,,macmillan',s ,,reading ,,books4 ,book ,v4 ,,standard ,v4 ,,english ,,code4 ,for ,ordinary ,pass4 ,improved reading1 and recitation of not less than seventy-five lines of poetry4 ,n4,b4--,the passages for recitation may be taken from one or more standard authors1 previously approved by the ,inspector4 ,meaning and allusions to be known1 and1 if well known1 to atone for deficiencies of memory4 ,for ,special ,grant 7,art4 #ai1 ,c4 #a74 ,parsing1 with analysis of a simple sentence4 ,,scotch ,,code4 ,for ,ordinary ,pass4 ,reading1 with expression1 a short passage of prose or of poetry1 with explanation1 grammar1 and elementary analysis of simple sentences4 ,specific ,subject--,english literature and language1 #bnd year4 7,art4 #ba and ,schedule ,,iv41 ,scotch ,code47 ,three hundred lines of poetry1 not before brought up1 repeated2 with knowledge of meaning and allusions1 and of the derivations of words4 ,,preface ,,to ,,book ,v4 ,this seems a fitting place in which to explain the general aim of this series of ,reading ,books4 ,primarily1 it is intended to provide a systematic course for use in schools which are under ,state inspection2 and1 with this view1 each ,book in the series1 after the ,primer1 is drawn up so as to meet the requirements1 as set forth in the ,english and ,scotch codes issued by the ,committees of ,council on ,education1 of the ,standard to which it corresponds4 ,this special adaptation will not1 it is hoped1 render the series less useful in other schools4 ,the graduated arrangement of the books1 although1 perhaps1 one to which every teacher may not choose to conform1 may yet serve as a test by which to compare the attainments of the pupils in any particular school with those which1 according to the codes1 may be taken as the average expected from the pupils in schools where the ,standard examination is1 necessarily1 enforced4 ,the general character of the series is literary1 and not technical4 ,scientific extracts have been avoided4 ,the teaching of special subjects is separately recognised by the codes1 and provided for by the numerous special handbooks which have been published4 ,the separation of the reading class from such teaching will prove a gain to both4 ,the former must aim chiefly at giving to the pupils the power of accurate1 and1 if possible1 apt and skilful expression2 at cultivating in them a good literary taste1 and at arousing a desire of further reading4 ,all this1 it is believed1 can best be done where no special or technical information has to be extracted from the passages read4 ,in the earlier ,books the subject1 the language1 and the moral are all as direct and simple as possible4 ,as they advance1 the language becomes rather more intricate1 because a studied simplicity1 when detected by the pupil1 repels rather than attracts him4 ,the subjects are more miscellaneous2 but still1 as far as possible1 kept to those which can appeal to the minds of scholars of eleven or twelve years of age1 without either calling for1 or encouraging1 precocity4 ,in ,books ,,ii41 ,,iii41 and ,,iv41 a few old ballads and other pieces have been purposely introduced2 as nothing so readily expands the mind and lifts it out of habitual and sluggish modes of thought1 as forcing upon the attention the expressions and the thoughts of an entirely different time4 ,the last1 or ,sixth ,book1 may be thought too advanced for its purpose4 ,but1 in the first place1 many of the pieces given in it1 though selected for their special excellence1 do not involve any special difficulties2 and1 in the second place1 it will be seen that the requirements of the ,english ,code of #ahge in the ,sixth ,standard really correspond in some degree to those of the special subject of ,english literature1 formerly recognised by the ,english1 and still recognised by the ,scotch ,code4 ,besides this1 the ,sixth ,book is intended to supply the needs of pupil teachers and of higher classes2 and to be of interest enough to be read by the scholar out of school-hours1 perhaps even after school is done with altogether4 ,to such it may supply the bare outlines of ,english literature2 and may1 at least1 introduce them to the best ,english authors4 ,the aim of all the extracts in the book may not be fully caught1 as their beauty certainly cannot be fully appreciated1 by youths2 but they may1 at least1 serve the purpose of all education--that of stimulating the pupil to know more4 ,the editor has to return his thanks for the kindness by which certain extracts have been placed at his disposal by the following authors and publishers3--,mr4 ,ruskin and ,mr4 ,william ,allingham2 ,mr4 ,nimmo 7for extract from ,hugh ,miller's works72 ,mr4 ,nelson 7for poems by ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,howitt72 ,messrs4 ,edmonston and ,douglas 7for extract from ,dasent's ,tales from the ,norse72 ,messrs4 ,chapman and ,hall 7for extracts from the works of ,charles ,dickens and ,mr4 ,carlyle72 ,messrs4 ,longmans1 ,green1 and ,co4 7for extracts from the works of ,macaulay and ,mr4 ,froude72 ,messrs4 ,routledge and ,co4 7for extracts from ,miss ,martineau's works72 ,mr4 ,murray 7for extracts from the works of ,dean ,stanley72 and many others4 ,,book ,v4 ,,contents4 ,prose4 ,,preface ,,introduction ,,incident ,,in ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,dr4 ,,johnson ,warner's ,tour in the ,northern ,counties4 ,,the ,,old ,,philosopher ,,and ,,the ,,young ,,lady ,jane ,taylor ,,barbara ,s---- ,charles ,lamb ,,dr4 ,,arnold ,tom ,brown's ,school ,days ,,boyhood',s ,,work ditto ,,work ,,in ,,the ,,world ditto ,,castles ,,in ,,the ,,air ,addison ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,nelson ,southey ,,learning ,,to ,,ride ,t4 ,hughes ,,moses ,,at ,,the ,,fair ,goldsmith ,,whang ,,the ,,miller ditto ,,an ,,escape ,defoe's ,robinson ,crusoe ,,necessity ,,the ,,mother ,,of ,,invention ditto ,,labrador ,southey's ,omniana ,,growth ,,of ,,european ,,civilization ,,in ,,the ,,twelfth ,,century ,robertson ,a ,,whale ,,hunt ,scott ,a ,,shipwreck ,charles ,kingsley ,,the ,,black ,,prince ,dean ,stanley ,,the ,,assembly ,,of ,,uri ,e4,a4 ,freeman ,,my ,,winter ,,garden ,charles ,kingsley ,,aspects ,,of ,,northern ,,and ,,southern ,,countries ,john ,ruskin ,,columbus ,,in ,,sight ,,of ,,land ,washington ,irving ,,columbus ,,shipwrecked ditto ,,robbed ,,in ,,the ,,desert ,mungo ,park ,,aristides ,plutarch's ,lives ,,the ,,venerable ,,bede ,j4,r4 ,green ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,anselm ,dean ,church ,,the ,,murder ,,of ,,becket ,dean ,stanley ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,elizabeth ,j4,r4 ,green ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,naseby ,defoe ,,the ,,pilgrims ,,and ,,giant ,,despair ,bunyan ,a ,,hard ,,winter ,rev4 ,gilbert ,white ,a ,,portentous ,,summer ditto ,a ,,thunderstorm ditto ,,character ,,of ,,sir ,,walter ,,scott ,j4 ,lockhart ,,mumps',s ,,hall ,scott ,,the ,,porteous ,,mob ditto ,,the ,,porteous ,,mob 7continued7 ditto ,,josiah ,,wedgwood ,speech by ,mr4 ,gladstone ,,the ,,crimean ,,war ,speech by ,mr4 ,disraeli ,,national ,,morality ,speech by ,mr4 ,bright ,,the ,,pleasures ,,of ,a ,,life ,,of ,,labour ,hugh ,miller ,,the ,,flight ,,of ,,birds ,rev4 ,gilbert ,white ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,corunna ,napier ,,battle ,,of ,,albuera ,napier ,,charge ,,of ,,the ,,light ,,brigade ,,at ,,balaklava ,the ,times ,correspondent ,,african ,,hospitality ,mungo ,park ,,across ,,the ,,desert ,,of ,,nubia ,bruce's ,travels ,a ,,shipwreck ,,on ,,the ,,arabian ,,coast ,w4,g4 ,palgrave ,,an ,,arabian ,,town ,w4,g4 ,palgrave ,,the ,,quest ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,grail ,sir ,thomas ,malory ,,visit ,,to ,,sir ,,roger ,,de ,,coverley',s ,,country ,,seat ,addison ,,the ,,dead ,,ass ,sterne ,poetry4 ,,the ,,village ,,blacksmith ,h4,w4 ,longfellow ,,men ,,of ,,england ,campbell ,a ,,ballad ,goldsmith ,,martyrs ,cowper ,a ,,psalm ,,of ,,life ,h4,w4 ,longfellow ,,the ,,ant ,,and ,,the ,,caterpillar ,cunningham ,,report ,,of ,,an ,,adjudged ,,case ,couper ,,the ,,inchcape ,,bell ,southey ,,battle ,,of ,,the ,,balme ,campbell ,,lochinvar ,scott ,,the ,,chameleon ,merrick ,a ,,wish ,pope ,a ,,sea ,,song ,cunningham ,,on ,,the ,,loss ,,of ,,the ',,royal ,,george' ,cowper ,,rule ,,britannia ,thomson ,,waterloo ,byron ,,ivry ,macaulay ,,ancient ,,greece ,byron ,,the ,,temple ,,of ,,fame ,pope ,a ,,happy ,,life ,sir ,henry ,wotton ,,man',s ,,servants ,george ,herbert ,,virtue ,george ,herbert ,,death ,,the ,,conqueror ,james ,shirley ,,the ,,passions ,collins ,,the ,,vision ,,of ,,belshazzar ,byron ,,ye ,,mariners ,,of ,,england ,campbell ,a ,,shipwreck ,byron ,,the ,,happy ,,warrior ,wordsworth ,,liberty ,cowper ,,the ,,trosachs ,scott ,,lochiel',s ,,warning ,campbell ,,rest ,,from ,,battle ,pope ,,the ,,saxon ,,and ,,the ,,gael ,scott ,,the ,,saxon ,,and ,,the ,,gael 7continued7 ,scott ,,the ,,winter ,,evening ,cowper ,,mazeppa ,byron ,,hymn ,,to ,,diana ,ben ,jonson ,l',,allegro ,milton ,,the ,,village ,goldsmith ,,the ,,merchant ,,of ,,venice ,shakespeare ,,il ,,penseroso ,milton ,,courtesy ,spenser ,,notes ,,book ,v4 ,,introduction4 ,throughout this book1 and the next1 you will find passages taken from the writings of the best ,english authors4 ,but the passages are not all equal1 nor are they all such as we would call the best1 and the more you read and are able to judge them for yourselves1 the better you will be able to see what is the difference between the best and those that are not so good4 ,by the best authors are meant those who have written most skilfully in prose and verse4 ,some of these have written in prose1 because they wished to tell us something more fully and freely than they could do if they tied themselves to lines of an equal number of syllables1 or ending with the same sound1 as men do when they write poetry4 ,others have written in verse1 because they wished rather to make us think over and over again about the same thing1 and1 by doing so1 to teach us1 gradually1 how much we could learn from one thing2 if we think sufficiently long and carefully about it2 and1 besides this1 they knew that rhythmical or musical language would keep longest in our memory anything which they wished to remain there2 and by being stored up in our mind1 would enrich us in all our lives after4 ,in these books you will find pieces taken from authors both in prose and verse4 ,but of the authors who have made themselves famous by the books which they have written in our language1 many had to be set aside4 ,because many writers1 though their books are famous1 have written so long ago1 that the language which they use1 though it is really the same language as our own1 is yet so old-fashioned that it is not readily understood4 ,by and by1 when you are older1 you may read these books1 and find it interesting to notice how the language is gradually changing2 so that1 though we can easily understand what our grandfathers or our great grandfathers wrote1 yet we cannot understand1 without carefully studying it1 what was written by our own ancestors a thousand1 or even five hundred1 years ago4 ,the first thing1 however1 that you have to do--and1 perhaps1 this book may help you to do it--is to learn what is the best way of writing or speaking our own language of the present day4 ,you cannot learn this better than by reading and remembering what has been written by men1 who1 because they were very great1 or because they laboured very hard1 have obtained a great command over the language4 ,when we speak of obtaining a command over language we mean that they have been able to say1 in simple1 plain words1 exactly what they mean4 ,this is not so easy a matter as you may at first think it to be4 ,those who write well do not use roundabout ways of saying a thing1 or they might weary us2 they do not use words or expressions which might mean one or other of two things1 or they might confuse us2 they do not use bombastic language1 or language which is like a vulgar and too gaudy dress1 or they might make us laugh at them2 they do not use exaggerated language1 or1 worse than all1 they might deceive us4 ,if you look at many books which are written at the present day1 or at many of the newspapers which appear every morning1 you will find that those who write them often forget these rules2 and after we have read for a short time what they have written1 we are doubtful about what they mean1 and only sure that they are trying to attract foolish people1 who like bombastic language as they like too gaudy dress1 and are caring little whether what they write is strictly true or not4 ,it is1 therefore1 very important that you should take as your examples those who have written very well and very carefully1 and who have been afraid lest by any idle or careless expression they might either lead people to lose sight of what is true1 or might injure our language1 which has grown up so slowly1 which is so dear to us1 and the beauty of which we might1 nevertheless1 so easily throw away4 ,as you read specimens of what these authors have written1 you will find that they excel chiefly in the following ways3 ,first4 ,they tell us just what they mean2 neither more nor less4 ,secondly4 ,they never leave us doubtful as to anything we ought to know in order to understand them4 ,if they tell us a story1 they make us feel as if we saw all that they tell us1 actually taking place4 ,thirdly4 ,they are very careful never to use a word unless it is necessary2 never to think a word so worthless a thing that it can be dragged in only because it sounds well4 ,fourthly4 ,when they rouse our feelings1 they do so1 not that they may merely excite or amuse us1 but that they may make us sympathise more fully with what they have to tell4 ,in these matters they are mostly alike2 but in other matters you will find that they differ from each other greatly4 ,our language has come from two sources4 ,one of these is the ,english language as talked by our remote ancestors1 the other is the ,latin language1 which came to us through ,french1 and from which we borrowed a great deal when our language was getting into the form it now has4 ,many of our words and expressions1 therefore1 are ,old ,english1 while others are borrowed from ,latin4 ,some authors prefer to use1 where they can1 old ,english words and expressions1 which are shorter1 plainer1 and more direct2 others prefer the ,latin words1 which are more ornamental and elaborate1 and perhaps fit for explaining what is obscure1 and for showing us the difference between things that are very like4 ,this is one great contrast2 and there are others which you will see for yourselves as you go on4 ,and while you notice carefully what is good in each1 you should be careful not to imitate too exactly the peculiarities1 which may be the faults1 in any one4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,incident ,,in ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,dr4 ,,johnson4 ,during the last visit ,dr4 ,johnson paid to ,lichfield1 the friends with whom he was staying missed him one morning at the breakfast-table4 ,on inquiring after him of the servants1 they understood he had set off from ,lichfield at a very early hour1 without mentioning to any of the family whither he was going4 ,the day passed without the return of the illustrious guest1 and the party began to be very uneasy on his account1 when1 just before the supper-hour1 the door opened1 and the doctor stalked into the room4 ,a solemn silence of a few minutes ensued1 nobody daring to inquire the cause of his absence1 which was at last relieved by ,johnson addressing the lady of the house in the following manner3--,madam1 ,i beg your pardon for the abruptness of my departure from your house this morning1 but ,i was constrained to it by my conscience4 ,fifty years ago1 madam1 on this day1 ,i committed a breach of filial piety1 which has ever since lain heavy on my mind1 and has not till this day been expiated4 ,my father1 as you recollect1 was a bookseller1 and had long been in the habit of attending ,lichfield market1 and opening a stall for the sale of his books during that day4 ,confined to his bed by indisposition1 he requested me1 this time fifty years ago1 to visit the market1 and attend the stall in his place4 ,but1 madam1 my pride prevented me from doing my duty1 and ,i gave my father a refusal4 ,to do away the sin of this disobedience1 ,i this day went in a post-chaise to ,lichfield1 and going into the market at the time of high business1 uncovered my head1 and stood with it bare an hour before the stall which my father had formerly used1 exposed to the sneers of the standers-by and the inclemency of the weather--a penance by which ,i hope ,i have propitiated ,heaven for this only instance1 ,i believe1 of contumacy towards my father4 ,warner's ,tour in the ,northern ,counties4 ,notes3 ,dr4 ,samuel ,johnson1 born #agji1 died #aghd ,by hard and unaided toil he won his way to the front rank among the literary men of his day4 ,he deserves the honour of having been the first to free literature from the thraldom of patronage4 ,filial piety4 ,piety is used here not in a religious sense1 but in its stricter sense of dutifulness4 ,in ,virgil the ,pious ,aneas means ,aneas who showed dutifulness to his father4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,old ,,philosopher ,,and ,,the ,,young ,,lady4 ,alas6 exclaimed a silver-headed sage1 how narrow is the utmost extent of human knowledge6 ,i have spent my life in acquiring knowledge1 but how little do ,i know6 ,the farther ,i attempt to penetrate the secrets of nature1 the more ,i am bewildered and benighted4 ,beyond a certain limit all is but conjecture3 so that the advantage of the learned over the ignorant consists greatly in having ascertained how little is to be known4 ,it is true that ,i can measure the sun1 and compute the distances of the planets2 ,i can calculate their periodical movements1 and even ascertain the laws by which they perform their sublime revolutions2 but with regard to their construction1 to the beings which inhabit them1 their condition and circumstances1 what do ,i know more than the clown8-- ,delighting to examine the economy of nature in our own world1 ,i have analyzed the elements1 and given names to their component parts4 ,and yet1 should ,i not be as much at a loss to explain the burning of fire1 or to account for the liquid quality of water1 as the vulgar1 who use and enjoy them without thought or examination8--,i remark1 that all bodies1 unsupported1 fall to the ground1 and ,i am taught to account for this by the law of gravitation4 ,but what have ,i gained here more than a term8 ,does it convey to my mind any idea of the nature of that mysterious and invisible chain which draws all things to a common centre8--,pursuing the track of the naturalist1 ,i have learned to distinguish the animal1 the vegetable1 and the mineral kingdoms1 and to divide these into their distinct tribes and families2--but can ,i tell1 after all this toil1 whence a single blade of grass derives its vitality8--,could the most minute researches enable me to discover the exquisite pencil that paints the flower of the field8 and have ,i ever detected the secret that gives their brilliant dye to the ruby and the emerald1 or the art that enamels the delicate shell8--,i observe the sagacity of animals--,i call it instinct1 and speculate upon its various degrees of approximation to the reason of man2 but1 after all1 ,i know as little of the cogitations of the brute as he does of mine4 ,when ,i see a flight of birds overhead1 performing their evolutions1 or steering their course to some distant settlement1 their signals and cries are as unintelligible to me as are the learned languages to an unlettered mechanic3 ,i understand as little of their policy and laws as they do of ',blackstone's ,commentaries4' ,alas6 then1 what have ,i gained by my laborious researches but an humbling conviction of my weakness and ignorance6 ,of how little has man1 at his best estate1 to boast6 ,what folly in him to glory in his contracted powers1 or to value himself upon his imperfect acquisitions6 99 99 99 99 99 ,well6 exclaimed a young lady1 just returned from school1 my education is at last finished3 indeed1 it would be strange if1 after five years' hard application1 anything were left incomplete4 ,happily1 it is all over now1 and ,i have nothing to do but exercise my various accomplishments4 ,let me see6--as to ,french1 ,i am mistress of that1 and speak it1 if possible1 with more fluency than ,english4 ,italian ,i can read with ease1 and pronounce very well1 as well at least1 and better1 than any of my friends2 and that is all one need wish for in ,italian4 ,music ,i have learned till ,i am perfectly sick of it4 ,but1 now that we have a grand piano1 it will be delightful to play when we have company4 ,and then there are my ,italian songs1 which everybody allows ,i sing with taste1 and as it is what so few people can pretend to1 ,i am particularly glad that ,i can4 ,my drawings are universally admired1 especially the shells and flowers1 which are beautiful1 certainly3 besides this1 ,i have a decided taste in all kinds of fancy ornaments4 ,and then1 my dancing and waltzing1 in which our master himself owned that he could take me no farther2--just the figure for it certainly6 it would be unpardonable if ,i did not excel4 ,as to common things1 geography1 and history1 and poetry1 and philosophy1 thank my stars1 ,i have got through them all6 so that ,i may consider myself not only perfectly accomplished1 but also thoroughly well informed4 ,well1 to be sure1 how much ,i have fagged through2 the only wonder is that one head can contain it all6 ,,jane ,,taylor4 ,note3 ,blackstone's ,commentaries ,the great standard work on the theory and practice of the ,english law2 written by ,sir ,william ,blackstone 7#agbc-aghj74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,village ,,blacksmith4 ,under a spreading chestnut tree1 ,the village smithy stands2 ,the smith1 a mighty man is he1 ,with large and sinewy hands2 ,and the muscles of his brawny arms ,are strong as iron bands4 ,his hair is crisp1 and black1 and long1 ,his face is like the tan2 ,his brow is wet with honest sweat1 ,he earns whate'er he can1 ,and looks the whole world in the face1 ,for he owes not any man4 ,week in1 week out1 from morn till night1 ,you can hear his bellows blow2 ,you can hear him swing his heavy sledge1 ,with measured beat and slow1 ,like a sexton ringing the village bell1 ,when the evening sun is low4 ,and children coming home from school ,look in at the open door2 ,they love to see the flaming forge1 ,and hear the bellows roar1 ,and catch the burning sparks that fly ,like chaff from a threshing-floor4 ,he goes on ,sunday to the church1 ,and sits among his boys2 ,he hears the parson pray and preach1 ,he hears his daughter's voice ,singing in the village choir1 ,and it makes his heart rejoice4 ,it sounds to him like her mother's voice1 ,singing in ,paradise6 ,he needs must think of her once more1 ,how in the grave she lies2 ,and with his hard1 rough hand he wipes ,a tear out of his eyes4 ,toiling1--rejoicing1--sorrowing1 ,onward through life he goes2 ,each morning sees some task begin1 ,each evening sees it close2 ,something attempted1 something done1 ,has earned a night's repose4 ,thanks1 thanks to thee1 my worthy friend1 ,for the lesson thou hast taught6 ,thus at the flaming forge of life ,our fortunes must be wrought2 ,thus on its sounding anvil shaped ,each burning deed and thought6 ,h4,w4 ,,longflllow4 ,notes3 ,henry ,wadsworth ,longfellow1 one of the foremost among contemporary ,american poets4 ,born in #ahjg4 ,his chief poems are ',evangeline' and ',hiawatha4' ,his face is like the tan4 ,tan is the bark of the oak1 bruised and broken for tanning leather4 ,thus at the flaming forge of life1 c4 ,as iron is softened at the forge and beaten into shape on the anvil1 so by the trials and circumstances of life1 our thoughts and actions are influenced and our characters and destinies decided4 ,the metaphor is made more complicated by being broken up4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,men ,,of ,,england4 ,men of ,england6 who inherit ,rights that cost your sires their blood6 ,men whose undegenerate spirit ,has been proved on land and flood3 ,by the foes ye've fought uncounted1 ,by the glorious deeds ye've done1 ,trophies captured--breaches mounted1 ,navies conquer'd--kingdoms won6 ,yet remember1 ,england gathers ,hence but fruitless wreaths of fame1 ,if the virtues of your fathers ,glow not in your hearts the same4 ,what are monuments of bravery1 ,where no public virtues bloom8 ,what avail in lands of slavery ,trophied temples1 arch1 and tomb8 ,pageants6--let the world revere us ,for our people's rights and laws1 ,and the breasts of civic heroes ,bared in ,freedom's holy cause4 ,yours are ,hampden's ,russell's glory1 ,sydney's matchless shade is your1-- ,martyrs in heroic story1 ,worth a thousand ,agincourts6 ,we're the sons of sires that baffled ,crown'd and mitred tyranny3 ,they defied the field and scaffold1 ,for their birthrights--so will we4 ,,campbell4 ,notes3 ,thomas ,campbell1 born #aggg1 died #ahdd4 ,author of the ',pleasures of ,hope1' ',gertrude of ,wyoming1' and many lyrics4 ,his poetry is careful1 scholarlike and polished4 ,men whose undegenerate spirit1 c4 ,in prose1 this would run1 7,ye7 men whose spirit has been proved 7to be7 undegenerate1 c4 ,the word undegenerate1 which is introduced only as an epithet1 is the real predicate of the sentence4 ,by the foes ye've fought uncounted4 ,uncounted agreeing with foes4 ,fruitless wreaths of fame4 ,a poetical figure1 taken from the wreaths of laurel given as prizes in the ancient games of ,greece4 ,past history will give fame to a country1 but nothing more fruitful than fame1 unless its virtues are kept alive4 ,trophied temples1 i4e41 ,temples hung 7after the fashion of the ancients7 with trophies4 ,arch1 i4e41 the triumphal arch erected by the ,romans in honour of victorious generals4 ,pageants these are nought but pageants4 ,and 7for7 the beasts of civic heroes4 ,civic heroes1 those who have striven for the rights of their fellow citizens4 ,hampden1 i4e41 ,john ,hampden 7born #aeid1 died #afdc71 the maintainer of the rights of the people in the reign of ,charles ,i4 ,he resisted the imposition of ship-money1 and died in a skirmish at ,chalgrove during the ,civil ,war4 ,russell1 i4e41 ,lord ,william ,russell1 beheaded in #afhc1 in the reign of ,charles ,,ii4 on a charge of treason4 ,he had resisted the ,court in its aims at establishing the doctrine of passive obedience4 ,sydney1 i4e41 ,algernon ,sydney4 ,the friend of ,russell1 who met with the same fate in the same year4 ,sydney's matchless shade4 ,shade spirit or memory4 ,agincourt4 ,the victory won by ,henry ,v4 in ,france1 in #adae4 ,crown'd and mitred tyranny4 ,explain this4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,barbaba ,s----4 ,on the noon of the #adth of ,november1 #agdc1 just as the clock had struck one1 ,barbara ,s----1 with her accustomed punctuality1 ascended the long1 rabbling staircase1 with awkward interposed landing-places1 which led to the office1 or rather a sort of box with a desk in it1 whereat sat the then ,treasurer of the ,old ,bath ,theatre4 ,all over the island it was the custom1 and remains so ,i believe to this day1 for the players to receive their weekly stipend on the ,saturday4 ,it was not much that ,barbara had to claim4 ,this little maid had just entered her eleventh year2 but her important station at the theatre1 as it seemed to her1 with the benefits which she felt to accrue from her pious application of her small earnings1 had given an air of womanhood her steps and to her behaviour4 ,you would have taken her to have been at least five years older4 ,till latterly she had merely been employed in choruses1 or where children were wanted to fill up the scene4 ,but the manager1 observing a diligence and adroitness in her above her age1 had for some few months past intrusted to her the performance of whole parts4 ,you may guess the self-consequence of the promoted ,barbara4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the parents of ,barbara had been in reputable circumstances4 ,the father had practised1 ,i believe1 as an apothecary in the town4 ,but his practice1 from causes for which he was himself to blame1 or perhaps from that pure infelicity which accompanies some people in their walk through life1 and which it is impossible to lay at the door of imprudence1 was now reduced to nothing4 ,they were1 in fact1 in the very teeth of starvation1 when the manager1 who knew and respected them in better days1 took the little ,barbara into his company4 ,at the period ,i commenced with1 her slender earnings were the sole support of the family1 including two younger sisters4 ,i must throw a veil over some mortifying circumstances4 ,enough to say1 that her ,saturday's pittance was the only chance of a ,sunday's meal of meat4 ,this was the little starved1 meritorious maid1 stood before old ,ravenscroft1 the treasurer1 for her ,saturday's payment4 ,ravenscroft was a man1 ,i have heard many old theatrical people besides herself say1 of all men least calculated for a treasurer4 ,he had no head for accounts1 paid away at random1 kept scarce any books1 and summing up at the week's end1 if he found himself a pound or so deficient1 blest himself that it was no more4 ,now ,barbara's weekly stipend was a bare half-guinea4 ,by mistake he popped into her hand a whole one4 ,barbara tripped away4 ,she was entirely unconscious at first of the mistake3 ,god knows1 ,ravenscroft would never have discovered it4 ,but when she had got down to the first of those uncouth landing-places she became sensible of an unusual weight of metal pressing her little hand4 ,now1 mark the dilemma4 ,she was by nature a good child4 ,from her parents and those about her she had imbibed no contrary influence4 ,but then they had taught her nothing4 ,poor men's smoky cabins are not always porticoes of moral philosophy4 ,this little maid had no instinct to evil1 but then she might be said to have no fixed principle4 ,she had heard honesty commended1 but never dreamed of its application to herself4 ,she thought of it as something which concerned grown-up people1 men and women4 ,she had never known temptation1 or thought of preparing resistance against it4 ,her first impulse was to go back to the old treasurer1 and explain to him his blunder4 ,he was already so confused with age1 besides a natural want of punctuality1 that she would have had some difficulty in making him understand it4 ,she saw that in an instant4 ,and then it was such a bit of money3 and then the image of a larger allowance of butcher's meat on their table next day came across her1 till her little eyes glistened1 and her mouth moistened4 ,but then ,mr4 ,ravenscroft had always been so good-natured1 had stood her friend behind the scenes1 and even recommended her promotion to some of her little parts4 ,but again the old man was reputed to be worth a world of money4 ,he was supposed to have fifty pounds a year clear of the theatre4 ,and then came staring upon her the figures of her little stockingless and shoeless sisters4 ,and when she looked at her own neat white cotton stockings1 which her situation at the theatre had made it indispensable for her mother to provide for her1 with hard straining and pinching from the family stock1 and thought how glad she should be to cover their poor feet with the same1 and how then they could accompany her to rehearsals1 which they had hitherto been precluded from doing1 by reason of their unfashionable attire1--in these thoughts she reached the second landing-place--the second1 ,i mean1 from the top--for there was still another left to traverse4 ,now1 virtue1 support ,barbara6 ,and that never-failing friend did step in2 for at that moment a strength not her own1 ,i have heard her say1 was revealed to her--a reason above reasoning--and without her own agency1 as it seemed 7for she never felt her feet to move71 she found herself transported back to the individual desk she had just quitted1 and her hand in the old hand of ,ravenscroft1 who in silence took back the refunded treasure1 and who had been sitting 7good man7 insensible to the lapse of minutes1 which to her were anxious ages2 and from that moment a deep peace fell upon her heart1 and she knew the quality of honesty4 ,a year or two's unrepining application to her profession brightened up the feet and the prospects of her little sisters1 set the whole family upon their legs again1 and released her from the difficulty of discussing moral dogmas upon a landing-place4 ,essays of ,elia1 by ,,charles ,,lamb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,ballad4 ,turn1 gentle ,hermit of the dale1 ,and guide my lonely way ,to where yon taper cheers the vale ,with hospitable ray4 ,for here forlorn and lost ,i tread1 ,with fainting steps and slow1 ,where wilds1 immeasurably spread1 ,seem lengthening as ,i go4 ,forbear1 my son1 the ,hermit cries1 ,to tempt the dangerous gloom2 ,for yonder faithless phantom flies ,to lure thee to thy doom4 ,here to the houseless child of want ,my door is open still2 ,and1 though my portion is but scant1 ,i give it with good will4 ,then turn to-night1 and freely share ,whate'er my cell bestows2 ,my rushy couch and frugal fare1 ,my blessing and repose4 ,no flocks that range the valley free ,to slaughter ,i condemn2 ,taught by that ,power that pities me1 ,i learn to pity them3 ,but from the mountain's grassy side ,a guiltless feast ,i bring2 ,a scrip with herbs and fruits supplied1 ,and water from the spring4 ,then1 pilgrim turn2 thy cares forego2 ,all earth-born cares are wrong3 ,man wants but little here below1 ,nor wants that little long4 ,soft as the dew from heaven descends ,his gentle accents fell3 ,the modest stranger lowly bends1 ,and follows to the cell4 ,far in a wilderness obscure ,the lonely mansion lay1 ,a refuge to the neighbouring poor1 ,and strangers led astray4 ,no stores beneath its humble thatch ,required a master's care2 ,the wicket1 opening with a latch1 ,received the harmless pair4 ,and now1 when busy crowds retire ,to take their evening rest1 ,the ,hermit trimm'd his little fire1 ,and cheer'd his pensive guest2 ,and spread his vegetable store1 ,and gaily pressed1 and smiled2 ,and1 skill'd in legendary lore1 ,the lingering hours beguiled4 ,around1 in sympathetic mirth1 ,its tricks the kitten tries1 ,the cricket chirrups on the hearth1 ,the crackling faggot flies4 ,but nothing could a charm impart ,to soothe the stranger's woe2 ,for grief was heavy at his heart1 ,and tears began to flow4 ,his rising cares the ,hermit spied1 ,with answering care oppress'd2 ,and1 ,whence1 unhappy youth1 he cried1 ,the sorrows of thy breast8 ,from better habitations spurn'd1 ,reluctant dost thou rove8 ,or grieve for friendship unreturn'd1 ,or unregarded love8 ,alas6 the joys that fortune brings ,are trifling1 and decay2 ,and those who prize the paltry things1 ,more trifling still are they4 ,and what is friendship but a name1 ,a charm that lulls to sleep2 ,a shade that follows wealth or fame1 ,but leaves the wretch to weep8 ,and love is still an emptier sound1 ,the modern fair one's jest2 ,on earth unseen1 or only found ,to warm the turtle's nest4 ,for shame1 fond youth1 thy sorrows hush1 ,and spurn the sex1 he said2 ,but while he spoke1 a rising blush ,his love-lorn guest betray'd4 ,surprised he sees new beauties rise1 ,swift mantling to the view2 ,like colours o'er the morning skies1 ,as bright1 as transient too4 ,the bashful look1 the rising breast1 ,alternate spread alarms3 ,the lovely stranger stands confess'd ,a maid in all her charms4 ,and1 ,ah6 forgive a stranger rude-- ,a wretch forlorn1 she cried2 ,whose feet unhallow'd thus intrude ,where ,heaven and you reside4 ,but let a maid thy pity share1 ,whom love has taught to stray2 ,who seeks for rest1 but finds despair ,companion of her way4 ,my father lived beside the ,tyne1 ,a wealthy lord was he2 ,and all his wealth was mark'd as mine1 ,he had but only me4 ,to win me from his tender arms ,unnumber'd suitors came1 ,who praised me for imputed charms1 ,and felt1 or feign'd1 a flame4 ,each hour a mercenary crowd ,with richest proffers strove3 ,amongst the rest1 young ,edwin bow'd1 ,but never talk'd of love4 ,in humble1 simple habit clad1 ,no wealth nor power had he3 ,wisdom and worth were all he had1 ,but these were all to me4 ,and when1 beside me in the dale1 ,he caroll'd lays of love1 ,his breath lent fragrance to the gale1 ,and music to the grove4 ,the blossom opening to the day1 ,the dews of heaven refined1 ,could nought of purity display ,to emulate his mind4 ,the dew1 the blossom on the tree1 ,with charms inconstant shine3 ,their charms were his1 but1 woe to me1 ,their constancy was mine4 ,for still ,i tried each fickle art1 ,importunate and vain2 ,and1 while his passion touch'd my heart1 ,i triumph'd in his pain3 ,till1 quite dejected with my scorn1 ,he left me to my pride2 ,and sought a solitude forlorn1 ,in secret1 where he died4 ,but mine the sorrow1 mine the fault1 ,and well my life shall pay3 ,i'll seek the solitude he sought1 ,and stretch me where he lay4 ,and there1 forlorn1 despairing1 hid1 ,i'll lay me down and die2 ',twas so for me that ,edwin did1 ,and so for him will ,i4 ,forbid it1 ,heaven6 the ,hermit cried1 ,and clasp'd her to his breast3 ,the wondering fair one turn'd to chide-- ',twas ,edwin's self that press'd6 ,turn1 ,angelina1 ever dear1 ,my charmer1 turn to see ,thy own1 thy long-lost ,edwin here1 ,restored to love and thee4 ,thus let me hold thee to my heart1 ,and every care resign3 ,and shall we never1 never part1 ,my life--my all that's mine8 ,no1 never from this hour to part1 ,we'll live and love so true1 ,the sigh that rends thy constant heart ,shall break thy ,edwin's too4 ,,goldsmith4 ,notes3 ,oliver ,goldsmith1 poet and novelist4 ,the friend and contemporary of ,johnson1 ,burke1 and ,reynolds4 ,born #agbh1 died #aggd4 ,this poem is introduced into ',the ,vicar of ,wakefield1' and ,goldsmith there says of it1 ,it is at least free from the false taste of loading the lines with epithets2 or as he puts it more fully a string of epithets that improve the sound without carrying on the sense4 ,immeasurably spread spread to an immeasurable length4 ,no flocks that range the valleys free4 ,free may be joined either with flocks or with valley4 ,note the position of the negative1 ,no flocks that range1 c4 ,i do not condemn the flocks that range4 ,guiltless feast4 ,because it does not involve the death of a fellow-creature4 ,scrip4 ,a purse or wallet2 a word of ,teutonic origin4 ,distinguish from scrip1 a writing or certificate1 from the ,latin word scribo1 ,i write4 ,far in a wilderness obscure4 ,obscure goes with mansion1 not with wilderness4 ,and gaily pressed 7him to eat74 ,with answering care1 i4e41 with sympathetic care4 ,a charm that lulls to sleep4 ,charm is here in its proper sense3 that of a thing pleasing to the fancy is derivative4 ,a shade that follows wealth or fame4 ,a shade a ghost or phantom4 ,swift mantling1 c4 ,spreading quickly over1 like a cloak or mantle4 ,where heaven and you reside where you1 whose only thoughts are of ,heaven1 reside4 ,whom love has taught to stray4 ,this use of the word taught for made or forced1 is taken from a ,latin idiom1 as in ,virgil1 ,he teaches the woods to ring with the name of ,amaryllis4 ,it is stronger than made or forced1 and implies1 as here1 that she had forgotten all but the wandering life that is now hers4 ,he had but only me4 ,but or only is redundant4 ,to emulate his mind to be equal to his mind in purity4 ,their constancy was mine4 ,this verse has often been accused of violating sense2 but1 however artificial the expression may be1 neither the sense is obscure1 nor the way of expressing it inaccurate4 ,it is evidently only another way of saying in the little they had of constancy they resembled me as they resembled him in their charms4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dr4 ,,arnold4 ,we listened1 as all boys in their better moods will listen 7ay1 and men too1 for the matter of that71 to a man whom we felt to be1 with all his heart and soul and strength1 striving against whatever was mean and unmanly and unrighteous in our little world4 ,it was not the cold1 clear voice of one giving advice and warning from serene heights to those who were struggling and sinning below1 but the warm1 living voice of one who was fighting for us1 and by our sides1 and calling on us to help him and ourselves and one another4 ,and so1 wearily and little by little1 but surely and steadily on the whole1 was brought home to the young boy1 for the first time1 the meaning of his life3 that it was no fool's or sluggard's paradise into which he had wandered by chance1 but a battle-field ordained from of old1 where there are no spectators1 but the youngest must take his side1 and the stakes are life and death4 ,and he who roused this consciousness in them showed them1 at the same time1 by every word he spoke in the pulpit1 and by his whole daily life1 how that battle was to be fought2 and stood there before them1 their fellow-soldier and the captain of their band4 ,the true sort of captain1 too1 for a boy's army1 one who had no misgivings1 and gave no uncertain word of command1 and1 let who would yield or make truce1 would fight the fight out 7so every boy felt7 to the last gasp and the last drop of blood4 ,other sides of his character might take hold of and influence boys here and there1 but it was this thoroughness and undaunted courage which more than anything else won his way to the hearts of the great mass of those on whom he left his mark1 and made them believe first in him1 and then in his ,master4 ,it was this quality1 above all others1 which moved such boys as ,tom ,brown1 who had nothing whatever remarkable about him except excess of boyishness2 by which ,i mean animal life in its fullest measure2 good nature and honest impulses1 hatred of injustice and meanness1 and thoughtlessness enough to sink a three-decker4 ,and so1 during the next two years1 in which it was more than doubtful whether he would get good or evil from the school1 and before any steady purpose or principle grew up in him1 whatever his week's sins and shortcomings might have been1 he hardly ever left the chapel on ,sunday evenings without a serious resolve to stand by and follow the doctor1 and a feeling that it was only cowardice 7the incarnation of all other sins in such a boy's mind7 which hindered him from doing so with all his heart4 ,tom ,brown's ,school ,days4 ,note3 ,dr4 ,arnold1 the head-master of ,rugby ,school1 died #ahdb4 ,his life1 which gives an account of the work done by him to promote education1 has been written by ,dean ,stanley4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,martyrs ,patriots have toil'd1 and in their country's cause ,bled nobly2 and their deeds1 as they deserve1 ,receive proud recompense4 ,we give in charge ,their names to the sweet lyre4 ,the ,historic ,muse1 ,proud of the treasure1 marches with it down ,to latest times2 and ,sculpture1 in her turn1 ,gives bond in stone and ever-during brass ,to guard them1 and to immortalize her trust4 ,but fairer wreaths are due--though never paid-- ,to those who1 posted at the shrine of ,truth1 ,have fallen in her defence4 ,a patriot's blood1 ,well spent in such a strife1 may earn indeed1 ,and for a time ensure1 to his loved land ,the sweets of liberty and equal laws2 ,but martyrs struggle for a brighter prize1 ,and win it with more pain4 ,their blood is shed ,in confirmation of the noblest claim1-- ,our claim to feed upon immortal truth1 ,to walk with ,god1 to be divinely free1 ,to soar and to anticipate the skies4-- ,yet few remember them6 ,they lived unknown1 ,till persecution dragged them into fame1 ,and chased them up to ,heaven4 ,their ashes flew-- ,no marble tells us whither4 ,with their names ,no bard embalms and sanctifies his song2 ,and ,history1 so warm on meaner themes1 ,is cold on this4 ,she execrates indeed ,the tyranny that doom'd them to the fire1 ,but gives the glorious sufferers little praise4 ,,cowper4 ,notes3,william ,cowper 7born #agca1 died #ahjj71 the author of ',the ,task1' ',progress of ,error1' ',truth1' and many other poems2 all marked by the same pure thought and chaste language4 ,this poem is written in what is called blank verse1 i4e41 verse in which the lines do not rhyme1 the rhythm depending on the measure of the verse4 ,to the sweet lyre ,to the poet1 whose lyre 7or poetry7 is to keep their names alive4 ,the ,historic ,muse4 ,the ancients held that there were nine ,muses or ,goddesses who presided over the arts and sciences2 and of these1 one was the ,muse of ,history4 ,gives bond in stone1 c4 ,pledges herself4 ,the pith of the phrase is in its almost homely simplicity1 the more striking in its contrast with the classical allusions by which it is surrounded4 ,her trust1 i4e41 what is trusted to her4 ,to anticipate the skies to ennoble our life and so approach that higher life we hope for after death4 ,till persecution dragged them into fame forced them by its cruelty to become famous against their will4 ,no marble tells us whither4 ,because they have no tombstone and no epitaph4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,psalm ,,of ,,life4 ,tell me not in mournful numbers1 ,life is but an empty dream6 ,for the soul is dead that slumbers1 ,and things are not what they seem4 ,life is real6 ,life is earnest6 ,and the grave is not its goal2 ,dust thou art1 to dust returnest2 ,was not spoken of the soul4 ,not enjoyment1 and not sorrow1 ,is our destined end or way2 ,but to act that each to-morrow ,finds us farther than to-day4 ,art is long1 and ,time is fleeting1 ,and our hearts1 though stout and brave1 ,still like muffled drums are beating ,funeral marches to the grave4 ,in the world's broad field of battle1 ,in the ,bivouac of life1 ,be not like dumb1 driven cattle6 ,be a hero in the strife6 ,trust no ,future1 howe'er pleasant6 ,let the dead ,past bury its dead6 ,act--act in the living ,present6 ,heart within1 and ,god o'erhead6 ,lives of great men all remind us ,we can make our lives sublime1 ,and1 departing1 leave behind us ,footprints on the sands of time2-- ,footprints1 that perhaps another1 ,sailing o'er life's solemn main1 ,a forlorn and shipwrecked brother1 ,seeing1 shall take heart again4 ,let us1 then1 be up and doing1 ,with a heart for any fate2 ,still achieving1 still pursuing1 ,learn to labour and to wait4 ,h4,w4 ,,longfellow4 ,notes3,art is long1 and time is fleeting4 ,a translation from the ,latin1 ,ars longa1 vita brevis est4 ,the metaphor in the last two stanzas in this page is strangely mixed4 ,footprints could hardly be seen by those sailing over the main4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,boyhood',s ,,work4 ,in no place in the world has individual character more weight than at a public school4 ,remember this1 ,i beseech you1 all you boys who are getting into the upper forms4 ,now is the time in all your lives1 probably1 when you may have more wide influence for good or evil in the society you live in than you ever can have again4 ,quit yourselves like men1 then2 speak up1 and strike out1 if necessary1 for whatsoever is true1 and manly1 and lovely1 and of good report2 never try to be popular1 but only to do your duty1 and help others to do theirs1 and you may leave the tone of feeling in the school higher than you found it1 and so be doing good1 which no living soul can measure1 to generations of your countrymen yet unborn4 ,for boys follow one another in herds like sheep1 for good or evil2 they hate thinking1 and have rarely any settled principles4 ,every school1 indeed1 has its own traditionary standard of right and wrong1 which cannot be transgressed with impunity1 marking certain things as low and blackguard1 and certain others as lawful and right4 ,this standard is ever varying1 though it changes only slowly1 and little by little2 and1 subject only to such standard1 it is the leading boys for the time being who give the tone to all the rest1 and make the school either a noble institution for the training of ,christian ,englishmen1 or a place where a young boy will get more evil than he would if he were turned out to make his way in ,london streets1 or anything between these two extremes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,work ,,in ,,the ,,world4 ,i want to be at work in the world1 said ,tom1 and not dawdling away three years at ,oxford4 ,what do you mean by 'at work in the world8' said the master1 pausing1 with his lips close to his saucerful of tea1 and peering at ,tom over it4 ,well1 ,i mean real work2 one's profession1 whatever one will have really to do1 and make one's living by4 ,i want to be doing some real good1 feeling that ,i am not only at play in the world1 answered ,tom1 rather puzzled to find out himself what he really did mean4 ,you are mixing up two very different things in your head1 ,i think1 ,brown1 said the master1 putting down the empty saucer1 and you ought to get clear about them4 ,you talk of 'working to get your living1' and 'doing some real good in the world1' in the same breath4 ,now1 you may be getting a very good living in a profession1 and yet doing no good at all in the world1 but quite the contrary1 at the same time4 ,keep the latter before you as your one object1 and you will be right1 whether you make a living or not2 but if you dwell on the other1 you'll very likely drop into mere money-making1 and let the world take care of itself1 for good or evil4 ,don't be in a hurry about finding your work in the world for yourself2 you are not old enough to judge for yourself yet1 but just look about you in the place you find yourself in1 and try to make things a little better and honester there4 ,you'll find plenty to keep your hand in at ,oxford1 or wherever else you go4 ,and don't be led away to think this part of the world important1 and that unimportant4 ,every corner of the world is important4 ,no man knows whether this part or that is most so1 but every man may do some honest work in his own corner4 ,tom ,brown's ,school ,days4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,ant ,,and ,,the ,,caterpillar ,as an ant1 of his talents superiorly vain1 ,was trotting1 with consequence1 over the plain1 ,a worm1 in his progress remarkably slow1 ,cried--,bless your good worship wherever you go2 ,i hope your great mightiness won't take it ill1 ,i pay my respects with a hearty good-will4 ,with a look of contempt1 and impertinent pride1 ,begone1 you vile reptile1 his antship replied2 ,go--go1 and lament your contemptible state1 ,but first--look at me--see my limbs how complete2 ,i guide all my motions with freedom and ease1 ,run backward and forward1 and turn when ,i please2 ,of nature 7grown weary7 you shocking essay6 ,i spurn you thus from me--crawl out of my way4 ,the reptile1 insulted and vex'd to the soul1 ,crept onwards1 and hid himself close in his hole2 ,but nature1 determined to end his distress1 ,soon sent him abroad in a butterfly's dress4 ,erelong the proud ant1 as repassing the road1 7,fatigued from the harvest1 and tugging his load71 ,the beau on a violet-bank he beheld1 ,whose vesture1 in glory1 a monarch's excelled2 ,his plumage expanded--'twas rare to behold ,so lovely a mixture of purple and gold4 ,the ant1 quite amazed at a figure so gay1 ,bow'd low with respect1 and was trudging away4 ,stop1 friend1 says the butterfly2 don't be surprised1 ,i once was the reptile you spurn'd and despised2 ,but now ,i can mount1 in the sunbeams ,i play1 ,while you must for ever drudge on in your way4 ,,cunningham4 ,note3 ,of nature 7grown weary7 you shocking essay you wretched attempt 7 essay7 by nature1 when she had grown weary4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,report ,,of ,,an ,,adjudged ,,case1 ,,not ,,to ,,be ,,found ,,in ,,any ,,of ,,the ,,books4 ,between ,nose and ,eyes a strange contest arose4 ,the spectacles set them unhappily wrong2 ,the point in dispute was1 as all the world knows1 ,to which the said spectacles ought to belong4 ,so ,tongue was the lawyer1 and argued the cause1 ,with a great deal of skill1 and a wig full of learning1 ,while chief baron ,ear sat to balance the laws1 ,so fam'd for his talent in nicely discerning4 ,in behalf of the ,nose it will quickly appear1 ,and your lordship1 he said1 will undoubtedly find1 ,that the nose has had spectacles always in wear1 ,which amounts to possession time out of mind4 ,then holding the spectacles up to the court-- ,your lordship observes they are made with a straddle1 ,as wide as the ridge of the nose is2 in short1 ,designed to sit close to it1 just like a saddle4 ,again1 would your lordship a moment suppose 7',tis a case that has happen'd1 and may be again7 ,that the visage or countenance had not a nose1 ,pray who would1 or who could1 wear spectacles then8 ,on the whole it appears1 and my argument shows1 ,with a reasoning the court will never condemn1 ,that the spectacles plainly were made for the ,nose1 ,and the ,nose was as plainly intended for them4 ,then shifting his side as a lawyer knows how1 ,he pleaded again in behalf of the ,eyes2 ,but what were his arguments few people know1 ,for the court did not think they were equally wise4 ,so his lordship decreed1 with a grave1 solemn tone1 ,decisive and clear1 without one if or but-- ,that1 whenever the ,nose put his ,spectacles on1 ,by daylight or candlelight--,eyes should be shut6 ,,cowper4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,castles ,,in ,,the ,,air4 ,alnaschar was a very idle fellow1 that never would set his hand to any business during his father's life4 ,when his father died he left him to the value of a hundred drachmas in ,persian money4 ,alnaschar1 in order to make the best of it1 laid it out in bottles1 glasses1 and the finest earthenware4 ,these he piled up in a large open basket2 and1 having made choice of a very little shop1 placed the basket at his feet1 and leaned his back upon the wall in expectation of customers4 ,as he sat in this posture1 with his eyes upon the basket1 he fell into a most amusing train of thought1 and was overheard by one of his neighbours1 as he talked to himself in the following manner3--,this basket1 says he1 cost me at the wholesale merchant's a hundred drachmas1 which is all ,i had in the world4 ,i shall quickly make two hundred of it by selling it in retail4 ,these two hundred drachmas will in a very little while rise to four hundred2 which1 of course1 will amount in time to four thousand4 ,four thousand drachmas cannot fail of making eight thousand4 ,as soon as by these means ,i am master of ten thousand1 ,i will lay aside my trade of a glass-man and turn jeweller4 ,i shall then deal in diamonds1 pearls1 and all sorts of rich stones4 ,when ,i have got together as much wealth as ,i can well desire1 ,i will make a purchase of the finest house ,i can find1 with lands1 slaves1 and horses4 ,i shall then begin to enjoy myself and make a noise in the world4 ,i will not1 however1 stop there2 but still continue my traffic until ,i have got together a hundred thousand drachmas4 ,when ,i have thus made myself master of a hundred thousand drachmas1 ,i shall naturally set myself on the footing of a prince1 and will demand the grand vizier's daughter in marriage1 after having represented to that minister the information which ,i have received of the beauty1 wit1 discretion1 and other high qualities which his daughter possesses4 ,i will let him know at the same time that it is my intention to make him a present of a thousand pieces of gold on our marriage day4 ,as soon as ,i have married the grand vizier's daughter1 ,i must make my father-in-law a visit1 with a great train and equipage4 ,and when ,i am placed at his right hand1 which he will do of course1 if it be only to honour his daughter1 ,i will give him the thousand pieces of gold which ,i promised him2 and afterwards1 to his great surprise1 will present him with another purse of the same value1 with some short speech3 as1 ',sir1 you see ,i am a man of my word3 ,i always give more than ,i promise4' ,when ,i have brought the princess to my house1 ,i shall take particular care to breed her in due respect for me4 ,to this end ,i shall confine her to her own apartments1 make her a short visit1 and talk but little to her4 ,her women will represent to me that she is inconsolable by reason of my unkindness2 but ,i shall still remain inexorable4 ,her mother will then come and bring her daughter to me1 as ,i am seated on a sofa4 ,the daughter1 with tears in her eyes1 will fling herself at my feet1 and beg me to receive her into my favour4 ,then will ,i1 to imprint her with a thorough veneration for my person1 draw up my legs1 and spurn her from me with my foot in such a manner that she shall fall down several paces from the sofa4 ,alnaschar was entirely swallowed up in his vision1 and could not forbear acting with his foot what he had in his thoughts3 so that1 unluckily striking his basket of brittle ware1 which was the foundation of all his grandeur1 he kicked his glasses to a great distance from him into the street1 and broke them into ten thousand pieces4 ,,addison4 ,note3 ,joseph ,addison1 born #afgb1 died #agai4 ,chiefly famous as a critic and essayist4 ,his calm sense and judgment1 and the attraction of his style1 have rendered his writings favourites from his own time to ours4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,inchcape ,,bell4 ,no stir on the air1 no swell on the sea1 ,the ship was still as she might be3 ,the sails from heaven received no motion2 ,the keel was steady in the ocean4 ,with neither sign nor sound of shock1 ,the waves flow'd o'er the ,inchcape ,rock2 ,so little they rose1 so little they fell1 ,they did not move the ,inchcape ,bell4 ,the pious abbot of ,aberbrothock ,had placed that bell on the ,inchcape ,rock2 ,on the waves of the storm it floated and swung1 ,and louder and louder its warning rung4 ,when the rock was hid by the tempest swell1 ,the mariners heard the warning bell1 ,and then they knew the perilous rock1 ,and blessed the abbot of ,aberbrothock4 ,the float of the ,inchcape ,bell was seen1 ,a darker spot on the ocean green4 ,sir ,ralph the ,rover walked the deck1 ,and he fix'd his eye on the darker speck4 ,his eye was on the bell and float1-- ,quoth he1 ,my men1 put down the boat1 ,and row me to the ,inchcape ,rock1-- ,i'll plague the priest of ,aberbrothock64 ,the boat was lower'd1 the boatmen row1 ,and to the ,inchcape ,rock they go4 ,sir ,ralph leant over from the boat1 ,and cut the bell from off the float4 ,down sunk the bell with a gurgling sound2 ,the bubbles rose1 and burst around4 ,quoth he1 ,who next comes to the rock ,won't bless the priest of ,aberbrothock6 ,sir ,ralph the ,rover sail'd away2 ,he scour'd the sea for many a day2 ,and now1 grown rich with plunder'd store1 ,he steers his way for ,scotland's shore4 ,so thick a haze o'erspread the sky1 ,they could not see the sun on high2 ,the wind had blown a gale all day2 ,at evening it hath died away4 ,canst hear1 said one1 the breakers roar8 ,for yonder1 methinks1 should be the shore4 ,now1 where we are1 ,i cannot tell1-- ,i wish we heard the ,inchcape ,bell4 ,they heard no sound--the swell is strong1 ,though the wind hath fallen they drift along3 ,till the vessel strikes with a shivering shock1 ,oh heavens6 it is the ,inchcape ,rock6 ,sir ,ralph the ,rover tore his hair1 ,and cursed himself in his despair2 ,and waves rush in on every side1 ,the ship sinks fast beneath the tide4 ,,southey4 ,notes3 ,robert ,southey1 born #aggd1 died #ahdh4 ,poet ,laureate and author of numerous works in prose and verse4 ,quoth4 ,saxon ,cwaethan1 to say4 ,a ,perfect now used only in the first and third persons singular of the present indicative2 the nominative following the verb4 ,till the vessel strikes with a shivering shock4 ,notice the effective use of alliteration 7i4e41 the recurrence of words beginning with the same letter71 which is the basis of old-,english rhythm4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,nelson4 ,it had been part of ,nelson's prayer that the ,british fleet might be distinguished by humanity in the victory he expected4 ,setting an example himself1 he twice gave orders to cease firing upon the ',redoubtable1' supposing that she had struck because her great guns were silent2 for1 as she carried no flag1 there was no means of instantly ascertaining the fact4 ,from this ship1 which he had thus twice spared1 he received his death4 ,a ball1 fired from her mizen-top1 which1 in the then situation of the two vessels1 was not more than fifteen yards from that part of the deck where he was standing1 struck the epaulette on his left shoulder1 about a quarter after one1 just in the heat of action4 ,he fell upon his face1 on the spot which was covered with his poor secretary's blood4 ,hardy 7his captain71 who was a few steps from him1 turning round1 saw three men raising him up4 ,they have done for me at last1 ,hardy1 said he4 ,i hope not1 cried ,hardy4 ,yes1 he replied1 my backbone is shot through4 ,yet even now1 not for a moment losing his presence of mind1 he observed1 as they were carrying him down the ladder1 that the tiller ropes1 which had been shot away1 were not yet replaced1 and ordered that new ones should be rove immediately2 then1 that he might not be seen by the crew1 he took out his handkerchief1 and covered his face and his stars4 ,had he but concealed these badges of honour from the enemy1 ,england1 perhaps1 would not have had cause to receive with sorrow the news of the battle of ,trafalgar4 ,the cockpit was crowded with wounded and dying men1 over whose bodies he was with some difficulty conveyed1 and laid upon a pallet in the midshipmen's berth4 ,it was soon perceived1 upon examination1 that the wound was mortal4 ,this1 however1 was concealed from all except ,captain ,hardy1 the chaplain1 and the medical attendants4 ,he himself being certain1 from the sensation in his back1 and the gush of blood he felt momently within his breast1 that no human care could avail him1 insisted that the surgeon should leave him1 and attend to those to whom he might be useful2 ,for1 said he1 you can do nothing for me4 ,all that could be done was to fan him with paper1 and frequently to give him lemonade to alleviate his intense thirst4 ,he was in great pain1 and expressed much anxiety for the event of the action1 which now began to declare itself4 ,as often as a ship struck1 the crew of the ',victory' hurrahed1 and at every hurrah a visible expression of joy gleamed in the eyes and marked the countenance of the dying hero4 ,but he became impatient to see ,captain ,hardy2 and as that officer1 though often sent for1 could not leave the deck1 ,nelson feared some fatal cause prevented him1 and repeatedly cried1 ,will no one bring ,hardy to me8 ,he must be killed6 ,he is surely dead6 ,an hour and ten minutes elapsed from the time when ,nelson received his wound before ,hardy could come to him4 ,they shook hands in silence1 ,hardy in vain struggling to suppress the feelings of that most painful yet sublimest moment4 ,well1 ,hardy1 said ,nelson1 how goes the day with us8 ,very well1 replied ,hardy2 ten ships have struck1 but five of the van have tacked1 and show an intention to bear down upon the ',victory4' ,i have called two or three of our fresh ships round1 and have no doubt of giving them a drubbing4 ,i hope1 said ,nelson1 none of our ships have struck8 ,hardy answered1 ,there was no fear of that4 ,then1 and not till then1 ,nelson spoke of himself4 ,i am a dead man1 ,hardy1 said he2 ,i am going fast2 it will be all over with me soon2 come nearer to me4 ,hardy observed that he hoped ,mr4 ,beattie 7the surgeon7 could yet hold out some prospect of life4 ,oh no1 he replied1 it is impossible2 my back is shot through--,beattie will tell you so4 ,captain ,hardy then once more shook hands with him1 and1 with a heart almost bursting1 hastened upon deck4 ,by this time all feeling below the breast was gone2 and ,nelson1 having made the surgeon ascertain this1 said to him1 ,you know ,i am gone2 ,i know it--,i feel something rising in my breast 7putting his hand on his left side7 which tells me so4 ,and upon ,beattie's inquiring whether his pain was very great1 he replied1 ,so great1 that he wished he were dead4 ,yet1 said he1 in a lower voice1 one would like to live a little longer too6 ,captain ,hardy1 some fifty minutes after he had left the cockpit1 returned1 and again taking the hand of his dying friend and commander1 congratulated him on having gained a complete victory4 ,how many of the enemy were taken1 he did not know1 as it was impossible to perceive them distinctly1 but fourteen or fifteen at least4 ,that's well1 cried ,nelson1 but ,i bargained for twenty4 ,and then1 in a stronger voice1 he said1 ,anchor16 ,hardy1 anchor4 ,hardy upon this hinted that ,admiral ,collingwood would take upon himself the direction of affairs4 ,not while ,i live1 ,hardy1 said the dying ,nelson1 ineffectually endeavouring to raise himself from the bed2 do you anchor4 ,his previous order for preparing to anchor had shown how clearly he foresaw the necessity of this4 ,presently1 calling ,hardy back1 he said to him in a low voice1 ,don't throw me overboard1 and he desired that he might be buried by his parents1 unless it should please the king to order otherwise4 ,kiss me1 ,hardy1 said he4 ,hardy knelt down and kissed his cheek1 and ,nelson said1 ,now1 ,i am satisfied4 ,thank ,god1 ,i have done my duty4 ,hardy stood over him in silence for a moment or two1 then knelt again and kissed his forehead4 ,who is that8 said ,nelson2 and being informed1 he replied1 ,god bless you1 ,hardy4 ,and ,hardy then left him for ever4 ,,southey4 ,note3,the death of ,nelson took place at the ,battle of ,trafalgar1 #ahje4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,battle ,,of ,,the ,,baltic4 ,i4 ,of ,nelson and the ,north1 ,sing the glorious day's renown1 ,when to battle fierce came forth ,all the might of ,denmark's crown1 ,and her arms along the deep proudly shone2 ,by each gun the lighted brand1 ,in a bold1 determined hand1 ,and the ,prince of all the land ,led them on4 ,,ii4 ,like leviathans afloat1 ,lay their bulwarks on the brine2 ,while the sign of battle flew ,on the lofty ,british line3 ,it was ten of ,april morn by the chime3 ,as they drifted on their path1 ,there was silence deep as death2 ,and the boldest held his breath ,for a time4 ,,iii4 ,but the might of ,england flushed ,to anticipate the scene2 ,and her van the fleeter rushed ,o'er the deadly space between4 ,hearts of oak6 our captains cried2 when each gun ,from its adamantine lips ,spread a death-shade round the ships4 ,like the hurricane eclipse ,of the sun4 ,,iv4 ,again6 again6 again6 ,and the havoc did not slack1 ,till a feebler cheer the ,dane ,to our cheering sent us back2-- ,their shots along the deep slowly boom2-- ,then cease--and all is wail1 ,as they strike the shattered sail2 ,or1 in conflagration pale1 ,light the gloom4 ,v4 ,out spoke the victor then1 ,as he hailed them o'er the wave1 ,ye are brothers6 ye are men6 ,and we conquer but to save3-- ,so peace instead of death let us bring2 ,but yield1 proud foe1 thy fleet1 ,with the crews1 at ,england's feet1 ,and make submission meet ,to our king4 ,,vi4 ,then ,denmark blest our chief ,that he gave her wounds repose2 ,and the sounds of joy and grief ,from her people wildly rose1 ,as ,death withdrew his shades from the day ,while the sun looked smiling bright ,o'er a wide and woeful sight1 ,where the fires of funeral light ,died away4 ,,vii4 ,now joy1 ,old ,england1 raise6 ,for the tidings of thy might1 ,by the festal cities' blaze1 ,whilst the wine-cup shines in light2 ,and yet amidst that joy and uproar1 ,let us think of them that sleep1 ,full many a fathom deep1 ,by thy wild and stormy steep1 ,elsinore6 ,,viii4 ,brave hearts6 to ,britain's pride ,once so faithful and so true1 ,on the deck of fame that died2-- ,with the gallant good ,riou2-- ,soft sigh the winds of heaven o'er their grave6 ,while the billow mournful rolls1 ,and the mermaid's song condoles2 ,singing glory to the souls ,of the brave6 ,,campbell ,notes3 ,this is the first specimen of the ode in this book4 ,notice the variety in length between the lines1 and draw up a scheme of the rhymes in each stanza4 ,the battle was fought1 and ,copenhagen bombarded1 in ,april1 #ahja4 ,it was ten of ,april morn by the chime4 ,it was ten o'clock on the morning in ,april4 ,like the hurricane eclipse4 ,the eclipse of the sun in storm4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lochinvar4 ,oh1 young ,lochinvar is come out of the west1 ,through all the wide border his steed is the best2 ,and1 save his good broad-sword1 he weapon had none2 ,he rode all unarmed1 and he rode all alone6 ,so faithful in love1 and so dauntless in war1 ,there never was knight like the young ,lochinvar6 ,he stay'd not for brake1 and he stopped not for stone1 ,he swam the ,eske river where ford there was none-- ,but1 ere he alighted at ,netherby gate1 ,the bride had consented1 the gallant came late2 ,for a laggard in love1 and a dastard in war1 ,was to wed the fair ,ellen of brave ,lochinvar6 ,so boldly he entered the ,netherby ,hall1 ,among bridesmen1 and kinsmen1 and brothers1 and all6-- ,then spoke the bride's father1 his hand on his sword-- ,for the poor craven bridegroom said never a word-- ,oh come ye in peace here1 or come ye in war8-- ,or to dance at our bridal8 young ,lord ,lochinvar6 ,i long woo'd your daughter1 my suit you denied3 ,love swells like the ,solway1 but ebbs like its tide6 ,and now am ,i come1 with this lost love of mine1 ,to lead but one measure1 drink one cup of wine6 ,there be maidens in ,scotland1 more lovely by far1 ,that would gladly be bride to the young ,lochinvar6 ,the bride kissed the goblet1 the knight took it up1 ,he quaffed off the wine1 and he threw down the cup6 ,she looked down to blush1 and she looked up to sigh-- ,with a smile on her lip1 and a tear in her eye4 ,he took her soft hand1 ere her mother could bar-- ,now tread we a measure6 said young ,lochinvar1 ,so stately his form1 and so lovely her face1 ,that never a hall such a galliard did grace6 ,while her mother did fret1 and her father did fume1 ,and the bridegroom stood dangling his bonnet and plume1 ,and the bride-maidens whispered1 ',twere better by far ,to have matched our fair cousin with young ,lochinvar6 ,one touch to her hand1 and one word in her ear1 ,when they reached the hall door1 and the charger stood near3 ,so light to the croup the fair lady he swung1 ,so light to the saddle before her he sprung6 ,she is won6 we are gone1 over bank1 bush1 and scaur2 ,they'll have fleet steeds that follow6 cried young ,lochinvar4 ,there was mounting 'mong ,graemes of the ,netherby clan2 ,forsters1 ,fenwicks1 and ,musgraves1 they rode and they ran2 ,there was racing and chasing on ,cannobie ,lea1 ,but the lost bride of ,netherby ne'er did they see6 ,so daring in love1 and so dauntless in war1 ,have ye e'er heard of gallant like young ,lochinvar8 ,,scott4 ,notes3 ,lochinvar4 ,the song sung by ,dame ,heron in ',marmion1' one of ,scott's longest and most famous poems4 ,the fame of ,scott 7#agga-ahcb7 rests partly on these poems1 but much more on the novels1 in which he is excelled by no one4 ,he stay'd not for brake4 ,brake1 a word of ,scandinavian origin1 means a place overgrown with brambles2 from the crackling noise they make as one passes over them4 ,love swells like the ,solway4 ,for a scene in which the rapid advance of the ,solway tide is described1 see the beginning of ,scott's novel of ',redgauntlet4' ,galliard4 ,a gay rollicker4 ,used also in ,chaucer4 ,scaur4 ,a rough1 broken ground4 ,the same word as scar4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,learning ,,to ,,ride4 ,some time before my father had bought a small ,shetland pony for us1 ,moggy by name1 upon which we were to complete our own education in riding1 we had already mastered the rudiments under the care of our grandfather's coachman4 ,he had been in our family thirty years1 and we were as fond of him as if he had been a relation4 ,he had taught us to sit up and hold the bridle1 while he led a quiet old cob up and down with a leading rein4 ,but1 now that ,moggy was come1 we were to make quite a new step in horsemanship4 ,our parents had a theory that boys must teach themselves1 and that a saddle 7except for propriety1 when we rode to a neighbour's house to carry a message1 or had to appear otherwise in public7 was a hindrance rather than a help4 ,so1 after our morning's lessons1 the coachman used to take us to the paddock in which ,moggy lived1 put her bridle on1 and leave us to our own devices4 ,i could see that that moment was from the first one of keen enjoyment to my brother4 ,he would scramble up on her back1 while she went on grazing--without caring to bring her to the elm stool in the corner of the field1 which was our mounting place--pull her head up1 kick his heels into her sides1 and go scampering away round the paddock with the keenest delight4 ,he was ,moggy's master from the first day1 though she not unfrequently managed to get rid of him by sharp turns1 or stopping dead short in her gallop4 ,she knew it quite well2 and1 just as well1 that she was mistress as soon as ,i was on her back4 ,for weeks it never came to my turn1 without my wishing myself anywhere else4 ,george would give me a lift up1 and start her4 ,she would trot a few yards1 and then begin grazing1 notwithstanding my timid expostulations and gentle pullings at her bridle4 ,then he would run up1 and pull up her head1 and start her again1 and she would bolt off with a flirt of her head1 and never be content till ,i was safely on the grass4 ,the moment that was effected she took to grazing again1 and ,i believe enjoyed the whole performance as much as ,george1 and certainly far more than ,i did4 ,we always brought her a carrot1 or bit of sugar1 in our pockets1 and she was much more like a great good-tempered dog with us than a pony4 ,memoir of a ,brother4 ,t4 ,,hughes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,chameleon4 ,oft has it been my lot to mark ,a proud1 conceited1 talking spark1 ,with eyes that hardly served at most ,to guard their master 'gainst a post3 ,yet round the world the blade has been ,to see whatever can be seen4 ,returning from his finished tour1 ,grown ten times perter than before4 ,whatever word you chance to drop1 ,the travelled fool your mouth will stop3 ,sir1 if my judgment you'll allow-- ,i've seen--and sure ,i ought to know4 ,so begs you'd pay a due submission ,and acquiesce in his decision4 ,two travellers of such a cast1 ,as o'er ,arabia's wilds they passed1 ,and on their way in friendly chat1 ,now talked of this1 and now of that3 ,discoursed a while1 'mongst other matter1 ,of the chameleon's form and nature4 ,a stranger animal1 cries one1 ,sure never lived beneath the sun2 ,a lizard's body1 lean and long1 ,a fish's head1 a serpent's tongue1 ,its foot with triple claw disjoined2 ,and what a length of tail behind6 ,how slow its pace6 ,and then its hue-- ,who ever saw so fine a blue8-- ,hold there1 the other quick replies1 ',tis green2 ,i saw it with these eyes ,as late with open mouth it lay1 ,and warmed it in the sunny ray2 ,stretched at its ease the beast ,i viewed1 ,and saw it eat the air for food4 ,i've seen it1 sir1 as well as you1 ,and must again affirm it blue3 ,at leisure ,i the beast surveyed ,extended in the cooling shade4 ',tis green1 'tis green1 sir1 ,i assure you4 ,green6 cried the other in a fury3 ,why1 do you think ,i've lost my eyes8 ',twere no great loss1 the friend replies1 ,for if they always serve you thus1 ,you'll find them of but little use4 ,so high at last the contest rose1 ,from words they almost came to blows1 ,when luckily came by a third3 ,to him the question they referred1 ,and begged he'd tell them if he knew1 ,whether the thing was green or blue8 ,sirs1 cries the umpire1 cease your pother1 ,the creature's neither one nor t'other4 ,i caught the animal last night1 ,and view'd it o'er by candle-light3 ,i marked it well--'twas black as jet4 ,you stare2 but1 sirs1 ,i've got it yet3 ,and can produce it--,pray1 sir1 do3 ,i'll lay my life the thing is blue4 ,and ,i'll be sworn1 that when you've seen ,the reptile you'll pronounce him green6 ,well1 then1 at once to ease the doubt1 ,replies the man1 ,i'll turn him out3 ,and when before your eyes ,i've set him1 ,if you don't find him black1 ,i'll eat him1 ,he said1 and full before their sight1 ,produced the beast1 and lo6--'twas white4 ,both stared3 the man looked wondrous wise3 ,my children1 the chameleon cries 7,then first the creature found a tongue71 ,you all are right1 and all are wrong2 ,when next you tell of what you view1 ,think others see as well as you6 ,nor wonder if you find that none ,prefers your eyesight to his own4 ,,merrick4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,moses ,,at ,,the ,,fair ,all this conversation1 however1 was only preparatory to another scheme2 and indeed ,i dreaded as much4 ,this was nothing less than that1 as we were now to hold up our heads a little higher in the world1 it would be proper to sell the colt1 which was grown old1 at a neighbouring fair1 and buy us a horse that would carry us single or double upon an occasion1 and make a pretty appearance at church1 or upon a visit4 ,this at first ,i opposed stoutly2 but it was stoutly defended4 ,however1 as ,i weakened1 my antagonist gained strength1 till at last it was resolved to part with him4 ,as the fair happened on the following day1 ,i had intentions of going myself2 but my wife persuaded me that ,i had got a cold1 and nothing could prevail upon her to permit me from home4 ,no1 my dear1 said she1 our son ,moses is a discreet boy1 and can buy and sell to a very good advantage3 you know all our great bargains are of his purchasing4 ,he always stands out and higgles1 and actually tires them till he gets a bargain4 ,as ,i had some opinion of my son's prudence1 ,i was willing enough to entrust him with this commission2 and the next morning ,i perceived his sisters mighty busy in fitting out ,moses for the fair2 trimming his hair1 brushing his buckles1 and cocking his hat with pins4 ,the business of the toilet being over1 we had at last the satisfaction of seeing him mounted upon the colt1 with a deal box before him to bring home groceries in4 ,he had on a coat made of that cloth they call thunder-and-lightning1 which1 though grown too short1 was much too good to be thrown away4 ,his waistcoat was of gosling green1 and his sisters had tied his hair with a broad black riband4 ,we all followed him several paces from the door1 bawling after him1 ,good luck6 good luck6 till we could see him no longer4 999999 ,i changed the subject by seeming to wonder what could keep our son so long at the fair1 as it was now almost nightfall4 ,never mind our son1 cried my wife2 depend upon it1 he knows what he is about4 ,i'll warrant we'll never see him sell his hen of a rainy day4 ,i have seen him bring such bargains as would amaze one4 ,i'll tell you a good story about that1 that will make you split your sides with laughing4 ,but1 as ,i live1 yonder comes ,moses1 without a horse1 and the box on his back4 ,as she spoke1 ,moses came slowly on foot1 and sweating under the deal box1 which he had strapped round his shoulders like a pedlar4 ,welcome1 welcome1 ,moses6 ,well1 my boy1 what have you brought us from the fair8 ,i have brought you myself1 cried ,moses1 with a sly look1 and resting the box on the dresser4 ,ay1 ,moses1 cried my wife1 that we know2 but where is the horse8 ,i have sold him1 cried ,moses1 for three pounds five shillings and twopence4 ,well done1 my good boy1 returned she2 ,i knew you would touch them off4 ,between ourselves1 three pounds five shillings and twopence is no bad day's work4 ,come1 let us have it then4 ,i have brought back no money1 cried ,moses again4 ,i have laid it all out in a bargain1 and here it is1 pulling out a bundle from his breast2 here they are2 a gross of green spectacles1 with silver rims and shagreen cases4 ,a gross of green spectacles6 repeated my wife1 in a faint voice4 ,and you have parted with the colt1 and brought us back nothing but a gross of green paltry spectacles6 ,dear mother1 cried the boy1 why won't you listen to reason8 ,i had them a dead bargain1 or ,i should not have brought them4 ,the silver rims alone will sell for double the money4 ,a fig for the silver rims1 cried my wife1 in a passion3 ,i dare swear they won't sell for above half the money at the rate of broken silver1 five shillings an ounce4 ,you need be under no uneasiness1 cried ,i1 about selling the rims1 for they are not worth sixpence2 for ,i perceive they are only copper varnished over4 ,what6 cried my wife1 not silver6 the rims not silver8 ,no1 cried ,i1 no more silver than your saucepan4 ,and so1 returned she1 we have parted with the colt1 and have only got a gross of green spectacles1 with copper rims and shagreen cases8 ,a murrain take such trumpery6 ,the blockhead has been imposed upon1 and should have known his company better4 ,there1 my dear1 cried ,i1 you are wrong2 he should not have known them at all4 ,marry1 hang the idiot6 returned she1 to bring me such stuff3 if ,i had them ,i would throw them in the fire4 ,there again you are wrong1 my dear1 cried ,i1 for though they be copper1 we will keep them by us1 as copper spectacles1 you know1 are better than nothing4 ,by this time the unfortunate ,moses was undeceived4 ,he now saw that he had been imposed upon by a prowling sharper1 who1 observing his figure1 had marked him for an easy prey4 ,i therefore asked the circumstances of his deception4 ,he sold the horse1 it seems1 and walked the fair in search of another4 ,a reverend-looking man brought him to a tent1 under pretence of having one to sell4 ,here1 continued ,moses1 we met another man1 very well dressed1 who desired to borrow twenty pounds upon these1 saying that he wanted money1 and would dispose of them for a third of the value4 ,the first gentleman1 who pretended to be my friend1 whispered me to buy them1 and cautioned me not to let so good an offer pass4 ,i sent for ,mr4 ,flamborough1 and they talked him up as finely as they did me2 and so at last we were persuaded to buy the two gross between us4 ,,goldsmith4 ,note3 ,moses at the fair4 ,this is an incident taken from ,goldsmith's novel1 ',the ,vicar of ,wakefield4' ,the narrator throughout is the ,vicar himself1 who tells us the simple joys and sorrows of his family1 and the foibles of each member of it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,wish4 ,happy the man whose wish and care ,a few paternal acres bound1 ,content to breathe his native air ,in his own ground4 ,whose herds with milk1 whose fields with bread1 ,whose flocks supply him with attire2 ,whose trees in summer yield him shade1 ,in winter1 fire4 ,blest who can unconcernedly find ,hours1 days1 and years1 glide soft away ,in health of body1 peace of mind1 ,quiet by day1 ,sound sleep by night2 study and ease ,together mixed2 sweet recreation1 ,and innocence1 which most does please1 ,with meditation4 ,thus let me live1 unseen1 unknown2 ,thus unlamented let me die2 ,steal from the world1 and not a stone ,tell where ,i lie4 ,,pope4 ,notes3 ,alexander ,pope1 born #afhh1 died #agdd4 ,the author of numerous poems and translations1 all of them marked by the same lucid thought and polished versification4 ,the ,essay on ,man1 the ,satires and ,epistles1 and the translations of ,homer's ,iliad and ,odyssey1 are amongst the most important4 ,write a paraphrase of the first two stanzas4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,whang ,,the ,,miller4 ,whang1 the miller1 was naturally avaricious2 nobody loved money better than he1 or more respected those that had it4 ,when people would talk of a rich man in company1 ,whang would say1 ,i know him very well2 he and ,i are intimate2 he stood for a child of mine4 ,but if ever a poor man was mentioned1 he had not the least knowledge of the man2 he might be very well for aught he knew2 but he was not fond of many acquaintances1 and loved to choose his company4 ,whang1 however1 with all his eagerness for riches1 was in reality poor2 he had nothing but the profits of his mill to support him2 but though these were small1 they were certain2 while his mill stood and went1 he was sure of eating2 and his frugality was such that he every day laid some money by1 which he would at intervals count and contemplate with much satisfaction4 ,yet still his acquisitions were not equal to his desires2 he only found himself above want1 whereas he desired to be possessed of affluence4 ,one day1 as he was indulging these wishes1 he was informed that a neighbour of his had found a pan of money under ground1 having dreamed of it three nights running before4 ,these tidings were daggers to the heart of poor ,whang4 ,here am ,i1 says he1 toiling and moiling from morning till night for a few paltry farthings1 while neighbour ,hunks only goes quietly to bed1 and dreams himself into thousands before morning4 ,oh that ,i could dream like him6 with what pleasure would ,i dig round the pan2 how slily would ,i carry it home2 not even nay wife should see me2 and then1 oh1 the pleasure of thrusting one's hand into a heap of gold up to the elbow6 ,such reflections only served to make the miller unhappy2 he discontinued his former assiduity2 he was quite disgusted with small gains1 and his customers began to forsake him4 ,every day he repeated the wish1 and every night laid himself down in order to dream4 ,fortune1 that was for a long time unkind1 at last1 however1 seemed to smile upon his distresses1 and indulged him with the wished-for vision4 ,he dreamed that under a certain part of the foundation of his mill there was concealed a monstrous pan of gold and diamonds1 buried deep in the ground1 and covered with a large flat stone4 ,he rose up1 thanked the stars that were at last pleased to take pity on his sufferings1 and concealed his good luck from every person1 as is usual in money dreams1 in order to have the vision repeated the two succeeding nights1 by which he should be certain of its veracity4 ,his wishes in this also were answered2 he still dreamed of the same pan of money1 in the very same place4 ,now1 therefore1 it was past a doubt2 so1 getting up early the third morning1 he repairs alone1 with a mattock in his hand1 to the mill1 and began to undermine that part of the wall which the vision directed4 ,the first omen of success that he met was a broken mug2 digging still deeper1 he turns up a house tile1 quite new and entire4 ,at last1 after much digging1 he came to the broad flat stone1 but then so large1 that it was beyond one man's strength to remove it4 ,here1 cried he1 in raptures1 to himself1 here it is6 under this stone there is room for a very large pan of diamonds indeed6 ,i must e'en go home to my wife1 and tell her the whole affair1 and get her to assist me in turning it up4 ,away1 therefore1 he goes1 and acquaints his wife with every circumstance of their good fortune4 ,her raptures on this occasion may easily be imagined2 she flew round his neck1 and embraced him in an agony of joy3 but those transports1 however1 did not delay their eagerness to know the exact sum2 returning1 therefore1 speedily together to the place where ,whang had been digging1 there they found--not indeed the expected treasure1 but the mill1 their only support1 undermined and fallen4 ,,goldsmith4 ,note3 ,he stood for a child of mine1 i4e41 stood as godfather for a child of mine4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,sea ,,song4 ,a wet sheet and a flowing sea1 ,a wind that follows fast1 ,and fills the white and rustling sail ,and bends the gallant mast4 ,and bends the gallant mast1 my boys1 ,while1 like the eagle free1 ,away the good ship flies1 and leaves ,old ,england on the lee4 ,oh1 for a soft and gentle wind1 ,i heard a fair one cry3 ,but give to me the snoring breeze ,and white waves heaving high4 ,and white waves heaving high1 my lads1 ,a good ship1 tight and free1 ,the world of waters is our home1 ,and merry men are we4 ,there's tempest in yon horned moon1 ,and lightning in yon cloud2 ,and hark the music1 mariners6 ,the wind is piping loud4 ,the wind is piping loud1 my boys1 ,the lightning flashes free2 ,while the hollow oak our palace is1 ,our heritage the sea4 ,,cunningham4 ,note3 ,a wet sheet4 ,the sheet is the rope fastened to the lower corner of a sail to retain it in position4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,the ,,loss ,,of ,,the ',,royal ,,george4' ,toll for the brave6 ,the brave that are no more2 ,all sunk beneath the wave1 ,fast by their native shore6 ,eight hundred of the brave1 ,whose courage well was tried1 ,had made the vessel heel1 ,and laid her on her side4 ,a land breeze shook the shrouds1 ,and she was overset2 ,down went the ',royal ,george1' ,with all her crew complete4 ,toll for the brave6 ,brave ,kempenfeldt is gone2 ,his last sea-fight is fought2 ,his work of glory done4 ,it was not in the battle2 ,no tempest gave the shock2 ,she sprang no fatal leak2 ,she ran upon no rock4 ,his sword was in its sheath2 ,his fingers held the pen1 ,when ,kempenfeldt went down1 ,with twice four hundred men4 ,weigh the vessel up1 ,once dreaded by our foes6 ,and mingle with our cup1 ,the tear that ,england owes4 ,her timbers yet are sound1 ,and she may float again1 ,full-charged with ,england's thunder1 ,and plough the distant main4 ,but ,kempenfeldt is gone1 ,his victories are o'er2 ,and he and his eight hundred ,shall plough the wave no more4 ,,cowper4 ,note3 ,the ,royal ,george4 ,a ship of war1 which went down with ,admiral ,kempenfeldt and her crew off ,spithead in #aghb1 while undergoing a partial careening4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,an ,,escape4 ,after we had rowed1 or rather driven1 about a league and a half1 as we reckoned it1 a raging wave1 mountain-like1 came rolling astern of us1 and plainly bade us expect our end4 ,in a word1 it took us with such a fury that it overset the boat at once2 and1 separating us as well from the boat as from one another1 gave us not time hardly to say1 ,o ,god6 for we were all swallowed up in a moment4 ,nothing can describe the confusion of thought which ,i felt when ,i sunk into the water2 for though ,i swam very well1 yet ,i could not deliver myself from the waves1 so as to draw breath1 till that wave having driven me1 or rather carried me a vast way on towards the shore1 and having spent itself1 went back1 and left me upon the land almost dry1 but half dead from the water ,i took in4 ,i had so much presence of mind as well as breath left1 that1 seeing myself nearer the mainland than ,i expected1 ,i got upon my feet1 and endeavoured to make on towards the land as fast as ,i could1 before another wave should return1 and take me up again4 ,but ,i soon found it was impossible to avoid it2 for ,i saw the sea come after me as high as a great hill1 and as furious as an enemy1 which ,i had no means or strength to contend with2 my business was to hold my breath1 and raise myself upon the water1 if ,i could3 and so by swimming to preserve my breathing1 and pilot myself towards the shore1 if possible2 my greatest concern now being1 that the sea1 as it would carry me a great way towards the shore when it came on1 might not carry me back again with it when it gave back towards the sea4 ,the wave that came upon me again1 buried me at once twenty or thirty feet deep in its own body2 and ,i could feel myself carried with a mighty force and swiftness towards the shore a very great way2 but ,i held my breath1 and assisted myself to swim still forward with all my might4 ,i was ready to burst with holding my breath1 when1 as ,i felt myself rising up1 so1 to my immediate relief1 ,i found my head and hands shoot out above the surface of the water2 and though it was not two seconds of time that ,i could keep myself so1 yet it relieved me greatly1 gave me breath and new courage4 ,i was covered again with water a good while1 but not so long but ,i held it out2 and finding the water had spent itself1 and began to return1 ,i struck forward against the return of the waves1 and felt ground again with my feet4 ,i stood still a few moments to recover breath1 and till the water went from me1 and then took to my heels1 and run with what strength ,i had farther towards the shore4 ,but neither would this deliver me from the fury of the sea1 which came pouring in after me again1 and twice more ,i was lifted up by the waves1 and carried forwards as before1 the shore being very flat4 ,the last time of these two had well near been fatal to me2 for the sea having hurried me along as before1 landed me1 or rather dashed me against a piece of a rock1 and that with such force as it left me senseless1 and indeed helpless1 as to my own deliverance2 for the blow taking my side and breast1 beat the breath1 as it were1 quite out of my body2 and had it returned again immediately1 ,i must have been strangled in the water2 but ,i recovered a little before the return of the waves1 and seeing ,i should be covered again with the water1 ,i resolved to hold fast by a piece of the rock1 and so to hold my breath1 if possible1 till the wave went back2 now as the waves were not so high as at first1 being near land1 ,i held my hold till the wave abated1 and then fetched another run1 which brought me so near the shore that the next wave1 though it went over me1 yet did not so swallow me up as to carry me away1 and the next run ,i took1 ,i got to the main land1 where1 to my great comfort1 ,i clambered up the clifts of the shore1 and sat me down upon the grass1 free from danger1 and quite out of the reach of the water4 ,,defoe',s ,robinson ,crusoe4 ,notes3 ,daniel ,defoe1 born #affc1 died #agca4 ,he was prominent as a political writer1 but his later fame has rested chiefly on his works of fiction1 of which ',robinson ,crusoe' 7from which this extract is taken7 is the most important4 ,gave us not time hardly to say4 ,this to us has the effect of a double negative4 ,but if we take hardly in its strict sense1 the sentence is clear3 did not give us time1 even with difficulty1 to say4 7at foot74,as ,i felt myself rising up1 so to my immediate relief4 ,note this use of as and so1 in a way which now sounds archaic4 ,run4 ,the older form1 for which we would use ran4 ,that with such force1 as it left me1 c4 ,for as1 we would now use that4 ,clifts of the shore4 ,like clefts1 broken openings in the shore4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rule ,,britannia4 ,when ,britain first1 at ,heaven's command1 ,arose from out the azure main1 ,this was the charter of the land1 ,and guardian angels sung this strain3 ,rule1 ,britannia1 rule the waves1 ,britons never will be slaves6 ,the nations1 not so blessed as thee1 ,must in their turn to tyrants fall2 ,while thou shalt flourish great and free1 ,the dread and envy of them all4 ,still more majestic shalt thou rise1 ,more dreadful from each foreign stroke2 ,as the loud blast that tears the skies1 ,serves but to root thy native oak4 ,thee haughty tyrants ne'er shall tame3 ,all their attempts to bend thee down ,will but arouse thy generous flame2 ,but work their woe and thy renown4 ,to thee belongs the rural reign2 ,thy cities shall with commerce shine2 ,all thine shall be the subject main3 ,and every shore it circles thine4 ,the ,muses1 still with freedom found1 ,shall to thy happy coast repair3 ,blessed isle6 with matchless beauty crowned1 ,and manly hearts to guard the fair3 ,rule1 ,britannia1 rule the waves1 ,britons never will be slaves6 ,,thomson4 ,notes3 ,james ,thomson1 born #agjj1 died #agdh4 ,he was educated for the ,scotch ministry1 but came to ,london1 and commenced his career as a poet by the series of poems called the ',seasons1' descriptive of scenes in nature4 ,the ,muses1 i4e41 the ,sciences and ,arts1 which flourish best where there are free institutions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,waterloo4 ,there was a sound of revelry by night1 ,and ,belgium's capital had gathered then ,her ,beauty and her ,chivalry2 and bright ,the lamps shone o'er fair women and brave men2 ,a thousand hearts beat happily2 and when ,music arose with its voluptuous swell1 ,soft eyes look'd love to eyes which spake again1 ,and all went merry as a marriage-bell2-- ,but hush6 hark6 a deep sound strikes like a rising knell6 ,did ye not hear it8--,no2 'twas but the wind1 ,or the car rattling o'er the stony street3 ,on with the dance6 let joy be unconfined2 ,no sleep till morn1 when ,youth and ,pleasure meet ,to chase the glowing ,hours with flying feet-- ,but hark6--,that heavy sound breaks in once more1 ,as if the clouds its echo would repeat2 ,and nearer1 clearer1 deadlier than before6 ,arm6 arm6 it is--it is--the cannon's opening roar6 ,ah6 then and there was hurrying to and fro1 ,and gathering tears1 and tremblings of distress1 ,and cheeks all pale1 which but an hour ago ,blush'd at the praise of their own loveliness3 ,and there were sudden partings1 such as press ,the life from out young hearts1 and choking sighs ,which ne'er might be repeated2 who could guess ,if ever more should meet those mutual eyes1 ,since upon night so sweet such awful morn could rise8 ,and there was mounting in hot haste3 the steed1 ,the mustering squadron1 and the clattering car1 ,went pouring forward with impetuous speed1 ,and swiftly forming in the ranks of war2 ,and the deep thunder peal on peal afar2 ,and near1 the beat of the alarming drum ,roused up the soldier ere the morning-star2 ,while throng'd the citizens1 with terror dumb1 ,or whispering1 with white lips1--,the foe6 they come6 they come6 ,and ,ardennes waves above them her green leaves1 ,dewy with nature's tear-drops1 as they pass1 ,grieving1 if aught inanimate e'er grieves1 ,over the unreturning brave1--alas6 ,ere evening to be trodden like the grass1 ,which now beneath them1 but above shall grow ,in its next verdure2 when this fiery mass ,of living valour1 rolling on the foe ,and burning with high hope1 shall moulder cold and low6 ,last noon beheld them full of lusty life1 ,last eve in ,beauty's circle proudly gay1 ,the midnight brought the signal-sound of strife1 ,the morn the marshalling in arms1--the day ,battle's magnificently stern array6 ,the thunder-clouds close o'er it1 which when rent ,the earth is cover'd thick with other clay1 ,which her own clay shall cover--heap'd and pent1 ,rider and horse1--friend1 foe1--in one red burial blent6 ,,byron4 ,notes3,waterloo4 ,fought1 #ahae1 between ,napoleon on one side1 and ,wellington and ,blucher 7the ,prussian ,general7 on the other4 ,its result was the defeat of ,napoleon1 and his imprisonment by the ,allies in ,st4 ,helena4 ,the festivities held at ,brussels1 the headquarters of the ,british ,army1 on the eve of the battle1 were rudely disturbed by the news that the action had already begun4 ,ardennes4 ,a district on the frontier of ,france1 bordering on ,belgium4 ,ivry4 ,the battle in which ,henry ,,iv41 in the struggle for the crown of ,france1 completely routed the forces of the ,catholic ,league 7#aeij74 ,my white plume shine4 ,the white plume was the distinctive mark of the ,house of ,bourbon4 ,oriflamme1 or ,auriflamme 7lit4 ,flame of ,gold71 originally the banner of the ,abbey of ,st4 ,denis1 afterwards appropriated by the crown of ,france4 ,let the helmet of ,navarre 7,henry's own country7 be to-day the ,royal ,standard of ,france4 ,culverin4 ,a piece of artillery of long range4 ,the fiery ,duke 7of ,mayenne74 ,pricking fast4 ,cf4 a gentle knight was pricking o'er the plain 7,spencer74 ,with all the hireling chivalry of ,guelders and ,almayne4 ,the allies of the ,league4 ,almayne or ,almen1 a district in the ,netherlands4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ivry4 ,the ,king is come to marshal us1 in all his armour drest1 ,and he has bound a snow-white plume upon his gallant crest4 ,he look'd upon his people1 and a tear was in his eye3 ,he look'd upon the traitors1 and his glance was stern and high1 ,right graciously he smiled on us1 as roll'd from wing to wing1 ,down all our line a deafening shout1 ,god save our ,lord the ,king6 ,and if my standard-bearer fall1 as fall full well he may1 ,for never saw ,i promise yet of such a bloody fray1 ,press where ye see my white plume shine1 amidst the ranks of war1 ,and be your ,oriflamme to-day the helmet of ,navarre4 ,hurrah6 the foes are moving4 ,hark to the mingled din ,of fife1 and steed1 and trump1 and drum1 and roaring culverin6 ,the fiery ,duke is pricking fast across ,st4 ,andr's plain1 ,with all the hireling chivalry of ,guelders and ,almayne4 ,now by the lips of those we love1 fair gentlemen of ,france1 ,charge for the ,golden ,lilies1--upon them with the lance6 ,a thousand spurs are striking deep1 a thousand spears in rest1 ,a thousand knights are pressing close behind the snow-white crest2 ,and in they burst1 and on they rush'd1 while1 like a guiding star1 ,amidst the thickest carnage blazed the helmet of ,navarre4 ,now1 ,god be praised1 the day is ours6 ,mayenne hath turned his rein4 ,d',aumale hath cried for quarter4 ,the ,flemish ,count is slain4 ,their ranks are breaking like thin clouds before a ,biscay gale4 ,the field is heap'd with bleeding steeds1 and flags1 and cloven mail4 ,and then we thought on vengeance1 and1 all along our van1 ,remember ,st4 ,bartholomew6 was pass'd from man to man3 ,but out spake gentle ,henry1 ,no ,frenchman is my foe2 ,down1 down1 with every foreigner6 but let your brethren go4 ,oh6 was there ever such a knight1 in friendship or in war1 ,as our ,sovereign ,lord1 ,king ,henry1 the soldier of ,navarre6 ,ho6 maidens of ,vienna2 ho6 matrons of ,lucerne2 ,weep1 weep1 and rend your hair for those who never shall return4 ,ho6 ,philip1 send1 for charity1 thy ,mexican pistoles1 ,that ,antwerp monks may sing a mass for thy poor spearmen's souls4 ,ho6 gallant nobles of the ,league1 look that your arms be bright3 ,ho6 burghers of ,st4 ,genevieve1 keep watch and ward to- night1 ,for our ,god hath crush'd the tyrant1 our ,god hath raised the slave1 ,and mock'd the counsel of the wise1 and the valour of the brave4 ,then glory to ,his holy name1 from whom all glories are2 ,and glory to our ,sovereign ,lord1 ,king ,henry of ,navarre6 ,,macaulay4 ,notes3 ,d',aumale1 ,the ,duke of2 another leader of the ,league4 ,the ,flemish ,court4 ,count ,egmont1 the son of the ,count ,egmont1 whose death on the scaffold in #aefh1 in consequence of the resistance he offered to the tyranny of ,philip ,,ii4 of ,spain1 has made the name famous4 ,the son1 on the other hand1 was the attached servant of ,philip ,,ii42 and was unnatural enough to say1 when reminded of his father1 ,talk not of him1 he deserved his death4 ,remember ,st4 ,bartholomew1 i4e41 the massacre of the ,protestants on ,st4 ,bartholomew's day1 #aegb4 ,maidens of ,vienna3 matrons of ,lucerne4 ,in reference to the ,austrian and ,swiss ,allies of the ,league4 ,thy ,mexican pistoles4 ,alluding to the riches gained by the ,spanish monarchy from her ,american colonies4 ,ho6 burghers of ,st4 ,genevieve citizens of ,paris1 of which ,st4 ,genevieve was held to be the patron saint4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,necessity ,,the ,,mother ,,of ,,invention4 ,and now ,i began to apply myself to make such necessary things as ,i found ,i most wanted1 as particularly a chair or a table2 for without these ,i was not able to enjoy the few comforts ,i had in the world2 ,i could not write or eat1 or do several things with so much pleasure without a table4 ,so ,i went to work2 and here ,i must needs observe that1 as reason is the substance and original of the mathematics1 so by stating and squaring everything by reason1 and by making the most rational judgment of things1 every man may be in time master of every mechanic art4 ,i had never handled a tool in my life1 and yet in time1 by labour1 application1 and contrivance1 ,i found at last that ,i wanted nothing but ,i could have made it1 especially if ,i had had tools2 however1 ,i made abundance of things1 even without tools1 and some with no more tools than an adze and a hatchet1 which perhaps were never made that way before1 and that with infinite labour2 for example1 if ,i wanted a board1 ,i had no other way but to cut down a tree1 set it on an edge before me1 and hew it flat on either side with my axe1 till ,i had brought it to be as thin as a plank1 and then dubb it smooth with my adze4 ,it is true1 by this method1 ,i could make but one board out of a whole tree1 but this ,i had no remedy for but patience1 any more than ,i had for the prodigious deal of time and labour which it took me up to make a plank or board2 but my time or labour was little worth1 and so it was as well employed one way as another4 ,however1 ,i made me a table and a chair1 as ,i observed above1 in the first place1 and this ,i did out of the short pieces of boards that ,i brought on my raft from the ship3 but when ,i had wrought out some boards1 as above1 ,i made large shelves of the breadth of a foot and a half one over another1 all along one side of my cave1 to lay all my tools1 nails1 and iron-work1 and in a word1 to separate everything at large in their places1 that ,i might come easily at them2 ,i knocked pieces into the wall of the rock to hang my guns and all things that would hang up4 ,so that had my cave been to be seen1 it looked like a general magazine of all necessary things1 and ,i had everything so ready at my hand1 that it was a great pleasure to me to see all my goods in such order1 and especially to find my stock of all necessaries so great4 ,,defoe',s ,robinson ,crusoe4 ,notes3 ,reason is the substance and original of the mathematics4 ,original here origin or foundation4 ,the most rational judgment the judgment most in accordance with reason4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ancient ,,greece4 ,clime of the unforgotten brave6 ,whose land from plain to mountain-cave ,was ,freedom's home or ,glory's grave6 ,shrine of the mighty6 can it be ,that this is all remains of thee8 ,approach1 thou craven crouching slave3 ,say1 is not this ,thermopylae8 ,these waters blue that round you lave1-- ,oh servile offspring of the free6-- ,pronounce what sea1 what shore is this8 ,the gulf1 the rock of ,salamis6 ,these scenes1 their story not unknown1 ,arise1 and make again your own2 ,snatch from the ashes of your sires ,the embers of their former fires2 ,and he who in the strife expires ,will add to theirs a name of fear ,that ,tyranny shall quake to hear1 ,and leave his sons a hope1 a fame1 ,they too will rather die than shame3 ,for ,freedom's battle once begun1 ,bequeathed by bleeding ,sire to ,son1 ,though baffled oft is ever won4 ,bear witness1 ,greece1 thy living page6 ,attest it many a deathless age6 ,while kings1 in dusty darkness hid1 ,have left a nameless pyramid1 ,thy heroes1 though the general doom ,hath swept the column from their tomb1 ,a mightier monument command1 ,the mountains of their native land6 ,there points thy ,muse to stranger's eye ,the graves of those that cannot die6 ',twere long to tell1 and sad to trace1 ,each step from splendour to disgrace1 ,enough--no foreign foe could quell ,thy soul1 till from itself it fell2 ,yes6 ,self-abasement paved the way ,to villain-bonds and despot sway4 ,,byron4 ,notes3 ,lord ,byron1 born #aghh1 died #ahbd4 ,the most powerful ,english poet of the early part of this century4 ,thermapylae4 ,the pass at which ,leonidas and his ,spartans resisted the approach of the ,persians 7,b4,c4 #dhj74 ,salamis4 ,where the ,athenians fought the great naval battle which destroyed the ,persian fleet1 and secured the liberties of ,greece4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,temple ,,of ,,fame4 ,the ,temple shakes1 the sounding gates unfold1 ,wide vaults appear1 and roofs of fretted gold1 ,raised on a thousand pillars wreathed around ,with laurel-foliage and with eagles crowned2 ,of bright transparent beryl were the walls1 ,the friezes gold1 and gold the capitals3 ,as heaven with stars1 the roof with jewels glows1 ,and ever-living lamps depend in rows4 ,full in the passage of each spacious gate ,the sage historians in white garments wait3 ,graved o'er their seats1 the form of ,time was found1 ,his scythe reversed1 and both his pinions bound4 ,within stood heroes1 who through loud alarms ,in bloody fields pursued renown in arms4 ,high on a throne1 with trophies charged1 ,i viewed ,the youth that all things but himself subdued2 ,his feet on sceptres and tiaras trode1 ,and his horned head belied the ,libyan god4 ,there ,caesar1 graced with both ,minervas1 shone2 ,caesar1 the world's great master1 and his own2 ,unmoved1 superior still in every state1 ,and scarce detested in his country's fate4 ,but chief were those1 who not for empire fought1 ,but with their toils their people's safety bought3 ,high o'er the rest ,epaminondas stood3 ,timoleon1 glorious in his brother's blood3 ,bold ,scipio1 saviour of the ,roman state1 ,great in his triumphs1 in retirement great2 ,and wise ,aurelius1 in whose well-taught mind ,with boundless power unbounded virtue joined1 ,his own strict judge1 and patron of mankind4 ,much-suffering heroes next their honours claim1 ,those of less noisy and less guilty fame1 ,fair ,virtue's silent train3 supreme of these ,here ever shines the godlike ,socrates2 ,he whom ungrateful ,athens could expel1 ,at all times just but when he signed the shell3 ,here his abode the martyred ,phocion claims1 ,with ,agis1 not the last of ,spartan names3 ,unconquered ,cato shows the wound he tore1 ,and ,brutus his ill ,genius meets no more4 ,but in the centre of the hallowed choir1 ,six pompous columns o'er the rest aspire2 ,around the shrine itself of ,fame they stand1 ,hold the chief honours1 and the ,fane command4 ,high on the first the mighty ,homer shone2 ,eternal adamant composed his throne2 ,father of verse6 in holy fillets drest1 ,his silver beard waved gently o'er his breast3 ,though blind1 a boldness in his looks appears2 ,in years he seemed1 but not impaired by years4 ,the wars of ,troy were round the pillar seen3 ,here fierce ,tydides wounds the ,cyprian ,queen2 ,here ,hector glorious from ,patroclus' fall1 ,here dragged in triumph round the ,trojan wall4 ,motion and life did every part inspire1 ,bold was the work1 and proved the master's fire4 ,a strong expression most he seemed t' affect1 ,and here and there disclosed a brave neglect4 ,a golden column next in rank appeared1 ,on which a shrine of purest gold was reared2 ,finished the whole1 and laboured every part1 ,with patient touches of unwearied art2 ,the ,mantuan there in sober triumph sate1 ,composed his posture1 and his look sedate3 ,on ,homer still he fixed a reverent eye1 ,great without pride1 in modest majesty1 ,in living sculpture on the sides were spread ,the ,latian wars1 and haughty ,turnus dead3 ,eliza stretched upon the funeral pyre1 ,aeneas bending with his aged sire3 ,troy flamed in burning gold1 and o'er the throne ,arms and the ,man in golden ciphers shone4 ,four swans sustain a car of silver bright1 ,with heads advanced1 and pinions stretched for flight1 ,here1 like some furious prophet1 ,pindar rode1 ,and seemed to labour with the inspiring ,god4 ,across the harp a careless hand he flings1 ,and boldly sinks into the sounding strings4 ,the figured games of ,greece the column grace1 ,neptune and ,jove survey the rapid race4 ,the youths hang o'er their chariots as they run2 ,the fiery steeds seem starting from the stone3 ,the champions in distorted postures threat2 ,and all appeared irregularly great4 ,here happy ,horace tuned th' ,ausonian lyre ,to sweeter sounds1 and tempered ,pindar's fire2 ,pleased with ,alcaeus' manly rage t' infuse ,the softer spirit of the ,sapphic ,muse4 ,the polished pillar different sculptures grace2 ,a work outlasting monumental brass4 ,here smiling ,loves and ,bacchanals appear1 ,the ,julian star1 and great ,augustus here3 ,the ,doves1 that round the infant ,poet spread ,myrtles and bays1 hang hov'ring o'er his head4 ,here1 in a shrine that cast a dazzling light1 ,sate1 fixed in thought1 the mighty ,stagyrite3 ,his sacred head a radiant zodiac crowned1 ,and various animals his sides surround3 ,his piercing eyes1 erect1 appear to view ,superior worlds1 and look all ,nature through4 ,with equal rays immortal ,tully shone2 ,the ,roman rostra decked the ,consul's throne3 ,gathering his flowing robe1 he seemed to stand ,in act to speak1 and graceful stretched his hand4 ,behind1 ,rome's ,genius waits with civic crowns1 ,and the great ,father of his country owns4 ,these massy columns in a circle rise1 ,o'er which a pompous dome invades the skies3 ,scarce to the top ,i stretched my aching sight1 ,so large it spread1 and swelled to such a height4 ,full in the midst proud ,fame's imperial seat ,with jewels blazed magnificently great3 ,the vivid emeralds there revive the eye1 ,the flaming rubies show their sanguine dye1 ,bright azure rays from lively sapphires stream1 ,and lucid amber casts a golden gleam1 ,with various coloured light the pavement shone1 ,and all on fire appeared the glowing throne2 ,the dome's high arch reflects the mingled blaze1 ,and forms a rainbow of alternate rays4 ,when on the ,goddess first ,i cast my sight1 ,scarce seemed her stature of a cubit's height2 ,but swelled to larger size the more ,i gazed1 ,till to the roof her towering front she raised2 ,with her the ,temple every moment grew1 ,and ampler vistas opened to my view3 ,upward the columns shoot1 the roofs ascend1 ,and arches widen1 and long aisles extend1 ,such was her form1 as ancient ,bards have told1 ,wings raise her arms1 and wings her feet infold2 ,a thousand busy tongues the ,goddess bears1 ,a thousand open eyes1 a thousand listening ears4 ,beneath1 in order ranged1 the tuneful ,nine 7,her virgin handmaids7 still attend the shrine3 ,with eyes on ,fame for ever fixed1 they sing2 ,for ,fame they raise the voice1 and tune the string3 ,with ,time's first birth began the heavenly lays1 ,and last eternal through the length of days4 ,around these wonders1 as ,i cast a look1 ,the trumpet sounded1 and the temple shook1 ,and all the nations1 summoned at the call1 ,from diff'rent quarters1 fill the crowded hall3 ,of various tongues the mingled sounds were heard2 ,in various garbs promiscuous throngs appeared2 ,thick as the bees that with the spring renew ,their flow'ry toils1 and sip the fragrant dew1 ,when the winged colonies first tempt the sky1 ,o'er dusky fields and shaded waters fly2 ,or1 settling1 seize the sweets the blossoms yield1 ,and a low murmur runs along the field4 ,millions of suppliant crowds the shrine attend1 ,and all degrees before the ,goddess bend2 ,the poor1 the rich1 the valiant1 and the sage1 ,and boasting youth1 and narrative old age4 ,their pleas were diff'rent1 their request the same3 ,for good and bad alike are fond of ,fame4 ,some she disgraced1 and some with honours crowned2 ,unlike successes equal merits found4 ,thus her blind sister1 fickle ,fortune1 reigns1 ,and1 undiscerning1 scatters crowns and chains4 ,first at the shrine the ,learned world appear1 ,and to the ,goddess thus prefer their pray'r3 ,long have we sought t' instruct and please mankind1 ,with studies pale1 with midnight vigils blind2 ,but thanked by few1 rewarded yet by none4 ,we here appeal to thy superior throne3 ,on wit and learning the just prize bestow1 ,for fame is all we must expect below4 ,the ,goddess heard1 and bade the ,muses raise ,the golden ,trumpet of eternal ,praise3 ,from pole to pole the winds diffuse the sound ,that fills the circuit of the world around4 ,not all at once1 as thunder breaks the cloud3 ,the notes1 at first1 were rather sweet than loud4 ,by just degrees they ev'ry moment rise1 ,fill the wide earth1 and gain upon the skies4 ,at ev'ry breath were balmy odours shed1 ,which still grew sweeter as they wider spread2 ,less fragrant scents th' unfolding rose exhales1 ,or spices breathing in ,arabian gales4 ,next these1 the good and just1 an awful train1 ,thus1 on their knees1 address the sacred fane3 ,since living virtue is with envy cursed1 ,and the best men are treated like the worst1 ,do thou1 just ,goddess1 call our merits forth1 ,and give each deed th' exact intrinsic worth4 ,not with bare justice shall your act be crowned1 7,said ,fame17 but high above desert renowned3 ,let fuller notes th' applauding world amaze1 ,and the loud clarion labour in your praise4 ,this band dismissed1 behold another crowd ,preferred the same request1 and lowly bowed2 ,the constant tenour of whose well-spent days ,no less deserved a just return of praise4 ,but straight the direful ,trump of ,slander sounds2 ,through the big dome the doubling thunder bounds2 ,loud as the burst of cannon rends the skies1 ,the dire report through ev'ry region flies2 ,in ev'ry ear incessant rumours rung1 ,and gath'ring scandals grew on ev'ry tongue4 ,from the black trumpet's rusty concave broke ,sulphureous flames1 and clouds of rolling smoke2 ,the pois'nous vapour blots the purple skies1 ,and withers all before it as it flies4 ,a troop came next1 who crowns and armour wore1 ,and proud defiance in their looks they bore3 ,for thee 7they cried71 amidst alarms and strife1 ,we sailed in tempests down the stream of life2 ,for thee whole nations filled with flames and blood1 ,and swam to empire through the purple flood4 ,those ills we dared1 thy inspiration own2 ,what virtue seemed was done for thee alone4 ,ambitious fools6 7the ,queen replied1 and frowned73 ,be all your acts in dark oblivion drowned2 ,there sleep forgot1 with mighty tyrants gone1 ,your statues mouldered1 and your names unknown6 ,a sudden cloud straight snatched them from my sight1 ,and each majestic phantom sunk in night4 ,then came the smallest tribe ,i yet had seen2 ,plain was their dress1 and modest was their mien4 ,great idol of mankind6 we neither claim ,the praise of merit1 nor aspire to fame6 ,but safe1 in deserts1 from the applause of men1 ,would die unheard-of1 as we lived unseen4 ',tis all we beg thee1 to conceal from sight ,those acts of goodness1 which themselves requite4 ,o let us still the secret joy partake1 ,to follow virtue ev'n for virtue's sake4 ,and live there men who slight immortal fame8 ,who1 then1 with incense shall adore our name8 ,but1 mortals6 know1 'tis still our greatest pride ,to blaze those virtues which the good would hide4 ,rise6 ,muses1 rise6 add all your tuneful breath2 ,these must not sleep in darkness and in death1 ,she said3 in air the trembling music floats1 ,and on the winds triumphant swell the notes3 ,so soft1 though high2 so loud1 and yet so clear2 ,ev'n list'ning angels leaned from heaven to hear3 ,to farthest shores th' ambrosial spirit flies1 ,sweet to the world1 and grateful to the skies4 ,pope4 ,notes3 ,alexander ,pope4 7,see previous note on ,pope47 ,the hint of this poem is taken from one by ,chaucer1 called ',the ,house of ,fame4' ,depend in rows4 ,depend in its proper and literal meaning1 hang down4 ,the youth that all things but himself subdued ,alexander the ,great 7#cef-cbc ,b4,c474 ,his feet on sceptres and tiaras trod4 ,tiaras1 in reference to his conquests over the ,asiatic monarchies4 ,his horned head belied the ,libyan god4 ,the desire to be thought the son of ,jupiter ,ammon caused him to wear the horns of that god1 and to represent the same upon his coins4 7,pope's note47 ,libyan ,african4 ,caesar graced with both ,minervas1 i4e41 by warlike and literary genius2 as the conqueror of ,gaul and the writer of the ',commentaries4' ,scarce detested in his country's fate4 ,whom even the enslaving of his country scarce makes us detest4 ,epaminondas 7died #cfb ,b4,c471 the maintainer of ,theban independence4 ,timoleon1 of ,corinth1 who slew his brother when he found him aspiring to be tyrant in the state 7died #ccg ,b4,c474 ,scipio4 ,the conqueror of ,carthage1 which was long the rival of ,rome4 ,aurelius1 i4e41 ,marcus ,aurelius ,antoninus 7#aba-ahj ,a4,d471 ,emperor of ,rome2 one of the brightest characters in ,roman history4 ,socrates4 ,the great ,greek philosopher1 who1 in maintaining truth1 incurred the charge of infecting the young men of ,athens with impiety1 and was put to death by being made to drink hemlock4 ,his life and teaching are known to us through the writings of his disciple1 ,plato4 ,he whom ungrateful ,athens1 c41 i4e41 ,aristides 7see page #aga71 distinguished by the surname of ,the ,just4 ,he was unjust1 ,pope means1 only when he signed the shell for his own condemnation4 ,phocion4 ,an ,athenian general and statesman 7#djb-cah ,b4,c471 put to death by ,polysperchon4 ,he injured rather than helped the liberties of ,athens4 ,agis1 ,king of ,sparta1 who endeavoured to restore his state to greatness by a radical agrarian reform1 was after a mock trial murdered in prison1 ,b4,c4 #bda4 ,ward4 ,cato1 who1 to escape disgrace amid the evils which befell his country1 stabbed himself in #df ,b4,c4 ,brutus his ill ,genius meets no more4 ,see the account of the ,eve of ,philippi in ,book ,,iv4 ,the wars of ,troy4 ,described by ,homer in his ,iliad4 ,tydides 7,diomede7 wounds the ,cyprian ,queen 7,venus74 ,a scene described in the ,iliad4 ,hector4 ,slew ,patroclus1 the friend of ,achilles1 and in revenge was dragged by him round the walls of ,troy4 ,the ,mantuan1 i4e41 the ,roman poet ,virgil1 author of the ,aeneid1 born at ,mantua 7#gj-ai ,b4,c47 ,eliza ,elissa1 or ,dido1 whose misfortunes are described in the ,aeneid4 ,aeneas bending with his aged sire4 ,aeneas carried his father1 ,anchises1 from the flames of ,troy on his shoulders4 ,arms and the ,man4 ,the opening words of the ,aeneid4 ,pindar4 ,of ,thebes1 who holds the first place among the lyric poets of ,greece4 ,the character and subjects of his poetry1 of which the portions remaining to us are the ,triumphal ,odes1 celebrating victories gained in the great games of ,greece1 are indicated by the lines that follow4 ,happy ,horace 7#fe-h ,b4,c474 ,the epithet is used to describe the lightsome and genial tone of ,horace's poetry4 ,ausonian lyre ,italian song4 ,ausonia is a poetical name for ,italy4 ,alcoeus and ,sappho4 ,two of the early lyric poets of ,greece4 ,a work outlasting monumental brass4 ,this line is suggested by one of ,horace1 when he describes his work as a monument more lasting than brass4 ,the ,julian star1 and great ,augustus here4 ,referring to the ,imperial house and its representative1 ,augustus1 ,horace's chief patron4 ,stagyrite4 ,aristotle1 the great philosopher of ,greece 7#chd-cbb ,b4,c471 born at ,stagira4 ,pope here shortens the second syllable by a poetical licence4 ,tully4 ,marcus ,tullius ,cicero1 the great orator1 statesman1 and writer of ,rome4 ,for saving the city from the conspiracy of ,catiline1 he was honoured with the title of ,father of his country4 ,narrative old age4 ,talkative old age4 ,unlike successes equal merits found ,the same desert found now success1 now failure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,labrador4 ,the following narrative is from the periodical account of the ,moravian ,missions4 ,it contains some of the most impressive descriptions ,i ever remember to have read4 ,brother ,samuel ,liebiseh was at the time of this occurrence entrusted with the general care of the brethren's missions on the coast of ,labrador4 ,the duties of his office required a visit to ,okkak1 the most northern of our settlements1 and about one hundred and fifty ,english miles distant from ,nain1 the place where he resided4 ,brother ,william ,turner being appointed to accompany him1 they left ,nain together on ,march the #aath1 #aghb1 early in the morning1 with very clear weather1 the stars shining with uncommon lustre4 ,the sledge was driven by the baptised ,esquimaux ,mark1 and another sledge with ,esquimaux joined company4 ,an ,esquimaux sledge is drawn by a species of dogs1 not unlike a wolf in shape4 ,like them1 they never bark1 but howl disagreeably4 ,they are kept by the ,esquimaux in greater or larger packs or teams1 in proportion to the affluence of the master4 ,they quietly submit to be harnessed for their work1 and are treated with little mercy by the heathen ,esquimaux1 who make them do hard duty for the small quantity of food they allow them4 ,this consists chiefly in offal1 old skins1 entrails1 such parts of whale-flesh as are unfit for other use1 rotten whale-fins1 c42 and if they are not provided with this kind of dog's meat1 they leave them to go and seek dead fish or muscles upon the beach4 ,when pinched with hunger they will swallow almost anything1 and on a journey it is necessary to secure the harness within the snow-house over night1 lest1 by devouring it1 they should render it impossible to proceed in the morning4 ,when the travellers arrive at their night quarters1 and the dogs are unharnessed1 they are left to burrow on the snow1 where they please1 and in the morning are sure to come at their driver's call1 when they receive some food4 ,their strength and speed2 even with a hungry stomach1 is astonishing4 ,in fastening them to the sledge1 care is taken not to let them go abreast4 ,they are tied by separate thongs1 of unequal lengths1 to a horizontal bar in the fore part of the sledge2 an old knowing one leads the way1 running ten or twenty paces ahead1 directed by the driver's whip1 which is of great length1 and can be well managed only by an ,esquimaux4 ,the other dogs follow like a flock of sheep4 ,if one of them receives a lash1 he generally bites his neighbour1 and the bite goes round4 ,to return to our travellers4 ,the sledge contained five men1 one woman1 and a child4 ,all were in good spirits1 and appearances being much in their favour1 they hoped to reach ,okkak in safety in two or three days4 ,the track over the frozen sea was in the best possible order1 and they went with ease at the rate of six or seven miles an hour4 ,after they had passed the islands in the bay of ,nain1 they kept at a considerable distance from the coast1 both to gain the smoothest part of the ice1 and to weather the high rocky promontory of ,kiglapeit4 ,about eight o'clock they met a sledge with ,esquimaux turning in from the sea4 ,after the usual salutation1 the ,esquimaux1 alighting1 held some conversation1 as is their general practice1 the result of which was1 that some hints were thrown out by the strange ,esquimaux that it might be better to return4 ,however1 as the missionaries saw no reason whatever for it1 and only suspected that the ,esquimaux wished to enjoy the company of their friends a little longer1 they proceeded4 ,after some time1 their own ,esquimaux hinted that there was a ground swell under the ice4 ,it was then hardly perceptible1 except on lying down and applying the ear close to the ice1 when a hollow1 disagreeably grating and roaring noise was heard1 as if ascending from the abyss4 ,the weather remained clear1 except towards the east1 where a bank of light clouds appeared1 interspersed with some dark streaks4 ,but the wind being strong from the north-west1 nothing less than a sudden change of weather was expected4 ,the sun had now reached its height1 and there was as yet little or no alteration in the appearance of the sky4 ,but the motion of the sea under the ice had grown more perceptible1 so as rather to alarm the travellers1 and they began to think it prudent to keep closer to the shore4 ,the ice had cracks and large fissures in many places1 some of which formed chasms of one or two feet wide2 but as they are not uncommon even in its best state1 and the dogs easily leap over them1 the sledge following without danger1 they are only terrible to new comers4 ,as soon as the sun declined towards the west1 the wind increased and rose to a storm1 the bank of clouds from the east began to ascend1 and the dark streaks to put themselves in motion against the wind4 ,the snow was violently driven about by partial whirlwinds1 both on the ice1 and from off the peaks of the high mountains1 and filled the air4 ,at the same time the ground-swell had increased so much that its effect upon the ice became very extraordinary and alarming4 ,the sledges1 instead of gliding along smoothly upon an even surface1 sometimes ran with violence after the dogs1 and shortly after seemed with difficulty to ascend the rising hill2 for the elasticity of so vast a body of ice1 of many leagues square1 supported by a troubled sea1 though in some places three or four yards in thickness1 would1 in some degree1 occasion an undulatory motion not unlike that of a sheet of paper accommodating itself to the surface of a rippling stream4 ,noises were now likewise distinctly heard in many directions1 like the report of cannon1 owing to the bursting of the ice at some distance4 ,the ,esquimaux1 therefore1 drove with all haste towards the shore1 intending to take up their night-quarters on the south side of the ,nivak4 ,but as it plainly appeared that the ice would break and disperse in the open sea1 ,mark advised to push forward to the north of the ,nivak1 from whence he hoped the track to ,okkak might still remain entire4 ,to this proposal the company agreed2 but when the sledges approached the coast1 the prospect before them was truly terrific4 ,the ice having broken loose from the rocks1 was forced up and down1 grinding and breaking into a thousand pieces against the precipices1 with a tremendous noise1 which1 added to the raging of the wind1 and the snow driving about in the air1 deprived the travellers almost of the power of hearing and seeing anything distinctly4 ,to make the land at any risk was now the only hope left1 but it was with the utmost difficulty the frighted dogs could be forced forward1 the whole body of ice sinking frequently below the surface of the rocks1 then rising above it4 ,as the only moment to land was when it gained the level of the coast1 the attempt was extremely nice and hazardous4 ,however1 by ,god's mercy1 it succeeded2 both sledges gained the shore1 and were drawn up the beach with much difficulty4 ,the travellers had hardly time to reflect with gratitude to ,god on their safety1 when that part of the ice from which they had just now made good their landing burst asunder1 and the water1 forcing itself from below1 covered and precipitated it into the sea4 ,in an instant1 as if by a signal given1 the whole mass of ice1 extending for several miles from the coast1 and as far as the eye could reach1 began to burst and be overwhelmed by the immense waves4 ,the sight was tremendous and awfully grand3 the large fields of ice1 raising themselves out of the water1 striking against each other and plunging into the deep with a violence not to be described1 and a noise like the discharge of innumerable batteries of heavy guns4 ,the darkness of the night1 the roaring of the wind and sea1 and the dashing of the waves and ice against the rocks1 filled the travellers with sensations of awe and horror1 so as almost to deprive them of the power of utterance4 ,they stood overwhelmed with astonishment at their miraculous escape1 and even the heathen ,esquimaux expressed gratitude to ,god for their deliverance4 ,note3 ,but high above desert renowned ,let it be renowned high above desert4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,happy ,,life4 ,how happy is he born or taught1 ,that serveth not another's will2 ,whose armour is his honest thought1 ,and simple truth his highest skill4 ,whose passions not his masters are2 ,whose soul is still prepared for death2 ,not tied unto the world with care ,of prince's ear1 or vulgar breath4 ,who hath his life from rumours freed2 ,whose conscience is his strong retreat3 ,whose state can neither flatterers feed1 ,nor ruin make oppressors great4 ,who envies none whom chance doth raise1 ,or vice3 who never understood ,how deepest wounds are given with praise2 ,nor rules of state1 but rules of good4 ,who ,god doth late and early pray ,more of his grace than gifts to lend2 ,and entertains the harmless day ,with a well-chosen book or friend4 ,this man is freed from servile bands ,of hope to rise or fear to fall2 ,lord of himself1 though not of lands2 ,and having nothing1 yet hath all4 ,,sir ,,henry ,,wotton4 ,notes3 ,sir ,henry ,wotton 7#aefh-afci74 ,a poet1 ambassador1 and miscellaneous writer1 in the reign of ,james ,i4 ,born or taught whether from natural character or by training4 ,nor ruin make oppressors great nor his ruin1 c4 ,how deepest wounds are given with praise4 ,how praise may only cover some concealed injury4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,man',s ,,servants4 ,for us the winds do blow2 ,the earth doth rest1 heaven move1 and fountains flow4 ,nothing we see but means our good1 ,as our delight1 or as our treasure3 ,the whole is either cupboard of our food1 ,or cabinet of pleasure4 ,the stars have us to bed2 ,night draws the curtain1 which the sun withdraws2 ,music and light attend our head2 ,all things unto our flesh are kind ,in their descent and being2 to our mind ,in their ascent and cause4 ,more servants wait on ,man ,than he'll take notice of4 ,in every path ,he treads down that which doth befriend him1 ,when sickness makes him pale and wan4 ,o mighty love6 ,man is one world1 and hath ,another to attend him4 ,since1 then1 ,my ,god1 ,thou hast ,so brave a palace built1 ,o dwell in it1 ,that it may dwell with ,thee at last6 ,till then afford us so much wit ,that1 as the world serves us1 we may serve ,thee1 ,and both thy servants be4 ,,george ,,herbert4 ,notes3 ,george ,herbert 7#aeic-afcb74 ,a clergyman of the ,church of ,england1 the author of many religious works in prose and poetry4 ,his poetry is overfull of conceits1 but in spite of these is eminently graceful and rich with fancy4 ,the stars have its to led1 i4e41 conduct1 or show us to bed4 ,all things unto our flesh are kind1 c41 i4e41 as they minister to the needs of our body here below1 so they minister to the mind by leading us to think of the ,higher ,cause that brings them into being4 ,the words descent and accent are not to be pressed2 they are rather balanced one against the other1 according to the fashion of the day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,virtue4 ,sweet day1 so cool1 so calm1 so bright1 ,the bridal of the earth and sky1 ,the dew shall weep thy fall to-night2 ,for thou must die4 ,sweet rose1 whose hue1 angry and brave1 ,bids the rash gazer wipe his eye1 ,thy root is ever in its grave1 ,and thou must die4 ,sweet spring1 full of sweet days and roses1 ,a box where sweets compacted lie1 ,my music shows ye have your closes1 ,and all must die4 ,only a sweet and virtuous soul1 ,like seasoned timber1 never gives2 ,but though the whole world turn to coal1 ,then chiefly lives4 ,,george ,,herbert4 ,note3----,the bridal of the earth and sky1 i4e41 in which all the beauties of sky and earth are united4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,death ,,the ,,conqueror4 ,the glories of our blood and state ,are shadows1 not substantial things2 ,there is no armour against fate3 ,death lays his icy hand on kings3 ,sceptre and crown ,must tumble down1 ,and in the dust be equal made ,with the poor crooked scythe and spade4 ,some men with swords may reap the field1 ,and plant fresh laurels where they kill2 ,but their strong nerves at last must yield1 ,they tame but one another still4 ,early or late ,they stoop to fate1 ,and must give up their murmuring breath1 ,when they1 pale captives1 creep to death4 ,the garlands wither on your brow1 ,then boast no more your mighty deeds2 ,upon death's purple altar now ,see1 where the victor-victim bleeds2 ,all heads must come ,to the cold tomb1 ,only the actions of the just ,smell sweet1 and blossom in their dust4 ,,james ,,shirley4 ,notes3 ,james ,shirley 7#aeid-afff74 ,a dramatic poet4 ,and plant fresh laurels when they kill even by the death they spread around them in war1 they may win new laurel-wreaths by victory4 ,purple4 ,as stained with blood4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,growth ,,of ,,european ,,civilization ,,in ,,the ,,twelfth ,,century4 ,various improvements in the system of jurisprudence1 and administration of justice1 occasioned a change in manners1 of great importance and of extensive effect4 ,they gave rise to a distinction of professions2 they obliged men to cultivate different talents1 and to aim at different accomplishments1 in order to qualify themselves for the various departments and functions which became necessary in society4 ,among uncivilized nations there is but one profession honourable1 that of arms4 ,all the ingenuity and vigour of the human mind are exerted in acquiring military skill or address4 ,the functions of peace are few and simple1 and require no particular course of education or of study as a preparation for discharging them4 ,this was the state of ,europe during several centuries4 ,every gentleman1 born a soldier1 scorned any other occupation2 he was taught no science but that of war2 even his exercises and pastimes were feats of martial prowess4 ,nor did the judicial character1 which persons of noble birth were alone entitled to assume1 demand any degree of knowledge beyond that which such untutored soldiers possessed4 ,to recollect a few traditionary customs which time had confirmed1 and rendered respectable2 to mark out the lists of battle with due formality2 to observe the issue of the combat2 and to pronounce whether it had been conducted according to the laws of arms1 included everything that a baron1 who acted as a judge1 found it necessary to understand4 ,but when the forms of legal proceedings were fixed1 when the rules of decision were committed to writing1 and collected into a body1 law became a science1 the knowledge of which required a regular course of study1 together with long attention to the practice of courts4 ,martial and illiterate nobles had neither leisure nor inclination to undertake a task so laborious1 as well as so foreign from all the occupations which they deemed entertaining1 or suitable to their rank4 ,they gradually relinquished their places in courts of justice1 where their ignorance exposed them to contempt4 ,they became1 weary of attending to the discussion of cases1 which grew too intricate for them to comprehend4 ,not only the judicial determination of points which were the subject of controversy1 but the conduct of all legal business and transactions1 was committed to persons trained by previous study and application to the knowledge of law4 ,an order of men1 to whom their fellow-citizens had daily recourse for advice1 and to whom they looked up for decision in their most important concerns1 naturally acquired consideration and influence in society4 ,they were advanced to honours which had been considered hitherto as the peculiar rewards of military virtue4 ,they were entrusted with offices of the highest dignity and most extensive power4 ,thus1 another profession than that of arms came to be introduced among the laity1 and was reputed honourable4 ,the functions of civil life were attended to4 ,the talents requisite for discharging them were cultivated4 ,a new road was opened to wealth and eminence4 ,the arts and virtues of peace were placed in their proper rank1 and received their due recompense4 ,while improvements1 so important with respect to the state of society and the administration of justice1 gradually made progress in ,europe1 sentiments more liberal and generous had begun to animate the nobles4 ,these were inspired by the spirit of chivalry1 which1 though considered1 commonly1 as a wild institution1 the effect of caprice1 and the source of extravagance1 arose naturally from the state of society at that period1 and had a very serious influence in refining the manners of the ,european nations4 ,the feudal state was a state of almost perpetual war1 rapine1 and anarchy1 during which the weak and unarmed were exposed to insults or injuries4 ,the power of the sovereign was too limited to prevent these wrongs2 and the administration of justice too feeble to redress them4 ,the most effectual protection against violence and oppression was often found to be that which the valour and generosity of private persons afforded4 ,the same spirit of enterprise which had prompted so many gentlemen to take arms in defence of the oppressed pilgrims in ,palestine1 incited others to declare themselves the patrons and avengers of injured innocence at home4 ,when the final reduction of the ,holy ,land under the dominion of infidels put an end to these foreign expeditions1 the latter was the only employment left for the activity and courage of adventurers4 ,to check the insolence of overgrown oppressors2 to rescue the helpless from captivity2 to protect or to avenge women1 orphans1 and ecclesiastics1 who could not bear arms in their own defence2 to redress wrongs1 and to remove grievances1 were deemed acts of the highest prowess and merit4 ,valour1 humanity1 courtesy1 justice1 honour1 were the characteristic qualities of chivalry4 ,to these was added religion1 which mingled itself with every passion and institution during the ,middle ,ages1 and1 by infusing a large proportion of enthusiastic zeal1 gave them such force as carried them to romantic excess4 ,men were trained to knighthood by a long previous discipline2 they were admitted into the order by solemnities no less devout than pompous2 every person of noble birth courted that honour2 it was deemed a distinction superior to royalty2 and monarchs were proud to receive it from the hands of private gentlemen4 ,this singular institution1 in which valour1 gallantry1 and religion1 were so strangely blended1 was wonderfully adapted to the taste and genius of martial nobles2 and its effects were soon visible in their manners4 ,war was carried on with less ferocity1 when humanity came to be deemed the ornament of knighthood no less than courage4 ,more gentle and polished manners were introduced1 when courtesy was recommended as the most amiable of knightly virtues4 ,violence and oppression decreased1 when it was reckoned meritorious to check and to punish them4 ,a scrupulous adherence to truth1 with the most religious attention to fulfil every engagement1 became the distinguishing characteristic of a gentleman1 because chivalry was regarded as the school of honour1 and inculcated the most delicate sensibility with respect to those points4 ,the admiration of these qualities1 together with the high distinctions and prerogatives conferred on knighthood in every part of ,europe1 inspired persons of noble birth on some occasions with a species of military fanaticism1 and led them to extravagant enterprises4 ,but they deeply imprinted on their minds the principles of generosity and honour4 ,these were strengthened by everything that can affect the senses or touch the heart4 ,the wild exploits of those romantic knights who sallied forth in quest of adventures are well known1 and have been treated with proper ridicule4 ,the political and permanent effects of the spirit of chivalry have been less observed4 ,perhaps the humanity which accompanies all the operations of war1 the refinements of gallantry1 and the point of honour1 the three chief circumstances which distinguished modern from ancient manners1 may be ascribed in a great measure to this institution1 which has appeared whimsical to superficial observers1 but by its effects has proved of great benefit to mankind4 ,the sentiments which chivalry inspired had a wonderful influence on manners and conduct during the twelfth1 thirteenth1 fourteenth1 and fifteenth centuries4 ,they were so deeply rooted1 that they continued to operate after the vigour and reputation of the institution itself began to decline4 ,some considerable transactions recorded in the following history resemble the adventurous exploits of chivalry1 rather than the well-regulated operations of sound policy4 ,some of the most eminent personages1 whose characters will be delineated1 were strongly tinctured with this romantic spirit4 ,francis ,i4 was ambitious to distinguish himself by all the qualities of an accomplished knight1 and endeavoured to imitate the enterprising genius of chivalry in war1 as well as its pomp and courtesy during peace4 ,the fame which the ,french monarch acquired by these splendid actions1 so far dazzled his more temperate rival1 that he departed on some occasions from his usual prudence and moderation1 and emulated ,francis in deeds of prowess or of gallantry4 ,the progress of science and the cultivation of literature had considerable effect in changing the manners of the ,european nations1 and introducing that civility and refinement by which they are now distinguished4 ,at the time when their empire was overturned1 the ,romans1 though they had lost that correct taste which has rendered the productions of their ancestors standards of excellence1 and models of imitation for succeeding ages1 still preserved their love of letters1 and cultivated the arts with great ardour4 ,but rude barbarians were so far from being struck with any admiration of these unknown accomplishments1 that they despised them4 ,they were not arrived at that state of society1 when those faculties of the human mind which have beauty and elegance for their objects begin to unfold themselves4 ,they were strangers to most of those wants and desires which are the parents of ingenious invention2 and as they did not comprehend either the merit or utility of the ,roman arts1 they destroyed the monuments of them1 with an industry not inferior to that with which their posterity have since studied to preserve or to recover them4 ,the convulsions occasioned by the settlement of so many unpolished tribes in the empire2 the frequent as well as violent revolutions in every kingdom which they established2 together with the interior defects in the form of government which they introduced1 banished security and leisure4 ,they prevented the growth of taste1 or the culture of science1 and kept ,europe1 during several centuries1 in that state of ignorance which has been already described4 ,but the events and institutions which ,i have enumerated produced great alterations in society4 ,as soon as their operation1 in restoring liberty and independence to one part of the community1 began to be felt2 as soon as they began to communicate to all the members of society some taste of the advantages arising from commerce1 from public order1 and from personal security1 the human mind became conscious of powers which it did not formerly perceive1 and fond of occupations or pursuits of which it was formerly incapable4 ,towards the beginning of the twelfth century1 we discern the first symptoms of its awakening from that lethargy in which it had been long sunk1 and observe it turning with curiosity and attention towards new objects4 ,,robertson4 ,notes3 ,francis ,i4 7#adid-aedg74 ,king of ,france2 the contemporary of ,henry ,,viii4 and of ,charles ,v41 ,emperor of the ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,the constant rivalry and ever recurring wars between ,francis and the latter1 occupy a great part of ,european history during the first half of the #afth century4 ,his more temperate rival1 i4e41 ,charles ,v4 ,at the time when their empire was overturned1 the ,romans1 c4 ,in #daj ,a4,d41 by the incursions of the ,goths4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,passions4 7,,an ,,ode ,,for ,,music47 ,when ,music1 heavenly maid1 was young1 ,while yet in early ,greece she sung1 ,the ,passions oft1 to hear her shell1 ,thronged around her magic cell1 ,exulting1 trembling1 raging1 fainting1 ,possessed beyond the ,muse's painting3 ,by turns they felt the glowing mind ,disturbed1 delighted1 raised1 refined1-- ,till once1 'tis said1 when all were fired1 ,filled with fury1 rapt1 inspired1 ,from the supporting myrtles round ,they snatched her instruments of sound2 ,and1 as they oft had heard1 apart1 ,sweet lessons of her forceful art1 ,each1 for ,madness ruled the hour1 ,would prove his own expressive power4 ,first ,fear his hand1 its skill to try1 ,amid the chords bewildered laid1 ,and back recoiled1 he knew not why1 ,e'en at the sound himself had made4 ,next ,anger rushed3 his eyes on fire1 ,in lightnings owned his secret stings2 ,in one rude clash he struck the lyre1 ,and swept with hurried hand the strings4 ,with woful measures1 wan ,despair-- ,low sullen sounds his grief beguiled3 ,a solemn1 strange1 and mingled air1 ',twas sad by fits1 by starts 'twas wild4 ,but thou1 ,o ,hope1 with eyes so fair1 ,what was thy delighted measure8 ,still it whispered promised pleasure1 ,and bade the lovely scenes at distance hail2 ,still would her touch the scene prolong2 ,and from the rocks1 the woods1 the vale1 ,she called on ,echo still through all the song2 ,and1 where her sweetest theme she chose1 ,a soft responsive voice was heard at every close2 ,and hope1 enchanted1 smiled1 and waved her golden hair2-- ,and longer had she sung3--but1 with a frown1 ,revenge impatient rose3 ,he threw his blood-stained sword in thunder down1 ,and1 with a withering look1 ,the war-denouncing trumpet took1 ,and blew a blast so loud and dread1 ,were ne'er prophetic sounds so full of woe6 ,and ever and anon he beat ,the doubling drum with furious heat3 ,and though sometimes1 each dreary pause between1 ,dejected ,pity at his side1 ,her soul-subduing voice applied1 ,yet still he kept his wild unaltered mien1 ,while each strained ball of sight seemed bursting from his head4 ,thy numbers1 ,jealousy1 to nought were fixed2 ,sad proof of thy distressful state6 ,of differing themes the veering song was mixed2 ,and now it courted ,love1 now raving called on ,hate4 ,with eyes upraised1 as one inspired1 ,pale ,melancholy sat retired2 ,and from her wild sequestered seat1 ,in notes by distance made more sweet1 ,poured through the mellow horn her pensive soul2 ,and dashing soft from rocks around1 ,bubbling runnels joined the sound3 ,through glades and glooms the mingled measure stole1 ,or1 o'er some haunted stream1 with fond delay1 ,round a holy calm diffusing1 ,love of peace and lonely musing1-- ,in hollow murmurs died away4 ,but oh1 how altered was its sprightlier tone6 ,when ,cheerfulness1 a nymph of healthiest hue1 ,her bow across her shoulder flung1 ,her buskins gemmed with morning dew1 ,blew an inspiring air1 that dale and thicket rung1 ,the hunter's call to ,faun and ,dryad known6 ,the oak-crowned ,sisters and their chaste-eyed ,queen1 ,satyrs and ,sylvan boys1 were seen ,peeping from forth their alleys green4 ,brown ,exercise rejoiced to hear1 ,and ,sport leaped up1 and seized his beechen spear4 ,last came ,joy's ecstatic trial2 ,he1 with viny crown advancing1 ,first to the lively pipe his hand addressed2 ,but soon he saw the brisk awakening viol ,whose sweet entrancing voice he loved the best3 ,they would have thought1 who heard the strain1 ,they saw in ,tempe's vale her native maids1 ,amidst the festal-sounding shades1 ,to some unwearied minstrel dancing2 ,while1 as his flying fingers kissed the strings1 ,love framed with ,mirth a gay fantastic round2 ,loose were her tresses seen1 her zone unbound2 ,and he1 amidst his frolic play1 ,as if he would the charming air repay1 ,shook thousand odours from his dewy wings4 ,o ,music6 sphere-descended maid1 ,friend of ,pleasure1 ,wisdom's aid6 ,why1 goddess1 why1 to us denied1 ,lay'st thou thy ancient lyre aside8 ,as in that loved1 ,athenian bower ,you learned an all-commanding power4 ,thy mimic soul2 ,o nymph endeared6 ,can well recall what then it heard4 ,where is thy native simple heart ,devote to ,virtue1 ,fancy1 ,art8 ,arise1 as in that elder time1 ,warm1 energetic1 chaste1 sublime6 ,thy wonders in that god-like age1 ,fill thy recording ,sister's page2-- ',tis said1 and ,i believe the tale1 ,thy humblest reed could more prevail1 ,had more of strength1 diviner rage1 ,than all which charms this laggard age1 ,e'en all at once together found ,cecilia's mingled world of sound2-- ,o bid our vain endeavours cease3 ,revive the just designs of ,greece3 ,return in all thy simple state6 ,confirm the tales her sons relate6 ,,collins4 ,notes3 ,william ,collins 7#agbj-agef74 ,a poet1 who throughout life struggled with adversity1 and who1 though he produced little1 refined everything he wrote with a most fastidious taste and with elaborate care4 ,shell1 according to a fashion common with the poets of the first half of the #ahth century1 stands for lyre4 ,the ,latin word testudo1 a shell is often so used4 ,possessed beyond the ,muse's painting enthralled beyond what poetry can describe4 ,his own expressive power1 i4e41 his power to express his own feelings4 ,in lightnings owned his secret stings in lightning-like touches confessed the hidden fury which inspired him4 ,veering song4 ,the ever-changeful song4 ,her wild sequestered seat4 ,sequestered properly is used of something which1 being in dispute1 is deposited in a third person's hands3 hence of something set apart or in retirement4 ,round a holy calm diffusing diffusing around a holy calm4 ,buskin4 ,a boot reaching above the ankle4 ,gemmed sparkling as with gems4 ,faun and ,dryad4 ,creatures with whom ancient mythology peopled the woods4 ,their chaste-eyed ,queen ,diana4 ,brown exercise4 ,exercise is here personified and represented as brown and sunburnt4 ,viol4 ,a stringed musical instrument4 ,in ,tempe's vale4 ,in ,thessaly1 especially connected with the worship of ,apollo1 the god of poetry and music4 ,sphere-descended maid4 ,a metaphor common with the poets1 and taken from a ,greek fancy most elaborately described in ,plato's ',republic1' where the system of the universe is pictured as a series of whorls linked in harmony4 ,thy mimic soul4 ,thy soul apt to imitate4 ,devote devoted4 ,a form more close to that of the ,latin participle1 from which it is derived4 ,thy recording ,sister the ,muse of ,history4 ,cecilia's mingled world of sound the organ4 ,so ,st4 ,cecilia is called in ,dryden's ,ode1 ,inventress of the vocal frame4 ,the just designs the well-conceived1 artistic designs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,whale ,,hunt4 ,a tide of unusual height had carried the whale over a large bar of sand1 into the voe or creek in which he was now lying4 ,so soon as he found the water ebbing1 he became sensible of his danger1 and had made desperate efforts to get over the shallow water1 where the waves broke on the bar but hitherto he had rather injured than mended his condition1 having got himself partly aground1 and lying therefore particularly exposed to the meditated attack4 ,at this moment the enemy came down upon him4 ,the front ranks consisted of the young and hardy1 armed in the miscellaneous manner we have described2 while1 to witness and animate their efforts1 the young women1 and the elderly persons of both sexes1 took their place among the rocks1 which overhung the scene of action4 ,as the boats had to double a little headland1 ere they opened the mouth of the voe1 those who came by land to the shores of the inlet had time to make the necessary reconnaissances upon the force and situation of the enemy1 on whom they were about to commence a simultaneous attack by land and sea4 ,this duty1 the stout-hearted and experienced general--for so the ,udaller might be termed--would entrust to no eyes but his own2 and1 indeed1 his external appearance1 and his sage conduct1 rendered him alike qualified for the command which he enjoyed4 ,his gold-laced hat was exchanged for a bearskin cap1 his suit of blue broadcloth1 with its scarlet lining1 and loops1 and frogs of bullion1 had given place to a red flannel jacket1 with buttons of black horn1 over which he wore a seal-skin shirt curiously seamed and plaited on the bosom1 such as are used by the ,esquimaux1 and sometimes by the ,greenland whale-fishers4 ,sea-boots of a formidable size completed his dress1 and in his hand he held a large whaling-knife1 which he brandished1 as if impatient to employ it in the operation of flinching the huge animal which lay before them1--that is1 the act of separating its flesh from its bones4 ,upon closer examination1 however1 he was obliged to confess that the sport to which he had conducted his friends1 however much it corresponded with the magnificent scale of his hospitality1 was likely to be attended with its own peculiar dangers and difficulties4 ,the animal1 upwards of sixty feet in length1 was lying perfectly still1 in a deep part of the voe into which it had weltered1 and where it seemed to await the return of tide1 of which it was probably assured by instinct4 ,a council of experienced harpooners was instantly called1 and it was agreed that an effort should be made to noose the tail of this torpid leviathan1 by casting a cable around it1 to be made fast by anchors to the shore1 and thus to secure against his escape1 in case the tide should make before they were able to dispatch him4 ,three boats were destined to this delicate piece of service1 one of which the ,udaller himself proposed to command1 while ,cleveland and ,mertoun were to direct the two others4 ,this being decided1 they sat down on the strand1 waiting with impatience until the naval part of the force should arrive in the voe4 ,it was during this interval1 that ,triptolemus ,yellowley1 after measuring with his eyes the extraordinary size of the whale1 observed1 that in his poor mind1 ,a wain#a with six owsen1#b or with sixty owsen either1 if they were the owsen of the country1 could not drag siccan#c a huge creature from the water1 where it was now lying1 to the sea-beach4 ,trifling as this remark may seem to the reader1 it was connected with a subject which always fired the blood of the old ,udaller1 who1 glancing upon ,triptolemus a quick and stern look1 asked him what it signified1 supposing a hundred oxen could not drag the whale upon the beach8 ,mr4 ,yellowley1 though not much liking the tone with which the question was put1 felt that his dignity and his profit compelled him to answer as follows3--,nay1 sir2 you know yourself1 ,master ,magnus ,troil1 and every one knows that knows anything1 that whales of siccan size as may not be masterfully dragged on shore by the instrumentality of one wain with six owsen1 are the right and property of the ,admiral1 who is at this time the same noble lord who is1 moreover1 ,chamberlain of these isles4 ,and ,i tell you1 ,mr4 ,triptolemus ,yellowley1 said the ,udaller1 as ,i would tell your master if he were here1 that every man who risks his life to bring that fish ashore1 shall have an equal and partition1 according to our ancient and lovable ,norse custom and wont2 nay1 if there is so much as a woman looking on1 that will but touch the cable1 she will be partner with us4 ,all shall share that lend a hand1 and never a one else4 ,so you1 ,master ,factor1 shall be busy as well as other folk1 and think yourself lucky to share like other folk4 ,jump into that boat 7for the boats had by this time pulled round the headland71 and you1 my lads1 make way for the factor in the stern-sheets--he shall be the first man this day that shall strike the fish4 ,the three boats destined for this perilous service now approached the dark mass1 which lay like an islet in the deepest part of the voe1 and suffered them to approach without showing any sign of animation4 ,silently1 and with such precaution as the extreme delicacy of the operation required1 the intrepid adventurers1 after the failure of their first attempt1 and the expenditure of considerable time1 succeeded in casting a cable around the body of the torpid monster1 and in carrying the ends of it ashore1 when a hundred hands were instantly employed in securing them4 ,but ere this was accomplished1 the tide began to make fast1 and the ,udaller informed his assistants that either the fish must be killed or at least greatly wounded ere the depth of water on the bar was sufficient to float him2 or that he was not unlikely to escape from their joint prowess4 ,wherefore1 said he1 we must set to work1 and the factor shall have the honour to make the first throw4 ,the valiant ,triptolemus caught the word2 and it is necessary to say that the patience of the whale1 in suffering himself to be noosed without resistance1 had abated his terrors1 and very much lowered the creature in his opinion4 ,he protested the fish had no more wit1 and scarcely more activity1 than a black snail2 and1 influenced by this undue contempt of the adversary1 he waited neither for a farther signal1 nor a better weapon1 nor a more suitable position1 but1 rising in his energy1 hurled his graip with all his force against the unfortunate monster4 ,the boats had not yet retreated from him to the distance necessary to ensure safety1 when this injudicious commencement of the war took place4 ,magnus ,troil1 who had only jested with the factor1 and had reserved the launching the first spear against the whale to some much more skilful hand1 had just time to exclaim1 ,mind yourselves1 lads1 or we are all stamped6 when the monster1 roused at once from inactivity by the blow of the factor's missile1 blew1 with a noise resembling the explosion of a steam-engine1 a huge shower of water into the air1 and at the same time began to lash the waves with its tail in every direction4 ,the boat in which ,magnus presided received the shower of brine which the animal spouted aloft2 and the adventurous ,triptolemus1 who had a full share of the immersion1 was so much astonished and terrified by the consequences of his own valorous deed1 that he tumbled backwards amongst the feet of the people1 who1 too busy to attend to him1 were actively engaged in getting the boat into shoal water1 out of the whale's reach4 ,here he lay for some minutes1 trampled on by the feet of the boatmen1 until they lay on their oars to bale1 when the ,udaller ordered them to pull to shore1 and land this spare hand1 who had commenced the fishing so inauspiciously4 ,while this was doing1 the other boats had also pulled off to safer distance1 and now1 from these as well as from the shore1 the unfortunate native of the deep was overwhelmed by all kinds of missiles--harpoons and spears flew against him on all sides--guns were fired1 and each various means of annoyance plied which could excite him to exhaust his strength in useless rage4 ,when the animal found that he was locked in by shallows on all sides1 and became sensible1 at the same time1 of the strain of the cable on his body1 the convulsive efforts which he made to escape1 accompanied with sounds resembling deep and loud groans1 would have moved the compassion of all but a practised whale-fisher4 ,the repeated showers which he spouted into the air began now to be mingled with blood1 and the waves which surrounded him assumed the same crimson appearance4 ,meantime the attempts of the assailants were redoubled2 but ,mordaunt ,mertoun and ,cleveland1 in particular1 exerted themselves to the uttermost1 contending who should display most courage in approaching the monster1 so tremendous in its agonies1 and should inflict the most deep and deadly wounds upon its huge bulk4 ,the contest seemed at last pretty well over2 for although the animal continued from time to time to make frantic exertions for liberty1 yet its strength appeared so much exhausted1 that1 even with the assistance of the tide1 which had now risen considerably1 it was thought it could scarcely extricate itself4 ,magnus gave the signal to venture nearer to the whale1 calling out at the same time1 ,close in1 lads1 she is not half so mad now--the ,factor may look for a winter's oil for the two lamps at ,harfra--pull close in1 lads4 ,ere his orders could be obeyed1 the other two boats had anticipated his purpose2 and ,mordaunt ,mertoun1 eager to distinguish himself above ,cleveland1 had with the whole strength he possessed1 plunged a half-pike into the body of the animal4 ,but the leviathan1 like a nation whose resources appear totally exhausted by previous losses and calamities1 collected his whole remaining force for an effort1 which proved at once desperate and successful4 ,the wound1 last received had probably reached through his external defences of blubber1 and attained some very sensitive part of the system2 for he roared loud1 as he sent to the sky a mingled sheet of brine and blood1 and snapping the strong cable like a twig1 overset ,mertoun's boat with a blow of his tail1 shot himself1 by a mighty effort1 over the bar1 upon which the tide had now risen considerably1 and made out to sea1 carrying with him a whole grove of the implements which had been planted in his body1 and leaving behind him1 on the waters1 a dark red trace of his course4 ,,scott4 ,notes3 #a ,waggon4 #b ,oxen4 #c ,such4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,vision ,,of ,,belshazzar4 ,the ,king was on his throne4 ,the ,satraps throng'd the hall3 ,a thousand bright lamps shone ,o'er that high festival4 ,a thousand cups of gold1 ,in ,judah deem'd divine-- ,jehovah's vessels hold ,the godless heathen's wine6 ,in that same hour and hall1 ,the fingers of a hand ,came forth against the wall4 ,and wrote as if on sand3 ,the fingers of a man2-- ,a solitary hand ,along the letters ran1 ,and traced them like a wand4 ,the monarch saw1 and shook1 ,and bade no more rejoice2 ,all bloodless wax'd his look1 ,and tremulous his voice4 ,let the men of lore appear1 ,the wisest of the earth1 ,and expound the words of fear1 ,which mar our royal mirth4 ,chaldea's seers are good1 ,but here they have no skill2 ,and the unknown letters stood ,untold and awful still4 ,and ,babel's men of age ,are wise and deep in lore2 ,but now they were not sage1 ,they saw--but knew no more4 ,a captive in the land1 ,a stranger and a youth1 ,he heard the king's command1 ,he saw that writing's truth4 ,the lamps around were bright1 ,the prophecy in view2 ,he read it on that night1-- ,the morrow proved it true4 ,belshazzar's grave is made1 ,his kingdom pass'd away1 ,he1 in the balance weigh'd1 ,is light and worthless clay2 ,the shroud his robe of state1 ,his canopy the stone2 ,the ,mede is at his gate6 ,the ,persian on his throne6 ,,byron4 ,notes3 ,belshazzar1 the last king of ,babylon1 lived probably in the #fth century ,b4,c4 ,he was defeated by the ,medes and ,persians combined4 ,satraps4 ,the governors or magistrates of provinces4 ,a thousand cups of gold1 c4 ,taken in the captivity of ,judah4 ,a captive in the land the ,prophet ,daniel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ye ,,mariners ,,of ,,england4 ,ye mariners of ,england1 ,that guard our native seas1 ,whose flag has braved a thousand years ,the battle and the breeze6 ,your glorious standard launch again1 ,to match another foe6 ,and sweep through the deep1 ,while the stormy winds do blow2 ,and the battle rages loud and long1 ,and the stormy winds do blow4 ,the spirit of your fathers ,shall start from every wave6-- ,for the deck it was their field of fame1 ,and ocean was their grave2 ,where ,blake and mighty ,nelson fell1 ,your manly hearts shall glow1 ,as ye sweep through the deep ,while the stormy winds do blow2 ,while the battle rages loud and long1 ,and the stormy winds do blow4 ,britannia needs no bulwarks1 ,no towers along the steep2 ,her march is o'er the mountain-waves1 ,her home is on the deep4 ,with thunders from her native oak1 ,she quells the floods below1 ,as they roar on the shore1 ,when the stormy winds do blow4 ,while the battle rages loud and long1 ,and the stormy winds do blow4 ,the meteor flag of ,england ,shall yet terrific burn2 ,till danger's troubled night depart1 ,and the star of peace return4 ,then1 then1 ye ocean warriors6 ,your song and feast shall flow ,to the fame of your name1 ,when the storm has ceased to blow2 ,when the fiery fight is heard no more1 ,and the storm has ceased to blow4 ,,campbell4 ,notes3 ,blake4 ,robert ,blake 7#aeih-afeg71 an ,english admiral under ,cromwell1 chiefly distinguished for his victories over the ,dutch4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,shipwreck4 ,one morning ,i can remember well1 how we watched from the ,hartland ,cliffs a great barque1 which came drifting and rolling in before the western gale1 while we followed her up the coast1 parsons and sportsmen1 farmers and ,preventive men1 with the ,manby's mortar lumbering behind us in a cart1 through stone gaps and track-ways1 from headland to headland4 ,the maddening excitement of expectation as she ran wildly towards the cliffs at our feet1 and then sheered off again inexplicably2--her foremast and bowsprit1 ,i recollect1 were gone short off by the deck2 a few rags of sail fluttered from her main and mizen4 ,but with all straining of eyes and glasses1 we could discern no sign of man on board4 ,well ,i recollect the mingled disappointment and admiration of the ,preventive men1 as a fresh set of salvors appeared in view1 in the form of a boat's crew of ,clovelly fishermen2 how we watched breathlessly the little black speck crawling and struggling up in the teeth of the gale1 under the shelter of the land1 till1 when the ship had rounded a point into smoother water1 she seized on her like some tiny spider on a huge unwieldy fly2 and then how one still smaller black speck showed aloft on the main-yard1 and another--and then the desperate efforts to get the topsail set--and how we saw it tear out of their hands again1 and again1 and again1 and almost fancied we could hear the thunder of its flappings above the roar of the gale1 and the mountains of surf which made the rocks ring beneath our feet2--and how we stood silent1 shuddering1 expecting every moment to see whirled into the sea from the plunging yards one of those same tiny black specks1 in each one of which was a living human soul1 with sad women praying for him at home6 ,and then how they tried to get her head round to the wind1 and disappeared instantly in a cloud of white spray--and let her head fall back again--and jammed it round again1 and disappeared again--and at last let her drive helplessly up the bay1 while we kept pace with her along the cliffs2 and how at last1 when she had been mastered and fairly taken in tow1 and was within two miles of the pier1 and all hearts were merry with the hopes of a prize which would make them rich1 perhaps1 for years to come--one-third1 ,i suppose1 of the whole value of her cargo--how she broke loose from them at the last moment1 and rushed frantically in upon those huge rocks below us1 leaping great banks of slate at the blow of each breaker1 tearing off masses of ironstone which lie there to this day to tell the tale1 till she drove up high and dry against the cliff1 and lay1 like an enormous stranded whale1 grinding and crashing herself to pieces against the walls of her adamantine cage4 ,and well ,i recollect the sad records of the log-book which was left on board the deserted ship2 how she had been waterlogged for weeks and weeks1 buoyed up by her timber cargo1 the crew clinging in the tops1 and crawling down1 when they dared1 for putrid biscuit-dust and drops of water1 till the water was washed overboard and gone2 and then notice after notice1 ,on this day such an one died1 ,on this day such an one was washed away--the log kept up to the last1 even when there was only that to tell1 by the stern business-like merchant skipper1 whoever he was2 and how at last1 when there was neither food nor water1 the strong man's heart seemed to have quailed1 or perhaps risen1 into a prayer1 jotted down in the log--,the ,lord have mercy on us6--and then a blank of several pages1 and1 scribbled with a famine-shaken hand1 ,remember thy ,creator in the days of thy youth2--and so the log and the ship were left to the rats1 which covered the deck when our men boarded her4 ,and well ,i remember the last act of that tragedy2 for a ship has really1 as sailors feel1 a personality1 almost a life and soul of her own2 and as long as her timbers hold together1 all is not over4 ,you can hardly call her a corpse1 though the human beings who inhabited her1 and were her soul1 may have fled into the far eternities2 and so we felt that night1 as we came down along the woodland road1 with the north-west wind hurling dead branches and showers of crisp oak-leaves about our heads2 till suddenly1 as we staggered out of the wood1 we came upon such a picture as it would have baffled ,correggio1 or ,rembrandt himself1 to imitate4 ,under a wall was a long tent of sails and spars1 filled with ,preventive men1 fishermen1 ,lloyd's underwriters1 lying about in every variety of strange attitude and costume2 while candles1 stuck in bayonet-handles in the wall1 poured out a wild glare over shaggy faces and glittering weapons1 and piles of timber1 and rusty iron cable1 that glowed red-hot in the light1 and then streamed up the glen towards us through the salt misty air in long fans of light1 sending fiery bars over the brown transparent oak foliage and the sad beds of withered autumn flowers1 and glorifying the wild flakes of foam1 as they rushed across the light-stream1 into troops of tiny silver angels1 that vanished into the night and hid themselves among the woods from the fierce spirit of the storm4 ,and then1 just where the glare of the lights and watch-fires was most brilliant1 there too the black shadows of the cliff had placed the point of intensest darkness1 lightening gradually upwards right and left1 between the two great jaws of the glen1 into a chaos of grey mist1 where the eye could discern no form of sea or cloud1 but a perpetual shifting and quivering as if the whole atmosphere was writhing with agony in the clutches of the wind4 ,the ship was breaking up2 and we sat by her like hopeless physicians by a deathbed-side1 to watch the last struggle1--and the effects of the deceased4 ,i recollect our literally warping ourselves down to the beach1 holding on by rocks and posts4 ,there was a saddened awe-struck silence1 even upon the gentleman from ,lloyd's with the pen behind his ear4 ,a sudden turn of the clouds let in a wild gleam of moonshine upon the white leaping heads of the breakers1 and on the pyramid of the ,black-church ,rock1 which stands in summer in such calm grandeur gazing down on the smiling bay1 with the white sand of ,braunton and the red cliffs of ,portledge shining through its two vast arches2 and against a slab of rock on the right1 for years afterwards discoloured with her paint1 lay the ship1 rising slowly on every surge1 to drop again with a piteous crash as the wave fell back from the cliff1 and dragged the roaring pebbles back with it under the coming wall of foam4 ,you have heard of ships at the last moment crying aloud like living things in agony8 ,i heard it then1 as the stumps of her masts rocked and reeled in her1 and every plank and joint strained and screamed with the dreadful tension4 ,a horrible image--a human being shrieking on the rack2 rose up before me at those strange semi-human cries1 and would not be put away--and ,i tried to turn1 and yet my eyes were riveted on the black mass1 which seemed vainly to implore the help of man against the stern ministers of the ,omnipotent4 ,still she seemed to linger in the death-struggle1 and we turned at last away2 when1 lo6 a wave1 huger than all before it1 rushed up the boulders towards us4 ,we had just time to save ourselves4 ,a dull1 thunderous groan1 as if a mountain had collapsed1 rose above the roar of the tempest2 and we all turned with an instinctive knowledge of what had happened1 just in time to see the huge mass melt away into the boiling white1 and vanish for evermore4 ,and then the very raving of the wind seemed hushed with awe2 the very breakers plunged more silently towards the shore1 with something of a sullen compunction2 and as we stood and strained our eyes into the gloom1 one black plank after another crawled up out of the darkness upon the head of the coming surge1 and threw itself at our feet like the corpse of a drowning man1 too spent to struggle more4 ,,charles ,,kingsley4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,shipwreck4 ,then rose from sea to sky the wild farewell1-- ,then shrieked the timid1 and stood still the brave1-- ,then some leaped overboard with dreadful yell1 ,as eager to anticipate their grave2 ,and the sea yawned around her like a hell1 ,and down she sucked with her the whirling wave1 ,like one who grapples with his enemy1 ,and strives to strangle him before he die4 ,and first one universal shriek there rushed1 ,louder than the loud ocean1 like a crash ,of echoing thunder2 and then all was hushed1 ,save the wild wind and the remorseless dash ,of billows2 but at intervals there gushed1 ,accompanied with a convulsive splash1 ,a solitary shriek1 the bubbling cry ,of some strong swimmer in his agony4 ,,byron4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,happy ,,warrior4 ,who is the happy ,warrior8 ,who is he ,that every man in arms should wish to be8 --,it is the generous ,spirit1 who when brought ,among the tasks of real life1 hath wrought ,upon the plan that pleased his boyish thought3 ,whose high endeavours are an inward light ,that makes the path before him always bright3 ,who1 with a natural instinct to discern ,what knowledge can perform1 is diligent to learn3 ,abides by this resolve1 and stops not there1 ,but makes his moral being his prime care2 ,who1 doomed to go in company with ,pain1 ,and ,fear1 and ,bloodshed1 miserable train6 ,turns his necessity to glorious gain2 ,in face of these doth exercise a power ,which is our human nature's highest dower2 ,controls them and subdues1 transmutes1 bereaves ,of their bad influence1 and their good receives3 ,by objects1 which might force the soul to abate ,her feeling1 rendered more compassionate2 ,is placable--because occasions rise ,so often that demand such sacrifice2 ,more skilful in self knowledge1 even more pure1 ,as tempted more2 more able to endure1 ,as more exposed to suffering and distress2 ,thence1 also1 more alive to tenderness4 --,tis he whose law is reason2 who depends ,upon that law as on the best of friends2 ,whence1 in a state where men are tempted still ,to evil for a guard against worse ill1 ,and what in quality or act is best ,doth seldom on a right foundation rest1 ,he labours good on good to fix1 and owes ,to virtue every triumph that he knows3 --,who1 if he rise to station of command1 ,rises by open means2 and there will stand ,on honourable terms1 or else retire1 ,and in himself possess his own desire2 ,who comprehends his trust1 and to the same ,keeps faithful with a singleness of aim2 ,and therefore does not stoop1 nor lie in wait ,for wealth1 or honours1 or for worldly state3 ,whom they must follow2 on whose head must fall1 ,like showers of manna1 if they come at all2 ,whose powers shed round him in the common strife1 ,or mild concerns of ordinary life1 ,a constant influence1 a peculiar grace2 ,but who1 if he be called upon to face ,some awful moment to which ,heaven has joined ,great issues1 good or bad for human kind1 ,is happy as a ,lover2 and attired ,with sudden brightness1 like a ,man inspired2 ,and1 through the heat of conflict1 keeps the law ,in calmness made1 and sees what he foresaw3 ,or if an unexpected call succeed1 ,come when it will1 is equal to the need3 --,he who1 though thus endued as with a sense ,and faculty for storm and turbulence1 ,is yet a ,soul whose master-bias leans ,to homefelt pleasures and to gentle scenes2 ,sweet images6 which1 wheresoe'er he be1 ,are at his heart2 and such fidelity ,it is his darling passion to approve2 ,more brave for this1 that he hath much to love3-- ',tis1 finally1 the ,man1 who1 lifted1 high1 ,conspicuous object in a ,nation's eye1 ,or left unthought of in obscurity1-- ,who1 with a toward or untoward lot1 ,prosperous or adverse1 to his wish or not-- ,plays1 in the many games of life1 that one ,where what he most doth value must be won3 ,whom neither shape of danger can dismay1 ,nor thought of tender happiness betray2 ,who not content that former worth stand fast1 ,looks forward1 persevering to the last1 ,from well to better1 daily self-surpassed3 ,who1 whether praise of him must walk the earth ,for ever1 and to noble deeds give birth1 ,or he must fall1 to sleep without his fame1 ,and leave a dead unprofitable name-- ,finds comfort in himself and in his cause2 ,and1 while the mortal mist is gathering1 draws ,his breath in confidence of ,heaven's applause3 ,this is the happy ,warrior2 this is he ,that every ,man in arms should wish to be4 ,wordsworth4 ,notes3 ,turns his necessity to glorious gain4 ,turns the necessity which lies on him of fellowship with pain1 and fear1 and bloodshed1 into glorious gain4 ,more skilful in self knowledge1 even more pure1 as tempted more4 ,his self-knowledge and his purity are all the greater because of the temptations he has had to withstand4 ,whose law is reason whose every action is obedient to reason4 ,in himself possess his own desire4 ,according to ,aristotle1 virtuous activity is the highest reward the good man can attain2 virtue has no end beyond action2 according to the modern proverb1 ,virtue is its own reward4 ,more brave for this1 that he hath much to love4 ,here also ,wordsworth follows ,aristotle in his description of the virtue of manliness4 ,the good man1 according to ,aristotle1 is most brave of all in encountering the awful moment of great issues1 in that he has the most to lose by death4 ,not content that former worth stand fast4 ,not content to rest on the foundation of accomplished good and worthy deeds1 solid though it be4 ,finds comfort in himself4 ,compare3 ,in himself possess his own desire4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,black ,,prince4 ,he was the first great ,english captain1 who showed what ,english soldiers were1 and what they could do against ,frenchmen1 and against all the world4 ,he was the first ,english ,prince who showed what it was to be a true gentleman4 ,he was the first1 but he was not the last4 ,we have seen how1 when he died1 ,englishmen thought that all their hopes had died with him4 ,but we know that it was not so2 we know that the life of a great nation is not bound up in the life of a single man2 we know that the valour and the courtesy and the chivalry of ,england are not buried in the grave of the ,plantagenet ,prince4 ,it needs only a glance round the country1 to see that the high character of an ,english gentleman1 of which the ,black ,prince was the noble pattern1 is still to be found everywhere2 and has since his time been spreading itself more and more through classes1 which in his time seemed incapable of reaching it4 ,it needs only a glance down the names of our own ,cathedral 7of ,canterbury72 and the tablets on the walls1 with their tattered flags1 will tell you in a moment that he1 as he lies up there aloft1 with his head resting on his helmet1 and his spurs on his feet1 is but the first of a long line of ,english heroes--that the brave men who fought at ,sobraon and ,feroozeshah are the true descendants of those who fought at ,cressy and ,poitiers4 ,and not to soldiers only1 but to all who are engaged in the long warfare of life1 is his conduct an example4 ,to unite in our lives the two qualities expressed in his motto1 ,high spirit and reverent service1 is to be1 indeed1 not only a true gentleman and a true soldier1 but a true ,christian also4 ,to show to all who differ from us1 not only in war but in peace1 that delicate forbearance1 that fear of hurting another's feelings1 that happy art of saying the right thing to the right person1 which he showed to the captive king1 would indeed add a grace and a charm to the whole course of this troublesome world1 such as none can afford to lose1 whether high or low4 ,happy are they1 who having this gift by birth and station1 use it for its highest purposes2 still more happy are they1 who having it not by birth and station1 have acquired it1 as it may be acquired1 by ,christian gentleness and ,christian charity4 ,and1 lastly1 to act in all the various difficulties of our every-day life1 with that coolness1 and calmness1 and faith in a higher power than his own1 which he showed when the appalling danger of his situation burst upon him at ,poitiers1 would smooth a hundred difficulties1 and ensure a hundred victories4 ,we often think that we have no power in ourselves1 no advantages of position1 to help us against our many temptations1 to overcome the many obstacles we encounter4 ,let us take our stand by the ,black ,prince's tomb1 and go back once more in thought to the distant fields of ,france4 ,a slight rise in the wild upland plain1 a steep lane through vineyards and underwood1 this was all that he had1 humanly speaking1 on his side2 but he turned it to the utmost use of which it could be made1 and won the most glorious of battles4 ,so1 in like manner1 our advantages may be slight--hardly perceptible to any but ourselves--let us turn them to account1 and the results will be a hundredfold2 we have only to adopt the ,black ,prince's bold and cheering words1 when first he saw his enemies1 ,god is my help4 ,i must fight them as best ,i can2 adding that lofty1 yet resigned and humble prayer1 which he uttered when the battle was announced to be inevitable1 and which has since become a proverb1 ,god defend the right4 ,,dean ,,stanley',s ,memorials of ,canterbury4 ,notes3 ,the ,black ,prince4 ,edward1 the son of ,edward ,,iii1 and father of ,richard ,,ii4 ,he not only won for the ,english the renown of conquest1 but befriended the early efforts after liberty4 ,his untimely death plunged ,england into the evils of a long minority under his son4 ,the one stain on his name is his massacre of the townsfolk of ,limoges4 ,reverent service1 or ,i serve 7,ich dien71 the motto adopted by the ,black ,prince from the ,king of ,bohemia1 his defeated foe4 ,poitiers4 ,his victory won over the ,french king1 ,john1 whom he took prisoner 7#acef74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,assembly ,,of ,,uri4 ,let me ask you to follow me in spirit to the very home and birth-place of freedom1 to the land where we need not myth or fable to add aught to the fresh and gladdening feeling with which we for the first time tread the soil and drink the air of the immemorial democracy of ,uri4 ,it is one of the opening days of ,may3 it is the morning of ,sunday2 for men then deem that the better the day the better the deed2 they deem that the ,creator cannot be more truly honoured than in using1 in ,his fear and in ,his presence1 the highest of the gifts which ,he has bestowed on man4 ,but deem not that1 because the day of ,christian worship is chosen for the great yearly assembly of a ,christian commonwealth1 the more direct sacred duties of the day are forgotten4 ,before we1 in our luxurious island1 have lifted ourselves from our beds1 the men of the mountains1 ,catholic and ,protestant alike1 have already paid the morning's worship in ,god's temple4 ,they have heard the mass of the priest1 or they have listened to the sermon of the pastor1 before some of us have awakened to the fact that the morn of the holy day has come4 ,and when ,i saw men thronging the crowded church1 or kneeling1 for want of space within1 on the bare ground beside the open door1 and when ,i saw them marching thence to do the highest duties of men and citizens1 ,i could hardly forbear thinking of the saying of ,holy ,writ1 that ,where the ,spirit of the ,lord is1 there is liberty4 ,from the market-place of ,altdorf1 the little capital of the ,canton1 the procession makes its way to the place of meeting at ,bozlingen4 ,first marches the little army of the ,canton1 an army whose weapons can never be used save to drive back an invader from their land4 ,over their heads floats the banner1 the bull's head of ,uri1 the ensign which led men to victory on the fields of ,sempach and ,morgarten4 ,and before them all1 on the shoulders of men clad in a garb of ages past1 are borne the famous horns1 the spoils of the wild bull of ancient days1 the very horns whose blast struck such dread into the fearless heart of ,charles of ,burgundy4 ,then1 with their lictors before them1 come the magistrates of the commonwealth on horseback1 the chief magistrate1 the ,landammann1 with his sword by his side4 ,the people follow the chiefs whom they have chosen to the place of meeting1 a circle in a green meadow with a pine forest rising above their heads and a mighty spur of the mountain range facing them on the other side of the valley4 ,the multitude of the freemen take their seats around the chief ruler of the commonwealth1 whose term of office comes that day to an end4 ,the ,assembly opens2 a short space is first given to prayer1 silent prayer offered up by each man in the temple of ,god's own rearing4 ,then comes the business of the day4 ,if changes in the law are demanded1 they are then laid before the vote of the ,assembly1 in which each citizen of full age has an equal vote and an equal right of speech4 ,the yearly magistrates have now discharged all their duties2 their term of office is at an end1 the trust which has been placed in their hands falls back into the hands of those by whom it was given1 into the hands of the sovereign people4 ,the chief of the commonwealth1 now such no longer1 leaves his seat of office1 and takes his place as a simple citizen in the ranks of his fellows4 ,it rests with the freewill of the ,assembly to call him back to his chair of office1 or to set another there in his stead4 ,men who have neither looked into the history of the past1 nor yet troubled themselves to learn what happens year by year in their own age1 are fond of declaiming against the caprice and ingratitude of the people1 and of telling us that under a democratic government neither men nor measures can remain for an hour unchanged4 ,the witness alike of the present and of the past is an answer to baseless theories like these4 ,the spirit which made democratic ,athens year by year bestow her highest offices on the patrician ,perikls and the reactionary ,phkin1 still lives in the democracies of ,switzerland4 ,the ministers of kings1 whether despotic or constitutional1 may vainly envy the sure tenure of office which falls to the lot of those who are chosen to rule by the voice of the people4 ,alike in the whole ,confederation and in the single ,canton1 re-election is the rule2 the rejection of the outgoing magistrate is the rare exception4 ,the ,landammann of ,uri1 whom his countrymen have raised to the seat of honour1 and who has done nothing to lose their confidence1 need not fear that when he has gone to the place of meeting in the pomp of office1 his place in the march homeward will be transferred to another against his will4 ,e4 ,a4 ,,freeman4 ,notes3 ,uri4 ,a ,swiss canton which1 early in the #adth century1 united with ,unterwalden and ,schwytz to form the ,swiss ,confederation4 ,sempach 7#achf7 and ,morgarten 7#acae71 both great victories won by the ,swiss over the ,austrians4 ----,charles the ,bold of ,burgundy was defeated by the ,swiss in #adgf at ,morat4 ,perikls4 ,a great orator and statesman1 who1 in the middle of the #eth century1 ,b4,c41 guided the policy of ,athens1 and made her the centre of literature1 philosophy1 and art4 ,phkin 4 ,an ,athenian statesman of the #dth century ,b4,c41 who opposed ,demosthenes in his efforts to resist ,philip of ,macedon4 ,his reactionary policy was atoned for by the uprightness of his character4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,liberty4 ',tis liberty alone that gives the flower ,of fleeting life its lustre and perfume2 ,and we are weeds without it4 ,all constraint1 ,except what wisdom lays on evil men1 ,is evil3 hurts the faculties1 impedes ,their progress in the road of science3 blinds ,the eyesight of ,discovery2 and begets1 ,in those that suffer it1 a sordid mind ,bestial1 a meagre intellect1 unfit ,to be the tenant of man's noble form4 ,thee therefore still1 blameworthy as thou art1 ,with all thy loss of empire1 and though squeez'd ,by public exigence1 till annual food ,fails for the craving hunger of the state1 ,thee ,i account still happy1 and the chief ,among the nations1 seeing thou art free1 ,my native nook of earth6 ,thy clime is rude1 ,replete with vapours1 and disposes much ,all hearts to sadness1 and none more than mine3 ,thine unadult'rate manners are less soft ,and plausible than social life requires1 ,and thou hast need of discipline and art1 ,to give thee what politer ,france receives ,from nature's bounty--that humane address ,and sweetness1 without which no pleasure is ,in converse1 either starv'd by cold reserve1 ,or flush'd with fierce dispute1 a senseless brawl-- ,yet being free1 ,i love thee2 for the sake ,of that one feature can be well content1 ,disgrac'd as thou hast been1 poor as thou art1 ,to seek no sublunary rest beside4 ,but1 once enslav'd1 farewell6 ,i could endure ,chains nowhere patiently2 and chains at home1 ,where ,i am free by birthright1 not at all4 ,then what were left of roughness in the grain ,of ,british natures1 wanting its excuse ,that it belongs to freemen1 would disgust ,and shock me4 ,i should then with double pain ,feel all the rigour of thy fickle clime2 ,and1 if ,i must bewail the blessing lost1 ,for which our ,hampdens and our ,sydneys bled1 ,i would at least bewail it under skies ,milder1 among a people less austere2 ,in scenes1 which1 having never known me free1 ,would not reproach me with the loss ,i felt4 ,do ,i forebode impossible events1 ,and tremble at vain dreams8 ,heaven grant ,i may6 ,but the age of virtuous politics is past1 ,and we are deep in that of cold pretence4 ,patriots are grown too shrewd to be sincere1 ,and we too wise to trust them4 ,he that takes ,deep in his soft credulity the stamp ,design'd by loud declaimers on the part ,of liberty1 themselves the slaves of lust1 ,incurs derision for his easy faith1 ,and lack of knowledge1 and with cause enough3 ,for when was public virtue to be found1 ,where private was not8 ,can he love the whole1 ,who loves no part8 ,he be a nation's friend1 ,who is in truth the friend of no man there8 ,can he be strenuous in his country's cause1 ,who slights the charities1 for whose dear sake ,that country1 if at all1 must be beloved8 ,cowper4 ,notes3 ,hampden--,sydney4 7,see previous note on them7 ,he that takes deep in his soft credulity1 c41 i4e41 he that credulously takes in the impression which demagogues1 who claim to speak on behalf of liberty1 intend that he should take4 ,delude4 ,a violent torrent1 displacing earth in its course4 ,strid4 ,a yawning chasm between rocks4 ,the ,battle of ,culloden 7#agdf7 closed the ,jacobite rebellion of #agde by the defeat of the ,highlanders1 and with it the last hopes of the ,stuart cause4 ,the ,duke of ,cumberland was the leader of the ,hanoverian army4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,my ,,winter ,,garden4 ,no one is less inclined to depreciate that magnificent winter-garden at the ,crystal ,palace3 yet let me1 if ,i choose1 prefer my own2 ,i argue that1 in the first place1 it is far larger4 ,you may drive1 ,i hear1 through the grand one at ,chatsworth for a quarter of a mile4 ,you may ride through mine for fifteen miles on end4 ,i prefer1 too1 to any glass roof which ,sir ,joseph ,paxton ever planned1 that dome above my head some three miles high1 of soft dappled grey and yellow cloud1 through the vast lattice-work whereof the blue sky peeps1 and sheds down tender gleams on yellow bogs1 and softly rounded heather knolls1 and pale chalk ranges gleaming far away4 ,but1 above all1 ,i glory in my evergreens4 ,what winter-garden can compare for them with mine8 ,true1 ,i have but four kinds--,scotch fir1 holly1 furze1 and the heath2 and by way of relief to them1 only brows of brown fern1 sheets of yellow bog-grass1 and here and there a leafless birch1 whose purple tresses are even more lovely to my eye than those fragrant green ones which she puts on in spring4 ,well3 in painting as in music1 what effects are more grand than those produced by the scientific combination1 in endless new variety1 of a few simple elements8 ,enough for me is the one purple birch2 the bright hollies round its stem sparkling with scarlet beads2 the furze-patch1 rich with its lacework of interwoven light and shade1 tipped here and there with a golden bud2 the deep soft heather carpet1 which invites you to lie down and dream for hours2 and behind all1 the wall of red fir-stems1 and the dark fir-roof with its jagged edges a mile long1 against the soft grey sky4 ,an ugly1 straight-edged1 monotonous fir-plantation8 ,well1 ,i like it1 outside and inside4 ,i need no saw-edge of mountain peaks to stir up my imagination with the sense of the sublime1 while ,i can watch the saw-edge of those fir peaks against the red sunset4 ,they are my ,alps2 little ones1 it may be3 but after all1 as ,i asked before1 what is size8 ,a phantom of our brain2 an optical delusion4 ,grandeur1 if you will consider wisely1 consists in form1 and not in size3 and to the eye of the philosopher1 the curve drawn on a paper two inches long1 is just as magnificent1 just as symbolic of divine mysteries and melodies1 as when embodied in the span of some cathedral roof4 ,have you eyes to see8 ,then lie down on the grass1 and look near enough to see something more of what is to be seen2 and you will find tropic jungles in every square foot of turf2 mountain cliffs and debacles at the mouth of every rabbit burrow3 dark strids1 tremendous cataracts1 deep glooms and sudden glories1 in every foot-broad rill which wanders through the turf4 ,all is there for you to see1 if you will but rid yourself of that idol of space2 and ,nature1 as everyone will tell you who has seen dissected an insect under the microscope1 is as grand and graceful in her smallest as in her hugest forms4 ,the ,march breeze is chilly3 but ,i can be always warm if ,i like in my winter-garden4 ,i turn my horse's head to the red wall of fir-stems1 and leap over the furze-grown bank into my cathedral1 wherein if there be no saints1 there are likewise no priestcraft and no idols2 but endless vistas of smooth red green-veined shafts holding up the warm dark roof1 lessening away into endless gloom1 paved with rich brown fir-needle--a carpet at which ,nature has been at work for forty years4 ,red shafts1 green roof1 and here and there a pane of blue sky--neither ,owen ,jones nor ,willement can improve upon that ecclesiastical ornamentation1--while for incense ,i have the fresh healthy turpentine fragrance1 far sweeter to my nostrils than the stifling narcotic odour which fills a ,roman ,catholic cathedral4 ,there is not a breath of air within3 but the breeze sighs over the roof above in a soft whisper4 ,i shut my eyes and listen4 ,surely that is the murmur of the summer sea upon the summer sands in ,devon far away4 ,i hear the innumerable wavelets spend themselves gently upon the shore1 and die away to rise again4 ,and with the innumerable wave-sighs come innumerable memories1 and faces which ,i shall never see again upon this earth4 ,i will not tell even you of that1 old friend4 ,it has two notes1 two keys rather1 that ,eolian-harp of fir-needles above my head2 according as the wind is east or west1 the needles dry or wet4 ,this easterly key of to-day is shriller1 more cheerful1 warmer in sound1 though the day itself be colder3 but grander still1 as well as softer1 is the sad soughing key in which the south-west wind roars on1 rain-laden1 over the forest1 and calls me forth--being a minute philosopher--to catch trout in the nearest chalk-stream4 ,the breeze is gone a while2 and ,i am in perfect silence--a silence which may be heard4 ,not a sound2 and not a moving object2 absolutely none4 ,the absence of animal life is solemn1 startling4 ,that ring-dove1 who was cooing half a mile away1 has hushed his moan2 that flock of long-tailed titmice1 which were twinging and pecking about the fir-cones a few minutes since1 are gone3 and now there is not even a gnat to quiver in the slant sun-rays4 ,did a spider run over these dead leaves1 ,i almost fancy ,i could hear his footfall4 ,the creaking of the saddle1 the soft step of the mare upon the fir-needles1 jar my ears4 ,i seem alone in a dead world4 ,a dead world3 and yet so full of life1 if ,i had eyes to see6 ,above my head every fir-needle is breathing--breathing for ever2 currents unnumbered circulate in every bough1 quickened by some undiscovered miracle2 around me every fir-stem is distilling strange juices1 which no laboratory of man can make2 and where my dull eye sees only death1 the eye of ,god sees boundless life and motion1 health and use4 ,,charles ,,kingsley4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,aspects ,,of ,,northern ,,and ,,southern ,,countries4 ,the charts of the world which have been drawn up by modern science have thrown into a narrow space the expression of a vast amount of knowledge1 but ,i have never yet seen any pictorial enough to enable the spectator to imagine the kind of contrast in physical character which exists between northern and southern countries4 ,we know the differences in detail1 but we have not that broad glance or grasp which would enable us to feel them in their fulness4 ,we know that gentians grow on the ,alps1 and olives on the ,apennines2 but we do not enough conceive for ourselves that variegated mosaic of the world's surface which a bird sees in its migration1 that difference between the district of the gentian and of the olive which the stork and the swallow see far off1 as they lean upon the sirocco wind4 ,let us1 for a moment1 try to raise ourselves even above the level of their flight1 and imagine the ,mediterranean lying beneath us like an irregular lake1 and all its ancient promontories sleeping in the sun2 here and there an angry spot of thunder1 a grey stain of storm1 moving upon the burning field2 and here and there a fixed wreath of white volcano smoke1 surrounded by its circle of ashes2 but for the most part a great peacefulness of light1 ,syria and ,greece1 ,italy and ,spain1 laid like pieces of a golden pavement into the sea-blue1 chased1 as we stoop nearer to them1 with bossy beaten work of mountain chains1 and glowing softly with terraced gardens1 and flowers heavy with frankincense1 mixed among masses of laurel and orange1 and plumy palm1 that abate with their grey-green shadows the burning of the marble rocks1 and of the ledges of the porphyry sloping under lucent sand4 ,then let us pass farther towards the north1 until we see the orient colours change gradually into a vast belt of rainy green1 where the pastures of ,switzerland1 and poplar valleys of ,france1 and dark forests of the ,danube and ,carpathians stretch from the mouths of the ,loire to those of the ,volga1 seen through clefts in grey swirls of rain-cloud and flaky veils of the mist of the brooks1 spreading low along the pasture lands2 and then1 farther north still1 to see the earth heave into mighty masses of leaden rock and heathy moor1 bordering with a broad waste of gloomy purple that belt of field and wood1 and splintering into irregular and grisly islands amidst the northern seas beaten by storm1 and chilled by ice-drift1 and tormented by furious pulses of contending tide1 until the roots of the last forests fail from among the hill ravines1 and the hunger of the north wind bites their peaks into barrenness2 and1 at last1 the wall of ice1 durable like iron1 sets1 death-like1 its white teeth against us out of the polar twilight4 ,and1 having once traversed in thought this gradation of the zoned iris of the earth in all its material vastness1 let us go down nearer to it1 and watch the parallel change in the belt of animal life3 the multitudes of swift and brilliant creatures that glance in the air and sea1 or tread the sands of the southern zone2 striped zebras and spotted leopards1 glistening serpents1 and birds arrayed in purple and scarlet4 ,let us contrast their delicacy and brilliancy of colour1 and swiftness of motion1 with the frost-cramped strength1 and shaggy covering1 and dusky plumage of the northern tribes2 contrast the ,arabian horse with the ,shetland1 the tiger and leopard with the wolf and bear1 the antelope with the elk1 the bird of ,paradise with the osprey2 and then1 submissively acknowledging the great laws by which the earth and all that it bears are ruled throughout their being1 let us not condemn1 but rejoice in the expression by man of his own rest in the statues of the lands that gave him birth4 ,let us watch him with reverence as he sets side by side the burning gems1 and smooths with soft sculpture the jasper pillars that are to reflect a ceaseless sunshine1 and rise into a cloudless sky2 but not with less reverence let us stand by him1 when1 with rough strength and hurried stroke1 he smites an uncouth animation out of the rocks which he has torn from among the moss of the moor-land1 and heaves into the darkened air the pile of iron buttress and rugged wall1 instinct with work of an imagination as wild and wayward as the northern sea2 creations of ungainly shape and rigid limb1 but full of wolfish life2 fierce as the winds that beat1 and changeful as the clouds that shade them4 ,,john ,,ruskin4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,trosachs4 ,the western waves of ebbing day ,rolled o'er the glen their level way2 ,each purple peak1 each flinty spire1 ,was bathed in floods of living fire4 ,but not a setting beam could glow ,within the dark ravines below1 ,where twined the path1 in shadow hid1 ,bound many a rocky pyramid1 ,shooting abruptly from the dell ,its thunder-splintered pinnacle2 ,bound many an insulated mass1 ,the native bulwarks of the pass1 ,huge as the tower which builders vain ,presumptuous piled on ,shinar's plain4 ,the rocky summits1 split and rent1 ,formed turret1 dome1 or battlement4 ,or seemed fantastically set ,with cupola or minaret1 ,wild crests as pagod ever decked1 ,or mosque of eastern architect4 ,nor were these earth-born castles bare1 ,nor lacked they many a banner fair2 ,for1 from their shivered brows displayed1 ,far o'er the unfathomable glade1 ,all twinkling with the dew-drop's sheen1 ,the briar-rose fell in streamers green1 ,and creeping shrubs1 of thousand dyes1 ,waved in the west wind's summer sighs4 ,boon nature scattered1 free and wild1 ,each plant or flower1 the mountain's child4 ,here eglantine embalmed the air1 ,hawthorn and hazel mingled there2 ,the primrose pale and violet flower1 ,found in each cliff a narrow bower2 ,foxglove and nightshade1 side by side1 ,emblems of punishment and pride1 ,grouped their dark hues with every stain1 ,the weather-beaten crags retain4 ,with boughs that quaked at every breath1 ,grey birch and aspen wept beneath2 ,aloft the ash and warrior oak ,cast anchor in the rifted rock2 ,and higher yet the pine tree hung ,his shatter'd trunk1 and frequent flung1 ,where seemed the cliffs to meet on high1 ,his boughs athwart the narrowed sky ,highest of all1 where white peaks glanced1 ,where glistening streamers waved and danced1 ,the wanderer's eye could barely view ,the summer heaven's delicious blue2 ,so wondrous wild1 the whole might seem ,the scenery of a fairy dream4 ,onward1 amid the copse 'gan peep ,a narrow inlet still and deep1 ,affording scarce such breadth of brim1 ,as served the wild duck's brood to swim2 ,lost for a space1 through thickets veering1 ,but broader when again appearing1 ,tall rocks and tufted knolls their face ,could on the dark blue mirror trace2 ,and farther as the hunter stray'd1 ,still broader sweep its channels made4 ,the shaggy mounds no longer stood1 ,emerging from entangled wood1 ,but1 wave-encircled1 seemed to float1 ,like castle girdled with its moat2 ,yet broader floods extending still1 ,divide them from their parent hill1 ,till each1 retiring1 claims to be ,an islet in an inland sea4 ,and now1 to issue from the glen1 ,no pathway meets the wanderer's ken1 ,unless he climb1 with footing nice1 ,a far projecting precipice4 ,the broom's tough roots his ladder made1 ,the hazel saplings lent their aid2 ,and thus an airy point he won4 ,where1 gleaming with the setting sun1 ,one burnish'd sheet of living gold1 ,loch-,katrine lay beneath him rolled2 ,in all her length far winding lay1 ,with promontory1 creek1 and bay1 ,and islands that1 empurpled bright1 ,floated amid the livelier light2 ,and mountains1 that like giants stand1 ,to sentinel enchanted land4 ,high on the south1 huge ,benvenue ,down to the lake in masses threw ,crags1 knolls1 and mounds1 confusedly hurled1 ,the fragments of an earlier world2 ,a wildering forest feathered o'er ,his ruined sides and summit hoar4 ,while on the north1 through middle air1 ,ben-an heaved high his forehead bare4 ,,scott4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lochiel',s ,,warning4 ,seer4 ,lochiel6 ,lochiel6 beware of the day ,when the ,lowlands shall meet thee in battle array6 ,for a field of the dead rushes red on my sight1 ,and the clans of ,culloden are scattered in fight2 ,they rally1 they bleed1 for their kingdom and crown2 ,wo1 wo to the riders that trample them down6 ,proud ,cumberland prances1 insulting the slain1 ,and their hoof-beaten bosoms are trod to the plain4 ,but hark6 through the fast-flashing lightning of war1 ,what steed to the desert flies frantic and far8 ',tis thine1 ,o ,glenullin6 whose bride shall await1 ,like a love-lighted watchfire1 all night at the gate4 ,a steed comes at morning2 no rider is there2 ,but its bridle is red with the sign of despair4 ,weep1 ,albyn1 to death and captivity led6 ,o weep1 but thy tears cannot number the dead2 ,for a merciless sword on ,culloden shall wave1 ,culloden6 that reeks with the blood of the brave4 ,lochiel4 ,go preach to the coward1 thou death- telling seer6 ,or1 if gory ,culloden so dreadful appear1 ,draw1 dotard1 around thy old wavering sight ,this mantle1 to cover the phantoms of fright4 ,seer4 ,ha6 laugh'st thou1 ,lochiel1 my vision to scorn8 ,proud bird of the mountain1 thy plume shall be torn6 ,say1 rushed the bold eagle exultingly forth ,from his home1 in the dark-rolling clouds of the north8 ,lo6 the death-shot of foemen outspeeding1 he rode ,companionless1 bearing destruction abroad2 ,but down let him stoop from his havoc on high6 ,ah6 home let him speed1 for the spoiler is nigh4 ,why flames the far summit8 ,why shoot to the blast ,those embers1 like stars from the firmament cast8 ',tis the fire shower of ruin1 all dreadfully driven ,from his eyrie that beacons the darkness of heaven4 ,oh1 crested ,lochiel6 the peerless in might1 ,whose banners arise on the battlements' height1 ,heaven's fire is around thee1 to blast and to burn3 ,return to thy dwelling6 all lonely return6 ,for the blackness of ashes shall mark where it stood1 ,and a wild mother scream o'er her famishing brood4 ,lochiel4 ,false wizard1 avaunt6 ,i have marshalled my clan-- ,their swords are a thousand1 their bosoms are one6 ,they are true to the last of their blood and their breath1 ,and like reapers descend to the harvest of death4 ,then welcome be ,cumberland's steed to the shock6 ,let him dash his proud foam like a wave on the rock6 ,but we to his kindred1 and we to his cause1 ,when ,albyn her claymore indignantly draws2 ,when her bonneted chieftains to victory crowd1 ,clanranald the dauntless1 and ,moray the proud2 ,all plaided and plumed in their tartan array---- ,seer4----,lochiel6 ,lochiel6 beware of the day6 ,for1 dark and despairing1 my sight ,i may seal1 ,but man cannot cover what ,god would reveal4 ',tis the sunset of life gives me mystical lore1 ,and coming events cast their shadows before4 ,i tell thee1 ,culloden's dread echoes shall ring1 ,with the bloodhounds that bark for thy fugitive king4 ,lo6 anointed by heaven with the vials of wrath1 ,behold1 where he flies on his desolate path6 ,now in darkness and billows he sweeps from my sight2 ,rise6 rise6 ye wild tempests1 and cover his flight6-- ',tis finished4 ,their thunders are hushed on the moors2 ,culloden is lost1 and my country deplores4 ,but where is the iron-bound prisoner8 ,where8 ,for the red eye of battle is shut in despair4 ,say1 mounts he the ocean-wave1 banished1 forlorn1 ,like a limb from his country cast bleeding and torn8 ,ah1 no6 for a darker departure is near1-- ,the war drum is muffled1 and black is the bier2 ,his death bell is tolling6 ,oh1 mercy6 dispel ,yon sight that it freezes my spirit to tell6 ,life flutters convulsed in his quivering limbs1 ,and his blood-streaming nostril in agony swims2 ,accursed be the faggots that blaze at his feet1 ,where his heart shall be thrown1 ere it ceases to beat1 ,with the smoke of its ashes to poison the gale---- ,lochiel4 ,down1 soothless insulter6 ,i trust not the tale3 ,for never shall ,albyn a destiny meet ,so black with dishonour1 so foul with retreat4 ,though my perishing ranks should be strewed in their gore1 ,like ocean weeds heaped on the surf-beaten shore1 ,lochiel1 untainted by flight or by chains1 ,while the kindling of life in his bosom remains1 ,shall victor exult1 or in death be laid low1 ,with his back to the field1 and his feet to the foe6 ,and leaving in battle no blot on his name1 ,look proudly to heaven from the death-bed of fame4 ,,campbell4 ,note3 ,life flutters convulsed c4 ,describes the barbarous death which awaited the traitor according to the statute book of ,england1 as it then stood4 ,this was the penalty dealt to the rebels of #agde4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,columbus ,,in ,,sight ,,of ,,land4 ,for three days they stood in this direction1 and the further they went the more frequent and encouraging were the signs of land4 ,flights of small birds of various colours1 some of them such as sing in the fields1 came flying about the ships1 and then continued towards the south-west1 and others were heard also flying by in the night4 ,tunny fish played about the smooth sea1 and a heron1 a pelican1 and a duck1 were seen1 all bound in the same direction4 ,the herbage which floated by was fresh and green1 as if recently from land1 and the air1 ,columbus observes1 was sweet and fragrant as ,april breezes in ,seville4 ,all these1 however1 were regarded by the crews as so many delusions beguiling them on to destruction2 and when1 on the evening of the third day1 they beheld the sun go down upon a shoreless horizon1 they broke forth into turbulent clamour4 ,they exclaimed against this obstinacy in tempting fate by continuing on into a boundless sea4 ,they insisted upon turning home1 and abandoning the voyage as hopeless4 ,columbus endeavoured to pacify them by gentle words and promises of large rewards2 but finding that they only increased in clamour1 he assumed a decided tone4 ,he told them it was useless to murmur2 the expedition had been sent by the sovereigns to seek the ,indies1 and1 happen what might1 he was determined to persevere1 until1 by the blessing of ,god1 he should accomplish the enterprise4 ,columbus was now at open defiance with his crew1 and his situation became desperate4 ,fortunately the manifestations of the vicinity of land were such on the following day as no longer to admit a doubt4 ,beside a quantity of fresh weeds1 such as grow in rivers1 they saw a green fish of a kind which keeps about rocks2 then a branch of thorn with berries on it1 and recently separated from the tree1 floated by them2 then they picked up a reed1 a small board1 and1 above all1 a staff artificially carved4 ,all gloom and mutiny now gave way to sanguine expectation2 and throughout the day each one was eagerly on the watch1 in hopes of being the first to discover the long-sought-for land4 ,in the evening1 when1 according to invariable custom on board of the admiral's ship1 the mariners had sung the vesper hymn to the ,virgin1 he made an impressive address to his crew4 ,he pointed out the goodness of ,god in thus conducting them by soft and favouring breezes across a tranquil ocean1 cheering their hopes continually with fresh signs1 increasing as their fears augmented1 and thus leading and guiding them to a promised land4 ,he now reminded them of the orders he had given on leaving the ,canaries1 that1 after sailing westward seven hundred leagues1 they should not make sail after midnight4 ,present appearances authorized such a precaution4 ,he thought it probable they would make land that very night2 he ordered1 therefore1 a vigilant look-out to be kept from the forecastle1 promising to whomsoever should make the discovery a doublet of velvet1 in addition to the pension to be given by the sovereigns4 ,the breeze had been fresh all day1 with more sea than usual1 and they had made great progress4 ,at sunset they had stood again to the west1 and were ploughing the waves at a rapid rate1 the ,pinta keeping the lead from her superior sailing4 ,the greatest animation prevailed throughout the ships2 not an eye was closed that night4 ,as the evening darkened1 ,columbus took his station on the top of the castle or cabin on the high poop of his vessel1 ranging his eye along the dusky horizon1 and maintaining an intense and unremitting watch4 ,about ten o'clock he thought he beheld a light glimmering at a great distance4 ,fearing his eager hopes might deceive him1 he called to ,pedro ,gutierrez1 gentleman of the king's bedchamber1 and inquired whether he saw such a light3 the latter replied in the affirmative4 ,doubtful whether it might not be some delusion of the fancy1 ,columbus called ,rodrigo ,sanchez of ,segovia1 and made the same inquiry4 ,by the time the latter had ascended the round-house1 the light had disappeared4 ,they saw it once or twice afterwards in sudden and passing gleams1 as if it were a torch in the bark of a fisherman1 rising and sinking with the waves1 or in the hand of some person on shore1 borne up and down as he walked from house to house4 ,so transient and uncertain were these gleams1 that few attached any importance to them2 ,columbus1 however1 considered them as certain signs of land1 and1 moreover1 that the land was inhabited4 ,they continued their course until two in the morning1 when a gun from the ,pinta gave the joyful signal of land4 ,it was first descried by a mariner named ,rodrigo de ,triana2 but the reward was afterwards adjudged to the admiral1 for having previously perceived the light4 ,the land was now clearly seen about two leagues distant1 whereupon they took in sail1 and laid to1 waiting impatiently for the dawn4 ,the thoughts and feelings of ,columbus in this little space of time must have been tumultuous and intense4 ,at length1 in spite of every difficulty and danger1 he had accomplished his object4 ,the great mystery of the ocean was revealed2 his theory1 which had been the scoff of sages1 was triumphantly established2 he had secured to himself a glory durable as the world itself4 ,it is difficult to conceive the feelings of such a man1 at such a moment1 or the conjectures which must have thronged upon his mind1 as to the land before him1 covered with darkness4 ,that it was fruitful was evident from the vegetables which floated from its shores4 ,he thought1 too1 that he perceived the fragrance of aromatic groves4 ,the moving light he had beheld proved it the residence of man4 ,but what were its inhabitants8 ,were they like those of the other parts of the globe1 or were they some strange and monstrous race1 such as the imagination was prone in those times to give to all remote and unknown regions8 ,had he come upon some wild island far in the ,indian ,sea1 or was this the famed ,cipango itself1 the object of his golden fancies8 ,a thousand speculations of the kind must have swarmed upon him1 as1 with his anxious crews1 he waited for the night to pass away2 wondering whether the morning light would reveal a savage wilderness1 or dawn upon spicy groves1 and glittering fanes1 and gilded cities1 and all the splendour of oriental civilization4 ,it was on ,friday morning1 the #abth of ,october1 that ,columbus first beheld the ,new ,world4 ,as the day dawned he saw before him a level island1 several leagues in extent1 and covered with trees like a continual orchard4 ,though apparently uncultivated1 it was populous1 for the inhabitants were seen issuing from all parts of the woods and running to the shore4 ,they were perfectly naked1 and1 as they stood gazing at the ships1 appeared by their attitudes and gestures to be lost in astonishment4 ,columbus made signal for the ships to cast anchor1 and the boats to be manned and armed4 ,he entered his own boat1 richly attired in scarlet1 and holding the royal standard2 whilst ,martin ,alonzo ,pinzon1 and ,vincent ,yaez his brother1 put off in company in their boats1 each with a banner of the enterprize emblazoned with a green cross1 having on either side the letters ,f4 and ,y41 the initials of the ,castilian monarchs ,fernando and ,ysabel1 surmounted by crowns4 ,as he approached the shore1 ,columbus1 who was disposed for all kinds of agreeable impressions1 was delighted with the purity and suavity of the atmosphere1 the crystal transparency of the sea1 and the extraordinary beauty of the vegetation4 ,he beheld1 also1 fruits of an unknown kind upon the trees which overhung the shores4 ,on landing he threw himself on his knees1 kissed the earth1 and returned thanks to ,god with tears of joy4 ,his example was followed by the rest1 whose hearts indeed overflowed with the same feelings of gratitude1 ,columbus then rising1 drew his sword1 displayed the royal standard1 and assembling round him the two captains1 with ,rodrigo de ,escobedo1 notary of the armament1 ,rodrigo ,sanchez1 and the rest who had landed1 he took solemn possession in the name of the ,castilian sovereigns1 giving the island the name of ,san ,salvador4 ,having complied with the requisite forms and ceremonies1 he called upon all present to take the oath of obedience to him1 as admiral and viceroy1 representing the persons of the sovereigns4 ,the feelings of the crew now burst forth in the most extravagant transports4 ,they had recently considered themselves devoted men1 hurrying forward to destruction2 they now looked upon themselves as favourites of fortune1 and gave themselves up to the most unbounded joy4 ,they thronged around the admiral with overflowing zeal1 some embracing him1 others kissing his hands4 ,those who had been most mutinous and turbulent during the voyage1 were now most devoted and enthusiastic4 ,some begged favours of him1 as if he had already wealth and honours in his gift4 ,many abject spirits1 who had outraged him by their insolence1 now crouched at his feet1 begging pardon for all the trouble they had caused him1 and promising the blindest obedience for the future4 ,,washington ,,irving4 ,notes3 ,columbus4 ,christopher ,columbus of ,genoa 7born #adcj1 died #aejf71 the discoverer of ,america4 ,his first expedition was made in #adib4 ,the reward was afterwards adjudged to the admiral4 ,this has often been alleged1 and apparently with considerable reason1 as a stain upon the name of ,columbus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,columbus ,,shipwrecked4 ,on the morning of the #bdth of ,december1 ,columbus set sail from ,port ,st4 ,thomas before sunrise1 and steered to the eastward1 with an intention of anchoring at the harbour of the cacique ,guacanagari4 ,the wind was from the land1 but so light as scarcely to fill the sails1 and the ships made but little progress4 ,at eleven o'clock at night1 being ,christmas eve1 they were within a league or a league and a half of the residence of the cacique2 and ,columbus1 who had hitherto kept watch1 finding the sea calm and smooth1 and the ship almost motionless1 retired to rest1 not having slept the preceding night4 ,he was1 in general1 extremely wakeful on his coasting voyages1 passing whole nights upon deck in all weathers2 never trusting to the watchfulness of others where there was any difficulty or danger to be provided against4 ,in the present instance he felt perfectly secure2 not merely on account of profound calm1 but because the boats on the preceding day1 in their visit to the cacique1 had reconnoitred the coast1 and had reported that there were neither rocks nor shoals in their course4 ,no sooner had he retired1 than the steersman gave the helm in charge to one of the ship-boys1 and went to sleep4 ,this was in direct violation of an invariable order of the admiral1 that the helm should never be intrusted to the boys4 ,the rest of the mariners who had the watch took like advantage of the absence of ,columbus1 and in a little while the whole crew was buried in sleep4 ,in the meantime the treacherous currents1 which run swiftly along this coast1 carried the vessel quietly1 but with force1 upon a sand-bank4 ,the heedless boy had not noticed the breakers1 although they made a roaring that might have been heard a league4 ,no sooner1 however1 did he feel the rudder strike1 and hear the tumult of the rushing sea1 than he began to cry for aid4 ,columbus1 whose careful thoughts never permitted him to sleep profoundly1 was the first on deck4 ,the master of the ship1 whose duty it was to have been on watch1 next made his appearance1 followed by others of the crew1 half awake4 ,the admiral ordered them to take the boat and carry out an anchor astern1 to warp the vessel off4 ,the master and the sailors sprang into the boat2 but1 confused as men are apt to be when suddenly awakened by an alarm1 instead of obeying the commands of ,columbus1 they rowed off to the other caravel1 about half a league to windward4 ,in the meantime the master had reached the caravel1 and made known the perilous state in which he had left the vessel4 ,he was reproached with his pusillanimous desertion2 the commander of the caravel manned his boat and hastened to the relief of the admiral1 followed by the recreant master1 covered with shame and confusion4 ,it was too late to save the ship1 the current having set her more upon the bank4 ,the admiral1 seeing that his boat had deserted him1 that the ship had swung across the stream1 and that the water was continually gaining upon her1 ordered the mast to be cut away1 in the hope of lightening her sufficiently to float her off4 ,every effort was in vain4 ,the keel was firmly bedded in the sand2 the shock had opened several seams2 while the swell of the breakers1 striking her broadside1 left her each moment more and more aground1 until she fell over on one side4 ,fortunately the weather continued calm1 otherwise the ship must have gone to pieces1 and the whole crew might have perished amidst the currents and breakers4 ,the admiral and her men took refuge on board the caravel4 ,diego de ,arana1 chief judge of the armament1 and ,pedro ,gutierrez1 the king's butler1 were immediately sent on shore as envoys to the cacique ,guaeanagari1 to inform him of the intended visit of the admiral1 and of his disastrous shipwreck4 ,in the meantime1 as a light wind had sprung up from shore1 and the admiral was ignorant of his situation1 and of the rocks and banks that might be lurking around him1 he lay to until daylight4 ,the habitation of the cacique was about a league and a half from the wreck4 ,when he heard of the misfortune of his guest1 he manifested the utmost affliction1 and even shed tears4 ,he immediately sent all his people1 with all the canoes1 large and small1 that could be mustered2 and so active were they in their assistance1 that in a little while the vessel was unloaded4 ,the cacique himself1 and his brothers and relatives1 rendered all the aid in their power1 both on sea and land2 keeping vigilant guard that everything should be conducted with order1 and the property secured from injury or theft4 ,from time to time1 he sent some one of his family1 or some principal person of his attendants1 to console and cheer the admiral1 assuring him that everything he possessed should be at his disposal4 ,never1 in a civilized country1 were the vaunted rites of hospitality more scrupulously observed1 than by this uncultivated savage4 ,all the effects landed from the ships were deposited near his dwelling2 and an armed guard surrounded them all night1 until houses could be prepared in which to store them4 ,there seemed1 however1 even among the common people1 no disposition to take advantage of the misfortune of the stranger4 ,although they beheld what must in their eyes have been inestimable treasures1 cast1 as it were1 upon their shores1 and open to depredation1 yet there was not the least attempt to pilfer1 nor1 in transporting the effects from the ships1 had they appropriated the most trifling article4 ,on the contrary1 a general sympathy was visible in their countenances and actions2 and to have witnessed their concern1 one would have supposed the misfortune to have happened to themselves4 ,so loving1 so tractable1 so peaceable are these people1 says ,columbus in his journal1 that ,i swear to your ,majesties1 there is not in the world a better nation1 nor a better land4 ,they love their neighbours as themselves2 and their discourse is ever sweet and gentle1 and accompanied with a smile2 and though it is true that they are naked1 yet their manners are decorous and praiseworthy4 ,,washington ,,irving4 ,note3 ,cacique4 ,the chief of an ,indian tribe4 ,the word was adopted by the ,spaniards from the language of the natives of ,san ,domingo4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,robbed ,,in ,,the ,,desert4 ,i departed from ,kooma1 accompanied by two shepherds1 who were going towards ,sibidooloo4 ,the road was very steep and rocky1 and as my horse had hurt his feet much1 he travelled slowly and with great difficulty2 for in many places the ascent was so sharp1 and the declivities so great1 that if he had made one false step1 he must inevitably have been dashed to pieces4 ,the herds being anxious to proceed1 gave themselves little trouble about me or my horse1 and kept walking on at a considerable distance4 ,it was about eleven o'clock1 as ,i stopped to drink a little water at a rivulet 7my companions being near a quarter of a mile before me71 that ,i heard some people calling to each other1 and presently a loud screaming1 as from a person in great distress4 ,i immediately conjectured that a lion had taken one of the shepherds1 and mounted my horse to have a better view of what had happened4 ,the noise1 however1 ceased2 and ,i rode slowly towards the place from whence ,i thought it proceeded1 calling out1 but without receiving any answer4 ,in a little time1 however1 ,i perceived one of the shepherds lying among the long grass near the road2 and1 though ,i could see no blood upon him1 concluded he was dead4 ,but when ,i came close to him1 he whispered to me to stop1 telling me that a party of armed men had seized upon his companion1 and shot two arrows at himself as he was making his escape4 ,i stopped to consider what course to take1 and looking round1 saw at a little distance a man sitting upon the stump of a tree2 ,i distinguished also the heads of six or seven more2 sitting among the grass1 with muskets in their hands4 ,i had now no hopes of escaping1 and therefore determined to ride forward towards them4 ,as ,i approached them1 ,i was in hopes they were elephant hunters1 and by way of opening the conversation1 inquired if they had shot anything2 but1 without returning an answer1 one of them ordered me to dismount2 and then1 as if recollecting himself1 waved with his hand for me to proceed4 ,i accordingly rode past1 and had with some difficulty crossed a deep rivulet1 when ,i heard somebody holloa2 and looking back1 saw those ,i took for elephant hunters now running after me1 and calling out to me to turn back4 ,i stopped until they were all come up1 when they informed me that the ,king of the ,foulahs had sent them on purpose to bring me1 my horse1 and everything that belonged to me1 to ,fooladoo1 and that therefore ,i must turn back1 and go along with them4 ,without hesitating a moment1 ,i turned round and followed them1 and we travelled together near a quarter of a mile without exchanging a word4 ,when coming to a dark place of the wood1 one of them said1 in the ,mandingo language1 ,this place will do1 and immediately snatched my hat from my head4 ,though ,i was by no means free of apprehension1 yet ,i resolved to show as few signs of fear as possible2 and therefore told them1 unless my hat was returned to me1 ,i should go no farther4 ,but before ,i had time to receive an answer1 another drew his knife1 and seizing upon a metal button which remained upon my waistcoat1 cut it off1 and put it in his pocket4 ,their intention was now obvious1 and ,i thought that the more easily they were permitted to rob me of everything1 the less ,i had to fear4 ,i therefore allowed them to search my pockets without resistance1 and examine every part of my apparel1 which they did with scrupulous exactness4 ,but observing that ,i had one waistcoat under another1 they insisted that ,i should cast them both off2 and at last1 to make sure work1 stripped me quite naked4 ,even my half-boots 7though the sole of one of them was tied to my foot with a broken bridle-rein7 were narrowly inspected4 ,whilst they were examining the plunder1 ,i begged them with great earnestness to return my pocket compass2 but when ,i pointed it out to them1 as it was lying on the ground1 one of the banditti thinking ,i was about to take it up1 cocked his musket1 and swore that he would lay me dead on the spot if ,i presumed to lay my hand on it4 ,after this some of them went away with my horse1 and the remainder stood considering whether they should leave me quite naked1 or allow me something to shelter me from the sun4 ,humanity at last prevailed2 they returned me the worst of the two shirts and a pair of trowsers2 and1 as they went away1 one of them threw back my hat1 in the crown of which ,i kept my memorandums2 and this was probably the reason they did not wish to keep it4 ,after they were gone1 ,i sat for some time looking around me with amazement and terror2 whichever way ,i turned1 nothing appeared but danger and difficulty4 ,i saw myself in the midst of a vast wilderness in the depth of the rainy season1 naked and alone1 surrounded by savage animals1 and men still more savage4 ,i was five hundred miles from the nearest ,european settlement4 ,all these circumstances crowded at once to my recollection2 and ,i confess that my spirits began to fail me4 ,i considered my fate as certain1 and that ,i had no alternative but to lie down and perish4 ,at this moment1 painful as my reflections were1 the extraordinary beauty of a small moss irresistibly caught my eye4 ,i mention this to show from what trifling circumstances the mind will sometimes derive consolation2 for though the whole plant was not larger than the tip of one of my fingers1 ,i could not contemplate the delicate conformation of its roots1 leaves1 and capsule without admiration4 ,can that ,being 7thought ,i71 who planted1 watered1 and brought to perfection1 in this obscure part of the world1 a thing which appears of so small importance1 look with unconcern upon the situation and sufferings of creatures formed after his own image8--surely not6 ,reflections like these would not allow me to despair2 ,i started up1 and disregarding both hunger and fatigue1 travelled forwards1 assured that relief was at hand2 and ,i was not disappointed4 ,in a short time ,i came to a small village1 at the entrance of which ,i overtook the two shepherds who had come with me from ,rooma4 ,they were much surprised to see me1 for they said they never doubted that the ,foulahs1 when they had robbed1 had murdered me4 ,departing from this village1 we travelled over several rocky ridges1 and at sunset arrived at ,sibidooloo1 the frontier town of the kingdom of ,manding4 ,,mungo ,,park4 ,note3 ,mungo ,park4 ,born in ,selkirkshire in #agga2 set out on his first ,african exploration in #agie4 ,his object was to explore the ,niger2 and this he had done to a great extent when he was murdered 7as is supposed7 by the natives in #ahje4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rest ,,from ,,battle4 ,now deep in ocean sunk the lamp of light1 ,and drew behind the cloudy veil of night2 ,the conquering ,trojans mourn his beams decayed2 ,the ,greeks rejoicing bless the friendly shade4 ,the victors keep the field3 and ,hector calls ,a martial council near the navy walls3 ,these to ,scamander's bank apart he led1 ,where thinly scattered lay the heaps of dead4 ,the assembled chiefs1 descending on the ground1 ,attend his order1 and their prince surround4 ,a massy spear he bore of mighty strength1 ,of full ten cubits was the lance's length2 ,the point was brass1 refulgent to behold1 ,fixed to the wood with circling rings of gold3 ,the noble ,hector on his lance reclined1 ,and bending forward1 thus revealed his mind3 ,ye valiant ,trojans1 with attention hear6 ,ye ,dardan bands1 and generous aids1 give ear6 ,this day1 we hoped1 would wrap in conquering flame ,greece with her ships1 and crown our toils with fame4 ,but darkness now1 to save the cowards1 falls1 ,and guards them trembling in their wooden walls4 ,obey the night1 and use her peaceful hours1 ,our steeds to forage1 and refresh our powers4 ,straight from the town be sheep and oxen sought1 ,and strengthening bread and generous wine be brought4 ,wide o'er the field1 high blazing to the sky1 ,let numerous fires the absent sun supply1 ,the flaming piles with plenteous fuel raise1 ,till the bright morn her purple beam displays2 ,lest1 in the silence and the shades of night1 ,greece on her sable ships attempt her flight4 ,not unmolested let the wretches gain ,their lofty decks1 or safely cleave the main3 ,some hostile wound let every dart bestow1 ,some lasting token of the ,phrygian foe3 ,wounds1 that long hence may ask their spouses' care1 ,and warn their children from a ,trojan war4 ,now1 through the circuit of our ,ilion wall1 ,let sacred heralds sound the solemn call2 ,to bid the sires with hoary honours crowned1 ,and beardless youths1 our battlements surround4 ,firm be the guard1 while distant lie our powers1 ,and let the matrons hang with lights the towers3 ,lest1 under covert of the midnight shade1 ,the insidious foe the naked town invade4 ,suffice1 to-night1 these orders to obey2 ,a nobler charge shall rouse the dawning day4 ,the gods1 ,i trust1 shall give to ,hector's hand1 ,from these detested foes to free the land1 ,who ploughed1 with fates averse1 the watery way2 ,for ,trojan vultures a predestined prey4 ,our common safety must be now the care2 ,but soon as morning paints the fields of air1 ,sheathed in bright arms let every troop engage1 ,and the fired fleet behold the battle rage4 ,then1 then shall ,hector and ,tydides prove1 ,whose fates are heaviest in the scale of ,jove4 ,to-morrow's light 7,o haste the glorious morn67 ,shall see his bloody spoils in triumph borne1 ,with this keen javelin shall his breast be gored1 ,and prostrate heroes bleed around their lord4 ,certain as this1 oh6 might my days endure1 ,from age inglorious1 and black death secure2 ,so might my life and glory know no bound1 ,like ,pallas worshipped1 like the sun renowned6 ,as the next dawn1 the last they shall enjoy1 ,shall crush the ,greeks1 and end the woes of ,troy4 ,the leader spoke4 ,from all his host around ,shouts of applause along the shores resound4 ,each from the yoke the smoking steeds untied1 ,and fixed their headstalls to his chariot-side4 ,fat sheep and oxen from the town are led1 ,with generous wine1 and all-sustaining bread4 ,full hecatombs lay burning on the shore2 ,the winds to heaven the curling vapours bore2 ,ungrateful offering to the immortal powers6 ,whose wrath hung heavy o'er the ,trojan towers2 ,nor ,priam nor his sons obtained their grace2 ,proud ,troy they hated1 and her guilty race4 ,the troops exulting sat in order round1 ,and beaming fires illumined all the ground4 ,as when the moon1 refulgent lamp of night6 ,o'er heaven's clear azure spreads her sacred light1 ,when not a breath disturbs the deep serene1 ,and not a cloud o'ercasts the solemn scene2 ,around her throne the vivid planets roll1 ,and stars unnumbered gild the glowing pole2 ,o'er the dark trees a yellower verdure shed1 ,and tip with silver every mountain's head4 ,then shine the vales1 the rocks in prospect rise1 ,a flood of glory bursts from all the skies3 ,the conscious swains1 rejoicing in the sight1 ,eye the blue vault1 and bless the useful light4 ,so many flames before proud ,ilion blaze1 ,and lighten glimmering ,xanthus with their rays3 ,the long reflections of the distant fires ,gleam on the walls1 and tremble on the spires4 ,a thousand piles the dusky horrors gild1 ,and shoot a shady lustre o'er the field4 ,full fifty guards each flaming pile attend1 ,whose umbered arms1 by fits1 thick flashes send1 ,loud neigh the coursers o'er their heaps of corn1 ,and ardent warriors wait the rising morn4 ,,pope4 ,notes3,rest from battle4 ,this is part of ,pope's translation of the ,iliad of ,homer 7,book #h1 l4 #fje74 ,stamander4 ,one of the rivers in the neighbourhood of ,troy4 ,dardan bands4 ,trojan lands4 ,dardanus was the mythical ancestor of the ,trojans4 ,generous aids allies4 ,tydides--,diomede4 ,from age inglorious and black death secure safe from inglorious age and from black death4 ,hecatombs4 ,sacrifices of #ajj oxen4 ,ungrateful offering unpleasing offering4 ,xanthus4 ,the other river in the neighbourhood of ,troy4 ,umbered thrown into shadow1 and glimmering in the darkness4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,aristides4 ,aristides at first was loved and respected for his surname of the ,just1 and afterwards envied as much2 the latter1 chiefly by the management of ,themistocles1 who gave it out among the people that ,aristides had abolished the courts of judicature1 by drawing the arbitration of all causes to himself1 and so was insensibly gaining sovereign power1 though without guards and the other ensigns of it4 ,the people1 elevated with the late victory at ,marathon1 thought themselves capable of everything1 and the highest respect little enough for them4 ,uneasy1 therefore1 at finding any one citizen rose to such extraordinary honour and distinction1 they assembled at ,athens from all the towns in ,attica1 and banished ,aristides by the ,ostracism2 disguising their envy of his character under the specious pretence of guarding against tyranny4 ,for the ,ostracism was not a punishment for crimes and misdemeanours1 but was very decently called an humbling and lessening of some excessive influence and power4 ,in reality it was a mild gratification of envy2 for by this means1 whoever was offended at the growing greatness of another1 discharged his spleen1 not in anything cruel or inhuman1 but only in voting a ten years' banishment4 ,but when it once began to fall upon mean and profligate persons1 it was for ever after entirely laid aside2 ,hyperbolus being the last that was exiled by it4 ,the reason of its turning upon such a wretch was this4 ,alcibiades and ,nicias1 who were persons of the greatest interest in ,athens1 had each his party2 but perceiving that the people were going to proceed to the ,ostracism1 and that one of them was likely to suffer by it1 they consulted together1 and joining interests1 caused it to fall upon ,hyperbolus4 ,hereupon the people1 full of indignation at finding this kind of punishment dishonoured and turned into ridicule1 abolished it entirely4 ,the ,ostracism 7to give a summary account of it7 was conducted in the following manner4 ,every citizen took a piece of a broken pot1 or a shell1 on which he wrote the name of the person he wanted to have banished1 and carried it to a part of the market-place that was enclosed with wooden rails4 ,the magistrates then counted the number of the shells2 and if it amounted not to six thousand1 the ,ostracism stood for nothing3 if it did1 they sorted the shells1 and the person whose name was found on the greatest number1 was declared an exile for ten years1 but with permission to enjoy his estate4 ,at the time that ,aristides was banished1 when the people were inscribing the names on the shells1 it is reported that an illiterate burgher came to ,aristides1 whom he took for some ordinary person1 and1 giving him his shell1 desired him to write ,aristides upon it4 ,the good man1 surprised at the adventure1 asked him ,whether ,aristides had ever injured him8 ,no1 said he1 nor do ,i even know him2 but it vexes me to hear him everywhere called the ,just4 ,aristides made no answer1 but took the shell1 and having written his own name upon it1 returned it to the man4 ,when he quitted ,athens1 he lifted up his hands towards heaven1 and1 agreeably to his character1 made a prayer1 very different from that of ,achilles2 namely1 ,that the people of ,athens might never see the day which should force them to remember ,aristides4 ,plutarch's ,lives4 ,notes3 ,aristides4 ,a prominent citizen of ,athens 7about the year #dij ,b4,c47 opposed to the more advanced policy of ,themistocles1 who wished to make the city rely entirely upon her naval power4 ,he was ostracised in #dhi1 but afterwards restored4 ,marathon4 ,the victory gained over the ,persian invaders1 #dij ,b4,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,venerable ,,bede4 ,baeda--the venerable ,bede as later times styled him--was born about ten years after the ,synod of ,whitby1 beneath the shade of a great abbey which ,benedict ,biscop was rearing by the mouth of the ,wear4 ,his youth was trained and his long tranquil life was wholly spent in an offshoot of ,benedict's house which was founded by his scholar ,ceolfrid4 ,baeda never stirred from ,jarrow4 ,i spent my whole life in the same monastery1 he says1 and while attentive to the rule of my order and the service of the ,church1 my constant pleasure lay in learning1 or teaching1 or writing4 ,the words sketch for us a scholar's life1 the more touching in its simplicity that it is the life of the first great ,english scholar4 ,the quiet grandeur of a life consecrated to knowledge1 the tranquil pleasure that lies in learning and teaching and writing1 dawned for ,englishmen in the story of ,baeda4 ,while still young1 he became teacher1 and six hundred monks1 besides strangers that flocked thither for instruction1 formed his school of ,jarrow4 ,it is hard to imagine how1 among the toils of the schoolmaster and the duties of the monk1 ,baeda could have found time for the composition of the numerous works that made his name famous in the ,west4 ,but materials for study had accumulated in ,northumbria through the journeys of ,wilfrith and ,benedict ,biscop1 and ,archbishop ,eegberht was forming the first ,english library at ,york4 ,the tradition of the older ,irish teachers still lingered to direct the young scholar into that path of scriptural interpretation to which he chiefly owed his fame4 ,greek1 a rare accomplishment in the ,west1 came to him from the school which the ,greek ,archbishop ,theodore founded beneath the walls of ,canterbury4 ,his skill in the ecclesiastical chaunt was derived from a ,roman cantor whom ,pope ,vilalian sent in the train of ,benedict ,biscop4 ,little by little the young scholar thus made himself master of the whole range of the science of his time2 he became1 as ,burke rightly styled him1 the father of ,english learning4 ,the tradition of the older classic culture was first revived for ,england in his quotations of ,plato and ,aristotle1 of ,seneca and ,cicero1 of ,lucretius and ,ovid4 ,virgil cast over him the same spell that he cast over ,dante2 verses from the4 ,aeneid break his narratives of martyrdoms1 and the disciple ventures on the track of the great master in a little eclogue descriptive of the approach of spring4 ,his work was done with small aid from others4 ,i am my own secretary1 he writes2 ,i make my own notes4 ,i am my own librarian4 ,but forty-five works remained after his death to attest his prodigious industry4 ,in his own eyes and those of his contemporaries1 the most important among these were the commentaries and homilies upon various books of the ,bible which he had drawn from the writings of the ,fathers4 ,but he was far from confining himself to theology4 ,in treatises compiled as text-books for his scholars1 ,baeda threw together all that the world had then accumulated in astronomy and meteorology1 in physics and music1 in philosophy1 grammar1 rhetoric1 arithmetic1 medicine4 ,but the encyclopaedic character of his researches left him in heart a simple ,englishman4 ,he loved his own ,english tongue1 he was skilled in ,english song1 his last work was a translation into ,english of the gospel of ,st4 ,john1 and almost the last words that broke from his lips were some ,english rhymes upon death4 ,but the noblest proof of his love of ,england lies in the work which immortalizes his name4 ,in his ',ecclesiastical ,history of the ,english ,nation1' ,baeda was at once the founder of medieval history and the first ,english historian4 ,all that we really know of the century and a half that follows the landing of ,augustine1 we know from him4 ,wherever his own personal observation extended1 the story is told with admirable detail and force4 ,he is hardly less full or accurate in the portions which he owed to his ,kentish friends1 ,alewine and ,nothelm4 ,what he owed to no informant was his own exquisite faculty of story-telling1 and yet no story of his own telling is so touching as the story of his death4 ,two weeks before the ,easter of #gce the old man was seized with an extreme weakness and loss of breath4 ,he still preserved1 however1 his usual pleasantness and gay good-humour1 and in spite of prolonged sleeplessness continued his lectures to the pupils about him4 ,verses of his own ,english tongue broke from time to time from the master's lip--rude rhymes that told how before the need-fare1 ,death's stern must-go1 none can enough bethink him what is to be his doom for good or ill4 ,the tears of ,baeda's scholars mingled with his song4 ,we never read without weeping1 writes one of then4 ,so the days rolled on to ,ascension-tide1 and still master and pupils toiled at their work1 for ,baeda longed to bring to an end his version of ,st4 ,john's ,gospel into the ,english tongue1 and his extracts from ,bishop ,isidore4 ,i don't want my boys to read a lie1 he answered those who would have had him rest1 or to work to no purpose1 after ,i am gone4 ,a few days before ,ascension-tide his sickness grew upon him1 but he spent the whole day in teaching1 only saying cheerfully to his scholars1 ,learn with what speed you may2 ,i know not how long ,i may last4 ,the dawn broke on another sleepless night1 and again the old man called his scholars round him and bade them write4 ,there is still a chapter wanting1 said the scribe1 as the morning drew on1 and it is hard for thee to question thyself any longer4 ,it is easily done1 said ,baeda2 take thy pen and write quickly4 ,amid tears and farewells the day wore on to eventide4 ,there is yet one sentence unwritten1 dear master1 said the boy4 ,write it quickly1 bade the dying man4 ,it is finished now1 said the little scribe at last4 ,you speak truth1 said the master2 all is finished now4 ,placed upon the pavement1 his head supported in his scholar's arms1 his face turned to the spot where he was wont to pray1 ,baeda chaunted the solemn ,glory to ,god4 ,as his voice reached the close of his song1 he passed quietly away4 ,j4 ,r4 ,,green4 ,note3 ,baeda4 ,the father of literature and learning in ,england 7#fef-gce ,a4,d474 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,anselm4 ,anselm's life was drawing to its close4 ,the re-enactment and confirmation by the authority of the great ,whitsuntide ,assembly of the canons of the ,synod of ,london against clerical marriage1 and a dispute with two of the ,northern bishops--his old friend ,ralph ,flambard1 and the archbishop-elect of ,york1 who1 apparently reckoning on ,anselm's age and bad health1 was scheming to evade the odious obligation of acknowledging the paramount claims of the see of ,canterbury--were all that marked the last year of his life4 ,a little more than a year before his own death1 he had to bury his old and faithful friend--a friend first in the cloister of ,bee1 and then in the troubled days of his ,english primacy--the great builder1 ,gundulf1 ,bishop of ,rochester4 ,anselm's last days shall be told in the words of one who had the best right to record the end of him whom he had loved so simply and so loyally--his attendant ,eadmer4 ,during these events 7of the last two years of his life7 he wrote a treatise ',concerning the ,agreement of ,foreknowledge1 ,predestination1 and the ,grace of ,god1 with ,free ,will1' in which contrary to his wont1 he found difficulty in composition2 for after his illness at ,bury ,st4 ,edmund's1 as long as he was spared to this life1 he was weaker than before2 so that1 when he was moving from place to place1 he was from that time carried in a litter1 instead of riding on horseback4 ,he was tried1 also1 by frequent and sharp sicknesses1 so that we scarce dared promise him life4 ,he1 however1 never left off his old way of living1 but was always engaged in godly meditations1 or holy exhortations1 or other good work4 ,in the third year after ,king ,henry had recalled him from his second banishment1 every kind of food by which nature is sustained became loathsome to him4 ,he used to eat1 however1 putting force on himself1 knowing that he could not live without food2 and in this way he somehow or another dragged on life through half a year1 gradually failing day by day in body1 though in vigour of mind he was still the same as he used to be4 ,so being strong in spirit1 though but very feeble in the flesh1 he could not go to his oratory on foot2 but from his strong desire to attend the consecration of the ,lord's body1 which he venerated with a special feeling of devotion1 he caused himself to be carried thither every day in a chair4 ,we who attended on him tried to prevail on him to desist1 because it fatigued him so much2 but we succeeded1 and that with difficulty1 only four days before he died4 ,from that time he took to his bed8 and1 with gasping breath1 continued to exhort all who had the privilege of drawing near him to live to ,god1 each in his own order4 ,palm ,sunday had dawned1 and we1 as usual1 were sitting round him2 one of us said to him1 ',lord father1 we are given to understand that you are going to leave the world for your ,lord's ,easter court4' ,he answered1 ',if ,his will be so1 ,i shall gladly obey ,his will4 ,but if ,he willed rather that ,i should yet remain amongst you1 at least till ,i have solved a question which ,i am turning in my mind1 about the origin of the soul1 ,i should receive it thankfully1 for ,i know not whether any one will finish it after ,i am gone4 ,indeed1 ,i hope1 that if ,i could take food1 ,i might yet get well4 ,for ,i feel no pain anywhere2 only1 from weakness of my stomach1 which cannot take food1 ,i am failing altogether4' ,on the following ,tuesday1 towards evening1 he was no longer able to speak intelligibly4 ,ralph1 ,bishop of ,rochester1 asked him to bestow his absolution and blessing on us who were present1 and on his other children1 and also on the king and queen with their children1 and the people of the land who had kept themselves under ,god in his obedience4 ,he raised his right hand1 as if he was suffering nothing1 and made the sign of the ,holy ,cross2 and then dropped his head and sank down4 ,the congregation of the brethren were already chanting matins in the great church1 when one of those who watched about our father the book of the ,gospels and read before him the history of the ,passion1 which was to be read that day at the mass4 ,but when he came to our ,lord's words1 ',ye are they which have continued with me in my temptations1 and ,i appoint unto you a kingdom1 as my ,father hath appointed unto me1 that ye may eat and drink at my table1' he began to draw his breath more slowly4 ,we saw that he was just going1 so he was removed from his bed1 and laid upon sackcloth and ashes4 ,and thus1 the whole family of his children being collected round him1 he gave up his last breath into the hands of his ,creator1 and slept in peace4 ,,dean ,,church4 ,note3,anselm4 ,an ,italian by birth 7#ajcc-aaji71 was ,abbot of ,bee1 in ,normandy1 and afterwards ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 in both succeeding his countryman ,lanfranc4 ,he was famous as a scholastic philosopher2 and1 as a ,churchman1 he struggled long for the liberties of the ,church with ,william ,,ii4 and ,henry ,i4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,murder ,,of ,,becket4 ,the vespers had already begun1 and the monks were singing the service in the choir1 when two boys rushed up the nave1 announcing1 more by their terrified gestures than by their words1 that the soldiers were bursting into the palace and monastery4 ,instantly the service was thrown into the utmost confusion2 part remained at prayer1 part fled into the numerous hiding-places the vast fabric affords2 and part went down the steps of the choir into the transept to meet the little band at the door4 ,come in1 come in6 exclaimed one of them2 ,come in1 and let us die together4 ,the ,archbishop continued to stand outside1 and said1 ,go and finish the service4 ,so long as you keep in the entrance1 ,i shall not come in4 ,they fell back a few paces1 and he stepped within the door1 but1 finding the whole place thronged with people1 he paused on the threshold1 and asked1 ,what is it that these people fear8 ,one general answer broke forth1 ,the armed men in the cloister4 ,as he turned and said1 ,i shall go out to them1 he heard the clash of arms behind4 ,the knights had just forced their way into the cloister1 and were now 7as would appear from their being thus seen through the open door7 advancing along its southern side4 ,they were in mail1 which covered their faces up to their eyes1 and carried their swords drawn4 ,three had hatchets4 ,fitzurse1 with the axe he had taken from the carpenters1 was foremost1 shouting as he came1 ,here1 here1 king's men6 ,immediately behind him followed ,robert ,fitzranulph1 with three other knights1 and a motley group--some their own followers1 some from the town--with weapons1 though not in armour1 brought up the rear4 ,at this sight1 so unwonted in the peaceful cloisters of ,canterbury1 not probably beheld since the time when the monastery had been sacked by the ,danes1 the monks within1 regardless of all remonstrances1 shut the door of the cathedral1 and proceeded to barricade it with iron bars4 ,a loud knocking was heard from the terrified band without1 who having vainly endeavoured to prevent the entrance of the knights into the cloister1 now rushed before them to take refuge in the church4 ,becket1 who had stepped some paces into the cathedral1 but was resisting the solicitations of those immediately about him to move up into the choir for safety1 darted back1 calling aloud as he went1 ,away1 you cowards6 ,by virtue of your obedience ,i command you not to shut the door--the church must not be turned into a castle4 ,with his own hands he thrust them away from the door1 opened it himself1 and catching hold of the excluded monks1 dragged them into the building1 exclaiming1 ,come in1 come in--faster1 faster6 99 99 99 99 99 ,the knights1 who had been checked for a moment by the sight of the closed door1 on seeing it unexpectedly thrown open1 rushed into the church4 ,it was1 we must remember1 about five o'clock in a winter evening2 the shades of night were gathering1 and were deepened into a still darker gloom within the high and massive walls of the vast cathedral1 which was only illuminated here and there by the solitary lamps burning before the altars4 ,the twilight1 lengthening from the shortest day a fortnight before1 was but just sufficient to reveal the outline of objects4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the dim twilight they could just discern a group of figures mounting the steps of the eastern staircase4 ,one of the knights called out to them1 ,stay4 ,another1 ,where is ,thomas ,becket1 traitor to the ,king8 ,no answer was returned4 ,none could have been expected by any one who remembered the indignant silence with which ,becket had swept by when the same words had been applied by ,randulf of ,broc at ,northampton4 ,fitzurse rushed forward1 and1 stumbling against one of the monks on the lower step1 still not able to distinguish clearly in the darkness1 exclaimed1 ,where is the ,archbishop8 ,instantly the answer came3 ,reginald1 here ,i am1 no traitor1 but the archbishop and priest of ,god2 what do you wish8 and from the fourth step1 which he had reached in his ascent1 with a slight motion of his head--noticed apparently as his peculiar manner in moments of excitement--,becket descended to the transept4 ,attired1 we are told1 in his white rochet1 with a cloak and hood thrown over his shoulders1 he thus suddenly confronted his assailants4 ,fitzurse sprang back two or three paces1 and ,becket passing by him took up his station between the central pillar and the massive wall which still forms the south-west corner of what was then the chapel of ,st4 ,benedict4 ,here they gathered round him1 with the cry1 ,absolve the bishops whom you have excommunicated4 ,i cannot do other than ,i have done1 he replied1 and turning to ,fitzurse1 he added1 ,reginald1 you have received many favours at my hands2 why do you come into my church armed8 ,fitzurse planted the axe against his breast1 and returned for answer1 ,you shall die--,i will tear out your heart4 ,another1 perhaps in kindness1 struck him between the shoulders with the flat of his sword1 exclaiming1 ,fly2 you are a dead man4 ,i am ready to die1 replied the primate1 for ,god and the ,church2 but ,i warn you1 ,i curse you in the name of ,god ,almighty1 if you do not let my men escape4 ,the well-known horror which in that age was felt at an act of sacrilege1 together with the sight of the crowds who were rushing in from the town through the nave1 turned their efforts for the next few moments to carrying him out of the church4 ,fitzurse threw down the axe1 and tried to drag him out by the collar of his long cloak1 calling1 ,come with us--you are our prisoner4 ,i will not fly1 you detestable fellow1 was ,becket's reply1 roused to his usual vehemence1 and wrenching the cloak out of ,fitzurse's grasp4 ,the three knights struggled violently to put him on ,tracy's shoulders4 ,becket set his back against the pillar1 and resisted with all his might1 whilst ,grim1 vehemently remonstrating1 threw his arms around him to aid his efforts4 ,in the scuffle1 ,becket fastened upon ,tracy1 shook him by his coat of mail1 and exerting his great strength1 flung him down on the pavement4 ,it was hopeless to carry on the attempt to remove him4 ,and in the final struggle which now began1 ,fitzurse1 as before1 took the lead4 ,he approached with his drawn sword1 and waving it over his head1 cried1 ,strike1 strike6 but merely dashed off his cap4 ,tracy sprang forward and struck a more decided blow4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the blood from the first blow was trickling down his face in a thin streak2 he wiped it with his arm1 and when he saw the stain1 he said1 ,into thy hands1 ,o ,lord1 ,i commend my spirit4 ,at the third blow1 he sank on his knees--his arms falling1 but his hands still joined as if in prayer4 ,with his face turned towards the altar of ,st4 ,benedict1 he murmured in a low voice1 ,for the name of ,jesus1 and the defence of the ,church1 ,i am willing to die4 ,without moving hand or foot1 he fell fiat on his face as he spoke1 and with such dignity that his mantle1 which extended from head to foot1 was not disarranged4 ,in this posture he received a tremendous blow1 aimed with such violence that the scalp or crown of the head was severed from the skull1 and the sword snapped in two on the marble pavement4 ,hugh of ,horsea planted his foot on the neck of the corpse1 thrust his sword into the ghastly wound1 and scattered the brains over the pavement4 ,let us go--let us go1 he said1 in conclusion1 the traitor is dead2 he will rise no more4 ,,dean ,,stanley4 ,note3 ,thomas ,becket 7#aaai-aagj74 ,chancellor and afterwards ,archbishop of ,canterbury under ,henry ,,ii42 maintained a heroic1 though perhaps ambitious and undesirable struggle with that king for the independence of the clergy2 and ended his life by assassination at the hands of certain of ,henry's servants4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,elizabeth ,the triumph of her lieutenant1 ,mountjoy1 flung its lustre over the last days of ,elizabeth1 but no outer triumph could break the gloom which gathered round the dying queen4 ,lonely as she had always been1 her loneliness deepened as she drew towards the grave4 ,the statesmen and warriors of her earlier days had dropped one by one from her council board2 and their successors were watching her last moments1 and intriguing for favour in the coming reign4 ,the old splendour of her court waned and disappeared4 ,only officials remained about her1 the other of the council and nobility estrange themselves by all occasions4 ,as she passed along in her progresses1 the people1 whose applause she courted1 remained cold and silent4 ,the temper of the age1 in fact1 was changing and isolating her as it changed4 ,her own ,england1 the ,england which had grown up around her1 serious1 moral1 prosaic1 shrank coldly from this child of earth1 and the renascence1 brilliant1 fanciful1 unscrupulous1 irreligious4 ,she had enjoyed life as the men of her day enjoyed it1 and now that they were gone she clung to it with a fierce tenacity4 ,she hunted1 she danced1 she jested with her young favourites1 she coquetted1 and scolded1 and frolicked at sixty-seven as she had done at thirty4 ,the queen1 wrote a courtier1 a few months before her death1 was never so gallant these many years1 nor so set upon jollity4 ,she persisted1 in spite of opposition1 in her gorgeous progresses from country-house to country-house4 ,she clung to business as of old1 and rated in her usual fashion1 one who minded not to giving up some matter of account4 ,but death crept on4 ,her face became haggard1 and her frame shrank almost to a skeleton4 ,at last1 her taste for finery disappeared1 and she refused to change her dresses for a week together4 ,a strange melancholy settled down on her3 she held in her hand1 says one who saw her in her last days1 a golden cup1 which she often put to her lips3 but in truth her heart seemed too full to need more filling4 ,gradually her mind gave way4 ,she lost her memory1 the violence of her temper became unbearable1 her very courage seemed to forsake her4 ,she called for a sword to lie constantly beside her1 and thrust it from time to time through the arras1 as if she heard murderers stirring there4 ,food and rest became alike distasteful4 ,she sate day and night propped up with pillows on a stool1 her finger on her lip1 her eyes fixed on the floor1 without a word4 ,if she once broke the silence1 it was with a flash of her old queenliness4 ,cecil asserted that she must go to bed1 and the word roused her like a trumpet4 ,must6 she exclaimed2 is must a word to be addressed to princes8 ,little man1 little man6 thy father1 if he had been alive1 durst not have used that word4 ,then1 as her anger spent itself1 she sank into her old dejection4 ,thou art so presumptuous1 she said1 because thou knowest ,i shall die4 ,she rallied once more when the ministers beside her bed named ,lord ,beauchamp1 the heir to the ,suffolk claim1 as a possible successor4 ,i will have no rogue's son1 she cried hoarsely1 in my seat4 ,but she gave no sign1 save a motion of the head1 at the mention of the ,king of ,scots4 ,she was in fact fast becoming insensible2 and early the next morning the life of ,elizabeth1 a life so great1 so strange and lonely in its greatness1 passed quietly away4 ,j4,r4 ,,green4 ,notes3 ,mountjoy4 ,the ,queen's lieutenant in ,ireland1 who had had considerable success in dealing with the ,irish rebels4 ,this chill of 444 the renascence4 ,in her irreligion1 as well as in her brilliancy and fancy1 ,elizabeth might fitly be called the child or product of the ,pagan renascence or new birth1 as the return to the freedom of classic literature1 so powerful in the ,england of her day1 was called4 ,thy father the great ,lord ,burghley1 who guided the counsels of the ,queen throughout all the earlier part of her reign4 ,the ,suffolk claim1 i4e41 the claim derived from ,mary1 the sister of ,henry ,,viii41 who married ,charles ,brandon1 ,duke of ,suffolk4 ,james1 who succeeded ,elizabeth1 was descended from the elder sister1 ,margaret1 married to ,james ,,iv4 of ,scotland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,saxon ,,and ,,the ,,gael4 ,so toilsome was the road to trace1 ,the guide1 abating of his pace1 ,led slowly through the pass's jaws1 ,and ask'd ,fitz-,james by what strange cause ,he sought these wilds8 traversed by few1 ,without a pass from ,roderick ,dhu4 ,brave ,gael1 my pass1 in danger tried1 ,hangs in my belt1 and by my side2 ,yet sooth to tell1 the ,saxon said1 ,i dreamed not now to claim its aid4 ,when here but three days since1 ,i came1 ,bewildered in pursuit of game1 ,all seemed as peaceful and as still ,as the mist slumbering on yon hill3 ,thy dangerous chief was then afar1 ,nor soon expected back from war4 ,but1 ,stranger1 peaceful since you came1 ,bewildered in the mountain game1 ,whence the bold boast by which you show ,vich-,alpine's vowed and mortal foe8 ,warrior1 but yester-morn1 ,i knew ,nought of thy ,chieftain1 ,roderick ,dhu1 ,save as an outlaw'd desperate man1 ,the chief of a rebellious clan1 ,who in the ,regent's court and sight1 ,with ruffian dagger stabbed a knight2 ,yet this alone might from his part ,sever each true and loyal heart4 ,wrathful at such arraignment foul1 ,dark lowered the clansman's sable scowl4 ,a space he paused1 then sternly said1-- ,and heard'st thou why he drew his blade8 ,heards't thou that shameful word and blow ,brought ,roderick's vengeance on his foe8 ,what reck'd the ,chieftain if he stood ,on ,highland-heath1 or ,holy-,rood8 ,he rights such wrong where it is given1 ,if it were in the court of heaven4 ,still was it outrage3--yet1 'tis true1 ,not then claimed sovereignty his due2 ,while ,albany1 with feeble hand1 ,held borrowed truncheon of command1 ,the young ,king mew'd in ,stirling tower1 ,was stranger to respect and power4 ,but then1 thy ,chieftain's robber life6 ,winning mean prey by causeless strife1 ,wrenching from ruined lowland swain ,his herds and harvest reared in vain1 ,methinks a soul like thine should scorn ,the spoils from such foul foray borne4 ,the ,gael beheld him grim the while1 ,and answered with disdainful smile1-- ,saxon1 from yonder mountain high1 ,i marked thee send delighted eye ,far to the south and east1 where lay ,extended in succession gay1 ,deep waving fields and pastures green1 ,with gentle slopes and groves between3-- ,these fertile plains1 that softened vale1 ,were once the birthright of the ,gael2 ,the stranger came with iron hand1 ,and from our fathers reft the land4 ,where dwell we now8 ,see1 rudely swell ,crag over crag1 fell over fell4 ,ask we this savage hill we tread1 ,for fattened steer or household bread2 ,ask we for flocks these shingles dry1 ,and well the mountain might reply1-- ,to you1 as to your sires of yore1 ,belong the target and claymore6 ,i give you shelter in my breast1 ,your own good blades must win the rest4 ,pent in this fortress of the ,north1 ,think'st thou we will not sally forth1 ,to spoil the spoiler as we may1 ,and from the robber rend the prey8 ,aye1 by my soul6--,while on yon plain ,the ,saxon rears one shock of grain2 ,while of ten thousand herds1 there strays ,but one along yon river's maze1-- ,the ,gael1 of plain and river heir1 ,shall1 with strong hand1 redeem his share4 ,where live the mountain ,chiefs who hold ,that plundering ,lowland field and fold ,is aught but retribution true8 ,seek other cause 'gainst ,roderick ,dhu4 ,answered ,fitz-,james--,and1 if ,i sought1 ,think'st thou no other could be brought8 ,what deem ye of my path waylaid1 ,my life given o'er to ambuscade8 ,as of a meed to rashness due3 ,hadst thou sent warning fair and true1-- ,i seek my hound1 or falcon strayed4 ,i seek1 good faith1 a ,highland maid4-- ,free hadst thou been to come and go2 ,but secret path marks secret foe4 ,nor yet1 for this1 even as a spy1 ,hadst thou unheard1 been doomed to die1 ,save to fulfil an augury4 ,well1 let it pass2 nor will ,i now ,fresh cause of enmity avow1 ,to chafe thy mood and cloud thy brow4 ,enough1 ,i am by promise tied ,to match me with this man of pride3 ,twice have ,i sought ,clan-,alpine's glen ,in peace3 but when ,i come again1 ,i come with banner1 brand1 and bow1 ,as leader seeks his mortal foe4 ,for love-lorn swain1 in lady's bower1 ,ne'er panted for the appointed hour1 ,as ,i1 until before me stand ,this rebel ,chieftain and his band4 ,have1 then1 thy wish6--he whistled shrill1 ,and he was answered from the hill3 ,wild as the scream of the curlew1 ,from crag to crag the signal flew4 ,instant1 through copse and heath1 arose ,bonnets and spears1 and bended bows4 ,on right1 on left1 above1 below1 ,sprung up at once the lurking foe2 ,from shingles grey their lances start1 ,the bracken bush sends forth the dart4 ,the rushes and the willow wand ,are bristling into axe and brand1 ,and every tuft of broom gives life ,to plaided warrior armed for strife4 ,that whistle garrison'd the glen ,at once with full five hundred men1 ,as if the yawning hill to heaven ,a subterraneous host had given4 ,watching their leader's beck and will1 ,all silent there they stood and still4 ,like the loose crags whose threatening mass ,lay tottering o'er the hollow pass1 ,as if an infant's touch could urge ,their headlong passage down the verge1 ,with step and weapon forward flung4 ,upon the mountain-side they hung4 ,the mountaineer cast glance of pride ,along ,benledi's living side1 ,then fixed his eye and sable brow ,full on ,fitz-,james--,how says't thou now8 ,these are ,clan-,alpine's warriors true1 ,and1 ,saxon1--,i am ,roderick ,dhu6 ,fitz-,james was brave3--,though to his heart ,the life-blood thrilled with sudden start1 ,he mann'd himself with dauntless air1 ,returned the ,chief his haughty stare1 ,his back against a rock he bore1 ,and firmly placed his foot before3-- ,come one1 come all6 this rock shall fly ,from its firm base as soon as ,i4 ,sir ,roderick marked--and in his eyes ,respect was mingled with surprise1 ,and the stern joy which warriors feel ,in foemen worthy of their steel4 ,short space he stood--then waved his hand2 ,down sunk the disappearing band3 ,each warrior vanished where he stood1 ,in broom or bracken1 heath or wood3 ,sunk brand and spear1 and bended bow1 ,in osiers pale and copses low2 ,it seemed as if their mother ,earth ,had swallowed up her warlike birth4 ,the wind's last breath had tossed in air ,pennon1 and plaid1 and plumage fair1-- ,the next but swept a lone hill-side1 ,where heath and fern were waving wide2 ,the sun's last glance was glinted back1 ,from spear and glaive1 from targe and jack1-- ,the next1 all unreflected1 shone ,on bracken green and cold grey stone4 ,fitz-,james looked round--yet scarce believed ,the witness that his sight received2 ,such apparition well might seem ,delusion of a dreadful dream4 ,sir ,roderick in suspense he eyed1 ,and to his look the ,chief replied1 ,fear nought--nay1 that ,i need not say-- ,but--doubt not aught from mine array4 ,thou art my guest3--,i pledged my word ,as far as ,coilantogle ford3 ,nor would ,i call a clansman's brand1 ,for aid against one valiant hand1 ,though on our strife lay every vale ,rent by the ,saxon from the ,gael4 ,so move we on2--,i only meant ,to show the reed on which you leant1 ,deeming this path you might pursue ,without a pass from ,roderick ,dhu4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,chief in silence strode before1 ,and reached that torrent's sounding shore1 ,which1 daughter of three mighty lakes1 ,from ,vennachar in silver breaks ,sweeps through the plain1 and ceaseless mines1 ,on ,bochastle the mouldering lines4 ,where ,rome1 the ,empress of the world4 ,of yore her eagle wings unfurl'd4 ,and here his course the ,chieftain staid2 ,threw down his target and his plaid1 ,and to the ,lowland warrior said3-- ,bold ,saxon6 to his promise just1 ,vich-,alpine has discharged his trust4 ,this murderous ,chief1 this ruthless man4 ,this head of a rebellious clan1 ,hath led thee safe1 through watch and ward1 ,far past ,clan-,alpine's outmost guard4 ,now1 man to man1 and steel to steel1 ,a ,chieftain's vengeance thou shalt feel1 ,see1 here1 all vantageless1 ,i stand1 ,armed like thyself1 with single brand3 ,for this is ,coilantogle ford1 ,and thou must keep thee with thy sword4 ,the ,saxon paused3--,i ne'er delayed1 ,when foeman bade me draw my blade2 ,nay more1 brave ,chief1 ,i vow'd thy death3 ,yet sure thy fair and generous faith1 ,and my deep debt for life preserved1 ,a better meed have well deserved3-- ,can nought but blood our feud atone8 ,are there no means8--,no1 stranger1 none6 ,and hear1--to fire thy flagging zeal1-- ,the ,saxon cause rests on thy steel2 ,for thus spoke ,fate by prophet bred ,between the living and the dead3 ,who spills the foremost foeman's life1 ,his party conquers in the strife4-- ,then by my word1 the ,saxon said1 ,the riddle is already read4 ,seek yonder brake beneath the cliff1-- ,there lies ,red ,murdoch1 stark and stiff4 ,thus ,fate has solved her prophecy1 ,then yield to ,fate1 and not to me4 ,to ,james1 at ,stirling1 let us go1 ,when1 if thou wilt be still his foe1 ,or if the ,king shall not agree ,to grant thee grace and favour free1 ,i plight mine honour1 oath1 and word1 ,that1 to thy native strengths restored1 ,with each advantage shalt thou stand1 ,that aids thee now to guard thy land4-- ,dark lightning flashed from ,roderick's eye-- ,soars thy presumption then so high1 ,because a wretched kern ye slew1 ,homage to name to ,roderick ,dhu8 ,he yields not1 he1 to man nor ,fate6 ,thou add'st but fuel to my hate3-- ,my clansman's blood demands revenge4-- ,not yet prepared8--,by ,heaven1 ,i change ,my thought1 and hold thy valour light ,as that of some vain carpet-knight1 ,who ill-deserved my courteous care1 ,and whose best boast is but to wear ,a braid of his fair lady's hair4-- ,i thank thee1 ,roderick1 for the word6 ,it nerves my heart1 it steels my sword2 ,for ,i have sworn this braid to stain ,in the best blood that warms thy vein4 ,now1 truce1 farewell2 and ruth1 begone6 ,yet think not that by thee alone1 ,proud ,chief6 can courtesy be shown3 ,though not from copse1 or heath1 or cairn1 ,start at my whistle1 clansmen stern1 ,of this small horn one feeble blast ,would fearful odds against thee cast4 ,but fear not--doubt not--which thou wilt-- ,we try this quarrel hilt to hilt4-- ,then each at once his faulchion drew1 ,each on the ground his scabbard threw1 ,each looked to sun1 and stream1 and plain1 ,as what they ne'er might see again3 ,then foot1 and point1 and eye opposed1 ,in dubious strife they darkly closed4 ,ill-fared it then with ,roderick ,dhu1 ,that on the field his targe he threw1 ,whose brazen studs and tough bull-hide ,had death so often dashed aside3 ,for1 trained abroad his arms to wield1 ,fitz-,james's blade was sword and shield4 ,he practised every pass and ward1 ,to thrust1 to strike1 to feint1 to guard2 ,while less expert1 though stronger far1 ,the ,gael maintained unequal war4 ,three times in closing strife they stood1 ,and thrice the ,saxon blade drank blood3 ,no stinted draught1 no scanty tide1 ,the gushing flood the tartans dyed4 ,fierce ,roderick felt the fatal drain1 ,and showered his blows like wintry rain2 ,and1 as firm rock or castle-roof1 ,against the winter shower is proof1 ,the foe invulnerable still ,foiled his wild rage by steady skill2 ,till1 at advantage ta'en1 his brand ,forced ,roderick's weapon from his hand1 ,and1 backward borne upon the lea1 ,brought the proud ,chieftain to his knee4 ,now1 yield thee1 or1 by ,him who made ,the world1 thy heart's blood dyes my blade6-- ,thy threats1 thy mercy1 ,i defy6 ,let recreant yield1 who fears to die4-- ,like adder darting from his coil1 ,like wolf that dashes through the toil1 ,like mountain-cat who guards her young1 ,full at ,fitz-,james's throat he sprung1 ,received1 but reck'd not of a wound1 ,and locked his arms his foeman round4-- ,now gallant ,saxon1 hold thine own6 ,no maiden's hand is round thee thrown6 ,that desperate grasp thy frame might feel1 ,through bars of brass and triple steel6-- ,they tug1 they strain6--down1 down they go1 ,the ,gael above1 ,fitz-,james below4 ,the ,chieftain's gripe his throat compress'd1 ,his knee was planted on his breast2 ,his clotted locks he backward threw1 ,across his brow his hand he drew1 ,from blood and mist to clear his sight1 ,then gleam'd aloft his dagger bright6 --,but hate and fury ill supplied ,the stream of life's exhausted tide1 ,and all too late the advantage came1 ,to turn the odds of deadly game2 ,for1 while the dagger gleam'd on high1 ,keeled soul and sense1 reeled brain and eye1 ,down came the blow6 but in the heath ,the erring blade found bloodless sheath4 ,the struggling foe may now unclasp ,the fainting ,chief's relaxing grasp2 ,unbounded from the dreadful close1 ,but breathless all1 ,fitz-,james arose4 ,,scott4 ,notes3 ,fitz-,james is ,james ,v4 in disguise4 ,holy ,rood1 or ,holy ,cross1 where was the royal palace of the ,scottish kings4 ,albany4 ,the ,duke of ,albany1 who was regent of ,scotland during part of the minority of ,james ,v4 ,where ,rome1 the ,empress1 c4 ,and where remnants of ,roman encampments are still to be traced4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,naseby4 ,,by five o'clock in the morning1 the whole army1 in order of battle1 began to descry the enemy from the rising grounds about a mile from ,naseby1 and moved towards them4 ,they were drawn up on a little ascent in a large common fallow-field1 in one line1 extending from one side of the field to the other1 the field something more than a mile over2 our army in the same order1 in one line1 with the reserves4 ,the king led the main battle of foot1 ,prince ,rupert the right wing of the horse1 and ,sir ,marmaduke ,langdale the left4 ,of the enemy ,fairfax and ,skippon led the body1 ,cromwell and ,roseter the right1 and ,ireton the left4 ,the numbers of both armies so equal1 as not to differ five hundred men1 save that the king had most horse by about one thousand1 and ,fairfax most foot by about five hundred4 ,the number was in each army about eighteen thousand men4 ,the armies coming close up1 the wings engaged first4 ,the prince with his right wing charged with his wonted fury1 and drove all the parliament's wing of horse1 one division excepted1 clear out of the field4 ,ireton1 who commanded this wing1 give him his due1 rallied often1 and fought like a lion2 but our wing bore down all before them1 and pursued them with a terrible execution4 ,ireton1 seeing one division of his horse left1 repaired to them1 and keeping his ground1 fell foul of a brigade of our foot1 who coming up to the head of the line1 he like a madman charges them with his horse4 ,but they with their pikes tore them to pieces2 so that this division was entirely ruined4 ,ireton himself1 thrust through the thigh with a pike1 wounded in the face with a halberd1 was unhorsed and taken prisoner4 ,cromwell1 who commanded the parliament's right wing1 charged ,sir ,marmaduke ,langdale with extraordinary fury2 but he1 an old tried soldier1 stood firm1 and received the charge with equal gallantry1 exchanging all their shot1 carabines1 and pistols1 and then fell on sword in hand1 ,roseter and ,whaley had the better on the point of the wing1 and routed two divisions of horse1 pushed them behind the reserves1 where they rallied1 and charged again1 but were at last defeated2 the rest of the horse1 now charged in the flank1 retreated fighting1 and were pushed behind the reserves of foot4 ,while this was doing1 the foot engaged with equal fierceness1 and for two hours there was a terrible fire4 ,the king's foot1 backed with gallant officers1 and full of rage at the rout of their horse1 bore down the enemy's brigade led by ,skippon4 ,the old man wounded1 bleeding1 retreats to their reserves4 ,all the foot1 except the general's brigade1 were thus driven into the reserves1 where their officers rallied them1 and brought them on to a fresh charge2 and here the horse having driven our horse above a quarter of a mile from the foot1 face about1 and fall in on the rear of the foot4 ,had our right wing done thus1 the day had been secured2 but ,prince ,rupert1 according to his custom1 following the flying enemy1 never concerned himself with the safety of those behind2 and yet he returned sooner than he had done in like cases too4 ,at our return we found all in confusion1 our foot broken1 all but one brigade1 which1 though charged in the front1 flank1 and rear1 could not be broken1 till ,sir ,thomas ,fairfax himself came up to the charge with fresh men1 and then they were rather cut in pieces than beaten2 for they stood with their pikes charged every way to the last extremity4 ,in this condition1 at the distance of a quarter of a mile1 we saw the king rallying his horse1 and preparing to renew the fight2 and our wing of horse coming up to him1 gave him opportunity to draw up a large body of horse2 so large1 that all the enemy's horse facing us1 stood still and looked on1 but did not think fit to charge us1 till their foot1 who had entirely broken our main battle1 were put into order again1 and brought up to us4 ,the officers about the king advised his majesty rather to draw off2 for1 since our foot were lost1 it would be too much odds to expose the horse to the fury of their whole army1 and would be but sacrificing his best troops1 without any hopes of success4 ,the king1 though with great regret at the loss of his foot1 yet seeing there was no other hope1 took this advice1 and retreated in good order to ,harborough1 and from thence to ,leicester4 ,this was the occasion of the enemy having so great a number of prisoners2 for the horse being thus gone off1 the foot had no means to make their retreat1 and were obliged to yield themselves4 ,commissary-,general ,ireton being taken by a captain of foot1 makes the captain his prisoner1 to save his life1 and gives him his liberty for his courtesy before4 ,cromwell and ,roseter1 with all the enemy's horse1 followed us as far as ,leicester1 and killed all that they could lay hold on straggling from the body1 but durst not attempt to charge us in a body4 ,the king expecting the enemy would come to ,leicester1 removes to ,ashby-de-la-,zouch1 where we had some time to recollect ourselves4 ,this was the most fatal action of the whole war2 not so much for the loss of our cannon1 ammunition1 and baggage1 of which the enemy boasted so much1 but as it was impossible for the king ever to retrieve it4 ,the foot1 the best that he was ever master of1 could never be supplied2 his army in the west was exposed to certain ruin2 the north overrun with the ,scots2 in short1 the case grew desperate1 and the king was once upon the point of bidding us all disband1 and shift for ourselves4 ,we lost in this fight not above two thousand slain1 and the parliament near as many1 but the prisoners were a great number2 the whole body of foot being1 as ,i have said1 dispersed1 there were four thousand five hundred prisoners1 besides four hundred officers1 two thousand horses1 twelve pieces of cannon1 forty barrels of powder2 all the king's baggage1 coaches1 most of his servants1 and his secretary2 with his cabinet of letters1 of which the parliament made great improvement1 and1 basely enough1 caused his private letters between his majesty and the queen1 her majesty's letters to the king1 and a great deal of such stuff1 to be printed4 ,,defoe4 ,note3 ,the battle of ,naseby1 fought on ,june #adth1 #afde4 ,the king's forces were routed1 and his cannon and baggage fell into the enemy's hands4 ,not only was the loss heavy1 but it was made more serious by his correspondence falling into the hands of the parliamentary leaders1 which exposed his dealings with the ,irish ,roman ,catholics4 ,the most remarkable point about this description is the air of reality which ,defoe gives to his account of an event which took place nearly twenty years before his birth4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,pilgrims ,,and ,,giant ,,despair4 ,now there was1 not far from the place where they lay1 a castle1 called ,doubting ,castle1 the owner whereof was ,giant ,despair1 and it was in his grounds they now were sleeping2 wherefore he1 getting up in the morning early1 and walking up and down in his fields1 caught ,christian and ,hopeful asleep in his grounds4 ,then with a grim and surly voice he bid them awake1 and asked them whence they were1 and what they did in his grounds4 ,they told him that they were pilgrims1 and that they had lost their way4 ,then said the giant4 ,you have this night trespassed on me by trampling in and lying on my grounds1 and therefore you must go along with me4 ,so they were forced to go1 because he was stronger than they4 ,they also had but little to say1 for they knew themselves in a fault4 ,the giant1 therefore1 drove them before him1 and put them into his castle1 into a very dark dungeon1 nasty1 and loathsome to the spirits of these two men4 ,here1 then1 they lay from ,wednesday morning till ,saturday night1 without one bit of bread or drop of drink1 or light1 or any to ask how they did2 they were1 therefore1 here in evil case1 and were far from friends and acquaintance4 ,now1 in this place ,christian had double sorrow1 because it was through his unadvised haste that they were brought into this distress4 ,now ,giant ,despair had a wife1 and her name was ,diffidence2 so when he was gone to bed1 he told his wife what he had done1 to wit1 that he had taken a couple of prisoners1 and cast them into his dungeon for trespassing on his grounds4 ,then he asked her also what he had best to do further to them4 ,so she asked him what they were1 whence they came1 and whither they were bound1 and he told her4 ,then she counselled him1 that when he arose in the morning he should beat them without mercy4 ,so when he arose1 he getteth him a grievous crabtree cudgel1 and goes down into the dungeon to them1 and there first falls to rating of them as if they were dogs1 although they never gave him a word of distaste4 ,then he falls upon them1 and beats them fearfully1 in such sort that they were not able to help themselves1 or to turn them upon the floor4 ,this done1 he withdraws1 and leaves them there to condole their misery1 and to mourn under their distress3 so all that day they spent their time in nothing but sighs and bitter lamentations4 ,the next night1 she1 talking with her husband further about them1 and understanding that they were yet alive1 did advise him to counsel them to make away with themselves4 ,so when morning was come1 he goes to them in a surly manner1 as before1 and perceiving them to be very sore with the stripes that he had given them the day before1 he told them1 that since they were never like to come out of that place1 their only way would be forthwith to make an end of themselves1 either with knife1 halter1 or poison2 for why1 said he1 should you choose to live1 seeing it is attended with so much bitterness8 ,but they desired him to let them go4 ,with that he looked ugly upon them1 and1 rushing to them1 had doubtless made an end of them himself1 but that he fell into one of his fits 7for he sometimes1 in sunshiny weather1 fell into fits71 and lost for a time the use of his hands2 wherefore he withdrew1 and left them as before to consider what to do4 ,well1 towards evening the giant goes down into the dungeon again1 to see if his prisoners had taken his counsel4 ,but when he came there1 he found them alive2 and1 truly1 alive was all2 for now1 what for want of bread and water1 and by reason of the wounds they received when he beat them1 they could do little but breathe4 ,but1 ,i say1 he found them alive2 at which he fell into a grievous rage1 and told them1 that seeing they had disobeyed his counsel1 it should be worse with them than if they had never been born4 ,at this they trembled greatly1 and ,i think that ,christian fell into a swoon3 but coming a little to himself again1 they renewed their discourse about the giant's counsel1 and whether yet they had best take it or no4 ,now night being come again1 and the giant and his wife being in bed1 she asked him concerning the prisoners1 and if they had taken his counsel2 to which he replied4 ,they are sturdy rogues2 they choose rather to bear all hardships than to make away with themselves4 ,then said she1 ,take them into the castle-yard to-morrow1 and show them the bones and skulls of those that thou hast already despatched1 and make them believe1 ere a week comes to an end1 thou wilt tear them in pieces1 as thou hast done their fellows before them4 ,so when the morning was come1 the giant goes to them again1 and takes them into the castle-yard1 and shows them as his wife had bidden him4 ,these1 said he1 were pilgrims as you are once1 and they trespassed on my grounds as you have done2 and when ,i thought fit1 ,i tore them in pieces2 and so within ten days ,i will do you4 ,go get you down to your den again4 ,and with that he beat them all the way thither4 ,they lay therefore all day on ,saturday in lamentable case as before4 ,now when night was come1 and when ,mrs4 ,diffidence and her husband the giant were got to bed1 they began to renew their discourse of the prisoners2 and withal the old giant wondered that he could neither by his blows nor counsel bring them to an end4 ,and with that his wife replied1 ,i fear1 said she1 that they live in hopes that some will come to relieve them1 or that they have picklocks about them1 by the means of which they hope to escape4 ,and sayest thou so1 my dear8 said the giant2 ,i will therefore search them in the morning4 ,well1 on ,saturday about midnight1 they began to pray1 and continued in prayer till almost break of day4 ,now1 a little before it was day1 good ,christian1 as one half amazed1 broke out into this passionate speech3 ,what a fool1 quoth he1 am ,i1 to lie in a dungeon1 when ,i may as well walk at liberty6 ,i have a key in my bosom called ,promise1 that will1 ,i am persuaded1 open any lock in ,doubtful ,castle4 ,then said ,hopeful1 ,that's good news2 good brother1 pluck it out of thy bosom and try4 ,then ,christian pulled it out of his bosom1 and began to try at the dungeon-door1 whose bolt1 as he turned the key1 gave back1 and the door flew open with ease1 and ,christian and ,hopeful both came out4 ,then he went to the outward door that leads into the castle-yard1 and with his key opened that door also4 ,after that he went to the iron gate1 for that must be opened too1 but that lock went desperately hard1 yet the key did open it4 ,then they thrust open the gate to make their escape with speed2 but that gate1 as it opened1 made such a creaking1 that it waked ,giant ,despair1 who1 hastily rising to pursue his prisoners1 felt his limbs to fail2 for his fits took him again1 so that he could by no means go after them4 ,then1 they went on1 and came to the king's highway again1 and so were safe1 because they were out of his jurisdiction4 ,,bunyan4 ,note3 ,john ,bunyan 7#afbh-afhh71 the ,puritan tinker1 author of the ',pilgrim's ,progress1' 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,winter ,,evening4 ,hark6 'tis the twanging horn o'er yonder bridge1 ,that with its wearisome but needful length ,bestrides the wintry flood1 in which the moon ,sees her unwrinkled face reflected bright6-- ,he comes1 the herald of a noisy world1 ,with spatter'd boots1 strapped waist1 and frozen locks6 ,news from all nations lumb'ring at his back4 ,true to his charge1 the close-pack'd load behind4 ,yet careless what he brings1 his one concern ,is to conduct it to the destined inn2 ,and1 having dropp'd th' expected bag1 pass on4 ,he whistles as he goes1 light-hearted wretch1 ,cold and yet cheerful3 messenger of grief ,perhaps to thousands1 and of joy to some2 ,to him indiff'rent whether grief or joy4 ,houses in ashes1 and the fall of stocks1 ,births1 deaths1 and marriages1 epistles wet ,with tears1 that trickled down the writer's cheeks ,fast as the periods from his fluent quill4 ,or charged with am'rous sighs of absent swains1 ,or nymphs responsive1 equally affect ,his horse and him1 unconscious of them all4 ,but oh the important budget2 usher'd in ,with such heart-shaking music1 who can say ,what are its tidings8 have our troops awak'd8 ,or do they still1 as if with opium drugged1 ,snore to the murmurs of the ,atlantic wave8 ,is ,india free8 and does she wear her plumed ,and jewell'd turban with a smile of peace1 ,or do we grind her still8 ,the grand debate1 ,the popular harangue1 the tart reply1 ,the logic1 and the wisdom1 and the wit1 ,and the loud laugh--,i long to know them all2 ,i burn to set the imprison'd wranglers free1 ,and give them voice and utt'rance once again4 ,now stir the fire1 and close the shutters fast1 ,let fall the curtains1 wheel the sofa round1 ,and1 while the bubbling and loud hissing urn ,throws up a steamy column1 and the cups ,that cheer1 but not inebriate1 wait on each1 ,so let us welcome peaceful evening in4 ,not such his evening1 who with shining face ,sweats in the crowded theatre1 and1 squeez'd ,and bor'd with elbow-points through both his sides4 ,outscolds the ranting actor on the stage2 ,nor his1 who patient stands till his feet throb4 ,and his head thumps1 to feed upon the breath ,of patriots bursting with heroic rage1 ,or placemen1 all tranquillity and smiles4 ,this folio of four pages1 happy work6 ,which not e'en critics criticise2 that holds ,inquisitive attention1 while ,i read4 ,fast bound in chains of silence1 which the fair1 ,though eloquent themselves1 yet fear to break3 ,what is it1 but a map of busy life1 ,its fluctuations1 and its vast concerns8 ,here runs the mountainous and craggy ridge1 ,that tempts ambition4 ,on the summit1 see1 ,the seals of office glitter in his eyes2 ,he climbs1 he pants1 he grasps them6 ,at his heels4 ,close at his heels1 a demagogue ascends1 ,and with a dext'rous jerk1 soon twists him ,and wins them1 but to lose them in his turn4 ,here rills of oily eloquence in soft ,meanders lubricate the course they take2 ,the modest speaker is asham'd and grieved ,to engross a moment's notice2 and yet begs4 ,begs a propitious ear for his poor thoughts1 ,however trivial all that he conceives4 ,sweet bashfulness6 it claims at least this praise2 ,the dearth of information and good sense1 ,that it foretells us1 always comes to pass4 ,cataracts of declamation thunder here2 ,there forests of no meaning spread the page1 ,in which all comprehension wanders lost2 ,while fields of pleasantry amuse us there ,with merry descants on a nation's woes4 ,the rest appears a wilderness of strange ,but gay confusion2 roses for the cheeks1 ,and lilies for the brows of faded age1 ,teeth for the toothless1 ringlets for the bald1 ,heaven1 earth1 and ocean1 plunder'd of their sweets1 ,nectareous essences1 ,olympian dews1 ,sermons1 and city feasts1 and fav'rite airs1 ,ethereal journeys1 submarine exploits4 ,and ,katerfelto1 with his hair on end ,at his own wonders1 wond'ring for his bread4 ',tis pleasant1 through the loopholes of retreat1 ,to peep at such a world2 to see the stir ,of the great ,babel1 and not feel the crowd2 ,to hear the roar she sends through all her gates ,at a safe distance1 where the dying sound ,falls a soft murmur on the uninjur'd ear4 ,thus sitting1 and surveying thus at ease ,the globe and its concerns1 ,i seem advanc'd ,to some secure and more than mortal height4 ,that liberates and exempts me from them all ,it turns submitted to my view1 turns round ,with all its generations2 ,i behold ,the tumult1 and am still4 ,the sound of war ,has lost its terrors ere it reaches me2 ,grieves1 but alarms me not4 ,i mourn the pride ,and avarice that make man a wolf to man2 ,hear the faint echo of those brazen throats ,by which he speaks the language of his heart1 ,and sigh1 but never tremble at the bound4 ,he travels and expatiates1 as the bee ,from flower to flower1 so he from land to land3 ,the manners1 customs1 policy1 of all ,pay contribution to the store he gleans2 ,he sucks intelligence in every clinic1 ,and spreads the honey of his deep research ,at his return--a rich repast for me4 ,he travels1 and ,i too4 ,i tread his deck1 ,ascend his topmast1 through his peering eyes ,discover countries1 with a kindred heart ,suffer his woes1 and share in his escapes2 ,while fancy1 like the finger of a clock1 ,runs the great circuit1 and is still at home4 ,,cowper4 ,note3,katerfelto4 ,a quack then exhibiting in ,london4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,hard ,,winter4 ,there were some circumstances attending the remarkable frost of ,january #aggf so singular and striking1 that a short detail of them may not be unacceptable4 ,the most certain way to be exact will be to copy the passages from my journal1 which were taken from time to time1 as things occurred4 ,but it may be proper previously to remark1 that the first week in ,january was uncommonly wet1 and drowned with vast rain from every quarter2 from whence may be inferred1 as there is great reason to believe is the case1 that intense frosts seldom take place till the earth is completely glutted and chilled with water2 and hence dry autumns are seldom followed by rigorous winters4 ,january #gth4--,snow driving all the day1 which was followed by frost1 sleet1 and some snow1 till the twelfth1 when a prodigious mass overwhelmed all the works of men1 drifting over the tops of the gates1 and filling the hollow lanes4 ,on the #adth1 the writer was obliged to be much abroad2 and thinks he never before1 or since1 has encountered such rugged ,siberian weather4 ,many of the narrow roads are now filled above the tops of the hedges2 through which the snow was driven in most romantic and grotesque shapes1 so striking to the imagination as not to be seen without wonder and pleasure4 ,the poultry dared not stir out of their roosting-places2 for cocks and hens are so dazzled and confounded by the glare of the snow1 that they would soon perish without assistance4 ,the hares also lay sullenly in their seats1 and would not move till compelled by hunger2 being conscious1 poor animals1 that the drifts and heaps treacherously betray their footsteps1 and prove fatal to numbers of them4 ,from the #adth1 the snow continued to increase1 and began to stop the road-waggons and coaches1 which could no longer keep in their regular stages2 and especially on the western roads1 where the fall appears to have been greater than in the south4 ,the company at ,bath1 that wanted to attend the ,queen's birthday1 were strangely incommoded2 many carriages of persons who got1 in their way to town from ,bath1 as far as ,marlborough1 after strange embarrassment1 here came to a dead stop4 ,the ladies fretted1 and offered large rewards to labourers if they would shovel them a track to ,london2 but the relentless heaps of snow were too bulky to be removed2 and so the #ahth passed over1 leaving the company in very uncomfortable circumstances at the ,castle and other inns4 ,on the #bjth1 the sun shone out for the first time since the frost began2 a circumstance that has been remarked before1 much in favour of vegetation4 ,all this time the cold was not very intense1 for the thermometer stood at #bi1 #bh #be and thereabout2 but on the #bast it descended to #bj4 ,the birds now began to be in a very pitiable and starving condition4 ,tamed by the season1 sky-larks settled in the streets of towns1 because they saw the ground was bare2 rooks frequented dung-hills close to houses2 hares now came into men's gardens1 and scraping away the snow1 devoured such plants as they could find4 ,on the #bbnd1 the author had occasion to go to ,london2 through a sort of ,laplandian scene very wild and grotesque indeed4 ,but the metropolis itself exhibited a still more singular appearance than the country2 for1 being bedded deep in snow1 the pavement could not be touched by the wheels or the horses' feet1 so that the carriages ran about without the least noise4 ,such an exemption from din and clatter was strange1 but not pleasant2 it seemed to convey an uncomfortable idea of desolation4 ,on the #bgth1 much snow fell all day1 and in the evening the frost became very intense4 ,at ,south ,lambeth1 for the four following nights1 the thermometer fell to #aa1 #g1 #j1 #f2 and at ,selborne to #g1 #f1 #aj2 and on the #cast of ,january1 just before sunrise1 with rime on the trees1 and on the tube of the glass1 the quicksilver sunk exactly to zero1 being #cb below freezing point2 but by eleven in the morning1 though in the shade1 it sprung up to #af-a_/b--;a most unusual degree of cold this for the south of ,england4 ,during these four nights the cold was so penetrating that it occasioned ice in warm and protected chambers2 and in the day the wind was so keen that persons of robust constitutions could scarcely endure to face it4 ,the ,thames was at once so frozen over1 both above and below the bridge1 that crowds ran about on the ice4 ,the streets were now strangely encumbered with snow1 which crumbled and trod dusty1 mid1 turning gray1 resembled bay-salt2 what had fallen on the roofs was so perfectly dry1 that from first to last it lay twenty-six days on the houses in the city--a longer time than had been remembered by the oldest housekeepers living4 ,according to all appearances1 we might now have expected the continuance of this rigorous weather for weeks to come1 since every night increased in severity2 but behold1 without any apparent on the #ast of ,february a thaw took place1 and some rain followed before night2 making good the observation1 that frosts often go off1 as it were1 at once1 without any gradual declension of cold4 ,on the #bnd of ,february1 the thaw persisted2 and on the #crd1 swarms of little insects were frisking and sporting in a court-yard at ,south ,lambeth1 as if they had felt no frost4 ,why the juices in the small bodies and smaller limbs of such minute beings are not frozen1 is a matter of curious inquiry4 ,,rev4 ,,gilbert ,,white4 ,note3 ,rev4 ,gilbert ,white 7#agbj-agic71 author of the ',natural ,history of ,selborne1' one of the most charming books on natural history in the language4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,portentous ,,summer4 ,the1 summer of the year #aghc was an amazing and portentous one1 and full of horrible phenomena2 for1 besides the alarming meteors and tremendous thunder and storms that affrighted and distressed the different counties of this kingdom1 the peculiar haze1 or smoky fog1 that prevailed for many weeks in this island1 and in every part of ,europe1 and even beyond its limits1 was a most extraordinary appearance1 unlike anything known within the memory of man4 ,by my journal ,i find that ,i had noticed this strange occurrence from ,june #bc to ,july #bj inclusive1 during which period the wind varied to every quarter1 without making any alteration in the air4 ,the sun1 at noon1 looked as black as a clouded moon1 and shed a rust-coloured feruginous light on the ground and floors of rooms1 but was particularly lurid and blood-coloured at rising and setting4 ,all the time the heat was so intense that butchers' meat could hardly be eaten the day after it was killed2 and the flies swarmed so in the lanes and hedges that they rendered the horses half frantic1 and riding irksome4 ,the country-people began to look with a superstitious awe at the red1 lowering aspect of the sun2 and1 indeed1 there was reason for the most enlightened person to be apprehensive1 for all the while ,calabria1 and part of the isle of ,sicily1 were torn and convulsed with earthquakes2 and about that juncture a volcano sprang out of the sea on the coast of ,norway4 ,on this occasion ,milton's noble simile of the sun1 in his first book of ',paradise ,lost1' frequently occurred to my mind2 and it is indeed particularly applicable1 because1 towards the end1 it alludes to a superstitious kind of dread with which the minds of men are always impressed by such strange and unusual phenomena3-- ,as when the sun1 new risen1 ,looks through the horizontal1 misty air ,shorn of his beams2 or1 from behind the moon4 ,in dim eclipse1 disastrous twilight sheds ,on half the nations1 and with fear of change ,perplexes monarchs4 ,,rev4 ,,gilbert ,,white4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,thunderstorm4 ,on the #eth of ,june1 #aghd1 the thermometer in the morning being at #fd1 and at noon at #gj1 the barometer at #bi4f #a_/b1 and the wind north1 ,i observed a blue mist1 smelling strongly of sulphur1 hang along our sloping woods1 and seeming to indicate that thunder was at hand4 ,i was called in about two in the afternoon1 and so missed seeing the gathering of the clouds in the north1 which they who were abroad assured me had something uncommon in its appearance4 ,at about a quarter after two the storm began in the parish of ,hartley1 moving slowly from north to south2 and from thence it came over ,norton ,farm and so to ,grange ,farm1 both in this parish4 ,it began with vast drops of rain1 which were soon succeeded by round hail1 and then by convex pieces of ice1 which measured three inches in girth4 ,had it been as extensive as it was violent1 and of any continuance 7for it was very short71 it must have ravaged all the neighbourhood4 ,in the parish of ,hartley it did some damage to one farm2 but ,norton1 which lay in the centre of the storm1 was greatly injured2 as was ,grange1 which lay next to it4 ,it did but just reach to the middle of the village1 where the hail broke my north windows1 and all my garden lights and hand-glasses1 and many of my neighbours' windows4 ,the extent of the storm was about two miles in length1 and one in breadth4 ,we were just sitting down to dinner2 but were soon diverted from our repast by the clattering of tiles and the jingling of glass4 ,there fell at the same time prodigious torrents of rain on the farm above mentioned1 which occasioned a flood as violent as it was sudden1 doing great damage to the meadows and fallows by deluging the one and washing away the soil of the other4 ,the hollow lane towards ,alton was so torn and disordered as not to be passable till mended1 rocks being removed that weighed two hundredweight4 ,those that saw the effect which the great hail had on the ponds and pools1 say that the dashing of the water made an extraordinary appearance1 the froth and spray standing up in the air three feet above the surface4 ,the rushing and roaring of the hail1 as it approached1 was truly tremendous4 ,though the clouds at ,south ,lambeth1 near ,london1 were at that juncture thin and light1 and no storm was in sight1 nor within hearing1 yet the air was strongly electric2 for the bells of an electric machine at that place rang repeatedly1 and fierce sparks were discharged4 ,,rev4 ,,gilbert ,,white4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,character ,,of ,,sir ,,walter ,,scott4 ,about half-past one ,p4,m4 on the #bast of ,september1 #ahcb1 ,sir ,walter ,scott breathed his last1 in the presence of all his children4 ,it was a beautiful day--so warm1 that every window was wide open--and so perfectly still1 that the sound of all others most delicious to his ear1 the gentle ripple of the ,tweed over its pebbles1 was distinctly audible as we knelt around the bed1 and his eldest son kissed and closed his eyes4 ,no sculptor ever modelled a more majestic image of repose4 ,it will1 ,i presume1 be allowed that no human character1 which we have the opportunity of studying with equal minuteness1 had fewer faults mixed up in its texture4 ,the grand virtue of fortitude1 the basis of all others1 was never displayed in higher perfection than in him2 and it was1 as perhaps true courage always is1 combined with an equally admirable spirit of kindness and humanity4 ,his pride1 if we must call it so1 undebased by the least tincture of mere vanity1 was intertwined with a most exquisite charity1 and was not inconsistent with true humility4 ,if ever the principle of kindliness was incarnated in a mere man1 it was in him2 and real kindliness can never be but modest4 ,in the social relations of life1 where men are most effectually tried1 no spot can be detected in him4 ,he was a patient1 dutiful1 reverent son2 a generous1 compassionate1 tender husband2 an honest1 careful1 and most affectionate father4 ,never was a more virtuous or a happier fireside than his4 ,the influence of his mighty genius shadowed it imperceptibly2 his calm good sense1 and his angelic sweetness of heart and temper1 regulated and softened a strict but paternal discipline4 ,his children1 as they grew up1 understood by degrees the high privilege of their birth2 but the profoundest sense of his greatness never disturbed their confidence in his goodness4 ,the buoyant play of his spirits made him sit young among the young2 parent and son seemed to live in brotherhood together2 and the chivalry of his imagination threw a certain air of courteous gallantry into his relations with his daughters1 which gave a very peculiar grace to the fondness of their intercourse4 ,perhaps the most touching evidence of the lasting tenderness of his early domestic feelings was exhibited to his executors1 when they opened his repositories in search of his testament1 the evening after his burial4 ,on lifting up his desk we found arranged in careful order a series of little objects1 which had obviously been so placed there that his eye might rest on them every morning before he began his tasks4 ,these were the old-fashioned boxes that had garnished his mother's toilet when he1 a sickly child1 slept in her dressing-room2 the silver taper-stand which the young advocate had bought for her with his first five-guinea fee2 a row of small packets inscribed with her hand1 and containing the hair of those of her offspring that had died before her2 his father's snuff-box and pencil-case2 and more things of the like sort1 recalling the old familiar faces4 ,the same feeling was apparent in all the arrangement of his private apartment4 ,pictures of his father and mother were the only ones in his dressing-room4 ,the clumsy antique cabinets that stood there--things of a very different class from the beautiful and costly productions in the public rooms below--had all belonged to the furniture of ,george's ,square4 ,even his father's rickety washing-stand1 with all its cramped appurtenances1 though exceedingly unlike what a man of his very scrupulous habits would have selected in these days1 kept its ground4 ,such a son and parent could hardly fail in any of the other social relations4 ,no man was a firmer or more indefatigable friend4 ,i know not that he ever lost one2 and a few with whom1 during the energetic middle stage of life1 from political differences or other accidental circumstances1 he lived less familiarly1 had all gathered round him1 and renewed the full warmth of early affection in his later days4 ,there was enough to dignify the connexion in their eyes2 but nothing to chill it on either side4 ,the imagination that so completely mastered him when he chose to give her the rein1 was kept under most determined control when any of the positive obligations of active life came into question4 ,a high and pure sense of duty presided over whatever he had to do as a citizen and a magistrate2 and1 as a landlord1 he considered his estate as an extension of his hearth4 ,j4 ,,lockhart4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mumps',s ,,hall4 ,there is1 or rather ,i should say there was1 a little inn1 called ,mumps's ,hall--that is1 being interpreted1 ,beggar's ,hotel--near to ,gilsland1 which had not then attained its present fame as a ,spa4 ,it was a hedge alehouse1 where the ,border farmers of either country often stopped to refresh themselves and their nags1 in their way to and from the fairs and trysts in ,cumberland1 and especially those who came from or went to ,scotland1 through a barren and lonely district1 without either road or pathway1 emphatically called the ,waste of ,bewcastle4 ,at the period when the adventure about to be described is supposed to have taken place1 there were many instances of attacks by freebooters1 on those who travelled through this wild district2 and ,mumps's ,hall had a bad reputation for harbouring the banditti who committed such depredations4 ,an old and sturdy yeoman belonging to the ,scottish side1 by surname an ,armstrong or ,elliot1 but well known by his sobriquet of ,fighting ,charlie of ,liddesdale1 and still remembered for the courage he displayed in the frequent frays which took place on the ,border fifty or sixty years since1 had the following adventure in the ,waste1 one of many which gave its character to the place3-- ,charlie had been at ,stagshaw-bank fair1 had sold his sheep or cattle1 or whatever he had brought to market1 and was on his return to ,liddesdale4 ,there were then no country banks where cash could be deposited1 and bills received instead1 which greatly encouraged robbery in that wild country1 as the objects of plunder were usually fraught with gold4 ,the robbers had spies in the fair1 by means of whom they generally knew whose purse was best stocked1 and who took a lonely and desolate road homeward--those1 in short1 who were best worth robbing1 and likely to be most easily robbed4 ,all this ,charlie knew full well2 but he had a pair of excellent pistols1 and a dauntless heart4 ,he stopped at ,mumps's ,hall1 notwithstanding the evil character of the place4 ,his horse was accommodated where it might have the necessary rest and feed of corn2 and the landlady used all the influence in her power to induce him to stop all night4 ,the landlord was from home1 she said1 and it was ill passing the ,waste1 as twilight must needs descend on him before he gained the ,scottish side1 which was reckoned the safest4 ,but fighting ,charlie1 though he suffered himself to be detained later than was prudent1 did not account ,mumps's ,hall a safe place to quarter in during the night4 ,he tore himself away1 therefore1 from ,meg's good fare and kind words1 and mounted his nag1 having first examined his pistols1 and tried by the ramrod whether the charge remained in them4 ,he proceeded a mile or two1 at a round trot1 when1 as the ,waste stretched black before him1 apprehensions began to awaken in his mind1 partly arising out of ,meg's unusual kindness1 which he could not help thinking had rather a suspicious appearance4 ,he therefore resolved to reload his pistols1 lest the powder had become damp2 but what was his surprise1 when he drew the charge1 to find neither powder nor ball1 while each barrel had been carefully filled with tow1 up to the space which the loading had occupied6 and1 the priming of the weapons being left untouched1 nothing but actually drawing and examining the charge could have discovered the inefficiency of his arms till the fatal minute arrived when their services were required4 ,charlie reloaded his pistols with care and accuracy1 having now no doubt that he was to be waylaid and assaulted4 ,he was not far engaged in the ,waste1 which was then1 and is now1 traversed only by such routes as are described in the text1 when two or three fellows1 disguised and variously armed1 started from a moss-hag1 while1 by a glance behind him 7for1 marching1 as the ,spaniard says1 with his beard on his shoulder1 he reconnoitred in every direction71 ,charlie instantly saw retreat was impossible1 as other two stout men appeared behind him at some distance4 ,the ,borderer lost not a moment in taking his resolution1 and boldly trotted against his enemies in front1 who called loudly on him to stand and deliver4 ,charlie spurred on1 and presented his pistol4 ,a fig for your pistol6 said the foremost robber1 whom ,charlie to his dying day protested he believed to have been the landlord of ,mumps's ,hall--,a fig for your pistol6 ,i care not a curse for it4--,ay1 lad1 said the deep voice of ,fighting ,charlie1 but the tow's out now4 ,he had no occasion to utter another word2 the rogues1 surprised at finding a man of redoubted courage well armed1 instead of being defenceless1 took to the moss in every direction1 and he passed on his way without further molestation4 ,,scott4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,porteous ,,mob4 ,the magistrates1 after vain attempts to make themselves heard and obeyed1 possessing no means of enforcing their authority1 were constrained to abandon the field to the rioters1 and retreat in all speed from the showers of missiles that whistled around their ears4 ,the passive resistance of the ,tolbooth-gate promised to do more to baffle the purpose of the mob than the active interference of the magistrates4 ,the heavy sledge-hammers continued to din against it without intermission1 and with a noise which1 echoed from the lofty buildings around the spot1 seemed enough to have alarmed the garrison in the ,castle4 ,it was circulated among the rioters that the troops would march down to disperse them1 unless they could execute their purpose without loss of time2 or that even without quitting the fortress1 the garrison might obtain the same end by throwing a bomb or two upon the street4 ,urged by such motives for apprehension1 they eagerly relieved each other at the labour of assailing the ,tolbooth door2 yet such was its strength1 that it still defied their efforts4 ,at length1 a voice was heard to pronounce the words1 ,try it with fire6 ,the rioters1 with an unanimous shout1 called for combustibles1 and as all their wishes seemed to be instantly supplied1 they were soon in possession of two or three empty tar-barrels4 ,a huge red glaring bonfire speedily arose close to the door of the prison1 sending up a tall column of smoke and flame against its antique turrets and strongly-grated windows1 and illuminating the ferocious and wild gestures of the rioters who surrounded the place1 as well as the pale and anxious groups of those who1 from windows in the vicinage1 watched the progress of this alarming scene4 ,the mob fed the fire with whatever they could find fit for the purpose4 ,the flames roared and crackled among the heaps of nourishment piled on the fire1 and a terrible shout soon announced that the door had kindled1 and was in the act of being destroyed4 ,the fire was suffered to decay1 but1 long ere it was quite extinguished1 the most forward of the rioters rushed1 in their impatience1 one after another1 over its yet smouldering remains4 ,thick showers of sparkles rose high in the air1 as man after man bounded over the glowing embers1 and disturbed them in their passage4 ,it was now obvious to ,butler1 and all others who were present1 that the rioters would be instantly in possession of their victim1 and have it in their power to work their pleasure upon him1 whatever that might be4 ,the unhappy object of this remarkable disturbance had been that day delivered from the apprehension of a public execution1 and his joy was the greater1 as he had some reason to question whether government would have run the risk of unpopularity by interfering in his favour1 after he had been legally convicted by the verdict of a jury1 of a crime so very obnoxious4 ,relieved from this doubtful state of mind1 his heart was merry within him1 and he thought1 in the emphatic words of ,scripture on a similar occasion1 that surely the bitterness of death was past4 ,some of his friends1 however1 who had watched the manner and behaviour of the crowd when they were made acquainted with the reprieve1 were of a different opinion4 ,they augured1 from the unusual sternness and silence with which they bore their disappointment1 that the populace nourished some scheme of sudden and desperate vengeance2 and they advised ,porteous to lose no time in petitioning the proper authorities1 that he might be conveyed to the ,castle under a sufficient guard1 to remain there in security until his ultimate fate should be determined4 ,habituated1 however1 by his office to overawe the rabble of the city1 ,porteous could not suspect them of an attempt so audacious as to storm a strong and defensible prison2 and1 despising the advice by which he might have been saved1 he spent the afternoon of the eventful day in giving an entertainment to some friends who visited him in jail1 several of whom1 by the indulgence of the ,captain of the ,tolbooth1 with whom he had an old intimacy1 arising from their official connection1 were even permitted to remain to supper with him1 though contrary to the rules of the jail4 ,it was1 therefore1 in the hour of unalloyed mirth1 when this unfortunate wretch was full of bread1 hot with wine1 and high in mis-timed and ill-grounded confidence1 and1 alas6 with all his sins full blown1 when the first distant shouts of the rioters mingled with the song of merriment and intemperance4 ,the hurried call of the jailor to the guests1 requiring them instantly to depart1 and his yet more hasty intimation that a dreadful and determined mob had possessed themselves of the city gates and guard-house1 were the first explanation of these fearful clamours4 ,porteous might1 however1 have eluded the fury from which the force of authority could not protect him1 had he thought of slipping on some disguise1 and leading the prison along with his guests4 ,it is probable that the jailor might have connived at his escape1 or even that1 in the hurry of this alarming contingency1 he might not have observed it4 ,but ,porteous and his friends alike wanted presence of mind to suggest or execute such a plan of escape4 ,the former hastily fled from a place where their own safety seemed compromised1 and the latter1 in a state resembling stupefaction1 awaited in his apartment the termination of the enterprise of the rioters4 ,the cessation of the clang of the instruments with which they had at first attempted to force the door1 gave him momentary relief4 ,the flattering hopes that the military had marched into the city1 either from the ,castle or from the suburbs1 and that the rioters were intimidated and dispersing1 were soon destroyed by the broad and glaring-light of the flames1 which1 illuminating through the grated window every corner of his apartment1 plainly showed that the mob1 determined on their fatal purpose1 had adopted a means of forcing entrance equally desperate and certain4 ,the sudden glare of light suggested to the stupefied and astonished object of popular hatred the possibility of concealment or escape4 ,to rush to the chimney1 to ascend it at the risk of suffocation1 were the only means which seem to have occurred to him2 but his progress was speedily stopped by one of those iron gratings1 which are1 for the sake of security1 usually placed across the vents of buildings designed for imprisonment4 ,the bars1 however1 which impeded his farther progress1 served to support him in the situation which he had gained1 and he seized them with the tenacious grasp of one who esteemed himself clinging to his last hope of existence4 ,the lurid light1 which had filled the apartment1 lowered and died away2 the sound of shouts was heard within the walls1 and on the narrow and winding stair1 which1 cased within one of the turrets1 gave access to the upper apartments of the prison4 ,the huzza of the rioters was answered by a shout wild and desperate as their own1 the cry1 namely1 of the imprisoned felons1 who1 expecting to be liberated in the general confusion1 welcomed the mob as their deliverers4 ,by some of these the apartment of ,porteous was pointed out to his enemies4 ,the obstacle of the lock and bolts was soon overcome1 and from his hiding-place the unfortunate man heard his enemies search every corner of the apartment1 with oaths and maledictions1 which would but shock the reader if we recorded them1 but which served to prove1 could it have admitted of doubt1 the settled purpose of soul with which they sought his destruction4 ,a place of concealment so obvious to suspicion and scrutiny as that which ,porteous had chosen1 could not long screen him from detection4 ,he was dragged from his lurking place1 with a violence which seemed to argue an intention to put him to death on the spot4 ,more than one weapon was directed towards him1 when one of the rioters1 the same whose female disguise had been particularly noticed by ,butler1 interfered in an authoritative tone4 ,are ye mad8 he said1 or would ye execute an act of justice as if it were a crime and a cruelty8 ,this sacrifice will lose half its savour if we do not offer it at the very horns of the altar4 ,we will have him die where a murderer should die1 on the common gibbet--we will have him die where he spilled the blood of so many innocents6 ,a loud shout of applause followed the proposal1 and the cry1 ,to the gallows with the murderer6--to the ,grassmarket with him6 echoed on all hands4 ,let no man hurt him1 continued the speaker2 let him make his peace with ,god1 if he can2 we will not kill both his soul and body4 ,what time did he give better folk for preparing their account8 answered several voices4 ,let us mete to him with the same measure he measured to them4 ,but the opinion of the spokesman better suited the temper of those he addressed1 a temper rather stubborn than impetuous1 sedate though ferocious1 and desirous of colouring their cruel and revengeful action with a show of justice and moderation4 ,,scott4 ,notes3 ,the ,porteous ,mob occurred in #agcf4 ,at the execution of a smuggler named ,wilson1 a slight commotion amongst the crowd was made by ,captain ,porteous the occasion for ordering his men who were on guard to fire upon the people4 ,he was tried and sentenced to death1 but reprieved by ,queen ,caroline1 then regent in the absence of ,george ,,ii4 ,the reprieve was held so unjust by the people that they stormed the ,tolbooth1 and hanged ,porteous1 who was a prisoner there4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,porteous ,,mob--continued4 ,the tumult was now transferred from the inside to the outside of the ,tolbooth4 ,the mob had brought their destined victim forth1 and were about to conduct him to the common place of execution1 which they had fixed as the scene of his death4 ,the leader1 whom they had distinguished by the name of ,madge ,wildfire1 had been summoned to assist at the procession by the impatient shouts of his confederates4 ,i will ensure you five hundred pounds1 said the unhappy man1 grasping ,wildfire's hand1--five hundred pounds for to save my life4 ,the other answered in the same undertone1 and returning his grasp with one equally convulsive4 ,five hundred-height of coined gold should not save you--,remember ,wilson6 ,a deep pause of a minute ensued1 when ,wildfire added1 in a more composed tone1 ,make your peace with ,heaven4 ,where is the clergyman8 ,butler1 who1 in great terror and anxiety1 had been detained within a few yards of the ,tolbooth door1 to wait the event of the search after ,porteous1 was now brought forward1 and commanded to walk by the prisoner's side1 and to prepare him for immediate death4 ,they had suffered the unfortunate ,porteous to put on his night-gown and slippers1 as he had thrown off his coat and shoes1 in order to facilitate his attempted escape up the chimney4 ,in this garb he was now mounted on the hands of two of the rioters1 clasped together1 so as to form what is called in ,scotland1 ,the ,king's ,cushion4 ,butler was placed close to his side1 and repeatedly urged to perform a duty always the most painful which can be imposed on a clergyman deserving of the name1 and now rendered more so by the peculiar and horrid circumstances of the criminal's case4 ,porteous at first uttered some supplications for mercy1 but when he found that there was no chance that these would be attended to1 his military education1 and the natural stubbornness of his disposition1 combined to support his spirits4 ,the procession now moved forward with a slow and determined pace4 ,it was enlightened by many blazing links and torches2 for the actors of this work were so far from affecting any secrecy on the occasion1 that they seemed even to court observation4 ,their principal leaders kept close to the person of the prisoner1 whose pallid yet stubborn features were seen distinctly by the torch-light1 as his person was raised considerably above the concourse which thronged around him4 ,those who bore swords1 muskets1 and battle-axes1 marched on each side1 as if forming a regular guard to the procession4 ,the windows1 as they went along1 were filled with the inhabitants1 whose slumbers had boon broken by this unusual disturbance4 ,some of the spectators muttered accents of encouragement2 but in general they were so much appalled by a sight so strange and audacious1 that they looked on with a sort of stupefied astonishment4 ,no one offered1 by act or word1 the slightest interruption4 ,the rioters1 on their part1 continued to act with the same air of deliberate confidence and security which had marked all their proceedings4 ,when the object of their resentment dropped one of his slippers1 they stopped1 sought for it1 and replaced it upon his foot with great deliberation4 ,as they descended the ,bow towards the fatal spot where they designed to complete their purpose1 it was suggested that there should be a rope kept in readiness4 ,for this purpose the booth of a man who dealt in cordage was forced open1 a coil of rope fit for their purpose was selected to serve as a halter1 and the dealer next morning found that a guinea had been left on his counter in exchange2 so anxious were the perpetrators of this daring action to show that they meditated not the slightest wrong or infraction of law1 excepting so far so as ,porteous was himself concerned4 ,leading1 or carrying along with them1 in this determined and regular manner1 the object of their vengeance1 they at length reached the place of common execution1 the scene of his crime1 and destined spot of his sufferings4 ,several of the rioters 7if they should not rather be described as conspirators7 endeavoured to remove the stone which filled up the socket in which the end of the fatal tree was sunk when it was erected for its fatal purpose2 others sought for the means of constructing a temporary gibbet1 the place in which the gallows itself was deposited being reported too secure to be forced1 without much loss of time4 ,butler endeavoured to avail himself of the delay afforded by these circumstances1 to turn the people from their desperate design4 ,for ,god's sake1 he exclaimed1 remember it is the image of your ,creator which you are about to deface in the person of this unfortunate man6 ,wretched as he is1 and wicked as he may be1 he has a share in every promise of ,scripture1 and you cannot destroy him in impenitence without blotting his name from the ,book of ,life--,do not destroy soul and body2 give time for preparation4 ,what time had they1 returned a stern voice1 whom he murdered on this very spot8--,the laws both of ,god and man call for his death4 ,but what1 my friends1 insisted ,butler1 with a generous disregard to his own safety--what hath constituted you his judges8 ,we are not his judges1 replied the same person2 he has been already judged and condemned by lawful authority4 ,we are those whom ,heaven1 and our righteous anger1 have stirred up to execute judgment1 when a corrupt government would have protected a murderer4 ,i am none1 said the unfortunate ,porteous3 that which you charge upon me fell out in self-defence1 in the lawful exercise of my duty4 ,away with him--away with him6 was the general cry4 ,why do you trifle away time in making a gallows8--that dyester's pole is good enough for the homicide4 ,the unhappy man was forced to his fate with remorseless rapidity4 ,butler1 separated from him by the press1 escaped the last horrors of his struggles4 ,unnoticed by those who had hitherto detained him as a prisoner1 he fled from the fatal spot1 without much caring in what direction his course lay4 ,a loud shout proclaimed the stern delight with which the agents of this deed regarded its completion4 ,butler1 then1 at the opening into the low street called the ,cowgate1 cast back a terrified glance1 and1 by the red and dusky light of the torches1 he could discern a figure wavering and struggling as it hung suspended above the heads of the multitude1 and could even observe men striking at it with their ,lochaberaxes and partisans4 ,the sight was of a nature to double his horror1 and to add wings to his flight4 ,,scott4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mazeppa4 ',bring forth the horse6'--the horse was brought2 ,in truth1 he was a noble steed1 ,a ,tartar of the ,ukraine breed1 ,who look'd as though the speed of thought ,were in his limbs2 but he was wild1 ,wild as the wild deer1 and untaught1 ,with spur and bridle undefiled-- ',t was but a day he had been caught2 ,and snorting1 with erected mane1 ,and struggling fiercely1 but in vain1 ,in the full foam of wrath and dread ,to me the desert-born was led3 ,they bound me on1 that menial throng2 ,upon his back with many a thong2 ,then loosed him with a sudden lash-- ,away6--away6--and on we dash6 ,torrents less rapid and less rash4 99 99 99 99 99 ,away1 away1 my steed and ,i1 ,upon the pinions of the wind1 ,all human dwellings left behind2 ,we sped like meteors through the sky1 ,when with its crackling sound the night ,is chequer'd with the northern light3 ,town--village--none were on our track4 ,but a wild plain of far extent1 ,and bounded by a forest black2 ,and1 save the scarce seen battlement ,on distant heights of some stronghold1 ,against the ,tartars built of old1 ,no trace of man4 ,the year before ,a ,turkish army had march'd o'er2 ,and where the ,spahi's hoof hath trod1 ,the verdure flies the bloody sod3 ,the sky was dull1 and dim1 and gray1 ,and a low breeze crept moaning by-- ,i could have answered with a sigh-- ,but fast we fled1 away1 away1 ,and ,i could neither sigh nor pray2 ,and my cold sweat-drops fell like rain ,upon the courser's bristling mane2 ,but1 snorting still with rage and fear1 ,he flew upon his far career3 ,at times ,i almost thought1 indeed1 ,he must have slacken'd in his speed2 ,but no--my bound and slender frame ,was nothing to his angry might1 ,and merely like a spur became2 ,each motion which ,i made to free ,my swoln limbs from their agony ,increased his fury and affright3 ,i tried my voice1--'t was faint and low4 ,but yet he swerved as from a blow2 ,and1 starting to each accent1 sprang ,as from a sudden trumpet's clang3 ,meantime my cords were wet with gore1 ,which1 oozing through my limbs1 ran o'er2 ,and in my tongue the thirst became ,a something fiercer far than flame4 ,we near'd the wild wood--'t was so wide1 ,i saw no bounds on either side2 ',t was studded with old sturdy trees1 ,that bent not to the roughest breeze ,which howls down from ,siberia's waste1 ,and strips the forest in its haste1-- ,but these were few and far between1 ,set thick with shrubs more young and green4 ,luxuriant with their annual leaves1 ,ere strown by those autumnal eves ,that nip the forest's foliage dead1 ,discolour'd with a lifeless red1 ,which stands thereon like stiffen'd gore ,upon the slain when battle's o'er1 ,and some long winter's night hath shed ,its frost o'er every tombless head1 ,so cold and stark the raven's beak ,may peck unpierced each frozen cheek3 ',t was a wild waste of underwood1 ,and here and there a chestnut stood1 ,the strong oak1 and the hardy pine2 ,but far apart--and well it were1 ,or else a different lot were mine-- ,the boughs gave way1 and did not tear ,my limbs2 and ,i found strength to bear ,my wounds1 already scarr'd with cold2 ,my bonds forbade to loose my hold4 ,we rustled through the leaves like wind1 ,left shrubs1 and trees1 and wolves behind2 ,by night ,i heard them on the track1 ,their troop came hard upon our back1 ,with their long gallop1 which can tire ,the hound's deep hate1 and hunter's fire3 ,where'er we flew they follow'd on1 ,nor left us with the morning sun4 ,behind ,i saw them1 scarce a rood1 ,at day-break winding through the wood1 ,and through the night had heard their feet ,their stealing1 rustling step repeat4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the wood was past2 'twas more than noon1 ,but chill the air1 although in ,june2 ,or it might be my veins ran cold-- ,prolong'd endurance tames the bold2 ,and ,i was then not what ,i seem1 ,but headlong as a wintry stream1 ,and wore my feelings out before ,i well could count their causes o'er3 ,and what with fury1 fear1 and wrath1 ,the tortures which beset my path1 ,cold1 hunger1 sorrow1 shame1 distress4 ,thus bound in nature's nakedness2 ,sprung from a race whose rising blood1 ,when stirr'd beyond its calmer mood1 ,and trodden hard upon1 is like ,the rattle-snake's1 in act to strike1 ,what marvel if this worn-out trunk ,beneath its woes a moment sunk8 ,the earth gave way1 the skies roll'd round4 ,i seem'd to sink upon the ground2 ,but err'd1 for ,i was fastly bound4 ,my heart turn'd sick1 my brain grew sore4 ,and throbb'd awhile1 then beat no more3 ,the skies spun like a mighty wheel2 ,i saw the trees like drunkards reel ,and a slight flash sprang o'er my eyes1 ,which saw no farther3 he who dies ,can die no more than then ,i died4 ,o'ertortured by that ghastly ride1 ,i felt the blackness come and go4 ,my thoughts came back2 where was ,i8 ,cold1 ,and numb1 and giddy3 pulse by pulse ,life reassumed its lingering hold1 ,and throb by throb1--till grown a pang ,which for a moment would convulse1 ,my blood reflow'd1 though thick and chill2 ,my ear with uncouth noises rang1 ,my heart began once more to thrill2 ,my sight return'd1 though dim2 alas6 ,and thicken'd1 as it were1 with glass4 ,methought the dash of waves was nigh2 ,there was a gleam too of the sky1 ,studded with stars2--it is no dream2 ,the wild horse swims the wilder stream6 ,the bright broad river's gushing tide ,sleeps1 winding onward1 far and wide1 ,and we are half-way1 struggling o'er ,to yon unknown and silent shore4 ,the waters broke my hollow trance1 ,and with a temporary strength ,my stiffen'd limbs were rebaptized4 ,my courser's broad breast proudly braves1 ,and dashes off the ascending waves4 ,we reach the slippery shore at length1 ,a haven ,i but little prized1 ,for all behind was dark and drear1 ,and all before was night and fear4 ,how many hours of night or day ,in those suspended pangs ,i lay4 ,i could not tell2 ,i scarcely knew ,if this were human breath ,i drew4 ,with glossy skin and dripping mane1 ,and reeling limbs1 and reeking flank1 ,the wild steed's sinewy nerves still strain ,up the repelling bank4 ,we gain the top3 a boundless plain ,spreads through the shadow of the night1 ,and onward1 onward1 onward1 seems1 ,like precipices in our dreams ,to stretch beyond the sight3 ,and here and there a speck of white1 ,or scatter'd spot of dusky green4 ,in masses broke into the light4 ,as rose the moon upon my right3 ,but nought distinctly seen ,in the dim waste would indicate ,the omen of a cottage gate2 ,no twinkling taper from afar ,stood like a hospitable star3 ,not even an ignis-fatuus rose ,to make him merry with my woes3 ,that very cheat had cheer'd me then6 ,although detected1 welcome still1 ,reminding me1 through every ill1 ,of the abodes of men4 ,onward we went--but slack and slow2 ,his savage force at length o'erspent1 ,the drooping courser1 faint and low1 ,all feebly foaming went4 ,a sickly infant had had power ,to guide him forward in that hour2 ,but useless all to me3 ,his new-born tameness nought avail'd-- ,my limbs were bound2 my force had fail'd1 ,perchance1 had they been free4 ,with feeble effort still ,i tried ,to rend the bonds so starkly tied1 ,but still it was in vain2 ,my limbs were only wrung the more1 ,and soon the idle strife gave o'er1 ,which but prolonged their pain3 ,the dizzy race seem'd almost done1 ,although no goal was nearly won3 ,rome streaks announced the coming sun-- ,how slow1 alas6 he came6 ,methought that mist of dawning gray ,would never dapple into day2 ,how heavily it roll'd away-- ,before the eastern flame ,rose crimson1 and deposed the stars1 ,and call'd the radiance from their cars1 ,and fill'd the earth1 from his deep throne4 ,up rose the sun2 the mists were curl'd ,back from the solitary world ,which lay around1 behind1 before4 ,what booted it to traverse o'er ,plain1 forest1 river8 ,man nor brute1 ,nor dint of hoof1 nor print of foot1 ,lay in the wild luxuriant soil2 ,no sign of travel1 none of toil2 ,the very air was mute2 ,and not an insect's shrill small horn4 ,nor matin bird's new voice was borne ,from herb nor thicket4 ,many a werst1 ,panting as if his heart would burst4 ,the weary brute still stagger'd on3 ,and still we were--or seem'd--alone4 ,at length1 while reeling on our way4 ,methought ,i heard a courser neigh1 ,from out yon tuft of blackening firs4 ,is it the wind those branches stirs8 ,no1 no6 from out the forest prance ,a trampling troop2 ,i see them come6 ,in one vast squadron they advance6 ,i strove to cry--my lips were dumb4 ,the steeds rush on in plunging pride2 ,but where are they the reins to guide ,a thousand horse1 and none to ride6 ,with flowing tail1 and flying mane1 ,wide nostrils never stretch'd by pain1 ,mouths bloodless to the bit of rein1 ,and feet that iron never shod1 ,and flanks unscarr'd by spur or rod1 ,a thousand horse1 the wild1 the free1 ,like waves that follow o'er the sea1 ,came thickly thundering on1 ,as if our faint approach to meet2 ,the sight re-nerved my courser's feet1 ,a moment staggering1 feebly fleet1 ,a moment1 with a faint low neigh1 ,he answer'd1 and then fell2 ,with gasps and glaring eyes he lay1 ,and reeking limbs immoveable1 ,his first and last career is done6 ,on came the troop--they saw him stoop1 ,they saw me strangely bound along ,his back with many a bloody thong3 ,they stop1 they start1 they snuff the air1 ,gallop a moment here and there1 ,approach1 retire1 wheel round and round1 ,then plunging back with sudden bound1 ,headed by one black mighty steed1 ,who seem'd the patriarch of his breed1 ,without a single speck or hair ,of white upon his shaggy hide2 ,they snort1 they foam1 neigh1 swerve aside4 ,and backward to the forest fly1 ,by instinct1 from a human eye4 ,they left me there to my despair1 ,link'd to the dead and stiffening wretch1 ,whose lifeless limbs beneath me stretch1 ,believed from that unwonted weight1 ,from whence ,i could not extricate ,nor him nor me--and there we lay1 ,the dying on the dead6 ,i little deem'd another day ,would see my houseless1 helpless head4 ,,byron4 ,notes3 ,mazeppa 7#afde-agji7 was at first in the service of the ,king of ,poland1 but on account of a charge brought against him suffered the penalty described in the poem4 ,he afterwards joined the ,cossacks and became their leader2 was in favour for a time with ,peter the ,great2 but finally joined ,charles ,,xii41 and died soon after the battle of ,pultowa 7#agji71 in which ,charles was defeated by ,peter4 ,ukraine 7a frontier71 a district lying on the borders of ,poland and ,russia4 ,werst4 ,a ,russian measure of distance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,josiah ,,wedgwood4 ,we make our first introduction to ,wedgwood about the year #agda1 as the youngest of a family of thirteen children1 and as put to earn his bread1 at eleven years of age1 in the trade of his father1 and in the branch of a thrower4 ,then comes the well-known small-pox3 the settling of the dregs of the disease in the lower part of the leg3 and the amputation of the limb1 rendering him lame for life4 ,it is not often that we have such palpable occasion to record our obligations to the small-pox4 ,but1 in the wonderful ways of ,providence1 that disease1 which came to him as a two-fold scourge1 was probably the occasion of his subsequent excellence4 ,it prevented him from growing up to the active vigorous ,english workman1 possessed of all his limbs1 and knowing right well the use of them2 it put him upon considering whether1 as he could not be that1 he might not be something else1 and something greater4 ,it sent his mind inwards2 it drove him to meditate upon the laws and secrets of his art4 ,the result was1 that he arrived at a perception and a grasp of them which might1 perhaps1 have been envied1 certainly have been owned1 by an ,athenian potter4 ,relentless criticism has long since torn to pieces the old legend of ,king ,numa1 receiving in a cavern1 from the ,nymph ,egeria1 the laws that were to govern ,rome4 ,but no criticism can shake the record of that illness and mutilation of the boy ,josiah ,wedgwood1 which made for him a cavern of his bedroom1 and an oracle of his own inquiring1 searching1 meditative1 and fruitful mind4 ,from those early days of suffering1 weary perhaps to him as they went by1 but bright surely in the retrospect both to him and us1 a mark seems at once to have been set upon his career4 ,but those1 who would dwell upon his history1 have still to deplore that many of the materials are wanting4 ,it is not creditable to his country or his art1 that the ,life of ,wedgwood should still remain unwritten4 ,here is a man1 who1 in the well-chosen words of his epitaph1 converted a rude and inconsiderable manufacture into an elegant art1 and an important branch of national commerce4 ,here is a man1 who1 beginning as it were from zero1 and unaided by the national or royal gifts which were found necessary to uphold the glories of ,svres1 of ,chelsea1 and of ,dresden1 produced works truer1 perhaps1 to the inexorable laws of art1 than the fine fabrics that proceeded from those establishments1 and scarcely less attractive to the public taste4 ,here is a man1 who found his business cooped up within a narrow valley by the want of even tolerable communications1 and who1 while he devoted his mind to the lifting that business from meanness1 ugliness1 and weakness1 to the highest excellence of material and form1 had surplus energy enough to take a leading part in great engineering works like the ,grand ,trunk ,canal from the ,mersey to the ,trent2 which made the raw material of his industry abundant and cheap1 which supplied a vent for the manufactured article1 and opened for it materially a way to the outer world4 ,lastly1 here is a man who found his country dependent upon others for its supplies of all the finer earthenware2 but who1 by his single strength1 reversed the inclination of the scales1 and scattered thickly the productions of his factory over all the breadth of the continent of ,europe4 ,in travelling from ,paris to ,st4 ,petersburg1 from ,amsterdam to the furthest point of ,sweden1 from ,dunkirk to the southern extremity of ,france1 one is served at every inn from ,english earthenware4 ,the same article adorns the tables of ,spain1 ,portugal1 and ,italy2 it provides the cargoes of ships to the ,east ,indies1 the ,west ,indies1 and ,america4 ,speech by ,,mr4 ,,gladstone4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,crimean ,,war4 ,there is one point upon which ,i could have wished that the noble ,lord had also touched--,i know there were so many subjects that he could not avoid touching that ,i share the admiration of the ,house at the completeness with which he seemed to have mastered all his themes2 but when the noble ,lord recalled to our recollection the deeds of admirable valour and of heroic conduct which have been achieved upon the heights of ,alma1 of ,balaklava1 and of ,inkermann1 ,i could have wished that he had also publicly recognized that the deeds of heroism in this campaign had not been merely confined to the field of battle4 ,we ought to remember the precious lives given to the pestilence of ,varna and to the inhospitable shores of the ,black ,sea2 these men1 in my opinion1 were animated by as heroic a spirit as those who have yielded up their lives amid the flash of artillery and the triumphant sound of trumpets4 ,no1 ,sir1 language cannot do justice to the endurance of our troops under the extreme and terrible privations which circumstances have obliged them to endure4 ,the high spirit of an ,english gentleman might have sustained him under circumstances which he could not have anticipated to encounter2 but the same proud patience has been found among the rank and file4 ,and it is these moral qualities that have contributed as much as others apparently more brilliant to those great victories which we are now acknowledging4 ,sir1 the noble ,lord has taken a wise and gracious course in combining with the thanks which he is about to propose to the ,british army and navy the thanks also of the ,house of ,commons to the army of our allies4 ,sir1 that alliance which has now for some time prevailed between the two great countries of ,france and ,britain has in peace been productive of advantage1 but it is the test to which it has been put by recent circumstances that1 in my opinion1 will tend more than any other cause to confirm and consolidate that intimate union4 ,that alliance1 ,sir1 is one that does not depend upon dynasties or diplomacy4 ,it is one which has been sanctioned by names to which we all look up with respect or with feelings even of a higher character4 ,the alliance between ,france and ,england was inaugurated by the imperial mind of ,elizabeth1 and sanctioned by the profound sagacity of ,cromwell2 it exists now not more from feelings of mutual interest than from feelings of mutual respect1 and ,i believe it will be maintained by a noble spirit of emulation4 ,sir1 there is still another point upon which1 although with hesitation1 ,i will advert for a moment4 ,i am distrustful of my own ability to deal becomingly with a theme on which the noble ,lord so well touched2 but nevertheless ,i feel that ,i must refer to it4 ,i was glad to hear from the noble ,lord that he intends to propose a vote of condolence with the relatives of those who have fallen in this contest4 ,sir1 we have already felt1 even in this chamber of public assemblage1 how bitter have been the consequences of this war4 ,we cannot throw our eyes over the accustomed benches1 where we miss many a gallant and genial face1 without feeling our hearts ache1 our spirits sadden1 and even our eyes moisten4 ,but if that be our feeling here when we miss the long companions of our public lives and labours1 what must be the anguish and desolation which now darken so many hearths6 ,never1 ,sir1 has the youthful blood of this country been so profusely lavished as it has been in this contest1--never has a greater sacrifice been made1 and for ends which more fully sanctify the sacrifice4 ,but we can hardly hope now1 in the greenness of the wound1 that even these reflections can serve as a source of solace4 ,young women who have become widows almost as soon as they had become wives--mothers who have lost not only their sons1 but the brethren of those sons--heads of families who have seen abruptly close all their hopes of an hereditary line--these are pangs which even the consciousness of duty performed1 which even the lustre of glory won1 cannot easily or speedily alleviate and assuage4 ,but let us indulge at least in the hope1 in the conviction1 that the time will come when the proceedings of this evening may be to such persons a source of consolation--when sorrow for the memory of those that are departed may be mitigated by the recollection that their death is at least associated with imperishable deeds1 with a noble cause1 and with a nation's gratitude4 ,speech by ,,mr4 ,,disraeli4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,national ,,morality4 ,i believe there is no permanent greatness to a nation except it be based upon morality4 ,i do not care for military greatness or military renown4 ,i care for the condition of the people among whom ,i live4 ,there is no man in ,england who is less likely to speak irreverently of the ,crown and ,monarchy of ,england than ,i am2 but crowns1 coronets1 mitres1 military display1 the pomp of war1 wide colonies1 and a huge empire1 are1 in my view1 all trifles light as air1 and not worth considering1 unless with them you can have a fair share of comfort1 contentment1 and happiness among the great body of the people4 ,palaces1 baronial castles1 great halls1 stately mansions1 do not make a nation4 ,the nation in every country dwells in the cottage2 and unless the light of your ,constitution can shine there1 unless the beauty of your legislation and the excellence of your statesmanship are impressed there on the feelings and condition of the people1 rely upon it you have yet to learn the duties of government4 ,i have not1 as you have observed1 pleaded that this country should remain without adequate and scientific means of defence4 ,i acknowledge it to be the duty of your statesmen1 acting upon the known opinions and principles of ninety-nine out of every hundred persons in the country1 at all times1 with all possible moderation1 but with all possible efficiency1 to take steps which shall preserve order within and on the confines of your kingdom4 ,but ,i shall repudiate and denounce the expenditure of every shilling1 the engagement of every man1 the employment of every ship which has no object but intermeddling in the affairs of other countries1 and endeavouring to extend the boundaries of an ,empire which is already large enough to satisfy the greatest ambition1 and ,i fear is much too large for the highest statesmanship to which any man has yet attained4 ,the most ancient of profane historians has told us that the ,scythians of his time were a very warlike people1 and that they elevated an old cimeter upon a platform as a symbol of ,mars1 for to ,mars alone1 ,i believe1 they built altars and offered sacrifices4 ,to this cimeter they offered sacrifices of horses and cattle1 the main wealth of the country1 and more costly sacrifices than to all the rest of their gods4 ,i often ask myself whether we are at all advanced in one respect beyond those ,scythians4 ,what are our contributions to charity1 to education1 to morality1 to religion1 to justice1 and to civil government1 when compared with the wealth we expend in sacrifices to the old cimeter8 ,two nights ago ,i addressed in this hall a vast assembly composed to a great extent of your countrymen who have no political power1 who are at work from the dawn of the day to the evening1 and who have therefore limited means of informing themselves on these great subjects4 ,now ,i am privileged to speak to a somewhat different audience4 ,you represent those of your great community who have a more complete education1 who have on some points greater intelligence1 and in whose hands reside the power and influence of the district4 ,i am speaking1 too1 within the hearing of those whose gentle nature1 whose finer instincts1 whose purer minds1 have not suffered as some of us have suffered in the turmoil and strife of life4 ,you can mould opinion1 you can create political power1--you cannot think a good thought on this subject and communicate it to your neighbours1--you cannot make these points topics of discussion in your social circles and more general meetings1 without affecting sensibly and speedily the course which the ,government of your country will pursue4 ,may ,i ask you1 then1 to believe1 as ,i do most devoutly believe1 that the moral law was not written for men alone in their individual character1 but that it was written as well for nations1 and for nations great as this of which we are citizens4 ,if nations reject and deride that moral law1 there is a penalty which will inevitably follow4 ,it may not come at once1 it may not come in our lifetime2 but1 rely upon it1 the great ,italian is not a poet only1 but a prophet1 when he says-- ,the sword of heaven is not in haste to smite1 ,nor yet doth linger4 ,we have experience1 we have beacons1 we have landmarks enough4 ,we know what the past has cost us1 we know how much and how far we have wandered1 but we are not left without a guide4 ,it is true1 we have not1 as an ancient people had1 ,urim and ,thummim--those oraculous gems on ,aaron's breast--from which to take counsel1 but we have the unchangeable and eternal principles of the moral law to guide us1 and only so far as we walk by that guidance can we be permanently a great nation1 or our people a happy people4 ,speech by ,,mr4 ,,bright4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hymn ,,to ,,diana4 ,queen and huntress1 chaste and fair1 ,now the sun is laid to sleep1 ,seated in thy silver chair4 ,state in wonted manner keep4 ,hesperus entreats thy light1 ,goddess excellently bright6 ,earth1 let not thy envious shade ,dare itself to interpose2 ,cynthia's shining orb was made ,heaven to clear1 when day did close4 ,bless us then with wishd sight1 ,goddess excellently bright6 ,lay thy bow of pearl apart1 ,and thy crystal-shining quiver3 ,give unto the flying hart ,space to breathe how short soever2 ,thou that mak'st a day of night1 ,goddess excellently bright6 ,,ben ,,jonson4 ,notes3 ,ben ,jonson 7#aegd-afcg71 poet and dramatist2 the contemporary and friend of ,shakespeare1 with more than his learning1 but far less than his genius and imagination4 99 99 99 99 99 ,l',,allegro4 ,hence1 loathed ,melancholy1 ,of ,cerberus and blackest midnight born1 ,in ,stygian cave forlorn1 ',mongst horrid shapes1 and shrieks1 and sights unholy6 ,find out some uncouth cell1 ,where brooding darkness spreads his jealous wings1 ,and the night-raven sings2 ,there1 under ebon shades1 and low-brow'd rocks1 ,as ragged as thy locks1 ,in dark ,cimmerian desert ever dwell4 ,but come1 thou goddess fair and free1 ,in heaven yclep'd ,euphrosyne1 ,and by men1 heart-easing ,mirth2 ,whom lovely ,venus1 at a birth1 ,with two sister ,graces more1 ,to ivy-crowned ,bacchus bore3 99 99 99 99 99 ,haste thee1 nymph1 and bring with thee ,jest1 and youthful jollity1 ,quips1 and cranks1 and wanton wiles1 ,nods1 and becks1 and wreathed smiles1 ,such as hang on ,hebe's cheek1 ,and love to live in dimple sleek2 ,sport that wrinkled care derides1 ,and laughter holding both his sides4 ,come1 and trip it1 as you go1 ,on the light fantastic toe2 ,and in thy right hand lead with thee ,the mountain-nymph1 sweet ,liberty2 ,and1 if ,i give thee honour due1 ,mirth1 admit me of thy crew1 ,to live with her1 and live with thee1 ,in unreproved pleasures free2 ,to hear the ,lark begin his flight1 ,and singing startle the dull night1 ,from his watch-tower in the skies1 ,till the dappled dawn doth rise2 ,then to come1 in spite of sorrow1 ,and at my window bid good-morrow1 ,through the sweet-briar1 or the vine1 ,or the twisted eglantine3 ,while the cock1 with lively din1 ,scatters the rear of darkness thin1 ,and to the stack1 or the barn-door1 ,stoutly struts his dames before3 ,oft listening how the hounds and horn ,cheerly rouse the slumbering morn1 ,from the side of some hoar hill1 ,through the high wood echoing shrill4 ,sometime walking1 not unseen1 ,by hedge-row elms1 on hillocks green1 ,right against the eastern gate1 ,where the great sun begins his state1 ,rob'd in flames1 and amber light1 ,the clouds in thousand liveries dight2 ,while the ploughman1 near at hand1 ,whistles o'er the furrow'd land1 ,and the milkmaid singeth blithe1 ,and the mower whets his scythe1 ,and every shepherd tells his tale1 ,under the hawthorn in the dale4 ,straight mine eye hath caught new pleasures1 ,while the landscape round it measures2 ,russet lawns1 and fallows gray1 ,where the nibbling flocks do stray ,mountains1 on whose barren breast1 ,the labouring clouds do often rest2 ,meadows trim with daisies pied1 ,shallow brooks1 and rivers wide2 ,towers and battlements it sees ,bosom'd high in tufted trees1 ,where perhaps some beauty lies1 ,the cynosure of neighbouring eyes4 ,hard by1 a cottage chimney smokes ,from betwixt two aged oaks1 ,where ,corydon and ,thyrsis met1 ,are at their savoury dinner set ,of herbs1 and other country messes1 ,which the neat-handed ,phillis dresses2 ,and then in haste her bower she leaves1 ,with ,thestylis to bind the sheaves2 ,or1 if the earlier season lead1 ,to the tann'd haycock in the mead4 ,sometimes with secure delight ,the upland hamlets will invite1 ,when the merry bells ring round1 ,and the jocund rebecks sound ,to many a youth and many a maid1 ,dancing in the checker'd shade2 ,and young and old come forth to play ,on a sun-shine holy-day1 ,till the live-long day-light fail3 ,then to the spicy nut-brown ale1 ,with stories told of many a feat1 ,how faery ,mab the junkets eat2 ,she was pinch'd1 and pull'd1 she said2 ,and he1 by friar's lantern led4 ,tells how the drudging goblin sweat ,to earn his cream-bowl duly set1 ,when in one night1 ere glimpse of morn1 ,his shadowy flail hath thresh'd the corn1 ,that ten day-labourers could not end2 ,then lies him down the lubber fiend1 ,and1 stretch'd out all the chimney's length1 ,basks at the fire his hairy strength2 ,and crop-full out of door he flings1 ,ere the first cock his matin rings4 ,thus done the tales1 to bed they creep1 ,by whispering winds soon lull'd asleep4 ,tower'd cities please us then1 ,and the busy hum of men1 ,where throngs of knights and barons bold1 ,in weeds of peace high triumphs hold4 ,with store of ladies1 whose bright eyes ,rain influence1 and judge the prize ,of wit or arms1 while both contend ,to win her grace1 whom all commend4 ,there let ,hymen oft appear ,in saffron robe1 with taper clear1 ,and pomp1 and feast1 and revelry1 ,with mask and antique pageantry4 ,such sights1 as youthful poets dream ,on summer eves by haunted stream4 ,then to the well-trod stage anon1 ,if ,jonson's learned sock be on4 ,or sweetest ,shakspeare1 ,fancy's child1 ,warble his native wood-notes wild4 ,and ever1 against eating cares1 ,lap me in soft ,lydian airs1 ,married to immortal verse2 ,such as the meeting soul may pierce1 ,in notes1 with many a winding bout ,of linked sweetness long drawn out1 ,with wanton heed and giddy cunning1 ,the melting voice through mazes running1 ,untwisting all the chains that tie ,the hidden soul of harmony2 ,that ,orpheus' self may heave his head ,from golden slumber on a bed ,of heap'd ,elysian flowers1 and hear ,such strains as would have won the ear ,of ,pluto1 to have quite set free ,his half-regain'd ,eurydice4 ,these delights if thou canst give1 ,mirth1 with thee ,i mean to live4 ,,milton4 ,notes3 ,l',allegro the ,cheerful man3 as ,il ,penseroso1 the ,thoughtful man1 7the title of the companion poem74 ,cerberus4 ,the dog that guarded the infernal regions4 ,cimmerian4 ,the ,cimmerians were a race dwelling beyond the ocean stream1 in utter darkness4 ,euphrosyne ,mirth or gladness4 ,in unreproved pleasures ,in innocent pleasures4 ,then to come ,then 7admit me7 to come4 ,corydon and ,thyrsis4 ,names for a rustic couple taken from the mythology of the ,latin poets4 ,so ,phillis and ,thestylis4 ,rebecks4 ,musical instruments like fiddles4 ,junkets4 ,pieces of cheese or something of the kind4 ,by friar's lantern ,jack o' ,lantern or ,will o' the ,wisp4 ,in weeds of peace the dress worn in time of peace4 ,hymen4 ,god of wedlock4 ,jonson4 7,see previous note to ,ben ,jonson47 ,sock4 ,the shoe worn on the ancient stage by comedians as the buskin was by tragedians4 ,lydian airs4 ,soft and soothing1 as opposed to the ,dorian airs1 which expressed the rough and harsh element in ancient music4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,pleasures ,,of ,a ,,life ,,of ,,labour4 ,i wish to show you how possible it is to enjoy much happiness in very mean employments4 ,cowper tells us that labour1 though the primal curse1 has been softened into mercy2 and ,i think that1 even had he not done so1 ,i would have found out the fact for myself4 ,it was twenty years last ,february since ,i set out a little before sunrise to make my first acquaintance with a life of labour and restraint1 and ,i have rarely had a heavier heart than on that morning4 ,i was but a thin1 loose-jointed boy at the time--fond of the pretty intangibilities of romance1 and of dreaming when broad awake2 and1 woful change6 ,i was now going to work at what ,burns has instanced in his ,twa ,dogs as one of the most disagreeable of all employments--to work in a quarry4 ,bating the passing uneasiness occasioned by a few gloomy anticipations1 the portion of my life which had already gone by had been happy beyond the common lot4 ,i had been a wanderer among rocks and wood--a reader of curious books when ,i could get them--a gleaner of old traditionary stories2 and now ,i was going to exchange all my day-dreams1 and all my amusements1 for the kind of life in which men toil every day that they may be enabled to eat1 and eat every day that they may be enabled to toil6 ,the quarry in which ,i wrought lay on the southern side of a noble inland bay1 or frith rather1 with a little clear stream on the one side1 and a thick fir wood on the other4 ,it had been opened in the old red sandstone of the district1 and was overtopped by a huge bank of diluvial clay1 which rose over it in some places to the height of nearly thirty feet1 and which at this time was rent and shivered1 wherever it presented an open front to the weather1 by a recent frost4 ,a heap of loose fragments1 which had fallen from above blocked up the face of the quarry1 and my first employment was to clear them away4 ,the friction of the shovel soon blistered my hands1 but the pain was by no means very severe1 and ,i wrought hard and willingly1 that ,i might see how the huge strata below1 which presented so firm and unbroken a frontage1 were to be torn up and removed4 ,picks1 and wedges1 and levers1 were applied by my brother workmen2 and simple and rude as ,i had been accustomed to regard these implements1 ,i found ,i had much to learn in the way of using them4 ,they all proved inefficient1 however1 and the workmen had to bore into one of the inferior strata1 and employ gunpowder4 ,the process was new to me1 and ,i deemed it a highly-amusing one3 it had the merit1 too1 of being attended with some such degree of danger as a boating or rock excursion1 and had thus an interest independent of its novelty4 ,we had a few capital shots3 the fragments flew in every direction2 and an immense mass of the diluvium came toppling down1 bearing with it two dead birds1 that in a recent storm had crept into one of the deeper fissures1 to die in the shelter4 ,i felt a new interest in examining them4 ,the one was a pretty cock goldfinch1 with its hood of vermilion1 and its wings inlaid with the gold to which it owes its name1 as unsoiled and smooth as if it had been preserved for a museum4 ,the other1 a somewhat rarer bird1 of the woodpecker tribe1 was variegated with light blue and a grayish yellow4 ,i was engaged in admiring the poor little things1 more disposed to be sentimental1 perhaps1 than if ,i had been ten years older1 and thinking of the contrast between the warmth and jollity of their green summer haunts and the cold and darkness of their last retreat1 when ,i heard our employer bidding the workmen lay by their tools4 ,i looked up1 and saw the sun sinking behind the thick fir-wood beside us1 and the long dark shadows of the trees stretching downwards towards the shore4 ,this was no very formidable beginning of the course of life ,i had so much dreaded4 ,to be sure1 my hands were a little sore1 and ,i felt nearly as much fatigued as if ,i had been climbing among the rocks2 but ,i had wrought and been useful1 and had yet enjoyed the day fully as much as usual4 ,it was no small matter1 too1 that the evening1 converted by a rare transmutation into the delicious blink of rest1 which ,burns so truthfully describes1 was all my own4 ,i was as light of heart next morning as any of my fellow-workmen4 ,there had been a smart frost during the night1 and the rime lay white on the grass as we passed onwards through the fields2 but the sun rose in a clear atmosphere1 and the day mellowed1 as it advanced1 into one of those delightful days of early spring which give so pleasing an earnest of whatever is mild and genial in the better half of the year6 ,all the workmen rested at mid-day1 and ,i went to enjoy my half-hour alone on a mossy knoll in the neighbouring wood1 which commands through the trees a wide prospect of the bay and the opposite shore4 ,there was not a wrinkle on the water1 nor a cloud in the sky1 and the branches were as moveless in the calm as if they had been traced on canvas4 ,from a wooded promontory that stretched half-way across the frith1 there ascended a thin column of smoke4 ,it rose straight as the line of a plummet for more than a thousand yards1 and then1 on reaching a thinner stratum of air1 spread out equally on every side like the foliage of a stately tree4 ,ben ,wyvis rose to the west1 white with the yet unwasted snows of winter1 and as sharply defined in the clear atmosphere as if all its sunny slopes and blue retiring hollows had been chiselled in marble4 ,a line of snow ran along the opposite hills2 all above was white1 and all below was purple4 ,they reminded me of the pretty ,french story1 in which an old artist is described as tasking the ingenuity of his future son-in-law by giving him as a subject for his pencil a flower-piece composed of only white flowers1 of which the one-half were to bear their proper colour1 the other half a deep purple hue1 and yet all be perfectly natural2 and how the young man resolved the riddle1 and gained his mistress1 by introducing a transparent purple vase into the picture1 and making the light pass through it on the flowers that were drooping over the edge4 ,i returned to the quarry1 convinced that a very exquisite pleasure may be a very cheap one1 and that the busiest employments may afford leisure enough to enjoy it4 ,the gunpowder had loosened a large mass in one of the inferior strata1 and our first employment1 on resuming our labours1 was to raise it from its bed4 ,i assisted the other workmen in placing it on edge1 and was much struck by the appearance of the platform on which it had rested4 ,the entire surface was ridged and furrowed like a bank of sand that had been left by the tide an hour before4 ,i could trace every bend and curvature1 every cross-hollow and counter-ridge of the corresponding phenomena2 for the resemblance was no half-resemblance--it was the thing itself2 and ,i had observed it a hundred and a hundred times when sailing my little schooner in the shallows left by the ebb4 ,but what had become of the waves that had thus fretted the solid rock1 or of what element had they been composed8 ,i felt as completely at fault as ,robinson ,crusoe did on his discovering the print of the man's foot on the sand4 ,the evening furnished me with still further cause of wonder4 ,we raised another block in a different part of the quarry1 and found that the area of a circular depression in the stratum below was broken and flawed in every direction1 as if it had been the bottom of a pool1 recently dried up1 which had shrunk and split in the hardening4 ,several large stones came rolling down from the diluvium in the course of the afternoon4 ,they were of different qualities from the sandstone below1 and from one another2 and1 what was more wonderful still1 they were all rounded and water-worn1 as if they had been tossed about in the sea1 or the bed of a river1 for hundreds of years4 ,there could not1 surely1 be a more conclusive proof that the bank which had enclosed them so long could not have been created on the rock on which it rested4 ,no workman ever manufactures a half-worn article1 and the stones were all half-worn6 ,and if not the bank1 why then the sandstone underneath8 ,i was lost in conjecture1 and found ,i had food enough for thought that evening1 without once thinking of the unhappiness of a life of labour4 ,,hugh ,,miller4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,flight ,,of ,,birds4 ,a good ornithologist should be able to distinguish birds by their air1 as well as by their colours and shape1 on the ground as well as on the wing1 and in the bush as well as in the hand4 ,for1 though it must not be said that every species of birds has a manner peculiar to itself1 yet there is somewhat in most kinds at least that at first sight discriminates them1 and enables a judicious observer to pronounce upon them with some certainty4 ,thus1 kites and buzzards sail round in circles1 with wings expanded and motionless2 and it is from their gliding manner that the former are still called1 in the north of ,england1 gleads1 from the ,saxon verb glidan1 to glide4 ,the kestrel1 or windhover1 has a peculiar mode of hanging in the air in one place1 his wings all the while being briskly agitated4 ,hen-harriers fly low over heaths or fields of corn1 and beat the ground regularly like a pointer or setting-dog4 ,owls move in a buoyant manner1 as if lighter than the air2 they seem to want ballast4 ,there is a peculiarity belonging to ravens that must draw the attention even of the most incurious--they spend all their leisure time in striking and cuffing each other on the wing in a kind of playful skirmish2 and when they move from one place to another1 frequently turn on their backs with a loud croak1 and seem to be falling on the ground4 ,when this odd gesture betides them1 they are scratching themselves with one foot1 and thus lose the centre of gravity4 ,rooks sometimes dive and tumble in a frolicsome manner2 crows and daws swagger in their walk2 woodpeckers fly with an undulating motion1 opening and closing their wings at every stroke1 and so are always rising and falling in curves4 ,all of this kind use their tails1 which incline downwards1 as a support while they run up trees4 ,parrots1 like all other hooked-clawed birds1 walk awkwardly1 and make use of their bill as a third foot1 climbing and descending with ridiculous caution4 ,cocks1 hens1 partridges1 and pheasants1 etc41 parade and walk gracefully1 and run nimbly2 but fly with difficulty1 with an impetuous whirring1 and in a straight line4 ,magpies and jays flutter with powerless wings1 and make no dispatch2 herons seem encumbered with too much sail for their light bodies2 but these vast hollow wings are necessary in carrying burdens1 such as large fishes1 and the like2 pigeons1 and particularly the sort called smiters1 have a way of clashing their wings1 the one against the other1 over their backs1 with a loud snap2 another variety1 called tumblers1 turn themselves over in the air4 ,the kingfisher darts along like an arrow2 fern-owls1 or goat-suckers1 glance in the dusk over the tops of trees like a meteor2 starlings1 as it were1 swim along1 while missel-thrushes use a wild and desultory flight2 swallows sweep over the surface of the ground and water1 and distinguish themselves by rapid turns and quick evolutions2 swifts dash round in circles2 and the bank-martin moves with frequent vacillations1 like a butterfly4 ,most of the small birds fly by jerks1 rising and falling as they advance4 ,most small birds hop2 but wagtails and larks walk1 moving their legs alternately4 ,skylarks rise and fall perpendicularly as they sing2 woodlarks hang poised in the air2 and titlarks rise and fall in large curves1 singing in their descent4 ,the white-throat uses odd jerks and gesticulations over the tops of hedges and bushes4 ,all the duck kind waddle2 divers and auks walk as if fettered1 and stand erect on their tails4 ,geese and cranes1 and most wild fowls1 move in figured flights1 often changing their position4 ,dabchicks1 moorhens1 and coots1 fly erect1 with their legs hanging down1 and hardly make any dispatch2 the reason is plain1 their wings are placed too forward out of the true centre of gravity1 as the legs of auks and divers are situated too backward4 ,,rev4 ,,gilbert ,,white4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,village4 ,sweet was the sound1 when oft at evening's close ,up yonder hill the village murmur rose4 ,there as ,i past with careless steps and slow1 ,the mingling notes came softened from below2 ,the swain responsive as the milk-maid sung1 ,the sober herd that lowed to meet their young1 ,the noisy geese that gabbled o'er the pool1 ,the playful children just let loose from school1 ,the watch-dog's voice that bayed the whispering wind1 ,and the loud laugh that spoke the vacant mind2 ,these all in sweet confusion sought the shade1 ,and filled each pause the nightingale had made4 ,but now the sounds of population fail1 ,no cheerful murmurs fluctuate in the gale1 ,no busy steps the grass-grown foot-way tread1 ,for all the bloomy flush of life is fled4 ,all but yon widowed1 solitary thing1 ,that feebly bends beside the plashing spring3 ,she1 wretched matron1 forced in age1 for bread1 ,to strip the brook with mantling cresses spread1 ,to pick her wintry faggot from the thorn1 ,to seek her nightly shed1 and weep till mom2 ,she only left of all the harmless train1 ,the sad historian of the pensive plain4 ,near yonder copse1 where once the garden smiled1 ,and still1 where many a garden-flower grows wild2 ,there1 where a few torn shrubs the place disclose1 ,the village preacher's modest mansion rose1 ,a man he was to all the country dear1 ,and passing rich with forty pounds a year2 ,remote from towns he ran his godly race1 ,nor e'er had changed1 nor wished to change his place2 ,unpractised he to fawn1 or seek for power1 ,by doctrines fashioned to the varying hour2 ,far other aims his heart had learned to prize1 ,more skilled to raise the wretched than to rise4 ,his house was known to all the vagrant train2 ,he chid their wanderings1 but relieved their pain2 ,the long-remember'd beggar was his guest1 ,whose beard descending swept his aged breast1 ,the ruined spendthrift1 now no longer proud1 ,claimed kindred there1 and had his claims allowed2 ,the broken soldier1 kindly bade to stay1 ,sat by his fire1 and talked the night away4 ,wept o'er his wounds or tales of sorrow done1 ,shouldered his crutch1 and showed how fields were won4 ,pleased with his guests1 the good man learned to glow1 ,and quite forgot their vices in their woe2 ,careless their merits or their faults to scan1 ,his pity gave ere charity began4 ,thus to relieve the wretched was his pride1 ,and e'en his failings leaned to virtue's side2 ,but in his duty prompt at every call1 ,he watched and wept1 he prayed and felt for all2 ,and1 as a bird each fond endearment tries ,to tempt its new-fledged offspring to the skies1 ,he tried each art1 reproved each dull delay1 ,allured to brighter worlds1 and led the way4 ,beside the bed where parting life was laid1 ,and sorrow1 guilt1 and pain1 by turns dismayed1 ,the reverend champion stood4 ,at his control ,despair and anguish fled the struggling soul2 ,comfort came down the trembling wretch to raise1 ,and his last faltering accents whispered praise4 ,at church1 with meek and unaffected grace1 ,his looks adorned the venerable place2 ,truth from his lips prevailed with double sway1 ,and fools1 who came to scoff remained to pray4 ,the service past1 around the pious man1 ,with steady zeal1 each honest rustic ran2 ,e'en children followed with endearing wile1 ,and plucked his gown1 to share the good man's smile4 ,his ready smile a parent's warmth expressed2 ,their welfare pleased him1 and their cares distressed3 ,to them his heart1 his love1 his griefs were given1 ,but all his serious thoughts had rest in heaven4 ,as some tall cliff that lifts its awful form1 ,swells from the vale1 and midway leaves the storm1 ,though round its breast the rolling clouds are spread1 ,eternal sunshine settles on its head4 ,beside yon straggling fence that skirts the way1 ,with blossom'd furze unprofitably gay1 ,there in his noisy mansion1 skilled to rule1 ,the village master taught his little school4 ,a man severe he was1 and stern to view2 ,i knew him well1 and every truant knew2 ,well had the boding tremblers learned to trace ,the day's disasters in his morning face2 ,full well they laughed with counterfeited glee ,at all his jokes1 for many a joke had he2 ,full well the busy whisper circling round ,conveyed the dismal tidings when he frowned1 ,yet he was kind1 or1 if severe in aught1 ,the love he bore to learning was in fault2 ,the village all declared how much he knew2 ',twas certain he could write1 and cypher too2 ,lands he could measure1 terms and tides presage1 ,and e'en1 the story ran1 that he could gauge3 ,in arguing1 too1 the parson owned his skill2 ,for e'en though vanquished1 he could argue still2 ,while words of learned length and thundering sound ,amazed the gazing rustics ranged around2 ,and still they gazed1 and still the wonder grew1 ,that one small head could carry all he knew4 ,,goldsmith4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,corunna4 ,all the encumbrances being shipped on the morning of the #afth1 it was intended to embark the fighting men in the coming night1 and this difficult operation would probably have been happily effected2 but a glorious event was destined to give a more graceful1 though melancholy1 termination to the campaign4 ,about two o'clock a general movement of the ,french line gave notice of an approaching battle1 and the ,british infantry1 fourteen thousand five hundred strong1 occupied their position4 ,baird's division on the right1 and governed by the oblique direction of the ridge1 approached the enemy2 ,hope's division1 forming the centre and left1 although on strong ground abutting on the ,mero1 was of necessity withheld1 so that the ,french battery on the rocks raked the whole line of battle4 ,one of ,baird's brigades was in column behind the right1 and one of ,hope's behind the left2 ,paget's reserve posted at the village of ,airis1 behind the centre1 looked down the valley separating the right of the position front the hills occupied by the ,french cavalry4 ,a battalion detached from the reserve kept these horsemen in check1 and was itself connected with the main body by a chain of skirmishers extended across the valley4 ,fraser's division held the heights immediately before the gates of ,corunna1 watching the coast road1 but it was also ready to succour any point4 ,when ,laborde's division arrived1 the ,french force was not less than twenty thousand men1 and the ,duke of ,dalmatia made no idle evolutions of display4 ,distributing his lighter guns along the front of his position1 he opened a fire from the heavy battery on his left1 and instantly descended the mountain1 with three columns covered by clouds of skirmishers4 ,the ,british pickets were driven back in disorder1 and the village of ,elvina was carried by the first ,french column4 ,the ground about that village was intersected by stone walls and hollow roads2 a severe scrambling fight ensued1 the ,french were forced back with great loss1 and the fiftieth regiment entering the village with the retiring mass1 drove it1 after a second struggle in the street1 quite beyond the houses4 ,seeing this1 the general ordered up a battalion of the guards to fill the void in the line made by the advance of those regiments2 whereupon1 the forty-second1 mistaking his intention1 retired1 with exception of the grenadiers2 and at that moment1 the enemy being reinforced1 renewed the fight beyond the village4 ,major ,napier1 commanding the fiftieth1 was wounded and taken prisoner1 and ,elvina then became the scene of another contest2 which being observed by the ,commander-in-,chief1 he addressed a few animating words to the forty-second1 and caused it to return to the attack4 ,paget had now descended into the valley1 and the line of the skirmishers being thus supported1 vigorously checked the advance of the enemy's troops in that quarter1 while the fourth regiment galled their flank2 at the same time the centre and left of the army also became engaged1 ,baird was severely wounded1 and a furious action ensued along the line1 in the valley1 and on the hills4 ,general ,sir ,john ,moore1 while earnestly watching the result of the fight about the village of ,elvina1 was struck on the left breast by a cannon-shot2 the shock threw him from his horse with violence2 yet he rose again in a sitting posture1 his countenance unchanged1 and his steadfast eye still fixed upon the regiments engaged in his front1 no sigh betraying a sensation of pain4 ,in a few moments1 when he saw the troops were gaining ground1 his countenance brightened1 and he suffered himself to be taken to the rear4 ,then was seen the dreadful nature of his hurt4 ,as the soldiers placed him in a blanket1 his sword got entangled1 and the hilt entered the wound2 ,captain ,hardinge1 a staff officer1 attempted to take it off1 but the dying man stopped him1 saying3 ,it is as well as it is4 ,i had rather it should go out of the field with me2 and in that manner1 so becoming to a soldier1 ,moore was borne from the fight4 ,notwithstanding this great disaster1 the troops gained ground4 ,the reserve overthrowing everything in the valley1 forced ,la ,houssaye's dismounted dragoons to retire1 and thus turning the enemy1 approached the eminence upon which the great battery was posted4 ,in the centre1 the obstinate dispute for ,elvina terminated in favour of the ,british2 and when the night set in1 their line was considerably advanced beyond the original position of the morning1 while the ,french were falling back in confusion4 ,if ,fraser's division had been brought into action along with the reserve1 the enemy could hardly have escaped a signal overthrow2 for the little ammunition ,soult had been able to bring up was nearly exhausted1 the river ,mero was in full tide behind him1 and the difficult communication by the bridge of ,el ,burgo was alone open for a retreat4 ,on the other hand1 to fight in the dark was to tempt fortune2 the ,french were still the most numerous1 their ground strong1 and their disorder facilitated the original plan of embarking during the night4 ,hope1 upon whom the command had devolved1 resolved therefore1 to ship the army1 and so complete were the arrangements1 that no confusion or difficulty occurred2 the pickets kindled fires to cover the retreat1 and were themselves withdrawn at daybreak1 to embark under the protection of ,hill's brigade1 which was in position under the ramparts of ,corunna4 ,from the spot where he fell1 the general was carried to the town by his soldiers2 his blood flowed fast1 and the torture of the wound was great2 yet the unshaken firmness of his mind made those about him1 seeing the resolution of his countenance1 express a hope of his recovery4 ,he looked steadfastly at the injury for a moment1 and said1 ,no1 ,i feel that to be impossible4 ,several times he caused his attendants to stop and turn round1 that he might behold the field of battle2 and when the firing indicated the advance of the ,british1 he discovered his satisfaction and permitted the bearers to proceed4 ,when brought to his lodgings1 the surgeons examined his wound2 there was no hope1 the pain increased1 he spoke with difficulty4 ,at intervals1 he asked if the ,french were beaten1 and addressing his old friend1 ,colonel ,anderson1 said1 ,you know ,i always wished to die this way4 ,again he asked if the enemy were defeated1 and being told they were1 said1 ,it is a great satisfaction to me to know we have beaten the ,french4 ,his countenance continued firm1 his thoughts clear2 once only when he spoke of his mother he became agitated2 but he often inquired after the safety of his friends and the officers of his staff1 and he did not even in this moment forget to recommend those whose merit had given them claims to promotion4 ,when life was nearly extinct1 with an unsubdued spirit1 as if anticipating the baseness of his posthumous calumniators1 he exclaimed1 ,i hope the people of ,england will be satisfied6 ,i hope my country will do me justice6 ,in a few minutes afterwards he died2 and his corpse1 wrapped in a military cloak1 was interred by the officers of his staff1 in the citadel of ,corunna4 ,the guns of the enemy paid his funeral honours1 and ,soult1 with a noble feeling of respect for his valour1 raised a monument to his memory on the field of battle4 ,,napier4 ,note3,battle of ,corunna4 ,the ,french army having proclaimed ,joseph ,buonaparte1 ,king of ,spain1 the ,spanish people rose as one man in protest1 and sought and obtained the aid of ,england4 ,the ,english armies were at first driven back by ,napoleon2 but the force under ,sir ,john ,moore saved its honour in the fight before ,corunna1 #afth ,january1 #ahji1 which enabled it to embark in safety4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,battle ,,of ,,albuera4 ,the fourth division was composed of two brigades3 one of ,portuguese under ,general ,harvey2 the other1 under ,sir ,william ,myers1 consisting of the seventh and twenty-third regiments1 was called the ,fusilier ,brigade2 ,harvey's ,portuguese were immediately pushed in between ,lumley's dragoons and the hill1 where they were charged by some ,french cavalry1 whom they beat off1 and meantime ,cole led his fusiliers up the contested height4 ,at this time six guns were in the enemy's possession1 the whole of ,werle's reserves were coming forward to reinforce the front column of the ,french1 the remnant of ,houghton's brigade could no longer maintain its ground1 the field was heaped with carcasses1 the lancers were riding furiously about the captured artillery on the upper parts of the hill1 and behind all1 ,hamilton's ,portuguese and ,alten's ,germans1 now withdrawing from the bridge1 seemed to be in full retreat4 ,soon1 however1 ,cole's fusiliers1 flanked by a battalion of the ,lusitanian legion under ,colonel ,hawkshawe1 mounted the hill1 drove off the lancers1 recovered five of the captured guns and one colour1 and appeared on the right of ,houghton's brigade1 precisely as ,abercrombie passed it on the left4 ,such a gallant line1 issuing from the midst of the smoke1 and rapidly separating itself from the confused and broken multitude1 startled the enemy's masses1 which were increasing and pressing onwards as to an assured victory2 they wavered1 hesitated1 and then vomiting forth a storm of fire1 hastily endeavoured to enlarge their front1 while a fearful discharge of grape from all their artillery whistled through the ,british ranks4 ,myers was killed1 ,cole and the three colonels1 ,ellis1 ,blakeney1 and ,hawkshawe1 fell wounded1 and the fusilier battalions1 struck by the iron tempest1 reeled and staggered like sinking ships2 but suddenly and sternly recovering1 they closed on their terrible enemies1 and then was seen with what a strength and majesty the ,british soldier fights4 ,in vain did ,soult with voice and gesture animate his ,frenchmen2 in vain did the hardiest veterans break from the crowded columns and sacrifice their lives to gain time for the mass to open out on such a fair field2 in vain did the mass itself bear up1 and1 fiercely striving1 fire indiscriminately upon friends and foes1 while the horsemen1 hovering on the flank1 threatened to charge the advancing line4 ,nothing could stop that astonishing infantry4 ,no sudden burst of undisciplined valour1 no nervous enthusiasm weakened the stability of their order1 their flashing eyes were bent on the dark columns in their front1 their measured tread shook the ground1 their dreadful volleys swept away the head of every formation1 their deafening shouts overpowered the dissonant cries that broke from all parts of the tumultuous crowd1 as slowly and with a horrid carnage it was pushed by the incessant vigour of the attack to the farthest edge of the hill4 ,in vain did the ,french reserves mix with the struggling multitude to sustain the fight2 their efforts only increased the irremediable confusion1 and the mighty mass1 breaking off like a loosened cliff1 went headlong down the steep2 the rain flowed after in streams discoloured with blood1 and eighteen hundred unwounded men1 the remnant of six thousand unconquerable ,british soldiers1 stood triumphant on the fatal hill6 ,,napier4 ,note3 ,battle of ,albuera1 in which the ,english and ,spanish armies won a victory over the ,french under ,marshal ,soult1 on #afth ,may1 #ahaa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,charge ,,of ,,the ,,light ,,brigade ,,at ,,balaklava4 ,the whole brigade scarcely made one efficient regiment according to the number of continental armies2 and yet it was more than we could spare4 ,as they passed towards the front1 the ,russians opened on them from the guns in the redoubt on the right with volleys of musketry and rifles4 ,they swept proudly past1 glittering in the morning sun in all the pride and splendour of war4 ,we could scarcely believe the evidence of our senses6 ,surely that handful of men are not going to charge an army in position8 ,alas6 it was but too true2 their desperate valour knew no bounds1 and far indeed was it removed from its so-called better part--discretion4 ,they advanced in two lines1 quickening their pace as they closed towards the enemy4 ,a more fearful spectacle was never witnessed than by those who1 without the power to aid1 beheld their heroic countrymen rushing to the arms of death4 ,at the distance of twelve hundred yards the whole line of the enemy belched forth1 from thirty iron mouths1 a flood of smoke and flame through which hissed the deadly balls4 ,their flight was marked by instant gaps in our ranks1 by dead men and horses1 by steeds flying wounded or riderless across the plain4 ,the first line is broken1 it is joined by the second2 they never halt or check their speed for an instant2 with diminished ranks1 thinned by those thirty guns1 which the ,russians had laid with the most deadly accuracy1 with a halo of flashing steel above their heads1 and with a cheer which was many a noble fellow's death-cry1 they flew into the smoke of the batteries2 but ere they were lost to view the plain was strewn with their bodies and with the carcasses of horses4 ,they were exposed to an oblique fire from the batteries on the hills on both sides1 as well as to a direct fire of musketry4 ,through the clouds of smoke we could see their sabres flashing as they rode up to the guns and dashed between them1 cutting down the gunners as they stood4 ,we saw them riding through the guns1 as ,i have said3 to our delight we saw them returning1 after breaking through a column of ,russian infantry1 and scattering them like chaff1 when the flank fire of the battery on the hill swept them down1 scattered and broken as they were4 ,wounded men and dismounted troopers flying towards us told the sad tale3 demigods could not have done what we had failed to do4 ,at the very moment when they were about to retreat1 an enormous mass of lancers was hurled on their flank4 ,colonel ,shewell1 of the #hth ,hussars1 saw the danger1 and rode his few men straight at them1 cutting his way through with fearful loss4 ,the other regiments turned and engaged in a desperate encounter4 ,with courage too great almost for credence1 they were breaking their way through the columns which enveloped them1 when there took place an act of atrocity without parallel in the modern warfare of civilised nations4 ,the ,russian gunners1 when the storm of cavalry passed1 returned to their guns4 ,they saw their own cavalry mingled with the troopers who had just ridden over them1 and1 to the eternal disgrace of the ,russian name1 the miscreants poured a murderous volley of grape and canister on the mass of struggling men and horses1 mingling friend and foe in one common ruin4 ,it was as much as our ,heavy ,cavalry ,brigade could do to cover the retreat of the miserable remnants of that band of heroes as they returned to the place they had so lately quitted in all the pride of life4 ,at #aa3ce not a ,british soldier1 except the dead and dying1 was left in front of the ,muscovite guns4 ,the ,times ,correspondent4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,merchant ,,of ,,venice4 ,,scene4--,venice4 ,a ,court of ,justice4 ,enter the ,,duke1 the ,magnificoes1 ,,antonio1 ,,bassanio1 ,,gatiano1 ,,salarino1 ,,salanio1 and others4 ,duke4 ,what1 is ,antonio here8 ,ant4 ,ready1 so please your grace4 ,duke4 ,i am sorry for thee2 thou art come to answer ,a stony adversary1 an inhuman wretch ,uncapable of pity1 void and empty ,from any dram of mercy4 ,ant4 ,i have heard ,your grace hath ta'en great pains to qualify ,his rigorous course2 but since he stands obdurate ,and that no lawful means can carry me ,out of his envy's reach1 ,i do oppose ,my patience to his fury1 and am arm'd ,to suffer1 with a quietness of spirit1 ,the very tyranny and rage of his4 ,duke4 ,go one1 and call the ,jew into the court1 ,salan4 ,he is ready at the door3 he comes1 my lord4 ,enter ,,shylock4 ,duke4 ,make room1 and let him stand before our face4 ,shylock1 the world thinks1 and ,i think so too1 ,that thou but lead'st this fashion of thy malice ,to the last hour of act2 and then 'tis thought ,thou'lt show thy mercy and remorse more strange ,than is thy strange apparent cruelty2 ,and where thou now exact'st the penalty1 7,which is a pound of this poor merchant's flesh71 ,thou wilt not only loose the forfeiture1 ,but1 touch'd with human gentleness and love1 ,forgive a moiety of the principal2 ,glancing an eye of pity on his losses1 ,that have of late so huddled on his back1 ,enow to press a royal merchant down ,and pluck commiseration of his state ,from brassy bosoms and rough hearts of flint1 ,from stubborn ,turks and ,tartars1 never train'd ,to offices of tender courtesy4 ,we all expect a gentle answer1 ,jew4 ,shy4 ,i have possess'd your grace of what ,i purpose2 ,and by our holy ,sabbath have ,i sworn ,to have the due and forfeit of my bond3 ,if you deny it1 let the danger light ,upon your charter and your city's freedom4 ,you'll ask me1 why ,i rather choose to have ,a weight of carrion flesh than to receive ,three thousand ducats2 ,i'll not answer that3 ,but1 say1 it is my humour2 is it answer'd8 99 99 99 99 99 ,bass4 ,this is no answer1 thou unfeeling man1 ,to excuse the current of thy cruelty4 ,shy4 ,i am not bound to please thee with my answer4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ant4 ,i pray you1 think you question with the ,jew3 ,you may as well go stand upon the beach ,and bid the main flood bate his usual height2 ,you may as well use question with the wolf ,why he hath made the ewe bleat for the lamb2 ,you may as well forbid the mountain pines ,to wag their high tops and to make no noise1 ,when they are fretted with the gusts of heaven2 ,you may as well do any thing most hard1 ,as seek to soften that--than which what's harder8-- ,his ,jewish heart3 therefore1 ,i do beseech you1 ,make no more offers1 use no farther means1 ,but with all brief and plain conveniency ,let me have judgment1 and the ,jew his will4 ,bass4 ,for thy three thousand ducats here is six4 ,shy1 ,if every ducat in six thousand ducats ,were in six parts1 and every part a ducat1 ,i would not draw them2 ,i would have my bond4 ,duke4 ,how shalt thou hope for mercy1 rendering none8 ,shy4 ,what judgment shall ,i dread1 doing no wrong8 ,you have among you many a purchased slave1 ,which1 like your asses and your dogs and mules1 ,you use in abject and in slavish parts1 ,because you bought them3 shall ,i say to you1 ,let them be free1 marry them to your heirs8 ,why sweat they under burthens8 let their beds ,be made as soft as yours1 and let their palates ,be season'd with such viands8 ,you will answer ,the slaves are ours3 so do ,i answer you2 ,the pound of flesh1 which ,i demand of him1 ,is dearly bought2 'tis mine1 and ,i will have it3 ,if you deny me1 fie upon your law6 ,there is no force in the decrees of ,venice3 ,i stand for judgment3 answer2 shall ,i have it8 ,duke4 ,upon my power1 ,i may dismiss this court1 ,unless ,bellario1 a learned doctor1 ,whom ,i have sent for to determine this1 ,come here to-day4 ,salar4 ,my lord1 here stays without ,a messenger with letters from the doctor1 ,new come from ,padua4 ,duke4 ,bring us the letters2 call the messenger4 ,enter ,,nerissa1 dressed like a lawyer's clerk4 ,duke4 ,came you from ,padua1 from ,bellario8 ,ner4 ,from both1 my lord4 ,bellario greets your grace4 ,presenting a letter4 ,bass4 ,why dost thou whet thy knife so earnestly8 ,shy4 ,to cut the forfeiture from that bankrupt there4 ,gra4 ,not on thy sole1 but on thy soul1 harsh ,jew1 ,thou mak'st thy knife keen2 but no metal can1 ,no1 not the hangman's axe1 bear half the keenness ,of thy sharp envy4 ,can no prayers pierce thee8 ,shy4 ,no1 none that thou hast wit enough to make4 99 99 99 99 99 ,duke4 ,this letter from ,bellario doth commend ,a young and learned doctor to our court3-- ,where is he8 ,ner4 ,he attendeth here hard by1 ,to know your answer1 whether you'll admit him4 ,duke4 ,with all my heart4 ,some three or four of you1 ,go give him courteous conduct to this place4 99 99 99 99 99 ,enter ,,portia1 dressed like a doctor of laws4 ,duke4 ,give me your hand4 ,came you from old ,bellario8 ,por4 ,i did1 my lord4 ,duke4 ,you are welcome3 take your place4 ,are you acquainted with the difference ,that holds this present question in the court8 ,por4 ,i am informed thoroughly of the cause4 ,which is the merchant here1 and which the ,jew8 ,duke4 ,antonio and old ,shylock1 both stand forth4 ,por4 ,is your name ,shylock8 ,shy4 ,shylock is my name4 ,por4 ,of a strange nature is the suit you follow2 ,yet in such rule that the ,venetian law ,cannot impugn you as you do proceed4 ,you stand within his danger1 do you not8 ,ant4 ,ay1 so he says4 ,por4 ,do you confess the bond8 ,ant4 ,i do4 ,por4 ,then must the ,jew be merciful4 ,shy4 ,on what compulsion must ,i8 tell me that4 ,por4 ,the quality of mercy is not strain'd2 ,it droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven ,upon the place beneath3 it is twice blest2 ,it blesseth him that gives and him that takes3 ',tis mightiest in the mightiest3 it becomes ,the throned monarch better than his crown2 ,his sceptre shows the force of temporal power1 ,the attribute to awe and majesty1 ,wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kings2 ,but mercy is above this scepter'd sway2 ,it is enthroned in the hearts of kings1 ,it is an attribute to ,god himself3 ,and earthly power doth then show likest ,god's ,when mercy seasons justice4 ,therefore1 ,jew1 ,though justice be thy plea1 consider this1 ,that1 in the course of justice1 none of us ,should see salvation3 we do pray for mercy2 ,and that same prayer doth teach us all to render ,the deeds of mercy4 ,i have spoke thus much ,to mitigate the justice of thy plea2 ,which if thou follow1 this strict court of ,venice ,must needs give sentence 'gainst the merchant there4 ,shy4 ,my deeds upon my head6 ,i crave the law1 ,the penalty and forfeit of my bond4 ,por4 ,is he not able to discharge the money8 ,bass4 ,yes1 here ,i tender it for him in the court2 ,yea1 twice the sum3 if that will not suffice2 ,i will be bound to pay it ten times o'er1 ,on forfeit of my hands1 my head1 my heart3 ,if this will not suffice1 it must appear ,that malice bears down truth4 ,and ,i beseech you1 ,wrest once the law to your authority3 ,to do a great right1 do a little wrong1 ,and curb this cruel devil of his will4 ,por4 ,it must not be2 there is no power in ,venice ,can alter a decree established3 ',twill be recorded for a precedent1 ,and many an error1 by the same example1 ,will rush into the state3 it cannot be4 ,shy4 ,a ,daniel come to judgment6 yea1 a ,daniel6 ,o wise young judge1 how do ,i honour thee6 ,por4 ,i pray you1 let me look upon the bond4 ,shy4 ,here 'tis1 most reverend doctor1 here it is4 ,por4 ,shylock1 there's thrice thy money offer'd thee4 ,shy4 ,an oath1 an oath1 ,i have an oath in heaven3 ,shall ,i lay perjury upon my soul8 ,no1 not for ,venice4 ,por4 ,why1 this bond is forfeit2 ,and lawfully by this the ,jew may claim ,a pound of flesh1 to be by him cut off ,nearest the merchant's heart4 ,be merciful3 ,take thrice thy money2 bid me tear the bond4 ,shy4 ,when it is paid according to the tenour4 ,it doth appear you are a worthy judge2 ,you know the law1 your exposition ,hath been most sound3 ,i charge you by the law1 ,whereof you are a well-deserving pillar1 ,proceed to judgment3 by my soul ,i swear ,there is no power in the tongue of man ,to alter me3 ,i stay here on my bond4 ,ant4 ,most heartily ,i do beseech the court ,to give the judgment4 ,por4 ,why then1 thus it is3 ,you must prepare your bosom for his knife4 ,shy4 ,o noble judge6 ,o excellent young man6 ,por4 ,for the intent and purpose of the law ,hath full relation to the penalty1 ,which here appeareth due upon the bond4 ,shy4 ',tis very true3 ,o wise and upright judge6 ,how much more elder art thou than thy looks6 ,por4 ,therefore lay bare your bosom4 ,shy4 ,ay1 his breast3 ,so says the bond2 doth it not1 noble judge8 ,nearest his heart3 those are the very words4 ,por4 ,it is so4 ,are there balance here to weigh ,the flesh8 ,shy4 ,i have them ready4 ,por4 ,have by some surgeon1 ,shylock1 on your charge1 ,to stop his wounds1 lest he do bleed to death4 ,shy4 ,is it so nominated in the bond8 ,por4 ,it is not so express'd3 but what of that8 ',twere good you do so much for charity4 ,shy4 ,i cannot find it2 'tis not in the bond4 ,por4 ,come1 merchant1 have you anything to say8 ,ant4 ,but little3 ,i am arm'd and well prepared4 ,give me your hand1 ,bassanio3 fare you well6 ,grieve not that ,i am fallen to this for you2 ,for herein ,fortune shows herself more kind ,than is her custom3 it is still her use ,to let the wretched man outlive his wealth1 ,to view with hollow eye and wrinkled brow ,an age of poverty2 from which lingering penance ,of such a misery doth she cut me off4 ,commend me to your honourable wife3 ,tell her the process of ,antonio's end2 ,say how ,i loved you1 speak me fair in death4 99 99 99 99 99 ,shy4 ,we trifle time3 ,i pray thee1 pursue sentence4 ,por4 ,a pound of that same merchant's flesh is thine3 ,the court awards it1 and the law doth give it4 ,shy4 ,most rightful judge6 ,por4 ,and you must cut this flesh from off his breast3 ,the law allows it1 and the court awards it4 ,shy4 ,most learned judge6 ,a sentence2 come1 prepare4 ,por4 ,tarry a little2 there is something else4 ,this bond doth give thee here no jot of blood2 ,the words expressly are a pound of flesh3 ,take then thy bond1 take thou thy pound of flesh2 ,but1 in the cutting it1 if thou dost shed ,one drop of ,christian blood1 thy lands and goods ,are1 by the laws of ,venice1 confiscate ,unto the state of ,venice4 ,gra4 ,o upright judge6 ,mark1 ,jew3 ,o learned judge6 ,shy4 ,is that the law8 ,por4 ,thyself shalt see the act3 ,for1 as thou urgest justice1 be assured ,thou shalt have justice1 more than thou desirest4 ,gra4 ,o learned judge6 ,mark1 ,jew2 a learned judge6 ,shy4 ,i take this offer1 then2 pay the bond thrice1 ,and let the ,christian go4 ,bass4 ,here is the money4 ,por4 ,soft6 ,the ,jew shall have all justice2 soft6 no haste3 ,he shall have nothing but the penalty4 ,gra4 ,o ,jew6 an upright judge1 a learned judge6 ,por4 ,therefore prepare thee to cut off the flesh4 ,shed thou no blood1 nor cut thou less nor more ,but just a pound of flesh3 if thou cut'st more ,or less than a just pound1 be it but so much ,as makes it light or heavy in the substance1 ,or the division of the twentieth part ,of one poor scruple2 nay1 if the scale do turn ,but in the estimation of a hair1 ,thou diest and all thy goods are confiscate4 ,gra4 ,a second ,daniel1 a ,daniel1 ,jew6 ,now1 infidel1 ,i have thee on the hip4 ,por4 ,why doth the ,jew pause8 take thy forfeiture4 ,shy4 ,give me my principal1 and let me go4 ,bass4 ,i have it ready for thee2 here it is4 ,por4 ,he hath refused it in the open court3 ,he shall have merely justice and his bond4 ,gra4 ,a ,daniel1 still say ,i1 a second ,daniel6 ,i thank thee1 ,jew1 for teaching me that word4 ,shy4 ,shall ,i not have barely my principal8 ,por4 ,thou shalt have nothing but the forfeiture1 ,to be so taken at thy peril1 ,jew4 ,shy4 ,why1 then the devil give him good of it6 ,i'll stay no longer question4 ,por4 ,tarry1 ,jew3 ,the law hath yet another hold on you4 ,it is enacted in the laws of ,venice1 ,if it be proved against an alien1 ,that by direct or indirect attempts ,he seek the life of any citizen1 ,the party 'gainst the which he doth contrive ,shall seize one half his goods2 the other half ,comes to the privy coffer of the state2 ,and the offender's life lies in the mercy ,of the duke only1 'gainst all other voice4 ,in which predicament1 ,i say1 thou stand'st2 ,for it appears1 by manifest proceeding1 ,that indirectly and directly too ,thou hast contrived against the very life ,of the defendant2 and thou hast incurr'd ,the danger formerly by me rehearsed4 ,down1 therefore1 and beg mercy of the duke4 ,gra4 ,beg that thou mayst have leave to hang thyself3 ,and yet1 thy wealth being forfeit to the state1 ,thou hast not left the value of a cord2 ,therefore1 thou must be hang'd at the state's charge4 ,duke4 ,that thou shalt see the difference of our spirit1 ,i pardon thee thy life before thou ask it3 ,for half thy wealth1 it is ,antonio's2 ,the other half comes to the general state1 ,which humbleness may drive unto a fine4 ,por4 ,ay1 for the state1 not for ,antonio4 ,shy4 ,nay1 take my life and all2 pardon not that3 ,you take my house when you do take the prop ,that doth sustain my house2 you take my life ,when you do take the means whereby ,i live4 ,por4 ,what mercy can you render him1 ,antonio8 ,gra4 ,a halter gratis2 nothing else1 for ,god's sake4 ,ant4 ,so please my lord the duke1 and all the court ,to quit the fine for one half of his goods2 ,i am content1 so he will let me have ,the other half in use1 to render it1 ,upon his death1 unto the gentleman ,that lately stole his daughter4 99 99 99 99 99 ,por4 ,art thou contented1 ,jew8 what dost thou say8 ,shy4 ,i am content4 ,,shakespeare4 ,notes3 ,merchant of ,venice4 ,obdurate1 with the second syllable long1 which modern usage makes short4 ,frellen--agitated4 ,a form of participial termination frequently found in ,shakespeare1 as strucken1 c4 ,it is preserved in eaten1 given1 c4 ,within his danger in danger of him4 ,which humbleness may drive unto a fine which with humility on your part may be commuted for a fine4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,il ,,penseroso4 ,hence vain deluding ,joys1 ,the brood of ,folly1 without father bred6 ,how little you bestead1 ,or fill the fixd mind with all your toys6 ,dwell in some idle brain1 ,and fancies fond with gaudy shapes possess1 ,as thick and numberless ,as the gay motes that people the sunbeams4 ,or likest hovering dreams1 ,the fickle pensioners of ,morpheus' train4 ,but hail1 thou ,goddess1 sage and holy6 ,hail1 divinest ,melancholy6 ,whose saintly visage is too bright ,to hit the sense of human sight1 ,and therefore to our weaker view ,o'erlaid with black1 staid ,wisdom's hue3 ,black1 but such as in esteem ,prince ,memnon's sister might beseem ,or that starred ,ethiop queen that strove ,to set her beauty's praise above ,the ,sea-,nymphs1 and their powers offended2 ,yet thou art higher far descended2 ,thee bright-haired ,vesta1 long of yore ,to solitary ,saturn bore2 ,his daughter she2 in ,saturn's reign ,such mixture was not held a stain3 ,oft in glimmering bowers and glades ,he met her1 and in secret shades ,of woody ,ida's inmost grove1 ,while yet there was no fear of ,jove4 ,come1 pensive nun1 devout and pure1 ,sober1 steadfast1 and demure ,all in a robe of darkest grain1 ,flowing with majestic train ,and sable stole of cyprus lawn1 ,over thy decent shoulders drawn4 ,come1 but keep thy wonted state1 ,with even step and musing gait1 ,and looks commrcing with the skies1 ,thy rapt soul sitting in thine eyes2 ,there1 held in holy passion still1 ,forget thyself to marble1 till ,with a sad leaden downward cast1 ,thou fix them on the earth as fast2 ,and join with thee calm ,peace and ,quiet1 ,spare ,fast1 that oft with gods doth diet4 ,and hears the ,muses in a ring ,aye round about ,jove's altar sing2 ,and add to these retird ,leisure1 ,that in trim gardens takes his pleasure2 ,but first1 and chiefest1 with thee bring ,him that yon soars on golden wing1 ,guiding the fiery-wheeld throne1 ,the cherub ,contemplation2 ,and the mute ,silence hist along1 ',less ,philomel will deign a song ,in her sweetest1 saddest plight1 ,smoothing the rugged brow of ,night1 ,while ,cynthia checks her dragon yoke1 ,gently o'er the accustomed oak2 --,sweet bird1 that shunn'st the noise of folly1 ,most musical1 most melancholy2 ,thee1 chauntress1 oft1 the woods among ,i woo1 to hear thy even-song2 ,and missing thee1 ,i walk unseen1 ,on the dry smooth-shaven green1 ,to behold the wandering ,moon1 ,riding near her highest noon1 ,like one that had been led astray ,through the heaven's wide pathless way2 ,and oft1 as if her head she bowed1 ,stooping through a fleecy cloud4 ,oft1 on a plat of rising ground1 ,i hear the far-off ,curfew sound ,over some wide-watered shore1 ,swinging slow with sullen roar4 ,or1 if the air will not permit1 ,some still1 removed place will fit1 ,where glowing embers through the room ,teach light to counterfeit a gloom1 ,far from all resort of mirth1 ,save the cricket on the hearth1 ,or the bellman's drowsy charm1 ,to bless the doors from nightly harm4 ,or let my lamp at midnight hour ,be seen on some high lonely tower1 ,where ,i may oft out-watch the ,bear ,with thrice-great ,hermes1 or unsphere ,the spirit of ,plato1 to unfold ,what worlds1 or what vast regions hold ,the immortal mind1 that hath forsook ,her mansion in this fleshly nook2 ,and of those demons that are found ,in fire air1 flood1 or under ground1 ,whose power hath a true consent ,with planet1 or with element4 ,sometime let gorgeous ,tragedy ,in sceptered pall come sweeping by1 ,presenting ,thebes1 or ,pelops' line1 ,or the tale of ,troy divine1 ,or what 7though rare7 of later age ,ennobled hath the buskined stage4 ,but1 ,o sad ,virgin1 that thy power ,might raise ,musaeus from his bower1 ,or bid the soul of ,orpheus sing ,such notes as1 warbled to the string1 ,drew iron tears down ,pluto's cheek1 ,and made ,hell grant what ,love did seek6 ,or call up him that left half-told ,the story of ,cambuscan bold1 ,of ,camball1 and of ,algarsife1 ,and who had ,canace to wife ,that owned the virtuous ring and glass2 ,and of the wondrous horse of brass ,on which the ,tartar king did ride2 ,and if aught else great bards beside ,in sage and solemn tunes have sung1 ,of tourneys and of trophies hung1 ,of forests and enchantments drear1 ,where more is meant than meets the ear4 ,thus ,night1 oft see me in thy pale career1 ,till civil-suited ,morn appear4 ,not tricked and frounced as she was wont ,with the ,attic ,boy to hunt1 ,but kerchiefed in a comely cloud ,while rocking winds are piping loud1 ,or ushered with a shower still1 ,when the gust hath blown his fill1 ,ending on the rustling leaves1 ,with minute drops from off the eaves4 ,and when the sun begins to fling ,his flaring beams1 me1 ,goddess1 bring ,to archd walks of twilight groves1 ,and shadows brown1 that ,sylvan loves1 ,of pine or monumental oak1 ,where the rude axe1 with heavd stroke1 ,was never heard the nymphs to daunt1 ,or fright them from their hallowed haunt4 ,there in close covert by some brook ,where no profaner eye may look1 ,hide me from ,day's garish eye1 ,while the bee with honeyed thigh1 ,that at her flowery work doth sing1 ,and the waters murmuring1 ,with such concert as they keep1 ,entice the dewy-feathered ,sleep3 ,and let some strange mysterious dream ,wave at his wings in airy stream ,of lively portraiture displayed1 ,softly on my eyelids laid3 ,and as ,i wake sweet music breathe ,above1 about1 or underneath1 ,sent by some spirit to mortals good1 ,or the unseen ,genius of the wood4 ,but let my due feet never fail1 ,to walk the studious cloister's pale1 ,and love the high embowed roof1 ,with antique pillars massy proof1 ,and storied windows richly dight1 ,casting a dim religious light4 ,there let the pealing organ blow1 ,to the full-voiced quire below1 ,in service high1 and anthems clear1 ,as may with sweetness1 through mine ear ,dissolve me into ecstasies1 ,and bring all ,heaven before mine eyes4 ,and may at last my weary age ,find out the peaceful hermitage4 ,the hairy gown and mossy cell ,where ,i may sit and rightly spell ,of every star that heaven doth show1 ,and every herb that sips the dew2 ,till old ,experience do attain ,to something like prophetic strain4 ,these pleasures1 ,melancholy1 give1 ,and ,i with thee will choose to live4 ,,milton4 ,notes3 ,il ,penscioso the thoughtful man4 ,bestead help1 stand in good stead4 ,fond foolish2 its old meaning4 ,pensioners4 ,a word taken from the name of ,elizabeth's body-guard4 ,compare the cowslips tall her pensioners be 7',midsummer ,night's ,dream'74 ,prince ,memnon1 of ,ethiopia1 fairest of warriors1 slain by ,achilles 7,homer's ,odyssey1 ,book xi474 ,his sister was ,hemora4 ,starred ,ethiop ,queen ,cassiope1 wife of ,king ,cepheus1 who was placed among the stars4 ,sea-nymphs ,nereids4 ,vesta1 the ,goddess of the hearth2 here for ,retirement4 ,saturn1 as having introduced1 according to the mythology1 civilization1 here stands for culture4 ,commercing holding communion with4 ,notice the accentuation4 ,forget thyself to marble forget thyself till thou are still and silent as marble4 ,hist along bring along with a hush4 ,hist is connected with hush4 ,philomel the nightingale4 ,cynthia the moon4 ,dragon yoke4 ,compare ,night's swift dragons1 7',midsummer ,night's ,dream'74 ,removed place remote or retired place4 ,compare some removed ground in ',hamlet4' ,nightly by night4 ,sometimes it means every night successively4 ,thrice-great ,hermes1 a translation of ,hermes ,trismegistus1 a fabulous king of ,egypt1 held to be the inventor of ,alchemy and ,astronomy4 ,unsphere1 draw from his sphere or station4 ,the immortal mind4 ,plato treats of the immortality of the soul chiefly in the ,phaedo4 ,the demon1 with ,socrates1 is the attendant genius of an individual2 with ,plato it is more general2 and the assigning the demons to the four elements is a notion of the later ,platonists4 ,sceptered pall royal robe4 ,presenting ,thebes1 c4 ,these lines represent the subjects of tragedies by ,aeschylus1 ,sophocles1 and ,euripides1 the great tragic poets of ,athens4 ,musaeus1 here for some bard of the distant past1 generally4 ,musaeus1 in mythology1 is a bard of ,thrace1 and son of ,orpheus4 ,half-told the story of ,cambuscan bold4 ,the ,squire's ,tale in ,chaucer1 which is broken off in the middle4 ,camball1 ,cambuscan's son4 ,algarsife and ,canac1 his wife and daughter4 ,frounced4 ,used of hair twisted and curled4 ,the ,attic ,boy ,cephalus1 loved by ,eos1 the ,morning4 ,a shower still a soft shower4 ,sylvan ,pan or ,sylvanus4 ,cloister's pale cloister's enclosure4 ,massy proof4 ,massive and proof against the weight above them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,african ,,hospitality4 ,as we approached the town1 ,i was fortunate enough to overtake the fugitive ,kaartans to whose kindness ,i had been so much indebted in my journey through ,bambarra4 ,they readily agreed to introduce me to the ,king2 and we rode together through some marshy ground where1 as ,i was anxiously looking around for the river1 one of them called out1 geo affili 7see the water71 and looking forwards1 ,i saw with infinite pleasure the great object of my mission--the long sought for majestic ,niger1 glittering to the morning sun1 as broad as the ,thames at ,westminster1 and flowing slowly to the eastward4 ,i hastened to the brink1 and having drank of the water1 lifted up my fervent thanks in prayer to the ,great ,ruler of all things1 for having thus far crowned my endeavours with success4 ,the circumstance of the ,niger's flowing towards the east1 and its collateral points1 did not1 however1 excite my surprise2 for although ,i had left ,europe in great hesitation on this subject1 and rather believed that it ran in the contrary direction1 ,i had made such frequent inquiries during my progress concerning this river1 and received from negroes of different nations such clear and decisive assurance that its general course was towards the rising sun1 as scarce left any doubt on my mind2 and more especially as ,i knew that ,major ,houghton had collected similar information in the same manner4 ,i waited more than two hours without having an opportunity of crossing the river2 during which time1 the people who had crossed carried information to ,mansong1 the ,king1 that a white man was waiting for a passage1 and was coming to see him4 ,he immediately sent over one of his chief men1 who informed me that the ,king could not possibly see me until he knew what had brought me into his country2 and that ,i must not presume to cross the river without the ,king's permission4 ,he therefore advised me to lodge at a distant village1 to which he pointed1 for the night2 and said that in the morning he would give me further instructions how to conduct myself4 ,this was very discouraging4 ,however1 as there was no remedy1 ,i set off for the village2 where ,i found1 to my great mortification1 that no person would admit me into his house4 ,i was regarded with astonishment and fear1 and was obliged to sit all day without victuals in the shade of a tree2 and the night threatened to be very uncomfortable1 for the wind rose1 and there was great appearance of a heavy rain2 and the wild beasts are so very numerous in the neighbourhood that ,i should have been under the necessity of climbing up the tree1 and resting among the branches4 ,about sunset1 however1 as ,i was preparing to pass the night in this manner1 and had turned my horse loose that he might graze at liberty1 a woman1 returning from the labours of the field1 stopped to observe me1 and perceiving that ,i was weary and dejected1 inquired into my situation1 which ,i briefly explained to her2 whereupon1 with looks of great compassion1 she took up my saddle and bridle and told me to follow her4 ,having conducted me into her hut1 she lighted up a lamp1 spread a mat on the floor1 and told me ,i might remain there for the night4 ,finding that ,i was very hungry1 she said she would procure me something to eat4 ,she accordingly went out1 and returned in a short time with a very fine fish2 which having caused to be half broiled upon some embers1 she gave me for supper4 ,the rites of hospitality being thus performed towards a stranger in distress1 my worthy benefactress 7pointing to the mat1 and telling me ,i might sleep there without apprehension71 called to the female part of her family1 who had stood gazing on me all the while in fixed astonishment1 to resume their task of spinning cotton1 in which they continued to employ themselves great part of the night4 ,they lightened their labour by songs1 one of which was composed extempore2 for ,i was myself the subject of it4 ,it was sung by one of the young women1 the rest joining in a sort of chorus4 ,the air was sweet and plaintive1 and the words1 literally translated1 were these3--,the winds roared and the rains fell4 ,the white man1 faint and weary1 came and sat our tree4 ,he has no mother to bring him milk1 no wife to grind his corn4 ,chorus--,let us pity the white man2 no mother has he1 etc41 etc4 ,trifling as this recital may appear to the reader1 to a person in my situation the circumstance was affecting in the highest degree4 ,i was oppressed by such unexpected kindness1 and sleep fled from my eyes4 ,in the morning ,i presented my compassionate landlady with two of the four brass buttons which remained on my waistcoat2 the only recompense ,i could make her4 ,,mungo ,,park4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,across ,,the ,,desert ,,of ,,nubia4 ,after a prayer of peace1 we committed ourselves to the ,desert4 ,our party consisted of ,ismael the ,turk1 two ,greek servants besides ,georgis1 who was almost blind and useless1 two ,barbarins1 who took care of the camels1 ,idris1 and a young man a relation of his2 in all nine persons4 ,we were all well armed with blunderbusses1 swords1 pistols1 and double-barrelled guns1 except ,idris and his lad1 who had lances1 the only arms they could use4 ,five or six naked wretches of the ,turcorory joined us at the watering place1 much against my will1 for ,i knew that we should probably be reduced to the disagreeable alternative of either seeing them perish of thirst before our eyes1 or1 by assisting them1 running a great risk of perishing along with them4 ,we left ,gooz on the #ith of ,november1 at noon1 and halted at the little village of ,hassa1 where we filled our water-skins--an operation which occupied a whole day1 as we had to take every means to secure them from leaking or evaporation4 ,while the camels were loading1 ,i bathed myself with infinite pleasure for a long half hour in the ,nile1 and thus took leave of my old acquaintance1 very doubtful if we should ever meet again4 ,we then turned to the north-east1 leaving the ,nile1 and entering into a bare desert of fixed gravel1 without trees1 and of a very disagreeable whitish colour1 mixed with small pieces of white marble1 like alabaster4 ,our camels1 we found1 were too heavily loaded2 but we comforted ourselves with the reflection1 that this fault would be remedied by the daily consumption of our provisions4 ,we had been travelling only two days when our misfortunes began1 from a circumstance we had not attended to4 ,our shoes1 that had long needed repair1 became at last absolutely useless1 and our feet were much inflamed by the burning sand4 ,on the #acth1 we saw1 about a mile to the northwest of us1 ,hambily1 a rock not considerable in size1 but1 from the plain country in which it is situated1 having the appearance of a great tower or castle4 ,south of it were too smaller hills1 forming1 along with it1 landmarks of the utmost consequence to caravans1 because they are too considerable in size to be at any time covered by the moving sands4 ,we alighted on the following day among some acacia trees1 after travelling about twenty miles4 ,we were here at once surprised and terrified by a sight1 surely one of the most magnificent in the world4 ,in that vast expanse of desert1 we saw a number of prodigious pillars of sand at different distances1 at one time moving with great celerity1 at another stalking on with majestic slowness4 ,at intervals we thought they were coming to overwhelm us2 and again they would retreat1 so as to be almost out of sight1 their tops reaching to the very clouds4 ,there the tops often separated from the bodies2 and these1 once disjoined1 dispersed in the air1 and did not appear more4 ,sometimes they were broken near the middle1 as if struck with a large cannon shot4 ,about noon1 they began to advance with considerable swiftness upon us1 the wind being very strong at north4 ,eleven of them ranged alongside of us1 about the distance of three miles4 ,the greatest diameter of the largest appeared to me at that distance as if it would measure ten feet4 ,they retired from us with a wind at ,s4,e41 leaving an impression upon my mind to which ,i can give no name1 though surely one ingredient in it was fear1 with a considerable deal of wonder and astonishment4 ,it was vain to think of flying2 the swiftest horse1 or fastest sailing ship1 could be of no use to carry us out of this danger2 and the full persuasion of this rivetted me to the spot where ,i stood1 and let the camels gain on me so much1 that1 in my state of lameness1 it was with some difficulty ,i could overtake them4 ,the effect this stupendous sight had upon ,idris was to set him to his prayers1 or rather to his charms2 for1 except the names of ,god and ,mahomet1 all the rest of his words were mere gibberish and nonsense4 ,ismael the ,turk violently abused him for not praying in the words of the ,koran1 at the same time maintaining1 with great apparent wisdom1 that nobody had charms to stop these moving sands but the inhabitants of ,arabia ,deserta4 ,from this day subordination1 though it did not entirely cease1 rapidly declined2 all was discontent1 murmuring1 and fear4 ,our water was greatly diminished1 and that terrible death by thirst began to stare us in the face1 owing1 in a great measure1 to our own imprudence4 ,ismael1 who had been left sentinel over the skins of water1 had slept so soundly1 that a ,turcorory had opened one of the skins that had not been touched1 in order to serve himself out of it at his own discretion4 ,i suppose that1 hearing somebody stir1 and fearing detection1 the ,turcorory had withdrawn himself as speedily as possible1 without tying up the month of the girba1 which we found in the morning with scarce a quart of water in it4 ,on the #afth1 our men1 if not gay1 were in better spirits than ,i had seen them since we left ,gooz4 ,the rugged top of ,chiggre was before us1 and we knew that there we would solace ourselves with plenty of good water4 ,as we were advancing1 ,idris suddenly cried out1 ,fall upon your faces1 for here is the simoom6 ,i saw from the southeast a haze come1 in colour like the purple part of the rainbow1 but not so compressed or thick4 ,it did not occupy twenty yards in breadth1 and was about twelve feet high from the ground4 ,it was a kind of blush upon the air1 and moved very rapidly1 for ,i scarce could turn to fall upon the ground1 with my head to the northward1 when ,i felt the heat of its current plainly upon my face4 ,we all lay flat on the ground1 as if dead1 till ,idris told us it was blown over4 ,the meteor or purple haze which ,i saw was indeed past1 but the light air that still blew was of a heat to threaten suffocation4 ,for my part1 ,i found distinctly in my breast that ,i had imbibed a part of it1 nor was ,i free from an asthmatic sensation till ,i had been some months in ,italy1 at the baths of ,poretta1 nearly two years afterwards4 ,this phenomenon of the simoom1 unexpected by us1 though foreseen by ,idris1 caused us all to relapse into our former despondency4 ,it still continued to blow1 so as to exhaust us entirely1 though the blast was so weak as scarcely would have raised a leaf from the ground4 ,towards evening it ceased2 and a cooling breeze came from the north1 blowing five or six minutes at a time1 and then falling calm4 ,we reached ,chiggre that night1 very much fatigued4 ,,bruce',s ,,travels4 ,note3,james ,bruce 7born #agcj1 died #agid71 the ,african traveller2 one of the early explorers of the ,nile4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,shipwreck ,,on ,,the ,,arabian ,,coast4 ,another hour of struggle6 ,it was past midnight1 or thereabout1 and the storm1 instead of abating1 blew stronger and stronger4 ,a passenger1 one of the three on the beam astern1 felt too numb and wearied out to retain his hold by the spar any longer2 he left it1 and swimming with a desperate effort up to the boat1 begged in ,god's name to be taken in4 ,some were for granting his request1 others for denying2 at last two sailors1 moved with pity1 laid hold of his arms where he clung to the boat's side1 and helped him in4 ,we were now thirteen together1 and the boat rode lower down in the water and with more danger than ever3 it was literally a hand's breadth between life and death4 ,soon after another1 ,ibraheem by name1 and also a passenger1 made a similar attempt to gain admittance4 ,to comply would have been sheer madness2 but the poor wretch clung to the gunwale1 and struggled to clamber over1 till the nearest of the crew1 after vainly entreating him to quit hold and return to the beam1 saying1 ,it is your only chance of life1 you must keep to it1 loosened his grasp by main force1 and flung him back into the sea1 where he disappeared for ever4 ,has ,ibraheem reached you8 called out the captain to the sailor now alone astride of the spar4 ,ibraheem is drowned1 came the answer across the waves4 ,is drowned1 all repeated in an undertone1 adding1 and we too shall soon be drowned also4 ,in fact1 such seemed the only probable end of all our endeavours4 ,for the storm redoubled in violence2 the baling could no longer keep up with the rate at which the waves entered2 the boat became waterlogged2 the water poured in hissing on every side3 she was sinking1 and we were yet far out in the open sea4 ,plunge for it6 a second time shouted the captain4 ,plunge who may1 ,i will stay by the boat so long as the boat stays by me1 thought ,i1 and kept my place4 ,yoosef1 fortunately for him1 was lying like a corpse1 past fear or motion2 but four of our party1 one a sailor and the other three passengers1 thinking that all hope of the boat was now over1 and that nothing remained them but the spar1 jumped into the sea4 ,their loss saved the remainder2 the boat lightened and righted for a moment1 the pilot and ,i baled away desperately2 she rose clear once more of the water4 ,those in her were now nine in all--eight men and a boy1 the captain's nephew4 ,meanwhile the sea was running mountains2 and during the paroxysm of struggle1 while the boat pitched heavily1 the cord attached from her stern to the beam snapped asunder4 ,one man was on the spar4 ,yet a minute or so the moonlight showed us the heads of the five survivors as they tried to regain the boat2 had they done it we were all lost2 then a huge wave separated them from us4 ,may ,god have mercy on the poor drowning men6 exclaimed the captain3 their bodies were washed ashore three or four days later4 ,we now remained sole survivors--if1 indeed1 we were to prove so4 ,our men rowed hard1 and the night wore on2 at last the coast came in full view4 ,before us was a high black rock1 jutting out into the foaming sea1 whence it rose sheer like the wall of a fortress2 at some distance on the left a peculiar glimmer and a long white line of breakers assured me of the existence of an even and sandy beach4 ,the three sailors now at the oars1 and the passenger who had taken the place of the fourth1 grown reckless by long toil under the momentary expectation of death1 and longing to see an end anyhow to this protracted misery1 were for pushing the boat on the rocks1 because the nearest land1 and thus having it all over as soon as possible4 ,this would have been certain destruction4 ,the captain and pilot1 well nigh stupefied by what they had undergone1 offered no opposition4 ,i saw that a vigorous effort must be made2 so ,i laid hold of them both1 shook them to arouse their attention1 and bade them take heed to what the rowers were about2 adding that it was sheer suicide1 and that our only hope of life was to bear up for the sandy creek1 which ,i pointed out to them at a short distance4 ,thus awakened from their lethargy1 they started up1 and joined with me in expostulating with the sailors4 ,but the men doggedly answered that they could hold out no more2 that wherever the land was nearest they would make for it1 come what might2 and with this they pulled on straight towards the cliff4 ,the captain hastily thrust the rudder into the pilot's hand1 and springing on one of the sailors1 pushed him from the bench and seized his oar1 while ,i did the same to another on the opposite side2 and we now got the boat's head round towards the bay4 ,the refractory sailors1 ashamed of their own faintheartedness1 begged pardon1 and promised to act henceforth according to our orders4 ,we gave them back their oars1 very glad to see a strife so dangerous1 especially at such a moment1 soon at an end2 and the men pulled for left1 though full half an hour's rowing yet remained between us and the breakers2 and the course which we had to hold was more hazardous than before1 because it laid the boat almost parallel with the sweep of the water3 but half an hour6 yet ,i thought we should never come opposite the desired spot4 ,at last we neared it1 and then a new danger appeared4 ,the first row of breakers1 rolling like a cataract1 was still far off shore1 at least a hundred yards2 and between it and the beach appeared a white yeast of raging waters1 evidently ten or twelve feet deep1 through which1 weary as we all were1 and benumbed with the night-chill and the unceasing splash of the spray over us1 ,i felt it to be very doubtful whether we should have strength to struggle4 ,but there was no avoiding it2 and when we drew near the long white line which glittered like a watchfire in the night1 ,i called out to ,yoosef and the lad1 both of whom lay plunged in deathlike stupor1 to rise and get ready for the hard swim1 now inevitable4 ,they stood up1 the sailors laid aside their oars1 and a moment after the curling wave capsized the boat1 and sent her down as though she had been struck by a cannon-shot1 while we remained to fight for our lives in the sea4 ,confident in my own swimming powers1 but doubtful how far those of ,yoosef might reach1 ,i at once turned to look for him2 and seeing him close by me in the water1 ,i caught hold of him1 telling him to hold fast on1 and ,i would help him to land4 ,but1 with much presence of mind1 he thrust back my grasp1 exclaiming1 ,save yourself6 ,i am a good swimmer2 never fear for me4 ,the captain and the young sailor laid hold of the boy1 the captain's nephew1 one on either side1 and struck out with him for the shore4 ,it was a desperate effort2 every wave overwhelmed us in its burst1 and carried us back in its eddy1 while ,i drank much more salt water than was at all desirable4 ,at last1 after some minutes1 long as hours1 ,i touched land1 and scrambled up the sandy beach as though the avenger of blood had been behind me4 ,one by one the rest came ashore--some stark naked1 having cast off or lost their remaining clothes in the whirling eddies2 others yet retaining some part of their dress4 ,every one looked around to see whether his companions arrived2 and when all nine stood together on the beach1 all cast themselves prostrate on the sands1 to thank ,heaven for a new lease of life granted after much danger and so many comrades lost4 ,w4,g4 ,,palgrave4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,an ,,arabian ,,town4 ,perhaps my readers will not think it loss of time to accompany us on a morning visit to the camp and market1 to the village gardens and wells2 such visits we often paid1 not without interest and pleasure4 ,warm though ,raseem is1 its mornings1 at least at this time of year 7the latter part of ,september71 were delightful4 ,in a pure and mistless sky1 the sun rises over the measureless plain1 while the early breeze is yet cool and invigorating1 a privilege enjoyed almost invariably in ,arabia1 but wanting too often in ,egypt in the west1 and ,india in the east4 ,at this hour we would often thread the streets by which we had first entered the town1 and go betimes to the ,persian camp1 where all was already alive and stirring4 ,here are arranged on the sand1 baskets full of eggs and dates1 flanked by piles of bread and little round cakes of white butter2 bundles of fire-wood are heaped up close by1 and pails of goat's or camel's milk abound2 and amid all these sit rows of countrywomen1 haggling with tall ,persians1 who in broken ,arabic try to beat down the prices1 and generally end by paying only double what they ought4 ,the swaggering1 broad-faced1 ,bagdad camel-drivers1 and ill-looking1 sallow youths stand idle everywhere1 insulting those whom they dare1 and cringing to their betters like slaves4 ,persian gentlemen1 too1 with grand hooked noses1 high caps1 and quaintly-cut dresses of gay patterns1 saunter about1 discussing their grievances1 or quarrelling with each other1 to pass the time1 for1 unlike an ,arab1 a ,persian shows at once whatever ill-humour he may feel1 and has no shame in giving it utterance before whomever may be present2 nor does he1 with the ,arab1 consider patience to be and essential point of politeness and dignity4 ,not a few of the townsmen are here1 chatting or bartering2 and ,bedouins1 switch in hand4 ,if you ask any chance individual among these latter what has brought him hither1 you may be sure beforehand that the word camel1 in one or other of its forms of detail1 will find place in the answer4 ,criers are going up and down the camp with articles of ,persian apparel1 cooking pots1 and ornaments of various descriptions in their hands1 or carrying them off for higher bidding to the town4 ,having made our morning household purchases at the fair1 and the sun being now an hour or more above the horizon1 we think it time to visit the market-place of the town1 which would hardly be open sooner4 ,we re-enter the city gate1 and pass on our way by our house door1 where we leave our bundle of eatables1 and regain the high street of ,berezdah4 ,before long we reach a high arch across the road2 this gate divides the market from the rest of the quarter4 ,we enter4 ,first of all we see a long range of butchers' shops on either side1 thickly hung with flesh of sheep and camel1 and very dirtily kept4 ,were not the air pure and the climate healthy1 the plague would assuredly be endemic here2 but in ,arabia no special harm seems to follow4 ,we hasten on1 and next pass a series of cloth and linen warehouses1 stocked partly with home-manufacture1 but more imported2 ,bagdad cloaks and head-gear1 for instance2 ,syrian shawls and ,egyptian slippers4 ,here markets follow the law general throughout the ,east1 that all shops or stores of the same description should be clustered together2 a system whose advantages on the whole outweigh its inconveniences1 at least for small towns like these1 in the large cities and capitals of ,europe1 greater extent of locality requires evidently a different method of arrangement3 it might be awkward for the inhabitants of ,hyde ,park were no hatters to be found nearer than the ,tower4 ,but what is ,berezdah compared even with a second-rate ,european city8 ,however1 in a crowd1 it yields to none3 the streets at this time of the day are thronged to choking1 and1 to make matters worse1 a huge splay-footed camel every now and then1 heaving from side to side like a lubber-rowed boat1 with a long beam on his back1 menacing the heads of those in the way1 or with two enormous loads of fire-wood1 each as large as himself1 sweeping the road before him of men1 women1 and children1 while the driver1 high perched on the hump1 regards such trifles with supreme indifference1 so long as he brushes his path open4 ,sometimes there is a whole string of these beasts1 the head-rope of each tied to the crupper of his precursor--very uncomfortable passengers when met with at a narrow turning4 ,through such obstacles we have found or made our way1 and are now amid leather and shoemakers' shops1 then among copper and iron-smiths1 till at last we emerge on the central town-square1 not a bad one either1 nor very irregular1 considering that it is in ,raseem4 ,about half one side is taken up by the great mosque1 an edifice nearly two centuries old1 judging by its style and appearance1 but it bears on no part of it either date or inscription4 ,a crack running up one side of the tower bears witness to an earthquake said to have occurred here about thirty years since4 ,another side of the square is formed by an open gallery4 ,in its shade groups of citizens are seated discussing news or business4 ,the central space is occupied by camels and by bales of various goods1 among which the coffee of ,yemen1 henna1 and saffron1 bear a large part4 ,from this square several diverging streets run out1 each containing a market-place for this or that ware1 and all ending in portals dividing them from the ordinary habitations4 ,the vegetable and fruit market is very extensive1 and kept almost exclusively by women2 so are also the shops for grocery and spices4 ,rock-salt of remarkable purity and whiteness1 from ,western ,raseem1 is a common article of sale1 and enormous flakes of it1 often beautifully crystallized1 lay piled up at the shop doors4 ,sometimes a ,persian stood by1 trying his skill at purchase or exchange2 but these pilgrims were in general shy of entering the town1 where1 truly1 they were not in the best repute4 ,well-dressed1 grave-looking townsmen abound1 their yellow wand of lotus-wood in their hands1 and their kerchiefs loosely thrown over their heads4 ,the whole town has an aspect of old but declining prosperity4 ,there are few new houses1 but many falling into ruin4 ,the faces1 too1 of most we meet are serious1 and their voices in an undertone4 ,silk dresses are prohibited by the dominant faction1 and tobacco can only be smoked within doors1 and by stealth4 ,enough of the town3 the streets are narrow1 hot1 and dusty2 the day1 too1 advances2 but the gardens are yet cool4 ,so we dash at a venture through a labyrinth of byways and crossways till we find ourselves in the wide street that runs immediately along but inside the walls4 ,here is a side gate1 but half ruined1 with great folding doors1 and no one to open them4 ,the wall of one of the flanking towers has1 however1 been broken in1 and from thence we hope to find outlet on the gardens outside4 ,we clamber in1 and after mounting a heap of rubbish1 once the foot of a winding staircase1 have before us a window looking right on the gardens4 ,fortunately we are not the first to try this short cut1 and the truant boys of the town have sufficiently enlarged the aperture and piled up stones on the ground outside to render the passage tolerably easy2 we follow the indication1 and in another minute stand in the open air without the walls4 ,the breeze is fresh1 and will continue so till noon4 ,before us are high palm-trees and dark shadows2 the ground is velvet-green with the autumn crop of maize and vetches1 and intersected by a labyrinth of watercourses1 some dry1 others flowing1 for the wells are at work4 ,these wells are much the same throughout ,arabia2 their only diversity is in size and depth1 but their hydraulic machinery is everywhere alike4 ,over the well's month is fixed a crossbeam1 supported high in air on pillars of wood or stone on either side1 and on this beam are from three to six small wheels1 over which pass the ropes of as many large leather buckets1 each containing nearly twice the ordinary ,english measure4 ,these are let down into the depth1 and then drawn up again by camels or asses1 who pace slowly backwards or forwards on an inclined plane leading from the edge of the well itself to a pit prolonged for some distance4 ,when the buckets rise to the verge1 they tilt over and pour out their contents by a broad channel into a reservoir hard by1 from which part the watercourses that irrigate the garden4 ,the supply thus obtained is necessarily discontinuous1 and much inferior to what a little more skill in mechanism affords in ,egypt and ,syria2 while the awkward shaping and not unfrequently the ragged condition of the buckets themselves causes half the liquid to fall back into the well before it reaches the brim4 ,the creaking1 singing noise of the wheels1 the rush of water as the buckets attain their turning-point1 the unceasing splash of their overflow dripping back into the source1 all are a message of life and moisture very welcome in this dry and stilly region1 and may be heard far off amid the sandhills1 a first intimation to the sun-scorched traveller of his approach to a cooler resting-place4 ,w4,g4 ,,palgrave4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,courtesy4 ,what virtue is so fitting for a knight1 ,or for a lady whom a knight should love1 ,as courtesy2 to bear themselves aright ,to all of each degree as doth behove8 ,for whether they be placd high above ,or low beneath1 yet ought they well to know ,their good3 that none them rightly may reprove ,of rudeness for not yielding what they owe3 ,great skill it is such duties timely to bestow4 ,thereto great help ,dame ,nature's self doth lend3 ,for some so goodly gracious are by kind1 ,that every action doth them much commend2 ,and in the eyes of men great liking find1 ,which others that have greater skill in mind1 ,though they enforce themselves1 cannot attain2 ,for everything to which one is inclined ,doth best become and greatest grace doth gain2 ,yet praise likewise deserve good thewes enforced with pain4 ,,spenser4 ,notes3 ,edmund ,spenser 7born #aeeb1 died #aeii71 the poet who1 in ,elizabeth's reign1 revived the poetry of ,england1 which since ,chaucer's day1 two centuries before1 had been flagging4 ,gracious are by kind1 i4e41 by nature4 ,kind properly means nature4 ,good thewes good manners or virtues4 ,as thew passes into the meaning muscle1 so virtue 7from vis1 strength7 originally means manlike valour4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,quest ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,grail4 ,then the ,king and all estates went home unto ,camelot1 and so went to evensong to the great minster4 ,and so after upon that to supper1 and every knight sat in his own place as they were toforehand4 ,then anon they heard cracking and crying of thunder1 that them thought the place should all to-drive4 ,in the midst of this blast entered a sunbeam more clearer by seven times than ever they saw day1 and all they were alighted of the grace of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,then began every knight to behold other1 and either saw other by their seeming fairer than ever they saw afore4 ,not for then there was no knight might speak one word a great while1 and so they looked every man on other1 as they had been dumb4 ,then there entered into the hall the ,holy ,grail1 covered with white samite1 but there was none might see it1 nor who bare it4 ,and there was all the hall full filled with good odours1 and every knight had such meats and drinks as he best loved in this world2 and when the ,holy ,grail had been borne through the hall1 then the holy vessel departed suddenly1 that they wist not where it became4 ,then had they all breath to speak4 ,and then the ,king yielded thankings unto ,god of ,his good grace that ,he had sent them4 ,certes1 said the ,king1 we ought to thank our ,lord ,jesu greatly1 for that he hath shewed us this day at the reverence of this high feast of ,pentecost4 ,now1 said ,sir ,gawaine1 we have been served this day of what meats and drinks we thought on1 but one thing beguiled us3 we might not see the ,holy ,grail1 it was so preciously covered2 wherefore ,i will make here avow1 that to-morn1 without longer abiding1 ,i shall labour in the quest of the ,sancgreal1 that ,i shall hold me out a twelvemonth and a day1 or more if need be1 and never shall ,i return again unto the court till ,i have seen it more openly than it hath been seen here2 and if ,i may not speed1 ,i shall return again as he that may not be against the will of our ,lord ,jesu ,christ4 ,when they of the ,table ,round heard ,sir ,gawaine say so1 they arose up the most party1 and made such avows as ,sir ,gawaine had made4 ,anon as ,king ,arthur heard this he was greatly displeased1 for he wist well that they might not again say their avows4 ,alas6 said ,king ,arthur unto ,sir ,gawaine1 ye have nigh slain me with the avow and promise that ye have made4 ,for through you ye have bereft me of the fairest fellowship and the truest of knighthood that ever were seen together in any realm of the world4 ,for when they depart from hence1 ,i am sure they all shall never meet more in this world1 for they shall die many in the quest4 ,and so it forethinketh me a little1 for ,i have loved them as well as my life1 wherefore it shall grieve me right sore the departition of this fellowship4 ,for ,i have had an old custom to have them in my fellowship4 ,and therewith the tears filled in his eyes4 ,and then he said1 ,gawaine1 ,gawaine1 ye have set me in great sorrow4 ,for ,i have great doubt that my true fellowship shall never meet here again4 ,ah1 said ,sir ,launcelot1 comfort yourself1 for it shall be unto us as a great honour1 and much more than if we died in any other places1 for of death we be sure4 ,ah1 ,launcelot1 said the ,king1 the great love that ,i have had unto you all the days of my life maketh me to say such doleful words2 for never ,christian king had never so many worthy men at this table as ,i have had this day at the ,round ,table1 and that is my great sorrow4 ,when the queen1 ladies1 and gentlewomen wist these tidings1 they had such sorrow and heaviness that there might no tongue tell it1 for those knights had holden them in honour and charity4 ,and when all were armed1 save their shields and their helms1 then they came to their fellowship1 which all were ready in the same wise for to go to the minster to hear their service4 ,then1 after the service was done1 the ,king would wit how many had taken the quest of the ,holy ,grail1 and to account them he prayed them all4 ,then found they by tale an hundred and fifty1 and all were knights of the ,round ,table4 ,and then they put on their helms and departed1 and recommended them all wholly unto the queen1 and there was weeping and great sorrow4 ,and so they mounted upon their horses and rode through the streets of ,camelot1 and there was weeping of the rich and poor1 and the ,king turned away1 and might not speak for weeping4 ,so within a while they came to a city and a castle that hight ,vagon4 ,there they entered into the castle1 and the lord of that castle was an old man that hight ,vagon1 and he was a good man of his living1 and set open the gates1 and made them all the good cheer that he might4 ,and so on the morrow they were all accorded that they should depart every each from other4 ,and then they departed on the morrow with weeping and mourning cheer1 and every knight took the way that him best liked4 ,,sir ,,thomas ,,malory4 ,notes3 ,the ,quest of the ,holy ,grail4 ,this is taken from the ',mort d',arthur1' written about the end of the fifteenth century by ,sir ,thomas ,malory1 and one of the first books printed in ,england by ,caxton4 ,king ,arthur was at the head and centre of the company of ,knights of the ,table ,bound4 ,the ,holy ,grail1 or the ,sangreal1 was the dish said to have held the ,paschal lamb at the ,last ,supper1 and to have been possessed by ,joseph of ,arimathea4 ,notice throughout this piece the archaic phrases used4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,visit ,,to ,,sir ,,roger ,,de ,,coverley',s ,,country ,,seat4 ,having often received an invitation from my friend ,sir ,roger de ,coverley to pass away a month with him in the country1 ,i last week accompanied him thither1 and am settled with him for some time at his country-house1 where ,i intend to form several of my ensuing speculations4 ,sir ,roger1 who is very well acquainted with my humour1 lets me rise and go to bed when ,i please1 dine at his own table or in my own chamber1 as ,i think fit1 sit still and say nothing without bidding me be merry4 ,i am the more at ease in ,sir ,roger's family1 because it consists of sober and staid persons2 for1 as the knight is the best master in the world1 he seldom changes his servants2 and as he is beloved by all about1 his servants never care for leaving him2 by this means his domestics are all in years1 and grown old with their master4 ,you would take his valet de chambre for his brother2 his butler is grey-headed1 his groom is one of the gravest men that ,i have ever seen1 and his coachman has the looks of a ,privy ,counsellor4 ,you see the goodness of the master even in the old house-dog1 and in a grey pad that is kept in the stable with great care and tenderness1 out of regard for his past services1 though he has been useless for several years4 ,i could not but observe1 with a great deal of pleasure1 the joy that appeared in the countenance of these ancient domestics upon my friend's arrival at his country-seat4 ,some of them could not refrain from tears at the sight of their old master2 every one of them pressed forward to do something for him1 and seemed discouraged if they were not employed4 ,at the same time the good old knight1 with a mixture of a father and the master of the family1 tempered the inquiries after his own affairs with several kind questions about themselves4 ,this humanity and good-nature engages everybody to him1 so that when he is pleasant upon any of them1 all his family are in good-humour1 and none so much as the person he diverts himself with4 ,on the contrary1 if he coughs1 or betrays any infirmity of old age1 it is easy for a stander-by to observe a secret concern in the looks of all his servants4 ,my chief companion1 when ,sir ,roger is diverting himself in the woods or the fields1 is a very venerable man who is ever with ,sir ,roger1 and has lived at his house in the nature of a chaplain above thirty years4 ,this gentleman is a person of good sense and some learning2 of a very regular life and obliging conversation3 he heartily loves ,sir ,roger1 and knows that he is very much in the old knight's esteem1 so that he lives in the family rather as a relation than a dependent4 ,i have observed in several of my papers1 that my friend ,sir ,roger1 amidst all his good qualities1 is something of a humorist2 and that his virtues1 as well as imperfections1 are1 as it were1 tinged by a certain extravagance which makes them particularly his1 and distinguishes them from those of other men4 ,this cast of mind1 as it is generally very innocent in itself1 so it renders his conversation highly agreeable1 and more delightful than the same degree of sense and virtue would appear in their common and ordinary colours4 ,as ,i was walking with him last night1 he asked me how ,i liked the good man ,i have just now mentioned8 ,and without staying for an answer1 told me1 ,that he was afraid of being insulted with ,latin and ,greek at his own table2 for which reason he desired a particular friend of his at the ,university to find him out a clergyman rather of plain sense than much learning2 of a good aspect1 a clear voice1 a sociable temper1 and1 if possible1 a man that understood a little of backgammon4 ,my friend1 says ,sir ,roger1 found me out this gentleman1 who1 besides the endowments required of him1 is1 they tell me1 a good scholar1 though he does not show it4 ,i have given him the parsonage of the parish2 and1 because ,i know his value1 have settled upon him a good annuity for life4 ,if he outlives me1 he shall find that he was higher in my esteem than perhaps he thinks he is4 ,he has now been with me thirty years1 and though he does not know ,i have taken notice of it1 has never in all that time asked anything of me for himself1 though he is every day soliciting me for something in behalf of one or other of my tenants1 his parishioners4 ,there has not been a law-suit in the parish since he has lived among them3 if any dispute arises1 they apply themselves to him for the decision2 if they do not acquiesce in his judgment1 which ,i think never happened above once or twice1 at most1 they appeal to me4 ,at his first settling with me1 ,i made him a present of all the good sermons that have been printed in ,english1 and only begged of him that every ,sunday he would pronounce one of them in the pulpit4 ,accordingly1 he has digested them into such a series1 that they follow one another naturally1 and make a continued series of practical divinity4 ,,addison4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,dead ,,ass4 ,and this1 said he1 putting the remains of a crust into his wallet1 and this should have been thy portion1 said he1 hadst thou been alive to have shared it with me4 ,i thought by the accent it had been an apostrophe to his child2 but 'twas to his ass1 and to the very ass we had seen dead on the road4 ,the man seemed to lament it much2 and it instantly brought into my mind ,sancho's lamentation for his2 but he did it with more true touches of nature4 ,the mourner was sitting on a stone bench at the door1 with the ass's pannel and its bridle on one side1 which he took up from time to time--then laid them down--looked at them--and shook his head4 ,he then took his crust of bread out of his wallet again1 as if to eat it2 held it some time in his hand--then laid it upon the bit of his ass's bridle--looked wistfully at the little arrangement he had made--and then gave a sigh4 ,the simplicity of his grief drew numbers about him1 and ,la ,fleur among the rest1 whilst the horses were getting ready2 as ,i continued sitting in the postchaise1 ,i could see and hear over their heads4 ,he said he had come last from ,spain1 where he had been from the farthest borders of ,franconia2 and he had got so far on his return home1 when his ass died4 ,every one seemed desirous to know what business could have taken so old and poor a man so far a journey from his own home4 ,it had pleased heaven1 he said1 to bless him with three sons1 the finest lads in all ,germany2 but having in one week lost two of them by the small-pox1 and the youngest falling ill of the same distemper1 he was afraid of being bereft of them all2 and made a vow1 if ,heaven would not take him from him also1 he would go in gratitude to ,st4 ,iago1 in ,spain4 ,when the mourner got thus far on his story1 he stopped to pay nature her tribute1 and wept bitterly4 ,he said ,heaven had accepted the conditions1 and that he had set out from his cottage1 with this poor creature1 who had been a patient partner of his journey--that it had eat the same bread with him all the way1 and was unto him as a friend4 ,everybody who stood about heard the poor fellow with concern4 ,la ,fleur offered him money2 the mourner said he did not want it2 it was not the value of the ass1 but the loss of him4 ,the ass1 he said1 he was assured1 loved him2 and upon this1 told them a long story of a mischance upon their passage over the ,pyrenean mountains1 which had separated them from each other three days2 during which time the ass had sought him as much as he had sought the ass1 and they had neither scarce eat or drank till they met4 ,thou hast one comfort1 friend1 said ,i1 at least in the loss of the poor beast2 ,i'm sure thou hast been a merciful master to him4 ,alas6 said the mourner1 ,i thought so when he was alive2 but now he is dead ,i think otherwise4 ,i fear the weight of myself and my afflictions together have been too much for him--they have shortened the poor creature's days1 and ,i fear ,i have them to answer for4 ,shame on the world6 said ,i to myself4 ,did we love each other as this poor soul but loved his ass1 'twould be something4 ,,sterne4