,a ,project = ,fly+4 ,9 ,e>ne/ at ,la/6 #ahga ,price1 ,,tw5ty-,,five ,,c5ts4 ,a ,project = ,fly+4 ,9 ,e>ne/ ,at ,la/4 ,! foll[+ appe>$ 9 "o ( our public j\rnals ( ! date indicat$ ,to ! ,editor ( ! ,tribune4 ,,sir3--,y rightly appreciate ! int]e/ ) :i* ! popul> m9d reg>ds all ef=ts 9 ! direction ( navigat+ ! air4 ,"o man ( my acqua9tance 0 deeply int]e/$ to "k ! results ( ! ,cali=nia ,exp]im5t1 because he alone1 z he believ$1 _h que/ion$ ,nature & le>n$ f h] ! great secret ( a]ial navigation4 ,to-day's ,tribune br+s u ! full acc\nt ( ! ma*9e1 its p]=mance & modus op]&i2 & )\t ! au?ority ( my fri5d1 ,i c pron\nce at once t ! ?+ is simply ridicul\s4 ,x is ! same old useless ef=t1 ) ! same impossible ag5ts4 ,b to-day1 )9 tw5ty miles ( ,tr9ity /eeple1 lives ! man :o c give to ! _w ! secret ( navigat+ ! air1 9 calm or 9 /orm1 ) ! w9d or aga9/ x2 skimm+ ! e>?1 or 9 ! highe/ curr5ts1 j z he wills1 ) all ! ease1 & all ! swiftness1 & all ! exactitude ( a bird4 ,my fri5d is only wait+ = an opportunity to p]fect 8 plan1 :5 he w make x kn[n4 ,y\rs truly1 ,w4,h4,k4 ,new ,york2 ,june #ad?1 #ahfi4 ,two ye>s h pass$ & no progress has be5 made 9 a]ial navigation4 ,! ,cali=nia ,exp]im5t fail$4 ,! great ,air%ip ,,city ,,( ,,new ,,york1 _h previ\sly escap$ ! same fate1 only because m prud5t ?an h] successor %e decl9$ a trial4 ,! promis+ & ambiti\s ent]prise ( ,mr4 ,h5son has h>dly be5 spok5 ( = a qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,& not)/&+ ! fact t ! numb] ( asc5sions 9 balloons 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe mu/ be c\nt$ by ?\s&s1 & al?\gh ! exig5cies ( rec5t w>s h made !m useful1 yet x mu/ be confess$ t ! art ( navigat+ ! air rema9s 9 mu* ! same /ate 9 :i* ! bro!rs ,montgolfi]s left x at ! close ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,! reason = ?is want ( progress 9 ! art ref]r$ to1 is n to be s\ght 9 any want ( int]e/ 9 ! subject1 or ( en?usiasm 9 prosecut+ exp]im5ts4 ,c]ta9ly n = want ( int]e/ 9 ! subject because to fly1 has be5 ! great desid]atum ( ! race s9ce ,adam4 ,& we f9d 9 ! lit]ature ( e age sugge/ions = means ( a*iev+ flight ?r\gh ! air1 9 imitation ( birds2 or = ! con/ruction ( +5i\s ma*9es = a]ial navigation4 ,& if hi/ory & traditions are to be cr$it$1 x w\ld be equally an error to suppose t our age alone _h attempt$ to put !ory into practice 9 ref]5ce to navigat+ ! air4 ,ev5 ! fables ( ! anci5ts ab\nd ) /ories ab\t fly+3 t ( ,d$alus & 8 son ,ic>ius1 w occur to e read]4 ,& ! repres5tations ( ! ,,poets1 & ! allusions 9 ,,holy ,,writ equally prove h[ natural & de> to ! m9d ( man is ! idea ( possess+ w+s l a dove4 ,b x is safe en\gh to ass]t1 t hi!rto1 all attempts at navigat+ ! air h be5 failures4 ,float+ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e 9 a balloon1 at ! m]cy n only ( e w9d b ( e brea? ( air1 is 9 no adequate s5se a]ial navigation4 ,& ,i d n hesitate to say1 t balloons are absolutely incapable ( be+ direct$4 ,all ! analogies by :i* inv5tors h be5 enc\rag$ 9 _! expectations are false1 ! rudd]s ( %ips & ! tails ( birds are no exceptions4 ,!y w nev] be able to guide balloons z sailors d %ips1 by a rudd]1 because %ips d n float susp5d$ 9 ! wat] z balloons float 9 ! air2 nor d birds float ?r\gh ! air 9 any s5se4 ,!y are n b\yant--light] ?an ! elem5t 9 :i* !y move1 b imm5sely heavi]2 besides !y d n guide !mselves :olly by _! tails4 ,we may dep5d ^u x1 if we ev] succe$ 9 navigat+ ! air1 x w be by a /rict adh]5ce to ! pr9ciples ^u :i* birds fly1 & a close imitation ( ! means :i* !y employ to effect t object4 ,x is true1 t 9 respect to ! means to be employ$1 animals design$ by ! ,creator = flight1 h greatly ! advantage ( u1 b :at natural defici5cies w n human +5uity supply1 & :at ob/acles w n human skill ov]come8 ,x has already triumph$ ov] mu* great] ?an any t ,nature has int]pos$ betwe5 man & ! pleasures ( a]ial communication4 ,we h to a great ext5t1 ma/]$ ! my/]i\s elem5ts ( nature4 ,we h conqu]$ ! ?und]bolt & le>n$ to write ) ! burn+ fluid out ( :i* x is =g$4 ,we h conv]t$ ! b\ndless ocean into a va/ highway1 trav]s$ = our use & on our err&s1 by ! swift ag5t1 & by great %ips driv5 aga9/ w9d & tide by ! mighty p[] ( /eam4 ,& yet a s+le g5]ation ago1 we knew no?+ ( all ?is1 ,our gr&-sires w\ld h giv5 ^! a*ievem5ts a prom95t place 9 ! li/ ( impossible ?+s4 ,b1 d y say1 ! ,creator nev] int5d$ u to fly--!re=e1 x is impossible4 ,= :at did ! ,creator give u skill & b\ndless p]sev]ance8 ,0 x design$ t we %\ld swim1 m ?an t we %\ld furni% ourselves ) w+s & m\nt up z eagles8 ,we s9k l lead 9 ! mighty wat]s1 we only fall a little fa/] ?r\gh ! air4 ,/ill1 ,i grant t ! problem ( a]ial navigation w only be solv$ :5 ! pr9ciples ( flight are cle>ly und]/ood1 & we recognize precisely :at are ! ob/acles :i* prev5t u f fly+ by artificial means4 ,w ^! ob/acles prove insup]able8 ,x is at pres5t believ$ by ! multitude t !y w1 b ,i ent]ta9 a diff]5t op9ion1 mo/ decid$ly4 ,f my e>lie/ y\? ?is subject has occupi$ my ?\ghts4 ,x has be5 ! /udy ( my life1 & ,i mode/ly tru/ t ,i h n que/ion$ nature & sci5ce 9 va94 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i und]took to make myself famili> ) ! ob/acles to be ov]come4 ,i f\nd ! greate/ ( ^! to be gravity4 ,i f\nd1 h[ev]1 t heavy f[ls1 :o 7 unable to rise f ! e>?1 & only accompli%$ flight by tak+ advantage ( an em95ce1 su/a9$ !mselves )\t difficulty :5 once fairly emb>k$4 ,i also f\nd t ! be/ fly]s 7 n equal to ! feat ( keep+ me company1 :5 walk+ at my usual pace2 h5ce ,i inf]r$ t velocity 0 a necess>y elem5t 9 flight1 & t gravity1 s fatal to human attempts to fly1 might be made a p[]ful auxili>y :5 rightly us$4 ,act+ ^u ?is h9t1 ,i made exp]im5ts ) heavy b>n y>d f[ls1 & f9ally con/ruct$ a light app>atus to be op]at$ by myself1 us+1 pr9cipally1 my feet z a motive p[]1 :i* ,i repeat$ly tri$ ) v>i\s & con/antly increas+ degrees ( success4 ,n[ ,i am satisfi$ t my sy/em is "r4 ,x is my sob] conviction t ! "t to realize ! dream & hope ( ages has come4 ,/>tl+ z ! ann\ncem5t may be1 ,i propose n only to make %ort excursions ?r\gh ! air myself1 b to tea* o!rs to d ! same4 ,yet1 kn[+ p]fectly ! ob/acles 9 ! way ( flight1 & kn[+ equally well h[ to ov]come !m1 ,i am yet well aw>e t ,i mu/ p]fect my k by practice be=e entire success c be a*iev$4 ,?is is only reasonable4 ,h[ 0 x ) ! swimm]2 h[ 0 x ) ! agile & dext]\s skat]2 h[ ) ! acrobat1 & :at b practice has j enabl$ ,,we/on to walk "o hundr$ & twelve miles 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & f\r hundr$ miles 9 five days8 ,= want ( a bett] "n1 ,i w call ! ma*9e ^u :i* ,i am to practice1 ! ,in/ructor4 ,x is simple1 b x gives ! le>n] j :at he wants--an endless s]ies ( incl9$ planes4 ,x w prev5t accid5ts1 & until ! /ud5t has ma/]$ ! me*anical movem5ts necess>y to flight1 w supplem5t 8 ef=ts by p>tially balanc+ 8 weight4 ,x consi/s ( a beam fifty feet long1 pois$ & atta*$ by a univ]sal jo9t to ! top ( a =m po/1 say tw5ty feet or m 9 height4 ,^u "o end ( ?is beam ! practition] /&s1 array$ 9 8 w+s4 ,a movable weight at ! o!r end completes ! app>atus2 & yet ?is simple ma*9e1 w =m ! ent]+ w$ge to a]ial navigation4 ,& n[ me?9ks ,i see y smile1 b1 my unbeliev+ fri5ds1 let me rem9d y t ,,cop]nicus1 & ,,galileo1 & ,,frankl91 & ,,fulton1 & ,,morse1--all bett] m5 ?an y\r humble s]vant1 7 laugh$ at be=e me4 ,_! "w is done4 ,_! monum5ts /& 9 all l&s1 & yet "o ( ?is b& ( truly great & wor?y names /ill lives1 & to him ,i am indebt$ = _m k9d & enc\rag+ words4 ,x is little besides ?is t ,i ask ( y4 ,! /ock :i* y are solicit$ to take 9 ?is ent]prise is small4 ,b enable me by y\r patronage to devote myself = a "t :olly to my project4 ,see to x1 t ,i d n fail = want ( support4 ,buy my little pamphlet at its insignificant co/1 ask y\r fri5ds to d s2 & %\ld any ( y wi% to contribute any?+ m to ?is cause1 :i* ,i h made my own1 & :i* ,i am det]m9$ to pu% to a triumphant issue1 he may be sure t he w receive ! ackn[l$gm5ts ( a grateful & e>ne/ man1 :o has himself devot$ to x ! aspirations & ef=ts ( a long life1 & :o is /ill will+ to take all ! risks ( failure ^u himself4 ,! und]sign$ w\ld be pleas$ to h fri5ds int]e/$ 9 ?is subject1 call ^u him1 :5 ! matt] w be m fully describ$4 ,,rob]t ,,h>dley1 #ag ,,p]ry ,,/reet1 or #aad ,six? ,ave41 cor4 #i? ,/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,a]ial ,,ma*9e4 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,ellipsoidal ,,balloon1 ,,propell$ ,,by ,,! ,ar*im$ean ,screw1 ,,describ$ ,,z ,,! ,,new ,,a]ial ,,ma*9e1 ,,n[ ,,exhibit+ ,,at ,,! ,,royal ,,adelaide ,,gall]y1 ,,l[!r ,,arcade1 ,,/r&4 ,,rem>ks1 c4 ,! object propos$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,ma*9e :i* is "h pres5t$ to ! public view1 is simply to illu/rate & e/abli% ! fact1 t1 by a prop] disposition ( p>ts & ! application ( a suffici5t p[]1 x is possible to effectuate ! propulsion or guidance ( a ,balloon ?r\gh ! air1 & ?us to prep>e ! way = ! m p]fect accompli%m5t ( ?is mo/ int]e/+ & desirable result4 ,9 ! contrivance ( ?is design1 "o ( ! fir/ effects aim$ at 0 to r$uce ! resi/ance exp]i5c$ by ! ,balloon 9 its progress1 :i* is great] or less accord+ to ! magnitude & %ape ( its oppos+ surface4 ,to ?is int5t is ! peculi> =m ( ! ,balloon1 :i* is an ,ellipsoid or prolate sph]oid1 ! axis ( :i* is twice its m9or diamet]2 9 o!r words1 twice z long z x is broad4 ,by ?is con/ruction ! opposition to ! progress ( ! ,balloon 9 ! direction ( ei!r end is only "o half ( :at x w\ld be1 _h x be5 a ,balloon ( ! ord9>y sph]ical =m & ( ! same diametrical magnitude4 ,= ! exact det]m9ation ( ?is proportion we are m p>ticul>ly indebt$ to ! rese>*es ( ,sir ,george ,cayley1 a di/+ui%$ patron ( ! art1 :o1 a few ye>s back1 in/itut$ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) a view to asc]ta9 ! comp>ative am\nts ( resi/ance develop$ by bodies ( diff]5t =ms 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! air2 ! results ( :i* he communicat$ to ! _w 9 an essay fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ,me*anic's ,magaz9e1 & aft]w>ds 9 a sep>ate pamphlet4 ,accord+ to ^! exp]im5ts x appe>s1 t ! opposition :i* an ellipsoid or oval 7( ! nature ( ! ,balloon1 if we may s call x1 9 ! model7 is calculat$ to enc\nt] 9 proce$+ endways ?r\gh ! atmosph]e is only "o-six? ( :at a plane or flat surface ( equal area ) its l>ge/ v]tical section1 w\ld exp]i5ce at ! same rate2 :ile ! resi/ance to ! progress ( a globe1 su* z ! usual ,balloon1 w\ld be "o ?ird ( t due to a simil> circul> plane ( l diamet]3 %ew+ an advantage1 9 respect ( dim9i%$ resi/ance1 9 fav\r ( ! =m] figure1 to ! ext5t we h above describ$2 an advantage x enjoys along ) an increas$ capacity = conta9+ gas--! cubical cont5ts ( an ellipsoid ( ! proportions "h obs]v$1 be+ exactly d\ble ( ^? ( an ord9>y ,balloon ( equal diamet]1 & consequ5tly compet5t to ! support ( twice ! weight4 ,indep5d5t ( ! advantage ( r$uc$ resi/ance 9 ?is =m1 !re is ano!r ( ne>ly1 if n q1 equal importance1 9 ! facility x af=ds ( direct+ its c\rse2 an object sc>cely1 if at all1 atta9able ) a ,balloon ( ! usual description h[ev] p[]fully inve/$ ) ! means ( motion2 z any "o w readily p]ceive :o has ev] notic$ or exp]i5c$ ! difficulty1 or r ! impossibility1 ( guid+ a tub afloat 9 ! wat]1 comp>$ ) ! condition ( a boat or o!r simil>ly con/ruct$ body1 9 ! same elem5t4 ,! efficacy ( ?is provision & its necessity w appe> m =cibly :5 we obs]ve t :5ev] ! ,balloon 9 ! ma*9e "h describ$ is ?r[n out ( its direct be>+ by ! %ift+ ( ! net-"w :i* connects x ) ! hoop1 or by any o!r accid5t :]eby its position is alt]$ ) respect to ! propell+ p[]1 its c\rse is imm$iately affect$1 & x ceases to progress 9 a /raight l9e1 foll[+ ! direction ( its major axis1 unless correct$ by ! int]v5tion ( a suffici5t rudd]4 ,! second object1 aft] e/abli%+ a prop] =m = ! float+ body1 0 to contrive a disposition ( /rik+ surface t %\ld be able to realise ! greate/ am\nt ( propulsive re-action1 9 proportion to its magnitude & ! =ce ( its op]ation1 :i* x is possible to accompli%4 ,to %ew by :at /eps & 9 consequ5ce ( :at reason+ ?is po9t 0 det]m9$ z 9 ! plan adopt$1 w\ld occupy consid]ably m space ?an ! few pages we h to sp>e w\ld admit ( our devot+ to x4 ,suffice x to say t ( all ! means ( creat+ a resi/ance 9 ! atmosph]e capable ( be+ appli$ to ! propulsion ( ! ,balloon1 ! ,ar*im$ean ,screw 0 asc]ta9$ to be und\bt$ly ! be/4 ,x is true t by a direct impact or /roke ^u ! air1 z = in/ance by ! action ( a fan1 or ! waft+ ( any flat surface at "r angles to its own plane1 ! maximum effect is accompli%$ :i* su* a surface is capable ( produc+ ) a giv5 p[]4 ,! me*anical difficulties1 h[ev]1 :i* att5d ! employm5t ( su* a mode ( op]ation are m ?an suffici5t to c\nt]balance any advantage 9 po9t ( actual resi/ance :i* x may happ5 to possess2 at lea/ 9 any application ( x :i* has hi!rto be5 tri$ or propos$3 s t "h1 z 9 ! case ( %ips propell$ by /eam1 ! oblique impact obta9$ by ! rotation ( ! /rik+ surface is f\nd to be ! mo/ conducive to ! desir$ result2 & ( ^!1 t arrangem5t :i* is t]m$ ! ,ar*im$ean ,screw is ! mo/ effective4 ,! result aim$ at1 be+ ! developm5t ( ! greate/ am\nt ( re-action 9 ! direction ( ! axis ( revolution1 x is n en\gh to h det]m9$ ! g5]al "* ( ! in/rum5t to be employ$2 ! prop] disposition or incl9ation ( its p>ts becomes a "q ( ! fir/ importance4 ,accord+ z ! turns ( ! screw are m or less oblique ) respect to ! air !y /rike or ! axis on :i* !y revolve1 m or less ( ! resi/ance !y g5]ate by _! rotation becomes resolv$1 z x is te*nically express$1 9 ! direction ( ! int5d$ c\rse3 9 o!r words1 conv]t$ to ! purpose 9 view1 namely1 ! propulsion ( ! ,balloon4 ,our limit$ space "h aga9 prev5ts u f ent]+ into a detail ( ! exp]im5ts by means ( :i* ! true solution ( ?is "q has be5 arriv$ at1 & ! prop] angle det]m9$ at :i* ! sup]ficial spiral ex]cises ! greate/ am\nt ( propulsive =ce ( :i* su* an eng9e is capable4 ,^! exp]im5ts h be5 *iefly c>ri$ on by ,mr4 ,smi?1 ! +5i\s & successful adapt] ( ?is in/rum5t to ! propulsion ( /eam vessels1 = a s]ies ( ye>s1 ) ! greate/ c>e1 & at a v consid]able exp5se2 & ! result ( 8 exp]i5ce gives an angle ( ab\t #fg or #fh = ! out] circumf]5ce ( ! screw1 z t productive ( ! maximum effect2 a conclusion :i* is fur!r v]ifi$ by ! exp]im5ts ( ,sir ,george ,cayley1 ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,gre51 ! mo/ celebrat$ ( our practical a]onauts1 & o!rs :o h employ$ _! att5tion ^u ! subject4 ,?is conclusion requires only "o modification1 :i* ought to be notic$2 namely1 t 9 cases ( extreme velocity1 ! numb] ( ! angle may be /ill fur!r increas$ ) advantage1 until an incl9ation ( ab\t #gc be obta9$2 :5 x appe>s any fur!r advance 9 t direction is att5d$ ) a loss ( p[]4 ,) ^! facts 9 view1 ! imp++ surface ( ! ,ar*im$ean ,screw1 9 ! model "u consid]ation1 has be5 s dispos$ z to =m1 at its out] circumf]5ce1 an angle ( #fh ) ! axis ( revolution1 gradually dim9i%+ z x approa*es ! c5tre1 accord+ to ! ess5tial "* ( su* a =m ( /ructure4 ,! novelty ( ! application ( ?is in/rum5t to ! propulsion bo? ( %ips & balloons1 sugge/s ! propriety ( a few m explanatory rem>ks to elucidate its nature & meet c]ta9 objections :i* ^? :o are ignorant ( its peculi> qualities are apt to raise 9 respect ( x4 ,previ\s to ! adoption ( ?is p>ticul> in/rum5t1 v>i\s analog\s contrivances _h be5 resort$ to 9 ord] to produce ! same effects4 ,( ^!1 examples are af=d$ 9 ! sails ( ! w9dmill1 ! vane ( ! smoke jack1 & ( m mod]n introduction1 ! propell]s design$ by ,mr4 ,taylor = ! equipm5t ( /eam-boats1 & :i* ,mr4 ,gre5 has avail$ himself ( to %ew ! effect ( atmosph]ic re-action 9 direct+ ! c\rse ( ! balloon4 ,n[ all ^! & simil> exp$i5ts are m]ely modifications ( ! same pr9ciple1 m or less p]fect z !y m or less resemble ! p]fect screw1 b all fall+ f> %ort ( ! efficacy ( t in/rum5t 9 its primitive "* & con/ruction4 ,! reason ( ?is defici5cy c be readily acc\nt$ =4 ,all ! modifications allud$ to1 :i* h hi!rto be5 appli$ to ! purposes ( locomotion1 are adaptations ( plane surfaces4 ,n[ x is ! "* ( plane surfaces to pres5t ! same angle1 & consequ5tly to imp+e ^u ! air ) ! same condition ( obliquity ?r\gh\t4 ,b ! rate ( revolution1 & consequ5tly ( impact1 v>ies accord+ to ! di/ance f ! axis2 be+ greate/ at ! out] edge1 & gradually dim9i%+ z x approa*es ! c5tre ( rotation1 :]e x may be suppos$ to be altoge!r evanesc5t4 ,n[ x is by ! re-action ( ! air aga9/ "o side ( ! imp++ plane1 t ! progressive motion is det]m9$ 9 ! opposite direction1 :i* re-action is proportion$ to ! rate ( impact1 ! angle rema9+ ! same4 ,if !n we suppose a re-action correspond+ to ! greate/ rate ( revolution1 :i* is t due to ! out]mo/ portion ( ! imp++ surface 7t mo/ remov$ f ! axis ( rotation7 we %all h a progressive motion 9 ! :ole app>atus great] ?an ! rate ( impact ( ! inn]mo/ or m c5tral portions ( ! revolv+ plane2 & accord+ly ! re-action w be !reab\ts transf]r$ f ! back to ! front ( ! propulsive app>atus1 & t5d to ret>d in/ead ( advanc+ ! progress ( ! ma*9e to :i* x is atta*$4 ,?is inconv5i5ce is felt & ackn[l$g$ by all ^? :o h employ$ ?is pr9ciple to obta9 a progressive motion1 & accord+ly a provision has be5 made aga9/ x 9 ! removal or r$uction ( ! c5tral portion ( ! revolv+ vanes1 ) a view to let ! air escape or pass ?r\gh z ! in/rum5t advances2 a provision :i* is c]ta9ly effectual to t end1 b at ! co/ ( ! surface1 :i* is ! ultimate s\rce ( ! requir$ re-action4 ,all ?is is avoid$ 9 ! use ( ! p]fect screw4 ,!re1 ! rate ( rotation & ! angle ( impact mutually correspond+1 may be said to play into ea* o!r's h&s2 ! spiral becom+ m ext5d$ z ! impact becomes less =cible1 t is z x approa*es ! c5tre1 :]e bo? altoge!r vani% or disappe>2 ?us obviat+ ! possibility ( any int]ruption to ! c\rse ( ! ma*9e f ! contr>i\s impact ( ! air1 h[ev] quick or h[ev] sl[ ! motions1 ei!r ( ! screw itself or ( ! ma*9e :i* is propell$ by its op]ation4 ,9 atte/ation ( ?is fact & z %[+ ! immunity ( ! p]fect screw f ! disp>ag+ effects exp]i5c$ by ! o!r modes ( accompli%+ ! same object1 ,i w only m5tion a circum/ance relat$ to me by ,mr4 ,smi? himself1 to :om ,i am glad to ackn[l$ge myself indebt$ = s mu* valuable in=mation respect+ ?is in/rum5t1 :i*1 by ! light he has ?r[n ^u its use & ! improvem5ts he has introduc$ into its con/ruction1 he may be truly said to h made 8 own4 ,^u a late occasion1 :5 try+ "o ( ! l>g] class ( vessels :i* _h j be5 furni%$ by him ^u ?is pr9ciple1 "s p]sons n p]ceiv+ ! true nature ( ! figure employ$1 cont5d$ t "s opposition mu/ be exp]i5c$ by ! c5tral portion ( ! screw1 :i* revolv$ s mu* less rapidly ?an ! rate ( ! %ip itself4 ,9 ord] to conv9ce !m ( _! error1 ,mr4 ,smi? caus$ a portion ( ! surface 9 "q1 next ! axis1 to a c]ta9 di/ance1 to be cut away1 leav+ an op5+1 by :i*1 = ! wat] to escape4 ,! result 01 imm$iately ! loss ( "o mile an h\r 9 ! rate ( ! %ip2 ?us %ew+ t ev5 ! mo/ app>5tly feeble portion ( ! imp++ surface ( ?is in/rum5t contributes1 9 its degree1 to ! con/itution ( ! aggregate =ce ( :i* x is productive4 ,?is peculi>ity ( con/ruction is ! ma9 cause ( ! advantage :i* ! ,ar*im$ean ,screw possesses ov] all its types or imitations2 b x is n ! only "o4 ,! entirety or unbrok5 cont9uity ( its surface is ano!r1 n mu* less influ5tial4 ,! value ( ?is w be ! m readily appreciat$ :5 we consid] t air1 unlike wat] & o!r non-ela/ic fluids1 und]goes a r>efaction or impov]i%m5t ( d5sity1 & consequ5tly ( resi/+ p[]1 accord+ly z x is swept away by ! rapid passage ( imp++ planes2 ! p>ts imm$iately beh9d1 & to a consid]able di/ance1 be+ !reby reliev$ f ! support !y _h previ\sly exp]i5c$1 & ext5d+ 7& consequ5tly becom+ ?9n]7 9 ord] to fill up ! space ?us p>tially cle>$ away4 ,n[ x is evid5t t if o!r planes be br\ght into op]ation 9 ! p>ts ( ! atmosph]e ?us impov]i%$1 be=e !y h _h "t to recov] _! pri/9e or natural d5sity1 !y w ( necessity act ) dim9i%$ vig\r2 ! resi/ance be+ ev] proportion$ to ! d5sity ( ! resi/+ m$ium4 ,?is is ! condition into :i*1 m or less1 all sy/ems ( revolv+ planes are necess>ily br\ght1 t consi/ ( m ?an "o2 & is a gr& cause ( ! little real effect !y h be5 made capable ( produc+1 :5ev] tri$4 ,! nature ( ?is objection1 & ! ext5t to :i* x op]ates1 w appe> mo/ /rik+ly f ! foll[+ fact4 ,mr4 ,h5son's s*eme ( flight is f\nd$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( an incl9$ plane1 />t$ f an em95ce by an extr9sic =ce1 appli$ & cont9u$ by ! revolution ( imp++ vanes1 9 =m & numb] resembl+ ! sails ( a w9dmill4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts :i* 7 made 9 ?is gall]y ) sev]al models ( ?is propos$ con/ruction1 x 0 f\nd t s f> f aid+ ! ma*9e 9 its flight1 ! op]ation ( ^! vanes actually imp$$ its progress2 inasmu* z x 0 always f\nd to proce$ to a great] di/ance by ! m]e =ce ( acquir$ velocity 7:i* is ! only =ce x ev] display$71 ?an :5 ! vanes 7 set 9 motion to aid x--a simple fact1 :i* x is unnecess>y to dilate ^u4 ,x is to ! ag5cy ( ?is cause1 namely1 ! brok5 cont9uity ( surface1 t1 ,i h no d\bt1 is also to be ascrib$ ! failure ( ! attempt ( ,sir ,george ,cayley to propel a ,balloon ( a some:at simil> %ape to ! pres5t1 :i* he made at ! ,polyte*nic ,in/itution a %ort :ile s9ce1 :5 he employ$ a s]ies ( revolv+ vanes1 f\r 9 numb]1 dispos$ at prop] int]vals ar\nd1 b :i* 7 f\nd ineffectual to move x4 ,_h ^! sep>ate surfaces be5 ?r[n into "o1 ( ! nature & =m ( ! ,ar*im$ean ,screw1 !re is little d\bt t ! exp]im5t w\ld h be5 att5d$ ) a diff]5t result4 ,9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples "h illu/rat$1 ! ,ar*im$ean ,screw prop]ly consi/s ( only "o turn2 m ?an "o be+ productive ( no m resi/ance1 & consequ5tly sup]flu\s4 ,a s+le unbrok5 turn ( ! screw1 h[ev]1 :5 ! diamet] is ( any magnitude1 w\ld require a consid]able l5g? ( axis1 :i* 9 its adaptation to ! ,balloon1 w\ld be practically objectionable2 accord+ly two half turns1 ne>ly equival5t 9 p[] to "o :ole turn1 has be5 pref]r$2 z 9 mo/ in/ances x has be5 by ,mr4 ,smi?1 himself1 9 8 application ( x to ! navigation ( ! seas1 ,inde$1 9 all o!r respects1 except ! nature ( its mat]ial1 ! screw "h repres5t$ is exactly analog\s to t us$ by ,mr4 ,smi? 9 its mo/ p]fect =m1 hav+ be51 9 fact1 design$1 & 9 "p con/ruct$ "u 8 own sup]vision4,a ,! model ^u :i* ^! pr9ciples h be5 n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 successfully1 at lea/1 tri$ 9 ! air1 is con/ruct$ ^u ! foll[+ scale4 ,! ,balloon is1 z be=e /at$1 an ellipsoid or solid oval2 9 l5g?1 #ac feet #f in*es1 & 9 height1 #f feet #h in*es4 ,x conta9s1 accord+ly1 a volume ( gas equal to ab\t #cbj cubic feet1 :i*1 9 pure hydrog51 w\ld enable x to support a weight ( tw5ty-"o p\nds1 :i* is ab\t its real p[] :5 rec5tly inflat$1 & be=e ! gas has _h "t to become det]iorat$ by ! process ( endosmose4,b ,! :ole weight ( ! ma*9e & app>atus is sev5te5 p\nds2 consequ5tly !re is ab\t f\r p\nds to sp>e1 9 ord] to meet ?is cont+5cy4 ,footnote ,a3 ,! frame 0 made at ,mr4 ,smi?'s reque/1 by ,mr4 ,pilgrim1 ( ! ,ar*im$es2 ! orig9al exp]im5tal vessel 9 :i* ?is mode ( propulsion 0 fir/ tri$ ^u ! l>ge scale4 ,mr4 ,pilgrim has be5 long v]s$ 9 all t relates to ! me*anism ( ?is in/rum5t1 & is inde$ a mo/ exp]t & +5i\s arti/4 ,footnote ,b3 ,endosmose is t op]ation by :i* gases ( diff]5t specific gravities are enabl$1 or r =c$ to come toge!r ?r\gh ! pores ( any membran\s or o!r flexible cov]+ by :i* x is s\ght to re/ra9 !m4 ,z above ref]r$ to1 x is ! introduction ( atmosph]ic air into ! body ( ! ,balloon ?r\gh ! pores ( ! silk1 h[ev] accurately v>ni%$1 by :i* ! purity ( ! hydrog5 gas is contam9at$1 & its buoyant p[] ultimately exhau/$ ,?is x is impossible to prev5t by any process1 except ! int]position ( a metallic cov]+2 z = in/ance1 by gild+ ! ,balloon1 :i* w\ld be effectual c\ld x be contriv$ to endure ! con/ant friction & b5d+ ( ! mat]ial itself4 ,b5ea? ! c5tre ( ! ,balloon1 & ab\t two-?irds ( its l5g?1 is a frame ( light wood1 answ]+ to ! hoop ( an ord9>y ,balloon2 to :i* are atta*$ ! cords ( ! net :i* encloses ! susp5d+ vessel1 & :i* s]ves to di/ribute ! pressure ( ! app5d$ weight equally ov] its :ole surface1 z well z to =m an int]m$iate means ( atta*m5t = ! re/ ( ! app>atus4 ,?is consi/s ( a c> or basket 9 ! c5tre2 at "o end ! rudd]1 & at ! o!r ! ,ar*im$ean ,screw4 ,! c> is ab\t two feet long & eighte5 in*es broad1 & is lac$ to ! hoop by cords1 :i* runn+ ?r\gh loops in/ead ( be+ fa/5$ individually1 all[ ( unlimit$ play1 & equalize ! application ( ! weight ( ! c> to ! hoop1 z ( ! :ole to ! ,balloon above4 ,! ,ar*im$ean ,screw consi/s ( an axis ( holl[ brass tube eighte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 ?r\gh :i*1 ^u a semi-spiral ( #ae ( incl9ation1 are pass$ a s]ies ( radii or spokes ( /eel wire1 two feet long1 7?us project+ a foot on ei!r side7 & :i* be+ connect$ at _! out] extremities by two b&s ( flatt5$ wire1 =m ! frame "w ( ! ,screw1 :i* is complet$ by a cov]+ ( oil$ silk cut into gores1 & tightly /ret*$1 s z to pres5t z ne>ly uni=m a surface z ! nature ( ! case w p]mit4 ,?is ,screw is support$ at ei!r end ( ! axis by pill>s ( holl[ brass tube desc5d+ f ! hoop1 9 ! l[] extremities ( :i* are ! holes 9 :i* ! pivots ( ! axis revolve4 ,f ! end ( ! axis :i* is next ! c>1 proce$s a %aft ( /eel1 :i* connects ! ,ar*im$ean ,screw ) ! p9ion ( a piece ( spr+ ma*9]y seat$ 9 ! c>2 by ! op]ation ( :i* x is made to revolve1 & a progressive motion communicat$ to ! :ole app>atus4 ,?is spr+ is ( consid]able p[] comp>$ ) its dim5sions1 be+ capable ( rais+ ab\t #de p\nds ^u a b>rel ( f\r in*es diamet] aft] ! fir/ turn1 & gradually increas+ z x is w\nd up4 ,x weighs altoge!r1 eight p\nds six ounces4 ,! rudd] is a light frame ( cane cov]$ ) silk1 some:at ( ! =m ( an elongat$ battl$oor1 ab\t ?ree feet long1 & "o foot wide1 :]e x is l>ge/4 ,x might be made consid]ably l>g] if requir$1 be+ exce$+ly light & yet suffici5tly /rong = any =ce to :i* x c\ld be subject$4 ,x weighs altoge!r only two ounces & a half4 ,?is in/rum5t possesses a d\ble "*4 ,besides its prop] purpose ( guid+ ! horizontal c\rse ( ! ,balloon1 x is capable ( be+ appli$ 9 a novel mann] to its elevation or depression1 :5 driv5 by ! propulsive p[] ( ! ,screw4 ,be+ s contriv$ z to be capable ( be+ turn$ flat1 & also direct$ upw>ds or d[nw>ds z well z to ! "r or left1 x enables ! a]onaut to transf] ! resi/ance ( ! air1 :i*1 9 any incl9$ position1 x mu/ g5]ate 9 its passage1 to any side ^u :i* he may desire to act1 & ?us give a det]m9ation to ! c\rse ( ! ,balloon 9 ! opposite direction4 ,?is w appe> m cle> z well z m c]ta9 :5 we consid]1 t ! a]ial vessel be+ 9 a /ate ( p]fect equipoise1 z x ev] mu/ be :5 proce$+ on ! same level1 ! slighte/ alt]ation 9 its buoyancy is suffici5t to s5d x to a consid]able di/ance ei!r up or d[n z ! case may be3 ! rejection ( a p\nd ( balla/1 or ( an equival5t am\nt ( gas1 be+ en\gh to conduct ! a]onaut to ! extreme/ limits ( 8 desires 9 ei!r direction1 :atev] may be ! size ( 8 ,balloon4 ,n[ a resi/ance equal to _m p\nds is atta9able by an incl9$ plane ( ev5 mod]ate dim5sions :5 propell$ ev5 ) mod]ate velocity2 & be+ readily gov]n$ by ! m]e incl9ation ( ! imp++ plane at ! w & by ! h& ( ! a]ial voyag]1 x w be 9 8 p[] to v>y ! level ( 8 ma*9e ) v consid]able nicety2 enabl+ him to approa* ! surface ( ! e>?1 or 9 a g5tle curve to sweep away f its occasional irregul>ities1 & proce$ to a v consid]able elevation )\t int]rupt+ ! progress ( 8 c\rse1 &1 :at is ( m importance1 )\t sacrific+ any "p ( 8 res\rces 9 gas or balla/1 ^u ! pres]vation ( :i* ! duration ( 8 c>e] s entirely dep5ds4 ,^! prop]ties ( ! rudd] x is n possible to display 9 ! pres5t exhibition1 ow+ to ! conf9$ nature ( ! c\rse :i* x is necess>y to pursue2 b !y 7 suffici5tly te/$ 9 ! prelim9>y exp]im5ts at ,willis's ,rooms1 :]e ! space be+ l>g]1 a circul> motion 0 conf]r$ ^u ! ma*9e by connect+ x ) a fix$ c5tre r\nd :i* x 0 ?us made to revolve1 )\t ! necessity ( conf9+ x to ! "o level4 ,! rate ( motion :i* ! ,balloon ?us equipp$ is capable ( accompli%+ v>ies accord+ to ! circum/ances ( its propulsion4 ,:5 ! ,ar*im$ean ,screw prec$es1 ! velocity is less ?an :5 x is made to foll[1 ow+ to ! reaction ( ! air 9 ! =m] in/ance aga9/ ! c>1 ! "u surface ( ! balloon1 & o!r ob/acles1 by :i* its progress is ret>d$4 ,aga91 :5 ! cord ^u :i* x travels is mo/ t5se & free f vibration1 ! rate is f\nd to be consid]ably accel]at$1 comp>$ ) :at x is :5 ! contr>y conditions prevail4 ,b *iefly is its spe$ affect$ by ! prop] balla/+ ( ! ma*9e itself1 ^u :i*1 dep5ds ! friction x enc\nt]s f ! cord on :i* x travels4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances x proce$s at a rate ( ab\t f\r miles an h\r1 b :5 ! conditions allud$ to h be5 mo/ fav\rable1 x has accompli%$ a velocity ( n less ?an five2 & !re is no d\bt t 7 x altoge!r free f re/ra9t1 z x w\ld be 9 ! op5 air1 ) a h& to guide x1 its progress w\ld be upw>ds ( six miles an h\r4 ,hav+ n[1 ,i tru/1 suffici5tly expla9$ ! pr9ciples exemplifi$ 9 ! model "h describ$1 x may be expect$ t ,i %\ld add a few words reg>d+ _! r$uction into practice ^u a l>g] scale & 9 ! op5 air1 ) su* difficulties to cont5d ) z may be expect$ to be enc\nt]$ 9 ! prosecution ( su* a design4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 h[ev]1 x w be necess>y to disabuse ! public m9d ( "s v prevail+ misconceptions ) respect to ! conditions ( a ,balloon expos$ to ! action ( ! w9ds1 pursu+ its c\rse "u ! ex]cise ( an inh]5t propulsive p[]4 ,^! misconceptions1 :i*1 be x obs]v$1 are m or less equally p>ticipat$ 9 by ! sci5tific z by ! ignorant1 :5 devoid ( t practical exp]i5ce :i* is ! basis ( all a]onautical pr(ici5cy1 are ( a v vague & g5]al "*1 & consequ5tly n v easy accurately to def9e4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to make sure ( meet+ all ! objections & remov+ all ! d\bts to :i* !y are calculat$ to give rise1 x w be advisable1 ev5 at ! risk ( a little t$i\sness1 to sep>ate !m into di/9ct que/ions & treat !m accord+ly4 ,"o ( ! mo/ speci\s ( ^! misconceptions reg>ds ! effects ( ! resi/ance ( ! atmosph]e ^u ! figure ( ! ,balloon :5 rapidly propell$ ?r\gh ! air1 :]eby x is presum$ its oppos+ front w be driv5 91 & m or less incapacitat$ f p]=m+ ! "p assign$ to x2 namely1 to cleave its way ) ! r$uc$ resi/ance due to its prop] =m4 ,to obviate1 ?is imag9$ result1 v>i\s rem$ies h be5 propos$--su* z1 to con/ruct t "p ( ! ma*9e ( m solid mat]ials ?an ! re/1 or else 7z sugge/$ by "o ( ! mo/ sci5tific & +5i\s ( ^? :o h devot$ _! att5tion to ! !ory ( a]ial navigation71 to subject ! gase\s cont5ts ( ! ,balloon to su* a degree ( artificial cond5sation by compression1 z %all supply f )9 a =ce equal to t f )\t2 adopt+1 ( c\rse1 mat]ials ( a /rong] texture ?an ^? at pres5t 9 use1 = ! con/ruction ( ! balloon4 ,n[ ! cont+5cy aga9/ :i* x is "h s\ght to provide1 & :i* ,i grant is a v reasonable "o to anticipate1 has nev]!less no real exi/5ce 9 practice2 at lea/ 9 su* a degree z to r5d] x necess>y to h rec\rse to any p>ticul> exp$i5t = its prev5tion4 ,tak+ x = grant$ t ! hypo!sis 9 :i* x is involv$ is f\nd$ ^u a presum$ analogy ) a ,balloon expos$ to ! action ( ! w9d :ile 9 a /ate ( atta*m5t to ! e>?1 ,i w\ld fir/ obs]ve t ! cases 9 "q1 h[ev] app>5tly analog\s1 are 9 reality ess5tially dissimil>4 ,9 ! "o case 7t :]e ! ,balloon is suppos$ to be atta*$ to ! e>?7 all ! motion1 & consequ5tly all ! mom5tum1 is 9 ! air2 9 ! o!r case 7:]e ! ,balloon is suppos$ to be progressive71 x is 9 ! con/itu5t p>ticles ( ! ma*9e itself & ( its gase\s cont5ts4 ,& ?is mom5tum1 :i* is ev] proportion$ to ! rate ( its motion1 &1 consequ5tly1 to ! am\nt ( resi/ance x exp]i5ces1 is amply suffici5t to secure ! pres]vation ( ! =m ( its oppos+ front1 h[ev] p>tially di/5d$1 & :atev] ! velocity ) :i* x might happ5 to be end[$4 ,indep5d5tly1 h[ev]1 ( ?is corrective pr9ciple1 ano!r1 equally efficaci\s is af=d$ 9 ! buoyant p[] ( ! includ$ gas1 :i*1 occupy+ all ! upp] "p ( ! ,balloon s long z x is 9 a condition to su/a9 itself 9 ! air1 & g5]ally ext5d+ to its :ole capacity1 presses f )9 ) a =ce f> great] ?an any x c\ld exp]i5ce f ! ext]nal impact ( ! atmosph]e1 & suffici5tly resi/s any impression f t qu>t] :i* might t5d to impair its =m4 ,to :at ext5t ?is is effective1 w appe> m cle>ly :5 we obs]ve t 9 any balloon inflat$1 x is ! sides ( ! di/5d$ globe t be> out ! weight ( ! app5d$ c>go1 ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( ! network2 a weight only limit$ by ! su/a9+ p[] ( ! ma*9e itself1 & 9 ! case ( ! great ,vauxhall or ,nassau ,balloon1 am\nt+ to m ?an two tons1 & consequ5tly press+ ) a =ce f> exce$+ any t c\ld arise f ! impact ( ! air at any rate ( motion x c\ld ev] be expect$ to accompli%4 ,& ?is /atem5t1 :i* repres5ts ! !oretical view ( ! "q1 is fully borne out by ! real circum/ances ( ! case z !y appe> 9 practice4 ,s f> f ju/ify+ ! appreh5sions ( ^? :o conceive t ! front ( ! ,balloon w\ld be disfigur$ by its compulsory progression ?r\gh ! air1 ! result is exactly ! rev]se2 ! only t5d5cy to d]angem5t ( =m display+ itself 9 ! "p beh9d1 :]e ! ru%+ 9 ( ! atmosph]ic m$ium to fill ! place ( ! advanc+ body 79 ! nature ( an eddy1 z x is t]m$ 9 wat]71 might & no d\bt w\ld1 to "s ext5t 7?\gh p]haps b slightly7 affect ! figure ( t "p1 9 a mann]1 h[ev]1 calculat$ r to aid ?an to impair ! g5]al design 9 view1 ,ano!r error ( m univ]sal preval5cy1 because ( a m sup]ficial "*1 reg>ds ! condition ( ! ,balloon z affect$ by ! curr5ts ( air1 9 & ?r\gh :i* x might h to be propell$4 ,! argum5ts f\nd$ ^u su* a view ( ! case1 g5]ally assume "s su* =m z ! foll[+--,x is true y c accompli% su* or su* a rate ( motion2 b t is only 9 a room1 ) a calm atmosph]e1 or ) a fav\rable curr5t ( w9d4 ,9 ! op5 air1 ) ! w9d at ! rate ( tw5ty or ?irty miles an h\r1 y\r feeble p[] w\ld be ( no avail4 ,y c\ld nev] expect to direct y\r c\rse aga9/ ! w9d1 & if y 7 to attempt x & ! w9d 7 /rong1 y w\ld inevitably be bl[n to pieces by ! =ce ( ! curr5t4 ,n[ ?is argum5t is equally n\ght ) ! prec$+4 ,! condition ( ! ,balloon1 z f> z reg>ds ! ex]cise ( its propulsive p[]s1 is precisely ! same :e!r ! w9d be /rong or g5tle1 ) x or aga9/ x4 ,9 nei!r case w\ld ! ,balloon exp]i5ce any opposition or resi/ance to its progress b :at itself1 by its own indep5d5t motion1 creat$2 & t opposition or resi/ance w\ld be exactly ! same 9 :atev] direction x might be s\ght to be e/abli%$4 ,! ,balloon1 passively susp5d$ 9 ! air1 )\t ! ex]cise ( a propulsive p[]1 exp]i5ces no effects :atev] f ! motion ( ! atmosph]e 9 :i* x is c>ri$1 h[ev] viol5t2 & ! e/abli%m5t ( su* a propulsive p[] c\ld nev] subject x to m ?an ! =ce itself1 ) :i* x 0 inve/$4 ,! way :i* ! ,balloon s provid$ w\ld make ?r\gh ! air w\ld always be ! same1 9 :atev] direction1 or ) :atev] viol5ce ! w9d might happ5 to bl[2 & ! condition ( ! ,balloon w\ld always be ! same t 0 due to its own indep5d5t rate ( motion1 )\t reg>d to any o!r circum/ances :atev]4 ,if x 0 furni%$ ) ! means ( accompli%+ a rate ( motion equal to t5 miles an h\r1 x w\ld exp]i5ce a c]ta9 am\nt ( atmosph]ic resi/ance due to t rate2 & ?is am\nt ( resi/ance ) all its concomitant consequ5ces1 nei!r m nor less1 w\ld x exp]i5ce1 :e!r x endeav\r$ to make ?is way aga9/ a w9d bl[+ at ! rate ( #ajj miles an h\r1 or ) ! same 9 its fav\r4 ,! result1 s f> z reg>ds its di/ance f ! place ( />t+1 w\ld1 ,i grant1 be v diff]5t2 b at pres5t we are only consid]+ ! conditions ( its motion ?r\gh ! air1 & ^!1 ,i repeat1 w\ld be ! same :atev] ! rate or c\rse ( ! w9d2 s t all speculations on ?is score mu/ resolve !mselves into que/ions ( quantity1 n ( quality1 9 ! effect s\ght to be accompli%$3 9 o!r words1 all consid]ation ( ! rate ( ! w9d mu/ be left out ( ! argum5t1 except1 9 s f> z x %all be tak5 to regulate ! limit :i* %all be assign$ to ! rate ( ! a]ial ma*9e1 z suffici5t to ju/ify its claims to ! title ( a successful mode ( navigat+ ! skies4,a ,footnote ,a3 ,! condition ( a ,balloon propell$ by ma*9]y is v analog\s to t ( a boat 9 ! wat] driv5 by o>s or paddles4 ,suppose su* a boat to be r[+ or paddl+ up a riv] aga9/ ! /ream1 if a piece ( cork be ?r[n ov]bo>d x appe>s to be c>ri$ away ) ! curr5t4 ,b ?is is delusive2 x is ! boat alone :i* really moves away f ! cork4 ,= if ! boat be left to its own c\rse1 bo? x & ! cork w float d[n toge!r2 & if ! use ( ! o>s or paddles be resum$1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! boat & ! cork w proce$ to develope itself exactly accord+ to ! rate ( ! boat1 )\t any reg>d to t ( ! /ream4 ,if ! /ream be excessively rapid1 ! boatsm5 w appe> to be ex]cis+ v great =ce to enable !m to /em ! torr5t & avoid be+ c>ri$ backw>d4 ,n[ ! resi/ance :i* !y exp]i5ce & all its att5dant effects are only ^? :i* !y create = !mselves1 & :i* !y w\ld exp]i5ce 9 exactly ! same degree 7 !y to endeav\r to move at ! same rate 9 calm wat] or ) ! curr5t 9 _! fav\r4 ,if ! curr5t be at ! rate ( t5 miles an h\r & !y are j able to ma9ta9 _! place1 !y are proce$+ at ! rate ( t5 miles an h\r1 & !y exp]i5ce ! opposition due to t rate ( motion2 precisely ! same z !y w\ld exp]i5ce if !y s\ght to accompli% ! same rate ( motion "u any o!r circum/ances4 ,& if ! curr5t 7 #ajj miles an h\r1 !y w\ld suff] no m f endeav\r+ to g aga9/ x1 ) ! =ce j ascrib$ to !m1 ?an if !y 7 to ex]cise ! same =ce 9 any o!r direction1 or 9 a wat] p]fectly tranquil4 ,apply ?is reason+ to ! case ( a ,balloon propell$ by ma*9]y1 & mu* ( ! obscurity 9 :i* x is involv$ w disappe>4 ,) ^! conditions e/abli%$1 x w n[ be se5 t we h no?+ to consid]1 9 discuss+ ! probable success ( any s*eme ( a]ial navigation ) ! aid ( ! ,balloon 7s f> z its m]e movem5ts are conc]n$7,a except ! actual rate ( motion :i* x is compet5t to accompli%2 :e!r or n x be suffici5t to meet ! exig5cies ( ! case z !y may happ5 to be e/imat$4 ,t its capabilities 9 t respect1 be display$ )9 a room1 or 9 a calm atmosph]e1 or "u :at may be call$ ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances1 has no?+ 9 x to disp>age or affect ! g5]al "q4 ,:atev] x c d !re1 x c d ! same 9 a hurricane2 & ! only real "q is1 :e!r1 :at x c accompli% 9 respect ( rate1 is en\gh to answ] ! purpose 9 view4 ,footnote ,a3 ,i h said s f> z its m]e movem5ts are conc]n$2 because ! complete success ( ! s*eme1 h[ f> x is an available & satisfactory mode ( transport1 dep5ds ^u o!r conditions besides ! accompli%m5t ( a giv5 rate ( motion--z = in/ance1 :e!r x be safe1 or practicable1 or consi/5t ) a due pres]vation ( ! buoyancy ( ! ,balloon1 s z to all[ ( its be+ employ$ 9 voyages ( suffici5t di/ance & duration1 or capable ( be+ work$ at mod]ate co/1 or :e!r x leave suffici5t all[ance = c>go2 ) _m o!rs ( less /rik+ importance1 :i* ! practical a]onaut w readily sugge/ = himself4 ,! model we h be5 j describ+ is capable z we h se51 ( accompli%+ a rate ( ab\t six miles an h\r4 ,n[ ! resi/ance to ! progress ( a ,balloon v>ies z ! squ>es ( ! velocities or rates ( motion4 ,accord+ly1 = ! same ,balloon to accompli% twice ! spe$1 or twelve miles an h\r1 x w\ld be necess>y to be provid$ ) f\r times ! p[]4 ,?us z ! spr+ p[] employ$ 9 ! model is equal to a weight ( #de p\nds1 ^u a b>rel ( f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 x w\ld require "o compet5t to raise #ahj p\nds on ! same siz$ b>rel1 to enable x to propel ! same ,balloon at d\ble ! pres5t rate4 ,b ) reg>d to ,balloons ( diff]5t sizes & ( ! same %ape1 ! p[] requir$ to produce ! same rate ( motion1 w\ld be z ! squ>es ( _! respective diamet]s3 = ! p[] is z ! resi/ance1 ! resi/ance z ! surface1 & ! surface foll[s ! proportion j assign$4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e to propel a ,balloon ( ! same =m & twice ! diamet]1 at ! same rate1 x w\ld require a =ce ( f\r times ! am\nt4 ,n[ to apply ?is to ! consid]ation ( a ,balloon ( sup]ior magnitude1 let u assume "o ( #ajj feet 9 l5g?1 & fifty feet 9 height4 ,! buoyant p[] ( su* a ma*9e1 or ! weight x w\ld c>ry1 suppos+ x inflat$ ) gas ( ! same specific gravity1 comp>$ ) t ( ! model1 w\ld be z ! cubes ( _! respective diamet]s2 or 91 ab\t1 ! ratio ( #dbj to "o4 ,su* a ,balloon1 !re=e1 s inflat$1 w\ld c>ry a weight ( ab\t #hgjj p\nds1 or above ?ree tons & ?ree qu>t]s4 ,z1 h[ev]1 x w\ld be v exp5sive to inflate su* a vessel ) pure hydrog5 gas1 x w\ld be advisable to f\nd our calculations ^u ! use ( coal gas2 "u :i* circum/ances ! weight x w\ld c>ry w\ld be limit$ to ab\t ?ree tons4 ,d$uct+ f ?is1 "o ton = ! weight ( ! ,balloon itself & its necess>y equipm5ts1 !re w\ld rema9 two tons1 or ab\t #dejj p\nds1 to be devot$ to ! p[]1 :atev] x might be1 by :i* ! ma*9]y 0 to be mov$1 & ! liv+ c>go x might h to c>ry4 ,nor let ! read] be surpris$ at ! magnitude ( ! figures we are "h employ+1 z if x 7 some?+ extraord9>y or beyond ! p[] ( man to accompli%4 ,! dim5sions & p[] we h "h assum$ is v little great] ?an ^? ( ! great ,vauxhall ,balloon1,a & consid]ably less ?an "s ( ,montgolfires1 or ,fire-balloons1 :i* 7 fir/ employ$4 ,footnote ,a3 ,! height ( ! ,vauxhall ,balloon is ab\t eighty feet1 its bread? ab\t fifty4 ,x conta9s #hejjj cubic feet ( gas1 & supports a weight ( upw>ds ( two tons4 ,n[ ! resi/ance :i* su* a ,balloon z ,i h "h describ$ w\ld exp]i5ce 9 its passage ?r\gh ! air1 & consequ5tly ! p[] x w\ld require to e/abli% t resi/ance comp>$ ) ^? ( ! model1 we h said w\ld be z ! squ>es ( _! respective diamet]s1 or 91 ab\t1 ! ratio ( only fifty-six to "o2 9 o!r words1 :atev] =ce x w\ld take to propel ! model at any giv5 rate1 x w\ld require j fifty-six times ! p[] to accompli% ! same result ) ! l>ge ,balloon we h be5 describ+4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 precisely :at ?is p[] w\ld be 9 any giv5 in/ance1 x only rema9s to f9d an expression = ! spr+ p[] ) :i* we h be5 hi!rto deal+1 t %all be m g5]ally compreh5sible4 ,?is we %all d by a comp>ison ) ! p[] ( /eam1 accord+ to ! usual mode ( e/imat+ x2 t is1 reckon+ a "o-horse p[] to be equal to ! traction or draught ( #cb1jjj lbs4 ?r\gh ! space ( "o foot 9 a m9ute4 ,accord+ to ?is scale1 obs]v+ ! correspond+ conditions ( ! spr+--namely1 ! weight x balances on ! b>rel1 7answ]+ to ! =ce ( traction7 #de lbs41 ! circumf]5ce ( ! b>rel 7answ]+ to ! space trav]s$7 "o foot1 & ! "t ( uncoil+ = ea* turn1 7answ]+ to ! rate ( ! op]ation7 say1 ?ree seconds & a half--we f9d ! p[] ( ! spr+ employ$ 9 ! propulsion ( ! model1 to be z ne>ly z possible ! =ty-second "p ( ! p[] ( "o horse2 f :5ce x is easy to d$uce ! conditions ( flight assignable to ! same1 & to diff]5t siz$ ,balloons ( ! same %ape1 at any o!r degree ( spe$4 ,assum+1 = in/ance1 a ,balloon ( #ajj feet 9 l5g? & #ej feet 9 height1 & propos+ a rate ( motion equal to #bj miles an h\r1 we h1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! p[] requir$ to propel ! model at t rate1 comp>$ ) t already asc]ta9$ = a velocity ( six miles an h\r1 9 ! ratio ( ! squ>es ( ! two velocities1 z ne>ly t5 to "o2 t is1 t5 =ty-seconds1 or ab\t "o-f\r? ( a horse p[]4 ,to apply ?is to ! l>g] ,balloon1 we mu/ take ! squ>es ( _! respective diamet]s2 :i* be+ ne>ly 9 ! ratio ( #ef to #a1 gives an am\nt ( #ef times "o-f\r? or ab\t #ad horses1 z ! sum ( ! p[] requir$4 ,f :at p>ticul> s\rce ! p[] to be employ$ 9 ! propulsion ( ! ,balloon %\ld be d$uc$1 is n inde$ a "q )\t "s difficulties & d\bts 9 ! det]m9ation4 ,to all ! mov+ p[]s at pres5t be=e ! _w "s objections apply :i* disp>age _! application1 or altoge!r exclude !m f our consid]ation4 ,! p[] ( ! coil$ spr+ is too limit$ to be employ$ ^u a l>g] scale4 ,! use ( ! /eam-eng9e is accompani$ ) a gradual consumption ( ! res\rces ( ! ,balloon 9 balla/1 & consequ5tly 9 gas1 ! "o be+ exactly answ]able to ! o!r1 & is !re=e n calculat$ = voyages ( long duration4 ,human /r5g? appe>s to be too feeble = great results1 & moreov]1 requires repose2 :i* r$uces ! am\nt assignable to ea* man to a fraction ( its nom9al value4 ,( electro-magnetism z yet we "k too little to enable u to pron\nce ^u x ) c]ta9ty4 ,( ! rema9+ p[]s kn[n only "o is wor? m5tion+ 9 connexion ) ?is subject1 namely1 ! ela/ic =ce ( air2 & ?is ,i only m5tion because x has be5 tak5 up by "o ^: au?ority 9 ^! matt]s is des]v$ly entitl$ to mu* weight1 & :o ent]ta9s great hopes ( mak+ x ultimately subs]vi5t to ! purpose 9 view4 ,b al?\gh none ( ^! p[]s1 9 _! pres5t /ate1 be s p]fectly adapt$ to ! propulsion ( ! ,balloon z to leave no?+ fur!r to desire1 yet are "s ( !m s f> applicable z1 und\bt$ly1 to enable u to accompli%1 by _! means1 a v l>ge am\nt ( success4 ,a /eam eng9e ( ! p[] requir$1 namely1 equal to f\rte5 horses1 c\ld be easily con/ruct$1 f> )9 ! limits ( weight :i* we h at our disposal ^u t acc\nt 9 ! ,balloon "u consid]ation1 or ev5 9 "o mu* small]2 & rec5t improvem5ts h s f> r$uc$ ! am\nt ( coal requir$ = its ma9t5ance1 t p]haps z long a voyage c\ld be made by means ( x n[1 z w\ld be expect$ or requir$4 ,ev5 human /r5g?1 by a c]ta9 mode ( apply+ x1 might be made effectual to ! accompli%m5t ( a v suffici5t rate ( motion1 say f\rte5 or fifte5 miles an h\r1 =1 cont9u\sly1 z long a p]iod z ! natural /r5g? ( man1 mod]ately tax$1 c\ld endure1 & :i* we may reckon at twelve h\rs4 ,x is true t nei!r ! velocity "h quot$1 nor t be=e assum$ is s great z to enable ! a]onaut to compete ) "s ( ! modes ( transit employ$ on ! surface ( ! e>?2 z1 = in/ance1 ! railroads1 :]e #be miles an h\r is n an unusual spe$4 ,yet is n ! a]ial ma*9e :i* c\ld comm& su* a rate ( motion to be despis$1 or set aside z inf]ior 9 actual accompli%m5ts to :at is already at our disposal2 = x mu/ n be lo/ sight (1 t railroads1 or t]re/rial roads ( e description1 mu/ ev] be limit$ 9 _! ext5t & direction1 & travell+ on !m1 h[ev] p]fectly contriv$1 subject to deviations & int]ruptions1 p>ticul>ly 9 pass+ f "o c\ntry to ano!r beyond ! seas1 :i* if tak5 into acc\nt1 w\ld r$uce ! app>5t e/imate ( _! rates1 consid]ably "u ! l[e/ ( ^? assign$ to ! ,balloon 9 ! previ\s calculation2 & at all ev5ts1 by sea1 mu* less1 "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances is ! ord9>y rate ( %ips4 ,b1 x may be obs]v$1 we are "h c\nt+ ^u a rate ( motion z e/abli%$1 :i* is only effectual to t ext5t 9 ! abs5ce ( contr>y curr5ts ( w9d4 ,?is is true2 nev]!less x is no b> to ! use :i* might be made ( ! a]ial conveyance s furni%$1 nor any disp>agem5t to ! advantages :i* might be drawn f x2 = n only does ! a]onaut possess ! means ( *oos+1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 ! curr5ts to :i* he may please to commit himself1 & ( :i*1 abundance ( e v>iety is sure to be met ) at "s elevation or o!r 9 ! atmosph]e1 b1 z 9 all g5]al argum5ts1 :]e ! conditions are equally applicable to bo? sides ( ! "q1 !y may be fairly left out z neutralis+ ea* o!r1 s1 "h x mu/ n be =gott51 t ! curr5ts 9 "q1 be+ altoge!r indet]m9ate1 & equally to be expect$ f all qu>t]s1 an equal *ance exi/s ( advantages to be d]iv$1 z ( disadvantages to be enc\nt]$ f _! occurr5ce2 & t1 ev5 )\t ! means ( mak+ a selection1 ! admitt$ laws ( reason+ w\ld ju/ify u 9 consid]+ ! *ances ( ! latt] to be fully c\nt]balanc$ by ^? ( ! =m]4 ,x is en\gh1 = mod]ate success at lea/1 if1 possess+ ! p[] ( avoid+ ! bad1 & ( avail+ himself ( ! good1 ! a]onaut be furni%$ ) ! means ( mak+ a suffici5t progress = himself :5 ! atmosph]e is su* z nei!r to fav\r nor to ob/ruct him2 & 9 ?is condition ,i humbly conceive he w\ld be plac$1 ) ev5 a less rate ( motion ?an t :i* we h be=e assign$1 & confid5tly reckon ^u be+ able to accompli%4 ,,f9is4