj1 b ?is fact 9 no way affects our argum5t4 ,^! precepts are int5d$ to =m a "w ( direction & guidance = a "y man 9 ! p]=mance ( 8 duty t[>ds ! society 9 :i* he liv$ & t[>ds 8 ,god4 ,x is only fair to say t ! read] w look 9 va9 9 !m = ! advice :i* is f\nd 9 writ+s ( a simil> "* compos$ at a lat] p]iod2 b z a "w int5d$ to demon/rate ! :ole duty ( man to ! y\? ( ! "t :5 ! ,great ,pyramid 0 /ill a new build+1 ^! precepts are v rem>kable4 ,! idea ( ,god held by ,ptah-hetep is illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ passages3-- #a4 ,?\ %alt make nei!r man nor woman to be afraid1 = ,god is oppos$ !reto2 & if any man %all say t he w live !reby1 ,he w make him to want bread4 #b4 ,z = ! nobleman :o possesse? abundance ( goods1 he may act accord+ to 8 own dictates2 & he may d ) himself t :i* he please?2 if he w d no?+ at all1 t also is z he please?4 ,! nobleman by m]ely /ret*+ out 8 h& doe? t :i* mank9d 7or a p]son7 _c atta9 to2 b inasmu* z ! eat+ ( bread is accord+ to ! plan ( ,god1 ?is _c be ga9said4 #c4 ,if ?\ ha/ gr\nd to till1 lab\r 9 ! field :i* ,god ha? giv5 !e2 r ?an fill ?y m\? ) t :i* belonge? to ?y neighb\rs x is bett] to t]rify him t ha? possessions to give !m unto !e4 #d4 ,if ?\ abase/ ?yself 9 ! s]vice ( a p]fect man1 ?y conduct %all be fair be=e ,god4 #e4 ,if ?\ w\ld/ be a wise man1 make ?\ ?y son to be pleas+ unto ,god4 #f4 ,satisfy ^? :o dep5d ^u !e z f> z ?\ art able s to d2 ?is %\ld be done by ^? :om ,god ha? fav\r$4 #g4 ,if1 hav+ be5 ( no acc\nt1 ?\ ha/ become great2 & if1 hav+ be5 poor1 ?\ ha/ become ri*2 & if ?\ ha/ become gov]nor ( ! city1 be n h>d-he>t$ on acc\nt ( ?y advancem5t1 because ?\ ha/ become m]ely ! gu>dian ( ! ?+s :i* ,god ha? provid$4 #h4 ,:at is lov$ ( ,god is ob$i5ce2 ,god hate? disob$i5ce4 #i4 ,v]ily a good son is ( ! gifts ( ,god4 ,footnote3 ,! text 0 publi%$ by ,prisse d',av5nes1 entitl$ ,facsimile d'un papyrus gypti5 en c>actres hi]atiques1 ,p>is1 #ahdg4 ,= a translation ( ! :ole "w1 see ,virey1 tudes sur le ,papyrus ,prisse1 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 ,! same idea ( ,god1 b consid]ably amplifi$ 9 "s respects1 may be f\nd 9 ! ,maxims ( ,kh5su-,hetep1 a "w :i* 0 probably compos$ dur+ ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y4 ,?is "w has be5 /udi$ 9 detail by a numb] ( em95t ,egyptologi/s1 & ?\gh consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion has exi/$ among !m 9 respect ( details & grammatical niceties1 ! g5]al s5se ( ! maxims has be5 cle>ly e/abli%$4 ,to illu/rate ! use ( ! ^w net]1 ! foll[+ passages h be5 *os5 f x3,footnote3 ,!y are giv5 ) int]l9e> translit]ation & translation 9 my ,papyrus ( ,ani1 p4 lxxxv4 ff41 :]e ref]5ces to ! old] lit]ature on ! subject w be f\nd4-- #a4 ,god magnifie? 8 "n4 #b4 ,:at ! h\se ( ,god hate? is mu* speak+4 ,pray ?\ ) a lov+ he>t all ! petitions :i* are 9 secret4 ,he w p]=m ?y bus9ess1 he w he> t :i* ?\ saye/ & w accept ?9e (f]+s4 #c4 ,god decree? ! "r4 #d4 ,:5 ?\ make/ an (f]+ unto ?y ,god1 gu>d ?\ aga9/ ! ?+s :i* are an abom9ation unto him4 ,behold ?\ 8 plans ) ?9e eye1 & devote ?yself to ! adoration ( 8 "n4 ,he give? s\ls unto millions ( =ms1 & him t magnifie? him do? he magnify4 #e4 ,if ?y "m raise h] h&s to ,god he w he> h] pray]s & rebuke !e4 #g4 ,give ?yself to ,god1 & keep ?\ ?yself daily = ,god4 ,n[1 al?\gh ! above passages prove ! exalt$ idea :i* ! ,egyptians held ( ! supreme ,be+1 !y d n supply u ) any ( ! titles & epi!ts :i* !y appli$ to him2 = ^! we mu/ h rec\rse to ! f9e hymns & religi\s m$itations :i* =m s important a "p ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead4 ,b be=e we quote f !m1 m5tion mu/ be made ( ! net]u1 i4e41 ! be+s or exi/5ces :i* 9 "s way p>take ( ! nature or "* ( ,god1 & are usually call$ gods4 ,! e>ly nations t came 9 contact ) ! ,egyptians usually misund]/ood ! nature ( ^! be+s1 & sev]al mod]n ,we/]n writ]s h done ! same4 ,:5 we exam9e ^! gods closely1 !y are f\nd to be no?+ m nor less ?an =ms1 or manife/ations1 or phases1 or attributes1 ( "o god1 t god be+ ,ra ! ,sun-god1 :o1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 0 ! type & symbol ( ,god4 ,nev]!less1 ! wor%ip ( ! net]u by ! ,egyptians has be5 made ! base ( ! *>ge ( gross idolatry :i* has be5 br\ght aga9/ !m1 & !y h be5 repres5t$ by "s z be+ on ! l[ intellectual level ( savage tribes4 ,x is c]ta9 t f ! e>lie/ times "o ( ! greate/ t5d5cies ( ! ,egyptian religion 0 t[>ds mono!ism1 & ?is t5d5cy may be obs]v$ 9 all important texts d[n to ! late/ p]iod2 x is also c]ta9 t a k9d ( poly!ism exi/$ 9 ,egypt side by side ) mono!ism f v e>ly times4 ,:e!r mono!ism or poly!ism be ! old]1 x is useless 9 our pres5t /ate ( k to attempt to enquire4 ,accord+ to ,tiele1 ! religion ( ,egypt 0 at ! beg9n+ poly!i/ic1 b develop$ 9 two opposite directions3 9 ! "o direction gods 7 multipli$ by ! addition ( local gods1 & 9 ! o!r ! ,egyptians drew ne>] & ne>] to mono!ism4 ,footnote3 ,ges*i$5is van d5 ,god$i5/ 9 de ,oudheid1 ,am/]dam1 #ahic1 p4 #be4 ,a numb] ( valuable rem>ks on ?is subject are giv5 by ,lieble9 9 ,egyptian ,religion1 p4 #aj4 ,dr4 ,wi$emann takes ! view t ?ree ma9 elem5ts may be recogniz$ 9 ! ,egyptian religion3 7#a7 ,a sol> mono!ism1 t is to say "o god1 ! creator ( ! univ]se1 :o manife/s 8 p[] especially 9 ! sun & its op]ations2 7#b7 ,a cult ( ! reg5]at+ p[] ( nature1 :i* expresses itself 9 ! adoration ( i?yphallic gods1 ( f]tile goddesses1 & ( a s]ies ( animals & ( v>i\s deities ( vegetation2 7#c7 ,a p]ception ( an an?ropomorphic div9ity1 ! life ( :om 9 ?is _w & 9 ! _w beyond ?is 0 typical ( ! ideal life ( man ,footnote3 ,le ,livre dei ,moris 7,review 9 ,muson1 ,tom4 xiii4 #ahic74--?is la/ div9ity be+1 ( c\rse1 ,osiris4 ,b "h aga91 z ,dr4 ,wi$emann says1 x is an un=tunate fact t all ! texts :i* we possess are1 9 respect ( ! p]iod ( ! orig9 ( ! ,egyptian religion1 comp>atively late1 & !re=e 9 !m we f9d ^! ?ree elem5ts mix$ toge!r1 along ) a numb] ( =eign matt]s1 9 su* a way z to make x impossible to discov] :i* ( !m is ! olde/4 ,no bett] example c be giv5 ( ! loose way 9 :i* diff]5t ideas ab\t a god & ,god are m+l$ 9 ! same text ?an ! ,negative ,confession 9 ! hundr$ & tw5ty-fif? *apt] ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead4 ,"h1 9 ! olde/ copies ( ! passages kn[n1 ! deceas$ says1 ,i h n curs$ ,god 7#a4 #ch71 & a few l9es aft] 7#a4 #db7 he adds1 ,i h n ?\ght scorn ( ! god liv+ 9 my city4 ,x seems t "h we h indicat$ two diff]5t lay]s ( belief1 & t ! old] is repres5t$ by ! allusion to ! god ( ! city1 9 :i* case x w\ld g back to ! "t :5 ! ,egyptian liv$ 9 a v primitive fa%ion4 ,if we assume t ,god 7:o is m5tion$ 9 l9e #ch7 is ,osiris1 x does n d away ) ! fact t he 0 reg>d$ z a be+ entirely diff]5t f ! god ( ! city & t he 0 ( suffici5t importance to h "o l9e ( ! ,confession devot$ to him4 ,! ,egyptian saw no incongruity 9 sett+ ref]5ces to ! gods side by side ) allusions to a god :om we _c help id5tify+ ) ! ,supreme ,be+ & ! ,creator ( ! _w2 8 ideas & beliefs h1 9 consequ5ce1 be5 sadly misrepres5t$1 & by c]ta9 writ]s he has be5 made an object ( ridicule4 ,:at1 = example1 c\ld be a m fooli% description ( ,egyptian wor%ip ?an ! foll[+8 ,:o kn[s n1 ,o ,volusius ( ,bi?ynia1 ! sort ( mon/]s ,egypt1 9 h] infatuation1 wor%ips4 ,"o "p v5]ates ! crocodile2 ano!r trembles be=e an ibis gorg$ ) s]p5ts4 ,! image ( a sacr$ monkey glitt]s 9 gold1 :]e ! magic *ords s\nd f ,memnon brok5 9 half1 & anci5t ,!bes lies buri$ 9 ru9s1 ) h] hundr$ gates4 ,9 "o place !y v5]ate sea-fi%1 9 ano!r riv]-fi%2 !re1 :ole t[ns wor%ip a dog3 no "o ,diana4 ,x is an impi\s act to violate or break ) ! tee? a leek or an onion4 ,o holy nations6 ^: gods gr[ = !m 9 _! g>d5s6 ,e table ab/a9s f animals t h wool3 x is a crime !re to kill a kid4 ,b human fle% is lawful food4 ,footnote3 ,juv5al1 ,satire ,,xv4 7,evans' translation 9 ,bohn's ,s]ies1 p4 #ahj74 ,l$ a/ray by ,juv5al1 our own good ,george ,h]b]t 7,*ur* ,militant7 wrote3-- ,at fir/ he 7i4e41 ,s97 got to ,egypt1 & did s[ ,g>d5s ( gods1 :i* e ye> did gr[ ,fre% & f9e deities4 ,!y 7 at great co/1 ,:o = a god cle>ly a sallet lo/4 ,ah1 :at a ?+ is man devoid ( grace1 ,ador+ g>lic ) an humble face1 ,begg+ 8 food ( t :i* he may eat1 ,/>v+ ! :ile he wor%ippe? 8 meat6 ,:o makes a root 8 god1 h[ l[ is he1 ,if ,god & man be sev]$ inf9itely6 ,:at wret*$ness c give him any room1 ,^: h\se is f\l1 :ile he adores 8 broom8 ,! epi!ts :i* ! ,egyptians appli$ to _! gods also be> valuable te/imony conc]n+ ! ideas :i* !y held ab\t ,god4 ,we h already said t ! gods are only =ms1 manife/ations1 & phases ( ,ra1 ! ,sun-god1 :o 0 himself ! type & symbol ( ,god1 & x is evid5t f ! nature ( ^! epi!ts t !y 7 only appli$ to ! gods because !y repres5t$ "s qualify or attribute :i* !y w\ld h appli$ to ,god _h x be5 _! cu/om to address ,him4 ,let u take z examples ! epi!ts :i* are appli$ to ,hapi ! god ( ! ,nile4 ,! beautiful hymn ,footnote3 ,! :ole hymn has be5 publi%$ by ,masp]o 9 ,hymns au ,nil1 ,p>is1 #ahfh4 to ?is god op5s z foll[s3-- ,homage to !e1 ,o ,hapi6 ,?\ come/ =? 9 ?is l&1 & do/ come 9 peace to make ,egypt to live1 ,o ?\ hidd5 "o1 ?\ guide ( ! d>kness :5soev] x is ?y pleasure to be its guide4 ,?\ wat]e/ ! fields :i* ,ra ha? creat$1 ?\ make/ all animals to live1 ?\ make/ ! l& to dr9k )\t ceas+2 ?\ desc5de/ ! pa? ( heav51 ?\ art ! fri5d ( meat & dr9k1 ?\ art ! giv] ( ! gra91 & ?\ make/ e place ( "w to fl\ri%1 ,o ,ptah6 444 ,if ?\ w]t to be ov]come 9 heav5 ! gods w\ld fall d[n headlong1 & mank9d w\ld p]i%4 ,?\ make/ ! :ole e>? to be op5$ 7or pl\gh$ up7 by ! cattle1 & pr9ce & peasant lie d[n to re/4444 ,8 disposition 7or =m7 is t ( ,khnemu2 :5 he %9e? ^u ! e>? !re is rejoic+1 = all p are glad1 ! mighty man 787 receive? 8 meat1 & e too? ha? food to consume4 ,aft] prais+ him = :at he does = mank9d & bea/s1 & = mak+ ! h]b to gr[ = ! use ( all m51 ! text says3-- ,he _c be figur$ 9 /one2 he is n to be se5 9 ! sculptur$ images ^u :i* m5 place ! unit$ cr[ns ( ! ,s\? & ! ,nor? furni%$ ) uraei2 nei!r works nor (f]+s c be made to him2 & he _c be made to come =? f 8 secret place4 ,! place :]e he live? is unkn[n2 he is n to be f\nd 9 inscrib$ %r9es2 !re exi/e? no habitation :i* c conta9 him2 & ?\ can/ n conceive 8 =m 9 ?y he>t4 ,fir/ we notice t ,hapi is address$ by ! names ( ,ptah & ,khnemu1 n because ! writ] ?\ght ^! ?ree gods 7 "o1 b because ,hapi z ! great suppli] ( wat] to ,egypt became1 z x 71 a creative god l ,ptah & ,khnemu4 ,next we see t x is /at$ to be impossible to depict him 9 pa9t+s1 or ev5 to imag9e :at 8 =m may be1 = he is unkn[n & 8 abode _c be f\nd1 & no place c conta9 him4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 sev]al pictures & sculptures ( ,hapi h be5 pres]v$1 & we "k t he is g5]ally depict$ 9 ! =m ( two gods2 "o has ^u 8 head a papyrus plant1 & ! o!r a lotus plant1 ! =m] be+ ! ,nile-god ( ! ,s\?1 & ! latt] ! ,nile-god ( ! ,nor?4 ,else:]e he is portray$ 9 ! =m ( a l>ge man hav+ ! brea/s ( a woman4 ,x is q cle>1 !n1 t ! epi!ts :i* we h quot$ are appli$ to him m]ely z a =m ( ,god4 ,9 ano!r hymn1 :i* 0 a fav\rite 9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith & ,x,i,xth dyna/ies1 ,hapi is call$ ,"o1 & is said to h creat$ himself2 b z he is lat] on 9 ! text id5tifi$ ) ,ra ! epi!ts :i* belong to ! ,sun-god are appli$ to him4 ,! late ,dr4 ,h4 ,brugs* collect$ ,footnote3 ,religion & ,my?ologie1 pp4 #if-ii4 a numb] ( ! epi!ts :i* are appli$ to ! gods1 f texts ( all p]iods2 & f ^! we may see t ! ideas & beliefs ( ! ,egyptians conc]n+ ,god 7 almo/ id5tical ) ^? ( ! ,hebrews & ,muhammadans at lat] p]iods4 ,:5 classifi$ ^! epi!ts read ?us3-- ,god is ,"o & alone1 & none o!r exi/e? ) ,him2 ,god is ! ,"o1 ! ,"o ,:o ha? made all ?+s4 ,god is a _s1 a hidd5 _s1 ! _s ( spirits1 ! great _s ( ! ,egyptians1 ! div9e _s4 ,god is f ! beg9n+1 & ,he ha? be5 f ! beg9n+2 ,he ha? exi/$ f ( old & 0 :5 no?+ else _h be+4 ,he exi/$ :5 no?+ else exi/$1 & :at exi/e? ,he creat$ aft] ,he _h come into be+4 ,he is ! fa!r ( beg9n+s4 ,god is ! et]nal ,"o1 ,he is et]nal & inf9ite2 & endure? = ev] & aye2 ,he ha? endur$ = c\ntless ages1 & ,he %all endure to all et]nity4 ,god is ! hidd5 ,be+1 & no man ha? kn[n ,8 =m4 ,no man ha? be5 able to seek out ,8 lik5ess2 ,he is hidd51 f gods & m51 & ,he is a my/]y unto ,8 creatures4 ,no man kn[e? h[ to "k ,him1 ,8 "n rema9e? hidd52 ,8 "n is a my/]y unto ,8 *ildr54 ,8 names are innum]able1 !y are manifold & none kn[e? _! numb]4 ,god is tru?1 & ,he live? by tru?1 & he fe$e? !reon4 ,he is ! ,k+ ( tru?1 ,he re/e? ^u tru?1 ,he fa%ione? tru?1 & ,he execute? tru? ?r\gh\t all ! _w4 ,god is life1 & ?r\gh ,him only man live?1 ,he give? life to man1 & ,he brea!? ! brea? ( life into 8 no/rils4 ,god is fa!r & "m1 ! fa!r ( fa!rs1 & ! "m ( mo!rs4 ,he begette?1 b 0 nev] begott52 ,he produce?1 b 0 nev] produc$ ,he begat ,himself & produc$ ,himself4 ,he create?1 b 0 nev] creat$2 ,he is ! mak] ( ,8 own =m1 & ! fa%ion] ( ,8 own body4 ,god ,himself is exi/5ce ,he live? 9 all ?+s1 & live? ^u all ?+s4 ,he endure? )\t increase or dim9ution1 ,he multiplie? ,himself millions ( times1 & ,he possesse? multitudes ( =ms & multitudes ( memb]s4 ,god ha? made ! univ]se1 & ,he ha? creat$ all t !re9 is3 ,he is ! ,creator ( :at is 9 ?is _w1 ( :at 01 ( :at is1 & ( :at %all be4 ,he is ! ,creator ( ! _w1 & x 0 ,he ,:o fa%ion$ x ) ,8 h&s be=e !re 0 any beg9n+2 & ,he /abli%$ x ) t :i* w5t =? f ,him4 ,he is ! ,creator ( ! heav5s & ! e>?2 ! ,creator ( ! heav5s1 & ! e>?1 & ! deep2 ! ,creator ( ! heav5s1 & ! e>?1 & ! deep1 & ! wat]s1 & ! m\nta9s4 ,god ha? /ret*$ out ! heav5s & f\nd$ ! e>?4 ,:at ,8 he>t conceiv$ came to pass /raightway1 & :5 ,he _h spok5 ,8 ^w came to pass1 & x %all endure = ev]4 ,god is ! fa!r ( ! gods1 & ! fa!r ( ! fa!r ( all deities2 ,he made ,8 voice to s\nd1 & ! deities came into be+1 & ! gods sprang into exi/5ce aft] ,he _h spok5 ) ,8 m\?4 ,he =m$ mank9d & fa%ion$ ! gods4 ,he is ! great ,ma/]1 ! primeval ,pott] ,:o turn$ m5 & gods out ( ,8 h&s1 & ,he =m$ m5 & gods ^u a pott]'s table4 ,! heav5s re/ ^u ,8 head1 & ! e>? supporte? ,8 feet2 heav5 hide? ,8 _s1 ! e>? hide? ,8 =m1 & ! und]world %utte? up ! my/]y ( ,him )9 x4 ,8 body is l ! air1 heav5 re/e? ^u ,8 head1 & ! new inundation ( ! ,nile conta9e? ,8 =m4 ,god is m]ciful unto ^? :o rev]5ce ,him1 & ,he he>e? him t calle? ^u ,him4 ,he protecte? ! weak aga9/ ! /rong1 & ,he he>e? ! cry ( him t is b\nd 9 fett]s2 ,he judge? betwe5 ! mighty & ! weak1 ,god kn[e? him t kn[e? ,him1 ,he rew>de? him t s]ve? ,him1 & ,he protecte? him t foll[e? ,him4 ,we h n[ to consid] ! visible emblem1 & ! type & symbol ( ,god1 namely ! ,sun-god ,ra1 :o 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ,egypt 9 prehi/oric times4 ,accord+ to ! writ+s ( ! ,egyptians1 !re 0 a "t :5 nei!r heav5 nor e>? exi/$1 & :5 no?+ _h be+ except ! b\ndless primeval ,footnote3 ,see ,brugs*1 ,religion1 p4 #aja4 wat]1 :i* 01 h[ev]1 %r\d$ ) ?ick d>kness4 ,9 ?is condition ! primeval wat] rema9$ = a consid]able "t1 not)/&+ t x conta9$ )9 x ! g]ms ( ! ?+s :i* aft]w>ds came into exi/5ce 9 ?is _w1 & ! _w itself4 ,at l5g? ! _s ( ! primeval wat] felt ! desire = creative activity1 & hav+ utt]$ ! ^w1 ! _w sprang /raightway into be+ 9 ! =m :i* _h already be5 depict$ 9 ! m9d ( ! _s be=e he spake ! ^w :i* result$ 9 its creation4 ,! next act ( creation1 0 ! =mation ( a g]m1 or egg1 f :i* sprang ,ra1 ! ,sun-god1 )9 ^: %9+ =m 0 embodi$ ! almighty p[] ( ! div9e _s4 ,su* 0 ! outl9e ( creation z describ$ by ! late ,dr4 ,h4 ,brugs*1 & x is curi\s to see h[ closely 8 views co9cide ) a *apt] 9 ! ,papyrus ( ,nesi ,amsu pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,footnote3 ,no4 #aj1ahh4 ,see my transcript & translation ( ! :ole papyrus 9 ,ar*aeologia vol4 #eb1 ,london1 #ahja4 ,9 ! ?ird section ( ?is papyrus we f9d a "w :i* 0 writt5 ) ! sole object ( ov]?r[+ ,apep1 ! great enemy ( ,ra1 & 9 ! composition itself we f9d two v]sions ( ! *apt] :i* describes ! creation ( ! e>? & all ?+s !re94 ,! god ,neb-er-t*] is ! speak]1 & he says3-- ,i evolv$ ! evolv+ ( evolutions4 ,i evolv$ myself "u ! =m ( ! evolutions ( ! god ,khep]a1 :i* 7 evolv$ at ! beg9n+ ( all "t4 ,i evolv$ ) ! evolutions ( ! god ,khep]a2 ,i evolv$ by ! evolution ( evolutions--t is to say1 ,i develop$ myself f ! primeval matt] :i* ,i made1 ,i develop$ myself out ( ! primeval matt]4 ,my "n is ,aus>es 7,osiris71 ! g]m ( primeval matt]4 ,i h wr\ght my w :olly 9 ?is e>?1 ,i h spread abroad & fill$ x1 ,i h /r5g!n$ x ) my h&4 ,i 0 alone1 = no?+ _h be5 br\ght =?2 ,i _h n !n emitt$ f myself ei!r ,%u or ,tefnut4 ,i utt]$ my own "n1 z a ^w ( p[]1 f my own m\?1 & ,i /raightway evolv$ myself4 ,i evolv$ myself "u ! =m ( ! evolutions ( ! god ,khep]a1 & ,i develop$ myself out ( ! primeval matt] :i* has evolv$ multitudes ( evolutions f ! beg9n+ ( "t4 ,no?+ exi/$ on ?is e>? !n1 & ,i made all ?+s4 ,!re 0 none o!r :o work$ ) me at t "t4 ,i p]=m$ all evolutions !re by means ( t div9e ,s\l :i* ,i fa%ion$ !re1 & :i* _h rema9$ inop]ative 9 ! wat]y abyss4 ,i f\nd no place !re :]eon to /&4 ,b ,i 0 /rong 9 my he>t1 & ,i made a f\ndation = myself1 & ,i made ev]y?+ :i* 0 made4 ,i 0 alone4 ,i made a f\ndation = my he>t 7or w71 & ,i creat$ multitudes ( ?+s :i* evolv$ !mselves l unto ! evolutions ( ! god ,khep]a1 & _! (fspr+ came into be+ f ! evolutions ( _! bir?s4 ,i emitt$ f myself ! gods ,%u & ,tefnut1 & f be+ ,"o ,i became ,?ree2 !y ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,creation4 ,! god ,nu ris+ out ( ! primeval wat] & be>+ 9 8 h&s ! boat ( ,ra1 ! ,sun-god1 :o is accompani$ by a numb] ( deities4 ,9 ! upp] portion ( ! sc5e is ! region ( ! und]world :i* is enclos$ by ! body ( ,osiris1 on ^: head /&s ! goddess ,nut ) arms /ret*$ out to receive ! disk ( ! sun4 sprang f me1 & came into exi/5ce 9 ?is e>?4 444,%u & ,tefnut br\ght =? ,seb & ,nut1 & ,nut br\ght =? ,osiris1 ,horus-kh5t-an-maa1 ,sut1 ,isis1 & ,neph?ya at "o bir?4 ,! fact ( ! exi/5ce ( two v]sions ( ?is rem>kable ,*apt] proves t ! composition is mu* old] ?an ! papyrus ,footnote3 ,ab\t ,b4,c4 #cjj4 9 :i* x is f\nd1 & ! v>iant read+s :i* occur 9 ea* make x c]ta9 t ! ,egyptian scribes _h difficulty 9 und]/&+ :at !y 7 writ+4 ,x may be said t ?is v]sion ( ! cosmogony is incomplete because x does n acc\nt = ! orig9 ( any ( ! gods except ^? :o belong to ! cycle ( ,osiris1 & ?is objection is a valid "o2 b 9 ?is place we are only conc]n$ to %ew t ,ra1 ! ,sun-god1 0 evolv$ f ! primeval abyss ( wat] by ! ag5cy ( ! god ,khep]a1 :o br\ght ?is result ab\t by pron\nc+ 8 own "n4 ,! great cosmic gods1 su* z ,ptah & ,khnemu1 ( :om m5tion w be made lat]1 are ! (fspr+ ( ano!r set ( religi\s views1 & ! cosmogony 9 :i* ^! play ! lead+ p>ts is entirely diff]5t4 ,we mu/ notice1 9 pass+1 t ! god ^: words we h quot$ above decl>es t he evolv$ himself "u ! =m1 ( ,khep]a1 & t 8 "n is ,osiris1 ! primeval matt] ( primeval matt]1 & t1 z a result1 ,osiris is id5tical ) ,khep]a 9 respect ( 8 evolutions & new bir?s4 ,! ^w r5d]$ evolutions is khep]u1 lit]ally roll+s2 & t r5d]$ primeval matt] is paut1 ! orig9al /uff out ( :i* ev]y?+ 0 made4 ,9 bo? v]sions we are told t m5 & wom5 came into be+ f ! te>s :i* fell f ! ,eye ( ,khep]a1 t is to say f ! ,sun1 :i*1 ! god says1 ,i made take to up its place 9 my face1 & aft]w>ds x rul$ ! :ole e>?4 ,we h se5 h[ ,ra has become ! visible type & symbol ( ,god1 & ! creator ( ! _w & ( all t is !re92 we may n[ consid] ! position :i* he held )1 respect to ! dead4 ,z f> back z ! p]iod ( ! ,i,vth dyna/y1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #cgjj1 he 0 reg>d$ z ! great god ( heav51 & ! k+ ( all ! gods1 & div9e be+s1 & ( ! beatifi$ dead :o dwelt !re94 ,! position ( ! beatifi$ 9 heav5 is decid$ by ,ra1 & ( all ! gods !re ,osiris only appe>s to h ! p[] to claim protection = 8 foll[]s2 ! (f]+s :i* ! deceas$ w\ld make to ,ra are actually pres5t$ to him by ,osiris4 ,at "o "t ! ,egyptian's greate/ hope seems to h be5 t he might n only become ,god1 ! son ( ,god1 by adoption1 b t ,ra w\ld become actually 8 fa!r4 ,= 9 ! text ( ,pepi ,i1 ,footnote3 ,ed4 ,masp]o1 l9e #egj4 x is said3 ,pepi is ! son ( ,ra :o love? him2 & he goe? =? & raise? himself up to heav54 ,ra ha? begott5 ,pepi1 & he goe? =? & raise? himself up to heav54 ,ra ha? conceiv$ ,pepi1 & he goe? =? & raise? himself up to heav54 ,ra ha? giv5 bir?1 to ,pepi1 & he goe? =? & raise? himself up to heav54 ,sub/antially ^! ideas rema9$ ! same f ! e>lie/ to ! late/ times1 & ,ra ma9ta9$ 8 position z ! great head ( ! companies1 not)/&+ ! rise ( ,am5 into prom95ce1 & ! attempt to make ,at5 ! dom9ant god ( ,egypt by ! s-call$ ,disk wor%ipp]s4 ,! foll[+ good typical examples ( ,hymns to ,ra are tak5 f ! olde/ copies ( ! ,!ban ,rec5sion ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead4 ,i4 ,,f ,,! ,,papyrus ,,( ,,ani4 ,footnote3 ,see ,! ,*apt]s ( ,com+ ,=? by ,day1 p4 #c4 ,homage to !e1 ,o ?\ :o ha/ come z ,khep]a1 ,khep]a ! creator ( ! gods4 ,?\ rise/ & ?\ %9e/1 & ?\ make/ light to be 9 ?y "m ,nut 7i4e41 ! sky72 ?\ art cr[n$ k+ ( ! gods4 ,?y "m ,nut doe? an act ( homage unto !e ) bo? h] h&s4 ,! laud ( ,manu 7i4e41 ! l& :]e ! sun sets7 receive? !e ) satisfaction1 & ! goddess ,maat embrace? !e bo?1 at morn & at eve4 ,footnote3 i4e41 ,maat1 ! goddess ( law1 ord]1 regul>ity1 & ! l1 make? ! sun to rise ea* day 9 8 appo9t$ place & at 8 appo9t$ "t ) absolute & unfail+ regul>ity4 ,hail1 all ye gods ( ! ,temple ( ! ,s\l1 ,footnote3 i4e41 ! s\l ref]r$ to above 9 ! acc\nt ( ! creation2 see p4 #bd4 :o weigh heav5 & e>? 9 ! balance1 & :o provide div9e food 9 abundance6 ,hail1 ,tatun51 ?\ ,"o1 ?\ ,creator ( mank9d & ,mak] ( ! sub/ance ( ! gods ( ! s\? & ( ! nor?1 ( ! we/ & ( ! ea/6 ,o come ye & acclaim ,ra1 ! "l ( heav5 & ! ,creator ( ! gods1 & adore ye him 9 8 beautiful =m z he come? 9 ! morn+ 9 8 div9e b>k4 ,o ,ra1 ^? :o dwell 9 ! heights & ^? :o dwell 9 ! dep?s adore !e4 ,! god ,?o? & ! goddess ,maat h m>k$ out = !e ?y c\rse = ea* & e day4 ,?9e enemy ! ,s]p5t ha? be5 giv5 ov] to ! fire1 ! s]p5t-fi5d ,sebau ha? fall5 d[n headlong2 8 arms h be5 b\nd 9 *a9s1 & ?\ ha/ hack$ (f 8 legs2 & ! sons ( impot5t revolt %all nev]more rise up aga9/ !e4 ,! ,temple ( ! ,ag$ ,"o ,footnote3 i4e41 ,ra ( ,heliopolis4 7i4e41 ,ra7 keepe? fe/ival1 & ! voice ( ^? :o rejoice is 9 ! mighty dwell+4 ,! gods exult :5 !y see ?y ris+1 ,o ,ra1 & :5 ?y beams flood ! _w ) light4 ,! ,maje/y ( ! holy god goe? =? & advance? ev5 unto ! l& ( ,manu2 he make? brilliant ! e>? at 8 bir? ea* day2 he j\rneye? on to ! place :]e he 0 ye/]day4 ,,ii4 ,,f ,,! ,,papyrus ,,( ,,hunef]4 ,footnote3 ,f ! ,papyrus ( ,hunef] 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,no4 #iija74 ,homage to !e1 ,o ?\ :o art ,ra :5 ?\ rise/ & ,temu :5 ?\ sette/4 ,?\ rise/1 ?\ rise/1 ?\ %9e/1 ?\ %9e/1 ,o ?\ :o art cr[n$ k+ ( ! gods4 ,?\ art ! "l ( heav51 ?\ art ! "l ( e>?2 ?\ art ! creator ( ^? :o dwell 9 ! heights1 & ( ^? :o dwell 9 ! dep?s4 ,?\ art ! ,"o ,god :o came into be+ 9 ! beg9n+ ( "t4 ,?\ did/ create ! e>?1 ?\ did/ fa%ion man1 ?\ did/ make ! wat]y abyss ( ! sky1 ?\ did/ =m ,hapi 7i4e41 ! ,nile71 ?\ did/ create ! great deep1 & ?\ do/ give life unto all t !re9 is4 ,?\ ha/ knit toge!r ! m\nta9s1 ?\ ha/ made mank9d & ! bea/s ( ! field to come into be+1 ?\ ha/ made ! heav5s & ! e>?4 ,wor%ipp$ be ?\ :om ! goddess ,maat embrace? at morn & at eve4 ,?\ do/ travel across ! sky ) ?y he>t swell+ ) joy2 ! great deep ( heav5 is cont5t !reat4 ,! s]p5t-fi5d ,nak ,footnote3 ,a "n ( ! ,s]p5t ( d>kness :i* ,ra slew daily4 ha? fall51 & 8 arms are cut (f4 ,! ,sektet ,footnote3 ,! boat 9 :i* ,ra sail$ f noon to sunset4 boat receive? fair w9ds1 & ! he>t ( him t is 9 ! %r9e !re( rejoice?4 ,?\ art cr[n$ ,pr9ce ( heav51 & ?\ art ! ,"o d[]$ ) all sov]eignty :o appe>e/ 9 ! sky4 ,ra is he :o is true ( voice4 ,footnote3 i4e41 :atsoev] ,ra comm&e? take? place /raightway2 see ! ,*apt] on ! ,judgm5t ( ! ,dead1 p4 #aaj4 ,hail1 ?\ div9e y\?1 ?\ heir ( ev]la/+ness1 ?\ self-begott5 ,"o6 ,hail1 ?\ :o did/ give ?yself bir?6 ,hail1 ,"o1 ?\ mighty be+1 ( myriad =ms & aspects1 ?\ k+ ( ! _w1 pr9ce ( ,annu 7,heliopolis71 "l ( et]nity1 & rul] ( ev]la/+ness6 ,! company ( ! gods rejoice :5 ?\ rise/ & do/ sail across ! sky1 ,o ?\ :o art exalt$ 9 ! ,sektet boat4 ,homage to !e1 ,o ,am5-,ra1 ,footnote3 ,on ! god ,am51 see ! *apt]1 ,! ,gods ( ! ,egyptians4 :o do/ re/ ^u ,maat2 ,footnote3 i4e41 ?y exi/5ce1 & ?y ris+s & sett+s are ord]$ & def9$ by fix$1 un*ang+1 & unalt]able law4 ?\ passe/ ov] heav5 & e face see? !e4 ,?\ do/ wax great z ?y ,maje/y do? advance1 & ?y rays are ^u all faces4 ,?\ art unkn[n1 & no tongue c decl>e ?y lik5ess2 ?\ ?yself alone can/ d ?is4 ,?\ art ,"o444 ,m5 praise !e 9 ?y "n1 & !y swe> by !e1 = ?\ art "l ov] !m4 ,?\ he>e/ ) ?9e e>s1 & ?\ see/ ) ?9e eyes4 ,millions ( ye>s h gone ov] ! _w4 ,i _c tell ! numb] ( ^? ?r\gh :i* ?\ ha/ pass$4 ,?y he>t ha? decre$ a day ( happ9ess 9 ?y "n ( ',travell]4' ,?\ do/ pass ov] & do/ travel ?r\gh untold spaces requir+ millions & hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s to pass ov]2 ?\ passe/ ?r\gh !m 9 peace1 & ?\ /e]e/ ?y way across ! wat]y abyss to ! place :i* ?\ love/2 ?is ?\ doe/ 9 "o little mom5t ( "t1 & !n ?\ do/ s9k d[n & do/ make an end ( ! h\rs4 ,,iii4 ,,f ,,! ,,papyrus ,,( ,,ani4 ,footnote3 ,plate #bj4 ,! foll[+ beautiful composition1 "p hymn & "p pray]1 is ( exceptional int]e/4 ,hail1 ?\ ,disk1 ?\ "l ( rays1 :o rise/ on ! horizon day by day6 ,%9e ?\ ) ?y beams ( light ^u ! face ( ,osiris ,ani1 :o is true ( voice2 = he s+e? hymns ( praise unto !e at dawn1 & he make? !e to set at ev5tide ) words ( adoration1 ,may ! s\l ( ,ani come =? ) !e into heav51 may he g =? 9 ! ,matet boat1 may he come into port 9 ! ,sektet boat1 & may he cleave 8 pa? among ! nev]-re/+ />s 9 ! heav5s4 ,osiris ,ani1 be+ 9 peace & triumph1 adore? 8 "l1 ! "l ( et]nity1 say+1 ',homage to !e1 ,o ,h]u-,khuti 7,h>ma*is71 :o art ! god ,khep]a1 ! self-creat$ "o2 :5 ?\ rise/ on ! horizon & %$de/ ?y beams ( light ^u ! l&s ( ! ,nor? & ( ! ,s\?1 ?\ art beautiful1 yea beautiful1 & all ! gods rejoice :5 !y behold !e1 ! k+ ( heav54 ,! goddess ,nebt-,unnut is /abli%$ ^u ?y head2 & h] uraei ( ! ,s\? & ( ! ,nor? are ^u ?y br[2 %e take? up h] place be=e !e4 ,! god4 ,?o? is /abli%$ 9 ! b[s ( ?y boat to de/roy utt]ly all ?y foes4 ,^? :o are 9 ! ,tuat 7und]world7 come =? to meet !e1 & !y b[ l[ 9 homage z !y come t[>ds !e1 to behold ?y beautiful =m4 ,& ,i h come be=e !e t ,i may be ) !e to behold ?y ,disk ea* day4 ,may ,i n be %ut up 9 ! tomb1 may ,i n be turn$ back1 may ! limbs ( my body be made new aga9 :5 ,i view ?y beauties1 ev5 z are ^? ( all ?y fav\r$ ones1 because ,i am "o ( ^? :o wor%ipp$ !e ^u e>?4 ,may ,i come unto ! l& ( et]nity1 may ,i come ev5 unto ! ev]la/+ l&1 = behold1 ,o my "l1 ?is ha/ ?\ orda9$ = me4' ',homage to !e1 ,o ?\ :o rise/ 9 ?y horizon z ,ra1 ?\ re/e/ ^u ,maat1 ,footnote3 i4e41 un*ang+ & unalt]able law4 ,?\ passe/ ov] ! sky1 & e face wat*e? !e & ?y c\rse1 = ?\ ha/ be5 hidd5 f _! gaze4 ,?\ do/ %[ ?yself at dawn & at ev5tide day by day4 ,! ,sektet boat1 :]e91 is ?y ,maje/y1 goe? =? ) might2 ?y beams are ^u all faces2 ?y rays ( r$ & yell[ _c be kn[n1 & ?y bright beams _c be told4 ,! l&s ( ! gods & ! ea/]n l&s ( ,punt ,footnote3 i4e41 ! ea/ & we/ coa/s ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 & ! nor?-ea/ coa/ ( ,africa4 mu/ be se5 ere t :i*1 is hidd5 9 !e may be measur$4 ,footnote3 ,i am d\btful ab\t ! mean+ ( ?is passage4 ,alone & by ?yself ?\1 do/ manife/ ?yself :5 ?\ come/ into be+ above ,nu4 ,may ,i advance1 ev5 z ?\ do/ advance2 may ,i nev] cease to g =w>d1 ev5 z ?y ,maje/y cease? n to g =w>d1 ev5 ?\gh x be = a mom5t2 = ) /rides do/ ?\ 9 "o brief mom5t pass ov] spaces :i* man w\ld ne$ hundr$s ( ?\s&2 yea1 millions ( ye>s to pass ov]2 ?is ?\ doe/1 & !n ?\ do/ s9k to re/4 ,?\ putte/ an end to ! h\rs ( ! night1 & ?\ do/ c\nt !m1 ev5 ?\2 ?\ ende/ !m 9 ?9e own appo9t$ season1 & ! e>?1 become? light1 ,?\ sette/ ?yself be=e ?y h&iwork 9 ! lik5ess ( ,ra2 ?\ rise/ 9 ! horizon4' ,osiris2 ! scribe ,ani1 decl>e? 8 praise ( !e :5 ?\ %9e/1 & :5 ?\ rise/ at dawn he crie? 9 8 joy at ?y bir?1 say+3-- ',?\ art cr[n$ ) ! maje/y ( ?y beauties2 ?\ m\lde/ ?y limbs z ?\ do/ advance1 & ?\ br+e/ !m =? )\t bir?-pangs 9 ! =m ( ,ra1 z ?\ do/ rise up 9 ! cele/ial height4 ,grant ?\ t ,i may come unto ! heav5 :i* is ev]la/+1 & unto ! m\nta9 :]e dwell ?y fav\r$ ones4 ,may ,i be jo9$ unto ^? %9+ be+s1 holy & p]fect1 :o are 9 ! und]world2 & may ,i come =? ) !m to behold ?y beauties :5 ?\ %9e/ at ev5tide1 & goe/ to ?y "m ,nut4 ,?\ do/ place ?yself 9 ! we/1 & my h&s adore !e :5 ?\ sette/ z a liv+ be+4 ,footnote3 i4e41 because :5 ?\ sette/ ?\ do/ n die4 ,behold1 ?\ art ! ev]la/+ creator1 & ?\ art ador$ z su* :5 ?\ sette/ 9 ! heav5s4 ,i h giv5 my he>t to !e )\t wav]+1 ,o ?\ :o art mighti] ?an ! gods4' ,a hymn ( praise to !e1 ,o ?\ :o rise/ l unto gold1 & :o do/ flood ! _w ) light on ! day ( ?y bir?4 ,?y "m give? !e bir?1 & /raightway ?\ do/ give light ^u ! pa? ( ?y ,disk1 ,o ?\ great ,light :o %9e/ 9 ! heav5s4 ,?\ make/ ! g5]ations ( m5 to fl\ri% ?r\gh ! ,nile-flood1 & ?\ do/ cause gladness to exi/ 9 all l&s1 & 91 all cities1 & 9 all temples4 ,?\ art glori\s by reason ( ?y spl5d\rs1 & ?\ make/ /rong ?y ,,ka 7i4e4 ,d\ble7 )1 div9e foods1 ,o ?\ mighty "o ( victories1 ?\ ,p[] ( ,p[]s1 :o do/ make /rong ?y ?rone aga9/ evil fi5ds--?\ :o art glori\s 9 ,maje/y 9 ! ,sektet boat1 & mo/ mighty 9 ! ,atet ,footnote3 ,! ,sun's ev5+ & morn+ boats respectively4 boat6 ,?is selection may be fitt+ly clos$ by a %ort hymn ,footnote3 ,f ! ,papyrus ( ,nekht 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,no4 #aj1dga74 :i*1 ?\gh1 ( a lat] date1 reproduces 9 a brief =m all ! ess5tials ( ! long] hymns ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y 7ab\t ,b4,c4 #agjj to #adjj74 ,homage to !e1 ,o ?\ glori\s ,be+1 ?\ :o art d[]$ ) all sov]eignty4 ,o ,temu-,h>ma-*is1 ,footnote3 ,! ev5+ & morn+ sun respectively4 :5 ?\ rise/ 9 ! horizon ( heav51 a cry ( joy come? =?1 to !e f ! m\? ( all peoples1 ,o ?\ beautiful ,be+1 ?\ do/ r5ew ?yself 9 ?y season 9 ! =m ( ! ,disk )9 ?y "m ,ha?or2 ,footnote3 ,l ,nut1 a goddess ( ! sky1 b p>ticul>ly ( t portion ( x 9 :i* ! sun rises4 !re=e 9 e place e he>t swelle? ) joy at ?y ris+ = ev]4 ,! regions ( ! ,nor? & ,s\? come to !e ) homage1 & s5d =?1 acclamations at ?y ris+ 9 ! horizon ( heav52 ?\ illum9e/ ! two l&s ) rays ( turquoise light4 ,hail1 ,ra1 ?\ :o art ,ra-,h>ma*is1 ?\ div9e man-*ild1 heir ( et]nity1 self-begott5 & self-born1 k+ ( ! e>?1 pr9ce ( ! und]world1 gov]nor ( ! regions ( ,auk]t 7i4e4 ! und]world76 ,?\ did/ come =?1 f ! wat]1 ?\ ha/ sprung f ! god ,nu1 :o *]i%e? !e & ord]e? ?y memb]s4 ,hail1 god ( life1 ?\ "l ( love1 all m5 live :5 ?\ %9e/2 ?\ art cr[n$ k+ ( ! gods4 ,! goddess ,nut doe? homage unto !e1 & ! goddess ,maat embrace? !e at all times4 ,^? :o are 9 ?y foll[+ s+ unto !e ) joy & b[ d[n _! =eheads to ! e>? :5 !y meet !e1 ?\ "l ( heav51 ?\ "l ( e>?1 ?\ k+ ( ,"r & ,tru?1 ?\ "l ( et]nity1 ?\ pr9ce ( ev]la/+ness1 ?\ sov]eign ( all ! gods1 ?\ god ( life1 ?\ creator ( et]nity1 ?\ mak] ( heav51 :]e9 ?\ art firmly e/abli%$4 ,! company ( ! gods rejoice at ?y ris+1 ! e>? is glad :5 x beholde? ?y rays2 ! peoples t h be5 long dead come =? ) cries ( joy to see ?y beauties e day4 ,?\ goe/ =? ea* day ov] heav5 & e>?1 & art made /rong ea* day by ?y "m ,nut4 ,?\ passe/ ?r\gh ! heights ( heav51 ?y he>t swelle? ) joy2 ! abyss ( ! sky is cont5t !reat4 ,! ,s]p5t-fi5d ha? fall51 8 arms are hewn (f1 & ! knife ha? cut asund] 8 jo9ts1 ,ra live? 9 ,maat ! beautiful4 ,! ,sektet boat drawe? on & come? into port2 ! ,s\? & ! ,nor?1 ! ,we/ & ! ,ea/1 turn1 to praise !e1 ,o ?\ primeval sub/ance ( ! e>? :o did/ come into be+ ( ?9e own accord1 ,isis & ,neph?ys salute !e1 !y s+ unto !e songs ( joy at ?y ris+ 9 ! boat1 !y protect !e ) _! h&s4 ,! s\ls ( ! ,ea/ foll[ !e1 ! s\ls ( ! ,we/ praise !e4 ,?\ art ! rul] ( all ! gods1 & ?\ ha/ joy ( he>t )9 ?y %r9e2 = ! ,s]p5t-fi5d ,nak ha? be5 condemn$ to ! fire1 & ?y he>t %all be joyful = ev]4 ,f ! consid]ations set =? 9 ! prec$+ pages1 & f ! extracts f religi\s texts ( v>i\s p]iods1 & f ! hymns quot$1 ! read] may himself judge ! views :i* ! anci5t ,egyptian held conc]n+ ,god ,almighty & 8 visible type & symbol ,ra1 ! ,sun-god4 ,egyptologi/s diff] 9 _! int]pretations ( c]ta9 passages1 b agree z to g5]al facts4 ,9 deal+ ) ! facts x _c be too cle>ly und]/ood t ! religi\s ideas ( ! prehi/oric ,egyptian 7 v diff]5t f ^? ( ! cultur$ prie/ ( ,memphis 9 ! ,i,ind dyna/y1 or ^? ( ! wor%ipp]s ( ,temu or ,atum1 ! god ( ! sett+ sun1 9 ! ,i,vth dyna/y4 ,! editors ( religi\s texts ( all p]iods h reta9$ _m grossly sup]/iti\s & co>se beliefs1 :i* !y knew well to be ! products ( ! imag9ations ( _! savage1 or semi-savage ance/ors1 n because !y !mselves believ$ 9 !m1 or ?\ght t ! laity to :om !y m9i/]$ w\ld accept !m1 b because ( _! rev]5ce = inh]it$ traditions4 ,! foll[]s ( e great religion 9 ! _w h nev] :olly %ak5 (f all ! sup]/itions :i* !y h 9 all g5]ations inh]it$ f _! ance/ors2 & :at is true ( ! peoples ( ! pa/ is true1 9 a degree1 ( ! peoples ( to-day4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ! old] ! ideas1 & beliefs1 & traditions1 are1 ! m sacr$ !y become2 b ?is has n prev5t$ m5 !re f develop+ high moral & spiritual conceptions & cont9u+ to believe 9 !m1 & among su* mu/ be c\nt$ ! ,"o1 self-begott51 & self-exi/5t ,god :om ! ,egyptians wor%ipp$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,osiris ,,! ,,god ,,( ,,! ,,resurrection4 ,! ,egyptians ( e p]iod 9 :i* !y are kn[n to u believ$ t ,osiris 0 ( div9e orig91 t he suff]$ dea? & mutilation at ! h&s ( ! p[]s ( evil1 t aft] a great /ruggle ) ^! p[]s he rose aga91 t he became h5ce=? ! k+ ( ! und]world & judge ( ! dead1 & t because he _h conqu]$ dea? ! righte\s also might conqu] dea?2 & !y rais$ ,osiris to su* an exalt$ position 9 heav5 t he became ! equal &1 9 c]ta9 cases1 ! sup]ior ( ,ra1 ! ,sun-god1 & ascrib$ to him ! attributes :i* belong unto ,god4 ,h[ev] f> back we g1 we f9d t ^! views ab\t ,osiris are assum$ to be kn[n to ! read] ( religi\s texts & accept$ by him1 & 9 ! e>lie/ fun]al book ! position ( ,osiris 9 respect ( ! o!r gods is id5tical ) t :i* he is made to hold 9 ! late/ copies ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead4 ,! fir/ writ]s ( ! anci5t hi]oglyphic fun]al texts & _! lat] editors h assum$ s completely t ! hi/ory ( ,osiris 0 kn[n unto all m51 t none ( !m1 z f> z we "k1 ?\ght x necess>y to write d[n a connect$ n>rative ( ! life & suff]+s ^u e>? ( ?is god1 or if !y did1 x has n come d[n to u4 ,ev5 9 ! ,v? dyna/y we f9d ,osiris & ! gods ( 8 cycle1 or company1 occupy+ a peculi> & special place 9 ! compositions writt5 = ! b5efit ( ! dead1 & ! /one & o!r monum5ts :i* belong to /ill e>li] p]iods m5tion c]emonies ! p]=mance ( :i* assum$ ! sub/antial accuracy ( ! hi/ory ( ,osiris z made kn[n to u by lat] writ]s4 ,b we h a connect$ hi/ory ( ,osiris :i*1 ?\gh n writt5 9 ,egyptian1 conta9s s mu* t is ( ,egyptian orig9 t we may be sure t its au?or drew 8 in=mation f ,egyptian s\rces3 ,i ref] to ! "w1 ,de ,iside et ,osride1 ( ! ,greek writ]1 ,plut>*1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! middle ( ! fir/ c5tury ( our era4 ,9 x1 un=tunately1 ,plut>* id5tifies c]ta9 ( ! ,egyptian gods ) ! gods ( ! ,greeks1 & he adds a numb] ( /atem5ts :i* re/ ei!r ^u 8 own imag9ation1 or are ! results ( mis9=mation4 ,! translation ,footnote3 ,plut>*i de ,iside et ,osirids lib]3 ,graece et ,anglice4 ,by ,s4 ,squire1 ,cambridge1 #agdd4 by ,squire runs z foll[s3-- ,rhea1 ,footnote3 i4e41 ,nut4 say !y1 hav+ accompani$ ,saturn ,footnote3 i4e41 ,seb4 by /eal?1 0 discov]$ by ! ,sun1 ,footnote3 i4e41 ,ra4 :o h]eupon d5\nc$ a curse ^u h]1 't %e %\ld n he deliv]$ 9 any mon? or ye>'--,m]cury1 h[ev]1 be+ likewise 9 love ) ! same goddess1 9 recomp5se ( ! fav\rs :i* he _h receiv$ f h]1 plays at tables ) ! ,moon1 & w9s f h] ! sev5tie? "p ( ea* ( h] illum9ations2 ^! sev]al p>ts1 mat+ 9 ! :ole five days1 he aft]w>ds jo9$ toge!r1 & add$ to ! ?ree hundr$ & sixty1 ( :i* ! ye> =m]ly consi/$1 :i* days !re=e are ev5 yet call$ by ! ,egyptians ! ,epact or sup]add$1 & obs]v$ by !m z ! bir?days ( _! gods4 ,= ^u ! fir/ ( !m1 say !y1 0 ,,osiris born1 j at ^: entrance into ! _w a voice 0 he>d1 say+1 ',! "l ( all ! e>? is born4' ,!re are "s inde$ :o relate ?is circum/ance 9 a diff]5t mann]1 z t a c]ta9 p]son1 nam$ ,pamyles1 z he 0 fet*+ wat] f ! temple ( ,jupit] at ,!bes1 he>d a voice comm&+ him to proclaim al\d t '! good & great k+ ,osiris 0 !n born'2 & t = ?is reason ,saturn committ$ ! education ( ! *ild to him1 & t 9 memory ( ?is ev5t ! ,pamylia 7 aft]w>ds in/itut$1 a fe/ival mu* resembl+ ! ,phalliphoria or ,priapeia ( ! ,greeks4 ,^u ! second ( ^! days 0 ,,ar\]is ,footnote3 i4e41 ,h]a-ur1 ,horus ! ,eld]4 born1 :om "s call ,apollo1 & o!rs di/+ui% by ! "n ( ! eld] ,orus4 ,^u ! ?ird ,typho ,footnote3 i4e41 ,set4 came into ! _w1 be+ born nei!r at ! prop] "t1 nor by ! prop] place1 b =c+ 8 way ?r\gh a w\nd :i* he _h made 9 8 "m's side4 ,,isis 0 born ^u ! f\r? ( !m 9 ! m>%es ( ,egypt1 z ,,nep?ys 0 ^u ! la/1 :om "s call ,teleute & ,aphrodite1 & o!rs ,nike--,n[ z to ! fa!rs ( ^! *ildr51 ! two fir/ ( !m are said to h be5 begott5 by ! ,sun1 ,isis by ,m]cury1 ,typho & ,nep?ys by ,saturn2 & accord+ly1 ! ?ird ( ^! sup]add$ days1 because x 0 look$ ^u z ! bir?day ( ,typho1 0 reg>d$ by ! k+s z inauspici\s1 & consequ5tly !y nei!r transact$ any bus9ess on x1 or ev5 suff]$ !mselves to take any refre%m5t until ! ev5+4 ,!y fur!r add1 t ,typho m>ri$ ,nep?ys2 & t ,isis & ,osiris1 hav+ a mutual affection1 lov$ ea* o!r 9 _! "m's womb be=e !y 7 born1 & t f ?is comm]ce sprang ,ar\]is1 :om ! ,egyptians likewise call ! eld] ,orus1 & ! ,greeks ,apollo4 ,osiris1 be+ n[ become k+ ( ,egypt1 appli$ himself t[>ds civiliz+ 8 c\ntrym51 by turn+ !m f _! =m] indig5t & b>b>\s c\rse ( life2 he moreov] taught !m h[ to cultivate & improve ! fruits ( ! e>?2 he gave !m a body ( laws to regulate _! conduct by1 & in/ruct$ !m 9 t rev]5ce & wor%ip :i* !y 7 to pay to ! gods4 ,) ! same good disposition he aft]w>ds travell$ ov] ! re/ ( ! _w induc+ ! p ev]y:]e to submit to 8 discipl9e2 n inde$ compell+ !m by =ce ( arms1 b p]suad+ !m to yield to ! /r5g? ( 8 reasons1 :i* 7 convey$ to !m 9 ! mo/ agreeable mann]1 9 hymns & songs1 accompani$ by in/rum5ts ( music3 f :i* la/ circum/ance ! ,greeks conclude him to h be5 ! same ) _! ,dionysius or ,bac*us--,dur+ ,osiris' abs5ce f 8 k+dom1 ,typho _h no opportunity ( mak+ any innovations 9 ! /ate1 ,isis be+ extremely vigilant 9 ! gov]nm5t1 & always ^u h] gu>d4 ,aft] 8 return1 h[ev]1 hav+ fir/ p]suad$ sev5ty-two o!r p]sons to jo9 ) him 9 ! conspiracy1 toge!r ) a c]ta9 que5 ( ,e?iopia nam$ ,aso1 :o *anc$ to be 9 ,egypt at t "t1 he contriv$ a prop] /ratagem to execute 8 base designs4 ,= hav+ privily tak5 ! measure ( ,osiris' body1 he caus$ a *e/ to be made exactly ( ! same size ) x1 z beautiful z may be1 & set (f ) all ! ornam5ts ( art4 ,?is *e/ he br\ght into 8 banquet+-room2 :]e1 aft] x _h be5 mu* admir$ by all :o 7 pres5t1 ,typho1 z x 7 9 je/1 promis$ to give x to any "o ( !m ^: body ^u trial x might be f\nd to fit4 ,^u ?is ! :ole company "o aft] ano!r1 g into x2 b z x did n fit any ( !m1 la/ ( all ,osiris lays himself d[n 9 x1 ^u :i* ! conspirators imm$iately ran toge!r1 clapp$ ! cov] ^u x1 & !n fa/5$ x d[n on ! outside ) nails1 p\r+ likewise melt$ lead ov] x4 ,aft] ?is !y c>ri$ x away to ! riv] side1 & convey$ x to ! sea by ! ,tanatic m\? ( ! ,nile2 :i*1 = ?is reason1 is /ill held 9 ! utmo/ abom9ation by ! ,egyptians1 & nev] nam$ by !m b ) prop] m>ks ( dete/ation4 ,^! ?+s1 say !y1 7 ?us execut$ ^u ! #ag? ,footnote3 ,9 ! ,egyptian cal5d> ?is day 0 m>k$ triply unlucky4 day ( ! mon? ,a?yr1 :5 ! sun 0 9 ,scorpio1 9 ! #bh? ye> ( ,osiris' reign2 ?\gh !re are o!rs :o tell u t he 0 no m ?an #bh ye>s old at ?is "t4 ,! fir/ :o knew ! accid5t :i* _h befall5 _! k+ 7 ! ,pans & ,satyrs :o inhabit$ ! c\ntry ab\t ,*emmis 7,panopolis72 & !y imm$iately acqua9t+ ! p ) ! news gave ! fir/ occasion to ! "n ,panic ,t]rors1 :i* has ev] s9ce be5 made use ( to signify any sudd5 affright or amazem5t ( a multitude4 ,z to ,isis1 z soon z ! report rea*$ h] %e imm$iately cut (f "o ( ! locks ( h] hair1 ,footnote3 ,! hair cut (f z a sign ( m\rn+ 0 usually laid 9 ! tomb ( ! dead4 & put on m\rn+ app>el ^u ! v spot :]e %e !n happ5$ to be1 :i* accord+ly f ?is accid5t has ev] s9ce be5 call$ ,koptis1 or ! city ( m\rn+1 ?\gh "s are ( op9ion t ?is ^w r signifies deprivation4 ,aft] ?is %e w&]$ ev]y:]e ab\t ! c\ntry full ( disquietude & p]plexity 9 se>*1 ( ! *e/1 inquir+ ( e p]son %e met )1 ev51 ( "s *ildr5 :om %e *anc$ to see1 :e!r !y knew :at 0 become ( x4 ,n[ x happ5$ t ^! *ildr5 _h se5 :at ,typho's accomplices _h done ) ! body1 & accord+ly acqua9t$ h] by :at m\? ( ! ,nile x _h be5 convey$ into ! sea--,= ?is reason !re=e ! ,egyptians look ^u *ildr5 z endu$ ) a k9d ( faculty ( div9+1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is notion are v curi\s 9 obs]v+ ! accid5tal prattle :i* !y h ) "o ano!r :il/ !y are at play 7especially if x be 9 a sacr$ place71 =m+ om5s & presages f x--,isis1 dur+ ?is int]val1 hav+ be5 in=m$ t ,osiris1 deceiv$ by h] si/] ,nep?ys :o 0 9 love ) him1 _h unwitt+ly unit$ ) h] in/ead ( h]self1 z %e conclud$ f ! melilot-g>l&1 ,footnote3 i4e41 a wrea? ( clov]4 :i* he _h left ) h]1 made x h] bus9ess likewise to se>* out ! *ild1 ! fruit ( ?is unlawful comm]ce 7= h] si/]1 dread+ ! ang] ( h] husb& ,typho1 _h expos$ x z soon z x 0 born71 & accord+ly1 aft] mu* pa9s & difficulty1 by means ( "s dogs t conduct$ h] to ! place :]e x 01 %e f\nd x & br$ x up2 s t 9 process ( "t x became h] con/ant gu>d & att5dant1 & f h5ce obta9$ ! "n ( ,anubis1 be+ ?\ght to wat* & gu>d ! gods1 z dogs d mank9d4 ,at l5g? %e receives m p>ticul> news ( ! *e/1 t x _h be5 c>ri$ by ! waves ( ! sea to ! coa/ ( ,byblos1 ,footnote3 ,n ! ,byblos ( ,syria 7,jebl7 b ! papyrus swamps ( ! ,delta4 & !re g5tly lodg$ 9 ! bran*es ( a bu% ( ,tam>isk1 :i*1 9 a %ort "t1 _h %ot up into a l>ge & beautiful tree1 gr[+ r\nd ! *e/ & enclos+ x on e side1 s t x 0 n to be se52 & f>!r1 t ! k+ ( ! c\ntry1 amaz$ at its unusual size1 _h cut ! tree d[n1 & made t "p ( ! trunk :]e9 ! *e/ 0 conceal$1 a pill> to support2 ! ro( ( 8 h\se4 ,^! ?+s1 say !y1 be+ made kn[n to ,isis 9 an extraord9>y mann] by ! report ( ,demons1 sue imm$iately w5t to ,byblos2 :]e1 sett+ h]self d[n by ! side ( a f\nta91 %e refus$ to speak to anybody1 except+ only to ! que5's wom5 :o *anc$ to be !re2 ^! inde$ %e salut$ & c>ess$ 9 ! k9de/ mann] possible1 plait+ _! hair = !m1 & transmitt+ into !m "p ( t wond]fully grateful od\r :i* issu$ f h] own body4 ,?is rais$ a great desire 9 ! que5 _! mi/ress to see ! /rang] :o _h ?is admirable faculty ( transfus+ s fragrant a smell f h]self into ! hair & sk9 ( o!r p4 ,%e !re=e s5t = h] to c\rt1 &1 aft] a fur!r acqua9tance ) h]1 made h] nurse to "o ( h] sons4 ,n[ ! "n ( ! k+ :o reign$ at ?is "t at ,byblos1 0 ,melo>?us1 z t ( 8 que5 0 ,a/>te1 or1 accord+ to o!rs1 ,saosis1 ?\gh "s call h] ,neman\n1 :i* answ]s to ! ,greek "n ,a!nais4 ,isis f$ ! *ild by giv+ x h] f+] to suck in/ead ( ! brea/2 %e likewise put him e night into ! fire 9 ord] to consume 8 mortal "p1 :il/ trans=m+ h]self into a swall[1 %e hov]$ r\nd ! pill> & bemoan$ h] sad fate4 ,?us cont9u$ %e to d = "s "t1 till ! que51 :o /ood wat*+ h]1 obs]v+ ! *ild to be all 9 a flame1 cry$ out1 & !reby depriv$ him ( t immortality :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 conf]r$ ^u him4 ,! ,goddess ^u ?is1 discov]+ h]self1 reque/$ t ! pill>1 :i* support$ ! ro(1 might be giv5 h]2 :i* %e accord+ly took d[n1 & !n easily cutt+ x op51 aft] %e _h tak51 out :at %e want$1 %e wrapp$ up ! rema9d] ( ! trunk 9 f9e l9n51 & p\r+ p]fum$ oil ^u x1 deliv]$ x aga9 into ! h&s ( ! k+ & que5 7:i* piece ( wood is to ?is day pres]v$ 9 ! temple ( ,isis1 & wor%ipp$ by ! p ( ,byblos74 ,:5 ?is 0 done1 %e ?rew h]self ^u ! *e/1 mak+ at ! same "t su* a l\d & t]rible lam5tation ov] x1 z fright5$ ! y\ng] ( ! k+'s sons1 :o he>d h]1 out ( 8 life4 ,b ! eld] ( !m %e took )1 h] & set sail ) ! *e/ = ,egypt2 & x be+ n[ ab\t morn+1 ! riv] ,pha$rus s5d+ =? a r\gh & %>p air1 %e 9 h] ang] dri$ up its curr5t4 ,no soon] 0 %e arriv$ at a des>t place1 :]e %e imag9$ h]self to be alone1 b %e pres5tly op5$ ! *e/1 & lay+ h] face ^u h] dead husb&'s1 embrac$ 8 corpse1 & wept bitt]ly2 b1 p]ceiv+ t ! little boy _h sil5tly /ol5 beh9d h]1 & f\nd out ! occasion ( h] grief1 %e turn$ h]self ab\t on ! sudd51 & 9 h] ang] gave him s fi]ce & /]n a look t he imm$iately di$ ( ! affright4 ,o!rs inde$ say t 8 dea? did n happ5 9 ?is mann]1 b1 z 0 h9t$ above1 t he fell into ! sea1 & aft]w>ds receiv$ ! greate/ hon\rs on acc\nt ( ! ,goddess2 = t ! ,man]os1 ,footnote3 ,a son ( ! fir/ ,egyptian k+1 :o di$ 9 8 e>ly y\?2 see ,h]odotus1 ii4 #gi4 :om ! ,egyptians s frequ5tly call ^u 9 _! banquets1 is none o!r ?an ?is v boy4 ,?is relation is aga9 contradict$ by su* z tell u t ! true "n ( ! *ild 0 ,palae/9us1 or ,pelusius1 & t ! city ( ?is "n 0 built by ! ,goddess 9 memory ( him2 add+ f>!r1 t ! ,man]os above m5tion$ is ?us hon\r$ by ! ,egyptians at _! fea/s1 because he 0 ! fir/ :o inv5t$ music4 ,!re are o!rs1 aga91 :o affirm t ,man]os is n ! "n ( any p>ticul> p]son1 b a m]e cu/om>y =m1 & complim5tal mann] ( greet+ made use ( by ! ,egyptians "o t[>ds ano!r at _! m solemn fea/s & banquets1 mean+ no m by x1 ?an to wi%1 t :at !y 7 !n ab\t might prove =tunate & happy to !m1 = t ?is is ! true import ( ! ^w4 ,9 l mann]1 say !y1 ! human skeleton1 :i* at ^! times ( jollity is c>ri$ ab\t 9 a box1 & %ewn to all ! gue/s1 is n design$1 z "s imag9e1 to repres5t ! p>ticul> mis=tunes ( ,osiris1 b r to rem9d !m ( _! mortality1 & !reby to excite !m freely to make use ( & to enjoy ! good ?+s :i* are set be=e !m1 see+ !y mu/ quickly become su* z !y !re saw2 & t ?is is ! true reason ( introduc+ x at _! banquets--b to proce$ 9 ! n>ration4 ,isis int5d+ a visit to h] son ,orus1 :o 0 br\ght up at ,butus1 deposit$ ! *e/ 9 ! mean:ile 9 a remote & unfrequ5t$ place3 ,typho h[ev]1 z he 0 "o night hunt+ by ! light ( ! moon1 accid5tally met ) x2 & kn[+ ! body :i* 0 enclos$ 9 x1 tore x into sev]al pieces1 f\rte51 9 all1 disp]s+ !m up & d[n1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry--,^u be+ made acqua9t$ ) ?is ev5t1 ,isis once m sets out 9 se>* ( ! scatt]$ fragm5ts ( h] husb&'s body1 mak+ use ( a boat made ( ! re$ ,papyrus 9 ord] ! m easily to pass ?ro' ! l[] & f5ny p>ts ( ! c\ntry--,= :i*1 reason1 say !y1 ! crocodile nev] t\*es any p]sons1 :o sail 9 ?is sort ( vessels1 z ei!r fe>+ ! ang] ( ! goddess1 or else respect+ x on acc\nt ( its hav+ once c>ri$ h]4 ,to ?is occasion !re=e is x to be imput$1 t !re are s _m diff]5t sepul*res ( ,osiris %ewn1 9 ,egypt2 = we are told1 t :]ev] ,isis met ) any ( ! scatt]$ limbs ( h] husb&1 %e !re buri$ x4 ,!re are o!rs h[ev] :o contradict ?is relation1 & tell u1 t ?is v>iety ( ,sepul*res 0 ow+ r to ! policy ( ! que51 :o1 in/ead ( ! real body1 z 0 pret5d$1 pres5t$ ^! sev]al cities ) ! image only ( h] husb&3 & t %e did ?is1 n only to r5d] ! hon\rs1 :i* w\ld by ?is means be paid to 8 memory1 m ext5sive1 b likewise t %e might h]eby elude ! malici\s se>* ( ,typho2 :o1 if he got ! bett] ( ,orus 9 ! w> :]e9 !y 7 go+ to be engag$1 di/ract$ by ?is multiplicity ( ,sepul*res1 might despair ( be+ able to f9d ! true "o--we are told moreov]1 t not)/&+ all h] se>*1 ,isis 0 nev] able to recov] ! memb] ( ,osiris1 :i* hav+ be5 ?r[n into ! ,nile imm$iately ^u its sep>ation f ! re/ ( ! body1 _h be5 dev\r$ by ! ,lepidotus1 ! ,phagrus1 & ! ,oxyryn*us1 fi% :i* ( all o!rs1 = ?is reason1 ! ,egyptians h 9 m especial avoidance4 ,9 ord] h[ev] to make "s am5ds = ! loss1 ,isis consecrat$ ! ,phallus made 9 imitation ( x1 & in/itut$ a solemn fe/ival to its memory1 :i* is ev51 to ?is day obs]v$ by ! ,egyptians4 ,aft] ^! ?+s1 ,osiris return+ f ! o!r _w1 appe>$ to 8 son ,orus1 enc\rag$ him to ! battle1 & at ! same "t in/ruct$ him 9 ! ex]cise ( arms4 ,he !n ask$ him1 ':at he ?\ght 0 ! moat glori\s action a man c\ld p]=m8' to :i* ,orua repli$1 'to rev5ge ! injuries (f]$ to 8 fa!r & "m4' ,he !n ask$ him1 ':at animal he ?\ght mo/ s]viceable to a soldi]8' & be+ answ]$ 'a horse'2 ?is rais$ ! wond] ( ,osiris1 s t he f>!r que/ion$ him1 ':y he pref]r$ a horse be=e a lion8' because1 adds ,orus1 '?o' ! lion be ! m s]viceable creature to "o :o /&s 9 ne$ ( help1 yet is ! horse ,footnote3 ,! horse does n appe> to h be5 kn[n 9 ,egypt be=e ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y2 ?is portion ( ,plut>*'s v]sion ( ! hi/ory ( ,osiris mu/1 !n1 be lat] ?an ,b4,c4 #aejj4 m useful 9 ov]tak+ & cutt+ (f a fly+ adv]s>y4' ,^! replies mu* rejoic$ ,osiris1 z !y %[$ him t 8 son 0 suffici5tly prep>$ = 8 enemy--,we are moreov] told1 t among ! great numb]s :o 7 cont9ually des]t+ f ,typho's p>ty 0 8 concub9e ,?u]is1 & t a s]p5t pursu+ h] z %e 0 com+ ov] to ,orus1 0 sla9 by h] soldi]s--! memory ( :i* action1 say !y1 is /ill pres]v$ 9 t cord :i* is ?r[n into ! mid/ ( _! assemblies1 & !n *opt into pieces--,aft]w>ds x came to a battle betwe51 !m :i* la/$ _m days2 b victory at l5g? incl9$ to ,orus1 ,typho himself be+ tak5 prison]4 ,isis h[ev]1 to ^: cu/ody he 0 committ$1 0 s f> f putt+ him to dea?1 t %e ev5 loos$ 8 bonds & set him at lib]ty4 ,?is action ( 8 "m s extremely inc5s$ ,orus1 t he laid h&s ^u h]1 & pull$ (f ! ensign ( royalty :i* %e wore on h] head2 & in/ead !re( ,h]mes clapt on an helmet made 9 ! %ape ( an oxe's head--,aft] ?is1 ,typho publicly accus$ ,orus ( ba/>dy2 b by ! assi/ance ( ,h]mes 7,?o?7 8 legitimacy 0 fully e/abli%$ by ! judgm5t ( ! ,gods !mselves--,aft] ?is2 !re 7 two o!r battles f\ght betwe5 !m1 9 bo? ( :i* ,typho _h ! wor/4 ,fur!rmore1 ,isis is said to h accompani$ ) ,osiris aft] 8 dea?1 & 9 consequ5ce h]e( to h br\ght =? ,h>pocrates1 :o came into ! _w be=e 8 "t1 & lame 9 8 l[] limbs4 ,:5 we exam9e ?is /ory by ! light ( ! results ( hi]oglyphic deciph]m5t1 we f9d t a l>ge portion ( x is sub/antiat$ by ,egyptian texts3 e4g41 ,osiris 0 ! son ( ,seb & ,nut2 ! ,epact is kn[n 9 ! ,cal5d>s z ! five additional days ( ! ye>2 ! five gods1 ,osiris1 ,horus1 ,set1 ,isis1 & ,neph?ys1 7 born on ! days m5tion$ by ,plut>*2 ! #ag? day ( ,a?yr 7,ha?or7 is m>k$ z triply unlucky 9 ! ,cal5d>s2 ! w&]+s & tr\bles ( ,isis are describ$1 & lam5tations :i* %e is suppos$ to h utt]$ are f\nd 9 ! texts2 li/s ( ! %r9es ( ,osiris are pres]v$ 9 sev]al inscriptions2 ! av5g+ ( 8 fa!r by ,horus is ref]r$ to frequ5tly 9 papyri & o!r docum5ts2 ! conflict betwe5 ,set & ,horus is describ$ fully 9 a papyrus 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,no4 #aj1ahd72 a hymn 9 ! papyrus ( ,hunef] relates all t ,?o? p]=m$ = ,osiris2 & ! begett+ ( ,horus by ,osiris aft] dea? is m5tion$ 9 a hymn to ,osiris dat+ f ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y 9 ! foll[+ passage3-- ,?y si/] put =? h] protect+ p[] = !e1 %e scatt]$ abroad ^? :o 7 h] enemies1 %e drove away evil hap1 %e pron\nc$ mighty words ( p[]1 %e made cunn+ h] tongue1 & h] words fail$ n4 ,! glori\s ,isis 0 p]fect 9 comm& & 9 spee*1 & %e av5g$ h] bro!r4 ,%e s\ght him )\t ceas+1 %e w&]$ r\nd & r\nd ! e>? utt]+ cries ( pa91 & %e re/$ 7or alight$7 n until %e _h f\nd him4 ,%e ov]%ad[$ him ) h] fea!rs1 %e made air 7or w9d7 ) h] w+s1 & %e utt]$ cries at ! burial ( h] bro!r4 ,%e rais$ up ! pro/rate =m ( him ^: he>t 0 /ill1 %e took f him ( 8 ess5ce1 %e conceiv$ & br\ght =? a *ild1 %e suckl$ x 9 secret1 & none knew ! place !re(2 & ! arm ( ! *ild ha? wax$ /rong 9 ! great h\se ( ,seb4 ,! company ( ! gods rejoice1 & are glad at ! com+ ( ,osiris's son ,horus1 & firm ( he>t & triumphant is ! son ( ,isis1 ! heir ( ,osiris4 ,footnote3 ,?is rem>kable hymn 0 fir/ made kn[n by ,*abas1 :o publi%$ a translation ( x1 ) notes1 9 ,revue ,ar*ologique1 ,p>is1 #aheg1 t4 xiv4 p4 #fe ff4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,isis suckl+ h] *ild ,horus 9 ! papyrus swamps4 #b4 ,?o? giv+ ! emblem ( magical protection to ,isis4 #c4 ,am5-,ra pres5t+ ! symbol ( life to ,isis4 #d4 ,! goddess ,nekhebet pres5t+ ye>s1 & life1 /ability1 p[]1 & sov]eignty to ! son ( ,osiris4 #e4 ,! goddess ,sati pres5t+ p]iods ( ye>s1 & life1 /ability1 p[]1 & sov]eignty to ! son ( ,osiris4 ,:at =m ! details ( ! hi/ory ( ,osiris took 9 ! e>ly dyna/ies x is impossible to say1 & we "k n :e!r ,osiris 0 ! god ( ! resurrection to ! pr$yna/ic or prehi/oric ,egyptians1 or :e!r t rle 0 attribut$ to him aft] ,m5a began to rule 9 ,egypt4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 good reason = assum+ t 9 ! e>lie/ dyna/ic times he occupi$ ! position ( god & judge ( ^? :o _h ris5 f ! dead by 8 help1 = already 9 ! ,i,vth dyna/y1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #chjj1 k+ ,mea-kau-,ra 7! ,myc]9us ( ! ,greeks7 is id5tifi$ ) him1 & on 8 c(f9 n only is he call$ ,osiris1 ,k+ ( ! ,s\? & ,nor?1 ,m5-kau-,ra1 liv+ = ev]1 b ! g5ealogy ( ,osiris is attribut$ to him1 & he is decl>$ to be born ( heav51 (fspr+ ( ,nut1 fle% & bone ( ,seb4 ,x is evid5t t ! prie/s ( ,heliopolis edit$ ! religi\s texts copi$ & multipli$ 9 ! ,college to suit _! own views1 b 9 ! e>ly times :5 !y began _! "w1 ! wor%ip ( ,osiris 0 s widespread1 & ! belief 9 him z ! god ( ! resurrection s deeply +ra9$ 9 ! he>ts ( ! ,egyptians1 t ev5 9 ! ,heliopolitan sy/em ( !ology ,osiris & 8 cycle1 or company ( gods1 7 made to hold a v prom95t position4 ,he repres5t$ to m5 ! idea ( a man :o 0 bo? god & man1 & he typifi$ to ! ,egyptians 9 all ages ! be+ :o by reason ( 8 suff]+s & dea? z a man c\ld sympa?ize ) !m 9 _! own sickness & dea?4 ,! idea ( 8 human p]sonality also satisfi$ _! crav+s & ye>n+s = int]c\rse ) a be+ :o1 ?\gh he 0 p>tly div9e1 yet _h mu* 9 common ) !mselves4 ,orig9ally !y look$ ^u ,osiris z a man :o liv$ on ! e>? z !y liv$1 :o ate & drank1 :o suff]$ a cruel dea?1 :o by ! help ( c]ta9 gods triumph$ ov] dea?1 & atta9$ unto ev]la/+ life4 ,b :at ,osiris did !y c\ld d1 & :at ! gods did = ,osiris !y mu/ also d = !m1 & z ! gods br\ght ab\t 8 resurrection s !y mu/ br+ ab\t !irs1 & z !y made him ! rul] ( ! und]world s !y mu/ make !m to ent] 8 k+dom & to live !re z long z ! god himself liv$4 ,osiris1 9 "s ( 8 aspects1 0 id5tifi$ ) ! ,nile1 & ) ,ra1 & ) sev]al o!r gods kn[n to ! ,egyptians1 b x 0 9 8 aspect z god ( ! resurrection & ( et]nal life t he appeal$ to m5 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile2 & = ?\s&s ( ye>s m5 & wom5 di$ believ+ t1 inasmu* z all t 0 done = ,osiris w\ld be done = !m symbolically1 !y l him w\ld rise aga91 & inh]it life ev]la/+4 ,h[ev] f> back we trace religi\s ideas 9 ,egypt1 we nev] approa* a "t :5 x c be said t !re did n exi/ a belief 9 ! ,resurrection1 = ev]y:]e x is assum$ t ,osiris rose f ! dead2 sceptics mu/ h exi/$1 & !y probably ask$ _! prie/s :at ! ,cor9?ians ask$ ,sa9t ,paul1 ,h[ are ! dead rais$ up8 & ) :at body d !y come8 ,b beyond d\bt ! belief 9 ! ,resurrection 0 accept$ by ! dom9ant classes 9 ,egypt4 ,! c]emonies :i* ! ,egyptians p]=m$ ) ! view ( assi/+ ! deceas$ to pass ! ordeal ( ! judgm5t1 & to ov]come 8 enemies 9 ! next _w1 w be describ$ else:]e1 z also w be ! =m 9 :i* ! dead 7 rais$ up2 we !re=e return to ! !ological hi/ory ( ,osiris4 ,! c5tre & home ( ! wor%ip ( ,osiris 9 ,egypt "u ! e>ly dyna/ies 0 ,abydos1 :]e ! head ( ! god 0 said to be buri$4 ,x spread nor? & s\? 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 & sev]al l>ge cities claim$ to possess "o or o!r ( ! limbs ( 8 body4 ,! v>i\s episodes 9 ! life ( ! god 7 made ! subject ( solemn repres5tations 9 ! temple1 & little by little ! p]=mance ( ! obligatory & non-obligatory s]vices 9 connection ) !m occupi$1 9 c]ta9 temples1 ! great] "p ( ! "t ( ! prie/s4 ,! orig9al ideas conc]n+ ! god 7 =gott5 & new ones grew up2 f be+ ! example ( a man :o _h ris5 f ! dead & _h atta9$ unto life ev]la/+1 he became ! cause ( ! resurrection ( ! dead2 & ! p[] to be/[ et]nal life ^u mortals 0 transf]r$ f ! gods to him4 ,! alleg$ dismemb]m5t ( ,osiris 0 =gott5 9 ! fact t he dwelt 9 a p]fect body 9 ! und]world1 & t1 :e!r dismemb]$ or n1 he _h become aft] 8 dea? ! fa!r ( ,horus by ,isis4 ,z e>ly z ! ,x,i,ith dyna/y1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #bejj1 ! wor%ip ( ?is god _h become almo/ univ]sal1 & a ?\s& ye>s lat] ,osiris _h become a sort ( national god4 ,! attributes ( ! great cosmic gods 7 ascrib$ to him1 & he appe>$ to man n only z ! god & judge ( ! dead1 b also z ! creator ( ! _w & ( all ?+s 9 x4 ,he :o 0 ! son ( ,ra became ! equal ( 8 fa!r1 & he took 8 place side by side ) him 9 heav54 ,we h an int]e/+ pro( ( ! id5tification ( ,osiris ) ,ra 9 ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ?is ,*apt] consi/s ( a s]ies ( :at might almo/ be call$ articles ( fai?1 ea* ( :i* is foll[$ by "o or m explanations :i* repres5t "o or m q diff]5t op9ions2 ! ,*apt] also is accompani$ by a s]ies ( ,vignettes4 ,9 l9e #aaj x is said1 ,i am ! s\l :i* dwelle? 9 ! two t*afi1 ,footnote3 i4e41 ! s\ls ( ,osiris & ,ra4 ,:at is ?is !n8 ,x is ,osiris :5 he goe? into ,tattu 7i4e41 ,busiris7 & f9de? !re ! s\l ( ,ra2 !re ! "o god embrace? ! o!r1 & s\ls spr+ into be+ )9 ! two t*afi4 ,9 ! ,vignette :i* illu/rates ?is passage ! s\ls ( ,ra & ,osiris are se5 9 ! =ms ( hawks /&+ on a pylon1 & fac+ ea* o!r 9 ,tattu2 ! =m] has ^u 8 head a disk1 & ! latt]1 :o is human-head$1 ! :ite cr[n4 ,x is a noticeable fact t ev5 at 8 meet+ ) ,ra ! s\l ( ,osiris pres]ves ! human face1 ! sign ( 8 k9%ip ) man4 ,n[ ,osiris became n only ! equal ( ,ra1 b1 9 _m respects1 a great] god ?an he4 ,x is said1 t f ! no/rils ( ! head ( ,osiris1 :i* 0 buri$ at ,abydos1 came =? ! sc>abaeus ,footnote3 ,see von ,b]g9aun 9 ,aeg ,zeits*rift1 #ahhj1 p4 #hh ff4 :i* 0 at once ! emblem & type ( ! god ,khep]a1 :o caus$ all ?+s to come into be+1 & ( ! resurrection4 ,9 ?is mann] ,osiris became ! s\rce & orig9 ( gods1 m51 & ?+s1 & ,illu/ration3 ,! s\l ( ,ra 7#a7 meet+ ! s\l ( ,osiris 7#b7 9 ,tattu4 ,! cat 7i4e41 ,ra7 by ! ,p]sea tree 7#c7 cutt+ (f ! head ( ! s]p5t :i* typifi$ night4 ! manhood ( ! god 0 =gott54 ,! next /ep 0 to ascribe to him ! attributes ( ,god1 & 9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith & ,x,i,xth dyna/ies he seems to h disput$ ! sov]eignty ( ! ?ree companies ( gods1 t is to say ( ! tr9ity ( tr9ities ( tr9ities1 ,footnote3 ,ea* company ( ! gods conta9$ ?ree tr9ities or triads4 ) ,am5-,ra1 :o by ?is "t 0 usually call$ ! k+ ( ! gods4 ,! ideas held conc]n+ ,osiris at ?is p]iod w be/ be judg$ by ! foll[+ extracts f contempor>y hymns3-- ,glory ,footnote3 ,see ,*apt]s ( ,com+ ,=? by ,day 7translation71 p4 #aa4 be to !e1 ,o ,osiris1 ,un-nef]1 ! great god )9 ,abtu 7,abydos71 k+ ( et]nity1 "l ( ev]la/+ness1 :o passe/ ?r\gh millions ( ye>s 9 ?y exi/5ce4 ,! elde/ son ( ! womb ( ,nut1 eng5d]$ by ,seb ! ,ance/or ( ! gods1 "l ( ! cr[ns ( ! ,s\? & ( ! ,nor?1 "l ( ! l(ty :ite cr[n2 z pr9ce ( gods & m5 he ha? receiv$ ! crook & ! :ip1 & ! dignity ( 8 div9e fa!rs4 ,let ?y he>t1 :i* dwelle? 9 ! m\nta9 ( ,am5t1 be cont5t1 = ?y son ,horus is /abli%$ ^u ?y ?rone4 ,?\ art cr[n$ "l ( ,tattu 7,busiris7 & rul] 9 ,abydos4 ,praise ,footnote3 ,ibid41 p4 #cd4 be unto !e1 ,o ,osiris1 "l ( et]nity1 ,un-nef]1 ,h]u-,khuti 7,h>ma*is7 ^: =ms are manifold1 & ^: attributes are great1 :o art ,ptah-,sek]-,tem 9 ,annu 7,heliopolis71 ! "l ( ! hidd5 place1 & ! creator ( ,het-ka-,ptah 7,memphis7 & ( ! gods !re91 ! guide ( ! und]world1 :om ! gods glorify :5 ?\ sette/ 9 ,nut4 ,isis embrace? !e 9 peace1 & %e drive? away ! fi5ds f ! m\? ( ?y pa?s4 ,?\ turne/ ?y face ^u ,am5tet1 & ?\ make/ ! e>? to %9e z ) ref9$ copp]4 ,! dead rise up to see !e1 !y brea! ! air & !y look ^u ?y face :5 ! disk rise? on its horizon2 _! he>ts are at peace1 inasmu* z !y behold !e1 ,o ?\ :o art et]nity & ev]la/+ness4 ,9 ! latt] extract ,osiris is id5tifi$ ) ! great gods ( ,heliopolis & ,memphis1 :]e %r9es ( ! ,sun-god exi/$ 9 almo/ pre-dyna/ic times1 & f9ally is himself decl>$ to be et]nity & ev]la/+ness2 ?us ! ideas ( resurrection & immortality are unit$ 9 ! same div9e be+4 ,9 ! foll[+ ,litany ! process ( id5tification ) ! gods is cont9u$3-- #a4 ,homage to !e1 ,o ?\ :o art ! />ry deities 9 ,annu1 & ! heav5ly be+s 9 ,kh]-aba2 ,footnote3 ,a di/rict ne> ,memphis4 ?\ god ,unti1 ,footnote3 ,a god :o walks be=e ! boat ( ! god1 ,af1 hold+ a /> 9 ea* h&4 :o art m glori\s ?an ! gods :o are hidd5 9 ,annu4 ,o grant ?\ unto me a pa? :]eon ,i may pass 9 peace1 = ,i am j & true2 ,i h n spok5 lies witt+ly1 nor h ,i done aught ) deceit4 #b4 ,homage to !e1 ,o ,an 9 ,antes1 ,h>ma*is2 ?\ /ride/ ov] heav5 )1 long /rides1 ,o ,h>ma*is4 ,o grant ?\ unto me a pa?1 etc4 ,footnote3 ,?is petition is only writt5 once1 b x is int5d$ to be repeat$ aft] ea* ( ! n9e sections ( ! ,litany4 #c4 ,homage to !e1 ,o s\l ( ev]la/+ness1 ?\ ,s\l :o dwelle/ 9 ,tattu1 ,un-nef]1 son ( ,nut2 ?\ art "l ( ,ak]t 7i4e41 ! und]world74 ,o grant ?\ unto me a pa?1 etc4 #d4 ,homage to !e 9 ?y dom9ion ov] ,tattu2 ! ,ur]et cr[n is /abli%$ ^u ?y head2 ?\ art ! ,"o :o make? ! /r5g? :i* protecte? himself1 & ?\ dwelle/ 9 peace 9 ,tattu4 ,o grant ?\ unto me a pa?1 etc4 #e4 ,homage to !e1 ,o "l ( ! ,acacia ,footnote3 ,?is tree 0 9 ,heliopolis1 & ! ,cat1 i4e41 ! ,sun1 sat ne> x4 7,see p4 #fc74 tree1 ! ,sek] boat ,footnote3 ,! c]emony ( sett+ ! ,sek] boat on its sl$ge 0 p]=m$ at dawn4 is set ^u its sl$ge2 ?\ turne/ back ! ,fi5d1 ! work] ( ,evil1 & ?\ cause/ ! ,ut*at 7i4e41 ! ,eye ( ,horus or ,ra71 to re/ ^u its seat4 ,o grant ?\ unto me a pa?1 etc4 #f4 ,homage to !e1 ,o ?\ :o art mighty 9 ?9e h\r1 ?\ great & mighty ,pr9ce1 dwell] 9 ,an-rut-f1 ,footnote3 ,! place :]e no?+ gr[s--! und]world4 "l ( et]nity & creator ( ev]la/+ness1 ?\ art ! "l ( ,sut5-h55 7i4e41 ,h]acleopolis ,magna74 ,o grant1 etc4 #g4 ,homage to !e1 ,o ?\ :o re/e/ ^u ,"r & ,tru?1 ?\ art "l ( ,abydos1 & ?y limbs are jo9$ unto ,ta-t*es]t 7i4e41 ! ,holy ,l&1 ! und]world72 ?\ art he to :om fraud & guile are hateful4 ,o grant1 etc4 #h4 ,homage to !e1 ,o ?\ :o art )9 ?y boat2 ?\ br+e/ ,hapi 7i4e41 ! ,nile7 =? f 8 s\rce2 ! light %9e? ^u ?y body1 & ?\ art ! dwell] 9 ,nekh54 ,o grant1 etc4 #i4 ,homage to !e1 ,o creator ( ! gods1 ?\ k+ ( ! ,s\? & ( ! ,nor?1 ,o ,osiris1 victori\s "o1 rul] ( ! _w 9 ?y graci\s seasons2 ?\ art ! "l ( ! cele/ial _w4 ,o grant1 etc4 ,&1 aga93 ,ra sette? z ,osiris ) all ! diadems ( ! div9e spirits & ( ! gods ( ,am5tet4 ,he is ! "o div9e =m1 ! hidd5 "o ( ! ,tuat1 ! holy ,s\l at ! head ( ,am5tet1 ,un-nef]1 ^: duration ( life is = ev] & ev]4 ,footnote3 ,see ,*apt]s ( ,com+ ,=? by ,day1 p4 #ccd4 ,we h already ref]r$ to ! help :i* ,?o? gave to ,isis :5 he provid$ h] ) ! words :i* caus$ h] dead husb& to live aga91 b ! be/ summ>y ( ! good de$s :i* ?is god wr\ght = ,osiris is conta9$ 9 a hymn 9 ! ,papyrus ( ,hunef]1 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 p4 #cdc4 :]e ! deceas$ is made to say3-- ,i h come unto !e1 ,o son ( ,nut1 ,osiris1 ,pr9ce ( ev]la/+ness2 ,i am1 9 ! foll[+ ( ! god ,?o?1 & ,i h rejoic$ at ev]y?+ :i* he ha? done = !e4 ,he br\ght ! sweet air into ?y no/rils1 & life & /r5g? to ?y beautiful face2 & ! nor? w9d :i* come? =? f ,temu = ?y no/rils1 ,o "l ( ,ta-t*es]t4 ,he made ! god ,%u to %9e ^u ?y body2 he illum9$ ?y pa? ) rays ( light2 he de/roy$ = !e ! faults & defects ( ?y memb]s by ! magical p[] ( ! words ( 8 m\?2 he made ,set & ,horus to be at peace = ?y sake2 he de/roy$ ! /orm-w9d & ! hurricane2 he made ! two combatants 7i4e41 ,set & ,horus7 to be graci\s unto !e & ! two lauds to be at peace be=e !e2 he did away ! wra? :i* 0 9 _! he>ts1 & ea* became reconcil$ unto 8 bro!r 7i4e41 ?yself74 ,?y son ,horus is triumphant 9 ! pres5ce ( ! full assembly ( ! gods1 ! sov]eignty ov] ! _w ha? be5 giv5 unto him1 & 8 dom9ion ext5de? unto ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,! ?rone ( ! god ,seb ha? be5 adjudg$ unto him1 toge!r ) ! rank :i* 0 creat$ by ! god ,temu1 & :i* ha? be5 /abli%$ by decrees made 9 ! ,*amb] ( ,ar*ives1 & ha? be5 inscrib$ ^u an iron tablet accord+ to ! comm& ( ?y fa!r ,ptah-,tan5 :5 he sat ^u ! great ?rone4 ,he ha? set 8 bro!r ^u t :i* ! god ,%u be>e? up 7i4e41 ! heav5s71 to /ret* out ! wat]s ov] ! m\nta9s1 & to make to spr+ up t :i* gr[e? ^u ! hills1 & ! gra9 787 :i* %oote? ^u ! e>?1 & he give? increase by wat] & by l&4 ,gods cele/ial & gods t]re/rial transf] !mselves to ! s]vice ( ?y son ,horus1 & !y foll[ him into 8 hall :]e a decree is pass$ t he %all be "l ov] !m1 & !y d 8 w /raightway4 ,let ?y he>t rejoice1 ,o "l ( ! gods1 let ?y he>t rejoice greatly2 ,egypt & ! ,r$ ,l& are at peace1 & !y s]ve humbly "u ?y sov]eign p[]4 ,! temples are /abli%$ ^u _! own l&s1 cities & nomes possess securely ! goods :i* !y h 9 _! names1 & we w make unto !e ! div9e (f]+s :i* we are b\nd to make1 & (f] sacrifices 9 ?y "n = ev]4 ,acclamations are made 9 ?y "n1 libations are p\r$ out to ?y ,,ka1 & sepul*ral meals are br\ght unto !e by ! spirits :o are 9 ?y foll[+1 & wat] is spr9kl$ 444 on ea* side ( ! s\ls ( ! dead 9 ?is l&4 ,e plan = !e :i* ha? be5 decre$ by ! comm&s ( ,ra f ! beg9n+ ha? be5 p]fect$4 ,n[ !re=e1 ,o son ( ,nut1 ?\ art cr[n$ z ,neb-er-t*] is cr[n$ at 8 ris+4 ,?\ live/1 ?\ art /abli%$1 ?\ r5ewe/ ?y y\?1 & ?\ art true & p]fect2 ?y fa!r ,ra make? /rong ?y memb]s1 & ! company ( ! gods make acclamations unto !e4 ,! goddess ,isis is ) !e & %e nev] leave? !e2 ?\ art n ov]?r[n by ?9e enemies4 ,! lords ( all l&s praise ?y beauties1 ev5 z !y praise ,ra :5 he rise? at ! beg9n+ ( ea* day4 ,?\ rise/ up l an exalt$ be+ ^u ?y /&>d1 ?y beauties lift up ! face ( man & make long 8 /ride4 ,! sov]eignty ( ?y fa!r ,seb ha?1 be5 giv5 unto !e1 & ! goddess ,nut1 ?y "m1 :o gave bir? to ! gods1 br\ght !e =? z ! fir/born1 ( five gods1 & creat$ ?y beauties & fa%ion$ ?y memb]s4 ,?\ art e/abli%$ z k+1 ! :ite cr[n is ^u ?y head1 & ?\ ha/ grasp$ 9 ?y h&s ! crook & :ip2 :il/ ?\ w]t 9 ! womb1 & had/ n z yet come =? !refrom ^u ! e>?1 ?\ w]t cr[n$ "l ( ! two l&s1 & ! ',atef' cr[n ( ,ra 0 ^u ?y br[4 ,! gods come unto !e b[+ l[ to ! gr\nd1 & !y hold !e 9 fe>2 !y retreat & dep>t :51 !y see !e ) ! t]ror ( ,ra1 & ! victory ( ?y ,maje/y is 9 _! he>ts4 ,life is ) !e1 & (f]+s ( meat & dr9k foll[ !e1 & t :i* is ?y due is (f]$ up be=e ?y face4 ,9 "o p>agraph ( ano!r some:at simil> hymn ,footnote3 ,see ,*apt]s ( ,com+ ,=? by ,day1 p4 #cdb4 o!r aspects ( ,osiris are describ$1 & aft] ! words ,homage to !e1 ,o ,gov]nor ( ^? :o are 9 ,am5tet1 he is call$ ! be+ :o give? bir? unto m5 & wom5 a second "t1 ,footnote3 ,! words are mes tememu em nem4 i4e41 :o make? mortals to be born aga94 ,z ! :ole p>agraph ref]s to ,osiris r5ew+ himself1 & to 8 mak+ himself "y l unto ,ra ea* & e day1 !re c be no d\bt t ! resurrection ( ! dead1 t is to say1 _! bir? into a new life1 is :at ! writ] means by ! second bir? ( m5 & wom54 ,f ?is passage also we may see t ,osiris has become ! equal ( ,ra1 & t he has pass$ f be+ ! god ( ! dead to be+ ! god ( ! liv+4 ,moreov]1 at ! "t :5 ! above extracts 7 copi$ ,osiris 0 n only assum$ to h occupi$ ! position :i* ,ra =m]ly held1 b 8 son ,horus1 :o 0 begott5 aft] 8 dea?1 01 by virtue ( 8 victory ov] ,set1 admitt$ to be ! heir & successor ( ,osiris4 ,& he n only succe$$ to ! rank & dignity ( 8 fa!r ,osiris1 b 9 8 aspect ( av5g] ( 8 fa!r1 he gradually acquir$ ! peculi> position ( int]m$i>y & int]cessor on behalf ( ! *ildr5 ( m54 ,?us 9 ! ,judgm5t ,sc5e he leads ! deceas$ into ! pres5ce ( ,osiris & makes an appeal to 8 fa!r t ! deceas$ may be all[$ to enjoy ! b5efits enjoy$ by all ^? :o are true ( voice & ju/ifi$ 9 ! judgm5t4 ,su* an appeal1 address$ to ,osiris 9 ! pres5ce ( ,isis1 f ! son born "u su* rem>kable circum/ances 01 ! ,egyptian ?\ght1 c]ta9 ( acceptance2 & ! (fspr+ ( a fa!r1 aft] ! dea? ( ^: body he 0 begott51 0 naturally ! be/ advocate = ! deceas$4 ,b al?\gh su* exalt$ ideas ( ,osiris & 8 position among ! gods obta9$ g5]ally 9 ,egypt dur+ ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y 7ab\t ,b4,c4 #afjj7 !re is evid5ce t "s believ$ t 9 spite ( e precaution ! body might decay1 & t x 0 necess>y to make a special appeal unto ,osiris if ?is dire result 0 to be avoid$4 ,! foll[+ rem>kable pray] 0 fir/ f\nd inscrib$ ^u a l95 swa?+ :i* _h envelop$ ! mummy ( ,?o?mes ,,iii41 b s9ce t "t ! text1 writt5 9 hi]oglyphics1 has be5 f\nd inscrib$ ^u ! ,papyrus ( ,nu1 ,footnote3 ,brit4 ,mus41 ,no4 #aj1dgg1 %eet #ah4 ,i h publi%$ ! text 9 my ,*apt]s ( ,com+ ,=? by ,day1 pp4 #cih-djb4 & x is1 ( c\rse1 to be f\nd also 9 ! late papyrus pres]v$ at ,tur91 :i* ! late ,dr4 ,lepsius publi%$ s f> back z #ahdb4 ,?is text1 :i* is n[ g5]ally kn[n z ,*apt] ,,cliv ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 is entitl$ ,! ,*apt] ( n lett+ ! body p]i%4 ,! text beg9s3-- ,homage to !e1 ,o my div9e fa!r ,osiris6 ,i h come to !e t ?\ maye/ embalm1 yea embalm ^! my memb]s1 = ,i w\ld n p]i% & come to an end1 b w\ld be ev5 l unto my div9e fa!r ,khep]a1 ! div9e type ( him t nev] saw corruption4 ,come1 !n1 & make me to h ! ma/]y ov] my brea?1 ,o ?\ "l ( ! w9ds1 :o do/ magnify ^? div9e be+s :o are l unto ?yself4 ,/abli% ?\ me1 !n1 & /r5g!n me1 ,o "l ( ! fun]al *e/4 ,grant ?\ t ,i may ent] into ! l& ( ev]la/+ness1 ev5 z x 0 grant$ unto !e1 & unto ?y fa!r ,temu1 ,o ?\ ^: body did n see corruption1 & :o ?yself nev] sawe/ corruption4 ,i h nev] wr\ght t :i* ?\ hate/1 nay1 ,i h utt]$ acclamations ) ^? :o h lov$ ?y ,,ka4 ,let n my body turn into worms1 b deliv] me f !m ev5 z ?\ did/ deliv] ?yself4 ,i besee* !e1 let me n fall into rott5ness z ?\ do/ let e god1 & e goddess1 & e animal1 & e reptile to see corruption :5 ! s\l ha? gone =? f !m aft] _! dea?4 ,= :5 ! s\l dep>te?1 a man see? corruption1 & ! bones ( 8 body rot & become :olly loa?som5ess1 ! memb]s decay piecemeal1 ! bones crumble into an in]t mass1 ! fle% turne? into foetid liquid1 & he become? a bro!r unto ! decay :i* come? ^u him4 ,& he turne? into a ho/ ( worms1 & he become? a mass ( worms1 & an end is made ( him1 & he p]i%e? 9 ! sight ( ! god ,%u ev5 z do? e god1 & e goddess1 & e fea!r$ f[l1 & e fi%1 & e creep+ ?+1 & e reptile1 & e animal1 & e ?+ :atsoev]4 ,:5 ! worms see me & "k me1 let !m fall ^u _! bellies1 & let ! fe> ( me t]rify !m2 & ?us let x be ) e creature aft] my dea?1 :e!r x be animal1 or bird1 or fi%1 or worm1 or reptile4 ,& let life arise out ( dea?4 ,let n decay caus$ by any reptile make an end ( me1 & let n !m come aga9/ me 9 _! v>i\s =ms4 ,d n ?\ give me ov] unto t slaught]] :o dwelle? 9 8 torture-*amb] 7871 :o kille? ! memb]s ( ! body & make? !m to rot1 :o worke? de/ruction ^u _m dead bodies1 :il/ he himself rema9e? hidd5 & live? by slaught]2 let me live & p]=m 8 message1 & let me d t :i* is comm&$ by him4 ,gave me n ov] unto 8 f+]s1 & let him n ga91 ! ma/]y ov] me1 = ,i am "u ?y comm&1 ,o "l ( ! gods4 ,homage to !e2 ,o my div9e fa!r ,osiris1 ?\ ha/ ?y be+ ) ?y memb]s4 ,?\ did/ n decay1 ?\ did/ n become worms1 ?\ did/ n dim9i%1 ?\ did/ n become corruption1 ?\ did/ n putrefy1 & ?\ did/ n turn into worms4 ,! deceas$ !n id5tify+ himself ) ,khep]a1 ! god :o creat$ ,osiris & 8 company ( gods1 says3-- ,i am ! god ,khep]a1 & my memb]s %all h an ev]la/+ exi/5ce4 ,i %all n decay1 ,i %all n rot1 ,i %all n putrefy1 ,i %all n turn into worms1 & ,i %all n see corruption "u ! eye ( ! god ,%u4 ,i %all h my be+1 ,i %all h my be+2 ,i %all live1 ,i %all live2 ,i %all g]m9ate1 ,i %all g]m9ate1 ,i %all g]m9ate2 ,i %all wake up 9 peace4 ,i %all n putrefy2 my b[els %all n p]i%2 ,i %all n suff] injury2 m9e eye %all n decay2 ! =m ( my c\nt5ance %all n disappe>2 m9e e> %all n become deaf2 my head %all n be sep>at$ f my neck2 my tongue %all n be c>ri$ away2 my hair %all n be cut (f2 m9e eyebr[s %all n be %av$ (f1 & no baleful injury %all come ^u me4 ,my body %all be /abli%$1 & x %all nei!r fall into ru91 nor be de/roy$ on ?is e>?4 ,judg+ f su* passages z ^? giv5 above we might ?9k t c]ta9 ( ! ,egyptians expect$ a resurrection ( ! physical body1 & ! m5tion ( ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! body seems to make ?is view c]ta94 ,b ! body ( :i* ! incorruption & immortality are s /rongly decl>$ is ! ,s,a,,hu2 or spiritual body1 t sprang into exi/5ce out ( ! physical body1 :i* _h become trans=m$ by means ( ! pray]s t _h be5 recit$ & ! c]emonies t _h be5 p]=m$ on ! day ( ! fun]al1 or on t :]e9 x 0 laid 9 ! tomb4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice t no m5tion is made ( meat or dr9k 9 ! ,c,l,i,vth ,*apt]1 & ! only ?+ :i* ! deceas$ ref]s to z necess>y = 8 exi/5ce is air1 :i* he obta9s ?r\gh1 ! god ,temu1 ! god :o is always depict$ 9 human =m2 ! god is "h m5tion$ 9 8 aspect ( ! night ,sun z oppos$ to ,ra ! day ,sun1 & a comp>ison ( ! ,sun's daily dea? ) ! dea? ( ! deceas$ is int5d$ to be made4 ,! deposit ( ! head ( ! ,god-man ,osiris at ,abydos has already be5 m5tion$1 & ! belief t x 0 pres]v$ !re 0 common ?r\gh\t ,egypt4 ,b 9 ! text quot$ above ! deceas$ says1 ,my head %all n be sep>at$ f my neck1 :i* seems to indicate t he wi%$ to keep 8 body :ole1 not)/&+ t ,osiris 0 almighty1 & c\ld re/ore ! limbs & recon/itute ! body1 ev5 z he _h done = 8 own limbs & body :i* _h be5 hack$ to pieces by ,set4 ,*apt] ,,xliii ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead ,footnote3 ,see ,! ,*apt]s ( ,com+ ,=? by ,day1 p4 #ih4 also has an important ref]5ce to ! head ( ,osiris4 ,x is entitl$ ,! ,*apt] ( n lett+ ! head ( a man be cut (f f him 9 ! und]world1 & mu/ be ( consid]able antiquity4 ,9 x ! deceas$ says3 ,i am ! ,great ,"o1 ! son ( ! ,great ,"o2 ,i am ,fire1 & ! son ( ! ,fire1 to :om 0 giv5 8 head aft] x _h be5 cut (f4 ,! head ( ,osiris 0 n tak5 away f him1 let n ! head ( ! deceas$ be tak5 away f him4 ,i h knit myself toge!r 7or recon/itut$ myself72 ,i h made myself :ole & complete2 ,i h r5ew$ my y\?2 ,i am ,osiris1 ! "l ( et]nity4 ,f ! above x w\ld seem t1 accord+ to "o v]sion ( ! ,osiris /ory1 ! head ( ,osiris 0 n only cut (f1 b t x 0 pass$ ?r\gh ! fire also2 & if ?is v]sion be v anci5t1 z x well may be & probably is1 x takes u back to prehi/oric times 9 ,egypt :5 ! bodies ( ! dead 7 mutilat$ & burn$4 ,pr(4 ,wi$emann ?9ks ,footnote3 ,see ,j4 de ,morgan1 ,e?nographie ,prhi/orique1 p4 #baj4 t ! mutilation & break+ ( ! bodies ( ! dead 7 ! results ( ! belief t 9 ord] to make ! ,,ka1 or d\ble1 leave ?is e>?1 ! body to :i* x belong$ mu/ be brok51 & he in/ances ! fact t objects ( e k9d 7 brok5 at ! "t :5 !y 7 plac$ 9 ! tombs4 ,he traces also a transi5t cu/om 9 ! prehi/oric graves ( ,egypt :]e ! me?ods ( bury+ ! body :ole & brok5 into pieces seem to be m+l$1 = ?\gh 9 "s ( !m ! body has be5 brok5 into pieces1 x is evid5t t successful attempts h be5 made to recon/itute x by lay+ ! pieces z f> z possible 9 _! prop] places4 ,& x may be ?is cu/om :i* is ref]r$ to 9 v>i\s places 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 :5 ! deceas$ decl>es t he has collect$ 8 limbs & made 8 body :ole aga91 & already 9 ! ,v? dyna/y ,k+ ,teta is ?us address$--,rise up1 ,o ?\ ,teta6 ,?\ ha/ receiv$ ?y head1 ?\ ha/ knitt$ toge!r ?y bones1 ,footnote3 ,recueil de ,travaux1 tom4 v4 p4 #dj 7,i4 #bhg74 ?\ ha/ collect$ ?y memb]s4 ,! hi/ory ( ,osiris1 ! god ( ! resurrection1 has n[ be5 trac$ f ! e>lie/ times to ! end ( ! p]iod ( ! rule ( ! prie/s ( ,am5 7ab\t ,b4,c4 #ijj71 by :i* "t ,am5-,ra _h be5 ?ru/ 9 among ! gods ( ! und]world1 & pray]s 7 made1 9 "s cases1 to him in/ead ( to ,osiris4 ,f ?is "t onw>ds ,am5 ma9ta9$ ?is exalt$ position1 & 9 ! ,ptolemaic p]iod1 9 an address to ! deceas$ ,k]a%] we read4 ,?y face %9e? be=e ,ra1 ?y s\l live? be=e ,am51 & ?y body is r5ew$ be=e ,osiris4 ,& aga9 x is said1 ,am5 is nigh unto !e to make !e to live aga94444 ,am5 come? to !e hav+ ! brea? ( life1 & he cause? !e to draw ?y brea? )9 ?y fun]al h\se4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is1 ,osiris kept & held ! highe/ place 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,egyptians1 f fir/ to la/1 z ! ,god-man1 ! be+ :o 0 bo? div9e & human2 & no =eign invasion1 & no religi\s or political di/urbances1 & no influ5ce :i* any outside peoples c\ld br+ to be> ^u !m1 succe$$ 9 mak+ !m reg>d ! god z any?+ less ?an ! cause & symbol & type ( ! resurrection1 & ( ! life ev]la/+4 ,= ab\t five ?\s& ye>s m5 7 mummifi$ 9 imitation ( ! mummi$ =m ( ,osiris2 & !y w5t to _! graves believ+ t _! bodies w\ld vanqui% ! p[]s ( dea?1 & ! grave1 & decay1 because ,osiris _h vanqui%$ !m2 & !y _h c]ta9 hope ( ! resurrection 9 an immortal1 et]nal1 & spiritual body1 because ,osiris _h ris5 9 a trans=m$ spiritual body1 & _h asc5d$ into heav51 :]e he _h become ! k+ & ! judge ( ! dead1 & _h atta9$ unto ev]la/+ life !re94 ,! *ief reason = ! p]si/5ce ( ! wor%ip ( ,osiris 9 ,egypt 01 probably1 ! fact t x promis$ bo? resurrection & et]nal life to its foll[]s4 ,ev5 aft] ! ,egyptians _h embrac$ ,*ri/ianity !y cont9u$ to mummify _! dead1 & = long aft] !y cont9u$ to m+le ! attributes ( _! ,god & ! gods ) ^? ( ,god ,almighty & ,*ri/4 ,! ,egyptians ( _! own w nev] got away f ! belief t ! body mu/ be mummifi$ if et]nal life 0 to be assur$ to ! dead1 b ! ,*ri/ians1 ?\gh prea*+ ! same doctr9e ( ! resurrection z ! ,egyptians1 w5t a /ep fur!r1 & insi/$ t !re 0 no ne$ to mummify ! dead at all4 ,/4 ,an?ony ! ,great bes\ght 8 foll[]s n to embalm 8 body & keep x 9 a h\se1 b to bury x & to tell no man :]e x _h be5 buri$1 le/ ^? :o lov$ him %\ld come & draw x =?1 & mummify x z !y 7 wont to d to ! bodies ( ^? :om !y reg>d$ z sa9ts4 ,= long pa/1 he said1 ,i h entreat$ ! bi%ops & prea*]s to exhort ! p n to cont9ue to obs]ve ?is useless cu/om2 & conc]n+ 8 own body1 he said1 ,at ! resurrection ( ! dead ,i %all receive x f ! ,savi\r incorruptible4 ,footnote3 ,see ,rosweyde1 ,vitae ,patrum1 p4 #ei2 ,life ( ,/4 ,an?ony1 by ,a?anusius 7,migne71 ,patrologiae1 ,scr4 ,graec1 tom4 #bf1 col4 #igb4 ,! spread ( ?is idea gave ! art ( mummify+ its dea?-bl[1 & ?\gh f innate cons]vatism1 & ! love ( hav+ ! actual bodies ( _! belov$ dead ne> !m1 ! ,egyptians cont9u$ = a "t to pres]ve _! dead z be=e1 yet little by little ! reasons = mummify+ 7 =gott51 ! k ( ! art di$ out1 ! fun]al c]emonies 7 curtail$1 ! pray]s became a dead lett]1 & ! cu/om ( mak+ mummies became obsolete4 ,) ! dea? ( ! art di$ also ! belief 9 & ! wor%ip ( ,osiris1 :o f be+ ! god ( ! dead became a dead god1 & to ! ,*ri/ians ( ,egypt1 at lea/1 8 place 0 fill$ by ,*ri/1 ! fir/fruits ( !m t slept1 ,^: resurrection & p[] to grant et]nal life 7 at t "t be+ prea*$ ?r\gh\t mo/ ( ! kn[n _w4 ,9 ,osiris ! ,*ri/ian ,egyptians f\nd ! prototype ( ,*ri/1 & 9 ! pictures & /atues ( ,isis suckl+ h] son ,horus1 !y p]ceiv$ ! prototypes ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y & h] ,*ild4 ,nev] did ,*ri/ianity f9d else:]e 9 ! _w a p ^: m9ds 7 s ?or\ghly well prep>$ to receive its doctr9es z ! ,egyptians4 ,?is *apt] may be fitt+ly end$ by a few extracts f1 ! ,songs ( ,isis & ,neph?ys1 :i* 7 sung 9 ! ,temple ( ,am5-,ra at ,!bes by two prie/esses :o p]sonifi$ ! two goddesses4 ,footnote #a3 ,see my ,hi]atic ,papyrus ( ,nesi-,amsu 7,ar*aeologia1 vol4 ,,iii7 ,hail1 ?\ "l ( ! und]world1 ?\ ,bull ( ^? :o are !re91 ?\ ,image ( ,ra-,h>ma*is1 ?\ ,babe ( beautiful appe>ance1 come ?\ to u 9 peace4 ,?\ did/ repel ?y disa/]s1 ?\ did/ drive away evil hap2 ,"l1 come to u 9 peace4 ,o ,un-nef]1 "l ( food1 ?\ *ief1 ?\ :o art ( t]rible maje/y1 ?\ ,god1 presid5t ( ! gods1 :5 ?\ do/ inundate ! l& all ?+s are eng5d]$4 ,?\ art g5tl] ?an ! gods4 ,! emanations ( ?y body make ! dead & ! liv+ to live1 ,o ?\ "l ( food1 ?\ pr9ce ( gre5 h]bs1 ?\ mighty "l1 ?\ /aff ( life1 ?\ giv] ( (f]+s to ! gods1 & ( sepul*ral meals to ! bless$ dead4 ,?y s\l flie? aft] ,ra1 ?\ %9e/ at dawn1 ?\ sette/ at twilight1 ?\ rise/ e day2 ?\ %alt rise on ! left h& ( ,atmu = ev] & ev]4 ,?\ art ! glori\s "o1 ! vic> ( ,ra2 ! company ( ! gods come? to !e invok+ ?y face1 ! flame :]e( rea*e? unto ?9e enemies4 ,we rejoice :5 ?\ ga!re/ toge!r ?y bones1 & :5 ?\ ha/ made :ole ?y body daily4 ,anubis come? to !e1 & ! two si/]s 7i4e41 ,isis & ,neph?ys7 come to !e4 ,!y h obta9$ beautiful ?+s = !e1 & !y ga!r toge!r ?y limbs = !e1 & !y seek to put toge!r ! mutilat$ memb]s ( ?y body4 ,wipe ?\ ! impurities :i* are on !m ^u our hair & come ?\ to u hav+ no recollection1 ( t :i* ha? caus$ !e sorr[4 ,come ?\ 9 ?y attribute ( ',pr9ce ( ! e>?1' lay aside ?y trepidation & be at peace ) u1 ,o ,"l4 ,?\ %alt be proclaim$ heir ( ! _w1 & ! ,"o god1 &1 ! fulfill] ( ! designs ( ! gods4 ,all ! gods invoke !e1 come !re=e to ?y temple & be n afraid4 ,o ,ra 7i4e41 ,osiris71 ?\ art belov$ ( ,isis & ,neph?ys2 re/ ?\ 9 ?y habitation =ev]4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,gods ,,( ,,! ,,egyptians4 ,?r\gh\t ?is book we h _h to ref] frequ5tly to ! gods ( ,egypt2 x is n[ "t to expla9 :o & :at !y 74 ,we h already %[n h[ mu* ! mono!i/ic side ( ! ,egyptian religion resembles t ( mod]n ,*ri/ian nations1 & x w h come z a surprise to "s t a p1 possess+ su* exalt$ ideas ( ,god z ! ,egyptians1 c\ld ev] h become ! byword !y did ?r\gh _! alleg$ wor%ip ( a multitude ( gods 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,x is q true t ! ,egyptians paid hon\r to a numb] ( gods1 a numb] s l>ge t ! li/ ( _! m]e names w\ld fill a volume1 b x is equally true t ! educat$ classes 9 ,egypt at all times nev] plac$ ! gods on ! same high level z ,god1 & !y nev] imag9$ t _! views on ?is po9t c\ld be mi/ak54 ,9 prehi/oric times e little village or t[n1 e di/rict & prov9ce1 & e great city1 _h its own p>ticul> god2 we may g a /ep f>!r1 & say t e family ( any weal? & position _h its own god4 ,! weal?y family select$ "s "o to att5d to its god1 & to m9i/] unto 8 wants1 & ! poor family contribut$1 accord+ to its means1 t[>ds a common fund = provid+ a dwell+-h\se = ! god1 & = ve/m5ts1 etc4 ,b ! god 0 an integral "p ( ! family1 :e!r ri* or poor1 & its de/9y 0 practically lock$ up ) t ( ! family4 ,! ov]?r[ ( ! family includ$ ! ov]?r[ ( ! god1 & seasons ( prosp]ity result$ 9 abundant (f]+s1 new ve/m5ts2 p]haps a new %r9e1 & ! l4 ,! god ( ! village1 al?\gh he 0 a m important be+1 might be l$ into captivity along ) ! p ( ! village1 b ! victory ( 8 foll[]s 9 a raid or fight caus$ ! hon\rs paid to him to be magnifi$ & enhanc$ 8 r5[n4 ,! gods ( prov9ces or ( great cities 71 ( c\rse1 great] ?an ^? ( villages & private families1 & 9 ! l>ge h\ses d$icat$ to !m1 i4e41 temples1 a consid]able numb] ( !m1 repres5t$ by /atues1 w\ld be f\nd4 ,sometimes ! attributes ( "o god w\ld be ascrib$ to ano!r1 sometimes two or m gods w\ld be fus$ or unit$ & =m "o1 sometimes gods 7 import$ f remote villages & t[ns & ev5 f =eign c\ntries1 & occasionally a community or t[n w\ld repudiate its god or gods1 & adopt a br& new set f "s neighb\r+ di/rict ,?us ! numb] ( ! gods 0 always *ang+1 & ! relative position ( individual gods 0 always *ang+2 an obscure & almo/ unkn[n1 local god to-day might ?r\gh a victory 9 w> become ! *ief god ( a city1 & on ! o!r h&1 a god wor%ipp$ ) abundant (f]+s & great c]emony "o mon? might s9k into insignificance & become to all int5ts & purposes a dead god ! next4 ,b besides family & village gods !re 7 national gods1 & gods ( riv]s & m\nta9s1 & gods ( e>? & sky1 all ( :i* tak5 toge!r made a =midable numb] ( div9e be+s ^: good-w _h to be secur$1 & ^: ill-w mu/ be appeas$4 ,besides ^!1 a numb] ( animals z be+ sacr$ to ! gods 7 also consid]$ to be div9e1 & fe> z well z love made ! ,egyptians add to _! num]\s classes ( gods4 ,! gods ( ,egypt ^: names are kn[n to u d n repres5t all ^? t h be5 conceiv$ by ! ,egyptian imag9ation1 = ) !m z ) mu* else1 ! law ( ! survival ( ! fitte/ holds good4 ,( ! gods ( ! prehi/oric man we "k no?+1 b x is m ?an probable t "s ( ! gods :o 7 wor%ipp$ 9 dyna/ic times repres5t1 9 a modifi$ =m1 ! deities ( ! savage1 or semi-savage1 ,egyptian t held _! influ5ce on 8 m9d ! longe/4 ,a typical example ( su* a god w suffice1 namely ,?o?1 ^: orig9al emblem 0 ! dog-head$ ape4 ,9 v e>ly times great respect 0 paid to ?is animal on acc\nt ( 8 sagacity1 intellig5ce1 & cunn+2 & ! simple-m9d$ ,egyptian1 :5 he he>d him *att]+ j be=e ! sunrise & sunset1 assum$ t he 0 9 "s way hold+ conv]se or 0 intimately connect$ ) ! sun4 ,?is idea clung to 8 m9d1 & we f9d 9 dyna/ic times1 9 ! vignette repres5t+ ! ris+ sun1 t ! apes1 :o are said to be ! trans=m$ op5]s ( ! portals ( heav51 =m a v]itable company ( ! gods1 & at ! same "t "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ features ( ! sc5e4 ,?us an idea :i* came into be+ 9 ! mo/ remote times pass$ on f g5]ation to g5]ation until x became cry/alliz$ 9 ! be/ copies ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 at a p]iod :5 ,egypt 0 at its z5i? ( p[] & glory4 ,! peculi> species ( ! dog-head$ ape :i* is repres5t$ 9 /atues & on papyri is fam\s = its cunn+1 & x 0 ! words :i* x suppli$ to ,?o?1 :o 9 turn transmitt$ !m to ,osiris1 t enabl$ ,osiris to be true ( voice1 or triumphant1 ov] 8 enemies4 ,x is probably 9 ?is capacity1 i4e41 z ! fri5d ( ! dead1 t ! dog-head$ ape appe>s seat$ ^u ! top ( ! /&>d ( ! ,balance 9 :i* ! he>t ( ! deceas$ is be+ weigh$ aga9/ ! fea!r symbolic ( ,maat2 = ! commone/ titles ( ! god are "l ( div9e books1 "l ( div9e words1 i4e41 ! =mulae :i* make ! deceas$ to be obey$ by fri5d & foe alike 9 ! next _w4 ,9 lat] times1 :5 ,?o? came to be repres5t$ by ! ibis bird1 8 attributes 7 multipli$1 & he became ! god ( lett]s1 sci5ce1 ma!matics1 etc42 at ! creation he seems to h play$ a "p n unlike t ( wisdom :i* is s beautifully describ$ by ! writ] ( ,prov]bs 7see ,*ap4 ,,viii4 vv4 #bc-ca74 ,:5ev] & :]ev] ! ,egyptians attempt$ to set up a sy/em ( gods !y always f\nd t ! old local gods _h to be tak5 into consid]ation1 & a place _h to be f\nd = !m 9 ! sy/em4 ,?is might be done by mak+ !m memb]s ( triads1 or ( gr\ps ( n9e gods1 n[ commonly call$ enneads2 b 9 "o =m or o!r !y _h to appe>4 ,! rese>*es made dur+ ! la/ few ye>s h %[n t !re mu/ h be5 sev]al l>ge s*ools ( !ological ?\ght 9 ,egypt1 & ( ea* ( ^! ! prie/s did _! utmo/ to proclaim ! sup]iority ( _! gods4 ,9 dyna/ic times !re mu/ h be5 great colleges at ,heliopolis1 ,memphis1 ,abydos1 & "o or m places 9 ! ,delta1 n to m5tion ! small] s*ools ( prie/s :i*1 probably exi/$ at places on bo? sides ( ! ,nile f ,memphis to ! s\?4 ,( ! !ories & doctr9es ( all su* s*ools & colleges1 ^? ( ,heliopolis h surviv$ 9 ! complete/ =m1 & by c>eful exam9ation ( ! fun]al texts :i* 7 inscrib$ on ! monum5ts ( ! k+s ( ,egypt ( ! ,v? & ,v,ith dyna/ies we c say :at views !y held ab\t _m ( ! gods4 ,at ! outset we see t ! great god ( ,heliopolis 0 ,temu or ,atmu1 ! sett+ sun1 & to him ! prie/s ( t place ascrib$ ! attributes :i* rightly belong to ,ra1 ! ,sun-god ( ! day-"t4 ,= "s reason or o!r !y =mulat$ ! idea ( a company ( ! gods1 n9e 9 numb]1 :i* 0 call$ ! great company 7paut7 ( ! gods1 & at ! head ( ?is company !y plac$ ! god ,temu4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xvii ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead ,footnote3 ,see ,*apt]s ( ,com+ ,=? by ,day1 p4 #di4 we f9d ! foll[+ passage3-- ,i am ! god ,temu 9 8 ris+2 ,i am ! only ,"o4 ,i came into be+ 9 ,nu4 ,i am ,ra :o rose 9 ! beg9n+4 ,next comes ! "q1 ,b :o is ?is8 ,& ! answ] is3 ,x is ,ra :5 at ! beg9n+ he rose 9 ! city ( ,sut5-h55 7,h]acleopolis ,magna7 cr[n$ l a k+ 9 ris+4 ,! pill>s ( ! god ,%u 7 n z yet creat$ :5 he 0 ^u ! /aircase ( him t dwelle? 9 ,khem5nu 7,h]mopolis ,magna74 ,f ^! /atem5ts we le>n t ,temu & ,ra 7 "o & ! same god1 & t he 0 ! fir/ (fspr+ ( ! god ,nu1 ! primeval wat]y mass out ( :i* all ! gods came into be+4 ,! text cont9ues3 ,i am ! great god ,nu :o gave bir? to himself1 & :o made 8 names to come into be+ & to =m ! company ( ! gods4 ,b :o is ?is8 ,x is ,ra1 ! creator ( ! names ( 8 memb]s :i* came into be+ 9 ! =m ( ! gods :o are 9 ! tra9 ( ,ra4 ,& aga93 ,i am he :o is n driv5 back among ! gods4 ,b :o is ?is8 ,x is ,tem1 ! dwell] 9 8 disk1 or z o!rs say1 x is ,ra 9 8 ris+ 9 ! ea/]n horizon ( heav54 ,?us we le>n fur!r t ,nu 0 self-produc$1 & t ! gods are simply ! names ( 8 limbs2 b !n ,ra is ,nu1 & ! gods :o are 9 8 tra9 or foll[+ are m]ely p]sonifications ( ! names ( 8 own memb]s4 ,he :o _c be driv5 back among ! gods is ei!r ,temu or ,ra1 & s we f9d t ,nu1 ,temu1 & ,ra are "o & ! same god4 ,! prie/s ( ,heliopolis 9 sett+ ,temu at ! head ( _! company ( ! gods ?us gave ,ra1 & ,nu also1 a place ( high hon\r2 !y clev]ly succe$$ 9 mak+ _! own local god *ief ( ! company1 b at ! same "t !y provid$ ! old] gods ) positions ( importance4 ,9 ?is way wor%ipp]s ( ,ra1 :o _h reg>d$ _! god z ! olde/ ( ! gods1 w\ld h little cause to compla9 ( ! introduction ( ,temu into ! company ( ! gods1 & ! local vanity ( ,heliopolis w\ld be gratifi$4 ,b besides ! n9e gods :o 7 suppos$ to =m ! great company ( gods ( ! city ( ,heliopolis1 !re 0 a second gr\p ( n9e gods call$ ! little company ( ! gods1 & yet a ?ird gr\p ( n9e gods1 :i* =m$ ! lea/ company4 ,n[ al?\gh ! paut or company ( n9e gods might be expect$ to conta9 n9e always1 ?is 0 n ! case1 & ! numb] n9e ?us appli$ is sometimes mislead+4 ,!re are sev]al passages extant 9 texts 9 :i* ! gods ( a paut are enum]at$1 b ! total numb] is sometimes t5 & sometimes elev54 ,?is fact is easily expla9$ :5 we rememb] t ! ,egyptians deifi$ ! v>i\s =ms or aspects ( a god1 or ! v>i\s phases 9 8 life4 ,?us ! sett+ sun1 call$ ,temu or ,atmu1 & ! ris+ sun1 call$ ,khep]a1 & ! mid-day sun1 call$ ,ra1 7 ?ree =ms ( ! same god2 & if any "o ( ^! ?ree =ms 0 includ$ 9 a paut or company ( n9e gods1 ! o!r two =ms 7 also includ$ by implication1 ev5 ?\gh ! paut !n conta9$ elev51 in/ead ( n9e gods4 ,simil>ly1 ! v>i\s =ms ( ea* god or goddess ( ! paut 7 und]/ood to be includ$ 9 x1 h[ev] l>ge ! total numb] ( gods might become4 ,we are n1 !re=e1 to imag9e t ! ?ree companies ( ! gods 7 limit$ 9 numb] to #i x #c1 or tw5ty-sev51 ev5 ?\gh ! symbol = god be giv5 tw5ty-sev5 times 9 ! texts4 ,we h already allud$ to ! great numb] ( gods :o 7 kn[n to ! ,egyptians1 b x w be readily imag9$ t x 0 only ^? :o 7 ?\ght to deal ) man's de/9y1 "h & h]eaft]1 :o obta9$ ! wor%ip & rev]5ce ( ! p ( ,egypt4 ,^! 71 comp>atively1 limit$ 9 numb]1 & 9 fact may be said to consi/ ( ! memb]s ( ! great company ( ! gods ( ,heliopolis1 t is to say1 ( ! gods :o belong$ to ! cycle ( ,osiris4 ,^! may be briefly describ$ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,,temu or ,,atmu1 i4e41 ! clos] ( ! day1 j z ,ptah 0 ! op5] ( ! day4 ,9 ! /ory ( ! creation he decl>es t he evolv$ himself "u ! =m ( ! god ,khep]a1 & 9 hymns he is said to be ! mak] ( ! gods1 ! creator ( m51 etc41 & he usurp$ ! position ( ,ra among ! gods ( ,egypt4 ,8 wor%ip mu/ h be5 already v anci5t at ! "t ( ! k+s ( ! ,v? dyna/y1 = 8 traditional =m is t ( a man at t "t4 #b4 ,,%u 0 ! fir/born son ( ,temu4 ,accord+ to "o leg5d he sprang direct f ! god1 & accord+ to ano!r ! goddess ,ha?or 0 8 "m2 yet a ?ird leg5d makes him ! son ( ,temu by ! goddess ,iusaset4 ,he x 0 :o made 8 way betwe5 ! gods ,seb & ,nut & rais$ up ! latt] to =m ! sky1 & ?is belief is commemorat$ by ! figures ( ?is god 9 :i* he is repres5t$ z a god rais+ himself up f ! e>? ) ! sun's disk on 8 %\ld]s4 ,z a p[] ( nature he typifi$ ! light1 &1 /&+ on ! top ( a /aircase at ,h]mopolis ,magua1 ,footnote3 ,see above1 pp4 #fi & #hi4 he rais$ up ! sky & held x up dur+ ea* day4 ,to assi/ him 9 ?is "w he plac$ a pill> at ea* ( ! c>d9al po9ts1 & ! supports ( ,%u are ?us ! props ( ! sky4 #c4 ,,tefnut 0 ! tw9-si/] ( ,%u2 z a p[] ( nature %e typifi$ moi/ure or "s aspect ( ! sun's heat1 b z a god ( ! dead %e seems to h be51 9 "s way1 connect$ ) ! supply ( dr9k to ! deceas$4 ,h] bro!r ,%u 0 ! "r eye ( ,temu1 & %e 0 ! left1 i4e41 ,%u repres5t$ an aspect ( ! ,sun1 & ,tefnut ( ! ,moon4 ,! gods ,temu1 ,%u1 & ,tefnut ?us =m$ a tr9ity1 & 9 ! /ory ( ! creation ! god ,temu says1 aft] describ+ h[ ,%u & ,tefnut proce$$ f himself1 ?us f be+ "o god ,i became ?ree4 #d4 ,,seb 0 ! son ( ! god ,%u4 ,he is call$ ! ,erpa1 i4e41 ! h]$it>y *ief ( ! gods1 & ! fa!r ( ! gods1 ^! be+1 ( c\rse1 ,osiris1 ,isis1 ,set1 & ,neph?ys4 ,he 0 orig9ally ! god ( ! e>?1 b lat] he became a god ( ! dead z repres5t+ ! e>? :]e9 ! deceas$ 0 laid4 ,"o leg5d id5tifies him ) ! goose1 ! bird :i*1 9 lat] times 0 sacr$ to him1 & he is (t5 call$ ! ,great ,cackl]1 9 allusion to ! idea t he made ! primeval egg f :i* ! _w came into be+4 #e4 ,,nut 0 ! wife ( ,seb & ! "m ( ,osiris1 ,isis1 ,set1 & ,neph?ys4 ,orig9ally %e 0 ! p]sonification ( ! sky1 & repres5t$ ! fem99e pr9ciple :i* 0 active at ! creation ( ! univ]se4 ,accord+ to an old view1 ,seb & ,nut exi/$ 9 ! primeval wat]y abyss side by side ) ,%u & ,tefnut2 & lat] ,seb became ! e>? & ,nut ! sky4 ,^! deities 7 suppos$ to unite e ev5+1 & to rema9 embrac$ until ! morn+1 :5 ! god ,%u sep>at$ !m1 & set ! goddess ( ! sky ^u 8 f\r pill>s until ! ev5+4 ,nut 01 naturally1 reg>d$ z ! "m ( ! gods & ( all ?+s liv+1 & %e & h] husb& ,seb 7 consid]$ to be ! giv]s ( food1 n only to ! liv+ b also to ! dead4 ,?\gh diff]5t views 7 curr5t 9 ,egypt z to ! exact location ( ! heav5 ( ! beatifi$ dead1 yet all s*ools ( ?\ght 9 all p]iods assign$ x to "s region 9 ! sky1 & ! abundant allusions 9 ! texts to ! heav5ly bodies--t is1 ! sun1 moon1 & />s--:i* ! deceas$ dwells )1 prove t ! f9al abode ( ! s\ls ( ! righte\s 0 n ^u e>?4 ,! goddess ,nut is sometimes repres5t$ z a female along ^: body ! sun travels1 & sometimes z a c[2 ! tree sacr$ to h] 0 ! sycamore4 #f4 ,osiris 0 ! son ( ,seb & ,nut1 ! husb& ( ,isis & ! fa!r ( ,horus4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is god is giv5 else:]e 9 ?is book s fully t x is only necess>y to ref] briefly to him4 ,he 0 held to be a man al?\gh ( div9e orig92 he liv$ & reign$ z a k+ on ?is e>?2 he 0 trea*]\sly murd]$ by 8 bro!r ,set1 & 8 body 0 cut up into f\rte5 pieces1 :i* 7 scatt]$ ab\t ,egypt2 aft] 8 dea?1 ,isis1 by ! use ( magical =mulae suppli$ to h] by ,?o?1 succe$$ 9 rais+ him to life1 & he begot a son call$ ,horus2 :5 ,horus 0 gr[n up1 he engag$ 9 combat ) ,set1 & ov]came him1 & ?us av5g$ 8 fa!r2 by means ( magical =mulae1 suppli$ to him by ,?o?1 ,osiris recon/itut$ & revivifi$ 8 body1 & became ! type ( ! resurrection & ! symbol ( immortality2 he 0 also ! hope1 ! judge1 & ! god ( ! dead1 probably ev5 9 pre-dyna/ic times4 ,osiris 0 9 "o aspect a sol> deity1 & orig9ally he seems to h repres5t$ ! sun aft] x _h set2 b he is also id5tifi$ ) ! moon4 ,9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y1 h[ev]1 he is already ! equal ( ,ra1 & lat] ! attributes ( ,god & ( all ! gods 7 ascrib$ to him4 #g4 ,isis 0 ! wife ( ,osiris & "m ( ,horus2 z a nature goddess %e _h a place 9 ! boat ( ! sun at ! creation1 :5 %e probably typifi$ ! dawn4 ,by reason ( h] success 9 revivify+ h] husb&'s body by means ( ! utt]ance ( magical =mulae1 %e is call$ ! lady ( en*antm5ts4 ,h] w&]+s 9 se>* ( h] husb&'s body1 & ! sorr[ :i* %e endur$ 9 br++ =? & re>+ h] *ild 9 ! papyrus swamps ( ! ,delta1 & ! p]secution :i* %e suff]$ at ! h&s ( h] husb&'s enemies1 =m ! subject ( _m allusions 9 texts ( all p]iods4 ,%e has v>i\s aspects1 b ! "o :i* appeal$ mo/ to ! imag9ation ( ! ,egyptians1 0 t ( div9e "m2 9 ?is "* ?\s&s ( /atues repres5t h] seat$ & suckl+ h] *ild ,horus :om %e holds ^u h] knees4 #h4 ,set 0 ! son ( ,seb & ,nut1 & ! husb& ( ,neph?ys4 ,at a v e>ly p]iod he 0 reg>d$ z ! bro!r & fri5d ( ,horus ! ,eld]1 ! ,ar\]is ( ! ,greeks1 & ,set repres5t$ ! night :il/ ,horus repres5t$ ! day4 ,ea* ( ^! gods p]=m$ _m (fices ( a fri5dly nature = ! dead1 & among o!rs !y set up & held ! ladd] by :i* ! deceas$ made 8 way f ?is e>? to heav51 & help$ him to asc5d x4 ,b1 at a lat] p]iod1 ! views ( ! ,egyptians conc]n+ ,set *ang$1 & soon aft] ! reign ( ! k+s call$ ,seti1 i4e41 ^? ^: names 7 bas$ ^u t ( ! god1 he became ! p]sonification ( all evil1 & ( all t is horrible & t]rible 9 nature1 su* z ! des]t 9 its mo/ desolate =m1 ! /orm & ! tempe/1 etc4 ,set1 z a p[] ( nature1 0 always wag+ w> ) ,horus ! ,eld]1 i4e41 ! night did battle ) ! day = supremacy2 bo? gods1 h[ev]1 sprang f ! same s\rce1 = ! heads ( bo? are1 9 "o sc5e1 made to belong to "o body4 ,:5 ,horus1 ! son ( ,isis1 _h gr[n up1 he did battle ) ,set1 :o _h murd]$ ,horus's fa!r ,osiris1 & vanqui%$ him2 9 _m texts ^! two orig9ally di/9ct fights are confus$1 & ! two ,horus gods also4 ,! conque/ ( ,set by ,horus 9 ! fir/ conflict typifi$ only ! defeat ( ! night by ! day1 b ! defeat ( ,set 9 ! second seems to h be5 und]/ood z ! victory ( life ov] dea?1 & ( good ov] evil4 ,! symbol ( ,set 0 an animal ) a head some?+ l t ( a camel1 b x has n yet be5 satisfactorily id5tifi$2 figures ( ! god are uncommon1 = mo/ ( !m 7 de/roy$ by ! ,egyptians :5 !y *ang$ _! views ab\t him4 #i4 ,,neph?ys 0 ! si/] ( ,isis & h] companion 9 all h] w&]+s & tr\bles2 l h] %e _h a place 9 ! boat ( ! ,sun at creation1 :5 %e probably typifi$ ! twilight or v e>ly night4 ,%e 01 accord+ to "o leg5d1 ! "m ( ,anubis by ,osiris1 b 9 ! texts 8 fa!r is decl>$ to be ,ra4 ,9 fun]al papyri1 /elae1 etc41 %e always accompanies ,isis 9 h] m9i/rations to ! dead1 & z %e assi/$ ,osiris & ,isis to defeat ! wick$ness ( h] own husb& 7,set71 s %e help$ ! deceas$ to ov]come ! p[]s ( dea? & ! grave4 ,"h !n we h ! n9e gods ( ! div9e company ( ,heliopolis1 b no m5tion is made ( ,horus1 ! son ( ,isis1 :o play$ su* an important "p 9 ! hi/ory ( 8 fa!r ,osiris1 & no?+ is said ab\t ,?o?2 bo? gods are1 h[ev]1 includ$ 9 ! company 9 v>i\s passages ( ! text1 & x may be t _! omission f x is ! result ( an error ( ! scribe4 ,we h already giv5 ! *ief details ( ! hi/ory ( ! gods ,horus & ,?o?1 & ! pr9cipal gods ( ! o!r companies may n[ be briefly nam$4 ,,nu 0 ! fa!r ( ! gods1 & prog5itor ( ! great company ( ! gods2 he 0 ! primeval wat]y mass out ( :i* all ?+s came4 ,,ptah 0 "o ( ! mo/ active ( ! ?ree great gods :o c>ri$ out ! comm&s ( ,?o?1 :o gave expression 9 words to ! w ( ! primeval1 creative ,p[]2 he 0 self-creat$1 & 0 a =m ( ! ,sun-god ,ra z ! ,op5] ( ! day4 ,f c]ta9 allusions 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead he is kn[n to h op5$ ! m\? ,footnote3 ,may ! god ,ptah op5 my m\?2 may ! god ,%u op5 my m\? ) 8 implem5t ( iron :]e) he op5$ ! m\? ( ! gods 7,*ap4 ,,xxiii47 ( ! gods1 & x is 9 ?is capacity t he became a god ( ! cycle ( ,osiris4 ,8 fem99e c\nt]p>t 0 ! goddess ,,sekhet1 & ! ?ird memb] ( ! triad ( :i* he 0 ! *ief 0 ,,nef]-,,temu4 ,,ptah-,,sek] is ! dual god =m$ by fus+ ,sek]1 ! ,egyptian "n ( ! inc>nation ( ! ,apis ,bull ( ,memphis1 ) ,ptah4 ,,ptah-,,sek]-,,aus> 0 a triune god :o1 9 brief1 symboliz$ life1 dea?1 & ! resurrection4 ,,khnemu 0 "o ( ! old cosmic gods :o assi/$ ,ptah 9 c>ry+ out ! comm&s ( ,?o?1 :o gave expression 9 words to ! w ( ! primeval1 creative ,p[]1 he is describ$ z ! mak] ( ?+s :i* are1 ! creator ( ?+s :i* %all be1 ! s\rce ( creat$ ?+s1 ! fa!r ( fa!rs1 & ! "m ( mo!rs4 ,x 0 he :o1 accord+ to "o leg5d1 fa%ion$ man ^u a pott]'s :eel4 ,,khep]a 0 an old primeval god1 & ! type ( matt] :i* conta9s )9 itself ! g]m ( life :i* is ab\t to spr+ into a new exi/5ce2 ?us he repres5t$ ! dead body f :i* ! spiritual body 0 ab\t to rise4 ,he is depict$ 9 ! =m ( a man hav+ a beetle = a head1 & ?is insect became 8 emblem because x 0 suppos$ to be self-begott5 & self-produc$4 ,to ! pres5t day c]ta9 ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,sdn1 p\nd ! dri$ sc>abaeus or beetle & dr9k x 9 wat]1 believ+ t x w insure !m a num]\s prog5y4 ,! "n ,khep]a means he :o rolls1 & :5 ! insect's habit ( roll+ along its ball fill$ ) eggs is tak5 into consid]ation1 ! appropriat5ess ( ! "n is app>5t4 ,z ! ball ( eggs rolls along ! g]ms mature & bur/ into life2 & z ! sun rolls across ! sky emitt+ light & heat & ) !m life1 s e>?ly ?+s are produc$ & h _! be+ by virtue !re(4 ,r,a 0 probably ! olde/ ( ! gods wor%ipp$ 9 ,egypt1 & 8 "n belongs to su* a remote p]iod t its mean+ is unkn[n4 ,he 0 9 all p]iods ! visible emblem ( ,god1 & 0 ! god ( ?is e>? to :om (f]+s & sacrifices 7 made daily2 "t began :5 ,ra appe>$ above ! horizon at creation 9 ! =m ( ! ,sun1 & ! life ( a man 0 comp>$ to 8 daily c\rse at a v e>ly date4 ,ra 0 suppos$ to sail ov] heav5 9 two boats1 ! ,a,,tet or ,m,a ,,tet boat 9 :i* he j\rney$ f sunrise until noon1 & ! ,,sektet boat 9 :i* he j\rney$ f noon until sunset4 ,at 8 ris+ he 0 attack$ by ,apep1 a mighty dragon or s]p5t1 ! type ( evil & d>kness1 & ) ?is mon/] he did battle until ! fi]y d>ts :i* he dis*>g$ into ! body ( ,apep scor*$ & burnt him up2 ! fi5ds t 7 9 att5dance ^u ?is t]rible foe 7 also de/roy$ by fire1 & _! bodies 7 hack$ 9 pieces4 ,a repetition ( ?is /ory is giv5 9 ! leg5d ( ! fight betwe5 ,horus & ,set1 & 9 bo? =ms x repres5t$ orig9ally ! fight :i* 0 suppos$ to g on daily betwe5 light & d>kness4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 :5 ,osiris _h usurp$ ! position ( ,ra1 & ,horus repres5t$ a div9e p[] :o 0 ab\t to av5ge ! cruel murd] ( 8 fa!r1 & ! wrong :i* _h be5 done to him1 ! moral conceptions ( "r & wrong1 good & evil1 tru? & falsehood 7 appli$ to light & d>kness1 t is to say1 to ,horus & ,set4 ,z ,ra 0 ! fa!r ( ! gods1 x 0 natural t e god %\ld repres5t "s phase ( him1 & t he %\ld repres5t e god4 ,a good illu/ration ( ?is fact is af=d$ by a ,hymn to ,ra1 a f9e copy ( :i* is f\nd inscrib$ on ! walls ( ! slop+ corridor 9 ! tomb ( ,seti ,i41 ab\t ,b4,c4 #acgj1 f :i* we quote ! foll[+3-- #aa4 ,praise be unto !e1 ,o ,ra1 ?\ exalt$ ,p[]1 :o do/ ent] into ! habitations ( ,am5t1 behold ?y body is ,temu4 #ab4 ,praise be unto !e1 ,o ,ra1 ?\ exalt$ ,p[]1 :o do/ ent] into ! hidd5 place ( ,anubis1 behold1 ?y body is ,khep]a4 #ac4 ,praise be unto !e1 ,o ,ra1 ?\ exalt$ ,p[]1 ^: duration ( life is great] ?an t ( ! hidd5 =ms1 behold ?y body is ,%u4 #ad4 ,praise be unto !e1 ,o ,ra1 ?\ exalt$ ,p[]1 4444 behold ?y body is ,tefnut4 #ae4 ,praise be unto !e1 ,o ,ra1 ?\ exalt$ ,p[]1 :o br+e/ =?1 gre5 ?+s 9 _! season1 behold ?y body is ,seb4 #af4 ,praise be unto !e1 ,o ,ra1 ?\ exalt$ ,p[]1 ?\ mighty be+ :o do/ judge1444 behold ?y body is ,nut4 #ag4 ,praise be unto !e1 ,o ,ra1 ?\ exalt$ ,p[]1 ! "l4444 behold ?y body is ,isis4 #ah4 ,praise be unto !e1 ,o ,ra1 ?\ exalt$ ,p[]1 ^: head give? light to t :i* is 9 front ( !e1 behold ?y body is ,neph?ys4 #ai4 ,praise be unto !e1 ,o ,ra1 ?\ exalt$ ,p[]1 ?\ s\rce ( ! div9e memb]s1 ?\ ,"o1 :o br+e/ into be+ t :i* ha? be5 begott51 behold ?y body is ,horus4 #bj4 ,praise be unto !e1 ,o ,ra1 ?\ exalt$ ,p[]1 :o do/ dwell 9 & illum9e ! cele/ial deep1 behold ?y body is ,nu4 ,footnote3 ,= ! text see ,annales du ,muse ,guimet3 ,le ,tombeau de ,seti #a4 7ed4 ,lefbure71 ,p>is1 #ahhf1 pl4 v4 ,9 ! p>agraphs :i* foll[ ,ra is id5tifi$ ) a l>ge numb] ( gods & div9e p]sonages ^: names are n ( su* common occurr5ce 9 ! texts z ^? giv5 above1 & 9 "o way or ano!r ! attributes ( all ! gods are ascrib$ to him4 ,at ! "t :5 ! hymn 0 writt5 x is cle> t poly!ism1 n pan!ism z "s w\ld h x1 0 9 ! asc5dant1 & not)/&+ ! fact t ! ,!ban god ,am5 0 gradually be+ =c$ to ! head%ip ( ! companies ( ! gods ( ,egypt1 we f9d ev]y:]e ! attempt be+ made to emphasize ! view t e god1 :e!r =eign or native1 0 an aspect or =m ( ,ra4 ,! god ,am5 j ref]r$ to 0 orig9ally a local god ( ,!bes1 ^: %r9e 0 ei!r f\nd$ or rebuilt z f> back z ! ,x,i,ith dyna/y1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #bejj4 ,?is hidd5 god1 = su* is ! mean+ ( ! "n ,am51 0 ess5tially a god ( ! s\? ( ,egypt1 b :5 ! ,!ban k+s vanqui%$ _! foes 9 ! nor?1 & s became ma/]s ( ! :ole c\ntry1 ,am5 became a god ( ! fir/ importance1 & ! k+s ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith1 ,x,i,xth1 & ,x,xth dyna/ies end[$ 8 temples on a lavi% scale4 ,! prie/s ( ! god call$ ,am5 ! k+ ( ! gods1 & !y endeav\r$ to make all ,egypt accept him z su*1 b 9 spite ( _! p[] !y saw t !y c\ld n br+ ?is result ab\t unless !y id5tifi$ him ) ! olde/ gods ( ! l&4 ,!y decl>$ t he repres5t$ ! hidd5 & my/]i\s p[] :i* creat$ & su/a9s ! univ]se1 & t ! sun 0 ! symbol ( ?is p[]2 !y !re=e add$ 8 "n to t ( ,ra1 & 9 ?is =m he gradually usurp$ ! attributes & p[]s ( ,nu1 ,khnemu1 ,ptah1 ,hapi1 & o!r great gods4 ,a revolt head$ by ,am5-hetep1 or ,am5ophis ,,iv4 7ab\t ,b4,c4 #aejj71 took place aga9/ ! supremacy ( ,am5 9 ! middle ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y1 b x 0 unsuccessful4 ,?is k+ hat$ ! god & 8 "n s /rongly t he *ang$ 8 own "n into t ( ,khu-en-,at51 i4e41 ! glory ( ! sol> ,disk1 & ord]$ ! "n ( ,am5 to be oblit]at$1 :]ev] possible1 on temples & o!r great monum5ts2 & ?is 0 actually done 9 _m places4 ,x is impossible to say exactly :at ! religi\s views ( ! k+ 71 b x is c]ta9 t he wi%$ to sub/itute ! cult ( ,at51 a =m ( ! ,sun-god wor%ipp$ at ,annu 7i4e41 ,on or ,heliopolis7 9 v anci5t times1 = t ( ,am54 ,at5 means lit]ally ! ,disk ( ! ,sun1 & ?\gh x is difficult to und]/& at ?is di/ance ( "t 9 :at ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! wor%ip ( ,ra & ! wor%ip ( ,ra 9 8 ,disk consi/$1 we may be c]ta9 t !re mu/ h be5 "s subtle1 !ological di/9ction betwe5 !m4 ,b :atev] ! diff]5ce may h be51 x 0 suffici5t to make ,am5ophis =sake ! old capital ,!bes & )draw to a place ,footnote3 ,! site is m>k$ by ! ru9s ( ,tell el-,am>na4"s di/ance to ! nor? ( t city1 :]e he c>ri$ on ! wor%ip ( 8 belov$ god ,at54 ,9 ! pictures ( ! ,at5 wor%ip :i* h come d[n to u ! god appe>s 9 ! =m ( a disk f :i* proce$ a numb] ( arms & h&s t be/[ life ^u 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,am5ophis ! cult ( ,at5 decl9$1 & ,am5 resum$ 8 sway ov] ! m9ds ( ! ,egyptians4 ,want ( space =bids ! ins]tion "h ( a full li/ ( ! titles ( ,am51 & a brief extract f ! ,papyrus ( ! ,pr9cess ,nesi-,kh5su ,footnote3 ,= a hi]oglyphic transcript ( ! hi]atic text1 see ,masp]o1 ,mmoires1 tom4 i41 p4 #eid ff4 mu/ suffice to describe ! e/imation 9 :i* ! god 0 held ab\t ,b4,c4 #ajjj4 ,9 ?is ,am5 is address$ z ! holy god1 ! "l ( all ! gods1 ,am5-,ra1 ! "l ( ! ?rones ( ! _w1 ! pr9ce ( ,apt 7i4e41 ,k>nak71 ! holy s\l :o came into be+ 9 ! beg9n+1 ! great god :o live? by "r & tru?1 ! fir/ ennead :o gave bir? unto ! o!r two enneads1 ,footnote3 i4e41 ! great1 ! little1 & ! lea/ companies ( ! gods2 ea* company 7paut7 conta9$ n9e gods4 ! be+ 9 :om e god exi/e?1 ! ,"o ( ,"o1 ! creator ( ! ?+s :i* came into be+ :5 ! e>? took =m 9 ! beg9n+1 ^: bir?s are hidd51 ^: =ms are manifold1 & ^: gr[? _c be kn[n4 ,! holy ,=m1 belov$ & t]rible & mighty4444 ! "l ( space1 ! mighty ,"o ( ! =m ( ,khep]a1 :o came into exi/5ce ?r\gh ,khep]a1 ! "l ( ! =m ( ,khep]a2 :5 he came into be+ no?+ exi/$ except himself4 ,he %one ^u ! e>? f primeval "t1 he ! ,disk1 ! pr9ce ( light & radiance4444 ,:5 ?is holy god m\ld$ himself1 ! heav5s & ! e>? 7 made by 8 he>t 7or m9d74444 ,he is ! ,disk ( ! ,moon1 ! beauties :]e( p]vade ! heav5s & ! e>?1 ! untir+ & b5efic5t k+ ^: w g]m9ate? f ris+ to sett+1 f ^: div9e eyes m5 & wom5 come =?1 & f ^: m\? ! gods d come1 & by :om food & meat & dr9k are made & provid$1 & by :om ! ?+s :i* exi/ are creat$4 ,he is ! "l ( "t1 & he trav]se? et]nity2 he is ! ag$ "o :o r5ewe? 8 y\?4444 ,he is ! ,be+ :o _c be kn[n1 & he is m hidd5 ?an all ! gods4444 ,he give? long life & multiplie? ! ye>s ( ^? :o are fav\r$ by him1 he is ! graci\s protector ( him :om he sette? 9 8 he>t1 & he is ! fa%ion] ( et]nity & ev]la/+ness4 ,he is ! k+ ( ! ,nor? & ( ! ,s\?1 ,am5-,ra1 k+ ( ! gods1 ! "l ( heav51 & ( e>?1 & ( ! wat]s & ( ! m\nta9s1 ) ^: com+ into be+ ! e>? began its exi/5ce1 ! mighty "o1 m pr9cely ?an1 all ! gods ( ! fir/ company4 ,9 ! above extract1 x w be notic$ t ,am5 is call$ ! ,"o ( ,"o1 or ! ,"o ,"o1 a title :i* has be5 expla9$ z hav+ no ref]5ce :atev] to ! unity ( ,god z und]/ood 9 mod]n times3 b unless ^! words are int5d$ to express ! idea ( unity1 :at is _! mean+8 ,x is also said t he is )\t second1 & ?us !re is no d\bt :atev] t :5 ! ,egyptians decl>$ _! god to be ,"o1 & )\t a second1 !y meant precisely :at ! ,hebrews & ,arabs meant :5 !y decl>$ _! ,god to be ,"o4 ,footnote3 ,see ,deut41 vi4 #d2 & ,koran1 *apt] cxii4 ,su* a ,god 0 an entirely diff]5t ,be+ f ! p]sonifications ( ! p[]s ( nature & ! exi/5ces :i*1 = want ( a bett] "n1 h be5 call$ gods4 ,b1 besides ,ra1 !re exi/$ 9 v e>ly times a god call$ ,,horus1 ^: symbol 0 ! hawk1 :i*1 x seems1 0 ! fir/ liv+ ?+ wor%ipp$ by ! ,egyptians2 ,horus 0 ! ,sun-god1 l ,ra1 & 9 lat] times 0 conf\nd$ ) ,horus ! son ( ,isis4 ,! *ief =ms ( ,horus giv5 9 ! texts are3 7#a7 ,,h]u-,,ur 7,ar\]is71 7#b7 ,,h]u-,,m]ti1 7#c7 ,,h]u-,,nub1 7#d7 ,,h]u-,,kh5t-,,khat1 7#e7 ,,h]u-,,kh5t-,,an-,,maa1 7#f7 ,,h]u-,,khuti1 7#g7 ,,h]u-,,sam-,,taui1 7#h7 ,,h]u-,,hek5nu1 7#i7 ,,h]u-,,behutet4 ,connect$ ) "o ( ! =ms ( ,horus1 orig9ally1 7 ! f\r gods ( ! c>d9al po9ts1 or ! f\r1 spirits ( ,horus1 :o support$ heav5 at its f\r corn]s2 _! names 7 ,,hapi1 ,,tuamutee1 ,,amset1 & ,,qebhs5nuf1 & !y repres5t$ ! nor?1 ea/1 s\?1 & we/ respectively4 ,! inte/9es ( ! dead 7 embalm$ & plac$ 9 f\r j>s1 ea* be+ "u ! protection1 ( "o ( ^! f\r gods4 ,o!r important gods ( ! dead are3 7#a7 ,,anubis1 ! son ( ,ra or ,osiris1 :o presid$ ov] ! abode ( ! dead1 & ) ,,ap-,,uat %>$ ! dom9ion ( ! fun]al m\nta92 ! symbol ( ea* ( ^! gods is a jackal4 7#b7 ,,hu & ,,sa1 ! *ildr5 ( ,temu1 or ,ra1 :o appe> 9 ! boat ( ! sun at ! creation1 & lat] 9 ! ,judgm5t ,sc5e4 7#c7 ,! goddess ,,ma,a,t1 :o 0 associat$ ) ,?o?1 ,ptah1 & ,khnemu 9 ! "w ( creation2 ! "n means /raight1 h5ce :at is "r1 true1 tru?1 real1 g5u9e1 upright1 righte\s1 j1 /eadfa/1 unalt]able1 & ! l4 7#d7 ,! goddess ,,het-,,h]t 7,ha?or71 i4e41 ! h\se ( ,horus1 :i* 0 t "p ( ! sky :]e ! sun rose & set4 ,! sycamore tree 0 sacr$ to h]1 & ! deceas$ prays to be f$ by h] ) cele/ial food f out ( x 7#e7 ,! goddess ,,meh-,,urt1 :o repres5t$ t portion ( ! sky 9 :i* ! sun takes 8 daily c\rse2 "h x 01 accord+ to ! view held at "o p]iod at lea/1 t ! judgm5t ( ! deceas$ 0 suppos$ to take place4 7#f7 ,,nei?1 ! "m ( ,,sebek1 :o 0 also a goddess ( ! ea/]n portion ( ! sky4 7#g7 ,,sekhet & ,,ba/1 :o are repres5t$ ) ! heads ( a lion & a cat1 & :o 7 symbols ( ! de/roy+1 scor*+ p[] ( ! sun1 & ( ! g5tle heat !re(1 respectively4 7#h7 ,,s]q1 :o 0 a =m ( ,isis4 7#i7 ,,ta-,,urt 7,?\]is71 :o 0 ! g5etrix ( ! gods4 7#aj7 ,,uat*et1 :o 0 a =m ( ,ha!r1 & :o _h dom9ion ov] ! nor!rn sky1 j z ,,nekhebet 0 mi/ress ( ! s\!rn sky4 7#aa7 ,,neheb-,,ka1 :o 0 a goddess :o possess$ magical p[]s1 & 9 "s respects resembl$ ,isis 9 h] attributes4 7#ab7 ,,sebak1 :o 0 a =m ( ! ,sun-god1 & 0 9 lat] times conf\nd$ ) ,sebak1 or ,sebek1 ! fri5d ( ,set4 7#ac7 ,,amsu 7or ,,m9 or ,,kuem71 :o 0 ! p]sonification ( ! g5]ative & reproductive p[]s ( nature4 7#ad7 ,,beb or ,,baba1 :o 0 ! fir/born son ( ,osiris4 7#ae7 ,hapi1 :o 0 ! god ( ! ,nile1 & ) :om mo/ ( ! great gods 7 id5tifi$4 ,! names ( ! be+s :o at "o "t or ano!r 7 call$ gods 9 ,egypt are s num]\s t a m]e li/ ( !m w\ld fill scores ( pages1 & 9 a "w ( ?is k9d w\ld be out ( place4 ,! read] is1 !re=e1 ref]r$ to ,lanzone's ,mitologia ,egizia1 :]e a consid]able numb] are enum]at$ & describ$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,judgm5t ,,( ,,! ,,dead4 ,! belief t ! de$s done 9 ! body w\ld be subject$ to an analysis & scrut9y by ! div9e p[]s aft] ! dea? ( a man belongs to ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ,egyptian civilization1 & ?is belief rema9$ sub/antially ! same 9 all g5]ations4 ,?\gh we h no in=mation z to ! locality :]e ! ,la/ ,judgm5t took place1 or :e!r ! ,egyptian s\l pass$ into ! judgm5t-hall imm$iately aft] ! dea? ( ! body1 or aft] ! mummification 0 end$ & ! body 0 deposit$ 9 ! tomb1 x is q c]ta9 t ! belief 9 ! judgm5t 0 z deeply root$ 9 ! ,egyptians z ! belief 9 immortality4 ,!re seems to h be5 no idea ( a g5]al judgm5t :5 all ^? :o _h liv$ 9 ! _w %\ld receive _! rew>d = ! de$s done 9 ! body2 on ! contr>y1 all ! evid5ce available goes to %[ t ea* s\l 0 dealt ) individually1 & 0 ei!r p]mitt$ to pass into ! k+dom ( ,osiris & ( ! bless$1 or 0 de/roy$ /raightway4 ,c]ta9 passages 9 ! texts seem to sugge/ ! idea ( ! exi/5ce ( a place = dep>t$ spirits :]e9 ! s\ls condemn$ 9 ! judgm5t might dwell1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t x 0 ! enemies ( ,ra1 ! ,sun-god1 t inhabit$ ?is region2 & x is impossible to imag9e t ! div9e p[]s :o presid$ ov] ! judgm5t w\ld p]mit ! s\ls ( ! wick$ to live aft] !y _h be5 condemn$ & to become enemies ( ^? :o 7 pure & bless$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we atta* any importance to ! ideas ( ! ,copts ^u ?is subject1 & consid] t !y repres5t anci5t beliefs :i* !y d]iv$ f ! ,egyptians traditionally1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! ,egyptian und]world conta9$ "s region :]e9 ! s\ls ( ! wick$ 7 puni%$ = an indef9ite p]iod4 ,! ,coptic lives ( sa9ts & m>tyrs are full ( allusions to ! suff]+s ( ! damn$1 b :e!r ! descriptions ( ^! are due to imag9+s ( ! m9d ( ! ,*ri/ian ,egyptian or to ! bias ( ! scribe's op9ions _c always be said4 ,:5 we consid] t ! ,coptic hell 0 little m ?an a modifi$ =m ( ! anci5t ,egyptian ,am5ti1 or ,am5tet1 x is difficult to believe t x 0 ! "n ( ! ,egyptian und]world only :i* 0 borr[$1 & t ! ideas & beliefs conc]n+ x :i* 7 held by ! anci5t ,egyptians 7 n at ! same "t absorb$4 ,"s ,*ri/ian writ]s are mo/ m9ute 9 _! classification ( ! wick$ 9 hell1 z we may see f ! foll[+ extract f ! life ( ,pis5tios1 ,footnote3 ,ed4 ,aml9eau1 ,p>is1 #ahhg1 p4 #add f4 ,bi%op ( ,keft1 9 ! ,v,i,ith c5tury ( our era4 ,! holy man _h tak5 refuge 9 a tomb :]e9 a numb] ( mummies _h be5 pil$ up1 & :5 he _h read ! li/ ( ! names ( ! p :o _h be5 buri$ !re he gave x to 8 disciple to replace4 ,!n he address$ 8 disciple & admoni%$ him to d ! "w ( ,god ) dilig5ce1 & w>n$ him t e man mu/ become ev5 z 7 ! mummies :i* lay be=e !m4 ,& "s1 said he1 ^: s9s h be5 _m are n[ 9 ,am5ti1 o!rs are 9 ! out] d>kness1 o!rs are 9 pits & dit*es fill$ ) fire1 & o!rs are 9 ! riv] ( fire3 ^u ^! la/ no "o ha? be/[$ re/4 ,& o!rs1 likewise1 are 9 a place ( re/1 by reason ( _! good works4 ,:5 ! disciple _h dep>t$1 ! holy man began to talk to "o ( ! mummies :o _h be5 a native ( ! t[n ( ,erm5t1 or ,armant1 & ^: fa!r & "m _h be5 call$ ,agricolaos & ,eu/a?ia4 ,he _h be5 a wor%ipp] ( ,poseidon1 & _h nev] he>d t ,*ri/ _h come into ! _w4 ,&1 said he woe1 woe is me because ,i 0 born into ! _w4 ,:y did n my "m's womb become my tomb8 ,:51 x became necess>y = me to die1 ! ,kosmokratr angels 7 ! fir/ to come r\nd ab\t me1 & !y told me ( all ! s9s :i* ,i _h committ$1 & !y said unto me1 ',let him t c save !e f ! torm5ts into :i* ?\ %alt be ca/ come hi!r4' ,& !y _h 9 _! h&s iron knives1 & po9t$ goads :i* 7 l unto %>p spe>s1 & !y drove !m into my sides & gna%$ ^u me ) _! tee?4 ,:5 a little "t aft]w>ds my eyes 7 op5$ ,i saw dea? hov]+ ab\t 9 ! air 9 its manifold =ms1 & at t mom5t angels :o 7 )\t pity came & dragg$ my wret*$ s\l f my body1 & hav+ ti$ x "u ! =m ( a black horse !y l$ me away to ,amonti4 ,woe be unto e s9n] l unto myself :o ha? be5 born into ! _w6 ,o my ma/] & fa!r1 ,i 0 !n deliv]$ into ! h&s ( a multitude ( torm5tors :o 7 )\t pity & :o _h ea* a diff]5t =m4 ,oh1 :at a numb] ( wild bea/s did ,i see 9 ! way6 ,oh1 :at a numb] ( p[]s 7 !re t inflict$ puni%m5t ^u me6 ,& x came to pass t :5 ,i _h be5 ca/ into ! out] d>kness1 ,i saw a great dit* :i* 0 m ?an two hundr$ cubits deep1 & x 0 fill$ ) reptiles2 ea* reptile _h sev5 heads1 & ! body ( ea* 0 l unto t ( a scorpion4 ,9 ?is place also liv$ ! ,great ,worm1 ! m]e sight ( :i* t]rifi$ him t look$ !reat4 ,9 8 m\? he _h tee? l unto iron /akes1 & "o took me & ?rew me to ?is ,worm :i* nev] ceas$ to eat2 !n imm$iately all ! o!r bea/s ga!r$ toge!r ne> him1 & :5 he _h fill$ 8 m\? ) my fle%1 all ! bea/s :o 7 r\nd ab\t me fill$ !irs4 ,9 answ] to ! "q ( ! holy man z to :e!r he _h enjoy$ any re/ or p]iod )\t suff]+1 ! mummy repli$3 ,yea1 ,o my fa!r1 pity is %[n unto ^? :o are 9 torm5t e ,saturday & e ,sunday4 ,z soon z ,sunday is ov] we are ca/ into ! torm5ts :i* we des]ve1 s t we may =get ! ye>s :i* we h pass$ 9 ! _w2 & z soon z we h =gott5 ! grief ( ?is torm5t we are ca/ into ano!r :i* is /ill m griev\s4 ,n[1 x is easy to see f ! above description ( ! torm5ts :i* ! wick$ 7 suppos$ to suff]1 t ! writ] _h 9 8 m9d "s ( ! pictures ) :i* we are n[ famili>1 ?anks to ! excavation ( tombs :i* has gone on 9 ,egypt dur+ ! la/ few ye>s2 & x is also easy to see t he1 9 common ) _m o!r ,coptic writ]s1 misund]/ood ! purport ( !m4 ,! out] d>kness1 i4e41 ! blacke/ place ( all 9 ! und]world1 ! riv] ( fire1 ! pits ( fire1 ! snake & ! scorpion1 & su* l ?+s1 all h _! c\nt]p>ts1 or r orig9als1 9 ! sc5es :i* accompany ! texts :i* describe ! passage ( ! sun ?r\gh ! und]world dur+ ! h\rs ( ! night4 ,hav+ once misund]/ood ! g5]al mean+ ( su* sc5es1 x 0 easy to conv]t ! foes ( ,ra1 ! ,sun-god1 into ! s\ls ( ! damn$1 & to look ^u ! burn+ up ( su* foes--:o 7 aft] all only c]ta9 p[]s ( nature p]sonifi$--z ! well-m]it$ puni%m5t ( ^? :o _h done evil ^u ! e>?4 ,h[ f> ! ,copts reproduc$ unconsci\sly ! views :i* _h be5 held by _! ance/ors = ?\s&s ( ye>s _c be said1 b ev5 aft] mu* all[ance has be5 made = ?is possibility1 !re rema9s /ill to be expla9$ a l>ge numb] ( beliefs & views :i* seem to h be5 ! peculi> product ( ! ,egyptian ,*ri/ian imag9ation4 ,x has be5 said above t ! idea ( ! judgm5t ( ! dead is ( v great antiquity 9 ,egypt2 inde$1 x is s old t x is useless to try to asc]ta9 ! date ( ! p]iod :5 x fir/ grew up4 ,9 ! e>lie/ religi\s texts kn[n to u1 !re are indications t ! ,egyptians expect$ a judgm5t1 b !y are n suffici5tly def9ite to argue f2 x is c]ta9ly d\btful if ! judgm5t 0 ?\ght to be z ?or\gh & z se>*+ !n z 9 ! lat] p]iod4 ,z f> back z ! reign ( ,m5-kau-,ra1 ! ,myc]9us ( ! ,greeks1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #cfjj1 a religi\s text1 :i* aft]w>ds =m$ *apt] #cj;,b ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 0 f\nd inscrib$ on an iron slab2 9 ! h&writ+ ( ! god ,?o?1 by ! royal son or pr9ce ,h]utataf4 ,footnote3 ,see ,*apt]s ( ,com+ ,=? by ,day1 ,translation1 p4 #hj4 ,! orig9al purpose ( ! composition ( ?is text _c be said1 b !re is little d\bt t x 0 int5d$1 to b5efit ! deceas$ 9 ! judgm5t1 &1 if we translate its title lit]ally1 x 0 int5d$ to prev5t 8 he>t f fall+ away f him 9 ! und]world4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( x ! deceas$1 aft] adjur+ 8 he>t1 says1 ,may naught /& up to oppose me 9 ! judgm5t2 may !re be no opposition to me 9 ! pres5ce ( ! sov]eign pr9ces2 may !re be no p>t+ ( !e f me 9 ! pres5ce ( him t keepe? ! ,balance6444 ,may ! (fic]s ( ! c\rt ( ,osiris 79 ,egyptian ,%5it71 :o =m ! conditions ( ! lives ( m51 n cause my "n to /9k6 ,let ! judgm5t be satisfactory unto me1 let ! he>+ be satisfactory unto me1 & let me h joy ( he>t at ! weigh+ ( words4 ,let n t :i* is false be utt]$ aga9/ me be=e ! ,great ,god1 ! ,"l ( ,am5tet4 ,n[1 al?\gh ! papyrus ^u1 :i* ?is /atem5t & pray] are f\nd 0 writt5 ab\t two ?\s& ye>s aft] ,m5-kau-,ra reign$1 !re is no d\bt t !y 7 copi$ f texts :i* 7 !mselves copi$ at a mu* e>li] p]iod1 & t ! /ory ( ! f9d+ ( ! text inscrib$ ^u an iron slab is contempor>y ) its actual discov]y by ,h]utataf4 ,x is n necess>y to inquire "h :e!r ! ^w f9d 79 ,egyptian qem7 means a g5u9e discov]y or n1 b x is cle> t ^? :o _h ! papyrus copi$ saw no absurdity or impropriety 9 ascrib+ ! text to ! p]iod ( ,m5-kau-,ra4 ,ano!r text1 :i* aft]w>ds also became a *apt] ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 "u ! title ,*apt] ( n lett+ ! he>t ( ! deceas$ be driv5 away f him 9 ! und]world1 0 inscrib$ on a c(f9 ( ! ,x,ith dyna/y1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #bejj1 & 9 x we h ! foll[+ petition3 ,may naught /& up to oppose me 9 judgm5t 9 ! pres5ce ( ! lords ( ! trial 7lit]ally1 'lords ( ?+s'72 let x n be said ( me & ( t :i* ,i h done1 ',he ha? done de$s aga9/ t :i* is v "r & true'2 may naught be aga9/ me 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,great ,god1 ! ,"l ( ,am5tet4 ,footnote3 ,*apt]s ( ,com+ ,=? by ,day1 p4 #gh4 ,f ^! passages we are "r 9 assum+ t be=e ! end ( ! ,i,vth dyna/y ! idea ( be+ weigh$ 9 ! balance 0 already evolv$2 t ! religi\s s*ools ( ,egypt _h assign$ to a god ! duty ( wat*+ ! balance :5 cases 7 be+ tri$2 t ?is weigh+ 9 ! balance took place 9 ! pres5ce ( ! be+s call$ ,%5it1 :o 7 believ$ to control ! acts & de$s ( m52 t x 0 ?\ght t evid5ce unfav\rable to ! deceas$ might be produc$ by 8 foes at ! judgm5t2 t ! weigh+ took place 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,great ,god1 ! ,"l ( ,am5tet2 & t ! he>t ( ! deceas$ might fail him ei!r physically or morally4 ,! deceas$ addresses 8 he>t1 call+ x is "m1 & next id5tifies x ) 8 ka or d\ble1 c\pl+ ! m5tion ( ! ka ) ! "n ( ! god ,khnemu3 ^! facts are exce$+ly important1 = !y prove t ! deceas$ consid]$ 8 he>t to be ! s\rce ( 8 life & be+1 & ! m5tion ( ! god ,khnemu takes ! date ( ! composition back to a p]iod coaeval ) ! beg9n+s ( religi\s ?\ght 9 ,egypt4 ,x 0 ! god ,khnemu :o assi/$ ,?o? 9 p]=m+ ! comm&s ( ,god at ! creation1 & "o v int]e/+ sculpture at ,philae %[s ,khnemu 9 ! act ( fa%ion+ man ^u a pott]'s :eel4 ,! deceas$1 9 m5tion+ ,khnemu's "n1 seems to invoke 8 aid 9 ! judgm5t z fa%ion] ( man & z ! be+ :o is 9 "s respects responsible = ! mann] ( 8 life ^u e>?4 ,9 ,*apt] #cj;,a !re is no m5tion made ( ! gu>dian ( ! balance1 & ! deceas$ says1 ,may naught /& up to oppose me 9 judgm5t 9 ! pres5ce ( ! lords ( ?+s6 ,! lords ( ?+s may be ei!r ! lords ( creation1 i4e41 ! great cosmic gods1 or ! lords ( ! affairs ( ! hall ( judgm5t1 i4e41 ( ! trial4 ,9 ?is *apt] ! deceas$ addresses n ,khnemu1 b ! gods :o dwell 9 ! div9e cl\ds1 & :o are exalt$ by reason ( _! sceptres1 t is to say1 ! f\r gods ( ! c>d9al po9ts1 call$ ,me/ha1 ,hapi ,tuamutef1 & ,qebhs5nuf1 :o also presid$ ov] ! *ief int]nal organs ( ! human body4 ,"h1 aga91 x seems z if ! deceas$ 0 anxi\s to make ^! gods 9 "s way responsible = ! de$s done by him 9 8 life1 inasmu* z !y presid$1 ov] ! organs t 7 ! prime mov]s ( 8 actions4 ,9 any case1 he consid]s !m 91 ! light ( int]cessors1 = he besee*es !m to speak fair words unto ,ra on 8 behalf1 & to make him to prosp] be=e ! goddess ,nehebka4 ,9 ?is case1 ! fav\r ( ,ra1 ! ,sun-god1 ! visible emblem ( ! almighty & et]nal ,god1 is s\ght =1 & also t ( ! s]p5t goddess1 ^: attributes are n yet accurately def9$1 b :o has mu* to d ) ! de/9ies ( ! dead4 ,no m5tion :atev] is made ( ! ,"l ( ,am5tet--,osiris4 ,be=e we pass to ! consid]ation ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! judgm5t is depict$ ^u ! f9e/ examples ( ! illu/rat$ papyri1 ref]5ce mu/ be made to an int]e/+ vignette 9 ! papyri ( ,nebs5i ,footnote3 ,briti% ,museum1 ,no4 #iijj4 & ,am5-neb4 ,footnote #b3 ,briti% ,museum1 ,no4 #jifd4 ,9 bo? ( ^! papyri we see a figure ( ! deceas$ himself be+ weigh$ 9 ! balance aga9/ 8 own he>t 9 ! pres5ce ( ! god ,osiris4 ,x seems probable t a belief 0 curr5t at "o "t 9 anci5t ,egypt conc]n+ ! possibility ( ! body be+ weigh$ aga9/ ! he>t1 ) ! view ( f9d+ out if ! =m] _h obey$ ! dictates ( ! latt]2 be t z x may1 h[ev]1 x is q c]ta9 t ?is rem>kable v>iant ( ! vignette ( ,*apt] #cj;,b _h "s special mean+1 &1 z x occurs 9 two papyri :i* date f ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t x repres5ts a belief belong+ to a mu* old] p]iod4 ,! judgm5t "h depict$ mu/1 9 any case1 be diff]5t f t :i* =ms su* a /rik+ sc5e 9 ! lat] illu/rat$ papyri ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith & foll[+ dyna/ies4 ,we h n[ prov$ t ! idea ( ! judgm5t ( ! dead 0 accept$ 9 religi\s writ+s z e>ly z ! ,i,vth dyna/y1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #cfjj1 b we h to wait ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s be=e we f9d x 9 picture =m4 ,c]ta9 sc5es :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead z vignettes accompany+ c]ta9 texts or *apt]s1 e4g41 ! ,fields ( ,hetep1 or ! ,elysian ,fields1 are exce$+ly old1 & are f\nd on s>cophagi ( ! ,x,ith & ,x,i,ith dyna/ies2 b ! e>lie/ picture kn[n ( ! ,judgm5t ,sc5e is n old] ?an ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y4 ,9 ! olde/ ,!ban papyri ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead no ,judgm5t ,sc5e is =?com+1 & :5 we f9d x want+ 9 su* au?oritative docum5ts z ! ,papyrus ( ,nebs5i & t ( ,nu1 ,footnote3 ,briti% ,museum1 ,no4 #aj1dgg4 we mu/ take x = grant$ t !re 0 "s reason = its omission4 ,9 ! great illu/rat$ papyri1 9 :i*1 ! ,judgm5t ,sc5e is giv5 9 full1 x w be notic$ t x comes at ! beg9n+ ( ! "w1 & t x is prec$$ by hymns & by a vignette4 ,?us1 9 ! ,papyrus ( ,ani1 ,footnote3 ,briti% ,museum1 ,no4 #aj1dgj4 we h a hymn to ,ra foll[$ by a vignette repres5t+ ! sunrise1 & a hymn to ,osiris2 & 9 ! ,papyrus ( ,hunef]1 ,footnote #b3 ,briti% ,museum1 ,no4 #iija4 ?\gh ! hymns are diff]5t1 ! arrangem5t is ! same4 ,we are ju/ifi$1 !n1 9 assum+ t ! hymns & ! ,judgm5t ,sc5e toge!r =m$ an introductory section to ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 & x is possible t x indicates ! exi/5ce ( ! belief1 at lea/ dur+ ! p]iod ( ! greate/ p[] ( ! prie/s ( ,am51 f ,b4,c4 #agjj to ,b4,c4 #hjj1 t ! judgm5t ( ! dead = ! de$s done 9 ! body prec$$ ! admission ( ! dead into ! k+dom ( ,osiris4 ,z ! hymns :i* accompany ! ,judgm5t ,sc5e are f9e examples ( a high class ( devotional compositions1 a few translations f "s ( !m are "h giv54 ,,hymn ,,to ,r,a4 ,footnote3 ,see ,! ,*apt]s ( ,com+ ,=? by ,day1 p4 #g4 ,homage to !e1 ,o ?\ :o rise/ 9 ,nu1 ,footnote3 ,! sky p]sonifi$4 & :o at ?y manife/ation do/ make ! _w bright ) light2 ! :ole company ( ! gods s+ hymns ( praise unto !e aft] ?\ ha/ come =?4 ,! div9e ,m]ti ,footnote3 ,lit]ally1 ! ,two ,eyes1 i4e41 ,isis & ,neph?ys4 goddesses :o m9i/] unto !e *]i% !e z ,k+ ( ! ,nor? & ,s\?1 ?\ beautiful & belov$ ,man-*ild4 ,:51 ?\ rise/ m5 & wom5 live4 ,! nations rejoice 9 !e1 & ! ,s\ls ( ,annu ,footnote3 i4e41 ,ra1 ,%u & ,tefnut4 7,heliopolis7 s+ unto !e songs ( joy4 ,! ,s\ls ( ! city ( ,pe1 ,footnote3 ,"p ( ! city ( ,buto 7,p]-,uat*it74 ,! s\ls ( ,pe 7 ,horus1 ,me/ha1 ,hapi4 & ! ,s\ls ( ! city ( ,nekh5 ,footnote3 i4e41 ,horus1 ,tuamutef1 & ,qebhs5nuf4 exalt !e1 ! apes ( dawn adore !e1 & all bea/s & cattle praise !e ) "o accord4 ,! goddess ,seba ov]?r[e? ?9e enemies1 !re=e ha/ ?\ rejoic+ 9 ?y boat2 ?y m>9]s are cont5t !reat4 ,?\ ha/ atta9$ unto ! ,atet boat1 ,footnote3 i4e41 ! boat 9 :i* ! sun travels until noon4 & ?y he>t swelle? ) joy4 ,o "l ( ! gods1 :5 ?\ did/ create !m !y %\t$ = joy4 ,! azure goddess ,nut do? compass !e on e side1 & ! god ,nu floode? !e ) 8 rays ( light4 ,o ca/ ?\ ?y light ^u me & let me see ?y beauties1 & :5 ?\ goe/ =? ov] ! e>? ,i w s+ praises unto ?y fair face4 ,?\ rise/ 9 heav5's horizon1 & ?y disk is ador$ :5 x re/e? ^u ! m\nta9 to give life unto ! _w4 ,?\ rise/1 ?\ rise/1 & ?\ come/ =? f ! god ,nu4 ,?\ do/ r5ew ?y y\?1 & ?\ do/ set ?yself 9 ! place :]e ?\ wa/ ye/]day4 ,o ?\ div9e ,*ild1 :o did/ create ?yself1 ,i am n able to describe !e4 ,?\ ha/ come ) ?y ris+s1 & ?\ ha/ made heav5 & e>? respl5d5t ) ?y rays ( pure em]ald light4 ,! l& ( ,punt ,footnote3 i4e41 ! l& on ea* side ( ! ,r$ ,sea & ,nor?-ea/ ,africa4 is e/abli%$ to give ! p]fumes :i*1 ?\ smelle/ ) ?y no/rils4 ,?\ rise/1 ,o m>vell\s ,be+1 9 heav51 & ! two s]p5t-goddesses1 ,m]ti1 are e/abli%$ ^u ?y br[4 ,?\ art ! giv] ( laws1 ,o ?\ "l ( ! _w & ( all ! inhabitants !re(2 all ! gods adore !e4 ,,hymn ,,to ,,osiris ,footnote3 ,see ,! ,*apt]s ( ,com+ ,=? by ,day1 p4 #aa4 ,glory be to !e1 ,o ,osiris ,un-nef]1 ! great god )9 ,abydos1 k+ ( et]nity & "l ( ev]la/+ness1 ! god :o passe/ ?r\gh millions ( ye>s 9 ?y exi/5ce4 ,?\ art ! elde/ son ( ! womb ( ,nut1 ?\ wa/ eng5d]$ by ,seb1 ! ,ance/or ( ! gods1 ?\ art ! "l ( ! ,cr[ns ( ! ,nor? & ( ! ,s\?1 & ( ! l(ty :ite cr[n4 ,z ,pr9ce ( ! gods & ( m5 ?\ ha/ receiv$ ! crook1 & ! :ip1 & ! dignity ( ?y div9e fa!rs4 ,let ?y he>t :i* is 9 ! m\nta9 ( ,am5t ,footnote3 i4e41 ! und]world4 be cont5t1 = ?y son ,horus is e/abli%$ ^u ?y ?rone4 ,?\ art cr[n$ ! "l ( ,tattu 7,m5des7 & rul] 9 ,abtu 7,abydos74 ,?r\gh !e ! _w waxe? gre5 9 triumph be=e ! might ( ,neb-er-t*]4 ,footnote3 ,a "n ( ,osiris4 ,?\ leade/ 9 ?y tra9 t :i* is1 & t :i* is n yet1 9 ?y "n ( ',ta-h]-/a-nef2' ?\ t[e/ along ! e>? 9 ?y "n ( ',sek]2' ?\ art exce$+ly mighty & mo/ t]rible 9 ?y "n ( ',osiris2' ?\ endure/ = ev] & = ev] 9 ?y "n ( ',un-nef]4' ,homage to !e1 ,o ?\ ,k+ ( k+s1 ,"l ( lords1 ,pr9ce ( ,pr9ces6 ,f ! womb ( ,nut ?\ ha/ rul$ ! _w & ! und]world4 ,?y body is ( bright & %9+ metal1 ?y head is ( azure blue1 & ! brilliance ( ! turquoise encircle? !e4 ,o ?\ god ,an1 :o ha/ _h exi/5ce = millions ( ye>s1 :o p]vade/ all ?+s ) ?y body1 :o art beautiful 9 c\nt5ance 9 ! ,l& ( ,hol9ess 7i4e41 ! und]world71 grant ?\ to me spl5d\r 9 heav51 might ^u e>?1 & triumph 9 ! und]world4 ,grant ?\ t ,i may sail d[n to ,tattu l a liv+ s\l1 & up to ,abtu l ! pho5ix2 & grant t ,i may ent] 9 & come =? f ! pylons ( ! l&s ( ! und]world )\t let or h9drance4 ,may loaves ( bread be giv5 unto me 9 ! h\se ( coolness1 & (f]+s ( food & dr9k 9 ,annu 7,heliopolis71 & a home/ead = ev] & = ev] 9 ! ,field ( ,re$s ,footnote3 ,a division ( ! ,fields ( ,peace or ,elysian ,fields4 ) :eat & b>ley !re=4 ,9 ! long & important hymn 9 ! ,papyrus ( ,hunef] ,footnote3 ,see ,! ,*apt]s ( ,com+ ,=? ,by ,day1 pp4 #cdc-cdf4 occurs ! foll[+ petition1 :i* is put into ! m\? ( ! deceas$3-- ,grant t ,i may foll[ 9 ! tra9 ( ?y ,maje/y ev5 z ,i did ^u e>?4 ,let my s\l be call$ into ! pres5ce1 & let x be f\nd by ! side ( ! lords ( "r & tru?4 ,i h come into ! ,city ( ,god1 ! region :i* exi/$ 9 primeval "t1 ) my s\l1 & ) my d\ble1 & ) my transluc5t =m1 to dwell 9 ?is l&4 ,! ,god !re( is ! "l ( "r & tru?1 he is ! "l ( ! t*efau food ( ! gods1 & he is mo/ holy4 ,8 l& drawe? unto itself e l&2 ! ,s\? come? sail+ d[n ! riv] !reto1 & ! ,nor?1 /e]$ ?i!r by w9ds1 come? daily to make fe/ival !re9 accord+ to ! comm& ( ! ,god !re(1 :o is ! ,"l ( peace !re94 ,& do? he n say1 ',! happ9ess !re( is a c>e unto me'8 ,! god :o dwelle? !re9 worke? "r & tru?2 unto him t doe? ^! ?+s he give? old age1 & to him t foll[e? aft] !m rank & hon\r1 until at l5g? he atta9e? unto a happy fun]al & burial 9 ! ,holy ,l& 7i4e41 ! und]world74 ,! deceas$1 hav+ recit$ ^! words ( pray] & adoration to ,ra1 ! symbol ( ,almighty ,god1 & to 8 son ,osiris1 next come? =? into ! ,hall ( ,maati1 t he may be sep>at$ f e s9 :i* he ha? done1 & may behold ! faces ( ! gods4 ,footnote3 ,?is quotation is f ! title ( ,*apt] ,,cxxv4 ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead4 ,f ! e>lie/ times ! ,maati 7 ! two goddesses ,isis & ,neph?ys1 & !y 7 s call$ because !y repres5t$ ! ideas ( /raightness1 integrity1 righte\sness1 :at is "r1 ! tru?1 & su* l2 ! ^w ,maat orig9ally meant a measur+ re$ or /ick4 ,!y 7 suppos$ ei!r to sit 9 ! ,hall ( ,maat outside ! %r9e ( ,osiris1 or to /& by ! side ( ?is god 9 ! %r9e2 an example ( ! =m] position w be se5 9 ! ,papyrus ( ,ani 7,plate #ca71 & ( ! latt] 9 ! ,papyrus ( ,hunef] 7,plate #d74 ,! orig9al idea ( ! ,hall ( ,maat or ,maati 0 t x conta9$ =ty-two gods2 a fact :i* we may see f ! foll[+ passage 9 ! ,introduction to ,*apt] ,,cxxv4 ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead4 ,! deceas$ says to ,osiris3-- ,homage to !e1 ,o ?\ great ,god1 ?\ ,"l ( ! two ,maat goddesses6 ,i h come to !e1 ,o my ,"l1 & ,i h made myself to come hi!r t ,i may behold ?y beauties4 ,i "k !e1 & ,i "k ?y "n1 & ,i "k ! names ( ! two & =ty gods :o live ) !e 9 ?is ,hall ( ,maati1 :o live z wat*]s ( s9n]s & :o fe$ ^u _! blood on t day :5 ! *>act]s 7or lives7 ( m5 are reckon$ up 7or tak5 into acc\nt7 9 ! pres5ce ( ! god ,un-nef]4 ,v]ily1 ,god ( ! ,rekhti-,m]ti 7i4e41 ! tw9 si/]s ( ! two eyes71 ! ,"l ( ! city ( ,maati is ?y "n4 ,v]ily ,i h come to !e1 & ,i h br\ght ,maat unto !e1 & ,i h de/roy$ wick$ness4 ,! deceas$ !n goes on to enum]ate ! s9s or (f5ces :i* he has n committ$2 & he concludes by say+3 ,i am pure2 ,i am pure2 ,i am pure2 ,i am pure4 ,my purity is ! purity ( ! great ,b5nu :i* is 9 ! city ( ,sut5-h55 7,h]acleopolis71 =1 behold41 ,i am ! no/rils ( ! ,god ( brea?1 :o make? all mank9d to live on ! day :5 ! ,eye ( ,ra is full 9 ,annu 7,heliopolis7 at ! end ( ! second mon? ( ! season ,,p]t4 ,footnote3 i4e41 ! la/ day ( ! six? mon? ( ! ,egyptian ye>1 call$ by ! ,copta ,mekhir4 ,i h se5 ! ,eye ( ,ra :5 x 0 full 9 ,annu2 ,footnote3 ,! allusion "h seems to be to ! ,summ] or ,w9t] ,sol/ice4 !re=e let n evil befall me ei!r 9 ?is l& or 9 ?is ,hall ( ,maati1 because ,i1 ev5 ,i1 "k ! names ( ! gods :o are !re94 ,n[ z ! gods :o live 9 ! ,hall ( ,maat ) ,osiris are two & =ty 9 numb]1 we %\ld expect t two & =ty s9s or (f5ces w\ld be m5tion$ 9 ! addresses :i* ! deceas$ makes to !m2 b ?is is n ! case1 = ! s9s enum]at$ 9 ! ,introduction nev] rea* ?is numb]4 ,9 ! great illu/rat$ papyri ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith & ,x,i,xth dyna/ies we f9d1 h[ev]1 t not)/&+ ! fact t a l>ge numb] ( s9s1 :i* ! deceas$ decl>es he has n committ$1 are m5tion$ 9 ! ,introduction1 ! scribes & arti/s add$ a s]ies ( negative /atem5ts1 =ty-two 9 numb]1 :i* !y set out 9 a tabul> =m4 ,?is1 cle>ly1 is an attempt to make ! s9s m5tion$ equal 9 numb] to ! gods ( ! ,hall ( ,maat1 & x w\ld seem z if !y pref]r$ to compose an entirely new =m ( ?is section ( ! "o hundr$ & tw5ty-fif? *apt] to mak+ any attempt to add to or alt] ! old] section4 ,! arti/s1 !n1 depict$ a ,hall ( ,maat1 ! doors ( :i* are wide op51 & ! cornice ( :i* is =m$ ( uraei & fea!rs1 symbolic ( ,maat4 ,ov] ! middle ( ! cornice is a seat$ deity ) h&s ext5d$1 ! "r ov] ! ,eye ( ,horus1 & ! left ov] a pool4 ,at ! end ( ! ,hall are seat$ ! goddesses ( ,maat1 i4e41 ,isis & ,neph?ys1 ! deceas$ ador+ ,osiris :o is seat$ on a ?rone1 a balance ) ! he>t ( ! deceas$ 9 "o scale1 & ! fea!r1 symbolic ( ,maat1 9 ! o!r1 & ,?o? pa9t+ a l>ge fea!r4 ,9 ?is ,hall sit ! =ty-two gods1 & z ! deceas$ passes by ea*1 ! deceas$ addresses him by 8 "n & at ! same "t decl>es t he has n committ$ a c]ta9 s94 ,an exam9ation ( ! diff]5t papyri %[s t ! scribes (t5 made mi/akes 9 writ+ ?is li/ ( gods & li/ ( s9s1 &1 z ! result1 ! deceas$ is made to recite be=e "o god ! confession :i* /rictly belongs to ano!r4 ,inasmu*1 z ! deceas$ always says aft] pron\nc+ ! "n ( ea* god1 ,i h n done su* & su* a s91 ! :ole gr\p ( addresses has be5 call$ ! ,negative ,confession4 ,! fundam5tal ideas ( religion & morality :i* und]lie ?is ,confession are exce$+ly old1 & we may ga!r f x ) tol]able cle>ness :at ! anci5t ,egyptian believ$ to con/itute 8 duty t[>ds ,god & t[>ds 8 neighb\r4 ,x is impossible to expla91 ! fact t =ty-two gods only are address$1 & equally s to say :y ?is numb] 0 adopt$4 ,"s h believ$ t ! =ty-two gods repres5t$ ea* a "n ( ,egypt1 & mu* support is giv5 to ?is view by ! fact t mo/ ( ! li/s ( names make ! numb] to be =ty-two2 b !n1 aga91 ! li/s d n agree4 ,! classical au?ors diff] also1 = by "s ( ^! writ]s ! names are said to be ?irty-six 9 numb]1 & by o!rs =ty-six are enum]at$4 ,^! diff]5ces may1 h[ev]1 be easily expla9$1 = ! c5tral adm9i/ration may at any "t h add$ to or tak5 f ! numb] ( names = fiscal or o!r consid]ations1 & we %all probably be correct 9 assum+ t at ! "t ! ,negative ,confession 0 drawn up 9 ! tabul> =m 9 :i* we meet x 9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y ! names 7 =ty-two 9 numb]4 ,support is also l5t to ?is view by ! fact t ! e>lie/ =m ( ! ,confession1 :i* =ms ! ,introduction to ,*apt] ,,cxxv41 m5tions less ?an =ty s9s4 ,incid5tally we may notice t ! =ty-two gods are subs]vi5t to ,osiris1 & t !y only occupy a subord9ate position 9 ! ,hall ( ,judgm5t1 = x is ! result ( ! weigh+ ( ! he>t ( ! deceas$ 9 ! balance t decides 8 future4 ,be=e pass+ to ! description ( ! ,hall ( ,judgm5t :]e ! balance is set1 x is necess>y to give a r5d]+ ( ! ,negative ,confession :i*1 presumably1 ! deceas$ recites be=e 8 he>t is weigh$ 9 ! balance2 x is made f ! ,papyrus ( ,nu4 ,footnote3 ,briti% ,museum1 ,no4 #aj1dgg4 #a4 ,hail ,usekh-nemtet 7i4e41 ,long ( /rides71 :o come/ =? f ,anuu 7,heliopolis71 ,i h n done iniquity4 #b4 ,hail ,hept-se%et 7i4e41 ,embrac$ by flame71 :o come/ =? f ,kh]-aba1 ,footnote3 ,a city ne> ,memphis4 ,i h n robb$ ) viol5ce4 #c4 ,hail ,f5ti 7i4e41 ,nose71 :o come/ =? f ,khem5nu 7,h]mopolis71 ,i h n done viol5ce to any man4 #d4 ,hail ,am-khaibitu 7i4e41 ,eat] ( %ades71 :o come/ =? f ! ,q]]et 7i4e41 ! cav]n :]e ! ,nile rises71 ,i h n committ$ !ft4 #e4 ,hail ,neha-bra 7i4e41 ,/9k+ face71 :o come/ =? f ,re/au1 ,i h sla9 nei!r man nor woman4 #f4 ,hail ,r]eti 7i4e41 ,d\ble ,lion-god71 :o come/ =? f heav51 ,i h n made light ! bu%el4 #g4 ,hail ,maata-f-em-se%et 7i4e41 ,fi]y eyes71 :o come/ =? f ,sekhem 7,letopolis71 ,i h n act$ deceitfully4 #h4 ,hail ,neba 7i4e41 ,flame71 :o come/ =? & retreate/1 ,i h n purlo9$ ! ?+s :i* belong unto ,god4 #i4 ,hail ,set-qesu 7i4e41 ,cru%] ( bones71 :o come/ =? f ,sut5-h55 7,h]acleopolis71 ,i h n utt]$ falsehood4 #aj4 ,hail ,khemi 7i4e41 ,ov]?r[]71 :o come/ =? f ,%etait 7i4e41 ! hidd5 place71 ,i h n c>ri$ (f goods by =ce4 #aa4 ,hail ,uat*-nes]t 7i4e41 ,vigor\s ( ,flame71 :o come/ =? f ,het-ka-,ptah 7,memphis71 ,i h n utt]$ vile 7or evil7 words4 #ab4 ,hail ,hra-f-ha-f 7i4e41 ,he ^: face is beh9d him71 :o come/ =? f ! cav]n & ! deep1 ,i h n c>ri$ (f food by =ce4 #ac4 ,hail ,q]ti 7i4e41 ! d\ble ,nile s\rce71 :o come/ =? f ! ,und]world1 ,i h n act$ deceitfully4 #ad4 ,hail ,ta-ret 7i4e41 ,fi]y-foot71 :o come/ =? out ( ! d>kness1 ,i h n eat5 my he>t 7i4e4 lo/ my temp] & become angry74 #ae4 ,hail ,het*-abehu 7i4e41 ,%9+ tee?71 :o come/ =? f ,ta-%e 7i4e41 ! ,fayym71 ,i h invad$ no man's l&4 #af4 ,hail ,am-s5ef 7i4e41 ,eat] ( blood71 :o come/ =? f ! h\se ( ! block1 ,i h n slaught]$ animals :i* are ! possessions ( ,god4 #ag4 ,hail ,am-besek 7i4e41 ,eat] ( entrails71 :o come/ =? f ,mabet1 ,i h n laid wa/e ! l&s :i* h be5 pl\gh$4 #ah4 ,hail ,neb-,maat 7i4e41 ,"l ( ,maat71 :o come/ =? f ! city ( ! two ,maati1 ,i h n pri$ into matt]s to make mis*ief4 #ai4 ,hail ,!nemi 7i4e41 ,retreat]71 :o come/ =? f ,ba/ 7i4e41 ,buba/is71 ,i h n set my m\? 9 motion aga9/ any man4 #bj4 ,hail ,anti1 :o come/ =? f ,annu 7,heliopolis71 ,i h n giv5 way to wra? )\t due cause4 #ba4 ,hail ,tututef1 :o come/ =? f ! home ( ,ati1 ,i h n committ$ =nication1 & ,i h n committ$ sodomy4 #bb4 ,hail ,uamemti1 :o come/ =? f ! h\se ( slaught]1 ,i h n pollut$ myself4 #bc4 ,hail ,maa-ant-f 7i4e41 ,se] ( :at is br\ght to him71 :o come/ =? f ! h\se ( ! god ,amsu1 ,i h n la9 ) ! wife ( a man4 #bd4 ,hail ,h]-s]u1 :o come/ =? f ,nehatu1 ,i h n made any man to be afraid4 #be4 ,hail ,neb-,sekhem1 :o come/ =? f ! ,lake ( ,kaui1 ,i h n made my spee* to burn ) ang]4 ,footnote3 ,lit]ally1 ,i h n be5 hot ( m\?4 #bf4 ,hail ,se%et-kh]u 7i4e41 ,ord]] ( spee*71 :o come/ =? f ,urit1 ,i h n made myself deaf unto ! words ( "r & tru?4 #bg4 ,hail ,nekh5 7i4e41 ,babe71 :o come/ =? f ! ,lake ( ,heqa t1 ,i h n made ano!r p]son to weep4 #bh4 ,hail ,k5emti1 :o come/ =? f ,k5emet1 ,i h n utt]$ blasphemies4 #bi4 ,hail ,an-hetep-f 7i4e41 ,br+] ( 8 (f]+71 :o come/ =? f ,sau1 ,i h n act$ ) viol5ce4 #cj4 ,hail ,s]-kh]u 7i4e41 ,dispos] ( ,spee*71 :o come/ =? f ,unsi1 ,i h n ha/5$ my he>t4 ,footnote3 i4e41 act$ )\t due consid]ation4 #ca4 ,hail ,neb-hrau 7i4e41 ,"l ( ,faces71 :o come/ =? f ,net*efet1 ,i h n pi]c$ 787 my sk9 7871 & ,i h n tak5 v5geance on ! god4 #cb4 ,hail ,s]ekhi1 :o come/ =? f ,u!nt1 ,i h n multipli$ my spee* beyond :at %\ld be said4 #cc4 ,hail ,neb-abui 7i4e41 ,"l ( horns71 :o come/ =? f ,sauti1 ,i h n committ$ fraud1 & ,i h n look$ ^u evil4 #cd4 ,hail ,nef]-,tem1 :o come/ =? f ,ptah-het-ka 7,memphis71 ,i h nev] utt]$ curses aga9/ ! k+4 #ce4 ,hail ,tem-sep1 :o come/ =? f ,tattu1 ,i h n f\l$ runn+ wat]4 #cf4 ,hail ,ari-em-ab-f1 :o come/ =? f ,tebti1 ,i h n exalt$ my spee*4 #cg4 ,hail ,ahi1 :o come/ =? f ,nu1 ,i h n utt]$ curses aga9/ ,god4 #ch4 ,hail ,uat*-rekhit :o come/ =? f 8 %r9e 7871 ,i h n behav$ ) insol5ce4 #ci4 ,hail ,neheb-nef]t1 :o come/ =? f 8 temple1 ,i h n made di/9ctions4 ,footnote3 i4e41 ,i h n be5 guilty ( fav\ritism4 #dj4 ,hail ,neheb-kau1 :o come/ =? f ?y cav]n1 ,i h n increas$ my weal? except by means ( su* ?+s z are m9e own possessions4 #da4 ,hail ,t*es]-tep1 :o come/ =? f ?y %r9e1 ,i h n utt]$ curses aga9/ t :i* belonge? to ,god & is ) me4 #db4 ,hail ,an-a-f 7i4e41 ,br+] ( 8 arm71 :o come/ =? f ,auk]t1 ,i h n ?\ght scorn ( ! god ( ! city4 ,a brief exam9ation ( ?is ,confession %[s t ! ,egyptian code ( morality 0 v compreh5sive1 & x w\ld be v h>d to f9d an act1 ! commission ( :i* w\ld be reckon$ a s9 :5 ! ,confession 0 put toge!r1 :i* is n includ$ "u "o or o!r "p ( x4 ,! r5d]+s ( ! words = c]ta9 s9s are n always def9ite or exact1 because we d n "k ! precise idea :i* ! fram] ( ?is rem>kable docum5t _h4 ,! deceas$ /ates t he has nei!r curs$ ,god1 nor ?\ght scorn ( ! god ( 8 city1 nor curs$ ! k+1 nor committ$ !ft ( any k9d1 nor murd]1 nor adult]y1 nor sodomy1 nor crimes aga9/ ! god ( g5]ation2 he has n be5 imp]i\s or haughty1 or viol5t1 or wra?ful1 or ha/y 9 de$1 or a hypocrite1 or an accept] ( p]sons1 or a blasphem]1 or crafty1 or av>ici\s1 or fraudul5t1 or deaf to pi\s words1 or a p>ty to evil actions1 or pr\d1 or puff$ up2 he has t]rifi$ no man1 he has n *eat$ 9 ! m>ket-place1 & he has nei!r f\l$ ! public wat]c\rse nor laid wa/e ! till$ l& ( ! community4 ,?is is1 9 brief1 ! confession :i* ! deceas$ makes2 & ! next act 9 ! ,judgm5t ,sc5e is weigh+ ! he>t ( ! deceas$ 9 ! scales4 ,z none ( ! olde/ papyri ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead supplies u ) a repres5tation ( ?is sc5e1 we mu/ h rec\rse to ! be/ ( ! illu/rat$ papyri ( ! latt] half ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith & ( ! ,x,i,xth dyna/ies4 ,! details ( ! ,judgm5t ,sc5e v>y greatly 9 v>i\s papyri1 b ! ess5tial p>ts ( x are always pres]v$4 ,! foll[+ is ! description ( ! judgm5t ( ,ani1 z x appe>s 9 8 wond]ful papyrus pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,9 ! und]world1 & 9 t portion ( x :i* is call$ ! ,hall ( ,maati1 is set a balance :]e9 ! he>t ( ! deceas$ is to be weigh$4 ,! beam is susp5d$ by a r+ ^u a projection f ! /&>d ( ! balance made 9 ! =m ( ! fea!r :i* is ! symbol ( ,maat1 or :at is "r & true4 ,! tongue ( ! balance is fix$ to ! beam1 & :5 ?is is exactly level1 ! tongue is z /raight z ! /&>d2 if ei!r end ( ! beam incl9es d[nw>ds ! tongue _c rema9 9 a p]p5dicul> position4 ,x mu/ be di/9ctly und]/ood t ! he>t :i* 0 weigh$ 9 ! "o scale 0 n expect$ to make ! weight :i* 0 9 ! o!r to kick ! beam1 = all t 0 ask$ or requir$ ( ! deceas$ 0 t 8 he>t %\ld balance exactly ! symbol ( ! law4 ,! /&>d 0 sometimes surm\nt$ by a human head we>+ ! fea!r ( ,maat2 sometimes by ! head ( a jackal1 ! animal sacr$ to ,anubis2 & sometimes by ! head ( an ibis1 ! bird sacr$ to ,?o?2 9 ! ,papyrus ( ,ani a dog-head$ ape1 ! associate ( ,?o?1 sits on ! top ( ! /&>d4 ,9 "s papyri 7e4g41 ^? ( ,ani ,footnote3 ,ab\t ,b4,c4 #aejj4 & ,hunef] ,footnote3 ,ab\t ,b4,c4 #acgj471 9 addition to ,osiris1 ! k+ ( ! und]world & judge ( ! dead1 ! gods ( 8 cycle or company appe> z witnesses ( ! judgm5t4 ,9 ! ,papyrus ( ! prie/ess ,anhai ,footnote3 ,ab\t ,b4,c4 #ajjj4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ! great & ! little companies ( ! gods appe> z witnesses1 b ! arti/ 0 s c>eless t in/ead ( n9e gods 9 ea* gr\p he pa9t$ six 9 "o & five 9 ! o!r4 ,9 ! ,tur9 papyrus ,footnote3 ,writt5 9 ! ,ptolemaic p]iod4 we see ! :ole ( ! =ty-two gods1 to :om ! deceas$ recit$ ! ,illu/ration3 ,! weigh+ ( ! he>t ( ! scribe ,ani 9 ! ,balance 9 ! pres5ce ( ! gods4 ,negative ,confession1 seat$ 9 ! judgm5t-hall4 ,! gods pres5t at ! weigh+ ( ,ani's he>t are-- #a4 ,r,a-,,h>ma*is1 hawk-head$1 ! ,sun-god ( ! dawn & ( noon4 #b4 ,,temu1 ! ,sun-god ( ! ev5+1 ! great god ( ,heliopolis4 ,he is depict$ always 9 human =m & ) ! face ( a man1 a fact :i* proves t he _h at a v e>ly p]iod pass$ ?r\gh all ! =ms 9 :i* gods are repres5t$1 & _h arriv$ at t ( a man4 ,he has ^u 8 head ! cr[ns ( ! ,s\? & ,nor?4 #c4 ,,%u1 man-head$1 ! son ( ,ra & ,ha?or1 ! p]sonification ( ! sunlight4 #d4 ,,tefnut1 lion-head$1 ! tw9-si/] ( ,%u1 ! p]sonification ( moi/ure4 #e4 ,,seb1 man-head$1 ! son ( ,%u1 ! p]sonification ( ! e>?4 #f4 ,,nut1 woman-head$1 ! female c\nt]p>t ( ! gods ,nu & ,seb2 %e 0 ! p]sonification ( ! primeval wat]1 & lat] ( ! sky4 #g4 ,,isis1 woman-head$1 ! si/]-wife ( ,osiris1 & "m ( ,horus4 #h4 ,,neph?ys1 woman-head$1 ! si/]-wife ( ,osiris1 & "m ( ,anubis4 #i4 ,,horus1 ! great god1 hawk-head$1 ^: wor%ip 0 probably ! olde/ 9 ,egypt4 #aj4 ,,ha?or1 woman-head$1 ! p]sonification ( t portion ( ! sky :]e ! sun rose & set4 #aa4 ,,hu1 man-head$1 & #ab4 ,,sa1 also man-head$2 ^! gods are pres5t 9 ! boat ( ,ra 9 ! sc5es :i* depict ! creation4 ,on "o side ( ! balance kneels ! god ,anubis1 jackal-head$1 :o holds ! weight ( ! tongue ( ! balance 9 8 "r h&1 & beh9d him /&s ,?o?1 ! scribe ( ! gods1 ibis-head$1 hold+ 9 8 h&s a re$ :]e) to write d[n ! result ( ! weigh+4 ,ne> him is seat$ ! tri-=m$ bea/ ,am-mit1 !1 ,eat] ( ! ,dead1 :o waits to dev\r ! he>t ( ,ani %\ld x be f\nd to be light4 ,9 ! ,papyrus ( ,neb-qet at ,p>is ?is bea/ is se5 ly+ by ! side ( a lake ( fire1 at ea* corn] ( :i* is seat$ a dog-head$ ape2 ?is lake is also se5 9 ,*apt] ,,cxxvi4 ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead4 ,! gods :o are seat$ be=e a table ( (f]+s1 & ,anubis1 & ,?o?1 & ,am-mit1 are ! be+s :o conduct ! case1 s to speak1 aga9/ ,ani4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! balance /& ,ani & 8 wife ,?u?u ) _! heads rev]5tly b5t2 !y are depict$ 9 human =m1 & we> g>m5ts & ornam5ts simil> to ^? :i* !y wore ^u e>?4 ,8 s\l1 9 ! =m ( a man-head$ hawk /&+ ^u a pylon1 is pres5t1 also a man-head$1 rectangul> object1 re/+ ^u a pylon1 :i* has frequ5tly be5 suppos$ to repres5t ! deceas$ 9 an embryonic /ate4 ,9 ! ,papyrus ( ,anhai two ( ^! objects appe>1 "o on ea* side ( ! balance2 !y are describ$ z ,%ai & ,r55et1 two words :i* are translat$ by ,de/9y & ,=tune respectively4 ,x is mo/ probable1 z ! read+ ( ! "n ( ! object is ,meskh5et1 & z ! deity ,meskh5et repres5ts sometimes bo? ,%ai & ,r55et1 t ! arti/ int5d$ ! object to repres5t bo? deities1 ev5 ?\gh we f9d ! god ,%ai /&+ bel[ x close to ! /&>d ( ! balance4 ,close by ! s\l /& two goddesses call$ ,meskh5et & ,r55et respectively2 ! =m] is1 probably1 "o ( ! f\r goddesses :o assi/$ at ! resurrection ( ,osiris1 & ! latt] ! p]sonification ( ,=tune1 :i* has already be5 includ$ "u ! ,meskh5et object above1 ! p]sonification ( ,de/9y4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,meskh5et accompani$ ,isis1 ,neph?ys1 ,heqet1 & ,khnemu to ! h\se ( ! lady ,rut-,tettet1 :o 0 ab\t to br+ =? ?ree *ildr54 ,:5 ^! deities arriv$1 hav+ *ang$ _! =ms into ^? ( wom51 !y f\nd ,ra-us] /&+ !re4 ,& :5 !y _h made music = him1 he said to !m1 ,mi/resses1 !re is a woman 9 travail "h2 & !y repli$1 ,let u see h]1 = we "k h[ to deliv] a woman4 ,ra-us] !n br\ght !m into ! h\se1 & ! goddesses %ut !mselves 9 ) ! lady ,rut-,tettet4 ,isis took h] place be=e h]1 & ,neph?ys beh9d h]1 :il/ ,heqet ha/5$ ! bir? ( ! *ildr52 z ea* *ild 0 born ,meskh5et /epp$ up to him & said1 ,a k+ :o %all h dom9ion ov] ! :ole l&1 & ! god ,khnemu be/[$ heal? ^u 8 limbs4 ,footnote3 ,see ,erman1 ,we/c> ,papyrus1 ,b]l91 #ahij1 hi]oglyphic transcript1 plates #i & #aj4 ,( ^! five gods1 ,isis1 ,neph?ys1 ,meskh5et1 ,heqet1 & ,khnemu1 ! fir/ ?ree are pres5t at ! judgm5t ( ,ani2 ,khnemu is m5tion$ 9 ,ani's address to 8 he>t 7see bel[71 & only ,heqet is unrepres5t$4 ,z ! weigh+ ( 8 he>t is ab\t to take place ,ani says1 ,my he>t1 my "m6 ,my he>t1 my "m6 ,my he>t :]eby ,i came into be+6 ,may naught /& up to oppose me 9 ! judgm5t2 may !re be no opposition to me 9 ! pres5ce ( ! sov]eign pr9ces2 may !re be no p>t+ ( !e f me 9 ! pres5ce ( him t keepe? ! ,balance6 ,?\ art my ka1 ! dwell] 9 my body2 ! god ,khnemu :o knitte? & /r5g!ne? my limbs4 ,maye/ ?\ come =? into ! place ( happ9ess :i!r we g4 ,may ! pr9ces ( ! c\rt ( ,osiris1 :o ord] ! circum/ances ( ! lives ( m51 n cause my "n to /9k4 ,"s papyri add1 ,let x be satisfactory unto u1 & let ! li/5+ be satisfactory unto u1 & let !re be joy ( he>t unto u at ! weigh+ ( words4 ,let n t :i* is false be utt]$ aga9/ me be=e ! great god1 ! "l ( ,am5tet6 ,v]ily h[ great %alt ?\ be :5 ?\ rise/ 9 triumph6 ,! tongue ( ! balance hav+ be5 exam9$ by ,anubis1 & ! ape hav+ indicat$ to 8 associate ,?o? t ! beam is exactly /raight1 & t ! he>t1 !re=e1 c\nt]balances ! fea!r symbolic ( ,maat 7i4e41 "r1 tru?1 law1 etc471 nei!r outweigh+ nor und]weigh+ x1 ,?o? writes d[n ! result1 & !n makes ! foll[+ address to ! gods3-- ,he> ye ?is judgm5t4 ,! he>t ( ,osiris ha? 9 v tru? be5 weigh$1 & 8 s\l ha? /ood z a witness = him2 x ha? be5 f\nd true by trial 9 ! ,great ,balance4 ,!re ha? n be5 f\nd any wick$ness 9 him2 he ha? n wa/$ ! (f]+s 9 ! temples2 he ha? n done h>m by 8 de$s2 & he spread abroad no evil reports :ile he 0 ^u e>?4 ,9 answ] to ?is report ! company ( ! gods1 :o are /yl$ ! great company ( ! gods1 reply1 ,t :i* come? =? f ?y m\?1 ,o ,?o?1 :o dwelle/ 9 ,khem5nu 7,h]mopolis71 is confirm$4 ,osiris1 ! scribe ,ani1 triumphant1 is holy & righte\s4 ,he ha? n s9n$1 nei!r ha? he done evil aga9/ u4 ,! ,dev\r] ,am-mit %all n be all[$ to prevail ov] him1 & meat-(f]+s & entrance into ! pres5ce ( ! god ,osiris %all be grant$ unto him1 toge!r ) a home/ead = ev] 9 ! ,field ( ,peace1 z unto ! foll[]s ( ,horus4 ,footnote3 ,^! are a class ( my?ological be+s1 or demi-gods1 :o already 9 ! ,v? dyna/y 7 suppos$ to recite pray]s on behalf ( ! deceas$1 & to assi/ ,horus & ,set 9 p]=m+ fun]al c]emonies4 ,see my ,papyrus ( ,ani1 p4 cxxv4 ,"h we notice at once t ! deceas$ is id5tifi$ ) ,osiris1 ! god & judge ( ! dead1 & t !y h be/[$ ^u him ! god's own "n2 ! reason ( ?is is z foll[s4 ,! fri5ds ( ! deceas$ p]=m$ = him all ! c]emonies & rites :i* 7 p]=m$ = ,osiris by ,isis & ,neph?ys1 & x 0 assum$ t1 z a result1 ! same ?+s :i* took place 9 fav\r ( ,osiris w\ld also happ5 on behalf ( ! deceas$1 & t 9 fact1 ! deceas$ w\ld become ! c\nt]p>t ( ,osiris4 ,ev]y:]e 9 ! texts ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead ! deceas$ is id5tifi$ ) ,osiris1 f ,b4,c4 #cdjj to ! ,roman p]iod4 ,ano!r po9t to notice is ! application ( ! words maa kh]u to ! deceas$1 a t]m :i* ,i h1 = want ( a bett] ^w1 r5d]$ triumphant4 ,^! words actually mean true ( voice or "r ( ^w1 & indicate t ! p]son to :om !y are appli$ has acquir$ ! p[] ( us+ 8 voice 9 su* a way t :5 ! invisible be+s are address$ by him !y w r5d] unto him all ! s]vice :i* he has obta9$ ! "r to dem&4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 anci5t times magicians & sorc]]s 7 wont to address spirits or demons 9 a peculi> tone ( voice1 & t all magical =mulae 7 recit$ 9 a simil> mann]2 ! use ( ! wrong s\nd or tone ( voice w\ld result 9 ! mo/ disa/r\s consequ5ces to ! speak]1 & p]haps 9 dea?4 ,! deceas$ _h to make 8 way ?r\gh a numb] ( regions 9 ! und]world1 & to pass ?r\gh _m s]ies ( halls1 ! doors ( :i* 7 gu>d$ by be+s :o 7 prep>$1 unless prop]ly address$1 to be ho/ile to ! new-com]2 he also _h ne$ to take passage 9 a boat1 & to obta9 ! help ( ! gods & ( ! p[]s ( ! v>i\s localities :]e9 he want$ to travel if he wi%$ to pass safely into ! place :]e he w\ld be4 ,! ,book ( ! ,dead provid$ him ) all ! texts & =mulae :i* he w\ld h to recite to secure ?is result1 b unless ! words conta9$ 9 !m 7 pron\nc$ 9 a prop] mann]1 & said 9 a prop] tone ( voice1 !y w\ld h no effect ^u ! p[]s ( ! und]world4 ,! t]m maa kh]u is appli$ b v r>ely to ! liv+1 b commonly to ! dead1 & inde$ ! dead ne$$ mo/ ! p[] :i* ^! words indicat$4 ,9 ! case ( ,ani1 ! gods1 hav+ accept$ ! fav\rable report ( ! result obta9$ by weigh+ ,ani's he>t by ,?o?1 /yle him maa kh]u1 :i* is equival5t to conf]r+ ^u him p[] to ov]come all opposition1 ( e k9d1 :i* he may meet4 ,h5ce=? e door w op5 at 8 comm&1 e god w ha/5 to obey imm$iately ,ani has utt]$ 8 "n1 & ^? ^: duty x is to provide cele/ial food = ! beatifi$ w d s = him :5 once ! ord] has be5 giv54 ,be=e pass+ on to o!r matt]s x is int]e/+ to note t ! t]m maa kh]u is n appli$ to ,ani by himself 9 ! ,judgm5t ,sc5e1 nor by ,?o?1 ! scribe ( ! gods1 nor by ,horus :5 he introduces him to ,osiris2 x is only ! gods :o c make a man maa kh]u1 & !reby he also escapes f ! ,dev\r]4 ,! judgm5t end$1 ,horus1 ! son ( ,isis1 :o has assum$ all ! attributes ( 8 fa!r ,osiris1 takes ,ani's left h& 9 8 "r & leads him up to ! %r9e :]e9 ! god ,osiris is seat$4 ,! god we>s ! :ite cr[n ) fea!rs1 & he holds 9 8 h&s a sceptre1 a crook1 & :ip1 or flail1 :i* typify sov]eignty & dom9ion4 ,8 ?rone is a tomb1 ( :i* ! bolt$ doors & ! cornice ( uraei may be se5 pa9t$ on ! side4 ,at ! back ( 8 neck hangs ! m5at or symbol ( joy & happ9ess2 on 8 "r h& /&s ,neph?ys1 & on 8 left /&s ,isis4 ,be=e him1 /&+ on a lotus fl[]1 are ! f\r *ildr5 ( ,horus1 ,me/ha1 ,hapi1 ,tuamutef1 & ,qebhs5nuf1 :o presid$ ov] & protect$ ! inte/9es ( ! dead2 close by hangs ! sk9 ( a bull ) :i* magical ideas seem to h be5 associat$4 ,! top ( ! %r9e 9 :i* ! god sits is surm\nt$ by uraei1 we>+ disks on _! heads1 & ! cornice also is simil>ly decorat$4 ,9 sev]al papyri ! god is se5 /&+ up 9 ! %r9e1 sometimes ) & sometimes )\t ! goddesses ,isis & ,neph?ys4 ,9 ! ,papyrus ( ,hunef] we f9d a mo/ int]e/+ v>iant ( ?is ,illu/ration3 ,horus1 ! son ( ,isis1 lead+ ! scribe ,ani into ! pres5ce ( ,osiris1 ! god & judge ( ! dead2 be=e ! %r9e ( ! god ,am kneels 9 adoration & pres5ts (f]+s4 portion ( ! sc5e1 = ! ?rone ( ,osiris re/s ^u1 or 91 wat]4 ,?is rem9ds u ( ! passage 9 ! "o hundr$ & tw5ty-six? *apt] ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead 9 :i* ! god ,?o? says to ! deceas$1 ,:o is he ^: ro( is ( fire1 ^: walls are liv+ uraei1 & ! floor ( ^: h\se is a /ream ( runn+ wat]8 ,:o is he1 ,i say8 ,! deceas$ answ]s1 ,x is ,osiris1 & ! god says1 ,come =w>d1 !n2 = v]ily ?\ %alt be m5tion$ to him4 ,:5 ,horus _h l$ 9 ,ani he address$ ,osiris1 say+1 ,i h come unto !e1 ,o ,un-nef]1 & ,i h br\ght ! ,osiris ,ani unto !e4 ,8 he>t ha? be5 f\nd righte\s & x ha? come =? f ! balance2 x ha? n s9n$ aga9/ any god or any goddess4 ,?o? ha? weigh$ x accord+ to ! decree utt]$ unto him by ! company ( ! gods2 & x is v true & "r4 ,grant unto him cakes & ale2 & let him ent] into ?y pres5ce2 & may he be l unto ! foll[]s ( ,horus = ev]6 ,aft] ?is address ,ani1 kneel+ by ! side ( tables ( (f]+s ( fruit1 fl[]s1 etc41 :i* he has br\ght unto ,osiris1 says1 ,o ,"l ( ,am5tet1 ,i am 9 ?y pres5ce4 ,!re is no s9 9 me1 ,i h n li$ witt+ly1 nor h ,i done aught ) a false he>t4 ,grant t ,i may be l unto ^? fav\r$ ones :o are r\nd ab\t !e1 & t ,i may be an ,osiris greatly fav\r$ ( ! beautiful god & belov$ ( ! ,"l ( ! _w1 ,i1 ! royal scribe ( ,maat1 :o love? him1 ,ani1 triumphant be=e ,osiris4 ,footnote3 ,or true ( voice 9 respect ( ,osiris2 i4e41 ,ani makes 8 petition1 & ,osiris is to he> & answ] because he has utt]$ ! "r words 9 ! "r mann]1 & 9 ! "r tone ( voice4 ,?us we come to ! end ( ! sc5e ( ! weigh+ ( ! he>t4 ,! man :o has pass$ safely ?r\gh ?is ordeal has n[ to meet ! gods ( ! und]world1 & ! ,book ( ! ,dead provides ! words :i* ! he>t :i* is righte\s & s9less %all say unto !m4 ,"o ( ! fulle/ & mo/ correct texts ( ! spee* ( ! deceas$ :5 he come? =? true ( voice f ! ,hall ( ! ,maati goddesses is f\nd 9 ! ,papyrus ( ,nu2 9 x ! deceas$ says3-- ,homage to y1 ,o ye gods :o dwell 9 ! ,hall ( ! ,maati goddesses1 ,i1 ev5 ,i1 "k y1 & ,i "k y\r names4 ,let me n fall "u y\r knives ( slaught]1 & br+ ye n =w>d my wick$ness unto ! god 9 ^: tra9 ye are2 & let n evil hap come ^u1 me by y\r means4 ,o decl>e ye me true ( voice 9 ! pres5ce ( ,neb-er-teb]1 because ,i h done t :i* is "r & true 9 ,ta-m]a 7i4e41 ,egypt74 ,i h n curs$ ,god1 !re=e let n evil hap come ^u me ?r\gh ! ,k+ :o dwelle? 9 8 day4 ,homage to y1 ,o ye gods1 :o dwell 9 ! ,hall ( ! ,maati goddesses1 :o are )\t evil 9 y\r bodies1 & :o live ^u "r & tru?1 & :o fe$ y\rselves ^u "r & tru? 9 ! pres5ce ( ! god ,horus1 :o dwelle? 9 8 div9e ,disk2 deliv] ye me f ! god ,baba ,footnote3 ,! fir/ born son ( ,osiris4 :o fe$e? ^u ! entrails ( ! mighty ones ^u ! day ( ! great reckon+1 ,o grant ye t ,i may come to y1 = ,i h n committ$ faults1 ,i h n s9n$1 ,i h n done evil1 ,i h n borne false witness2 !re=e let no?+ evil be done unto me4 ,i live ^u "r & tru?1 & ,i fe$ ^u "r & tru?4 ,i h p]=m$ ! comm&m5ts ( m5 z well z ! ?+s :]eat are gratifi$ ! gods2 ,i h made ,god to be at peace ) me by do+ t :i* is 8 w4 ,i h giv5 bread to ! hungry man1 & wat] to ! ?ir/y man1 & app>el to ! nak$ man1 & a boat to ! %ipwreck$ m>9]4 ,i h made holy (f]+s to ! gods1 & sepul*ral meals to ! beatifi$ dead4 ,be ye !n my deliv]]s1 be ye !n my protectors1 & make ye n accusation aga9/ me 9 ! pres5ce ( ,osiris4 ,i am clean ( m\? & clean ( h&s2 !re=e let x be said unto me by ^? :o %all behold me1 ',come 9 peace1 come 9 peace4' ,i h he>d ! mighty ^w :i* ! spiritual bodies spake unto ! ,cat ,footnote3 i4e41 ,ra z ! slay] ( ! s]p5t ( d>kness1 ! head ( :i* be cuts (f ) a knife4 7,see above1 p4 #fc74 ,! usual read+ is :i* ! ,ass spake to ! ,cat2 ! ,ass be+ ,osiris & ! cat ,ra4 9 ! h\se ( ,hapt-re4 ,i h te/ifi$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ,hra-f-ha-f1 & he ha? giv5 8 decision4 ,i h se5 ! ?+s ov] :i* ! ,p]sea tree spreade? )9 ,re-/au4 ,i am he :o ha? (f]$ up pray]s to ! gods & :o kn[e? _! p]sons4 ,i h come1 & ,i h advanc$ to make ! decl>ation ( "r & tru?1 & to set ! ,balance ^u :at supporte? x 9 ! region ( ,auk]t4 ,hail1 ?\ :o art exalt$ ^u ?y /&>d 7i4e41 ,osiris71 ?\ "l ( ! ',atefu' cr[n ^: "n is proclaim$ z ',"l ( ! w9ds1' deliv] ?\ me f ?y div9e mess5g]s :o cause dire de$s to happ51 & :o cause calamities to come into be+1 & :o are )\t cov]+s = _! faces1 = ,i h done t :i* is "r & true = ! ,"l ( "r & tru?4 ,i h purifi$ myself & my brea/ ) libations1 & my h9d] p>ts ) ! ?+s :i* make clean1 & my inw>d p>ts h be5 imm]s$ 9 ! ,pool ( ,"r & ,tru?4 ,!re is no s+le memb] ( m9e :i* lacke? "r & tru?4 ,i h be5 purifi$ 9 ! ,pool ( ! ,s\?1 & ,i h re/$ 9 ! ,city ( ! ,nor?1 :i* is 9 ! ,field ( ! ,gras%opp]s1 :]e9 ! div9e sailors ( ,ra ba! at ! second h\r ( ! night & at ! ?ird h\r ( ! day2 & ! he>ts ( ! gods are gratifi$ aft] !y h pass$ ?r\gh x1 :e!r x be by night1 or :e!r x be by day4 ,& ,i w\ld t !y %\ld say unto me1 ',come =w>d1' & ',:o art ?\8' & ',:at is ?y "n8' ,^! are ! words :i*1 ,i w\ld h ! gods say unto me4 ,!n w\ld ,i reply ',my "n is ,he :o is provid$ ) fl[]s1 & ,dwell] 9 8 olive tree4' ,!n let !m say unto me /raightway1 ',pass on1' & ,i w\ld pass on to ! city to ! nor? ( ! ,olive tree1 ',:at !n wilt ?\ see !re8' say !y4 ,& ,i say' ,! ,leg & ! ,?igh1' ',:at w\ld/ ?\ say unto !m8' say !y4 ',let me see rejoic+s 9 ! l& ( ! ,f5khu' ,i reply4 ',:at w !y give !e8 say !y4 ',a fi]y flame & a cry/al tablet' ,i reply4 ',:at wilt ?\ d !re)8' say !y4 ',bury !m by ! furr[ ( ,maaat z ,?+s = ! night' ,i reply4 ',:at wilt ?\ f9d by ! furr[ ( ,maaat8' say !y4 ',a sceptre ( fl9t call$ ,giv] ( ,air' ,i reply4 ',:at wilt ?\ d ) ! fi]y flame & ! cry/al tablet aft] ?\ ha/ buri$ !m8' say !y4 ',i w recite words ov] !m1 9 ! furr[4 ,i w ext+ui% ! fire1 & ,i w break ! tablet1 & ,i w make a pool ( wat]' ,i reply4 ,!n let ! gods say unto me1 ',come & ent] 9 ?r\gh ! door ( ?is ,hall ( ! ,maati goddesses1 = ?\ kn[e/ u4' ,aft] ^! rem>kable pray]s foll[s a dialogue betwe5 ea* "p ( ! ,hall ( ,maati & ! deceas$1 :i* reads z foll[s3-- ,door bolts4 ,we w n let !e ent] 9 ?r\gh u unless ?\ telle/ our names4 ,deceas$4 ',tongue ( ! place ( ,"r & ,tru?' is y\r "n4 ,"r po/4 ,i w n let !e ent] 9 by me unless ?\ telle/ my "n4 ,deceas$4 ',scale ( ! lift] up ( "r & tru?' is ?y "n4 ,left po/4 ,i w n let !e ent] 9 by me unless ?\ telle/ my "n4 ,deceas$4 ',scale ( w9e' is ?y "n4 ,?re%old4 ,i w n let !e pass ov] me unless ?\ telle/ my "n4 ,deceas$4 ',ox ( ! god ,seb' is ?y "n4 ,hasp4 ,i w n op5 unto !e unless ?\ telle/ my "n4 ,deceas$4 ',leg-bone ( 8 "m' is ?y "n4 ,socket-hole4 ,i w n op5 unto !e unless ?\ telle/ my "n4 ,deceas$4 ',liv+ ,eye ( ,sebek1 ! "l ( ,bakhau1' is ?y "n4 ,port]4 ,i w n op5 unto !e unless ?\ telle/ my "n4 ,deceas$4 ',elb[ ( ! god ,%u :5 he place? himself to protect ,osiris' is ?y "n4 ,side po/s4 ,we w n let !e pass 9 by u1 unless ?\ telle/ our names4 ,deceas$4 ',*ildr5 ( ! uraei-goddesses' is y\r "n4 ,?\ kn[e/ u2 pass on1 !re=e1 by u say ^!4 ,floor4 ,i w n let !e tread ^u me1 because ,i am sil5t & ,i am holy1 & because ,i d n "k ! names ( ?y feet :]e) ?\ w\ld/ walk ^u me2 !re=e tell !m to me4 ,deceas$4 ',travell] ( ! god ,khas' is ! "n ( my "r foot1 & ',/aff ( ! goddess ,ha?or' is ! "n ( my left foot4 ,?\ kn[e/ me2 pass on1 !re=e1 ov] me x sai?4 ,doorkeep]4 ,i w n take 9 ?y "n unless ?\ telle/ my "n4 ,deceas$4 ',disc]n] ( he>ts & se>*] ( ! re9s' is ?y "n4 ,doorkeep]4 ,:o is ! god t dwelle? 9 8 h\r8 ,utt] 8 "n4 ,deceas$4 ',maau-,taui' is 8 "n4 ,doorkeep]4 ,& :o is ,maau-,taui8 ,deceas$4 ,he is ,?o?4 ,?o?4 ,come6 ,b :y ha/ ?\ come8 ,deceas$4 ,i h come & ,i press =w>d t my "n may be m5tion$4 ,?o?1 ,9 :at /ate art ?\8 ,deceas$4 ,i am purifi$ f evil ?+s1 & ,i am protect$ f ! baleful de$s ( ^? :o live 9 _! days2 & ,i am n ( !m4 ,?o?4 ,n[ w ,i make m5tion ( ?y "n to ! god4 ,& :o is he ^: ro( is ( fire1 ^: walls are liv+ uraei1 & ! floor ( ^: h\se is a /ream ( wat]8 ,:o is he1 ,i say8 ,deceas$4 ,x is ,osiris4 ,?o?4 ,come =w>d1 !n2 v]ily1 m5tion ( ?y "n %all be made unto him4 ,?y cakes %all come f ! ,eye ( ,ra2 & ?9e ale %all come f ! ,eye ( ,ra2 & ?y sepul*ral meals ^u e>? %all come f ! ,eye ( ,ra4 ,) ^! words ,*apt] ,,cxxv comes to an end4 ,we h se5 h[ ! deceas$ has pass$ ?r\gh ! ordeal ( ! judgm5t1 & h[ ! scribes provid$ him ) hymns & pray]s1 & ) ! words ( a confession ) a view ( facilitat+ 8 passage ?r\gh ! dread ,hall ( ! ,maati goddesses4 ,un=tunately ! answ] :i* ! god ,osiris may be suppos$ to h made to 8 son ,horus 9 respect ( ! deceas$ is n record$1 b !re is no d\bt t ! ,egyptian assum$ t x w\ld be fav\rable to him1 & t p]mission w\ld be accord$ him to ent] into ea* & e portion ( ! und]world1 & to p>take ( all ! delights :i* ! beatifi$ enjoy$ "u ! rule ( ,ra & ,osiris4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,resurrection ,,& ,,immortality4 ,9 p]us+ ! lit]ature ( ! anci5t ,egyptians "o ( ! fir/ ?+s :i* =ces itself ^u ! m9d ( ! read] is ! frequ5cy ( allusions to ! future life or to ?+s :i* app]ta9 !reto4 ,! writ]s ( ! v>i\s religi\s & o!r works1 belong+ to all p]iods ( ,egyptian hi/ory1 :i* h come d[n to u1 tacitly assume ?r\gh\t t ^? :o once h liv$ 9 ?is _w h r5ew$ _! life 9 t :i* is beyond ! grave1 & t !y /ill live & w live until "t %all be no m4 ,! ,egyptian belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,almighty ,god is old1 s old t we mu/ seek = its beg9n+s 9 pre-dyna/ic times2 b ! belief 9 a future life is v mu* old]1 & its beg9n+s mu/ be z old1 at lea/1 z ! olde/ human rema9s :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ,egypt4 ,to attempt to measure by ye>s ! remot5ess ( ! p]iod :5 ^! 7 committ$ to ! e>?1 is futile1 = no date t c\ld be giv5 !m is likely to be ev5 approximately correct1 & !y may z well date f ,b4,c4 #ab1jjj z f ,b4,c4 #hjjj4 ,( "o fact1 h[ev]1 we may be q c]ta92 t is to say1 t ! olde/ human rema9s t h be5 f\nd 9 ,egypt be> ^u !m traces ( ! use ( bitum51 :i* proves t ! ,egyptians at ! v beg9n+ ( _! /ay 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile made "s attempt to pres]ve _! dead by means ( mummification4 ,footnote3 ,see ,j4 de ,morgan1 ,e?nographie ,prhi/orique1 ,p>is1 #ahig1 p4 #ahi4 ,if !y 71 z _m ?9k1 invad]s :o _h made _! way across ,arabia & ! ,r$ ,sea & ! ea/]n des]t ( ! ,nile1 !y may h br\ght ! idea & habit ( pres]v+ _! dead ) !m1 or !y may h adopt$1 9 a modifi$ =m1 "s practice 9 use among ! aborig9al inhabitants :om !y f\nd on _! arrival 9 ,egypt2 9 ei!r case ! fact t !y attempt$ to pres]ve _! dead by ! use ( sub/ances :i* w\ld arre/ decay is c]ta91 & 9 a degree _! attempt has succe$$4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! non-hi/oric inhabitants ( ,egypt has be5 reveal$ to u 9 rec5t ye>s by means ( a numb] ( successful excavations :i* h be5 made 9 ,upp] ,egypt on bo? sides ( ! ,nile by sev]al ,european & native explor]s1 & "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ results has be5 ! discov]y ( ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( burials1 :i* und\bt$ly belong to ?ree diff]5t p]iods1 z we may see by exam9+ ! v>i\s objects :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ! e>ly graves at ,nakadah & o!r non-hi/oric sites ( ! same age & type4 ,9 ! olde/ tombs we f9d ! skeleton laid ^u its left side1 ) ! limbs b5t3 ! knees are on a level ) ! brea/1 & ! h&s are plac$ 9 front ( ! face4 ,g5]ally ! head faces t[>ds ! s\?1 b no inv>iable rule seems to h be5 obs]v$ z to its ori5tation4 ,be=e ! body 0 laid 9 ! gr\nd x 0 ei!r wrapp$ 9 gazelle sk9 or laid 9 loose grass2 ! sub/ance us$ = ! purposes ( wrapp+ probably dep5d$ ^u ! social condition ( ! deceas$4 ,9 burials ( ?is class !re are no traces ( mummification1 or ( burn+1 or ( /ripp+ ! fle% f ! bones4 ,9 ! next olde/ graves ! bodies are f\nd to h be5 :olly or p>tly /ripp$ ( _! fle%2 9 ! =m] case all ! bones are f\nd ca/ indiscrim9ately is ! grave1 9 ! latt] ! bones ( ! h&s & ! feet 7 laid toge!r1 :ile ! re/ ( ! skeleton is scatt]$ ab\t 9 wild confusion4 ,graves ( ?is p]iod are f\nd to be ori5t$ ei!r nor? or s\?1 & ! bodies 9 !m usually h ! head sep>at$ f ! body2 sometimes x is cle> t ! bodies h be5 jo9t$ s t !y might occupy less space4 ,occasionally ! bodies are f\nd ly+ ^u _! backs ) _! legs & arms fold$ ov] !m2 9 ?is case !y are cov]$ ov] ) clay cas+s4 ,9 c]ta9 graves x is cle> t ! body has be5 burnt4 ,n[ 9 all classes ( tombs belong+ to ! prehi/oric p]iod 9 ,egypt we f9d (f]+s 9 vases & vessels ( v>i\s k9ds1 a fact :i* proves beyond all d\bt t ! m5 :o made ^! graves believ$ t _! dead fri5ds & relatives w\ld live aga9 9 "s place1 ( ! :]eab\ts ( :i* !y probably _h v vague ideas1 9 a life :i* 01 presumably1 n unlike t :i* !y _h liv$ ^u e>?4 ,! fl9t tools1 knives1 scrap]s & ! l indicate t !y ?\ght !y w\ld hunt & slay _! qu>ry :5 br\ght d[n1 & fight _! foes2 & ! s*i/ objects f\nd 9 ! graves1 :i* ,m4 de ,morgan id5tifies z amulets1 %[s t ev5 9 ^? e>ly days man believ$ t he c\ld protect himself aga9/ ! p[]s ( sup]natural & invisible enemies by talismans4 ,! man :o w\ld hunt & fight 9 ! next _w mu/ live aga92 & if he w\ld live aga9 x mu/ be ei!r 9 8 old body or 9 a new "o2 if 9 ! old body1 x mu/ be revivifi$4 ,b once hav+ imag9$ a new life1 probably 9 a new body1 dea? a second "t 0 n1 ! prehi/oric ,egyptian hop$1 )9 ! b\nds ( possibility4 ,"h1 !n1 we h ! orig9 ( ! gr& ideas ( ! ,,resurrection & ,,immortality4 ,!re is e reason = believ+ t ! prehi/oric ,egyptian expect$ to eat1 & to dr9k1 & to lead a life ( pleasure 9 ! region :]e he imag9$ 8 heav5 to be1 & !re is little d\bt t he ?\ght ! body 9 :i* he w\ld live !re w\ld be n unlike ! body :i* he _h :ile he 0 ^u e>?4 ,at ?is /age 8 ideas ( ! sup]natural & ( ! future life w\ld be l ^? ( any man ( ! same race :o /ood on ! same level 9 ! scale ( civilization1 b 9 e way he 0 a great contra/ to ! ,egyptian :o liv$1 let u say1 9 ! "t ( ,m5a1 ! fir/ hi/orical k+ ( ,egypt1 ! date ( :om = conv5i5ce' sake is plac$ at ,b4,c4 #ddjj4 ,! int]val betwe5 ! "t :5 ! prehi/oric ,egyptians made ! graves describ$ above & ! reign ( ,m5a mu/ h be5 v consid]able1 & we may ju/ly believe x to repres5t "s ?\s&s ( ye>s2 b :atev] its l5g?1 we f9d t ! "t 0 n suffici5t to wipe out ! e>ly views :i* _h be5 h&$ on f g5]ation to g5]ation1 or ev5 to modify "s ( ! beliefs :i* we n[ "k to h exi/$ 9 an almo/ un*ang$ /ate at ! late/ p]iod ( ,egyptian hi/ory4 ,9 ! texts :i* 7 edit$ by ! prie/s ( ,heliopolis we f9d ref]5ces to a /ate or condition ( ?+s1 z f> z social matt]s are conc]n$1 :i* c\ld only exi/ 9 a society ( m5 :o 7 half savages4 ,& we see f lat] works1 :5 extracts are made f ! e>li] texts :i* conta9 su* ref]5ces1 t ! passages 9 :i* objectionable allusions occur are ei!r omitt$ altoge!r or modifi$4 ,we "k ( a c]ta9ty t ! educat$ m5 ( ! ,college ( ,heliopolis _c h indulg$ 9 ! excesses :i* ! deceas$ k+s = :om !y prep>$ ! fun]al texts are assum$ to enjoy1 & ! m5tion ( ! nameless abom9ation :i* ! savage ,egyptian inflict$ ^u 8 vanqui%$ foe c only h be5 all[$ to rema9 9 !m because ( _! own rev]5ce = ! writt5 ^w4 ,9 pass+ x mu/ be m5tion$ t ! religi\s ideas ( ! m5 :o 7 buri$ )\t mutilation ( limbs1 or /ripp+ ( fle% f ! body1 or burn+1 mu/ h be5 diff]5t f ^? ( ! m5 :o practis$ su* ?+s on ! dead4 ,! =m] are buri$ 9 ! ante-natal position ( a *ild1 & we may p]haps be ju/ifi$ 9 see+ 9 ?is cu/om ! symbol ( a hope t z ! *ild is born f ?is position into ! _w1 s might ! deceas$ be born into ! life 9 ! _w beyond ! grave2 & ! pres5ce ( amulets1 ! object ( :i* 0 to protect ! body1 seems to indicate t !y expect$ ! actual body to rise aga94 ,! latt]1 by ! mutilation ( ! bodies & ! burn+ ( ! dead1 seem to %[ t !y _h no hope ( liv+ aga9 9 _! natural bodies1 & h[ f> !y _h approa*$ to ! conception ( ! resurrection ( a spiritual body we %all probably nev] "k4 ,:5 we arrive at ! ,i,vth dyna/y we f9d t1 s f> f any practice ( mutilation or burn+ ( ! body be+ common1 e text assumes t ! body is to be buri$ :ole2 ?is fact indicates a rev]sal ( ! cu/om ( mutilation1 or burn+1 :i* mu/ h be5 9 use1 h[ev]1 = a consid]able "t4 ,x is to ?is rev]sal t we probably owe su* passages z1 ,o fle% ( ,pepi1 rot n1 decay n1 /9k n2 ,pepi goe? =? ) 8 fle%2 ?y bones %all n be de/roy$1 & ?y fle% %all n p]i%1 ,footnote3 ,see ,recueil de ,travaux1 tom4 v4 pp4 #ee1 #ahe 7l9es #afj1 #cag1 #cec74 etc42 & !y d5ote a return to ! views & ways ( ! e>lie/ p kn[n to u 9 ,egypt4 ,9 ! int]val :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! p]iod ( ! prehi/oric burials & ! ,i,vth dyna/y1 ! ,egyptian =mulat$ c]ta9 !ories ab\t ! compon5t p>ts ( 8 own body1 & we mu/ consid] ^! briefly be=e we c describe ! =m 9 :i* ! dead 7 believ$ to rise4 ,! physical body ( a man 0 call$ ,,khat1 a ^w :i* indicates some?+ 9 :i* decay is inh]5t2 x 0 ?is :i* 0 buri$ 9 ! tomb aft] mummification1 & its pres]vation f de/ruction ( e k9d 0 ! object ( all amulets1 magical c]emonies1 pray]s1 & =mulae1 f ! e>lie/ to ! late/ times4 ,! god ,osiris ev5 possess$ su* a body1 & its v>i\s memb]s 7 pres]v$ z relics 9 sev]al %r9es 9 ,egypt4 ,atta*$ to ! body 9 "s rem>kable way 0 ! ,,ka1 or d\ble1 ( a man2 x may be def9$ z an ab/ract individuality or p]sonality :i* 0 end[$ ) all 8 *>act]i/ic attributes1 & x possess$ an absolutely indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,x 0 free to move f place to place ^u e>? at w1 & x c\ld ent] heav5 & hold conv]se ) ! gods4 ,! (f]+s made 91 ! tombs at all p]iods 7 int5d$ = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! ,,ka1 & x 0 suppos$ to be able to eat & dr9k & to enjoy ! od\r ( inc5se4 ,9 ! e>lie/ times a c]ta9 portion ( ! tomb 0 set ap>t = ! use ( ! ,,ka1 & ! religi\s organization ( ! p]iod ord]$ t a class ( prie/s %\ld p]=m c]emonies & recite pray]s at /at$ seasons = ! b5efit ( ! ,,ka 9 ! ,,ka *apel2 ^! m5 7 kn[n z ,,ka prie/s4 ,9 ! p]iod :5 ! pyramids 7 built x 0 firmly believ$ t ! deceas$1 9 "s =m1 0 able to be purifi$1 & to sit d[n & to eat bread ) x unceas+ly & = ev]2 & ! ,,ka :o 0 n suppli$ ) a suffici5cy ( food 9 ! %ape ( (f]+s ( bread1 cakes1 fl[]s1 fruit1 w9e1 ale1 & ! l1 0 9 s]i\s dang] ( />vation4 ,! s\l 0 call$ ,,ba1 & ! ideas :i* ! ,egyptians held conc]n+ x are some:at difficult to reconcile2 ! mean+ ( ! ^w seems to be some?+ l sublime1 noble1 mighty4 ,! ,,ba dwelt 9 ! ,,ka1 & seems to h _h ! p[] ( becom+ corporeal or incorporeal at w2 x _h bo? sub/ance & =m1 & is frequ5tly depict$ on ! papyri & monum5ts z a human-head$ hawk2 9 nature & sub/ance x is /at$ to be e!real4 ,x _h ! p[] to leave ! tomb1 & to pass up into heav5 :]e x 0 believ$ to enjoy an et]nal exi/5ce 9 a /ate ( glory2 x c\ld1 h[ev]1 & did1 revisit ! body 9 ! tomb1 & f c]ta9 texts x seems t x c\ld re-animate x & hold conv]se ) x4 ,l ! he>t ,,ab x 01 9 "s respects1 ! seat ( life 9 man4 ,! s\ls ( ! bless$ dead dwelt 9 heav5 ) ! gods1 & !y p>took ( all ! cele/ial enjoym5ts = ev]4 ,! spiritual intellig5ce1 or _s1 ( a man 0 call$ ,,khu1 & x seems to h tak5 =m z a %9+1 lum9\s1 intangible %ape ( ! body2 ! ,k,h,us =m$ a class ( cele/ial be+s :o liv$ ) ! gods1 b _! functions are n cle>4 ,! ,,khu1 l ! ,,ka1 c\ld be imprison$ 9 ! tomb1 & to obviate ?is cata/rophe special =mulae 7 compos$ & duly recit$4 ,besides ! ,,khu ano!r v important "p ( a man's entity w5t into heav51 namely1 8 ,,sekhem4 ,! ^w lit]ally means to h ! ma/]y ov] some?+1 &1 z us$ 9 ! e>ly texts1 t :i* enables "o to h ! ma/]y ov] some?+2 i4e41 p[]4 ,! ,,sekhem ( a man 01 app>5tly1 8 vital =ce or /r5g? p]sonifi$1 & ! ,egyptians believ$ t x c\ld & did1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 foll[ him t possess$ x ^u e>? into heav54 ,ano!r "p ( a man 0 ! ,,khaibit or %ad[1 :i* is frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 connexion ) ! s\l &1 9 late times1 0 always ?\ght to be ne> x4 ,f9ally we may m5tion ! ,,r51 or "n ( a man1 z "o ( 8 mo/ important con/itu5t p>ts4 ,! ,egyptians1 9 common ) all ,ea/]n nations1 atta*$ ! greate/ importance to ! pres]vation ( ! "n1 & any p]son1 :o effect$ ! blott+ out ( a man's "n 0 ?\ght to h de/roy$ him also4 ,l ! ,,ka x 0 a portion1 ( a man's mo/ special id5tity1 & x is easy to see :y s mu* importance grew to be atta*$ to x2 a nameless be+ c\ld n be introduc$ to ! gods1 & z no creat$ ?+ exi/s )\t a "n ! man :o _h no "n 0 9 a worse position be=e ! div9e p[]s ?an ! feeble/ inanimate object4 ,to p]petuate ! "n ( a fa!r 0 a good son's duty1 & to keep ! tombs ( ! dead 9 good repair s t all might read ! names ( ^? :o 7 buri$ 9 !m 0 a mo/ m]itori\s act4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! deceas$ knew ! names ( div9e be+s1 :e!r fri5ds or foes1 & c\ld pron\nce !m1 he at once obta9$ p[] ov] !m1 & 0 able to make !m p]=m 8 w4 ,we h se5 t ! entity ( a man consi/$ ( body1 d\ble1 s\l1 he>t1 spiritual intellig5ce or _s1 p[]1 %ad[1 & "n4 ,^! eight p>ts may be r$uc$ to ?ree by leav+ out ( consid]ation ! d\ble1 he>t1 p[]1 %ad[ & "n z repres5t+ beliefs :i* 7 produc$ by ! ,egyptian z he 0 sl[ly asc5d+ ! scale ( civilization1 & z be+ ! peculi> product ( 8 race2 we may !n say t a man consi/$ ( body1 s\l1 & _s4 ,b did all ?ree rise1 & live 9 ! _w beyond ! grave8 ,! ,egyptian texts answ] ?is "q def9itely2 ! s\l & ! _s ( ! righte\s pass$ f ! body & liv$ ) ! beatifi$ & ! gods 9 heav52 b ! physical body did n rise aga91 & x 0 believ$ nev] to leave ! tomb4 ,!re 7 ignorant p 9 ,egypt :o1 no d\bt1 believ$ 9 ! resurrection ( ! corruptible body1 & :o imag9$ t ! new life w\ld be1 aft] all1 some?+ v mu* l a cont9uation ( t :i* !y 7 liv+ 9 ?is _w2 b ! ,egyptian :o foll[$ ! tea*+ ( 8 sacr$ writ+s knew t su* beliefs 7 n consi/5t ) ! views ( _! prie/s & ( educat$ p 9 g5]al4 ,already 9 ! ,v? dyna/y1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #cdjj1 x is /at$ def9itely3-- ,! s\l to heav51 ! body to e>?2 ,footnote3 ,recueil de ,travaux1 tom4 iv4 p4 #ga 7l4 #ehb74 & ?ree ?\s& ye>s lat] ! ,egyptian writ] decl>$ ! same ?+1 b 9 diff]5t words1 :5 he wrote3--,footnote3 ,horrack1 ,lam5tations d' ,isis1 ,p>is1 #ahff1 p4 #f4 ,heav5 ha? ?y s\l1 & e>? ?y body4 ,! ,egyptian hop$1 among o!r ?+s1 t he w\ld sail ov] ! sky 9 ! boat ( ,ra1 b he knew well t he c\ld n d ?is 9 8 mortal body2 he believ$ firmly t he w\ld live = millions ( ye>s1 b ) ! exp]i5ce ( ! human race be=e him he knew t ?is also 0 impossible if ! body 9 :i* he 0 to live 0 t 9 :i* he _h liv$ ^u e>?4 ,at fir/ he ?\ght t 8 physical body might1 aft] ! mann] ( ! sun1 be r5ew$ daily1 & t 8 new life w\ld resemble t ( t emblem ( ! ,sun-god ,ra ) :i* he s\ght to id5tify himself4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 8 exp]i5ce taught him t ! be/ mummifi$ body 0 sometimes de/roy$1 ei!r by damp1 or dry rot1 or decay 9 "o =m or ano!r1 & t mummification alone 0 n suffici5t to ensure resurrection or ! atta9m5t ( ! future life2 &1 9 brief1 he discov]$ t by no human means c\ld t :i* is corruptible by nature be made to become incorruptible1 = ! v animals 9 :i* ! gods !mselves 7 inc>nate became sick & di$ 9 _! appo9t$ season4 ,x is h>d to say :y ! ,egyptians cont9u$ to mummify ! dead s9ce !re is good reason = kn[+ t !y did n expect ! physical body to rise aga94 ,x may be t !y ?\ght its pres]vation necess>y = ! welf>e ( ! ,,ka1 or d\ble1 & = ! developm5t ( a new body f x2 also ! cont9u$ cu/om may h be5 ! result ( int5se cons]vatism4 ,b :atev] ! reason1 ! ,egyptian nev] ceas$ to take e possible precaution to pres]ve ! dead body intact1 _h he s\ght = help 9 8 tr\ble f ano!r s\rce4 ,x w be rememb]$ t :5 ,isis f\nd ! dead body ( h] husb& ,osiris1 %e at once set to "w to protect x4 ,%e drove away ! foes1 & made ! ill-luck :i* _h come ^u x to be ( no effect4 ,9 ord] to br+ ab\t ?is result %e made /rong h] spee* ) all ! /r5g? ( h] m\?1 %e 0 p]fect ( tongue1 & %e halt$ n 9 h] spee*1 & %e pron\nc$ a s]ies ( words or =mulae ) :i* ,?o? _h provid$ h]2 ?us %e succe$$ 9 /irr+ up ! inactivity ( ! ,/ill-he>t & 9 accompli%+ h] desire 9 respect ( him4 ,h] cries1 prompt$ by love & grief1 w\ld h _h no effect on ! dead body unless !y _h be5 accompani$ by ! words ( ,?o?1 :i* %e utt]$ ) boldness 7,i*u71 & und]/&+ 7ag]71 & )\t fault 9 pronunciation 7an-uh74 ,! ,egyptian ( old kept ?is fact 9 8 m9d1 & det]m9$ to procure ! resurrection ( 8 fri5ds & relatives by ! same means z ,isis employ$1 i4e41 ! =mulae ( ,?o?2 ) ?is object 9 view ea* dead p]son1 0 provid$ ) a s]ies ( texts1 ei!r writt5 ^u 8 c(f91 or ^u papyri & amulets1 :i* w\ld h ! same effect z ! words ( ,?o? :i* 7 spok5 by ,isis4 ,b ! relatives ( ! deceas$ _h also a duty to p]=m 9 ?is matt]1 & t 0 to provide = ! recital ( c]ta9 pray]s1 & = ! p]=mance ( a numb] ( symbolical c]emonies ov] ! dead body be=e ,x 0 laid to re/ f9ally 9 ! tomb4 ,a sacrifice _h to be (f]$ up1 & ! deceas$ & 8 fri5ds & relatives assi/$ at x1 & ea* c]emony 0 accompani$ by its prop] pray]s2 :5 all _h be5 done & said accord+ to ! ord9ances ( ! prie/s1 ! body 0 tak51 to its place 9 ! mummy *amb]4 ,b ! words ( ,?o? & ! pray]s ( ! prie/s caus$ ! body to become *ang$ into a ,s,a,,hu1 or incorruptible1 spiritual body1 :i* pass$ /raightway out ( ! tomb & made its way to heav5 :]e x dwelt ) ! gods4 ,:51 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead ! deceas$ says1 ,i exi/1 ,i exi/2 ,i live1 ,i live2 ,i g]m9ate1 ,i g]m9ate1 ,footnote3 ,see ,*ap4 cliv4 & aga91 ,i g]m9ate l ! plants1 ,footnote3 ,see ,*ap4 lxxxviii4 #c4 ! deceas$ does n mean t 8 physical body is putt+ =? ! beg9n+s ( ano!r body l ! old "o1 b a spiritual body :i* ha? nei!r defect nor1 l ,ra1 %all suff] dim9ution = ev]4 ,into ! ,s,a,,hu pass$ ! s\l :i* _h liv$ 9 ! body ( a man ^u e>?1 & x seems z if ! new1 incorruptible body =m$ ! dwell+-place ( ! s\l 9 heav5 j z ! physical body _h be5 its e>?ly abode4 ,! reasons :y ! ,egyptians cont9u$ to mummify _! dead is ?us app>5t2 !y did n d s believ+ t _! physical bodies w\ld rise aga91 b because !y wi%$ ! spiritual body to spr\t or g]m9ate f !m1 & if possible--at lea/ x seems s--to be 9 ! =m ( ! physical body4 ,9 ?is way did ! dead rise accord+ to ! ,egyptians1 & 9 ?is body did !y come4 ,f :at has be5 said above1 x w be se5 t !re is no reason = d\bt+ ! antiquity ( ! ,egyptian belief 9 ! resurrection ( ! dead & 9 immortality1 & ! g5]al evid5ce d]iv$ bo? f ar*aeological & religi\s consid]ations supports ?is view4 ,z old1 h[ev]1 z ?is belief 9 g5]al is ! specific belief 9 a spiritual body 7,s,a,h or ,s,a,,hu72 = we f9d x 9 texts ( ! ,v? dyna/y incorporat$ ) ideas :i* belong to ! prehi/oric ,egyptian 9 8 savage or semi-savage /ate4 ,"o rem>kable extract w prove ?is po9t4 ,9 ! fun]al *apt]s :i* are inscrib$ on ! walls ( ! *amb]s & passages inside ! pyramid ( ,k+ ,unas1 :o fl\ri%$ at ! end ( ! ,v? dyna/y1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #ccjj1 is a passage 9 :i* ! deceas$ k+ t]rifies all ! p[]s ( heav5 & e>? because he rise? z a s\l 7,,ba7 9 ! =m ( ! god :o live? ^u 8 fa!rs & :o make? food ( 8 mo!rs4 ,unas is ! "l ( wisdom & 8 "m kn[e? n 8 "n4 ,he ha? become mighty l unto ! god ,temu1 ! fa!r :o gave him bir?1 & aft] ,temu gave him bir? he became /rong] ?an 8 fa!r4 ,! k+ is lik5$ unto a ,bull1 & he fe$e? ^u e god1 :atev] may be ! =m 9 :i* he appe>e?2 he ha? weigh$ words ) ! god ^: "n is hidd51 & he dev\re? m5 & live? ^u gods4 ,! dead k+ is !n said to set out to limit ! gods 9 _! mead[s1 & :5 he has caught !m ) nooses1 he causes !m to be sla94 ,!y are next cook$ 9 blaz+ cauldrons1 ! greate/ = 8 morn+ meal1 ! less] = 8 ev5+ meal1 & ! lea/ = 8 midnight meal2 ! old gods & goddesses s]ve z fuel = 8 cook+ pots4 ,9 ?is way1 hav+ swall[$ ! magical p[]s & spirits ( ! gods1 he becomes ! ,great ,p[] ( ,p[]s among ! gods1 & ! greate/ ( ! gods :o appe> 9 visible =ms4 ,:atev] he ha? f\nd ^u 8 pa? he ha? consum$1 & 8 /r5g? is great] ?an t ( any spiritual body 7,s,a,,hu7 9 ! horizon2 he is ! fir/born ( all ! fir/born1 & 444 he ha? c>ri$ (f ! he>ts ( ! gods4444 ,he ha? eat5 ! wisdom ( e god1 & 8 p]iod ( exi/5ce is ev]la/+1 & 8 life %all be unto all et]nity1 444 = ! s\ls & ! spirits ( ! gods are 9 him4 ,we h1 x is cle>1 9 ?is passage an allusion to ! cu/om ( savages ( all nations & p]iods1 ( eat+ portions ( ! bodies ( valiant foes :om !y h vanqui%$ 9 w> 9 ord] to absorb _! virtues & /r5g?2 ! same habit has also obta9$ 9 "s places 9 respect ( animals4 ,9 ! case ( ! gods ! deceas$ is made to covet _! "o peculi> attribute1 t is to say1 ev]la/+ life2 & :5 he has absorb$ _! s\ls & spirits he is decl>$ to h obta9$ all t makes him sup]ior to e o!r spiritual body 9 /r5g? & 9 l5g? ( life4 ,! magical p[]s 7heka7 :i* ! k+ is also said to h eat51 are ! words & =mulae1 ! utt]ance ( :i* by him1 9 :atev] circum/ances he may be plac$1 w cause e be+1 fri5dly or unfri5dly1 to d 8 w4 ,b ap>t f any "q ( ! slaught] ( ! gods ! ,egyptians decl>$ ( ?is same k+1 ,behold1 ?\ ha/ n gone z "o dead1 b z "o liv+1 to sit ^u ! ?rone ( ,osiris4 ,footnote3 ,recuell de ,travaux1 tom4 v4 p4 #afg 7l4 #fe74 & 9 a papyrus writt5 ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s lat] ! deceas$ himself says1 ,my s\l is ,god1 my s\l is et]nity1 ,footnote3 ,papyrus ( ,ani1 ,plate #bh1 l4 #ae 7,*apt] lxxxiv474 a cle> pro( t ! ideas ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god & ( et]nity 7 id5tical4 ,yet "o o!r example is wor? quot+1 if only to %[ ! c>e t ! writ]s ( religi\s texts took to impress ! immortality ( ! s\l ^u _! read]s4 ,accord+ to ,*apt] ,,clxxv4 ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead ! deceas$ f9ds himself 9 a place :]e !re is nei!r wat] nor air1 & :]e x is dep? unfa?omable1 x is black z ! blacke/ night1 & m5 w&] helplessly !re94 ,9 x a man may n live 9 quietness ( he>t1 nor may ! long+s ( love be satisfi$ !re94 ,b1 says ! deceas$ to ! god ,?o?1 let ! /ate ( ! spirits be giv5 unto me in/ead ( wat]1 & air1 & ! satisfy+ ( ! long+s ( love1 & let quietness ( he>t be giv5 unto me in/ead ( cakes & ale4 ,! god ,temu ha? decre$ t ,i %all see ?y face1 & t ,i %all n suff] f ! ?+s :i* pa9$ !e2 may e god transmit unto !e ,o ,osiris 8 ?rone = millions ( ye>s6 ,?y ?rone ha? desc5d$ unto ?y son ,horus1 & ! god ,temu ha? decre$ t 8 c\rse %all be among ! holy pr9ces4 ,v]ily he %all rule ov] ?y ?rone1 & he %all be heir ( ! ?rone ( ! ,dwell] 9 ! ,lake ( ! ,two ,fires4 ,v]ily x ha? be5 decre$ t 9 me he %all see 8 lik5ess1 ,footnote3 i4e41 ,i %all be l ,horus1 ! son ( ,osiris4 & t my face %all look ^u ! face ( ! "l ,tem4 ,aft] recit+ ^! words1 ! deceas$ asks ,?o?1 ,h[ long h ,i to live8 & ! god replies1 ,x is decre$ t ?\ %alt live = millions ( millions ( ye>s1 a life ( millions ( ye>s4 ,to give emphasis & additional effect to 8 words ! god is made to speak tautologically s t ! mo/ unlett]$ man may n miss _! mean+4 ,a little lat] 9 ! ,*apt] ! deceas$ says1 ,o my fa!r ,osiris1 ?\ ha/ done = me t :i* ?y fa!r ,ra did = !e4 ,s %all ,i abide on ! e>? la/+ly1 ,i %all keep possession ( my seat2 my heir %all be /rong2 my tomb & my fri5ds :o are ^u e>? %all fl\ri%2 my enemies %all be giv5 ov] to de/ruction & to ! %ackles ( ! goddess ,s]q4 ,i am ?y son1 & ,ra is my fa!r2 = me likewise ?\ %alt make life1 & /r5g?1 & heal?6 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! deceas$ fir/ id5tifies ,osiris ) ,ra1 & !n he id5tifies himself ) ,osiris2 ?us he id5tifies himself ) ,ra4 ,) ! subjects ( resurrection & immortality mu/ be m5tion$ ! frequ5t ref]5ces 9 ! religi\s texts ( all p]iods to ! meat & dr9k on :i* liv$ ! be+s :o 7 believ$ to exi/ 9 ! _w beyond ! grave4 ,9 prehi/oric days if 0 natural en\gh = ! dead man's fri5ds to place food 9 8 grave1 because !y ?\ght t he w\ld require x on 8 j\rney to ! next _w2 ?is cu/om also presuppos$ t ! deceas$ w\ld h a body l unto t :i* he _h left beh9d him 9 ?is _w1 & t x w\ld ne$ food & dr9k4 ,9 ! ,v? dyna/y ! ,egyptians believ$ t ! bless$ dead liv$ ^u cele/ial food1 & t !y suff]$ nei!r hung] nor ?ir/2 !y ate :at ! gods ate1 !y drank :at !y drank1 !y 7 :at !y 71 & became 9 su* matt]s z ^! ! c\nt]p>ts ( ! gods4 ,9 ano!r passage we read t !y are app>ell$ 9 :ite l951 t !y we> :ite s&als1 & t !y g to ! great lake :i* is 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,field ( ,peace :]eon ! great gods sit1 & t ! gods give !m to eat ( ! food 7or tree7 ( life ( :i* !y !mselves eat t !y also may live4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t o!r views ?an ^! 7 held conc]n+ ! food ( ! dead1 = already 9 ! ,v? dyna/y ! exi/5ce ( a region call$ ,sekhet-,a>u1 or ,sekhet-,aanru _h be5 =mulat$1 & to ?is place ! s\l1 or at lea/ "s "p1 ( ! pi\s ,egyptian hop$ to make its way4 ,:]e ,sekhet-,a>u 0 situat$ we h no means ( say+1 & ! texts af=d u no clue z to its :]eab\ts2 "s s*ol>s ?9k t x lay away to ! ea/ ( ,egypt1 b x is f> m likely to repres5t "s di/rict ( ! ,delta ei!r 9 its nor!rn or nor?-ea/]n portion4 ,=tunately we h a picture ( x 9 ! ,papyrus ( ,nebs5i1 ,footnote3 ,brit4 ,mus41 ,no4 #iijj2 ?is docum5t belongs to ! ,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y4 ! olde/ probably on papyrus1 & f ?is we may see t ,sekhet-,a>u1 i4e41 ! ,field ( ,re$s1 typifi$ "s v f]tile region :]e f>m+ op]ations c\ld be c>ri$ on ) ease & success4 ,canals & wat]c\rses ab\nd1 & 9 "o section1 we are told1 ! spirits ( ! bless$ dwelt2 ! picture probably repres5ts a traditional ,p>adise or ,elysian ,fields1 & ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ?is happy l& are ^? ( a l>ge1 well-kept1 & well-/ock$ home/ead1 situat$ at no great di/ance f ! ,nile or "o ( its ma9 bran*es4 ,9 ! ,papyrus ( ,nebs5i ! divisions ( ! ,sekhet-,auru conta9 ! foll[+3-- ,illu/ration3 ,! ,elysian ,fields ( ! ,egyptians accord+ to ! ,papyrus ( ,nebs5i 7,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y74 #a4 ,nebs5i1 ! scribe & arti/ ( ! ,temple ( ,ptah1 ) 8 arms hang+ by 8 sides1 ent]+ ! ,elysian ,fields4 #b4 ,nebs5i mak+ an (f]+ ( inc5se to ! great company ( ! gods4 #c4 ,nebs5i seat$ 9 a boat paddl+2 above ! boat are ?ree symbols = city4 #d4 ,nebs5i address+ a be>d$ mummi$ figure4 #e4 ,?ree ,pools or ,lakes call$ ,urti1 ,hetep1 & ,qetqet4 #f4 ,nebs5i reap+ 9 ,sekhet-hetepet4 #g4 ,nebs5i grasp+ ! ,b5nu bird1 :i* is p]*$ ^u a /&2 9 front are ?ree ,,kau & ?ree ,,khu4 #h4 ,nebs5i seat$ & smell+ a fl[]2 ! text reads3 ,?\s&s ( all good & pure ?+s to ! ,,ka ( ,nebs5i4 #i4 ,a table ( (f]+s4 #aj4 ,f\r ,pools or ,lakes call$ ,nebt-tani1 ,uakha1 ,kha7871 & ,hetep4 #aa4 ,nebs5i pl\gh+ ) ox5 by ! side ( a /ream :i* is "o ?\s& measures 9 l5g?1 & ! wid? ( :i* _c be said2 9 x !re are nei!r fi% nor worms4 #ab4 ,nebs5i pl\gh+ ) ox5 on an isl& ! l5g? ( :i* is ! l5g? ( heav54 #ac4 ,a division %ap$ l a b[l1 9 :i* is inscrib$3 ,! bir?place787 ( ! god ( ! city ,q5q5tet ,nebt4 #ad4 ,an isl& :]eon are f\r gods & a flight ( /eps2 ! leg5d reads3 ,! great company ( ! gods :o are 9 ,sekhet-hetep4 #ae4 ,! boat ,t*etetfet1 ) eight o>s1 f\r at ! b[s1 & f\r at ! /]n1 float+ at ! end ( a canal2 9 x is a flight ( /eps4 ,! place :]e x lies is call$ ! ,doma9 ( ,ne?4 #af4 ,two ,pools1 ! names ( :i* are illegible4 ,! sc5e z giv5 9 ! ,papyrus ( ,ani ,footnote3 ,brit4 ,mus41 ,no4 #aj1dgj1 ,plate #ce gives "s int]e/+ v>iants & may be describ$ ?us3-- #a4 ,ani mak+ an (f]+ be=e a h>e-head$ god1 a snake-head$ god1 & a bull-head$ god2 beh9d him /& 8 wife ,?u?u & ,?o? hold+ 8 re$ & palette4 ,ani paddl+ a boat4 ,ani address+ a hawk1 be=e :i* are a table ( (f]+s1 a /atue1 ?ree ovals1 & ! leg5d1 ,be+ at peace 9 ! ,field1 & hav+ air = ! no/rils4 #b4 ,ani reap+ corn1 ,ani driv+ ! ox5 :i* tread out ! corn2 ,ani address+ 7or ador+7 a ,b5nu bird p]*$ on a /&2 ,ani seat$ hold+ ! kh]p sceptre2 a heap ( r$ & a heap ( :ite corn2 ?ree ,,kau & ?ree ,,khu1 :i* are p]haps to be read1 ! food ( ! spirits2 & ?ree ,pools4 #c4 ,ani pl\gh+ a field ne> a /ream :i* conta9s ,illu/ration3 ,! ,elysian ,fields ( ! ,egyptians accord+ to ! ,papyrus ( ,ani 7,x,v,i,i,ith dyna/y74 nei!r fi%1 nor s]p5ts1 nor worms ( any k9d :atsoev]4 #d4 ,! bir?place ( ! god ( ! city2 an isl& on :i* is a flight ( /eps2 a region call$ ! place ( ! spirits :o are sev5 cubits high1 :]e ! :eat is ?ree cubits high1 & :]e ! ,s,a,,hu1 or spiritual bodies1 reap x2 ! region ,a%et1 ! god :o dwelle? !re9 be+ ,un-nef] 7i4e41 a =m ( ,osiris72 a boat ) eight o>s ly+ at ! end ( a canal2 & a boat float+ on a canal4 ,! "n ( ! fir/ boat is ,behutu-t*es]1 & t ( ! second ,tohefau4 ,s f> we h se5 t 9 heav5 & 9 ! _w beyond ! grave ! deceas$ has f\nd only div9e be+s1 & ! d\bles1 & ! s\ls1 & ! spirits1 & ! spiritual bodies ( ! bless$2 b no ref]5ce has be5 made to ! possibility ( ! dead recogniz+ ea* o!r1 or be+ able to cont9ue ! fri5d%ips or relation%ips :i* !y _h :5 ^u e>?4 ,9 ! ,sekhet-,a>u ! case is1 h[ev]1 diff]5t1 = !re we h reason to believe relation%ips 7 recogniz$ & rejoic$ 94 ,?us 9 ,*apt] ,,lii4 ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 :i* 0 compos$ ) ! idea ( ! deceas$1 f lack ( prop] food 9 ! und]world1 be+ oblig$ to eat fil?1 ,footnote3 ,?is idea is a survival ( prehi/oric times1 :5 x 0 ?\ght t if ! prop] sepul*ral meals 7 n deposit$ at regul> int]vals :]e ! ,,ka1 or d\ble1 ( ! deceas$ c\ld get at !m x w\ld be oblig$ to w&] ab\t & pick up :atev] x might f9d to eat ^u its road4 & ) ! object ( prev5t+ su* an awful ?+1 ! deceas$ says3 ,t :i* is an abom9ation unto me1 t :i* is an abom9ation unto me1 let me n eat4 ,t :i* is an abom9ation unto me1 t :i* is an abom9ation unto me1 is fil?2 let me n be oblig$ to eat !re( 9 ! place ( ! sepul*ral cakes :i* are (f]$ unto ! ,,kau 7i4e41 d\bles74 ,let x n t\* my body1 let me n be oblig$ to hold x 9 my h&s2 & let me n be compell$ to tread !reon 9 my s&als4 ,"s be+ or be+s1 probably ! gods1 !n ask him1 ,:at1 n[1 wilt ?\ live ^u 9 ! pres5ce ( ! gods8 ,& he replies1 ,let food come to me f ! place ( food1 & let me live ^u ! sev5 loaves ( bread :i* %all be br\ght z food be=e ,horus1 & ^u ! bread :i* is br\ght be=e ,?o?4 ,& :5 ! gods %all say unto me1 ',:at mann] ( food w\ld/ ?\ h giv5 unto !e8' ,i w reply1 ',let me eat my food "u ! sycamore tree ( my lady1 ! goddess ,ha?or1 & let my times be among ! div9e be+s :o h alight$ !reon4 ,let me h ! p[] to ord] my own fields 9 ,tattu 7,busiris71 & my own gr[+ crops 9 ,annu4 ,let me live ^u bread made ( :ite gra91 & let my be] be made f r$ gra91 & may ! p]sons ( my fa!r & "m be giv5 unto me z gu>dians ( my door1 & = ! ord]+ ( my home/ead4 ,let me be s\nd & /rong1 & let me h mu* room :]e9 to move1 & let me be able to sit :]esoev] ,i please4 ,?is ,*apt] is mo/ important z %[+ t ! deceas$ wi%$ to h 8 home/ead & its fields situat$ 9 ,tattu1 t is to say1 ne> ! capital ( ! ,busirite or ,i,xth nome ( ,l[] ,egypt1 a di/rict n f> f ! city ( ,sem5nd 7i4e41 ,seb5nytus7 & ly+ a little to ! s\? ( ! ?irty-fir/ p>allel ( latitude4 ,x 0 "h t ! recon/itution ( ! dismemb]$ body ( ,osiris took place1 & x 0 "h t ! solemn c]emony ( sett+ up ! backbone ( ,osiris 0 p]=m$ ea* ye>4 ,! orig9al ,sekhet-,a>u 0 evid5tly plac$ "h1 & we are !re=e "r 9 assum+ t ! f]tile fields ( ?is "p ( ! ,delta =m$ ! prototype ( ! ,elysian ,fields ( ! ,egyptian4 ,at ! same "t he also wi%$ to reap crops on ! fields r\nd ab\t ,heliopolis1 ! seat ( ! greate/ & mo/ anci5t %r9e ( ! ,sun-god4 ,! :ite gra9 ( :i* he w\ld h 8 bread made is ! ord9>y dhura1 & ! r$ gra9 is ! r$ species ( ! same plant1 :i* is n s common z ! :ite4 ,z keep]s ( ! door ( 8 e/ate ! deceas$ asks = ! =ms 7or p]sons7 ( 8 fa!r & 8 "m1 & ?us we see a desire on ! "p ( ! ,egyptian to cont9ue ! family life :i* he began ^u e>?2 x goes almo/ )\t say+ t he w\ld n ask ?is ?+ if he ?\ght !re w\ld be no prospect ( kn[+ 8 p>5ts 9 ! next _w4 ,an int]e/+ pro( ( ?is is af=d$ by ! picture ( ! ,sekhet-,a>u1 or ,elysian ,fields1 :i* is giv5 9 ! ,papyrus ( ,anhai1 ,footnote3 ,brit4 ,mus41 ,no4 #aj1dgb4 ,illu/ration3 ,anhai b[+ be=e h] fa!r & "m4 ,! ,elysian ,fields4 ,f ! ,papyrus ( ,anhai 7,x,x,i,ind dyna/y74 a prie/ess ( ,am5 :o liv$ probably ab\t ,b4,c4 #ajjj4 ,"h we see ! deceas$ ent]+ into ! topmo/ section ( ! di/rict & address+ two div9e p]sons2 above "o ( ^! are writt5 ! words h] "m1 foll[$ by ! "n ,nef]itu4 ,! =m :i* comes next is probably t ( h] fa!r1 & ?us we are sure t ! ,egyptians believ$ !y w\ld meet _! relatives 9 ! next _w & "k & be kn[n by !m4 ,accompany+ ! picture ( ! ,elysian ,fields is a long text :i* =ms ,*apt] ,,cx4 ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead4 ,z x supplies a great deal ( in=mation conc]n+ ! views held 9 e>ly times ab\t t region1 & ?r[s s mu* light ^u ! semi-mat]ial life :i* ! pi\s ,egyptians1 at "o p]iod ( _! hi/ory1 hop$ to lead1 a r5d]+ ( x is "h giv54 ,x is entitl$1 ,! ,*apt]s ( ,sekhet-,hetepet1 & ! ,*apt]s ( ,com+ ,=? by ,day2 ( go+ into & ( com+ =? f ! und]world2 ( com+ to ,sekhet-,a>u2 ( be+ 9 ,sekhet-,hetepet1 ! mighty l&1 ! lady ( w9ds2 ( hav+ p[] !re2 ( becom+ a _s 7,,khu7 !re2 ( reap+ !re2 ( eat+ !re2 ( dr9k+ !re2 ( mak+ love !re2 & ( do+ ev]y?+ ev5 z a man doe? ^u ! e>?4 ,! deceas$ says3-- ,set ha? seiz$ ,horus1 :o look$ ) ! two eyes ,footnote3 i4e41 ! ,eye ( ,ra & ! ,eye ( ,horus4 ^u ! build+ 787 r\nd ,sekhet-hetep1 b ,i h releas$ ,horus & tak5 him f ,set1 & ,set ha? op5$ ! pa? ( ! two eyes :i* are 9 heav54 ,set ha? ca/ 787 8 moi/ure to ! w9ds ^u ! s\l t ha? 8 day1 & t dwelle? 9 ! city ( ,m]t1 & he ha? deliv]$ ! int]ior ( ! body ( ,horus f ! gods ( ,ak]t4 ,behold me n[1 = ,i make ?is mighty boat to travel ov] ! ,lake ( ,hetep1 & ,i br\ght x away ) might f ! palace ( ,%u2 ! doma9 ( 8 />s gr[e? "y & r5ewe? ! /r5g? :i* x _h ( old4 ,i h br\ght ! boat into ! lakes !re(1 s t ,i may come =? into ! cities !re(1 & ,i h sail$ into _! div9e city ,hetep4 ,& behold1 x is because ,i1 ev5 ,i1 am at peace ) 8 seasons1 & ) 8 direction1 & ) 8 t]ritory1 & ) ! company ( ! gods :o are 8 fir/born4 ,he make? ,horus & ,set to be at peace ) ^? :o wat* ov] ! liv+ ones :om he ha? creat$ 9 fair =m1 & he br+e? peace2 he make? ,horus & ,set to be at peace ) ^? :o wat* ov] !m4 ,he cutte? (f ! hair f ,horus & ,set1 he drive? away /orm f ! helpless1 & he keepe? away h>m f ! spirits 7,,khu74 ,let me h dom9ion )9 t field1 = ,i "k x1 & ,i h sail$ among its lakes s t ,i might come into its cities4 ,my m\? is firm1 ,footnote3 i4e41 ,i "k h[ to utt] ! words ( p[] :i* ,i possess ) vig\r4 & ,i am equipp$ to resi/ ! spirits 7,,khu71 !re=e !y %all n h dom9ion ov] me4 ,let me be rew>d$ ) ?y fields1 ,o ?\ god ,hetep2 b t :i* is ?y wi% d1 ,o ?\ "l ( ! w9ds4 ,may ,i become a _s !re91 may ,i eat !re91 may ,i dr9k !re91 may ,i pl\gh !re91 may ,i reap !re91 may ,i fight !re91 may ,i make love !re91 may my words be mighty !re92 may ,i nev] be 9 a /ate ( s]vitude !re92 b may ,i be 9 au?ority !re94 ,?\ ha/ made /rong ! m\? 7or door7 & ! ?roat 787 ( ,hetep2 ,qetet-bu is 8 "n4 ,he is /abli%$ ^u ! pill>s ,footnote3 i4e41 ! f\r pill>s1 "o plac$ at ea* c>d9al po9t1 :i* support ! sky4 ( ,%u1 & is l9k$ unto ! pleasant ?+s ( ,ra4 ,he is ! divid] ( ye>s1 he is hidd5 ( m\?1 8 m\? is sil5t1 t :i* he utt]e? is secret1 he fulfille? et]nity & ha? possession ( ev]la/+ exi/5ce z ,hetep1 ! "l ,hetep4 ,! god ,horus make? himself to be /rong l unto ! ,hawk :i* is "o ?\s& cubits 9 l5g?1 & two ?\s& cubits 9 wid? 9 life2 he ha? equipm5ts ) him1 & he j\rneye? on & come? :]e 8 he>t's ?rone wi%e? to be 9 ! ,pools ( ,hetep & 9 ! cities !re(4 ,he 0 begott5 9 ! bir?-*amb] ( ! god ( ! city1 (f]+s ( ! god ( ! city are made unto him1 he p]=me? t :i* x is meet to d !re91 & cause? ! union !re(1 & doe? ev]y?+ :i* app]ta9e? to ! bir?-*amb] ( ! div9e city4 ,:5 he sette? 9 life1 l cry/al1 he p]=me? ev]y?+ !re91 & ! ?+s :i* he doe? are l unto ! ?+s :i* are done 9 ! ,lake ( ,tw(old ,fire1 :]e9 !re is none t rejoice?1 & :]e9 are all mann] ( evil ?+s4 ,! god ,hetep goe? 91 & come? out1 & goe? backw>ds 9 t ,field :i* ga!re? toge!r all mann] ( ?+s = ! bir?-*amb] ( ! god ( ! city4 ,:5 he sette? 9 life1 l cry/al1 he p]=me? all mann] ( ?+s !re9 :i* are l unto ! ?+s :i* are done 9 ! ,lake ( ,tw(old ,fire1 :]e9 !re is none t rejoice?1 & :]e9 are all mann] ( evil ?+s4 ,let me live ) ! god ,hetep1 clo!d & n plund]$ by ! lords ( ! nor?1 & let ! "l ( div9e ?+s br+ food unto me4 ,let him make me to g =w>d1 & let me come out1 & let him br+ my p[] unto me !re2 let me receive x1 & let my equipm5t be f ! god ,hetep4 ,let me ga9 ! ma/]y ov] ! great & mighty ^w :i* is 9 my body 9 ?is place :]e9 ,i am1 = by means ( x ,i w rememb] & ,i w =get4 ,let me g =w>d on my way & let me pl\gh4 ,i am at peace ) ! god ( ! city1 & ,i "k ! wat]s1 & ! cities1 & ! nomes1 & ! lakes :i* are 9 ,sekhet-,hetep4 ,i exi/ !re91 ,i am /rong !re91 ,i h become a _s 7,,khu7 !re91 ,i eat !re91 ,i s[ se$ !re91 ,i reap ! h>ve/ !re91 ,i pl\gh !re91 ,i make love !re91 & ,i am at peace ) ! god ,hetep !re94 ,behold ,i scatt] se$ !re91 ,i sail ab\t among its lakes1 & ,i advance to ! cities !re(1 ,o div9e ,hetep4 ,behold1 my m\? is provid$ ) my tee? :i* are l horns2 grant me !re=e an ov]fl[+ supply ( ! food :]eon1 ! ',d\bles' 7,,kau7 & ! ,spirits 7,,khu7 d live4 ,i h pass$ ! judgm5t :i* ,%u passe? ^u him t kn[e? him1 !re=e let me g =? to ! cities ( ,hetep1 & let me sail ab\t among its lakes1 & let me walk ab\t 9 ,sekhet-,hetep4 ,behold ,ra is 9 heav51 & behold ! god ,hetep is ! tw(old (f]+ !re(4 ,i h come =w>d to ! l& ( ,hetep1 ,i h gird$ up my lo9s & come =? s t ! gifts :i* are ab\t to be giv5 unto me may be giv51 & ,i am glad1 & ,i h laid hold ^u my /r5g? :i* ! god ,hetep ha? greatly increas$ = me4 ,o ,un5-em-hetep1 ,footnote3 ,! "n ( ! fir/ l>ge section ( ,sekhet-,a>u4 ,i h ent]$ into !e1 & my s\l foll[e? aft] me1 & my div9e food is ^u my h&s4 ,o ,lady ( ! two l&s1 ,footnote3 ,a lake 9 ! second section ( ,sekhet-,a>u4 :o /abli%e/ my ^w :]eby ,i rememb] & =get1 let me live un9jur$1 & )\t any injury be+ done unto me4 ,o grant to me1 ,o d ?\ grant to me1 joy ( he>t2 make ?\ me to be at peace1 b9d ?\ up my s9ews & muscles1 & make me to receive ! air4 ,o ,un5-em-hetep1 ,o ,lady ( ! w9ds1 ,i h ent]$ into !e1 & ,i h %ewn ,footnote3 ,lit]ally1 op5$4 my head !re94 ,ra sleepe?1 b ,i am awake1 & !re is ! goddess ,ha/ at ! gate ( heav5 by night4 ,ob/acles h be5 set be=e me1 b ,i h ga!r$ toge!r :at ,ra ha? emitt$4 ,i am 9 my city4 ,o ,nut-urt1 ,footnote3 ,! "n ( a lake 9 ! fir/ section ( ,sekhet-,a>u4 ,i h ent]$ into !e & ,i h reckon$ up my h>ve/1 & ,i g =w>d to ,uakh4 ,footnote3 ,! "n ( a lake 9 ! second section ( ,sekhet-,a>u4 ,i am ! ,bull envelop$ 9 turquoise1 ! "l ( ! ,field ( ! ,bull1 ! "l ( ! div9e spee* ( ! goddess ,septet 7,so?is7 at h] h\rs4 ,o ,uakh1 ,i h ent]$ into !e1 ,i h eat5 my bread1 ,i h gott5 ! ma/]y ov] *oice pieces ( ! fle% ( ox5 & ( fea!r$ f[l1 & ! birds ( ,%u h be5 giv5 unto me2 ,i foll[ aft] ! gods1 & ! div9e ',d\bles' 7,,kau74 ,o ,tohefet1 ,footnote3 ,! "n ( a di/rict 9 ! ?ird section ( ,sekhet-,a>u4 ,i h ent]$ into !e1 ,i array myself 9 app>el1 & ,i h gu>d$ myself ) ! ,sa g>m5t ( ,ra2 n[ behold1 he is 9 heav51 & ^? :o dwell !re9 foll[ him1 & ,i also foll[ ,ra 9 heav51 ,o ,un5-em-hetep1 "l ( ! two l&s1 ,i h ent]$ into !e1 & ,i h plung$ into ! lakes ( ,tohes]t2 behold me n[1 = all uncleanness ha? dep>t$ f me4 ,! ,great ,god gr[e? !re91 & behold1 ,i h f\nd food !re92 ,i h sn>$ fea!r$ f[l & ,i fe$ ^u1 ! f9e/ ( !m4 ,o ,q5q5tet1 ,footnote3 ,! "n ( a lake 9 ! fir/ section1 ( ,sekhet-,a>u4 ,i h ent]$ into !e1 & ,i h se51 ! ,osiris my fa!r1 & ,i h gaz$ ^u my "m1 & ,i h made love4 ,i h captur$ ! worms & s]p5ts :i* are !re & h deliv]$ myself4 ,i "k ! "n ( ! god :o is opposite to ! goddess ,tohes]t1 :o ha? /raight hair & is provid$ ) horns2 he reape?1 b ,i bo? pl\gh & reap4 ,o ,ha/1 ,footnote3 ,! "n ( a lake 9 ! ?ird section ( ,sekhet-,a>u4 ,i h ent]$ into !e1 & ,i h driv5 back ^? :o w\ld come to ! turquoise sky2 & ,i h foll[$ ! w9ds ( ! company ( ! gods4 ,! ,great ,god ha? giv5 my head unto me1 & he :o ha? b\nd on me my head is ! ,mighty ,"o ) ! eyes ( turquoise1 t is to say1 ,ari-en-ab-f 7i4e41 ,he :o doe? z he please?74 ,o ,us]t1 ,footnote3 ,! "n ( a lake 9 ! ?ird section ( ,sekhet-,a>u4 ,i h come unto !e at ! h\se :]e ! div9e food is br\ght unto me4 ,o ,smam1 ,footnote3 ,! "n ( a lake 9 ! ?ird section ( ,sekhet-,a>u4 ,i h come unto !e4 ,my he>t wat*e?1 & ,i am provid$ ) ! :ite cr[n4 ,i am l$ into cele/ial regions1 & ,i make ! ?+s ( e>? to fl\ri%2 & !re is joy ( he>t = ! ,bull1 & = cele/ial be+s1 & = ! company ( ! gods4 ,i am ! god :o is ! ,bull1 ! "l ( ! gods z he goe? =? f ! turquoise sky4 ,o div9e nome ( :eat & b>ley1 ,i h come unto !e1 ,i h come =w>d to !e1 & ,i h tak5 up t :i* foll[e? me1 namely1 ! be/ ( ! libations ( ! company ( ! gods4 ,i h ti$ my boat 9 ! cele/ial lakes1 ,i h lift$ up ! po/ at :i* to an*or1 ,i h recit$ ! prescrib$ words ) my voice1 & ,i h ascrib$ praises unto ! gods :o dwell 9 ,sekhet-hetep4 ,o!r joys1 h[ev]1 ?an ^? describ$ above1 await ! man :o has pass$ satisfactorily ?r\gh ! judgm5t & has made 8 way into ! realm ( ! gods4 ,=1 9 answ] to a long petition 9 ! ,papyrus ( ,ani1 :i* has be5 giv5 above 7see p4 #cc f471 ! god ,ra promises to ! deceas$ ! foll[+3 ,?\ %alt come =? into heav51 ?\ %alt pass ov] ! sky1 ?\ %alt be jo9$ unto ! />ry deities4 ,praises %all be (f]$ unto !e 9 ?y boat1 ?\ %alt be hymn$ 9 ! ,atet boat1 ?\ %alt behold ,ra )9 8 %r9e1 ?\ %alt set toge!r ) 8 ,disk day by day1 ?\ %alt see ! ,,ant ,footnote #a3 ,! "n ( a my?ological fi% :i* swam at ! b[ ( ! boat ( ,ra4 fi% :5 x spr+e? into be+ 9 ! wat]s ( turquoise1 & ?\ %alt see ! ,,abtu ,footnote3 ,! "n ( a my?ological fi% :i* swam at ! b[ ( ! boat ( ,ra4 fi% 9 8 h\r4 ,x %all come to pass t ! ,evil ,"o %all fall :5 he laye? a sn>e to de/roy !e1 & ! jo9ts ( 8 neck & ( 8 back %all be hack$ asund]4 ,ra saile? ) a fair w9d1 & ! ,sektet boat drawe? on & come? into port4 ,! m>9]s ( ,ra rejoice1 & ! he>t ( ,nebt-ankh 7i4e41 ,isis7 is glad1 = ! enemy ( ,ra ha? fall5 to ! gr\nd4 ,?\ %alt behold ,horus on ! /&+-place ( ! pilot ( ! boat1 & ,?o? & ,maat %all /& "o ^u ea* side ( him4 ,all ! gods %all rejoice :5 !y behold ,ra com+ 9 peace to make ! he>ts ( ! %9+ ones to live1 & ,osiris ,ani1 triumphant1 ! scribe ( ! div9e (fspr+ ( ! lords ( ,!bes1 %all be along ) !m4 ,b1 n cont5t ) sail+ 9 ! boat ( ,ra daily z "o ( _m beatifi$ be+s1 ! deceas$ hop$ to trans=m ea* ( 8 limbs into a god1 & :5 ?is 0 effect$ to become ,ra himself4 ,?us 9 ,*apt] ,,xlii4 ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead ,footnote3 ,see ,! ,*apt]s ( ,com+ ,=? by ,day1 p4 #ic4 ! deceas$ says-- ,my hair is ! hair ( ,nu4 ,my face is ! face ( ! ,disk4 ,my eyes are ! eyes ( ,ha?or4 ,my e>s are ! e>s ( ,ap-uat4 ,my nose is ! nose ( ,kh5ti-,khas4 ,my lips are ! lips ( ,anpu4 ,my tee? are ! tee? ( ,s]qet4 ,my neck is ! neck ( ! div9e goddess ,isis4 ,my h&s are ! h&s ( ,ba-neb-,tattu4 ,my =e-arms are ! =e-arms ( ,nei?1 ! ,lady ( ,sas4 ,my backbone is ! backbone ( ,suti4 ,my phallus is ! phallus ( ,osiris4 ,my re9s are ! re9s ( ! ,lords ( ,kh]-aba4 ,my *e/ is ! *e/ ( ! ,mighty "o ( t]ror4 ,my belly & back are ! belly & back ( ,sekhet4 ,my buttocks are ! buttocks ( ! ,eye ( ,horus4 ,my hips & legs are ! hips & legs ( ,nut4 ,my feet are ! feet ( ,ptah4 ,my f+]s & my leg-bones are ! f+]s & leg-bones ( ! ,liv+ ,gods4 ,footnote3 ,! idea ( ! deification ( ! human memb]s 0 curr5t already 9 ! ,v,ith dyna/y4 ,see ,recueil de ,travaux1 tom4 viii1 pp4 #hg1 #hh4 ,& imm$iately aft] ?is ! deceas$ says3 ,!re is no memb] ( my body :i* is n ! memb] ( a god4 ,! god ,?o? %ielde? my body altoge!r1 & ,i am ,ra day by day4 ,?us we see by :at means ! ,egyptians believ$ t mortal man c\ld be rais$ f ! dead1 & atta9 unto life ev]la/+4 ,! resurrection 0 ! object ) :i* e pray] 0 said & e c]emony p]=m$1 & e text1 & e amulet1 & e =mula1 ( ea* & e p]iod1 0 int5d$ to enable ! mortal to put on immortality & to live et]nally 9 a trans=m$ glorifi$ body4 ,if ?is fact be borne 9 m9d _m app>5t difficulties w disappe> be=e ! read]s 9 ?is p]usal ( ,egyptian texts1 & ! religion ( ! ,egyptians w be se5 to possess a consi/5ce ( aim & a /ead9ess ( pr9ciple :i*1 to "s1 x at fir/ appe>s to lack4 ,,! ,,end4 ,pr9t$ ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson ,co ,ed9burgh ,london