,,r\gh ,,& ,,tumble ,,eng9e]+ ,by ,james ,h4 ,magg>d ,,preface ,9 plac+ ?is book be=e ! public ! au?or wi%es x und]/ood t x is n 8 int5tion to produce a sci5tific "w on eng9e]+4 ,su* a book w\ld be valuable only to eng9e]s ( l>ge /ation>y eng9es4 ,9 a nice eng9e room nice !ories & sci5tific calculations are practical4 ,?is book is int5d$ = eng9e]s ( f>m & traction eng9es1 r\gh & tumble eng9e]s1 :o h ev]y?+ 9 _! favor today1 & tomorr[ are 9 mud holes1 :o ) ! same eng9e d eight horse "w "o day & sixte5 horse "w ! next day4 ,read]1 ! au?or has _h all ^! exp]i5ces & y w h !m1 b don't get disc\rag$4 ,y c get ?r\gh !m to y\r entire satisfaction4 ,don't conclude t all y are to d is to read ?is book4 ,x w n make an eng9e] ( y4 ,b read x c>efully1 use good judgm5t & common s5se1 d z x tells y1 & my ^w = x1 9 "o mon?1 y1 = all practical purposes1 w be a bett] eng9e] ?an f\r-fif?s ( ! s-call$ eng9e]s today1 :o ?9k :at !y don't "k w\ld n make mu* ( a book4 ,don't deceive y\rself ) ! idea t :at y get out ( ?is w be m]ely book le>n+4 ,:at is said 9 ?is w be pla91 unv>ni%$1 practical facts4 ,x is n ! au?or's int5tion to use any sci5tific t]ms1 b pla91 ev]yday field t]ms4 ,!re w be a numb] ( ?+s y w n f9d 9 ?is book1 b no?+ w be left out t w\ld be ( practical value to y4 ,y w n f9d any geometrical figures made up ( circles1 curves1 angles1 lett]s & figures 9 a va9 ef=t to make y und]/& ! pr9ciple ( an ecc5tric4 ,:ile x is all v nice to "k ^! ?+s1 x is n necess>y1 & ! putt+ ( !m 9 ?is book w\ld defeat ! v object = :i* x 0 int5d$4 ,be cont5t ) be+ a good1 practical1 ev]yday eng9e]1 & all ^! ?+s w come 9 "t4 ,,introductory ,if y h n read ! preface on ! prec$+ pages1 turn back & read x4 ,y w see t we h /at$ !re t we w use no sci5tific t]ms1 b pla9 e day talk4 ,x is presum$ by u t !re w be m "y m51 wi%+ to become good eng9e]s1 read ?is "w ?an old eng9e]s4 ,we w1 !re=e1 be all ! m pla9 & say z little z possible t w t5d to confuse ! le>n]1 & :at we d say w be said 9 ! same language t we w\ld use if we 7 9 ! field1 in/ruct+ y h[ to h&le y\r eng9e4 ,s if ! m exp]i5c$ eng9e] ?9ks we might h gone fur!r 9 "s c]ta9 po9ts1 he w please rememb] t by s do+ we might confuse ! less exp]i5c$1 & !reby cov] up ! v po9t we tri$ to make4 ,& yet x is n to be suppos$ t we w endeavor to make an eng9e] out ( a man :o nev] saw an eng9e4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n necess>y to tell ! le>n] h[ an eng9e is made or :at x looks l4 ,we are n try+ to tea* y h[ to build an eng9e1 b r h[ to h&le "o aft] x is built2 h[ to "k :5 x is 9 prop] %ape & h[ to let x alone :5 x is 9 %ape4 ,we w suppose t y already "k z mu* z an ord9>y wat] boy1 & j "h we w say t we h se5 wat] haul]s t 7 m capable ( h&l+ ! eng9e = :i* !y 7 haul+ wat]1 ?an ! eng9e]1 & ! eng9e] w\ld n h made a good wat] boy1 = ! reason t he 0 lazy1 & we want ! read] to /ick a p9 "h1 & if he has any symptoms ( t compla9t1 don't und]take to run an eng9e1 = a lazy eng9e] w spoil a good eng9e1 if by no o!r means ?an gett+ x 9 ! habit ( loaf+4 ,,"p ,,fir/ ,9 ord] to get ! le>n] />t$1 x is reasonable to suppose t ! eng9e he is to run is 9 good runn+ ord]4 ,x w\ld n be fair to put ! gre5 boy onto an old dilapidat$1 worn-out eng9e1 = he might h to le>n too fa/1 9 ord] to get ! eng9e runn+ 9 good %ape4 ,he might h to le>n s fa/ t he w\ld get ! big head1 or h no head at all1 by ! "t he got ?r\gh ) x4 ,& ,i don't "k b t a boy )\t a head is ab\t z good z an eng9e] ) ! big head4 ,we w1 !re=e1 suppose t 8 eng9e is 9 good runn+ ord]4 ,by good runn+ ord] we mean t x is all !re1 & 9 its prop] place1 & t ) f t5 to tw5ty p\nds ( /eam1 ! eng9e w />t (f at a good lively pace4 ,& let u say "h1 7rememb] t we are talk+ ( ! lone eng9e1 no load consid]$17 t if y are />t+ a new eng9e & x />ts (f nice & easy ) tw5ty p\nds1 y c make up y\r m9d t y h an eng9e t is go+ to be nice to h&le & give y b little1 if any1 tr\ble4 ,b if x %\ld require fifty or sixty p\nds to />t x1 y want to keep y\r eyes op51 some?+ is tight2 b don't take x to pieces4 ,y might get m pieces ?an y w\ld "k :at to d )4 ,oil ! be>+s freely & put y\r eng9e 9 motion & run x c>efully = a :ile & see if y don't f9d some?+ gett+ w>m4 ,if y d1 /op & loos5 up a v little & />t x up aga94 ,if x /ill heats1 loos5 ab\t ! same z be=e1 & y w f9d t x w soon be all "r4 ,b rememb] to loos5 b v little at a "t1 = a box or j\rnal w heat f be+ too loose z quickly z f be+ too tight1 & y w make tr\ble = y\rself1 =1 inexp]i5c$ z y are1 y don't "k :e!r x is too loose or too tight1 & if y h f\nd a w>m box1 don't let t box take all ( y\r att5tion1 b keep an eye on all o!r be>+s4 ,rememb] t we are n ?re%+ yet1 we j run ! eng9e out ( %$1 7& = ! sake ( ! eng9e & ! "y eng9e]1 we hope t x did n /& out all w9t]7 & are gett+ 9 %ape = a good fall's run4 ,9 ! meantime1 to f9d out if any?+ heats1 y c try y\r pumps1 b to help y along1 we w suppose t y\r pump1 or injector1 z ! case may be1 works all "r4 ,n[ suppose we g back :]e we />t$ ?is new eng9e t 0 sl[ to />t ) less ?an fifty p\nds1 & :5 x did />t1 we wat*$ x c>efully & f\nd aft] oil+ ?or\ghly t no?+ heat$ z f> z we c\ld see4 ,s we conclude t ! tr\ble mu/ be 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,well1 :at next8 ,mu/ we take (f ! cyl9d] head & look = ! tr\ble8 ,oh1 no1 n by any means4 ,! tr\ble is n s]i\s4 ,! r+s are a little tight1 :i* is no s]i\s fault4 ,keep !m well oil$ & 9 a day or two t5 p\nds w />t ! empty eng9e 9 good %ape4 ,if y are />t+ an eng9e t has be5 run1 ! above in/ructions are n necess>y1 b if x is a new "o ^! precautions are n out ( ! way1 & a great deal ( ! tr\ble caus$ 9 />t+ a new eng9e1 c be avoid$ if ^! precautions are obs]v$4 ,x is n uncommon = a hot box to be caus$ f a coal c9d] dropp+ 9 ! box 9 %ipm5t1 & be=e />t+ a new eng9e1 clean out ! boxes ?or\ghly1 :i* c be done by tak+ (f ! caps1 or top box1 & wip+ ! j\rnal clean ) an oily rag or wa/e1 & e eng9e] %\ld supply himself ) ?is v necess>y article1 especially if he is ! k9d ( an eng9e] :o int5ds to keep 8 eng9e clean4 ,! eng9e %\ld be run sl[ly & c>efully = a :ile1 to give a *ance to f9d out if any?+ is go+ to heat1 be=e putt+ on any load4 ,n[ if y\r eng9e is all "r1 y c run ! pressure up to ! po9t ( bl[+ (f1 :i* is f "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & t5 p\nds4 ,mo/ new pop valves1 or safety valves1 are set at ?is pressure4 ,i w\ld advise y to fire to ?is po9t1 to see t y\r safety is all "r4 ,x is n uncommon = a new pop to /ick1 & z ! /eam runs up x is well to try x1 by pull+ ! relief lev]4 ,if1 on lett+ x g1 x /ops ! escap+1 /eam at once1 x is all "r4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! /eam cont9ues to escape1 ! valve /icks 9 ! *amb]4 ,usually a slight tap ) a wr5* or a hamm] w /op x at once1 b nev] get excit$ ov] escap+ /eam1 & p]haps "h is z good a place z any to say to y1 don't get excit$ ov] any?+4 ,z long z y h pl5ty ( wat]1 & "k y h1 !re is no dang]4 ,! "y eng9e] w mo/ likely wond] :y we h n said some?+ ab\t ! dang] ( explosions4 ,we did n />t to write ab\t explosions4 ,t is j :at we don't want to h any?+ to d )4 ,b1 y say1 is !re no dang] ( a boil] explod+8 ,yes4 ,b if y wi% to explode y\r boil] y mu/ treat x v diff]5tly f ! way we advise4 ,we h j /at$1 t z long z y h pl5ty ( wat]1 & "k y h1 !re is no dang]4 ,well1 h[ are y to "k8 ,?is is n a difficult ?+ to "k1 provid$ y\r boil] is fitt$ ) ! prop] appliances1 & all build]s ( any prom95ce1 at ?is date1 fit _! boil]s ) f two to f\r try-cocks1 & a glass gauge4 ,! boil] is tapp$ 9 f two to f\r places = ! try-cocks1 ! location ( ! cocks rang+ f a l9e on a level ) ! cr[n %eet1 or top ( fire box1 to eight in*es above1 dep5d+ some:at on ! am\nt ( wat] space above ! cr[n %eet1 z ?is space diff]s v mat]ially 9 diff]5t makes ( ! same siz$ boil]4 ,! boil] is also tapp$ on or ne> ! level ( cr[n %eet1 to receive ! l[] wat] glass cock & directly above ?is1 = ! top cock4 ,! space betwe5 ?is %[s ! safe v>iation ( ! wat]4 ,don't let ! wat] get above ! top ( ! glass1 = if y are runn+ y\r eng9e at h>d "w1 y may knock out a cyl9d] head1 & don't let x get bel[ ! l[] gauge1 or y may get y\r head knock$ (f4 ,n[ ! glass gauge is put on = y\r conv5i5ce1 z y c det]m9e ! location ( ! wat] z correctly by ?is z if y are look+ directly into ! boil]1 provid$1 ! glass gauge is 9 p]fect ord]4 ,b z !re are a numb] ( ways 9 :i* x may become dis>rang$ or unreliable1 we want to impress on y\r m9d t y1 mu/ n dep5d on x entirely4 ,we w give ^! causes fur!r on4 ,y are n only provid$ ) ! glass gauge1 b ) ! try-cocks4 ,^! cocks are locat$ s t ! upp] & l[] cock is on or ne> ! level ) ! l[] & upp] end ( ! glass gauge4 ,) ano!r try-cock ab\t on a level ) ! c5t] ( glass gauge1 or 9 o!r words1 if ! wat] /&s ab\t ! c5t] ( glass x w at ! same "t %[ at ! cock :5 tri$4 ,n[ we w suppose t y\r glass gauge is 9 p]fect condition & ! wat] %[s two in*es 9 ! glass4 ,y n[ try ! l[] cock1 & f9d pl5ty ( wat]2 y w !n try ! next upp] cock & get /eam4 ,n[ z ! l[] cock is locat$ bel[ ! wat] l9e1 %[n by ! glass1 & ! second cock above ?is l9e1 y n only see ! wat] l9e by ! glass1 b y h a way ( prov+ x4 ,%\ld ! wat] be )9 two in*es ( ! top ( glass y aga9 h ! l9e betwe5 two cocks & c also prove x4 ,n[ y c "k = a c]ta9ty1 :]e ! wat] /&s 9 ! boil]1 & we repeat :5 y "k ?is1 !re is no?+ to fe> f ?is s\rce1 & z a prop]ly con/ruct$ boil] nev] explodes1 except f l[ wat] or high pressure1 & z we h already caution$ y ab\t y\r safety valve1 y h no?+ to fe>1 provid$ y h made up y\r m9d to foll[ ^! in/ructions1 & unless y c d ?is1 let y\r job to "o :o c4 ,well1 y say y w d z we h direct$1 we w !n g back to ! gauges4 ,don't dep5d on y\r glass gauge alone1 = sev]al reasons4 ,"o is1 if y dep5d on ! glass entirely1 ! try-cocks become lim$ up & are useless1 solely because !y are n us$4 ,"s "t ago ! writ] 0 /&+ ne> a traction eng9e1 :5 ! eng9e]1 7,i guess ,i mu/ call him t7 ask$ me to /ay ) ! eng9e a few m9utes4 ,i cons5t$4 ,aft] he _h be5 gone a %ort "t ,i ?\ght ,i w\ld look aft] ! wat]4 ,x %[$ ab\t two in*es 9 ! glass1 :i* 0 all "r1 b z ,i h advis$ y1 ,i propos$ to "k t x 0 !re & ?\ght ,i w\ld prove x by try+ ! cocks4 ,b on attempt+ to try !m ,i f\nd !m lim$ up solid4 ,_h ,i be5 hunt+ an eng9e]1 t fell[ w\ld n h secur$ ! job4 ,suppose t be=e ,i _h look$ at ! glass1 x _h bur/$1 :i* x is liable to d any "t4 ,i w\ld h %ut ! gauge cocks (f z soon z possible to /op ! escap+ /eam & wat]4 ,!n ,i w\ld h tri$ ! cocks to f9d :]e ! wat] 0 9 ! boil]4 ,i w\ld h be5 9 a bad boat1 n kn[+ :e!r ,i _h wat] or n4 ,%ortly aft] ?is ! fell[ t 0 help+ ! eng9e run 7,i guess ,i w put x t way7 came back4 ,i ask$ him :at ! tr\ble 0 ) 8 try cocks4 ,he said1 ,oh1 ,i don't bo!r ) !m4 ,i ask$ him :at he w\ld d if 8 glass %\ld break4 ,8 reply 01 ,oh1 t won't break4 ,n[ j su* an eng9e] z t spoils _m a good eng9e1 & !n blames x on ! manufactur]4 ,n[ ?is is "o good reason :y y are n to dep5d entirely on ! glass gauge4 ,ano!r equally z good reason is1 t y\r glass may fool y1 = y see ! try-cocks may lime up1 s may y\r glass gauge cocks1 b y say y use !m4 ,y use !m by look+ at !m4 ,y are n lett+ ! /eam or wat] escape f !m e few m9utes & !reby cutt+ ! lime away1 z is ! case ) try-cocks4 ,n[ y want to "k h[ y are to keep !m op54 ,well1 t is easy4 ,%ut (f ! top gauge & op5 ! dra9 cock at bottom ( gauge cock4 ,?is all[s ! wat] & /eam to fl[ out ( ! l[] cock4 ,!n aft] all[+ x to escape a few seconds1 %ut (f ! l[] gauge & op5 ! top "o1 & all[ x to bl[ ab\t ! same "t4 ,!n %ut ! dra9 cock & op5 bo? gauge cocks & y w see ! wat] seek its level1 & y c re/ assur$ t x is reliable4 ,?is little op]ation ,i want y to p]=m e day y run an eng9e4 ,x w prev5t y f ?9k+ y h wat]4 ,i don't want y to ?9k s4 ,i int5d t y %all "k x4 ,y rememb] we said1 if y "k y h wat]1 y are safe1 & e "o ar\nd y w be safe4 ,n[ "h is some?+ ,i want y to rememb]4 ,nev] be guilty ( go+ to y\r eng9e 9 ! morn+ & build+ a fire simply because y see wat] 9 ! glass4 ,we c\ld give y ! names ( a score ( m5 :o h ru9$ _! eng9es by do+ ?is v ?+4 ,y1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 want to "k :y ?is c d any h>m4 ,x c\ld n1 if ! wat] 9 ! boil] 0 z high z x %[s 9 ! glass1 b x is n always !re1 & t is :at causes ! tr\ble4 ,well1 if x %[$ 9 ! glass1 :y 0 x n !re8 ,y probably h liv$ long en\gh 9 ! _w to "k t !re are a great _m boys 9 x1 & x seems to be second nature ) !m to turn ev]y?+ on an eng9e t is possible to turn4 ,all glass gauge cocks are fitt$ ) a small h& :eel4 ,! small boy sees ?is ab\t ! fir/ ?+ & he beg9s to turn x1 & he g5]ally turns z long z x turns easy1 & :5 x /ops he w try ! o!r "o1 & :5 x /ops he has done ! mis*ief1 by %utt+ ! wat] (f f ! boil]1 & all ! wat] t 0 9 ! glass rema9s !re4 ,y may h /opp$ "w ) an ord9>y gauge ( wat]1 & z wat] exp&s :5 heat$1 x also contracts :5 x becomes cool4 ,wat] w also simm] away1 if !re is any fire left 9 ! fire box1 especially if !re %\ld be any v5t or leak 9 ! boil]1 & ! wat] may by morn+ h dropp$ to z mu* z an in* bel[ ! cr[n %eet4 ,y approa* ! eng9e & on look+ at ! glass1 see two or ?ree in*es ( wat]4 ,%\ld y />t a fire )\t inve/igat+ any fur!r1 y w h done ! damage1 :ile if y try ! gauge cocks fir/ y w discov] t "s "o has tamp]$ ) ! eng9e4 ,! boy did ! mis*ief ?r\gh no malici\s motives1 b we regret to say t !re are p 9 ?is _w :o are mean en\gh to d ?is v ?+1 & n /op at :at ! boy did unconsci\sly1 b aft] %utt+ ! wat] 9 ! gauge = ! purpose ( deceiv+ y1 !y !n g to ! bl[-(f cock & let en\gh wat] out to insure a dry cr[n %eet4 ,:ile ,i dete/ a human be+ guilty ( su* a da/>dly trick1 ,i h no sympa?y to wa/e on an eng9e] :o c be caught 9 ?is way4 ,s1 if by ?is "t y h made up y\r m9d nev] to build a fire until y "k :]e ! wat] is1 y w nev] be fool$ & w nev] h to expla9 an accid5t by say+1 ,i ?\ght ,i _h pl5ty ( wat]4 ,y may be fool$ 9 ano!r way4 ,y are aw>e t :5 a boil] is fir$ up or 9 o!r words has a /eam pressure on1 ! air is exclud$1 s :5 ! boil] cools d[n1 ! /eam cond5ses & becomes wat] aga91 h5ce ! space :i* 0 occupi$ by /eam n[ :5 cold becomes a vacuum4 ,n[ %\ld y\r boil] be 9 p]fect %ape1 we mean p]fectly tight1 y\r ?rottle equally z tight1 y\r pump or injector 9 p]fect condition & y 7 to' leave y\r eng9e ) ! hose 9 ! tank1 & ! supply globe to y\r pump op51 y w f9d on return+ to y\r eng9e 9 ! morn+ t ! boil] w be ne>ly if n q full ( wat]4 ,i h he>d eng9e]s say t someone _h be5 tamp]+ ) _! eng9es & /orm ar\nd ab\t x1 :ile ! facts 7 t ! supply be+ op5 ! wat] simply fl[$ 9 f atmosph]ic pressure1 9 ord] to fill ! space made vacant by ! cond5s$ /eam4 ,y w f9d fur!r on t all *eck valves are arrang$ to prev5t any fl[+ out f ! boil]1 b no?+ to prev5t wat] fl[+ 94 ,su* an occurr5ce w d no h>m b ! kn[+ h[ x 0 done may prev5t y\r giv+ y\rself away4 ,a good au?ority on /eam boil]s1 says3 ,all explosions come ei!r f poor mat]ial1 poor workman%ip1 too high pressure1 or a too l[ gauge ( wat]4 ,n[ to protect y\rself f ! fir/ two causes1 buy y\r eng9e f "s factory hav+ a reputation = do+ good "w & = us+ good mat]ial4 ,! la/ two causes dep5d v mu* on y\rself1 if y are runn+ y\r own eng9e4 ,if n1 !n see t y h an eng9e] :o kn[s :5 8 safety valve is 9 good %ape & :o kn[s :5 he has pl5ty ( wat]1 or kn[s en\gh to pull 8 fire1 :5 = "s reason1 ! wat] %\ld become l[4 ,if poor mat]ial & poor workman%ip 7 unkn[n & c>elessness 9 eng9e]s 7 unkn[n1 su* a ?+ z a boil] explosion w\ld also be unkn[n4 ,y no d\bt h made up y\r m9d by ?is "t t ,i h no use = a c>eless eng9e]1 & let me add "r "h1 t if y are incl9$ to be c>eless1 =getful17!y bo? mean ab\t ! same ?+17 y are a mighty poor risk = an insurance company1 b on ! o!r h& if y are c>eful & att5tive to bus9ess1 y are z safe a risk z any "o1 & y\r success & ! durability & life ( y\r eng9e dep5ds entirely ^u y1 & x is n wor? y\r :ile to try to %ift ! responsibility ( an accid5t to y\r eng9e ^u "s "o else4 ,if y %\ld g away f y\r eng9e & leave x ) ! wat] boy1 or anyone :o might be h&y1 or leave x alone1 z is (t5 done1 & some?+ goes wrong ) ! eng9e1 y are at fault4 ,y _h no bus9ess to leave x1 b y say y _h to g to ! sep>ator & help fix some?+ !re4 ,at ! sep>ator is n y\r place4 ,x is n our int5tion to tell y h[ to run bo? ends ( an outfit4 ,we c\ld n tell y if we want$ to4 ,if ! m5 at ! sep>ator c't h&le x1 get "s "o or get y\r boss to get "s "o :o c4 ,y\r place is at ! eng9e4 ,if y\r eng9e is runn+ nicely1 !re is all ! m reason :y y %\ld /ay by x1 z t is ! way to keep x runn+ nicely4 ,i h se5 tw5ty doll>s damage done to ! sep>ator & two days "t lo/ all because ! eng9e] 0 z ne> ! sep>ator z he 0 to ! eng9e :5 a root w5t into ! cyl9d]4 ,/ay ) y\r eng9e1 & if any?+ goes wrong at ! sep>ator1 y are ready to /op & /op quickly1 & if y are signall$ to />t y are ready to />t at once ,y are !re=e mak+ "t = y\r employ] or = y\rself & to make "t :ile runn+ a ?re%+ outfit1 means to make money4 ,!re are eng9e]s runn+ eng9es today :o wa/e "t en\gh e day to pay _! wages4 ,!re is "o ?+ t may be a little difficult to le>n1 & t is to let y\r eng9e alone :5 x is all "r4 ,i once gave a "y fell[ a recomm5dation to a f>m] :o want$ an eng9e]1 & aft]w>d notic$ t :5 ,i happ5$ ar\nd he imm$iately pick$ up a wr5* & comm5c$ to loos5 up fir/ "o ?+ & !n ano!r4 ,if t eng9e] ev] loses t recomm5dation he w be out ( a job1 if 8 gett+ "o dep5ds on my giv+ him ano!r4 ,i wi% to say to ! le>n] t t is n ! way to run an eng9e4 ,:5ev] ,i happ5 to g ar\nd an eng9e1 7& ,i nev] lose an opportunity7 & see an eng9e] wat*+ 8 eng9e1 7n[ don't und]/& me to mean /&+ & gaz+ at x17 ,i conclude t he kn[s 8 bus9ess4 ,:at ,i mean by wat*+ an eng9e is1 e few m9utes let y\r eye w&] ov] ! eng9e & y w be surpris$ to see h[ quickly y w detect any?+ out ( place4 ,s :5 ,i see an eng9e] wat*+ 8 eng9e closely :ile runn+1 ,i am mo/ c]ta9 to see ano!r comm5dable feature 9 a good eng9e]1 & t is1 :5 he /ops 8 eng9e he w pick up a greasy rag & g ov] 8 eng9e c>efully1 wip+ e work+ "p1 wat*+ or look+ c>efully at e po9t t he t\*es4 ,if a nut is work+ loose he f9ds x1 if a be>+ is hot he f9ds x4 ,if any "p ( 8 eng9e has be5 cutt+1 he f9ds x4 ,he pick$ up1 a greasy rag in/ead ( a wr5*1 = ! eng9e] t und]/&s 8 bus9ess & att5ds to x nev] picks up a wr5* unless he has some?+ to d ) x4 ,! good eng9e] took a greasy rag & :ile he 0 us+ x to clean 8 eng9e1 he 0 at ! same "t c>efully exam9+ e "p4 ,8 ma9 object 0 to see t ev]y?+ 0 all "r4 ,if he _h f\nd a nut loose or any "p out ( place1 !n he w\ld h tak5 8 wr5*1 = he _h use = x4 ,n[ :at a contra/ !re is betwe5 ?is eng9e] & a poor "o1 & un=tunately !re are hundr$s ( poor eng9e]s runn+ portable & traction eng9es4 ,y w f9d a poor eng9e] v will+ to talk4 ,?is is bad habit numb] "o4 ,he _c talk & h 8 m9d on 8 "w4 ,beg9n]s mu/ n =get ?is4 ,:5 ,i tell y h[ to fire an eng9e y w und]/& h[ important x is1 ,! poor eng9e] is v apt to ask an outsid] to /ay at 8 eng9e :ile he goes to ! sep>ator to talk4 ,?is is bad habit numb] two4 ,ev5 if ! outsid] is a good eng9e]1 he does n "k :e!r ! pump is ?r[+ m wat] ?an is be+ us$ or :e!r x is ?r[+ less4 ,he c only asc]ta9 ?is by wat*+ ! column ( wat] 9 ! glass1 & he h>dly kn[s :e!r to ?r[ 9 fuel or n4 ,he don't want ! /eam to g d[n & he don't "k at :at pressure ! pop valve w bl[ (f4 ,!re may be a box or j\rnal t has be5 giv+ ! eng9e] tr\ble & ! outsid] kn[s no?+ ab\t x4 ,!re are a doz5 o!r good reasons :y bad habit numb] two is v bad4 ,if y w wat* ! poor eng9e] :5 he /ops 8 eng9e1 he w1 if he does any?+1 pick up a wr5*1 g ar\nd to ! wri/ p91 /rike ! key a little crack1 draw a nut or peck away at some?+ else1 & c't see any?+ = grease & dirt4 ,:5 he />ts up1 t5 to "o ! wri/ p9 heats & he /ops & loos5s x up & !n x knocks4 ,n[ if he _h pick$ up a rag in/ead ( a wr5*1 he w\ld n h hit t key b he w\ld h run 8 h& ov] x & if he _h f\nd x all "r1 he w\ld h let x alone1 & w\ld h gone ov] ! balance ( ! eng9e & :5 he />t$ up aga9 8 eng9e w\ld h look$ bett] = ! wip+ x got & w\ld h run j z well z be=e he /opp$ x4 ,n[ y w und]/& :y a good eng9e] we>s out m rags ?an wr5*es1 :ile a poor "o we>s out m wr5*es ?an rags4 ,nev] bo!r an eng9e until x bo!rs y4 ,if y d1 y w make lots ( grief = y\rself4 ,i h m5tion$ ! bad habits ( a poor eng9e] s t y may avoid !m4 ,if y c>efully avoid all ! bad habits connect$ ) ! runn+ ( an eng9e1 y w be c]ta9 to fall into good habits & w become a good eng9e]4 ,,t9k]+ ,,eng9e]s ,aft] c>elessness1 m$dl+ ) an eng9e comes next 9 ! li/ ( bad habits4 ,! t9k]+ eng9e] nev] kn[s :e!r 8 eng9e is 9 good %ape or n1 & ! *ances are t if he %\ld get x 9 good %ape he w\ld n "k en\gh to let x alone4 ,if any?+ does actually get wrong ) y\r eng9e1 d n be afraid to take hold ( x1 = some?+ mu/ be done1 & y are ! "o to d x1 b be=e y d any?+ be c]ta9 t y "k :at is wrong4 ,= in/ance1 %\ld ! valve become dis>rang$ on ! valve /em or 9 any o!r way1 d n try to rem$y ! tr\ble by *ang+ ! ecc5tric1 or if ! ecc5tric slips d n g to ! valve to m5d ! tr\ble4 ,i am well aw>e t among "y eng9e]s ! impression prevails t a valve is a wond]ful piece ( me*anism liable to kick out ( place & play sma% g5]ally4 ,n[ let me tell y "r "h t a valve 7,i mean ! ord9>y slide valve1 su* z is us$ on traction & portable eng9es71 is "o ( ! simple/ p>ts ( an eng9e1 & y are n to lose any sleep ab\t x1 s be pati5t until ,i am ready to introduce y to ?is "p ( y\r "w4 ,y h a p]fect "r to "k :at is wrong ) ! eng9e4 ,! tr\ble may n be s s]i\s & x is evid5t to y t ! eng9e is n runn+ j z nicely z x %\ld4 ,n[1 if y\r eng9e runs irregul>ly1 t is if x runs up to a high] spe$ ?an y want1 & !n runs d[n1 y are likely to say at once1 ,oh ,i "k :at ! tr\ble is1 x is ! gov]nor4 ,well1 suppose x is1 :at are y go+ to d ab\t x1 are y go+ to %ut d[n at once & g to t9k]+ ) x8 ,no1 don't d t1 /ay close to ! ?rottle valve & wat* ! gov]nor closely4 ,keep y\r eye on ! gov]nor /em1 & :5 ! eng9e />ts (f on "o ( its high spe$ tilts1 y w see ! /em g d[n ?r\gh ! /uff+ box & !n /op & /ick 9 "o place until ! eng9e sl[s d[n bel[ its regul> spe$1 & x !n lets loose & goes up quickly & y\r eng9e lopes (f aga94 ,y h n[ locat$ ! tr\ble4 ,x is 9 ! /uff+ box ar\nd ! little brass rod or gov]nor /em4 ,! pack+ has become dry & by loos5+ x up & apply+ oil y may rem$y ! tr\ble until su* "t z y c repack x ) fre% pack+4 ,c&le wick is z good = ?is purpose z any?+ y c use4 ,b if ! gov]nor does n act z ,i h describ$ & ! /em seems to be p]fectly free & easy 9 ! box1 & ! gov]nor /ill acts que]ly1 />t+ (f & runn+ fa/ = a few seconds1 & !n sudd5ly conclud+ to take x easy & away goes ! eng9e aga91 see if ! gov]nor belt is all "r1 & if x is1 x w\ld be well = y to /op & see if a :eel is n loose4 ,x might be ei!r ! little belt :eel or "o ( ! little cog :eels4 ,if y f9d ^! are all "r1 exam9e ! spool on ! crank %aft f :i* ! gov]nor is run & y w probably f9d x loose4 ,if ! eng9e has be5 run = any l5g? ( "t1 y w always f9d ! tr\ble 9 "o ( ^! places1 b if x is a new "o ! gov]nor valve might fit a little tight 9 ! valve *amb] & y may h to take x out & use a little em]y pap] to take (f ! r\gh projections on ! valve4 ,nev] use a file on ?is valve if y c get em]y pap]1 & ,i w\ld advise y to always h "s ( x ) y4 ,x w (t5 come h&y4 ,n[ if ! eng9e %\ld />t (f at a lively gait & cont9ue to run /ill fa/]1 y mu/ /op at once4 ,! tr\ble ?is "t is surely 9 ! gov]nor4 ,if ! belt is all "r1 exam9e ! jam nuts on ! top ( ! gov]nor valve /em4 ,y w probably f9d t ^! nuts h work$ loose & ! rod is work+ up1 :i* w increase ! spe$ ( ! eng9e4 ,if ^! are all "r1 y w f9d t ei!r a pulley or a little cog :eel is loose4 ,a quick eye w locate ! tr\ble be=e y h "t to /op4 ,if ! belt is loose1 ! gov]nor w lag :ile ! eng9e w run away4 ,if ! :eel is loose1 ! gov]nor w mo/ likely /op & ! eng9e w g on a te>4 ,if ! jam nut has work$ loose1 ! gov]nor w run z usual1 except t x w increase its spe$ z ! spe$ ( ! eng9e is increas$4 ,n[ any ( ^! little ?+s may happ5 & are likely to4 ,none ( !m are s]i\s1 provid$ y take my advice1 & rema9 ne> ! eng9e4 ,n[ if y are ?irty or =ty feet away f ! eng9e & ! gov]nor belt slips1 or gets unlac$1 or ! pulley gets (f1 ab\t ! fir/ ?+ ! eng9e w\ld d w\ld be to jump out ( ! belt & by ! "t y get to x1 x w be hav+ a mighty lively "t all alone4 ,?is might happ5 once & d no h>m1 & x might happ5 aga9 & d a great deal ( damage1 & y are be+ paid to run ! eng9e & y mu/ /ay by x4 ,! gov]nor is n a difficult ?+ to h&le1 b x requires y\r att5tion4 ,n[ if ,i %\ld drop ! gov]nor1 y might say t ,i _h n giv5 y any in/ructions ab\t h[ to regulate x to spe$4 ,i really d n "k :e!r x is wor? :ile to say mu* ab\t x1 = gov]nors are ( diff]5t designs & are necess>ily diff]5tly arrang$ = regulat+1 b to help "y le>n]s ,i w take ! ,wat]s gov]nors :i* ,i ?9k ! mo/ g5]ally us$ on ?re%+ & f>m eng9es4 ,y w f9d on ! upp] end ( ! valve or gov]nor /em two little brass nuts4 ,! upp] "o is a ?umb nut & is made fa/ to ! /em4 ,! second nut is a loose jam nut4 ,to increase ! spe$ ( ! eng9e loos5 ?is jam nut & take hold ( ! ?umb nut & turn x back sl[ly1 wat*+ ! motion ( y\r eng9e all ! :ile4 ,:5 y h obta9$ ! spe$ y require1 run ! ?umb nut d[n z tight z y c ) y\r f+]s4 ,nev] use a wr5* on ^! nuts4 ,to sl[ or slack5 ! spe$1 loos5 ! jam nut z be=e1 except t y mu/ run x up a few turns1 !n tak+ hold ( ! ?umb nut1 turn d[n sl[ly until y h ! spe$ requir$1 :5 y aga9 set ! ?umb nut secure4 ,9 regulat+ ! spe$1 be c>eful n to press d[n on ! /em :5 turn+1 z ?is w make ! eng9e run a little sl[] ?an x w aft] ! pressure ( y\r h& is remov$4 ,if at any "t y\r eng9e refuses to />t ) an op5 ?rottle1 notice y\r gov]nor /em1 & y w f9d t x has be5 screw$ d[n z f> z x w g4 ,?is frequ5tly happ5s ) a new eng9e1 ! /em hav+ be5 screw$ d[n = its protection 9 transportation4 ,9 travel+ ?r\gh timb] ) an eng9e1 be v c>eful n to let any ov]-hang+ limbs come 9 contact ) ! gov]nor4 ,n[ ,i ?9k :at ,i h said reg>d+ ?is p>ticul> gov]nor w enable y to h&le any "o y may come 9 contact )1 z !y are all v mu* alike 9 ^! respects4 ,x is n my int5tion to take "t & space to describe a gov]nor 9 detail4 ,if y w foll[ ! in/ructions ,i h giv5 y ! gov]nor w att5d to ! re/4 ,,"p ,,second ,,wat] ,,supply ,if y want to be a successful eng9e] x is necess>y to "k all ab\t ! pump4 ,i h no d\bt t _m :o read ?is book1 _c tell :y ! old wood5 pump 7f :i* he has pump$ wat] ev] s9ce he 0 tall en\gh to rea* ! h&le7 w pump wat] simply because he works ! h&le up & d[n4 ,if y don't "k ?is ,i h q a task on my h&s1 = y mu/ n attempt to run an eng9e until y "k ! pr9ciple ( ! pump4 ,if y d und]/& ! old t[n pump1 ,i w n h mu* tr\ble ) y1 = :ile !re is no old /yle wood5 pump us$ on ! eng9e1 ! same pr9ciples are us$ 9 ! cross head pump4 ,d n imag9e t a cross head pump means some?+ to be dread$4 ,x is only a simple lift & =ce pump1 driv5 f ! cross head4 ,t is :]e x gets its "n & x don't mean t y are to get cross at x if x don't "w1 = n9e times out ( t5 ! fault w be y\rs4 ,n[ ,i am well aw>e t all eng9es d n h cross head pumps & ) all respect to ! build]s ( eng9es :o d n use !m1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t all /&>d f>m eng9es ought to h a cross head pump1 because x is ! mo/ simple & is ! mo/ economical1 & if prop]ly con/ruct$1 is ! mo/ reliable4 ,a cross head pump consi/s ( a pump b>rel1 a plung]1 "o v]tical *eck valve & two horizontal *eck valves1 a globe valve & "o /op cock1 ) m or less pip+4 ,we w n[ locate ea* ( ^! p>ts & w !n note ! "p t ea* p]=ms 9 ! process ( fe$+ ! boil]4 ,y w f9d all1 or mo/ pump b>rels1 locat$ "u ! cyl9d] ( ! eng9e4 ,x is plac$ "h = sev]al reasons4 ,x is out ( ! way4 ,x is a conv5i5t place f :i* to connect x to ! cross head by :i* x is driv54 ,on "s eng9es x is locat$ on ! top or at ! side ( ! cyl9d] & w "w equally well4 ,! plung] is connect$ ) ! cross head & 9 direct l9e ) ! pump b>rel1 & plays back & =? 9 ! b>rel4 ,! v]tical *eck valve is plac$ betwe5 ! pump & ! wat] supply4 ,x is n absolutely necess>y t ! fir/ *eck be a v]tical "o1 b a *eck ( "s k9d mu/ be s plac$4 ,z ! wat] is lift$ up to ! boil] x is m conv5i5t to use a v]tical *eck at ?is po9t4 ,j ahead & a few in*es f ! pump b>rel is a horizontal *eck valve4 ,foll[+ ! c\rse ( ! wat] t[>d ! po9t :]e x ent]s ! boil]1 y w f9d ano!r *eck valve4 ,?is is call$ a hot wat] *eck4 j bel[ ?is *eck1 or betwe5 x & :]e ! wat] ent]s ! boil]1 y w f9d a /op cock or x may be a globe valve4 ,!y bo? answ] ! same purpose4 ,i w tell y fur!r on :y a /op cock is pref]able to a globe valve4 ,:ile ! cross head pumps may diff] z to location & arrangem5t1 y w f9d t !y all require ! p>ts describ$ & t ! *ecks are s plac$ t !y be> ! same relation to ea* o!r4 ,no few] p>ts c be us$ 9 a pump requir$ to lift wat] & =ce x aga9/ /eam pressure4 ,m *eck valves may be us$1 b x w\ld n d to use less4 ,ea* has its "w to d1 & ! failure ( "o defeats all ! o!rs4 ,! pump b>rel is a holl[ cyl9d]1 ! *amb] be+ l>ge en\gh to admit ! plung] :i* v>ies 9 size f #e_/h ( an in* to ,i in* 9 diamet]1 dep5d+ ^u ! size ( ! boil] to be suppli$4 ,! b>rel is usually a few in*es long] ?an ! /roke ( ! eng9e1 & is provid$ at ! cross head end ) a /uff+ box & nut4 ,at ! dis*>ge end x is tapp$ out to admit ( pip+ to conduct wat] f ! pump4 ,at ! same end & at ! extreme end ( ! travel ( ! plung] x is tapp$ = a second pipe ?r\gh :i* ! wat] f ! supply rea*es ! pump b>rel4 ,! plung] is usually made ( /eel & turn$ d[n to fit snug 9 ! *amb]1 & is long en\gh to play ! full /roke ( eng9e betwe5 ! /uff+ box & po9t ( supply & to connect ) ! driv] on ! cross head4 ,n[1 we w take x = grant$1 t1 to beg9 )1 ! pump is 9 good ord]1 & we w />t x up /roke at a "t & wat* its "w4 ,n[1 if ev]y?+ be 9 good ord]1 we %\ld h good wat] & a good h>d rubb] suction hose atta*$ to ! supply pipe j "u ! globe valve4 ,:5 we />t ! pump we mu/ op5 ! little pet cock betwe5 ! two horizontal *eck valves4 ,! globe valve mu/ be op5 s z to let ! wat] 94 ,a *eck valve1 :e!r x is v]tical or horizontal1 w all[ wat] to pass ?r\gh x "o way only1 if x is 9 good work+ ord]4 ,if ! wat] w pass ?r\gh bo? ways1 x is ( no acc\nt4 ,n[1 ! eng9e />ts on ! outw>d /roke & draws !-plung] out ( ! *amb]4 ,?is leaves a space 9 ! b>rel :i* mu/ be fill$4 ,air _c get into x1 because ! pump is 9 p]fect ord]1 nei!r c ! air get to x ?r\gh ! hose1 z x is 9 ! wat]1 s t ! pressure on ! outside ( ! wat] causes x to fl[ up ?r\gh ! pipes ?r\gh ! fir/ *eck valve & into ! pump b>rel1 & fills ! space1 & if ! eng9e has a ,i#b-;in* /roke1 & ! plung] is ,i in* 9 diamet]1 we h a column ( wat] 9 ! pump ,i#b in*es long & ,i in* 9 diamet]4 ,! eng9e has n[ rea*$ its outw>d /roke & />ts back4 ,! plung] comes back ) x & takes ! space occupi$ by ! wat]1 :i* mu/ get out ( ! way = ! plung]4 ,! wat] came up ?r\gh ! fir/ *eck valve1 b x c't get back t way z we h /at$4 ,!re is ano!r *eck valve j ahead1 & z ! plung] travels back x drives ! wat] ?r\gh ?is second *eck4 ,:5 ! plung] rea*es ! end ( ! backw>d /roke1 x has driv5 ! wat] all out4 ,x !n />ts =w>d aga91 b ! wat] :i* has be5 driv5 ?r\gh ! second *eck _c get back & ?is space mu/ aga9 be fill$ f supply1 & ! plung] cont9ues to =ce m wat] ?r\gh ! second *eck1 tak+ f\r or five /rokes ( ! plung] to fill ! pipes betwe5 ! second *eck valve & ! hot wat] *eck valve4 ,if ! gauge %[s ,i#jj p\nds ( /eam1 ! hot wat] *eck is held %ut by ,i#jj p\nds pressure1 & :5 ! space betwe5 ! *eck valves is fill$ ) wat]1 ! next /roke ( ! plung] w =ce ! wat] ?r\gh ! hot wat] *eck valve1 :i* is held %ut by ! ,i#jj p\nds /eam pressure s t ! pump mu/ =ce ! wat] aga9/ ?is hot wat] *eck valve ) a p[] great] ?an ,i#jj p\nds pressure4 ,if ! pump is 9 good condition1 ! plung] does its "w & ! wat] is =c$ ?r\gh into ! boil]4 ,a cle> %>p click ( ! valves at ea* /roke ( ! plung] is c]ta9 evid5ce t ! pump is work+ well4 ,! small dra9 cock betwe5 ! horizontal *ecks is plac$ !re to assi/ 9 />t+ ! pump1 to tell :5 ! pump is work+ & to dra9 ! wat] (f to prev5t freez+4 ,:5 ! pump is />t$ to "w & ?is dra9 cock is op5$1 & ! hot wat] 9 ! pipes dra9$ (f1 ! globe valve is !n op5$1 & aft] a few /rokes ( ! plung]1 ! wat] w beg9 to fl[ out ?r\gh ! dra9 cock1 :i* is !n clos$1 & y may be reasonably c]ta9 t ! pump is work+ all "r4 ,if at any "t y are 9 d\bt z to :e!r ! pump is =c+ ! wat] ?r\gh ! pipes1 y c easily asc]ta9 by op5+ ?is dra9 cock4 ,x w always dis*>ge cold wat] :5 ! pump is work+4 ,ano!r way to tell if ! pump is work+1 is by plac+ y\r h& on ! fir/ two *eck valves4 ,if !y are cold1 ! pump is work+ all "r1 b if !y are w>m1 ! cold wat] is n be+ =c$ ?r\gh !m4 ,a /op cock %\ld be us$ next to boil]1 z y asc]ta9 :e!r x is op5 or %ut by m]ely look+ at x1 :ile ! globe valve c be clos$ by "s m$dlesome p>ty & y w\ld n discov] x1 & w\ld bur/ "s "p ( y\r pump by =c+ wat] aga9/ x4 ,,"p ,,?ird ,x is v important :5 ! pump fails to "w to asc]ta9 :at ! tr\ble is4 ,if x %\ld /op sudd5ly1 exam9e ! tank & asc]ta9 if y h any wat]4 ,if y h suffici5t wat]1 x may be t !re is air 9 ! pump *amb]1 & ! only way t x c get 9 is ?r\gh ! /uff+ box ar\nd ! plung]1 if ! pipes are all tight4 ,give ?is /uff+ nut a turn1 & if ! pump />ts (f all "r1 y h f\nd ! tr\ble1 & x w\ld be well to re-pack ! pump ! fir/ *ance y get4 ,if ! tr\ble is n 9 ! /uff+ box1 g to ! tank & see if !re is any?+ ov] ! scre5 or /ra9] at ! end ( ! hose4 ,if !re is n1 take hold ( ! hose & y c tell if !re is any suction4 ,!n asc]ta9 if ! wat] fl[s 9 & !n out ( ! hose aga94 ,y c tell ?is by hold+ y\r h& loosely ov] ! end ( ! hose4 ,if y f9d t x draws ! wat] 9 & !n =ces x out aga91 ! tr\ble is ) ! fir/ *eck valve4 ,!re is some?+ "u x :i* prev5ts its %utt+ d[n4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y f9d t !re is no suction at ! end ( hose exam9e ! second *eck4 ,if !re %\ld be some?+ "u x1 x w\ld prev5t ! pump work+1 because ! pump =ces ! wat] ?r\gh x2 &1 z ! plung] />ts back1 if ! *eck fails to hold1 ! wat] fl[s back & fills ! pump b>rel aga9 & !re w\ld be no suction4 ,! tr\ble may1 h[ev]1 be 9 ! hot wat] *eck1 & x c always be told :e!r x is 9 ! second *eck or hot wat] *eck by op5+ ! little dra9 cock4 ,if ! wat] :i* goes out ?r\gh x is cold1 ! tr\ble is 9 ! second *eck2 b1 if hot wat] & /eam are bl[n out ?r\gh ?is little dra9 cock1 ! tr\ble is 9 ! hot wat] *eck1 or ! "o next to ! boil]4 ,?is *eck mu/ nev] be tamp]$ ) )\t fir/ turn+ ! /op cock betwe5 ?is *eck & ! boil]4 ,! valve c !n be tak5 out & ! ob/ruction remov$4 ,be v c>eful nev] to take out ! hot wat] *eck )\t clos+ ! /op cock1 = if y d y w get badly scald$2 & nev] />t ! pump )\t op5+ ?is valve1 = if y d1 x w bur/ ! pump4 ,! ob/ruction "u ! valves is sometimes h>d to f9d4 ,a "y man 9 s\!rn ,i[a got badly fool$ by a little pebble ab\t ! size ( a pea1 :i* got into ! pipe1 & :5 he />t$ 8 pump ! pebble w\ld be =c$ up "u ! *eck & let ! wat] back4 ,:5 he took ! *eck out ! pebble 0 n !re1 = x _h dropp$ back into ! pipe4 ,y w see t x is necess>y to make a c>eful exam9ations & n get mad1 pick up a wr5* & :ack away at ! *eck valve1 bruis+ x s t x w n "w4 ,rememb] t x w\ld "w if x c\ld1 & make up y\r m9d to f9d out :y1 x don't "w4 ,a few ye>s ago ,i 0 call$ sev]al miles to see an eng9e on :i* ! pump w\ld n "w4 ,! eng9e _h be5 idle = two days & ! eng9e] _h be5 try+ all t "t to make ! pump "w4 ,i took ! cap (f ( ! horizontal *eck1 j =w>d ( ! pump b>rel1 & took ! valve out & discov]$ t ! *eck 0 rev]s$4 ,i told ! eng9e] t if he w\ld put ! *eck 9 s t ! wat] c\ld get ?r\gh1 he w\ld h no m tr\ble4 ,?is fell[ _h lo/ 8 head4 ,he 0 completely rattl$4 ,he insi/$ t ! valve _h always be5 on t way1 al?\gh ! eng9e _h be5 run two ye>s4 ,n[ ! facts 9 ?is case 7 z foll[s3 ,! old *eck valve 9 place ( ! "o ref]r$ to _h be5 "o kn[n z a /em valve1 or float+ valve4 ,?is /em by "s means1 _h brok5 (f b x did n prev5t ! valve f work+4 ,! /em1 h[ev]1 work$ =w>d till x rea*$ ! hot wat] *eck1 & lodg$ "u ! valve1 :i* prev5t$ ?is *eck f work+ & 8 pump refus$ to "w1 ! eng9e] soon f\nd :]e ! /em _h brok5 (f1 & in/ead ( look+ = ! /em1 s5t to t[n = a new *eck1 aft] putt+ ?is on ! pump n[ refus$ to "w = two reasons4 ,"o 01 he _h n remov$ ! brok5 /em f ! hot wat] *eck1 & ano!r 01 t ! new *eck 0 9 wrong end to4 ,aft] wa/+ ano!r h\r or two he f9ally f\nd &-remov$ ! /em f ! hot wat] *eck1 b 8 pump /ill refus$ to "w4 ,& !n z ! boys say1 he laid d[n1 & :5 ,i call$ 8 att5tion to ! new valve be+ 9 wrong1 he 0 s completely rattl$ t he made use ( ! above expression4 ,!re are o!r causes t w\ld prev5t ! pump work+ besides lack ( pack+ & ob/ructions "u ! valves4 ,! valve may /ick4 ,:5 x is rais$ to all[ ! wat] to fl[ ?r\gh1 x may /ick 9 ! valve *amb] & refuse to settle back 9 ! seat4 ,?is may be caus$ by a little r\gh place 9 ! *amb]1 or a little projection on ! valve1 & c g5]ally be rem$i$ by tapp+ ! "u side ( *eck ) a wr5* or hamm]4 ,d n /rike x s h>d z to bruise ! *eck1 b simply tap x4 ,if ?is don't rem$y ! tr\ble1 take ! valve out1 bore a hole 9 a bo>d ab\t ,i_/#b in* deep & l>ge en\gh to p]mit ! valve to be turn$4 ,drop a little em]y du/ 9 ?is hole4 ,if y hav5't any em]y du/1 scrape "s grit f a common :et/one4 ,if y h no :et/one1 put "s f9e s& or gritty soil 9 ! hole1 put ! valve on top ( x1 put y\r brace on ! valve & turn x vigor\sly = a few m9utes1 & y w remove all r\ghness4 ,con/ant use may sometimes make a burr on ! valve :i* w cause x to /ick4 ,put x ?r\gh ! above c\rse & x w be z good z new4 ,if ?is little process 0 g5]ally kn[n1 a great deal ( tr\ble & annoyance c\ld be avoid$4 ,x w n be necess>y to describe o!r /yles ( pumps4 ,if y "k h[ to run ! cross head pump1 y c run any ( ! o!rs4 ,"s eng9es h cross head pump only4 ,o!rs h an indep5d5t pump4 ,o!rs h an injector1 or inspirator1 & "s h bo? cross head pump & injector4 ,i ?9k a f>m eng9e %\ld be suppli$ ) bo?4 ,x is nei!r wise nor necess>y to g into a detail$ description ( an injector4 ,! "y read] w be likely to become conv9c$ if an injector works = five m9utes1 x w cont9ue to "w1 if ! conditions rema9 ! same4 ,if ! wat] 9 ! tank does n become heat$1 & no =eign sub/ance is p]mitt$ to ent] ! injector1 !re is no?+ to prev5t its work+ prop]ly z long z ! conditions are )9 ! range ( a good injector4 ,x is a fact t ) all injectors z ! v]tical di/ance ! injector lifts is increas$1 x requires a great] /eam pressure to />t ! injector1 & ! highe/ /eam pressure at :i* ! injector w "w is greatly decreas$4 ,if ! fe$ wat] is heat$1 a great] /eam pressure is requir$ to />t ! injector & x w n "w ) z high /eam pressure4 ,! capacity ( an injector is always decreas$ z ! lift is increas$1 or ! fe$ wat] heat$4 ,to obta9 ! mo/ economical results ! prop] siz$ injector mu/ be us$4 ,:5 ! exact quantity ( wat] consum$ p] h\r is kn[n x c be easily det]m9$ f ! capacities giv5 9 ! price li/s :i* siz$ injector mu/ be select$4 ,an injector mu/ always be select$ hav+ a maximum capacity 9 excess ( ! wat] consum$4 ,if ! exact am\nt ( wat] consum$ p] h\r is n kn[n1 & _c be easily det]m9$1 ! prop] size c be approximately det]m9$ f ! nom9al ,h4 ,p4 ( ! boil]4 ,! usual cu/om has be5 to all[ #g ,i_/#b gallons ( wat] p] h\r1 :i* is a safe rule = ! ord9>y type ( boil]4 ,,:at ,a ,,good ,,injector ,,ought ,,to ,,d4 ,) cold fe$ wat]1 a good injector ) a two foot lift ought to />t ) #be p\nds pressure & "w up to ,i#ej p\nds4 ,) #h foot lift1 ought to />t at #cj p\nds & "w up to ,i#cj4 ,) fe$ wat] heat$ to ,i#jj degrees ,fahr5heit x %\ld />t ) ! same lift1 t is1 w say #b foot1 at #bf & "w ,up to ,i#bj1 & at #h1 f #cc up to ,i#jj4 ,y w see by ?is t conditions1 consi/+ ( v>iation ( temp]ature 9 ! fe$ wat] & diff]5t lifts1 *ange ! effici5cy ( y\r injector v mat]ially1 & ! wat] c soon get beyond ! ability ( y\r injector to "w at all4 ,! above ref]s m p>ticul>ly to ! s+le tube injector4 ,! d\ble tube injector "u ! same conditions z above %\ld "w f ,i#d p\nds to #bej1 & f ,i#e to #b;,i#j1 b z ?is injector is n g5]ally us$ on f>m eng9es y w mo/ likely n meet ) x v (t54 ,! injector %\ld n be plac$ too ne> ! boil]1 z ! heat f x w make x difficult to />t ! injector ea* "t aft] x has be5 /&+ idle4 ,if ! injector is s hot t x w n lift ! cold wat]1 !re is no way ( cool+ x except by apply+ ! wat] on ! outside4 ,?is is mo/ effectively done by cov]+ ! injector ) a clo? & p\r+ wat] ov] ! clo?4 ,if1 aft] ! injector has become cool1 x /ill refuses to "w1 y may be sure t !re is "s ob/ruction 9 x t mu/ be remov$4 ,?is c be done by tak+ (f ! cap1 or plug-nut1 & runn+ a f9e wire ?r\gh ! cone valve or cyl9d] valve4 ,! automatic injector requires only ! manipulation ( ! /eam valve to />t x4 ,!re are o!r makes t require1 fir/3 t ! injector be giv5 /eam & !n ! wat]4 ,to />t an injector requires "s little tact1 7& y w discov] t tact is ! h&ie/ tools y c h to make y a good eng9e]74 ,to />t an injector ( ! ,pemb]?y type2 fir/ give x suffici5t /eam to lift ! wat]1 all[+ ! wat] to escape at ov]fl[ = a mom5t or long en\gh to cool ! injector1 !n ) a quick turn %ut (f & op5 up ! supply :i* requires m]ely a twi/ ( ! wri/4 ,if ! injector fails to take hold at once don't get ruffl$ b repeat ! above move a few times & y w soon />t x1 & if y h tact1 7x is only ano!r ^w = natural ability7 y w ne$ no fur!r in/ructions to />t y\r injector4 ,b rememb] t no injector c "w coal c9d]s or *af & t all jo9ts mu/ be air tight4 ,don't =get ?is4 ,x is n[ "t to give "s att5tion to ! heat]4 ,:ile ! heat] is no "p ( ! pump1 x is connect$ ) x & does its "w betwe5 ! two horizontal *eck valves4 ,its purpose is to heat ! wat] be=e x passes into ! boil]4 ,! wat] on its way f ! pump to ! boil] is =c$ ?r\gh a coil ( pipes ar\nd :i* ! exhau/ /eam passes on its way f ! cyl9d] to ! exhau/ nozzle 9 ! smoke/ack4 ,! heat]s are made 9 sev]al diff]5t designs1 b x is n necess>y to describe all ( !m1 z !y require little att5tion & !y all answ] ! same purpose4 ,! mo/ ( !m are made by ! use ( a holl[ b$plate ) /eam fitt$ heads or plates4 ,! wat] pipe passes ?r\gh ! plate at ! end ( ! heat] into ! holl[ *amb]1 & a coil ( pipes is =m$1 & ! pipe !n passes back ?r\gh ! head or plate to ! hot wat] *eck valve & into ! boil]4 ,! /eam ent]s ! cyl9d] f ! boil]1 v>y+ 9 degrees ( heat f #cjj to #ejj4 ,aft] act+ on ! pi/on head1 x is exhau/$ directly into ! *amb] or holl[ b$-plate ?r\gh :i* ! pipes pass4 ,! wat]1 :5 x ent]s ! heat]1 is z cold z :5 x left ! tank1 b ! /eam :i* surr\nds ! pipes has lo/ b little ( its heat1 & by ! "t ! wat] passes ?r\gh ! coil ( pipes x is heat$ to ne>ly boil+ po9t & c be introduc$ into ! boil] ) little t5d5cy to r$uce ! /eam4 ,?is use ( ! exhau/ /eam is economical1 z x saves fuel1 & x w\ld be injuri\s to pump cold wat] directly into a hot boil]4 ,if y\r eng9e is fitt$ ) bo? cross head pump & injector1 y use ! injector = pump+ wat] :5 ! eng9e is n runn+4 ,! injector heats ! wat] almo/ z hot z ! heat]4 ,if y\r eng9e is runn+ & do+ no "w1 use y\r injector & /op ! pump1 =1 :ile ! eng9e is runn+ light1 ! small am\nt ( exhau/ /eam is n suffici5t to heat ! wat] & ! pressure w be r$uc$ rapidly4 ,y w und]/&1 !re=e1 t ! injector is int5d$ pr9cipally = an em]g5cy r ?an = g5]al use4 ,x %\ld always be kept 9 ord]1 =1 %\ld ! pump refuse to "w1 y h only to />t y\r injector & use x until su* "t z y c rem$y ! tr\ble4 ,we h n[ expla9$ h[ y get y\r wat] supply4 ,y und]/& t y mu/ h wat] fir/ & !n fire4 ,be sure t y h ! wat] supply fir/4 ,,! ,,bl[] ,! bl[] is an appliance = creat+ artificial draught & consi/s ( a small pipe lead+ f "s po9t above ! wat] l9e into ! smoke /ack1 directly ov] ! tubes1 & %\ld ext5d to ! c5t] ( /ack & t]m9ate ) a nozzle po9t+ directly to top & c5t] ( /ack2 ?is pipe is fitt$ ) a globe valve4 ,:5 x is requir$ to ru% y\r fire1 y c d s by op5+ ?is globe & all[+ ! /eam to escape into ! /ack4 ,! =ce ( ! /eam t5ds to drive ! air out ( ! /ack & ! smoke box1 ?is creates a /rong draught4 ,b y say1 ,:at if ,i h no /eam8 ,well1 !n don't bl[1 & be pati5t till y h en\gh to create a draught2 & x has be5 my exp]i5ce t !re is no?+ ga9$ by putt+ on ! bl[] be=e hav+ fifte5 p\nds ( /eam1 z less pressure ?an ?is w create b little draught & ! /eam w escape ab\t z fa/ z x is be+ g5]at$4 ,be pati5t & don't be ev]la/+ly pun*+ at ! fire4 ,get y\r fuel 9 good %ape 9 fire box & %ut ! door & g ab\t y\r bus9ess & let ! fire burn4 ,mu/ ! bl[] be us$ :ile work+ ! eng9e4 ,no4 ,! exhau/ /eam :i* escapes into ! /ack1 does exactly :at we /at$ ! bl[] does1 & if x is necess>y to use ! bl[] 9 ord] to keep up /eam1 y c conclude t y\r eng9e is 9 bad %ape1 & yet !re are times :5 ! bl[] is necess>y1 ev5 :5 y\r eng9e is 9 ! be/ ( condition4 ,= in/ance1 :5 y h poor fuel & are work+ y\r eng9e v light1 ! exhau/ /eam may n be suffici5t to create en\gh draught = poor coal1 or wet or gre5 wood4 ,b if y are work+ y\r eng9e h>d ! bl[] %\ld nev] be us$2 if y h bad fuel & x is necess>y to /op y\r eng9e y w f9d x v conv5i5t to put on ! bl[] slightly1 9 ord] to hold y\r /eam & keep ! fire lively until y />t aga94 ,x w be a good plan = y to take a look at ! nozzle on bl[] n[ & !n1 to see t x does n become lim$ up & to see t x is n turn$ to ! side s t x directs ! /eam to ! side ( /ack4 ,%\ld x d ?is1 y w be us+ ! /eam & gett+ b little1 if any1 b5efit4 ,x w also be well = y to rememb] t y c create too mu* draught z well z too little2 too mu* draught w consume y\r fuel & produce b little /eam4 ,a ,,good ,,fireman4 ,:at con/itutes a good fireman8 ,y no d\bt h he>d ?is expression3 ,:]e !re is s mu* smoke1 !re mu/ be "s fire4 ,well1 t is true1 b a good fireman don't make mu* smoke4 ,we are speak+ ( fir+ ) coal1 n[4 ,if ,i c see ! smoke t5 miles f a ?re%+ eng9e1 ,i c tell :at k9d ( a fireman is runn+ ! eng9e2 & if !re is a cont9u\s cl\d ( black smoke be+ ?r[n out ( ! smoke/ack1 ,i make up my m9d t ! eng9e] is hav+ all he c d to keep ! /eam up1 & also conclude t !re w n be mu* coal left by ! "t he gets ?r\gh ) ! job2 :ile on ! o!r h&1 %\ld ,i see at regul> int]vals a cl\d ( smoke go+ up1 & la/+ = a few mom5ts1 & = ! next few mom5ts see no?+1 !n ,i conclude t ! eng9e] ( t eng9e kn[s 8 bus9ess1 & t he is n work+ h>d2 he has pl5ty ( /eam all ! "t1 & has coal left :5 he is ?r\gh4 ,s let u g & see :at makes ?is diff]5ce & le>n a valuable lesson4 ,we w fir/ g to ! eng9e t is mak+ su* a smoke1 & we w f9d t ! eng9e] has a big coal %ovel j small en\gh to all[ x to ent] ! fire door4 ,y w see ! eng9e] ?r[ 9 ab\t two1 or p]haps ?ree %ovels ( coal & z a matt] ( c\rse1 we w see a volume ( black smoke issu+ f ! /ack2 ! eng9e] /&s lean+ on 8 %ovel wat*+ ! /eam gauge1 & he f9ds t ! /eam don't run up v fa/1 & ab\t ! "t ! coal gets hot en\gh to consume ! smoke1 we w see him drop 8 %ovel1 pick up a pok]1 ?r[ op5 ! fire door & comm5ce a vigor\s pun*+ & digg+ at ! fire4 ,?is />ts ! black smoke aga91 & ab\t ?is "t we w see him d[n on 8 knees ) 8 pok]1 pun*+ at ! und]side ( ! grate b>s1 ab\t ! "t he is ?r\gh ) ?is op]ation ! smoke is com+ out less d5se1 & he ?9ks x "t to ?r[ 9 m coal1 & he does x4 ,n[ ?is is kept up all day1 & y mu/ n read ?is & say x is ov]drawn1 = x is n1 & y c see x e day1 & ! eng9e] t fires 9 ?is way1 works h>d1 burns a great am\nt ( coal1 & is afraid all ! "t t ! /eam w run d[n on him4 ,be=e leav+ him let u take a look at 8 firebox1 & we w see t x is full ( coal1 at lea/ up to ! level ( ! door4 ,we w also see q a pile ( a%es "u ! a% pan4 ,y c bett] und]/& ! disadvantage ( ?is way ( fir+ aft] we visit ! next man4 ,i ?9k a good way to "k h[ to d a ?+1 is to "k also1 h[ n to d x4 ,well1 we w n[ g across to ! man :o is mak+ b little smoke1 & mak+ t at regul> int]vals4 ,we w be likely to f9d t he has only a little h& %ovel4 ,he picks ?is up1 takes up a small am\nt ( coal1 op5s ! fire door & spreads ! coal nicely ov] ! grates2 does ?is quickly & %uts ! door2 = a m9ute black smoke is ?r[n out1 b only = a m9ute4 ,:y8 ,because he only ?rew 9 en\gh to repl5i% ! fire1 & n to *oke x 9 ! lea/1 & 9 a m9ute ! heat is great en\gh to consume all ! smoke be=e x rea*es ! /ack1 & z smoke is unconsum$ fuel1 he ga9s t mu* if he c consume x4 ,we w see ?is eng9e] /&+ ar\nd = ! next few m9utes p]fectly1 at ease4 ,he is n 9 ! lea/ afraid ( 8 /eam go+ d[n4 ,at ! end ( ?ree to five m9utes1 ow+ to ! am\nt ( "w he is do+1 y w see him pick up 8 little %ovel & ?r[ 9 a little coal2 he does exactly z he did be=e1 & if we /ay !re = an h\r we w n see him pick up a pok]4 ,we w look 9 at 8 firebox1 & we w see :at is call$ a ?9 fire1 b e "p ( ! firebox is hot4 ,we w see b a small pile ( a%es "u ! eng9e & he is n work+ h>d4 ,if y happ5 to be ?9k+ ( buy+ an eng9e1 y w say t ?is la/ fell[ has a d&y eng9e4 ,t is ! k9d ( an eng9e ,i want1 :5 ! facts 9 ! case may be t ! fir/ man may h a bett] eng9e1 b don't "k h[ to fire x4 ,n[1 don't y see h[ important x is t y "k h[ to fire an eng9e8 ,i am aw>e t "s big coal wa/]s w say1 ,x is easy to talk ab\t fir+ ) a little h& %ovel1 b j get out 9 ! field z we d & get "s ( ! k9d ( fuel we h to burn1 & see h[ y get along4 ,well1 ,i am aw>e t y w h "s bad coal4 ,x is mu* bett] to h&le bad coal 9 a good way ?an to h&le good coal 9 a bad way4 ,le>n to h&le y\r fuel 9 ! prop] way & y w be a good fireman4 ,don't get c>eless & !n blame ! coal = :at is y\r own fault4 ,be c>eful ab\t ?is1 y might give y\rself away4 ,i h se5 eng9e]s make a big kick ab\t ! fuel & claim t x 0 no good1 :5 "s o!r fell[ w\ld take hold ( ! eng9e & h no tr\ble :atev]4 ,n[1 ?is is :at ,i call a clean give away on ! kick]4 ,don't all[ any "o to be a bett] fireman ?an y\rself4 ,y w see a good fireman d exactly z ,i h /at$4 ,he fires (t51 always keeps a level fire1 nev] all[s ! coal to get up to ! l[] tubes1 always puts 9 coal be=e ! /eam beg9s to drop1 keeps ! fire door op5 z little z possible1 prev5t+ any cold air f /rik+ ! tubes1 :i* w n only *eck ! /eam1 b is injuri\s to ! boil]4 ,x is no small matt] to "k j h[ to h&le y\r damp]s2 don't all[ too mu* ( an op5+ "h4 ,y w keep a mu* m ev5 fire by keep+ ! damp] d[n1 j all[+ draught en\gh to all[ free combu/ion2 m ?an ?is is a wa/e ( heat4 ,get all out ( ! coal y c1 & save all y get4 ,le>n ! little po9ts t half ! eng9e]s nev] ?9k (4 ,,wood ,y w f9d wood q diff]5t 9 "s respects1 b ! good po9ts y h le>n$ w be useful n[4 ,fire quick & (t51 b unlike coal1 y mu/ keep y\r fire box full4 ,place y\r wood z loosely z possible4 ,i mean by ?is1 place 9 all directions to all[ ! draft to pass freely ?r\gh x4 ,keep add+ a c\ple /icks z fa/ z !re is room = x2 don't di/urb ! "u /icks4 ,use %ort wood & fire close to ! door4 ,:5 fir+ ) wood ,i w\ld advise y to keep y\r scre5 d[n4 ,!re is mu* m dang] ( sett+ fire ) wood ?an ) coal4 ,if y are 9 a dang]\s place1 ow+ to ! w9d & ! surr\nd+s1 don't hesitate to /ate y\r fe>s to ! man = :om y are ?re%+4 ,he is n suppos$ to "k ! dang] z well z y1 & if1 aft] y\r advice1 he says g ahead1 y h plac$ ! responsibility on him2 b ev5 aft] y h done ?is1 x sometimes %[s a good head to refuse to fire ) wood1 especially :5 y are requir$ to fire ) old rails1 :i* is a common fuel 9 a timb]$ c\ntry4 ,:ile !y make a hot fire 9 a firebox1 !y sometimes />t a hot "o outside ( x4 ,x is "p ( y\r bus9ess to be z c>eful z y c4 ,:at ,i mean is take reasonable precaution1 9 look+ aft] ! scre5 9 /ack4 ,if x burns out get a new "o4 ,) reasonable dilig5ce & c>e1 y w nev] set any?+ on fire1 :ile on ! o!r h&1 a c>eless eng9e] may d q a lot ( damage4 ,!re is fire ab\t an eng9e1 & y are provid$ ) ! prop] appliances to control x4 ,see t y d x4 ,,:y ,,grates ,,burn ,,out ,grates burn ?r\gh c>elessness4 ,y may z well make up y\r m9d to ?is at ! />t4 ,y nev] saw grate b>s burn out ) a clean a% box4 ,!y c only be burn$ by all[+ ! a%es to accumulate "u !m till !y exclude ! air :5 ! b>s at once become r$ hot4 ,! fir/ ?+1 !y d is to w>p1 & if ! a%es are n remov$ at once1 ! grate b> w burn (f4 ,c>elessness is neglect+ some?+ :i* is a "p ( y\r bus9ess1 & z "p ( x is to keep y\r a% box clean1 x c]ta9ly is c>elessness if y neglect x4 ,y\r coal may melt & run d[n on ! b>s1 b if ! cold air c get to ! grates1 ! only damage ?is w d is to =m a cl9k] on ! top ( grates1 & %ut (f y\r draught4 ,:5 y f9d t y h ?is k9d ( coal y w want to look aft] ^! cl9k]s4 ,n[ if y %\ld h good success 9 keep+ /eam1 keep improv+ on :at y "k1 & if y run on #ajjj p\nds ( coal today1 try & d x ) #ijj tomorr[4 ,t is ! k9d ( /uff a good fireman is made (4 ,b don't conclude t y c d ! same am\nt ( "w ea* day 9 ! week on ! same am\nt ( fuel1 ev5 %\ld x be ( ! same k9d4 ,y w t ) all y\r c>e & skill1 y\r eng9e w diff] v mat]ially bo? z to ! am\nt ( fuel & wat] t x w require1 ?\gh ! conditions may app>5tly be ! same4 ,?is may be z good a "t z any to say to y1 rememb] t a bla/ ( cold air aga9/ ! tubes is a bad ?+1 s be c>eful ab\t y\r fir$oor2 op5 x z little z1 possible2 :5 y want to ?r[ 9 fuel1 don't op5 ! door1 & !n g a rod away aft] a %ovel ( coal2 & ,i w say "h t ,i h se5 ?is ?+ done by m5 :o flatt]$ !mselves t !y 7 ab\t at ! top 9 ! matt] ( runn+ an eng9e4 ,t k9d ( treatm5t w ru9 ! be/ boil] 9 exi/5ce4 ,i don't mean t once or twice w d x1 b to keep x up w d x4 ,get y\r %ovel ( coal & :5 y are ready to ?r[ x 91 op5 ! door quickly & close x at once4 ,make x "o ( y\r habits to d ?is1 & y w nev] ?9k ( do+ x 9 any o!r way4 ,if x becomes necess>y to /op y\r eng9e ) a hot fire & a high pressure ( /eam1 don't ?r[ y\r door op51 b drop y\r damp] & op5 ! smoke box door4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y only expect to /op a m9ute or two1 drop y\r damp]1 & />t y\r injector if y h "o4 ,if y h none1 get "o4 ,an indep5d5t boil] fe$] is a v nice ?+1 if con/ruct$ on ! prop] pr9ciples4 ,y c't h y\r boil] too well equipp$ 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,,"p ,,f\r4 ,a boil] %\ld be kept clean1 outside & inside4 ,outside = y\r own cr$it1 & inside = ! cr$it ( ! manufactur]s4 ,a dirty boil] requires h>d fir+1 takes lots ( fuel1 & is unsatisfactory 9 e way4 ,! be/ way to keep x clean is n to let x get dirty4 ,! place to beg9 "w1 is ) y\r wat] boy1 pursuade him to be v c>eful ( ! wat] he br+s y1 if y c't succe$ 9 ?is1 ask him to resign4 ,i h se5 a wat]-haul] back into a /ream1 & !n dip ! wat] f ! l[]side ( tank1 ! muddy wat] always goes d[n /ream & ! :eels /ir up ! mud2 & y\r bright wat] haul] dips x into ! tank4 ,:ile if he _h dipp$ x f ! upp] side he w\ld h gott5 cle> wat]4 ,h[ev]1 ! days ( dipp+ wat] are pa/1 b a wat] boy t w d z ,i h /at$ is j z liable to ?r[ 8 hose into ! muddy wat] or l[] side ( tank z on ! upp] side1 :]e x is cle>4 ,see t he keeps 8 tank clean4 ,we h se5 tanks ) "o-half in* ( mud 9 ! bottom4 ,we "k t !re are times :5 y are compell$ to use muddy wat]1 b z soon z x is possible to get cle> wat] make him wa% out 8 tank1 & don't let him haul x ar\nd till ! boil] gets x all4 ,all[ me j "h to tell y h[ to con/ruct a good tank = a traction eng9e4 ,y c make ! dim5sions to suit y\rself1 b across ! front end & ab\t two feet back fit a p>tition or second head2 9 ! c5t] ( ?is head & ab\t an in* f ! bottom bore a two in* hole4 ,place a scre5 ov] ?is hole on ! side next ! re>1 & on ! o!r side1 or side next front end1 put a valve4 ,y c con/ruct ! valve 9 ?is way3 ,take a piece ( ?ick lea!r1 ab\t f\r in*es long1 & two & a half in*es wide2 fit a block ( wood 7a l>ge bung answ]s ! purpose nicely7 on "o end1 trimm+ ! lea!r ar\nd "o side ( ! wood1 !n nail ! long "p ( ! valve j above ! hole1 s t ! valve w fit nicely ov] ! hole 9 p>tition4 ,:5 prop]ly con/ruct$1 ?is valve w all[ ! wat] to fl[ into ! front end ( tank1 b w prev5t its runn+ back4 ,s1 :5 y are on ! road ) "p ( a tank ( wat]1 & />t d[n hill1 ?is front "p fills full ( wat]1 & :5 y />t up hill1 x c n get back1 & y\r pumps w "w z well z if y _h a full tank ( wat]1 )\t ?is arrangem5t y _c get y\r pumps to "w well 9 go+ up a /eep hill ) any?+ less ?an a full tank4 ,n[1 ?is may be consid]$ a little out ( ! eng9e]'s duty1 b x w save lots ( annoyance if he has 8 tank suppli$ ) ?is little appliance1 :i* is simple b does ! bus9ess4 ,a boil] %\ld be wa%$ out & n bl[n out1 ,i believe ,i am safe 9 say+ t m ?an half ! eng9e]s ( ?re%+ eng9es today dep5d on ! bl[+ out process to clean _! boil]s4 ,i don't int5d to tell y to d any?+ )\t giv+ my reasons4 ,we w take a hot boil]1 = in/ance2 say1 #ej p\nds /eam4 ,we w1 ( c\rse1 take out ! fire4 ,x is n suppos$ t anyone w attempt to bl[ out ! wat] ) any fire 9 ! firebox4 ,we w1 aft] remov+ ! fire1 op5 ! bl[-(f valve1 :i* w be f\nd at ! bottom or l[e/ wat] po9t4 ,! wat] is =c$ out v rapidly ) ?is pressure1 & ! la/ ?+ t comes out is ! /eam4 ,?is /eam keeps ! entire boil] hot till ev]y?+ is bl[n out1 & ! result is t all ! dirt1 s$im5t & lime is bak$ solid on ! tubes & side ( firebox4 ,b y say y "k en\gh to n bl[ (f at #ej p\nds pressure4 ,well1 we w say #e p\nds1 !n4 ,y w admit t ! boil] is n cold by any means1 ev5 at only #e p\nds1 & if y "k en\gh n to bl[ (f at #ej p\nds1 y c]ta9ly "k t at #e p\nds pressure ! damage is n entirely avoid$4 ,z long z ! iron is hot1 ! dirt w dry out quickly1 & by ! "t ! boil] is cold en\gh to =ce cold wat] ?r\gh x safely1 ! mud is dry & adh]es closely to ! iron4 ,"s ( ! =eign matt] w be bl[n out1 b y w f9d x a difficult matt] to wa% out :at /icks to ! hot iron4 ,i am aw>e t "s eng9e]s claim t ! boil] %\ld be bl[n out at ab\t #e p\nds or ,i#j p\nds pressure1 b ,i believe 9 tak+ ! common s5se view4 ,!y w advise y to bl[ out at a l[ pressure1 & !n1 z soon z ! boil] is cool en\gh1 to wa% x ?or\ghly4 ,n[1 if y mu/ wait till ! boil] is cool be=e wa%+1 :y n let x cool ) ! wat] 9 x8 ,!n1 :5 y let ! wat] out1 y\r "w is easy1 & ! mom5t y beg9 to =ce wat] ?r\gh x1 y w see ! dirty wat] fl[+ out at ! man or h& hole4 ,! dirt is s(t & wa%es v easily2 b1 if x _h dri$ on ! inside ( boil] :ile y 7 wait+ = x to cool1 y w\ld f9d x v difficult to wa% (f4 4 ,y say ,i said to =ce ! wat] ?r\gh ! boil]1 & to d ?is y mu/ use a =ce pump4 ,no eng9e] ought to attempt to run an eng9e )\t a =ce pump4 ,x is "o ( ! necessities4 ,y say1 c't y wa% out a boil] )\t a =ce pump8 ,oh1 yes6 ,y c d x j l "s p d bus9ess4 ,b ,i />t$ out to tell y h[ to keep y\r boil] clean1 & ! way to d x is to wa% x out1 & ! way to wa% x out is ) a good =ce pump4 ,!re are a numb] ( good pumps made1 especially = ?re%+ eng9es4 ,!y are fitt$ to ! tank = lift+ wat] = fill+1 & are fitt$ ) a dis*>ge hose & nozzle4 ,y w f9d at ! bottom ( boil] "o or two h& hole plates-if y\r boil] has a wat] bottom-if n1 !y w be f\nd at ! bottom ( sides ( firebox4 ,take out ^! h& hole plates4 ,y w also f9d ano!r plate ne> ! top1 on firebox end ( boil]2 take ?is out1 !n op5 up smoke box door & y w f9d ano!r h& hole plate or plug ne> l[] r[ ( tubes2 take ?is out1 & y are ready = y\r wat] works1 & y want to use !m vigor\sly2 don't ?r[ 9 a few buckets ( wat]1 b cont9ue to direct ! nozzle to e "p ( ! boil]1 & don't /op z long z !re is any muddy wat] fl[+ at ! bottom h& holes4 ,?is is ! way to clean y\r boil]1 & don't ?9k t y c be a success z an eng9e] )\t ?is process1 & once a week is none too (t54 ,if y want satisfactory results f y\r eng9e1 y mu/ keep a clean boil]1 & to keep x clean requires c>e & labor4 ,if y neglect x y c expect tr\ble4 ,if y bl[ out y\r boil] hot1 or if ! mud & slu% bakes on ! tubes1 !re is soon a scale =m$ on ! tubes1 :i* decreases ! boil]'s evaporat+ capacity4 ,y1 !re=e1 9 ord] to make suffici5t am\nt ( /eam1 mu/ increase ! am\nt ( fuel1 :i* ( itself is a s\rce ( exp5se1 to say no?+ ( extra labor & ! dang] ( caus+ ! tubes to leak f ! increas$ heat y mu/ produce 9 ! firebox 9 ord] to make /eam suffici5t to d ! "w4 ,y mu/ n expect economy ( fuel1 & keep a dirty boil]1 & don't condemn a boil] because ( h>d fir+ until y "k x is clean1 & don't say x is clean :5 x c be %[n to be half full ( mud4 ,,scale ,adv]tisem5ts say t c]ta9 comp\nds w prev5t scale on boil]s1 & ,i ?9k !y tell ! tru?1 z f> z !y g2 b !y don't say :at ! result may be on iron4 ,i w n advise ! use ( any ( ^! prep>ations1 = sev]al reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 c]ta9 *emicals w successfully remove ! scale =m$ by wat] *>g$ ) bic>bonate ( lime1 & h no effect on wat] *>g$ ) sulphate ( lime4 ,"s k9ds ( b>k-summac1 logwood1 etc41-are suffici5t to remove ! scale f wat] *>g$ ) magnesia or c>bonate ( lime1 b !y are injuri\s to ! iron ow+ to ! tannic acid ) :i* !y are *>g$4 ,v9eg>1 rott5 apples1 slop1 etc41 ow+ to _! conta9+ acetic acid1 w remove scale1 b ?is is ev5 m injuri\s to ! iron ?an ! b>ks4 ,alkalies ( any k9d1 su* z soda1 w be f\nd good 9 wat] conta9+ sulphate ( lime1 by conv]t+ x into a c>bonate & !reby =m+ a s(t scale1 :i* is easily wa%$ out2 b ^! h _! objections1 =1 :5 us$ to excess1 !y cause foam+4 ,petroleum is n a bad ?+ 9 wat] :]e sulphate ( lime prevails2 b y %\ld use only ! ref9$1 z crude oil sometimes helps to =m a v injuri\s scale4 ,c>bonate ( soda & corn-/>* h be5 recomm5d$ z a scale prev5tative1 & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k !y are z good z any?+1 b z we are out 9 ! c\ntry mo/ ( ! "t ,i c tell y ( a simple little ?+ t w answ] ! same purpose1 & c usually be _h ) little tr\ble4 ,e ,monday morn+ j dump a hatful ( potatoes into y\r boil]1 & ,saturday night wa% ! boil] out1 z ,i h already sugge/$1 & :5 ! fall's run is ov] !re w n be mu* scale 9 ! boil]4 ,,clean ,,flues4 ,we h be5 urg+ y to keep y\r boil] clean4 ,n[1 to get ! be/ results f y\r fuel1 x w also be necess>y to keep y\r flues clean2 z soot & a%es are non-conductors ( heat1 y w f9d x v difficult to get up /eam ) a coat+ ( soot 9 y\r tubes4 ,mo/ factories furni% ) ea* eng9e a flue clean] & rod4 ,?is clean] %\ld be made to fit ! tubes snug1 & %\ld be =c$ ?r\gh ea* sep>ate tube e morn+ be=e build+ a fire4 ,"s eng9e]s nev] t\* _! flues ) a clean]1 b :5 !y *oke ! exhau/ suffici5tly to create su* a draught z to clean ! flues1 !y are work+ ! eng9e at a great disadvantage1 besides be+ mu* m liable to pull ! fire out at ! top ( smoke/ack4 ,if x 7 n necess>y to create draught by r$uc+ y\r exhau/ nozzle1 y\r eng9e w\ld run mu* nic] & be mu* m p[]ful if y\r nozzle 0 n r$uc$ at all4 ,h[ev]1 y mu/ r$uce x suffici5tly to give draught1 b don't impair ! p[] by mak+ ! eng9e clean its own flues4 ,i ?9k n9ety p] c5t ( ! fires />t$ by4 traction eng9es c be trac$ to ! eng9e] hav+ 8 eng9e *ok$ at ! exhau/ nozzle4 ,?is is dang]\s = ! reason t ! excessive draught creat$ ?r[s fire out at ! /ack4 ,x cuts ! p[] ( ! eng9e by creat+ back pressure4 ,we w illu/rate ?is3 ,suppose y close ! exhau/ entirely1 & ! eng9e w\ld n turn itself4 ,if ?is is true1 y c readily und]/& t p>tly clos+ x w weak5 x to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,s1 rememb] t ! nozzle has some?+ to d ) ! p[] ( ! eng9e1 & y c see :y ! fell[ t makes 8 eng9e clean its own flues is n ! brighte/ eng9e] 9 ! _w4 ,:ile x is n my int5tion to enc\rage ! fooli% habit ( pull+ eng9es1 to see :i* is ! be/ pull]1 %\ld y get into ?is k9d ( a te/1 y w %[ ! o!r fell[ a trick by dropp+ ! exhau/ nozzle (f entirely1 & no "o ne$ "k x4 ,y\r eng9e w n appe> to be mak+ any ef=t1 ei!r1 9 mak+ ! pull4 ,_m a te/ has be5 won m ?r\gh ! %rewdness ( ! op]ator ?an ! sup]iority ( ! eng9e4 ,! kn[+ ( ?is little trick may also help y out ( a bad hole "s "t :5 y want a little extra p[]4 ,& ?is br+s u to ! po9t to :i* ,i want y to pay special att5tion4 ,! majority ( eng9e]s1 :5 !y want a little extra p[]1 give ! safety valve a twi/4 ,n[1 ,i h already told y to c>ry a good head ( /eam1 any:]e f #ajj to #abj p\nds ( /eam is good pressure & is pl5ty1 & if y h y\r valve set to bl[ (f at #aae1 let x be !re2 & don't screw x d[n e "t y want m p[]1 = if y d y w soon h x up to ,i#be1 & %\ld y want m /eam at "s o!r "t y w f9d y\rself screw+ x d[n aga91 & :at 0 really int5d$ = a safety valve loses all its virtue z a safety1 z f> z y & ^? ar\nd y are conc]n$4 ,if y "k y h a good boil] y are safe 9 sett+ x at ,i#be p\nds1 provid$ y are det]m9$ to n set x up to any high] pressure4 ,b my advice to y is t if y\r eng9e won't d ! "w requir$ ( x at #aae p\nds1 y _h be/ d :at y c ) x until y c get a l>g] "o4 ,a safety valve is exactly :at its "n implies1 & !re %\ld be a heavy p5alty = anyone tak+ t p[] away f x4 ,if y refuse to set y\r safety d[n at any "t1 x does n imply t y are afraid ( y\r boil]1 b r y und]/& y\r bus9ess & realize y\r responsibility4 ,i /at$ be=e :at y %\ld d ) ! safety valve 9 />t+ a new eng9e4 ,y %\ld also att5d to ?is "p ( x e few days4 ,see t x does n become sl[ to "w4 ,y %\ld note ! pressure e "t x bl[s (f2 y "k :]e x ought to bl[ (f1 s don't all[ x to /ick or hold ! /eam beyond ?is pressure4 ,if y are c>eful ab\t ?is1 !re is no dang] ab\t x /ick+ "s "t :5 y don't happ5 to be wat*+ ! gauge4 ,! /eam gauge w tell y :5 ! pop ought to bl[ (f1 & y want to see t x does x4 ,,"p ,,five ,,/eam ,,gauge ,"s eng9e]s call a /eam gauge a clock4 ,i suppose !y d ?is because !y ?9k x tells !m :5 x is "t to ?r[ 9 coal1 & :5 x is "t to quit1 & :5 x is "t = ! safety valve to bl[ (f4 ,if t is :at !y ?9k a /eam gauge is =1 ,i c tell !m t x is "t = !m to le>n diff]5tly4 ,x is true t 9 a c]ta9 s5se x does tell ! eng9e] :5 to d c]ta9 ?+s1 b n z a clock w\ld tell ! "t ( day4 ,! (fice ( a /eam gauge is to enable y to read ! pressure on y\r boil] at all times1 ! same z a scale w enable y to det]m9e ! weight ( any object4 ,z ?is is ! duty ( ! /eam gauge1 x is necess>y t x be absolutely correct4 ,by ! use ( an unreliable gauge y may become ?or\ghly bewild]$1 & 9 reality "k no?+ ( :at pressure y are c>ry+4 ,?is w occur 9 ab\t ?is way3 ,y\r /eam gauge becomes weak1 & if y\r safety is set at ,i#jj p\nds1 x w %[ ,i#jj or ev5 m be=e ! pop all[s ! /eam to escape2 or if ! gauge becomes clogg$1 ! pop may bl[ (f :5 ! gauge only %[s g p\nds or less4 ,?is latt] is really m dang]\s ?an ! =m]4 ,z y w\ld mo/ naturally conclude t y\r safety 0 gett+ weak1 & ab\t ! fir/ ?+ y w\ld d w\ld be to screw x d[n s t ! gauge w\ld %[ ,i#jj be=e ! pop w\ld bl[ (f1 :5 9 fact y w\ld h ,i#jj or m4 ,s y c see at once h[ important x is t y\r gauge & safety %\ld "w exactly toge!r1 & !re is b "o way to make c]ta9 ( ?is1 & t is to te/ y\r /eam gauge4 ,if y "k ! /eam gauge is correct1 y c make y\r safety valve agree ) x2 b nev] try to make x d x till y "k ! gauge is reliable4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,te/ ,a ,,/eam ,,gauge ,take x (f1 & take x to "s %op :]e !re is a /eam boil] 9 active use2 h ! eng9e] atta* y\r gauge :]e x w receive ! direct pressure1 & if x %[s ! same z 8 gauge1 x is reasonable to suppose t y\r gauge is correct4 ,if ! eng9e] to :om y take y\r gauge %\ld say he ?9ks 8 gauge is weak1 or a little /rong1 !n g some:]e else4 ,i h already told y t ,i did n want y to ?9k any?+ ab\t y\r eng9e-,i want y to "k x4 ,h[ev]1 %\ld y f9d t y\r gauge %[s :5 te/$ ) ano!r gauge1 t x is weak1 or unreliable 9 any way1 y want to repair x at once1 & ! safe/ way is to get a new "o2 & yet ,i w\ld advise y fir/ to exam9e x & see if y _c discov] ! tr\ble4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t ! po9t] becomes loos5$ on ! j\rnal or sp9dle1 :i* atta*es x to ! me*anism t op]ates x4 ,if ?is is ! tr\ble1 x is easily rem$i$1 b %\ld ! tr\ble prove to be 9 ! spr+1 or ! delicate me*anism1 x w\ld be mu* m satisfactory to get a new "o4 ,9 select+ a new gauge y w be bett] satisfi$ ) a gauge hav+ a d\ble spr+ or tube1 z !y are less liable to freeze or become /ra9$ f a high pressure1 & ! d\ble spr+ w n all[ ! ne$le or po9t] to vibrate :5 subject to a %ock or sudd5 increase ( pressure1 z ) ! s+le spr+4 ,a c>eful eng9e] w h no?+ to d ) a defective /eam gauge or an unreliable safety valve4 ,"s /eam gauges are provid$ ) a seal1 & z long z ?is seal is n brok5 ! factory w make x good4 ,,fusible ,,plug ,we h told y ab\t a safety valve1 we w n[ h some?+ to say ( a safety plug4 ,a safety1 or fusible plug1 is a holl[ brass plug or bolt1 screw$ into ! top cr[n %eet4 ,! hole ?r\gh ! plug be+ fill$ ) "s s(t metal t w fuse at a mu* less temp]ature ?an is requir$ to burn iron4 ,! heat f ! firebox w h no effect on ?is fusible plug z long z ! cr[n %eet is cov]$ ) wat]1 b ! mom5t t ! wat] level falls bel[ ! top ( ! cr[n %eet1 !reby expos+ ! plug1 ?is s(t metal is melt$ & runs out1 all[s ! /eam to ru% d[n ?r\gh ! op5+ 9 ! lug1 putt+ out ! fire & prev5t+ any injury to ! boil]4 ,?is all s\nds v nice1 b ,i am free to confess t ,i am n an advocate ( a fusible plug4 ,aft] tell+ y to nev] all[ ! wat] to get l[1 & !n to say !re is some?+ to ev5 make ?is all[able1 s\nds v mu* l ! prea*] :o told 8 boy nev] to g fi%+ on ,sunday1 b if he did g1 to be sure & br+ home ! fi%4 ,i w\ld h no objection to ! safety plug if ! eng9e] did n "k x 0 !re4 ,i am aw>e t "s /ates require t all eng9es be fitt$ ) a fusible plug4 ,i d n "q _! good int5tions1 b ,i d "q _! good judgm5t4 ,x seems to me ! are grant+ a lic5se to c>elessness4 ,= in/ance1 an eng9e] is runn+ ) a l[ gauge ( wat]1 ow+ possibly to ! tank be+ delay$ long] ?an usual1 he kn[s ! wat] is gett+ l[1 b he says to himself1 well1 if ! wat] gets too l[ ,i w only bl[ out ! plug1 & s he cont9ues to run until ! tank arrives4 ,if ! plug holds1 he at once beg9s to pump 9 cold wat]1 & mo/ likely does x on a v hot %eet1 :i* ( itself1 is some?+ he nev] %\ld d2 & if ! plug does bl[ out he is delay$ a c\ple ( h\rs1 at lea/1 be=e he c put 9 a new plug & get up /eam aga94 ,n[ suppose he _h n _h a s(t plug 7z !y are sometimes call$74 ,he w\ld h /opp$ be=e he _h l[ wat]4 ,he w\ld n ev5 h _h a hot cr[n %eet1 & w\ld only h lo/ ! "t he wait$ on ! tank4 ,?is is n a fanci$ circum/ance by any means1 = x happ5s e day4 ,! eng9e] runn+ an eng9e ) a safety plug seldom /ops = a load ( wat] until he bl[s out ! plug4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t a fusible plug becomes corrod$ to su* an ext5t t x w /& a heat suffici5t to burn ! iron4 ,?is is my greate/ objection to x4 ,! eng9e] cont9ues to rely on x = safety1 ! same z if x 7 9 p]fect ord]1 & ! ultimate result is he burns or cracks 8 cr[n %eet4 ,i h already /at$ t ,i h no objection to ! plug1 if ! eng9e] did n "k x 0 !re1 s if y mu/ use "o1 att5d to x1 & e "t y clean y\r boil] scrape ! upp] or wat] end ( ! plug ) a knife1 & be c>eful to remove any corrosive matt] t may h collect$ on x1 & !n treat y\r boil] exactly z ?\gh !re 0 no su* a ?+ z a safety plug 9 x4 ,a safety plug 0 n design$ to let y run ) any l[] gauge ( wat]4 ,x is plac$ !re to prev5t injury to ! boil]1 9 case ( an accid5t or :51 by "s means1 y might be deceiv$ 9 y\r gauge ( wat]1 or if by mi/ake1 a fire 0 />t$ )\t any wat] 9 ! boil]4 ,%\ld ! plug melt out1 x is necess>y to replace x at once1 or z soon z ! heat w p]mit y to d s4 ,x might be a sav+ ( "t to h an extra plug always ready1 !n all y h to d is to remove ! melt$ "o by unscrew+ x f ! cr[n %eet & screw+ ! extra "o 94 ,b if y h no extra plug y mu/ remove ! fir/ "o & refill x ) babbitt4 ,y c d ?is by fill+ "o end ( ! plug ) wet clay & p\r+ ! metal into ! o!r end1 & !n p\nd+ x d[n smoo? to prev5t any leak+4 ,?is done1 y c screw ! plug back into its place4 ,if y %\ld h two plugs1 z soon z y h melt$ out "o replace x ) ! new "o1 & refill ! o!r at y\r e>lie/ conv5i5ce4 ,by ! "t y h replac$ a fusible plug a few times 9 a hot boil] y w conclude x is bett] to keep wat] ov] y\r cr[n %eet4 ,,leaky ,,flues ,:at makes flues leak8 ,i ask$ ?is "q once1 & ! answ] 0 t ! flues 7 n l>ge en\gh to fill up ! hole 9 flue %eet4 ,?is /ruck me z be+ funny at fir/1 b on second ?\ght ,i conclud$ x 0 ab\t correct4 ,flues may leak f sev]al causes1 b usually x c be trac$ to ! c>elessness ( "s "o4 ,y may h notic$ be=e ?is t ,i am incl9$ to blame a great _m ?+s to c>elessness4 ,well1 by ! "t y h run an eng9e a ye> or two y w conclude t ,i am n unju/ 9 my suspicions4 ,i d n blame eng9e]s = ev]y?+1 b ,i d say t !y are responsible = a great _m ?+s :i* !y endeavor to %ift on to ! manufactur]4 ,if ! flues 9 a new boil] leak1 x is evid5t t !y 7 slight$ by ! boil]-mak]2 b %\ld !y run a season or "p ( a season be=e leak+1 !n x w\ld indicate t ! boil]-mak] did 8 duty1 b ! eng9e] did n d 84 ,he has be5 build+ too hot a fire to beg9 )1 or has1 be5 lett+ 8 fire door /& op52 or he may h ov]tax$ 8 boil]2 or else he has be5 bl[+ out 8 boil] :5 too hot2 or has at "s "t bl[n out ) "s fire 9 firebox4 ,n[1 any "o ( ^! ?+s1 repeat$ a few times1 w make ! be/ ( !m leak4 ,y h be5 advis$ already n to d ^! ?+s1 & if y d !m1 or any "o ( !m1 ,i want to "k :at bett] ^w !re is to express x ?an c>elessness4 ,!re are o!r ?+s t w make y\r flues leak4 ,pump+ cold wat] into a boil] ) a l[ gauge ( wat] w d x1 if x does no?+ m s]i\s4 ,p\r+ cold wat] into a hot boil] w d x4 ,= in/ance1 if = any reason y %\ld bl[ out y\r boil] :ile 9 ! field1 & z y might be 9 a hurry to get to "w1 y w\ld n let ! iron cool1 be=e beg9n+ to refill4 ,i h se5 an eng9e] p\r wat] into a boil] z soon z ! escap+ /eam w\ld admit x4 ,! flues _c /& su* treatm5t1 z !y are ?9n] ?an ! %ell or flue %eet1 & !re=e cool mu* quick]1 & 9 contract+ are drawn f ! flue %eet1 & z a matt] ( c\rse mu/ leak4 ,a flue1 :5 once />t$ to leak1 seldom /ops )\t be+ set up1 & "o leaky flue w />t o!rs1 & :at are y go+ to d ab\t x8 ,are y go+ to s5d to a boil] %op & get a boil]mak] to come out & fix !m & pay him f =ty to sixty c5ts an h\r = do+ x8 ,i don't "k b t y mu/ ! fir/ "t1 b if y are go+ to make a bus9ess ( mak+ y\r flues leak1 y _h be/ le>n h[ to d x y\rself4 ,y c d x if y are n too big to get into ! fire door4 ,y %\ld provide y\rself ) a flue exp&] & a calk+ tool1 ) a ma*9i/'s hamm]1 7n too heavy74 ,take into ! firebox ) y a piece ( clean wa/e ) :i* y w wipe (f ! ends ( ! flues & flue %eet to remove any soot or a%es t may h collect$ ar\nd !m4 ,aft] ?is is done y w =ce ! exp&] into ! flues driv+ x well up1 9 ord] to br+ ! %\ld] ( exp&] up snug aga9/ ! head ( ! flue4 ,!n drive ! tap]+ p9 into ! exp&]4 ,by driv+ ! p9 9 too f> y may spread ! flue suffici5t to crack x or y are m liable1 by exp&+ too h>d1 to spread ! hole 9 flue %eet & !reby loos5 o!r flues4 ,y mu/ be c>eful ab\t ?is4 ,:5 y ?9k y h exp&$ suffici5t1 hit ! p9 a side bl[ 9 ord] to loos5 x1 & turn ! exp&] ab\t "o-qu>t] ( a turn1 & drive x up z be=e2 loos5 up & cont9ue to turn z be=e until y h made ! entire circle ( flues4 ,!n remove ! exp&]1 & y are ready = y\r head] or calk+ tool4 ,x is be/ to exp& all ! flues t are leak+ be=e beg9n+ ) ! head]4 ,! head] is us$ by plac+ ! gauge or guide end )9 ! flue1 & ) y\r light hamm] ! flue c be calk$ or bead$ d[n aga9/ ! flue %eet4 ,be c>eful to use y\r hamm] lightly1 s z n to bruise ! flues or %eet4 ,:5 y h gone ov] all ! exp&$ flues 9 ?is way1 y1 7if y h be5 c>eful7 w n only h a good job1 b w conclude t y are some:at ( an exp]t at x4 ,i nev] saw a man g into a firebox & /op ! leak b t he came out well pleas$ ) himself4 ,! fact t a firebox is no pleasant work%op may h _h some?+ to d ) x4 ,if y\r flues h be5 leak+ badly1 & y h exp&$ !m1 x w\ld be well to te/ y\r boil] ) cold wat] pressure to make sure t y h a good job4 ,h[ are y go+ to te/ y\r boil]8 ,if y c atta* to a hydrant1 d s1 & :5 y h giv5 y\r boil] all ! pressure y want1 y c !n exam9e y\r flues c>efully1 & %\ld y f9d any seep+ ( wat]1 y c use y\r bead] lightly untill su* leaks are /opp$4 ,if ! wat]works w n af=d y suffici5t pressure1 y c br+ x up to ! requir$ pressure1 by atta*+ a hydraulic pump or a good =ce pump4 ,9 te/+ = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ if y h a good job on y\r flues1 x is n necess>y to put on any great] cold wat] pressure ?an y are 9 ! habit ( c>ry+4 ,= in/ance1 if y\r safety valve is set at "o hundr$ & t5 p\nds1 ?is pressure ( cold wat] w be suffici5t to te/ ! flues4 ,n[1 suppose y are out 9 ! field & want to te/ y\r flues4 ,( c\rse y h no hydrant to atta* to1 & y happ5 n to h a =ce pump1 x w\ld seem y 7 9 bad %ape to te/ y\r boil] ) cold wat]4 ,well1 y c d x by proce$+ 9 ?is way3 ,:5 y h exp&$ & bead$ all ! flues t 7 leak+1 y w !n close ! ?rottle tight1 take (f ! safety valve 7z ?is is g5]ally atta*$ at ! highe/ po9t7 & fill ! boil] full1 z x is absolutely necess>y t all ! space 9 ! boil] %\ld be fill$ ) cold wat]4 ,!n screw ! safety valve back 9 its place4 ,y w !n get back 9 ! firebox ) y\r tools & h someone place a small %eaf ( :eat or oat /raw "u ! firebox or "u wai/ ( boil] if op5 firebox1 & set fire to x4 ,! expansive =ce ( ! wat] caus$ by ! heat f ! burn+ /raw w produce pressure desir$4 ,y %\ld "k1 h[ev]1 t y\r safety is 9 p]fect ord]4 ,:5 ! wat] beg9s to escape at ! safety valve1 y c readily see if y h exp&$ y\r flues suffici5tly to keep !m f leak+4 ,?is makes a v nice & /eady pressure1 & al?\gh ! pressure is caus$ by heat1 x is a cold wat] pressure1 z ! wat] is n heat$ beyond "o or two degrees4 ,?is mode ( te/+1 h[ev]1 _c be appli$ 9 v cold wea!r1 z wat] has no expansive =ce five degrees above or five degrees bel[ ! freez+ po9t4 ,^! te/s1 h[ev]1 are only = ! purpose ( try+ y\r flues & are n int5d$ to asc]ta9 ! effici5cy or /r5g? ( y\r boil]4 ,:5 ?is is requir$1 ,i w\ld advise y to get an exp]t to d x1 z ! be/ te/ = ?is is ! hamm] te/1 & only an exp]t %\ld attempt x4 ,,"p ,,six ,any "y eng9e] :o w make use ( :at he has read w nev] get 8 eng9e into mu* tr\ble4 ,manufactur]s ( f>m eng9es to-day make a specialty ( ?is class ( goods1 z !y endeavor to build !m z simple & ( z few p>ts z possible4 ,!y d ?is well kn[+ t1 z a rule1 !y mu/ be run by m5 :o _c take a c\rse 9 practical eng9e]+4 ,if ea* "o ( ! _m ?\s&s ( eng9es t are turn$ out e ye> _h to h a practical eng9e] to run x1 x w\ld be bett] to be an eng9e] ?an to own ! eng9e2 & manufactur]s kn[+ ?is1 !y !re=e make _! eng9es z simple & ) z little liability to get out ( ord] z possible4 ,! simple/ =m ( an eng9e1 h[ev]1 requires ( ! op]ator a c]ta9 am\nt ( bra9s & a will+ness to d t :i* he kn[s %\ld be done2 & if y w foll[ ! in/ructions y h already receiv$1 y c run y\r eng9e z successfully z any "o c wi% z long z y\r eng9e is 9 ord]1 &1 z ,i h j /at$1 x is n liable to get out ( ord]1 except f con/ant we>1 & ?is we> w appe> 9 ! boxes1 j\rnals & valve4 ,! brasses on wri/ p9 & cross-head w probably require y\r fir/ & mo/ c>eful att5tion1 & ( ^! two ! wri/ or crank box w require ! mo/2 & :at is true ( "o is true ( bo? boxes4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n necess>y to take up bo? boxes 9 in/ruct+ y h[ to h&le !m4 ,we w take up ! box mo/ likely to require y\r att5tion4 ,?is is ! wri/ box4 ,y w f9d ?is box 9 two p>ts or halves4 ,9 a new eng9e y w f9d t ^! two halves d n meet on ! wri/ p9 by at lea/ "o-eigh? ( an in*4 ,!y are br\ght up to ! p9 by means ( a w$ge-%ap$ key4 7,i am speak+ n[ ( ! mo/ common =m ( wri/ boxes4 ,if y\r eng9e %\ld n h ?is key1 x w h some?+ :i* s]ves ! same purpose47 ,z ! brasses we> y c take up ?is we> by =c+ ! key d[n1 :i* br+s ! two halves ne>] toge!r4 ,y c cont9ue to gradually take up ?is we> until y h br\ght !m toge!r4 ,y w !n see t x is necess>y to d some?+1 9 ord] to take up any m we>1 & ?is some?+ is to take out ! brasses & file ab\t "o-sixte5? ( an in* (f ( ea* brass4 ,?is w all[ y ano!r eigh? ( an in* to take up 9 we>4 ,n[ "h is a nice little problem = y to solve & ,i want y to solve x to y\r own satisfaction1 & :5 y d1 y w ?or\ghly und]/& x1 & to und]/& x is to nev] all[ x to get y into tr\ble4 ,we />t$ out by say+ t 9 a new eng9e y w\ld mo/ likely f9d ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* betwe5 ! brasses1 & we said y w\ld f9ally get ^! brasses1 or halves toge!r1 & w\ld h to take !m out & file !m4 ,n[ we h tak5 up "o-eigh? ( an in* & ! result is1 we h l5g!n$ our pitman j "o-sixte5? ( an in*2 or 9 o!r words1 ! c5t] ( wri/ p9 & ! c5t] ( cross-head are j "o-sixte5? ( an in* fur!r ap>t ?an !y 7 be=e any we> _h tak5 place1 & ! pi/on head has "o-sixte5? ( an in* m cle>ance at "o end1 & "o-sixte5? ( an in* less at ! o!r end ?an x _h be=e4 ,n[ if we take out ! boxes & file !m s we h1 ano!r eigh? ( an in*1 by ! "t we h tak5 up ?is we>1 we w !n h ?is di/ance d\bl$1 & we w soon h ! pi/on head /rik+ ! end ( ! cyl9d]1 & besides1 ! eng9e w n run z smoo? z x did4 ,half ( ! we> comes (f ( ea* half1 & ! half next to ! key is br\ght up to ! wri/ p9 because ( ! tap]+ key1 :ile ! outside half rema9s 9 "o place4 ,y mu/ !re=e place back ( ?is half a ?9 piece ( %eet copp]1 or a piece ( t9 w d4 ,n[ suppose our boxes _h "o-eigh? ( an in* = we>4 ,:5 we h tak5 up ?is mu* we mu/ put 9 "o-sixte5? ( an in* back+ 7z x is call$71 = we h r$uc$ ! outside half by j t am\nt4 ,we h also r$uc$ ! front half ! same1 b z we h said1 ! tap]+ key br+s ?is half up to its place4 ,n[ we ?9k we h made ?is cle> en\gh & we w leave ?is & g back to ! key aga94 ,y mu/ rememb] t we /at$ t ! key 0 tap]+ or a w$g$ %ape1 & z a w$ge1 is equally z p[]ful z a screw1 & y mu/ be> 9 m9d t a slight tap w br+ ^! two boxes up tight aga9/ ! wri/ p94 ,"y eng9e]s exp]i5ce m tr\ble ) ?is box ?an ) any o!r "p ( ! eng9e1 & all because !y d n "k h[ to manage x4 ,y %\ld be v c>eful n to get y\r box too tight1 & don't imag9e t e "t !re is a little knock ab\t y\r eng9e t y c /op x by driv+ ! key d[n a little m4 ,?is is a great mi/ake t _m1 & ev5 old eng9e]s make4 ,i at "o "t se5 a wri/ p9 & boxes ru9$ by ! eng9e] try+ to /op a knock t came f a loose fly-:eel4 ,x is a fact1 & "o t has nev] be5 satisfactorily expla9$1 t a knock com+ f almo/ any "p ( an eng9e w appe> to be 9 ! wri/4 ,s be> ?is 9 m9d & don't all[ y\rself to be deceiv$ 9 ?is way1 & nev] try to /op a knock until y h fir/ locat$ ! tr\ble beyond a d\bt4 ,:5 x becomes necess>y to key up y\r brasses1 y w f9d x a good safe way to loos5 up ! set screw :i* holds ! key1 !n drive x d[n till y are satisfi$ y h x tight4 ,!n drive x back aga9 & !n ) y\r fi/ drive ! key d[n z f> z y c4 ,y may consid] ?is a peculi> k9d ( a hamm]1 b y\r boxes w r>ely ev] heat aft] be+ key$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,,knock ,,9 ,,eng9es ,:at makes an eng9e knock or p\nd8 ,a loose pill[ block box is a good knock]4 ,! pill[ block is a box next crank or disc :eel4 ,?is box is usually fitt$ ) set bolts & jam nuts4 ,y mu/ also be c>eful n to set ?is up too tight1 rememb]+ always t a box :5 too tight beg9s to heat & ?is exp&s ! j\rnal1 caus+ great] friction4 ,a slight turn ( a set bolt "o way or ! o!r may be suffici5t to cool a box t may be runn+ hot1 or to heat "o t may be runn+ cool4 ,a hot box f neglect ( oil+ c be cool$ by supply+ oil1 provid$ x has n already comm5c$ to cut4 ,if x %[s any sign ( cutt+1 ! only safe way is to remove ! box & clean x ?or\ghly4 ,loose ecc5tric yokes w make a knock 9 an eng9e1 & x may appe> to be 9 ! wri/4 ,y w f9d pack+ betwe5 ! two halves ( ! yoke4 ,take out a ?9 %eet ( ?is pack+1 b don't take out too mu*1 z y are liable !n to get !m too tight & !y may /ick & cause y\r ecc5trics to slip4 ,we w h m to say ab\t ! slipp+ ( ! ecc5trics4 ,! pi/on rod loose 9 cross-head w make a knock1 :i* also appe>s 9 ! wri/1 b x is n !re4 ,tight5 ! pi/on & y w /op x4 ,! pi/on rod may be key$ 9 cross head1 or x may be held 9 place by a nut4 ,! key is less liable to get loose1 b %\ld x "w loose a few times x may be necess>y to replace x ) a new "o4 ,& ?is is "o ( ! ?+s t cause a bad break :5 x works out or gets loose4 ,if x gets loose x may n come out1 b x w n /& ! /ra9 v long 9 ?is condition1 & w break1 all[+ ! pi/on to come out ( cross head1 & y are c]ta9 to knock out "o cyl9d] head & possibly bo? ( !m4 ,! nut w d ! same ?+ if all[$ to come (f4 ,s ?is is "o ( ! connections t w claim y\r att5tion once 9 a :ile1 b if y tra9 y\r e> to detect any unusual noise y w discov] x z soon z x gives ! lea/ 9 ei!r key or nut4 ,! cross-head loose 9 ! guides w make x knock4 ,if ! cross-head is n provid$ = tak+ up ?is we>1 y c take (f ! guides & file !m en\gh to all[ !m to come up to ! cross-head1 b x is mu* bett] to h !m plan$ (f1 :i* insures ! guides com+ up squ>e aga9/ ! cross-head & ?us prev5t any heat+ or cutt+4 ,a loose fly-:eel w mo/ likely puzzle y m ?an any?+ else to f9d ! knock4 ,s rememb] ?is4 ,! :eel may app>5tly be tight1 b %\ld ! key be ! lea/ bit n>r[ = ! groove 9 %aft1 x w make y\r eng9e bump v simil> to t caus$ by too mu* or too little lead4 ,,lead ,:at is lead8 ,lead is space or op5+ ( port on /eam end ( cyl9d]1 :5 eng9e is on dead c5t]4 7,dead c5t] is ! two po9ts ( disc or crank :eel at :i* ! crank p9 is 9 direct l9e ) pi/on & at :i* no am\nt ( /eam w />t ! eng9e47 ,diff]5t makes ( eng9es diff] to su* an ext5t t x is impossible to give any rule or any def9ite am\nt ( lead = an eng9e4 ,= in/ance1 an eng9e ) a port six in*es long & "o-half in* wide w\ld require mu* less lead ?an "o ) a port f\r in*es long & "o in* wide4 ,suppose ,i %\ld say "o-sixte5? ( an in* 0 ! prop] lead4 ,9 "o eng9e y w\ld h an op5+ "o-sixte5? ( an in* wide & six in*es long & 9 ! o!r y w\ld h "o-sixte5? ( an in* wide & f\r in*es long2 s y c readily see t x is impossible to give ! am\nt ( lead = an eng9e )\t kn[+ ! pi/on area1 l5g? ( port1 spe$1 etc4 ,lead all[s live /eam to ent] ! cyl9d] j ahead ( ! pi/on at ! po9t ( f9i%+ ! /roke1 & =ms a cu%ion1 & enables ! eng9e to pass ! c5t] )\t a j>4 ,too mu* lead is a s\rce ( weakness to an eng9e1 z x all[s ! /eam to ent] ! cyl9d] too soon & =ms a back pressure & t5ds to prev5t ! eng9e f pass+ ! c5t]4 ,x w1 !re=e1 make y\r eng9e bump1 & make x v difficult to hold ! pack+ 9 /uff+ box4 ,insuffici5t lead w n all[ en\gh /eam to ent] ! cyl9d] ahead ( pi/on to af=d cu%ion en\gh to /op ! in]tia1 & ! result w be t y\r eng9e w p\nd on ! wri/ p94 ,y mo/ likely h conclud$ by ?is "t t lead is no small factor 9 ! smoo? runn+ ( an eng9e1 & y1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 w want to "k h[ y are to obta9 ! prop] lead4 ,well don't worry y\rself4 ,y\r eng9e is n go+ to h too mu* lead today & n en\gh tomorr[4 ,if y\r eng9e 0 prop]ly set up 9 ! fir/ place ! lead w be all "r1 & cont9ue to af=d ! prop] lead z long z ! valve has n be5 di/urb$ f its orig9al position2 & ?is br+s u to ! mo/ important duty ( an eng9e] z f> z ! eng9e is conc]n$1 viz3 ,sett+ ! ,valve4 ,,sett+ ,a ,,valve4 ,! prop] & accurate sett+ ( a valve on a /eam eng9e is "o ( ! mo/ important duties t y w h to p]=m1 z x requires a nicety ( calculation & a me*anical accuracy4 ,& :5 we rememb] also1 t ?is is ano!r "o ( ! ?+s = :i* no uni=m rule c be adopt$1 ow+ to ! _m circum/ances :i* g to make an eng9e s diff]5t "u diff]5t conditions1 we f9d x v difficult to give y ! light on ?is "p ( y\r duty :i* we w\ld wi% to4 ,we1 h[ev]1 hope to make x s cle> to y t by ! aid ( ! eng9e be=e y1 y c readily und]/& ! conditions & pr9ciples :i* control ! valve 9 ! p>ticul> eng9e :i* y may h "u y\r managem5t4 ,! p[] & economy ( an eng9e dep5ds l>gely on ! accurate op]ation ( its valve4 ,x is1 !re=e1 necess>y t y "k h[ to reset x1 %\ld x become necess>y to d s4 ,an au?ority says1 ,br+ y\r eng9e to a dead c5t] & !n adju/ y\r valve to ! prop] lead4 ,?is is all "r z f> z x goes1 b h[ are y to f9d ! dead c5t]4 ,i "k t x is a common cu/om 9 ! field to br+ ! eng9e to a c5t] by ! use ( ! eye4 ,y may h a good eye1 b x is n good en\gh to dep5d on = ! accurate sett+ ( a valve4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,f9d ,,! ,,dead ,,c5t] ,fir/1 provide y\rself ) a tram4 ,?is y c d by tak+ a #a_/d in* iron rod1 ab\t #ah in*es long1 & b5d ab\t two in*es ( "o end to a %>p angle4 ,!n %>p5 bo? ends to a nice %>p po9t4 ,n[1 fa/5 securely a block ( h>d wood some:]e ne> ! face ( ! fly :eel1 s t :5 ! /raight end ( y\r tram is plac$ at a def9ite po9t 9 ! block ! o!r1 or hook end1 w rea* ! cr[n ( fly :eel4 ,be c]ta9 t ! block _c move f its place1 & be c>eful to place ! tram at exactly ! same po9t on ! block at ea* "t y br+ ! tram into use4 ,y are n[ ready to proce$ to f9d ! dead c5t]1 & 9 do+ ?is rememb] to turn ! fly :eel always 9 ! same direction4 ,n[1 turn y\r eng9e ov] till x ne>s "o ( ! c5t]s1 b n q to x4 ,y w !n1 by ! aid ( a /raight-edge make a cle> & di/9ct m>k across ! guides & cross head4 ,n[1 g ar\nd to ! fly :eel & place ! /raight end ( ! tram at same po9t on ! block1 & ) ! hook end make a m>k across ! cr[n or c5t] ( face ( fly :eel2 n[ turn y\r eng9e pa/ ! c5t] & on to ! po9t at :i* ! l9e on cross head is exactly 9 l9e ) ! l9es on guides4 ,n[1 place y\r tram 9 ! same place z be=e1 & make ano!r m>k across ! cr[n ( fly :eel4 ,by ! use ( divid]s f9d ! exact c5t] betwe5 ! two m>ks made on fly :eel2 m>k ?is po9t ) a c5t] pun*4 ,n[1 br+ ! fly :eel to ! po9t at :i* ! tram1 :5 plac$ at its prop] place on block1 ! hook end1 or po9t1 w t\* ?is pun* m>k1 & y w h "o ( ! exact dead c5t]s4 ,n[1 turn ! eng9e ov] till x ne>s ! o!r c5t]1 & proce$ exactly z be=e1 rememb]+ always to place ! /raight end ( tram exactly 9 same place 9 block1 & y w f9d bo? dead c5t]s z accurately z if y _h all ! f9e tools ( an eng9e build]4 ,y are n[ ready to proce$ ) ! sett+ ( y\r valve1 & z y h bo? dead c5t]s to "w f y ought to be able to d x1 z y d n h to dep5d on y\r eye to f9d !m1 & by ! use ( ! tram ,y turn y\r eng9e to exactly ! same po9t e "t y wi% to get a c5t]4 ,n[ remove ! cap on /eam *e/1 br+ y\r eng9e to a dead c5t] & give y\r valve ! necess>y am\nt ( lead on ! /eam end4 ,n[1 we h already /at$ t we c\ld n give y ! prop] am\nt ( lead = an eng9e4 ,x is presum$ t ! mak] ( y\r eng9e knew ! am\nt be/ adapt$ to ?is eng9e1 & y c asc]ta9 8 idea ( ?is by fir/ all[+1 we w say1 ab\t #a_/af ( an in*4 ,n[ br+ y\r eng9e to ! o!r c5t]1 & if ! lead at ! o!r end is less ?an #a_/af1 !n y mu/ conclude t he int5d$ to all[ less ?an #a_/af1 b %\ld x %[ m ?an ?is1 !n x is evid5t t he int5d$ m ?an ,i_/,i#af lead2 b 9 ei!r case y mu/ adju/ y\r valve s z to divide ! space1 9 ord] to secure ! same lead :5 on ei!r c5t]4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any bett] tool to asc]ta9 if ! lead is ! same1 make a tap]+ wood5 w$ge ( s(t wood1 turn ! eng9e to a c5t] & =ce ! w$ge 9 ! op5+ made by ! valve h>d en\gh to m>k ! wood2 !n turn to ! next c5t]1 & if ! w$ge ent]s ! same di/ance1 y are correct2 if n1 adju/ till x does1 & :5 y h x set at ! prop] place y _h be/ m>k x by tak+ a %>p cold *isel & place x s t x w cut into ! hub ( ecc5tric & 9 ! %aft2 !n hit x a sm>t bl[ ) a hamm]4 ,?is %\ld be done aft] y h set ! set screws 9 ecc5tric d[n solid on ! %aft4 ,!n1 at any "t %\ld y\r ecc5tric slip1 y h only to br+ x back to ! *isel m>k & fa/5 x1 & y are ready to g ahead aga94 ,?is is = a pla9 or s+le ecc5tric eng9e4 ,a d\ble or rev]sible eng9e1 h[ev]1 is some:at m difficult to h&le 9 sett+ ! valve4 ,n t ! valve itself is any diff]5t f a pla9 eng9e1 b f ! fact t ! l9k may confuse y1 & :ile ! l9k may be 9 position to run ! eng9e "o way y may be endeavor+ to set ! valve to run x ! o!r way4 ,! prop] way to proce$ ) ?is k9d ( an eng9e is to br+ ! rev]se lev] to a position to run ! eng9e =w>d1 !n proce$ to set y\r valve ! same z on a pla9 eng9e4 ,:5 y h x at ! prop] place1 tight5 j en\gh to keep f slipp+1 !n br+ y\r rev]se lev] to ! rev]se position & br+ y\r eng9e to ! c5t]4 ,if x %[s ! same lead = ! rev]se motion y are !n ready to tight5 y\r ecc5trics securely1 & !y %\ld be m>k$ z be=e4 ,y may imag9e t y w h ?is to d (t54 ,well don't be sc>$ ab\t x4 ,y may run an eng9e a long "t1 & nev] h to set a valve4 ,i h he>d ^! w9dy eng9e]s 7y h se5 !m71 say t !y _h to g & set ,mr4 ,a's or ,mr4 ,b's valve1 :5 ! facts 71 if !y did any?+1 x 0 simply to br+ ! ecc5trics back to _! orig9al position4 ,!y happ5$ to "k t mo/ all eng9es are pla9ly m>k$ at ! factory1 & all !re 0 to d 0 to br+ ! ecc5trics back to ^! m>ks & fa/5 !m1 & ! valve 0 set4 ,! slipp+ ( ! ecc5trics is ab\t ! only cause = a valve work+ badly4 ,y %\ld !re=e keep all grease & dirt away f ^! m>ks2 keep ! set screws well tight5$1 & notice !m frequ5tly to see t !y d n slip4 ,%\ld !y slip a ,i_/,i#f "p ( an in*1 a well educat$ e> c detect x 9 ! exhau/4 ,%\ld !y slip a "p ( a turn z !y w "s times1 ! eng9e may /op in/antly1 or x may cut a few peculi> circles = a m9ute or two1 b don't get excit$1 look to ! ecc5trics at once = ! tr\ble4 ,y\r eng9e may h[ev] act v que] "s "t1 & y may f9d ! ecc5trics 9 _! prop] place4 ,!n y mu/ g into ! /eam *e/ = ! tr\ble4 ,! valves 9 diff]5t eng9es are fa/5$ on valve rod 9 diff]5t ways4 ,"s are held 9 place by jam nuts2 a nut may h work$ loose1 caus+ lo/ motion on ! valve4 ,?is w make y\r eng9e "w badly4 ,o!r eng9es hold _! valve by a clamp & p94 ,?is p9 may "w out1 & :5 x does1 y\r eng9e w /op1 v quickly to4 ,if y ?or\ghly und]/& ! work+ ( ! /eam1 y c readily detect any defect 9 y\r cyl9d] or /eam *e/1 by ! use ( y\r cyl9d] cocks4 ,suppose we try !m once4 ,turn y\r eng9e on ! =w>d c5t]1 n[ op5 ! cocks & give ! eng9e ! /eam pressure4 ,if ! /eam bl[s out at ! =w>d cock we "k t we h suffici5t lead4 ,n[ turn back to ! back c5t]1 & give x /eam aga92 if x bl[s out ! same at ?is cock1 we c conclude t our valve is 9 its prop] position4 ,n[ rev]se ! eng9e & d ! same ?+2 if ! cocks act ! same1 we "k we are "r4 ,suppose ! /eam bl[s out ( "o cock all "r1 & :5 we br+ ! eng9e to ! o!r c5t] no /eam escapes f ?is cock1 !n we "k t some?+ is wrong ) ! valve1 & if ! ecc5trics are 9 _! prop] position ! tr\ble mu/ be 9 ! /eam *e/1 & if we op5 x up we w f9d ! valve has become loos5$ on ! rod4 ,aga9 suppose we put ! eng9e on a c5t]1 & on giv+ x /eam1 we f9d ! /eam bl[+ out at bo? cocks4 ,n[ :at is ! tr\ble1 = no eng9e 9 p]fect %ape w all[ ! /eam to bl[ out ( bo? cocks at ! same "t4 ,x is "o ( two ?+s1 & x is difficult to tell4 ,ei!r ! cyl9d] r+s leak & all[ ! /eam to bl[ ?r\gh1 or else ! valve is cut on ! seat1 & all[s ! /eam to bl[ ov]4 ,ei!r ( ^! two causes is bad1 z x n only weak5s y\r eng9e1 b is a great wa/e ( fuel & wat]4 ,! way to det]m9e :i* ( ! two causes ?is1 is to take (f ! cyl9d] head1 turn eng9e on =w>d c5t] & op5 ?rottle slightly4 ,if ! /eam is se5 to bl[ out ( ! port at op5 end ( cyl9d]1 !n ! tr\ble is 9 ! valve1 b if n1 y w see x bl[+ ?r\gh f =w>d end ( cyl9d]1 & ! tr\ble is 9 ! cyl9d] r+s4 ,:at is ! rem$y8 ,well1 if ! r+s are ! tr\ble1 a new set w mo/ likely rem$y x %\ld !y be ( ! automatic or self-sett+ patt]n1 b %\ld !y be ( ! spr+ or adju/+ patt]n1 y c take out ! head & set ! r+s out to /op ?is bl[+4 ,z mo/ all eng9es n[ are us+ ! self-sett+ r+s1 y w mo/ likely require a new set4 ,if ! tr\ble is 9 ! valve or /eam *e/1 y _h be/ take x (f & h ! valve seat plan$ d[n1 & ! valve seat$ to x4 ,?is is ! safe/ & be/ way4 ,nev] attempt to dress a valve d[n1 y are mo/ c]ta9 to make a bad job ( x4 ,& yet ,i don't l ! idea ( advis+ y n to d a ?+ t c be done1 = ,i d l an eng9e] :o does n run to ! %op = e little tr\ble4 ,h[ev]1 unless y h ! prop] tools y _h be/ n attempt x4 ,! only safe way is to scrape !m d[n1 = if y\r valve is cut1 y w f9d ! valve seat is cut equally z bad1 & !y mu/ bo? be scrap$ to a p]fect fit4 ,provide y\rself ) a piece ( flat /eel1 v h>d1 #cx#d in*es by ab\t ,i_/#h in*1 ) a p]fect /raight edge4 ,) ?is scrape ! valve & seat to a p]fect flat surface1 ,x w be a sl[] process ?an scrap+ wood ) a piece ( glass1 b y c d x4 ,nev] use a *isel or a file on a valve4 ,,lubricat+ ,,oil ,:at is oil8 ,oil is a coat+ = a j\rnal1 or 9 o!r words is a l9+ betwe5 be>+s4 ,did y ev] /op long en\gh to ask y\rself ! "q8 ,i d\bt x4 ,a great _m p buy some?+ to use on _! eng9e1 because x is call$ oil4 ,n[ if ! object 9 us+ oil is to keep a l9+ betwe5 ! be>+s1 is x n reasonable t y use some?+ t w adh]e to t :i* x is to l9e or cov]8 ,gasol9e w cov] a j\rnal = a m9ute or two1 & oil a grade bett] w\ld la/ a few m9utes long]4 ,/ill ano!r grade w\ld d "s bett]4 ,n[ if y are runn+ y\r own eng9e1 buy ! be/ oil y c buy4 ,y w f9d x v poor economy to buy *eap oil1 & if y are n po/$1 y may pay price en\gh1 b get a v poor article4 ,if y are runn+ an eng9e = "s "o else1 make x "p ( y\r contract t y are furni%$ ) a good oil4 ,y c n keep an eng9e 9 good %ape ) a *eap oil4 ,y say y are go+ to keep y\r eng9e clean & bright4 ,n if y mu/ use a poor oil4 ,poor oil is l>gely responsible = ! fa/ go+ out ( use ( ! l9k rev]se among ! mak]s ( traction eng9es4 ,:ile ,i ?9k x v d\btful if ?is rev]se motion c be equall$ by any ( ! late devices4 ,its con/ruction is su* z to require ! be/ grade ( cyl9d] oil1 & )\t ?is x is v unsatisfactory1 7n because ! valves ( o!r valve-motions w d ) a poor] grade ( oil7 b because its con/ruction is su* t z soon z ! valve becomes dry x causes ! l9k to jump & p\nd1 & v soon requires repair+4 ,:ile ! con/ruction ( v>i\s o!r devices are su*1 t :ile ! valve may be equally z dry x does n %[ ! want ( oil s cle>ly z ! old /yle l9k4 ,yet z a fact ,i c>e n :at ! valve motion may be1 x requires a good grade ( oil4 ,y may ask h[ am ,i to "k :5 ,i am gett+ a good grade ( oil4 ,! be/ way is to asc]ta9 a good br& ( oil !n use t & no?+ else4 ,we are n sell+ oil1 or adv]tis+ oil4 ,h[ev] be=e ,i get ?r\gh ,i propose to give y ! "n ( a good br& ( cyl9d] oil1 a good eng9e oil z well z good articles ( v>i\s atta*m5ts1 :i* cut no small figure 9 ! success y may h 9 runn+ an eng9e4 ,x is n an uncommon ?+ = an eng9e] 7,i don't l to call him an eng9e] ei!r7 to fill 8 sight fe$ lubricator ) ord9>y eng9e oil1 & !n wond] :y 8 cyl9d] squeaks4 ,! reason is t ?is grade ( oil _c /& ! heat 9 ! cyl9d] or /eam *e/4 ,if y are c>ry+ #ij p\nds ( /eam y h ab\t #cbj degrees ( heat 9 y\r cyl9d]1 ) ,i#bj to ,i#be p\nds y w h ab\t #cej degrees ( heat1 & 9 ord] to lubricate y\r valve & valve-seat1 & also ! cyl9d] surface1 y mu/ use an oil1 t w n only /& ?is heat b consid]able m s t x w h "s /ay+ qualities4 ,!n if y are us+ a good quality ( oil & y\r l9k or rev]se beg9s to knock1 x is because "s "p ( x wants att5tion1 & y mu/ look aft] x4 ,& "h is :]e ,i want to insi/ t y tea* y\r e> to be y\r guide4 ,y ought to be able to detect ! slighte/ s\nd t is unnatural to y\r eng9e4 ,y\r eyes may be deceiv$1 b a well tra9$ e> c n be fool$4 ,i 0 once invit$ by an eng9e] to come out & see h[ nice 8 eng9e 0 runn+4 ,i w5t1 & f\nd t ! eng9e itself 0 runn+ v smoo?1 9 fact almo/ noiseless1 b he look$ v mu* disappo9t$ :5 ,i ask$ him :y he 0 do+ all 8 "w ) "o end ( cyl9d]4 ,he ask$ me :at ,i meant1 & ,i _h "s difficulty 9 gett+ him to detect ! diff]5ce 9 ! exhau/ ( ! two ends1 9 fact ! eng9e 0 only mak+ "o exhau/ to a revolution4 ,he 0 "o ( ^? eng9e]s :o nev] discov]$ any?+ wrong until he c\ld see x4 ,did y "k t !re are p 9 ! _w ^: m5tal capacity c only grasp "o idea at a "t4 ,t is :5 _! m9ds are on any "o object or pr9ciple !y c n see or obs]ve any?+ else4 ,t 0 ! case ) ?is eng9e]1 8 m9d _h be5 ?or\ghly occupi$ 9 gett+ all ! reciprocat+ 7mov+7 p>ts p]fectly adju/$1 & if ! exhau/ _h made all sorts ( peculi> noises1 he w\ld n h discov]$ x4 ,! "o idead man w n make a successful eng9e]4 ,! good eng9e] c /& by & at a glance take 9 ! entire eng9e1 f tank to top ( smoke /ack4 ,he has ! faculty ( not+ m5tally1 :at he sees1 & :at he he>s1 & by comb9+ ! results ( ! two1 he is enabl$ to size up ! condition ( ! eng9e at a glance4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 only come ) exp]i5ce1 & v]ges on exp]tness4 ,& if y wi% to be an exp]t1 le>n to be obs]v+4 ,x is gett+ v common among eng9e]s to use h>d grease on ! crank p9 & ma9 j\rnals1 & x w v soon be us$ exclusively4 ,) a good grade ( grease y\r crank w n heat ne> s quickly z ) oil & y\r eng9e w be mu* easi] to keep clean2 & if y are go+ to be an eng9e] be a neat "o1 keep y\r eng9e clean & keep y\rself clean4 ,y say y c't d t2 b y c at lea/ keep y\rself respectable4 ,y w mo/ c]ta9ly keep y\r eng9e look+ z ?\gh x _h an eng9e]4 ,keep a good bun* ( wa/e h&y1 & :5 x is necess>y to wipe y\r h&s use ! wa/e & n y\r ov]alls1 & :5 y g 9 to a nice d9n] ! cook w n say aft] y g out1 ,look "h :]e t dirty eng9e] sat4 ,n[ boys1 ^! are ?+s wor? he$+4 ,i h actually kn[n ?re%+ crews to lose good cu/om]s simply because ( _! dirty clo!s4 ,! wom5 kick$ & !y _h a "r to kick4 ,b to return to h>d grease & suitable cups = same4 ,9 atta*+ ^! grease cups on boxes n previ\sly arrang$ = !m1 x w\ld be well = y to "k h[ to d x prop]ly4 ,y w remove ! j\rnal1 take a g\ge & cut a clean groove across ! box1 />t+ 9 at "o corn]1 ab\t ,i_/#h ( an in* f ! po9t ( box & cut diagonally across com+ out at ! opposite corn] on ! o!r end ( box4 ,!n />t at ! opposite corn] & run ?r\gh z be=e1 cross+ ! fir/ groove 9 ! c5t] ( box4 ,groove bo? halves ( box ! same1 be+ c>eful n to cut out at ei!r end1 z ?is w all[ ! grease to escape f box & cause unnecess>y wa/e4 ,! *imm+ or pack+ 9 box %\ld be cut s z to t\* ! j\rnal at bo? ends ( box1 b n 9 ! c5t] or betwe5 ^! two po9ts4 ,s1 :5 ! top box is br\ght d[n tight1 ?is w =m ano!r res]voir = ! grease4 ,if ! box is n tapp$ directly 9 ! c5t] = cup1 x w be necess>y to cut o!r grooves f :]e x is tapp$ into ! grooves already made4 ,a box prep>$ 9 8 way w require b little att5tion if y use good grease4 ,a ,,hot ,,box ,y w sometimes get a hot box4 ,:at is ! be/ rem$y8 ,well1 ,i might "n y a doz51 & if ,i did y w\ld mo/ likely nev] h "o on h& :5 x 0 want$4 ,s w only give y "o1 & t is :ite lead & oil1 & ,i want y to provide y\rself ) a c ( ?is useful article4 ,& %\ld a j\rnal or box get hot on y\r h&s & refuse to cool ) ! usual me?ods1 remove ! cup1 & aft] mix+ a portion ( ! lead ) oil1 put a heavy coat ( x on ! j\rnal1 put back ! cup & y\r j\rnal w cool (f v quickly4 ,be c>eful to keep all grit or du/ out ( y\r c ( lead4 ,look aft] ?is "p ( x y\rself4 ,x is y\r bus9ess4 ,,"p ,,sev5 ,be=e tak+ up ! h&l+ ( a ,traction ,eng9e1 we want to tell y ( a numb] ( ?+s y are likely to d :i* y ought n to d4 ,don't op5 ! ?rottle too quickly1 or y may ?r[ ! drive belt (f1 & are also m apt to raise ! wat] & />t prim+4 ,don't attempt to />t ! eng9e ) ! cyl9d] cocks clos$1 b make x a habit to op5 !m :5 y /op2 ?is w always insure y\r cyl9d] be+ free f wat] on />t+4 ,don't talk too mu* :ile on duty4 ,don't pull ! a%es out ( a% pan unless y h a bucket ( wat] h&y4 ,don't />t ! pump :5 y "k y h l[ wat]4 ,don't let x get l[4 ,don't let y\r eng9e get dirty4 ,don't say y c't keep x clean4 ,don't leave y\r eng9e at night till y h cov]$ x up4 ,don't let ! exhau/ nozzle lime up1 & don't all[ lime to collect :]e ! wat] ent]s ! boil]1 or y may split a heat] pipe or knock ! top (f ( a *eck valve4 ,don't leave y\r eng9e 9 cold wea!r )\t fir/ dra9+ all pipes4 ,don't disconnect y\r eng9e ) a leaky ?rottle4 ,don't all[ ! /eam to v>y m ?an ,i#j or ,i#e p\nds :ile at "w4 ,don't all[ anyone to fool ) y\r eng9e4 ,don't try any fooli% exp]im5ts on y\r eng9e4 ,don't run an old boil] )\t fir/ hav+ x ?or\ghly te/$4 ,don't /op :5 desc5d+ a /eep grade4 ,don't pull ?r\gh a /ocky>d )\t fir/ clos+ ! damp] tight4 ,don't pull onto a /range bridge )\t fir/ exam9+ x4 ,don't run any risk on a bad bridge4 ,a ,,traction ,,eng9e ,,on ,,! ,,road ,y may "k all ab\t an eng9e4 ,y may be able to build "o1 & yet run a traction 9 ! dit* ! fir/ jump4 ,x is a fact t "s m5 nev] c become good op]ators ( a traction eng9e1 & ,i c't give y ! reason :y any m ?an y c tell :y "o man c h&le a pair ( horses bett] ?an ano!r man :o has _h ! same advantages4 ,& yet if y d dit* y\r eng9e a few times1 don't conclude t y c nev] h&le a traction4 ,if y are go+ to run a traction eng9e ,i w\ld advise y to use y\r be/ ef=ts to become an exp]t at x4 ,= ! exp]t w hook up to 8 load & get out ( ! neighborhood :ile ! awkw>d fell[ is gett+ 8 eng9e ar\nd ready to hook up4 ,! exp]t w l9e up to ! sep>ator ! fir/ "t1 :ile ! o!r fell[ w back & twi/ ar\nd = half an h\r1 & !n n h a good job4 ,n[ don't make ! fatal mi/ake ( ?9k+ t ! fell[ is an exp]t :o jumps up on 8 eng9e & j]ks ! ?rottle op5 & yanks x ar\nd backw>d & =w>d1 rev]s+ ) a snap1 & makes x /&-up on its h9d :eels4 ,if y want to be an exp]t y mu/ beg9 ) ! ?rottle1 !re9 lies ! secret ( ! real exp]t4 ,he feels ! p[] ( 8 eng9e ?r\gh ! ?rottle4 ,he op5s x j en\gh to d :at he wants x to d4 ,he !re=e has complete control ( 8 eng9e4 ,! fell[ :o backs 8 eng9e up to ! sep>ator ) an op5 ?rottle & mu/ rev]se x to keep f runn+ into & break+ some?+1 is runn+ 8 eng9e on 8 muscle & is entitl$ to small pay4 ,! exp]t br+s 8 eng9e back "u full control1 & /ops x exactly :]e he wants x4 ,he h&les 8 eng9e ) 8 head & %\ld be paid accord+ly4 ,he nev] makes a false move1 loses no "t1 breaks no?+1 makes no unnecess>y noise1 does n get ! wat] all /irr$ up 9 ! boil]1 hooks up & moves out 9 ! same quiet mann]1 & ! onlook]s ?9k he c\ld pull two su* loads1 & say he has a great eng9e1 :ile ! eng9e] ( muscle w\ld back up & j]k 8 eng9e ar\nd a half doz5 times be=e he c\ld make ! c\pl+1 !n ) a j]k & a snort he yanks ! sep>ator out ( ! holes1 & ! onlook]s ?9k he has ab\t all he c pull4 ,n[ ^! are facts1 & !y _c be put too /rong1 & if y are go+ to dep5d on y\r muscle to run y\r eng9e1 don't ask any m money ?an y w\ld get at any o!r day labor4 ,y are n expect$ to become an exp]t all at once4 ,?ree ?+s are ess5tial to be able to h&le a traction eng9e z x %\ld be h&l$4 ,fir/1 a ?or\gh k ( ! ?rottle4 ,i don't mean t y %\ld simply "k h[ to pull x op5 & %ut x4 ,any boy c d t4 ,b ,i mean t y %\ld be a good judge ( ! am\nt ( p[] x w require to d :at y may wi% to d1 & !n give x ! am\nt ( ?rottle t x w require & no m4 ,to illu/rate ?is ,i w give an in/ance4 ,an exp]t 0 call$ a long di/ance to see an eng9e t ! op]ator said w\ld n pull its load ov] ! hills he _h to travel4 ,! fir/ pull he _h to make aft] ! exp]t arriv$ 0 up ! wor/ hill he _h4 ,:5 he approa*$ ! grade he ?rew (f ! gov]nor belt1 op5$ ! ?rottle z wide z he c\ld get x1 & made a run = ! hill4 ,! result 01 t he lift$ ! wat] & *ok$ ! eng9e d[n be=e he 0 half way up4 ,he /epp$ (f ) ! rem>k1 ,t is ! way ! ?+ does4 ,! exp]t !n lock$ ! h9d :eels ( ! sep>ator ) a timb]1 & )\t rais+ ! pressure a p\nd1 pull$ x ov] ! hill4 ,he gave x j ?rottle en\gh to pull ! load1 & made no ef=t to hurry ii1 & /ill _h p[] to sp>e4 ,a locomotive eng9e] makes a run = a hill 9 ord] t ! mom5tum ( 8 tra9 w help c>ry him ov]4 ,x is n s ) a traction & its load2 ! mom5tum t y get don't pu% v h>d4 ,! eng9e] :o don't "k h[ to ?rottle 8 eng9e nev] kn[s :at x w d1 & !re=e has b little confid5ce 9 x2 :ile ! eng9e] :o has a ?or\gh k ( ! ?rottle & uses x1 always has p[] to sp>e & has p]fect confid5ce 9 8 eng9e4 ,he kn[s exactly :at he c d & :at he _c d4 ,! second ?+ = y to "k is to get onto ! tricks ( ! /e] :eel4 ,?is w come to y naturally1 & x is n necess>y = me to sp5d mu* "t on x4 ,all new beg9n]s make ! mi/akes ( turn+ ! :eel too (t54 ,rememb] ?is-t e extra turn to ! "r requires two turns to ! left1 & e extra turn to ! left requires two m to ! "r2 especially is ?is ! c>e if y\r eng9e is fa/ on ! road4 ,! ?ird ?+ = y to le>n1 is to keep y\r eyes on ! front :eels ( y\r eng9e1 & n be look+ back to see if y\r load 9 com+4 ,9 mak+ a difficult turn y w f9d x v mu* to y\r advantage to g sl[1 z x gives y mu* bett] control ( y\r front :eels1 & x is n a bad plan = a beg9n] to cont9ue to g sl[ till he has p]fect confid5ce 9 8 ability to h&le ! /e] :eel z x may keep y out ( "s bad scrapes4 ,h[ ab\t gett+ into a hole8 ,well1 y are n int]e/$ half z mu* 9 kn[+ h[ to get into a hole z ,y are 9 kn[+ h[ to get out4 ,an eng9e] nev] %[s ! /uff he is made ( to su* good advantage z :5 he gets into a hole2 & he is sure to get !re1 = "o ( ! traits ( a traction eng9e is its natural ability to f9d a s(t place 9 ! gr\nd4 ,head "w w get y out ( a bad place quick] ?an all ! /eam y c get 9 y\r boil]4 ,nev] all[ ! driv]s to turn )\t do+ "s good4 ,if y are 9 a hole1 & y are able to turn y\r :eels1 y are n /uck2 b don't all[ y\r :eels to slip1 x only lets y 9 deep]4 ,if y\r :eels c't get a foot+1 y want to give !m some?+ to hold to4 ,mo/ sm>t eng9e]s w tell y t ! be/ ?+ is a heavy *a94 ,t is true4 ,s are gold doll>s ! be/ ?+s to buy bread )1 b y h n always got ! gold doll>s1 nei!r h y always got ! *a94 ,old hay or /raw is a good ?+2 old rails or timb] ( any k9d4 ,! eng9e] ) a head sp5ds m "t try+ to give 8 :eels a hold ?an he does try+ to pull out1 :ile ! "o )\t a head sp5ds m "t try+ to pull out ?an he does try+ to secure a foot+1 & ! result is1 t ! fir/ fell[ g5]ally gets out ! fir/ attempt1 :ile ! o!r fell[ is lucky if he gets out ! fir/ half day4 ,if y h "o :eel p]fectly secure1 don't spoil x by />t+ y\r eng9e till y h ! o!r j z secure4 ,if y get into a place :]e y\r eng9e is unable to turn its :eels1 !n y\r are /uck1 & ! only ?+ = y to d is to light5 y\r load or dig out4 ,b "u all circum/ances y\r eng9e %\ld be giv5 ! b5efit ( y\r judgm5t4 ,all traction eng9es to be practical mu/ ( a necessity1 be rev]sible4 ,to accompli% ?is1 ! l9k ) ! d\ble ecc5tric is ! "o mo/ g5]ally us$1 al?\gh v>i\s o!r devices are us$ ) m or less success4 ,z !y all accompli% ! same purpose x is n necess>y = u to discuss ! m]its or dem]its ( ei!r4 ,! ma9 object is to enable ! op]ator to run 8 eng9e ei!r backw>d or =w>d at w1 b ! l9k is also a great cause ( economy1 z x enables ! eng9e] to use ! /eam m or less expansively1 z he may use m or less p[]1 &1 especially is ?is true1 :ile ! eng9e is on ! road1 z ! p[] requir$ may v>y 9 go+ a %ort di/ance1 any:]e f no?+ 9 go+ d[n hill1 to ! full p[] ( y\r eng9e 9 go+ up4 ,by us+ /eam expansively1 we mean ! cutt+ (f ( ! /eam f ! cyl9d]1 :5 ! pi/on has travel$ a c]ta9 "p ( its /roke4 ,! e>li] 9 ! /roke ?is is accompli%$ ! m b5efit y get ( ! expansive =ce ( ! /eam4 ,! rev]se on traction eng9es is usually arrang$ to cut (f at ,i_/#d1 ,i_/#b or #c_/d4 ,to illu/rate :at is meant by cutt+ (f at ,i_/#d1 ,i_/#b or #c_/d1 we w suppose ! eng9e has a ,i#b in* /roke4 ,! pi/on beg9s its /roke at ! end ( cyl9d]1 & is driv5 by live /eam ?r\gh an op5 port1 #c in*es or "o qu>t] ( ! /roke1 :5 ! port is clos$ by ! valve %utt+ ! /eam f ! cyl9d]1 & ! pi/on is driv5 ! rema9+ #i in*es ( its /roke by ! expansive =ce ( ! /eam4 ,by cutt+ (f at ,i_/#b we mean t ! pi/on is driv5 half its /roke or #f in*es by live /eam1 & by ! expansion ( ! /eam ! rema9+ #f in*es2 by #c_/d we mean t live /eam is us$ #i in*es be=e cutt+ (f1 & expansively ! rema9+ #c in*es ( /roke4 ,"h is some?+ = y to rememb]3 ,! e>li] 9 ! /roke y cut (f ! great] ! economy1 b less ! p[]2 ! lat] y cut (f ! less ! economy & great] ! p[]4 ,suppose we g into ?is a little f>!r4 ,if y are c>ry+ ,i#jj p\nds pressure & cut (f at ,i_/#d1 y c readily see ! economy ( fuel & wat]1 = ! /eam is only all[$ to ent] ! cyl9d] dur+ ,i_/#d ( its /roke2 b by reason ( ?is1 y only get an av]age pressure on ! pi/on head ( #ei p\nds ?r\gh\t ! /roke4 ,b if ?is is suffici5t to d ! "w1 :y n take advantage ( x & !reby save y\r fuel & wat]8 ,n[1 ) ! same pressure z be=e1 & cutt+ (f at ,i_/#b1 y h an av]age pressure on pi/on head ( #hd p\nds1 a loss ( #ej p] c5t 9 economy & a ga9 ( #db p] c5t 9 p[]4 ,cutt+ ( at #c_/d gives y an av]age pressure ( #if p\nds ?r\gh\t ! /roke4 ,a loss on cutt+ (f at ,i_/#d ( #ge p] c5t 9 economy1 & a ga9 ( ne>ly #fc p] c5t 9 p[]4 ,?is %[s t ! mo/ available po9t at :i* to "w /eam expansively is at ,i_/#d1 z ! p]c5tage ( increase ( p[] does n equal ! p]c5tage ( loss 9 economy4 ,! ne>] y br+ ! rev]se lev] to c5t] ( quadrant1 ! e>li] w ! valve cut ! /eam & ! less w be ! av]age pressure1 :ile ! f>!r away f ! c5t] ! lat] 9 ! /roke w ! valve cut ! /eam1 & ! great] ! av]age pressure1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! great] ! p[]4 ,we h se5 eng9e]s drop ! rev]se back 9 ! la/ not* 9 ord] to make a h>d pull1 & 7 unable to tell :y !y did s4 ,n[1 z f> z do+ ! "w is conc]n$1 x is n absolutely necess>y t y "k ?is2 b if y d "k x1 y are m likely to pr(it by x & !reby get ! be/ results out ( y\r eng9e4 ,& z ?is is our object1 we want y to "k x1 & be b5efitt$ by ! k4 ,suppose y are on ! road ) y\r eng9e & load1 & y h a /ret* ( nice road4 ,y are c>ry+ a good head ( /eam & runn+ ) lev] back 9 ! corn] or l[] not*4 ,n[ y\r eng9e w travel along its regul> spe$1 & say y run a mile ?is way & fire twice 9 mak+ x4 ,y n[ ought to be able to turn ar\nd & g back on ! same road ) "o fire by simply hook+ ! lev] up z %ort z x w all[ to d ! "w4 ,y\r eng9e w make ! same "t ) half ! fuel & wat]1 simply because y utilize ! expansive =ce ( ! /eam in/ead ( us+ ! live /eam f boil]4 ,a great _m good eng9es are condemn$ & said to use too mu* fuel1 & all because ! eng9e] takes no pa9s to utilize ! /eam to ! be/ advantage4 ,i h already advis$ y to c>ry a high pressure2 by a high pressure ,i mean any :]e f ,i#jj to ,i#be lbs4 ,i h done ?is expect+ y to use ! /eam expansively :5ev] possible1 & ! expansive =ce ( /eam increases v rapidly aft] y h rea*$ #gj lbs4 ,/eam at #hj lbs4 us$ expansively w d n9e times ! "w ( /eam at #be lbs4 ,note ! diff]5ce4 ,pressure #c ,i-#e times great]4 ,"w p]=m$1 #i times great]4 ,i give y ^! facts tru/+ t y w take advantage ( !m1 & if y\r eng9e at ,i#jj or ,i#jj lbs4 w d y\r "w cutt+ (f at ,i_/#d1 don't all[ x to cut (f at ,i_/#b4 ,if cutt+ (f at ,i_/#b w d ! "w1 don't all[ x to cut (f at #c_/d1 & ! result w be t y w d ! "w ) ! lea/ possible am\nt ( fuel1 & no "o w h any reason to f9d fault ) y or y\r eng9e4 ,n[ we h giv5 y ! ?ree po9ts :i* are absolutely necess>y to ! successful h&l+ ( a traction eng9e1 ,we w5t ?r\gh x ) y :5 runn+ z a /ation>y2 !n we gave y ! po9t]s-to be obs]v$ :5 runn+ z a traction or road eng9e4 ,we h also giv5 y h9ts on economy1 & if y d n already "k too mu* to foll[ our advice1 y c g into ! field ) an eng9e & h no fe>s z to ! results4 ,h[ ab\t bad bridges8 ,well1 a bad bridge is a bad ?+1 & y _c be too c>eful4 ,:5 y h que/ionable bridges to cross ov]1 y %\ld provide y\rself ) good h>d-wood planks4 ,if y c h !m saw$ to ord] h !m #c in*es 9 ! c5t] & tap]+ to #b in*es at ! ends4 ,y %\ld h two ( ^! ab\t #af feet long1 & two #bx#ab planks ab\t #h feet long4 ,! %ort ones = culv]ts1 & = help+ ) ! long] ones 9 cross+ long] bridges4 ,an eng9e %\ld nev] be all[$ to drop f a set ( planks d[n onto ! floor ( bridge4 ,?is is :y ,i advocate f\r planks4 ,don't hesitate to use ! plank4 ,y _h bett] plank a doz5 bridges t don't ne$ x ?an to attempt to cross "o t does ne$ x4 ,y w also f9d x v conv5i5t to c>ry at lea/ #ej feet ( good heavy rope4 ,don't attempt to pull across a d\btful bridge ) ! sep>ator or tank hook$ directly to ! eng9e4 ,x is dang]\s4 ,"h is :]e y want ! rope4 ,an eng9e %\ld be run across a bad bridge v sl[ly & c>efully1 & n all[$ to j]k4 ,9 extreme cases x is bett] to run across by h&2 don't d ?is b once2 get aft] ! road sup]visors4 ,,s&4 ,an eng9e] wants a suffici5t am\nt ( s&1 b he don't want x 9 ! road4 ,h[ev]1 y w f9d x !re & x is ! meane/ road y w h to travel4 ,a bad s& road requires consid]able sleight ( h& on ! "p ( ! eng9e] if he wi%es to pull mu* ( a load ?r\gh x4 ,y w f9d x to y\r advantage to keep y\r eng9e z /raight z possible1 z y are n s liable to />t "o :eel to slipp+ any soon] ?an ! o!r4 ,nev] attempt to wiggle ?r\gh a s& b>1 & don't try to hurry ?r\gh2 be satisfi$ ) go+ sl[1 j s y are go+4 ,an eng9e w /& a c]ta9 spe$ ?r\gh s&1 & ! mom5t y attempt to increase t spe$1 y break its foot+1 & !n y are gone4 ,9 a case ( ?is k9d1 a few bundles ( hay is ab\t ! be/ ?+ y c use "u y\r driv]s 9 ord] to get />t$ aga94 ,b don't loose y\r temp]2 x won't help ! s& any4 ,n[ no d\bt ! read] wond]s :y ,i h said no?+ ab\t comp\nd eng9es4 ,well 9 ! fir/ place1 x is n necess>y to assi/ y 9 y\r "w1 & if y c h&le ! s+le cyl9d] eng9e1 y c h&le ! comp\nd4 ,! "q z to ! advantage ( a comp\nd eng9e is1 or w\ld be an int]e/+ "o if we c>$ to discuss x4 ,! comp\nd traction eng9e has come into use )9 ! pa/ few ye>s1 & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k m = sort ( a novelty or talk+ po9t r ?an to produce a bett] eng9e4 ,!re is no "q b t !re is a great advantage 9 ! comp\nd eng9e1 = /ation>y & m>9e eng9es4 ,9 a comp\nd eng9e ! /eam fir/ ent]s ! small or high pressure cyl9d] & is !n exhau/$ into ! l>ge or l[ pressure cyl9d]1 :]e ! expansive =ce is all obta9$4 ,two cyl9d]s are us$ because we c get bett] results f high pressure 9 ! use ( two cyl9d]s ( diff]5t areas ?an by us+ b "o cyl9d]1 or simple eng9e4 ,t !re is a ga9 9 a high pressure1 c be %[n v easily3 ,= in/ance1 #ajj p\nds ( coal w raise a c]ta9 am\nt ( wat] f #fj degrees1 to #e p\nds /eam pressure1 & #ajb4i p\nds w\ld raise ! same wat] to #hj p\nds1 & #ajd4d w\ld raise x to #afj p\nds1 & ?is #afj p\nds w\ld produce a l>ge increase ( p[] ov] ! #hj p\nds at a v slight increase ( fuel4 ,! comp\nd eng9e w furni% ! same numb] ( horse p[]1 ) less fuel ?an ! simple eng9e1 b only :5 !y are run at ! full load all ! "t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! load fluctuates & %\ld ! load be light = any consid]able "p ( ! day1 !y w wa/e ! fuel in/ead ( sav+ x ov] ! simple eng9e4 ,no eng9e c be subject$ to m v>iation ( loads ?an ! traction eng9e1 & z ! above are facts ! read] c draw 8 own conclusions4 ,,friction ,,clut* ,! friction clut* is n[ us$ almo/ exclusively = engag+ ! eng9e ) ! propell+ ge>+ ( ! traction driv]s1 & x w mo/ likely give y m tr\ble ?an any "o ?+ on y\r eng9e1 f ! fact t to be satisfactory !y require a nicety ( adju/m5t1 t is v difficult to atta91 a half turn ( ! expansion bolt "o way or ! o!r may make y\r clut* "w v nicely1 or v unsatisfactory1 & y c only le>n ?is by c>efully adju/+ ( friction %oes1 until y le>n j h[ mu* cle>ance !y w /& :5 lev] is out1 9 ord] to hold suffici5t :5 lev] is ?r[n 94 ,if y\r clut* fails to hold1 or /icks1 x is n ! fault ( ! clut*1 x is n adju/$ prop]ly4 ,& y may h x correct today & tomorr[ x w ne$ readju/m5t1 caus$ by ! we> 9 ! %oes2 y w h to le>n ! clut* by pati5ce & exp]i5ce4 ,b ,i want to say to y t ! friction clut* is a s\rce ( abuse to _m a good eng9e]1 because ! eng9e] uses no judgm5t 9 its use4 ,a c]ta9 writ] on eng9e]+ makes use ( ! foll[+1 & gives me cr$it3 ,sometimes y may come to an ob/acle 9 ! road1 ov] :i* y\r eng9e refuses to g1 y may p]haps get ov] x 9 ?is way1 ?r[ ! clut*-lev] s z to disconnect ! road :eels1 let ! eng9e get up to full spe$ & !n ?r[ ! clut* level back s z to connect ! road :eels4 ,n[ ,i don't ?ank any "o = giv+ me cr$it = say+ any su* ?+4 ,t k9d ( ?+ is ! hight ( abuse ( an eng9e4 ,i am aw>e t :5 ! friction clut* fir/ came into use1 _! repres5tatives made a great talk on t sort ( ?+ to ! gre5 buy]4 ,b ! good eng9e] kn[s bett] ?an to treat 8 eng9e t way4 ,nev] attempt to pull y\r loads ov] a /eep hill )\t be+ c]ta9 t y\r clut* is 9 good %ape1 & if y h any d\bts ab\t x put 9 ! tight ge> p94 ,mo/ all eng9es h bo? ! friction & ! tight ge> p94 ,! p9 is mu* ! saf] 9 a hilly c\ntry1 & if y h le>n$ ! secret ( ! ?rottle y c h&le j z big load ) ! p9 z ) ! clut*1 & w nev] te> y\r ge>+ (f or lose ! /ud bolts 9 boil]4 ,! foll[+ may assi/ y 9 det]m9+ or arriv+ at "s idea ( ! am\nt ( p[] y are supply+ ) y\r eng9e3 ,= in/ance1 a ,i in* belt ( ! /&>d grade ) ! prop] t5tion1 nei!r too tight or too loose1 runn+ at a4 maximum spead ( #hjj ft4 a m9ute w transmit "o horse p[]1 runn+ #afjj ft4 #b horse p[] & #bdjj ft4 #c horse p[]4 ,a #b in* belt1 at ! same spe$1 twice ! p[]4 ,n[ if y "k ! circumf]5ce ( y\r fly :eel1 ! numb] ( revolutions y\r eng9e is mak+ & ! wid? ( belt1 y c figure v ne>ly ! am\nt ( p[] y c supply )\t slipp+ y\r belt4 ,= in/ance1 we w say y\r fly :eel is #dj in*es 9 diamet] or #aj4e feet ne>ly 9 circumf]5ce & y\r eng9e 0 runn+ #bbe revolutions a m9ute1 y\r belt w\ld be travel+ #bbe x #aj4e feet #bcfb4e feet or v ne>ly #bdjj ft4 & if ,i in* ( belt w\ld transmit #c ,h4 ,p4 runn+ ?is spe$1 a #f in* belt w\ld transmit #ah ,h4,p41 a #g in* belt1 #ba ,h4,p41 an #h in* belt #bd ,h4,p41 & s on4 ,) ! above z a basis = figur+ y c satisfy y\rself z to ! p[] y are furni%+4 ,to get ! be/ results a belt wants to sag slightly z x hugs ! pulley clos]1 & w la/ mu* long]4 ,,some?+ ,,ab\t ,,sight-,,fe$ ,,lubricators ,all su* lubricators fe$ oil ?r\gh ! drop-nipple by hydro/atic pressure2 t is1 ! wat] ( cond5sation 9 ! cond5s] & its pipe be+ elevat$ above ! oil magaz9e =ces ! oil out ( ! latt] by j s mu* pressure z ! column ( wat] is high] ?an ! exit or outlet ( oil-nipple4 ,! high] ! column ( wat] ! m positive w ! oil fe$s4 ,z soon z ! oil drop leaves ! nipple x ceases to be actuat$ by ! hydro/atic pressure1 & rises ?r\gh ! wat] 9 ! sight-glass m]ely by ! diff]5ce ( its specific gravity1 z comp>$ ) wat] & !n passes (f ?r\gh ! ducts provid$ to ! p>ts to be lubricat$4 ,= /ation>y eng9es ! d\ble connection is pref]able1 & %\ld always be connect$ to ! live /eam pipe above ! ?rottle4 ,! dis*>ge arm %\ld always be long en\gh 7#d to #f in*es7 to insure ! oil magaz9e & cond5s] f gett+ too hot1 o!rwise x w n cond5se fa/ en\gh to give cont9u\s fe$ ( oil4 ,= traction or road eng9es ! s+le connection is us$4 ,^! c be connect$ to live /eam pipe or directly to /eam *e/4 ,9 a g5]al way x may be /at$ t c]ta9 precaution mu/ be tak5 to insure ! satisfactory op]ation ( all sight-fe$ lubricators4 ,use only ! be/ ( oil1 "o gallon ( :i* is wor? five gallons ( *eap /uff & d f> bett] s]vice1 z inf]ior grades n only clog ! lubricator b *okes ! ducts & blurs ! sight-glass1 etc41 & ! refuse ( su* oil w accumulate 9 ! cyl9d] suffici5tly to cause damage & loss ( p[]1 f> exce$+ ! diff]5ce 9 co/ ( good oil ov] ! *eap grades4 ,aft] atta*+ a lubricator1 all valves %\ld be op5$ wide & live /eam bl[n ?r\gh ! out] v5ts = a few m9utes to insure ! op5+s clean & free4 ,!n foll[ ! usual directions giv5 ) all lubricators4 ,be p>ticul> 9 gett+ y\r lubricator atta*$ s x w /& p]fectly plum1 9 ord] t ! drop c pass up ?r\gh ! glass )\t t\*+ ! sides1 & keep ! drop-nipple clean1 be p>ticul> to dra9 9 cold wea!r4 ,n[1 ,i am ab\t to leave y alone ) y\r eng9e1 j z ,i h left any numb] ( "y eng9e]s aft] sp5d+ a day ) !m 9 ! field & on ! road4 ,& ,i nev] left "o1 t ,i _h n already made up my m9d fully1 z to :at k9d ( an eng9e] he w\ld make4 ,,two ,,ways ,,( ,,read+ ,n[ !re are two ways to read ?is book1 & if ,i "k j h[ y _h read x ,i c\ld tell y 9 a m9ute :e!r to take hold ( an eng9e or leave x alone4 ,if y h read x "o way1 y are mo/ likely to say x is no trick to run an eng9e4 ,if y h read x ! o!r way y w say1 ,x is no tr\ble to le>n h[ to run an eng9e4 ,n[ ?is fell[ w make an eng9e]1 & w be a good "o4 ,he has read x c>efully1 not+ ! drift ( my advice4 ,has discov]$ t ! eng9e] is n expect$ to build an eng9e1 or to improve x aft] x has be5 built4 ,has recogniz$ ! fact t ! pr9ciple ?+ is to att5d to 8 own bus9ess & let o!r p att5d to !irs4 ,t a monkey wr5* is a tool to be left 9 ! tool box till he kn[s he ne$s x4 ,t muscle is a good ?+ to h b n necess>y to ! successful eng9e]4 ,t an eng9e] ) a bun* ( wa/e 9 8 h& is a bett] recomm5dation ?an an eng9e] lic5se4 ,t good common s5se1 & a cool head is ! v be/ tools he c h4 ,has le>n$ t c>elessness w get him into tr\ble1 & t to =get co/s money4 ,n[ ! fell[ :o said ,x is no trick to run an eng9e1 read ?is book ano!r way4 ,he did n see ! little po9ts4 ,he 0 hunt+ = big !ories1 sci5tific !ories1 some?+ he c\ld n und]/&1 & didn't f9d !m4 ,he expect$ to f9d "s bright s*eme to prev5t a boil] f explod+1 didn't notice ! simple little /atem5t1 keep wat] 9 x1 t 0 too commonplace to notice4 ,he 0 look+ = cuts1 diagrams1 geometrical figures1 !ories = con/ruct+ eng9es & boil]s & all t sort ( ?+ & didn't f9d !m4 ,h5ce ,x is no trick to run an eng9e4 ,if ?is has be5 y\r idea ( ,r\gh & ,tumble ,eng9e]+ =get all ab\t y\r !ory1 & g back & read x ov] & rememb] ! little sugge/ions & don't expect ?is book to tea* y h[ to build an eng9e4 ,we didn't />t out to tea* y any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,t is a bus9ess ( itself4 ,a good eng9e] gets bett] money ?an ! man :o builds !m4 ,read x z if y want$ to "k h[ to run an eng9e & n h[ to build "o4 ,/udy ! foll[+ que/ions & answ]s c>efully4 ,don't le>n !m l y w\ld a piece ( poetry1 b /udy !m1 see if !y are practical2 make y\rself ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! rule = measur+ ! horse-p[] ( an eng9e2 make y\rself s famili> ) x t y c\ld figure any eng9e )\t ref]r+ to ! book4 ,don't /op at ?is1 le>n to figure ! heat+ surface 9 any boil]4 ,x w enable y to satisfy y\rself :e!r y are work+ y\r boil] or eng9e too h>d or :at x ought to be capable ( do+4 ,,"s ,,?+s ,,to ,,"k ,q4 ,:at is fire8 ,a4 ,fire is ! rapid combu/ion or consum+ ( organic matt]4 ,q4 ,:at is wat]8 ,a4 ,wat] is a comp\nd ( oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,9 weight #hh #i-;,i#j p>ts oxyg5 to ,,ii ,i-,i#j hydrog54 ,x has its maximum d5sity at #ci degrees ,fahr41 *anges to /eam at #b;,i#b degrees1 & to ice at #cb degrees4 ,q4 ,:at is smoke8 ,a4 ,x is unconsum$ c>bon f9ely divid$ escap+ into op5 air4 ,q4 ,is excessive smoke a wa/e ( fuel8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,q4 ,h[ w y prev5t x ,a4 ,keep a ?9 fire1 & admit cold air suffici5t to insure p]fect combu/ion4 ,q4 ,:at is l[ wat] z appli$ to a boil]8 ,a4 ,x is :5 ! wat] is insuffici5t to cov] all p>ts expos$ to ! flames4 ,q4 ,:at is ! fir/ ?+ to d on discov]+ t y h l[ wat]8 ,a4 ,pull out ! fire4 ,q4 ,w\ld x be safe to op5 ! safety valve at su* "t8 ,a4 ,no4 ,q4 ,:y n8 ,a4 ,x w\ld relieve ! pressure on ! wat] :i* be+ all[$ to fl[ ov] ! excessive hot iron w\ld fla% into /eam1 & might cause an explosion4 ,q4 ,:y d boil]s sometimes explode j on ! po9t ( />t+ ! eng9e8 ,a4 ,because />t+ ! eng9e has ! same effect z op5+ ! safety valve4 ,q4 ,are !re any circum/ances "u :i* an eng9e] is ju/ifi$ 9 all[+ ! wat] to get l[8 ,a4 ,no4 ,q4 ,:y d !y sometimes d x8 ,a4 ,f c>elessness or ignorance4 ,q4 ,may n an eng9e] be deceiv$ 9 ! gauge ( wat]8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,q4 ,is he to be blam$ "u su* circum/ances8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,q4 ,:y8 ,a4 ,because if he is deceiv$ by x x %[s he has neglect$ some?+4 ,q4 ,:at is meant by ,prim+4 ,a4 ,x is ! pass+ ( wat] 9 visible quantities into ! cyl9d] ) ! /eam4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld y consid] ! fir/ duty ( an eng9e] on discov]+ t ! wat] 0 foam+ or prim+ ,a4 ,op5 ! cyl9d] cocks at once1 & ?rottle ! /eam4 ,q4 ,:y w\ld y d ?is8 ,a4 ,op5 ! cocks to enable ! wat] to escape1 & ?rottle ! /eam s t ! wat] w\ld settle4 ,q4 ,is foam+ ! same z prim+8 ,a4 ,yes & no4 ,q4 ,h[ d y make t out8 ,a4 ,a boil] may foam )\t prim+1 b x c't prime )\t fir/ foam+44 ,q4 ,:]e w y fir/ discov] t ! wat] is foam+8 ,a4 ,x w appe> 9 ! glass gauge1 ! glass w h a milky appe>ance & ! wat] w seem to be runn+ d[n f ! top1 ,!re w be a snapp+ or crack+ 9 ! cyl9d] z quick z prim+ beg9s4 ,q4 ,:at causes a boil] to foam8 ,a4 ,!re are a numb] ( causes4 ,x may come f faulty con/ruction ( boil]2 x may h insuffici5t /eam room4 ,x may be1 & usually is1 f ! use ( bad wat]1 muddy or /agnant wat]1 or wat] conta9+ any soapy sub/ance4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld y d aft] be+ bo!r$ 9 ?is way8 ,a4 ,clean out !-boil] & get bett] wat] if possible4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y manage y\r pumps :ile ! wat] 0 foam+4 ,a4 ,keep !m runn+ full4 ,q4 ,:y8 ,a4 ,9 ord] to make up = ! extra am\nt ( wat] go+ out ) ! /eam4 ,q4 ,:at is cu%ion8 ,a4 ,cu%ion is /eam reta9$ or admitt$ 9 front ( ! pi/on head at ! f9i% ( /roke1 or :5 ! eng9e is on c5t]4 ,q4 ,:at is x =8 ,a4 ,x helps to ov]come ! in]tia & mom5tum ( ! reciprocat+ p>ts ( ! eng9e1 & enables ! eng9e to pass ! c5t] )\t a j>4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y increase ! cu%ion 9 an eng9e8 ,a4 ,by increas+ ! lead4 ,q4 ,:at is lead8 ,a4 ,x is ! am\nt ( op5+ ! port %[s on /eam end ( cyl9d] :5 ! eng9e is on dead c5t]4 ,q4 ,is !re any rule = giv+ an eng9e ! prop] lead8 ,a4 ,no4 ,q4 ,:y n8 ,a4 ,ow+ to _! v>iation 9 con/ruction1 spe$1 etc4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld y consid] ! prop] am\nt ( lead1 g5]ally4 ,a4 ,f ,i_/#cb to ,i_/,i#f4 ,q4 ,:at is lap8 ,a4 ,x is ! di/ance ! valve ov]laps ! /eam ports :5 9 mid position4 ,q4 ,:at is lap =8 ,a4 ,9 ord] t ! /eam may be work$ expansively4 ,q4 ,:5 does expansion occur 9 a cyl9d]8 ,a4 ,dur+ ! "t betwe5 :i* ! port closes & ! po9t at :i* ! exhau/ op5s4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld be ! effect on an eng9e if ! exhau/ op5$ too soon8 ,a4 ,x w\ld greatly less5 ! p[] ( ! eng9e4 ,q4 ,:at effect w\ld too mu* lead h4 ,a4 ,x w\ld also weak5 ! eng9e1 z ! /eam w\ld ent] be=e ! pi/on _h rea*$ ! end ( ! /roke1 & w\ld t5d to prev5t x pass+ ! c5t]4 ,q4 ,:at is ! /roke ( an eng9e8 ,a4 ,x is ! di/ance ! pi/on travels 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,q4 ,h[ d y f9d ! spe$ ( a pi/on p] m9ute8 ,a4 ,d\ble ! /roke & multiply x by ! numb] ( revolutions a m9uet4 ,?us an eng9e ) a #ab in* /roke w\ld travel #bd in*es1 or #b feet1 at a revolution4 ,if x made #bjj revolutions a m9ute1 ! travel ( pi/on w\ld be #djj feet a m9ute4 ,q4 ,:at is consid]$ a horse p[] z appli$ to an eng9e8 ,a4 ,x is p[] suffici5t to lift #cc1jjj p\nds "o foot high 9 "o m9ute4 ,q4 ,:at is ! indicat$ horse p[] ( an eng9e8 ,a4 ,x is ! actual "w done by ! /eam 9 ! cyl9d] z %[n by an indicator4 ,q4 ,:at is ! actual horse p[]8 ,a4 ,x is ! p[] actually giv5 (f by ! driv+ belt & pulley4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y f9d ! horse p[] ( an eng9e8 ,a4 ,multiply ! area ( ! pi/on by ! av]age pressure1 less #e2 multiply ?is product by ! numb] ( feet ! pi/on travels p] m9ute2 divide ! product by #cc1jjj2 ! result w be horse p[] ( ! eng9e4 ,q4 ,h[ w y f9d ! area ( pi/on8 ,a4 ,squ>e ! diamet] ( pi/on & multiply x by 4#ghed4 ,q4 ,:at d y mean by squ>+ ! diamet]8 ,a4 ,multiply+ x by itself4 ,if a cyl9d] is #f in*es 9 diamet]1 #cf multipli$ by 4#ghed1 gives ! area 9 squ>e in*es4 ,q4 ,:at d y mean by av]age pressure8 ,a4 ,if ! pressure on boil] is #fj p\nds1 & ! eng9e is cutt+ (f at #a_/b /roke1 ! pressure = ! full /roke w\ld be #ej p\nds4 ,q4 ,:y d y say less #e p\nds8 ,a4 ,to all[ = friction & cond5sation4 ,q4 ,:at is ! p[] ( a #g x #aj eng9e1 runn+ #bjj revolutions1 cutt+ (f at #a_/b /roke ) #fj p\nds /eam8 ,a4 #g x #g #di x 4#ghed #ch4dhdf4 ,! av]age pressure ( #fj p\nds w\ld be #ej p\nds less #e #de p\nds2 #ch-dhdf x #de #agca4hjgj x 4#ccc #a_/c1 7! numb] ( feet ! pi/on travels p] m9ute7 #egg1bfi4jjjj by #cc1jjjag #a_/b horse p[]4 ,q4 ,:at is a high pressure eng9e8 ,a4 ,x is an eng9e us+ /eam at a high pressure & exhau/+ into ! op5 air4 ,q4 ,:at is a l[ pressure eng9e8 ,a4 ,x is "o us+ /eam at a l[ pressure & exhau/+ into a cond5s]1 produc+ a vacuum1 ! pi/on be+ "u /eam pressure on "o side & vacuum on ! o!r4 ,q4 ,:at class ( eng9es are f>m eng9es8 ,a4 ,!y are high pressure4 ,q4 ,:y8 ,a4 ,!y are less complicat$ & less exp5sive4 ,q4 ,:at is ! mo/ economical pressure to c>ry on high pressure eng9e8 ,a4 ,f #ij to #aaj p\nds4 ,q4 ,:y is high pressure m economical ?an l[ pressure8 ,a4 ,because ! loss is great] 9 l[ pressure ow+ to ! atmosph]ic pressure4 ,) #de p\nds /eam ! pressure f ! atmosph]e is #ae p\nds1 or #a_/c1 leav+ only #cj p\nds ( effective p[]2 :ile ) #ij p\nds ! atmosph]ic pressure is only #a-f ( ! boil] pressure4 ,q4 ,does x require any m fuel to c>ry ,i#jj p\nds ?an x does to c>ry #fj p\nds8 ,a4 ,x don't require q z mu*4 ,q4 ,if t is ! case :y n increase ! pressure beyond ?is & save m fuel8 ,a4 ,because we w\ld soon pass ! po9t ( safety 9 a boil]1 & ! result w\ld be ! loss ( life & prop]ty4 ,q4 ,:at d y consid] a safe work+ pressure on a boil]8 ,a4 ,t dep5ds entirely on its diamet]4 ,:ile a boil] ( #cj in*es 9 diamet] #c_/h in* iron w\ld c>ry ,i#dj p\nds1 a boil] ( ! same ?ickness #hj in*es 9 diamet] w\ld h a safe work+ pressure ( only #ej p\nds1 :i* %[s t ! safe work+ pressure decreases v rapidly z we increase ! diamet] ( boil]4 ,?is is ! safe work+ pressure = s+le rivet$ boil]s ( ?is diamet]4 ,to f9d ! safe work+ pressure ( a d\ble rivet$ boil] ( same diamet] multiply ! safe pressure ( ! s+le rivet$ by #gj1 & divide by #ef1 w give a safe pressure ( a d\ble rivet$ boil]4 ,q4 ,:y is a /eel boil] sup]ior to an iron boil]8 ,a4 ,because x is mu* light] & /rong]4 ,q4 ,does boil] plate become /rong] or weak] z x becomes heat$8 ,a4 ,x becomes t\gh] or /rong] z x is heat$1 till x rea*es a temp]ature ,( #eej degrees :5 x rapidly decreases its p[] ( resi/ance z x is heat$ beyond ?is temp]ature4 ,q4 ,h[ d y acc\nt = ?is8 ,a4 ,because aft] y pass ! maximum temp]ature ( #eej degrees1 ! m y raise ! temp]ature ! ne>] y approa* its fus+ po9t :5 its t5acity or resi/+ p[] is no?+4 ,q4 ,:at is ! degree ( heat necess>y to fuse iron8 ,a4 #biab degrees4 ,q4 ,/eel8 ,a4 #becb degrees4 ,q4 ,:at class ( boil]s are g5]ally us$ 9 a ?re%+ eng9e8 ,a4 ,! flue boil] & ! tubul> boil]4 ,q4 ,ab\t :at am\nt ( heat+ & grate surface is requir$ p] horse p[] 9 a flue boil]4 ,a4 ,ab\t #ae squ>e feet ( heat+ surface & #c_/d squ>e feet ( grate surface4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld y consid] a fair evaporation 9 a flue boil]8 ,a4 ,six p\nds ( wat] to ,i p\nd ( coal4 ,q4 ,h[ d ^! dim5sions comp>e 9 a tubul> boil]4 ,a4 ,a tubul> boil] w require ,i_/#d less grate surface1 & w evaporate ab\t #h p\nds ( wat] to ,i p\nd ( coal4 ,q4 ,:i* d y consid] ! mo/ available8 ,a4 ,! tubul> boil]4 ,q4 ,:y8 ,a4 ,x is m economical & is less liable to collapse8 ,q4 ,:at d y mean by collapse8 ,a4 ,x is a cru%+ 9 ( a flue by ext]nal pressure4 ,q4 ,is a tube ( a l>ge diamet] m liable to collapse ?an "o ( small diamet]8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,q4 ,:y8 ,a4 ,because its p[] ( resi/ance is mu* less ?an a tube ( small diamet]4 ,q4 ,is ! pressure on ! %ell ( a boil] ! same z on ! tubes8 ,a4 ,no4 ,q4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce8 ,a4 ,! %ell ( boil] has a te>+ or int]nal pressure :ile ! tubes h a cru%+ or ext]nal pressure4 ,q4 ,:at causes an explosion8 ,a4 ,an explosion occurs g5]ally f l[ wat]1 all[+ ! iron to become ov]heat$ & !reby weak5$ & unable to )/& ! pressure4 ,q4 ,:at is a bur/8 ,a4 ,x is t :i* occurs :5 ?r\gh any defect ! wat] & /eam are all[$ to escape freely )\t fur!r injury to boil]4 ,q4 ,:at is ! be/ way to prev5t an explosion or bur/8 ,a4 7,i7 ,nev] g beyond a safe work+ pressure4 7#b7 ,keep ! boil] clean & 9 good repair4 7#c7 ,keep ! safety valves 9 good %ape & ! wat] at its prop] height4 ,q4 ,:at is ! fir/ ?+ to d on go+ to y\r eng9e 9 ! morn+8 ,a4 ,see t ! wat] is at its prop] level4 ,q4 ,:at is ! prop] level8 ,a4 ,up to ! second gauge4 ,q4 ,:5 %\ld y te/ or try ! pop valve8 ,a4 ,z soon z !re is a suffici5t pressure4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y />t y\r eng9e aft] x _h be5 /&+ ov] night8 ,a4 ,sl[ly4 ,q4 ,:y8 ,a4 ,9 ord] to all[ ! cyl9d] to become hot1 & t ! wat] or cond5s$ /eam may escape )\t injury to ! cyl9d]4 ,q4 ,:at is ! la/ ?+ to d at night8 ,a4 ,see t !re is pl5ty ( wat] 9 boil]1 & if ! wea!r is cold dra9 all pipes4 ,q4 ,:at c>e %\ld be tak5 ( ! fusable plug8 ,a4 ,keep x scrap$ clean1 & n all[ x to become corrod$ on top4 ,q4 ,:at is a fusible plug8 ,a4 ,x is a holl[ ca/ plug screw$ into ! cr[n %eet or top ( fire box1 & hav+ ! holl[ or c5t] fill$ ) lead or babbit4 ,q4 ,is su* a plug a protection to a boil]8 ,a4 ,x is if kept 9 prop] condition4 ,q4 ,c y expla9 ! pr9ciple ( ! fusible or s(t plug z x is sometimes call$8 ,a4 ,x is plac$ directly ov] ! fire1 & %\ld ! wat] fall bel[ ! cr[n %eet ! lead fuses or melts & all[s ! /eam to fl[ d[n on top ( ! fire1 de/roys ! heat & prev5ts ! burn+ ( cr[n %eet4 ,q4 ,:y don't ! lead fuse ) wat] ov] x8 ,a4 ,because ! wat] absorbs ! heat & prev5ts x rea*+ ! fus+ po9t4 ,q4 ,:at is ! fus+ po9t ( lead8 ,a4 #fah degrees4 ,q4 ,is !re any objection to ! s(t plug8 ,a4 ,!re is1 9 ! h&s ( "s eng9e]s4 ,q4 ,:y8 ,a4 ,x relieves him ( ! fe> ( a dry cr[n %eet1 & gives him an app>5t excuse = l[ wat]4 ,q4 ,is ?is a real or legitimate objection8 ,a4 ,x is n4 ,q4 ,:at are ! two di/9ct classes ( boil]s8 ,a4 ,! ext]nally & int]nally fir$ boil]s4 ,q4 ,:i* is ! mo/ economical8 ,a4 ,! int]nally fir$ boil]4 ,q4 ,:y8 ,a4 ,because ! fuel is all consum$ 9 close contact ) ! sides ( furnace & ! loss f radiation is less ?an 9 ! ext]nally fir$4 ,q4 ,to :at class does ! f>m or traction eng9e belong8 ,a4 ,to ! int]nally fir$4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y f9d ! ,h4,p4 ( su* a boil]8 ,a4 ,multiply 9 in*es ! circumf]5ce or squ>e ( furnace1 by its l5g?1 !n multiply1 ! circumf]5ce ( "o tube by its total l5g?1 & ?is product by ! numb] ( tubes also tak+ into acc\nt ! surface 9 tube %eet1 add ^! products toge!r & divide by ,i#dd1 ?is w give y ! numb] ( squ>e feet ( heat+ surface 9 boil]4 ,divide ?is by #ad or #ae :i* w give ! ,h4,p4 ( boil]4 ,q4 ,:y d y say #ad or #ae8 ,a4 ,because "s claim t x requires #ad feet ( heat+ surface to ! ,h4,p4 & o!rs #ae4 ,to give y my p]sonal op9ion ,i believe t any ( ! /&>d eng9es today ) good coal & prop]ly h&l$1 w & are produc+ #a ,h4,p4 = z l[ z e #aj feet ( surface4 ,b to be on ! safe side x is well to divide by #ae to get ! ,h4,p4 ( y\r boil]1 :5 good & bad fuel is consid]$4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y f9d ! approximate weight ( a boil] by measurem5t8 ,a4 ,f9d ! numb] ( squ>e feet 9 surface ( boil] & fire box1 & z a %eet ( boil] iron or /eel #a_/af ( an in* ?ick1 & "o foot squ>e1 weighs #b4eb p\nds1 w\ld multiply ! numb] ( squ>e feet by #b4eb & ?is product by ! numb] ( #af?s or ?ickness ( boil] %eet1 :i* w\ld give ! approximate1 or v ne> ! weight ( ! boil]4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld y recognize z po9ts 9 a good eng9e]4 ,a4 ,a good eng9e] keeps 8 eng9e clean1 wa%es ! boil] :5ev] he ?9ks x ne$s x4 ,nev] m$dles ) 8 eng9e1 & all[s no "o else to d s4 ,goes ab\t 8 "w quietly1 & is always 9 8 place1 only talks :5 necess>y1 nev] hamm]s or bruises any "p ( 8 eng9e1 all[s no pack+ to become bak$ or burnt 9 ! /uff+ box or gl&s1 r5ews !m z quick z !y %[ t !y require x4 ,nev] neglects to oil1 & !n uses no m ?an is necess>y4 ,he c>ries a good gauge ( wat] & a uni=m pressure ( /eam4 ,he all[s no unusual noise ab\t 8 eng9e to escape 8 notice he has taught 8 e> to be 8 guide4 ,:5 a job is ab\t f9i%$ y w see him clean+ 8 a% pan1 gett+ 8 tools toge!r1 a good fire 9 fire box1 9 fact all ready to g1 & he looses no "t aft] ! belt is ?r[n (f4 ,he hooks up to 8 load quietly1 & is ! fir/ man ready to g4 99,q4 ,:5 ! pi/on head is 9 ! exact c5t] ( cyl9d]1 is ! eng9e on ! qu>t]8 99,a4 ,x is suppos$ to be1 b is n4 99,q4 ,:y n8 ,a4 ,! angul>ity ( ! rod prev5ts x rea*+ ! qu>t]4 99,q4 ,!n :5 ! eng9e is on ! exact qu>t] :at position does ! pi/on head occupy8 ,a4 ,x is ne>e/ ! end next to crank4 ,q4 ,if ?is is ! case1 :i* end ( cyl9d] is suppos$ to be ! /rong]8 ,a4 ,! opposite end1 or end fur!re/ f crank4 ,q4 ,:y8 ,a4 ,because ?is end gets ! b5efit ( ! mo/ travel1 & z x makes x 9 ! same "t1 x mu/ travel fa/]4 99,q4 ,at :at "p ( ! cyl9d] does ! pi/on head rea* ! greate/ spe$8 ,a4 ,at & ne> ! c5t]4 99,q4 ,:y8 ,figure ?is out = y\rself4 99,note4 ,! above few que/ions are giv5 = ! purpose ( gett+ y to notice ! little peculi>ities ( ! crank eng9e1 & are n to be tak5 into consid]ation 9 ! op]ation ( ! same4 ,q4 ,if y 7 on ! road & %\ld discov] t y _h l[ wat]1 :at w\ld y d8 ,a4 ,i w\ld drop my load & hunt a high place = ! front end ( my eng9e1 & w\ld d x quickly to4 ,q4 ,if by "s accid5t ! front end ( y\r eng9e %\ld drop d[n all[+ ! wat] to expose ! cr[n %eet1 :at w\ld y d8 ,a4 ,if ,i _h a heavy & hot fire1 w\ld %ovel dirt into ! fire & smo!r x out4 ,q4 ,:y w\ld y pref] ?is to draw+ ! fire8 ,a4 ,because x w\ld r$uce ! heat at once1 in/ead ( increas+ x = a few m9utes :ile draw+ out ! hot b$ ( coals1 :i* is a v unpleasant job4 ,q4 ,w\ld y ev] ?r[ wat] 9 ! fire box8 ,a4 ,no4 ,x might crack ! side %eets1 & w\ld mo/ c]ta9ly />t ! flues4 ,q4 ,y say1 9 f9d+ l[ wat] :ile on ! road1 y w\ld run y\r eng9e ) ! front end on high gr\nd4 ,:y w\ld y d ?is8 ,a4 ,9 ord] t ! wat] w\ld raise ov] ! cr[n %eet1 & ?us make x safe to pump up ! wat]4 ,q4 ,:ile y\r eng9e 0 9 ?is %ape w\ld y n expose ! front end ( flues'8 ,a4 ,yes1 b z ! eng9e w\ld n be work+ ?is w\ld d no damage4 ,q4 ,if y 7 runn+ 9 a hilly c\ntry h[ w\ld y manage ! boil] z reg>ds wat]8 ,a4 ,w\ld c>ry z high z ! eng9e w\ld all[1 )\t prim+4 ,q4 ,suppose y _h a heavy load or ab\t all y c\ld h&le1 & %\ld approa* a long /eep hill1 :at condition %\ld ! wat] & fire be to give y ! mo/ advantage8 ,a4 ,a mod]ately l[ gauge ( wat] & a v hot fire4 ,q4 ,:y a mod]ately l[ gauge ( wat]8 ,a4 ,because ! eng9e w\ld n be s liable to draw ! wat] or prime 9 mak+ ! h>d pull4 ,q4 ,:y a v hot fire8 ,a4 ,s ,i c\ld />t ! pumps full )\t impair+ or cutt+ ! pressure4 ,q4 ,:5 w\ld y />t y\r pump8 ,a4 ,z soon z fairly />t$ up ! hill4 ,q4 ,:y8 ,a4 ,z mo/ hills h two sides1 ,i w\ld />t !m full 9 ord] to h a safe gauge to g d[n1 )\t /op+ to pump up4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld a c>eful eng9e] d be=e />t+ to pull a load ov] a /eep hill8 ,a4 ,he w\ld exam9e 8 clut*1 or ge> p94 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y proce$ to figure ! road spe$ ( traction4 ,a4 ,w\ld fir/ det]m9e ! circumf]5ce ( driv]1 !n asc]ta9 h[ _m revolutions ! eng9e made to "o ( ! driv]s4 ,multiply ! numb] ( revolutions ! eng9e makes p] m9ute by #fj1 ?is w give ! numb] ( revolutions ( eng9e p] h\r4 ,divide ?is by ! numb] ( revolutions ! eng9e makes to ! driv]s once1 & ?is w give y ! numb] ( revolutions ! driv]s w make 9 "o h\r1 & multiply+ ?is by ! circumf]5ce ( driv] 9 feet1 & x w tell y h[ _m feet y\r eng9e is travel+ p] h\r1 & ?is divid$ by #ebhj1 ! numb] ( feet 9 a mile1 w\ld tell y j :at spe$ y\r eng9e w\ld make on ! road4 ,,?+s ,,h&y ,,= ,,! ,,eng9e] ,! fir/ edition ( ?is "w br\ght me a great _m lett]s ask+ :]e c]ta9 articles c\ld be procur$1 :at ,i w\ld recomm5d1 etc4 ,^! que/ions requir$ att5tion & z ! writ]s _h b\ght & paid = _! book x 0 due !m t !y get ! b5efit ( my exp]i5ce1 z no?+ is s disc\rag+ to ! "y eng9e] z to be cont9ually annoy$ by unreliable & inf]ior fitt+s us$ m or less on all eng9es4 ,i h gone ov] my lett] file & e article ask$ = w be tak5 up 9 ! ord]1 %[+ ! relative importance ( ea* article 9 ! m9ds ( eng9e]s4 ,= in/ance1 m lett]s rea*$ me ask+ = a good br& ( oil ?an any o!r "o article4 ,!n comes injectors1 lubricators h ?ird place1 & s on d[n ! li/4 ,n[ )\t any int5tion ( adv]tis+ anybody's goods ,i w give y ! b5efit ( my ye>s ( exp]i5ce & w be v c>eful n to m5tion or recomm5d any?+ :i* is n /rictly fir/ class1 at lea/ s 9 my op9ion1 & z good z c be _h 9 its class1 yet 9 say+ t ^! articles are good does n say t o!rs are n equally z good4 ,i am simply anticipat+ ! num]\s lett]s ,i o!rwise w\ld receive & am answ]+ !m 9 a lump bun*4 ,if y h no occasion to procure any ( ^! articles1 ! nam+ ( !m w d no h>m1 b %\ld y want "o or m y w make no mi/ake 9 any "o ( !m4 ,,oil ,z ,i h /at$1 m eng9e]s ask$ = a good br& ( oil ?an = any o!r "o article & ,i w answ] ?is ) less satisfaction to myself ?an any o!r = ?is reason3 ,y may "k :at y want1 b y d n always get :at y call =4 ,oil is "o ( ^? ?+s t _c be br&$1 ! b>rel c1 b !n x c be fill$ ) ! *eape/ /uff on ! m>ket4 ,if y c get ,capital ,cyl9d] ,oil y\r valve w give y no tr\ble4 ,if y call = ?is p>ticul> br& & x does n give y satisfaction don't blame me or ! oil1 g aft] ! deal]2 he did n give y :at y call$ =4 ,! same c be said ( ,r5[n ,eng9e ,oil4 ,if y c always h ?is oil y w h no fault to f9d ) its we>+ qualities1 & x w n gum on y\r eng9e1 b z ,i h said1 y may call = x & get some?+ else4 ,if y\r valve or cyl9d] is giv+ y any tr\ble & y h n p]fect confid5ce 9 ! deal] f :om y usually get y\r cyl9d] oil s5d direct to ,! ,/&>d ,oil ,company = "s ,capital ,cyl9d] ,oil & y w get an oil t w g ?r\gh y\r cyl9d] & come out ! exhau/ & /ill h "s /ay+ qualities to x4 ,! tr\ble ) s mu* ( ! s call$ cyl9d] oil is t x is s light t ! mom5t x /rikes ! extreme heat 9 ! /eam *e/ x vaporizes & goes ?r\gh ! cyl9d] 9 ! =m ( vapor & ! valve & cyl9d] are gett+ no oil1 al?\gh y are go+ ?r\gh all ! necess>y means to oil !m4 ,x is some:at difficult to get a "y eng9e] to und]/& :y ! cyl9d] requires "o grade ( oil & ! eng9e ano!r4 ,?is is only necess>y z a matt] ( economy1 cyl9d] or valve oil w d v well on ! eng9e1 b eng9e oil w n d = ! cyl9d]4 ,& z a less exp5sive oil w d = ! eng9e we !re=e use two grades ( oil4 ,eng9e oil h[ev] %\ld be b little l[] 9 quality ?an ! cyl9d] oil1 ow+ to ! proximity ( ! be>+s to ! boil]1 !y are at all times m or less heat$1 & require a mu* heavi] oil ?an a j\rnal subject only to ! heat ( its own friction4 ,! ,r5[n ,eng9e ,oil has ! peculi>ity ( body or la/+ qualities comb9$ ) ! fact t x does n gum on ! hot iron & all[s ! eng9e to be wip$ clean4 ,,injectors ,! next 9 ! li/ ( inquiries 0 = a reliable injector4 ,i 0 n surpris$ at ?is = up to a few ye>s ago !re 7 a great _m eng9es runn+ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry ) only ! indep5d5t or cross-head pump1 & eng9e]s wi%+ to adopt ! injector naturally want ! be/1 :ile o!rs _h injectors m or less unsatisfactory4 ,9 reply+ to ^! lett]s ,i recomm5d "o ( ?ree or f\r diff]5t makes 7all ( :i* ,i _h f\nd satisfactory7 ) a reque/ t ! p>ty ask+ = same %\ld write to me if ! injector prov$ unsatisfactory 9 any way4 ,( all ! lett]s receiv$1 ,i nev] got "o /at+ any objection to ei!r ! ,p5b]?y or ! ,metropolitan4 ,?is fact has l$ me to ?9k t probably my reputation z a judge ( a good article 0 saf] by /ick+ to ! two nam$1 :i* ,i %all d until ,i "k !re is some?+ bett]4 ,?is does n mean t !re are n o!r good injectors1 b ,i am tell+ y :at ,i "k to be good1 & n :at may be good4 ,! fact t ,i nev] receiv$ a s+le compla9t f ei!r ( !m 0 evid5ce to me t ! mak]s ( ^! two injectors are v c>eful n to all[ any slight+ ( ! "w4 ,!y !re=e get out no defective injectors4 ,! ,p5b]?y is made by ,! ,p5b]?y ,injector ,co41 ( ,detroit1 ,mi*41 & ! ,metropolitan by ,! ,hayd5 ,d]by ,mfg4 ,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,sight ,,fe$ ,,lubricator ,^! come next 9 ! long li/ ( inquiries & wi%+ to satisfy myself z to ! relative sup]iority ( v>i\s cyl9d] ,lubricators1 ,i resort$ to ! same me?od z p]su$ 9 reg>d to injectors4 ,?is me?od is v satisfactory to me f ! fact t x gives u ! actual exp]i5ce ( a class ( eng9e]s :o h all conditions ) :i* to cont5d1 & especially ! unfavorable conditions4 ,i h possibly writt5 m lett]s 9 answ] to su* que/ions z3 ,:y my ,lubricator does ?is or t2 & :y x don't d s & s8 ?an ( any o!r "o "p ( an eng9e1 7z a ,sight ,fe$ ,lubricator might 9 ?is day be consid]$ a "p ( an eng9e47 ,( all ! qu]ies & objections made ( ! _m ,lubricators1 !re are two %[+ ! lea/ tr\ble to ! op]ator4 ,!re are ! ,wm4 ,p[ell ,sight ,fe$ ,lubricator 7class ,a7 especially adapt$ to traction & road eng9es ow+ to ! sight-glass be+ ( l>ge diamet]1 :i* prev5ts ! drop t\*+ ! side ( glass1 :ile ! eng9e is mak+ /eep grades & r\gh unev5 roads1 made by ,! ,wm4 ,p[ell ,co41 ,c9c9nati1 ,o41 & = sale by any good jobb+ h\se1 & ! ,detroit ,lubricator made by ! ,detroit ,lubricator ,co41 ( ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,i h nev] receiv$ a legitimate objection to ei!r ( ^! two ,lubricators1 b ,i receiv$ ! same qu]y conc]n+ bo?1 & ?is objection1 if x may be call$ su*1 is s cle>ly no fault ( ! con/ruction or pr9ciple ( ! ,lubricator t ,i h conclud$ t !y are among if n actually ! be/ sight fe$ ,lubricator on ! m>ket to-day4 ,! qu]y ref]r$ to 03 ,:y does my glass fill ) oil8 ,n[ ! answ] to ?is is s simple & s cle>ly no fault ( ! ,lubricator t ,i am entirely satisfi$ t by recomm5d+ ei!r ( ^! ,lubricators y w get value receiv$2 & "h is a good place to answ] ! above qu]y4 ,if y h run a ?re%+ eng9e a season or "p ( a season y h le>n$ t x is mu* easi] to get a poor grade ( oil ?an a good "o1 yet y\r ,lubricator w d ?is at times ev5 ) be/ ( oil1 & ! reason is due to ! condition ( ! fe$ nozzle at ! bottom ( ! fe$ glass4 ,! surface ar\nd ! ne$le po9t 9 ! nozzle becomes coat$ or r\gh f s$im5t f ! oil4 ,?is coat+ all[s ! drop to adh]e to x until x becomes too l>ge to pass up ?r\gh ! glass )\t /rik+ ! sides & ! glass becomes blurr$ & has ! appe>ance ( be+ full ( oil1 s 9 a measure to obviate ?is ,p[ell's ,lubricators are fitt$ ) #c_/d glasses-be+ ( l>ge int]nal diamet]4 ,! p]man5t rem$y h[ev] is to take out ! glass & clean ! nozzle ) wa/e or a rag1 rubb+ ! po9ts smoo? & clean4 ,! drop w !n release itself at a mod]ate size & pass up ?r\gh ! glass )\t any dang] ( /rik+ ! sides4 ,h[ev]1 if ! ,lubricator is on crook$ x may d ?is same ?+4 ,! rem$y is v simple-/raight5 x up4 ,:ile talk+ ( ! v>i\s appliances = oil+ y\r eng9e y w p>don me if ,i say t ,i ?9k e traction eng9e ought to be suppli$ ) an oil pump z y w f9d x v conv5i5t = a traction eng9e especially on ! road4 ,= in/ance1 %\ld ! eng9e prime to any great ext5t y\r cyl9d] w require m oil = a few m9utes ?an y\r sight fe$ w supply1 & "h is :]e1 y\r little pump w help y out4 ,ei!r ! ,detroit or ,p[ell p make z good an article ( ?is k9d z y c f9d any:]e1 & c furni% y ei!r ! glass or metal body4 ,h>d ,grease & a good ,cup come next4 ,9 my trips ov] v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry ,i visit a great _m eng9e]s & f9d a great "p ( !m us+ h>d grease & ,i also f9d ! quality v>y+ all ! way f ! v be/ d[n to ! *eape/ grade ( axle grease4 ,! ,badg] ,oil ,i ?9k is ! be/ t c be procur$ = ?is purpose1 & :ile ,i d n "k j :o makes x1 y w probably h b little tr\ble 9 f9d+ x1 & if y are look+ = a fir/ class automatic cup = y\r wri/ p9 or crank box get ! ,wm4 ,p[ell ,cup f any jobb+ supply h\se4 ,^! p also make a v neat little atta*m5t = _! ,class ,a ,lubricator :i* is a decid$ conv5i5ce = ! eng9e]1 & is call$ a ,fill]4 ,x consi/s ( a second res]voir or cup1 ( ab\t ! same capacity ( ! res]voir ( ,lubricator1 ?us d\bl+ ! capacity4 ,x is atta*$ at ! fill+ plug1 & is suppli$ ) a f9e /ra9]1 :i* cat*es all dirt1 & grit1 all[+ only cle> oil to ent] ! lubricator1 & by prop]ly manipulat+ ! little %ut-(f valve ! /ra9] c be remov$ & clean$ & ! cup refill$ )\t di/urb+ ! work+ ( ! ,lubricator4 ,?is little atta*m5t w soon be 9 g5]al use4 ,,boil] ,,fe$]s ,injectors h a dang]\s rival 9 ! ,moore ,/eam ,pump or boil] fe$] = traction eng9es1 & ! reason ?is little pump is n 9 m g5]al use is ! fact t among ! olde/ me?ods = fe$+ a boil] is ! indep5d5t /eam pump & !y 7 always unsatisfactory f ! fact t !y 7 a /eam eng9e )9 !mselves1 hav+ a crank or disc1 fly:eel1 ecc5tric1 ecc5tric yoke1 valve1 valve /em1 cros%ead1 slides1 & all ! reciprocat+ p>ts ( a complete eng9e4 ,be+ necess>ily v small1 ^! p>ts ( c\rse are v frail & delicate1 7 easily brok5 or damag$ by ! r\gh usage to :i* !y 7 subject$ :ile bump+ ar\nd ov] r\gh roads on a traction eng9e4 ,! ,moore ,pump1 manufactur$ by ,! ,union ,/eam ,pump ,company1 ( ,battle ,creek1 ,mi*41 is a complete dep>ture f ! old /eam eng9e pump1 & if y take any int]e/ 9 any ( ! novel ways 9 :i* /eam c be utiliz$ s5d to !m = a circul> & sectional cuts & y c sp5d sev]al h\rs v pr(itably 9 det]m9+ j h[ ! direct pressure f ! boil] c be made to drive ! pi/on head ! full /roke ( cyl9d]1 op5 exhau/ port1 %ift ! valve op5 /eam port & drive ! pi/on back aga9 & repeat ! op]ation z long z ! boil] pressure is all[$ to rea* ! pump & yet h no connection :atev] ) any ( ! reciprocat+ p>ts ( ! pump1 & at ! same "t lift & =ce wat] into ! boil] 9 any quantity desir$4 ,ano!r novel feature 9 ?is little boil] fe$] is t aft] ! /eam has act$ on ! cyl9d] x c be exhau/$ directly into ! fe$ wat]1 ?us utiliz+ all its heat to w>m ! wat] be=e ent]+ ! boil]4 ,n[ x requir$ a c]ta9 numb] ( heat units to produce ?is /eam :i* aft] do+ its "w gives back all its heat aga9 to ! fe$ wat] & x w\ld be a v int]e/+ problem = "s ( ! "y eng9e]s1 z well z ! old ones1 to det]m9e j :at loss if any is su/a9$ 9 ?is mann] ( supply+ a boil]4 ,if y are ?9k+ ( try+ an indep5d5t pump1 don't be afraid ( ?is "o4 ,i take p>ticul> pride 9 recomm5d+ any?+ t ,i h tri$ myself1 & "k to be z recomm5d$4 ,& a boil] fe$] ( ?is k9d has all ! advantage ( ! injector1 z x w supply ! boil] )\t runn+ ! eng9e1 & x has ! advantage ov] ! injector1 9 n be+ s delicate1 & w "w wat] t c n be h&l$ by ! be/ ( injectors4 ,we h v frequ5tly _h ?is "q put to u3 ,ought ,i to grease my ge>+8 ,if ,i said yes1 ,i _h an argum5t on my h&s at once4 ,if ,i said no1 "s "o w\ld disagree j z quickly1 & h[ %all ,i answ] x to ! satisfaction ( mo/ eng9e]s ( a traction eng9e8 ,i always say :at ,i h to say & /ay by x until ,i am conv9c$ ( ! error4 ,n[ "s ( y w smile :5 ,i say t ! only ?+ = ge> :]e !re is du/1 is ,mica ,axle ,grease4 ,& y smile because y don't "k :at x is made (1 b ?9k x "s common grease nam$ = "s old sa9t1 b t is n ! case4 ,if ^! p :o make ?is lubricant w\ld give x ano!r "n1 & get x introduc$ among eng9e]s1 no?+ else w\ld be us$4 ,y h se5 x adv]tis$ = ye>s z an axle grease & ?9k t is all x is good =2 & !re is :]e y make a mi/ake4 ,x is made ( a comb9ation ( solid lubricant & gr\nd or pulv]iz$ mica1 t is :]e x gets its "n1 & no?+ c equal mica z a lubricant if y c\ld apply x to y\r ge>2 & to d ?is x has be5 comb9$ ) a heavy grease4 ,?is 9 be+ appli$ to ! ge> reta9s ! small p>ticles ( mica1 :i* soon imb$ !mselves 9 e little abrasion or r\gh place 9 ! ge>+1 & ! surface quickly becomes h>d & smoo? ?r\gh\t ! entire face ( ! engag+ ge>1 & y\r ge> w run quiet1 & if y\r ge>+ is n out ( l9e w /op cutt+ if appli$ 9 "t4 ,x w run dry & du/ w n collect on ! surface ( y\r cogs1 & aft] a coat+ is once =m$ x %\ld nev] be di/urb$ by scrap+ ! face ( ! ge>1 & a v little add$ f "t to "t w keep y\r ge> 9 f9e %ape4 ,its "n is aga9/ x & if ! mak]s w\ld take a tumble to !mselves & call x ,mica ,oil or "s cat*y "n & get x introduc$ among ! us]s ( tight ge>+1 !y w\ld sell j z mu* axle grease & all ! grease = ge>+s4 ,,=ce ,,fe$ ,,oil] ,=ce fe$ oil] come next on ! li/4 ,?is is some?+ n g5]ally und]/ood by eng9e]s ( traction & f>m eng9es1 & acc\nts = x be+ s f> d[n ! li/4 ,b we ?9k x w come into g5]al use )9 a few ye>s1 z an oil] ( ?is k9d =ces ! oil in/ead ( dep5d+ on gravity4 ,! ,acorn ,brass ,works ( ,*icago make a v unique & successful little oil] :i* =ces a small portion ( oil 9 a spray into ! valve & cyl9d]1 & repeats ! op]ation at ea* /roke ( ! eng9e1 & is s arrang$ t x /ops automatically z soon z ! oil is out ( ! res]voir2 & at once calls ! att5tion ( ! eng9e] to ! fact1 & x c be regulat$ to ?r[ any quantity ( oil desir$4 ,is made = any size or make ( eng9e4 ,,spe$] ,"o ( ! little ?+s1 t e eng9e] ought to h is a ,motion c\nt] or spe$]4 ,( c\rse1 y c c\nt ! revolutions ( y\r eng9e1 b y frequ5tly want to "k ! spe$ ( ! driv5 pulley1 cyl9d] = in/ance3 ,:5 y "k ! exact size ( eng9e pulley & y\r cyl9d] pulley1 & ! exact spe$ ( y\r eng9e1 & !re 0 no su* ?+ z ! slipp+ ( drive belt1 y c\ld figure ! spe$ ( y\r cyl9d]1 b by kn[+ ?is & !n apply+ ! spe$]1 y c det]m9e ! loss by comp>+ ! figur$ spe$ ) ! actual spe$ %[n by ! spe$]4 ,if y h a good spe$] y c make good use ( x e day y run ma*9]y4 ,if y want "o y want ! be/ & !re is no?+ bett] ?an ! "o made by ,! ,tabor ,manufactur+ ,co41 ( ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,we use no o!r4 ,y w see _! adv]tisem5t 9 ! ,am]ican ,?re%]man4 ,,sp>k ,,arre/] ,b "o article 9 ! entire li/ did ,i f9d to be sectional1 & t 0 = a sp>k arre/]4 ,^! inquiries 7 all )\t exception f ! wood$ c\ntry1 t is1 f a section :]e x is *eap] to burn wood ?an coal4 ,!re is no?+ /range t p>ties runn+ eng9es 9 ^! sections %\ld ask = a sp>k arre/]1 z build]s ( ?is class ( eng9es usually supply _! eng9es ) a smoke /ack1 ) little or no ref]5ce to safety f fire4 ,?is be+ recogniz$ by "s g5ius 9 "o ( our wood$ /ates :o has pr(it$ by x & has produc$ a smoke /ack :i* is also a sp>k arre/]4 ,?is /ack is a success 9 e s5se ( ! ^w1 & is made = any & all /yles ( f>m & saw mill eng9es4 ,x is made by ! ,s\? ,b5d ,sp>k ,arre/] ,co41 ( ,s\? ,b5d1 ,indiana1 & if y are runn+ an eng9e & fir+ ) wood or /raw1 don't run too mu* risk = ! eng9e] usually comes 9 = a big %>e ( ! blame if a fire is />t$ f ! eng9e4 ,& z ! above company make a specialty ( ?is p>ticul> article1 y w get some?+ reliable if y are 9 a section :]e y ne$ x4 ,,lift+ ,,jack ,next comes enquiries = a good lift+ ,jack4 ,?is w\ld indicate t ! boys _h be5 gett+ _! eng9e 9 a hole1 b !re are a great _m times :5 a good ,jack comes h&y1 & x w save its co/ _m times e season4 ,too _m eng9e]s =get t :5 he is fool+ ar\nd t he is ! only "o los+ "t4 ,! facts are ! entire crew are do+ no?+1 besides ! outfit is mak+ no money unless runn+4 ,y want to equip y\rself ) any tool t w save "t4 ,! ,b>? ,mfg1 ,co41 ( ,milwaukee1 make a ,jack especially adapt$ to ?is p>ticul> "w1 & e eng9e %\ld h a mascot 9 ! %ape ( a lift+ ,jack4 ,n[ be=e dropp+ ! subject ( h&y ?+s = an eng9e]1 ,i want to say to ! eng9e] :o takes pride 9 8 "w1 t if y w\ld enjoy a t\* ( high life 9 eng9e]+1 p]suade y\r boss1 if y h "o1 to get y a ,full] ,t5d] made by ! ,p>son's ,b& ,cutt] & ,fe$] ,co41 ,newton1 ,i[a1 & atta* to y\r eng9e4 ,x may look a little exp5sive1 b a luxury usually co/s some?+ & by hav+ "o y w d away ) a great deal ( ! r\gh & tumble "p ( an eng9e]s life4 ,& if y want to keep y\rself po/$ z to :at is be+ done by o!r ?re%]m5 ?r\gh\t ! _w1 read "s good ,?re%]m5's ,home j\rnal4 ,! ,am]ican ,?re%]man = in/ance is ! w>me/ baby 9 ! bun*4 ,& if any?+ new "u ! sun comes out y w f9d x 9 ! pages ( ?is bright & newsy j\rnal4 ,keep to ! front 9 y\r bus9ess4 ,y\r bus9ess is z mu* a bus9ess z any o!r pr(ession1 & :ile x may n be q z remun]ative z a ,r4 ,r4 attorney1 or ! presid5t ( a life insurance company x is j z honorable1 & a good eng9e] is appreciat$ by 8 employ] j z mu* z a good man 9 any o!r bus9ess4 ,a good eng9e] c n only always h a job1 b he c select 8 "w4 ,t is if !re is any *oice ( eng9es 9 a neighborhood ! be/ man gets x4 ,,some?+ ,,ab\t ,,pressure ,n[ be=e br++ ?is some:at l5g?y lecture to a close1 7= ,i consid] x a m]e lecture1 a talk ) ! boys7 ,i want to say some?+ m ab\t pressure4 ,y notice t ,i h n advocat$ a v high pressure2 ,i h n gone beyond #abe lbs4 & yet y "k & ,i "k t v mu* high] pressure is be+ c>ri$ :]ev] ! traction eng9e is us$1 & ,i want to say t a v high pressure is no gauge or gu>antee ( ! intellig5ce ( ! eng9e]4 ,! less a reckless individual kn[s ab\t /eam ! high] pressure he w c>ry4 ,a good eng9e] is nev] afraid ( 8 eng9e )\t a good reason1 & !n he refuses to run x4 ,he kn[s some?+ ( ! enorm\s pressure 9 ! boil]1 :ile ! reckless fell[ nev] ?9ks ( any pressure beyond ! ,i#jj or ,i#dj p\nds t 8 gauge %[s4 ,he says1 ',o6 ,t1' t a9t mu* ( a pressure1 t boil] is good = #bjj p\nds4 ,x has nev] dawn$ on 8 m9d 7if he has "o7 t t ,i#dj p\nds mean ,i#dj p\nds on e squ>e in* 9 t boil] %ell1 & ,i#dj on ea* squ>e in* ( tube %eets4 ,n only ?is b e squ>e in* 9 ! %ell is subject$ to two times ?is pressure z ! boil] has two sides or 9 o!r words1 ea* squ>e in* has a correspond+ opposite squ>e in*1 & ! seam ( %ell mu/ su/a9 ?is pressure1 & z a s+le rivet$ boil] only af=ds #fb p] c5t ( ! /r5g? ( solid iron4 ,x is some?+ t e eng9e] ought to consid]4 ,he ought to be able to ?or\ghly appreciate ?is almo/ inconceivable pressure4 ,h[ _m eng9e]s are today runn+ #ah & #bj horse p[] eng9es t realizes t a boil] ( ?is diamet] is n capable ( su/a9+ ! pressure he _h be5 accu/om$ to c>ry 9 8 little #bf or #cj in* boil]8 ,on page #aad ,y w get "s idea ( ! diff]5ce 9 safe work+ pressure ( boil]s1 ( diff]5t diamet]s4 ,on ! o!r h& ?is is n int5d$ to make y timid or afraid ( y\r eng9e1 z !re is no?+ to be afraid ( if y realize :at y are h&l+1 & try to compreh5d ! fact t y\r /eam gauge repres5ts less ?an "o #a-ajjj "p ( ! p[] y h "u y\r managem5t4 ,y nev] _h ?is put to y 9 ?is light be=e1 did y8 ,if y ?or\ghly appreciate ?is fact & w try to compreh5d ?is p[] conf9$ 9 y\r boil] by not+ ! pressure1 or p[] ex]t$ by y\r cyl9d] ?r\gh ! small supply pipe1 y w soon be an eng9e] :o w only c>ry a safe & economical pressure1 & if !re comes a "t :5 x is necess>y to c>ry a high] pressure1 y w be an eng9e] :o w set ! pop back aga91 :5 or z soon z ?is extra pressure is n necess>y4 ,if ,i c get y to compreh5d ?is p[] proposition no /ud5t ( ,r\gh & ,tumble ,eng9e]+ w ev] bl[ up a boil]4 ,:5 ,i />t$ out to talk eng9e to y ,i /at$ pla9ly t ?is book w\ld n be fill$ up ) sci5tific !ories1 t :ile !y 7 v nice !y w\ld d no good 9 ?is "w4 ,n[ ,i am aw>e t ,i c\ld h made a book f\r times z l>ge z ?is & if ,i _h1 x w\ld n be z valuable to ! beg9n] z x is n[4 ,f ! fact t !re is n a problem or a "q conta9$ 9 x t any "o :o has a common s*ool education c n solve or answ] )\t ref]r+ to any textbooks ,! v be/ eng9e] 9 ! c\ntry ne$ n "k any m ?an he w f9d 9 ^! pages4 ,yet ,i don't advise y to /op "h1 g to ! top if y h ! "t & opportunity4 ,%\ld ,i h tak5 up ea* /ep !oretically & giv5 =ms1 tables1 rules & demon/rations1 ! "y eng9e] w\ld h become disc\rag$ & w\ld nev] h read x ?r\gh4 ,he w\ld h become disc\rag$ because he c\ld n und]/& x4 ,n[ to illu/rate :at ,i mean1 we w g a little deep] & !n /ill deep]1 & y w beg9 to appreciate ! simple way ( putt+ ! ?+s :i* y z a pla9 eng9e] are int]e/$ 94 ,= example on page #aad we talk$ ab\t ! safe work+ pressure ( diff]5t siz$ boil]s4 ,x 0 mo/ likely natural = y to say ,h[ d ,i f9d ! safe work+ pressure8 ,well1 to f9d ! safe work+ pressure ( a boil] x is fir/ necess>y to f9d ! total pressure necess>y to bur/ ! boil]4 ,x requires ab\t twice z mu* pressure to te> ! ends out ( a boil] z x does to bur/ ! %ell1 & z ! weake/ po9t is ! basis = det]m9+ ! safe pressure1 we w make use ( ! %ell only4 ,we w take = example a /eel boil] #cb in*es 9 diamet] & #f ft4 long1 #c_/h 94 ?ick1 t5sile /r5g? #fj1jjj lbs4 ,! total pressure requir$ to bur/ ?is %ell w\ld be ! area expos$ times ! pressure4 ,! ?ickness multipli$ by ! l5g? !n by #b 7z !re are two sides7 !n by ! t5sile /r5g? equals ! bur/+ pressure3 #c_/h x #gb ,x #b x #fj1jjj #c1bdj1jjj ! total bur/+ pressure & ! pressure p] squ>e in* requir$ to bur/ ! %ell is f\nd by divid+ ! total bur/+ pressure #c1bdj1jjj p\nds by ! diamet] times ! l5g? #c1bdj1jjj _/ 7#cb x #gb7 #adjf lbs4 ,x w\ld require #adjf lbs4 p] squ>e in* to bur/ ?is %ell if x 7 solid1 t is if x _h no seam1 a s+le seam af=ds #fb p] c5t ( ! /r5g? ( %ell1 #adjf x 4#fb #hga lbs4 to bur/ ! seam if s+le rivet$2 add #bj p] c5t if d\ble rivet$4 ,to det]m9e ! safe work+ pressure divide ! bur/+ pressure ( ! weake/ place by ! factor ( safety4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t use a factor ( #f = s+le rivet$ & add #bj p] c5t = d\ble rivet$1 #hga _/ #f #ade lbs4 ! safe work+ pressure ( ?is p>ticul> boil]1 if s+le rivet$ & #ade #bj p] c5t#agd d\ble rivet$4 ,n[ suppose y take a boil] ! same l5g? & ( ! same mat]ial1 b #hj in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! bur/+ pressure w\ld be #c1bdj1jjj _/ 7#hj x #gb7 #efj lbs41 & ! safe work+ pressure w\ld be #efj _/ #f #ic lbs4 ,y w see by ?is t ! diamet] has mu* to d ) ! safe work+ pressure1 also ! diamet] & diff]5t l5g?s makes a diff]5ce 9 work+ pressure4 ,n[ all ( ?is is nice = y to "k1 & x may />t y on a high] c\rse1 x w n make y h&le y\r eng9e any bett]1 b x may conv9ce y t !re is some?+ to le>n4 ,suppose we give y a little t\* ( rules1 & =mula 9 boil] mak+4 ,= in/ance y want to "k ! p]c5t ( /r5g? ( s+le rivet$ & d\ble rivet$ z comp>$ to solid iron4 ,"s v simple rules1 or =mula1 are applicable4 ,f9d ! p]c5t ( /r5g? to ! solid iron 9 a s+le-rivet$ seam1 #a_/d in* plate1 #e_/h in* rivet1 pit*$ or spac$ #b in* c5t]s4 ,fir/ r$uce all to decimal =m1 z x simplifies ! calculation2 #a_/d4be & #e_/h in* rivets w require #aa_/af in* hole1 ?is hole is suppos$ to be fill$ by ! rivet1 aft] driv+1 consequ5tly ?is diamet] is us$ 9 ! calculation1 #aa_/af in*es4#fhge4 ,fir/ f9d ! p]c5t ( /r5g? ( ! %eet4 ,p-,d ----- ,! =mula is ,p p]c5t4 ,p ! pit*1 ,d ! diamet] ( ! rivet hole1 p]c5t p]c5t ( /r5g? ( ! solid iron4 #b -4#fhge -------- ,sub/itut+ values1 #b 4#ff4 ,n[ ( c\rse y und]/& all ab\t t1 b x is ,greek to "s p4 ,s y see ,i h no apologies to make = foll[+ out my pla9 compreh5sive talk1 h n confus$ y1 or lead y to believe t x requires a great am\nt ( /udy to become an eng9e]4 ,i mean a practical eng9e]1 n a me*anical eng9e]4 ,i j t\* me*anical eng9e]+ to %[ y t t is some?+ else4 ,if y are made ( ! prop] /uff y c get en\gh out ( ?is little book to make y z good an eng9e] z ev] pull$ a ?rottle on a traction eng9e4 ,b ?is is no novel4 ,g back & read x aga91 & ev] "t y read x y w f9d some?+ y _h n notic$ be=e4 ,,index ----- ,,"p ,,fir/ ,,page ,t9k]+ ,eng9e]s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #e ,,"p ,,second ,wat] ,supply 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ca ,,"p ,,?ird ,:at a ,good ,injector ,ought to ,d 4 4 4 #de ,! ,bl[] 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #di ,a ,good ,fireman 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ea ,wood 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ef ,:y ,grates ,burn ,out 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #eg ,,"p ,,f\r ,scale 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fe ,clean ,flues 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fg ,,"p ,,five ,/eam ,gauge 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #gb ,h[ to ,te/ a ,/eam ,gauge 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #gd ,fusible ,plug 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #gf ,leaky ,flues 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #gi ,,"p ,,six ,knock 9 ,eng9e 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ij ,lead 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ib ,sett+ a ,valve 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #id ,h[ to ,f9d ! ,dead ,c5t] 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ie ,lubricat+ ,oil 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ajc ,a ,hot ,box 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aji ,,"p ,,sev5 ,a ,traction ,eng9e on ! ,road 4 4 4 4 4 #aaa ,s& 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #abb ,friction ,clut* 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #abd ,some?+ ,ab\t ,sight-,fe$ ,lubricators #acb ,two ,ways ( ,read+ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #acg ,"s ,?+s to ,"k 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aci ,?+s ,h&y = an ,eng9e] 4 4 4 4 4 #aei ,some?+ ,ab\t ,pressure 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ahd