,a ,disc\rse ,^u ,! ,orig9 ,& ,!        
,f\ndation ,( ,! ,inequality ,among     
,mank9d    ,by ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau         
,,introductory ,,note    ,jean ,jacques 
,r\sseau 0 born at ,g5eva1 ,june #bh1   
#agab1 ! son ( a  wat*mak] ( ,fr5*      
orig94 ,8 education 0 irregul>1 & ?\gh  
he tri$ _m pr(essions--includ+ engrav+1 
music1 &  tea*+--he f\nd x difficult to 
support himself 9 any ( !m4 ,!  discov]y
 ( 8 tal5t z a writ] came ) ! w9n+ ( a  
prize  (f]$ by ! ,academy ( ,dijon = a  
disc\rse on ! "q1  ,:e!r ! progress ( ! 
sci5ces & ( lett]s has t5d$ to  corrupt 
or to elevate morals4 ,he argu$ s       
brilliantly t !  t5d5cy ( civilization 0
 degrad+ t he became at once fam\s4  ,! 
disc\rse "h pr9t$ on ! causes (         
inequality among m5 0  writt5 9 a simil>
 competition4    ,he n[ conc5trat$ 8    
p[]s ^u lit]ature1 produc+ two novels1  
,la ,n\velle ,heloise1 ! =]unn] & p>5t (
 endless  s5tim5tal & picturesque       
fictions2 & ,emile1 ou l',education1 a  
"w :i* has _h enorm\s influ5ce on ! !ory

 & practise (  p$agogy d[n to our own "t
 & 9 :i* ! ,savoy>d ,vic> appe>s1  :o is
 us$ z ! m\?piece = ,r\sseau's own      
religi\s ideas4 ,le  ,contrat ,social   
7#agfb7 elaborat$ ! doctr9e ( ! disc\rse
 on  inequality4 ,bo? hi/orically &     
philosophically x is uns\nd2 b  x 0 !   
*ief lit]>y s\rce ( ! en?usiasm =       
lib]ty1  frat]nity1 & equality1 :i*     
inspir$ ! lead]s ( ! ,fr5*  ,revolution1
 & its effects pass$ f> beyond ,france4 
,8 mo/ fam\s "w1 ! ,confessions1 0      
publi%$ aft] 8  dea?4 ,?is book is a m9e
 ( in=mation z to 8 life1 b x is  f> f  
tru/wor?y2 & ! picture x gives ( !      
au?or's  p]sonality & conduct1 ?\gh     
pa9t$ 9 su* a way z to make x  absorb+ly
 int]e/+1 is (t5 unpleas+ 9 ! highe/    
degree4  ,b x is "o ( ! great           
autobiographies ( ! _w4    ,dur+        
,r\sseau's lat] ye>s he 0 ! victim ( !  
delusion (  p]secution2 & al?\gh he 0   
protect$ by a succession ( good  fri5ds1
 he came to di/ru/ & qu>rel ) ea* 9     
turn4 ,he di$ at  ,erm5onville1 ne>     

,p>is1 ,july #b1 #aggh1 ! mo/ widely    
influ5tial  ,fr5* writ] ( 8 age4    ,!  
,savoy>d ,vic> & 8 ,pr(ession ( ,fai?   
are introduc$ into  ,emile n1 accord+ to
 ! au?or1 because he wi%es to exhibit 8 
pr9ciples z ^? :i* %\ld be taught1 b to 
give an example (  ! way 9 :i* religi\s 
matt]s %\ld be discuss$ ) ! "y4         
,nev]!less1 x is univ]sally recogniz$ t 
^! op9ions are  ,r\sseau's own1 &       
repres5t 9 %ort =m 8 *>act]i/ic         
attitude t[>d religi\s belief4 ,! ,vic> 
himself is believ$ to  comb9e ! traits (
 two ,savoy>d prie/s :om ,r\sseau knew 9
 8  y\?4 ,! m important 0 ! ,abbe       
,gaime1 :om he _h kn[n at  ,tur92 ! o!r1
 ! ,abbe ,gati]1 :o _h taught him at    
,annecy4          ,,"q ,,propos$ ,,by   
,,! ,,academy ,,( ,,dijon    ,:at is !  
,orig9 ( ! ,inequality among ,mank9d2 & 
:e!r su*  ,inequality is au?oriz$ by !  
,law ( ,nature8          ,a ,,disc\rse  
,,^u ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,! ,,f\ndation ,,(
 ,,! ,,inequality ,,among  ,,mank9d     
',tis ( man ,i am to speak2 & ! v "q1 9 

answ] to :i* ,i  am to speak ( him1     
suffici5tly in=ms me t ,i am go+ to     
speak  to m52 = to ^? alone1 :o are n   
afraid ( hon\r+ tru?1 x  belongs to     
propose discussions ( ?is k9d4 ,i %all  
!re=e  ma9ta9 ) confid5ce ! cause (     
mank9d be=e ! sages1 :o  invite me to /&
 up 9 its def5ce2 & ,i %all ?9k myself  
happy1  if ,i c b behave 9 a mann] n    
unwor?y ( my subject & ( my  judges4    
,i conceive two species ( inequality    
among m52 "o :i* ,i call  natural1 or   
physical inequality1 because x is       
e/abli%$ by nature1  & consi/s 9 !      
diff]5ce ( age1 heal?1 bodily /r5g?1 &  
! qualities ( ! m9d1 or ( ! s\l2 ! o!r  
:i* may be  t]m$ moral1 or political    
inequality1 because x dep5ds on a k9d ( 
conv5tion1 & is e/abli%$1 or at lea/    
au?oriz$1 by ! common  cons5t ( mank9d4 
,?is species ( inequality consi/s 9 !   
diff]5t privileges1 :i* "s m5 enjoy1 to 
! prejudice (  o!rs1 su* z t ( be+ ri*]1
 m hon\r$1 m p[]ful1  & ev5 t ( exact+  
ob$i5ce f !m4    ,x 7 absurd to ask1 :at

 is ! cause ( natural inequality1 see+  
! b>e def9ition ( natural inequality    
answ]s ! "q3 x  w\ld be m absurd /ill to
 enquire1 if !re might n be "s  ess5tial
 connection betwe5 ! two species (      
inequality1 z x  w\ld be ask+1 9 o!r    
words1 if ^? :o comm& are necess>ily    
bett] m5 ?an ^? :o obey2 & if /r5g? (   
body or ( m9d1  wisdom or virtue are    
always to be f\nd 9 individuals1 9 !    
same  proportion ) p[]1 or ri*es3 a "q1 
fit p]haps to be  discuss$ by slaves 9 !
 he>+ ( _! ma/]s1 b unbecom+  free &    
reasonable be+s 9 que/ ( tru?4    ,:at  
!re=e is precisely ! subject ( ?is      
disc\rse8 ,x is to  po9t out1 9 !       
progress ( ?+s1 t mom5t1 :51 "r tak+    
place ( viol5ce1 nature became subject  
to law2 to display t *a9  ( surpris+    
ev5ts1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! /rong       
submitt$ to  s]ve ! weak1 & ! p to      
pur*ase imag9>y ease1 at !  exp5se (    
real happ9ess4    ,! philosoph]s1 :o h  
exam9$ ! f\ndations ( society1 h1  e "o 
( !m1 p]ceiv$ ! necessity ( trac+ x back

 to a  /ate ( nature1 b n "o ( !m has   
ev] arriv$ !re4 ,"s (  !m h n scrupl$ to
 attribute to man 9 t /ate ! ideas (    
ju/ice & inju/ice1 )\t tr\bl+ _! heads  
to prove1 t he  really mu/ h _h su*     
ideas1 or ev5 t su* ideas 7 useful  to  
him3 o!rs h spok5 ( ! natural "r ( e man
 to keep  :at belongs to him1 )\t lett+ 
u "k :at !y meant by !  ^w belong2 o!rs1
 )\t fur!r c]emony ascrib+ to !  /ronge/
 an au?ority ov] ! weake/1 h imm$iately 
/ruck out  gov]nm5t1 )\t ?9k+ ( ! "t    
requisite = m5 to =m any  notion ( ! ?+s
 signifi$ by ! words au?ority &         
gov]nm5t4  ,all ( !m1 9 f9e1 con/antly  
h>p+ on wants1 avidity1  oppression1    
desires & pride1 h transf]r$ to ! /ate (
 nature  ideas pick$ up 9 ! bosom (     
society4 ,9 speak+ ( savages !y         
describ$ citiz5s4 ,nay1 few ( our own   
writ]s seem to h s mu*  z d\bt$1 t a    
/ate ( nature did once actually exi/2   
?\gh x  pla9ly appe>s by ,sacr$ ,hi/ory1
 t ev5 ! fir/ man1  imm$iately furni%$ z
 he 0 by ,god himself ) bo? in/ructions 

& precepts1 nev] liv$ 9 t /ate1 & t1 if 
we give to !  books ( ,moses t cr$it :i*
 e ,*ri/ian philosoph] ought to  give to
 !m1 we mu/ d5y t1 ev5 be=e ! deluge1   
su* a /ate  ev] exi/$ among m51 unless  
!y fell into x by "s extraord9>y  ev5t3 
a p>adox v difficult to ma9ta91 &       
altoge!r impossible  to prove4    ,let u
 beg9 !re=e1 by lay+ aside facts1 = !y d
 n affect  ! "q4 ,! rese>*es1 9 :i* we  
may engage on ?is occasion1  are n to be
 tak5 = hi/orical tru?s1 b m]ely z      
hypo!tical  & conditional reason+s1     
fitt] to illu/rate ! nature ( ?+s1  ?an 
to %[ _! true orig91 l ^? sy/ems1 :i*   
our  naturali/s daily make ( ! =mation (
 ! _w4 ,religion  comm&s u to believe1 t
 m51 hav+ be5 drawn by ,god himself out 
( a /ate ( nature1 are unequal1 because 
x is 8 pleasure !y  %\ld be s2 b        
religion does n =bid u to draw          
conjectures  solely f ! nature ( man1   
consid]$ 9 itself1 & f t (  ! be+s :i*  
surr\nd him1 conc]n+ ! fate ( mank9d1 _h
  !y be5 left to !mselves4 ,?is is !n ! 

"q ,i am to  answ]1 ! "q ,i propose to  
exam9e 9 ! pres5t disc\rse4 ,z  mank9d 9
 g5]al h an int]e/ 9 my subject1 ,i %all
 endeav\r  to use a language suitable to
 all nations2 or r1 =gett+ !            
circum/ances ( "t & place 9 ord] to ?9k 
( no?+ b !  m5 ,i speak to1 ,i %all     
suppose myself 9 ! ,lyceum ( ,a!ns1     
repeat+ ! lessons ( my ma/]s be=e !     
,platos & !  ,x5ocrates ( t fam\s seat (
 philosophy z my judges1 & 9  pres5ce ( 
! :ole human species z my audi5ce4    ,o
 man1 :atev] c\ntry y may belong to1    
:atev] y\r op9ions may  be1 att5d to my 
words2 y %all he> y\r hi/ory su* z ,i   
?9k ,i  h read x1 n 9 books compos$ by  
^? l y1 = !y are  li>s1 b 9 ! book (    
nature :i* nev] lies4 ,all t ,i %all    
repeat aft] h]1 mu/ be true1 )\t any    
int]mixture ( falsehood1  b :]e ,i may  
happ51 )\t int5d+ x1 to introduce my own
  conceits4 ,! times ,i am go+ to speak 
( are v remote4 ,h[ mu*  y are *ang$ f  
:at y once 76 ',tis 9 a mann] ! life (  
y\r species t ,i am go+ to write1 f !   

qualities :i* y  h receiv$1 & :i* y\r   
education & y\r habits c\ld deprave1  b 
c\ld n de/roy4 ,!re is1 ,i am s5sible1  
an age at :i* e  individual ( y w\ld    
*oose to /op2 & y w look out = !  age at
 :i*1 _h y y\r wi%1 y\r species _h      
/opp$4 ,uneasy at  y\r pres5t condition 
= reasons :i* ?reat5 y\r unhappy        
po/]ity ) /ill great] uneas9ess1 y w    
p]haps wi% x 7  9 y\r p[] to g back2 &  
?is s5tim5t ought to be consid]$1  z !  
panegyric ( y\r fir/ p>5ts1 !           
condemnation ( y\r  contempor>ies1 & a  
s\rce ( t]ror to all ^? :o may h !      
mis=tune ( succe$+ y4                   
,,disc\rse ,,fir/ ,,"p    ,h[ev]        
important x may be1 9 ord] to =m a prop]
 judgm5t ( !  natural /ate ( man1 to    
consid] him f 8 orig91 & to exam9e  him1
 z x 71 9 ! fir/ embryo ( ! species2 ,i 
%all n  attempt to trace 8 organization 
?r\gh its successive approa*es to       
p]fection3 ,i %all n /op to exam9e 9 !  
animal sy/em :at he  might h be5 9 !    
beg9n+1 to become at la/ :at he actually

  is2 ,i %all n inquire :e!r1 z         
,ari/otle ?9ks1 8 neglect$  nails 7 no  
bett] at fir/ ?an crook$ talons2 :e!r 8 
:ole  body 0 n1 be>-l1 ?ick cov]$ ) r\gh
 hair2 & :e!r1  walk+ ^u all-f\rs1 8    
eyes1 direct$ to ! e>?1 & conf9$  to a  
horizon ( a few paces ext5t1 did n at   
once po9t out !  nature & limits ( 8    
ideas4 ,i c\ld only =m vague1 & almo/   
imag9>y1 conjectures on ?is subject4    
,comp>ative anatomy has n z  yet be5    
suffici5tly improv$2 nei!r h !          
obs]vations (  natural philosophy be5   
suffici5tly asc]ta9$1 to e/abli% ^u  su*
 f\ndations ! basis ( a solid sy/em4 ,= 
?is reason1 )\t  hav+ rec\rse to !      
sup]natural in=mations ) :i* we h  be5  
fav\r$ on ?is head1 or pay+ any att5tion
 to ! *anges1  t mu/ h happ5$ 9 !       
con=mation ( ! int]ior &  ext]ior p>ts (
 man's body1 9 proportion z he appli$ 8 
memb]s  to new purposes1 & took to new  
alim5ts1 ,i %all suppose 8  con=mation  
to h always be51 :at we n[ behold x2 t  
he  always walk$ on two feet1 made !    

same use ( 8 h&s t we d  ( ours1 ext5d$ 
8 looks ov] ! :ole face ( nature1 &     
measur$ ) 8 eyes ! va/ ext5t ( ! heav5s4
    ,if ,i /rip ?is be+1 ?us con/itut$1 
( all ! sup]natural gifts  :i* he may h 
receiv$1 & ( all ! artificial faculties1
 :i*  we c\ld n h acquir$ b by sl[      
degrees2 if ,i consid] him1 9  a ^w1 su*
 z he mu/ h issu$ f ! h&s ( nature2 ,i  
see an  animal less /rong ?an "s1 & less
 active ?an o!rs1 b1 ^u  ! :ole1 ! mo/  
advantage\sly organiz$ ( any2 ,i see him
  satisfy+ ! calls ( hung] "u ! fir/    
oak1 & ^? (  ?ir/ at ! fir/ rivulet2 ,i 
see him lay+ himself d[n to sleep at  ! 
foot ( ! same tree t af=d$ him 8 meal2 &
 behold1 ?is  done1 all 8 wants are     
completely suppli$4    ,! e>? left to   
its own natural f]tility & cov]$ )      
imm5se  woods1 t no hat*et ev]          
disfigur$1 (f]s at e /ep food &  %elt]  
to e species ( animals4 ,m51 disp]s$    
among !m1  obs]ve & imitate _! indu/ry1 
& ?us rise to ! in/9ct (  bea/s2 ) ?is  
advantage1 t1 :]eas e species ( bea/s is

  conf9$ to "o peculi> in/9ct1 man1 :o  
p]haps has n any t  p>ticul>ly belongs  
to him1 appropriates to himself ^? ( all
  o!r animals1 & lives equally ^u mo/ ( 
! diff]5t alim5ts1  :i* !y only divide  
among !mselves2 a circum/ance :i*       
qualifies him to f9d 8 subsi/5ce1 ) m   
ease ?an any (  !m4    ,m51 accu/om$ f  
_! infancy to ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r1  & 
to ! rig\r ( ! diff]5t seasons2 inur$ to
 fatigue1 &  oblig$ to def5d1 nak$ & )\t
 arms1 _! life & _! prey  aga9/ ! o!r   
wild inhabitants ( ! =e/1 or at lea/ to 
avoid  _! fury by flight1 acquire a     
robu/ & almo/ unalt]able habit (  body2 
! *ildr51 br++ ) !m into ! _w ! excell5t
  con/itution ( _! p>5ts1 & /r5g!n+ x by
 ! same  ex]cises t fir/ produc$ x1     
atta9 by ?is means all ! vig\r  t !     
human frame is capable (4 ,nature treats
 !m exactly 9 !  same mann] t ,sp>ta    
treat$ ! *ildr5 ( h] citiz5s2 ^?  :o    
come well =m$ into ! _w %e r5d]s /rong &
 robu/1 &  de/roys all ! re/2 diff]+ 9  
?is respect f our societies1  9 :i* !   

/ate1 by p]mitt+ *ildr5 to become       
burd5some to  _! p>5ts1 murd]s !m all   
)\t di/9ction1 ev5 9 ! wombs  ( _!      
mo!rs4    ,! body be+ ! only in/rum5t t 
savage man is acqua9t$ )1  he employs x 
to diff]5t uses1 ( :i* ours1 = want (   
practice1  are incapable2 & we may ?ank 
our indu/ry = ! loss ( t  /r5g? &       
agility1 :i* necessity obliges him to   
acquire4 ,_h he a  hat*et1 w\ld 8 h& s  
easily snap (f f an oak s /\t a  bran*8 
,_h he a sl+1 w\ld x d>t a /one to s    
great a di/ance8  ,_h he a ladd]1 w\ld  
he run s nimbly up a tree8 ,_h he a     
horse1  w\ld he ) su* swiftness %oot    
along ! pla98 ,give civiliz$ man  b "t  
to ga!r ab\t him all 8 ma*9es1 & no d\bt
 he w be  an ov]mat* = ! savage3 b if y 
h a m9d to see a conte/  /ill m unequal1
 place !m nak$ & un>m$ "o opposite to ! 
o!r2 & y w soon discov] ! advantage !re 
is 9  p]petually hav+ all our =ces at   
our disposal1 9 be+ con/antly  prep>$   
aga9/ all ev5ts1 & 9 always c>ry+       
ourselves1 z x  71 :ole & entire ab\t u4

    ,hobbes w\ld h x t man is naturally 
void ( fe>1 & always  int5t ^u attack+ &
 fight+4 ,an illu/ri\s philosoph] ?9ks  
on ! contr>y1 & ,cumb]l& & ,puff5dorff  
likewise affirm x1  t no?+ is m fe>ful  
?an man 9 a /ate ( nature1 t he is      
always 9 a tremble1 & ready to fly at ! 
fir/ motion he  p]ceives1 at ! fir/     
noise t /rikes 8 e>s4 ,?is1 inde$1 may  
be v true 9 reg>d to objects ) :i* he is
 n acqua9t$2 &  ,i make no d\bt ( 8 be+ 
t]rifi$ at e new sight t  pres5ts       
itself1 z (t5 z he _c di/+ui% ! physical
 good  & evil :i* he may expect f x1 nor
 comp>e 8 =ces ) !  dang]s he has to    
enc\nt]2 circum/ances t seldom occur 9 a
  /ate ( nature1 :]e all ?+s proce$ 9 s 
uni=m a mann]1 &  ! face ( ! e>? is n   
liable to ^? sudd5 & cont9ual  *anges   
occasion$ 9 x by ! passions &           
incon/ancies (  collect$ bodies4 ,b     
savage man liv+ among o!r animals )\t   
any society or fix$ habitation1 & f9d+  
himself e>ly "u a  necessity ( measur+ 8
 /r5g? ) !irs1 soon makes a  comp>ison  

betwe5 bo?1 & f9d+ t he surpasses !m m 9
  address1 ?an !y surpass him 9 /r5g?1  
he le>ns n to be any  long] 9 dread (   
!m4 ,turn out a be> or a wolf aga9/ a   
/urdy1  active1 resolute savage1 7& ?is 
!y all are17 provid$ ) /ones  & a good  
/ick2 & y w soon f9d t ! dang] is at    
lea/  equal on bo? sides1 & t aft]      
sev]al trials ( ?is k9d1 wild  bea/s1 :o
 are n fond ( attack+ ea* o!r1 w n be v 
fond ( attack+ man1 :om !y h f\nd e :it 
z wild z  !mselves4 ,z to animals :o h  
really m /r5g? ?an man has  address1 he 
is1 9 reg>d to !m1 :at o!r weak] species
 are1 :o  f9d means to subsi/ not)/&+2  
he has ev5 ?is great  advantage ov] su* 
weak] species1 t be+ equally fleet )    
!m1 & f9d+ on e tree an almo/ inviolable
 asylum1 he is  always at lib]ty to take
 x or leave x1 z he likes be/1 & (      
c\rse to fight or to fly1 :i*ev] is mo/ 
agreeable to him4 ,to ?is  we may add t 
no animal naturally makes w> ^u man1    
except 9 !  case ( self-def5ce or       
extreme hung]2 nor ev] expresses aga9/  

him  any ( ^! viol5t antipa?ies1 :i*    
seem to indicate t "s  p>ticul> species 
are int5d$ by nature = ! food ( o!rs4   
,b !re are o!r m =midable enemies1 &    
aga9/ :i* man is  n provid$ ) ! same    
means ( def5ce2 ,i mean natural         
infirmities1 infancy1 old age1 &        
sickness ( e k9d1 melan*oly  pro(s ( our
 weakness1 :]e( ! two fir/ are common to
 all  animals1 & ! la/ *iefly att5ds man
 liv+ 9 a /ate (  society4 ,x is ev5    
obs]vable 9 reg>d to infancy1 t ! "m    
be+ able to c>ry h] *ild ab\t ) h]1     
:]ev] %e goes1 c  p]=m ! duty ( a nurse 
) a great deal less tr\ble1 ?an !       
females ( _m o!r animals1 :o are oblig$ 
to be con/antly go+  & com+ ) no small  
lab\r & fatigue1 "o way to look out =   
_! own subsi/5ce1 & ano!r to suckle &   
fe$ _! "y  ones4 ,true x is t1 if !     
woman happ5s to p]i%1 h] *ild is  expos$
 to ! greate/ dang] ( p]i%+ ) h]2 b ?is 
dang]  is common to a hundr$ o!r        
species1 ^: "y ones require a great     
deal ( "t to be able to provide =       

!mselves2 & if our infancy  is long] ?an
 !irs1 our life is long] likewise2 s t1 
9 ?is  respect too1 all ?+s are 9 a     
mann] equal2 n b t !re are  o!r rules   
conc]n+ ! duration ( ! fir/ age ( life1 
& !  numb] ( ! "y ( man & o!r animals1 b
 !y d n belong  to my subject4 ,) old   
m51 :o /ir & p]spire b little1 !  dem& =
 food dim9i%es ) _! abilities to provide
 x2 & z  a savage life w\ld exempt !m f 
! g\t & ! rheumatism1 &  old age is (   
all ills t :i* human assi/ance is lea/  
capable (  alleviat+1 !y w\ld at la/ g  
(f1 )\t its be+ p]ceiv$ by  o!rs t !y   
ceas$ to exi/1 & almo/ )\t p]ceiv+ x    
!mselves4    ,9 reg>d to sickness1 ,i   
%all n repeat ! va9 & false             
declamations made use ( to discr$it     
m$ic9e by mo/ m51 :ile !y  enjoy _!     
heal?2 ,i %all only ask if !re are any  
solid  obs]vations f :i* we may conclude
 t 9 ^? c\ntries :]e  ! heal+ art is mo/
 neglect$1 ! mean duration ( man's life 
is  %ort] ?an 9 ^? :]e x is mo/         
cultivat$8 ,& h[ is x  possible ?is %\ld

 be ! case1 if we inflict m diseases ^u 
ourselves ?an m$ic9e c supply u )       
rem$ies6 ,! extreme  inequalities 9 !   
mann] ( liv+ ( ! sev]al classes (       
mank9d1 ! excess ( idl5ess 9 "s1 & (    
lab\r 9 o!rs1 !  facility ( irritat+ &  
satisfy+ our s5suality & our  appetites1
 ! too exquisite & out ( ! way alim5ts (
 ! ri*1  :i* fill !m ) fi]y juices1 &   
br+ on indige/ions1 !  un:olesome food (
 ! poor1 ( :i* ev51 bad z x is1 !y v    
(t5 fall %ort1 & ! want ( :i* tempts !m1
 e opportunity  t (f]s1 to eat gre$ily &
 ov]load _! /oma*s2 wat*+s1  excesses ( 
e k9d1 immod]ate transports ( all !     
passions1  fatigues1 wa/e ( spirits1 9 a
 ^w1 ! numb]less pa9s &  anxieties      
annex$ to e condition1 & :i* ! m9d ( man
 is  con/antly a prey to2 ^! are ! fatal
 pro(s t mo/ ( our ills  are ( our own  
mak+1 & t we might h avoid$ !m all by   
adh]+ to ! simple1 uni=m & solit>y way (
 life prescrib$ to  u by nature4 ,all[+ 
t nature int5d$ we %\ld always enjoy    
good heal?1 ,i d>e almo/ affirm t a /ate

 ( reflection is a  /ate aga9/ nature1 &
 t ! man :o m$itates is a deprav$       
animal4 ,we ne$ only call to m9d ! good 
con/itution ( savages1  ( ^? at lea/ :om
 we h n de/roy$ by our /rong liquors2 we
  ne$ only reflect1 t !y are /rang]s to 
almo/ e disease1  except ^? occasion$ by
 w\nds & old age1 to be 9 a mann]       
conv9c$ t ! hi/ory ( human diseases     
might be easily compos$  by pursu+ t (  
civil societies4 ,su* at lea/ 0 ! op9ion
 (  ,plato1 :o conclud$ f c]ta9 rem$ies 
made use ( or approv$ by  ,podalyrus &  
,macaon at ! ,siege ( ,troy1 t sev]al   
disord]s1  :i* ^! rem$ies 7 f\nd to br+ 
on 9 8 days1 7 n  kn[n among m5 at t    
remote p]iod4    ,man !re=e1 9 a /ate ( 
nature :]e !re are s few s\rces (       
sickness1 c h no great occasion =       
physic1 & /ill less =  physicians2 nei!r
 is ! human species m to be piti$ 9 ?is 
respect1 ?an any o!r species ( animals4 
,ask ^? :o make hunt+  _! recreation or 
bus9ess1 if 9 _! excursions !y meet )   
_m sick or feeble animals4 ,!y meet ) _m

 c>ry+ ! m>ks (  consid]able w\nds1 t h 
be5 p]fectly well heal$ & clos$  up2 )  
_m1 ^: bones =m]ly brok51 & ^: limbs    
almo/  torn (f1 h completely knit &     
unit$1 )\t any o!r surgeon  b "t1 any   
o!r regim5 b _! usual way ( liv+1 & ^:  
cures 7 n ! less p]fect = _! n hav+ be5 
tortur$  ) incisions1 poison$ ) drugs1  
or worn out by diet &  ab/95ce4 ,9 a ^w1
 h[ev] useful m$ic9e well adm9i/]$ may  
be to u :o live 9 a /ate ( society1 x is
 /ill pa/ d\bt1 t  if1 on ! "o h&1 !    
sick savage1 de/itute ( help1 has no?+  
to hope f nature1 on ! o!r1 he has no?+ 
to fe> b f 8  disease2 a circum/ance1   
:i* (t5s r5d]s 8 situation pref]able  to
 ours4    ,let u !re=e bew>e ( conf\nd+ 
savage man ) ! m51 :om  we daily see &  
conv]se )4 ,nature behaves t[>ds all    
animals  left to h] c>e ) a pr$ilection1
 t seems to prove h[ jeal\s  %e is ( t  
pr]ogative4 ,! horse1 ! cat1 ! bull1 nay
 ! ass  itself1 h g5]ally a high]       
/ature1 & always a m robu/  con/itution1
 m vig\r1 m /r5g? & c\rage 9 _! =e/s    

?an 9 our h\ses2 !y lose half ^!        
advantages by becom+  dome/ic animals2 x
 looks z if all our att5tion to treat !m
  k9dly1 & to fe$ !m well1 s]v$ only to 
ba/>dize !m4 ,x is  ?us ) man himself4  
,9 proportion z he becomes sociable & a 
slave to o!rs1 he becomes weak1 fe>ful1 
mean-spirit$1 & 8 s(t  & effem9ate way (
 liv+ at once completes ! en]vation ( 8 
/r5g? & ( 8 c\rage4 ,we may add1 t !re  
mu/ be /ill a  wid] diff]5ce betwe5 man 
& man 9 a savage & dome/ic  condition1  
?an betwe5 bea/ & bea/2 = z m5 & bea/s h
  be5 treat$ alike by nature1 all !     
conv5i5ces ) :i* m5  indulge !mselves m 
?an !y d ! bea/s tam$ by !m1 are s  _m  
p>ticul> causes :i* make !m deg5]ate m  
s5sibly4    ,nak$ness !re=e1 ! want (   
h\ses1 & ( all ^!  unnecess>ies1 :i* we 
consid] z s v necess>y1 are n su*       
mighty evils 9 respect to ^! primitive  
m51 & mu* less /ill  any ob/acle to _!  
pres]vation4 ,_! sk9s1 x is true1 are   
de/itute ( hair2 b !n !y h no occasion =
 any su*  cov]+ 9 w>m climates2 & 9 cold

 climates !y soon le>n to  apply to t   
use ^? ( ! animals !y h conqu]$2 !y h  b
 two feet to run )1 b !y h two h&s to   
def5d !mselves  )1 & provide = all _!   
wants2 x co/s !m p]haps a great  deal ( 
"t & tr\ble to make _! *ildr5 walk1 b ! 
mo!rs  c>ry !m ) ease2 an advantage n   
grant$ to o!r species (  animals1 ) :om 
! "m1 :5 pursu$1 is oblig$ to ab&on h]  
"y ones1 or regulate h] /eps by !irs4 ,9
 %ort1 unless we admit  ^? s+ul> &      
=tuit\s concurr5ces ( circum/ances1 :i* 
,i  %all speak ( h]eaft]1 & :i*1 x is v 
possible1 may nev]  h exi/$1 x is       
evid5t1 9 e /ate ( ! "q1 t !  man1 :o   
fir/ made himself clo!s & built himself 
a cab91  suppli$ himself ) ?+s :i* he   
did n mu* want1 s9ce he _h  liv$ )\t !m 
till !n2 & :y %\ld he n h be5 able to   
support 9 8 rip] ye>s1 ! same k9d (     
life1 :i* he _h  support$ f 8 infancy8  
,alone1 idle1 & always surr\nd$ ) dang]1
 savage man mu/ be  fond ( sleep1 &     
sleep lightly l o!r animals1 :o ?9k b   
little1 & may1 9 a mann]1 be said to    

sleep all ! "t !y d  n ?9k3             
self-pres]vation be+ almo/ 8 only       
conc]n1 he mu/  ex]cise ^? faculties    
mo/1 :i* are mo/ s]viceable 9 attack+  &
 9 def5d+1 :e!r to subdue 8 prey1 or to 
prev5t 8  becom+ t ( o!r animals3 ^?    
organs1 on ! contr>y1 :i*  s(tness &    
s5suality c alone improve1 mu/ rema9 9 a
 /ate (  rud5ess1 utt]ly incompatible ) 
all mann] ( delicacy2 & z 8  s5ses are  
divid$ on ?is po9t1 8 t\* & 8 ta/e mu/  
be  extremely co>se & blunt2 8 sight1 8 
he>+1 & 8 smell+  equally subtle3 su* is
 ! animal /ate 9 g5]al1 & accord+ly  if 
we may believe travell]s1 x is t ( mo/  
savage nations4 ,we  mu/ n !re=e be     
surpris$1 t ! ,hott5tots ( ! ,cape (    
,good ,hope1 di/+ui% ) _! nak$ eyes %ips
 on ! ocean1 at z  great a di/ance z !  
,dut* c disc]n !m ) _! glasses2 nor  t !
 savages ( ,am]ica %\ld h track$ !      
,spani>ds )  _! noses1 to z great a     
degree ( exactness1 z ! be/ dogs c\ld  h
 done2 nor t all ^! b>b>\s nations      
support nak$ness  )\t pa91 use su* l>ge 

quantities ( ,piem5to to give _! food  a
 reli%1 & dr9k l wat] ! /ronge/ liquors 
( ,europe4    ,z yet ,i h consid]$ man  
m]ely 9 8 physical capacity2 let u  n[  
endeav\r to exam9e him 9 a metaphysical 
& moral light4    ,i c discov] no?+ 9   
any m]e animal b an +5i\s ma*9e1 to  :i*
 nature has giv5 s5ses to w9d itself up1
 & gu>d1 to a  c]ta9 degree1 aga9/      
ev]y?+ t might de/roy or disord] x4  ,i 
p]ceive ! v same ?+s 9 ! human ma*9e1 ) 
?is  diff]5ce1 t nature alone op]ates 9 
all ! op]ations ( !  bea/1 :]eas man1 z 
a free ag5t1 has a %>e 9 84 ,"o *ooses  
by in/9ct2 ! o!r by an act ( lib]ty2 =  
:i* reason !  bea/ _c deviate f ! rules 
t h be5 prescrib$ to x1  ev5 9 cases :]e
 su* deviation might be useful1 & man   
(t5  deviates f ! rules laid d[n = him  
to 8 prejudice4 ,?us a  pigeon w\ld />ve
 ne> a di% ( ! be/ fle%-meat1 & a cat on
 a  heap ( fruit or corn1 ?\gh bo? might
 v well support life )  ! food :i* !y   
?us disda91 did !y b be?9k !mselves to  
make a trial ( x3 x is 9 ?is mann]      

dissolute m5 run into  excesses1 :i* br+
 on fev]s & dea? itself2 because ! m9d  
depraves ! s5ses1 & :5 nature ceases to 
speak1 ! w /ill  cont9ues to dictate4   
,all animals mu/ be all[$ to h ideas1   
s9ce all animals h  s5ses2 !y ev5 comb9e
 _! ideas to a c]ta9 degree1 &1 9  ?is  
respect1 x is only ! diff]5ce ( su*     
degree1 t  con/itutes ! diff]5ce betwe5 
man & bea/3 "s philosoph]s  h ev5       
advanc$1 t !re is a great] diff]5ce     
betwe5 "s  m5 & "s o!rs1 ?an betwe5 "s  
m5 & "s bea/s2 x is n  !re=e s mu* !    
und]/&+ t con/itutes1 among animals1  ! 
specifical di/9ction ( man1 z 8 quality 
( a free ag5t4  ,nature speaks to all   
animals1 & bea/s obey h] voice4 ,man    
feels !  same impression1 b he at ! same
 "t p]ceives t he is free to  resi/ or  
to acquiesce2 & x is 9 ! consci\sness ( 
?is  lib]ty1 t ! spirituality ( 8 s\l   
*iefly appe>s3 =  natural philosophy    
expla9s1 9 "s measure1 ! me*anism ( !   
s5ses & ! =mation ( ideas2 b 9 ! p[] (  
will+1 or  r ( *oos+1 & 9 ! consci\sness

 ( ?is p[]1 no?+  c be discov]$ b acts1 
t are purely spiritual1 & _c be  acc\nt$
 = by ! laws ( me*anics4    ,b ?\gh !   
difficulties1 9 :i* all ^! que/ions are 
involv$1 %\ld leave "s room to dispute  
on ?is diff]5ce betwe5  man & bea/1 !re 
is ano!r v specific quality t  di/+ui%es
 !m1 & a quality :i* w admit ( no       
dispute2 ?is  is ! faculty ( improvem5t2
 a faculty :i*1 z circum/ances  (f]1    
successively unfolds all ! o!r          
faculties1 & resides among  u n only 9 !
 species1 b 9 ! individuals t compose x2
  :]eas a bea/ is1 at ! end ( "s mon?s1 
all he ev] w be  dur+ ! re/ ( 8 life2 & 
8 species1 at ! end ( a ?\s&  ye>s1     
precisely :at x 0 ! fir/ ye> ( t long   
p]iod4 ,:y  is man alone subject to     
dotage8 ,is x n1 because he ?us returns 
to  8 primitive condition8 ,& because1  
:ile ! bea/1 :i* has  acquir$ no?+ & has
 likewise no?+ to lose1 cont9ues always 
9  possession ( 8 in/9ct1 man1 los+ by  
old age1 or by accid5t1  all !          
acquisitions he _h made 9 consequ5ce ( 8

 p]fectibility1  ?us falls back ev5 l[] 
?an bea/s !mselves8 ,x w\ld be a        
melan*oly necessity = u to be oblig$ to 
all[1 t ?is  di/9ctive & almo/ unlimit$ 
faculty is ! s\rce ( all man's          
mis=tunes2 t x is ?is faculty1 :i*1 ?\gh
 by sl[ degrees1  draws !m out ( _!     
orig9al condition1 9 :i* 8 days w\ld    
slide away ins5sibly 9 peace & innoc5ce2
 t x is ?is faculty1  :i*1 9 a          
succession ( ages1 produces 8 discov]ies
 & mi/akes1  8 virtues & 8 vices1 &1 at 
long run1 r5d]s him bo? 8 own  &        
nature's tyrant4 ,x w\ld be %ock+ to be 
oblig$ to comm5d1 z  a b5efic5t be+1    
:oev] he 0 t fir/ sugge/$ to !  ,oronoco
 ,indians ! use ( ^? bo>ds :i* !y b9d on
 !  temples ( _! *ildr51 & :i* secure to
 !m ! enjoym5t (  "s "p at lea/ ( _!    
natural imbecility & happ9ess4          
,savage man1 ab&on$ by nature to pure   
in/9ct1 or r  indemnifi$ = t :i* has    
p]haps be5 d5i$ to him by faculties     
capable ( imm$iately supply+ ! place (  
x1 & ( rais+ him  aft]w>ds a great deal 

high]1 w\ld !re=e beg9 ) functions  t 7 
m]ely animal3 to see & to feel w\ld be 8
 fir/  condition1 :i* he w\ld enjoy 9   
common ) o!r animals4 ,to w  & n to w1  
to wi% & to fe>1 w\ld be ! fir/1 & 9 a  
mann]1 ! only op]ations ( 8 s\l1 till   
new circum/ances  occasion$ new         
developm5ts4    ,let morali/s say :at !y
 w1 ! human und]/&+ is greatly  indebt$ 
to ! passions1 :i*1 on _! side1 are     
likewise  univ]sally all[$ to be greatly
 indebt$ to ! human und]/&+4  ,x is by !
 activity ( our passions1 t our reason  
improves3 we  covet k m]ely because we  
covet enjoym5t1 & x is  impossible to   
conceive :y a man exempt f fe>s &       
desires %\ld  take ! tr\ble to reason4  
,! passions1 9 _! turn1 owe _!  orig9 to
 our wants1 & _! increase to our        
progress 9 sci5ce2  = we _c desire or   
fe> any?+1 b 9 consequ5ce ( ! ideas  we 
h ( x1 or ( ! simple impulses ( nature2 
& savage man1  de/itute ( e species ( k1
 exp]i5ces no passions b  ^? ( ?is la/  
k9d2 8 desires nev] ext5d beyond 8      

physical  wants2 he kn[s no goods b     
food1 a female1 & re/2 he fe>s no  evil 
b pa91 & hung]2 ,i say pa91 & n dea?2 = 
no animal1  m]ely z su*1 w ev] "k :at x 
is to die1 & ! k (  dea?1 & ( its       
t]rors1 is "o ( ! fir/ acquisitions made
 by  man1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 deviat+ f !  
animal /ate4    ,i c\ld easily1 7 x     
requisite1 cite facts 9 support ( ?is   
op9ion1 & %[1 t ! progress ( ! m9d has  
ev]y:]e kept  pace exactly ) ! wants1 to
 :i* nature _h left ! inhabitants       
expos$1 or to :i* circum/ances _h       
subject$ !m1 &  consequ5tly to !        
passions1 :i* incl9$ !m to provide = ^! 
wants4 ,i c\ld exhibit 9 ,egypt ! arts  
/>t+ up1 & ext5d+  !mselves ) !         
inundations ( ! ,nile2 ,i c\ld pursue !m
 9  _! progress among ! ,greeks1 :]e !y 
7 se5 to bud =?1  gr[1 & rise to !      
heav5s1 9 ! mid/ ( ! s&s & rocks (      
,attica1 )\t be+ able to take root on ! 
f]tile banks ( !  ,eurotas2 ,i w\ld     
obs]ve t1 9 g5]al1 ! inhabitants ( !    
nor? are m indu/ri\s ?an ^? ( ! s\?1    

because !y c  less d )\t indu/ry2 z if  
nature ?us meant to make all ?+s  equal1
 by giv+ to ! m9d t f]tility %e has d5i$
 to !  soil4    ,b exclusive ( ! unc]ta9
 te/imonies ( hi/ory1 :o does n  p]ceive
 t ev]y?+ seems to remove f savage man !
  temptation & ! means ( alt]+ 8        
condition8 ,8 imag9ation  pa9ts no?+ to 
him2 8 he>t asks no?+ f him4 ,8 mod]ate 
wants are s easily suppli$ ) :at he     
ev]y:]e f9ds ready to  8 h&1 & he /&s at
 su* a di/ance f ! degree (  k requisite
 to covet m1 t he c nei!r h =esight  nor
 curiosity4 ,! spectacle ( nature1 by   
gr[+ q famili> to  him1 becomes at la/  
equally indiff]5t4 ,x is con/antly !    
same  ord]1 con/antly ! same            
revolutions2 he has n s5se en\gh to     
feel surprise at ! sight ( ! greate/    
wond]s2 & x is n 9  8 m9d we mu/ look = 
t philosophy1 :i* man mu/ h to "k  h[ to
 obs]ve once1 :at he has e day se54 ,8  
s\l1 :i*  no?+ di/urbs1 gives itself up 
entirely to ! consci\sness ( its  actual
 exi/5ce1 )\t any ?\ght ( ev5 ! ne>e/   

futurity2  & 8 projects1 equally conf9$ 
) 8 views1 sc>ce ext5d to  ! end ( !    
day4 ,su* is1 ev5 at pres5t1 ! degree ( 
=esight  9 ! ,c>ibbean3 he sells 8      
cotton b$ 9 ! morn+1 & comes 9  ! ev5+1 
) te>s 9 8 eyes1 to buy x back1 n hav+  
=ese5 t he %\ld want x aga9 ! next      
night4    ,! m we m$itate on ?is        
subject1 ! wid] does ! di/ance  betwe5  
m]e s5sation & ! mo/ simple k become 9  
our  eyes2 & x is impossible to conceive
 h[ man1 by 8 own p[]s  alone1 )\t !    
assi/ance ( communication1 & ! spur (   
necessity1 c\ld h got ov] s great an    
int]val4 ,h[ _m ages  p]haps revolv$1   
be=e m5 beheld any o!r fire b t ( !     
heav5s8 ,h[ _m diff]5t accid5ts mu/ h   
concurr$ to make !m  acqua9t$ ) ! mo/   
common uses ( ?is elem5t8 ,h[ (t5 h  !y 
let x g out1 be=e !y knew ! art (       
reproduc+ x8 ,&  h[ (t5 p]haps has n e  
"o ( ^! secrets p]i%$ ) !  discov]]8    
,:at %all we say ( agriculture1 an art  
:i* requires s  mu* lab\r & =esight2 :i*
 dep5ds ^u o!r arts2 :i*1 x is  v       

evid5t1 _c be practis$ b 9 a society1 if
 n a =m$  "o1 at lea/ "o ( "s /&+1 & :i*
 does n s mu* s]ve  to draw alim5ts f ! 
e>?1 = ! e>? w\ld yield !m  )\t all t   
tr\ble1 z to oblige h] to produce ^?    
?+s1  :i* we l be/1 pref]ably to o!rs8  
,b let u suppose t m5  _h multipli$ to  
su* a degree1 t ! natural products ( !  
e>? no long] suffic$ = _! support2 a    
supposition :i*1 by  ! bye1 w\ld prove t
 ?is k9d ( life w\ld be v advantage\s   
to ! human species2 let u suppose t1 )\t
 =ge or anvil1 !  in/rum5ts ( husb&ry _h
 dropp$ f ! heav5s into ! h&s  (        
savages1 t ^! m5 _h got ! bett] ( t     
mortal av]sion  !y all h = con/ant      
lab\r2 t !y _h le>n$ to =etell  _! wants
 at s great a di/ance ( "t2 t !y _h     
guess$  exactly h[ !y 7 to break ! e>?1 
commit _! se$ to x1 &  plant trees2 t !y
 _h f\nd out ! art ( gr9d+ _! corn1  &  
improv+ by f]m5tation ! juice ( _!      
grapes2 all  op]ations :i* we mu/ all[  
!m to h le>n$ f ! gods1  s9ce we _c     
conceive h[ !y %\ld make su* discov]ies 

(  !mselves2 aft] all ^! f9e pres5ts1   
:at man w\ld be mad  en\gh to cultivate 
a field1 t may be robb$ by ! fir/ com]1 
man or bea/1 :o takes a fancy to !      
produce ( x4 ,& w\ld any  man cons5t to 
sp5d 8 day 9 lab\r & fatigue1 :5 !      
rew>ds  ( 8 lab\r & fatigue became m & m
 prec>i\s 9  proportion to 8 want ( !m8 
,9 a ^w1 h[ c\ld ?is situation  engage  
m5 to cultivate ! e>?1 z long z x 0 n   
p>cell$ out  among !m1 t is1 z long z a 
/ate ( nature subsi/$4    ,?\gh we %\ld 
suppose savage man z well v]s$ 9 ! art (
  ?9k+1 z philosoph]s make him2 ?\gh we 
71 aft] !m1 to  make him a philosoph]   
himself1 discov]+ ( himself ! sublime/  
tru?s1 =m+ to himself1 by ! mo/ ab/ract 
argum5ts1 maxims (  ju/ice & reason     
drawn f ! love ( ord] 9 g5]al1 or f  !  
kn[n w ( 8 ,creator3 9 a ^w1 ?\gh we 7  
to suppose  8 m9d z intellig5t &        
enlight5$1 z x mu/1 & is1 9 fact1  f\nd 
to be dull & /upid2 :at b5efit w\ld !   
species receive  f all ^! metaphysical  
discov]ies1 :i* c\ld n be  communicat$1 

b mu/ p]i% ) ! individual :o _h made !m8
  ,:at progress c\ld mank9d make 9 !    
=e/s1 scatt]$ up & d[n  among ! o!r     
animals8 ,& to :at degree c\ld m5       
mutually improve  & enlight5 ea* o!r1 :5
 !y _h no fix$ habitation1 nor any  ne$ 
( ea* o!r's assi/ance2 :5 ! same p]sons 
sc>cely met  twice 9 _! :ole lives1 & on
 meet+ nei!r spoke to1 or s  mu* z knew 
ea* o!r8    ,let u consid] h[ _m ideas  
we owe to ! use ( spee*2 h[ mu*  gramm> 
ex]cises1 & facilitates ! op]ations ( ! 
m9d2 let u1  besides1 reflect on !      
imm5se pa9s & "t t ! fir/  inv5tion (   
languages mu/ h requir$3 ,let u add ^!  
reflections to ! prec$+2 & !n we may    
judge h[ _m ?\s&  ages mu/ h be5        
requisite to develop successively !     
op]ations1  :i* ! human m9d is capable (
 produc+4    ,i mu/ n[ beg leave to /op 
"o mom5t to consid] ! p]plexities       
att5d+ ! orig9 ( languages4 ,i might "h 
b>ely cite or repeat  ! rese>*es made1 9
 relation to ?is "q1 by ! ,abbe de      
,condillac1 :i* all fully confirm my    

sy/em1 & p]haps ev5  sugge/$ to me !    
fir/ idea ( x4 ,b1 z ! mann]1 9 :i* !   
philosoph] resolves ! difficulties ( 8  
own />t+1 conc]n+  ! orig9 ( arbitr>y   
signs1 %[s t he supposes1 :at ,i d\bt1  
namely a k9d ( society already e/abli%$ 
among ! inv5tors (  languages2 ,i ?9k x 
my duty1 at ! same "t t ,i ref] to 8    
reflections1 to give my own1 9 ord] to  
expose ! same difficulties  9 a light   
suitable to my subject4 ,! fir/ t (f]s  
is h[  languages c\ld become necess>y2 =
 z !re 0 no correspond5ce  betwe5 m51   
nor ! lea/ necessity = any1 !re is no   
conceiv+  ! necessity ( ?is inv5tion1   
nor ! possibility ( x1 if x 0  n        
indisp5sable4 ,i might say1 ) _m o!rs1 t
 languages are  ! fruit ( ! dome/ic     
int]c\rse betwe5 fa!rs1 mo!rs1 &        
*ildr53 b ?is1 besides its n answ]+ any 
difficulties1 w\ld  be committ+ ! same  
fault ) ^?1 :o reason+ on ! /ate (      
nature1 transf] to x ideas collect$ 9   
society1 always consid]  families z liv+
 toge!r "u "o ro(1 & _! memb]s z  obs]v+

 among !mselves an union1 equally       
intimate & p]man5t  ) t :i* we see exi/ 
9 a civil /ate1 :]e s _m common  int]e/s
 conspire to unite !m2 :]eas 9 ?is      
primitive /ate1 z  !re 7 nei!r h\ses nor
 cab9s1 nor any k9d ( prop]ty1 e  "o    
took up 8 lodg+ at r&om1 & seldom       
cont9u$ above "o  night 9 ! same place2 
males & females unit$ )\t any           
prem$itat$ design1 z *ance1 occasion1 or
 desire br\ght !m  toge!r1 nor _h !y any
 great occasion = language to make kn[n 
_! ?\ghts to ea* o!r4 ,!y p>t$ ) ! same 
ease4 ,!  "m suckl$ h] *ildr51 :5 j     
born1 = h] own sake2 b  aft]w>ds out (  
love & affection to !m1 :5 habit & cu/om
  _h made !m de> to h]2 b !y no soon]   
ga9$ /r5g? en\gh  to run ab\t 9 que/ (  
food ?an !y sep>at$ ev5 f h] (  _! own  
accord2 & z !y sc>ce _h any o!r me?od ( 
n  los+ ea* o!r1 ?an t ( rema9+         
con/antly 9 ea* o!r's  sight1 !y soon   
came to su* a pass ( =getfulness1 z n   
ev5 to  "k ea* o!r1 :5 !y happ5$ to meet
 aga94 ,i mu/ fur!r  obs]ve t ! *ild    

hav+ all 8 wants to expla91 &           
consequ5tly m ?+s to say to 8 "m1 ?an ! 
"m c  h to say to him1 x is he t mu/ be 
at ! *ief exp5se (  inv5tion1 & !       
language he makes use ( mu/ be 9 a great
 measure  8 own "w2 ?is makes ! numb] ( 
languages equal to t ( !  individuals :o
 are to speak !m2 & ?is multiplicity (  
languages  is fur!r increas$ by _! rov+ 
& vagabond k9d ( life1 :i*  all[s no    
idiom "t en\gh to acquire any consi/5cy2
 = to say  t ! "m w\ld h dictat$ to !   
*ild ! words he mu/  employ to ask h]   
?is ?+ & t1 may well en\gh expla9 9 :at 
mann] languages1 already =m$1 are       
taught1 b x does n %[ u  9 :at mann] !y 
are fir/ =m$4    ,let u suppose ?is fir/
 difficulty conqu]$3 ,let u = a mom5t   
consid] ourselves at ?is side ( ! imm5se
 space1 :i* mu/ h  sep>at$ ! pure /ate (
 nature f t 9 :i* languages became      
necess>y1 & let u1 aft] all[+ su*       
necessity1 exam9e h[  languages c\ld    
beg9 to be e/abli%$4 ,a new difficulty  
?is1 /ill  m /ubborn ?an ! prec$+2 = if 

m5 /ood 9 ne$ ( spee*  to le>n to ?9k1  
!y mu/ h /ood 9 /ill great] ne$ ( !  art
 ( ?9k+ to inv5t t ( speak+2 & ?\gh we  
c\ld  conceive h[ ! s\nds ( ! voice came
 to be tak5 = !  conv5tional int]pret]s 
( our ideas we %\ld n be ! ne>]  kn[+ :o
 c\ld h be5 ! int]pret]s ( ?is conv5tion
 =  su* ideas1 z1 9 consequ5ce ( _! n   
hav+ any s5sible  objects1 c\ld n be    
made manife/ by ge/ure or voice2 s t we 
c sc>ce =m any tol]able conjectures     
conc]n+ ! bir? ( ?is  art ( communicat+ 
our ?\ghts1 & e/abli%+ a correspond5ce  
betwe5 m9ds3 a sublime art :i*1 ?\gh s  
remote f its orig91  philosoph]s /ill   
behold at su* a prodigi\s di/ance f its 
p]fection1 t ,i nev] met ) "o ( !m bold 
en\gh to affirm x  w\ld ev] arrive !re1 
?\gh ! revolutions necess>ily produc$   
by "t 7 susp5d$ 9 its fav\r2 ?\gh       
prejudice c\ld be  bani%$ f1 or w\ld be 
at lea/ cont5t to sit sil5t 9 !  pres5ce
 ( our academies1 & ?\gh ^! societies   
%\ld  consecrate !mselves1 entirely &   
dur+ :ole ages1 to ! /udy (  ?is        

intricate object4    ,! fir/ language ( 
man1 ! mo/ univ]sal & mo/ en]getic (    
all languages1 9 %ort1 ! only language  
he _h occasion =1 be=e  !re 0 a         
necessity ( p]suad+ assembl$ multitudes1
 0 ! cry  ( nature4 ,z ?is cry 0 nev]   
extort$ b by a k9d ( in/9ct 9  ! mo/    
urg5t cases1 to implore assi/ance 9     
great dang]1 or  relief 9 great suff]+s1
 x 0 ( little use 9 ! common  occurr5ces
 ( life1 :]e m mod]ate s5tim5ts g5]ally 
prevail4  ,:5 ! ideas ( m5 began to     
ext5d & multiply1 & a clos]             
communication began to take place among 
!m1 !y lab\r$ to devise  m num]\s signs1
 & a m ext5sive language3 !y multipli$  
! inflections ( ! voice1 & add$ to !m   
ge/ures1 :i* are1  9 _! own nature1 m   
expressive1 & ^: mean+ dep5ds less  on  
any prior det]m9ation4 ,!y !re=e        
express$ visible &  movable objects by  
ge/ures & ^? :i* /rike ! e>1 by         
imitative s\nds3 b z ge/ures sc>cely    
indicate any?+ except  objects t are    
actually pres5t or c be easily describ$1

 &  visible actions2 z !y are n ( g5]al 
use1 s9ce d>kness or !  int]position (  
an opaque m$ium r5d]s !m useless2 & z   
besides  !y require att5tion r ?an      
excite x3 m5 at l5g? be?\ght  !mselves (
 sub/itut+ = !m ! articulations ( voice1
 :i*1  )\t hav+ ! same relation to any  
det]m9ate object1 are1 9  quality (     
in/itut$ signs1 fitt] to repres5t all   
our ideas2 a  sub/itution1 :i* c\ld only
 h be5 made by common cons5t1 &  9 a    
mann] pretty difficult to practise by   
m51 ^: rude organs  7 unimprov$ by      
ex]cise2 a sub/itution1 :i* is 9 itself 
m  difficult to be conceiv$1 s9ce !     
motives to ?is unanim\s  agreem5t mu/ h 
be5 someh[ or ano!r express$1 & spee*   
!re=e appe>s to h be5 exce$+ly requisite
 to e/abli% !  use ( spee*4    ,we mu/  
all[ t ! words1 fir/ made use ( by m51  
_h 9 _!  m9ds a mu* m ext5sive          
signification1 ?an ^? employ$ 9         
languages ( "s /&+1 & t1 consid]+ h[    
ignorant !y  7 ( ! division ( spee* into
 its con/itu5t p>ts2 !y at  fir/ gave e 

^w ! mean+ ( an entire proposition4 ,:5 
aft]w>ds !y began to p]ceive ! diff]5ce 
betwe5 ! subject  & attribute1 & betwe5 
v]b & n\n1 a di/9ction :i* requir$  no  
mean ef=t ( g5ius1 ! sub/antives = a "t 
7 only s  _m prop] names1 ! inf9itive 0 
! only t5se1 & z to  adjectives1 great  
difficulties mu/ h att5d$ ! developm5t (
  ! idea t repres5ts !m1 s9ce e         
adjective is an ab/ract  ^w1 &          
ab/raction is an unnatural & v pa9ful   
op]ation4    ,at fir/ !y gave e object a
 peculi> "n1 )\t any reg>d to  its g5us 
or species1 ?+s :i* ^! fir/ in/itutors (
 language  7 9 no condition to di/+ui%2 
& e individual pres5t$  itself solit>y  
to _! m9ds1 z x /&s 9 ! table ( nature4 
,if !y call$ "o oak ,a1 !y call$ ano!r  
oak ,b3 s t _!  diction>y mu/ h be5 m   
ext5sive 9 proportion z _!  k ( ?+s 0 m 
conf9$4 ,x c\ld n b be a v  difficult   
task to get rid ( s diffuse & emb>rass+ 
a  nom5clature2 z 9 ord] to m>%al !     
sev]al be+s "u common  & g5]ic          
d5om9ations1 x 0 necess>y to be fir/    

acqua9t$  ) _! prop]ties1 & _!          
diff]5ces2 to be /ock$ )  obs]vations & 
def9itions1 t is to say1 to und]/&      
natural  hi/ory & metaphysics1          
advantages :i* ! m5 ( ^! times c\ld  n h
 enjoy$4    ,besides1 g5]al ideas _c be 
convey$ to ! m9d )\t !  assi/ance (     
words1 nor c ! und]/&+ seize !m )\t !   
assi/ance ( propositions4 ,?is is "o ( !
 reasons1 :y m]e  animals _c =m su*     
ideas1 nor ev] acquire ! p]fectibility  
:i* dep5ds on su* an op]ation4 ,:5 a    
monkey leaves )\t !  lea/ hesitation "o 
nut = ano!r1 are we to ?9k he has any   
g5]al idea ( t k9d ( fruit1 & t he      
comp>es ^! two  individual bodies ) 8   
ar*etype notion ( !m8 ,no1 c]ta9ly2  b !
 sight ( "o ( ^! nuts calls back to 8   
memory !  s5sations :i* he has receiv$ f
 ! o!r2 & 8 eyes1  modifi$ aft] "s c]ta9
 mann]1 give notice to 8 palate ( !     
modification x is 9 its turn go+ to     
receive4 ,e g5]al idea is  purely       
intellectual2 let ! imag9ation tamp] ev]
 s little )  x1 x imm$iately becomes a  

p>ticul> idea4 ,endeav\r to repres5t  to
 y\rself ! image ( a tree 9 g5]al1 y    
nev] w be able to  d x2 9 spite ( all   
y\r ef=ts x w appe> big or little1 ?9   
or tuft$1 ( a bright or a deep col\r2 & 
7 y ma/] to see  no?+ 9 x1 b :at c be   
se5 9 e tree1 su* a picture  w\ld no    
long] resemble any tree4 ,be+s p]fectly 
ab/ract are  p]ceivable 9 ! same mann]1 
or are only conceivable by !  assi/ance 
( spee*4 ,! def9ition ( a triangle c    
alone give y  a j idea ( t figure3 !    
mom5t y =m a triangle 9 y\r  m9d1 x is  
?is or t p>ticul> triangle & no o!r1 & y
  _c avoid giv+ bread? to its l9es &    
col\r to its area4 ,we  mu/ !re=e make  
use ( propositions2 we mu/ !re=e speak  
to  h g5]al ideas2 = ! mom5t !          
imag9ation /ops1 ! m9d  mu/ /op too1 if 
n assi/$ by spee*4 ,if !re=e ! fir/     
inv5tors c\ld give no names to any ideas
 b ^? !y _h already1  x foll[s t ! fir/ 
sub/antives c\ld nev] h be5 any?+  m ?an
 prop] names4    ,b :5 by means1 :i* ,i 
_c conceive1 our new gramm>ians began   

to ext5d _! ideas1 & g5]alize _! words1 
! ignorance (  ! inv5tors mu/ h conf9$  
?is me?od to v n>r[ b\nds2  & z !y _h at
 fir/ too mu* multipli$ ! names (       
individuals  = want ( be+ acqua9t$ ) !  
di/9ctions call$ g5us &  species1 !y    
aft]w>ds made too few g5]a & species =  
want (  hav+ consid]$ be+s 9 all _!     
diff]5ces2 to pu% !  divisions f> en\gh1
 !y mu/ h _h m k & exp]i5ce  ?an we c   
all[ !m1 & h made m rese>*es & tak5 m   
pa9s1 ?an we c suppose !m will+ to      
submit to4 ,n[ if1 ev5 at  ?is pres5t   
"t1 we e day discov] new species1 :i* _h
 be=e  escap$ all our obs]vations1 h[ _m
 species mu/ h escap$ !  notice ( m51 :o
 judg$ ( ?+s m]ely f _! fir/            
appe>ances6 ,z to ! primitive classes & 
! mo/ g5]al notions1  x 7 sup]flu\s to  
add t ^! !y mu/ h likewise  ov]look$3   
h[1 = example1 c\ld !y h ?\ght ( or     
und]/ood  ! words1 matt]1 _s1 sub/ance1 
mode1 figure1 motion1 s9ce ev5  our     
philosoph]s1 :o = s long a "t h be5     
con/antly  employ+ ^! t]ms1 c !mselves  

sc>cely und]/& !m1 &  s9ce ! ideas      
annex$ to ^! words be+ purely           
metaphysical1 no  models ( !m c\ld be   
f\nd 9 nature8    ,i /op at ^! fir/     
advances1 & besee* my judges to susp5d  
_!  lecture a little1 9 ord] to consid]1
 :at a great way language has  /ill to  
g1 9 reg>d to ! inv5tion ( physical     
sub/antives  alone1 7?\gh ! easie/ "p ( 
language to inv5t17 to be able to       
express all ! s5tim5ts ( man1 to assume 
an inv>iable =m1 to  be> be+ spok5 9    
public & to influ5ce society3 ,i e>ne/ly
  entreat !m to consid] h[ mu* "t & k   
mu/ h be5  requisite to f9d out numb]s1 
ab/ract words1 ! aori/s1 & all  ! o!r   
t5ses ( v]bs1 ! p>ticles1 & syntax1 !   
me?od (  connect+ propositions &        
argum5ts1 ( =m+ all ! logic (  disc\rse4
 ,= my own "p1 ,i am s sc>$ at !        
difficulties t  multiply at e /ep1 & s  
conv9c$ ( ! almo/ demon/rat$            
impossibility ( languages ow+ _! bir? & 
e/abli%m5t to  means t 7 m]ely human1 t 
,i mu/ leave to :oev] may please  to    

take x up1 ! task ( discuss+ ?is        
difficult problem4 ,:i*  0 ! mo/        
necess>y1 society already =m$ to inv5t  
languages1 or  languages already inv5t$ 
to =m society8    ,b be ! case ( ^!     
orig9s ev] s my/]i\s1 we may at lea/    
inf] f ! little c>e :i* nature has tak5 
to br+ m5  toge!r by mutual wants1 &    
make ! use ( spee* easy to !m1 h[       
little %e has done t[>ds mak+ !m        
sociable1 & h[ little %e  has contribut$
 to any?+ :i* !y !mselves h done to     
become  s4 ,9 fact1 x is impossible to  
conceive1 :y1 9 ?is primitive  /ate1 "o 
man %\ld h m occasion = ! assi/ance (   
ano!r1 ?an "o monkey1 or "o wolf = t (  
ano!r animal (  ! same species2 or      
suppos+ t he _h1 :at motive c\ld induce 
ano!r to assi/ him2 or ev51 9 ?is la/   
case1 h[ he1 :o want$  assi/ance1 & he f
 :om x 0 want$1 c\ld agree among        
!mselves ^u ! conditions4 ,au?ors1 ,i   
"k1 are cont9ually  tell+ u1 t 9 ?is    
/ate man w\ld h be5 a mo/ mis]able      
creature2 & if x is true1 z ,i fancy ,i 

h prov$ x1 t he mu/  h cont9u$ _m ages  
)\t ei!r ! desire or ! opportunity  (   
em]g+ f su* a /ate1 ?is _! ass]tion c\ld
 only s]ve  to ju/ify a *>ge aga9/      
nature1 & n any aga9/ ! be+  :i* nature 
_h ?us con/itut$2 b1 if ,i ?or\ghly     
und]/&  ?is t]m mis]able1 x is a ^w1 t  
ei!r has no mean+1 or  signifies no?+1 b
 a privation att5d$ ) pa91 & a suff]+   
/ate ( body or s\l2 n[ ,i w\ld fa9 "k   
:at k9d ( mis]y c  be t ( a free be+1 ^:
 he>t enjoys p]fect peace1 & body       
p]fect heal?8 ,& :i* is apte/ to become 
insupportable to ^?  :o enjoy x1 a civil
 or a natural life8 ,9 civil life we c  
sc>cely  meet a s+le p]son :o does n    
compla9 ( 8 exi/5ce2 _m ev5  ?r[ away z 
mu* ( x z !y c1 & ! unit$ =ce ( div9e  &
 human laws c h>dly put b\nds to ?is    
disord]4 ,0 ev] any  free savage kn[n to
 h be5 s mu* z tempt$ to compla9 ( life1
  & lay viol5t h&s on himself8 ,let u   
!re=e judge ) less  pride on :i* side   
real mis]y is to be plac$4 ,no?+1 on !  
contr>y1 mu/ h be5 s unhappy z savage   

man1 dazzl$ by fla%es  ( k1 rack$ by    
passions1 & reason+ on a /ate diff]5t  f
 t 9 :i* he saw himself plac$4 ,x 0 9   
consequ5ce ( a  v wise ,provid5ce1 t !  
faculties1 :i* he pot5tially  enjoy$1 7 
n to develop !mselves b 9 proportion z  
!re  (f]$ occasions to ex]cise !m1 le/  
!y %\ld be sup]flu\s or  tr\blesome to  
him :5 he did n want !m1 or t>dy &      
useless  :5 he did4 ,he _h 9 8 in/9ct   
alone ev]y?+ requisite to live  9 a /ate
 ( nature2 9 8 cultivat$ reason he has  
b>ely :at is  necess>y to live 9 a /ate 
( society4    ,x appe>s at fir/ sight t1
 z !re 0 no k9d ( moral  relations      
betwe5 m5 9 ?is /ate1 nor any kn[n      
duties1 !y c\ld  n be ei!r good or bad1 
& _h nei!r vices nor virtues1 unless  we
 take ^! words 9 a physical s5se1 & call
 vices1 9 !  individual1 ! qualities :i*
 may prove detrim5tal to 8 own          
pres]vation1 & virtues ^? :i* may       
contribute to x2 9 :i*  case we %\ld be 
oblig$ to consid] him z mo/ virtu\s1 :o 
made  lea/ resi/ance aga9/ ! simple     

impulses ( nature4 ,b )\t  deviat+ f !  
usual mean+ ( ^! t]ms1 x is prop] to    
susp5d ! judgm5t we might =m ( su* a    
situation1 & be ^u  our gu>d aga9/      
prejudice1 till1 ! balance 9 h&1 we h   
exam9$ :e!r !re are m virtues or vices  
among civiliz$ m52  or :e!r ! improvem5t
 ( _! und]/&+ is suffici5t to  comp5sate
 ! damage :i* !y mutually d to ea* o!r1 
9  proportion z !y become bett] in=m$ ( 
! s]vices :i* !y  ought to d2 or :e!r1  
^u ! :ole1 !y w\ld n be mu*  happi] 9 a 
condition1 :]e !y _h no?+ to fe> or to  
hope f  ea* o!r1 ?an 9 t :]e !y _h      
submitt$ to an univ]sal  subs]vi5cy1 & h
 oblig$ !mselves to dep5d = ev]y?+  ^u !
 good w ( ^?1 :o d n ?9k !mselves oblig$
 to  give any?+ 9 return4    ,b above   
all ?+s let u bew>e conclud+ ) ,hobbes1 
t man1  z hav+ no idea ( goodness1 mu/  
be naturally bad2 t he is  vici\s       
because he does n "k :at virtue is2 t he
 always  refuses to d any s]vice to ^? (
 8 own species1 because he  believes t  
none is due to !m2 t1 9 virtue ( t "r   

:i*  he ju/ly claims to ev]y?+ he wants1
 he fooli%ly looks ^u  himself z        
proprietor ( ! :ole univ]se4 ,hobbes v  
pla9ly saw  ! flaws 9 all ! mod]n       
def9itions ( natural "r3 b !            
consequ5ces1 :i* he draws f 8 own       
def9ition1 %[ t x is1  9 ! s5se he      
und]/&s x1 equally exceptionable4 ,?is  
au?or1 to  argue f 8 own pr9ciples1 %\ld
 say t ! /ate ( nature1  be+ t :]e ! c>e
 ( our own pres]vation int]f]es lea/  ) 
! pres]vation ( o!rs1 0 ( c\rse ! mo/   
fav\rable to  peace1 & mo/ suitable to  
mank9d2 :]eas he advances ! v  rev]se 9 
consequ5ce ( 8 hav+ injudici\sly        
admitt$1 z  objects ( t c>e :i* savage  
man %\ld take ( 8 pres]vation1  !       
satisfaction ( numb]less passions :i*   
are ! "w ( society1  & h r5d]$ laws     
necess>y4 ,a bad man1 says he1 is a     
robu/  *ild4 ,b ?is is n prov+ t savage 
man is a robu/ *ild2 &  ?\gh we 7 to    
grant t he 01 :at c\ld ?is philosoph]   
inf]  f su* a concession8 ,t if ?is man1
 :5 robu/1 dep5d$ on  o!rs z mu* z :5   

feeble1 !re is no excess t he w\ld n be 
guilty (4 ,he w\ld make no?+ ( /rik+ 8  
"m :5 %e  delay$ ev] s little to give   
him ! brea/2 he w\ld claw1 &  bite1 &   
/rangle )\t remorse ! fir/ ( 8 y\ng]    
bro!rs1  t ev] s accid5tally jo/l$ or   
o!rwise di/urb$ him4 ,b  ^! are two     
contradictory suppositions 9 ! /ate (   
nature1 to be  robu/ & dep5d5t4 ,man is 
weak :5 dep5d5t1 & 8 own ma/]  be=e he  
gr[s robu/4 ,hobbes did n consid] t !   
same cause1  :i* h9d]s savages f mak+   
use ( _! reason1 z our  jurisconsults   
pret5d1 h9d]s !m at ! same "t f mak+ an 
ill use ( _! faculties1 z he himself    
pret5ds2 s t we may say  t savages are n
 bad1 precisely because !y don't "k :at 
x is  to be good2 = x is nei!r !        
developm5t ( ! und]/&+1  nor ! curb ( ! 
law1 b ! calmness ( _! passions & _!    
ignorance ( vice t h9d]s !m f do+ ill3  
tantus plus 9  illis pr(icit vitiorum   
ignorantia1 quam 9 8 cognito virtutis4  
,!re is besides ano!r pr9ciple t has    
escap$ ,hobbes1 & :i*1  hav+ be5 giv5 to

 man to mod]ate1 on c]ta9 occasions1 !  
bl9d  & impetu\s sallies ( self-love1 or
 ! desire ( self-pres]vation  previ\s to
 ! appe>ance ( t passion1 allays !      
ard\r1 )  :i* he naturally pursues 8    
private welf>e1 by an innate  abhorr5ce 
to see be+s suff] t resemble him4 ,i    
%all n surely  be contradict$1 9 grant+ 
to man ! only natural virtue1 :i* !  mo/
 passionate detractor ( human virtues   
c\ld n d5y him1 ,i mean  t ( pity1 a    
disposition suitable to creatures weak z
 we are1 &  liable to s _m evils2 a     
virtue s mu* ! m univ]sal1 &  )al useful
 to man1 z x takes place 9 him ( all    
mann] (  reflection2 & s natural1 t !   
bea/s !mselves sometimes give  evid5t   
signs ( x4 ,n to speak ( ! t5d]ness (   
mo!rs =  _! "y2 & ( ! dang]s !y face to 
scre5 !m f dang]2  ) :at reluctance are 
horses kn[n to trample ^u liv+ bodies2  
"o animal nev] passes unmov$ by ! dead  
c>cass ( ano!r animal  ( ! same species3
 !re are ev5 "s :o be/[ a k9d (         
sepulture ^u _! dead fell[s2 & ! m\rnful

 l[+s ( cattle1  on _! ent]+ !          
slaught]-h\se1 publi% ! impression made 
^u !m by ! horrible spectacle !y are !re
 /ruck )4 ,x is  ) pleasure we see !    
au?or ( ! fable ( ! bees1 =c$ to        
ackn[l$ge man a compassionate & s5sible 
be+2 & lay aside1 9  ! example he (f]s  
to confirm x1 8 cold & subtle /yle1 to  
place be=e u ! pa!tic picture ( a man1  
:o1 ) 8 h&s  ti$ up1 is oblig$ to behold
 a bea/ ( prey te> a *ild f !  arms ( 8 
"m1 & !n ) 8 tee? gr9d ! t5d] limbs1  & 
) 8 claws r5d ! ?robb+ entrails ( !     
innoc5t victim4  ,:at horrible emotions 
mu/ n su* a spectator exp]i5ce at !     
sight ( an ev5t :i* does n p]sonally    
conc]n him8 ,:at angui%  mu/ he n suff] 
at 8 n be+ able to assi/ ! fa9t+ "m  or 
! expir+ infant8    ,su* is ! pure      
motion ( nature1 ant]ior to all mann] ( 
reflection2 su* is ! =ce ( natural pity1
 :i* ! mo/  dissolute mann]s h z yet    
f\nd x s difficult to ext+ui%1  s9ce we 
e day see1 9 our !atrical repres5tation1
 ^? m5  sympa?ize ) ! un=tunate & weep  

at _! suff]+s1 :o1 if  9 ! tyrant's     
place1 w\ld aggravate ! torm5ts ( _!    
enemies4  ,m&eville 0 v s5sible t m51 9 
spite ( all _! morality1  w\ld nev] h   
be5 bett] ?an mon/]s1 if nature _h n    
giv5  !m pity to assi/ reason3 b he did 
n p]ceive t f ?is  quality alone fl[ all
 ! social virtues1 :i* he w\ld dispute  
mank9d ! possession (4 ,9 fact1 :at is  
g5]osity1 :at clem5cy1  :at humanity1 b 
pity appli$ to ! weak1 to ! guilty1 or  
to !  human species 9 g5]al8 ,ev5       
b5evol5ce & fri5d%ip1 if we judge  "r1 w
 appe> ! effects ( a con/ant pity1 fix$ 
^u a  p>ticul> object3 = to wi% t a     
p]son may n suff]1 :at is  x b to wi% t 
he may be happy8 ,?\gh x 7 true t       
commis]ation is no m ?an a s5tim5t1 :i* 
puts u 9 ! place  ( him :o suff]s1 a    
s5tim5t obscure b active 9 ! savage1    
develop$ b dormant 9 civiliz$ man1 h[   
c\ld ?is notion affect  ! tru? ( :at ,i 
advance1 b to make x m evid5t4 ,9 fact1 
commis]ation mu/ be s mu* ! m en]getic1 
! m intimately  ! animal1 t beholds any 

k9d ( di/ress1 id5tifies himself )  !   
animal t lab\rs "u x4 ,n[ x is evid5t t 
?is  id5tification mu/ h be5 inf9itely m
 p]fect 9 ! /ate (  nature ?an 9 ! /ate 
( reason4 ,x is reason t eng5d]s        
self-love1 & reflection t /r5g!ns x2 x  
is reason t makes  man %r9k into        
himself2 x is reason t makes him keep   
alo( f  ev]y?+ t c tr\ble or afflict    
him3 x is philosophy t  de/roys 8       
connections ) o!r m52 x is 9 consequ5ce 
( h]  dictates t he mutt]s to himself at
 ! sight ( ano!r 9  di/ress1 ,y may p]i%
 = aught ,i c>e1 no?+ c hurt me4  ,no?+ 
less ?an ^? evils1 :i* ?reat5 ! :ole    
species1 c  di/urb ! calm sleep ( !     
philosoph]1 & =ce him f 8 b$4  ,"o man  
may ) impunity murd] ano!r "u 8 w9d[s2  
he has  no?+ to d b clap 8 h&s to 8 e>s1
 argue a little )  himself to h9d]      
nature1 t />tles )9 him1 f id5tify+  him
 ) ! unhappy suff]]4 ,savage man wants  
?is admirable tal5t2  & = want ( wisdom 
& reason1 is always ready fooli%ly to   
obey  ! fir/ :isp]s ( humanity4 ,9 riots

 & /reet-brawls !  populace flock       
toge!r1 ! prud5t man sneaks (f4 ,!y are 
!  dregs ( ! p1 ! poor basket &         
b>r[-wom51 t "p !  combatants1 & h9d]   
g5tle folks f cutt+ "o ano!r's  ?roats4 
,x is !re=e c]ta9 t pity is a natural   
s5tim5t1 :i*1 by  mod]at+ 9 e individual
 ! activity ( self-love1 contributes  to
 ! mutual pres]vation ( ! :ole species4 
,x is ?is pity  :i* hurries u )\t       
reflection to ! assi/ance ( ^? we see  9
 di/ress2 x is ?is pity :i*1 9 a /ate ( 
nature1 /&s =  laws1 = mann]s1 = virtue1
 ) ?is advantage1 t no "o is  tempt$ to 
disobey h] sweet & g5tle voice3 x is ?is
 pity :i*  w always h9d] a robu/ savage 
f plund]+ a feeble *ild1 or  infirm old 
man1 ( ! subsi/5ce !y h acquir$ ) pa9 & 
difficulty1 if he has b ! lea/ prospect 
( provid+ = himself  by any o!r means3 x
 is ?is pity :i*1 in/ead ( t sublime    
maxim ( argum5tative ju/ice1 ,d to o!rs 
z y w\ld h o!rs  d to y1 inspires all m5
 ) t o!r maxim ( natural goodness  a    
great deal less p]fect1 b p]haps m      

useful1 ,consult y\r own  happ9ess ) z  
little prejudice z y c to t ( o!rs4 ,x  
is  9 a ^w1 9 ?is natural s5tim5t1 r ?an
 9 f9e-spun  argum5ts1 t we mu/ look = !
 cause ( t reluctance :i*  e man w\ld   
exp]i5ce to d evil1 ev5 indep5d5tly ( ! 
maxims ( education4 ,?\gh x may be !    
peculi> happ9ess (  ,socrates & o!r     
g5iuses ( 8 /amp1 to reason !mselves    
into  virtue1 ! human species w\ld long 
ago h ceas$ to exi/1 _h x  dep5d$       
entirely = its pres]vation on ! reason+s
 ( !  individuals t compose x4    ,)    
passions s tame1 & s salut>y a curb1 m51
 r wild ?an  wick$1 & m att5tive to gu>d
 aga9/ mis*ief ?an to d any to  o!r     
animals1 7 n expos$ to any dang]\s      
diss5sions3 ,z !y  kept up no mann] (   
correspond5ce ) ea* o!r1 & 7 (  c\rse   
/rang]s to vanity1 to respect1 to e/eem1
 to contempt2 z  !y _h no notion ( :at  
we call ,meum & ,tuum1 nor any true idea
 (  ju/ice2 z !y consid]$ any viol5ce !y
 7 liable to1 z an  evil t c\ld be      
easily repair$1 & n z an injury t des]v$

  puni%m5t2 & z !y nev] s mu* z dream$ (
 rev5ge1 unless  p]haps me*anically &   
unprem$itat$ly1 z a dog :o bites !  /one
 t has be5 ?r[n at him2 _! disputes c\ld
 seldom be  att5d$ ) blood%$1 7 !y nev] 
occasion$ by a m  consid]able /ake ?an t
 ( subsi/5ce3 b !re is a m  dang]\s     
subject ( cont5tion1 :i* ,i mu/ n leave 
unnotic$4    ,among ! passions :i*      
ruffle ! he>t ( man1 !re is "o ( a  hot 
& impetu\s nature1 :i* r5d]s ! sexes    
necess>y to ea*  o!r2 a t]rible passion 
:i* despises all dang]s1 be>s d[n all   
ob/acles1 & to :i* 9 its transports x   
seems prop] to de/roy  ! human species  
:i* x is de/9$ to pres]ve4 ,:at mu/     
become  ( m5 ab&on$ to ?is lawless &    
brutal rage1 )\t mode/y1  )\t %ame1 & e 
day disput+ ! objects ( _! passion at  !
 exp5se ( _! blood8    ,we mu/ 9 ! fir/ 
place all[ t ! m viol5t ! passions1  ! m
 necess>y are laws to re/ra9 !m3 b      
besides t !  disord]s & ! crimes1 to :i*
 ^! passions daily give rise  among u1  
suffici5tly grove ! insuffici5cy ( laws 

= t  purpose1 we w\ld d well to look    
back a little fur!r & exam9e1  if ^!    
evils did n spr+ up ) ! laws !mselves2 =
 at ?is  rate1 ?\gh ! laws 7 capable (  
repress+ ^! evils1 x is  ! lea/ t might 
be expect$ f !m1 see+ x is no m ?an     
/opp+ ! progress ( a mis*ief :i* !y     
!mselves h  produc$4    ,let u beg9 by  
di/+ui%+ betwe5 :at is moral & :at is   
physical 9 ! passion call$ love4 ,!     
physical "p ( x is t  g5]al desire :i*  
prompts ! sexes to unite ) ea* o!r2 !   
moral "p is t :i* det]m9es t desire1 &  
fixes x ^u a  p>ticul> object to !      
exclusion ( all o!rs1 or at lea/ gives x
  a great] degree ( en]gy = ?is pref]r$ 
object4 ,n[ x is easy  to p]ceive t !   
moral "p ( love is a factiti\s s5tim5t1 
eng5d]$ by society1 & cri$ up by ! wom5 
) great c>e &  address 9 ord] to e/abli%
 _! empire1 & secure comm& to t  sex :i*
 ought to obey4 ,?is s5tim5t1 be+ f\nd$ 
on c]ta9  notions ( beauty & m]it :i* a 
savage is n capable ( hav+1  & ^u       
comp>isons :i* he is n capable ( mak+1 c

 sc>cely  exi/ 9 him3 = z 8 m9d 0 nev] 9
 a condition to =m  ab/ract ideas (     
regul>ity & proportion1 nei!r is 8 he>t 
susceptible ( s5tim5ts ( admiration &   
love1 :i*1 ev5 )\t  our p]ceiv+ x1 are  
produc$ by our application ( ^! ideas2  
he  li/5s solely to ! dispositions      
implant$ 9 him by nature1 & n  to ta/e  
:i* he nev] 0 9 a way ( acquir+2 & e    
woman  answ]s 8 purpose4    ,conf9$     
entirely to :at is physical 9 love1 &   
happy en\gh n to  "k ^! pref]5ces :i*   
%>p5 ! appetite = x1 at ! same  "t t !y 
increase ! difficulty ( satisfy+ su*    
appetite1  m51 9 a /ate ( nature1 mu/ be
 subject to few] & less viol5t  fits ( t
 passion1 & ( c\rse !re mu/ be few] &   
less  viol5t disputes among !m 9        
consequ5ce ( x4 ,! imag9ation  :i*      
causes s _m ravages among u1 nev] speaks
 to ! he>t (  savages1 :o peaceably wait
 = ! impulses ( nature1 yield to ^!     
impulses )\t *oice & ) m pleasure ?an   
fury2 & ^:  desires nev] outlive _!     
necessity = ! ?+ desir$4    ,no?+ !re=e 

c be m evid5t1 ?an t x is society alone1
  :i* has add$ ev5 to love itself z well
 z to all ! o!r  passions1 t impetu\s   
ard\r1 :i* s (t5 r5d]s x fatal to       
mank9d2 & x is s mu* ! m ridicul\s to   
repres5t savages  con/antly murd]+ ea*  
o!r to glut _! brutality1 z ?is  op9ion 
is diametrically opposite to exp]i5ce1 &
 ! ,c>ibbeans1  ! p 9 ! _w :o h z yet   
deviat$ lea/ f ! /ate  ( nature1 are to 
all int5ts & purposes ! mo/ peaceable 9 
_!  am\rs1 & ! lea/ subject to jeal\sy1 
?\gh !y live 9 a  burn+ climate :i*     
seems always to add consid]ably to !    
activity  ( ^! passions4    ,z to !     
inductions :i* may be drawn1 9 respect  
to sev]al species  ( animals1 f !       
battles ( ! males1 :o 9 all seasons cov]
  our p\ltry y>ds ) blood1 & 9 spr+     
p>ticul>ly cause our  =e/s to r+ aga9 ) 
! noise !y make 9 disput+ _!  females1  
we mu/ beg9 by exclud+ all ^? species1  
:]e nature  has evid5tly e/abli%$1 9 !  
relative p[] ( ! sexes1  relations      
diff]5t f ^? :i* exi/ among u3 ?us f !  

battle ( cocks we c =m no induction t w 
affect ! human  species4 ,9 ! species1  
:]e ! proportion is bett] obs]v$1  ^!   
battles mu/ be ow+ entirely to ! fewness
 ( ! females  comp>$ ) ! males1 or1 :i* 
is all "o1 to ! exclusive  int]vals1    
dur+ :i* ! females con/antly refuse !   
addresses (  ! males2 = if ! female     
admits ! male b two mon?s 9 !  ye>1 x is
 all ! same z if ! numb] ( females 7    
five-six?s  less ?an :at x is3 n[ nei!r 
( ^! cases is applicable to !  human    
species1 :]e ! numb] ( females g5]ally  
surpasses t (  males1 & :]e x has nev]  
be5 obs]v$ t1 ev5 among savages1  !     
females _h1 l ^? ( o!r animals1 /at$    
times ( passion  & indiff]5ce1 ,besides1
 among sev]al ( ^! animals ! :ole       
species takes fire all at once1 & = "s  
days no?+ is1 to be  se5 among !m b     
confusion1 tumult1 disord] & blood%$2 a 
/ate  unkn[n to ! human species :]e love
 is nev] p]iodical4 ,we c  n !re=e      
conclude f ! battles ( c]ta9 animals = !
  possession ( _! females1 t ! same w\ld

 be ! case ( man 9  a /ate ( nature2 &  
?\gh we might1 z ^! conte/s d n  de/roy 
! o!r species1 !re is at lea/ equal room
 to ?9k !y  w\ld n be fatal to ours2 nay
 x is v probable t !y w\ld  cause few]  
ravages ?an !y d 9 society1 especially 9
 ^?  c\ntries :]e1 morality be+ z yet   
held 9 "s e/eem1 !  jeal\sy ( lov]s1 & !
 v5geance ( husb&s e day produce  duels1
 murd]s & ev5 worse crimes2 :]e ! duty (
 an et]nal  fidelity s]ves only to      
propagate adult]y2 & ! v laws (         
cont95ce & hon\r necess>ily contribute  
to increase  dissolut5ess1 & multiply   
abortions4    ,let u conclude t savage  
man1 w&]+ ab\t 9 ! =e/s1  )\t indu/ry1  
)\t spee*1 )\t any fix$ resid5ce1 an    
equal /rang] to w> & e social           
connection1 )\t /&+ 9  any %ape 9 ne$ ( 
8 fell[s1 z well z )\t any desire (     
hurt+ !m1 & p]haps ev5 )\t ev] di/+ui%+ 
!m  individually "o f ! o!r1 subject to 
few passions1 & f9d+  9 himself all he  
wants1 let u1 ,i say1 conclude t savage 
man ?us  circum/anc$ _h no k or s5tim5t 

b su* z are prop] to  t condition1 t he 
0 alone s5sible ( 8 real necessities1   
took notice ( no?+ b :at x 0 8 int]e/ to
 see1 & t  8 und]/&+ made z little      
progress z 8 vanity4 ,if he  happ5$ to  
make any discov]y1 he c\ld ! less       
communicate x z he  did n ev5 "k 8      
*ildr54 ,! art p]i%$ ) ! inv5tor2  !re 0
 nei!r education nor improvem5t2        
g5]ations succe$$  g5]ations to no      
purpose2 & z all con/antly set out f !  
same  po9t1 :ole c5turies roll$ on 9 !  
rud5ess & b>b>ity ( !  fir/ age2 !      
species 0 gr[n old1 :ile ! individual   
/ill  rema9$ 9 a /ate ( *ildhood4    ,if
 ,i h enl>g$ s mu* ^u ! supposition (   
?is primitive  condition1 x is because  
,i ?\ght x my duty1 consid]+ :at  anci5t
 errors & invet]ate prejudices ,i h to  
extirpate1 to dig  to ! v roots1 & %[ 9 
a true picture ( ! /ate ( nature1  h[   
mu* ev5 natural inequality falls %ort 9 
?is /ate ( t  reality & influ5ce :i* our
 writ]s ascribe to x4    ,9 fact1 we may
 easily p]ceive t among ! diff]5ces1 :i*

  di/+ui% m51 sev]al pass = natural1 :i*
 are m]ely ! "w  ( habit & ! diff]5t    
k9ds ( life adopt$ by m5 liv+ 9 a       
social way4 ,?us a robu/ or delicate    
con/itution1 & ! /r5g?  & weakness :i*  
dep5d on x1 are (t5] produc$ by ! h>dy  
or  effem9ate mann] 9 :i* a man has be5 
br\ght up1 ?an by !  primitive          
con/itution ( 8 body4 ,x is ! same ?us 9
 reg>d to  ! =ces ( ! m9d2 & education n
 only produces a diff]5ce  betwe5 ^?    
m9ds :i* are cultivat$ & ^? :i* are n1 b
  ev5 increases t :i* is f\nd among !   
fir/ 9 proportion to  _! culture2 = let 
a giant & a dw>f set out 9 ! same pa?1  
! giant at e /ep w acquire a new        
advantage ov] ! dw>f4  ,n[1 if we comp>e
 ! prodigi\s v>iety 9 ! education &     
mann]  ( liv+ ( ! diff]5t ord]s ( m5 9 a
 civil /ate1 ) !  simplicity & uni=mity 
t prevails 9 ! animal & savage life1    
:]e all ! individuals make use ( ! same 
alim5ts1 live 9 !  same mann]1 & d      
exactly ! same ?+s1 we %all easily      
conceive  h[ mu* ! diff]5ce betwe5 man &

 man 9 ! /ate ( nature  mu/ be less ?an 
9 ! /ate ( society1 & h[ mu* e          
inequality ( in/itution mu/ increase !  
natural inequalities (  ! human species4
    ,b ?\gh nature 9 ! di/ribution ( h] 
gifts %\ld really  affect all !         
pref]5ces t are ascrib$ to h]1 :at      
advantage  c\ld ! mo/ fav\r$ d]ive f h] 
p>tiality1 to ! prejudice  ( o!rs1 9 a  
/ate ( ?+s1 :i* sc>ce admitt$ any k9d ( 
relation betwe5 h] pupils8 ,( :at s]vice
 c beauty be1 :]e  !re is no love8 ,:at 
w wit avail p :o don't speak1 or craft  
^? :o h no affairs to transact8 ,au?ors 
are con/antly cry+  out1 t ! /ronge/    
w\ld oppress ! weake/2 b let !m  expla9 
:at !y mean by ! ^w oppression4 ,"o man 
w rule )  viol5ce1 ano!r w groan "u a   
con/ant subjection to all 8  caprices3  
?is is inde$ precisely :at ,i obs]ve    
among u1 b ,i  don't see h[ x c be said 
( savage m51 into ^: heads x w\ld  be a 
h>d] matt] to drive ev5 ! mean+ ( !     
words dom9ation  & s]vitude4 ,"o man    
might1 inde$1 seize on ! fruits :i*     

ano!r _h ga!r$1 on ! game :i* ano!r _h  
kill$1 on !  cav]n :i* ano!r _h occupi$ 
= %elt]2 b h[ is x possible  he %\ld ev]
 exact ob$i5ce f him1 & :at *a9s (      
dep5d5ce  c !re be among m5 :o possess  
no?+8 ,if ,i am driv5 f "o  tree1 ,i h  
no?+ to d b look out = ano!r2 if "o     
place is  made uneasy to me1 :at c h9d] 
me f tak+ up my qu>t]s  else:]e8 ,b     
suppose ,i %\ld meet a man s mu* sup]ior
 to me 9  /r5g?1 & )al s wick$1 s lazy &
 s b>b>\s z to oblige  me to provide = 8
 subsi/5ce :ile he rema9s idle2 he mu/  
resolve n to take 8 eyes f me a s+le    
mom5t1 to b9d me fa/  be=e he c take !  
lea/ nap1 le/ ,i %\ld kill him or give  
him  ! slip dur+ 8 sleep3 t is to say1  
he mu/ expose himself  volunt>ily to mu*
 great] tr\bles ?an :at he seeks to     
avoid1 ?an  any he gives me4 ,& aft]    
all1 let him abate ev] s little ( 8     
vigilance2 let him at "s sudd5 noise b  
turn 8 head ano!r way2  ,i am already   
buri$ 9 ! =e/1 my fett]s are broke1 & he
 nev]  sees me aga94    ,b )\t insi/+   

any long] ^u ^! details1 e "o mu/  see  
t1 z ! bonds ( s]vitude are =m$ m]ely by
 ! mutual  dep5d5ce ( m5 "o ^u ano!r & !
 reciprocal necessities  :i* unite !m1 x
 is impossible = "o man to enslave      
ano!r1  )\t hav+ fir/ r$uc$ him to a    
condition 9 :i* he c n  live )\t !      
enslav]'s assi/ance2 a condition :i*1 z 
x does  n exi/ 9 a /ate ( nature1 mu/   
leave e man 8 own ma/]1  & r5d] ! law ( 
! /ronge/ altoge!r va9 & useless4       
,hav+ prov$ t ! inequality1 :i* may     
subsi/ betwe5 man &  man 9 a /ate (     
nature1 is almo/ imp]ceivable1 & t x has
  v little influ5ce1 ,i mu/ n[ proce$ to
 %[ its orig91 &  trace its progress1 9 
! successive developm5ts ( ! human m9d4 
,aft] hav+ %[$1 t p]fectibility1 !      
social virtues1 & !  o!r faculties1 :i* 
natural man _h receiv$ 9 pot5tia1 c\ld  
nev] be develop$ ( !mselves1 t = t      
purpose !re 0 a  necessity = ! =tuit\s  
concurr5ce ( sev]al =eign causes1  :i*  
might nev] happ51 & )\t :i* he mu/ h    
et]nally  rema9$ 9 8 primitive          

condition2 ,i mu/ proce$ to consid] &   
br+ toge!r ! diff]5t accid5ts :i* may h 
p]fect$ !  human und]/&+ by debas+ !    
species1 r5d] a be+ wick$ by  r5d]+ him 
sociable1 & f s remote a t]m br+ man at 
la/  & ! _w to ! po9t 9 :i* we n[ see   
!m4    ,i mu/ own t1 z ! ev5ts ,i am    
ab\t to describe might h  happ5$ _m     
diff]5t ways1 my *oice ( ^! ,i %all     
assign c be  gr\nd$ on no?+ b m]e       
conjecture2 b besides ^! conjectures    
becom+ reasons1 :5 !y are n only ! mo/  
probable t c be  drawn f ! nature ( ?+s1
 b ! only means we c h (  discov]+ tru?1
 ! consequ5ces ,i mean to d$uce f m9e w 
n be m]ely conjectural1 s9ce1 on !      
pr9ciples ,i h j  e/abli%$1 x is        
impossible to =m any o!r sy/em1 t w\ld n
  supply me ) ! same results1 & f :i* ,i
 might n draw !  same conclusions4      
,?is w au?orize me to be ! m concise 9  
my reflections on !  mann]1 9 :i* !     
lapse ( "t makes am5ds = ! little       
v]isimilitude ( ev5ts2 on ! surpris+ p[]
 ( v trivial  causes1 :5 !y act )\t     

int]mission2 on ! impossibility !re  is 
on ! "o h& ( de/roy+ c]ta9 ,hypo!ses1 if
 on ! o!r  we c n give !m ! degree (    
c]ta9ty :i* facts mu/ be  all[$ to      
possess2 on its be+ ! bus9ess ( hi/ory1 
:5 two  facts are propos$1 z real1 to be
 connect$ by a *a9 (  int]m$iate facts  
:i* are ei!r unkn[n or consid]$ z su*1  
to  furni% su* facts z may actually     
connect !m2 & ! bus9ess (  philosophy1  
:5 hi/ory is sil5t1 to po9t out simil>  
facts :i*  may answ] ! same purpose2 9  
f9e on ! privilege ( similitude1  9     
reg>d to ev5ts1 to r$uce facts to a mu* 
small] numb] (  diff]5t classes ?an is  
g5]ally imag9$4 ,x suffices me to (f]   
^! objects to ! consid]ation ( my       
judges2 x suffices me to  h conduct$ my 
inquiry 9 su* a mann] z to save common  
read]s  ! tr\ble ( consid]+ !m4         
,,second ,,"p    ,! fir/ man1 :o1 aft]  
enclos+ a piece ( gr\nd1 took x into  8 
head to say1 ,?is is m9e1 & f\nd p      
simple en\gh to  believe him1 0 ! true  
f\nd] ( civil society4 ,h[ _m crimes1   

h[ _m w>s1 h[ _m murd]s1 h[ _m mis=tunes
 & horrors1  w\ld t man h sav$ ! human  
species1 :o pull+ up ! /akes  or fill+  
up ! dit*es %\ld h cri$ to 8 fell[s3 ,be
 sure  n to li/5 to ?is impo/]2 y are   
lo/1 if y =get t !  fruits ( ! e>?      
belong equally to u all1 & ! e>? itself 
to  nobody6 ,b x is highly probable t   
?+s 7 n[ come to su* a  pass1 t !y c\ld 
n cont9ue mu* long] 9 ! same way2 = z   
?is idea ( prop]ty dep5ds on sev]al     
prior ideas :i* c\ld only  spr+ up      
gradually "o aft] ano!r1 x 0 n =m$ all  
at once  9 ! human m9d3 m5 mu/ h made   
great progress2 !y mu/ h  acquir$ a     
great /ock ( indu/ry & k1 & transmitt$ &
  increas$ x f age to age be=e !y c\ld  
arrive at ?is la/  t]m ( ! /ate (       
nature4 ,let u !re=e take up ?+s a      
little  high]1 & collect into "o po9t ( 
view1 & 9 _! mo/ natural  ord]1 ?is sl[ 
succession ( ev5ts & m5tal improvem5ts4 
,! fir/ s5tim5t ( man 0 t ( 8 exi/5ce1 8
 fir/ c>e  t ( pres]v+ x4 ,! productions
 ( ! e>? yield$ him all  ! assi/ance he 

requir$2 in/9ct prompt$ him to make use 
( !m4  ,among ! v>i\s appetites1 :i*    
made him at diff]5t times  exp]i5ce     
diff]5t modes ( exi/5ce1 !re 0 "o t     
excit$  him to p]petuate 8 species2 &   
?is bl9d prop5sity1 q void  ( any?+ l   
pure love or affection1 produc$ no?+ b  
an act  t 0 m]ely animal4 ,! pres5t heat
 once allay$1 ! sexes took  no fur!r    
notice ( ea* o!r1 & ev5 ! *ild ceas$ to 
h any  tie 9 8 "m1 ! mom5t he ceas$ to  
want h] assi/ance4    ,su* 0 ! condition
 ( infant man2 su* 0 ! life ( an animal 
conf9$ at fir/ to pure s5sations1 & s f>
 f h>b\r+ any  ?\ght ( =c+ h] gifts f   
nature1 t he sc>cely avail$  himself (  
^? :i* %e (f]$ to him ( h] own accord4  
,b  difficulties soon arose1 & !re 0 a  
necessity = le>n+ h[ to  surm\nt !m3 !  
height ( "s trees1 :i* prev5t$ 8 rea*+  
_! fruits2 ! competition ( o!r animals  
equally fond ( !  same fruits2 !        
fi]c5ess ( _m t ev5 aim$ at 8 life2 ^!  
7 s _m circum/ances1 :i* oblig$ him to  
apply to bodily  ex]cise4 ,!re 0 a      

necessity = becom+ active1 swift-foot$1 
&  /urdy 9 battle4 ,! natural arms1 :i* 
are /ones & ! bran*es  ( trees1 soon    
(f]$ !mselves to 8 assi/ance4 ,he le>n$ 
to  surm\nt ! ob/acles ( nature1 to     
cont5d 9 case ( necessity )  o!r        
animals1 to dispute 8 subsi/5ce ev5 )   
o!r m51 or  indemnify himself = ! loss (
 :atev] he f\nd himself oblig$ to  "p ) 
to ! /ronge/4    ,9 proportion z ! human
 species grew m num]\s1 & ext5d$        
itself1 its pa9s likewise multipli$ &   
increas$4 ,! diff]5ce  ( soils1 climates
 & seasons1 might h =c$ m5 to obs]ve "s 
diff]5ce 9 _! way ( liv+4 ,bad h>ve/s1  
long & sev]e  w9t]s1 & scor*+ summ]s :i*
 p>*$ up all ! fruits ( !  e>?1 requir$ 
extraord9>y ex]tions ( indu/ry4 ,on !   
sea %ore1  & ! banks ( riv]s1 !y inv5t$ 
! l9e & ! hook1 &  became fi%]m5 &      
i*?yophag\s4 ,9 ! =e/s !y made  !mselves
 b[s & arr[s1 & became huntsm5 &        
w>riors4 ,9 !  cold c\ntries !y cov]$   
!mselves ) ! sk9s ( ! bea/s  !y _h      
kill$2 ?und]1 a volcano1 or "s happy    

accid5t made !m  acqua9t$ ) fire1 a new 
res\rce aga9/ ! rig\rs ( w9t]3  !y      
discov]$ ! me?od ( pres]v+ ?is elem5t1  
!n t (  reproduc+ x1 & la/ly ! way (    
prep>+ ) x ! fle% (  animals1 :i*       
h]et(ore !y dev\r$ raw f ! c>cass4      
,?is reit]at$ application ( v>i\s be+s  
to himself1 & to "o  ano!r1 mu/ h       
naturally eng5d]$ 9 ! m9d ( man ! idea (
  c]ta9 relations4 ,^! relations1 :i* we
 express by ! words1  great1 little1    
/rong1 weak1 swift1 sl[1 fe>ful1 bold1 &
 ! l1  comp>$ occasionally1 & almo/ )\t 
?9k+ ( x1 produc$ 9  him "s k9d (       
reflection1 or r a me*anical prud5ce1   
:i*  po9t$ out to him ! precautions mo/ 
ess5tial to 8 pres]vation  & safety4    
,! new lights result+ f ?is developm5t  
increas$ 8  sup]iority ov] o!r animals1 
by mak+ him s5sible ( x4 ,he laid       
himself out to ensn>e !m2 he play$ !m a 
?\s& tricks2 &  ?\gh sev]al surpass$ him
 9 /r5g? or 9 swiftness1 he 9 "t  became
 ! ma/] ( ^? t c\ld be ( any s]vice to  
him1 & a  sore enemy to ^? t c\ld d him 

any mis*ief4 ',tis ?us1 t  ! fir/ look  
he gave into himself produc$ ! fir/     
emotion (  pride 9 him2 'tis ?us t1 at a
 "t he sc>ce knew h[ to  di/+ui% betwe5 
! diff]5t ranks ( exi/5ce1 by attribut+ 
to 8 species ! fir/ rank among animals 9
 g5]al1 he prep>$  himself at a di/ance 
to pret5d to x z an individual among ^? 
(  8 own species 9 p>ticul>4    ,?\gh   
o!r m5 7 n to him :at !y are to u1 & he 
_h  sc>ce m int]c\rse ) !m ?an ) o!r    
animals1 !y 7  n ov]look$ 9 8           
obs]vations4 ,! con=mities1 :i* 9 "t  he
 might discov] betwe5 !m1 & betwe5      
himself & 8 female1  made him judge ( ^?
 he did n p]ceive2 & see+ t !y all      
behav$ z himself w\ld h done 9 simil>   
circum/ances1 he  conclud$ t _! mann] ( 
?9k+ & will+ 0 q  con=mable to 8 own2 & 
?is important tru?1 :5 once engrav$     
deeply on 8 m9d1 made him foll[1 by a   
pres5tim5t z sure z any  logic1 & )al   
mu* quick]1 ! be/ rules ( conduct1 :i* =
  ! sake ( 8 own safety & advantage x 0 
prop] he %\ld  obs]ve t[>ds !m4         

,in/ruct$ by exp]i5ce t ! love (        
happ9ess is ! sole  pr9ciple ( all human
 actions1 he f\nd himself 9 a condition 
to  di/+ui% ! few cases1 9 :i* common   
int]e/ might au?orize  him to build ^u !
 assi/ance ( 8 fell[s1 & ^? /ill  few]1 
9 :i* a competition ( int]e/s might     
ju/ly r5d] x  suspect$4 ,9 ! fir/ case  
he unit$ ) !m 9 ! same flock1 or  at mo/
 by "s k9d ( free association :i* oblig$
 none ( its  memb]s1 & la/$ no long] ?an
 ! transitory necessity t _h  giv5 bir? 
to x4 ,9 ! second case e "o aim$ at 8   
own  private advantage1 ei!r by op5 =ce 
if he f\nd himself /rong  en\gh1 or by  
cunn+ & address if he ?\ght himself too 
weak to  use viol5ce4    ,su* 0 ! mann] 
9 :i* m5 might h ins5sibly acquir$ "s   
gross idea ( _! mutual engagem5ts & !   
advantage ( fulfill+  !m1 b ?is only z  
f> z _! pres5t & s5sible int]e/         
requir$2 = z to =esight !y 7 utt]       
/rang]s to x1 & f>  f tr\bl+ _! heads   
ab\t a di/ant futurity1 !y sc>ce  ?\ght 
( ! day foll[+4 ,0 a de] to be tak58 ,e 

"o saw  t to succe$ he mu/ fai?fully /& 
to 8 po/2 b suppose a  h>e to h slipp$  
by )9 rea* ( any "o ( !m1 x is n to  be 
d\bt$ b he pursu$ x )\t scruple1 & :5 he
 _h seiz$  8 prey nev] reproa*$ himself 
) hav+ made 8 companions miss  !irs4    
,we may easily conceive t su* an        
int]c\rse sc>ce requir$ a m  ref9$      
language ?an t ( cr[s & monkeys1 :i*    
flock toge!r  almo/ 9 ! same mann]4     
,in>ticulate exclamations1 a great _m   
ge/ures1 & "s imitative s\nds1 mu/ h be5
 = a long "t  ! univ]sal language (     
mank9d1 & by jo9+ to ^! 9 e  c\ntry "s  
articulate & conv5tional s\nds1 ( :i*1 z
 ,i h  already h9t$1 x is n v easy to   
expla9 ! in/itution1 !re  arose p>ticul>
 languages1 b rude1 imp]fect1 & su*     
ne>ly z  are to be f\nd at ?is day among
 sev]al savage nations4 ,my p5          
/raight5$ by ! rapidity ( "t1 !         
abundance ( ?+s ,i h  to say1 & ! almo/ 
ins5sible progress ( ! fir/ improvem5ts1
  flies l an arr[ ov] numb]less ages1 = 
! sl[] !  succession ( ev5ts1 ! quick]  

,i may all[ myself to be 9 relat+  !m4  
,at l5g?1 ^! fir/ improvem5ts enabl$ man
 to improve at a  great] rate4 ,indu/ry 
grew p]fect 9 proportion z ! m9d became 
m enlight5$4 ,m5 soon ceas+ to fall     
asleep "u ! fir/  tree1 or take %elt] 9 
! fir/ cav]n1 lit ^u "s h>d &  %>p k9ds 
( /one resembl+ spades or hat*ets1 &    
employ$ !m  to dig ! gr\nd1 cut d[n     
trees1 & ) ! bran*es build huts1  :i* !y
 aft]w>ds be?\ght !mselves ( pla/]+ ov] 
)  clay or dirt4 ,?is 0 ! epo* ( a fir/ 
revolution1 :i* produc$  ! e/abli%m5t & 
di/9ction ( families1 & :i* introduc$ a 
species ( prop]ty1 & along ) x p]haps a 
?\s& qu>rels &  battles4 ,z ! /ronge/   
h[ev] 7 probably ! fir/ to make         
!mselves cab9s1 :i* !y knew !y 7 able to
 def5d1 we may  conclude t ! weak f\nd x
 mu* %ort] & saf] to imitate ?an  to    
attempt to dislodge !m3 & z to ^?1 :o 7 
already  provid$ ) cab9s1 no "o c\ld h  
any great temptation to seize  ^u t ( 8 
neighb\r1 n s mu* because x did n belong
 to  him1 z because x c\ld be ( no      

s]vice to him2 & z besides to  make     
himself ma/] ( x1 he mu/ expose himself 
to a v %>p  conflict ) ! pres5t         
occupi]s4    ,! fir/ developm5ts ( !    
he>t 7 ! effects ( a new  situation1 :i*
 unit$ husb&s & wives1 p>5ts & *ildr51  
"u "o ro(2 ! habit ( liv+ toge!r gave   
bir? to !  sweete/ s5tim5ts ! human     
species is acqua9t$ )1 conjugal &       
pat]nal love4 ,e family became a little 
society1 s mu* ! m  firmly unit$1 z a   
mutual atta*m5t & lib]ty 7 ! only bonds 
( x2 & x 0 n[ t ! sexes1 ^: way ( life  
_h be5  hi!rto ! same1 began to adopt   
diff]5t mann]s & cu/oms4 ,!  wom5 became
 m s$5t>y1 & accu/om$ !mselves to /ay at
 home  & look aft] ! *ildr51 :ile ! m5  
rambl$ abroad 9 que/ (  subsi/5ce = !   
:ole family4 ,! two sexes likewise by   
liv+ a  little m at _! ease began to    
lose some:at ( _! usual  f]ocity &      
/urd9ess2 b if on ! "o h& individuals   
became  less able to engage sep>ately ) 
wild bea/s1 !y on ! o!r  7 m easily got 
toge!r to make a common resi/ance aga9/ 

!m4    ,9 ?is new /ate ( ?+s1 !         
simplicity & solit>9ess ( man's  life1 !
 limit$ness ( 8 wants1 & ! in/rum5ts :i*
 he _h  inv5t$ to satisfy !m1 leav+ him 
a great deal ( leisure1 he  employ$ x to
 supply himself ) sev]al conv5i5ces     
unkn[n to 8  ance/ors2 & ?is 0 ! fir/   
yoke he inadv]t5tly impos$ ^u  himself1 
& ! fir/ s\rce ( mis*ief :i* he prep>$ =
 8  *ildr52 = besides cont9u+ 9 ?is     
mann] to s(t5 bo? body  & m9d1 ^!       
conv5i5ces hav+ ?r\gh use lo/ almo/ all 
_!  aptness to please1 & ev5 deg5]at$   
into real wants1 ! privation  ( !m      
became f> m intol]able ?an ! possession 
( !m _h  be5 agreeable2 to lose !m 0 a  
mis=tune1 to possess !m no  happ9ess4   
,"h we may a little bett] discov] h[ !  
use ( spee* ins5sibly  comm5ces or      
improves 9 ! bosom ( e family1 & may    
likewise  f conjectures conc]n+ ! mann] 
9 :i* div]s p>ticul>  causes might h    
propagat$ language1 & accel]at$ its     
progress by  r5d]+ x e day m & m        
necess>y4 ,great inundations or         

e>?quakes surr\nd$ inhabit$ di/ricts )  
wat] or precipices1  portions ( !       
cont95t 7 by revolutions ( ! globe torn 
(f  & split into isl&s4 ,x is obvi\s t  
among m5 ?us collect$1  & =c$ to live   
toge!r1 a common idiom mu/ h />t$ up mu*
  soon]1 ?an among ^? :o freely w&]$    
?r\gh ! =e/s (  ! ma9 l&4 ,?us x is v   
possible t ! inhabitants ( !  isl&s =m$ 
9 ?is mann]1 aft] _! fir/ essays 9      
navigation1  br\ght among u ! use (     
spee*2 & x is v probable at lea/  t     
society & languages comm5c$ 9 isl&s &   
ev5 acquir$  p]fection !re1 be=e !      
inhabitants ( ! cont95t knew  any?+ (   
ei!r4    ,ev]y?+ n[ beg9s to we> a new  
aspect4 ,^? :o h]et(ore  w&]$ ?r\gh !   
woods1 by tak+ to a m settl$ way ( life1
  gradually flock toge!r1 coalesce into 
sev]al sep>ate bodies1 &  at l5g? =m 9 e
 c\ntry di/9ct nations1 unit$ 9 "*  &   
mann]s1 n by any laws or regulations1 b 
by an uni=m mann]  ( life1 a sam5ess (  
provisions1 & ! common influ5ce ( !     
climate4 ,a p]man5t neighborhood mu/ at 

la/ infallibly create "s  connection    
betwe5 diff]5t families4 ,! transitory  
comm]ce  requir$ by nature soon produc$1
 among ! y\? ( bo? sexes liv+  9        
contigu\s cab9s1 ano!r k9d ( comm]ce1   
:i* besides be+  equally agreeable is   
r5d]$ m durable by mutual int]c\rse4 ,m5
  beg9 to consid] diff]5t objects1 & to 
make comp>isons2 !y  ins5sibly acquire  
ideas ( m]it & beauty1 & ^! soon produce
  s5tim5ts ( pref]5ce4 ,by see+ ea* o!r 
(t5 !y contract a  habit1 :i* makes x   
pa9ful n to see ea* o!r always4 ,t5d] & 
agreeable s5tim5ts /eal into ! s\l1 &   
are by ! smalle/  opposition w\nd up    
into ! mo/ impetu\s fury3 ,jeal\sy      
k9dles  ) love2 discord triumphs2 & !   
g5tle/ ( passions requires  sacrifices (
 human blood to appease x4    ,9        
proportion z ideas & s5tim5ts succe$ ea*
 o!r1 & ! head  & ! he>t ex]cise        
!mselves1 m5 cont9ue to %ake (f _!      
orig9al wildness1 & _! connections      
become m intimate &  ext5sive4 ,!y n[   
beg9 to assemble r\nd a great tree3 s++ 

&  danc+1 ! g5u9e (fspr+ ( love &       
leisure1 become !  amusem5t or r !      
occupation ( ! m5 & wom51 free f  c>e1  
?us ga!r$ toge!r4 ,e "o beg9s to survey 
! re/1 &  wi%es to be survey$ himself2 &
 public e/eem acquires a value4 ,he  :o 
s+s or dances be/2 ! h&some/1 ! /ronge/1
 ! mo/  dext]\s1 ! mo/ eloqu5t1 comes to
 be ! mo/ respect$3 ?is 0  ! fir/ /ep   
t[>ds inequality1 & at ! same "t t[>ds  
vice4  ,f ^! fir/ pref]5ces !re proce$$ 
on "o side vanity &  contempt1 on ! o!r 
envy & %ame2 & ! f]m5tation rais$ by  ^!
 new leav5s at l5g? produc$ comb9ations 
fatal to happ9ess  & innoc5ce4    ,m5 no
 soon] began to set a value ^u ea* o!r1 
& "k :at  e/eem 01 ?an ea* laid claim to
 x1 & x 0 no long] safe =  any man to   
refuse x to ano!r4 ,h5ce ! fir/ duties (
 civility  & polit5ess1 ev5 among       
savages2 & h5ce e volunt>y injury       
became an affront1 z besides ! mis*ief1 
:i* result$ f x z  an injury1 ! p>ty    
(f5d$ 0 sure to f9d 9 x a contempt =  8 
p]son m intol]able ?an ! mis*ief itself4

 ,x 0 ?us t  e man1 puni%+ ! contempt   
express$ = him by o!rs 9  proportion to 
! value he set ^u himself1 ! effects (  
rev5ge  became t]rible1 & m5 le>n$ to be
 sangu9>y & cruel4 ,su*  precisely 0 !  
degree atta9$ by mo/ ( ! savage nations 
)  :om we are acqua9t$4 ,& x is = want (
 suffici5tly  di/+ui%+ ideas1 & obs]v+  
at h[ great a di/ance ^!  p 7 f ! fir/  
/ate ( nature1 t s _m au?ors h  ha/ily  
conclud$ t man is naturally cruel1 &    
requires a regul>  sy/em ( police to be 
reclaim$2 :]eas no?+ c be m g5tle  ?an  
he 9 8 primitive /ate1 :5 plac$ by      
nature at an equal  di/ance f ! /upidity
 ( brutes1 & ! p]nici\s good s5se  (    
civiliz$ man2 & equally conf9$ by in/9ct
 & reason to !  c>e ( provid+ aga9/ !   
mis*ief :i* ?reat5s him1 he is  )held by
 natural compassion f do+ any injury to 
o!rs1 s f>  f be+ ev] s little prone ev5
 to return t :i* he has  receiv$4 ,=    
accord+ to ! axiom ( ! wise ,locke1 ,:]e
 !re is  no prop]ty1 !re c be no injury4
    ,b we mu/ take notice1 t ! society  

n[ =m$ & ! relations  n[ e/abli%$ among 
m5 requir$ 9 !m qualities diff]5t f  ^?1
 :i* !y d]iv$ f _! primitive            
con/itution2 t z a  s5se ( morality     
began to ins9uate itself into human     
actions1 &  e man1 be=e ! enact+ ( laws1
 0 ! only judge & av5g]  ( ! injuries he
 _h receiv$1 t goodness ( he>t suitable 
to  ! pure /ate ( nature by no means    
suit$ infant society2 t x  0 necess>y   
puni%m5ts %\ld become sev]] 9 ! same    
proportion  t ! opportunities ( (f5d+   
became m frequ5t1 & !  dread ( v5geance 
add /r5g? to ! too weak curb ( ! law4   
,?us1  ?\gh m5 7 become less pati5t1 &  
natural compassion _h  already suff]$ "s
 alt]ation1 ?is p]iod ( ! developm5t (  
! human faculties1 hold+ a j mean betwe5
 ! indol5ce ( !  primitive /ate1 & !    
petulant activity ( self-love1 mu/ h    
be5 ! happie/ & mo/ durable epo*4 ,! m  
we reflect on ?is  /ate1 ! m conv9c$ we 
%all be1 t x 0 ! lea/ subject  ( any to 
revolutions1 ! be/ = man1 & t no?+ c\ld 
h  drawn him out ( x b "s fatal accid5t1

 :i*1 = ! public  good1 %\ld nev] h     
happ5$4 ,! example ( ! savages1 mo/ (   
:om h be5 f\nd 9 ?is condition1 seems to
 confirm t mank9d  0 =m$ ev] to rema9 9 
x1 t ?is condition is ! real y\?  ( !   
_w1 & t all ult]ior improvem5ts h be5 s 
_m  /eps1 9 appe>ance t[>ds ! p]fection 
( individuals1 b 9  fact t[>ds !        
decrepitness ( ! species4    ,z long z  
m5 rema9$ satisfi$ ) _! ru/ic cab9s2 z  
long z  !y conf9$ !mselves to ! use (   
clo!s made ( ! sk9s (  o!r animals1 & ! 
use ( ?orns & fi%-bones1 9 putt+ ^!     
sk9s toge!r2 z long z !y cont9u$ to     
consid] fea!rs &  %ells z suffici5t     
ornam5ts1 & to pa9t _! bodies ( diff]5t 
col\rs1 to improve or ornam5t _! b[s &  
arr[s1 to =m &  scoop out ) %>p-edg$    
/ones "s little fi%+ boats1 or clumsy   
in/rum5ts ( music2 9 a ^w1 z long z !y  
und]took su* works  only z a s+le p]son 
c\ld f9i%1 & /uck to su* arts z did  n  
require ! jo9t endeav\rs ( sev]al h&s1  
!y liv$ free1  heal?y1 hone/ & happy1 z 
mu* z _! nature w\ld admit1 &  cont9u$  

to enjoy ) ea* o!r all ! pleasures ( an 
indep5d5t  int]c\rse2 b f ! mom5t "o man
 began to /& 9 ne$ (  ano!r's assi/ance2
 f ! mom5t x appe>$ an advantage = "o   
man to possess ! quantity ( provisions  
requisite = two1 all  equality vani%$2  
prop]ty />t$ up2 lab\r became necess>y2 
&  b\ndless =e/s became smil+ fields1   
:i* x 0 f\nd necess>y  to wat] ) human  
sweat1 & 9 :i* slav]y & mis]y 7 soon    
se5 to spr\t out & gr[ ) ! fruits ( !   
e>?4    ,metallurgy & agriculture 7 !   
two arts ^: inv5tion produc$  ?is great 
revolution4 ,) ! poet1 x is gold &      
silv]1 b )  ! philosoph] x is iron &    
corn1 :i* h civiliz$ m51 &  ru9$ mank9d4
 ,accord+ly bo? "o & ! o!r 7 unkn[n to !
  savages ( ,am]ica1 :o = t v reason h  
always cont9u$  savages2 nay o!r nations
 seem to h cont9u$ 9 a /ate (  b>b>ism1 
z long z !y cont9u$ to ex]cise "o only (
 ^!  arts )\t ! o!r2 & p]haps "o ( ! be/
 reasons t c  be assign$1 :y ,europe has
 be51 if n e>li]1 at lea/ m  con/antly &
 bett] civiliz$ ?an ! o!r qu>t]s ( ! _w1

  is t %e bo? ab\nds mo/ 9 iron & is be/
 qualifi$ to  produce corn4    ,x is a v
 difficult matt] to tell h[ m5 came to  
"k any?+ (  iron1 & ! art ( employ+ x3 =
 we are n to suppose t !y  %\ld (       
!mselves ?9k ( digg+ x out ( ! m9es1 &  
prep>+ x = fusion1 be=e !y knew :at c\ld
 be ! result (  su* a process4 ,on ! o!r
 h&1 !re is ! less reason to  attribute 
?is discov]y to any accid5tal fire1 z   
m9es are =m$  n[h]e b 9 dry & b>r5      
places1 & su* z are b>e ( trees  &      
plants1 s t x looks z if nature _h tak5 
pa9s to keep f  u s mis*iev\s a secret4 
,no?+ !re=e rema9s b !  extraord9>y     
circum/ance ( "s volcano1 :i*1 bel*+ =? 
metallic sub/ances ready fus$1 might h  
giv5 ! spectators a  notion ( imitat+ t 
op]ation ( nature2 & aft] all we mu/    
suppose !m endu$ ) an extraord9>y /ock (
 c\rage &  =esight to und]take s pa9ful 
a "w1 & h1 at s great a  di/ance1 an eye
 to ! advantages !y might d]ive f x2    
qualities sc>cely suitable b to heads m 
ex]cis$1 ?an ^? (  su* discov]]s c be   

suppos$ to h be54    ,z to agriculture1 
! pr9ciples ( x 7 kn[n a long "t be=e  !
 practice ( x took place1 & x is h>dly  
possible t m51  con/antly employ$ 9     
draw+ _! subsi/5ce f trees &  plants1   
%\ld n h e>ly hit on ! means employ$ by 
nature =  ! g5]ation ( vegetables2 b 9  
all probability x 0 v late  be=e _!     
indu/ry took a turn t way1 ei!r because 
trees1  :i* ) _! l& & wat] game suppli$ 
!m ) suffici5t  food1 did n require _!  
att5tion2 or because !y did n "k  ! use 
( corn2 or because !y _h no in/rum5ts to
 cultivate x2  or because !y 7 de/itute 
( =esight 9 reg>d to future             
necessities2 or 9 f9e1 because !y want$ 
means to h9d] o!rs  f runn+ away ) !    
fruit ( _! lab\rs4 ,we may believe t  on
 _! becom+ m indu/ri\s !y began _!      
agriculture by  cultivat+ ) %>p /ones & 
po9t$ /icks a few pulse or roots  ab\t  
_! cab9s2 & t x 0 a long "t be=e !y knew
 !  me?od ( prep>+ corn1 & 7 provid$ )  
in/rum5ts necess>y  to raise x 9 l>ge   
quantities2 n to m5tion ! necessity !re 

is1 9 ord] to foll[ ?is occupation & s[ 
l&s1 to cons5t to  lose some?+ at pres5t
 to ga9 a great deal h]eaft]2 a         
precaution  v =eign to ! turn ( man's   
m9d 9 a savage /ate1 9 :i*1 z  ,i h     
already tak5 notice1 he c h>dly =esee 8 
wants f  morn+ to night4    ,= ?is      
reason ! inv5tion ( o!r arts mu/ h be5  
necess>y  to oblige mank9d to apply to t
 ( agriculture4 ,z soon z m5  7 want$ to
 fuse & =ge iron1 o!rs 7 want$ to ma9ta9
  !m4 ,! m h&s 7 employ$ 9 manufactures1
 ! few] h&s  7 left to provide subsi/5ce
 = all1 ?\gh ! numb] ( m\?s  to be      
suppli$ ) food cont9u$ ! same2 & z "s   
requir$  commodities 9 ex*ange = _!     
iron1 ! re/ at la/ f\nd out !  me?od (  
mak+ iron subs]vi5t to ! multiplication 
(  commodities4 ,h5ce on ! "o h& husb&ry
 & agriculture1 & on  ! o!r ! art (     
work+ metals & ( multiply+ ! uses (  !m4
    ,to ! till+ ( ! e>? ! di/ribution ( 
x necess>ily  succe$$1 & to prop]ty once
 ackn[l$g$1 ! fir/ rules (  ju/ice3 = to
 secure e man 8 own1 e man mu/ h        

some?+4 ,moreov]1 z m5 began to ext5d _!
 views to futurity1  & all f\nd !mselves
 9 possession ( m or less goods capable 
( be+ lo/1 e "o 9 p>ticul> _h reason to 
fe>1 le/  reprisals %\ld be made on him 
= any injury he might d to o!rs4  ,?is  
orig9 is s mu* ! m natural1 z x is      
impossible to  conceive h[ prop]ty c fl[
 f any o!r s\rce b indu/ry2 =  :at c a  
man add b 8 lab\r to ?+s :i* he has n   
made1 9  ord] to acquire a prop]ty 9 !m8
 ',tis ! lab\r ( ! h&s  alone1 :i* giv+ 
! husb&man a title to ! produce ( ! l&  
he has till$ gives him a title to ! l&  
itself1 at lea/ till he  has ga!r$ 9 !  
fruits ( x1 & s on f ye> to ye>2 &  ?is 
enjoym5t =m+ a cont9u$ possession is    
easily trans=m$  into a prop]ty4 ,!     
anci5ts1 says ,grotius1 by giv+ to ,c]es
 !  epi!t ( ,legislatrix1 & to a fe/ival
 celebrat$ 9 h] hon\r !  "n (           
,!smorphoria1 ins9uat$ t ! di/ribution (
 l&s  produc$ a new k9d ( "r2 t is1 ! "r
 ( prop]ty diff]5t  f t :i* results f ! 
law ( nature4    ,?+s ?us circum/anc$   

might h rema9$ equal1 if m5's tal5ts  _h
 be5 equal1 & if1 = in/ance1 ! use (    
iron1 & !  consumption ( commodities _h 
always held an exact proportion to ea*  
o!r2 b z ?is proportion _h no support1 x
 0 soon brok54 ,!  man t _h mo/ /r5g?   
p]=m$ mo/ lab\r2 ! mo/ dext]\s  turn$ 8 
lab\r to be/ acc\nt2 ! mo/ +5i\s f\nd   
out  me?ods ( less5+ 8 lab\r2 ! husb&man
 requir$ m iron1 or  ! smi? m corn1 &   
:ile bo? work$ equally1 "o e>n$ a great 
deal by 8 lab\r1 :ile ! o!r c\ld sc>ce  
live by 84 ,x is  ?us t natural         
inequality ins5sibly unfolds itself ) t 
aris+ f a v>iety ( comb9ations1 & t !   
diff]5ce among  m51 develop$ by !       
diff]5ce ( _! circum/ances1 becomes m   
s5sible1 m p]man5t 9 its effects1 &     
beg9s to influ5ce 9  ! same proportion !
 condition ( private p]sons4    ,?+s    
once arriv$ at ?is p]iod1 x is an easy  
matt] to imag9e  ! re/4 ,i %all n /op to
 describe ! successive inv5tions (  o!r 
arts1 ! progress ( language1 ! trial &  
employm5ts (  tal5ts1 ! inequality (    

=tunes1 ! use or abuse ( ri*es1 nor  all
 ! details :i* foll[ ^!1 & :i* e "o may 
easily  supply4 ,i %all j give a glance 
at mank9d plac$ 9 ?is new ord]  ( ?+s4  
,behold !n all our faculties develop$2  
our memory & imag9ation at  "w1         
self-love int]e/$2 reason r5d]$ active2 
& ! m9d  almo/ arriv$ at ! utmo/ b\nds (
 t p]fection x is capable  (4 ,behold   
all our natural qualities put 9 motion2 
! rank &  condition ( e man e/abli%$1 n 
only z to ! quantum (  prop]ty & ! p[] (
 s]v+ or hurt+ o!rs1 b likewise z  to   
g5ius1 beauty1 /r5g? or address1 m]it or
 tal5ts2 & z ^!  7 ! only qualities :i* 
c\ld comm& respect1 x 0 f\nd  necess>y  
to h or at lea/ to affect !m4 ,x 0      
requisite = m5  to be ?\ght :at !y      
really 7 n4 ,to be & to appe> became    
two v diff]5t ?+s1 & f ?is di/9ction    
sprang pomp &  knav]y1 & all ! vices :i*
 =m _! tra94 ,on ! o!r h&1  man1        
h]et(ore free & indep5d5t1 0 n[ 9       
consequ5ce ( a  multitude ( new wants   
br\ght "u subjection1 z x 71 to all     

nature1 & especially to 8 fell[s1 ^:    
slave 9 "s s5se he  became ev5 by becom+
 _! ma/]2 if ri*1 he /ood 9 ne$ (  _!   
s]vices1 if poor1 ( _! assi/ance2 ev5   
m$iocrity itself  c\ld n enable him to d
 )\t !m4 ,he mu/ !re=e h be5  cont9ually
 at "w to int]e/ !m 9 8 happ9ess1 & make
 !m1  if n really1 at lea/ app>5tly f9d 
_! advantage 9 lab\r+  = 83 ?is r5d]$   
him sly & artful 9 8 deal+s ) "s1       
imp]i\s & cruel 9 8 deal+s ) o!rs1 &    
laid him "u  ! necessity ( us+ ill all  
^? :om he /ood 9 ne$ (1 z  (t5 z he c\ld
 n awe !m into a compliance ) 8 w1 &    
did n f9d x 8 int]e/ to pur*ase x at !  
exp5se ( real  s]vices4 ,9 f9e1 an      
insatiable ambition1 ! rage ( rais+ _!  
relative =tunes1 n s mu* ?r\gh real     
necessity1 z to ov]-top  o!rs1 inspire  
all m5 ) a wick$ incl9ation to injure   
ea*  o!r1 & ) a secret jeal\sy s mu* ! m
 dang]\s1 z to  c>ry its po9t ) ! great]
 security1 x (t5 puts on ! face  (      
b5evol5ce4 ,9 a ^w1 sometimes no?+ 0 to 
be se5 b a  cont5tion ( endeav\rs on !  

"o h&1 & an opposition (  int]e/s on !  
o!r1 :ile a secret desire ( ?riv+ at !  
exp5se ( o!rs con/antly prevail$4 ,su* 7
 ! fir/ effects (  prop]ty1 & !         
insep>able att5dants ( infant           
inequality4    ,ri*es1 be=e ! inv5tion (
 signs to repres5t !m1 c\ld sc>ce       
consi/ 9 any?+ b l&s & cattle1 ! only   
real goods :i*  m5 c possess4 ,b :5     
e/ates increas$ s mu* 9 numb] & 9  ext5t
 z to take 9 :ole c\ntries & t\* ea*    
o!r1 x became  impossible = "o man to   
aggr&ise himself b at ! exp5se (  "s    
o!r2 & ! sup]num]>y inhabitants1 :o 7   
too weak or  too indol5t to make su*    
acquisitions 9 _! turn1 impov]i%$  )\t  
los+ any?+1 because :ile ev]y?+ ab\t !m 
*ang$  !y alone rema9$ ! same1 7 oblig$ 
to receive or =ce _!  subsi/5ce f ! h&s 
( ! ri*4 ,& h5ce began to fl[1  accord+ 
to ! diff]5t *>act]s ( ea*1 dom9ation & 
slav]y1  or viol5ce & rap9e4 ,! ri* on  
_! side sc>ce began to ta/e  ! pleasure 
( comm&+1 :5 !y pref]r$ x to e o!r2 &   
mak+ use ( _! old slaves to acquire new 

ones1 !y no long]  ?\ght ( any?+ b      
subdu+ & enslav+ _! neighb\rs2 l  ^?    
rav5\s wolves1 :o hav+ once ta/$ human  
fle%1 despise  e o!r food1 & dev\r no?+ 
b m5 = ! future4    ,x is ?us t ! mo/   
p[]ful or ! mo/ wret*$1 respectively    
consid]+ _! p[] & wret*$ness z a k9d (  
title to !  sub/ance ( o!rs1 ev5        
equival5t to t ( prop]ty1 ! equality    
once brok5 0 foll[$ by ! mo/ %ock+      
disord]s4 ,x is ?us  t ! usurpations ( !
 ri*1 ! pillag+s ( ! poor1 & !  unbridl$
 passions ( all1 by /ifl+ ! cries (     
natural  compassion1 & ! z yet feeble   
voice ( ju/ice1 r5d]$ man  av>ici\s1    
wick$ & ambiti\s4 ,!re arose betwe5 !   
title ( !  /ronge/1 & t ( ! fir/ occupi]
 a p]petual conflict1 :i*  always end$ 9
 batt]y & blood%$4 ,infant society      
became a sc5e  ( ! mo/ horrible w>f>e3  
,mank9d ?us debas$ & h>ass$1 &  no long]
 able to retreat1 or r5\nce ! unhappy   
acquisitions x _h  made2 lab\r+1 9 %ort 
m]ely to its confusion by ! abuse (  ^? 
faculties1 :i* 9 !mselves d x s mu*     

hon\r1 br\ght  itself to ! v br9k ( ru9 
& de/ruction4      ,attonitus novitate  
mali1 divesque mis]que1    ,effug]e     
optat opes2 et quoe modo vov]at1 odit4  
,b x is impossible t m5 %\ld n soon] or 
lat] h made  reflections on s wret*$ a  
situation1 & ^u ! calamities )  :i* !y 7
 ov]:elm$4 ,! ri* 9 p>ticul> mu/ h soon 
p]ceiv$ h[ mu* !y suff]$ by a p]petual  
w>1 ( :i* !y  alone support$ all !      
exp5se1 & 9 :i*1 ?\gh all risk$ life1   
!y alone risk$ any sub/ance4 ,besides1  
:atev] col\r !y might  pret5d to give _!
 usurpations1 !y suffici5tly saw t ^!   
usurpations 7 9 ! ma9 f\nd$ ^u false &  
prec>i\s titles1  & t :at !y _h acquir$ 
by m]e =ce1 o!rs c\ld aga9 by  m]e =ce  
wre/ out ( _! h&s1 )\t leav+ !m ! lea/  
room to compla9 ( su* a proce$+4 ,ev5   
^?1 :o ow$ all _!  ri*es to _! own      
indu/ry1 c\ld sc>ce gr\nd _!            
acquisitions  ^u a bett] title4 ,x      
avail$ !m no?+ to say1 ',twas ,i built  
?is wall2 ,i acquir$ ?is spot by my     
lab\r4 ,:o trac$ x out =  y1 ano!r might

 object1 & :at "r h y to expect paym5t  
at our exp5se = do+ t we did n oblige y 
to d8 ,don't y  "k t numb]s ( y\r bre?r5
 p]i%1 or suff] griev\sly =  want ( :at 
y possess m ?an suffices nature1 & t y  
%\ld h _h ! express & unanim\s cons5t ( 
mank9d to  appropriate to y\rself ( _!  
common1 m ?an 0 requisite =  y\r private
 subsi/5ce8 ,de/itute ( solid reasons to
 ju/ify1 &  suffici5t =ce to def5d      
himself2 cru%+ individuals ) ease1  b ) 
equal ease cru%$ by numb]s2 "o aga9/    
all1 & unable1  on acc\nt ( mutual      
jeal\sies1 to unite ) 8 equals aga9/    
b&itti unit$ by ! common hopes (        
pillage2 ! ri* man1 ?us  press$ by      
necessity1 at la/ conceiv$ ! deepe/     
project t ev]  ent]$ ! human m9d3 ?is 0 
to employ 9 8 fav\r ! v  =ces t attack$ 
him1 to make allies ( 8 enemies1 to     
inspire  !m ) o!r maxims1 & make !m     
adopt o!r in/itutions z  fav\rable to 8 
pret5sions1 z ! law ( nature 0          
unfav\rable  to !m4    ,) ?is view1 aft]
 lay+ be=e 8 neighb\rs all ! horrors (  

a situation1 :i* arm$ !m all "o aga9/   
ano!r1 :i* r5d]$  _! possessions z      
burd5some z _! wants 7 intol]able1 &  9 
:i* no "o c\ld expect any safety ei!r 9 
pov]ty or ri*es1  he easily inv5t$      
speci\s argum5ts to br+ !m ov] to 8     
purpose4 ,let u unite1 said he1 to      
secure ! weak f  oppression1 re/ra9 !   
ambiti\s1 & secure to e man !           
possession ( :at belongs to him3 ,let u 
=m rules ( ju/ice &  peace1 to :i* all  
may be oblig$ to con=m1 :i* %all n      
except  p]sons1 b may 9 "s sort make    
am5ds = ! caprice ( =tune1  by submitt+ 
alike ! p[]ful & ! weak to ! obs]vance (
  mutual duties4 ,9 a ^w1 in/ead ( turn+
 our =ces aga9/  ourselves1 let u       
collect !m into a sov]eign p[]1 :i* may 
gov]n u by wise laws1 may protect &     
def5d all ! memb]s ( !  association1    
repel common enemies1 & ma9ta9 a        
p]petual concord  & h>mony among u4     
,mu* few] words ( ?is k9d 7 suffici5t to
 draw 9 a p>cel (  ru/ics1 :om x 0 an   
easy matt] to impose ^u1 :o _h besides  

too _m qu>rels among !mselves to live   
)\t arbit]s1 & too  mu* av>ice &        
ambition to live long )\t ma/]s4 ,all   
(f]$  _! necks to ! yoke 9 hopes (      
secur+ _! lib]ty2 = ?\gh  !y _h s5se    
en\gh to p]ceive ! advantages ( a       
political  con/itution1 !y _h n exp]i5ce
 en\gh to see be=eh& !  dang]s ( x2 ^?  
among !m1 :o 7 be/ qualifi$ to =esee    
abuses1 7 precisely ^? :o expect$ to    
b5efit by !m2 ev5 !  sob]e/ judg$ x     
requisite to sacrifice "o "p ( _! lib]ty
 to  ensure ! o!r1 z a man1 dang]\sly   
w\nd$ 9 any ( 8 limbs1  readily p>ts ) x
 to save ! re/ ( 8 body4    ,su* 01 or  
mu/ h be51 _h man be5 left to himself1 !
 orig9  ( society & ( ! laws1 :i*       
increas$ ! fett]s ( ! weak1  & ! /r5g? (
 ! ri*2 irretrievably de/roy$ natural   
lib]ty1  fix$ = ev] ! laws ( prop]ty &  
inequality2 *ang$ an artful  usurpation 
into an irrevocable title2 & = ! b5efit 
( a few  ambiti\s individuals subject$ !
 re/ ( mank9d to p]petual  lab\r1       
s]vitude1 & mis]y4 ,we may easily       

conceive h[ !  e/abli%m5t ( a s+le      
society r5d]$ t ( all ! re/  absolutely 
necess>y1 & h[1 to make head aga9/ unit$
 =ces1 x  became necess>y = ! re/ (     
mank9d to unite 9 _! turn4  ,societies  
once =m$ 9 ?is mann]1 soon multipli$ or 
spread to  su* a degree1 z to cov] !    
face ( ! e>?2 & n to leave a  corn] 9 ! 
:ole univ]se1 :]e a man c\ld ?r[ (f !   
yoke1  & )draw 8 head f "u ! (t5        
ill-conduct$ sword :i*  he saw          
p]petually hang+ ov] x4 ,! civil law be+
 ?us become  ! common rule ( citiz5s1 ! 
law ( nature no long] obta9$ b  among ! 
diff]5t societies1 9 :i*1 "u ! "n ( !   
law (  nations1 x 0 qualifi$ by "s tacit
 conv5tions to r5d] comm]ce  possible1 &
 supply ! place ( natural compassion1   
:i*1 los+ by  degrees all t influ5ce ov]
 societies :i* x orig9ally _h ov]       
individuals1 no long] exi/s b 9 "s great
 s\ls1 :o consid]  !mselves z citiz5s ( 
! _w1 & =c+ ! imag9>y  b>ri]s t sep>ate 
p f p1 aft] ! example ( !  ,sov]eign    
,be+ f :om we all d]ive our exi/5ce1    

make ! :ole  human race ! object ( _!   
b5evol5ce4    ,political bodies1 ?us    
rema9+ 9 a /ate ( nature among          
!mselves1 soon exp]i5c$ ! inconv5i5ces  
:i* _h oblig$  individuals to quit x2 & 
?is /ate became mu* m fatal to ^!  great
 bodies1 ?an x _h be5 be=e to !         
individuals :i* n[  compos$ !m4 ,h5ce ^?
 national w>s1 ^? battles1 ^?  murd]s1  
^? reprisals1 :i* make nature %udd] &   
%ock reason2  h5ce all ^? horrible      
prejudices1 :i* make x a virtue & an    
hon\r to %$ human blood4 ,! wor?ie/ m5  
le>n$ to consid] !  cutt+ ! ?roats ( _! 
fell[s z a duty2 at l5g? m5 began to    
but*] ea* o!r by ?\s&s )\t kn[+ = :at2 &
 m  murd]s 7 committ$ 9 a s+le action1 &
 m horrible disord]s  at ! tak+ ( a s+le
 t[n1 ?an _h be5 committ$ 9 ! /ate  (   
nature dur+ ages toge!r ^u ! :ole face (
 ! e>?4 ,su*  are ! fir/ effects we may 
conceive to h aris5 f ! division  (     
mank9d into diff]5t societies4 ,let u   
return to _!  in/itution4    ,i "k t    
sev]al writ]s h assign$ o!r orig9s (    

political  society2 z = in/ance1 !      
conque/s ( ! p[]ful1 or ! union  ( !    
weak2 & x is no matt] :i* ( ^! causes we
 adopt 9  reg>d to :at ,i am go+ to     
e/abli%2 t1 h[ev]1 :i* ,i h  j laid d[n1
 seems to me ! mo/ natural1 = ! foll[+  
reasons3 ,fir/1 because1 9 ! fir/ case1 
! "r ( conque/  be+ 9 fact no "r at all1
 x c\ld n s]ve z a f\ndation =  any o!r 
"r1 ! conqu]or & ! conqu]$ ev] rema9+ ) 
respect to ea* o!r 9 a /ate ( w>1 unless
 ! conqu]$1  re/or$ to ! full possession
 ( _! lib]ty1 %\ld freely *oose  _!     
conqu]or = _! *ief4 ,till !n1 :atev]    
capitulations  might h be5 made betwe5  
!m1 z ^! capitulations 7 f\nd$  ^u      
viol5ce1 & ( c\rse de facto null & void1
 !re c\ld n  h exi/$ 9 ?is hypo!sis ei!r
 a true society1 or a political  body1  
or any o!r law b t ( ! /ronge/4 ,second1
 because  ^! words /rong & weak1 are    
ambigu\s 9 ! second case2 =  dur+ !     
int]val betwe5 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! "r (    
prop]ty  or prior occupation & t (      
political gov]nm5t1 ! mean+ (  ^! t]ms  

is bett] express$ by ! words poor & ri*1
 z be=e  ! e/abli%m5t ( laws m5 9       
reality _h no o!r means (  r$uc+ _!     
equals1 b by invad+ ! prop]ty ( ^!      
equals1  or by p>t+ ) "s ( _! own       
prop]ty to !m4 ,?ird1 because  ! poor   
hav+ no?+ b _! lib]ty to lose1 x w\ld h 
be5  ! height ( madness 9 !m to give up 
will+ly ! only bless+  !y _h left )\t   
obta9+ "s consid]ation = x3 :]eas !  ri*
 be+ s5sible1 if ,i may say s1 9 e "p ( 
_!  possessions1 x 0 mu* easi] to d !m  
mis*ief1 & !re=e  m incumb5t ^u !m to   
gu>d aga9/ x2 & because1 9 f9e1 x  is b 
reasonable to suppose1 t a ?+ has be5   
inv5t$ by him to  :om x c\ld be ( s]vice
 r ?an by him to :om x mu/ prove        
detrim5tal4    ,gov]nm5t 9 its infancy  
_h no regul> & p]man5t =m4 ,= want  ( a 
suffici5t fund ( philosophy & exp]i5ce1 
m5 c\ld see no  fur!r ?an ! pres5t      
inconv5i5ces1 & nev] ?\ght (  provid+   
rem$ies = future ones1 b 9 proportion z 
!y arose4  ,9 spite ( all ! lab\rs ( !  
wise/ legislators1 ! political  /ate    

/ill cont9u$ imp]fect1 because x 0 9 a  
mann] ! "w  ( *ance2 &1 z ! f\ndations (
 x 7 ill laid1 "t1 ?\gh  suffici5t to   
discov] its defects & sugge/ ! rem$ies =
 !m1  c\ld nev] m5d its orig9al vices4  
,m5 7 cont9ually repair+2  :]eas1 to    
erect a good edifice1 !y %\ld h begun z 
,lycurgus  did at ,sp>ta1 by cle>+ !    
area1 & remov+ ! old mat]ials4  ,society
 at fir/ consi/$ m]ely ( "s g5]al       
conv5tions :i*  all ! memb]s b\nd       
!mselves to obs]ve1 & = ! p]=mance  (   
:i* ! :ole body became security to e    
individual4  ,exp]i5ce 0 necess>y to %[ 
! great weakness ( su* a  con/itution1 &
 h[ easy x 0 = ^?1 :o infr+$ x1 to      
escape ! conviction or *a/isem5t (      
faults1 ( :i* ! public  alone 0 to be   
bo? ! witness & ! judge2 ! laws c\ld n  
fail ( be+ elud$ a ?\s& ways2           
inconv5i5ces & disord]s  c\ld n b       
multiply cont9ually1 till x 0 at la/    
f\nd  necess>y to ?9k ( committ+ to     
private p]sons ! dang]\s  tru/ ( public 
au?ority1 & to magi/rates ! c>e ( en=c+ 

ob$i5ce to ! p3 = to say t *iefs 7      
elect$ be=e  conf$]acies 7 =m$1 & t !   
m9i/]s ( ! laws exi/$  be=e ! laws      
!mselves1 is a supposition too ridicul\s
 to des]ve  ,i %\ld s]i\sly refute x4   
,x w\ld be equally unreasonable to      
imag9e t m5 at fir/ ?rew  !mselves into 
! arms ( an absolute ma/]1 )\t any      
conditions  or consid]ation on 8 side2 &
 t ! fir/ means contriv$ by  jeal\s &   
unconqu]$ m5 = _! common safety 0 to run
 h&  ov] head into slav]y4 ,9 fact1 :y  
did !y give !mselves  sup]iors1 if x 0 n
 to be def5d$ by !m aga9/ oppression1  &
 protect$ 9 _! lives1 lib]ties1 &       
prop]ties1 :i* are 9  a mann] !         
con/itutional elem5ts ( _! be+8 ,n[ 9 ! 
relations betwe5 man & man1 ! wor/ t c  
happ5 to "o man  be+ to see himself at !
 discretion ( ano!r1 w\ld x n h  be5    
contr>y to ! dictates ( good s5se to    
beg9 by mak+ ov] to  a *ief ! only ?+s =
 ! pres]vation ( :i* !y /ood 9  ne$ ( 8 
assi/ance8 ,:at equival5t c\ld he h (f]$
 !m  = s f9e a privilege8 ,& _h he      

presum$ to exact x on pret5se  ( def5d+ 
!m1 w\ld he n h imm$iately receiv$ !    
answ]  9 ! apologue8 ,:at worse treatm5t
 c we expect f an enemy8 ,x  is !re=e   
pa/ dispute1 & inde$ a fundam5tal maxim 
( political  law1 t p gave !mselves     
*iefs to def5d _! lib]ty &  n be enslav$
 by !m4 ,if we h a pr9ce1 said ,pl9y to 
,trajan1 x  is 9 ord] t he may keep u f 
hav+ a ma/]4    ,political writ]s argue 
9 reg>d to ! love ( lib]ty ) ! same     
philosophy t philosoph]s d 9 reg>d to ! 
/ate ( nature2 by  ! ?+s !y see !y judge
 ( ?+s v diff]5t :i* !y  h nev] se51 &  
!y attribute to m5 a natural incl9ation 
to  slav]y1 on acc\nt ( ! pati5ce ) :i* 
! slaves )9 _!  notice c>ry ! yoke2 n   
reflect+ t x is ) lib]ty z )  innoc5ce &
 virtue1 ! value ( :i* is n kn[n b by ^?
 :o  possess !m1 ?\gh ! reli% = !m is   
lo/ ) ! ?+s  !mselves4 ,i "k ! *>ms (   
y\r c\ntry1 said ,brasidas to a  satrap 
:o 0 comp>+ ! life ( ! ,sp>tans ) t ( ! 
,p]sepolites2 b y c n "k ! pleasures (  
m9e4    ,z an unbrok5 c\rs] erects 8    

mane1 paws ! gr\nd1 & rages at  ! b>e   
sight ( ! bit1 :ile a tra9$ horse       
pati5tly suff]s  bo? :ip & spur1 j s !  
b>b>ian w nev] rea* 8 neck to  ! yoke   
:i* civiliz$ man c>ries )\t murmur+ b   
pref]s !  mo/ /ormy lib]ty to a calm    
subjection4 ,x is n !re=e by !  s]vile  
disposition ( enslav$ nations t we mu/  
judge ( !  natural dispositions ( man = 
or aga9/ slav]y1 b by !  prodigies done 
by e free p to secure !mselves f        
oppression4 ,i "k t ! fir/ are con/antly
 cry+ up t peace  & tranquillity !y     
enjoy 9 _! irons1 & t mis]rimam         
s]vitutem pacem appellant3 b :5 ,i see !
 o!rs sacrifice  pleasures1 peace1      
ri*es1 p[]1 & ev5 life itself to !      
pres]vation ( t s+le jewel s mu* slight$
 by ^? :o h  lo/ x2 :5 ,i see free-born 
animals ?r\gh a natural abhorr5ce (     
captivity da% _! bra9s out aga9/ ! b>s (
 _! prison2 :5  ,i see multitudes ( nak$
 savages despise ,european pleasures1 & 
brave hung]1 fire & sword1 & dea? itself
 to pres]ve _!  indep5d5cy2 ,i feel t x 

belongs n to slaves to argue conc]n+    
lib]ty4    ,z to pat]nal au?ority1 f :i*
 sev]al h d]iv$ absolute  gov]nm5t & e  
o!r mode ( society1 x is suffici5t1 )\t 
hav+ rec\rse to ,locke & ,sidney1 to    
obs]ve t no?+ 9 !  _w diff]s m f ! cruel
 _s ( despotism t !  g5tl5ess ( t       
au?ority1 :i* looks m to ! advantage (  
him  :o obeys ?an to ! utility ( him :o 
comm&s2 t by ! law (  nature ! fa!r     
cont9ues ma/] ( 8 *ild no long] ?an !   
*ild /&s 9 ne$ ( 8 assi/ance2 t aft] t  
t]m !y  become equal1 & t !n ! son1     
entirely indep5d5t ( !  fa!r1 owes him  
no ob$i5ce1 b only respect4 ,gratitude  
is inde$  a duty :i* we are b\nd to pay1
 b :i* b5efactors c n exact4  ,in/ead ( 
say+ t civil society is d]iv$ f pat]nal 
au?ority1 we %\ld r say t x is to ! =m] 
t !  latt] owes its pr9cipal =ce3 ,no "o
 individual 0 ackn[l$g$ z  ! fa!r (     
sev]al o!r individuals1 till !y settl$  
ab\t him4  ,! fa!r's goods1 :i* he c    
inde$ dispose ( z he pleases1 are  !    
ties :i* hold 8 *ildr5 to _! dep5d5ce ^u

 him1 & he  may divide 8 sub/ance among 
!m 9 proportion z !y %all h  des]v$ 8   
att5tion by a cont9ual def]5ce to 8     
comm&s4 ,n[  ! subjects ( a despotic    
*ief1 f> f hav+ any su* fav\r to  expect
 f him1 z bo? !mselves & all !y h are 8 
prop]ty1 or at lea/ are consid]$ by him 
z su*1 are oblig$ to  receive z a fav\r 
:at he rel9qui%es to !m ( _! own        
prop]ty4 ,he does !m ju/ice :5 he /rips 
!m2 he treats !m  ) m]cy :5 he suff]s !m
 to live4 ,by cont9u+ 9 ?is mann]  to   
comp>e facts ) "r1 we %\ld discov] z    
little solidity z  tru? 9 ! volunt>y    
e/abli%m5t ( tyranny2 & x w\ld be a  h>d
 matt] to prove ! validity ( a contract 
:i* 0 b9d+ only  on "o side1 9 :i* "o ( 
! p>ties %\ld /ake ev]y?+ &  ! o!r no?+1
 & :i* c\ld turn out to ! prejudice (   
him  alone :o _h b\nd himself4    ,?is  
odi\s sy/em is ev51 at ?is day1 f> f be+
 t ( wise  & good mon>*s1 & especially (
 ! k+s ( ,france1 z may be  se5 by div]s
 passages 9 _! edicts1 & p>ticul>ly by t
 ( a  celebrat$ piece publi%$ 9 #affg 9 

! "n & by ! ord]s (  ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,let x
 !re=e n be said t ! sov]eign is n      
subject to ! laws ( 8 realm1 s9ce1 t he 
is1 is a maxim ( !  law ( nations :i*   
flatt]y has sometimes attack$1 b :i*    
good  pr9ces h always def5d$ z ! tutel>y
 div9ity ( _! realms4  ,h[ mu* m        
reasonable is x to say ) ! sage ,plato1 
t !  p]fect happ9ess ( a /ate consi/s 9 
! subjects obey+ _!  pr9ce1 ! pr9ce     
obey+ ! laws1 & ! laws be+ equitable &  
always direct$ to ! good ( ! public8 ,i 
%all n /op to  consid]1 if1 lib]ty be+ !
 mo/ noble faculty ( man1 x is n        
degrad+ "o's nature1 r$uc+ "o's self to 
! level ( brutes1  :o are ! slaves (    
in/9ct1 & ev5 (f5d+ ! au?or ( "o's  be+1
 to r5\nce )\t res]ve ! mo/ preci\s ( 8 
gifts1 &  submit to ! commission ( all !
 crimes he has =bid u1 m]ely to  gratify
 a mad or a cruel ma/]2 & if ?is sublime
 arti/ ought to  be m irritat$ at see+ 8
 "w de/roy$ ?an at see+ x  di%on\r$4 ,i 
%all only ask :at "r ^?1 :o 7 n afraid  
?us to degrade !mselves1 c\ld h to      

subject _! dep5dants to  ! same ignom9y1
 & r5\nce1 9 ! "n ( _! po/]ity1  bless+s
 = :i* x is n indebt$ to _! lib]ality1 &
  )\t :i* life itself mu/ appe> a bur!n 
to all ^? :o are  wor?y to live4        
,puff5dorf says t1 z we c transf] our   
prop]ty f "o to  ano!r by contracts &   
conv5tions1 we may likewise dive/       
ourselves  ( our lib]ty 9 fav\r ( o!r   
m54 ,?is1 9 my op9ion1 is a v  poor way 
( argu+2 =1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! prop]ty ,i
 c$e to  ano!r becomes by su* cession a 
?+ q =eign to me1 & !  abuse ( :i* c no 
way affect me2 b x conc]ns me greatly t 
my lib]ty is n abus$1 & ,i c n1 )\t     
incurr+ ! guilt  ( ! crimes ,i may be   
=c$ to commit1 expose myself to become !
  in/rum5t ( any4 ,besides1 ! "r (      
prop]ty be+ ( m]e human  conv5tion &    
in/itution1 e man may dispose z he      
pleases (  :at he possesses3 ,b ! case  
is o!rwise ) reg>d to !  ess5tial gifts 
( nature1 su* z life & lib]ty1 :i* e man
  is p]mitt$ to enjoy1 & ( :i* x is     
d\btful at lea/ :e!r  any man has a "r  

to dive/ himself3 ,by giv+ up ! "o1 we  
degrade our be+2 by giv+ up ! o!r we    
annihilate x z mu* z  x is our p[] to d 
s2 & z no temporal enjoym5ts c indemnify
  u = ! loss ( ei!r1 x w\ld be at once  
(f5d+ bo? nature  & reason to r5\nce !m 
= any consid]ation4 ,b ?\gh we c\ld     
transf] our lib]ty z we d our sub/ance1 
! diff]5ce w\ld be  v great ) reg>d to  
our *ildr51 :o enjoy our sub/ance b by  
a cession ( our "r2 :]eas lib]ty be+ a  
bless+1 :i* z m5  !y hold f nature1 _!  
p>5ts h no "r to /rip !m (  x2 s t z to 
e/abli% slav]y x 0 necess>y to d viol5ce
 to  nature1 s x 0 necess>y to alt]     
nature to p]petuate su* a  "r2 & !      
jurisconsults1 :o h gravely pron\nc$ t !
  *ild ( a slave comes a slave into !   
_w1 h 9 o!r words  decid$1 t a man does 
n come a man into ! _w4    ,x !re=e     
appe>s to me inconte/ably true1 t n only
  gov]nm5ts did n beg9 by arbitr>y p[]1 
:i* is b !  corruption & extreme t]m (  
gov]nm5t1 & at l5g? br+s x  back to !   
law ( ! /ronge/1 aga9/ :i* gov]nm5ts 7  

at  fir/ ! rem$y1 b ev5 t1 all[+ !y _h  
comm5c$ 9 ?is  mann]1 su* p[] be+       
illegal 9 itself c\ld nev] h s]v$ z  a  
f\ndation to ! rights ( society1 nor (  
c\rse to ! inequality  ( in/itution4    
,i %all n n[ ent] ^u ! inquiries :i*    
/ill rema9 to be made  into ! nature ( !
 fundam5tal pacts ( e k9d ( gov]nm5t1   
b1 foll[+ ! common op9ion1 conf9e myself
 9 ?is place to !  e/abli%m5t ( !       
political body z a real contract betwe5 
!  multitude & ! *iefs elect$ by x4 ,a  
contract by :i* bo?  p>ties oblige      
!mselves to ! obs]vance ( ! laws t are  
!re9 /ipulat$1 & =m ! b&s ( _! union4 ,!
 multitude  hav+1 on occasion ( ! social
 relations betwe5 !m1 conc5t]$  all _!  
wills 9 "o p]son1 all ! articles1 9     
reg>d to :i*  ?is w expla9s itself1     
become s _m fundam5tal laws1 :i*  oblige
 )\t exception all ! memb]s ( ! /ate1 & 
"o (  :i* laws regulates ! *oice & ! p[]
 ( ! magi/rates  appo9t$ to look to !   
execution ( ! re/4 ,?is p[] ext5ds to   
ev]y?+ t c ma9ta9 ! con/itution1 b      

ext5ds to no?+  t c alt] x4 ,to ?is p[] 
are add$ hon\rs1 t may r5d]  ! laws & ! 
m9i/]s ( !m respectable2 & ! p]sons ( ! 
m9i/]s are di/+ui%$ by c]ta9            
pr]ogatives1 :i* may make  !m am5ds = ! 
great fatigues insep>able f a good      
adm9i/ration4 ,! magi/rate1 on 8 side1  
obliges himself n to  use ! p[] ) :i* he
 is intru/$ b con=mably to !  int5tion (
 8 con/itu5ts1 to ma9ta9 e "o ( !m 9 !  
peaceable possession ( 8 prop]ty1 & ^u  
all occasions pref]  ! good ( ! public  
to 8 own private int]e/4    ,be=e       
exp]i5ce _h demon/rat$1 or a ?or\gh k ( 
!  human he>t _h po9t$ out1 ! abuses    
insep>able f su* a  con/itution1 x mu/ h
 appe>$ s mu* ! m p]fect1 z ^?  appo9t$ 
to look to its pres]vation 7 !mselves   
mo/ conc]n$  !re92 = magi/racy & its    
rights be+ built solely on !  fundam5tal
 laws1 z soon z ^! ceas$ to exi/1 !     
magi/rates  w\ld cease to be lawful1 ! p
 w\ld no long] be b\nd to obey  !m1 &1 z
 ! ess5ce ( ! /ate did n consi/ 9 !     
magi/rates b 9 ! laws1 ! memb]s ( x w\ld

 imm$iately  become entitl$ to _!       
primitive & natural lib]ty4    ,a little
 reflection w\ld af=d u new argum5ts 9  
confirmation (  ?is tru?1 & ! nature ( !
 contract might alone conv9ce u  t x c n
 be irrevocable3 = if !re 0 no sup]ior  
p[]  capable ( gu>antee+ ! fidelity ( ! 
contract+ p>ties & (  oblig+ !m to      
fulfil _! mutual engagem5ts1 !y w\ld    
rema9  sole judges 9 _! own cause1 & ea*
 ( !m w\ld always h a  "r to r5\nce !   
contract1 z soon z he discov]$ t !  o!r 
_h broke ! conditions ( x1 or t ^!      
conditions ceas$  to suit 8 private     
conv5i5ce4 ,^u ?is pr9ciple1 ! "r (     
abdication may probably be f\nd$4 ,n[1  
to consid] z we d no?+  b :at is human 9
 ?is in/itution1 if ! magi/rate1 :o has 
all  ! p[] 9 8 own h&s1 & :o            
appropriates to himself all !           
advantages ( ! contract1 has not)/&+ a  
"r to dive/  himself ( 8 au?ority2 h[   
mu* a bett] "r mu/ ! p1 :o  pay = all ! 
faults ( its *ief1 h to r5\nce _!       
dep5d5ce  ^u him4 ,b ! %ock+ diss5sions 

& disord]s )\t numb]1  :i* w\ld be !    
necess>y consequ5ce ( s dang]\s a       
privilege1  %[ m ?an any?+ else h[ mu*  
human gov]nm5ts /ood 9 ne$  ( a m solid 
basis ?an t ( m]e reason1 & h[ necess>y 
x  0 = ! public tranquillity1 t ! w ( ! 
,almighty %\ld  int]pose to give to     
sov]eign au?ority1 a sacr$ & inviolable 
"*1 :i* %\ld deprive subjects ( !       
mis*iev\s "r to  dispose ( x to :om !y  
pleas$4 ,if mank9d _h receiv$ no o!r    
advantages f religion1 ?is alone w\ld be
 suffici5t to make !m  adopt & *]i% x1  
s9ce x is ! means ( sav+ m blood ?an    
fanaticism has be5 ! cause ( spill+4 ,b 
to resume ! ?read (  our hypo!sis4    ,!
 v>i\s =ms ( gov]nm5t owe _! orig9 to ! 
v>i\s  degrees ( inequality betwe5 !    
memb]s1 at ! "t !y fir/  coalesc$ into a
 political body4 ,:]e a man happ5$ to be
 em95t  = p[]1 = virtue1 = ri*es1 or =  
cr$it1 he became sole  magi/rate1 & !   
/ate assum$ a mon>*ical =m2 if _m (     
pretty equal em95ce out-topp$ all ! re/1
 !y 7 jo9tly  elect$1 & ?is election    

produc$ an ari/ocracy2 ^?1 betwe5  ^:   
=tune or tal5ts !re happ5$ to be no su* 
disproportion1  & :o _h deviat$ less f !
 /ate ( nature1 reta9$ 9 common  !      
supreme adm9i/ration1 & =m$ a democracy4
 ,"t demon/rat$  :i* ( ^! =ms suit$     
mank9d be/4 ,"s rema9$ altoge!r  subject
 to ! laws2 o!rs soon b[$ _! necks to   
ma/]s4 ,!  =m] lab\r$ to pres]ve _!     
lib]ty2 ! latt] ?\ght (  no?+ b invad+ t
 ( _! neighb\rs1 jeal\s at see+  o!rs   
enjoy a bless+ :i* !mselves _h lo/4 ,9 a
 ^w1 ri*es  & conque/ fell to ! %>e ( ! 
"o1 & virtue & happ9ess to  t ( ! o!r4  
,9 ^! v>i\s modes ( gov]nm5t ! (fices at
 fir/ 7 all  elective2 & :5 ri*es did n 
prepond]ate1 ! pref]5ce 0  giv5 to m]it1
 :i* gives a natural asc5dant1 & to age1
 :i* is  ! p>5t ( delib]at5ess 9 c\ncil1
 & exp]i5ce 9 execution4  ,! anci5ts    
among ! ,hebrews1 ! ,g]onts ( ,sp>ta1 ! 
,s5ate (  ,rome1 nay1 ! v etymology (   
our ^w seigneur1 %[ h[ mu* gray  hairs 7
 =m]ly respect$4 ,! (t5] ! *oice fell ^u
 old  m51 ! (t5] x became necess>y to   

repeat x1 & ! m !  tr\ble ( su*         
repetitions became s5sible2 electione]+ 
took  place2 factions arose2 ! p>ties   
contract$ ill blood2 civil w>s  blaz$   
=?2 ! lives ( ! citiz5s 7 sacrific$ to !
  pret5d$ happ9ess ( ! /ate2 & ?+s at   
la/ came to su* a  pass1 z to be ready  
to relapse into _! primitive confusion4 
,!  ambition ( ! pr9cipal m5 induc$ !m  
to take advantage ( ^!  circum/ances to 
p]petuate ! hi!rto tempor>y *>ges 9 _!  
families2 ! p already inur$ to dep5d5ce1
 accu/om$ to ease  & ! conv5i5ces (     
life1 & too mu* en]vat$ to break _!     
fett]s1 cons5t$ to ! increase ( _!      
slav]y = ! sake (  secur+ _!            
tranquillity2 & x is ?us t *iefs1 become
  h]$it>y1 contract$ ! habit ( consid]+ 
magi/racies z a  family e/ate1 &        
!mselves z proprietors ( ^? communities1
 (  :i* at fir/ !y 7 b m]e (fic]s2 to   
call _!  fell[-citiz5s _! slaves2 to    
look ^u !m1 l s _m c[s or  %eep1 z a "p 
( _! sub/ance2 & to /yle !mselves ! pe]s
  ( ,gods1 & ,k+s ( ,k+s4    ,by pursu+ 

! progress ( inequality 9 ^! diff]5t    
revolutions1  we %all discov] t !       
e/abli%m5t ( laws & ( ! "r (  prop]ty 0 
! fir/ t]m ( x2 ! in/itution (          
magi/rates !  second2 & ! ?ird & la/ !  
*ang+ ( legal into arbitr>y  p[]2 s t ! 
diff]5t /ates ( ri* & poor 7 au?oriz$   
by ! fir/ epo*2 ^? ( p[]ful & weak by ! 
second2 & by  ! ?ird ^? ( ma/] & slave1 
:i* =m$ ! la/ degree (  inequality1 & ! 
t]m 9 :i* all ! re/ at la/ end1 till new
  revolutions entirely dissolve !       
gov]nm5t1 or br+ x back ne>]  to its    
legal con/itution4    ,to conceive !    
necessity ( ?is progress1 we are n s mu*
 to  consid] ! motives = ! e/abli%m5t ( 
political bodies1 z !  =ms ^! bodies    
assume 9 _! adm9i/ration2 & !           
inconv5i5ces ) :i* !y are ess5tially    
att5d$2 = ^?  vices1 :i* r5d] social    
in/itutions necess>y1 are ! same :i*    
r5d] ! abuse ( su* in/itutions          
unavoidable2 & z 7,sp>ta  alone except$1
 ^: laws *iefly reg>d$ ! education (    
*ildr51  & :]e ,lycurgus e/abli%$ su*   

mann]s & cu/oms1 z 9 a great  measure   
made laws ne$less17 ! laws1 9 g5]al less
 /rong ?an !  passions1 re/ra9 m5 )\t   
*ang+ !m2 x w\ld be no h>d  matt] to    
prove t e gov]nm5t1 :i* c>efully gu>d+  
aga9/ all alt]ation & corruption %\ld   
scrupul\sly comply )  ! ends ( its      
in/itution1 0 unnecess>ily in/itut$2 & t
 a  c\ntry1 :]e no "o ei!r elud$ ! laws1
 or made an ill use (  magi/racy1       
requir$ nei!r laws nor magi/rates4      
,political di/9ctions are necess>ily    
att5d$ ) civil  di/9ctions4 ,!          
inequality betwe5 ! p & ! *iefs         
increase s fa/ z to be soon felt by !   
private memb]s1 &  appe>s among !m 9 a  
?\s& %apes accord+ to _! passions1  _!  
tal5ts1 & ! circum/ances ( affairs4 ,!  
magi/rate c  n usurp any illegal p[] )\t
 mak+ himself creatures1 )  :om he mu/  
divide x4 ,besides1 ! citiz5s ( a free  
/ate suff]  !mselves to be oppress$     
m]ely 9 proportion z1 hurri$ on by a    
bl9d ambition1 & look+ r bel[ ?an above 
!m1 !y come to  love au?ority m ?an     

indep5d5ce4 ,:5 !y submit to fett]s1    
'tis only to be ! bett] able to fett]   
o!rs 9 _! turn4 ,x is  no easy matt] to 
make him obey1 :o does n wi% to comm&2 &
 !  mo/ ref9$ policy w\ld f9d x         
impossible to subdue ^? m51 :o  only    
desire to be indep5d5t2 b inequality    
easily ga9s gr\nd  among base & ambiti\s
 s\ls1 ev] ready to run ! risks (       
=tune1 & almo/ indiff]5t :e!r !y comm&  
or obey1 z %e  proves ei!r fav\rable or 
adv]se to !m4 ,?us !n !re mu/ h  be5 a  
"t1 :5 ! eyes ( ! p 7 bewit*$ to su* a  
degree1 t _! rul]s ne$$ only to h said  
to ! mo/ pitiful  wret*1 ,be great y &  
all y\r po/]ity1 to make him imm$iately 
appe> great 9 ! eyes ( e "o z well z 9 8
 own2 & 8  desc5dants took /ill m ^u !m1
 9 proportion to _! removes  f him3 ! m 
di/ant & unc]ta9 ! cause1 ! great] !    
effect2 ! long] l9e ( drones a family   
produc$1 ! m  illu/ri\s x 0 reckon$4    
,7 ?is a prop] place to ent] into       
details1 ,i c\ld easily expla9  9 :at   
mann] inequalities 9 po9t ( cr$it &     

au?ority become  unavoidable among      
private p]sons ! mom5t t1 unit$ into "o 
body1 !y are oblig$ to comp>e !mselves  
"o ) ano!r1 & to  note ! diff]5ces :i*  
!y f9d 9 ! cont9ual use e man  mu/ make 
( 8 neighb\r4 ,^! diff]5ces are ( sev]al
 k9ds2  b ri*es1 nobility or rank1 p[] &
 p]sonal m]it1 be+ 9  g5]al ! pr9cipal  
di/9ctions1 by :i* m5 9 society measure 
ea* o!r1 ,i c\ld prove t ! h>mony or    
conflict betwe5 ^!  diff]5t =ces is !   
sure/ indication ( ! good or bad orig9al
  con/itution ( any /ate3 ,i c\ld make x
 appe> t1 z among ^!  f\r k9ds (        
inequality1 p]sonal qualities are !     
s\rce ( all !  re/1 ri*es is t 9 :i* !y 
ultimately t]m9ate1 because1  be+ ! mo/ 
imm$iately useful to ! prosp]ity (      
individuals1  & ! mo/ easy to           
communicate1 !y are made use ( to       
pur*ase  e o!r di/9ction4 ,by ?is       
obs]vation we are enabl$ to judge  )    
tol]able exactness1 h[ mu* any p has    
deviat$ f its  primitive in/itution1 &  
:at /eps x has /ill to make to !        

extreme t]m ( corruption4 ,i c\ld %[ h[ 
mu* ?is univ]sal  desire ( reputation1 (
 hon\rs1 ( pref]5ce1 ) :i* we are all   
dev\r$1 ex]cises & comp>es our tal5ts & 
our =ces3 h[ mu*  x excites & multiplies
 our passions2 &1 by creat+ an univ]sal 
competition1 rival%ip1 or r enmity among
 m51 h[ _m  disappo9tm5ts1 successes1 & 
cata/rophes ( e k9d x daily  causes     
among ! innum]able pret5d]s :om x       
engages 9 ! same  c>e]4 ,i c\ld %[ t x  
is to ?is it* ( be+ spok5 (1 to  ?is    
fury ( di/+ui%+ ourselves :i* seldom or 
nev] gives u a  mom5t's respite1 t we   
owe bo? ! be/ & ! wor/ ?+s among  u1 our
 virtues & our vices1 our sci5ces & our 
errors1 our  conqu]ors & our            
philosoph]s2 t is to say1 a great _m bad
  ?+s to a v few good ones4 ,i c\ld     
prove1 9 %ort1 t if we  behold a h&ful (
 ri* & p[]ful m5 seat$ on ! p9nacle (   
=tune & greatness1 :ile ! cr[d grovel 9 
obscurity & want1  x is m]ely because ! 
fir/ prize :at !y enjoy b 9 ! same      
degree t o!rs want x1 & t1 )\t *ang+ _! 

condition1 !y w\ld cease to be happy !  
m9ute ! p ceas$  to be mis]able4    ,b  
^! details w\ld alone furni% suffici5t  
matt] = a m  consid]able "w1 9 :i* might
 be weigh$ ! advantages &  disadvantages
 ( e species ( gov]nm5t1 relatively to !
 rights  ( man 9 a /ate ( nature1 &     
might likewise be unveil$ all !  diff]5t
 faces "u :i* inequality has appe>$ to  
?is day1 &  may h]eaft] appe> to ! end (
 "t1 accord+ to ! nature (  ^! sev]al   
gov]nm5ts1 & ! revolutions "t mu/       
unavoidably  occasion 9 !m4 ,we %\ld !n 
see ! multitude oppress$ by  dome/ic    
tyrants 9 consequ5ce ( ^? v precautions 
tak5 by  !m to gu>d aga9/ =eign ma/]s4  
,we %\ld see oppression  increase       
cont9ually )\t its be+ ev] possible = ! 
oppress$  to "k :]e x w\ld /op1 nor :at 
lawful means !y _h left to  *eck its    
progress4 ,we %\ld see ! rights (       
citiz5s1 & !  lib]ties ( nations        
ext+ui%$ by sl[ degrees1 & ! groans1 &  
prote/ations & appeals ( ! weak treat$ z
 s$iti\s murmur+s4  ,we %\ld see policy 

conf9e to a m]c5>y portion ( ! p !      
hon\r ( def5d+ ! common cause4 ,we %\ld 
see impo/s made  necess>y by su*        
measures1 ! di%e>t5$ husb&man des]t 8   
field ev5 9 "t ( peace1 & quit ! pl\gh  
to take up ! sword4  ,we %\ld see fatal 
& :imsical rules laid d[n conc]n+ ! po9t
  ( hon\r4 ,we %\ld see ! *ampions ( _! 
c\ntry soon] or  lat] become h] enemies1
 & p]petually hold+ _! poni>ds to  !    
brea/s ( _! fell[ citiz5s4 ,nay1 ! "t   
w\ld come :5  !y might be he>d to say to
 ! oppressor ( _! c\ntry3      ,pectore 
si fratris gladium juguloque p>5tis     
,cond]e me jubeas1 gravidoeque 9 visc]a 
p>tu    ,conjugis1 9 vita p]agam tam5   
omnia dextra4    ,f ! va/ inequality (  
conditions & =tunes1 f ! great  v>iety (
 passions & ( tal5ts1 ( useless arts1 ( 
p]nici\s  arts1 ( frivol\s sci5ces1 w\ld
 issue cl\ds ( prejudices equally       
contr>y to reason1 to happ9ess1 to      
virtue4 ,we %\ld see ! *iefs  fom5t     
ev]y?+ t t5ds to weak5 m5 =m$ into      
societies by  divid+ !m2 ev]y?+ t1 :ile 

x gives society an air (  app>5t h>mony1
 s[s 9 x ! se$s ( real division2 ev]y?+ 
t c inspire ! diff]5t ord]s ) mutual    
di/ru/ & hatr$  by an opposition ( _!   
rights & int]e/1 & ( c\rse  /r5g!n t p[]
 :i* conta9s !m all4    ',tis f ! bosom 
( ?is disord] & ^! revolutions1 t       
despotism gradually re>+ up h] hide\s   
cre/1 & dev\r+ 9  e "p ( ! /ate all t   
/ill rema9$ s\nd & unta9t$1  w\ld at la/
 issue to trample ^u ! laws & ! p1 &    
e/abli% h]self ^u ! ru9s ( ! republic4  
,! times  imm$iately prec$+ ?is la/     
alt]ation w\ld be times ( calamity  &   
tr\ble3 b at la/ ev]y?+ w\ld be swall[$ 
up by !  mon/]2 & ! p w\ld no long] h   
*iefs or laws1 b only  tyrants4 ,at ?is 
fatal p]iod all reg>d to virtue & mann]s
 w\ld  likewise disappe>2 = despotism1  
cui ex hone/o nulla e/ spes1  tol]ates  
no o!r ma/]1 :]ev] x reigns2 ! mom5t x  
speaks1  probity & duty lose all _!     
influ5ce1 & ! bl9de/ ob$i5ce  is ! only 
virtue ! mis]able slaves h left !m to   
practise4    ,?is is ! la/ t]m (        

inequality1 ! extreme po9t :i* closes  !
 circle & meets t f :i* we set out4     
',tis "h t all  private m5 return to _! 
primitive equality1 because !y are no   
long] ( any acc\nt2 & t1 ! subjects hav+
 no long] any law  b t ( _! ma/]1 nor ! 
ma/] any o!r law b 8  passions1 all     
notions ( good & pr9ciples ( ju/ice aga9
  disappe>4 ',tis "h t ev]y?+ returns to
 ! sole law ( !  /ronge/1 & ( c\rse to a
 new /ate ( nature diff]5t f t  ) :i* we
 began1 9 z mu* z ! fir/ 0 ! /ate (     
nature  9 its purity1 & ! la/ !         
consequ5ce ( excessive corruption4  ,!re
 is1 9 o!r respects1 s little diff]5ce  
betwe5 ^! two  /ates1 & ! contract (    
gov]nm5t is s mu* dissolv$ by           
despotism1 t ! despot is no long] ma/]  
?an he cont9ues !  /ronge/1 & t1 z soon 
z 8 slaves c expel him1 !y may d  x )\t 
8 hav+ ! lea/ "r to compla9 ( _! us+ him
  ill4 ,! insurrection1 :i* ends 9 !    
dea? or despotism ( a  sultan1 is z     
juridical an act z any by :i* ! day be=e
 he  dispos$ ( ! lives & =tunes ( 8     

subjects4 ,=ce alone upheld  him1 =ce   
alone ov]turns him4 ,?us all ?+s take   
place & succe$  9 _! natural ord]2 &    
:atev] may be ! up%ot ( ^! ha/y  &      
frequ5t revolutions1 no "o man has      
reason to compla9 (  ano!r's inju/ice1 b
 only ( 8 own indiscretion or bad =tune4
    ,by ?us discov]+ & foll[+ ! lo/ &   
=gott5 tracks1 by  :i* man f ! natural  
mu/ h arriv$ at ! civil /ate2 by        
re/or+1 ) ! int]m$iate positions :i* ,i 
h be5 j  indicat+1 ^? :i* want ( leisure
 obliges me to suppress1 or  :i* my     
imag9ation has n sugge/$1 e att5tive    
read] mu/  unavoidably be /ruck at !    
imm5se space :i* sep>ates ^! two  /ates4
 ',tis 9 ?is sl[ succession ( ?+s he may
 meet ) !  solution ( an inf9ite numb] (
 problems 9 morality & politics1  :i*   
philosoph]s are puzzl$ to solve4 ,he w  
p]ceive t1 !  mank9d ( "o age n be+ !   
mank9d ( ano!r1 ! reason :y  ,diog5es   
c\ld n f9d a man 01 t he s\ght among 8  
cotempor>ies ! man ( an e>li] p]iod3    
,cato1 he w !n see1  fell ) ,rome & )   

lib]ty1 because he did n suit ! age 9   
:i* he liv$2 & ! greate/ ( m5 s]v$ only 
to a/oni% t  _w1 :i* w\ld h *e]fully    
obey$ him1 _h he come into x  five      
hundr$ ye>s e>li]4 ,9 a ^w1 he w f9d    
himself 9 a  condition to und]/& h[ !   
s\l & ! passions ( m5 by  ins5sible     
alt]ations *ange z x 7 _! nature2 h[ x  
comes to  pass1 t at ! long run our     
wants & our pleasures *ange objects2  t1
 orig9al man vani%+ by degrees1 society 
no long] (f]s to  our inspection b an   
assemblage ( artificial m5 & factiti\s  
passions1 :i* are ! "w ( all ^! new     
relations1 & h no  f\ndation 9 nature4  
,reflection tea*es u no?+ on t head1 b  
:at exp]i5ce p]fectly confirms4 ,savage 
man & civilis$ man  diff] s mu* at      
bottom 9 po9t ( incl9ations & passions1 
t  :at con/itutes ! supreme happ9ess ( !
 "o w\ld r$uce !  o!r to despair4 ,!    
fir/ sighs = no?+ b repose & lib]ty2  he
 desires only to live1 & to be exempt f 
lab\r2 nay1 !  at>axy ( ! mo/ confirm$  
,/oic falls %ort ( 8 consummate         

indiff]5ce = e o!r object4 ,on !        
contr>y1 ! citiz5  always 9 motion1 is  
p]petually sweat+ & toil+1 & rack+ 8    
bra9s to f9d out occupations /ill m     
labori\s3 ,he cont9ues a  drudge to 8   
la/ m9ute2 nay1 he c\rts dea? to be able
 to live1 or  r5\nces life to acquire   
immortality4 ,he cr+es to m5 9 p[] :om  
he hates1 & to ri* m5 :om he despises2  
he /icks at no?+ to  h ! hon\r ( s]v+   
!m2 he is n a%am$ to value himself on  8
 own weakness & ! protection !y af=d    
him2 & pr\d ( 8  *a9s1 he speaks )      
disda9 ( ^? :o h n ! hon\r (  be+ !     
p>tn] ( 8 bondage4 ,:at a spectacle mu/ 
! pa9ful  & envi$ lab\rs ( an ,european 
m9i/] ( /ate =m 9 ! eyes  ( a ,c>ibbean6
 ,h[ _m cruel dea?s w\ld n ?is indol5t  
savage  pref] to su* a horrid life1 :i* 
v (t5 is n ev5 sweet5$  by ! pleasure ( 
do+ good8 ,b to see ! drift ( s _m c>es1
  8 m9d %\ld fir/ h affix$ "s mean+ to  
^! words p[]  & reputation2 he %\ld be  
appris$ t !re are m5 :o consid]  z      
some?+ ! looks ( ! re/ ( mank9d1 :o "k  

h[ to be  happy & satisfi$ ) !mselves on
 ! te/imony ( o!rs soon]  ?an ^u _! own4
 ,9 fact1 ! real s\rce ( all ^?         
diff]5ces1 is t ! savage lives )9       
himself1 :]eas !  citiz51 con/antly     
beside himself1 kn[s only h[ to live 9 !
  op9ion ( o!rs2 insomu* t x is1 if ,i  
may say s1 m]ely f  _! judgm5t t he     
d]ives ! consci\sness ( 8 own exi/5ce4  
,x is =eign to my subject to %[ h[ ?is  
disposition eng5d]s s  mu* indiff]5ce = 
good & evil1 not)/&+ s _m & su*  f9e    
disc\rses ( morality2 h[ ev]y?+1 be+    
r$uc$ to  appe>ances1 becomes m]e art & 
mumm]y2 hon\r1 fri5d%ip1 virtue1  & (t5 
vice itself1 :i* we at la/ le>n ! secret
 to boa/ (2  h[1 9 %ort1 ev] inquir+ (  
o!rs :at we are1 & nev] d>+  to "q      
ourselves on s delicate a po9t1 9 ! mid/
 ( s mu*  philosophy1 humanity1 &       
polit5ess1 & s _m sublime maxims1 we  h 
no?+ to %[ = ourselves b a deceitful &  
frivol\s  ext]ior1 hon\r )\t virtue1    
reason )\t wisdom1 & pleasure  )\t      
happ9ess4 ,x is suffici5t t ,i h prov$ t

 ?is is  n ! orig9al condition ( man1 & 
t x is m]ely ! _s (  society1 & !       
inequality :i* society eng5d]s1 t ?us   
*ange  & trans=m all our natural        
incl9ations4    ,i h endeav\r$ to       
exhibit ! orig9 & progress ( inequality1
  ! in/itution & abuse ( political      
societies1 z f> z ^!  ?+s are capable ( 
be+ d$uc$ f ! nature ( man by ! m]e     
light ( reason1 & indep5d5tly ( ^? sacr$
 maxims :i* give  to ! sov]eign au?ority
 ! sanction ( div9e "r4 ,x foll[s  f ?is
 picture1 t z !re is sc>ce any          
inequality among m5 9  a /ate ( nature1 
all t :i* we n[ behold owes its =ce &   
its  gr[? to ! developm5t ( our         
faculties & ! improvem5t ( our  und]/&+1
 & at la/ becomes p]man5t & lawful by ! 
e/abli%m5t ( prop]ty & ( laws4 ,x       
likewise foll[s t moral  inequality1    
au?oris$ by any "r t is m]ely positive1 
cla%es  ) natural "r1 z (t5 z x does n  
comb9e 9 ! same  proportion ) physical  
inequality3 a di/9ction :i* suffici5tly 
det]m9es1 :at we are able to ?9k 9 t    

respect ( t k9d (  inequality :i* obta9s
 9 all civilis$ nations1 s9ce x is      
evid5tly aga9/ ! law ( nature t infancy 
%\ld comm& old  age1 folly conduct      
wisdom1 & a h&ful ( m5 %\ld be ready to 
*oke ) sup]fluities1 :ile ! fami%$      
multitude want !  commone/ necess>ies ( 
life4          ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,"s 
words :i* appe> to be pot5tial typos are
  pr9t$ z su* 9 ! orig9al book3 ,^!     
possible words include  cotempor>ies &  
(t5s4 ,! p>agraph />t+ ) ! words ,?is   
odius sy/em is ev5 conta9s unmat*$      
quotes1 :i* h be5  reproduc$ z !y appe>$
 9 ! org9al4 ,?is "w 0 transcrib$  f a  
an?ology 7,h>v>d ,classics ,volume #cd7 
publi%$ 9 #aiaj4 ,!  editor ( ! entire  
s]ies 0 ,*>les ,w4 ,eliot4 ,! "n ( !    
translator 0 n giv51 nor 0 ! "n ( !     
au?or ( !  introduction4 ,ind5t$ l9es   
indicate emb$d$ v]se t %\ld n  be       
re-wrapp$4