,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,god                 
,,introduction    ,an ance/or ( ! ,fr5* 
div9e :o "u ! "n ( ,f5elon has made =   
himself a h\sehold "n 9 ,engl& z 9      
,france1 0 ,b]tr& de ,salignac1 ,m>quis 
de la ,mo! ,f5elon1 :o 9 #aegb1 z       
ambassador = ,france1 0 *>g$ to s(t5 z  
mu* z he c\ld ! res5tm5t ( our ,que5    
,elizabe? :5 news came ( ! massacre (   
,/4 ,b>?olomew4  ,our ,f5elon1 claim$ 9 
bro!rhood by ,*ri/ians ( e d5om9ation1 0
 born ne>ly eighty ye>s aft] t "t1 at ! 
*ateau ( ,f5elon 9 ,p]igord1 on ! #f? ( 
,augu/1 #afea4 ,to ! _w he is ,f5elon2  
he 0 ,francois de ,salignac de la ,mo!  
,f5elon to ! ,france ( 8 own "t4        
,f5elon 0 taught at home until ! age (  
twelve1 !n s5t to ! ,univ]sity (        
,cahors1 :]e he began /udies t 7 cont9u$
 at ,p>is 9 ! ,college du ,plessis4     
,!re he fa/5$ ^u !ology1 & !re he       
prea*$1 at ! age ( fifte51 8 fir/ s]mon4
  ,he ent]$ next into ! sem9>y ( ,sa9t  
,sulpice1 :]e he took holy ord]s 9 ! ye>
 #afge1 at ! age ( tw5ty-f\r4  ,z a     

prie/1 :ile true to 8 own ,*ur*1 he     
fa/5$ on ,fai?1 ,hope1 & ,*>ity z !     
abid+ =ces ( religion1 & = him also !   
greate/ ( ^! 0 ,*>ity4  ,dur+ ! next    
?ree ye>s ( 8 life ,f5elon 0 among ! "y 
prie/s :o prea*$ & cate*is$ 9 ! *ur* (  
,/4 ,sulpice & lab\r$ 9 ! p>i%4  ,he    
wrote = ,/4 ,sulpice ,litanies ( !      
,infant ,jesus1 & _h ?\ght ( go+ out z  
mission>y to ! ,levant4  ,! ,ar*bi%op ( 
,p>is1 h[ev]1 plac$ him at ! head ( a   
community ( ,new ,ca?olics1 ^: function 
0 to confirm new conv]ts 9 _! fai?1 &   
help to br+ into ! fold ^? :o appe>$    
will+ to ent]4  ,f5elon took "p also 9  
"s ( ! ,conf]5ces on ,scripture t 7 held
 at ,sa9t ,g]ma9 & ,v]sailles betwe5    
#afgb & #afhe4  ,9 #afha an uncle1 :o 0 
,bi%op ( ,s>lat1 resign$ 9 ,f5elon's    
fav\r ! ,dean]y ( ,c>5as1 :i* produc$ an
 annual income ( ?ree or f\r ?\s&       
livres4 ,x 0 :ile he held ?is (fice t   
,f5elon publi%$ a book on ! ,education (
 ,girls1 at ! reque/ ( ! ,du*ess (      
,beauvilli]s1 :o ask$ = guidance 9 !    

education ( h] *ildr54  ,f5elon s\ght ! 
fri5d%ip ( ,bossuet1 :o revis$ = him 8  
next book1 a ,refutation ( ! ,sy/em (   
,malebran*e conc]n+ ,nature & ,grace4   
,8 next book1 writt5 j be=e !           
,revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes 9      
#afhe1 oppos$ ! lawfulness ( !          
m9i/rations ( ! ,prote/ant cl]gy2 & aft]
 ! ,edict1 ,f5elon 01 on ! recomm5dation
 ( ,bossuet1 plac$ at ! head ( !        
,ca?olic mission to ,poit\4  ,he br\ght 
to 8 "w ( conv]sion or re-conv]sion     
,*>ity1 & a _s ( concession t br\ght on 
him ! attacks ( m5 unlike 9 temp]4  ,:5 
,l\is ,,xiv4 plac$ 8 gr&son1 ! "y ,duke 
( ,burgundy1 "u ! c>e ( ! ,duke (       
,beauvilli]s1 ! ,duke ( ,beauvilli]s    
*ose ,f5elon = tea*] ( ! pupil :o 0 heir
 presumptive to ! ?rone4  ,f5elon's     
,fables 7 writt5 z "p ( 8 educational   
"w4  ,he wrote also = ! "y ,duke (      
,burgundy 8 ,telemaque--us$ only 9      
,,ms4--& 8 ,dialogues ( ! ,dead4 ,:ile  
?us liv+ 9 high fav\r at ,c\rt1 ,f5elon 
s\ght no?+ = himself or 8 fri5ds1 al?\gh

 at times he 0 ev5 9 want ( money4  ,9  
#afic--;z preceptor ( a royal pr9ce r   
?an z au?or--,f5elon 0 receiv$ into !   
,fr5* ,academy4  ,9 #afid ,f5elon 0 made
 ,abbot ( ,sa9t-,val]y1 & at ! end ( t  
ye> he wrote an anonym\s lett] to ,l\is 
,,xiv4 ^u wrongful w>s & o!r faults     
committ$ 9 8 reign4  ,a copy ( x has be5
 f\nd 9 ,f5elon's h&writ+4  ,! k+ may n 
h read x1 or may n h id5tifi$ ! au?or1  
:o 0 n /ay$ by x f promotion 9 ,febru>y 
( ! next ye> 7#afie7 to ! ,ar*bi%opric (
 ,cambray4 ,he object$ t ! hold+ ( ?is  
(fice 0 inconsi/5t ) 8 duties z         
preceptor ( ! ,k+'s gr&*ildr54  ,l\is   
repli$ t he c\ld live at ,c\rt only =   
?ree mon?s 9 ! ye>1 & dur+ ! o!r n9e    
direct ! /udies ( 8 pupils f ,cambray4  
,bossuet took "p 9 ! consecration ( 8   
fri5d ,f5elon z ,ar*bi%op ( ,cambray2 b 
aft] a "t division ( op9ion arose4      
,jeanne ,m>ie ,b\vi] de la ,mo! ,guyon  
became 9 #afgf a wid[ at ! age (        
tw5ty-eight1 ) ?ree *ildr51 = ^:        
ma9t5ance %e gave up "p ( h] =tune1 & %e

 !n devot$ h]self to ! practice & !     
prea*+ ( a spiritual sep>ation ( ! s\l f
 e>?ly c>es1 & re/ 9 ,god4  ,%e said )  
,galahad1 ,if ,i lose myself1 ,i save   
myself4  ,h] en?usiasm = a pure ideal1  
jo9$ to h] eloqu5ce1 affect$ _m m9ds4   
,x provok$ opposition 9 ! ,*ur* & 9 !   
,c\rt1 :i* 0 = ! mo/ "p gross &         
self-seek+4  ,madame ,guyon 0 attack$1  
ev5 imprison$4  ,f5elon felt ! *>m ( h] 
spiritual aspiration1 &1 )\t accept+ its
 =m1 0 h] def5d]4  ,bossuet attack$ h]  
views4  ,f5elon publi%$ ,maxims ( !     
,sa9ts on ! ,int]ior ,life4  ,bossuet   
wrote on ,! ,/ates ( ,pray]4  ,^! 7 !   
rival books 9 a controv]sy ab\t :at 0   
call$ ,quietism4 ,bossuet aft]w>ds wrote
 a ,relation sur le ,quietisme1 ( :i*   
,f5elon's copy1 *>g$ ) 8 own m>g9al     
comm5ts1 is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4  ,9    
,m>*1 #afii1 ! ,pope f9ally decid$ aga9/
 ,f5elon1 & condemn$ 8 ,maxims ( !      
,sa9ts4  ,f5elon read f 8 pulpit ! brief
 ( condemnation1 accept$ ! decision ( ! 
,pope1 & pres5t$ to 8 *ur* a piece (    

gold plate1 on :i* ! ,angel ( ,tru? 0   
repres5t$ trampl+ _m errors "u foot1 &  
among !m 8 own ,maxims ( ! ,sa9ts4  ,at 
,c\rt1 ,f5elon 0 out ( fav\r4           
,telemaque1 writt5 = ! "y ,duke (       
,burgundy1 _h n be5 publi%$2 b a copy   
hav+ be5 obta9$ ?r\gh a s]vant1 x 0     
pr9t$1 & its ideal ( a true k+ & a true 
,c\rt 0 s unlike 8 ,maje/y ,l\is ,,xiv4 
& ! ,c\rt ( ,france1 & ! image ( :at    
ought n to be 0 s l :at 01 t x 0 res5t$ 
z a libel4  ,telemaque 0 publicly       
condemn$2 ,f5elon 0 bani%$ f ,c\rt1 &   
re/ra9$ )9 ! limits ( 8 diocese4  ,?\gh 
sep>at$ f 8 pupil1 ! "y ,duke (         
,burgundy 7:o di$ 9 #agab71 ,f5elon     
reta9$ 8 pupil's w>m affection4  ,! la/ 
ye>s ( 8 own life ,f5elon gave to 8 "w 9
 ,cambray1 until 8 dea? on ! #g? (      
,janu>y1 #agae4 ,he wrote _m works1 (   
:i* ?is is "o1 & !y h be5 collect$ into 
tw5ty volumes4  ,! translation "h giv5 0
 anonym\s1 & 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ye>     
#agac4  ,h4 ,m4    ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,(    
,,god    ,,section ,i4  ,metaphysical   

,pro(s ( ! ,exi/5ce ( ,god are n )9     
,ev]ybody's rea*4   ,i _c op5 my eyes   
)\t admir+ ! art t %9es ?r\gh\t all     
nature2 ! lea/ ca/ suffices to make me  
p]ceive ! ,h& t makes ev]y?+4  ,m5      
accu/om$ to m$itate ^u metaphysical     
tru?s1 & to trace up ?+s to _! fir/     
pr9ciples1 may "k ! ,deity by its idea2 
& ,i own t is a sure way to arrive at ! 
s\rce ( all tru?4 ,b ! m direct & %ort t
 way is1 ! m difficult & unpassable x is
 = ! g5]ality ( mank9d :o dep5d on _!   
s5ses & imag9ation4  ,an ideal          
demon/ration is s simple1 t ?r\gh its v 
simplicity x escapes ^? m9ds t are      
incapable ( op]ations purely            
intellectual4  ,9 %ort1 ! m p]fect is ! 
way to f9d ! ,fir/ ,be+1 ! few] m5 !re  
are t are capable to foll[ x4   ,,sect4 
,,ii4  ,moral ,pro(s ( ! ,exi/5ce ( ,god
 are fitt$ to e man's capacity4   ,b !re
 is a less p]fect way1 level to ! meane/
 capacity4  ,m5 ! lea/ ex]cis$ 9        
reason+1 & ! mo/ t5aci\s ( ! prejudices 
( ! s5ses1 may yet ) "o look discov]    

,him :o has drawn ,himself 9 all ,8     
works4  ,! wisdom & p[] ,he has /amp$ ^u
 ev]y?+ ,he has made are se51 z x 71 9 a
 glass by ^? t _c contemplate ,him 9 ,8 
own idea4  ,?is is a s5sible & popul>   
philosophy1 ( :i* any man free f passion
 & prejudice is capable4  ,humana autem 
anima rationalis e/1 quae mortalibus    
peccati po5a t5ebatur1 ad hoc           
dim9utionis r$acta ut p] conjecturas    
r]um visibilium ad intellig5da          
invisibilia nit]etur2 t is1 ,! human s\l
 is /ill rational1 b 9 su* a mann] t1   
be+ by ! puni%m5t ( s9 deta9$ 9 ! bonds 
( dea?1 x is s f> r$uc$ t x c only      
endeav\r to arrive at ! k ( ?+s         
invisible ?r\gh ! visible4   ,,sect4    
,,iii4  ,:y s few ,p]sons are att5tive  
to ! ,pro(s ,nature af=ds ( ! ,exi/5ce (
 ,god4   ,if a great numb] ( m5 ( subtle
 & p5etrat+ wit h n discov]$ ,god ) "o  
ca/ ( ! eye ^u nature1 x is n matt] (   
wond]2 = ei!r ! passions !y h be5 toss$ 
by h /ill r5d]$ !m incapable ( any fix$ 
reflection1 or ! false prejudices t     

result f passions h1 l a ?ick cl\d1     
int]pos$ betwe5 _! eyes & t noble       
spectacle4  ,a man deeply conc]n$ 9 an  
affair ( great importance1 t %\ld take  
up all ! att5tion ( 8 m9d1 might pass   
sev]al days 9 a room treat+ ab\t 8      
conc]ns )\t tak+ notice ( ! proportions 
( ! *amb]1 ! ornam5ts ( ! *imney1 & !   
pictures ab\t him1 all :i* objects w\ld 
cont9ually be be=e 8 eyes1 & yet none ( 
!m make any impression ^u him4  ,9 ?is  
mann] x is t m5 sp5d _! lives2 ev]y?+   
(f]s ,god to _! sight1 & yet !y see x   
n[h]e4  ,he 0 9 ! _w1 & ! _w 0 made by  
,him1 & nev]!less ! _w did n "k ,him--,9
 mundo erat1 et mundus p] ipsum factus  
e/1 et mundus eum non cognovit4  ,!y    
pass away _! lives )\t p]ceiv+ t s5sible
 repres5tation ( ! ,deity4  ,su* is !   
fasc9ation ( worldly trifles t obscures 
_! eyes6  ,fasc9atio nugacitatis        
obscurat bona4  ,nay1 (t5times !y w n s 
mu* z op5 !m1 b r affect to keep !m %ut1
 le/ !y %\ld f9d ,him !y d n look =4  ,9
 %ort1 :at ought to help mo/ to op5 _!  

eyes s]ves only to close !m fa/]2 ,i    
mean ! con/ant duration & regul>ity ( ! 
motions :i* ! ,supreme ,wisdom has put 9
 ! univ]se4  ,/4 ,au/9 tells u ^? great 
wond]s h be5 debas$ by be+ con/antly    
r5ew$2 & ,tully speaks exactly 9 ! same 
mann]4  ,by see+ e day ! same ?+s1 ! m9d
 gr[s famili> ) !m z well z ! eyes4  ,x 
nei!r admires nor inquires into ! causes
 ( effects t are ev] se5 to happ5 9 !   
same mann]1 z if x 7 ! novelty1 & n !   
importance ( ! ?+ itself1 t %\ld excite 
u to su* an inquiry4  ,s$ assiduitate   
quotidiana et consuetud9e oculorum      
assuescunt animi1 neque admirantur neque
 requirunt rationes e>um r]um1 quas     
semp] vid5t1 p]9de quasi novit z nos    
magis quam magnitudo r]um debeat ad     
exquir5das causas excit>e4   ,,sect4    
,,iv4  ,all ,nature %[s ! ,exi/5ce ( its
 ,mak]4   ,b1 aft] all1 :ole nature %[s 
! inf9ite art ( its ,mak]4 ,:5 ,i speak 
( an art1 ,i mean a collection ( prop]  
means *os5 on purpose to arrive at a    
c]ta9 end2 or1 if y please1 x is an     

ord]1 a me?od1 an indu/ry1 or a set     
design4  ,*ance1 on ! contr>y1 is a bl9d
 & necess>y cause1 :i* nei!r sets 9 ord]
 nor *ooses any?+1 & :i* has nei!r w nor
 und]/&+4  ,n[ ,i ma9ta9 t ! univ]se    
be>s ! "* & /amp ( a cause inf9itely    
p[]ful & indu/ri\s2 &1 at ! same "t1 t  
*ance 7t is1 ! bl9d & =tuit\s conc\rse (
 causes necess>y & void ( reason7 _c h  
=m$ ?is univ]se4  ,to ?is purpose x is n
 amiss to call to m9d ! celebrat$       
comp>isons ( ! anci5ts4   ,,sect4  ,v4  
,noble ,comp>isons prov+ t ,nature %[s !
 ,exi/5ce ( its ,mak]4  ,fir/           
,comp>ison1 drawn f ,hom]'s ,iliad4     
,:o w believe t s p]fect a poem z       
,hom]'s ,iliad 0 n ! product ( ! g5ius (
 a great poet1 & t ! lett]s ( !         
alphabet1 be+ confus$ly jumbl$ & mix$1 7
 by *ance1 z x 7 by ! ca/ ( a pair (    
dice1 br\ght toge!r 9 su* an ord] z is  
necess>y to describe1 9 v]ses full (    
h>mony & v>iety1 s _m great ev5ts2 to   
place & connect !m s well toge!r2 to    
pa9t e object ) all its mo/ graceful1   

mo/ noble1 & mo/ affect+ att5dants2 9   
%ort1 to make e p]son speak accord+ to 8
 "* 9 s natural & s =cible a mann]8     
,let p argue & subtilise ^u ! matt] z   
mu* z !y please1 yet !y nev] w p]suade a
 man ( s5se t ! ,iliad 0 ! m]e result ( 
*ance4  ,cic]o said ! same 9 relation to
 ,ennius's ,annals2 add+ t *ance c\ld   
nev] make "o s+le v]se1 mu* less a :ole 
poem4  ,h[ !n c a man ( s5se be induc$  
to believe1 ) respect to ! univ]se1 a "w
 beyond contradiction m wond]ful ?an !  
,iliad1 :at 8 reason w nev] suff] him to
 believe 9 relation to t poem8 ,let u   
att5d ano!r comp>ison1 :i* we owe to ,/4
 ,gregory ,nazianz5us4   ,,sect4  ,,vi4 
,second ,comp>ison1 drawn f ! ,s\nd (   
,in/rum5ts4   ,if we he>d 9 a room1 f   
beh9d a curta91 a s(t & h>moni\s        
in/rum5t1 %\ld we believe t *ance1 )\t !
 help ( any human h&1 c\ld h =m$ su* an 
in/rum5t8  ,%\ld we say t ! /r+s ( a    
viol91 = in/ance1 _h ( _! own accord    
rang$ & ext5d$ !mselves on a wood5      
frame1 ^: sev]al p>ts _h glu$ !mselves  

toge!r to =m a cavity ) regul> ap]tures8
  ,%\ld we ma9ta9 t ! b[ =m$ )\t art    
%\ld be pu%$ by ! w9d to t\* e /r+ s    
v>i\sly1 & ) su* nice ju/ness8  ,:at    
rational man c\ld s]i\sly ent]ta9 a d\bt
 :e!r a human h& t\*$ su* an in/rum5t ) 
s mu* h>mony8  ,w\ld he n cry out1 ,x is
 a ma/]ly h& t plays ^u x8  ,let u      
proce$ to inculcate ! same tru?4        
,,sect4  ,,vii4  ,?ird ,comp>ison1 drawn
 f a ,/atue4   ,if a man %\ld f9d 9 a   
des]t isl& a f9e /atue ( m>ble1 he w\ld 
und\bt$ly imm$iately say1 ,sure1 !re h  
be5 m5 "h =m]ly2 ,i p]ceive ! workman%ip
 ( a skilful /atu>y2 ,i admire ) :at    
nic5ess he has proportion$ all ! limbs (
 ?is body1 9 ord] to give !m s mu*      
beauty1 gracefulness1 maje/y1 life1     
t5d]ness1 motion1 & action6  ,:at w\ld  
su* a man answ] if anybody %\ld tell    
him1 ,t's y\r mi/ake2 a /atu>y nev] c>v$
 t figure4  ,x is made1 ,i confess1 ) an
 excell5t gu/o1 & accord+ to ! rules (  
p]fection2 b yet x is *ance alone made  
x4  ,among s _m pieces ( m>ble !re 0 "o 

t =m$ itself ( its own accord 9 ?is     
mann]2 ! ra9s & w9ds h loos5$ x f !     
m\nta9s2 a viol5t /orm has ?r[n x plumb 
upright on ?is p$e/al1 :i* _h prep>$    
itself to support x 9 ?is place4  ,x is 
a p]fect ,apollo1 l t ( ,belv$]e2 a     
,v5us t equals t ( ! ,m$icis2 an        
,h]cules1 l t ( ,f>nese4  ,y w\ld ?9k1 x
 is true1 t ?is figure walks1 lives1    
?9ks1 & is j go+ to speak4  ,b1 h[ev]1 x
 is n 9 ! lea/ behold5 to art2 & x is   
only a bl9d /roke ( *ance t has ?us s   
well f9i%$ & plac$ x4   ,,sect4  ,,viii4
  ,f\r? ,comp>ison1 drawn f a ,picture4 
,if a man _h be=e 8 eyes a f9e picture1 
repres5t+1 = example1 ! passage ( ! ,r$ 
,sea1 ) ,moses1 at ^: voice ! wat]s     
divide !mselves1 & rise l two walls to  
let ! ,israelites pass dryfoot ?r\gh !  
deep1 he w\ld see1 on ! "o side1 t      
innum]able multitude ( p1 full (        
confid5ce & joy1 lift+ up _! h&s to     
heav52 & p]ceive1 on ! o!r side1 ,k+    
,ph>aoh ) ! ,egyptians fright$ &        
conf\nd$ at ! sight ( ! waves t jo9 aga9

 to swall[ !m up4  ,n[1 9 good e>ne/1 :o
 w\ld be s bold z to affirm t a         
*amb]maid1 hav+ by *ance daub$ t piece (
 clo?1 ! col\rs _h ( _! own accord rang$
 !mselves 9 ord] to produce t lively    
col\r+1 ^? v>i\s attitudes1 ^? looks s  
well express+ diff]5t passions1 t       
elegant disposition ( s _m figures )\t  
confusion1 t dec5t plait+ ( drap]ies1 t 
managem5t ( lights1 t degradation (     
col\rs1 t exact p]spective--9 %ort1 all 
t ! noble/ g5ius ( a pa9t] c inv5t8  ,if
 !re 7 no m 9 ! case ?an a little foam  
at ! m\? ( a horse1 ,i own1 z ! /ory    
goes1 & :i* ,i readily all[ )\t exam9+  
into x1 t a /roke ( a p5cil ?r[n 9 a pet
 by a pa9t] might once 9 _m ages happ5  
to express x well4  ,b1 at lea/1 ! pa9t]
 mu/ be=eh& h1 ) design1 *os5 ! mo/     
prop] col\rs to repres5t t foam1 9 ord] 
to prep>e !m at ! end ( 8 p5cil2 &1     
!re=e1 x 7 only a little *ance t _h     
f9i%$ :at art _h begun4  ,besides1 ?is  
"w ( art & *ance toge!r be+ only a      
little foam1 a confus$ object1 & s mo/  

prop] to cr$it a /roke ( *ance--an      
object )\t =m1 t requires only a little 
:iti% col\r dropp$ f a p5cil1 )\t any   
exact figure or correction ( design4    
,:at comp>ison is !re betwe5 t foam ) a 
:ole design ( a l>ge cont9u$ hi/ory1 9  
:i* ! mo/ f]tile fancy & ! bolde/ g5ius1
 support$ by ! p]fect k ( rules1 are    
sc>ce suffici5t to p]=m :at makes an    
excell5t picture8  ,i _c prevail )      
myself to leave ^! in/ances )\t desir+ !
 read] to obs]ve t ! mo/ rational m5 are
 naturally extreme loa? to ?9k t bea/s h
 no mann] ( und]/&+1 & are m]e ma*9es4  
,n[1 :5ce proce$s su* an inv9cible      
av]s5ess to t op9ion 9 s _m m5 ( s5se8  
,x is because !y suppose1 ) reason1 t   
motions s exact1 & accord+ to ! rules ( 
p]fect me*anism1 _c be made )\t "s      
indu/ry2 & t artless matt] alone _c p]=m
 :at argues s mu* k4  ,h5ce x appe>s t  
s\nd reason naturally concludes t matt] 
alone _c1 ei!r by ! simple laws (       
motion1 or by ! caprici\s /rokes (      
*ance1 make ev5 animals t are m]e       

ma*9es4  ,^? philosoph]s !mselves1 :o w 
n all[ bea/s to h any reason+ faculty1  
_c avoid ackn[l$g+ t :at !y suppose to  
be bl9d & artless 9 ^! ma*9es is yet    
full ( wisdom & art 9 ! ,fir/ ,mov]1 :o 
made _! spr+s & regulat$ _! movem5ts4   
,?us ! mo/ opposite philosoph]s p]fectly
 agree 9 ackn[l$g+ t matt] & *ance _c1  
)\t ! help ( art1 produce all we obs]ve 
9 animals4   ,,sect4  ,,ix4  ,a         
,p>ticul> ,exam9ation ( ,nature4   ,aft]
 ^! comp>isons1 ab\t :i* ,i only desire 
! read] to consult himself1 )\t any     
argum5tation1 ,i ?9k x is high "t to    
ent] into a detail ( ,nature4  ,i d n   
pret5d to p5etrate ?r\gh ! :ole2 :o is  
able to d x8  ,nei!r d ,i pret5d to ent]
 into any physical discussion4  ,su* way
 ( reason+ requires a c]ta9 deep k1 :i* 
abundance ( m5 ( wit & s5se nev]        
acquir$2 &1 !re=e1 ,i w (f] no?+ to !m b
 ! simple prospect ( ! face ( ,nature4  
,i w ent]ta9 !m ) no?+ b :at ev]ybody   
kn[s1 & :i* requires only a little calm 
& s]i\s att5tion4   ,,sect4  ,x4  ,( !  

,g5]al ,/ructure ( ! ,univ]se4   ,let u1
 9 ! fir/ place1 /op at ! great object t
 fir/ /rikes our sight1 ,i mean ! g5]al 
/ructure ( ! univ]se4 ,let u ca/ our    
eyes on ?is e>? t be>s u4  ,let u look  
on t va/ ar* ( ! skies t cov]s u2 ^?    
imm5se regions ( air1 & dep?s ( wat] t  
surr\nd u2 & ^? bright />s t light u4   
,a man :o lives )\t reflect+ ?9ks only  
on ! p>ts ( matt] t are ne> him1 or h   
any relation to 8 wants4  ,he only looks
 ^u ! e>? z on ! floor ( 8 *amb]1 & on !
 sun t lights him 9 ! daytime z on !    
c&le t lights him 9 ! night4  ,8 ?\ghts 
are conf9$ )9 ! place he inhabits4  ,on 
! contr>y1 a man :o is us$ to           
contemplate & reflect c>ries 8 looks    
fur!r1 & curi\sly consid]s ! almo/      
inf9ite abysses t surr\nd him on all    
sides4  ,a l>ge k+dom appe>s !n to him b
 a little corn] ( ! e>?2 ! e>? itself is
 no m to 8 eyes ?an a po9t 9 ! mass ( ! 
univ]se2 & he admires to see himself    
plac$ 9 x1 )\t kn[+ :i* way he came !re4
   ,,sect4  ,,xi4  ,( ! ,e>?4   ,:o is x

 t hung & pois$ ?is motionless globe ( !
 e>?8 ,:o laid its f\ndation8  ,no?+    
seems m vile & contemptible2 = ! meane/ 
wret*es tread x "u foot2 b yet x is 9   
ord] to possess x t we "p ) ! greate/   
treasures4  ,if x 7 h>d] ?an x is1 man  
c\ld n op5 its bosom to cultivate x2 &  
if x 7 less h>d x c\ld n be> !m1 & !y   
w\ld s9k ev]y:]e z !y d 9 s&1 or 9 a    
bog4  ,x is f ! inexhau/ible bosom ( !  
e>? we draw :at is mo/ preci\s4 ,t      
%apeless1 vile1 & rude mass assumes !   
mo/ v>i\s =ms2 & yields alone1 by turns1
 all ! goods we c desire4  ,t dirty soil
 trans=ms itself into a ?\s& f9e objects
 t *>m ! eye4  ,9 ! compass ( "o ye> x  
turns into bran*es1 twigs1 buds1 leaves1
 blossoms1 fruits1 & se$s1 9 ord]1 by ^?
 v>i\s %apes1 to multiply its           
lib]alities to mank9d4  ,no?+ exhau/s ! 
e>?2 ! m we te> h] b[els ! m %e is      
lib]al4  ,aft] s _m ages1 dur+ :i* %e   
has produc$ ev]y?+1 %e is n yet worn    
out4  ,%e feels no decay f old age1 & h]
 entrails /ill conta9 ! same treasures4 

,a ?\s& g5]ations h pass$ away1 &       
return$ into h] bosom4 ,ev]y?+ gr[s old1
 %e alone except$3  = %e gr[s "y aga9 e 
ye> 9 ! spr+4  ,%e is nev] want+ to m52 
b fooli% m5 are want+ to !mselves 9     
neglect+ to cultivate h]4  ,x is ?r\gh  
_! laz9ess & extravagance !y suff]      
brambles & bri>s to gr[ in/ead ( grapes 
& corn4  ,!y cont5d = a good !y let     
p]i%4  ,! conqu]ors leave uncultivat$ ! 
gr\nd = ! possession ( :i* !y h         
sacrific$ ! lives ( s _m ?\s& m51 & h   
sp5t _! own 9 hurry & tr\ble4  ,m5 h    
be=e !m va/ tracts ( l& un9habit$ &     
uncultivat$2 & !y turn mank9d           
topsy-turvy = "o nook ( t neglect$ gr\nd
 9 dispute4  ,! e>?1 if well cultivat$1 
w\ld fe$ a hundr$ times m m5 ?an n[ %e  
does4  ,ev5 ! unev5ness ( gr\nd :i* at  
fir/ seems to be a defect turns ei!r    
into ornam5t or pr(it4  ,! m\nta9s arose
 & ! valleys desc5d$ to ! place ! ,"l _h
 appo9t$ = !m4  ,^? diff]5t gr\nds h _! 
p>ticul> advantages1 accord+ to ! div]s 
aspects ( ! sun4  ,9 ^? deep valleys gr[

 fre% & t5d] grass to fe$ cattle4  ,next
 to !m op5s a va/ *ampaign cov]$ ) a ri*
 h>ve/4  ,"h1 hills rise l an           
amphi!atre1 & are cr[n$ ) v9ey>ds &     
fruit trees4  ,!re high m\nta9s c>ry    
al(t _! froz5 br[s to ! v cl\ds1 & !    
torr5ts t run d[n f !m become ! spr+s ( 
riv]s4  ,! rocks t %[ _! craggy tops be>
 up ! e>? ( m\nta9s j z ! bones be> up !
 fle% 9 human bodies4  ,t v>iety yields 
at once a ravi%+ prospect to ! eye1 &1  
at ! same "t1 supplies ! div]s wants (  
man4  ,!re is no gr\nd s b>r5 b has "s  
pr(itable prop]ty4  ,n only black &     
f]tile soil b ev5 clay & gravel         
recomp5se a man's toil4  ,dra9$ morasses
 become fruitful2 s& = ! mo/ "p only    
cov]s ! surface ( ! e>?2 & :51 !        
husb&man has ! pati5ce to dig deep] he  
f9ds a new gr\nd t gr[s f]tile z fa/ z x
 is turn$ & expos$ to ! rays ( ! sun4   
,!re is sc>ce any spot ( gr\nd          
absolutely b>r5 if a man d n gr[ we>y ( 
digg+1 & turn+ x to ! enliv5+ sun1 & if 
he require no m f x ?an x is prop] to   

be>1 amid/ /ones & rocks !re is         
sometimes excell5t pa/ure2 & _! cavities
 h ve9s1 :i*1 be+ p5etrat$ by ! pi]c+   
rays ( ! sun1 furni% plants ) mo/ sav\ry
 juices = ! fe$+ ( h]ds & flocks4  ,ev5 
sea-coa/s t seem to be ! mo/ /]ile &    
wild yield sometimes ei!r delici\s      
fruits or mo/ :olesome m$ic9es t are    
want+ 9 ! mo/ f]tile c\ntries4          
,besides1 x is ! effect ( a wise        
ov]-rul+ provid5ce t no l& yields all t 
is useful to human life4  ,= want       
invites m5 to comm]ce1 9 ord] to supply 
"o ano!r's necessities4  ,x is !re=e t  
want t is ! natural tie ( society betwe5
 nations3  o!rwise all ! p ( ! e>? w\ld 
be r$uc$ to "o sort ( food & clo?+2 &   
no?+ w\ld invite !m to "k & visit "o    
ano!r4   ,,sect4  ,,xii4  ,( ,plants4   
,all t ! e>? produces be+ corrupt$1     
returns into h] bosom1 & becomes ! s\rce
 ( a new production4  ,?us %e resumes   
all %e has giv5 9 ord] to give x aga94  
,?us ! corruption ( plants1 & !         
excrem5ts ( ! animals %e fe$s1 fe$ h]1 &

 improve h] f]tility4  ,?us1 ! m %e     
gives ! m %e resumes2 & %e is nev]      
exhau/$1 provid$ !y :o cultivate h]     
re/ore to h] :at %e has giv54  ,ev]y?+  
comes f h] bosom1 ev]y?+ returns to x1 &
 no?+ is lo/ 9 x4  ,nay1 all se$s       
multiply !re4  ,if1 = in/ance1 y tru/ ! 
e>? ) "s gra9s ( corn1 z !y corrupt !y  
g]m9ate & spr+2 & t teem+ p>5t re/ores )
 usury m e>s ?an %e _h receiv$ gra9s4   
,dig into h] entrails1 y w f9d 9 !m /one
 & m>ble = ! mo/ magnific5t build+s4  ,b
 :o is x t has laid up s _m treasures 9 
h] bosom1 ^u condition t !y %\ld        
cont9ually produce !mselves anew8       
,behold h[ _m preci\s & useful metals2  
h[ _m m9]als design$ = ! conv5i5cy (    
man6  ,admire ! plants t spr+ f ! e>?3  
!y yield food = ! heal?y1 & rem$ies = ! 
sick4  ,_! species & virtues are        
innum]able4  ,!y deck ! e>?1 yield      
v]dure1 fragrant fl[]s1 & delici\s      
fruits4  ,d y see ^? va/ =e/s t seem z  
old z ! _w8  ,^? trees s9k into ! e>? by
 _! roots1 z deep z _! bran*es %oot up  

to ! sky4  ,_! roots def5d !m aga9/ !   
w9ds1 & fet* up1 z x 7 by subt]ranean   
pipes1 all ! juices de/9$ to fe$ !      
trunk4  ,! trunk itself is cov]$ ) a    
t\gh b>k t %elt]s ! t5d] wood f !       
injuries ( ! air4  ,! bran*es di/ribute 
by sev]al pipes ! sap :i* ! roots _h    
ga!r$ up 9 ! trunk4 ,9 summ] ! b\ghs    
protect u ) _! %ad[ aga9/ ! scor*+ rays 
( ! sun4  ,9 w9t]1 !y fe$ ! fire t      
pres]ves 9 u natural heat4  ,nor is     
burn+ ! only use wood is fit =2 x is a  
s(t ?\gh solid & durable matt]1 to :i* !
 h& ( man gives1 ) ease1 all ! =ms he   
pleases = ! greate/ works ( ar*itecture 
& navigation4  ,moreov]1 fruit trees by 
b5d+ _! b\ghs t[>ds ! e>? seem to (f] _!
 crop to man4  ,! trees & plants1 by    
lett+ _! fruit or se$ drop d[n1 provide 
= a num]\s po/]ity ab\t !m4  ,! t5d]e/  
plant1 ! lea/ ( h]bs & pulse are1 9     
little1 9 a small se$1 all t is display$
 9 ! highe/ plants & l>ge/ tree4  ,e>? t
 nev] *anges produces all ^? alt]ations 
9 h] bosom4   ,,sect4  ,,xiii4  ,(      

,wat]4   ,let u n[ behold :at we call   
wat]4  ,x is a liquid1 cle>1 & transp>5t
 body4  ,on ! "o h& x fl[s1 slips1 &    
runs away2 & on ! o!r x assumes all !   
=ms ( ! bodies t surr\nd x1 hav+ prop]ly
 none ( its own4  ,if wat] 7 m r>efi$1  
or ?9n]1 x w\ld be a k9d ( air2 & s !   
:ole surface ( ! e>? w\ld be dry &      
/]ile4  ,!re w\ld be none b volatiles2  
no liv+ creature c\ld swim2 no fi% c\ld 
live2 nor w\ld !re be any traffic by    
navigation4  ,:at indu/ri\s & sagaci\s  
h& has f\nd means to ?ick5 ! wat]1 by   
subtilis+ ! air1 & s well to di/+ui% ^? 
two sorts ( fluid bodies8 ,if wat] 7    
some:at m r>efi$1 x c\ld no long] su/a9 
^? prodigi\s float+ build+s1 call$ %ips4
  ,bodies t h ! lea/ pond]osity w\ld    
pres5tly s9k "u wat]4  ,:o is x t took  
c>e to frame s j a configuration ( p>ts1
 & s exact a degree ( motion1 z to make 
wat] s fluid1 s p5etrat+1 s slipp]y1 s  
incapable ( any consi/5cy3  & yet s     
/rong to be>1 & s impetu\s to c>ry (f & 
waft away1 ! mo/ unwieldy bodies8  ,x is

 docile2 man leads x ab\t z a rid] does 
a well- manag$ horse4  ,he di/ributes x 
z he pleases2 he raises x to ! top (    
/eep m\nta9s1 & makes use ( its weight  
to let x fall1 9 ord] to rise aga91 z   
high z x 0 at fir/4  ,b man :o leads    
wat]s ) su* absolute comm& is 9 8 turn  
l$ by !m4 ,wat] is "o ( ! greate/ mov+  
p[]s t man c employ to supply 8 defects 
9 ! mo/ necess>y arts1 ei!r ?r\gh !     
smallness or weakness ( 8 body4  ,b !   
wat]s :i*1 not)/&+ _! fluidity1 are su* 
pond]\s bodies1 d nev]!less rise above  
our heads1 & rema9 a long :ile hang+    
!re4  ,d y see ^? cl\ds t fly1 z x 71 on
 ! w+s ( ! w9ds8  ,if !y %\ld fall1 on a
 sudd51 9 wat]y pill>s1 rapid l a       
torr5t1 !y w\ld dr[n & de/roy ev]y?+ :]e
 !y %\ld happ5 to fall1 & ! o!r gr\nds  
w\ld rema9 dry4 ,:at h& keeps !m 9 ^?   
p5dul\s res]vatories1 & p]mits !m to    
fall only by drops z if !y di/ill$ ?r\gh
 a g>d5]'s wat]+-pot8  ,:5ce comes x t 9
 "s hot c\ntries1 :]e sc>ce any ra9 ev] 
falls1 ! nightly dews are s pl5tiful t  

!y supply ! want ( ra92 & t 9 o!r       
c\ntries1 su* z ! banks ( ! ,nile &     
,ganges1 ! regul> inundation ( riv]s1 at
 c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>1 nev] fails to   
make up :at ! inhabitants are defici5t 9
 = ! wat]+ ( ! gr\nd8  ,c "o imag9e     
measures bett] conc]t$ to r5d] all      
c\ntries f]tile & fruitful8  ,?us wat]  
qu5*es1 n only ! ?ir/ ( m51 b likewise (
 arid l&s3  & ,he :o gave u t fluid body
 has c>efully di/ribut$ x ?r\gh\t ! e>?1
 l pipes 9 a g>d54  ,! wat]s fall f !   
tops ( m\nta9s :]e _! res]vatories are  
plac$4  ,!y ga!r into rivulets 9 !      
bottom ( valleys4  ,riv]s run 9 w9d+    
/reams ?r\gh va/ tracts ( l&1 ! bett] to
 wat] !m2 &1 at la/1 !y precipitate     
!mselves into ! sea1 9 ord] to make x ! 
c5tre ( comm]ce = all nations4  ,t      
ocean1 :i* seems to be plac$ 9 ! mid/ ( 
l&s1 to make an et]nal sep>ation betwe5 
!m1 is1 on ! contr>y1 ! common r5dezv\s 
( all ! p ( ! e>?1 :o c\ld n g by l& f  
"o end ( ! _w to ! o!r )\t inf9ite      
fatigue1 t$i\s j\rneys1 & numb]less     

dang]s4  ,x is by t trackless road1     
across ! bottomless deep1 t ! :ole _w   
%akes h&s ) ! new2 & t ! new supplies ! 
old ) s _m conv5i5ces & ri*es4  ,!      
wat]s1 di/ribut$ ) s mu* art1 circulate 
9 ! e>?1 j z ! blood does 9 a man's     
body4  ,b besides ?is p]petual          
circulation ( ! wat]1 !re is besides !  
flux & reflux ( ! sea4  ,let u n inquire
 into ! causes ( s my/]i\s an effect4   
,:at is c]ta9 is t ! tide c>ries1 or    
br+s u back to c]ta9 places1 at precise 
h\rs4  ,:o is x t makes x )draw1 & !n   
come back ) s mu* regul>ity8  ,a little 
m or less motion 9 t fluid mass w\ld    
disord] all nature2 = a little m motion 
9 a tide or flood w\ld dr[n :ole k+doms4
  ,:o is x t knew h[ to take su* exact  
measures 9 imm5se bodies8  ,:o is x t   
knew s well h[ to keep a j m$ium betwe5 
too mu* & too little8  ,:at h& has set  
to ! sea ! unmovable b\nd>y x mu/       
respect ?r\gh ! s]ies ( all ages by     
tell+ x3  ,!re1 ?y pr\d waves %all come 
& break8  ,b ^! wat]s s fluid become1 on

 a sudd51 dur+ ! w9t]1 z h>d z rocks4   
,! summits ( high m\nta9s h1 ev5 at all 
times1 ice & sn[1 :i* are ! spr+s (     
riv]s1 & soak+ pa/ure-gr\nds r5d] !m m  
f]tile4  ,"h wat]s are sweet to qu5* !  
?ir/ ( man2 !re !y are br9y1 & yield a  
salt t seasons our meat1 & makes x      
incorruptible4 ,9 f9e1 if ,i lift up my 
eyes1 ,i p]ceive 9 ! cl\ds t fly above u
 a sort ( hang+ seas t s]ve to temp] !  
air1 break ! fi]y rays ( ! sun1 & wat] !
 e>? :5 x is too dry4 ,:at h& 0 able to 
hang ov] our heads ^? great res]vatories
 ( wat]s8  ,:at h& takes c>e nev] to let
 !m fall b 9 mod]ate %[]s8   ,,sect4    
,,xiv4  ,( ! ,air4   ,aft] hav+ consid]$
 ! wat]s1 let u n[ contemplate ano!r    
mass yet ( f> great] ext5t4  ,d y see   
:at is call$ air8  ,x is a body s pure1 
s subtle1 & s transp>5t1 t ! rays ( !   
/>s1 seat$ at a di/ance almo/ inf9ite f 
u1 pi]ce q ?r\gh x1 )\t difficulty1 & 9 
an in/ant1 to light our eyes4  ,_h ?is  
fluid body be5 a little less subtle1 x  
w\ld ei!r h int]cept$ ! day f u1 or at  

mo/ w\ld h left u b a duski% & confus$  
light1 j z :5 ! air is fill$ ) ?ick     
fogs4  ,we live plung$ 9 abysses ( air1 
z fi%es d 9 abysses ( wat]4  ,z ! wat]1 
if x 7 subtilis$1 w\ld become a k9d (   
air1 :i* w\ld occasion ! dea? ( fi%es1 s
 ! air w\ld deprive u ( brea? if x %\ld 
become m humid & ?ick]4  ,9 su* a case  
we %\ld dr[n 9 ! waves ( t ?ick5$ air1 j
 z a t]re/rial animal dr[ns 9 ! sea4    
,:o is x t has s nicely purifi$ t air we
 brea!8  ,if x 7 ?ick] x w\ld /ifle u2 &
 if x 7 too subtle x w\ld want t s(tness
 :i* cont9ually fe$s ! vitals ( man4    
,we %\ld be s5sible ev]y:]e ( :at we    
exp]i5ce on ! top ( ! highe/ m\nta9s1   
:]e ! air is s ?9 t x yields no         
suffici5t moi/ure & n\ri%m5t = ! lungs4 
,b :at invisible p[] raises & lays s    
sudd5ly ! /orms ( t great fluid body1 ( 
:i* ^? ( ! sea are only consequ5ces8  ,f
 :at treasury come =? ! w9ds t purify ! 
air1 cool scor*+ heats1 temp] ! %>pness 
( w9t]1 & 9 an in/ant *ange ! :ole face 
( heav58  ,on ! w+s ( ^? w9ds ! cl\ds   

fly f "o end ( ! horizon to ! o!r4  ,x  
is kn[n t c]ta9 w9ds bl[ 9 c]ta9 seas1  
at "s /at$ seasons4 ,!y cont9ue a fix$  
"t1 & o!rs succe$ !m1 z x 7 on purpose1 
to r5d] navigation bo? commodi\s &      
regul>3  s t if m5 are b z pati5t1 & z  
punctual z ! w9ds1 !y may1 ) ease1 p]=m 
! longe/ voyages4   ,,sect4  ,,xv4  ,(  
,fire4   ,d y see t fire t seems k9dl$ 9
 ! />s1 & spreads its light on all      
sides8  ,d y see t flame :i* c]ta9      
m\nta9s vomit up1 & :i* ! e>? fe$s )    
sulphur )9 its entrails8  ,t same fire  
peaceably lurks 9 ! ve9s ( fl9ts1 &     
expects to break out1 till ! collision (
 ano!r body excites x to %ock cities &  
m\nta9s4  ,man has f\nd ! way to k9dle  
x1 & apply x to all 8 uses1 bo? to b5d !
 h>de/ metals1 & to fe$ ) wood1 ev5 9 ! 
mo/ froz5 climes1 a flame t s]ves him   
in/ead ( ! sun1 :5 ! sun removes f him4 
,t subtle flame glides & p5etrates into 
all se$s4  ,x is1 z x 71 ! s\l ( all    
liv+ ?+s2 x consumes all t is impure1 & 
r5ews :at x has purifi$4  ,fire l5ds its

 =ce & activity to weak m54  ,x bl[s up1
 on a sudd51 build+s & rocks4  ,b h we a
 m9d to conf9e x to a m mod]ate use8  ,x
 w>ms man1 & makes all sorts ( food fit 
= 8 eat+4  ,! anci5ts1 9 admiration (   
fire1 believ$ x to be a cele/ial gift1  
:i* man _h /ol5 f ! gods4   ,,sect4     
,,xvi4  ,( ,heav54   ,x is "t to lift up
 our eyes to heav54  ,:at p[] has built 
ov] our heads s va/ & s magnific5t an   
ar*8  ,:at a /up5d\s v>iety ( admirable 
objects is "h8  ,x is1 no d\bt1 to      
pres5t u ) a noble spectacle t an       
,omnipot5t ,h& has set be=e our eyes s  
great & s bright objects4  ,x is 9 ord] 
to raise our admiration ( heav51 says   
,tully1 t ,god made man unlike ! re/ (  
animals4  ,he /&s upright1 & lifts up 8 
head1 t he may be employ$ ab\t ! ?+s t 7
 above him4  ,sometimes we see a duski% 
azure sky1 :]e ! pure/ fires tw9kle4    
,sometimes we behold1 9 a temp]ate      
heav51 ! s(te/ col\rs mix$ ) su* v>iety 
z x is n 9 ! p[] ( pa9t+ to imitate4    
,sometimes we see cl\ds ( all %apes &   

figures1 & ( all ! brighte/ col\rs1 :i* 
e mom5t %ift t beautiful decoration by !
 f9e/ accid5ts & v>i\s effects ( light4 
,:at does ! regul> succession ( day &   
night d5ote8  ,= s _m ages z are pa/ !  
sun nev] fail$ s]v+ m51 :o _c live )\t  
x4 ,_m ?\s& ye>s are elaps$1 & ! dawn   
nev] once miss$ proclaim+ ! approa* ( ! 
day4  ,x always beg9s precisely at a    
c]ta9 mom5t & place4  ,! sun1 says !    
holy writ1 kn[s :]e x %all set e day4   
,by t means x lights1 by turns1 ! two   
hemisph]es1 or sides ( ! e>?1 & visits  
all ^? = :om its beams are design$4  ,! 
day is ! "t = society & lab\r2 ! night1 
wrapp+ up ! e>? ) its %ad[1 ends1 9 its 
turn1 all mann] ( fatigue & alleviates !
 toil ( ! day4 ,x susp5ds & quiets all2 
& spreads sil5ce & sleep ev]y:]e4  ,by  
refre%+ ! bodies x r5ews ! spirits4     
,soon aft] day returns to summon aga9   
man to lab\r & revive all nature4       
,,sect4  ,,xvii4  ,( ! ,sun4   ,b       
besides ! con/ant c\rse by :i* ! sun =ms
 days & nights x makes u s5sible (      

ano!r1 by :i* = ! space ( six mon?s x   
approa*es "o ( ! poles1 & at ! end ( ^? 
six mon?s goes back ) equal spe$ to     
visit ! o!r pole4  ,?is excell5t ord]   
makes "o sun suffici5t = ! :ole e>?4    
,if x 7 ( a l>g] size at ! same di/ance1
 x w\ld set ! :ole globe on fire & ! e>?
 w\ld be burnt to a%es2 & if1 at ! same 
di/ance1 x 7 less]1 ! e>? w\ld be all   
ov] froz5 & un9habitable4  ,aga91 if 9 !
 same magnitude x 7 ne>] u1 x w\ld set u
 9 flames2 & if m remote1 we %\ld n be  
able to live on ! t]re/rial globe = want
 ( heat4  ,:at pair ( compasses1 ^:     
circumf]5ce encircles bo? heav5 & e>?1  
has fix$ su* j dim5sions8  ,t /> does no
 less befri5d t "p ( ! e>? f :i* x      
removes1 9 ord] to temp] x1 ?an t x     
approa*es to fav\r x ) its beams4  ,its 
k9d1 b5efic5t aspect f]tilises all x    
%9es ^u4  ,?is *ange produces t ( !     
seasons1 ^: v>iety is s agreeable4  ,!  
spr+ sil5ces bleak fro/y w9ds1 br+s =?  
blossoms & fl[]s1 & promises fruits4  ,!
 summ] yields ri* h>ve/s4  ,! autumn    

be/[s ! fruits promis$ by ! spr+4  ,!   
w9t]1 :i* is a k9d ( night :]e9 man     
refre%es & re/s himself1 lays up all !  
treasures ( ! e>? 9 its c5tre ) no o!r  
design b t ! next spr+ may display !m ) 
all ! graces ( novelty4  ,?us nature1   
v>i\sly attir$1 yields s _m f9e         
prospects t %e nev] gives man leisure to
 be disgu/$ ) :at he possesses4  ,b h[  
is x possible = ! c\rse ( ! sun to be s 
regul>8 ,x appe>s t /> is only a globe (
 mo/ subtle flame4  ,n[1 :at is x t     
keeps t flame1 s re/less & s impetu\s1  
)9 ! exact b\nds ( a p]fect globe8  ,:at
 h& leads t flame 9 s /rait a way & nev]
 suff]s x to slip "o side or o!r8  ,t   
flame is held by no?+1 & !re is no body 
t c ei!r guide x or keep x "u2 = x w\ld 
soon consume :atev] body x %\ld be      
enclos$ 94  ,:i!r is x go+8  ,:o has    
taught x incessantly & s regul>ly to    
turn 9 a space :]e x is free &          
uncon/ra9$8  ,does x n circulate ab\t u 
on purpose to s]ve u8  ,n[ if ?is flame 
does n turn1 & if on ! contr>y x is our 

e>? t turns1 ,i w\ld fa9 "k h[ x comes  
to be s well plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( !        
univ]se1 z x 7 ! focus or ! he>t ( all  
nature4  ,i w\ld fa9 "k also h[ x comes 
to pass t a globe ( s subtle matt] nev] 
slips on any side 9 t imm5se space t    
surr\nds x1 & :]e9 x seems to /& )      
reason t all fluid bodies ought to yield
 to ! impetuosity ( t flame4  ,9 f9e1 ,i
 w\ld fa9 "k h[ x comes to pass t !     
globe ( ! e>?1 :i* is s v h>d1 turns s  
regul>ly ab\t t planet 9 a space :]e no 
solid body keeps x fa/ to regulate its  
c\rse4  ,let m5 ) ! help ( physics      
contrive ! mo/ +5i\s reasons to expla9  
?is ph5om5on2 all _! argum5ts1 suppos+  
!m to be true1 w become pro(s ( !       
,deity4  ,! m ! great spr+ t directs !  
ma*9e ( ! univ]se is exact1 simple1     
con/ant1 c]ta91 & productive ( abundance
 ( useful effects1 ! m x is pla9 t a mo/
 pot5t & mo/ artful h& knew h[ to pit*  
^u ! spr+ :i* is ! mo/ p]fect ( all4    
,,sect4  ,,xviii4  ,( ! ,/>s4   ,b let u
 once m view t imm5se ar*$ ro( :]e ! />s

 %9e1 & :i* cov]s our heads l a canopy4 
,if x be a solid vault1 :at ar*itect    
built x8  ,:o is x t has fix$ s _m great
 lum9\s bodies to c]ta9 places ( t ar* &
 at c]ta9 di/ances8  ,:o is x t makes t 
vault turn s regul>ly ab\t u8  ,if on ! 
contr>y ! skies are only imm5se spaces  
full ( fluid bodies1 l ! air t surr\nds 
u1 h[ comes x to pass t s _m solid      
bodies float 9 !m )\t ev] s9k+ or ev]   
com+ ne>] "o ano!r8  ,= all a/ronomical 
obs]vations t h be5 made 9 s _m ages n !
 lea/ disord] or irregul> motion has yet
 be5 discov]$ 9 ! heav5s4  ,w a fluid   
body range 9 su* con/ant & regul> ord]  
bodies t swim circul>ly )9 its sph]e8   
,b :at does t almo/ innum]able multitude
 ( />s mean8  ,! pr(usion ) :i* ! h& (  
,god has scatt]$ !m ?r\gh ,8 "w %[s no?+
 is difficult to ,8 p[]4  ,he has ca/ !m
 ab\t ! skies z a magnific5t pr9ce ei!r 
scatt]s money by h&fuls or /uds 8 clo!s 
) preci\s /ones4  ,let :o w say1 if he  
pleases1 t ! />s are z _m worlds l ! e>?
 we inhabit2 ,i grant x = "o mom5t2 b   

!n1 h[ pot5t & wise mu/ ,he be :o makes 
worlds z numb]less z ! gra9s ( s& t cov]
 ! sea-%ore1 & :o1 )\t any tr\ble1 = s  
_m ages gov]ns all ^! w&]+ worlds z a   
%eph]d does a flock ( %eep8  ,if on !   
contr>y !y are only1 z x 71 light$      
tor*es to %9e 9 our eyes 9 ?is small    
globe call$ e>?1 h[ great is t p[] :i*  
no?+ c fatigue1 no?+ c exhau/8  ,:at a  
pr(use lib]ality x is to give man 9 ?is 
little corn] ( ! univ]se s m>vell\s a   
spectacle6  ,b among ^? />s ,i p]ceive !
 moon1 :i* seems to %>e ) ! sun ! c>e & 
(fice ( light+ u4  ,%e appe>s at set    
times ) all ! o!r />s1 :5 ! sun is      
oblig$ to g & c>ry back ! day to ! o!r  
hemisph]e4  ,?us night itself1 not)/&+  
its d>kness1 has a light1 duski% inde$1 
b s(t & useful4  ,t light is borr[$ f ! 
sun1 ?\gh abs5t3 & ?us ev]y?+ is manag$ 
) su* excell5t art 9 ! univ]se t a globe
 ne> ! e>?1 & z d>k z %e ( itself1      
s]ves1 nev]!less1 to s5d back to h]1 by 
reflection1 ! rays x receives f ! sun2 &
 t ! sun lights by means ( ! moon ! p t 

_c see him :ile he mu/ light o!rs4  ,x  
may be said t ! motion ( ! />s is settl$
 & regulat$ by un*angeable laws4  ,i    
suppose x is2 b ?is v supposition proves
 :at ,i lab\r to ev9ce4  ,:o is x t has 
giv5 to all nature laws at once s       
con/ant & s :olesome1 laws s v simple1 t
 "o is tempt$ to believe !y e/abli%     
!mselves ( _! own accord1 & s productive
 ( b5eficial & useful effects t "o _c   
avoid ackn[l$g+ a m>vell\s art 9 !m8    
,:5ce proce$s ! gov]nm5t ( t univ]sal   
ma*9e :i* incessantly works = u )\t s   
mu* z our ?9k+ ^u x8 ,to :om %all we    
ascribe ! *oice & ga!r+ ( s _m deep & s 
well conceit$ spr+s1 & ( s _m bodies1   
great & small1 visible & invisible1 :i* 
equally concur to s]ve u8  ,! lea/ atom 
( ?is ma*9e t %\ld happ5 to be out (    
ord] w\ld unh+e all nature4  ,= ! spr+s 
& movem5ts ( a wat* are n put toge!r ) s
 mu* art & nic5ess z ^? ( ! univ]se4    
,:at !n mu/ be a design s ext5sive1 s   
coh]5t1 s excell5t1 s b5eficial8  ,!    
necessity ( ^? laws1 in/ead ( det]r+ me 

f inquir+ into _! au?or1 does b height5 
my curiosity & admiration4  ,c]ta9ly1 x 
requir$ a h& equally artful & p[]ful to 
put 9 ,8 "w an ord] equally simple &    
teem+1 con/ant & useful4  ,:]e=e ,i w n 
scruple to say ) ! ,scripture1 ,let e />
 ha/e to g :i!r ! ,"l s5ds x2 & :5 ,he  
speaks let !m answ] ) trembl+1 ,"h we   
are1 ,ecce adsumus4   ,,sect4  ,,xix4   
,( ,animals1 ,bea/s1 ,f[l1 ,birds1      
,fi%es1 ,reptiles1 & ,insects4   ,b let 
u turn our eyes t[>ds animals1 :i* /ill 
are m wor?y ( admiration ?an ei!r !     
skies or />s4  ,_! species are          
numb]less4  ,"s h b two feet1 o!rs f\r1 
o!rs aga9 a great _m4  ,"s walk2 o!rs   
crawl1 or creep2 o!rs fly2 o!rs swim2   
o!rs fly1 walk1 or swim1 by turns4  ,!  
w+s ( birds1 & ! f9s ( fi%es1 are l o>s1
 t cut ! waves ei!r ( air or wat]1 & /e]
 ! float+ body ei!r ( ! bird1 or fi%1 ^:
 /ructure is l t ( a %ip4  ,b ! p9ions (
 birds h fea!rs ) a d[n1 t swells 9 !   
air1 & :i* w\ld gr[ unwieldy 9 ! wat]4  
,&1 on ! contr>y1 ! f9s ( fi%es h %>p & 

dry po9ts1 :i* cut ! wat]1 )\t imbib+ x1
 & :i* d n gr[ heavi] by be+ wet4  ,a   
sort ( f[l t swim1 su* z swans1 keep _! 
w+s & mo/ ( _! fea!rs above wat]1 bo?   
le/ !y %\ld wet !m & t !y may s]ve !m1 z
 x 71 = sails4  ,!y h ! art to turn ^?  
fea!rs aga9/ ! w9d1 &1 9 a mann]1 to    
tack1 z %ips d :5 ! w9d does n s]ve4    
,wat]-f[ls1 su* z ducks1 h at _! feet   
l>ge sk9s t /ret*1 some:at l rackets1 to
 keep !m f s9k+ on ! oozy & miry banks (
 riv]s4  ,among/ ! animals1 wild bea/s1 
su* z lions1 h _! bigge/ muscles ab\t ! 
%\ld]s1 ?ighs1 & legs2 & !re=e ^!       
animals are nimble1 brisk1 n]v\s1 &     
ready to ru% =w>d4 ,_! jaw-bones are    
prodigi\sly l>ge1 9 proportion to ! re/ 
( _! bodies4  ,!y h tee? & claws1 :i*   
s]ve !m1 z t]rible weapons1 to te> 9    
pieces & dev\r o!r animals4  ,= ! same  
reason1 birds ( prey1 su* z eagles1 h a 
beak & p\nces t pi]ce ev]y?+4  ,!       
muscles ( _! p9ions are extreme l>ge &  
brawny1 t _! w+s may h a /rong] & m     
rapid motion3  & s ^? creatures1 ?\gh   

some:at heavy1 so> al(t & t[] up easily 
to ! v cl\ds1 f :5ce !y %oot1 l a       
?und]bolt1 on ! qu>ry !y h 9 view4  ,o!r
 animals h horns4  ,! greate/ /r5g? ( "s
 lies 9 _! backs & necks2 & o!rs c only 
kick4  ,e species1 h[ev]1 has bo?       
(f5sive & def5sive arms4  ,_! hunt+ is a
 k9d ( w>1 :i* !y wage "o aga9/ ano!r1 =
 ! necessities ( life4  ,!y h also laws 
& a gov]nm5t among !mselves4  ,"s1 l    
tortoises1 c>ry ! h\se :]e9 !y 7 born2  
o!rs build !irs1 z birds d1 on ! highe/ 
bran*es ( trees1 to pres]ve _! "y f !   
insult ( unw+$ creatures1 & !y ev5 lay  
_! ne/s 9 ! ?icke/ b\ghs to hide !m f _!
 enemies4 ,ano!r1 su* z ! beav]1 builds 
9 ! v bottom ( a pond ! sanctu>y he     
prep>es = himself1 & kn[s h[ to ca/ up  
dikes ar\nd x1 to pres]ve himself by !  
neighb\r+ inundation4 ,ano!r1 l a mole1 
has s po9t$ & s %>p a sn\t1 t 9 "o mom5t
 he pi]ces ?r\gh ! h>de/ gr\nd 9 ord] to
 provide = himself a subt]ranean        
retreat4  ,! cunn+ fox digs a k5nel )   
two holes to g out & come 9 at1 t he may

 n be ei!r surpris$ or trapp$ by !      
huntsm54  ,! reptiles are ( ano!r make4 
,!y curl1 w9d1 %r9k1 & /ret* by ! spr+s 
( _! muscles2 !y creep1 twi/ ab\t1      
squeeze1 & hold fa/ ! bodies !y meet 9  
_! way2 & easily slide ev]y:]e4  ,_!    
organs are almo/ indep5d5t "o on ! o!r2 
s t !y /ill live :5 !y are cut into two4
  ,! long-legg$ birds1 says ,cic]o1 are 
also long-neck$ 9 proportion1 t !y may  
br+ d[n _! bill to ! gr\nd1 & take up _!
 food4  ,x is ! same ) ! camel2 b !     
elephant1 ^: neck ?r\gh its bigness w\ld
 be too heavy if x 7 z long z t ( !     
camel1 0 furni%$ ) a trunk1 :i* is a    
contexture ( n]ves & muscles1 :i* he    
/ret*es1 %r9ks1 w9ds1 & turns e way1 to 
seize on bodies1 lift !m up1 or ?r[ !m  
(f3  = :i* reason ! ,lat9s call$ t trunk
 a h&4  ,c]ta9 animals seem to be made  
on purpose = man4  ,! dog is born to    
c>ess & fawn ^u him2 to obey & be "u    
comm&2 to give him an agreeable image ( 
society1 fri5d%ip1 fidelity1 & t5d]ness2
 to be true to 8 tru/2 eag]ly to hunt   

d[n1 c\rse1 & cat* sev]al o!r creatures1
 to leave !m aft]w>ds to man1 )\t reta9+
 any "p ( ! qu>ry4  ,! horse1 & su* o!r 
animals1 are )9 ! rea* & p[] ( man2 to  
ease him ( 8 lab\r1 & to take ^u !m a   
?\s& burd5s4  ,!y are born to c>ry1 to  
walk1 to supply man's weakness1 & to    
obey all 8 motions4  ,ox5 are end[$ )   
/r5g? & pati5ce1 9 ord] to draw ! pl\gh 
& till ! gr\nd4  ,c[s yield /reams (    
milk4 ,%eep h 9 _! fleeces a sup]fluity 
:i* is n = !m1 & :i* /ill gr[s & r5ews1 
z x 7 to invite m5 to %e> !m e ye>4     
,ev5 goats furni% man ) a long hair1 =  
:i* !y h no use1 & ( :i* he makes /uffs 
to cov] himself4  ,! sk9s ( "s bea/s    
supply m5 ) ! f9e/ & be/ l9+s1 9 !      
c\ntries t are mo/ remote f ! sun4  ,?us
 ! ,au?or ( nature has clo!d bea/s      
accord+ to _! necessities2 & _! spoils  
s]ve aft]w>ds to clo! m51 & keep !m w>m 
9 ^? froz5 climes4  ,! liv+ creatures t 
h little or no hair h a v ?ick & v h>d  
sk91 l scales2 o!rs h ev5 scales t cov] 
"o ano!r1 z tiles on ! top ( a h\se1 &  

:i* ei!r op5 or %ut1 z x be/ suits ) !  
liv+ creature1 ei!r to ext5d itself or  
%r9k4  ,^! sk9s & scales s]ve !         
necessities ( m53  & ?us 9 nature1 n    
only plants b animals also are made =   
our use4  ,wild bea/s !mselves ei!r gr[ 
tame or1 at lea/1 are afraid ( man4  ,if
 all c\ntries 7 peopl$ & gov]n$ z !y    
ought to be1 !re w\ld n be any:]e bea/s 
%\ld attack m54  ,= no wild bea/s w\ld  
be f\nd b 9 remote =e/s1 & !y w\ld be   
pres]v$ 9 ord] to ex]cise ! c\rage1     
/r5g?1 & dext]ity ( mank9d1 by a sport t
 %\ld repres5t w>2 s t !re nev] w\ld be 
any occasion = real w>s among nations4  
,b obs]ve t liv+ creatures t are noxi\s 
to man are ! lea/ teem+1 & t ! mo/      
useful multiply mo/4  ,!re are1 beyond  
comp>ison1 m ox5 & %eep kill$ ?an be>s  
or wolves2 & nev]!less ! numb] ( be>s & 
wolves is inf9itely less ?an t ( ox5 &  
%eep /ill on e>?4  ,obs]ve likewise1 )  
,cic]o1 t ! females ( e species h a     
numb] ( teats proportion$ to t ( ! "y   
ones !y g5]ally br+ =?4  ,! m "y !y be>1

 ) ! m milk-spr+s has nature suppli$ !m1
 to suckle !m4  ,:ile %eep let _! wool  
gr[ = our use1 silk-worms1 9 emulation )
 ea* o!r1 sp9 ri* /uffs & sp5d !mselves 
to be/[ !m ^u u4  ,!y make ( _! cod a   
k9d ( tomb1 & %utt+ up !mselves 9 _! own
 "w1 !y are new-born "u ano!r figure1 9 
ord] to p]petuate !mselves4  ,on ! o!r  
h&1 ! bees c>efully suck & ga!r ! juice 
( odor\s & fragrant fl[]s1 9 ord] to    
make _! honey2 & range x 9 su* an ord] z
 may s]ve = a patt]n to m54  ,sev]al    
insects are trans=m$1 sometimes into    
flies1 sometimes into worms1 or maggots4
 ,if "o %\ld ?9k su* insects useless1   
let him consid] t :at makes a "p ( !    
great spectacle ( ! univ]se1 &          
contributes to its v>iety1 is n altoge!r
 useless to s$ate & contemplative m54   
,:at c be m noble1 & m magnific5t1 ?an t
 great numb] ( commonweal?s ( liv+      
creatures s well gov]n$1 & e species (  
:i* has a diff]5t frame f ! o!r8        
,ev]y?+ %[s h[ mu* ! skill & workman%ip 
( ! artific] surpasses ! vile matt] he  

has work$ ^u4  ,e liv+ creature1 nay ev5
 gnats1 appe> wond]ful to me4  ,if "o   
f9ds !m tr\blesome1 he ought to consid] 
t x is necess>y t "s anxiety & pa9 be   
mix$ ) man's conv5i5ces3  = if no?+ %\ld
 mod]ate 8 pleasures1 & ex]cise 8       
pati5ce1 he w\ld ei!r gr[ s(t &         
effem9ate1 or =get himself4   ,,sect4   
,,xx4  ,admirable ,ord] 9 :i* all !     
,bodies t make up ! ,univ]se are rang$4 
,let u n[ consid] ! wond]s t %9e equally
 bo? 9 ! l>ge/ & ! smalle/ bodies4  ,on 
! "o side1 ,i see ! sun s _m ?\s& times 
bigg] ?an ! e>?2 ,i see him circulat+ 9 
a space1 9 comp>ison ( :i* he is himself
 b a bright atom4  ,i see o!r />s1      
p]haps /ill bigg] ?an he1 t roll 9 o!r  
regions1 /ill f>!r di/ant f u4  ,beyond 
^? regions1 :i* escape all measure1 ,i  
/ill confus$ly p]ceive o!r />s1 :i* c   
nei!r be c\nt$ nor di/+ui%$4  ,! e>?1 on
 :i* ,i /&1 is b "o po9t1 9 proportion  
to ! :ole1 9 :i* no b\nd c ev] be f\nd4 
,! :ole is s well put toge!r1 t n "o    
s+le atom c be put out ( its place )\t  

unh++ ?is imm5se ma*9e2 & x moves 9 su* 
excell5t ord] t its v motion p]petuates 
its v>iety & p]fection4  ,sure x mu/ be 
! h& ( a be+ t does ev]y?+ )\t any      
tr\ble t /ill keeps /eady1 & gov]ns ?is 
great "w = s _m ages2 & ^: f+]s play ) !
 univ]se1 to speak ) ! ,scripture4      
,,sect4  ,,xxi4  ,wond]s ( ! ,inf9itely 
,little4   ,on ! o!r h& ! "w is no less 
to be admir$ 9 little ?an 9 great3  = ,i
 f9d z well 9 little z 9 great a k9d (  
inf9ite t a/oni%es me4  ,x surpasses my 
imag9ation to f9d 9 a h&-worm1 z "o does
 9 an elephant or :ale1 limbs p]fectly  
well organis$2 a head1 a body1 legs1 &  
feet1 z di/9ct & z well =m$ z ^? ( !    
bigge/ animals4  ,!re are 9 e "p ( ^?   
liv+ atoms1 muscles1 n]ves1 ve9s1       
art]ies1 blood2 & 9 t blood ram\s       
p>ticles & hum\rs2 9 ^! hum\rs "s drops 
t are !mselves compos$ ( sev]al         
p>ticles3  nor c "o ev] /op 9 !         
discussion ( ?is inf9ite composition ( s
 inf9ite a :ole4  ,! microscope discov]s
 to u 9 e object z x 7 a ?\s& o!r       

objects t _h escap$ our notice4  ,b h[  
_m o!r objects are !re 9 e object       
discov]$ by ! microscope :i* !          
microscope itself _c discov]8  ,:at %\ld
 n we see if we c\ld /ill subtilise &   
improve m & m ! in/rum5ts t help out    
weak & dull sight8  ,let u supply by our
 imag9ation :at our eyes are defective  
92 & let our fancy itself be a k9d (    
microscope1 & repres5t to u 9 e atom a  
?\s& new & invisible worlds3  b x w nev]
 be able incessantly to pa9t to u new   
discov]ies 9 little bodies2 x w be tir$1
 & =c$ at la/ to /op1 & s9k1 leav+ 9 !  
smalle/ organ ( a body a ?\s& wond]s    
undiscov]$4   ,,sect4  ,,xxii4  ,( !    
,/ructure or ,frame ( ! ,animal4   ,let 
u conf9e ourselves )9 ! animal's ma*9e1 
:i* has ?ree ?+s t nev] c be too mu*    
admir$3  ,fir/1 x has 9 x :]e)al to     
def5d itself aga9/ ^? t attack x1 9 ord]
 to de/roy x4  ,secondly1 x has a       
faculty ( reviv+ itself by food4        
,?irdly1 x has :]e)al to p]petuate its  
species by g5]ation4  ,let u be/[ "s    

consid]ations on ^! ?ree ?+s4   ,,sect4 
,,xxiii4  ,( ! ,in/9ct ( ! ,animal4     
,animals are end[$ ) :at is call$       
in/9ct1 bo? to approa* useful &         
b5eficial objects1 & to avoid su* z may 
be noxi\s & de/ructive to !m4  ,let u n 
inquire :]e9 ?is in/9ct consi/s1 b      
cont5t ourselves ) matt] ( fact1 )\t    
reason+ ^u x4  ,! t5d] lamb smells 8 dam
 af> (f1 & runs to meet h]4  ,a %eep is 
seiz$ ) horror at ! approa* ( a wolf1 & 
flies away be=e he c disc]n him4  ,!    
h\nd is almo/ infallible 9 f9d+ out a   
/ag1 a buck1 or a h>e1 only by ! sc5t4  
,!re is 9 e animal an impetu\s spr+1    
:i*1 on a sudd51 ga!rs all ! spirits2   
di/5ds all ! n]ves2 r5d]s all ! jo9ts m 
supple & pliant2 & increases 9 an       
incr$ible mann]1 ^u sudd5 dang]s1 8     
/r5g?1 agility1 spe$1 & cunn+1 9 ord] to
 make him avoid ! object t ?reat5s 8    
de/ruction4  ,! "q 9 ?is place is n to  
"k :e!r bea/s are end[$ ) reason or     
und]/&+2 = ,i d n pret5d to engage 9 any
 philosophical inquiry4  ,! motions ,i  

speak ( are entirely indelib]ate1 ev5 9 
! ma*9e ( man4  ,if1 = in/ance1 a man t 
dances on a rope %\ld1 at t "t1 reason  
on ! laws & rules ( equilibrium1 8      
reason+ w\ld make him lose t v          
equilibrium :i* he pres]ves admirably   
well )\t argu+ ^u ! matt]1 & reason w\ld
 !n be ( no o!r use to him b to ?r[ him 
on ! gr\nd4  ,! same happ5s ) bea/s2 nor
 w x avail any?+ to object t !y reason z
 well z m51 = ?is objection does n 9 !  
lea/ weak5 my pro(2 & _! reason+ c nev] 
s]ve to acc\nt = ! motions we admire mo/
 9 !m4 ,w any "o affirm t !y "k ! nice/ 
rules ( me*anics1 :i* !y obs]ve ) p]fect
 exactness1 :5ev] !y are to run1 leap1  
swim1 hide !mselves1 d\ble1 use %ifts to
 avoid pursu+ h\nds1 or to make use ( ! 
/ronge/ "p ( _! bodies to def5d         
!mselves8  ,w he say t !y naturally     
und]/& ! ma!matics :i* m5 are ignorant  
(8  ,w he d>e to advance t !y p]=m )    
delib]ation & k all ^? impetu\s & yet s 
exact motions :i* ev5 m5 p]=m )\t /udy  
or prem$itation8  ,w he all[ !m to make 

use ( reason 9 ^? motions1 :]e9 x is    
c]ta9 man does n8  ,x is an in/9ct1 w he
 say1 t bea/s are gov]n$ by4  ,i grant  
x3  = x is1 inde$1 an in/9ct4  ,b ?is   
in/9ct is an admirable sagacity &       
dext]ity1 n 9 ! bea/s1 :o nei!r d1 nor c
 !n1 h "t to reason1 b 9 ! sup]ior      
wisdom t gov]ns !m4  ,t in/9ct1 or      
wisdom1 t ?9ks & wat*es = bea/s1 9      
indelib]ate ?+s1 :]e9 !y c\ld nei!r wat*
 nor ?9k1 ev5 suppos+ !m to be z        
reasonable z we1 c be no o!r ?an !      
wisdom ( ! ,artific] t made ^! ma*9es4  
,let u !re=e talk no m ( in/9ct or      
nature1 :i* are b f9e empty names 9 !   
m\? ( ! g5]ality t pron\nce !m4 ,!re is 
9 :at !y call nature & in/9ct a sup]ior 
art & contrivance1 ( :i* human inv5tion 
is b a %ad[4  ,:at is beyond all "q is1 
t !re are 9 bea/s a prodigi\s numb] (   
motions entirely indelib]ate1 & :i* yet 
are p]=m$ accord+ to ! nice/ rules (    
me*anics4  ,x is ! ma*9e alone t foll[s 
^? rules3  :i* is a fact indep5d5t f all
 philosophy2 & matt] ( fact is ev]      

decisive4  ,:at w\ld a man ?9k ( a wat* 
t %\ld fly or slip away1 turn1 aga91 or 
def5d itself1 = its own pres]vation1 if 
he w5t ab\t to break x8  ,w\ld he n     
admire ! skill ( ! artific]8  ,c\ld he  
be induc$ to believe t ! spr+s ( t wat* 
_h =m$1 proportion$1 rang$1 & unit$     
!mselves1 by m]e *ance8  ,c\ld he imag9e
 t he _h cle>ly expla9$ & acc\nt$ = su* 
indu/ri\s & skilful op]ation by talk+ ( 
! nature & in/9ct ( a wat* t %\ld       
exactly %[ ! h\r to 8 ma/]1 & slip away 
f su* z %\ld g ab\t to break its spr+s  
to pieces8   ,,sect4  ,,xxiv4  ,( ,food4
   ,:at is m noble ?an a ma*9e :i*      
cont9ually repairs & r5ews itself8  ,!  
animal1 /9t$ to 8 own /r5g?1 is soon    
tir$ & exhau/$ by lab\r2 b ! m he takes 
pa9s1 ! m he f9ds himself press$ to make
 himself am5ds = 8 lab\r1 by m pl5tiful 
fe$+4  ,alim5ts daily re/ore ! /r5g? he 
_h lo/4  ,he puts into 8 body ano!r     
sub/ance t becomes 8 own1 by a k9d (    
metamorphosis4  ,at fir/ x is p\nd$1 &  
be+ *ang$ into a liquor1 x purifies1 z  

if x 7 /ra9$ ?r\gh a sieve1 9 ord] to   
sep>ate any?+ t is gross f x2 aft]w>ds x
 arrives at ! c5tre1 or focus ( !       
spirits1 :]e x is subtilis$1 & becomes  
blood4  ,& runn+ at la/1 & p5etrat+     
?r\gh numb]less vessels to moi/5 all !  
memb]s1 x filtrates 9 ! fle%1 & becomes 
itself fle%4  ,s _m alim5ts1 & liquors (
 v>i\s col\rs1 are !n no m ?an "o & !   
same fle%2 & food :i* 0 b an inanimate  
body pres]ves ! life ( ! animal1 &      
becomes "p ( ! animal himself2 ! o!r    
p>ts ( :i* he 0 compos$ be+ exhal$ by an
 ins5sible & cont9ual transpiration4  ,!
 matt] :i*1 = in/ance1 0 f\r ye>s ago   
su* a horse1 is n[ b air1 or dung4 ,:at 
0 !n ei!r hay1 or oats1 is become t same
 horse1 s fi]y & vigor\s--at lea/1 he is
 acc\nt$ ! same horse1 not)/&+ ?is      
ins5sible *ange ( 8 sub/ance4   ,,sect4 
,,xxv4  ,( ,sleep4   ,! natural att5dant
 ( food is sleep2 9 :i* ! animal =be>s n
 only all 8 outw>d motions1 b also all !
 pr9cipal inw>d op]ations :i* might too 
mu* /ir & dissipate ! spirits4  ,he only

 reta9s respiration1 & dige/ion2 s t all
 motions t might we> out 8 /r5g? are    
susp5d$1 & all su* z are prop] to       
recruit & r5ew x g on freely ( !mselves4
  ,?is repose1 :i* is a k9d ( en*antm5t1
 returns e night1 :ile d>kness int]rupts
 & h9d]s lab\r4  ,n[1 :o is x t contriv$
 su* a susp5sion8  ,:o is x t s well    
*ose ! op]ations t ought to cont9ue2 &1 
) s j disc]nm5t1 exclud$ all su* z ought
 to be int]rupt$8  ,! next day all pa/  
fatigue is gone & vani%$4  ,! animal    
works on1 z if he _h nev] work$ be=e2 & 
?is reviv+ gives him a vivacity & vig\r 
t invites him to new lab\r4  ,?us !     
n]ves are /ill full ( spirits1 ! fle%   
smoo?1 ! sk9 :ole1 ?\gh "o w\ld ?9k x   
%\ld wa/e & te>2 ! liv+ body ( ! animal 
soon we>s out inanimate bodies1 ev5 !   
mo/ solid t are ab\t x2 & yet does n we>
 out itself4  ,! sk9 ( a horse1 =       
in/ance1 we>s out sev]al saddles2 & !   
fle% ( a *ild1 ?\gh v delicate & t5d]1  
we>s out _m clo!s1 :il/ x daily gr[s    
/rong]4  ,if ?is r5ew+ ( spirits 7      

p]fect1 x w\ld be real immortality1 & ! 
gift ( et]nal y\?4  ,b ! same be+       
imp]fect1 ! animal ins5sibly loses 8    
/r5g?1 decays & gr[s old1 because ev]y?+
 t is creat$ ought to be> a m>k (       
no?+ness f :i* x 0 drawn2 & h an end4   
,,sect4  ,,xxvi4  ,( ,g5]ation4   ,:at  
is m admirable ?an ! multiplication (   
animals8  ,look ^u ! individuals3  no   
animal is immortal4  ,ev]y?+ gr[s old1  
ev]y?+ passes away1 ev]y?+ disappe>s1   
ev]y?+1 9 %ort1 is annihilat$4  ,look ^u
 ! species3  ev]y?+ subsi/s1 ev]y?+ is  
p]man5t & immutable1 ?\gh 9 a con/ant   
vicissitude4  ,ev] s9ce !re h be5 on e>?
 m5 t h tak5 c>e to pres]ve ! memory (  
ev5ts1 no lions1 tig]s1 wild bo>s1 or   
be>s1 7 ev] kn[n to =m !mselves by *ance
 9 caves or =e/s4  ,nei!r d we see any  
=tuit\s productions ( dogs or cats4     
,bulls & %eep are nev] born ( !mselves1 
ei!r 9 /ables1 folds1 or on pa/ure      
gr\nds4  ,e "o ( ^? animals owes 8 bir? 
to a c]ta9 male & female ( 8 species4   
,all ^? diff]5t species are pres]v$ mu* 

! same 9 all ages4 ,we d n f9d t = ?ree 
?\s& ye>s pa/ any "o has p]i%$ or ceas$2
 nei!r d we f9d t any "o multiplies to  
su* an excess z to be a nuisance or     
inconv5i5cy to ! re/4  ,if ! species (  
lions1 be>s1 & tig]s multipli$ to a     
c]ta9 excessive degree1 !y w\ld n only  
de/roy ! species ( /ags1 bucks1 %eep1   
goats1 & bulls1 b ev5 get ! ma/]y ov]   
mank9d1 & unpeople ! e>?4  ,n[ :o       
ma9ta9s s j a measure z nev] ei!r to    
ext+ui% ^? diff]5t species1 or nev] to  
suff] !m to multiply too fa/8  ,b ?is   
cont9ual propagation ( e species is a   
wond] ) :i* we are gr[n too famili>4    
,:at w\ld a man ?9k ( a wat*mak] :o %\ld
 h ! art to make wat*es1 :i*1 (         
!mselves1 %\ld produce o!rs ad inf9itum 
9 su* a mann] t two orig9al wat*es %\ld 
be suffici5t to multiply & p]petuate _! 
species ov] ! :ole e>?8  ,:at w\ld he   
say ( an ar*itect t %\ld h ! skill to   
build h\ses1 :i* %\ld build o!rs1 to    
r5ew ! habitations ( m51 be=e ! fir/    
%\ld decay & be ready to fall to !      

gr\nd8  ,x is1 h[ev]1 :at we daily see  
among animals4  ,!y are no m1 if y      
please1 ?an m]e ma*9es1 z wat*es are4   
,b1 aft] all1 ! ,au?or ( ^! ma*9es has  
end[$ !m ) a faculty to reproduce or    
p]petuate !mselves ad inf9itum by !     
conjunction ( bo? sexes4 ,affirm1 if y  
please1 t ?is g5]ation ( animals is     
p]=m$ ei!r by m\lds or by an express    
configuration ( e individual2 :i* ( ^!  
two op9ions y ?9k fit to pit* ^u1 x     
comes all to "o2 nor is ! skill ( !     
,artific] less conspicu\s4  ,if y       
suppose t at e g5]ation ! individual1   
)\t be+ ca/ into a m\ld1 receives a     
configuration made on purpose1 ,i ask1  
:o x is t manages & directs !           
configuration ( s comp\nd$ a ma*9e1 &   
:i* argues s mu* art & indu/ry8 ,if1 on 
! contr>y1 to avoid ackn[l$g+ any art 9 
! case y suppose t ev]y?+ is det]m9$ by 
! m\lds1 ,i g back to ! m\lds !mselves1 
& ask1 :o is x t prep>$ !m8  ,9 my      
op9ion !y are /ill great] matt] ( wond] 
?an ! v ma*9es :i* are pret5d$ to come  

out ( !m4  ,!re=e let :o w suppose t !re
 7 m\lds 9 ! animals t liv$ f\r ?\s&    
ye>s ago1 & affirm1 if he pleases1 t ^? 
m\lds 7 s inclos$ "o )9 ano!r ad        
inf9itum1 t !re 0 a suffici5t numb] =   
all ! g5]ations ( ^? f\r ?\s& ye>s2 & t 
!re is /ill a suffici5t numb] ready     
prep>$ = ! =mation ( all ! animals t    
%all pres]ve _! species 9 all succe$+   
ages4  ,n[1 ^! m\lds1 :i*1 z ,i h       
obs]v$1 mu/ h all ! configuration ( !   
animal1 are z difficult to be expla9$ or
 acc\nt$ = z ! animals !mselves1 & are  
besides att5d$ ) f> m unexplicable      
wond]s4  ,x is c]ta9 t ! configuration (
 e individual animal requires no m art &
 p[] ?an is necess>y to frame all !     
spr+s t make up t ma*9e2 b :5 a man     
supposes m\lds3  fir/1 he mu/ affirm t e
 m\ld conta9s 9 little1 ) unconceivable 
nic5ess1 all ! spr+s ( ! ma*9e itself4  
,n[1 x is beyond dispute t !re is m art 
9 mak+ s comp\nd a "w 9 little ?an 9 a  
l>g] bulk4  ,secondly1 he mu/ suppose t 
e m\ld1 :i* is an individual prep>$ = a 

fir/ g5]ation1 conta9s di/9ctly )9      
itself o!r m\lds conta9$ )9 "o ano!r ad 
inf9itum1 = all possible g5]ations1 9   
all succe$+ ages4  ,n[ :at c be m artful
 & m wond]ful 9 matt] ( me*anism ?an su*
 a prep>ation ( an inf9ite numb] (      
individuals1 all =m$ be=eh& 9 "o f :i*  
!y are to spr+8  ,!re=e ! m\lds are ( no
 use to expla9 ! g5]ations ( animals )\t
 suppos+ any art or skill4  ,=1 on !    
contr>y1 m\lds w\ld argue a m artificial
 me*anism & m wond]ful composition4     
,:at is manife/ & indisputable1         
indep5d5tly f all ! sy/ems (            
philosoph]s1 is t ! =tuit\s conc\rse (  
atoms nev] produces1 )\t g5]ation1 9 any
 "p ( ! e>?1 any lions1 tig]s1 be>s1    
elephants1 /ags1 bulls1 %eep1 cats1     
dogs1 or horses4  ,^! & ! l are nev]    
produc$ b by ! enc\nt] ( two ( _! k9d ( 
diff]5t sex4  ,! two animals t produce a
 ?ird are n ! true au?ors ( ! art t %9es
 9 ! composition ( ! animal eng5d]$ by  
!m4  ,!y are s f> f kn[+ h[ to p]=m t   
art1 t !y d n s mu* z "k ! composition  

or frame ( ! "w t results f _! g5]ation4
  ,nay1 !y "k n s mu* z any p>ticul>    
spr+ ( x2 hav+ be5 no m ?an bl9d &      
unvolunt>y in/rum5ts1 made use ( = !    
p]=mance ( a m>vell\s art1 to :i* !y are
 absolute /rang]s1 & ( :i* !y are       
p]fectly ignorant4  ,n[ ,i w\ld fa9 "k  
:5ce comes t art1 :i* is none ( !irs8   
,:at p[] & wisdom kn[s h[ to employ1 = !
 p]=mance ( works ( s +5i\s & intricate 
a design1 in/rum5ts s uncapable to "k   
:at !y are do+1 or to h any notion ( x8 
,nor does x avail any?+ to suppose t    
bea/s are end[$ ) reason4  ,let a man   
suppose !m to be z rational z he pleases
 9 o!r ?+s1 yet he mu/ own1 t 9 g5]ation
 !y h no %>e 9 ! art t is conspicu\s 9 !
 composition ( ! animals !y produce4    
,let u c>ry ! ?+ fur!r1 & take = grant$ 
! mo/ wond]ful in/ances t are giv5 ( !  
skill & =eca/ ( animals4  ,let u admire1
 z mu* z y please1 ! c]ta9ty ) :i* a    
h\nd takes a spr+ into a ?ird way1 z    
soon z he f9ds by 8 nose t ! game he    
pursues has left no sc5t 9 ! o!r two4   

,let u admire ! h9d1 :o1 !y say1 ?r[s a 
good way (f h] "y fawn1 into "s hidd5   
place1 t ! h\nds may n f9d him out by ! 
sc5t ( 8 /ra94  ,let u ev5 admire !     
spid] :o ) h] cobwebs lays subtle sn>es 
to trap flies1 & fall unaw>es ^u !m be=e
 !y c dis5tangle !mselves4  ,let u also 
admire ! h]n1 :o1 !y say1 puts 8 head "u
 8 w+1 9 ord] to hide 8 bill "u 8       
fea!rs1 !reby to /ick ! brea/ ( ! bird (
 prey t /oops at him4  ,let u all[ !    
tru? ( all ^! wond]ful in/ances (       
rationality2 = all nature is full ( su* 
prodigies4  ,b :at mu/ we inf] f !m8 ,9 
good e>ne/1 if we c>efully exam9e !     
matt]1 we %all f9d t !y prove too mu*4  
,%all we say t animals are m rational   
?an we8  ,_! in/9ct has und\bt$ly m     
c]ta9ty ?an our conjectures4  ,!y h     
le>nt nei!r logic nor geometry1 nei!r h 
!y any c\rse or me?od ( improvem5t1 or  
any sci5ce4  ,:atev] !y d is done ( a   
sudd5 )\t /udy1 prep>ation1 or          
delib]ation4  ,we commit blund]s &      
mi/akes e h\r ( ! day aft] we h a long  

:ile argu$ & consult$ toge!r2 :]eas     
animals1 )\t any reason+ or             
prem$itation1 p]=m e h\r :at seems to   
require mo/ disc]nm5t1 *oice1 &         
exactness4  ,_! in/9ct is 9 _m ?+s      
infallible2 b t ^w in/9ct is b a fair "n
 void ( s5se4  ,= :at c an in/9ct m j1  
exact1 precise1 & c]ta9 ?an reason      
itself mean b a m p]fect reason8  ,we   
mu/ !re=e suppose a wond]ful reason &   
und]/&+ ei!r 9 ! "w or 9 ! artific]2    
ei!r 9 ! ma*9e or 9 him t made x4  ,:51 
= in/ance1 ,i f9d t a wat* %[s ! h\rs ) 
su* exactness z surpasses my k1 ,i      
pres5tly conclude t if ! wat* itself    
does n reason1 x mu/ h be5 made by an   
artific] :o1 9 t p>ticul>1 reason$ bett]
 & _h m skill ?an myself4 ,9 l mann]1 :5
 ,i see animals1 :o e mom5t p]=m actions
 t argue a m c]ta9 art & indu/ry ?an ,i 
am ma/] (1 ,i imm$iately conclude t su* 
m>vell\s art mu/ necess>ily be ei!r 9 ! 
ma*9e or 9 ! artific] t fram$ x4  ,is x 
9 ! animal himself8  ,b h[ is x possible
 he %\ld be s wise & s infallible 9 "s  

?+s8  ,& if ?is art is n 9 him1 x mu/ ( 
necessity be 9 ! ,supreme ,artific] t   
made t piece ( "w1 j z all ! art ( a    
wat* is 9 ! skill ( ! wat*mak]4         
,,sect4  ,,xxvii4  ,?\gh ,bea/s commit  
"s ,mi/akes1 yet _! ,in/9ct is1 9 _m    
cases1 ,infallible4   ,d n object to me 
t ! in/9ct ( bea/s is 9 "s ?+s          
defective1 & liable to error4  ,x is no 
wond] bea/s are n infallible 9 ev]y?+1 b
 x is r a wond] !y are s 9 _m cases4    
,if !y 7 infallible 9 ev]y?+1 !y %\ld be
 end[$ ) a reason inf9itely p]fect2 9   
%ort1 !y %\ld be deities4  ,9 ! works ( 
an inf9ite ,p[] !re c be b a f9ite      
p]fection1 o!rwise ,god %\ld make       
creatures l or equal to ,himself1 :i* is
 impossible4  ,he !re=e _c place        
p]fection1 nor consequ5tly reason1 9 8  
works1 )\t "s b\nds & re/rictions4  ,b  
^? b\nds d n prove t ! "w is void ( ord]
 or reason4  ,because ,i mi/ake         
sometimes1 x does n foll[ t ,i h no     
reason at all1 & t ,i d ev]y?+ by m]e   
*ance1 b only t my reason is /9t$ &     

imp]fect4  ,9 l mann]1 because a bea/ is
 n by 8 in/9ct infallible 9 ev]y?+1 ?\gh
 he be s 9 _m1 x does n foll[ t !re is  
no mann] ( reason 9 t ma*9e1 b only t   
su* a ma*9e has n a b\ndless reason4    
,b1 aft] all1 x is a con/ant tru? t 9 ! 
op]ations ( t ma*9e !re is a regul>     
conduct1 a m>vell\s art1 & a skill :i* 9
 _m cases am\nts to infallibility4  ,n[1
 to :om %all we ascribe ?is infallible  
skill8  ,to ! "w1 or its ,artific]8     
,,sect4  ,,xxviii4  ,x is impossible    
,bea/s %\ld h ,s\ls4   ,if y affirm t   
bea/s h s\ls diff]5t f _! ma*9es1 ,i    
imm$iately ask y1 ,( :at nature are ^?  
s\ls entirely diff]5t f & unit$ to      
bodies8  ,:o is x t knew h[ to unite !m 
to natures s va/ly diff]5t8  ,:o is x t 
has su* absolute comm& ov] s opposite   
natures1 z to put & keep !m 9 su* a     
regul> & con/ant a society1 & :]e9      
mutual agreem5t & correspond5ce are s   
necess>y & s quick8  ,if1 on ! contr>y1 
y suppose t ! same matt] may sometimes  
?9k1 & sometimes n ?9k1 accord+ to !    

v>i\s wrangl+ & configurations x may    
receive1 ,i w n tell y 9 ?is place t    
matt] _c ?9k2 & t "o _c conceive t !    
p>ts ( a /one1 )\t add+ any?+ to x1 may 
ev] "k !mselves1 :atev] degree ( motion1
 :atev] figure1 y may give !m4  ,i w    
only ask y n[ :]e9 t precise rang+ &    
configuration ( p>ts1 :i* y speak (1    
consi/s8  ,accord+ to y\r op9ion !re mu/
 be a degree ( motion :]e9 matt] does n 
yet reason1 & !n ano!r mu* l x :]e91 on 
a sudd51 x beg9s to reason & "k itself4 
,n[1 :o is x t knew h[ to pit* ^u t     
precise degree ( motion8  ,:o is x t has
 discov]$ ! l9e 9 :i* ! p>ts ought to   
move8  ,:o is x t has measur$ !         
dim5sions s nicely z to f9d out & /ate !
 bigness & figure e "p mu/ h to keep all
 mann] ( proportions betwe5 !mselves 9 !
 :ole8  ,:o is x t has regulat$ ! outw>d
 =m by :i* all ^? bodies are to be /9t$8
  ,9 a ^w1 :o is x t has f\nd all !     
comb9ations :]e9 matt] ?9ks1 & )\t !    
lea/ ( :i* matt] mu/ imm$iately cease to
 ?9k8  ,if y say x is *ance1 ,i answ] t 

y make *ance rational to su* a degree z 
to be ! s\rce ( reason itself4  ,/range 
prejudice & intoxication ( "s m51 n to  
ackn[l$ge a mo/ intellig5t cause1 f :i* 
we d]ive all intellig5ce2 & r *oose to  
affirm t ! pure/ reason is b ! effect ( 
! bl9de/ ( all causes 9 su* a subject z 
matt]1 :i* ( itself is altoge!r         
incapable ( k6 ,c]ta9ly !re is no?+ a   
man ( s5se w\ld n admit r ?an s         
extravagant & absurd an op9ion4         
,,sect4  ,,xxix4  ,s5tim5ts ( "s ( !    
,anci5ts conc]n+ ! ,s\l & ,k ( ,bea/s4  
,! philosophy ( ! anci5ts1 ?\gh v lame &
 imp]fect1 _h nev]!less a glimpse ( ?is 
difficulty2 &1 !re=e1 9 ord] to remove  
x1 "s ( !m pret5d$ t ! ,div9e ,_s       
int]sp]s$ & scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! univ]se is
 a sup]ior ,wisdom t cont9ually op]ates 
9 all nature1 especially 9 animals1 j z 
s\ls act 9 bodies2 & t ?is cont9ual     
impression or impulse ( ! ,div9e ,_s1   
:i* ! vulg> call in/9ct1 )\t kn[+ ! true
 signification ( t ^w1 0 ! life ( all   
liv+ creatures4  ,!y add$1 ,t ^? sp>ks (

 ! ,div9e ,_s 7 ! pr9ciple ( all        
g5]ations2 t animals receiv$ !m 9 _!    
conception & at _! bir?2 & t ! mom5t !y 
di$ ^? div9e p>ticles dis5gag$ !mselves 
f all t]re/rial matt] 9 ord] to fly up  
to heav51 :]e !y %one & roll$ among !   
/>s4  ,x is ?is philosophy1 at once s   
magnific5t & s fabul\s1 :i* ,virgil s   
gracefully expresses 9 ! foll[+ v]ses ^u
 bees3--  ,esse apibus p>tem div9ae     
m5tis1 et hau/us ,a,etherios dix]e3     
,deum namque ire p] omnes ,t]rasque1    
tractusque m>is1 caelumque pr(undum4    
,h9c pecudes1 arm5ta viros1 g5us omne   
f]>um1 ,quemque sibi t5ues nasc5tem     
arcess]e vitas4 ,scilicet huc r$di      
de9de1 ac resoluta ref]ri ,omnia1 nec   
morti esse locum1 s$ viva vol>e ,sid]is 
9 num]um1 atque alto succ$]e caelo4  ,t 
is3--  ,induc$ by su* examples1 "s h    
taught ,t bees h portions ( e!real      
?\ght1 ,endu$ ) p>ticles ( heav5ly      
fires1 ,= ,god ! :ole creat$ mass       
inspires4 ,?r\gh heav51 & e>?1 & ocean  
dep? ,he ?r[s ,8 influ5ce r\nd1 & k9dles

 z ,he goes4 ,h5ce flocks1 & h]ds1 & m51
 & bea/s1 & f[ls1 ,) brea? are quick5$1 
& attract _! s\ls4 ,h5ce take ! =ms ,8  
presci5ce did orda91 ,& into ,him1 at   
l5g?1 resolve aga94 ,no room is left =  
dea?3  !y m\nt ! sky1 ,& to _! own      
cong5ial planets fly4  ,dryd5's ,virgil4
  ,t ,div9e ,wisdom t moves all ! kn[n  
p>ts ( ! _w _h made s deep an impression
 ^u ! ,/oics1 & on ,plato be=e !m1 t !y 
believ$ ! :ole _w to be an animal1 b a  
rational & wise animal--9 %ort1 !       
,supreme ,god4  ,?is philosophy r$uc$   
,poly!ism1 or ! multitude ( gods1 to    
,deism1 or "o ,god1 & t "o ,god to      
,nature1 :i* accord+ to !m 0 et]nal1    
infallible1 intellig5t1 omnipot5t1 &    
div9e4  ,?us philosoph]s1 by /riv+ to   
keep f & rectify ! notions ( poets1     
dw9dl$ aga9 at la/ into poetical        
fancies1 s9ce !y assign$1 z ! inv5tors (
 fables did1 a life1 an intellig5ce1 an 
art1 & a design to all ! p>ts ( !       
univ]se t appe> mo/ inanimate4          
,und\bt$ly !y 7 s5sible ( ! wond]ful art

 t is conspicu\s 9 nature1 & _! only    
mi/ake lay 9 ascrib+ to ! "w ! skill ( !
 ,artific]4   ,,sect4  ,,xxx4  ,( ,man4 
,let u n /op any long] ) animals inf]ior
 to man4  ,x is high "t to consid] &    
/udy ! nature ( man himself1 9 ord] to  
discov] ,him ^: image he is said to be>4
  ,i "k b two sorts ( be+s 9 all nature3
  ^? t are end[$ ) k or reason1 & ^? t  
are n ,n[ man is a comp\nd ( ^! two     
modes ( be+4  ,he has a body1 z ! mo/   
inanimate corporeal be+s h2 & he has a  
_s1 a m9d1 or a s\l--t is1 a ?\ght :]eby
 he kn[s himself1 & p]ceives :at is ab\t
 him4 ,if x be true t !re is a ,fir/    
,be+ :o has drawn or creat$ all ! re/ f 
no?+1 man is truly ,8 image2 = he has1 l
 ,him1 9 8 nature all ! real p]fection t
 is to be f\nd 9 ^? two v>i\s k9ds or   
modes ( be+4  ,b an image is b an image 
/ill1 & c be b an adumbration or %ad[ ( 
! true ,p]fect ,be+4  ,let u beg9 to    
/udy man by ! contemplation ( 8 body4   
,i "k n1 said a "m to h] *ildr5 9 !     
,holy ,writ1 h[ y 7 =m$ 9 my womb4  ,nor

 is x1 inde$1 ! wisdom ( ! p>5ts t =ms s
 comp\nd$ & s regul> a "w4  ,!y h no %>e
 9 t wond]ful art2 let u !re=e leave !m1
 & trace x up high]4   ,,sect4  ,,xxxi4 
,( ! ,/ructure ( ,man's ,body4   ,! body
 is made ( clay2 b let u admire ! ,h& t 
fram$ & poli%$ x4  ,! ,artific]'s ,seal 
is /amp$ ^u ,8 "w4  ,he seems to h      
delight$ 9 mak+ a ma/]piece ) s vile a  
matt]4  ,let u ca/ our eyes ^u t body1 9
 :i* ! bones su/a9 ! fle% t cov]s !m4   
,! n]ves t are ext5d$ 9 x make up all   
its /r5g?2 & ! muscles ) :i* ! s9ews    
weave !mselves1 ei!r by swell+ or ext5d+
 !mselves1 p]=m ! mo/ exact & regul>    
motions4  ,! bones are divid$ at c]ta9  
di/ances1 b !y h jo9ts1 :]eby !y are set
 "o )9 ano!r1 & are ti$ by n]ves &      
t5dons4  ,cic]o admires1 ) reason1 !    
excell5t art ) :i* ! bones are knit     
toge!r4  ,= :at is m supple = all v>i\s 
motions8  ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 :at is m firm
 & durable8  ,ev5 aft] a body is dead1 &
 its p>ts are sep>at$ by corruption1 we 
f9d t ^! jo9ts & ligam5ts c h>dly be    

de/roy$4  ,?us ?is human ma*9e or frame 
is ei!r /raight or crook$1 /iff or      
supple1 z we please4  ,f ! bra91 :i* is 
! s\rce ( all ! n]ves1 spr+ ! spirits1  
:i* are s subtle t !y escape ! sight2 & 
nev]!less s real1 & ( s great activity &
 =ce1 t !y p]=m all ! motions ( ! ma*9e1
 & make up all 9 /r5g?4  ,^! spirits are
 9 an in/ant convey$ to ! v extremities 
( ! memb]s4  ,sometimes !y fl[ g5tly &  
regul>ly1 sometimes !y move )           
impetuosity1 z occasion requires2 & !y  
v>y ad inf9itum ! po/ures1 ge/ures1 &   
o!r actions ( ! body4   ,,sect4         
,,xxxii4  ,( ! ,sk94   ,let u consid] ! 
fle%4  ,x is cov]$ 9 c]ta9 places ) a   
s(t & t5d] sk91 = ! ornam5t ( ! body4   
,if t sk91 t r5d]s ! object s agreeable1
 & gives x s sweet a col\r1 7 tak5 (f1 !
 same object w\ld become gha/ly1 &      
create horror4  ,9 o!r places t same sk9
 is h>d] & ?ick]1 9 ord] to resi/ !     
fatigue ( ^? p>ts4  ,z1 = in/ance1 h[   
h>d] is ! sk9 ( ! feet ?an t ( ! face8  
,& t ( ! h9d] "p ( ! head ?an t ( !     

=ehead8 ,t sk9 is all ov] full ( holes l
 a sieve3  b ^? holes1 :i* are call$    
pores1 are imp]ceptible4  ,al?\gh sweat 
& o!r transpirations exhale ?r\gh ^?    
pores1 ! blood nev] runs out t way4  ,t 
sk9 has all ! t5d]ness necess>y to make 
x transp>5t1 & give ! face a lively1    
sweet1 & graceful col\r4 ,if ! sk9 7    
less close1 & less smoo?1 ! face w\ld   
look bloody1 & excoriat$4  ,n[1 :o is t 
knew h[ to temp] & mix ^? col\rs ) su*  
nicety z to make a c>nation :i* pa9t]s  
admire1 b nev] c p]fectly imitate8      
,,sect4  ,,xxxiii4  ,( ,ve9s & ,art]ies4
   ,!re are 9 man's body numb]less      
bran*es ( blood-vessels4  ,"s ( !m c>ry 
! blood f ! c5tre to ! extreme p>ts1 &  
are call$ art]ies4  ,?r\gh ^? v>i\s     
vessels runs ! blood1 a liquor s(t &    
oily1 & by ?is oil9ess prop] to reta9 ! 
mo/ subtle spirits1 j z ! mo/ subtle &  
spiritu\s ess5ces are pres]v$ 9 gummy   
bodies4  ,?is blood moi/5s ! fle%1 z    
spr+s & riv]s wat] ! e>?2 & aft] x has  
filtrat$ 9 ! fle%1 x returns to its     

s\rce1 m sl[ly1 & less full ( spirits3  
b x r5ews1 & is aga9 subtilis$ 9 t      
s\rce1 9 ord] to circulate )\t ceas+4   
,,sect4  ,,xxxiv4  ,( ! ,bones1 & _!    
,jo9t+4   ,d y consid] t excell5t ord] &
 proportion ( ! limbs8 ,! legs & ?ighs  
are great bones jo9t$ "o ) ano!r1 & knit
 toge!r by t5dons4  ,!y are two sorts ( 
pill>s1 equal & regul>1 erect$ to       
support ! :ole fabric4  ,b ^? pill>s    
fold2 & ! rotula ( ! knee is a bone ( a 
circul> figure1 :i* is plac$ on purpose 
on ! jo9t1 9 ord] to fill x up1 &       
pres]ve x1 :5 ! bones fold1 = ! b5d+ ( !
 knee4  ,ea* column or pill> has its    
p$e/al1 :i* is compos$ ( v>i\s inlaid   
p>ts1 s well jo9t$ toge!r1 t !y c ei!r  
b5d1 or keep /iff1 z occasion requires4 
,! p$e/al1 ,i mean ! foot1 turns1 at a  
man's pleasure1 "u ! pill>4  ,9 ?is foot
 we f9d no?+ b n]ves1 t5dons1 & little  
bones closely knit1 t ?is "p may1 at    
once1 be ei!r m supple or m firm1       
accord+ to v>i\s occasions4  ,ev5 !     
toes1 ) _! articles & nails1 s]ve to    

feel ! gr\nd a man walks on1 to lean &  
/& ) m dext]ity & nimbl5ess1 ! bett] to 
pres]ve ! equilibrium ( ! body1 to rise1
 or to /oop4  ,! two feet /ret* =w>d1 to
 keep ! body f fall+ t way1 :5 x /oops  
or b5ds4  ,! two pill>s are jo9t$ toge!r
 at ! top1 to be> up ! re/ ( ! body1 b  
are /ill divid$ !re 9 su* a mann]1 t t  
jo9t af=ds man ! conv5i5cy ( re/+       
himself1 by sitt+ on ! two bigge/       
muscles ( ! body4  ,! body ( ! /ructure 
is proportion$ to ! height ( ! pill>s4  
,x conta9s su* p>ts z are necess>y =    
life1 & :i* consequ5tly ought to be     
plac$ 9 ! c5tre1 & %ut up 9 ! secure/   
place4  ,!re=e two r[s ( ribs pretty    
close to "o ano!r1 t come out ( !       
backbone1 z ! bran*es ( a tree d f its  
trunk1 =m a k9d ( hoop1 to hide & %elt] 
^? noble & t5d] p>ts4  ,b because ! ribs
 c\ld n entirely %ut up t c5tre ( !     
human body1 )\t h9d]+ ! dilatation ( !  
/oma* & ( ! entrails1 !y =m t hoop b to 
a c]ta9 place1 bel[ :i* !y leave an     
empty space1 t ! inside may freely di/5d

 & /ret*1 bo? = respiration & fe$+4  ,z 
= ! backbone1 all ! works ( man af=d    
no?+ s artfully & curi\sly wr\ght4  ,x  
w\ld be too /iff1 & too frangible or    
brittle1 if x 7 made ( "o s+le bone3  & 
9 su* a case man c\ld nev] b5d or /oop4 
,! au?or ( ?is ma*9e has prev5t$ t      
inconv5i5cy by =m+ v]tebrae1 :i* jo9t+  
"o ) ano!r make up a :ole1 consi/+ (    
sev]al pieces ( bones1 m /rong ?an if x 
7 ( a s+le piece4  ,?is comp\nd be+     
sometimes supple & pliant1 & sometimes  
/iff1 /&s ei!r upright1 or b5ds1 9 a    
mom5t1 z a man pleases4  ,all ^!        
v]tebrae h 9 ! middle a gutt] or *annel1
 t s]ves to convey a cont9uation ( !    
sub/ance ( ! bra9 to ! extremities ( !  
body1 & ) spe$ to s5d ?i!r spirits ?r\gh
 t pipe4  ,b :o c =be> admir+ ! nature (
 ! bones8  ,!y are v h>d2 & we see t ev5
 ! corruption ( all ! re/ ( ! body1 aft]
 dea?1 does n affect !m4  ,nev]!less1 !y
 are full ( numb]less holes & cavities t
 make !m light]2 & 9 ! middle !y are    
full ( ! m>r[1 or pi?1 t is to n\ri% !m4

  ,!y are bor$ exactly 9 ^? places ?r\gh
 :i* ! ligam5ts t knit !m are to pass4  
,moreov]1 _! extremities are bigg] ?an !
 middle1 & =m1 z x 71 two semicircul>   
heads1 to make "o bone turn m easily )  
ano!r1 t s ! :ole may fold & b5d )\t    
tr\ble4   ,,sect4  ,,xxxv4  ,( !        
,organs4   ,)9 ! enclosure ( ! ribs are 
plac$ 9 ord] all ! great organs su* z   
s]ve to make a man brea!2 su* z dige/ ! 
alim5ts2 & su* z make new blood4        
,respiration1 or brea?+1 is necess>y to 
temp] inw>d heat1 occasion$ by ! boil+ (
 ! blood1 & by ! impetu\s c\rse ( !     
spirits4  ,! air is a k9d ( food t      
n\ri%es ! animal1 & by means ( :i* he   
r5ews himself e mom5t ( 8 life4  ,nor is
 dige/ion less necess>y to prep>e       
s5sible alim5ts t[>ds _! be+ *ang$ into 
blood1 :i* is a liquor apt to p5etrate  
ev]y:]e1 & to ?ick5 into fle% 9 !       
extreme p>ts1 9 ord] to repair 9 all !  
memb]s :at !y lose cont9ually bo? by    
transpiration & ! wa/e ( spirits4  ,!   
lungs are l great cov]s1 :i* be+ spongy1

 easily dilate & contract !mselves1 & z 
!y incessantly take 9 & bl[ out a great 
deal ( air1 !y =m a k9d ( bell[s t are 9
 p]petual motion4  ,! /oma* has a       
dissolv5t t causes hung]1 & puts man 9  
m9d ( 8 want ( food4  ,t dissolv5t1 :i* 
/imulates & pricks ! /oma*1 does1 by t v
 uneas9ess1 prep>e = x a v lively       
pleasure1 :5 its crav+ is satisfi$ by ! 
alim5ts4  ,!n man1 ) delight1 fills 8   
belly ) /range matt]1 :i* w\ld create   
horror 9 him if he c\ld see x z soon z x
 has ent]$ 8 /oma*1 & :i* ev5 displeases
 him1 :5 he sees x be+ already satisfi$4
  ,! /oma* is made 9 ! figure ( a       
bagpipe4 ,!re ! alim5ts be+ dissolv$ by 
a quick coction1 or dige/ion1 are all   
conf\nd$1 & make up a s(t liquor1 :i*   
aft]w>ds becomes a k9d ( milk1 call$    
*yle2 & :i* be+ at la/ br\ght into !    
he>t1 receives !re1 ?r\gh ! pl5ty (     
spirits1 ! =m1 vivacity1 & col\r (      
blood4  ,b :ile ! pure/ juice ( !       
alim5ts passes f ! /oma* into ! pipes   
de/9$ = ! prep>ation ( *yle & blood1 !  

gross p>ticles ( ! same alim5ts are     
sep>at$1 j z bran is f fl\r by a sieve2 
& !y are deject$ d[nw>ds to ease ! body 
( !m1 ?r\gh ! mo/ hidd5 passages1 & !   
mo/ remote f ! organs ( ! s5ses1 le/ ^! 
be (f5d$ at !m4  ,?us ! wond]s ( ?is    
ma*9e are s great & num]\s1 t we f9d "s 
unfa?omable1 ev5 9 ! mo/ abject &       
mortify+ functions ( ! body1 :i* mode/y 
w n all[ to be m p>ticul>ly expla9$4    
,,sect4  ,,xxxvi4  ,( ! ,inw>d ,p>ts4   
,i own t ! inw>d p>ts are n s agreeable 
to ! sight z ! outw>d2 b !n be pleas$ to
 obs]ve !y are n made to be se54  ,nay1 
x 0 necess>y accord+ to art & design t  
!y %\ld n be discov]$ )\t horror1 & t a 
man %\ld n )\t viol5t reluctance g ab\t 
to discov] !m by cutt+ op5 ?is ma*9e 9  
ano!r man4  ,x is ?is v horror t prep>es
 compassion & humanity 9 ! he>ts ( m5 :5
 "o sees ano!r w\nd$ or hurt4  ,add to  
?is1 ) ,/4 ,au/91 t !re are 9 ^? inw>d  
p>ts a proportion1 ord]1 & me*anism :i* 
/ill please m an att5tive1 inquisitive  
m9d ?an ext]nal beauty c please ! eyes (

 ! body4  ,t inside ( man--:i* is at    
once s gha/ly & horrid & s wond]ful &   
admirable--is exactly z x %\ld be to    
d5ote dirt & clay wr\ght by a ,div9e h&1
 = we f9d 9 x bo? ! frailty ( ! creature
 & ! art ( ! ,creator4   ,,sect4        
,,xxxvii4  ,( ! ,arms & _! ,use4   ,f ! 
top ( t preci\s fabric we h describ$    
hang ! two arms1 :i* are t]m9at$ by !   
h&s1 & :i* be> a p]fect symmetry "o )   
ano!r4  ,! arms are knit ) ! %\ld]s 9   
su* a mann] t !y h a free motion1 9 t   
jo9t4  ,!y are besides divid$ at ! elb[ 
& at ! wri/ t !y may fold1 b5d1 & turn )
 quickness4  ,! arms are ( a j l5g? to  
rea* all ! p>ts ( ! body4  ,!y are n]v\s
 & full ( muscles1 t !y may1 z well z ! 
back1 be (t5 9 action & su/a9 ! greate/ 
fatigue ( all ! body4  ,! h&s are a     
contexture ( n]ves & little bones set "o
 )9 ano!r 9 su* a mann] t !y h all !    
/r5g? & suppl5ess necess>y to feel !    
neighb\r+ bodies1 to seize on !m1 hold  
!m fa/1 ?r[ !m1 draw !m to "o1 pu% !m   
(f1 dis5tangle !m1 & untie !m "o f      

ano!r4  ,! f+]s1 ! ends ( :i* are arm$ )
 nails1 are by ! delicacy & v>iety ( _! 
motions contriv$ to ex]cise ! mo/ curi\s
 & m>vell\s arts4  ,! arms & h&s s]ve   
also1 accord+ z !y are ei!r ext5d$1     
fold$1 or turn$1 to poise ! body 9 su* a
 mann] z t x may /oop )\t any dang] (   
fall+4  ,! :ole ma*9e has1 besides1     
indep5d5tly f all aft]-?\ghts1 a k9d (  
spr+ t poises x on a sudd5 & makes x f9d
 ! equilibrium 9 all its diff]5t po/ures
 & positions4   ,,sect4  ,,xxxviii4  ,( 
! ,neck & ,head4   ,above ! body rises !
 neck1 :i* is ei!r firm or flexible at  
pleasure4  ,mu/ a man be> a heavy burd5 
on 8 head8  ,?is neck becomes z /iff z  
if x 7 made up ( "o s+le bone4  ,has he 
a m9d to b[ or turn 8 head8  ,! neck    
b5ds e way z if all its bones 7         
disjo9t$4  ,?is neck1 a little rais$    
above ! %\ld]s1 be>s up ) ease ! head1  
:i* ov]-rules & gov]ns ! :ole body4  ,if
 x 7 less big x w\ld be> no proportion )
 ! re/ ( ! ma*9e2 & if x 7 bigg] x w\ld 
n only be disproportion$ & de=m$1 b1    

besides1 its weight w\ld bo? cru% ! neck
 & put man 9 dang] ( fall+ on ! side x  
%\ld lean a little too mu*4  ,?is head1 
=tifi$ on all sides by v ?ick & v h>d   
bones 9 ord] ! bett] to pres]ve !       
preci\s treasure x encloses1 is jo9t$ ) 
! v]tebrae ( ! neck1 & has a v quick    
communication ) all ! o!r p>ts ( ! body4
  ,x conta9s ! bra91 ^: moi/1 s(t1 &    
spongy sub/ance is made up ( t5d]       
filam5ts or ?reads wov5 toge!r2 ?is is !
 c5tre ( all ! wond]s we %all speak (   
aft]w>ds4 ,! skull is regul>ly p]=at$1  
or bor$1 ) exact proportion1 & symmetry1
 =1 ! two eyes1 ! two e>s1 ! m\?1 & !   
no/rils4  ,!re are n]ves de/9$ =        
s5sations1 t ex]cise & play 9 mo/ ( ^?  
pipes4  ,! nose1 :i* has no n]ves = its 
s5sation1 has a cribri=m1 or spongy     
bone1 to let od\rs pass on to ! bra94   
,among/ ! organs ( ^! s5sations ! *ief  
are d\ble1 to pres]ve to "o side :at !  
o!r might happ5 to be defective 9 by any
 accid5t4  ,^! two organs ( ! same      
s5sation are symmetrically plac$ ei!r on

 ! =ep>t or on ! sides1 t man may use !m
 ) m ease to ! "r or to ! left or "r    
aga9/ him--t is to say1 t[>ds ! places 8
 jo9ts direct 8 /eps & all 8 actions4   
,besides1 ! flexibility ( ! neck makes  
all ^? organs turn 9 an in/ant :i* way  
soev] he pleases4  ,all ! h9d] "p ( !   
head1 :i* is ! lea/ able to def5d       
itself1 is !re=e ! ?icke/4  ,x is adorn$
 ) hair :i* at ! same "t s]ves to =tify 
! head aga9/ ! injuries ( ! air2 &1 on !
 o!r h&1 ! hair likewise adorns ! =e "p 
( ! head & r5d]s ! face m graceful4  ,! 
face is ! =e "p ( ! head1 :]e9 !        
pr9cipal s5sations meet & c5tre ) an    
ord] & proportion t r5d] x v beautiful  
unless "s accid5t or o!r happ5 to alt] &
 impair s regul> a piece ( "w4  ,! two  
eyes are equal1 be+ plac$ ab\t ! middle1
 on ! two sides ( ! head1 t !y may1 )\t 
tr\ble1 discov] af> (f bo? on ! "r &    
left all /range objects1 & t !y may     
commodi\sly wat* = ! safety ( all ! p>ts
 ( ! body4  ,! exact symmetry ) :i* !y  
are plac$ is ! ornam5t ( ! face2 & ,he t

 made !m has k9dl$ 9 !m ,i "k n :at     
cele/ial flame1 ! l ( :i* all ! re/ (   
nature does n af=d4  ,^! eyes are a sort
 ( look+-glasses1 :]e9 all ! objects ( !
 :ole _w are pa9t$ by turns & )\t       
confusion 9 ! bottom ( ! ret9a t ! ?9k+ 
"p ( man may see !m 9 ^? look+-glasses4 
,b ?\gh we p]ceive all objects by a     
d\ble organ1 yet we nev] see ! objects  
d\ble1 because ! two n]ves t are        
subs]vi5t to sight 9 our eyes are b two 
bran*es t unite 9 "o pipe1 z ! two      
glasses ( a pair ( spectacles unite 9 ! 
upp] "p t jo9s !m toge!r4  ,! two eyes  
are adorn$ ) two equal eyebr[s1 &1 t !y 
may op5 & close1 !y are wrapp$ up ) lids
 edg$ ) hair t def5d s delicate a "p4   
,,sect4  ,,xxxix4  ,( ! ,=ehead & ,o!r  
,p>ts ( ! ,face4   ,! =ehead gives      
maje/y & gracefulness to all ! face1 &  
s]ves to height5 all its features4  ,7 x
 n = ! nose1 :i* is plac$ 9 ! middle1 ! 
:ole face w\ld look flat & de=m$1 ( :i* 
!y are fully conv9c$ :o h happ5$ to see 
m5 9 :om t "p ( ! face is mutilat$4  ,x 

is plac$ j above ! m\?1 t x may ! m     
easily disc]n1 by ! od\rs1 :atev] is mo/
 prop] to fe$ man4  ,! two no/rils s]ve 
at once bo? = ! respiration & smell4    
,look ^u ! lips3  _! lively col\r1      
fre%ness1 figure1 seat1 & proportion1 ) 
! o!r features1 r5d] ! face mo/         
beautiful4  ,! m\?1 by ! correspond5ce (
 its motions ) ^? ( ! eyes1 animates1   
gladd5s1 sudd5s1 s(t5s1 or tr\bles !    
face1 & by s5sible m>ks expresses e     
passion4  ,! lips n only op5 to receive 
food1 b by _! suppl5ess & ! v>iety ( _! 
motions s]ve likewise to v>y ! s\nds t  
=m spee*4  ,:5 !y op5 !y discov] a d\ble
 r[ ( tee? ) :i* ! m\? is adorn$4 ,^!   
tee? are little bones set 9 ord] 9 ! two
 jaw-bones1 :i* h a spr+ to op5 & ano!r 
to %ut 9 su* a mann] t ! tee? gr9d1 l a 
mill1 ! alim5ts 9 ord] to prep>e _!     
dige/ion4  ,b ^! alim5ts ?us gr\nd g d[n
 into ! /oma*1 ?r\gh a pipe diff]5t f t 
?r\gh :i* we brea!1 & ^! two pipes1 ?\gh
 s neighb\r+1 h no?+ common4   ,,sect4  
,,xl4  ,( ! ,tongue & ,tee?4   ,! tongue

 is a contexture ( small muscles & n]ves
 s v supple1 t x w9ds & turns l a s]p5t1
 ) unconceivable mobility & pliantness4 
,x p]=ms 9 ! m\? ! same (fice :i* ei!r !
 f+]s or ! b[ ( a ma/] ( music p]=m on a
 musical in/rum5t3  = sometimes x /rikes
 ! tee?1 sometimes ! ro( ( ! m\?4  ,!re 
is a pipe t goes into ! inside ( ! neck1
 call$ ?roat1 f ! ro( ( ! m\? to !      
brea/1 :i* is made up ( c>tilag9\s r+s  
nicely set "o )9 ano!r1 & l9$ )9 ) a v  
smoo? membrane1 9 ord] to r5d] ! air t  
is pu%$ f ! lungs m sonor\s4  ,on ! side
 ( ! ro( ( ! m\? ! end ( t pipe is op5$ 
l a flute1 by a slit1 t ei!r ext5ds1 or 
contracts itself z is necess>y to r5d] !
 voice ei!r big or sl5d]1 holl[ or cle>4
  ,b le/ ! alim5ts1 :i* h _! sep>ate    
pipe1 %\ld slide into ! w9dpipe ,i h be5
 describ+1 !re is a k9d ( valve t lies  
on ! orifice ( ! organ ( ! voice1 &     
play+ l a drawbridge1 lets ! alim5ts    
freely pass ?r\gh _! prop] *annel1 b    
nev] suff]s ! lea/ p>ticle or drop to   
fall into ! slit ( ! w9dpipe4  ,?is sort

 ( valve has a v free motion1 & easily  
turns any way1 s t by %ak+ on t         
half-op5$ orifice1 x p]=ms ! s(te/      
modulations ( ! voice4  ,?is in/ance is 
suffici5t to %[1 by-!-by1 & )\t ent]+   
long-w9d$ details ( anatomy1 :at a      
m>vell\s art !re is 9 ! frame ( ! inw>d 
p>ts4  ,& inde$ ! organ ,i h describ$ is
 ! mo/ p]fect ( all musical in/rum5ts1  
nor h ^! any p]fection1 b s f> z !y     
imitate t4   ,,sect4  ,,xli4  ,( !      
,smell1 ,ta/e1 & ,he>+4   ,:o 7 able to 
expla9 ! nic5ess ( ! organs by :i* man  
disc]ns ! numb]less sav\rs & od\rs (    
bodies8  ,b h[ is x possible = s _m     
diff]5t voices to /rike at once my e>   
)\t conf\nd+ "o ano!r1 & = ^? s\nds to  
leave 9 me1 aft] !y h ceas$ to be1 s    
lively & s di/9ct images ( :at !y h be58
  ,h[ c>eful 0 ! ,artific] :o made our  
bodies to give our eyes a moi/1 smoo?1 &
 slid+ cov] to close !m2 & :y did ,he   
leave our e>s op58  ,because1 says      
,cic]o1 ! eyes mu/ be %ut aga9/ ! light 
9 ord] to sleep2 &1 9 ! meantime1 ! e>s 

ought to rema9 op5 9 ord] to give u     
w>n+1 & wake u by ! report ( noise1 :5  
we are 9 dang] ( be+ surpris$4  ,:o is x
 t1 9 an in/ant1 impr9ts 9 my eye !     
heav51 ! sea1 & ! e>?1 seat$ at almo/ an
 inf9ite di/ance8  ,h[ c ! fai?ful      
images ( all ! objects ( ! univ]se1 f ! 
sun to an atom1 range !mselves di/9ctly 
9 s small an organ8  ,is n ! sub/ance ( 
! bra91 :i* pres]ves1 9 ord]1 su* lively
 repres5tations ( all ! objects t h made
 an impression ^u u ev] s9ce we 7 9 !   
_w1 a mo/ wond]ful prodigy8  ,m5 admire 
) reason ! inv5tion ( books1 :]e9 !     
hi/ory ( s _m ev5ts1 & ! collection ( s 
_m ?\ghts1 are pres]v$4  ,b :at         
comp>ison c be made betwe5 ! be/ book & 
! bra9 ( a le>n$ man8  ,!re is no d\bt b
 su* a bra9 is a collection inf9itely m 
preci\s1 & ( a f> m excell5t            
contrivance1 ?an a book4  ,x is 9 t     
small repository t a man nev] misses    
f9d+ ! images he has occasion =4  ,he   
calls !m1 & !y come2 he dismisses !m1 & 
!y s9k ,i "k n :]e1 & disappe>1 to make 

room = o!rs4 ,a man %uts or op5s 8 fancy
 at pleasure1 l a book4  ,he turns1 z x 
71 its leaves2 &1 9 an in/ant1 goes f "o
 end to ! o!r4  ,!re is ev5 9 memory a  
sort ( table1 l ! index ( a book1 :i*   
%[s :]e c]ta9 remote images are to be   
f\nd4  ,we d n f9d t ^! innum]able      
*>act]s1 :i* ! m9d ( man reads inw>dly )
 s mu* rapidity1 leave any di/9ct trace 
or pr9t 9 ! bra91 :5 we op5 x4  ,t      
admirable book is b a s(t sub/ance1 or a
 sort ( bottom made up ( t5d] ?reads1   
wov5 "o ) ano!r4  ,n[ :at skilful h& has
 laid up 9 t k9d ( dirt1 :i* appe>s s   
%apeless1 su* preci\s images1 rang$ )   
su* excell5t & curi\s art8   ,,sect4    
,,xlii4  ,( ! ,proportion ( ,man's      
,body4   ,su* is ! body ( man 9 g5]al3  
= ,i d n ent] into an anatomical detail1
 my design be+ only to discov] ! art t  
is conspicu\s 9 nature1 by ! simple ca/ 
( an eye1 )\t any sci5ce4  ,! body ( man
 might und\bt$ly be ei!r mu* bigg] &    
tall]1 or mu* less] & small]4  ,b if1 = 
in/ance1 x 7 b "o foot high1 x w\ld be  

insult$ by mo/ animals1 t w\ld tread &  
cru% x "u _! feet4  ,if x 7 z tall z a  
high /eeple1 a small numb] ( m5 w\ld 9 a
 few days consume all ! alim5ts a :ole  
c\ntry af=ds4  ,!y c\ld f9d nei!r horses
 nor any o!r bea/s ( burd5 ei!r to c>ry 
!m on _! backs or draw !m 9 a ma*9e )   
:eels2 nor c\ld !y f9d suffici5t        
quantity ( mat]ials to build h\ses      
proportion$ to _! bigness2 & z !re c\ld 
be b a small numb] ( m5 ^u e>?1 s !y    
%\ld want mo/ conv5i5ces4  ,n[1 :o is x 
t has s well regulat$ ! size ( man to s 
j a /&>d8  ,:o is x t has fix$ t ( o!r  
animals & liv+ creatures1 ) proportion  
to t ( man8  ,( all animals1 man only   
/&s upright on 8 feet1 :i* gives him a  
nobl5ess & maje/y t di/+ui%es him1 ev5 z
 to ! outside1 f all t lives ^u e>?4  ,n
 only 8 figure is ! noble/1 b he is also
 ! /ronge/ & mo/ dextr\s ( all animals1 
9 proportion to 8 bigness4  ,let "o     
nicely exam9e ! bulk & weight ( ! mo/   
t]rible bea/s1 & he w f9d1 t ?\gh !y h m
 matt] ?an ! body ( a man1 yet a vigor\s

 man has m /r5g? ( body ?an mo/ wild    
bea/s4  ,nor are ^! dreadful to him1    
except 9 _! tee? & claws4  ,b man1 :o   
has n su* natural arms 9 8 limbs1 has   
yet h&s1 ^: dext]ity to make artificial 
weapons surpasses all t nature has be/[$
 ^u bea/s4  ,?us man ei!r pi]ces ) 8    
d>ts or draws into 8 sn>es1 ma/]s1 &    
leads 9 *a9s ! /ronge/ & fi]ce/ animals4
  ,nay1 he has ! skill to tame !m 9 _!  
captivity1 & to sport ) !m z he pleases4
  ,he tea*es lions & tig]s to c>ess him3
  & gets on ! back ( elephants4         
,,sect4  ,,xliii4  ,( ! ,s\l1 :i* alone1
 among all ,creatures1 ,?9ks & ,kn[s4   
,b ! body ( man1 :i* appe>s to be !     
ma/]piece ( nature1 is n to be comp>$ to
 8 ?\ght4  ,x is c]ta9 t !re are bodies 
t d n ?9k3  man1 = in/ance1 ascribes no 
k to /one1 wood1 or metals1 :i*         
und\bt$ly are bodies4  ,nay1 x is s     
natural to believe t matt] _c ?9k1 t all
 unprejudic$ m5 _c =be> laugh+ :5 !y he>
 any "o ass]t t bea/s are b m]e ma*9es2 
because !y _c conceive t m]e ma*9es c h 

su* k z !y pret5d to p]ceive 9 bea/s4   
,!y ?9k x to be l *ildr5's play+1 &     
talk+ to _! puppets1 ! ascrib+ any k to 
m]e ma*9es4  ,h5ce x is t ! anci5ts     
!mselves1 :o knew no real sub/ance b !  
body1 pret5d$1 h[ev]1 t ! s\l ( a man 0 
a fif? elem5t1 or a sort ( qu9tess5ce   
)\t "n1 unkn[n "h bel[1 indivisible1    
immutable1 & altoge!r cele/ial & div9e1 
because !y c\ld n conceive t ! t]re/rial
 matt] ( ! f\r elem5ts c\ld ?9k1 & "k   
itself3 ,ari/oteles qu9tam qu&am naturam
 c5set esse1 e qua sit m5s4 ,cogit>e    
enim1 et provid]e1 et disc]e1 et doc]e4 
4 4 4 9 horum quatuor g5]um nullo inesse
 putat2 qu9tum g5us adhibet vacans      
nom9e4   ,,sect4  ,,xliv4  ,matt] ,_c   
,?9k4   ,b let u suppose :atev] y       
please1 = ,i w n ent] ! li/s ) any sect 
( philosoph]s3  "h is an alt]native :i* 
no philosoph] c avoid4  ,ei!r matt] c   
become a ?9k+ sub/ance1 )\t add+ any?+  
to x1 or matt] _c ?9k at all1 & s :at   
?9ks 9 u is a sub/ance di/9ct f matt]1 &
 :i* is unit$ to x4  ,if matt] c acquire

 ! faculty ( ?9k+ )\t add+ any?+ to x1 x
 mu/1 at lea/1 be own$ t all matt] does 
n ?9k1 & t ev5 "s matt] t n[ ?9ks did n 
?9k fifty ye>s ago2 z1 = in/ance1 !     
matt] ( :i* ! body ( a "y man is made up
 did n ?9k t5 ye>s be=e he 0 born4  ,x  
mu/ !n be conclud$ t matt] c acquire !  
faculty ( ?9k+ by a c]ta9 configuration1
 rang+1 & motion ( its p>ts4  ,let u1 = 
in/ance1 suppose ! matt] ( a /one1 or ( 
a heap ( s&4  ,x is agre$ ?is "p ( matt]
 has no mann] ( ?\ght2 & !re=e to make x
 beg9 to ?9k1 all its p>ts mu/ be       
configurat$1 rang$1 & mov$ a c]ta9 way &
 to a c]ta9 degree4  ,n[1 :o is x t knew
 h[ to f9d1 ) s mu* nic5ess1 t          
proportion1 ord]1 & motion t way1 & to  
su* a degree1 above & bel[ :i* matt]    
w\ld nev] ?9k8 ,:o is x t has giv5 all  
^? j1 exact1 & precise modifications to 
a vile & %apeless matt]1 9 ord] to =m ! 
body ( a *ild1 & to r5d] x rational by  
degrees8  ,if1 on ! contr>y1 x be       
affirm$ t matt] _c become a ?9k+        
sub/ance )\t add+ some?+ to x1 & t ano!r

 be+ mu/ be unit$ to x1 ,i ask1 :at w t 
o!r ?9k+ be+ be1 :il/ ! matt]1 to :i* x 
is unit$1 only moves8  ,!re=e1 "h are   
two natures or sub/ances v unlike &     
di/9ct4  ,we "k "o by figures & local   
motions only2 z we d ! o!r by p]ceptions
 & reason+s4  ,! "o does n imply1 or    
create ! idea ( ! o!r1 = _! respective  
ideas h no?+ 9 common4   ,,sect4  ,,xlv4
  ,( ! ,union ( ! ,s\l & ,body1 ( :i*   
,god alone c be ! ,au?or4   ,b n[1 h[   
comes x to pass t be+s s unlike are s   
intimately unit$ toge!r 9 man8  ,:5ce   
comes x t c]ta9 motions ( ! body s      
sudd5ly & s infallibly raise c]ta9      
?\ghts 9 ! s\l8  ,:5ce comes x t !      
?\ghts ( ! s\l1 s sudd5ly & s           
infallibly1 occasion c]ta9 motions 9 !  
body8  ,:5ce proce$s s regul> a society1
 = sev5ty or f\rscore ye>s1 )\t any     
int]ruption8  ,h[ comes x to pass t ?is 
union ( two be+s1 & two op]ations1 s v  
diff]5t1 make up s exact a comp\nd1 t _m
 are tempt$ to believe x to be a simple 
& indivisible :ole8  ,:at h& _h ! skill 

to unite & tie toge!r ^! two extremes & 
opposites8 ,x is c]ta9 !y did n unite   
!mselves by mutual cons5t1 = matt] hav+ 
( itself nei!r ?\ght nor w1 to make t]ms
 & conditions1 x c\ld n ent] into an    
agreem5t ) ! m9d4  ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m9d  
does n rememb] t x ev] made an agreem5t 
) matt]2 nor c\ld x be subject$ to su*  
an agreem5t1 if x _h q =got x4  ,if !   
m9d _h freely1 & ( its own accord1      
resolv$ to submit to ! impressions (    
matt]1 x w\ld n1 h[ev]1 subject itself  
to !m b :5 x %\ld rememb] su* a         
resolution1 :i*1 besides1 x might alt]  
at pleasure4  ,nev]!less1 x is c]ta9 t 9
 spite ( itself x is dep5d5t on ! body1 
& t x _c free itself f its dep5d5ce1    
unless x de/roy ! organs ( ! body by a  
viol5t dea?4  ,besides1 al?\gh ! m9d _h 
volunt>ily subject$ itself to matt]1 x  
w\ld n foll[ t matt] 7 reciprocally     
subject$ to ! m9d4  ,! m9d w\ld inde$ h 
c]ta9 ?\ghts :5 ! body %\ld h c]ta9     
motions1 b ! body w\ld n be det]m9$ to  
h1 9 its turn1 c]ta9 motions1 z soon z !

 m9d %\ld h c]ta9 ?\ghts4  ,n[ x is mo/ 
c]ta9 t ?is dep5d5ce is reciprocal4     
,no?+ is m absolute ?an ! comm& ( ! m9d 
ov] ! body4  ,! m9d wills1 &1 in/antly1 
all ! memb]s ( ! body are 9 motion1 z if
 !y 7 act$ by ! mo/ p[]ful ma*9es4  ,on 
! o!r h&1 no?+ is m manife/ ?an ! p[] & 
influ5ce ( ! body ov] ! m9d4  ,! body is
 9 motion1 &1 in/antly ! m9d is =c$ to  
?9k ei!r ) pleasure or pa91 ^u c]ta9    
objects4  ,n[1 :at h& equally p[]ful ov]
 ^! two div]s & di/9ct natures has be5  
able to br+ !m bo? "u ! same yoke1 &    
hold !m captive 9 s exact & inviolable a
 society8  ,w any man say x 0 *ance8    
,if he does1 w he be able ei!r to und]/&
 :at he means1 or to make x und]/ood by 
o!rs8  ,has *ance1 by a conc\rse (      
atoms1 hook$ toge!r ! p>ts ( ! body ) ! 
m9d8  ,if ! m9d c be hook$ ) "s p>ts ( !
 body1 x mu/ h p>ts itself1 &           
consequ5tly be a p]fect body1 9 :i*     
case1 we relapse into ! fir/ answ]1 :i* 
,i h already confut$4  ,if1 on !        
contr>y1 ! m9d has no p>ts1 no?+ c hook 

x ) ^? ( ! body1 nor has *ance :]e)al to
 tie !m toge!r4  ,9 %ort1 my alt]native 
ev] returns1 & is p]emptory & decisive4 
,if ! m9d & body are a :ole made up (   
matt] only1 h[ comes x to pass t ?is    
matt]1 :i* ye/]day did n1 has ?is day   
begun to ?9k8  ,:o is x t has be/[$ ^u x
 :at x _h n1 & :i* is )\t comp>ison m   
noble ?an ?\ghtless matt]8  ,:at be/[s  
?\ght ^u x1 has x n itself1 & h[ c x    
give :at x has n8  ,let u ev5 suppose t 
?\ght %\ld result f a c]ta9             
configuration1 rang+1 & degree ( motion 
a c]ta9 way1 ( all ! p>ts ( matt]3 :at  
artific] has _h ! skill to f9d out all  
^? j1 nice1 & exact comb9ations1 9 ord] 
to make a ?9k+ ma*9e8  ,if1 on !        
contr>y1 ! m9d & body are two di/9ct    
natures1 :at p[] sup]ior to ^? two      
natures has be5 able to unite & tie     
toge!r )\t ! m9d's ass5t1 or s mu* z its
 kn[+ :i* way t union 0 made8  ,:o is x 
t ) su* absolute & supreme comm&        
ov]-rules bo? m9ds & bodies1 & keeps !m 
9 society & correspond5ce1 & "u a sort (

 incompreh5sible policy8   ,,sect4      
,,xlvi4  ,! ,s\l has an ,absolute ,comm&
 ov] ! ,body4   ,be pleas$ to obs]ve t !
 comm& ( my m9d ov] my body is supreme &
 absolute 9 its b\nd$ ext5t1 s9ce my    
s+le w1 )\t any ef=t or prep>ation1     
causes all ! memb]s ( my body to move on
 a sudd5 & imm$iately1 accord+ to !     
rules ( me*anics4  ,z ! ,scripture gives
 u ! "* ( ,god1 :o said aft] ! creation 
( ! univ]se1 ,let !re be light1 & !re 0 
light--9 l mann]1 ! inw>d ^w ( my s\l   
alone1 )\t any ef=t or prep>ation1 makes
 :at x says4  ,i say1 = in/ance1 )9     
myself1 ?r\gh t inw>d1 simple1 &        
mom5tane\s ^w1 ,let my body move1 & x   
moves4  ,at ! comm& ( t simple &        
intimate w1 all ! p>ts ( my body are at 
"w4  ,imm$iately all n]ves are di/5d$1  
all ! spr+s ha/5 to concur toge!r1 & !  
:ole ma*9e obeys1 j z if e "o ( ! mo/   
secret ( ^? organs he>d a supreme &     
omnipot5t voice4  ,?is is c]ta9ly ! mo/ 
simple & mo/ effectual p[] t c be       
conceiv$4  ,all ! o!r be+s )9 our k af=d

 n ! l in/ance ( x1 & ?is is precisely  
:at m5 t are s5sible & p]suad$ ( a      
,deity ascribe to x 9 all ! univ]se4    
,%all ,i ascribe x to my feeble m9d1 or 
r to ! p[] x has ov] my body1 :i* is s  
va/ly diff]5t f x8  ,%all ,i believe t  
my w has t supreme comm& ( its own      
nature1 ?\gh 9 itself s weak & imp]fect8
  ,b h[ comes x to pass t1 among s _m   
bodies1 x has t p[] ov] no m ?an "o8  ,=
 no o!r body moves accord+ to its       
desires4  ,n[1 :o is x t gave ov] "o    
body ! p[] x _h ov] no o!r8  ,w any man 
be aga9 s bold z to ascribe ?is to      
*ance8   ,,sect4  ,,xlvii4  ,! ,p[] ( ! 
,s\l ov] ! ,body is n only ,supreme or  
,absolute1 b ,bl9d at ! same "t4   ,b t 
p[]1 :i* is s supreme & absolute1 is    
bl9d at ! same "t4  ,! mo/ simple &     
ignorant peasant kn[s h[ to move 8 body 
z well z a philosoph] ! mo/ skill$ 9    
anatomy4  ,! m9d ( a peasant comm&s 8   
n]ves1 muscles1 & t5dons1 :i* he kn[s n1
 & :i* he nev] he>d (4  ,he f9ds !m )\t 
kn[+ h[ to di/+ui% !m1 or kn[+ :]e !y   

lie2 he calls precisely ^u su* z he has 
occasion =1 nor does he mi/ake "o = !   
o!r4  ,if a rope-danc]1 = in/ance1 does 
b w1 ! spirits in/antly run )           
impetu\sness1 sometimes to c]ta9 n]ves1 
sometimes to o!rs--all :i* di/5d or     
slack5 9 due "t4  ,ask him :i* ( !m he  
set a-go+1 & :i* way he begun to move   
!m8  ,he w n s mu* z und]/& :at y mean4 
,he is an absolute /rang] to :at he has 
done 9 all ! inw>d spr+s ( 8 ma*9e4  ,! 
lute-play]1 :o is p]fectly well acqua9t$
 ) all ! /r+s ( 8 in/rum5t1 :o sees !m )
 8 eyes1 & t\*es !m "o aft] ano!r ) 8   
f+]s1 yet mi/akes !m sometimes4  ,b !   
s\l t gov]ns ! ma*9e ( man's body moves 
all its spr+s 9 "t1 )\t see+ or disc]n+ 
!m1 )\t be+ acqua9t$ ) _! figure1       
situation1 or /r5g?1 & yet x nev]       
mi/akes4  ,:at prodigy is "h6  ,my m9d  
comm&s :at x kn[s n1 & _c see2 :at nei!r
 has1 nor is capable ( any k4  ,& yet x 
is infallibly obey$4  ,h[ mu* bl9dness &
 h[ mu* p[] at once is "h6  ,! bl9dness 
is man's2 b ! p[]1 ^: is x8  ,to :om    

%all we ascribe x1 unless x be to ,him  
:o sees :at man does n see1 & p]=ms 9   
him :at passes 8 und]/&+8  ,x is to no  
purpose my m9d is will+ to move ! bodies
 t surr\nd x1 & :i* x kn[s v di/9ctly2 =
 none ( !m /irs1 & x has n p[] to move !
 lea/ atom by its w4  ,!re is b "o s+le 
body1 :i* "s sup]ior ,p[] mu/ h made its
 prop]ty4 ,) respect to ?is body1 my m9d
 is b will+1 & all ! spr+s ( t ma*9e1   
:i* are unkn[n to x1 move 9 "t & 9      
conc]t to obey him4  ,/4 ,augu/91 :o    
made ^! reflections1 has express$ !m    
excell5tly well4  ,! inw>d p>ts ( our   
bodies1 says he1 _c be liv+ b by our    
s\ls2 b our s\ls animate !m f> m easily 
?an !y c "k !m4 4 4 4  ,! s\l kn[s n !  
body :i* is subject to x4 4 4 4  ,x does
 n "k :y x does n move ! n]ves b :5 x   
pleases2 & :y1 on ! contr>y1 ! pulsation
 ( ve9s goes on )\t int]ruption1 :e!r ! 
m9d w or no4  ,x kn[s n :i* is ! fir/ "p
 ( ! body x moves imm$iately1 9 ord]    
!reby to move all ! re/4 4 4 4  ,x does 
n "k :y x feels 9 spite ( itself1 &     

moves ! memb]s only :5 x pleases4  ,x is
 ! m9d does ^! ?+s 9 ! body4  ,b h[     
comes x to pass x nei!r kn[s :at %e     
does1 nor 9 :at mann] x p]=ms x8  ,^? :o
 le>n1 anatomy1 cont9ues t fa!r1 are    
taught by o!rs :at passes )91 & is p]=m$
 by !mselves4  ,:y1 says he1 d ,i "k1   
)\t be+ taught1 t !re is 9 ! sky1 at a  
prodigi\s di/ance f me1 a sun & />s2 &  
:y h ,i occasion = a ma/] to le>n :]e   
motion beg9s8 4 4 4  ,:5 ,i move my f+]1
 ,i "k n h[ :at ,i p]=m )9 myself is    
p]=m$4  ,we are too f> above1 & _c      
compreh5d ourselves4   ,,sect4          
,,xlviii4  ,! ,sov]eignty ( ! ,s\l ov] !
 ,body pr9cipally appe>s 9 ! ,images    
impr9t$ 9 ! ,bra94   ,x is c]ta9 we _c  
suffici5tly admire ei!r ! absolute p[] (
 ! s\l ov] corporeal organs :i* %e kn[s 
n1 or ! cont9ual use x makes ( !m )\t   
disc]n+ !m4  ,t sov]eignty pr9cipally   
appe>s ) respect to ! images impr9t$ 9  
our bra94  ,i "k all ! bodies ( !       
univ]se t h made any impression on my   
s5ses = a great _m ye>s pa/4  ,i h      

di/9ct images ( !m t repres5t !m to me1 
insomu* t ,i believe ,i see !m ev5 :5 !y
 exi/ no m4  ,my bra9 is l a closet full
 ( pictures1 :i* %\ld move & set        
!mselves 9 ord] at ! ma/]'s pleasure4   
,pa9t]s1 ) all _! art & skill1 nev]     
atta9 b an imp]fect lik5ess2 :]eas !    
pictures ,i h 9 my head are s fai?ful1 t
 x is by consult+ !m ,i p]ceive all !   
defects ( ^? made by pa9t]s1 & correct  
!m )9 myself4  ,n[1 d ^! images1 m l _! 
orig9al ?an ! ma/]pieces ( ! art (      
pa9t+1 impr9t !mselves 9 my head )\t any
 art8  ,is my bra9 a book1 all ! *>act]s
 ( :i* h rang$ !mselves ( _! own accord8
  ,if !re be any art 9 ! case1 x does n 
proce$ f me4  ,= ,i f9d )9 me t         
collection ( images )\t hav+ ev] s mu* z
 ?\ght ei!r to impr9t !m1 or set !m 9   
ord]4  ,moreov]1 all ^! images ei!r     
appe> or retire z ,i please1 )\t any    
confusion4 ,i call !m back1 & !y return2
 ,i dismiss !m1 & !y s9k ,i "k n :]e4   
,!y ei!r assemble or sep>ate1 z ,i      
please4  ,b ,i nei!r "k :]e !y lie1 nor 

:at !y are4  ,nev]!less ,i f9d !m always
 ready4  ,! agitation ( s _m images1 old
 & new1 t revive1 jo91 or sep>ate1 nev] 
di/urbs a c]ta9 ord] t is among/ !m4    
,if "s ( !m d n appe> at ! fir/ summons1
 at lea/ ,i am c]ta9 !y are n f> (f4    
,!y may lurk 9 "s deep corn]1 b ,i am n 
totally ignorant ( !m z ,i am ( ?+s ,i  
nev] knew2 =1 on ! contr>y1 ,i "k       
confus$ly :at ,i look =4  ,if any o!r   
image (f]s itself 9 ! room ( t ,i call$ 
=1 ,i imm$iately dismiss x1 tell+ x1 ,x 
is n y ,i h occasion =4  ,b1 !n1 :]e lie
 objects half-=gott58 ,!y are pres5t )9 
me1 s9ce ,i look = !m !re1 & f9d !m at  
la/4  ,aga91 9 :at mann] are !y !re1    
s9ce ,i look = !m a long :ile 9 va98    
,:at becomes ( !m8  ,i am no m1 says ,/4
 ,augu/91 :at ,i 0 :5 ,i _h ! ?\ghts ,i 
_c f9d aga94  ,i "k n1 cont9ues t fa!r1 
ei!r h[ x comes to pass t ,i am ?us     
)drawn f & depriv$ ( myself1 or h[ ,i am
 aft]w>ds br\ght back & re/or$ to       
myself4 ,i am1 z x 71 ano!r man1 & c>ri$
 to ano!r place1 :5 ,i look =1 & d n    

f9d1 :at ,i _h tru/$ to my memory4  ,9  
su* a case we _c rea*1 & are1 9 a mann]1
 /rang]s remote f ourselves4  ,nor d we 
come at u b :5 we f9d :at we are 9 que/ 
(4  ,b :]e is x we look = b )9 u8  ,or  
:at is x we look = b ourselves8 4 4 4   
,s unfa?omable a difficulty a/oni%es u6 
,i di/9ctly rememb] ,i h kn[n :at ,i d n
 "k at pres5t4  ,i rememb] my v         
oblivion4  ,i call to m9d ! pictures or 
images ( e p]son 9 e p]iod ( life :]e9  
,i h se5 !m =m]ly1 s t ! same p]son     
passes sev]al times 9 my head4  ,at     
fir/1 ,i see "o a *ild1 !n a "y1 &      
aft]w>ds an old1 man4  ,i place wr9kles 
9 ! same face 9 :i*1 on ! o!r side1 ,i  
see ! t5d] graces ( infancy4  ,i jo9 :at
 subsi/s no m ) :at is /ill1 )\t        
conf\nd+ ^! extremes4  ,i pres]ve ,i "k 
n :at1 :i*1 by turns1 is all t ,i h se5 
s9ce ,i came into ! _w4  ,out ( ?is     
unkn[n /ore come all ! p]fumes1         
h>monies1 ta/es1 degrees1 & mixtures (  
col\rs2 9 %ort1 all ! figures t h pass$ 
?r\gh my s5ses1 & :i* !y h tru/$ to my  

bra94  ,i revive :5 ,i please ! joy ,i  
felt ?irty ye>s ago4  ,x returns2 b     
sometimes x is n ! same x 0 =m]ly1 &    
appe>s )\t rejoic+ me4  ,i rememb] ,i h 
be5 well pleas$1 & yet am n s :ile ,i h 
t remembrance4  ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i r5ew   
pa/ sorr[s & tr\bles4  ,!y are pres5t2 =
 ,i di/9ctly p]ceive !m su* z !y 7      
=m]ly1 & n ! lea/ "p ( _! bitt]ness &   
lively s5se escapes my memory4  ,b yet  
!y are no m ! same2 !y are dull$1 &     
nei!r tr\ble nor disquiet me4  ,i       
p]ceive all _! sev]ity )\t feel+ x2 or1 
if ,i feel x1 x is only by              
repres5tation1 :i* turns a =m] sm>t &   
rack+ pa9 into a k9d ( sport & div]sion1
 = ! image ( pa/ sorr[s rejoices me4  ,x
 is ! same ) pleasures3  a virtu\s m9d  
is afflict$ by ! memory ( its disord]ly 
unlawful enjoym5ts4  ,!y are pres5t1 =  
!y appe> ) all _! s(te/ & mo/ flatt]+   
att5dants2 b !y are no m !mselves1 & su*
 joys return only to make u uneasy4     
,,sect4  ,,xlix4  ,two ,wond]s ( !      
,memory & ,bra94   ,"h1 !re=e1 are two  

wond]s equally incompreh5sible4  ,!     
fir/1 t my bra9 is a k9d ( book1 t      
conta9s a numb] almo/ inf9ite ( images1 
& *>act]s rang$ 9 an ord] ,i did n      
contrive1 & ( :i* *ance c\ld n be !     
au?or4  ,= ,i nev] _h ! lea/ ?\ght ei!r 
( writ+ any?+ 9 my bra91 or to place 9  
any ord] ! images & *>act]s ,i impr9t$ 9
 x4  ,i _h no o!r ?\ght b only to see ! 
objects t /ruck my s5ses4  ,nei!r c\ld  
*ance make s m>vell\s a book3  ev5 all !
 art ( man is too imp]fect ev] to rea* s
 high a p]fection1 !re=e :at h& _h !    
skill to compose x8  ,! second wond] ,i 
f9d 9 my bra91 is to see t my m9d reads 
) s mu* ease1 :atev] x pleases1 9 t     
inw>d book2 & read ev5 *>act]s x does n 
"k4  ,i nev] saw ! traces or figures    
impr9t$ 9 my bra91 & ev5 ! sub/ance ( my
 bra9 itself1 :i* is l ! pap] ( t book1 
is altoge!r unkn[n to me4  ,all ^?      
numb]less *>act]s transpose !mselves1 & 
aft]w>ds resume _! rank & place to obey 
my comm&4  ,i h1 z x 71 a div9e p[] ov] 
a "w ,i am unacqua9t$ )1 & :i* is       

incapable ( k4  ,t :i* und]/&s no?+1    
und]/&s my ?\ght & p]=ms x in/antly4  ,!
 ?\ght ( man has no p[] ov] bodies3  ,i 
am s5sible ( x by runn+ ov] all nature4 
,!re is b "o s+le body :i* my b>e w     
moves1 z if x 7 a deity2 & ev5 moves !  
mo/ subtle & nice/ spr+s ( x1 )\t kn[+  
!m4  ,n[1 :o is x t unit$ my w to ?is   
body1 & gave x s mu* p[] ov] x8         
,,sect4  ,l4  ,! ,m9d ( ,man is mix$ )  
,greatness & ,weakness4 ,its ,greatness 
consi/s 9 two ?+s4  ,fir/1 ! ,m9d has ! 
,idea ( ! ,inf9ite4   ,let u conclude ^!
 obs]vations by a %ort reflection on !  
ess5ce ( our m9d2 9 :i* ,i f9d an       
incompreh5sible mixture ( greatness &   
weakness4  ,its greatness is real3  = x 
br+s toge!r ! pa/ & ! pres5t1 )\t       
confusion2 & by its reason+ p5etrates   
into futurity4  ,x has ! idea bo? (     
bodies & spirits4  ,nay1 x has ! idea ( 
! inf9ite3  = x supposes & affirms all t
 belongs to x1 & rejects & d5ies all t  
is n prop] to x4  ,if y say t ! inf9ite 
is triangul>1 ! m9d w answ] )\t         

hesitation1 t :at has no b\nds c h no   
figure4  ,if y desire x to assign ! fir/
 ( ! units t make up an inf9ite numb]1 x
 w readily answ]1 t !re c be no beg9n+1 
end1 or numb] 9 ! inf9ite2 because if "o
 c\ld f9d ei!r a fir/ or la/ unit 9 x1  
"o might add "s o!r unit to t1 &        
consequ5tly increase ! numb]4  ,n[ a    
numb] _c be inf9ite1 :5 x is capable (  
"s addition1 & :5 a limit may be assign$
 to x1 on ! side :]e x may receive an   
increase4   ,,sect4  ,,li4  ,! ,m9d kn[s
 ! ,f9ite only by ! ,idea ( ! ,inf9ite4 
,x is ev5 9 ! inf9ite t my m9d kn[s !   
f9ite4  ,:5 we say a man is sick1 we    
mean a man t has no heal?2 & :5 we call 
a man weak1 we mean "o t has no /r5g?4  
,we "k sickness1 :i* is a privation (   
heal?1 no o!r way b by repres5t+ to u   
heal? itself z a real good1 ( :i* su* a 
man is depriv$2 &1 9 l mann]1 we only "k
 weakness1 by repres5t+ to u /r5g? z a  
real advantage1 :i* su* a man is n ma/] 
(4  ,we "k d>kness1 :i* is no?+ real1   
only by d5y+1 & consequ5tly by conceiv+ 

daylight1 :i* is mo/ real1 & mo/        
positive4  ,9 l mann] we "k ! f9ite only
 by assign+ x a b\nd1 :i* is a m]e      
negation ( a great] ext5t2 & consequ5tly
 only ! privation ( ! inf9ite4  ,n[ a   
man c\ld nev] repres5t to himself !     
privation ( ! inf9ite1 unless he        
conceiv$ ! inf9ite itself3  j z he c\ld 
n h a notion ( sickness1 unless he _h an
 idea ( heal?1 ( :i* x is only a        
privation4  ,n[1 :5ce comes t idea ( !  
inf9ite 9 u8   ,,sect4  ,,lii4          
,secondly1 ! ,ideas ( ! ,m9d are        
,univ]sal1 ,et]nal1 & ,immutable4   ,oh6
 h[ great is ! m9d ( man6  ,he c>ries )9
 him :]e)al to a/oni%1 & inf9itely to   
surpass himself3  s9ce 8 ideas are      
univ]sal1 et]nal1 & immutable4  ,!y are 
univ]sal3  = :5 ,i say x is impossible  
to be & n to be2 ! :ole is bigg] ?an a  
"p ( x2 a l9e p]fectly circul> has no   
/raight p>ts2 betwe5 two po9ts giv5 !   
/raight l9e is ! %orte/2 ! c5tre ( a    
p]fect circle is equally di/ant f all ! 
po9ts ( ! circumf]5ce2 an equilat]al    

triangle has no obtuse or "r angle3 all 
^! tru?s admit ( no exception4  ,!re    
nev] c be any be+1 l9e1 circle1 or      
triangle1 b accord+ to ^! rules4 ,^!    
axioms are ( all times1 or to speak m   
prop]ly1 !y exi/ be=e all "t1 & w ev]   
rema9 aft] any compreh5sible duration4  
,let ! univ]se be turn$ topsy-turvy1    
de/roy$1 & annihilat$2 & ev5 let !re be 
no m9d to reason ab\t be+s1 l9es1       
circles1 & triangles3  yet x w ev] be   
equally true 9 itself1 t ! same ?+ _c at
 once be & n be2 t a p]fect circle c h  
no "p ( a /raight l9e2 t ! c5tre ( a    
p]fect circle _c be ne>] "o side ( !    
circumf]5ce ?an ! o!r4  ,m5 may1 inde$1 
n ?9k actually on ^! tru?s3  & x might  
ev5 happ5 t !re %\ld be nei!r univ]se   
nor any m9d capable to reflect on ^!    
tru?s3  b nev]!less !y are /ill con/ant 
& c]ta9 9 !mselves al?\gh no m9d %\ld be
 acqua9t$ ) !m2 j z ! rays ( ! sun w\ld 
n cease be+ real1 al?\gh all m5 %\ld be 
bl9d1 & no body h eyes to be s5sible (  
_! light4  ,by affirm+ t two & two make 

f\r1 says ,/4 ,augu/91 man is n only    
c]ta9 t he speaks tru?1 b he _c d\bt t  
su* a proposition 0 ev] equally true1 & 
mu/ be s et]nally4  ,^! ideas we c>ry )9
 ourselves h no b\nds1 & _c admit ( any4
  ,x _c be said t :at ,i h affirm$ ab\t 
! c5tre ( p]fect circles is true only 9 
relation to a c]ta9 numb] ( circles2 = t
 proposition is true1 ?r\gh evid5t      
necessity1 ) respect to all circles ad  
inf9itum4  ,^! unb\nd$ ideas c nev] be  
*ang$1 alt]$1 impair$1 or defac$ 9 u2 = 
!y make up ! v ess5ce ( our reason4     
,:atev] ef=t a man may make 9 8 own m9d1
 yet x is impossible = him ev] to       
ent]ta9 a s]i\s d\bt ab\t ! tru?s :i* ^?
 ideas cle>ly repres5t to u4  ,=        
in/ance1 ,i nev] c s]i\sly call 9 "q1   
:e!r ! :ole is bigg] ?an "o ( its p>ts2 
or :e!r ! c5tre ( a p]fect circle is    
equally di/ant f all ! po9ts ( !        
circumf]5ce4  ,! idea ( ! inf9ite is 9  
me l t ( numb]s1 l9es1 circles1 a :ole1 
& a "p4  ,! *ang+ our ideas w\ld be1 9  
effect1 ! annihilat+ reason itself4     

,let u judge & make an e/imate ( our    
greatness by ! immutable inf9ite /amp )9
 u1 & :i* c nev] be defac$ f our m9ds4  
,b le/ su* a real greatness %\ld dazzle 
& betray u1 by flatt]+ our vanity1 let u
 ha/5 to ca/ our eyes on our weakness4  
,,sect4  ,,liii4  ,weakness ( ,man's    
,m9d4   ,t same m9d t incessantly sees !
 inf9ite1 &1 ?r\gh ! rule ( ! inf9ite1  
all f9ite ?+s1 is likewise inf9itely    
ignorant ( all ! objects t surr\nd x4   
,x is altoge!r ignorant ( itself1 &     
gropes ab\t 9 an abyss ( d>kness4  ,x   
nei!r kn[s :at x is1 nor h[ x is unit$ )
 a body2 nor :i* way x has s mu* comm&  
ov] all ! spr+s ( t body1 :i* x kn[s n4 
,x is ignorant ( its own ?\ghts & wills4
 ,x kn[s n1 ) c]ta9ty1 ei!r :at x       
believes or wills4  ,x (t5 fancies to   
believe & w1 :at x nei!r believes nor   
wills4  ,x is liable to mi/ake1 & its   
greate/ excell5ce is to ackn[l$ge x4    
,to ! error ( its ?\ghts1 x adds !      
disord] & irregul>ity ( its w & desires2
 s t x is =c$ to groan 9 ! consci\sness 

& exp]i5ce ( its corruption4  ,su* is ! 
m9d ( man1 weak1 unc]ta91 /9t$1 full (  
errors4  ,n[1 :o is x t put ! idea ( !  
inf9ite1 t is to say ( p]fection1 9 a   
subject s /9t$ & s full ( imp]fection8  
,did x give itself s sublime1 & s pure  
an idea1 :i* is itself a k9d ( inf9ite 9
 imag]y8  ,:at f9ite be+ di/9ct f x 0   
able to give x :at be>s no proportion ) 
:at is limit$ )9 any b\nds8  ,let u     
suppose ! m9d ( man to be l a           
look+-glass1 :]e9 ! images ( all !      
neighb\r+ bodies impr9t !mselves4  ,n[  
:at be+ 0 able to /amp )9 u ! image ( ! 
inf9ite1 if ! inf9ite nev] exi/$8  ,:o c
 put 9 a look+-glass ! image ( a        
*im]ical object :i* is n 9 be+1 & :i* 0 
nev] plac$ aga9/ ! glass8  ,?is image ( 
! inf9ite is n a confus$ collection (   
f9ite objects1 :i* ! m9d may mi/ake = a 
true inf9ite4  ,x is ! true inf9ite (   
:i* we h ! ?\ght & idea4  ,we "k x s    
well1 t we exactly di/+ui% x f :atev] x 
is n2 & t no subtilty c palm ^u u any   
o!r object 9 its room4  ,we are s well  

acqua9t$ ) x1 t we reject f x any       
propriety t d5otes ! lea/ b\nd or limit4
  ,9 %ort1 we "k x s well1 t x is 9 x   
alone we "k all ! re/1 j z we "k ! night
 by ! day1 sickness by heal?4  ,n[1 once
 m1 :5ce comes s great an image8  ,does 
x proce$ f no?+8  ,c a /9t$ limit$ be+  
imag9e & inv5t ! inf9ite1 if !re be no  
inf9ite at all8  ,our weak & %ort-sight$
 m9d _c ( itself =m t image1 :i*1 at ?is
 rate1 %\ld h no au?or4  ,none ( !      
outw>d objects c give u t image3  = !y c
 only give u ! image ( :at !y are1 & !y 
are limit$ & imp]fect4  ,!re=e1 f :5ce  
%all we d]ive t di/9ct image :i* is     
unlike any?+ )9 u1 & all we "k "h bel[1 
)\t u8  ,:5ce does x proce$8  ,:]e is t 
inf9ite we _c compreh5d1 because x is   
really inf9ite3  & :i* nev]!less we _c  
mi/ake1 because we di/+ui% x f any?+ t  
is inf]ior to x8  ,sure x mu/ be        
some:]e1 o!rwise h[ c\ld x impr9t itself
 9 our m9ds8   ,,sect4  ,,liv4  ,!      
,ideas ( ,man are ! ,immutable ,rules ( 
8 ,judgm5t4   ,b besides ! idea ( !     

inf9ite1 ,i h yet univ]sal & immutable  
notions1 :i* are ! rule & /&>d ( all my 
judgm5ts2 insomu* t ,i _c judge ( any?+ 
b by consult+ !m2 nor am ,i free to     
judge contr>y to :at !y repres5t to me4 
,my ?\ghts are s f> f be+ able to       
correct or =m t rule1 t !y are !mselves 
correct$1 9 spite ( myself1 by t sup]ior
 rule2 & inv9cibly subject$ to its      
decision4  ,:atev] ef=t my m9d c make1  
,i c nev] be br\ght1 z ,i obs]v$ be=e1  
to ent]ta9 a d\bt :e!r two & two make   
f\r2 :e!r ! :ole is bigg] ?an "o ( its  
p>ts2 or :e!r ! c5tre ( a p]fect circle 
be equally di/ant f all ! po9ts ( !     
circumf]5ce4  ,i am n free to d5y ^?    
propositions2 & if ,i happ5 to d5y ^?   
tru?s1 or o!rs mu* l !m1 !re is 9 me    
some?+ above myself1 :i* =ces me to     
return to ! rule4  ,t fix$ & immutable  
rule is s inw>d & intimate1 t ,i am     
tempt$ to take x = myself4  ,b x is     
above me1 s9ce x corrects & rectifies   
me2 gives me a di/ru/ ( myself1 & makes 
me s5sible ( my impot5cy4  ,x is some?+ 

t inspires me e mom5t1 provid$ ,i he>k5 
to x1 & ,i nev] err or mi/ake except :5 
,i am n att5tive to x4  ,:at inspires me
 w\ld = ev] pres]ve me f error1 if ,i 7 
docile1 & act$ )\t precipitation2 = t   
inw>d inspiration w\ld tea* me to judge 
aright ( ?+s )9 my rea*1 & ab\t :i* ,i h
 occasion to =m a judgm5t4  ,z = o!rs1 x
 w\ld tea* me n to judge ( !m at all1   
:i* second lesson is no less important  
?an ! fir/4  ,t inw>d rule is :at ,i    
call my reason2 b ,i speak ( my reason  
)\t p5etrat+ into ! ext5t ( ^? words1 z 
,i speak ( nature & in/9ct1 )\t kn[+ :at
 ^? expressions mean4   ,,sect4  ,,lv4  
,:at ,man's ,reason is4   ,x is c]ta9 my
 reason is )9 me1 = ,i mu/ cont9ually   
recollect myself to f9d x2 b ! sup]ior  
reason t corrects me ^u occasion1 & :i* 
,i consult1 is none ( m9e1 nor is x "p (
 myself4  ,t rule is p]fect & immutable2
 :]eas ,i am *angeable & imp]fect4  ,:5 
,i err1 x pres]ves its rectitude4 ,:5 ,i
 am undeceiv$1 x is n set "r1 = x nev] 0
 o!rwise2 & /ill keep+ to tru? has !    

au?ority to call1 & br+ me back to x4   
,x is an inw>d ma/] t makes me ei!r be  
sil5t or speak2 believe1 or d\bt2       
ackn[l$ge my errors1 or confirm my      
judgm5t4  ,i am in/ruct$ by he>k5+ to x2
 :]eas ,i err & g a/ray :5 ,i he>k5 to  
myself4  ,t ,ma/] is ev]y:]e1 & ,8 voice
 is he>d1 f "o end ( ! univ]se to ! o!r1
 by all m5 z well z me4  ,:il/ ,he      
corrects & rectifies me 9 ,france1 ,he  
corrects & sets "r o!r m5 9 ,*9a1       
,japan1 ,mexico1 & 9 ,p]u1 by ! same    
pr9ciples4   ,,sect4  ,,lvi4  ,reason is
 ! ,same 9 all ,m51 ( all ,ages &       
,c\ntries4   ,two m5 :o nev] saw or he>d
 ( "o ano!r1 & :o nev] ent]ta9$ any     
correspond5ce ) any o!r man t c\ld give 
!m common notions1 yet speak at two     
extremities ( ! e>?1 ab\t a c]ta9 numb] 
( tru?s1 z if !y 7 9 conc]t4  ,x is     
infallibly kn[n be=eh& 9 "o hemisph]e1  
:at w be answ]$ 9 ! o!r ^u ^! tru?s4    
,m5 ( all c\ntries & ( all ages1 :atev] 
_! education may h be51 f9d !mselves    
inv9cibly subject$ & oblig$ to ?9k &    

speak 9 ! same mann]4  ,! ,ma/] :o      
incessantly tea*es u makes all ( u ?9k !
 same way4  ,:5ev] we ha/ily judge1 )\t 
he>k5+ to ,8 voice1 9 diffid5ce (       
ourselves1 we ?9k & utt] dreams full (  
extravagance4  ,?us :at appe>s mo/ to be
 "p ( ourselves1 & our v ess5ce1 ,i mean
 our reason1 is lea/ our own1 & :at1 on 
! contr>y1 ought to be acc\nt$ mo/      
borr[$4  ,we cont9ually receive a reason
 sup]ior to u1 z we incessantly brea! ! 
air1 :i* is a =eign body2 or z we       
incessantly see all ! objects ne> u by !
 light ( ! sun1 ^: rays are bodies =eign
 to our eyes4  ,t sup]ior reason        
ov]-rules & gov]ns1 to a c]ta9 degree1 )
 an absolute p[] all m51 ev5 ! lea/     
rational1 & makes !m all ev] agree1 9   
spite ( !mselves1 ^u ^? po9ts4  ,x is %e
 t makes a savage 9 ,canada ?9k ab\t a  
great _m ?+s1 j z ! ,greek & ,roman     
philosoph]s did4  ,x is %e t made !     
,*9ese geometricians f9d out mu* ( !    
same tru?s ) ! ,europeans1 :il/ ^?      
nations s v remote 7 unkn[n "o to ano!r4

  ,x is %e t makes p 9 ,japan conclude1 
z 9 ,france1 t two & two make f\r2 nor  
is x appreh5d$ t any nation %all ev]    
*ange _! op9ion ab\t x4  ,x is %e t     
makes m5 ?9k n[adays ab\t c]ta9 po9ts1 j
 z m5 ?\ght ab\t ! same f\r ?\s& ye>s   
ago4  ,x is %e t gives uni=m ?\ghts to !
 mo/ jeal\s & j>r+ m51 & ! mo/          
irreconcilable among !mselves4  ,x is by
 h] t m5 ( all ages & c\ntries are1 z x 
71 *a9$ ab\t an immovable c5tre1 & held 
9 ! bonds ( amity by c]ta9 inv>iable    
rules1 call$ fir/ pr9ciples1 not)/&+ !  
inf9ite v>iations ( op9ions t arise 9 !m
 f _! passion1 avocations1 & caprices1  
:i* ov]-rule all _! o!r less-cle>       
judgm5ts4  ,x is ?r\gh h] t m51 z       
deprav$ z !y are1 h n yet presum$ op5ly 
to be/[ on vice ! "n ( virtue1 & t !y   
are r$uc$ to dissemble be+ j1 s9c]e1    
mod]ate1 b5evol5t1 9 ord] to ga9 "o     
ano!r's e/eem4  ,! mo/ wick$ & ab&on$ ( 
m5 _c be br\ght to e/eem :at !y wi% !y  
c\ld e/eem1 or to despise :at !y wi% !y 
c\ld despise4  ,x is n possible to =ce !

 et]nal b>ri] ( tru? & ju/ice4  ,! inw>d
 ma/]1 call$ reason1 intimately *ecks ! 
attempt ) absolute p[]1 & kn[s h[ to set
 b\nds to ! mo/ impud5t folly ( m54     
,?\gh vice has = _m ages reign$ )       
unbridl$ lic5ti\sness1 virtue is /ill   
call$ virtue2 & ! mo/ bruti% & ra% ( h] 
adv]s>ies _c yet deprive h] ( h] "n4    
,h5ce x is t vice1 ?\gh triumphant 9 !  
_w1 is /ill oblig$ to disguise itself "u
 ! mask ( hypocrisy or %am hone/y1 to   
ga9 ! e/eem x has n ! confid5ce to      
expect1 if x %\ld g b>e-fac$4  ,?us1    
not)/&+ its impud5ce1 x pays a =c$      
homage to virtue1 by endeav\r+ to adorn 
itself ) h] faire/ outside 9 ord] to    
receive ! hon\r & respect %e comm&s f   
m54  ,x is true virtu\s m5 are expos$ to
 c5sure2 & !y are1 inde$1 ev]           
repreh5sible 9 ?is life1 ?r\gh _!       
natural imp]fections2 b yet ! mo/ vici\s
 _c totally efface 9 !mselves ! idea (  
true virtue4  ,!re nev] 0 yet any man ^u
 e>? t c\ld prevail ei!r ) o!rs1 or     
himself1 to all[1 z a receiv$ maxim1 t  

to be knavi%1 passionate1 & mis*iev\s1  
is m hon\rable ?an to be hone/1 mod]ate1
 good-natur$1 & b5evol5t4   ,,sect4     
,,lvii4  ,reason 9 ,man is ,indep5d5t ( 
& above ,him4   ,i h already ev9c$ t !  
inw>d & univ]sal ma/]1 at all times1 & 9
 all places1 speaks ! same tru?s4  ,we  
are n t ma/]3  ?\gh x is true we (t5    
speak )\t1 & high] ?an him4  ,b !n we   
mi/ake1 /utt]1 & d n s mu* z und]/&     
ourselves4  ,we are ev5 afraid ( be+    
made s5sible ( our mi/akes1 & we %ut up 
our e>s1 le/ we %\ld be humbl$ by 8     
corrections4  ,c]ta9ly ! man :o is      
appreh5sive ( be+ correct$ & reprov$ by 
t uncorruptible reason1 & ev] goes a/ray
 :5 he does n foll[ x1 is n t p]fect1   
univ]sal1 & immutable reason1 t corrects
 him1 9 spite ( himself4  ,9 all ?+s we 
f9d1 z x 71 two pr9ciples )9 u4  ,! "o  
gives1 ! o!r receives2 ! "o fails1 or is
 defective2 ! o!r makes up2 ! "o        
mi/akes1 ! o!r rectifies2 ! "o goes     
awry1 ?r\gh 8 incl9ation1 ! o!r sets him
 "r4  ,x 0 ! mi/ak5 & ill-und]/ood      

exp]i5ce ( ?is t l$ ! ,m>cionites &     
,mani*eans into error4  ,e man is       
consci\s )9 himself ( a limit$ & inf]ior
 reason1 t goes a/ray & errs1 z soon z x
 gets loose f an entire subord9ation1 & 
:i* m5ds its error no o!r way1 b by     
return+ "u ! yoke ( ano!r sup]ior1      
univ]sal1 & immutable reason4  ,?us     
ev]y?+ )9 u argues an inf]ior1 limit$1  
communicat$1 & borr[$ reason1 t wants e 
mom5t to be rectifi$ by ano!r4 ,all m5  
are rational by means ( ! same reason1 t
 communicates itself to !m1 accord+ to  
v>i\s degrees4  ,!re is a c]ta9 numb] ( 
wise m52 b ! wisdom f :i* !y draw !irs1 
z f an inexhau/ible s\rce1 & :i* makes  
!m :at !y are1 is b ,,"o4   ,,sect4     
,,lviii4  ,x is ! ,primitive ,tru?1 t   
,lights all ,m9ds1 by communicat+ itself
 to !m4   ,:]e is t wisdom8  ,:]e is t  
reason1 at once bo? common & sup]ior to 
all limit$ & imp]fect reasons ( mank9d8 
,:]e is t oracle1 :i* is nev] sil5t1 &  
aga9/ :i* all ! va9 prejudices ( m5 _c  
prevail8  ,:]e is t reason :i* we h ev] 

occasion to consult1 & :i* prev5ts u to 
create 9 u ! desire ( he>+ its voice8   
,:]e is t lively light :i* lighte? e man
 t come? into ! _w8  ,:]e is t pure &   
s(t light1 :i* n only lights ^? eyes t  
are op51 b :i* op5s eyes t are %ut2     
cures sore eyes2 gives eyes to ^? t h   
none to see x2 9 %ort1 :i* raises !     
desire ( be+ light$ by x1 & ga9s ev5 _! 
love1 :o 7 afraid to see x8 ,e eye sees 
x2 nor w\ld x see any?+1 unless x saw x2
 s9ce x is by t light & its pure rays t 
! eye sees ev]y?+4  ,z ! s5sibl] sun 9 !
 firmam5t lights all bodies1 s ! sun (  
intellig5ce lights all m9ds4  ,!        
sub/ance ( a man's eye is n ! light3  on
 ! contr>y1 ! eye borr[s1 e mom5t1 !    
light f ! rays ( ! sun4  ,j 9 ! same    
mann]1 my m9d is n ! primitive reason1  
or univ]sal & immutable tru?2 b only !  
organ ?r\gh :i* t orig9al light passes1 
& :i* is light$ by x4  ,!re is a sun (  
spirits t lights !m f> bett] ?an !      
visible sun lights bodies4 ,?is sun (   
spirits gives u1 at once1 bo? its light1

 & ! love ( x1 9 ord] to seek x4  ,t sun
 ( tru? leaves no mann] ( d>kness1 &    
%9es at ! same "t 9 ! two hemisph]es4   
,x lights u z mu* by night z by day2 nor
 does x spread its rays outw>dly2 b     
inhabits 9 e "o ( u4  ,a man c nev]     
deprive ano!r man ( its beams4  ,"o sees
 x equally1 9 :atev] corn] ( ! univ]se  
he may lurk4  ,a man nev] ne$s say to   
ano!r1 /ep aside1 to let me see t sun2 y
 rob me ( its rays2 y take away my %>e (
 x4  ,t sun nev] sets3  nor suff]s any  
cl\d1 b su* z are rais$ by our passions4
  ,x is a day )\t %ad[4  ,x lights !    
savages ev5 9 ! deepe/ & d>ke/ caves2   
none b sore eyes w9k aga9/ its light2   
nor is !re inde$ any man s di/emp]$ & s 
bl9d1 b :o /ill walks by ! glimpse ( "s 
duski% light he reta9s f t inw>d sun (  
consci5ces4  ,t univ]sal light discov]s 
& repres5ts all objects to our m9ds2 nor
 c we judge ( any?+ b by x2 j z we _c   
disc]n anybody b by ! rays ( ! sun4     
,,sect4  ,,lix4  ,x is by ! ,light (    
,primitive ,tru? a ,man ,judges :e!r :at

 "o says to him be ,true or ,false4     
,m5 may speak & disc\rse to u 9 ord] to 
in/ruct u3  b we _c believe !m any f>!r1
 ?an we f9d a c]ta9 con=mity or agreem5t
 betwe5 :at !y say1 & :at ! inw>d ma/]  
says4 ,aft] !y h exhau/$ all _!         
argum5ts1 we mu/ /ill return1 & he>k5 to
 him1 = a f9al decision4  ,if a man %\ld
 tell u t a "p equals ! :ole ( :i* x is 
a "p1 we %\ld n be able to =be> laugh+1 
& in/ead ( p]suad+ u1 he w\ld make      
himself ridicul\s to u4  ,x is 9 ! v    
bottom ( ourselves1 by consult+ ! inw>d 
ma/]1 t we mu/ f9d ! tru?s t are taught 
u1 t is1 :i* are outw>dly propos$ to u4 
,?us1 prop]ly speak+1 !re is b "o true  
,ma/]1 :o tea*es all1 & )\t :om "o le>ns
 no?+4  ,o!r ma/]s always ref] & br+ u  
back to t inw>d s*ool :]e he alone      
speaks4  ,x is !re we receive :at we h  
n2 x is !re we le>n :at we 7 ignorant (2
 & f9d :at we _h lo/ by oblivion4  ,x is
 9 ! intimate bottom ( ourselves1 he    
keeps 9 /ore = u c]ta9 tru?s1 t lie1 z x
 71 buri$1 b :i* revive ^u occasion2 & x

 is !re1 9 %ort1 t we reject ! falsehood
 we _h embrac$4  ,f> f judg+ t ma/]1 x  
is by him alone we are judg$ p]emptorily
 9 all ?+s4  ,he is a judge dis9t]e/$1  
imp>tial1 & sup]ior to u4  ,we may1     
inde$1 refuse he>+ him1 & raise a d9 to 
/un our e>s3  b :5 we he> him x is n 9  
our p[] to contradict him4  ,no?+ is m  
unlike man ?an t invisible ma/] t       
in/ructs & judges him ) s mu* sev]ity1  
uprightness1 & p]fection4  ,?us our     
limit$1 unc]ta91 defective1 fallible    
reason1 is b a feeble & mom5tane\s      
inspiration ( a primitive1 supreme1 &   
immutable reason1 :i* communicates      
itself ) measure1 to all intellig5t     
be+s4   ,,sect4  ,,lx4  ,! ,sup]ior     
,reason t resides 9 ,man is ,god        
,himself2 & :atev] has be5 above        
discov]$ to be 9 ,man1 are evid5t       
,foot/eps ( ! ,deity4   ,x _c be said t 
man gives himself ! ?\ghts he _h n be=e2
 mu* less c x be said t he receives !m f
 o!r m51 s9ce x is c]ta9 he nei!r does  
nor c admit any?+ f )\t1 unless he f9ds 

x 9 8 own bottom1 by consult+ )9 him !  
pr9ciples ( reason1 9 ord] to exam9e    
:e!r :at he is told is agreeable or     
repugnant to !m4  ,!re=e !re is an inw>d
 s*ool :]e9 man receives :at he nei!r c 
give himself1 nor expect f o!r m5 :o    
live ^u tru/ z well z himself4 ,"h !n1  
are two reasons ,i f9d )9 me2 "o ( :i*1 
is myself1 ! o!r is above me4  ,t :i* is
 myself is v imp]fect1 prejudic$1 liable
 to error1 *angeable1 head/rong1        
ignorant1 & limit$2 9 %ort x possesses  
no?+ b :at is borr[$4  ,! o!r is common 
to all m51 & sup]ior to !m4  ,x is      
p]fect1 et]nal1 immutable1 ev] ready to 
communicate itself 9 all places1 & to   
rectify all m9ds t err & mi/ake2 9 %ort1
 incapable ( ev] be+ ei!r exhau/$ or    
divid$1 al?\gh x communicates itself to 
all :o desire x4  ,:]e is t p]fect      
reason :i* is s ne> me1 & yet s diff]5t 
f me8  ,:]e is x8  ,sure x mu/ be some?+
 real2 = no?+ or n\ght _c ei!r be p]fect
 or make p]fect imp]fect natures4  ,:]e 
is t supreme reason8  ,is x n ! v ,god  

,i look =8   ,,sect4  ,,lxi4  ,new      
s5sible ,notices ( ! ,deity 9 ,man1     
drawn f ! ,k he has ( ,unity4   ,i /ill 
f9d o!r traces or notices ( ! ,deity )9 
me3  "h is a v s5sible "o4  ,i am       
acqua9t$ ) prodigi\s numb]s ) !         
relations t are betwe5 !m4  ,n[ h[ come 
,i by t k8  ,x is s v di/9ct t ,i _c    
s]i\sly d\bt ( x2 & s1 imm$iately1 )\t !
 lea/ hesitation1 ,i rectify any man t  
does n foll[ x 9 computation4  ,if a man
 says sev5te5 & ?ree make tw5ty-two1 ,i 
pres5tly tell him sev5te5 & ?ree make b 
tw5ty2 & he is imm$iately conv9c$ by 8  
own light1 & acquiesces 9 my correction4
  ,! same ,ma/] :o speaks )9 me to      
correct him speaks at ! same "t )9 him  
to bid him acquiesce4  ,^! are n two    
ma/]s t h agre$ to make u agree4  ,x is 
some?+ indivisible1 et]nal1 immutable1 t
 speaks at ! same "t ) an inv9cible     
p]suasion 9 u bo?4  ,once m1 h[ come ,i 
by s j a notion ( numb]s8  ,all numb]s  
are b repeat$ units4  ,e numb] is b a   
comp\nd1 or a repetition ( units4  ,!   

numb] ( two1 = in/ance1 is b two units2 
! numb] ( f\r is r$ucible to "o repeat$ 
f\r times4  ,!re=e we _c conceive any   
numb] )\t conceiv+ unity1 :i* is !      
ess5tial f\ndation ( any possible numb]2
 nor c we conceive any repetition (     
units )\t conceiv+ unity itself1 :i* is 
its basis4  ,b :i* way c ,i "k any real 
unit8  ,i nev] saw1 nor s mu* z imag9$  
any by ! report ( my s5ses4  ,let me    
take1 = in/ance1 ! mo/ subtle atom2 x   
mu/ h a figure1 l5g?1 bread?1 & dep?1 a 
top & a bottom1 a left & a "r side2 &   
aga9 ! top is n ! bottom1 nor "o side ! 
o!r4  ,!re=e ?is atom is n truly "o1 = x
 consi/s ( p>ts4  ,n[ a comp\nd is a    
real numb]1 & a multitude ( be+s4  ,x is
 n a real unit1 b a collection ( be+s1  
"o ( :i* is n ! o!r4  ,i !re=e nev]     
le>nt by my eyes1 my e>s1 my h&s1 nor   
ev5 by my imag9ation1 t !re is 9 nature 
any real unity2 on ! contr>y1 nei!r my  
s5ses nor my imag9ation ev] pres5t$ to  
me any?+ b :at is a comp\nd1 a real     
numb] or a multitude4  ,all unity       

cont9ually escapes me2 x flies me z x 7 
by a k9d ( en*antm5t4  ,s9ce ,i look = x
 9 s _m divisions ( an atom1 ,i c]ta9ly 
h a di/9ct idea ( x2 & x is only by its 
simple & cle> idea t ,i arrive1 by !    
repetition ( x1 at ! k ( s _m o!r       
numb]s4  ,b s9ce x escapes me 9 all !   
divisions ( ! bodies ( nature1 x cle>ly 
foll[s t ,i nev] came by ! k ( x1 ?r\gh 
! canal ( my s5ses & imag9ation4  ,"h   
!re=e is an idea :i* is 9 me indep5d5tly
 f ! s5ses1 imag9ation1 & impressions ( 
bodies4  ,moreov]1 al?\gh ,i w\ld n     
frankly ackn[l$ge t ,i h a cle> idea (  
unity1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( all numb]s1 
because !y are b repetitions or         
collections ( units3  ,i mu/ at lea/ be 
=c$ to own t ,i "k a great _m numb]s )  
_! proprieties & relations4  ,i "k1 =   
in/ance1 h[ mu* make #ijj1jjj1jjj jo9$ )
 #hjj1jjj1jjj ( ano!r sum4  ,i make no  
mi/ake 9 x2 & ,i %\ld1 ) c]ta9ty1       
imm$iately rectify any man t %\ld4      
,nev]!less1 nei!r my s5ses nor my       
imag9ation 7 ev] able to repres5t to me 

di/9ctly all ^? millions put toge!r4    
,nor w\ld ! image !y %\ld repres5t to me
 be m l sev5te5 hundr$ millions ?an a f>
 inf]ior numb]4 ,!re=e1 h[ came ,i by s 
di/9ct an idea ( numb]s1 :i* ,i nev]    
c\ld ei!r feel or imag9e8  ,^! ideas1   
indep5d5t ^u bodies1 c nei!r be         
corporeal nor admitt$ 9 a corporeal     
subject4  ,!y discov] to me ! nature (  
my s\l1 :i* admits :at is incorporeal & 
receives x )9 itself 9 an incorporeal   
mann]4  ,n[1 h[ came ,i by s incorporeal
 an idea ( bodies !mselves8  ,i _c by my
 own nature c>ry x )9 me1 s9ce :at 9 me 
kn[s bodies is incorporeal2 & s9ce x    
kn[s !m1 )\t receiv+ t k ?r\gh ! canal (
 corporeal organs1 su* z ! s5ses &      
imag9ation4  ,:at ?9ks 9 me mu/ be1 z x 
71 a no?+ ( corporeal nature4  ,h[ 0 ,i 
able to "k be+s t h by nature no        
relation ) my ?9k+ be+8 ,c]ta9ly a be+  
sup]ior to ^? two natures1 s v diff]5t1 
& :i* compreh5ds !m bo? 9 its inf9ity1  
mu/ h jo9$ !m 9 my s\l1 & giv5 me an    
idea ( a nature entirely diff]5t f t :i*

 ?9ks 9 me4   ,,sect4  ,,lxii4  ,! ,idea
 ( ! ,unity proves t !re are ,immat]ial 
,sub/ances2 & t !re is a ,be+ ,p]fectly 
,"o1 :o is ,god4   ,z = units1 "s p]haps
 w say t ,i d n "k !m by ! bodies1 b    
only by ! spirits2 &1 !re=e1 t my m9d   
be+ "o1 & truly kn[n to me1 x is by x1 &
 n by ! bodies1 ,i h ! idea ( unity4  ,b
 to ?is ,i answ]4  ,x w1 at lea/1 foll[ 
f !nce t ,i "k sub/ances t h no mann] ( 
ext5sion or divisibility1 & :i* are     
pres5t4 ,"h are already be+s purely     
incorporeal1 9 ! numb] ( :i* ,i ought to
 place my s\l4  ,n[1 :o is x t has unit$
 x to my body8  ,?is s\l ( m9e is n an  
inf9ite be+2 x has n be5 always1 & x    
?9ks )9 c]ta9 b\nds4  ,n[1 aga91 :o     
makes x "k bodies s diff]5t f x8  ,:o   
gives x s great a comm& ov] a c]ta9     
body2 & :o gives reciprocally to t body 
s great a comm& ov] ! s\l8  ,moreov]1   
:i* way d ,i "k :e!r ?is ?9k+ s\l is    
really "o1 or :e!r x has p>ts8 ,i d n   
see ?is s\l4  ,n[1 w anybody say t x is 
9 s invisible1 & s imp5etrable1 a ?+ t  

,i cle>ly see :at unity is8  ,i am s f> 
f le>n+ by my s\l :at ! be+ ,"o is1 t1  
on ! contr>y1 x is by ! cle> idea ,i h  
already ( unity t ,i exam9e :e!r my s\l 
be "o or divisible4  ,add to ?is1 t ,i h
 )9 me a cle> idea ( a p]fect unity1 :i*
 is f> above t ,i may f9d 9 my s\l4  ,! 
latt] is (t5 consci\s t %e is divid$    
betwe5 two contr>y op9ions1 incl9ations1
 & habits4  ,n[1 does n ?is division1   
:i* ,i f9d )9 myself1 %[ & d5ote a k9d (
 multiplicity & composition ( p>ts8     
,besides1 ! s\l has1 at lea/1 a         
successive composition ( ?\ghts1 "o (   
:i* is mo/ diff]5t & di/9ct f ano!r4  ,i
 conceive an unity inf9itely m ,"o1 if  
,i may s speak4  ,i conceive a ,be+ :o  
nev] *anges ,8 ?\ghts1 :o always ?9ks   
all ?+s at once1 & 9 :i* no composition1
 ev5 successive1 c be f\nd4  ,und\bt$ly 
x is ! idea ( ! p]fect & supreme unity t
 makes me s inquisitive aft] "s unity 9 
spirits1 & ev5 9 bodies4  ,?is idea1 ev]
 pres5t )9 me1 is innate or inborn ) me2
 x is ! p]fect model by :i* ,i seek     

ev]y:]e "s imp]fect copy ( ! unity4     
,?is idea ( :at is "o1 simple1 &        
indivisible by excell5ce c be no o!r ?an
 ! idea ( ,god4  ,i1 !re=e1 "k ,god )   
su* cle>ness & evid5ce1 t x is by kn[+  
,him ,i seek 9 all creatures1 & 9       
myself1 "s image & lik5ess ( ,8 unity4  
,! bodies h1 z x 71 "s m>k or pr9t ( t  
unity1 :i* /ill flies away 9 ! division 
( its p>ts2 & ! spirits h a great]      
lik5ess ( x1 al?\gh !y h a successive   
composition ( ?\ghts4   ,,sect4         
,,lxiii4  ,dep5d5ce & ,indep5d5ce (     
,man4  ,8 ,dep5d5ce ,proves ! ,exi/5ce (
 8 ,creator4   ,b "h is ano!r my/]y :i* 
,i c>ry )9 me1 & :i* makes me           
incompreh5sible to my self1 viz43  t on 
! "o h& ,i am free1 & on ! o!r dep5d5t4 
,let u exam9e ^! two ?+s1 & see :e!r x  
is possible to reconcile !m4  ,i am a   
dep5d5t be+4  ,indep5d5cy is ! supreme  
p]fection4  ,to be by "o's self is to   
c>ry )9 "o's self ! s\rce or spr+ ( "o's
 own be+2 or1 :i* is ! same1 x is to    
borr[ no?+ f any be+ diff]5t f "o's     

self4  ,suppose a be+ t has all !       
p]fections y c imag9e1 b :i* has a      
borr[$ & dep5d5t be+1 & y w f9d him to  
be less p]fect ?an ano!r be+ 9 :i* y    
w\ld suppose b b>e indep5d5cy4  ,= !re  
is no comp>ison to be made betwe5 a be+ 
t exi/s by himself & a be+ :o has no?+ (
 8 own--no?+ b :at is prec>i\s &        
borr[$--& is 9 himself1 z x 71 only ^u  
tru/4  ,?is consid]ation br+s me to     
ackn[l$ge ! imp]fection ( :at ,i call my
 s\l4  ,if %e exi/$ by h]self1 x w\ld   
borr[ no?+ f ano!r2 %e w\ld n want ei!r 
to be in/ruct$ 9 h] ignorances1 or to be
 rectifi$ 9 h] errors4  ,no?+ c\ld      
reclaim h] f h] vices1 or inspire h] )  
virtue2 = no?+ w\ld be able to r5d] h] w
 bett] ?an x %\ld h be5 at fir/4 ,?is   
s\l w\ld ev] possess :atev] %e %\ld be  
capable to enjoy1 nor c\ld %e ev]       
receive any addition f )\t4  ,on ! o!r  
h&1 x is no less c]ta9 t %e c\ld n lose 
any?+1 = :at is or exi/s by itself is   
always necess>ily :atev] x is4  ,!re=e  
my s\l c\ld n fall into ignorance1      

error1 or vice1 or suff] any dim9ution (
 good-w2 nor c\ld %e1 on ! o!r h&1      
in/ruct or correct h]self1 or become    
bett] ?an %e is4  ,n[1 ,i exp]i5ce !    
contr>y ( all ^!2 = ,i =get1 mi/ake1    
err1 g a/ray1 lose ! sight ( tru? & !   
love ( virtue1 ,i corrupt1 ,i dim9i%4   
,on ! o!r h&1 ,i improve & increase by  
acquir+ wisdom & good-w1 :i* ,i nev] _h4
  ,?is intimate exp]i5ce conv9ces me t  
my s\l is n a be+ exi/+ by itself &     
indep5d5t2 t is necess>y1 & immutable 9 
all x possesses & enjoys4  ,n[1 :5ce    
proce$s ?is augm5tation & improvem5t (  
myself8  ,:o is x t c enl>ge & p]fect my
 be+ by mak+ me bett]1 &1 consequ5tly1  
great] ?an ,i 08   ,,sect4  ,,lxiv4     
,good ,w _c ,proce$ b f a ,sup]ior ,be+4
   ,! w or faculty ( will+ is und\bt$ly 
a degree ( be+1 & ( good1 or p]fection2 
b good-w1 b5evol5ce1 or desire ( good1  
is ano!r degree ( sup]ior good4  ,= "o  
may misuse w 9 ord] to wi% ill1 *eat1   
hurt1 or d inju/ice2 :]eas good- w is ! 
good or "r use ( w itself1 :i* _c b be  

good4  ,good-w is !re=e :at is mo/      
preci\s 9 man4  ,x is t :i* sets a value
 ^u all ! re/4  ,x is1 z x 71 ,! :ole   
man3 ,hoc enim omnis homo4  ,i h already
 %[n t my w is n by itself1 s9ce x is   
liable to lose & receive degrees ( good 
or p]fection2 & likewise t x is a good  
inf]ior to good-w1 because x is bett] to
 w good ?an b>ely to h a w susceptible  
bo? ( good & evil4  ,h[ c\ld ,i be      
br\ght to believe t ,i1 a weak1         
imp]fect1 borr[$1 prec>i\s1 & dep5d5t   
be+1 be/[ on myself ! highe/ degree (   
p]fection1 :ile x is visible & evid5t t 
,i d]ive ! f> inf]ior degree ( p]fection
 f a ,fir/ ,be+8  ,c ,i imag9e t ,god   
gives me ! less] good1 & t ,i give      
myself ! great] )\t ,him8  ,h[ %\ld ,i  
come by t high degree ( p]fection 9 ord]
 to give x myself6  ,%\ld ,i h x f no?+1
 :i* is all my own /ock8  ,%all ,i say t
 o!r spirits1 mu* l or equal to m9e1    
give x me8  ,b s9ce ^? limit$ & dep5d5t 
be+s l myself _c give !mselves any?+ no 
m ?an ,i c1 mu* less c !y be/[ any?+ ^u 

ano!r4  ,= z !y d n exi/ by !mselves1 s 
!y h n by !mselves any true p[]1 ei!r   
ov] me1 or ov] ?+s t are imp]fect 9 me1 
or ov] !mselves4  ,:]e=e1 )\t /opp+ )   
!m1 we mu/ g up high] 9 ord] to f9d out 
a fir/1 teem+1 & mo/ p[]ful cause1 t is 
able to be/[ on my s\l ! good w %e has  
n4   ,,sect4  ,,lxv4  ,z a ,sup]ior ,be+
 is ! ,cause ( ,all ! ,modifications (  
,creatures1 s x is ,impossible = ,man's 
,w to ,w ,good by ,itself or ( its own  
,accord4   ,let u /ill add ano!r        
reflection4  ,t ,fir/ ,be+ is ! cause ( 
all ! modifications ( ,8 creatures4  ,! 
op]ation foll[s ! ,be+1 z ! philosoph]s 
are us$ to speak4  ,a be+ t is dep5d5t 9
 ! ess5ce ( 8 be+ _c b be dep5d5t 9 all 
8 op]ations1 = ! accessory foll[s !     
pr9cipal4  ,!re=e1 ! ,au?or ( ! ess5ce (
 ! be+ is also ! ,au?or ( all !         
modifications or modes ( be+ (          
creatures4  ,?us ,god is ! real &       
imm$iate cause ( all ! configurations1  
comb9ations1 & motions ( all ! bodies ( 
! univ]se4  ,x is by means or ^u        

occasion ( a body ,he has set 9 motion t
 ,he moves ano!r4  ,x is ,he :o creat$  
ev]y?+ & :o does ev]y?+ 9 ,8 creatures  
or works4  ,n[1 volition is !           
modification ( ! w or will+ faculty ( ! 
s\l1 j z motion is ! modification (     
bodies4  ,%all we affirm t ,god is !    
real1 imm$iate1 & total cause ( ! motion
 ( all bodies1 & t ,he is n equally !   
real & imm$iate cause ( ! good-w ( m5's 
wills8  ,w ?is modification1 ! mo/      
excell5t ( all1 be ! only "o n made by  
,god 9 ,8 own "w1 & :i* ! "w be/[s on   
itself indep5d5tly8  ,:o c ent]ta9 su* a
 ?\ght8  ,!re=e my good-w :i* ,i _h n   
ye/]day & :i* ,i h to-day is n a ?+ ,i  
be/[ ^u myself1 b mu/ come f ,him :o    
gave me bo? ! w & ! be+4  ,z to w is a  
great] p]fection ?an b>ely to be1 s to w
 good is m p]fect ?an to w4  ,! /ep f   
p[] to a virtu\s act is ! greate/       
p]fection 9 man4  ,p[] is only a balance
 or poise betwe5 virtue & vice1 or a    
susp5sion betwe5 good & evil4  ,!       
passage or /ep to ! act is a decision or

 det]m9ation = ! good1 & consequ5t by ! 
sup]ior good4 ,! p[] susceptible ( good 
& evil comes f ,god1 :i* we h fully     
ev9c$4  ,n[1 %all we affirm t ! decisive
 /roke t det]m9es to ! great] good ei!r 
is n at all1 or is less ow+ to ,him8    
,all ?is evid5tly proves :at ! ,apo/le  
says1 viz41 t ,god works bo? to w & to d
 ( ,8 good pleasure4 ,"h is man's       
dep5d5ce2 let u look = 8 lib]ty4        
,,sect4  ,,lxvi4  ,( ,man's ,lib]ty4    
,i am free1 nor c ,i d\bt ( x4  ,i am   
intimately & inv9cibly conv9c$ t ,i c   
ei!r w or n w1 & t !re is 9 me a *oice n
 only betwe5 will+ & n will+1 b also    
betwe5 div]s wills ab\t ! v>iety (      
objects t pres5t !mselves4  ,i am       
s5sible1 z ! ,scripture says1 t ,i am 9 
! h&s ( my ,c\ncil1 :i* alone suffices  
to %[ me t my s\l is n corporeal4  ,all 
t is body or corporeal does n 9 ! lea/  
det]m9e itself1 & is1 on ! contr>y1     
det]m9$ 9 all ?+s by laws call$         
physical1 :i* are necess>y1 inv9cible1 &
 contr>y to :at ,i call lib]ty4  ,f !nce

 ,i inf] t my s\l is ( a nature entirely
 diff]5t f t ( my body4  ,n[ :o is x t 0
 able to jo9 by a reciprocal union two  
su* diff]5t natures1 & hold !m 9 s j a  
conc]t = all _! respective op]ations8   
,t tie1 z we obs]v$ be=e1 _c be =m$ b by
 a ,sup]ior ,be+1 :o compreh5ds & unites
 ^? two sorts ( p]fections 9 ,8 own     
inf9ite p]fection4   ,,sect4  ,,lxvii4  
,man's ,lib]ty ,consi/s 9 t 8 ,w by     
det]m9+1 ,modifies ,itself4   ,x is n ! 
same ) ! modification ( my s\l :i* is   
call$ w1 & by "s philosoph]s volition1 z
 ) ! modifications ( bodies4  ,a body   
does n 9 ! lea/ modify itself1 b is     
modifi$ by ! sole p[] ( ,god4  ,x does n
 move itself1 x is mov$2 x does n act 9 
any?+1 x is only act$ & actuat$4 ,?us   
,god is ! only real & imm$iate cause (  
all ! diff]5t modifications ( bodies4   
,z = spirits ! case is diff]5t1 = my w  
det]m9es itself4  ,n[ to det]m9e "o's   
self to a w is to modify "o's self1 &   
!re=e my w modifies itself4  ,god may   
prev5t my s\l1 b ,he does n give x ! w 9

 ! same mann] z ,he gives motion to     
bodies4  ,if x is ,god :o modifies me1  
,i modify myself ) ,him1 & am ) ,him a  
real cause ( my own w4  ,my w is s mu*  
my own t ,i am only to blame if ,i d n w
 :at ,i ought4  ,:5 ,i w a ?+ x is 9 my 
p[] n to w x1 & :5 ,i d n w x x is      
likewise 9 my p[] to w x4  ,i nei!r am  
nor c be compell$ 9 my w2 = ,i _c w :at 
,i actually w 9 spite ( myself1 s9ce ! w
 ,i mean evid5tly excludes all mann] (  
con/ra9t4  ,besides ! exemption f all   
compulsion1 ,i am likewise free f       
necessity4  ,i am consci\s & s5sible t  
,i h1 z x 71 a two-edg$ w1 :i* at its   
own *oice may be ei!r = ! affirmative or
 ! negative1 ! yes or ! no1 & turn      
itself ei!r t[>ds an object or t[>ds    
ano!r4  ,i "k no o!r reason or          
det]m9ation ( my w b my w itself4  ,i w 
a ?+ because ,i am free to w x2 & no?+  
is s mu* 9 my p[] z ei!r to w or n to w 
x4  ,al?\gh my w %\ld n be con/ra9$1 yet
 if x 7 necessitat$ x w\ld be z /rongly 
& inv9cibly det]m9$ to w z bodies are to

 move4  ,an inv9cible necessity w\ld h z
 mu* influ5ce ov] ! w ) respect to      
spirits z x has ov] motion ) respect to 
bodies2 &1 9 su* a case1 ! w w\ld be no 
m acc\ntable = will+ ?an a body = mov+4 
,x is true ! w w\ld w :at x w\ld2 b !   
motion by :i* a body is mov$ is ! same z
 ! volition by :i* ! will+ faculty      
wills4  ,if !re=e volition be           
necessitat$ z motion x des]ves nei!r m  
nor less praise or blame4  ,= ?\gh a    
necessitat$ w may seem to be a w        
uncon/ra9$1 yet x is su* a w z "o _c    
=be> hav+1 & = :i* he t has x is n      
acc\ntable4  ,nor does previ\s k e/abli%
 true lib]ty1 = a w may be prec$$ by ! k
 ( div]s objects1 & yet h no real       
election or *oice4  ,nor is delib]ation 
or ! be+ 9 susp5se any m ?an a va9      
trifle1 if ,i delib]ate betwe5 two      
c\nsels :5 ,i am "u an actual impot5cy  
to foll[ ! "o & "u an actual necessity  
to pursue ! o!r4  ,9 %ort1 !re is no    
s]i\s & true *oice betwe5 two objects1  
unless !y be bo? actually ready )9 my   

rea* s t ,i may ei!r leave or take :i* (
 ! two ,i please4   ,,sect4  ,,lxviii4  
,w may ,resi/ ,grace1 & ,its ,lib]ty is 
! ,f\ndation ( ,m]it & ,dem]it4   ,:5   
!re=e ,i say ,i am free1 ,i mean t my w 
is fully 9 my p[]1 & t ev5 ,god ,himself
 leaves me at lib]ty to turn x :i* way  
,i please1 t ,i am n det]m9$ z o!r be+s1
 & t ,i det]m9e myself4  ,i conceive t  
if t ,fir/ ,be+ prev5ts me1 to inspire  
me ) a good-w1 x is /ill 9 my p[] to    
reject ,8 actual inspiration1 h[ /rong  
soev] x may be1 to fru/rate its effect1 
& to refuse my ass5t to x4  ,i conceive 
likewise t :5 ,i reject ,8 inspiration =
 ! good1 ,i h ! true & actual p[] n to  
reject x2 j z ,i h ! actual & imm$iate  
p[] to rise :5 ,i rema9 sitt+1 & to %ut 
my eyes :5 ,i h !m op54  ,objects may   
inde$ solicit me by all _! allurem5ts & 
agreeabl5ess to w or desire !m4  ,!     
reasons = will+ may pres5t !mselves to  
me ) all _! mo/ lively & affect+        
att5dants1 & ! ,supreme ,be+ may also   
attract me by ,8 mo/ p]suasive          

inspirations4  ,b yet = all ?is actual  
attraction ( objects1 cog5cy ( reasons1 
& ev5 inspiration ( a ,sup]ior ,be+1 ,i 
/ill rema9 ma/] ( my w1 & am free ei!r  
to w or n to w4  ,x is ?is exemption n  
only f all mann] ( con/ra9t or          
compulsion b also f all necessity & ?is 
comm& ov] my own actions t r5d] me      
inexcusable :5 ,i w evil1 & praisewor?y 
:5 ,i w good2 9 ?is lies m]it & dem]it1 
praise & blame2 x is ?is t makes ei!r   
puni%m5t or rew>d j2 x is ^u ?is        
consid]ation t m5 exhort1 rebuke1       
?reat51 & promise4  ,?is is ! f\ndation 
( all policy1 in/ruction1 & rules (     
morality4  ,! up%ot ( ! m]it & dem]it ( 
human actions re/s ^u ?is basis1 t no?+ 
is s mu* 9 ! p[] ( our w z our w itself1
 & t we h ?is free-w--?is1 z x 71       
two-edg$ faculty--& ?is elative p[]     
betwe5 two c\nsels :i* are imm$iately1 z
 x 71 )9 our rea*4  ,x is :at %eph]ds & 
husb&m5 s+ 9 ! fields1 :at m]*ants &    
artific]s suppose 9 _! traffic1 :at     
actors repres5t 9 public %[s1 :at       

magi/rates believe 9 _! c\ncils1 :at    
doctors tea* 9 _! s*ools2 x is t1 9     
%ort1 :i* no man ( s5se c s]i\sly call 9
 "q4  ,t tru? impr9t$ 9 ! bottom ( our  
he>ts1 is suppos$ 9 ! practice1 ev5 by  
^? philosoph]s :o w\ld endeav\r to %ake 
x by _! empty speculations4  ,! intimate
 evid5ce ( t tru? is l t ( ! fir/       
pr9ciples1 :i* want no pro(1 & :i* s]ve 
!mselves z pro(s to o!r tru?s t are n s 
cle> & self-evid5t4  ,b h[ c\ld ! ,fir/ 
,be+ make a creature :o is himself !    
umpire ( 8 own actions8   ,,sect4       
,,lxix4  ,a ,"* ( ! ,deity1 bo? 9 !     
,dep5d5ce & ,indep5d5ce ( ,man4   ,let u
 n[ put toge!r ^! two tru?s equally     
c]ta94  ,i am dep5d5t ^u a ,fir/ ,be+   
ev5 9 my own w2 & nev]!less ,i am free4 
,:at !n is ?is dep5d5t lib]ty8 h[ is x  
possible = a man to conceive a free-w1 t
 is giv5 by a ,fir/ ,be+8 ,i am free 9  
my w1 z ,god is 9 ,84  ,x is pr9cipally 
9 ?is ,i am ,8 image & lik5ess4  ,:at a 
greatness t bord]s ^u inf9ite is "h6    
,?is is a ray ( ! ,deity itself3  x is a

 k9d ( ,div9e p[] ,i h ov] my w2 b ,i am
 b a b>e image ( t supreme ,be+ s       
absolutely free & p[]ful4  ,! image ( ! 
,div9e indep5d5ce is n ! reality ( :at x
 repres5ts2 &1 !re=e1 my lib]ty is b a  
%ad[ ( t ,fir/ ,be+1 by :om ,i exi/ &   
act4  ,on ! "o h&1 ! p[] ,i h ( will+   
evil is1 inde$1 r a weakness & frailty (
 my w ?an a true p[]3  = x is only a p[]
 to fall1 to degrade myself1 & to dim9i%
 my degree ( p]fection & be+4  ,on ! o!r
 h&1 ! p[] ,i h to w good is n an       
absolute p[]1 s9ce ,i h x n ( myself4   
,n[ lib]ty be+ no m ?an t p[]1 a        
prec>i\s & borr[$ p[] c con/itute b a   
prec>i\s1 borr[$1 & dep5d5t lib]ty2 &1  
!re=e1 s imp]fect & s prec>i\s a be+ _c 
b be dep5d5t4  ,b h[ is he free8  ,:at  
pr(\nd my/]y is "h6  ,8 lib]ty1 ( :i* ,i
 _c d\bt1 %[s 8 p]fection2 & 8 dep5d5ce 
argues ! no?+ness f :i* he 0 drawn4     
,,sect4  ,,lxx4  ,! ,seal & ,/amp ( !   
,deity 9 ,8 ,works4   ,we h se5 ! pr9ts 
( ! ,deity1 or to speak m prop]ly1 !    
seal & /amp ( ,god ,himself1 9 all t is 

call$ ! works ( nature4  ,:5 a man w n  
ent] into philosophical subtleties1 he  
obs]ves ) ! fir/ ca/ ( ! eye a h&1 t 0 !
 fir/ mov]1 9 all ! p>ts ( ! univ]se1 & 
set all ! :eels ( ! great ma*9e a-go+4  
,! heav5s1 ! e>?1 ! />s1 plants1        
animals1 our bodies1 our m9ds3  ev]y?+  
%[s & proclaims an ord]1 an exact       
measure1 an art1 a wisdom1 a m9d sup]ior
 to u1 :i* is1 z x 71 ! s\l ( ! :ole _w1
 & :i* leads & directs ev]y?+ to 8 ends1
 ) a g5tle & ins5sible1 ?\gh omnipot5t1 
=ce4  ,we h se51 z x 71 ! ar*itecture & 
frame ( ! univ]se2 ! j proportion ( all 
its p>ts2 & ! b>e ca/ ( ! eye has       
suffic$ u to f9d & discov] ev5 9 an ant1
 m ?an 9 ! sun1 a wisdom & p[] t        
delights to ex]t itself 9 ! poli%+ &    
adorn+ its vile/ works4  ,?is is obvi\s1
 )\t any speculative discussion1 to !   
mo/ ignorant ( m52 b :at a _w ( o!r     
wond]s %\ld we discov]1 %\ld we p5etrate
 into ! secrets ( physics1 & dissect !  
inw>d p>ts ( animals1 :i* are fram$     
accord+ to ! mo/ p]fect me*anics4       

,,sect4  ,,lxxi4  ,objection ( !        
,epicureans1 :o ,ascribe ,ev]y?+ to     
,*ance1 consid]$4   ,i he> c]ta9        
philosoph]s :o answ] me t all ?is       
disc\rse on ! art t %9es 9 ! univ]se is 
b a cont9u$ sophism4 ,all nature1 w !y  
say1 is = man's use1 x is true2 b y h no
 reason to inf] f !nce1 t x 0 made )    
art1 & on purpose = ! use ( man4  ,a man
 mu/ be +5i\s 9 deceiv+ himself :o looks
 = & ?9ks to f9d :at nev] exi/$4  ,x is 
true1 w !y add1 t man's indu/ry makes   
use ( an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s t nature   
af=ds1 & are conv5i5t = him2 b nature   
did n make ^? ?+s on purpose = 8        
conv5i5cy4  ,z1 = in/ance1 "s c\ntry    
fell[s climb up daily1 by c]ta9 craggy &
 po9t$ rocks1 to ! top ( a m\nta92 b yet
 x does n foll[ t ^? po9ts ( rocks 7 cut
 ) art1 l a /aircase1 = ! conv5i5cy (   
m54  ,9 l mann]1 :5 a man happ5s to be 9
 ! fields1 dur+ a /ormy ra91 & =tunately
 meets ) a cave1 he uses x1 z he w\ld d 
a h\se1 = %elt]2 b1 h[ev]1 x _c be      
affirm$ t ?is cave 0 made on purpose to 

s]ve m5 = a h\se4  ,x is ! same ) ! :ole
 _w3  x 0 =m$ by *ance1 & )\t design2 b 
m5 f9d+ x z x is1 _h ! art to turn &    
improve x to _! own uses4  ,?us ! art y 
admire bo? 9 ! "w & its artific]1 is    
only 9 m51 :o "k h[ to make use ( ev]y?+
 t surr\nds !m4  ,?is is c]ta9ly !      
/ronge/ objection ^? philosoph]s c      
raise2 & ,i hope !y w h no reason to    
compla9 t ,i h weak5$ x2 b x w          
imm$iately appe> h[ weak x is 9 itself  
:5 closely exam9$4  ,! b>e repetition ( 
:at ,i said be=e w be suffici5t to      
demon/rate x4   ,,sect4  ,,lxxii4       
,answ] to ! ,objection ( ! ,epicureans1 
:o ,ascribe all to ,*ance4   ,:at w\ld  
"o say ( a man :o %\ld set up = a subtle
 philosoph]1 or1 to use ! mod]n         
expression1 a free-?9k]1 & :o ent]+ a   
h\se %\ld ma9ta9 x 0 made by *ance1 & t 
art _h n 9 ! lea/ contribut$ to r5d] x  
commodi\s to m51 because !re are caves  
some:at l t h\se1 :i* yet 7 nev] dug by 
! art ( man8  ,"o %\ld %[ to su* a      
reason] all ! p>ts ( ! h\se1 & tell him 

= in/ance3--,d y see ?is great          
c\rt-gate8  ,x is l>g] ?an any door1 t  
coa*es may ent] x4  ,?is c\rt has       
suffici5t space = coa*es to turn 9 x4   
,?is /aircase is made up ( l[ /eps1 t "o
 may asc5d x ) ease2 & turns accord+ to 
! ap>tm5ts & /ories x is to s]ve4  ,!   
w9d[s1 op5$ at c]ta9 di/ances1 light !  
:ole build+4  ,!y are glaz$1 le/ ! w9d  
%\ld ent] ) ! light2 b !y may be op5$ at
 pleasure1 9 ord] to brea! a sweet air  
:5 ! wea!r is fair4  ,! ro( is contriv$ 
to def5d ! :ole h\se f ! injuries ( !   
air4  ,! timb]-"w is laid slant+ & po9t$
 at ! top1 t ! ra9 & sn[ may easily     
slide d[n on bo? sides4  ,! tiles be> "o
 ^u ano!r1 t !y may cov] ! timb]-"w4  ,!
 div]s floors s]ve to make diff]5t      
/ories1 9 ord] to multiply lodg+s )9 a  
small space4  ,! *imneys are contriv$ to
 light fire 9 w9t] )\t sett+ ! h\se on  
fire1 & to let out ! smoke1 le/ x %\ld  
(f5d ^? t w>m !mselves4  ,! ap>tm5ts are
 di/ribut$ 9 su* a mann] t !y be        
dis5gag$ f "o ano!r2 t a num]\s family  

may lodge 9 ! h\se1 & ! "o n be oblig$  
to pass ?r\gh ano!r's room2 & t ! ma/]'s
 ap>tm5t be ! pr9cipal4  ,!re are       
kit*5s1 (fices1 /ables1 & coa*- h\ses4  
,! rooms are furni%$ ) b$s to lie 91    
*airs to sit on1 & tables to write & eat
 on4  ,sure1 %\ld "o urge to t          
philosoph]1 ?is "w mu/ h be5 direct$ by 
"s skilful ar*itect2 = ev]y?+ 9 x is    
agreeable1 pleasant1 proportion$1 &     
commodi\s2 & besides1 he mu/ ne$s h _h  
excell5t arti/s "u him4  ,n at all1 w\ld
 su* a philosoph] answ]2 y are +5i\s 9  
deceiv+ y\rself4  ,x is true ?is h\se is
 pleasant1 agreeable1 proportion$1 &    
commodi\s2 b yet x made itself ) all its
 proportions4  ,*ance put toge!r all !  
/ones 9 ?is excell5t ord]2 x rais$ !    
walls1 jo9t$ & laid ! timb]-"w1 cut op5 
! casem5ts1 & plac$ ! /aircase3  d n    
believe any human h& _h any?+ to d ) x4 
,m5 only made ! be/ ( ?is piece ( "w :5 
!y f\nd x ready made4  ,!y fancy x 0    
made = !m1 because !y obs]ve ?+s 9 x :i*
 !y "k h[ to improve to _! own          

conv5i5cy2 b all !y ascribe to ! design 
& contrivance ( an imag9>y ar*itect1 is 
b ! effect ( _! prepo/]\s imag9ations4  
,?is s regul>1 & s well-contriv$ h\se1 0
 made 9 j ! same mann] z a cave1 & m5   
f9d+ x ready made to _! h&s made use (  
x1 z !y w\ld 9 a /orm1 ( a cave !y %\ld 
f9d "u a rock 9 a des]t4  ,:at ?\ghts   
c\ld a man ent]ta9 ( su* a fanta/ic     
philosoph]1 if he %\ld p]si/ s]i\sly to 
ass]t t su* a h\se displays no art8  ,:5
 we read ! fabul\s /ory ( ,amphion1 :o  
by a miracul\s effect ( h>mony caus$ !  
/ones to rise1 & plac$ !mselves1 ) ord] 
& symmetry1 "o on ! top ( ano!r1 9 ord] 
to =m ! walls ( ,!bes1 we laugh & sport 
) t poetical fiction3  b yet ?is v      
fiction is n s incr$ible z t :i* !      
free-?9k+ philosoph] we cont5d ) w\ld   
d>e to ma9ta94  ,we might1 at lea/1     
imag9e t h>mony1 :i* consi/s 9 a local  
motion ( c]ta9 bodies1 might 7by "s ( ^?
 secret virtues1 :i* we admire 9 nature1
 )\t be+ acqua9t$ ) !m7 %ake & move !   
/ones into a c]ta9 ord] & 9 a sort (    

cad5ce1 :i* might occasion "s regul>ity 
9 ! build+4  ,i own ?is explanation bo? 
%ocks & cla%es ) reason2 b yet x is less
 extravagant ?an :at ,i h suppos$ a     
philosoph] %\ld say4  ,:at1 inde$1 c be 
m absurd1 ?an to imag9e /ones t hew     
!mselves1 t g out ( ! qu>ry1 t get "o on
 ! top ( ano!r1 )\t leav+ any empty     
space2 t c>ry ) !m mort> to cem5t "o    
ano!r2 t place !mselves 9 diff]5t ranks 
= ! contrivance ( ap>tm5ts2 & :o admit  
on ! top ( all ! timb]-ro(1 ) ! tiles1 9
 ord] to cov] ! :ole "w8  ,! v *ildr51 t
 _c yet speak pla91 w\ld laugh1 if !y 7 
s]i\sly told su* a ridicul\s /ory4      
,,sect4  ,,lxxiii4  ,comp>ison ( ! ,_w )
 a ,regul> ,h\se4  ,a ,cont9uation ( !  
,answ] to ! ,objection ( ! ,epicureans4 
,b :y %\ld x appe> less ridicul\s to he>
 "o say t ! _w made itself1 z well z t  
fabul\s h\se8  ,! "q is n to comp>e ! _w
 ) a cave )\t =m1 :i* is suppos$ to be  
made by *ance3  b to comp>e x ) a h\se 9
 :i* ! mo/ p]fect ar*itecture %\ld be   
conspicu\s4  ,= ! /ructure & frame ( !  

lea/ liv+ creature is inf9itely m artful
 & admirable ?an ! f9e/ h\se t ev] 0    
built4  ,suppose a travell] ent]+       
,saida1 ! c\ntry :]e ! anci5t ,!bes1 ) a
 hundr$ gates1 /ood =m]ly1 & :i* is n[ a
 des]t1 %\ld f9d !re columns1 pyramids1 
obelisks1 & inscriptions 9 unkn[n       
*>act]s4  ,w\ld he pres5tly say3  m5    
nev] inhabit$ ?is place2 no human h& _h 
any?+ to d "h2 x is *ance t =m$ ^!      
columns1 t plac$ !m on _! p$e/als1 &    
cr[n$ !m ) _! capitals1 ) su* j         
proportions2 x is *ance t s firmly jo9t$
 ! pieces t make up ^! pyramids2 x is   
*ance t cut ! obelisks 9 "o s+le /one1 &
 engrav$ 9 !m ^! *>act]s8  ,w\ld he n1  
on ! contr>y1 say1 ) all ! c]ta9ty ! m9d
 ( man is capable (3  ^! magnific5t ru9s
 are ! rema9s ( a noble & maje/ical     
ar*itecture t fl\ri%$ 9 anci5t ,egypt8  
,?is is :at pla9 reason sugge/s1 at !   
fir/ ca/ ( ! eye1 or fir/ sight1 & )\t  
reason+4  ,x is ! same ) ! b>e prospect 
( ! univ]se4  ,a man may by va91        
long-w9d$1 prepo/]\s reason+s conf\nd 8 

own reason & obscure ! cle>e/ notions3 b
 ! s+le ca/ ( ! eye is decisive4  ,su* a
 "w z ! _w is nev] makes itself ( its   
own accord4  ,!re is m art & proportion 
9 ! bones1 t5dons1 ve9s1 art]ies1 n]ves1
 & muscles1 t compose man's body1 ?an 9 
all ! ar*itecture ( ! anci5t ,greeks &  
,egyptians4  ,! s+le eye ( ! lea/ ( liv+
 creatures surpasses ! me*anics ( all ! 
mo/ skilful artific]s4  ,if a man %\ld  
f9d a wat* 9 ! s&s ( ,africa1 he w\ld   
nev] h ! assurance s]i\sly to affirm1 t 
*ance =m$ x 9 t wild place2 & yet "s m5 
d n blu% to say t ! bodies ( animals1 to
 ! artful fram+ ( :i* no wat* c ev] be  
comp>$1 are ! effects ( ! caprices (    
*ance4   ,,sect4  ,,lxxiv4  ,ano!r      
,objection ( ! ,epicureans drawn f !    
,et]nal ,motion ( ,atoms4   ,i am n     
ignorant ( a reason+ :i* ! ,epicureans  
may frame into an objection4  ,! atoms  
w1 !y say1 h an et]nal motion2 _!       
=tuit\s conc\rse mu/1 9 t et]nity1 h    
already produc$ inf9ite comb9ations4    
,:o says inf9ite1 says :at compreh5ds   

all )\t exception4  ,among/ ^! inf9ite  
comb9ations ( atoms :i* h already happ5$
 successively1 all su* z are possible   
mu/ necess>ily be f\nd3  = if !re 7 b "o
 possible comb9ation1 beyond ^? conta9$ 
9 t inf9ite1 x w\ld cease to be a true  
inf9ite1 because some?+ might be add$ to
 x2 & :atev] may be increas$1 be+ limit$
 on ! side x may receive an addition1 is
 n truly inf9ite4 ,h5ce x foll[s t !    
comb9ation ( atoms1 :i* makes up !      
pres5t sy/em ( ! _w1 is "o ( !          
comb9ations :i* ! atoms h _h            
successively3  :i* be+ laid z a         
pr9ciple1 is x matt] ( wond] t ! _w is z
 x is n[8  ,x mu/ h tak5 ?is exact =m1  
some:at soon]1 or some:at lat]1 = 9 "s  
"o ( ^! inf9ite *anges x mu/1 at la/1 h 
receiv$ t comb9ation t makes x n[ appe> 
s regul>2 s9ce x mu/ h _h1 by turns1 all
 comb9ations t c be conceiv$4  ,all     
sy/ems are compreh5d$ 9 ! total (       
et]nity4  ,!re is none b ! conc\rse (   
atoms1 =ms1 & embraces1 soon] or lat]4  
,9 t inf9ite v>iety ( new spectacles (  

nature1 ! pres5t 0 =m$ 9 its turn4  ,we 
f9d ourselves actually 9 ?is sy/em4  ,! 
conc\rse ( atoms t made w1 9 process (  
"t1 unmake x1 9 ord] to make o!rs1 ad   
inf9itum1 ( all possible sorts4  ,?is   
sy/em c\ld n fail hav+ its place1 s9ce  
all o!rs )\t exception are to h !irs1   
ea* 9 its turn4  ,x is 9 va9 "o looks = 
a *im]ical art 9 a "w :i* *ance mu/ h   
made z x is4  ,an example w suffice to  
illu/rate ?is4  ,i suppose an inf9ite   
numb] ( comb9ations ( ! lett]s ( !      
alphabet1 successively =m$ by *ance4    
,all possible comb9ations are1          
und\bt$ly1 compreh5d$ 9 t total1 :i* is 
truely inf9ite4  ,n[1 x is c]ta9 t      
,hom]'s ,iliad is b a comb9ation (      
lett]s3 !re=e ,hom]'s ,iliad is         
compreh5d$ 9 t inf9ite collection (     
comb9ations ( ! *>act]s ( ! alphabet4   
,?is be+ laid d[n z a pr9ciple1 a man :o
 w assign art 9 ! ,iliad1 w argue wrong4
  ,he may extol ! h>mony ( ! v]ses1 !   
ju/ness & magnific5ce ( ! expressions1 !
 simplicity & livel9ess ( images1 ! due 

proportion ( ! p>ts ( ! poem1 its p]fect
 unity1 & inimitable conduct2 he may    
object t *ance c nev] make any?+ s      
p]fect1 & t ! utmo/ ef=t ( human wit is 
h>dly capable to f9i% s excell5t a piece
 ( "w3  yet all 9 va91 = all ?is speci\s
 reason+ is visibly false4  ,x is c]ta91
 on ! contr>y1 t ! =tuit\s conc\rse (   
*>act]s1 putt+ !m toge!r by turns ) an  
inf9ite v>iety1 ! precise comb9ation t  
composes ! ,iliad mu/ h happ5$ 9 its    
turn1 some:at soon] or some:at lat]4  ,x
 has happ5$ at la/2 & ?us ! ,iliad is   
p]fect1 )\t ! help ( any human art4     
,?is is ! objection fairly laid d[n 9   
its full latitude2 ,i desire ! read]'s  
s]i\s & cont9u$ att5tion to ! answ]s ,i 
am go+ to make to x4   ,,sect4  ,,lxxv4 
,answ]s to ! ,objection ( ! ,epicureans 
drawn f ! ,et]nal ,motion ( ,atoms4     
,no?+ c be m absurd ?an to speak (      
successive comb9ations ( atoms inf9ite 9
 numb]2 = ! inf9ite c nev] be ei!r      
successive or divisible4  ,give me1 =   
in/ance1 any numb] y may pret5d to be   

inf9ite1 & x w /ill be 9 my p[] to d two
 ?+s t %all demon/rate x n to be a true 
inf9ite4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i c take an 
unit f x2 & 9 su* a case x w become less
 ?an x 01 & w c]ta9ly be f9ite2 = :atev]
 is less ?an ! inf9ite has a b\nd>y or  
limit on ! side :]e "o /ops1 & beyond   
:i* "o might g4  ,n[ ! numb] :i* is     
f9ite z soon z "o takes f x "o s+le     
unit1 c\ld n be inf9ite be=e t          
dim9ution2 = an unit is c]ta9ly f9ite1 &
 a f9ite jo9$ ) ano!r f9ite _c make an  
inf9ite4  ,if a s+le unit add$ to a     
f9ite numb] made an inf9ite1 x w\ld     
foll[ f !nce t ! f9ite w\ld be almo/    
equal to ! inf9ite2 ?an :i* no?+ c be m 
absurd4  ,9 ! second place1 ,i may add  
an unit to t numb] giv51 & consequ5tly  
increase x4  ,n[ :at may be increas$ is 
n inf9ite1 = ! inf9ite c h no b\nd2 &   
:at is capable ( augm5tation is b\nd$ on
 ! side a man /ops1 :5 he might g fur!r 
& add "s units to x4  ,x is pla91 !re=e1
 t no divisible comp\nd c be ! true     
inf9ite4  ,?is f\ndation be+ laid1 all !

 romance ( ! ,epicurean philosophy      
disappe>s & vani%es out ( sight 9 an    
in/ant4 ,!re nev] c be any divisible    
body truly inf9ite 9 ext5t1 nor any     
numb] or any succession t is a true     
inf9ite4  ,f h5ce x foll[s t !re nev] c 
be an inf9ite successive numb] (        
comb9ations ( atoms4  ,if ?is *im]ical  
inf9ite 7 real1 ,i own all possible &   
conceivable comb9ations ( atoms w\ld be 
f\nd 9 x2 & t consequ5tly all           
comb9ations t seem to require ! utmo/   
indu/ry w\ld likewise be includ$ 9 !m4  
,9 su* a case1 "o might ascribe to m]e  
*ance ! mo/ m>vell\s p]=mances ( art4   
,if "o %\ld see palaces built accord+ to
 ! mo/ p]fect rules ( ar*itecture1      
curi\s furniture1 wat*es1 clocks1 & all 
sort ( ma*9es ! mo/ comp\nd$1 9 a des]t 
isl&1 he %\ld n be free reasonably to   
conclude t !re h be5 m5 9 t isl& :o made
 all ^? exquisite works4  ,on ! contr>y1
 he ought to say1 ,p]haps "o ( ! inf9ite
 comb9ations ( atoms :i* *ance has      
successively made1 has =m$ all ^!       

compositions 9 ?is des]t isl& )\t ! help
 ( any man's art2 = su* an ass]tion is a
 natural consequ5ce ( ! pr9ciples ( !   
,epicureans4  ,b ! v absurdity ( !      
consequ5ce s]ves to expose !            
extravagance ( ! pr9ciple !y lay d[n4   
,:5 m51 by ! natural rectitude ( _!     
common s5se1 conclude t su* sort ( works
 _c result f *ance1 !y visibly suppose1 
?\gh 9 a confus$ mann]1 t atoms are n   
et]nal1 & t 9 _! =tuit\s conc\rse !y _h 
n an inf9ite succession ( comb9ations4  
,= if t pr9ciple 7 admitt$1 x w\ld no   
long] be possible ev] to di/+ui% ! works
 ( art f ^? t %\ld result f ^?          
comb9ations z =tuit\s z a ?r[ at dice4  
,,sect4  ,,lxxvi4  ,! ,epicureans       
conf\nd ! ,works ( ,art ) ^? ( ,nature4 
,all m5 :o naturally suppose a s5sible  
diff]5ce betwe5 ! works ( art & ^? (    
*ance d consequ5tly1 ?\gh b implicitly1 
suppose t ! comb9ations ( atoms 7 n     
inf9ite--:i* supposition is v j4  ,?is  
inf9ite succession ( comb9ations ( atoms
 is1 z ,i %[$ be=e1 a m absurd *im]a ?an

 all ! absurdities "s m5 w\ld expla9 by 
t false pr9ciple4  ,no numb]1 ei!r      
successive or cont9ual1 c be inf9ite2 f 
:5ce x foll[s t ! numb] ( atoms _c be   
inf9ite1 t ! succession ( _! v>i\s      
motions & comb9ations _c be inf9ite1 t !
 _w _c be et]nal1 & t we mu/ f9d out a  
precise & fix$ beg9n+ ( ^! successive   
comb9ations4  ,we mu/ recur to a fir/   
individual 9 ! g5]ations ( e species4   
,we mu/ likewise f9d out ! orig9al &    
primitive =m ( e p>ticle ( matt] t makes
 a "p ( ! univ]se4  ,& z ! successive   
*anges ( t matt] mu/ be limit$ 9 numb]1 
we mu/ n admit 9 ^? diff]5t comb9ations 
b su* z *ance commonly produces2 unless 
we ackn[l$ge a ,sup]ior ,be+1 :o ) !    
p]fection ( art made ! wond]ful works   
:i* *ance c\ld nev] h made4   ,,sect4   
,,lxxvii4  ,! ,epicureans take :atev] !y
 please = grant$1 )\t any ,pro(4   ,!   
,epicurean philosoph]s are s weak 9 _!  
sy/em t x is n 9 _! p[] to =m x1 or br+ 
x to be>1 unless "o admits )\t pro(s _! 
mo/ fabul\s po/ulata & positions4 ,9 !  

fir/ place !y suppose et]nal atoms1 :i* 
is begg+ ! "q2 = h[ c !y make out t     
atoms h ev] exi/$ & exi/ by !mselves8   
,to exi/ by "o's self is ! supreme      
p]fection4  ,n[1 :at au?ority h !y to   
suppose1 )\t pro(s1 t atoms h 9 !mselves
 a p]fect1 et]nal1 & immutable be+8  ,d 
!y f9d ?is p]fection 9 ! idea !y h ( e  
atom 9 p>ticul>8  ,an atom n be+ ! same 
)1 & be+ absolutely di/+ui%$ f1 ano!r   
atom1 ea* ( !m mu/ h 9 itself et]nity & 
indep5d5ce ) respect to any o!r be+4    
,once m1 is x 9 ! idea ^! philosoph]s h 
( ea* atom t !y f9d ?is p]fection8  ,b  
let u grant !m all !y suppose 9 ?is "q1 
& ev5 :at !y ought to be a%am$ to       
suppose--viz41 t atoms are et]nal1      
subsi/+ by !mselves1 indep5d5t f any o!r
 be+1 & consequ5tly entirely p]fect4    
,,sect4  ,,lxxviii4  ,! ,suppositions ( 
! ,epicureans are ,false & ,*im]ical4   
,mu/ we suppose1 besides1 t atoms h     
motion ( !mselves8 ,%all we suppose x   
out ( gaiety to give an air ( reality to
 a sy/em m *im]ical ?an ! tales ( !     

fairies8  ,let u consult ! idea we h ( a
 body4  ,we conceive x p]fectly well )\t
 suppos+ x to be 9 motion1 & repres5t x 
to u at re/2 nor is its idea 9 ?is /ate 
less cle>2 nor does x lose its p>ts1    
figure1 or dim5sions4  ,x is to no      
purpose to suppose t all bodies are     
p]petually 9 "s motion1 ei!r s5sible or 
ins5sible2 & t ?\gh "s p>ts ( matt] h a 
less] motion ?an o!rs1 yet ! univ]sal   
mass ( matt] has ev] ! same motion 9 its
 totality4  ,to speak at ?is rate is    
build+ ca/les 9 ! air1 & impos+ va9     
imag9ations on ! belief ( o!rs2 = :o has
 told ^! philosoph]s t ! mass ( matt]   
has ev] ! same motion 9 its totality8   
,:o has made ! exp]im5t ( x8  ,h !y !   
assurance to be/[ ! "n ( philosophy ^u a
 ra% fiction :i* takes = grant$ :at !y  
nev] c make out8  ,is !re no m to d ?an 
to suppose :atev] "o pleases 9 ord] to  
elude ! mo/ simple & mo/ con/ant tru?s8 
,:at au?ority h !y to suppose t all     
bodies incessantly move1 ei!r s5sibly or
 ins5sibly8  ,:5 ,i see a /one t appe>s 

motionless1 h[ w !y prove to me t !re is
 no atom 9 t /one b :at is actually 9   
motion8  ,w !y ev] impose ^u me b>e     
suppositions1 )\t any semblance ( tru?1 
= decisive pro(s8   ,,sect4  ,,lxxix4   
,x is ,falsely suppos$ t ,motion is     
,ess5tial to ,bodies4   ,h[ev]1 let u g 
a /ep fur!r1 &1 out ( excessive         
complaisance1 suppose t all ! bodies 9  
,nature are actually 9 motion4  ,does x 
foll[ f !nce t motion is ess5tial to e  
p>ticle ( matt]8  ,besides1 if all      
bodies h n an equal degree ( motion2 if 
"s move s5sibly1 & m swiftly ?an o!rs2  
if ! same body may move sometimes quick]
 & sometimes sl[]2 if a body t moves    
communicates its motion to ! neighb\r+  
body t 0 at re/1 or 9 su* inf]ior motion
 t x 0 ins5sible--x mu/ be confess$ t a 
mode or modification :i* sometimes      
increases1 & at o!r times decreases1 9  
bodies is n ess5tial to !m4  ,:at is    
ess5tial to a be+ is ev] ! same 9 x4    
,nei!r ! motion t v>ies 9 bodies1 & :i*1
 aft] hav+ increas$1 slack5s & decreases

 to su* a degree z to appe> absolutely  
ext9ct & annihilat$2 nor ! motion t is  
lo/1 t is communicat$1 t passes f "o    
body to ano!r z a =eign ?+--c belong to 
! ess5ce ( bodies4  ,&1 !re=e1 ,i may   
conclude t bodies are p]fect 9 _! ess5ce
 )\t ascrib+ to !m any motion4  ,if !y h
 no motion 9 _! ess5ce1 !y h x only by  
accid5t2 & if !y h x only by accid5t1 we
 mu/ trace up t accid5t to its true     
cause4 ,bodies mu/ ei!r be/[ motion on  
!mselves1 or receive x f "s o!r be+4  ,x
 is evid5t !y d n be/[ x on !mselves1 = 
no be+ c give :at x has n 9 itself4  ,& 
we are s5sible t a body at re/ ev]      
rema9s motionless1 unless "s neighb\r+  
body happ5s to %ake x4  ,x is c]ta91    
!re=e1 t no body moves by itself1 & is  
only mov$ by "s o!r body t communicates 
its motion to x4  ,b h[ comes x to pass 
t a body c move ano!r8  ,:at is ! reason
 t a ball :i* a man causes to roll on a 
smoo? table 7billi>ds1 = ! purpose7 _c  
t\* ano!r )\t mov+ x8  ,:y 0 x n        
possible t motion %\ld n ev] communicate

 itself f "o body to ano!r8  ,9 su* a   
case a ball 9 motion w\ld /op ne> ano!r 
at _! meet+1 & yet nev] %ake x4         
,,sect4  ,,lxxx4  ,! ,rules ( ,motion1  
:i* ! ,epicureans suppose d n r5d] x    
ess5tial to ,bodies4   ,i may be answ]$ 
t1 accord+ to ! rules ( motion among    
bodies1 "o ought to %ake or move ano!r4 
,b :]e are ^? laws ( motion writt5 &    
record$8  ,:o bo? made !m & r5d]$ !m s  
inviolable8  ,!y d n belong to ! ess5ce 
( bodies1 = we c conceive bodies at re/2
 & we ev5 conceive bodies t w\ld n      
communicate _! motion to o!rs unless ^! 
rules1 ) ^: orig9al we are unacqua9t$1  
subject$ !m to x4  ,:5ce comes ?is1 z x 
71 arbitr>y gov]nm5t ( motion ov] all   
bodies8  ,:5ce proce$ laws s +5i\s1 s j1
 s well adapt$ "o to ! o!r1 t ! lea/    
alt]ation ( or deviation f :i* w\ld1 on 
a sudd51 ov]turn & de/roy all ! excell5t
 ord] we admire 9 ! univ]se8  ,a body   
be+ entirely di/9ct f ano!r1 is 9 its   
nature absolutely indep5d5t f x 9 all   
respects4  ,:5ce x foll[s t x %\ld n    

receive any?+ f x1 or be susceptible (  
any ( its impressions4  ,! modifications
 ( a body imply no necess>y reason to   
modify 9 ! same mann] ano!r body1 ^: be+
 is entirely indep5d5t f ! be+ ( ! fir/4
  ,x is to no purpose to allege t ! mo/ 
solid & mo/ heavy bodies c>ry or =ce    
away ^? t are less big & less solid2 &  
t1 accord+ to ?is rule1 a great lead5   
ball ought to move a great ball ( ivory4
  ,we d n speak ( ! fact2 we only       
inquire into ! cause ( x4  ,! fact is   
c]ta91 & !re=e ! cause ought likewise to
 be c]ta9 & precise4  ,let u look = x   
)\t any mann] ( prepossession or        
prejudice4  ,:at is ! reason t a great  
body c>ries (f a little "o8  ,! ?+ might
 z naturally happ5 q o!rwise2 = x might 
z well happ5 t ! mo/ solid body %\ld    
nev] move any o!r body--t is to say1    
motion might be incommunicable4  ,no?+ b
 cu/om obliges u to suppose t ,nature   
ought to act z x does4   ,,sect4        
,,lxxxi4  ,to give a satisfactory       
,acc\nt ( ,motion we mu/ recur to !     

,fir/ ,mov]4   ,moreov]1 x has be5 prov$
 t matt] _c be ei!r inf9ite or et]nal2  
&1 !re=e1 !re mu/ be suppos$ bo? a fir/ 
atom 7by :i* motion mu/ h begun at a    
precise mom5t71 & a fir/ conc\rse (     
atoms 7t mu/ h =m$ ! fir/ comb9ation74  
,n[1 ,i ask :at mov] gave motion to t   
fir/ atom1 & fir/ set ! great ma*9e ( ! 
univ]se a-go+8  ,x is n possible to     
elude ?is home "q by an endless circle1 
= ?is "q1 ly+ )9 a f9ite circumf]5ce1   
mu/ h an end at la/2 & s we mu/ f9d !   
fir/ atom 9 motion1 & ! fir/ mom5t ( t  
fir/ motion1 toge!r ) ! fir/ mov]1 ^: h&
 made t fir/ impression4   ,,sect4      
,,lxxxii4  ,no ,law ( ,motion has its   
,f\ndation 9 ! ,ess5ce ( ! ,body2 & mo/ 
( ^? ,laws are ,arbitr>y4   ,among !    
laws ( motion we mu/ look ^u all ^? z   
arbitr>y :i* we _c acc\nt = by ! v      
ess5ce ( bodies4  ,we h already made out
 t no motion is ess5tial to any body4   
,:]e=e all ^? laws :i* are suppos$ to be
 et]nal & immutable are1 on ! contr>y1  
arbitr>y1 accid5tal1 & made )\t cog5t   

necessity2 = !re is none ( !m t c be    
acc\nt$ = by ! ess5ce ( bodies4  ,if !re
 7 any law ( motion ess5tial to bodies1 
x w\ld und\bt$ly be t by :i* bodies (   
less bulk & less solid are mov$ by su* z
 h m bulk & solidity4  ,& yet we h se5 t
 t v law is n to be acc\nt$ = by !      
ess5ce ( bodies4  ,!re is ano!r :i*     
might also seem v natural--t1 ,i mean1  
by :i* bodies ev] move r 9 a direct ?an 
a crook$ l9e1 unless _! motion be       
o!rwise det]m9$ by ! meet+ ( o!r bodies4
  ,b ev5 ?is rule has no f\ndation 9 !  
ess5ce ( matt]4  ,motion is s v         
accid5tal1 & sup]-add$ to ! nature (    
bodies1 t we d n f9d 9 ?is nature (     
bodies any primitive or immutable law by
 :i* !y ought to move at all1 mu* less  
to move accord+ to c]ta9 rules4  ,9 !   
same mann] z bodies might h exi/$1 & yet
 h nev] ei!r be5 9 motion or communicat$
 motion "o to ano!r1 s !y might nev] h  
mov$ b 9 a circul> l9e1 & ?is motion    
might h be5 z natural to !m z ! motion 9
 a direct l9e4  ,n[1 :o is x t pit*$ ^u 

ei!r ( ^! two laws equally possible8    
,:at is n det]m9$ by ! ess5ce ( bodies c
 h be5 det]m9$ by no o!r b ,him :o gave 
bodies ! motion !y _h n 9 _! own ess5ce4
  ,besides1 ?is motion 9 a direct l9e   
might h be5 upw>ds or d[nw>ds1 f "r to  
left1 or f left to "r1 or 9 a diagonal  
l9e4  ,n[1 :o is x t det]m9$ :i* way !  
/raight l9e %\ld g8   ,,sect4           
,,lxxxiii4  ,! ,epicureans c draw no    
,consequ5ce f all _! ,suppositions1     
al?\gh ! same %\ld be grant$ !m4   ,let 
u /ill att5d ! ,epicureans ev5 9 _! mo/ 
fabul\s suppositions1 & c>ry on !       
fiction to ! la/ degree ( complaisance4 
,let u admit motion 9 ! ess5ce ( bodies1
 & suppose1 z !y d1 t motion 9 a direct 
l9e is also ess5tial to all atoms4  ,let
 u be/[ ^u atoms bo? a w & an und]/&+1 z
 poets did on rocks & riv]s4  ,& let u  
all[ !m likewise to *oose :i* way !y w  
beg9 _! /raight l9e4  ,n[1 :at advantage
 w ^! philosoph]s draw f all ,i h grant$
 !m1 contr>y to all evid5ce8  ,9 ! fir/ 
place1 all atoms mu/ h be5 9 motion f   

all et]nity2 secondly1 !y mu/ all h _h  
an equal motion2 ?irdly1 !y mu/ all h   
mov$ 9 a direct l9e2 f\r?ly1 !y mu/ all 
h mov$ by an immutable & ess5tial law4  
,i am /ill will+ to gratify our         
adv]s>ies1 s f> z to suppose t ^? atoms 
are ( diff]5t figures1 = ,i w all[ !m to
 take = grant$ :at !y %\ld be oblig$ to 
prove1 & = :i* !y h n s mu* z ! %ad[ ( a
 pro(4  ,"o c nev] grant too mu* to m5  
:o nev] c draw any consequ5ce f :at is  
grant$ !m2 = ! m absurdities are all[$  
!m1 ! soon] !y are caught by _! own     
pr9ciples4   ,,sect4  ,,lxxxiv4  ,atoms 
_c make any ,comp\nd by ! ,motion !     
,epicureans assign !m4   ,^! atoms ( s  
_m odd figures--"s r\nd1 "s crook$1 o!rs
 triangul>1 c4--are by _! ess5ce oblig$ 
always to move 9 a /raight l9e1 )\t ev] 
deviat+ or b5d+ to ! "r or to ! left2   
:]e=e !y nev] c hook "o ano!r1 or make  
toge!r any comp\nd4  ,put1 if y please1 
! %>pe/ hooks ne> o!r hooks ( ! l make2 
yet if e "o ( !m nev] moves o!rwise ?an 
9 a l9e p]fectly /raight1 !y w et]nally 

move "o ne> ano!r1 9 p>allel l9es1 )\t  
be+ able to jo9 & hook "o ano!r4  ,! two
 /raight l9es :i* are suppos$ to be     
p>allel1 ?\gh imm$iate neighb\rs1 w nev]
 cross "o ano!r1 ?\gh c>ri$ on ad       
inf9itum2 :]e=e 9 all et]nity1 no hook+1
 & consequ5tly no comp\nd1 c result f t 
motion ( atoms 9 a direct l9e4   ,,sect4
  ,,lxxxv4  ,! ,cl9am51 ,decl9ation1 or 
,s5d+ ( ,atoms is a ,*im]ical ,notion t 
?r[s ! ,epicureans into a gross         
,contradiction4   ,! ,epicureans1 n be+ 
able to %ut _! eyes aga9/ ?is gl>+      
difficulty1 t /rikes at ! v f\ndation ( 
_! :ole sy/em1 h1 = a la/ %ift1 inv5t$  
:at ,lucretius calls cl9am5--by :i* is  
meant a motion some:at decl9+ or b5d+ f 
! /raight l9e1 & :i* gives atoms !      
occasion to meet & enc\nt]4  ,?us !y    
turn & w9d !m at pleasure1 accord+ z !y 
fancy be/ = _! purpose4  ,b ^u :at      
au?ority d !y suppose ?is decl9ation (  
atoms1 :i* comes s pat to be> up _!     
sy/em8  ,if motion 9 a /raight l9e be   
ess5tial to bodies1 no?+ c b5d1 nor     

consequ5tly jo9 !m1 9 all et]nity2 !    
cl9am5 de/roys ! v ess5ce ( matt]1 & ^? 
philosoph]s contradict !mselves )\t     
blu%+4  ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! motion 9 a 
direct l9e is n ess5tial to all bodies1 
:y d !y s confid5tly suppose et]nal1    
necess>y1 & immutable laws = ! motion ( 
atoms )\t recurr+ to a fir/ mov]8  ,& :y
 d !y build a :ole sy/em ( philosophy ^u
 ! prec>i\s f\ndation ( a ridicul\s     
fiction8  ,)\t ! cl9am5 ! /raight l9e c 
nev] produce any?+1 & ! ,epicurean sy/em
 falls to ! gr\nd2 ) ! cl9am51 a fabul\s
 poetical inv5tion1 ! direct l9e is     
violat$1 & ! sy/em falls into d]ision & 
ridicule4  ,bo? ! /raight l9e & ! cl9am5
 are airy suppositions & m]e dreams2 b  
^! two dreams de/roy ea* o!r1 & ?is is !
 up%ot ( ! uncurb$ lic5ti\sness "s m5   
all[ !mselves ( suppos+ z et]nal tru?s  
:atev] _! imag9ation sugge/s !m to      
support a fable2 :ile !y refuse to      
ackn[l$ge ! artful & p[]ful h& t =m$ &  
plac$ all ! p>ts ( ! univ]se4   ,,sect4 
,,lxxxvi4  ,/range ,absurdity ( !       

,epicureans1 :o endeav\r to acc\nt = !  
,nature ( ! ,s\l by ! ,decl9ation (     
,atoms4   ,to rea* ! highe/ degree (    
amaz+ extravagance1 ! ,epicureans h _h !
 assurance to expla9 & acc\nt = :at we  
call ! s\l ( man & 8 free-w1 by !       
cl9am51 :i* is s unacc\ntable &         
inexplicable itself4  ,?us !y are r$uc$ 
to affirm t x is 9 ?is motion1 :]e9     
atoms are 9 a k9d ( equilibrium betwe5 a
 /raight l9e & a l9e some:at circul>1 t 
human w consi/s4  ,/range philosophy6   
,if atoms move only 9 a /raight l9e1 !y 
are inanimate1 & incapable ( any degree 
( k1 und]/&+1 or w2 b if ! v same atoms 
some:at deviate f ! /raight l9e1 !y     
become1 on a sudd51 animate1 ?9k+1 &    
rational4  ,!y are !mselves intellig5t  
s\ls1 t "k !mselves1 reflect1 delib]ate1
 & are free 9 _! acts & det]m9ations4   
,0 !re ev] a m absurd metamorphosis8    
,:at op9ion w\ld m5 h ( religion if1 9  
ord] to ass]t x1 "o %\ld lay d[n        
pr9ciples & positions s trifl+ &        
ridicul\s z !irs :o d>e to attack x 9   

e>ne/8   ,,sect4  ,,lxxxvii4  ,!        
,epicureans ca/ a ,mi/ be=e _! own ,eyes
 by endeav\r+ to expla9 ! ,lib]ty ( ,man
 by ! ,decl9ation ( ,atoms4   ,b let u  
consid] to :at degree ^? philosoph]s    
impose ^u _! own und]/&+s4  ,:at c !y   
f9d 9 ! cl9am5 t1 ) any col\r1 c acc\nt 
= ! lib]ty ( man8  ,?is lib]ty is n     
imag9>y2 = x is n 9 our p[] to d\bt (   
our free- w1 any m ?an x is to d\bt (   
:at we are intimately consci\s & c]ta94 
,i am consci\s ,i am free to cont9ue    
sitt+ :5 ,i rise 9 ord] to walk4  ,i am 
s5sible ( x ) s entire c]ta9ty t x is n 
9 my p[] ev] to d\bt ( x 9 e>ne/2 & ,i  
%\ld be inconsi/5t ) myself if ,i d>$ to
 say ! contr>y4  ,c ! pro( ( our        
religion be m evid5t & conv9c+8  ,we _c 
d\bt ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god unless we d\bt (
 our own lib]ty2 f :5ce ,i inf] t no man
 c s]i\sly d\bt ( ! be+ ( ! ,deity1 s9ce
 no man c ent]ta9 a s]i\s d\bt ab\t 8   
own lib]ty4  ,if1 on ! contr>y1 x be    
frankly ackn[l$g$ t m5 are really free1 
no?+ is m easy ?an to demon/rate t !    

lib]ty ( man's w _c consi/ ( any        
comb9ation ( atoms1 if "o supposes t !re
 0 no fir/ mov]1 :o gave matt] arbitr>y 
laws = its motion4  ,motion mu/ be      
ess5tial to bodies1 & all ! laws (      
motion mu/ also be z necess>y z !       
ess5ces ( natures are4  ,!re=e1 accord+ 
to ?is sy/em1 all ! motions ( bodies mu/
 be p]=m$ by con/ant1 necess>y1 &       
immutable laws2 ! motion 9 a /raight l9e
 mu/ be ess5tial to all atoms1 t are n  
made to deviate f x by ! enc\nt] ( o!r  
atoms2 ! /raight l9e mu/ likewise be    
ess5tial ei!r upw>ds or d[nw>ds1 ei!r f 
"r to left1 or left to "r1 or "s o!r    
diagonal way1 fix$1 precise1 &          
immutable4  ,besides1 x is evid5t t no  
atom c make ano!r atom deviate2 = t o!r 
atom c>ries also 9 its ess5ce ! same    
inv9cible & et]nal det]m9ation to foll[ 
! /raight l9e ! same way4  ,f h5ce x    
foll[s t all ! atoms plac$ at fir/ on   
diff]5t l9es mu/ pursue ad inf9itum ^?  
p>allel l9es )\t ev] com+ ne>] "o ano!r2
 & t ^? :o are 9 ! same l9e mu/ foll[ "o

 ano!r ad inf9itum )\t ev] com+ up      
toge!r1 b keep+ /ill ! same di/ance f "o
 ano!r4  ,! cl9am51 z we h already %[n1 
is manife/ly impossible3  b1 contr>y to 
evid5t tru?1 suppos+ x to be possible1 9
 su* a case x mu/ be affirm$ t ! cl9am5 
is no less necess>y1 immutable1 &       
ess5tial to atoms ?an ! /raight l9e4    
,n[1 w anybody say t an ess5tial &      
immutable law ( ! local motion ( atoms  
expla9s & acc\nts = ! true lib]ty ( man8
  ,is x n manife/ t ! cl9am5 c no m     
acc\nt = x ?an ! /raight l9e itself8  ,!
 cl9am51 suppos+ x to be true1 w\ld be z
 necess>y z ! p]p5dicul> l9e1 by :i* a  
/one falls f ! top ( a t[] into ! /reet4
  ,is t /one free 9 its fall8  ,h[ev]1 !
 w ( man1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( !     
cl9am51 has no m fre$om ?an t /one4  ,is
 x possible = man to be s extravagant z 
to d>e to contradict 8 own consci5ce    
ab\t 8 free-w1 le/ he %\ld be =c$ to    
ackn[l$ge 8 ,god & mak]8  ,to affirm1 on
 ! "o h&1 t ! lib]ty ( man is imag9>y1  
we mu/ sil5ce ! voice & /ifle ! s5se (  

all nature2 give ourselves ! lie 9 !    
grosse/ mann]2 d5y :at we are mo/       
intimately consci\s & c]ta9 (2 &1 9     
%ort1 be r$uc$ to believe t we h no     
eligibility or *oice ( two c\rses1 or   
?+s propos$1 ab\t :i* we fairly         
delib]ate ^u any occasion4  ,no?+ does  
religion m hon\r ?an to see m5          
necessitat$ to fall into su* gross &    
mon/r\s extravagance z soon z !y call 9 
"q ! tru?s %e tea*es4  ,on ! o!r h&1 if 
we own t man is truly free1 we ackn[l$ge
 9 him a pr9ciple t nev] c be s]i\sly   
acc\nt$ =1 ei!r by ! comb9ations ( atoms
 or ! laws ( local motion1 :i* mu/ be   
suppos$ to be all equally necess>y &    
ess5tial to matt]1 if "o d5ies a fir/   
mov]4  ,we mu/ !re=e g out ( ! :ole     
compass ( matt]1 & se>* f> f comb9$     
atoms "s incorporeal pr9ciple to acc\nt 
= free-w1 if we admit x fairly4  ,:atev]
 is matt] & an atom1 moves only by      
necess>y1 immutable1 & inv9cible laws3  
:]e=e lib]ty _c be f\nd ei!r 9 bodies1  
or 9 any local motion2 & s we mu/ look =

 x 9 "s incorporeal be+4  ,n[ ^: h& ti$ 
& subject$ to ! organs ( ?is corporeal  
ma*9e t incorporeal be+ :i* mu/         
necess>ily be 9 me unit$ to my body8    
,:]e is ! artific] t ties & unites      
natures s va/ly diff]5t8  ,c any b a p[]
 sup]ior bo? to bodies & spirits keep !m
 toge!r 9 ?is union ) s absolute a sway8
  ,two crook$ atoms1 says an ,epicurean1
 hook "o ano!r4  ,n[ ?is is false1      
accord+ to 8 v sy/em2 = ,i h demon/rat$ 
t ^? two crook$ atoms nev] hook "o      
ano!r1 because !y nev] meet4  ,b1 h[ev]1
 aft] hav+ suppos$ t two crook$ atoms   
unite by hook+ "o ano!r1 ! ,epicurean   
mu/ be =c$ to own t ! ?9k+ be+1 :i* is  
free 9 8 op]ations1 & :i* consequ5tly is
 n a collection ( atoms1 ev] mov$ by    
necess>y laws1 is incorporeal1 & c\ld n 
by its figure be hook$ ) ! body x       
animates4  ,?us :i* way s ev] !         
,epicurean turns1 he ov]?r[s 8 sy/em ) 8
 own h&s4  ,b let u n1 by any means1    
endeav\r to conf\nd m5 t err & mi/ake1  
s9ce we are m5 z well z !y1 & no less   

subject to error4  ,let u only pity !m1 
/udy to light & in=m !m ) pati5ce1 edify
 !m1 pray = !m1 & conclude ) ass]t+ an  
evid5t tru?4   ,,sect4  ,,lxxxviii4  ,we
 mu/ necess>ily ackn[l$ge ! ,h& ( a     
,fir/ ,cause 9 ! ,univ]se )\t inquir+ :y
 t fir/ ,cause has left ,defects 9 x4   
,?us ev]y?+ 9 ! univ]se--! heav5s1 !    
e>?1 plants1 animals1 &1 above all1     
m5--be>s ! /amp ( a ,deity4 ,ev]y?+ %[s 
& proclaims a set design1 & a s]ies &   
concat5ation ( subord9ate causes1       
ov]-rul$ & direct$ ) ord] by a sup]ior  
cause4  ,x is prepo/]\s & fooli% to     
criticise ^u ?is great "w4 ,! defects t 
happ5 to be 9 x proce$ ei!r f ! free &  
disord]ly w ( man1 :i* produces !m by   
its disord]1 or f ! ev] holy & j w (    
,god1 :o sometimes has a m9d to puni%   
impi\s m51 & at o!r times by ! wick$ to 
ex]cise & improve ! good4  ,nay1 x      
happ5s (t5times t :at appe>s a defect to
 our n>r[ judgm5t 9 a place sep>ate f ! 
"w is an ornam5t ) respect to ! g5]al   
design1 :i* we are n able to consid] )  

views suffici5tly ext5d$ & simple to "k 
! p]fection ( ! :ole4  ,does n daily    
exp]i5ce %[ t we ra%ly c5sure c]ta9 p>ts
 ( m5's works = want ( be+ ?or\ghly     
acqua9t$ ) ! :ole ext5t ( _! designs &  
s*emes8  ,?is happ5s1 9 p>ticul>1 e day 
) respect to ! works ( pa9t]s &         
ar*itects4  ,if writ+ *>act]s 7 ( an    
imm5se bigness1 ea* "* at close view    
w\ld take up a man's :ole sight1 s t x  
w\ld n be possible = him to see above "o
 at once2 &1 !re=e1 he w\ld n be able to
 read--t is1 put diff]5t lett]s toge!r1 
& discov] ! s5se ( all ^? *>act]s put   
toge!r4  ,x is ! same ) ! great /rokes (
 ,provid5ce 9 ! conduct ( ! :ole _w dur+
 a long succession ( ages4  ,!re is no?+
 b ! :ole t is intelligible2 & ! :ole is
 too va/ & imm5se to be se5 at close    
view4  ,e ev5t is l a p>ticul> "* t is  
too l>ge = our n>r[ organs1 & :i*       
signifies no?+ ( itself & sep>ate f !   
re/4  ,:51 at ! consummation ( ages1 we 
%all see 9 ,god--t is1 9 ! true po9t &  
c5tre ( p]spective--! total ( human     

ev5ts1 f ! fir/ to ! la/ day ( !        
univ]se1 toge!r ) _! proportions ) reg>d
 to ! designs ( ,god1 we %all cry out1  
,"l1 ,?\ alone art j & wise6  ,we _c    
rightly judge ( ! works ( m5 b by exam9+
 ! :ole4  ,e "p ought n to h e          
p]fection1 b only su* z becomes x       
accord+ to ! ord] & proportion ( !      
diff]5t p>ts t compose ! :ole4  ,9 a    
human body1 = in/ance1 all ! memb]s mu/ 
n be eyes1 = !re mu/ be h&s1 feet1 c4   
,s 9 ! univ]se1 !re mu/ be a sun = !    
day1 b !re mu/ be also a moon = ! night4
  ,nec tibi occurrit p]fecta univ]sitas1
 nisi ubi majora sic prae/o sunt1 ut    
m9ora non des9t4 ,?is is ! judgm5t we   
ought to make ( e "p ) respect to !     
:ole4  ,any o!r view is n>r[ &          
deceitful4  ,b :at are ! weak & puny    
designs ( m51 if comp>$ to t ( !        
creation & gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se8  ,z mu*
 z ! heav5s are above ! e>?1 z mu*1 says
 ,god 9 ! ,holy ,writ1 are ,my ways &   
,my ?\ghts above y\rs4  ,let1 !re=e1 man
 admire :at he und]/&s1 & be sil5t ab\t 

:at he does n compreh5d4 ,b1 aft] all1  
ev5 ! real defects ( ?is "w are only    
imp]fections :i* ,god 0 pleas$ to leave 
9 x1 to put u 9 m9d t ,he drew & made x 
f no?+4  ,!re is n any?+ 9 ! univ]se b  
:at does & ought equally to be> ^! two  
opposite *>act]s3  on ! "o side1 ! seal 
or /amp ( ! artific] ^u 8 "w1 &1 on !   
o!r1 ! m>k ( its orig9al no?+1 into :i* 
x may relapse & dw9dle e mom5t4  ,x is  
an incompreh5sible mixture ( l[ & great2
 ( frailty 9 ! matt]1 & ( art 9 ! mak]8 
,! h& ( ,god is conspicu\s 9 ev]y?+1 ev5
 9 a worm t crawls on e>?4  ,no?+ness1  
on ! o!r h&1 appe>s ev]y:]e1 ev5 9 ! mo/
 va/ & mo/ sublime g5ius4  ,:atev] is n 
,god1 c h b a /9t$ p]fection2 & :at has 
b a /9t$ p]fection1 always rema9s       
imp]fect on ! side :]e ! b\nd>y is      
s5sible1 & d5otes t x might be improv$4 
,if ! creature want$ no?+1 x w\ld be !  
,creator ,himself2 = x w\ld h ! fulness 
( p]fection1 :i* is ! ,deity itself4    
,s9ce x _c be inf9ite1 x mu/ be limit$ 9
 p]fection1 t is1 x mu/ be imp]fect on  

"o side or o!r4  ,x may h m or less     
imp]fection1 b /ill x mu/ be imp]fect4  
,we mu/ ev] be able to po9t out ! v     
place :]e x is defective1 & to say1 ^u a
 critical exam9ation1 ,?is is :at x     
might h _h1 :at x has n4   ,,sect4      
,,lxxxix4  ,! ,defects ( ! ,univ]se     
comp>$ ) ^? ( a ,picture4   ,d we       
conclude t a piece ( pa9t+ is made by   
*ance :5 we see 9 x ei!r %ades1 or ev5  
"s c>eless t\*es8  ,! pa9t]1 we say1    
might h bett] f9i%$ ^? c>nations1 ^?    
drap]ies1 ^? prospects4  ,x is true1 ?is
 picture is n p]fect accord+ to ! nice/ 
rules ( art4  ,b h[ extravagant w\ld x  
be to say1 ,?is picture is n absolutely 
p]fect2 !re=e x is only a collection (  
col\rs =m$ by *ance1 nor did ! h& ( any 
pa9t] m$dle ) x6  ,n[1 :at a man w\ld   
blu% to say ( an indiff]5t & almo/      
artless picture he is n a%am$ to affirm 
( ! univ]se1 9 :i* a cr[d (             
incompreh5sible wond]s1 ) excell5t ord] 
& proportion1 are conspicu\s4  ,let a   
man /udy ! _w z mu* z he pleases2 let   

him desc5d into ! m9ute/ details2       
dissect ! vile/ ( animals2 n>r[ly       
consid] ! lea/ gra9 ( corn s[n 9 !      
gr\nd1 & ! mann] 9 :i* x g]m9ates &     
multiplies2 att5tively obs]ve ) :at     
precautions a rose-bud bl[s & op5s 9 !  
sun1 & closes aga9 at night2 & he w f9d 
9 all ^! m design1 conduct1 & indu/ry   
?an 9 all ! works ( art4  ,nay1 :at is  
call$ ! art ( m5 is b a fa9t imitation (
 ! great art call$ ! laws ( ,nature1 &  
:i* ! impi\s did n blu% to call bl9d    
*ance4 ,is x !re=e a wond] t poets      
animat$ ! :ole univ]se1 be/[$ w+s ^u !  
w9ds1 & arr[s on ! sun1 & describ$ great
 riv]s impetu\sly runn+ to precipitate  
!mselves into ! sea1 & trees %oot+ up to
 heav5 to repel ! rays ( ! sun by _!    
?ick %ades8  ,^! images & figures h also
 be5 receiv$ 9 ! language ( ! vulg>1 s  
natural x is = m5 to be s5sible ( !     
wond]ful art t fills all nature4        
,poetry did only ascribe to inanimate   
creatures ! art & design ( ! ,creator1  
:o does ev]y?+ 9 !m4  ,f ! figurative   

language ( ! poets ^? notions pass$ into
 ! !ology ( ! hea!ns1 ^: div9es 7 !     
poets4  ,!y suppos$ an art1 a p[]1 or a 
wisdom1 :i* !y call$ num51 9 creatures !
 mo/ de/itute ( und]/&+4  ,) !m great   
riv]s 7 gods2 & spr+s1 naiads4  ,woods &
 m\nta9s _h _! p>ticul> deities2 fl[]s  
_h _! ,flora2 & fruits1 ,pomona4  ,aft] 
all1 ! m a man contemplates ,nature1 ! m
 he discov]s 9 x an inexhau/ible /ock ( 
wisdom1 :i* is1 z x 71 ! s\l ( !        
univ]se4   ,,sect4  ,,xc4  ,we mu/      
necess>ily conclude t !re is a ,fir/    
,be+ t creat$ ! ,univ]se4   ,:at mu/ we 
inf] f !nce8  ,! consequ5ce fl[s (      
itself4 ,if s mu* wisdom & p5etration1  
says ,m9utius ,felix1 are requir$ to    
obs]ve ! wond]ful ord] & design ( !     
/ructure ( ! _w1 h[ mu* m 7 necess>y to 
=m x6  ,if m5 s mu* admire philosoph]s1 
because !y discov] a small "p ( ! wisdom
 t made all ?+s1 !y mu/ be />k bl9d n to
 admire t wisdom itself4   ,,sect4      
,,xci4  ,reasons :y ,m5 d n ackn[l$ge   
,god 9 ! ,univ]se1 :]e9 ,he %[s ,himself

 to !m1 z 9 a fai?ful glass4   ,?is is !
 great object ( ! univ]se1 :]e9 ,god1 z 
x 7 9 a glass1 %[s ,himself to mank9d4  
,b "s 7,i mean1 ! philosoph]s7 7        
bewild]$ 9 _! own ?\ghts4  ,ev]y?+ ) !m 
turn$ into vanity4  ,by _! subtle       
reason+s "s ( !m ov]%ot & lo/ a tru? :i*
 a man f9ds naturally & simply 9 himself
 )\t ! help ( philosophy4  ,o!rs1       
intoxicat$ by _! passions1 live 9 a     
p]petual avocation ( ?\ght4  ,to p]ceive
 ,god 9 ,8 works a man mu/1 at lea/1    
consid] !m ) att5tion4  ,b passions ca/ 
su* a mi/ be=e ! eyes1 n only ( wild    
savages1 b ev5 ( nations t seem to be   
mo/ civilis$ & polite1 t !y d n s mu* z 
see ! light t lights !m4  ,9 ?is respect
 ! ,egyptians1 ,grecians1 & ,romans 7 no
 less bl9d or less bruti% ?an ! rude/ & 
mo/ ignorant ,am]icans4  ,l ^!1 !y lay1 
z x 71 buri$ )9 s5sible ?+s )\t go+ up  
high]2 & !y cultivat$ _! wit1 only to   
tickle !mselves ) s(t] s5sations1 )\t   
obs]v+ f :at spr+ !y proce$$4  ,9 ?is   
mann] ! g5]ality ( m5 pass away _! lives

 ^u e>?4  ,say no?+ to !m1 & !y w ?9k on
 no?+ except :at flatt]s ei!r _! bruti% 
passions or vanity4  ,_! s\ls gr[ s     
heavy & unwieldy t !y _c raise _! ?\ghts
 to any incorporeal object4  ,:atev] is 
n palpable & _c be se51 ta/$1 he>d1     
felt1 or told1 appe>s *im]ical to !m4   
,?is weakness ( ! s\l1 turn+ into       
unbelief1 appe>s /r5g? ( m9d to !m2 & _!
 vanity glories 9 oppos+ :at naturally  
/rikes & affects ! re/ ( mank9d1 j z if 
a mon/] prid$ 9 n be+ =m$ accord+ to !  
common rules ( ,nature1 or z if "o born 
bl9d boa/$ ( 8 unbelief ) respect to    
light & col\rs1 :i* o!r m5 p]ceive &    
disc]n4   ,,sect4  ,,xcii4  ,a ,pray] to
 ,god4   ,o my ,god1 if s _m m5 d n     
discov] ,!e 9 ?is great spectacle ,?\   
give/ !m ( all ,nature1 x is n because  
,?\ art f> f any ( u4  ,e "o ( u feels  
,!e1 z x 71 ) 8 h&2 b ! s5ses1 & !      
passions !y raise1 take up all !        
att5tion ( our m9ds4  ,?us1 ,o ,"l1 ,?y 
light %9es 9 d>kness2 b d>kness is s    
?ick & gloomy t x does n admit ! beams (

 ,?y light4  ,?\ appe>e/ ev]y:]e2 &     
ev]y:]e unatt5tive mortals neglect to   
p]ceive ,!e4  ,all ,nature speaks ( ,!e 
& res\nds ) ,?y holy "n2 b %e speaks to 
deaf m51 ^: deafness proce$s f ! noise &
 clutt] !y make to /un !mselves4  ,?\   
art ne> & )9 !m2 b !y are fugitive1 &   
w&]+1 z x 71 out ( !mselves4  ,!y w\ld  
f9d ,!e1 ,o ,sweet ,light1 ,o ,et]nal   
,beauty1 ev] old & ev] "y1 ,o ,f\nta9 ( 
,*a/e ,delights1 ,o ,pure & ,happy ,life
 ( all :o live truly1 %\ld !y look = ,!e
 )9 !mselves4  ,b ! impi\s lose ,!e only
 by los+ !mselves4  ,alas6 ,?y v gifts1 
:i* %\ld %[ !m ! h& f :5ce !y fl[1 amuse
 !m to su* a degree z to h9d] !m f      
p]ceiv+ x4  ,!y live by ,!e1 & yet !y   
live )\t ?9k+ on ,!e2 or1 r1 !y die by !
 ,f\nta9 ( ,life = want ( qu5*+ _!      
dr\ght 9 t vivify+ /ream2 = :at great]  
dea? c !re be ?an n to "k ,!e1 ,o ,"l8  
,!y fall asleep 9 ,?y s(t & pat]nal     
bosom1 &1 full ( ! deceitful dreams by  
:i* !y are toss$ 9 _! sleep1 !y are     
ins5sible ( ! p[]ful h& t supports !m4  

,if ,?\ w]t a b>r51 impot5t1 & inanimate
 body1 l a fl[] t fades away1 a riv] t  
runs1 a h\se t decays & falls to ru91 a 
picture t is b a collection ( col\rs to 
/rike ! imag9ation1 or a useless metal t
 gli/]s--!y w\ld p]ceive ,!e1 & fondly  
ascribe to ,!e ! p[] ( giv+ !m "s       
pleasure1 al?\gh 9 reality pleasure _c  
proce$ f inanimate be+s1 :i* are        
!mselves void & incapable ( x1 b only f 
,!e alone1 ! true spr+ ( all joy4  ,if  
!re=e ,?\ w]t b a lumpi%1 frail1 &      
inanimate be+1 a mass )\t any virtue or 
p[]1 a %ad[ ( a be+1 ,?y va9 fanta/ic   
nature w\ld busy _! vanity1 & be a prop]
 object to ent]ta9 _! mean & bruti%     
?\ghts4  ,b because ,?\ art too         
intimately )9 !m1 & !y nev] at home1 ,?\
 art to !m an unkn[n ,god2 = :ile !y    
rove & w&] abroad1 ! intimate "p (      
!mselves is mo/ remote f _! sight4  ,!  
ord] & beauty ,?\ scatt]e/ ov] ! face ( 
,?y creatures are l a gl>+ light t hides
 ,!e f & dazzles _! sore eyes4  ,?us ! v
 light t %\ld light !m /rikes !m bl9d2 &

 ! rays ( ! sun !mselves h9d] !m to see 
x4  ,9 f9e1 because ,?\ art too elevat$ 
& too pure a tru? to affect gross s5ses1
 m5 :o are become l bea/s _c conceive   
,!e1 ?\gh man has daily conv9c+ in/ances
 ( wisdom & virtue )\t ! te/imony ( any 
( 8 s5ses2 = ^? virtues h nei!r s\nd1   
col\r1 od\r1 ta/e1 figure1 nor any      
s5sible quality4  ,:y !n1 ,o my ,god1 d 
m5 call ,?y exi/5ce1 wisdom1 & p[] m 9  
"q ?an !y d ^? o!r ?+s mo/ real &       
manife/1 ! tru? ( :i* !y suppose z      
c]ta91 9 all ! s]i\s affairs ( life1 &  
:i* nev]!less1 z well z ,?\1 escape our 
feeble s5ses8  ,o mis]y6 ,o dismal night
 t surr\nds ! *ildr5 ( ,adam6  ,o       
mon/r\s /upidity6  ,o confusion ( ! :ole
 man6  ,man has eyes only to see %ad[s1 
& tru? appe>s a phantom to him4  ,:at is
 no?+1 is all2 & :at is all1 is no?+ to 
him4  ,:at d ,i behold 9 all ,nature8   
,god4  ,god ev]y:]e1 & /ill ,god alone4 
,:5 ,i ?9k1 ,o ,"l1 t all be+ is 9 ,!e1 
,?\ exhau/e/ & swall[e/ up1 ,o ,abyss ( 
,tru?1 all my ?\ghts4  ,i "k n :at      

becomes ( me4 ,:atev] is n ,?\1         
disappe>s2 & sc>ce s mu* ( myself rema9s
 :]e)al to f9d myself aga94  ,:o sees   
,!e n1 nev] saw any?+2 & :o is n s5sible
 ( ,!e1 nev] 0 s5sible ( any?+4  ,he is 
z if he 7 n4  ,8 :ole life is b a dream4
 ,arise1 ,o ,"l1 arise4  ,let ,?y       
enemies melt l wax & vani% l smoke be=e 
,?y face4  ,h[ unhappy is ! impi\s s\l  
:o1 f> f ,!e1 is )\t ,god1 )\t hope1 )\t
 et]nal com=t6 ,h[ happy he :o se>*es1  
sighs1 & ?ir/s aft] ,!e6  ,b fully happy
 he on :om are reflect$ ! beams ( ,?y   
c\nt5ance1 ^: te>s ,?y h& has wip$ (f1 &
 ^: desires ,?y love has already        
complet$4  ,:5 w t "t be1 ,o ,"l8  ,o   
,fair ,day1 )\t ei!r cl\d or end1 ( :i* 
,?yself %alt be ! sun1 & :]e9 ,?\ %alt  
run ?r\gh my s\l l a torr5t ( delight8  
,^u ?is pleas+ hope my bones %iv]1 & cry
 out3--,:o is l ,!e1 ,o ,"l8  ,my he>t  
melts & my fle% fa9ts1 ,o ,god ( my s\l1
 & my et]nal weal?4